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6 


THE 


BUILDING    NEWS 


AND 


ENGINE  EEING      JOURNAL 


VOLUME    THE    EOUliTEENTH. 


OFFICE   FOR  PUBLICATION  AND   ADVERTISEMENTS: 

31,    TAVISTOCK    STEEET,    COVEN  T    GARDEN,    LONDON. 


1867. 


IV 


INDEX  OF  CONTENTS. 


Jan.  to  Dec.  1867. 


OU  \LIFICATIONS  of  a  surveyor,  (q)  747,  (a)  765.     Quail- 

^dld  surveyor,  (q)  29S,  (a)  314.  Q"^li,'y  »'  <'»f  ^^"f 
wrought  iron,  deterioration  in,  (q)  16i,  (*)  1S4.  -«"■ 
Qnautities,  (q)  113.  Queen  Eleanor's  cross,  (q)  00b,  (a) 
676  604.     Queries,  (q)  729,  <a)  748,  (q)  764. 

HADiuSof  a  curve,W)  -'ir,),  (a)  232,  247,  263  Railing 
around  monuments,  (q|2I6.  Railway  curves,  large,  (q) 
3S0,  (a)  .%6,  :;S4,  605.  Railway  work  (q)  Mb,  (a)  7.J. 
Raising  buildings  bodily,  (q)  603,  (a)  o20,  530  553,  5,0. 
Rancid  oil,  (q)  167.  Rare  book,  a,  (q)  621.  Keducmg  tim- 
ber to  the  standard,  (q)  947,  (a)  765.  Bemovmg  paint 
from  stone,  (q)621,  (a)658,  694,(q)S37.  Removing  n«'  ((0 
T64  Renaissance,  (q)  113.  Rents,(q)l)3,  Repairs, (q)  203 
(a)  329  Resistance  of  roads,  (q)  15.  (a)36.  Resonance  (q) 
670  (a)  621.  Ret.aining  ilrawings,  (q)  400, 466,  (a)  406  48, . 
Retaining  w.-als,  (q)  466,  (a)  570,  (q)  694  (o)  113  (a)  IJo. 
Bidge  tiling,  (q)  263,  (a)  329.  Road  track  (q)  ,b3.  Kock 
basins,  (q)  450,  (a)  4S7.  Roofs,  (<,)  466.  Royal  academy, 
(at  3''9  450  (a)  467,  536,  (q)  621.  Royal  studentsliij), 
(q)  74'?.'  Roval  Institute,  (q)  350.  Rubble,  (q)  400,  (a)  417. 
Busted  instruments  (q)  449,  (a)  467. 

SALINE  scum  on  files,  (q)  290,  (a)  298.  Salt  in  plasteimg, 
(a)  247.  Salt,  manufacture  of,  (q)  36,  (a)  54.  Sawdust 
Jieot,  (q)  135.  SawMing,  (<l)  820.  Schools  of  ait  (q) 
621  Scintillations  from  iron  and  st«el,  (q)  134,  (a;  loi. 
SeawaUs,  (q)  263,  (a)  329.  Seasoning  oak,  (.|)183,  (a)  Lul. 
Sewage  difficultv,  the,  (q)  113.  Sewer.age,  (n)570  (a)  OOa, 
621  658.  Sharpening  tools,  (q)  503,  (a)  o20.  Shellac,  dis- 
solving, (q)  298,  466,  (a)  570.  SheUs  for  o.imeos  (q) 
247  ShuntingofraUwaylines,  (a)15.  Side  drains  (,|)  14. 
Siphon,  (q)  231,  (a)  247.  Sii:e  of  bricks  (q)  134  (a)  15,. 
SkvliEhts  (..)  216,  263,  (a)  280.  Slates,  (q)  410. 
Smith's  poker  pictures,  (q)  783.  Smoke,  (q)  167,  (a)  1S4. 
Smoky  bricks,  (q)  216,  (a)  231,  247.  South  KensiDgtou 
prizes,  (q)  466,  (a)  487.  Sp.are  time,  how  to  use  it,  ((|)  3b 
Speciliciitions,  (q)  802,  (a)  821.  SpeciUative  builders,  (q) 
6''1  Spontaneous  combustion,  (q)  134,  (a)  lol.  Squaring 
dimension.,  (q)  314,  (a)  3S4,  416.  St.am  for  brickwork 
<q)  185.  Stained  glass,  (q)  SOI,  (a)  821.  Stained  oak,  q 
298,  (a)  367,  (q)  712,  (a)  731,  745.  Stamiug  marble,J,0 
150  (a)  167.  Staining  of  stone  by  cement,  the,  (q)il.. 
Stand.ard  bushel,  the,  (q)  135,  (,i)  200,  216,  231.  bt.jiie 
damaged  by  frost,  (q)  76,  (a)  93.  Stone  destroying  insects, 
<q)  SOI,  (a)  S21,  838.  Stone  staircase,  (q)  85o.     Straining 


tute  of  CivU  Engineers,  (q)D20.  St.  Giles  School,  EiideU. 
street,  (q)  820,  (a)  820.  St.  Mary's  Redohff,  Bristol,  (q) 
450  St  Wilfrid's  Roman  Catholic  Cliurch,  (q)  boo. 
Suburban  Village  Company,  (.|)  553.  Sul-veyor's  charges, 
(q)  466,  (a)  570.  Surveyoi's  claims,  (.j)  44!).  Surveyor's 
commission,  (q)  416.  Sun  dials,  (a)  54.  Sunk  church,  (q) 
570. 

TASKS  for  conservatories,  (q)  14,  (a)  36.  Taxes  on  im- 
proved dwelUngs,  (q)  113.  Terracotta,  (q)366.  Thickness 
of  retaining  walls,  (q)  S?3.  Thompson's  universal  joiner, 
(q)  306,  (a)  366.  Tie  beams,  (q)  764  (a)  784.  Tile  machi- 
nery (q)  150,  (a)  768.  Tile  roofing,  (q)  247,  (a)  203. 
Tilin"  foreign  (q)  416.  Tiling  for  g.ardens,  (q)  135,  (a) 
151  167  Timber,  (q)  450,  (a)  467.  Timber,  preservation 
of  (q)553,  (a)  587,  60S,  653.  Timber,  price  of,  813,  (a) 
873  Tortoiseshell,  polishing,  (q)  604.  Tracings,  to 
colour,  (q)  640,  (,a)  747.  Transfening  prints,  (q)  416,  6/6. 
Tranap.arent  paper,  (q)  366,  (a)  384.  Transit  theodohtes, 
(q)  36.  Trussed  scaffolding  (q)  135,  (a)  200.  Tunnels  (q) 
13.i,  (a)  151.  Turnpike  roads,  (q)  765,  (a)  873,  8 '3. 

UNDERGROUND  tank,  (q)  837,  (a)  855.  Uudei-pmning 
cement,    150,  (a)  200. 

TARNISH  for  ironwork,  (q)  183,  (a)  200.  V.aniish  for 
poUshed  iron,  (q)  1S3,  (a)  200.  Varnish  for  tin  buckets, 
(q)  200,  (a)  216.  Vegetation  on'stone  ashlaring,  (q)  4SB,  (a) 
570.  Ventilation  (q)  449,  (a)  407,  503.  Ventilation  of 
barracks,  (q)  350.  Very  sharj)  practice,(q)  747.  Vouasoirs, 

'Wages!  (q)  113,  (a)  135,  (q)  910.  Walls  for  frescoes,  (q)  150. 
Wiiltham  Abbey,  (q)  503.  Warehouse  and  granary  tloors, 
(q)  36.  Warming  rooms,  (q)  712.  Warming  by  steam,  (q) 
S20.  Watcrolosets,  (q)  432,  (a)  450,  486.  Wateioloset  pans, 
(fl)  134,  (.a)  200.  Water  colours,  (q)  676,  (a)  094,  712. 
Water  piesaura,  (q)  76.  W.ater  through  pipes,  (q)  14,  (a) 
36.  892.  Watertight  vault,  (q)  SOI,  (a)  873.  Wear  and  te.ar 
of  ma«hinery,  (q)  70,  (a)  113.  Weight  of  angle  iron,  (q) 
£70,  (a)  604,  040.  Weight  on  double  girder  beam  (q)  314, 
(a)  330.  Whatiscustomary,  (q)621,(a)659,  (a)873.  White 
varnish,  (q)  1S3,  (a)  200.  Whitewash,  (q)  432,  (a)  432. 
■Windows  in  palty  walls,  (q)  416,  (a)  432.  Wood  beams, 
(q)  855.  Wood  carving,  (q)  S37,  (a)  855.  Wood,  uuin- 
Mammable,  (q)  SOI.  Writing  on  monuments,  (q)  113. 
Wrought-iion  roof,  (q)  658,  (a)  677,  729,  748.  Wrought- 
iron  girders,  (q)  200,  (a)  231. 

ZISC,  (q)416.  (a)  416.  Hinc  for  roofe,  (q)  519,  (a)  536,  652. 
Zincing  iron,   ((0  150,  (a)  167. 

IntereBtinff  relic,  decay  of  an,  219 

Intoruational  coinage,  665 

Inventions  recent  American,  174 

Inventors  and  inventions,  540 

Irish  architecture,  early,  339  ;  illuminations,  527 

Iron,  with  copper  coating,  180  ;  ruofa,  100,  I-IO, 
220,  252  ;  sleepers,  501  ;  and  steel,  solderiufr, 
63-1;  for  tnnnels, '137;  preservatives,  79S  ;  kiosk 
for  India,  578. 

Irriyatiou  in  France  and  Spain,  557 

Iteina,  American,  238 

JAMAICA-STREET,  Glasgow,  416 

Japanning  and  Varnishing,  267 

Japan,  decorative  manufactures  of,  430 

Jersey,  harbour  for,  671, 698 

-Jerusalem,  33 

Jewish  Synagogue,  499 

Joiner,  Thompson's  universal,  320 

Joiners,  carpenters,  &c.,  592 

Jottinga  in  London,  630,  644,  662,  731 

KING  frost,  67 

Kiosk  for  India,  iron,  578 

Knob,  Myers's  drawer,  6 


LABOURERS'  dwellings,  S35  ;  skilled,  62/ 

Lamps,  Gas,  142 

Landmarks,  the  old,  2?7 

Law  Courts,  materials  for  Now,  228;  Nejv  18, 
-14,  51,  57,  79,  95, 117,  137,  142, 147,  153,  163, 
169  1S6  197,  202,  219,  234,  249,  270,  3tlO,  322, 
35S;  374|  393,  413,  419,  429,  478,  494,  515,  549, 
562,635,  751,  815,  811 

Lb  Mans  Cathedral,  Chevet,  84 

Lea,  the  river,  39 

Learn,  never  to  old  to,  253 

Lecturing,  "acrobatic,"  102 

Leeds,  W.  H.,  the  architectural  critic,  081,  bJ/, 
717  ;  Infirmary 

Legislation,  sanatory,  691 

Leicester  competition,  877 

Libraries,  museums  and  free,  790 

Lifting  water  machinery,  35 

Light,  obstruction  of,  122 

Lights,  law  of  window,  96 

Limestones,  353  ;  magnesium,  370 

Lincoln,  monument  to  President,  23 

Lions  in  Trafalgar-square,  89,  107 

Little  things,  119 

Literary  theft,  738 

Liverpool,  Convent  of  Notre  Dame,  578  ;  dwel- 
lings competitions,  877  ;  Philosophical  Society, 
508  ;  public  parks,  423  ;  Sefton  Park,  275,  283, 
311,  628  ;  shops  and  offices,  666 

Llandaff,  Probate  Registry,  6  ;  schools,  510 

Llandangh  Schools,  340 

Lock  Katrine  water,  568 

Lodge  at  Rushton,  510 

London,  Barricades,  743;  firemen,  877,  890; 
fires  in  1866,  110;  gates  of  old,  41  ;  improve- 
ments in,  100;  jottings  in,  6.30,  644,  662,  734; 
pure  water  for,  424  ;  reconstruction  of,  90  ; 
springs  and  wells  of,  662  ;  University  building, 
347,  397  ;  water  supply  of,  34,  40,  60,  153 

Long-acre,  Queen's  Theatre,  719 

Longevity,  houses,  health  and,  700 

Losses  olthe  year  1866,  5 

Lunatio  asylums,  planning  of,  149 

Lurking  places  for  infection,  580 

MACHINERY,  improvements  in,   222  ;    trades' 

unions  and,  846 
Magnesium  limestones,  370 
Making  turpentine,  321 
Malachite,  322 

Malton,  Roman  remains  at.  111 
Man  and  beast,  for,  472 
Manchester,  statues  in,  317;  townhall,  549,  648, 

667,  697  ;  competition,  618,  636,  648,  791 
Slansfield  stone,  637 
Mansion  House,  alterations  at  the,  319;  Mitfield, 

102 
Marble  corrosion,  738,  798 
Markets  of  the  poor,  500 
Masonry,  Paris  Exhibition,  89 
Materials,  carriage  of,  304 ;  strength  of,  483,  756 
Maw  and  Co.'s  encaustic  tiles,  131 
Mayer  collection  of  antiquities,  121 
Mechanics,  hints  to,  347 
McLean's  gallery,  772 

Mediaeval   fountain,    63,    121 ;    fountain    in    illu- 
minated  MSS.,  83;  furniture,  483;  heraldry, 
828  ;  tile  factory,  a  63 
Memorial  tablets,  735 
Merchants,  English,  173 

Metal  work,  22 

Method  of  ventilation,  new,  293 

Metropolitan  abattoirs,  774 ;  Board  of  Works, 
802;  buildings,  788,  806;  Street  Act,  672, 
079,  697  ;  Traffic  Act,  593 

Metropolis,  legislation  for  the,  11  ;  water  supply 
of  the,  34 

Metz,  the  Cathedral  of,  592 

Mica  for  decorative  purposes,  531 

Mines,  waste  lands  connected  with,  97 

Mitfield  mansion,  102 

Model  lodging-houses,  24;  dwellings,  Paris  E.';- 
hibition,  628 

Modelling,  architectural,  852,  869 

Modern  architecture  and  architects,  508 

Mont  Cenis  Railway,  611 

Monument  to  President  Lincoln,  23 

.More'  Vandalism,  494 

Mortar,  black,  222  ;  Norman  red,  121 

Mural  paintings,  101,  111 

Museum,  architectural,  148,  306,  797;  South 
Kensington,  408;  Twickenham,  895 

Museums  and  free  libraries,  790 

Music  balls  and  theatres,  211 

Myers'  dtawer-knob,  6 

NATIONAL  Fine  Art  Exhibition,  473  ;  Gallery  of 
Art,  design  for  a,  122  ;  competition,  17,  49,  72, 
107, 132, 196,  322;  new,  7  ;  work,  a,  270 


Nelson  Column,  the,  96,  107 

Nests,  new  fever,  752 

Newcastle,  gymnasium  for,  205 

New  cement,  a,  534 

New  Jersey,  205 

New  York  underground,  43 

Nitro-glycerine  explosions,  889 

Norman  red  mortar,  121 

Northern  Vandals,  625 

North  Shields  Lutheran  Church,  726 

Norwich  Cathedral,  the  nave,  102 

Nottingham  competition,  463 

OAK,  Heme's,  664 

Obituary— Bailey,  E.  H.,  374;  Brodie,  A.,  398  ; 
Clark,  Dr.  T.,  870  ;  Crawshay,  W.,  551 ;  Cundy, 
T.,  594;  Faraday,  M.,  594;  Fowler,  C,  844; 
Gerard,  Dr.,  385  ;  Hardman,  I,  393  :  Heiser, 
M.,  673;  HittorfF,  J.  I.,  320;  Leeds,  W.  H., 
681,  697,  717  ;  Lemon,  R.,  34;  MoUinger,  673  ; 
O'Connor,  M.,  551 ;  Pacard,  M.,  591;  Phillips, 
Sir  T.,  374  ;  Ryall,  H.  T.,  673 ;  Smirke,  Sir 
E.,  291,  567  ;  Stanfield,  C,  363,  397  ;  Stirling, 
E.,  51  ;  Walker,  W  ,  630  ;  for  the  year,  895 

Obstruction  of  lisht,  122 

Office,  Patent,  457 

Offices,  Sierra  Leone,  648 

Official  wisdom,  474 

Oil  of  roses,  the,  447 

Old  landmarks,  the,  287 

Omnium  fastenings,  the,  254 

Organic  substances  in  water,  381 

Organ  building,   progress  of,  585,   627 

Organs,  313 

Orkney,  pre-historic  remains  in,  63 

Ornamentation  for  buildings,  825 

Our  illustrations,  474  ;  workmen,  72 

Oxford  and  the  ^rt  of  the  future,  680 ;  drainage 
of,  155  ;  residei:ce  of  Norham  Lodge,  583 

Oyster  culture  architecturally  considered,  97 

PACIFIC  railroad  is  built,  how  the,  531 

Painted  decorations,  4,  438,  490,  715 

Painting,  encaustic,  407 ,  fresco,  305  ;  mural, 
101,  111;  plaster  and  wall,  702;  silicions, 
338;  wall,  157 

Palace,  Alexandra,  791 ;  yard,  works  in,  815 

Palais  de  Justice,  Bruges,  863 

Paris,  Architectural  Congress  of,  584 ;  Exhibition, 
.39  49,  51,58,  73,  84,  89,  206,  237,  270,  311, 
327,  339,  369,  387,  403.  419,435,  453,  465,469, 
489,  505,  509,  523,  539,  553,  561,  591,  628; 
brickwork  and  concrete  building,  845  ;  English 
artizans  at,  4/4 ;  public  gardens,  &o.,  585  ;  re- 
storation of,  424;  improvements  in,  908 

Park,  Battersea,  286 

P.irliament,  Houses  of,  91 

Parliamentary  Intelligence,  133,  181,  214,  223, 
238,  253,  322,  364;  legislation  over  the  me- 
tropohs,  11 

Patent  Office  Library,  457 

Patents  toe  Intentions — 

Artificial  wood,  improvements  in  making,  115 
Artificial  stone  for  grinding,  improved,  839 
Bench  vices,  improvements  in,  521 
Blinds,  improvements  in  Venetian,  94 
Brackets,  for  shelves,  improvements  in,  714 
Bricks,  improvements  in  machinery  for  making, 

78  .■  . 

Bricks,  improvement  in  machinery  forpressing, 

232 

Bricks,  improvement  in  makin<?,  115,  457,  555; 

tiles,  &c.,  623,  678,  839,   875 
Calcareous  bricks,  improvements  in,  281 
Carving,  improved  machinery  for,  451 
Ceilings,  improvement  in  the  construction  of, 

281 
Cement  compositions,  improvements  in,  232 
Cesspools,  &c.,  improvements  in,  352 
Chimneys,  improvements  in,  521,  695 
Chimney  top,  improved,  457,  555,  623,  678 
Chimney  pots,  improvements  in,  264 
Cisterns,  improvements  in,  331,  678,    822 
Clay,  improved  mode  of  washing,  572 
Cleansing    exteriors   of   buildings,    improved 

mode  of,  433 
Coal  plates,  improved  mode  of  securing,  695 
Composition  for  use  for  mouldings,   &c.,   im- 
proved, 281 
Concrete,  improved  apparatus  for  mixing,  16 
Cowles,  improvements  in,  451 
Cranes,  improvements  in,  786 
Damp,  composition  for  coating   walls   and   ex- 
eluding,  418 
Distribution  of  gas,  water,  <S:c.,   improvements 

in  the,  875 
Doors,  improved  hanging  centre  stop  for,  16 


Jan.  to  Dec.  1867 


INDEX  OF  CONTENTS. 


Door  furniture,  improvements  in,  333 
Door-handle3,  improved  moilo  of  securing,  711 
Door-sereens,  improvements  in,  331 
Poor-spring,  improved,  875 
Jiicavating  and  mining,  improvements  in  ma. 

chinery  for,  385 
Pences,  liurdles,  &c.,  improvements  in,  786 
Files,  improvements  in  machinery  for  cuttin?, 

115 
Fireplace,  improved  smoko  consuming,  281 
Fire  rniigts,  improvements  in,  803  ;     ^ 

Floors,  improvements  in  construction  of,  711, 

803 
F;:rnaces,  improvements  in,  352 
Furnaces  for  prevention   of  smoke,    improve- 
ments in,  GGO 
Girders,  improvements  in,  10 
Girders,  improvements  in  iron,   and  steel,   or 

combined,  3S,  115 
Grate-bdrs,  improvements  iu,  352 
Healing  buildings,   improvements   in  metallic 

pipes  for,  368 
Horticultural  erections,  improvements  in,  91 
Iron  safes,  improvements  in,  US 
Knobs  for  door-Iatches,  improvements  in  cJiina 

and  earthenware,  786 
Lime  and  cement  kilns,  improvements  in,  232 
Locks,  improvements  in,  78,  6G0 
Locks  and  latches,  improvements  in,  555 
Lowering  and  raising  persona   or   goods,    im- 

proved  means  of,  521 
Marble,  improvements  in  machines  for  cultine, 
248  ^ 

Metallic  zinc  paint,  623 

Motive  powar,    improved  mode  of  obtainine 

281,  331  ^ 

^^ajJs,  improved  mode  of  cutting  aud  beading, 

451 
Nails,  improvements  in,  451,  572 
Oxidisation,  improved  means  of  preventing,  786 
Faint  uninflammable,  improved  mode   of  ren- 
dering, 572 
Pavement,  improved,  264 
Pipes,  improvement  in  earthenware,  94 
Plane  irons,  improvements  in,  803 
Posts  and  poles,  improvements  in,  803 
Privies,  improvements  in,  433 
Eaisingand  lowering  heavy  bodies,   improved 

means,  785 
Eaising  weights,  improved  apparatus  for,  875 
Safes,  improvements  in  construction  of,  94 
Sash  fastening,  new,  786 
Sashes,  improvements  in  cast  iron,  555 
Siws,  improvements  in,  331 
Saw-frames,  improvements  in,  572 
Sawmills,  improvements  in,  418 
Screws,  improvements  in,  803 
Seawalls,  improvements  in,  8/5 
Shuttle  and  window  fastener,  improved,  678 
Smoky  chimneys;  improved  means  of  prevent- 
ing, 418 
Soil-trap,  improved,  352 
Steam  cranes,  improvements  in,  600 
Stone,  improvements   in  machinery  for  work- 
ing, 115,  281,  434 
Stoves,  improvements  in,  803 
Tmiber,  improvements  in  machinery  forsawint? 
281  *" 

Venetian  blinds,  improved,  678 
Ventilating  dwelling-houses,  improved  method 

of,  264 
Ventilator,  improved,  433 
Ventilation  of  large  buildings,  improved  means 
of,  786  ' 

Walls,  improved  coverings  for,  875 
Wall  papers,  improved  machinery  for   pasting, 

o85 
Washing  clay,  improved  apparatus  for,  368 
Water-closets,  improvements  in,  232,  623 
Water. cocks,  improvements  in,  840 
Window,  improved  method  of  securing,  695 
Window-sashes,  improvements  in,  352, 523, 572 
Wood-cutting  machinery,  803 
Wood,  improved  process  for  preparing,  572 
Wood,  preservation  of,  281 


Piano,  grand,  158 

Pictures,  prices  of,  filO 

Pimlico,  shop  fronts,  707 

Pipes,  water,  900 

Planning  luniitio  asylnms,  149 

Plaster  nnd  wall  paintinp-,  "02 

Plastering  and  plasterers'  lath.",  3/9 

Plate  girder-o,  205,  237,  30-1,  -122,  4/2  ;  glass,  and 
its  manufacture,  607 

Plates,  brass,  791 

Platforms,  asphalted,  2SS 

Plea  for  beautiful  churches,  036 

Plymouth,  Cornwall  Hotel,  64 

Pointed  arches,  709 

Pompeii,   house   decorations  of,  408  :  a   Tartar, 
205 

Poor,  dwellings  for  the,  12,  49, 1G3  ;  markets  for 
the,  500 

Poplar  competitions,  557 

Porcelain,  photography  in,  90S  ;  and  pottery,  83, 

109 
Porch,  424 
Portland  stone,  420 
Portrait  Gallery,  407 
Po.t,  small,  44 

Pre-historio  remains  in  Orkney,  63 
Preparation  of  vvbitewasli.  G3G 
Preservation  of  timber,  515,  G09,  6J7';   wood,  20, 

59 
Preservatives,  iron,  798 
Piices  of  pictures,  GIO 
Prince  Consort  Statue  at  Manchester,  73 
Prize  designs  for  cottages,  827 
Prizes  for  art  workmen,  422 
Probate  Registry,  Llaudaft,  6 
Pi-ogress  iu  the  mechanics  of  gilding,  38S 
Properties  of  steel,  799 
Proportion  of  old  scone  altars,  59 
Protection  against  fire,  502 

Public  park,  Liverpool,   423  :  work?,  report  on 
2G1  ^ 


Paving,  bitumen  as,  561,  SG3 

Peabody  Trust,  the,  179 

Perfumes,  how  to  extract,  62 

Perpendicular  style,  the,  121 

Petroleum,  C66 

Philosophical   view  of  art,   117,  154,   218,  250, 

302,  354 
Photo-sculpture,  718 
Photographic  A-^socialion,  147,  164,  879 
Photographs  of  churches  in  Asia,  900 
Photography  and    architecture,   583,  599,  617  • 

and  porcelain,  908 


PuBr,ic.\Tio.\s,  Notice  of — 

.4bbeys  and  castles  of  South  Wales,  ISl 
Almanack,    "City    Press,"    11;     British,    11, 

891;  "Hereford  Journal,"  11;  "Post,"  52 
America,  British,  11 
ArchitectuiT,  Ti-eatise  on,  470 
Art  Journnl.  321 
Atchley's  Price-book,  90S 
Bath,  the  Baths  and  Minerals  of,  ISl 
Builders'  Price-book,  52 
Cathedrals,  Photographs  of  English,  1S2 
Cottages,  &c.,  Designs  for,  599 
Diaries,  Letts's,  11 
Encyclopaedia  of  Arohilectm-e,  245 
Engineering  Pacts  and  Fignres,  245 
Engineers'    Pocket-book,  52;  Useful  Informa- 
tion for,  20 
Gardner's  Year-booV,  53 

Guide  to  Jersey,  447  ;  to  Paris  Exhibition,  ISI 
Inventoi-s  and  Inventions,  511 
Naturalists'  Note-book,  11 
Palmerston  Copy-books,  the,  52 
Paris  Exhibition,  the,  321 
Photographs  of  English  and  Scottish  Scenery, 

Poor  of  Edinburgh,  the,  245 

Post-ofEce  and  the  Telegraph,  447 

Quantities  and  Measurements,  590 

Railways,  Facts  respecting  Street,  11 

Kerainiscences  of  a  Highland  Parish,  245 

Science  and  Art,  Year-book  o',  245 

Scientific  subject!-',  Lectures  on,  181 

Scotland  described,  52 

Sewage,   Purification,    &o.,    of,  908;  Question, 
the,  447  ;  of  Towns,  the,  321 

Street  Nomenclature,  181 

Tourists'  Assistant,  the,  448 

Dre's  Dictionary  of  Arts,  447 

Waterworks  of  India,  the,  891 
Publication  Society,  Architectural,  430 
Pugin  V.  Barry  controversy,  6G6,  789 
Pulleys,  slipping  of  belts  off,  251 
Purifying  water,  179,  809 


Rambles  in  the  Rhine  Provinces,  881 

Raphael  and  his  works,  30 

Recent  deaths,  259 

Reconstruoiion  of  London,  90 

Redland  Baptist  Chapel,'509 

Reform,  corporation,  3G3 

Kegeni's  Canal  Dock,  743 

Reports  of  Public  Works,  2G1 

Reredos  and  ahar.  Westminster  Abbey,  296 

Reservoirs  and  embankments,  823 

Residence,    what  constitutes   a   Royal,  392;    of 
Norham  Manor,  Oxford,  583 

Restorationof  Chichester  Cathedral,  826  ;  church, 
782;  of  Paris,  -124 

Restorations  iu  band,  195 

Retaining  wall.=,  285 

Reviving,  Greece,  407 

River  Lea,  the,  398 

Rivers  commission,  the,  025  :  improve  ments  of, 

295 
Road  foundations,  782 ;  rollers,  steam,  733 
Roads,  construotiou  of,  2G8;  in  Sussex,  llomas, 

818 
Roller,  steam  road,  738  , 

Roman  remains  at  Malton,  HI ;  roads  in  Sussex 

8l8;   tomb,  0,  205 
Rome,  205 
Roofing,  zinc,  610 
Roofs,  French,  403;  iron,  100,  140,  220,  252  ;  for 

workshops,  iron,  828 
Roses,  the  oil  of,  447 
Rushton,  lodge  at,  510 
Ryde  Church,  drawings  fjr,  787 


QUALITIES  of  timber,  898 

Quantities,  estimation  of,    120:  the  question  of 

Gil  ' 

Quarries,  sandstone,  526 
Question,   cab,   the,    211;    dwellings,    the,   243; 

of  quantities,  611;  sewage,  213 

RAILROAD,  how  the  Pacific  is  built,  534 
Railway  bridges,  long  span,  859;  economy,  643  ; 

Mont  Cenis,  611;  viaducts,  SO 
Railways,    Government   and,    605  ;   street,   195; 

timber  used  in,  454 


SANATORY  ACT  of  130G,  259;  legislation,  091 
Sand  screening,   319 
Sandstone  quarries,  520 
Sandstones,  334 

Saunterings  in  Southwark-strect,  707 
Saw-teeth,  various  forms  of,  781,  S71 
School,  Llandaugb,  340 
Schools  and  almshouses,  Walworth,  84;  Barns- 
bury,  St.  Clement's,  510;  Biikeuhead,  Albert 
memorial,  174;  chapel  and,  Twickeuham,  G12;, 
France  and  Austria  trade,  890 
Scotland,  old  trees  oC,  275 
Screening  sand,  319 

Screw  piles  for  bridge,  Verona,  171 ;  wood,  6 
Sculpture,  Grecian,  03;  at  Paris  Exhibition,  591 
Sefcou  Park,  Liverpool,  275,  233,  311,  528 
Sermons  in  stone,  227,  243 
Serpentine,  alabaster  and,  493 
Sewage  dilficulty,  t,he,  81  ;  question,  the,  213 ;  on 

the  Thames,  802 
Sham  autiquitie.-,  500 
Shopfront,  Stranel,  900 
Shopfrouts,  212;  Pimlico,  797 
Shops,  Shepherd's-busb,  739  ;  and  offices,  Liver- 
pool, 006 
Sierra  Leone,  offices  in,  048 
Silicatisation  of  stone,  499 
Silicious  painting,  338 
Sinking,  new  systems  of  well,  048 
Sketchbouk,  architectural,  752,  770 
Skilled  labourers,  027 
Slates,  293 
Sleeper.-,  iron,  501 
Smallpox,  dire  and  neglect,  44 
Smoke,  fuel   and  preveniiou  of,  081;  and  Etone» 

073 
Society   of  Arts,   22 ;  assisting  engineers,   494 ;. 
priiies  to  art  workmen,  39,  42,  -122  ;  Antiquaries, 
Scottish,   22;  Newcastle,  101;  Arundel,  474;. 
of  British  Artists,  303;  Carpenters'  and  Joiners', 
375  ;  Conservative,  720  ;  Engineers',  70  ;  Bene- 
volent,  593  ;  Ethnological,  157  ;  Kent  Archa30. 
logical,    528;    Liverpool    Philosophical,    608; 
M  luohester  statistical,  339  ;  New  Arohitectnral, 
755  ;  Southampton  Literary  aud  Philosophical, 
141 ;  Temperance  Building,  156 
Soldering  iron  aud  steel,  534 
Sound  in  its  architectural  relations,  573 
South  Kensington  Museum,  108 
Southampton,  Imperial  Hotel,  533 
Sonthwark  warehouse,  810 
Spire,  Cathedral  of,  817 
Springs  and  wells  of  London,  602 
St.  Andrew's  Cathedral,  081 
St.  George's,  Tuffuell.park,  44,  01 
St.  John's  Clerkenwell,  architectural  notice   of. 

570  ;  Harrow. ou-the-Hill,  424 
St.  Martin's  New  Workhouse,  303,  630,  643 
St.  Peter's  and  St.  Paul's,  Cork,  205 
St.  Philip's,  Sydenham,  1/4 
St.  Stephen's,  Hampstead,  544 
Stables  for  Earl  of  Zetland,  702 
Stained  Glass — Alnwick,  216  ;  Ascot,  74- '•^'°°' 
713;  Barlestone,  838;  Bishop's  Nymi.''''^*'''  ' 
Boltoa.le..MooiT,  400 ;  Bonsall,  400  ;  ""P'^am  „ 


VI 


INDEX  OF  CONTENTS. 


Jan.  to  Dec.  1867. 


37  ;  Bristol,  730     Clieriton.  37  ;  Cheshire,  216 ; 
Chetwood,  232  ;  Djdbrook,   261;  Dudley,  168; 
Duihain,    350  ;    Edeuham,    659  ;     Ely    Cathe- 
dral,    713;      Exeter,     232;      Faraley,     50-1; 
Garustone    Castle,    467 ;    Glasgow,    537,    622, 
730  ;  Glastonbury,  670  ;  Gloucester,  784  ;  Guild- 
hall,  330,   504  ; 'Haselev,   713;  Hastleton,   56; 
Hawkhurst,  281 ;  Hereford,  S21,  838,  873  ;  Hul- 
toi.',    200 ;    Islington,   400  ;    Keuilwonh,    622 ; 
Kiugstou,  S38  ;  Kingstown,  281 ;  Kintbury,  400  ; 
Kuaresboro',  37;    Langtof',  203;    Leek,    520; 
Liucoln,  216,   2'i4  ;  Llangollen.   622  ;  Manches- 
ter,   641  ;    llicheldever,    537  ;  Newbury,    694  ; 
Newcastle,    520,    022.    706,    838;    Nidil,   713; 
North  Ber«jok,    37  ;  Oxford,  200  ;    Paris  Exhi- 
bition,   200 ;     Portsmouth,    232 ;      Quernmore, 
C22  ;     Rhosymedre,  834  ;     llomsey,  24?,    821  ; 
Eotherham,  330  ;  Sawbridgeworth,  200  ;  Selby, 
15;    Smethhurst,    784;      Southampton,     216; 
Stilton,   400 ;  Stockbridge.  50,  281  ;  Tavistock. 
802;  Thornthwaite,  856  ;  Tintwistle,  833  ;  Tun- 
bridge,    350 ;    Waplev,    747  ;    Warwick,    168  ; 
Whitby,  873  ;  York,  537 
Stamford  Church  embellishment,  43 
Stanfield,  Ciarkson,  early  days  of,  397 
Statue,  Manchester,  Prince  Consort,  73 
Statue?,  Memorials,  &c. — Aberdeen,  330;  Aboyne, 
367;  America,  15. 784;  Australia,  293;  Baltimore, 
55;  Balmoral,  713,  730;  Berlin,  450;  Bradford, 
330;  Brechin,  330  ;  Bristol,  769,  873;  Brompton, 
37  ;  Burton-upon-Trent,    243  ;  Cadzow   Forest, 
433,    537;    Caermarthen,    281;     Carolina,  Sea 
Islands  of,  248 ;  Castress,  713  ;    Charterhouse, 
130,  216;    Clun,    384;  Cork,  893;  Dariington, 
571;  Drumclog,  N.B.,  850;  Dublin,  37,  56,216, 
694,713;  Dumfermline  Abbey,  S93  ;  East  Ham, 
334;    Edinburgh,   400,  433;    Gateshead,    367; 
Glasgow,   694  ;    Gloucester,    833  ;    Greyfriars, 
760;  Halifax,  838;  Hamilton,  487;  Hawaii,  713; 
Helmsley,  713;  Hereford,  833  ;  Hertford,  216  ; 
Hull,    265,  713,    760;   Isthmus   of  Suez,    487; 
Kensal  Green,   37,  200;     Kew,  437;    Kilmar- 
nock, 520;    Leamington,    231;    Lemgo,   4S7; 
Lisbon,  730  ;    Liverpool,  130  ;    281,  417  ;  Llan- 
daff,  846;  London,  55,  281,  298,  330,  334,    400, 
401,  417,  520,  571,  802,   821,   838;  Louisville, 
417;  Manchester,  73,  232,204,298,  317,   641; 
Marseillep,  487;  Montereau,  554  ;  Montmorency, 
15;  Nancy,  749;    Nantes,  659;    N;iS9,in,   210; 
New  York,  298,  450,  588 ;  Nice,  200  ;  Oxford, 
216,  8u2  ;  Paisley,  200,  537;   Paris,   200,  659  ; 
Pisa,  641;  lihosymedre,  37:  Rjme,   307,  417; 
Eomsey  Abbey,  37,  50  ;  Rugby,   041  ;  Salford, 
440  ;    Salisbury,    094  ;    Scotland,  537 ;    Shore- 
ditch,   248;  Stirling,  694;  Taunton,  216,  417; 
Thearles,  730  ;  Trichiuopoly,  450  ;  Trie.'ite,  520  ; 
Tuam,  730  ;  Vienna,  749  ;  Westminster,  15,  281, 
554,  893;    Winchester,    554;    Windsor  Castle, 
400,  588  ;  Worms,  C59. 
Steel  bars,  &c.,  strength  of,  539;  for  bridges  and 
ships,  use  of,  64 ;  mechanical  properties  of,  799 
Steeple,  Dundee,  old,  643 
Steetly  Abbey  arch,  889 

Stone  Company's  Works,  Concrete,  440;  decay 
of,  682;  durability  of,  507;  in  India,  artificial, 
382  ;  Mansfeld,  637  ;  Portland,  420  ;  sermons  in, 
227,  243 ;  rilicatisation  of,  499  ;  smoke  and,  673 
Strain,  tensile,    799  ;  transverse,  799 
Stratford  competition,  699 ;  vestry. hall,  882 


Street-cleansinfr  question,  29  ;  railways,  195  ; 
traffic,  234 ;  Mr.,  771 ;  on  Bristol  Cathedr.al,  549 

Streets,  construction  of,  492;  and  thoroughfaies, 
690 

Strength  of  beams,  473;  bricks,  217;  of  mate- 
rials, 483,  756  ;  steel  bars,  &c.,  539 

Strikes  and  trades'  unions,  30 

Style,  the  perpendicular,  121 

Subway,  Thames,  S2S 

Suggestions,  77,  114,  150,  103,  184,  431,  748 

Surfaces,  glazed  ceramic.  790 

Suppiy,  our  water,  379  ;  pure  water,  845 

Surveyor  for  Coventry,  33 

Surveyors,  duties  for  borough,  424  ;  position  of 
town,  221 

Sweeping,  chimney,  6 

Synagogues,  Jewish.  499 

Systems,  Half-time,  862 


TABLETS,  memorial,  735 

Tailors',  Benevolent  Institution,  823 

Tartar  Pompeii,  205 

Tea-party  and  testimonial,  a,  43 

Technical  education,  631,  647,  790,  908 

Teeth,  various  forms  of,  781,  871 

Temperance  Building  Society,  158 

Tenants,  evicted,  29 

Tensile  strain,  799 

Thames,  British  caves   on  the  banks  ol  the,  83 ; 

sewage  in  the,  862  ;  subway,  828 
Theatre  burning  and  building,  859  ;   and  concert 

hall,  Glasgow,  254  ;  Long-acre,  Queen's,  719 
Theatres  and  music   halls,  211:  new,  726;  the, 

142,  153 
Theft,  literary,  733 
Things,  little,  119 
Thompson's  universal  joiner,  320 
Thoroughfares,  streets  and,  690 
Tile  factory,  a  mediaeval,  63 
Tiles,  encaustic,  Maw  and  Co.'s,  131 
Timber,  Austrian,  627  ;  creosote,  862  ;  preserva- 

tion  of,  515,  009,  647;  qualities  of,  898;  trade 

dnring  1306,  the,  99;   used  in  railways,  454 
Time,  why  does  the  clock  keep,  234 
Tomb  at  Conisborongh,  ancient,  738  ;  a  Roman, 

205 
Tool,  improved,  combination,  44 
Townhall,  Manchester,  549,  648,  665,  679,   697  ; 

surveyors,  position  of,  221 
Trade  daring  1806,   the  timber,  99;  schools  in 

France  and  Austria,   890;  unions,  strikes  and, 

oO 
Trades'  union  commission,    244,    265,    284,   304, 

317,345,  354,    391,  429,  437,   463,  491,   047, 

683;  Unions' Act,  791 ;  and  machinery,  846 
Trafalgar-square,  Laudseer'a  liona  in,  .89 
Traffic,  street,  235 
Transverse  strain,  799 
Tree,  a  gigantic,  562 
Trees  of'Scotland,  old,  276 
Trickery  exposed,  516,  552 
Troublesome  visitors,  365 
Trust,  the  Peabody,  179 
Tuffnell.park,  St.  George's,  44,  61 
Tunnels,  iron  for,  437 
Turkish  bath,  Brighton,  863 
Turpentine,  Niading,  321 
Twickenham  Museum,  895 


UNDERGROUND.  New  Y'ork,  43 

Union,  the  Choriton,  339 

Uuion  Commission,  Trades',   244,  265.    284,    304 

317.    345,  354,  391.  429,    437,  463,  491,  64? 

683 
University  College,  440 ;  of  Wales,  238 
Uricouiuin.  ancient  city  of,  664 


VANDALS,  Northern,  625 

Varnishing,  japanning  and,  207 

Venetian  architecture,  44 

Ventilation  of  dwellings,  S9S;    new   method  of, 

293 
Verbal  and  written  agreements,  180 
Verona  Cathedral,  porch,  122 
Vestry-hall,  Stratford,  882 
Viaducts,  railway,  80 
Villa  and  cottage  architecture.   340 ;  Worcester 

Park  Estate,  408 
Visitors,  troublesome,  385 


WAGES.  French  vporkmen  and  their,  502  ;  in 
New  South  Wales,  buildais'  work  and,  90 

Walk  edges  for  villa  garden?,  110 

Wall  painting,  157 

Walls,  glass,  509;  retaining.  285 

Warehouse,  Sonthwark-street,  810 

Waste  lands,  improvement  of,  97 

Water,  foundations  under,  139  ;  as  a  disinfectant, 
277;  Look  Katrine,  568;  for  London,  pure. 
421;  machinery  for  lifting,  34;  organic  sub- 
stances in,  381;  pipes,  900;  purifying,  179 
809  ;  supply  of,  London,  40,  60,  158  ;  the  metro- 
polis, 34  ;  our,  379  ;  pure,  845 

Well  sinking,  new  system  of,  648 

Wells,  arteajan,  897 

Westminster  Abbev,  reredoa  and  altar.  29  6; 
improvements,  607 

Wilts,  Celtic  remains  in,  101 

Window  lights,  the  law  of,  96 

Windsor,  the  Albert  Institute,  3U 

Wisdom,  official,  474 

Wood  carving,  801 ;  and  choice  of  woods,  852  ; 
furniture,  carved,  835  ;  incombustible,  890  ; 
preservation  o*',  20,  59 ;  screw,  6 

Worcester  Park  Estate,  villa,  408 

Work,  181 ;  estimating,  824;  metal,  22  ;  national,  a, 
270 

Workhouse,  St.  Martin's  New,  363,  630,  643 

Workmen,  our,  72 

Workmen's  dwellings,  288  ;  exhibitions,  823 

Works,  Metropolitan  Board  of,  862  ;  in  Palace- 
yard,  815  ;  in  the  provinces  in  1866,  2  ;  Raphael 
and  his,  30 

Workshops  iron  roofs  for,  823,  846 

Worms,  Cathedral  Of,  780 

Wroxeter  excavations,  818 

YARMOUTH  competition,  163 
Yarbrook  congregation,  589 
Year,  losses  of  the,  5 

ZETLAND,  stable  for  Earl  of.  702 

Zinc,  467 

Zinc  roofing,  610 

Znyder  Zee,  drainage  of  the.  595 


THE   BUILDING    NEWS 


AND     ENGINEERING     JOURNAL 


THE  ENGINEERING   OF    18GG. 

RETROSPECTIVE  glances  are  not  always 
of  a  pleasant  character,  and  there  are 
probably  many  who  look  back  upon  the  en- 
gineering schemes  and  works  of  the  past  year 
with  no  pleasurable  feelings.  As  we,  how- 
ever, are  neither  engineers,  directors,  secre- 
taries, nor  contractors,  there  is  no  gall  mingled 
with  our  reminiscences,  and  iu  our  present 
review  we  can  afford  to  look  only  upon  the 
bright  side  of  the  picture,  and  to  record  with 
imalloyed  satisfaction  the  progress  and  develop- 
ment of  the  different  branches  of  engineering 
art  and  science.  With  the  exception  of  the 
.still  unsolved  problem  of  aerial  navigation 
there  are  no  means  of  commimication  remain- 
ing to  be  tried.  The  future  of  all  those  at  pre- 
sent recognised  lies  in  extension  and  applica- 
tion to  examples  on  a  scale  hitherto  unat- 
tempted.  Thus  a  tunnel  -under  the  Channel 
would  be  but  a  gigantic  instance  of  what  has 
been  successfully  accomplished  under  the 
Thames,  and  what  is  in  process  of  accomplish- 
ment under  the  Liffey,  in  Dublin,  by  the 
trimi  connecting  railway.  Similarly,  were  a 
lii"h-level  bridge  to  be  substituted  for  a  tun- 
nel, the  precedents  on  a  smaller  scale  are 
almost  ^Wthout  number.  It  is  seldom  that  a 
scheme  is  propounded,  digested,  the  necessary 
funds  provided,  and  the  work  carried  out 
within  the  short  space  of  one  year,  notwith- 
standing the  present  rapid  manner  of  execut- 
ing works  ;  but  an  instance  of  tliis  descrip- 
tion is  furnished  by  the  history  of  the  latest 
Atlantic  cable,  together  with  its  fraternal  pre- 
decessor, restored  to  life  at  the  pame  time. 

Of  all  the  results  of  chemical  investigations 
and  analysis,  the  most  conducive  to  the 
general  welfare  and  utility  is  undoubtedly 
that  of  gas,  and  we  are  rejoiced  to  perceive 
that  during  the  past  year  the  use  of  it  has 
penetrated  to  Nizam,  a  remote  annexation  to 
our  vast  Indian  possessions.  It  is  viewed 
with  great  favour,  and  with  no  little  delight, 
by  the  majority  of  the  native  princes  and 
rajahs,  and  we  trust  that  it  may  really  prove  a 
light  of  civilisation  into  whatever  realms  its 
illuminating  rays  may  extend.  Old  Father 
Thames  has  had  another  shadow  thrown 
across  his  metropolitan  course  by  the  Cannon- 
street  Bridge  ;  the  Victoria  Bridge  has  been 
widened  to  take  eight  lines  of  rails  ;  the  new 
Blackfriars  Bridge  is  rising  into  view,  and  if 
these  structures  continue  to  multiply,  he  may 
soon  have  to  bid  adieu  to  warmth  and  light 
while  rolling  his  waters  from  Westminster  to 
liondon  Bridge.  His  banks  will  be  confined 
by  granite  walls,  although  at  the  rate  they 
:are  progressing  it  will  be  long  ere  that  task  is 
■accomplished ;  or  his  bed  disturbed  by  the 
Pneumatic  Railway,  which  at  present  is  at  a 
standstill,  the  finances  being,  like  the  tube 
itself,  considerably  below  low  water.  Last 
■autumn  witnessed  the  commencement  of  the 
Holborn  Valley  Viaduct,  which  will  soon  sur- 
iraount  the  surrounding  palisades  ;  of  its  effect 
with  respect  to  appearance  we  cannot  at  pre- 
sent speak,  but  there  is  not  the  slightest 
■question  of  its  utility  and  necessity,  and, 
when  completed,  the  untimely  death  of  mmi- 


berless  imfortimate  omnibus  and  cab  horses 
will  no  longer  lie  at  our  doors.  As  the 
greatest  commercial  nation  in  the  world,  it 
has  been  incumbent  upon  us  to  provide  ade- 
quate accommodation  for  our  shipping,  and 
London  and  Liverpool  can  boast  of  docks 
unequalled  iu  size,  security,  and  facility  of 
ingress  and  egress.  A  new  addition  has  been 
made  to  the  London  Victoria  Docks  by  an 
hydraulic  lifting  dock,  which  has  proved 
deservedly  a  success,  and  a  new  tidal  basin 
at  Glasgow  is  on  the  point  of  completion. 
Had  iron  attained,  in  the  days  of  Smeaton, 
the  notoriety  which  it  now  enjoys,  it  is  more 
than  probable  that  he  would  have  built  the 
Eddystone  Lighthouse  of  that  material  in- 
stead of  stone.  In  one  recently  erected  by 
Mr.  Stephenson,  at  Buddoness,  a  new  descrip- 
tion of  illuminating  apparatus  has  been  em- 
ployed, in  which  what  are  known  as  conoidal 
prisms  have  been  applied  for  the  iirst  time  to 
that  purpose.  Although  various  schemes 
have  been  put  forward  for  supplying  the 
metropolis  with  pure  and  wholesome  water, 
yet  nothing  has  been  actually  accomplished, 
and  it  will  require  another  and  more  violent 
outbreak  of  the  national  epidemic  before  any 
efforts  will  be  made  to  effectually  remove  the 
cause  of  the  evil. 

Those  accustomed  to  attend  railway  com- 
mittees had  imagined  that  the  severe  and 
costly  contests  between  rival  bills  so  frequent 
in  the  palmy  days  of  railroads  had  passed 
away  for  ever,  but  the  contest  which  attended 
the  passing  of  the  bill  for  a  new  line  to 
Brighton  was  worthy  in  every  sense,  including 
that  of  expense,  of  the  best  days  of  the  "battle 
of  the  gauges."  The  bill  passed  ;  the  act  was 
obtained,  but — pneterea  nihil.  The  link  line 
comiectmg  the  insolvent  London,  Chatham, 
and  Dover  Railway  with  the  Metropolitan  sta- 
tion at  Farringdon-street  was  one  of  the  last 
efforts  of  that  company,  even  while  it  stood 
tottering  on  the  verge  of  bankruptcy.  It  is, 
perhaps,  one  of  the  most  useful  junctions  ever 
constructed,  and  would  go  far  towards  re-esta- 
blishing that  unfortunate  undertaking  were 
the  contingency  within  the  bounds  of  possi- 
bility, while  the  Metropolitan  District  line 
is  disinterring  by  hundreds  the  bones  of  our 
ancestors,  the  works  of  the  St.  John's  Wood 
Railway  are  in  a  state  of  abeyance.  It  was 
but  yesterday  that  the  North  London  Railway 
opened  the  saloons  and  refreshment  rooms  of 
its  new  station ;  and  the  ground  is  cleared  for 
the  erection  of  the  terminus  at  St.  Pancras, 
which  will  be  covered  by  a  roof  of  gigantic 
dimensions.  The  proposed  bridge  over  the 
Forth  was  commenced,  so  far  as  the  sinking 
of  one  cylinder  can  be  classed  under  that 
head  ;  but  the  works  never  proceeded  any 
further,  and  are  now,  as  is  well  understood, 
definitely  abandoned.  The  East  London 
Railway  has  shown  the  greatest  vitality  of 
any,  and  there  is  every  prospect,  before  the 
expiration  of  the  present  year,  of  witnessing  a 
locomotive  traversing  the  Thames  tunnel  and 
making  some  real  use  of  that  important  sub- 
aqueous construction.  In  India  during  the 
past  year  the  line  over  1,100  miles  in  length 
has  been  opened  throughout  from  Calcutta  to 


Delhi,  and  the  Governor-General  has  availed 
himself  for  the  first  time  to  the  full  extent  of 
its  resources.  The  only  completed  railway  in 
India  is  the  Madras  line,  which  stretches  from 
shore  to  shore,  uniting  the  town  of  Beypoor 
with  Madras,  a  distance  of  400  miles. 
The  Indian  Branch  Railway  and  the  Indian 
tramway  companies  have  both  made  good 
progress  towards  supplying  with  traffic  their 
great  arterial  neighbours.  The  Suez  Canal  is 
yet  to  be  cut,  Init  its  two  terminating  seas 
have  already  nungled  their  waters,  and,  judg- 
ing from  what  has  been  accomplished,  the  rest 
is  but  a  matter  of  time.  No  portion  of  the 
earth,  whether  surface  or  interior,  has  suffered 
so  much  from  the  attacks  of  engineering  science 
as  the  Alps.  Mont  Cenis,  like  a  person  suffer- 
ing from  acute  rheumatic  fever,  has  been 
racked  from  summit  to  base,  and  what  is 
worse,  there  is  no  hope  of  the  internal  malaily 
abating  for  some  years  to  come.  Within  the 
last  twelve  months  an  expedition  has  been  im- 
dertaken  which  is  rich  in  sacred,  historic,  and 
exciting  associations.  It  carries  back  the  ima- 
gination to  the  days  when  the  Saracen  and  the 
Crusader  met  in  battle  array,  when  the  war 
cries  of  "Allah"  and  "St.  George"  were 
shouted  forth  defiantly  by  contending  squad- 
rons, when  the  Grand  Masters  of  the  Knights 
of  St.  John  were  kings  of  Jerusalem,  and  when 
the  ceaseless  tread  of  pilgrims'  feet,  like  the 
irresistible  dropping  of  water,  wore  away  the 
thresholds  of  the  sacred  buildings.  The  re- 
turn of  the  party  of  Royal  Engineers  now  em- 
ployed upon  the  survey  of  a  portion  of  the  Holy 
Land  will  be  welcomed  by  everyone  interested 
in  so  important  a  measure,  for  before  any 
engineering  works  of  importance  can  be  un- 
dertaken with  a  chance  of  success,  an  accurate 
survey  of  the  country  is  indispensable. 

In  spite  of  the  utter  prostration  of  trade,  a 
few  most  important  chasms  have  been  filled 
up  durhig  18(36  in  the  main  railway  routes  on 
the  continent.  In  Spain,  the  line  crossing  the 
passes  of  the  Sierra  Modena,  the  scene  of 
many  a  ruthless  guerilla  conflict,  was  recently 
opened,  and  establishes  communication  be- 
tween Paris  and  Madrid  via  Cordova,  Se- 
ville, and  Cadiz.  The  opening  of  the  Badajos 
line  placed  Madrid  en  rapport  with  Lisbon, 
and  thus  the  capitals  of  our  ancient  enemy 
and  our  ancient  ally  are  united  by  the  closest 
ties  of  civilisation.  In  Russia,  the  route 
from  St.  Petersburg  to  Warsaw  and  to  Mos- 
cow is  completed,  and  the  Russian  system  will 
soon  be  united  with  that  of  Cracovia.  The 
works  have  also  been  commenced  to  join  the 
port  of  Poti,  on  the  Black  Sea,  with  tliat  of 
Bakan,  on  the  shores  of  the  Caspian,  and  this 
connection  would  undoubtedly  give  to  the 
trans-Caucasian  lines  the  whole  of  the  traffic 
between  Europe  and  Asia.  In  Italy,  Rome 
has  been  connected  with  Florence  and  Naples, 
and  the  Italian  lines,  over  3,000  miles  in 
length,  stretch  to  the  confines  ot  Illyria.  We 
have  now  brought  to  the  notice  of  our  readers 
the  principal  works  and  the  general  progress 
made  by  professional  skill  and  ability  during 
the  past  year.  It  would  be  to  no  purpose, 
nor  have  we  the  space,  to  multiply  indi- 
vidual examples.     That  we  have  many  things 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


January  4,  1867. 


yet  to  leim,  many  difficulties  yet  to  over- 
come, will  ■  be'  sutiiciently  demonstrated  by 
two  instances.  One  is,  .that  it  took  three  at- 
tempts to  launch  the  huge  "  Northumlier- 
land ;"  the  other  evidence  of  our  lamentable 
shortcomings  is  recorded  in  ineffaceable  cha- 
racters by  the  hand  of  Death  at  the  bottom  of 
the  Bamsley  pit. 


WORKS  IN  THE  PROVINCES,  18G6. 

IN  our  last  number  we  endeavoured  to  give 
a  synopsis  of  the  principal  works  erected 
in  London  and- its  suburbs  during  1866.  It  is 
our  present  iiitention  to  notice  some  of  the 
improvements  wliich  have  been  effected  in 
the  country  during  the  same  period.  Our  ob- 
servations on  buildings'  last  week  were  the  re- 
sult of  personal  inspection,  which  it  would  be 
simply  impossible  to  extend  to  several  liun- 
dreds  of  buildings  of  more  or  less  merit  scat- 
tered over  the  provinces.  This  impossibility 
is  most  noticeable  in  the  case  of  churclies, 
either  building  or  in  course  of  restoration. 
Indeed,  the  restorations  are  so  numerous  that 
the  lightest  chronicle  of  the  fact  would  fdl  a 
small  volume.  We  have,  tlierefore,  been 
guided  in  oirr  selection  chiefly  Ijy  the  reputa- 
tion of  the  architects,  the  opinion  of  friends 
on  whose  judgment  we  are  accustomed  to  rely, 
and,  in  many  cases,  by  our  own  knowledge  of 
the  works  in  question.  We  have  taken  no 
note  of  restorations. 

Of  public  buildings  in  course  of  construc- 
tion there  can  be  no  question  that  the  Ex- 
change,  Liverpool,   is  by  far  the   most  im- 
portant.      The  west  wing  is  fast  advancing  to 
completion.     It  will  contain,   besides  other 
apartments,  a    news-room  second  to  none  in 
Europe.      In  point  of  size  the  proposed  Man- 
chester Exchange  stands  next.     The  competi- 
tion did  not  give  satisfaction  to  anyone,  and 
may  be  recorded  as  the  most  unpleasant  event 
which  has  occurred  in  the  architectural  world 
during  the  year.     The  Pu/iica  Jides  of   com- 
mittees is  becoming  a  by-word.      At  Bradford 
an   Exchange    has   been   commenced,   which 
promises  well,   and  will  be  worthy  of  so  im- 
portant a  town.     The  Exchange  at  HuU  (Mr. 
Botterill,    of    Hull,    architect)    was    opened 
early  in  April.     It  stands  on  the  site  of  the 
ancient  Suffolk  Palace,  the  residence  of  the 
De  la  Pole  family  during  the  fourteenth  cen- 
tury.    The  general   etfect  is  good,    but    we 
must  repeat  what  we  have  often  said — that  an 
arched  opening  should  never  be  used  when  the 
plan  is  circular.     Unless  the  diameter  of  the 
circle  be  very  large,  or  the  arched  opening 
ridiculously  small — a  mere  slit,  as  in  a  Gothic 
ca,stellated  building — the  arch  -(vill  not  stand, 
and  instead  of  supporting  a  load  must  itself 
be  supported  by  artificial  means.     Next   in 
importance  to  exchanges,  which  can  only  be 
looked  for  in  large  and  busy  marts  of  com- 
merce,  we  may    place  the  Townhall.     Few 
collections  of  dwellings  too  numerous  to  con- 
stitute a  mere  village  but  boast  of  some  sort 
of  public  hall.      Tiie  number  of  townhalls 
and  market  houses  comliined  which  have  been 
this  year  in  progress  is  prodigious.      JIany  of 
them  are  of   very  humble  pretensions,    but 
some,   on  the   contrary,    are    imjiosing    and 
costly.      Of  the  latter^  the  new  Townliall  of 
Hull  is  the  chief.     It  is  Italian  in  style,  the 
ornament  being  good  and    sutficient    rather 
than  profuse.     Mr.  Cuthbert  Brodrick  was  tlie 
architect.      Ipswich   has   commenced   a  new 
Townhall,  Messrs.  Bellamy  and  Hardy  being 
the  architects.     It  is  in  the  Italian  style,  but 
by  no  means  so  important  a  work  as  the   first- 
named.     At  Hexham,  a  Townhall,  which  in- 
cludes a  com  exchange  and  a  bank,  has  been 
completed.     Report  speaks  favourably  of  it. 
The  architect  is  Mr.  Johnston,  of  Newcastle. 
AtCongleton,  a  fine  Townhall,  in  the  Venetian 
Gothic,  has  been  erected,  thebasement  of  wliich 
forms  a  convenient  market.     Mr.  E.  W.  God- 
win is  the  arcliitect.     In  Wolverhampton  a 
Townliall  of  some  size  has  been  commenced, 
and  from  the  well-known  pubbo  spirit  of  that 
town  we  are  certain  that  money  will  not  be 
spai-ed   to   make    it    a    handsome    biulding. 


Chester  is  erecting  a  Townhall  from  excellent 
designs  by  the  Messrs.  Lanyon.  It  was  in 
connection  with  this  building  that  a  ridiculous 
strike  of  a  few  days  took  place  among  the 
masons.  It  seems"  they  wanted  the  dismissal 
of  the  clerk  of  the  works.  As  far  as  the  busi- 
ness of  a  contractor  is  concerned,  they  might 
as  well  have  demanded  the  dismissal  of  the 
contractors  themselves.  The  authorities  of 
the  union  wer6  appealed  to,  who  decided  the 
strike  to  lie  frivolous,  whereupon  it  ceased. 
We  have  a  great  liking  to  Chester,  because  the 
townspeople  ■  regard  their  ancient  city  with 
more  than  usual  affection,  as  witnessed  by  the 
care  taken  to  preserve  its  ancient  character 
when  any  alteration  or  new  building  is  neces- 
sary. In  most  other  towns,  when  it  is  neces- 
sary to  rebuild  a  house  the  greatest  care  seems 
to  be  taken  to  make  it  of  the  new  fasliion, 
whatever  that  may  be.  In  Chester,  on  the 
contrary,  they  endeavour  to  put  up  something 
similar  in  style  to  the  former  buUding,  but 
•\vith  improvements  suggested  by  modern  ex- 
perience. At  Pendleton,  Mr.  A.  Darbishire 
is  the  architect  for  a  Townhall,  and  his  name 
if  sufficient  guarantee  that  it  will  be  of  good 
design  and  sound  construction.  Mr.  Halier- 
shon  is  superintending  a  plam  and  unpretend- 
ing To'wnhall  at  Westerham,  the  cost  of 
which  we  believe  to  be  very  moderate. 
The  ancient  town  of  Romsey  is  not  behind- 
hand, for  a  new  Townhall  will  shortly  be 
completed.  It  is  Italian  in  design,  which  is 
under  the  circumstances  to  beregretted,  though 
perhaps  the  townsfolks  are  the  best  judges. 
For  our  ovra  part  we  should  be  guided  in  our 
choice  of  style  by  the  character  of  the  town 
in  which  the  structure  would  be  placed. 
There  are  certain  towns — Oxford,  Tewkesbury, 
Chester,  Exeter,  Gloucester,  York,  Bristol,  and 
others,  qiios  referre  mora  est — strongly  marked 
by  mediajval  character,  in  which  we  shoidd 
desire  to  see  all  improvements  conducted  with 
special  leference  to  the  preservation  of  that 
character.  There  are  new  towns  in  abun- 
dance having  no  media;val  claims,  to  which 
tlie  Renaissance  style  seems  better  adapted. 
Of  these,  Brighton,  Hastings,  Liverpool,  Man- 
chester, Birmingham,  and  many  others  are 
examples.  In  watering  places,  which  are  for 
the  most  part  of  modern  growth,  and  in  towns 
like  Liverpool,  where  the  classical  element  has 
taken  so  strong  a  root  that  the  town  promises 
eventually  to  rival  perhaps  imperial  Rome, 
the  introduction  of  isolated  mediaeval  liuild- 
ings  is  particularly  unfortunate,  as  in  discord 
with  the  suiToundings.  A  Markethall  of  con- 
siderable size  and  costly  character  has  been 
recently  oyiened  at  Derby.  At  Burnley  a 
^Markethall  is  in  course  of  construction,  the 
architect  being  Mr.  J.  Green,  of  Todmorden. 
It  is  a  handsome  Palladian  building  of  one 
story,  with  a  clock  tower  of  very  good  design. 
There  is  no  ornament  whatever  about  this 
building,  unless  a  free  but  judicious  use  of 
rustication  maybe  so  termed.  A  new  Market- 
hall  has  been  very  recently  commenced  at 
Staleybridge,  but  we  have  not  the  particulars 
at  hand.  Early  in  the  year  Mr.  Bright  laid 
the  chief  stone  of  a  new  To\\aihall  at  Roch- 
dale. The  architect  is  Mr.  Crossland,  of  Leeds, 
who  has,  in  spite  of  the  prevailing  rage  for 
French  Gothic,  adopted  the  Late  Decorated 
English  style.  While  we  must  acknowledge 
the  necessity  for  going  abroad  for  Classical 
models,  we  cannot  see  the  reason  why  archi- 
tects should  go  so  far  a-field  when  they  "design  a 
Gothic  structure.  Independently  of  its 
national  claims,  we  absolutely  deny  the  infe- 
riority of  the  English  school.  A  well-known 
writer  of  plays  commented  on  the  passion  for 
things  foreign  in  terms  something  like  these — 
"Disable  all  the  benefits  of  your  own  country, 
or  I  will  scarce  believe  you  have  swum  in 
a  gondola." 

Compared  with  the  number  of  banks  re- 
cently opened  in  London  the  provinces  cannot 
be  said  to  have  done  much  in  this  kind  of 
building,  and  perhaps  it  is  all  the  more  fortu- 
nate for  them.  Several  handsome  banks 
have,  however,  been  erected  during  tlie  past 
year.     In  Southampton,  the  Hampshire  Bank- 


ing fJompany  have  relnult  their  bank  from 
designs  by  Mr.  R.  Critchlow,  of  Southampton. 
By  the  use  of  light  iron  colimms  in  the  ground 
and  first-floor  window  openings,  abimdance  of 
light  is  obtained,  while  the  intervening  stone 
piers  give  sutficient  solidity  to  the  appear- 
ance of  the  building.  There  is  much  in  this 
facade  that  we  like,  but  we  shall  never  cease 
to  protest  against  the  use  of  circular  or  even 
segmental-headed  -windows  in  the  upper  story. 
Barry  never  feU  into  this  error,  knowing  well 
that  a  cornice  demands  a  square-headed  aperture 
immediately  beneath  it.  To  a  ground-floor 
opening  a  semi-circular  arch  is  always  appro- 
priate, as  it  indicates  the  power  of  bearing 
great  weight.  For  the  openings  on  the  first- 
fioor  no  rule  can  apply,  though  a  segmental 
head  is  a  gentle  transition,  but  for  the  upper- 
most openings,  whose  heads  carry  little  weight, 
the  lintel  is  the  only  thing  which  can  satisfy 
the  reason.  Mr.  Waterhouse  has  in  hand  a 
bank  at  Leighton  Buzzard  for  Messrs.  Bassett 
and  Co.,  an  illustration  of  which  appeared  in 
the  Building  New.?  of  December  21.  It  is 
decidedly  French  Gothic  in  style,  but  very 
well  treated,  and  is  an  example  of  the  prin- 
ciples relative  to  arches  and  lintels,  to  which 
we  have  just  called  attention.  The  ground- 
floor  openings  form  a  handsome  arcade,  but 
the  openings  on  the  upper  floor — there  are 
only  two  stories — are  square-headed.  The 
details  of  this  bank,  which  we  also  gave,  are 
well  worthy  of  notice.  At 'Darlington,  Mr. 
Waterhouse  is  architect  for  a  bank  in  some- 
what similar  style.  The  London  and  Coimty 
Bank  at  Canlbridge,  by  Messrs.  F.  and  H. 
Francis,  is  a  pleasing  Gothic  building,  not 
overladen  with  ornament.  The  style  is 
Gothic  and  Late  Decorated.  The  porch  is 
somewhat  heavy,  but  as  a  whole  this  bank 
will  be  an  ornament  to  the  University  town. 
Very  early  in  the  year  the  Consolidated  Bank 
was  opened  at  Norwich,  Mr.  R.  M.  Phipson, 
of  Norwich  and  Ipswich,  liaving  been  the 
architect.  The  style  is  Northern  Italian  of  a 
late  date. 

We  fear  that  the  storms  which  have 
■wrecked  so  many  hotel  companies  in  the 
metropolis  have  not  passed  over  the  counties 
without  leaving  traces  in  t)ie  form  of  vast 
unfinished  undertakings.  The  storms,  how- 
ever, are  not  wholly  to  blame  ;  the  natural 
laws  of  demand  and  supply  are  as  fixed  as 
are  those  of  cause .  and  effect.  There  is  no 
absolute  certainty  for  supposing  that  a  supply 
of  any  article  will  produce  a  demand,  but 
experience  has  proved  that  a  want  which  has 
a  real  existence  is  supplied  in  every  case 
where  it  is  possible,  and  in  many  cases  where 
it  woidd  seem  impossible.  It  is,  however,  less 
our  business  to  examine  the  causes  of  the 
disasters  which  have  befallen  so  many  hotels 
than  to  give  a  list  of  the  prmcipal  ones,  with 
a  brief  description  where  we  are  able  to  do  so. 
A  very  handsome  hotel,  the  Cavendish,  is  in 
course  of  construction  at  Eastbourne,  Sussex. 
About  two-thirds  is  finished  ;  the  architect  is 
Mr.  Knightley,  of  London.  Fronting  on  the 
sea,  and  having  a  fine  road  on  each  side,  the 
situation  of  this  hotel  is  very  advantageous, 
and  we  hope  soon  to  see  it  completed.  It  is 
in  the  style  of  the  Renaissance,  with  high- 
pitched  roofs,  having  a  central  pavilion,  and 
two  smaller  ones  at  the  angles.  The  fenestra- 
tion is  very  well  designed,  and  the  whole 
effect  exceedingly  good.  The  cofl'ee-room  is 
of  great  merit.  The  Castle  Hotel,  Aberyst- 
with,  of  which  we  gave  an  illustration  in 
our  last  number,  is  one  of  the  unfortimate 
hotels  which  are  at  present  imfinished  for 
want  of  funds.  Mr.  J.  R.  Seddon  is  the  archi- 
tect, and  the  building  is  in  the  French  Gotliic 
style,  of  which  he  is  one  of  the  principal 
exponents.  Those  portions  which  are  com- 
pleted show,  beyond  doubt,  great  picturesque- 
ness  of  treatment,  but  we  have  strong  doubts 
if  the  contemplated  lofty  central  tower  is  an 
improvement.  It  is  for  four  stories,  entirely 
without  varietj-,  and  the  same  may  be  said  of 
the  turret  attached  to  it,  which  contains  the 
staircase,  with  the  addition  that  it  is  nine 
stories  high.     The  coffee-room,  overlooking 


January  4,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


the  sea,  is  completeil,  and  is  a  hamlsome  room 
130ft.  long  and  SOft.  -ivide.  As  much  as  .£80,01)0 
has  been  already  spent.  We  hope  some  day 
to  record  its  completion.  The  Queen's  Hotel, 
in  the  same  town,  was  opened  on  the  1st  of 
May,  Messrs.  C.  F.  Ilayward  and  11.  O.  Davis 
architects.  A  full  description  will  be  found 
inthe  Buildino  News  of  May  the  11th.  At 
Leeds,  the  Great  Northern  Railway  Hotel  is, 
we  believe,  progressing  on  the  site  of  the 
Wellington  Hotel.  The  contract  was  for 
£•31,600.  The  London  and  North-AVestera 
Railway  Company  have  selected  ]\lr.  Water- 
house's  design  for  an  hotel  in  Lime-stieet, 
Liverpool,  in  a  limited  competition.  This 
work  is  of  considerable  importance,  and  we 
regret  that  we  were  unable  to  inspect  the 
drawings  during  the  short  time  they  were  at 
Euston-square.  The  great  hotel  at  Scar- 
borough was  not  hnished  last  year,  and  there 
is  not  much  promir^e  of  its  completion  during 
the  present.  If,  however,  there  be  a  place  in 
England  where,  above  all  others,  an  hotel  on 
a  large  scale  might  hope  to  succeed,  it  is  cer- 
tainly Scarborough.  'The  Royal  Hotel,  Car- 
diff, Mr.  C.  E.  Bernard,  architect,  has  been 
completed.  The  style  is  Northern  Italian. 
The  Grosvenor  Hotel,  Chester,  built  almost 
entirely  at  the  cost  of  the  Marquis  of  West- 
minster, was  opened  in  the  early  part  of  last 
year.  It  is  built  in  the  style  of  the  old  houses 
of  Chester,  and  harmonises  perfectly  with  the 
prevailing  character  of  the  old  town.  The 
first  story  is  supported  by  pillars  of  Anglesea 
marble,  forming  a  continuation  of  the  "  Row," 
so  dear  to  the  townspeople.  The  upper 
stories  above  the  first  floor  are  in  the  usual 
lialf-timbered  style,  having  on  each  front  two 
gables.  At  the  angles  are  turrets  surmounted 
by  iron  finials  of  very  good  pattern.  In  the 
interior  a  large  open  court  is  placed.  We 
regard  the  whole  arrangement  of  exterior  and 
interior  as  a  very  successful  reproduction  of 
a  most  comfortable  and  eft'eotive  style  of 
building,  a  style  which  we  desire  to  see 
extended  to  every  ancient  town  in  the  coun- 
try, to  the  extermination  of  the  showy  stucco 
railway  hotel  style  at  present  so  prevalent. 
In  this  brief  review  we  must  of  necessity  omit 
many  works  well  worthy  of  notice. 

Several  provincial  theatres  have  been 
recently  opened  in  different  places.  Report 
speaks  highly  of  the  Prince  of  Wales's  Theatre, 
Liverpool,  of  which  Mr.  Salomons,  of  Jlan- 
chester,  was  architect.  It  is  arranged  in  a 
somewhat  novel  manner,  the  pit  beingdevoted 
to  the  dress  circle  company,  and  vice  versa. 
Its  acoustic  properties  are  said  to  be  remark- 
ably good.  It  is  rumoured  that  Mr.  Jlaiile- 
sun,  lessee  of  Her  Ma-jesty's  Theatre,  is  about 
to  employ  Mr.  Salomons  to  design  a  new 
tlieatre  in  London  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Leicester-square.  At  Stockton,  a  tlieatre,  to 
seat  about  1,700  persons,  has  been  erected 
from  the  designs  of  Messrs.  Potts  and  Son. 
At  South  Sliields,  at  Nottingham,  and  at 
Brighton,  Mr.  C.  Phipps  has  been  architect 
for  theatres  of  great  merit.  At  Hull,  a  new 
theatre  has  been  built  on  the  site  of  the  old 
Theatre  Royal,  burnt  in  ISo'J,  seating  upwards 
of  2,500  persons.  5Ir.  R.  G.  Smith  was  the 
architect.  At  Holborn  a  new  theatre  has 
been  built,  after  designs  by  Messrs.  Finch, 
HiU,  and  Paraire.  One  fault  in  this  theatre 
is  the  wide,  wilderness  look  of  the  hack  part 
of  the  pit,  and  the  difiaculty  of  hearing, 
which  arises  partly  from  the  clatter  going  on 
at  the  refreshment  bar. 

Educational  buildings,  such  as  schools, 
colleges,  orphanages,  and  the  like,  have  arisen 
in  considerable  numbers.  The  most  import- 
ant of  these  is  the  Glasgow  University,  whicli, 
after  many  delays,  owing  to  the  want"of  funds, 
has  at  length  been  commenced.  Mr.  O.  G. 
Scott  is  the  architect.  The  splendid  site  of 
GUmore  Hill  has  been  obtained,  and  we  trust 
that  the  scheme  of  the  architect  will  be  car- 
ried out  in  a  manner  worthy  of  the  import- 
ance in  which  Glasgow  stands  with  regard  to 
the  United  Kingdom.  The  estimated  cost  of 
this  ^  edifice  is  about  .£200,000.  Mr.  Welby 
Pugin  is  architect  for  two  orphanages,  for  boys 


and  girls  respectively,  one  at  Ilellingley  (see 
Bl'IIjDINC}  News,  JIarch  9),  the  other  at 
Bletchingly  (illustrated  in  the  BuildiMg  Nkws 
of  May  11);  It  will  be  seen  from  the  plates 
tliat  they  bear  a  strong  resemblance  to  each 
other,  and  that  they  -are  worthy  of  the 
architect.  The  Duchess  of  Leeds  generously 
provided  the  funds  for  the  ei-ection  of  botli 
of  these  institutions,  ilr.  Pugin  is  also  archi- 
tect for  the  new  schools,  the  foumlation  stone 
of  which  was  laid  in  J  uly  last. 

Extensive  additions  are  being  made  to  Dul- 
wich  College,  in  accordance  with  the  act  of 
reconstruction  of  1 80S.  Accommodation  is  pro- 
vided for  (iOO  boys,  equally  divided  lietween 
the  upper  and  lower  schools.  The  buildings 
are  of  the  Northern  Italian  style  of  architecture, 
and  are  designed  by  Mr.  E.  M.  Barry.  The 
probalde  cost  will  be  about  £62,000.  In  July, 
Her  Royal  Highness  the  Princess  of  Wales  laid 
the  foundation  stone  of  the  Home  for  Little 
Boys,  atHortonKirby,  Farmingliam,  Kent,  Mr. 
T.  C.  Clark  being  architect.  These  schools, 
which  will  probably  be  completed  by  mid- 
summer, wiU  cost  about  £7,000.  The  new 
coUege  at  Hull,  to  be  called  the  "Hull  and 
West  Ridmg  College,"  has  been  progressing ;  it 
is  in  the  Gothic  style  of  the  nineteenth  century. 
The  architect  isMr.  R.G.Smith.  As  the  cost  is 
not  supposed  to  be  above  £3,000,  while  the  front- 
age of  the  building  is  130ft.,  the  depth 
117ft.,  and  the  greatest  height  70ft.,  and  as 
we  understand  that  there  are  to  be  columns  of 
red  Mansfield  stone  and  that  the  hall  is  to  be 
Hanked  by  flying  buttresses  crowned  with 
pinnacles,  we  conceive  that  the  architect 
must  have  exercised  uncommon  ingenuity. 
The  Warehousemen  and  Clerks'  School,  Russell 
HUl,  Caterham  Junction  (by  Mr.  J.  G.  Bland, 
of  Birmingham),  were  completed  early  in  the 
year,  the  foundation  having  been  laid  by  Her 
Royal  Highness  the  Princess  of  Wales,  in  18ti3. 
Tliis  building,  which  accommodates  135  boys 
and  00  girls,  cost  about  i.'20,000.  It  has  no 
special  merit  beyond  answering  its  purpose 
and  presenting  a  picturesque  appearance,  two 
qualities  not  always  combined  in  the  same 
building.  The  style  is  Gothic,  treated  in  a 
liorizontal  manner.  Early  in  the  autumn  the 
foundation  stone  of  the  International  College, 
Spring  Grove,  Middlesex,  was  laid  by  the 
Prince  of  Wales.  Messrs.  John  Norton  and 
P.  E.  Massey  are  the  architects.  Considerable 
additions  have  been  made  to  St.  Nicholas' 
College,  Lancing,  Sussex,  and  its  kindred  in- 
stitutions at  Hurstpierpoint  and  Ardingly. 
Thearchitects  aie  Messrs.  Slater  and  Carpenter. 
With  this  brief  notice  of  works  of  some  im- 
portance we  must  close  this  portion  of  our 
remarks. 

Although  we  do  not  profess  to  go  into  the 
subject  of  church  restoration,  wiiich  would 
open  an  almost  boundless  field,  we  must  not 
let  the  most  prominent  works  of  Mr.  G.  G. 
Scott  pass  without  notice.  His  principal  ex- 
ternal restoration  of  Salisbury  Cathedral  is 
completed,  that  is  to  say,  the  necessary  repairs 
have  been  eifected,  and  the  work  of  restoring 
the  west  front  has  been  commenced.  It  is 
proposed  to  replace  as  many  as  forty  statues 
on  this  front  alone.  We  have  seen  the  model 
for  one  of  the  principal,  and  are  assured  that 
the  work  is  in  good  hands.  Mr.  Scott  has 
also  undertaken  the  restoration  of  Bath  Abbey, 
a  church  which,  with  the  exception  of  Chester 
Cathedral,  perhaps  needed  it  more  than  any 
other  in  England.  The  restoration,  or  rather 
rebuilding,  of  the  spire  of  Chichester  Cathe- 
dral was  brouglit  to  a  close  in  June  last,  the 
ancient  vane  being  then  placed  in  position 
with  much  ceremony.  The  repairs  of  Glouces- 
ter Cathedral;  have  been  commenced,  at  an 
estimated  cost  of  £70,000.  Ely  Cathedral  is 
still  in  hand.  It  seems  hard  that  the  present 
generation  should  have  to  pay  for  the  neglect 
of  their  ancestors  ;  but,  unless  we  are  willing 
to  let  these  noble  monimients  fall  to  pieces, 
there  is  no  help  for  it.  Mr.  Scott  has  also 
superintended  St.  Mary's  Church,  Shakleford, 
Surrey  ;  St.  Andrew's  Church,  Derby  ;  and  a 
number  of  others.  Mr.  B.  Ferrey  was  archi- 
tect for  a  small  church  at  Somerton,  Somerset- 


shire, a  memorial,  we  believe  ;  and  also  ^ 
church  at  Lufton,  Yeovil.  This  hist  is  small,. 
but  of  excellent  de'srignj  as  is  everything  that 
Mr.  Ferrey  produces.  This  architect-  has  im- 
dertakeu  a  large  number  of  restorations  during 
the  last  year:  Mr.  Street  has  also  beeil  fully 
employed  with  restorations  and  new  churches  ; 
•amongst  the  latter,  may  be  recliijued  St.  Peter's, 
Malton,  Worcestershire,  a  small  but  skilfully 
designed  cliutch  ;  St.  John's,  Warminster,  also 
small,  costing  about  £3,500  ;  St.. Peter  and  St. 
Paul,  Teddiilgton,  of  brick.  .At  Fawley,  Berk- 
shire, the  same  architect  hifs  designed  a  church 
of  whicli  report  speaks  well ;  another  at  Cow- 
leigh,  Nortli  Malvern ;  and. one  at  Wansford, 
near  DriHield.  The  last  is  a  village  churcli, 
erected  at  the  expense  of  Sir  Tatton  Sykes. 

Mr.  Bassett  Keeling  has  exhibited  hi«  -usual 
predilection  for  particoloured  architecture  in 
St.  Paul's  Church,  Norwood.  This  church  is 
of  brick,  with  dressmgs  of  stones  of  various 
colours.  Mr.  Keeling  has  also  commenced  a 
church  at  Killingworth,  Northumberland,  and 
another  at  Greenhill,  Harrow.  Mr.  Bucker- 
idge,  of  Oxford,  has  been  engaged  on  a  small 
but  handsome  church  at  Wellingborough, 
Northamptonshire,  a  description  of  which 
appeared  in  the  Building  News  of  June  15th. 
He  has  designed  a  small  church  at  Rudway, 
AVarwickshire,  to  seat  250  persons  ;  and  also 
the  church  of  St.  IMary,  Blackmore  End, 
AVhethersfield,  Essex,  a  plain  but  well-treated 
brick  structure.  Mr.  Buckeridge  has  been 
very  busy  in  woiks  of  restoration.  Mr.  Blom- 
field  has  also  been  largely  employed  in  similar 
works,  and  amongst  other  new  churches  has 
produced  one  of  more  than  usual  merit  at 
Great  Holland,  Essex,  on  the  site  of  a  former 
church.  Mr.  Blomfield's  works  are  always 
marked  by  good  taste,  without  which  origi- 
nality is  worthless.  Mr.  Paley's  church  of  St. 
James,  Poolstock,  AVigan,  is  considered  to  be 
very  fine.  It  was  the  noble  gift  of  Mr.  Eckers- 
by,  M.P.  Mr.  Paley  was  also  architect  for  a 
small  church,  dedicated  to  St.  John,  at  AVood- 
land,  Durham.  Mr.  Butterfield  Wius  employed 
on  St.  Anne's,  Dropmore,  a  small  church  built 
of  flint,  brick,  and  timber.  At  Strathfieldsaye 
he  has  designed  a  larger  and  more  costly  church, 
considered  to  be  remarkably  good.  Penarth 
Church,  Glamorganshire,  the  gift  0  f  the  Baroness 
AVindsor,  and  a  small  chiu-ch  dedicated  to  St. 
Mary  the  Virgin,  at  Reading,  are  also  among 
the  works  of  this  architect.  At  Newcastle-on- 
Tyne,  the  church  of  St.  Ives',  Leadgate,  was 
commenced  in  September.  It  is  in  the  preva- 
lent French  Gothic  style.  Mr.  H.  C.  Fowler 
is  the  architect  for  this  church,  and  for  that  of 
the  Holy  Innocents,  Brancepeth,  Durham.  Mr. 
Roumieu  was  architect  for  St.  Mark's,  Broad- 
water Down,  Tunbridge  AVells.  A  full  descrip- 
tion of  this  church  will  be  found  in  the 
Building  New.s  of  August  24th.  At  St. 
Leonards,  the  church  of  St.  Thomas  of  Can- 
terbury, by  Mr.  C.  A.  Buchler,  was  opened  in 
June.  The  Building  News  of  June  8th  con- 
tains a  description.  The  church  of  St.  Gregory, 
Stratford-on-Avon,  has  recently  been  o])ened. 
It  is  in  the  First  Pointed  style.  Mr.  Pugin 
was  the  architect.  He  is  also  the  architect  of 
churches  building  at  Preston,  and  was  asso- 
ciated with  Mr.  Ashley  in  the  superintendence 
of  erecting  St.  Peter's  and  St.  Paul's,  Cork. 

J\lr.  Norman  Shaw  is  proceeding  with  a 
chiu'ch  at  Bingley  in  the  First  Pointed  style. 
The  internal  walls  are  unplastered,  the  roof  is 
underdrawn,  and  the  plaster  will  be  decorated. 
Mr.  R.  J.  AA^itliers  has  commenced  a  small 
church  at  Ivegill.  It  is  very  small,  having 
only  120  seats  ;  the  style  is  Early  Decorated. 
Mr.  S.  S.  Teuton  was  architect  for  the  new 
parish  churcli  at  Ilopton,  in  the  First  Pointed 
style.  Mr.  Teiilon  is  not  fortunate  in  his 
towers,  as  may  be  seen  in  Southwark  and 
Camden  Town.  Messrs.  Mallinson  and  Healey, 
of  Bradford,  were  the  architects  for  a  church 
which  has  very  recently  been  erected  at  Tock- 
\vith.  -The  style  is  Second  Pointed,  and,  as  in 
Mr.  Norman  Shaw's  church  at  Bingley,  the 
internal  and  external  faces  of  the  walls  are 
aUke  of  stone.  The  cost  was  about  £4,000. 
Mr.  E.  E.  Scott,  of  Brighton,  was  architect  for 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


January  4,  l86t. 


a  small    church  at   Burgess   Hill,   Eeymer, 
Sussex,  the  spire  of  which  is  well  prnportioiied. 
As  the  cost  of    the  entire  building  has  been 
very  little,  the  architecture  has  been  of  a  plain 
character.     Mr.  J.  Medland  Taylor,  of  Man- 
chester,  has    been     largely     employed.      St. 
John's  Church,  Strand  Lane,  was  built  from 
his  design.     The  church  of  St.  Helen,  Liver- 
pool, is  by  him;  also  St.  Chad's,  Romiley,  near 
Stockport,  opened  in  April;  St.  Gabriel's,  Hull ; 
a  church  at  Irlam,  near  Eccles,  Lancashire  ; 
St.  Matthew's,  Ardwick,  and  several  others  in 
different  parts  of  the  country,  are  by  the  same 
architect.   In  the  Bcildinq  News  of  January 
26th  will  be  found  an  illustration  of  a  cheap 
though   characteristic    brick    church  by   Mr. 
J.    Ladds,   of    London — St.    John's    Church, 
Lawley,  Salop.     It  contains  about  200  seats, 
and  cost  £1,250  ;   notwithstanding   which   it 
presents    both   externally  and  internally  an 
ecclesiastical  appearance.     Sir  G.  Bowj'er  has 
again  employed  Mr.  G  oldie,  and  on  this  occa- 
sion on  a  Gothic  church,   St.  Mary's  and  St. 
Edmund's,    Abingdon ;    the   style  is  Second 
Pointed.  Mr.  Goldie  has  shown,  in  his  elegant 
little  church  in  Great  Ormond-street,  what  he 
can  do  in  the  Classical  style.   Messrs.  Stevens 
and  Robinson,  Derby,  are  architects  for  the 
church  of  St.  Michael  and  All  Angels,  Black- 
bum  ;  the  style  is  thirteenth  century  English 
Gothic.     A  memorial  church  has  been  erected 
at    Appleton-le-Moors,    Malton,     Yorkshire ; 
which,  although  smaU,  accommodating  only  200 
persons,  is  acknowledged  to  be  of  excessively 
good  design ;  the  style  is  First  French  Pointed. 
The  architect  was  Mr.  J.  L.  Pearson. 


Fio.  1. 


Fio.  2. 


PAINTED  DECORATIONS. 
No.  IX. 

BESIDES   the   conventional  treatment     I 
liave  already  described,  we  find  that  the 
painted  decorations   of    old    times    included 
painted  curtains  or  imitation  hangings.     The 
usual  place  for  the  painted  curtain  was  that 
which  in  rich  houses  would  have  been  occu- 
pied by  real  hangings — viz.,  between  the  floor 
and  the  first  stringcourse,  but  there  are  in- 
stances of  imitation  hangings  being  painted 
in  detached  strips,  as  in  the  decorations  of  the 
clerestory  at  West  Walton   Church.     When 
the   curtain    is    continuous,    it    is   generally 
painted   as   if  looped  up  in   itself  to   pegs  at 
intervals  of  from  two  to  four  feet,  and  from 
these   suspending  points,  where    the   curtain 
appears  tied  up  in  a  knot,  hang  the  folds  which 
give  such  relief  to  the  plain   colour.     Some- 
times the  curtain  is  covered  with  a  rich  diaper, 
or  with  bands  of  ornament  with  fringe  at  the 
border  ;  and  then  it  is  not  uncommon  to  find 
the  folds  dispensed  with  in  order  to  show  forth 
the  pattern  of  the  diaper,  as  at  the  church  of 
St.  Francis  of  Assisi.     'The  diagrams   figs.  1, 
2,  3,  4,  are   merely  to   show  how  the  painter 
usually  arranged  the  hanging  of  the  cm'tain.* 
It  is  quite   unnecessary  to   point   out  the 
numerous   varieties   of  this  decoration.       It 
may  be  of  the  simplest  form  and  colour,  as  in 
the  Swedish  churches,  or  it  may  be  raised  to 
the   dignity    to    which    the    painter    of    St. 
Stephen's  Chapel,  Westminster,  raised  it  when 
he    suspended   his   curtains,  richly  diapered 
with  gold,  from  the  hands  of  angels.     AVhere- 
ever  curtain  decoration  may  have  been  adopted 
it  seems  to  me  quite  clear  that  it  is  eminently 
unsuited  for  small  chambers  or  irregular  or 
broken   wall  surfaces,  or,  in  other  words,  for 
chambers  where  there  are  many  openings  and 
projections.      So,   too,   it  seems  contrary   to 
common  sense  and  mediooval  practice  to  paint 
a  continuous  curtain  in  a  raised  position.     The 
bottom  of  the  curtain  should  never  be  raised 
above  the  floor  higher  than  the  height  of  a 
seat. 

Division  of  wall  space  by  means  of  medal- 
lions is  another  system  of  decoration  planning 
which  the  young  architect  may  well  study  to 

•  Tlie  King's  treaaarer  ia  ordered  to  paint  Henry  III. 'a 
great  Chamber,  at  Westminster,  of  a  Rood  green  colour,  in 
the  fashion  of  a  curtain,  as  aldo  the  smaU  wardrobe,— Close 
roll  to  liuu-j  III. 


Fig.  3. 


Fig.  4.  (Diapered  Curtain.) 


BASE   MOULUIMG 


FLOOR 


advantage.    When  medallions  are  adopted  the 
ground  or  space  between  them  is  either  filled 
up    by     scrollwork     diapers,   including    the 
masonry  pattern,  or  by  ornament  issuing  from 
the   border  of    the  medallion.      One   of  the 
earliest  and    most    interesting    examples    of 
medallion  decoration  in  this  country  is  that 
on   the   vaulting   of    St.  John's    Chapel,  St. 
Mary's  Church,  Guildford,  where   subjects  of 
three   or   four   figures   enclosed  in  circles  are 
arranged  symmetrically  on  the  vault,  and  con- 
nected by  scrollwork  filling  up  tlie  spandrels. 
Of  plain    geometrical  medallion  work  with- 
out figures.  West  Walton  presents  us  ■with  a 
very  good  example  of  twelfth  century  work ; 
and  of   later  medallions    enclosing   symbols 
and  emblems  we  have  fine  illustrations  on  the 
groining  of  the  choir   of   St.   Albans  Abbey 
Churcli.     In  some  of  the   Swedish   churches 
the  roofs  are  crammed  full  of  circular  medal- 
lions containing  subjects,  but  there  is  nothing 
in   Sweden   to   equal  the   .splendid   range  of 
compound  quatrefoU  medallions  which  I  Iiave 
already  descriljed  as  occupying  the  crown  of 
the  vault  of  the  chancel  at  Bjercsjoe.      The 
arrangement  of  coloured  medallions  is  quite  a 
study  in   itself      We  find  them  arranged  in 
friezes  in   the  Romanesque   churches   of  St. 
Apollinare    in     Classe,   Ravenna,    and     Sti. 
Angeli,  Perugia,  and  in  the  nave  at  Monreale. 
In  England  the  medallion  system  per  sc  was 
not  often  adopted,  but  we  find  many  instances 
of  a  combination  of  the  medallion  with  other 
systems,  as  at  Winchester  and  Bristol  Cathe- 
drals ;  and   in  the   groining  of  our  northern 
churches  it  was   always   a  favourite   way  of 
dividing  the   spandrels  from  the  thirteenth 
down  to  the  filteenth  century.      In  figs.  5,  6,  I 


Fi».  5. 


SUBJECT. 


,  SUBJECT  |J 4  SUBJECT  r- 

Fig.  6.  (Vaulting.) 


Fig.  7.  (Vaulting.) 


Fig.  8.  (Vaulting.) 


7,  8,  I  have  shown  a  few  examples  of  this 
method  of  separating  or  dividing  the  wall  and 
roof  space. 

In  the  Liberati  rolls  mention  is  made  of 
medallion  decoration,  the  form  of  the  medal- 
lions being  always  described  as  circles.  Thus 
the  Sheriff  of  Southampton,  in  the  year  1238, 
is  commanded  to  see  to  certain  repairs  of  the 
King's  Hall  at  Winchester,  "to  repair  the 
dais  of  the  same  hall,  as  well  with  colours, 
where  it  shall  be  necessary  or  otherwise  ;  and 
to  cause  the  wainscot  of  the  chamber  there  to 
be  painted  a  green  colour  and  stained  with 
gold;  and  circles  to  be  made  on  the  same 
wainscote  in  which  are  to  be  painted  '  histo- 
ries '  of  the  Old  and  New  Testament." 

Between  the  continuous  and  the  medal- 
lion systems  we  have  the  arrangement 
which  may  be  described  as  the  panel 
system.  The  church  of  St.  Francis,  at 
Assisi,  at  once  occurs  as  the  great  medioeval 
example  of  this  system,  where  curtain,  panel, 
and  medallion  all  assist  in  the  one  object 
which  every  wall  painter  should  keep  con- 
stantly in  view — the  decoration  of  the  archi- 
tecture. In  its  general  scheme  of  division 
and  subdivision  the  painting  of  the  Upper 
Church  of  St,  Francis  is  grandly  monumental. 


^ 


Januaky  4,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


and  by  the  side  of  the  monotonous  di\asion  of 
Giotto's  Chapel,  at  Padua,  shows  what  an  im- 
portant work  is  the  planning  or  spacing  oi 
decoration.  That  this  part  of  an  architect's 
duty  was  not  lost  sight  of  in  England  is  clear 
from  documentary  evidence,  but,  unfortunately, 
we  possess  no  works  to  compare  with  the 
examples  which  I  have  mentioned.  What 
Henry's  "  great  chamber  "  at  Westminster  was 
like  it  is  impossible  accurately  to  determine, 
but  the  ordei-s  concerning  its  decorations  give 
us  a  very  fair  idea  of  how  they  were  planned, 
and  show  that  at  Westminster,  as  at  Assisi, 
the  painted  curtain  was  highly  esteemed  as 
a  base  to  the  pictorial  or  chief  decoration. 
These  orders  are  in  themselves  such  curious 
illustrations  of  how  they  managed  these  things 
in  tlie  thirteenth  century  that  I  make  no 
apology  for  ipioting  two  of  those  relating  to 
this  great  chamber.  The  first  is  from  the 
Close  roll  of  the  2l)th  Henry  III.,  wherein 
the  king's  treasurer  "  is  ordered  to  cause  the 
king's  great  chamber  at  Westminster  to  be 
painted  of  a  good  green  colour,  in  the  fashion 
of  a  curtain,  and  to  paint  iu  the  great  gable  of 
the  same  chamber  that  verse — 

"  Ke  ne  dune  ke  ne  tune,  ne  prent  ke  desire.  " 

This  order  was  given  at  Merewell,  Jlay  30th. 
About  a  year  and  a  quarter  later  the  king 
orders  Odo,  the  goldsmith,  "  to  displace  -ivith- 
out  delay  the  painting  which  was  commenced 
in  the  king's  great  chamber  at  Westminster, 
under  the  great  history  of  the  same  chamber, 
with  panels  containing  the  species  and  figures 
of  lions,  birds,  and  other  be;wts  ;  and  to  paint 
it  of  a  green  colour  in  the  fashion  of  a  cur- 
tain, so^that  that  great  history  may  be  pre- 
served unhurt."  We  may  here,  I  think,  learn 
if  we  like  a  very  valuable  lesson — namely, 
that  "  the  species  and  figures  of  lions,  birds, 
and  other  beasts,"  placed  in  juxtaposition  with 
an  important  figure  subject  or  "  history,"  have 
a  decided  tendency  (at  least  in  the  eyes  of 
thirteenth  century  critics)  to  hurt  the  more 
important  work,  and  that  the  quiet  or  repose 
of  a  green  curtain  is  needed  to  preserve  what 
the  Americans  would  call  the  "  go "  of  the 
painting  above.  E.  W.  G. 


THE  LOSSES  OF  THE  YEAR. 

IT  is  the  old,  old  story  that  the'  great  reaper 
Death  has  been  busy  iu  the  ranks  of  the 
living.  The  losses  dnri  ng  the  past  year  have 
been  both  numerous  and  heavy — not  so  hea^nr, 
perhaps,  as  in  some  former  years,  but  still 
great,  and  in  many  cases  irreparable.  If  we 
have  not  had  to  regi'et  the  demise  of  a 
Macaulay,  a  Thackeray,  a  Lincoln,  a  Pal- 
merston,  or  a  Cobden,  of  men  whose  names 
were  household  words,  and  who  enjoyed  a 
world-wide  reputation  as  master  spirits  of  the 
time,  the  list  of  deaths  nevertheless  includes 
many  men  of  real  genius,  occupying  the  front 
ranks  in  their  respective  walks,  besides  others 
of  lesser  note.  Religion,  politics,  literature, 
science,  and  art,  have  each  lost  some  of  their 
brightest  ornaments  since  last  the  earth  made 
the  circuit  of  the  sun.  It  does  not  fall  within 
our  province  to  chronicle  the  names  of  all  the 
noteworthy  men  and  women  who  "  have  gone 
over  to  the  majority"  in  the  course  of  the  year 
which  has  just  closed.  Leaving  that  task  to 
others,  we  shall  confine  our  record  to  those 
losses  which  science  and  art  have  sustained. 
The  deaths  of  Sir  Charles  Eastlake,  the  late 
President  of  the  Royal  Academy,  of  Captain 
Fowke,the  engineer  and  architect,  of  Nicholas 
Wood  and  Alan  Stephenson,  the  weU-known 
engineers,  and  of  Richard  Golding,  the  histo- 
rical engraver,  closed  the  obituary  of  186.5. 
These  all  passed  away  in  December  of  that 
year,  and  their  names  and  fames  have 
been  duly  recorded.  In  art,  our  first  loss  in 
1866  was  Mrs.  Newton,  whose  premature 
death,  at  the  early  age  of  33,  occurred  on  the 
1st  of  January.  On  the  13th  of  the  same 
month  followed  William  Harvey,  the  appren- 
tice of  Thomas  Bewick,  aud  the  pupU.    of 


Haydon.  The  illustrations  to  Northcote's 
"Fables,"  White's  "Selbome,"  and  Lane's 
"  Arabian  Nights,"  and  Charles  Knight's  "Picto- 
rial Sluikspeare"  establish  Harvey's  reputation 
as  an  engraver  and  designer  on  wood.  He 
was  6'J  years  of  age.  On  the  li)th  died  an- 
other lady  artist  of  repute,  Harriet  Ludlow- 
Clarke.  John  Gibson  also  passed  from  among 
us  this  month.  He  died  at  that  favourite 
home  of  sculjitors — Rome,  where  he  had  re- 
sided for  well  nigh  half  a  century — on  the 
27th  of  January,  at  the  ripe  age  of  75.  Of 
John  Gibson  it  will  V)e  sufficient  to  say  that,  the 
son  of  a  Conway  market  gardener,  ho  became 
tlie  pupil  of  Caiiova  and  "Thorwaldsen,  and  the 
greatest  English  sculptor  of  his  time.  His 
works,  of  which,  happily,  England  possesses 
not  a  few,  are  well  knowu.  His  first  im- 
portant work,  "  Mars  and  Cupid,"  was  much 
admired  liy  his  great  master  Canova  ;  it  was 
afterwards  reproduced  iu  marble  for  the  Duke 
of  Devonshire,  and  is  now  at  Ohatsworth. 
His  latest  was  the  exquisite  "  Venus,"  so  fami- 
liar to  every  visitor  of  the  Great  International 
Exliibition  of  1862.  The  death  in  February 
of  Godfrey  Sykes  was  a  great  loss  to  the 
Government  School  of  Design  at  South  Ken- 
sington, in  whose  interest  he  had  labom-ed  so 
unremittingly,  and,  it  is  to  be  feared,  at  the 
sacrifice  of  Ms  own  health.  This  talented 
artist  had  just  conipleted  his  fortieth  year. 
Alfred  Newman  died  in  March,  one  year 
yovmger;  Thomas  Musgrave  in  April,  aged 
5-i ;  and  within  a  month  of  each  other,  in  June 
ami  July,  John  Hayes  and  WiUiam  Hookham 
Carpenter,  at  the  respective  ages  of  80  and  74. 
In  August  died  David  Dunbar,  the  eminent 
sculptor  ;  in  September,  Edward  Train,  the 
landscape  painter,  very  suddenly,  at  his  easel, 
and  Henry  Chawnor  Shenton,  the  historical 
line  engraver ;  in  November,  at  Leghorn,  E. 
B.  Spence,  a  pupil  of  John  Gibson,  and  a 
sculptor  of  considerable  merit.  More  recently 
we  have  had  to  mourn  Thomas  Morten  and 
Paul  Gray,  two  young  and  very  promising 
draughtsmen,  both  of  whom  died  a  few  weeks 
ago.  Of  Gray,  who  was  but  24  years  of  age, 
it  may  truly  be  said  that  few  artists  have 
so  rapidly  achieved  fame  ;  few  have  had  so 
brilliant  a  career  so  early  closed. 

oh  !  why  haa  worth  so  short  a  d.lte, 
While  viilaitis  ripen  grey  with  time? 

France,  too,  has  lost  her  Gavami,  the  hum- 
ble mechanic  who  rose  to  be  the  greatest  cari- 
caturist, beyond  all  comparison,  of  his  coun- 
try— the  John  Leech  of  France — a  man  of 
brilliant  wit,  and  the  most  accomplished  of 
Frenchmen ;  also  Joseph  Thierry,  one  of  the 
most  distinguished  French  decorative  painters. 
Of  antiquaries  and  archajologists.  Dr.  George 
Petrie,  the  Irish  antiquarian,  "  departed  this 
life  "  on  January  18,  aged  76,  and  Frederick 
William  Fairholt  on  April  2.  Both  were  also 
artists.  Fairholt,  a  Londoner,  bom  in  1816,  is 
best  kno-^vn  by  his  "Costume  in  England," 
published  in  1846,  and  his  "Dictionary  of 
Terms  in  Art,"  published  in  1854.  He  was 
the  author  of  numerous  other  works  on 
literary  and  archajological  subjects.  His 
latest  work,  "  Up  the  Nile,"  was  written  and 
illustrated  by  himself,  and  is  descriptive  of 
a  voyage  he  "made  in  Egypt  in  1851.  The 
death  of  the  Marquis  Camden,  President  of 
the  Kent  Archaeological  Society,  occm-red  in 
August.  Mr.  S.  Stone  died  on  September  10, 
in  the  prime  of  life ;  Charles  HaUiday,  a 
well-known  Irish  antiquarian,  on  the  14th  of 
the  same  month ;  and  on  the  13th  of  last 
month,  Joseph  Robertson,  LL.D.,  the  most 
learned  antiquarian  in  Scotland,  the  author  of 
"The  Book  of  Bon- Accord,"  and  the  best 
account  of  the  ecclesiastical  architecture  of 
his  country  that  we  possess.  Dr.  Robertson, 
who  held  the  ofiice  of  Curator  of  the  Histori- 
cal Department  of  her  Majesty's  Register 
House,  Edinburgh,  was  a  native  of  Aberdeen, 
where  he  was  born  in  1810.  The  engineers 
have  lost  a  number  of  members  from  their 
ranks,  the  more  eminent  being  George  Ren- 
nie,  who  died  on  the  30th  of  March,  at  the  age 
of  75,  and  Charles  Wye  AVUliams,  only  three 
days  afterwards,  at  the  patriarchal  age  of  87. 


To  Rennie,  in  conjunction  with  his  late  father 
and  his  brother,  the  present  Sir  John  Rennie, 
we  are  indebted  for  many  important  imblic 
improvements.  The  docks  of  London,  Slu-er- 
ness,  Dublin,  Leith,  Woolwicli,  Pembroke, 
antl  other  places,  were  constructed  by  them. 
They  were  the  engineers  employed  in  the 
construction  of  the  breakwater  at  Plymouth, 
and  in  the  formation  of  Plymouth,  Howlh, 
Kingston,  Ramsgate,  Portpatrick,  and  otiier 
harbours.  George  Rennie  made  the  first  sur- 
veys for  the  Liverpool  and  JManchester  line  of 
railway,  including  the  tunnels,  cuttings,  via- 
ducts, and  the  famed  Chat  Moss.  He  was  the 
surveyor  of  several  other  lines  in  England 
and  in  Belgium,  and  the  beautiful  bridge  wliiiii 
spans  the  River  Meuse  in  the  latter  country 
was  constructed  by  him.  Mr.  Rennie  was 
a  member  of  many  learned  societies,  and 
to  tlie  "Transactions"  of  the  Royal  Society 
lie  contributed  a  number  of  able  papers.  Mr. 
Williams  was  equally  distinguislied,  though 
in  a  dift'erent  path.  At  a  very  early  date 
he  applied  water-tight  bulkheads  to  divide 
ships  into  separate  compartments.  In  the 
great  competition  of  makers  of  marine  steam 
boilers  at  Newcastle  a  model  boiler  and  fur- 
nace for  the  complete  combustion  of  coal,  in- 
vented by  Mr.  Williams,  obtained  the  £500 
prize.  Sir  WiUiam  Armstrong  being  one  of  the 
adjudicators.  His  a)jle  treatise  on  the  same 
subject,  first  published  in  1839,  is  familiar  to 
all  scientific  men,  as  is  also  his  essay  on  "  Tlie 
Prevention  of  the  Smoke  Nuisance,"  ibr 
which  Mr.  Williams  received,  in  1856,  the 
Society  of  Arts'  £25  gold  medal  How 
heroically  Mr.  Parkin  Jeffcock,  the  mining 
engineer,  sacrificed  his  life  in  attempting  to  aid 
the  unfortunate  miners  at  Barnsley  our  readers 
have  already  been  told.  In  other  brandies  of 
science  the  losses  during  the  year  have  been 
neither  few  nor  far  between.  Mr.  Brande,  the 
veteran  chemist,  the  contemporary  of  Sir 
Humphry  Davj',  died  in  February.  That 
wonderful  man.  Dr.  WheweU,  the  most  ency- 
cloptediac  mind  of  his  time,  expired  on 
the  6th  of  March.  He  was  successively 
Professor  of  Mineralogy  at  Cambridge  (1828- 
32),  Professor  of  Moral  Philosophy,  Vice- 
ChanceUor  of  the  University,  and  Master  of 
Trinity  College.  Dr.  WheweU  pre.sided  at 
the  meeting  of  the  British  Association  held 
at  Plymouth  in  1842.  The  Mechanics'  Maga- 
zine, in  a  notice  of  his  death,  said  of  him  : — 

In  183S  he  accepted  the  Professorship  of  Moral 
Philosophy,  which  he  retained  until  the  year  1S55. 
To  tliis  period  of  his  life  we  owe  the  most  valuable 
of  his  works,  and  that,  probably,  upon  which  his 
histing  fame  will  be  constructed—"  The  History  of 
the  Inductive  Sciences,"  with  its  sequel,  "Tho 
Philosophy  of  the  Inductive  Sciences."  It  was  upon 
these  subjects  that  tho  pen  of  Dr.  WheweU  was 
frequently  exercised  iu  the  Mechanics'  Magazine 
some  years  since,  he  having  been  at  one  period  a 
contributor  to  our  columns,  in  conjunction  with  the 
late  Dr.  Ure,  Sir  James  South,  Dr.  Woolley,  and 
other  men  of  gi-eat  scientific  attainments.  Dr. 
WTiewell  wrote  .also  upon  Gothic  architecture,  and 
an  example  of  his  skill  as  .an  architect  is  to  be  seen 
in  tho  memorial  chapel  in  Cambridge  Cemetery, 
%vhich  he  erected  to  the  memory  of  his  first  wife. 
Tho  architect  has  now  gone  to  his  rest  full  of 
honours,  but  not  so  full  of  years  as  seemed  pro- 
Kible  before  the  untimely  accident  which  has  robbed 
science  of  one  of  her  best  friends. 

Dr.  WheweU's  father  was  a  humble  carpenter 
at  Lancaster,  at  which  town  the  great  mathe- 
matician was  bom  in  1795.  He  was  an  ex- 
traordinary instance  of  success,  but  he  worked 
hard  for  it,  and  his  career  offers  a  bright 
example  to  those  especially  who  have  been 
born  in  adverse  circumstances.  Charles 
Maclaren,  the  geologist,  closed  a  long  life  of 
usefulness  on  the  10th  of  September.  Another 
Edinburgh  celebrity— Alexander  Bryson,  late 
President  of  the  Royal  Scottish  Society  of 
Arts,  and  other  learned  bodies— died  on  the 
7th  of  December.  Colonel  Sir  George  Everest, 
C.B.,  F.R.S.,  an  ofiicer  of  great  scientific  at- 
tainments, died  this  month,  at  the  age  of 
76  ;  and  the  Rev.  John  Hinde,  M.A.,  the 
eminent  mathematician,  also  in  December.  In 
medical  science  the  list  is  a  long  and  mournful 
one.     It  is  particularly  painful  to  reflect  on 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


January  4,  1867. 


the  number  of  young  rising  medical  men 
■who  have  been  suddenly  cut  oflF  by  epidemic 
at  a  time  when  they  could  ill  be  spared.  Dr. 
W.  A.  Patrick  Stuart,  of  the  University  Col- 
lege Hospital,  caught  a  fatal  fever  while 
labouring  to  succour  others.  He  had  just  at- 
tained his  majority.  Dr.  Jolm  Wyber,  one  of 
the  resident  medical  officers  at  the  London 
Fever  Hospital,  and  Dr.  Southey  Warter, 
similarly  fell  victims  to  typhus,  both  at  the 
age  of  twenty-six.  Dr.  Ansell,  the  medical 
officer  of  Bow,  and  Dr.  H.  Jeaffreson,  the 
distinguished  physician  of  St.  Bartholomews, 
died  suddenly — the  one  of  cholera,  the  other  of 
typhus.  Their  deaths  were  a  great  blow  to 
the  profession,  and  a  serious  loss  to  the  com- 
munity. The  past  year  has  not  been  signalised 
by  the  death  of  any  great  architect,  though 
the  usual  complement  of  architects  and 
buildei-s  of  local  note  has  been  taken  from 
among  us.  Mr.  Henry  Melsom,  an  extensive 
builder  and  decorator  at  Bristol,  died  in 
March  ;  Mr.  Hugh  Byrne,  the  city  architect 
of  Duldin,  in  the  autumn  ;  Mr.  Howell,  the 
district  surveyor  of  St.  Margaret  and  St.  John, 
Westminster,  in  August,  in  which  month  the 
death  from  apoplexy  was  recorded  of  M.  Gisors, 
the  architect  of  the  Palace  of  the  Senate  ; 
Mr.  Shennan,  Dean  of  the  Guild  of  Edin- 
burgh, and  an  extensive  builder,  dropped 
down  dead  at  a  public  meeting  in  November  ; 
Mr.  George  Phillips  Planners,  who  had  been 
City  Architect  of  Bath  for  the  long  period  of 
forty  years,  died  on  the  29th  of  November  ; 
Mr.  Charles  Reeves,  the  architect,  in  con- 
junction with  his  partner,  Mr.  Butcher,  of 
many  of  the  County  Courts  in  London  and 
the  chief  towns  of  England,  on  the  6th  of 
December.  Mr.  Reeves  is  succeeded  in  the 
surveyorships  of  poUce  buildings  in  the 
metropolitan  districts  and  of  county  courts 
by  Mr.  Thomas  Charles  Sorby.  A  jfortnight 
ago  we  had  to  announce  the  demise  of  Mr. 
John  Tolniie,  the  sculptor,  of  Belvedere-road, 
Southwark,  which  event  took  place  on  the 
12th  ult.  We  And  that  we  have  to  add  to 
our  list  the  names  of  George  Hillier,  the 
archaeologist ;  William  Bewick,  the  historical 
painter ;  E.  G.  Papworth,  the  sciilptor  ;  and 
Nicholas  Jaley,  the  French  sculptor ;  all  of 
whom  belong  to  the  necrology  of  1866. 


LLANDAFF  PROBATE  REGISTRY. 

THIS  building  has  a  recessed  porch  communi- 
caticg  with  a  vestibide,  to  the  right  of  which 
is  a  spacious  lofty  clerk's  office,  well  lighted,  hav- 
ing a  strong  vaulted  munimentrroom  attached  to 
it.  On  the  leftia  a  waiting-room,  &c.,  and  over  it 
and  the  vestibule  a  private  room  for  the  registrar. 
A  residence,  with  a  distinct  entrance,  for  the  chief 
clerk,  was  formed  out  of  an  existing  cottage,  which 
was  readapted  and  incorporated. 

The  dressings  are  of  the  best  Combe  Down  Bath 
stone,  intermixed  with  bands  of  Bridgend  green 
sandstone,  and  the  body  of  the  walls  consists  of 
Newbridge  Pennant  stone  in  thin  flat  courses. 
The  roofs  are  covered  with  small  green  Carnarvon 
slates.  The  whole  was  substantially  buUt  in  1861 
by  Mr.  Thomas  Williams,  builder,  for  £1,000,  from 
designs  and  under  the  superintendence  of  John 
Prichard,  Esq.,  Llandaff. 


Forster  Hayward  (the  honorary  secretary  to  the  In 
stitute)  was  the  architect  engaged  by  the  owner, 
C.  F.  Hohnes,  Esq.,  and  Mr.  R.  E.  Roberts,  the 
builder. 

♦ 

IlvrPROVED    WOOD    SCREW. 

WE  give  below  a  drawing  of  an  improved  wood 
screw  invented  by  Mr.  Henry  Titus,  of  New 
York,  and  patented  in  this  country  by  Mr.  J.  C.  E. 
Brooman,  of  Messrs.  Robertson,  Brooman,  and 
Co.,  patent  agents,  166,  Fleet-street.  The  im- 
provement consists  in  so  forming  the  bevelled 
under  side  of  the  head  of  the  screw  that  it  shaU 
act  as  a  countersink,  so  that  the  screw  may  be 
used  even  in  hard  woods  without  the  necessity  of 
using  a  gouge  or  other  tool  to  cut  away  around 
the  hole,  as  ia  the  present  practice. 


DRURIES,  HARROW. 


THE    building  of  which   we   give  a   plan  and 
part  of  detail  this  week  is  one  of  a  class  of 


MYERS'S    DRAWER    KNOB. 

THIS  is  a  recent  American  invention.  In  old- 
faahioned  times  the  ornaments  of  a  chest  of 
drawers  or  bureau  were  of  metal  and  of  the  moat 
elegant  and  soUd  description.  Knobs  for  opening 
drawers  were  unknown,  but  swing  handles,  solidly 
•ecured  to  the  wood,  were  for  that  use  as  well  as  fur 
ornament.  The  convenience  of  knobs,  the  modern 
device,  suffers  some  detraction,  from  their  liability 
to  break  off  or  unscrew  and  become  loose.  To 
prevent  this  latter  occurrence  is  the  object  of  the 
improvement  illustrated  in  the  annexed  cut. 


A  ia  a  knob  of  the  usual  form,  having,  instead 
of  the  wooden  screw  on  its  inner  face,  a  plane  sur- 
face. The  common  wood  screw  B  ia  used  to  attach 
it  to  the  drawer  or  door,  while  the  two  sharp  pins, 
one  on  either  side  of  the  screw,  secure  it  in  posi- 
tion. It  is  easy  enough  to  see  that  these  pins 
effectually  prevent  the  removal  of  the  knob  from 
the  outside  by  unscrewing.  The  inventor  ie 
Dr.  L.  B.  Myers,  of  Elmore,  Ohio,  U.S. 


Four  new  drinking  fountains  are  about  to  be 
laced  ia  the  atreeta  of  Bournemouth,  Hants. 


and 
X  part  of  detail  this  week  is  one  ot  a  class  of 
buildings  peculiar  to  our  public  school  system, 
being,  in  fact,  a  master's  residence,  with  accommo- 
dation also  for  about  thirty-six  to  forty  boarders. 
A  house  of  this  size  is  called  at  Harrow  a  large 
house,  and  it  is  evident  the  general  requirements 
are  different  from  those  in  what  are  called  small 
houses,  where  special  accommodation  for  only  a  few 
resident  pupila  is  wanted.  The  chief  arcMtectural 
peculiarities  of  this  building,  however,  arise  rather 
from  its  position  than  its  special  requiremeuts, 
for,  although  one  of  the  oldest  and  largest  houses 
at  Harrow  occupied  the  site  of  this  building,  the 
only  access  was  and  is  now  the  narrow  passige 
way  shown  on  the  plau,  covered  overhead  by  the 
first-floor  of  the  adjoining  house.  There  is, 
therefore,  no  frontage  whatever  to  the  street,  and 
no  chance  of  this  interesting  bit  of  architecture 
being  found  out  by  anyone  merely  passing  through 
the  town.  In  this  respect  the  forecourt  of  this 
building  represents  as  near  as  possible  the  position 
of  many  houses  in  Venice,  and  perchance  this 
view  may  bring  to  the  recollection  of  the  traveller 
many  a  charming  bit  of  architectural  detail  sud- 
denly discovered  in  his  rambles  through  that 
glorious  old  city — at  any  rate,  the  existence  of  this 
picturesque  front  wUl  be  a  surprise,  we  venture  to 
say,  to  many  who  fancy  they  know  Harrow  well. 
But,  although  there  ia  no  frontage  towards  the 
street,  the  garden  front  is  indeed  enough  to  com- 
pensate for  any  disadvantage  at  the  entrance.  The 
fine  steep  western  side  of  the  Harrow  hill  slopes 
from  the  terrace  level,  aud,  falUng  away  towards  the 
west,  opens  out  a  magnificent  view  over  the  plain  as 
far  as  Windsor  and  beyond,  while,  of  course,  from 
the  drawing-room  floor  and  floor  above  the  view 
ia  more  extensive  still. 

The  plan  shows  itself  at  once  as  adapted  to  the 
spot,  and  the  difficulty  of  obtaining  internal  light 
and  air  is  well  overcome,  while  uot  an  inch  of  space 
seems  lost.  The  house  which  stood  on  this  spot 
was  a  mere  agglomeration  of  tumbledown  wooden 
buildings — except  the  rooms  facing  the  garden — 
which  have  been  retained  as  far  as  possible  in  the 
new  design.  In  order  to  obtain  sufficient  space  for 
kitchens,  &c.,  it  was  necessary  to  excavate  deeply, 
and  thua  a  rearrangement  of  levels  enabled  the 
architect  to  keep  all  the  ground-floor  rooms  on  a 
level  with  each  other  (except  about  two  steps  in 
the  garden  front)  aud  by  setting  back  the  walls  of 
the  building  in  two  or  three  spaces  to  avoid  dark 
passages  and  useless  rooms.  The  part  of  the  house 
devoted  to  the  pupils  is  divided  by  their  staircase 
(which  is  of  stone,  and  is  built  between  walls 
without  any  well-hole),  and  the  rooms  occupied  by 
them  are  right  and  left  of  this  staircase,  which 
being  carried  up  as  a  sort  of  turret  forms  au  impor- 
tant feature  on  another  elevation  of  the  building. 
The  pupil-room — for  personal  instruction  by  the 
master — and  the  boya'  dining-hall  will  be  seen  on 
the  plan,  as  also  the  position  of  lift,  &c.,  which 
adjunct  to  the  working  of  a  large  house  has  now 
become  almost  a  sine  qua  non.  Gas  is  fitted  to 
every  room,  and  hot  and  cold  water  laid  on  to 
every  floor.  The  porch  is  hghted  from  above,  and 
the  hall  by  the  recessed  windows.  The  latter  is 
rather  a  fine  feature,  being  decorated  with 
Plymouth  marble  columns,  and  it  would  be  evi- 
dent from  the  upper  plan,  if  we  were  to  show  it, 
how  it  grew  into  this  special  picturesque  form, 
and  how  the  arrangement  of  columns  and  arches 
work  in  with  the  entrance  and  pupils'  dining- 
room  on  the  one  side,  and  the  principal  staircase 
with  ante-rooms,  &c.,  on  the  other.    Mr.   Chas. 


It  will  be  seen  that  from  each  end  of  the  nick 
on  the  head  ia  a  cut  upon  the  under  side  (a),  being 
of  the  form  common  to  the  counter-sink  bit  used 
by  carpenters.  This  gives  a  ready  exit  for  the 
chips  and  does  not  disfigure  the  edge  of  the  head. 


CHIMNEY  SWEEPING. 

IT  is  stated  that  our  present  system,  in  which 
the  machine  heads  or  brushes  are  formed  of 
woody  fibre,  ia  very  imperfect  for  thoroughly 
cleansing  the  chimneys,  especially  in  removing  the 
hard  lumps  of  soot  which  accumulate  in  them. 
A  new  brush  has  been  invented,  in  which  the 
woody  fibre  of  the  brush  or  head  is  replaced  by 
steel.  The  bnish  itself  is  a  hollow  tube  of  iron, 
on  to  which  is  loosely  put  four  boxwood  collars 
about  half  an  inch  thick,  each  having  a  circular 
groove  in  it,  for  the  insertion  of  numerous  finely- 
tempered  steel  bars,  which  radiate  from  the  centre 
of  each  collar  ;  the  four  being  firmly  bolted  to- 
gether by  suitable  brasswork ;  this  forms  an 
elastic  brush,  closely  resembling  those  in  common 
use,  but  with  this  essential  difference,  the  steel 
bars,  being  very  elastic,  penetrate  the  whole  and 
every  part  of  the  aperture  of  the  chimney  in  their 
ascent,  no  matter  how  awkwardly  built,  and  allow 
the  Ught  soot  to  fall  through  them,  and  do  not  put 
it  on  the  roof  ;  and  in  their  descent  thoroughly 
remove  all  the  hard,  so  that  there  is  none  left  in 
the  chimney  to  take  fire.  The  inventor,  Mr. 
Thomas  Welton,  urges  this  as  a  manifest  advan- 
tage over  the  usual  machine,  and,  in  addition, 
enumerates  the  following  advantages  : — It  will 
promptly  extinguish  a  fire  in  the  chimney  without 
damage  to  the  brush.  It  will  core  a  new  chimney 
without  climbing.  It  can  be  easily  taken  to  pieces 
and  repaired  at  a  trifling  expense  by  almost  any 
person.  It  can  have  a  ball  and  chain  attached, 
so  that  it  may  be  uaed  from  the  roof  It  fits  the 
brass  joints  and  canes  at  present  in  use.  It  will 
in  many  caaea  cheaply  cure  a  smoky  chimney  by 
simply  keeping  it  clean.  It  will,  at  once,  by  its 
use,  arrest  the  accumulation  of  the  hard,  tarry 
masses  of  soot  in  kitchen  chimneys,  builders'  work- 
shops, and  other  buildings  where  wood,  refuse  of 
vegetables,  spillinga  of  fat,  bones,  cuttings  of 
leather,  and  bituminous  coal  are  burned. 


ThS  Building  News^ 


News,  Jan?  4'^  1867 


y>priP5,    Hanmro. 


HARLES     FORSTER     HAYWARD.  F.S.A.,  ARCHT 


li  n  Warry.  Iiih 


V'hiCeEDan  ^  Basa  Uch^^raphcrp  riclbarti 


January  4,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS, 


Tl 


NEW  NATIONAL  GALLERY. 

WE  are  requested  to  state  that  foreign 
ministers,  members  of  the  two  House.^ 
of  Parliament,  Royal  Academicians,  and  the 
competing  architects  will,  on  presentation  of 
their  cards  at  the  entrance  door  by  the  Vic- 
toria Tower,  in  the  New  Palace  at  West- 
minster, be  admitted  on  Monday  and  Tuesday, 
the  7th  and  Sth  inst.,  between  ten  and  four,  to 
view  the  designs  for  the  New  National  Gal- 
lery, in  the  Royal  Gallery  ;  and  that  the  public 
will  be  admitted  on  Wednesday,  the  9th  inst., 
and  three  following  days;  and  also  on  the 
*      four  last  days  of  the  two  succeeding  weeks. 


company's  act  of  the  previous  session 
of  Parliament.  The  bill  also  prov-ided  for 
the  compidsory  purchase  of  property.  After 
some  nioditicatiou  it  became  law.  Bail- 
ways  bills  too  numerous  to  mention  by  name 
were  introduced,  and,  if  they  .all  became  law, 
and  were  acted  on,  London  would  soon  be- 
come known  as  the  City  of  Railways,  as 
Rome  is  kno^vn  as  the  City  of  Monuments. 
Happily  almost  all  these  bills  were  swept 
away  with  other  "  slaughtered  innocents," 
and  we  hope  that  no  bill  that  aims  at  cutting 
up  London  will  become  law  without  the  ma- 
tuiest  consideration. 


PARLIAMENTARY  LEGISLATION  FOR 
THE  METROPOLIS  DURING  18C6. 

DURING  the  last  session   of    Parliament 
the  Metropolitan  Board  of  AVorks  pro- 
moted   several    bills    for    improvements    in 
London — namely,    for    the    improvement  of 
High-street,  Kensington,  and  its  vicinity,  for 
the  widening  of  Park-lane,  for  the  formation 
of  approaches  for  the  northern  embankment, 
and  for  the  embankment  of  a  portion  of  the 
Thames  between  Chelsea  Hospital  and  Batter- 
sea  Bridge.     The  first  bill  came   into  opera- 
tion in  October  last ;    it  proposes  to  widen 
High-street,  Kensington,  on  the  southern  side, 
between   Young-street  and   the  Metropolitan 
Railway,  and  to  form  a  new  street  in  substi- 
tution of  part  of  King-street.    The  nett  cost  of 
this  improvement  is  estimated  at  about  .£77,000. 
The  Board  during  the  last  session  renewed 
their  efforts  to  effect  the  desired  improvement 
in     Park-lane    by    submitting     a    plan    to 
Parliament     for    widening    the     south    end 
of  the   lane,  on   its  western  side,  near   Pic- 
cadilly,   at  a  cost   of  about   £105,000.     The 
Chelsea    Embankment    Bill   authorised   the 
Metropolitan  Board  to  extend  the  embank- 
ment  of   the  Middlesex  shore   of  the   river 
from  the  termination  of  the  present  embank- 
ment to  Battersea  Bridge,  and  to  form  a  public 
roadway  between    those   points    behind    the 
embankment   wall,    so    as  to    complete    the 
thoroughfare    along    the    river     side.      The 
length  of  the  proposed  embankment  is  a  little 
more  than  three-quarters  of  a  mile,  and  the 
cost  is  estimated  at  about  £206,000.     The  nett 
cost  of  the  approaches  to  the   northern  em- 
bankment   were     estimated     to     be     about 
.£454,700.     The  estimated  nett  cost  of  the  last 
three   proposed   improvements  amounted    to 
about  £765,000,  and  the  Board  proposed  to 
Parliament  to  extend  the  period  of  levying 
the  coal  and  wine  duties  to  provide  for  such 
outlay.     The  Government  intimated  their  con- 
sent, provided  a  proposition  for  levying   an 
improvement  r.ate  on  property  in  the  metro- 
polis were  combined  with  it.     To  this  course 
the  Board  consented,  but  owing  to  the  press  of 
business  and   the   change  of  government  the 
bills  were  not  introduced.     There  was  a  bill 
making  provision  for  the  improvement  of  com- 
mons in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  metropolis, 
and  the  protection  thereof  from  nuisances.    It 
was  to  apply  to  commons  within  the  metropoli- 
tan poUce   district,   and  to  be  carried  out  by 
a  body  of  five  unpaid  commissioners.   Another 
bin  introduced  by  the  Government  related  to 
artisans'  and  labourers'  dwellings.     This  bill, 
however,   applied  to  the    United   Kingdom. 
Two  gas  bills  were  considered  by  Parliament. 
The     Gaslight     and    Coke     Company's    Bill 
proposed    to    raise    further    capital    and    to 
acquire    land    at    Hackney    Wick    for    the 
erection  of  works.      The   land  proposed    to 
be    taken  was    adjacent    to    Victoria    Park. 
This  bOl,  though  it  passed  the  Commons,  was 
rejected  on  its  second  reading  by  the  House  of 
Lords.    The  Imperial  Gas  Company's  BiU  also 
proposed  to  erect  works  in  the  vicinity  of  Vic- 
toria Park.    This  scheme  met  with  a  great  deal 
of  popular  opposition,  and  was  lost  on  a  motion 
for  the  second  reading.  The  Metropolis  Sewage 
and  Essex  Reclamation  BiU  proposed  altera- 
tions  in    the    culverts    sanctioned   by    the 


NATURAL    SYSTEMS    OF  ARCHITEC- 
TURE. 
To  the  Editor  of  the  Buildinq  News. 

ONE  of  your  correspondents  having 
opened  for  discussion  Mr.  Griffith's 
remarks,  just  re.ad  before  the  Liverpool 
Architectural  Society,  on  a  "Natural  System 
of  Architecture,"  I  may  be  excused  for 
troubling  you  with  the  following  considera- 
tions on  the  same  subject. 

Mr.   Griffith,  in  his   paper,  a  fuU  report  of 
which  appe.ared  in  your  journal,  displays  at 
least  an  amount  of  study  and  ingenuity  only 
to  be  expected  from  an  author  who  has  de- 
voted much  time  and  labour  to  a  very  conge- 
nial view  of  architecture.     Whether  that  view 
can  be  accepted  .as  a  rational  one  or  not,  I  will 
briefly  ende.avour  to  show.     Starting  with  a 
very  undeniable  fact,  that  .architecture  as  now 
practised  is  in  a  very  unsettled  state,  and  is 
governed  more  by  individual  caprice  than  by 
any  understood  principles,  such  a  system  as 
Mr.  Griffith  proposes,  inapplicable  to  practical 
requirements  as  it  may  be  proved  to  be,  is  a 
step  in  the  right  direction.     A  more  logic.il 
and  scientific   mode   of  designing   than   now 
generally  adopted  is  an  imquestionable  want ; 
and  architects  would  do  well,   at    least,   to 
study  the  geometric  beauty  .and   admirable 
harmony  found  and  preserved  in  the  works  of 
nature,  and  especially  in  the  vjiried  domain  of 
plant-form.     But  to  go  further  than  to  study 
the  forms  and  structures  of  plants  as  accesso- 
rial to  design — to  make  such  study  the  funda- 
mental basis  of  architectural  arrangement  and 
disposition,  or  even  of  architectural  propor- 
tion, is  to  go  beyond  the  legitimate  province 
of  nature,  and  is,  I  conceive,  to  confound  its 
conditions  and  laws  with  those  of  art.    Nature 
can  teach  us  much  :  the  crystalline  forms  of 
the  mineral  world,  the  geometrical  Ijeauty  of 
flowers,  .and  the  structurfil  adaptability  of  the 
stems   of   numerous  plants   are  all^  valuable 
lessons;   but  they  must  not  be  Inist.aken  in 
their  purpose  or  meaning,   or  be  pressed  into 
the  service  of  an  art  because  certain  laws  of 
n.ature   have   given   them  symmetrical  forms 
and  relations  of  structure.     The  geometry  of 
architecture  is  not,  I  take  it,  necess.arily  the 
geometry  of  nature,  for  we  can  proportion  our 
halls    and    rooms   in    the   beautiful   manner 
described  by  Mr.  Griffith,  by  taking  either  the 
equilateral  triangle  or  the  square   as  the  pri- 
mary element  or  key-note  of  our  design,  with- 
out  having   recourse   to   the  flowers  of  three 
petals  or  the  cruciterai  order  of  plants.     These 
latter  may  be  valuable  in  our  floral  and  other 
decoration — natural   as  weU   as   conventional, 
as   shown  in  the  valuable    series    of   "  Art 
Foliage,"  given  in  the  Building  News  ;  and 
for  this  purpose  chiefly  do   I  conceive  them 
appUcable.     While,   then,  we  can  go  a  great 
way  with   Mr.   Griffith,   admire    his   zeal  for 
natural  beauty,?and  value  no  less  than  he   the 
three  primary  elements  of  form,    with   their 
compounds,  the  hexagon,  octagon,  and  decagon, 
and  the  regular  solids  derivable  from   these  ; 
while  we  can  thank  him   for  his   interesting 
work  on  the   geometrical  proportions   of  our 
churches,  I  do  not  think  we  can   follow  him 
so  far  as  to  believe  our  architecture  can  be  so 
easily  and  entirely  developed  from  a  geometri- 
cal system  as  laid  domi  by  him  upon  certain 
invariable  laws  of  nature. 
These  are  considerations  not  dreamt   of  in 


these  natural  iind  harmonic  systems  of  design.- ' 
Geometrical  proportion,  though  forming  a  very 
reliable  basis  for  architectural  design,  is  only 
oneof  that  mass  of  elements  generally  accepted, 
thimgli,  as  yet,  un,systematised.  Require- 
ments, materi.als,  construction,  have  all  to  bo 
dealt  with,  as  every  practical  architect  knows, 
in  various  ways,  and  generally  quite  irres. 
pective  of  any  definite  rules  of  design  ;  besides 
these,  there  are  other  considerations  belonging 
primarily  to  .and  having  for  their  end  the  ob- 
ject and  purpose  of  a  strvicture,  and  which  depend 
fortheir  expression.on  the  resthetic  qualities  of 
the  mind  and  the  expression,al  power  of  form, 
and  not  upon  .any  arbitrary  principles  founded 
upon  nature  or  upon  .any  system  of  numerical 
harmony,  .and  applicable  to  .all  buildings  alike. 
Here,  indeed,  is  the  mistake  m.ade  by  Mr. 
Griffith,  Mr.  Hay,  and  their  school  of  thinkers  ; 
geometry  .and  harmonic  ratios  are  pleasant 
studies,  but  we  have  yet  to  be  convinced  that 
they  constitute  solely  the  groundwork  of  ar- 
chitecture, for  if  they  did,  it  would  no  longer 
rank  as  a  fine  art  in  which  the  oonceptive  fa- 
culties of  man  were  predomin.ant. 

That  we  shall  eventually  systematise  our 
materials  and  construct  therefrom  a  less  erring 
standard  of  taste  I  firmly  believe,  and  to  this 
end  the  interesting  investigations  of  earnest 
geometricians  and  naturalists,  however  un- 
ten.able  their  hypotheses  may  be,  are  auxiliary. 
Awaiting  such  result  we  must  still  go  on  in  the 
same  w.ay  as  we  have  heretofore,  extending  our 
studies  as  much  as  we  please,  but  only  adopt- 
ing those  features  which  common  sense  can 
sanction  and  discriminative  taste  appropriate 
to  the  purposes  of  our  buildings. — I  am,  &c., 
G.   HnSKISSON  GniLLAUME. 


NOTICES  OF  PUBLICATIONS. 

A  BATCH  of  publications  wait  for  acknowledg- 
ment. Facts  Respecting  Street  Railwmjs^  (P. 
S.  King,  34,  Parliament-street).  A  series  of  official 
reports  from  the  surveyors  and  mayors  of  the 
principal  cities  in  the  United  States  and  Canada  in 
favour  of  street  railw.-iy3,  with  a  view  to  their 
adoption  in  this  country.  The  evidence  certainly 
proves  that  street  riilways  work  well  on  the  other 
side  of  the  Atlantic.  The  NaturaUsts  Note  Book, 
No.  1  (1,  Racquetcourt,  Fleet-street).  Thia  is  a 
collection  of  extracts  on  natural  history  subjects, 
gathered  from  all  sources.  Some  of  the  informa- 
tion  is  very  old  indeed,  and,  considering  the  very 
small  amount  of  original  matter  ■vfhich  the  Note 
Book  contains,  it  is  extravagantly  dear  at  fourpence. 
Of  almanacs,  the  number  at  this  season  of  the 
year  is  unlimited.  Mr.  Charles  Knight's  British 
Almanac  and  Companion  for  1867  is  in  many  re- 
spects one  of  the  very  best  publications  of  its  class. 
The  present  volume  is  not  a  whit  behind  its  pre- 
decessors in  point  of  interest.  Among  the  papers 
which  form  the  chief  feature  of  the  Compamon, 
we  note  as  particularly  good  the  resume  of  archi- 
tecture and  public  improvements  for  the  year. 
The  great  popularity  of  Letts's  Diaries  has  long 
proved  their  merit.  The  No.  9  Diary,  or  BiUs  Due 
Book  and  Almanac,  is  specially  intended  for  men 
in  business.  A  number  of  our  contemporanes  are 
in  the  habit  of  issuing  once  a  year  a  useful  calen- 
dar and  reference-sheet— a  gift  to  subscribers. 
We  have  received  in  this  way  the  City  Press  Alma- 
nac, the  Preston  Gwirdian  Desk  Almanac,  mth  a 
pictorial  illustration  of  Liverpool  Free  Library; 
the  Hereford  Joicmal  Almanac,  bearing  an  engrav- 
ing of  the  New  Gloucestershire  Bank  in  th.at 
city  and  others.  Messrs.  Merritt  aud  Hatcher, 
lithographers.  Poultry,  send  a  very  pretty  orna- 
mentally printed  calendar.  British  America _(b. 
Algar,  11,  Clemenfs-lane,  Lombard-street)  is  a 
pamphlet  reviewing  arguments  against  a  Union  of 
the  Provinces,  with  further  reasons  for  Con- 
federation, by  the  Hon.  J.  M'CuUy,  Q.C.,  Member 
of  the  Legislative  Council  of  Nova  Scotia.  We 
have  also  received  a  Prospectus  and  Report  of  the 
Hot-air  Engine  Company  (Limited),  and  Mr 
Edward  Stanford's  (6,  Charing  Cross)  New  Map  of  ■ 
the  MetropoUton  Railways  and  Miscellaneous  Im- 
provements, deposited  at  the  Private  BiU  Office 
for  the  session  1867. 


The    strike   among    the    operative    masons  in 
Glasgow  continues. 


12 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


January  4,  1867. 


DWELLTNGS    FOR    THE   POOR. 

MR.  A.  G.  R.  HEINE,  in  a  series  of  four  short 
letters  published  for  one  penny,  at  317, 
Strand,  has  given  some  additional  information 
.  on  the  habitations  of  the  poor  in  the  metropolis, 
and;  also  some  suggestions  well  worthy  of  atten- 
,  tion.  If  anyone  wish  to  know  how  a  large 
number  of  the  poor  of  London  are  housed,  let 
him  Usten  to  the  following  : — "  The  state  of  the 
block  of  buildings,"  says  Mr.  Heine,  "  Ijetwean  Cow 
Cross  and  Peter's  Lane,  in  the  East  Central  Uis., 
trict,  which  I  visited  during  November  last,  and 
of  which  I  give  the  following  report,  is  a  specimen 
of  the  condition  of  the  places  now  inhabited  by 
the  most  poor  and  neglected  : — In  Broad  Yard, 
which  consists  of  17  houses,  inhabited  by  45 
famiUes,  eight  persons  sleeping  within  a  yard  of 
the  only  closet  in  the  court  were  attacked  by 
cholera  ;  of  these  eight,  but  one  recovered.  No.  3 
has  not  been  lime- washed  for  five  years.  No.  14, 
top  room  front,  contains  six  inhabitants,  dimen- 
sions 892'6  cubic  feet,  overcrowded,  scarcely 
habitable  for  three.  No.  17_,  bedding  in  front 
parlour  of  the  foulest  description.  In  Rose  Alley, 
where  32  families  dwelt  in  14  small  houses,  having 
again  but  one  closet  for  the  common  use,  Nos.  S, 
9,  10,  11,  and  12,  are  full  of  fever — five  cases  were 
taken  in  one  week  to  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital. 
Fryingpan  Alley,  containing  14  houses,  with  but 
one  closet  for  the  whole,  is  inhabited  by  23  fami- 
lies. Bit  Alley,  having  13  houses,  and,  as  usual, 
but  one  closet  for  the  whole,  shelters  26  families 
Horses  and  donkeys,  being  tied  to  the  bed-posts 
at  night,  share  the  shelter  of  the  families.  Lamb- 
square,  4  houses,  67  inhabitants.  No.  2,  next  a 
school-room,  has  no  closet,  most  dangeroas.  The 
water  in  aU  these  tenements  is  supplied  through 
a  hole  in  the  wall  for  one  half-hour  daily.  There 
is  tjne  house  where  the  water  has  been  entirely  cut 
off  for  the  past  two  years.  There  is  only  one  really 
efficient  dust-bin  for  the  whole  of  the  alleys." 
Mr.  Heine  is  for  rebuilding  a  great  part  of  London, 
by  new  houses  six,  seven,  and  eight  stories  high, 
and  this  he  would  do,  not  for  the  better  class  of 
artisans,  who  can  pay  43.,  5s.,  or  Cs.  a  week  rent, 
but  for  the  poor,  who  can  only  afford  to  pay  8d., 
9d.,  or  Is.  a  week.  In  order  to  do  this  he  con- 
siders two  questions,  namely  : — 
"  1.  By  what  means  can  ground  be  economised  ? 
"  2.  Which  is  the  best  and  cheapest  material  for 
building  ? 

"  In  answer  to  the  first,  I  should  reply  that  the 
principle  of  action  should  be — the  dearer  the 
ground,  the  higher  the  building.  This,  of  course,  is 
to  be  taken  in  a  practical,  common-sense  view.  I  do 
not  advocate  building  new  Towers  of  Babel,  but  in 
stating  that  houses  can  be  safely  built  eight  stories 
high,  I  give  utterance  to  the  judgment  of  sound 
experience.  Then,  as  such  large  buildings  will 
necessarily  contain  a  greater  number  of  inhabi- 
tants, and  consequently  consumers,  the  ground- 
floors,  to  be  devoted  to  shops  and  places  of  busi- 
ness, &c.,  will  be  of  greater  value,  and  their  rent 
may  tend  to  a  further  proportionate  reduction  of 
the  rents  for  the  uppermost  tenements.  Then, 
secondly,  20  per  cent,  ground  can  be  saved  by  re- 
ducing the  thickness  of  the  present  stone  and 
brick  walls,  through  their  replacement  by  iron. 
And  this  leads  to  the  second  question — Which  is 
the  best  and  cheapest  material  for  building  ?  and 
I  unhesitatingly  answer,  iron.  As  stone  and  brick 
replaced  wood,  so,  it  is  my  firm  belief,  will  iron  re- 
place stone  and  brick  in  any  reconstruction  of 
London  on  a  grand  scale.  It  is  scarcely  necessary 
to  point  out  the  fact  that  iron  is  recognised  as  the 
best  material  for  ship-building,  more  especially  by 
those  who  pass  the  greater  part  of  their  lives  on 
sea.  These,  subjected  to  every  variety  of  climate, 
unhesitatingly  pronounce  the  super-excellence  of 
iron. 

"  It  would  be  out  of  place  here  to  enter  minutely 
into  all  the  advantages  iron  possesses  as  a  build- 
ing material  over  atone  and  brick ;  its  utility  has 
been  proved  by  practice.  The  fact  that,  in  place 
of  thick  walls  of  porous  and  absorbent  material,  a 
thin  sheet  of  iron  will  answer  all  and  every  pur- 
pose, and  by  its  use  produce  a  saving  of  iO  per 
cent,  of  ground,  is  so  great  and  valuable  that,  con- 
sidering the  enormous  prices  asked  for  land  in  the 
heart  of  London,  iron  recommends  itself  on  that 
ground  alone  to  the  most  serious  consideration  of 
all  men.  But  houses  of  iron  can  be  so  constructed 
as  to  be  removable  to  another  site  at  a  trifling  ex- 
pense of  time  and  money.  In  case  of  the  removal 
of  a  six-roomed  house  becoming  necessary,  the 
people  Uving  in  it  might,  so  to  say,  rise  in  the 
morning  in  one  locality  and  retire  to  rest  in  the 
evening  in  another  in  the  same  house — it  being 
actually  taken  down  and  re-erected  in  that  time. 


The  iron  immovability  of  the  great  water-towers 
of  the  Crystal  Palace,  .at  Sydenham,  during  the 
heavy  gales  .which  ^ited  the  Surrey  side  of  the 
metropolis  some  years  since,  grandly  illustrated 
the  stability  of  the  material.  Another  great  ad- 
vantage is,  that  houses  of  iron  are  not  Uable  to  be- 
come infectious.  The  metal,  being  a  natural 
tonic  and  disinfectant,  recommends  itself  as  the 
very-  best  material  for  habitation.  So,  again,  in 
an  il-on  house  the  air  is  softer  and  milder,  even  in 
■winter,and  can  be  kept  so  by  a  reduced  ratio  of 
firing ;  and  by  painting  the  outer  surface  white  or 
light  grey,  the  air  is  cooler  in  summer  than  in  or- 
dinary houses.  There  are  other  important  reasons 
why  iron  houses  would  materially  improve  the 
general  health  of  the  people.  Moreover,  iron 
houses  are  waterproof,  and  require  little  founda- 
tion. They  can  be  secured  by  an  admii-able  scien- 
tific mode  of  fixing  them  to  the  ground;  they  are 
in  themselves  lightning  conductors ;  they  will  be 
cheaper  as  regards  insurance ;  and  they  can  be 
constructed  so  as  to  ex.actly  resemble  those  built 
of  brick  or  stone.  Paint  will  give  the  external 
imitation,  and  any  decor.ation  can  be  so  applied 
as  to  render  an  iron  house  equal  in  appearance  to 
the  most  elegant  and  tasteful  of  modern  edifices. 
Lastly,  houses  of  iron  can  be  buUt  about  25  per 
cent,  cheaper  than  houses  of  stone  or  brick ;  a 
strong,  good  six-roomed  house  can  be  had  for 
£160. 

"  Therefore,  if  we  can  by  the  introduction  of  iron 
as  our^f uture  m.aterial  for  building  save,  firstly,  20 
per  cent,  in  ground,  and  secondly,  25  per  cent,  in 
material,  and  adding  to  this  another  20  per  cent, 
profit  arising  f  rctai  the  altitude  of  such  new  buUd- 
mgs,  and  all  the  secondary  profits  and  savings  ac- 
cruing from  durability,  repairs,  &c.,  I  think  it 
needs  not  much  calculation  to  .arrive  at  thLs  cer- 
t.ainty,  that  under  those  conditions  the  rents  of 
the  highest  stories  could,  with  a  fair  profit,  be  re- 
duced to  Lord  Shaftesbury's  standard  of  8d.  per 
room." 

It  will  be  seen  that  Mr.  Heine  in  one  respect  re- 
sembles Mr.  Kerr.  He  quotes  Lord  Shaftesbury 
as  an  authority,  but  in  a  very  different  way  and 
with  a  very  diiferent  spirit.  Lord  Shaftesbury  is 
for  giving  the  poor  house  accommodation  with 
three  rooms  for  2s.  a  week.  This  was  charac- 
terised as  "  the  three-room  dogma."  Mr.  Kerr's 
wonderful  panacea  is  to  supply  "  not  a  room  in  a 
house,  but  a  house  in  a  room,"  or  one  room  with 
three  beds  in  it  for  3s.  a  week.  But  his  plan  was 
so  completely  snirffed  out  at  tlie  second  meeting 
at  Conduit-street  that  we  should  hear  no  more  of 
it,  had  the  discussion  of  the  question  not  been  ad- 
journed. Assuming  the  accuracy  of  Mr.  Heine's 
statement,"  with  regard  to  the  capacities  of  iron 
for  brnlding  purposes  to  be  correct,  his  contribu- 
tion "  towards  the  solution  of  the  problem"  will 
produce  a  useful  and  a  lasting  effect. 


CHAPEL-BUILDING— THE   THEATRE 
MODEL. 

AN  interesting  article  in  the  Freeman  on 
Chapel-buUding,  contains  the  following 
suggestions  as  to  the  choice  of  style.  Having 
passed  in  review  the  various  styles  of  architecture, 
the  Gothic,  the  Norman,  the  Classic,  and  the 
Eclectic,  the  writer  says  : — "  In  these  suggestions 
as  to  choice  of  style  we  have  refrained  uutU  now 
from  considering  the  claims  of  the  theatre  model. 
Of  course  the  fastidious  taste  that  can  find  cold 
comfort  in  Gothic,  whether  pure  or  not,  but  dis- 
dains the  '  Eclectic '  which,  hke  a  Scotch  haggis, 
contains  a  little  of  all  sorts,  and  finds,  with 
Jaques,  *  good  in  everything,' — this  fastidious 
taste  will  be  shocked  at  once  at  the  bare  mention 
of  the  theatre  as  a  possible  teacher  to  the  taber- 
nacle. But  as  John  Wesley  didn't  beUeve  that 
the  devil  ought  to  h,ave  all  the  good  tunes,  and 
succeeded  in  consecrating  some  of  the  best  to 
hymns  that  will  never  die,  so  we  rnay  fairly  ask 
why  only  the  player  is  to  speak  in  a  building  in 
which  he  is  perfectly  heard  without  exerting  his 
voice,  which  never  flings  back  taunting  echoes,  or 
admits  on  all  sides  cold  draughts.  More  than  all 
may  we  ask  this  when  we  find  that  the  theatre 
m,ay  be  erected  at  as  little  a  cost  as  a  chapel,  and 
that  it  is  quite  capable  of  adaptation  to  all  our 
purposes.  The  advantages  of  the  theatre  can  soon 
be  enumerated.  Its  shape  assimilates  to  the  horse- 
shoe, and  in  the  flat  of  the  horse-shoe,  of  course 
the  speaker  stands.  Its  walls,  instead  of  being 
bare  and  cold,  are  all  alive  with  people ;  galleries, 
boxes,  stalls,  and  pit  succeeding  each  other  from 
ceiling  to  floor.  On  some  such  model  let  one  of 
our  architects,  untrammelled  by  precedent,  and 


daring  enough  to  strike  out  a  new  idea,  design  his 
ch.apel ;  let  it  be  capable  of  containing  not  less 
than  a  thousand  people ;  the  platform  will  occupy 
the  place  of  the  stage,  and  there  will  be  found  the 
reading-desk,  the  baptistery,  and  the  table  on  which 
the  bread  and  wine  are  placed  for  the  communion. 
At  the  end  nearest  the  platform  the  ground  will  be 
only  two  or  three  feet  below  this  level,  but  it  must 
rise  gradually  to  the  back  ;  and  side  galleries  of  no 
great  height  could  probably  be  planned  to  run 
round  from  the  platform  untd  the  rising  floor 
stopped  them.  The  space  beneath,  which  could 
be  gained  by  elevating  the  floor,  could  be  adapted 
to  a  school-room — the  vestries  and  class-room  must 
be  behind.  Broad  entries  and  passages  must  be 
provided  at  the  two  sides.  The  organ  could  either 
crown  the  far  end  of  the  chapel,  or  be  placed 
behind  the  minister,  where  it  would  be  heard  to 
perfection.  We  can  do  no  more  now  than  roughly 
inchc.ate  the  sort  of  building  which  we  refer  to,  in 
the  hope  that  there  may  be  one  at  least  amongst 
our  many  and  skilful  chapel  architects  who  wijl 
work  out  the  idea  on  paper,  and  give  it  a  fair 
trial.  Untrammelled  by  precedent,  unburdened  by 
traditional  fallacies,  untroubled  by  hoary  super- 
stitions, the  art  of  designing  a  chapel  to  fulfil  all 
our  requirements  demands  only  careful  thought 
and  common  sense. 


THE  REMAINS  OF  ANCIENT  ART. 

WE  can  abandon  with  comparative  indifle- 
rence  any  small  remains  of  faith  we  may 
have  cherished  in  the  traditional  likenesses  of 
b.arbaric  kings  or  popes,  but  it  is  a  very  different 
matter  when  we  are  reqmred  to  believe  that  no 
trustworthy  images  of  the  heroes,  statesmen, 
poets,  orators,  and  philosophers  of  classical  anti- 
quity have  descended  to  us  ;  that  the  busts  of 
Alexander,  Csesar,  Pompey,  Hannibal,  Pericles, 
Homer,  Virgil,  Horace,  Demosthenes,  Cicero, 
Plato,  Socrates,  and  Aristotle,  with  a  host  of  others 
which  we  have  been  wont  to  admire  or  venerate, 
are  apocryphal.  The  prima  facie  argument  is 
rather  favourable  to  many  of  them.  Fame  is 
more  lasting  than  brass,  arre  perennitii:,  but  brass, 
bronze,  and  marble  are  lasting  enough  to  have 
endured  to  our  time,  and  retain  a  faithful  reflex 
of  form  and  features,  of  character  and  mind.  We 
know  that  the  ancients  were  never  tired  of  mul- 
tiplying statues  of  their  great  men,  and  that  the 
highest  genius  w.as  employed  on  the  greatest — 
Phidias,  on  Pericles,  Socrates,  and  Alcibiades; 
Praxiteles,  on  Demosthenes ;  Lysippus,  on  Alex- 
ander and  Aristotle,  and  so  on.  Alexander  issued 
a  decree  reserving  the  right  of  reproducing  his 
image  to  three  artists — Apelles,  for  painting; 
Pyrgoteles,  for  stone  engraving ;  Lysippus,  for 
statuary  in  bronze.  The  more  statues  the  more 
honour,  and  the  number  erected  to  the  popular 
favoui-ites  was  immense.  Unluckily  they  were 
knocked  down  as  eagerly  as  they  had  been  set  up 
when  the  tide  turned.  No  sooner  had  the  news 
of  the  battle  of  Pharsaha  reached  the  capital 
than  all  Pompey's  statues  were  thrown  down  and 
mutilated.  Augustus  began  his  reign  by  destroy- 
ing all  the  busts  and  images  of  the  assassins  of 
Ciesar.  At  the  same  time  he  set  about  forming  a 
collection  of  the  triumphal  statues  of  the  great 
men  who  had  contributed  to  the  power  of  Rome  ; 
and  the  imperial  city  at  that  time  boasted  many 
private  galleries  rich  with  the  spoils  of  Greece. 
If  Mummius  burnt  Corinth  with  most  of  its  in- 
estimable treasures  of  art — that  same  Mummius 
who  gave  the  well-known  caution  to  the  carriers 
of  what  he  saved— SyUa  thanked  the  gods  for 
having  granted  him  two  signal  favours — the 
friendship  of  MeteUus  Pius,  and  the  good  fortune 
of  having  taken  Athens  without  destroying  it. 
But,  independently  of  the  risks  of  removal,  and 
the  increased  difficulty  of  identification,  the  accu- 
miUation  of  all  the  finest  productions  of  art  in 
one  place,  and  that  place  the  capital  of  the  world, 
which  ambition  or  sedition  periodically  converted 
into  a  battle-field,  was  one  main  cause  of  their 
being  wholly  lost,  or  of  their  descending  in  an 
unsatisfactoi-y  condition  to  posterity.  Furor 
anna  miuistrat :  anything  or  everything,  sacred 
or  profane,  becomes  a  weapon  in  a  deadly  conflict 
when  the  blood  is  up.  "  I  expect  httle  aid  from 
their  hand,"  said  Front  de  Bceuf,  alluding  to  the 
stone  images  in  his  chapel,  "  unless  we  were  to 
hurl  them  from  the  battlements  on  the  heads  of 
the  villains.  There  is  a  huge  lumbering  Saint 
C'hristQpher  yonder,  sufficient  to  bear  a  whole 
company  to  the  earth."  The  Roman  wan'iors 
thought  and  acted  like  the  rude  Norman  b.aron. 
When    Titus    Flavins   Sabinus,   the    brother   of 


January  4,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


13 


Vespasian,  was  besieged  in  the  burning  capitol  by 
the  troops  of  Vitellius,  he  repaired  breaches  and 
formed  barricades  with  the  statues  of  the  Temple 
of    Jupiter.       Fire   and    earthquake    co-operated 
with  civil  war  and  barbaric  conquest  to  complete 
the  work  of  devastation ;  whatever  was  left  un- 
broken or  distinguishable  lay  buried  under  heaps 
of  ruin  ;  and  when  the  superincumbent  mass  of 
rubbish  was  cleared  away  after  the  lapse  of  ages, 
the   grand   difficulty   arose   of   appropriating  the 
proper  names  to   the  best  preserved  images,  and 
of  duly  assorting  the  arms,  legs,  heads,  and  noses 
of  the  mutilated.     This  difficulty  was  aggravated 
by  a  known  practice  of  the  ancients,  which  may 
have   suggested   to   Sir   Roger   de   Coverley   the 
notion  of  transforming  by  a  few  toviches  of  the 
brush  the  sign  of  "  The  Knight's  Head,"  set  up 
in   his   honour,    into    "The    Saracen's    Head!" 
When   the   Rhodians   decreed   the    honour   of  a 
statue  to  a  general,  he   was   desired   to   choose 
which    he    liked    amongst    the    existing    votive 
statues,  and  the  dedication  was  altered  by  the  in- 
sertion of  his   name.     The   prevalence  and  anti- 
quity of  this   method  of  substitution  are  proved 
by  Plato's  proposed  law  for   compelling  the  sta- 
tuary to  form  each  statue  out  of  a  single  block  ; 
»nd   instances   abound  of    the  ch;mge   of  heads 
from   vanity,   caprice,   or  accident.      A   striking 
passage   in   Statins   charges   Ca)sar  with  the   in- 
credible folly  of  cutting  off  the  head  of  an  eques- 
trian statue   of  Alexander  by  Lysippus,  and  re- 
placing it  by  a  gilded  effigy  of  himself.     Tacitus 
states    that    Tiberius   decapitated    a   statue     of 
Augustus  to  make  room  for  his  own  head  ;  and 
the  gods  of  Greece,  including  the  Jupiter  Olym- 
pus of  Phidias,  were  similarly  treated  by  Caligula 
with  a  view  to   his  own  deification.     There  is  a 
statue  of  Pompey  at   Rome   reputed  to   be  the 
very  one  at  whose  base,  "  which  all  the  time  ran 
blood,  great  Caesar  fell."     But,  objects  M.  Feuil- 
let  de  Conches,  we  must  have  recourse  to  some 
anecdote,  suspicious  as  ingenious,  to  be  persuaded 
that  the  head,  very  badly  restored,  is  really  the 
original  head.     Rome  is  full  of  anticiuity-mougers, 
who  will  supply   any   number   of  consids'  or  em- 
perors' heads  and  noses  to  order.     Napoleon  was 
a  great  admirer  of  Hannibal,  and  one  day  during 
a  visit  to  the  Lou^Te,  he  stopped  before  the  bust 
which  bears  the  name  of  his  hero,   and  inquired 
of   M.     Visconti,    the    distinguished    antiquary, 
whether  it  was  authentic.     "It  is  possible,"  was 
the   reply ;  "  the   Romans   erected   his  statue  in 
three  public  places  of  a  city  within  the  bounds  of 
which,  alone  among  the  enemies  of  Rome,  he  had 
cast  a  javelin.     Caracalla,  who  ranked  him  among 
the  great  captains,  also  raised  several  statues  to 
him  ;  but  all  this  is  much  posterior  to  Hannibal." 
"This  effigy,"  rejoined  Napoleon,  "has  nothing 
African  about  it.     Besides,   Hannibal  was  blind 
of  one    eye,    and  this   is   not.        Are    there   any 
medals  of  the  time  confirmatory  of  this  bust?" 
"  There  are  medals,  also  long  posterior."     Then  it 
has  been  done  apres  coup.     I   do  not  believe  in 
it."     Although  the  inference  from  the  eye  may 
not  be  deemed  conclusive  by  connoisseurs,  that 
drawn  from   the   want   of  contemporary   medals 
carries  weight.     \\Tien  medals  and  gems  fail,  the 
deficiency  is  not  unfrequently  supplied  by  inscrip- 
tions  or  books.     The  fine  bust  of  Cicero  at  the 
Vatican  is  authenticated  by  a  passage  in  Livy  as 
well  as  by  medals.     There  are  no  well-authenti- 
cated busts,  medals,  or  gems  of  Virgil  or  Horace  ; 
although  the  biographers  of  Virgil  do  not  hesitate 
to   describe    him  as    tall    and    dark,    with    long, 
flowing  hair,  whilst  the  personal  peculiarities  of 
Horace  may  be  collected  from  his  writings.     The 
best  bust  of  Plato  is  apocryphal,  which  is  pro- 
bably the  reason  why   Mr.     Grote's    last   great 
work,    "  Plato    and    the   other     Companions   of 
Socrates,"   appears  mthout  ^  a  frontispiece.^ r?ie 
Edinburgh  Review. 


many  years.  It  was  considered  a  remarkable 
work  of  mechanical  skill,  and  was  constructed  at 
an  expense  of  several  thousand  pounds.  The  loss 
to  Mr.  Viguoles  is  irreparable,  though  a  duplicate 
model  remains  in  the  engineering  -gallery  at 
St.  Petersburg,  placed  there  by  the  Emperor 
Nicholas  I.,  to  whom  it  had  been  presented,  with 
the  imperial  permission.  Attached  to  the  model 
was  a  printed  descriptive  account,  from  which  the 
above  particulars  are  extracted,  by  way  of  putting 
on  record  some  recollection  of  this  beautiful  and 
singular  work,  destroyed,  with  so  many  other  most 
precious  and  interesting  objects  of  nature  and  of 
science,  exhibited  in  the  Crj-stal  Palace. 


W 


PERSONAL. 

THORNEYCROFT  has  received  a  com- 
mission for  an  equestrian  statue  of  her 
Majesty  the  Queen,  as  companion  to  that  of  the  late 
Prince  Consort,  at  Liverpool.  The  cost  is  to  be 
£5,000. 

Mr.  Leather,  C.E.,  the  Contractor  of  Public 
Works,  to  whom  the  Admiralty  and  the  War  De- 
partment  consigned  the  execution  of  the  Portland 
breakwater  and  forts,  and  who  is  now  engaged, 
under  a  similar  contract,  in  the  construction  of  the 
foundations  for  the  marine  forts  at  Spithead,  has 
joined  Mr.  George  Smith,  of  Pimlico,  in  his  con- 
tract with  the  Admiralty  for  the  execution  of  the 
works  for  the  extension  of  Portsmouth  Dockyard, 
which,  according  to  the  terms  of  the  agreement 
with  the  Admiralty,  will  occupy  fully  four  years, 
and  involve  a  first  expenditure  of  upwards  of  a 
milUon  and  a  half  sterling. 

Mr.  Thomas  Charles  Sorby  has  been  appointed 
to  the  surveyorship  of  police  buildings  in  the 
metropoUtan  district,  and  of  county  courts,  in 
room  of  the  late  Mr.  Charles  Reeves,  the  architect. 
Mr.  Reeves,  who  died  on  the  6th  ult.,  in  con- 
junction with  his  partner,  Mr.  Butcher,  designed 
many  of  the  county  courtain  London,  and  the  chief 
towns  in  England. 


Hu>"TLY. — The  ceremony  of  cutting  the  first 
turf  in  connection  with  the  coustrg.ction  of  the 
Huntly  Waterworks  took  place 'last  week.  For 
several  [years  the  want  of  a  sufficient  supply 
of  water  has  been  much  felt  at  Huntly,  and  several 
schemes  have  from  time  to  time  been  suggested. 
Ultimately  the  scheme  proposed  by  Mr.  Robert 
Anderson,  C.E.,  Aberdeen,  was  the  one  selected; 

Supply  oe  Water  to  Large  .  Towns. — The 
Duke  of  Richmond,  Sir  John.Thwaites,  Colonel 
Henry  Drury  Harness,  K.E.,  Alderman  Phillips', - 
Mr.  Thomas  .Elhot  Har;-isou,  and  Mr.  Josejih 
Prestwich,  have  been  appointed  commissioners  for 
the  purpose  of  ascertaining  what  supply  of  un- 
polluted and  wholesome  water  can  be  obtained  by 
collecting  and  storing  water  in  the  high  grounds 
of  England  and  Wales,  either  by  the  aid  of  natural 
lakes  or  artificial  reservoirs,  at  a  sufficient  eleva- 
tion for  the  supply  of  the  large  towns,  and  to 
report,  firstly,  which  of  such  sources  are  best 
suited  for  the  supply  of  the  metropolis  and  its 
suburbs.  Secondly,  how  the  supply  from  the 
remaining  sources  may  be  most  beneficially  dis- 
tributed among  the  principal  towns. 


FIRE    AT    THE    CRYSTAL    PALACE. 

DE3TRUCTI0S   OP   MODELS. 

i  MONO  the  many  works  of  art  consumed  by 
ii.  the  late  fire  at  the  Crystal  Palace,  were  the 
extensive  and  valuable  collections  of  naval  and 
engineering  models  placed  in  the  galleries  of  the 
tropical  department.  Conspicuous  among  these 
was  the  model  of  the  great  suspension  bridge, 
half  a  mile  in  length,  over  the  River  Dnieper,  at 
Kieff,  in  Russia,  erected  about  fifteen  years  ago 
by  Mr.  Vignoles,  F.R.S.,  for  the  then  emperor, 
at  a  cost  of  nearly  half  a  milUon  sterling.  This 
model  was  first  shown  in  London  at  the  Exhibi- 
tion of  1351,  and  was  subsequently  placed,  on 
loan,  in  the  Crystal  Palace,  where  it  had  remained 


WAGES    AND    SHORT    TIMB 

The  carpenters  and  joiners  of  Cardiff  have 
given  notice  of  a  rise  of  wages  of  3s.  per  week, 
to  take  effect  from  March  next. 

By  the  stoppage  of  a  shipbuilder  in  Greenock, 
2,000  men  have  been  thrown  idle.  There  are 
now  ■2,500'mea  unemployed  in  the  town. 

At  ten  o'clock  on  Monday  morning,  all  the  non- 
society  joiners,  with  the  exception  of  a  small 
number,  including  apprentices,  left  their  employ- 
ment on  the  "  Great  Eastern,"  owing  to  a  difference 
with  their  employers  about  wages. 

Importation  of  Joiners'  Work. — An  importa- 
tion of  joiners'  work  has  lately  been  made  into 
this  country  from  Stockholm,  consisting  of  panelled 
doors,  jamb-linings,  architraves  and  skirtings,  ma- 
chine-made and  well  put  together,  of  excellent 
workmanship  and  of  first-rate  material.  They  are 
made  to  EngUsh  sizes,  and  have  been  offered  for 
sale  at  prices  considerably  below  those  which  are 
given  for  English  work  and  material  of  the  same 
quality.  It  is  understood  that  the  machines  which 
have  been  employed  in  making  them  are  of  Eng- 
lish manufacture,  imported  into  Sweden. 

Malvebn. — The  masons  have  given  notice  for 
reduction  of  the  hours  of  labour  to  55J  hours 
per  week  from  the  1st  of  May  next.  The  reduc- 
tion is  pi  oposed  to  be  made  by  commencing  work 
at  7  a.m.  on  Monday,  and  by  leaving  off  at  1  p.m. 
on  Saturday. 

The  Belgian  Iron  Districts. — The  wages 
earned  in  the  Belgian  iron  districis  are  ; — Furnace- 
keepers,  2s.  Id.  t'l  2.1.  lid.  per  day  ;  fiUers,  Is.  8d. 
to  2.^.  Id.  :  box  fillers.  Is.  4d.  to  Is.  8d. ;  labourers, 
Is.  5  1.  to  la.  8  1.  In  the  foundries,  moulders  get 
2s.  to  23.  lid. ;  dressers,  2s.  to  23.  6d. ;  labourers, 
Is.  51.  to  2i.  Id.  In  the  forges,  puddlers  get 
4s.  2d.  to  5 i.:  under  hands,  2s.  3d.  to  3s.  Id.  ; 
rollers,  43.  2d.  to  Ss.  lOd.  ;  helpers,  3s.  4d.  to 
4s.  2d.  ;  shearers,  Is.  lOd.  to  23.  6d.  ;  labourers. 
Is.  5d.  to  23.  Id. 


■WATER.  SUPPLY  AND  SANITARY 
MA.TTERS. 

ThePhiladelphians  areabout  to  erect  a  mammoth 
reservoir,  which  it  is  proposed  shallj  furnish  the 
city  with  8,000,000  gallons  per  day.  It  seems 
that  during  the  past  summer,  a  majority  of  cholera 
cases  occurred  in  the  north-western  part  of  the 
city,  where  the  water  is  very  poor. 


LEGAL  INTELLIGENCE. 

Caution  to  Builders.  —  Abraham  Harris,  a 
brickmaker  at  Reading,  was  summoned  for  having, 
on  the  12th  inst.,  in  Upper  Crown-street,  caused  a 
drain  to  communicate  with  the  public  drain,  con- 
trary to  the  Local  Government  Act.  Defendant 
said  he  was  out  in  the  country,  and  knew  nothing 
of  the  matter  till  he  received  the  summons. — Mr. 
Woodman  said  that  he  received  an  application 
from  Mr.  Brown,  on  behalf  of  Mr.  Harris,  of 
Southampton-street,  to  allow  a  water  and  sink 
drain  to  communicate  with  the  sewer.  Permis- 
sion was  given,  and  on  examination  shortly  after- 
wards the  drain  from  the  watercloset  was  also 
connected,  and  the  closet  had  been  used. — Mr. 
Carter,  assistant  surveyor,  gave  similar  testimony. 
— Defendant  said :  The  connection  has  been  cut 
off,  and  the  complainants  asked  me  this  morning  to 
admit  the  charge,  but  I  will  never  admit  what  I 
never  did. — Mr.  Rogers  said  that  the  magistrates 
had  no  discretion  in  fixing  the  fine.  The  amount, 
according  to  the  act,  was  £5,  costs  12s. 

To  Architects. — At  the  Portsmouth  County- 
courtafewdaysago,thecaseof  Rawlinsonand  Son  i\ 
Whenham  was  heard.  This  was  an  action  to  re- 
cover for  professional  services  alleged  to  have  been 
rendered  by  the  plaintiffs,  architects  and  surveyors. 
One  point  of  interest  only  arose,  and  that  had 
reference  to  an  item  for  preparing  an  "  agree- 
ment." His  Honour  remarked  that  he  questioned 
very  much  whether  an  architect  could  prepare  an 
agreement.  The  senior  plaintiff  said  it  was  cus- 
tomary. He  was  frequently  in  the  habit  of  pre- 
paring agreements. — His  Honour:  If  that  be  so, 
you  may  as  well  say  that  any  person  can  prepare  a 
deed  of  conveyance.  The  plaintiffs  were  non- 
suited 

The  Law  of  Distraint  fok  Rent. — A  corre- 
spondent writes : — Permit  me,  through  the  medium 
of  your  columns,  to  place  before  your  readers  a 
point  connected  with  the  law  of  distraint  for  rent, 
which  I  think  the  pubho  in  general  are  ignorant 
of.  On  the  10th  of  last  September  a  broker  levied 
for  rent,  amounting  to  £32  lOs.,  at  some  premises 
in  Millbank-street,  where  property  of  mine  (o£ 
trifling  value)  was.  The  goods  were  condemned 
on  the  1 7th,  and  on  the  same  day  I  gave  the  broker 
notice  that  a  particular  piece  of  property  (describ- 
ing it)  was  mine,  and  not  the  tenant's.  The  no- 
tice was  disregarded,  and  the  sale  by  auction  fixed 
for  the  25th,  on  the  premises.  I  attended  it,  and 
when  the  auctioneer  arrived  at  the  lot  which  repre- 
sented my  property,  I  called  upon  him  to  ascertain 
if  he  had  not  sold,  of  the  tenant's  goods,  for  a 
sufficient  amount  to  satisfy  the  rent  and  expenses. 
He  cast  his  book,  and  told  me  he  had  not.  My 
lot  was  then  put  up,  and  I  had  to  buy  back  and 
pay  for  my  own  property.  The  next  day  I  re- 
quested the  broker  to  furnish  me  with  an  account 
of  the  sale,  and  how  the  proceeds  were  applied. 
He  repudiated  me  in  toto,  and  would  give  me  no 
information  whatever.  Finding  I  could  get  no 
redress,  and  beheviug,  as  I  stUl  do,  that  more  than 
sufficient  was  realised  from  the  tenant's  goods  to 
satisfy  everything,  I  took  out  a  summons  in  the 
Westminster  County-court  against  the  broker  for 
the  amount  I  gave  for  my  own  property.  The 
summons  was  heard  last  Thursday,  and  I  was  non- 
suited by  the  judge  on  the  ground  that  at  law  I 
had  no  claim  against  the  broker  whatever,  that  he 
was  not  bound  to  show  me  any  account  or  give 
me  any  reason  why  he  had  sold  my  property  to  pay 


14 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


January  -1,  18Bt. 


another  mau's  rent,  and  that  my  only  remedy  was 
against  the  tenant.  Now,  sir,  if  this  is  the  law. 
look  In  what  a  position  a  lodger  may  he,  and  I 
have  no  doubt  often  is,  placed ;  his  goods  may  be 
seized  and  sold  to  jray  his  landlord's  rent  by  an 
arrangement  (at  the  cost  of  a  guinea  or  two)  madt 
between  him  and  the  broker,  although  there  may 
be  ample  property  belonging  to  the  tenant  of  the 
house  to  pay  the  rent  witiiout  touching  the  lodger'.s 
goods  at  all ;  and  the  only  remedy  the  unfortunate 
lodger  has  is  to  bring  an  action  at  law  against 
his  landlord,  when  if  he  gains  a  verdict  it  Ls  pro- 
bably obtained  against  an  insolvent,  whose  goods 
are  protected  from  execution  by  a  colourable  bill 
of  sale,  whilst  the  broker  who  committed  this 
act  of  villany  escapes  scot  free. 


NOTICE. 
*,*  The  BuiLDrao  Nkws  inserts  advertisements 
for  "  Situations  Wanted,"  &c.,  at  One  Shilling  for 
the  first  Twenty-four  Words. 


TO  COHBESPONDENTS. 

To  OUR  RE.4DEB3. — We  shall  feel  obliged  to  Mij  of  our 
Teadera  who  will  favoui-  us  with  brief  uotea  of  works  con- 
templated or  ill  progress  iu  tlie  provinces. 

Letters  relating  to  advertisements  and  to  the  ordin.iry 
business  of  the  paper  should  be  .^ddresi^ed  to  the  Editor, 
166,  Fleet-street.  Advertisemeuts  fur  the  cui'rent  week 
must  reach  the  office  before  5o'clock  p.m.  on  Thursdays. 


RECErvzD.— S.  R.— R.  P.— R.  S.  J.  B.— J.  H.— P.  and  K. 
— M.  R.  and  Co.— W.  S.  R.— W.  T.— E.  B.  and  J.— T.  and 
A.— J.  S.— H.  C— C.  F.  B.—C.  B.^W.  K.— R.  W.  H.— 
ti.  H.  P.— E.  W.  L.— C.  L.  E.— T.  C.  S.— J.  II.— B.  and 
M.  W.— J.  A.— H.  G.— M.  and  Co.— H.  P.— C.  C.  and  Co. 

E.  B.,  Norwich,  asks  for  additional  information  on 
"  Deodoris.ation  by  Dry  Earth."  We  have  written  to  our 
*'  special  correspondent ,"  who  reported  the  Leamington 
Congress,  for  the  same. 

W.  II.  T.,  J.  H.,  itc. — There  are  sever.al  questions  and 
answers  which  must  remain  over  tm  nest  week. 


fctspoiibciitf. 


MODERN   ARCHITECTURE. 

To  the  Editor  of  the  Bhildinq  News. 

SiJl, — In  proportion   as   an   architect  is  a  great 
artist  he  will  produce  good  work  in  any  style.     It 
is  not   style  that  makes  the  architect  either  great 
or  small.    The  architecture  of  Greece  was  remark- 
able for   its  exquiiiitely  refined  sense  of  form  and 
Ijroportion.      After    the   decline  of    the    Roman 
Umpire,    however,   all   the  countries  of  Western 
Europe   commenced   to  develope  a  new  architec- 
ture ;    it  started  upon  the  Roman,  but  giadually 
developed  a  new  character,  the  different  branches 
of   the    Teutonic   and  Celtic  races  giving  to  their 
own   works  their  respective    national  tiaits,    the 
various  developments  in  Europe  being  also  much 
affected    by  the   lUffereut  climates  ia  which  they 
were  each  completed.     This  architecture  attained 
its  perfection  of   constructive   form  in   the  thir- 
tcenth  century  ;  up  to  that  date  it  had  gone  on  im- 
proving in  method  of  construction.     All  nationali- 
ties when  young  produce  good  construction.     The 
savage  of  the  present  day  constructs  well,  because 
he  constructs  upon  first  principles.     Construction 
having  attained  its  full  development  in  the  thir- 
teenth   century,    the   architectural    mind  turned 
towards  refinement   and  delicacy  of  form  ;  it  saw 
very  well   that,   although  the  thirteenth  century 
had    produced  perfect    constructive    form,    that 
form   was  often  rude ;  consequently,  in  the  four- 
teenth  and  fifteenth   centuries  we  find  the  forms 
of  architecture  and  general  objects  assuming  much 
greater  beauty   and   delicacy   of    outline,  with  a 
marked  aspect  of  more  complete  civilisation.     All 
ornamentation   was    more    elaborate,   as  well  as 
more   refined,  in  form.     The  gradual  advance  of 
civilisation,  however,  had  the  effect  of  leading  the 
Itahan  mind  back  to  the  old  Classic  authors,  and 
art  was  also   conducted   iuto  the  same  channels 
until  in  Italy  it  became  wholly  based  on  the  work 
of   ancient    Greece  and  Rome.     The   marvellous 
intellect  of  such   men   as   Michael  Angelo,  their 
complete  sense  of  the  beauties  of  ancient  art,  the 
admirable  way  in  which  they  adapted  it  to  their 
own   times,    the    fact    of   its  being    Roman,    all 
tended  to  make  the  movement  European  as  well 
as    Italian,  and  we   know  how  in  this  country  in 
the  times    of    Elizabeth  the  intellect,  literary  and 
artistic,   was   iuliuenced   by    Italy.      In  England 
there   were  no   models  left;    this,    added  to  our 
barbarian    origin,    tended  to   keep  the  national 


architecture  alive.  The  Elizabethan  architects  only 
adopted  a  certain  amount  of  classicism,  and  which, 
iu  many  instances,  gave  great  charm  to  their 
decorative  forms.  Our  national  architecture  was 
all  this  time  developing  itself  in  the  direction  of 
domestic  building  ;  the  mansions  of  the  period 
were  admirable  in  every  important  principle. 
Still  later,  at  the  time  of  Queen  Anne,  although 
in  all  gi-eat  buildings  the  Classic  style  of  Italy 
had  been  introduced,  the  brick  houses  retained 
their  national  character,  the  high  roof  remained, 
but,  as  a  more  convenient  form  of  glazing  m  sash 
frames  had  been  introduced,  the  windows  assumed 
the  well-known  segmental  form  of  the  period. 

Although    the   revived   style  of  Italy  was  well 
represented  in    this   country  at  a  somewhat  later 
period,  and  although  our  architects  knew  well  its 
distinctive  merits,  the  style  can  hardly  be  said  to 
suit  our  climate.     Still,  we  could  not  afford  to  be 
without  the   admirable    examples  we  have  of  it. 
They   are    examples   of  a  development  of  beauty 
that  all  true  artists  must  admire.     We  should  be 
thankful   for  beauty    of  any  kind.     The  Romans 
must  have  budt   beautifid   buildings,  and  luigo 
Jones  built   beautiful  houses,  although    not  per- 
fectly  iu   accordance  with  our  climate ;   still,  the 
beautiful  is  so   attractive  that  we  easily  slip  over 
this   little  difficulty.     Any  real   artist   would  be 
very  glad  to  see  a  Classic  church  buUt  now,  if  it 
were  only   good  architecture  of  its  kind.     In  like 
manner,  we  should  be  equally  glad  to  see  a  building 
iu  the  style  of  the  thirteenth  century  of  Perigord, 
if  it  were  only  good,  and  not  a  mere  copy  of  the 
old.     And  this    brings   one  to    consider  the  posi- 
tion of  modern  architecture.    It  is  not  so  much  the 
question  of  style,  but  the  unfortunate  fact  remains 
that  modern  architecture    is    without   invention 
and  without  beauty.    It  would  matter  little  about 
style  if   there  were  only  merit  and  beauty  of  any 
kind.     But  yet  the  principle  upon  which  modern 
architecture  is   to  proceed  is  one  of  great  import- 
ance,  and  one  which  architects  seem  little  likely 
to   be  agreed   about.      You  may  go  back  to  the 
thirteenth   century,    or   to   the    Greeks,  but  your 
architecture  will  remain   a  copy,  and  a  piece  of 
antiquarianism.     You  may   be   eclectic,  but  you 
will  only  copy   the   forms  of  various  places  and 
times.      You  may   bring  your  architecture  from 
the  South  of  France,  or  from  Hindustan,  but  that 
will  not  make  it  English  ;  it  will  only  be  a  copy  of 
French  or  Indian  architecture,  it  will  belong  to  a 
different   race   and  a  different  climate.     Consider- 
ing the  admitted  want  of  artistic  invention  in  our 
times   when  compared   with  the  great  ages  of  art, 
a  little  modesty  would  be  wise,  if  we  could  only 
learn   to  study  old  art,  not  to  copy  its  forms,  but 
to  acquire  the  spirit  of  beauty  running  through  it, 
remembering   that  each  country  has  developed  a 
form    of   beauty  and   a  practical  character  which 
answer  fully  to  its  wants  and  to  its  national  feel- 
ing.    An    Englishman  of  the  nineteenth  century 
will  never  feel  as  a   Greek,  or  a  man  of  Perigord 
of  the  thirteenth  century.    1 1  is  usely  to  try,  and 
can    be  of  no  advantage  ;   the  age  is  gone,  aud  we 
are  in  another.     If  you  can  learn    the   spirit  of 
construction   of  the  thii-teenth   century   without 
copying  its  forms,  you  will  learn  something  worth 
knowing ;    and  there  is  as  much  to  be   learnt  in 
every   other   period    of   art.    Each  has  its  distinct 
merits ;  only  iu  the  present  time  we  unfortunately 
do  n(jt  learn  the  spirit,  but  only  make  bad  copies 
of  the  forms. 

To  a  young  architect  of  the  present  day  one  can 
ouly  say  study,  study  everywhere — in  the  wilds 
of  Siberia,  if  so  iuclined ;  but  only,  my  friend, 
sjiare  us  the  eclecticism  when  you  come  home. 
Unfortunately,  travelliug  does  not  make  genius. 
Florence  aud  Rome  were  suflicient  for  Michael 
Angelo.  It  may  seem  odd  to  a  young  architect 
of  IStiti  that  it  is  possible  for  a  man  of  genius  to 
learn  all  he  requires  of  his  art  in  his  own  country, 
that  it  is  po.ssible  to  develope  an  architecture 
suited  to  his  time  out  of  that  which  his  country 
aSbrds  him  for  study.  If  he  could  only  forget 
centuries  and  learn  common  sense,  if  he  could 
ouly  learn  the  spiiit  aud  forget  the  date,  he 
might  also  learn  that,  with  common  sense,  there- 
particular  form.  But  one  sees  that  he  has  no  notion 
fore  good  construction,  as  a  basis,  he  may  easily 
continue  in  the  spirit  and  traditions  of  his 
country  without  being  slavishly  tied  down  to  one 
of  the  spirit  except  by  copying  its  forms.  Let 
lum  consider  how  the  brick  architecture  of  Queen 
Anne's  time  was  distinctly  English  iu  character, 
just  as  the  fourteenth  century  was  ;  the  same 
spu-it  pervaded  both,  yet  they  are  widely  diff'erent 
"~  '  Let  us  pray  for  modesty  and  simplicity 

'  I  am,  &c,, 

A.  B.  C. 


THE  GENERAL  CREDIT  COMPANY. 

Sir, — As,  in^  a  former  number  of  the  Building  New.s, 
you  were  pleased  to  review  the  Building  of  the  General 
Credit  Company,  at  the  comer  of  Lothbury,  and  alluded 
to  the  so-called  clever  treatment  of  the  waterpipes,  from 
the  roof  at  the  angle  of  the  building  in  question,  and, 
further,  as  in  your  number  of  last  week  the  allusion  is  re- 
peated, permit  me  to  state  that  the  spiral-shafted  angles 
conceal^  nothing  whatever ;  the  down  pipes  are  carried 
down  in  the  interior  of  the  premises  to  the  drains  in 
chases  for  the  purpose.  The  decoration  in  question  ia  simply 
a  decoration,  and  one  very  common  in  domestic  buUdings 
in  North  Italy.  Had  I  wished  to  place  the  doivn  pipes  ex- 
ternally I  should  havesho^vn  them  in  their  proper  material, 
vi2.,  lead,  and  not  at  the  angle  of  the  buildings,  as  in  tliia 
case.  I  would  also  remark  that  the  bas-relief  does  not  re- 
present Commerce.  The  female  figure  represents  Enterprise 
assisting  with  capital  the  development  of  industrial  works 
generally,  such  as  mining,  steam  navigation,  agricultural 
works,  &c.  The  bas-relief  was  modelled  from  my  suggestions 
and  under  my  supervision  most  excelleutly  by  Mr.  Redfem. 
-^l  am,  &c..  The  Architect. 

20,  Cockspui'-street,  Pjill  MaU, 
S.W. 


Iiitcrfoiniuiuucittloii. 


QUESTIONS. 

FIRE  DAMP. 

[170.]— I  shall  feel  obliged  if  you  or  any  of  your  readers 
interested  in  the  prevention  of  colliery  accidents  would 
favour  me,  through  the  medium  of  your  valuable  journal, 
with  a  description  of  AnseU's  indicator  for  the  purpose  of 
ascertaining  the  presence  of  fire-damp  in  mines';  and 
whether  any  inquiry  be  made  at  tile  forthcoming  session 
by  a  commission  to  be  instituted  to  investigate  the  real 
advantages  of  the  invention,  in  order  that  its  adoption  in 
mines  be  made  compulsory.  S.  M. 

BIRKENHEAD  PUBLIC  BATHS'  COMPETITION. 

[171.] — CauNyou  or  any  of  yoiu- readers  inform  the  com- 
petitors what  has  been  dtme  iu  this  matter  ?  The  designs 
were  sent  in  on  September  1  last,  and  I  think  the  com- 
mittee should  either  return  the  drawings,  <tc.,  or  give 
some  information,  seeing  that  they  have  h.ad  four  months 
for  deliberation.  A  CoilPETiToa. 


DURABILITY  OF  ZINC. 

[172.] — 'Will  you  or  any  of  your  numerous  readers  inform 
me,  through  your  paper,  of  the  durabihty  of  zinc  for  roofs, 
its  cost  per  square,  timber  and  ail  included,  for  spans  of 
about  45ft.  ?  Does  the  steam  arising  from  farmyards  injure 
the  metal  ?  yf,  SiNDS. 


I 


TANKS  FOR  CONSERVATORIES. 
[173.] — I  tike  the  liberty  of  requesting  some  of  the  sub- 
scribers of  your  journal  to  kindly  answer  the  following 
question  for  me.  I  am  about  to  put  up  a  tank  to  supply  a 
conservatory,  and  I  want  it  to  liold  about  7,000  gallons. 
As  the  supports  are  already  built  conTeniently,  I  wish  to 
make  the  tauK  to  suit  them.  It  must  not  be  "longer  than 
13ft,  Gin.  nor  wider  than  7ft.  6in.  I  waut  to  know  what 
depth  it  ought  to  be  to  hold  the  above  quantity  of  water. 

M.  G. 


THE  PITCH  AND  SPAN  OF  ROOFS. 
[  1 7-1.]— Tlie  late  gale  having  nearly  stripped  the  roof  of  .i 
house  which  was  a  vei-y  high  one,  1  am  engaged  to  lower 
the  pitch  of  the  roof  to  about  2  to  1.  The  span  of  the  vool* 
is  li4ft.  Gin.,  and,  as  the  owner  does  U')t  intend  to  nso 
the  old  rafters,  which,  indeed,  are  not  fit  to  be  used,  I  have 
to  provide  new  ones,  and  also  new  slates  instead  of  the  old 
tiles.  Would  yon  be  so  good  as  to  let  me  know  what 
scantlings  my  rafters  ought  to  be  for  a  kingpost  truss.  The 
slates  will  weigh  about  5i  cwt.  per  square,  aud  I  want  to 
put  the  priucipals  about  fOft.  apart.  A.  C. 

WATER  THROUGH  PIPES. 

[175.] — Would  any  of  your  readers  be  good  enough  to  in- 
form me  how  to  make  the  following  calculation  :— I  have 
jmt  a  Sin.  pipe  iuto  a  stream  to  bring  water  close  to  my 
house.  The  depth  of  water  over  the  pipe  is  2ft.  and  2ft.  Gin., 
according  to  circnmstanceg.  How  many  gallons  may  I  <^- 
pect  to  get  per  hour  for  the  smallest  depth  of  2ft.  ? 

HOUSEKEEPSR. 


in  form. 

in  architecture.- 


FOUNDATION  FOR  A  CRANE. 

[176.]— Could  you  let  me  know  iu  your  next  number 
what  sort  of  a  foundation  T  ought  to  put  in  for  a  3-tou 
crano  ?  The  ground  is  chalk  at  a  depth  of  17ft.  under  the 
surface,  and  gravel  at  a  depth  of  Sft.  under  the  surface,  so 
that  I  have  9ft.  of  gravel  before  coming  to  the  chalk.  Cau 
I  biiild  upon  the  gravel  with  safety?  Whahf. 


[17 


THE  BRITISH  MUSEUM. 

] — I  beg  to  ask,  through  the  medium  of  your  valu- 
able journal,  what  are  the  necessary  qualifications  for  a 
young  person  to  obtain  admission  to  the  library  or  reading 
room  of  tha  Britieh  Museum,  and  whether  books  can  bo  got 
outoruot?  STCDE^•T. 


SIDE  DRAINS. 

[178.] — Would  you  let  me  ask  in  your  paper  what  is  the 
usual  depth  to  put  in  side  drains  along  a  road,  under  the 
surface,  and  how  to  prevent  the  edges  of  open  drains  in 
marshy  ground  from  filling  in?  Road  Met.aller. 

[The  side  drains  may  be  put  in  about  Sft.  below  the  sur- 
face of  tlie  road.  The  best  plan  to  prevent  the  edges  of 
.open  drains  from  breaking  and  falling  into  and  choking  up 
the  channel,  is  to  give  the  slopes  a  very  flat  batter  and 
dress  them  well  with  the  back  of  the  ipfide  or  ahovel  used 
in  cutting  them.] 


January  4,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


15 


THE  RESISTANCE  OF  ROADS. 

[179.]_i  b«g  to  trespaad  on  your  apaco  a  little  with  your 
perraiaaion.  What  ia  tho  resistance  iu  pounds  per  ton, 
neglecting  gravity,  on  a  niacadamiBed  road,  a  paved  road, 
ft  railroad,  and  ou  a  gravel  road  rather  soft  ? 

QUBSTIONER. 


FRENCH  METRES  AKD  ENGLISH  FEET. 
[150,] — Could  any  of  your  numerous  contributora  give  me 
a  short  role  for  converting  French  metres  into  English  feet 
and  decimals?     I  should  ba  much  obliged  to  anyone  giving 
me  the  information.  Metke. 


THE   INSTITUTE    OF    ARCHITECTS.— CONDITIONS 
OP  MEMBERSHIP. 

[ISI.]— Will  you  kindly  inform  me  how  I  can  become  a 
member  of  the  Institute  of  British  Architects?  I  have  had 
about  eighteen  years'  gpod  experience  aa  draftsman,  clerk  of 
works,  and  as  an  architect  and  surveyor  for  a  period 
of  about  seven  yeara  out  of  that  time  ;  and  carried  out  about 
£30,000  to  £40,000  worth  of  first-rate  work  on  my  own 
ftooount,  and  still  enjoy  a  good  practice.  But  I  shouJdlike 
to  join  a  set  of  men  wbo,  like  myself,  do  not  work  under 
£5  percent.,  4c.  I  must  add  that  I  am  not  acquainted 
with  any  member  of  the  Institute.  Is  it  a  costly  and  a 
difficult  matter?  Old  Year. 

[We  fear  that  if  "Old  Year"  combines  the  business  of 
clerk  of  works  with  the  profession  of  uu  architect  he  would 
not  be  eligible  for  membership  of  the  Institute.  He  had 
better  addx-eas  a  letter  to  the  assistant  secretary  of  that 
Bociety,  Mr.  Charles  L.  Eastlake,  at  9,  Conduit -street, 
Hanover-square,  when,  no  doubt,  he  will  be  furnished  with 
tbe  particulars  which  he  requires.  The  amount  of  subscrip- 
tion for  members  depends  on  whether  they  enter  as 
••associates"  or  "fellows,"  and  whether  they  practice  iu 
town  or  coimtry.    In  any  case  it  is  very  moderate.] 


REPLIES. 
MEASURING  EXCAVATIONS. 
[\g7_] — Iq  answer  to  your  correspondent  *'  Excavator,"  I 
b^  to  send  the  following  answers: — 1,  565  cubic  yards 
VJ  cubic  feet ;  2,  910  cubic  yards  l^  cubic  feet ;  3,  940  cubic 
yards  12  cubic  feet  ;  4,  -7i>i  cubic  yards.  I  am  not  fully 
sure  about  the  last  two  Wing  very  correct,  aathe"  slopingjof 
tbe  aides"  is  not  very  explicit ;  but  I  shall  be  happy  to 
fUruish  him  with  anj-thlng  further  if  he  will  be  kind 
enough  to  more  fully  explain  his  last  two  questions. 

G.  Moss. 


SHUNTING  OF  RAILWAY  LINES. 

[IfiO.] — To  give  details  of  the  points,  erodings,  and 
switches  for  shunting  trains  from  one  line  to  another,  so  a.-* 
to  enable  them  to  be  made  and  laid  down,  is  a  professional 
matter,  and  one  which  could  not  lie  explained  in  your  co- 
lonins;  moreover,  complete  plans  for  etfectiug  the  opera- 
tion would  cost  two  or  three  guineas.  However,  I  think  I 
can  explain  to  your  correspondent  Tompkinson  what  would 
be  actually  required  in  the  case  he  alludes  to.     Iu  the  cut 


Ib  shown  what  is  wanted,  viz.,  six  crossings  and  three 
switch  box-jd  and  levers.  In  reality  seven  crossings  would 
be  required,  as  it  would  be  impo&aible  to  bring  the  lines  iu, 
as  represented  in  the  cut,  the  curves  being  much  too  sharp. 
Any  good  country  smith  can  make  the  V  for  the  crossings, 
cut  the  rails  longitudinally  to  form  the  points,  and  make 
the  rod  or  lever,  which  is  worked  by  a  counter  weight,  and 
the  switch  box.  I  have  had  many  so  made  ;  although,  if 
tbey  are  intended  to  be  permanent,  I  much  prefer  c^iot-irou 
cruaaings,  as  they  are  heavier,  quite  as  cheap,  and  keep  the 
waggons  on  the  r-ails  infinitely  tjetter  than  the  others.  I 
have  had  some  of  these  made  from  designs  of  my  own, 
which  have  answered  very  successfully  ou  small  mineral 
lines.  Every  engineer  knows  that  it  is  nearly  always  at 
the  crossings  where  waggons  and  often  the  engine  gets  off", 
and  the  cause  may  be  invariably  traced  to  the  crossings 
being  either  of  an  inferior  description  or  not  properly  laid 
down  with  respect  to   bedding,  fastening,  gauge,  or  curve. 

L.  P.  D. 


$uili)ui§  liiteiligciite. 


OHUBCHES  AND  CHAPELS. 

The  district  church  of  St.  Simon,  Southsea, 
was  opened  last  week.  It  haa  been  erected  from 
the  designs  of  Mr.  Thomas  Hellyer,  architect, 
Ryde,  by  Mr.  H.  Laurence,  of  Soutlisea.  The  cost 
of  the  church  was  about  £4,000. 

A  new  church,  to  cost  £10,000,  ia  about  to  be 
erected  by  Mrs.  Keade,  of  West  Derby,  at  Liver- 
pool. 

The  foundation  stone  of  a  wayside  chapel  of 
ease  has  been  laid  at  Swimbridge,  Devon.  The 
building,  which  is  to  be  dedicated  to  St.  Thomas, 
is  from  designs  by  Messrs.  Gould  and  Son,  of  Barn- 
utaple.  It  will  consist  of  a  nave,  4 oft.  by  18ft., 
chancel,  21ft.  by  ISft.,  and  vestry,  and  will  be  in 
the  First  Pointed  style.  The  contractor  is  Mr. 
John  Cock,  of  Southmolton.  The  total  cost  of 
the  chapel  will  bo  about  £900. 


A  new  Wesleyaa  Chapel  iu  Whitefield-road, 
Liverpool,  has  just  been  opened.  The  building, 
erected  from  designs  by  Mr.  C.  0.  Ellison,  is  iu  the 
Gothic  style,  and  will  seat  SOO  persons.  The  con- 
tractors are  Messrs.  Nicholson  and  Eyi-e. 

AUGHTO.v. — A  new  church,  costing  about  £5,000, 
is  to  be  built  in  this  parish,  on  a  site  given  by 
Colonel  Tempest,  of  Tong  Hall,  Yorkshire. 

St.  Paul's  Church,  Bedfokd. — This  so-called 
"  Metropolitan"  of  this  small  county  is  undergoing 
considerable  reparation,  and  is  again  being  re- 
established as  a  cruciform  church.  Late  in  Per- 
pendicular times  this  editice  must  have  been  re- 
modelled, if  not  almost  rebuilt,  though  there  are 
considerable  remains  of  Early  English  in  the  nave, 
and  some  Late  Decorated  in  the  chancel.  The 
ground  plan,  however,  was  reduced  to  a  parallelo- 
gram, measuring  45ft.  by  about  16oft.,  excepting 
the  porches  to  nave  and  the  vestry  attached  to 
the  north  side  of  the  chancel.  The  nave,  about 
half  the  whole  length,  has  two  noble  perpendicular 
windows,  of  five  lights  each,  for  its  west  front 
(end).  It  is  considered  interesting,  if  not  singular, 
in  having  its  aisle,  on  the  south,  exactly  of  the 
same  dimensions  as  itself  ia  width,  length,  and 
height,  so  that  it  is  sometimes  described  as  a  double 
nave,  with  its  arcade  of  columns  and  arches  in  the 
mitlst.  There  is  a  good  oak  roof,  renewed  about 
twenty  years  ago.  The  new  works  at  present 
comprise  the  steeple  and  its  abutting  transept 
north  and  south.  The  steeple  will  be  in  every 
way  superior  to  the  old  one,  though  the  general 
outline  of  it  has  been  preserved.  The  chief  stone 
was  laid  last  May,  as  noticed  in  the  Building 
News  at  the  time.  It  stands  upon  four  fine 
Early  English  piers  of  Portland  stone,  the  founda- 
tion being  laid  on  the  solid  rook,  much  below  that 
of  the  old  one.  It  has  now  reached  a  height  of 
70ft.,  and  the  spire,  when  finished,  by  Midsummer 
next,  will  make  the  whole  about  170ft.  from  the 
floor.  There  is  a  clock  with  four  dials ;  also  a 
peal  of  eight  bells,  tenor  28  cwt.  The  transept,  as 
rebuilt,  connects  in  one  mass  that  which  before 
resembled  two  small  churches  joined  together.  Mr. 
Palgrave,  of  Westminster  Chambers,  is  the  archi- 
tect ;  Myers  and  Son,  the  contractors,  for  nearly 
£5,000.  There  is  a  new  north  aisle  all  through  iu 
the  contemplated  additions,  and  is  much  needed  ; 
but  the  committee  will  have  to  appeal  again  to  the 
liberal  and  wealthy  of  the  neighbourhood  for  that 
help  which  the  parish  itself  cannot  afford. 

BUILDINGS. 

It  has  been  resolved  to  erect  another  hospital  at 
Liverpool  at  a  cost  of  £40,000.  Of  that  sum,  up- 
wards of  £24,000  has  been  subscribed. 

A  new  Independent  College  is  to  be  erected  at 
Nottingham,  and  a  large  piece  of  ground  has  just 
been  purchased  of  the  Nottingham  Corporation  for 
that  purpose. 

Dab  WEN. — On  Saturday  last  Mr.  Thomas  Hughes, 
M.P.,  laid  the  foundation  stone  of  a  new  Co-opera- 
tive Store  here.  Mr.  James  Maxwell,  of  Bury,  is 
the  architect.  The  building  will  be  built  of  Dar- 
wen  stone,  by  Darwen  contractors,  viz.,  Mr.  John 
Knowles,  mason's  work ;  Mr.  William  Kay,  joiner's 
work  ;  Mr.  John  Watson,  plas-terer ;  and  Mr.  W. 
Sutcliife,  plumber.  The  cost  of  the  new  store  will 
be  from  £6,000  to  £7,000. 

Hereford.  ■ —  The  new  Gloucestershire  Bank, 
erected  in  this  city,  which  is  now  near  its  comple 
tion,  is  located  at  the  junction  of  High-street  and 
Broad-street,  The  style  of  architecture  is  Italian, 
and  the  building  is  constructed  of  Bath  stone,  with 
occasional  courses  of  red  Forest  stone.  The  carv- 
ing is  by  Forsyth,  the  sculptor.  Messrs.  Medland, 
Maberly,  and  Medland,  of  London  and  Gloucester, 
are  the  architects,  from  whose  design  the  building 
has  been  erected  by  Messrs.  Iving  and  Godwin,  of 
Gloucester. 

New  University  College,  Glasgow. — By  direc- 
tion of  the  Building  Committee  of  the  New  Uni- 
versity College,  of  which  Mr.  G.  G  jScott,  R.  A.,  is  the 
architect,  plans  were  submitted  by  several  engineers 
for  the  ventilation  and  warming  of  the  building. 
After  due  consideration,  those  of  Mr.  W.  W.  Phip- 
son,  C.E.,  London,  were  accepted,  as  combining  all 
the  requirements  of  this  important  application. 
The  co.st  of  the  building  will  be  about  £200,000. 
Mr.  Thompson,  of  Peterborough,  is  the  contrac- 
tor. 

Walsall. — The  New  Guildhall. — The  open- 
ing of  this  building,  which  is  all  but  finished,  was 
celebrated  by  a  public  banquet  on  New  Year's  Day, 
his  Worship  the  Mayor  presiding.  The  hall,  which 
is  the  third  structure  of  the  kind  which  has  stood 
on  the  same  site,  is  iu  the  Italian  style.  The 
building  has  been  put  up  by  Mr.  Charles  Burkett, 


of  Wolverhampton,  the  amount  of  whose  contract 
price  was  £5,083.  The  erection  has  been  super- 
intended by  the  architect,  Mr.  G.  B.  Nichols,  of 
West  Bromwich  and  London,  and  will  be  com- 
pleted within  that  gentlemau's  estimate.  The 
fittings  have  been  supplied  chiefly  by  Messrs. 
Lambert  Brothers,  of  Walsall,  and  Messrs.  Bro;vn, 
Westhead,  and  Co.,  of  Hanley.  Mr.  Barton  acted 
as  clerk  of  the  works. 


STAINED  GLASS. 
Selbt. — Several  stained  glass  windows  have 
been  placed  in  the  venerable  Abbey  Church.  One 
window,  presented  by  Mrs.  John  Webster  (late 
widow  of  Captain  Frank,  mariner),  and  executed 
by  Messrs.  Waile-s,  of  Newcastle,  contains  repre- 
sentations of  Christ  stilling  the  tempest,  Peter 
walking  on  the  sea,  and  theclraught  of  many  fishes, 
and  is  placed  ou,the  north  side  of  the  choir,  to  the 
memory  of  Captain  Frank  and  his  two  children. 
Another  is  given  by  Mr.  John  Underwood,  of  Selby, 
and  designed  by  himself  in  ornamental  cathedral 
quarry  glass,  with  the  Selby  coat  of  arms  executed 
in  stained  glass  iu  the  centre.  This  is  placed  in 
the  west  front.  The  churchwardens  have  also 
placed  several  additional  windows  in  the  church 
this  Christmas. 

STATUES,   MEMORIALS,  &o. 

A  bust  of  Lord  Macaulay  has,  with  the  per- 
mission of  the  Dean  and  Chapter,  been  placed  in 
Westminster  Abbey  by  his  sister,  Lady  Trevelyan. 
It  rests  upon  a  handsome  bracket,  designed  by 
Mr.  Scott,  in  the  immediate  neighbourhood  of  the 
grave,  and  of  Addison's  statue  in  Poets'  Corner. 

The  Poet  Miekiewicz. — A  monument  has  just 
been  erected  to  the  poet  Adam  Miekiewicz,  iu 
the  cemetery  of  Montmorency,  which  the  Polish 
exiles  have  selected  as  their  Campo  Santa.  It  is 
the  work  of  M.  Preault,  a  well-known  French 
sculptor.  A  bronze  medallion,  enchased  iu  a 
smaU  stone  pyramid,  represents  the  poet  dying, 
the  expression  of  features  in  great  repose,  and 
the  likeness  perfect. 

The  Freedmen's  Monujient  to  Abraham 
Lincoln. — The  model  of  this  monument  was 
successfully  unpacked  and  set  up  for  exhibition  in 
the  art  gallery  of  the  Boston  Museum  on  the  11th 
ult.  It  recently  arrived  from  Italy,  and  is  the 
last  work  and  the  masterpiece  of  Harriet  Hosmer. 
She  regards  it  as  her  greatest  achievement,  and 
confesses  that  she  cannot  improve  it.  Reserving 
the  right  to  modify  or  alter  a  few  minor  details, 
she  otters  it  as  her  highest  conception  of  what  a 
monument  to  the  martyred  President  ought  to  be. 
The  model  will  be  exhibited  in  Boston,  New 
Y'ork,  and  Washington.  Then  an  eflbrt  will  be 
made  to  raise  the  money  necessary  to  complete  it 
in  the  massive  proportions  which  the  artist  con- 
templates. It  will  be  tJOft.  in  height ;  the  base 
will  be  60ft.  square.  The  architectural  work  will 
be  of  New  England  granite  ;  the  figures,  the  orna- 
ments, and  the  bas-rehefs,  of  bronze.  It  will  cost 
a  quarter  of  a  nulUou  of  dollars. 


§mnl  Items. 


iv;.i 


Her  Majesty  has  signified  her  intention  to 
publicly  open  the  Albert  Orphan  Asylum,  at 
CoUiugwood-court,  Bagshot,  in  J  une  next,  and  at 
the  same  time  to  lay  the  foundation  stone  of  a 
dining-hall  and  chapel. 

The  Mersey  Dock  Board  have  abolished  the  re- 
striction hitherto  existing  of  not  permitting  their 
chief  engineers  to  take  articled  pupils.  The  sub- 
ject was  discussed  at  a  meeting  of  the  Board  last 
week,  when  a  letter  was  read  from  the  Engineer- 
in-Chief  of  the  London  and  North-Western  Rail- 
way, stating  that  all  engineers-in-chief  enjoyed  the 
privilege  of  taking  articled  pupils,  and  nowhere 
was  there  a  better  school  for  such  pupils  than  the 
office  of  Mr.  Lyster,  the  present  engineer  to  the 
Board. 

Fall  of  a  Lighthouse. — The  old  lighthouse 
at  Cromer,  which  had  for  so  many  years  been  a 
conspicuous  object  on  the  edge  of  the  lofty  lull, 
has  at  last  succumbed  to  the  voracious  assaults  of 
the  sea.  It  toppled  do^vu  the  other  day,  and  was 
immediately  buried  by  a  great  fall  from  the  cliff 
which  followed  it. 

Sepulchral  Tuhuli  m  Westmoreland. — 
During  the  last  few  weeks  the  Rev.  W.  Greenwell, 
of  Durham,  accompanied  by  the  Rev.  James  Simp- 


16 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


January  4,  1867. 


son,  vicar  of  Kirkby  Stephen  ;  the  Rev.  Charles 
M.  Preston,  vicar  of  Warcop  ;  the  Rev.  T.  Tasker, 
of  Carlisle  ;  the  Rev.  Charles  Pixell,  of  Skirwith  ; 
and  Mr.  R.  Hewitson,  of  EUergill,  have  made  in. 
veatigations  in  five  sepulchral  tumuii,  situate  in 
the  mountainous  country  in  the  vicinity  of 
Appleby,  Brough,  and  Kirkby  Stephen.  The 
researches  have  been  of  the  most  interesting 
description,  the  excavations  yielding  the  remains 
of  the  ancient  Britons,  both  burnt  and  unbumt, 
and  in  two  cases  showing  the  practice  of  the 
Anglo-Saxon  adoption  of  older  barrows  for  their 
burials,  one  of  which  was  discovered  as  recorded 
just  100  years  ago,  and  another  important  illus- 
tration recently,  in  a  barrow  slightly  to  the  south 
of  Kirkby  Stephen,  a  British  burial  having  been 
disturbed  to  insert  the  rough  log  coffin  and  body 
of,  as  shown  by  the  funeral  accompaniments,  an 
Anglo-Saxon,  of  which  the  details  were  of  no 
value. 

"  Paved  with  Gold." — In  a  letter  to  the  Times, 
Mr.  J.  J.Mechi  says  :^"  The  great  City  of  London 
is  comprised  in  an  area  of  only  632  acres  and  a 
few  poles — in  fact,  the  size  of  a  farm  which  in  the 
country  could  be  had  for  a  rent  of  £600  to  £1000 
per  annum.  My  country  friends  will  be  astonished 
when  I  tell  them  that  the  last  cheap  thing  I  heard 
of  as  purchased  land  in  Lombard-street  was  over 
two  imlUons  sterling  per  acre,  or  nearly  £70  per 
square  foot  of  area.  A  friend  of  mine  thought 
himself  lucky  in  obtaining  a  site  a  few  years  ago 
at  only£l, 660,000  per  acre.  At  this  rate  the  good 
old  City  is  getting  really  '  paved  with  gold.'  What 
an  amount  of  generalship  is  effected  by  the  people 
themselves  when  some  600,000  persons  can  be  got 
safely  into  and  out  of  this  limited  area  each 
twenty-four  hours !  Our  brave  departed  Duke 
would  have  been  puzzled  to  have  accomplished 
such  a  wonder." 

Ford's  Theatre,  'VVASHmaTON. — The  theatre  in 
which  President  Lincoln  was  assassinated,  and 
which  was  purchased  by  the  Government,  is  being 
rapidly  filled  with  interesting  relics  of  the  war. 
The  archives  of  the  Southern  Confederacy  are  dc 
posited  there  already.  There  are  to  be  seen  there 
ill  the  latest  inventions  of  artificial  limbs,  and  also 
in  jars  ^nearly  all  portions  of  the  human  body 
attacked  by  diseases  or  wounds  incidental   to  war. 

The  Victoria  Building,  Investment,  and 
Freehold  Land  Society,  Birmingham.— The 
eighteenth  annual  meeting  of  this  society  was  held 
at  the  Public  Office,  Moor-street,  last  week.  The 
Chairman  (Mr.  Timothy  Jones)  said  that  notwith- 
standing the  very  trying  times  of  the  past  year 
a  considerable  business  had  been  transacted  ;  and, 
although  it  might  be  truly  said  that  less  building 
had  been  erected  in  the  town  during  the  year  than 
usual,  still  there  was  a  greater  demand  for  suitable 
dwellings  for  the  industrious  classes.  The  report 
was  then  read,  showing  the  receipts  from  all 
sources  to  be  £24,631  18s.  Id.,  and  the  disburse- 
ments £24,281  lOs.  6d. ;  this  with  a  balance  of  £350 
7a.  7d.  in  the  hands  of  the  secretary,  making  the 
total  sum  of  £24,631  18s.  Id.  The  report  referred 
to  the  high  rate  of  bank  interest  during  the 
year,  and  to  the  state  of  the  commercial  world, 
and  expressed  a  strong  hope  that  the  coming  year 
would  be  more  successful  to  all.  The  total  re- 
ceipts of  the  society  had  amounted  to  upwards  of 
£313,000.  ^ 

MEETINGS  FOR  THE  WEEK. 

Tuxs. — Royal  Institution.  —  "On  the  Cheraietry  of 
Gases "  (Juvenile  LectureaJ,  by  Professor 
Frankland,  3. 
Institution  of  Civil  Engineers. — Discussion  on 
Mr.  PrBece'a  paper,  "  lutercommuuication  iu 
Trains  in  Motion,"  8. 

Wed. — Geological  Society.— The  following  papers  will  be 
read: — 1,  "On  the  Age  of  the  Lower  Hrick- 
earthsof  the  Thames  Valley,"  by  Mr.  W.  Boyd 
Dawkina.  2,  "On  the  Occurrence  of  Conso- 
lidated Blocks  in  the  Drift  of  Suffolk, "by  Mr. 
George  Maw.  3,  "  On  the  Jurassic  Faunaand 
Flora  of  South  Africa,"  by  Mr,  Ralph  Tate,  8, 


patents  for  liikiitioits 

COWNBCTKD     WITH     THE     BUILDING     TRADE. 
^ 

143S  P.  J.  Messrnt.  Improvements  in  apparatua  for 
mixing  concrete  and  other  materiaU.     Dated  May  21,  186S 

The  novelty  in  this  mixer  conaiets  in  the  configuration 
disposition,  and  operation  of  the  vessel  in  which  the 
materials  for  making  the  concrete  or  mortar  or  other  ma- 
terials to  be  mixed  are  enclosed.  The  .Jixini;  ia  accom- 
plished by  the  revolution  of  the  said  vessel  oo  a  spindle,  the 
rotating  motion  being  communicated  by  hand,  horse, 
steam,  or  any  other  motive  power.  The  vessel  may  be 
made  of  cast  or  wrought  iron,  of  timber,  or  any  suitable 
material,  with  six,  ten,  or  a  larger  number  of  sides,  bo 
arranged  la  angular  position  to  each  other  that,  in  turning 


the  mixer  the  materials  are  turned  over  from  side  to 
aide,  as  well  as  in  the  direction  of  the  rotation  of  the 
vessel.  It  may  have  one  or  two  doors  or  openings,  which 
are  securely  closed  during  the  miiine  and  opened  for  re 
ceiving  and  discharging  the  materials  to  be  mixed,  and  the 
concrete  or  mortar  or  other  result  of  the  materials  mixed. 
The  vessel  should  not  be  more  than  half  filled  with  the 
materials  to  be  mixed  when  the  do  >r  being  closed  and  se- 
cured by  the  fastenings  concrete  will  be  thoroughly  mixed 
by  from  eight  to  fifteen  revolutions  of  the  vessel,  which, 
however,  should  not  he  at  a  greater  rate  than  fifteen  re- 
volutions per  minute,  twelve  rotations  per  minute  being 
the  preferable  rate  of  speed.     Patent  completed. 

1464  W.  Hkatbkikld.  Improvements  in  the  eonstruclion 
of  iron  girders  and  joists.     Dated  May  24,  1866 

This  invention  consists  in  forming  the  top  and  bottom 
flanges,  or  either  of  them,  of  iron  girders  and  joists 
of  a  curved  or  convex  shape  in  their  cross  section.  Patent 
abandoned. 

1465  J.  W.  HoffFMAN.  An  improved  hanging  centre  or 
centre  stop  for  doors,  gates,  swing  sashes,  blinds,  and  other 
similar  uses.     Dated  May  25,  1866 

In  performing  this  invention  the  inventor  employs  two 
cones,  the  one  a  male  and  the  other  a  female,  both  toothed 
or  ribbed  to  fib  the  one  into  the  other.  As  applied  to  a  door 
the  invention  is  carried  out  as  follows  :— The  female  cone 
is  fitted  with  lugs  by  which  it  may  be  screwed  oo  to  the 
edge  ..'f  the  door.  The  male  cone  is  furnished  with  a 
coiled  or  other  spring,  and  is  attached  to  the  sill,  both 
cones  being  ribbed  ;  the  spring  keeps  the  convexities  of  the 
one  in  the  concavities  of  theother,  and  thus  a  door  so  fitted 
may  he  placed  and  will  remain  open  at  any  required  dis- 
tance. For  swing  sashes,  toilet  glasses,  blinds,  and  many 
other  purposes  of  a  similar  nature,  the  same  appliance 
may  be  employed  as  a  centre  and  stop,  and  either  horizon 
tally  or  yertically.    Patent  abandoned. 


^rak  Itetos. 


TENDERS. 

Bedford. — Accepted  for  Mr.  Jarvia'a  brewbouse,  Bed- 
ford. Mr.  James  Horsford,  arohiteot.  Quantities  uup- 
plied: — 

Harrison,  bricklayer £7l2  12  6 

Joy,  carpenter 424  14  0 

Kilpin,  smith  and  founder  115    9  6 

Carling,  plumber,  painter,  4ic...     110  12  0 
Bbouohton  Park. — For  building  a  house  in  Broughton 
Park,  for  Mr.  John  Lowcock.    Mr.  Thomas  Tulley,  archi- 
tect;— 

Ledger £1.870 

Southern  and  Son 1,817 

Clay 1,780 

Neill  and  Son  (accepted)    1,777 

Enfield. — For  a  detached  villa,  to  be  built  in  the  Ridge- 
way  road,  Enfield,  for  Mr.  H.  W.  Draper.  Mr.  Thomas  J. 
Hill,  architect.  Quantities  supplied  by  Mr.  R.  L.  Curtis  : — 

Moreland  and  Burton £2,159 

Field  and  Sons 2,100 

Fairhead 1,876 

CuBhing  1,875 

Aoley    1,850 

Patman  Brothers 1,849 

Webband  Sons 1,757 

Hadlow. — For  a  row  of  four  labourers'  cottages,  at 
Hadlow,  for  Mr  W.  Crandwell.  Mr.  Henry  Stapley,  ar- 
chitect, Tunbridge  WelJa ; — 

Hammond   £508  10 

HoLBORK. — For  new  amphitheatre,  Holbora.  Messri. 
Smith  and  Sons,  architects : — 

Macey  £4,679 

Piper 4,500 

Henahaw 4,390 

Bracher  and  Son  4,300 

Ennor  4,080 

Park-lane.— For  new  front,  &c.,  to  a  shop,  in  Brick- 
street,  Park-lane.     Mr.  S.  Dyball,  architect:— 

Terrey  (accepted^    £57S  10 

Romford.— For  a  pair  of  semi-detached  villiis,  at  Rom- 
ford, for  Mr.  T.  Champness.  Mr.  C.  Pertwee,  architect, 
Chelmsford : — 

J.  Whithers,  Romford £1,048 

A.  Davey,  Romford 1,037 

W.  f^per,  Chelmsford    1,040 

J.  Hammond,  Romford 1,025 

WEaTMiNSTER.— For  a  new  dwelling  house,  in  Frederick- 
street,  Westminster,  for  Mr.  Eason.  Mr.  H.  W.  Budd 
architect  : —  * 

Clemence £555 

Hemraings 503 

King  and  Son 490 

Pemberton 475 

Mills  and  Sou  475 


BATH  STONE  OF  BEST  QUALITY. 
Randell  ANDSADNDERg,  Quarrymen  and  Stone  Mei» 
chants,  Bath.     List  of  Prices  at  the  Quarries  and   Dep-^t* 
also  Cost  for  Transit  to  any  part  of  the  United    Kingdom' 
furnished  on  application  to  Bath  Stone  Office.   Corsham* 
WiltJ.— [Advt.J  ' 


'BAKKRUVTB, 

TO  SUBRENDER  IN  BASINOHALLBTRKET. 
Tho9,\  Chapman,  jun..  New  North-road,  Hoiton,  cutler, 
Jan.  23,  at  1— Thomas  Cook,  late  of  Arbour-square,  Step- 
ney,  mechanical  engineer,  Jan.  23,  at  1— William  Dockett 
Winchester  street,  Kentish  New  Town,  journeyman  kev- 
maker,  Jan.  10,  at  1— Howard  Aahton  Holden.  Queen- 
street,  Cheapside,  and  Clifton -gardens,  Maid-wale  con- 
tractor for  public  works,  Jan.  9,  at  1— Robert  Jolly, 
late  of  Chatham,  cabinet  manufacturer,  Jan.  23.  at  1— 
George  H.  Manning.  Brid port- place,  Hoiton,  ironmonger 
Jan.  14,  atl2— James  Worms,  Ireland-yard,  Doctor's  Com- 
mons, builder,  Jan.  14,  at  12— David  Hales,  Forest-hill 
Kent,  builder,  Jan.  16,  at  11— William  George  Homcastle' 
Uigh-itreet,    Poplar,  auotioneer,  Jan.  23,  at  12— Heary 


Richard  Snow,  Whitstable,  buiMer,  Jan.  14,  at  1 — John 
Julian  Thompson,  Rotherhithestreet,  boat-builder, 
Jan.  14,  at  1 — John  James  Ward,  Woodford,  journeyman 
coach  builder,  Jan.    15,    at   1. 

TO  SURRENDER  IN  THE  COUNTRY. 
Thomas  Bartlett,  Yately,  Southampton,  builder, 
Jan.  11 — J.  FumifuU,  Southport,  Lancashire,' painter, 
Jan.  li — Peter  Gray,  South  Hilton,  contractor,  Jan.  8 
— J.  Hopkinson,  late  of  Rochdale,  contractor,  Jan.  17 
— Phillip  B,  Scott,  Cardifl",  civil  engineer,  Jan.  9 
— William  Barnes,  Crich,  Derbyshire,  quarryman,  Jan.  15, 
at  12 — William  Davies,  Liverpool,  joiner,  Jan.  15,  at  3 — 
Robert  Danby,  Burwell,  Cambridgeshire,  plumber, 
Jan.  15,  at  ll — Wi'liam  Davies,  Liverpool,  joiner,  Jan.  15, 
at  3 — Richard  Dodd,  Manchester,  screw  bolt  manufacturer, 
Jan.  11,  at  11 — John  Foster,  Doncaster,  cabinet  maker, 
Jan.  19,  at  12— Thomas  Fraser,  Harrington.  Cumberland, 
builder,  Jan.  11,  at  10 — William  M'Donald,  Keswick, 
blacksmith,  Jan.  10,  at  11 — James  CuUiford  Miller,  Sun- 
derland, block  and  mast  maker,  Jan.  IS,  at  12 — George 
James  Westcott,  Bournemouth,  builder,  Jan.  22,  at  11 — 
Hugh  Williams,  Bryntirion,  near  Langefiii,  joiner,  Jan.  11 
at  12. 

NOTICE  OF  8ITTING3  FOR  LAST  EXAMINATION. 

Jan.  18,  Q.  Wood,  Sunderland,  shipbuilder — Jan.  18,  A, 
Tait,  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  iron  merchant — Jan.  23,  T. 
Pound,  Kingswinford,  Staffordshire,  .blacksmith— Feb.  21, 
S.  M.  Gammage,  Hampstead,  painter — Feb.  26,  T.  B. 
Smith,  King"s-road,  Victoria-road,  builder — March  1,  T* 
Garrett,  Famborough,  journeyman  bricklayer — Jan.  28. 
E.  and  L.  Powell,  Hereford,  builders— Jan.  21,  D.  Esau, 
AbertiUery,  Monmouthshire,  contractor — Jan.  15,  T.  D. 
Perrott,  Bristol,  coachbuilder — Jan.  11,  G.  Wilson,  Old- 
ham, journeyman  millwright — Jan.  19,  3.  J.  Tozer,  Hora- 
ley  Heath,  Staffordshire,  journeyman  painter — Jan.  25,  C. 
Wilby.  Masbrough,  joiner— March  1,  M.  K.  Trott,  Wal- 
thamstow,  plumber. 

PABTNEB3HIP3  DISSOLVED. 

Hartop  and  Howroyd,  Bradford,  Yorkshire,  plumbers — 
Rownson  and  Drew,  Upper  Thames-street,  ironmongers — 
Thompson  and  Co.,  Hunalet,  engineers — Cunliffe  and  Co., 
Weatleigh,  Lancashire,  brickmakers — Kitto  and  Jackson, 
Compton-street,  Clerkenwell,  engineers — Bairstow  and  Co,, 
Ovenden,  machine  makers 

DECLARATIONS  OP  DIVIDEND. 

8.  Berrisford,  Stockport,  ironfounder,  3s.  od. — J.  Collier, 
Liverpool,  joiner,  23.  9d. — J.  Hunter  Burscough,  boat- 
builder,  rtjd. — W.  Johnson,  Leigh,  L&ncashire,  iron- 
founder,  20s. — Jolmsoa  andWliitaker,  Leigh,  Lancashire, 
ironfounders,  4h.  7d. 

DIVIDEND. 

Jan.  14,  G.  Weston,  Quemerford,  Calno,  Wilts,  builder, 

SCOTCH  SEQUESTRATION. 

Robert  Wilson,  Glasgow,  bellhanger,  Jan.  5,  at  12,  at 
Glasgow. 


I 


LATEST  PRICES   OF  MATERIALS   TTSED 
IN  CONSTRUCTION. 


TnuER.  datr  li 

Te&k   lo»d 

£»    0<10 

Quabec,  rod  pine 

S     6 

4 

,,       yellow  piiie. . 

3  15 

S 

St.  Johu  N.B.  yeUow 

0    0 

0 

QutbecOak,  vrhit«.. 

S  10 

0 

..       birch 

S  10 

4 

elm  

t  10 

* 

Dantsicokk  

1  10 

0 

flr     . 

a   0 

S    0 

t    0 

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Janoary  11,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


17 


THE   BUILDING  NEWS. 


LOSDOa,  FRIDAY,  JA.yUABY  U,  1S67. 


The  desims  are  arranged  as  follows  :- 


1. 


THE  NATIONAL  GALLERY  COMPETI- 
TION. 

TO  design  a  picture  gallery  in  these  days, 
with  the  experience  of  continental  archi- 
tects before   us,   is  not  a  very  difficult  task. 
Picture  galleries,   like  churches,  have  worked 
into  a  certain   groove,  and   it  will  take  some- 
thing more  than  one  original   architect  to  get 
them  out  of  it.     We  know  no  more  unhealthy 
sign  iu  art,  as  in  everything  else,  than  when 
things   get    into  that    .stereotyped   condition 
which  finds  expression  in  the  motto  "  rest  and 
be  thankful."     Satisfaction  in  any  condition  of 
art,  Greek  or   Gothic,  or  in  any  supposed  per- 
fection of  plan  or  proportion,  nieaus  inaction, 
and  consequently  death.      Not  very  long  ago 
the  art  world  included  a  respectable  number  of 
old  gentlemen  who  held  tenaciously    to  the 
belief  that  the  ultimate  possible  limit  of  man's 
art  power  was  attained  when,  in  the  midst  of 
one  exquisite  harmony  of  clime,  colovu',   cos- 
tume,  sculpture,  and  architecture,  the  Athe- 
nians unveiled  the  cryselephantme  statue  of 
their  great  Goddess  of  Wisdom.      That  this 
absurd  belief  has   not  quite    died  out  is  evi- 
dent from  the  wa}'  in  which  almost  everyone 
we  meet  assumes  that  the  new  National  Gallery 
must,  as  a   matter  of  course,  be  what  is  called 
Classical.    The  first  result  of  this  unreasonable 
assiunptiou  is  now  before  the  public   in  the 
shape  of  designs  for  anew  gallery  in  Trafalgar- 
square.      Out  of  the  fourteen  views  submitted 
two  only  are  Gothic,  and  the  author  of  one  of 
these  was  so  doubtful  of  the  strength  of  his 
Gothic  venture  that  he  has  followed  it  up  by  a 
design  founded    upon    the  Venetian    Classic 
Renaissance. 

Like  the  law  courts'  competition,  this  is  what 

is   called    a  limited  one.     Twelve   architects 

were  selected,  including  Mr.  Scott,  Mr.  Street, 

and  ilr.  E.  Barry,  who  are  what  may  be  called 

double  firsts,    having  been    selected  in  botli 

groups.      Mr.  Scott  has  declined  the  National 

Gallery,  and  we  think  wisely,  as  it  was  simply 

impossible  for  any  man  to  do  himself  common 

justice  in  two  such  works  witliin  such  a  short 

period.      Moreover,  Mr.  Scott  may  have  been 

\varned  by  the  foregone  conclusion  as  to  style 

to  which  we  have  already  referred,  and  may 

not  care  to  become  the  St.  Paul  of  modern 

architects,  to  be  subjected  to  any  more  perils  or 

stripes  than  those   he   has  already    received 

,ui-nt  the  Foreign  Office.      It  will  be  well  if 

Oiers  follow  his  example.     Nay,    it    might 

len  be  desirable  for  the  sake  of  English  art, 

-upposing  any  such  thing  to    exist,  if  some 

Were  to  retire  altogether. 

Elsewhere  we  have  animadverted  on  the 
narrow  limits  of  the  selection  of  architects  for 
tlie  law  courts'  competition.  All  that  we  have 
said  thereon  may  be  applied  with  even  addi- 
tional force  to  the  case  of  the  National  Gal- 
lery. We  have  no  wish  to  be  personal,  but,  at 
ihe  same  time,  our  respect  for  English  archi- 
t.cts  obliges  us  to  say  that  a  gross  injustice  has 
been  done  them  in  this  competition,  which  no 
amount  of  argument,  standing  as  it  must  side  by 
I  side  with  such  designs  and  drawings  as  those 
I  of  Messrs.  Penrose,  Jones,  Cockerill,  and 
Street,  can,  under  any  condition  of  things, 
i-xcuse  or  palliate.  The  error,  however,  has 
been  committed,  and  the  result,  as  everyone 
I  who  knows  anything  of  architecture  expected, 
is  a  disgraceful  failure.  We  had  intended, 
before  visiting  the  E.xhibition,  to  have  de- 
■  voted  at  least  two  articles  to  the  drawings  sub- 
mitted, but  we  must  candidly  confess  that  a 
Walk  round  the  room  was  sufficient  to  con- 
vince us  that,  unless  we  sank  the  office  of 
critic  in  that  of  advertiser,  and  became  merely 
the  mouthpiece  of  the  ten  several  gentlemen 
who  have  competed,  there  was  not  sufficient 
material  for  more  than  one  article. 


^Ir.  Owen  Jones. 
:;.  Mr.  Brodrick. 

3.  Mr.  Street. 

4.  Mr.  Cockerill. 

,').  Mr.  James  Murray. 
6.  Jlr.  E.  M.  Barry. 
".  Mr   Penrose. 

8.  Mr.  G.  Somers  Clarke. 

9.  Mr.  M.  Digby  Wyatt. 
10.  Messrs.  Banks  and  Barry. 

1.  Mr.  Owen  Jones  has  taken  his  inspiration 
from  the  new  buildings  at  South  Kensington 
Museum.  There  is,  it  is  true,  a'delicate  com- 
pliment in  this,  paid  to  the  art  authorities  of 
the  Bronipton  clique,  which  may  certainly 
enlist  the  sjTiipathies  of  those  art-critics  who 
sit  at  the  feet  of  Cole,  C.B.  Mr.  Jones, 
however,  would  appear  to  be  considerably 
in  advance  of  the  authorities  as  touching  the 
Christian  virtue  of  modesty  or  humility, 
since  otherwise  we  are  at  a  loss  to  account  for 
the  large  number  of  views  of  his  chief  fagade 
which  this  gentleman  has  thought  fit  to 
exhibit.  In  his  plan  Mr.  Jones  is  in  the 
small  minority  of  placing  his  several  build- 
ings, not  according  to  the  shape  of  the  ground, 
but  at  right  angles  to  one  another,  by  which 
much  groimd  is  lost,  and,  as  it  happens,  great 
irregidarity  is  the  result.  There  is  nothing 
particular  to  learn  from  the  plans,  and  less 
than  notliing  from  the  elevations. 

2.  Mr.  Brodiick  is,  as  usual,  great  in 
pillars.  There  are  some  thirty-six  Corin- 
thian shafts  in  the  front  elevation  alone, 
and  when  we  have  said  this  we  have  said 
nearly  all  that  can  be  said  of  the  design. 
Everyone  who  knows  Mr.  Brodrick's  works 
at  Leeds  and  elsewhere  need  scarcely  be  told 
that  the  composition  is  severe  to  a  fault.  Its 
great  mistake  is  in  the  monotony  which 
results  from  an  excess  of  Corinthian  pillars. 
The  projecting  portico  shows  no  less  than 
fourteen  in  a  row,  supporting  a  level  entabla- 
ture. The  wings  ha\-e  each  six  shafts,  and 
over  the  centre  in  line  with  the  wings  ten 
pillars  appear,  supporting  the  pediment  which 
crowns  the  design.  Tlie  plan  follows  the 
irregidar  form  of  the  ground,  and  nearly  the 
whole  of  the  .space  is  covered  with  buildings, 
so  that  neither  light  nor  air  worth  mention 
is  admitted  into  the  interior  of  the  site. 
This  plan  of  nearly  covering  the  ground, 
which  has  been  followed  by  Mr.  E.  M.  Barry, 
is, we  think,  most  objectionable. 

3.  Mr.Street'sdesignis  an  exceptiontoallthe 
others  in  more  than  one  particular.  In  plan  he 
confines  himself  to  the  ground  which  has 
already  been  set  aside  for  the  enlargement  of 
the  present  building,  whereas  all  the  other 
competitors  have  made  their  designs  for  the 
new  gallery  on  the  assumption  that  the  whole 
plot  behind  the  frontage  will  be  a\'ailable. 
So  far,  Mr.  Street  is  at  a  considerable  dis- 
advantage, and  cannot  be  brought  into  com- 
parison with  his  co-competitors.  The  style  in 
which  he  has  worked  out  the  problem  to  be 
solved  will,  of  course,  be  called  in  general 
terms  Gothic,  but  then  it  is  Mr.  Street's  Gothic, 
and  that,  too,  after  visiting  Spain,  and  this  we 
submit  makes  aU  the  difference.  For  it  would 
be  monstrous  to  accept  this  design  as  any, 
even  the  faintest,  index  of  what  really  might 
be  done  by  our  Gothic  school  of  architects  had 
they  had  the  chance  of  designing  a  National 
Gallery.  For  the  sake  of  Gothic  art,  and 
because  of  the  hasty  conclusions  people  are 
apt  to  draw  from  one  man's  work  in  a  given 
style,  especially  when  that  man  happens  to  be 
a  well-known  one,  we  cannot  but  be  sorry 
that  Mr.  Street  should  have  been  tempted  to 
send  this  design  out  of  his  office.  The  com- 
position is  slight  and  not  even  picturesque. 
The  front  shows  a  long  uninteresting  straight 
building  of  two  stories,  divided  on  each  side 
into  five  arched  compartments,  with  a  single 
doorway  in  the  centre,  supported  on  each  side 
by  circular,  dome-covered  turrets,  andc^o\\^led 
by  a  circular,  dome-covered  tower.  The  whole 
design  is  singularly  devoid  of  anytliing  like 
dignity,  and,  tmtil  Mr.  Street  has  made  him- 


self capable  of  grasping  the  idea  of  a  large 
building— for  grandeur  and  largeness  of  mass 
are  by  nomeans  inconsistent  with  true  Gothic 
principles— he  must  fail  in  his  endeavours  to 
persuade  the  public  that  his  style  is  better 
a  lapted  to  the  large  public  buildings  of  the 
day  than  (say)  that  "adopted  by  Mr.  E.  M.Barry. 
4.  Mr.  Frederick  CockerilT has  disappointed 
us  ;  his  perspectives  are  so  dull  and  foggv  in 
tone  that  they  would  have  ruined  a  far  bet- 
ter design.  We  cannot  understand  how  it  is 
that,  with  such-  artistic  refinement  and  such 
tender  feeling  for  the  highest  development  of 
(..'lassie  art,  this  architect  .shoidd  be  enticed 
Ijy  any  of  the  false  allurements  of  the  Re- 
naissance. 

.').  Mr.  James  Murray,  in  two  of  his  designs, 
may  be  placed  in  comparison  with  Mr.  Brodrick, 
and,  although  his  perspectives  are  not  quite 
such  ett'ective  drawings  as  those  of  the  last- 
mentioned  gentleman,  we  think  a  comparison 
of  the  architecture  must  result  in  only  one 
opinion,  and  that  entirely  in  favour  of  Mr. 
Murray.  The  composition  of  the  elevation  is 
very  much  the  same  as  that  in  Mr.  Brodrick's 
design,  but  there  is  far  less  monotony  in 
No.  2,  and  much  more  of  Greek  feeling  in  the 
treatment  of  detail,  although,  strange  to  say, 
the  number  of  piUars  is  exactly  the  same,  ex- 
cept in  the  wings,  which  have  five  instead  of 
six.  In  plan,  Mr.  ilurray  is  very  much  in 
advance  of  all  the  others.  The  buildings  follow 
the  shape  of  the  ground;  each  of  the  four 
fronts  has  a  central  composition,  and  the  back 
and  front  are  united  by  a  broad  gallery,  which 
consequently  cuts  the  site  in  half,  forming  two 
large  courts  ;  the  main  galleries  run  aU  round 
the  building  behind  the  narrow  gallery,  in 
compartments  for  cabinet  pictures.  The  sim- 
plicity of  this  plan  and  the  thorough  adoption 
of  the  system  which  the  German  mind  has 
thought  "out  for  us  will,  of  course,  commend 
it  to  the  favourable  consideration  of  the  judges,^ 
and,  if  piUars  and  porticoes  be  the  sort  ^  of 
things  to  be  desired  in  a  country  where  driving 
rains,  and  fogs,  and  frost  and  .snow,  and  slush 
are  but  too  common,  why  Mr.  Mnrr.ay  maj- be 
congratulated  for  having  produced  a  design 
worthv  of  the  English  nation. 

6.  Mr.  E.  M.  Barry  has  evidently  gone  in  to 
win,  and,  as  a  sure  card  with  a  Loudon  public, 
has  played  oft'  Sir  C'hri.stopher  Wren  and  that 
much  over-rated  building,  St.  Paul's  Cathe- 
dral. His  plan  B,  if  we  omit  some  of  the  inner 
galleries  which  crowd  up  the  site,  is  much  the 
same  practically  as  Mr.  Murray's.  The  central 
dividing  block  of  building  Mr.  Barry  treats 
as  a  grand  staircase,  which  may  also  be  used 
as  a  sculpture  gallery.  This  is  aU  very  well 
for  the  staircase,  but  we  have  a  fancy — it  may 
be  only  a  fancy — that  the  works  of  sculptors 
deserve  ju.st  as  good  and  special  a  reception 
as  the  works  of  painters.  The  set  of  draw- 
ings which  illustrate  this  design  are  really 
worth  looking  at.  Mr.  Barry's  perspective  is 
unquestionably  the  drawing  of  the  whole  ex- 
hibition ;  he  has  chosen,  too,  his  point  of 
sight  well,  for  we  doubt  whether  the  angle 
domes  and  the  one  over  the  centre  of  the 
front  would  group  so  well  from  any  other 
point.  By  the  way,  why  will  architects  con- 
tinue that  deplorable  practice  of  drawing 
impossible  interior  perspectives,  which  not 
only  distort  the  architecture,  but  mislead  the 
public  !  This  question  is  suggested  to  us  as 
we  turn  from  the  exterior  to  the  interior  views 
which  Mr.  Barry  has  exhibited  ;  the  latter  are 
as  bad  and  ineffective  as  the  former  is  good 
and  eft'ective. 

7.  Mr.  Penrose  has  sent  in  a  design,  and  we 
prefer  to  say  no  more  about  it. 

8.  Sir.  G.  Somers  Clarke  has  given  two  de- 
signs— one  Venetian  Classic  Renaissance, 
which  we  may  at  once  pass  over  ;  the  other, 
Italian  Gothic — very  much  so  indeed — which 
we  regret  he  had  not  more  time  to  develop 
into  something  more  homogeneous  and  com- 
plete. Had  the  Renaissance  design  never  been 
thought  of.and  Mr.  Clarke  had  had  a  little  more 
faith  in  his  Gothic  design,  the  extravagances 
of  the  latter  might  possibly  have  been  avoided 
by  the  extra  time  which  would  have  been  se- 


18 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


January  11,  1867. 


cured  for  study.  The  plan  adopted  is  much 
the  same,  generally  speaking,  as  those  of  the 
more  successful  Classic  designs.  Its  great 
feature  is  the  central  sculpture  hall,  admirably 
shown  in  a  perspective,  wliich  only  wants  its 
top  cut  off  to  be  a  very  true  and  pleasing 
drawing  of  a  still  more  pleasing  ilesign,  which, 
though  it  does  savour  strongly  of  St.  Mark's, 
Venice,  is  none  the  worse  for  it ;  for,  if  archi- 
tects must  needs  borrow,  they  had  better  bor- 
row direct  from  the  designs  of  such  struc- 
tures as  St.  Mark's,  than  second-hand  from 
even  the  best  revivalist. 

9.  Mr.  M.  Digby  Wyatt  sends  no  less  than 
twenty-four  drawings,  illustrating  a  very  ori- 
ginal and  somewhat  picturesque  design,  so 
original  that  it  is  a  very  great  pity  it  was  not 
illustrated  by  half  the  number  of  drawings, 
really  well  drawn,  instead  of  by  a  huge,  dirty- 
looking  view,  and  a  large  number  of  other  un- 
satisfactory sketches.  The  general  composi- 
tion of  tlie  front  consists  of  two  triple-grouped 
masses  of  buildings  at  the  angles  over  the  en- 
trances, circular  in  plan  and  domed  ;  these  are 
connected  bj'  a  massive  screen  wall,  in  which 
are  sunk  seven  quasi-apsidal  recesses  divided 
by  single  shafts.  We  need  hardly  point  out 
that  the  great  defect  of  such  a  design  is  the 
absence  ot  any  central  feature,  and  the  depres- 
sion of  the  chief  part  of  the  facade  by  the 
emphasis  given  to  the  angles.  These  latter, 
too,  although,  jdanacd  in  a  higlily  picturesque 
way,  are  exceedingly  ill-proportioned  in  their 
subdivisions  and  detail.  And  how  Mr.  Wyatt 
could  have  brought  himself  to  set  up  colossal 
tombstones  each  side  of  his  doorways,  for  the 
purpose  of  inscribing  names  thereon,  is  alto- 
gether beyond  us. 

10.  Messrs.  Banks  and  Barry  have  sent  in  a 
careful  set  of  drawings,  but,  as  usual,  their 
design,  instead  of  looking  like  one  for  a  great 
national  monumental  building,  looks  more 
like  a  row  of  "first  class"  houses,  with  here 
and  there  an  extra  story  or  so,  which  the  most 
elastic  conscience  would  scarcely  dare  to 
admit  in  the  category  of  towers.  The  choice 
will  no  doubt  eventually  Lie  between  Messrs. 
E.  M.  Barry  and  Mr.  James  Murray,  although 
the  very  great  merit  of  parts  of  Mr.  G.  Somers 
Clarke's  Gothic  design,  especially  the  great 
liall  and  the  central  arcade,  is  enough  to  show 
that  there  is  no  reason  why  a  national  picture 
gallery  should  not  be  designed  upon  CJothic 
principles. 

■* 

THE    NEW    LAW    COURT.^'    COM- 
PETITION. 

JUSTICE  is  said  to  be  blind,  and  certainly 
so  far  as  this   competition  is   concerned 
cjJ'jjat    seems    to   be   her   chief    characteristic. 
who  weJ^i^'^  selection  of  the   twelve   gentlemen 
architects  tS.'''^"^^"'''' '°  '-"^  '■'^'^  °^°'^'  ^^  ^^^'^  proper 
more  than  once-'i?sign  a  palace  of  justice,  we  have 
cannot  but  still  re{,e^'*^''  attention  to  it,  and   we 
Kaised  upon  such  a  Ic^d  It  as   a   huge   blunder, 
very  surprising  if  the   s^mdation,  it  wiU  not   be 
not  prove  such  a  success  as'-iPerst^wture   should 
anticipated.     Of  course,  archlthe  commissioners 
who  really  can  gauge,   so   to  .sit-ects  and   those 
power  of  the  present  day  will  not  Gveak,   the   art 
either  by  this   competition   or   tha{<'J  taken  in 
National  Gallery,  so  as  to  suppose  thaE\  lor  the 
one  or  the  other,  or  Ijoth  together,  form  aS   either 
ful  index  of  that  power.     We   are   not   .^»|aith- 
ciently  in  the  secret  to  state   positively   hoJiffi- 
many  architects  out  of  the   dozen   personall^w 
sought  to  be  elected,  or  what  amount  of  tout-V 
ing  with  portfolios  filled  with  fancy  designs 
took  place.     But  of  this  we  are  quite  sure,  that 
without  some  such   proceeding,   some   of  the 
fortunate  twelve  would  have  remained  in  their 
original    obscurity.      When     men   to   whose 
works  we  can   point  with   pride  are  omitted 
from  a  national  competition,  and  men  who  have 
no  works  to  show  are  put  in  their  place,  there 
must  be  something  wrong  somewhere.      How- 
ever, the  mistake,  or  rather  we  should  say,  the 
injustice,  has  been   committed,   and  we  sup- 
pose that  the  English  Government,  true  to  its 
traditions,  is  far  too  indifferent  on  the  sub- 


ject of  art  to  attempt  to  rectify  it.  It  may  bo 
that,  with  a  foresight  for  which  we  can  scarcely 
give  tliem  credit,  they  have  reserved  certain 
architects  whose  qualificaticna  are  far  higher 
than  many  of  those  selected  to  act  as  profes- 
sional advisers  or  assessors  to  the  non-profes- 
sional committee  who  are  to  deliver  judgment 
in  this  competition. 

Now  with  regard  to  the  problem  which  the 
plans  about  to  be  exhibited  pretend  to  solve 
we  would  offer  a  few  preliminary  remarks 
before  entering  upon  the  merits  and  demerits 
of  the  several  designs.  To  begin  with  the  site, 
it  appears  to  u»  to  liave  two  great  defects — first, 
a  deficiency  of 'area  when  compared  with  the 
requirements  of  the  commissioners  and  with 
the  amount  of  light  necessary  for  the  proper 
illumination  of  tlie  internal  courts  ;  and  se- 
cond, an  irregularity  of  the  main  line  of  front- 
age formed  by  the  retention  of  Picket-street, 
which  compels  the  architect  either  to  abandon 
a  portion  of  his  already  too  small  area  or  to 
break  up  the  unity  of  his  chief  fajade. 

That  interesting  document  familiar  to  com- 
peting architects  by  the  term  "  Instructions" 
is  generally  the  cause  of  much  unpleasantness 
of  feeling  and  not  a  little  miscarriage  of 
justice  from  being  too  reticent.  The  Courts 
of  Justice  "Instructions"  err  for  e.xactly 
opposite  reasons.  Not  only  is  the  area  of 
every  room  given,  and  the  distribution  of  the 
various  groups  of  rooms  indicated,  but  the 
degrees  of  light  and  quiet  are  laid  down  with 
almost  tyrannical  precision,  and  in  one  case 
the  exact  point  whence  the  light  is  to  come  is 
determined.  How  far  the  competitors  have 
obeyed  tliese  regulations  remains  to  be  seen. 
As  everyone,  from  the  Lord  Chancellor  down 
to  the  taxing  master's  clerk,  demands  a  full 
measure  of  riuiet  and  light  for  his  private 
room,  we  shall  either  behold  some  marvels  of 
planning  or  be  amused  by  no  end  of  lively 
objections  arising  from  a  sense  of  neglect  on 
the  part  of  the  various  officers  of  the  law. 
As  to  the  general  scheme  or  plan,  it  does  not 
require  much  penetration  to  foresee  that  the 
competitors  will  adopt  one  or  other  of  the 
following  systems,  or  a  combination  of  two  or 
more  of  them.  First,  there  is  the  Central  Hall 
scheme,  which  was  shown  in  Mr.  Abraham's 
preliminary  design  ;  second,  there  is  the 
Open  Court  plan ;  third,  there  is  the  Street 
plan  ;  and,  fourth,  the  Radiating  plan. 

First,   the   Central    Hall   scheme    depends 
very  much  on  the  size  of  the  central  hall  and 
the  use  to  which  it  is  devoted  for  its  success. 
If  it  is  very  large,  and  is  used  by  the  general 
public,  it  is  clear  that  there  cannot  be  suffi- 
cient space   left   upon  the   site   for    internal 
areas,    whilst,  at    the  same  time,  instead  of 
concentrating  the  machinery  of  the  law,  the 
oi  polloi  will  be  collected  together  in  a  way 
which  is  evidently  contrary  to  the  spirit  of 
the  instructions.     If,  on  the  other  hand,  the 
central  hall  is  limited  to  reasonable  propor- 
tions, and  is  devoted  only  to  the  use  of  those 
who  are  actually  engaged  in  the  proceedings 
of  the  various  courts,  it  may  possibly  be  found 
to    be    the    most    satisfactory    arrangement. 
Second,    the    Open    Court    plan   commends 
itself  to   favourable  consideration  because  of 
the  limited  nature  of  the  site  and  the  strong 
necessity  of  securing  as  much  light  and  air  as 
possible  for  the  internal  areas.    'This  necessity, 
it  seems  to  us,  is  the  one  great  difficulty  of  the 
problem,  for  even  without  any  central  liall  we 
very   much  doubt  whether  anyone  will  pro- 
duce a  plan  which  fulfils   what   may  reason- 
ably be  considered  as  the  necessary  require- 
.ments   of   the  "  Instructions"  as  regards   the 
It\  ery  important  desiderata  of  light  and  quiet, 
arci,    must    be  remembered,  however,  that  the 
inteihitect  who  ventures  to  sacrifice  the  grand 
hall  ^_,-nal  architectural   efl'ect  which   a  public 
law  at,  suggests  to  the  practical  working  of  the 
right  i?hd  the  comfort  of  the  workers,  altliough 
considijjp  so  doing,  wUl  nevertheless  stand  at  a 
drawin^^-rable  disadvantage    in    the    show    of 
ecoiiony'j's,     for,     talk     as      we     ^vill     about 
knows  ;  y  and  all  that  sort  of  thing,  everyone 
featherj'- well   enough  by  this  time  that  fine 
ks  do  make  tine  birds,  and  that  pretty 


v\.i 


pictures  do  operate  very  considerably  on  those 
who  adjudicate  in  these  matters.  The  third 
or  Street  plan,  if  the  streets  are  wide  enough 
and  the  buildings  not  too  high,  may  be  made 
perhaps  even  more  convenient  than  the  Open 
Court  plan ;  but  then  the  streets  must  have 
through  ventilation  at  the  ends  by  means  of 
openings  in  the  main  facade,  as  at  Somerset 
House.  The  only  objection  to  this  would  be 
that  wherever  air  was  admitted  sound  could 
not  be  kept  out.  On  the  other  hand,  one 
great  advantage  of  this  system  would  be  the 
very  great  ease  with  which  the  various  de- 
partments of  the  law  could  be  kept  distinct 
and,  so  to  speak,  in  separate  houses — an  advan- 
tage which  might  also  belong  to  the  Radiating 
scheme.  The  chief  drawback  to  this  last- 
mentioned  plan  would  be,  we  fear,  a  very 
serious  one,  inasmuch  as  from  the  shape  of 
the  site  there  must  necessarily  arise  odd 
corners  and  inconvenient  triangles,  with  the 
consequent  result  of  much  waste  of  space. 

Whatever  the  general  scheme  may  be, 
Picket-street  is  a  crux  common  to  all.  We 
take  it  for  granted  that  no  one  will  be  foolish 
enough  to  propose  to  give  up  any  of  the 
ground  to  the  Strand,  or  have  the  daring  to 
take  in  Picket-street.  If  we  start,  then,  with 
these  two  very  natiual  assumptions,  it  is  clear 
that  there  mijst  be  a  break  somewhere  about 
the  centre  of  the  main  fa9ade ;  or,  in  other 
words,  the  Strand  front  cannot  be  continuous. 
The  treatment  of  this  difficulty  will  form  one 
of  the  most  interesting  features  in  the  compe- 
tition. The  fact  that  this  break  in  the  site 
occurs  at  v  about  the  middle  of  its  greatest 
length  (TOUft.),  coupled  with  the  consideration 
that  the  law  is  in  the  main  divided  into  two 
great  branches,  viz..  Chancery  and  Common 
Law,  may  possibly  have  suggested  to  some  a 
division  of  the  composition  into  two  or  more 
groups  of  bmldiags ;  or,  in  other  words,  to 
design  a  concentration  of  law  courts  rather 
than  one  large  palace  of  justice.  We  rather 
hope  this  wiU  prove  to  be  the  case,  for  it  must 
be  borne  in  mind  that  700ft.  against  the 
Strand  is  a  very  ditt'erent  kind  of  thing  to 
"OUft.  against  the  River  Thames.  Again,  con- 
sidering that  our  only  points  of  sight  wUl  be 
comparatively  near — for  it  will  only  be  the 
tops  of  the  roofs  and  the  tow^ers  which  will 
be  seen  beyond  the  surrounding  streets — we 
want  diversity  and  minuteness  of  parts,  and 
careful — even  delicate — detail,  rather  than  a 
hugely  massed  facade  with  colossal  parts  and 
bold,  obtrusive  detail.  The  distant  view  will 
be  bold  enough,  for  there  need  be  no  fear  of 
lack  of  towers  if  the  competitors  have  only 
followed  the  suggestions  of  the  officers  of  the 
Record  department.  We  do,  therefore,  ear- 
nestly hope  that  we  may  have  something  to 
look  at  in  the  streets  just  a  little  bit  more 
interesting  than  blocks  of  granite  or  even 
base  moukUngs.  For  this  reason  we  hope,  too, 
that  small  perspectives  of  portions  of  the 
fronts  may  be  found  amongst  the  drawings, 
and  that  we  shall  not  have  merely  to  judge 
from  impossible  views  taken  at  random  from 
the  other  side  of  the  water,  or  from  balloons 
at  various  degrees  of  altitude.  If  we  are  to 
spend  an  enormous  sum  of  money  on  2,400ft. 
of  street  front,  it  is  not  too  much  to  ex- 
pect a  drawing  or  two  showing  some  of  this 
enormous  frontage  as  it  wUI  really  appear  to 
the  people  who  go  to  and  fro. 


OUR    HOSPITALS. 

THERE  are  nowadays  certain  fixed  canons 
as  to  hospital  construction  bearing 
chiefly  on  the  importance  of  securing  the 
greatest  possible  comfort  and  relief  as  well 
as  speedy  cure  to  their  suffering  inmates,  and 
we  think  it  might  be  worth  while  to  ascer- 
tain how  far  our  London  hospitals  agree  with 
these  conditions.  One  most  important  point 
is  that  a  hospital  should  be  in  as  free  and  airy 
a  situation  as  possible,  and,  therefore,  many 
hold  that  all  should  be  built  in  the  open 
country.  With  regard  to  London  .at  least, 
this  may  at  once  he  pronounced  impracticable, 


January  11,  1S67. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


19 


for  it  is  obviously  impossible  to  convey  aU  cases 
of  accident  or  disease  a  distance  of  several 
miles  without,  in  some  instances  at  least,  in- 
ducing a  fatal  resiilt,  and  in  all  lessening  the 
chance  of  ultimate  recovery.  Convenience  of 
access  must  therefore  be  the  first  consideration, 
an  airy  situation  coming  after,  though,  theo- 
retically speaking,  this  should  not  be  so.  One 
illustration  of  the  point  just  alluded  to  is 
King's  College  Hospital,  which  is  built  in  al- 
most as  bad  a  situation  as  could  well  be  chosen, 
but,  being  surrounded  by  theabodes  of  squalid 
poverty,  is  in  the  best  possible  position  for 
benefiting  the  poor  wi-etches  who  constitute  a 
large  proportion  of  the  number  of  those  ad- 
mitted there.  Site,  however,  has  not  so  much  to 
do  with  the  strictly  architectural  portion  of 
the  subject  as  the  arrangement  and  style  of 
the  building;  yet  that  it  may  operate  disadvan- 
tageously  is  seen  in  the  case  of  Westminster 
Hospital,  which  being  built  in  the  Broad  Sanc- 
tuary was  adapted  to  the  style  of  the  surround- 
ing buildings  by  the  employment  of  a  variety 
of  architecture,  probably  the  very  worst  which 
could  have  been  had  recourse  to,  viz.,  the  cas- 
tellated. Few  of  our  readers  may  have  ex- 
amined all  of  these  abodes  of  misery,  so  that 
we  may  give  a  brief  description  of  the  princi- 
pal general  hospitals  of  London.  St.  Bartho- 
lomew's, founded  in  1123  by  Eayhere,  said  to 
liave  been  the  minstrel  of  King  Henry  I.,  being 
the  oldest,  the  largest,  and  the  wealthiest,  first 
invites  attention.  It  is,  as  many  of  our  readers 
are  aware,  situated  on  one  side  of  the  old 
Smithfield  market,  and  extends  thence  back- 
wards towards  Aldersgate-street.  The  build- 
ings were  originally  quite  detached  from  each 
other,  and  the  patients  were  located  in  small 
houses,  a  few  in  each,  so  that  the  whole  consti- 
tuted a  little  village  or  parish  complete  in  every 
way.  The  present  building  was  chiefly  erected 
in  1730,  but  various  additions  have  since  been 
made  to  it,  never,  however,  entirel}'  departing 
from  the  original  plan.  The  main  part  of  the 
buildings  consists  of  four  detached  pavilions, 
forming  the  four  sides  of  a  square,  which  last 
is  planted  with  trees  and  traversed  by  walks. 
From  a  sanitary  point  of  view,  this  style  of 
erection  is  much  superior  to  the  other  plan 
of  conjoining  the  l)uildings  at  their  angles 
so  as  to  make  the  square  perfectly  en- 
closed, the  free  circulation  of  the  air  being 
greatly  favoured  by  the  former  of  these,  and 
corresponclingly  impeded  by  the  latter. 

Guy's,  again,  which  is  situated  in  Southwark, 
has  its  principal  entrance  from  St.  Thomas- 
street.  Here  is  a  sort  of  court  flanked  right 
and  left  with  buildings,  chiefly  occupied  by 
those  engaged  in  the  management  of  the  hos- 
pital, open  towards  the  front,  but  shut  in  be- 
hind by  the  proper  buildings  of  the  hospital. 
These  might  be  said  to  be  arranged  in  the 
form  of  two  hollow  squares  behind  the  open 
court  fronting  St.  Thomas-street,  the  one  being 
separated  from  the  other  by  a  vestibule.  Be- 
hind— that  is,  farther  away  from  St.  Thomas- 
street — there  area  numberof  buildings  devoted 
to  various  purposes,  and  built  more  in  accord- 
ance ^\-ith  recent  scientific  principles  than  the 
bulk  of  the  hospital,  which  was  erected  so  far 
back  as  1 724.  The  site  of  both  these  hospitals 
is  bad,  being  surrounded  with  buildings  on 
almost  every  side,  and  being  situated  in  the 
centre  of  the  city.  St.  Bartholomews,  which 
is  the  largest  hospital  in  London,  contains  650 
beds,  Guy's,  which  comes  next,  counting  only 
575. 

St.  George's,  the  London,  University  College, 
and  Middlesex  Hospitals  are  all  bmlt  on  a 
somewhat  similar  plan.  This  consists  of  a 
frontage  to  the  street,  with  two  wings  stretch- 
ing backwards  from  either  extremity  of  the 
main  building  to  a  greater  or  less  extent,  and 
thus  forming  a  partially  enclosed  courtyard, 
which  is  usually  set  apart  as  an  airing  groimd 
for  patients,  iliddlesex  has,  in  addition  to  the 
two  wings  extending  backward,  two  similar 
ones  stretching  forwards,  so  that  it  possesses  a 
figure  like  the  letter  H,  and  forms  two  court- 
yards, one  opening  to  the  front,  the  other  be- 
hind the  main  building.  St.  Mary's,  at  Pad- 
dington,  consists  of  little  more  than  an  oblong 


building  of  simple  outline,  Charing  Cross 
being  of  a  somewhat  similar  figure.  King's 
College  Hospital,  situated  beliind  Lincoln's  Inn 
Fields,  was  commenced  in  1839,  but  has 
never  been  completed ;  as  it  stands,  its  shape 
is  rather  irregular.  It  consists  essentially 
of  a  central  building  surrounding  a  square, 
and  having  at  one  end  a  wing,  which,  how- 
ever, is  unfinished.  Having  roughly  sketched 
the  external  appearances  of  our  Loudon  hos- 
pitals, we  shall  try  to  ascertain  how  far  these 
are  in  accordance  with  the  recognised  c;inons. 
In  the  first  place,  it  mxist  be  remembered  that 
all  such  institutions  originate  in  this  country 
from  private  benevolence,  and  that  conse- 
quently the  means  at  the  disposal  of  the  pro- 
jectors may  be  inadequate  for  the  construc- 
tion of  a  building  perfect  in  all  its  details. 
Further,  the  price  of  land  in  London  is  so 
great  that  the  extent  necessary  for  the  erec- 
tion of  an  hospital  on  thoroughly  scientific 
principles  may  be  unattainable.  These  con- 
siderations must  to  a  certain  extent  restrain 
lis  in  our  criticisms,  as  the  poor  will  pro- 
bably be  more  benefited  by  makeshifts  than 
by  waiting  tmtil  a  model  erection  can 
be  obtained.  As  it  is  for  the  benefit  of  these 
classes  that  such  asylums  are  instituted,  the 
grand  object  must  be  the  cure  of  disease  as 
completely  and  speedily  as  possible.  To 
this  end,  three  great  things  are  required — a 
sufficiency  of  pure  air  and  water,  and,  as  a 
corollary  to  the  last,  a  proper  and  sufficient 
system  of  drainage.  To  secure  plenty  of  pure 
air,  a  site  open  and  exposed  to  healthy  winds 
shoiild  be  selected,  as  far  removed  from 
marshes  or  stagnant  water  as  possible  ;  the 
foundation  should  be  on  dry  and  firm  soil, 
and  should  be  well  drained.  Gravelly  soil  will 
consequently  be  better  than  a  clayey  bottom, 
but  either  is  preferable  to  soft,  oozy,  marshy 
ground.  One  point  of  very  great  importance 
with  regard  to  hygiene,  but  which  unfortu- 
nately has  not  always  been  attended  to,  is,  that 
the  drains  made  to  carry  otf  the  sewage  of  the 
building  should  never  he  permitted  to  pass 
under  any  part  of  the  structure  itself.  The 
reason  for  this  is  obvious,  ^dz.,  that  should  at 
any  time  the  drains  become  choked,  they  are 
much  more  easily  reached  in  the  one  case  than 
in  the  other,  to  say  nothing  of  the  gaseous 
emanations  which  may  be  constantly  escaping 
into  that  portion  of  the  building  beneath 
which  they  pass.  Most  fiequently,  however,  the 
architect  has  not  to  select  a  site,  but  has  rather 
to  erect  a  building  which  will  suit  the  space 
of  ground  assigned  to  it.  Now  there  are  cer- 
tain general  rules  with  regard  to  this  also.  In 
the  first  place,  we  think  that  their  exterior 
should  be  as  plain  as  is  consistent  with  the 
absence  of  ugliness,  for  it  is  difficult  to  say 
how  much  florid  ornamentation  and  irregular 
surface  inside  and  out  may  have  to  do  with 
keepingup  that  epidemic  erysipelas  which  some- 
times makes  such  fearful  ravages  among  the 
inmates  of  our  hospitals.  So,  also,  the 
windows  should  be  large  and  cheerful ;  any- 
thing which  has  a  tendency  to  obstruct 
light  or  air  should  be  carefully  guarded 
against.  But  with  regard  to  the  disposition 
of  the  buildings  themselves,  various  plans 
may  be  adopted.  When  the  space  of  ground 
is  limited  and  it  is  important  to  obtain  as 
many  wards  as  possible,  this  being  generally 
the  case  in  London,  an  arrangement  simi- 
lar to  that  of  King's  College  Hospital,  or, 
better  still,  of  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital, 
might  be  adopted.  Some  are  of  opinion  that  the 
shape  of  Middlesex  Hospital  i.s  that  best  adapted 
for  such  erections,  but  this  view  is  not  gene- 
rally entertained.  The  great  end  is  to  have  a 
free  circulation  of  air  round  the  wards,  and 
this  can  never  be  had  where  the  windows  or 
ventilators  open  on  courtyards.  Complete 
isolation  is  also  a  good  thing,  as  one  wing  or 
building  can  then  be  set  apart  for  any  in- 
fectious diseases  which  may  make  their  appear- 
ance. 

In  modem  times  two  styles  of  hospital  have 
been  received  with  most  favour.  The  one  is 
known  as  the  "  corridor  system,"  and  may  be 
aptly  illustrated  by  the  great  military  hospital 


at  Netley  ;  the  other  is  known  as  the  "pavilion 
system,"  and  is  seen  in  tlie  Herbert  Hospital, 
at  Woolwich,  or,  better  still,  in  the  great 
Lariboisicre  Hospital,  at  Paris. 

By  the  corridor  system  it  is  intended  to 
separate  as  much  as  possible  the  patients  who 
are  able  to  get  up  from  those  who  are  not,  and 
to  this  end  a  wide  corridor  is  made  to  extend 
from  one  end  of  the  building  to  the  other 
along  one  of  its  sides  or  fronts.  In  this  the 
convalescents  may  sit  or  lounge  during  the 
day,  whilst  opening  otf  from  the  corridor  and 
extending  at  right  angles  from  it  towards  the 
opposite  wall,  are  wards  for  those  unable  to 
move  about,  and  for  the  accommodation  of  aU 
at  night.  By  this  scheme  it  was  supposed 
that  the  air  would  be  warmed  iu  the  corridor 
before  being  admitted  into  the  wards  ;  but  the 
air  will  not  only  be  warmed,  it  will  also  be 
contaminated  and  rendered  less  fit  for  respira- 
tion than  when  admitted  directly  from  the 
external  atmosphere.  There  can  be  no  tho- 
rough veutOation  except  from  side  to  side, 
and,  as  windows  can  only  be  placed  on  one 
side  of  the  ward,  and  one  side  of  the  corridor, 
it  is  evident  that  the  air  must  pass  through 
one  to  reach  the  other.  The  better  of  the  two 
without  doubt  is  the  "pavilion  system," 
which  was  recommended  as  far  back  as  1788, 
but  only  acted  upon  in  very  recent  times. 
The  intention  is  that  each  pavilion  shall  be 
surrounded  on  every  side  ^«th  air,  except  at 
the  point  where  it  joins  a  corridor  which 
connects  them  all.  This  scheme  in  a  sort 
of  embryo  condition  may  be  seen  in  the  fine 
Marine  Hospital  at  Woolwich,  but,  better 
still,  in  the  case  of  the  Herbert  Hospital 
there.  In  either  case  a  central  building  ex- 
tends from  one  end  of  the  hospital  to  the 
other ;  from  this  at  certain  equal  distances 
spring  at  right  angles  a  given  number  of 
wings,  varying  of  course  with  the  space  of 
ground  covered.  The  central  erection  con- 
stitutes the  connecting  link  between  all  the 
^vings,  and  in  these  wings  are  situated  the 
wards.  It  may  be  accepted  as  one  of  the 
grand  rules  in  hospital  arcliitecture  that  none 
should  rise  above  the  ground  to  a  greater 
height  than  two  stories.  Unfortunately,  this 
cannot  always  be  attended  to  for  want  of 
room  and  for  want  of  funds,  but  supposing 
that  it  is,  each  jjavilion  would  thus  contain 
two  wards,  the  one  above  the  other,  each 
wholly  isolated  from  the  rest  of  the  building 
the  nroment  its  own  door  is  shut.  It  wOI 
thus  be  seen  that  the  corridor  system  agrees 
best  with  a  long-extended  frontage,  whilst  the 
pavilions  will  cover  a  greater  area,  but  will 
present  a  mucli  more  compact  appearance  than 
the  other,  although  the  system  is  also  appli- 
cable to  a  long  and  narrow  site,  as  in  the 
proposed  erection  for  St.  Thomas's  Hospital. 

But  by  far  the  finest  type  of  this  kind 
of  hospital  is  to  be  found  in  the  Lariboisiere, 
at  Paris.  In  fact,  Paris  far  excels  us  in 
accommodation  of  this  kind,  but  it  must  be  re- 
membered they  are  there  Government  institu- 
tions, under  the  enlightened  direction  of  a  M. 
Husson.  The  hospital  referred  to  is  situated 
near  the  Northern  Railway,  close  to  the 
boulevard  and  in  the  ancient  Closde  St.  Lazare. 
The  building  was  begun  in  1846,  M.  Gauthier 
being  the  architect;  and  was  finished  in  1854. 
The  buildings,  which  are  three  stories  high, 
alone  cost  6,245,630f.,  the  total  cost  of  the 
hospital  being  10,445,056f.,  and  it  is  fitted  up 
to  contain  600  beds.  It  is  composed  of  three 
pavilions  on  either  side  of  a  wide  court 
planted  with  trees,  the  pavilions  being  ar- 
ranged in  three  parallel  lines  ■with  their  ends 
opposite  and  directed  inwards,  so  that  the 
whole,  when  completed  by  one  long  range  of 
buildings  behind  and  one  in  front  devoted 
to  the  "  service  "  of  the  institution  constitutes 
a  parallelogram.  The  separate  pavilions  are 
connected  by  a  series  of  buUdings  one  stoiy 
high,  which  interv-ene  between  the  inner  ex- 
tremities of  the  pavilions.  These  are  chiefly 
used  as  dining-rooms  and  libraries,  whilst 
running  all  round  the  interior  of  the  court- 
yard is  a  glazed  gaUer}',  which  serves  as 
a  means  of  communication  from  one  pavilion 


20 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


January  11,  1867. 


to  another,  and  also  as  a  promenade  for  the 
patients  in  wet  weather.  When  the  weather 
is  fine  the  plots  of  ground  which  intervene 
between  the  different  buildings,  and  which  are 
carefidly  laid  out,  serve  as  airing  grounds. 
Each  pavilion  contains  three  wards  of  thirty- 
two  beds  each,  but  the  number  can  easily 
be  increased. 


USEFUL    INFORMATION    FOR    ENGI- 
NEERS.* 

THERE  is  a  certain  class  of  books  of  which 
it  is  difticult  to  predict  the  nature  of  the 
reception  they  may  meet  with  at  the  hands  of 
the  public,  or  at  least  of  that  portion  of  the 
public  for  whose  benefit  they  are  presumed  to 
))e  written.  At  the  same  time  there  is  also  a 
class  of  works  concerning  tlie  success  of  the 
advent  of  which  no  one  feels  any  doubt,  per- 
haps not  even  the  author.  The  volume  ou 
our  table  belongs  to  this  latter  class,  its  reputa- 
tion having  been  established  beforehand  by 
that  acqiured  by  its  two  predecessors,  consti- 
tuting the  first  and  second  series  of  "  Useful 
Information  for  Engineers."  It  consists,  like 
them,  of  a  collection  of  the  subject  matter  of 
various  papers  and  lectures  read  and  delivered 
from  time  to  time  by  the  author  before  dif- 
ferent societies  and  institutes,  and  some  of 
wliich  have  been  jjiililished  separately  in  the 
transactions  and  records  of  those  bodies.  The 
easy,practical  style  in  which  the  work  is  written 
renders  the  contents,  especially  the  lectures, 
exceedingly  well  adapted  for  fulfilling  the  ob- 
ject the  author  had  in  view,  which,  he  remarks, 
was  the  moral  and  intellectual  im[)rovement 
of  the  engineer  and  artisan.  There  are  si.\ 
lectures  altogether,  the  first  four  of  which  deal 
with  general  principles,  and  are  calculated  to 
be  of  great  benefit  to  the  student,  apprentice, 
and  younger  memljers  of  the  profession,  in  so 
much  as  broad  rules  are  laid  down  for  their 
guidance,  and  the  means,  and  the  means  alone, 
by  which  a  man  can  become  eminent  in  after 
life  are  accurately  and  conscientiously  defined. 
The  remaining  two,  one  upon  "The Thickness 
of  the  Earth's  Crust,"  and  the  other  "  On  Iron 
and  its  Appliances,"  are,  as  their  titles  imply, 
more  special  in  their  character,  and  were  both 
delivered  to  the  members  of  the  Literary  and 
Philosophical  Society  of  Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 
In  the  latter  a  valuable  practical  and  theoreti- 
cal e.Kample  is  given  in  the  drawings  and  de- 
scription of  a  wrought-iron  tubular  engine 
beam  designed  and  consturcted  by  Mr.  Fair- 
bairn  for  the  purpose  of  replacing  the  cast-iron 
beam  which  by  its  failure  occasioned  the 
lamentable  Hartley  Colliery  cacastrophe  some 
years  ago.  The  strength  of  the  wrought-iron 
beam  is  investigated  by  the  well-known  formula 

W  =:  -~  and  all  information  aftbrded  likely 

to  be  of  service  to  those  engaged  in  designing 
similar  structures.  We  cordially  concur  in  the 
remark  made  by  our  author  when  investigating 
the  strength  of  a  crank  ;  he  observes,  "  for 
ordinary  purposes  these  calculations  wiU  be 
found  practically  safe,  but  iu  all  these  con- 
structions I  must  confess  that  much  depends 
upon  the  e.\perience  and  practical  knowledge  of 
the  engineer,  and  that  a  keen  eye  to  proportion 
and  a  sound  judgment  are  frequently  of  much 
greater  value  than  a  whole  volume  of  algebrai- 
cal formulre." 

The  first  three  papers  are  abstracts  of  Mr. 
Fairbairn's  report  to  the  Board  of  Trade  upon 
the  machinery  department  of  the  Paris  E.xlii- 
bition  of  1855,  and  that  of  the  International 
Exhibition  of  1862,  and  contain  a  detailed 
description  of  nearly  every  machine  possessing 
any  especial  features  of  novelty  and  interest. 
The  papers  on  iron  roofs  contain  some  well- 

"  "  Useful  luformation  for  Eugineers."  Third  series. 
.\a  comprised  m  a  series  of  lectures  ou  the  applied  sciences, 
and  on  other  kindred  eubjecta,  together  witli  treatises  on 
the  comparative  merits  of  the  Paris  and  London  Inter- 
national Exhibitions,  on  roofs,  on  the  Atlantic  cable,  and 
on  the  effect  of  impact  on  girders.  By  William  Fair- 
bairn,  E5q.,C.E.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  F.G.S.,  &c..  correspond- 
ing member  of  the  National  Institute  of  France  and  the 
Bo.val  Academy  of  Turin,  Chevalier  of  the  Legion  of 
Honour  &c.  London  :  Longmans,  Green,  and  Co.  ISOS. 
ine  right  of  translation  is  reserved. 


selected  practical  instances  of  the  various 
forms  on  which  roofs  are  constructed,  in- 
cluding an  elevation  of  the  gigantic  example 
of  Mr.  W.  H.  Barlow,  intended  to  roof  in  the 
Midland  Railway  Station  at  St.  Pancras-road, 
London.  It  surpasses  iu  span  and  other 
dimensions  every  structure  of  a  similar  nature 
in  being  240ft.  wide  in  the  clear  and  BUOft.  in 
length  ;  it  will  rise  to  a  height  of  125ft.  about 
the  level  of  the  present  roadway.  In  the  first 
portion  of  the  paper  the  question  of  the  theo- 
retical determination  of  the  strains  upon  the 
rafters  and  various  liars  of  trussed  roofs  is 
entered  into  rather  fully,  liut  not  by  any  means 
more  so  than  what  the  importance  of  the  sub- 
ject demands.  Roofs  of  this  description,  like 
all  trussed  structures,  require  a  careful  and 
detailed  calcidation  in  order  to  arrive  with  any 
degree  of  accuracy  at  the  correct  proportions 
of  the  component  parts.  Since  the  whole  of 
their  economy  consists  in  putting  the  metal 
just  where  it  is  wanted,  and  in  no  other  place, 
it  is  evident  that  they  cannot  be  designed,  as 
some  structures  may,  by  "  rule  of  thumb  ; " 
while  on  the  one  hand,  they  allow  of  a  far 
closer  economical  approximation  of  practice 
to  theorj'  than  any  other  form,  on  the  other, 
they  require  considerably  more  skill  and  scien- 
tific knowledge  in  order  to  obtain  that  desir- 
able result.  Paper  5  is  a  brief  history  of  the 
experiments  undertaken  by  the  author,  at  the 
request  of  the  Atlantic  Telegraph  Company, 
upon  the  insulation  and  other  properties  of 
submarine  telegraph  cables.  Tables  are  added 
giving  the  results  obtained  under  dift'erent 
pressures  and  with  difi'erent  coatings.  At  the 
present  time,  when  ocean  telegraphy  is  upon  its 
trial,  these  experiments  are  deserving  all  atten- 
tion from  electricians  and  those  interested  in 
the  subject,  as  a  host  of  valuable  information 
is  contained  in  the  records  of  them.  Paper  6 
is  of  a  similar  character  to  the  foregoing,  and 
narrates  the  experiments  which  induced  the 
company  to  select  the  cable  now  doing  its 
silent  duty  at  the  bottom  of  the  Atlantic.  In 
paper  7,  which  together  with  a  short  appendi.x: 
concludes  the  volume,  we  have  a  record  of 
experiments  made  by  tlie  author,  at  the 
request  of  the  Board  of  Trade,  to  determine 
the  ett'ect  of  impact,  vibrator-y  action,  and  long- 
continued  changes  of  load  on  wrought-iron 
girders.  The  jiractical  conclusions  arrived  at 
are,  "  that  cast-iron  bars  or  girders  are  not  safe 
when  subjected  to  a  series  of  deflections  due  to 
one-half  the  load  that  would  break  them ; " 
but  that  they  are  perfectly  secure  in  sus- 
taining a  dead  weight  not  exceeding  one-third 
of  the  weight  that  would  break  them,  and 
that  these  reiterated  deflections  appear  to  have 
no  injurious  ett'ect  upon  the  metal  from  which 
the  bars  were  cast.  With  respect  to  the  dura- 
bility of  wrought-iron  girders  and  beams,  we 
find  that  it  is  not  safe  to  submit  them  to  vio- 
lent disturbances  when  loaded  to  one-third  of 
their  breaking  weight,  but  that  they  may  be 
perfectly  safely  subjected  to  the  same  shocks 
with  a  load  equal  to  one-quarter  of  their  l)reak- 
ing  weight.  According  to  Mr.  Fairbairn,  a 
wrought-iron  girder  will  last,  under  the  latter 
conditions,  328  years,  but  under  the  former, 
only  for  the  term  of  eight  years.  On  this 
hypothesis,  then,  we  may  assiune  that  when 
our  bridges  last  eight  years,  they  will  last  un- 
til it  is  time  to  get  new  ones.  Great  and 
deserved  as  has  been  the  success  of  the  two  first 
series  of  this  work,  we  consider  that  the  new 
comer  will  eclipse  the  fame  they  have  acquired 
both  at  home  and  abroad.  The  name  of  the 
publishers  is  a  guarantee  for  everything  con- 
nected with  that  department. 


PEESERVATION  OP  WOOD  IN  DAMP 
AND  WET   SITUATIONS.* 

"VrO  introductory  apology  for  the  theme  of  this 
JJl  p.aper  is  judged  necessary.  A  few  plain 
statements  will  show  that  the  subject  is  one  of 
vast  though  unheeded  importance. 

The  annual  drain  which  is  exhausting  our  forests 
is  startling  when  we  remember  the  vast   areas   of 


•  From  the  "Journal  of  the  Franklin  lostitute.' 
H.  W.  Lewis,  University  of  Michigan. 


By 


our  country  utterly  destitute  of  timber — when  we 
learn,  for  instance,  that  upon  the  55,000  square 
miies  of  Illinois,  there  grows  not  a  single  pine 
large  enough  from  which  to  fashiun  a  board. 
Statistics  showthatiu  1865, above  5,000,000,000ft. 
of  lumber,  2,000,000,000  of  shingles,  and 
900,000,000  pieces  of  lach  were  sold  in  Chicago 
alone.  Michigan  and  Wisconsin  almost  entirely 
supply  that  market.  6,000ft.  of  pine  lumber  per 
acre  is  an  average  yield.  No  formal  calculation  is 
necessary  to  show  us  that,  with  the  present  de- 
mand, a  single  generation  will  exhaust  the  supply 
those  states  can  aftbrd. 

But  the  consumption  increases  in  a  rapid  ratio. 
It  has  already  raised  the  prices.  Clear  lumber 
sold  for  18  dollars  per  thousand  in  1855,  for  2-1 
dollars  per  thousaud  in  1860,  and  for  45  dollars 
per  thousaud  in  1805.  And  following  close  on 
Chicago,  in  this  trade,  are  Albany  and  Pitts- 
burgh. 

Improvidence  will  soon,  we  fear,  make  us  as  de- 
pendent on  foreign  supplies  of  timber  as  is  England, 
who  has  already  granted  numerous  patents  for 
processes  promoting  the  durability  of  the  lumber 
every  enlightened  nation  must  have. 

shall  we  employ  those  processes  whose  utility 
experience  has  demonstrated  ?  Self-interest  re- 
turns but  one  answer.  But  in  America  raUway 
management,  self-interest  seems  to  be  disregarded. 
WhUe  the  average  life  of  English  railway 
sleepers  is  fifteen  years,  that  of  American  sleepers 
is  only  seven  year.s.  Allowing  2,112  sleepers  per 
mile,  at  50  cents  each,  1,056  dollars  per  mile  of 
American  railroad  decays  every  seven  years. 
Thoroughly  impregnate  those  sleepers  with  sul- 
phate of  copper,  at  a  cost  of  5  cents  each,  and  they 
would  last  twice  as  long.  Thus  would  be  effected  a 
saving  of  880  dollars  per  mile  iu  the  seven  years  on 
sleepers  alonfe.  In  the  United  States  are  33,908'6 
miles  of  railroad.  The  whole  saving  on  these 
lines  would  be  29,839,568  dollars,  or  upwards  of 
4,262,795  dollars  per  annum. 

Again,  English  engineers  deride  American 
wooden  railway  bridges.  Eight  years  is  their 
average  duration.  Creosote  them  and  they  are 
good  for  double  or  treble  th  it  time.  For  ordinary 
railroad  purposes  they  cost  40  dollars  per  linear  foot. 
The  use  of  Bethell's  process  would  effect  a  great 
saving  on  such  a  line  as  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway, 
whose  wooden  bridges  measure  9,355ft.  upon  tlie 
Montreal  and  Portland  division  alone.  Further 
ilkistrations  of  the  importance  of  preserving  tim- 
ber from  decay  seem  unnecessary.  Let  us  pro- 
ceed to  the  discussion  of  this  desirable  object. 

In  situations  so  free  from  moisture  that  we  may 
practically  call  them  dry,  the  durabiUty  of  timber 
is  almost  unlimited.  The  roof  of  Westminster 
Hall  is  more  than  450  years  old.  In  Stirling  Castle 
are  carvings  in  oak,  well  preserved,  over  300  years 
of  age.  Scotch  fir  has  been  found  in  good  condi- 
tion after  a  known  use  of  300  years,  and  the 
trusses  of  the  roof  of  the  BasiUca  of  St.  Paul, 
Rome,  were  sound  and  good,  after  1,000  years  of 
service.  After  these  well-attested  examples  of 
preservation,  the  further  consideration  of  wood  in 
this  state  seems  unnecessary. 

Wood  constantly  wet  in  fresh  water  is  quite  as 
durable.  Piles  were  dug  from  the  foundations  of 
old  Savoy  Palace,  in  a  perfectly  sound  state,  after 
having  been  down  650  years.  The  pdes  of  old 
London  Bridge  were  found  sound  and  perfect 
800  years  after  they  were  driven. 

While  the  acidity  of  bog-water  retards  decay, 
it  seems  to  us  that  part  of  the  preservative  pro- 
perty attributed  to  the  stagnant  liquid  should  be 
ascribed  to  the  salts  of  metals  or  alkaline  earths 
held  in  solution,  and  deposited  among  the  woody 
fibres. 

In  the  above  .situations,  the  action  of  natural 
agents  cannot  be  improved.  But  in  certain  other 
conditions,  man  must  resort  to  preservative  pro- 
cesses to  secure  permanence  of  structure.  For 
convenience  of  discussion  we  have  introduced  the 
following  classification  : — 

1.  When  wood  is  damp  we  have  to  guard 
against  dry  rot. 

2.  When  wood  is  alternately  wet  and  dry  we 
have  to  guard  against  wet  rot. 

3.  When  wood  is  constantly  wet  in  sea-water 
we  have  to  guard  against  teredo  navalis  and  lim- 
noria  terebrans. 

1.  AVood  in  Damp  Situations. — When  un- 
seasoned wood  is  surrounded  by  de.ad  air,  it  very 
rapidly  decays,  fine  fungous  gro\vth3  extending 
through  everj'  part.  After  the  rot  has  begun,  the 
mere  contact  of  decayed  and  sound  wood  seems 
sufficient  to  ensure,  by  a  catalytic  action,  its  spread 
through  the  latter.  This  has  probably  led  some  i 
observers  to  their  conclusions,  that  the  accompany-       } 


January  11,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


21 


ing  parasitic  plants,  Merulius  lachrymans  (or  L. 
vastator)  ami  Polyporus  bydridus,  cause  the  decay. 
But  the  highest  authorities  now  regard  these 
growths  as  accessory,  and  beginning  only  after  a 
suitable  habitat  has  been  prepared  for  them.  Thvis 
the  fungus  acts  the  part  of  a  scavenger  and  con- 
verts corrupt  matter  into  new  forms  of  life.  The 
presence  in  the  timber  of  the  fungi  spores  is  easily 
explained.  The  researches  of  Pasteur  show  that 
atmospheric  dust  is  filled  with  minute  germs  of 
various  species  of  animals  and  plants,  ready  to 
develope  as  soon  as  they  fall  into  a  congenial 
locality.  He  concludes  that  all  fermentation  is 
caused  by  the  germination  of  suck  infinitesimal 
spores.  That  they  elude  observation,  does  not 
seem  strange,  when  we  consider  that  some  infu- 
soria are  only  l-24000iu.  in  length.  Admitting 
that  they  are  only  ten  times  the  linear  dimensions 
of  their  germs,  the  latter  will  be  l-240000ia. 
long.  But  with  the  best  microscopes  we  cannot 
perceive  objects  measuring  less  than  l-80000in. 
These  germs  might  find  their  way  into  the 
growing  plant  through  both  roots  and  leaves. 
The  whole  tree  is  thus  filled  with  the  seeds  of 
decay,  awaiting  suitable  conditions  to  spring  into 
growing  organisms.  The  prolonged  vitality  of 
spores,  made  necessary  by  this  theory,  cannot  be  a 
serious  objection,  when  we  remember  the  vigour 
of  the  "  mummy  wheat,"  and  the  unknown  plants 
which  start  from  the  earth  raised  from  deep  exca- 
vations. Indeed,  time,  even  when  measured  by 
centuries,  seems  hardly  to  affect  the  vitality  of 
Tegetable  germs. 

But  what  prepares  timber  for  the  germination 
of  the  fungi  spores  ?  Probably  fermentation  of 
the  juices  and  semisolids  of  the  moi^t  wood.  For 
fermentation,  five  conditions  are  necessaiy,  viz.  : 
1.  Presence  of  water.  2.  Temperature  from  40 
deg.  to  110  deg.  Fah.  3.  Presence  of  a  ferment. 
4.  Presence  of  a  fermentable  body.  5.  Exposure 
to  the  atmosphere. 

Three  of  these  conditions  almost  always  pre- 
vail. Very  rarely,  if  ever,  can  we  maintain  the 
temperature  of  any  timber  construction  below  40 
deg.  Fah.,  or  above  110  deg.  Fah.  Probably 
countless  numbers  of  ferment  spores  are  annually 
absorbed  into  the  fluids  of  the  smallest  sapUng. 
Completely  excluding  any  construction  above 
earth  and  water,  from  the  atmosphere,  is  practi- 
cally impossible.  The  two  remaining  conditions 
we  can  generally  prevent. 

1.  We  can  remove  the  water  by  thorough 
seasoning,  and  in  damp  situations  we  can  practi- 
cally prevent  its  return  by  ventilation  or  resinous 
coatings. 

Examples  of  remarkable  durability  of  wood  have 
been  cited.  With  equal  care  in  selecting  nnd 
preparing  the  lumber,  modern  constructions  might 
last  as  long.  But  while  the  wood  of  those  old 
edifices  was  drying  through  years  of  preparation, 
the  timber  of  modern  constructions  is  translated 
from  the  primitive  forest  into  a  painted  and  var- 
nished city  dwelling  in  less  than  a  single  year's 
time.  No  wonder  that  in  a  very  few  decades,  the 
whole  structure  is  unsafe,  and  that  an  odour  of 
decay  makes  the  mouldering  rooms  untenable. 

Thorough  ventilation  is  indispensable  to  the 
preservation  of  even  well  seasoned  naked  wood  in 
damp  localities.  The  rapid  decomposition  of  sills, 
sleepers,  and  lower  floors  is  not  surprising  where 
neither  wall  gratings  nor  ventilating  flues  carry  off 
the  moisture  rising  from  the  earth,  or  foul  gases 
evolved  in  the  decay  of  the  surface  mould.  In  the 
close  air  of  cellars,  and  beneath  buildings,  the  ex- 
periments of  Pasteur  detected  the  largest  percent- 
age of  fungi  spores.  Remove  the  earth  to  the 
foot  of  the  foundation,  and  fill  in  the  cavity  with 
dry  sand,  plaster  rubbish,  &o.,  or  lay  down  a  thick 
stratum  of  cement  to  exclude  the  water,  and  pro- 
vide for  a  complete  circulation  of  air,  and  lower 
floors  will  last  nearly  as  long  as  upper  ones. 

Various  expedients  have  been  resorted  to,  in 
order  to  hasten  the  seasoning  process.  Mr.  P.  W. 
Barlow's  patent  provided  for  exhausting  the  air 
from  one  end  of  the  log,  while  one  or  more  atmo- 
spheres press  upon  the  other  end.  This  artificial 
aerial  circulation  through  the  wood  is  prolonged 
at  pleasure.  However  excellent  in  theory,  this 
process  is  not  practicable.  By  another  method, 
the  smoke  and  hot  gases  of  a  coal  fire  are  con- 
veyed among  the  lumber,  placed  in  a  strong 
draught.  Some  writers  recommend  the  removal 
of  the  bark  one  season  before  f  elhng  the  tree.  All 
good  authorities  agree  that  the  cutting  should  take 
place  in  the  winter  season. 

An  impervious  covering  upon  undried  timber  is 
very  detrimental,  for  by  it  all  the  elements  of  de- 
cay are  retained  and  compelled  to  do  their  de- 
stroying work.     The  folly  of   oiling,   painting,  or 


charring  the  surface  of  unseasoned  wood  is  there- 
fore evident.  Owing  to  this  blunder  alone,  it  is 
no  unusual  thing  to  find  the  painted  woodwork  of 
older  buildings  completely  rotted  away,  while  the 
contiguous  naked  parts  are  perfectly  sound. 

In  concluding  this  part  of  the  subject  we  may 
say,  thoroughly  season  your  lumber,  afterwards 
covei  it  with  varnish,  paint,  or  pitch,  or  maintain 
around  it  a  constant  and  thorough  circulation  of 
air. 

2.  We  can  remove  the  fermentable  body,  or  che- 
mically change  its  nature. 

Woody  fibre  consists  chiefly  of  cellulose  and  lig- 
nine.  The  former  is  very  durable,  and  the  latter 
moulders  away  but  slowly,  when  exposed  to  air  and 
moisture.  But  permeating  through  these,  and 
increasing  from  the  heart  to  the  alburnum,  ai'c  ni- 
trogenous substances  of  the  sap  and  immature 
wood,  mostly  vegetable  albumen.  These  are  the 
fermentable  bodies  we  desire  to  remove  or  change. 
A  patented  process  has  been  proposed  to  wash  out 
the  albumen  by  water  flowing  in  at  one  end  of  the 
log  while  a  vacuum  was  produced  at  the  other. 
Theoretically  sstisfactory,  this  method  does  not 
seem  to  have  been  adopted.  Boiling  and  steaming 
partly  remove  the  ferment  spores,  but  may  not 
destroy  the  vitality  of  those  remaining.  For,  ac- 
cording to  Milve-Edwards,  he  has  seen  tardigrades 
resist  the  prolonged  action  of  a  temperature  of 
248  deg.  Fah.,  and  has  known  them  to  survive  a 
temperature  of  2S4  deg.  Fah.  That  low  forms  of 
vegetation  are  fully  as  tenacious  of  life  cannot  be 
doubted. 

Boiling  and  steaming  also  coagidate  the  albumen 
at  140  deg.  Fah.  Although  coagulated  albumen  is 
insoluble  in  water,  the  water  of  solution  is,  by 
this  heating  process,  sealed  up  in  the  wood,  and 
the  cohesion  of  the  latter  is  said  to  be  diminished. 
Albumen  is  also  coagulated  by  sulphate  of 
copper,  pyrolignite  of  iron,  chloride  of  mercury, 
chloride  of  zinc,  &c.  Some  of  the  compounds 
thus  formed  are  albuminates  of  the  metal- 
lic oxides.  Probably  this  is  the  reason  why 
some  of  those  salts  are  such  excellent  preserva- 
tives. But  the  researches  of  Kceuig  show  that, 
when  blue  vitriol  is  employed,  a  certain  portion  of 
basic  sulphate  of  copper  remains  combined  in  the 
pores  of  the  wood,  so  that  water  will  not  wash  out. 
The  most  resinous  woods  retain  the  most  of  the 
basic  salt.  Impregnated  woods  also  contained,  he 
found,  less  nitrogen  than  natural.  It  is  even 
possible,  he  states,  to  remove  all  the  azotized  com- 
pounds by  long  immersion  in  the  sulphate  solution. 
The  albuminous  substances  first  precipitated  by 
the  solution  are  redissolved  by  excess,  as  in  case 
of  concentrated  sulphuric  and  muriatic  acids.  The 
operation  of  such  solutions  should,  therefore,  be 
cue  of  lixiviation.  Koenig  hopes  similarly  to  ex- 
plain the  action  of  the  chlorides.  A  recent  expe- 
riment on  animal  albumen,  by  Professor  Prescott, 
shows  that  its  precipitate  by  the  chloride  of  mer- 
cury, is  also  soluble  in  excess  of  the  chloride  solu- 
tion. From  this  we  may  conclude  that  the  anti- 
septic qiialities  of  the  chlorides  depend,  at  least 
partly,  on  their  dissolving  out  the  albumen. 

But  could  all  the  nitrogenous  substances  be  re- 
moved, thereby  preventing  fermentation,  the  cellu- 
lose and  lignineof  unprotected  wood  would  slowly 
decompose.  Hence  the  salt  used  should  act  on 
those  substances  also.  According  to  good  authority, 
sulphate  of  copper  has  this  action.  M.  Weltz 
maintains  that,  after  a  time,  the  sulphuric  acid 
leaves  the  base,  and,  acting  upon  the  timber,  car- 
bonises it.  He  has  seen  the  props  in  a  mine, 
opened  1800  years  ago,  charred  by  the  free  acid 
thus  eliminated  and  in  a  perfect  state  of  preserva- 
tion, while  their  surfaces  were  covered  with  metallic 
copper  in  regulus. 

The  use  of  corrosive  sublimate  was  patented  by 
Mr.  Kyan  in  1832;  that  of  chloride  of  zinc  by 
Burnett  in  1838.  M.  Boucherie  has  >ised  solutions 
of  blue  vitriol  and  pyrolignite  of  iron.  Easy  im- 
pregnation of  the  wood  is  the  great  merit  of  his 
method. 

Each  process  has  in  turn  excited  the  most  ex- 
travagant hopes,  and  neither  has  justified  a  tithe 
of  the  expectations  formed.  While  "  Kyanising," 
"  Burnettising,"  or  the  use  of  any  salt  whatever, 
has  not  prevented  the  ravages  of  teredo  navalis  or 
limnoria.terebrans,  each  of  the  processes  named 
improves  the  durability  of  wood  exposed  to  damp- 
ness. Each  is,  therefore,  worthy  of  explanation 
here. 

Kyan's  specified  solution  was  one  pound  of 
chloride  of  mercury  to  four  gallons  of  water. 
Long  immersion  in  the  liquid  in  open  vats,  or 
great  pressure  upon  both  solution  and  wood,  in 
large  wrought-iron  tanks,  is  necessary  for  the 
complete  injection  of  the  liquid.     The  durability 


of  well-kyanised  timber  has  been  proved,  but  the 
expensiveness  of  the  operation  will  long  forbid  its 
extensive  adoption. 

For  "Burnettising,"  a  solution  of  chloride  of 
zinc — one  pound  of  salt  to  ten  gallons  of  water — is 
forced  into  the  wood  under  a  pressure  of  1501b. 
per  square  inch. 

Boucherie  employs  a  solution  of  sulphate  of 
copper  one  pound  to  water  twelve  and  a  half  gal- 
lons, or  jiyrolignite  of  iron  one  gallon  to  water  six 
gallons.  He  encloses  one  end  of  the  green  stick 
in  a  close-fitting  collar,  to  which  is  attached  an 
impervious  bag  communicating  through  a  flexible 
tube  with  an  elevated  reservoir  containing  thesjlt 
liquid.  Hydrostatic  pressure  soon  expels  the  sap 
at  the  opposite  end  of  the  log.  When  the  solution 
makes  its  appearance  also,  the  process  is  com- 
pleted. 

He  finds  the  fluid  will  pass  along  the  grain— a 
distance  of  12ft. — under  a  lower  pressure  than  is 
required  to  force  it  across  the  grain — three- 
fourths  of  an  inch.  The  operation  is  performed 
upon  gi'een  timber  with  the  greatest  facility.* 


EXETER     DIOCESAN    ARCHITECTURAL 
SOCIETY. 

THE  report  of  the  committee  of  this  society  was 
read  at  the  quarterly  meeting,  held  recently 
at  the  College-hall,  the  Yen.  Archdeacon  of  Exeter 
in  the  chair.  The  following  are  the  principal 
passages  of  the  report ; — At  our  last  quarterly 
meeting  your  committee  referred  with  pleasure  to 
the  great  increase  of  real  practical  work  in  which 
they  had  been  engaged,  and  which  could  be  traced 
at  once  most  readily  to  the  then  recently  adopted 
resolution  of  the  society.  It  is  with  like  pleasure 
that  they  have  now  to  state  that  a  considerable 
number  of  plans  and  drawings  have  since  that 
time  been  reported  on  ;  and  they  think  that  in  the 
future  the  real  utility  of  the  unanimously  adopted 
resolution  will  be  found  most  evident  to  all.  It 
will  be  found  that  architects,  as  a  rule,  do  not  feel 
aggrieved  because  their  designs  are  reported  on — 
criticised  if  you  like — by  the  committees  of  such 
societies  as  our  own.  They  know  that  the  reports 
of  such  committees  will  be  taken  only  for  what 
they  are  really  worth.  If  they  are  fair  criticisms, 
candid,  outspoken  reports,  they  will  be  duly 
weighed,  and  it  may  be  will  be  acted  upon.  In 
either  case  no  harm  will  be  done,  either  to  our 
common  cause  or  to  the  ai'chitect.  At  the  most 
it  will  only  be  another  proof  that  even  when  all 
agree  there  are  points  wherein  a  difierence  of 
opinion  can  well  exist.  Yea,  architects  who  have 
a  great  love  for  their  art,  and  withal  a  greater  love 
for  the  church  of  which  they  are  members,  will 
not  care  much  whether  the  one  common  object  be 
attained  by  theu-  own  individual  exertions,  or  by 
the  helping  hands  of  architectural  committees ; 
will  not  care  much  whether  they  have  to  do  the 
work  unaided,  or  whether  it  be  encouraged  and 
promoted  by  the  reports  or  the  criticisms  of  non- 
professional opinion.  Yea,  more — architects,  as  a 
rule,  know  very  well  that  they  and  your  committeo 
are  in  the  main  united,  that  in  all  chief  points  they 
will  most  likely  agree;  that,  instead  of  being  an- 
tagonists, they  are  the  best  of  friends.  The  first 
plan,  in  order  of  time,  is  one  by  Messrs.  Gould  and 
Son,  for  the  restoration,  enlargement,  and  reseat- 
ing of  the  very  small,  but  in  many  points  very 
interesting  church  of  St.  Thomas  h,  Becket,  New- 
ton Tracey.  It  may  be  well  to  remark  that  New- 
ton Traoey  and  Bovey  Tracey  have  both  the  samo 
dedication.  The  church  at  present  consists  of  a 
well-developed  chancel,  nave,  and  with  tower  oi 
very  early  full  pointed  work.  A  great  deal  or 
mural  painting  is  still  to  be  found  in  the  chancel  ; 
drawings  of  this  have  been  kindly  promised  to  be 
forwarded  by  Mr.  Gould  for  the  society's  portfolio. 
In  the  north  wall  were  found  two  early  arches  of 
unequal  span,  which  had  been  for  a  long  period 
walled  up.  These  evidently  formed  the  arcade  of 
a  short  north  aisle  ;  portions  of  the  foundation  of 
the  north  wall  have  also  been  discovered.  All  the 
old  features  of  the  church  will  be  carefully  pre- 
served ;  amongst  which  must' be  placed  the  use  of 
different  coloured  stones  m  the  construction  of  the 
arches.  Ham  Hill  stone  is  somewhat  freely  used 
in  them  ;  and  the  employment  of  this  material  in 
such  a  locaUty  as  Newton  Tracey  proves  how  great 
must  have  been  the  zeal  of  these  old  builders, 
who  must  have  met  with  many  difficulties  in  sup- 
plying for  this  church  a  material  on  which  they 
had  Set  their  hearts.  The  next  in  order  of  time 
were  plans  by  Mr.  St.  Aubyn  for  the  partial  resto- 

*  To  be  continued. 


22 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


January  11,  1867. 


ration,  rearrangement,  and  reseating  the  church  of 
St  Wenhear,  near  BoJmin,     Then  plans  by  Mr. 
Fenton,  for  the  eularsing,  rearranging,  reseating, 
and  restoring  the  church  of  St.  Martin,  Martinhoe. 
This  church  is   another  proof    of   the   mistaken 
opinion,   once  ver\-  prevalent,  that  all  our  Devon 
churches  were  of  Third  Pointed  or  Perpendicular 
work.     There  can  be  no  doubt  that  a  vast  amount 
of  church   work   was    carried    on   in   Devonshire 
durin<'  the  Third  Pointed  Period ;  and  the  probable 
reason  or  cause  of  this  great  activity  would  well 
supply  a  very  profitable  subject  of  inquiry  ;  but 
there  can  be  no  doubt  that  whilst  a  great  deal  ot 
Third  Pointed  work   is   to  be  found  everywhere, 
there  is  nevertheless  to  be  found  a  very  consider- 
able amount  of  very  early  work.     It  is  no  uncom- 
m  jn  thing  to  find   Third  Pointed  windows  taking 
the  place  of  earlier  ones,  whilst  the  walls  themselves 
hive  remained  untouched.  The  church  at  Martinhoe 
is  wholly  of  First  Pointed  work.    Old  features  will 
be  preserved,  the  chancel  will  be  lengthened,  and 
the  needed  increased  church  room  will  be  attained 
by  the  erection  of  a  short  west  aisle.     The  plans 
bv  Messrs.  Gould  and  Son  for  a  chapel  of  ease  at 
Traveller's  Rest,    in   the   parish  of  Swimbridge, 
have  also  been  laid  before  us.     It  will  be  remem- 
bered that  the  first  design  for  this  chapel  of  ease 
(not  by  the  Messrs.  Gould)  was  sent  by  the  Arch- 
deacon of  Barnstaple  to  your  committee,  that  they 
might  report  thereon.     A  full  report    on    these 
plans  .was  forwarded  to  the  Archdeacon  ;  and  there 
is  but  little  doubt  that  one  of  the  consequences  of 
that  report  is  to  be  seen  in  the  very  effective  and 
striking  design   which  is  now  to  be  carried  out. 
No  one  who  cares  to  compare  the  present  design 
with  the  originally   proposed    one  cau    hesitate 
about  at  any  rate  one  of  the  reports  of  your  com- 
mittee  having  been  of  real  service   to  the  cause 
which  we  have  in  hand.  Even  without  our  report, 
it  is  not  likely  that  the  original  plans  y?ould  have 
been  carried  into    execution  ;   but    without  that 
report  it  is  not  likely  that  an  entirely  new  design 
would  have  been  thought  necessary.     Very  rich, 
beautifully  drawn,  and  most  carefully  prepared 
designs  by  Mr.  E.  S.  Sedding,  for  the  restoration 
of  the  chancel  of   St.   Mary  at  Rewe,  having  also 
been  reported  on.      This  design,  although  expres- 
sive of  the  greatest  care  and  thought,  was  freely 
criticised,  and  your  committee  think  that  it  will 
be  no  betrayal  of  confidence  if  they  add  that  that 
report  of  theirs  has  been  acknowledged  without 
any   tokens    of    displeasure.      The   sixth   was  :i 
design  of  one  of  the  members  of   our  own  com 
mittee,    Mr.    Ashworth,    for   restoring   and    cor- 
rectly fitting  the  chancel,  and  reseating  with  open 
benches  the  nave  and  north  aisle  of  the  church  of 
St.  Mary  at  Tedburn,      This    forms    the    third 
church  in  our  present   list  which  gives  proof  of 
the  prevalence  of    First    Pointed    work    in    our 
churches.     The    chancel    roof    is   probably  First 
Pointed  ;  there  are  also  two-light  lancets  on  the 
south  side  and  one  on  the  north  of  the  chancel. 
These  are  the  following  adjoining  churches  where 
the    like  features    are  to  be  found  : — St.  Mary, 
Cheriton  Bishop  ;  St.  Mary,  Colebrook  ;  St.  Bar- 
tholomew,   Bovey    or    Nymet  Tracey.     And  the 
lasta  design  by  ilr.  Street  for  a  metal  altar  cross,  a 
teredos,  and  an  east  wall  enrichment  for  the  church 
of  St.  Mary,  Down.     A  work    of  restoration  has 
for  some  time  been  in  progress  in  the  chapel  of 
St.  Saviour,  the  chantry  of   Bishop  Odam  in  our 
cathedral.       The  cost  of  the  restoration    is  borne 
by  Corpus  Christi,  Oxford.    The  architect  engaged 
is  Mr.  Hayward.      But   very  few  would  hesitate 
about  regarding  the  work  done  here  as  being  in 
the  main  both  a  restoration  in  the  proper  mean- 
ing of  the  word  and  a  needful  restoration.     There 
are    some  who  have  expressed  doubt  upon  this 
point,  and    have  lamented  the    loss  of    the    old 
colouring  on  the  sculptured  figure  of  the  Bishop. 
This  supposed  very  valuable  example  of  ancient 
figure  colouring   was  indisputibly  not  ancient  at 
all.     And  the  coarse  way  in  which  the  colour  was 
laid  on  looked  more  like  a  figure  whereon  to  clean 
out    paint    brushes    than     anything    else.      The 
coarsest  paint  had  been  daubed  on  ;   the  fingers 
were  wholly  obliterated  ;  and  when  this  miserable 
substitute  for  medieval  work    was    carefully  re- 
moved, sufficient  evidences  of  the  original  colour- 
ing in  the  main   could  be  distinguished.     Those 
tokens  of  ancient  works  have  been  carefully  fol- 
lowed.     Your  committee  do  not  appear  here  as 
defenders  of  Mr.   Hayward — he  is  very  well  able 
t  J  Jo  that  liimself  ;  but  they  do  desire  to  express 
their   opinion  that  though  there  may  have  been 
(as  there  are)   cases   where  true  principles  have 
been  lost  sight  of  in  the  work  proposed,  yet  there 
are  other  cases  where  the  fault-finding  with  the 
work  done  has  ikewise  been  based,  as  it  seems  to 


your  committee,  upon  a  mistaken  principle.  To 
be  conservative  m  matters  connected  with  the 
works  of  other  days  is  quite  needful ;  to  have  a 
great  care  and  regard  for  aU  the  artistic  features  ot 
the  works  of  other  days  is  undoubtedly  ever  to  be 
encouraged ;  but  to  set  a  value  upon  the  deed 
which  mars  the  works  of  other  days  is  surely 
"  conservatism"  run  mad,  when  such  a  maxim  is 
to  be  applied  to  the  House  of  the  living  God.  _  A 
ruin  by  all  means  touch  it  not,  but  a  church  is  no 
ruin'-  it  may  be  venerated  in  age  and  feature  but 
it  ought  to  be  youthful  and  lively  too.  If  our 
churches  are  to  "be  mere  museums  for  preser%ang 
the  records  of  the  past,  if  they  are  to  be  mere  gal- 
leries  of  art,  then  indeed  let  nothing  be  touched 
that  has  once  left  the  hands  of  the  old  master 
complete  ;  but,  if  a  church  be,  as  it  is,  God  s 
House,  if  it  is  to  tell  of  the  present,  as  well  as  the 
past,  then  the  true  conservative  spirit,  whilst  it 
preserves  with  care  all  the  works  of  the  artist 
craftsman,  which  cannot  be  touched  without  losing 
its  value,  will  at  the  same  time  endeavour  to  pre- 
vent, if  it  may  be,  the  least  sign  and  token  of 
decay,  every  evidence  of  waste,  every  symptom  of 
neglect. 


THE   SOCIETY  OP  ANTIQUARIES  OF 
SCOTLAND. 

A  SPECIAL  meeting  of  this  society  was  held 
last  week,  Sir  James  Y.  Simpson,  Bart.,  vice- 
president,  in  the  chair.  Professor  George  Ste- 
phens, of  Copenhagen,  author  of  "Old  English 
Runic  Monuments,"  described  the  Runic  inscrip- 
tions on  thirty-five  monuments  in  Great  Britain, 
from  which  it  appeared  they  had  been  found  on 
crosses,  coffin-lids,  brooches,  rings,  and  caskets. 
Among  the  crosses,  Mr.  Stephens  directed  particu- 
lar attention  to  that  at  Ruthwell,  in  Annandale, 
which  he  regarded  as  the  most  sumptuous  in  orna- 
ment, and  the  most  interesting,  from  its  inscrip- 
tions, of  any  in  the  world ;  and  he  implored  the 
society  to  take  some  interest  in  the  preservation  of 
a  monument  so  precious.  Mr.  Stephens  explained 
that  the  first  part  of  his  work  contained  the 
old  northern  Runic  inscriptions  in  Scandinavia, 
and  that  the  second,  which  was  now  well  ad- 
vanced,  would  contain  all  such  inscriptions  known 
in  Britain,  with  careful  and  detailed  drawings 
of  the  crosses,  caskets,  rings,  and  other  objects  on 
which  the  inscriptions  were  engraved.  Some  of 
the  sheets  of  this  part  were  exhibited,  and  excited 
general  interest  and  admiration.  Mr.  Stuart 
trusted  that  Professor  Stephens's  interesting  dis- 
course might  make  his  great  work  better  known 
among  them,  and  that  it  would  lead  themselves  to 
prize  the  venerable  monuments  still  remaining  in 
the  land,  on  which  Mr.  Stephens  had  lavished  so 
much  zeal  and  learning.  With  regard  to  the  cross 
at  Ruthwell,  he  had  recently  been  corresponding 
with  the  minister  of  the  parish  on  the  subject  of 
its  better  preservation,  and  he  trusted  that  ere 
long  a  suitable  plan  would  be  devised  for  this  pur- 
pose. 

♦ 

METAL    WORK. 

MESSRS.  PEARD  and  JACKSON,  159,  High 
Holborn,  have  issued  a  new  and  enlarged 
edition  of  their  examples  of  metal  work.  The 
catalogue  consists  ol'several  hundred  illustrations 
of  metal  work  "  for  ecclesiastical  and  domestic 
use,  designed  after  the  manner  of  mediaeval 
works.'*  Most  of  the  designs  are  by  Mr.  Peard. 
Some  of  them,  however,  were  designed  by  Mr. 
A.  W.  Blomfield  and  Mr.  John  Goldie.  Duo 
praise  is  awarded  to  Mr.  W.  G.  Smith,  the  artist, 
who  has  drawn  the  examples  on  wood.  We  take 
the  following,  on  iron,  from  the  preface  of  the 
catalogue  : — 

"  By  some  persona  who  profess  themselvea  to 
be  very  learned  in  the  peculiarities  which  should 
distinguish  the  consLructiou  of  works  in  iron,  is 
the  use  of  malleable  cast  iron  rigorously  pro- 
st^ribed.  These  gentlemen  cannot  have  endea- 
voured candidly  and  honestly  to  comprehend  its 
capabilities,  and  in  not  seeking  to  utilise  a  mate- 
riul  which  modern  science  has  produced,  do  but 
resist  an  economic  law  of  commerce.  It  has  its 
legitimate  application,  and  this  there  is  no  difficulty 
in  defining.  To  adopt  it  for  designs  in  which 
the  chief  characteristic  of  construction  suggested 
to  the  mind  would  be  welding,  is  manifestly  an 
absurdity,  because  for  all  practical  j>urposes  it 
is  incapable  of  this  mode  of  manipulation;  and 
as  absurd  would  be  its  use  for  those  purposes  in 
which  ordinary  cast  iron  is  equally  available.  It 
should  bear  the  impress  ot'its  mode  of  production, 
.casting,  and  when   used  as  the  ornate  parts  of 


work  constructed  in  frame  of  wrouzht  iron,  and 
secured  thereto  by  means  of  rivets,  screwed  pins 
or  bands— a  quantity  of  each  one  or  more  parts 
being  required — the  manufacturer  has  at  hand 
an  exceedingly  economical  as  well  as  durable 
and  ductile  material,  capable  of  great  variety  in 
treatment,  since  it  can  with  ease — after  passing 
the  annealing  process — be  hammered  and  va- 
riously shaped. 

"Too   often  are  crude  and   egotislio   notions 
set  forth  as  to    the   manner  in   which  wrought 
work  should  be  done.     It  is  taken  for   granted 
that  because  welding  is  a  very  natural  mode  of 
making  junctions,  &c.,  it  was  almost  universally 
adopted  in  ancient  work,  and  that  any  departure 
therefrom   must  be   disallowed   as     '  not  legiti- 
mate.'     It  is  forgotten  that  riveting  is  a  process 
only  largely  attainable   with  wrought   iron,  and 
therefore  a  natural  process,  though  to  solely  or 
mainly   rely  thereon  in  mediaeval   design   is   to 
descend,   it  may  be,  to   '  metal    joinery.'      The 
introduction  of  rivets  and  bands  will  frequently 
produce    pleasing   variety  in  welded  scroll  and 
other   work,    providing   they   are    made   points 
in    the    design,    while    the    proper   tapering    or 
diminishing    of  all    the    out-growths    of  scrolls 
furnishes   the    best    evidence    of    hand    labour 
having   been    bestowed   on    them ;     frequently, 
however,    ia  the  manufacturer  restricted  in  de- 
veloping to  its  proper  extent  the  latter,  by  the 
necessity   laid    on   him    to    'keep   down    cost." 
Complaints    are    sometimes   made,     not    always 
without  reason,  that  smiths  will  persist  in  filing 
their  work,   and  obliterating  the   marks  of   the 
hammer :    this   will  be  rarely  the  case  when  a 
design  is  such  aa  can  be  fairly  executed  with  a 
smith's  ordinary  tools ;  but  it  is  notoriously  true 
that  smiths  are  too  often  expected  to   forge  that 
which  neithar  hammer,  cutter,  nor  punch  can  by 
any    possibility    produce    on    the    anvil;    hence 
complaints  are  unfairly   made  on    grounds    and 
for  reasons  insufficiently  understood.     A  deter- 
mined and  careful 'stady  of  the  processes  em  ployed 
by  the  best  artificers  of  all  times,'  especially  of 
our  own,  in  which  mechanical  contrivances  have 
been  so  largely  augmented,  would  enable  artists 
as  well  as  manufacturers  to  avoid  prejudice,  cor- 
rect errors,  and  attain  success." 


r 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL. 

the   Department  of  Eure-et-Loire,  at  Bazo- 

ches-les-Hautes,  not  far  from  an  old  Roman  road 

which  still  bears  the  name  of  "  Route  de  C^sar,"  ^ 
and  about  half-way  between  Chartres  and  Orleans,' 
there  is  the  farm  called  the  Fauconifere,  which  has 
been  in    the   possession    of    the  same   family    of 
farmers,  of  the  name  of  Neveu,  for  the  last  three 
centuries.     On  the  adjoining  ground  a  consider- 
able n'lmber  of  Roman  and  Gallic  antiquities  have 
been  picked  up  from  time  to  time,  and  the  foun- 
dations of  buildings,  together  with  quantities  of 
coins  and  medals  of  Nero,   Faustina,   the    Anto- 
nines,  and  the  Constantines,  confirm  the  opinion 
that  a  Roman  camp  formerly  existed  there.   _  The 
late  M.  Neveu  had  formed  a  tolerable  collection  of 
such  antiquities,  but  was  not  suflieieutly  read  in 
archajology  to  enable  him  to  classify  them.     His 
son,  now  residing  at  JanvUle,  has,  however,  made 
himself  thoroughly  master  of  the  subject,  and  is 
not  only  an  experienced  farmer,  but  also  a  learned 
archteologist.     Having  taken  great  pains  to  classify 
and  increase  his  father's  collection,  he  has  at  length 
succeeded   in  forming  a  very  valuable  museum, 
which  excites  the  admiration  of  visitors.     Among 
the    curiosities    he   possesses  there   are  a  Roman 
steelyard,   two  Roman  chandeliers  of  bronze  dis- 
covered at  a  depth  of  13  metres,  a  Roman  hatchet, 
two  flint  ones,  three  bronze  keys,  four  u-on  ones,  a 
bronze  Mercury  in  perfect  preservation,  &c.,  and, 
above  all,  seventy  Gallic  medals,  including  three 
gold  and  three  silver  ones  ;  the  rest  are  bronze. 
These  medals,  which  are   in  excellent  condition 
comprise  about  fifty  difl'erent  types,  five  of  which 
seem  to  be  quite  new  to  archaeologists.  One  of  the 
gold  ones  is  among  the  latter.     Besides  these  Gal- 
Uo  medals  M.  Neveu  possesses  forty  Roman  ones 
of  a  small  size  (sixteen  of  which  are  silver),  and 
fifty    of  a   much    larger   type  and  all  of    bronze. 
Lastly,  his  museum  contains  two  gold  pieces,  one 
of   Charles     VII.   and   the  other   of    the    Black 
Prince. 


Since  the  process  of  photographing  upon  silk 
and  linen  has  been  perfected  in  France,  many  per- 
sons have  their  portraits  upon  their  linen  inste.ad 
of  their  names  or  initials.  Washing,  it  is  said, 
does  not  injure  the  portraits. 


Janltaky  11,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


23 


EARTH  CLOSETS. 

THE  followiug  observations  have  bueu  commu- 
nicated to  the  Sanitary  Committee  of  Norwich. 
If  earth  closets  are  applicable  to  that  city  wo  see 
no  reason  why  they  may  not  be  applied  else- 
where : — 

To  the  Sanitary  Committee. 

Gkntlemex, — As  1  imderstand  that  tlie  Board 
of  Health,  at  their  meeting  held  on  Tuesday,  the 
18th  inst.,  referred  to  the  consideration  of  your 
committee  the  question  of  the  applicability  ol  the 
dry  earth  system  for  the  purposes  of  deodorisation, 
and  the  feasibiUty  of  the  substitution  of  that  sys- 
tem for  the  proposed  enormous  expenditure  in 
irrigation  and  the  extension  of  the  city  sewerage, 
I  take  the  liberty  of  asking  your  attention  to  the 
following  considerations : — 

EVILS  OF  THE  THESEST  SYSTEM. 

The  best  method  of  removing  from  large  towns 
the  excrementitious  matter,  sink  washings,  semi- 
liquid  and  other  refuse  from  slaughter-houses, 
stables,  factories,  &c.,  is  one  of  the  most  perplexing 
q\iestions  of  the  day. 

Cesspools  and  common  privies  are  acknowledged 
to  be  simple  abominations. 

About  fifty  years  since  waterclosets  were  intro- 
duced, and  a  system  of  di-ainage  was  organised 
which  seemed  to  solve  the  vexed  question.  How- 
ever, a.s  the  contents  of  hundreds  and  then  thou- 
sands of  these  waterclosets,  with  sink  washings, 
factory  wastes,  and  other  offensive  matters,  were 
indiscriminately  conducted  to  the  sewers,  we  now 
discover  that  in  practically  carrying  out  this  system 
two  gigantic  evils  are  created. 

Yirst — The  drainage  which  is  necessary  in  every 
town  to  carry  away  the  rainfall  and  other  inoft'en- 
sive  liquids  is  converted  from  a  sanitary  blessing 
to  a  service  for  conveying  noxious  and  pestilential 
gases  into  all  our  thoroughfares,  yards,  and  houses, 
producing  disease,  fever,  and  death. 

Second — It  pollutes  the  river  into  which  it  dis- 
charges. 

The  first  evil. — This,  thoretically,  can  be  ob- 
viated by  trapping,  but  we  know  thlsas  practically 
impossible  in  the  extensive  ramifications  of  highly 
charged  pestilential  gas  drains. 

The  second  evil. — This  can  be  preventedby  divert- 
ing it  from  the  river  and  deodorising  it  by  irriga- 
tion over  land — a  plan  which  appears  to  be 
most  in  favour  with  engineers,  but  it  cannot  be 
done  without  enormous  expenditure,  and  with  very 
questionable  results. 

THE  DRY    E.iRTB    PROCESS. 

A  conference  has  been  held  at  Leamington,  which 
was  attended  by  deputations  from  the  governing 
bodies  of  Manchester,  Glasgow,  Oxford,  Maccles- 
held,  High  Wycomb,  and  other  places.  Other 
towns  were  also  represented  by  their  engineers  and 
other  officials — in  all  about  300  gentleman.  The 
report  in  the  Building  News  *  divides  the  papers 
read  into  three  classes — first,  those  advocating 
the  "rlry  earth"  system:  second,  those  in  favour 
of  irrigation ;  and  lastly,  those  which  had  special 
schemes  for  converting  sewage  into  manure  easily 
transportable.  The  decision  appears  to  have  been 
decidedly  in  favour  of  the  dry  earth. 

On  ruefully  reading  the  report,  the  iby  earth 
.system  appeai-ed  to  me  to  be  well  worth  further 
investigation.  I  therefore  procured  "  National 
Health  and  AVcalth,"  and  other  papers  upon  the 
subject,  and  also  '•  Liebig's  Natural  Laws  of 
Husbandry,"  and  from  a  common  sense  point  of 
view,  it  seemed  to  me  that  we  must  look  to  earth 
and  not  to  water  for  the  solution  of  the  difficulty. 

Mix  water  with  excrementitious  matter,  and  it 
causes  fermentation  and  the  production  of  noxious 
gases.  Its  influence  decays  wood,  stone,  iron,  &c., 
and  it  is  enormously  expensive. 

(Jet  the  next  most  abundant  composition  of 
nature,  earth  ;  dry  it  (not  wet  it)  and  on  appUca- 
tiuu  it  perfectly  deodorises  the  most  ofiTensive 
matter,  and  makes  it  a  rich  manure  for  the 
growth  of  our  grain,  and  it  preserves  what  water 
destroys. 

CAN'  THE   DRY  EARTH  PROCESS  BE  APPLIED  TO 
NORWICH  ? 

If  the  earth  system  can  be  carried  out  in  Norwich, 
it  will  be  needless  to  expend  £60,000,  or  it  may 
be  £100,000,  upon  a  system  of  sewerage.  The 
annual  expense  of  pumping  the  millions  of  gal- 
lons of   sewage  and  annual    expense    of    main- 

•  The  overwhelming  weight  of  opinion  at  the  meeting 
was  in  favour  of  dry  earth,  but  a  ditferent  opinion  was  ex- 
pressed as  to  its  applicability  to  large  town=. 


tenance  will   be  saved,   and   the   risk   of  failure 
avoided. 

An  injunction  from  the  Court  of  Chancery  will 
not  be  required  to  prevent  our  authorities  pollut- 
ing the  river  ;  and  an  injunction  from  the  Court 
of  Chancery  will  not  be  required  to  prevent  our 
authorities  polluting  the  atmosphere.  One  inj  unc- 
tion is  as  reasonable  as  the  other,  for  be  it  re- 
membered pestilential  gas  is  always  being  gene- 
rated in  our  sewers  and  drains,  is  forcing  its  way 
out,  not  only  in  the  close  imhealthy  November, 
but  every  day  in  the  year,  through  thousands 
of  apertures  in  our  streets,  passages,  yards,  and 
ho\i8es.  But  our  rivers  are  not  pestilential  (ex- 
cept for  drinking  purposes)  only  on  a  few  hot 
days  in  a  very  dry  summer. 

The  <iuestion  which  the  (Government  appears  to 
have  really  gone  into  is  "  The  best  means  of  pre- 
venting the  pollution  of  rivers,"  not  '■  The  serious 
evil  of  the  pollution  of  the  sewers,"  but  the  latter 
is  a  question  whith  must  soon  follow.  The  irriga- 
tion system  only  deals  with  the  former,  and  its 
success  appears  to  be  imcertaiu. 

HOW  DRY  EARTH  MAY  BE  USED  WITH  PROFIT. 

Upon  the  foregoing  considerations  the  question 
arises— Can  the  earth  principle  be  can'iedout  with 
health,  comfort,  and  cleanliness  in  Norwich  ?— 
With  proper  and  systematic  arrangements  ii  seems 
to  me  that  it  can,  and  I  have  made  the  following 
cidculations  based  upon  the  recommendations  of 
I)r.  Hawkesley,  and  the  special  convenience  of  the 
city. 

Norwich,  according  to  the  census  tables  of  1861, 
contained  17,112  inhabited  houses,  with  7-1,801  in- 
habitants (on  the  average  i)^  persons  to  each 
house). 

Divide  Norwich  into  twelve  districts,  each 
having  a  depot  for  the  earth,  horses,  &c.,  in  con- 
venient positions  to  attend  the  houses,  &,c.,  allotted 
to  it  ;  each  district  to  comprise  on  the  average 
1,400  houses  or  2,000  closets.  These  districts 
must  be  divided  into  two  classes,  according  to  the 
nature  of  the  locality,  viz. : — 

1st  Class. — Houses  with  closets— one-third  re- 
quiring removal  every  day,  one-third  every 
two  days,  and  one-third  every  three  days ; 
say  four  districts. 

2nd  Class. — Houses  with  closets  downstairs, 
which  can  be  constructed  to  contain  a  fort- 
night's accumulation  ;  say  eight  districts. 

Each  depot  of  the  first  class  districts  would 
employ  five  vans,  ten  horses,  ten  men.  Each  van 
would  convey  200  clean  paUs  and  181b.  of  earth, 
and  would  remove  from  each  area,  yard,  or  door, 
the  used  pails  placed  there  over  night,  or  when 
called  for  between  six  and  nine  o'clock  a.m.  each 
day,  second  day,  or  third  day.  Each  van  when  it 
left  the  depot  would  convey  200  pails,  weighing 
9  cwt.  and  3,tj001b.  of  earth,  representing  a  total  of 
2  tons  1  cwt.  The  additional  weight  on  its  return 
to  the  depot  wo\dd  be  16  cwt.  1021b. 

Each  depi')t  of  the  second  class  would  distribute 
llj  tons  of  dry  earth,  remove  17  tons  of  manure, 
and  procure  3.^  tons  of  fresh  earth  per  day. 

The  annual  cost  of  collection  and  management 
for  each  first  class  district  would  be  £834,  for 
second  class  districts  £542,  in  the  aggregate.  The 
four  first  class  districts  and  the  eight  second  class 
districts,  with  cost  of  the  earth  required,  would 
incur  an  expenditure  of  £8,438,  and  the  sale  of  the 
manure  to  be  disposed  of  at  20s.  per  ton  or  6s.  an 
individual,  amounts  to  £22,986,  being  an  annual 
profit  of  £14,548. 

It  should  be  particularly  observed  that  I  have 
only  valued  the  manure  at  6s.  per  individual  per 
annvim.  Br.  Hawkesley's  lowest  estimate  is  14s., 
and  Mr.  Moide  gives  a  much  higher  value  ;  and 
Norwich  being  in  the  centre  of  a  rich  agricultural 
district,  with  railway  and  water  carriage,  the  maxi- 
mum value  will  be  eventually  obtained,  and  the 
manure  being  in  a  solid  and  inoffensive  form  its 
transit  is  convenient. 

As  to  the  first  outlay,  I  calculate  that  it  will  only 
be  about  £4,600,  invested  in  horses,  vans,  pails, 
and  drying  kUns. 

As  to  the  treatment  of  the  other  refuse  from 
towns,  I  quote  the  following  from  the  report  of 
"  the  Royal  Commissioners  for  inquu-y  into  the 
best  means  of  remedying  the  pollution  of  rivers," 
whose  pubhc  inquhries  in  the  North  closed  last 
week  :  "  Sewage,  beyond  all  question  or  doubt, 
may  be  applied  to  irrigate  land,  or  the  earth  closet 
may  be  introduced  so  as  to  prevent  stream  and 
river  fouUng.  SoUds  of  all  sorts  and  kinds  from 
manufactories  atfd  dyehouses  may  be  intercepted, 
and  in  some  instances,  much  of  the  colouring 
matter  which  is  mechanically  suspended  in  the 
water  may   be  filtered   out   before   wa.sting  this 


pollution  into  the  stream.  Absolute  purity  of 
the  w.ater  will  be  impossible  and  need  not  be 
looked  for.'' 

As  a  further  proof  of  the  recognition  of  the  value 
of  the  dry  earth  system  amongst  scientific  men, 
1  may  add  that  an  international  conference  on 
cholera  has  recently  been  held  at  Constantinople, 
when  the  conference  decided,  amongst  other  things, 
in  favour  of  the  universal  abolition  of  all  sewers, 
and  the  a<loption  of  earth  closets. 

(il'AyTlTV    OF   EARTH    REQUIRED. 

The  main  difficulty  whic'u  many  people  raise  is 
the  vast  .amovmt  of  earth  that  seems  to  be  re- 
quired. I  quote  Mr.  Moule's  words  :  "  For  the 
removal  of  excrciiicntitious  matter  alone,  .an  aver- 
age of  41b.  a  day  for  one  person  will  be  suffi- 
cient. This  would  be  1  cwt.  a  fortnight,  or  for  a 
family  of  five  pei-sons  2.|i  cwt.  a  fortnight,  or  1  ton 
for  sixteen  weeks,  or  3|  tons  a  year.  What  family 
thinks  of  the  trouble  of  taking  in  so  much  coal 
every  year  ';  The  removal  need  not  be  more  fre- 
quent, nor  would  it  require  much  more  labour. 
But  then  this  labour  would  not  devolve  on  the 
family  itself." 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  a  letter  in  the 
Times,  signed  Oeorge  Faithorn,  medical  officer  of 
the  Chesham  District  of  the  Amersham  Union : — 
"  I  inspected  the  earth  sheds,  and  saw  the  process 
in  every  stage.  I  put  my  nostrils  into  close  contact 
with  soil  which  had  been  taken  from  the  closets 
this  morning,  .and  I  took  up  some  which  had  been 
out  no  more  than  a  fortnight  without  soiling  my 
hands,  and,  lastly,  1  have  come  away  with  a  small 
parcel  of  the  dried  soil  in  my  pocket,  having  during 
the  whole  investigation  met  with  nothing  in  the 
smallest  degree  disagreeable." 

COST  TO   OCCUPIERS. 

The  cost  to  each  occupier  or  owner  to  alter  his 
existing  seat  and  riser,  and  adapt  it  to  the  earth 
closet  will  be  about  £2  per  closet ;  but  this  ex- 
pense will  be  repaid  back  in  four  years  by  the 
saving  of  water  rate  of  10s.  per  annum,  in  addition 
to  which  there  wovdd  be  the  important  saving  of 
the  extra  rating  which  the  irrigating  .system 
would  necessitate.  And  those  whose  waterclosets 
and  privies  are  not  attached  to  the  sewers,  but 
who  wUl  be  compelled  to  use  the  new  sewers,  will 
-save  at  least  half  that  cost  by  the  use  of  the  earth 
closet. 

I  will  close  these  remarks  by  stating  that  I  have 
no  interest  in  either  scheme,  directly  or  indirectly, 
except  as  a  ratepayer,  wishing  health,  wealth,  and 
prosperity  to  my  native  city. 

I  .am,  Gentlemen,  yours  obediently, 

Edward  Boardm,in, 
Architect  and  Surveyor. 

Queen-street,  Norwich,  December  19,  1866. 


MONUMENT  TO  PRESIDENT    LINCOLN. 

IN  our  last  number,  under  the  head  "  Statues, 
Memorials,  &c.,"  we  gave  a  short  notice  of 
a  proposed  monument  to  the  late  Tresident  Lin- 
coln, the  model  of  which  was  designed  by  Harriet 
Hosmer,  who  sent  it  from  Italy.  The  sculptor,  in 
a  letter  to  the  Tresident  of  the  Freedman's  Monu- 
ment Association,  writes  :— "  In  designing  a 
monument  to  record  the  life  and  services  of  Abra- 
ham Lincoln,  I  have  endeavoured  to  express  the 
idea  that  the  Temple  of  Fame  which  we  rear  to 
his  memory  is  based  upon  the  two  great  acts 
of  his  .administration,  viz.,  the  emancipation  of 
the  sliive  and  the  preservation  of  the  American 
Union.  Commencing,  however,  with  his  earlier 
history,  I  have  represented  other  scenes  of  the 
President's  life  in  the  four  bas-reliefs  which  sur- 
round the  lower  base.  In  the  first,  his  birth,  his 
journey  through  the  woods  to  his  new  home 
in  Indiana,  and  his  occupations  .as  builder  of  log 
cabins,  rail-spUtter,  flat-boatman,  and  farmer;  in 
the  second,  as  stump-speaker,  as  member  of  the 
legislature,  as  bidtiing  farewell  to  his  constituents 
and  friends  .at  Sprmgfield,  and  as  taking  the  oath 
of  office  as  President  of  the  United  States  at 
Washington  ;  in  the  third,  four  memorable  events 
of  the  war — the  bombardment  of  Sumter,  the 
capture  of  Jlobile  and  of  Petersburg,  and  the  sur- 
render of  Lee  at  Appomattox;  and  the  fourth,  the 
ass.assination,  the  funeral  procession,  and  the  final 
interment  at  Springfield.  Upon  the  cu-cular 
columns  which  enclose  these  bas-reUefs,  and 
crowning  the  first  base  of  the  temple,  are  placed 
four  statues,  representing  the  condition  of  the 
negro  as  it  actually  existed  at  difi'erent  periods  of 
the  President's  four  years  of  office— first,  as  ex- 


[SUPPLEMENT.] 


24 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


January  11,  1867. 


posed  in  chains  for  sale ;  second,  upon  the  planta- 
tion ;  third,  as  giiide  and  assistant  to  our  troops  ; 
and  fourth,  ag  a  soldier  and  a  freeman.  Above 
these  columns  rises  an  octagonal  base,  four  sides  of 
which  contain  the  inscriptions  ; — 

"Abraham  Lincoln; 

"  Martyr-President  of  the  United  States  ; 

"  Emancipator  of  Four  JliUious  of  Men ; 

"  Preserver  of  the  American  Union. 

"  Upon  this  rests  a  circular  base,  forming  the 
immediate  base  of  the  temple,  upon  which  i-^ 
represented  a  bas-relief  composed  of  thirty-six 
female  figures,  hand  in  hand,  symbolical  of  the 
union  of  the  thirty-six  States.  Upon  this  rise 
the  four  columns  of  the  temple,  supporting  a  cor- 
nice, upon  which  are  inscribed  the  concluding 
words  of  the  Emancipation  Proclamation  : — 
'And  upon  this,  sincerely  believed  to  be  an  act  of 
jxistice,  I  invoke  the  considerate  judgment  of  man- 
kind and  the  gracious  favour  of  Almighty  God.' 

''Within  the  temple  a  statue  of  the  dead  Presi- 
lent  rests  upon  a  sarcophagus,  and  the  four 
mourning  Victories,  with  trumpets  reversed, 
which  guard  and  surround  the  whole,  record 
the  sorrow  of  the  nation,  stricken  down  at  the  mo- 
ment of  proclaiming  its  triumphs. 

"  It  is  needless  to  say  that  in  so  small  a  space 
but  little  study  could  be  given  to  details.  Should 
opportunity  be  afforded  me  of  completing  the 
design  uptm  a  larger  scale  many  improvements 
and  accessories  would  be  introduced ;  for  in- 
stance, the  historical  bas-reliefs  woitld  contain 
careful  portraits  of  individuals  and  places ;  in  the 
circular  bas-reliefs  the  characteristics  of  each 
separate  State  would  be  preserved,  and  the  shields 
affixed  as  architectural  ornaments  would  bear  their 
appropriate  coats  of  arms.  The  object  thus  far 
in  my  design  has  been  merely  to  convey  to  you  an 
idea  of  its  general  effect,  and  of  the  manner  in 
which  I  should  propose  to  illustrate  the  history  of 
the  great  man  whose  life  was  so  rich  in  events 
that  it  only  remains  for  the  artist  to  give  pro- 
minence to  its  most  brilliant  passages." 


HONOLULU  CATHEDRAL,  HAWAII. 

THE  proposed  new  cathedral  at  Honolulu,  the 
capital  of  the  Hawaiin  Islands,  is  to  be 
erected  as  a  memorial  to  the  late  King  Kame- 
hama,  and,  for  the  purpose  of  raising  the  neces- 
sary funds  for  this  object  his  widowed  queen 
visited  this  country.  He  had  taken  very  great  in- 
terest in  the  growth  of  religion  in  his  country, 
and  to  his  exertions  are  due  in  a  great  measure 
the  foundation  of  the  See  of  Honolulu.  The 
bishop  was  consecrated  by  the  late  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury  in  December,  18ijl. 

The  plan  of  the  church  consists  of  a  nave  six 
bays  in  length  and  •24£t.  wide,  with  north  and 
south  aisles,  each  lift.  6in.  in  width  ;  north  and 
south  transepts,  Sift,  wide ;  and  choir,  with  a  five- 
sided  apse  with  processional  path  continued  roundit. 
The  length  of  the  choir,  from  the  first  step  to  the 
outside  of  the  apse  columns,  is  45ft.  The  tower 
stands  in  the  angle  between  the  north  iransept 
and  the  north  choir  aisle,  and  the  octagonal 
baptistery  is  placed  in  a  corresponding  situation  on 
the  south  side.  There  are  two  rows  of  six  stalls 
each  on  each  side  of  the  choir,  the  dean  and  pre- 
centor's stalls  being  respectively  at  the  western- 
most ends  of  the  south  and  north  upper  stalls, 
and  the  chancellor's  and  treasurer's  stalls  at  the 
eastern  ends  of  the  same  rows  of  stalls.  The 
bishop's  throne  is  on  the  south  side,  eastward  of  the 
stalls^  (omitted  on  the  accompanying  plan  by  an 
oversight).  The  altar  is  raised  seven  steps  above 
the  nave  level,  and  will  have  over  it  a  lofty  bal- 
daguin  of  metal  work.  A  low  iron  screen  divides 
the  choir  and  nave,  and  it  is  also  intended  to  place 
metal  grilles  in  all  the  arches  of  the  choir  and  apse, 
withgates  opening  into  the  processional  path.  Thu 
pulpit  will  be  erected  against  the  northeastern 
pillar  of  the  crossing,  and  the  nave  and  transepts 
will  be  devoted  to  the  congregation,  using  the 
aisles  as  passages.  The  font  will  stand  at  the 
western  end  of  the  nave,  and  in  the  centre  of  it. 

It  has  been  sought  to  convey  the  cathedral  idea 
more  by  the  general  plan  and  arrangement  of  the 
building  than  by  grandeur  and  magnitude  of 
design,  for  to  such  a  comparatively  small  place 
as  Honolulu  the  EngUsh  type  would  not  be  ap- 
propriate, even  had  it  been  possible,  through  the 
amount  of  funds  available,  to  have  contemplated  a 
building  on  that  scale.  With  regard  to  the  build- 
ing materials,  there  were  only  two  courses  to  be 
adopted — either  to  send  out  the  mason'swork  from 
England,   or  to  build  the  whole   of  rough  stone 


plastered  inside  and  outside.  It  has  been  resolved 
to  adopt  the  former  course,  and  the  columns,  arch- 
mouldings,  strings,  cornices,  windows,  doors,  &c., 
will  therefore  be  sent  out.  The  whole  of  the  is- 
land is  volcanic,  and  there  is  no  freestone  of  any 
kind.  For  ordinary  walling,  black  basalt  and  reef- 
stone  (cut  from  the  reefs  by  the  native  prisoners) 
is  used,  quarried  to  any  size,  and  8iu.  thick.  The 
natives  thoroughly  understand  and  do  this  sort  of 
work  well,  but  skilled  mason's  labour  is  very  ex- 
pensive, abouttiveor  six  dollars  a  day  being  asked. 
Bricks,  if  used,  have  to  be  brought  from  Cali- 
fornia ;  the  lime  is  good  and  cheap,  and  there  is 
plenty  of  good  Oregon  timber  at  reasonable  rates, 
and  also  American  pine.  Shingles  are  used  for  roof 
coverings. 

The  portion  of  the  cathedral  which  it  is  now  in 
contemplation  to  erect  is  the  choir  and  proces- 
sional path,  and  the  tower.  The  choir  is  of  three 
bays  in  length,  with  an  apse^of  five  arches  ;  the 
columns  are  cylindrical,  with  sculptured  capitals  ; 
the  archmouldings  are  in  two  orders.  The  clere- 
story has  in  each  bay  two  lancet  windows  (ex- 
cept in  the  apse,  where  there  is  one  window  in 
each  bay),  with  moulded  internal  arches,  resting 
on  shafts  with  carved  capitals  ;  on  a  line  with  the 
springing  of  these  windows  rise  the  arched  prin- 
cipals of  the  roof,  resting  on  wall  shafts,  which 
are  continued  down  to  the  caps  of  the  arcade. 
Under  the  clerestory  runs  a  string  of  ornamental 
terra-cotta,  and  of  this  material  will  be  the  labels 
of  the  arches.  The  aisle  windows  arc  coupled  and 
have  arch-mouldings  and  shafts  inside  and  out- 
side ;  they  will  have  movable  glazed  sashes  and 
wooden  inside  Venetian  blinds.  The  tower  is 
divided  into  four  stages  in  its  height,  and  has  a 
circular  stair  turret  on  its  east  face.  The  west, 
north,  and  east  sides  of  the  second  stage  have  a 
series  of  rich  sculptured  niches,  with  figures,  the 
principal  ones  being — our  Lord,  the  first  Bishop  of 
Honolulu,  and  the  late  King.  The  third  stage  is 
plain,  and  the  fourth  or  belfry  stage  has  on  each 
side  a  deeply-recessed  and  moulded  two-light 
traceried  window.  A  timber  and  shingle  spii-e 
will  eventually  be  added  to  the  tower. 
The  nave  .and  transepts  will  correspond  in  their 
general  design  with  the  choir.  The  four  arches  of 
the  crossing  are  of  lofty  and  massive  proportions, 
and  the  walls  above  them,  under  the  arched  prin- 
cipals of  the  roofs  are  pierced  with  three  open  arches, 
resting  on  slender  shafts.  Over  the  crossing  will 
be  a  rich  fieche  of  timber  and  lead,  surmounted 
by  a  figure  of  St.  Michael.  It  is  proposed  to  use 
Doulting  stone  for  the  masonry,  together  with 
Ketton  and  Bath  stone  for  the  ashlar  internal 
lining.  The  external  w.alls  will  be  of  basalt  laid  in 
regular  courses,  and  not  plastered.  Terra-cotta 
wiU  also  be  used  for  strings,  plinths,  &o.  The  tile 
flooring  and  all  fittings  will  be  sent  out  from  Eng- 
land. The  font,  a  gift  of  Lady  Franklin,  has  al- 
ready arrived  at  Honolulu.  Separate  funds  are 
also  being  raised  for  the  bells  and  stained  glass. 

The  completion  of  the  whole  building  is  of  course 
a  matter  of  time,  and  depends  on  the  raising  of 
the  requisite  funds,  but  it  is  hoped  that  the  actual 
erection  of  the  choir  will  be  begun  at  once,  the 
plans  for  the  foundations  h.aviug  been  already  sent 
out  to  the  bishop  by  the  architects  to  the  cathedral, 
Mr.  W.  Slater  and  Mr.  R.  Herbert  Carpenter. 
We  intend  giving  a  view  of  the  interior  of  the 
cathedral  in  a  future  number  of  the  Building  Nf;ws. 


DESTRUCTION  BY   FIRE    OF   CROYDON 
CHURCH. 

WE  re.gret  to  have  to  state  that  the  fine  old 
]iarish  church  of  St.  John  the  Baptist, 
at  Croydon,  was  on  Saturday  night  almost  totally 
destroyed  by  fire.  The  sacred  edifice  is  situated 
in  the  lower  portion  of  the  town,  at  the  end  of 
Church-street,  near  to  the  old  palace  of  the  Arch- 
bishops of  Canterbury,  and  was  of  great  antiquity. 
It  has  always  been  regarded  as  one  of  the  finest 
examples  of  ecclesiastic  architecture  in  Surrey. 
The  greater  part  of  the  fabric  was  erected  in  the 
beginning  of  the  fifteenth  century,  but  there  are 
in  and  about  it  remains  of  work  of  an  earlier  date. 
It  consisted  of  a  massive  square  tower  and  belfry, 
with  a  nave,  two  ai.sles,  and  chancel ;  and  a  clock 
with  chimes  had  proclaimed  the  flight  of  time  for 
generations  to  the  whole  neighbourhood.  The 
architecture  was  in  the  Perpendicular  style  of  the 
fifteenth  century.  About  seven  years  ago  the 
whole  interior  of  the  church  was  re-fitted  with 
oak,  finely  carved,  under  the  supervision  of  Mr. 
George  Gilbert  Scott.  The  fire  broke  out  in 
a  part  of  the  tower  communicating  with  the  roof, 
and  is  supposed  to  have  been  caused  by  the  over- 
heating  of    a  flue   used   in  warming  the   fabric. 


The  roof  of  the  side  aisles  was  of  old  oak,  as  dry 
as  tinder,  and  that  of  the  nave  of  pitch  pine,  var- 
nished, and  when  once  materials  so  inflammable 
caught  fire  they  burnt  with  inconceivable  rapidity, 
fanned  as  the  flames  were  by  a  strong  wind.  The 
fire  was  discovered  about  half-past  ten  on  Satur- 
day evening,  and  burnt,  with  more  or  less  fury, 
during  the  whole  succeeding  night.  On  the  fall  of 
the  roof  in  blazing  masses  the  fire  was  communi- 
cated to  the  interior  woodwork,  and  eventually 
the  destruction  was  complete.  Of  the  fabric 
itself  nothing  now  remains  except  the  tower, 
which,  however,  has  been  completely  gutted,  and 
the  outside  walls,  some  of  which  are  in  so  dan- 
gerous a  state  that  they  may  topple  over  at  any 
moment.  Fortunately,  the  registers,  dating  from 
1533  down  to  the  present  time,  were  saved,  with 
the  Communion  plate  and  an  ancient  lectern, 
much  prized.  But,  imfortunately,  the  organ, 
built  by  Avery  in  1794,  with  subsequent  improve- 
ments by  Messrs.  Hill,  and  one  of  the  finest 
instruments  of  the  kind,  has  been  completely  de- 
stroyed. It  was  blown  by  hydraulic  pressure. 
The  chancel,  or,  rather,  the  ch.antries,  contained 
monuments  of  no  less  than  six  archbishops, 
all  more  or  less  magnificent,  viz.,  of  Archbishop 
Grind.all,  who  died  in  1583;  Archbishop  Whitgift, 
who  died  in  1603;  Archbishop  Sheldon,  1677; 
Archbishop  Wake,  1 736 ;  Archbishop  Potter, 
1747;  and  Archbishop  Herring,  1774.  'The  figures 
were  mostly  recumbent,  and  executed  in  marble 
and  partly  in  alabaster,  the  monument  of  Arch- 
bishop Sheldon  in  particular,  which  has  been  sadly 
defaced  by  the  fire,  being  considered  one  of  the 
most  perfect  pieces  of  sculpture  in  the  country.  The 
whole  of  the  fine  peal  of  bells,  except  one,  has 
been  destroyed,  and  the  hands  of  the  clock  in  the 
belfry,  pointing  to  a  quarter  to  twelve,  show  the 
precise  time  when  its  mechanism  was  arrested  by 
the  conflagration.  Mr.  George  Gilbert  Scott,  the 
architect,  p.aid  a  visit  to  the  ruins  on  Monday,  and 
is  understood  to  have  expressed  an  opinion  that 
the  tower,  which  was  erected  in  the  time  of  Arch- 
bishop Chicheley,  towards  the  end  of  the  four- 
teenth or  early  in  the  fifteenth  century,  is  capable 
of  being  restored,  all  or  most  of  the  exterior  walls 
having  been  preserved.  The  fabric  was  insured 
to  the  amount  of  £10,800. 


MODEL  LODGING-HOUSES,  ST.  ANNE'S, 
SOHO. 

ONE  of  our  lithographic  sh  eets  contains  an  ele- 
vation and  plans  of  model  lodging-houses 
recently  erected  in  St.  Anne's,  Soho.  The  dwell- 
ings were  built  for  L.  M.  liapi,  Esq.,  from  designs 
by  Jlr.  Burges,  of  Buckingham-street,  at  a  cost  of 
£2,900.  They  consist  of  a  school-room,  shop,  and 
kitchen,  with  scullery  and  cellar  under,  eight  rooms 
let  at  3s.  each  per  week,  one  set  of  two  rooms  at 
6s.  per  week  on  the  first  floor ;  four  sets  of  two 
rooms  at  5s.  6d.  per  week,  and  one  set  of  two 
rooms  at  63.  on  second  floor.  The  third  floor  is  the 
same  as  second.  There  are  dust  shoot,  sink  with 
water,  and  two  waterclosets  on  each  floor.  The 
building  is  substantially  built,  so  that  no  struc- 
tural repairs  are  likely  to  be  required.  They  pay 
about  £5  per  cent. 


GRANITE  PIERS   FOR  BLACEFRIAE3 
BRIDGE. 

A  SCOTCH  paper  eayg,  a  new  industry  has 
lately  b"en  introduced  into  Glasgow,  that 
of  polishing  granite,  an  art  for  which  Aberdeen 
has  long  been  noted.  The  works  established 
near  Pollokshields  by  the  Scottish  Granite  Com- 
pany are  presently  employed  in  the  preparation 
of  eight  polished  granite  columns  for  the  piers  of 
BlackfriaTS  Bridge,  London,  now  being  rebuilt 
by  the  Corporation  of  the  City.  One  of  these 
immense  monoliths  is  already  in  an  advanced 
stage  of  its  progress,  and  presents  an  object  of 
great  novelty  and  interest  in  this  part  of  the 
country,  if  it  be  not  also  the  largest  block  of 
granite  that  has  ever  been  wrought  into  a 
polished  column  in  Scotland.  It  is  about  7ft.  in 
diameter,  and  about  lift,  in  length  ;  and  four  of 
the  number  are  to  be  about  8ft.  in  diameter  and 
lart.  high.  The  material  is  the  beautiful  red 
syenitic  granite  of  Mull,  which  takes  on  the 
finest  possible  polish,  and  will  no  doubt  rise  into 
favour  for  ornamental  and  memorial  purposes. 
Visitors  of  the  works  are  shown  various  produc- 
tions in  the  grey  granite  of  the  South  of  Scot, 
land  also;  but  the  most  remarkable  sight  of  all 
is  the  stupendous  granite  cylinder  for  the  bridge 
ju  London. 


The  Bmldinf  Nsws,  Jan^  li"'  i867 


D  R  Warry,  liiK 


SIM '  tejinns,  _  ;Sf  •  JTnn'B  •  ({uufjf  ,•  ;?ofia. 


Whiteman  &  BsLss ,  Ijdio^rapliers  Holbom. 


IVT?     W.    SURGES,     ARCHT. 


T-fji  I    ^im'^^mi 


J 


January  11,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


29 


THE  STREET-CLEANSING  QUESTION. 

ni  HE  past  week  has  sufficiently  proved  that  one 
I  of  tlie  ^^reatest  inconveniences  we  might 
almost  say  calamities — that  couUl  well  happen 
to  London  is  a  protracted  snowstorm.  A 
great  fall  of  snow,  by  blocking  up  and  render- 
ing the  streets  impassable,  interrupts  her 
gigantic  trattio,  than  which  no  heavier  cala- 
mity could  liefiil  the  metropolis  of  the  world. 
This  will  be  admitted  on  all  hands.  Under 
the  circumstances,  therefore,  the  very  favour- 
able change  which  has  taken  place  in  the 
weather  is  far  from  imwelcome.  The  streets 
of  London,  which  a  week  ago  were  "  knee 
deep"  in  snow  and  slush,  are  once  more  open 
thoroughfares,  and  street  traffic  and  indi- 
vidual locomotion,  which  were  entirely  sus- 
pended, or  at  best  performed  mth  wearisome 
etfort,  are  again  in  full  swing.  With  a  lively 
recollection  of  what  we  Londoners  have  ex- 
perienced and  "passed  thi'ough,"  we  grate- 
fully thank  Providence  !  As  was  pointedly 
remarked  by  a  West-End  householder,  who, 
on  Monday,  applied  at  the  Marlborough- 
street  Police-court  for  a  smnmons  agaiast 
the  Vestry  of  St.  George's,  Hanover-square, 
for  neglecting  to  remove  the  snow  from  the 
streets  in  that  parish,  "  had  not  Providence 
done  what  the  Vestry  neglected  to  do,  the  in- 
convenience to  the  public  would  have  been 
imbearable."  Let  us  hope  that  the  experience 
of  the  past  week  will  lead  us  to  trust  less  to 
Providence  in  a  matter  like  this  at  least,  and 
more  to  ourselves  for  the  future.  At  present 
we  are  enjoying  a  cessation  of  the  storm,  for 
■which,  for  the  reasons  abeady  stated,  we  are 
thankful ;  the  question,  however,  is,  Will  we 
he  better  prepared  to  cope  with  another  such 
storm  when  it  comes — as  there  is  every 
reason  to  expect  it  will  come  before  "  the 
winter  is  past  and  gone" — than  we  were  to 
cope  with  the  last  ]  We  fear  it  must  be  very 
generally  admitted  that  Mr.  Bumble  did  not 
manage  matters  in  the  most  satisfactory  manner 
on  a  recent  occasion.  Indignant  complaints  of 
the  pig-headedness  of  that  pompous  and  self- 
sufficient  fimctionary  have  been  rife  in  all 
quarters.  He  has  been  charged  \vith  a  dere- 
liction of  his  duty,  of  which  a  very  principal 
portion,  as  is  generally  conceived,  is  to  pre- 
vent the  accumulation  of  snow  in  the  streets. 
There  could  be  no  doubt  as  to  the  condition  of 
the  streets.  It  would  appear,  however,  that 
the  law  of  the  case  is  not  so  clearly  defined  as 
it  might  be  and  ought  to  be.  We  can  only 
say  that  the  sooner  the  law  is  more  clearly  de- 
fined the  better.  While  one  local  board  con- 
siders itself  legally  bound  to  remove  the  snow 
from  the  streets  mthin  its  district,  another 
local  board  cannot  see  it.  Thus  during  the 
late  severe  snowstorm,  while  the  St.  Paneras 
District  Board  set  to  work  ■n-ith  commendable 
spirit,  and  cleared  the  main  thoroughfares 
■within  its  jurisdiction,  other  vestries  were 
content  to  leave  the  work  to  Providence.  The 
consequence  was  that  the  traffic  suffered  very 
little  inconvenience  in  some  parts  of  the 
metropolis,  while  in  other  parts  there  was  no 
traffic  at  all.  And  it  so  happened  that  it  was 
juBt  those  portions  of  the  metropolis  most 
needing  relief,  viz.,  the  City,  which  were  most 
neglected.  As  usual,  "  they  manage  these 
thongs  better  in  France."  In  Paris,  for  ex- 
ample, they  go  to  work  in  a  thoroughly  busi- 
ness-like and  systematic  style.  That  city  is 
divided  into  small  districts,  to  each  of  which 
a  certain  number  of  sweepers  are  always 
attached,  and  these  not  only  clean  the  streets 
every  day,  but  are  liable  to  be  called  out 
at  a  moment's  notice  on  extraorcUnar}'  occa- 
sions, such  as  a  fall  of  snow.  So  perfect  is 
the  organisation  that  the  men  begin  work  as 
the  white  flakes  fall,  their  numbers  being 
increased  as  the  occasion  may  require,  and  the 
!<now  is  swept  to  the  sides  "of  the  streets  in 
heaps,  and  then  carted  into  the  Seine  or  into 
open  spaces  with  surprising  rapidity.  So  it 
ought  to  be  here,  and  so  it  would  be  imder  a 
better  system  of  local  government  than  we 
have  at  present.  It  is  said  that  difficulties 
exist  in  London  which  do  not  exist  in  Paris. 


There  need  be  no  difficulty  at  all.  What 
is  possible  in  Paris,  as  regards  street-cleansing 
at  least,  is  surely  possible  in  London.  The 
vast  extent  of  the  metropolis  presents  no  in- 
surmountable difficulty.  Loudon,  like  the 
French  capital,  is.  divided  into  separate  and 
distinct  districts  for  the  sake  of  public  con- 
venience, and  idle  labourers  are  as  abundant 
here  as  there.  It  was  estimated  that  be- 
tween 5,01)1)  and  ti,(in()  persons  connected 
with  the  building  trade,  of  whom  a  large 
niunber  were  labourers,  were  thrown  out 
of  work  by  the  late  frost.  Admitting  that 
these  men  would  be  ■willing  to  turn  public 
scavengers,  how,  it  is  asked,  are  you  to  get 
at  them  i  The  answer  is  easy  enough.  Let 
each  parish  issue  placards  announcing  the 
offer  of  work,  and  hundreds  of  hands  would 
be  obtained  at  any  moment's  notice.  Have 
not  gangs  of  frozen-out  labourers  been 
parading  every  street  in  London  in  search 
of  work  ?  The  St.  Pancras  Board  experienced 
no  such  difficulty.  It  found  labour  in  abund- 
ance, and  readily  availed  itself  of  it,  and  the 
St.  Pancras  district  was  the  only  one  in  the 
metropolis  which  was  not  snowed-up.  At  all 
events,  the  main  thoroughfares  were  kept 
comparatively  clear,  and,  as  a  consequence, 
traffic  suffered  less  interruption  there  than 
anywhere  else.  From  a  report  by  the  Chief 
Surveyor  of  St.  Pancras  we  learn  that  nearly 
ten  miles  of  streets  in  this  parish  were  cleared 
at  an  expense  of  £1,000 — by  no  means  a  large 
sum,  considering  the  object.  It  was  not 
attempted  to  clear  away  the  snow  fi-oni  the 
whole  width  of  the  roads,  but  mainly  for  a 
width  of  about  10ft.  from  the  kerlj,  by  which 
tourse  was  also  removed  all  the  snow  that  had 
been  swejit  off  the  roofs  of  the  houses,  and 
the  channels  left  open  and  free  for  the  thaw 
when  it  came.  As  much  as  7,000  loads  of 
snow  were  carted  away  by  means  of  120  carts, 
with  the  assistance  of  nearly  300  men,  work- 
ing for  three  days  and  a  half  and  three  nights. 
Arrangements  were  made  for  taking  the  snow 
into  the  squares  and  shooting  it  round  the 
enclosures.  We  observe  that  this  Board  has 
had  a  deal  of  abuse  heaped  upon  it  for  the 
course  it  took.  Some  of  its  own  members 
have  charged  the  Board  or  its  surveyor  with 
gross  extravagance.  Had  you  waited  for 
a  time,  say  these  wiseacres,  there  would 
have  been  no  occasion  to  do  what  was  done. 
It  is  all  very  well,  though  it  is  not  very  honest, 
to  censiu'e  now  that  the  thaw  has  accom- 
plished all  that  was  wanted.  But  supposing 
the  storm  had  continued  and  increased  it  is 
very  probable  that  we  should  have  heard  com- 
plaints of  a  very  different  kind.  The  cry- 
would  have  been  for  action.  The  truth  is 
that  the  law  on  this  point  is  at  fault.  The 
Metropolitan  Local  Management  Act,  as  far  as 
it  relates  to  the  cleansing  of  the  streets,  must 
be  amended.  What  is  wanted  is  a  special 
clause  making  it  imperative  on  vestries  to  re- 
move the  snow  from  the  streets  within  their 
respective  parishes.  According  to  the  decision 
of  Mr.  Tyrwhitt,  which  will  fje  found  in  our 
legal  intelligence,  the  act,  as  it  stands,  does 
not  empower  a  police  magistrate  to  grant 
a  summons  against  a  vestry  for  neglecting  to 
remove  the  snow  or  other  refuse  from  the 
streets.  The  matter,  therefore,  is  one  with 
which  the  legislatiue  must  deaT,  and  no  doubt 
it  will  be  brought  before  Parliament  when  it 
meets.  Indeed,  ilr.  BentLnck,  JI.P.,  is  almost 
pledged  to  ask  that  august  body  to  consider 
the  law  with  a  ■j-iew  to  its  amendjnent. 


EVICTED  TENANTS. 

ONE  of  the  gravest — if  not  the  gravest — 
question  of  modem  times  is,  how  are  the 
poor  of  London  to  be  lodged  !  It  is  of  vastly 
more  consequence  than  Vjiulding  a  new 
National  Gallery  or  new  Law  Courts.  We 
give  on  another  page  some  illustrations  of 
uewmodel  lodgings  recently  built  from  designs 
by  ilr.  Wm.  Surges.  Though  many  such 
dwellings  have  been  erected  in  London  dur- 
ing the  last  few  years,  all  that  has  been  done 


is  a  mere  drop  in  the  bucket  compared  to  what 
has  to  be  accomplished.  The  question  as- 
siunes  larger  proportions  daily  on  account  of 
the  increase  of  London,  the  increasing  denumd 
for  space  for  railways,  &c.,  and  the  continual 
increase  in  the  price  of  land.  On  Wednesday 
last  the  j':victed  Tenants'  Aid  Association 
waited  on  Lord  IXuliy,  to  whom  tliey  jiro 
sented  a  memorial.  The  memorialists  saiil  : 
We  "  approach  your  lordship  and  the  members 
of  your  Cabinet  in  the  name  of  hunuuiity  and 
religion,  us  well  as  in  the  economic  interests  of 
the  inhabitants  of  the  metropolis  at  large,  rich 
and  poor;  ;uid  with  reference  to  the  three 
points  which  embrace  the  scope  of  their 
labours,  tliey  venture  very  humbly  to  sug- 
gest : — 1.  That  with  reganl  to  evictions,  no 
further  railway  extension  or  public  works 
should  be  sanctioned  in  the  metropolis  by  the 
Legislature  without  compulsory  provision  or 
compensation  for  tenants  liable  to  be  evicted 
thereby.  2.  That  the  ((uestion  of  overcrowd- 
ing should  be  left  for  the  present  to  the  ope- 
ration of  the  Sanitary  Act  of  last  session  of 
Parliament.  '.).  That  with  reference  to  re- 
building, some  public  body  or  bodies  should 
be  charged  with  the  duty  of  improving  pro- 
perty now  occupied  and  overcrowded  by  the 
poorer  classes,  by  causing  such  property  as 
may  be  judicially  condemned  to  be  imfit'  for 
occupation  to  be  pulled  down,  and  suitable 
other  residences  to  be  erected  in  their  stead, 
when  the  owners  of  such  property  refuse  to 
undertake  the  improvements  required  of  them, 
and  that  the  dehcit,  if  any,  be  made  a  charge 
on  tlje  metropolitan  rates  ;  and  that  with  this 
view  the  society  urge  .the  immediate  accept- 
ance of  ilr.  Torrens'  bill  of  last  session  of 
Parliament  as  reported  by  the  select  com- 
mittee, or  some  measure  founded  on  similar 
principles  by  your  lordship's  Government." 

A  long  and  desultory  conversation  took 
place  between  the  memorialists  and  the  noble 
lord,  but  little  practical  good  was  the  issue. 
The  gentlemen  forming  the  deputation  ■R'ere 
certainly  unfruitful  in  useful  suggestions,  and 
Lord  Derl)y  did  not  treat  the  question  with 
the  gravity  and  thoughtfulness  it  demanded. 
We  think  it  is  desirable  that  Mr.  Torrens' 
bill,  ■ft'hich  provides  for  the  compulsory  sale  of 
fever-infested  localities,  should  become  law, 
but  what  then  I  Who  are  to  build  the  new- 
houses  ?  We  have  wealth  in  London  to  meet 
aU  the  modern  exigencies.  Dwellings  for  the 
people  can  be  made  to  pay,  and  pay  much 
better  than  Confederate  or  Peruvian  bonds, 
or  the  many  schemes  in  which  millions  ster- 
ling are  annually  lost.  Resolution  and  honesty 
are  the  only  things  now  required.  There  is 
plenty  of  sympathy  afloat.  Let  that  sym- 
pathy be  combined  with  zeal  and  integrity, 
and  this  great  problem  will  begin  to  be  satis- 
factorily solved.  There  are  scores  of  acres  of 
land  covered  with  two-story  dwellings  which 
might  be  replaced  with  five-story  and  six-story 
dwellings,  and  so  more  habitations  may  be 
proWded. 

♦ 

ART  EDUCATIOK. 

THE  Eight  Hon.  Sir  Suiffurd  Nortbcote  toolc 
the  chair  at  the  ancual  meetiug  of  the  Ex- 
eter School  of  Art,  at  Exfier,  otwliich  iusLitution 
he  is  the  Pre&ideut,  on  Monday  evening,  la  the 
course  of  his  address,  be  said — "  Thei^e  will  be 
an  interesting  exhibition  of  the  works  of  alf  na- 
tions at  Paris  this  year  ;  and,  though  we  have  had 
a  great  many  international  exhibuions,  I  tbinlc 
there  is  a  general  feeling  that  there  never  baa 
been  an  exhibition  sirice  that  of  1851  which  pos- 
sessed the  interest  which  the  Paris  Exhibition  of 
the  present  year  is  likely  to  possess.  The  Exhi- 
biiioii  of  1851  was  exceedingly  interesting,  be- 
cause it  wag  the  first  brin«^ing  together  of  the 
productions  of  all  nations.  The  Exhibition  of 
1867  will  be  interef  ting  because  it  is  likely  to  be 
the  greatest  attempt  at  bringing  togutbera  fair 
representation  of  the  works  of  all  nations.  I 
think,  without  jealousy  or  carping,  we  may  admit 
that  the  French  have  a  wondt-rful  power  of  or- 
ganisation, which  probably  exceeds  this  or  any 
other  nation  ;  and  we  know  well  that  tiiey  are  on 
their  mettle;  that  they  are  determined  to  make 
this  one  of  the  greatest  Exhibitions  that  have  ever 


30 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


January  11,  1867. 


been  seen.    I  think  there  is  every  promise  that 
it  will  be,  perhaps,  more  remarkable  than  any 
since  that  of  1851,  to  wliich  it  will  be  decidedly 
very  snperior  in  extent  and  scale  of  magniSoence. 
It  is  iinportint  that  Eaff'ai'I  should  show  well  at 
the  Paris    Exhibition,  and  I  think  very  probably 
that  England  will  do  well  and  be  very  creditably 
represented  in   indnstry  and  art.     1    hope   that 
those  who  take  an  interest  in   art  will  go  over  to 
Paris,  and  I  hope  tho  result  of  the  Exhibition  will 
be  as  remarkable  in  its  way  in  advanoinj  the 
cause  of  art  education  as  tho   Exhibition  of  IS.jl 
was  in  first  promoting  a  movement  which  has 
now  grown  to  so  much.     I  think  the  French  Ex- 
hibition will  bo  extremely  valuable,  and  will  well 
repay  the  trouble  nnd  expense  of  a  visit. "     In 
another  part  ofhis  speech  the  right  hon.  baronet 
referred    to   the   spread  of  art   eduoatiou.       He 
said — "  I  am  [.leased  to  see  that  drawing  is  now 
becoming  so  completely  a  part  of  national  educa- 
tion as  it  is.    I  was  very  much  struck  the  other  diy 
in  looking  nt  a  report  of  one  of  the  assistant  com. 
missioners  who  are  sent  out  by  the  commission 
npon   middle  cla'S  education — of   which  I  have 
the  honour  to  be  a  member— to  find  that  in  going 
through    the  list  of  the  various  branches  ot  edu- 
cation   drawing  stood    higher    than  any    other 
in  the  district  which  the  assistant  commissioner 
was  appointed  to  survey.     Drawing  was  tjaught 
in  95  per  cent,  of  the  schools  which  he  visited, 
while  in  onlv  about  87  per  cent,  was  raiy  one  other 
subject  taught.     If  you  looked  at  the  number  of 
pupils  learning  diffjrentsubjeots,  more  boys  were 
learning  Latin  and  English  grammar  than  were 
learning  drawing;  but  drawing  stood  third  on  the 
list.     l''do  not  wish  to  place  drawing  above  Eng. 
lish  grammar,  history,   and  mathematics,  or  any 
other  branches  of  instrnctinn ;  but  I  do  look  up- 
on it  as  a  very  important  fact,  and  one  exceed, 
jngly    gratifying    to  those    who  are  friends   of 
schools   of  art,  that  drawing  has  taken  such  a 
place  in  the  education  of  the   country,  because 
when  this  movement  b»gan  we  remember  quite 
well  people  used  to  talk  of  drawing  as  a  mere  ac- 
complishment,   its  acquirement  waste  of  time  to 
boys  who  ouirht  to  b?  learning  something  useful, 
and  only  to  be  taken  up  by  those  with  a  particular 
taste  and  genius  (or  it.     But  I  am  happy  to  find 
this  delusion  is  begir.ningto  be  dispelled,  and  we 
may  hope  that  iu  course  of  time  the  English  na. 
tion  will   throw  aside   altngether   the    delusion, 
which  I  believe  was  a  very  unfortunate  one  for 
this  country.     We  are  beginning  to  discover  that 
drawing  may  be  taught  upon  as  strict  principles 
as  almost  any  other  branch  of  education.     It  may 
be  made  a  means  of  training  the  mind  as  well  as 
the  eye  and  the  hand,  and  will  enable  the  learn- 
ers to  appreciate  much  more  fully  the  work  they 
have  got  to  do  in   other  respects.     We  are  be- 
ginning to  Bee  that  it  is  not  only  useful  in  all 
branches  of  industrial  life,  but  that  the  habit  of 
working  careiully    truly  to  represent    on  paper 
actually  what  we  see  is  good   for  the  mind,   be- 
cause it  induces  a  habit  of  clear  observation.  " 


to  the  smaller  and  weaker  order  of  talent;  bat, 
instead  of  this,  hard  aud  resolute  work.  In 
Raphael's  paiuting  he  was  not  aware  of  a  single 
instance  of  bad,  careless,  or  vague  drawing.  His 
earliest  achievements  showed  qualities  of  perse- 
verance and  hard  fag,  and  that  practical  common 
sense  to  seize  clearly,  and  deal  concisely  with, 
the  points  of  a  subject,  without  which  brilliant; 
powers  were  of  little  avail.  His  youthful  works 
indicated  another  pledge  of  future  greatness,  a 
remarkably  clear  and  painstaking  effort  to 
approach  the  truth.  There  was  something  ten- 
tative and  timid  in  the  touch;  there  were  signs 
of  modesty  and  misgiving  in  his  first  attempts 
to  follow  afcer  nature;  his  mind  was  recipient 
and  expectant  rather  than  productive  and  ori 


Michael  Angelo,  but  from  sculptors  of  a  orior  age, 
that  the  school  found  patronage,  whose  works 
were  then  exhumed  from  the  dt-firis  of  the  Roman 
empire.  Indeed,  no  artist  was  removed  from 
this  world-wide  influence.  In  the  Roman  styla 
of  Raphael  this  painting  of  many  generations 
obtained  its  consummation.  Raphael  made  the 
old  art  live  and  move  ;  he  saw  nature  through 
the  classical,  and  from  the  classical  he  drew 
that  which  was  eternally  true.  He  made  no  dead 
transcripts  from  the  Greek,  but  worked  as  the 
Greek  artists  would  had  they  received  from 
Julius  and  Leo  commissions.  They  recognised  in 
his  lines  the  same  grace,  in  his  forms  the  same 
beauty,  in  his  compositions  the  balance  and  the 
symmetry,  in   his  humanity  the  ideal   and  tran- 


native.     As  a  pupil,  he  was  content  to  be  as  his  i  sceudent  types  which  brought  Greek  art  so  near 


EAPHAEL  AND  HIS  WORKS. 

THE  lec'nres  at  the  Institution,  Park-street, 
Bristol,  were  resumed  on  llonday  evening, 
when  Mr.  J.  Beavington  Atkinson  read  an  able 
paper  on  the  above  eubjt-ct,  illustrating  his 
remarks  by  numerous  engravings  from  his  port- 
folios, and  also  by  photographs  from  the  cartoons 
lent  by  the  Bristol  School  of  Art.  Mr.  Atkinson 
in  his  opening  remarks  observed  that  a  single 
evening  was  far  too  short  to  devote  to  the  express 
consideration  of  the  genius  aud  works  of  the 
greatest  painter  the  world  had  yet  known  ;  the 
difficulty  in  treating  tho  subject  would  be  in 
concentration.  In  sketching  biographically  the 
life  of  Raphael  at  Urbino,  it  was  remarked  that 
he  was  certainly,  in  all  that  concerned  his  art,  a 
favoured  child  of  fortune.  Perhaps  as  a  first 
iiiatrnctor  few  could  be  safer  and  sounder  than 
his  father,  but  as  Raphael  was  only  twelve  years 
old  when  his  parent  died,  it  might  be  taken  for 
granted  that  in  those  early  lessons  little  more 
than  the  rudiments  of  the  art  were  taught.  His 
progress  in  the  school  of  Perugino,  to  which  he 
was  sent  by  bis  uncle,  w,na  then  glanced  at,  and 
in  noticing  his  early  death,  at  the  age  of  37,  the 
lecturer  observed  that  it  was  well,  therefore,  that 
he  went  eariy  to  work;  his  genius  was  not 
wasted,  for  from  the  hour  when  his  hand  could 
hold  a  pencil  not  a  day  passed  without  a  line  or 
from  his  father  a  lesson.  In  him  they  saw  no 
silly  reliance  on  genius,  often  the  plea  for  indo- 
lence— no  gaping  for  inspiration,  no  swoonings 
eostacies  of  seatimeut— all  frailties  incident 


master.     As   Curistiau   art   at   the  close  of  the 
fifteenth  century  had  well-nigh  reached  its  culmi- 
nating point,  to  say  that  Raphael  when  he    left 
his  master*s    studio  was  equal   to   him  was    to 
assert  no  less  than  that  a  novitiate  in  his  twenty- 
first  year  was  already  a  proficient,  and  that  an 
ordinary    term   of  apprenticeship    had    put   the 
pupil  in  possession  of  an  art  which  it  had  needed 
three  centuries  to  mature.     He  had  the  advan- 
tage of  being  able  to  commence  life  at  the  point 
where    old    men   were    content    to    leave     off. 
Raphael's   second    or   Florentine    period,  which 
was  next  noticed,  extended  from   1501  to  1508, 
and  these  four  years  were  full   of  great  works. 
There  was  then,   surely,  in  the  Tuscan  Athens 
sufficient  noble    thought,  high    art,    intellectual 
converse,  and   refined  luxury  to  stimulate   and 
delight    a    sensitive    and    aspiring    mind.     The 
almost   Christiin   character   maintained    by  the 
artist  during  this  time  might  in  some  measure 
be  due  to  the  friends  he  chose.     Having  eluci- 
dated  the  first  and  second  styles  of  Raphael  by 
alluding  to  the  Madonnas  and  holy  families,  of 
which   he  painted  no  less    than   fifty — the    best 
known  were  especially  commended  for  tho  sim- 
plicity  and  purity  of  their  Christian  sentiments — 
Mr.    Atkinson    remarked    with    reverence    that 
Christian  art,   if  true  and   positive  and    of  any 
worth,  must  follow  iu  the   footsteps  of  Him  who 
was  at  once  human  and  divine.     He  then  pro- 
ceeded to  discuss  the  questions  of  genius,  aud 
inspiration,  and  beauty  in  art,   remarking  that 
the  Christian  art  into  which  Raphael  threw  him- 
self was  the  embodiment  of  Christian  truth  and 
beauty.     Raphael  joined  physical  and   spiritual 
beauty,   and   so  made   that   enduring   and  ideal 
humanity    which    reconciled    as    it    represented 
two  natures.     Thus,  laying  aside  all  pretension 
to   inspiration    (the    lecturer    remarked)  in    any 
sense,   he  had  endeavoured  to  show  how  from 
merely   natural  powers    and  materials  Raphael 
matured    Christian    art.     Tne    genius    he    had 
ascribed    to    him    infused    into    the    manner  of 
the  period  vigour,  beauty — in  short,  nature.     Of 
the    painter's   third   or    Roman    period,  it    was 
remarked  that  it  brought  with  it  a  vast  develop- 
ment, and  to  it  belonged   the  greatest  pictures 
tho    world    contained.       When    at   the    age    of 
28    Raphael    travelled    to    Rome    he    did    not 
get  rid  ofhis  Florentine  manner;  the  two  periods 
overlapped  each  other;  there  was  no  break  in 
continuity,   no   sudden    revolution,    but    merely 
progress  through  development.    Directing  atten- 
tion to    the  Roman  school  generally,  of  which 
Raphael  was  the  founder  and  chief  ornament 
the  lecturer,  the  better  to  illustrate  his  observa- 
tions, glanced  at  the  intellectual  and  religious  con. 
dition  of  Rome  at  the  time,  and  then  went  outoshow 
what  compensations  and  advantages  came  to  the 
Roman  scliool  of  paintings  under  the  changes  he 
had  just    traced.     He    denied    the   charge    that 
Raphael  owed  the  greatness  of  his  Roman  style 
to  Michael  Angelo,  partly  because,  with  the   ex- 
ception of  one  or  two  figures,   such  as  Isaiah, 
there  was  nothing  in  common  between  the  works 
of  the  two  contemporaries,  and  also  because  there 
were  other  causes  amply  sufficient  to  efl'ect  the 
change  from  the  Florentine  to  the  Roman  man- 
ner.    Raphael  had  in  style  and  mind  grown  into 
the  man,  aud  in  Rome   he  entered  a  great  and 
busy  world  which  called  forth  his  power.     Tho 
support  of  patrons  and  the  rivalry  of  the  greatest 
artists  of  tho  age  stimulated  to  utmost  effort.    He 
was   also    accustomed    to   take    counsel  of    the 
learned  men  and  leading  intellects  of  the   time, 
and  thus  they  could  in  some  measure  understand 
how  Raphael  was  called  to  the  highest  arguments, 
and   as   a   painter  representative   of  the   times. 
Raphael,  so  far  as  he   was    not  self-made,   was 
fashioned  by  his  age ;  in    part  he    founded  the 
Roman  school,  but  that  school    had  never  been 
known  had  the  city  of  Rome  not  existed.     That 
city  demanded   a  school ;  aud  it  was  not  from 


perfection.     This  was  the  Roman  school  of  which 
Raphael  was  the  founder,   or  rather  the  reviver. 
The  stern  grandeur  of  tlie  Greek  was  in  his  bands 
softened  ;  it  was  in  this  blending  of  two  schools, 
the  Christian  and  spiritual  of   Florence   with  the 
grandeur  and  simple  nature  of  the  Greek,  that 
the  perfection   of  Raphael's  Roman  manner  was 
reached.     The  close  of  the  paper  was  devoted  to 
a  critical  estimate  of  Raphael's  genius  as  a  nhole. 
Raphael,  as  they  had  seen  him,  owed  as  much  to 
others  as  to  himself:  he   borrowed   without  rob- 
bery ;  he  reoaid  and  made  the  world  rich.    Genius 
was  with  him  often  the  power  of  adaptation,  the 
art  of  putting  the  right  thing  in  the  right  place 
— that  least   "  touch  of  nature  that  makes  the 
whole  world   kin,"  aud  gives  to  the  style  called 
Raphaelesque  a  charm  words  could   not  well  de- 
fine.    In   considering   the    precise    relations   to 
nature  and  art  iu  which  his  pictures  stood,  it  was 
observed,  he  troubled  himself  litte,  let  us  hope, 
with  metaphy,aical  perplexities;  intuition  was  his 
surest  guide;  that  his  first  intuition  led  him   to 
approach  as  near  as  might   be  to  nature's  truth 
and   beauty  his   countless  studies   showed;  and 
from  this   it  would  seem  as  if  he  never  painted 
a  figure  till  he  had  made  careful  studies  from  tho 
life,  even  of  the  extremities,  the  draperies,  and 
sometimes   of    the   anatomies    which    draperies 
would  conceal.     Illustrating  the  naturalistic  yet 
trauscjndental  method  of  which   Raphael's  pic- 
tures were  express  examples,  Mr.  Aikinson   re. 
marked  that  while  the   Dutch  school  made  itself 
at  home   in  a  beer  cellar,  aud   its   utmost  reach 
was  the  temptation  of  St.  Anthony,  the  Roman 
school  rose  to  argument,  to  philosophy,  theology, 
and  jurisprudence.     This  contrast  resulted  from 
the  diverse  view  and  interpretation  of   nature. 
Raphaal  so  stuuied  nature  as  to  get  at  her  central 
underlying  idea— the   original  and  perfect  t^pe, 
and  in  this  he  was  not  singular.     They  might  be 
sure  that  the  artist  had  greatness  in   hiui  wheu 
he  made  them  think   more  nobly  of  nature  than 
they  did  belore.     Uf  Rjphael  it  might  be  said 
that  he  added  to  man  manliness,  and,  like  Shak- 
spearo,  clothed  womanhood  in  womanly  grace 
and  modesty.     In  his   pictures  lived  characters 
which  could  not  die;  his  genius  sustained  them 
iu  immortality.     Were  those  figures  annihilated, 
not  only  would  art  suffer  loss,  but  nature  herself 
would  feel  the  void.     The  genius  of  Raphael  was 
finally  summed  up  by  the  lecturer  in   one  word, 
dramatic,   though  he  said  he  feared  he    should 
scarcely  carry  conviction  to  his  audience.     What 
writers  accomplished  in  words,  he   reached   by 
pictorial   composition.      His    chief  works   were 
eminently  dramatic.     But  he  avoided  the  comia 
side  of  the   dramatic.     At  some  length   it  was 
argued  that  if  a  man  was  true  to  nature  he  must 
be   dramatic ;  aud   several    of  Raphael's  works 
were  cited  iu  proof  of  the  assertion. 

The  lecture,  of  which  the  above  is  a  brief  ab- 
stract, showed  that  much  time  and  thought  had 
been  bestowed  upon  its  preparation.  At  its 
close  a  cordial  vote  of  thanks  was  teudered  to 
Mr,  Atkinson. 


STRIKES  AND  TRADE  UNIONS. 

AT  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Statistical  Society, 
Col.  Sykes,  M.P.,  presiding,  a  paper  was  read 
on  "  Combinations  and  Strikes,  with  14eference  to 
Wages  and  the  Condition  of  Labour,"  by  Mr.  Jacob 
Waley,  M.A. 

The  following  is  an  outline  of  the  essay,  which 
was  exhaustive  in  its  treatment,  and  was  atten- 
tively listened  to  by  a  crowded  meeting  of  members. 
Mr.  Waley  first  discussed  the  question  whether 
strikes  were,  in  any  case,  economically  justifi.able. 
He  said  that  ipiestion  must  be  answered  in  the 
negative  if,  iu  the  nature  of  things  and  under  the 
operation  of  irreversible,  economical  laws,  the 
labourer  was  incapable  of  obtaining,  by  means  o£ 


January  11,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


31 


a  strike,  any  important  advantages  which  could  not 
more  readily  and  beneficially  be  obtained  by  less 
violent  means.  This  was  a  matter  upon  which  the 
greatest  possible  differences  of  opinion  still  pre- 
vailed. So  much  of  capital  as  was  paid  in  wages 
was  the  fund  to  be  divided  amongst  workmen. 
Its  pr(jportion  to  their  number  determined  the 
rate  of  wages.  Capital  was  attracted  to  a  prosper- 
ous and  repelled  from  a  declining  trade,  and  the 
interest  of  the  workman  was,  therefore,  bound  up 
with  that  of  his  trade.  Capital  and  labour  at 
variance  were  like  two  heads  on  the  same  stem  in 
perpetual  conflict,  notwithst^xnding  theii-  having 
common  sensation.  In  a  declining  trade  a  strike, 
by  augmenting  its  disadvantages,  might  cause  its 
ruin.  Notwithstanding  strikes,  there  was  prodigi- 
ous activity  in  the  London  building  trades,  which 
could  not  be  transferred  to  a  foreign  soil,  and  in 
spite  of  them  the  coal,  iron,  pottery,  and  cotton 
industries  flourished.  In  fluctuating  trades,  where 
there  must  be  a  large  margin  of  uncertainty  in  the 
division  of  returns  between  profits  and  wages,  a 
strike  may  advance  the  latter,  perhaps  permanently. 
It  was  difficult  to  say  how  far  wages  rose  naturally 
with  prosperity,  and  it  would  be  well  if  employers 
would  prove  by  example  that  they  did  so.  Re- 
viewing certain  strikes  and  deducing  inferences, 
Mr.  Waley  questioned  the  received  mode  of  com- 
puting the  losses  of  the  workmen  during  a  strike 
by  adding  the  amount  actually  expended  to  the 
loss  of  wages.  The  money  expended  took  the  place 
of  part  of  the  wages  which  would  have  been  earned. 
The  contributors  took  upon  themselves  the  loss  re- 
presented by  their  contributions  ;  the  balance  of 
the  loss  of  wages  fell  upon  the  workmen  on  .strike, 
but  the  aggregate  of  the  workmen's  loss  w;is  equal 
to  the  amount  of  wages  which  would  have  been 
earned,  and  no  more.  Having  shown  that  historians 
of  the  strikes  of  the  engineers,  the  Preston  opera- 
tives, and  the  London  builders,  considered  that 
the  balance  of  advantage,  consequent  as  well  as 
immediate,  was  on  the  side  of  the  men,  Mr.  Waley 
remarked  that  there  were  more  solid  and  cogent 
reasons  for  preserving  the  integrity  of  the  standard 
working  day  than  for  abridging  its  duration.  He 
saw  no  objection,  but  rather  the  reverse,  to  work- 
men directing  their  efforts  to  a  reasonable  and 
moderate  reduction  in  the  hours  of  labour  instead 
of  to  a  rise  of  wages.  Referring  to  apprenticeship 
restrictions,  he  said  that  it  must  appear  strange 
that,  after  legal  requirements  had  been  removed, 
others  should  be  voluntarily  imposed,  and  they 
must  have  a  pernicious  effect  in  preventing  the 
transfer  of  labour  and  in  hindering  the  w^orkman 
from  bettering  himself.  On  the  whole,  although 
apprenticeship  might  be  sound  as  a  practice,  it  was 
questionable  whether  it  could  afford  a  reasonable 
ground  for  combined  workmen  to  make  a  stand 
upon  against  tlie  m;isters  who,  finding  capital  and 
running  risk,  must  mainly  control  organisation  and 
industry.  Whilst  conceding  that  the  power  which 
combination  conferred  upon  the  workmen  was 
essential  to  his  protection,  it  must  be  earnestly 
desired  that  that  power  should  rarely  be  called 
into  active  exertion,  that  its  effect  should  be  felt 
rather  in  promoting  peaceful  solutions  and  avert- 
ing contests  than  in  provoking  them  or  determin- 
ing their  issue.  That  in  some  districts  strikes 
were  so  chronic,  must  arise  from  some  serious  un- 
soundness in  the  relations  of  employer  and  work- 
man. Discu3.sing  remedies,  he  passed  over  courts 
of  conciliation  as  inapplicable  to  a  free  bargain, 
and  referred  to  the  successful  experiment  at 
Methley  Colliery,  of  dividing  the  profits  above 
10  per  cent,  with  workmen,  shareholders,  and 
customers,  which  Messrs.  Briggs  found  more  pro- 
fitable to  themselves  than  their  former  plan  of 
working.  Messrs.  Fox,  Wood,  and  Co.,  of  the 
Xi'wport  Rolling  Mills,  Middlesborough,  had  intro- 
'luced  a  similar  scheme  without  making  a  joint- 
atojk  company.  These  schemes  did  not  go  so  fai- 
as  ordinary  cooperation,  which  might  ultimately 
affect  materially  the  organisation  of  labour.  Mean- 
while candour,  good  temper,  and  understanding  of 
the  relations  must  be  relied  upon.  On  the  whole, 
he  thought  the  following  conclusions  might  be 
accepted  as  being  in  aecjrdance  \\-ith  the  facts  : — 
The  single  workman  is,  when  alone,  no  match  for 
liis  employer.  His  weakness  naturally  leads  to  his 
combining  with  others  having  the  same  interest 
\nth  himself.  This  combination  may  be  legitimate 
though  not  confined  to  the  workmen  under  one 
master,  but  much  more  extensive  in  its  scope. 
The  w-orkmen  of  a  trade  may  fairly  combine  for 
upholding  common  trade  interests  against  a  master 
or  any  number  of  masters.  A  strike,  or  the  fear  of 
a  strike,  is  the  last  resort  of  workmen  for  enforcing 
a  more  favourable  bargain  with  employers.  With- 
out the  assistance  of  an  extensive  organisation  by 


which  funds  could  be  collected  from  workmen  in 
employment  and  applied  for  the  maintenance  of 
workmen  on  strike,  it  would  hardly  be  possible 
that  a  strike  could  be  conducted  to  a  favourable 
is.sue.  Hence  the  connection  between  trades' 
anions  and  strikes.  A  strike  for  a  rise  of  wages 
or  a  reduction  in  the  hours  of  labour,  if  made 
when  the  condition  of  trade  renders  such  a  demand 
reasonable,  if  not  resorted  to  until  peaceable 
means  have  failed,  if  carried  on  without  violence 
or  intimidation,  is  not  necessarily  to  be  condemned 
on  economical  or  other  grounds,  but,  as  it  is  sure 
to  inflict  great  loss  and  distress,  and  to  impede  the 
production  of  the  wealth  <m  which  both  employers 
and  workmen  must  live,  it  should  bo  regarded  as  a 
great  calamity,  aud  should  not  be  imdertaken 
without  careful  consideration  of  the  circumstances 
of  the  trade,  nor  while  there  is  a  chance  that  the 
dispute  may  be  amicably  settled  by  peaceful  means. 
Employers  must  consent  to  abandon  the  autocratic 
view  of  the  position  of  the  chiefs  of  industry  ; 
they  must  be  forbearing  and  conciliatory  in  their 
relations  with  their  workmen ;  they  must  recognise 
in  the  trades'  union  a  power  co-ordinate  with  them- 
selves, and  consent  to  regard  it  as  representing  the 
workman  in  those  matters  on  which  he  has  a  right 
to  be  heard,  such  as  his  hours  of  labour  and  the 
.salubrity  of  the  factory  in  which  he  works.  On 
the  other  hand,  they  are  not  bound  to  admit  of 
the  interposition  of  the  society  as  to  any  matters 
not  immediately  connected  with  the  remuneration, 
health,  and  comfort  of  the  workman.  Workmen, 
both  individually  and  when  connected  in  trade  so- 
cieties, must  bear  in  mind  that  they  have  a  common 
interest  with  their  employers  as  well  as  a  separate 
interest.  Both  are  interested  in  the  augmentation 
of  the  trade  resources  which  form  the  fund  to  be 
shared  between  them,  and  it  is  only  when  the  ap- 
portionment takes  place  that  there  is  room  for 
variance.  Trade  unions  must  avoid  meddling  and 
officious  interference,  as  those  whose  means  keep 
industry  going  and  who  run  the  risks  attendant  on 
industrial  undertakings  must  be  left  to  control 
and  discipline  industry.  Unions  must  cease  to 
assume  that  there  is  an  antagonism  between  them 
and  the  masters,  and  must  bear  in  mind  that  they 
are  doing  their  constituents  incalculable  mischief 
when  they  hinder  the  growth  and  impair  the  pros- 
perity of  the  trade  to  which  they  belong.  They 
must  keep  to  their  own  functions,  that  is,  the  pro- 
tection of  trade  interests  and  the  due  administra- 
tion of  their  common  funds.  Their  action  for 
jiolitical  objects  can  only  be  fatal  to  their  efficiency 
for  the  purposes  for  which  they  were  formed. 
Above  all,  they  must  respect  the  freedom  of  others, 
whether  masters  or  workmen.  Only  when  they 
abstain  from  coercion,  rely  on  the  free  and  volun- 
tary support  of  their  members,  and  forbear  to 
interfere  with  the  liberty  of  others,  can  they  ex- 
pect to  win  respect  or  support  from  enlightened 
opinion.  In  the  ensuing  discussion  the  views  of 
Mr.  Waley  were  generally  endorsed. 


THE     BIRMINGHAM      ARCHITECTUEAL 

SOCIETY.— ANNUAL  MEETING. 

THE  annual  dinner  of  this  society  took  place  at 
the  Hen  and  Chickens  Hotel,  New-street, 
on  Friday  evening  last.  The  chair  was  occupied 
by  Mr.  J.  H.  Chamberlain,  president  of  the  so- 
ciety ;  and  the  vice-chair  by  Mr.  W.  Harris,  the 
Vice-President.  The  following  menibei's  of  the 
society  were  present : — Messrs.  J.  R.  Botham 
(treasurer),  F.  B.  Csborn  (honorary  secretary),  J. 
Jf.  Bateman,  Thomson  Plevius,  J.  G.  Bland,  F. 
Emp.son,  H.  Yeoville  Thomason,  T.  Naden,  G. 
Bidlake  (Wolverhampton),  J.  A.  Chatwin,  E. 
Holmes,  James  Veall  (Wolverhampton),  A.  B. 
Phipson,  Nichols  (West  Bromwich),  Corser,  J.  H. 
Hawkes ;  and  Messrs.  P.  Hollins,  S.  Timmius, 
Allen  E.  Everitt,  and  J.  T.  Bunce,  honorary  mem- 
bers of  the  society. 

After  dinner  the  President  gave  the  health  of 
"  The  Queen,"  which  was  duly  honoured. — Mr. 
Naden  then  proposed,  and  Mr.  A.  B.  Phipson  re- 
plied to,  the  toast  of  "  The  Royal  Institute  of 
British  Architects." 

The  next  and  principal  toast,  "  Success  to  the 
Birmingham  Architectural  Society,"  was  given  by 
the  President  (Mr.  Chamberlain),  who  said  : — In 
the  two  years  that  have  elapsed  since  we  last  dined 
together  nothing  of  very  great  importance  has  oc- 
curred in  the  history  of  our  national  art  and 
architecture  ;  and  with  regard  to  our  own  little 
society,  we  have  been  content  to  follow  our  ordi- 
nai-y  custom,  taking  up  such  subjects  as  were  pre- 
sented to  us  for  discussion,  and  assisting  one 
another  with  advice  and  counsel  whenever  that  ad-  J 


vice  or  counsel  was  required.  But  we  have  to 
congratulate  ourselves  upon  the  additions  that 
have  been  made  to  our  numbers  ;  and  we  are  most 
glad  to  welcome  here  to-night  those  gentlemen 
who,  practising  our  art  in  neiglibouring  towns, 
have  joined  o\ir  society,  and  those  honorary  mem- 
bers whose  talents  and  attainments  have  so  often 
proved  of  advantage  to  us.  There  is  surely  no 
need  to  dwell  upon  the  vise  of  a  society  like  this, 
or  upon  the  advantages  of  association.  All  of  ua 
must  constantly  have  felt  how  comparatively  weak, 
helpless,  and  useless  we  are  without  the  assistance 
of  our  fellows,  and  how  impossible  it  is  for  nearly 
all  men  to  achieve  much  that  is  good  or  great  if 
they  cut  themselves  off  from  intercourse  with 
those  who,  by  similarity  of  mental  habit  and  study, 
are  naturally  able  to  assist  and  help  them.  In  pro- 
fessional questions  it  is  often  a  matter  of  neces- 
sity that  we  should  consult  together,  and  decide 
upon  a  common  course  of  action.  And  there  aro 
now  being  presented  to  us,  day  after  day,  ques- 
tions relating  to  matters  of  custom  and  practice, 
which  it  is  almost  impossible  for  any  one  architect 
to  decide  upon  rightly  by  himself.  Take,  for  in- 
stance, those  questions  which  are  now  being  per- 
sistently raised  by  the  Builders'  Association. 
There  is  one  change  in  particvilar  which  is  called 
for,  and  which,  if  it  shouM  by  any  means  be 
brought  about,  would  entirely  subvei-t  the  present 
position  of  the  architect  and  the  builder,  and 
would  be  most  entirely,  thoroughly,  and  com- 
pletely disadvantageous  to  the  latter.  The  change 
that  the  Association  wants  to  bring  about  is  this  : 
that  in  future  the  architect  shall  cease  to  care  for 
the  interests  of  the  builder,  and  shall  regard  him- 
self as  only  and  solely  the  agent  of  the  client.  In 
fact,  the  Association  considers  it  an  impertinence  on 
the  part  of  the  architect  that  he  should  profess  to 
be  anything  else.  Now  all  of  us  know,  from  our 
own  experience,  that,  although  we  are  *'  paid  by 
the  employer,  and  can  be  dismissed  by  the  em- 
ployer," yet  that  in  the  numberless  questions  that 
arise  during  the  continuance  of  all  building  opera- 
tions our  influence  is  exerted  over  and  over  again 
to  the  advantage  of  the  builder,  aud  that  he  does 
derive  from  us  continual  assistance  and  support. 
We  have  hitherto  regarded  it  as  our  duty  to  see 
that  our  clients  or  employers  have  their  work  pro- 
perly performed,  and  the  stipulations  of  the  con- 
tract fully  carried  out.  But  at  the  same  time  it 
h.as  been  and  it  is  a  tradition  amongst  us,  that  the 
builders'  interests  are  also  to  be  considered  by  us, 
and  that  our  position  is  constantly  and  of  neces- 
sity that  of  an  unbiassed  arbitrator,  and  that  we 
do  not  take  the  narrow,  the  exclusive,  the  one- 
sided view  of  a  mere  paid  agent  or  partisan.  From 
this  position  the  builders  would  depose  us.  But 
they  will  have  cause  to  be  sorry  if  the  change 
they  desire  is  really  carried  out.  They  ask  the 
architects,  deliberately  and  with  emphasis,  to  take 
from  them  the  help  which  is  now  constantly  given, 
and  to  transform  themselves  as  far  as  they  can,  if 
not  actually  into  the  builders'  enemies,  at  least 
into  their  stern  and  severe  judges;  alw.ays  on  the 
watch  for  faults  and  defects,  always  looking  to  the 
letter  and  never  to  the  spirit  of  the  law,  and  al- 
ways prepared  to  visit  every  shortcoming  and 
every  deviation  from  the  letter  of  a  contract  with 
the  narrowest,  the  severest,  and  the  most  bitter 
judgment  which  it  Ls  possible  for  one  class  of  men 
to  mete  out  to  another  class,  for  whom  it  feels  no 
sympathy  and  towards  whose  well-being  it  has  no 
care.  But  there  are  other  subjects,  momentous 
ones,  which,  as  a  society,  we  ought  to  study.  For 
instance,  there  is  the  study  of  archicology  and  of 
art.  Nothing  much  need  now  be  said  about  the 
study  of  archicology,  as  that  vrill  be  specially 
dealt  with  in  the  course  of  the  evening ;  but  it  is 
a  matter  of  much  importance,  and  with  which  we 
are  greatly  concerned.  The  town  is  gradually 
changing  ;  one  by  one  the  old  buildings  are  re- 
moved ;  old  streets  are  widened,  new  ones  are 
made,  and  unfortunately,  in  the  majority  of  in- 
stances, without  any  record  being  kept  of  the  na- 
ture of  the  change.  Now,  each  architect  ought  to 
consider  himself  as  in  duty  bound,  whenever  he 
is  called  upon  to  replace  an  old  building  with  a 
new  one,  whether  that  old  building  is  good,  bad, 
or  indift'erent,  to  make  or  to  have  made  careful 
drawings  of  the  work  he  is  about  to  destroy. 
Then,  if  such  drawings  were  deposited  in  our  own 
library,  we  should  have,  in  time,  a  most  valuable 
series  of  historical  records,  which,  alike  to  the 
antiquarian,  the  archo3ologist,  or  the  historian, 
w^ould  possess  great  and  undying  interest.  Then, 
with  regard  to  the  study  of  art,  in  past  times 
architects  have  done  great  things.  Take,  for  in- 
stance, four  names  only,  those  of  Stuart,  Cham- 
bers, Rickman,  and  Pugin.     The  first  of  these  was 


32 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


January  11,  1867. 


the  great  delineator  aad  historian  of  Grecian  art. 
He  it  was  who  revealed  to  the  European  world  for 
the  first    time  the    unsurpassed    glories    of    the 
greatest   triumphs   of   ancient  art.      Sir  William 
Chambers,    also,   was  the   historian    of    Palladian 
architecture,  and  the  chief  English   exponent  of 
that  school,  the  Italian  Renaissance.     Again,  Rick- 
man,  a  native  of  this  town,  directed  the  growing 
taste  for  Gothic  architecture,    and,  for  the  first 
time,  classified  those  monuments  which  so  many 
had  learned  to  admire  ;  and  after  him,  Pugiu  re- 
vealed to  us  the  inner  life  of  that  glorious  school, 
and  by  patient  and  minute  investigation,  aided  by 
the  fire  of  his  great  genius,  discovered  the  roots 
from  which  that   glory  had  sprung,  and  revealed 
his  knowledge  to  us.     But  of  late  years  architects 
have  not  appeared  in  the  foremost  ranks  of  art 
literature.     The  work  of  investigation   has  been 
carried  on  by  archceological  and  architectural  so- 
cieties, but  no  English  architect  has  distinguished 
himself  greatly  (unless  we  except  Mr.  James  Fer- 
gusson)  as  an  author.     Yet  the  field  is  a  wide  one, 
and  one  subject  that  demands  our  most  earnest 
consideration  is  that  of   the   unity  of    art.     In- 
deed,   it   is  owing    to   this   unity   of   art    being 
so    little   felt    or    acknowledged    that,    compara- 
tively with   our    hope,  so  little    actual    progress 
is  made.       Artists  work  alone,  and  neither  feel  nor 
see.  nor  seem  to  care  to  know,  that  all  art  is  one  ; 
that  it  is  literature,  painting,  sculpture,  architec- 
ture,   music,    and  the   minor   arts   that  together 
make  up  decorative  art ;  that  these  are  really  and 
rightly  (me  and   indivisible.     The  painter  thinks 
only  of  pictures — the  sculptor  only  of  the  statue, 
the  author  only  of  his  book  ;  but   the  architect 
who  knows   anything  at  all   knows  well  that,  to 
produce    a  great   result — that  to  erect  a  building 
for  which  men  shall  care,  and  towards  which  they 
shall    look — these   separate   excellences    must  be 
united   together.     Those    who  have   studied  both 
art  and  literature  know  that  the  history  of  the  one 
is.  almo.st   the  exact  counterpart  of  the  history  of 
the   other,   and  that  uo   man  can  have  a  perfect 
knowledge   of  ancient  art  without  a  knowledge  of 
ancient   literature,  or   can  understand  that  litera- 
ture without  an  insight  into  the   meaning  of  its 
contemporary  art.     Yet,  however  keenly  we  may 
study  art,   however  diligently,    however  honestly, 
we    shall    find  that  the  result  of  our  studies  will 
be  that  we  shall  be  divided  into  two  classes,  each 
representing  a  distinct  line  of  thought.     Through- 
out the   history    of  many  long  years  these  two 
separate  trains  of  thought  have  been  recognised, 
and  have    been    called  by  different  names.     They 
have  been  called  Calvinistic  and  Armiuian,  Tory 
and  Radical,  Catholic  and  Protestant,  Classic  and 
Gothic,   and  by  many  other  names,  all  tending  to 
point   out   those    two  great    schools   of  thought 
under   whose   banners  all  great  thinkers  have  en- 
rolled  themselves,   and   will  probably  continue  to 
be  enrolled.     But  as  far  as  we  are  concerned  there 
seems  to  be   no  cause  for  regret,  as,  indeed,  there 
is  no  use  in   regretting  that  which  is  inevitable. 
On  the  contrary,  we   may,  whilst  we  grieve  that 
there  are  truths  which  we  can  never  fully  appre. 
ciate,  be  glad  that  there  are  others  to  whom  these 
truths   are  made    clear.      Also,  in  pursuing    the 
study   of   art,  we  shall  see  more  and  more  clearly 
how  all  that  is  good  in  ornament  and  beautiful  in 
design  arises   out   of  "  use ;"  that  from  the  com- 
monest wants  of  mankind  the   most    beautiful 
forms  have  been  originated ;  that  if  we  are  to  excel 
in  our  art  at  all,  or   understand  its  history  at  all, 
we  must  look  below  the  surface  of  all  form  to  find 
the  causes   which    eventually  determined  it ;  and 
that  we  shall  not  find  those  causes  in  the  fancy  or 
imagination  of  the  designer,  but,  in  the  first  place, 
in  some  commonplace  want  or  necessity,  honestly 
and  thoroughly  met.       It   is   our   knowledge  of 
these  things,  and  our  practice  of  them,  that  gives 
us  that  influence  which  we  now  possess.     It  is  an 
advantage    that   we  cannot  well  be  too  proud  of, 
that,   generally  speaking,  we   are  so    attentively 
listened  to  in  matters  of  our  art,  and  our  opinions 
deemed  worthy  of  consideration.      In  the   great 
revival  of  art  which  we  have  happily  lived  to  see, 
the  influence  of  architects  has  effected  much.     It 
has   already  well   nigh    banished   the   apparently 
cheap,  but  really  costly  shabbiness,  which  at  one 
time  threatened   to  leave  our  towns  a  wilderness 
only  of  rotting   and  rotten  laths  and  crumbling 
stucco.       But    every    year    better    and    sounder 
materials    are    being    employed,  and    every  year 
more  and  more  of    beauty  is  introduced  into  our 
work.     Therefore,  in  proposing  this,  the  toast  of 
the  evening,   "  Success  to  the  Birmingham  Archi- 
tectural   Society,"   what   we  are  really  desiring  is 
increase  in  knowledge  amongst  ourselves,  increase 
our  mutual  reliance  and  support,  and  for  our 


town  a  gradual  and  constant  change,  from  mean- 
ness into  nobleness,  from  shabbiness  to  greatness, 
and  from  ugliness  to  beauty,  until  at  last  it  may 
become,  as  indeed  there  is  no  reason  th.at  it  should 
not  become,  as  full  of  all  grace  and  loveli- 
ness and  beauty  as  those  old  Italian  cities  in 
which  it  is  impossible  to  walk  mthout  rejoicing, 
and  of  which  the  memories  are  imperishably  and 
unspeakably  dear. 

The  addre.=<3  of  the  president  was  frequently  in- 
terrupted by  applause,  which  was  warmly  renewed 
at  its  close.    • 

LIVERPOOL  ARCHITECTURAL    SOCIETY. 

THE  seventh  meeting  of  the  members  of  this 
society,  tliis  feession,  was  held  on  Wednes- 
day evening,  Mr.  T.  J.  Kilpiu,  the  presiJent,  in 
the  chai"-.  The  President  said  before  they  pro. 
ceeded  to  the  transaction  of  the  ordinary 
business  it  was  his  painful  duty  to  announce  to 
the  meeting  the  death  of  one  of  the  most  valued 
members  of  the  society,  Mr.  Stirling,  the  sculp- 
tor, who  expired  on  Sunday,  after  a  long  illness. 
He  had  been  connected  with  the  society  from  its 
commencement,  and  there  were  few  members 
who  took  a  greater  interest  in  it  and  devoted 
more  attenlion  to  it  than  he  did.  The  society 
was  particulaily  indebted  to  him  for  the  trouble 
he  took  in  forming  and  instructing  the  students' 
modelling  class,  to  which  he  gave  the  use  of  his 
premises  and  devoted  his  services,  his  time,  and 
his  talents  gratuitously.  In  the  particular  branch 
of  his  profession  to  which  he  devoted  himseli' 
Mr.  Stirling  had  few  equals. 

Mr.  Boalc  moved  "  that  the  secretary  be  re- 
quested to  convey  to  Mrs.  Stirling  the  expression 
ot  the  deep  feeliugs  of  regret  which  the  society 
experiences  on  the  occasion,  and  of  their  sincere 
condolence  with  her  in  the  heavy  affliction  which 
has  befallen  her."  Mr.  Bradley  seconded  the 
motion,  which  was  unanimously  adopted. 

Mr.  Gibbs  gave  a  brief  description,  illustrated 
by  a  diagram,  of  a  plan  for  improving  the  venti- 
lation  of  sit-ting  rooms.  The  plan  consists  in 
leaving  the  jambs  on  each  side  of  the  fireplace 
hollow,  carrying  up  the  flues  instead  of  building 
them  solid,  the  due  on  one  side  being  for  the 
ventilation  of  the  rooms  on  the  upper  story,  and 
that  on  the  other  for  the  rooms  on  the  ground 
floor.  The  cold  air  is  admitted  through  a  grating 
in  the  plinths  of  the  building,  and  in  ascending 
the  flues  passes  through  cast-iron  chambers  in 
close  proximity  to  the  fireplace,  thus  getting 
slightly  warmed  before  entering  the  room 
through  a  perforated  zinc  panel  near  the  ceiling, 
or  through  an  open  ornamental  cornice. 

Mr.  Boult  exhibited  some  beautiful  specimens 
of  polished  madrepore  marble,  from  Devousliire, 
remarking  that  in  the  rough  block  the  stone  was 
used  in  the  coustrnction  ot  the  Plymouth  break- 
water. 

The  subject  of  building  contracts,  which  was 
discussed  at  the  last  meeting  of  the  Architec- 
tural Alliance  in  London,  and  by  this  society  last 
session,  was  again  introduced  by  Mr.  Boult.  It 
will  be  remembered  that  at  the  last  meeting  of 
the  Architectural  Alliance  a  form  of  contract  was 
submitted  by  Mr.  Plevins,  of  Birmingham,  and 
that  considerable  discussion  took  place  with 
regard  to  the  last  clause,  which  provided  that  in 
certain  cases  matters  in  diflerence  between  the 
contractor  and  the  proprietor,  instead  of  being 
arbitrated  by  the  architect,  should  be  referred  to 
an  independent  party.  It  was  ultimately  resolved 
that  the  draft  contract  be  referred  to  the  difl'erent 
societies  in  the  Alliance  for  their  consideration 
and  report.  Mr.  Boult  no  iv  expressed  his  opinion 
that,  although  he  believed  it  would  be  very 
seldom  enforced,  the  insertion  of  such  a  clause 
in  the  contract  would  tend  to  promote  harmony 
and  confidence  between  all  the  parlies  to  the 
contract.  A  circular  from  the  General  Builders' 
Association,  submitting  four  suggestions  on  the 
subject  of  building  contracts,  was  read,  and, 
after  some  conversation,  it  was  resolved  that  the 
form  of  contract  prepared  by  Mh  Plevins  and  tie 
suggestions  of  tho  Builders'  Association  be  cir- 
culated amongst  the  members,  and  that  the 
further  consideration  of  the  subject  be  adjourned 
to  a  future  evening  in  the  current  session  to  be 
appointed  by  the  council. 


NORTHERN  ARCHITECTURAL  ASSOCIA- 
TION.—ANN  UAL  MEETING. 

THE  eighth  annual  meeting  of  the  members  of 
Uie  Northern  Architectural  Association  was 
held  at  tho  Old  Castle,  Newcaatle-on-Tyue,   on 


Tuesday,  the  8th  inst.  In  the  absence  ofthe  pre- 
sident (Mr.  Tho9.  Moore,  of  Sunderland),  Mr.  J. 
Johnstone,    vice-president,  took  the  chair. 

In  the  absence  of  the  honorary  secretary  (Mr. 
T.  Oliver),  Mr.  Dunn,  Newcastle,  read  the  annual 
report,  which  detailed  the  business  done  diiring 
the  year,  and  congratnlated  the  members  on  the 
increase  to  their  numbers  which  had  taken  place 
daring  the  past  as  during  previous  twelvemonths. 

On  the  motion  of  Mr.  John  Ross  (Darlington), 
seconded  by  Mr.  G.  G.  Hoskins  (Darlington),  the 
report  was  adopted. 

On  a  ballot  being  taken,  Mr.  J.  G.  Sullivan  was 
elected  an  associate  of  the  association. 

The  Vice-President  afterwards  delivered  an 
interesting  address  to  the  meeting,  in  the  course 
of  which  he  said  : — 1  have  to  congratulate  you, 
gentlemen,  on  the  continued  and  increasing  pros- 
perity of  this  society,  as  yoii  have  heard  Irom 
the  secretary's  report.  Many  new  members  and 
associates  have  been  enrolled,  and  the  state  of 
our  finances  is  healthy.  We  now  number  amongst 
our  members,  with  very  few  exceptions,  the 
names  of  all  in  the  three  counties  who  are  note- 
worthy in  the  architectural  profession.  The  con- 
sequent influence  of  this  society  is  great,  and  is 
being  yearly  more  and  more  felt,  to  the  advance- 
ment of  arc  and  the  elevation  of  the  profession 
in  the  public  mind.  This  picture  of  our  position 
is  certainly  very  gratifying  ;  but  that  future  pre- 
sidents may  be  able  to  paint  it  in  still  more  glow- 
ing colours,  does  it  not  behove  us  in  the  present 
to  make  strenuous  eBTorts  by  every  means  in  our 
power  to  increase  even  further  the  influence  and 
utility  of  our  association  ?  In  the  first  place,  I 
hold  it  to  this  end  highly  essential  that  we  should, 
if  possible,  obtain  and  hold  our  meetings  in  pre- 
mises of  our^own.  I  would  advocate  the  forma- 
tion of  a  collection  of  local  building  materials, 
and  appliances  and  patents  connected  with  the 
building  trades  j  the  introduction  of  classes  for 
assistants,  pupils,  outworkmeu,  and  operatives, 
in  which  projective  instruction — art  ptinciplea 
applied  to  building — the  use  of  materials  and 
kindred  subjects  might  be  taught;  and  the  insti- 
tutiuu  of  a  library  where  a  few  costly  books  of 
reference  (such  as  are  not  to  be  lound  in  general 
libraries)  might  be  lodged.  And  I  wonld  earnestly 
entreat  every  member  to  make  great  individual 
efiurt  to  popularise  our  general  meetings,  and  in- 
duce a  larger  attendance — such  small  audiences 
as  we  generally  have  being  little  encouragement  to 
gentlemen  to  expend  the  thooght  and  labour 
necessary  to  the  preparation  of  a  creditable  paper. 
One  of  the  great  dl^advantaues  we  labour  under, 
as  at  present  lodged,  is  the  want  of  accommoda- 
tion for  the  sale  keeping  of  drawings,  books,  pho- 
tographs, models,  &c.,  that  might  be  sent  down 
for  exhibition,  after  and  during  the  time  inter- 
vening betiveen  general  meetings.  I  do  not 
doubt  but  many  members  andfriends  would  coroa 
forward  with  donations  of  books,  photographs, 
sketches,  and  the  like,  were  we  but  once  out  of 
lodgings  and  comfortably  settled  down  into  a 
habitation  of  our  own.  I  cannot  leave  tnis  part 
of  my  subject  without  remarking  on  the  great 
good  such  societies  as  ours  work  among  their 
members.  Interconr,-e  to  a  great  extent  swamps 
petty  jealousies  and  rivalry,  and  engenders  a 
gentlemanly  and  cousiilerate  line  of  conduct  to- 
wards each  other  ;  much  mutual  improvement  is 
the  natural  result  of  the  interchange  of  opinion. 
I  have  now  to  draw  your  attention  to  the  work, 
ing  ofthe  Town  Improvement  and  Sanitary  Acts 
in  this  borough,  for  1  cannot  but  tiiiuk  that  the 
strict  enforcement  of  the  letter  of  the  bye-laws 
is,  in  many  instances,  prejudicial  to  the  improve- 
ment of  the  town,  and,  in  exceptional  cases,  an- 
tagonistic even  to  sanitary  reform.  What  is 
requisite  is  discriminating  and  intelligent  inter- 
pretation of  the  bye-laws  by  those  in  authority. 
After  lengthy  reierenoe  to  sanitary  matters  and 
labourers'  dweUings,  he  said  : — My  own  ex. 
perience  in  the  management  of  tenement  pro- 
perty in  the  metropolis,  in  Glasgow,  and  in  our 
town,  teaches  me  that  a  great  deal  may  be  done 
towards  the  provision  of  working  class  dwellings, 
by  the  judicious  renovation  of  old  and  dilapidated 
properties.  Did  time  permit,  I  could  point  out 
in  our  town  many  properties  and  localities  to 
which  the  principle  might  be  advantageously  ap- 
plied. To  all  lovers  of  mediteval  art,  it  must  be 
most  gratifying  to  learn  that  at  length  steps  are 
about  to  be  taken  to  restore,  and  place  beyond 
chance  of  destruction,  that  noble  monument  o! 
the  middle  ages,  the  St.  Nicholas'  tower  and 
spire,  which  has  sj  long  been  an  ornament  toonr 
town,  and  the  pride  ot  our  ouuntry.  The  com- 
mittee of  management,  I  think,   have  displayed 


January  11,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


33 


great  discretion  in  their  selection  of  an  architect 
to     whom    to    depute    this      important    under- 
taking.    Mr.    Scott's    acknow'edsed  ability  and 
great      experience     are      sufficient     guarantees 
that    the     restoralion     will    be    effected     in    a 
conscientious    and      painstaking     spirit.      After 
alluding    to    St.      Andrew's,     which     had    been 
restored    by  Mr.  Oliver,   tho    chairman    said:  — 
Conspicuous    among    tho    Dissenting    places    of 
worship  in  our  town  is  that  in  Rye-hill,  designed 
by  Mr.  Cubitt,  of  London,   displaying  as  it  does 
great  artistic     merit,    and    much    original    yet 
pleasing  detail.     Schools   by  Mr.  R.  I.  Johnson, 
and   Messrs.  Johnson,   Hogg,  and  Son,  are  erect- 
ing in  our  town,  while  theimportant  commercial 
buildings,  mostly  by  Mr.  Paruell,  lately  finished, 
and    at   present   completing,    give    interest   and 
form  characteristic  additions  to  the  street  archi- 
tecture, for  which  our  borough  is  so  justly  cele- 
brated.    It   must    have   been  distressing  to  our 
honorary  secretary  to  see   his  building  in  New 
Bridge-street    (the    new    Mechanics'    Institute) 
standing    through    so    many    months    partially 
built,    in    consequence    of  the    masons'    strike, 
which  has  so  seriously  impeded  building  opera- 
tions in  the  town.      May  the  time  not  be  far  dig- 
tant  when  tho  universal  adoption  of  a   few  judi- 
cious measures,   such  as  payment  by  tho   hour 
and  the  recognition  of  the  individuality  of  the 
workmen,   shall  put  a  stop  to  strikes,  with  all 
their  inconveniences   and   impoverishing  effects, 
for  ever  !    A  great  opportunity  for  the  exhibition 
of  some  good  architecture  now  presents  itself  in 
onr  borough.     I   refer   to   the   St.   John's  Lane 
improvement,   and  beg  to   submit  that  tho  new 
street,  when    finished,    ought    to    be    second    to 
nothing  of  the  kind  in  the  kingdom.     It  should 
be  handsome  and  capacious,  for  it  will  be  a  lead- 
ing thoroughfare  from  the  central  station  to  the 
heart  of  the  town.     It  is,  happily,  placed  in  tho 
hands  of  our   able  engineer  and  architect,   Mr. 
Lamb;  and  I  look  forward  with  great  hope  to 
the  result.     What  is  being  done  in  the  matter  of 
tho  new  police-courts  ?  and  can  anyone  explain 
how  it  is  that  the  Newcastle  public,  generally  so 
excitable,  and   the    magistrates,    lawyers,    and 
officials  put  up  so  patiently  with  their  present 
accommodation,  or  rather  the  want  of  it  ?     Our 
neighbours  on  the  opposite  bank    of  the  Tyne 
seem  to  make  but  little  progress  towards  the  re- 
alisation of  their  new  Town-hall   scheme.     Can 
it  be  that  by  this  time  they  have  discovered  that 
the  course  pursued  by  them  in  procuring  a  design, 
and  in  the  preparation  of  the  necessary  drawings, 
was  as  injudicious  and  extravagant  as  it  was  in- 
sulting to  the   local   architects.    This  increasing 
practice,  on  the  part  of  public  boards  and  com. 
mittets,  to  depute  important  architectural  works 
to  officials  ignorant  of  the  very  elements  of  the 
art,     and     whose      real     duties     are      conse- 
quently      neglected,      cannot     be      sufficiently 
deprecated.       In     noticing    the     new      lunatic 
asylum  for  the  borough  at  Coslodge,  I    cannot 
but    reflect    on    the    conduct   of     the     magis- 
trates in  their  selection  of  an  architect,  evincing, 
as  it  did,  great  ihconsideration,  not  to  say  injus- 
tice, towards  us  of  the  profession  in  this  town  ; 
as  ratepayers  wo  severally  had  a  claim,  and  none 
will    dispute  but  that    we   include  in    our  body 
many  gentlemen  quite  capable  ot   carrying  out 
such  a  building  in  .accordance  with  the  most    ad- 
vanced and  enlightened  views.     It  is  with  great 
pleasure  I  notice,    after    much  talk,    a  practical 
and  determined  effort   is  being  made  to  perpet- 
uate the  memory  ol  Newcastle's  greatest  builder, 
Richard    Grainger,  whose  enterprise  and  indo- 
mitable energy,  I  may  say,  almost  created    our 
town.     I  cannot  conclude  without  a  passing  word 
of  tribute  to   tho  memories  of  the  late  Mr.  G.  T. 
Gibson  and  Mr.  Ralph  Walters — men  who  worked, 
although   not  long,  yet  successfully,  to  improve 
their    native    town.      The    great    architectural 
events  of  tho  coming  year  will  be    the  competi- 
tion for  the  new   Law  Courts,  and   for  tho  re- 
building of  the  National  Gallery.     Twelve  com- 
petitors have  been  named  in  each  instance,  but 
this  number  is  much  too  limited  to  embrace  any- 
thing like  a  fair  proportion  of  the  talent  of  the 
country,  while  a  glance  at  the  names  of  the  com- 
petitors will  make  it  apparent  to  every  unpreju- 
diced mind  that  the  selection  has  been  made  in 
many  cases  with  more  favouritism  than    discri- 
mination, many  gentlemen  being  included  whose 
forte  does   not   lie    in    this   direction.     I  cannot 
Dring  my  mind  to  think  that  the  steps  taken  by 
the  Government   in  this   matter  are  those    best 
calculated  to  procure  the  best  design  the  country 
is  capable  of  producing;  but,  nevertheless,  we 
may  reasonably  expect   a  fine   exhibition  of  de- 
signs, for  some  of  the  ablest  heads  and  hands  are. 


no  doubt,  at  this  moment  busy  on  the  draw 
ings.  I  would  say  a  word  or  two  on  competi- 
tions generally,  and,  like  most  other  architects, 
could  cite  many  instances,  within  my  own  ex 
perience,  of  ill-usage  and  want  of  consideratioi 
received  at  the  hands  of  coni'iiittoes.  Competi 
tion  I  consider  a  great  principle,  and  well  calcu 
liited  to  encourage  genius,  and  could  it  only  be 
in  some  way  systematised,  and  weeded  of  the 
many  abuses  that  characterise  its  application  at 
the  present  time.  Attempts  in  this  direction 
have  been  made  by  the  Royal  Institutfe  of  Britinih 
Architects  and  tho  Asso?iation  in  London,  and 
by  some  provincial  societies,  our  own  amongst 
the  number.  It  is  of  the  first  importance,  in  the 
conducting  of  a  competition  to  a  successful  issue, 
that  the  conditions  and  instructions  be  well  de- 
fined and  explicit,  and  the  selection  be  made  by 
some  properly  qualified  and  thoroughly  disin- 
terested tribunal.  I  am  decidedly  opposed  to 
the  method,  so  much  in  vogno  latterly,  of  leaving 
tho  selection  to  the  arbitrament  of  some  profes- 
sional man,  however  pure  hia  motives  and  inten- 
tions; for  it  must  bo  quite  impossible  for 
any  mind  to  divest  itself  of  the  prejudices  arising 
Irom  education,  study,  or,  it  may  be,  a  Ion:,' 
practice  in  a  certain  school ;  and  deal  justice 
alike  to  all  comers  in  ditferent  styles.  You  will 
no  doubt  all  of  you  have  remarked  that  a  new 
system  is  likely  to  be  inaugurated  by  the  forth- 
coming competition  for  tho  Manchester  New 
T.iwn-hall,  as  described  in  tho  building  papers; 
it  seems  sufficiently  remunerative  and  promises 
well.  I  shall  watch  its  progress  with  much 
interest,  and  in  the  meantime  let  us  give  all 
credit  to  the  committees  for  their  readiness  to 
receive  and  profit  by  suggestions  froni  without. 
Very  many  important  works  have  been  under- 
taken and  finished  during  the  past  year  through- 
out the  kingdom,  and  I  think  I  may  say,  gene- 
rally, in  a  manner  creditable  to  the  architectural 
taste  of  the  day.  I  believe  that  the  architectural 
taste  during  the  last  few  years  has  made  great 
strides,  and  that  the  buildings  at  the  present  are 
not  so  utterly  devoid  of  vitality  and  expression 
as  some  of  the  critics  would  seem  to  think.  We 
have  no  predominating  style,  but  I  fancy  there 
are  few  styles  that  ever  existed,  and  contained 
the  germs  of  a  living  art,  but  have  been  cleverly 
adapted  and  reproduced  in  our  own  time  in  our 
own  land.  I  am  no  partisan  of  either  side  in 
the  battle  of  the  styles,  for  I  hold  that  bad 
buildings  are  more  frequently  due  to  the  want 
of  art  in  their  designers  than  to  any  insur- 
mountable peculiarities  of  the  style  they  affect. 
As  a  noteworthy  example  of  this,  I  beg  to 
mention  the  entirely  successful  designs  of  Mr. 
Thomson,  of  Glasgow,  in  that,  perhaps,  least 
plastic  of  all  styles — the  Greek.  I  cannot  pass 
Mr.  Thomson's  name  without  a  reference  to  a 
paper  by  him,  in  vindication  of  his  favourite 
style,  read  before  tho  Cilasgow  Association  a 
short  time  ago.  I  consider  it  one  of  the  ablest 
papers  of  the  year  in  connection  with  our  art. 
Mr.  Dunn  moved  and  Mr.  Hopkins  seconded 
a  vote  of  thanks  to  the  Vice-president  for  the 
interesdng  address  he  bad  just  read. 


JERUSALEM. 


MIR  MOSES  MONTEFIORE,  Bart.,  has  de- 
O  termined  since  his  return  la.'st  spring  from 
the  Holy  Laud,  to  erect  another  Hospice  at  Jeru- 
salem, for  the  residence  of  several  poor  Israelitish 
families.  This  building  will  be  on  a  large  scale, 
and  built  near  to  that  which  was  erected  in  the 
year  1859,  under  the  superintendence  of  Mr. 
William  Edward  Smith,  architect,  of  45,  Upper 
Bedford-place.  Tne  contemplated  works,  we  are 
informed,  are  entru-t^d  to  the  professional  skill 
of  the  same  gentleman. 


ELECTION  OF  A  SURVEYOR  FOR 
COVENTRY. 

A  SHORT  time  since  the  authorities  of  Coventry 
advertised  for  a  surveyor,  and  eixty-one  can- 
diOates  applied  for  the  situation.  At  ameetiugof 
tbecouucil  on  the26th  ult., twenty-one  were  select- 
ed, viz. — Mr.  C.  H.  Lowe,  London;  Mr.  C.  H.  Cope, 
Birmingham  ;  Mr.  Alfred  Morris,  Rusholme,  neai 
ilanchester;  Mr.  Ai'thur  Jacob,  Cioydon;  Mr 
J.  E.  Fdlmer,  Rugby  ;  Mr.  E.  J.  Purnell,  Wolver 
hampton ;  Mr.  U.  Taylor,  Coventry  ;  Mr.  C.  Slagg, 
Manchester;  Mr.  William  Beaumont,  Ellaud ; 
Mr.  James  Lund,  Sueerness  ;  Mr.  James  Richard- 
son, Leeds;  Mr.  John  Wood,  Nuneaton;  Mr.  W. 
W.     Pereday,     Burtjn-on-Treot ;      Mr.    Robert 


Vawser,  Belfast;  Mr.  William  Ground,  Durham; 
Mr.  Thomas  H -ws  m,  Salford  ;  Mr.  J.  Jowett, 
Dorchester;  Mr.  John  Liing,  Londo  ;  Mr. 
Edwin  VVnnemiii,  Crewe;  Mr.  E.  W.  Shaw, 
I'oi-qu  ly  ;   Mr.  Miciiael  Creamb,  Bri:^hton. 

After  some  investigation  tho  number  was  re- 
lucod  to  nine,  and  tho  following  are  the  particu- 
lar.s  ot  tho  names,  residences,  occupation,  and 
experience  of  the  candidates  from  whom  tho 
choice  is  to  be  made  :  — 

J.  E.  Palmer,  Rugby,  surveyor  to  local  board, 
was  at  Cardiff  and  Swansea,  carrying  on  the 
drainage  and  other  improvement  works  six  years. 
Has  extended  tho  drainage  works  at  Rugby,  and 
carried  out  now  waterworks,  laid  out  new  streets, 
and  is  thoroughly  conversant  with  sewage  irriga- 
tion schemes,  'i'estimonials  from  Rugby  Local 
Board  of  Health  ;  inhabitants  of  Rugby  ;  several 
engineirs  and  others  at  Swansea  and  Cardiff'. 

E.  J.  Purnell,  Wolver-hampton.  surveyor  at 
Wolverhampton  frotn  1857  to  1804;  prepared  a 
scheme  of  sewage,  canctioned  by  Council  and 
approved  by  Mr.  Rawlinson,  the  Government 
Inspector  ;  superintended  the  formation  of  79 
streets  there,  at  a  cost  of  £20,000.  Testimonials 
from  Sir  J.  Morris,  several  eminent  civil  engi- 
neers,  and  members  of  Local  Board,  Wolver- 
hampton.    Could  commence  forthwith. 

Chas.  H.  Ljwe,  London,  assistant  surveyor  to 
parish  of  St.  Mary-le-bone,  has  been  concerned 
in  every  class  of  work  required  at  that  place, 
including  paving,  cleansing,  lighting,  watering, 
and  drainage ;  was  acting  surveyor  twelvo 
months,  during  illness  of  surveyor,  tor  which  he 
received  a  gratuity  of  .-tjO  ;  prepared  plans  and 
estimates  for  the  workhouse  and  infirmary  there, 
to  hold  1,900  inmates,  which  were  approved  by 
the  architect  to  Metropolitan  Board  of  Works. 
Testimonials  from  Vestry  Clerk,  Mary-le-bone; 
Dr.  Whitmore,  Mary-le-bone;  Mary-le-bone 
Guardians,  Dr.  Randall,  Surveyor  of  St,  Pancras, 
Engineer  to  West  Middlesex  Waterworks  Com- 
pany, Rev.  S.  H.  Widdrington,  and  others. 

Alfred  Morris,  Rusholme,  near  Manchester, 
surveyor  to  local  board,  was  articled  tor  six 
years  to  corporation  of  Bolton,  afterwards  was 
engaged  by  them  as  assistant;  his  present  em- 
ployers have  recently  advanced  his  salary. 
Testimonials  from  several  mayors,  ex-mayors, 
and  members  of  council,  and  civil  engineers,  at 
Bolton. 

Arthur  Jacob,  Croydon,  assistant  engineer  of 
the  public  works,  had  sole  charge  of  twenty 
miles  ol  the  Great  Indian  Peninsula  Railway  to 
construct,  under  directions  from  the  Indian 
Government ;  he  prepared  schemes  for  supplying 
w.iter  to  two  towns  ;  on  his  return  to  England 
was  chief  assistant  to  Mr.  Addison,  Westminster. 
Tustimonials  from  Lieut.-Gol.  Kennedy,  Mijor- 
Goueral  Scott,  Lieut. -Col.  Lisle,  C.  B.  Lane,  Edq., 
B.aldwin  Latham,  Esq.,  C.E,,  Chairman  of  Croy- 
don Local  Board  of  Health. 

Wm.  Ground,  Durham,  surveyor  to  local  board, 
has  held  his  present  office  since  1856  ;  has  been 
engaged  ou  the  Middle  Level  Drainage  Works, 
in  Cambridge ;  was  Superintendent  for  the 
Lords  Commissioners  of  tho  Admiralty,  in  re- 
pairing breach  at  the  mouth  of  the  Humber; 
was  on  the  Ordnance  Sarvey  of  England,  at  Dur- 
ham, two  years.  Testimonials  bear  date  fn.m 
1851  to  April  in  the  present  year,  and  refer  to 
applicant's  ability  as  a  surveyor,  &o. ;  they  have 
been  used  for  similar  occasions. 

George  Taylor,  Coventry,  architect  and  sur- 
veyor, has  had  considerable  experience  in  every 
branch  of  his  profession;  is  thoroughly  ac- 
quainted with  the  construction  of  the  waterworks 
and  baths ;  furnishes  list  of  twenty-eight  public 
buildings  erected  under  his  superintendence. 
Testimonials  from  Charles  Hanson,  Esq.,  Rev. 
D.  H.  Haigh,  Ediugton ;  H.  Woodyer,  Esq.,  Rev. 
G.  F.  Pessey. 

Charles  Slagg,  Greenhays,  Manchester,  was 
surveyor  at  Leek  from  1858  to  1862,  during 
which  time  he  thoroughly  drained  the  town,  and 
delivered  the  sewage  on  land  ;  has  been  assisting 
the  surveyor  at  Manchester  tho  last  four  years, 
in  extending  the  waterworks,  and  improvement 
uf  river  and  drainage;  has  assisted  in  the  erec- 
tion of  several  pumping  engines.  Testimonials 
rom  surveyor  to  local  board,  Norwich;  City 
-urveyor,  Manchester;  T.  Curley,  Esq.,  C.E. ; 
Dr.  Ritchie,  and  others. 

James  Lund,  Sueerness,  engineer  and  surveyor 
to  the  local  board,  has  been  engaged  for  many 
years  on  sewage  and  waterworks;  bad  consider- 
able experience  in  tunnelling,  bridge  building, 
and  town  improvements.  Testimouml  from  R. 
Rawlinson,  Esq.,  certifies  as  to  the  ability  of 
.ipplicant  while  employed  under  him  at  Lancaster 


34 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


January  11,  I86r. 


and  Wigan.  On  the  2nd  of  Janaary  a  special 
meeting  of  the  Board  of  Health  was  convened, 
■when  the  nine  selected  candidates  had  a  personal 
interview  with  the  Board.  It  was  decided  to  re- 
duce the  number  from  nine  to  three,  when 
Purnell  secured  29  votes,  Lowe  18,  and  Palmer  /• 
The  third  and  fiual  voting  was — Puinell  28,  ami 
Lowe  10.  The  Mayor  then  formally  announced 
that  Mr.  Purnell,  of  Wolverhampton,  had  been 
duly  elected  the  surveyor  for  the  city. 


PERSONAL. 


MR.  SERJEANT  BaRKE  has  been  elected 
for  lS6t)-7  Directeur  or  chief  honorary 
otiicer  of  the  well-known  Society  of  Antiquaries  of 
Normandy.  This  is  the  first  time  the  compliment 
has  been  paid  to  an  Englishman. 

Mr.  W.  C.  RobsoD,  the  honorary  secretary  of  the 
Master  Builders'  Associaciou  of  Newcastle,  has 
been  presented  with  a  handsome  gold  watch  and 
appendages  by  the  members  of  the  association. 

Mr.  Thomas  Purnell  is  succeeded  as  assistant 
secretary  of  the  Grand  Archaiological  Institute  by 
Mr.  A.  R.  Lodge. 

Mr.  E.  J.  PurneU  has  been  elected  surveyor  fur 
the  city  of  Coventry,  after  a  contest  with  sixty- 
one  candidates. 

Mr.  Thomas  Wheatley,  locomotive  superinten- 
dent to  the  London  and  North- Western  Railway 
Company,  at  Wolverton,  has  been  appointed 
locomotive  superintendent  to  the  North  British 
Railway  Company. 

The  death  is  announced  of  Mr.  Robert  Lemon, 
F.S.A.,  late  of  her  Majesty's  State  Paper  OflBce. 
He  contributed  many  valuable  papers  of  an  anti- 
quarian nature  applicable  to  history  and  archaeology 
to  the  QentUmaji's  Majazine  and  other  periodicals 
of  the  kind.     Mr.  Lemon  was  67  years  of-age. 

If  John  Dyble,  who  was  in  business  about  27 
years  ago,  near  Kingslaud  Gate,  as  marble  mason, 
will  apply  to  Mr.  Peirse,  2,  Cobourg  Villas,  Co- 
bourg-ruad,  Old  Keut-r.iad,  he  will  hear  some- 
thing to  his  advantage. — Second  column  of  Times. 

Mr.  Joseph  Newton,  of  the  Mint,  has  been  re- 
appointed president  of  the  Association  of  Foremen 
Engineers.  We  believe  that  this  is  the  ninth 
time  he  has  had  this  distinction  conferred  upon 
him.     Mr.  Keyte  has    been  chosen  vice-pretideut. 

The  following  are  the  names  of  the  judges  ap- 
pointed to  decide  on  the  merits  of  the  New  Na- 
tional Gallery  designs  : — Viscount  Hardinge  ;  Lord 
Elcho,  M.P. ;  A.  J.  Beresford  Hope,  Esq.  M.P., 
president  of  the  Royal  Institute  of  British  Archi- 
tects ;  W.  Tite,  Esq.  M.P.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A. ;  W. 
Russell,  Esq.,  trustee  of  the  National  Gallery  ;  W. 
Boxall,  Esq.,  R.  A.,  director  of  the  National  Gallery; 
D.  Br,i.ndun  Esq.,  F.S.A. ;  T.  Gambler  Parry  Esq. ; 
and  R.  Redgrave,  Esq.,  R.A.,  Inspector  General, 
Science  and  Art  Department.  A  preliminary 
meeting  was  held  on  Wednesday  last. 

At  the  last  meeting  of  the  Institution  of  Civil 
Engineers,  on  the  8th  inst.,  Mr.  C.  H.  Gregory, 
vice-president,  in  the  chair,  six  candidates  were 
balloted  for,  and  declared  duly  elected,  includiug 
five  members,  viz. :— Mr.  John  Clark,  engineer  to 
the  Municipal  Council  of  Shanghae  ;  Mr.  Lewis 
Henry  Moorsom,  resident  engineer  in  charge  of  the 
■works  at  the  London-road  Station,  Manchester,  of 
the  London  and  North-Western,  and  Manchester, 
Sheffield,  and  Lincolnshire  Railway  Companies ; 
Mr.  James  Long  Parker,  executive  engineer  of  the 
Ist  grade  in  the  service  of  the  Government  of 
India,  Meerut ;  Mr.  Charles  Sacre,  chief  engineer 
to  the  Manchester,  Sheffield,  and  Lincolnshire 
Railway  Company  ;  and  Mr.  Edwin  Thomas,  en- 
gineer to  the  Regent's  Canal  Company,  and  one 
Associate,  viz.  :— Mr.  Adam  Fettiplace  Blandy,  re- 
sident engineer,  Millwall  Ducks. 


WATER  SUPPLY  OF  THE   METROPOLIS. 

n^HB  following  account  ia  taken  from  the  an- 
X  nual  report  on  the  health  of  the  parish  of 
St.  Maryiebone  for  1865,  and  dated  November, 
1866.  It  is  from  the  pen  of  Dr.  John  Whitmore, 
the  medical  officer  of  health  (or  the  parish. 
He  says  that  he  is  indebted  to  the  courtesy  and 
kindness  of  W.  H.  Whiffin,  Esq.,  the  secretary 
of  the  West  Middlesex  Water  Company,  for  most 
of  the  facts  and  stati  tics  here  given,  and  for  ihe 
privilege  of  personally  inspecting  the  works  at 
the  diSertnt  stitions  of  the  company. 

The  water  supply  of  the  metropolis  has  of  late 
occupied  so  large  a  share  of  public  attention, 
and  the  effects  of  its  impurities  on  the  health  of 
the  population  has  formed  the  subject  of  so  much 
discussion  amongst  men  eminent  m  science,  that 


1  need  offer  no  apology  for  describing  somewhat 
in  detail  the  method  by  ■which  the  water  sup- 
plied to  this  parish  by  the  West  Middlesex 
Company  is  brought  from  its  source  to  the  dwell- 
iog  of  every  householder,  and  the  process  it 
undergoes  in  its  transit  to  deprive  it  of  its  or- 
ganic and  other  imparities;  but,  apart  from  these 
considerations,  the  magnitude  of  the  operations 
of  this  one  company — which  it  must  be  remem- 
bered supplies  only  one-eleventh  part  of  the 
population  of  London — cannot  fail  to  be  a  sub- 
ject of  interest,  inasmuch  as  it  shows  very  forc- 
ibly what  human  skill  and  enterprise  can 
accomplish,  and  the  beneficent  effects  they  are 
calculated  to  produce  when  wisely  and  properly 
directed. 

The  company's  source  of  supply  ia  the  River 
Thames  at  Hampton,  Middlesex,  above  the  vil- 
lage, and  sis  miles  above  the  tidal  influence, 
whence  the  water  is  pumped  direct  to  Barnes, 
Surrey,  through  a  36in.  main,  8|  miles  in 
length,  passing  through  Twickenham  and  under 
the  River  Thames  (through  duplicate  pipes)  near 
Richmond  Bridge  ;ind  through  Richmond  and 
Mortlake.  Tliere  are  two  engines  at  Hampton  of 
105-horse  power  each.  At  Barnes  the  company 
have  three  snbsiding  reservoirs*  of  about  20^ 
acres  area,  containing  about  55,161,763  gallons, 
available  for  filtering,  and  five  tilter-beds  of  eight 
acres  area,  the  storage  of  the  beds  beiui,' 
9,501,2.33  gallons.  A  small  engine  of  6horse 
power  is  used  for  the  purpose  of  washing  the 
tine  sand  through  which  the  water  is  filtered. 
This  process  of  cleansing  the  sand  I  have  seen  in 
operation,  and  must  pronounce  it  to  be  very 
effective.  I  may  add  that  the  filter-beds  require 
cleansing  out  at  intervals  varying  from  one  to 
three  weeks,  dOj  ending  principall}  upon  the  state 
of  the  weather.  From  the  filter-beds  at  Barnes, 
the  water  is  conveyed  by  means  of  a  36in.  con- 
duct pipe  under  the  bed  of  the  river  to  the 
pumping  establishment  at  Hammersmith,  whence 
it  is  propelled  to  the  high-level  reservoirs  and 
(iistricts  by  means  of  five  pumping  engines  of 
an  aggregate  amount  of  900-hor6e  power.  The 
company  have  a  covered  reservoir  at  Notting- 
hill,  which  is  112ft.  above  Trinity  high-water 
mark  ;  it  is  about  l^  acres  in  area,  and  will  con- 
tain 3,672,000  gallons.  They  have  also  another 
covered  reservoir  at  Barrow-hill,  near  Primrose- 
hill,  which  is  177ft.  6iu.  above  Trinity  high-water 
mark;  this  hag  an  area  of  about  l^  acres,  and 
will  hold  4,750,000  gallons.  At  Barrow-hill  there 
are  two  pumping  engines,  one  of  40-horse  power, 
and  the  other  of  43-horse  power,  for  the  supply 
of  the  higher  parts  of  the  district  about  St.  John's 
Wood,  the  New  Fiuchley-road,  H<!ndcn,  &c.,which 
places  tlie  reservoir  cannot  serve  by  gravita- 
tion. For  the  future  permanent  supply  ot  this  high 
locality  the  comp.iuy  have  purchased  land  at  the 
back  of  Kidderpore  Hall,  near  Child' .s-hill,  Fmch- 
ley-road,  wh.re  they  are  constructing  another 
covered  reservoir  which  will  be  310ft.  above 
Trinity  high-water  mark,  and  will  contain  about 

2  500,000  gallons.  The  average  daily  supply  of 
water  to  each  person  is  thirty  gallons.  As  i-e- 
gards  the  puriiy,  the  results  of  analyses  made  by 
Dr.  Litheby  and  Dr.  Fraukland,  and  of  those 
wliich  I  have  conducted,  show  that  its  saline 
constituents  amount  to  from  15  grains  to  17 
gr.iins  per  imperial  gallon,  and  its  organic  and 
other  volatile  matters  to  an  average  of  from  half  a 
grain  to  three  quarters  of  a  gram  per  impeiial 
gallon.  Compare  this  with  the  quantity  of  or- 
ganic matter  coutdned  in  the  water  derived 
from  the  surface  wells  of  London,  and  which  in 
many  instances  amounts  to  3  grains,  4  grains,  and 
even  6  grains  per  gallon,  and  we  cau  then  form 
an  estimate  of  the  great  superior!  y  of  Thames 
Water  for  all  drinking  purposes.  It  would  not  be 
possible  in  this  brief  summary  to  desciibe  the 
arrangements  of  the  filter-beds,  but  1  m.iy  stale 
generally  that  the  bottom  of  them  is  Loveied 
over  witli  a  concrete  bed,  upon  which  is  first 
placed  a  layer  of  course  gravel  12in.  thick; 
above  this  are  four  other  layers  of  gravel  tf 
gradually  increasing  fineness,  the  thickness  o! 
these  layers  varying  successively  6in.,  Sin,  2in., 
and  4in.  Above  the  gravel  is  a  layer  of  Barnes 
sand  12in.  thick,  and  again  above  this  is  a  layer 
of  Harwich  sand  21in.  thick.  Thus  we  have  a  bed 
of  filtering  material  51't.  thick,  and  through  this 
all  the  water  is  made  to  pass  before  it  is  distri- 
buted for  our  use.  I  ought  not  to  omit  mentioning 
that  since  the  year  1852,  when  the  company  oi- 
tained  an  Act  of  Parliament  enabling  them  to 
change  their  source  of  supply  from  the  Thames 

'*  la  these  reservoirs  a  cousiderable  portion  of  the  solid 
matter  iield  in  suapeiisiou  ia  allowed  to  aubside  before  the 
water  passes  into  liie  filtering-beds. 


at  Barnes  to  Hampton,  £263,000  have  been 
spent  b}'  them  in  the  construction  of  new  works. 
At  the  present  time  five  water  companies  ob- 
tain their  supply  from  the  River  Thames,  viz., 
the  West  Middlesex,  the  Grand  Junction,  the 
Southwark  and  Vauxhall,  the  Chelsea,  and  the 
Lambeth,  the  three  first  at  Hampton,  and  the 
two  last  at  Thames  Ditton.  The  quantity  of 
water  taken  from  the  river  by  these  companies 
amounts  to  an  average  of  about  50  millions  of 
gallons  daily,  or  upwards  of  18,000  millions  of 
gallons  annually.  The  inexhaustibility  of  the 
source  from  whence  this  enormous  quantity  of 
water  is  derived  may  be  estimated  by  two  facts, 
first,  that  in  seasons  of  the  greatest  drought  the 
tall  of  the  river  at  Hampton  does  not  exceed  from 
Sin.  to  4in,  and  next  that  the  water  which  flows 
over  Teddington  weir  in  24  hoars  is  calculated 
at  an  average  of  500  millions  of  gallons. 


MACHINERY  FOR  LIFTING  'VVATEK. 

THE  mechanical  or  motive  power  derived  from 
the  employment  of  water  as  a  prime  agent, 
Says  the  Mechanics*  Magazine^  is  due  to  the  non- 
equilibration  of  the  pressure  it  exercises  in  any 
given  direction.  The  pressure  may  assume  the 
condition  of  simple  weight  or  the  action  of  gravity, 
or  of  impact,  or,  as  frequently  occurs,  of  the  two 
combined  ;  it  may  likewise  present  itself  as  a 
force  centrifugally  developed.  As  air  and  water 
were  the  only  mechanical  powers  available  before 
the  introduction  of  steam,  many  machines,  as 
might  be  anticipated,  were  invented  at  varioas 
times  for  economising  and  utilising  their  force. 
The  preference  appears,  however,  to  have  been 
given  on  the  whole  to  water  wheels,  of  which 
there  are  three  different  descriptions  generally 
recognized — viz.,  the  nadershot,  overshot,  and 
breast  wheel.  The  turbine  and  Barker's  mill  are 
both  well  calculated  to  do  good  service  in  situ- 
ations where  the  others  could  not  be  made  use 
of;  but  they  act  not  so  much  by  the  direct  force 
of  the  water  applied  as  by  its  reactive  agency, 
and  are  consequently  rather  more  complicated  iu 
their  mechanism.  The  undershot  wheel  affords 
the  simplest  method  of  utilising  the  impaotive 
force  of  water.  It  may  be  briefly  described  as  a 
vertical  wheel,  turning  upon  a  horizontal  axis 
and  carrying  paddles  upon  its  periphery  which 
are  perpendicular  to  the  plane  of  the  wheel,  and 
are,  in  fact,  iaa  line  with  the  prolongation  of  any 
radius.  All  these  wheals  are  so  well  known  to 
engineers  that  we  shall  not  describe  them,  except 
generally,  la  fixing  an  undershot  wheel,  there 
is  one  important  practical  detail  to  be  borne  iu 
mind,  and  that  is  to  so  erect  it  that  the  current 
ot  the  stream  or  river  should  be  as  nearly  as 
possible  iu  the  direction  of  a-  tangent  to  the  cir- 
cunifiirence  of  the  wheel  when  the  paddles  dip 
into  the  water.  Un  the  supposition  that  only  one 
paddle  was  in  the  water  at  the  same  moment,  it 
would  be  possible  to  arrive  at  au  accurate  result 
of  the  work  done  by  the  wheel  by  a  mathematical 
investigation ;  but  as  this  is  never  the  case,  as 
two  or  three  paddles  always  dip  at  the  same  mo- 
ment, the  problem  becomes  so  exceedingly  com- 
plicated, owing  to  the  fact  that  each  paddle  pro- 
duces an  alteration  iu  the  angle  and  the  velocity 
of  the  water  when  striking  ihe  next,  that  its  so- 
lution has  defied  all  theoretical  attempts  to  reduce 
it  to  calculation.  Although  no  accurate  calcu- 
lation can  be  made,  except  upon  facts  deduced 
from  actual  experiments,  yet  some  general  con- 
clusions may  be  arrived.  Confining  the  theo- 
retical inquiry  to  the  first  assumption — viz.,  that 
only  one  paddle  is  <.cted  upon  at  a  time — it  has 
been  found  that  the  work  done  by  an  undershot 
wheel  never,  except  in  rare  instances,  exceeds  a 
quarter  of  that  due  to  the  water.  The  greatest 
.tmount  of  work  is  got  out  ot  the  wheel  when  its 
velocity  is  equal  to  about  half  that  of  the  water. 
It  has  been  assumed,  in  deducing  these  con- 
clusions, tiiat  there  is  no  escape  of  water,  and  that 
he  paddles  are  sufficiently  broad  to  fill  the  entire 
breadth  of  the  channel — an  impossibility  in  prac- 
tice. The  undershot  wheel  is  not,  however,  a 
good  machine  to  employ  where  it  is  necessary  to 
economise  the  power ;  for  it  wastes  half  the  water  .■ 
when  constructed  iu  the  most  perfect  manner,  as 
suggested  by  theory.  All  machines  set  in  motion  > 
by  water  impinging  upon  a  succession  of  flat  |l 
surfaces  are  open  to  the  same  objection,  and  the  | 
remedy  is  to  curve  the  surfaces.  This  improve-  / 
mentis  carried  out  in  Poncelet's  wheel,  which! 
has  concave  paddles,  and  which  has  been  fouud 
by  experience  to  do  nearly  twice  as  much  work 
as  any  wheel  with  flat  paddles.  In  1S25,  the  Iu 
stitute  of  Prance  awarded  a  prize  to  M.  Poncelet 


I 


January  11,  1866. 


THE   BUILDING   NEWS. 


3.5 


for  his  improved  form  of  paddle,  after  satisfying 
itself  that  it  produced  the  practical  advantages 
claimed  for  it  by  the  inventor.  Theoretioully 
this  wheel  ia  perfect  in  its  construction,  but  in 
Tiractioe  it  only  utilises  about  three- filths  of  the 
motive  power;  its  maximum  effect  is  produced 
when  the  velocity  of  the  wheel  is  rather  more  than 
half  that  of  the  stream. 

In  the  overshot  wheel,  the  water  is  above  in- 
Btead  of  nuderneatb,  and  runs  into  buckets, 
which  replace  the  padJles  iu  the  undershot,  and 
are  so  constructed  that  they  should  retain  the 
water  until  the  wheel  has  nearly  made  a  semi- 
revulutiou.  Theoretically  the  water  should  not 
leave  the  buckets  unlit  a  serai-revolution  is  ac- 
complished, but  this  condition  cannot  be  fulfilled 
in  practice,  and  hence  arises  the  chief  defect 
of  the  wheel.  It  has  been  endeavoured  to  over- 
come this  defect  by  a  peoulitir  sliape  of  bucket, 
but  it  was  found  to  lead  to  a  more  serious  evil — 
viz.,  that  of  retaining  some  of  the  water  iu 
the  buckets  during  their  ascent,  and  so  adding 
considerably  to  the  dead  weight  to  be  moved. 
We  have  alluded  to  the  breast  wheel,  but  it  is  in 
reality  a  modification  of  the  overshot  wheel,  and 
differing  from  it  principally  iu  the  direction  at 
which  the  water  enters  the  bucket?.  In  the 
cver^hot  the  water  falls  into  cue  of  the  top 
buckets  and  impels  it  in  the  direction  of  the 
stream.  In  the  breast  wheel  it  enters  a  bucket 
on  a  level  with  the  centre  of  the  wheel  and 
impels  it  downwards,  causing  the  lower  part  of 
the  wheel  to  move  iu  the  direction  of  the  stream, 
and  also  enabling  the  water  to  act  with  effect 
upon  it,  which  cannot  be  done  in  the  case  of  the 
overshot  wheel.  Tlie  relative  advantages  of 
these  two  wheels  may  be  summed  up  as  follows  : — 
With  a  good  fall,  but  small  qaantiiy  and  velocity, 
use  the  overshot  wheel ;  with  a  small  fall  but 
large  quantity,  use  the  breast  wheel ;  the  latter 
should  always  be  employed  when  the  tail  race  is 
intended  to  be  utilised. 

It  is  clear,  coutiuues  the  Mecluinics'  Magazine, 
that  these  three  wheels  can  ouly  act  under  par- 
ticular conditions  of  fall,  quantity,  and  velocity, 
and  to  do  so  advantageously  demauds  a  com- 
bination of  circumstances  that  cannot  be  always 
attained.  Receutly  a  description  of  wheel  has 
been  patented  by  M.  de  la  Fontaine,  with  the 
object  of  combining  the  several  advantages  of 
the  different  systems.*  This  new  wheel  has  flat 
paddles  so  arranged  as  to  act  whether  par- 
tially or  totally  immersed  in  water,  and  capable 
of  revolving  in  both  directions.  The  inventor 
remarks  that  this  would  be  a  valuable  detail 
where  the  motive  power  was  that  of  the  tides. 
The  principle  of  the  invention  consists  in  fixing 
the  paddles  upon  pivots,  upon  which  they  can 
move  freely,  and  which  allows  them  to  assume 
a  pendent  position,  wbeu  the  force  of  the  cuirent 


F  I  G  .  I. 


|_l I II       11      J_    I       I    I' 


ceases  to  act  upon  them  and  to  revolve  com- 
pletely round  when  the  direction  of  the  current 
is  reversed.  In  fig.  1,  the  paddles  a  a  are 
represented  mounted  upon  the  circumference  of 
the  wheel,   and   resting   partly  upon  the  short 


*  We  are  indebted  for  the  particulareof  thia  invention  to 
our  contempoiarr  Le  Genie  JndMtriet. 


bars  and  stops  c  c,  and  partly  in  a  pendent 
position.  Supposing  the  water  to  be  at  the 
level  X,  and  the  sluice  c  opened  to  allow  the 
proper  amount  of  head,  directly  the  water 
touches  the  paddles  they  at  once  bear  upon  the 
points  of  support  or  stops  c  fixed  upon  tho  frame 
of  the  wheel,  and  it  commences  to  rotate.  As 
the  wheel  emerges  from  tho  water  they  assume 
a  pendent  position  until  again  acted  upon  by  tho 
force  of  gravity,  and  finally  bear  again  upon  tho 
stops.  The  paddles  in  their  ascent  evidently 
present  no  resistance  to  tho  water,  as  they  drop 
at  onco  to  tho  necessary  angle  of  inclination. 
In  fig.  2  a  somewhat  similar  wheel  is  repre- 
sented, but,  instead  of  tho  paddles  bearing  upon 
Slops,  they  base  their  points  ol'support  upon  the 
axis  of  the  wheel,  which  allows  it  to  ait  under 
all  conditions  of  partial  or  total  immersion. 
Tnis  principle  of  wheel,  therefore,  is  founded 
upon  that  ofarticulated or  suspended  and  movable 
paddles,  so  arranged  as  to  yield  to  the  current 
when  opposed  to  it  in  direction,  hut  to  resist  it 
rigidly  when  act'ug  favourably  for  the  develop- 
ment of  tho  motive  power.  It  also  possesses 
the  other  advantages  with  respect  to  immersion 
already  mentioned,  but  tho  pith  of  the  patent 
lies  in  the  novelty  of  the  paddles. 

WAGES  AXD  SHORT  TIME. 

Staffordshire. — The  ironmasters  of  South 
Staffordshire  and  East  Worcestershire  gave  notice 
on  Saturday  of  their  intention  to  reduce  the  wages 
of  the  men  iu  their  employment.  It  is  stated  that 
among  the  millmen  and  puddlers,  some  opposition 
will  be  offered  to  the  reduction  ;  but  the  masters 
appear  confident  that  a  strike  will  not  be  resorted 
to.  At  a  meeting  of  the  London  Working  Meu's 
Association,  held  on  Tuesday,  the  foUowmg 
resolution  was  passed: — "  That  iu  the  present 
circumstances  of  the  iron  trade,  not  only  in  North 
England,  but  in  Staffordshire,  it  is  desirable  that 
the  existing  eU'orts  on  behalf  of  the  ironworkers  be 
continued." 

♦ 

LEGAL  INTELLIGENCE. 

INFRINGEMENT    OF  THE  ChIJINEY-SWEEPERS'  AcT. 

— At  the  Hammersmith  Police  court  on  Monday, 
Thomas  Liley,  a  chimney-sweeper,  was  summoned 
for  allowing  a  boy  under  sixteen  years  of  age  to 
enter  the  house  No.  17,  Addison-road  North, 
Kensington,  for  the  purpose  of  sweeping  a  chim- 
ney. The  proceedings  were  instituted  by  a  master 
chimney-sweeper  named  Stromeger,  who  saw  the 
boy  with  the  defendant  at  the  house.  He  said  to 
the  defendant,  "  Thomas,  you  are  violating  the 
act  in  taking  the  boy  into  the  house,"  when  he 
replied  that  he  did  not  care  for  him  or  the  act  so 
long  as  he  had  a  shot  in  the  locker  to  pay.  Fined 
20s.,  and  23.  costs.  The  defendant,  who  refused 
to  pay  the  fine,  was  then  ordered  to  be  im- 
prisoned for  fourteen  days,  with  hard  labour. 

Tenants'  Kights  in  Minerals. — A  case  of 
some  public  interest,  as  ati'ecting  the  right  of 
tenants  for  life  under  settlements  to  work  mine- 
rals, was  the  other  day  decided  by  Vice-Chancellor 
Wood.  Tenants  for  life  may  work  mines  already 
opened,  but  if  not  empowered  to  commit  waste,  may 
not  open  new  mines  for  their  own  benefit,  and  the 
question  has  often  been  raised,  What  amount  of 
previous  working  renders  a  mine  open,  so  that 
tenants  for  fife  may  work  it  for  themselves  ?  The 
plaintiffs  in  this  case  were  Colonel  Stepney  and 
his  two  sons,  who  are  the  present  owners  of  the 
Stepney  estate  in  South  Wales ;  and  the  defendant 
is  Mr.  William  Chambers,  who  is  the  executor  of  a 
late  tenant  for  life  of  the  estate,  who  was  not  by 
the  terms  of  the  will  of  the  settler  authorised  to 
Commit  waste.  On  coming  into  possession  of  the 
estate,  however,  he  granted  a  lease  of  all  the 
coal  under  certain  farms  forming  part  of  the  estate, 
and  the  suit  iu  question  was  instituted  for  the 
purpose  of  recovering  the  amount  of  royalties  re- 
ceived under  this  lease.  The  defendant  contended 
that  the  mines  were  open  ones  at  the  date  of  the 
settlement,  and  that  it  was  consequently  not  waste 
in  a  tenant  for  life  to  work  them ;  and  in  support 
of  hia  view  he  proved  the  existence  on  the  farms  of 
an  old  trial  pit,  and  a  very  considerable  amount  of 
superficial  working  at  the  outcrop  of  the  various 
seams  of  coal  on  the  side  of  the  mountain.  The 
Vice-Chancellor,  however,  held  that  workings  of 
this  description  did  not  amount  to  an  opening  of 
the  mine,  and  gave  the  plaintiffs  a  decree  with 
costs. 

The  Snow  CLEiBrNG  Qcestion.— Mr.  Ben- 
tinck,  M.P.,  and  Mr.  Percy  Doyle  attended  at 
the  Marl  borough-street    Police-court,  on  Wed- 


nesday, to  learn  tho  decision  of  Mr.  Tyrwhitt  on 
the  application  for  a  summons  against  the  vestry 
of  St.  George,  Ilanover-squaro,  for  neglecting  to 
remove  tho  snow  iu  their  parish.  Mr.  Tyrwhitt 
said — I  have  attentively  considered  tho  Local 
Management  Act,  18  and  19  Vic,  cap.  120,  sec. 
125  and  23 1,  with  25  and  26  Vic,  cap.  102,  see. 
65.  The  question  for  the  magistrate  is  whether 
ho  has  summary  jurisdiction  to  inflict  a  penalty 
on  the  vestry  of  St.  George's  for  not  swcejiing 
tho  streets  in  their  parish  during  the  late  snow 
fall.  It  is  well  settled  that,  without  express 
words  inflicting  a  penalty,  and  making  it  recover- 
able before  a  magistrate,  he  has  no  such  power, 
and  I  find  no  such  words.  Section  125  of  tho 
Local  Management  Act  is  the  only  section  bear- 
ing on  tho  subject;  it  requires  the  vesti-y  to 
appoint  and  employ  a  sufficient  number  of  per- 
sons, or  to  contract  with  any  company  or  person, 
for  such  sweeping,  but  no  penalty  is  attached  on 
the  vestry  for  not  so  doing,  but  a  penalty  of  £5 
is  inflicted  on  the  scavenger  who  afier  such  con- 
tract shall  fail  properly  to  perform  tho  work. 
Supposing  the  vestry  not  to  have  employed  a 
siitticient  number  of  persons  to  sweep  the  streets, 
or  not  to  have  contracted  for  doing  that  work, 
the  remedy  against  the  vestry  would  be  by  indict- 
ment for  disobedience  to  the  statute,  or  had  tho 
snow  lasted,  by  mandamus.  It  may  be  that  tho 
legislature  was  content  with  requiring  vestries  to 
employ  scavengers,  and  took  it  for  granted  that 
they  would  do  so ;  but  with  that  the  magistrate 
has  nothing  to  (  o.  I  am,  therefore,  of  opinion 
that  I  should  do  wrong  in  issuing  a  sum- 
mons against  the  vestry. — Mr.  Bentinck  wished 
to  assure  the  magistrate  that  m  bringing  books 
to  the  court  it  was  from  no  feeling  of  disrespect ; 
his  only  view  in  coming  forward  was  that  tho 
public  question  might  be  raised.  He  quite  agreed 
with  the  decision  just  given,  and  was  pleased  to 
find  that  the  ratepayers  had  no  remedy  aiiainst 
the  vestry,  as  the  legislature  must  be  called  upon 
next  session  to  provide  a  remedy. 


NOTICE. 

*^*  The  BurujiNG  News  inserts  advertisements 
for  "  Situations  Wanted,"  &c.,  at  One  Shilling  for 
the  first  Twenty-four  Words. 


TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 

To  OUB  Readers. — We  shall  fijel  obliged  to  any  of  our 
readei-s  who  wilt  favour  us  with  brief  notes  of  works  con- 
templated or  in  progress  iu  tlie  provinces. 

Letters  relating  to  advertisements  aud  to  tlie  ordinary 
business  of  the  paper  should  be  .addressed  to  tlie  Editor, 
166,  Fleet-street.  Advertisements  for  the  current  week 
must  reach  the  office  before  5u'elock  p.m.  ou  Thursdays. 

Received.— D.  N.— H-  D.  L.— A.  C.  P.— A.  and  R.  D.— 
J.  E.— M.  and  Co.— M.  T.  S.— ,T.  B.— J.  C.  F.  K.— J.  W.— 
J.  P.— T.  G.— B.  aud  D.— C.  W.  L.— E.  IS.  and  .J.— 
M.  H.  aud  Co.— R.  P.  S.— M.  and  M.— T.  O.— W.  D.  and 
Son.— J.  C.  and  Co.— J.  A.  F.— E.  B.  F.— H.  S.  P.— T.M. 

Several  questions  and  answers  for  the  intercommunica 
tiou  must  remain  over  another  week. 

.  H.  T. — We  can't  .advise  you;  apply  to  a  patent  agent. 

J.  H.  R. — It  is  contrary  to  our  rule  to  give  the  price  of 
books. 

W.  H. — Write  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Architectural 
Association,  9,  Couduit-street. 

J.  L. — Suu-diats  next  week. 


CoiTcspoukiice. 


THE  NATIONAL  GALLERY  COMPETITION. 
To  tlic  Editor  of  the  Buildisq  News. 

Sir, — I  was  never  more  disappointed— I  had 
almost  said  disgusted — on  paying  a  visit  to  these 
designs  yesterday.  What  can  our  architects  have 
been  about  ?  A  m.ajority  of  the  plans  would  dis- 
grace an  architect's  pupd.  We  have  been  told 
again  and  again  that  the  National  Gallery  site  is 
'•  the  finest  site  in  Europe."  But  the  competitors 
appear  to  have  looked  at  it  as  one  of  the  worst 
sites  in  the  world.  All  I  can  say  is,  that  if  these 
drawings  are  the  best  fruits  our  architects  can 
show.  Lord  have  mercy  on  our  future  architec- 
ture !  I  heard  but  one  opinion  during  my  two 
hours'  st.ay  in  the  Victoria  Tower,  aud  that  was 
that  the  competition  was  a  monstrous  failure. 
Would  an  unUmited  competition  have  produced 
more  melancholy  results  than  this  ?  I  trow  not. 
Let  us  hope  that  the  law  courts'  designs  will 
efl'ace  the  memory  brought  away  from  the  Vic- 
toria Gallery.  I,  for  one,  look  forward  to  them  as 
a  child  who  longs  for  a  piece  of  sugar  after  taking 
his  physic. — I  am,  &c., 

^  Architect's  Pupil. 


36 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS, 


January  11,  1867. 


A  GOOD  ARKAXGEMENT. 

Sir,— Since  reading  your  notice  of  Murray's 
cash  pad  I  have  seen  an  arrangement  at  the 
Portland-road  station  on  the  Metropolitan,  which 
seems  to  me  much  more  practical,  and  one  which 
possesses  every  quality  of  durability. 

The  counter  in  front  of  the  money  taker,  from 
•which  the  passengers  take  their  change  is  deli- 
cately fluted,  and  most  effectually  gets  over  that 
bite  which  the  coin  always  takes  upon  a  counter 
with  an  even  surface. 

The  annexed  sketch  will  make  the  arrangement 


SECTION    A.  B 


better  understood.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  fluted 
form  is  well  adapted  for  the  fingers,  and  on 
account  of  the  concavity  of  its  surface  prevents 
the  coin  from  lying  flat. — I  am,  &c., 

Broad-street  Station,  Jan.  7.        E.  H.  HoRNE. 


STRIKE  IN  CHESTER. 


Sir, — Yon  state,  when  referring  to  the  town-hall,  in  your 
last  number,  that  a  strike  of  a,  "  few  days"  took  place  on 
that  job,  and  tliat  "the  authorities  of  tlie  union  on  being 
appealed  to  declared  the  stiike  to  be  frivolous,  whereupon 
it  ceased."  This  is  incorrect.  The  works  have  been  at  a 
complete  stand  since  the  strike  took  place  and  are  so  still  ; 
the  contract  has  been  transferred  to  another  contractor, 
but  the  masons  (the  only  trade  which  struck)  have  not  yet 
recommenced  work,  nor  do  they  appear  likely  to  do  so.  It 
is  much  to  be  regretted,  as  the  building  trade  here  is  very 
slack,  and  the  money  which  the  job  would  put  in  circula- 
tion would  be  acceptable  to  many.  Asking  pardon  for 
thus  trespassing  upon  your  time. — I  am.  Sir,  F. 

Chester,  January  S. 


BIRKENHEAD  PUBLIC  BATHS'  COMPETITION. 

Sir. — 1  see  in  your  columns  a  letter  signed  "Com- 
petitor," asking  for  information  respecting  the  above  com- 
petition, :jnd  complaining  very  justly  of  tlie  lumsual  and 
unnecessary  time  taken  by  the  committee  for  deliheratiog 
upon  the  same,  viz.,  since  September  1  last.  Will  you 
allow  me,  through  your  columns,  to  endorse  the  complaint 
of  your  correspondent,  and  to  repeat  his  inquiries  as  to 
whether  anything  has  yet  been  done  in  the  matter?  and 
thus  oblige.  Another  Competitor. 


Iiittrtoiunumictitiou. 


QUESTIONS. 

MANUFACTURE  OF  SALT. 
[182] — Will  you  allow  me  to  ask  if  any  of  your  readers 
will  kindly  inform   me  what  average  quantity   of  coal  is 
consvimed  in   producing  a  ton  of  salt  by  the  usual  method 
of  boiling  sea  water?  Enquirer, 


IRON  IN  CESSPOOLS. 
[lS3.}--Would  you  or  any  of  your  readers  inform  rae  of 
the  utility  of  putting  iron  (small  pieces  to  obtain  as  much 
surface  as  possible)  into  a  cesspool  one-fifth  in  depth,  the 
contents  of  which  have  to  be  pumped  out  on  to  a  kitclien 
garden?  Constant  Reader, 


MEASUREMENT  OF  LATHS. 
[1S4.] — Will  you  kindly  inform  me,  through  the  medium 
of  your  widely  circulated  paper,  wliat  number  of  feet  run 
there  should  be  in  a  bundle  of  laths,  and  how  manylmndles 
there  should  be  in  a  load,  and  if  there  is  any  standard 
measurement,  the  s^ame  as  timber  and  other  materials?  A 
person  agreed  to  supply  me  with  laths  at  a  certain  price 
per  load.  On  measuring  tbe  same  I  found  them  consider- 
ably short  of  the  usual  quantity,  viz.,  400ft.  run.  I  want 
to  know  if  I  can  demand  the  full  complement. 

A  Countryman. 


HOW  TO  USE  SPARE  TIME. 
[1S5.]— Would  you  or  some  of  your  numerous  readen 
favour  me  with  the  benefit  of  their  exjjerience  on  the  fol- 
lowing, and  I  have  no  doubt  jt  will  prove  of  great  assist 
ance  to  many  others  :— A  fellow  student  and  myself  have 
been  resptctively  five  and  four  years  in  the  architectural 
profession.  Now,  Sir.  I  eing  anxious  to  employ  our  spare 
time  in  the  most  useful  manner  possible,  we  are  at  a  loss  to 
know  whether  we  (should  enter  a  schoo'  of  art  to  learn  free- 
hand drawing  orwheiher  we  should  turn  our  attention  to 
water-colour  drawing,  or  whether  it  would  be  better  to 
join  the  Class  of  Deaigu  of  the  Architectural  Association? 
A  Would-be  Goth, 


WAREHOUSE  AND  GRANARY  FLOORS. 

[1$6.]— May  I  be  allowed  to  use  the  medium  of  your 
valuable  journal  for  deriving  the  information  required  as 
follows ?— A  warehouse  is  proposed  to  be  erected,  one  story 
high,  the  upper  floor  to  be  used  for  the  stowage  of  gram, 
and  to  be  carried  on  columns  and  girders  as  under  :  -Pro- 
posed columns,  cast  iron,  circular,  10ft.  from  ceutreto  centre, 
Mft.  high,  4iiin.  diameter  at  bottom,  Sjin.  at  top,  ^in.  metal ; 
proposed  girders,  vellow  timber.  13in.  by  9iu.,  Oft.  6m. 
from  centre  to  centre;  proposed  joists,  Oin.  by  Sin.  ;  floor- 
boards! Jin.  yellow  battens.  Would  the  above  scantlings 
lie  sufficient  for  such  a  purpose?  and  if  so,  what  weight  per 
square  would  it  can'y?  If  any  of  your  readers  could  obhge 
me  with  scantling  of  timber  and  ironwork  for  a  similar 
purpose  and  the  tested  weight  they  would  carry,  one,  two, 
or  three  stories  high  (each  floor  separately),  tbey  would 
gi-eatly  oblige,  A  Provincial  Subscriber. 

N.B.— The  requisite  thickness  of  external  walls  would 
also  oblige. 


THE  WEIGHT  OF  LIME. 
[  1  s7.  ]— Coii  Id  any  of  your  subscriber  inform  me  what,  if 
any,    is   the  difi'erence  in  weight  per  bushel  of  ordinary 
stone  lime  and  blue  lias  ?  H.  M. 


TRANSIT  THEODOLITES  FOR  LARGE  SURVEYS. 
[1S8.]— I  should  take  it  as  a  favour  if  you  would  ins-rt 
the  enclosed  ques'.iou  iu  the  next  number  of  your  excellent 
periodical.  Is  there  any  advantage  to  be  gained  by  using  a 
transit  theodolite  for  large  surveys  in  preference  to  the 
older  form  where  the  telescope  has  to  be  taken  out  of  its  Y's 
to  prolong  the  same  line  in  theopposite  direction.  I  should 
be  very  much  obliged  if  some  of  your  practical  engineering 
or  surveying  subscribers  would  let  rae  have  their  opinion  on 
tho  matter,  as  I  have  an  excellent  5-inch  Troughton  of  the 
oilier  form,  and  I  do  not  wish  to  be  put  to  the  expense  of 
purchasing  a  new  instrument  unless  there  is  a  necessity  for 
it.  Many  of  my  professional  friends  are  similarly  situated 
to  myself.  A  Surveyor  of  the  Old  School. 


CEMENT  FLOORS. 
[189.] — I  shall  feel  obliged  to  any  of  your  i-eadei^s  inform- 
ing me  how  to  mix  and  work  a  cement  concrete  floor,  the 
proportions,  Ac.  Birtley. 


GALTON'S  VENTILATING  STOVES. 
[190.]— Could  any  of  your  readers  inform  me  where  I  can 
get  Galton's  ventilating  stoves  ?    Is  his  the  best  in  use  ? 

Tom. 


EEPLTES. 
DURABILITY  OF  ZINC. 


[172.] — Zinc  does  not  fonna'very  durable  covering  for  roofs 
in  comparison  with  many  other  substances.  Its  chief  ad- 
vantage consists  in  its  lightness;  it  only  weighs  licwt.  per 
sqiuire  of  100  superficial  feet,  whereas  cornigated  iron, 
which  is  infinitely  its  superior  in  point  of  durability  and 
strength,  weighs  3  cwt.  per  square,  and  slates  and  tiles  more 
than  double  that  of  iron.  Neither  iron  nor  zinc  would  be 
sensibly  aff'ected  by  the  cause  W.  Sands  alludes  to.  Witli 
respect  to  that  portion  of  his  question  relating  to  the  total 
cost  of  aroof  per  square,  it  is  impossible'  to  givean  approxi- 
mate reply,  because  in  a  span  of  4 jft.  there  is  considerable 
lattiude  iu  thechoiceoftlmdesign  of  the  principals.  Agood 
economical  design  might  be  got  out,  and,  on  the  other 
hand,  a  very  bad  and  expensive  one.  Roofs  having  me- 
tallic coverings  require  a  difi^erent  tieatment  of  principal  to 
those  covered  iu  the  ordinary  way  with  slates  or  tiles.  Our 
corres]}oudent  may,  however,  calculate  the  cost  upon  the 
following  dimensions  : — Principal  rafters,  Oin.  by  4in.  ; 
tie  beam.  12in.  by  Oin.  ;  queenposts,  Oin.  by  4in.  ;  struts, 
4in.  by  4in.  ;  straining  piece,  Oin.  by  Oin,  The  scantlings 
of  the  purlings  will  depend  upon  the  distance  apart  of  the 
principals,  and  will  be  from  Sin.  by  4in.  to  "in.  by4in.  The 
small  or  secondai^  rafters  may  be  taken  as  4in,  by  Sin.  No 
accurate  estimate  could  be  made  without  a  preliminary 
rough  design  being  got  out. 

[172.] — I  should  like  to  infoi-m  W.  Sands  that,  though  I 
cannot  say  how  steam  would  act  upon  zinc,  I  can  say,  after 
a  long  experience  in  buildings,  &c. ,  that  where  there  is  no 
steam  it  will  only  last  a  few  years.  I  have  taken  do\vn  a 
zinc  spout  20ft.  long  that  would  not  weigh  more  than  21b. 
or  31b.,  and  inthehouselnow  live  in,  tlie  spouts,  which  bad 
only  been  up  eight  years,  liad  to  be  replaced  with  other  ma- 
terial. J.  Rattray. 


TANKS  FOR  CONSERVATORIES. 
[173.] — Your  coiTespondent's  question  may  be  solved  as 
follows  : — Let  D  =  the  depth  required.  Now  it  is  clear 
that  the  cubical  contents  of  the  tank  must  just  equal  the 
cubical  contents  of  7,000  gallons,  the  quantity  of  water  re- 
quired to  be  contained  in  it.  As  a  cubic  foot  of  water 
weighs  practically  (52Jlb.,  and  one  gallon  of  water  101b.,  it 
is  evident  that  a  cubic  foot  will  contain  OJ  gallons  of  water. 
The  cubical  contents  of  tlie  tank  are  equal  to  D  x  13 'oft 

7000 
X  7'^ft.,  and  that  of  the  water  =  ^.t;,.  equating  therefoie 


■  0-25 


7000 


D  X   13*6ft.  X  7'of.  =-77;^,  and  solving  for  D,  we  find  the 

depth  to  exactly  equal  lift.  In  constructing  the  tank,  which 
may  be  either  of  cast-iron  plates  bolted  together,  and  the 
joints  well  caulked,  or  of  very  thin  riveted  boilerplates, 
stifl'ened  along  tlie  sides  and  edges  by  angle-irons  or  strips. 
it  would,  of  course,  be  necessary  to  make  the  total  depth  of 
the  tank  from  4in.  to  Oin.  more  than  the  actual  theoretical 
dimensions  required.  L    L.  D 

[173.I— One  cubic  foot  uf  water  =  0  2355  gallons,  which 
although  nearer  0^,  is  generally  reckoned  for  practical  pur- 
poses OJ  ;  therefore  for  7,000  gallons  1,143  cubic  feet  are 
required.  The  depthof  "M.  G.'s"  cistern  mustbe  lift.  4in. 
without  allowing  for  the  working  of  the  ball  under  the  lid. 

E.  T. 

[173.]— I  beg  your  permission  to  answer  "M  G.'s"  ques 
tion  inyour  last  week's  number.  If  the  inside  tank  for  the 
conservatory  be  13ft.  Sin.  x  7ft.  Gin.  he  will  require  it  to 
be  lift  1  in.  deep.  This  capacity  will  hold  the  required 
7.000  gallons.  For  all  practical  purposes  he  must  take 
0 J  gallons  to  equal  one  cubic  foot.— William  Watts,  In- 
spector Aehtoii  and  Staleybridge  Waterworks. 


THE  PITCH  AND  SPAN  OF  ROOFS. 

[174. ]_I  think  "A.  C.  "  may  .safely  make  his  rafters  for 
a  kingpost  truss  of  the  span  and  pitch  he  mentions  to  be 
5in.  by  4in. ;  the  tiebeara  should  not  be  less  1  ban  9in  by 
i)in.  ;  the  kingpost  should  be  4in.  by  4in.  For  a  iQft. 
bearing  between  the  principals  the  puilins  will  have  to  be 
at  least  7in.  by  Oin.,  and  the  common  vafters  5in.  by  3in. 
With  so  large  a  bearing  as  10ft,  I  should  be  inclined  to 
dispense  with  thecommon  rafters  altogether,  and  make  the 
purlins  about  3iin.  by  2in.,  placingthem  to  suit  the  slates. 

J.  X. 

[174.] — In  answer  to  "  A.  C."  on  "  The  Pitch  and  Span 
of  Roofs,"  I  should  say  that  scantling  required  for  rafters 
would  be  about  Oin.  by  2Mn.  The  span  of  roof  being 
about  25ft  the  rest  of  the  roof  should  be  in  the  foUo^ving 
proportions,  viz.  : — Principal,  Sin.  by  4in.  ;  tie  beam,  lOin. 
by  Oin.  ;  kingpost,  5in.  by  5iu, ;  struts,  5in.  bvSin. 

T.  L.  Colley. 


WATER  THROUGH  PIPES, 
[175.] — Our  correspondent  may  work  from  the  following 

formula :— G  =     1  /  ('■'>    x   <f)  ^  x  h  ^  where  G  =  number 

of  gallons  delivered  in  one  hour,  d  =  the  diameter  cf  the 
pipe  in  inches,  h  =  the  head  or  depth  of  water  above  the 
pipe  in  feet,  and  /=the  length  of  the  pipe  in  yards.  ^ As 
"  Housekeeper  "  has  not  given  us  the  value  of  I  we  cannot 
solve  the  equation  for  him,  which  otherwise  we  should 
have  been  glad  to  do. 


FOUNT)ATION  FOR  A  CRANE. 

[176.]— Would  you  allow  rae  to  answer  the  query  of 
"Wharf"  in  the  last  issue  of  your  able  journal,  more  espe- 
cially as  Xhavehad  some  experience  in  getting  in  crane  foun- 
dations? If  the  gravel  is  of  a  hard  and  sound  quality,  it  is 
quite  as  safe  to  build  upon  as  the  rock.  The  kind  of  foun- 
dation I  should  put  in  would  be  of  common  concrete,  with 
a  small  proportion  of  Portland  cement  mixed  with  it,  if  the 
ground  he  damp.  I  should  carry  up  the  concrete  to  about 
3ft.  of  the  surface,  and  then  put  in  the  bed  for  the  crane 
post,  eitlier  in  stone  or  brick  in  cement,  but  I  should  pre- 
fer large  heavy  blocks  if  I  could  get  them  at  a  reasonable 
price.  E.  A.  A. 

[176.] — I  beg  to  state,  in  answer  to  "Wharfs"  question 
that  he  may  make  the  foundation  for  the  crane  with  per- 
fect safety  upon^he  gravel.  I  would  advise  him  to  bed  a 
piece  of  ashlar  4ft.  square  by  2ft.  thick  in  concrete.  This 
will  be  a  cheap  and  good  foundation.  By  screeutug  the 
gravel  it  can  be  used  for  the  concrete.  The  iron  step  for 
the  crane  to  work  in  must  be  let  into  the  centre  of  the 
ashlar,  and  set  level  with  the  surface.— William  Watts, 
Inspector  Ashton  and  Staleybridge  Waterworks. 


THE  BRITISH  MUSEUM. 
[177.]— In  order  to  be  admitted  a  reader  at  the  British 
Museum,  the  api)licant  must  apply  In  writing,  and  accom- 
pany his  application  by  a  recommendation  from  a  respect- 
able householder,  who  will  be  required  to  certify  that  the 
applicant  is  over  21  years  of  age,  and  seeks  admission  for 
literary  purposes,  the  application  to  be  addi'essed  to  the 
principal  librarian.  On  no  account  are  books  permitted  to 
bo  taken  out  of  the  reading  room. 


SIDE  DRAINS. 
[17S.]— The  plan  mentioned  in  your  last  number  in  an- 
swer to  "Roail  Metaller  "  to  prevent  the  edges  of  open 
drn'us  from  breaking  and  falling  into  and  choking  up  tho 
channel  is  undoubtedly  a  good  one,  but  it  is  not  always 
efficacious.  I  have  known  instance^  where  the  soil  was  so 
unstable  as  to  require  the  ^ides  to  be  pitched  with  thin 
slabs  and  flat  pieces  of  stone  and  slate,  which  alone  kept  the 
drains  iu  proper  order.  Borough  Surveyor. 


THE  RESISTANCE  OF  ROADS. 

[179.]_In  answer  to  "Questioner,"  who  desires  some  in- 
formation respecting  the  frictional  resistance  of  various 
surfaces,  I  would,  with  your  permission  give  liim  the  fol- 
lowing reply: — The  resistance  in  pounds  per  ton,  neglect- 
ing gravity  upon  a  macadamised  road  is  about  551b.  on  an 
average,  but  varies  according  to  the  exact,  nature  of  the 
surface.  That  of  a  paved  road  is  33ilb.  ;  on  a  gravel  road 
about  ]551b.,  and  on  a  railroad  from  71b,  to  Sib.  It  need 
scarcely  be  mentioned  thjt  the  state  of  the  weather  has  a 
great  deal  to  do  with  the  practical  truth  of  these  results. 

F.  B. 

[179] — In  answer  to  your  con^espondent  "  Questioner  " 
on  the  subject  of  "  Resistance  of  Roads,"  I  beg  to  state  the 
following  for  his  information  :— The  resistance  in  pounds 
per  ton  of  load  (neglectin  g  gravity)  on  a  macadamised  road 
=  about  Stilb.  ;  paved  road,  331b  ;  soft  gravel,  2101b.  The 
resistance  on  a  railroad,  with  train  moving  at  usual  velo- 
city, say  30  miles  per  hour,  the  track  being  straight  and 
level,  would  be  13|lb.  per  ton  of  load.  On  a  sharp  curve 
201b.  per  ton,  or  50  per  cent,  added  to  its  resistance  on  a 
straight  line.  T.  L.  Colley. 


FRENCH  METRES  AND  ENGLISH  FEET. 

[ISO  ]— To  convert  French  metro?  into  English  feet  and 
decimals  of  a  foot  multiply  by  3-2S09,  orfor  all  practical 
purposes,  where  only  approximate  accuracy  is  iequire<l,  by 
3'2S1.  R-  "W.  D. 

[ISO.]— In  answer  to  "Metre"  respecting  conversion  of 
French  metres  into  English  feet  and  decimals,  I  would  in- 
form him  that  1  metre  =  :^3-371  English  inch,  and  multi- 
plying English  feet  by  "30479  will  give  him  length  in  metres. 
Thus— lOOft.  X  -304:9  =  30*47  metres.        T.  L.  Colley. 


The  town  of  Coburg,  Canada  AVest,  was  ou  the 
1st  ult.  hghted  with  a  new  gas,  made  from  pine 
wood,  bones,  and  refuse  vegetable  and  animal 
matter.  The  light  was  brilliant,  surpassing  that 
manufactured  from  coal,  which  had  been  formerly 
u.^ed,  while  it  will  be  more  economic. 


January  11,  1866. 


THE   BUILDING  NEWS. 


37 


¥ni[iiin(i  ^hittKiqciirc. 


CHTTKCHES  ASD  CHAPELS. 

A  Roman  Catholic  Cathedral  has  been  erected 
at  Tetuan,  iu  llorocoo. 

Spitalfields  Church  was  last  week  reopened 
after  having  undergone  restoration  and  repairs 
which  have  cost  nearly  £7,000. 

Aberdeen— Old  Machar  Cathedral.  —  This 
interesting  structure,  of  which  we  recently  gave 
an  account,  has  been  carefully  examined  by  Mr. 
Daniel  Macandrew,  architect,  Aberdeen,  with  a 
view  to  its  restoration.  In  noticing  the  architect's 
detailed  report,  the  Aberdeen  Free  Press  says  the 
report  shows  that  the  movement  for  restoration 
has  not  been  made  a  day  too  soon. 

ALTiUNcn.iM  (JI.\N'cnESTER.) — A  new  church  has 
j  ust  been  opened.  It  is  of  the  Early  Deeor.ited 
style,  and  consists  of  a  broad  nave  of  five  bays, 
with  north  and  south  aisles,  and  north  and  south 
transepts.  There  is  a  western  porch,  and  .adjoin- 
ing it  on  the  north  side  is  the  baptistery  which  is 
marked  ofl'  from  the  north  aisle  by  a  small  triple 
arcade  :  on  the  south  of  the  porch  is  the  steeple, 
which  rises  to  a  height  of  140ft.  The  chancel 
aisles  open  by  .arches  into  the  chancel  .and  tran- 
septs, and  these  arches  are  fiUed  to  the  height  of 
7ft.  with  aroaded  wooden  screens.  The  material 
is  stone  of  three  or  four  kinds.  Accommodation 
is  provided  for  950  persons.  Mr.  J.  M.  Taylor 
was  the  architect,  and  Mr.  J.  Thompson  the 
builder,  Manchester.  The  builder's  contract  was 
£5,330. 

Liverpool. — A  new  Wesley.an  Chapel  has  just 
been  opened.  It  is  in  the  Italian  style,  and  con- 
sists of  two  square  towers  surmounted  by  a  man- 
sard roof  t)5ft.  high  from  the  level  of  the  road. 
The  front  and  sidesare  facedwith  red  bricks,  with 
dressings  of  Stourton  stone.  The  chapel  will  ac- 
commodate 500  in  the  body,  and  350  persons  in 
the  gallery.  The  work  h-as  been  carried  out,  from 
tha  designs  of  Mr.  J.  Brattan,  architect,  by  Mr.  J. 
Hogarth,  builder,  at  a  cost,  including  the  land, 
of  £5,500. 

LlNDLET. — The  memori.al  stone  of  a  new  Wes- 
leyan  Chapel  at  Lindley,  near  Huddersfield,  was 
laid  oa  Saturday  last.  It  is  to  be  built  of  stone  in 
the  G  jthic  style,  and,  with  galleries,  will  accommo- 
date 650  persons.  Mr.  George  Woodhouse,  of 
Bolton,  is  the  architect.  The  cost  of  the  chapel 
will  be  £2,500. 

LivESEY. — The  foundation  stone  of  a  new 
church  w.aslaidhereafewdayssince.  The  churchis 
after  the  type  of  the  twelfth  century  architecture, 
consisting  of  a  nave  S5ft.  in  length,  transepts  25ft. 
wide  and  64ft.  across;  to  the  east  of  the  nave 
is  the  chancel,  35ft.  long  and  24ft.  wide.  The 
tower  is  22ft.  square  externally,  and  rises  to  a 
height  of  160ft.  The  church  will  be  built  of  Dar- 
wen  pier  points,  the  spire  being  built  of  ashlar. 
The  church  is  from  the  designs  of  E.  G.  Paley 
Esq.  architect,  Lancaster ;  Messrs.  .Swain  and  Co. 
being  the  builders. 

Newcastle. — The  ancient  church  of  St.  Andrew 
was  reopened  on  Sunday  last.  In  addition  to  a 
thorough  renovation  and  remodelling  of  the 
interior  by  the  removal  of  the  galleries  and 
unsightly  pews,  and  their  substitution  by  open 
benches  in  keeping  with  the  ecclesiastical  character 
of  the  building,  the  east  end  of  the  chancel  has 
been  rebuilt,  and  the  great  east  window  is  now 
fitted  with  a  stained  glass  representation,  in 
mediaeval  character,  of  the  Ascension,  from  the 
m;inufactory  of  Mr.  Wailes,  of  Newcastle.  The 
alterations  have  been  carried  out  by  Messrs.  John 
Burnup  and  Sons,  of  West  Clayton-street,  under 
the  supervision  of  Mr.  Thomas  Oliver,  F.I.B.A., 
architect.  The  cost  of  the  entire  work  will  be 
about  £2,500. 

RiPON. — Restoration  of  the  Cithedral. — A 
meeting  of  the  restoration  committee  was  held  the 
other  d,ay  in  the  Townhall.  Mr.  Clarke,  Mr.  G. 
Gilbert  Scott's  clerk  of  the  works,  was  present, 
and  received  instructions  to  take  down  the  papier 
mache  ceilings  of  the  north  and  south  transepts, 
and  to  put  up  new  ones  more  accordant  with  the 
style  of  the  architecture.  The  papier  mache  ceil- 
ings, erected  about  1842,  now  being  demolished, 
are  bad  imitation  of  a  style  at  least  fifty  years 
before  the  date  of  the  tninsepts,  which  were  built 
between  .i.D.  1154  and  1 1 ^'».  On  commencing  the 
demoUtioa  of  the  south  ti, incept  ceiling,  the  old 
beams  and  springs  of  a  Perpendicular  ceiling,  ad. 
1490,  were  seen  yet  intact  above  the  curve  of  the 
sham  groining.    It  was  also  decided  that  a  new 


pulpit  .and  lectern  should  be  erected,  and  the 
bishop's  throne,  contracted  to  its  old  and  proper 
limit,  thoroughly  restored  ;  the  seat  belonging  to 
the  throne  has  been  long  preserved  in  the  vestry. 
The  under  part  represents  the  "  Two  Spies 
returning  with  the  Bunch  of  Grapes "  from  the 
Promised  Land.  A  couple  of  burlesque  figures- 
all  heads  .and  limbs— face  and  follow  the  spies 
with  quarter  staffs.  An  interesting  discovery  con- 
nected with  fresco  painting  of  an  early  date  (cer- 
t,ainly  before  a.d.  1190)  has  just  beeu  made  in  the 
chapel  dedicated  to  St.  Andrew. 

Sheffield. — A  new  chapel  is  to  be  erected  in 
Sutherland-roa<l  for  the  Primitive  Methodists.  The 
trustees  invited  designs  for  the  chapel  to  seat  1,200, 
vestries  and  schools,  &c.,  from  four  gentlemen  in  a 
limited  competition;  and  .after  meeting  several 
times  adopted  the  design  submitted  by  Messrs.  C. 
J.  Innocent  and  Brown,  of  Sheffield,  and  appointed 
them  the  architects. 

WrxDSOR.— The  Chapel  Royal.— This  chapel, 
in  Great  Windsor  Park,  near  Cumberland  Lodge, 
h.as  been  reopened  for  di\'ine  service.  The  new 
edifice,  the  chancel  of  which  was  consecrated  some 
time  back  by  the  Bishop  of  Oxford,  has  been 
erected  in  the  E.arly  English  style  of  architecture 
by  the  Commissioners  of  Woods  and  Forests  from 
designs  by  Messrs.  S.alvin  and  Teulon,  the  archi- 
tects, the  works  having  been  superintended  by  Mr. 
Morris.  The  exterior  of  the  chapel  is  composed  of 
Princes  Risborough  stone,  with  Bath  stone  facings, 
and  the  west  end  is  provided  with  a  belfry  fur- 
jiished  with  a  couple  of  bells.  The  plan  includes 
a  nave,  .an  aisle,  chancel,  and  transept,  while  the 
open  pointed  oak  roof  is  carried  partly  by  the 
north  wall,  some  finely-carved  stone  pillars  sepa- 
rating the  n.ave  from  the  south  aisle.  In  the 
chancel  Ls  a  fine  memorial  window  to  the  memory 
of  the  late  Duchess  of  Kent.  The  subjects  of  the 
memorial  include  the  principal  events  in  the  life 
of  the  Saviour,  and  at  the  bottom  of  the  window 
the  arms  of  the  Duchess  and  her  husband  are 
emblazoned.  Separated  from  the  chancel  by  an 
open  handrail,  and  on  its  south  side,  is  the  Royal 
closet,  which  has  a  stone  screen  dividing  it  from 
the  end  of  the  aisle.  About  200  sittings  are  pro- 
vided for  the  congregation,  which  consists  of  the 
families  of  the  members  of  the  Court  and  the 
employes  on  the  Crown  estate  of  Windsor  Park. 

buildings. 

It  is  in  contemplation  at  the  Poor  Law  Board 
to  supply  three  fever  hospitals  for  the  reception 
of  pauper  patients.  One  would  be  erected  in  the 
e.asc,  and  one  in  the  south  of  London. 

Boston,  in  Mas3,achusetts,  is  to  have  an  .art 
building  which  will  cost  £200,000.  Land  worth 
£50,000  has  been  already  set  apart  for  the  purpose. 

A  few  days  ago  the  new  Catholic  schools  attached 
to  St.  Albau's  Church,  Blackburn,  were  opened. 
They  .are  of  Gothic  architecture  and- have  been 
constructed  to  accommodate  about  400  scholars, 
and  are  from  the  designs  of  Messrs.  Biutley  .and 
M'Call,  architects,  of  Kendal,  at  a  cost  of  £1,950. 

Clapham  — New  Orphanage. — Mr.  Spurgeon 
has  just  concluded  the  purchase  of  2i  acres  of 
land,  adjacent  to  Clapham  Common,  upon  which 
the  buildings  for  his  new  orphanage  will  be 
erected.  It  is  correct,  as  stated  some  time  since, 
that  a  lady  has  placed  a  sum  of  £20,000  at  Mr. 
Spurgeon's  command  for  the  purposes  of  the 
orphanage  ;  but  it  is  accompanied  by  a  condition 
that  only  £8,000  out  of  it  shall  be  spent,  the 
remaining  £12,000  to  go  to  capital  account  for 
the  permanent  benefit  oi  the  institutfon. 

Halifjlx. — Mr.  John  Crossley  has  just  erected 
a  five-story  substantial  stone  building,  in  the 
Italian  style  of  architecture,  for  a  new  model 
lodging  house.  It  will  provide  sixty  beds  in  sepa- 
rate rooms,  and  has  cost  £2,811.  Mr.  PauU,  of 
Manchester,  was  the  architect.  This  model  lodging 
house  ilr.  Crossley  proposes  to  transfer  to  the 
Halifax  Corporation  on  very  liberal  terms. 

Liverpool. — At  their  meeting  last  week,  the 
Liverpool  Town  Council  resolved  to  rent  some  land 
near  Liverpool,  and  to  erect  on  it  buildings  suit- 
able for  a  Juvenile  Reformatory,  at  a  cost  of  £3,000, 
and  also  to  pay  1  s.  per  head  for  each  boy  committed 
by  the  local  magistrates  to  the  reformatory.  The 
Juvenile  Reformatory  Association  are  to  manage 
the  institution,  and  pay  the  Corporation  44  per 
cent,  on  the  above  outlay,  the  corporate  officials 
having  at  all  times  access  to  the  establishment. 

London. — The  new  vagrant  wards  for  the 
Holborn  Union  are  now  completed  and  occupied. 
The  building  is  situate  in  Vine-street,  Liquorpond 
street,  the  ground  on  which  it  stands  having  been 


cleared  of  buildings  for  the  purpose.  The  architect 
engaged  was  Mr.  L.  H.  Isaacs,  of  Verulam-build- 
iugs,  Gray's  Inn  ;  the  builders  were  Messrs.  Simp- 
.-ion  and  Son,  of  Baker-street,  Portman-square. 
The  contract  price  for  the  whole  was  £2,662. 


STATUES,  MEMORIALS,  &c. 

Arrangements  are  being  made  for  the  erection 
of  a  monument  to  the  memory  of  the  late  Sir  W. 
W.  Wynn,  Bart.,  at  Rhosymedre. 

It  is  proposed  to  erect  at  Dublin,  by  subscrip- 
tion, a  statue  of  Mr.  Guinne-ss,  the  restorer  of  St. 
Patrick's  Cathedral.  Mr.  Foley  h.as  undertaken 
to  carve  the  work.  Well  does  Mr.  Guinness  de- 
serve the  honour ! 

Memorial  of  Novel  Design. — A  tomb  h.as  just 
been  erected  in  the  Brompton  Cemetery  to  the 
memory  of  a  gentleman  many  years  member  for 
an  important  borough  in  the  \Vest  of  England.  It 
h;is  been  designed  by  Mr.  Ashpite!,  in  the  style  of 
those  of  the  early  Christians,  as  found  in  the  cata- 
combs at  Rome.  The  body  is  of  Portland  stone, 
the  frieze  .and  plinth  are  of  Green  Forest  of  Dean, 
and  the  pilasters  of  polished  Peterhead  granite. 
The  most  novel  features  of  all  are  the  statues 
of  the  four  Evangelists,  in  bronze,  by  Messrs. 
Potts,  cf  the  Art  Works,  at  Haudsworth,  near 
Birmingham,  which  are  cast  by  their  new  process, 
and  are  undercut  and  ch.asod  up  by  hand  in  a  very 
satisfactory  manner.  They  are  modelled  by  Sig- 
ner Brucci.ani.  On  the  top  is  a  plain  cross ; 
on  one  side  the  monogram  of  Constantino  ;  and 
on  the  other  an  interl.aced  Alpha  .and  Omega. 

Monument  to  Cardinal  Wiseman. — We  under- 
stand that  a  magnificent  monument  is  about  to 
be  erected  over  the  vault  which  contains  the 
body  of  the  late  Cardinal  Wiseman  at  Kensal 
Green,  where  it  will  remain  until  the  intended 
metropolit.an  cathedral  is  built.  It  will  be  then 
removed,  and  occupy  a  conspicuous  position  in 
that  ediSce.  The  work  has  been  entrusted  to  Mr. 
Welby  Pugin. 

The  Proposed  Memorlvl  to  Lord  P.ylmer- 
STON. — A  young  architect  in  a  letter  says: — Ob- 
serving, in  your  impression  of  December  28,  a 
notice  of  the  National  E.xhibitiou  of  Architecture 
at  South  Kensington,  in  which  criticism  is  made 
on  the  drawing  of  the  proposed  memorial  to 
the  hate  Lord  Palmer.ston  in  Romsey  Abbey 
Church,  and  a  touch  of  incredulity  expressed  about 
the  correct  restoration  of  the  low-pitched  roof  to 
the  proposed  Lady  Chapel,  I  write  to  inform 
you  that  authority  is  found  for  the  same  by  the 
fact  of  the  ancient  weather  moulding  still  rem.ain- 
ing,  showing  precisely  the  origmal  position  of  the 
roof,  which  was  obviously  kept  down  to  prevent 
the  obscuration  of  the  unrivalled  geometric  win- 
dows in  the  east  end  of  the  choir.  Similar  roofs 
as  regards  flatness  of  pitch  exist  over  the  east  end 
of  New  Shoreham  Church,  and  over  the  great 
north  porch,  Christ  Church,  and  other  examples 
if    necessary  might   be  referred  to. 


STAINED  GLASS. 


The  east  window  of  Bulphan  Church  has  been  filled  in 
with  stained  glass,  by  ilesdrs.  Cox  and  Son,  of  London. 
The  centre  light  has  for  its  subject  the  CrucifLuon.  The 
window  was  given  by  Mrs.  Mark  Gotta,  of  Bulphan,  as  a 
memorial  of  her  deceased  husband. 

C.HKRITON. — A  stained  glass  window  has  been  placed  at 
the  ea,.t  end  of  the  south  aisle  of  Cheriton  Church,  near 
Hythe,  by  James  Pilcher,  Esq.  llessrs.  Clayton  and  Bell 
furnished  the  glass,  under  the  direction  of  Messrs.  Pownall 
and  Yoimg.  architects.  The  subject  is  taken  from  the  early 
life  of  Christ— the  Xativity  in  the  centre,  and  on  either 
side  the  Annunciation,  the  Salutation,  the  presentation  iu 
the  Temple,  and  Christ  among  the  doctors. 

Knaresborough. — A  memorial  window  has  just  been 
placed  in  the  east  end  of  the  south  aisle  of  Trinity  Church. 
It  consists  of  two  lights,  the  subjects  being  the  raising  of 
Lazarus,  and  Mary  at  the  feet  of  Jesus.  The  artists  were 
Messrs.  Ward  and  Hughes,  of  London. 

North  Berwick. — A  stained  glass  window  has  been 
erected  in  the  Episcopal  Church,  by  Colonel  Denny,  to  the 
memory  of  the  officers  and  soldiers  of  the  71st  Royal  High- 
land Light  Infantry,  who  died  in  Canada,  the  West  Indies, 
and  other  places,  and  who  served  with  him  from  1S42  to 
1S37.  The  subject  is  Christ  raising  the  widow's  son. 
Messrs.  Ballantine  and  Son,  of  Kdinburgh,  were  the  ar- 
tists 


The  Sand  Patch  Tunnel  on  the  Pittsburgh  and 
Connelsville  Railroad  is  at  last  cut  through.  Its 
total  length  is  4,750ft.,  being  1,000ft.  more  than 
the  long  tunnel  on  the  Pennsylvania  Central  Rail- 
road through  the  AUeghanies  between  Altoona  and 
Cresson.  It  is  intended  for  a  double  track,  and  ia 
22ft.  wide  by  19ft.  in  height. 


38 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


January  11,   1867. 


§tmi\\  Items. 


The  harp  has  been  introduced  in  aasociation 
with  the  organ  in  the  service  at  St.  Andrew's 
Church,  Wells-street. 

A  correspondent  suggests,  as  a  preventive  of 
frozen  water  taps,  that  the  water  should  be 
allowed  to  "  drop  "  constantly,  not,  however,  to 
run. 

A  furious  gale  occurred  at  Portland  on  Saturday 
morning,  and  a  large  portion  of  the  breakwater 
staging  was  swept  away. 

The  freehold  of  No.  9,  St.  James' s-square,  has 
been  sold  for  £35,000,  three  tunes  the  sum  it  cost 
a  few  years  ago. 

The  election  of  Associates  of  the  Royal  Academy 
takes  place  on  the  31st  of  this  month.  There  are 
two  vacancies  only. 

Sir  Isaac  Newton  is  said  to  have  worn  in  his 
finger  ring  a  loadstone  weighing  three  grains,  and 
capable  of  sustaining  over  250  times  its  own 
weight. 

The  nineteenth  annual  ball  in  aid  of  the  funds 
of  the  Builders'  Benevolent  Institution  wUl  take 
place  at  WiUis's  Rooms  on  Thursday,  the  31st  iust. 

The  long-talked-of  Finsbury  Park,  as  well  as  the 
Southwark  Park,  are  to  be  formed.  The  lands  for 
both  have  been  purchased,  and  the  residents  of 
south  and  north  London  may  expect  shortly  to  be 
in  possession  of  these  places  of  recreation. 

It  is  not  generally  known  that  a  sheet  of  paper 
laid  on  a  bed,  under  the  counterpane  or  blanket, 
by  retaining  the  warmth,  is  equal  to  an  additional 
blanket ;  old  newspapers  stitched  together  answer 
well. 

The  Common  Coimcil  have  agreed  to  purchase 
Southwark  Bridge  for  £200,000  ;  and  in  the  mean- 
time, in  order  that  the  public  may  be  allowed  its 
free  use,  the  Bridge  Company  is  to  be  compensated 
at  the  rate  of  £5,500  per  annum. 

The  CuLTrvATios  of  Timber  in  Deserts.— 
A  modern  writer  of  eminence,  says  an  American 
paper,  ventures  the  assertion  that,  with  proper 
care  and  protection,  even  inarable  territory  and 
sandy  deserts,  as  in  Arabia  and  Africa,  might  in 
places  be  covered  with  fijrests,  the  theory  not 
being  inconsistent  either  with  experience  or  the 
deductions  of  scii'nce.  In  fact,  many  acres  in  the 
Sciota  and  Miami  valley.s,  in  Ohio,  are  to-day 
covered  with  a  thrifty  timber  growth  sufficient  for 
fuel  and  fencing,  which  thirty  years  ago  were 
entirely  destitute.  It  is  stated  that  timber  is 
becoming  sufficiently  abundant  for  domestic  use 
in  that  State,  where  the  land  at  the  period  of  first 
settlements  was  without  trees,  and,  in  the  ordinary 
parlance  of  the  times,  was  known  as  the  "  bar- 
rens ; "  the  process  of  timber  cultivation  being 
now,  in  fact,  silently  going  on  in  the  States  of  the 
west  as  well  as  those  in  middle  latitudes. 

Newcastle  Society  op'  Antiquaries.  —  This 
society  held  its  usual  monthly  meeting  in  the 
Museum,  in  the  Old  Castle,  last  week,  Mr.  John 
Clayton  presiding.  Mr.  Thompson  laid  on  the 
table  an  engraving  of  two  portraits,  supposed  to 
be  those  of  the  Emperor  Severus  and  the  Empress 
Julia.  The  engraving  was  taken  from  a  has  relief 
found  in  front  of  a  house  in  the  High-street  of 
Edinburgh.  The  museum  is  possessed  of  casts  of 
these  portraits.  Mr.  Thompson  read  an  interesting 
paper  on  the  subject.  There  was  no  business  of 
public  importance  before  the  meeting. 

Ancient  Silver  Coins. — A  man,  while  plough- 
ing up  a  headland  on  Chanton  Farm,  between 
Washington  and  Ashintou,  Sussex,  felt  his  plough 
come  against  something  which  caused  it  to  be 
thrown  out  of  its  course.  It  proved  to  be  an  old 
crock,  or  earthenware  pot,  containing  a  number  of 
old  coins,  chiefly  of  the  time  of  Edward  the  Con- 
fessor and  Harold.  They  were  all  packed  in  the 
crock  on  their  edges,  as  closely  as  possible,  and 
had  evidently  remained  undisturbed  since  first 
hiilden.  The  Government  authorities  have  been 
communicated  with  on  the  subject  of  the  treasure. 

The  METRoroLiTAS  Main  Brainage  Works. — 
The  latest  statistics  of  ihe  new  Metropolitan  Main 
Drainage  works  are  very  curious.  The  total  length 
of  new  sewers  at  present  completed  is  82  miles, 
and  the  works,  when  finished,  will  have  cost 
£4,200,000.  The  drainage  intercepted  and  carried 
off  by   these   sewers  is  derived  from   an   area  of 


about  117  square  mOes  and  a  population  of 
2,809,000.  The  amount  of  sewage  carried  off  on 
the  north  side  of  the  Thames  amounts  to  10,000,000, 
and  on  the  south  to  4,000,000  cubic  feet.  In  the 
construction  of  the  works  318,000,000  bricks  and 
880,000  cubic  yards  of  concrete  have  been  used, 
and  about  3,500,000  cubic  yards  of  earth  excavated 
This  grand  systemof  sewerage  has  been  constructed 
under  buildings,  and  over  and  under  canals,  rivers, 
and  roadways,  from  25ft.  above,  to  75ft.  below  the 
surface,  without  any  important  casualty  or  inter- 
ference with  the  public  convenience  or  traffic.  The 
constructural  arrangements  of  the  metropolis 
would  appear  to  be  more  wonderful  and  successful 
below  the  surface  than  above. 

Flowers  in  Pots. — It  is  a  common  fault  to  put 
plants  kept  in  rooms  into  too  large  pots.  This  has 
always  a  bad  eft'ect.  If  the  soil  be  good  and  not 
over  watered  the  plant  will  indeed  grow  rapidly, 
but  it  will  produce  leaves  and  branches  instead  of 
flowers  ;  and  if  the  soil  be  over  watered  the  ma.ss 
of  sodden  soil  around  the  roots  has  the  same 
effect  upon  them  as  stagnant  water  in  a  saucer. 
The  soil  should  always  be  in  such  a  state  as  to  ad- 
mit air  with  the  water  to  the  roots  ;  but  this  it 
cannot  do  when  it  becomes  blackened  paste  by 
being  saturated  with  water.  At  the  same  time  fre- 
quent repotting  is  often  absolutely  necessary  to 
keep  the  plants  in  a  dwarf  compact  habit  of  growth, 
and  to  prevent  them  from  being  drawn  up.  The 
way  in  which  practical  gardeners  ascertain  when 
repotting  is  necessary,  is  by  turning  the  plant  out 
of  the  pot,  with  the  ball  of  earth  attached,  and  if 
they  find  they  look  white  round  the  outside  of  tlfe 
mould,  then  the  plant  should  be  transferred  to  a 
larger  pot.  but  only  one  size  larger  ;  afterwards  it 
may  be  repotted  again  if  necessary,  but  always  to 
a  pot  only  a  little  larger  than  the  one  it 
was  taken  from.  By  persevering  in  this 
mode  of  treatment  for  some  time,  and  never  ad- 
vancing more  than  one  size  at  each  change,  a 
plant  may  be  grown  to  a  large  size,  and  made  to 
produce  abundant  of  tlowers ;  while  by  the  con- 
trary treatment,  that  is,  suffering  it  to  remain  in  a 
very  small  pot  or  shifting  it  suddenly  into  a  very 
large  one,  the  stem  wiU  become  weakened  and 
elongated,  and  the  flowers  will  be  few  and  very 
poor. 


f  iitciits  for  liibtiitroits 

CONNECTED     WITH     THE     BUILDING     TRADK. 


1544  O  Hkndersos.  Lnprovements  in  girders  manu* 
factured  in  iron,  steely  or  otherwise  combined  with  timber. 
Dated  Jane  4.  1866 

These  improvements  relate  to  constructing  girdi^rs  on  the 
priociple  described  in  the  specification  of  a  former  patent 
granted  to  the  present  patentee  dated  7th  of  February, 
1865  (No.  335),  consist  in  the  employment  of  a  web  or 
webs  (with  orwithoutflanges)  and  ahatments  or  skewbacks 
used  in  conjunction  with  anarch  or  arches  of  brick,  stone, 
tile,  timber,  or  other  material,  the  arch  or  arches  being 
formed  between  theabutments  or  skewbacks  forming  part 
of  the  girder.  The  webs  of  the  girders  are  generally  con- 
structed of  metal,  cast  or  otherwise  manufactured,  bat  in 
some  cases  the  webs  may  be  in  part  formed  of  iron  bands 
or  rods  and  timber  or  other  suitable  materials  combined. 
The  abutmeuta  or  skewbacks  herein  mentioned  are  either 
cast  or  otherwise  manufactured  in  metal  ;  in  some 
instances,  however,  the  abutments  may  be  formed 
of  timber  or  of  timber  and  metal  together,  and  may 
be  solid  or  hollow.  The  inner  side  of  the  abuimeats 
or  skewbacks  are  formed  to  the  particular  angle 
to  suit  the  radius  of  the  intended  arch  or  arches  that 
are  constructed  within  the  span  or  space  between  the  two 
abutments,  and  in  the  centre,  or  sometimes  in  other  parts 
of  the  said  skewbacks  or  abutments,  he  forms  a  tenon  or 
slot  to  receive  the  ends  of  the  webs,  as  hereinbefore  men- 
tioned. In  some  instances  he  forma  the  abutment,  in  east 
or  otherwise  manufactured  metal  in  the  sliape  of  a  shoe  or 
plate,  the  lower  side  being  horizontal  to  the  wall  or  foun- 
dation.andtheinner  side  is  made  to  incline  to  ananglesuit- 
able  to  the  arch  or  arches  which  abut  on  to  the  face  of  this 
shoe.  The  web  of  the  glider  may  be  of  rolled  or  cast  metal 
and  may  sometimes  be  made  in  timber  in  conjunction  with 
hoop  iron  bands,  or  otherwise  strengthened  by  braces 
running  parallel  therewith,  but  in  common  the  web  will 
be  of  metal,  the  form  thereof  usually  being  that  of  a  longi- 
tudinal flitch  or  plank,  and  the  ends  thereof  are  either 
dovetailel  or  turned  up  to  fit  the  tenons  or  slots  in  the 
before-mentioned  abutments  or  skewbacks,  or  they  are 
formod  to  suit  such  other  mode  of  fixing  as  the  occasion 
may  require.  He  then  places  the  skewbacks  or  other 
abutments  in  position,  and  securely  fixes  the  web  to  the 
skewbacks  by  dropping  or  placing  the  dovetailed  or  turned- 
up  ends  of  the  web  into  the  tenons  ot  slots  of  the  skew- 
backs,  or  secures  them  together  by  such  other  means  as 
may  appear  best  suited  to  the  particular  occasion.  The 
arch  or  arches  is  then  connected  within  the  span  or  spate 
or  between  the  abutments,  and  built  up  clear  of  the  top 
of  the  web,  which  is  never  suiject  to  vertical  pressure,  but 
the  weight  or  pressure  is  firmly  supported  or  carried  by 
the  arches  on  either  side.  In  order  to  obtain  the  neces- 
sary length  of  the  web  where  the  spans  are  of  considerable 
length,  as  will  frequently  be  the  case  in  bridge  building, 
the  web  Will  be  formed  by  one  or  more  plates  or  pieces  of 
iron,  steel,  or  other  materials  placed  together,  bolted  and 
screwed  together  in  the  usual  way,  or  connected  in  some 
other  manner.    Patent  completid. 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  WEEK. 

MoN. — Royal  Geographical  Society.— The  following 
papers  will  be  read : — 1,  "A  Journey  to  Kano 
from  the  Niger,"  by  the  late  Dr.  W.  B,  Baikie. 
2.  "  On  the  i^ortb-East  Province  of  Madagas- 
car," by  the  Bishop  of  Mauritius.  3.  "  Diary 
of  a  Hill  Trip  iu  Burmah,"  by  Lieutenant  T. 
H.  Leu-in,S^O. 

Tdes. — Institution  of  Civil  Engineers. — "Ships  ofWar," 
b"y  Mr.  J.  Bourne,  S. 
Royal    Institution. — "On  the  Ancien   Regime, 
as  it  Existed  on    the   Continent    before    the 
French  Revolution,"  by  Rev.  C.  Kingsley,  3. 

TiiURS.— Royal  Institution. — "On   the  Ancien  Regime, 
as  it  Existed  on  the  Continent  before  the  French 
Revolution,"  by  Rev.  C.  Kingsley,  3. 
Linnean  Society,  S. 
Chemical  Society,  S. 

FRi.—Royal  Institution. — "On  Sounding  and  SenaitiTe 
Flames,"  by  Professor  Tyndall,  S. 
Architectural    Association. — "  Notes    on    Shop 
Fronts,"  by  Mr.  T.  Blashill,  7.30 

Sat.— Royal  lu-titution. — "  On  the  Ancien  Regime,  aa 
it  Existed  on  the  Continent  before  the  French 
Revolution,"  by  Rev.  C.  Kingsley,  3 


^xuk  B^tos. 


TENDERS. 

Batlev. — For  five  woollen  warehouses,  in  Station-road, 

Batle.v,  for  Mr.  lsa.ic  Colbeck.    Mr.  M.  Shean,  architect  :— 

Masona  and  bricklayei-s. 

W.  Copley  .iDd  Co £3,150  0  0 

J.  Brier 3,065  0  0 

J.  Booth    2,650  0  0 

Preston  and  Webster 2,550  0  0 

Carpentei-s  and  joiners. 

B.  Ibberson  £2,305  0  0 

M.  S.  Butler 2,200  0  0 

J.Fozard 2,145  0  0 

J.  Willana 2,050  0  0 

tlumfHng,  glazing,  and  gasfiUtng . 

T.  Armitage £289  5  6 

J.  Wright 270  0  0 

J.  M.  Hart  265  6  6 

J.  H.  Senior    245  2  6 

tlastering. 

J.  W.  Hey £247  10  0 

It.  Howrovd 185  0  0 

J.  Bro.idhead 165  0  0 

Blatiug. 

E.Denton £146  0  0 

J.  and  W.Atkinson  127  10  0 

J.  andJ.  HiUB   110  0  0 

Islington. — For  two  houses  with  shops,  in  Rotherfield- 
street,  Islington,  for  Messrs.  Tubbs,  Lewis,  and  Co.  Mr. 
W.  Sniitb,  architect.    Noquantity  given  ;— 

Taylor  £2,079 

Madgin 1,700 

Johnson  1,485 

King 1,478 

Saby .....: 1.396 

Cvabb  1,385 

Hunt    1,362 

Grover 1,346 

Cubitt 1,021 

Kesbt.— For  a  email  country  house,  at  Kenby,  Surrey, 
for  Mr.  T.  Davis.  Quantities  not  supplied.  Mr.  H.  Wiber 
Webster,  architect : — 

Shield  £1,200 

Calow  1,112 

Graham  1,030 

Danby 970 

Liverpool. — For  seven  shops,  Hardman-street,  Liver- 
pool, for  Mr.  H.  C.  Beloe.  Mr.  T.  Cook,  architect.  Quan- 
tities supplied : — 

Witter    £4,8T5 

Bamber 4,605    0 

Wiley 4,600    0 

Henshaw  4,4ii7    0 

Urmson 4,4-'9    0 

Callie 4,424  10 

KicholsonandAyre(accepted)...    4,299    0 

Liverpool. — For  three  houses,  Rupert-lane,  Liverpool, 
for  Messns.  W.  and  D.  Busly.  Mr.  T.  Cook,  architect. 
Quantities  supplied  :— 

Urmson £1,361    0 

Westmorland   1,348    0 

Wiley 1,340    0 

Nicholson  and  Avre  1,289  15 

Wilson   1,274    0 

CaLlio  (accepted) 1,230     0 

Oxford. — For  building  a  branch  bank,  at  Oxford,  for 
the  London  and  County  BauK.  Messrs.  Francis,  architects. 
Ouanlities  by  Mr.  J.  Robson  : — 

Castle    £9  840 

Sjmm  8,994 

Hill  and  Son 8,970 

Dove  Brothers  8,895 

Dovor  8,698 

Jones  and  Son   8,250 

Ri\t:rleioh. — For  billiard  room,  conservatory,  forcing- 
house,  &c.,  Iliverleigh,  near  Liverpool,  for  Mr.  J.  M'Ardle 
Mr.  T.  Cook,  arclutcct.     Quantities  supplied  :— 

Section  Section 

No.  ).  No.  2. 

Urm=on  £502    0  £410    0 

M'Gerron  —      394    0 

Lamb  (accepted)  ...    461  10  346  10 


BATH  STONE  OF  BEST  QUALITY. 
Randell  and  Saunder-s,  Quarrymen  and  Stone  Mer- 
chants, Bath.  List  of  Prices  at  the  Quarries  and  Deptita, 
also  Cost  for  Transit  to  any  part  of  the  United  Eangdom, 
furnished  on  appUoatioD  to  Bath  Stone  Office,  Coislum, 
Wilts.— [An  VI.] 


January  18,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


39 


THE   BUILDING  NEWS. 


LOUDON,  FRIDAY,  JAXCABY  IS,  1SG7. 


ART 


THE 


WORKMANSHIP    AT 
SOCIETY  OF  ARTS. 

rjIHE  works  sent  in    competition   for  tlie 
J_    prizes  ottered  this  session,  a  list  of  which 
will  be  fouutl  elsewhere,  are  now  on  public 
view  in  the  great  room  of  the  Society  of  Arts, 
Adam-street,  Adelphi.    They  are  divided  into 
two  classes,  namely,  works  to  be  executed  from 
prescribed  designs,  and  works  to  be  executed 
without   prescribed    designs,    the    latter    in- 
cluding works  executed  and  finished  by  ma- 
chine.    These  divisions   embrace  carving  in 
stone,  modelling  in  plaster,  carving  in  wood, 
refousse  work  in  metal,  hammered  work  in 
metal,  carving  in   ivory,  chasing  in  bronze, 
engraving  on  metal,  enamel  painting  on  cop- 
per,  painting  on   porcelain,   decorative   wall 
painting,  wall  mosaics,  die-sinking,  glass  blow- 
ing,  bookbinding,    and  illuminations.      The 
entire  number  of  articles  on  exhibition,  only 
102,  strikes  the  visitor  as  rather  small,  and 
were  it  not  for  the  general  excellence  of  the 
majority  the  Society  would  not  have  grounds 
for  the   satisfaction   with   which,  'we  imder- 
stand,  they  regard  this  exhibition.    The  prizes 
are  already  awarded  by  the  judges,  but  at  the 
time  we  write  the  awards  have  not  been  made 
known.     We  give,  therefore,  the  result  of  our 
o\vn    examination    of    the    various    objects. 
With  regard  to  some  of  the  subjects  exhibited 
we  must  call  attention  to  the  fact  that  this  is 
supposed  to  be  an  exhibition  of  the  works  of 
art  workmen,  not  of  art  masters.     Compara- 
tively few  are  aware  of  the  width  of  the  gulf 
which  lies  between  these  two  classes,  though 
its  existence  seems  generally  recognised.     AVe 
should   define   an  art  workman  as  one  who 
could  produce  from  a  pattern  an  artistic  work, 
and  we   should   call  an  art   master  one  who 
could  produce  the  pattern,  or,  in  other  words, 
an  original  work  of  excellence.     There  are 
many  art  workmen  who  work  almost  'n-ithout 
model   or  pattern,  and   these  are,  to  a  very 
great  extent,  art  masters,  but  it  must  be  con- 
fessed that  there  is  a  large  number  who  mis- 
take the  bent  of  their  talents,  and  who  would 
be  better  employed  in  copying  good  designs 
than  in  origiaattng  bad  ones.     This  is  espe- 
cially remarked    in   sculpture  and   carving. 
Carving  in  stone,  for  instance,  is  not  sculp- 
ture.    The  distinction  is  subtle,  but  neverthe- 
less clear,  and  is  as  thoroughly  received  in  art 
circles   as  an  axiom   in   Euclid,  or,  what  is 
at  present   of    almost    equal   authority,    the 
dictum  of   Mr.   Ruskin.       Now   as  a  means 
of  testing  the  proficiency  of  an  art  workman 
an  exhibition  liie  this  is  invaluable.    It  is  not 
of  the  overgrown  dimensions  of  an  industrial 
exhibition,  wliich  is  an  omnium  gatherum  of 
objects  of  every  conceivable  nature,  nor  does 
it  bear  the  exclusive  character  of  the  Royal 
Academy.     The  judges  are  men  who  under- 
stand their  offices,  and  we  believe  that  the  re- 
wards are  distributed  vrith  equal  impartiality 
and  discrimination.      Having  said  thus  much 
about  the  exhibition,  we  will  proceed  to  notice 
those  works  which  struck  us  as  most  interest- 
ing, taking  the  objects  as  they  appear  in  the 
catalogue,  under  their  several  headings. 

No.  1  (Can-ing  in  Stone),  "Panel,  after 
Chimneypiece  by  Donatello."  This  is  a  work 
in  low  relief,  Cupids  and  arabesques.  It  is 
very  fairly  carved.  This  subject,  in  the 
original,  may  be  called  a  sculpture  rather  than 
a  car\'ing.  No.  2  is  purely  a  stone  carving, 
being,  like  Nos.  3  and  4,  a  Gothic  bracket 
or  corbel.  These  corbels  are  of  almost  the 
same  size,  and  there  is  about  the  same  quan- 
tity of  work  in  each,  but  the  prices  ditfer 
widely.     No.   2   is   valued   at  £5,  and  Nos. 


in  treatment,  and  in  this  respect  it  is  not 
equal  to  No.  3 ;  but,  notwithstanding  its  low 
price,  it  is  better  than  the  others.  No.  4  is 
remarkable  for  two  birds,  whose  legs  are  most 
delicately  carved,  though  not  in  a  way  desir- 
able for  "the  treatment  of  stone.  It  also  has 
a  good  grotesque  head.  No.  5  (Flowers,  in 
Caen  stone],  is  boldly  and  weU-carved.  No.  ti  is 
weU-executed,  but,  in  our  opinion,  marljle  is 
an  Tinsuitable  material  for  small  subjects. 
With  some  of  the  Greek  marbles,  whicli  seem 
to  ha\-e  the  grain  and  colour-  of  ivory,  the  case 
is  dUferent ;  but,  with  the  best  Italian  marble, 
the  shining  luminous  particles  destroy  the 
repose  of  any  but  a  large  composition.  It  is 
for  this  reason  that  the  plaster  cast  invari- 
ably looks  better  than  the  marble,  and  in  the 
opinion  of  many  the  clay  model  bears  the 
palm  from  either.  Mr.  Jones  is  also  exhibitor 
of  an  unfinished  basso-relievo,  in  marble, 
representing  the  Arts  and  Sciences,  tlie  price, 
when  finished,  to  be  £20.  Judging  from  the 
model  in  plaster,  we  think  very  highly  of 
tliis  work,  which  is  original,  and  we  consider 
the  price  extremely  low.  No.  9  (original),  a 
basso-relievo  in  marble,  subject  "  Christ 
Blessing  little  Children,"  we  do  not  think 
very  highly  of  as  a  work  of  art,  and  the 
material  is  most  unsuited  to  the  subject.  No. 
12  (original),  a  plaster  model  of  national 
emblems — rose,  shamrock,  and  thistle — struck 
us  as  very  good. 

We  next  come  to  the  carving.  Under  this 
head  tliere  is  only  one  work  executed  after  a 
prescribed  design  ;  it  is  No.  14,  a  sort  of 
covered  cup  wth  figures  for  handles,  after  a 
design  by  Holbein.  Some  of  this  carving  is 
good,  but  the  figures,  which  demand  the  most 
care,  are  the  least  pleasing  portions  of  the 
work.  All  the  following  wood  carvings  are 
original  :— No.  79,  a  statuette  of  "  Egeria," 
though  it  might  be  anyone  else  for  aught  we 
can  see,  as  it  is  particularly  badly  placed. 
No.  80,  "  Cyntliia,"  by  the  same  hand,  is  a 
very  pleasing  work.  No.  bl,  a  female  head  in 
satinwood,  is  in  our  opinion  of  great  merit  ; 
the  material  is  almost  equal  to  ivory  in 
texture.  No.  83,  an  original  group  in  walnut, 
something  like  a  race  plate,  and  represents 
"Wallace  at  the  Battle  of  Stirling."  TMs 
work  has  considerable  merit,  but  we  regret 
that  50  much  labour  has  been  expended  on 
such  a  material.  With  a  few  emendations, 
such  as  giving  a  better  proportion  to  the  upper 
body  to  one  of  Wallace's  antagonists,  the  sub- 
ject is  worthy  to  be  executed  in  silver.     No. 

84,  a  dog's  head,  is  very  clever,  as  is  also  No. 

85,  "  Bird  and  Flowers,"  by  the  same  hand. 
No.  88,  vase  of  flowers,  &c.,  is  very  elaborate 
and  delicately  carved,  but  the  design  is  in- 
appropriate. Mr.  Bull  should  exercise  his 
talents  in  copying  imtil  he  has  gained  more 
knowledge  of  composition — he  must  see  that 
the  vase  is  very  much  too  small  for  the  bracket; 
but  the  carving  is  excellent.  This  closes  the 
list  of  wood  car\-ing.  We  next  come  to  metal- 
work,  which  forms  the  principal  portion  of  the 
exhibition.  There  is  so  much  repouss^  work 
that  our  limits  mil  not  allow  us  to  mention 
each  specimen  ;  we  may  say,  however,  that  of 
the  five  copies  of  "  Raphael's  three  Graces," 
we  should  be  puzzled  to  select  the  best.  There 
is  a  beautiful  piece  of  leafage  in  copper,  No. 
23a  (original)  and  a  portrait  of  the  late  Viscount 
Pahnerston  in  copper,  which  is  a  good  likeness. 
Nos.  24,  25,  and  26  are  specimens  of  hammered 
brass  work.  Nos.  25  and  26  are  hammered 
brass  brackets,  displaying  workmanship  of  a 
high  order.  Of  hammered  iron  work  there 
are  some  good  specimens.  Nos.  27,  28,  and  29, 
brackets,  are  much  to  our  liking ;  and  No.  30a, 
a  panel  for  a  screen,  and  32,  a  bread-basket, 
designed  by  Mr.  A.  W.  Blomfield  and  executed 
by  T.  Winstanley,  wUl,  we  imagine,  find  favour 
in  the  eyes  of  the  judges.  Some  ivory  carving  is 
to  be  found  in  the  glass  cases,  but  there  is  very 
little  of  it,  and  that  little  principally  interest- 
ing as  having  been  executed  by  the  machine. 
These  are  Nos.  96,  97,  98,  and  99,  the 
latter  the  head  of  her  Majesty.  The 
chasings  in  bronze,  of  wliich  there  are  several 


claims  to  notice.  Tliere  are  three  liu>ts  uf 
"  Clytie,"  of  about  ec^ual  merit,  by  difierent 
e.xhibitors  ;  and  two  statuettes  of  "  Caractacus" 
and  "  Jacob  Wrestling  with  the  Angel,"  which 
attracted  our  attention  ;  but  the  two  "  Minia- 
ture frames  raised  and  chased,"  by  the  same 
hand,  appeared  to  us  not  particularly  happy  in 
design.  Tlie  engravings  on  metal  after  ara- 
besques, ofwhichtherew'ereGor  7,  pleased usas 
much  as  anything  we  saw.  The  "  Ornamental 
jdateau  in  blue,"  No.  60,  after  a  design  by 
Maestro  Ludovico,  we  consider  very  good.  A 
pair  of  door  finger-plates  in  majolica  style,  by 
Miss  L.  Leila  Hawkins,  must  please  the  ad- 
mirers of  that  style,  and,  with  all  the  sur- 
roundings to  matcli,  their  somewhat  powerful 
colour  would  not  be  inappropriate.  Nos.  62 
and  63,  circular  plates,  subjects  from  the 
"Signatura"  ceiling,  are  of  great  merit.  Of 
decorative  painting,  that  is  to  say,  wall  paint- 
ing, there  are  four  specimens,  and  we  are 
sorry  that  we  camiot  speak  in  terms  of  praise 
of  any  of  them.  Dr.  Salviati  sends  a  single 
specimen  of  glass  blowing  of  more  than  usual 
merit,  inasmuch  as  the  vessel  stands  straight, 
and  Samuel  Cooper  sends  the  only  wall 
mosaic.  Of  bookbinding  there  are  only  four 
specimens,  but  they  appear  to  us  to  be  very 
good.  There  are  only  two  illuminations,  Nos. 
77  and  78,  which  appear  to  possess  about  equal 
merit.  Two  specmiens  of  enamel  painting  on 
copper  are  exhibited,  and  some  painting  on 
porcelain,  aU  of  which  are  worthy  of  praise. 
The  awards  of  the  judges  will  l)e  made  puVilic 
in  a  day  or  two,  and  we  hope  they  will  be  as 
satisfiictory  to  the  exhibitors  as  beneficial  to 
the  general  progress  of  art. 


3  and  4  at  i'15  and  il2  respectively.     The    „- —    -- 

face  which  appears  in  No.  2  is  too  naturalistic    examples,  do  not  appear  to  possess  unusual 


HORTICULTURE   AT  THE   PARIS 
EXHIBITION. 

THE  year  which  is  to  witness  the  crowning 
attempt  of  the  Emperor  Napoleon  in 
behalf  of  peace  and  concord  has  already  com- 
menced. We  begin  to  reckon  the  weeks  that 
must  elapse  before  the  inauguration  of  his 
magnificent  project,  while  time — inexurnhile 
iempus! — rapidly  diminishes  the  fleeting 
hours.  Among  the  many  novelties  connected 
with  this  gigantic  undertaking,  not  the  least 
important  is  the  Exhibition  of  International 
Horticulture.  This  interesting  department 
has  been  partially  developed  on  numerous 
other  occasions,  and,  in  fact,  there  is  not 
a  park,  public  or  private,  which  does  not  con- 
tain many  specimens  of  rare  and  valuable 
exotics.  But  a  brief  description  of  the  pro- 
minent part  it  plays  in  the  forthcoming  Exhi- 
bition will  demonstrate  that  it  has  at  last 
obtained  that  degree  of  attention  and  consi- 
deration which  it  unquestionably  merits.  The 
display  of  international  horticulture  will  take 
place  in  a  reserved  or  special  garden  separated 
from  the  rest  of  the  .park  \>y  an  iron  railing. 
Those  who  are  familiar  with  the  position  of 
the  Botanical  Society's  Gardens  in  Regent's 
Park  will  be  at  no  loss  to  form  an  accurate 
idea  of  the  case  in  question.  It  is  bounded 
by  the  avenues  of  Labourdonnaye  and  Pi(iuet, 
by  the  principal  walk  of  the  Park,  and  by  the 
circular  railway.  Its  area  is  rather  over 
70,000  square  yards,  and  the  main  entrance 
faces  the  junction  of  the  two  avenues  alluded 
to.  The  price  of  admission  wiU  be  half  a 
franc,  and  no  further  payment  will  lie  re- 
quired in  any  part  of  the  garden.  There  is  a 
point  connected  -n-ith  the  arrangement  of  the 
admission  into  this  garden  which,  miless  it  is 
altered,  visitors  wUl  do  well  to  bear  in  niind. 
Suppose  a  person  already  in  the  park  wishes 
to  view  the  garden,  he  ])ays  his  half  franc, 
and  passes  in ;  but  if  he  does  not  care  about 
seeing  the  garden,  he  pays  no  more  than  the 
sum  he  has  already  paid  for  entrance  into  the 
park.  Now  a  person  entering  the  garden  from 
the  exterior,  that  is,  by  an  entrance  which 
does  not  open  on  the  park,  will  be  obliged  to 
pay  not  only  the  half  franc  for  admission  into 
the  garden,  "liut  also  the  sum  for  admission  to 
the  rest  of  the  Exhibition,  whether  he  wishes 
'  to  go  there  or  not.    Thus  if  a  visitor  had  seen 


to 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


January  18,  1867. 


the  Exhiljition  and  wished  to  pay  a  visit  spe- 
cially to  the  Horticultural  Garden  he  would 
have  to  pay  over  again  for  wiiat  he  had 
already  seen  aud  might  not  wish  to  see  again. 
This  unwise  arrangement,  which  we  hope 
never  to  witness  carried  into  eft'ect,  will  cut 
two  ways  ;  in  the  tirst  place,  it  is  manifestly 
unjust,  and  secondly,  it  is  a  trap  to  catch 
the  unwary,  as  many  will  prohably  enter  by 
the  garden  entrance,  and  have  to  pay  their 
half-francs  without  caring  to  see  the  garden 
at  aU. 

Entering  by  the  avenue  of  Tourville  a 
splendid  panorama  bursts  on  the  view.  Not  a 
vestige  of  the  Exhibition  buildhig  or  its 
numerous  appendages  is  ■idsible,  but  tlie  limpid 
surface  of  a  vast  lake  relieves  the  verdant  hue 
of  the  expansive  sward.  From  the  centre  of 
the  former  rises  a  lofty  mass  of  superincum- 
bent rocks,  siu'mounted  by  a  cascade,  which, 
in  its  never-ceasing  flow,  restores  to  the  lake 
the  waters  to  which  it  owes  its  life.  The 
Bward  is  crowned  by  a  smaU.  crystal  edihce 
constituting  the  Winter  Garden,  and  appro- 
priated to  the  reception  of  exotics.  On  each 
side  of  this  building  are  formed  two  artificial 
gorges  or  ravines,  at  the  end  of  which  the 
ground  rises,  and  on  the  level  spaces  are  a 
couple  of  greenhouses,  surrounded  by  ponds 
fiUed  ■with  aquatic  plants.  The  entrance  to 
these  gorges  is  guarded  by  masses  of  rockwork, 
and  embellished  with  lakes  and  cascades, 
while  through  the  falling  spray  can  be  dimly 
seen  the  gloomy  mouths  of  grottoes  and  caves, 
alike  inviting  the  curiosity  of  the  visitor,  and, 
by  their  sombre  appearance,  forbidding  him 
to  gratify  it.  Towards  the  right  of  the  house 
devoted  to  the  orchids  stands  a  large  semi-cir- 
cular budding  with  an  elegant  colonnade  and 
portico.  It  is  the  diorama,  and  is  a  peculiar 
feature  of  the  Exhibition,  and  was  invented 
by  M.  Eouzzi.  As  it  was  impossible  to  collect 
all  the  known  pilants  of  the  world  in  one  spot, 
a  number  of  photographs,  amoimting  to  4,000, 
of  the  most  interesting  specimens,  were  ob- 
tained in  different  lands  and  forwarded  to 
Paris.  In  order  that  these  might  be  viewed 
of  the  natural  size,  fifty  magnifying  glasses 
are  provided  for  the  purpose,  to  each  of  which 
is  attached  a  handle.  By  turning  this  handle 
the  visitor  causes  to  pass  in  review  before  him 
about  eighty  different  specimens  of  foreign 
plants.  A  natural  fac-simile  of  the  photo- 
graph is  appended  to  each  where  it  has  been 
possible  to  procure  it.  Passing  the  collections 
of  fruits  and  vegetables  we  find  ourselves  un- 
der the  palm  trees,  by  the  banks  of  a  river. 
Following  its  sinuosities,  they  lead  to  a  lake 
filled  with  rare  and  curious  fish,  while  its 
banks  are  bordered  with  plants  of  a  nature 
seldom  seen  in  our  northern  climates.  In  the 
large  lake  previously  mentioned  are  the 
famous  carp  which  were  brought  from  the 
ornamental  water  of  Fi)ntainebleau  by  per- 
mission of  the  Empress.  They  are  of  an 
enormous  size,  and  are  said  to  be  two  or  three 
hundred  years  old.  The  submarine  chamber, 
although  not  strictly  connected  with  our  sub- 
ject, deserves  notice.  It  is  about  60ft.  in 
length,  and  the  first  impressions  created  by 
entermg  it  are  those  of  mingled  astonishment, 
fear,  aud  admiration.  The  sea  is  above,  below, 
on  all  sides  ;  the  fhiny  inhabitants  congregate 
in  myriads  to  gaze  upon  theii-  unknown  visi- 
tors, and  sea-horses  and  dolphins  sport  and 
gambol  above  their  heads.  A  large  oyster- 
bed,  and  marine  plants  of  every  hue  and 
shape,  serve  to  increase  the  illusion.  Near 
the  marine  aquarium  is  the  building  devoted 
to  the  reception  of  Brazilian  orchids ;  an 
elegant  kiosk  for  bouquets  a  la  main  ;  a  hot- 
house fur  large  forced  vegetables ;  and  a 
beautiful  little  crystal  palace,  where,  sur- 
rounded by  the  fruits  and  flowers  indigenous 
to  their  tropical  climate,  the  humming-birds 
pass  the  live-long  day,  flitting  from  one  flower 
to  another  with  never-tirhig  wing. 

Situated  in  the  avenue  parallel  with  I'Ecole 
MiUtaire,  is  the  conservatory  appropriated  to 
the  reproduction  and  growth  of  plants,  and 
which,  of  all  others,  claims  the  first  attention 
of  the  horticidturist.     Let  those  who  are  scep- 


tical on  the  subject  of  rapid  growth  enter  and 
observe  how  the  flower  is  born,  grown,  and 
multiplied,  not  by  a  process  contrary  and 
inimical  to  the  laws  of  nature,  but  by  forcing 
her  to  proceed  at  fuU  gallop,  by  compelling 
her  to  accomplish  her  results  in  the  shortest 
possible  space  of  time.  It  is  not  too  much  to 
assert  that  the  present  is  a  forcing  age,  no  mat- 
ter in  what  light  it  may  be  viewed.  Men  never 
forced  their  brains  to  so  injurious  an  extent  as 
they  do  now.  The  minimum  speed  of  the 
race  of  life  has  changed  from  the  post-horse 
to  the  locomotive,  and  a  man  lives  now  in 
twenty  years  more  than  his  great-grandfather 
did  in  fifty.  It  is  especially  a  fast  age — fast 
for  the  mind,  fast  for  the  body.  We  not  only 
force  ourselves,  but  everybody  and  everything 
connected  with  us.  We  force  all  our  mechani- 
cal means  to  the  utmost,  we  strain  the  steel 
and  stretch  the  iron  until  they  can  bear  it  no 
longer,  and  lamentable  catastrophes  bear  wit- 
ness to  the  truth.  Discovery  and  invention 
were  never  so  rife  as  now,  and  man's  intellec- 
tual facidties  are  ever  on  the  rack  to  keep 
pace  with  the  strides  of  scientific  investigation 
and  research.  To  take  relaxation  and  repose 
is  to  be  idle,  to  lose  time  ;  aud  thus  the  only 
chance  for  a  man  to  attain  to  the  "  three-score 
and  ten  years"  is  destroyed  by  the  restless 
system  of  life  of  the  present  centiuy. 


WATER   SUPPLY   OF    LONDON.* 

IT  is  not  necessary  that  we  should  trace  and 
demonstrate  the  direct  influence  which 
the  water  supply  has  upon  the  physical  and 
moral  health  of  the  inhabitants  of  a  great  city. 
Evidence,  vast  in  extent  and  irresistible  in 
its  force,  has  proved  the  thesis  that  wherever 
water  is  not,  disease  and  \'ice  will  flourish,  and 
the  converse  holds  good.  Those,  therefore, 
who  may  assist  in  solving  the  problem  how  to 
increase  the  water  supply  of  a  town  in  pro- 
portion to  the  wants  of  its  increasing  popula- 
tion "deserve  well  of  the  State,"  and  are 
especially  entitled  to  respectful  consideration 
when  they  briug  to  bear  on  the  subject 
experience  and  scientific  knowledge.  Many 
propositions  ha\-e  been  made  during  the  last 
tew  years  for  supplementing  the  acknowledged 
deficiency  of  tlie  metropolitan  water  supply, 
and  several  of  them  have  from  time  to  time 
received  attention  in  these  pages.  It  is  not 
essential  that  they  shoiUd  now  be  recapitu- 
lated, and  some  of  them  certainly  are  placed 
beyond  the  pale  of  practicability,  Irom  the 
enormous  cost  which  woidd  attend  their  insti- 
tution as  realised  plans.  The  most  recent 
attempt  to  accomplish  the  desideratum — and 
which  certainly  has  some  claims  to  attention — 
is  that  which  is  explained  in  the  pamphlet 
under  notice,  and  of  which  Mr.  Teltbrd 
Macueill,  C.E.,  is  the  author.  This  gentleman 
insists  that  nature  has  so  adapted  the  topo- 
graphical and  geological  position  of  some  of 
the  environs  of  London  to  the  purpose,  as  that 
a  system  of  natural  filtration  of  the  waters  of 
the  Thames  might  readily  and  inexpensively 
be  inaugurated  for  the  abundant  supply  o'f 
the  metropolis.  The  statement  and  the 
deduction  are  alike  bold,  but  they  appear  to 
have  been  based  on  carefuUy  prepared  data. 
The  geological  position  of  London  itself  is 
peculiar,  and  it  may  be  briefly  depicted  before 
proceeding  with  a  further  elucidation  of  Mr. 
MacneiU's  scheme.  Loudon  is  situated  upon 
the  lower  tertiary  formation.  The  upper 
stratum  is  a  tenacious  clay  ;  the  next  is  known 
as  plastic  clay,  and  is  really  composed  of 
argillaceous  deposit  aud  beds  of  sand.  These 
latter  rest  upon  the  clialk,  a  foriuation  vary- 
ing from  300ft.  to  000ft.  in  thickness,  and  not 
lying  horizontally,  but  rising  up  all  round 
like  the  sides  of  a  Ijasin,  and  coming  to  the 
surface  at  the  Surrey  and  ChUtern  Hills. 
The  water  which  falls  upon  and  percolates 
through  the   edges  of   the  porous  chalk    is 

*  "Water  Supply  of  Loudou,  by  51  eans  of  Natural  Fil- 
tration of  tiie  Waters  of  tiie  River  Thames."     13y  Tklpord 
I  M  ^f^^'T:ILL.     London  :   Edward  Stanford,  tJ,  Chcirinir  Cross. 
I  1667. 


arrested  at  the  bottom  of  the  basin  by  a  layer 
of  gault  or  impermeable  clay,  where  it  accu- 
mulates until  the  whole  stratum  becomes 
charged  with  water.  The  rim  of  the  basin  (to 
carry  out  the  simile)  being  higher  than  the 
strata  it  contams,  the  water,  whenever  the 
opportunity  is  given  by  a  sufficiently  deep 
well,  has  a  tendency,  resulting  from  h.\  dro- 
static  pressure,  to  rise  to  its  natural  level 
above  the  surface  of  the  ground.  The  wells 
usually  sunk  within  the  area  of  the  London 
basin  are,  as  a  general  nde,  of  three  classes. 
The  first,  and  most  numerous,  are  shallow, 
and  in  many  instances  yield  a  positively 
poisonous  water,  impregnated  with  the  drain- 
age from  graveyards,  the  soakage  from  cess- 
pools, the  leakage  of  carburet  ted  hydrogen, 
&c.,  by  difl'usion  through  gas  pipes,  and  other 
impurities.  The  second  reach  the  sandy, 
water-bearing  beds  of  the  plastic  clay,  antl 
generally  produce  water  full  of  ferruginous- 
like  contaminations.  The  third  class— and  of 
these  there  are  many  in  London — are  sunk 
into  the  chalk,  and  supply  clear  and  good, 
though  generally  very  hard,  water.  The 
idea  of  obtaining  an  inexhaustible  quantity  of 
water  by  means  of  innumerable  wells  of  the 
last-named  kind  prevailed  very  largely  some 
years  since.  Experiences  of  later  date  have, 
however,  demonstrated  the  fallacy  of  the 
notion,  and  it  is  a  matter  of  notoriety  now 
that  in  a  few  years  hence  that  source  of  sujjply 
must  fan.  At  present,  many  of  the  large 
breweries  of  the  metropolis,  in  spite  of  the 
existence  of  their  artesian  wells,  are  com- 
pelled to  become  customers  of  the  water  com- 
panies; whilst  the  gradual  subsidence  of  the 
water  level  of  the  chalk  springs  involves  con- 
tinual expenditure  in  lowering  pumps,  driv- 
ing adits,  and  remodelling  lii'ting  appli- 
ances. 

Thus,  then,  it  may  be  said  that  London  will 
have  eventually  to  depend  for  its  increased 
supply  of  water  from  rivers  in  its  own  neigh- 
bourhood, or,  water  must  be  brought  into  the 
mighty  city  by  aqueducts  communicating  with 
more  distant  sources.  Mr.  Macueill  argues 
that  there  is  no  necessity  for  travelling  far 
from  home  in  order  to  achieve  what  is  re- 
c[uired.  His  project,  as  described  by  him- 
self, "  contemplates  conducting  to  the  Bagshot 
Sands  (Bagshot  Heath)  and  spreading  over 
them  a  supplemental  quantity  of  the  water  of 
the  Thames — taken  from  an  unobjectionable 
place  and  in  a  jiroper  manner — together  with 
the  water  from  the  Greensand  Hills,  south  of 
Guildford ;  gathering  the  water  again,  by 
means  of  catch-water  canals  or  cuts,  after  its 
perfect  filtration  through  these  purifying 
sands,  and  reconducting  it,  in  a  covered  con- 
duit, to  a  service  reservoir  at  Norwood,  from 
whence  it  may  be  supplied  to  the  centres  of 
distributionof  the  existing  companies."  .  .'  . 
"  Five  years  from  the  present  time  would  be 
sufficient  for  the  completion  of  the  work,  and 
that  would  bring  us  to  the  census  year,  1871." 

By  that  date  Mr.  Macneill  assumes  that  the 
consumption  of  water  in  London  will  have 
reached  250  millions  of  gallons  per  day. 
The  river  companies  have  now  power  to  take 
100  millions  of  gallons  per  day  without  pro- 
viding any  water  compensation  for  the  loss. 
The  abstraction  takes  place  some  miles  above 
Teddington,  and  Mr.  Macneill  suggests  taking 
his  own  supply  from  a  point  immediately 
above  the  weir  at  Teddington,  to  the  foot  of 
which  the  tide  flows.  That  portion  which 
would  be  taken  direct  from  the  Thames 
"  would  be  conveyed  by  an  open  canal  as  far 
as  Chertsey,  a  distance  of  eight  miles.  A 
pumping  station  to  lift  30ft.  woidd  be 
requireil  at  the  west  side  of  Bushy  Park. 
The  conduit  through  the  park  might  be 
covered  if  thought  necessary.  The  water 
woidd  then  be  passed  under  the  Thames  to 
another  pumping  station  one  mile  to  the 
south  of  the  river,  where  a  lift  of  85ft. 
would  take  place,  and  then  would  be  delivered 
through  pipes  into  the  existing  Basingstoke 
Canal,  at  a  level  of  102ft.  above  the  Ordnance 
datum.  The  next  four  miles  of  its  course 
would  be  along  the  Basingstoke  Canal,  which 


JanlTAry  18,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


41 


can,  by  slight  alteration,  be   ruaile  to  convey 
this  water  to  the  Bagshot  Sands." 

Mr.  Macneill  calculates  tliat  by  such  means 
a  daily  sujiply  eijual  to  125  millions  of  gallons 
might  be  obtained.     The  water  to  be  obtained 
from  the  Guildford  districts  the  same  gen- 
tleman estimates  at  50  millions  of  gallons  per 
diem,  and,  owing  to  the  favourable  nature  of 
the   gathering  grounds,   extensive    reservoirs 
■will  not  be   required — as   he  states,  and  ap- 
pears   successfully  to  show.      Both  streams, 
being  at  length  imited  in  the  Basingstoke  Canal, 
are   proposed   to   be   taken  to    the    fdtering 
districts  in  the  following  way  : — "  A  vertical 
lift    of    40ft.    will   deliver    the    water    into 
another  reach   of  the  canal  two  miles  long, 
whence  it  will  be  put  into  the  lowest  dis- 
tributing conduit  on  the   sands  by  a  lift  of 
68ft."     Over  the  Bagshot  district  there  would 
be  three  main  distrilmting   conduits   at   the 
respective   levels  of  360ft.",  300ft.,  and  200ft. 
over  Ordnance   datum,  and  thus  22i  square 
miles  would  be  irrigated.     The  surface  of  this 
vast  filtering  ground  would  be  so  treated  as  to 
ilTiprove   to   the   utmost  the   quality   of  the 
water.    In  the  pamphlet  under  notice  valuable 
appendices    are     subjoined,    containing    the 
results  of  analyses  of  the  Thames  and  Ccreen- 
sand   Hills  waters,  together    with    scientific 
opinions   favourable  to  the    mode   of  filtra- 
tion   as    suggested     by     the     author.       For 
the    conveyance   of  the  water  to    Norwood, 
Mr.  Macneill  proposes  the  construction   of    a 
brick  culvert  ISft.  in  diameter,  with  a  fall  of 
]ft.  per  mile,  and  which  would  be  sufficiently 
capacious  for  tlie  passage   of  400  million  gal- 
lons every  twenty-four  hours.     At  Norwood  a 
reservoir  "  at  the  210ft.   level  "  must  be  con- 
structed, and  from  this  the  water  would  have 
to  be  conducted  to  the  existing  centres  of  sup- 
ply in  the   metropolis,  "  which  would   then 
nave,"  enthusiastically  remarks  Mr.  Macneill, 
"an  unlimited  command  of  water  of  the  pur- 
est   character,    except   in  softness,   ever  pro- 
vided for  any  town  in  the  world."     So  much 
for  the  mode  of  operation  proposed,  and   now 
for  the  cost  of  realising  the  very  comprehen- 
sive plan.     Tliis  is   set  down  in  round  num- 
bers at    £5,000,000   sterling,   supposing  that 
200  millions  of  gallons  per  day  only  were  re- 
quired,   and    au    additional    expenditure   of 
j£l, 700,000  would  be  necessary  to  make   the 
works  yield  400  millions  of  gallons.     Such  are 
the  propositions,   briefly  summarised,  of  the 
ingenious  author  of  the  "Water  Supply  of 
London  by  Natural  Filtration."    That  they 
are  eminently  practical  there  is  no  doubt,  and 
assuredly  they  are  worthy  the  consideration  of 
all  who  take  an  interest  in  the  great  question 
of  obtaining  for  London  an  unfailing  fountain 
whence  may  flow   and  permeate  among   its 
three  or  four   millions  of  inhabitants   piu'e 
streams  of  that  fluid  so  essential  to  the  health 
and  well-being  of  humanity. 

There  wUl,  no  doubt,  be  much  discussion 
during  the  ensuing  session  of  Parliament  upon 
this  and  other  plans  for  siipplying  London 
with  a  largely  increased  quantity  of  water, 
and  in  one  way  or  another  the  work  will 
have  to  be  done.  Many  of  the  principal 
towns  of  this  and  other  countries  are  in  ad- 
vance of  the  metropolis  in  this  respect,  but 
we  have  the  advantage  of  their  example,  and 
may  hope  to  profit  by  their  experience.  Such 
contributions  to  the  subject  of  metropolitan 
water  supply  as  that  of  Mr.  Macneill  are  of 
great  value,  as  directing  public  notice  to  it, 
and  we  recommend  those  who  would  learn 
further  of  his  plans  to  obtain  and  study  the 
pamphlet,  which  is  illustrated  by  a  map  of  the 
various  districts  to  which  we  have  referred. 


THE  GATES  OF  OLD  LONDON. 

IN  earlier  times  the  boundaries  of  "the 
ancient  and  most  famous  cittie  of 
London"  were  limited,  and  a  wall  was  not  at 
first  deemed  necessary  for  its  defence.  It  was 
bounded  on  the  south  by  old  Father  Thames, 
on  the  west  by  the  River  Fleet,  on  the  north 
by  a  deep  morass  in  Moorfields,  and  on  the 


east  liy  a  stream  called  the  River  of  Wells,  now 
Walbrook.      Those  were   the  luitural  I'ortiti- 
cations  of  the  city  at  the  date  of  Ciosar's  first 
visit  to  our  shores  in  the  year  55  B.C.     We 
liave  no  correct  data  as  to  when  London  was 
first  walled  in.     That  tlie  original  wall  and 
gates  were  the  work  of  tlie    Romans  is   un- 
disputed ;  the  exact  period  of  their  erection 
cannot   be    fixed  with   certainty.      Maitland 
assigns  the  building  of  the  wall  to  the  era  of 
Theodosius,  368  A.D.  ;  other  writers  to  that  of 
Helena,  mother  of  Constantino,  about  sixty 
years  earlier;  and  Stow  fixes  ujiou  the  year  434. 
This  of  course  refers  to  the  wall  biult  by  the 
Saxons  ;  of  the  Roman  wall  no  traces  are  to 
be  discovered  above  ground,   and   very   few 
have  been  discovered  underground,  for  it  is 
well  known  that  the  surface  of  the  present 
city  is   several  feet  higher  than  the  Colonia 
Augusta,  or  Londinium  of  the  Romans.     At 
various  periods  of  its  existence  the  wall  met 
with  very  rough  usage.    Thus  in  S3!)  it  was 
completely  demolished,  and  not  rebuilt  until 
forty  years  afterwards  ;  in  the  years  994  and 
1016  it  was  destroyed  by  our  powerful  enemies 
the  Danes.     Accepting  what  would  appear  to 
be  the  most  reliable  account,  the  wall  began 
at   the   Tower,   went  along  the   Minories  to 
Aldgate,    by  the    back    of    Houndsditch   to 
Bishopsgate,  thence  in  a  straight  line  by  Lon- 
don  Wall    to   Cripplegate,    Aldersgate,    and 
Newgate,  thence  to  the  Thames  by  the  River 
Fleet.     It    was   about    20ft.    high    and    Oft. 
thick,  and  defended  by  towers  and  bastions. 
The  circuit  of  the  city  within  the  walls  was 
little  more  than  three  miles,  and  we  are  fur- 
ther informed  by  Fitz-Stephen,  who  wrote  in 
Henry  the  Second's  reign,  that  the  wall  on 
the  north  was  in  the  form  of  a  bow,  aiid  on 
the  south  like  the  string  of  it.     In  the  neigh- 
bourhood  of  the   Minories  the  remains  of  a 
portion  of  the  walls  may  still  be  seen.     The 
original  gates  of  the  city,  of  which  we  have  any 
mention,   were   Ludgate,  Doorgate,   Aldgate, 
and  Aldersgate,  all  purely  Saxon  names.    Four 
were  subsequently  added,  Cripplegate,  Bishops- 
gate,  Moorgate,  and  Newgate.     Besides  these, 
there  were  the  postern  on  Tower  Hill,  and 
the   bridge-gate   at  London  Bridge,   both   of 
which  were  of  great  antiquity.     The  former 
was  erected  shortly  after  the  Conquest,  and  it 
either  fell   down   or  was  taken  down  while 
certain   additions   were   being  made   to    the 
Tower  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VI.,  about  the 
year  1440.     It  was  never  rebuilt,  but  we  are 
told  that  "a  plaine  cottage  of  timber,  lath, 
and    loame,    with    a    narrow    passage"    was 
erected  in  its  stead.     This  also  passed  away 
some  time  after  the  year  1611.     A  woodcut  of 
the  bridge-gate  of  Queen  Elizabeth's  time — a 
strongly  embattled  structure,  abundantly  gar- 
nished with  traitors'  heads — may  be  seen  in 
Vis.scher's  View,  published  in  1579.    Doorgate, 
orthe  Watergate,  answering  tothemodern  Liow- 
gate,  has  left  no  traces  behind  it.     Aldgate 
stood   about   500  yards  to  the   north  of  the 
postern  on  Tower  HiU.     It  is  mentioned  in 
a   charter   of  Edgar,lA.D.   967,   and  was  un- 
doubtetUy  one  of  the  original  and  principal 
gates.     During  the  bitter  war  between  King 
John  and  his  barons,  the  latter  entered   the 
city  through  this  gate,  and  their  leader  after- 
wards  rebuilt  it  in  the  Norman   style,  and 
made  it  a  place  of  great  strength.     In  1606, 
being  then  in  a  very  ruinous  condition,  Aldgate 
was  taken  down  and  restored,  on  which  occa- 
sion a  number  of  Roman  coins  was  discovered 
at   the  foimdation.      Two  of  these  coins  Mr. 
Bond,  the  surveyor,  had   copied  on  a   stone 
tablet,  and  placed   on  the  east  front   of  the 
new     building,    which     also     bore    the    in- 
scription,   "  iSenafus    pnpulsque     Londinensis 
fecit,"  1609  :    Sir   Humphrey   Wild,   Mayor. 
And    the   northern  postern   bore  the   words 
"  This  foot  postern  was  made   at  the  care  and 
charge  of  the  Honoirrable  City  of  London,  in 
the  mayoralty  of  Sir  Anthony  Bateman,  Knt,, 
ANNO  DOM.  1660."   In  1602  one  of  the  quarters 
of  Sir  Thomas  Armstrong,  who  suffered  for  his 
complicity  in  the  Rye  House  Plot,  was  spiked 
on  the  gate  ;  and  m  1694  the  head  of  Sir  John 
Friend  was  similarly  exhibited,  as  a  reward 


for  the  part  which  the  unlucky  brewer-knight 
was  sup]iosed  to  have  taken   in   the  Jacobite 
conspiracy  against  William  111.     Aldgate  re- 
mained until  1760,  when  it  was  sold  by  the  City 
Lands'  ConnnitteetoMr.  r>lagden,awell-knowTi 
carpenter    in  Coleman-street,  for  £177    lOs. 
.Mr.    Blagden,     the     same     year,     purchased 
Cripplegate  for   i,'91,  and  Ludgate   for    £148, 
and  the  following  year  he  contracted  with  the 
Committee  for  the  ground  from  Cripi)legate  to 
Moorgate  for  building  i)urposos.     The  ground, 
1,000ft.  in  length,  brought  £350,  being  at  the 
rate  of  7s.  per  foot.     Such   was   the  value   of 
land  in  the  city  a  century  ago  ;  how  value   it 
now,  except    by   naming  the    most  fabuloua 
sums  ?    A  piece  of  ground  purcha.ied  in  Lom- 
bard-street   recently     cost    over    £2,000,000 
sterling  per  acre,  or  nearly   £70  \>r.r   square 
foot  of  area.  Bishopsgate  was  situated  about  the 
same  distance  north-west  from  Aldgate  as  the 
latter  was  from  the  postern.     The   conjecture 
is  that  Bishopsgate  took  its  name  from  its  foun- 
der, a  bishop  of  London  in  the  eleventh  cen- 
tury, and  old  chroniclers  tell  us  that  Henry  III. 
confirmed  to  the  Hanse  merchants  certain  pri- 
vileges, in  return  for  which  they  were  bound 
to  keep  the  gate  iir  repair,  and  to  defend  it  in 
times  of   danger.      However  this  may  have 
been,  we  read  that  the  City  Corporation  restored 
the  gate  in  1551,  and   in   1731,  when   it  had 
again  become  dilapidated,  theyrebuilt  it.  It  was 
finally  pulled  down  during  the  general  demoli- 
tion in  1761,  and  the  materials  sold.    Moorgate, 
again,  was  550  yards  westward,  of  Bishojisgate, 
and  was  erected  in  1414-15  by  Thomas  Faul- 
coner,  mayor,  who  drained  the  tract  of  ground 
now  called  Moorfields,  then  a  swamp  or  marsh. 
Moorfields  was   for  a   long  the  favourite  place 
of  recreation  with   Londoners,  and  this   gate, 
which  gave  the  jieople  access  to  the  fields,  was 
a  very  stately  structure.     "  Its  arch  was  much 
higher  than   the   other   gates,  and   than    the 
common  rules  of  proportion,  for   the   conve- 
niency    of   the  city  trained   bands  marching 
thro'  it   to  exercise  in  the  fields  with    their 
spikes  erect."     It  had  two  side  posterns  for 
pedestrians,   and  apartments  over  the  main 
archway  for  the  accommodation  of  the  Lord 
Mayor's  carvers.     The  gate  was  sold  in  1761 
for  £166.    Cripplegate  owes  its  name  to  having 
beenthecomuionresort  of  cripples,  wdio  loitered 
about  the   gate  soliciting  alms   of  piassers-by. 
It  spanned  the  old  Roman  military  way  called 
Ermine-street,  which    led   from    London   by 
Hornsey  northward,  and  is  mentioned  as  early 
as  the  year  1070.     It  would  seem  to  have  been 
rebuilt  by  the  brewers  of  London  in  1244,  and 
again,  in  1491,  by  the  executors  of  Edmund 
Shaw,  goldsmith  and  Lord  Mayor,  who  be- 
queathed 400  marks  for  that  purpose.     Crip- 
plegate was  used  as  a  prison  for  common  tres- 
passers,  but   afterwards  became    the    official 
residence  of  the  water  bailift'.    It  was  repaired, 
and  a  new  postern  added,  by  the  Corporation 
in  1033,  rebuilt  after  the  great  fire  in  1666,  and 
finally  done  away  with,  as   already  stated,  in 
1760.     London  chroniclers  are  at  variance  as 
to  the  origin  of  the  word  Aldersgate.     Some 
will  have  it  that  the  founder  of  tlie  gate  was 
one  Aldrich,  a  Saion;  others  say  that  it  took 
its  name  from  a   group  of  elder  trees  which 
at  one  time  flourished  hard  by.     On  the  other 
hand.  Stow,   a  very  trustworthy  authority,  is 
of  opinion  that  the  gate  was  called  Aldergate, 
or  Oldergate,  simply  to  mark  its   antiquity. 
The  last  of  the  gates  of  this  name  was  built 
in  1617.      It  was    a  heavy  Gothic  structure, 
and  a  special  monument  to  James  I.,  who  had 
passed   through   the    old   gate  on  coming  to 
take  possession  of  the  English  throne  fourteen 
years  previously.      On  the  north  front,  over 
the  archway,  it  bore  a  figure  of  the  king   on 
horseback,  and  above,  the  arms  of  England, 
i  Scotland,  and  Ireland,  quartered ;  on  the  same 
side  (east)  was  an  effigy  of  the  jjrophet  Jere- 
miah,  with  the  text,  "  Then   shall  enter  into 
the  gates  of  this  city  kings  and  princes,  sitting 
upon  the  throne  of  David,  riding  in  chariots 
and  on   horses,"  &c.,  Jer.  xvii.,  25.     On    the 
west  a  companion  effigy  of  Samuel,  and  these 
words,  "  Behold,  I  have  hearkened  unto  your 
Toicein  all  that  ye  said  imto  me,  and  have  made 


42 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


January  18,  1867. 


a  king  over  you,"  1  Sam.  xii.,  1.  His  Majesty 
was  also  represented  on  the  soutli  front,  sitting 
in  his  chair  of  state  in  royal  robes.  In  1670 
the  gate  was  repaired,  having  been  much  de- 
faced by  the  great  fire.  It  was  restored  in 
1739,  and  the  circumstance  has  given  us 
some  notion  of  the  state  in  which  one  of  the 
principal  streets  of  London  was  kept,  even 
in  that  late  day.  The  word  "  beautified '' 
having  been  stuck  upon  the  gate  after  its  re- 
storation, the  Lord  Mayor  received  a  letter 
signed  "  Civicus,"  reminding  his  lordship  that 
the  word  "safety"  had  been  forgotten.  The 
writer  stated  tliat  "  a  deep  channel  for  the 
current  of  much  water  being  in  the  middle 
of  the  gateway,  just  where  the  cart-horses 
must  go,  it  had  happened  that  a  horse,  choos- 
ing better  footing  on  one  side  of  the  channel, 
had  unexpectedly  drawn  the  wheel  against 
the  stonework  and  crushed  a  person  to  death." 
"  Civicus  "  therefore  suggested  that  the  chan- 
nel "  should  be  turned  to  one  side,  as  at 
Newgate."  This  was  accordingly  done.  One 
of  the  quarters  of  the  unfortunate  Sir  Thomas 
Armstrong  was  placed  on  Aldersgate,  and  at 
one  period  of  its  existence  the  Common  Crier 
resided  in  it.  The  first  of  the  city  gates 
that  was  pulled  down  to  make  room  for 
modern  improvements  was  Ludgate.  Leland 
discards  the  notion  that  this  gate  was  ori- 
ginally erected  by  King  Lud,  as  Geoffry  of 
Monmouth  says,  about  the  year  of  Christ  66. 
The  name  is  derived,  according  to  Leland, 
from  the  Saxon  word  find,  floete,  or  fleet,  a 
small  water-course,  namely,  the  River  Fleet, 
which  ran  close  to  the  gate.  In  the  year 
1379,  Su'  Nicholas  Brewer  being  Mayor,  the 
Common  Council  ordained  that  all  freemen 
of  the  city  should,  "  for  debt,  trespasses,  ac- 
counts, and  contempts,"  be  imprisoned  in 
Ludgate,  and  thereby  hangs  a  very  pleasanttale, 
with  a  moral  to  it.  One  Stephen  Foster  was 
a  prisoner  here,  and  one  day  being  at  the 
"  begging  grate,"  a  rich  widow,  who  happened 
to  be  passing,  stopped  and  asked  the  unhapjjy 
debtor  what  sum  would  jiurchase  his  release. 
Foster  replied,  £-20,  which  the  compassionate 
widow  paid,  and  afterwards  took  him  into 
her  service.  In  the  language  of  the  penny 
novelist,  "need  the  sequel  be  told  ?"  Stephen 
gained  the  afTection  of  his  benefactress,  and 
married  the  widow.  By  indefatigable  appli- 
cation to  business,  he  acquired  great  wealth, 
and  became  Sir  Stephen  Foster,  Lord  Mayor 
of  London.  Sir  Stephen  was  possessed  of  a 
grateful  heart  and  a  kindly  disposition.  He 
did  not  forget  the  miserable  condition  of  the 
poor  prisoners  in  his  old  quarters  at  Ludgate. 
He  contriljuted  greatly  to  their  comfort  and 
welfare  by  enlarging  the  prison  and  render- 
ing it  more  commodious.  He  also  added  to 
it  a  chapel,  on  the  wall  of  which  was  placed 
a  brass  plate  bearing  this  quaint  inscription : — 

Devout  soula  that  pass  tliia  way 

For  Stephen  Foster,  late  maior,  heartily  pray, 

And  Dame  Agnes,  Lia  spouse,  to  God  conaecr.ite, 

That  for  pity  thishouae  made  for  Londoners  in  Llldgate, 

So  that  for  lodgings  and  water  prisoners  here  nought  pay, 

As  their  keepers  shall  all  answer  at  dreadful  dome3*day. 

These  good  acts  Sir  Stephen  Foster  per- 
formed in  1454,  the  very  year  in  which  he 
was  elected  Lord  Mayor,  and  it  is  gratifying 
to  laiow  that  by  none  was  his  conduct  more 
warmly  applauded  than  by  the  worthy  widow 
who  became  Lady  Foster.  At  Ludgate  ended 
the  rebellion  of  Sir  Thomas  Wyatt  in  1554. 
Having  marched  his  forces  along  the  Strand 
and  Fleet-street  he  found  the  gate  .shut  against 
him  and  strongly  manned.  Wyatt  was  sum- 
moned by  the  herald  to  surrender,  and  he  had 
enough  good  sense  left  to  comply  with  the 
request.  But  he  lost  his  head  all  the  same. 
The  last  gate — that  which  was  pulled  down 
in  1760 — was  erected  in  1586,  and  was  adorned 
on  the  west  front  with  a  statue  of  Queen 
Elizabeth,  and  on  the  east  with  statues  of 
King  Lud  and  his  two  sons.  Newgate  was 
situated  about  a  thousand  feet  north-west  of 
Aldersgate,  and  was  the  newest  or  latest  erected 
of  the  city  gates.  It  was  also  considered 
"  the  fairest  of  all  the  gates."  The  original 
structure  dates  from  the  time  of  Henry  1,  or  of 


Stephen,  and,  as  Liidgate  was  the  prison  for 
civil  trespassers,  this  was  the  gaol  for  crimuial 
offences,  and  had  been  so  used  since  the  reign 
of  King  John.  In  1422  the  executors  of  the 
famous  Dick  Whittington  "re-edified"  New- 
gate in  accordance  with  his  last  will  and 
testament.  It  was  rebuilt  "'  more  stately  than 
ever"  after  the  great  fire.  The  present  New- 
gate prison  of  coiu'se  takes  its  name  from  this 
gate,  which  occupied  a  portion  of  the  site  of 
Dance's  edifice,  begmi  in  1770,  com])leted  in 
1783.  During  the  Lord  George  Gordon  riots 
in  1780,  old  Newgate  had  been  pretty  well  de- 
molished, a  fate  that  entirely  befel  the  King's 
Bench  prison,  to  which  the  rioters  set  fire,  re- 
leasing s  even  hundred  prisoners.  And  so 
passed  away  the  ancient  city  gates.  They  were 
interesting  as  relics,  but  having  served  their 
end  and  purpose  they  were  no  longer  neces- 
sary. They  met  with  imiversal  fate,  and  are 
now  numbered  among  the  things  that  were. 


SOCIETY  OF  ARTS.— PEIZES  TO  ART 
WORKMEN. 

THE  works  sent  in  competition  for  the  prizes 
ottered  this  session  are  placed  in   the  Great 
Room,  for  the  inspection  of  members  and   their 
friends. 
The  following  is  a  catalogue  of  the  works  re- 

C61V6(i  ' 

FIRST  DIVISION. 
Works  to  be  Executdd  from  Prescribed  Designs.* 

1.  Ciirviug   in    Stone.  —  Panel,    after    cbimneyjiiece   by 

Donatello,  by  J.  Daymond,  jnu.,  4,  Edward  street, 
Vauxhall  bridge  road,  S.     Price  £8. 

2.  Ditto,  Gothic  bracket,  by  E.  J.     Price  £5. 

3.  Ditto,  by   John  Edward   Daly,    33,    Medway  street, 

Westminster,  S.  W.     Price  £15, 

4.  Ditto,  by  John,  Barker,  4,  John  street,  Maxlborough 

road,  Chelsea,  S.W.     Price  £12. 
'5.  Flowers   carved   in   Caen  stone,    by  W.   H.  Holmes, 

101,  Dean  street,  Soho,  W. 
*6.  Head,   in  marble,  "'  Ecco   Homo,"  by  J.  P.  F.  Jones, 

4.  Surrey   vLUas,  Nunhead  green,    Peckham   Rye, 

S.E.     Copies  made  for  £5. 
*7.  Basso  relievo,   in  marble,  representing  the  Arts  and 

Sciences,  by  the  above.     Price  wben  finished  £20. 
*S.  Ditto,  in  marble,  by  the  above. 

*9.  Car\'ing  in  Stone. — "  Christ  blessing  little  Children," 
by  H.  Francis,  Reigate  heath,  fturrey. 

*10.  Ditto,  "First  Steps  in  Life,"  by  the  above. 

*11.  Ditto,  specimens  of  letter-cutting  in  stone,  by  the 
above 

•12.  Modelling  in  Plaster. — National  emblems,  arranged 
by  J.  DajTnoud,  jim.,  4,  Edward  street,  Vaxixhall 
bridge  road,  S.     Price  £3. 

*13.  Head  in  Caen  Stone. — "Winter,"  by  T.  Heme,  22' 
Werrington  street,  Oakley  square,  N.  W. 

14.  Carving  in  Wood,  after  design   by  Holbein,  by  T.  E. 

Mayle,  33,  James  street,  Stockwell,  S. 

*14a.  Carving  and  Gilding. — A  Glass  Frame,  designed  and 
carved  by  W.  M.  Holmes,  principal  part  of  the 
flowers  by  Mouatt  (deceased),  gUt  in  double 
mat  and  burnished  by  Messrs.  Buchholtz,  Venning, 
Chowne,  sen.,  Ettershank,  Connor,  and  .iVlleu, 
exliibited  by  J.  H.  Wyatt,  101,  Dean  street,  W. 

15.  Repuusse  Work  in  Metal. — Executed   in  iron,    after 

tiie  jVIartelli  bronze  mirror  case  at  South  Ken- 
sington, by  G.  Page,  39,  Duglas  street,  North- 
ampton-road, Clerkenwell,  EC.     Price  £20. 

16.  Ditto,  by  J.  S.  NichoUs,  4,  Everilda  street,  Heming- 

ford  road,  Islington,  N.     Price  £6. 
16a.  Ditto,  on  silver  cup,  by  X.  Y.  Z.     Price  £30. 
IT.   Ditto,  on  silver,  by  V.  U.     (Unfinished.) 
IS.  Ditto.  "  Raphael's  Three  Graces,"  in  silver,  by  Joseph 

Hakowski,    09,     Frith    street,    Soho  square,  W. 

Price  £20.     Copies  at  £15. 
]8a.  Ditto,  "Thi-ee  Graces,"  in  silver,  by  X.  Y.  Z.  Price 

£12. 

19.  Ditto,    "Three    Graces,"  in    copper,    silvered,   by 

Charles  Yerman,  14,  Gerrard  street,  Islington,  N. 

20.  Ditto,     "Thi'ee   Graces,"  in   copper,    by  Alexander 

Dufour,  36,  Cleveland  street,  Fitzroy  square,  W. 

21.  Ditto,   "Three  Graces,"    in  copper,  by  W.  Holliday, 

14,  Nailour  street,  Islington,  N.     Price  £15. 
■*22.  Ditto,  Portrait  of  the  late  Viscount  Palmerston,  by 

the  above.     (Sold.) 
*23.  Ditto,  Group,  in  copper,  "  Abundance,"  after  J.  Van 

Eycken,  by  Thomas  James   Bowman,    3,  Rheidul 

terrace,  St.  Peter's.  Islington,  N.     Price  £7  lOs. 
*23a.  Ditto,   "Raffle-leafage."     Price  £5. 

24.  Hammered  Work  in   Brass. — Adapted   for  use   as  a 

bracket,  by  W.  Mansfield,  72,  Bishop's  road, 
Camberwell  New  road,  S. 

25.  Ditto,    by   E.  Millward,  35,  Little  Clarendon  street, 

Somer  s  town,  N.W. 

26.  Ditto,  by  Albert   Edward  Millward,  13,   New  Comp- 

ton  street.  Soho,  W. 

27.  Hammered  Work  in  Iron. — Ditto,   by  Alfi-ed  Mill- 

wjird,  35,  Little  Clarendon  street,  Somers  toivn, 
N.W. 

28.  Ditto,  by  G.  H.     Price  £5  lOs. 

29.  Ditto,  by   James  Gwillim,  19,   Sidney  square.    Mile 

End,  E.     Price  £15. 
*30.  Ditto,  by  the  above.     Price  £20. 
30fl.  Panel  for  a  Screen,  by  W.  Letheren,  Lanadown  Iron 

Works,  Cheltenliam. 


'  Those  marked  with  au  asteriflk  (*)  are  not  after  the 
prescribed  designs. 


*31.  Ditto,    by    William    CunlifEe,     St.    Peter's  street, 

Burnley.     Price  £5  5s. 
*32.  Ditto,  Bread-basket,    designed   by  A.  W.  Blomfield. 

Esq.,  architect,  for  East  Sheen  Church  ;  executed 

bv    T.    Winstanley,    7,     Stanbope    street,     Clare 

market,  W.C.     Price  £12. 

33.  Carving  in  Ivory. — Medallion  Portrait  of  Flaxman, 

by  J.  W.   Bentley.   22,  Sherwood  street,   Golden 
square,  W.     Price  £10. 

34.  Chasing  in  Bronze. — Bu»t  of  "Clytie,"  by  Frederick 

Beech,    52,    Great    Colmore  street,    Birmingham. 
Price  £16  16s. 

35.  Ditto,    by     H.   R.    Batchelor,  Jan.,  149,    St.    John 

street  road,  E.C.     Price  £14. 

36.  Ditto,  by  T,  Nichols,  4,  Everilda  street,  Hemingford 

road,  Islington,  N.     Price  £15. 

37.  Ditto,   Ornament,  after  Goutier,  by  B.  Reynolds.  15, 

Oak  village,  Kentish  town,  N.W.     Price  £15. 

38.  Ditto,  Ornament,  after  Goutier,  by  G. 

39.  Ditto,   Ornament,  after  Goutier,  by  H.  J.  Hatfield, 

16,    Alfred  street,    Tottenham  court  road,    W.C. 

Price  £15. 
*40,  Ditto,  Statuette  of  "  Caractacus,"  by  the  above. 
*41.  Ditto,  Group,  "  Jacob  Wrestling  with  the  Angel,"  by 

the  above. 
*42.  Two  Miniatui'e  frames,  raised  and    chased  by  the 

above. 

43.  Engraving  on   metal,  after  arabesques,   by  G.  S.  B. 

Price  £3  lOs. 

44.  Ditto,    by    G.     BeiTy,     31,    Brewer    street,   Golden 

Square,  W.     Price  £4  4s. 

45.  Ditto,  by  William  Rowe,  4,  Larkhall  lane,  Clapham, 

S.     Price  £3. 
*46.  Ditto,  by  GillesM'Kenzie,  Tudor  street,  Sheffield. 
*47.  Ditto,  by  the  above. 
*48.  Ditto,  by  the  above. 
*49.  Ditto,  on  silver  cup,  by  the  above. 

*50.  Enamel  Painting  on  Copper. — "Madonna and  Fish," 
after  Raphael,  by  Frederick  Lowe,  13,  Wilderness 
row,  EC. 

*51.  Ditto,  "Boy  and  Doves,"  after  Raphael,  by  Walter 
J.  W,  Nimn,  lu,  Garduur  street,  Bi-omehead 
street,  Commercial  road,  E.     Price  £6, 


Painting      on     Porcelain, —  "Two      Children,"     in 

Raphael's  cartoon  of  "  Lystra,"  painted  on  a  vase, 

by  Edwin   Saunders,   Messrs.    Battam  and  Sou, 

Gougtt  s  juare,  E.  C. 
Ditto,    '  ■  Two  Children, ' '  painted  on    a  vase,  by  W, 

J.    W.    Nunn,  Messrs.  Battam  and   Son,    Gough 

square,  E.C. 
Ditto,    "Two  Children,"    by  F.    D.   Bradley,  West 

Parade,  Mount  Pleasant,  Stoke  upon  Trent.    Price 

£4  4s. 
Ditto,     "Two    Children,"    by    John    Slater,  Field 

place,  Stoke  upon  Trent.     Price  £3  3s. 
Ditto,    "Two   Children,"    by   William    Slater,  Field 

place.  Stoke  upon  Trent.     Price  £3  lOs. 
Ditto,  "  Two  Cliildren,"  by   William  H.  Slater,  Oak- 

liill  cottages.  Stoke  upon  Trent.     £5  10a. 
Ditto,    ornament,  by   F.    D.    Bnidley,   West    Parade, 

Mount  Pleasant,  Stoke  upon  Ti'ent.     £5  53. 
Ditto,  ornament,  by  Alexander  Fisher,  5,  Clyde  street. 

Stoke  upon  Trent. 
Ditto,  ornament,   plateau   in   blue,   after  design  by 

Maestro  Ludovico,  by  the  above. 
Ditto,  pair  of  door  finger  plates,  majolica  style,  by  Miss 

L.  Leila  Hawkins.     Price  £5  5s. 
*G2  &  63.  Ditto,    Circular  plates,  subjects  from  the  *'  Sig- 

natura  "  ceiling,  by  \V.  P.  Rhodes,  School  of  Arts, 

Stoke  upon  Trent. 

C4.  Decorative  painting.  Ornament,  by  John  Slater,  Field 
place.  Stoke  upon  Trent.     Price  £3  Ss. 

65.  Ditto,  by  ^. 

66.  Ditto,  by  Charles  Pfiinder,  28,  Baybam  street,  Camden 

town,   N.W.     Price  £6  5b. 

67.  Ditto,  after  a  picture  frame  in  the  South  Kensingtun 

Museum,  by  the  above.    Price  £13  lOa. 

CS,  Wall  Mosaics,  after  Bertini,  of  Milan,  by  Samuel 
Cooper,  2,  Waterfurd  terrace  north,  Walham  green, 
W. 

69.  Die  Sinking,  after  Wyon's  *' Head  of  Prince  Consort," 

by  W.  E,  bartelle,  4,  Chichester  place,  Wandsworth 
road,  S.     Price  £15. 

70.  Ditto,  by  J.  W.  Minton,  9,  Royal  Mint,  E.C.    Price 

£20. 

71.  Ditto,  by  Albert  Heness,  3.  Egbert  street,  St.  George's 

road,  N.W.     Price  £10  10s. 

72.  Glass  Blowing.— Exhibited  by  Dr.   Salviati,  431,  Ox- 

ford street,  W.      Produced  by  Marco   Seguao,  of 
Murano. 

73.  Bookbinding. — After  an  Italian  specimen  "  Quintus 

Curtius,",by  John  Jeffrey,  23,  Upper  Maryleboue 

street,  W,     Price  £7 
►74.  Ditto,  Early  Florentine  style.    "  Histoire  de  la   Por- 

celaine,"   by   Louis     Geuth,     30,  Brydges  street, 

Covent  Garden,  W.C.     Price  £35. 
f76.  Ditto,  "CEuvresde  Lorize  Labe,"  by  theabove.    Price 

£SSs. 
►76.  Ditto,     case   specimen   of  mosaic,    by   the    above. 

Price  £10  10s. 

77.  Illuminations. — Specimen  by  Charles    Pfander,   2S, 

Bayham     street,    Camden  town,    N.  W.     Price 
±5  lOs. 

78.  Ditto,  by  Miss  Mary  R.  David,  4,   Anderson  street, 

Chelsea,  S.W.     Price  £5  os. 


SECOND  DIVISION. 

Works  to  be  Executed  without  Prescribed  Designs. 

Wood  Carving. — (a.)  Human  figure  in  the  round,  in  alto  or 
inbas-relief  .Ajiimals  or  natural  foliage  may  be  used 
as  accessories. 

79.  '•  Egeria,"  by  J.  W.  Gould.  33,  Bayham-place,  Camdeu 
town,  N.W.     Price  £15. 

50.  *'  Cynthia,  by  the  above.     Price  £lO. 

51.  "Autumn,"  Female   head  in  satin  wood,  by  G.  F, 

Bridge,  3,  Vincent  square,  S.W.     Price  £5  lOs. 
82.  A  Finial  carved  in  oak,  by  R.  Davison,  28,  Winchester 
street,  South  Beltiavia,  S.W. 


January  18,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


43 


83.  Original  Group  in  walnut.  "  Wallace  at  the  Battle  of 
Stirling,"  by  John  Lucas,  82,  Long  Acre,  W.C. 
Price  £31  lOs. 

'  (b.)  Animal  orstill  life.    Fruit,  flowers,  or  natural  foliage 
m^iy  bo  used  as  accc^s.sorles. 

54.  "  XJog's  Head,"  by  K.  Dujardin,  iO,  CamberwcU  grove, 

S.    Price  £2. 

(c.)  Xatural  foliage,  fruit,  or  flowers,  or  conventional  oruar 
ineut,  ill  wliich  grote.st|ue  ligures  or  animal:*  may  form 
accessories,  preference  being  given  where  tlie  work  is  of 
au  appl'od  character  fur  ordinary  decorative  purpoatw, 
as  representing  commercial  value. 

55.  Panel,  '*  Binl and  Flowers,"  by  F.  Dujardin,4G,  Cam- 

berwell  grove,  S.     Price  iilO. 
SG.  Panel  in  Lime  Wood,  by  J.  S.  Booth,  19,  Maiden  road, 

Kentish  Town,  N.W.     Price  i;iO  10s. 
87.  Chemera  Truss   Leg,  by   R.    Baker,  Messrs.  IloUaud 

and  Sous,  Gilliugham  street,  Pimlico,  S.W. 
Sii.  Vase  of  Flowers  and  Conventional  Bracket,  by  G.  II. 

Bull,  IG,  Miilmau  mews,  Millman  sireot,  W.C. 

Priw  £23. 


89  &   90.  Design  for  Damask  Table   Linen,    by  Miss  A. 

Kemp,    27,    Hereford    square,    Brompton,    fci.W. 

Price  of  No.  $0,  15s..  No.  90,  lOs. 
9L  Design  for  a  book  Cover,    by  Miss  Mary   R.    David. 

Price  jEI  lOs. 
92  &  93.  Designs  for  Damask  Table  Linen,  by  the  above. 

Price  lOs.  each. 
94  &  95.  Works  in  Oil,  by  Charles  Maibeu,  -10,  West  HiU 

street,  Brighton. 


Works  Executed  and  Finished  by  Machine. 

ExMbited  by   Charles  J.  Hill,  6,  Albany  street.  Regent's 

Park,  N.W.  :— 
96 — 93.  Three  Groups  in  Ivor}-.     Price  £15.  "^ 
99.  "  Head  of  H.  M.    the    Queen,"  in   Ivory,      Price 

100.  "  Greek  Head  "  in  Steel.     Price  £S. 

101.  Ditto,  in  malachite.     Price  £5. 

102.  Case  with  Two  Proofs  from  Engravings   on  Steel  for 

Surface   Printing,    and   iwi>    "Medusa's   Heads." 
Engravings  and  dies  in  hand.    Price  £4  each. 


D01IE3XIC  PIRES. 

IT  is  not  ea^y  to  overrate  the  importance  of 
what  is  now  looked  upon  as  "  the  great  coal 
question."  •  Whether  oar  supply  of  coals  will  be 
Butficient  for  the  coming  centuries,  or  whether 
England  will  by-aud-bye  be  beaten  in  the  race  of 
nations,  either  for  the  want  of  coals  or  from 
the  difficulty  of  getting  at  them,  we  will  not  now 
consider.  We,  however,  welcome  any  suggestion 
wliich  may  tend  in  any  way  to  preserve  our  national 
wealth,  and  therefore  have  pleasure  in  giving  cur- 
rency to  the  useful  hint  given  by  Mr.  Recorder 
Warren  to  the  people  of  Hull.  In  a  letter  to  the 
Mayor  of  th^t  town,  dated  the  Gthinst.,  he  says: — 
'■  Wishing  you  and  all  the  town  and  corporation  a 
happy  and  prosperous  new  year,  and  many  of 
them,  I  cannot  leave  for  town  without  ottering  a 
practical  suggestion  to  yourself  and  every  house- 
holder in  Hull,  which  may  at  least  show  my  good- 
will. On  that  suggestion  I  have  profitably  acted 
for  seven  years,  and  it  relates  to  coal.  Do  you 
wish  to  have  the  fall  benefit — that  is,  without 
waste^-of  every  ounce  of  coal  you  pay  for ;  to  save 
nearly  one-third  of  your  ordinary  consumption  ;  to 
have  a  fire  lit  in  the  morning,  which,  with  a  little 
care,  will  last  nearly  the  whole  of  the  day,  with 
possibly  a  single  replenishing,  and  so  save  trouble 
as  well  as  coal,  and  have  warmth  equally  distribu- 
ted through  your  apartment,  great  or  small  ? — then 
attend  to  the  following  practical  suggestion,  upon 
which  I  have  acted  at  home  with  complete  success, 
for,  as  I  have  said,  seven  years,  and  have,  with  a 
like  result,  recommended  to  very  many  friends. 
The  suggestion  is  not  my  own ;  I  met  with  it 
seven  years  ago  in  a  Loudon  journal.  Ordinary 
fire-grates  have  open  bars  at  the  bottom,  the  re- 
sult of  which,  of  course,  is  to  place  the  coal  be- 
tween the  two  draughts,  one  from  below  and  the 
other  from  above,  up  the  chimney,  and  ensure  two 
things,  rapid  consumption  and  diminished  heat  in 
the  apartment.  When  I  arrived  at  my  hotel  last 
Wednesday  afternoon — a  bitter  cold  day — I  found 
a  large  fire,  which  was  twice  replenished  before  I 
went  to  bed.  The  coal  was  excellent,  but  I  could 
scarcely  get  warm.  I  prevailed  on  my  worthy 
landlord  to  try  my  experiment  on  my  fire-grate 
here.  He  has  done  so,  and  with  what  resiUt  { Ask 
him.  But  I  will  tell  you  that  to-day  my  fire  was 
made  up  at  ten  a.m.  It  is  now  five  p.m.  I  have 
enjoyed,  and  am  enjoying,  a  most  comfortable 
warmth,  without  having  to  sit  within  a  yard  of 
the  fire.  Not  an  ounce  of  additional  coal  has  been 
placed  on  it,  nothing  having  been  required  but 
now  and  then,  at  long  intervals,  a  poke  from  be- 
'  neath  and  a  pressing  down  from  above.  Now, 
how  is  this  brought  about  ?  I  will  tell  you.  Send 
for  an  ironmonger  or  blacksmith,  and  order  him  to 
take  the  measure  of  the  bottom  of  your  grate  and 
make  you  a  sheet-iron  plate  of  about  the  l-6th  of 
an  inch  in  thickness,  or  even  less,   which,  if  your 


grate  be  large,  will  cost  you  2s.  Simply  lay  thi.s 
on  the  bottom  of  the  grate,  then  let  yoiir  servant 
lay  and  light  your  fire  as  usual.  It  will  soon  burn  up, 
but  you  must  keep  pretty  open  the  lowest  bar,  so 
as  to  secure  a  slight  draught.  When  the  fire  has 
begun  to  burn,  poke  it  gently  from  beneath,  and 
the  flame  will  gradually  get  through  the  entire 
mass  of  coal,  the  iron  plate  beneath  gets  red  hot, 
and  so  keeps  up  a  constant  combustion,  at  the 
same  time  dispersing  the  heat  through  the  room, 
instead  of  its  being  sent  up  the  chimney,  thus  en- 
tirely consuming  the  coal,  instead  of  filling  the 
hearth  with  ashes.  In  my  own  house  I  tried  the 
experiment  for  a  week  in  the  breakfast^ruom,  then 
in  the  dining-room,  then  in  the  kitchen,  with 
uniform  and  complete  success ;  and  then  I  had 
the  sheet  iron  plate  put  into  every  fireplace — and 
there  are  many  throughout  the  house — with  equal 
success.  So  I  do  with  the  fireplace  in  my  official 
residence.  When  the  fire  is  once  made  up,  say 
about  tena.m.,  for  the  day,  an  occasional  poke,  and 
possibly  a  single  replenishment,  suffices  for  the 
day.  In  my  own  case,  and  also  at  my  hotel  here, 
where  three  scuttles  were  required,  one  now  suf- 
fices." 


NEW  YORK  UNDERGROUND. 

1     CORRESPONDENT  of  an  American  paper 
ix    writes  : — -Several  years  ago,  a  Uttle   German 
Jew,  named  Schwartz,  believing  that  in  the  sewers 
of  New  York  might  be  found  many   articles  of 
value  which  had  been  lost,  entered  them,  and  for 
three  days  wandered  through  the  labyrinth.      He 
was  very  successful,  picking  up  some  27,000  dol- 
lars' worth  of  jewellery,  spoons,  forks,   &c. ;  but 
having  lost  his  way  the  first  day,  he  beUeved  that 
he  might  have  found  much  more  could  he  have 
carried  out  the  original  plan,  which  was  to  visit 
Fifth  and  Madison  Avenues,  Broadway,  and  the 
wealthy  portions  of  the  city.      So  great,  however, 
were  the  difficulties  and  dangers  which  he  encoun- 
tered that  nothing  could  induce  him  again  to  visit 
"New  York  underground."     His   adventure   for 
a  time  created  quite  a  little  sensation,  but  there 
were  none  venturous  enough  to  attempt  a  second 
until  Wednesday   of   last  week,  when  an  adven- 
turous party  of  three  entered  the  sewer  of  Hous- 
ton-street, at  the  ferry  on  East  River,  intending  to 
remain  one  week,  during  which  time  they  proposed 
visiting   every  portion  of   the   city   where  there 
seemed  to   be   any   chance    of    finding   treasure 
trove.       The   party   consisted   of    Mary  Walker, 
a  young  girl  of  18,  her  brother  James,  aged  16, 
and   Michael   Grady,   an   old  man   of   about  50. 
Miss  Walker,  some  months  ago,  in  an  old  paper 
wrapped  around  a  parcel  which  she  was  taking 
home  from    a  "slop-shop,"    saw   an  account   of 
Schwartz's  undertaking,  and  resolved  to  imitate  it. 
Maps  were  obtained,  and  the  city  studied  carefully. 
Each   day's   work  for  herself,   her  brother,  and 
Grady,  who  was  formerly  in  her  father's  employ, 
was  carefully   marked   out.       Every  preparation 
which  limited  knowledge    could  prepare  for  was 
made,   and   the   adventurers  started.     Each  day 
they  rendezvoused  several  times  in  the  chambers 
at  the  street  corners.     On  Sunday  they  had  filled 
all  the   bags  they  had  taken  with  them,  some  fif- 
teen in  number,  and  Miss  Walker  returned.  James 
AValker  and  Grady  continued  their  search,  empty- 
ing  six  of  their  bags  at  the  corner  of  Tweuty- 
second-street  and  Fifth  Avenue.      On  Wednesday 
morning,  at  a  very  early  hour,  and  before  people 
were  stirring.  Miss  Walker  was  at  the  place  with  a 
waggon.        On   removing  the   iron   plate    which 
at  each  street  corner  leads  into  a  smaU  chamber 
connecting  with  the  sewer,  she  found  her  brother, 
but  not  Grady.    .He  had  started  off  on  another 
trip,   although   the   six  bags  had    been   filled   in 
Madison  Avenue.     The  loose  treasiu-e  was  placed 
in  extra  bags,  and  the  whole  driven  to  a  Broad- 
way jeweller's.     The    rest  were   taken  from  the 
place  on  Thursday  morning.     A  watch  was  set  for 
Grady,  but  up  to  this  time  of  writing  nothing  has 
been  heard  from  him,  and  it  is  feared  that  he  has 
perished.      The    result   of    the    week's   search  is 
rouglily  estimated  at  1,500,000  dollars.    I  saw  the 
treasures  yesterday,  piled  in  three  heaps  on  the 
floor,  and  the  jeweller  informed  me  that  it  must 
have   cost   over  3,000,000  dollars,    but   in  conse- 
quence of  the  old  fashioned  style  of  setting,  its 
bruised,   battered,    and   con-oded    condition,    its 
value  was  reduced  to  about  one-half.       A  Uttle 
over   a    bushel    (how   queer   it  sounds    to    talk 
of  jewellery  by  the  bushel !)  has  been  sorted,  and 
among  it  has  been  found  one  diamond  ring  valued 
at  16,000  dollars,  two  more  valued  at  5,000  dollars, 
and  half    a   dozen   valued   at   3,000    dollars  and 
upwards.     The  most  curious  is  a  plain  gold  ring, 


inscribed  on  the  inside,  in  Dutch,  "  Peter  Stuyve- 
sant  to  wife."  It  is  an  heirloom  of  the  Stuyve- 
sants,  and  was  stolen,  with  other  jewellery,  last 
March,  by  burglars.  How  it  came  into  the  sewer 
is  a  problem  for  philosophers  to  speculate  .about. 
Miss  Walker  and  her  brother,  who  find  themselves 
thus  lifted  suddenly  from  penury  to  great  wealth, 
intend  to  proceed  to  England,  where  they  have 
relatives.  This  adventure  is  talked  of  everywhere, 
and  already  there  are  others  preparing  to  follow 
in  their  footsteps. 


A  TEA  PARTY  AND  A  TESTIMONIAL. 

ON  the  evening  of  Friday,  the  11th  inst.,  a 
trade  union  meeting  of  a  somewhat  remark- 
able character,  if  taken  in  connection  with  the 
general  attitude  assumed  between  masters  and 
men  in  the  building  trade,  took  place  at  Crown 
Works,  the  new  and  extensive  premises  of  Mr. 
William  Higgs,  the  well-known  builder  of  the  Me- 
tropohtau  Tabernacle,  the  Guards'  Barracks, 
Chelsea,  &c.  At  six  o'clock  the  whole  of  the  work- 
people of  Mr.  Higgs,  with  their  wives  and  families, 
sat  down  in  the  large  joiners'  shop  (which  was 
tastefully  decorated  for  the  occasion)  to  a  hearty 
and  substantial  tea,  provided  at  the  expense  of 
their  employer.  The  meeting  was  one  of  the 
merriest  of  its  kind,  men,  women,  and  children 
enjoying  the  excellent  cheer  and  the  roaring  fun 
that  a  lot  of  workpeople  at  home  in  their  own 
workshop  are  sure  to  create  upon  such  an  occasion 
as  this.  Strong  expressions  of  satisfaction  and 
pleasure  beamed  on  the  countenances  of  everyone, 
whilst  Mr.  Higgs  went  about  the  place  seeing  that 
all  the  folk  enjoyed  themselves.  There  were 
about  600  men,  women,  and  children  present. 
After  tea  the  company  adjourned  to  the  other 
wing  of  the  shop,  which  had  been  fitted  up  as  a 
lecture-hall.  Amongst  the  gentlemen  on  the  plat- 
form were  William  Higgs,  Caleb  Higgs,  George 
Higg.9,  Joseph  East  (Mayor  of  Kingston-on-Thames), 
G.  Charlton,  W.  Cheshire,  T.  Gluey,  W.  Olney,  and 
C.  Blackshaw,  Esqs.,  and  the  Revs.  C.  H.  Spur- 
geon  and  Frank  White.  The  interesting  ceremony 
of  presenting  a  testimonial  to  Mr.  Higgs,  as  a 
mark  of  respect  and  esteem  from  his  clerks  and 
foremen,  was  the  first  proceeding  of  the  evening. 
The  testimonial  (which  was  one  of  Benson's  best 
timepieces)  was  a  beautiful  black  marble  pedestal, 
inlaid  with  malachite  panels,  surmounted  by  an 
urn  hung  with  festoons  of  gilt  flowers,  and  bear- 
ing the  simple  inscription,  "  Presented  to  William 
Higgs,  Esq.,  by  his  emploiics ;  11th  January, 
1867."  Amidst  loud  applause  Mr.  Higgs  thanked 
his  people  for  this  token  of  their  respect  (which 
had  been  kept  secret  from  him  until  the  moment 
of  presentation),  and  trusted  that  meetings  such 
as  these  would  strengthen  the  bonds  of  union  be- 
twsen  employers  and  employed,  assuring  them 
that  in  everything  that  laid  in  his  power  he  should 
be  only  too  glad  to  conduce  to  their  happiness. 
The  enthusiastic  applause  that  followed  showed 
that  there  was  a  bond  of  union  between  master 
and  men,  far  difl'erent  and  much  stronger  than  any 
trade  compact,  viz.,  the  bond  of  sympathy.  He 
has  already  given  them  most  substantial  proofs  of 
his  care  for  them,  having,  amongst  other  things, 
gone  to  some  considerable  expense  in  fitting  a 
large  and  comfortable  dining-room  on  the  pre- 
mises. Mr.  Spurgeon  afterwards  delivered  his 
famous  lecture,  "  Sermons  in  Candles."  Unani- 
mous votes  of  thanks  were  passed  to  Mr.  Spur- 
geon and  to  Mr.  Higgs,  and  the  highly  delightsd 
meeting  broke  uj). 


STAMFORD  CHURCH  EMBELLISHMENT. 

THE  decorative  painting  in  the  chancel  of  St. 
John's  Church,  Stamford,  is  now  completed. 
The  colouring  of  the  roof  is  a  restoration,  all  the 
old  work  being  accurately  reproduced.  Though 
little  of  it  was  visible  before,  yet,  when  the 
scaffolding  was  erected,  it  was  not  difficult  to  make 
out  the  whole  of  the  work  on  the  timbers  and 
carved  figures.  All  the  principals  and  tracery  are 
grounded  vellum  colour,  the  pattern  work  and 
picking  out  being  principally  chocolate,  black  and 
red.  A  very  quaint  cinquefoil  in  red,  with  gold 
centre,  is  frequently  introduced.  The  carved 
bosses  are  gilded,  also  the  coronae  of  the  angels  and 
the  emblematic  shields  they  hold.  The  panels  of 
the  roof  are  a  blue,  which  has  the  peculiarity  of 
lighting  up  well,  and  showing  its  blue  colour  as 
well  by  artificial  light  aa  by  day.  This  efl'ect  is 
produced  by  some  peculiar  preparation  of  the 
ground  colour.  Upon  the  panels  is  a  powderinc 
of  stars,  a  very  large   one  being  in  the  ceutrs  el 


44 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


January  18,  1867. 


each.  The  wall  abuve  the  altar  is  painted  as  a 
teredos  in  three  compartments.  That  in  the  centre 
contains  a  large  gilt  cross  on  a  richly  diapered 
ground,  with  an  Agnus  Dei  on  a  medallion  at  the 
intersection  of  the  arms  of  the  cross.  This  is 
divided  from  the  side  panels  by  passion  flower  or- 
nament, lu  the  outer  panels  are  four  demi-figures 
of  angels  bearing  inscribed  scrolls.  These  are  on 
gold  grounds,  and  have  gilt  coronce  and  jewelled 
clasps.  The  wall  below  these  figures  is  diapered 
all  round  the  chancel  with  a  very  eflective  block 
diaper,  on  a  dull  red  ground,  in  black,  white,  green, 
and  buff.  The  walls  above,  to  the  height  of  eight 
feet,  are  painted  dull  red  with  white  lines,  one 
inch  broad,  and  about  six  inches  apart,  at  an  angle 
of  60  deg.  Upon  these  lines  are  black  pellets,  and 
the  spaces  between  are  filled  with  a  sprig  of  haw- 
thorn in  green,  and  rosettes  in  white  and  buff  al- 
ternately. 

The  upper  part  of  walls  to  the  cornice  is  divided 
into  three  spaces  and  filled  with  diaper  work  of 
different  patterns,  separated  by  bold  and  effective 
borders.  The  pattern  that  intersects  the  points  of 
the  arches  is  particularly  good,  being  a  sort  of 
brick  pattern,  in  white,  on  a  dark  olive  ground. 
The  white  squares  bear  a  red  quatrefoil,  and  the 
dark  spaces,  herring-bone  work,  in  fine  lines  of 
russet  colour.  The  moulded  arches  to  the  north 
and  south  chapels  stand  out  from  this  work  with 
very  fine  effect.  The  space  under  the  window,  on 
the  north  side,  is  divided  into  three  panels.  The 
centre  one  contains  a  medallion  of  St.  John  the 
Baptist,  girt  with  a  camel's  hair  girdle.  The  side 
panels  are  filled  "with  geometrical  devices.  The 
splays  to  east  window  have  a  vine  scroll  on  the 
sides  and  square  panelling  on  the  soffit.  The  splays 
to  side  windows  are  very  successfully  treated,  with 
an  arrangement  of  lines  forming  enriched  panel 
work  of  alternate  squares  and  diamonds.  The 
elegantly  moulded  arches  are  carefully  and  judi- 
ciously coloured,  and,  though  all  the  patterns  differ, 
all  are  equally  good.  The  artist  is  Mr.  J.  C.  Lea, 
Lutterworth,  who  has  recently  decorated  the  in. 
terior  of  St.  Michael's  Church,  Stamford. 


THF  NEW  COURTS  OF  JUSTICE. 

WE  are  authoritatively  informed  that  when  the 
article  on  the  designs  for  the  New  Courts 
of  Justice  which  appeared  in  one  of  the  daily 
papers,  and  will  be  found  in  another  part  of  the 
Building  New.s,  was  penned,  none  of  the  drawings 
were  hung,  and  a  large  part  of  them  were  un- 
packed. It  will  be  seen  that  the  article  referred 
to  is  so  expressed  as  to  imply  that  it  was  written 
after  an  inspection  of  the  exhibition.  AVe  are  in- 
formed that  the  delay  in  exhibiting  the  drawings 
arises  from"!  the  necessity  of  multiplying  all  the 
floor  plans  by  photozincography,  their  intricacy, 
and  the  number  of  persons  whose  minute  exami- 
nation of  them  is  necessary,  being  such  as  to  com- 
pel this  course.  At  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Exhi- 
bition Committee  a  series  of  resolutions  were  come 
to  as  regards  the  opening  and  management  of  the 
exhibition.  It  was  resolved  that  the  exhibition 
shall  open  on  Friday,  February  8,  and  that  and  the 
following  day  shall  be  reserved  for  a  private  view 
by  members  of  Government,  peers,  members  of  the 
House  of  Commons,  judges  of  superior  courts, 
foreign  ambassadors,  and  other  distinguished  per- 
sons. After  the  first  two  days  the  exhibition  will 
be  open  for  four  weeks,  that  is,  to  Saturday, 
March  9.  On  Mondays,  Tuesdays,  and  Wednes- 
days, the  Commissioners  and  their  officers,  mem- 
bers of  the  law,  architects,  and  artists  will  be  ad- 
mitted, Thursdays  being  set  apart  to  the  public. 
Admission  ou  these  four  days  will  be  by 
card,  to  be  obtained  at  the  office  of  the  commis- 
sion, 33,  Lincoln's  Inn-fields.  Fridays  are  to  be 
reserved  for  the  special  work  of  the  commission, 
and  Saturdays  to  members  of  the  Government, 
&c.,  as  on  the  first  two  days.  The  invitations  to 
the  private  views  on  these  d.iys  will  be  under 
the  direction  of  the  Board  of  Works.  The 
hours  of  admittance  will  be  from  eleven  a.m. 
to  four  p.m.  daily.  The  following  noble- 
men and  gentlemen  form  the  Exhibition 
Committee  : — The  Kight  Hon.  the  Lord  Chan- 
cellor (chairman),  the  Right  Hon.  the  First  Com- 
missioner of  Works,  Hugh  C.  E.  Childers,  Esq., 
M.P.,  J.  C.  Lawrence,  Esq.  (Alderman),  the  Pre- 
sident  of  the  Law  Society  (A.  Bell,  Esq.),  W.  H. 
Walton,  Esq.,  H.  A.  Hunt,  Esq.,  J.  Greenwood 
Esq.,  Q.C.,  R.  P.  Amphlett,  Esq.,  Q.C. 


IMPROVED  COMBINATION  TOOL. 

THE  term  "  Yankee  notions  "  has  been  applied 
to  many  simple  but  very  effective  devices, 
designed  to  lighten  labour  and  conduce  to  the 
comfort  of  the  race.  These  "notions"  are  often 
valuable.     The     engraving   herewith   pre- 


very 


sented  shows  one  of  these  handy  combination 
implements,  simple  in  construction,  cheap  in 
price,  and  effective  in  operation.  It  is  a  com- 
bination of  hammer,  pincers,  nail-drawer,  tongs, 
and  hooks,  and  can  be  applied  to  varied  uses 
about  the  house.  The  jaws  A  are  intended 
to  pull  tacks  and  nails,  to  grasp  covers  of  stoves, 
handle  cooking  utensils,  &c.  The  hammer  B  is 
lor  driving  tacks,  and  the  hooks  C  for  lifting  pots, 
kettles,  sad-irons,  and  otlicr  household  appli- 
ances. The  working  part  is  of  iron,  and  the 
handle  of  wood.  It  was  patented  through  the 
Scientific  American  Patent  Agency,  and  is  manu- 
factured by  Messrs.  J.  C.  Longshore  and  Bro- 
ther, Mansfield,  Ohio. 


ST.  GEORGE'S  CHURCH,  TUPNELL  PARK, 
HOLLOWAY. 

THE  church,  as  illustrated  on  another  page,  is 
beiug  erected  from  the  designs  of  Mr. 
George  Truefitt,  .architect,  of  5,  Bloomsbury- 
square.  We  are  glad  to  lay  it  before  our  readers 
because  it  is  so  entirely  different  to  the  many 
churches  erected,  and  which  are  all  so  very  much 
alike.  The  difficulty  the  architect  had  to  deal 
with  was  to  get  the  building  at  all  on  such  a  sharp 
triangular  piece  of  ground,  but  the  way  he  has 
done  it  shows  he  does  not  beUeve  that  a  church 
must  of  necessity  be  of  the  usual  nave,  aisle,  and 
chancel  type,  about  which  there  is  perhaps  really 
no  design  whatever.  In  this  church  the  interior 
effect  has  been  principally  thought  of,  and  as  a 
building  partaking  of  the  circular  plan  always 
looks  externally  smaller  than  it  really  is,  so  the  in- 
terior, which  in  this  case  is  very  spacious,  sur- 
prises all  who  enter,  as  it  seems  so  much  larger 
than  it  ajipears  from  the  outside  view.  There  will 
be  sittings  for  1,020  adults,  without  galleries,  the 
cost  £5,400,  being  without  the  tower  and  spire, 
which  it  is  hoped  the  heir  to  the  estate  will  build 
when  he  comes  of  age.  The  site  is  presented  by 
the  Tufnell  Park  estate,  the  subscriptions  coming 
principally  from  the  seatholders  of  the  temporary 
church,  but,  as  only  about  half  of  the  money  has 
been  collected,  the  building  is  now  stopped  for 
want  of  funds.  The  indef,atig.able  treasurers  are 
at  work,  however,  and  hope  to  see  the  building 
finished  before  long.  At  present  the  roofs  are  all 
on  and  slated.  The  materials  are  Kentish  rag  and 
Bath  dressings  ;  the  columns,  of  cast-iron,  ten 
inches  in  diameter.  The  roofs,  which  are  open, 
are  .ill  rough  from  the  saw,  without  stain  or  var- 
nish, and  are  boarded  and  tongued  with  iron.  The 
pewing  will  be  varnished,  the  seats  being  all  open. 
The  chancel  and  passages  will  be  all  laid  with 
cement  or  concrete,  ready  for  future  tiles.  The 
walls,  as  at  present  .arranged,  will  be  plastered  to 
a  height  of  six  feet  only,  leaving  the  rest  to  be 
done  at  a  future  time — in  fact,  everything  is  being 
carried  out  with  regard  to  economy,  as  far  as  the 
fittings  and  finishings  are  concerned,  so  that  the 
architect's  original  estimate  of  £5,400  may  not  be 
exceeded.  The  builders  are  Messrs.  Carter  and 
Sons,  of  Hornsey-road. 

We  are  sorry  to  say  that  we  did  not  receive 
drawings  of  section  and  plan  of  church  in  time  to 
get  them  engraved  for  this  week.  They  will,  how- 
ever, appear  in  our  next  issue. 


SKETCHES   OP    VENETIAN    ARCHITEC 
TURE. 

tASA   DI    PARVOLINELLI. 

THIS  palace  (as  nearly  every  house  in  Venice  is 
so  called)  is  situated  on  the  Grand  Canal, 
nearly  opposite  to  the  celebrated  Church  of  Sta. 
Maria  della  Salute,  and  not  far  from  the  Palace 
Contarini  Fasan,  whose  rich  balconies  do  not  fail 
to  arrest  the  eye  as  the  traveller  passes  along  the 
great  highway  of  Venice.  It  appears  to  have  been 
built  in  the  fifteenth  century,  and  it  seems  probable 


that  it  was  erected  soon  after  the  Palace  Contarini 
Fasan,  since  it  closely  resembles  it  in  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  openings.  This  Casa  di  ParvoUnelli 
exhibits  the  usual  characteristics  of  the  Venetian 
type  on  a  small  scale,  though  with  less  richness  of 
detaU  than  is  generally  met  with.  Here  is  the 
spacious  water-gate,  with  small  openings  on  either 
side  ;  above  is  the  elegant  arcade  (the  original  bal- 
conies no  longer  existing),  and  here,  on  the  third 
story,  is  the  large  blank  space  invariably  found  in 
Venetian  palaces.  The  name  ParvoUnelli  is  that  of 
the  present  owner. 

CAMPANILE  BT  AMAEIA  DEI  FRARI. 

The  beautifid  apse  of  the  Church  of  Sta.  Maria 
Gloriosa  del  Frari  is  no  doubt  familiar  to  tho 
readers  of  the  Building  News,  as  some  time 
ago  an  engraving  of  it  appeared  in  these  pages. 
The  campanile  does  not  present  any  remarkable 
speciality  of  design,  but  is  interesting  as  being  the 
oldest  part  of  the  church  ;  an  inscription  on  a 
stone  at  its  base  bears  the  date  1361.  The  refine- 
ment and  purity  of  detail  of  the  campanile  will 
enable  it  to  bear  comparison  with  the  lofty  Re- 
naissance one  of  St.  Mark's  without  suffering  by 
such  comparison.  There  is  scarcely  any  pecu- 
liarity  of  situation  to  lend  a  charm  to  the  simple 
campanile  of  the  Frari  Church,  unless  it  be 
its  severity  of  form,  which  contrasts  reproachfully 
with  the  wayward  curves  of  the  gable  to  the  west 
front  (not  shown  in  the  sketch),  and  yet  taken  by 
itself  it  exhibits  a  be.auty  which  that  of  St.  Mark's 
by  itself  does  not  possess. 

Henkt  Jarvis,  Jun. 


THE  SMALLPOX— DIRT  AND  NEGLECT. 

FROM  th~E  last  monthly  report  of  the  parish  of 
Marylebone,  we  learn  that  smallpox  has 
recently  made  considerable  progress  in  that 
parish.  How  this  disease  is  intimately  associated 
with  dirt  and  bad  sanitary  arrangements,  and  .also 
with  the  neglect  of  vaccination,  may  be  gathered 
from  Mr.  Lightfoot,  the  temporary  inspector. 
That  gentleman  says  :  — "  Having  been  re- 
quested by  you  to  furnish  a  report  of  the 
sanitary  condition  of  the  houses  in  which  per- 
sons are  suffering  from  smallpox,  I  beg  to  sub- 
mit the  following  for  your  information  : — 
'  Many  of  the  houses  are  in  a  very  filthy  condition, 
.and  overcrowded.  W.alls  and  ceilings  dirty  ;  drains 
untrapped ;  pavements  broken  in  washhouses, 
yards,  and  areas,  holding  stagnant  water,  and 
smelling  very  badly ;  closets  dilapidated  and  with- 
out a  supply  of  water ;  butts  and  cisterns  that  re- 
quire cleansing  and  covers  ;  dustbins  full  of  vege- 
table and  other  refuse,  in  a  putrid  st;vte.  In 
houses  of  this  class  the  disease  spreads  rapidly  ; 
and  I  have  observed  in  rooms  only  large  enough 
for  three  persons — but  where  seven,  eight,  and  as 
m<any  as  nine  are  crowded — two  and  sometimes 
three  cases  of  smallpox  in  each  room.  I  have  ex- 
perienced great  difficulty  in  persuading  persons 
sutt'ering  from  the  disease  to  go  into  the  hospital ; 
and  where  children  are  in  question,  the  parents 
positively  refuse  to  part  with  them.  The  greatest 
number  of  these  houses  did  not  undergo  s.anitary 
improvement  during  the  house-to-house  inspec- 
tion, being  situated  in  streets  that  were  not  visited. 
Those  in  Manning-street,  Manning-place,  and 
Suffolk-place,  are,  with  regard  to  rooms,  in  the 
same  du-ty  condition  as  when  I  first  visited  them, 
my  term  of  office  having  expired  before  I  could 
get  the  orders  completed.  I  have  carried  out  the 
measures  authorised  by  you  for  arresting  the  pro- 
gress of  the  disease,  by  placing  in  every  room  in 
each  house  a  vessel  containing  chloride  of  lime, 
moistened  with  diluted  sulphuric  acid,  and  have 
used  carbolic  acid  to  drains,  closets,  and  damp  cel- 
lars ;  and,  as  far  as  practicable,  have  disinfected 
clothes  and  bedding.  I  have  also  set  free  a  plenti- 
ful supply  of  chlorine  in  the  Iron  Hospital,  and 
have  left  there  also  a  quantity  of  carbolic  acid  for 
disinfecting  purposes.  I  may  add  that  I  have  in- 
spected thirty-eight  houses  in  which  cases  of 
smallpox  have  occurred,  and  in  those  houses  alone 
I  have  found  twenty-nine  children  that  have  not 
been  vaccinated." 


Cab  Pares. — On  the  evening  of  Wednesd.ay. 
the  6th  February,  Mr.  Henry  Cole,  C.B.,  will 
introduce  the  following  subject  at  a  meeting  of 
the  Society  of  Arts: — "  On  the  existing  legal  regu- 
lations in  reference  to  the  Cab  Fares  in  the  Metro- 
polls,  and  their  effect  in  rendering  the  Vehicles 
inferior  to  those  provided  in  other  European 
Capitals  and  the  large  Mimicipal  Towns  of  this 
Country.' 


The  Building  News.  Jan'  18'''  1867 


Cpa  i)i  IVivokiudkLi  yknm 


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January  18,  I8b7. 


THE   BUILDING   NEWS. 


49 


IMPROVED  DWELLINCxS  FOR  THE 
POOR. 

THE  adjourned   discussion   on   Mr.  Kerr's 
paper  for  providing  better  accommoda- 
tion for  the  poor  took  place  on. Monday,  at  the 
Institute.      Mr.   Kerr's  one-room  theory  did 
not  fare  better  in  the  hands  of  the  gentleiuen 
wlio   spoke  than  on   tlie  preceding   occasion. 
In  fact,  Mr.  Kerr  must,  by  this  time,  be  con- 
vinced that,  liowever  much  the  poor  may  be 
compelled  to     live    in    single    rooms,    they 
do   so  from   necessity  and  not  from  choice. 
But   even   if    they  did  so   from  choice,  that 
would  be  no  reason  to  encourage  them  in  such 
a  coui-se.     By  all  means  provide  single  rooms 
for  single  men,  for  single  women,  or  for  mar- 
ried  couples   without   children ;    but   by  no 
means  provide  large  rooms   capable  of  con- 
taining three  beds  for  families  of  sis  or  seven 
persons.      We   are  sorry  that  only  an  hour 
could,  be  devoted  to  the  discussion  on  Monday 
evening.     Certainly  when  there  were  so  many 
speakers  present  who  were  capable  of  offering 
valuable  observations  on  the  question,  and  so 
much  of  the  evening  was  taken  up  in  mis- 
cellaneous  Institute  business,  that  the  time 
for  the  discussion  might  have  been  protracted 
for  a  short  time,   and  more  particularly   as 
Mr.  Kerr  decided  to  put  his  observations  in 
reply  on  paper,  and  send  them  in  as  a  con- 
tribution, instead  of  giving  a  speech.     At  aU 
events  the  Council  of  the  Institute  must  see 
the  importance  of  the  question,  and  if  they 
would  appoint  an  early  day  for  another  dis- 
cussion, or  encourage  some  competent  person 
to  read,  another  paper  on  it,  they  would  do 

welL 

♦ 

PARIS  EXHIBITION.— ARCHITEC- 
TURAL COMMITTEE. 

MR.  CHARLES  FORSTER  HAYWARD, 
"the  honorary  secretary  of  this  com- 
mittee, has  just  issued  a  circular  stating  that 
space  having  been  promised  to  the  committee 
for  the  ptirpose  of  exhibiting  architectural 
photographs,  he  should  feel  obliged  if  he  be 
informed,  at  the  earliest  convenience,  of  the 
titles  and  sizes  of  any  photographs  the  pro- 
prietors of  which  may  like  to  be  sent  to  Paris. 
The  committee  wiU  only  select  the  best  ex- 
amples, and  no  excessive  margins  can  be 
allowed.  The  space  for  photographs  has  only 
been  just  granted,  and  as  the  Fine  Art  Court  is 
now  adjoining  the  Art  Manufactures  Court,  and 
the  photographs  wiUbehung  between,  thegene- 
ral  group  of  architectural  objects  illustrating 
the  art  and  science  in  conjunction  is  so  far  satis- 
factory. The  time  for  sending  in  the  photo- 
graphs to  South  Kensington  is  from  the  21st 
to  the  2Sth  inst.  They  will  be  sent  to  Paris 
with  the  pictures  in  Group  I.  without  any  ex- 
•  pense  to  the  contributors.  AU  communi- 
cations are  to  be  addressed  to  G.  B.  Wood, 
Esq.,  assistant  honorary  secretary,  9,  Conduit- 
street,  W. 


THE   DESIGNS   FOR  THE  NEW 
NATIONAL   GALLERY. 

IN  the  last  nmnber  of  the  Bcildisg  New.s, 
an  intimation  was  given  that  the  merits 
of  the  ten  competitive  designs  were  not  such 
as  to  require  a  second  notice,  but  the  exhibi- 
tion has  evoked  so  much  criticism  that  many 
of  our  readers  may  desire  a  short  synopsis  of 
what  mav  be  called  "the  opinions  of  the 
Press,"  which  ^iU  be  found  to  coincide  in  a 
marked  manner  with  those  we  have  already 
expressed,  added  to  which,  it  seems  reasonable 
that  a  further  notice  of  all  art  matters  should 
be  expected  than  will  be  found  in  an  ordinary 
periodical.  Far  from  being  captious  or  hyper- 
critical, if  we  followed  the  promptings  of  our 
feelings,  that  which  could  not  conscientiously 
be  praised  would  be  pas.sod  over  in  silence. 
We  have,  however,  seen  no  reason  to  modify, 
still  less  to  alter,  our  pre\'iously  expressed 
opinions,  and  if  the  present  remarks  should 
pain  any,  it  must  not  be  forgotten  that, 
whereas  only    ten  persons   are  directly   in- 


terested in  the  competition,  thrice  that  number 
of  millions,  roundly  speaking,  for  many  gene- 
rations, are  concerned  that  the  National 
Gallery  should  be  the  best  that  the  wealth 
and  talent  of  England  can  ]>rovidc  for  its 
greatest  city.  It  must  not  be  understood  that 
excuses  are  made  for  the  line  we  have  taken, 
or  are  about  to  take.  The  only  lino  we  have 
ever  taken,  and  we  hope  to  be  preserved  from 
ever  taking  any  other,  is  the  straight  line  of 
impartial,  though  perhayis  unusually  free, 
criticism.  In  pursuing  this  course  we  cannot 
fail  occasionally  to  run  counter  to  some  gene- 
rally received  opinions,  but  if  nothing  is  ex- 
tenuated, nought  is  set  down  in  malice. 

Design  No.  1,  by  Mr.  Owen  Jones,  does  not 
on  further  acquaintance  remove  the  impression 
of  want  of  permanent  character  which  a  first 
view  suggested.  It  has  more  the  character  of 
a  continental  Kursaal,  or  Biarritz  pavilion,  than 
a  national  gallery  in  the  cent  re  of  a  great  metro- 
polis. Of'Mr.  Jones's  design  the  Times  thus 
speaks  : — 

Mr.  Owen  Jones,  for  examplo,  has  sent  in  a  de- 
sign, on  which  he  has  bestowed  all  his  groat  skill. 
He  has  produced  a  standard  work  called  the  '  Gram- 
mar of  Ornament,"  and  his  name  is  associated  with 
a  system  of  decoration  which,  if  not  original,  is  at 
least  nncomraon.  We  approach  his  design,  there- 
fore, with  the  confidence  that  it  will  be  infinitely 
more  picturesque  than  the  old  edifice.  He  is  so 
confident  of  this  himself  that  he  has  ventured  on  a 
comparison  which  no  other  competitor  has  chosen 
to  invite.  He  has  had  a  photographic  copy  made  of 
his  design  for  a  national  gallery,  and  of  the  pictorial 
effect  which  he  imagines  it  would  have  when  erected 
in  Trafalgar  square.  From  precisely  the  same 
point  of  view  in  the  square,  and  on  precisely  the 
same  scale,  he  has  had  a  photograph  taken  of  the 
existing  gallery.  And  he  has  framed  the  two  photo- 
graphs side  by  site,  so  that  we  may  compare  one 
with  the  other.  We  must  say  candidly  that  the 
existing  gallery  does  not  sufi'er  in  the  comparison. 
Judging  by  the  photographs,  we  cannot  help  asking, 
why  should  we  pull  down  the  old  building  of  Wil- 
kins  to  make  way  for  the  new  one  of  Mr.  Owen 
Jones  ?  Still  more,  why  should  we  pull  it  down 
when  we  can  improve  it  as  Mr.  Cockerell  suggests  ? 

We  have  carefully  compared  the  two  views, 
and  entirely  agree  with  the  remarks  ;  indeed, 
the  want  of  scale  causes  Mr.  Jones's  building, 
though  absolutely  considerably  higher,  to  ap- 
pear actually  smaller  than  the  existing  gallery. 
For  all  we  see  to  the  contrary  it  might  not  be 
more  than  300ft.  long.  The  Athenmon  remarks 
that  "  Mr.  Jones  sends  a  very  pleasing  and 
elaborate  design,  that  in  its  appearance  suggests 
the  Venetian-Renaissance  of  the  sixteentli 
century,  and  marked  by  much  of  its  elegance," 
but  after  a  brief  description  the  reviewer  ap- 
pears to  come  to  the  conclusion  that 

On  the  whole,  although  the  conventional  elegance  of 
this  work  must  be  admitted,  there  is  nothing  in  its 
exterior  either  striking  for  itself  or  proper  to  a 
picture  gallery.  Reduced  in  scale,  it  would  do 
equally  well  for  a  mansion  or  bank  as  tor  a  purpose 
where  the  long-stretching  galleries  of  the  interior 
should  not  fail  to  be  externally  indicated.  So  far  as 
architectural  beanty  goes,  we  should  gain  as  much 
by  removing  the  domes  from  the  present  ga.lery. 
and  retaining  its  better  features,  as  by  building  a 
new  one  after  Mr.  0.  Jones's  designs. 
This  is  "  danming  with  faint  praise,"  Init 
it  contains  a  fair  simimary  of  the  faiilts 
which  disqualify  it  for  a  national  gallery. 

Design  No.  2,  by  Mr.  C.  Brodrick,  is  thus 
commented  on  by  the  Times  : — 


We  are  to  imagine  a  facade  that  suggests  the  ap- 
pearance of  a  great  square  building  defended  on  all 
sides  by  a  countless  regiment  of  pillars  and  pilasterf. 
On  the  top  of  this  great  square  is  placed  a  Greek 
temple,  also  surrounded  by  a  vast  regiment  of 
pillars.  The  effect  in  Mr.  Brodrick'a  drawing  is  suf- 
ficiently imposing  ;  but  it  looks  as  if  in  snch  a  build- 
ing there  must  be  a  prodigious  waste  of  room,  and 
we  fancy  that  when  the  eye  of  the  Londoner  be- 
comes accustomed  to  such  an  army  of  pillars,  with 
all  the  little  urns  atop  of  them  on  the  sky-line,  it 
would  begin  to  hold  them  cheap  and  to  make  miith 
of  them  We  should  begin  to  count  the  pillars;  we 
should  all  count  them  wrong ;  there  would  be  a 
wordy  war  in  consequence;  we  should  have  weary 
arithmetical  calculations  to  show  who  is  right ;  and 
at  length  the  interminable  pillars  of  the  National 
Gallery  would  be  given  up  in  despair  as  the  sand  ot 
the  sea  and  as  the  leaves  of  the  forest. 
This  is  almost  precisely  what  we  said  of  the 
design  in  our  last  number,  and  now  add  that 


the  defect  is  imme;isurably  increased  by  the 
fact  that  the  columns  are  set  at  least  one 
diameter  too  close  together.  In  Mr.  ]\Iurray's 
design,  where  a  number  of  columns  are  used, 
this  fault  is  avoiiled.  The  AlhencBum  mixes 
inaise  aii<l  censure  in  a  rather  amusing  man- 
ner. The  extracts  are  from  the  commence- 
ment, middle,  and  conclusion  of  the  review. 

It  would  be  hard  to  find  a  better  or  more  care- 
fully considered  plan.  He  proposes  to  include  and 
adapt  almost  the  whole  of  the  existing  buildiugs, 
and,  in  design  no.  3,  for  the  gallery  floor,  .  .  . 
an  apse,  as  before,  is  provided,  but  with  arrange- 
ments that  are  much  superior  to  those  of  Mr.  O. 
Jones.  The  exterior  of  this  design  is  at  once  ad- 
mirable  and  objectionable  ;  it  reminds  us  of  some  of 
the  better  qualities  of  Soanr's  finer  designs— is 
dignified,  but  eminently  unfitted  to  the  nquire- 
meuts  of  our  climite,  and  painfully  recalls  the  sooty 
fate  of  all  buildings  which  depend  for  architectural 
dignity  on  ranges  of  great  columns,  recessed  frouts, 
pediments,  and  large  quantities  of    statuary.     .     . 

.  .  The  ranges  of  columns  are  grand  in  them- 
selves; their  disposition,  especially  in  the  recesses 
of  the  south  front,  is  excellent ;  also,  the  decoration 
of  the  wall-spaces  with  friezes  and  pilasters,  and 
the  cornice.  On  the  other  hand,  the  peripteral 
second  story  is  an  absurdity  ;  a  temple  raised  on 
the  roof  of  another  is  destructive  here,  and  un- 
desirable anywhere.  Mr.  Murray  has  recourse  to 
a  similar  device,  but  in  a  less  unfortunate  manner 
than  Mr  Brodrick's.  It  would  be  well  to  refine 
some  of  the  parapet  decorations  in  this  design,  or 
to  remove  them ;  the  cost  of  statuary  and  b.as- 
reliefs  would  be  very  great.  Much  space  is  lost  by 
the  colonnades. 

This  is  as  neat  an  example  of  blowing  hot 
and  cold  as  we  ever  remember  to  have  encoun- 
tered. 

No.  3  (Mr.  Street).— This;  plan  is  very  good, 
particularly  in  the  arraugement  of  corridor, 
giving  access  to  a  large  number  of  small  rooms 
for  cabinet  pictures.  The  great  galleries  of 
Europe  are  similarly  furnished  with  accom- 
modation for  pictures  which  would  be  lost  in 
a  wide  or  lofty  hall.  The  Times  gives  a  very 
brief  notice  of  Mr.  Street's  design  :— 

If  we  understand  them  rightly  his  plans  for  the 
arrangement  of  the  National  Gallery,  in  so  far  as 
these  relate  to  convenience,  will  commend  them- 
selves to  the  common  sense  of  his  readers,  and  they 
accord  with  the  practical  experience  of  our  chief 
authorities  in  the  management  of  picture  galleries. 
Also  we  must  say  for  Mr.  Street  that  his  design  is  in 
parts  well  conceived.  But  there  can  be  little  doubt 
that  in  the  mass  it  will  disappoint  even  the  admirers 
of  Gothic  architecture.  The  roof  of  his  building  is 
like  the  roof  of  a  barn.  It  is  a  straight  line  from  end 
to  end,  broken  in  '.ha  middle  by  a  dome.  The  ro.if 
we  have  compared  to  that  of  a  barn ;  it  is  stdl  mora 
like  that  of  a  workman's  shed,  or  the  long  monoto- 
nous roof  of  one  of  the  huts  at  Aldershot  str  etched 
out  beyond  all  conscience.  But  no  doubt  Mr.  Street 
can  easily  correct  this  ugliness,  unless  he  is  too  strict 
in  his  notions  of  Gothic. 

The  AthewBum  devotes  nearly  a  column  to 
Mr.  Street's  design  ;  we  can  give  but  very 
brief  extracts  : — 

It  is  impossible  not  to  admire  the  courage  of  Mr. 
Street  in  furnishing  a  purely  Gothic  design  for  a 
building  to  which  that  style  is  popularly  believed 
inapplicable.  The  candid  student  will  profit  by 
reading  the  vigorous  apology  this  architect  has  at- 
tached  to  that  eminently  beautiful  and  original 
work,  which,  whether  judged  by  its  own  standard  or 
that  common  here,  is  surely  the  most  interesting  of 
the  collection. 

This  is  perfectly  true,  but  we  cannot  help 
feeling  that  pubUc  opinion  will  be  an  echo 
of  the  review  in  the  Globe  of  the  luth,  which 
says  :— 

The  metropolitan  character  of  a  National  Gallery, 


situate  in  one  of  the  most  important  sites  in  Eng- 
land required  a  very  different  treatment ;  and  be- 
cause he  has  not  recognised  this  peculiarity  of  his 
task,  Mr.  Street  has,  in  our  opinion,  entirely  failed 
to  produce  a  suitable  design,  or  even  to  prove  that 
a  Gothic  picture  gallery  is  desirable. 

Design  No.  4  (Mr.  Cockerell).— The  plan  is 
good,  but  the  elevations  are  not.  His  al- 
ternative elevation  is  m  some  respects  better, 
and  in  others  worse.  The  pavilions  at  ends 
swamp  the  central  composition.  The  arcade 
without  capitals  or  imposts  naturally  wants 
character,  and  the  whole  exterior  is  an 
agglomerated  copy  of  iudifl'erent  Roman 
examples.  Mr.  Cockerell  can  do  very  weU  on 
ordinary  occasions,  but  on  the  present  he  Has 


50 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


Janqaey  18,  1867. 


taken  his  ndmii'ers  by  surprise.  After  men- 
tioning that  Mr.  Cockerel!  had  sent  in  two 
designs,  each  of  which  is  an  adaption  of  the 
old  building,  the  Times  remarks  : — 

That  lie  has  given  all  bis  heart  to  the  work  of  im- 
proving upon  the  prerent  edifice.  He  has  certainly 
done  wonders  witli  it  in  both  his  designs,  and  we 
should  imagine  that  unless  something  particularly 
good  can  be  devised  for  a  new  building,  the  judges 
will  be  very  loath  to  reject  Mr.  Cockerell's  propo. 
sals.  He  has  made  the  most  of  the  building  as  it 
stands,  and  the  public  will  be  inclined  to  let  it 
stand  thus  improved,  if  in  any  new  design  they  do 
not  find  a  marked  superiority. 

The  Athmaum  takes  very  much  our  own 
view  of  the  merits  of  Mr.  Cockerell's  eleva- 
tions : — 

We  consider  the  designs  of  Messrs.  F.  Cockerell 
and  P.  Penrose  undesirable  for  lack  of  character, 
to  say  nothing  of  the  oddly-shaped  rooms  of  the 
latter. 

No.  5  (Mr.  J.Murray). — By  inconsiderable  alte- 
rations in  the  fagade  of  the  existing  edifice,  Mr. 
Murray  produces  a  very  fair  result.  The  Times, 
after  alluding  to  the  difficulties  of  remodelling 
the  National  Gallery,  says  that  Mr.  E.  Barry, 
Mr.  D.  Wyatt,  and  Mr.  J.  Murray  have  each 
given  a  remodelled  view.  "  They  seem  to 
have  worked  in  the  spirit  of  those  who  make 
the  best  of  a  bad  business,  and  to  have  re- 
served their  labour  of  love  for  the  new  designs 
they  had  in  hand."  We  prefer  Mr.  J.  Jlur- 
ray's  adaptation  to  any  de.sign  in  the  exhibi- 
tion, excepting  his  own,  for  an  entii-ely  new 
building,  and  may  add  that,  judging  from  the 
remarks  of  the  visitors,  tliis  opinion  seemed  to 
be  held  b}'  many.  To  these  designs  the 
Athenceum  refers  : — 

Mr  Murray  sends  two  designs,  one  of  which  is 
Greek,  with  Corinthian  columns  and  pilasters,  and 
a  super-imposed  temple  by  way  of  second  story,  a 
pediment  of  false  constructional  character  on  the 
west  front  ;  the  last  is  intended  to  be  seen  from  a 
new  street  in  that  quarter.  On  other  grounds  this 
design  is  not  without  grandeur  and  grace  :  it  is  to 
be  preferred  to  its  fellow,  that  illustrates  the  worst 
Roman  mode  in  chamfered  stone  courses,  detestable 
rustications,  and  those  hideous  pillars  which  put 
one  in  mind  of  tea-chests  and  Cheshire  cheeses 
placed  one  on  the  top  of  the  other  ;  bearded  masks 
decorate  the  keystones  of  the  window  openings  on 
the  lower  tier;  commonplaces  of  this  sort  ought 
not  to  be  tolerated  in  a  new  public  building. 

Mr.  Murray  can  afi'ord  to  smile  at  tlie  flip- 
pancy which  calls  rustication  "detestable," 
and  for  the  "  tea-chests  and  cheeses,  and 
masks,"  perhaps  he  has  seen  them  at  Somerset 
House.  Flippant  criticism  is  seldom  sound  ; 
it  is  always  a  safer  course  if  one  happens  not 
to  know  anything  about  a  matter  to  say  no- 
tliing.  We  regret  that  we  have  not  space  to 
describe  this  design  at  length.  It  has  all  the 
merits  of  Mr.  Brodrick's  with  few  of  its  faults, 
and  with  the  exception  of  introducing  horses 
as  a  decoration  on  the  parapet,  and  relying  too 
much  on  the  little  Grecian  temple  on  the  top 
story,   the  design  is  excellent. 

Design  No.  (i  (Mr.  E.  M.  Barry).— This  is  in 
many  respects  a  fine  design,  but  the  defects  it 
exhibits  in  eveiy  case  neutralise  its  merits. 
Striking  at  first,  the  more  it  is  examined  the 
less  will  it  be  foimd  to  please.  Apart  from 
the  tmdesii-ability  of  rivalling  St.  Paul's,  it 
has  no  outward  appearance  of  being  a  gallery, 
or,  indeed,  anything  else.  The  Times  alludes 
to  the  design  thus  ; — 

There  is  enough  of  Greek  detail  in  Mr.  Edward 
Barry's  design  to  make  us  speak  of  it  next.  It  is  ex- 
ceedingly able — one  of  the  most  scholarly  in  the 
gallery  ;  and  again  and  again,  while  we  stood  before 
it,  we  heard  persons  pronounce  upon  it  as  the  best 
of  all.  "That's  the  design  for  me,"  they  said.  It 
is  not  difficult  to  see  what  it  was  in  this  design  that 
attracted  so  many  of  the  spectators.  Londoners  are 
accustomed  to  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  and  the  mass  of 
them  regard  it  as  the  chief  glory  of  Knglish  archi- 
tecture. Now,  Mr.  Edward  Barry's  design  is  an 
adaptation  of  the  leading  ideas  of  St.  Paul's  to  a 
Becular  building,  with  a  very  broad  facade.  Therein 
lies  the  strength  and  the  weakness  of  his  design.  We 
see  in  it  the  dome,  the  arrangement  of  pillars,  the 
statues  on  the  sky-line,  and  the  general  effect  with 
which  we  are  familiar.  So  the  design  touches  the 
popular  standard  of  excellence,  and  goes  to  the 
popular  heart.  On  the  other  hand,  the  metropolitan 
cathedral  ia  so  unique  that  it  may  ba    doubted 


whether  we  can  tolerate  another  piece  of  architec- 
ture in  London  that  will  suggest  a  resemblance  to 
it.  We  are  far  from  accusing  Mr.  Edward  Barry  of 
a  slavish  imitation  of  Wren.  Every  architect  is 
more  or  less  of  an  imitateT,  must  work  in  a  parti- 
cular style,  and  Mr.  Barry  has  shown  a  vigour  in  his 
design  which  deserves  all  praise.  But  the  fact  re- 
mains that  some  things  may  be  imitated  and  others 
not.  The  finest  buildings  in  Pall-mall  are  imita- 
tions of  various  Italian  edifices.  An  architect  may 
imitate  a  Grnek  temple,  and  no  one  will  quarrel 
with  him.  But  we  must  repeat  our  doubt  that 
Englishmen  would  like  to  see  in  Trafalgar-square  an 
imitation,  however  free,  ol  St.  Paul's. 

We  have  only  space  to  add  that  the  Atlienceum 
contams  a  notice  of  about  the  same  length, 
and  even  more  complimentary. 

Design  No.  7  (Mr.  Penrose). — There  is  a 
certain  amount  of  picturesqueness  in  this 
design,  but  it  is  only  suitable  to  a  provincial 
capital  in  Spain  or  Italy.  The  p)lan  is  simply 
extraordinary. 

Design  No.  8  (Mr.  G.  Somers  Clarke).— To 
.say  that  this  design  was  a  huge  heap  of  three- 
storied  littleness,  with  telescope  towers  at- 
tached, would  not  be  an  inapt  description. 
The  dome  springs  from  a  square,  and  such  a 
composition  would  never  form  good  outline. 
In  the  perspective  considerable  changes  have 
been  made,  but  the  weak  places  are  iU-cou- 
cealed.  In  fact,  the  perspective  is  not  to  be 
relied  on.  The  alternative  Gothic  view  groups 
rOitliGr  ucttpr 

Design  No.  9  (Mr.  M.  Digby  Wyatt).— This 
design  has  no  central  feature,  and  relies  for 
distinction  on  a  cupola  at  each  end,  or  rather 
on  three  cupolas,  one  at  one  end  and  two  at 
the  other.  These  will  seldom  group  in  an 
endurable  manner,  and  from  many  points  of 
view  will  be  bewildering  and  ruinous  to  the 
efl'ect.  The  alternative  design  is  a  very  arti- 
ficially contrived  structure,  having  a  funny 
little  Grecian  temple  atop,  supported  by  cary- 
atides of  some  size.  In  other  respects  the 
facade  is  little  changed  and  less  improved. 
One  of  the  perspectives  is  of  unusual  tone, 
appearing  to  have  been  executed  during  the 
prevalence  of  a  dense  fog.  Though  we  do 
not  consider  Mr.  Wyatt  has  done  himself 
justice  in  this  design,  of  his  ability  there  is 
no  question  whatever.  The  Times  gives  a  long 
notice  ; — 

Italian  designs  are  contributed  by  Mr.  Digby 
Wyatt,  Messrs.  Banks  and  Barry,  Mr,  G.  Somers 
Clarke,  Mr.  James  Murray,  and,  wo  may  add,  by 
ilr.  Penrose,  though  his  design  is  more  French  than 
Italian.  Of  these  we  have  no  ditticulty  in  giving 
the  first  place  to  Mr.  Wyatt,  whose  drawings  have 
bpen  prepared  with  extraordinary  care,  and  show 
great  spirit  and  invention.  What  first  of  all  strikes 
the  eye  in  the  appearance  of  the  facade  are  seven 
great  arches  on  the  second  story,  and  occupying 
nearly  the  whole  frontage  of  this  story.  At  first 
sight  we  imagine  these  archways  to  be  intended  for 
windows  j  but  we  soon  see  that  we  are  mistaken. 
Then  we  fancy  that  these  great  arches  must  be  the 
magnificent  supports  of  a  grand  covered  balcony  or 
Verandah,  and  that  the  windows  are  behind.  But  no 
such  thing.  These  arches  are  simply  the  arches  of 
deep  recesses  or  alcoves,  and  in  the  back  of  each 
alcove  there  is  nothing  but  a  statue.  We  are  puzzled 
to  know  what  the  architect  can  mean  by  what 
seems  at  first  to  be  only  a  most  elaborate  and  expen- 
sive ornamentation.  The  meaning  is  this.  He  be- 
lieves only  in  top  lighting.  His  upper  story  is 
lighted  from  the  roof,  and  there  accordingly  ail  is 
natur.il  and  well.  But  how  light  the  ground-floor 
without  windows  ?  He  has  cut  these  deep  alcoves 
into  the  upper  story,  which  seem  to  be  useless 
alcoves,  and  nothing  more,  or  useful  only  as  enor- 
mous niches  for  far  withdrawn,  timid  statuary. 
But,  in  reality,  the  floor  of  the  alcove  becomes  a 
skylight  of  theground  floor.  This  is  exceedingly  in- 
genious. Mr.  Wyatt's  designs  are,  perhaps,  the 
most  original  and  also  the  mott  showy  in  the 
gallery ;  whether  they  are  the  best  is  quite  another 
question. 

Last  on  the  list.  No.  It)  is  the  design  of 
Messrs.  Banlvs  and  Barry.  It  ia  not  lofty,  nor 
is  it  imposing ;  but  ixom  its  propriety,  or 
perhaps  practicability,  it  stands  a  better 
chance  of  being  built  than  many  of  its  more 
pretentious  neighbours.  The  Alhenceum, 
which  can  have  nothing  if  not  magnificent, 
says  ; — "  Messrs.  Banks  and  Barry  have  an 
ineffective  exterior  for  their  work  ;  large  wall- 
space  within,  and  superior  internal  arrange- 
ments; we  fancy  the  pruicipal  galleries  are 


lighted  at  too  great  an  elevation  from  the 
floor." 

A  good  deal  of  this  is  true.  The  lower 
story  is  not  quite  satisfactory,  and  the  pa- 
vilions are  squat,  but  there  is  considerable 
merit  about  the  design.  We  should  call  it 
correct  rather  than  bold,  quiet  rather  than, 
imposing. 

In  summing  up,  the  Times  says :  "  Upon 
the  whole  we  are  not  enthusiastic  about  these 
designs.  They  all  contain  good,  and  some 
admirable  work,  but  we  doubt  if  any  wiU 
quite  satisfy  the  public  expectation,  and  we 
are  sure  that  the  judges  will  be  not  a  little 
puzzled  to  know  which  to  recommend  for 
adoption." 

In  these  remarks  we  cordially  agree,  and 
hope  that  no  rash  decision  wnU  be  arrived  at. 
That  the  exhibition  now  to  be  seen  in  the 
Royal  Gallery  represents  the  architectural 
talent  of  England  is  what  few  would  care  to 
assert,  and  still  fewer  endeavour  to  maintain. 


EDINBURGH    ARCHITECTURAL    ASSOCIA- 
TION. 

AT  the  usual  fortnightly  meeting  of  this  asso- 
tion  Mr.  John  C.  Hay  read  a  paper,  en- 
titled "  Suggestions  as  to  the  Sanitary  Improve- 
ment of  Large  Cities,  and  bow  Overcrowding 
may  be  Remedied."  In  introduciDgthesubject,Mr. 
Hay  gave  interesting  statistics,  showing  the  great 
discrepancy  between  the  old  and  new  portions  of 
the  city  of  Edinburgh  in  reference  to  density  of 
population,  amount  of  disease,  and  proportion  of 
rental  to  accommodation.  While  the  population  in 
the  denser  parts  of  the  Old  Town  is  314-5^  in  the 
suburbs  it  is  only  10-2.  During  the  year  1865, 
while  there  were  494  cases  of  fever  in  the  High- 
street  and  Cowgate  district,  in  the  whole  New 
Town  north  of  Princes-street  there  were  only  38  ; 
and  while  in  the  Old  Town  the  rents  in  many 
cases  are  as  high  as  8d.  per  superficial  foot  of  floor 
space,  those  in  the  best  parts  of  the  New  Town 
range  from  5d.  to  6d.  Mr.  Hay  next  adverted  to 
the  importance  of  an  abundant  supply  of  pure 
water,  and  deprecated  the  present  monopoly,  re- 
commending that  the  corporation  should  take  the 
supply  into  their  own  hands,  as  has  been  done  in 
other  cities.  A  more  thorough  carrying  out  of  a 
general  system  of  drainage  was  recommended  as  a 
most  important  item  of  sanitary  improvement. 
With  regard  to  the  clause  in  Provost  Lindsay's 
Act  empowering  the  authorities  to  order  the  gene- 
ral introduction  of  waterclosets,  Mr.  Hay  con- 
sidered that  this  should  be  enforced,  and  was  of 
opinion  that  in  a  short  time  their  benefit  would  be 
fully  appreciated  by  the  lower  classes.  One  of  the 
remedies  suggested  for  reducing  the  overcrowding 
at  present  so  excessive  in  the  older  portions  of  the 
city  was  to  encourage  co-operative  efforts  on  the 
part  of  the  working  men  themselves  in  erecting 
dwelling-houses.  Instances  were  quoted — Lon- 
don, Liverpool,  Manchester,  and  other  English 
cities — where  co-operative  societies  of  working  men 
had  purchased  estates  in  the  outskirts,  and  erected 
dwelling-houses  for  themselves,  and  found  it  a 
remunerative  investment.  Mr.  Hay  considered 
that  if  such  a  plan  were  adopted  in  Edinburgh  it 
would  materially  relieve  the  over-crowding,  and 
enable  the  Lord  Provost  to  carry  out  his  improve- 
ments at  a  much  less  cost,  as  rents  would  fall  to 
their  natural  level,  and  properties  could  be  ac- 
quired at  nearer  their  actual  value.  A  Uvely  dis- 
cussioQ  followed,  in  which  the  views  advocated  in 
the  paper  were  generally  concurred  in  by  the 
members. 

♦ 

YORKSHIRE    ARCHITECTURAL    SOCIETY. 

THE  general  annual  meeting  of  this  society  was 
held  at  York  last  week,  the  Dean  of  York  in 
the  chair.  The  Rev.  G.  Rowe  read  the  twenty-fifth 
annu.al  report,  which  stated  that  the  society  main- 
tained ground,  and,  though  slowly,  was  steadily 
advancing  in  position,  and  the  working  power  of 
the  society  has  increased.  In  one  point  they  had 
not  been  so  successful  as  they  could  have  mshed, 
the  society's  ofier  of  prizes  to  art  workmen,  adopted 
in  the  last  report  for  subjects  modelled  in  clay,  not 
calling  forth  any  competitors.  Aitev  an  attempt 
to  account  for  this,  the  report  went  on  to  state 
that  the  committee  beUeved  that  the  plan  was  a 
good  one,  and  in  furtherance  of  it,  they  recom- 
mended that  for  the  year  1S67  the  subjects  for 
competition  should  be  carved  in   wood,  varioui 


January  18,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


51 


articles  useful  in  church  architecture  being  defined 
for  carrying  out  in  oak  and  deal,  the  prizes  to  be 
given  to  the  producers  of  the  two  best  examples  in 
the  former  series  being  five  and  three  guineas,  aud 
for  those  in  the  second  series  two  guineas  and  one 
respectively.  During  the  year  the  society  had  suc- 
cessfully memorialised  the  Lords  Commissioners  of 
her  Majesty's  Treasury  in  support  of  an  appeal 
made  by  the  Dean  of  ^Yestmiuster  for  the  resto- 
ration of  the  Chapter-house  ;  and  at  the  instance 
of  the  Architectural  Society  of  Bristol  they  had 
in  a  memorial  to  the  Town  Council  of  that  place 
deprecated  the  further  destruction  of  the  mediaeval 
buildings  known  as  Colston's  House,  the  site  of 
\rhich  was  said  to  be  required  for  new  assize  courts. 
It  was  further  mentioned  that  the  summer  excur- 
sion of  the  society  had  been  made  on  the  31st  of 
May  to  Bolton  Abbey,  on  which  occasion  a  paper 
was  read  by  the  well-known  antiquary,  J.  R.  Wal- 
bran,  Esq.,  upon  the  history  of  the  place.  It 
would  interest  many  to  know  that  the  Duke  of 
Devonshire  had  instructed  Mr.  Street  to  restore  so 
much  of  the  Abbey  Church  as  was  necessary  for 
public  worship. 

It  was  unanimously  resolved  that  the  report 
be  received,  adopted,  and  printed.  The  whole 
of  the  officers  were  also  re-elected,  the  only  al- 
teration being  the  substitution  of  the  name  of  the 
Rev.  J.  Palmes,  on  the  committee,  for  the  Rev.  C. 
Kerry.  The  names  of  about  a  score  gentlemen 
were  also  added  to  the  list  of  members  of  the 
society. 


THE   LATE   EDWIN  STIRLING, 

SCULPTOR. 

"  "VTT  H.  P.,"  writing  to  the  Liverpool  Mercury, 
VV  «  says  : — All  who  have  watched  with  in- 
terest the  progress  of  the  numerous  buildings 
erected  in  Liverpool  within  the  last  twelve  or 
fifteen  years  must  have  been  struck  with  the  great 
increase  of  sculptural  embellishment  displayed  in 
their  decoration.  One  reason  of  this  has  been  that 
a  class  of  workmen  has  been  gradually  rising  up 
amongst  us  of  a  higher  order  than  heretofore,  who 
not  only  carry  into  execution  the  ideas  of  another, 
but  work  out  their  own  thoughts  in  all  the  beauti- 
ful forms  which  nature  has  given  us  as  examples. 
Foremost  among  these  art  workmen  was  the  sub- 
ject of  this  notice. 

Born  at  Dryburgh,  in  the  South  of  Scotland,  in 
the  year  1S19,  he  early  manifested  a  taste  for 
sculpture.  When  quite  a  boy,  some  models  in 
clay,  found  in  a  field,  which  were  discovered  to  be 
his  work,  attracted  the  attention  of  Sir  David 
Erskine,  a  gentleman  who  resided  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood. He  obtained  for  the  incipient  sculptor 
an  apprenticeship  with  Mr.  Smith,  of  Darnick. 
After  serving  his  time  he  succeeded  in  obtaining  a 
situation  iu  Edinburgh,  where  he  enjoyed  the  ad- 
vantages of  the  School  of  Art  there  established. 
From  Edinburgh  he  removed  to  Ulverstone,  where 
he  remained  three  years.  He  then  came  to 
Liverpool,  and,  after  working  some  time  with 
Mr.  Canovan,  entered  into  business  with  him  as 
sculptors  and  architectural  carvers.  The  first 
building  of  importance  upon  which  Mr.  Stirling 
was  engaged  was  the  church  of  St.  Francis  Xavier, 
Salisbury -street,  in  which  he  executed  much  beau- 
tiful carving.  Upon  the  death  of  his  partner  he 
continued  the  business  on  his  own  account,  Vjeing 
engaged  upon  most  of  the  large  commercial  build- 
ings which  have  been  erected  in  the  town. 
Tower-buildings,  Water-street ;  Richmond  and 
Hargreave's-bmldings,  Chapel-street ;  Queen  In- 
surance-buildings, Dale-street ;  Parana-buUdings, 
and  Berey's-buildings,  near  the  Exchange  Station ; 
and  the  recently  erected  North-Western  Bank  bear 
testimony  to  his  skill  and  taste  as  an  artistic  carver. 
Upon  the  front  of  Hargreave's-buildings  he  exe- 
cuted a  series  of  heads,  in  full  relief,  illustrating 
the  discovery  of  America — among  others,  those  of 
Columbus,  Cortez,  and  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  of 
Spain.  Over  the  doorways  of  the  elegant  build- 
ing lately  erected  for  Mr.  Stock,  in  Exchange- 
street  East,  are  figures  of  cupids  astride  upon  dol- 
phins, with  other  beautiful  sculpture,  the  work  of 
Mr.  Stirling.  At  Brown's-buildings  he  modelled 
and  carved  the  two  gigantic  figures  which  flank 
the  centre  doorway,  the  statues  of  the  four  seasons 
surmounting  the  building,  and  an  elaborate  frieze, 
divided  into  compartments,  which  for  play  of 
fancy  and  excellence  of  work  is  worthy  of  the 
closest  examination.  His  works,  however,  were 
not  confined  to  Liverpool.  Specimens  of  his  work 
have  been  scattered  abroad  throughout  the  country, 
among  which  may  be  mentioned  the  statue  of  the 
Prince  Consort  at  Hastings,  and  the  statues  which 


crown     the     .south     front      of     Hooton      Hall, 
Cheshire. 

On  the  subject  of  this  notice  it  may  truly  be 
said  "he  was  a  workman  worthy  of  his  hire." 
When  engaged  upon  any  work  he  took  the  warm- 
est and  most  intelligent  interest  in  it,  making 
it  his  own  delight  as  well  as  that  of  his  em- 
ployer, working  con  amore,  without  grudge 
of  labour  or  trouble,  in  order  to  attain  a 
satisfactory  result.  To  him  his  art  was  a 
pleasure  for  its  ovm  sake,  apart  from  any  pecu- 
niary considerations.  As  a  master  he  took  the 
liveliest  interest  in  the  progress  and  welfare  of 
those  in  his  employ,  and  he  has  been  the  means 
of  training  up  many  of  the  best  carvers  at  present 
in  the  town.  This  characteristic  of  self  sacrifice 
was  shown  in  his  devotion  of  two  evenings  every 
week  during  two  successive  winters  to  the  in- 
struction of  a  modelling  class  in  connection  with 
the  Liverpool  Architectural  Society.  The  feeling 
for  the  beautiful  which  he  exhibited  in  his  works 
was  but  the  echo  of  that  beauty  of  holiness  which 
he  cherished  in  the  inner  man. 


ENGLAND  AND  THE  PARIS  EXHIBITION. 

HER  MAJESTY'S  Commissioners,  with  the 
Associate  Commissioners,  held  meetings  on 
Friday  at  South  Kensington  Museum.  The 
Prince  of  Wales  presided  at  both  meetings.  His 
Royal  Highness  read  the  following  memorandum 
on  the  prospects  of  the  Exhibition: — "  1.  Her 
Majesty's  Commissioners  thank  the  Associate 
Commissioners  for  the  suggestions  they  have  made 
in  recommending  jurors.  They  also  thank  the 
several  committees  of  the  Associate  Commissioners 
who  have  frequently  met  iu  order  to  ensure  a  pro- 
per representation  of  objects  of  ancient  art, 
modern  pictures,  engravings,  various  manufac- 
tures,  printing,  navigation,  munitions  of  war,  &c. 

2.  Her  Majesty's  Commissioners  thank  the 
trustees  of  the  British  Museum  as  well  as  those 
of  other  public  institutions  for  the  readiness 
with  which  they  have  consented  to  lend  objects 
necessary  for  completing  the  Exhibition  at  Paris, 

3.  It  has  not  been  found  necessary  to  ask  for  the 
services  of  the  Associate  Commissioners  in  several 
classes  because  the  demands  for  space  in  those 
classes  have  greatly  exceeded  the  amount  that 
could  be  granted,  and,  iu  respect  of  the  classes  for 
agricultural  stock,  action  has  been  suspended  by 
the  Imperial  Commission  in  consequence  of  the 
cattle  plague.  4.  A  statement  of  the  representa 
tion  which  each  class  appears  likely  to  make  in 
the  Exhibition  will  be  laid  before  the  Associate 
Commissioners,  and  her  Majesty's  Commissioners 
will  be  glad  to  receive  their  assiatance  in  supply- 
ing some  few  deficiences.  5.  Her  Majesty's  Com 
niissioners  regret  that  the  staple  industry  of 
cutlery,  for  which  England  is  remarkable,  should 
at  present  appear  to  be  most  imperfectly  repre- 
sented ;  it  may  be  hoped  that  by  the  co-operation 
of  the  Associate  Commissioners  and  the  Master 
Cutler  of  Sheffield,  an  adequate  representation  of 
that  important  branch  of  industry  may  be  effiscted. 
6.  Notwithstanding  this  deficiency,  her  Majesty's 
Commissioners  have  the  gratification  of  believiag 
that,  in  other  respects,  the  United  Kingdom, 
India,  and  the  colonies  will  be  far  more  com- 
pletely represented  than  iu  any  previous  inter- 
national Exhibition.  7.  A  new  and  very  im- 
portant inquiry,  namely,  the  effect  on  workmen  of 
co-operation  and  benevolent  associations  through 
out  Europe,  has  been  originated  by  the  ofl'er  of 
prizes  by  the  Imperial  Commission.  To  each 
Associate  Commissioner  has  been  sent  a  copy  of 
the  series  of  questions  which  it  is  desirable  should 
be  answered  by  persons  or  establishments  in  this 
country,  and  the  Associate  Commissioners  will 
much  promote  this  inquiry  if  they  will  assist  in 
causing  these  questions  to  be  filled  up  as  exten- 
sively and  as  soon  as  possible.  8.  It  is  the  earnest 
wish  of  her  Majesty's  Commissioners  that  the 
example  set  by  the  French  iu  1862,  of  assisting 
foremen  of  works,  and  artisans,  to  study  the 
Exhibition,  should  be  followed,  and  that  the 
utmost  facilities  should  be  afibrded  to  British 
workmen  to  visit  and  study  the  Paris  Exhibition. 
Her  Majesty's  Commissioners  express  a  hope  that 
the  Associate  Commissioners  will,  in  concert  with 
the  Society  of  Arts,  municipal  authorities,  and 
chambers  of  commerce  throughout  the  country, 
be  able  to  assist  materially  in  promoting  such 
visits.  9.  The  executive  department  of  the 
British  section  has  provided  offices  for  the  trans- 
action of  business  at  71,  Avenue  des  Champs 
Elysees,  Paris,  where  the  Associate  Commissioners 
will  be  able  to  obtain  information  respecting  the 
Exhibition,  and  facilities  for  visiting  it." 


PERSONAL. 

AT  a  meeting  of  the  Town  Council  of  Doncaster, 
specially  convened  to  receive  the  resignation 
of  Mr.  T.  B,  Mason  as  Town  Clerk  of  the  borough, 
which  he  had  held  tor  upwards  of  thirty  years,  it 
was  unanimously  resolved  to  present  him  with  a 
testimonial  of  200  guineas  and  a  gold  box,  for  his 
long  and  valuable  services. 

Dr.  Joseph  Rogers  has  been  elected  by  the 
Vestry  of  St.  Ann's  a  member  of  the  District 
Board  of  Works  in  the  room  of  Mr.  Warne,  re- 
signed. 

On  the  7th  inst.,  John  Bull  Gardener,  F.R.I.B.  A., 
of  Goldsmid-road,  Brighton,  died  in  the  81st  year 
of  his  age.    He  survived  his  wife  only  eight  days. 

The  Council  of  the  Society  of  Arts  have  ap- 
poiuted  Jlr.  .\.strup  Cariss,  of  Liverpool,  Honorary 
Local  Secretary  to  the  Society  of  Arts  iu  that  dis- 
trict, in  the  room  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Hume,  resigned. 

Mr.  J.  B.  Wariug  has  been  appointed  general 
manager  and  Chief  Commissioner  of  the  National 
Exhibition  of  Works  of  Art  to  be  held  in  Leeds  in 
1S68.  Anyone  who  knows  anything  of  the  distin- 
guishing qualifications  of  Mr.  Waring  will  no 
doubt  say  that  the  council  could  not  have  chosen 
a  better  man  for  the  purpose. 

Mr.  E.  Welby  Pugin  held  a  conversazione  at 
his  London  residence,  21,  Saville-row,  on  Monday 
evening  last. 

Mr.  Sturrock,  of  Doncaster,  the  locomotive  su- 
perintendent of  the  Great  Northern  Railway,  has 
resigned  that  appointment,  aud  is  succeeded  by  Mr. 
Stirling,  from  the  Glasgow  and  South-Western 
Railway. 

The  Paris  Exhibition. — The  Duke  of  Cam- 
bridge, the  Secretary  of  State  for  War,  the  First 
Lord  of  the  Admiralty,  and  Mr.  Robert  Napier 
(late  president  of  the  Society  of  Mechanical  En- 
gineers) wUI  be  the  commissioners. 


THE  DESIGNS  FOR  THE   NEW  COURTS 
OP  LAW. 

THE  proposed  Courts  of  Law  will  be  the  most 
important  architectural  work  which  has 
been  projected  in  the  metropolis  since  the  build- 
ing of  the  new  Houses  of  Parliament,  or,  more 
correctly,  the  New  Palace  at  Westminster.  Let 
us  hope  that  the  experience  of  the  past  may 
warn  us  against  repeating  the  errors  which  have 
done  60  much  to  mar  the  utility  and  spoil  the 
effect  of  the  latter  building,  and  which,  but  for  the 
genius  and  industry  of  Pugin,  would  have  been 
far  more  aggravated  than  they  are.  The  public 
have  already  paid  about  turee  millions  sterling 
for  a  building  so  lamentably  deficient  in  the  first 
essential  condition  of  architecture  that  the 
House  of  Commons  does  not  actually  provide 
a  seat. for  every  member,  while  the  ceiling  of  the 
chamber  is  lowered  many  feet,  the  whole  of  its 
fair  proportion  destroyed,  and  half  of  its  win- 
dows buried,  iu  order  that  the  voice  of  the 
speaker  may  be  heard.  In  tlie  House  of  Peers 
so  faulty  is  the  design  that  hearing  is  almost  out 
of  the  question,  while  the  accommodation  for  the 
"faithful  Commons"  is  so  miserably  restricted 
that  scenes  almost  as  indecorous  as  those  which 
were  said  to  have  occurred  at  "  Drawing-rooms  " 
once  held  at  St.  James's  Palace  are  repeated  on 
each  successive  opening  of  Parliament.  The 
dilTiculties  to  be  contended  with  in  the  con- 
struction of  the  new  Houses  of  Parliament  will 
not,  however,  have  to  be  encountered  in  the  pro- 
posed Palace  of  Justice.  The  architect  of  the 
latter  cannot  complain  of  the  site,  aud,  beyond 
a  common  hall  or  place  of  rendezvous,  no  very 
large  chamber  need  be  constructed  with  especial 
view  to  acoustics.  The  architects  invited  to  com- 
pete for  the  new  Courts  of  Law  are  ten  in  num- 
ber, viz.,  Mr.  Gilbert  Scott,  R.A.,  the  architect 
of  the  new  public  offices  in  Downing-street ;  Mr. 
Waterhouse,  Mr.  Surges,  Mr.  Garling,  Mr.  H. 
Lockwood,  Mr.  Street,  Mr.  Deane,  Mr.  H. 
Abrahams,  Mr.  E.  M.  Barry,  and  Mr.  Seddon. 
Two  of  the  above  (Mr.  E.  M.  Barry  and  Mr. 
Street)  are  amongst  those  who  have  contributed 
designs  for  the  new  National  GiUery  in  Trafalgar- 
square.  It  is  pleasant  to  be  able  to  state,  in  refe- 
rence to  the  proposed  Courts  of  Law,  that  all  the 
architects  who  have  furnished  drawings  have,  to  a 
greater  or  lesser  extent,  left  the  beaten  track  of 
precedent,  and  have  supplied  something  which,  if 
not  quite  original,  has  many  originsl  features. 
Few  of  the  designs  can  be  described  as  con- 
ventional iu  their  mode  of  treatment,  and  the 


52 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


January  18,  1867. 


spectator  will  not  have  to  recognise  many  re- 
productions of  old  friends,  seen  somewhere  be- 
fore, but  which  may  not  be  at  once  identified. 
Many  of  the  designs  have  been  produced  with 
great  care,  while  others  indicate  want  of  sufficient 
study  in  the  preparation.  As  a  whole,  however, 
the  exhibition  is  creditable  to  the  profession, 
and  is  likely  to  be  satisfactory  in  this  sense,  that 
the  verdict  of  the  public  may  be  taken  upon 
some  one  or  other  of  them  without  much  appre- 
hension that  it  will  fail  to  realise  the  expecta- 
tions formed  of  it.  The  drawings  of  Mr.  Gilbert 
Scott,  Mr.  Garling,  Mr.  Burges,  and  Mr.  Deane 
are  those  which  will  probably  attract  most  atten- 
tion. Mr.  Scott  luxuriates  in  a  grand  Gothic 
conception,  and  his  perspective  is  very  imposing. 
Mr.  Waterhouse,  whose  assize  courts  at  Manches- 
ter already  entitle  him  to  very  favourable  consi- 
deration, suggests  a  magnificent  and  appro- 
priate pile;  while  Mr.  Garling  presents  a  very 
superb  design,  full  of  character  and  expression. 
The  drawings  of  Mr.  Burges  and  Mr.  Street 
evidence  tlie  keen  appreciation  in  which  those 
gentlemen  hold  the  Gotliic  school,  while  Mr. 
Deane  presents  a  sketch  which  has  the  merit  of 
being  peculiarlyunique  in  its  way  and  thoroughly 
original  in  its  mode  of  treatment.  Indeed,  the 
selection  of  Mr.  Deane  as  a  competitor  is  highly 
creditable  to  the  late  Government,  as  his  build- 
ings—both at  Oxford  and  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin — enti'Je  him  to  a  liigh  place  amongst  the 
architects  of  his  day.  Those  who  have  had  ex- 
perience of  the  library  lately  built  in  the  inner 
Temple  by  Mr.  Abrahams  may  not  be  favourable 
to  the  plan  proposed  by  that  gentleman  ;  nor  is 
the  drawing  of  Mr.  E.  M.  Barry  very  solid  or 
imposing,  though  it  may  be  likely  to  obtain  a 
large  share  of  popularity.  Mr.  Lockwood  sug- 
gests something  more  subdued  in  its  character 
than  that  presented  by  Mr.  Scott,  Mr.  Water- 
house,  Mr.  Deane,  or  Mr.  Garling,  but  his  design 
has  great  merit,  so  far  as  may  be  gathered  from 
a  very  cursory  view.  Mr.  Seddon  has  been  at 
the  pains  to  produce  a  model  in  plaster  in  ad- 
dition to  drawings  of  the  building  which  he 
would  set  up.  The  model  suggests  shadowy 
recollections  of  the  "  White  Tower"  in  the 
Tower  of  London,  with  endless  repetitions  of  the 
same  in  reduced  shapes,  and  "  pepper  castors," 
the  number  and  variety  of  which  would  gladden 
the  heart  of  the  late  Mr.  Wilkins,  the  architect 
of  the  National  Gallery,  could  that  worthy  again 
appear  in  tho  llesh  to  examine  this  unique  work. 
Exception  may,  perhaps,  he  taken  to  some  of 
the  designs  on  the  score  of  being  too  ecclesio- 
logical  in  their  character.  On  the  other  hand, 
it  may  be  held  that  others  do  not  aulBoiently 
proclaim  their  purpose.  As  before  slated,  how- 
ever, there  is  no  reason  to  suppose  that  the  ex- 
hibition will  not  answer  the  object  intended,  and 
that  from  among  the  many  designs  presented 
some  one  may  not  bo  aelecied  which,  when 
carried  out,  ■will  realise  a  suitable  building,  the 
absence  of  which  has  long  been  a  scandal. 
Fortunately,  in  the  present  competition  no  ques- 
tion can  arise  as  to  tho  retention  of  the  existing 
courts.  They  have  been  so  generally  and  em- 
phatically condemned  that  the  idea  of  preserving 
even  the  best  of  them  has  never  entered  into  the 
mind  of  any  rational  being.  The  task  of  the 
judges  in  ttiis  case  will  bo  far  less  difficult  than 
that  which  awaits  those  who  may  have  to  pro- 
nounce an  opinion  upon  tho  competing  designs 
fur  the  new  National  (ialh.'ry,  for  the  probability 
is  that  the  relative  claims  to  be  considered  will 
eventually  be  limited  to  those  of  Mr.  Waterhouse, 
Mr.  Garling,  and  Mr.  Deane. — Morniiuj  Post. 


NOTICES   OF   PUBLICATIONS. 

The  Engineer's,  Architect's,  and  Contractor' s 
Pocket  Book  for  186/.  London  :  Lockwood  and 
Co.,  Stationers'  Hall  Court. — We  have  so  often 
spoken  of  thLs  annual  that  it  is  only  necessary  now 
to  say  that  the  copy  for  this  year  is  ready.  It 
closely  resembles  its  useful  predecessors. 

Tlie  PMilder's  and  Contractor's  Price  Book  for 
1867.  Revised  by  G.  R.  Burnell.  Lockwood  and 
Co.,  7,  Stationers'  Hall  Court. — This  volume,  as 
usual,  contains  a  multitudinous  variety  of  useful 
information  for  builders  and  contractors.  The 
information  is  so  arranged  as  to  admit  of  easy  re- 
ference, and  with  its  aid  the  prices  for  all  work 
connected  with  the  building  trade  may  be  esti- 
m itcd. 


Photographs  of  English  and  Scottish  Scenery. 
— We  have  received  a  volume  of  twelve  photo- 
graphs of  Scottish  scenery,  published  by  Messrs. 
Marion,  Sou,  and  Co.,  Regent-street.  The  photo- 
graphs consist  of  Edinburgh,  from  Calton  Hill ; 
Old  Town,  from  the  Calton  Hill  :  Burns'  Monu- 
ment ;  the  Post  Office  ;  Sir  Walter  Scott's 
Monument,  Nelson's  Monument,  Holyrood  Palace, 
Fountain  at  Holyrood,  and  other  scenes  from 
Edinburgh.  They  are  by  Mr.  G.  Wilson,  who  is 
so  well  known  as  a  successful  photographer,  and 
those  who  prefer  photographic  illustrations  to  en- 
gravings may  gratify  their  tastes  by  purchasing 
this  vohtme. 

The  Gardener's  Year  Book,  Almanac,  and  Direc- 
tory, 1S67.  By  Robert  Hogg,  LL.D.,  F.L.S. 
Price  one  shilling. — This  Year  IJook  is  published 
in  connection  with  the  Journal  of  Horticulture, 
171,  Fleet-street.  In  addition  to  a  variety  of  in- 
formation of  the  kind  which  one  naturally  looks 
tor  in  an  almanac,  this  publication  gives,  as  its 
chief  and  distinctive  features,  descriptive  accounts 
of  the  new  plants  and  new  flowers  of  1866,  and  a 
directory  of  the  horticulturists  and  gardeners 
throughout  the  kingdom. 

Tlte  Post  Almancu:  oMd  Insurance  Birectory, 
1867,  price  6d.  (W.  J.  Stokes,  Wine  Office-court, 
Fleet-street),  is  specially  devoted  to  matters  con- 
nected with  fire  and  life  insurance,  on  which,  we 
believe,  it  is  a  sort  of  recognised  authority  among 
almanacs. 

Tlie  Palmerston  Series  of  Copy  Books.  (Whit- 
taker  and  Co.,  Ave  Maria-lane.)  Of  Mr.  Vere 
Foster's  copy  books  it  will  be  sufficient  to  say  that 
they  are  sanctioned  by  the  Commissioners  of  Na- 
tional Education  in  Ireland,  and  that  they  met 
with  the  approval  of  Lord  Palmerston,  after  whom 
they  .are  named.  The  series  consists  of  eight  books 
with  instructions. 

Scotland  Descrihed.  A  Series  of  Topographic 
ftketches.  By  Alexander  Murray.  Glasgow  :  A. 
Murray. — Very  handy  as  regards  size,  and  very 
neatly  got  up,  is  about  all  we  can  say  in  favour  of 
this  volume.  We  neither  like  its  arrangement 
nor  the  style  in  which  it  is  written  ;  the  former  is 
confused  and  inconvenient,  and  the  latter  is  very 
slipshod,  and  sometimes  absurd  and  ludicrous. 
In  short,  Mr.  Murray's  book  is  neither  so  useful, 
so  readable,  nor,  we  may  add,  so  accurate,  as  we 
had  a  right  to  expect  from  one  who  is  the  author 
of  several  works  of  a  similar  kind,  and  one  who 
really  ought  to  be  able  to  desciibe  Scotland. 

Among  the  various  almanacs  for  the  current 
year,  that  of  the  Royal  Insurance  Company 
deserves  mention.  The  issue  for  1867  contains 
full  details  of  the  progress  made  by  the  company, 
elaborate  tables  and  diagrams  of  the  mortality 
experienced  during  the  last  twenty  years,  and 
statements  of  the  business  transacted  and  the 
funds  accumulated  by  the  company  year  by  year. 


THE  FINE  ARTS. 


The  Louvre. — Another  fine  new  room  has  been 
opened  in  the  Louvre ;  a  large  square  .apartment, 
situated  in  the  Pavilion  Denou  of  the  new  Louvre, 
and  between  the  two  galleries,  appropriated  to  the 
French  school,  opened  some  time  since.  It  is 
highly  decorated  ;  in  the  centre  of  the  ceiling  is  a 
seated  female  figure,  writing  on  large  tablets, 
painted  in  what  is  called  camaieu  mordore,  red- 
dish brown  tints,  by  M.  Charles  Miiller.  In  the 
angles  .are  four  historical  pictures,  the  subjects  of 
which  are  : — Louis  XIV.  ordering  the  construc- 
tion of  the  Louvre ;  Fran9ois  I.  in  the  atelier  of 
an  artist,  with  a  sketch  of  the  famous  Chateau  de 
Chambord  in  the  distance :  St.  Louis,  with  a  view 
of  that  architectural  gem  the  St.  Chapelle,  which 
was  built  by  his  order  by  the  side  of  the  Palais  de 
Justice,  where  he  resided,  to  receive  the  relics 
brought  from  the  Holy  Laud  :  and,  lastly.  Napo- 
leon I.  decreeing  tho  completion  of  the  Louvre, 
which  his  nephew,  the  present  Emperor,  accom- 
plished. Around  the  ceiling  .are  richly-decor.ated 
vaultings.  The  room  is  surrounded  by  an  enta- 
blature, forming  a  balcony,  and  abovethis  are  eight 
female  figures,  representing  tho  fine  .arts  in  their 
various  forms,  and  painted  in  false  niches.  On 
the  walls  arc  the  battles  of  Alexander,  by  Charles 
Lebrim.  The  ancient  apartments  of  Anne  of 
Austria,  which  contain  a  portion  of  the  classic 
sculpture  of  the  museum,  have  been  thoroughly 
decorated,  and  will  shortly  be  opened  again  to  the 
public. 


SANITARY   MATTERS. 

The  Committee  of  General  Purposes,  Win. 
Chester,  have  opened  nine  out  of  the  eleven  plans 
sent  in  for  the  sewerage  of  the  town.  The  esti- 
mates vary  from  £13,000  to  £20,000. 

LiKCOLN. — The  plans  sent  in  by  the  engineers, 
for  the  drainage  of  the  city,  have  given  rise  to 
much  discussion.  Mr.  Lawson's  is  a  very  com- 
prehensive lilan,  its  estimated  cost  being  £60,000. 
He  divides  the  city  into  three  drainage  areas — 
one  comprising  the  south  side  of  the  Witham, 
called  the  low-level ;  one  comprising  the  north 
side  up  to  the  liill,  called  the  middle-level ;  and 
the  third  taking  all  the  rest  of  the  city,  and  called 
the  high-level.  He  recommends  that  the  sewage 
be  conveyed  below  Heighington,  four  miles  from 
the  city,  where  there  is  suitable  land  for  irrigat- 
ing. Mr.  Tarbottom's  plan  he  estimates  at 
£29,000.  He  proposes  to  erect  a  pumping  station 
on  the  Newark-road,  to  lift  the  sewage  to  the 
requisite  height  for  the  land  which  is  to  be  irri- 
gated, viz.,  Bartholomew's  and  the  Swallow  Beck 
farms.  A  main  drain  would  run  from  the  pump- 
ing station  up  the  High-street  to  the  Stone  Bow, 
and  this  would  receive  the  contents  of  all  the 
tributary  drains  on  each  side.  He  proposes  to 
bring  the  sewage  from  the  parts  of  the  city  by 
"girthing  the  hill  with  the  intercepting  Unes," 
and  thus  "  avoid  bringing  large  bodies  of  water 
down  the  declivity  of  the  central  axis  of  the  city." 
Due  provision  is  made  for  carrying  off  "storm 
water,"  for  ventilation,  flushing,  &c.  There  would 
be  19  miles  of  sewers,  272  man-holes,  and  124 
lamp  holes.  Mr.  Drury's  scheme  has  the  advan- 
tage of  cheapness  ;  he  proposed  to  use  the  present 
drains  for  carrying  off  the  rain  and  surface  water 
into  the^river,  and  thus  keep  the  sewage  to  itself, 
which  he  would  convey  to  tanks  at  the  extreme 
corner  of  the  Holmes  Common,  whence  the  liquid 
sewage  might  be  conveyed  by  "  tunnels  to  any 
district  in  the  neighbourhood  suitable  for  irriga- 
tion," the  solid  portions  remaining  in  the  tanks 
and  carted  away  as  wanted.  The  cost  estimated 
at  £15,400. 


LEGAL  INTELLIGENCE. 

CoNTHACT  AMD  SnB-coNTRAOT. — At  the  Court 
Common  Pleas  on  Monday,  a  young  lady  nami 
Best  sued  to  recover  damages  for  having  been  n 
over  by  a  horse  and  cart,  and  at  the  trial  befo 
Mr.  Ju.stice   Keating   she   recovered    £30.       J 
Serjeant  Hayes  now  moved  to  enter  a  nonsuit 
le.ave  reserved.     The  plaintiff",  it  appeared,  was 
young  woman  passing  along  the  streets  in  Lond 
when  a  dustman's  empty  cart  was  coming  alo; 
the  street  in  St.  James's,  and  the  horse  for  soi^ 
reason  ran  aw.ay,  and  was  not  stopped  by  thent 
driving  it,   who   ran  after  it,   until  it  had  gi» 
on  the  pavement  and  knocked  down  the  plaint » 


WAGES    AND   SHORT    TIME. 

Coventry. — The  bricklayers  have  given  the 
master  builders  three  months'  notice  for  a  termi- 
nation of  the  obligation  of  the  present  trade  rules. 
They  have  given  no  particulars  either  of  what  they 
object  to  in  the  present  rules,  nor  of  their  require- 
ments in  reference  to  any  future  code.  It  is  said 
they  will  be  asked  for  such  p.artictd  ars,  and  that 
then  a  conference  will  be  held. 

Glasgow. — The  masons'  strike  in  Glasgow, 
which  has  lasted  for  the  last  nine  weeks,  was  ar- 
ranged at  a  meeting  of  masters  and  men,  held  in 
the  Trades  Hall,  on  Tuesday  evening.  The  men 
having  withdrawn  their  demand  for  a  rise  of  wages, 
it  was  ai?reed  to  resume  work  on  Monday  morning. ' 

The  London  Trades'  Council. — At  a  meetmg 
of  this  Council,  held  on  Monday  at  the  Bell  Inn, 
Old  Bailey,  Mr.  Danter  (President  of  the  Society 
of  Amalgamated  Engineers)  in  the  chair,  the  follow   j 
ing  resolution  was  adopted  ; — "  That  this  meetinf   j 
is  of  opinion   that   the  position  of  the   woiking 
man  can  never  be  much  improved,  and  is  in  im 
minent  danger   of    being    seriously   depreciated 
whilst   the   people    of    different    countries   havi 
no  regular  intercommunication  among  themselve 
for  the  purpose  of  regulating  the  hours  of  labou 
and  assimilating  wages  ;  and  as  the  Internationa 
Association  ali'ords  the  best  facilities  for  briugin,    , 
about  that  object  it  is  hereby  resolved  to  co-operat    | 
with  that   association  for  the  furtherance  of  a    I 
questions  affecting  the   interests   of    labour,    i 
the   same   time  continuing   the    London    Trade 
Council  as  a  distinct  and  independent  body,  as  b( 
fore." 


Jandary  18,  1867. 


Ivho  was  seriously  injured  thereby.  The  cart 
3ore  the  name  of  the  defeuduut,  who  was  the  cou- 
tor  for  removing  dust  for  the  parish  of  Keu- 
,tou,  but  he  had  a  sub-contract  by  which 
iiiiither  person  was  to  remove  and  sift  the  dust 
,'i.r  13d.  a  load,  the  defendant  flndmg  horses  and 
:arts,  and  the  sub-contractor  servants.  This 
being  so,  the  cart  was  not  under  the  control  of  the 
iefendant's  servant  when  it  ran  away.  Another 
.ircunistance,  which  showed  the  truth  of  the  say- 
ing of  Lord  Palmerston  that  "  dirt  was  only  some- 
thing in  the  wrong  place,"  was  that  the  defendant 
paid  upwards  of  JtSOO  a  year  for  the  privilege 
o£  remo\'ing  the  dust.  The  defendant's  principal 
object  was  to  get  the  breeze  for  his  brickfield,  and 
the  sub-contractor  had  all  the  metal,  bones,  rags, 
i  sovereigns  found.  The  defendant  did  not  ap- 
L'lt  and  could  not  remove  the  man  in  charge  of 
;:i''  cart,  and  therefore  ought  not  to  be  held 
nsp,>usible  for  his  acts.     Rule  granted. 

TuE  Streets  ASD  the  Snow. — The  non-removal 
of  snow  from  the  streets  during  the  late  storm  was 
the  princiiKil  question  before  the  weekly  meeting 
vi  the  City  Commission  of  Sewers  on  Tuesday. 
A  special  report  of  Mr.  Hayward,  engineer,  upon 
the  subject,  contained  many  interesting  details  as 
to  the  extent  of  the  work  to  be  done,  and  the 
efforts  made  to  perform  it.  Mr.  Keed,  who  hap- 
pened to  be  in  Paris  at  the  time,  said  that  much 
less  was  done  there  than  in  the  city  of  London. 
It  was  contended  by  Jlr.  Bontems  that  the  com- 
missioners had  done  all  in  their  power ;  but  there 
seemed  some  difference  of  opinion  as  to  whether 
the  contractors  were  equally  blameless.  Mr. 
Deputy  Elliott,  on  their  behalf,  mged  ''  that  the 
requisite  forces  did  not  exist  to  cope  all  at  once 
with  such  a  sudden  storm,"  and  that  such  forces 
had  to  be  "  improvised  by  degrees ; "  all  the 
horses,  for  instance,  "  having  to  be  roughed  before 
anything  could  be  done."  Summonses,  therefore, 
which  had  been  taken  out  against  the  scavenging 
contractors,  were  ordered  to  stand  over  till  the  next 
meeting. 

NOTICE. 
*,*  The  BuiLDiSQ  News  inserts  advertisements 
for  "  Situations  W.vnted,"  &c.,  at  Oue  Shilling 
for  the  first  Twenty-four  Words. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


63 


TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 

To  Odb  Readers.— We  shall  feel  obliged  to  any  of  our 
rwulera  who  will  favour  us  with  brief  not«s  of  works  con- 
t.;iiipiat*xl  or  in  progress  in  the  provinces. 

Letters  relating  to  advertisements  and  the  ordinary  busi- 
^-t  nf  the  paper  should  Iw  addresse*!  to  the  EorroA,  \GG, 
I  icet  street.     Advertisements  for  the  current  week  must 
reach  the  office  before  5  o'clock  p.m.  on  Thursday. 


BECEfVED.— J.  X.— D.  H-— C.  F.  S.— C.  F.  H.  -C  L.  E. 
—J  J.  and  Son.— J.  P.  S.-J.  N  — M.  H.— R.  D  W.— 
P.  and  Son. —J.  N— J.  C— H.  T.— D.  K.  and  Sons.- 
F.  S.  8.— G.  M.— S.  and  Sons.— C.  A.  M.— A.  C.  and  Co.— 
Q.  P.— J.  P.  B.— T.  L.  C— R  W.— W.  H.  F.  G.— J.  H.  A. 
—J.  H.— J.  C— W.  O.  C— W.  H.  L.— D.  K.  and  Sons.  - 
J.  W. 

T.  H.— When  our  correspondent  has  seen  the  National 
Gallery  competition  designs  perhaps  he  may  bo  able  to 
speak  more  positively  about  them. 


♦ 

WORKMEN'S  DWELLINGS. 

HOW  MUCH  THEY  ARE  REQUIRED  FOR  MEN  AND 
WOMEN  EARNING  LESS  THAN  TEN  SHILLINGS 
WEEKLY  TO  BE  DECENT  AND  HEALTHY  HOMES, 
AND    HOW  THEY   SHOULD   BE  PROVIDED. 

To  the  Editor  of  the  Ecildino  News. 
Sir, — The  want  of  decent  healthy  homes  is 
most  severely  felt,  and  is  telling  most  fearfully  upon 
the  social  and  moral  state  of  an  immense  popula- 
tion earning  less  than  lOs.  weekly.  It  becomes  a 
duty  on  the  part  of  working  men  in  receipt  of  bet- 
ter wages,  and  all  of  those  forming  the  middle 
class  who  may  have  carefully  watched,  since  the  en- 
actment of  the  present  Poor  Law,  the  deterioration 
of  this  immense  class.  It  cannot  for  one  moment 
be  supposed  that  its  promoters  ever  contemplated 
the  depressing  effect  it  has  had  on  the  energy  and 
Belf-reUance  of  this  large  mass  of  workers. 

The  working  man,  with  the  middle  class,  would. 
no  doubt,  be  joined  by  those  whose  social  position 
'  •  IB  placed  above  the  anxieties  to  provide  for  their 
* '  daily  wants.  Joint  action  would  provide  a  remedy 
■J*  for  these  existing  evils.  The  metropolis  has  the 
•r  machinery  at  hand  to  carry  into  execution  a 
jf  '  gigantic  plan  of  vast  importance  to  all  the  inhabi- 
tants, rich  and  poor,  beyond  any  plan  that  has  been 


conceived  on  this  most  important  subject,  that  of 
providing  decent  healthy  homes  as  a  hrst  portion 
for  a  population  of  250,0U0,  thus  remedying  in 
part  the  evils  of  overcrowding,  in  a  great  measure 
arising  from  the  numerous  evictions  for  the  con- 
struction of  railways  and  public  improvemcnt.s, 
also  from  the  increase  of  the  papulation  by  resi- 
dents,  and  emigration  from  the  country. 

It  would  be  utterly  futile  for  private  individuals, 
or  companies,  or  parishes,  to  take  up  this  question 
sullicicutly   comprehensive  so  as  to  stem  the  daily 
increasing  evil — the  want  of  single  rooms  at  such  a 
rent  as  to  meet  even  those  whose  average  earnings 
are   not  more  than  5s.  per  week.     They  can  only 
follow  the  examples  of  the  Metropolitan   Society's 
Improved  Dwellings,  Miss  Burdett  Coutts's  build- 
ings, the  Peabody,  and  Mr.  Alderman  Waterlow's, 
and  a  few  others.    These   are  all  very  excellent  in 
their  way,  but  do  not  in  the  least  meet  the  wants 
of  those   earning  such  smaU  weekly  wages.      No 
doubt,  a  portion  of  the  Peabody  fund  should  have 
been    appropriated    for    that    purpose,   but    the 
trustees  were  frightened  at  the  magnitude  of  the 
want,    to  be   remedied  ;    so   that  the  rents  of  the 
above  are  all  adapted   for  those   earning   wages 
above  liOs.    weekly,  many  of  whom  are  teuauts 
who  could   well   afford  to  be  householders.     The 
want  is,   and  must  be  supplied — single  rooms,  to 
let   from  9d.  per  week.     Single  women,  married 
men  and   single  men — the   number  of  each  class 
may  be  told  by  tens  of  thousands,  great  numbers 
of  whom  earn  less  than  Is.  per  day  ;  these  rents 
wovild   give  them   a  decent    healthy  home,   also 
removing   them  from   iutiuences  most  deadly  to 
their  morals,   and,  by  raising  them  in  their  own 
estimation,    their   energies    would  be    quickened, 
cleanliness  and   thrift  would   become   their  rule, 
and,  as  we  are  taught  "  Cleanliness  is  akin  to  god- 
Uness,"  the  good  thus  effected  is  beyond  calcula- 
tion, and  should  the  plan    be  carried  out  to    the 
full  extent,  there  is  reason  to  expect  that  calls  for 
parish  relief  will  be  such  that,  with  other  charities, 
the   want  of   poor's  rates  will  be  superseded  in  a 
few  years. 

Joint  action  should  be  taken  by  all  classes 
requesting  the  Legislature  to  grant  the  necessary 
powers  to  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Works,  form- 
ing, as  they  do,  the  representatives  from  the  various 
parishes  which,  in  then- "  concrete "  state,  make 
this  vast  increasing  metropolis,  to  bon-ow  money 
from  the  Consolidated  Fund  at  3  per  cent.,  with 
compulsory  powers  to  purchase  freehold  sites  in 
those  dense  neighbourhoods  where  fevers  are  always 
more  or  less  rife,  and  to  erect  block  bidldings.  To 
provide  decent  healthy  homes  for  250,000,  will 
require  about  3,000  blocks,  each  to  contain  32 
rooms,  with  other  conveniences,  at  a  cost  of 
£960  per  block,  total  cost,  £2,880,000;  to  this  add 
cost  of  sites,  £2,120,000.  The  rent  from  fovir 
varied  sized  rooms  at9d.,  lid..  Is.  3d.,  and  Is.  6d. 
per  each  room  per  week,  gives  an  annual  rent  of 
£270,000.  After  payment  of  interest,  rates,  and 
collector,  &e.,  the  balance  to  be  paid  to  liquidate 
the  debt ;  thus,  by  decreasing  the  interest,  and 
increasing  the  balance  yearly,  in  about  thirty-four 
years  these  freehold  buildings  would  become  the 
property  of  the  metropoUs. 

The  annexed  plan,  with  elevation,  shows  an  ap- 
proximation as  to  the  kind  of  building  suitable. 
If  desirable,  a  basement  story  could  be  easily 
added  by  placing  the  ground  floor  higher,  so  as  to 
have  the  basement  floor  4ft.  below  ground  line. 
Although  not  an  advocate  of  great  height  for 
tenants  to  travel,  an  additional  story  could  be 
placed,  and  in  some  localities  it  might  be  highly 
desirable  and  advantageous  to  the  tenants  that  the 
ground  story  should  be  shops. 

The  size  of  rooms  to  each  floor  :  two,  10ft.  by  Oft. 
to  be  let  at  9d.  per  week  each  room  ;  two,  10ft.  by 
10ft.,  to  be  let  at  lid.  per  week  ;  two,  12ft.  by 
9ft.,  to  be  let  at  Is.  3d.  per  week  ;  two,  lift,  by 
12ft.  at  Is.  6d.  per  week  each  room.  'The  stairs 
and  lobby,  with  watercloset,  sink,  and  dust  shaft  to 
each  floor,  project  from  the  main  building ;  if 
formed  in  the  corridor,  it  would  save  nearly  £100. 
The  fittings  are  suggested  to  be  as  follows  for 
each  room  : — Welch's  range,  with  oven  and  inter- 
nal and  external  ventilatoi-s,  iron  bedstead,  coal 
bunker,  to  contain  2  cwt.  of  coals,  to  serve  as 
a  seat.  The  cost  of  these  buildings  is  founded 
on  haring  concrete  walks,  concrete  floors,  and 
concrete  roofs,  covered  with  asphalte,  with 
store  stairs,  so  as  to  be  fire-proof,  thus  saving 
nearly  all  dilapidation  and  insurance.  Brick 
building  in  the  usual  manner  would  cost  one- 
third  more.  As  concrete  for  walls  in  this 
country  has  not  been  used  to  any  extent 
in  buildings,  and  to  those  unacquainted 
with  its  quahties  it  is  well  to  refer  to  what  has  al- 
ready been  done.      In  Paris  are  many  buddings. 


some  of  them  60ft.  in  height,  and  many  country 
railway  stations ;  also,  it  has  been  very  successfully 
used  in  bridges  of  Toft.  span.  The  docks  and  quays 
at  Marseilles  are  also  constructed  with  it,  although 
having  an  excellent  building  stone  on  the  spot, 
but  the  concrete  gives  them  a  saving  of  40  per 
cent. 

The  Emperor  Napoleon,  as  his  contribution  to 
the  1867  Exhibition,  is  erecting  fifty  blocks  of 
workmen's  dwellings,  three  and  four  floora  in 
height,  with  three  rooms  on  a  floor  and  other  con- 
veniences :  those  with  three  floors  in  height  at  a 
cost  of  £240  each  block.  They  are  built  by  an 
English  contractor,  using  Tail's  apparatus  in  the 
formation  of  the  walls. 

The  fortifications  now  building  in  Sussex  for 
Government  are  of  concrete.  About  fiftyyears  since 
the  sea  wall  to  the  East  Cliff  at  Brighton  was 
formed  of  beech  shingle,  sand,  and  hydraulic  lime, 
which, when  properly  made,  is  stronger  than  brick  or. 
stone,anon-conductorof heat,  cold,  and  sound,  and 
impervious  to  all  moisture  and  to  vermin. 
I  am,  &c., 

Peter  Thojipson. 

24,  High  street,  Marylebone. 


BIRKENHEAD  BATHS. 

Sir, — It  was  with  melancholy  satisfaction  that 
I  saw  the  letters  in  your  journal  respecting  the 
above  competition,  for  I  began  to  think  that  my 
drawings  had  miscarried,  and  was  thinking  of 
going  to  Birkenhead  to  make  some  inquiry  about 
them.  From  information  received  from  a  friend 
in  Liverpool  I  concluded  the  matter  was  settled. 
This  information  wdl  no  doubt  be  a  great  comfort 
to  my  fellow  competitors  ;  so  I  give  it :  "  The 
design  of  the  borough  surveyor  has  been  selected  ; 
the  estimated  cost  is  £18,000," — in  confirmation  of 
which  the  Liverpool  Mermry  was  forwarded  to 
me,  containing  a  letter  from  "  A  Ratepayer"  (I 
believe)  complaining  of  the  manifest  injustice  to 
other  competing  architects,  &c.  I  am  sorry  this 
paper  has  been  destroyed,  and  that  I  cannot  for- 
ward you  tlie  letter,  for  I  expected  after  that  offi- 
cial intimation  would  be  given.  Now,  Sir,  if  the 
above  is  correct  what  reliance  is  there  on  printed 
"  Instructions  to  Architects,"  the  seventeenth 
clause  of  which  says,  "  Should  the  estimated  cost 
of  erecting  and  completing  the  selected  design  ex- 
ceed the  sum  of  £8,000  iu  the  opinion  of  a  com- 
petent surveyor,  the  author  will  not  be  entitled  to 
the  premium,  and  the  commissioners  will,  in  such 
case,  proceed  to  make  another  selection  from  the 
designs  sent  in."  I  say.  Sir,  if  such  is  the  case 
all  the  "  baths"  the  commissioners  can  take, 
whether  fresh,  salt,  hot  or  cold,  Turkish  or 
swimming,  will  not  remove  the  pollution  of  such 
injustice. — I  am,  &c.,        A  LovBR  OP  Justice. 

January  15. 


54 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


January  18,  1867. 


THE  GREAT  COMPETITIONS.— A  PLEA 
FOR  THE  PROVINCES. 

Sir, — I  feel  sure  that  many  of  your  readers 
must  share  my  regret  to  find  that  the  arrange- 
ment.') made  for  exhibiting  the  drawings  for  the 
proposed  new  Law  Courts  and  National  Gallery, 
prohibit  the  possibility  of  a  large  number  of  pro- 
vincial architects  seeing  the  drawings  for  both 
buildings,  unless  they  can  make  it  convenient  to 
remain  in  London  for  nearly  three  weeks,  or  make 
two  separate  journeys— the  first,  foi  the  National 
Gallery,  now  ou  view ;  and  the  second,  for  the 
Law  Courts  next  month,  inasmuch  as  the  exhibi- 
tion of  drawings  for  the  former  closes  on  the  26th 
inst,,  and  those  for  the  latter  cannot  be  seen  by 
the  profession  until  the  11th  prox.  Will  you 
kindly  bring  your  influence  to  bear  upon  the 
matter,  in  the  hope  that  the  authorities  may  make 
some  arrangement  by  which  the  exhibition  of  the 
National  Gallery  drawings  may  be  prolonged,  and 
so  prevent  great  disappointment,  or  a  sacrifice  of 
much  valuable  time  ? — I  am,  &c., 

G.  G.  HosKiNS. 
Darlington,  January  9. 


MACHINERY  FOR  LIFTING  WATER. 

SiK,— In  your  impression  of  last  week  a  portion 
of  the  remarks  under  this  head  once  and  again 
forcibly  exemplifies  the  truth  of  the  axiom  that 
Nothmg  sublunary  is  novel."  The  "  articulated 
float  wheel,"  precisely  as  illustrated  and  described 
m  your  columns,  was,  I  beg  to  inform  you,  in- 
vented, patented,  manufactured,  and  exijerimented 
with  by  myself  and  others  at  least  thirty  years 
ago.  We  applied  one  of  these  wheels  to  a  small 
boat,  which  plied  upon  the  River  Thames  for 
a  considerable  time,  until  it  attracted  the  attention 
of  Lord  Cochrane,  who,  with  several  other  gentle- 
men distinguished  by  their  scientific  proclivities, 
honoured  us  with  their  presence  on  board  in  a 
trip  we  all  took  up  the  river.  These  gentlemen 
expressed  themselves  highly  delighted  with  the 
result  of  this  excursion,  and  signified  their  inten- 
tion of  proceeding  further  in  the  matter.  But  it 
happened  just  at  that  tmie,  as  far  ag  I  can  remem- 
ber, that  his  lordship  became  reinstated  in  his 
command  of  the  British  navy,  and  conseqiiently, 
being  too  much  engaged  to  occupy  himself  with 
the  scheme,  it,  like  many  other  incipient  plans, 
fell  through  for  want  of  encouragement.  Before 
this  consummation,  however,  numerous  trials 
had  been  made,  which  resulted  in  the  following 
experience :— It  was  found  that  the  wheels 
typified  by  the  diagram  (fig.  1)  answered  very 
well  as  far  as  wheels  totally  immersed  were  con- 
cerned, but  in  cases  such  as  water-wheels,  &c., 
where  circumstaucea  would  admit  of  only  partial 
immersion,  some  modifications  were  introduced, 
viz.,  the  floats,  instead  of  being  attached  to  the 
periphery  6  (fig.  1)   and   permitted  to  fall  against 


D  C,  or,  rather,  moment  of  (C  B  3)  =  moment  of 
(A  C  —  A  D)  W,  where  C  B  =  length  of  one  arm, 
C  D  =  length  of  the  other,  g  =  the  impact  or 
force  of  gravity  of  the  water,  W  =  weight  of 
float  and  resistance  of  the  air.  It  was  discovered 
in  the  case  of  partial  immer.sion  that  the  weight  of 
the  paddles  ou  the  ascending  side  of  the  wheel 
sometimes  absorbed  all  the  useful  effect  that  was 
produced  on  the  other  side,  so  that  the  develop- 
ment of  power  was  extremely  limited.  I  should 
not  have  ventured  any  observations  on  this  subject 
had  it  not  been  claimed  ;is  an  invention  of  and  pa- 
tented by  M.  de  la  Fontaine.  A  wooden  model  of 
the  wheel  as  represented  by  your  diagi'ams  may  be 
found  somewhere  in  Somerset  House.  I  caused 
another  to  be  constructed  with  the  before-men- 
tioned modifications,  but  at  this  advanced  period,  I 
do  not  exactly  remember  what  became  of  them. 
— I  am,  &c.,  S.  W.  WoRSSAJi. 

Iving's-road,  Chelsea,  S.W. 


CHESTER  TOWN-HALL. 


Sir. — The  correction  by  a  correspondent  in  yoiU'la.st  issue 
of  a  slight  inaccuracy  on  your  part  in  referring  to  this 
matter  in  a  former  number  being  rather  calculated  to  mis- 
lead, I  trouble  you  with  the  following  particulars.  About 
June  last  it  happened  that  the  then  contractor  for  the 
building  found  it  convenient  to  stop  work  and  negotiate  for 
a  transfer  of  the  contract  to  another  builder.  It  was  at 
thi.s  time  that  the  strike  (so-called)  took  place,  the  osten- 
sible re,ison  being  undue  harshness  on  the  part  of  the  clerk 
of  the  works.  The  onus  of  the  stoppage  was  thus,  through 
their  officer,  thrown  on  the  committee.  The  negotiations 
for  a  transfer  were  not^concluded  until  September.  In  the 
meantime  the  men  who  were  prominent  in  the  strike,  and 
who  are  local  men,  obtained  employment  under  the 
builder  to  whom  the  contract  was  afterwards  transferred, 
who,  being alsoa  local  man,  had,  and  still  has,  works  going 
on  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Chester,  at  which  these  men 
were  taken  on,  and  continue  to  be  employed  Some  time 
since  a  deputation  from  the  Masons'  Society,  with  some 
representatives  of  the  local  union,  had  an  interview  with 
oiu^  town-hall  committee,  when  some  frivolous  charges  were 
advanced  against  the  clerk  of  the  works,  of  which  those  that 
could  be  at  ail  substantiated  went  to  prove  nothing  more 
than  proper  vigilance  in  the  discharge  of  his  duty.  The 
distinctive  features  of  a  genuine  strike  are  thus  wanting  in 
this  case — first,  substantial  grounds  for  such  a  proceeding; 
and  secondly,  the  men  are  not  supported  by  the  society, 
which  should  be  the  case  if  the  position  assumed  by  them 
w.as  considered  justifiable  by  those  in  authority.  I  am  told 
tliat  the  only  real  objection  to  the  clerk  of  the  works  is  that 
he  is  Irish. — lam,  Ac,  Deva. 


be  placed  the  exact  time  must  be  found  by  a  good  watch, 
but  the  preferable  way  is  to  find  the  accurate  time  by  an 
observation  of  the  sun  with  a  quadrant  or  sextant.  Having 
saken  his  altitude  and  noted  the  time  by  a  watch,  compute 
the  time  for  the  observed  altitude,  and  set  the  watch  ac- 
cordingly. Having  once  obtained  correct  time  the  dial  can 
be  fixed  at  leisure,  but  the  beat  time  is  when  the  sun  is  at 
its  meridian.  I  have  supposed  that  the  dials  are,  of  course, 
-accurately  constructed,  or  your  correspondent's  labours  will 
lie  in  vain.  It  is  by  no  means  an  easy  problem  to  construct 
diab,  although,  as  they  are  not  regarded  now  except  in  the 
light  of  toys,  extreme  accuracy  is  not  of  so  much  import- 
ance as  when  they  served  as  the  only  measure  of  time. 
After  having  set  the  dials  they  should  be  watched  and 
checked  at  intervals,  for  they  frequently  reqtiire  a  little 
shifting  after  having  once  been  set  up.  J.J. 


1170.]- 


FIRE-DAMP  INDICATOR. 
-A  correspondent  ("  S.   51.")  inquired  in  a  recent 


liitoiuimnuciittaiL 


ri9i.> 


QUESTIONS. 

PERSPECTIVE  INSTRUMENTS. 
-It  would  be  conferriug  a  great  benefit  upon  rue  if 


the  inuer  circumference  a  when  acting  under  the 
gravitating  influence  of  the  water,  were  jointed  to 
the  perimeter  of  an  internal  annular  ring  d  (fig.  2) 


F  IG 


in  such  a  manner  that  when  impinged  upon  by  the 
head  water  or  tidal  current  they  came  in  contact 
with  stops  e  placed  in  this  instance  upon  the 
outer  circumference  h. 

The  superiority  of  this  system  may  be  mani- 
fested by  supposing  the  horizontal  plane  A  B  to  be 
a  lever,  with  tlie  centre  C  of  the  wheel  as  a 
fulcrum.  Of  course  the  advantage  gained  is  the 
difi'erence  between  the  length  of  the  arms  C  B  aud 


you  or  aome  of  your  correspoiideuts  would  kindly  iuform 
meaatothu  adjustment  aud  uso  of  the  "peidpective  in- 
strument," consisting  of  three  lega  connected  by  a  brass 
joint  in  the  centre.     What  are   its  uses,  and  when  is  it  ad- 

ViiUtagiiOUS  to  use  it?  CULLINtlFORD. 

[If  our  correspondent  will  describe  the  instrument  more 
in  detail,  we  shall  be  happy  to  explain  its  uses  and  adjust- 
ments ;  bat  it  is  impossible  to  form  any  idea  of  it  from  the 
description  he  gives.     Send  us  a  sketch.] 


EUCLID. 

[192.] — Would  you  kindly  intimate,  through  the  medium 
of  your  valuable  paper,  the  meaning  of  the  letters  Q.  E.  D., 
terminating  the  problems,  die.,  of  Euclid's  elements? 

E.  P. 

[Q.  E.  D.  stands  for  the  initials  of  the  Latin  words,  quod 
etat  demonstrmid'tm,  sv^nifyiu'^  "  which  was  to  be  demon- 
strated," In  a  similar  manner  the  letters  also  frequently 
met  with,  Q.  E.  F.,  stand  for  quod  erat  /acterulntn, 
signifying  "which  was  to  be  done.  "J  L.  M, 


number  as  to  the  nature  of  the  above-named  apparatus. 
It  is  impossible  to  give  briefly  an  intalligible  reply  to  the 
query,  and  we  therefore  propose  to  explain  the  contrivance 
at  such  length  as  is  felt  necessary  to  make  its  peculiarities 
clear.  Much  public  interest  exists  on  the  subject,  and  this* 
warrants  the  course  named.  A  natural  law,  wiiich  must 
have  existed  since  the  creation  of  the  earth's  atmosphere, 
and  which  was  subsequently  known  as  that  of  '*  osmose,"  was 
fii-st  noticed  by  Priestley  andothers.  It  was  reserved,  how- 
ever, for  Prof  Graham  to  discover  and  record  many  new  phe- 
uomejia  in  connection  with  that  law.  Graham  recliristened 
the  old  law  and  called  it  '"dilfusion."  Mr.  Ansell  has 
based  on  the  law  of  diflasion  his  proposition  for  the  indica- 
tion of  fire  damp  in  mines,  because  he  had  become  con- 
vinced that  specific  grarity.  as  specific  gravity  alone,  must 
fail  from  its  being  interfered  with  by  dust  and  draughts  in 
coal  pits.  Difl^usion,  as  now  understood,  is  that  physical 
motion  of  gases  by  which  they  travel  through  space  or 
through  septa,  which,  although  pervious  to  gases,  are  usually 
considered  impervious.  In  explanation  of  this  latteratate- 
meut  let  us  assume  that  gases  ^e  made  up  of  atoms  or 
molecules  which  have  motion  in  every  direction.  This  mo- 
tion not  being  arrested  by  such  substances  as  described, — 
namely,  imglazed  Wedgwood  ware,  wood,  india-rubber,  <fec., 
it  follows  tliat  if  a  porous  vessel  be  placed  in  a  metal  box 
aud  be  then  tilled  with  coal  gas,  and  is  afterwards  brought 
out  into  the  atmosphere,  thegas  will  rapidly  escape  through 
the  pores  of  the  vessel,  while  just  half  the  quantity  of  air 
will  pass  into  the  vessel  and  take  the  place  of  the  gas.  The 
two  giises  will,  indeed,  have  crossed  each  other's  passage  in 
the  intersticea  of  the  Wedgwood  ware.  What  is  called 
effusion  is  that  peciiliav  property  possessed  by  gases  which 
allows  of  their  bemg  forced  out  by  mere  mechanical  pressure. 
The  force  o^  powei  of  difl'usion  is  simply  equivalent  to  so 
many  pounds  pressure  upon  the  square  inch,  and  at  first 
it  appeared  that  etfusion  must  be  fatal  to  Mr.  Ausell's 
views.  That  gentleman  in  the  first  instance  employed 
india-rubber  as  a  medium  of  experimentation  in  the 
form  of  balloons  of  small  diameter.  These  allowed  of  the 
diffusion  into  their  interior  of  fire-damp,  aud  then  expand- 
ing by  its  force  gave  audible  signals  of  danger.  The  fragile 
nature  of  thin  india-rubber,  aud  the  danger  of  its  derange- 
ment in  pitd  induced  Mr.  Ansell  to  seek  for  some  other  ma- 
terial for  his  indicators,  and  singularly  enough  he  adopted 
eventually  cast  iron  and  marble.  His  most  i-ecent  adapta- 
tion of  the  indicator  consists  of  an  iron  funnel  or  cup  with 
a  stem  of  gas  pipe  U  shaped.  One  limb  of  the  II  opens 
into  the  cup,  aud  the  other  is  closed  by  a  cap  of  brass. 
Through  this  cap  is  passed  a  platinum-pointed  copper 
wire.  Mercuiy  is  placed  in  the  cup,  aud  finds  its  level  at 
about  1-lOth  of  an  inch  distance  under  the  platinvim  point 
of  the  wire.  The  mouth  of  the  cup  itself  is  closed  by  means 
of  a  disc  of  Sicilian  marble  of  about  Jin.  in  tliick- 
ness,  the  marble  forming  the  porous  septum  for  the  admis- 
sion of  gas  or  fire-damp  into  the  cup.  If  now  either 
coal  gas  or  fire-damp  be  allowed  to  impinge  upon  the  outer 
surface  of  the  marble  it  quickly  diffuses  through  it,  ex- 
panda  the  air  within,  aud  presses  on  the  surface  of  the  mer- 
cury. The  latter  is  driven  down  in  the  cup,  and  by  a  me- 
chanical law  is  mjde  to  rise  in  the  other  limb  of  the  U  tube 
until  it  touches  the  wire.  This  action  completes  an  elec- 
tric circuit,  and  telegraphic  warning  of  danger  is  at  once 
given,  on  the  spot  or  at  a  distance.  Such  is  the  Ansell 
Indicator,  and  it  seems  to  us  that  it  must  be  of  great  value 
in  all  fiery  mines.  Posaibly,  however,  it  may  require  the 
power  of  the  Legislature  to  enforce  its  use  therein. 


CLERKS  OF  WORKS. 

[193.]=Can  you  infoi-m  rae  if  tliere  is  an  institution  or 
society  for  clerks  of  works,  and  what  is  the  subscription  and 
benefit?  H.  L    G. 

The  only  society  wliich  we  know  of  is  the  Builders" 
Clerks'  Benevolentjinstitution.  Write  to  Mr.  F.  T.  MuUett, 
the  secretary',  1 4,  Betlford-row,  who  will  no  doubt  give  you 
all  the  desired  information. 


GAS  PIPES. 
[194.]— Will  you  oblige  by  a  reply  to  the  following  query? 
A  large  gas  stove  being  fixed  in  a  room,  the  noxious  vapoui-s 
from  the  same  is  carried  off  by  a  3in,  wrought-iron  pipe  at 
the  back  into  a  flue.  This  pipe,  as  a  matter  of  course, 
carries  off  a  great  deal  of  heat,  which,  of  course,  is  all 
wasted.  If  to  utilise  that  heat  we  fix  round  it  a  6in. 
wrought-iron  pipe  open  at  the  bottom  for  the  aii'  to  pass  up, 
and  convey  such  outside  pipe  through  a  floor,  and  a  brass 
ventilator  at  top  of  same  to  warm  room  above,  would  such 
be  dangerous  to  the  floor  and  likely  to  lead  to  it  catching 
fire?  An  Old  SuBSCfiiBER. 


REPLIES. 

SUN-DIALS. 
[126.] — To  set  sun-dials,  whether  vertical  or  horizontal, 
the  upper  edge  of  the  gnomon  must  point  truly  to  the  pole, 
aud  the  liorizontal  line  must  be  parfectly  level,  aud  in  a 
vertical  dial  the  noun  lino  must  be  perpendicular  to  the 
horizon.    Having  prepared  the  plane  on  whic  htUe  dial  in  to 


FRENCH  METRES  AND  ENGLISH  FEET. 
[180.] — Many  thanks  for  insertion  of  replies  in  Intercom- 
munication Column  last  week  ;  but  with  regard  to  the  reply 
to  "  Metre,  "either  it  wlis  a  clerical  error  of  mine  or  amis- 
piint,  viz.,  instead  of  "  1  metre  =  33 "371  English  inch,' ' 
read  "  =  39371  English  inch."  T.  L.  Collev. 


MANUFACTURE  OF  SALT. 
[1S2.] — I  would  advise  "  Enquirer"  not  to  attempt  to 
obtain  salt  by  distillation  from  sea  water.  Sea  water  may 
be  distilled  in  cases  of  emergency  for  the  sake  of  obtaining 
pure  water,  but  no  man  in  his  senses  would  endeavour  in 
a  commercial  point  of  vi«w  to  distil  sea  water  for  the  siike 
ofthesaltin  it.  Let  him  consider  the  following  calcula- 
tions : — 1,000  gallons  of  sea  water  contains  exactly  27  gallons 
of  salt— that  is,  10,000lb.  of  water  gives  (270  X  •2-2b)  iu 
round  numbers  fiOOlb.  of  salt,  and  therefore  it  would  re- 
quire 40,0001b.  of  water  to  give  a  ton  of  salt.  On  the  ave- 
rage lib,  of  coal  will  evaporate  lUlb-  of  water,  very  often 
not  so  miich,  but  it  may  be  safely  assumed  in  the  present 
ealculation.  On  the  lowest  estimate  it  would  therefore  re- 
quire about  1^  tons  of  coal  to  evapoi'ate  one  ton  of  salt. 
The  weight  of  one  gallon  of  sea  water  is  rather  more  than 
lOlb.,  the  weight  of  one  gallon  of  fresh  water,  but  I  have 
taken  the  above  value  to  be  on  the  safe  side,  and  also  for 
facility  of  calculation.  L.  P.  D. 


IRON  IN  CESSPOOLS. 
[1S3.] — Your  correspondent  '*  Constant  Reader  "  is  not 
explicit.  What  does  he  mean  by  "  a  cesspool  one-fifth  in 
depth  ?  "  One-fifth  what — feet,  inches,  fathoms,  or  miles  ? 
I  very  much  doubt  the  practical  utility  of  putting  pieces  of 
iron  into  a  cesspool.  It  would  appear  to  me  that  with  the 
exception  of  chloride  of  limo  or  some  ilisinfecting  agent  the 
less  extraneous  matter  put  into  it  the  better.  Farmers  at 
all  events  would  be  very  sorry  to  have  any  iron  or  solution 
of  it  iu  their  soil.  M.  H. 


January  18,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


00 


MEASUREMENT  OF  LATHS. 

[IM.]— We  have  recently  had  several  questions  from  cor- 
reeix.ndonts  on  this  subject.  They  all  arise  from  the  ain- 
bigiiitv  re?ipectLDS  the  fiict  that  some  bundles  are  100  and 
jomu  \20  lathi  It  would  be  the  better  plan  for  our  corre- 
sp  'iident-s  to  satisfytheniselvesbefunihand  about  what  they 
?iiv-.:t  to  get  for  theirmoney. 

[isi.J — I  mil,  with  your  permission,  inform  "Country- 
man" that  tht)re  should  be  MH'ft,  niu  in  a  bundle,  and  ^0 
buntUes  =  one  loacL  This  I  believe  is  the  stamlard  .[uan- 
titv.  and  anything:  short  of  the  same  would  not  be  correct. 
The  ;iboTe  are  onUnar>-  laths  ;  there  are  others,  for  iuBtance, 
pantile  laths,  bundle  luft.  long,  containing  twelve  laths, 
120ft.  ran  in  bundle;  ditto,  I'ift.  long  and  contAining  twelve 
aths,  144ft.  nm  in  bundle.  T.  L.  Collev. 


HOTT  TO  USE  SPARE  TIME. 

tiSo.}— In  answer  to  "A  Would-be  Goth"  I  tliink  it 
would  txj  his  best  plan  to  join  the  Class  of  resign  of  the 
Atchitectur.il  Association,  as  he  would  there  leam  and 
have  the  opportunity  of  acquiring  a  knowledge  of  subjects 
intimately  ctmnecteii  with  his  profession.  At  the  same 
time  he  should  bear  in  mind  the  motto  of  "  Self  Help," 
and  not  trust  to  schools  of  art  or  any  other  schools  for 
"making  up"  any  part  of  what  he  ought  to  know.  I^et  him 
first  find  out  the  particular  branches  connec  ed  with  the 
architectural  profession  in  which  he  is  deficient,  obtain  a 
little  aid  if  necessary,  but  do  the  hard-working  part  of  it 
himself,  if  he  ever  intends  to  become  a  worthy  member  of 
the  profe&aion.  An  Old  Stager. 


WAREHOUSE  ASQ  G  RAX  ART  FLOORS. 

[186.] — Would  you  allow  rae  the  benefit  of  your  columns 
to^reply  to  **  A  Provincial  Subecriber?"  He  puts  a  case 
which  a  practical  engineer  or  architect  would  require  a 
oouple  of  hours'  study  to  answer  even  approximately.  I 
have  frequently  observed  myself,  in  common  with  nume- 
rous other  subdcribere,  the  readiness  witb  which  you  afford 
and  obtain  for  us.  through  the  medium  of  your  excellent 
joornal,  .ouswcra  to  different  queries,  but  I  do  think  there 
ough*  to  be  a  limit  to  your  wish  to  afford  your  readers  in- 
formation, and  also  a  limit  to  their  demands.  I  am  getting 
out  a  design  for  a  warehouse  at  present,  and  with  your 
permission  will  send  an  answer  to  your  corre-pondent  in 
yuur  next  number,  although  I  consider  I  shall  be  trespass- 
ing on  your  indulgence  to  a  verv  ereai  extent. 

L.  P.  D. 


THE  WEIGHT  OF  LIME. 

pS7.] — In  answer  to  your  correspondent  "H.  M.,"  I  beg 
to  state  the  following,  which  I  believe  to  be  correct : — In 
the  stone :  Plymouth  stone  lime.  701b.  per  bushel ;  lias 
(Lvme  Regis),  Volb.  per  bushel;  lias  (Keynsham),  SOlb.  per 
bofihel.  Ground  :  Blue  lias  (Kevnsham.)  631b.  [per  bushel ; 
blue  lias  (Lvme  Regis),  70lb,  per  busheL     T.  L.  Collet. 


TRAXSIT    THEODOLITES    FOR  LAJIGE  SURVEYS. 

[1 8S.}— The  only  advantage  gained  by  using  a  transit 
theodolite  instead  of  a  plain  thecxiolite  is  a  greater  facility 
in  what  is  termed  "reversing  the  telescope."  It  is  certainly 
a  more  handy  instrument  to  use  when  set  up,  but  it  is  much 
heavier  and  more  expensive  than  the  ordinary  form  .  It  would 
be  folly  for  a  surveyor  to  get  rid  of  a  goi^  plain  theodolite; 
simply  for  the  sake  of  the  additional  advantage  offered  by  a 
transit,  although  if  a  person  is  going  to  buy  a  new  instru- 
ment let  him  by  all  means  go  with  the  age  and  purchase  a 
transit,  as  the  other  form  will  soon   become  ol^lete. 

S.  V. 

nSS.  1 — In  answer  to  the  question  of  "  A  Stirveyor  of  the 
Old  School,"  ■'  rs  there  any  advantage  to  be  gained  by  using 
a  transit  theodoUta  for  large  snrveys  in  preference  to  the 
older  form,  where  the  telescope  has  to  be  taken  out  of  its 
ys  to  prolong  the  &ame  line  in  an  opposite  direction  ? ' '  The 
tnosit  theodolite  preserves  a  Bymmetrical  arrangement  of 
the  upper  part  of  the  instrument,  and  gives  the  advantage 
I  of  a  complete  circle,  with  opposite  verniers  for  the  determi- 
nation of  altitudes,  and  maJtes  it  altogether  as  effective  for 
astronomical  as  it  is  for  geodetical  operations.  It  may  be 
reven^  and  set  by  a  tangent  screw,  without  interfering 
with  the  telescope  or  removing  it  from  its  Y's.  Also  ver- 
tical angles  may  be  taken  of  any  elevation  or  depression 
that  is  ever  likely  in  practice  to  be  required.  Excepting 
these  particulars,  which  are  matters  of  great  convenience  to 
engineering  surveyors,  a  *' 5in.  Troughton "  of  the  old 
form  is  e  ^iially  suitable  for  large  surveys  (if  in  perfect  ad- 
justment) as  the  transit  theodoUte.  I  have  very  frequently 
for  some  years  used  both  descriptions  of  Lnstniment.  and 
must  confess  that  the  oin.  transit  theodolite  lately  suppUed 
to  me  by  Messrs.  Troughton  and  Simms  is  more  con 
venient  and  handier  thka  the  old  form.  This  is  con- 
firmed by  the  report  to  me  of  an  experienced  assistant 
stirveyor.  now  employed  in  this  office,  and  who  has  been 
using  it  for  the  last  six  months.  If  your  correspondent's 
excellent  "oin,  Troughton  of  the  old  form"  is  in  good 
adjustment.  I  do  not  think  it  is  necessairy  he  should 
'pend  his  spare  cash  in  purchasing  a  transit  theodilite  for 
;large  surveys. — Thomas  C.  Thorbcrx,  C.E.,  Town  Sur- 
veyor's Office,  35,  Hamilton-square,  Birkenhead. 


Notice.  —  The  Liverpool  Architectural  and 
ArchEBological  Society,  in  a  notice  to  student 
tmemberSjSaya : — Thedesignfor  theaecond  students' 
competition,  for  an  east  window  in  the  English 
iStj'le  of  the  thirteenth  century,  is  to  be  sent  in  to 
the  council  on  the  6th  February.  The  third 
design,  for  a  window  in  the  style  of  the  fourteenth 
century,  is  to  be  sent  in  on  the  20th  Slarch.  The 
i  fourth  design,  for  a  window  in  the  style  of  the 
Sfteenth  century  is  to  be  sent  in  on  the  17th 
April.  The  first  set  of  drawing  will  be  exhibited 
>and  commented  upon  at  the  next  meeting.  The 
dates  thirteenth,  fourteenth,  and  fifteenth  centu- 
ries to  be  taken  as  indicating  the  three  phases  of 
English  Gothic,  commonly  known  as  Early 
English,  Decorated,  and  Perpendicular. 


^\Mn  Intclligcnfc. 


CHtJBCHES  ASD  CHAPELS. 

Belfast. — The  foundntion  stone  of  a  new  Pres- 
byterian Church,  at  Whitehouse,  near  Belfast,  was 
laiil  on  the  Ist  inst.  The  building  will  be  in  the  Ve- 
netiiJ-Gothio  style.  The  materials  will  be  per- 
forated brick,  -with  Scotch  stone  dressings.  In 
length  it  will  be  75ft.,  .and  in  brea<lth  about  40ft. 
It  is  calculated  to  accommodate  6-40  persons,  and 
to  cost  about  £2,000.  Messrs.  Bell  and  Marsh,  Bel- 
fast ^Are  the  architecta. 

Chetwvnd  (Newport). — A  new  church  ia  now 
in  course  of  erection  here.  It  is  in  the  Geometric 
Decorated  style,  and  consists  of  nave  and  south 
aisle,  33ft.  wide  and  Toft,  long,  chancel  19ft.  wide 
and  31ft.  long.  The  exterior  walls  are  of  the  local 
red  sandstone  in  irregular  random  courses  with 
wrought  quoins.  The  interior  is  lined  with  white 
ashlar  and  banded  with  red  courses.  The  nave  is 
separated  from  the  south  aisle  by  an  arcade  of  four 
arches.  The  columns  are  of  polished  Devonshire 
marble,  and  the  capitals  elaborately  carved. 
Marble  is  largely  used  in  the  interior,  and  num- 
bers of  illuminated  texts  are  inscribed  over  the 
arches.  The  seats  in  the  chancel  are  of  oak,  and 
in  the  nave  of  deal  varnished.  The  church  will 
seat  250  persons.  The  tower  contains  a  peal  of  six 
bells  brought  from  the  old  church,  and  is  sur- 
mounted by  a  spire,  which  rises  to  the  height  of 
123ft.  A  schoolmaster's  house  and  national 
schools  are  erected  near.  Mr.  Ferrey,  of  London, 
is  the  architect.  The  church  will  cost  about 
£3,000. 

Hasletos. — The  parish  church  of  Hasleton,  on 
the  Cotswold  Hills,  has  been  reopened  after  gene- 
ral restoration,  and  the  additiim  of  a  new  aisle. 
The  church,  hke  most  in  that  district,  has  some 
Norman  features,  but  the  tower  and  nave  are  of 
late  Perpendicular  style,  and  very  simple  and  plain. 
Messrs.  Medland,  Maberly,  and  Medland  were  the 
architects,  and  the  work  was  carried  out  by  Messrs. 
Earle  and  Sons,  of  Northleach,  carpenters,  and 
Mr.  Barnfield,  mason,  of  Shipton. 

St.  Helen's  Church. — The  Marquis'of  North- 
ampton has  forwarded  a  donation  of  £50  on  be- 
half of  the  St.  Helens  Church  restoration  fund, 
and  has  also  announced  his  intention  of  restoring 
the  noble  monument  of  his  ancestor  Sir  John 
Spencer.  During  the  last  century  the  monument 
was  reduced  to  a  uniform  white  by  the  then  church- 
wardens, but  happily  Lord  Northampton  has  in 
his  possession  a  drawing  showing  the  original 
colouring.  Unfortunately  the  monument  com- 
pletely blocks  up  a  good  decorated  arch,  and 
which  formerly  communicated  with  the  chapel  of 
the  Holy  Ghost  (now  used  as  the  vestry),  and  this 
may  be  said  to  be  the  only  good  piece  of  architec- 
ture remaining.  On  the  south  side  are  two  fine 
windows  ,  the  tracery  intact,  but  the  interven- 
ing spaces  bricked  up.  During  the  progress  of  the 
works  some  most  interesting  discoveries  have  been 
made  in  the  nuns'  choir — two  doorways  and  three 
hagioscopes,  in  addition  to  the  one  behind  the 
tomb  of  Sir  T.  Gresham.  From  one  of  the  door- 
ways a  flight  of  stone  steps  has  been  brought  to 
light,  and  these  are  supposed  to  have  formed  the 
means  of  communication  with  the  dormitory  of 
the  nuns.  The  other  doorway  is  of  much  earlier 
character,  and  at  the  sill.  Sift,  beneath  the  pre. 
sent  level  of  the  church,  some  fine  encaustic  tiles 
were  found.  At  the  north-east  angle  of  the  aisle 
a  deeply  splayed  lancet  window  has  been  imbricked, 
and  it  is  evident  that  it  formed  one  of  a  series  of 
the  same  character,  and  that  the  others  were  de- 
stroyed to  make  room  for  the  three  Jacobean 
monstrosities,  at  the  repair  of  the  chiu'ch  by  Inigo 
Jones,  in  1633.  Immediately  opposite,  in  the  south 
aisle,  the  head  of  a  window  of  rather  later  charac- 
ter is  to  be  seen;  this  still  remains  bricked  up. 
On  removing  the  pulpit  a  small  piscina  was  dis- 
covered, the  lip  of  which  is  on  a  level  with  the 
present  floor.  The  church  presents  a  curious 
combination  of  various  levels,  and  would  well  re- 
pay a  careful  investigation  by  some  of  the  archi- 
tectural societies.  It  is  a  matter  for  regret  that 
owing  to  want  of  funds  the  works  have  been  at  a 
standstill  for  nearly  three  months. 

Whitet. — The  Archbishop  of  York,  having 
declined  to  licence  the  Congress  Hall,  on  the  West 
Cliff,  a  meeting  was  held  recently,  under  the  pre- 
sidency of  the  Rev.  W.  Keane,  the  rector,  to 
devise  means  for  raising  a  new  church  on  the 
Cliff,  capable  of  seating  not  less  than  1,800  per- 
sons, and  to  cost  £10,000.    The  committee  for 


carrjHng  out  this  object  will  be  composed  of  the 
clergy  and  churchwardensof  the  different  churches 
in  the  town,  subscribers  of  £20  and  upwards,  and 
laymen,  who  will  be  designated  at  a  future  meet- 
ing. Before  the  meeting  closed,  resolutions  ap- 
proving of  the  scheme,  and  promising  support, 
were  carried  unanimously,  and  subscriptions  may 
be  sent  to  Messrs.  Simpson,  Chapman,  and  Co., 
bankers,  Whitby.  The  Congregationalists  and 
Wesleyana  also  contemplate  building  on  the  West 
CUff. 

BUILDDfGS. 

There  were  1,289  new  houses,  1  church,  1  chapel 
2  schools,  11  manufactories,  and  23  warehouses 
erected  in  Birmingham  during  1866. 

It  is  said  that  the  new  Bristol  Post-offico — a 
building  of  some  architectural  pretensions — will 
be  commenced  forthwith. 

The  new  agricultural  hall,  Bridgenorth,  was 
opened  by  a  public  dinner  on  S.aturday  last. 

E.xeter. — The  Albert  Memorial  Museum. — 
The  merits  of  Mr.  Hayward's  design  are  beginning 
to  be  better  ajipreciated  now  that  the  exterior  of 
the  north  wing  and  centre  is  approaching  com- 
pletion. The  Mus-eum  is  an  example  of  what  may 
be  called  French  Gothic.  The  carving  is  being 
executed  by  Mr.  Boulton,  of  Worcester,  from  Mr. 
Hayward's  designs.  All  the  capitals  of  the  shafts 
supporting  the  window  arches  will  be  carved,  and 
no  two  capitals  will  be  alike.  The  cornice  beneath 
the  parapet  exhibits  sculptured  decorations  of  a 
French  order.  There  will  be  also  some  carving  in 
the  entrance  arcade.  The  sum  of  £1,000  is  still 
needed  to  complete  the  interior  of  the  building 
already  erected.  If  it  be  subscribed  forthwith,  the 
new  museum  will  be  opened  this  year. 

Newhaven',  U.S. — The  Yale  Art  Building  has 
just  been  completed,  the  corner  stone  of  which 
was  laid  in  November,  1864.  The  plan  of  the 
building  is  such  as  to  let  in  the  northern  light, 
and  is  erected  in  the  form  of  a  Greek  cross,  the 
wings  running  east  and  west,  and  joining  upon  a 
central  building.  The  southern  wing  is  34ft.  by 
80ft.,  and  the  northern  72ft.  by  24ft.,  while  the 
central  structure  is  44ft.  by  35ft.  Portland  and 
Trenton  granite  have  been  used  in  the  walls,  while 
Ohio  "  yellow  "  stone  constitutes  the  ornamental 
portion  of  the  outside  work.  At  the  main  en- 
trance are  two  columns  of  Quincy  granite,  which 
is  quite  as  susceptible  of  a  high  degree  of  polish 
as  the  Scotch  granite,  though  the  veiniug  is 
coarser.  The  outer  shape  of  the  art  building  is 
septagonal,  and  seven  miniature  towers  crown  the 
different  towers.  Inside,  at  the  opening  of  the 
south  wing,  commences  the  great  hall,  which  runs 
the  whole  length  of  the  building  to  the  end  of  the 
north  wing,  bisecting  the  central  section.  The 
two  rooms,  one  on  either  side  of  the  passage,  are 
devoted  to  the  reception  of  the  various  works  of 
art  as  well  as  books,  engravings,  &c.,  which  the 
college  now  does  or  may  possess.  The  galleries 
are  lighted  by  skyUghts  of  heavy  glass.  The  waUs 
are  painted  a  dark  maroon  colour,  which  is  said  to 
form  the  best  background  for  pictures,  and  are 
wainscoted  to  the  height  of  3ft.  or  4ft.  with 
pine,  the  natural  colour  of  which  is  preserved  by 
varnish.  The  beauty  of  this  hght  lemon  colour  in 
contrast  with  the  maroon  is  very  noticeable,  and 
it  is  remarkable  that  this  wood  has  not  been  used 
more  in  finishing  private  dwellings  and  public 
buildings.  It  certainly  is  much  brighter  and  more 
cheerful  than  the  oak  and  walnut  of  the  sombre 
tone  in  which  Americans  so  much  delight.  In  the 
northern  gallery  there  is  an  oriel  window.  The 
total  cost  will  be  about  200,000  dollars. 


STATUE3,   MEMORIALS,  &c. 

An  effort  is  being  made  in  Baltimore,  U.S.,  to 
erect  a  monument  to  Edgar  Allan  Poe  in  that 
city. 

An  Offer. — A  gentleman  in  thecity,  well  known 
as  a  man  of  business,  writes  to  the  Atheneuin  as 
follows : — "  My  mission  is  neither  literature  nor  art, 
but  I  admire  and  respect  both.  The  Thames  Em- 
bankment fronting  the  present  Temple  Gardens 
progresses  towards  completion  ;  a  bronze  statue  of 
Shakspeare  would  be  in  good  keeping  in  that 
locality.  If  the  public  saw  a  good  design,  I  am 
satisfied  funds  ample  for  the  purpose  would  be 
forthcoming.  I  therefore  am  wilUng,  preseiA-ing  a 
strict  incognito,  to  offer  a  premiun  of  50  guineas 
for  the  best  design,  20  guineas  for  the  second,  and 
10  guineas  for  the  third.  Should  yoiu-  editorial 
opinion  coincide  with  mine,  can  you  find  a  comer 
for  these  lines  in  an  early  impression  ?"  Th«^ 
site  suggested  above,  remarks  our  contempora^, 


56 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


Jaktjaey  18,  1867. 


is  thatj-which  has  commended  itself  to  almost  every- 
body's mind  as  the  most  suitable  for  a  monument 
to  Shakspeare,  from  its  association  with  the  his- 
torical plays,  and  its  vicinity  to  the  old  playhouses. 
We  have  the  gentleman's  name,  and  we  canguarantee 
the  good  faith  of  his  proposal. 

The  O'Conhell,  Statde,  Dublin. — The  Muni- 
cipal Council  have  decided  that  Hog.an's  fine  statue 
of  O'Connell,  with  its  pedestal  of  Dalkey  granite, 
at  present  iu  the  centre  of  the  City-hall,  Dublin, 
shall  be  removed  to  the  space  between  the  centre 
pillars  in  front  of  the  building  and  facing  Parlia- 
ment-street. 

The  late  Lord  Palmerston. — In  consequence 
of  the  heavy  expense  and  other  difficulties,  the  de- 
sign as  originally  agreed  upon  for  a  mortuary 
chapel  at  the  eastern  end  of  Romsey  Abbey  Church, 
in  memory  of  the  late  Lord  Palmerston,  who  was 
a  resident  of  the  town,  has  been  abandoned,  and 
in  its  stead  the  sub-committee  recommend  the 
insertion  of  stained  glasss  in  the  large  windows  at 
the  western  end  of  the  church,  so  justly  celebrated 
for  theii'  beauty.  The  memorial,  if  carried  out, 
will  be  in  close  proximity  to  the  tomb  of  the 
Temple  family.  'The  Hon.  W.  Cowper  has  stated 
that  the  suggestion  has  the  full  approval  of  Lady 
Palmerston,  and  has  also  ofi'ered  to  receive  from 
the  committee  the  funds  which  have  been  contri- 
buted towards  the  erection  of  a  memorial  statue 
in  the  market  place  of  Romsey,  and  himself  to 
supplement  the  sum  to  such  an  extent  as  may  be 
necessary  to  secure  a  work  of  art  from  the  hands 
of  a  sculptor  of  the  highest  reputation;  whom  he 
would  select. 


STAINED  GLASS. 

The  east  wmdow  of  the  uew  church  at  Stockbridjio,  in 
Hants,  is  of  ricli  .st.aiued  glaas,  aud  cost  120  guineas.  It 
was  given  by  Mr.  John  ijay,  of  Danebury,  the  well- 
kno\vn  horse  trainer. 

Hasleton. — The  east  window  of  the  parish  church, 
which  has  just  been  restored,  is  filled  with  stained  gl.iss 
representing  the  Ci-ucifi.viou ;  and  a  small  ^vindow  near 
the  font  has  been  filled  with  painted  glass  representinj;  Our 
Lord's  Uaptisra.  This  window  was  the  gift  of  Jlessrs. 
Medland,  JIaberly,  and  Medland,  the  architects.  The 
glasi  ia  by  Messrs.  Heaton,  Butler,  and  Bayne. 


§mnil  Items. 


A  new  list  of  members  of  the  Society  of  Arts 
has  been  printed,  and  any  member  can  have  a 
coxjy  sent  to  him  on  application  to  the  Secretary. 

China  Clay. — Cornwall  has  for  some  years  past 
done  a  large  and  profitable  business  in  china  clay, 
the  greater  part  of  which  has  been  raised  in  the 
St.  Austell  district,  where  several  important  works 
are  now  in  progress.  There  is  every  prospect, 
however,  of  a  new  district  being  opened  up  on  an 
extensive  scale  in  a  short  time.  Fine  samples  of 
china  clay  have  been  discovered  in  three  parishes, 
and  the  ground  in  various  localities  is  believed  to 
be  very  rich.  Steps  are  being  taken  with  a  view 
to  establish  works  which  would  afford  employment 
to  a  large  number  of  people. 

The  French  Conscription  and  the  Industri.al 
Classes.— A  I^aris  paper  gives,  with  reference  to 
the  present  plan  of  conscription,  the  following 
trades  from  which  the  recruits  forming  the  annual 
contingent  of  100,000  men  are  taken  :—"  Work- 
men in  wood,  carpenters,  joiners,  &c.,  furnish 
nearly  6,185  men  to  the  armv;  in  iron,  black- 
smiths, locksmiths,  founders,  &o.,  4,289 ;  in  lea- 
ther, as  tanners,  skumers,  &c.,  4,33.3  ;  tailors,  973 
and  more  ;  bargemen  and  watermen,  2,513  ;  shoe- 
makers, basketmakers,  wheelwrights,  bakers, 
house-painters,  masons,  &c.,  20,507  ;  clerks,  3,703  : 
young  men  of  no  profession,  whose  parents  in  some 
cases  only  possess  a  small  income,  3,237  ;  finally 
field  labourer.?,  51,329  ;  but  the  proportion  of  the 
latter  is  sometimes  greater.  Thus,  the  contingent 
of  1855  comprised  75,000  agricultural  labourers." 

LrvEKpooL  Gallery  of  Inventions  and  Science. 
—The  committee  of  this  institution  invite  the 
attention  of  inventors,  manufacturers,  and  dealers 
to  the  advantages  which  tliis  institution  affords 
them  of  exhibiting  gratuitously  in  this  gi-eat  com. 
mercial  centre,  models  of  new  inventions,  and 
objects  illustrative  of  progress  in  the  arts  and 
sciences  No  charge  is  made  to  exhibitors,  the 
object  of  the  founder  (the  late  Sir  William  Brown, 
Bs,Tt.),  and  of  the  committee  of  management  being 
to  render  the  gallery  commercially  beneficial  to 
exhibitors,  as  well  as  a  means  of  affording  interest 
and  instruction  to  the  general  pubhc.  Forms  of 
atphcation   for  space,   and  further    information, 


may  be  had  of  the  honorary  secretary,  Mr.  Astrup 
Cariss,  3,  Cook-street,  Liverpool. 

Fall  of  Scaffolding. — A  range  of  lofty  build- 
ings and  warehouses  for  the  storage  of  malt  and 
hop.s  has  been  lately  erected  in  the  Mile  End-road 
by  Mr.  Webb,  the  builder,  from  designs  by  Mr. 
Dyson,  on  the  western  side  of  the  old  brewery  of 
Messrs.  Charrington  and  Head,  to  meet  their  in- 
creased and  increasing  trade,  and  to  complete  the 
extension  of  their  premises  it  is  intended  to  erect 
a  ventilating  shaft,  to  communicate  with  the  malt- 
ing floors.  For  this  purpose  a  lofty  scaffolding  had 
been  erected  at  the  northern  end  of  che  new 
buildings,  which  was  a  conspicuous  object  in  the 
east  end  of  London.  It  braved  the  storms  and 
inclement  weather  of  last  week,  and  w'ith  the 
return  of  fine  weather  it  was  intended  to  erect 
the  shaft,  which  will  rise  to  the  height  of  150ft. 
from  the  ground.  At  half-past  nine  o'clock  on 
Monday  morning  the  whole  of  the  scaffolding  gave 
way,  poles  and  cords  were  snapped  asunder,  and 
the  fabric,  erected  at  much  cost  and  with  great 
ingenuity,  fell.  The  whole  is  now  a  shapeless  and 
broken  mass,  and  the  lofty  scaffold  will  have  to  be 
erected  again  to  complete  the  design.  In  conse- 
quence of  the  unsettled  state  of  the  weather  no 
men  were  at  work  at  the  time  the  scaffold  fell,  and 
no  one  was  injured  ;  but  some  of  the  poles  were 
precipitated  a  considerable  distance,  and  fell  near 
some  of  the  men  at  work  on  the  brewery.  The 
main  building  was  only  slightly  damaged  by  the 
falling  timbers.  The  new  buildings  are  of  great 
solidity,  and  will  involve  an  expenditure  of 
£25,000. 

The  Industrial  Exhibition,  Islington. — The 
ceremony  of  distributing  the  prizes  won  at  the 
Metropolitan  and  Provincial  Working  Classes 
Industrial  Exhibition,  Islington,  took  j^lace  at 
Exeter  Hall,  on  Saturday  last.  Mr.  G.  J.  Goschen, 
M.P.,  presided,  and  dehvered  an  interesting  ad- 
dress, after  which  the  prizes  were  distributed. 
The  special  prizes  amounted  in  the  aggregate  to 
£57.  The  first  of  them,  a  £10  note,  the  gift  of 
the  Agricultural  Hall  Company,  was  presented  to 
H.  A.  Major,  a  letter-carrier,  for  the  best  painting 
in  oil.  Sums  of  £5  each,  the  gifts  of  the  same 
company,  were  presented  to  R.  C.  Dunham, 
butcher,  for  a  decimal  key ;  W.  H.  Myers,  printer, 
for  a  working  model  of  railway  signals  ;  and  E.  R. 
May,  late  lieutenant  in  the  Indian  navy,  for  boat- 
lowering  apparatus.  Miss  Alice  Haselden,  aged  17, 
was  presented  with  £5,  the  gift  of  Mr.  J.  Harris, 
for  the  best  watercolour  drawing.  The  young  lady 
was  loudly  cheered  as  she  stepped  upon  the  plat- 
form to  receive  her  prize.  Mr.  W.  A.  Latta,  a 
compositor,  received  a  prize  of  £2  2s.,  the  gift  of 
Mr.  J.  E.  Wilson,  for  the  best  specimen  of  orna- 
mental typography.  Miss  Ellen  M.  Hammond, 
governes.s,  was  presented  with  a  prize  of  .£2  2s.  for 
the  best  specimen  of  fancy  needlework.  Mr. 
Franklin  was  awarded  both  a  silver  cup,  the  gift  of 
Mr.  J.  Howard,  of  Bedford,  and  a  silver  medal  for 
agricultural  machines.  After  the  special  prizes, 
the  silver  medals,  85  in  number,  were  presented  ; 
next  the  bronze  ones,  of  which  there  were  187  ; 
and  then  the  certificates  of  honourable  mention, 
189  in  number. 

The  Suburban  Villages  and  General  Dwell- 
ings' Company  (Limited). — The  first  general 
meeting  of  the  shareholders  was  held  on  Monday 
last,  at  the  offices  of  the  company.  No.  1,  West- 
minster Cbambers,  S.W.,  E.  Vigars,  Esq.  the  chair- 
man of  the  directors,  presiding.  The  meeting  was 
well  attended,  and  the  statements  made  by  the 
chairman  and  secretary  were  received  with  feelings 
of  general  satisfaction.  The  company  have  held 
back  in  their  operations,  not  having  been  able  to 
procure  a  desirable  estate  to  commence  upon,  and 
in  consequence  of  the  extreme  deadness  in  the 
money  market.  They  had  been  offered  an  estate 
situated  near  to  four  railway  stations,  and  desira- 
ble in  all  other  respects,  from  the  Ecclesiastical 
Commissioners,  upon  very  advantageous  terms,  and 
had  accepted  the  offer.  The  share  capital  now  sub- 
scribed being  much  smaller  than  at  first  con- 
templated, the  operations  would  be  restricted. 

Obituary.  —  Mr.  Joseph  O'Brien,  builder, 
Loughrea,  died  on  the  4th  inst.,  aged  44.  Deceased 
had  executed  a  number  of  fine  mansions  as  well 
as  public  buildings  in  various  parts  of  Ireland. 
Mr.  I.  I.  Cherry,  architect,  Belfast,  died  a  short 
time  since.  The  death  of  the  great  French  painter 
M.  Ingress,  at  the  age  of  87,  is  also  announced  this 
week.  The  death  is  announced  of  Mr.  George  Baxter, 
the  inventor  and  patentee  of  oil-colour  picture 
painting.  The  deceased  gentleman  was  sixty-two 
years  of  age.  Some  time  ago  he  met  with  an  ac- 
cident, which  proved  the  remote  cause  of  the 
attack  of  apoplexy  from  which  he  died. 


MEETINGS    FOR   THE   WEEK. 

MoN. — Society  of  Engineers. — President's  Inaugural  Ad' 
dress,  T.30. 
Royal  Uiyted  Service  Institution. — *'  Breech- 
loaders ■with  jeference  to  Calibre,  Supply,  and 
Cost  of  Ammunition,"  by  Captain  J.  H, 
Selwya. 

TuES. — Institution   of   Civil   Engineers. — DiBCUSsion  on 
"  Ships  of  War,"  * 
Royal  Institution. — "  On  Vibratory  Motion,  with 
special    reference    to    Sound, "    by    Professor 
Tyndall,  3. 

Wed, — Geological  Society. — The  following  papei-s  will  be 
read: — l.  "  On  Chemical  Analyses  of  Varie- 
gated Strata,"  by  Mr.  G.  Maw.  2.  "On  the 
Jurassic  Fauna  and  Flora  of  South  Africa,"  by 
Mr.  Ralph  Tate.  3.  "On  Consolidated  Blocks 
in  the  Drift  of  Suffolk,"  by  Mr.  G.  Maw,  8. 

T1IUR8. — Royal  Institution. — "On  Vibratory  Motion, 
with  special  reference  to  Sound,"  by  Professor 
Tyndall,  3. 

Fei, — Royal  Institution. — "On  Mr.  Graham's  Recent 
Discoveries  on  the  Diffusion  of  Gases,"  by 
Professor  Odling,  8. 

Sat. — Royal  Institution. — "  On  Harmony,"  by  Mr.  G.  A. 
Macfarren,  3. 


-<>■ 


ijuk  llclus. 


The  "Wesleyan  chapel  aud  schools,  which  have  recently 
been  rebuilt,  have  been  heated  by  J,  Jones  and  Son's  hot- 
water  apparatiLs.  The  warming  apparatus  of  Enfield 
Church,  recently  restored,  has  boon  erected  by  the  same 
firm. 

Cork  Gaol. — The  contract  for  the  alterations  and  addi- 
tions to  the  County  of  Cork  Gaol  has  been  given  to  Mr. 
Evans,  builder,  of  Cork,  at  £4,095  ;  Mr.  Newstead,  of  Fer- 
moy,  who  had  previously  been  declared  contractor,  having 
declined  to  fulfil  his  engagement  in  consequence  of  a  mia- 
take  in  his  tender. 


TENDERS. 

Batswater. — For  alterations,  at  No.  20,  Kensington 
Park -terrace,  Bayswater.  Messrs.  Bird  and  Walters,  archi- 
tects : — 

Huggettand  Hiissey £501  15 

Newman  and  Mann  379    0 

E.  Brown 850    0 

Williams  and  Son 347     0 

Kelly  Brothers    337     0 

CiTv. — For  the  erection  of  two  warehouses,  in  Alderman- 
bury,  ^r  Mr.  Meyerstcia.  Mr.  T.  Ci  Clarke,  architect. 
Quantities  by  Messrs.  Hovenden  and  Heath  : — 

Scrivener  and  White £7,183 

Hill  and  Sons 7,167 

Macey  7,159 

Patraan  and  Fotheringham  6,789 

Newman  aud  Maun 6,371 

Kilby   6,310 

Henshaw 6,196 

Conder 0,117 

King  and  Sons  6,098 

Bx'owne  and  Robinson    5,974 

Cit\"-road. — For  alterations  and  additions  to  premises 
85,  City-road.    Mr.  Thomas  J.  Hill,  architect ; — 

Bishop £390 

Perry  312 

Anley 303 

Sabey  294 

Fenchurch-street. — For   alterations.    No.    164,    Fen 
church-street.  Messrs.  John  Young  and  Son, 'architects : — 
No.  1.  No.  2.  Total. 

Chessura £869  £526  £1,395 

Ashby  and  Homer  ...     832      518      1,350 

Henshaw. 786      477      1,263 

Webb  and  Sons 798      447       1,245 

Islington'. — For  alterations  and  additions  to  No.  231 
Upper-street.  Islington,  for  Miss  Tubbs.  Mr,  W.  Smith 
architect.     No  quantities  supplied  : — ■ 

First  contract.  Second  contract. 

Waters £305     £455     

M'Farlane...     195     255     

Sabey  185    310    

Hunt   160     200     

Cubitt 87     145    

LoNDny. — For  alterations,  (fee. .  to  Dock  House  Tavern, 
East  India-road.    Mr.  W.  Barrett,  architect:— 

Langmead  and  Way £,1096 

Sheffield 1,063 

Phillips   760 

Marylebone. — For  the  erection  of  casual  wards  at  St, 
Marylebone  workhouse.  Mr.  H.  Saxon  Snell,  architect 
Quantities  supplied: — 

Ebbs  and  Sons  £1,347 

Brown 1,316 

Nightingale    1,263 

Hale 1,253 

KeUy   1,243 

Rigby  1,193 

Sabey   1.176 

Potter  and  Sods    1,130 

Shaw    1,117 

Crabb  and  Vaughan 1,083 

New  Kent-road. — For  building  St.  Matthew's  Church 
New  Kent-road.    Mr.  H.  Jai-vis,  architect :—     _ 
Church. 
Patmanand  Fotheringam    £7,276 

Thompson    ti,56J 

Gammon 6,370 

Henshaw 6,1S4 

Dove  Brothera    6,335 

*  Myers  and  Son  6,075 

Higgs 5,265 

*  Mr.  Higgs  having  made  a  mistake. 
Son's  tender  being  the  next  lowest  was  accepted. 

PiMLico. — For  alterations  to  the  Sun  Tavern,  Ranelagb 
street,  Piralico.     Messrs.  Bird  and  Walters,  architects : — 

Henshaw £647 

Ebbs  and  Sons 589 

Williams  and  Son 567 

E.  Brown  549 

Newman  and  Mann 539 

M'Lachlan 510 

i 


Total. 
,.  £760 
,.  450 
,.  495 
,.  360 
,.     232 


Spire. 

Total. 

£|>S0 

£7.956 

070 

7,230 

605 

6,975 

728 

6,912 

520 

6,855 

630 

6,605 

518 

5,783      . 

lessrs. 

Myers  ant 

January  25,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


67 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


lOJTDOir,  FRIDAY,  JASVARm,  1S67. 


THE 


COURTS  OF  JUSTICE  COM- 
PETITION. 
A  FORTNIGHT  ago  we  made  some  pre- 
liminary remivrks  on  this  the  most  im- 
portant architectural  battle  since  that  for  the 
Bouses  of  Parliament,  when  the  late  Sir 
Charles  Barry,  by  the  help  of  Pugin,  came 
off  victorious."  Who  the  new  Sir  Knight 
is  to  be,  and  by  whose  and  what  help — whether 
by  help  of  good  name,  or  legal  favour,  or 
leregone  conclusion,  or  real  art-power — are 
points  about  which  we  might  have  been  ear- 
nest had  the  competition  been  free,  open,  and 
unlimited  ;  narrowed  as  it  is,  we  confess  we 
have  almost  come  to  be  indifferent,  and,  after 
seeing  the  plans,  we  reallj'  do  not  think  art 
■wHl  gain  or  lose  much  by  any  decision  the 
judges  may  choose  to  make,  taking  it  of  course 
for  granted  that  their  choice  will  be  sure  to  be 
limited  to  five  designs — viz.,  those  by  ^Messrs. 
Scott,  Waterhouse,  Street,  Seddon,  and 
Surges. 

In  OUT  first   article,    we  pointed  out  the 
varieties  of  plan  possible  to  the  site  under  the 
conditions    laid   down   by    the    instructions. 
We  can  scarcely  say  that  we  were  prepared  for 
such  a  concord   of  opinion  as  exists  touching 
the    Central   Hall  scheme,  which   has    been 
adopted  in  some  shape  or  other  by  the  great 
majority  of   the   competitors.     We  also  ex- 
pressed  a  hope    that    the    architects  would 
uvour  us  with  possible  views  of  their  designs, 
and  not  merely  give  fancy  perspectives  repre- 
senting the  building  as  if  it  were  to  stand  on 
one  side  of  a  gigantic  square  or  platz.     Some 
have  done  as  we  hoped  they  would ;  yet  views 
have  been  sent  in,  as  we  feared  they  might  be, 
the  authors  of  which  have  cooUy  presumed  to 
remove  all  the  buildings  between  the  Strand 
and  the  river.     This  question  of  perspective 
drawings  is  always  more  or  less  one  of  the 
chief  obstacles  in  the  way  of  fair  competition, 
and  imtil  instructions  are  peremptory  on  this 
point,  fixing  the  size  and  angles  of  the  one  or 
more  views  required,  the  public  must  be  con- 
tent to  be  misled,  on  the  one  hand,  into  undue 
admiration   by   charming   realistic    drawings 
showing  things  as  we  may  see  them  every  day, 
or,  on  the  other  hand,  into  unfair  condemna- 
tion by  impossible  views  which  have  nothing 
real  about  them,  and  which,  instead  of  em- 
hancing  the  merits  of  the  design,  only  tend  to 
damn  them.     As  an  illustration  of  this,  we 
cannot  help  thinking  that  both  ilr.  Surges 
and  Mr.  Seddon  would  stand  in  a  much  more 
favourable  light  if  they  could  be  permitted  to 
withdraw   their   exterior    perspectives    alto- 
gethei;    whilst,  on  the  other  hand,  the  attrac 
tions  of  Mr.  Waterhouse's  design  depend  most 
materially  on  the  very  admirably  drawn  and 
truthful  series  of  views  by  which  he  has  so 
well  illustrated  it.     The  admission  of  models 
in  a  competition  is  another   important   con- 
sideration.    To  the  uninitiated  public  a  model 
is  always  attractive,  because  it  affords  them  an 
opportunity   of  forming    some  sort  of  judg- 
ment,  without  having  to  undergo  the  horri- 
ble task  of  trying  to  make  out  the  relation 
of  the  several  plans,  elevations,  and  sections. 
But,  then,    it   is  manifest  that,  in  order  to 
put    all   competitors  on   the  same  level  and 
give   them  all   equal  chance  with    the  pub- 
lic     and     non-professional     judges,     every 
architect    should    be    obliged    to   submit    a 
model  of  his  design  made  to  the  same  scale 
and  got  up  in  the  same  style  as  the  others,  or, 
failing  this,  no  model  should  be  received,  lest 
its  exhibitor  should  obtain  an  \mdue  advan- 
tage   over   his    co-competitors.       That    Mr. 
Seddon  may  be  inclined  to  quarrel  with  us 
for  expressing  just  now  such  an  opinion  is  not 
unlikely,  seeing  how  much  his  design  depends 
upon  his  model  for  illustration,  but  when  the 
battle  is  over  we  feel   confident  that    Mr. 


Seddon  will  be  the  very  first  to  admit  the 
justice  of  our  argument,  and  even  now  we 
would  dare  go  so  far  as  to  ask  the  Govern- 
ment to  pause  in  such  an  important  work  as 
the  selection  of  a  design  for  a  building  of  such 
magnitude  and  costliness  until  they  have  had 
models  made  of  the  other  designs.  There 
would  be,  too,  this  additional  advantage,  that 
whereas  at  present  each  man's  work  is  sepa- 
rated from  his  neighbours  designs,  and  can- 
not be  compared  except  by  an  effort  of 
memory,  a  row  of  models  would  enable  one  to 
judge  at  a  glance  the  merits  or  demerits  of  the 
general  composition  at  least,  whilst  a  detail 
model  of  one  bay  would  furnish  a  test  of  the 
authors  knowledge  in  a  department  of  art 
quite  as  important  as  the  power  of  grouping 
and  massing  of  parts. 

Before  attempting  to  discuss  the  particular 

features  of  each  plan  we  propose  to  make  a 

few  additional  comments  on  the  competition 

extension  of  those  we  made  in  our  pre- 


liminary article.  The  room  where  the  draw 
ings  are"  exhibited  is  subdivided  into  ten  com- 
partments in  pairs,  as  follow  : — ■ 


Mr. 


Scott. 

Waterhouse. 

Street. 

Seddon. 

Lockwood. 


Mr.  Abrahams. 
„    E.  M.  Bany. 
„    Brandon. 
„    Burges. 
„    Deane. 
„    Garling. 
It  is  a  somewhat  singular  coincidence  that 
Mr.  Scott  occupies  the  head  of  the  room  on 
the  right  side  of  the  passage  as  we  enter  the 
building,  and  here,  we  venture  to  predict,  will 
be  his  position  in  more  senses  than  one  at  the 
end  of  the   fight.     In  saying  this  we  do  not 
wish  our  readers  to  suppose  that  we  mean  to 
endorse  Mr.  Scott's  design  as  the  best  ;  at  the 
same  time  we  cannot  help  feeling  that  a  man 
occupying  the  proud  position  which  this  archi- 
tect has  so  long  held  in  spite  of  the  unques- 
tioned talent  which  the  younger  members  of 
the    profession     have    lately    shown    would 
scarcely  have  dared   to   jeopardise   his  fame 
and  run  the  risk  of  a  defeat  at  the  hands  of 
such  comparatively  young  men  as  ilr.  Water- 
house  or    Mr.  Burges,  had  he  not  possessed 
grounds  for   confidence  in  the  issue   of  the 
struggle  more  solid  than  that  of  mere  reliance 
on  his  artistic  sense  and  architectural  powers. 
For  Mr.  Scott  must  surely  feel  by  this  time 
that  his  work  has  not  kept  pace  with  many  of 
his  confrl-res  in  quality,  however  much  it  may 
have  over-reached  in  quantity.     The  opinion 
has  been  expressed  by  more  than  one  or  two 
that  ilr.  Scott  would  have  done  well  to  have 
declined  competition  invitations  and  commis- 
sions altogether  after  his  election  to  the  Royal 
Academy.    They  argue  that  it  is  not  becoming 
in  one  who  has  attained  the  highest  honours 
open  to   an   English    architect,   whose  name 
is    almost  as  familiar   on    the    continent  as 
that  of  M.  VioUet  le  Due  himself,  and  whose 
private  practice  is  not  only  enormous,  but  in- 
cludes nearly  all  the  really  costly  Gotliic  works 
of  the  day — it  is  not,  they  say,  a  becoming  or 
graceful  attitude  to  be  always  labouring  to 
overwhelm  the  less  fortunate  disciples  of  the 
school  to  which  he  belongs,  by  throwing  into 
the   scale  of  competition  the  immense  weight 
which  the  public  always  attaches  to  the  name 
of  the  successful  man.     But  then,  to   all  this 
Mr.  Scott  may  reply,  in  the  somewhat  jocular 
vein   in   which  he   sometimes  indulges,  "  But 
if  I  do  not  enter  the  lists  with  you,  where  is 
the  credit  of  your  ^^cto^y  ?   I  am  the  champion. 
I  am  older  and  have  had  larger  practice  than 
any  of  you.     The  world  says  I  am  Al.     Beat 
me,  and  the  belt  is  yours.     It  is  only  for  the 
sake  of  our  fair  mistress,  for  the  honour  of 
Gothic  art  in  general,  and  our  Revivalist  school 
in  particular,  that  I  feel  constrained,  until  you 
do  beat  me,  to  put  in  an  appearance  and  come 
up  to  'time.'"    Besides,  in  this  particular  com- 
petition, the  greatness  of  the  scheme  may  well 
be  urged  by  Mr.  Scott  as  an  excuse,  if  any  be 
wanted.     This  "  greatness,"  and  all  that  it  in- 
volves, Mr.  Scott  himself  has  with  true  modesty 
recognised  at  the  very  outset  of  his  report,  and 
inasmuch  as,  whatever  we  may  feel  compelled 


to  say  in  our  criticisms  hereafter,  there  can  be 
but  one  opinion  touching  the  great  labour  of 
mind  and  hand  to  which  every  competitor  has 
been  subjected  in  this  trial  of  architectural 
strength,  we  think   we  cannot  do  better  than 
give  Mr.  Scott's  confession,  if  onlj-  to  keep  be- 
fore our  own  eyes  the  difficulties  of  the  com- 
petition, which  are  such  as  may  well  temper 
the  judgment  of  the  most  severe  : — "  On  first 
entering  upon  the  consideration  of  the  subject 
two  impressions  force  themselves   upon  the 
mind  :  the  nobleness   of  the  project,  and  the 
va.stness  of  the  labour  of  carrying  it  out,  even 
upon  paper;  and,  strong  as  the  first  impression 
must  be  of  the  labour  to  be  undertaken,  I  think 
all  of  us  must  have  found  it  so  much  greater 
in  reality  than  in  idea  tliat  had  we  on  firet 
entering  upon  it  realised  its  magnitude,  we 
might  well  have  shrunk  back  from  the  ta.sk  ; 
indeed,  it  is  only  the  grandeur  of  the  under- 
taking which  has  enabled  one  to  face  out  the 
almost  incredible  labour  of  the  design."   After 
this  we  are  not  surprised  to  find  that  Mr.  Scott 
has  gone  in  for   "  the  liberal  rather  than  the 
literal  interpretation   of  instructions  ;  "    and 
this  suggests  another  great  difficulty  in  dealing 
with   this  competition.     Mr.   Scott  says  the 
spirit  rather  than  the  letter  has  been  his  guide; 
but  Mr.  Street  says,  "I  have  assumed  from  the 
first  to  last  that  the  schedules  prepared  with  so 
much  care  for  the  competing  architects  were 
meant  to  be  strictly  adhered  to."     Here  it  is 
obvious  Mr.  Scott  "has  an  advantage  over  Mr. 
Street  and  all  who,  like  Mr.  Street,  have  tram- 
melled themselves  and  tethered  the  flight  of  as- 
piring genius  by  the  chains  forged  by  the  Com- 
missioners.    The  more  we  see  of  competitions, 
limited  or  unlimited,  the  more  apparent  be- 
comes the  difficulty  of  doing  justice.     In  the 
case  before  us  the  instructions  are  so  complete 
as  to  tell  you  when  and  where  you  may  depart 
from  them  ;  and  yet,  with  all  this  completeness, 
one  competitor  interprets  this  to  mean  that  the 
architect  is  not  to  be  bound  by  anything,  whilst 
another  insists,  if  we  understand  his  words,  that 
this  very  liberality   on  certain  points  implies 
the  strictest  attention  to  everything  laid  down 
by  the  instructions.     This  is  precisely  the 
same  rock  upon  which  the  competition  ior  the 
Bristol  Law  Courts  came   to  grief.     It'wiU 
be  remembered  that    Messrs.    Godwin  and 
Crisp  adhered  rigidly  to  the  instructions,  and 
were  awarded  the  premiums  by  a  professional 
judge  for  having  produced  the  best  designs 
within  the  narrow  limits  of  the  instructions  ; 
but  two  or  three  other  liberal-minded  com- 
petitors took  it  on  themselves  to  instruct  the 
instructors    by    thro^ving    their  instructions 
overboard,  and  the  interesting  result  is  that 
Messrs.  Godwin  and  Crisp  have  not  received 
the   commission   they  were  entitled  to,   and 
Bristol   enjoys  the   unenviable    notoriety   of 
being  the  laughing-stock  of  the  Western  Cir- 
cuit.    Now  we  do  not  cite  this  case  as  by  any 
means  a  parallel  case  with  the  one  before  us. 
No  one  in  the  Courts  of  Justice  Competition 
has   been   guilty   of    any   flagrant  departure 
from  the  main  points  of  the  instructions,  but 
then  the  words  of  this  document  either  have 
or  have  not  a  definite  meaning.      If  they  can 
easily  and  naturally  be  made  to  assume  half-a- 
dozen  dift'erent  shades  of  meaning,  then  the 
Commissioners  have  been  guilty  of  a  grievous 
fault.     If,  on  the  contrary,  they  plainly  set 
forth  the  meaning  of  the  Commissioners  in  a 
simple,   distinct,    straightforward   way,    why 
should  they  need  interpretation  ?    And  where 
is  to  be  the  limit  of  that  liberality  which  they 
are  interpreted  to  mean  i      If  one  has  liberty 
to  interpret  according  to  his  conscience  (and 
consciences    in   these   days  are  wonderfully 
elastic),  we  have  no  right  to  limit  the  liberty 
of  others ;    and  the  liberty  of    some  people 
is  so  great  that  it  is  impossible  to  say  where 
such  a  doctrine  might  eventually  land  us. 

It  remains  for  us  to  say  one  or  two  words 
about  the  general  aspect  of  the  exhibition, 
and  we  take  this  opportunity  of  telling  the 
Morning  Post,  first,  that  it  ought  to  know 
better  than  to  try  to  palm  off  a  string  of 
generalities  about  things  it  has  never  seen  for 
observations  founded  on  fact,  and,   second. 


58 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


January  25,  1867. 


that  it  requires  immense  caution  in  tlie  use  of 
the  pufl'  general  to  liide  the  putt  particu- 
lar. As  to  the  general  style  selected 
we  may  hroadJy  say  that  the  styles  of 
the  thirteenth  century  are  at  the  bottom 
of  nearly  every  design.  On  this  general 
foundation,  each  architect  has  given  to  his 
building  his  own  particular  treatment.  Mr. 
Scott  and  Mr.  Deane  have  as  usual  a  strong 
Italian  bias,  the  latter  following  (rather  a  long 
way  off)  the  early  mediaeval  architecture,  the 
former  almost  at  times  leaning  to  that  ex- 
pression of  the  early  renaissance  wliere  the 
Gothic  arch  maintained  its  ground  though 
nearly  surrounded  by  the  returning  tide  of 
classic  detail.  The  chief  attractions  of  Mr. 
Scott's  etfort  are  the  entrance-hall,  the  double 
ambulatory,  and  the  domed  hall  in  the  centre 
of  the  building.  In  Mr.  Waterhouse's  design 
there  is  just  a  flavour  of  Italy,  and  strong 
evidence  of  having  read  "  The  Stones  of 
Venice"  more  as,  an  office  duty  than  as  an 
antiquary  or  an  artist.  His  chief  points  con- 
sist in  the  management  of  the  streets  within 
the  outer  shell  of  his  building,  and  the 
arrangement  of  his  sky-liue.  Mr.  Street 
shows  very  strongly  the  church  intluence,  and 
even  here  does  not  forget  that  he  is  the 
champion  of  the  High  Ohvirch  party.  Mr. 
Seddon  declares  his  design  to  be  "  pure 
English  Gothic."  We  shall  not  now  pause 
to  inquire  anything  about  the  purity  or  the 
English ;  whatever  the  style  may  be,  the 
building  is  massed  with  great  simplicity 
and  breadth  of  effect,  and  the  mighty  vaulted 
hall  which  traverses  the  whole  length  of  the 
site  is  something  to  remember.  Mr.  Brandon, 
probably  deeming  that  there  was  no  such 
thing  nowadays  as  originality,  has  sought  in 
"Westminster  Abbey  and  the  Sainte  Chapelle 
and  foimd — a  design.  Mr.  Burges,  with  a  sly 
wink  at  the  present  Government,  and  with  tliat 
caution  and  foresight  which  characterise  him, 
has  prepared  for  possible  contingencies  by 
fortifying  his  law  courts  with  a  sumptuous 
array  of  strong  machicolated  towers  ;  these 
towers,  especially  those  flanking  the  entrances, 
are  very  imposing,  and,  had  Mr.  Burges 
given  us  a  few  street  or  bridge  views, 
like  Messrs.  Waterhouse,  Street,  and  Scott, 
or  a  model  like  Mr.  Seddon,  we  are  sure 
hia  studies  of  French  chateaux  and  palaces 
would  produce  an  effect  as  pleasing  as  his 
present  view  is  displeasing.  Mr.  E.  M.  Barry 
has  caught  the  dome  and  pinnacle  fever,  and, 
like  Mr.  Abrahams,  Mr.  Lockwood,  and  Mr. 
Garling,  treats  us  to  that  kind  of  Gothic  in 
which  Batty  Langley  and  Horace  Walpole 
delighted,  but  which  we  had  hoped  would 
never  have  been  resuscitated,  even  on  paper. 
Art  may  or  may  not  be  deail,  but  of  tlds  we 
are  sure  that  the  science  of  archaeology  has 
made  such  progress  that,  to  anyone  of  ordinary 
education,  the  designs  which  these  gentlemen 
exhibit  under  the  flattering  supposition  that 
they  are  Gothic  can  only  occasion  amusement 
or  pity.  In  saying  thus  much,  let  it  not  be 
understood  that  we  mean  to  make  no  distinc- 
tion between  the  gentlemen  just  named,  tor, 
although  all  are  outside  the  pale  of  the  Gothic 
school,  and  all  are  probably  ecpially  ignorant 
of  the  principles  of  the  great  style  in  which 
they  have  felt  themselves  compelled  to  work, 
yet  there  can  be  no  question  that  some  are 
vastly  ird'erior  to  others,  aud  that  the  toe  of 
the  best  outside  the  pale  is  close  upon  the  heel 
of  the  least  best  within  the  pale.  The  great 
fault  was  in  the  selection  of  these  four  gentle- 
men. They  could  not  choose  but  work,  how- 
ever much  they  must  have  felt  it  to  be  against 
the  grain.  The  strange  tiling  was,  that,  as 
everyone  knew  the  building  Wiis  to  be  Gothic — 
a  fact  fully  proved  by  the  plans  exhibited — and 
as  the  competition  was  to  be  limited  to 
twelve  men,  the  Commissioners  did  not  select 
the  twelve  best  men  of  the  Gothic  school. 
They  must  have  foreseen,  if  they  knew  any- 
thing at  aU  of  modern  art  and  modern  archi- 
tects, that  such  men  as  Mr.  Barry  and  Mr. 
Garling  would  be  nowhere  in  competing  on 
Gothic  ground  with  such  men  as  Mr.  Scott 
and  Mr.  Burges.      Indeed,  Mr.  Garling   has 


felt  this  so  strongly  that  he  has  declined  to 
fight  altogether  on  such  a  basis,  and  has  sent 
in  an  alternative  design  after  his  own  heart. 

There  is  just  one  more  point  which  should 
be  noticed  before  we  commence  our  detailed 
ciiticisms,  and  that  is  the  all-important  point  of 
scale.  AVe  are  neither  giauts  nor  lilliputians, 
and  so  long  therefore  as  our  stature  remains 
what  it  is,  our  buildings  ought  manifestly  to 
bear  some  relation  to  it.  In  prescribing  14ft.  as 
the  mean  height  of  the  ordinary  rooms 
the  Commissioners  acted  like  practical 
men,  but  a  glance  at  the  various  elevations  is 
quite  sufficient  to  show  how  difficult  it  is 
to  prescribe  for  aspiring  genius.  Thus  one 
architect  appears  to  have  adhered  to  this  limit 
not  only  on  the  sesthetical  ground  of  being 
in  proportion  with  the  arcliitectm'e  of  the  age, 
but  on  the  liighly  practical  ground  of  saving 
as  many  stairs  as  possible,  and  so  concentrat- 
ing the  law  offices  vertically  as  well  as  hori- 
zontally ;  while  another,  regardless  of  the 
nuisance  of  having  to  run  up  and  down 
stairs,  and  thinking  possibly  that  deficiency 
in  quality  can  be  made  up  by  increase  of 
quantity,  has  defied  the  heavens  and  the  pub- 
lic purse  at  the  same  time  by  raising  his 
building  to  a  height  which  would  crush  every- 
thing else  from  Charing  Cross  to  St.  Paul's. 
Again,  in  the  divisions  and  subdivisions  of 
tlie  elevations  there  is  evidence  of  some  archi- 
tects havinc;  forgotten  the  scale  to  which  their 
plans  are  drawn.  It  is  true  that  the  scale  of 
eight  feet  to  an  inch  is  that  most  commonly 
used,  but,  although  this  may  in  part  account 
for  certain  extravagances,  it  by  no  means 
excuses  the  thoughtlessness  or  the  audacity 
which  has  led  some  of  the  competitors  to 
design  to  an  eight  scale  when  the  drawings  are 
limited  to  so  small  a  scale  as  that  of  sixteen  feet 
to  an  inch.  This,  we  submit,  is  one  of  the 
most  important  points  for  tlie  judges  to  keep 
in  mind  in  making  their  award.  It  is  just 
this  sort  of  thing  whicli  most  misleads  the 
non-professional  mind,  which  is  somehow  or 
another  always  ready  to  accept  height  as  an 
index  of  grandeur,  if  not  to  take  it  for 
grandeur  itself.  In  a  building  that  is  to 
stand  alone,  and  is  to  be  seen  at  a  glance,  of 
course  the  height  should  have  due  relation  to 
length  and  breadth  ;  but  in  a  street  front  of 
700ft.  in  length  cut  up  into  parts  liy  towers 
and  projections,  tliat  height  whicli  might 
look  imposing  when  drawn  out  geometrically 
on  paper  may  become  overpowering  and 
extragavant  in  the  foreshortened  views,  which 
are  the  only  ones  capalile  of  being  realised  of 
the  building  itself.  It  is  very  necessary  to 
be  as  emphatic  as  possible  on  this  point, 
because  ot  a  few  not  the  competitors  have 
treated  their  designs  with  apparently  the 
utmost  contempt  .for  the  site,  and,  instead  of 
suiting  their  work  to  its  position  in  the 
Strand,  liave  taken  no  thought  for  what  may 
be  called  the  conditional  elements  of  the  case, 
but,  ignoring  all  such  mundane  trammels, 
have  set  out  their  elevations  as  if  the  build- 
ing were  to  enjoy  the  glorious  expanse  of  a 
park  or  river  frontage.  We  do  not  for  a 
moment  pretend  to  say  that  there  ever  was 
any  idea  in  the  mind  of  any  architect  who 
adopted  this  line  of  action  of  taking  advan- 
tage of  those  more  modest  men  who  are 
simple-minded  enough  to  believe  that  people 
ought,  even  in  these  go-ahead  days,  to  cut 
their  coats  according  to  their  cloth,  or,  in  other 
words,  suit  their  building  to  its  site.  But 
such  an  advantage  is  really  taken,  however 
unconsciously,  for,  unless  we  have  a  model  of 
the  neighbourhood  surrounding  a  model  of 
every  design,  it  can  scarcely  be  e.xpected 
that  anyone  save  the  most  cautious  and 
deliberate  will  be  able  to  draw  out  anything 
like  a  fair  balance-sheet  of  the  merits  and 
demerits  of  some  of  the  schemes  submitted. 


THE    ARCHITECTURAL    COMMITTEE 
OF  THE  PARIS  EXHIBITION. 

AS  the  time  for  the  opening  of  the  Great  Ex- 
position of  1867  approaches,  expectation 
begins  to  awaken  and  apathetic  remarks  give 


way  to  general  speculations  as  to  the  result  of 
all  the  imweariedpromptingsand  pushing  which 
for  the  last  twelve  months  have  emanated  from 
the  various  quarters  interested  in  the  final  issue. 
Everysvhere,  either  in  a  quiet  and  unostenta- 
tious way  or  in  a  manner  quite  tlie  reverse, 
have  the  South  Kensington  and  other  authori- 
ties been  at  work,  as  they  are  wont,  persever- 
ingly  and  determinedly.  We  cannot  but 
thmk  that  special  difficidties  and  objections 
have  had  to  be  overcome  this  time,  and  that 
manufacturers  and  others  have  not  been  too 
well  pleased  to  be  stirred  up  as  was  necessary, 
but  have  met  the  oveitures  of  the  Exhibition 
authorities  wdth  some  lukewarmness,  have 
hung  back  too  much,  and  felt  rather  inclined 
to  consider  they  were  doing  a  favour  in 
exhibiting  than  receiving  one  in  being  in- 
vited to  contribute  to  the  glories  of  the  French 
Exhibition  of  1867. 

It  was  not  so  in  1851,  in  Paris  in  1855,  nor  at 
Manchester,  or  here  in  1862.  Oa  these  occa- 
sions enthusiasm  for  trade,  or  science,  or  art 
produced  an  impetus  which  carried  all  before 
it,  infused  an  energy  into  all  the  arrangements 
— a  determination  which  went  itself  a  long  way 
towards  overcoming  any  dilHculty  in  the 
path. 

Possibly  we  may  account  for  this  want  of 
spirit  from  the  red  tape  of  exhibition  mongers 
being  drawn  too  tightly  at  times,  so  as  to 
threaten  to  choke  the  exhibitors,  and  by  re- 
membering how  frequent  these  exhibitions 
have  been  of  late  years,  and  the  immense 
amount  of  time  and  trouble  they  must  have 
absorbed.  Or  we  may  assume  that  another 
cause — the  want  of  due  care  being  taken  of 
the  valuable  articles  exhibited — has  had  some- 
thing to  do  with  the  reluctance  of  exhibi- 
tors. It  i^  highly  important  that  not  only  in 
the  transmission  and  return  of  packages,  but 
in  the  actual  exhibition  of  goods  some  guaran- 
tee for  care  and  attention  should  be  aflorded 
by  the  names  of  the  aiitliorities  at  the  head  of 
the  arrangements.  It  may  not  be  new  to  some 
of  our  readers  to  hear  of  furniture  damaged, 
carpets  and  hangings  spoilt,  models  destroyed, 
in  the  last  two  or  three  exhibitions.  And  a 
desire  not  to  afford  an  opportimity  for  such 
carelessness  again  may  have  something  to  do 
with  the  difficulties  aliove  mentioned.  Some 
special  insurance  society  should  be  established 
to  take  not  only  real  but  so-called  accidental 
risks,  and  from  damage  which  is  but  too  often 
the  result  of  p)ure  carelessness  in  those  con- 
nected with  the  exhibitions.  But  we  trust  the 
high  constitution  of  the  Imperial  Commission 
will  prevent  any  but  the  most  unavoidable 
accidents  trom  spoOing  the  pleasm-e  or  profit 
derived  from  the  Paris  Exhibition.  Indeed,  it 
would  be  but  a  graceful  acknowledgment  to 
exhibitors  to  guarantee  a  proportionate  com- 
pensation for  all  other  damage.  Thus  we 
trust  the  justly  noble  character  of  the  first 
International  E.xhibition  may  be  reproduced 
in  this  last,  and  make  it  possible  at  some 
future  time  to  hold  others  at  periods  not  too 
frequently  recurring. 

Still,  wlule  admitting  to  the  full,  as  we  do, 
these  drawbacks  to  the  honour  or  profit  of  ex- 
hibitors, we  think  something  is  also  due  to 
the  honour  and  credit  of  the  manufacture  it- 
self, and  to  the  dignity  of  the  art  embodied, 
as  well  as  to  the  honour  of  the  country  exhibit- 
ing and  the  country  inviting  exhibition.  We 
should  feel  ashamed  of  ourselves  a.s  a  nation 
if  it  could  be  said  that  we  failetl  to  respond  in 
a  handsome  and  generous  manner  to  the  invi- 
tations of  our  neighbours,  and  thanks  are  cer- 
tainly due  to  those  who  remind  us  of  our  cour- 
tesies as  well  as  our  duties  and  obligations. 
To  those  who  hang  back  we  would  say,  "  Take 
care  that  you  are  not  forgotten  in  the  race,  and 
if  you  are  who  will  regret  it  so  much  as  your- 
selves !  " 

The  immediate  object  in  view  has  been  the 
united  representation  of  those  branches  of  in- 
dustry essential  to  Architecture  which  might 
either  not  be  represented  at  all,  or  might  be 
scattered  up  and  down  throughout  the  various 
classes  and  subdivisions  into  which  the  groups 
themselves  were  to  be  arranged.     Some  diffi- 


January  25,  1867. 


THE   BUILDING   NEWS. 


59 


cultv  occurred  naturaUy  at  the  outset  to  defuie 
exactly  the  boundaries  of  the  arts  cognate  to 
architecture,  and  to  state  how  far  the  Com- 
mittee were  justified  in  admitting  into  their 
Art  Court,  for  instance,  wood  carving  and  lur- 
niture  not  strictly  of  an  architectund  charac- 
ter while  they  excluded  moulded  ironwork  in 
Bto'ves,  and  sucli  like  objects  of  an  architect's 
desitm.  But  the  difficulty  was  solved  bv  the 
strm'cent  regulations  of  "the  Imperial  Com- 
missfon ;  while,  at  the  same  time,  sufficient 
has  been  done  to  claim  for  the  arcliitect  a  sliare 
in  the  tli.-ection  at  least,  if  not  the  actual  de- 
sitm.of  those  essentials— the  fittings  and  lurni- 
tiu-e  of  a  building— whether  of  marble,  stone, 
wood,  iron,  or  woven  faVirics. 

The  classification  of  the  Exhibition  will  be 
understood  by  our  readers  sutticiontly  to  know 
that  the  concentric  ring  representing  "  Furni- 
ture," &c.  (and  a  very  large  et  cetera  it  is), 
comprised  in  what  is  called  Group  ILL,  is  some- 
what removed  from  the  one  Lmmediately  en- 
closing the  Fine  Art  section,  which  is  like  the 
kemefof  a  nut  enclosed  in  many  outer  coat- 
ings.    In  this  imier  art  group  the  Committee 
have  entire  charge  of  the  exhibition  of  Archi- 
tecture as  one  of  the  fine  arts,  being  specially 
delegated  to  this  duty  by  the  British  executive, 
but  their  space  is  so"  small  that  the  result  of 
any  exhibition  must  be  a  poor  display  of  archi- 
tecture, and  cannot,  except  in  a  very  small  de- 
gree, give  any  idea  of  the  arcliitectural  life 
amongst  us  in"  the  present  day.     The  prelimi- 
narj'  exhibition  at  South  Kensington,  of  which 
we  "have  already  written,  is  the  first  result  of 
the  labours  of  this  Committee;  but  we  are  now 
speaking   of  the  endeavours  to  combine  the 
e.xhibition  of  executed  works  of  Architectural 
Art -manufacture  (which  are  matters  of  the  daily 
attention  of  architects,  with  their  architectural 
designs  themselves,  as  shown  by  drawings  and 
models.     Outside  this  magic  circle  (or  oval)  of 
Fine  Art,  the  Committee  were  placedupontheir 
own  responsibility,  and  had  to  provide  not  only 
the  objects  but  tlie  means  for  exhibiting  them. 
While  engaging  themselves  to  the  authorities, 
on  the  one  hand,  to  occupy  the  space  assigned 
to  them,  they  were  obliged  to  seek  from  Art- 
manufacturei-s,  on  the  other  (somewhat  reluc- 
tant to  contribute)  their  earnest  and  active  co- 
operation.     By  subscription  amongst   them- 
selves, and  by  pro  rata  contributions  from  the 
exhibitors,  we  are  informed  the  treasiirer's  im- 
mediate requirements  have  been  satisfied,  and 
the  necessaiy  expenses  of  arranging  the  court 
provided  for. 

Owing  partly  to  favour  and  partly  to  the 
force  of  circumstances,  the  space  allotted  to  the 
committee  in  the  group  where  alone  their  Art 
Manufactures  Court  could  properly  be  placed, 
has  been  removed  so  as  to  adjoin  and  be  coa- 
nected  with  Group  I.,  the  Fine  Art  space 
allotted  to  the  drawings  and  models  of  iifchi- 
tects.  And  thus  it  seemslikely,  if  no  unforesuea 
difficulties  arise,  that  for  the  first  time  a  com- 
prehensive view  of  the  Art  and  the  Science  of 
Architecture — the  designs  of  architects,  and  the 
skill  of  execution  of  Art-manufactures  inclose 
proximity — will  be  afforded.  As  a  germ  of 
whatwe  may  oneday  see  more  fully  developed, 
it  is  important  to  draw  attention  to  this,  and 
we  wish  all  success  to  those  engaged  in  the 
production,  though  we  feel  sure  they  will  be 
the  first  to  admit  its  meagreness  and  insuffi- 
ciency compared  with  what  might  have  been 
hoped  for  under  more  favourable  circum- 
stances. 

We  are  informed  that  we  may  expect  to 
find  the  names  of  nearly  all  those  we  are  fa- 
miliar with  in  the  designing  or  executing  art 
workmanship.  We  hope  to  see,  for  instance, 
the  drawing  and  the  model  by  Mr.  G.  G.  Scott, 
B.A.,  for  the  Prince  Consort  Memorial  in  the 
one  group,  and  in  the  adjoining  group  the  actual 
workmanship  of  part  of  it  by  Messrs.  Skidmore 
of  Coventry  ;  and  if  in  the  same  way  through- 
out, we  cannot  directly  connect  the  one  piece 
of  art  workmanship  with  the  design  upon  the 
adjoining  screens,  we  can  at  least  be  sure  that 
generally  the  body  of  Art  workers  on  the  one 
side  are  constantly  engaged  in  some  way  or 
other  in.  giving  effect,  in  substance   and  living 


colour,  to  the  emanations  of  the  minds  of  the 

architects.  Thus  a  harmony  of  result  is  reason- 
ably to  be  hoped  for,  and  a  combination  which 
we  "only  trust  will  be  favourable  alike  to  the 
individuals  composing  the  groups  and  to  the 
country  represented.  Messrs.  Hart,  Hardman , 
Mintoii,  Maw,  Blashfield,  Ransonie,  and  others 
are  c^uite  capable  of  sustaining  the  reputation 
of  the  art  manufactures  of  England,  and  we 
trust  thev  will  reap  their  reward.  The  com- 
mittee and  their  indefatigable  ofiicers  will  find 
their  laboui-s  not  unappreciated  by  the  ])rofes- 
sion,  which,  when  it  comes  to 
been  done  amid  great  dilficultir^ 
to  approve  their  honorary  and 
vices. 


ee  what  has 
,  will  not  fail 
devoted   ser- 


PEESERVATION    OF  WOOD   IN  DAMP 
AND  WET  SITUATIONS* 

IN  1846,  eighty  thousand  sleepers  of  the  most 
perishable  woods,  impregnated  by  Boucherie's 
process,  with  sulphate  of  copper,  were  laid  down 
on  French  railways.  After  nine  years'  exposure, 
they  were  found" as  perfect  as  when  laid.  This 
experiment  was  so  satisfactory  that  most  of  the 
railways  of  that  empire  at  once  adopted  the 
system.  We  would  suggest  washing  out  the  sap 
with  water,  which  would  not  coagulate  its 
albumen.  The  solution  woidd  appropriately 
follow. 

Both  of  the  last-named  processes  are  compara- 
tively cheap.  The  manufacturing  comi>anies  of 
Lowell,  JIasa.,  have  an  establishment  fur  "  Bur- 
nettisiug"  timber,  la  which  they  prepare  sticks 
50ft,  in  length.  Under  a  pressure  of  1251b.  per 
square  inch,  they  inject  from  2oz.  to  8oz.  of  salt 
into  each  cubic  foot  of  wood.  The  cost,  in  1861, 
was  from  5  dollars  to  6  dollars  per  1,000ft.,  board 
measure.  Boucherie's  method  must  be  still 
cheaper.  It  costs  less  than  creosoting  by  Is.  per 
sleeper. 

All  American  engineer,  Mr.  Hewson,  for  inject- 
ing railroad  sleepers,  proposes  a  vat  deep  enough 
for  the  timbers  to  stand  upright  in.  The  pressure 
of  the  surrounding  solution  upon  the  lower  ends 
of  the  sticks  will,  he  thinks,  force  the  air  out  at 
their  upper  extremities,  kept  just  above  the  sur- 
face of  the  solution,  after  which  the  latter  will  rise 
and  impregnate  the  wood.  In  1859,  he  estimated 
chloride  of  zinc  at  9  cents  per  pound,  sulphate  of 
copper  at  14  cents  per  pound,  and  pyrolignite  of 
iron  at  23  cents  per  gallon.  He  found  the  cost  of 
impregnating  a  railway  tie  with  sufficient  of  those 
sidts  to  prevent  decay,  to  be — for  the  chloride  of 
zinc  2'S  cents,  for  blue  vitriol  3'24  cents,  for  pyro- 
lignite of  iron  7'5  cents. 

Among  the  numerous  other  preservative  com- 
pounds, may  be  mentioned  Le  Gras's  mixture  of  a 
double  salt  of  manganese  and  lime  (or  zinc)  with 
creosote,  Payne's  solutions  of  sulphate  of  iron  and 
muriate  of  Ume,  forming  by  double  decomposition 
,au  insoluble  sulphate  of  lime  among  the  wood 
fibres,  Margary's  solution  of  acetate  of  copper,  and 
Ransome's  hquid  silicate  of  potassa.  Payne's 
process  met  with  some  favour.  But  neither  of  the 
last  are  of  appreciable  value. 

Vessel  owners  had  long  ago  observed  that  those 
ships  which  have  early  sailed  with  cargoes  of  salt 
are  not  attacked  by  dry  rot.  Indeed,  several  in- 
stances are  well  attested  of  vessels  whose  interiors 
were  Hned  with  fungi  having  all  traces  of  the  plant 
destroyed  by  accidental  or  intentional  sinking  in 
the  sea.  Acting  on  such  hints,  a  trader  of  Boston 
salted  his  ships  with  500  bushels  of  the  chloride, 
disposed  as  an  interior  lining,  adding  100  bushels 
at  the  end  of  two  years.  Such  an  addition  of  dead 
weight  (35,0001b.  in  this  case)  is  sufficient  ob- 
jection to  a  procedure  which  has  other  great  disad- 
vantages. 

The  unpleasant  odour  of  creosote  is  greatly 
against  its  use  upon  lumber  for  dwellings,  and 
Bethell's  process,  therefore,  is  not  described  here, 
although  the  most  satisfactory  known.  Pyro- 
lignite of  iron  is  offensive  and  also  highly  inflam- 
mable. The  affinity  of  the  chlorides  for  water 
keeps  the  structure  into  which  they  are  introduced 
wet  ;  besides,  they  corrode  the  ironwork. 
Sulphate  of  copper  is  free  from  these  objections, 
and  is,  at  present,  cheaper  than  the  chlorides. 
Therefore,  for  protecting  wooden  structures  against 
dry  rot  in  damp  situations,  like  mines,  vaults,  and 
the  basements  of  buildings,  sulphate  of  copper 
seems   preferable,   and  Hewson's   or  Boucherie's 


*  From  the  "Journal  of  the  Franklin  Institote."  By 
H.  W.  LEWia,  University  of  Michigan.  Concluded  from 
page  21. 


method  of  injectmg  it  cheaper  and  more   expedi- 
ent, according  as  the  timber  is  short  or  long. 

II.  Wood  .iUternately  Wet  and  Dry.— The  sur- 
face of  all  timber  exposed  to  alternations  of  wetness 
lud  dryness  gradually  wastes  away,  becoming 
lark  coloured  or  black.  This  is  really  a  slow_  com- 
bustion, but  is  commonly  called  wet  rot,  or  simply 
rot.  Other  conditions  being  the  same,  the  most 
dense  and  resinous  woods  longest  resist  decompo- 
sition. Heuce  the  superior  durability  of  the 
heart-wood,  in  which  the  pores  have  been  partly 
tilled  with  lignine,  over  the  open  sap-wood,  and  of 
dense  oak  and  lignum  vita:  over  Ught  poplar  and 
willow.  Hence,  too,  the  longer  jireservation  of  the 
pitch-pine  and  resinous  "  jarrali  "  of  the  liast,  as 
compared  with  uonresinous  beech  and  ash. 

Density  and  resinousness  exclude  water.  There. 
fore  our  preservatives  should  increase  those  quali- 
ties in  the  timber.      Fixed   oils  fill   up  the  porea 
and  increase   the  density.     Staves  from  oil  barrels 
and  timbers  from  whaling  ships  are  very  durable. 
The  essential  oUs  resinify,  and  furnish  an  imper- 
meable coating.     But  pitch   or  dead  oil  possesses 
advantages  over  all  known  substances  for  the  pro- 
tection o£  wood  against  changes  of  humidity.     Ac- 
cording to  Professor  Letheby,   dead  oil,   first,   co- 
a''ulates  albuminous  substances ;   second,  absorbs 
and  appropriates  the  oxygen  in  the  pores,   and   so 
protects  from  eremacausis ;  third,  resinifies  in  the 
pores  of  the  wood,  and  thus  shuts  out  both  air  and 
moisture ;  and,  fourth,  acts  as  a  poison   to   lower 
forms  of  animal  and  vegetable  life,  and  so  protects 
the  wood  from  .aU  parasites.     All  these   properties 
specially  fit  it  for  impregnating  timber  exposed  to 
alternations  of  wet  and  dry  states,  as,  indeed,  some 
of  them  do  for  situations  damp  and  situations  con- 
stantly wet.     Dead  oil  is  distilled  from  coal  tar,  of 
which  it  constitutes  about  '30,  and  boils  between 
390  deg.  and  470  deg.  Fah.     Its  antiseptic  quality 
resides  in  the  creosote  it   contains.       One   of  the 
components  of  the  latter,  carbolic   acid    (phenic 
acid,  phenol),  C12  Hs  0  ,  the  most  powerful  antisep- 
tic known,  is  able  at  once  to  arrest  the   decay   of 
every  kind  of  organic  matter.       Professor  Letheby 
estimates  this  acid  at  4  to  6  per  cent,   of  the   oil. 
ChrysUic  acid,  On  Hg  Oj,  the  homologue  of  carboUc 
acid,  and  the  other  component  of  creosote,   is   not 
known  to  possess  preservative  properties. 

Bethell's  process  subjects  the  timber  and  dead, 
oil,  enclosed  in  huge  iron  tanks,  to  a  pressure  vai-y 
ing  between  lOOlb.  and  2001b.  per  square  inch, 
about  twelve  hours.  From  Sib.  to  121b.  of  oil  are 
thus  injected  into  each  cubic  foot  of  wood.  Lum- 
ber thus  prepared  is  not  affected  by  exposure  to 
air  and  water,  and  requires  no  painting.  A  large 
number  of  English  railway  companies  have  already 
adopted  the  system.  Sib.  of  oil  per  cubic  foot  is 
sufficient  for  railway  sleepers. 

The  cost  of  creosoting,  as  this  process  is  some- 
times called,  was  given  in  1855,  by  Ronald  and 
Richardson,  at  somewhat  less  than  four  pence  per 
cubic  foot,  in  England.  At  one  shilling  per  gal- 
lon, the  price  at  which  dead  oil  was  obtainable  in 
England  in  1S63,  four  pence  per  cubic  foot  would, 
we  presume,  be  sufficient. 

A  process  recently  patented,  and  described  in 
the  Scientific  A^aeriom,  February  17,  1866,  pro- 
poses to  introduce  highly  heated  oleaginous  vapours 
among  the  timber,  confined  in  an  iron  tank.  The 
patentee  hopes  that,  as  fast  as  the  moisture  is  ex- 
pelled from'the  wood,  the  vapour  will  take  its  place. 
Whether  this  substitution  would  not  .soon  arrest 
itself,  should  it  even  commence,  is  in  our  mind  a 
debatable  question. 

While  an  external  appHcation  of  coal-tar  pro- 
motes the  preservation  of  dry  timber  nothing  can 
more  rapidly  hasten  decay  than  such  a  coating 
upon  the  surface  of  green  wood.  But  this  mis- 
take is  often  made,  and  dry  rot,  instead  of  wet  rot, 
does  the  work  of  destruction.  The  reason  must 
appear  from  what  has  been  said  on  dry  rot.  Car- 
bonising the  surface  also  increases  the  durabiUty 
of  dry,  but  promotes  the  decay  of  wet  timber. 
Farmers  very  often  resort  to  one  of  the  latter 
methods  for  the  presen'ation  of  their  fence-posts. 
Unless  they  discriminate  between  green  and  sea- 
soned timber,  these  operations  will  prove  injuriou.s 
instead  of  beneficial. 

In  this  connection,  we  remark,  that  inverting  a 
post  from  the  position  in  which  it  grew  is  by 
some  supposed  to  retard  decay.  According  to  the 
president  of  the  Northern  Architects'  Association, 
England,  the  valves  close  against  moisture  ascend- 
ing through  the  ducts  from  the  earth  into  the  post. 
But,  according  to  Gray,  thin  places  only  separate 
contiguous  ducts.  Fluids  can  pass  through  them 
in  one  direction  as  well  as  in  the  other.  When 
age  obliterates  these  thin  mediums,  nothing  op- 
poses the  flow  upward   or   downward.      Further- 


60 


THE  BUILDINa  NEWS. 


January  ,25,    1867. 


more,  the  passage  of  fluids  through  wood  is  not 
confined  to  ducts  ;  it  takes  plaee  on  all  sides  of 
them  as  well.  In  face  of  these  facts,  very  careful 
experiments  will  be  requisite  to  convince  us  that  a 
post  is  more  durable  in  the  inverted  than  in  the 
normal  position. 

III.  Timber  Constantly  Wet  in  Salt  Water.— AVe 
have  not  to  guard  against  decay  when  timber  is  in 
this  situation.  Teredo  navalis,  a  mollusc  of  the 
family  Jubicol^rio,  Lam.,  soon  reduce.s  to  ruins  any 
unprotected  submarine  construction  of  common 
woods.  I  quote  from  a  paper  read  before  the  In- 
stitute of  Civil  Engineers,  England,  illustrating 
the  ravages  of  this  animal :  "  The  sheeting  at 
Southend  pier  extended  from  the  mud  to 
8ft.  above  low-water  mark.  The  worm  de- 
stroyed the  timber  from  2ft.  below  the  surface 
of  the  mud  to  Sft.  above  low-water  mark,  spring 
tide  ;  and  out  of  thirty-eight  fir  timber  piles  and 
various  oak  timber  piles,  not  one  remained  perfect 
after  being  up  only  three  years."  Specimens  of 
wood  taken  from  a  vessel  that  had  made  a  voyage 
to  Africa  are  ia  the  museum,  and  show  how  this 
rapid  destruction  is  eff"ected. 

None  of  our  native  timbers  are  exempt  from 
these  inroads.  Robert  Stephenson,  at  Bell  Rook, 
between  1814  and  1813,  found  that  green-heart 
oak,  beef  wood,  and  bullet  treeiwere  not  perforated 
and  teak  but  slightly  so.  Later  experiments  show 
that  the  jarrah  of  the  East,  also,  is  not  attacked. 
The  cost  of  these  woods  obliges  us  to  resort  to  ar- 
tificial protection. 

The  tereno  never  perforates  below  the  surface 
of  the  sea-bottom,  and  probably  does  little  injury 
above  low-water  mark.  Its  minute  orifice,  bored 
across  the  grain  of  the  timber,  enlarges  inwards 
to  the  size  of  the  finger,  and  soon'becomes  parallel 
to  the  fibre.  The  smooth  circular  perforation  is 
lined  throughout  with  a  thin  shell  which  is  some- 
times the  only  material  separating  the  adjacent 
cells.  The  borings  undoubtedly  constitute  the 
animal's  food,  portions  of  woody  fibre  having  been 
found  in  its  body.  While  upon  the  surface  only 
the  projecting  siphuncles  inflicate  the  presence  of 
the  teredo,  the  wood  within  may  be  absolutely 
honeycombed  with  tubes  from  lin.  to  4in.  in  length. 

It  was  naturally  supposed  that  poisoning  the 
timber  would  poison  or  drive  away  the  teredo,  but 
Kyan's  and  all  other  processes  employing  solutions 
of  the  salts  of  metals  or  alkaline  earths  signally 
failed.  This,  however,  is  not  surprising.  The  con- 
stant motion  of  sea-water  soon  dilutes  and  washes 
away  the  small  quantity  of  soluble  poison  with 
which  the  wood  has  been  injected.  If  any  albu- 
minate of  a  metallic  base  still  remains  in  the  wood 
the  poisonous  properties  of  the  injection  have  been 
destroyed  by  the  combination.  Mureover  the 
lower  vertebrates  are  unaflected  by  poisons  which 
kill  the  mammals.  Indeed,  it  is  now  known  that 
certain  of  the  lower  forms  of  animal  life  live  and 
even  fatten  on  such  deadly  agents  as  arsenic. 

Coatings  of  paint  or  pitch  are  too  rapidly  worn 
aw.ay  by  marine  action  to  be  of  much  use,  but 
timber,  thoroughly  creosoted  with  lOlb.  of  dead 
oil  per  cubic  foot,  is  perfectly  protected  against 
teredo  navalis.  All  recent  authorities  agree  upon 
this  point.  In  one  instance,  well  authenticated, 
the  mollusc  reached  the  impregnateil  heart-wood 
by  a  hole  carelessly  made  through  the  injected  ex- 
terior. The  animal  pierced  the  heart-wood  in  se- 
veral directions,  but  turned  aside  from  the  creo- 
soted zone.  The  process  and  cost  of  creosotiug 
have  already  been  discussed. 

A  second  destroyer  of  svibmarine  wooden  con- 
structions is  limnoria  terebrans  (or  L.  perforata. 
Leach),  a  mollusc  of  the  family  Assellotes,  Leach, 
resembling  the  sow-bug.  It  pierces  the  hardest 
woods  with  cj'lindrical,  perfectly  smooth  winding 
holes,  l-20in.  to  l-15in.  in  diameter,  and  about 
2iu.  deep.  From  ligneous  matter  having  been 
found  in  its  viscera,  some  have  concluded  that 
the  limnoria  feeds  on  the  wood,  but  since  other 
molluscs  of  the  same  genus,  Pholas,  bore  and  de- 
stroy stonework,  the  perforation  may  serve  only 
for  the  aniuLal's  dwelling.  The  limnoria  seems  to 
prefer  tender  woods,  but  the  hardest  do  not  es- 
cape. Green-heart  oak  is  the  only  known  wood 
which  is  not  speedily  destroyed.  At  the  harbour 
of  Lowestoft,  England,  square  llin.  piles  were  in 
three  years  eaten  down  to  4in.  square. 

While  all  agree  that  no  preparation,  if  we  ex- 
cept dead  oil,  has  repelled  the  limnoria,  an  emi- 
nent English  engineer  has  cited  three  cases  in 
which  that  agent  afforded  no  protection. 

We  Jo  not  find  that  timber  impregnated  with 
water  glass  has  been  tested  against  this  subtle  foe. 
The  experiment  is  certainly  worthy  of  a  trial. 

A  mechanical  protection  is  found  in  thickly 
studding   the  surface  of  the  timber   with  broad- 


headed  iron  nails.  This  method  has  proved  suc- 
cessful. Oxidation  rapidly  fiUs  the  interstices  be- 
tween the  heads,  and  the  outside  of  the  timber 
becomes  coated  mth  an  impenetratable  crust, 
so  that  the  presence  of  the  nails  is  hardly  ne- 
cessary. 

Inconclusion,wecannot  but  express  surprise  that 
so  little  is  known  in  this  country  concerning  pre- 
servative processes.  Their  employment  seems 
to  excite  very  little  interest,  and  the  very  few 
works  where  they  are  being  tested  attract  hardly 
any  attention.  Those  railroads  which  have  sus- 
pended their  use  assign  no  reasons,  and  those 
upon  which  the  timber  is  injected  publish  no 
reports  concerning  the  advantages  of  their  parti- 
cular methods.  Even  the  National  Works,  upon 
which  Kyan's  process  was  formerly  employed, 
have  laid  it  aside,  and  now  subject  lumber  to 
dampness  and  alternations  of  wetness  and  dry- 
ness, without  any  preparation  beyond  seasoning. 
When  sleepers  cost  50  cents  and  creosoting  .30  cents 
each,  it  is  cheaper  to  hire  money  at  7  per  cent, 
compound  interest  than  to  lay  new  sleepers  at 
the  end  of  seven  years.  Allowing  any  ordinary 
price  for  the  removal  of  the  old  and  laying  down 
the  new  ties,  the  advantage  of  using  Bethell's 
process  seems  evident.  If  some  cheaper  method 
will  produce  the  same  effects  the  folly  of  neglect- 
ing all  means  seeking  to  increase  the  durability 
of  the  material  is  still  more  palpable. 

Complete  and  reliable  reports  upon  the  preser- 
vation of  the  various  species  of  woods  experi- 
mented upon  in  this  country  are  greatly  needed, 
and  we  hope  they  may  shortly  appear. 


THE  CONSTANT  WATER  SUPPLY  FOR 
LONDON. 

AT  a  meeting  of  the  Health  Committee  of  the 
National  Association  for  the  Promotion  of 
Social  Science,  held  on  Monday  evening,  at  the 
offices,  Adam-street,  Adelphi  (Dr.  Aldis  in  the 
chair),  Mr.  J.  F.  Bateman,  C.E.,  F.R.S.,  read  a 
paper  upon  "A  Constant  Water  Supply  for 
London." 

The  lecturer,  after  referring  to  his  experience 
in  the  construction  of  waterworks,  made  the  follow- 
ing general  observations; — The  question  of  con- 
stant supply  is  one  which  most  materially  affects 
the  comfort  and  convenience  of  the  poorer  cla.sses, 
and  the  inhabitants  of  smaller  houses.  In  larger 
houses  ample  cistern  space  is  generally  provided  to 
secure  the  equivalent  of  a  constant  supply  ;  but 
where  water  is  constantly  laid  on  from  the  street 
mains  there  is  scarcely  any  occasion  for  house  cis- 
terns, except  for  the  supply  of  waterclosets.  By 
proper  arrangement  little  or  no  inconvenience  is 
experienced  from  the  occasional  shutting-ofi'  of 
water  for  the  changing  or  attaching  of  house  ser- 
vices. The  first  cost  of  iutroducing  the  water  to 
the  houses  is  reduced  to  the  lowest  possible  point, 
and  the  pollution  which  more  or  less  commonly 
attends  .the  storage  of  water  in  house  cisterns  is 
entirely  prevented  ;  the  water  is  delivered  in  the 
purest,  freshest,  and  coolest  condition  ;  and  very 
much  of  the  annoyance  and  inconvenience  arising 
from  frozen  cisterns  and  burst  pipes,  which  are 
the  common  attendants  of  the  winter  season,  is 
avoided.  There  is  no  occasion  for  exposed  pipes 
in  out-ofthe  way  places,  for  cisterns  in  roofs  or 
the  tops  of  the  houses  to  be  filled  with  soot  and 
dust  in  summer,  and  to  be  frozen  in  winter ;  and  a 
man  may  live  in  tolerable  comfort  without  the 
dread  of  the  water  bursting  above  his  head,  and 
deluging  the  apartment  in  which  he  resides.  But 
the  advantage  of  constant  supply  to  the  consumer 
has  been  so  often  and  so  clearly  demonstrated, 
that  it  is  useless  to  dwell  further  on  this  branch  of 
the  subject.  The  question  of  its  adoption  does 
not  entirely  rest  with  the  consumers,  but  with 
those  who  have  to  provide  the  water.  It  is  believ" 
ed  by  many  that  the  consumption,  under  the  con- 
stant supply  system,  is  so  great  that  no  company 
or  waterworks  can  meet  the  demand — it  would  be 
ruin  to  them  if  they  attempted  it.  I  cannot  but 
think  that  all  this  is  a  delusion — it  is  not  that 
more  water  is  actually  consumed  for  the  use  of 
the  individual  under  the  one  system  than  under 
the  other  ;  but  that  the  amount  of  waste  which  re- 
sults from  bad  pipes  and  bad  fittings  constantly 
supplied  with  water  is  so  great  as  to  occasion 
serious  loss  and  inconvenience  to  a  water  company, 
and  perhaps  in  some  cases  to  exhaust  their  sup- 
plies. The  experience  of  those  towns  where  the 
supply  has  always  been  on  the  *' constant  system," 
and  where  every  precaution  has  been  taken  for  the 
purpose   of   securing  good  workmanship,  the  best 


and  strongest  materials,  and  the  most  improved 
apparatus,  the  consumption  of  water  per  head  is 
certainly.,  not  more,  probably  less,  than  it  is  in 
towns  similarly  circumstanced  in  all  other  respects, 
but  supplied  with  water  on  the  intermittent  sys- 
tem. This  is  abundantly  proved  by  the  statistics 
of  water  supply  in  such  places.  Fur  instance,  the 
average  consumption  of  water  in  the  manufactur- 
ing towns  of  Lancashire  and  Yorkshire  is  from  16 
to  20  or  21  gallons  per  head  per  day  for  all  pur- 
poses, including  trade,  and  of  course,  all  the  waste 
which  may  be  taking  place.  In  IManchester,  the 
quantity  consumed  by  about  600,000  persons,  and 
by  the  trades  demanding  water  within  the  district 
supplied,  varies  from  12  to  13  million  gallons  per 
day.  Of  this  quantity  it  is  estimated  that  one- 
third  is  supplied  to  manufacturers,  leaving  the  nett 
quantity  consumed  for  domestic  purposes,  includ- 
ing waste,  14  gallons  per  head  per  day.  The 
experience  of  Preston,  Blackburn,  Bolton,  Stock- 
port, Halifax,  Warrington,  and  all  the  other  • 
manufacturing  towns  in  the  north  of  England,  is 
identical  with  that  of  Manchester ;  and  if  this  be 
compared  with  the  consumption  which  obtains  in 
towns  supplied  under  the  intermittent  system,  it 
will  be  found  that  scarcely  in  any  case  does  the 
supply  fall  to  so  low  a  point  as  under  the  constant 
system.  In  London  it  is  32  gallons  per  head  per 
day,  and  in  Plymouth,  Devonport,  Shrewsbury, 
Oxford,  and  other  places  supplied  on  the  inter- 
mittent system,  the  consumption  amounts  to  30 
gallons  or  more  per  day.  The  quantity  required 
in  different  towns  no  doubt  varies  according  to 
the  class  of  inhabitants,  the  circumstances,  and 
the  habits  of  the  people,  and  it  is  universally 
found  that  where  waterclosets  exist  as  a  general 
rule,  the  consumption  is  greater  than  where  they 
are  comparatively  absent.  Where  everything  is 
in  good  order,  and  both  the  water  provider  and 
the  water  consumer  do  their  respective  duties 
properlj^  there  is  no  disadvantage  to  either  party 
by  the  supply  of  water  on  the  constant  supply  sys- 
tem, while  the  advantage  to  the  consumer  in  the 
facility  with  which  he  obtains  water,  and  the  tri- 
fling cost  at  which  it  can  be  introduced  into  hia 
premises,  are  incomparably  greater  than  can  be 
enjoyed  under  the  other  system.  Where,  however, 
the  intermittent  system  has  hitherto  prevailed, 
the  desirableness,  and,  indeed,  the  practicability, 
of  abandoning  it,  and  adopting  the  constant  sup- 
ply, depends  very  much  upon  the  consumers.  If 
they  will  submit  to  such  regulations  as  are  neces- 
sary for  preventing  waste,  there  can  be  no  difli- 
culty  in  introducing  constant  supply  ;  it  wUl  con- 
sume no  more  water  than  the  intermittent  system. 
The  only  changes  which  'are  required  are  the 
abandonment  of  all  bad  fittings,  such  as  common 
ground  taps,  leaky  cocks,  and  wasteful  water- 
closets.  The  cisterns  already  existing  in  houses 
which  have  been  adapted  to  the  system  hitherto 
employed  may  remain  if  it  be  the  will  of  the 
owner  or  occupier  that  they  should.  If  they  are 
large  enough  they  do  now  practically  give  a  con- 
stant supply,  and  it  is  only  just  to  the  provider  of 
water  that  care  should  be  taken  to  prevent  im- 
proper use.  Those  who  prefer  to  abandon  their 
cisterns  and  to  take  their  water  direct  from  the 
pipes  can  do  so  at  very  little  expense.  In  all  new 
buildings  there  would  be  no  necessity  for  the  ex- 
pensive paraphernalia  of  cisterns  ;  a  stopcock  on 
the  service  I'ipe  of  the  house  would  enable  the 
water  to  be  turned  off  whenever  repairs  or  altera- 
tions were  required  to  be  made  within  the  house. 
Little  inconvenience  is  felt  by  grouping  a  number 
of  houses  together,  commanded  by  one  stopcock  ; 
and,  indeed,  it  may  be  said  that  complaints  of  in- 
convenience arising  from  interruption  to  the  sup- 
ply of  water  are  scarcely  ever  heard  in  towns 
where  the  constant  supply  is  at  work.  If  the 
public  will  not  submit  to  introduce  the  best  de- 
scription of  fittings,  and  to  prevent  waste,  and  will 
not  subject  themselves  to  the  vigilant  inspection 
which  ought  to  be  exercised  by  the  provider  of 
the  water,  and  be  willing  to  correct  everything 
which  requires  correction,  it  will  be  difiiculfc,  and 
in  some  cases  impossible,  to  introduce  the  con- 
stant supply.  To  confirm  these  positions  Mr. 
Bateman  referred  to  the  experience  of  Sheffield, 
Cambridge,  Manchester,  and  Glasgow.  The 
general  result  of  these  examples  was  to  show  that, 
apart  from  its  other  advantages,  the  system  of 
const>ant  supply  led  to  economy  of  water,  and 
the  conclusion  at  which  the  lecturer  arrived  was 
that  there  was  no  reason  to  doubt  that  if  in  this 
great  metropohs  the  providers  and  consumers  of 
water  would  both  do  their  duty  and  work  har- 
moniously together,  the  citizens  might  enjoy  the 
benefit  of  an  unlimited  supply  of  water  constantly 
laid  on,  without  consuming  a  gallon  more  water 


January  25,  1S67. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


61 


than,  if,  indeed,  as  much  as,  was  now  supplied  by 
the  water  companies. 

At  the  conchision  of  the  paper,  the  Chairman 
moved,  and  Mr.  Kendall  seconded,  a  vote  of  thanks 
to  Jlr.  Bateman,  which  w;is  unauimonsly  agreed  to. 

Mr.  J.  Locke,  M.P.,  said  that  it  appeared  to 
him  that  the  fault  of  the  intermittent  system  arose 
from  the  want  of  proper  cisterns  in  the  houses  of 
the  poor.  There  could  be  no  doubt  as  to  the  ad- 
vantage of  a  continuous  sujiply  in  ca.ses  of  tire  ; 
but  he  did  not  quite  see  what  would  be  its  ad- 
vantage for  domestic  use  where  people  had  proper 
receptacles.  , 

Mr.  Kendall  s.aid  that  in  London  the  poor  had 
either  no  receptacles  for  water  at  all,  or  ouly  .such 
a3  on  account  of  their  nature  and  situation  could 
not  preserve  the  water  in  a  wholesome  condition. 
There  was  no  wonder  that  meu  who  had  to  drink 
Bach  water  went  to  the  gin-shop  to  get  something 
pleasanter.  In  those  parts  of  London  in  which  a 
constant  supply  existed  there  was  no  waste,  and 
the  water  supplied  to  the  inhabitants  was  cool, 
dear,  and  pure. 

Mr.  Holland  referred  to  the  advantages  which 
had  resulted  from  the  introduction  of  a  constant 
supply  of  water  into  Manchester,  and  said  that 
there  was  not  a  single  fallacy  in  regard  to  the 
subject  which  now  flourished  in  Loudon  which 
had  not  to  be  killed  in  Manchester  before  that 
constant  sujiply  was  obtained. 

Mr.  Elt  (suggested  that  the  water  which  was 
said  to  be  wasted  operated  beneficially  by  flushing 
and  cleansing  the  house  drains  and  sewers. 

Captain  Shaw  said  that  there  could  be  no 
doubt  that,  if  a  town  was  sufficiently  supplied  with 
water  for  sanitary  and  commercial  porposes,  at 
high  pressure,  there  would  always  be  enough  for 
the  extinction  of  fires. 

Mr.  Kendall  asked  whether  it  was  not  vrrong 
that  half  an  hour  should  elapse,  as  in  London  was 
often  the  case,  before  water  could  be  obtained  for 
the  extinction  of  a  fire. 

Captain  Shaw  said  that  the  average  time  within 
which  water  was  upon  a  fire  was  not  half  an  hour, 
but  ten  minutes. 

Sir  J.  Thwaites  expressed  his  satisfaction  with 
the  paper  which  had  been  read,  but  .as  a  member 
of  the  royal  commission  upon  the  water  supply 
of  the  metropolis,  declined  to  pronounce  any 
opinion  upon  the  question  which  it  had  raised. 

Mr.  Bateman  said  that  when  a  town  was  well 
sewered,  and  there  wa.s  a  constant  supply  of  water, 
there  would  be  no  need  to  flush  the  se%vei-s. 

Several  other  gentlemen  addressed  the  meeting, 
and  the  proceedings  terminated  with  the  usual 
vote  of  thanks  to  the  chairman. 


EARTH   CLOSET.?. 

THE  following  correspondence  has  taken  place 
on  the  earth  closet  question  between  the 
surveyor  of  Norwich,  who  was  instructed  to  report 
on  the  matter,  and  Mr.  Edward  Boardman,  whose 
very  useful  observations  we  published  a  fortnight 
since.  As  the  authorities  of  many  other  towns 
are  now  considering  the  question,  thus  controversy 
will  most  likely  assist  them  in  their  decision. 
TO  THE  CHAIKJIAN  a;>JD  OENTLEMEX  OF  THE  S.ISI. 
1ARY     COMMITTEE. 

Norwich  Board  of  Health,  Surveyor's  Oflice, 
December  2S,  1S66. 

In  accordance  with  your  instructions,  I  beg  to 
report  to  you  on  the  pr.acticabihty  oi'  the  earth 
closets  proposed  to  be  used  in  Norwich  instead  of 
waterclosets,  by  which  change  it  is  imagined  by 
some  that  the  plan  for  intercepting  sewers  and 
irrigating  works  for  which  this  corporation  is  now 
applying  to  Parliament  for  powers  to  carry  out, 
will  not  be  requiied,  and  the  injunction  obtained 
ag:iinst  the  corporation  avoided. 

No.  1.  It  seems  to  me  that,  it  is  not  so  much 
the  question  which  of  the  two  systems  of  closets 
Is  the  best,  but  whether  by  doing  away  with  water- 
closets  entirely,  the  necessity  for  intercepting  the 
remaining  drainage,  and  preventing  it  entering 
the  river  to  pollute  it,  will  be  avoided.  My  opinion 
most  decidedly  is,  that  the  sewage  from  the 
houses,  consisting  of  urine,  slops  caused  by  cook- 
ing vegetables,  &c.,  washing  refuse,  and  the  drain- 
age from  the  various  breweries,  dyeworks,  and 
factories,  together  with  the  filth  washed  from  the 
streets,  will  stUl  be  so  foul  that  it  will  never  be 
permitted  to  flow  into  the  river,  and  that,  conse- 
quently  no  advantage  will  be  gained  to  the  city 
by  the  proposed  alteration. 

No.  2.  It  has  been  long  since  proved  that 
water  is  the  cheapest  mode  of  conveying  away  the 
filth  of  towns,  and  I  believe  that  the  value  of  the 


sewage  in  a  liquid  st.ate  is  not  depreciated  by  the 
dilution,  although  it  is  impossible  to  collect,  in  a 
solid  form,  all  the  valuable  salts  after  they  have 
been  so  diluted. 

No.  3.  In  all  systems  of  drainage  it  is  most  im- 
portant, in  order  to  ensure  the  proper  working, 
that  every  part  should,  ;is  far  .as  po.ssible,  be  self, 
[acting,  and  I  am  quite  sure  that  there  would  be 
iso  much  difficulty,  nuis.inco,  and  expense,  in  c.ai't- 
ing  the  earth  into  the  city,  and  the  collecting  and 
removal  of  it  when  soiled,  to  s,ay  nothing  of  the 
.almost  impossibility  of  getting  proper  attention 
'p.aid  to  the  closets  in  cottages,  lodging-houses,  &c., 
that  in  practice  the  earth  closets  would  not  be 
found  to  answer. 

No.  4.  In  the  letter  written  by  Mr.  Boardman, 
sent  to  the  members  of  this  committee,  and  printed 
in  all  the  local  papers,  ho  estimates  that  the 
annu.al  cost  of  working  the  closets  in  this  city 
would  be  £S,438,  and  the  revenue  £22,986,  leav- 
ing an  annual  profit  of  £H,5IS.  This  is  the 
theoretical  view  of  the  matter,  but  at  Manchester, 
where  the  annual  cost  of  emptying  the  privy  bins 
is  .about  £17,000,  the  soil  is  sold  for  about  £9,000, 
leaving  a  loss  of  about  £S,000  a  year,  instead  of 
a  profit,  to  which  in  our  case  would  have  to  be 
added  the  cost  of  the  earth  (which  must  be  of  a 
particular  description)  and  of  the  carting  and 
delivery  thereof. 

No.  5.  It  is  also  stated  in  the  same  letter,  that 
the  decision  of  the  Leamington  Conference  was 
"decidedly  in  favour  of  the  dry  earth."  This 
most  certainly  was  not  the  case,  for  the  only 
resolutions  carried  were  as  follows  :  —  First, 
"  That,  after  careful  consideration  of  the  valuable 
information  submitted,  this  congress  is  of  opinion 
that  the  systems  of  allowing  oxcrementitious 
matters  from  houses  to  paas  into  and  pollute  the 
rivers,  is  in  all  cases  highly  objectionable,  and 
ought,  so  far  as  may  be  practicable,  to  be  pre- 
vented." The  second  was,  "That  the  system  of 
irrigation,  when  carried  out  in  a  scientific  manner, 
removes  the  difficulty  which  arises  from  the  pre- 
sent noxious  plan  of  polluting  the  rivers  of  Eug. 
land,  but  that  there  are  circumstances  in  which 
other  systems  may  be  applicable.  That  as  each  of 
the  systems  possesses  some  peculiar  advantage,  a 
combination  of  the  several  systems  according  to 
the  particular  circumstance  of  each,  can  probably 
possess  the  most  efiective  and  advantageous  re- 
sults." 

No.  6.  lu  conclusion,  I  am  quite  satisfied  that 
the  board  has,  imder  the  circumstances,  acted 
wisely  in  deciding  to  intercept  the  whole  of  the 
sewage  and  to  take  it  to  one  point,  as,  whatever 
may  eveiitually  be  found  the  best  method  to  treat 
sewage,  the  cost  of  the  intercepting  sewers  will 
not  have  been  expended  in  vain. 
I  am.  Gentlemen, 

Your  obedient  servant, 

Alfred  W.   Morant. 


im.   BOARDMAN  S   REPLY. 

Queen-street,  Norwich,  January  14,  186". 

Gentlemen, — As  requested  by  you,  I  beg  now 
to  reply  to  the  report  of  your  engineer,  which  was 
read  to  me  at  your  meeting  of  the  27th  ult.,  and  a 
copy  of  which  Mr.  Miller  has  furnished  me.  To 
prevent  repetition,  and  that  my  replies  may  be 
more  easily  identified,  I  have  affixed  figures  to 
divisions  of  your  engineer's  report. 

No.  1.  The  first  question  raised  is,  "  whether  by 
doing  away  with  waterclosets  entirely  the  neces- 
sity for  intercepting  the  remaining  drainage,  and 
preventing  it  entering  the  river  to  pollute  it,  will 
be  avoided."  My  reply  to  this  is,  that  if  the 
waterclosets  be  discontinued,  the  main  cause  of 
the  pollution  of  the  sewers  will  be  removed.  The 
public,  and  all  private  urinals,  can  be  treated  with 
earth  quite  as  easily  and  satisfactorily  as  with 
water  ;  the  other  liquid  refuse  of  towns  will  form 
so  small  a  proportion  of  dirty,  or  diluted  water,  as 
compared  with  the  volume  of  water  in  the  river 
(and  being  free  from  the  excrementitious  matters, 
which  is  the  cause  of  pestilential  pollution),  that 
the  injunction  will  not  be  maintainable,  for  the 
Royal  Commissioners  tell  us,  "  Absolute  pumty  of 
water  ivill  be  impossible,  and  need  not  be  looked 
for."  Of  course  it  will  be  necessary  to  dredge 
the  river  of  the  accumulated  mud,  and  keep  down 
the  weeds,  as  in  any  case  ought  to  be  done. 

No.  2.  I  say,  most  emphatically,  that  it  has  not 
been  proved  that  water  is  the  cheapest  mode  of 
conveying  away  the  filth  of  towns,  but,  on  the  con- 
trary, is  most  wasteful  and  expensive ;  and  it  is  a 
well  ascertained  fact  that  when  once  sewage 
matter  is  diluted  it  is  rendered  practically  value, 
less. 

No.  3.  Taking  every  contingency  into  considera- 


tion for  the  occupier,  the  earth  closet  will  be  prac- 
tically as  self-acting  as  the  watercloset,  with  the 
exception  of  very  few  inst.ances,  where  w.ater- 
closets  have  been  fitted  up  regardless  of  expense. 
The  majority  of  occupiers  know  the  annoy.ance 
and  expense  of  pipes  bursting,  ball-tap  leaking, 
drains  choked  up,  sewer-g.as  escaping,  doctor's 
bills  to  pay  in  consequence ;  and  witli  careless, 
dirty  people,  the  watercloset  is  generally  out  of 
order.  The  earth  closet  will  not  be  sul>ject  to  any 
of  the  above  objections.  Dry  earth  can,  .and  will 
bo,  supplied  as  punctually  as  the  food  we  consume, 
at  the  necessary  periods,  and  the  application  and 
remov,al  \\'ill  not  be  so  formidable  as  imagined. 
Out  of  3,000  waterclosets  in  Norwich,  I  suppose 
about  1,000  are  upstairs  ;  if  six  persons  use  one  of 
these  latter  every  morning,  a  cle.an  pail  with  dry 
earth  will  be  left  at  the  door  (about  the  weight 
of  a  coalshoot  half  full) ;  this  the  servant  will  take 
upstairs,  and  bring  down  the  used  pail ;  if  only 
three  persons  on  the  average  use  it,  the  removal 
will  be  every  other  day.  (I  would  remark  this 
makes  ample  allowance  for  diarrhoea  disorders.) 
The  remainder  of  the  closets  are  downstairs,  and 
invariably  next  an  outside  wall  at  tlie  back  or 
side  of  the  house ;  these  can  be  supplied  with 
earth  and  removed  from  outside  by  the  man,  with- 
out entering  the  house  at  all,  except  where  there 
is  no  back  entrance.  The  whole  process  is  less  offijn- 
sive  than  carrying  aslopB(ail,and  notmore  dirtythau 
carrying  the  ashes  and  coalshoot  about  the  house. 
If  the  dry  earth  is  taken  to  the  dirtiest  and  most 
careless  of  j^eople,  I  think  they  would  be  more 
likely  to  use  it  than  to  send  for  tradesmen  to  do 
the  necessary  repairs  in  the  water  system.  The 
3,000  closets,  if  treated  with  earth,  would  require 
to  be  supplied  with  about  7,000  tons  of  earth 
per  annum ;  what  is  this  compared  with  the 
95,000  tons  of  mixed  goods  and  coals  which 
annually  arrive  at  the  Thorpe  and  Victoria 
Stations,  and  from  thence  are  distributed  over 
the  city  ?  Most  people  admit  that  the  system  ia 
adapted  for  villages  or  small  towrts.  If  the  city 
is  divided  mto  districts,  as  I  proposed,  they  be- 
come, as  it  were,  an  amalgamation  of  small  towns; 
and  every  business  man  knows  that  an  extensive 
systematic  arrangement  is  easier  and  more  effec- 
tually carried  out  than  a  limited  one,  as  it  will 
atibrd  more  efficient  men  t-i  supervise.  Our  food, 
and  everything  we  require  for  existence,  is,  as 
it  were,  supplied  to  us  in  large  towns  haphazard; 
then  cannot  our  excrementitious  matter,  which 
is  infinitely  smaller  in  biilk,  be  removed  by  a 
general  systematic  arrangement  ?  ' 

No.  4.  Chemists  tell  us  that  the  constituents 
of  human  excrements  and  guano  are  the  same, 
but  the  proportions  of  the  former  are  far  better 
fitted  to  sustain  the  fertility  of  the  soil.  Agricul- 
turists, who  liave  tried  the  experiment,  tell  us 
the  same.  Travellers  and  history  tell  us  that  in 
China  and  Japan  the  only  manure  producer  is 
man ;  this  has  been  going  on  for  thousands  of 
years,  yet  the  land  is  as  productive  as  ever ;  they 
grow  more  corn  than  they  consume,  but  do  not 
lock  up  their  capital  in  bullocks  for  the  purpose 
of  producing  manure.  With  these  facts,  can  it  be 
stated  to  be  worth  nothing  in  England  ?  Put  the 
natural  manure  in  a  portable  form,  and  it  will  be 
worth  something  certainly,  if  the  farmer  will  now 
give  £5  to  £9  per  ton  for  guano  and  artificial 
m.anure.  It  is  stated  that  the  known  accumula- 
tions of  guano  will  not  last  more  than  10  or  12 
years,  and  the  supply  m.ay  at  any  time  be  cut  ofi' 
by  war  (and  cannot  be  proved  to  be  better).  Y'ou* 
inspector  stated  in  the  public  papers  last  week, 
that  "the  contractor  for  the  removal  of  the  night 
soil,  to  whom  the  city  p.ays  £30  yearly,  threw 
up  his  contract  as  being  unremunerative."  The 
contractor  tells  me  that  his  reason  for  throwing 
it  up  is  because  the  "  flying  dustmen"  empty  all 
the  large  and  convenient  bins,  but  leave  him  the 
inconvenient  places,  which,  as  city  contractor, 
he  is  bound  to  empty.  He  has  to  clean  silt  from 
the  street  guUies,  and  is  not  allowed  to  make  a 
depot  even  on  the  outskirts  of  the  city.  Why 
night  soil  has  not  been  profitable  is,  because  it 
is  generally  mixed  with  water  and  every  kind  of 
rubbish,  and  smells  so  oflensively  that  it  is  dif- 
ficult, now  especially,  to  get  men  to  remove  it, 
but  the  keeping  it  dry  and  mixing  the  earth  with 
it  destroys  all  unpleasantness  to  sight  or  smell, 
and  this  adulteration  with  earth  is  not  in  greater 
proportion  than  is  a  good  deal  of  the  expensive 
manure ;  and  the  very  fact  of  turning  over  vege- 
table soil  also  improves  its  fertilising  qualities. 
Manchester  is  not  under  the  earth  system,  as 
your  report  implies  ;  instead  of  earth,  ashes  are 
mixed,  which  unsuits  it  for  corn  crops,  therefore 
detracts  from  its  value.     (If  the  earth  system  had 


62 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


January  25,  1867. 


been  tried  and  been  a  failure,  I  do  not  think  Mr. 
Heron,  the  town  clerk  of  Mancheste.i,  would  have 
gone  to  the  Leamington  Conference  and  have  pub- 
licly supported  it  a3  he  did.)  Clay,  or  any  soil  which 
will  grow  corn,  is  suitable  for  mixture. 

No.  5.  The  assertion  I  made,  relative  to  the 
Leamington  Conference,  is  fully  borne  out  by  the 
Building  News  of  last  Saturday.  It  says,  "  The 
overwhelming  weight  of  opinion  at  the  meeting 
was  in  favour  of  dry  earth,  but  a  different  opinion 
was  expressed  as  to  its  applicability  to  large 
towns;"  but,  as  I  stated  in  No.  3,  its  applicability 
to  large  towns  is  as  reasonable  as  to  small  towns, 
for  if  it  be  po,ssible  to  attend  1,000  houses,  10,000 
can  be  done  with  more  certainty,  in  consequence 
of  the  superior  supervision  available. 

No.  6.  The  questions  I  would  ask  are  :  First, 
will  the  water  system  you  propose  to  carry  out 
stop  the  pollution  of  the  river  ?  Second,  is  the 
irrigation  system  a  success  ?  Third,  will  it  prevent 
an  injunction  ?  Croydon  is  usually  quoted  as  the 
successful  example  of  the  system,  and  after  which, 
I  believe,  Norwich  is  to  be  treated.  .It  appears  to 
be  managed  in  this  way  (see  Bannehr  on  the 
"  Sewage  Difficulty")  :— 

Immediately  after  leaving  the  towu  outlet,  the  sewage 
passes  into  subsiding  or  separating  tanks,  where  tije  larger 
portion  of  the  suspended  matter  is  abstracted  from  the 
sewage,  and  (it  being  of  a  very  offensive  character)  is  mired 
with  dry  ashes  or  other  deodorant,  and  is  sold  to  farmers  at 
such  a  price  as  barely  to  cover  the  cost  of  manipulation. 

These  tanks,  I  believe,  in  Norwich  are  to  be  £.t 
Trowse. 

The  clarified  sewage  is  then  conveyed  to  the  irrigated 
land,  the  greater  part  of  which  is  sown  with  Italian  rye 
gi'ass.  It  is  thus  obvious  that  a  large  proportion  of  the  im- 
purity is  abstracted  from  the  sew.age  water  before  it  is 
bestowed  on  the  iiTigated  laud,  and  there  is  no  pr.jof  that 
any  considerable  proportion  of  manunal  impiu-ity  is  elimi- 
nated from  it  after  it  has  left  the  tanks. 

When  the  sewage  leaves  the  tanks,  it  has  much  the  ap- 
pearance of  dirty  soap  water,  and  when  it  arrives  at  the 
river,  it  appears  to  have  been  divested  of  part  of  its  soapy 
appearance  ;  but  it  is  far  from  clear,  and  if  it  were  per- 
fectly clear  and  bright,  chemists  tell  us  it  is  no  evidence  of 
purity.  It  is  said  that  when  the  sewage  leaves  the  town 
outlet,  it  contains  :>2  grains  of  organic  matter,  and  when  it 
arrives  at  the  river,  after  irrigation,  it  still  possesses  22 
grains. 

The  process  of  five  successive  applications  of  Edinburgh 
sewage  to  five  different  fields,  222  out  of  224  grains  of  solid 
matter  held  in  suspension  in  each  gallon,  were  deposited  on 
the  hand  ;  whilst  only  15  grains  out  of  S7  of  the  matter  in 
solution  were  eliminated  from  it  after  passing  over  five 
tieUa. 

It  is  obvious  suspended  matter  may  be  eUmi- 
nated  from  it  by  irrigation,  but  that  is  of  very 
slight  importance,  as  it  is  found  necessary  to 
separate  the  larger  portion,  as  at  Croydon,  before 
applying  sewage  to  the  land. 

At  .\lnwick,  where  the  Duke  of  Xorthumberland  had 
incun-ed  the  e.tpense  of  making  sewage  available  to  farmera, 
they,  after  tr>-ing  it  for  several  years,  refused  to  have  it^ 
rven  as  a  gift,  because  it  w;is  perfectly  useless  or  mischievous 
to  them  ! 

Great  stress  has  been  laid  upon  the  large  quan- 
tities of  grass  grown  at  Croydon  ;  it  is  said  very 
nearly  the  same  quantity  is  produced  from  the 
Clipstoue  irrigation  fields  by  the  use  of  pure  water, 
and  it  probably  would  be  as  much  if  the  water 
possessed  the  two  or  three  degrees  of  extra  tem- 
perature which  sewage  possesses.  In  the  Royal 
Commission  Blue  Book,  page  13,  it  is  stated, 

Tliat  there  is  still  occisional  cause  to  complain  of  the 
condition  of  the  effluent  water,  as  it  sometimes  comes  off 
the  land,  either  turbid  or  so  imperfectly  cleansed  from 
sewage,  that  it  pollutes  both  the  River  Wandle  and  the 
atmosphere  in  tlie  vicinity. 

These  evils,  so  far  as  they  exist,  wa  are  satisfied  admit  of 
explanation.  When  the  water  is  turbid  (as  distinct  from 
bemg  fotil  fi-om  sewage),  the  cause  probably  is,  as  suggestetl 
by  Mr,  Gurney,  that  cattle  sent  in  to  graze  upon  the  ii-ri- 
gated  fields  (a  very  large  number  in  proportion  to  the 
acreage)  h'lve  trodden  the  surface  and  fouled  it  with  their 
dung.  When  the  effluent  water  flows  ott',  carrying  both  to 
sight  and  smell  unmist;ikable  signs  of  sewage,  it  has  not 
been  applied  to  a  sufficient  area  of  land.  The  smell  luis 
been  most  objectionable  on  Sunday  evenings,  probably  be- 
cause the  men  have  neglected  the  work. 

As  to  the  value  of  the  grass :  Croydon  has  a  po- 
pulatiou  of  30,240,  is  within  ten  miles  of  Loudon 
with  3,000,000  inhabitants.  Norwich  has  no  such 
market  for  grass  as  this,  and  we  have  no  extensive 
dairies  of  cows,  and  I  don't  think  it  is  usual  to 
give  working  horses  much  green  food,  especially 
all  the  year  round,  so  where  will  the  grass  grown 
by  the  sewage  of  the  75,000  inhabitants  be  con- 
sumed ?  If  the  following  are  facts,  it  ought  to 
make  us  pause  before  extending  sewage  irrigation. 

It  is  a  very  striking  fact  that  at  Edinburgh,  where  dairy 
stock  are  largely  fed  with  sewage  grown  grass,  there  has 
for  many  years  been  a  much  less  healthy  condition,  and 
more  deaths  among  dairy  cows  than  in  other  parts  of  the 
kingdom ;  it  is  also  remarkable  tliat  Mr.  Marriage,  the 
lessee  of  the  Croydon  8ew.ige,  has  lost  a  larger  proportion  of 
his  dairy  stock  by  rinderpest  than  have  any  of  his  neigh- 
bours. 


On  the  steppes  of  Russia,  where  the  rinderpest  con- 
stantly prevails,  there  are  large  quantities  of  stagnant 
water,  which  cattle  commonly  drink  in  default  of  better  ; 
this  circumstance  is  very  suggestive  of  the  cattle  plague 
being  attributable  in  some  degree  to  our  cattle  being  sup 
pUed  with  impure  food,  or  polluted  water,  in  the  same  way 
that  cholera,  and  other  an.alogous  disorders,  are  traceable 
to  similar  influences  among  human  beings  ;  (but  this  ques- 
tion is  more  fully  treated  by  Mr.  Bannehr,  page  10.) 

There  are  nearly  six  months  in  the  year  during 
which  vegetation  is  dormant ;  what  becomes  of 
the  sewage  which  is  produced  during  that  period, 
and  when  the  ground  is  frozen  ?  It  must  be  ap- 
plied to  land  continually  as  a  matter  of  form,  but 
without  producing  any  manurial  result. 

Mr.  Morant,  in  his  report,  makes  no  mention  of 
the  pestiferous  gas  which  the  excrementitious  mat 
ter  produces  when  in  the  sewers  ;  this  is  a  greater 
evil  than  the  pollution  of  our  river  ;  this  \vill  be 
greatly  aggravated  when  the  number  of  water 
closets  is  increased.  I  extract  the  following  from 
a  London  paper,  December  29th.  After  observing 
that  more  than  £2,000,000  have  already  been 
spent,  and  other  particulars  about  the  great 
scheme,  it  states, 

There  is,  however,  a  question  as  to  the  ventUation  of 
sewers,  which  evidently  demands  attention.  Though  not  a 
new  subject,  it  has  never  yet  presented  it.self  in  so  formid- 
able a  shape  as  now.  Unless  the  sewage  passes  off  rapidly 
from  the  sewers,  the  foul  fluid  is  liable  to  undergo  putre- 
faction, liberating  poisonous  g;ise3,  and  producing  all  the 
evils  of  a  gigantic  cesspool ;  all  attempts  to  eliminate  this 
mischief  by  carrying  off  the  gases,  or  consuming  them,  or 
by  disinfecting  them,  seem  to  be  attended  with  extreme 
difficulty. 

It  is  suggested  to  drive  the  sewage  out  hy  a 
more  abundant  supply  of  water,  but  I  am  j 're- 
pared  to  prove  this  will  not  remedy  the  evil.  The 
surveyor  to  the  Westminster  Board  of  Works  has 
recently  visited  Paris,  to  obtain  information  about 
their  sewers  ;  among  other  matters  he  reports 
"  that  in  Paris  it  is  forbidden  to  discharge  night 
soil  by  t  he  house-drains,  but  every  provision  is 
made  for  washing  the  surface  deposits  of  the 
streets  into  the  sewers.  From  the  absence  of 
night  soil  the  sewage  is  much  less  offensive  in 
Paris  than  in  London,  and  the  water. mains  and 
telegraph  wires  are  laid  in  the  sewers." 

What  I  have  attempted  to  prove  is,  that  the 
water  system  of  sewage  is  wrong  in  principle, 
wasteful,  and  unsuitable  for  the  removal  of  excre- 
mentitious matter. 

I  remain.  Gentlemen, 

Yours  obediently, 

Edwahd  Bo.\rdm.4N. 


GRECIAN    SCULPTURE. 

LAST  week,  Dr.  Kinkel,  F.R.G.S.,  delivered  his 
second  lecture  at  the  Bradford  Mechanics' 
Institute  before  the  members  of  the  Bradford 
Philosophical  Society.  In  commencing  he  ex- 
plained the  three  styles  of  Grecian  sculpture — the 
round,  which  was  used  for  the  statues  in  the  in- 
terior of  temples ;  the  high  relief,  which  was 
adopted  in  the  exterior  of  these  buildings,  where  a 
full  light  could  fall  upon  the  sculpture  ;  and  the 
low  relief,  where  only  a  reflected  light  was  obtain- 
able. In  his  preceding  lecture.  Dr.  Kinkel  cur- 
sorily touched  the  question  as  to  the  tinting  of 
sculpture  by  the  Greeks  ;  and  now,  in  discussing 
the  point  more  at  length,  he  held  the  evidence  to 
be  sufficient  to  prove  that  the  Greeks  did  paint 
their  statues — not  only  the  dresses  but  the  hair 
and  the  flesh,  in  order  to  produce  all  the  colour 
of  Southern  beauty,  which,  however,  was  not  of  the 
florid  tint,  but  oUve,  and  therefore  more  easily 
imitated  in  colour.  And  besides  the  advantage  of 
obtaining  a  closer  copy  of  nature,  there  was  this, 
that  the  colouring  material,  in  which  wax  was 
mixed,  preserved  them  from  the  action  of  atmo- 
sphere. The  Greeks  copied,  and  followed,  nature, 
but  at  the  same  time  there  was  an  idealism  in 
their  statuary  which,  however  ditlicultto  define — 
inasmuch  as  the  ideal  in  art  was  to  some  extent 
mei'e  feeling,  ;is  indescribable  as  the  fragrance  of 
the  carnation,  or  the  odour  of  the  lily  or  the  rose — 
was  still  there.  This  ideal — about  which  he  would 
lay  down  no  theories — was  the  one  thing  which 
distinguished  ancient  sculpture  from  the  sculpture 
of  modern  days.  He  might  illustrate  the  subject 
by  referring  to  the  peculiar  anatomical  formation 
of  the  human  heel  bone.  In  a  man  the  heel  bone 
projected  somewhat  beyond  the  bones  of  the  leg, 
and  in  the  animal — particularly  in  the  horse — 
this  projection  was  very  marked.  In  ancient 
sculpture,  especially  with  female  figures,  the  heel 
bone  was  almost  done  away  with,  thus  giving  a 
lightness  to  the  statues  which  was  very  charmiug. 
The  straight  line  of  the  nose  and  the  beautiful 
forehead  introduced  by  the  Greeks  also  gave  an 
ideal  expression  to  the  sculpture.     It  must  be  con- 


fessed that  there  was  no  ideal  form  upon  earth. 
The  most  perfect  beauty  was  not  ideal  beauty,  for 
it  was  clear  that  if  such  was  the  case  all  men  must 
look  alike,  because  there  could  only  be  one  abso- 
lutely perfect  form.  All  the  charm  of  life  rested 
upon  the  deep  secret  of  individuaUty.  In  repre- 
senting the  ideal  the  artist  had  to  unite  two  forms 
of  beauty  which  human  beings  never  possessed  at 
the  same  time,  viz.,  that  perfection  of  intellectual 
expression  which  was  only  obtained  towards  the 
close  of  life,  and  that  perfection  and  fulness  of 
form  which  was  only  enjoyed  at  the  very  com- 
mencement of  life.  Now  the  Greeks  had  the  ideal 
of  the  body,  but  not  of  the  mind,  as  shown  in  the 
face  ;  and  herein  was  the  difference  between  the 
earlier  Greeks  and  the  early  Christian  artists,  for 
while  the  latter  did  not  give  the  body  such  grace, 
they  did  give  a  noble  expression  to  the  features. 
Having  thus  opened  his  subject,  the  lecturer  pro- 
ceeded at  considerable  length  to  review  the  Greek 
"  periods"  of  sculpture.  There  was  the  sublime 
period,  as  represented  by  Phidias  ;  the  beautiful, 
as  represented  by  Scopas  and  Praxiteles ;  and  the 
heroic,  which  came  to  its  eflTulgence  after  the  con- 
quests of  Alexander,  and  which  might  be  con- 
sidered as  represented  by  Lysidas.  The  full 
efflorescence  of  the  sublime  period  of  Grecian 
sculpture  was,  when  the  Athenians  undertook  the 
rebuilding  of  the  Parthenon — the  works  of  which 
were  superintended  by  Phidias — and  the  combina- 
tions of  styles  and  subjects  made  the  Parthenon, 
even  in  its  ruins,  the  great  school  of  art.  But  not 
only  at  this  period  was  Athens  alone  distinguished 
for  its  art.  There  was  at  the  same  time,  in  the 
Peloponnessus,  a  school  which  very  distinctly  took 
humanity  for  its  model,  Polycletes  there  standing 
out  in  prominence  for  the  accuracy  of  his  work. 
After  the  "sublime"  came  the  "beautiful;"  and 
now  the  grand  simplicity  of  the  preceding  period 
was  changed  for  a  style  in  which  there  was  much 
of  softness  and  effeminacy.  The  figures  were  no 
longer  colossal,  but  they  were  graceful  and  beauti- 
ful ;  and  Scopas,  when  about  eighty  years  of  age, 
produced  the  finest  model  of  the  female  figure  in 
existence.  But  now  came  the  "  heroic,"  and  that 
was  the  last  period  of  Grecian  art.  No  longer  the 
sublimity  of  Phidias  or  the  beauty  of  Praxiteles 
pleased,  the  military  exaltation  of  the  Greeks  lead- 
ing their  sculptors  to  revel  in  battle  scenes  and 
kindred  subjects,  and  sculpture  which  had 
flourished  through  five  centuries  at  last  merged 
into  a  sensational  style  which  closely  resembled 
the  sculpture  of  modern  times. 


HOW  TO  EXTRACT  PERFUMES. 
QJULPHURET  of  carbon  is  a  curious  substance, 
io  which  formerly  cost  about  60f.  a  kilogramme, 
and  which  has  now  fallen  to  the  price  of  a  few 
halfpence,  in  consequence  of  the  great  demand  for 
it,  which  set  chemists  to  the  task  of  contriving 
some  cheap  way  of  manufacturing  it.  It  is  a 
colourless  and  very  refringent  liquid.  It  boils  at 
43  deg.  Cent.,  and  enjoys  the  unenviable  privilege 
of  smelling  like  rotten  cabbage.  It  is  the  most 
powerful  sulphuriser  known,  and  a  dissolvent  of 
india-rubber,  to  which  latter  circumstance  the 
gi-eat  demand  for  it  is  due.  According  to  Qalig- 
ani,  Mr.  Millon,  chief  chemist  to  the  hospital  of 
Algiers,  has  recently  discovered  the  singular  fact 
that  this  offensive  liquid  is  the  best  dissolvent  of 
the  essential  oils  of  flowers,  to  which  the  latter 
owe  their  sweet  perfumes.  This  discovery  has  sug- 
gested to  M.  Schnaiter  a  very  easy  way  of  obtain- 
ing those  perfumes.  He  fills  a  large  phial  with 
the  petals,  just  gathered,  of  the  flower  he  wants  to 
operate  upon ;  and,  having  poured  a  suf&cient 
quantity  of  sulphuret  of  carbon  upon  them,  corks 
the  phial,  shakes  it,  and  then  lets  it  stand.  The 
sulphuret  penetrates  into  the  substance  of  the 
petals,  and  expels  the  water  they  contain,  which 
goes  to  the  bottom.  After  a  six  days'  maceration, 
the  sulphuret  charged  with  the  essential  oil  of  the 
flowei's  is  decanted  into  another  phial  containing 
fresh  flowers,  and  this  operation  is  repeated  four 
times,  after  which,  if  the  quantity  of  flowers  be 
considerable,  the  sulphuret  will  be  strongly 
coloured.  It  is  now  necessary  to  separate  the  per- 
fume from  the  sulphuret.  If  the  quantity  be 
small,  the  latter  substance,  which  is  extremely 
volatile,  may  be  left  to  evaporate  in  the  open  air, 
and  the  residue  is  then  treated  with  alcohol  at  40 
deg.  of  the  areometer.  But  in  case  the  quantity 
to  be  operated  upon  be  larger,  oil  of  almonds 
should  be  poured  in,  the  liquid  should  be  well 
shaken  three  or  four  times  a  day  for  the  space  of 
four  days,  then  distilled  at  a  very  low  temperature 
in  order  not  to  lose  the  sulphuret,  and  the  residue 
is  treated  with  alcohol,  as  before. 


January  25,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


C3 


FIRE-ESCAPES. 

WHATEVER  may  be  said  to  the  cijutrary— 
there  are  people  who  will  say  any  tiling' — 
it  has  been  unl'urtimately  but  too  often  demon- 
strated that  the  means  at  oiu-  eomiuand  foi' 
extinguishing  Kres  and  the  appliances  for  prc- 
.serving  human  life  have  not  arrived  at  that 
degree  of  certainty  and  precision  which  the 
urgency  of  all  such  contingencies  demands. 
For  more  than  half  a  century  man's  inventive 
faculties  have  been  at  work  endea\'ouring  to 
bring  to  perfection  the  tout  ensemble  of  the  ap- 
paratus required  whenever  the  cry  of  lire 
rouses  the  slumbering  denizens  of  any  particu- 
lar locality  into  a  state  of  wakefulness  far 
more  energetic  and  complete  than  that  e.xcited 
in  them  by  the  chimes  of  the  early  Ixdls.  The 
dithculty  is  not  so  much  to  procure  a  tire-escape 
and  have  it  ready  at  hand  for  action,  but  to 
manage  it  properly.  It  is  certainly,  viewing  it 
in  the  most  favourable  light,  not  an  inviting 
means  of  avoiding  danger,  and  imquestionably 
many  timid  and  nervous  persons  are  at  first 
doubtful  whether  to  accept  its  aid  or  run  the 
chance  of  the  fire  w'hich  may  be  raging  next 
door  to  them  and  have  already  seized  the 
lower  part  of  the  dwelling  they  occupy.  The 
princi;:les  upon  which  fire-escapes  have  been 
founded  are  pretty  well  kno^^^l  to  our  reader's, 
but  lately  a  new  application  of  a  well-known 
principle  has  been  pressed  into  the  service 
wliich  bears  upon  its  face  the  appearance  of 
novelty. 

The  principle  we  allude  to  is  that  of  hydrau- 
lic pressure,  and  which  in  this  instance  is  em- 
ployed to  raise  a  system  of  metallic  tubes  fit- 
ting concentrically  one  inside  the  other,  after 
the  fashion  of  telescope  tubes.  When  drawn 
out  they  form  one  large  mast,  to  which  is  at- 
tached one  or  two  rope  ladders  with  canvas 
slings  and  other  accessories.  As  a  counter- 
balance to  the  weight  of  this  escape  when  ex- 
tended there  is  attached  to  the  small  car  at 
the  bottom  a  reservoir  in  w-hich  water  is  forced 
and  which  serves  to  raise  each  j  .lint  of  the  mast 
to  the  height  required.  There  is  a  special 
mechanical  arrangement  to  enable  the  rope 
ladders  and  slings  to  be  worked  from  below,  and 
by  simply  opening  a  cock  the  tubes  can  ))e 
made  to  collapse  as  rapidly  as  desired,  and  so 
allow  of  the  speedy  descent  of  those  who  are 
contained  on  the  ladders  or  in  the  slings.  AVe 
have  seen,  therefore,  that  this  new  invention, 
which  is  the  design  of  a  gentleman  at  Geneva, 
acts  as  a  fire-escape,  but  in  addition  it  com- 
bines with  that  duty  the  office  of  a  fire-extin- 
guisher as  well.  The  tubes  forming  the  en- 
tire length  of  the  mast  being  hollow,  serve 
as  large  water  pipes,  and  as  the  top  joint  is 
finished  in  the  manner  suitable  for  discharg- 
ing a  jet  of  water  the  greatest  facility  is 
afforded  for  administering  it  in  the  very  places 
where  it  is  most  required.  AVhatever  height 
maybe  given  to  the  escape,  whether  all  the  coni- 
ponenttubesare  drawn  out  or  notjthe  mechanism 
is  so  arranged  that  ''it  is  always  equally  easy 
to  rig  the  ladders  and  slings,  which  are  main- 
tained in  complete  order  in  the  small  car  at 
the  base  of  the  machine.  Notwithstanding 
the  double  service  thus  performed  by  this  new 
description  of  escape,  it  can  be  transported 
from  place  to  place  with  great  facility.  While 
on  the  one  hand  we  should  wish  never  to 
■witness  the  practical  trial  of  machines  of  this 
nature,  yet  on  the  other  we  should  equally 
wish  that  they  might  never  fail  when  the 
hour  of  trial  did  arrive. 


the  Priory,  is  a  small  shapeless  fragment  of 
brick  and  stone,  wliich  iihie  out  of  teu  of  those 
who  do  visit  the  place  probably  jmss  by  with- 
out an  attempt  to  uiidcrstaud  it.  A  little 
consideration  of  it  soon  reveals  that  it  is  the 
remnant  of  a  mediaeval  fountain  of  the  latter 
]!art  of  the  fifteeiuh  century,  and  as  such  foun- 
tains, in  England  at  least,  are  very  rare,  it  ia  an 
architectural  curiosity  worth  notice.  It  is  soon 
seen  that  tho  depression  in  the  ground  about 
it  is  the  sunk  b.isin,  of  octagonal  shape,  and 
perhaps  12lt.  or  XHt.  across,  in  which  the 
tbuntidn  stood.  Tho  fountain  itself  consists  <jf 
a  baso  oi  brickwork,  upon  which  stands  an 
octiigonal  stouo  cano[)y  with  ogoo  dome,  not 
unlike  in  its  general  conception  to  tho  pinnacles 
upon  the  buttresses  of  Henry  VIl.'s  chapel  at 
Westminster.  It  is  canied  on  shafts  at  the 
angles  of  the  octagon  with  ogee  arches,  which 
carry  the  ogee  dome  above.  The  carving  pre- 
sents only  ordinary  late  fifteenth  century  forms, 
and  the  architect  will  easily  conceive  the  whole 
design.  The  water  rose  out  of  a  central  shaft 
and  fell  into  tho  little  stone  reservoir  over- 
shadowed by  tho  canopy ;  thence  it  ran,  out  of 
openings  cut  in  the  sides  of  the  top  of  the 
reservoir,  into  the  great  basin  beneath.  It 
would  be  easy  from  what  remains  to  make  a 
complete  restoration,  on  paper,  of  the  original 
design,  and  it  would  be  worth  while  for  some 
visitor  with  more  leisure  than  your  correspon- 
dent had  at  his  command  to  do  so,  as  a  record 
of  a  class  of  work  which  is  so  anusual  among  us. 


•      A    MEDIAEVAL    FOUNTAIN. 

LITTLE  Lees  Priory  is  in  a  rather  out-of- 
the-way  and  ioaocessible  corner  of  Essex, 
and  is  therefoie  not  so  well  known  to  archi- 
tectural antiquaries  as  it  deserves  to  be,  for 
there  are  considerable  remains  of  the  Priory 
buildings  and  out-buihlings  remaining,  and  they 
offer  some  very  good  examples  ot  the  fine 
monlden  brickwork  which  came  into  fashion, 
especially  for  mansions,  in  the  latter  part  of 
the  fifteenth  century.  Standing  in  what  is 
now  an  open  field,  but  what  must  have  been 
an   inner  court,    perhaps   the  cloister  court,  of 


many  short  cists,  wit'i  burnt  bones  and  relica 
of  bronze.  With  regard  to  tho  rude  stone 
weapons,  and  other  stone  objects  found  in  graves 
and  mounds  at  Keiss,  of  the  aitificial  character 
of  which  doubts  had  been  expressed,  llr.  Laing 
had  been  able  to  discover  many  similar  remains 
from  brochs  and  graves  in  Orkney,  in  kitchen 
middens  at  Meiklo  Ferry,  in  Sutherlandshiro,  at 
Cromnrty,  at  St.  Andrew's,  and  in  an  under, 
grouiul  liouso  and  an  adjoining  refuse  heap  at 
Skaill,  in  Orkney,  where  many  stone  Hikes,  cir- 
cular discs,  pounders,  and  oilier  aiticleS  in  the 
course  of  manufacture,  were  found. 


PRE-HISTOEIC     REMAINS    IN    ORKNEY 
AND    CAITHNESS.. 

ANY  additional  evidence  as  to  tho  date  from 
which  man  has  existed  upon  the  earth  ia  of 
more  than  archaeological  interest;  it  enters 
into  the  great  religious  questions  which  during 
this  generation  have  agitated  the  public  mind. 
TheSr!  considerations  give  additional  value  to  a 
paper  read  at  the  meeting  of  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries  last  week,  reported  in  the  Scotsman^ 
"  On  the  Age  of  the  Burgs  or  '  Brochs,'  and 
some  ot  the  Pre-Historic  Remains  of  Orkney 
and  Caithness,"  by  Mr.  Samuel  Laing,  M.P., 
F.  S.A.  Scot.  In  this  paper  Mr.  Laing  has 
made  a  great  contribution  to  the  history  of  a 
class  of  objects  of  which  Dr.  Daniel  Wilson 
has  said  that  they  are  the  earliest  native  archi- 
tectural remains  which  wo  possess,  and  consti- 
tute a  most  important  element  in  our  national 
history.  Mr.  Laing  has  left  to  others  a  con- 
sideration of  the  constructive  features  of  the 
brochs,  and  has  devoted  his  attention  to  the 
facts  bearing  on  their  early  date,  and  the  con- 
dition of  the  people  by  whom  they  were  .:rected. 
In  the  course  of  his  excavations  in  Caithness 
about  two  years  ago  Mr.  Lifing,  among  other 
early  re  mains, excavated  a  ruined  burg  or  "broch." 
Of  these  excavations  he  has  given  a  detailed 
account,  with  suitable  illustrations,  in  a  vulume 
devoted  to  tho  purpose,  and  has  deposited  in 
the  National  Collection  the  whole  of  the  objects 
which  he  discovered  ;  thus  exhibiting  a  desire 
to  turn  his  discoveries  to  public  account,  in- 
stead of  hoarding  tho  relics,  without  use  to  any 
one,  in  a  private  museum.  With  regard  to  the 
ruined  buig  at  Keiss,  Mr.  Laing  believes  that 
its  remains  gave  clear  proof  of  successive 
occupation  down  to  a  comparatively  recent 
period,  by  tho  superposition  of  pavements  at 
diiJ'erent  levels,  the  addition  of  walls  of  diffe- 
rent structure,  and  in  one  instance  by  the  con- 
version of  a  massive  doorway  into  a  rude  fire- 
place and  chimney;  that  the  rare  instances  in 
which  ebj  cts  of  bronze  or  iron  were  f..und 
came,  as  did  all  the  specimens  of  finer  pottery, 
from  the  upper  level,  while  the  great  mass  of 
relics,  including  all  those  of  the  lower  levels, 
coiiSisted  of  artcles  of  stone  and  bone  of  great 
rudeness,  and  of  excessively  coarse  hard-made 
pottery.  The  food  oi  the  early  dwellers  ia  the 
brochs  seemed  fri^m  the  adjoining  mounds  to 
have  cou-isted  of  limpets  and  perriwinkles  with 
a  fauna  consisting  mainly  of  red  deer  (some- 
times of  gigantic  siz.),  bos  Icngifrons,  horse, 
goat,  hog,  dog,  lox,  whale,  cormorant,  goose, 
and  auk.  In  the  course  of  a  recent  viiit  to 
Oikney  Mr.  Laing  was  able  to  accumulate 
many  facts  bearing  on  the  same  p-ints — viz., 
the  remote  date  of  the  brot;hs  and  their  suc- 
cessive occupation.  One  of  these  is  of  a  ver\ 
striking  character,  showing  that  on  tne  top  ol 
a  ruined  broch,  which  in  the  course  of  time 
had  become  a  green  mound,  a  people  had 
placed  one  of  their  buryiug-places,    containing 


A  MEDIAEVAL   TILE    FACTORY. 

IT  is  a  matter  of  considerable  interest  wh?n 
we  find,  not  merely  new  relics  of  ancimt  art, 
but  traces  of  the  processes  by  which  they  were 
produced.  Thus  the  discovery  by  I\Ir.  Artes, 
at  Caistor,  of  the  potteries  of  Roman  DurobrivaJ, 
revealed  the  fact  that  a  particular  kind  of  ware 
found  with  Roman  remains  throughout  England 
was  of  native  manufacture.  Tile  kilns  still 
extant  showed  the  pn,cess  ol  manufacture,  and 
tho  fragments  of  damaged  pottery  supplied  a 
whole  museum  of  the  kindsof  ware  and  patterns 
of  vessels  manufactured  there.  Again,  the 
discovery  of  a  thirteenth  century  brickkiln  at 
Coggeshall,  Essex,  with  broken  specimens  of  the 
manufactures  scattered  over  the  ground,  proved 
that  the  plain  and  moulded  bricks  used  in  the 
Transition-Norman  and  Early  English  work  of 
tho  ancient  abbey  theie  were  really  manufac- 
tured on  the  spot,  a  point  of  some  interest, 
since  they  are  the  earliest  moulded  mediaeval 
bricks  yet  noticed  in  England.  And  now  wo 
have  the  interesting  discovery  in  the  grounds  of 
Repton  Priory,  Derbyshire,  of  a  kiln  for  the 
manufacture  of  encaustic  tiles,  with  specimens 
of  the  tiles  remaining  plentifully  on  tho  spot. 
The  following  is  tho  account  of  the  discovery 
as  communicated  to  the  Pall  Mall  Gazette: — 
The  boys  of  the  school  have  been  for  some  time 
engaged  in  levelling  a  part  of  the  enclosure 
known  as  the  Upper  Paddock,  with  a  view  to 
form  a  new  ciicket-grouud.  In  the  courso  of 
this  work  they  uncovered  a  considerable  number 
of  encaustic  tiles,  some  of  which  were  laid  in 
rows,  others  mixed  with  the  soil.  The  spot 
where  they  were  found  is  about  a  hundred  yards 
south  of  the  remains  of  the  old  Priory  church. 
As  the  work  went  on  the  tiles  and  fragments  of 
tiles  became  more  abundant,  and  mingled 
with  these  a  mass  of  the  purest  and  strongest 
clay  was  found.  As  this  bed  of  clay  was  gra- 
dually cleared  away  brickwork  was  disclosed, 
and,  by  means  of  much  judicious  and  patient 
labour,  a  very  curious  structure  was  laid  open. 
This  consists  of  two  small  chambers  side  by 
side,  about  5ft.  long  and  2ft.  in  width,  and 
nearly  the  same  in  depth.  One  end  of  these 
chambers  is  open  ;  the  other  end  and  the  two 
outer  sides  are  formed  of  strong  stonework, 
backed  by  gravel,  and  lined  with  tiles  in  hori- 
zontal titrs.  The  wall  between  the  chambers 
is  formed  of  a  single  tier  of  tiles.  Each  com- 
partment is  arched  over  by  six  separate  arches 
of  tiles,  evidently  niouldefl  for  tho  purpose  of 
fire-clay,  and  laid  with  great  care  and  precision. 
The  spaces  between  tho  arches  are  about  equal 
in  width  to  the  arches  themselves,  that  is,  5in. 
Of  the  twelve  arches  five  only  remain,  the  others 
having  been  broken  down  by  tho  mass  of  clay, 
mingled  with  broken  tiles,  which  had  apparently 
been  sliovelkd  in  when  the  work  tor  which 
these  chambers  were  designed  had  been  com- 
pleted. The  floor  is  of  plain  blue  tile.  There 
is  no  doubt  that  this  structure  was  used  by  tho 
monks  in  the  inanniacture  of  encaustic  tiles 
for  the  priory  church,  though  it  is  difficult  to 
say  precisely  how.  'J'he  tiles  which  have  been 
found  are,  almost  without  e.xoeption,  either 
damaged  or  imperfectly  executed — in  fact,  the 
refuse  of  the  manufactory,  but  enough  remains 
to  show  a  surprising  fertility  of  design  and  skill 
in  execution.  At  least  twenty  different  patterns 
have  been  made  out,  and  some  members  of  the 
sixth  form  of  the  scliool  have  displayed  great 
patience  and  judgment  in  putting  them  together 
and  making  drawings  of  them.  Two  noble  speci- 
mens of  16-tile  patterns  have  been  made  out, 
besides  a  variety  of  smaller  designs.  They  are, 
for  the  most  part,  of  the  fourteenth  century, 
though  one  or  two  rich  instances  of  Early 
fjinglish  work  have  also  been  discovered.  It  is 
intended  to  preserve  them  by  fixing  them  in 
proper  order  and  combinations  to  tho  wall  of  tho 
great  school-room." 


64 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


January  25,  1867. 


THE  USE  OF  STEEL  FOR  BRIDGES  AND 
SHIPS. 

THE  Board  of  Trade  have  issued  circulars  and 
have  obtained  several  replies  as  to  the  pro- 
bable effect  of  the  use  of  steel  in  the  construction 
of  bridges  and  ships.  The  repUes  generally  are 
favourable  to  its  use,  but  it  is  not  recommended 
that  the  weight  of  steel  employed  should  be  so 
much  reduced  as  would  be  due  to  the  proportion 
in  which  its  tensile  strength  exceeds  that  of  iron. 
It  is  also  recommended  that  further  experiments 
should  be  made.  A  certain  thickness  is  no  doubt 
felt  to  be  required  to  provide  for  wear  and  the  ac- 
tion of  the  weather,  over  that  which  might  be 
theoretically  necessary  to  withstand  the  strains  to 
which  the  structures  may  be  subjected.  The 
Board  of  Trade  have  laid  it  down  as  a  rule  that 
the  material  of  a  structure,  whether  this  material 
he  of  iron  or  steel,  shall  not  be  subjected  to  a 
greater  strain  than  five  tons  per  square  inch.  As 
it  is  well  known,  says  the  Scientijic  Reviev),  that 
steel  will  bear  a  much  greater  tensile  strain  than 
iron,  this  rule  of  the  Board  of  Trade  operates  as  a 
great  restriction  on  the  use  of  steel  in  bridges,  &c. 
The  experiments  which  we  at  present  possess  on 
the  strength  of  steel  are  neither  sufficiently 
numerous  nor  authoritative  to  fix  definitely  the 
number  of  tons  per  square  inch  which  will  express 
as  a  rule  the  strains  to  which  steel  may  safely  he 
subjected.  It  is  therefore  very  desirable  that 
trustworthy  experiments  on  this  subject  should  be 
made,  and  continued  from  time  to  time  as  im- 
provements are  made  in  the  manufacture  of  steel. 
Above  all,  uniformity  in  tensile  strength  should, it 
practicable,  or,  at  least,  as  far  as  may  be  practic- 
able, be  rigidly  euforced  on  manufacturers.  It 
would  be  a  great  boon  not  only  to  the  engineering 
profession,  bat  to  the  public  generally,  were  if 
possible  to  ascertain  definitely  the  tensile  strength 
of  a  specimen  of  iron  or  steel  with  the  same 
facility  as  the  density  may  be  ascertained,  and 
without  the  expensive  and  laborious,  and,  afterall, 
uncertain,  operation  of  the  proving  machine.  AVe 
hope  it  will  not  be  long  before  the  progress  of 
science  will  enable  us  to  attain  to  this  result. 


ST.  GEORGE'S  CHURCH,  TUFNELL 
PARK. 

LAST  week  we  gave  a  perspective  drawing 
of  the  exterior  of  this  handsome  and  unique 
church  recently  erected  at  Tufnell  Park,  Hollo- 
way,  from  the  designs  of  Mr.  George  Truefitt. 
We  now  give  section  and  plan  of  the  same  church. 
The  architect  having  a  rather  odd  bit  of  ground 
to  deal  with  has,  it  must  be  admitted,  turned  it 
to  good  account  in  an  original  way. 


fast  as  houses  can  be  raised.  The  only  church  is 
situated  at  the  extreme  end  of  the  town,  farthest 
removed  from  the  quarter  where  the  greatest  in- 
flux has  taken  place,  and  where,  within  the  last 
six  years,  a  new  district  has  risen  of  not  less  than 
8,000  inhabitants,  all  fishermen  and  dock  labourers, 
so  that  a  new  church  is  most  urgently  required. 
The  district  of  Parkgate  has  sprung  into  existence 
witliin  the  last  few  years  in  connection  with  the 
Parkgate  Ironworks.  At  present  there  is  a  popu- 
lation of  3,000,  and  it  is  veiy  rapidly  increasing. 
The  people  are  nearly  all  poor ;  only  eight  houses 
are  rated  at  £20,  the  rest  are  below  £7.  The  pro- 
prietors of  the  works  refuse  to  contribute  any- 
thing towards  this  object.  A  convenient  site  has 
been  given.  There  are  thirty-six  churches  in  the 
parish  of  Leeds,  but  this  gives  no  idea  of  the  need. 
The  nearest  church  to  the  district  of  Sheepscarhas 
sittings  for  less  than  200,  the  population  being 
5,000.  Theparish  of  Llanbrynmairis  nine  miles  by 
four  and  a  half  in  extent.  The  proposed  church  is  in- 
tended for  the  accommodation  of  700  of  the  in- 
habitants at  one  end  of  the  parish,  the  nearest  of 
whom  are  two  miles,  and  the  m.ajority  four  miles, 
distant  from  any  parochial  church  or  chapel.  The 
above  extracts  are  taken  from  the  details  of  some 
of  the  many  urgent  cases  submitted  for  aid,  but 
the  society  was  not  able  to  assist  them  so  effectually 
as  they  would  have  done,  and  as  the  cases  de- 
served, from  lack  of  funds. 


BUILDING  AND   REPAIRING    OP 
CHURCHES  AND  CHAPELS. 

THE  Incorporated  Society  for  Promoting  the 
Enlargement,  Building,  and  Repairing  of 
Churches  and  Chapels  held  its  third  meeting  for 
the  present  session  on  Monday,  at  the  Society- 
house,  No.  7,  Whitehall,  S.W.,  the  Rev.  Canon 
Nepean  in  the  chair.  There  were  also  present  the 
Revs.  A.  Borradaile  and  Robert  Tritton ;  Messrs. 
John  Boodle,  J.  F.  France,  Arthur  Powell,  and 
William  Rivington ;  and  Rev.  George  Ainslie, 
M.A.,  secretary.  Grants  of  money  amounting  to 
£1,090  were  made  in  aid  of  the  following  objects  : 
■ — Building  new  churches  at  Byker  (St.  Anthony), 
near  Newcastle  ;  Curbar,  in  the  parisli  of  Baslow, 
near  Chesterfield  ;  East  Marsh,  in  the  parish  of 
Great  Grimsby  ;  Parkgate,  in  the  parishes  of  Raw- 
marsh  and  Gresborough,  near  Rotherham  ;  Rams, 
dell,  in  the  parish  of  Wootton,  near  Basingstoke 
Sheepscar,  in  the  parish  of  Leeds  and  Trefol-; 
wern,  in  the  parish  of  Llanbrynmair,  Merioneth  ; 
rebuilding  the  church  at  Cantriff,  near  Brecon  ; 
enlarging  or  otherwise  increasing  the  churches 
at  Aldbourne,  near  Hungerford ;  Canton,  near 
Cardiff,  and  Coychurch,  near  Bridgend,  Glamorgan. 
All  the  additional  sittings  (4,175  in  number)  pro- 
vided in  the  above  cases,  except  33,  are  free  and 
unappropriated.  The  society  also  accepted  the 
trust  of  a  sum  of  money  as  a  repair  fund  for  St. 
Matthias  Church,  Poplar.  Twenty  years  ago  the 
number  of  the  inhabitants  of  Great  Grimsby  was 
about  4,000.  By  the  census  of  1851  it  had 
reached  8,800  ;  in  1861,  it  had  further  increased  to 
11,067  ;  and  at  present  it  may  be  computed  at  not 
less  than  17,000,  and  this  number  is  increasing  as  I 


THE  DUKE  OF  CORNWALL  HOTEL, 
PLYMOUTH. 

THE  building  of  which  we  give  an  illustration 
to-day,  and  of  which  we  have  spoken  in 
Voh  XII.,  page  '574 — viz.,  the  Duke  of  Cornwall 
Hotel,  Plymouth — has  given  rise  to  a  great  deal  of 
wise  and  unwise  criticism,  and  is  in  itself  so  re- 
markable amongst  the  numerous  buildings  of  its 
class  lately  erected  that  we  think  it  worth  while 
to  again  call  attention  to  it.  And  here  we  may 
mention  that  already  it  has  become  the  occasional 
resort  of  royalty,  having  received  visits  from  the 
brother  of  the  Emperor  of  Russia  and  our  own 
Duke  of  Edinburgh,  within  the  short  time  it  has 
been  opened.  This  fact  shows  its  capacity  for 
the  extensive  accommodation  required  by  such 
personages. 

The  position  of  the  building  is  a  point  which 
has  ruled  the  architectural  design  considerably, 
and  when  we  look  to  the  plan  we  see  how  the  diffi- 
culties have  been  met  and  made  subservient  to  the 
requirements  of  the  building.  But  we  cannot  see 
all  the  difficulties,  for  the  section  would  show  that 
the  ground  rises  so  very  considerably  on  the 
Citadel-road  elevation  that  the  mezzanine  floor 
level  in  front  becomes  almost  on  the  ground  level 
at  a  very  short  distance  back.  In  addition  to  this 
the  whole  of  the  basement  and  a  considerable  de^jth 
of  the  ground  floor  has  been  excavated  from 
the  solid  limestone  rock,  which  has  been  partially 
used  in  the  construction  of  the  building.  The 
railway  station  is  immediately  iu  front,  the  docks 
and  landintr  places,  and  the  Hoe  (or  Port  of  Ply- 
mouth), are  close  at  hand,  and  the  views  towards 
Mount  Edgecumbe,  the  breakwater,  and  the  rest  of 
the  grand  sea  prospect,  as  well  .as  the  wild  moor- 
land scenery  of  Dartmoor  and  the  Tors  of  Cornwall, 
are  uninterrupted  from  the  first  and  upper  floors. 
Turning  to  the  interior  of  the  building  we  find  the 
accommodation  to  be  of  an  extent  and  character 
quite  worthy  of  the  commanding  position  we  have 
just  described.  To  commence  with  the  ground 
floor.  Passing  through  a  somewhat  remarkable 
glazed  porch  or  portico  (published  in  our  number 
for  March  2,  1865)  and  up  a  broad  flight  of  granite 
steps,  we  pass  the  vestibule,  and  immediately  front 
the  bar  and  office,  behind  which  are  the  manager's 
rooms,  communicating  directly  with  the  basement 
kitchens,  and  cellarage.  The  corridors  right  and 
left,  as  well  as  the  entrance  and  inner  halls,  are 
paved  with  Maw's  tiles,  and  the  grand  staircase 
leading  up  from  these  is  of  Portland  stone,  sup- 
ported on  wrought  iron  strings  at  the  outer  edges 
of  the  steps.  On  the  right  is  the  coffee-room,  size 
about  65ft.  by  25ft.,  and  about  20ft.  high,  occu- 
pying the  cu'cular  corner  with  smaller  reading 
rooms,  &c.,  at  each  end,  and  a  special  service  of 
lifts,  Ac,  adjoining.  Above  this  is  the  ladies' 
cofl'ee-room,  a  circular  apartment,  with  some  of 
the  best  sitting  and  bedrooms  of  the  first  floor  en 


suite  therewith.  On  the  left  of  the  entrance  is  the 
dining-room,  measuring  about  42ft.  by  22ft.,  and 
the  same  height  as  the  coffee-room.  The  mez- 
zanine floor  is  omitted  over  these  to  obtain  proper 
and  proportionate  height. 

On  the  first  floor  are,  as  has  been  stated,  the  best 
sitting-rooms,  some  20ft.  by  16ft.  {en  suite  with  bed 
anddressing  rooms,  with  perforated  wood  cornices), 
as  also  the  ladies'  coffee  room,  in  all  lespeclis 
worthy  of  its  fellow  on  the  ground  floor.  On  the 
second  floor  are  twenty-seven  sitting  and  bed- 
rooms, some  with  dressing-rooms,  and  with  a  height 
of  12ft ;  on  the  third  floor  about  twenty-eight 
rooms,  with  a  height  of  9ft.  ;  and  on  the  fourth 
floor  twenty-five  rooms  of  the  same  size  as  those 
beneath.  From  the  fourth  floor  ascends  the  tower 
staircase,  leading  to  the  fifth  and  sixth  floors  (these 
in  the  tower  only),  each  containing  several  good 
bedrooms.  From  the  octagon  room  or  lantern,  ap- 
proached by  a  sjjiral  staircase,  the  whole  town  and 
neighbourhood  of  Plymouth  lays  spread  out,  as  in 
a  picture,  before  the  beholder.  Luggage  and  other 
lifts  afford  ample  means  for  the  expeditious  trans- 
port of  visitors'  effects  from  the  bottom  to  the 
top  of  the  building,  while  one  of  the  now-so-gene- 
rally-used travelling-rooms  (space  for  which  is  pro- 
vided) is  intended  one  day  to  effect  a  similar 
transfer  of  his  person.  Hot  and  cold  baths  are 
fixed  on  every  floor.  The  exterior  is  constructed  o£ 
the  local  materials — granite  and  limestone — as  well 
as  terracotta  (manufactured  by  Blashfield),  and  some 
brickwork  for  chimneystacks,  &c.  The  combination 
of  these  materials  ofiered  difficulties  as  well  as 
afforded  opportunities  to  the  architect,  who  pro- 
duced some  really  valuable  pieces  of  architectural 
work,  as  will  be  seen  in  the  details  in  the  margin 
of  our  view.  Some  of  the  cornice  and  balcony 
blocks  are  amongst  the  largest  ever  made 
in  the  material,  and  the  columns  and  caps 
among  the  hardest  and  most  delicate. 
These,  set  io^  the  severe  granite  frames  of  the  4ft. 
thick  walls,  show  the  contrast  desired  by  the 
architect  to  be  obtained  between  the  massivenesa 
of  the  supporting  construction  and  the  delicacy 
of  the  filling  in  of  the  ojienings.  One  peculiar 
feature  is  the  way  in  which  the  chimneystacks 
are  worked  in  with  the  upper  floor — which  is  con- 
structed out  of  the  roof  itself — boldly  assisting 
the  construction,  as  well  as  contributing  to  the 
skyline  and  general  effect.  The  necessity  of  a 
regiment  of  chimneys  is  evident  iu  such  a  build- 
ing, and  the  architect  was  right  in  not  endeavour- 
ing to  conceal  this  necessity,  but  to  let  it  exhibit 
itself,  and  form  a  special  feature  in  the  work. 

The  building,  which  was  commenced  iu  July 
1863,  and  finished  in  July,  1865,  was  erected  by 
Messrs.  Call  and  Pettick,  of  Plymouth,  from  the 
designs  and  under  the  superintendence  of  Charles 
Forster  Hayward,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  and  honorary 
secretary  of  the  Royal  Institute  of  British  Archi- 
tects, at  a  total  cost,  exclusive  of  the  site,  of  about 
£25,000. 

We  particularly  desire  to  correct  an  error  in 
our  mention  of  this  building  (page  575  of  last 
year's  volume),  where  the  cost  is  stated  at 
£140,000,  which,  even  if  furniture  and  the  cost 
of  site,  &c.,  be  added  to  the  above,  is  nearly 
£100  000  wTong;  and  we  think  our  correspondent 
of  that  date  might  have  informed  himself  more 
correctly  before  making  the  statement. 

The  building,  on  the  whole,  is  one  of  the 
cheapest,  as  well  as  one  of  the  finest  and  most 
remarkable,  in  the  West  of  England. 


The  tarifl  ot  the  prices  of  admission  to  the 
Paris  Exhibition  has  now  been  published. 
There  are  to  be  three  separate  enclosures — 
the  park,  containing  the  Exhibition  building 
itself ;  the  Horticultural  Gardens ;  and  the 
Billancourt  enclosure,  which  is  especially  devoted 
to  agricultural  matters.  The  prices  for  the  first 
week  are  exceptional — 20f.  for  the  opening  day 
and  5f.  for  the  rest.  From  the  8th  of  April  the 
charge  for  admission  to  the  park  will  be  If.,  that 
to  the  garden  If.  50c.  The  enclosure  Billancourt 
will  have  a  special  tariff asyet  undetermined.  The 
price  of  a  season  ticket  will  be  lOOf.  for  a  gentle- 
man and  60f.  for  a  lady.  In  order  to  avoid  the 
trouble  and  delay  of  the  signatures  which  were 
formerly  required  on  entering,  the  holders  may 
send  two  of  their  photographed  portraits,  one  to  be 
affixed  to  the  ticket  of  admission,  the  other  to  re- 
main in  the  hands  of  the  administration.  There 
will  also  be  issued  cards  of  admission  for  a  week 
subject  to  the  same  conditions,  and  conferring 
for  the  time  the  same  privileges  as  the  season- 
tickets.— rtiit  Mall  Gazette. 


Th«  Building  News  Jiii'25'''  186  7 


}S!l5FDijgF'i^(I!jur|rl]:^u|nF(l-]}aijk: 


M"   G.TRUEFITT,    ARCH"^. 


AA  PosiUon  of  ',Ke  Temporary  wooden 
Church  which  has  lo  remain  uplilllne 
Perniflneni  one   is   finishe.o  . 


BLOCK    PLAN    OF    GROUND 


^WiuCe«naii&iBa,9S  Lidio^raphers,  236,  Holborn 


FDes  Partes,  lich 


I 


January  25,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


69 


KING  FROST. 

KING  FROST  is  a  bit  of  a  tyrant.  Wlien 
the  mood  is  on  him  lie  reigns  almost 
supreme ;  and  he  is  particularly  an  enemy  to 
the  strength  and  durability  of  building  ma- 
terials. He  peels  olf  the  face  of  good  stone, 
and  sometimes  snaps  it  in  two,  as  mentioned 
by  a  correspondent  in  our  Intercommunication 
department  of  to-day.  He  plays  havoc  with 
mortar,  unless  it  is  of  the  very  best  description  ; 
he  penetrates  the  very  interstices  of  iron  and 
steel,  causing  them  to  fracture  at  less  than  half 
their  ordinary  breaking  strain;  he  bursts  leaden 
pipes,  causing  no  end  of  domestic  discomfort ; 
and  he  even  disarranges  and  weakens  the 
structural  properties  of  glass.  A  case  in  point 
occurred  on  Sunday  evenin"  last  at  the  C'lap- 
ham-road  Station.  A  gentleman  on  alighting 
from  his  carriage  suddenly  disappeared  as 
through  a  trap-door,  in  conset|uence  of  step- 
ping upon  a  flooring  of  glass  about  a  yard 
square  which  covered  a  shaft,  and  was  precipi- 
tated about  seventeen  feet.  The  glass,  though 
very  thick,  had  been  made  brittle  by  the  frost. 
The  gentleman,  as  may  be  imagined,  suffered 
considerable  injury,  being  very  much  cut. 
The  question,  we  suppose,  now  arises,  who  is 
liable  for  the  damage.  King  Frost  cannot  be 
arrested  and  arraigned.  AVe  suppose  that  the 
railway  company,  which  is  invested  with  al- 
most sovereign  power,  and  is  consequently 
held  by  jui-ors  rigidlj'  responsible  for  the  right 
exercise  of  that  power,  will,  as  usual,  have  to 
pay  the  piper.  That  is  a  question,  however, 
beyond  uur  province.  We  only  took  pen  in 
hand  to  record  some  of  the  passing  antics  of 
King  Frost,  and  to  caution  builders  as  to  the 
strength  of  glass  when  the  ornamental  waters 
of  the  metropoUs  are  covered  by  skaters. 


mi 


CLEAR  THE  WAY. 

^HE  public  thoroughfares  of  this  great  and 
I       overgrown  metropolis   are  defective  and 
inconvenient  in  many  respects,  but  they  have 
one  or  two  defects  that  are  more  felt  than  the 
others.      Speaking  generally,  they  are  badly 
named  and  numbered,  the  majority  are  vastly 
too  narrow  and  intricate  for  the  requirements 
of  the  traffic,  while   not  a  few   of  them   are 
effectually  closed  against  all  traffic  whatever 
by  private  turnpikes.    In  commenting  recently 
upon  the  stupid  system,  or  rather  want  of  sys- 
tem, adopted  in  the  naming  of  the  streets  of 
the  metropolis,  we  quoted  some  curious  results 
obtained    from     a    glance    at    the    London 
Directory.     It  was  shown  that  not  only  are 
there  scores  of  streets  bearing  the  same  name, 
but  there  are  certain  names — the  list,  in  fact, 
is  a  long  one — that  are  repeated  as  street  de- 
signations scores  of  times.     For  example,  there 
are  as  many  as  sixty  streets  within  the  metro- 
polis answering  to  the  name  of  York-street 
And  this  number  does   not  include  terraces, 
crescents,  places,  roads,  &c.,  bearing  this   once 
popular   title   of  royalty,  but  only  the  streets 
so  called.   It  was  also  shown  that  what  is  reall}' 
one  street,  a  straight  line   of  thoroughfare,  is 
frequently  divided  and  subdivided   into  three 
or  four  "  streets  "  having  diiferent  names  and 
different  sets   of  numbers.     The  result   of  all 
this  is  a  great  deal  of  confusion,  mistake,  and 
unnecessary  labour  and  trouble.      But   this, 
after  all,   is  perhaps  the   least   of  the  incon- 
veniences to  which  we  have  alluded.     The  re- 
numbering and  renaming  of  our  streets    is  a 
much  more  easy  matter  than  their  enlargement. 
It  is  here  where  the  shoe  really  pinches.   We  are 
all  alive  to  the  fact  that  the  great  majority  of  the 
London  thoroughfares — within  the  area  of  the 
city  itself  there   are   very  few  exceptions- 
are  miserably  inadequate  to  accommodate   the 
general  traffic.      There  are  upwards  of  900 
streets   in  the  city  alone.     Of  these  only,  194 
have  sufficient  width  for  one   line  of  vehicles, 
and  174    in  addition  are  without  thorough- 
fares.    There  are  only  SO  which  admit  of  two 
lines  of  vehicles,  and  6S  which  admit  of  three 
or  more.     Thus,  it  will  be  seen  that  upwards 
of  two-thirds  of  the  city  streets  are  incapable 


of  carrying  any  considerable  stream  of  traflic 
at  all.  "  We  have  been  grumbling  for  years   at 
this  state  of  things,  without  being  able  to  help 
ourselves.     As   regards  the    city  there  is  no 
doubt  that  the  almost  priceless  value  of  land 
there  is  the  great  obstacle  in  the  way   of  any 
sweeping  improvements  in  this  direction.   But 
there  are  other  parts  of  the  metropolis  where 
the  difficulty  does  not  press  to  anything  like 
the  same  extent,  and  in   these  localities  much 
might  be   done   that   remains  undone.      But 
great  as  is  the  obstacle  that  presents  itself,  it  is 
not  insurmountable ;  at  least,  it  ought  not  so  to 
be.      If  wealthy  railway  companies  can  obtain 
power  to  cut  up  London  in  any  and  every  di- 
rection they  have  a  mind  to,  what  should  hin- 
der a  great  and  wealthy  municipal  corporation 
from  effecting  improvements  manifestly  for  the 
public  good.     A  railway  company  has  recently 
pulled     down    miles    of   dwelling-houses    in 
the    very    heart    of  the  metropolis  in  order 
to  carry  out  a  new  line  of  railway,  and  yet  the 
city  authorities  either  can't,  or   won't,  remove 
a  single   block  of  buildings,  the  existence    of 
which   in   the   middle   of  one   of  its  leading 
arteries   causes  the  most  serious  obstruction  to 
the   general  traffic   of  the   metropolis.     How 
long,  for  instance,   are   we  going  to   tolerate 
Middle-row,  Hol'oorn  !     It  has  been   doomed 
for  years,  but   Mr.  Bumble  is  awfully  slow  to 
move  in  the  right  direction.      The   clearing 
away  of  this  block  woidd  be  so  very  great  an 
improvement  to  this   locality,  so   enormous   a 
relief  to  the  tremendous   veliicular  traffic  of 
Holborn  and  Gray's  Inn-lane,  that  it  is  more 
than  surprising  that  it  should  be  allowed  to  re- 
main 5'ear  after  year.     In  the  city-,  as  every- 
body knows,  matters  are  about  as  bad  as  they 
well  can  be.     Look,  again,  at  the  condition  of 
Chancery-lane  and  Fetter-lane.  The  traffichere 
is  nearly  always  in  a  dead  lock,  and  it  requires 
the  constant  presence  of  a  couple  of  policemen 
to  keep  these   thoroughfares  something  like 
passable.      Considering  their  situation   these 
streets  ought   to   be  at  least  20ft.  wider  than 
they   are.     If  we  cannot  widen  the  Poultry, 
or  a  dozen  other  streets  in  the  city,  we  might, 
at  all  events,  pidl  down   such  obstructions  as 
the  Middle-row,  and  the  block  of  buildhigs 
forming  Boziers-court,  Tottenham  Court-road. 
The  removal   of  this  latter  would   be   a  real 
improvement  to  this  important  neighbourhood, 
which  is  one  of  the  great  omnibus  termini    of 
the  metropolis.     At  present  an  excellent  op- 
portunity    offers   of    abolishing    this    block. 
Half  of  it  has  had  to  come  down  in  consequence 
of  a  recent  fire,  leaving,  we  think,  two  houses 
standing.     Of  course,  so  soon  as  the  weather 
will  permit,  this  obstruction  will   be   rebuilt, 
and  so  the  opportunity  for  improvement  will 
be  lost.     When  things  come  to  the  worst  they 
mend,  they  say.    Let  us  hope  that  the  proverb 
will  apply  in  the  case  of  the  streets  of  London. 
In  the  meantime  we  wdsh  success  to  the  en- 
deavours  of  certain   members  of  the  Metro- 
politan Board  of  Works  who  desire  to  see  the 
private   turnpikes   abolished   throughout  the 
metropolis.   At  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Board, 
Mr.  Sliaw  moved,  pursuant  to  notice,  "  That 
a  petition  be  presented  by  the  Board  to  Par- 
liament to  repeal  any  authority  given  to  pri 
vate  individuals  to   erect  gates    or  barriers 
across    streets    or     thoroughfares,    so    as    to 
obstruct  the  traffic  therein,  in  cases  where  the 
maintenance   of    such    streets    or   thorough- 
fares  is    paid   for   out   of  the  puljlic   rates." 
He  said  that,  "  as  Parliament  had  called  upon 
the  different  vestries  to  make  a  return  of  all 
gates  and  barriers  in  the  streets  of  their  re- 
spective  parishes,  and   to  state  the   circum- 
stances mider  which  they  were  erected,  and  at 
the  same  time  to  intimate  any  attempts  made 
by    the    parish    for    their    removal,   it    ap- 
peared  to   him   to    be   a   good    opportunity 
for  the  Board  to  petition  Parliament  to  get  rid 
of  these   considerable   obstructions   to   traffic 
altogether."    We  think  so  too.     We  have  no 
desire  to  interfere  unnecessarily  with  "  vested 
interest^,"'  but  these  bars  are  very  numerous, 
and  tend  greatly  to  increase   the   obstruction 
complained   of,   and    as   a    necessary   conse- 
quence,  they  increase   street  accidents.     As 


was  justly  remarked,  these   turnpikes  are  a 
public  nuisance.      They   benefit   only  a   few- 
owners  of  property,  who  do  not  contrilnite  to 
the  tax  for  metropolitan  improvements,  who 
pay  nothing  towards  the  expense  of  lighting, 
cleansing,  or   repairing  the  streets,  the  main- 
tenance of  which  falls  upon  the  ratepayers, 
who  are  not  permitted  to  have  the  use  of  them. 
It  was  complained  at  the  meeting  that  oii  the 
Bedford  estate  the  bars  and  gates  on  tin;  soiith 
side  of    Euston-road   ju'event    a    direct   tho- 
roughfare from  Camden  and  Kentish  Towns, 
Hainpstead  and    Highgate,   to   New  Oxford- 
street,  obliging  vehicles  to  turn  off,  .and   pro- 
ceed a  long  distance  for  those  destinations  out 
of  the  direct  load.        In  the  Euston-road — 
the  termini  of  three  metropolitan  railways — 
we  are  told  a  continual  obstruction  by  these 
barriers  is  the  cause  of  many  accidents  and 
great  loss  of  life.     We  might  mention   other 
localities  where  the  nuisance  is  scarcely  less 
felt.     Mr.  Shaw's  motion   was  very  warmly 
supported,  and  the  f(jllowing  resolution  was 
adopted  unanimously  by  the  Board  : — "  Tliat 
it  be  referred  to  the  Works  and  General  Pur- 
poses Committee  to  take  into  theirconsidcration 
the  existence  in  the  streets  of  the  metropolis  of 
many  barriers,  gates,  and  private  tolls,  to  the 
obstruction  of  the  general  traffic,  with  power 
to    take   counsel's   opinion   thereon,   and    to 
report  their  recommendation   to   the  Board. 
If  the  Board  carries  its  point — as  we  hope  it 
may — it   will  earn  the  thanks  of  the  entire 
community. 


I 


ARCHITECTURAL  PROSPECTS. 

N  all  quarters,  and  among  men  of  every 

shade  of  opinion,  there  is  now  stronger 

than  ever  a  desire  for  a  new  style  of  architec- 
ture.    A  good  deal  of  ingenuit}"  and  clever- 
ness has  been  brought  to  bear  theoretically  upon 
the  subject  ;  but  hitherto,  except  to  some  ex- 
tent in  one  direction,  little  practical  progress 
has  been  made.     That  this  desire  should  grow 
upon  us  in  these  days  of  uninstructed  copy  ism 
is  not  to  be  wondered  at.      When  we  consider 
the  enormous  outlay  that  architecture  has  cost 
the   nation   during   the   last   fifty   years,  the 
thoughtful  man  cannot  fail  to  have  great  mis- 
givings as  to  our  getting  any  considerable  ad- 
vantage from  the  art  as  piu'sued  generally  in 
this  day.     There  is  far  too  much  copying,  and, 
worse  still,  far  too   little  real  knowledge  of 
true  art.     In  numberless  cases,  buildings  are 
encumbered  with  a  mass  of  unmeaning,  inar- 
tistic, and  badly-executed  ornament  in  place 
of  intelUgently  beautified  construction.     Pro- 
fusion usurps  the  place  of  taste,  and  vulgar 
expense  that  of  modest,  thought-bred  beauty. 
Many  seem  to  think  a  veil  of  ornament,  how- 
ever coarse  and  tasteless,  makes  up  for  poverty 
and  mediocrity  of  design.     Our  readers  must 
have  noticed  this  exhibition  of  mediocrity  and 
vulgarity  in  the  works  of  several  of  the  city 
architects.      Some   of  the  buUdiiigs  literally 
covered  with  foliage  and  other  sculpture  are 
among  the  worst  buildings  of  our  day.     Of  aU 
ornament,   perhaps  the   use   of    granite   and 
marble  columns  has  been  most  abused.  In  one 
biulding  in  London  at  least,  the  sturdy  granite 
cohunns  and  the  puny  pilasters  of  the  same 
material  have  been  so  arranged  as  to  give  the 
appearance    of    the  whole    ornamental   part 
being  sometliing  stuck  on  to  the  real  building,  — 
as  if,  in  fact,  a  few  good  crowbars  judiciously 
inserted  might  fetch  it  all  down  without  affect- 
ing the   stability  of  the  edifice.     The  use  of 
granite  to  support,  perhaps,  a  badly-executed 
bit  of  stone  rope  can  surely  be  nothing  else 
than  a  ridiculous  misapplication  of  an  excellent 
material.        It    seems    that    some    imagine 
that  the  beauty  of  the  material  will  excuse 
the  greatest  absurdity  of  treatment.     Granite, 
above  all  other  stone,  should  surely  not  be 
used  without   some   apparent   constructional 
reason.     At  any  rate,  it  must  be  a  grievous 
mistake  when  the  use  of  so  strong  a  substance 
does  not  apparently  assist  the  stability  of  a 
building.        In    certain    instances    it    seems 
scarcely  able  to  support  itself. 

There  is  another  vice  which  cannot  be  too 


70 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


January  25,  1867. 


strongly  reproljated,  wliicli  disgusts  the  art- 
lover,  troiii  which,  also,  we  cannot  escape   go 
where  we  will — it  has  become  so  common  and 
is  so  widely  supposed  to  supply  the  place  ol 
art.     We   allude   to  the  lozenge   and  notch 
dodge — for  a  dodge  it  is,  and  nothing  else.    It 
is  sickening  to  see  the  notching  and  boring 
that  some  people  mistake  for  invention,  and, 
what    is   pretty  nearly  as  bad,  the  fantastic 
bevelling  that  is  made  to  supply  the  place  of 
good  moulding  and  carving.     It  is  just  such 
stuff  as  to  to  take  possession  of  the  fancy  of  a 
man    \vithout    power    or    originality.      Any 
young  lady  who  took  to  architecture  instead 
of  crochet   or  cross-stitch  could  invent  such 
things  by  the  hour  together.     A  spot  here  and 
a  notch  there,  and  a  sweet  bit  of  shallow  in- 
cising up  a-toj),  all  together  form  a  charming 
design,  tolerated  by  the  multitude  as  long  as 
it  is  fashionable,  but  as  certain  to  be  laughed 
at  or  hated  as  soon  as  the  fanc}'  has  departed. 
The  great  desirabileness,  if  not  necessity,  for  a 
new   style  is   ui'ged    by  such   considerations 
as  these  ;  but  then  conies  the  question.  How 
is  it  to  be  gained  I     Mr.  Griffith  suggests  a 
geometrical  system  founded  upon  natiu'e.     Of 
the  value  of  observing  proportion  carefull}' 
and  studying  nature  as  iutimately  as  possible 
we  can  have  no  doubt.     Nor  can  we  shut  our 
eyes  to  the  fact  that  few  of  the  present  day 
have    done     either ;    but   we  must    see    l)y 
practical  experience   how   his   system  would 
work  before  giving  an  opinion  upon  its  prac- 
ticability.    Professor  Fergusson  seems  to  ex- 
pect wonders  from  the  study  of  the  construc- 
tional principles  of  Indian  architecture.     Of 
this  we  feel  very  doulitful — the  climate,  the 
purposes  for  which  buildings  are  required,  the 
■  tastes  and   habits  of  the   people,  are  so.  en- 
tirely difl'erent  in  the  two  cases.      That  a  cle- 
ver man  may  get  some  valuable  liints,  espe- 
cially in    the     matter  of    design,  from  this 
interesting  architecture  there  is  little  doubt ; 
but  any  adaptation  of  the  architecture  to  our 
varied  wants,  as  a  style,  is  more  than  ques- 
tionable.    What  are  we  to  do  then  ?      A  lead- 
ing article  in  one  of  the  daily  papers  gives  a 
very  gloomy  view  of  oiu'  prospects.     The  age 
is   not  one    of    art.      Aj^ropos   of    the   New 
National  Gallery,  it  says: — "The  thing   we 
possess  and   have   been   obliged  to   call   our 
National   (iallery  is  really  too  contemptible 
for  criticism."     And  our  hopes  for  the  future 
are  not  much  better.     We  can't  get  a  Vatican, 
and  it  is  hopeless  "  to  expect  a  parallel  of  the 
Louvre  in   Trafalgar-square,   but  it  may  be 
confidently  maintained  that  the  principles  of 
elevation  and  arrangement  perceptible  in  the 
Louvre  are  those  which   should   govern  the 
plan  for  any  new  National  Gallery."    But  alas  ! 
aU   that  the  Standard  anticipates,    however 
humiliating  the  admis.sion  may  be,  is  that  we 
■shall  get   "  a  pistaccio   of   pillars  and  posts, 
dead  walls,  ill-placed  windows,  meaningless 
decollation,   and  inconvenient  rooms."     The 
writer,  however,  is  rather  foggy  on  the  sub- 
ject, for,  says  he,  after  all,    there  are    some 
grounds  for  disbelieving  his  own  prediction, 
"  inasmuch   as   London   has   lately  put  on  a 
decidedly  better  appearance,  and  we  are  try 
ing,  at  all  events,  to  be  architectural  with  our 
railway  termini,  hotels,  bazaars,  arcades,  mu- 
seums (why  not    musea,    if   we    have    ter- 
mini ?  ),   and  exhibitions,"  with  all  our  build- 
ings,   in    fact,  of   the  slightest  consequence. 
Still,  notwithstanding  all  tliis,  if  there  is  any 
sense  in  the  article  at  all,  there  is  actually  a 
danger  of  any  new  design  "  being  spoilt  by  the 
effacing  of  the  original  design,  however  bad 
that  may  have  been,"  which  in  the  present  in- 
stance  has    been  pronounced  by  the   writer 
himself  to  be  too  contemptible  for  criticism. 
But  perhaps  we  do  not  see  the  meaning  of  the 
writer.      His   words  are  these  : — "  What  the 
nation  wants   is   a   picture  gallery  ;    and  as 
a  mistake  in  stone  or  brick  is  not  easily  recti- 
fied and  usually  spoilt  (  ?  what)  by  tlie  effacing 
of  the  original  design,  however  bad  that  may 
have  been,  we  should  hesitate  most  conscien- 
tiously before  adopting  a  plan  or  giving  up  a 
site  to  the  caprices  of  an  ingenious  architect." 
If  we  have  mistaken   the   meaning  we  are 


sorry  for  our  denseness,  but  really  such  mas- 
terly language  is  a  little  difficult  of  certain 
interpretation.  AA'e  wish  we  could  quite  un- 
derstand the  writer  of  the  article  in  (question, 
for  he  has  discovered  the  real  source  of  the 
evil,  Init  unkindly  hides  his  great  discovery 
under  a  heap  of  words  worthy  of  any  of  the 
Sibyls.  "  We  mistake  the  proper  nature 
of  architecture  for  the  real  nature  of  the 
world,  and  as  long  as  we  do  that  we  shall 
never  have  a  National  Gallery "  worthy  of 
being  compared  with  the  works  of  our  fore- 
fathers. If  the  writer  had  gone  to  see  the  de- 
signs for  tlie  new  National  Gallery  he  might 
have  knoflii  that,  unsatisfactory  as  they  are  as 
a  whole,  still  our  prospects  were  not  so  bad  as 
all  this.  There  are  four  or  five  of  the  designs 
which,  though  falling  far  below  what  we 
ought  to  exjx'ut  i'rom  the  architects  of  the 
day,  would  be  infinitely  superior  in  every 
way  to  the  present  aljominable  building.  The 
art  criticism  of  the  Stcmdard  is  certainly  not 
of  a  higher  order  than  the  art  of  the  day, 
which  is  little  likely  to  gain  any  advantage  or 
enlightenment  from  such  writing  as  this. 

There  is,  however,  no  doubt  that  a  study  of 
'ihese  National  Gallery  designs  only  bears  out 
what  we  have  said  in  the  beginning  of  this  ar- 
ticle. There  is  a  lack  of  progress  in  most  of 
them,  though  many  are  very  scholarly, 
which  bodes  ill  for  the  future.  To  expect, 
however,  any  new  style  to  spring  up  sponta- 
neously, Jlincrva-like,  from  the  head  of  any 
single  creator,  is  agaiust  all  history.  Such  a 
thing  has  hitherto  never  happened,  and  in  all 
humanprobability  never  will.  In  all  previous 
times  and  countries  development  has  been 
the  rule  ;  one  style  of  art  has  gradually  passed 
into  another,  and  no  doubt  this  will  l)e  so 
again.  But  before  we  can  run  we  must  learn 
to  crawl.  Architecture  has  till  quite  lately 
been  so  much  a  question  of  mere  copying  with- 
out auy  idea  that  art  training  was  at  all  neces- 
sary or  even  desh-able,  that  no  wonder  so  little 
advance  has  been  made.  This,  however,  we 
may  say  for  certain,  that  what  advance  has  been 
achieved  is  due  to  a  consistent  and  steady  per- 
severance in  one  particidar  style.  There  was 
a  saying  when  we  were  schoolboys  that  no- 
body could  write  good  Latin  prose  or  verse  till 
he  could  think  in  Latin,  and  such  mastery  of 
an  old  style  seems  necessary  before  we  can 
hope  to  develope  from  it  something  new.  If 
any  new  style  is  to  rise  it  seems  of  the  nature 
of  things  that  it  should  be  by  development. 
Possibly  more  than  one  new  style  may  in  the 
course  of  years  be  imperceptibly  developed, 
according  as  the  Mediicval  or  Classical  styles 
are  so  learned  as  to  become  living  art  in  the 
hands  of  a  true  artist.  Then  comes  the  diffi- 
cult question,  of  which  style  we  shall  begin 
with.  A  correspondent  some  time  back  advo- 
cated the  Greek  as  most  perfect,  and  asserted 
that  a  wholesome  development  from  it  had 
already  begun  in  Scotlaml.  This  we  doubt. 
When  the  Grecian  stj'le  of  architectuie  is 
allowed  to  be  one  of  the  most  perfect,  if  not 
the  most  perfect,  that  the  world  has  seen, 
it  does  not  by  any  means  follow  that  it 
would  be  perfect  or  in  fact  good  in  any  way 
for  a  different  age,  climate,  or  people. 

What  care  I  how  fair  .she  be. 
If  she  is  uot  fair  to  me  ? 

The  fact  of  an  arcliitecture  being  admirably 
suited  to  such  a  cormtry  as  Greece  with  its 
lovely  wild  scener\-,  clear  skies, and  matchless 
materials  would  preclude  it  from  such  a  land 
as  England,  which  is  the  opposite  of  all  this. 
If  there  was  any  analogy  between  the  two 
conditions  it  would  seem  to  be  in  the  purpose 
to  wdiich  Greek  architecture,  as  far  as  we  know 
it,  was  tlevoted.  What  was  the  ordinarj'-life 
architecture  of  the  Greeks  we  can  scarcely 
guess  ;  absolutely  no  remains  of  such  exist, 
though  it  is  true  we  liave  a  few  hints  scattered 
about  the  classic  authors.  It  is  only  in  its 
religious  phase  that  we  really  know  anything 
about  it,  and  this  is  the  very  phase  of  it  that 
has  almost  unanimously  by  common  consent 
been  agreed  to  be  unfitted  for  our  present 
wants.  Our  opponent,  whom  we  cannot  com- 
pliment either  upon  the  clearness  or  fairness 


of  his  argument.s,  talks  about  preferring  to  exe- 
cute work  in  the  most  perfect  style  to  design- 
ing in  that  of  the  middle  ages,  just  as  if  it  was 
the  easiest  thing  in  the  world  to  rival  Greece 
in  its  best  period,  though  none  of  the  condi- 
tions which  produced  their  glorious  art  exist, 
or  can  exist,  at  the  present  day.  You  might 
jusf  as  well,  in  the  same  ott'-liand  way,  re- 
commend the  production  of  a  play  like  .3is- 
chylus'  or  Aristophanes'  as  anything  ap- 
proaching the  architecture  of  Athens.  One 
point  alone,  proljably  among  the  least  difficult 
of  ancient  problems,  the  sculpture  of  the 
human  frame,  in  the  perfection  it  reached 
in  the  glorious  Pericleau  era,  has  hitherto 
baiffed  the  Ijest  among  us,  though  they  have 
given  their  life  to  the  study  and  their  ex- 
tremest  labour  to  the  work.  Beautiful  as  Gib- 
son and  Storey  have  lieen  in  much  they  have 
done,  their  happiest  efforts  have  never  touched 
the  best  Greek  works.  There  can  scarcely  be 
a  doubt  that  the  most  probable  source  from, 
which  a  wholesome  and  useful  development 
may  lie  looked  for  is  the  European  architec- 
ture of  the  earlier  part  of  the  middle  ages. 
Its  scope  is  so  much  wider,  its  remains  are  so 
widely  scattered  and  so  uiimerou«,  as  to  be 
open  to  the  study  of  all.  The  buildings  of 
these  ages  also  are  of  so  many  kinds.  Wfr 
have  cathedrals,  churches,  halls,  palaces,  and. 
even  country  houses  and  cottages.  This  fact 
alone  is  of  the  utmost  value  to  aid  a  thorough, 
study  of  the  art — to  enable  some  great  artist 
or  school  of  artists  working  in  unison  so  far 
to  make  it  their  own  as  to  be  aljle  to  make  it 
grow.  When  such  a  mastery  over  the  style 
has  been  gained,  so  far  from  the  objection. 
sometimes  urged  against  Mediaeval  art,  viz., 
that  it  is  incompatible  with  the  highest  de- 
scription of  sculpture  and  painting,  being 
true,  it  is  probable  that  the  new  style,  if  such 
happily  be  developed,  will  be  owing  to  our 
greater  knowledge  and  practical  facility.  It 
is  to  the  practice  of  fine  art  in  stone,  metal, 
and  colour  by  true  artists  that  we  are  to  look 
for  improvement  and  advance.  This  we  feel 
certam  wiU  be  the  case,  whether  a  new  style 
be  wrought  out  of  the  Classical  or  Medireval 


mi 


SOCIETY  OF  ENGINEERS. 

ADDEESS  BT  THE  PRESLDEST. 

HE  first  meeting  for  the  year  of  the  above 
J.,  society  took  place  on  Monday  evening  in  the 
lower  room,  Exeter  Hall.  The  chair  was  taken 
by  Mr.  Zerali  Colburn,  the  retiring  president,  who 
introduced  Mr.  W.  H.  Le  Feuvre,  the  president 
for  the  present  year.  After  the  reading  of  the 
minutes  of  the  previous  meeting,  and  other  pre- 
hminary  business,  Mr.  Lewis  Olrick  moved,  and 
Mr.  Brim  seconded,  a  vote  of  thanks  to  the  retir- 
ing president  and  council,  after  which  the  new 
president  proceeded  to  read  his  inaugural  ad  Jress. 
Mr.  Le  Feuvre,  in  the  course  of  a  very  lengthy 
and  able  address,  congratulated  the  Society  of 
Engineers  on  the  progi-ess  it  had  made  during  the 
twelve  years  it  had  been  in  existence.  Turning 
thence  to  the  matters  in  which  the  society  Lad 
a  vital  interest,  he  noticed  the  recent  collapse  in 
the  commercial  world,  which  had  so  seriously 
retarded  all  railway  and  other  engineering  works. 
Another  and  a  more  recently  discovered  enemy 
with  which  the  British  engineer  had  to  contend 
was,  however,  the  cheap  work  of  our  Belgian  rivals. 
The  race  of  competition  was  now,  in  fact,  in  favour 
of  Belgium  ;  so  much  so,  that  although  in  the  case 
of  the  late  Amsterdam  Exhibition  English  work 
was  used  in  the  commencement,  before  the  work 
was  completed  it  was  found  that  what  was  re- 
quired could  he  procured  much  cheaper  from 
Belgium.  In  the  case  of  the  New  Pimhco  Wheel 
Works,  his  (Mr.  Le  Feuvre's)  firm,  had  to  give 
way  to  Belgian  contractors ;  and  for  lu^Ua  work 
was  actually  shipped  from  Belgium  to  London, 
and  thence  transhipped  to  Bombay,  at  a  less  cost 
than  it  could  have  been  purchased  at  from  British 
manufacturers.  In  short,  the  inroads  of  foreign 
competition  had  at  length  reached  to  such  an 
extent  that  one  of  our  leading  railway  companies 
had  invited  a  Fi'ench  firm  to  compete  with  our 
manufacturers  for  the  supply  and  erection  of  the 
ironwork  of  their  terminal  station  in  London. 
Glancing  at  the  much  discussed  prospective 
scarcity  of  coal,  the  President  expressed  hi^  hope 


January  25,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


71 


I 


that  a  substitute  might  be  found  to  some  extent 
in  petroleum,  with  which  experiments  were  at 
present  being  made  under  the  auspices  of  Govern- 
ment. A  singular  result  had  recently  been  ob- 
tained by  the  introduction  of  a  jet  of  steam  into 
the  llame  of  petroleum.  The  flame,  which  had 
hitherto  been  dull  and  red,  now  became  white 
and  clear,  its  volume  was  five-fold  increased,  and 
so  complete  was  the  combustion  that  the  soot 
which  was  created  vinder  the  ordinary  mode  of 
ignition  almost  wholly  di-sappeared.  Compressed 
peat  hatl  been  successfully  used  for  smelting  pur- 
poses, and  therefore  he  trusted  that  long  before 
our  coal  had  become  exhausted  various  substitutes 
would  have  been  found.  With  respect  to  colliery 
accidents,  he  thought  that  their  danger  might  be 
nmch  repressed  by  lighting  the  mines  with  gas, 
arranged  in  large  chambers  divided  into  compart- 
ments, and  also  by  increasing  the  number  of  shafts. 
Turning  to  our  shipping,  he  noticed  the  great 
stride  we  had  made  when  we  substituted  iron  for 
wood  in  the  construction  of  ships,  and  there  was 
every  prospect  of  quite  as  great  a  further  improve- 
luent  by  the  substitution  of  steel  for  iron.  The  gas 
and  water  supplies  came  nest  under  review,  the 
lecturer  stating  that  there  was  a  waste  of  100,000 
t'-ns  of  coals  in  London  alone  in  consequence  of 
the  leakage  of  gas.  Coming  to  the  enormous 
loises  which  we  continue  to  sufler  from  the 
i-avages  of  fire,  Mr.  Le  Feuvre  said  that  we  could 
not  but  come  to  the  conclusion  that  up  to  the 
present  moment  we  have  only  arrived  at  very  in- 
adequate means  to  cope  with  this  destructive  ele- 
laent.  The  loss  of  life  and  property  by  fire  seems 
r.ither  to  augment  than  diminish.  Without 
I'et'erence  to  the  deplorable  loss  of  life  occasioned  by 
coIUery  explosions,  almost  a  thousand  lives  are 
ye,arly  sacrificed  by  fires  of  ordinary  occurrence, 
and  the  annual  loss  of  property  is  considered, 
upon  an  average,  to  exceed  £2,000,000  sterling. 
These  are  facts  grave  enough  to  demand  our  most 
urgent  attention.  It  is  demonstrated  beyond  all 
doubt  that,  after  a  fire  has  reached  a  certain  stage, 
the  application  of  water  tends  to  spread  instead  of 
limiting  its  ravages.  It  is  eWdent  that  this  must 
be  the  case  in  conflagrations  arising  from  inflam- 
mable oils,  and  substances  resembling  them  in 
property.  One  of  the  greatest  disadvantages 
attending  the  use  of  water  for  the  extinction  of 
fire  consists  in  the  impossibility  of  directing  it  to 
the  seat  from  whence  the  principal  danger  o 
extension  proceeds.  The  flames  in  most  case 
decompose  or  convert  the  water  into  steam  befor 
it  can  reach  the  body  of  material  in  combustion 
and  consequently  it  can  only  be  advantageous  in' 
protecting  to  some  extent  surrounding  property 
by  copious  saturation.  This  is,  in  some  cases,  as 
destructive  as  fire  itself.  What  we  require  before 
any  advantage  can  follow  the  application  of  water 
to  the  extinction  of  fire,  is  the  suppression  of  the 
flames,  so  that  water  might  be  afterwards  directed 
upon  the  red-hot  embers  with  successful  results. 
The  quick  dissemination  of  flame  is  the  only 
dangerous  element  to  contend  against  in  outbreaks 
of  fire,  as  it  involves  every  combustible  body 
within  its  reach.  Some  years  ago  a  means  of 
annihilating  fire  was  introduced  into  this  country 
in  the  form  of  a  machine  known  after  the  inven- 
tor's name.  Some  such  system  as  that  embodied 
in  Phillip's  fire  annihilator  would  seem  to  be 
the  only  way  of  placing  in  our  hands  an  agent 
enabling  us  to  eflectually  arrest  the  progress  of 
flame  upon  its  immediate  outbreak.  The  principle 
of  the  fire  annihilator  was  to  exclude  the  access  of 
the  atmosphere,  supporting  and  aiding  combustion 
by  the  sudden  generation  of  large  volumes  of 
vapour  in  the  vicinity  of  the  material  on  fire.  This 
vapour,  being  directed  through  a  hose  into  a 
chamber  filled  with  flames  arising  from  the  burn- 
ing of  inflammable  substances,  cauied  their  almost 
immediate  subsidence,  and  the  burning  embers 
remaining  were  extinguished  by  water.  Vapour, 
having  something  of  diffusive  properties,  will  seek 
out  the  locality  of  a  fire  should  it  be  hidden,  as  in 
the  case  of  a  fire  occurring  in  the  hold  of  a  vessel, 
whereas  water  must  flow  in  abundance  over  parts 
where  there  is  no  fire  raging,  and  its  application  is 
in  such  cases  useless.  The  fire  annihilator  ob- 
tained a  wide  reputation,  and  was  practically  and 
successfully  adopted.  All  the  vessels  chartered 
by  the  emigration  commissioners  were  compelled 
to  have  a  certain  number  of  these  machines  on 
board.  The  system  was  approved  by  Brewster, 
Arago,  Faraday,  Glaisher,  Dumas,  Herschel,  and 
Liehig.  From  some  unexplained  circumstance, 
this  invention  has  passed  away  from  public  atten- 
tion. The  insurance  system  was  apparently 
Drought  to  bear  against  its  progress,  arising  from 
the  impression  that  without  fire  there  is  no  risk, 


and  without  risk  no  insurance,  and  aided,  probably, 
by  other  circumstances,  the  fire  annihilator  in  its 
earlier  form  is  no  longer  known.  A  modification 
of  it  has  lately  been  introduced  under  the  title  of 
the  Extincteur,  which,  however,  does  not  seem  to 
have  those  features  which  led  the  original  fire 
anniliilator  to  have  so  much  attention  bestowed 
upon  it  by  men  of  scientific  research.  It  is  to  be 
hoped  that  some  effectual  means  may  speedily  be 
discovered  to  afford  protection  from  the  ravages 
of  this  dangerous  element.  It  is  lamentable  to 
reflect  that  we  are  at  this  moment  liable  to  a 
repetition  of  the  circumstances  which  attended 
the  destruction  of  the  late  church  at  Croydon. 
This  seemed  like  a  voluntary  sacrifice  made  to 
call  the  attention  of  the  scientific  world  to  the 
unguarded  situation  in  which  we  are  placed  with 
respect  to  disasters  of  this  nature.  We  have  to 
add  to  the  list  of  catastrophes  arising  from  fire 
recently,  the  destruction  of  a  considerable  portion 
of  the  Crystal  Palace,  at  Sydenham,  involving  a 
loss  to  nearly  the  extent  of  a  quarter  of  a  million. 
It  was  stated  that,  owing  to  the  severe  weather 
which  existed  in  the  locaUty  and  direction  of 
Croydon  Church  at  the  time,  and  the  impass- 
able condition  of  our  roads,  no  aid  could  be 
brought  to  the  spot  in  which  the  fire  was  raging. 
After  some  notice  of  sanitary  engineering,  the 
lecturer  turned  to  the  character  of  our  prevaiUng 
architecture,  which  he  said  could  not  fail  to  be  of 
interest  to  a  society  like  theirs.  He  said  :  We 
have  still  to  regret  the  absence  of  anything  like 
conformity  in  the  several  practices  of  architects 
and  engineers,  and  no  doubt  the  character  of  our 
nation,  judged  by  its  architecture  alone,  would 
not  stand  very  high.  We  have,  of  course,  no 
modem  undertaking  which  for  style  could  be  com- 
pared with  Westminster  Abbey  or  St.  Paul's. 
The  more  we  go  back  into  the  architecture  of  our 
country,  the  more  grand  and  refined  it  seems  to 
stand  out.  We  have  at  length  reached  no  style 
or  character  of  architecture  at  all.  I  consider 
this  to  arise  in  a  great  measure  from  the  attempted 
estrangement  between  professions  which  are 
analogous,  and  the  failure  of  modem  architects 
to  accommodate  their  design  to  the  progress  of 
engineering  science.  A  system  is  now  being  ex- 
tensively adopted  with  regard  to  modem  buildings 
which  may  be  called,  more  or  less,  a  system  of 
iron  architecture.  The  immense  gain  in  strength 
and  durability,  in  buildings  where  this  material 
is  employed,  is  undeniable.  Architecture  is  the 
science  of  building,  and  therefore  the  engineer  to 
an  iron  bridge  or  other  structure  in  which  iron  is 
employed  is  as  much  an  architect  as  the  designer 
of  Gothic  structures  with  stone  roofs,  flying  but- 
tresses, and  pinnacles.  Considering  the  church  of 
St.  Peter  at  Rome,  and  the  cathedral  of  St.  Paul, 
and  other  so-called  architectural  works  from  a 
constructive  point  of  view,  it  will  be  found  that 
what  is  now  called  civil  engineering  was  exercised 
by  the  architects  of  those  structures  in  a  very 
great  degree.  They  built  with  the  materials  con- 
venient to  be  used,  according  to  the  locality  of  the 
structures,  and  their  works  have  remained  com- 
manding and  imperishable.  Until  it  is  conceded 
that  there  can  be  but  one  science  of  building,  we 
cannot  look  forward  to  any  works  likely  to  deserve 
our  own  admiration  or  the  admiration  of  others. 
It  is  apprehended  that,  out  of  the  numerous 
designs  lately  submitted  to  a  committee  of  selec- 
tion with  the  object  of  improving  our  present 
National  Gallery,  or  erecting  a  new  one,  not 
one  of  the  designs  sent  in  is  likely  to  be  adopted ; 
whereas,  had  the  co-operation  of  some  of  our 
more  eminent  engineers  been  enlisted  in  this 
undertaking,  there  is  no  doubt  it  would  have 
tended  greatly  towards  improving  the  nature  of 
the  designs,  and  the  results  might  consequently 
be  expected  to  have  been  more  favourable.  Pro- 
ceeding to  consider  the  influence  of  the  engineer- 
ing profession  on  the  civilisation  of  the  time,  the 
lecturer  said  :  Our  profession,  no  doubt,  has  a  con- 
siderable influence  upon  the  civilisation  of  our 
time.  Domestic  architecture,  which  is  one  of  the 
earlier  indications  of  improved  social  changes,  is 
indebted  to  us.  Then  we  have  the  development 
of  railways  to  consider ;  the  construction  of 
harbours  and  docks  for  our  shipping ;  the  manu- 
facture and  distribution  of  gas  ;  the  purification 
and  supply  of  water ;  the  drainage  of  our  large 
towns ;  the  construction  of  bridges ;  iron  ship- 
building ;  agricultural  machinery  ;  telegraphy  ; 
the  improvement  of  ordnance  and  other  defensive 
implements  of  war,  and  all  those  aids  to  progress 
which  compose  the  features  of  particular  eras,  or 
mark  the  character  of  nations.  Where  the  arts  of 
peace  predominate,  the  tranquillity  of  kingdoms 
must  remain  secure.      It  is  owing,  no  doubt,  to 


the  extent  of  our  manufactures  and  enterprise 
that  the  prosperity  of  our  nation  must  be  chiefly 
attributed,  'fhoso  undertakings  arising  from  the 
co-operation  of  business-men  have  contributed 
largely  towards  establishing  the  reputation  of  our 
country.  There  are  certain  disadvantages,  how- 
ever, allied  with  our  systems  of  local  government 
which  it  should  be  our  aim  to  eradicate.  They  are 
the  cause  of  very  considerable  pubho  incon- 
venience, and  in  many  cases  expose  us  to  the 
ridicule  or  astonishment  of  our  contemporaries. 
Our  metropolis,  containinga  population  of  3,000,000, 
has  been  for  nearly  a  week  in  a  helpless  state  of 
inactivity  in  consequence  of  the  inefficient  means 
we  have  at  our  disposal  for  clearing  away  the 
snow,  and  the  utter  want  of  system  and  care  in 
the  p.aving,  lighting,  cleansing,  and  traffic  arrange- 
ment is  well  worthy  of  the  attention  of  our  pro- 
fession. The  snow  might  be  removed  at  night  by 
means  of  snow  ploughs,  and  rapidly  melted  by 
heat  at  convenient  places.  The  relaying  of  our 
pavements  and  streets  might  be  effected  by  im- 
proved machinery,  and  a  diminution  of  time  and 
inconvenience  would  thereby  ensue.  The  introduc- 
tion of  subways,  as  suggested  by  the  Metropolitan 
Board  of  Work.s,  would  tend  to  prevent  the  inces- 
sant breaking  up  of  our  main  streets.  The  lighting 
of  our  public  thoroughfares  is  a  disgrace  to  this 
city  ;  the  designs  of  our  lampposts  and  lamps  are 
neither  novel  nor  elegant ;  our  finest  streets  are  in 
comparative  darkness  as  soon  as  the  shops  are 
closed.  The  cleansing  of  our  streets  is  effected  by 
means  of  manual  labour  at  the  most  inconvenient 
hours  of  the  day  ;  the  watering-carts  lay  the  dust, 
and,  raisinf  mud  ankle  deep,  destroy  the  macadam, 
create  dirt,  bespatter  our  persons  and  carriages. 
The  encounter  of  the  mud  cart  and  its  two  or  three 
attendants  complete  the  delights  of  a  summer 
day's  walk,  ride,  or  drive  in  town.  The  traffic  ar- 
rangements in  our  streets  in  the  metropoUa  must 
shortly  receive  attention,  as  we  are  informed  from 
statistics  obtained  that  more  accidents  and  loss  of 
life  take  place  in  the  streets  in  our  metropolis, 
than  on  the  whole  of  our  railway  system  in  the 
United  Kingdom.  How  is  this  occasioned  ?  we  may 
naturally  inquire.  The  immensity  of  the  traffic 
might  be  reUeved  by  employing  the  present  area 
of  our  streets  in  a  twofold  manner,  viz.,  by  con- 
structing subways  for  traffic  under  or  above  our 
existing  streets.  The  grave  and  lamentable  acci- 
dent on  the  ice  in  Regent's  Park  is  attributable  to 
that  negligence  which,  in  some  form,  continually 
endangers  the  public  safety.  It  would  perhaps  be 
advisable  to  remove  the  systems  of  local  govern- 
ment which  now  control  matters  connected  with 
the  convenience  and  safety  of  the  pubUc  by  sub- 
stituting some  scheme  of  centralisation.  The  cha- 
racter of  our  public  works,  too,  has  long  been  the 
subject  of  severe  comment.  The  operation  of  the 
numerous  vestry  boards  in  our  various  parishes  is 
inefficient.  Whether  the  condition  of  our  streets 
is  owing  to  the  incompetency  of  the  vestries  as 
they  are  at  present  constituted,  or  whether  the 
system  under  which  their  operation  is  carried  out 
is  inadequate,  it  is  manifest  that  the  public  at  large 
have  at  present  to  endure  the  most  unreasonable 
perils.  After  the  construction  of  new  streets  of 
houses,  the  roadway  is  allowed  to  remain  in  a  most 
objectionable  and  dangerous  state  for  a  long 
period.  It  is  not  uncommon  to  observe  a  street 
of  large  and  well  built  houses  through  the  road- 
way of  which  none  but  an  army  in  sight  of  a  be- 
sieged capital  would  pass.  The  anomaly  is  that, 
during  the  time  that  this  condition  of  the  roadway 
continues,  the  vestries  are  receiving  rates  for  the 
object  of  its  improvement.  In  cases  where  pro- 
perty is  chargeable  in  perpetuity,  for  purposes  of 
cleanliness  and  repair,  it  would  be  advantageous, 
and  unattended  with  difficulty,  to  procure  a  large 
sum  for  carrying  out  the  requisite  work,  to  be 
afterwards  refunded  out  of  the  rates.  The  condi- 
tion of  the  dwellings  of  our  labouring  population 
has,  under  the  obscure  operations  of  local  boards, 
become  a  subject  of  national  reproach.  It  is  to  be 
hoped  that,  under  the  auspices  of  our  present 
Premier,  who  recently  stated  that  he  was  warmly 
interested  in  this  subject,  some  important  steps 
may  be  made  to  remedy  the  condition  of  the 
dwellings  of  the  poorer  classes.  If  property  has 
its  duties  as  well  as  its  rights,  there  is  at  present  a 
pressing  claim  for  their  performance,  and  a  wide 
scope  for  their  exercise.  On  the  subject  of  inven- 
tions the  lecturer  remarked  that  inventors  and  in- 
ventions subject  to  the  patent  laws  of  this  country 
labour  under  many  disadvantages.  They  are  sup- 
posed to  have  the  privilege  granted  by  the  State 
of  a  monopoly  for  a  period  of  fourteen  years,  to 
reap  whatever  pecuniary  benefit  might  be  deriv- 
able from  their  invention ;  but  it  need  hardly  be 


72 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


January  25,  1867. 


stated  that  this  is  not  the  case,  owing  to  the  in- 
complete nature  of  the  information  afforded  by  the 
Patent  Office  as  to  the  novelty  of  inventions.  An 
inventor,  after  having,  with  great  expenditure  of 
time,  trouble,  and  money,  perfected  his  invention, 
goes  to  the  further  expense  of  having  a  complete 
search  made  among  the  patent  records  to  ascertain 
the  fact  that  his  invention  has  not  been  patented 
before,  and  this  search  proving  isatisfactory,  he  ap- 
]ilies  for  his  patent.  No  sooner,  however,  has  a 
description  of  his  invention  appeared  in  print  than 
he  is  informed  that  the  identical  invention  has  pre- 
viously been  made  and  commercially  used,  though 
not  patented  or  made  generally  known  ;  thus  the 
patentee  finds  himself  in  the  position  of  having 
spent  his  time  and  money  to  no  purpose,  without 
having  any  possible  means  at  his  command 
whereby  he  might  have  obtained  the  information 
before  taking  out  his  patent.  It  is  to  be  hoped 
that  some  substantial  improvements  in  our  patent 
laws  may  be  carried  out  during  the  cuiTent 
year. 


OTJE   WORKMEN —THEIR    LABOUR, 
REWARDS,  AND  TRIALS. 

PROFESSOR  LEONE  LEVI  recently  deli- 
vered a  lecture  at  the  Shire-hall,  Stafford, 
on  "  Our  Workmen — their  Labour,  Rewards, 
and  Trials,"  the  Earl  of  Harrowby  in  the  chair. 

Professor  Levi,  on  rising  to  address  the 
audience,  was  received  with  loud  applause.  He 
commenced  by  an  elaborate  sketch  of  the  vast 
extent  and  the  great  variety  of  the  products  of 
human  labour,  and  from  that  deduced  the  fearful 
loss  which  was  involved  in  the  frequent  suspen- 
sion of  this  productive  effort  by  strikes.  He 
showed  how  essential  for  the  development  of  the 
faculties  of  man  was  the  necessity  for  exertion. 
Speaking  of  the  numbers  of  the  working  classes. 
Dr.  Levi  said: — "Altogether  I  have  calculated 
that  the  number  of  persons  actually  at  work  in 
the  United  Kingdom  amount  in  round  numbers 
to  12,000,0U0,  of  whom  about  5,000,000  are  men 
of  21  years  and  upwards,  and  the  remainder 
women,  and  boys  aud  girls  under  age.  What 
proportion  of  the  domestic  class,  including 
wives,  mothers,  and  children,  not  classified  as 
workers,  should  be  added  to  arrive  at  tfio  tot;d 
number  of  the  working  classes  it  is  difficult  to 
say.  Ordinarily  we  take  each  adult  male  to  re- 
present a  family  of -I'bO  persons,  and  at  this  rate 
the  working  classes  would  number  22,000,000, 
being  little  more  than  two  to  one  of  the  entire 
population  of  the  United  Kingdom.  What  is  the 
economic  condition  of  so  large  a  number  of 
persons  ?  What  are  their  resources  ?  What  is 
their  mode  of  life  ?  What  a  number  of  social 
problems  present  themselves  when  we  enter  on 
80  great  atopic.  The  reward  which  the  labourer 
demands  is  more  substantial  than  mere  applause. 
It  consists  in  a  share  of  the  produce  of  his  labour, 
which  shall  at  least  be  sufficient  for  good  lodging 
and  clothing  for  himself  and  his  family.  And 
here  we  are  brought  to  the  difficult  question  of 
the  relation  of  capital  and  labour.  Wealth,  it  is 
true,  is  the  result  of  labour,  but  the  workman 
depends  on  the  capitalist  for  the  raw  material 
and  implements  to  work  with.  We  might 
fancy  the  capitalist  and  the  labourer  agreeing  to 
act  jointly  in  a  kind  of  partnership  in  which  one 
puts  his  labour,  the  other  his  capital.  But  the 
labourer  cannot  wait  till  the  article  is  completed 
and  sold  to  aivido  the  produce  with  the  capitalist. 
Nor  can  he  work  on  the  chance  that  the  article 
may  be  sold,  or  may  prove  profitable.  Better 
for  him  to  receive  something  prompt  aud  certain 
than  a  larger  sum  at  a  distant  time,  and  con- 
tingent on  the  success  of  the  enterprise.  Nor 
would  such  an  agreement  answer  the  capitalist. 
He  must  look  to  the  best  time  for  selling  his 
merchandise.  He  oaimot  expose  himself  to  the 
pressure  of  the  labourer,  or  to  the  danger  of  dis- 
agreement. Better  for  them  both  to  substitute 
the  contract  for  wages,  or  the  purchase  and  sale 
of  certain  services  for  a  certain  remuneration. 
In  the  contract,  both  parties  are  free  to  act  as 
Ihey  please,  the  one  to  demand  and  the  other  to 
give  whatever  their  respective  interest  may  sug. 
gest.  _  But  even  this  freedom  is  controlled  by 
ceitain  economical  laws.  The  labourer  must  re- 
member that  he  is  interested  in  the  extent  of 
capital  destined  or  appropriated  to  the  payment 
of  labour,  that  he  depends  on  the  increase  of  the 
Bame  for  his  own  welfare,  and  that  whatever  he  does 
which  diminishes  or  retards  such  increase,  must 
necessarily  recoil  on  himself.  The  capitalist 
must  remember  that  the  labourer  must  live,  that 
he  must  maintain  his  family,  that  he  must  edu- 


cate his  children,  and  have  a  share  of  relaxation 
and  enjoyment,  without  which  life   is  a  burden. 
He  must  not  forget  that  the  best  way  to  make  a 
labourer  work  well  is  to  pay  him  well,    to  keep 
him  happy  and  cheerful,  strong  and  healthy,  and 
that  if  he  will  deal  justly  by  his  labourers,  they 
will   neither  neglect  their   labour   nor   be   dis- 
affected, they  will  neither  complain   nor   be  dis- 
posed to  strike.     If  on  the  one  hand  the  employer 
has  a  right  to  endeavour  to  lower  the  wages,  lest 
by  enhancing  the  cost  of  the  production  too  high 
he  becomes  unable  to  compete  with  the    foreign 
producer,  and  thus  lose  the  trade  altogether,  the 
labourer  has  a  right   to    expect   that  the  wages 
shall  bear  a  certain  proportion  to  the  profits  of 
the   undertaking,    be    they   high    or   low.     And 
while  the  competition  among  labourers  is  favour- 
able to  the  master  in  keeping  the  wages  at  the 
minimum  limits    of    the    labourers'   wants,   the 
freedom  of  labour,  an  extensive  field  of  labour  iu 
the  colonies  of  America,  and  the  right  to  com- 
bine   among    themselves    to    control   as  far  as 
possible  such  competition,   enable  the  labourers 
to  resist  the  attempt  to  lower  the  wages  below 
what  is  just  and  necessary."     After  indicating  in 
general  terms  the  conditions  which  regulate  the 
rate  of  wages,  the  lecturer  pointed  out  the  want 
of  decent   homes,  often    of  substantial  food,  by 
working  men,  and  urged  the  necessity,  from  the 
greater  demand  for  intelligence  in  the  workman, 
that  more  attention  should  be  paid  to  the  educa- 
tion of  his  children,  and  he  impressed  attention 
to  this  as  a  duty  on  working  men,  as  well  as  on 
those  whose  position  in  life  enabled  them  to  assist 
in  affording  the  means.     Dr.  Levi  appeared  to 
think  the  representations  made  as  to  the  compe- 
tition of  Belgium   in   the  iron  manufacture  had 
been    exaggerated,    and  proceeded  to  speak  of 
Trades'  Unions: — "Trade  unions   have  been  the 
subjects    of  great    animadversion  of  late.     But 
let  us  do  justice  to  the  good  they  perform,  in  the 
discipline  and  order  they  maintain  in  the  trade, 
the  check  they  impose  on   riot   and  excess,  the 
help  they  afford  to  the  sick,  the  poor,  and  the 
widow,  and  the  many  purposes  they  subserve  cf 
charity    and    beneficence.     TUere  are  points  iu 
their    action  decidedly  objectionable.     The    re- 
strictions they  put  to  the  number  of  apprentices, 
and  all  hindrances  they  impose  on  the  freedom 
of  labour,  admit  of  no  defence.     Any  endeavour 
to  thwart  the  introduction  of  machinery  is  abso- 
lutely wrong  and  useless.     And  decidedly  wrong 
is  the  exercise  of  any  moral  or  physical  coercion 
for   inducing  all  labourers  iu  the  trade   to    act 
with  them.     We  cannot  dispute  the  right  of  any 
one  to  influence  others  with  his  views;    but    I 
have  no  hesitatiou'iu   saying  that  all  intimida- 
tion or  coercion  used  for  that  purpose,  whether 
by  applying   terms  of  opprobrium    on    the    re- 
luctant party,  or  injuring  his  tools,  or  any  other 
means,  is  most  reprehensible.     If  we  prize  in- 
dependence of  action    for    ourselves,    we    must 
allow  it  to  others  also.     But  what  shall  I  say  ot 
strikes  and  lock-outs?     Not    a    word   in    their 
favour.     Nothing  could    be    more    injurious   to 
masters  and  operatives   than   to   bring  matters 
to    such  extremes.     Any   concession    is    better, 
and  arbitration  is  better  still.     The  cessation  ot 
production,  the  heart-burnings,  the  uncertainty 
of  transacti  ns,  the  endless  quarrels — oh,  what 
an  amount  of  evil   do   they  engender.     Calcula- 
tions have  been  made  of  profits  and  losses  from 
such  strikes.      But  one  thing   is    certain.     The 
nation  loses    always.     Addressing     myself  par- 
ticularly to  our  working  men  on  these  important 
subjects,  I  must  ceitauily  say:  Take  care,  lest 
in  the  hope  ot  bettering  yourcoudition,  you  only 
open  up  tor  yourselves  a  source  of  suffering  and 
privation.     Take  care,  lest  in  obtaining  the  co- 
operation of  your    co-labourers,    you    resign  to 
others  that  freedom  of  action  which  it  is  most 
desirable  you  should  always  preserve.     Remem- 
ber that  the  winter    before   us  is  likely  to  be  a 
trying  one,  that   provisions  will  be  dear,  house- 
rent  high,   and  even  clothing  cosily.     To  strike 
and  throw   off   labour   now    is    quite    suicidal. 
Better    "half   a   loaf  than  no  loaf  at  all."     If, 
however,  our  working  men  do  sometimes  err  in 
committing  themselves  to  a  perilous  course,  let 
us  remember  that  it  is  not  always  and  altogether 
their   fault.     Not  the  least  of  the    trials    which 
await  our  working  men  at  every  step  is,  in  fact, 
the  difficulty  and  haphazard  way  in  which  they 
must  move  in  order  to  better  themselves.    How 
seldom  do  we  hear  of  masters  taking  the  initia- 
tive in  raising  the  wages  in  times  of  prosperity. 
How  often  do  they  wait  till  compulsion  is  almost 
exercised    upon  them."     As  to  the  earnings  of 
the  working  classes,  he  said  : — "  Collectively  the 
working  classes  exercise  considerable  influence 


on  the  nation.  I  have  estimated  upon  very  good 
basis,  though  necessarily  in  a  general  manner, 
that  the  12.000,000  persons  at  work  annually 
earn  £418,000,000.  Comparing  this  income  with 
the  income  of  the  middle  and  higher  classes,  I 
find  that  the  income  assessed  to  income-tax, 
paid  principally  by  the  latter,  amounts  to 
£327,000,000,  whilst  probably  £100,000,000 
more  is  supposed  to  be  the  property  of  such 
class  under  £100  or  not  assessed  to  that  tax, 
making  in  all  £-127,000,000.  Apparently  the 
difference  between  the  income  of  the  two  classes 
is  not  so  material.  But  when  we  take  the  num- 
ber of  persons  belonging  to  each  into  account, 
the  result  is  very  different.  If  we  take  the  work- 
ing classes  to  number  as  I  have  said,  22,000,000, 
and  the  middle  and  higher  8,000,000,  it  will 
follow  that  the  £-118,000,000  will  give  a  propor- 
tional income  per  head  ofabout£l9  perannnm,  or 
£85  per  family,  whilst  the  £427,000,000  will 
give  a  proportion  of  £53  per  head,  or  £238  per 
family  ;  these  proportions,  however,  varying  in 
the  various  grades  of  society  from  £20  to  £300 
per  family  in  the  working  classes,  and  from  £50 
to  £50,000  in  the  middle  and  higher.  The 
accumulation  of  capital  among  the  working 
classes,  however,  has  been  very  great  of  late. 
In  1830  the  number  of  depositors  in  savings' 
banks  was  17  in  1,000  of  the  population,  and  the 
amount  of  deposits  averaged  lis.  3d.  per  liead. 
In  1848  the  number  of  depositors  was  39  in  1,000, 
aud  the  amount  of  deposits  30s.  sd.  per  head.  In 
1865  the  number  of  depositors  was  48  in  1,000, 
exclusive  of  the  depositors  to  the  Post-otiice 
savings  banks,  and  the  amount  of  deposit  303. 
per  head  inclusive  of  the  deposits  in  the  Post- 
office  banks  over  and  above  the  amount  invested 
in  friendly  societies,  building  societies,  and  co- 
operative associations."  He  regretted  that 
£"0,000,000  was  annually  spent  in  the  United 
Kingdom  in  ardent  spirits  besides  wines,  and 
that  £50,050,000  of  this  was  spent  by  the  work- 
ing classes.  He  concluded  by  an  earnest  and 
eloquent  exhortation  to  working  men  to  avoid 
excess,  and  to  strive  to  improve  their  positions 
and  their  homes. 


THE    EXHIBITION     OF     DESIGNS    FOR 
THE  NEW  NATIONAL  GALLERY. 

(From  the  Westminster  Gazette.) 

ON  viewing  these  designs  one  is  simply  tempted 
to  ask — where  are  our  architects  (  For  it  is 
impossible  to  concede  the  merit  of  true  architec- 
ture to  any  cue  of  them.  Where  they  are  or'g'nal, 
they  are  fanciful  and  extravagant ;  where  ihey 
are  adaptations,  they  are  unsuccessful  ;  where 
they  are  copies,  they  are  misapplied ;  where  they 
are  practical,  they  are  ugly  ;  where  they  are  meri- 
torious, they  would  be  costly ;  where  they  are 
picturesque,  they  woidd  be  impossible.  I  will 
leave  others  to  discover  their  merits,  such  as  those 
of  arrangement,  &c.  I  %vill  speak  only  of  their 
architectural  defects,  which  are  lamentable  in  the 
extreme.  And,  first,  let  me  remark  generally  how 
unfit  they  are  iu  the  main  for  their  destination. 
They  may  be  palaces,  banks,  clubs,  coach  manufac- 
tories, mortuary  memorials,  athena3ums,  scenes  iu 
a  grand  opera,  or  faucy  examples  for  a  new  edition 
of  "  Pugin's  Contrasts  ;"  but  picture-galleries  in 
modern,  dirty  London,  they  are  not.  A  contem- 
porary thus  writes  of  them  : — ■ 

Viewed  merely  as  works  of  art.  many  of  the  drawings  are 
of  ;i  high  order  of  merit,  but  it  e:inuot  be  said  that  they  re- 
present precisely  what  is  required.  Some,  for  instance, 
are  too  palatial  and  domestic  in  their  character ;  others 
suggest  city  banks  (without  the  money) ;  some  call  to  mind 
the  clubs  of  Pall  ^lall,  aud  others  the  Mansion  House,  or 
the  great  hotels  at  Charing  Cross  and  Oaunou-stieet.  In 
few  do  we  hud  that  impress  of  originality  which  ought  to 
characterise  our  generation  and  the  age  m  which  we  live, 
aud  many,  it  must  be  admitted,  do  not  fulfil  the  first  con. 
Uitioa  of  true  architecture  ;  that  is,  they  do  not  proclaim 
their  object  aud  purpose. 

And  what  is  far  worse  than  this,  there  is  scarcely 
a  monstrosity,  or  anomaly,  or  inconsistency,  or 
misapplication,  or  violation  of  principle  against 
which  we  have  cried  out  during  the  last  twenty 
years  which  is  not  now  perpetrated  in  one  or  other 
of  these  designs.  There  are  the  same  useless 
features,  the  same  colonnades,  moiddings,  and  pedi- 
ments which  have  been  reproduced  ad  noiiseam 
in  every  direction ;  the  same  eccentric  recesses, 
and  semi  domes  and  makeshifts — there  are  dooi- 
ways  big  enough  for  giants — sham  domes  only  cal- 
culated to  produce  draughts  and  store  up  wind — 
the  same  absurdities  of  detail,  vases,  and  pots,  and 
jjyramids,  and  pyramids  growing  out  of  pots,  and 
balls  perched  on  the  tops  of  pyramids,  and 
winged  horses  and  tripods,  aud  marvellous  vegetable 
productions — the  same  want  of  true  feature  where 


J= 


January  25,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


73 


it  is  required,  and  the  same  amount  of  distorted 
fi  it  iires  without  a  necessity,  like  wens  and  bunions 
whieh  disfigure  the  human  form.  But  of  sim- 
]'U«'ity,  dignity,  power  of  form,  proportion,  fitness, 
there  is  literally  next  to  none.  There  is  but  little 
evidence  of  real  genius — its  force,  individuality, 
and  \-igour.  The  architects  invited  to  compete 
w.^re  ten  in  number,  and  all  have  sent  drawings. 
The  names  of  the  gentlemen  competing  are  : — 
.Mr.  Owen  Jones,  Mr.  Somers  Clarke,  Mr.  G.  E. 
Street,  Mr.  F.  P.  Cockerell,  Mr.  Digby  Wyatt, 
,  Messrs.  Banks  and  Barry,  Mr.  J.  B.  JIurray,  Mr. 
i  E.  M.  Barry,  Mr.  Ciitlibort  Brodrick,  and  Mr. 
f  Penrose.  I  will  hastily  glance  at  their  respective 
designs. 

Banks  and  Barry. — A  mass  of  windows  and 
doors  multiplied  and  piled  upon  one  another — 
a  general  flatness  and  want  of  character  pervading 
the  whole  building,  the  front  of  which  is  broken 
by  four  square  tower-like  masses,  each  having  a 
small  square  turret  at  the  angles,  surmounted  by 
a  mal-formed  roof.  Not  an  original  idea  through- 
out— the  same  common-place  monotony  and 
!  poverty  of  invention  which  is  still  visible  in  most 
I  of  their  productions. 

I.     Edward  Barry. — A  still  more  insipid  and  weari- 
I  some  monotony.     Engaged  columns  ail  infinitum 
i  — rows  of  pota  and  other  absurd    details,    three 
y  useless  domes  terminating  outside  in  a   collection 
I  of  spikes.     The  entrance  hall  and  grand  staircase 
I  forming  apparently  the  corpus  of  the  building,  and 
the   picture   galleries  comparatively   insignificant 
adjuncts.     In  short,  there  is  scarcely  a  fault  which 
thus  building  has  not;  but  it  is  not  more  lamenta- 
ble than  the  same   architect's  station  at  Cannon- 
street,  where  the  roof  appears    to    have  slipped 
through  the   supporting   towers,  and  is  about  the 

J  worst  thing  ever  seen,  both  in  construction  and 
efl'ect. 

.  Somers  Clarke. — Style—  a  sort  of  Moorish-Italian- 
|3oanian-melodramatic,  displaying  a  considerable 
iimount  of  eccentric  originality,  but  thoroughly 
impractical  and  costly.  It  wants  balance  and 
jonsistency.  The  different  varieties  or  adapta- 
;ions  of  styles  blend  no  better  than  oil  and  water. 
iiAnd  con  anyone  tell  us  for  what  purpose  that  over- 
poweringly  lofty  tower  rears  itself  alongside  ?  For 
what  earthly  purpose  is  it  intended  ?  It  is  divided 
|.nto  some  ten  or  eleven  floors,  the  use  of  which  it 
lis  not  easy  to  conceive ;  and  one  entire  side  is 
;i3ierced  with  a  number  of  irregular  sUts,  which 
I  juite  defy  interpretation. 

J:  Cockerell. — A  most  dismal-looking  structure — 
ii-esembling  more  a  huge  cemetery  church  than 
tinything  else.  A  great  eyeless  dome,  and  details 
I  ike  Paris  furniture  in  the  time  of  the  Fii-st 
(iSmpire.  The  drawings  are  absolutely  depressing. 
i\Tiat  would  the  actual  production  be  ? 

Brodrick. — A  childish  multipUcation  of  columns 

vithout  motive  or  reason  ;  a  temple,   with  more 

Inmns  perched  on  atemple,  having  arectangular 

f,  covering   a  flattened  dome  within.      Tower 

fs  like  a  collection,  of  pastry,  surmounted  by 

T'lwns. 

Murray. — Really    deplorable;    long    unbroken 

iws  of  those  eternal  columns,  some  of  them  with 

hose    most   hideous    square    blocks    intersecting 

hem — the   upper   story  composed   principally  of 

ilind     windows,     hollowed    into    niches,     about 

uventy  in  number — a    monstrous   square    block 

ising  up— it  is  diflicult  to  make  out  exactly  where 

-like  a  huge  tank  at  waterworks. 

Penrose. — A  collection  of  villa  doors  and  win- 

ows,  pilasters,  pyramids  in  pots,  panels,  a  bust, 

nd  a  chimney — nothing  more. 

Owen  Jones. — Very  much  like  a  bit  of  the  old 
•Exhibition,  with  Renaissance  pilaster,  &c.,  attached. 
Street. — The  only  Gothic  design,  but  by  no 
aeans  sitisfactory.  Wants  unity,  balance,  and 
onsi»tency.  Parts  of  it  are  like  a  church,  others 
ke  a  school ;  it  is  collegiate,  monastic,  domestic, 
U  in  one.  It  has  Mr.  Street's  usual  great  merits, 
nd  his  usual  faults.  It  looks  as  if  it  had  been 
esigued  in  bits  at  intervals  under  different  inspi- 
itions.  Parts  are  bald  as  a  washhouse — others 
re  overclothed  with  ornament ;  and  ornament 
30  all  out  of  proportion,  and  sometimes  mis- 
laced  and  too  obtrilsive.  It  is  too  mediaeval ;  it 
loks  too  much  like  a  collection  of  favourite  bits 
■om  different  places  introduced  because  they  are 
ice  ;  so  it  is  not  a  building  of  the  day,  and  gives 
ae  a  totally  wrong  idea  of  its  destination.  It  is 
1st  the  sort  of  building  which,  with  aU  its  merits, 
■ts  people  against  Gothic  work,  and  this  is  much 
be  regretted. 

Digby  Wyatt. — A  magnificent  dream — a  scene 
r  an  extravagansa^a  perfect  orgy  of  misplaced 
■namentation— a  face,  as  it  were,  covered  with 
■es,  noses,  and  other  features,  without  a  solitary 
t  of  cheek  or  forehead.     The   front    elevation 


exceedingly  striking  and  original,  but,  as  far  as  one 
can  make  out,  defective  in  construction,  and 
mystifying  in  its  various  parts.  What  look  like 
tombs  beneath  semi-domes  hollowed  out  of  the 
ujiper  walls  turn  out  to  be  .skylights  for  the  lower 
floor.  This  is  a  sort  of  unreality,  not,  however,  so 
bad  as  that  of  the  domes  (for  this  gorgeous  struc- 
ture rejoices  in  three  lofty  domes),  the  upper  por- 
tion of  which — to  a  height  of  some  -lOft.  or  50ft. 
jierhaps  above  the  ceiling  below — seems  entirely 
dev(jted  t(t  a  twisting  iron  staircase  and  a  water 
tank.  They  are  gorgeous  shams.  The  windows 
of  the  great  hall  and  staircase  are  adaptatifins  of 
those  of  the  Certosa.  The  great  entrance  doors 
are  of  an  appalling  character — of  huge  size,  flanked 
by  gigantic  caryatides,  surmounted  by  a  b.alcony 
and  arch  window,  the  proportions  of  which  are  on 
such  a  scale  that  they  dwarf  and  crush  all  aroimd 
them. 

One  word  about  all  these  designs  in  the  lump. 
The  architects  seem  mainly  to  have  forgotten  that 
their  buildings  were  to  be  made  for  the  pictures, 
and  that  the  pictures  were  not  painted  for  their 
buildings. 


STATUE  OF  THE  LATE  PRINCE  CONSORT 
AT  MANCHESTER. 

THE  inauguration  of  the  statue  of  the  Jate 
Prince  Consort,  erected  in  the  centre  of 
Albert-square,  Manchester,  took  place  on  Wed- 
nesday. A  committee  was  appointed  to  under- 
take the  work  in  January,  1862,  and  the  offer 
of  the  then  mayor  (Mr.  Goadsbv)  to  present  a 
marble  statue,  on  condition  of  the  city  afford- 
ing a  suitable  site  and  finding  money  for  a 
pedestal  and  covering,  was  accepted.  The 
statue,  which  is  by  Mr.  Noble,  of  London,  and 
is  of  Sicilian  marble  9fr.  high,  representing  the 
Prince  in  the  robes  of  the  Order  of  the  Garter, 
has  been  completed  some  time.  The  memorial 
building  in  which  the  statue  is  placed,  and  (he 
rich  Gothic  canopy  over  it,  were  designed  by 
Mr.  Worthington,  of  Manchester.  The  report 
presented  to  the  committee  describes  the 
work  as  follows: — The  memorial  building 
is  raised  5ft.  above  the  surface  of  the  street, 
on  granite  steps,  occupying  a  square  of  35  ft. 
The  base  of  the  structure  is  20ft.  square,  and 
15ft.  6iu.  to  the  platform  on  which  the  pedestal, 
which  is  6ft.,  stands.  The  entire  height  from 
the  pavement  to  the  summit  of  the  vane  is  SOft. 
Four  open  arches  above  the  basement  support 
a  grand  canopy,  forming  a  shrine,  in  the  centre 
of  which,  on  a  pedestal  of  coloured  polished 
granite,  stands  the  statue.  The  four  arches  are 
surmounted  bv  lofty  gables,  and  the  external 
angles  are  abutted  by  four  square  piers  or 
buttresses  rising  in  solid  masonry  to  the  level 
of  the  springing  of  the  great  arches,  shortly 
above  which  level  they  disengage  themselves, 
and  rise  up  as  detached  and  elaborately  enriched 
pinnacles;  these  pinnacles  illustrate  subjects  in 
which  the  late  Prince  Consort  took  active  and 
practical  interest.  Each  pinnacle  has  two  stages 
above  the  springing  of  the  arches,  the  upper 
stage  being  an  open  canopy  supported  on 
polished  granite  shafts  ;  these  four  canopies 
contain  figures  of  Art,  Science,  Agriculture, 
and  Commerce.  Art  is  supported  by  Music, 
Sculpture,  Painting,  and  Architecture  ;  Science, 
by  Astronomy,  Mechanics,  Chemistry,  and  Geo- 
metry ;  Agriculture,  by  Spring,  Summer,  Autumn, 
and  Winter ;  and  Commerce,  by  Europe,  Asia, 
Africa,  and  America.  The  four  great  gables 
contain  a  circular  open  panel  enriched,  and  in 
the  three  triangular  spandrels  are  medallions  con 
taining  twelve  heads,  representative  of  Art  and 
Science — Michael  Angelo,  Wren,  Inigo  Jones, 
Raphael,  Beethoven,  Mendelssohn,  Goethe, 
Schiller,  Milton,  Shakspeare,  Tasso,  and 
Dante.  On  the  summits  of  the  four  gables  are 
winged  angels,  holding  gilt  trumpets ;  the  spire 
is  banded  with  polished  gray  granite,  and  the 
shafts  of  the  main  archways  are  of  the  same 
material.  The  pedestal  supporting  the  statue 
consists  of  a  deep  red  granite-centred  block, 
with  angle  shafts  of  gray  granite,  bearing  the 
simple  inscription  "Albert"  on  the  south  side. 
On  the  centre  of  the  piers  or  buttresses 
are  shields  carved  in  stone  representing  the 
arms  of  England  quartered  with  those  of  Saxony 
differenced  with  the  late  Prince  Consort's  own 
label  of  three  points  argent,  charged  in  the 
central  point  gules,  alternated  with  the  simple 
arms  of  Saxony  emblazoned  with  foliated  bands 
and  arched  coronet  on  a  field  barry  of  ten,  or 
and  sable.  Each  shield  is  surmounted  by  the 
peculiar  coronet  of    the   late    Prince,     which 


differs  from  the  Imperial  Crown  in  having  eight 
instead  of  four  arches,  rising  from  strawberry 
loaves  and  curved.  Each  shield  is  encircled 
by  the  garter,  with  the  usual  motto,  and 
below  on  a  label  is  the  motto,  "  Treu  und 
fe^t."  These  armorials  are  repeated  in  the  eight 
angle  panels  of  the  basomeut,  and  on  the  iuter- 
tuediato  panels  (of  which  there  are  five)  are 
carved  the  various  crests  of  the  Prince.  The 
memoriiil  is  enclosed  by  a  rich  and  elaborate 
wroughtiron  railing  or  grille,  by  Skidmoro  and 
Co.,  of  Coventry.  The  angles  are  encircled  by 
gilt  foliated  finials,  and  shields  engraved  witlitho 
arms  are  placed  at  intervals  along  tlie  cornice  of 
the  railings,  a  central  one  bearing  the  full 
quartered  arms  emblazoned  in  colours.  The 
emblematical  figures  were  executed  with  excel- 
lent taste  and  finish  by  'Messrs.  T.  R.  and  E. 
Williams,  of  Manchester  and  Liverpool.  The 
memorial  "bears  the  following  inscription  round 
the  base: — "In  grateful  acknowledgment  of 
public  and  private  virtues,  Albert,  Prince  of 
f^axe-Coburg  and  Gotha,  Consort  of  her  Ma- 
jesty Queen  Victoria,  erected  by  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Manchester,  ad.  I860.  The  statue  was 
presented  to  his  fellow-citizens  t>y  Thomas 
Goadsby,  Mayor  of  Manchester,  1861-2."  The 
total  cost  of  the  memorial,  exclusive  of  the 
statue,  has  been  £0,249  15s.  4d.  The  ceremony 
of  inauguration  was  exceedingly  brief  and  simple. 
The  committee  met  at  tho  Town-hall  at  one 
o'clock,  when  Mrs.  Goadsby,  widow  of  the  late 
mayor,  read  a  few  lines  formally  presenting  the 
statue  on  behalf  of  her  late  husband  to  tho  Mayor 
and  corporation.  The  committee  and  other 
gentlemen  then  went  in  procession  to  a  tem- 
porary building  fronting  the  southern  face  of  tho 
statue,  and  Dr.  Fairbairn,  C.E.,  read  an  address 
of  inauguration.  The  statue  was  then  unveiled 
in  the  presence  of  a  concourse  of  many  thousand 
people,  who  cheered  lustily. 


THE  PARIS  EXHIBITION. 

A  PARIS  correspondent  says  the  Exposition 
Uuiverselle  is  evidently  not  about  "  to  dis- 
appoint the  promise  of  its  spring ; "  it  is  to  be 
universal.  The  Germans  are  going  to  send  lis  an 
iron  house,  with  room  for  a  "  respectable  f.amily," 
which  is  made  entirely  of  iron,  ])ut  together  like  a 
Chinese  puzzle,  weighs  very  little,  is  brought,  in 
fact,  from  Germany  for  about  five  pountls  ster- 
ling, and  is  capable  of  being  warmed  but  not 
burned. 

American  schools  are  to  be  represented  (chiefly 
through  Massachusets  liberality),  in  models  of  the 
best  school  houses,  and  representations  of  the 
most  approved  apparatus  and  modes  of  instruc- 
tion, school  books,  results  of  education  and  edu- 
cational laws.  Every  sort  of  religion  and  manners 
have  free  and  equal  welcome,  and,  a5  an  offset  to 
the  above,  Spain  will  exhibit  a  national  character- 
istic— six  bull  fights — for  which  a  Spanish  com- 
pany are  making  preparations  on  a  gorgeous 
scale. 

All  the  gods  and  goddesses  in  the  Versailles 
gardens  are  to  be  washed  and  mended  for  the  Ex- 
hibition season.  A  more  begrimed  and  dilapidated 
set  of  Jupiters,  Pomonas,  and  Hebes  than  those 
which  adorn  the  Grand  Monarque's  stately 
plaisaunce  can  hardly  be  conceived. 

A  Chinese  Restaurant.— ^mong  the  wonders 
of  the  coming  Paris  Exhibitiim,  will  be  a  Chinese 
Restaurant.  It  will  be  borne  on  the  ehoulders  of  a 
celestial.  The  kitchen  departm«it  is  of  the 
lightest  bamboo,  and  will  be  borne  on  the  said 
celestial's  left  hand,  while  he  wi^l  cook,  keep  up 
his  fire,  &c.,  with  his  right.  The  bamboo  edifice 
is  divided  into  three  stories.  The  lower  contains 
the  plates  and  dishes,  the  second  the  wood  and 
matches,  and  the  rez-dc-chaiissee  the  hatterie  (Id 
aiisiiie,  ovens,  &c.;thelarder,stockedwith  meat,  fish, 
and  vegetables,  is  at  the  back  of  the  structure.  It 
appears  that  these  ambulatory  cooks  and  their 
kitchens  are  to  be  seen  wherever  Chinese  workmen 
are  congregated,  and  serve  a  hot  cutlet  or  >  fried 
fish  for  a  few  farthings. 


PERSONAL. 

THE  following  gentlemen  have  )een  elected 
members  of  the  Architectural  >.83ociation : — 
Mr.  Charles  Moxon,  Mr.  Waiiams,  ilr.  H.  Jeckell, 
Mr.  Turner,  Mr.  Bainbridge,  M'-  H.  Jackiers 
Mr.  Scare,  and  Mr.  Parkon. 

Mr.  Ellis,  of  AuBtmfriars,  is  tb  architect  of  the 
new  works  for  the  Great  NortheO  Brick  Company 
near  Hitchin. 


74 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


January  25,  1867. 


At  a  meeting  of  the  Society  of  Eugineers  held  on 
Monday,  premiums  were  presented  to  Mr.  Cecil 
Wessely,  for  his  paper  on  arched  roofs;  to  Mr. 
Thomas  Cargill,  for  his  drawing  of  the  bridge  Place 
de  I'Europe,  Paris;  and  to  Mr.  Arthm*  Jacob  for  his 
"  Reservoirs  and  Embankments^." 

Tbe  Duchess  nf  Leeds  and  Lady  Herbert  of  Lea 
have  each  contributed  £10,000  towards  the  pur 
chase,  for  Roman  Catholic  purposes,  of  Prior  Park; 
and  a  Yorkshire  gentleman  has  given  £5,000  for 
the  completion  of  the  xiutinished  chapel. 

Mr.  J.  R.  Herbert  has  undertaken  to  paint  a  pic- 
ture or  a  series  of  pictures,  for  the  new  Roman 
Catholic  church  at  Kilburn,  the  work  of  Mr.  W. 
Pugin. 

Captain  Mark  Huish,  for  many  years  general 
manager  for  the  London  and  North- Western  Rail- 
way, died  on  Friday. 

E.  J.  Reed,  Esq.,  Chief  Constructor  of  the  Navy, 
will  occupy  the  chair,  and  S.  W.  Wors^am,  Esq., 
the  vice-chair,  at  the  fourteenth  anniversary  festival 
of  the  London  Association  jf  Foremen  Engineers, 
to  take  place  at  the  Freemasons'  Tavern  on  Feb- 
ruary 16  nest. 

It  13  understood  that  Sir  R.  A.  Glass  will  shortly 
retire  from  ^e  chairmanship  or  the  Atlantic  Tele- 
graph Company.  Sir  Charles  Bright,  M.P.,  is 
spoken  of  as  his  successor. 

The  following  gentlemen  were  elected  members 
of  the  Society  of  Arts  at  its  last;  meeting: — S.  J. 
Addis,  49  and  50,  AVorship-street,  E.C.  ;  John 
Becke,  Northampton  ;  Samuel  Richard  Bosanquet, 
Dinastow  court,  near  Monmouth  ;  Alexander  Glen- 
dining,  jun.,  Redleaf;  Robert  Jobson,  32,  Great 
St.  Helens,  E.C.  ;T.  W,  M'Crirrick,  Bitterly- court, 
Ludlow,  Salop. 

The  first  meeting  of  the  year  of  the  Society  of 
Engineers  was  held  on  Monday  evening.  At 
the  termination  of  Mr.  Le  Feuvre'g  address  the 
following  gentlemen  were  balloted  for  and  elected 
members  of  the  society: — Harry  MauU  Finch,  Co- 
lombo, Ceylon  ;  John  Jasper  Homer,  30,  Avenue- 
road,  Hammersmith ;  Ewing  Matheson,  32,  Wal- 
brouk,  E.C. ;  Jabe;;  Church,  Hamlet  House,  Chelms- 
ford ;  Joseph  Bennett  Howell,  Sheffield  ;  Thomas 
Jourdain  Hay,  19,  Great  College-street ;  Arthur 
Jacnb,  B.A.,  Croydon  ;  Henry  Gieigud,  3,  George- 
yard,- Lombard  street ;  John  Wood,  Church-street, 
Nuneaton;  Cbarles  Sexten  Baylee,  11,  Oakley- 
crescent,  Chelsea.  Associates:  Joseph  Cash,  Hove, 
near  Brighton ;  Johannes  D.  F.  Hald,  9b,  New 
Broad-street;Jame5Young,  Davidson,  5,  Brunswick- 
place,  Lewisham  ;  William  Oxford,  Grosvenor-road, 
Pimlico. 


SCHOOLS  OF  ART. 

It  has  been  proposed  to  establish  Govern- 
ment Schools  of  Art  at  Banbury  and  Maidstone. 

KjDDERMrNSTEU. — The  annual  meeting  of  the 
Schoul  of  Art  here  took  place  last  week,  Lord 
Lyttelton  in  the  chair.  Mr.  Briuton  read  the  re- 
port, which  stated  that  aa  regarded  the  attendance 
of  students  at  the  Artisan  Class,  the  committee 
were  unable  to  speak  favourably;  whilst  the  pro- 
gress of  the  older  and  more  advanced  students 
was  satisfactory,  there  was  au  extremely  scanty 
supply  of  that  succession. uf  junior  students  upon 
which  the  progress,  and,  indeed,  ultimately,  the 
existence  of  the  school,  depended.  The  decrease 
iu  the  number  of  junior  and  artisan  students  had, 
under  the  new  regulations,  seriously  aflected  tlie 
amount  of  aid  recei'sed  from  the  Government. 


WAGES  MOVEMENT. 

A  Correspondent  writes  : — "'Wliat  will  the  men  want 
next?  The  masous  employed  upoQ  tbe  new  Post  Ortice, 
Darlingtou,  struck  on  Saturday,  December  29  1S6G,  because 
the  contractors  bronglit  some  worked  stone  into  the  town, 
consisting  of  some  balustera,  13iu.  high  by  4jin  square. 
They  were  turned  at  York  by  Union  men.  The  Darling- 
toa  men  own  that  they  could  not  work  them,  but  they  say 
tha';  if  they  had  been  allowed  to  work  the  top  and  bottom 
beds  they  couid  have  been  sent  anywhere  to  be  turned,  and 
then  \hey  mi^ht  have  been  set.  The  clerk  of  works  pro- 
posed to  them,  at  a  meeting,  to  take  l-16th  oft"  the  top  and 
bottom  \>etl.s,  but  they  would  not  hear  of  it.  Fresh  balus- 
ters musx  be  worked  before  they  will  i-esume  work.  It  is 
rather  foi'.unate  for  them  that  thoy  are  on  strike  during 
the  frost,  \s  If  they  were  not  they  would  be  recei\'iug 
nothing.     A^  it  is  they  are  receiving  the  lodge  pay." 

A  letter  ii  the  T'me'!,  from  a  Clyde  shipbuilder,  says 
that  the  Londt^i  shipwrights  are  puid"  40  per  cent,  higher 
than  the  Clydtghipwrights,  or  ^.'  per  day  against  5s.,  and 
he  anticipates  tl»t  shipbuilding  must  soon  cease  ou  the 
Thames.  \ 

The  Printino^and  Biokbinding  Trades  and  the 
Factory  Act. — Tfe  Commissioners  appniuted  to  inquire 
into  the  employmW  of  women  and  cliildren  having,  in 
their  fifth  report.  Vcommended  the  application  of  the 
Factory  Act  to  theVrintiog  and  bookbinding  trades,  a 
movement  to  get  theVecommendation  carried  into  effect 

as  been  set  on  foot;  \ci  ou  Monday  a  deputation  from 


ihe  lettei-press  printers  of  Edinburgh  waited  upon  the 
Lord  Advocate,  in  his  chambers,  upon  the  subject.  Tlie 
deputation  submitted  some  statistics  to  his  lordship,  with 
the  view  of  8ho\ving  the  necessity  for  the  application  of  the 
Factory  Act  to  the  pilnting  trade.  The  Lord  Advocate 
expressed  his  heaixy  sympathy  with  the  object  of  the  de 
pntation,  and  assured  them  that  he  would  bring  the 
subject  under  the  notice  of  the  Home  Secretaiy.  The 
deputation  took  the  opportunity  of  directing  the  attention 
of  the  Lord  Advocate  to  the  present  law  of  master  and 
servant,  and  expressed  a  hope  tliat  a  hiU  would  be  brought 
in  during  the  next  session  of  Parliament  to  abolish  im- 
prisonment for  breach  of  contract ;  and  they  were  in- 
fonned  that  their  views  on  the  subject  would  be  lepre- 
seiited  to  the  Government. 

The  Building  Trade.— On  Friday  last  a  large  and  in- 
flueutial  meeting  of  the  master  builders  of  England  and 
Scotland  was  held  at  the  Victoria  Hotel,  Leeds,  the  Mayor 
of  Manchester  (Mr.  R.  Neill)  in  the  chair.  The  greatest 
unanimity  and  good  fteliug  was  shown,  and  a  resolution 
was  imanimonsly  passed  to  amalgamate  the  Yorkshire 
Asaociatiou  of  Master  Biiilders  with  the  General  Associa- 
tion of  Buildei-s.  When  the  business  of  the  meeting  con- 
cluded, the  General  Builders'  Association  wei-e  entertained 
at  the  Victori.i  on  the  invitation  of  the  Yorkshire  Associa- 
tion of  Master  Builders,  Mr.  A.  N^ill,  of  Bradford,  in  the 
chair. 

The  Potteries. — The  carpenters  and  joiners  of  the 
Staffordshire  Potteries  have  given  notice  to  their  employers 
of  a  demand  for  an  advance  of  6d.  a  day  in  their  wages, 
raising  them  to  30s.  a  week,  and  a  reduction  of  the  hours 
of  labour  to  the  extent  of  two  and  a  half  hours  a  week,  the 
cbani^e  to  come  into  operation  on  May  1.  The  builde  s  in 
reply  have  offered  the  men  tid.  an  hour,  making  the  wages 
29s.  a  week,  but  they  decline  to  reduce  the  hours  of  labour 
below  5S  hours  a  week.  The  operatives  liave  not  had  time 
to  decide  upon  the  offer  of  the  mastere,  but.  as  it  will,  if 
adopted,  introduce  the  system  of  woiking  and  paying  by  tlie 
hour,  it  is  not  unlikely  to  be  refused  by  them,  'ihe  difli- 
culty  with  the  bricklayers,  which  h;X3  been  pending  since 
May  last,  and  lias  ever  since  prostrated  the  building  trade 
of  the  district,  has  only  just  been  removed  by  a  reference  of 
the  dispute  to  arbitration. 

Inverness. — A  meeting  of  employers  was  held  here  on 
the  iGthinat..  when  it  was  resolved  to  establish  a  local 
association  in  connection  with  the  General  Builders  'Asso- 
ciation. A  committee  was  appointed  to  draw  up  rules  and 
regiUations,  and  report  to  a  general  meeting  to  be  called  as 
early  an 


WATER  SUPPLY. 

Leeds. — At  a  meeting  of  the  Leeds  Town  Council  on 
Monday,  the  Waterworks  Committee  reported  that  the 
original  estimate  for  providing  a  further  supply  of  water 
for  the  borough  had  been  increased  from  £150,000  to 
£300,000,  the  chief  reason  for  the  additional  cost  being 
that,  under  the  advice  of  Mr.  Hawksley.,  C.E.,  provision 
had  been  made  for  more  than  d  >uble  the  amount  of 
storage  of  water  originally  determined  upon.  This  largely 
increased  estimate,  however,  does  not  include  a  sum  of 
£110,000,  which  would  have  to  be  expended  upon  the 
pipes  necessary  to  convey  the  water  to  consumers.  A  long 
discussion  took  place  on  an  amendment  proposed  by  Mr. 
Addyman,  recommending,  on  ac<;ount  of  the  immaturity 
of  the  scheme,  that  the  bill  should  not  be  proceeded  with 
next  session  ;  but  the  recommendation  of  the  committee 
watt  confii'med  by  a  lai'ge  majority. 


LEGAL  INTELLIGENCE. 

At  the  Newcastle  Police-court,  at  the  instance 
of  the  Corporation,  the  Newcastle  and  General 
Gas  Company,  were  summoned  for  supplying  an 
inferior  quaUty  of  gas  to  that  specified  in  their 
Act  of  1864.     A  fine  of  £5  was  infficted. 

Master  and  Servant. — A  master  must  provide 
for  his  servants  decent  and  reasonably-comfortable 
accommodation,  and  not  endanger  their  health. 
This  rule  was  laid  down  in  the  Liverpool  County- 
ciurt  on  Tuesday  by  Mr.  Blair,  the  judge,  in 
a  case  in  which  Mr.  Palmer,  pianoforte  manufac- 
turer, was  sued  for  balance  of  wages  by  two  ser- 
vants, cook  and  housemaid.  The  defence  was  that 
the  girls  left  without  notice,  and  so  forfeited  their 
wages.  It  was  proved  for  the  plaintiffs,  however, 
that  the  room  in  which  they  slept  was  in  such 
a  bad  state  that  the  rain  came  in  and  wetted  the 
bed  iu  which  they  slept,  and  that  they  had  both 
sufi'ered  in  health  as  a  result.  They  had  then  felt 
compelled  to  leave  the  place.  The  judge  decided 
in  favour  of  the  girls,  ordering  payment  of  the 
amount  claimed,  and  2s.  6d.  each  for  attendance. 

A  Question  of  Chimneys  vcrsits  Roofs. — At  the 
Bail  Court  last  week,  Mr.  Kingsford,  a  dentist  in 
Piccadilly,  sued  Mr.  'Wells,  a  jeweller,  his  ne-xt 
door  neighbour,  for  damages  for  the  fall  of  a  stack 
of  chimneys.  The  defendant  pleaded  a  number 
of  pleas,  the  principal  one  being  that  the  chimneys 
fell  by  the  act  of  God,  there  being  a  hurricane  at 
the  time.  Moreover,  on  the  part  of  the  defendant 
it  was  urged  that  the  plaintiffs  roof  was  in  a  dila- 
pidated state.  In  1859  the  defendant  had  the 
premises  examined  and  repaired.  In  October  and 
November,  1865,  the  weather  was  exceedingly 
boisterous.  Other  chimneys  in  the  neighbour- 
hood were  blown  down,  and  bricks  came  down  de- 
fendant's chimneys.  Trees  were  at  that  time 
blown  down  in  the  parks,  and  the  hurricane  was 
so  great  that  it  blew  off  the  roof  of  the  London, 
Chatham,  and  Dover  Railway  Station.  Defendant 
found  the  rafters  of  the  plaintiff's  house  to  be 


f 


very  slight  and  much  decayed ;  the  stack  of  chim- 
neys in  question  was  not  more  than  fifteen  years 
old.  A  gentleman  from  the  Meteorological  De- 
partment of  the  Board  of  Trade  was  called,  and  he 
stated  that  on  the  22ud  November,  1865,  at  eight 
o'clock  in  the  morning,  it  was  blowing  a  strong 
^ale,  which  had  greatly  increased  at  half-past  nine 
o'clock ;  the  force  of  the  wind  on  that  day  was  11. 
With  a  force  of  12  no  ship  could  carry  a  sail. 
A  greater  force  of  wind  had  not  been  registered 
for  a  number  of  years.  The  jury  returned  a  ver- 
dict for  the  plaintiff,  adding  that  they  were  of 
opinion  that  the  defendant  was  not  aware  of  the 
dilapidated  state  of  the  chimneys. 

Important  Qoestion  as  to  Trades'  Unions. — 
The  case  of  Hornby  (appellant)  u  Close  (respond- 
ent), in  the  Court  of  Queen's  Bench  last  week, 
raised  a  very  '  important  question  withj  re- 
ference to  trades'  unions  and  benevolent  ' 
institutions.  The  appellant  and  respond- 
ent are  members  of  the  United  Order  of 
Boilermakers  and  Iron  Shipbuilders,  and  the 
respondent  was  summoned  before  the  justices  of 
Bradford  for  having,  as  an  officer  of  the  society, 
unlawfully  withheld  the  sum  of  £21  8s.  S^d.,  be- 
longing to  the  society.  By  the  Friendly  Societies' 
Act  justices  have  power  to  deal  with  m.atters  of 
this  kind,  though  the  society  be  not  enrolled,  pro-  ■ji  ^ 
vided  the  purposes  of  the  society  are  the  same  aa  SI 
or  analogous  to  the  objects  enumerated  in  that  ^il  ■ 
Act  for  other  purposes  which  are  not  illegal.  At 
the  hearing  of  the  case  it  was  shown  by  the  rules 
that  this  society  had  two  objects,  one  in  the  cha- 
racter of  a  trades'  union,  and  the  other  benevo- 
lence, and  the  justices  declined  to  entertain  the 
summons,  and  dismissed  it.  Mr.  Mellish  and  Mr. 
Macnamara  contended  th.at  the  decision  of  the 
justices  could  not  be  supported.  The  Court,  how- 
ever, confirmed  their  decision. 

Disputed  Contract. — Harvey  v.  Lawrenci:. — 
This  was  an  action  tried  on  the  Western  Circuit 
before  Mr.  Justice  Byles.  A  rule  nisi  for  a  new 
trial,  and  to  set  aside  the  verdict  for  the  plaintiff 
having  been  obtained  on  the  ground  of  the  refusal 
to  receive  certain  evidence  as  to  £38  worth  of 
lead,  last  week  the  Solicitor-General  showed  cause 
against  the  rule,  and  Mr:  Coleridge,  Q.C  ,  appeared 
in  support  of  it.  The  plaintiff',  it  appeared,  is 
a  builder  at  Torquay,  and  the  defendant  is  a  mer- 
chant at  Liverpool.  The  plaintiff  contracted  to 
alter,  budd,  and  enlarge  a  house  called  Cadwell 
House,  about  two  miles  out  of  Torquay,  for  the 
defendant,  for  £930,  according  to  certain  specifi. 
cations,  subject  to  the  power  of  the  architect,'! 
who  lived  at  Torquay,  to  make  alterations.  The  ' 
house  was  finished,  and  the  lodge  and  gates,  and 
the  architect  gave  his  certificate.  It  was  then 
found  that  the  width  of  the  g.ate  entrance  had 
been  narrowed,  and  that  Mr.  Lawrence  could  not  • 
drive  his  carriage  through  the  gates.  This  had  to 
be  altered,  and  a  dispute  arose  as  to  the  cost,  and 
as  to  a  set-off  of  £38  for  old  lead,  which  the 
plaintiff  contended  had  been  taken  into  account  - 
under  the  contract  which  he  had  entered  into. 
The  Court  were  of  opinion  that  the  rule  must  be  | 
discharged.  If  the  contract  had  been  to  execute 
the  work  according  to  the  drawings,  there  might 
have  been  something  iu  the  objection  ;  but  the 
contract  was  to  execute  the  works  according  to 
the  drawing.^,  specification,  and  directions  of  the 
architect ;  and  it  must  be  taken  as  a  fact  that  the 
architect  did  give  directions.  The  objection, 
therefore,  failed.  -As  to  whether  or  not  tbe 
builder  was  entitled  to  the  £38,  the  evidence  was 
not  satisfactory,  and  the  Court  would  speak  to 
Mr.  Justice  Byles.     Rule  discharged  accordingly. 

Important  Decision Underthe  Ejectment  .\ct. 
— At  the  Clerkenwell    Pohce  court,   on   Monday, 
Mr.  Cooke  delivered  judgment  in  a   cose   which 
was  brought  before  him  by  Mr.  Treherne,  solicitor, 
under    the    following   circumstances : — Mr.   Tre- 
h  ern  applied  on  behalf  of  Mr.  Richard  Brown,  the 
owner  of  the  house   No.  2,  Prebend-street  North. 
Islington,  in  the  occupation  of  Mr.  Thomas  Charles 
Redfern,  under  the  13th   section  of   the   3rd  anc 
4th  Victoria,  cap.  84,  for  an  order  to  afiix  to  th< 
premises,  they  being  deserted,  calling  on  Mr.  Red 
tern  to    show  cause  why  he  should  not  either  paj 
the  back  rent,  or  why  an  order  should  not  be  issuec 
by  the  magistrate  giving  the   landlord   possessioi 
of  the  premises.     An  action  was   brought  by  Mr 
Brown  against  the  occupier  for  arrears  of  rent,  am 
a  judgment   had  been    obtained  for   the   amoun 
of  one  quarter's  rent,  but  that  judgment   had  no 
been  put  in  execution.       Mr.  Treherne  contends 
that  there  was  now  the  whole  of  the  rent  due,  noi 
withstanding  the  judgment  of   the  County-courl 
the  judgment  not   being  put  into   execution,  an 
hence  his  application  for  the  magistrate's  order  t 


Oiar.. 


Jakuary  25,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


l.p  affixed  to  the  deserted  preraise:*.  Jlr.  Cooke, 
lifter  havingreferred  to  several  cases,  said  he 
iimstMecline  making  the  order,  but  tlie  order  misht 
1..-  ^'ranted  wheu  another  three  months  rcut  be- 
K^MiiK-  due. 

Thk  Recent  Snowstoum.— On  Tuesday,  at  the 
weekly  meeting  of  the  City  Commissioners  of 
Sowers  held  at  Guildhall,  the  fo\u-  scavenging 
LLintractors  to  the  Commission  were  fined  in  suras 
amounting  in  all  to  £9S5 — viz.,  Mr.  Reddin, 
£•280  lOs.  ;  Mr.  Kaston,  £313  lOs. ;  Mr.  Stephens, 
£192  10s.;  and  Mr.  Winn,  £200;  the  whole  of 
the  penalties  so  imposed,  with  the  exception  of 
.I'-iD  in  the  case  of  Mr.  Stephens,  being  for  neg- 
lecting to  .perform  conditions  of  their  contracts 
as  to  the  removal  of  snow  during  the  snowstorm, 
which  began  on  .January  2. 

NOTICE. 
*,*  The  BniLDiSQ  News  inserts  advertisements 
for  "  S1TU.VT10NS  Wanted,"  &c.,  at  One  Shilling 
for  the  first  Twenty-four  Words. 


TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 

To  Our  Re.\ders. — We  sliall  feel  obliged  to  any  of  o\ir 
■.'iRlei-s  who  will  favour  113  with  brief  uutes  of  woi'ks  con- 
Miplateil  or  in  progi-es.^  in  the  provinces. 
1  .etters  relating  t»i  advertisements  and  the  ordinary  busi- 
-s  of  the  paper  should  bo  adclressed  to  the  Editor,  lOi!, 
■et-street.  Advei-tisoments  for  the  ciu-i-eut  week  must 
.1  rh  the  office  before  6  o'clock  p.m.  on  Thui-sday. 


Ueceived.— W.  B.  and  Co.— J.  J.— W.  M.— J.  D.— 
II  Vf.  B.— C.  C.-F.  C.  C— J.  C.  J.— J.  H.— A.  R.— 
r  L.  C— J.  L  — F.  P.— R.  F.— T.  B.— C.  F.  H— K.  F.— 
W  G.— R.  audS.— T.  D.— U.  J.,  juii,— J.  N.— B.  andD— 
J.  D.— J.  T.— \V.  H.  L.— J.  C— W.  and  S. 

"  Gothic's  "  opinion  on  the  manBiou    now  erecting   fur 
,      Richard  Hornsby,  at  the   Spittlegate  Ironworks,  may    be 
*|Uit6  correct,  and  if  so,  we  should  be  gl.ad  to  illustrate  it 
I      iu  our  pages.     Can  he  send  ua  a  drawing  ? 
*         T.  Ollis.— We    cannot   undertake    to   answer   general 
questions,  such,  for  instance,  as  tlie  merits  of  printiugma- 
chines.     We  think  it   is  desirable  to  keep  as  close  as  possi- 
ble to  professional  matters. 

The  correspondent  who  signs  liiniself  "A  Bloated 
Aristocrat ''  must  be  a  fool. 

A  CouNTKV  Subscriber — The  Buildin'o  News  %vill  be 
published  at  threepence  permanently.  The  subscribers, 
however,  will  not  be  the  losers,  as  they  will  find  as  we  go 
OH.  We  will  give  our  reasons  for  altering  the  price  in  our 
ueit  number. 


€'Orrtsp0iii)ciice. 


A  NEW  W'AY  TO  UTILISE  SEWAGE. 
To  the  Editor  of  the  Buildi.n'g  News. 

8111, — [  was  ylad  to  find  by  a  letter  of  Mr. 
Boardman's,  which  appeared  in  your  columns 
of  the  lUh  instant,  that  the  question  of  the 
disposal  of  the  excreta  of  our  town  population 
was  opened  for  ventilation.  The  subject  is,  un- 
doubtedly, of  the  utmost  importance,  for  iu  it  are 
iuvolved  considerations  affecting  the  health  and 
lives  of  all  the  inliabitants  of  towns,  as  well  as 
the  means  of  producing  food  for  our  rapidly 
inc-easing  population,  the  figures  coucerning 
which  can  scarcely  be  estimated,  so  vast  are  the 
interests  involved  in  this  great  question.  This 
word  "  question  "  naturally  suggests  the  reflec- 
tion that,  if  we  had  adopted  an  unexceptionable 
method  of  disposing  of  tho  offensive  matters  of 
our  population,  there  would  be  no  doubt  or 
question  for  solution.  Thus  we  have  admitted 
errors  to  cure — the  problem  is  how  best  to  ac- 
complish this. 

The  old  method  of  storing  human  excreta  in 
cesspits,  al'hough,  in  an  ecouoinieal  sens",  pre- 
ferable to  the  hydraulic  system  in  affordiog 
valuable  agricultural  manure,  has  been  found  so 
repulsive  as  to  have  encouraged  the  introduction 
of  the  watercloset  to  a  considerable  extent,  but 
it  is  now  becoming  p.ainfully  evident  that  tho 
modern  is  little  if  at  all  to  be  preferred  to  the 
old  system ;  because,  although  the  former  may 
appear  to  have  obviated  the  more  palpable  evils 
resulting  from  the  latter,  it  lias  been  the  means 
of  introducing  evils  of  other  kinds  of  a  very 
BerioQS  character.  I  allude  particularly  to  the 
polludon  of  dr  nking  water,  the  generation  of 
poisonous  gases  in  our  sewers,  the  production  of 
■iokness  and  death  iu  almost  numberless  cas  s 
and,  as  a  climax  to  all,  tlie  utter  impossibility  of 
eatiifactorily  disposing  of  the  polluted  water 
Oil.ed  "town  sewage,''  even  although  we  may  be 
willing  to  forego  the  advantages  which,  under 
other  circumstances,  we  might  be  able  to  derive 
from  the  polluting  matters  as  manure,  and  are 
thus  driven  to  the  necessity  of  relying  on  foreign 
■nppliea  of  manure,  to  the  value  of  many  mil- 


lions    sterling  annually,    to   compensate    for  our 
waste.     For  wo  shall  not  be  permitted  to  con- 
tinue  tho    practice  of    conveying   town    sewage 
into  running  streams — tho  law  is  against  it ;  nor 
sliall  wo  be  able  to  resort  to  an  exteiisivo  system 
of  "sewage  irrigation,"  because,  notwithstanding 
the  extravagant  pretensions  set  up  in  favour  ot 
it,  anil  the    "  fact "  that  four  or    five    crops    of 
coarse  Italian  ryegrass  may  be  grown  by  sewage 
irrigation  for  two  consecutive  years,  with  the  ne- 
cessity for  breaking  U|)  the  irrigated  parts  every 
third  year   in  consequenoo    of  the  land  having 
become  too  gross  to  allow  grass  to  grow  because 
of  the  surface  being  coated  with  fbesal  matter 
deposited  by  repeated  irrigation;  yet  we  have 
tho   still  more    important  and    satisfactory   fact 
that  in  Lombardy  seven  or  eight  crops  of  more 
wholesome,  because   unpolluted,    gr.iss   are  an- 
nually   grown   by   irrigation    with  pure    water, 
without  tho    necessity  of  breaking  up   tho  land 
every  third  year.     The    truth  is,  grass  is  not  a 
manure  consuming  vegation,  but  it  grows  abun- 
dantly by  the  aid    of  air   and  water  only,  and, 
therefore,  it  is  fallacious  to  suppose  the  manurial 
or   polluting  element    in  sewage    is    to  any  im- 
portant extent  elirniuatod  by  its  u-e   as  an  irri- 
gaut,    because   the    real   polluting    matter  is    in 
solution,  and  cannot  bo'thus  separated,  as  w  s 
shown    many  years  ago  by  a  series  ot  analyses 
of  Edinburgh    sewage,    when  it   appeared  that, 
in  five  successive    applications  of  sewage  to  five 
different    fields,    2'23  grains  out  of  221.  grains  of 
matter  in  suspension    wheu  it   entered    on    the 
first     field   were   found     to     have    been     depo- 
sited on  its  leavinor  the  last  of  the  five  fields  ;  but 
only   15  grains  out  of   87   grains    of    matter  in 
solution  were  found  to  have  been  eliminated  by 
the    five  successive    applications.     Now,  as  the 
urine  constitutes  about  nine-tenths  in  quantity, 
as    well  as    from    four-tifths   to    six-sevenths    of 
manurial  or  polluting  matter,  it  is  evident  sew- 
age irrigation    is  quite    ineflTective  for  divesting 
sewage  of  its  impurity,    even  although  sewage 
may  be  thus  deprived  of  its  repugnant  appear- 
ance, or,    in  fact,  of    its  colouring    matter,   for 
tho  recent  analyses   of    London  well  waters  by 
Dr.    Letheby    show    the  danger    of  relying    on 
such  deceptive  appearances  as  bright  sparkling 
water. 

I  must  not,  however,  trespass  too  much  on 
your  space,  but  I  beg  to  refer  you  to  my 
pamphlet  on  the  "sewage  difficulty,"  iu  which 
I  have  entered  pretty  foully  into  the  various 
phases  of  this  imjiortant  subject.  Although  this 
subject  is  surrounded  with  diffieulti  s,  I  tliiuk 
we  must  be.  careful,  iu  attempting  to  overcome 
them,  to  avoid  committing  ourselves  to  erro- 
neous schemes;  because  in  so  doing  the  remedy 
might  be  worse  than  the  disease.  Of  such  a 
character  do  I  consider  Dr.  Hawksley's  new 
scheme  for  remedying  the  evils  of  the  present 
sewage  arrangements. 

Dr.  Hawksley  occupied  about  two  hours  of 
time  which  might  have  been  more  profitably 
employed  at  the  "Leamington  Congress,"  in 
delivering  a  paper  on  the  earth  closet  system, 
in  which  he  sought  to  show  that  if  the  inhabi- 
tants of  London  would  adopt  the  use  of 
Moule's  earth,  closet,  which  would  only  re- 
quire the  collecting  men  to  call  daily  with  fresh 
supplies  of  dried  earth,  aud  remove  the  pails 
containing  the  earth  charged  with  the  previous 
dav's  product,  then  the  diliijulties  aud  mischief 
produced  by  the  present  arrangements  would  be 
obviated, and  the  ratepayers  might  realise  a  profit 
of,  I  think  he  said, 7s.  perhead  annually.  I  coincide 
in  the  Doctor's  opinion  that  even  the  scheme  he 
proposed  would  be  far  preferable  to  the  hydraulic 
method  of  polluting  an  enormous  quantity  ot 
water,  which  cannot  be  satisfactorily  got  rid  of; 
but  I  deny  the  correctness  of  his  conclusion 
that  any  profit  whatever  could  by  the  utmost 
stretch  of  proDahility  be  derived  fiom  so  cum- 
bersome, and,  with  tho  preposseasiou  of  Lon- 
doners in  favour  of  the  watercloset  system, 
perfectly  hopeless  and  impracticable  a  proposal. 
Londoners  will,  however,  have  to  reform  their 
present  sanitary  arrangements,  bat  they  will 
not  consent  to  do  this  until  they  Ijave  spent 
many  more  millions  in  abortive  attempts  to 
patch  np  the  present  erroneous  system,  or  until 
the  population  has  been  decimated  by  some  fear- 
ful visitation  consequent  on  bad  sanitary  arrange- 
ments. There  is,  however,  ample  fOope  and  ne- 
cessity for  sanitary  reform  in  other  parts  of  the 
kingdom,  and  to  those  localities  should  we  direct 
attention. 

As  I  have  no  right  to  cavil  at  other  persons' 
schemes  without  being  able  to  propound  some- 
thing which  I  believe  to  be  better,  I  will  now 


briefly  propose  my  remedy,  and  in  doing  so  I  feel  I 
am  open  to  have  my  plans  controverted  as  freely 
as  1  have  criticised  those  of  others.     Maiiurialiy 
.and   practically,    tho    polluting  and    mischievous 
elements  in  town  sewage  consist  of  tho  excreta  of 
the  population.     Although  there  aro  other  pollut- 
ing matters,  tlioso  are  so  trifling  and  unimportant 
as  to    be    liardly    worth    notice.     The   excreta  of 
each  adult  amounts  to  about  1  cwt.  of  fo»:!es  and 
about  10  cwt.  of  urine  annually.     Tho  urine  pos- 
sesses, as  proved  by  oft-repeated   analysis,   from 
four-fifths  to  six. sevenths  of  the  manurial  value 
as  well  as  of  nearly  all  the  power  for  mischief  by 
percolation.     Each  ton  of  human  urine,  unini,xed 
and  undiluted,  is  worth   chemically  for  manure 
20s.     I    therefore   propose    to    collect  tho    urine 
passed  during  nondefocation  separately  and  apart 
from  the  fceoes  as  far  as  possible,  by  means  of  my 
fixed    or    portable    saving    urinals,    without  tho 
slightest   oU'enoe  or  aunoyanoo,  and  then  remove 
it    to   tho    suburbs,  where    it  would    have,    as    I 
have    already    said,  an  intrinsic    manurial    value 
of    2O3.     per     ton      for    agriculture.        But     as 
it  would  not  be  suitable  for  market  in  a  liquid 
state  I    treat  it   chemically    by   means   of  very 
inexpeusive   agents',  so  as     to   obtain    tho    full 
manurial  value  known  to  be  inherent  iu  urine, 
after  which    I    evaporate    tho    merely   aqueous 
portion  and  thus  convert  it   into  a  dry  concen- 
trated powder  manure  possessing   all  the  requi- 
sites for  agricultural  purposes.      It  is    obvious 
the  urine  might  be  collected  from  tanks  at  con- 
venient interv.ils,  or  even  by  a  system  of  under- 
ground pipes  such  as  is   adopted    in    localities 
where  it  is  collected  for  use  by  woollen  manufac- 
turers.    By    these  means    I  obtain  a    far    more 
satisfactory  result  than  cuuld  possibly  be  obtained 
by  preparing  and  conveying  into  the  town  two 
or  three    tons  of  dried   earth  to    be    used   as   a 
vehicle  for  taking  back  to  the  country  a    pre- 
paration of   manurial    matter   which,   after   all, 
could  not  possess  more  thauone-hali  or  one-third 
the  value  of  its  cost. 

Having  thus  provided  for  the  collection  ami 
manipulation  of  by  far  tho  larger  as  well  as 
more  valuable  portion  of  the  excreta,  there 
would  not  be  much  difficulty  in  providing  for  the 
disposal  of  the  more  repugnant  although  less 
valuable  portion  of  the  excreta,  the  foaces.  This 
I  would  accomplish  by  the  means  indicated 
in  my  pamphlet;  but,  instead  of  using  dried 
earth,  which,  although  nominally  most  abun- 
dant, is  nevertheless  not  so  easily  obtained 
as  some  other  suitable  matters,  I  rhould 
use,  at  the  rate  of  about  2  cvvt.  yearly  for  each 
per.son,  a  cheap  and  easily  available  carbonaceous 
matter  produced  in  town^,  and  which  would  be 
iu  ,a  more  concentrated  form  than  earth.  Such 
a  system  as  I  have  briefly  alluded  to  would  un- 
doubtedly produce  a  very  large  profit,  without 
creating  the  slightest  annoyance  or  injui-y  to 
health,  and  thus  be  the  means  of  obviating  the 
evils  of  the  present  sanitary  arrangements,  as 
well  as  producing  an  abundance  of  concentrated 
manure  suited  to  all  agi  icultural  purposes.  And 
now  a  few  words  as  to  the  pretensions  set  np  by 
Mr.  Mottle  respecting  the  deodorising  effects  of 
dried  earth.  Such  a  claim  is  evidently  a  mere 
delusion,  because  so  far  back  as  the  year  1SS8 
Mr.  Thomas  Swinburne  patented  a  dry  or  earth 
closet,  and  published  a  prospectus  which  I  re- 
cently re[:)rinted  in  the  Leamington  Courier^  draw- 
ing attention  to  tho  advantages  derivable  from 
its  use  and  the  disadvantages  of  the  hydraulic 
system.  I  was  the  inventor  and  co-patentee  of 
Moule  and  Bannehr's  earth  closet,  which  I  re- 
linquished in  Mr.  Moule's  favour  because  I  placed 
but  small  value  on  it  as  an  agent  for  solving  the 
sewage  difficulty. — I  am,  &G., 

Exeter,  January  23.  J.  BiNNEHB. 


DANGEROUS  WALKING. 
Sir, — At  the  present  season  of  the  year,  one  of 
the  greatest  dangers  to  which  pedestrians  are 
liable  arises  from  the  slippery  state  of  the  coal 
plates  on  the  pavement.  1  refer  iiartieularly  to 
those  that  are  smooth  on  top.  These  covers  may 
be  said  to  be  more  or  less  dangerous  at  all  times, 
but  they  are  especially  dangerous  in  wet  or  dirty 
weather.  The  recent  severe  frost  and  snow  storm 
rendered  them  as  smooth  as  glass,  and  the  conse- 
quence was  that  a  number  of  serious  accidents  oc- 
curred to  old  and  young,  owing  to  the  impossi- 
bility of  always  avoiding  walking  on  these  plates, 
or  knowing  their  position  when  the  pavement  is 
covered  with  snow.  Within  the  last  few  weeks  I 
have  mtuessed  several  mishaps  where  women 
and  old  folks  have  received  severe  injuries  from 
having    slipped    their    foot  on   these   nuisances. 


76 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


January  25,  1867. 


Casualties  of  this  nature  must  be  very  numerous 
in  the  metropolis,  since  there  is  hardly  a  street 
door  without  a  coal  plate  in  front  of  it,  and  it  so 
happens  that  the  plates  commonly  in  use  are  the 
plain  or  smooth  surfaced  ones.  If  they  coald  all 
he  abolished,  and  roughened  plates  substituted  in 
their  stead,  it  would  be  a  blessing,  say  I.  Really 
I  consider  that  this  is  a  matter  of  some  public  im- 
portance, and  deserving  the  attention  of  district 
boards  of  works.  Is  there  any  reason  why  pro- 
prietors and  landlords  should  not  be  instructed  to 
lay  down  roughened  coal  plates,  if  it  can  be  shown 
that  smooth  ones  are  a  public  nuisance  and  a 
danger  ?  The  difference  in  price  between  the  two 
articles  would  be  but  a  few  shillings,  so  that  no 
hardship  would  be  inflicted  on  proprietors  by  being 
obliged  to  conform  to  such  an  order.  On  the 
other  hand,  we  should  thus  get  rid  of  at  least  one 
of  the  dangers  of  the  streets  of  London. — I  am, 
&c.,  Pro  Bono  Publico. 


DURABILITY  OF  ZIXC. 

Sib, — I  feel  obliged  to  point  out  that  the  opin- 
ions expressed  in  the  Boilding  News  of  the  11th 
inst.,  as  to  the  durability  of  zinc,  are  calculated  to 
mislead  those  who  have  no  practical  knowledge  of 
the  subject.  A  great  many  properly  constructed 
roofs  of  good  zinc  have  now  been  erected  all  over 
the  country,  and  in  most  instances,  after  careful 
inquiry.  The  advantages  of  a  zinc  roof  are  well 
understood  by  the  highest  authorities  in  such 
matters.  The  chief  advantage  is,  not  its  light- 
ness, but  its  durability  ;  when  once  properly  laid 
it  wants  no  repairs,  and  when  well  constructed,  if 
a  sheet  becomes  injured  in  any  way  it  is  easily 
taken  out  and  replaced. 

So  called  galvanised  iron  is  not  more  durable — 
in  fact,  is  not  durable  at  all,  for  it  depends  solely 
upon  the  protecting  surface  of  thin  zinc  with 
which  it  is  coated.  Galvanised  iron  is  being  re- 
moved from  various  important  roofs  and  being  re- 
placed by  zinc.  I  shall  be  happy  to  give  your  cor- 
respondents any  information  as  to  the  mode  of 
forming  a  good  and  lasting  roof  of  zinc,  the  three 
main  requisites  being — pure  metal,  a  proper  thick- 
ness, and  right  workmanship.  For  the  evil  results 
which  occur  where  all  or  any  of  these  particulars 
are  neglected,  I  need  only  refer  to  the  experience 
of  your  correspondent,  "  J.  R."  (Intercommuni- 
cation, January  11).  The  effects  of  steam  in  a 
very  large  railway  station,  where  there  was  no 
boarding,  and  where  galvanised  iron  had  perished 
and  zinc  has  been  substituted,  was  anxiously  in- 
quired into  by  myself  and  the  engineer  of  the  rail- 
way company,  but  no  good  reason  appeared  why 
steam  should  do  harm. — I  am,  &c., 

James  Edme  ston,  Architect. 

5,  Croiva  court.     Old  Broad-street,  E.G. 
Janu.T/  21. 


CHESTER  TOWN-HALL. 


Sir,— A  correspondent  in  your  last  number,  who  signs 
himself  "  Deva,"  accuses  my  letter  iu  the  pretious  number 
of  being  "  calculated  to  mislead,"  and,  without  slioniug 
wherein  its  tendency  to  do  so  consists,  he  proceeds  to  give 
liis  version  of  the  strike  and  its  consequences,  and  in  such 
a  manner  as  to  surprise  those  who,  being  citizens,  are 
acquainted  with  the  facts.  From  his  letter  it  might  natu- 
rally be  inferral  that  the  strike  and  transfer  of  the 
contract  were  simultaneous,  and  almost  consequent  on 
each  other,  when  the  fact  is  that  the  strike  had  been 
pending  some  weeks  previous  to  the  transfer.  The  strike 
was  at  that  time  a  local  one,  confined  to  the  Chester 
branch  alone,  and  unsupported  by  the  Masons'  society  .-it 
targe  ;  still  men  from  a  distance  on  learning  that  the  stop- 
page was  the  result  of  a  turn-out,  refused  to  work  on  the 
job.  Finding  this  to  be  the  case  the  executive  of  tlie 
society  were  communicated  with,  and  two  delegates  were 
Bent  to  investigate  the  matter  at  the  beginning  of  last 
month  ;  the  result  being  that  the  strike  is  now  counte- 
nanced by  the  society.  These  are  facts  of  which  '•  Deva  " 
must  be  cognisant,  though  apparently  not  honest  enough 
to  assert  them.  I  omit,  as  1  did  before,  all  allusions  to  the 
cause  of  the  dispute,  as  my  sole  object  is  to  tell  the  truth, 
and  not  to  be  a  party  to  any  deception  if  I  am  aware  of  it. 
— I  am,  &c.,  John  ^RA^■CIS. 

27,  Pitt-atreet,  Chester,  January  22. 


|nlnTomnumic;itioii. 


QUESTIONS, 

CARVING. 
[195.] — You  will  very  much  oblige  me  if  you  can  inform 
me,  in  your  "  Notices  to  CoiTespou dents  "  of  next  week's 
i83ue,  what  is  the  best  authority  for  a  carver  to  obtain  a 
knowledge  of  the  way  in  which  figures  such  as  saiuta, 
gods,  ana  goddesses,  &c.,  should  be  represented. 

A  Working  Man. 


COMPOSITION  FOR  MODELLING. 

[196,] — Would  any  of  your  numerous  readers  inform  me, 

♦hrough  the  medium  of  your  journal,  the  best  composition 


for  a  beginner  to  model  with — one  that  is  easy  to  cut,  for  I 
find  plaster  of  Paris  too  hard  for  me  to  use  at  present?  By 
so  doing  they  will  greatly  oblige  Novice, 


STONE  DAMAGED  BY  FROST. 

[197.] — Will  you  kindly  insert  the  following  in  your 
valuable  ''  Intercommunication  Column,"  in  the  hope  that 
I  may  obtain  a  solution  to  it  from  some  practically  ex- 
perienced man,  to  whom  I  would  be  much  obUged  ?  What 
damage,  if  any,  is  done  to  stone  {placed  on  its  natural  bed 
iu  a  buildingj  that  has  been  riven  asunder  or  lifted  up  by 
tlie  frost?  Size  of  blocks  about  2ft.  3iu.  by  2ft.  by  2ft. 
No  weight  is  placed  upon  the  stoue  at  present.  And  if  tlie 
atones  were  built  in.  and  the  work  was  finished,  whether  it 
would  then  have  been  diimaged  in  a  similar  manner?  To 
be  more  concise,  is  the  stone  so  fractured  as  sound  and 
good  in  a  building  as  it  was  before  the  frost   so   affected  it  ? 

A  SOBSC&IBEB. 


ALTERING  CRANES. 

[198.]— Having  lately  been  obliged  to  raise  the  level  of 
my  wharf  floor  whereon  a  crane  stands  that  I  have  used  for 
some  years,  it  would  be  a  great  convenience  to  me  to  be 
able  Ui  change  the  pitch  of  thejib  so  as  to  geta  higher  lift. 
The  present  length  of  the  arm,  which  consists  of  a  couple 
of  round  iron  bars,  is  10ft.  fiin.,  and  the  height  uf  the  post 
ii  3ft.  Cin.  As  the  old  post  is  worn  out  I  shall  put  up  a 
new  one,  and  I  should  be  greatly  indebted  to  any  of  your 
correspondents  who  would  let  me  know,  when  I  have  made 
it  16ft.  long  instead  of  l3ft.  6in.  (the  length  of  the  old  one), 
what  will  be  the  reduced  length  of  the  arm  or  tie-bars  in 
order  that  I  may  use  the  same  jib,  which  is  an  excellent, 
sound,  and  thoroughly  seasoned  stick,  and  I  should  be  sorry 
to  lose  it.  I  should  also  wish  to  know  whether  the  differ- 
ence in  the  pitch  of  thejib  will  make  any  alteration  in  its 
strength,  and  if  so,  to  what  extent.  The  crane  lifti  up 
to  2i  tons,  and  the  foundation  is  perfect, 

WHAErHOLDER. 


METALLING. 

[199.]— Could  you  inform  me  in  your  next  number  what 
are  the  proper  contents  of  a  heaped  bushel  of  metalling? 
I  have  had  several  measurements  of  mine  lately  questioned 
upon  this  point,  and  I  wish  to  be  certain  that  I  am  doing 
Biy  work  rightly.  Scrvetob's  Assistant. 

IRON'WORK  FOR  FRANCE. 

[200.] — Tn  doing  ironwork  intended  to  be  put  up  in 
France,  do  tlie  regulations  of  the  Board  of  Trade  here  agree 
with  those  of  the  French  authorities?  An  answer  to  this 
question  will  oblige  a  Dratghtsman  in  Ironwork. 

[By  no  means.  If  you  are  engaged  in  getting  out  draw- 
ings for  ironwork  in  France  you  had  better  at  once  commu- 
nicate with  the  officers  of  "  Les  Fonts  et  Chaussees." 
With  respect  to  wrought  iron,  for  instance,  the  rule  of  the 
Board  of  Trade  is  that  no  portion  of  any  structure  of  that 
material  shall  be  subjected  to  a  greater  strain  than  5  tons 
]>er  square  inch  of  nett  area.  The  corresponding  rule  in 
France  fixes  the  maximvim  strain  at  3'82  tons  per  square 
inch  of  gross  area,  and  the  other  regulations  are  similarly 
at  variance  with  ours.] 


CAST-IRON  GIRDERS. 

[201.] — I  require  the  assistance  of  your  reader*  in  the 
following  case-  I  wish  to  know  how  to  obtain  the  breaking 
weight  with  the  load  spread  evenly  over  the  girder,  of  a 
cast-iron  girder  having  the  following  dimensions: — The 
depth  is  1ft.  9in.,  the  span  20fc. ;  the  breatlth  of  the  t<jp 
and  bottom  flanges  is  luin.  and  5in.  respectively,  and  the 
thickness  of  each  1  Jin.  The  middle  part  is  about  iin.  in 
thickness.  I  am  about  to  incre.ise  the  present  load  upon 
it,  and  I  wish  to  ascertain  if  I  may  do  so  safelv. 

'  C.  C. 

CONVERSION  OF  STANDARD  WEIGHTS. 

[203.  ] — Is  there  any  rule  or  formula  for  converting  pounds 
troy  into  pounds  avoirdupois.  Very  recently  the  question 
has  frequently  been  put  to  me,  and  you  would  confer  a  favour 
upon  me  if  you  would  allow  me  to  use  your  valuable  me- 
dium of  intercommunication  for  the  purpose  of  satisfyiug 
myself. 

A  Country  SrHOOLMASTrK. 

[Our  corresx)ondent  may  convert  pounds  avoirdupois  into 
pounds  troy  by  multiplying  by  the  constant  1  ■2152,  and  can 
of  course  reverse  the  operation  by  dividing  by  the  same 
constant  instead  of  multiplying  ] 


WEAR  AND  TEAR  OF  MACHINERY. 
[203.] — Five  years  ago  I  stai-ted  mechanical  works  which 
have  not  paid  as  I  was  led  to  expect,  and  I  am  therefore 
determined  to  sell  ofi"  my  premises  and  stock  and  retire 
trom  the  concern  altogether.  It  would  be  conferring  a 
favour  upon  me  if  you  or  some  of  your  numerous  readers 
would  give  me  some  idea  of  the  percentage  liable  to  be  de- 
ducted from  the  first  cost  for  the  wear  and  tear  of  the 
various  machines  and  implements  since  I  first  started. 
They  were  all  new  at  the  time  I  have  mentioned,  and  have 
been  carefully  handled  and  used  during  the  time  they  have 
been  at  work.  Retireb,' 


PARLOUR  STEAM  ENGINES. 

[204.] — Can  you  give  me  any  information  on  these 
machines  ?  as  Uiave  seen  them  mentioned  in  some  of  the 
public  papers.  People  in  country  towns  are  frequently 
verj' ignorant  of  things  with  which  Londoners  are  quite 
famlUar. 

[The  Parlour  Steam  Engine  is  simply  a  scientific  toy.  It 
goes  very  rapidly.  By  using  scent  instead  uf  water  for 
getting  up  the  steam  a  refreshing  perfume  soon  pervades  the 
room.  J 


WATER  PRESSURE. 

[205.1 — I  take  the  liberty,  through  the  medium  of  your 
intercommunication  column,  of  asking  yourreaders  to  be  so 
good  as  to  inform  me  what  is  tlie  pressure  per  square  yard 
on  a  dam  when  tiie  velocity  of  the  current  acting  upon  it 
is  three  miles  per  hour,  and  also  when  it  is  four  miles. 


HOT  WATER  FOR  CEMENTS. 

[20G.]— I    should  feel   obliged  if    any  of   your  read- 
ers «an  inform  me,  through  the  medium  of  your  Intercom- 


munication columns,  whether  there  is  any  advantage  o 
disadvantage  in  mixing  cuinents.  mortars,  piasters.  4ic.' 
with  hot  instead  of  with  cold  water?  If  any  of  your 
correspondents  have  tried  e.\periments  on  cements,  «Sw:., 
with  hot  water,  and  have  found  any  perceptible  diff^erenco 
in  facility  of  working,  rapidity  of  setting,  durability,  or 
otherwise,  I  should  esteem  it  a  favour  if  they  would  give 
me  particulars  of  the  results,  or  refer  me  to  a.ny  pMbhcst- 
tion  in  which  1  can  find  a  description  of  them. 

Amateur. 


MEASUREMENT  OF  TIMBER. 

[207.] — I  have  received  the  invoice  copied  below  from  a 

timber  dealer,    and    1   don  t  know  aow  it  is  calculated  : — 

40  Spruce  Deals,  Ilift.  3  x  7    i  ,r 

40  do,  12ft.  3x9     }   ^  .    ToAfiift 

40  do.  12ft.   3  X  11  j    ^  ^     -  26  6-18. 

If  you  would  have  the  goodness  to   show  me  the  mode  of 

doing  it  I  can  assure  you  I  should  feel  very  mJfch  obliged. 

MiLO. 


PERSPECTIVE   INSTRUMENTS. 

[SOS.  ] — Many  thanks  for  your  insei-tion  of  my  inquiry  in 
your  columtis.  I  find  from  a  list  of  instruments  that  the 
one  I  want  information  upon  is  called  a  centrolinead,  and 
what  I  now  desire  to  know  is  the  principle  of  its  working, 
itsadju-straent,  and  when  it  would  he  advantageous  to  use 
it  (for  I  know  several  draughtsmen  who  never  use  it).  I 
have  lookedinto  several  books  on  mathematical  instrumeuta, 
but  have  not  been  able  to  find  a  description  of  it. 

CO'LLINOFORD. 

[The  instrument  alluded  to  by  our  correspondent  was 
invented  many  years  ago  by  Sir.  Shnttleworth,  who  was 
rewarded  by  the  Society  of  Arts  for  his  invention.  It  is  of 
great  use  in  perspective  drawing,  but  of  not  the  slightest 
use  in  any  other  kind,  and  scarcely  one  draughtsman  in  ten 
knows  anything  about  it  except  he  be  continually  engaged 
in  making  peRpective  designs.  The  centrolinead  consista 
of  a  blade  about  2ft.  3in.  long,  a  stock  Ift.  4in.  long  and 
2^in.  wide,  and  an  ivory  scale  Sin.  long  and  divided  into 
ten  parts  is  attached  to  it.  One  edge  of  the  stock  has  a 
small  re-entering  angle  about  7^  degrees  at  the  centre,  and 
it  is  along  thi«  edge  that  the  ivory  scale  is  applied.  One  of 
the  uses  of  the  instrument  i3  as  follows  : — If  the  draughts, 
man  desires  to  draw  converging  lines  to  one  or  more  Inac- 
cessible vanishing  points,  let  him  ascertain  from  the  plan 
how  far  the  vanishing  point  is  from  any  point  in  the  hori- 
zontal line.  Place  the  angle  of  the  centrolinead  stock  oa 
that  point ;  lay  the  edge  of  the  blade  along  the  horizontal 
line,  and  refer  to  the  scale  for  the  figures  coiTesponding  to 
the  number  of  feet  and  inches  in  the  required  distance,  and 
at  those  poiatd  fix  pins  in  the  drawing  board.  The  vanish- 
ing point  will  be  as  many  feet  and  inches  distance  from  the 
angle  of  the  instrument  as  the  pins  are  distant  in  di#isiona 
and  subdivisions  from  the  same  angle.  The  value  and  full 
use  of  the  instrument  can,  of  coui-ae,  only  be  learned  by 
actual  practice  and  study.  ] 


REPLIES, 
IRON  IN  CESSPOOLS. 

(IS3.] — To  be  explicit,  for  "M.  M."  and  others' sake, 
allow  me,  Mr.  Editor,  to  state  that  I  have  to  fill  up  a 
cesspool  (loft,  deep  by  Oft.  in  diameter)  one-fifth  (3ft.)  in 
height  from  the  bottom,  i\'ith  small  pieLies  of  iron,  to 
utilise  the  contents  for  garden  manure.  In  doing  this  [ 
only  carry  out  instructions  from  my  employer,  who  had 
been  advised  to  adopt  it  by  a  friend,  and  I  honestly  confesa 
that  in  my  practice  of  upwards  of  thirty  years,  1  have 
never  known  such  a  thing  used  or  advocated  ;  and  ' ,  with 
"  M.  M.,"  doubt  its  utility  ;  yet  in  these  days  of  advance- 
ment there  may  be  some  that  can  throw  some  light  upon  it. 
If  so,  I  should  feel  much  obliged  for  any  infonuation  they 
can  give.  Constant  Keader. 


GAS  PIPES. 

[194.]— lam  inclined  to  think  that  the  Gin.  protecting 
pipe  might  with  safety  be  carried  up  through  the  floor  aa 
"  Old  Subscriber"  mentions,  but  all  such  experiments  are 
extremely  hazardous.  In  new  buildings  the  authorities 
never  permit  any  naked  pipe  serving  as  a  flue  to  be  brought 
into  contact  with  the  woodwork,  and  when  we  consider 
the  f  .tal  and  innumerable  accidents  that  have  been  caused 
by  the  overheating  of  pipes  and  the  consequent  ignition  of 
the  wood  in  contact  with  them,  we  cannot  but  feel 
they  are  right.  No  one  would  probably  maintain 
that  the  plan  proposed  by  ''Old  Subscriber"  is  not 
to  all  appearance  a  perfectly  safe  one,  but  at  the  same 
time  I  thiuk  no  one  would  like  to  maintain  that  in  the 
event  of  the  outside  pipe  becoming  overheated  an  accident 
might  not  ensue.  L.  P.  D. 


CEMENT  FLOORS. 

[1S9.1— In  answer  to  yours  of  the  llth  inst.  (So.  189.). 
respecting  cement  iloors.  By  using  the  washed  road  grit  in 
three  substances — coarse  at  base,  second  centre,  fine  at 
surface  ;  3iu.  for  public  foot  trattic,  2in.  for  yards.  1  ,in.  for 
kitchens,  acuilerj-,  and  cellars,  one  in  three  of  the  best 
Portland  cement.  This  surpasses  all  round  beach  or  York 
stone,  as  it  has  no  flaking  properties,  but  angle  and  bind- 
ing. Having  done  some  in  Ramsgate,  at  several  instances, 
one  for  public  traffic,  in  King-street,  adjacent  the  market, 
in  ISGO,  there  being  no  appearance  of  wear  on  the  surface 
of  that  yet,  nor  do  I  think  there  will  be.  Should  advance  of 
thickness  be  required  for  sewers,  horses,  carts,  or  waggons, 
use  well-burnt  hard  batts,  bedded,  in  blue  mortar,  not 
tlnshed,  will  give  akey  forthe  concrete,iandJfonnasolid,6in. 
thick.  To  prevent  slipping  in  frosty  weather,  cro^sit  with 
a  sharp  tooth  rake  into  lines  ;  reverse  to  form  squares, 
that  must  act  with  just  as  the  concrete  is  setting;  also 
for  stables,  coachhouses,  meat,  and  fruit  markets.  A 
ditferent  groove  would  be  for  fish  and  cattle  markets  or 
roads  Hin.  wide.  Iin.  deep,  would  form  a  level  that  would 
stand  traffic,  and  uot  crush  when  thoroughly  set  to  form 
by  using  weU-seasoued  oak  laths  IJin.  wide,  liu  deep, 
across  roads,  &c.  The  surface  to  be  executed  rough,  with 
a  ditto  floating  rule,  the  laths  to  be  removed  after  con- 
crete being  set.  Such  could  be  thoroughly  cleansed  in 
any  department,  there  being  no  joints  for  corrosion,  as  in 
other  pa\ings,  for  filth. — I  am,  &c.,  James  Saxby,  Guil- 
ford Lawn,  Ramsgate,  January  16. 


I 


January  25,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


77 


^S^utidcstious. 


UNDER  this  head  we  hope  to  give  from  time 
to  time  some  useful  hints  on  matters  apper- 
taining to  materials,  construction,  public  con- 
venience, domestic  economy,  and  a  score  of  other 
matters  which  will  be  found  both  valuable  and 
interesting  to  our  readers.  As  we  shall  to  some 
extent  be  depending  on  correspondents  to  give 
variety,  scope,  and  utility  to  this  column  we  most 
respectfully  beg  to  snHcit  practical  suggestions 
from  all  for  the  good  of  all. 

COAL  FIRES. 
In  order  to  keep  coal  fires  in  stoves  over  night  G.  S.  IJ. 
siiggestA  that  the  firo  bo  i»vered  with  firebricks  fitt-jd  to  the 
eize  of  thu  stove.  On  rfinoviug  the  bricks  iu  the  moniinii 
a  clear  fire  will  be  fountl,  much  easier  revived  thau  when 
aahes  are  u-sed  as  covering. 


SOFTENING  LE.\THER. 
Permit  me  to  sir.^esi  tiie  use  of  ca'*t<.ir-oil  for  softening 
leather  which  h;is  Woiuo  lianleneJ  either  by  time  or  expo- 
sure to  weather.  Hardened  boots  rubbed  with  this  oil  and 
let  stand  for  forty-eight  hours  twcome  soft  and  pliable  :  so 
al-'wdo  driving  bands,  harness,  fee.  P.  F.  N. 


ACCIDENTS  ON  ICE. 
After  the  catastrophe  in  Regent's  park,  which  sent  a 
thrill  of  horror  thn>ugh  the  Britisli  he;xrt.  many  suggestions 
wew  made  to  prevent  accideuts  in  future,  or  if  they  occur 
to  mitigate  them.  The  iu"j^t  practical  hint  thn>wn  out,  we 
think,  was  that  of  suspending  rupes  across  the  waters  in  the 
parks,  as  if  fium  clothes  poles,  so  that  when  an  (infortxuiate 
alips  through  the  Ice  the  rope  may  be  lowered  imme<liately 
fox  Ills  assistance. 


DOMESTIC  FIRES. 
The  suggestion  maile  by  Mr.  Samuel  Warren  in  refer- 
ence to  economising  fuel,  and  which  appeared  in  the  last 
number,  has  called  foith  many  responses.  One  correspond- 
ent says,  '■  1  have  tried  the  plan  and  found  it  to  answer 
capitally."  Another  says,  "How  extraordinai-y  that  so 
simple  a  thing  was  never  suggested  before."  Our  corre- 
spondent  is  wrong  hero ;  it  has  been  acted  on,  we  hear,  fur 
Bome  y*arB  past.  Mr.  Warren,  in  another  letter  to  a  con- 
i-eraporarj".  says,  "  I  beg  to  inform  your  readers,  first,  th.t 
the  plates  are  equally  applicable  to  large  and  small  .grates. 
Secondly,  that  the  plates  last  a  long  time,  mine  having 
been  in  use  seven  yeai-s.  and  I  see  nn  reason  why  they 
should  not  last  seven  years  longer.  Thirdly,  the  cinders 
falling  on  the  hearth  after  poking  the  fire  should  from  time 
to  time  be  placed  on  the  fire,  a^  they  contribute  greatly 
towards  keeping  it  at  a  uniform  red  heat.  Fourthly,  the 
plate  is  specially  useful  in  a  kitchen  grate,  securing  an 
excellent  ruddy  and  uniform  frontage  for  roasting,  and  here 
also,  the  cinders  on  the  h&irth  are  a  ver>-  valuable  addition 
to  the  fire.  Lastly,  after  the  fire  has  been  once  made  up 
by  and  bye  will  be  seen  (say  in  about  two  houi-s' time)  a 
hollow  in  the  fire  causetl  by  the  combustion  underneath. 
Then  press  down  the  top  of  the  fi^re.  and  jou  have  a  second 
in  excellent  onler  ;  and  so  you  go  on,  as  may  be  neceasar>', 
adding  as  much  fresh  coal  as  may  be  deemed  requisite. 
With  myself  a  fire  of  average  size,  made  up  about  ten  or 
eleven  a.m.  lasts,  with  a  few  occasional  fillips  by  way  of 
pressing  down  and  poking  up,  till  half-past  four  or  five 
p.m.  without  fresi)  co.»l.  1  find  that  these  plates  are 
rapidly  getting  into  use  everywhere  :  and  in  a  Hull  paper 
just  sent  Ut  me  it  is  said  "the  uniform  testimony  ia  that  it 
answers  admirably." 


fniKbing  IntcKigrnfc. 


CHURCHES  AND  CHAPELS, 
A  new  Primitive  Methodist   chapel  at   Rawden 
Wiu  opened   last   week,  ^and  the   cost,   including 
school-rooms,  will  be  about  £2,000.     Sir.  Dre^-ing 
is  the  architect. 

The  Countess  of  Huntingdon's  chapel,  on  Mount 
Ephraim,  Tunbridge  Wells,  is  about  to  be  rebuilt 
from  the  designs  of  Messrs.  Wimble  and  Taylor,  of 
Walbrook. 

Croydon  Church  is  to  be  restored  by  voluntary 
subscriptions.  Upwards  of  £6,000  was  raised  at 
a  public  meeting  held  the  other  day,  and  the  church- 
wardens have  received  £9,200  from  the  insurance 
offices. 

The  Rev.  Prebendary  Charles  Mackenzie  has  just 
taken  possession  of  the  Uving  of  All  Hallows,  Lorn, 
bard  street,  which  has  been  united  by  Act  of  Par- 
liament with  the  Parish  of  St.  Benet,  Gracechurch. 
The  spacious  church  of  the  last-named  parish, 
situate  at  the  corner  of  Gracechurch-street  and 
Feuchurch-street,  will  consequently  be  removed 
in  the  course  of  a  few  weeks,  the  materials  sold, 
and  the  site  devoted  to  secular  purposes.  With 
a  portion  of  the  purchase  money  a  new  church 
will  be  erected  in  the  parish  of  Stepney,  with 
an  endowment  of  £300  a  year  for  the  incumbent. 
HuDDERSFiELD. — The  New  Connexion  new 
chapel  in  High-street,  though  not  quite  finished, 
was  opened  recently.  It  has  been  designed  in 
the  Decorated  Gothic  style  of  the  fourteenth 
century,  by  William  Hill,  Esq.,  architect,  of  Leeds, 
■whose   design  was  selected  froin  a  limited  com- 


petition of  architectural  designs  publicly  ex- 
hibited previous  to  selection.  The  new  building 
stands  clear  of  others — the  four  elevations  being 
built  of  pitched-faced  wall  stones  in  courses,  this 
stone  being  from  the  Longwood  edge  quarries. 
The  ashlar  and  other  hewing  stuff  are  from  the 
contractor's  quarries  at  Crosl,ind-hi)l.  The  ground 
plan  is  a  parallelogram  96ft.  by  60ft.,  with  tran- 
septs, vestries,  and  staircases  projecting  from  each 
side,  and  at  the  north  end,  making  a  total  width 
of  88ft.,  outside  measurement,  and  tobil  length 
96ft.  The  total  cost  of  the  chapel  will  be  about 
£9,500.  The  contractors  for  the  works  were  Abra- 
ham Graham  aud  Sons,  masons  ;  Robert  Whiteley 
j  oiners',  carpenters',  and  smiths'  work  ;  H.  Garton, 
plumber  ;  John  Brook,  painter  ;  D.  Tunnacliffe, 
plasterer.  Mr.  William  Smith  has  acted  as  clerk 
of  works.  The  stone  carving  has  been  executed 
by  Mr.  S.  Ruddock. 

Poplar. — The  large  and  beautiful  church  of  St. 
Stephen  lately  completed  in  the  E.ast  India  Dock, 
road.  Poplar,  was  to  have  been  consecnated  on  St. 
Stephen's  day  December  26  last,  but  owing  to  the 
illness  of  the  Bishop  of  Londor  and  the  desire 
of  the  principal  subscribers  that  no  other  prelate 
should  officiate  at  the  opening  ceremony,  the  con- 
secration will  not  take  place  until  the  Bishop  of 
London  is  sufficiently  recovered  to  take  part  in  the 
ceremony  and  preach  the  consecration  sermon. 
Mr.  Henry  Green,  the  shipbuilder,  has  given  £6,000 
towards  the  building  and  endowment  fund  of  the 
church.  The  ladies  of  the  new  district  of  St. 
Stephen  have  presented  a  magniticent  stained 
glass  window  for  thechancel,  at  an  expense  of  200 
guineas.  The  seats  in  the  church  are  all  open,  and 
th«re  are  no  pews,  but  in  one  part  of  the  building 
there  are  comfortable  seats  with  backs  to  them  for 
the  accommodation  of  aged  and  infirm  persons  of 
both  sexes.  It  was  intended  to  erect  a  lofty  tower 
and  spire  at  the  south-east  ingle  of  the  church, 
aud  the  height  was  to  be  ISOft.  ;  but  owing  to 
the  want  of  sufficient  funds,  the  plan  cannot  at 
present  be  entirely  carried  out.  The  tower  has 
been  abruptly  terminated  at  a  height  of  50ft.  The 
architect  of  the  church  is  Mr.  Francis,  whose  de- 
signs] have  been  carried  out  by  Mr.  Howard,  the 
builder.  The  total  expenchture  on  the  new  church 
will  not  be  less  than  £20,000.  There  will  be  no 
ritualism  or  histrionic  services  in  the  new  church. 
The  tirst  incumbent  will  be  the  Rev.  Mr.  Little,  of 
Walthamstow. 

ToByUAT. — A  church  is  about  to  be  erected  at 
EUacombe,  Torquay,  for  the  accommodation  of 
this  fast  increasing  neighbourhood,  at  an  outlay 
of  about  £5,000.  Sir  Lawrence  Palk,  M.P.,  has 
already  given  the  ground,  and  competition  designs 
are  to  be  advertised  for.  Babbicombe  Church 
Torquay,  is  still  progressing.  The  nave  is  approach- 
ing completion,  but  this,  is  with  the  exception  of 
the  tower,  the  only  work  yet  commenced. 

BUILDINGS. 
Bbadford. — TheNewE.xchange. — This  building, 
says  a  local  contemporary,  is  fast  approaching  com- 
pletion. The  exterior,  with  the  exception  of  the 
final  touches  from  the  hands  of  the  carvers  in 
stone,  is  now  all  but  finished  ;  and  the  great  hall, 
it  is  hoped,  will  in  a  month  or  two  be  completed. 
The  medallions  which  are  now  being  sculptured 
along  the  front  of  the  exchange  represent  men 
among  statesmen,  navigators,  engineers,  and 
manufacturers  who  have  cleared  the  way  for  trade, 
and  to  whose  lives  and  labours  towns  such  as 
Bradford  owe  their,prosperity.  Next  to  the  tower, 
in  the  place  of  honour  on  the  Market-street  front, 
the  head  of  Cobden  is  appropriately  placed,  and 
next  to  that  is  a  finely  chiselled  head  of  Mr.  Titus 
Salt.  These  are  all  that  are  finished  on  this  front, 
but  heads  of  Stephenson  and  Watt  are  partly  com- 
pleted, aud  there  are  to  follow  in  order  Arkwright, 
Jacquard,  Gladstone,  and  Palmerston.  Along  the 
Bank-street  front  the  heads  already  finished  are 
those  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  Drake,  and  Columbus, 
and  these  are  to  be  supplemented  by  Captain  Cook 
and  Commodore  Anson.  In  front  of  the  tower 
under  the  canopies,  there  will  be  statues — one  of 
Bishop  Blaize,  patron  of  the  woolcombers. 

Gloucestershire. — The  Newnham  National 
Schools. — The  contract  for  these  buildings  has 
be»n  taken  by  Mr.  Coleman,  who  is  proceeding 
with  the  works  under  the  direction  of  Messrs. 
Medland,  Mabely  and  Medland,  the  architects  to 
the  committee. 

Gloucestershire. — Severn  Bank  Hotel,  Newn- 
ha:j. — The  contract  for  this  building  was  taken  by 
Mr.  Coleman,  of  Chaxlull,  at  £3,300,  and  he  is  now 
piogressing  with  the  works.  The  hotel  comprises 
large  coffee  room,  smoking  room,  commercial 
room,  bar,  manager's  rooms,  kitchens,  offices,  and 


conveniences  on  the  ground  floor,  with  some  pri. 
vate  sitting-rooms  and  bed-rooms  on  the  first  and 
second  floor.  The  hotel,  as  its  name  implies, 
stands  on  the  banks  of  the  Severn,  and  commands 
beautiful  views  of  the  river  and  the  neighbour- 
ing hills.  It  will,  no  doubt,  become  a  place  of  re- 
sort during  the  summer  months,  both  from  it« 
proximity  to  the  Forest  of  Dean,  which  abounds  in 
beautiful  scenery,  and  from  the  absence  of  proper 
hotel  accommodation  for  the  district.  The  archi- 
tects are  Messrs.  Medland,  Maberly,  and  Medland  of 
London  aud  Gloucester. 

♦ 

STATITES,  MEMORIALS,  &c. 

A  movement  is  on  foot  to  erect  a  monument 
over  the  grave  of  the  late  Mr.  Robert  Dick,  of 
Thurso,  the  distinguished  botanist  and   geologist. 

Arrangements  are  being  made  for  the  erection 
of  a  monument  to  the  memory  of  the  late  Sir  W. 
Wynn,  Bart,  at  Rhosymedre. 

Mr.  Charles  Bacon,  the  sculptor,  is  at  present 
executing  a  bust  of  hia  Royal  Highness  the  Duke 
of  Edinburgh. 


ieiieral  Htms. 


The  Liverpool  Town  Council  have  agreed  to 
present  a  bill  to  Parliament  for  powers  to  abolish 
the  existing  slaughter-houses  in  the  town,  and  to 
build  pubUc  abattoirs  at  Stanley,  near  Liverpool, 
to  be  subject  to  the  control  of  the  Corporation,  at 
a  cost  not  exceeding  £200,000. 

The  nineteenth  annual  ball  in  aid  of  the  funds 
of  the  Builders'  Benevolent  Institution  will  take 
place  on  Thursday  next,  the  31st  inst. 

The  Liverpool  Town  Council  has  agreed  to  sup- 
port the  Liverpool  Tramways  Bill,  which  is  to 
be  brought  before  Parliament  iu  the  ensuing 
session. 

Tub  New  Cemetert,  Belfast. — The  joint  com- 
mittee  appointed  by  the  Town  Council  to  investi- 
gate the  merits  of  the  v<arious  plans  for  the  new 
cemetery  on  the  Falls-road,  Belfast,  have  selected 
the  design  of  Mr.  Gay,  of  Bradford,  subject,  we 
understand,  to  several  alterations.  The  area  of  the 
cemetery  is  45  acres  within  the  walls,  and  the  lay- 
ing out  of  the  ground,  planting,  draining,  and 
boundary  walls  is  estimated  to  cost  about  £10,000 

Caught. — A  person  living  in  the  Rue  Mont- 
martre,  Paris,  finding  that  his  coals  were  being 
stolen  from  his  cellar,  disposed  amongst  the  heaps 
some  petards  of  his  own  manufacture,  made  to 
resemble  lumps  of  coal.  Ou  Thursday  a  violent 
explosion  was  heard  in  the  porter's  lodge,  where 
the  stove,  pipe,  and  all  had  been  blown  up ;  this 
explosive  detective  had  done  its  work,  and  the 
oncierge  was  arrested. 

Ah  Ancient  Passage. — A  party  of  sappers  and 
miners  are  again  engaged  in  exploring  the  ancient 
pass.age  leading  from  under  York  Tower  of  Windsor 
Castle,  in  order  if  possible  to  trace  its  source.  This 
passage,  it  will  be  remembered,  was  visited  by  some 
members  of  the  Antiquarian  Society,  a  few  months 
since,  and  created  much  speculation  as  to  its  origin 

Paris  and  London  Omnibuses. — The  Paris  Om- 
nibus Company,  having  found  it  necessary,  in 
order  to  increase  their  receipts  per  omnibus  in 
proportion  to  their  increased  expenditure,  recently 
determined  on  constructing  omnibuses  to  carry 
twenty -six  passengers,  i.e.,  two  more  than  hitherto  ; 
but  in  affording  the  necessaiy  accommodation  they 
found  the  weight  of  the  omnibus  so  much  in- 
creased as  to  exceed  the  powers  of  the  horses, 
and  so  create  a  serious  difference  in  the  wear  and 
tear  of  the  stock.  In  this  difficulty  they  applied 
to  the  London  General  Omnibus  Company,  whose 
omnibuses,  constructed  to  carry  twenty-six  pas- 
sengers, besides  the  driver  and  conductor,  weigh 
only  23  cwt.  A  visit  has  accordingly  been  mad  e 
to  the  works  of  the  latter  company  by  one  of  the 
directors  and  the  manager  of  the  coach  factory  of 
the  Paris  company,  which  has  resulted  in  the  pur- 
chase and  shipment  to  Paris  of  a  London  omni- 
bus, constructed,  and  complete  in  every  particu- 
lar, for  the  London  streets,  at  the  coach  factory 
of  the  London  General  Omnibus  Company,  to 
serve  as  a  model. 

Obitcart. — We  regret  to  announce  the  death 
of  another  of  those  eminent  scientific  experimen- 
talists and  discoverers  of  whom  the  present  age 
has  been  so  prolific.  Sir  William  Snow  Harris, 
F.R.S.,  universally  known  as  the  inventor  of  the 
only  safe  method  of  Ughtning  conductors,  died 
this  week.  He  was  born  at  Plymouth  in  1792, 
and  was  of  humble  origin. 


78 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


January  25,  1867. 


An  esteemed  con'espondent,  and  an  authority  in 
such  matters,  in  a  letter  says  ; — "  I  am  dehghted 
with  your  criticisms  on  the  National  Gallery  com- 
petitions :  the  drawings  are  almost  beneath  con- 
tempt. Why  don't  you  have  a  slap  at  Barry's  Can- 
non-street shed  ?  where  the  roof  looks  as  if  it  had 
slipt  through  the  supporting  towers.  This,  I 
believe,  of  all  unshapely  thingsy  is  the  most  un- 
shapely and  unconstructional." 

The  Recorder  of  Hull's  Plax  for  Saving 
Coal. — Mr.  C.  Johnson,  of  Hull,  says  that  he  has 
adopted  the  suggestion  of  the  Kecorder  of  Hull 
for  saving  coal,  by  covering  the  bottom  of  the  grate 
with  a  plate  of  iron,  with  the  following  result : — 
"  The  result  in  my  house,  where  I  have  had 
quarter-inch  iron  plates  fitted  at  the  bottom  of 
two  fire-grates,  at  an  expense  of  2s.  each,  is  a 
saving  in  coal  of  about  one-third,  with  a  consider- 
able increase  in  heat.  A  large  number  of  persons 
here  have  already  satisfactorily  tried  the  experi- 
ment, and  the  use  of  the  plate  is  likely  to  become 
general  in  this  locality." 

QOEENSLAND  Land  REGULATIONS. — To  encou- 
rage the  settlement  of  farm  hands  in  the  colony 
an  act  has  been  passed  by  the  Queensland  Legis- 
lature enabling  persons  to  lease  from  30  acres  to 
2,560  acres  on  the  following  terms  ; — Any  of  the 
country  lands  which  are  frequently  being  put  up 
to  auction  'oeyond  the  distance  of  two  miles  from 
the  boundary  of  any  town  or  village  at  an  upset 
price  of  203.  an  acre,  if  not  sold  at  the  auction 
or  by  selection  within  thirty  days  after  being 
offered  at  auction,  will  be  leased  to  first  applicant 
at  an  annual  rent  of  2s.  6d.  an  acre,  paid  in  cash  or 
emigrants'  land  orders,  the  eighth  payment  to 
secure  the  full  purchase  of  the  land,  after  which  a 
deed  or  grant  in  fee  simple  will  be  issued  by  the 
Government.  This  is  specially  intended,  and 
no  doubt  will  have  the  effect  of  encouraging  the 
settlement  of  sheep  farmers  with  limited  means, 
as  well  as  agriculturists,  on  the  extensive  and  fer- 
tile lands  throughout  the  colony.  The  extent  of 
the  new  colony  of  Queensland  is  nearly  twelve 
times  that  of  England  and  Wales. 

Consecrating  a  Gas  Factory. — The  city  of 
Moscow  was  hghted  with  gas  for  the  first  time  on 
December  27.  At  two  in  the  afternoon  a  large 
number  of  persons  who  had  been  invited  were  pre- 
sent at  the  consecration  of  the  gas  factory,  when  a 
"  Te  Deum"  was  sung.  The  guests,  after  partak- 
ing of  a  breakfast,  proceeded  to  the  Kremlin, 
where  the  lighting  was  to  commence.  The  people 
had  gathered  around  a  gas  lamp  opposite  the  Ca- 
thedral of  St.  Michael,  near  the  Czar's  bell.  A 
platform  covered  with  red  cloth  had  been  erected 
and  was  occupied  by  a  military  band.  At  half- 
past  four  the  mayor  ascended  the  jilatform,  took  a 
taper  intended  to  light  the  lamp,  whilst  one  of  the 
other  gentlemen  turned  on  the  gas,  the  band 
playing  the  national  hymn.  The  music  had 
not  ceased  before  the  whole  Kremlin  was  lighted, 
as  well  as  2,016  lamps  in  the  streets  of  the  city. 

The  New  Docks  at  Suez. — A  recent  letter 
from  Suez  says : — "  The  new  careening  dock  con- 
structed by  the  Viceroy,  Ismail  Pacha,  near  this 
town,  was  inaugurated  yesterday  in  presence  of 
the  Consuls  of  England,  Italy,  and  France,  and 
numerous  Egyptian  dignitaries.  It  is  about  425ft. 
long,  nearly  100ft.  mde,  and  more  than  31ft.  deep. 
It  is  in  advance  of  Suez,  in  face  of  the  mountains 
of  Attaka,  and  has  the  desert  to  the  left.  At  a 
given  signal  water  was  admitted  from  the  sea,  and 
the  dock  was  filled.  Then  the  steamer  "  Taka," 
belonging  to  the  Viceroy,  entered  amidst  shouts 
from  the  people.  The  "Taka"  was  afterwards 
removed,  and  the  dock  was  emptied — an  operation 
which  lasted  six  hours.  Tlie  dock  has  been 
executed  by  French  and  Egyptian  engineers." 

The  Bristol  Assize  Courts. — The  time  for 
holding  the  spring  assize  will  soon  be  here,  says 
the  Western  Vaibj  Press,  and  still  there  is  no  hope 
of  anything  being  done  in  the  matter  of  the  new 
courts.  We  may  expect  a  strong  reprimand  from 
the  judges,  and  another  representation  to  the 
Home  Secretary.  What  is  to  be  done  ?  Is  any- 
thing to  be  done  ?  Do  the  council  intend  to 
adopt  either  of  Messrs.  Godwin  and  Crisp's 
designs,  or  do  they  intend  to  throw  the  subject 
open  for  another  competition  ?  Perhaps  it  is  in 
contemplation  to  memorialise  the  authorities  to 
take  away  the  privilege  of  a  criminal  assize  which 
we  prayed  for  so  earnestly.  Bristol  is  certainly 
placed  in  a  most  ludicrous  position,  and  citizens, 
when  they  hear  of  the  stinging  sarcasms  current 
at  more  go-ahead  places,  will  be  compelled  to 
"  grin  and  bear  them."  We  are  not  satisfied  with 
our  king  now  that  Jupiter  has  answered  our 
prayer. 


Ipittcitts  for  liibciittaiis 

CONNECTED     WITH     THE     BUILDING     TRADE. 


1581  0.  H.  Mdrrat.  Improvements  in  machiwry  for 
ma  king  bricks.     Dated  June  8,  1866 

The  pateutee  claims  catting  the  clay  into  the  form  of 
bricks  by  forcing  the  clay  forward  by  means  of  a  puahing 
board  or  otherwise  a^ain^t  a  series  of  fixed  wires,  so 
arranged  that  the  clay  is  pushed  on  or  forced  past  the 
wires  on  to  a  movable  board  provided  with  handles,  so 
that  twelve  or  any  other  c  tnvenient  number  of  bricks  may 
be  reiioved  at  the  same  time,  as  described.  Patent  com' 
pleted. 

1597  F.  W.  KoBZ.  Tml^rovements  in  the  construction  o/ 
locks.     Dated  June  12,  1866 

This  lock  consists,  principally,  of  two  strong  bolts  con- 
nected together  hy  a  bar  running'  at  ri^ht  angles  thereto, 
the  whole  sliding  toijether  and  actuated  by  a  toothed  pinion 
working  into  a  toothed  rack  securely  fixed  to  the  middle  of 
the  said  bar.  The  spindle  which  carries  the  pinion  is  also 
provided  with  a  disc,  havinc  a  notch  or  projection  formed 
thereon  ;  two  or  more  tumblers  are  provided,  which  suc- 
cessively catch  into  or  against  the  notch  or  projection,  and 
prevent  the  disc  and  spindle  from  turning  till  the  tumblers 
are  pressed  back  by  a  projection  from  the  bit  of  the  key. 
The  end  of  the  spindle  is  squared,  so  that  the  pipe  of  the 
key,  which  is  similarly  formed,  tits  over  it,  and  turns  the 
spindle  whilst  the  bit  of  the  key  raises  the  tumblers.  One 
turn  of  the  key  ^vill  shoot  the  bolt,  but  by  giving  two  or 
more  turns,  according  to  the  length  of  the  rack,  the  bolts 
can  be  thrown  a  greater  distance  into  the  recesses  made  to 
receive  them,  and  thus  a  greater  security  will  be  affor>ied. 
The  lock  is  further  secured  by  means  of  fixed  wards,  and  by 
a  revolving  guard,  inside  the  keyhole,  which  turns  with  the 
key,  and  closes  the  keyhole  before  there  is  any  action  on  the 
tumblera.    I*att7it  abandoned. 


MEETINGS   FOR   THE   AVEEK. 

MoN. — Royal  Geographical  Society. — Papers  t<j  be  read. 

— 1,  "  A  Geogi'aphical   Inquiry,  with  reference 

to  the  Best  Site  for  a  Capital  of  India,"  by  the 

Hon.   George   Ciimpbell.     2,  "On  the  Inland 

Navigation    of    Travaucore,"  by    Mr.  C.   R. 

Mark  ham,  8.30. 
TuES.— Institution  of    Civil  Engineers. — Discussion  ou 

"Ships  of  War,"  S. 
Royal    Inslitutiou. — "  On    Vibratory     Motion, 

with  special  Reference  to  Sound,"  by  Profesaor 

Tyndall,  3. 
Thur-s, — Royal    Institution. — "  On  Vibratory    Motion, 

with  special  refurence  to  Souud,"  by  Professor 

Tyndail,  3. 
Fri. — Royal  Institution, — "  Ou  theCrystal  Palace  Fire," 

by  J.  S.  Russell,  8. 
Royal  United  Service"  Institution. — "The  Best 
.  Mode  of  Recniiting   for  the  Army,  and  the 

Influences  bearing   upon   that   Service,"    by 

Captain  R.  C.  Noake,  3. 
Architectural    Associati  on.  — *  *  Oyster    C  ult  ure 

Architecturally    Considered,"    by    Mr.   J.  P. 

Beddou,  7.30. 
Sat. — Royal  Institution. — "On  Harmony,"   by  Mr.  G. 

A.  Macfarreu,  3. 


fak  %t\yi%. 


The  tender  for  the  diversion  of  the  Lime-kiln  Dock  and 
Blackwall  sewers  has  been  given  unanimously  to  Mr. 
Webster  for  £20,000.  An  amendment  was  made  to  let  Mr. 
Ritsou  have  it  for  £18,500,  but  met  with  no  support. 

5Ir.  C.  N.  Foster,  of  Whitefriars,  is  the  contractor  for  the 
new  works  for  the  Great  Northern  Brick  Company,  at 
Hitchin  ;  and  the  ilessre,  Dixey,  of  Abchurch-lano,  are  the 
contractors  for  the  erection  of  the  new  bridge  over  the 
canal  at  Westbourne  Green. 


TENDERS. 

Ascot. — For  house  and  stable  at  Ascot.    Mr.  Rush\Yorth 

architect : — 

Haywood £3,877 

Nonis  3,276 

Iliggs    S,2(>3 

Simpson 3,0S9 

Sa\vyer ^,830 

Krnt. — For   Kent   County   Lunatic  Asylum,  new  office 

buildings,  dining-hall,  &c.      The  accepted  tenders  are — Mr. 

StiS'forcontract  No.  1;  Messrs,  Weeks  and  Son  for  contract 

No.  2  ;  and  Mr.  .Aldridge  for  contract  No.  3. 


^  l"2j  '  t  '. 


i'  I  I  i 


2  m  1*3.^ 


SoUitt,  Strood |                     2S,114    0  0 

SimmaaudMjirten.Loudon  24.325    0  0 

Anscombe.  Maidstone 19,635  0  0  1.760  0  0  3.040    0  0  24,350    0  0 

Wiillis       and      Clements,  i                   I 

Maidstone 13.967  0  0 

Wilson,  Canterbury 18.747  0  0  3.007  15  0 

VftUghan.  Maidstone 18,650  0  0,  i                   .22,297    0  0 

Greusted.  Maidstone 18.550  0  0  '                   | 

Niiylar  and  Sou.  Rochester  18.187  o  o  1,370  0  0  2.640    0  0  22.093    0  0 

Matthews,  Dover    18.<»'>0  0  0  1,259  0  0  2,999  IS  0  22.2.18  18  0 

Stiff.  Dover 16,767  0  0,  |                    21,195    0  0 

uiig.     C.irringtou.    and> 


Co  .  Perth  and  Loudou 

Shrubsole.  Maidstone I 

SpeuceLargh.  Hochesier   .. 
Butchard,  Graveseiid    .... 

Smyth  and  Co..  Dover 

Russell.  Strooii 

Garrett  and  Co..  Maidstone 
Drury  and  Blggleston.  Can- 
terbury   

Colling.  Maidstone 

Weeks  and  Son,  Maidstone 
Foord  and  Sous,  Matdstone 

Chandler.  Dover 

CrutteiidenandSon,  Maid- 
stone    

Pr  yer,     Maidstone 

Hyles.  Miidstone 

Aldridge,  Rochester 


1,590  0  0 

1  409  0  nl 

1.377  It!  7 

1.375  0  0 

1,.'J69  0  0  2,746    0  0 

1,353  10  0 

'1.350  10  0 

1.310    0  0 

1,300    0  0 

1,285    0  0 

2,889  18  0 

2,867    0  0 

I 

2.747    0 

2.616    0  0 

2.597    0  0 

3,538    0  0 


HoLBEACH.  — For  the  new  carved  roof  of  nave  of  Holbeach 
Church  ; — 

Deal.  Additional  for  oak. 

Milson,  Donoington  £890    £455 

Brown,  Lynn 831     258 

Paterson   820    233 

Bennett.  Lynn  (accepted)    740     160 

Leadenhall-street.— For  the  erection  of  premises,  69 
and  70,  Leadenhall-street,  for  Mesara.  Pound.  Messrs. 
Humphrey  and  Son,  architects  : — 

Mvers  £6,179 

Rider    5.991 

Henshaw 5,97i> 

D.   KingandSona..*. 5,960 

Sparks 5,890 

Ennor 5,890 

Ashby  and  Sons 5,875 

Hart 5,831 

Ashby  and  Horner  5.800 

Brass    5,634 

London. — For  alterations,  ko.,  to  the  Talbot  public- 
house,  Caledonian-road,  for  Mr.  W.  Jones.  Mr.  T.  Brookes, 
architect ; — 

J.  D.  Cowland £S75 

Turner  and  Sons  797 

Langmead  and  Way    775 

Gillett  and  Wi=bey 750 

TuNBRiDGE  Well-s.— For  rebuilding  the  Countess  of 
Huntingdon's  chapel.  Mount  Ephraim,  Tunbridge  Wella. 
Messrs.  Wimble  and  Taylor,  architects  : — 

Edwards  Brothers £5,611    6  0 

Walker  5,301  VI  0 

Grinsted  5.066    2  9 

Pove  Brothers 4,570    0  0 

Simms  and  Marten    4,534    0  0 

KingandSona 4,277  15  0 

Anscombe 4,073    0  0 

Wednesbury.— For  the  erection  of  cemetery  chapels, 
lodge,  and  entrance  gates  for  the  Wednesbury  Local  Board 
of  Health.     Messrs.  W.  and  S.  Horton,  architects  :— 

Lovatt.  Wolverhampton  £2,687  10  0 

Jetfrev  and  Pritchard.  Birmingham...     2,652  10  0 

Stockton  and  Sons,  Oldbury    2,550    0  0 

BrUev.  Birmiogham 2,499  17  1 

Burkitt,  Wolverhampton 2,360    0  0 

Crutchlev,  Walsall 2,349  10  0 

Haffner,  Tipton 2,264  10  0 

*Trow  and  Sons,  Wednesbury 2,253     0  0 

*  Accepted,  subject  to  modifications. 

Wolverhampton. — For  esteusiona  to  the  Wolverhamp- 
ton Union  Workhouse.     Mr.  J.  R.  VealJ,  architect : — 

G.  andF.  Higham  £1,100 

Lovatt 1,085 

Birkett 1,066 

Roberts    999 

Plank  974 

Thompson  (accepted)  935 


BATH  STONE  OF  BEST  QUALITY. 

Eandell  and  Saoxders,  Quarrymen  and  Stone  Mer- 
chants, Bath.  List  of  Prices  at  the  Quarries  and  Depots, 
also  Cost  for  Transit  to  any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
furnished  on  application  to  Bath  Stone  Office,  Coi-aham, 
Wilts.— [Ad  VT.J 

■ ♦ 

PROPERTY  SALES. 

January  21. 

At  the  Guildhall  Cofj-ee-hocse.— By  Mr.  Kow- 
botham.— Freehold  residence.  No.  7,  Stafford-road,  Trede- 
gar-road.  Bow,  let  at  £23  Ss.  per  annum— sold  for  £235. 

Freehold  residence.  No.  S,  Stafford-road  aforesaid,  let  at 
£21  per  annum — £235. 

January  22. 

At  the  Ma.rt.— By  Mr.  W.  T.  Jon«s.— Leaseliold  resi- 
dence. No.  53,  Sussex-street,  Warwick -stiua re,  Pimlico,  let 
at  £4S  per  annum,  term  73  years  from  IStiU,  at  £8  per 
annum— £155. 

Leasehold  residence,  No.  5,  Albion- ten-ace,  Grosvenor- 
road,  Pimlico,  let  at  £55  per  annum,  term  71  years  from 
1862,  at  £9  per  annum — £185. 

At  the  Guildhall  CoPFEE-nousE.— By  Messrs.  E  and 
H.  Lumley.  — Freeiiold  two  I'esideuces,  situate  in  the 
Bridge-road,  Redhill,  Surrey— £975. 


BANKRUPTS. 

TO  SURRENDER  IN  BASINOHALL-STREeX. 

John  Hitchcock  Chubb,  Belg rave  street,  builder,  Jan.  30, 
at  11 — Sydney  Dyne,  South  .\orwood,  carpenter,  Jan.  30, 
at  1 — John  Faulioier  Mathews,  Reigate.  builder,  Feb.  4, 
at  1— William  Ring  Naish.  University  street,  Totteuham- 
ciiurt  road,  house  decorator,  P'eb.  4,  at  1— Daniel  Simp.'wu, 
Grange-road,  Bermondsey,  plumber,  Jan.  30,  at  Pi- 
Maurice  Benjamin  Solomons,  Stafford  street,  Piccadilly, 
commission  merchant,  Jan.  30,  at  2— William  Barton 
Barnard.  Grundy-street,  Poplar,  house  decorator,  Feb.  6, 
at  2 — Abraham  John  Cave,  Veiiiou  street,  Clerkenwell, 
house  decorator,  Feb.  7.  at  I— \Mlliam  Cran8to\vn  Day, 
Rotberhithe,  plumber,  Feb.  4,  at  2— Thomas  Dieuy,  Comp- 
tou  street,  Clerken%vell,  jobbing  carjienter,  Feb  4,  at  I— 
Abraham  Evaus,  Great  College  street-,  Camden  Town,  con- 
tractor, Feb.  4,  at  1— William  Wallace  Redgrave,  Grovo 
street.  South  Hackney,  builder,  Feb.  6,  at  12. 

TO  SURRENDER  IN  THE  COUNTRY. 

Thomas  Churchward.  Torquay,  carpenter.  Jan.  29,  at  H 
— J.  Mottram,  Eccleslield,  slater,  Jan.  31.  at  1 — J.  King, 
Rixon,  Wellingborough,  brickmaker,  Jan.  30,  at  U — Faul 
Sharpe,  Heieford,  builder,  Feb.  1.  at  i2— Edward  Speed, 
Oldham,  lath  render.  Jan.  30,  at  12— Thomas  Taylor,  Nor- 
wich, painter,  Jan.  29,  at  11— W.  Willey,  Ntiiubope,  Dur- 
ham, contractor,  Jan.  31,  at  10— Edward  Williams  Wynne, 
Liverpool,  commission  mercbaut,  Jan.  29.  at  11 — John 
Thomas  Hall,  Bright.4de  Bierlow.  Yorkshire,  joiner, 
Feb.  13,  at  12— Joseph  Hawkins.  Stafford,  joiner,  Feb.  4, 
at  12— John  Morgan,  Neath,  builder.  Feb.  1,  at  11— John 
Pickering,  Wakefield,  joiner,  Feb.  2,  at  11 


February  1,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


79 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


LONDON,  FRIDAT,  FBBRUART  1,  1867. 


THE     COURTS     OF     JUSTICE      COM- 
PETITION. 
Article  III. 

IN  our  detailed  notices  of  this  competition, 
we  propose,  first,  to  devote  an  arti  ele  to 
each  design  as  arranged  in  the  exhibition  ;  we 
>liall  then  place  in  direct  comparison  wliat  we 
opine  to  be  the  chief  merits  and  the  great 
faults  of  each,  and  finally  reriew  the  leading 
criticisms  and  opinions  which  may  be  made 
public  during  the  time  the  exhibition  re- 
mains open.  The  first  men  to  enter  the  lists 
are  Mr.  Abrahams  and  Mr.  Scott.  As  we 
have  not  yet  been  favoured  with  a  copy  of 
Mr.  Abraliams'  report,  and  as  Mr.  Scott  has 
been  kind  enough  to  send  us  a  copy  of  his, 
we  propose  devoting  this  article  to  a  con- 
sideration of  the  design  submitted  by  the 
latter  gentleman. 

That  this  design,  with  its  report,  exhibits  a 
vast  amount  of  very  laborious   work    is  un- 
questionable, and  when  Mr.  Scott  tells  us  that 
it  has  employed   his  best   thoughts   and  time 
and  aspirations    for  tlixee-i[uarter3  of  a  year, 
we  cannot  feel  surprised.    On  the  contrary,  far 
from  feeling  astonished  at  the  length   of  time 
tlie  subject  has  occupied  Mr.  Scott's  attention, 
we  are,  as  we  have  always  been,  immensely 
surprised  at  the  brief  period  allowed  for  the 
preparation    of    such     an    important   set    of 
drawings,  and  the  solution  of  such  a  difficult 
problem.     When  we   consider  for  a  moment 
the  multifarious  engagements    and  the  many 
very  hard  tasks  which  our   leading  architects 
are  called  upon  to  fulfil  in  the  course  of  their 
ordinary  practice,  and  when  we  have  learnt  to 
appreciate  the  magnitude  of  this  competition, 
and  what  it  is  which  constitutes   the  problem 
to   be  solved,  we  cannot  but  be  struck  with 
amazement  at  what  we  can  only  regard  either 
as  the  ignorance  or  the  coolness  of  the  Commis- 
sioners in  putting  so  short  a  limit  to  the  time 
for  thinking  out  such  a  stupendous  subject. 
That  Mr.  Scott  should  give  the  Commissioners 
a  gentle  hint  on  this  very  point,  in  the  second 
paragraph  of  his  report,  is  not  to  be  wondered 
at.    He  tells  us,  in  the  modest  and  earnest  lan- 
guage usual  with  him — "  Others  may  possibl}- 
have  greater  facility  of  arrangement  than  my- 
3  elf,  though  I  have  probably  had  as  much  ex- 
perience in  arranging  large   buildings  as  any 
man ;  but  I  may  say  that  to  me,  the  labour 
has  been  such  that,  though  I  embarked  in  it 
vigorously  on  the  very  day  after  I  agreed  to 
join  in  the   competition,    I   have   ever  since 
been  hard  at  work  upon  it,  often  giving  to  it 
eight  hours  or  more  a  day  for  many  days  to- 
;.;etlier."     We  most  heartily  sympathise  with 
those  unfortunate,  or,  as  some  would  say,  too 
(     fortunate,  architects  who  have  been  committed 
*'   to  such  desperate   slavery  :  nor  can  we  help 
cjming  to  the  conclusion  that  the  Commis- 
sioners have  acted  with  a  most  imwise  haste, 
,    to  say  the  least,  for  they  must  have  known, 
!.   if  they  cared  to  give  a  thought  to  the  subject, 
that  the  design  they  sought  and   the   country 
n  eeded  was  no  every-day  matter,  nor  was  it 
likely  that  it  would  weU  forth,  at  a  moment's 
notice,  in   the  head   of   any,  even  the  most 
accomplished  of  architects,   nor  flow  out,like 
Tupperian   rhymes,  in  spite   of    preoccupied 
brains    and  the  crowd  of  thoughts  which  the 
daily  practice  of  a  well-to-do  architect  must 
necessarily  generate.     If,  then,  in  the  capacity 
of  critic,   we  have  to  recognise  and  point  out 
more  failures  than  successes,   errors  of   judg- 
ment which  a  second  thought  would  have  cor- 
rected, faulty  design  which  has  been  forced 
out  of  an  overworked  intellect,  or  hurried,  in- 
complete, imperfect  drawings,  which  have  been 
made  as  it  were  against  time,  it  must  not  be  taken 
as  by  any  means  a  correct  or  unqualified  mea- 
sure of  the  art-stature  of  the  architect,but  rather 


as  another  proof,  if  any  proof  were  needed, 
of  the  utter  incapacity  of  the  English  people 
to  appreciate,  we  woidd  almost  say  to  appre- 
liend,  the  spirit  of  art,  or  see  anything  beyond 
the  narrow  boundaries  of  trade  and  merchan- 
dize. It  is  this  essentially  shoppy  aspect  of 
architecture  which  Englishmen  persist  in 
taking — a  view  which  assumes  that  Gothic  or 
CUissic,  or  anything  else,  can  be  bought  by  the 
yard,  and  that  the  best  shop  is  that  which  has 
been  the  longest  established  and  employs  the 
greatest  number  of  hands.  It  is  this  wretched 
little  vanity  of  us  that  will  not  permit  us  to 
see  the  use  of  anything  liigher  or  nobler  than 
ourselves,  even  if  we  are  so  far  removed  from 
idiocy  as  to  believe  that  anytliing  can  be 
higher  or  nobler,  which  is  at  the  root  of  all 
the  miserable  failures  in  the  history  of 
modern  architecture.  It  may  be  that  Mr. 
Scott  believes  he  is  to  be  judged  by  men  who 
know  more  of  his  art  than  he  does  himself, 
or  it  may  be  that  he  accepts  as  true  what  we 
have  said,  but  from  what  are  called  motives 
of  policy,  or  from  an  overflowing  tenderness 
of  heart,  declines  to  act  as  he  would,  were  he 
physician,  poet,  painter,  sculptor,  or  engineer. 
This  tenderness  in  a  great  art  age  may  be  all 
very  well,  but  at  a  time  when  the  people  only 
care  for  accommodation — when  there  is  no 
architectural  knowledge,  not  even  in  the  so- 
called  artists,  the  architect  who  would  be  of 
any  use  to  his  craft  and  to  the  world  must 
assume  a  difl'erent  attitude  to  that  to  which 
architects  are,  as  a  rule,  accustomed.  He 
must  lead  and  not  be  led,  nor  must  he  at 
every  slight  provocation  enter  upon  an  ela- 
borate defence  of  the  line  he  has  adopted,  or 
dream  of  making  any  apology  because  people 
care  not  to  understand  Mm.  We  have  been 
led  to  these  remarks  from  finding  in  Mr. 
Scott's  report  some  six  pages  devoted  to  what 
we  can  only  call  a  defence  of  the  "  architec- 
tural treatment"  of  his  design,  which  goes  so 
far  as  to  include  a  defence  of  Gothic  art  in 
general  and  Mr.  Scott's  Gothic  in  particular. 
"  That  this  style,"  says  Mr.  Scott,  "  is  suited 
to  Law  Courts  and  offices  has  been  practically 
proved  at  Manchester.  That  design  was  made 
very  soon  after  my  own  designs  for  the  Go- 
vernment offices.  I  was  driven  by  adverse 
circumstances,  and  the  mistaken  preposses- 
sions of  one  great  man,  to  abandon  my  design, 
while  Mr.  Waterhouse  was  so  fortunate  as  to 
carry  his  into  execution,  and  in  doing  so  has 
proved  the  absolute  truth  of  all  which  I  had 
in  vain  urged  respecting  my  own."  We  are 
not  at  present  writing  a  biography  of  Mr. 
Scott,  or  we  might  make  up  a  chapter  on 
every  sentence  in  the  pregnant  remarks  just 
quoted.  The  great  point  we  wish  now  to 
note  is  the  confession  that  an  architect,  who 
we  may  fairly  presume  has  a  will  of  his  own, 
was  driven  by  the  mistaken  prepossessions  of 
another  man.  Now  in  all  seriousness  we  ask 
Mr.  Scott,  Can  he  expect  to  lead — can 
he  suppose  that  men  will  acknowledge 
his  power,  when  he  himself  submits  to 
be  driven  by  what  he  knows  to  be  "  mis- 
taken prepossessions  ? "  In  the  general 
suavity  of  manner  and  kind!}'  feeling  which 
are  so  eminently  characteristic  of  this  archi- 
tect, we  were  learning  to  forget  how  at  a 
critical  moment  he  left  his  first  love,  and  like 
the  Red  Cross  Knight,  became  entrapped  by 
the  still  greater  suavity  of  a  "subtill  Archi- 
mago  ;"  but  this  attempt  at  an  excuse  or  an 
apology  for  an  act  which  shook  to  its  founda- 
tions the  trust  his  brethren  had  learnt  to  place 
in  him  only  opens  the  old  sore,  and  makes  the 
case  worse  than  it  was  before.  In  this,  how- 
ever, there  is  little  difficulty  in  discovering  a 
certain  nervousness  or  restless  anxiety,  which 
appears  not  merely  once  or  twice,  but  mani- 
fests itself  throughout  the  report,  and  in 
almost  every  drawing.  This  is  the  one  great 
defect  of  the  design  before  us,  and,  if  Mr. 
Scott  can  produce  nothing  better  in  architec- 
tural composition  and  detail  than  that  of  the 
elevation  towards  the  Strand,  the  world  will 
probably  have  to  thank  the  late  Lord  Palmer- 
ston  for  having  bullied  whatever  promise 
there  might  have  been  in  the  architect  of  the 


Foreign  Office  to  such  a  pass  as  to  be  nearly 
akin  to  death.  That  he  did  not  quite  kill  Mr. 
Scott  is  evident  from  tlie  bits  of  his  old  power 
whicli  he  here  and  there  displays  in  some  of 
his  drawings  for  the  Courts  of  Justice.  We 
can  only  hope  that  Mr.  Scott,  who  is  by  no 
means  an  old  man,  will  gather  his  mantle 
more  closely  aromid  him,  and  nurse  a  strength 
which  lie  undoubtedly  once  possessed,  but 
which  people  now  say  is  failing,  and  so  obtain 
many  a  future  triumph. 

Tlie  general  plan  which  Mr.  Scott  has  ad- 
opted is  very  unlike  all  tlurothers,  in  as  much 
as  the  outer  shell  of  building  does  not  com- 
pletely surround  the  site,  being  omitted  to- 
wards the  Strand  in  order  to  give  more  space 
to  the  central  block  of  building.  The  outer 
sliell,  or  tlie  bmldings  towards  Carey-street, 
Clement's  Inn,  and  Belt  Yard,  are  devoted 
to  the  minor  departments  of  the  law,  the 
projection  of  the  site  towards  Clement's  Inn 
being  devoted  to  the  Record  department. 
Within  the  outer  shell  is  an  area  or  street 
opening  into  the  Strand.  Bounded  by  this 
internal  street  on  the  north,  east,  and  west, 
and  by  the  Strand  on  the  south,  is  a  huge  block 
of  buiJdings,  with  a  central  projection  towards 
the  south  of  one-third  the  length  of  the  main 
building,  and  "  an  open  space"  in  the  centre  of 
the  block.  This  central  mass  is  devoted  to 
twenty-two  out  of  the  twenty-four  courts  re- 
quired, and  the  chief  offices.  The  other  two 
courts,  the  Divorce  Court  and  the  Bankruptcy 
Court,  though  on  the  same  floor  and  connected 
with  the  general  group,  are  drifted  off  to  the 
right  and  left,  "  each  to  its  proper  department," 
that  is  to  say,  the  Bankruptcy  Court  is  in  the 
midst  of  the  department  towards  Bell  Yard, 
and  the  Divorce  Court  is  towards  the  south- 
ern end  of  the  Clement's  Inn  fagade.  Each  of 
these  is  connected  witli  the  general  group  of 
courts  in  the  central  block  by  a  bridge  across 
tlie  internal  street.  We  will  now  consider  the 
arrangement  of  the  coirrt  floor  as  involving 
the  essence  of  the  great  question  of  concen- 
tration. 

Beginning  with  the  centre  of  the  buUding, 
what  we  have  above  described,  in  Mr.  Scott's 
words,  as  an  "  open  space,"  is,  in  fact,  no  such 
thing,  the  "  open  space"  being  very  con- 
siderably cut  up  into  four  small  areas  by  a 
central  octagonal  hall,  and  corridors  leading 
therefrom.  In  the  centre  of  this  hall  is  a 
great  circular  lift,  about  8ft.  in  diameter. 
Round  this  are  two  concentric  staircases  of 
iron  enclosed  by  an  octagon ;  beyond  this, 
leaving  ample  space,  come  the  great  walls  of 
the  octagonal  hall.  The  four  cardinal  sides 
open  into  corridors.  The  four  diagonal  sides 
are  recessed  so  much  as  to  bring  the  octagon 
very  nearly  to  a  square  ;  the  corridors  lead  us 
to  a  very  elegant  and  spacious  ambulatory  of 
nearly  30ft.  wide,  divided  into  two  aisles  by 
about  forty-six  shafts  supporting  quadripartite 
vaulting.  This  ambulatory,  which  Mr.  Scott 
says  far  exceeds  Westminster  Hall  in  super- 
ficial area,  is  one  of  the  chief  charms  of  tliis 
design,  perhaps  the  chiefest.  Opening  out 
from  this  ambulatory,  the  outer  aisle  of  which 
is  prolonged  through  the  east  and  west  blocks, 
are  the  chief  courts,  arranged  as  follows  : — On 
the  north,  to  the  west  of  the  centre,  which  is 
occupied  by  a  corridor,  is  the  court  of  the 
Lord  Chancellor  ;  then  an  open  area,  and  we 
come  to  the  courtsof  the  Lords  Justices  and  Vice- 
Chancellor  Stuart  ;  then  another  open  area 
and  Vice-Chancellor  Wood.  To  the  east  of 
the  centre  we  have  the  Master  of  the  Rolls, 
an  open  area,  Vice-Chancellor  Kindersley,  the 
spare  Equity  Court,  another  open  area,  and 
the  additional  Banco  Court  which  was  only 
hypothetically  asked  for.  In  the  eastern 
block  we  have  the  three  Courts  of  Queen's 
Bench  and  in  the  western  block  opposite  we  have 
the  Admiralty  Court,  the  extra  Ecclesiastical 
Court  and  the  Exchequer  Chamber.  On  the 
south  side  we  have  in  the  centre  the  spare 
court  required,  which  Mr.  Scott  jocularly 
calls  the  "  Sensational  Court ;"  presuming  that 
this  court  is  intended  for  causes  of  more  than 
usual  public  interest,  the  extia  size  reqmred 
for  this  court  has  induced  Mr.  Scott  to  project 


o 


0 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


February  1,  1867. 


it  apse-like  into  the  ambulatory.     To  the  east 
of   this  central  feature  we  have  an  open  area, 
then  two  of  the  Courts  of  the  Common  Pleas, 
another   open  area,  and   the    third   Court   of 
Common  Pleas ;    and  to  the  west   we  have 
the    three     Courts    of    Exchequer    similarly 
arranged.     We  have   already  said   that  the 
Bankruptcy  and  Divorce  Courts  are  placed  in 
the  midst  of  their   own   departments.      One 
more  court  remains  to  be  described  ;  this,  the 
Appellate  Court,  wliich,  as  its  name  implies, 
dift'ers   from  all  the  others,  is  placed  in  the 
very  centre  of  the  Strand  front,  and  it  is  only 
fair  to  Mr.  Scott  to  note  that  he  has  antici- 
pated  the    objection    that    would    naturally 
arise  to  the  position  of  this  court,  on  the  score 
of  sound   iu  the  following    passage: — "The 
front  windows  are  sufficiently  elevated  above 
the  street  to  prevenip  annoyance  from  sound. 
They  would  also  be  double  glazed  with  plate 
glass.     They  need  never  be  opened,  as  ample 
ventilation  is  provided  without  them."     Con- 
sidering the  enormous  traffic  of  the  Strand, 
which  would  necessarily  be  increased  rather 
than  diminished  by  the  erection  of  the  Courts 
of  Justice,  we  must  confess  that  the  position 
of  this  court  is  by  no  means  a  desirable  one  ; 
the  other   faults  of  the    arrangement  above 
described  are  comparatively  minor  ones  ;  thus 
the    projection   into  the  ambulatory   of   the 
central  court  ruins  the  architectural  effect  of 
the  south  walk.     The  separation  of  the  Courts 
of  E.Ycheijuer  from  the  other  Common  Law 
Courts    by   the   introduction   of  this   "Sen- 
sational Court"  is  also  utidesirable.     Por  the 
rest  no  one  can  fail  to  see  that  the  courts  are 
brought  well  togetlier,  and  every  convenience 
afforded  for  the  legal  public  without  waste 
of  room  or  unnecessary  display.     Transversely 
the   arrangement    of  tliis    central   block    of 
buildings    is    as    follows  :— Beginning    from 
the  insiile   we    have,   hrst,    the   ambulatory, 
then    the    courts,  then    the    judges'    rooms 
and    staircases,    then  a   corridor,   and    then 
barristers'  rooms,   judges'  clerks'  rooms,   &c. 
These    last     have     a     story     above    them, 
entered    from    a    gallery    in     the    corridor, 
so     that    the     latter    may    receive    plenty 
of   light  over   the    flat   roofs   of  the  judges' 
retiring     rooms.        The    chief     mistake     in 
Buch  an    arrangement  as   this  seems    to  lis 
to  be  the  lack  of  privacy  ibr  the  judges,  as 
unless  they  are  constantly  going  up  and  down 
stairs  their  only   means   of  intercommunica- 
tion would  be  by  a  corridor  which  is  also  used 
by  the  barristers.     Passing,  now,  to  the  e.xter- 
nal  shell,  we  have  the  chambers   and    offices 
of  the   judges  and  chief  clerks  in  equity  at 
the  back  of  their  respective  courts,  and  con- 
nected with  them  by  covered  bridges.     Tliis 
is  all  as  it  should  be ;  but  when  we  turn  to 
the   Common  Law  Department  we  find  that 
the    judges'    chambers    are    pushed    to    the 
ground  floor,  in    order  to   find  room  for  the 
Court  and  Offices  of  Bankruptcy.     This  we 
think  a  mistake,  arising,  no  doubt,  from   Mr. 
Scott's   anxiety  to  provide  not  only  all  the 
courts  positively  required,  but  also  the  extra 
ones  which  were  suggested — in  other  words, 
.spoiling    the    completeness    of    his   plan    in 
order  to  give  more  courts  than  can  be  per- 
fectly adapted  to  the  site.     The  western  side 
of   the  outer  shell,  as  well  as  the  projection 
beyond  it  into  Clement's  Inn,  is  for  the  main 
part  given  up   to    the    courts   on   this    side, 
and  here    it  is  that  Mr.  Scott's  dift'ers  mate- 
rially from  any    of  the   other   plans.       The 
boundary  of  the  site  on   this    side   was  ex- 
ceedingly  irregular,  and   the  consequence  of 
this  was  that  iu  Jime  last  Mr.  Scott  wrote,  on 
behalf  of  the  competitors,  asking  for  an  ex- 
tension   of   the    site,  and  obtained   leave  to 
make  .such  projections  or   extensions  of   the 
building  westward  as   the    architects    might 
find  desirable,  so  long  as  they  preserved  an 
equivalent  in   area    for   Clement's  Inn,   and 
abided  by  certain  other  arrangements  which 
it  is  not  necessary  to  specify.     This  "privi- 
lege "    Mr.    Scott    has,   we  think,    unwisely 
taken  full  advantage  of  by  projecting  beyond 
the  main  line  of  his  west  front  two   Record 
towers,  at  a  considerable  distance  apart,  and 


between  and    beyond  these  a   large  pile   of 
buUding  devoted  to  the  Probate  Office.     The 
odd  thing  is  that,  in  order  to  secure  this  and 
possibly  to  get  a  greater  width  for  the  central 
projection  in  the  Strand  front,  owing  to  the 
peculiar  line  of  Pickett-street,   he  has  posi- 
tively sacrificed  some  30ft.  of  the  main  frontage, 
and,  as  we  think,  spoilt  in  a  measure  both  his 
plans  and  elevations.     We  shall  not  attempt  to 
go  into  the  arrangements  of  the  various  ottices, 
either  in  this  or  in  any  other  design.     But  we 
have  yet  to  notice  two  things — the  sections  or 
rather  that  portion  of  them  which  relates  to 
the  levels,  and  the  elevations.     Now  the  level 
of  Carey-street,  or  the  north  side  of  the  site, 
is  about  17ft.   higher  than  the  level  of  the 
Strand,  the  dift'erence  of  level  from  north  to 
south  being  immaterial.     Mr.  Scott  has  taken 
the  Strand  level  as  the  level   of  his  internal 
streets,  and  as  the  floor  of  his  lowest  story. 
This  dift'erence  in  level  it  is  as  well  to  keep 
strongly  before  us,  for  Mr.  Scott    truly  ob- 
serves that,  owing  to  it,  great  confusion  may 
arise,  as  what  is  ground  floor  in  one  place  may 
become  first  floor  in  another,  and   what    is 
ground  floor  in  the  Strand  may  become  base- 
ment in  Carey-street.     Mr.  Scott  has  rightly 
taken  the  court  floor  to  be  defined  by  the  in- 
structions which  makes  it  some  38ft.  or  40ft. 
above  the  Strand  level.     The  way  in  which 
tliis  40ft.  is  treated  towards  the  Strand,  that  is 
to  say,  in  the  central  block,  is  very  ditferent 
from  the  arrangement  at  Carey-street.     In  the 
former,  for  instance,  there  is  a  story  imme- 
diately beneath    the  court  level   devoted  to 
witnesses,  attorneys.  &c.  This  floor  is  one  level 
throughout,   and  though  the  rooms  below  the 
court  are  low,  those  exterior  to  the  courts,  and 
which  therefore  come  below  the  judges'  room^, 
&c.,  .are  raised  by  the  additional  height  of  the 
bench  to  the  ordinary  dimeusions  of  the  other 
stories.      Below  this  we  have  one  lot  ty  story 
for  public  offices,   and  then  we  come  to  the 
basement,  which  is  half  a  story   above    the 
level  of  the  Strand.      Now  in  Carey-street  we 
have  three   stories   below  the   court  level,  or 
what  would  be  the  first  floor  to  Carey-street, 
and  the  third  floor  to  the  internal  street;  and 
the  report  is  not  unlikely  to  confuse,  as  it  de- 
scribes the  floor  immediately  below  the  court 
floor  "  The   upper  ground   story,"  the  lower 
of  these  stories  being   so  placed  as  to  be  half 
above  and  half  below  the  level  of  Carey-street. 
This  seems  to  us  to  boa  very  good  arrangement. 
We  wish  we  could  say  the  same  of  all  Mr. 
Scott's  endeavours  to  deal  with  what  he  calls 
its  architectural  character    and    design.     On 
this  point,  Mr.  Scott  tells  us  that,  though  essen- 
tial, it  should  be  postponed  to  .all   practical 
considerations  ;  that  he  exercised  an  almost 
"  stoic   virtue"  in  studying  the  practical  ar- 
rangements, to  tfie  exclusiou  of  nearly  every 
thought  of  art,  labouring  day  by  day  over  the 
juxtaposition  of  rooms  and  the  locating  of  de- 
partments, frequenting  the  law  offices  till  he 
was  almost  ashamed  to  show  himself  in  them 
with  his  roll  ot  papers  in  his  hand  ;  and  then 
follows  another  confession,  which  is  very  im- 
portant indeed  : — "  I  confess  I  could  not  have 
ke[)t  myself  up  to  this  pitch  of  virtue  had  I 
not  the  prospect  before  me  of  at  length  cloth- 
ing my  work  in  a  sightly  garb,  and  rewarding 
myself  at  last  by  the  application  of  art  to  that 
wliich  had  hitherto  been  merely  contrivance." 
We  have  not  now  time  to  discuss  the  ques- 
tion involved  in  this  confession,  to  separate 
the  architect  into  a  virtuous  contriver  on  the 
one  hand,  and  into  an  artistic  dresser  on  the 
other  hand.     To  divide  his  power,  genius,  or 
whatever  you   like  to  call    it,    into   two  or 
more    parts,    with   the    idea   thct  these  can 
have  a  separate  life  and  action,  seems  to  us  as 
suicidal  as  it  w-eU  can  be,  and  about  as  unplii- 
loso]jhicial  as  if  the  eye   were  to  say  to  the 
hand,  "  I  have  no  need  of  thee  ;"  or  the  head  to 
the  heart,  "  I  have  no'need  of  you."    We  may 
return  to  this  hereafter.     It  is  enough  to  say 
that  we  think  Mr.  Scott's  architectural  power 
declared  itself  in  his   Gothic  designs  for  the 
Foreign  Office,  in  his  design  for  the  Hamburg 
Exchange,  and  in  his  new  Town  Hall  at  Pres- 
ton, much  more  than  in  any  of  the  drawings 


for  the  Law  Courts.     It  is  true  that  ilr.  Scott 
insists  that  his  design  is  the  outcome  of  the 
plan,  and  that  nearly  all  the  great  features  of 
what  people  call  the  architectural  composition 
result  from  the  practical  distribution  of  the 
building.     AVe  can  only  say  that  the  require- 
ments of  the  Commissioners,  even  though  con- 
trived with  Spartan  courage,  are  not  the  sort 
of  tilings  to   encourage  the    development  of 
art.     In  the  towers  which   flanked  the  pro- 
jection towards  the   Strand,  Mr.    Scott   was 
unfettered,  and  so  practically  he  makes  them 
both  clock  towers,  for,  although  one  is  to  serve 
as   a   ventUating  tower,     its    great    purpose 
would  appear  on  its  four  sides,  in  the  shape 
of  huge   sun-dials.       These  towers   and  the 
whole  composition  which  they  flank  we  look 
upon  as  the  greatest  defect  iu  the  design  ;  the 
portals  are  low  and  out  of  ]iroportion  with  the 
superstructure.     The  smaller  features  remind 
us   of   the   most  unsatisfactory   parts  of    the 
Foreign   Office  designs,   and   the  attempt  to 
secure  lightness   has  resulted    in  monotony, 
the  effort   to   grasp   repose  and  strength  has 
ended  in  baldness.      That  much  of  this  would 
have  been  obviated  had  the  architect  had  time 
to  think  out  the  subject,  and  give  that  recon> 
sideration  which  a  building  of  such  magnitude 
demands,  we  do  not  for  a  moment  doubt.  The 
designer  of  the  double  ambulatory  and   the 
interior  of  the  porch  and  vestibule,  with  the 
help  of  such  draftsmanship  as  is  manifested 
in  this  latter  drawing,  could  scarcely  fail  to 
have    produced     a     building    incomparably 
finer    tlian    that   depicted    in    the     general 
views,  had  he   but  had    time  commensurate 
with  the   thought  and   experiment   required 
for    such     an     exceptional    work.      Indeed, 
we  have^at  times  felt  it  difficult  to  say  the 
hard  things  we  have  said  when  we  have  re- 
flected on  the   enormous   labour  which   has 
been   crammed  into   nine   months  ;    but  the 
architects,   having   accepted    the    conditions, 
must  abide  by  the  result ;  and  after  all  it  is 
only  a  question  of  comparison,  as  no  one  of 
the  designs  exhibited  has  had  anything  like 
sufficient  thought  bestowed  upon  it  to  justify 
the  e.\penditure   of  a  million  and  a  half  of 
money.      The   gieat  question  to   be  decided 
is   not   whose  design    is  prettier   from    this 
point  of  view  or  from  that  point  of  view,  or 
whether    the   Centrfil  Hall    schemer  or   the 
Corridor  schemer  should    win   the   day,    but 
which  architect  shows   the  greatest  grasp  of 
the  whole  subject ;    and   who,  not  as  a  con 
triver  of  rooms  or  a  dresser  of  walls,  but  as 
an  architect  in  all  the  grandeur   which   the 
name  implies,  is  most  likely  from  the  evidence 
before  us  to  carry  out  the  building  in  every 
respect  to  a  successful  issue. 


RAILWAY  VIADUCTS. 

THE  frequency  of  calamitous  accidents  in 
connection  with  arched  viaducts — a  form 
most  extensively  adopted  in  railway  construc- 
tion, and  occurring  m  continuous  miles  upon 
our  suburban  lines — seems  to  call  for  condem- 
nation from  the  press,  and  a  strict  investiga- 
tion from  authoritative  quarters.  An  isolated 
failure  may  be  referable  to  especial  circum- 
stances, but  the  constant  recurrence  of  similar 
accidents  points  to  unsoundness  of  principle. 
It  is  hardly  necessary  to  state  that  the  favour- 
ite and  prevailing  form,  of  arch  in  these  worka 
is  the  elliptic,  and  that  of  all  the  forms  in. 
common  use  the  elliptic  is  the  weakest.  It  is 
the  least  homogeneous,  the  least  uniform  in  its 
curvature,  at  the  best ;  but  we  do  not  find  in 
the  examples  now  under  contemplation  such 
models  as  were  presented  to  the  admiration  of 
passengers  by  Mylne  iu  the  late  bridge  at 
Blackfriars.  We  are,  rather,  doomed  to  «-on- 
der  at  the  degree  to  which  so  giaceful  a  curve 
can  be  distorted  and  degenerated.  There  aie 
sharply-pinched  haunches  with  a  broad  ex- 
p.anseof  intervening  work  infinitely  more 
allied  to  the  notion  of  a  flat  soffit  than  to  any- 
thiuc  fairly  to  be  denominated  head  or  crown. 
The^infirmity  of  such  a  line  is  obvious  :  the  ' 
under  and  outer  faces  (the  intrados  and  extr*- 


Februasy  1,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


81 


dos)  of  the  arch  are  of  equal  dimensions,  and 
the  voussoii's  lose  their  sustaining,  wedge-like 
shape.  The  danger  of  such  a  form  would  be 
great,  even  with  masonry  of  the  nicest  worlv- 
manship  and  blocks  of  the  largest  size — with 
hard,  closely-fitting  material  recjuiring  and 
admitting  only  a  very  small  amount  of  mor- 
tar. W'liat,  tlien,  must  be  the  peril  when 
very  considerable  spans  are  attempted  in  a 
few — seldom  more  than  four — half-brick  rims, 
in  very  common  mortar,  whose  defective 
quality  is  sought  to  be  atoned  for  by  profirsion 
in  its  use  i 

The  Trinity  Bridge  at  Florence,  the  bold  de- 
sign of  Bartolomeo  Ammauati,  architect  to 
Duke  Cosmo  I.  (15(iG-l.")(;i)),  is  of  course  tlie 
staple  authority  of  adventurous  moderns.  The 
centre  arch  of  this  famous  liridge  is  9oft.  3in., 
and  the  two  at  the  sides  are  each  85ft.  fiin.  in 
width,  the  rise  being  only  14ft.  lOin.  and  I'M't. 
7iin.  respectively.  But  there  is  one  peculiarity 
in  the  St.  Trinity  not  usually  copied  or  even 
noticed.  The  arches  are  sli';htly  pointed, 
though  the  angle  is  discernible  only  from 
beneatli,  being  concealcil  on  the  faces  by  the 
marble  shields  which  decorate  the  crowns. 
The  deptli  of  the  voussoirs  is  2ft.  9Ln.  through- 
out, and  there  is  a  total  thickness  of  4ft.  2in. 
between  the  face  of  the  sotUt  and  the  surface 
of  the  road.  The  piers  are  21ft.  wide,  in 
accordance  with  the  safe  but  disproportionate 
massiveuess  common  before  the  days  of  Per- 
ronet.  The  tl.ittened  ellipse  conveys,  perhaps 
more  than  any  other,  an  impression  of  com- 
pleteness with  a  limited  elevation.  It  falls 
agreeably  into  the  vertical  lines  of  the  piers, 
and  is  eligible  where  tlie  utmost  headway  is 
requisite  ;  but  it  would  certainly  add  to  the 
supporting  power  of  the  arch  if  the  apex  were 
pointed,  and  yet  further  if  the  central  portion 
were  regarded  as  partaking  of  the  character  of 
a  beam  with  a  maximum  depth  at  the  crown, 
for,  let  the  yielding  point  be  where  it  may,  no 
part  is  more  prompt  to  follow  that  yielding 
than  the  middle  section  of  the  work.  It  is 
here,  too,  that  water-setting  mortar  should  be 
especiidly  employed,  and  every  means  be 
applied  to  prevent  the  destructive  action  of 
percolating  moisture. 

It  has  been  thus  far  assumed  that  a  particu- 
lar form  of  arch  must  be  used,  and  the 
superior  strength  of  segments,  simple  or 
pointed,  is  not  thrown  into  contrast ;  but 
there  are  two  distinct  forms  of  constructive 
design  that  may  well  be  compared  when  the 
question  of  safety  is  under  review.  The  most 
primitive  kind  of  bridge  conceivable  is,  per- 
haps, the  trutik  of  a  tree  thrown  from  one 
bank  of  a  stream  to  the  other  ;  the  next,  two 
such  trunks,  with  a  flooring  of  planks  sup- 
ported by  them.  The  Euphrates  at  Babylon 
had  a  bridge  of  this  sort,  with  piers  or  abut- 
ments of  stone,  and  the  framew-ork  being 
removed  at  night  Icept  the  predatory  Assyrians 
from  nocturiuil  maraudings.  "Without  stop- 
ping to  e.xamine  how  stone  piers  might  be  ex- 
temporised by  boats,  as  ascribed  to  i)arius,  or 
■whether  the  bridges  of  Xerxes  across  the  Hel- 
lespont had  much  affiidty  with  the  suspension 
principle  of  modern  example?,  it  is  sufficient 
to  perceive  in  the  Babylonian  instance  the 
existence  of  beams  and  flooring.  This  princi- 
ple of  beams  and  fljoring  mu,-,t  have  been  in 
common  use  for  ages  previous  to  the  invention 
of  the  arch,  has  kept  its  ground  in  the  face  of 
that  discovery,  and  is  not,  apparently,  likely 
to  be  superseded.  In  timber  construction  the 
original  beam  would  be  sometimes  represented 
by  a  supporting  framework  of  struts,  ties, 
and  braces,  and  to  each  aggregate  of  this  kind 
we  should  apply  the  term  "rib."  In  the  dis- 
position of  the  several  parts  an  endless  variety 
would  be  observable,  but  the  leading  elements 
have  been  handed  down  from  the  remotest 
periods  to  our  own  day. 

The  Greeks  were  not  perhaps  eminent 
bridge-builders,  but  the  Romans  acquired  un- 
precedented skill  in  aroiation,  and  were  thus 
enabled  to  substitute  for  wood  the  more 
durable  material  of  stone.  The  ancient 
examples  were  of  very  moderate  width,  and 
the  footways  were  raised  and  protected  by 


parapets.  Masons  of  other  times  and  places 
are  known  to  have  adopted  the  mechanical 
systems  of  the  carpenters  they  followed,  and 
these  may  have  coutinued  to  construct  bridges 
with  ribs  of  stone,  as  did  their  descendants 
and  imitators  of  the  Middle  Ages.  Thus,  the 
twelfth  century  bridge,  at  Avignon,  with 
twenty-two  arches,  has  for  each  arch  four 
ribs  or  series  of  vault  stones,  separately  built. 
This  bridge  had  an  elbow  to  the  current,  but 
its  singularity  in  this  respect  disappears  by 
comparison  with  the  Old  English  specimen  of 
three  branches  at  Crowland,  in  Lincolnshire. 
Not,  however,  to  forget  the  main  subject,  it 
may  be  said  that  the  ohl  stone  bridges  of  this 
country  were  generally  built  witli  ri'os. 

Next,  in  point  of  time,  comes  tlie  applica- 
tion of  iron,  an  application  still  novel, 
and  a  material  in  this  particular  com- 
paratively now.  The  properties  of  the 
others  greatly  intensihed  make  up  its  own. 
In  its  manipulation  the  mason  gives  way 
to  the  smith,  but  the  carpenter  becomes  so 
much  the  model  that  carpentry  appears  with 
necessary  modifications  to  be  reproduced  in 
iron.  In  bridges  the  rib  principle  is  again 
mide  use  of,  and  with  most  economical  etl'ect. 
We  will  not  now  discuss  the  question  of 
simulative  ii'on  arches  ;  it  must  be  admitted 
they  are  strong.  They  can  be  placed  more- 
over with  direct  reference  to  the  superincum- 
bent strain.  Thus,  at  Westminster  they  are 
much  closer  under  the  roadway  than  under 
the  footpatlis,  and  in  railway  works  they  can 
be  applied  at  the  precise  point  of  necessary 
support.  Where  the  forces  are  so  concentrated 
as  in  railway  trains,  it  seems  only  rational 
that  the  sustaining  power  should  also  be  con- 
centrated ;  and  when  all  circumstances  are 
taken  into  account  it  may  appear  that  few 
methods  would  surpass  in  lightness,  facility  of 
erection,  durability,  even  cheapness,  and 
our  chief  object  at  the  present  moment 
— safety — of  iron  ribs  in  lieu  of  brick  arches. 


THE  SEWAGE  DIFFICULTY— EARTH 
CLOSETS,   &c.* 

^TIHE  time  is  evidently  approaching  when 
J_  the  whole  question  as  to  the  best  mode 
of  dealing  with  the  sewage  of  towns  will  have 
to  be  reconsidered,  and  when,  as  it  is  to  be 
hoped,  it  will  be  satisfactorily  solved.  There 
is  no  doubt  that  the  subject  is  one  of  thofee 
which  calls  loudly  for  the  interference  of 
scientific  and  practical  men.  It  is  a  great  point 
gained  by  those  who  seek  for  such  reforms  that 
the  public  are  day  by  day  becoming  more  and 
more  interested  in  them,  and  that  the  sewage 
dilliculty  and  its  surroundings  are  now  dis- 
cussed with  a  freedom  which  false  delicacy  for 
a  long  time  prevented.  The  statistics  furnished 
by  various  authorities  in  reference  to  the  posi- 
tive evils,  as  well  as  the  intolerable  nuisances, 
arising  from  defective  sewerage,  and  the  pub- 
lished experiences  of  those  who  have  devoted 
time,  study,  and  labour  towards  remedying 
those  delects,  furnish  admirable  data  upon 
which  to  base  future  action.  In  matters  of 
this  nature,  a  little  actual  experimentation  is 
worth  much  theorising,  and  facts  are  far  more 
valuable  than  the  must  ingenious  speculations. 
It  is  unquestionable,  nevertheless,  that  the 
papers  on  sewage,  water  supply,  &o.,  read  before 
such  societie<  as  the  National  Association  for 
the  Promotion  of  Social  Science  and  other 
bodies  of  a  cognate  character,  as  attracting  at- 
tention, and  by  familiarity  lessening  and  not 
breeding  contempt,  have  their  value,  and  must 
on  no  account  be  disparaged. 

The  now  celebrated  sewage  conference 
which  took  place  appropriately  enough  in  the 
Royal  Pump  Rooms  at  Leamington j  last  Octo- 
ber gave  prominence  to  a  system  of  what  might 


*  "The  Sewage  DifEculty:  it3  Cause,  Effects,  Remedy. 
Considered  iu  Reference  to  it3  Sanitary,  Commercial,  and 
Agricultural  Aspects."  By  J.  Banneur.  London :  R. 
Hardwicke,  Piccadilly. 

Repijrt  uf  the  Sanitary  Committee  of  the  town  of  Not- 
tingham, for  the  yeai  ending  September  30,  186lj.  Jamea 
and  John  Vice,  Nottingham. 

t  Vtde  Building  News,  November  2,  1S65. 


be  termed  domestic  sanitation,  which  had  previ- 
ously occupied  the  attention  of  several  gentle- 
men of  eminence,  but  which,  in  principle  at 
least,  is  almost  as  old  as  the  creation  of  man — 
we  mean  the  earth-closet  arrangement.  To 
Mr.  John  Hitchman,  of  Leamington,  indeed, 
belongs  the  merit  of  suggesting  the  general 
practicability  of  commingling  dry  earth  with 
those  materials  which  now  pass  in  almost  all 
towns  into  sewers  and  drains,  and  afterwards 
of  utilising  them  as  nature,  which  is  ever 
thrifty,  appears  originally  to  have  intended 
they  should  be  utilised.  Since  then  Mr. 
Boardman,  of  Norwicli,  has  very  ably  .shown 
the  possibility  of  aiiplying  the  plan  with  ad- 
vantage and  economy  in  the  city  of  Norwich. 
The  communication  of  the  last-named  gentle- 
man in  rejily  to  Mr.  Moraiit,  and  which  ap- 
peared in  the  Building  Nkws  of  the  25111 
nit.,  is  a  very  good  exposition  of  the  earth- 
closet  system  and  its  correlative  superiority 
over  e.xisting  modes  of  dealing  with  household 
sewage,  although,  as  in  all  cases  of  suggested 
improvement,  the  would-be  improver  will  have 
to  encounter  much  activeantagonism.  Last  week 
we  gave  some  more  correspondence,  and  this 
week  we  give  Mr.  Morant's  rejoinder.  We  have 
published  this  correspondence  at  length,  as  it 
relates  to  one  of  the  most  important  social  ques- 
tions which  can  occupy  the  minds  of  English- 
men at  the  present  moment.  As  there  was  an 
apparent  discrepancy  between  the  speeclies 
and  the  resolutions,  as  given  by  our  special  re- 
porter, of  the  Leamington  Conference,  we 
wi'ote  to  that  gentlemen  for  an  explanation. 
He  says,  in  reply,  that  whilst  the  opinion  was 
in  one  direction,  the  resolutions  which  were 
passed  after  several  hours'  debate,  and  when 
many  had  left  the  room,  were  in  another. 

Perhaps,  however,  the  author  of  the  pam- 
phlet entitled  the  "Sewage  Difficulty"  has 
contributed  yet  more  complete  evidence  in 
favour  of  earth  vers^i<<  water  closets,  than 
either  of  the  persons  just  named,  whilst  his 
facts  and  inferences  are  strongly  put  and 
lucidly  drawn.  In  his  instructive  treatise 
on  sewage,  and  how  to  deal  with  it,  Mr. 
Bannehr  has  avoided  as  far  as  was  possible 
technicalities,  and  he  carries  his  reader  for- 
ward with  almost  irresistible  force.  A  very 
pertinent  question  is  that  propounded  at  the 
fourth  page  of  the  pamphlet  under  notice, 
viz..  What  is  sewage  ?  and  the  answer  given  is 
e.xplicit. 

I  will  (says  the  author)  take  the  word  sewage  to 
mean  simply  what  its  name  impli-s, — the  water  in 
and  from  seweror  servicedrains  ;  and,  therefore,  as  not 
necessarily  containinGf  any  human  excreta  or  other 
maniirial  matter  whatever ;  altboug^h  sewage  is  in 
many  insttances  polluted  with,  and  made  a  medium  for 
conveying  the  most  offensive  .and  repugnant  matter 
with  which  we  t\re  acquainted — human  excreta — as 
well  as  many  other  matters  But  it  is  very  common 
to  hear  "  night  soil"  called  sewage  because  sewage 
sometimes  contains  in  an  elementary — that  is,  in  a 
fresh  or  undecomposed  state — the  fluid  and  solid 
matters  which  if  they  were  in  a  state  of  admixture 
would  constitute  night  soil.  And  it  is  this  confused 
iilea  of  the  identity  of  "  sewage  "  and  '^  night  soil  " 
which  serves  to  cause  much  misapprehension  re- 
specting the  sewage  difficulty.  It  should,  however, 
be  remembered  that,  although  sewage  may  contain 
a  certain  amount  of  human  e-xcreta,  sewage  is  not, 
like  night  soil,  suitable  for  manure  ;  because  as  a 
nUe.  at  the  time  it  leaves  the  town,  such  manurial 
matter  has  not  undergone  the  process  of  decomposi- 
tion which  is  essential  for  changing  its  elementary 
state   and  making  it  suitable  for  nourishment   of 

vegetation It  may  be  taken  as 

an  axiom  that  what  will  support  animal  life  is  un- 
fitted for  the  nourishment  of  vegetation,  and  that 
what  will  support  vegetablo  life  is  quite  unsuited 
for  the  sustentation  of  animal  life. 

Mr.  Bannehr,  who  has  evidently'  devoted 
years  of  patient  inquiry  to  the  subject  upon 
which  he  treats,  enters  next  into  a  statement 
of  the  chemical  characteristics  of  the  two 
parts  of  the  excreta,  solid  and  fluid,  and 
adduces  also  the  tables  of  Dr.  Thudicum  as 
to  the  market  value  of  the  various  components, 
in  support  of  his  own  calculations.  The 
sew.age  system  of  Croydon,  that  of  irrigation, 
is  criticised  and  condemned  by  the  writer  of 
the  "  Sewage  Difficulty,"  who  endeavours  to 
connect  with  it  certain  cases  of  rinderpest  as 
resulting  from  the  consimiption  by  cattle  of 


82 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


FEBEnARY  1,   1867. 


sewage-fed  grass.  The  rather  too  well-known 
phenomenon,  if  the  term  be  admissible,  of  the 
liberation  ot  a  certain  quantity  of  sewer  gas 
when  the  handle  of  a  water-closet  is  lifted,  is 
mentioned  and  explained.  "  It  arises  from 
the  admixture  of  the  various  matters  in  the 
sewers  producing  gaseous  exhalations  which 
escape  to  the  outer  atmosphere," — by  the 
action  of  the  beneficent  and  wondrously- 
beautiful  law  of  the  diffusion  of  gasses,  "  and 
cause  in  such  instances  pernicious  effects." 

Some  remarkable  facts  are  adduced  with 
regard  to  the  sewerage  of  Birmmgham,  which 
is  generally  termed  a  well-drained  town.  Mr. 
Bannehr  tells  us — and  he  has  furnished  him- 
self with  incontrovertible  evidence  in  supjjort 
of  his  facts  in  tMs  as  apparently  in  all  other 
cases  to  which  he  refers — that  the  main  drain 
at  the  sewage  outlet  discharges  in  dry  weather 
about  1.5,000,000  gallons  daUy.  Assimiing  the 
population  to  be  300,000,  this  is  a  rate  of  50 
gallons  per  day  for  each  individual,  whilst  the 
average  consumption  of  water  does  not  exceed 
10  gallons  for  each  person.  The  discrepancy 
shown  by  these  figures  is  due  to  the  circum- 
stance that  "  the  sewers  drain  the  shallow 
springs,"  as  was  proved  when  the  drains  were 
constructed,  for  many  of  the  wells  of  the 
town  then  ceased  to  yield  water.  "  It  naturally 
foUows  that  if  the  water  percolates  into  the 
drains  from  above  their  level,  the  drains  iviU 
also  permit  a  portion  of  their  contents  to  pass 
through  fissures  and  cracks  into  the  springs 
below  their  level.  .  .  .  Such  is  the  disgusting 
condition  of  much  of  the  Birmingham  water 
that  an  analytical  chemist  there  has  dis- 
covered 2G0  grains  of  organic  impurity  in 
the  gallon,  and  of  this  quantity  150  grains 
absolutely  consisted  of  human  excreta ! " 
Many  propositions  for  dealing  with  the  "  sew- 
age difficulty  "  in  Birmingham  have  from  time 
to  time  been  made,  but  Ihey  have  not  been 
realised.  Some  of  them  were,  indeed,  posi- 
tively and  manifestly  impracticable,  whilst 
others,  if  practicable,  could  only  have  been 
effected  at  a  ruinously  heavy  outlay.  The 
author  of  the  "  Sewage  Difficulty,"  indulges  in 
some  very  severe  remarks  upon  the  Metro- 
politan Board  of  Works,  in  reference  to  the 
main  drainage  system  as  being  carried  out 
imder  their  direction,  prophecies  the  failure 
of  that  scheme  to  eft'ect  the  great  objects 
sought,  and  broadly  asserts  "  that  the  whole 
of  the  systems  in  force  for  the  Iiydraulic  dis- 
posal of  the  excreta  of  town  populations  are 
in  error."  Tliey  are  nothing  more  nor  less 
than  "  ingenious  methods  of  polluting  enor- 
mous quantities  of  water  (which  ought  to  be 
kept  as  pure  as  possible  to  meet  the  indis- 
pensable requirements  of  a  very  rapidly- 
increasing  population),  and  thus  producing  a 
maximum  of  evil  without  any  corresponding 
advantage."  These  are  unquestionably  sweep- 
ing remarks,  and  they  are  perhaps  due  to  some 
extent  to  the  enthusiasm  of  the  ■^^Tite^,  rather 
than  to  the  exact  reflection  of  actual  facts.  At 
all  events  we  are  not  disposed,  even  in  presence 
of  the  startling  array  of  evidence  summoned 
in  their  justification,  to  take  them  as  infallible 
dicta.  One  of  the  mistakes  into  which  pro- 
moters of  inventions  and  of  innovations  upon 
existing  institutions  almost  inevitably  fall,  is 
to  overstate  the  case  they  wish  to  sustain,  and 
thus  to  damage  instead  of  strengthening  it. 

Having  (as  Mr.  Bannehr  thinks  he  has)  de- 
monstrated that  all  the  systems  of  disposing 
of  excreta  at  present  pursued  in  England, 
whether  by  means  of  the  watercloset,  irriga- 
tion, of  the  cesspit,  or  of  the  dumb-well,  are 
alike  inadequate  for  their  purpose,  he  proceeds 
to  the  solution  of  the  "  difficulty"  in  his  oto 
way.  In  lieu  of  the  ordinary  waterclosets  in 
dwelling  houses  he  would  introduce  an 
arrangement' which,  so  far  as  an  ingeniously- 
constructed  model  which  we  have  inspected 
is  concerned,  appears  likely  to  prove  efficacious. 
Above  the  ordinary  seat  and  in  a  fitting  re- 
ceptacle or  reservoir  he  places  a  supply  of 
carbonaceous  powder,  which  by  means  of  a 
channel  at  the  bottom  of  the  reservoir  is  at  a 
fitting  time  allowed  to  deposit  itself  on  a  ledge 
or  shelf  under  the  seat,  and  of  course  out  of 


the  range  of  the  seat  orifice.  There  is  a  flat 
plate  or  disc  under  the  orifice,  and  this  is 
placed  lietween  the  seat  and  the  shelf,  and  is 
so  contrived  that  it  closes  the  outlet  channel 
except  when  the  disc  is  fully  open.  The  disc 
is  provided  with  a  brush  on  its  lower  side,  so 
that,  in  the  act  of  closing  the  disc,  the  brush 
sweeps  forward  a  portion  of  the  deodorant 
powder  so  as  to  make  fall  npon  and  cover  the 
ordure  deposited  La  the  receiver  below.  Thus 
the  moisture  ^\-ill  be  to  a  considerable  degree 
absorbed,  and  the  escape  of  ofl'ensive  odour 
prevented.  These  operations  can  readily  be 
made  automatic  by  the  application  of  simple 
yet  ingenious  mechanical  apparatus  to  the 
Bannehr  closet. 

One  objection  which  naturally  presents 
itself  to  the  mind  in  connection  with  the 
plans  of  the  author  of  this  scheme  consists  in 
the  apparent  trouble  involved  in  the  subse- 
quent removal  of  the  deodorised  material. 
This,  however,  Mr.  Bannehr  meets  by  the 
statement  that  it  would  be  xmnecessary  for 
the  "collecting  men"  to  enter  the  premises 
except  at  intervals  of  one,  two,  or  more  years, 
"  because  the  strong  receptacle  might  be  made 
sufficiently  capacious  to  require  very  infre- 
quent attention,  and  the  receptacles  for  mine 
might  be  so  constructed — by  the  aid  of  pipes, 
&c. — as  not  to  demand  the  entry  upon  the  pre- 
mises of  collecting  men  at  all.  In  fact,  says 
the  very  confident  originator  of  the  scheme, 
"the  whole  of  the  details  might  be  so  carried 
out  as  not  to  be  any  source  of  annoyance  or 
of  offence  to  delicacy  whatever,  even  in  re- 
spect of  the  most  fastidious." 

It  is  not  essential  to  foUow  the  author  of 
the  "  Sewage  Difliculty  :  its  Causes,  _  Effects, 
and  Remedy"  into  his  comparative  estimate  of 
sanitary  and  pecuniary  advantages  supposed 
to  be  contingent  upon  the  adoption  of  his 
plans.  Such  estimates,  although  it  may  be 
that  they  are  framed  conscientiously,  are  not 
always  strictly  reliable,  and  we  shall  content 
ourselves  with  having  directed  the  attention  of 
our  readers  to  the  nature  of  the  propositions, 
and  by  advising  them  to  obtain  for  themselves 
the  excellent  publication  in  which  those  pro- 
positions are  more  elaborately  explained. 

The  sanitary  committee  of  the  town  of 
Nottingham  have  supplied  a  brief  but  explicit 
report  of  their  operations  in  regard  to  the 
various  and  important  points  implied  and 
understood  by  the  term  sanitary,  during  the 
past  year.  It  is  gratifying  to  note  the  energy 
and  ability  with  wliich  those  operations  seem 
to  have  been  performed.  The  water  supply 
and  the  sewage  questions  have  been  intelli- 
gently and  practically  dealt  with.  Many  sur- 
face wells  have  been  altogether  abandoned, 
and  the  inhabitants  of  Nottingham  are  now 
provided  abnost  universally,  we  believe,  with 
water  from  the  mains  ot  the  AVaterworks 
Company.  In  the  matter  of  privies  and 
closets  much  has  been  done  by  way  of  im- 
provement, the  general  principle  adopted 
being  the  admixture  of  earth  or  ashes  and 
night  soil,  with  the  exclusion  of  extraneous 
water  and  proper  ventilation.  We  have  the 
satisfaction  of  introducing  here  apian,  section, 


LAN, 


and  side  elevation  of  a  single  pri\'y  with  ash- 
pit arrangement,  and  which  will  thus  make 
the  matter  more  readily  understood.  The 
plan,  which  can  be  extended  so  as  to  combine 
pairs,  or  blocks  of  any  number,  is  simple. 
It  consists  in  its  chief  feature  of  a  water-tight 
pit  or  receptacle,  so  formed  that  all  soil  falls 


4-Q(iTcSin  gg 


4'/za3 


vSection  A.B. 


directly  into  its  centre,  and  to  the  lowest 
level,  so  as  to  be  immediately  covered  by 
the  next  deposition  of  earth  or  ashes.  The 
committee  ^record  their  opinion  that  dry 
earth  is  probably  the  best  deodoriser,  and  state 
that  a  daily  covering  of  that  material  prevents 
all  smell,  absorbs  all  liquid,  and  aids  in  form- 
ing a  manure  equal  to  guano.  Ashes,  which 
are  supplied  from  all  houses,  though  not 
equal  to  dry  earth,  produce  similar  effects, 
and  thus  this  domestic  refuse  and  heretofore 
nuisance  may  not  only  be  rendered  innoxious 
but  of  great  agricultural  value.  By  adopting 
the  ficrured  dimensions  of  the  illustrations  in 


End     Elevation. 

the  construction  of  such  works,  facilities  will 
be  afforded  for  removing  the  material,  whilst 
the  relative  positions  of  the  groundline,  the 
aLihpit  door,  and  the  seat,  wUl  not  allow  one 
part  to  become  overcharged.  The  cost  of  such 
a  construction  as  that  shown  above,  according 
to  the  experience  of  the  Nottingham  com- 
mittee, ranges  from  £9  to  .£10. 

No  drainage  is  necessary  in  these  cases,  and 
by  the  method  of  ventilation  pursued  perfect 
immunity  from  disagreeable  odours  is  ob- 
tained. We  apprehend  that  the  time  is  not 
distant  when  the  example  of  Nottingham  will 
be  followed  by  other  towns,  in  the  densely- 
peopled  districts  of  many  of  which  filth  aad 
disease  now  reign  paramount. 


February  1,  1867. 


THE  BUILDINO  NEAVS. 


83 


Irffjxolotiii. 


ARCHJlOLOGYis  one  of  the  popular  pur- 
suits of  the  present  generation,  and  one 
which  has  had  and   still   haj  a  powerful  in- 
fluence  on   its  mental  progress.      The   very 
name  is  an   invention  of  the  present  genera- 
tion, and   serves  to  distinguish  t!ie  scientific 
character  of  the  study  as  at  present  pursued, 
from  the   too  often  fanciful   and  speculative 
antiquarianisni  of  a  past  age.     One  eWdence 
of  the  popularity  of  the  study  and  the  energy 
with  which  it  is  pursued  is  to  be  seen  in  the 
organisations    which   liave   been    established 
to  secure    co-operation   among   tlie   students 
and     encouragement    from    the    sympathis- 
ing public.     There  are,  besides  tlie  ancient 
chartered  Society    of   Antiquaries,  two  me- 
tropolitan    societies,     which     embrace     the 
three    kingdoms  within    the    scope   of  their 
operations,  and   nearly  every  county  has  its 
county  society  besides.     Another  evidence  is 
the  considerable  amount   of  literature  which 
I  has    accumulated  on  the  subject  within  the 
last  five-aud-twenty  years.     The  books   and 
■iphlets    till    a     fair-sized    library  ;  every 
ii'ty  has  its  special  publication  of  Transac- 
tions;   the  literary  periodicals  give  a   share 
1    attention  to  it;    and     the   London    and 
vincial    papers    gladly    insert    occasional 
:. (graphs    of   antiquarian  news.     But  with 
•i'.l   this    interest    felt   in    the   subject,    and 
all   this  attention  devoted  to   it,  archasology 
has  no  special  organ    in  the  weekly  press, 
nor  is  there    even    any  weekly    publication 
■    which  the  antiquarian   student  may  look 
th  the  knowledge  that  his  tastes  have   been 
■cially  catered  for  ;  and  that  he  will  there 
tolerably  sure  to  find   a  record  of  archseo- 
_lcal  discoveries,  notices  of  the  new  archseo- 
,ical  books,  and  the  latest  news  of  archaeo- 
^ical  circles,  and  the   opportunity  of  com- 
municating with  his  brother  archseologists  by 
means  of  correspondence. 
The  BciLDiSG  News  has  resolved  to    en- 
ivour  to  supply  this  want.     It  has  arranged 
10  devote  to  the  subject  a  portion  of  its  space 
weekly  ;  it  has  taken  steps  to  secure  compe- 
tent correspondents  in  various  parts  of    the 
kfngdora;     and     it     has     put     the     special 
1  ■partment    into  the  hands   of  a   competent 
iitor.     It    only   remains  to  solicit    the   co- 
operation of  those  who  are  specially  interested 
;  in  antiquarian   pursuits,  and   to  beg  them  to 
favour  us,  for  the  common  benefit,  with  the 
means  of  communicating  early  intelligence  of 
antiquarian  discoveries,  and  of  making  these 
columns  interesting  and  useful  to  the  anti- 
(juarian  reader.     Communications  to  be  ad- 
dressed to  the  Editor,  166,  Fleet-street,  E.C. 


1  Crater,  with  an  open  shaft  at  its  apex.    When  the 
rupe  and  the  force  are  there  it  is  not  everybody  who 
cares  to  be  let  down,  astride  of  a  stick  at  the  end 
!if  a  rope,  into  a   uaiTow  shaft,  which  is  he  due^ 
not  quite  know  how  deep,  and  leads  to  he  is  not 
([uite  sure  what.      A  party  of  adventurers  have, 
however,  recently  organised  a  visit,  and    one  ol 
them  obliges  us  with  notes  of  what  he  saw.    These 
Dene   holes,   as    the  country  people  call    them 
(.'Dane  holes)  are  situated  iu  a  wood  c;illed  Hairy- 
man's    Wood,  in   the  parish   of  Tillbury.     The/ 
had  brought   a  long  stout  rope,  aud  had  tied  a 
short  stick   at  one  end,  aud  invited  us  one  by  one 
to  sit  across  the  stick   and  allow  ourselves  to  be 
lowered  down  the  crater,   and  down  the  shaft  of 
uukuovvn  depth  to  which  the  crater  formed  a  con 
veuit:nt   funnel.      It  looked  ugly,   but  one  of  u.s 
volunteered  to  make  the  first  descent.     The  shaft 
was  about  3ft.  in  diameter  and  about  85ft.  deep. 
At  the  bottom  of  the  shaft  we  came   to  a  cone 
some  25lt.  high,  which  would  just  have  6Ued  the 
crater  above,  since  it  consisted  of  the  loose  soil 
which  had    crumbled  iu  from  the  sides    of  the 
shaft  and  formed  the  crater.      At  the  bottom  of 
the   shaft  were  two   openings    opposite    to    one 
another,  each  of  which  g.ive  access  to  a  group  of 
three  caves.      The  ground  plan  of  the  caves  was 
like  a  six-leaved  tiower,  diverging  from  the  central 
cup,   which  is    represented   by  the    shaft.     The 
centralcave  of  each  three  is  about  fourteen  yards 
long  and   four  yards  wide,  and  about  six  yards 
high.     The    side  caves  are  smaller,  about   seven 
yards  long  and  two  yards   wide.      The  section  is 
rather  singular  :  taken  from  end  to  end,  the  roof 
line  is  horizontal,  but  the  floor  line  rises  at  the 
end  of  the  cave,  so  that  a  sketch  of  the  section 
from  end  to  end  of  the  two  principal  caves  is  like 
the  outline  of  a  boat,  the   shaft  being  iu  the  posi- 
tion of  the  mainm;ist.   The  section  across  the  cave 
is  like  the  outline  cif  an  egg  made  to  stand  on  its 
broader  end.     They  are  all  hewn  out  of  the  chalk, 
the  toul  marks,  like  those  which  would  be  made 
bv  a  pick,  being  still  visible.    A  good  deal  of  loose 
chalk  lies  on  the  floor,  fallen  probably  from  the 
sides.  It  is  under  this  chalk  that  there  is  a  chance 
of  finding  some  traces  of  the  original  use  of  the 
caves  ;  the  caves  were  dry  and  the  air  pure.     We 
descended    another  shaft  which   led    into    other 
caves,  much  like  in  plan  and  dimensions  to  those 
above    described.      If  the  rest  of   the  open   and 
closed  and  conjectured  shafts  led  to  similar  caves 
the  total  amount  of  cave  room  is  very  consider- 
able.    We  saw  nothing  which  could  give  a  clue 
to  the  purpose  for  which   these  singular  excava- 
tions were  made,  or  to  the  date  of  their  excava- 
tion, uidess  the  pickmarks  which  we  saw  indicate 
that  they  were  dug  out,  not  with  flint  or  bronze 
celts  of  the  usual   shapes,  but  with  a  metal  tool 
like  a  pick  of  later  date  than  the  age  of  celts.     We 
were  told  there  are  simdar  Dene  holes  on  the  south 
side  of  the  river,  which  we  hope  to  explore  some 
day.  __^ 


offect  which  always  attracts  a  group  of  gazer* 
round  the  window  aforesaid,  and  whi<^h  onr  four- 
teenth century  ancestors  were  not  above  admiring. 
In  the  illumination  a  knight  sits  on  the  step  of 
the  fountain,  and  rests  his  elbow  on  the  margin  of 
the  lower  basin.  A  lawn  surrounds  the  foiint.ain, 
there  are  flowering  plants  above,  and  trees  in  the 
background,  and  a  gateway  on  the  right.  The 
jcene  seems  to  be  a  mediaeval  garden. 

The  other  fountain  has  on  a  raised  step  a  deep 
circular  basin,  with  arcaded  sides.  From  the 
middle  rises  a  twisted  shaft,  which  carries  two 
lions*  heads,  from  whose  mouths  the  water  flows. 
The  numerous  allusions  to  fountains  in  the 
medi;eval  romances  prove  that  they  were  com- 
mon then — more  common  than  they  are  now  ;  the 
constant  allusions  to  the  bath  show  that  it  was 
then  in  universal  use  among  well  bred  people;  and 
we  are  led  to  suspect  that  some  of  the  sanitary 
arrangements  five  hundred  years  ago  were  superior 
to  those  oi  the  present  day,  and  to  wish  that 
architects  would  now  give  us  baths  universally  in 
oui  houses,  and  fountains  frequently  in  our  pubUc 
places. 

Dr.  Bruce  is  about  to  issue  by  subscription 
a  new  edition  of  his  work  on  the  Roman  w.all.  It 
will  not  be  merely  a  reprint  of  the  work,  but  will 
contain  additional  matter,  the  result  of  later  sur- 
veys and  discoveries,  and  additional  plans  aud 
woodcuts.  It  is  a  standard  and  valuable  work, 
which  ought  to  be  in  every  antiquary's  library. 

The  Rev.  H.  J.  Ell.acombe,  the  well-known  cam- 
panologist, is  engaged  upon  a  volume  on  the  bells 
of  Devon.  He  has  visited  every  church  tower  in 
the  county,  and  copied  all  the  bells,  more  than 
two  thousand  in  number.  It  will  be  a  valuable 
contribution  to  the  ecclesiology  of  the  county  and 
to  the  campanology  of  the  kingdom. 

Mr.  John  D' Alton,  the  Irish  historian  and  anti- 
quary, has  just  died  at  Dublin.  For  upwards  of 
half  a  century  he  had  collected  materials  for  the 
history  of  nearly  every  Irish  family  of  note.  Mr. 
D' Alton  was  a  member  of  the  Irish  bar.  Among 
his  published  works  were  "  Memoirs  of  the  Arch- 
bishops of  Dublin,"  several  Irish  historical  essaya, 
and  a  national  romance,  entitled  "  Dermid,  or 
Erin  iu  the  Days  of  Boroihure."  He  was  also  for 
many  years  a  frequent  contributor  to  the  Gentle- 
man's Ma  .azine,  besides  various  Irish  periodicals. 
He  has  left  behind  him  a  large  collection  of 
valuable  MSS. 

Mr.  Charles  Roach  Smith,  who  is  known  to  all 
the  world  as  an  antiquary,  is  just  now  earning  re- 
putation iu  a  very  different  field.  He  has  been 
giving  dramatic  readings  at  Rochester,  with  un- 
bounded applause.  Twice  as  many  tickets  were 
applied  for  as  were  issued,  and  the  reading  was  re- 
peated. He  has  since  been  reading  at  Lewes,  a£ 
he  had  done  previously  in  Bedfordshire.  He 
is  said  to  display  very  great  dramatic  power. 


BRITISH    GATES    ON    THE    BANKS    OF 
THE  THAMES. 

Is  "Camden's  Britannia"  there  is  an  account 
of  some  remarkable  excavations  near  Tilbury, 
on  the  north  shore  of  the  Thames,  which  he  sup- 
poses to  be  of  British  origin,  and  to  have  been 
made  as  granaries  for  corn,  according  to  a  custom 
of  the  Celtic  tribes,  for  whose  existence  he  quotes 
Tacitus  as  his  authority.  Since  Camden's  time 
these  remarkable  caves  seem  to  have  been  lost 
eight  of.  They  are  not  mentioned  by  the  county 
historians,  and  they  do  not,  although  so  near  Lon- 
don, seem  to  have  attracted  the  attention  of  the 
modern  school  of  archseolngi.^ts.  There  are  good 
reasons  why  they  should  not  be  often  visited. 
They  are  in  an  out-of-the-way,  uninhabited  partof 
the  country  for  a  stranger  to  reach  ;  they  are  not 
easy  to  find  when  the  visitor  has  reached  the  place ; 
■when  found  it  is  necessary  to  have  a  long  and 
stout  rope  to  lower  and  raise  the  explorer,  and 
force  enough  to  do  it ;  and  when  the  five  of  them 
are  now  open — about  five  more  have  been  open 
within  a  few  years,  but  are  now  closed  by  the 
falling  in  of  the  surface  soil — there  are  also  a 
n  imber  of  other  conical  depressions  just  like  those 
which  are  known  to  be  the  mouths  of  filled  in 
shafts,  which  we  may  fairly  suppose  to  be  also  of 
the  same  nature.  We  found  the  farming  men 
whom  our  friend  had  sent  to  help  us  standing 
beside  a  conical   pit,  like  the  mouth  of  a  small 


MEDLSTAL  FOUNTAINS  IN  ILLU- 
MINATED MSS. 

A  coRRESPOTiDENT  writes  : — I  was  interested  in 
your  account  of  the  fifteenth  century  fountain  at 
Little  Leighs,  having  some  time  since  in  vain 
sought  for  any  English  mediseval  examples.  I 
found  some  authorities  in  the  illuminations  in 
MSS.,  but  usually  they  were  so  defective  in  draw- 
ing that  they  served  only  as  suggestions  of  the 
general  form  and  character  of  the  structure, 
which  had  pleased  the  illuminator's  eye,  and 
which  he  tried  to  represent.  A  description  of 
two,  which  I  saw  again  last  week  in  turning  over 
the  rich  pages  of  the  fourteenth  century  MSS. 
'•  Histoire  du  Roi  Melindus,"  in  the  British 
Museum,  may  interest  your  archaeological  readers. 
One  consists  of  a  shallow  octagonal  basin,  placed 
upon  a  base  of  one  step.  In  the  middle  of  this 
basin  stands  a  s  ort,  stout,  octagonal  shaft,  with 
well-moulded  base  and  capital.  The  capital  carries 
a  design  composed  of  four  lions'  beads  facing  out- 
wards, from  whose  mouths  water  issues  into  the 
basin  beneath.  On  these  lions'  heads  is  placed  a 
smaller  fiat  circular  basin  with  embattled  edge, 
and  from  the  middle  of  this  upper  basin  rises 
what  seems  to  be  intended  for  some  such  fanciful 
waterwork  as  those  we  see  in  the  shop  window 
just  west  of  Temple  Bar,  where  Mr.  Lipscombe's 
filters  are  sold.  In  the  drawing  there  is  a  short 
upright  pipe,  on  the  top  of  which  is  what  I  take 
to  be  a  hollow  sphere,  with  several  short  pipes  in- 
serted iu  it,  out  of  which  water  is  represented 
as  gushing.  I  conjecture  that  this  sphere  was 
turned  round  in  some  way  by  the  force  of  the 
water,  and  so  the  water  was  ejected  from  the  pipes 
in  fantastic  shapes,   and   produced  the   kind  of 


POTTERY  AND  PORCELAIN. 

A  COURSE  of  six  lectures  "  On  Pottery  and 
Porcelain"  -(the  Cantor  lectures)  is  bow 
being  delivered  at  the  Society  of  Arts  by  William 
Chafi'ers,  Esq.  The  first  lecture  of  the  course  was 
delivered  on  Monday,  the  '21st  inst.  Mr.  Chaffers 
illustrated  his  remarks  by  the  exhibition  of  a  col- 
lection of  very  fine  specimens  of  ancient  pottery 
of  the  Egyptian,  Greek,  Etruscan,  and  Roman 
periods,  which  were  attentively  examined  after 
the  lecture  by  the  members.  Behind  the  chair 
were  placed  numerous  diagrams  of  the  forms  of 
Greek  vases,  drawings  of  the  potter's  wheel,  a  Saxon 
grave,  urns,  &c.  The  lecturer  commenced  by 
speaking  of  the  nature  of  clay,  and  the  various 
changes  it  was  subject  to  from  its  primitive  state, 
through  all  the  intermediate  stages,  until  it  culmi- 
nated iu  the  perfect  vivse,  dv.'eliing  upon  the  de- 
siccation and  baking  the  clay,  the  means  adopted 
by  potters  in  the  formation  of  vessels,  viz.,  the 
potter's  wheel,  modelling  tools,  moulds, 
&c.,  the  skUl  exercised  by  the  arti-ts  in. 
decorating  the  ware,  and  the  diflaculties  they  had 
to  contend  with  in  painting  upon  the  moist  clay  ; 
the  na'-ure  of  the  glazes  employed  by  the  ancients ; 
the  shrinkage  while  in  the  kiln,  and  many  other 
curious  facts  in  connection  therewith.  Mr.  Chaffers 
alluded  to  the  extraordiuary  circumstance  that  not- 
withstanding the  fragility  of  specimens  of  ceramic 
art,  and  their  liability  to  injury,  our  mu-seum» 
throughout  Europe  abounded  with  perfect  and 
uninjured  examples  not  only  of  pottery,  but  of  the 
stUl  more  fragile  material,  glass.  For  the  preser- 
vation of  th?se  we  are  indebted  to  the  simple  piety 
of  the  ancients,  who,  according,  to   their  rites   of 


84 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS, 


Febeuaey  1,  1867. 


burial,  placed  in  the  grave  those  objects  which 
the  deceased  esteemed  most  daring  his  lifetime. 
Thus  we  find  by  the  side  of  the  skeleton,  in  the 
simple  tumulus  of  earth,  in  the  cinerary  urn,  or  in 
the  stone  sarcophagus,  gold  and  silver  personal 
ornaments,  fictile  vases,  and  other  ceramic  re- 
mains, glass  vessels,  weapons,  &c.  ;  and  this  is  the 
source  of  our  possession  of  such  valuable  testi- 
monies to  the  habits  and  customs  of  the  ancients, 
for,  without  exception,  all  the  relics  preserved  to 
us  have  been  discovered  either  in  places  of  sepid- 
ture,  or  in  the  exhumation  of  long-buried  cities, 
devastated  by  conquest,  or  overwhelmed  by  vol- 
canic eruptions.  The  lecturer  then  noticed  the 
description  given  by  Herodotus  of  the  city  of  Ec- 
bataua,  the  capital  of  Media,  surrounded  by  seven 
walls  of  as  many  ditferent  colours,  which  he  in- 
ferred were  of  bricks,  or  tiles  with  enamelled  sur- 
faces, and  compared  it  with  a  building  of  similar 
character,  described  by  Sir  H.  Rawlinson  as  still  ex- 
isting at  IJirs  Nimrud,  in  Chaldffia,  which  from  the 
custom  of  placing  cylinders  in  the  buildings,  is  as- 
certained to  have  been  restored  by  King  Nebuchad- 
nezzar 605  B.C.,  who  designates  it  "The  seven 
spheres  of  Borsippa."  This  structure  consisted 
of  six  stages,  each  about  '20ft.  high,  of  pyramidal 
form,  dedicated  to  particular  planets,  and  vitrified 
or  glazed  with  the  colour  attributed  to  it  by  astro- 
logers.  Adverting  to  the  glazed  Babylonian  bricks, 
Mr.  Chafiers  showed  the  early  knowledge  of  the 
use  of  the  stanniferous  enamel  glaze  as  a  covering 
for  earthenware.  He  alluded  to  the  researches  cf 
Mr.  W  Kennett  Loftua  in  Chaldsea,  who  disco- 
vered piles  upon  piles  of  earthenware  cofiins  co- 
vered with  glaze  in  a  cemetery  at  Warka,  proofs 
of  the  successive  generations  by  whom  this  method 
of  burial  was  adopted  from  its  foundation  until 
the  place  was  abandoned  by  the  Parthians,  a  pe- 
riod probably  of  more  than  2,000  years.  The  earth- 
enware of  Egypt  next  claimed  his  attention,  which 
he  described  as  a  sort  of  silicious  frit,  frequently 
covered  with  a  greenish  blue  glaze  ;  the  deities  and 
emblems  discovered  so  abundantly  in  the  catacombs 
and  tombs  were  many  of  them  steatite,  carved  into 
form,  and  placed  in  the  kiln.  The  earthenware 
vessels  were  used  to  contain  the  waters  of  the 
Nile,  and  for  various  household  purposes.  The 
favoitrite  ornamentation  on  their  vases  was  de- 
rived from  the  lotus,  its  buds  and  flowers,  the 
borders  and  details  being  taken  from  the  petals, 
stems,  and  divisions  of  thecalix.  The  mostflourLsh- 
ing  period  of  Egyptian  art  is  assigned  to  a  very  re- 
mote date,  viz.,  2,000  years  befi  n-e  our  era.  The 
period  of  the  Ptolemies  is  known  by  the  marked 
influence  of  Greek  artists.  The  frit  gives  place 
to  a  pottery,  coarse  and  soft,  sometimes  painted  on 
the  plain  surface,  and  sometimes  glazed.  This 
was  continued  down  to  the  second  and  third  cen- 
turies of  our  era,  when  Egypt  was  under  Roman 
domination.  In  speaking  of  the  Greek  fictile  vases, 
Mr.  Chaffers  said  they  were  found  in  large  quan- 
tities in  the  sepulchres  of  Etruria  during  the  last 
century,  and  hence  they  were  erroneously  called 
EtruSLjan,  even  after  they  were  still  more  abun- 
dantly discovered  in  Magna  Grfecia,  Sicily,  Attica, 
&c.  It  is  indisputable  that  these  vases  are  the 
productions  of  Greek  artists,  and  the  style  of  paint- 
ing the  designs  as  well  as  the  inscriptions  are 
decidedly  Greek.  This  portion  of  the  lecture  was 
illustrated  by  some  remarkably  fine  Greek  vases 
kindly  lent  to  the  lecturer  by  Mr.  Felix  Slade, 
Mr.  Henderson,  Mr,  Battam,  and  M.  RoUm.  For 
the  purpose  of  classifying  the  Greek  va-es  he  di- 
vided them  into  five  periods,  assigning  approxi- 
mate dates  of  antiquity,  as'  follows: — First  archaic 
period,  previous  to  the  eighth  century  B.C.  ;  se- 
cond archaic  period,  from  the  eighth  to  the  seventh 
B.C. ;  third  archaic  period,  from  the  seventh  to  the 
sixth  B.C.  ;  fourth,  the  finest  period,  from  the 
sixth  to  the  fourth  B.C.  ;  fifth,  the  decadence,  from 
the  fourth  to  the  second  B.C.  The  peculiar  char- 
acteristics of  each  period  are  as  follow  : — The  first 
archaic  period:  Of  these,  the  earliest  specimens  of 
Greek  fictile  art,  most  are  discovered  at  Athens, 
Corinth,  Melos,  Camirus  in  Rhodes,  and  Etruria. 
They  are  very  rude,  painted  in  reddish  brown  or 
black,  on  ash-coloured  ground,  with  chevrons,  con- 
centric  circles,  stars,  &c.,  and  primitive  represen- 
tations of  men  and  animals.  The  vases  of  the  se- 
cond archaic  period  are  abundantly  supplied  from 
Camirus,  in  Rhodes,  as  well  as  in  other  parts  of 
Greece.  They  show  a  great  improvement  in  the 
drawing  of  the  figures  ;  they  are  usually  of  cream- 
coloured  clay,  painted  with  crimson  and  white,  and 
red  on  black,  the  details  being  scratched  with  a 
point,  the  style  of  ornamentation  being  two  or  more 
rows  of  animals  (real  or  imaginary),  of  birds,  har- 
pies, sphinxes,  &c.  In  the  third  archaic  period  are 
found  the  most  valuable  Greek  vases,  cf  a  more  ar- 
tistic character  than  thgse  which  precede  it.    The 


figures  are  painted  in  black,  on  a  red  ground,  and 
the  designs  are  confined  to  a  square  tablet  between 
the  two  handles,  the  rest  of  the  vase  being  painted 
a  lustrous  black.  Mythological  and  heroic  subjects 
are  now  introduced,  and  complicated  groups  of 
figures,  chariots,  and  occasionally  inscriptions.  The 
fourth  is  the  best  period  of  Greek  art.  These  vases 
may  be  especially  distinguished  by  the  designs  being 
left  red,the  ground  filled  in  with  black,  and  the  de- 
tails of  costume,  features,  and  anatomical  delinea- 
tions produced  by  black  lines.  Sometimes  are  found 
black  figures  on  red,  and  red  figures  on  black,  on 
the  same  vase.  This  may  be  considered  a  transi- 
tion from  the  archaic  to  the  more  artistic  style. 
The  fine  vases  of  Nola  may  also  be  attributed  to 
this  period.  The  fifth  period  may  be  called  the 
decadence,  and  dates  from  the  accession  of  Alex- 
ander the  Great,  B.C.  336,  to  B.C.  186,  when  it  is  pre- 
sumed the  fabrication  of  painted  vases  altogether 
ceased,  shortly  after  the  edict  of  the  Roman  senate 
against  the  celebration  of  the  Bacchanalian  festi- 
vals in  that  year.  As  we  approach  the  second  cen- 
tury B.C.  we  find  less  freedom  in  the  design,  a  cer- 
tain mannerism  in  the  drawing,  as  well  as  a  greater 
profusion  of  ornament. 

Various  specimens  of  Etruscan  pottery  were  ex- 
hibited to  illustrate  the  lecturer's  remarks,  and  the 
Roman  section  was  copiously  illustrated  by  selec- 
tions from  his  own  collection,  displaying  the  most 
striking  varieties.  The  red  ware  of  Arretium  was 
described,  as  well  as  the  Samian  ware,  so  fre- 
quently discovered  on  the  sites  of  Roman  cities, 
ornamented  in  relief  with  mythological  subjects 
and  elegant  scroll  patterns  ;  it  was  used  by  the 
Romans  at  the  table  for  their  meals.  Mr.  Chaffers 
also  described  other  varieties  of  Roman  ware  found 
in  Biitain  and  Germany,  aud  vessels  of  various 
forms,  small  drinking  cups,  inscribed  with  short 
convivial  sentences,  as  "  Imple,"  "  Reple,"  "Bibe," 
"  Vivas,"  "  Da  vinum ;"  mortaria,  lamps,  clay  sta. 
tuettes,  &c.,  specimens  of  which  were  upon  the 
table.  In  conclusion,  he  spoke  of  the  Saxon  period, 
and  described  the  contents  of  some  of  the  Saxon 
or  Franki-sh  graves  which  are  dispersed  over 
Northern  Gaul,  and  the  earthenware  vessels  so 
commonly  found  among  them. 


PROPOSED     SCHOOLS     AND    ALMS- 
HOUSES,  WALWORTH. 

THESE  buildings,  of  which  wegiveanillustration 
elsewhere,  are  about  to  be  erected  near  the 
Elephant  and  Castle  Railway  Station,  for  the  con- 
gregation of  the  Rev.  C.  H.  Spurgeon.  They  con- 
sist of  eighteen  sitting-rooms  for  aged  females 
(each  with  souUery,  coalplaee,  and  a  recess  for  bed 
to  be  closed  by  curtains),  schools  for  200  children, 
and  an  eight-roomed  teacher's  house.  There  is  a 
covered  playground  under  the  girls'  school.  The 
walls  are  of  brick  with  stone  dressings.  The 
details  given  below  our  view  are  taken  from  the 
elevations,  andmerely  explain  the  general  arrange- 
ment, not  the  precise  design  of  the  ornament.  The 
architect  is  Mr.  James  Cubitt,  of  Addington- 
square,  Camberwell. 


provision  for  these  collections  has  long  been  felt. 
The  expense  of  carrying  out  the  architect's  designs 
and  plans,  exclusive  of  fittings,  would  be  about 
£25,000,  including  the  amount  (£2,300)  already 
granted  by  the  Court  for  the  improvement  of  the 
present  building.  This  sum  the  Court  will  be 
asked  to  vote  at  their  next  meeting. 


LE  MANS   CATHEDRAL    CHEVET. 

TOAVARDS  the  year  1220  the  ancient  apses  of 
most  of  the  French  cathedrals  were  demo- 
lished and  rebuilt,  with  the  view  at  some  future 
time  of  reconstructing  the  whole  of  the  buildings 
in  the  thennew  style.  The  scheme  for  rebuilding  the 
whole  of  the  cathedrals  was  not  realised  in  many 
cases,  a  fact  which  is  not  to  be  regretted,  since 
we  thus  have  preserved  to  us  the  original  naves  of 
the  rormd  arch  style.  The  work  of  rebuilding 
the  cathedral  of  Le  Mans  stopped  at  the  trans- 
epts. M.  VioUet  le  Due*  has  pointed  out  that  the 
chevet  of  this  cathedral,  with  its  two  aisles  of 
diS'erent  heights,  presents  a  precisely  similar 
arrangement  to  that  of  Bourges,  the  apsidal 
chapels  of  which,  however,  are  considerably  deeper 
than  those  at  Le  Mans.  The  Chapel  of  the 
Virgin  (shown  on  the  left  side  of  the  sketch)  is,  as 
frequently  occurs,  two  bays  longer  than  the 
rest  of,  the  chapels  of  the  apse.  It  is  ele- 
vated on  a  crypt.  The  doorway  is  of 
much  later  date  than  the  chapels ;  the 
steps  leading  to  it  are  entirely  of  wood.  The  ori- 
ginal cathedral  of  Le  Mans,  which  dates  from 
early  in  the  eleventh  century,  consisted  of  a  nave 
covered  with  a  wooden  roof,  with  north  and  south 
aisles  and  north  and  south  transepts,  each  having 
an  apsidal  chapel  on  the  east  side.  There  was  an 
apse  eastward  of  the  crossing,  with  one  aisle 
covered  with  a  barrel  vault.  Portions  of  the 
transepts  of  the  eleventh  century  are  still  remain- 
ing on  the  north  side  of  the  present  chevet. 
During  th8  twelfth  century  the  vault  over  the 
nave  and  transepts  was  built;  it  is  hexapartite,  ' 
in  square  bays.  The  clerestory,  with  its  two- 1 
light  AngioWne  windows,  was  at  the  same  time  i 
constructed,  and  the  early  arcade  and  triforiumj 
restored  ;  the  lofty  pillars  were  built  against  every  ^ 
alternate  pier  to  carry  the  vaulting. 

Henri  Jarvis,  jun.    ^ 


GUILDHALL    IMPROVEMENT. 

THE  Guildhall  Improvement  Committee  have 
presented  a  report  to  the  Court  of  Common 
Council,  on  the  subject  of  a  new  library  and 
museum.  They  state  that  having  directed  the 
City  architect  to  prepare  and  submit  designs  and 
an  estimate  for  the  erection  of  a  new  building 
which  would  give  ample  space  both  for  the  recep- 
tion of  books  and  antiquities  belonging  to  the 
Corporation  and  for  the  accommodation  of  visitors, 
that  gentleman  has  prepared  a  ground  plan  of  the 
present  arrangement  of  the  Guildhall  and  offices, 
providing  for  the  erection  of  a  new  library  and 
museum  on  the  ground  between  the  eastern  end 
of  the  hall  and  Basinghall-street.  The  new  build- 
ing will  contain  a  basement  floor,  with  an  area  of 
9,000  superficial  feet ;  a  ground  floor,  which  will 
be  used  as  the  museum,  with  a  like  area  ;  and  an 
upper  floor,  which  will  be  devoted  to  the  purposes 
of  the  library,  and  will  contain  an  area  of  6,000 
superficial  feet.  On  this  floor  it  is  proposed  to 
erect  a  g.allery,  which  will  materially  contribute 
to  the  space  required  for  the  reception  of  the 
books.  Since  its  foundation  by  the  Corporation 
in  1824,  the  GuildhiiU  library  has  been  steadily 
increasing,  until  at  the  present  time  it  consists  oi 
one  of  the  most  valuable  assortment  of  works  of 
standard  literature  to  be  found  in  the  country, 
and  in  addition  to  this  it  possesses  the  largest  and 
most  complete  collection  of  works  in  relation  to 
the  City  of  London  which  is  known  to  be  in 
existence.    The  necessity  of  making  some  proper 


THE  PARIS  EXHIBITION.  T 

AVERY  useful  feature  of  the  arrangements  is  a 
covered  way  which  leads  from  the  railway 
station  just  beyond  the  limits  of  the  grounds  to 
one  of  the  side  doors  of  the  building  itself,  so 
that  all  who  arrive  by  rail  will  be  under  shelter 
the  whole  way ;  this  covered  way  is  nearly 
finished,  and  will  shortly  be  connected  with  the 
entrance  by  a  vestibule.  On  the  other  side  of  the 
building  is  another  large  covered  way  for  carriage* 
to  pass  under  and  set  down  their  occupants. 

Beyond    the   Exhibition     grounds,    the    steel 
bridge,  which  crosses  the  opening   made  in   the 
quay,  is  completed  ;  a  large  and   convenient  land- 
ing place  is  being  formed  for  those  who  arrive  by^ 
water,  and  who  may  enter  the  grounds  of  the  Ex- ' 
hibition  either  by  the  way  beneath  the  bridge  or  byX 
the  main  entrance  in  the   quay.     On  the   rigbi^ 
and  left  of  this  landing  place,  but  on  a  level  withp 
.  the    qu.ay,    two    large     restaurants     have    beei 
erected,  and  one  of  these  will,  it  is  said,  be  undei 
the  direction  of  two  well-known  English  caterers." 

The  portion  of  the  machinery  gallery  which  haat 
been  assigned  to  Great  Britain  contains  eighty^ 
large  clerestory  windows.  It  is  intended  to  fill  tbei 
with  bUnds  of  a  decorative  character,  and  a  wiudoi 
has  been  offered  to  each  of  the  most  importan| 
corporations  of  Great  Britain,  chambers  of  col 
merce,  civic  companies,  and  railway  companies, 
enable  blinds  illustrating  the  manufactures,  &Cjj 
peculiar  to  the  town,  or  decorated  with  design* 
heraldic  or  otherwise,  to  be  erected.  Amonf 
those  which  have  at  present  accepted  these  invita- 
tions are  the  corporations  of  London,  Edinburgh, 
Glasgow,  Liverpool,  Belfast,  'Newcastle-on  Tyne, 
Bradford,  '^Oldham,  Rochdale,  Stoke  Chamber  of 
Commerce,  the  Honourable  the  Mercers  Company, 
and  the  Stockton  and  Darlington  Railway  Company 
The  British  executive  will  fill  several  windows, 
with  blinds  illustrating  the  early  history  of  iuven-- 
tions.  Stephenson's  "  Rocket,"  Braithwaite's  *'  No- 
velty," Hackworth's  "  Sanspariel,"  being  the 
earliest  trial  locomotives  ;  Symington's  steam  pad- 
dle engine,  which  was  the  first  successful  engine 
of  the  kind  ;  Watt's  "  Sun  and  Planet"  beam  en' 
gine,  aud  Arkwright's  loom  furnish  subjects. 

«  "  Dictioauaire  da  I'Arcliitwtaid,"  Xome  v.,  p.  3ii. 


^1 

i 

esai' 
"tf 


/v'h, '  ■■:!.  -i_r.  :■-  h  \S3 


H^Jaivis. . 


Iiti  (Hm^  (^m^iim^^ii  Cm'^f  ^^m  j^-^ 


The  Building  News   Feb'  I"  1867 


P  F.  Warrv  '-r 


Vrtnf.eToa^  tEass  Lidiographers  236  Bolbom 


Prupuiifii  ^^rlianla-  s"!:  •AlmiilmuriP.s^-WHriDurtB m«james  cubui  archt. 


February  I,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


89 


LAXDSEER'S   LIONS    IX   TRAFALGAR 
SQUARE. 

JUST  a  few  minutes  before  arranging  for 
the  press  we  had  a  ghvnce  at  the  lions 
■which  have  just  been  put  on  their  respective 
pedestals  in  Trafalgar-square.  The  first 
thought  that  strikes  one  in  looking  at  them  is, 
Why  has  there  been  such  a  tedious  delay  in 
their  production  and  erection?  For  many 
years  tlie  vacant  places  in  the  square  have 
been  the  butts  for  critics  and  cynics,  and 
Sir  E.  Landseer's  name  has  been  mentioned 
not  over  reverently  in  the  matter.  After 
waiting  so  long,  public  expectation  has  natu- 
rally been  on  the  tiptoe.  Great  things  have 
been  expected,  and  in  some  minds  great  will 
be  the  disappointment.  At  the  first  glance,  and 
when  close  to  them,  the  lions  look  too  big 
for  the  site,  but  when  looked  at  from  a 
short  distance  the  objection  loses  its  force.  The 
lions  are  all  the  same  size,  and  they  are  very 
much  alike.  The  bodies  and  legs  appear,  in 
fact,  as  if  they  were  cast  in  the  same  mould  ; 
the  expression  of  the  face  ditfers,  we  believe, 
in  each  instance,  and  herein  will  be  found  the 
artist's  merit.  Each  lion  appears  as  if  he 
were  arranged  to  sit  for  his  portrait.  The 
forepaws  in  each  instance  are  stiff,  formal,  and 
artificial.  In  fact,  no  lion  could  sit  in  such  a 
posture  more  than  a  minute  without  pain. 
Why  each  body  should  be  exactly  alike,  why 
each  head  should  be  almost  in  the  same 
position,  why  each  mouth  should  be  open 
and  the  tongue  in  the  same  place,  must 
be  best  kno«Ti  to  the  artist.  If  they  were 
to  differ  at  aU,  why  not  dill'er  more  ?  Then 
each  figure  would  have  an  interest  of  its  own, 
beyond  the  facial  expression  which  it  now 
presents.  There  is  a  grand  repose  in  the  back 
part  of  each  figure  ;  but  the  spreading  out  of 
the  fore  paws  indicates  anything  but  repose. 
There  is,  however,  throughout  a  structural 
symmetry  about  the  figures,  which  palpably 
shows  that  Sir  Edwin  has  imitated  nature 
with  considerable  care.  It  is,  we  think,  not 
only  a  pity,  but  a  mistake,  to  have  made  the 
noble  brutes  so  closely  resemble  each  other, 
and  particularly  when  so  much  time  and 
labour  and  money  have  been  expended  in  their 
execution.  It  must  be  admitted,  however, 
by  the  most  critical,  that  these  additions  im- 
part a  sense  of  completeness  and  an  air  of 
majesty  to  "  the  finest  site  in  Europe." 


EARTHWORK  AND  ilASONRY  IN 
THE  PARIS  EXHIBITION. 

SO  much  attention  has  been  bestowed  upon 
the  superstructure  or  metallic  portion  of 
the  approaching  Paris  Exhibition  that  pro- 
bably many  of  our  readers  will  be  surprised 
to  learn  that  the  masonry  and  earthwork  con- 
stitute combined  a  rather  formidable  item  in 
the  total  expenditure.  The  amount  of  the 
contract  for  these  two  portions  of  the  work  is 
close  upon  £80,000.  Of  this  sum  more  than 
half  is  absorbed  in  the  formation  of  the  ter- 
races and  the  masonry  in  the  foundations,  and 
the  rest  in  masonry  above  ground,  including 
the  walls  of  the  grande  nef.  The  formation  of 
the  terraces  was  commenced  by  constructing 
the  platform  of  Le  Champ  de  Mars,  which 
comprised  230,000  cube  yards  of  excavation, 
employed  for  filling  the  hoUbws.  The  cutting 
and  filling  were  paid  for  at  the  rate  of  8d. 
per  cube  yard  for  the  double  operation. 
About  the  same  quantity  of  filling  was  also 
obtained  for  the  same  purpose  by  permitting 
Btuff  to  be  run  to  spoil  by  anyone  who  wanted 
some  place  to  shoot  it.  The  excavation  for 
the  foundations  proper  of  the  Palace  amounted 
to  80,0p0  cube  yards,  and  were  paid  for  at  the 
rate  of  Is.  Gd.  per  cube  yard,  which  price  of 
course  included  running  it  to  filling  where 
required  ;  the  larger  portion  of  it  being  used 
in  bringing  the  ground  in  the  interior  of  the 
building  to  the  proper  level.  When  this  ope- 
ration was  completed  the  whole  surface  of 
the  made  ground  was  well  punned  and  watered, 


so  as  to  thoroughly  consolidate  it  and  render 
any  subsequent  sinking  or  unevenness  im- 
possible. An  extra  price  of  a  penny  half- 
penny was  allowed  for  this  work  per  cube 
yard.  Some  idea  of  the  labour  and  expense 
attending  the  operation  of  watering  the  ground 
may  be  gathered  from  the  fact  that  the  con- 
tractors erected  for  the  purpose  ten  reservoirs, 
to  which  water  was  conducted  by  numerous 
leaden  pipes,  having  an  aggregate  length  of 
two  miles.  The  water  was  distributed  from 
jets  ;  the  contractors  agreed  with  the  water- 
works company  for  a  daily  supplj-  of  17,000 
gallons,  and  the  total  cost  w;is  about  £1,000. 
Under  tlie  item  "  terraces" must  be  included  the 
formation  of  the  principal  road  running  con- 
centrically with  the  curve  of  the  Palace,  and 
situated  about  half-way  between  the  limits  of 
the  Palace  itself  and  those  of  Le  Champ  de 
Mars.  The  making  of  thisroad consumed  nearly 
12,000  cube  yards  of  flints  and  8,000  of  sand; 
the  whole  being  supplied  from  an  immense 
pit  dug  near  L'Ecole  Militaire.  The 
excavation,  cartage,  and  spreading  of  the  flint 
stones  was  paid  for  at  3s.  Id.  per  cube  yard, 
and  the  sand  at  8d.  The  surface  was  after- 
wards rendered  smooth  and  in  a  suitable  state 
for  traffic  by  rolling  it  in  the  same  manner  as 
all  newly  macadamised  roads  are  done  in 
Paris.  It  is  only  we  who  retain  the  barbarous 
custom  of  laming  and  cutting  the  feet  and 
legs  of  horses  by  allowing  them  to  draw  loads 
over  roads,  every  stone  of  which  bears  a  strong 
resemblance  to  the  small  three-pointed  pieces 
of  iron  used  in  the  times  of  barbaric  warfare, 
to  impede  the  advance  of  cavalr)'. 

The  masonry  underground  includes  that 
used  in  the  construction  of  the  subterraneous 
galleries,  some  of  which  are  concentric  with 
the  plan  of  the  building,  and  others  radiating  ; 
also,  that  in  the  foundations  of  the  galleries 
appropriated  to  the  fine  arts  and  the  records 
of  industry  and  in  the  foundation  of  the 
curtain  walls  of  the  principal  gallery.  In 
these  parts  of  the  building  upwards  of  40,000 
cube  yards  of  masonry  were  _  used,  of  which 
11,000  were  of  rubble  masonry,  built  with 
mortar,  at  12s.  3d.  the  cube  yard.  About  the 
same  quantity  of  beton  was  employed  at 
9s.  2d.  the  cube  yard;  the  remainder  was 
built  of  masonry  in  cement  at  143.  Id.  per 
same  unit.  The  arches  of  the  subterraneous 
galleries  are  built  of  beton  concrete  on  the 
Coignet  principle,  and  consumed  10,000  cube 
yards  of  material  at  £l  7s.  6d.  per  yard, 
which  price  included  all  charges  for  centreing, 
fixing,  and  other  labour.  The  culverts  and 
drains  for  drainage  and  surface  water  are 
built  of  the  same  description  of  concrete  ; 
their  diameter  varies  from  1ft.  to  1ft.  7iin., 
and  cost  per  running  yard  43.  8d.  and  .53.  lOd. 
respectively.  Connection  between  the  iron 
columns  and  the  drains  is  maintained  by 
earthenware  pipes  at  lOd.  per  running  yard  ; 
this  price  is  low,  but  as  a  set-off  no  deduction 
was  made  for  the  holes  formed  in  the  masonry 
for  the  passage  of  the  pipes.  Nearly  all  the 
mortar  is  made  in  pug  miUs  worked  some  by 
steam  and  others  by  horse  power.  As  an 
illustration  of  a  few  somewhat  unusual  con- 
tingencies the  contractors  had  to  provide  for, 
it  may  be  mentioned  that  they  purchased 
nearly  ,5,000  square  yards  of  straw  matting  to 
protect  the  fresh  masonry  from  the  effects  of 
frost  ;  they  constructed  a  large  number  of 
movable  sheds  to  allow  the  work  to  be 
carried  on  under  cover,  and  furthermore  they 
provided  a  large  quantity  of  additional  cloth- 
ing for  some  of  the  workmen.  It  was  stipu- 
lated by  the  authorities  that  the  contractors 
should  complete  all  the  earthwork  and  ma- 
sonry belonging  to  the  half  of  the  Palace 
facing  the  quay  by  the  1st  of  February  in  the 
present  year,  and  the  works  of  a  similar 
nature  in  the  other  half  by  the  1st  of  April 
following,  under  the  penalty,  in  case  of  non- 
compliance, of  £20  for  every  day  of  delay 
beyond  the  specified  time.  As  many  changes 
were  made  from  time  to  time  in  the  original 
designs,  it  was  only  by  working  night  and 
day  that  the  work  was  finished  at  the  time 
stipulated  for. 


The  masonry  above  ground  comprises  the 
side  walls  of  the  two  galleries  already  alluded 
to,  and  the  curtain  walls  of  the  gratide  nef. 
The  former  are  37ft.  Gin.  in  height  above  the 
ground,  and  2ft.  thick  at  the  base,  and 
1ft.  7iin.  at  the  top,  and  are  built  partly  of 
masonry  and  partly  of  beton.  The  manner  in 
which  the  beton  is  used  is  as  follows  : — Com- 
mencing at  the  base,  a  layer  5f't.  in  height, 
composed  of  beton  in  horizontal  lengths  of 
UU't.,  alternating  with  lengths  of  rubble  work 
of  5ft.  throughout  the  whole  length  of  the 
wall ;  over  this  layer  is  placed  a  layer  of  rubble 
work  l.^ft.  in  height,  then  again  a  layer  of 
beton  and  rubble  as  at  first,  with  a  layer  of 
rubble  only  on  top,  and  so  on  until  a  height 
of  20ft.  is  reached,  the  rest  of  the  wall  being 
built  of  rubble  in  cement.  The  alternations 
of  masonry  and  beton  present  no  visible 
appearance,  as  the  whole  surface  of  the  walls 
is  plastered  over.  The  plastering  was  priced 
at  a  fraction  over  3d.  per  square  yard.  The 
curtain  walls  of  the  principal  gallery  are  con- 
structed without  any  beton,  and,  deducting 
openings,  are  equal  to  about  6,000  cube  yards  ; 
600  cube  yards  of  American  pine  are  also 
used  for  wall  plates,  wooden  bricks,  and  other 
purposes.  These  walls  follow  closely  upon 
the  erection  of  the  pillars,  and  each  pair  of 
bays  is  finished  ten  days  after  the  adjoining 
columns  are  in  position.  About  20,000  square 
yards  of  flooring  are  completed,  comprising 
the  following  formation  : — A  bottom  layer  of 
biiton,  3'15in.  in  thickness,  is  first  deposited, 
consisting  of  stone  and  mortar  in  cement  ;  over 
this  is  spread  a  layer,  or  rather  a  coat  of 
mortar  in  cement,  composed  of  sand  and 
cement,  in  the  proportion  of  12  cwt.  of  cement 
to  1  -3  cube  yards  of  sand,  the  whole  being 
carefully  levelled  and  smoothed.  The  arrange- 
ments respecting  the  workmen  employed  and 
the  labour  in  general  are  excellent,  and  we 
therefore  extract  a  brief  account  of  them  from 
"  Les  Travaux  Publics:'' — Any  workman 
desiring  to  be  engaged  on  the  works  must 
present  himself  either  20  minutes  before  the 
commencement  of  the  day's  labour,  or  in  the 
evening  immediately  at  its  termination,  at  one 
of  the  gates  of  the  Champ  de  Mars,  and,  on 
stating  his  object,  will  be  attended  to  by  one 
of  the  foremen  of  the  particular  trade  he  be- 
longs to.  If  Jie  is  engaged,  he  will  receive  a 
"  carte,"  containing  his  name,  address,  and  the 
number,  which  will  serve,  besides,  to  identify 
him  ;  on  it  is  also  written  the  number  of  the 
workshop  where  he  is  employed,  and,  after 
the  first  day  of  his  trial,  the  pay  he  is  to 
receive  will  be  inscribed  upon  it.  Admission 
to  the  works  is  only  obtained  by  his  present- 
ing liis  "  carte  "  daily,  which  is  signed  by  one 
of  the  contractors.  Every  workman  must 
bring  his  own  tools,  and  they  must,  moreover, 
be  in  good  working  order.  Excepting  between 
the  mouths  of  April  to  October,  the  day  is 
divided  into  ten  working  hours,  and  the  hour 
is  taken  as  the  base  for  calculating  wages. 
Ten  minutes  before  the  time  for  beginning 
work  the  bell  is  rung,  and  the  men  can  come 
in,  the  doors  are  afterwards  closed,  and  those 
who  are  too  late,  locked  out  until  a  cessation 
of  labour  occurs.  Every  workman  quitting 
his  work  without  the  consent  or  knowledge  of 
his  foreman  is  liable  to  a  fine  of  5f ,  besides 
the  deduction  for  time  lost.  Pay  day  comes 
the  second  Sunday  of  every  month,  and  for 
this  purpose  an  especial  office  has  been  built 
in  the  Champ  de  Mars;  but  checks,  not 
exceeding  in  value  half  the  wages  gained  by 
the  workmen  at  the  time,  are  given  out  every 
Saturday  to  those  who  want  them.  The  men 
must  give  eight  days'  previous  notice  to  their 
respective  foreman  when  wishing  to  leave  the 
service,  or  otherwise  they  will  not  receive 
whatever  amount  of  pay  may  be  due  to  them. 
Those  who  are  dismissed,  are  paid  off  at  the 
close  of  the  day's  work  ;  and  anyone  in  a  state 
of  drunkenness  is  summarily  expelled  the 
premises. 

To  ensure  a  due  and  skilful  professional 
attendance  upon  those  who  may  suffer,  either 
through  their  o\vn  indiscretion  and  negligence, 
or  through  the  inevitable  contingencies  attend- 


90 


THE  BUILDING  NEV/S. 


February  1,  186f. 


ing  all  large  works  of  a  similar  nature,  a 
rebate  of  2  per  cent,  is  levied  upon  all  wages 
to  provide  for  medical  assistance.  Two 
medical  men  attend  regiilarly  at  the  works 
upon  the  wounded  and  the  sick,  to  whom 
medicines  are  supplied  gratuitously ;  visits 
are  also  made  to  those  of  the  men  who  may  be 
confined  to  their  beds.  Workmen  who  are  laid 
np  in  consequence  of  injuries  received  through 
no  fault  of  their  own,  but  in  the  legitimate 
course  of  their  labour,  receive  half  pay  while 
incapacitated  for  work ;  this  is  the  usual 
arrangement  with  most  of  our  own  large  firms. 
On  the  other  hand,  those  M'ho  may  be  injured 
while  in  a  state  of  intoxication,  or  from  a  dis- 
regard of  ordinary  prudence,  or  disobedience 
of  orders,  are  allowed  gratuitous  medical  aid, 
but  nothing  more.  Curing  the  period  of 
cholera,  the  Imperial  Commission  ordered  tea 
to  be  distributed  free  to  all  the  workmen,  and 
altijoiigh  we,  who  do  not  drink  tea  as  a  medi- 
cine, may  be  inclined  to  doulU  the  efficacy  of 
the  precaution,  yet  none  will  dispute  the 
liberality  of  the  action. 


YORKSHIRE    ASSOCIA-^TON  OF   MASTER 
EUILDEKS. 

THE  half-yearly  general  meeting  of  the  mem- 
bers of  this  association  was  held  at  York,  on 
Monday,  Mr.  Archibald  Neill,  of  Bradford,  in  the 
chair.  The  attendance,  in  consequence  of  the 
importance  of  the  business  to  be  Lransacted,  svas 
large,  and  represented  the  principal  build, ng  firms 
in  all  parts  of  the  county.  A  report  of  the  com- 
mittee was  read,  containing  a  variety  of  recom- 
mendations, one  of  which  was  the  doing  away 
entu-ely  with  the  bond,  a  document  which  had 
been  devised  for  the  purpose  of  kuittiug  the 
members  together  into  a  united  body,  and  inflict- 
ing certain  penalties  for  an  infraction  of  the  rules  of 
the  association.  It  was  counsel's  opinion  that  the 
document  possessed  no  power,  and  it  was  therefore 
resolved  to  do  away  with  it,  resting  for  the  future 
entirely  on  the  honour  of  the  members  of  the 
a-ssociation.  Of  the  other  recommendations  the 
first  and  most  important  was  "  That  the  Yorkshire 
Association  of  Master  Builders  join  the  General 
Builders'  Association,  but  that  we  retain  our 
present  arrangements  as  a  Yorkshire  association." 
A  very  lengthy  discussion  on  this  point  was  intro- 
duced by  ilr.  A.  Mault,  the  representative  of  the 
General  Builders'  Association,  who  read  the  rules 
of  the  general  body.  The  advantage  of  such  a 
junction  was  acknowledged  on  all  hands,  whilst  it 
appeared  to  be  thoroughly  appreciated  that  only 
by  the  strength  of  imity  could  reforms  be  brought 
about  between  masters  and  workmen,  and  archi- 
tects persuaded  to  guarantee  the  quantities  which 
they  furnished  and  adopt  articles  of  agreement. 
During  the  discussion  the  evils  of  the  day  system 
of  working  were  pointed  out,  and  the  advantage 
of  the  hour  system  both  to  man  and  master 
descanted  upon,  and  a  variety  of  inconsistencies 
indulged  in  by  the  workmen  referred  to.  As  to 
the  latter  it  was  stated  that  in  some  places  bricks 
were  not  allowed  to  be  manufactured,  or  stone 
dressed  by  machinery.  These  were  fe  ters  upon 
the  building  trade  which,  it  was  argued,  must  be 
ultimately  broken,  and  with  this  end  in  view  a 
junction  of  the  Yorkshire  with  the  General 
Builders'  Association  was  but  the  initiatory  step. 
In  fact,  it  was  stated  that  in  certain  places  in  the 
county  notice  had  already  been  given  to  the  work- 
men of  the  intention  of  the  masters  to  adopt  the 
hour  system.  Ultimately  the  full  recommendation 
of  the  committee  was  carried  out,  the  Yorkshire 
association  retaining  its  present  arrangements  as  a 
county  body,  and  becoming  merged  into  the 
General  Builders'  Association.  The  secretary  of 
the  Yorkshire  branch  was  then  instructed  to  give 
certain  notice  of  strikes  impending,  and  to  him 
the  names  of  men  likely  to  be  or  already  on  strike 
were  also  requested  to  be  furnished  by  employers. 
This  was  a  step  which,  from  the  discussion, 
appeared  to  possess  some  importance,  in  order  that 
men  on  strike  might  not  migrate  to  other  towns 
and  find  employment  from  members  of  the 
association.  An  important  discussion  next  took 
place  upon  the  best  means  of  adopting  the  hour 
system  throughout  the  association.  Mr.  Mault, 
■whil-t  stating  that  the  Birmingham  Association  of 
Masters  had  determined  to  try  their  strength  with 
the  men  on  this  point,  added  that  the  General 
Builders'  Association  had  deemed  it  unwise  at 
present  to  take  the  initiative  in  such  a  step.  It 
waa    one,    however,  which   he  thought  it   most 


desirable  the  builders  of  the  country  should  give 
their  attention  to,  in  order  that  a  uniform  system 
might  be  adopted  throughout  the  country.  During 
the  discussion  a  variety  of  difficulties  and  anoma- 
lies were  pictured  as  existing  under  the  present 
system,  whilst  there  was  also  the  additional  anomaly 
that  in  a  few  places  the  hour  system  is  at  present 
in  force,  and  with  such  manifest  advantage  to  the 
men  that  they  were  ready  to  strike  sooner  than 
submit  to  an  alteration.  It  was  ultimately  resolved 
"  that  this  branch  association  recommend  to  the 
general  association  at  its  annual  meeting  the  con- 
sideration of  the  desirability  of  giving  a  general 
notice  for  the  adoption  of  imposed  trade  rules, 
including  the  hour  system,  at  as  early  a  date  as 
Iiossible."  The  subject  of  the  best  means  to  be 
used  to  induce  architects  to  furnish  and  guarantee 
quantities,  and  to  adopt  articles  of  agreement, 
were  referred  for  consideration  to  the  next  meet- 
ing of  the  General  Association  of  Builders,  to  be 
held  at  Bristol,  and  the  association  was  requested 
to  bring  the  matter  to  a  satisfactory  settlement 
as  early  as  possible.  A  sub-committee  was  ap- 
pi  >inted  for  the  purpost^  of  watching  over  any  bill  or 
bills  which  might  be  brought  into  Parliament 
affecting  the  trade,  and  also  to  consider  any  question 
not  brought  before  that  meeting.  Local  associa- 
tions were  exhorted  to  use  every  endeavour  to 
extend  the  usefulness  of  the  association  by  push- 
ing it  into  new  districts,  after  which  it  was 
determined  that  the  next  meeting  of  the  York- 
shire branch  should  be  held  at  Harrogate.  The 
meeting  then  adjourned  to  the  Royal  Station 
Hotel,  and  about  eighty  gentleman  sat  down  to  a 
most  excellent  repast.  The  after  proceedings 
under  the  presidency  of  Mr.  Woolley  and  Mr. 
Whiteley,  were  kept  up  until  the  departure  of  the 
later  trains  of  the  day. 


BUILDERS'  wore:  AND  WAGES  IN  NEW 
SOUiH  WALES. 

"p  ESOLUTION  passed  at  the  Carpenters'  and 
_£Aj     Joiners'  Society  : — 

"  That  we  form  a  committee  to  inquire  into  the 
present  depression  in  trade,  and  call  delegates 
from  other  trades  with  the  view  of  ascertaining 
the  amount  of  distress  existing  amongst  each 
trade  or  calling  in  the  colony  of  New  South 
Wales." 

To  llie  Secretary  ajid  Memhers  of  tke  Amalgamated  Society 
of  I  he  Unileil  Kiitijdom. 

Gentlemen  and  Fellow  Workmen, — We  the  undersigned, 
as  delegates  of  the  various  trades  of  Sydney,  hereby  for- 
ward you  a  correct  account  of  the  great  depression  existing 
among  all  classes  of  skiUed  and  unskilled  labour  in  the 
colony.  It  is  with  extreme  regret  that  we  feel  it  our  duty, 
and  a  very  painful  duty,  to  make  you  acquainted  with  our 
present  depressed  conditiou.  Owing  to  the  great  want  of 
employment  experienced  by  all  trades  andcal.ings.  more 
especially  amon^  the  building  and  iron  trades,  labourei-s  in 
the  building  trades  also,  we  wish  particularly  to  warn  you 
against  the  glowing  but  false  accounts  that  often  find  their 
way  to  the  United  Kingdom  by  almost  every  mail.  We  can 
assure  you  that  the  laboui*  offices  are  daily  besieged  by 
willing  and  anxious  hard-working  men,  offering  their  ser- 
vices for  any  kind  of  employment  or  wages  ;  but  the 
demand  for  labour  is  as  scarce  as  the  applications  for  em- 
ployment are  nuraeroua. 

We  do  not  wish  you  to  understand  that  we  never  had 
New  South  Wales  in  a  distressed  state  before  now,  for  we 
can  a-ssvire  you  that  the  colony  has  not  been  worth  a  man  in 
the  United  Kingdom,  who  was  doing  moderately  well,  or 
getting  a  moderate  amoxint  of  emplo^Tnent,  to  leave  to 
come  here  for  these  last  six  or  seven  years  ;  in  fact,  employ- 
ment is  always  hard  to  obtain,  and  where  obtained  is 
mostly  of  short  duration. 

We  ^^-ill  now  give  you  a  tnithful  statement  of  the  wages 
paid  and  received  by  the  best  workmen  in  the  colony  and 
city  of  Sydney,  and  that  isthe  very  highest  received  by  any 
trade  or  calling : — Stonemasons.  10s.  perday  of  eight  houra, 
but  not  in  a  shop  or  under  a  shed,  as  in  the  old  country, 
but  under  the  scorching  sun  of  Austral-a.  no  protection 
either  from  hot  winds  or  di'enching  riins,  but  knock  ott  and 
go  liome,  lose  the  time,  and,  consequently,  the  money,  from 
the  already-too-sraall  amoimt  of  wages ;  carpenters  and 
joiners,  Ps.  pen-  day,  not  in  shops  such  as  you  have  at  home, 
as  we  caU  it,  but  most  of  oirr  work  is  done  in  sheds  that 
are  neither  wind  or  water  tight,  or  else  in  the  building*, 
and  subject  to  all  the  annoyances  of  the  plasterers  and  all 
other  trades  when  the  work  is  prepared  in  the  building ; 
bricklayei-s,  10s.  per  day,  or  v2  lOs.  to  £3  per  rod  of  piece- 
work ;  plasterers,  9s,  per  day,  or  from  Gd.  to  lOd.  per  yai-d 
of  piecework,  and,  if  at  day^vork.  there  are  uo  hawk-boys, 
but  the  mortar  is  pitched  on  the  board,  and  in  nine  cases 
out  of  ten  you  must  dispense  mth  the  labourer  when  the 
floating  is  done  ;  painters,  8s.  per  day  ;  iron  trades,  ranging 
from  03.  to  10s.  per  day  of  ten  hours ;  slaters,  all  by  the 
square,  from  6s.  to  Ss.  Cd.  ;  plumbers.  10s.  perday;  brick- 
layers' labourei-s.  Ss.  per  day ;  brickmakers  deliver  bricks 
within  four  miles  of  the  kiln  for  £2  58  per  thousand  (the 
fuel  costs  them  for  burning  about  from  10s.  to  los.  per 
thousand) ;  quarrjTuen.  from  Ss.  to  IDs.  per  day  of  ten 
hours.  We  cannot  give  you  a  correct  account  of  cabinet- 
makers, upholsterers,  Freuch-pobshera.  tailors,  shoemakers. 
Arc,  but  we  can  assure  yo.i  that  they  are  in  a  most  deplor- 
able condition,  as  the  most  of  their  branches  of  trade  are 
imported  from  England  and  other  cointrios. 

In  the  above  we  did  not  tell  you  how  many  of  each  trade, 
or  the  average,  were  employed,  but  we  will  do  so  to  the 
best  of  our  knowledge ; — Masoas,  about  two-thirds  only 


employed  ;  carpenters  and  joiners  about  the  same — if  any- 
thing, a  little  less;  painters,  we  are  sorry  to  say,  only  about 
one-third  ;  bricklayers  and  plasterers,  about  two  thirds 
employed  ;  bricklayei-s'  and  plasterers'  labourers,  we  are 
sorry  to  say,  only  aooiit  half;  and  the  iron  trades,  only 
about  two  out  of  every  ten  in  employment — they  are  in  a 
most  deplorable  condition. 

Now  we  d  ire  say  you  will  think  the  '•  ages  in  New  South 
Wales  «r6  very  higli,  or,  at  any  rate,  very  good,  and  won- 
der what  we  are  complaining  about,  but  when  we  show  you 
the  expendituie  side  of  the  account  we  think,  if  intending 
emigrants  are  not  quite  Australiau-niad,  they  will  at  once 
see  that  there  is  no  b.dauce  in  favour  of  the  Aiu4.ralJan 
wages,  saving  nothing  about  the  ujisteadiness  of  emplo) 
ment.  In  the  fii-st  place,  if  you  wish  to  live  in  or  near  tbi^ 
city,  for  a  house  of  four  amall  rooms  you  will  have  to  p:i  > 
frnm  14s.  to  "203.  per  week  rent ;  if  in  a  court  or  alley  from 
Ids.  to  15s.  per  week  ;  if  in  the  suburb^,  for  a  four  roomed 
huu^e  from  10s.  to  15s.  per  week ;  and  the  smaller  the  h''JUse 
the  more  rent  you  have  to  pay  in  proportion.  Firing  and 
lights  will  cost  about  43.  per  week  all  the  year  round. 
Vegetables  cost  about  250  per  cent,  more  than  in  England. 
Only  fancy  giving  Sd.  for  a  small  cabbige!  That  is  the 
price  now.  Bread  averages  about  5d.  the  21b.  loaf;  beef 
and  mutton  average  abjut  5d.  per  pound,  pork  about  Td., 
veal,  about  7d.  ;  bacon  and  cheese,  about  Is.  Gd.  ;  milk,  8d. 
per  quart;  groceries,  about  tht^  same  as  in  England,  only 
very  inferior,  generally  speaking  ;  boots  and  clothes,  about 
tbe  same  (slops),  but  there  is  much  less  wear  in  these  things 
here  on  account  of  the  greater  amount  of  perspiration,  as 
iu  all  hot  countries  you  may  often  see  people  a>  wet  as  if 
they  ha(^  been  dipped  into  a  pond — we  might  easily  say  12  J 
per  ceut.  more  here  than  in  England. 

Now  there  is  another  cause  of  complaint  of  a  very 
serious  nature  There  is  not  the  slightest  inclination  on 
the  part  of  employers  to  take  as  apprentices  any  of  the 
thousands  of  young  Arabs,  as  they  are  colo.iially  called, 
and  the  conseqiieuces  are  that  they  are  entirely  dependent 
on  their  parents  ;  and,  also,  there  is  no  sort  of  industry 
that  youug  girls  can  engage  in,  except  millinery  and  dress- 
making, which  is  already  overdone,  and  their  pay  is  down 
almost  to  starving  point.  What  we  are  going  to  do  with  the 
rising  gener.itiou  is  an  everyday  question,  but  no  one 
appears  to  be  able  to  answer  t  he  question.  We  are  sorry  to 
say  that  oxir  streets  are  thronged  with  unforttmate  gu-ls  as 
a  consequence  of  non-employment.  The  Government  ar» 
building  aud  enlarging  gaoLs  all  over  the  country,  and  our 
b  ne\olent  institutions  are  all  full,  and  one  or  two  aro 
getting  additional  wings  built  to  accommodate  the  numer- 
ous applications  for  relief.  There  is  one  iustitution  in 
Sydney  that  gives  out  once  a  week  the  large  number  of 
1,800  2lb.  loaves.  It  is  nothing  uncommon  to  see  ar;.'3pect- 
able  mecha  lic  call  in  where  other  men  are  working  to  seek 
employment,  or  such  other  assistance  as  we  may  be  able  to 
give  him  ;  these  are  principally  new  arrivals,  a:id  most  of 
them  have  travelled  overland  from  Queensland,  a  distance 
of  60iJ  miles  or  (100  miles  The  distress  there  no  doubt  yuu 
have  heard  of  before  now  The  colony  of  New  South  Wales 
has  been  getting  gradually  worse  these  last  seven  yeara, 
chiefly  owing  to  the  great  amount  of  emigration  aud  the 
faliing-off  of  our  goldfidlds,  and  more  so  through  tlie  great 
amount  of  importation  of  almost  every  article  we  left  our 
homes  to  come  here  to  manufacture. 

We  are,  gentlemen,  voiirs  respectfully, 

HENRY  .JAMES  HOLLAND.  Chairman. 

JOSRPH  COOPER. 

EDWARD  REYNOLDS,  Secretary. 

(^Delegates  from  .loiners'  Society.) 

THOMAS  GOaTi-LOW,  Chainnan. 

EDWARD  COTTRKLL.  Treasurer. 

JOSEPH  M'NEK.LY,  Secretary. 

(Delegates  from  P.ointers"  Society.) 

THOMAS  NORTH. 

JOHN  WILKINS. 

(Delegates  from  Bricklaver*. > 

THOMAS  H  ASS  ELL. 

DENNIS  HARRIS. 

(Delegates  from  Labourers'  Society. ) 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales,  November  12,  1S66. 


BECONSTRTTCTION  OF  LONDON. 

THE  Commons'  Seleofc  Committee  of  last  session 
on  the  local  government  of  the  metropolis, 
though  it  did  not  complete  its  investigation,  took 
evidence  upon  various  topics  from  persons  filling 
offices  which  cause  them  to  be  well  acquainted 
with  the  way  in  whii;h  the  poor  of  London  live. 
A  member  of  the  Whitechapel  Board  of  Wurka 
states  that  there  are  in  that  district  5,000  houses 
in  courts  and  alleys  and  small  streets  requiring 
constant  supervision,  for  there  is  such  an  indiffer- 
ence to  cleanliness  that  if  you  make  places  dfceut 
they  are  soon  again  in  a  most  filthy  condition. 
Other  witnesses  say  the  same  ;  but  the  medical 
officer  of  Newingtun  observes  that,  as  a  ruie,  the' 
accummnda^on  the  people  have  very  much  deter- 
mines their  character  as  to  cleanliness.  Their 
habits  would  be  better  if  wretched  ludgings  did 
not  exercise  a  degrading  influence  ui>on  them. 
The  Whitechapel  witness  declares  that  there  is  a 
certain  progress  towai-ds  better  habits  observable 
even  in  the  luwestgrade  uf  life.  "The  other  day," 
he  says,  "  I  saw  in  a  back  street  an  advertisement 
by  a  landlord  who  had  rooms  to  let  iu  houses  of 
the  poorest  description,  that  the  supply  of  water 
was  abundant;  a  few  years  ago  such  a  thing  wuuld 
not  have  been  mentioned  as  recommendatory  of 
such  premises."  But,  as  things  still  are,  the  poor 
are  housed  in  a  manner  thoroughly  discreditable 
to  the  n^tropolis.  Very  many  of  their  houses  are 
quite  unfit  for  human  habitation;  houses  in  which 
there  can  be  no  thorough  ventilation ;  housea 
built  back  to  back,  or  against  the  dead  wall  of  a 
towering  warehouse ;  houses  in  courts,  that  are  no 
thoroughfare,  and,  perhaps,  not  above  three  yarde 


February  1,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


91 


I  vide.     "  Sometimes,"  says  the  vestry  clerk  of  St. 
George's,  Southwark,  "  there   is  no   room   in   the 
jyard  for  a  dustbin,  and  the  people  tiirow   into  the 
street  what  should  go   into  a  dustbin,   and   our 
scavengers  take  it  away ;  we  get  it  done  as  rapidly 
as  we  can."     When  fever  breaks  out,  the  sick  per- 
son, in  many  instances,  will   not  go  to  a  hospital, 
and  the  authorities  have  no  power  to  compel  him 
to  be  removed  out  of  the  district,  nor  at  all  if  he 
has  a  "  proper  lodging,"  with  only  one  family  in 
the  room  ;  so  he  lies  there,  and  spreads  infectious 
disease.      The   clerk  of    the    Rotherhithe    Local 
Board  gives  an  account  of  his  application  for  the 
only  remedy  open  to  him,  closing  premises  as  unfit 
for  habitation.      He   says,  "  I   served  fifty-seven 
notices  in  one  street,  bvit,  before  orders  coukl    be 
obtained  from  the   magistrates,  the   fever   spread 
,  throughout  the  district,  and  we  lost  a  curate  and  a 
I  relieving  officer  through  it."     The  power  to   deal 
(  with  nuisances  is,  and  perhaps  must  be,  limited, 
i;  A  vestryman   of  St.  George's-in-the-East  says : — 
f  "  There  is  a  large    dust  yard   on    a  contractor's 
y  premises  in  a  very  olose  and  confined  district,  and 
a  we  have  twice  obtained  an  order  from  a  magistrate 
f.irthe  removal  of  the  refuse,  but  when  the  quan- 
y  is  700  or  800  tons  it  takes  a  long  time  to  re- 
1  e  it.     It  is  excessively  disagreeable  during  the 
■  lua  of  its  removal,  and  dangerous  in  hot  weather; 
t  ferments,  and  when  moved  after  being  there   a 
.;  time  it  is  exceedingly  ofl'ensive.     The  fact  is 
^  is  not  a  fit  place  for  such  an   accumulation, 
[  the  magistrate  did  not  consider  that  he  co\ild 
1'.  >■  a  prohibitory  order  limiting  the  quantity  that 
dd   remain   there  in   future."      The   witness 
I'd,  "  It  would  be  better  to  pay  compensation, 
i  get  the  owner  to  go  elsewhere,  than  to  allow 
'  continue."     There  is  a  va.'st  amount  of  pre- 
tible  sickness  and  preventible  waste  of  life  in 
•I'lon.     Act  after  Act  is  passed,  but  the  remedy 
;  't  thorough.     The  overcrowding  increases,  and 
jieople  poison  one  another  by  it.     The  poorer 
.  >iishes  are  weighed  down  by  their  rates,  and  as 
*lr.  Rendle,  of   Southwark,  had  to  say,  the  ea.siest 
viy  to  avoid ,  expense,  is  not  to  have  inspectors 
iiough,  so  that  the  whole  truth  may  not  be  found 
'.     But   a  remedy  is  spoken   of  by  more   than 
of  the  witnesses    before   this    Parliamentary 
'.mittee.      The    vestry   clerk   of  St.   George's, 
viuthwark,  says,     "  We  have  not  been  able  to  do 
uuch  in  the  removal  of  inhabitants  from  houses, 
Hscause    we    have   really  nowhere    for   them   to 
emove  to.     Many  of  the  houses  in  this  parish  are 
0  built  as  to  be  unfit  for  habitation,  and  many  of 
f  he  courts  are   such  that  they  would   be  injurious 
0  life  whether   overcrowded   or  not.      There  is 
cely  any  other  remedy  than  pulling  the  neigh- 
.'  hood  down  and  reconstructing  it.     You  could 
ot   pull  down  a  thousand  houses  at  once  without 
rst  having  others  ready  to  receive  the  people,  but 
ou  might  pull  down  a  few  at  a  time."    The  vestry 
erk    at    Rotherhithe   can   point  out   seventy  or 
.lity  houses  there  incapable  of  being  made  fit  for 
itation,  and  in  some  instances  no  house  ought. 
'  built  upon  the  site.     The  vestry  clerk  of  St. 
.-irtinin-the- Fields  is  for  power  being  given  to  the 
cdl   authority  to   compel  the  owners  of  houses 
almost   uninhabitable"  to   close  them   or  take 
lem   down  and   rebuild  them;  to  live  in  them 
rings   disease  and  death,  and  the  occupation  of 
xeh  houses  should  be  stopped.     A  vestrvman  of 
K.  Panoras  speaks  of  houses   there  built '  in  such 
irrow  courts  and  passages  that  they  never  could 
,J  wholesome   habitations,   and   he   considers   it 
ould  be  for  the  pubUc  good  that  they  should  be 
.ken  down.      Everybody  feels  that  it  would  be  a 
.essing  if  such  houses  were   burnt  down  without 
ijuring  anyone.      In  the  case  of  injury  from  ob- 
•otionable       manufactures      practically     almost 
apossible  to  be  got   rid  of,  the   vestry  clerk  of 
ermondsey  is  of  opinion   that  if  such  works  in 
jiat  parish  could  be  stopped,   the   compensation 
lat  would  be  awarded  would  not  be  equal  to  the 
.38  and   injury  the  inhabitants   have   sustained 
om  them.     The  low  class  of  house    propery  to 
hich  we  are  referring  gets  much  into  the  hands 
persons  of  small  means  ;  and  if  for  this  or  other 
asons  the  reconstruction  should  be  undertaken 
'  the  authorities,  it   is   argued  that  the  expense 
.    lould  fall  upon  the  metropolis  generally,  because 
je  peril  from  these  festering  plague-spots  is  proxi- 
ate  to  all  London,  and  if  the  work  were  done  by 
ioh  parish  for  itself,  there  might  in  a  parish  be  a 
irden  too  great  for  its  resources,  since  under  the 
esent  system  the  poorest   ratepayers  pay  the 
ghest  rates.      But,  by  some  means  or  other,  "if 
■ere's  a  will  there's  a  way." — Times. 


HOUSES  OP  PARLIAMENT. 

THE  Times  says  that  since  the   last  sitting  of 
Parliament  con.siderable  alteration  has  been 
made  in  the  House  of  Lords,  in  order  to  lessen,  as 
far  as  practicable,  the  risk  of  conflagration.    There 
was      a      very     large     .accunudation     of     easily 
combustible     material    over    the   ceiling,    which 
had     been     employed   in    making    arrangements 
for    certain     methods   of     ventilation    long    ago 
condemned  as    failures,    and    abamloned    accord- 
ingly.    The  numerous  openings  in   the  ceiling  for 
the  outlet  of  the    vitiated  air  from  the  house,  the 
manner  in  which  the  woodwork  was  distributed, 
and  the  desiccation  of  the  wood  in  consequence  of 
the  ascent  of  the  highly  heated  products  of  com- 
bustion from   the  large   gas  burners   9ft.   under- 
neath,  were  conditions  obviously  most  favourable 
to  ignition    and    rapid    combustion ;  and  if,   un- 
happily, fire  had  broken  out  in   that  part   of  the 
Hi>use,  it  would  have   been   subdued  with   great 
difficulty,  in  spite  of  the  constant   attendance  of 
firemen  with  all  their  appliances  at  hand   and   in 
good   order.     The    combustible   matter  removed 
consists  of  dry  seasoned  pine,  laths,   and  quarter, 
ing,  and  the   total  weight  is   not  far  short  of  20 
tons.     There  were  6,700   square  feet  of  flooring, 
an  inch  thick,  with  the  framed  quartering  to  sup- 
port  it;    nearly    2,000    square    feet  of  partition, 
formed  of   upright  quartering,  covered   on   both 
sides  with  lath  and  plaster,  several  doors  and  minor 
partitions,  extending  over  about  500  square  feet. 
The  total  surface  would  thus  exceed  9,000  square 
feet  of  dry  wood,  of  which  the   greater  part  was 
only  a  few  inches  above  the  ceiling.     During  the 
recess  of  lS65a  large  quantity  of  useless,  dry,  and 
readily  inflammable   pine  wood  was  taken  away 
from  above  the  ceiling  of  the  House  of  Commons. 
Even  if  fire  should    occur  in  or  above  the  ceiling 
of  either  House  every  part  is  now  accessible  to  the 
firemen,  and  would   be   so  fully  exposed  to  the 
action  of  the  water  ejected  from  the  hose  that 
there    is   every  reason    to    believe   it   would   be 
speedily  extinguished.     In   both  Houses  of  Par- 
liament the  risk  of  conflagration  may  now  be  re- 
garded as  very  greatly  diminished. 
_  The  -damp,  it  is  said,  is  playing  havoc  with  the 
eight   frescoes   in  the  upper  waiting  halls  of  the 
Houses    of   Parliament.     They  cost   the  country 
some  £500  each,  but  are  now  literally  crumbling 
away  from  the  wall.     Sir  W.  Hayter's  picture  of 
the  House  of  Commons  on  its  meeting  after   the 
passing  of   the  first  Reform  Bill,    which  cost  the 
nation  a  large  sum  of  money,  hangs  in  an  obscure 
committee-room,  where  the  damp  rising  from  the 
river  daily  impairs  its  colouring.     There  are  plenty 
of  vacant  spaces  in  the  building  where  it  could  be 
placed  with   advantage,   and   where  .the    colour- 
ing of   the   picture   would   at   the   same  time  be 
preserved.     Two  new  frescoes  are  ready  for  placing 
in  the  Peers'  Lobby,   but  it  has  been  decided  to 
defer  fixing  them  until  the  Easter  recess. 


tend  very  much  to  the  promotion  of  the  health, 
pleasure,  and  profit  of  the  present  and  future 
generations. 


WAGES  MOVEMENT. 

Tho  strike  among  the  joiners  ofKi-ndnl  continues,  and  ia 
as  must  bo  the  c:i«c,  the  aiiiso  of  much  tuilering  and  incon- 
vonienco. 

The  Am.ilgamiited  Engineers  of  Blackburn  hiving  re- 
ceived notice  of  a  reduction  in  wiiges  of  is.  a  week  to  all 
employes  ciruing  -i.'is.  or  more  a  week,  have  resolved  not  to 
work  more  tliau  four  days  a  week  on  tliotie  terms,  or  to 
cease  work  altogether.  The  AmnlganL-rted  Eugineer-a  liave 
a  fund  of  flliO.OUO,  and  the  Ironmoulders  XoO.OOO, 

Soi;th  Stafkordshike.— The  workmen  of  tho  Wedncs- 
bury  Ironworks  have  agreed  to  accept  the  reduced 
wages,  and  to  go  to  work  aa  soon  a-s  the  furnaces  can  be  got 
ready  for  tlicni.  The  dispute  in  tho  iron  trade  in  South 
Staflordshire  ia,  therefore,  at  an  end  for  the  present. 

The  Eioht  Hours'  Aoitation  ry  Factory  Orera- 
TIVES.— Ou  Sunday  a  meeting  of  delegates  from  tho  various 
cotton  manufacturing  towns  in  Lancashire,  Yorksliire, 
Cheshire,  and  Derbyshire,  was  held  at  Acciington,  tho 
object  being  to  further  the  eight  hovirs'  jigitation  with 
the  view  to  get  an  Eight  Hours'  Bill  passed  by  ibo  l.egLsla- 
ture  as  au  amendmeut  upon  the  Ten  Hours'  Bill  and 
its  provisions,  so  lar  as  they  relate  to  employment  in  the 
cotton  manufactories  oi  this  country.  Resolutions  were 
adopted  in  favour  ef  an  eight  hours'  bill.  The  question  of 
arbitration  in  ca'ies  of  disputes  was  next  considered,  and 
resolutions  a-^reed  to  to  petition  Parliament  to  adopt  a  bill 
instituting  courts  of  conciliation  and  boards  of  arbitration 
for  the  settlement  of  all  disputes  between  employer  and 
employed. 


The  well-known  sculptor,  51.   Jules  Klagman, 
s  just  died  at  BatiguoUes. 


LIVERPOOL  ARCHITECTURAL  SOCIETY. 

THE  usual  fortnightly  meeting  of  the  members 
of  this  society  took  place  on  Thursday,  Mr. 
F.   J.  Kilpin    (the  president)    in    the  chair.     Mr. 
Boult,  referring   to    an  article   in  the    scientific 
papers  descriptive  of  what  was  called  a  recent  in  - 
vention  for  the  manufacture   of    useful  and  orna- 
mental articles  out  of  sawdust,  exhibited  a  speci- 
men of  the  work  twenty  years   old.     It  consisted 
of  a  beautifully  carved  and  polished  letter  weight, 
which  had  all  the  appearance  of  a  piece  of  black 
marble.      The  President   said    he   had    heard   of 
bread  being   made   out  of  sawdust,   but  he   had 
never    heard    of    sawdust   being   converted    into 
marble,  and  he  thought  the  process  would  be  more 
expensive  than     marble    itself. — Mr.     J.    A.     P. 
Macbride,  sculptor,    read   the    paper  for  the  even- 
ing, on  "  Toxteth-park  ;  the   site    of  Setton-park, 
and  the   surrui  nding  district ;  its    history,  topo- 
graphy, and    antiquities."     The  paper   was  illus- 
trated by  a  large  number   of   sketches   from  the 
pencil  of  Mr.  Whitby  Williams,  of   old  buildings 
in    the    park,    which    Mr.    Macbride    said    would 
shortly  be  swept  away.     In   the    course  of   a  dis- 
cussion which  followed  the  reading  of   the   paper 
the  opinion  was  expressed  that  some  monument 
should    be  erected  in  the    town  in   honour     of 
Horrocks,  the  astronomer,  who  lived   and  died  in 
Toxteth-park,  and  a  hope  was  expressed  that   in 
the  laying  out    of   the    new   park  care  would  be 
taken  to  preserve  the  relics    of  antiquity  within 
its  precincts.     The  President  said  he  thought   it 
would  be  admitted  that  in   making  the  purchase 
for  the  new  park  the  corporation  had  shown  a  far- 
seeing  and  comprehensive  wisdom,  which  would 


■WATER  SUPPLY. 

Brechin. — A  special  meeting  of  the  Police  Commission 
was  held  last  week— Provost  Guthrie  in  the  chair— for  tho 
purpose  of  considering  a  repoi-t  by  Mr.  James  Leslie,  C.  E. , 
Edinburgh,  as  to  the  best  and  most  economical  supply  of 
water  that  could  be  provided  for  the  burgh.  Mr.  Leslie's 
report  described  four  schemes  varying  in  expense,  the  cheap- 
est of  which  was  a  scheme  for  a  supply  by  gravitation  from 
the  Noran.  This  he  seemed  to  recommend  as  the  beat 
scheme,  and  stated  that  the  expense  miglit  amount  to 
about  £10,000  or  £U.0UO.  according  to  the  quantity  of  clay 
or  iron  pipes  that  were  laid.  It  was  agreed  generally  to 
approve  of  Mr.  Leslie's  report. 

IjOndos. — The  Registrar  General,  in  his  report  on  tha 
Health  of  the  Metropolis,  states  that  last  week  n  ine  water 
compauies  state  that  they  supplied  London  on  a  daily  ave. 
r.age  vith  94,064, 151* gallons,  equal  to  427,3;il  cubic  metres, 
or  about  as  many  tons  by  weight.  This  was  nearly  a  ton 
of  water,  or  a  cubic  metre,  to  a  house.  Dr.  Frankland  s 
careful  and  impartial  analysis  shows  that  the  solid  matter 
in  100. 000  parts  of  the  waters  ranged  from  3 1  84  (Chelsea) 
til  39  40  (Kent)  :  the  organic  matter  from  0.69  (New  River) 
to  2  04  (East  London),  The  waters,  except  those  of  th» 
New  River,  were  turbid  when  drawn  from  the  maina. 


LEGAL  INTELLIGENCE. 


Mr.  Commissioner  Kerr  has  decided  that  railway 
companies  are  answerable  for  damage  arising  from 
the  detention  of  goods  m  transitu.  This  will  open 
up  a  wide  field  for  future  damages,  which  will  be 
very  interesting  from  time  to  time. 

Obstruction  of  Light  by   New  Buildings. — 
The  Lord  Chancellor  gave  judgment  in  the  case  of 
Calcraft  v.  Thompson  last  week.     It  was  an  appeal 
by  the  plaintiff  from  a  judgment  of  the  Master  of 
the   Rolls.     The   facts   were   brieflj*  these  ; — The 
plaintiff  was  owner  of  two  houses,   numbered   2 
and  3,  Duuster-court,  Mincing-lane,  and  the  defen- 
dant was  proprietor  of  No.  38,  Mincing-lane.     It 
appeared  that  at  the  top  of  plaintiff's  house.  No. 
2,  Dunster-court,  there  was  a  room  of  considerable 
size,  the  roof  and  sides  of  which  were,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  obt.aining  the  greatest  possible  amount  of 
light,  constructed  principally  of  glass.      The  room 
was  used  by  the  tenant  for  exhibiting  samples  of 
foreign  produce.     The  defendant  had  added  a  new 
story  to  his  house,  and    built  a  large  chimney  be- 
fore the  filing  of  the  bdl,  the  eflect  of  which  was, 
.as    the    plaintiff  alleged,  to  darken  his  windows. 
The  plaintiff  filed  his  bill  for  relief,  but  the  Master 
of  the  Rolls  dismissed  it  with  costs.     The  Lord 
Chancellor,  in   giving  judgment,  was  of  opinion 
that  the  plaintiff  had  not  made  out  such  a  case  as 
to  warrant  the  interposition  of  the  Court.     Evi 
dence  of  surveyors  had  been  adduced  on  behalf  of 
the  plaintiff;  and  without  considering  the  value  of 
that  evidence,  he  felt  bound  to  disregard  it,  be- 
cause the  plaintiff  had  refused   to  allow  the  sur- 
veyors of  the  defendant  to  enter  his  house  to  give 
their  view  of  the  case  on  the  defendant's  behalf ; 
and  if  he  (the  Lord  Chancellor)  had  entertained 
any  doubts  as  to  granting  the  plaintiff  relief,  this 
fact  would  have  satisfied  him  that  he  ought  not  to 
interfere,  and  that  the  plaintiff  should  be  left  to 
his  remedy  at  law.     The  appeal  must  be  dismissed, 
and  with  costs. 

The  Liability  of  Public  Bodies. — An  import- 
.ant  decision  was  given  in  the  Court  of  Exchequer 
(sitting  ill  Banco)  on  Tuesday,  affecting  the  lia- 
bility of   pubUc  bodies  for  the  results   of  negli 


92 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


Febkuary  L  1867. 


gence  on  the  part  of  their  servants.  The  vestry  of 
Bermondsey  were  making  a  sewer  in  BKie  Anchor- 
road,  when  a  Mr.  Juniper  stumbled,  iu  the  dark, 
over  a  heap  of  dirt  lett  by  the  workmeu,  which 
caused  his  death.  Mrs.  Juniper  then  brought  au 
action,  and  obtained  a  verdict,  with  t:S75  damages, 
which  the  vestry  appealed  against,  and  now  moved 
for  a  rale  to  set  aside.  In  giving  judgment  the 
Lord  Chief  Baron  said  that  recent  decisions  had 
finally  settled  the  principles  of  the  law  as  ai^plica 
ble  to  cases  of  this  uatiu-e,  and  it  was  now  autho 
ritatively  settled  that  the  members  of  a  public 
body  created  for  pubUc  purposes,  although  having 
only  public  duties  to  perform,  receiving  no  salaries, 
and  having  no  funds  out  of  which  to  pay  damages, 
were  liable  fur  the  damages  caused  by  the  negli 
gent  performance  of  their  duties.  The  rule  was 
refused,  and  the  verdict  therefore  stands. 

Light  and  Air. — In  the  Vice  Chancellor's 
Court,  on  the  26th  ult.,  before  Sir  John  Stuart, 
the  cause  of  Lyon  v.  Dillimore  came  on  on  an  ap- 
peal against  the  Chief  Clerk's  certificate  finding 
dilOO  damages  due  to  the  plaintiff  for  iujui-y  to  hi^ 
light  and  air.  The  plaintiS'  was  a  toymaker  and  ship 
modeller,  and  carried  on  his  business  iu  a  work 
shop  at  the  back  of  his  premises.  The  defendant 
was  engaged  in  erecting  a  riding  school  in  the  rear 
of  the  plaintiflf's  workshop,  so  as,  as  the  plaintiti 
contended,  seriously  to  inteifere  with  the  plaintitt  s 
light  and  air,  and  he  accordingly  filed  this  bill.  On 
the  case  coming  on  on  motion  it  was  referred  to 
chambers  to  ascertain  what  damage,  if  any,  had 
been  sustained  by  the  plaintifl'.  The  Chief  Clerk 
had  fixed  the  amount  at  £100.  and  this  was  an  ap 
peal  against  that  decision.  Mr.  Greene,  Q.C.,  and 
Mr.  F.  H.  Colt  appeared  for  the  defendant,  and 
contended  the  amount  was  once  paid.  Mr.  Bacon, 
Mr.  Surrage,  and  Mr.  Jason  Smith  appeared  for  the 
plaintiff.  The  Vice-Chancellur  said  he  had  fre- 
quently expressed  his  view  to  be  that  where  a  mat 
ter  was  referred  to  the  discretion  of  one  person 
his  judgment  ought  not  to  be  disturbed  where  it 
was  honestly  and  fairly  given  merely  because 
another  person  might  have  taken  a  different  view. 
Perhaps  he  might  have  thought  illOO  a  large 
sum,  but  as  the  Chief  Clerk  had  taken  a  different 
view  he  should  not  disturb  it.  The  motion  must 
be  refused  with  costs,  and  the  defendant  must 
pay  the  costs  of  the  suit. 


NOTICE. 

*J^  The  BuiLDiN'Q  New3  inserts  advertisements 
for  "  Situations  Wanted,"  &c.,  at  One  Shilling 
for  the  first  Twenty-four  Words. 


TO  CORRESPOXDENTS. 

To  Ovs.  Readers.— We  shall  feol  obliged  to  any  of  our 
readei-3  who  wiU  favour  us  with  brief  notes  of  works  con- 
templated or  in  progress  in  the  provincea. 

Letters  relating  to  advertisements  and  the  ordinary  busi- 
ness of  the  paper  should  be  addressed  to  the  EoiroK,  16(5, 
Fleet-street.  Advertisements  for  the  cm-rent  week  must 
reach  the  office  before  5  o'clock  p.m.  on  Thursday. 


Rkceived. J.    P.— T.    P.— U.  M.— J.    X.— R.    A.— 

S.  W.  and  Co.— D.  K.  and  Sons.- R.  D  G.— G.  M.  B.— 
B.  and  Co.— L.  Bros.— J.  D.—T.  M.-E.  L.  C— G.  C— 
A.  W.  M.— 3.  \V.  and  Co. 

G.  H.  G. — Should  be  glad  to  receive  the  articles. 

Ja3.  Downes  ;tnd  Son  (Colcbester). — The  address  of 
Messrs.  Lambert,  who  supply  the  patent  taps,  is  Short- 
street,  Lambeth. 

T.  K. — We  know  of  no  such  book. 

'•  One."— To  give  general  infoimation  on  the  nee  ssaiy 
studies  for  a  mining  engineer  would  be  rather  wide  of  the 
mark  in  a  builoing  jom-ual. 

Delta  and  Oiheiw. — ihe  reason  why  the  Bdilding 
News  has  been  increased  from  twopeuce  to  threepence 
weekly,  is  tliat  when  sold  at  twopence  it  did  not  pay  if  we 
gave  more  than  one  page  engraving.  "When  two  pages  oJ 
engravings  were  given,  so  costly  is  lithographic  work,  that 
there  «as  an  actual  loss  on  every  copy  sold.  We,  therefore, 
had  to  do  one  of  two  things  -  eitlier  to  give  one  page  en 
graving  and  charge  twopence,  or  two  page  engravings  and 
charge  threepence .  vv  e  decided  to  do  the  latter,  and  tu  give  a 
supplement  when  necessary.  Tliese  supplements  will  some- 
times consist  of  extra  illustrations.  For  instance,  the  week 
after  next  we  shall  ^ve,  besides  the  ordinary  two  page  en- 
gravings, two  additional  pages  of  coloured  engravings. 


meeting  of   the  Board   of   Health  last   Tuesday. 

And  1  shall    be  glad   if  you  will  add  that  after 

much  discussion  the  following  motion  was  carried 

ivith  only  one  dissentient  ; — "  That  the  system  of 

earth  closets  is  not  applicable  in  this    corporate 

district."     I  send  this  thinking  that  you  will  like 

to  print  the  result  of  the  discussion. — I  am,  &c., 

Alfred  W.  Morant. 

Norwich  Board  of  Health,  Surveyor's  Office, 

January  29. 


Cflrrtspoiikiice. 


EARTH  CLOSETS. 

To  the  Editor  of  the  Building  News. 

Sir,— As  I  find  that  you  have  published  a 
letter  of  Mr.  Boardman's,  and  my  reply,  and  also 
a  fuither  letter  from  him,  I  forward  to  you  a 
copy   of  my   rejoinder,  which   v?aa   read    at  the 


To    he  Chainnan  and  Gentlemen  of  the  Sanitary 
Committee. 

Gentlemen, — I  bog  to  offer  a  few  remarks  upon  Mr. 
Boardman's  letter  of  the  14th  inst.,  and  in  the  firat  place 
again  to  express  my  opimon  that  preventing  the  filth  from 
the  waterclosets  entering  the  drains  will  not  enable  the 
Board  to  dispense  with  the  proposed  intercepting  sewei-s; 
and  besides  it  should  be  remembered  that  without  a  por- 
tion of  these  sewers  being  made,  some  parts  of  the  district, 
such  as  the  Newmarket,  Ipswich,  and  Unthank's  Roads 
jannot  be  di'alned  at  all,  m  addition  to  which  the  esti- 
m.ited  amoimt  of  expeuditure  also  includes  the  cost  of 
diaiuing  ihorpe,  Catton,  Heigham,  and  other  parts  of  the 
district  now  enthely  unpro%"ided  for.  and  which  must  bo 
sewered  at  some  early  period  even  if  the  comprehensive 
plan  no\v  proposed  be  not  carried  out. 

At  the  meeting  of  your  Committee  on  the  2Sth  of  Dec, 
I  most  particularly  called  your  and  Mr.  Boardman's  atten- 
tion to  the  necessity  of  sewers  for  the  purpose  of  conveying 
away  the  hquid  refuse  of  houses,  factories,  and  surface 
washings  of  streets,  and  asked  Mr.  Boardman  what  he 
proposed  doing  to  purify  the  Hquid  filth  before  it  was 
.illowed  to  enter  the  river  ;  he  said  he  would  provide  a 
filter  for  each  house  or  series  of  houses.  1  objected  to  this 
as  being  not  only  impracticable  but  also  another  source  of 
uuisauce  and  expense,  and  be  was  requested  by  the  chair 
man  particidarly  to  turn  his  attention  to  this  point,  and  to 
define  the  means  he  intended  to  apply  for  pui'ifying  such 
sewage.  In  his  answer  to  ray  report,  I  find,  however, 
that  lie  has  evaded  the  question,  and  I  am  not  at  all  sur- 
prised at  this,  knowing  as  I  do  the  great  dirfaculty,  nay, 
even  the  impossibility,  of  caj-rying  out  auy  such  system. 

Great  stress  is  laid  upon  the  danger  of  the  gases  evolved 
from  seweis;  no  doubt  some  nuisance  does  occur  from  these 
foul  givses,  but  a  good  supply  of  water  (so  used  as  to  dis- 
charge the  sewage  into  the  outfall  before  putrefaction 
takes  pLice).  combined  with  a  proper  system  of  ventila- 
tiou,  ■will  greatly  obviate  this. 

Mr.  Boardman  and  the  advocates  of  the  earth  closet 
system  appear  to  object  to  all  sewers,  but  1  cannot  ima- 
gine that  it  is  desired  to  return  entirely  to  surface  dialn- 
a;^e -the  liquid  filth  running  along  th-j  sides  of  the  street 
autil  it  eventually  reaches  the  river  would  not,  i  conceive, 
a  i<l  much  to  the  salubrity  of  the  city  or  corofort  of  the 
citizens. 

At  Winchester,  lately,  the  Local  Board  inspec  ted  the 
ash  closets  invented  by  Dr.  Taylor,  and  used  at.  Romsey, 
and  came  to  the  conviction  that,  however  eff'ectual  tiie 
closets  might  be  for  certain  objects,  they  do  not  and  cannot 
effect  the  great  object  of  main  drainage  or  sewerage  works, 
the  getting  rid  of  cesspools,  and  the  prompt  and  rapid 
removal  fi'om  town  houses  of  all  fluid  or  semifluid  refuse, 
wliich,  if  stored  up,  would  enter  the  putrefactive  state 
and  create  the  nuisances  all  are  too  familiar  with. 

In  my  fonner  report  I  alluded  to  the  absurd 
value  placed  upon  the  night  soil  of  this  city.  Oui- 
coutractur  has  lately  refused  to  remove  it  and  take  it  for 
nothing;  and  at  Alilershot  camp,  though  the  ground  is  of 
the  poorest  de.^cription,  no  one  will  take  the  refuse  of  the 
privies  gratuitously,  and  it  costs  the  War  Orhce  from  ^JUO 
to  £i)OLt  a  year  to  get  it  removed. 

At  Yarmouth  also,  until  within  the  last  foiur  years,  the 
privy  bins  wei'e  emptied  by  boys  and  men  with  carts,  who 
were  very  anxious  for  the  muck,  as  they  obtained  a 
ready  sale  for  it ;  now  the  iuliabitants  have  to  pay  in  order 
to  effect  its  removal.  The  Corporatiun  used  to  receive 
seveial  pounds  a  year  for  the  rent  of  the  ground  on  which 
the  manure  ia  deposited ;  now  they  are  obUged  to  let  the 
groimd  at  a  nomuial  rent.  The  contract  for  scavengering 
Uied  to  be  iilOO  a-year,  now  it  is  £'6bO,  and  it  is  a  sing\dar 
fact  that  the  contractor  has  nearly  the  whole  of  the 
manure  of  last  year  still  imsuld. 

I  may  add  that  if  it  can  be  proved  that  the  aboBtion  of 
waterclosets  will  render  sewage  sutticiently  innocuous,  the 
earth  closet  system  is  unt,  in  my  opiuion,  nearly  bo  good 
and  convenieut  as  tliat  of  Captain  Lenme. 

Thei-e  is,  no  doubt,  much  truth  iu  the  a^ument  used  by 
the  opponents  to  the  outlay  required  to  be  incurred  for  the 
proposed  sewerage  works  in  this  city — namely,  that  the 
question  of  the  best  means  of  util  ising  sewage  is  at  present 
m  its  infancy  ;  but  when  it  is  couiidered  th.it  there  cau  be 
but  httle  difference  of  opinion  as  to  the  uecedsity  of  takiug 
the  sewage  out  of  the  river  and  taking  it  to  one  point 
tnere  to  treat  it  as  may  seem  best  (as  pointed  out  by  Mr. 
.Miller  and  myself  iu  our  joint  report  of  the  ISth  JauUiuy, 
lS6t5),  and  that  as  the  constructing  the  sewers  will  occupy 
about  two  ye,ii-s,  we  (-hall  have  the  opportunity  of  taking 
advantage  of  any  improved  method  which  may  be  dis- 
covered dui-iug  that  period,  so  that  there  cimuot  be  auy 
re:isou  why  the  works  should  not  be  earned  out  a3  recom- 
mended by  the  special  Sewerage  Committee  and  confirmed 
by  the  Board. 

1  would  add  that,  although  irrigation  may  not  ulti- 
mately prove  to  be  the  best  method  of  piu'ilyiug  and  dis- 
posing of  sewage,  it  is  at  this  present  time  certiunly  the 
best  and  most  remimerative  mode  yet  known.  It  has  been 
tried  successfully  on  a  large  scale,  and  I  believe  (although 
I  did  not  at  first  advocate  the  system)  that  the  Board  has 
done  wisely  in  decitliug  to  try  it,  paiticularly  as,  from  the 
manner  in  which  the  intended  works  are  to  be  arranged,  it 
will  be  easy  to  adapt  them  to  any  improved  system  wliich 
may  eventually  be  discovered.  It  should  also  be  under- 
stood that  the  Board  luis  hired  neaidy  twice  the  quautity 
of  land  generally  manured  with  the  quantity  of  sewage 
duo  to  the  populatiou  of  Norwich,  with  the  express  inteu 
tion  of  preventing  any  risk  firom  saturation,  aud  also  to 
obviate  some  other  objections  raised  by  the  opponents  of 
the  system  of  irrigation. 

It  IS  qiute  a  mistake  to  assert  that  nothing  but  grass  can 
be  grown,  as  t;everal  other  crops  have  been  found  to  be 
greatly  increased  by  the  use  of  liquid  sewage  manure. 

I  wUl  not  take  up  your  time  with  auy  further  state- 


ments in  favour  of  irrigation  or  in  answering  the  objec- 
tions quoted  by  Mr,  Boardman  (some  of  which  are  indeed 
anticipated  in  my  first  report).  They  have  frequently  been 
made  before,  and  as  often  denied  and  refuted 

It  is  a  fact  that  the  system  is  found  practically  both  to 
purity  the  sewagu  so  that  it  can  be  allowed  to  enter  rivers 
without  fouling  the  water,  and  also  to  produce  most  satis- 
factory results  in  a  monetary  point  of  view.  The  old 
saying  that  an  ounce  of  practice  is  worth  a  pound  of  theory 
may  well  be  applied  in  this  case. 

In  couc  usion,  although  I  am  quite  aware  that  I  might 
gain  a  temporary  popularity  by  recommending  earth 
closets  or  any  other  plau  to  stave  off  the  dreaded  '*  Drain- 
age Scheme,"  I  feel  so  assured  that,  under  existing  circum- 
Atance3,  the  cheape.st  plan  in  the  end  will  be  for  the 
citizens  to  boldly  meet  the  difficulty  and  at  once  carry  out 
the  proposed  plau  (which  lias  been  long  aud  carefully  con- 
sidered) that  I  cannot  help  strongly  urging  this  opinion 
eveu  at  the  risk  of  present  unpopulai'ity. 

I    am.  Gentlemen,  your  obedient  servant. 

ALFRED  W.  MORAXT. 

Xonoch  Board  of  Health,  Surveyor's  Office, 
January  18,  181)7. 

[We  have  for  want  of  space  left  out  two  or 
three  passages  of  Mr.  Morant'a  letter. — Ed.  B.  N.] 


DURABILITY  OF  ZINC. 


SiK, — "We  have  seen  in  your  number  of  the  4th 
inst.  an  inquiry  respecting  the  durability  of  zinc 
roots,  and  in  your  number  of  the  11th  inst.  two 
replies  to  it,  which  condemned  zioc  as  a  covering  in 
a  very  summary  manner.  Perhaps  the  best 
answer  which  can  be  given  to  the  two  latter 
letters  is  that  our  company,  who  are  the  manufac- 
turing agents  of  the  Yieiile  Montagne  C(»mpanyjB« 
undertake  to  give  legally- binding  guaranteejjf 
against  all  repairs  arising  from  any  deficiency  in 
the  quality  of  materials  or  workmanship  for 
periods  of  from  fifteen  to  twenty-five  yean 
accortling  to  the  gauge  used.  This  is  also  subject^ 
to  the  conditions  imposed  by  the  VieiUe  Montagnd 
Company,  that  the  work  shall  have  been  passed  I 
Messrs.  J.  and  K.  Fisher,  the  architects  of  tha 
company. — We  are,  &c., 

^  Fred.  Braby  A^^)  Co. 

Fitzroy  Works,  Euston-road,  K.W.,  January  '23 


orul 


!  re-l 


CLASSICAL    ARCHITECTURE    IN   EDIHN 
BURGH. 

Sir, — So  it  is  alleged  that  Classical  architectare 
is  receiving  a  new  development  in  the  "  Modern 
Athens."  Where  is  the  evidence  of  this  ?  In  the 
new  General  Post  Oifice  ? — a  structure  abounding  ia 
attached  pillars,  circular-headed  pediments,  balus- 
ters, and  shallow-dentUled  cornices ;  the  design 
having  been  tinkered  upon  by  one  official  and 
then  another  till  all  spirit  has  been  burnt  out  of 
it.  In  the  University  Club  ?  where  the  Con 
monument  has  been  split  in  two,  and  the  one 
placed  over  the  other  to  do  duty  as  an  ori 
window :  here  you  have  the  usual  acanthus,  houe^'i 
suckle,  and  fret,  all  sandpapered  into  inanity.  In 
the  City  Bank  ?  where  fluted  pilasters  and  balus- 
ters are  tacked  on  to  the  wall  surface.  In  tfiie 
Sheriff's  Court  ?  where  attached  columns,  risii 
through  two  stories,  are  superimposed  upoa 
rustic  basement,  balusters  as  usual,  and  vases 
sembling  cabbages,  which  same  vases  have 
sprouted  up  as  vigorously  as  that  vegetable  od 
two  other  buildings  here. 

These  fourbuildings  are  the  most  recent  we  have 
and  it  puzzles  me  to  find  out  in  which  of  then: 
there  is  any  sign  of  development.  Is  it  a  pleasun 
for  me,  thiuk  you,  to  brea'i  imiges  ?  Far  from  it 
I  would  hail  with  delight  the  smallest  symptom  o 
development,  but  it  has  not  as  yet  shown  itseli 
and  it  won't  do  to  let  conceit  puff  itself  up  an( 
palm  off  dry  bones  as  a  living  reality.  We  ar 
rather  a  conceited  lot,  priding  ourselves  on  ou 
Classical  knowledge.  borne  of  us  are  iDdiguaii 
that  a  selection  has  not  been  made  from  our  uho 
bers  to  compete  for  the  great  prizes  in  Londoi 
We  have  men  of  talent  here.  Sir — men  who  stril 
out  new  ivieas,  who  add  Doric  portic(.)es  to 
pyramid,  aud  say  "  There  is  something  original  ai 
grand." 

If  we  have  to  design  a  church  iu  the  Gothi 
style,  it  must  not  be  simple,  but  grand,  ai 
phister  is  the  best  medium  of  producing  a  gia 
effect  at  smaU  cost ;  development  in  that  stj 
does  not  obtain  more  than  iu  the  other.  0' 
Academy  opens  in  a  few  days.  Will  there  1 
aught  worthy  of  note  in  architectui'al  design  ( 
hibited  there  ?  In  painting  there  often  is.  T 
have  recruited  the  ranks  of  the  Royal  Acadei 
lately  to  some  extent ;  there  is  development 
that  line.  The  grand  and  colourless  Classittil  sti 
has  been  abandoned  by  our  painters — when  w 
the  architects  follow  ? — I  am,  &c., 

Ediaburgh,  January  30.  Iconocla*. 


1, 


February  1,  IS 67. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


0:', 


BIRKEXUEAD  BATHS  COMPETITION. 
Sib, — In  these  days  of  reform,  ia  it  not  wonder- 
ful that  some  improvement  has  not  been  brought 
about  iu  the  matter  of  public  competitions  ?  Year- 
after  year  the  younger  members  of  the  architec- 
tural profession,  whose  peihaps  sole  chance  of  pro- 
gress and  distinction  depends  upon  success  in 
these  ccrtamiii'-i  artis,  submit  to  be  gulled  by  the 
apparently  honourable  '•  instructions,"  put  forward 
by  various  boards,  commissions,  and  others.  In 
the  face  of  adverse  and  not  un  frequently  unfair 
decisions,  they  too  often  are  content  to  suffer  iu 
silence  the  bitterness  of  successive  defeats  ;  where 
the  injustice  is  unusually  glaring  they  at  most  put 
forward  a  feeble  protest  against  it,  and  finally 
allow  the  matter  to  siuk  into  the  limbo  of  past 
mistakes,  glad  to  forget  each  failure,  but  hoping 
against  hope,  when  each  new  opportunity  offers. 
Surely  there  must  be  some  remedy  for  these  little 
less  than  s^vindles. 

The  competition  for  the  proposed  public  baths 
at  Birkenhead  seems  to  be  a  peculiarly  flagrant 
case.  The  instructions  are  framed  on  what  ap- 
pear to  be  the  strict-:st  and  most  honourable 
principles.  The  amount  of  tinting  allowed  and 
forbidden  on  the  drawings  was  specified  to  the 
nicest  8h;ule,  the  amount  of  accommodation  very 
carefully  set  forth,  and  generally  the  document 
reflected  the  very  highest  credit  on  the  Town 
Surveyor,  whose  name  w  s  appended  as  a  guarantee 
of  its  accuracy,  aud  shall  we  say,  to  round  the  sen- 
tetce,  good  faith.  Amongst  other  things,  the  ex- 
penditure was  not  to  exceed  £8,000,  and  should  the 
probable  cost  of  the  execution  of  the  design 
first  selected  be  found,  upon  examination  by  a 
competent  surveyor,  to  exceed  that  sum,  the  sense 
of  justice  which  so  sternly  swayed  the  official 
iniud  at  Birkenhe.ad  would  cause  it  at  once  to  be 
set  aside,  and  a  fresh  selection  to  ensue.  This  com- 
mission, if  in  common  with  other  corporate  bodies 
it  possess  not  the  conscience  of  ordinary  mortals, 
would  appear  to  have  been  at  least  free  from  their 
"weaknesses.  Its  eyes  refused  to  be  dazzled  by 
ultramarine  skies,  it  would  not  yield  its  judgment 
captive  to  the  charms  of  gorgeous  perspectives 
(for  it  w;\s  expressly  stipulate<l  that  these  latter 
were  not  to  be  furnished),  but  all  things  were  to 
be  dett-rmiiied  by  the  crucial  test  of  cose.  All  this, 
however,  turns  out  to  be  a  specious, — nay,'an  impu- 
dent— sham.  The  drawings  have  now  been  for  just 
five  mouths  in  the  hands  of  the  oommision  with- 
out one  word  from  them  to  the  competitors  con- 
cerning their  decision,  the  purport  of  which  at 
last  oozes  out  only  through  the  channels  of  the 
local  press.  And  what  a  decision !  As  far  as  the 
matter  is  at  present  understood,  it  would  appear 
that  they  have  positively  selected  the  design  of 
the  very  Town  Surveyor  whose  name  appears  on 
their  instructions,  and  who  is  probably  ex  ofi  io 
a  member  of  their  body;  and,  moreover,  the  estimate 
for  this  design  amounts  to  £1S,000,  considerably 
more  than  double  the  limit  imposed  upon  the  so- 
caUed  competition. 

I  want  to  know  if  there  is  no  remedy  against 
all  this  really  barefaced  injustice.  The  dei  mujore 
of  the  profession,  the  members  of  the  Institute,' 
lulled  as  they  are  into  a  peaceful  quiescence  con- 
cerning all  external  matters  by  the  sound  of  their 
own  aud  each  other's  sweet  voices,  will  of  course 
take  no  pains  to  stir  in  the  business.  The  Archi- 
tectural Alliance,  which  has  before  now  done 
good  seivice  in  similar  cases,  makes  no  sign.  If, 
in  point  of  fact,  such  Is  really  the  state  of  this 
matt»r,  will  those  gent  emeu  (and  they  are 
probably  not  a  few)  who  were,  like  myself,  bona 
fide  competitors  come  forward  and  join  me  in  ob- 
taining counsel's  opinion  as  to  whether  compen- 
Bation  cannot  be  obtained  from  the  commission 
by  all  whose  designs  were  in  accordance  with  the 
instructions  ? — I  am,  i&c,  H.  L. 


CHESTER  TOWN  HALL. 
SJ'') — As  the  survivmg  partner  of  the  original  finn  of 

ooutractors  for  tho  above  1  ftwl  called  upou  to  Dotiire  the 
letter  of  "  Deva  '  which  appeared  in  your  impression  of  the 
ISth  Inst.  I  have  to  complain,  in  the  first  place,  that 
"Deva '  has  y«ry  unnecessarily  pulled  the  contractors  into 
the  discussion,  which,  1  take  it,  has  reference  only  to  tlie 
Btrike,  and  in  the  second  pl.aco,  that  having  done  so,  he 
has  kept  back  part  of  the  truth.  His  assertion  that  "about 
June  htst  it  happened  that  the  then  contractor  for  tlie 
building  found  it  convenient  to  stop  work  aud  negotiate 
for  a  transfer  of  the  contract  to  another  builder,"'  is  not 
only  veiy  «-ide  of  the  mark,  but  is  calculated  to  mislead 
the  public  and  damjge  me,  I  m,  therefore,  under  the 
necessity  of  making  the  following  explanation  :— The  con 
toact  was  originally  taken  by  my  father  and  mvself  wheu 
trading  a.  (ieoige  Clark  aud  Son,  but  about' six  week> 
«fte_r  the  siguin.-  of  tUe  contr  ct,  namely,  on  October  31, 
I860,  my  father  died,  and  his  eiecuto)-s  wishing  to  settle 
tUo  estate,  urged  me  to  get  some  one  to  take  the  contract 
Off  our  hands;  to  tbisi  demurred  until  about  March,  when 


they  told  me  plainly  that  they  would  not  act  unless  the 
estate  was  r^Iieveil  of  the  Chester  Town  Uali  contract.  _  1 
then,  to  prevent  family  ditficulties,  conuncnced  negocia 
tions  with  the  present  contractor,  aud  at  a  very  consider- 
able loM,  turned  over  the  job  t«  him  in  September  last, 
w  e  did  not  stvip  the  work,  the  strike  did  that.  Had 
neither  the  strike  nor  the  transfer  taken  place  the  work 
would  have  been  going  on  still  in  our  hands.  —  1  am,  itc, 

GhOKGK  Clakk, 
[It  is  not  necessary  for  the  public  interest  that  any  luoro 
letters  should  appear  on  tltia  quoatiou,J 


CRITICISMS  ON  COMPETITIONS. 

Sir, — 1  h.ave  often  been  struck  and  mtich  pleased  with 
yoiu-  honest  and  impartial  remarks  on  designs  submitted  by 
ditfflrent  architects  iu  competitions.  But  there  is  one 
thing  which  I  scarcely  think  justifiable-  namely,  to  make 
those  remarks  before  the  contest  is  ended.  In  a  cei-laiu 
ense  you  become  the  jlulge,  so  fa  rat  least  as  those  appointed 
tj  that  office  may  be  led  by  your  remarks.  You  theie 
fore  may  be  the  Uieiuis  of  throwing  hundreds  of  poiuids 
out  of  the  pocket  of  ono  m,an  into  the  pocket  of  auothel-, 
Peradventtire.  however,  you  may  be  the  means  of  having  a 
better  structure  erected,  I  think  it  would  be  better  to 
m.ke  your  remarks  after  the  decision  of  the  judges  is 
made  known. — lam,   ko.,  John  Ratt.av. 

5,   Minshall-street,  .Manchester. 

|.\3wehave  an  object  iu  view, — namely,  the  improve- 
ment of  the  architecture  of  the  country,  and  as  we  have  no 
respect  for  persons,  and  are  influenced  only  by  public 
motives,  we  think  it  "  writ  dowu  in  our  duty  ' 
to  embrace  ei-ery  opportunity  to  otfer  criticisms  on  passing 
events.  We  think  they  are  the  wise'^t  judges  who  listen  to 
suggestions  from  ail  quarters  before  they  decide.  Criti- 
cisms, if  worth  anything,  must  bo  more  valuable  before  than 
after  an  adjudication. — Eo.  B.N.l 


canno:j  street  station. 

Sir, — I  observe  in  your  Last  issue  two  references  to  the 
"  ahed"  roof  of  the  Cannon-street  Station,  in  each  of  which 
itsdesign  is  ascribed  to  the  architect  of  the  hotel,  Edward 
M.  B.irry,  E  q.  Allow  me  to  Siiy  that  this  is  an  entire 
mistake.  Mr,  Barry  is  responsible  for  the  hotel  only,  and 
the  engineers  for  the  station  aud  ;;oof. 

OniC   iLNGAGltn    ON    THa   "WoRKS. 


|iitercominunic;itioit, 

FREEDOM  OF  ARTICLED  CLERKS. 
[209.] — I  aminfarraed  th  it  an  architect  s  articled  pupil  is 
peimitted,  with  or  without  the   consent  of  his  principal,  to 
attend  the  architectiiritl   school  at    the   Royal   Academy. 
Will  you  khidJy  inform  me  how  far  tliis  is  tine  ? 

A  Parent. 


NEW  LIGHTS  IN  OLD  OPEX  NG3. 

[210.'' — Would  you  be  kind  enough  to  inform  me,  through 
the  medium  of  yuiir  paper,  whetlier  putting  new  Siishes 
into  old  openiuga  looking  on  to  some  adjoining  property 
would  prejudice  in  any  way  the  prescriptive  light  to  light 
through  :iuch  windcvs  ?  Tbis  is  to  settle  a  question  raised 
and  for  future  reference. — Edward  Davies,  y,  Temple- 
court,  Liverpool. 


riSTON  PACKING. 

[211.]— "Would  any  of  my  fellow  readers  give  theiropinion 
of  the  following.  Tlie  pricking  of  the  piston  gets  rotten  a 
faw  days  after  it  has  been  renewed.  I  think  it  is  caused  by 
imperfdct  condensation  or  bail  water,  or  it  may  be  the 
steam  pressure  being  so  high  (55lb.)  it  burns  the  packing. 
Any  information  gladly  received.  i>.  W. 


PILING. 
[*2l2.] — Isthere  anile  for  guiding  one  in  proportioning 
the  weiirht  to  be  safely  put  upon  iiiles  ?  When  the  ground 
is  bad  there  would  be  more  likelihood  of  the  piles  getting 
down  with  a  heavy  weight  upon  them  than  if  the  founda- 
tion was  hard.  If  any  of  your  numerous  correspondents 
could  oblige  me  with  atiy  information  on  this  subject  1 
should  feel  much  obliged  to  them,  a^  1  have'sought  far  and 
wide  before  I  ventured  to  trouble  your  readers  with  my 
request.  Hellinoworth. 


THE  ADULTERATION  OP  GAS. 
[?13.] — It  seems  to  me  that  the  ratepayers  of  the  metro- 
polis and  other  large  towns  wliioli  are  supplied  with  gas 
should  be  better  informed  than  they  are  as  to  the  simplest 
and  most  effectu  1  modes  of  testing  its  purity  and  actual 
illuminating  power.  As  matters  stand  at  present  the  pur 
chasers  of  gas— which  they  generally  have  to  pay  a  yiry 
high  price  for — have  scarcely  any  means  of  checking  the 
quahty  ol  the  article  anpplied.  Could  not  you,  sii-,  throw 
some  liglit  of  a  practical  nature  upon  the  subject,  and  thus 
enable  us  t^»  see  our  way  towards  obtaining  this  necessary 
of  civilised  life  in  an  unadulterated  state  ?  The  various 
processes  of  purification  pursued  by  the  large  gas  compa- 
nies are  perhaps  tolerably  well  understood,  but  there  is  a 
wide  spread  conviction  among  the  general  public  that  their 
meters  register  the  passage  of  other  substances  than  car- 
buretted  hydrogen,  pure  and  simple,  and  that  therefore 
they  have  to  pay  for  what  they  do  ii  tget^gas  of  the  highest 
dlumiu  ting  power.  My  own  conviction  is  that  atmosphe- 
ric air,  which  should  be  free  to  all,  is  frequently  paid  for, 
n  hen  passed  through  giis  pipe.i,  at  4s.  or  4g.  6d.  per 
thousand  feet.  Isthere  any  easy  mode  of  detecting  this 
imposition  ?  If  so,  you  will  oblige  mo  and  many  others  by 
explaining  it.  Cakbonic  Acid. 


CHOKE-DAMP,  AFTER-DAMP,  STYTHE,  ic 
[214.1— In  reading  the  reports  published  day  by  day  of 
the  iuquest  on  the  bodies  of  some  of  the  poor  fellows  who 
so  unfortunately  perished  in  the  Oaks  Colliery  when  the 
:«rrible  explosion  occurred  t  ere  lately,  I  have  been 
puzzled  by  the  singular  technicalitie*  employed  by  some  of 


the  wiiuesses,  Iu  fact  to  understand  them  all  one  would  re- 
quire a  miner's  dictionary,  which  1  have  not  got,  and 
which  perhai«  doea  not  exist.  Possibly  you  or  some  of 
your  correspondents  mav  be  able  to  enlighten  me  on  at 
Iea.-<t  some  of  the  obscure  points.  The  word  fiiedampl 
believe  moans  coal  gas,  but  what  of  choke  damp,  afivr- 
danip.  stythe,  dampie.  black-damp,  white  damp,  and  fiie. 
\  imagine  that  I  am  far  from  beiug  ahme  iu  my  i;;noiance, 
aud  othei-a  may  be  equally  thankful  for  exphiuations. 

Iauuirem. 


IRON  IN  CESSPOOLS. 
[182.] — The  union  of  oxygen  with  oi^anic  matter  cause* 
the  dacompoiitiou  of  that  mittjr.  Whju  osido  of 
iron  is  present  this  union  is  effected  much  more  rapidly 
tlian  wlieu  the  organic  matter  is  left  to  itself^f  w.,  one 
may  sometimes  see  lying  on  the  sea  shore  a  piece  of  timber 
with  a  bolt  hole  and  purhaps  bolt  in  it.  This  hile  will  bo 
found  to  be  much  mure  dejayed  thau  any  other  hole  which 
has  no  iron  or  nist  about  it.  Eccs. 


COMPOSITION  FOR  MODELLING. 
[I'jtj.]— Your  correspondent  "  Novice  "  has  made  a  mis- 
take in  the  terms  ho  uses.  Plaster  of  Pans  is  never  used 
for  modcUiiig.  '1  he  proper  material  i^  modelling  clay, 
which  is  worked  iut  >  accurate  contours  by  various  model- 
ling tools  of  diHorent  sizes  and  shapes.  Ihese  tojls  are  made 
of  hard,  wellsearioued  wood,  aud  although  well  adapted  for 
maknig  an  impression  on  clay  would  not  produce  ny 
etlect  upon  amaterjal  so  hard  as  plaster  of  laiis.  1  tiiiiik 
"  Novice "  is  confounding  taking  casts  from  models  with 
modelling.  1  do  not  know  what  he  means  by  using  tlie 
word  "cut"  iu  conne.tiou  with  the  subject.  He  had 
bettor  take  a  few  le::<>ous  in  modelling  at  oneof  the  London 
Schools  of  Art,  the  West  London  School,|for  jjistance,  where 
I  have  been.  A  Modeller. 


STONE  DAMAGED  BY  FROST. 
[197.] -Will  you  all  )W  me  to  inform  "  A  Subscriber  ' 
that  1  should  not  hesitate  to  use  the  stones  he  mentions  a 
second  time,  I  should  dress  the  edges  and  turn  the  broken 
surfaces  a  bit.  and  they  would  be  as  good  as  ever  they  were. 
Had  the  ston.;s  not  been  left  exposed  they  would  never 
have  been  injured  by  the  frost  iu  the  manner  described. 

Mason. 


ALTERING  CRANES. 

[198,] — With  your  permission  I  will  give  "Wharf- 
holder"  the  infonnation  he  desii'es.  'ihe  length  of  the 
tie-bars  will  be  reduced  to  Sft.  Sin.  in  order  to  allow  the  old 
jib  to  be  Used.  The  change  in  the  angle  of  the  jib  *iU  bfl 
on  the  safe  side  foi'  i*s  strength,  so  that  if  it  were  perfectly 
strong  enough  before  it  is  sure  to  be  so  now.  C.  C, 


METALLING. 
[19rt.] — In  reply  to  your  correspondent  I  beg  to  acquaint 
him  tliat  he  may  consider  a  heaped  bushel  of  metalling  to 
measure  about  I'.TOO  cubic  inches,  and  that  if  he  miikes  hia 
calculations  on  this  basis  he  may  rely  upon  their  standing 
test.  At  the  same  time  in  my  own  practice,  I  never  shave 
the  thing  too  closely  ;  give  and  take  is  the  principal  to  go 
upon,  and  I  have  always  found  it  answer  best. 

A  Baother  Surveiob. 


CAST-IRON  GIRDERS. 

[201.]— I  think,  if  you  will  allow  me,  1  can  satisfactorily 

answer  the  query   of  your  correspondent    "  C.  C'      Tuo 

breaking  weigiit  of  any  cast-iron  Hanged  girder    can   be 

obtained    by     the     use   of     Mr.     Hodgkiusou's    formula 

A  V     •  X  C 
W  =    — ,  where  A  is  the  area  of  the  bottom  flange 

D  the  depth  of  the  gu-der,  L  the  span,  and  C  a  constant 
equal  to  26  All  the  dimensions  must  be  in  inches.  In 
lue  particular  example  referred  to  A  =  10  X  Ij  =  1-'^ 
square  inches  ;  D   =    21in.    aud   L  =    20     X    12  =  240iu. 

12  j    X    21    X  26 
We  therefore  have  W  =      ~^^''40 — ' —      ^^^     solving 

the  calculation  we  have  the  breaking  weight  at  the  centre 
(he  beam  equal  to  28^  tons.  The  breaking  weight  of  the 
b:am  spread  evenly  over  it,  as  "  C.C.  ''  intends  didig.  will 
be  just  double  this,  that  is,  57  tons.  As  the  loa<.l  will  ba 
stationary,  and  not  bring  any  violent  shock  or  jerk  upon 
the  girder  a  fourth  of  this  breaking  weight  may  be  safely 
put  upon  it.  Thus  the  girder  will  bear  14  tons  uniformly 
distributed  over  it  with  perfect  safety,  but  it  would  not  be , 
wise  to  exceed  this  amount.  Engineer. 

[201.] — *'C-C.  "will  obtain  the  breaking  weight  of  his 
ADC 


girder  by  using  theformiila  W  =  ■ 


,  in  which    W  ; 


breaking  weight  ;  A  =  area  of  bottom  flange  in  inches  ; 
D  =  deptli  of  girder  in  inches ;  C  =-  a  constant,  in  this 
case  SO  ;  and  L  =  span  in  inches.  Or  taking  thedimensiona 


he  gives  W  = 


12-5  X  21  X  5Q 
240 


54  68,  or  54]  tons  nearly, 


aa  the  weight,  equally  distributed,  that  will  break  It. 

N.  S.  P. 

[201.] — In  answer  to  "  C.  C.'s  "  inquiry  regarding  the 
strength  of  a  cast-iron  girder  of  the  following  dimensions  ; 
— Length,  2(tft,,  depth,  21in.,  area  top  flange,  0  26in., 
bottom,  12"5in.  Let  A  =  area  of  bottom  ilange,  D  =■ 
depth  of  gilder,  in  inches,  L  =  length  between  sup- 
ports iu  inches,  VV  =  breaking  weight  iu  tons  at  centre. 
tV  D  C 


Then  wo  have  W 


-93'40ton3.    For  distributed 


as  asafo 


load  -  ^       -  a  factor  of  safety  of  6  gii-ea  9  '46  tons, 

load  for  the  pirder.  The  example  "  C.  C.  "  gives  is  a  very 
defective  girder,  as  four  square  inches  might  bededuvted 
fiom  the  top  flange  witliout  interfering  with  the  strei  gth. 
Four  squar  inches  multiplied  by  the  length  of  the  girder 
is  equal  to  24l»  (ilbs.  of  inn  wasted.  W.  S.  ValGHan. 
Queen's  Insmauce  Buildings,  Liverpool. 


WEAR  AND  TEAR  OF  MACHINERY. 
[203.] — No  man    knows  the  market   value  of  anything 
until  he  tries  to  sell  it ,  I  should  be  afraid  of  dlsappolLtlng 


94 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


February  1,  1867. 


"  Retirer  "  were  I  to  tell  him  Uow  much  I  lost  upon  an 
occasion  similar  to  the  one  he  describes.  But  he  may  con- 
Eider  himself  luckv  if  ho  sells  his  whole  stock  and  concern 
for  one-tbird  of  what  they  originally  cost  him. 

Experience. 


■WATER  PRESSURE. 
[205.]— The  gentleman  desiring  information  upon  this 
subject  may  use  the  following  rule:— Let  P  be  the  pressure 
in  pounds  per  square  foot,  and  V  the  velocity  of  the  cur- 
rent in  miles  per  hour,  then  P  =  4-0S5  X  V2.  With  a  cur- 
rent of  three  miles  per  hour  the  pressure  will  be  about 
36Ub.  to  the  square  foot,  and  when  the  velocity  is  four 
miies  it  will  equal  651b.  In  using  this  etiuation  it  must 
be  borne  in  mind  that  it  is  only  approximate  for  very  high 
lelocities.  "•  *^- 


HOT  WATER  FOR  CEMENTS. 

[506.]— Hot  water  should  not  be  used  either  in  mixing 
Roman,  Portland,  or  Parian  cement,  or  plaster  of  Paris. 
Chilled  water  might  be  used,  but  the  cement  would  be 
stronger  with  cold  water.  J-  ®> 

[206.]— The  qiierv  of  "  Amateur"  appears  to  show  that 
he  had  not  reflected  much  before  putting  the  question. 
He  ought  to  be  aware  that  in  mortar  and  concrete,  for  in- 
stance, when  the  sand  and  lime  are  mixed  dry  the  slaking 
of  the  lime  when  cold  w.-iter  is  added  in  reality  makes  hot 
■water  of  it,  as  it  raises  the  temperature  to  a  high  point. 
Independently  of  the  fact  that  hot  water  has  no  effect  upon 
the  quality  of  the  mortals  and  cements  used  it  would  be 
simply  impossible  to  have  hot  water  always  ready  for  build- 
ing purposes.  J-  T.  H. 


MEASUREMENT  OF  TIMBER. 
[207.] — In  answer  to  your  correspondent  "  Milo."  battens, 
deals,  and  pines  are  generally,  but  not  always  bought  by 
the  standard  of  120  l--'ft.,  IJin.  K  Siin.     He  must  therefore 
reduce  his  deals  to  sizes,  as  under  : — 
120  12ft.  Jin.  X  Sin.  the  exact  average  width  equal  to 
1,440  ft.  inn  Sin.  thick. 


2,8.S0  ft.  nm,  IJin.  thick. 


11)  25,920 

12)  2,357  ft.  run,  llin.  wide. 

196'5.12ft.  length*,  =  1  C  ' 
120    1  C 
80        2  qrs. 

16  5-12 


16  5-12  standard 


1   2  165-12 
The  I  2  26  G-IS,  as  charged,  must  be  an  error. 

Builder's  Clibk. 


^iiili)iii§  liitclllgciite. 


OHTOOHES  AND  CHAPELS. 


Mr.  R.  D.  Gould,  of  Barnstaple,  is  erecting  some 
churches,  schools,  and  par-^onages  in  Devonshire 
■wbioli  hive  been  favourably  noticed  by  the  local 
societies. 

A  New  Episcopal  church  is  about  to  be  built  in 
Alloa,  Scotland.  The  new  edifice  will  be  of  stone, 
and  will  have  a  tower  and  spire.  The  architect  is 
Mr.  Withers,  of  London. 

The  congregation  of  the  Independent  Church  in 
Collins-street,  Melbourne,  Australia,  are  erecting  a 
new  place  of  worship.  It  is  to  be  completed  in 
nine  months,  and  it  is  designed  to  accommodate 
200  persons. 

America. — St.  Mark's  Church,  on  Green  Island, 
■was  consecrated  by  Bishop  Potter  on  December  12. 
The  edifice,  says  the   New    York    Churchman,  is  a 
perfect  model   for  beauty    of   design    and  finish. 
The  material    of  the    exterior    is  rough    finished 
blue  stone,  the  style  of  architecture  being  much 
the  same  as  that  of  St.  John's  Church,  Troy,     The 
dimensions  of  the  church  proper  are  30ft.  wide  by 
90ft.   long.     A    Sunday-school    building,    22ft.  in 
width  by  60ft.  in   length,  is  connected  with  the 
main  edifice   by   a   structure  20ft.  square.     The 
spire  is  about  60ft.   in  height.     The  seats  are   of 
chestnut  and  the  ceiling  of  walnut.     The  stained 
glass  windows    at  either  end    of   the    church   are 
beautifid  specimens  of  art.     The  device  upon  the 
chancel  window  represents  St.    Mark  with  a  lion 
crouching  at  his  feet.     The  opposite  window  is  a 
memorial  from  the  children  of  St.  Paul's  Church, 
and  represents  three  children  singing.     The  edi- 
fice   was  built   through  voluntary    contributions, 
some    citizens     fairly     outdoing     themselves    in 
liberality,  and  cost  17,500  dollars. 

FnLFORD. — A  new  church  at  Fulford,  near  York, 
which  has  been  erected  at  a  cost  of  £5,000,  and  de- 
signed by  Mr.  J.  P.  Pritchett,  architect,  Darlington, 
has  just  been  consecrated  and  opened  by  the  Arch- 
bishop of  York.  The  style  of  the  church  is  the 
Early  Decorated,  and  at  the  south-west  corner  is 
placed  a  tower  and  spire,  1 40ft.  high.  The  name 
of  the  church  is  St.  Oswald's,  and  the  contractor 
for  the  works  was  Mr.  Weatherley,  of  York.  The 
pulpit  and  reading  desk  were  executed  by  Messrs. 
Forsyth,  and  Co.  of  London;  the  altar  rails  were 
supplied  by  Messrs.  Skidmore  and  Co.,  of-Coventry ; 


and  the  carving  was  done  by  Messrs.  Burstall  and 
Taylor,  of  Leeds. 

York.— The  foundation  stone  of  a  new  Baptist 
chapel  in  Priory-street  was  laid  last  week.  The 
building  will  be  in  the  Early  Decorated  style. 
The  plan  consists  of  a  nave  and  aisle,  with  trans- 
epts. The  length  of  the  nave  will  be  7Sft., 
and  the  width  24ft.  6in.  The  width  will 
be  44ft.  between  the  aisle  walls,  and  49ft. 
6in.  across  the  transepts.  The  height  to 
the  eaves  above  the  clerestory  will  be  32ft.  6in. 
and  to  the  collar  beam  of  roof  44ft.  6in. 
The  timber  work  of  the  roof  of  both  church  and 
schools  will  be  exposed  to  view.  The  exterior  of 
the  church  will  be  faced  with  stone,  the  dressings 
in  Whitby  stone,  and  the  walling  of  Bradford  sets, 
in  thin  beds.  At  one  corner  of  the  church  will 
be  a  tower,  the  height  to  the  top  of  the  pinnacle 
being  61ft.  At  the  other  end  wUl  be  two  gables, 
one  being  the  school,  and  the  smaller  one  the 
transept  of  the  church.  The  architect  is  Mr.  W. 
Peachey,  of  Darhngton.  The  contractors  are— 
For  the  brick  and  stone  work,  Messrs.  C,  Bowman 
and  Co  ;  plastering,  Mr.  M.  Croft ;  slating,  Mr.  T. 
F.  Wood;  carpenter  .and  joiner,  Mr.  W.  BeUerby. 
The  total  cost,  including  the  land,  will  be  about 
£5,000. 

BUILDINOS. 
On  Wednesday  week  last  a  new  Wesleyan  School 
was  opened  at  Blackpool.     The  school  was  built  to 
afford  accommodation  for  260   persons   at  a   total 
cost  of  £545. 

Another  addition  to  the  orphan  houses  on  Ash- 
ley Down,  Bristol,  is  about  to  be  made  by  Mr. 
MUUer,  at  a  cost  of  £20,000,  and  the  contract  for 
the  erection  of  the  new  building  has  been  under- 
taken. 

Leeds.— The  directors  of  the  Queen's  Hotel  at 
the  Wellington  (Midland  Railway)  Station  have 
completed  an  additional  wing  to  the  hotel,  thus  in- 
creasing the  total  number  of  roomsin  the  building 
to  140.  One  of  the  principal  features  of  the  addi- 
tion is  a  spacious  well-lighted  hall,  80ft.  long,  35ft. 
wide,  and  ISft.  in  height.  The  total  cost  has  been 
about  £13,000. 

Melbourne. — The  inaugural  ceremony  of  the 
■Victoria  Deaf  and  Dumb  Institution  took  place  on 
the  13th  of  October.  The  building,  which  isadj.a- 
oent  to  St.  KUda-road,  was  formally  opened  by  the 
Governor.  Including  the  fencing  and  out-build- 
ings, the  edifice  cost  £6,800.  Towards  the  liquidation 
of  that  amount  Parliament  has  voted  £4,000,  and 
a  sum  of  £1,800  has  been  received  from  private  sub- 
scriptions, leaving  £1,000  stiU  to  be  provided.  The 
building  is  surmounted  by  a  lof tv  tower. 


(§mul  Items. 


Mr.  E.  Lynam,  the  Wakefield  borough  surveyor, 
who  a  short  time  ago  sent  in  his  resignation,  has 
been  induced  to  withdraw  it. 

The  Eastern  Railway  Company  (France)  has  just 
adopted  a  new  third  class  carriage.  It  is  two 
stories  high,  and  contains  seats  for  80  persons. 

The  following  gentlemen  were  elected  Fellows 
or  Associates  of  the  Royal  Institute  of  Archi- 
tects, on  Monday  last  : — As  Fellows  : — John 
CUrk,  2,  James-street,  Bedford-row,  W.C.; 
William  Henry  Crossland.  25,  Park  square, 
Leeds ;  Henry  John  Paul!,  Manchester.  As 
Associates  : — Charles  James  Moxon,  28,  Denbigh- 
place,  Belgrave-road,  S.W. ;  William  John 
Bowyer,  Cambridge;  Edward  Joseph  Hansom, 
Clifton  ;  Edmund  Kirby,  Liverpool. 

The  following  gentlemen  have  been  elected 
members  of  the  Society  of  .Arts: — Phillips 
Bevan,  Albert-terrace,  Windsor;  Sir  John  Francis 
Davis,  Bart.,  K.C.B.,Club  Chambers,  Regent  street, 
S.W.,  and  Hollywood,  Henbury,  Bristol ;  Admiral 
Sir  Henry  J.  Leeke,  K.C.B.,  K.H.,  Theydon-park, 
Epping,  Essex,  and  5,  Euston-place,  Leamington  ; 
Evan  Lewis,  Aberdare ;  Thomas  Henry  Phillips, 
51,  Lime-street,  E.C. ;  Joseph  Fitter,  2,  Thanet- 
place,  St'-and,  W^.C. ;  George  W.  Railton,  Alderley- 
edge,  Manchester ;  Howland  Roberts,  Neilgherry- 
house,  Hampstead,  N.W. 

On  Saturday  last  the  Bristol  Art  and  Industrial 
Exhibition  was  closed,  after  having  been  opened 
24  days,  and  visited  by  2,000  persons.  The  re- 
ceipts amounted  to  £185,  and  the  expenditure 
about  £100,  leaving  a  balarce  of  £85. 


Papers  intended  to  be  read,  together  with  any 
drawings  connected  with  them,  should  be  sent  to 
the  assistant  secretary.  No.  7,  Adelphi-terrace,  on 
or  before  the  2l3t  of  March. 

Cirencester. — The  distribution  of  prizes  gained 
by  students  of  the  Cirencester  School  of  Art  took 
place  last  week,  the  Earl  of  Bathurst  in  the  chair. 
The  report  stated  the  school  had  obtained  one 
silver  medal  out  of  twenty,  and  two  bronze  medals 
out  of  fifty,  distributed  among  the  100  schools  in 
the  kingdom,  and  that  the  school  was  surpassed 
only  by  nine  of  the  largest  schools  of  art,  including 
the  metropolitan.  An  able  and  interesting  address 
was  deUvered  by  Mr.  J.  B.  Atkinson,  of  London. 

Steam  on  Common  Roads.— Mr.  Page,  the  well- 
known  engineer,  has  started  a  plan  for  converting 
high  roads  into  railways,  which  recalls  Sir  Robert 
Peel's  dream  of  twenty-five  years  ago  : — "  Some  new 
discovery  which  shall  enable  us  to  lay  down  a  light 
railway  on  the  turnpike  roads  at  (say)  £2,000  a 
mile."  Mr.  Page  proposes  to  do  this  by  means  of 
peculiar  locomotives,  with  extra  guide  wheels  on 
independent  axles.  The  wheels  of  the  axles  are 
to  run,  not  on  iron,  but  on  tramways  of  creoaoted 
wood,  as  indestructible  as  iron,  but  giving  by  fric- 
tion much  more  power  to  the  engine.  The  guide 
wheels  and  wheels  of  the  carriages  ■will  run  on  light 
iron  rails- 

MouNTAiN  Attraction.— The  penduluna  expe 
riments  now  carried  on  in  India  in  connection  ■with 
the  great  Trigonometrical  Survey  under  the  du-ec- 
tion  of  Lieutenant- Colonel  Walker,  R.E.,  have  led 
to  certain  new  and  important  conclusions  as  regard  ■ 
mountain  attraction.  Theoretically,  the  nearer 
the  observing  stations  are  to  the  Himalayas,  the 
greater  the  force  of  gravity  ;  but  the  reverse  is 
found  to  be  the  fact,  and  the  difference  between 
theory  and  fact  diminishes  with  the  increased  dis- 
tance of  the  stations  from  the  hills.  Commenting 
on  this  phenomenon  in  a  communication  to  the 
president  of  the  Royal  Society,  Colonel  Walker 
writes;- "Thlsseems  a  remarkable  confirmation  of 
the  Astronomer  Royal's  opinion,  that  the  strata  of 
earth  below  the  mountains  are  less  dense  than  the 
strata  below  plains  and  the  bed  of  the  sea."  Is 
there  not  something  in  this  result  worth  considera- 
tion by  geologists 

St.  Katherine's  Docks.— We  regret  to  observe 
that  the  front  wall  of  the  passengers  landing  place 
St.  Katherine's  Docks  has  since  the  recent  thaw  ex- 
hibited signs  of  extensive  settlement.  Although 
there  has  been  a  gradual  settlement  apparent  for  a 
long  time,  still  no  one  was  prepared  for  anything  so 
sudden  and  extensive  as  has  taken  place.  The 
building  which  is  only  one  storey  in  height,  must 
be  entuely  taken  down,  and  the  greatest  care  will 
be  required  to  prevent  accident  happening  from 
the  extremely  uncertain  condition  of  the  wall.  The 
sinking  of  the  wall  has  thrown  severalof  the  iron 
columns  which  support  the  roof  considerably  out 
of  position,  so  much  so  that  unless  shoring  is  im- 
mediately resorted  to,  the  effect  of  a  single  tide 
may  be  to  bring  down  the  roof,  ■very  possibly  car- 
rying the  parapet  on  the  street  with  it.  The  pri- 
m.ary  cause  of  this  state  of  things,  we  believe  is  a 
notoriously  bad  foundation.  It  is  very  seldom  in- 
deed that  fractures  so  very  extensive  take  place  m 
so  very  short  a  time. 

Coffer  Smoke.— For  generations    past  efforts 
have  been  made  to  utilise  or  neutralise  the  smoke 
emitted  from   the   various   copper   works   of  the 
kingdom,  which  is  known  to  be  so  injurious  to  all 
vegetation    around.      In    the    neighbourhood  of 
Swansea,  which  is  the  principal  seat  of  the  copper 
trade,  there  are  thousands  of  acres  with  hardly  a 
blade  of  grass  upon  the  ground,  and  in  many  in- 
stances  the   smelters    have    had    to    pay  heavy 
damages  for  the  injurious  effects  of  the  smoke  on 
adjoining  properties,  even  trees  many  miles  dis- 
tant being  affected.      About   twelve  months  ago 
Mr.  H.  H.  Vivian,  M.P.,   adopted  an  invention  at 
his  works    in  order   to  see    whether    something 
could  not  be  done  to  abate  the  nuisance,  and,  if 
possible,  utiHse   the  smoke  as   weU.      A  consider- 
able outlay  was   incurred   in    gi^•ing  a   thorough 
practical  test  to  the  invention,  and  at  the  meetmg 
of  the  West  Glamorgan  Agricultural  Society,  Mr. 
Vivian    announced    that    his    efforts    had    been 
crowned  with  entire  success.       The  smoke  is  con- 
densed, and  by  judicious  admixtures  a  very  excel- 
lent superphosphate  is  produced,  which  is   espe- 
cially suitable  for  root  crops.      Mr.    Vivian  calcu- 
lates that  in  a  short  time   he  wUl  be  able  to  pro- 
duce annually   sufficient  manure  for  40,000  acres 
of  land.     The  success   attained  will  no  doubt  in- 
duce other  copper  smelters  to  follow  the  example, 


tj 


Institotion  of  Naval  Architects. — Thenext    --i, 

annual  meeting  of  this  institution  will  be  held  in  J  and  many  thousand  acres,  which  are  now  almost  a 
Loudon  on  the  Uth,  i2th,  and  13th  of  AprU  next. '  barren  waste,  wiU  then  be  made  fertile  ground. 


February  1,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


VII 


^nkiits  for  liibtiitioiis 

C0N5ECTED     WITH     THE     BUILDINQ     TRACK. 


1580  J.  Cranston.  Ijnj'rovements  in  horticuUnra 
rectxons.  Dated  Juue  8,  1866 
In  (jerforminj;  thia  iuveiitioii  the  inventor  proooses  to 
CODStiuct  a  simple  ami  eC'inomical  form  of  ff'ass  house  b> 
hinying  tiffether  onhnary  sash  frames  in  such  manner, 
and  by  so  connecting  iheiu  to  the  wood  sill  pla'es  and  up- 
rights of  the  structure,  aa  to  admit  of  the  house  hemp 
opened  rifiht  and  left  at  the  ridpe  or  other  apex  of  the 
roi'f,  so  as  to  allow  a  passage  down  the  centre  when  re- 
(|uired,  the  whole  heinp  capable  of  cloeinji  by  drawing 
lojreiber  the  two  sides  of  the  house.     Pattnt  abandoned. 

1698  F.  W.  Kunz  Jntprovemfuts  in  the  cotiitructton  o/ 
safes  or  stromj  routns.     Dated  June  12,  1866 

In  the  tirst  place,  Instead  of  having  a  door  ordoors  to  Open 
upon  hinges,  as  usuallv  adopted,  the  inventor  employs  two 
or  more  doors  sliding  in  grooves.  Instead  of  eroplojing  a 
eingle  sliding  door,  he  proposes  to  apply  twoor  more  sliding 
doors,  so  arranged  as  to  slide  in  grooves  ona  behiml  the 
oiher,  and  to  uividL'  the  safe  or  room  into  two  oc  mne  com* 
partiu€nt%  hy  a  partition  or  partitions,  bo  that  only  one 
Oompartraent  is  open  at  a  time.  By  this  arrangemt-nf  the 
grooves  in  which  the  doors  slide  are  carried  round  all  four 
Bides  of  the  opening,  thai  is,  right,  left,  top,  and  bottom; 
and  there  is  no  long  *Iit  or  openini;  for  the  doors  to  slide 
oat  throueh,  as  they  do  n  it  slide  out  beyond  the  safe,  hut 
merely  slide  one  before  or  behin-i  the  other.  This  element 
of  weakness  being  thus  dispensed  with,  the  safe  or  strong 
ro.im  is  reodeied  much  more  secure,  and  the  introduction  of 
wedges  or  other  tools  for  breaking  open  the  same  much 
more  diflBcult.  As  a  farther  protection,  he  also  proposes  to 
fl  I  up  the  top  or  bottom  groove,  or  both,  in  which  the  front 
uoor  slides  by  means  of  a  hinged  bar,  which  cannot  be  re- 
moved until  the  other  door,  which  slides  lehind  it,  has  been 
openeii.  He  also  fixes  a  dovetail  bar  across  the  opening, 
about  midway  between  the  top  and  bottom,  on  which  bar  a 
dovetail  eroove  in  the  hack  of  the  sliding  door  fits,  Pattnt 
abandon  d.  • 

1698  *-■.  F.  CoTTKKii.L.  ImprovemenU  in  theinanufactwe 
of  mrth^nwart  aud  other  p' pes,  aud  in  tnachinery  or  appU' 
ratus  to  be  employed  in  the  said  manufacture.  Dated  June 
26.  1866. 

This  invention  relates  to  such  pipes  as  are  made  double 
and  in  segments,  that  IS,  pipes  which  consist  of  two  con- 
centiio  pipes  one  within  the  otlier  made  hy  bein;  built  up 
Ot  segmental  pieces.  The  said  pipes  are  usaally  made  of 
earthenware  and  are  principally  used  for  conveying  water 
and  sewage.  The  improvements  iti  the  manufacture  of  the 
said  pipes  consist  in  making  'he  segmental  pieces  much 
thinner  than  usual,  ind  filling  up  the  space  between  the 
inner  and  outer  pipes  with  cement,  so  as  to  consolidate  the 
whole  into  one  compact  mass  ins' ead  of  leiving  the  space 
between  the  two  pipes  empty.    Patent  abandoned. 

1706  E.  Ambrose  Improvements  in  Venetian  blinds  and 
blind  fittings,  and  in  machinery  for  mukintj  the  same,  parts 
of  which  machinery  may  be  medjor  other  purposes.  Dated 
June  27,  1866. 

The  patentee  claims,  first,  the  suspension  of  Venetian 
blinds  by  the  top  lath  being  huagon  pivots  in  fixed  bracke  s 
or  supp.rts,  instead  oi  in  the  u  ual  manner.  Secondly,  the 
two  m  jdes  desc  ibed  of  fixing  the  ends  of  hlindi  tu  their 
rol'ers,  so  a*  todi>pense  witli  nailing  andsewiog.  Thir^'ly, 
the  ar-angementot  winding  ap.a  atus  d  scribed.  Fou  thiy, 
the  e'astic  holder  fir  ihf  shade  cord  of  veneiian  blinds. 
Fifthly,  the  mec-hani^ra  describe-!  fjr  planmg  the  two  s-idei 
and  ediies  of  the  laihs  by  the  fixed  plaoes,  an  riesciibed 
Sixthly,  the  arrangement  of  plants  and  cutters  for  planing 
and  cu  tmg  blinU  rollers,  as  destrib::d.  S  venthly,  the 
apparatus  hereinbefore  described  for  prin  icg  laths  of 
Venetian  blinds  and  similar  anicles,  by  firsr  passing  sucli 
laths  or  other  articles  through  paint,  cr  dipping  them  in 
paint,  and  afterwards  scaping  and  finishing  ttiem  by  mt-ans 
of  fixed  ela-tic  sciapers  and  brashes,  as  de:^cribed.  Eightiy, 
the  apparatus  desL.nhed  for  cutting  the  t,hort  narrow  tapes, 
and  11  arLing  the  broad  vertical  lapes  of  Venetian  blinds. 
JiJiotblv,  the  apparatus  described  for  punching  the  holes  in 
the  laths  of  venttian  blinds,  whether  the  punch  for  the 
pupose  be  worked  by  a  handle  or  by  a  lever  ;  and,  lastly, 
the  ananirement  of  fixed  scrapers  for  sciaping  laths  required 
to  be  lepiinted.    Patent  completed. 


Bromptos. — For  new  sower,  Yeoraan's-row,  Brompton, 
for  the  Kensington  Vestry  : — 

Bond £5Sr 

Williams 400 

Atkins 397 

Moxou  and  Mutton 395 

Thackemy 395 

haoey    385 

Wigtnoro 374 

Thirst  34f» 

Whittick  (accepted) 29.^ 

City.— For  rebuilding  Xos.  2  and  3,  and  alterations  to  Xo. 
■1.  Finch-lane,  City,  for  Mr.  Alfred  runwoll.  Mr.  Hflrbort 
Williams,  architect.  Quantities  supplied  by  Mr.  C. 
Reilly  :— 

Turner  and  So"s £3,299 

Banislev  aud  Sons,  Birmiugham  ...    3, ISO 

Ashby  and  Horner   2,890 

Ashbv  and  Sons 2,869 

Conder 2,721 

Newman  aud  Mann  (accepted) 2,637 

Sheffield. — For  the  new  drapery  establishment,  Shef- 
field, exclusive  of  stoves,  chimne}i)iece3,  warming  apparatus, 
gas  or  any  fittings,  for  Messrs.  Cole  Brothers.  Messrs. 
Flocktou  and  Abbott,  architects : — 

Wilson  £10,3oO     0  0 

Robdrtson    10,300    0  0 

Huddleston 10,132    0  0 

Barber 9,96t>  10  fi 

Gomersall  (accepted) 9,650    0  0 

Clubley  and  Stringfellow 9,494    0  0 

Sheffield.— For  counter  and  desk?<.  at  the  new  Sheffield 
and  Rotherham  Bank.  Messrs.  Flockton  and  Abbott,  ar- 
chitects:— 

Manuel  and  Son £710 

Eadon  and  Son 500 

Johnson  and  Son  (accepted)  420 

Stoke  Newington. — For  the  erection  of  two  villas.  Stoke 
Newington.  for  Mrs.  Burdett.     Mr.  T.  Hill,  architect  :— 

Nash £2,S97 

Patmau  and  Fotheringham    2.575 

Carter  and  Sons 2,5;J0 

Longmead    2,447 

D.  King  and  Sons  (accepted) 2,3fi0 

Maclachlan 2,152 

Strakd. -For  alteration  at  the  Rising  Sun  Tavern, 
Strand.     Mr.  William  Xunn,  architect: — 

AnJey  (accepted) ..£521 


LATEST  PRICES    OF   MAl'ERIALS   USED 
IN  CONSTRUCTION. 

TlMBsa,  dutv  !•  P«r  loiwl.  drawback,  It. 


Teak   load  £9    01 

Quebec,  red  pine  ....  S    6 

,,       yellow  pine..  2  15 

it  John  N.B.  yellow  0    0 

Quebec  Oak,  wbit« . .  6  10 

„       birch 3  10 

,.      elm    3  10 

Oantzlco&k  S  10 


tlr  . 


3     0 


Memel  fir 

Riga 3    0 

-Swedish 1  13 

Uaalo.tjuebecrediilne  6    0 
,,      yellow  pine.,     fi    0 
LftthwotHl,Diuit7.1c.fni  4  10 
„       St.  ?et«ralnirg  6  10 
Deals,  prO.,l'_' ft.  I>y3 
by9in..  duty'28i)er 
lofid,  dnvvvbihok  'Js. 
Quebec,  white  ajiruce  13  10 
3t.Jolm,whtt«9i)ruce  13    0 
Yellow  pine,  per  re- 
duced C. 
Canada,   1st  quality.  17    0 
2nd  do 12    0 


4 

l.'S 

3 

LO 

0 

0 

6 

(. 

4  ml 

6 

0 

K 

0 

fl 

10 

3 

10 

3 

b 

•2 

3 

H 

0 

n 

0 

6 

10 

7  10 

21 

10 

15 

0 

19  10  1 

14 

o| 

ArchiiUgel,  yellow  ..  £19    0  £18    0 


St.  l*«t«rsburg,  yeL . .  10  10 

Fluliiud 8    0 

Meitiel 0    0 

UotheuburK,  yellow       9    0 

,.       whTto    8    0 

(lefle,  yellow 0    0 

Soderhtvmu    9    0 

Cbriatiuuia,    per   C, 

V2  It.  by  3  by  9  in. 

yellow 18    0 

Dock  eiH.uk.  Uiuitzic, 

per  40  ft.  3  iu 0  14 

PuuiOB  Ktonb  pr  ton    6    0 
OiLa,  &c. 

Seal,  pftle per  tun  45    0 

Sporm  body   127    0 

Cod 4i)    0 

Wh.ile,  Sth.  Sea,  pale  45    0 

Ulive,  r>alliiKili 63    0 

Cocoanut,  Oochin.tou  bS    0 

Palm,  flue 41     0 

Linseed    36  10 

KJipeeeed,  Eug.pale..  41     0 
Cottouseed 31    0 


11  10 
9  10 
0    0 

10  10 
8  ID 

11  0 
10  10 


Metals. 

iROM : — 

nTelsh  Bars  In  London     [>er  ton 

.Vail  Rod       d 

Hoops do 

Sht^ets.  9in^'le       do 

Statfordahire  Bare       do 

B.ira,  iu  Wales      do 

R.iils     do 

PouiidrvPigB.  at  Qlaag.  No.  1    ..       do 

Swedish  Bars  do 

8teel:— 

Swedish  Keg,  hammered      per  ton 

Swedish  Faggot   do 

Copper  :-~ 
Sheet  A  Sheathing,  &  Bolts  ....per  ton 

Uiiiumered  Bottoms       do 

Plat  Bottoms,  not  Hammered   ..       do 

Cake  aud  Toujjh  lugot      do] 

Best  Selected    do 

Fine  Foreign     do 

Vel.  Metal  Sheathing^  Bods  ....per  lb 
Lkad:^ 

Pig,  English     per  ton 

,,    Spauish  Soft     do 

Shot.  Patent     do 

Sheet  do 

WTiit«     do 

Speltsr:— 

On  the  spot   per  ton 

Tin  :— 
English  Block      per  ton 


17 
9  17 
7  17 
5  15 
5  15 
2  14 
10  10 

15  15 

10  10 


0    0  0        8 

8  5  0        2^ 

9  10  0 
10  15  0 

8  10  0 

5  0  0        9 

6  0  0    nett 


1«    0 
12  10 


do 


MEETINGS    FOR   THE   WEEK. 

MoN. — Royal    United  Service   Institution.— "A   Light, 
Short  Gun,  throwing  a   Sharp-edged  Discoid- 
ally  formed    Projectile,"    by    Lieut.    General 
W.    N.     Hutehiuson.      2.   "  The   Working    of 
Heavy  Broadside  Guns,"  by  Mr.  A.  W.  Drew, 
S.30. 
Royal  Institution.— Monthly  Meeting,  "2. 
Society  of  Engineers.  — "On  Safety  Valves,"   by 
Mr.  T.  Baldwin,  7.30. 
TUES.— Royal     Institution. — "On    Vibratory     Motion, 
with  special  Reference  to  Sound/'  by  Professor 
Tyndail,  3. 
Institutioil  of   Civil  Engineers.— Discussion  on 
**  Shipi   of  War;"  and,    "Description  of  the 
Cliftou  Suspension   Bridge,"    by   Mr.  W.    U. 
Barlow,  8. 
Wed— Geological  Society,  S. 

Thdrs.— Royal    Institution.—**  On   Vibratory    Motion, 
with  special  Reference  to  Sound,"  by  Professor 
Tyndall,  3. 
Chemical  Society,  8 
Linnean  Society,  S. 
Fm_Royal  Institution.— *' On  Public  School    Educa- 
tion," bv  Rev.  F.  W.  Farrar,  8. 
Sat.— Royal  lastitution.- "  On  Harmony,"   by  Mr.  G. 
A.  MacfaiTen,  3. 

4 

TENDERS. 
Bethnal  Green.— For  rebuilding   house,  No.  7,  Green- 
street,  for  Mr.  G.  Baugh.     Messrs.  Tolley  and  Dale,  archi- 

Withers  ^'^e 

Forrest 748 

Hicga  (accepted)   677 


BATH  STONE  OF  BEST  QUALITY. 

R.VSDELL  and  Sadsders,  Quarrymen  and  Stone  Met 
chants,  Bath.  List  of  Prices  at  the  Quarries  and  Depots, 
also  Cost  for  Transit  to  any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
furnished  on  applicition  to  Bath  Stone  Office,  Corsham, 
Wilts.- [Advt.  ] 


PROPERTY  SALES. 

January  28. 
At  M.\.son9'  Hall.  — By   Messrs.    P.     and  J.    Belton.— 
Leasehold  six   liuuses.  Nos.  1  to  6,  Church-street,  Wimble- 
don, producing  £6i  per  annum,  tei-m  40   years  from  ISOti, 
at  £12  6s.  per  anuam — sold  for  £790. 

January  29. 
At  the  Mart. — By  Messrs.  Farebrother,  Clark,  aud  Co. 
—Freehold  three  houses,  Nos.  3   and  4,  High-road,  and  2, 
Derby-road,  Tottenham — £1,085. 

By  Messrs.  Delienham,  Tewson,  and  Farmer.— Leasehold 
warehouse,  situate  in  Counter- street  and  Hay's-lane, 
Tooley -street,  Southwark,  let  on  lease  at  £210  per  annum, 
term  2ti  years  unexpired,  at  £24  10s.  per  annum    £2,100. 

Leasehold  premises,  Nos.  20,  Tooley  street,  let  on  lease 
at  £110  per  annum,  term  26  years  unexpired,  at  £20  per 
annum — £1,050. 

Leasehold  house  aud  shop,  No.  27,  Tooley-street,  let  on 
lease  at  £62  per  annum,  term  26  years  unexpired,  at  £10 
per  annum — £660. 

Leasehold  house  and  shop,  or  warehouse.  No.  47,  Tooley- 
street,  producing  £105  per  annum,  term  20  years  unexpired, 
at  £14  3.*.  per  annum— £1.010. 

Leasehold  house  and  shop.  No.  48,  Tooley  street,  let  at 
£70  per  annum,  tenn  20  years  unexpired,  at  £7  per  annum 
—£500. 

Leasehold  house,  with  shop  or  warehouse.  No.  49, 
Tooiey-atreet,  let  on  lease  at  £115  per  annum,  term  20 
years  unexpired,  at  £10  per  annum — £980. 

Leasehold  house,  with  shop  or  warehouse.  No.  51,  Tooley- 
street,  let  on  lease  at  £70  per  annum,  term  21  years  uneK- 
pired.  at  £20  per  annum- £860. 

Leasehold  house  with  shop,  No.  52,  Tooley-street,  also  a 
stable  in  the  rear,  let  on  lease  at  £100  per  annum,  term  21 
years  unexpired,  at  £9  r2s.  per  annum— £900. 

Freehold  business  premises  with  yard.  No.  5,  West-lane, 
Spa- road,  Bermondsey,  let  on  lease  at  £10  lOs.  per  annum 
—£220. 

At  the  Guildhall  Coffee-house.— By  Messrs.  Broad, 
Pritchard.  and  Wiltshire— Freehold  cottage,  situate  at 
Yalding,  near  Maidstone,  Kent — £160. 


Bar 
Beflned 


do 


23  10 
21  6 
SO    0 


90    0     0 


87  0 
0     0 

22  10 
0  0 
24    0 


91 


do 

Banca      do 

Strait*     do  I 

Zwc:— 

Engliah  Sheet      per  ton 

Devaux's  V.  M.  Roofing  Zinc   do 

•  And  5  per  leut.  discount  if  laid  upoii  the  new  system. 

QuiCKBiLVKR     per  btl  6  18    0        7     0 

RBODiira  OF  Antiiiiokv. 
Preuch  per  tou         34    0    0       0    0    i 


93 
89 


27     0     0 


THE  ART  JOURNAL,  price  2s.  6d. 
Monthly— Line  Engravings  in  the  FEBRUARY  NUMBER: 
— 1.  E.  M.  Ward.  R.  A.— ■■  Jatnea  II  receiving  New«  of  the  Lauding 
of  the  Prince  of  Oninge."  by  F.  A.  Heath.  2.  Gustave  Dire — "  Elaine," 
by  a.  Robinson.  3.  H.  Le  Jeune.  A.R  A.— "  The  Eft,"  by  J.  Stao- 
cliffe  and  L.  Stocks,  A.R.A,  Literary  Contributions: — "Historic 
Devices  and  B^tdges."  by  Mrs.  Bury  Palliser  (illustrated!;  "Modern 
Painters  of  Belgium— F.  De  Braekeleer.  C.  Baugniet,  H.  Bource."  by 
James  DaCfom  lillustrated) ;  "  Hyraus  of  the  Church  "  rillua'rated); 
"  Physiology  of  Binocular  Vision— Stereoscopic  and  Pseudoscopic 
IllusionB,"  bv  A.  Claudet.  F.R.S.  ullustrAted) ;  "A  Memory  of  Jamci 
and  Horace  Smith."  by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  S.  C.  Hall  (illustrated) ;  ftc.  Ac. 
♦»•  An  Hhistrated  Catalogue  of  the  Paris  EiLhibition  will  be  issueo 
with  the  Art  Journal  for  1867.  Intending  Subscribers  are  respectfully 
requested  to  send  in  their  names  eArly. 

Loudun  :  Virtdb  aud  Co.,  26,  Ivy-lane,  Fatemoster-row. 


BANKRUPTS. 

TO  StTERENDEB  IN  BASINOHALLSTREET. 

Joseph  Atkins,  Slough.  buUder.  Feb.  13.  at  2— Wimam 
Clark  Londou  street,  Tottenham  court  road,  contractor, 
Feb  7,  at  11— William  Elliott,  Teuterdeu.  plumber, 
Feb.  11,  at  l-_'— William  Henry  Golightly,  Eton  street. 
Regents  park,  journeyman  carpenter,  Feb.  6,  at  '2— James 
Richard  .J  uster,  Merton.  carpenter,  Feb.  7,  at  1— James 
Risely,  Woolwich,  8hip%vright,  Feb.  6,  at  12— Jolm  Rowe, 
Westbury  read,  sanitary  engineer,  Feb.  13,  at  12— Charles 
Simons,  Enston  ro:id,  builder,  Feb.  11,  at  11— William 
Harris  Plaistow,  builder,  Feb.|ll,  at  2— Charles  Nichols, 
Tottenham,  builder.  Feb.  14,  at  1— John  Plowman,  Jler- 
tou,  builder,  Feb.  11,  at  12. 

TO  aUKEENDEE  IN  THE  COUNTEY. 
Charles  Clare,  Oldswinford,  buildsr,  Feb.  11,    at  10— W. 
Middleton,  Leicester,  builder.  Feb.  12,  at  11— James  Par- 
soM.'Midsomcr  Norton    bnilder,    Feb.   6,  at  11— William 
Parns,  Thurlaaton,  builder,  Feb.  11,  at  12. 


SHORTHAND.  —  PITMAN's  PHONO- 
GRAPH  Y.— Phonography  is  taught  in  class  at  lOs  6d,  or  private 
instruction  given,  personally  or  by  p^st.  fur  £1  Is.  the  perfect  course  of 
Lessons.  Pitman's  Shorthand  Teacher,  post  free  7d.  London :  30, 
PatemoBter-row,  E.G. 


THE  Advertiser  (the  Colourist  of  the  First 
Prize  Design  for  the  Foreign  Olfice.  London,  and  the  Govern- 
ment Offices.  Ottawa.  Canada)  midei-takes  to  COLOUR  PERSPEC- 
TIVE aud  other  DRAWINGS  on  reasonable  terms.  First-olaaa  Per- 
spectives put  in  outline.  Specimens  shown.— Address,  Mr.  Betholme, 
2-1,  Great  Coram-street,  Brunswick-square. 


TO  ARCHITECTS. 


r  COMPETITION  and  ARCHITECTURAL 

\J  DRAWING  of  Every  Description,  Coloured  in  the  first  style  hy 
GEORGE  CHILDS,  Artist,  21,  Otfuril-road.  Caledonian-road,  Isling- 
ton, N.  Perspectives  Outlined  by  competent  DraughUmeu.  Pupila 
required. 


TO  ARCHITECTS.  BUILDERS.  AND  CONTRACTORS. 

ESSRS.    VAUGHAN    and     DEACON 

prepared  to  make  all  nex.essar,  calculations  and  designs  in 

conuection  with  Cast  and  Wrought  Iron  Girders.  Colunms,  and  Roofs ; 
thus  insuring  .any  required  strength  with  the  least  possible  eipandi- 
ture.     Aidress,  Queen  Insurance  Buildiugi,  Liverpool 


M^ 


ASSISTANCE  AND  ADVICE  TO  INVENTORS. 

MR.  M.  A.  SOUL  (Member  of  Society  of 
Arts)  P«Wot  Agent,  lulvises  «nd  ASSI.^TS  INVENTORS  AND 
DESIGNERS  in  obtJ»ining  Prote.:tion  iinjer  THE  NEW  PATENT 
LAW  AND  REOISTEATION  OF  DESIGNS  ACTS.  A  Circulur  ol 
Infomiatlctn  free  by  post  on  appUcation  to  the  Patent  Office.  2,  Lead- 
enhall-street,  Loudon,  W.C. 

TO  ARCHITECTS  and  DECORATORS.— 
DESIGNS  for  DECORATIONS  in  diflferent  styles.  E3TI- 
M  \TE3  given  for  the  execution  thereof,  or  any  designs  the  Architect 
or  Decorator  may  wish  to  have  worked  out.  References  given  to  many 
PubUc  and  Private  Works.  Theatres.  Townhalla.  &c.  Superintended 
and  executed  by  J.  DE  VULDER.  Artist  S,  3outh  Cottage,  Wim- 
bledon. 


mo      BUILDERS,    ARCHITECTS,     and 

I  OWNERSol  PROPEETY.-J.  WILLING  and  CO  366.  Gray^. 
itr^.  and  7...  St.  Martln'-lane.  W.C.  CONTEACT  lor  pubhc 
SITES  for  the  eiilbition  ol  adTortHemenM.  Alio,  lor  the  •ame  poi- 
pote,  they  erect  hoardmgB  gratuitoualy. 


vin 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


February  1,  1867. 


T 


0  BUILDERS  and  Others.— Plans,  Speci- 

flcationo,  Qnantitiea.  and  Estimates  prepared.  Work  superin- 
tended and  nipft.^\iied,  and  Accitnnts  adjusted  hv  a  p^^ctlcn.I  Surveyor 
of  RrAt  experience.— Address.  Sur\eyor,  3.  Hartley  VUlifcs,  Lansdowue- 
road.  Croyiiou.  S, 

M"^  RrOEOEGE   NORTHCROFT,    SUR- 
VEYnR.   jt.-.,  Warrinpion-chambera,   2a,  Soath  Castle-street. 
Ll^'trpooL     On.'intities  bupplied. 

SCAFFOLDING.— A  large  quantity  of 
flrst-rate  SCAFFOLDING  to  be  SOLD."  very  nearly  new,— Apply 
to  Mr.  CiUlingford,  the  new  houses  opposite  the  Broad-walk,  Eays- 
water-road,  W. 

TO  CARPENTERS,  BUILDERS,  and 
Others  —For  SALE.  Eooie  well-huilt  nine-rnomed  CAKCASE3, 
in  an  admirable  situatiou  for  Selling  and  Letting  when  finished. 
Tenn  93  years.  Ground  rent,  moderate.  Two-thirds  of  the  purchase 
money  can  remain  if  requirpd.  For  particulars,  .applv  at  the  Estate 
Otflce.  TufneU  Park-road,  Uolloway.  and  of  Mr.  Clarkson,  surveyor, 
33.  Great  James -street.  Bedford-row.  W.C. 

0    BUILDERS.— To  LET,  on   Building 

Lease.  3  900ft  of  GROUND,  facing  the  main  roxd  at  White- 
chai>el.  .ind  valuable  fur  warehouses  nr  manufacturinij  premises. 
Advances  would  be  ma/le  to  an  approved  lessee,  or.  as  there  are  three 
large  hnusei  on  the  site,  th-  owner  wou'd  not  obje.'t  to  let  the  pro- 
peity  to  a  tenant  who  woidd  reconstruct  a  p.>rtion  of  the  present  pre_ 
mises.— Messrs.  Deheubam.  Tewson,  and  Farmer,  80,  Cheapside,  E.C 

/Crystal    palace.  —  first-class 

y^J  BUILDING  LAND  to  be  LET  in  immediate  proximity  to  the 
Palare.  on  advantagi^ous  terms.  For  particular*  api.ly  tu  Mr.  Hart. 
Accountant's  Otfice.  Crystal  Palace  :  or  to  R.  R.  Banka,  Eaq..  1,  West- 
minBter  Chambers.  Victoria-street,  Westminster. 


TO  GAS  COMPANIES,  CHEMICAL 
MANUFACTURERS.  audOthers  — TheESTATES  DEVELOP- 
MENT  COMPANY  (Limitedj  are  now  prepared  to  treat  for  tlie 
SALE  or  LEASE  of  portions  of  their  FREEHOLD  ESTATE  at  Plais- 
tow,  Eeecx.  containing  SO  acres  of  land  peculiarly  well  adapted 
for  the  erection  of  factories,  and  other  purposes  where  space  is  re- 
quired. The  estate  is  adjoining  the  Plaistow  Station  of  the  London, 
Tilbury,  and  Southend  Railwav.  Apply  at  the  offices  of  the  Com- 
pany. 3,  St.  Michael's-alley.  Comhill.  E.C. 

TO  builders  and  Others.— DETACHED 
RESIDENCES,  at  rents  from  £70  to  £150  per  annum,  are  con- 
stantly intiuired  for  at  Spring  Grove.  Sf'il  jrravel.  roads  and  drain- 
Rge  jtood.  water  and  gas  hiid  on.  railway  station  near.  The  property 
is  freehold.  Title  registered  and  indefeasible,  whereby  the  expense 
on  sale  or  transfer  is  considerably  reduced.  Plana  may  be  seen,  and 
further  information  obtained,  of  Mr.  Cole,  Spring  Grove,  W. ;  or  110. 
Cannon -strett.  City. 

BUII-DING  LAND,  Surrey  Hills  (seven- 
teen  miles  from  T-ondon.  S.  E.  R .  West-end  and  City 
Tsnninii,  to  be  LET  or  SOLD,  in  the  most  healthy  and  he.autifnl  dis- 
tricta  of  England.  Watei-works,  continuous  service.  Registered  title. 
Good  huntiug  —Apply  to  Mr.  Robson,  Caterham  Park  estate  office, 
Caterham  •  or  to  Messrs.  Walker  and  Twyford.  5.  Southampton- 
street  W.C— ^UP.REY  HILLS  GUIDE  to  the  CATERHAM  BAIL- 
WAY  and  its  VICINITY.    Smith,  36,  Sobo-squ-ire. 


BUILDERS'  BENEVOLENT  INSTITU- 
TION.— WANTED,  a  PLOT  OF  LAND,  not  less  than  3Rcre«, 
and  not  to  exceed  7  mile?  distance  from  Charing  Cross,  for  the  purpose 
of  Erecting  Almshouses  in  connection  with  the  above  named  charity. 
It  must  be  Freehold.  Land-tax  and  Tithe  free.  Particulars  to  be  for- 
warded to  the  Se' Tet.ary.  Mr.  A.  G.  Harris,  £3,  Southamptou-street. 
B loom sbury -square,  W.C. 


BUILDING  GROUND  to  be  LET,  lease 
99  years,  situate  Fellows-road,  Haverstock  Hill,  N.W..  close  to 
railway  station  to  City.— Apply,  J."  G.  Bettison,  26.  Adelaide- 
road,  N.W. 


BUILDERS,       and 


FREEHOLDERS, 
Others,  having  property  in  an  unfinished  stat*  (carcassesi  may 
hear  of  a  PURCHASER,  if  willing  to  increase  ground  rent  as  an 
equivalent  for  cash.  The  hou.se5  to  be  completed  forthwith.-Apply, 
James  Turner,  5,  Crescent -place.  Burton-crescent,  BnmBwick- 
square,  W.C. 


TO  BUILDERS.— To  be  SOLD,  or  LET 
on  LEASE  (in  the  latter  case  very  liberal  a<h'ance8  will  l)e 
made  as  the  works  progress),  three-quarters  of  an  acre  oi  FREEHOLD 
LAND,  advanlageously  situate,  facing,  and  iKtssessing  a  long  frontage. 
to  the  main  road  at  Croydon  There  is  great  demand  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood for  moderate  sized  houses,  and  it  is  believed  that  a  hand- 
some jirofit  might  be  made  from  this  land  by  a  respectable  builder.— 
Messrs.  Debenliam,  Tewson,  and  Farmer,  So,  Cheapside.  E.C. 


UPPER  NORWOOD.  —  BUILDING 
LXND  to  he  LET  close  to  the  Crystal  Palace,  for  houses 
which  let  veiy  readily  at  a  rentil  of  £60  and  £70.  Capit;il  briuk  earth . 
B-iads  and  sewers  made.  Liberal  advances.  Hackney,  close  to  the 
railw.iy  Btati<'n.  for  fourth-class  houses.— Address,  Mr.  T.  K.  Green, 
architect,  2'2.  Fin s,bury -place,  E.C. 


WHITLAND  ABBEY  (GREEN)  SLATE. 
—This  beautiful  and  durable  GREEN  SLATE  can  now  be  liad 
in  large  or  small  quantities,  delivered  alongside  or  at  Paddingtun 
Station — For  prices  and  particulars,  apply  to  the  Mauager,  Whitland 
Abbey  Slate  Quarries.  Llandysillio,  Narberth. 


ACCIDENTS    WILL     HAPPEN 

Everyone  should  therefore  provide  against  them  I 

£1.000  IN  CASE  OF  DEA'iH, 

Or  £Bper  Week  while  Laid  up  by  Injury,  caused  by 

ACCIDENT  OF  ANY  KIND, 

May  he  secured  by  an  Annual  Payment 

UF  FROM  £3  TO  £(!  5s.  TO  THE 

RAILWAY  PAS^^ENGKRS'  ASSITRANCE  COMPANY, 

The  oldest  established  Company  in  the  World  insuring  against 

ACCIDENTS  UF  KYEHY  DESCRIPTION. 
64,  CoiiNHiLL,  and  10,  Kegent  Street,  London. 

WILLIAM  J.  VIAN.  Secretaiy. 

rpHE  LIVERPOOL  and    LONDON    and 

JL  GLOBE  INSURANCE  COMPANY. 

Otflces,  1,  Dale-street,   Liverpool  :  'jO.  and  I'l.    Poultry ;  7,  Comhill ; 
and  Charing  Cross,  London. 

Invested  Funds £3,177,616. 

Fire  Premiums  received  iu  1S66 73fl.S32. 

Life  Premiums  received  in  1865 '2l0.\(i3 

Th»  following  aie  a  few  of  the  ADVANTAGES  attacliing  to  the  LIFE 
POL  CIE^  of  this  Comjiany  :— 
Moderate  rates  of  premium  for  all  descriptions  of  insurance. 
Fixbd  boniis^s  guaranteed  by  a  numerous  prupnet;iry   of  an   un- 
limited company. 

Whole  world  leave  granted  on  reasonable  terms. 

Policies  held   as  securitiea  are   u'-t   ci'Hsidcred  void   by  this  office, 
although  the  assured  should  leave  the  prescribed  limits,  provided  the 
holder  inform  the  office  so  soon  as  it  comes  to  his  knowledge,  and  pays 
the  adequate  extra  premium. 
OitiXD*  are  payable  in  thirty  daye  after  admission. 

JOHIT  ATKUiB.  BMident  Bwxetorr. 


nnHE  ROYAL  INSURANCE  COMPANY 

J        is  open  to  appoint  a  FEW    ADDITIONAL  AGENTS,     Appli- 
cations are  invited  only   from   gentlemen  of  adequate  position,  and 

possessing  tl  e  requisit-  influence  and  enerffy. 

The  ROYAL  is  ONE  of   the   LARGEST     INSURANCE    OFFICES 

in  the  WORLD. 

Cai>ital.  Two  Millions  Sterling. 

Amount  of  Fire  Premiuius  in  19t'5 £414.7S.'S 

New  Life  PoHcies  issued  in  I'^65  for    ....     8fiW.663 
Life  Bonuses  the  largest  ever  continuously  declared  by  any 

Company. 
Policies  for  £1.000  efTectcd  in  1845now  increased  to  £1,380. 
PERCY   M.   DOVE,  Manager. 
J.   B.  JOHNSTON.  Secretary  in  London. 
Royal  Insurance  Buildings,  Lombard-street,  London. 


ROYAL  POLYTECHNIC— LEOTARD  ; 
or  '-Tbe  AUTOMATON  l"  "  Wlio.  or  Which?"  The  eniami^ 
vari..usly  solved  by  the  visitors  at  the  Royal  Polj-technic,  who  can 
see  this  wonder  on  the  Tr.^peze.  daily,  at  3  and  9  o'clock. 


/HARTS,    LADDERS,    BARROAVS,    &c.— 

\J  GEORGE  ELL  &  CO..  BuitderH  of  Carts.  Vans,  Waggons. 
Trucks,  and  Manufacturers  of  Implements  for  Rallw-ays,  Town  u»e, 
Aericnttiire,  and  Exportation. 

LADDERS.  BARROWS,  TRESTLES.    STEPS.  PORTABLE 
SCAFFOLDS,    PTCK-HELVE.S.    HAMMER    HANDLES.    Ac. 
and  every  description  of  Contrax-tors.   Biillders,   and   Decorators' 

Trade  Requi.sites. 

Vans.    Waggons.    Dobbin  and   other  Carts,    specially   adapted   foi 

exportation.     Pug-mills,    Jack-rolls.    Trolleys,  and   Portable    Bail' 

Scaffolding,    Ladder*.  Barrows.   Trestles.  Step,  Ac.,  Lent  on  Hire. 

Prii'p  List-i  0T>  application. 

GEORGE  ELL  &  CO., 

KUSTON"  WORKS.  Sfifi  aud  SCS.  EUSTON  ROAD.  LONDON.  N.W, 

Bar  and  Cas  I-isht  Kefrctor  IBannfacfnrer. 

HOMAS  FOX,  9  >  HATTON  GARDEN 


T 


(E.C.) 

Reflectors  never    tamieh.    require    no  cleaning,    and    are 

the  moat  effective  and  durable  yet  presented  to  the  public, 

N.B.— The  usual  Discount  to  Buildersand  the  Trade. 


To  Ironxnone-ers  and  the  Trade  g-enerally. 

DHULETT  &  Co.,  Manufacturers  of  GAS 
,  CHANDELIERS,  HALL  LANTERNS.  GLASS  LUSTRES. 
4c.,  &c.  A  large  a-e-sortment  of  the  newest  designs  always  on  show, 
every  article  marked  in  plain  figures.  Patentees  and  Manufacturers 
of  the  Mercnrial  Gas  Regulator."  Complete  Pattern  Book  ajid  Price 
List  12s.  Noa.  55  ANn  56.  High  Holb()RN. 

TAIRCASE     and   JOINERY     WORKS' 
JOHN     WALDEN 

fLate  Shop  Foreman  to  Mr.  W.  SANDS,  retired), 
12,  MAIDEN  LANE.  COVENT  GARDEN. 

Estimates  on  application.  ^^^__ 

Xj  I  a-  liT  E  I^  -A.  C3-  E!  - 

CHARLES    STRUTTON, 

34,      COMMEECIAL-KOAD,       LaMBETH. 
BARGES  LET  BY  THE  DAT  OR  YEAR. 


S' 


COX  &   SON,   CHURCH  FURNITURE 
MANUFACTURERS. 
28  and  29.  BOUTHAMPTON-STREET.  STRAND. 
PAINTED  and  STAINED  GLASS  WORKS — i:f  and  44.  Maiden-hine. 
(adjoining  Southampton-street).  W.C. 
WOOD  and  STONE  CARVING.  GOTHIC,  METAL,  and  MONU- 
MENTAL WORKS. 
BELVEDERE-ROAD.  LAMBETH,  S. 
CARVING.- A  great  reduction  effected  by  roughing  ont    th»  wort 
by  Machinerv.  and  finieliine  only  by  hand  labour. 
GOTHIC    JOINERS"    WORK    AND    FURNITURE. 
GOTHIC     METAL    WORK,    of  every    description,   both   in  Silver. 
Brass,  and  Iron. 
ESTIMATES  FURNISHED  to  the  Clergy,  Architects,  and  the 
Trade,  for  carrying  out  any  Design. 
THE  WHOLE  OF  THE  WORK   DONE  ON  THE  PREMISES. 
COX  *  SON'S  Illustrated  Cttalotrue  for  18(>6,  with  several  hundred 
fjew  Desit-ns  of  Church   Furniture.  Pamted  Gla.s3,   Decoration,   and 
Monuments,  forwarded  for  3i^  stamps. 
SHOW    ROOMS— 28  and  29,  Southampton-street,   Strand,  London 

ARCHITECTURAL  ENRICHMENTS  in 
PAPIER  MACHE.  CARTON  PIERRE,  and  COMPOSITION, 
produced  in  the  best  style  ;  and  estimates  furnished,  on  receipt  of 
drawings.  Established  80  years.  WILLIAM  SMART,  41,  Clifton- 
street.  Finsbury,  London.  E.C. 


THE  IMPROVED  TANNED  LEATHER 
DRIVING  STRAPS. 

PATENT    EDGE-LAID    LEATHER 
STRAPS,  withaiit  L:ip  or  Ciofs  Joiuts.     Superior  to  all  others 
for  Portable  Engines. 

PRIME  STRAP  AND  SOLE  BUTTS. 

Price  Lists  sent  free  by  iwst, 

THE  TAN>''1-D  T.F.^THFR  COMPANY. 

TANNERS..  CURRIERS,  «c.. 

ARMIT  WORKS, GREENFIELD,  NEAR MAXCHESTEK. 

WAREHOUSE— 81,  MARK-LANE,  LON-DON,  E.C. 

MR.  H.  FERRABEE,  AGENL 


PRIZE  MEDAL.  lS6r. 

HAMILTON         &         CO., 
No.  10,  GREEK  STREET.    SOHO  SQUARE,  LONDON,  W. 
Sole  Manufaitniers  of 
C.  A.  WATKJN'S  PATENT    WIRE  BOUND,  ROUND,  and  OVAL 

PAINTING  BRUSHES. 

Distemper  Brushes,  Sash  Tools.  Stippling  Brushes,  Gilders'  and 
Grainers'  Tools. 
These  goods  are  made  of  the  best  mat^nalsaud  workmanship,  and 
have  obtained  a  high  reputation  among  the  chief  decorators  in  the 
kingdom.  Varnish  and  Colour  Manufacturers,  Oihuen,  Merchants. 
Ac.  ai-e  supplied  on  the  lowest  terms.  Price  Lists  fomarded  on  ap- 
plication 

THE  INTERNATIONAL  PRIZE  MEDAL, 

Awarded  1862, 
also  the  duulix  medal.  ism. 

To    BtJILDERS,     CARFKNTEKS.     aud     BLINDMAKEB3. 

J  AS.  AUSTIN  «te  SON, 

Manufacturers  of    the  alx.ve   Articles,    particularly   wish  to  direc 
the  attention  of  the  Tnide  to  their 

IMPERIAL    PATENT    FLAX    SASH    LINES, 

Of  which  they  are  now  m.tking  four  qmibties.  and  they  strongly  recom 
mend  tliat  in  all  cases  they  should  be  punhas^-d  in  preference  to  the 
PATENT  LINES  made  from  Jute,  which  Article  has  neither  the 
STKENtiTH  nor  DUILA.E:L1TY  of  FLAX,  consequently  cannot  give 
so  much  sjitisfaction  to  the  C'.nsunicr.  They  also  invite  the  particu  jir 
attention  of  Upholsterers  and  Blind  Makers  to  their  Improved  Patent 
Blind  Lines,  which  axs  very  much  BUi>erior  to  anything  ye  oflered 
to  the  trade. 

They  can  be  obtained  of  all  Bopemakors.  Ironmongers,  Merchants 
Factors,  s.nd  Wholeaaie  Houses  in  Town  and  CountaT> 
BSTABLISHED  1774 


{Uu(j  sue  dramng  of  ChestermarCs  Patent  Steel 
Measuring  Tape,  Gd/eet.J 

JAMES  CHESTERMAN  &  CO., 

BOLE  MANUFACTURERS  OF  CHESTERJLAN'S  PATENT 

SPRING,  METALLIC,  STEEL, 

AiTJ  OTHER 

MEASURING     TAPES; 

IRON  AND  STEEL  LAND  CHAINS. 

SINGLE    A>T)    DOUBLE-ACTING    DOOR  SPRINGS, 
ENGINEERS'  TOOLS,  &c.    ic. 

BOW  WORKS,    ECCLESALL   ROAD. 

SHEFFIELD. 
London  Office — .'>,  Eyre  Street  Hill,  Hattan  Garden^ 


PAPER    AND    ENVELOPES. 

The  fllv^apest  and  Largest  St<«:k  in  the  KiiiL.'di>m  at 

PARTRIDGE     AND     COOPER'S, 

Manufacturing  stvitiouers.  I?2,  Fleet-street,  and  1,  Chancery.l&De. 

PARTRIDGE  and  COOPER  beiug  Paper 
M.ikers  Agents,  purchasing  all  their  papers  direct  from  the 
mills,  offer  them  to  the  public  at  "oue  profit  only,"  being  30  percent, 
under  the  usual  retail  .charges. 

GOOD  CREAM  LAID  NuTE  PAPERS,  23..  Ss..  and  4s.  per  ream. 
SUPER  LARGE  BLUE  COMMERCIAL  DITTO,  3s.,  4s.,  and  fis,  per 

ream. 
SUPERFINE  FCAP.  lis.  6d.  per  ream.    Outsidea  Fcap..  6a.  6d.  per 

ream 
PATENT  STRAW  NOTE,  2b.    per   ream.      Straw  Letter,    4a.    per 

re^vm. 
GOOD  CREAM  EN'VELOPES,  3s.  9d..  48.  6d..  and  63.  «d.  per  1.000. 
LARGE  BLUE  ENVELOPES,    is.  6d.  per  l.WO,  or  5.000  for  2Js. 
BEST     DOUBLE     DOUBLE     CKOWN     IMPROVED     TRACING 

PAPER,  6s.  fkl.  per  quire. 
PATENT  TRACING  LINEN,  42  in.  wide.  26.  per  yard,  or  40a.  per 

pier*  (34  yards). 
Meaauring    Books,    Quantity    Paper.    Drawing   Paper*.    Cartrid,ie» 

Browns,  &c.,  &c    at  the  lowest  rat«3.     Estimates  free  of  charge. 
Carnage  Paid  to  the  Country  on  Orders  over  20*. 

TO   INVENTORS   AND  PATENTEES. 


MESSRS. 

ROBERTSON,  BROOMAN,  AND  CO. 

CIVIL  ENGINEERS 
AND     PATENT    AGENTS, 

(Established  lS-23). 

166,  FLEET  STREET,  .LONDON. 

UJiDEUTAKE     TO     OBTAIN      PATENTS    FOR     INVENTIONS 

PROVISIONAL  PROTECTIONS 

APPLIED  FOR. 

Specifications  Drawn  and  Revised. 

DISClJIil-EJtS  J.Yi)  MEMORANDUMS  OF  ALTERA- 
TIONS PREPARED  AND  FILED. 

ADVICES     ON    CASES    SUBMITTED, 
OPINIONS  AS  TO  INFRINGEMENTS,  &c.,  4c_ 

OPPOSITIONS  CONDUCTED. 

Messrs.  Robertson,  Brooman,  and  Co., 
Undertake  (upon  Commission)  Orders 
for  all  Engineering  Constructions.  Rail- 
ways, Locomotive,  and  other  Steam 
Engines,  &c.,  &c. 

NOTICE. 
GEORGE      DAVENPORT, 

CABINETMAKER    AND    UPHOLSTERER, 
Is  re;tdy  to  supl'ly  ui  any  Quantity 

Thonet  Bros.'  Austrian  Bent  "Wood 

Furniture, 

Which  has  obtained  Prize  Medals  at  every  Bxhibition  in 

Europe  since  ISol. 
It  Is  the  Strongert  and  Cheaii«3t,  and  at  the  e-ame  time  Li^hteit  an 
most  Elegant  iiroduitu.n   of  the  Cabuietluaker'a  art  ever  introduced 
combining  iu  the  higliest  degree  Eeouomy  and  Utility, 

An  insiiettiuu  ol  liis  large  Stock  of  this  M.uiuJ.actitr«  la  resiievt- 
CulJy  solicited  hy 

GEORGE   DAVENPOKT, 

£0.    LUUGATE    HILL.    LONDON.    E.C. 
Depot  /or  Ui£  VmuU  Kingdmi. 


GOUT  and  RHEUMATISM.— The  excrii- 
ciatiug  pabi  of  Gout  or  Rheumatism  is  nuickly  nliered  and 
cured  in  a  few  daya  hy  that  celebrated  medicine.  BL-VIK'S  GOUT  aad 
RHEUMAjiiC  PILLS. 

They  reqv  ire  no  restraint  of  diet  or  confinement  during  tneir  o»a» 
and  are  teru  \ix  to  prevent  the  disease  attacking  any  vital  part. 

Sold  by  all  Medicine  Vendors,  at  Is.  lid.  and  21.  IW.  per  Mi   Q» 
ohUlned  Uiron^h  any  Chemist. 


i 

I 


February  15,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


VII 


The  Frescoes  in  the  Houses  of  Pablluiext. — 
Wc  have  heard  no  new  reason  for  the  "  bloom" 
which  appears  on  Maclise's  frescoes.  Several 
opinions  have  been  given  on  the  matter.  The 
cause,  we  believe  to  be  from  a  damp,  in  one  in- 
stance,  and  from  the  excessive  use  of  the  glass 
medium,  which  has  thus  taken  the  appearance  of 
semi-opaque  varnish.  Dr.  Hoffman  asserts  that 
the  bloom  which  appeared  soon  after  the  solu- 
tion was  applied  is  proof  of  the  indelibility  of  the 
picture.  If,  however,  the  same  effect  was  pro- 
duced over  the  entire  picture,  it  would  not  de- 
teriorate its  value  as  a  work  ot"  art,  as  the  use  of 
brown  varnishes  and  glazes  in  many  cases  are  valu- 
able to  pictures. 


MEETINGS   FOR  THE   WEEK. 

Mox. — Society  of  Engiueers. — Discussion  ou  '*  Safety 
Valves,"  by  J.  Baldwin,  7.30. 
Royal  United  Service  Institution. — "  On  the 
Rolling  of  Ships  in  a  Seaway  and  its  Effects 
on  N'aval  Gunnery,"  by  Captain  R.  A.  E. 
Scott,  S.30. 

TUES. — Royal  Institution.— Discussion  on  Mr.  W.  H. 
Barlow's  "  Description  of  the  Clifton  Snspen- 
8ion  Bridge";  ivnd  pai>er  to  be  rea'i  *'  On  the 
Working  of  Steep  Gradieut.s  and  Sharp  Curves 
on  Railways,"  by  Captain  H.  W.  Tyler,  S. 

Wed. — Geological  Society,  S. 

Trurs. — Royal   Institntitiou. — "  On   Vibratory  Motion 
■with   Special  Reference  to   Sound,"   by  Pro- 
fessor Tyntiall.  X 
Chemical  SiK-iety,  S. 
Linneau  Society,  S. 

Fri. — Royal  Institution.— "On  New  England,"  by  Mr. 
Jloncnre  D.  Couway.  8. 

Sat. — Royal  Institution. — "On  Harmony,"  by  Mr.  G. 
A.  Macfarreu,  3. 


rak  Betas. 


TENDERS. 

BoRonoH. — For  a  warehouse  in  Soiithwark-strect, 
fiorough,  for  Mr.  R.  J.  Bates.      Mr.  E.  Bates,  architect ; — 

Hunt £3,4TS 

Dover 3.399 

Lumble  3,367 

Johonaon 3.150 

Thackiah 3.100 

Benett 2,993 

Mann 2.929 

Myera'and  Sons 2,914 

Nightingale 2,865 

Hart 2,740 

Bbixtov. — For  building  Fire  Brig.ade  Station,  forth* 
Board  of  Works,  at  Sheppard's-Iane,  Brixton.  Quantities 
supplied  by  Mr.  Young  ; — 

Johnson £2,220 

Brashier 2,220 

Taylor 2,130 

Jackson  and  Shaw 2,080 

Eustace 2,049 

Sabey  2,046 

Piper  .md  Wheeler 2,042 

Oliver  and  Co 1,987 

Nuttand  Co 1,9.S6 

KellyBrothers  1,984 

Webb  and  Son 1.980 

Wigmore  1.948 

Manley  and  Rogers 1,944 

Eaton  and  Champman 1,892 

Fish 1,890 

M'Lachlau .' 1,873 

Nightingale 1,843 

Marslaud  and  Sons 1,835 

Sawyer 1,789 

Rigbv  1,714 

B.  Mann 1,687 

Cooper  1,637 

Clewer,  Berks. — For  eleven  cottages  proi>osed  to  be 
built  in  the  TilJage  of  Clewer,  Berks,  for  Sir  Daniel  Gooch, 
Bart.,  M.P.  Mr.  William  Sim,  ai-chitect,  1,  Danes  Inn, 
Strand  :— 

Allowed  for  old  cottages 

to  l)e  taken  down.  Ne't. 

Gray,  Windsor    £3.090       £110       £2.940 

Kellv,  Windsor    2,750        200        2,550 

Fish,'  London...     2,700        160        2,540 

Edmondthorpe  Park. — For  entrance  lodge,  &c.,  at 
Edmondthorpe  Park.  Mr.  U.  W.  Johnson,  architect. 
Melton  and  Leicester  : — 

Halliday  and  Cave £604    0 

Fast   646  10 

Glocckster. — For  the  building  of  co-operative  stores  in 
Brunswick-rocad,  Gloucester.  Mr.  H.  James,  21,  College 
Gleen,  Gloucester,  architect.     Quantities  supplied  :— 

W.  Jones  and  Sons £1,838    0 

W.  FreamaudSon 1,760    0 

F.  Cullis   1,738    0 

W.  Fre.am 1,670    0 

J.  Clutterbnck 1,670    0 

J.  H.ayes  1,646  12 

J.  Meredith  (accepted) 1,567    0 

Hampton.— (Corrected  Tenders.) — For  alterations    and 
additions  to  a  villa  at  Hamptou-on-Thames,  for  Mr.  H.   E. 
Knight.    Mr.  Herbert  Ford,  architect.    No  quantities  — 
D  ssgu  Design 

No.     1.  No.     2. 

A.  RawUns  £SI7    0    ...£1.073    0 

J.  Dunkley  708  10    ...     1,056  10 

W.  Bird .'.92    0     ...        747    0 

J.  Wheatley  (accepted)    510    0    ...       670    0 


Irthlinborough. — For  cottages  and  other  matters,  at 
Irthlmboroiigh,  Northamptousliire.  .Mr.  R.  W.  Johnson, 
architect.  Melton  and  Leicester: — 

Birkett £1,429 

Wilson 1,385 

Ketterino.— For  warehouse,  at  Kettering,  Northamp- 
tonshire. Mr.  R.  W.  Johnson,  architect.  Melton  and 
Leicester : — 

Watkiu    £600 

Marsetts 546 

G.  Henson 529 

Wilson 619 

IKawthoru 510 

Leicester-siiire.— For  farm  premises,  at  Rotlnvoll 
Lodge.  Mr.  K.  W.  Johnson,  architect.  Melton  aud 
l^icester : — 

Watkiu £«^'>    0 

Browu  599  12 

Henson 598  13 

WUsou 513    0 

LoN'DOK.— For  altering  Albion  House,  St.  Paul's-road, 
Mile  End.  into  a  public-house  (plate  glass,  zincwork,  and 
fittings  excepted),  for  Mr.  John  Easy.  Mr.  Arthnr  Harston, 
architect : — 

Hearle £395 

Kiiby  365 

Curtis 355 

Brown 353 

Linn 346 

Allen   325 

Clements  (accepted)    295 

IjOndon. — For  the  erection  of  St.  John's  National 
Schools,  St.  George's-iu-the-East.  Messrs.  F.  aud  H. 
Fi-ancis,  architects ; — 

Myers  £2,736 

Colls  and  Son 2,700 

Rivett 2.693 

Fish 2,675 

Keyes  and  Head   2,656 

Hill  and  Sons 2.640 

D.  King  and  Sons. 2,440 

Manchestkr. — For  bailding  offices.  Chancery-lane, 
Manchester,  for  Jlr.  W.  Cunliffe  Brooks.  Mr.  Trvietitt. 
architect: — 

He:dev  (Rricklaver)  £1,366     0 

Bowden,  Edwards,  <fc  Co.  (Carpenters  *  Joiners)     2.485  10 

Patteson  (M.ason) 5,888     0 

Lomas  (Plasterer,  Painter,  and  Paperhanger)  ...       693    0 

Ward  (Plumber  and  Glazier) 1,223  10 

Bellhouse  aud  Co.  (Ironmongery) 2,075    0 

Ashcroft  (Slater) "5  10 

Meltos  Mowbray.— For  two  houses,  at  Melton  Mow- 
bray. Mr.  R.  W.  Johnson,  architect,  Melton  and  Lei- 
cester : — 

Winkles £930 

Weaves  and  Baines 921 

Brutnell 899 

Fast 838 

NEWCAsTLE-rpoN-TTNr. — Mcmerial  to  the  late  Duke  of 
Northumberland— The  Prudhoe  Convalescent  Home.  To 
be  erected  at  Whitley,  Northumberland.  .Mr.  T.  Oliver, 
F.I.B..\.,  architect.  Newcastle-upon-Tyne.  Quantities  sup- 
plied by  the  architect.  List  of  tenders,  exclusive  of  engi- 
neering works,  gate-lodges,  fence  walling,  drainage,  tc.  :— 

J.  Gibson £16,400     0    0 

J.Simpson 14,623    0    0 

J.  Welton 14,440    0 

W.  E.  J.ackson 14,300    0 

W.  Howard  13.587    0 


H.  Hudspith    13,5S2  16 


R.  Robson l-i,400    0 

W.  Scott    l.%433    0 

J.  Elliott  13,363     0 

J.    Robinson 13.137  14 

N.  and  R.  Reed  12,989    0 

E.  Brewis 12,918    0 

J.  Thyle.  Newcastle  (accept.)   12.746    0 
Note. — Sixty-two  tenders  in  all  were  received  including 

the  above. 
Northampton.— For  the  new  clock  for  the  Town-hall. 

Northampton,   according  to  the  specifications  of  Messrs . 

Moore  : — 

D.  Blunt £22.5 

Whitemau 225 

JollitTe  and  Son    22."' 

Renshaw  (accepted)    220 

Robinson    200 

OxroRn.— For  the  erection  of  a  bank  at  Oxford,  for  the 

London  and  County  Bankirg  Company.  Messrs.  F.  and  H. 

Francis,  architects';  quantities  by  Mr.  Joseph  Robson  : — 

Castle  i9.St0 

.Svmm  8,994 

Hill  .md  Sons 8,970 

Dove,  Brothei-s 8,895 

Dovor  8.698 

Jones  and  Sons 8,250 

SouTBtvABK  — For  warehouse.  Southwark-street.  for  .Mr 

Bates.     Mr.   E.  Bates,  architect.     Quantities  supplied  by 

Mr.  E.  Bates  :— 

T.  Spearing  £9,354 

W.  Hunt  3,478 

Dover 3,399 

Lamble  3,367 

EboraU 3.-19 

Johnson 3,150 

Th.ackarah  3,100 

J.  Bennett 2,993 

Mvei-sandSon  2,929 

B.'  Mann 2,914 

B.  E.  Nightingale 2,865 

Hart  (accepted) 2,740 

Taplow.  Bucks. — For  the  erection  of  villa  residence,  on 
the  hanks  of  the  Thames,  for  Mr.  C.  Venables,  jun.  Mr. 
C.  Cooper,  architect.  East-street,  Maidenhead  .— 

Silver  and  Son £1,045 

Mickley  984 

Vickery  976 

Rutland 929 

TUNBRiDOE  Wells. — For  pair  of  cottages,  for  Mr.  Josiah 
Stapley.     Mr.  Henry  Stapley,  architect  :— 

Hammond  (accepted) £327 


SrAiNEs. — For  new  stores  to  brewery.     Mr.  T.  Worma- 
cott,  architect: — 

Dexter £850 

S.lboy  7U 

Surridge , 656 

Shepherd    615 

Colliver  60S 

Sawyer    591 

Johnson 57S 

W.-ilker    572 

Palmer  and  Sou   560 

Gibson,  Brothers 569 

Wilkinson  and  Co 555 

Simpson 550 

H.arris 496 

Joffry  487 

.tenkins  483 

Siniouds 465 

(la<lc3  485 

W,arren    420 

Poion 415 


B.\TH  STONE  OF  BEST  QUALITY. 

Randell  and  Saunders,  Quarrymen  aud  Stone  Mer 
cliants,  Bath.  List  of  Prices  at  the  Quarries  and  Depots, 
also  Cost  for  Transit  to  any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
furnished  on  application  to  Bath  Stone  Office,  Corsham, 
WUts.— [Advt.J 


BANKKUPTS. 

TO  SITRKENDER  IS  BASINGHALL.STKEKT. 

Geirge  Ballard.  Fordingbridge,  cabinet  makers,  Feb.  25, 
at  11 — Edward  Boyes.  Cheriton,  Hampshire,  blacksmith, 
Feb.  21,  at  11 — George  Hewitt.  Brentwood,  blacksmith, 
Feb.  21,  at  11 — John  Inkpen.  Redhill,  joumeym.an  black- 
smith. Feb.  27,  at  2 — T.  Lawrence,  Paragon  road.  South 
Hackney,  bricklayer,  Feb.  28,  at  12. 

TO  SHEKENDER  IN  THE  COUNTKY. 

Peter  Duckworth,  lato  of  New  Brighton,  Cheshire,  timber 
dealer,  Feb.  19 — George  Farmer,  jun.,  Aston,  near  Birming- 
ham, macliiuist,    Feb.    22 J.    H.    Gallaher,    Liverpool, 

.slater,  Feb,  12 — Thomas  Gibbs,  Gareham  Hants,  plasterer. 
Feb.  21 — Eli  Howarth,  Bolton,  Lancashire,  joiner,  Feb. '.0 
— WUliam  Hujiter,  Aston-Brook,  gunniaker,  March  8— C. 
J.  B.  Jackson.  Pontypool,  auctioneer.  Feb.  IS — J.  J.  Lang- 
dale,  New  Swiudown,  Wilts,  cabinetmaker,  Feb.  19—0. 
Lythgoe,  H'lbue,  cabinet  maker,  Feb.  23— George  Maskery. 
Hauley,  colour  maker,  Feb.  2i — Samuel  Roe,  Leicester, 
cari)enter,  Feb.  23 — Samuel  Smith  I.,eice3ter.  cabinet, 
maker,  Feb.  23— G.  F.  Tildesley,  Willenhall,  iron  mer- 
chaut,  Feb.  22 — George  Aish,  North  Fethertou.  carpenter- 
Feb,  27,  at  10 — G.  Craven,  Dacre  Banks.  Yorkshire,  jour, 
neymau  mason,  Feb.  25,  atl — Wilham  Gilbert,  Bamstaple- 
painter,  Feb.  25.  at  12 — Thomas  Greeugra^s,  Norwich,, 
biicklayer.  Feb  20,  at  11 — .lames  Hughes,  Llanfairfechan, 
plumber.  March  8.  at  10— John  Sparrow,  Stivichal.  War- 
wickshire, blacksmith,  March  5,  at  3  -  Thomas  Teegonan, 
Redruth,  carjieuter.  Feb.  26,  at  11— H  Wellford  Woodford, 
Northamptonshire,  blacksmith,  Feb.  27,  at  12. 

NOTICE  OF  SITTINGS  FOE  LAST  EXAMINATION. 

March  13.  J.  Hawkins.  Statford,  joiner — March  1,  C. 
Hall,  Wakefield,  joiner— March  21.  W.  Clewlow,  Newbold, 
Warwickshire,  carpenter— Fe'> .  22,  W.  Davis.  Liverpool, 
joiner— Feb.  22.  AV.  Duckett,  Liverpool,  glazier— March  21, 
T.  Dieny,  Compton  street,  Clerkenwell  jobbing  carpenter, 
March  26,  W.  AV.  Redgrave.  Grove  -treet.  South  Hackney, 
builder — March  6,  J.  A.  Saunders,  Stanley  street,  Chelsea, 
carpenter— .March  7,  J,  F.  Matthews,  Reigate,  btiilder— 
Feb.  22,  P.  Hooton,  Waterloo,  near  Liveri'ool,  journeyman 
joiner. 

P.UtTNERSHIPS  DISSOLVED. 

T.  Gregory  it  Co  .  Sheffield,  steel  manufactiirers — The  Sea- 
couibe  Forge,  Rivet,  and  Bolt  Company.  Seaoombe.  Cheshire 
— Bragg  and  Fowler,  Liverpool,  plumbers— Medcalf  it  Fox, 
Rotherham.  builders— J.  and  M.  Gladstone,  Whitby, 
masons— Wood  ill  and  Co.,  Newton  le  Willows,  flint  glass 
manufactirrers — Cockersole  and  Co.,  Leeds,  slater,  as  far  as 
regards  T.  Cockersole. 

DECL.Ui.ATIOXS  OF  DIVIDENDS. 
J.  Uptxm,  Brighton,  phunber,  second  tlividend  of  7id. — 
J.  Roberts,  Colwyu,  near  Couway,  joiner,  fli^t  dividend  of 
53.  3d. 

DIVIDENDS. 
March  7.  J.  Brookes,  Birmingham,  ironmonger -Feb.  25, 
B.  Haywood,  Wallsall,  journeyman  plumber. 

SCOTCH  SEQUESTRATION. 

John  Grteve,  Glasgow.  met.al  merchant.  Feb.  19,  at  12. 


LATEST   PRICES    OF   MATERIALS   USED 
IN  CONSTRUCTION. 

TiMBKB,  dutv  la  per  load,  drawback,  Is. 


Teak    load  £9    OfilO  H 

Quebec,  red  pine  ... .  35  411 

..      yellow  pine..  2  15  3  li 

At.  .lohn  N.B.  yellciw  0    0  0    ( 

Quebec  Oak,  white  . .  S  10  6    i 

.,       birch 3  10  4  11 

„      elm  3  10  6    ( 

Oantzic  oak  3  10  6    0 


fir  . 


Memelflr  3    0 

Riga 3    0 

Swedish 1  18 

Maata.Quebecredpine  H    0 
.,       yellow  pine..     5    0 
Lathwood.Daiitzic.fm  4  )0 
St.  Petersburg  6  10 
Deals.prC..i:ft.  by3 
by  9  In.,  duty'Japet 
lo.-vd.  drawback  28. 
Quebec,  white  spruce  13  10 
St.Jobn.whitespruce  13    0 
Yellow  pine,  per  re- 
duced C. 
Canada,  Irt  quality.  17    0 
2nd  do 12    0 


Archangel,  yellow  . .  £12  0 

St.  Petersburg,  yeL . .  10  JO 

Finland 8  0 

Memel 0  0 

CJothenbur?.  yellow      9  0 

,.      white    8  0 

Oefie.  yellow 9  0 

Soderh.inm    9  0 

Christiauia,    per   C, 

12  ft.  by  3  by  9  in. 

yell-iw 18  0 

Deck  Plank,  Dajitzic, 

per  40  ft.  Sin 0  14 

PuMicK  Stoite  pr  ton    6  0 
OlI£,  &c. 

Seal,  pale per  tun  4R  0 

siiermbody ...139  0 

n,..l   42  0 

Wb.-ile,  Sth.  Sea.  pale  45  0 

Olive.  Gallipoli 63  0 

.annt,  Cochin.toD  58  0 

Palm,  fine 40  0 

Linseed   

Rapeseed,  Eng.  pale 
Cottonseed 


£13    0 

11  10 

9  10 

0    0 

10  10 

8  10 

11     0 

10  10 

10 


vin 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


February  15,  1867. 


Metals, 

Iron  :— 

Welsh  Bars  in  London     per  ton  5  15  6  0    0  0       S 

Nail  Rod       7  10  0  8    0  0        2i 

Hoops do  8  17-6  9    0  0 

Sheets.  Single      rio  9  17  6  •     10    0  0 

Staffordshire  Bars       do  7  17  6     ■     8  30  0 

Bars,  in  Wales     do  5  15  0  6    0  0        3 

RaiIb    do  6    0  0  0    0  a  neft 

FoundrvPiga.  at  Glasg.  No.  1    ..do  2  14  0  3    7  0. 

gwediah  Bara   do  10  10  0  12  10  0"       2J 

Steel:— 

Swedish  Keg,  hammered      per  ton  15  15  0  Ifi    0  0 

Bwediflh  Faggot   do  10  10  0  IJ  10  0 

Copper  : — 

Sheet  A  Sheathing,  &  Bolts    per  tou  87    0  0  91     0  0        3 

Hammered  Bottoms       do  ys    0  0      101     0  0 

Flat  Bottoms,  not  Hammered   . .       do  04    0  0  OH    0  0 

Cake  and  Tough  Ingot  i do  77    0  0  78    0  0 

Bpat  Selected    do  85    0  0  89    0  0 

Fine  Foreign     do  86    0  0  88    0  0 

Yel.  Metal  Sheathing  &  KodB  ....per  lb  0    0  7i  0    0  8 

Lead:— 

Fig,  English     per  ton  fiS    5  0  S2  10  0       2} 

„    Spanish  Soft     do  19  15  0  1!)    7  6 

Shot,  Patent     do  23  10  0  24    0  0 

Sheet   do  21     0  0  0    0  0 

Wliita     do  30    0  0  SI  10  0 

Spelter  :— 

On  thtt  spot' per  ton  22    5  0  22  IfS  0    ne^ 

Tin  :— 

English  Block      per  ton  90    0  0  0    0  0       Oj 

do       Bar   do  91  0  fi    o  ii 

do       Keflned   do  93    0  0  0    0 

Banca      do  80    0  0  n     0  0    nett 

trait  •'■   do ;  86    0  0  86  10  0 

Zinc;— 

English  Sheet      per  ton  23    0  0  0    0  0 

Devaux's  V.  M.  Rooflng  Zinc   do  27    0  0  0    0  0        * 

•  And  5  per  cent,  diecouut  if  laid  upon  the  new  system. 

Qdioksilver     per  btl  6  IS  0  7    0  •        3 

Bbqdlitb  or  Asnsiosr. 

French   per  ton  34    0  0  0     0  0        2 


ASSISTANCE  AND  ADVICE  TO  INVENTORS. 

IV/TR.  M.  A.  SOUL  (Member  of  Society  of 

_Lt  JL  Artal  Patent  Agent,  advises  and  ASSISTS  INVENTORS'avD 
DESIGNEES  in  obt.iining  Protection  under  THE  NEW  PATENT 
LAW  AND  REGISTRATION  OF  DESIGNS  ACTS.  A  Circular  of 
Information  free  by  post  on  application  to  the  Patent  Office.  3,  Lead- 
«nhall-street,  London,  W.C 


T 


iO      BUILDERS,    ARCHITECTS,     and 

OWNERS  of  PROPERTY.-^.  WILLING  ami  CO..  3fi6.  Gray's 
Inn-road,  and  70,  St.  Martin's-lane,  W.C,  CONTRACT  for  public 
SITES  for  the  exhibition  of  advertiiiements.  Also,  for  the  same  pur- 
poat,  they  erect  hoardings  gratuitously. 

TO  BUILDERS  and  Others.— Plans,  Speoi- 
fioationB,  Quantities,  and  Estimates  prepared.  Work  superin- 
tended and  measured,  and  Accounts  adjusted  by  a  practical  Surveyor 
of  great  experience.— Address,  Surveyor,  3,  Hartley  Villas,  Lausdowne- 
road.  Croydon,  S. 

TO  AKCHITECTf^. 

COMPETITION  and  ARCHITECTURAL 
DRAWING  of  Every  Description,  Coloured  iu  the  first  stvle  by 
GEORGE  CHILDS,  Artist,  21,  Offord-road,  Caledonian-road.  Isling- 
ton. N.  Perspectives  Outlined  by  competent  Draughtamen.  Pupils 
rcQuired. 

MR.    GEORGE   NORTHCROFT,   SUR- 
VETOR,   iSc,  Warrington-Chambers,   2a,  South  Castle-street, 
Liverpool.    Quantities  supplied. 


WHITLAND  ABBEY  (GREEN)  SLATE. 
—This  beautifii!  and  durable  GREEN  RL.\TE  can  now  be  bad 
in  large  or  small  quantities,  delivered  alongside  or  at  Paddington 
BtatioD.— For  prices  and  particulars,  apply  to  the  Manafier,  WMtland 
Abbey  Slate  Quarries,  Llandysillio,  Narberth. 


QTAIRCASE    and   JOINERY     WORKS, 
'^  JOHN     WALDEN 

(Late  Shop  Foreman  to  Mr.  W.  SANDS,  retired), 

12,  MAIDEN  LANE,  COTENT  GARDEN. 

Estimates  on  application. 


TO   INVENTORS   AND  PATENTEES. 
MESSRS. 

ROBERTSON,  BROOMAN,  AND  CO. 

CIVIL  ENGINEERS 
AND     PATENT    AGENTS, 

(Established  1S2.3). 

166,  FLEET  STREET,    LONDON. 

UKDEKTAKE     TO     OBTAIN      PATENT.S     FOR     INVENTIONS 

PROVISIONAL  PROTECTIONS 

APPLIED  FOR. 

Specifications  Drawn  and  Revised. 

DISCLAIMERS  AND  MEMORANDUMS  OF  ALTERA- 
TIONS PREPARED  AND  FILED. 
ADVICES     ON    CASES    SUBMITTED, 
OPINIONS  AS  TO  INFRINGEMENTS,  &c.,  &c. 

OPPOSITIONS  CONDUCTED. 

Messrs.  Robertson,  Brooman,  and  Co., 
Undertake  (upon  Commission)  Orders 
for  all  Engineering  Constructions,  Rail- 
ways, Locomotive,  and  other  Steam 
Engines,  &c.,  &c. 


KOYAL  POLYTECHNIC— LEOTARD  • 
^Tlr.^?'  '7''^  i.^'^S^'''^'^^ '■"  "Who.  or  Which  r  The  enigma 
r^  liu'''  '"i'""  I'y'l'i. ■"»"<"■»  «*  the  Royal  Polytechnic,  who  can 
•ee  thla  wonder  on  the  Trapeze,  dally,  at  3  aaid  9  o'clock. 


SHORTHAND.  —  PITMAN's  PHONO- 
ORAPHY.— Phouoprapby  ia  taught  in  claasat  Ifls  6d,  or  private 
instruction  given,  personally  or  by  post,  for  £1  la,  the  perfect  course  of 
Les-sona.     Pitman's  Shorthand  Teacher,   post  free  7d.    London  :  20, 

fatemoster-row.  E.C. 


A 


CLUE  to   RAILWAY   COMPENSA- 
TION for  PROPERTY  ;ind  PERSON  ;  the  Value  of  Estates, 
and    Parochial   Assessment.      A  popular  discussion    of  the   eubject. 
illustrated  by  tables  and  examples.     By  Thomas  Morris,  Architect. 
Second  Edition,  43  cloth. 
London  ;  Simpket,  Marshall,  aaid  Co.,  Stationera"  Hall-court,  E.C. 


DILAPIDATIONS,    ECCLESIASTICAL 
and    GENERAL;  their  N.iture  and  the  Principles  of  Assess- 
ment    SucciuctlyiDemonfltrated        By    Thomas     Morris,    Arthitett. 
33.  fid.  cloth,  gjt) 
I  London:  Suipkis.  Marsh-UJ.,!  and  Co.,  Stationers'  Hall-court,  E.C. 


GEORGE 


NOTICE. 

DAVENPORT 


CABINETMAKER    AND   UPHOLSTERER, 
la  ready  to  supply  in  any  Quantity 

Th.onet  Bros.'  Austrian  Bent  Wood 
Furniture, 

Which  has  obtained  Prize  Medals  at  ei'cry  Exhibition  in 

Europe  since  1S51. 
It  is  the  Strongest  and  Cheapest,  and  at  the  same  time  Lightest  and 
most  Elegant  production   of  the  Cabinetmaker'e  art  ever  introduced, 
combining  in  the  highest  degree  Economy  and  Utility. 

An  inspection  of  his  large  Stock  of  this  Maouiacture  ia  respect- 
fully  solicited  by 

GEORGE  DAVENPORT, 

20.    LCDGATE   HILL,    LONDON,    E.C. 

Depot  for  the  United  Emgdmn. 


pHUBB'S    PATENT    SAFES— 

\_y  the  most  secure  against  Fire  and  Thieves. 

CHL'BB'S  PATENT  DETECTOR  LOCKS  of  all  sizes,  and  for 
every  puipose — Street-door  Latches  with  small  aud  neat  Keys— Cash. 
Deed,  Paper,  and  Writing  Boxes,  all  fitted  with  the  Detector  Locks- 
Iron  Doors  for  Strong  Rooms. 

Illusti-ated  Price- List,  gratis  and  post  free. 

CHUBB  &  SON.  57.  St.  Paul's  Churchyard.  London ;  23.  Lord-street, 
Liverpool;  63.  Cross  stree     Manchester;  and  Wolverhampton. 


HE  PATENT    UNIVERSAL 

CHIMNEY  HEAD. 

The  nnmerous  side  apertures  guide 
the  wind  upwards,  thus  creatiug  a 
strong  current,  and  assisting  the  exit 
of  the  smoke  through  the  top.  The 
same  apertures  give  ready  egress  to 
the  wind  in  case  of  its  striking 
downwards  from  above,  and  thus 
greatly  diminish  the  danger  of  its 
passing  down  the  chimney. 

Price  in  Zinc SOa.,  2,18.,  and  323. 

In  Galvanised  lron.'J38.,.253.,  and  35a. 

A  Libi^r.-il  Allowance  to  the  Trade, 

Miinnfactiired  solely  by 

BENHAM  &  FBOTJD, 

GENERAL  METAL  WORKERS. 

41,  and  42,    Chandos-street,    Charing 

Cross,  London,  W.C; 

And  to  be  obtained  of  all  respectable 

Iroumongera  in    London    and   Country. 

ECOND-HAND     PORTABLE     STEAM 

ENGINE  and  MORTAR  MILL  to  be  sold  cheap.  New  Port- 
ables of  the  highest  order,  frcm  3  to  14-horse  power.  Saw  Tables,  &c., 
on  advantageous  terms. — Applyto  Carroweand  Carmichael,  Engineers, 
Banbury.  Oxon, 

O      BUILDEES,      &c.  —  COMBINED 

MACHINE,  for  Sawing,  Mortising,  Tenoning,  Rabbeting, 
Grooving,  and  Boring,  worked  by  manual  or  steam  power.  £17.— Write 
for  prospectus,  and  see  testimonials  from  some  of  the  largest  firms  in 
London. — Markall,  Patentee,  Union  Steam  Works,  Union-street, 
"VNTiitechapel  E. 


s 


T 


TIMBER,  DEAXS,   FLOORING,   h  MOULDINGS. 
JOSEPH    AND    ALFRED    ROSLING, 

SOUTHWARK  BRIDGE  WHARF.  BANKSIDE, 
Keep  a  large  and  well-seasoned  etock  cnnstantly  on  hand,  which  from 
the   facility  afforded  by  river-eiile  premises  as  cujupared  with  inland 
yards,  they  are  enabled  to  sell  at  the  very  lowest  prices. 

DRY   WAINSCOT 

at  6d.,  7d.,  and  8d.  per  foot 
At  JOHN  COUMBE'S,*LadyLake'8-grove,  Mile-end-gate. 


BEDUCED    PRICES. 

Builders,  Carpenters,  and  others, 

Have  submitted  to  their  notice  these  veiy  r<'duced  prices,  the  lowest 
consistent  with  really  useful  qualities. 

^-inch  Flooring  (well  prepared) Us,  6d.  per  etiuara. 

Lalbs     21)8.  Od.  per  load. 

Yellow  Deals,  sotmd  and  good . .  SJd.  per  foot 

Spruce  Deals  ,,  2Ad.       , 

2i-inch  Battens  „  l^d. 

Seasoned    Mithogany,    plank    and    board  6d. 

A  verj'  large  stock,  ready  sawn  and  seasoned 

ALFRED  CABTEK  &  Co., 

OLD  BETHNAL  GREEN  ROAD,  N.E. 

(End  of  Eli 7Jibeth- street.  Hackney-road. 

THE  MIDLAND  MARBLE  WORKS. 

THE  cheapest  house  in  London  for  Marble 
Chironeypieces,  Monuments,  &c.  The  h.'uidsomest  Stock  of 
Etiituary  and  Black  Chimney-pieces  and  other  Coloured  Marble 
on  view.  A  quantity  of  Carved  Trusses,  suitable  for  country  ma- 
sons. Sheets  of  Drawings,  Ac,  will  be  forwarded  on  application  to 
J.  M'CABE.  47.  Eu8ton-road,K.W. 


MARBLE  CHIMNEY  PIECES  :  200  on 
View  of  various  descriptions. — 8-inch  jambs,  8-iuch  shelf,  caps 
Hud  b-Hses,  2  ft.  6  in.  opening,  l^s.  do.  9-inch  jambs.  9-inch  shelf,  2  ft. 
8  :n.  opening,  30s  ;  do.  10-inch  jambs.  10-inch  shelf.  '2  ft.  10  in.  opening, 
S58  ;  handsome  bold  truss,  double-moulded,  11-inch  jambs,  ll-inch 
shelf.  1.V  inch  thick,  3  feet  opening,  £2  15a.  Terms  cash.— R.  SpraggB, 
Marble  Wurks,  Ford-street.  Old  Ford-road.  Victoria  Park. 

"  SCAGLIOLA. 

ARCHITECTS  and  BUILDERS  supplied 
with    SCAGLIOLA     COLUMNS,   PILASTERS,  Ac.T  in   any 
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GEO.  WARREN,  PRACTICAL  SCAGLIOLIST, 

No.  14,  SMITH-SQUARE.  WESTMINSTER.  S.W. 
Specimens  and  Estimates  on  Application. 


GM    I    T    C    H    E    L    L, 
,  MABBLE,  STONE,  AND  GRANITE  WORKS. 

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Estimates  will  meet  with  prompt  attention. 

MANUFACTORY  at  WALTON  STREET. 


SERPENTINE. 

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(LIMITED), 

24,  ST.  JAMES'S  STREET, 

LONDON,  S.W. 


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JOHN  ST.  POLISHED  GBANITE  WOKKSJ 
ABERDEEN.  ^ 

JAMES  WRIGHT,  Manufacturer  of  Polished  Granite  to  H«  J 
Majesty,  supplies  first-cla^s  Mcninnn'iits,  Columns,  Pilasters,  Ac,,  Ac. ' 
London  Agent,  Mr.  ALEXANDER  NICHOLSON,  60,  Mark-lane.  E.C 


GRANITE 


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POLISHED  GBANITE. 


ABEEDEEN  POLISHED  GRANITE  WORKS. 

Awarded  Prize  Medal  in  1S51  :  Silver  Medal  in  1855  ;  and  two  Prli* 
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DED,  BLUE,  and  GREY  GRANITE  for 

1  \)  every  description  of  Architectural  Construction,  Decoration 
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N.W.— DAVID  WILLET.  London  Agent. 

Specially  Appointed  Workers  in  Polished  Granites  to 
Her  Majesty. 


CAEN  AUD  AUBIGKY  STONE. 
OUCAKD      BROTHERS, 

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C;ugoes  shipped  to  order  from  Caen  t-i  any  port, — Contracts  taken  fo 

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U»B  at  all  times  a  quantity  of  KETTON    STONE  in  block*,  Baw» 

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Eetton   stone,    turned  balusters,    bases,  and  columns,  tamed  up 

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Prices  known  on  application. 


POLISHED 
MONUMENTS.  COLUMNS,  PILASTERS,  FOUNTAINS, 
PEDESTALS. 

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The  RED  Granite  is  very  brilliant  in  Colour.     In  the  OBEY   th«  \ 

Colours  do  not  blend  into  a  dull  shade,  but  are  well  defined. 

Designs  forwarded  on  application. 

D.  H.  AND  J.  NEWALL, 

GRAjriTE     WORKS,    DALBEATTIE,    near     DUMFRIES. 

LONDON  AGENT— MR.  JOSEPH  HARTLEY, 

Oakville,  Maple-roiid,  Annerley,  S.E, 


HE  extensive  MACHINERY  of  theFREE- 


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18  now  in  full  operation. 

Designs  aud  prices  may  be  had  on  application  at  the  offices,  IS, 
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their  iigents  in  London.  .  J' 


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•  Bank,  Pimlico.  baa  ALWAYS  on  SALE,  a  well-selected  Stock 
of  Statuary,  Vein.  Paonazzf  (or  purple  vein)  Sicilian  and  Dove  Marble 
(the  produce  of  his  Quarries  .it  Carrara,  Italy) ;  also  Bardilla,  Black 
and  Gold.  Greotte,  Breccia,  Sienna,  St.  Ann's,  Laftguedoc,  Vert  des 
Alpes,  Black.  &c.,  &c.,  and  Alabaster,  in  Blocks,  with  slabs  of  several 
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Also  Solid   Marble  Baths  and   Mortars,  and  Vaaea  an    Figures, 
Statu-^ry  and  Sicilian,  for  Gardens  and  Galleriea. 

Rough  Marble  and  Decorative  Sculpture  Workseupplied  by 

CAEN  STONE, 

OF  THE  BEST  QUALITY  AND  GOOD  SIZES. 


i 


tl 


HY.      GEORGE     AND     CO., 
GENERAL  STONE  MERCHANTS, 
CAEN  WHARF.  ROTHEEHITHE,  S.E..  WILLINGTON  WHARF, 
REGENT'S  PARK  BASIN.  N.W. 
Yorkshire  Stone  of  every  descrirtion  in  Blocks,  Savn  Slfcb.  Pav- 
ing Steps.  Coiling.  Sills.  Sjjiks.  &c. 
Caen,  Aubiguy,  Portland,  Hnd  other  Stone  in  Block,. 


f 


BEST    PORTLAND    CEMENT 

AND  SUFFOLK  BRICKS. 

Messrs.  HOKNER.  MARSH,  ivnd  CO..  of  the  Burgh  Castis 
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Cargoes  of  PORTLAND  CEMENT  and  SUFFOLK  BRICKS  of  the 
best  quality. 

This  Cement  has  been  used  in  the  construction  of  important  Public 
Works  in  England  and  Fruiii-e,  and  him  rtceivtd  the  hij^'hest  recom- 
meudatiou.— Apply  at  the 

LONDON  OFFICES,  9  Adam-street,  Adelphi,  W.  C- 


FALCON    WHARF.    SO,    BANKSIDE,    SOUTHWARK.    S.B. 

iiud 
HONDURAS  WHARF,  CUBITT-TOWN,  POPLAR.  B. 

JOHN    NEWTON    &    Co., 

STOURBRIDGE.  NEWCASTLE.  &  WELSU 

Ti"IREBRlCK     AND     TILE     JIEKCHANTS, 

Wholesale  and  for  Exitirtatinn. 

Depot  for  Ramsay'B  Newcastle  Firebricks,  Clay.  &c. 

Building  Materials  of  every  description. 

N.B. — Goods  made  to  Pattern  on  the  Shortest  Notice  and  tbt  moft 

reasonable  terms.    Shipping  orders  executed  with  despatch. 

Please  luldresB  in  fall  to  60,  Baukside,  S.E. 


The  Buildin|  News   Feb'  lb"'  18 


SECTION       ON      LINE       A.B 


>cale      o 


f     80  feel   lo  linch- 


W  !»' 


PLAN. 


I 
I 


F.Des  Partes,  lith.. 


M"    TADMAN-FOULKES . ARCH    T 


Wtiteman&Bass.Lidi  Uolbom, 


MAW    AND    CO.'S    MAJOLICA    TILES, 

For  Fire  Places,  Wall  Linings,  &o. 


^^\u^^[ 

BENTHALL  WORKS,   BROSELEY,   SHROPSHIRE. 


LEIOBTON  BROTRF.IU;. 


THE  BUILDINOi  NEWS,  Feb.    15,  ISIIV. 


MAW    AND    CO.'S    ENCAUSTIC    TILES. 


0  inch  Tiles. 


I\.iir  feet  squ.ire.  r.ro'iji  of  '^ixiy-four  i'  ineli  Til<  -. 


BENTHALL  WORKS,  BROSELEY,  SHROPSHIE,E. 


LElontON,  BRUTUEaS. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS,  Feb.  15,  1S67. 


t 


- 


Thf-Bmldin^  Nevis    Feb''  lb"' 1867 


-^-^ 


'iS,  Jun'del, 


B.L>oot\  Cfi^<imfi^  Ymmp 


^.-•^r!'???^^ 


Wkitomaji  &  Bass  Litlio^rafihers  Zi6  h«lb  ji- 


9f  )\v«  fii-  le^B  Cm 


\ 


February  22,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


137 


THE   BUILDING  NEWS. 


LONDON,  FRIDAY,  FEBRUARY  22,  186T. 


THE     COURTS     OF     JUSTICE     COM- 
PETITION. 
Article  VI. 

MR.  SEDDON  is  certainly  a  very  remark- 
able man.  To  things  which  arc  self- 
evident  to  others  he  appears  to  be  altogether 
indifl'erent.  We  have  moie  than  once  luul 
occasion  to  deplore  the  smalluess  of  the  .site  as 
compared  with  the  niagnitmle  of  the  reiiiiire- 
meuts.  It  is  this  which  has  obliged  nearly 
every  architect  to  adopt  some  contrivance 
which  he  must  have  known  was  a  weakness. 
Had  the  site]  been  a  trille  larger,  we  feel  cer- 
tain we  should  not  have  had  to  condemn  Mr. 
Scott's  arrangement  of  bringing  the  court 
block  of  buildings  out  to  the  Strand,  nor  Jlr. 
"Waterhouse's  plan  of  gettin'^  three  courts 
placed  one  over  the  other.  And  yet,  in  the 
face  of  all  the  difficulties  arising  from  want  of 
space,  Mr.  Seddon  has  the  consummate  cool- 
ness to  tell  us  that  not  only  does  he  not 
propose  to  occupy  any  part  of  the  permitted 
western  e.Ktension,  of  which  Mr.  Scott  has 
taken  such  advantage,  but  that  he  positively 
proposes  to  give  up  voluntarily  and  for  no 
purpose  on  earth,  75,900  square  feet  !  In 
other  words,  the  site  measures,  clear  of  the 
western  extension,  700ft.  in  length  by  520ft. 
in  width,  and  Mr.  Seddon's  building  is  ac- 
tually reduced  to  670ft.  in  length  by  430ft.  in 
width  !  But  the  best  is  to  come.  Not  con- 
tent with  an  exercise  of  liberality  without  pre- 
cedent in  the  history  of  competitions,  not 
satisfied  by  making  the  Commissioners  a  pre- 
sent of  more  than  one-fifth  of  the  ground 
they  had  provided  him,  Mr.  Seddon's  free  un- 
fettered spirit  revolts  at  the  idea  of  a  limited 
liberality  ;  so,  with  a  benevolence  which  has 
all  the  grandeur  of  wildness  about  it,  he 
rushes  into  the  centre  of  his  building,  and 
with  a  wizard-like  wave  of  his  pencil  wand 
he  gives  the  general  public  a  haU  which  can 
only  be  described,  in  pantomime  language,  as 
"  The  HaU  of  the  Giants,"  for  its  dimensions 
are  no  less  than  Soft,  wide  and  65ft.  high  ! 
This  enchanted  hall  is  raised  to  the  height  of 
the  court  level.  Below  it  is  the  Refreshment 
Department,  lighted  through  the  floor  of  the 
hall,  and  above  it,  between  its  huge  stone 
vault  and  the  roof-covering,  is  the  Library  De- 
partment. On  each  side  of  the  hall  are  the 
public  entrances  to  the  various  courts  of  jus- 
tice, and  many  of  the  arrangements  in  the 
general  scheme  of  the  hall  remind  us  of  Mr. 
Waterhouse's  plan.  The  barristers,  however, 
will  not  l)e  inclined,  we  should  think,  to  look 
favourably  on  Mr.  Seddon.  This  is  how  he 
disposes  of  them  : — "  Barristers  can  be  set 
down  under  the  westernmost  of  the  three 
porches  in  the  centre  of  the  Strand  fa9ade, 
and  at  a  special  doorway  in  the  centre  of  the 
Carey-street  front,  and,  by  a  staircase  reserved 
to  themselves,  pass  thence  on  each  respective 
side  of  the  building  up  to  their  .special  octa- 
gon hall  and  corridor,  which  are  situate  imme- 
diately over  that  of  the  Judges ;  on  the  same 
floor  as  and  communicating  with  which  is 
their  general  hall,  on  the  north  side  of  the 
building  ;  their  robing  rooms  on  the  floor 
over  on  both  sides  ;  their  refreshment  room 
on  the  floor  above  on  the  north  side  ;  and 
their  libraries  on  the  highest  floor  of  all.  A 
lift  in  connection  with  the  above-named  stair- 
case is  appropriated  to  the  special  use  of 
barristers,  and  can  take  them  from  the  ground 
lip  to  the  whole  of  the  superior  floors.  They 
can  also  reach  all  these  by  means  of  staircases 
appropriated  to  the  profession  and  those 
engaged  in  business  at  the  courts  from  the 
main,  east,  and  west  entrances,  under  the 
Probate  and  water  towers,  and  by  all  the  other 
staircases  leading  to  the  triforium  of  the  great 
hall ;    also  from    the     several    court   street 


entrances  by  the  court  staircases  at  the  back 
of  the  courts,  from  the  jury  and  waiting 
rooms,  up  to  their  own  consultation  rooms." 
If  there  were  any  chance  at  all  of  Mr.  Seddon 
being  the  successful  competitor  we  might  well 
|iause  here  to  jnty  the  poor  barristers.  After 
the  careful  provision  made  by  Mr.  Waterhouse 
for  the  comfort  and  convenience  of  this  ver}' 
important  body,  Mr.  Seddon's  arrangement 
strikes  us  as  eminently  acrobatic;  Init  if  archi- 
tfcts  persist  in  giving  up  between  a  quarter 
and  a  flfth  of  their  site  as  useless  to  them,  and 
lake  nearly  a  third  of  what  is  left  for  a  place 
of  public  resort,  they  cannot  expect  even  to 
provide  the  necessary  requirements,  apart 
from  any  consideration  of  arrangement,  with- 
out an  amo'.mt  of  "getting-up-stairs "  and 
lift  contrivance  which  must  be  fatal  to  that 
simplicity  and  convenience  of  plan  so 
absolutely  and,  we  should  have  thought,  so 
obviously  demanded  as  the  very  groundwork 
of  any  proper  scheme  for  the  concentration  of 
the  Courts  of  Justice.  Another  great  defect 
in  the  plan  before  us  is  the  smallness  of  the 
areas  between  the  courts.  These  areas  are 
only  12ft.  wide,  and  Mr.  Seddon  has  the 
courage  to  say  that  "  the  limited  nature 
of  the  site  prevents"  these  spaces  from  being 
of  greater  width.  Now  really,  after  giving 
away  his  ground,  it  is  too  bad  in  Mr.  Seddon 
to  complain  .about  the  nature  of  the  site  being 
limited,  and  thus  try  to  excuse  himself  for 
planning  areas  of  12ft.  when  he  might 
iiave  had  more  than  8,000  square  yards 
to  have  given  to  these  areas  if  he  had 
liked.  Again,  the  outer  shell  of  building, 
which  is  Stift.  wide,  is  divided  from  the  court 
block  by  an  area  22ft.  wide.  It  may  be  all 
very  well  to  quote  Mr.  I'Anson,  who  finds 
10ft.  or  12ft.  areas  sufficient  for  three  or  four 
storied  buildings,  and  to  state  broadly  that 
you  are  prepared  to  demonstrate  that  areas  of 
9ft.  or  10ft.,  lined  with  white  glazed  tiles, 
att'ord  suflicient  light  to  the  basement  floors 
of  buildings  in  the  city  several  stories  high  ; 
but  in  a  large  public  building  u])on  which 
the  nation  will  probably  spend  at  least  two 
millions  of  money,  arrangements  which  may 
be  forced  upon  the  architects  of  small  city 
buildings  in  crowded  streets  by  the  really 
pinched-up  nature  of  the  sites,  are  scarcely 
the  sort  of  things  one  would  take  as  precedents 
for  a  site  which  one  foimd  already  so  large 
that  one  could  afford  to  dispense  with  nearly 
a  quarter  of  it.  Nor  is  22ft.  anything  like  the 
dimensions  we  should  expect  for  the  width  of 
a  street  from  which  light  and  air  are  to  be 
obtained  for  important  offices,  when  light  and 
air  are  so  indispensable.  The  chief — we  might 
almost  say  the  only — merit  of  Mr.  Seddon's 
plan,  is  what  may  be  called  the  compartment 
principle.  "The  entire  structure,"  says  Mr. 
Seddon,  "  is  divided  longitudinally,  from  east 
to  west,  into  fifteen;  compartments  of  equal 
width,  and  in  the  opposite  direction  into 
seven  general  sections.  Each  of  these  spaces 
might  be  isolated  from  the  rest  in  the 
manner  recommended  by  Captain  Shaw 
to  prevent  the  spreading  of  fire.  Each  com- 
partment having  its  proper  entrances,  can  be 
separately  used  ;  nevertheless,  there  is  free 
commvmication  throughout.  At  the  several 
angles  of  these  compartments  are  placed 
turrets,  which  supply  stable  points  of  support ; 
from  these  turrets  relieving  arches  would  be 
thrown  at  every  floor."  By  this  arrangement, 
the  architect  claims,  as  a  principal  feature  of 
his  design,  "facility  for  future  alterations;" 
tlie  weight  being  thrown  on  the  turrets,  as 
upon  the  buttresses  of  King's  College  Chapel, 
Cambridge,  the  walls  are  so  relieved  "that 
other  windows  or  doorways  could  be  inserted, 
and  partitions  removed  and  altered  at  plea- 
sure without  endangering  the  stability  or 
interfering  with  the  character  of  the  building." 
It  is  only  fair  to  Mr.  Seddon  to  add  that,  in 
his  other  great  feature  (his  central  hall)  he  has 
endeavoured  to  attain  something  more  than  a 
mere  covered  walk,  and  so  far  deserves  our 
thanks.  Mr.  Seddon  has  gone  in  for  a  central 
hall,  and  no  one  can  doubt  that  he  has  given 
us  a  central  hall.     We  have  already  hinted  at 


the  possibility  of  even  overdoing  grandeur, 
and  we  cannot  contemplate  the  proportions 
and  design  of  this  hall  for  a  second  without 
coming  to  the  conclusion  that  Mr.  Seddon  has 
forgotten  the  scale  of  the  building,  and  has 
designed  this  interior  as  if  its  dimensions 
were  half  what  they  are.  One  huge  stone 
vault,  groined  with  the  severe  simplicity  of 
tile  early  quadripartite  vaulting,  wouhl  lie  all 
very  widl  for  llrolxliguag,  but  is  out  of  all 
scale  with  everytliing  here.  Mr.  Seddon 
justifies  himself  by  .saying  that  he  thinks  it  is 
"essential to  maintain  the  dignity  of  a  Palace 
of  Justice,  and  produce  iiUernally,  as  well  as 
externally,  an  impression  of  awe  upon  the 
minds  ot  the  oi  polio i."  If  we  are  to  have  a 
liuge  place  for  the  public  in  the  verj' centre  of 
the  building,  we  certainly  should  prefer  Mr. 
.Seddon's  stone  vaulted  haU,  with  its  gigantic 
clerestory,  to  Mr.  Waterhouse's  glass  roofed 
street,  but  we  ditt'er  from  both  these  gentle- 
men in  ouropinioii,  that  any  such  great  recep- 
tacle for  noisy  crowds  is  in  everyway  undesir- 
able. "  I  believe,"  says  Mr.  .Seddon,  "  that  no 
inconvenience  need  arise  from  its  use,  and  that 
it  is  not  necessary  that  the  public  entrances  to 
each  court  should  be  separate  and  direct  from 
the  street."  When  tlie  instructions  were 
framed,  the  Commissioners  appear  to  have 
been  of  opinion  that  considerable  incon- 
venience would  arise  if  the  public  were 
brought  into  the  centre  of  the  building,  and 
that  a  separate  entrance  from  the  street  to 
each  court  was  most  desirable,  iu  order  to 
keep  "  mere  public  spectators "  external 
and  altogether  detached  from  the  legal  public. 
Neither  any  plan  nor  any  argument  we  have 
yet  seen  has,  in  our  opinion,  justified  non-com- 
pliance with  the  sound  practical  wisdom  of  this 
requirement.  It  may  be  a  very  easy  way  to 
escape  thought  to  assert  dogmatically  that 
such  an  arrangement  is  impossible,  and  it  is 
a  scarcely  more  difficult  way  of  escape  to  tell 
the  Commissioners  that  you  know  better  than 
they  do  what  they  require,  and  that  this  par  • 
ticular  requirement  is  all  moonshine.  So  long, 
however,  as  the  instructions  remain,  then  shall 
we  find  this  particular  one  about  separate 
entrances  very  emphatically  set  forth.  And 
we  do  sincerely  trust  that  the  cool  way  iu 
which  certain  of  the  competitors  have  set  this 
and  other  important  instructions  at  nought 
may  meet  with  the  reward  it  deserves. 

Whatever  defects  of  plan  may  be  found  in 
the  scheme  under  consideration,  on  one  thing 
we  may  congratulate  Mr.  Seddon,  and  that  i.s, 
the  massing  or  block  design.  Indeed,  we 
doubt  whether  any  design  in  the  ex'hibition 
would  surpass  Mr.  Seddon's  if  they  were  to  be 
judged  by  block  models,  that  is  to  say,  models 
without  doors,  windows,  details,  or  decorations 
of  any  kind.  We  call  to  mind  with  ])leasure, 
the  e.xhilntiou  of  this  same  quality  in  Messrs. 
Pritchard  and  Seddon's  design  for  the  Govern- 
ment offices.  'J  he  simplicity  and  breadth  of 
the  grouping,  the  treatment  of  the  central 
composition  in  the  Strand  front  (as  shown  in 
the  model  and  perspectives),  the  position  of 
the  great  Probate  Tower  in  the  centre  of  the 
west  front,  and  thus  at  the  end  of  the  great 
hall,  and  the  general  balance  of  parts,  all  tell 
the  story  of  another  design  WTecked  for  want 
of  time.  For  it  can  scarcely  be  imagined  that 
an  architect  who  can  so  liandle  his  masses 
should  have  failed  in  the  detail  of  plan  and 
elevation  so  completely  as  Mr.  Seddon  has 
done  imless  from  want  of  time.  AVe  are  told 
in  the  report  that  the  architecture  of  this 
design  is  "  pure  English  Gothic."  But  on  this 
point  we  give  the  author  the  ijenefit  of  speak- 
ing for  himself : — "  As  regards  the  style  of  the 
architecture  of  my  design  it  is  pure  Englisir 
Gothic ;  thi»  being  treated  with  simplicity 
and  large  in  its  scale,  I  have  depended  for 
effect  upon  proportion  and  skyline,  and  not 
upon  elaboration  and  detail.  In  general  effect 
I  have  endeavoured  to  give  the  building  the 
character  of  a  civil  townhall,  and  to  avoid  that 
of  an  ecclesiastical  structure."  With  the 
single  exception  of  the  libel  on  "pure  English 
Gothic  "  published  in  the  first  sentence,  the 
whole  paragraph  is  just  what  we  should  have 


138 


said  of  the  design  in  fiuestion.     We  will  pass 
by    Mr.    Seddon's   idea    of    "pure    English 
Gothic,"  sincerely  hoping   that  he  used  the 
words  without  thinking,  but  we  must  protest 
against  any  architect  who  hopes  to  spend  two 
m'Jlions  of  the  public  money  thinking  it  suth- 
cient  to  give  us  the  skeleton  of  architecture 
without  either  muscles  or  skm.     These  hall 
measures  are  not  the  sort  of  thing  we  expected 
for    iSOO,     in     a     competition    limited    to 
twelve  men.     Mr.  Seddon  knows  as  weU  as 
most  architects   what  constitutes  \-igour  and 
life  in  such  all- important  details  as  doors  and 
windows,  and  when  he,  therefore,  deUberately 
shirks  the  consideration  of  this  question  and 
shelters  himself  under  the  clause   we   have 
quoted,  we  can  onlv  conclude  that  time  failed 
him  to  do  justice  to  himself,  or  that  he  very 
much  nnder-estimated  the  art  knowledge  of  his 
critics  and  judges.     We  do  not  intend  to  take 
up  any  of  our  space  by  pointing  out  the  short- 
comings of  Mr.  Seddon's  detaU,  but  we  com- 
mend to  the  notice  of  those  of  our  readers  who 
intend  to  visit  the  exhibition  the  treatment 
of  Temple  Bar,   with  its  tortured  shrimp,  as 
the  dragon  on  the  top  of  it  is  disrespectfully 
called,  and  the  triangularporches  to  all  the  mam 
entrances— a  form  of  porch  in  which  Mr.  Sed- 
don for  some   strange  reason   or  other  only 
known  to  himself,   seems  to  take  an  almost 
chUdish   delight.      We  have  always  thought 
triangularly  planned  things  weak  and  ugly, 
and  incapable  of  being  anything  else.     With 
all  due  respect  for  Mr.  Sedtlon,  we  thmk  so 
stilL     As  we  have  before  said,  Mr.  Seddon  s 
great  points  are  in  massing  his  building,  and 
oiving  it  a  domestic  and  yet  official  look  ;  and 
had  he  been  content  with  his  sixteenth  scale 
drawings  and  not  obtruded  his  or  his  clerks 
detail  on  our  notice  in  such  huge  overgrown 
drawings  as  his  perspectives,   we  should  pro- 
bably have  had  more  to  say  in  praise  than  blame. 
As  it  is,  we  cannot  but  regret,  with  all  sin- 
cerity, that  an  architect  who  on  the  one  hand 
has    steered    clear    of    cathedrals,    and    has 
had  the  sense  to  remember  that  a  law  court  is 
not  a  church— an  effort  of  memory,  by  the  way, 
which  some   of  the  other  competitors   have 
neglected— and  who  on   the  other  hand  has 
avoided  that  almost  vernacidar   Gothic  into 
which  some   architects    are    fast  drifting— a 
Gothic  which  is  little  more  than  trimming  to 
the  hole-in-the-wall  style  of  Harley-street  or 
Baker-street— who   has  given  his  building  a 
stateliness  of  outline  and  unity  of  expression 
and  who  in  spite  of  extravagant  height  and 
endless  gables  has  managed  to  make  his  design 
express  its  purpose,— we  say,  we  cannot  but 
regret  that  one  who  has  started  so  well  shoiud 
have  perilled,  if  not  lost,  the  position  he  would 
undoubtedly  have  taken  in  the  race  by  a  care- 
lessness about  detail  for  which  even  a  pupil 
would  have  been  severely  reprimanded.     One 
more  word,  and  we  have  done.     At  page  27 
of  the  report  Mr.  Seddon  says,  "  My  perspec- 
tives being  on  so  large  a  scale,  I  have  thought 
it  unnecessary  to  send  enlarged  drawings,  but 
I  exhibit  some  photographs  from  executed  w  rrks 
with  details  of  precisely  the  same  character, 
and  which  give  a  better  idea  of  it  than  any 
drawing  could  possibly  do."     The  italics  are 
ours,  and   we   present   the   statement  to  our 
readers  without  further  comment. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 

cheap  and  ready  road   to   the   knowledge  of 
facts   more  or   less  authenticated,  and  to  no- 
thin''  else.     But   facts  without  theories,  even 
in   saence,    and    a   fortiori  in   art,    are    of 
little  worth,  and  a  crowd  of  facts  soon   hLl  a 
"handbook"  of  ordinary  size.     If,  however, 
we  add  an  analysis  of  these  facts,   arguments 
on  their  comparative  importance,  or  a  disser- 
tation on  the   inferences  to   be  drawn  from 
them   the  work  becomes   at    once  of  higher 
litera'rv  value.      We  have  no   longer  a  mere 
handbook,  but  a  history.     Such  are  the  addi- 
tions which  Mr.  Fergusson  has  made  and  it 
is  a  history  rather  than  a  handbook  ot  archi- 
tecture which  he  has  presented  to  his  readers. 
It  is  partly  owing  to  this  unpremeditated  am- 
plification of  a  smaUer  volume,  partly  to  our 
author's   apparent  indecision    as   to   how    it 
would  be  most  convenient  to  classify  his  sub- 
ject, and  partly  to  his  having  perhaps  changed 
his  mind  regarding  the  form  and  bulk  which 
his  treatise  should  finaUy  assume,   that  the 
third  volume  on  the  modern  styles  of  archi- 
tecture has  in  point   of  fact  preceded  that 
which   is  the  subject  of  our  present   notice. 
The  three  volumes,  however,  are  now  com- 
plete, and  in  their  entirety  represent  a  "  His- 
tory of  Architecture  in  all  Countries  from  the 
Earliest  Times   to    the  Present  Day."    This 
title  itself  impUes  a  gigantic  task,  and  wide 
thou"h  Mr.  Fergusson's  researches  must  have 
been°to  accomplish  what  he  has  done,  it  is  im- 
possible to  suppose  that  there  are  not  many  gaps 
in  the  narrative  which  remain  yet  to  be  hiled 
up     Indeed,  our  author  frankly  confesses  as 
much  in  his   preface,    when  referring  to  a 
matter  of  great  antiquarian  mterest  :— 


February  22,  1867. 


In  one  respect  I  have  to  apologise  for  not  keeping 
a  promise  made  in  the  preface  to  the  ftrst  volume. 
It  was  then  mtimated  that  the   present    volume 
would  contain   a  chapter  on  Celtic  or  Megalithic 
antiquities.     When,    however,  the   work  came    to 
be  re-OTitten,  I  found  it  necessary,  in  order  to  keep 
the  volume  within  bounds,  to  leave  unsaid  so  much 
I  wished  to  say,  and  to  omit  so  many  illustrations 
which    would  "have    added    to  the    clearness    and 
interest   of    the     whole,   that    eventually  1    found 
myself  forced  to  abandon  the  attempt.     As  it  is, 
the  volume  exceeds  the  first  to  the  extent  of  more 
than  one  hundred  pages,  and  it  would  have  required 
at  least  that  number  in  addition  to  have  treated  the 
promised  subject  in  a  manner  at  all  satisfactory.     I 
may,   therefore,   take  this  opportunity  ot   s.aying 
that  nothing  I  learnt  in  the  investigations  made  for 
the  purposes  of  this  intended  chapter  has  made  me 
waver  in  the  opinion   I  have  previously  expressed 
with  regard  to  the  age  of  those  antiquities.     I  con- 
sider afl  the  stone  monuments  to  be  of  what  anti- 
nuaries  now  style  the   Iron   Ago,   viz.,  froni   one 
to  two  centuries  before  Christ  to  the  time  of  the  in- 
troduction  of    Christianity  in   the   country  where 
they  are  found.     This,  however,  doet  not  appear  to 
me  to  affect  the  question  of  the  age  of  the  Barrows 
or  earthen  monuments  found  sometimes  in  juxtapo- 
sition with  them.     Some  of  these  we  know  to  be 
also   of   the   Iron  Age,    but  many  are,    no  doubt, 
of  very  remote  antiquity.    Whatever  the  age  of  the 
Barrows  may  eventuallv  be  determined  to   be,  it 
seems  to  me  to  have  only  a  remote  be.aring  on  that 
of  the  stone  monuments.     So  far  as  I  have  been 
able  to  form  an  opinion  the  two  questions  .are  quite 
distinct,   and  the  age  of  the  stone  and  of  the  earth 
monuments  must  be  separ.ately  examined  if  we  are 
to   arrive  at  any  satisfactory   conclusions   on    the 
subject 


THE    HISTORY  OF  ARCHITECTURE.* 
"II  TE  are  glad  that  Mr.  Fergusson,  in  prepar- 
VV      iiig    tlii^  volume  for    the    press,  ex- 
changed the  title  of  his  original  work   on  the 
same  subject   for  that  which   the  present  re- 
vised   and  amplified  edition  bears.     Indeed, 
the  word  "  handbook  "   has  of  late  been   ap- 
plied to  such  a  slight   and  sketchy  kind   of 
literature   in   connection   with   both  art  and 
science  that  it  has  come  to   be  regarded  with 
contempt  by  those  who  really  seek  solid  in- 
formation on  these  subjects.      It  signifies   a 


*  "  A  History  of  Architecture  in  all  Countries,  from  the 
Earliest  Times  to  the  Preaent  Day."  By  James  Feroosson, 
F.B.S.,  M.K.  A.S.,  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Institute  of  BritiaU 
Arciiitects.    Three  vols.    Vol.  II.     Luadou  :  Murray. 


Under  the    general    head    of    "Christian 
Architecture,"  Mr.  Fergu;5son  resumes,  in  this 
volume,  a  consideration  of  the  various  types 
of  Gothic,   which  he   began  in  volume   one. 
The   Mediajval  schools   of   France  and  Ger- 
many having  been  already  discussed,  he  places 
Entjiand  first  upon  his  second  list,  and,  some- 
what to  our  surprise,  gives  her  the  precedence 
over  other  nations  in  a  general  estimate  of  the 
excellences  which  the  Pointed  style  attained. 
This,  indeed,  was  the  opinion   of  many  Eng_ 
lish  writers   on  art  at  the  earliest  period  of 
the  Gothic  revival ;  but  at  that  period  French 
architecture  of   the    twelfth   and   thirteenth 
centuries  had  been  but  little  explored.     The 
glories  of  Chartres,  of  Amiens,  and  ot  Laon, 
the  exquisite   detail  with  which  the  diligent 
student    may    now    enrich  his    portfolio    at 
Rheims,  Coiitances,  Auxerre,  and  Rouen,  re- 
mained  still  imrevealed  in  this   coimtry,  or 
reached  us  only   in  the  form  of  that  vague 
generalisation  of  architectural  features  which 


was  then  too  frequently  adopted  by  the  water- 
colour  painter,  and  of  wliich  the  efl'ect  was  to 
reduce  all  sculptured  forms,  whether  good, 
bad,  or  indifferent,  to  one  and  the  same  level 
of  picturesque  utility.     But,  at  the  present 
time,  when  we  can  refer  to  such  illustrations 
as  those  which  Shaw  and  Nesfield  have  sup- 
plied, when  photography  has  lent  its  valuable 
aid  in  deUneating   subtle   graces  which  defy 
the  brush  to  represent,  when  an  author  like 
Viollet  le    Due  devotes  a  life  to   record  not 
only  the  pictorial  effect  but  the  science,  the 
development,  the  raiionaU,  of  his  art,  we  can 
no  longer  find  excuse   for  resisting  the  con- 
viction that  there  was  a  time  when  French 
architecture  assumed  a    position  for    which 
there  was  no  contemporary  parallel  in  Europe. 
English  Gothic,  we  freely  admit,   possessed 
certain  elements  of  rude  grandeur  and  other 
national  characteristics  which  we  fail  to  find 
elsewhere  ;  but  in  fertility  of  invention,  in 
comprehensiveness   of  appliance,  and,  above 
all,  in  the  luxe  and  elaboration  of  decorative 
features,  that  of  France  was  surely  its  supe- 
rior.    And,  if  we  remember  how  the  early  re- 
sources of  wealth  in  this  coimtry  were  con- 
sumed by  war,  how  miserably  national  taste 
had  declined  when  mercantile  prosperity  had 
at  length  made  it  rich,  we  shall  find  suflicient 
reason  for  the  fact  that  the  zenith  of  her  art 
excellence  is  not  worthy  of  that  welfare  which 
has  since  placed  her  first  among  the  nations 
of  the  world. 

Useful  and  excellent  as  this  section  of  Mr. 
Fergusson's  book  undoubtedly  is,  we  cannot 
help  regretting  that  he  has  devoted  no  more 
than  tliree  brief  pages  to  the  consideration  of 
civil  and  domestic  architecture.  England,  it 
is  true,  does  not  supply  many  examples  of 
municipal  biuldings  erected  during  the 
middle  ages,  but  many  conventual  biuld- 
ings and  country  mansions  stiU  exist,  to  say 
no'thing  of  the  earlier  portions  of  the  Tower, 
Windsor  Castle,  Hampton  Court,  and  the 
Welsh  CUstles,  which  weU  deserve  illustration 
at  the  hands  of  an  author  whose  aim  is  so 
mde  in  range  as  that  of  Mr.  Fergiissou. 
After  (rlancing  at  the  peculiarities  of  Scotch 
and  I?ish  Gothic,  Mr.  Fergusson  proceeds  to  ■ 
describe  the  Jlediaival  styles  of  Spam  and 
Portugal.  The  introductory  remarks  which 
head  this  chapter  are  well  worth  perusal  :— 

In  the  very  early  asres  of  their  architectural  his- 
tory we  do  find  the  inhabitants  of  the  Peninsular 
making  rude  attempts  to  provide  themselves  with 
churches.     These,    however,   were   so  unsuited  for 
their  purposes  that  so  soon  as  returning  prosperity 
put  the   Spaniards  m  a  position  to   erect    larger 
edifices  thev  at  once  f  eU  into  the  arms  of  the  French 
architects,  'who  had  advanced  far  beyond  them  in 
the  adaptation  of  Classical  materials  to  Christian 
purposes.     When  tired  of  the  French  styles,  they 
enlisted  the  Germans  to  assist  them  in  supplying 
their  wants,  and  Italy  also  contributed  her  mHuenoe, 
thoucrh  less  directly  than  the  other  two.     In  the 
meantime  the  Moors  were  more  steaddy  elaborat- 
ino-  their  very  ornate  but  rather  flimsy  style  of  art 
in"  the  southern    part  of  the  peninsula  and  occa- 
sionally   contributed    workmen    and    ideas    whose 
influence  may  be  traced  ahnost  to  the  foot  ot  tlie 
Pyrenees.     Wben   all  this   passed   away   with   the 
middle  ages  thev  borrowed  the  Renaissance  style  of 
the  Italians,'  but  used  its  Doric  and  Cormthian  de- 
tails more  literally  and   with  less  adaptation  tha.n 
any  other  nation.'    With  these  Classical  materials 
they  erected  churches  which  were  larger  and  more 
TOrgeous  than  those  of    the  previous  styles,   and 
Sdmired  them  with  the  s.ame  unreasonmg  devotion 
thev  had  bestowed  on  their  predecessors.     .     ;     .     • 
The  singularity  is  that,  though  endowed  with  the 
love  of  architecture,  and  an  intense  desire  to  possess 
its  products.  Nature  seems  to  have  domed  to  the 
Spaniard  the  inventive  faculty  necessary  to  enable 
him  to  supply  himself  with  the  productions  so  indLS- 
pensable  to   his  intellectual  nature.      We  can  per- 
fectly understand  how,  among  so  Teutonic  a  people 
as  the  Scotch,  architecture  should  be  found  planted 
in  an  uncongenial  soil,  and  perish  with  the   first 
blast  of  mnter  :    but  what  seems  unique  is  that 
planted  where  both  the  soil  and  climate  seem  so 
thoroughly  congenial  as  they  do  in  Spain  it  should 
still  remain  exotic  and  refuse  to  be  acchmatised. 

To  the  Mediaeval  architecture  of  Italy  Mr. 
Fergusson  devotes  a  more  lengthy  notice, 
tracing  the  history  of  its  brief  but  eventful 
existence,  subject  now  to  northern  intluence, 
and  now  to  that  which  found  expression  in  a 
Byzantine  element  during  the  early  stages  oi 


li 


February  22,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


139 


tile  Venetian  school.  But  while  these  con- 
flicting impulses  and  the  suddeu  revival  of 
Classic  literature  have  each  in  their  turn 
given  a  vigour  and  picturesnueuoss  to  Italian 
architecture  whicli  are  not  to  be  found  else- 
where, they  place  almost  insuperable  dilli- 
culties  in  the  way  of  the  art  historian  who 
endeavours  to  classify  with  any  approach  to 
clirouological  sequence  the  various  tj'pes  of 
design  and  the  endless  modifications  of  those 
types  with  wliich  mediaival  Italy  abounds. 
Yet  in  it  a  rich  wide  field  lies  open  to  the 
student  wlio  is  ready  to  profit  by  the  teaching 
of  modern  writers — writers  who  no  longer 
regard  the  noblest  of  all  arts  as  something  of 
which  the  excellence  may  be  tested  by  a  sum 
of  decimal  fractions,  or  which  can  only,  be 
illumined  by  the  dull  lamp  of  the  antiquary, 
but  as  the  result  of  that  rare  combination  of 
poetic  fancy  and  practical  skill  which  the 
heart  as  well  as  the  mind  can  appreciate  and 
revere.  A  chapter  on  Sicily,  and  another  on 
Palestine,  bring  us  to  the  end  of  this  section 
of  the  book.  The  next  is  on  Byzantine 
architecture  proper,  which  our  author  tersely 
describes  from  its  rise,  with  the  founding  of 
Constantinople,  to  its  decay  after  the  Hejira. 
An  interesting  chapter  devoted  to  a  descrip- 
tion of  the  mediaeval  buildings  of  Russia 
next  follows,  after  which,  Mr.  Fergusson 
enters  on  the  third  great  di\T.sion  of  his  sub- 
ject, viz.,  "  Pagan  Architecture."  The  Sara- 
cenic examples  of  Syria  and  Egypt,  of  Bar- 
bary,  Spain,  and  Turkey,  range  themselves  as 
a  first  group,  which,  with  a  short  digression  in 
favour  of  the  "Sassanian"  school,  is  finally 
complemented  by  specimens  of  Persian 
design. 

But  the  piece  de  resistnnce  in  this  volume  is 
that  portion  of  it  which  has  been  set  apart  for 
a  description  of  Indian  architectui'e.  Here, 
it  is  needless  to  say,  Mr.  Fergusson  is  quite  at 
home  with  his  subject.  It  is  a  subject,  per- 
haps, concerning  which  neither  the  English 
artist  nor  the  English  amateur  will  take  a 
very  lively  interest.  Still  is  it  one  which  the 
antiquarian  will  not  despise,  nor,  when  we 
remember  how  much  it  is  identified  with  the 
faith,  the  social  habits,  and  the  familiar 
traditions  of  the  extraordinary  people  whom 
it  chiedy  concerns,  can  we  be  surprised  if  the 
general  reader  should  find  that  its  details 
command  his  attention.  The  history  of  Indian 
architecture — according  to  Mr.  Fergusson — 

commences  with  the  architecture  of  the  Buddhists. 
Some  of  their  monuments  can  be  dated  with  cer- 
tainty as  far  back  as  250  B.C.,  and  wo  not  only  know 
from  history  that  they  are  the  oldest,  but  they  bear 
on  their  face  the  proofs  of  their  primogeniture. 
Though  most  of  them  are  carved  in  the  hardest 
granite,  every  form  and  every  detail  is  so  essentially 
wooden  that  we  feel  in  examining  them  that  we  are 
assisting  at  the  birth  of  a  new  stjdc,  and  for  three 
or  four  centuries  afterwards  we  can  gradually  trace 
the  progress  that  was  made  in  getting  rid  of  the 
wooden  forms  an^l  in  replacing  them  by  others  more 
appropriate  to  stone  architecture.  Although  it  will 
be  wandering  somewhat  beyond  the  limits  of  India 
proper,  the  mode  best  calculated  to  render  this  sub- 
ject intelligible  will  be  to  treat  Afghanistan  as  part 
of  India,  and  then  to  describe  Buddhist  art  .as  it 
existed  in  Ceylon,  and  in  Burmah,  Siam.  and  .Java. 
By  this  means  a  general  view  may  be  obtained  of  a 
style  complete  in  itself,  but  very  little  influenced  by 
external  causes,  and  haWng  as  little  influence  on 
any  style  beyond  its  own  pale.  The  exceptions  to 
the  completeness  of  this  mode  of  treatment  are 
China  and  Thibet.  In  the  former,  however,  all  the 
monuments  are  so  modem,  and  so  local  in  style, 
that  they  may  fairly  stand  by  themselves,  and  in  the 
latter  they  are  so  Uttle  known  that  our  ignorance  is 
a  too  sufficient  cause  for  their  exclusion.  It  is 
much  more  difficult  to  assign  a  tangible  reason 
for  any  classification  we  may  adopt  for  the  Hindu 
Btyles.  The  date  of  the  oldest  known  monument  of 
thas  class  cannot  be  carried  further  back  than 
the  sixth  or  seventh  century  of  our  era,  and  the 
oldest  Jaina  monument  may  be  of  the  tenth  cen- 
tury ;  but  in  both  instances  the  style,  when  we 
first  encounter  it,  is  complete  and  full-grown.  There 
is  no  hesitation  about  the  design,  no  wooden  clumsi- 
ness about  the  details.  The  whole  is  the  result  of 
centuries  of  experience  in  stone  architecture,  but 
when  and  where  we  do  not  know. 

Had  we  space  we  would  willingly  foUow  Mr. 
Fergusson  through  his  graphic  and  instructive 
descriptions  of  "topes "and  "rock  temples," 


Bengal  caves  and  Budilhist  monasteries.  He 
has  something  to  tell  us  of  the  ruins  at 
Ceylon,  at  Burmah,  at  Siam,  at  Java,  at 
Tliibet,  and  Nepal.  He  discourses  of  Indian 
arches  and  domes  with  the  authority  of  a  man 
who  is  practically  acquainted  with  his  sub- 
ject. He  introduces  us  to  the  "Dravidian 
style,"  with  its  porches,  its  gate-pyramids  and 
pillared  halls.  He  discriminates  nicely  be- 
tween the  various  aspects  of  Hindoo  archi- 
tecture, whether  infiuenced  by  time  or  situa- 
tion. The  photographs  which  he  has  collected, 
and  his  own  careful  sketches,  have  enabled 
him  to  illustrate  this  portion  of  his  book  with 
singular  fidelit}'.  And  if  any  reader  should 
feel  inclined  to  grudge  the  pains  which  Mr. 
Fergusson  has  thought  fif  to  bestow  on  this 
description  and  portrayal  of  Oriental  archi- 
tecture, let  him  remember  that  the  business 
of  the  art  historian  is  to  collate  as  well  as  to 
criticise. 


FOUNDATIONS  UNDER   WATER. 

ALL  works  subject  to  the  influence  of  water 
present  pecuUar  obstacles  to  their  execu- 
tion, and  hence  such  works  possess  a  special  inte- 
rest for  the  engineer  and  architect.  On  the  13th 
inst.,  at  a  meeting  of  the  Civil  and  Mechanical  Engi- 
neers' Society,  Mr.  Rutt  read  a  paper  on  "  Foun- 
dations under  Water,"  in  which  he  dealt  in  a  com- 
prehensive and  able  manner  with  the  various 
modes  of  executing  foundations  of  bridges,  &c., 
at  present  iu  use.  We  will  notice  some  of  the 
most  salient  points  in  this  paper,  its  length  being 
too  great  to  allow  of  our  inserting  it  in  its  entirety. 
The  cast-iron  dams  which  have  been  used  in  the 
Thames  Embankment  possess  advantages  which 
render  them  suitable  to  works  comprising  a  great 
length  of  dam,  which  does  not  require  to  be  all  up 
at  one  time,  so  that  the  iron  segments  can  be  re- 
peatedly used  as  the  work  progresses,  but  in  ordi- 
nary cases  of  isolated  bridges,  &c.,  the  cost  of 
their  use  would  probably  be  too  great.  These  piles 
are  elUptical,  having  a  groove  down  each  side,  into 
which  timber  packing  is  driven  to  make  a  water- 
tight joint.  The  ordin.ary  dam,  says  Mr.  Rutt, 
"  cannot  be  used  unless  there  is  an  impervious 
stratum  with  which  to  connect  it,  and  there   are 

often  other  objections  to  its  use It  is 

also  a  slow  and  tedious  process,  as  the  formation  of 
the  dam  must  be  completed  before  the  permanent 
work  is  commenced,  and  as  a  delay  in  the  con- 
struction of  one  large  bridge  often  causes  the  capi- 
tal laid  out  on  several  miles  of  railway  to  remain 
idle,  an  extra  expense  in  obtaining  a  more  rapid 
means  of  construction  will  often  be  a  true 
economy."  There  can  be  no  doubt  of  the  truth 
of  this  latter  sentence,  and  the  point  it  conveys 
cannot  be  too  carefuUy  studied.  If  a  contractor 
undertakes  to  make  a  section  of  a  line  and  agrees 
to  pay  interest  to  the  shareholders  during  the  exe- 
cution of  the  works,  it  will  be  to  his  interest  to 
adopt  the  most  expeditious  system  of  erection,  pro- 
vided it  is  not  exorbitantly  expensive ;  but  if  he, 
alone,  contracts  for  the  erection  of  a  large  railway 
bridge,  then  it  will  behove  the  company's  engineer 
to  see  that  the  works  be  not  unreasonably  delayed. 
After  reviewing  the  pierre  perd^ie  system,  and  that 
of  laying  stones  in  regular  courses — which  latter 
method  was  adopted  by  Mr.  Telford  at  Ardrossau 
Harbour  and  elsewhere, — >Ir.  Rutt  passes  on  to 
consider  the  pile  and  timber  platform  foundation. 
This  is  often  used  where  the  depth  of  water  is 
not  vei-y  great,  the  platform  being  just  beneath 
the  level  of  low  water.  Sound  timber  appears  to 
be  almost  imperishable  when  constantly  immersed 
in  water  of  tolerably  pure  quality,  but  care  should 
be  taken  not  to  place  it  where  it  will  be  exposed 
to  the  alternate  action  of  water  and  air,  which  will 
ensure  its  rapid  decay.  A  good  example  of  this 
method  of  founding  exists  in  the  Dirschau  Bridge 
over  the  Vistula,  the  substructure  of  which  was 
executed  in  the  foUowing  manner.  A  large  rect- 
angular space  around  each  pier  was  enclosed  by  a 
continuous  wall  of  piling :  the  ground  within  this 
enclosure,  consisting  of  coarse  quartzose  sand,  was 
dredged  out  to  a  depth  of  19ft.  below  the  sum- 
mer level  of  the  river.  The  site  of  the  piers  was 
then  covered  with  piles,  spaced  at  a  very  short  dis- 
tance apart,  and  driven  about  20ft.  into  the  sand  ; 
the  space  between  this  piling  and  the  outer  piling 
was  filled  in  with  loose  stones.  The  piles  were 
then  cut  off  1ft.  above  the  dredged  bottom  and 
covered  with  10ft.  of  concrete,  upon  which  a  con- 
crete dam  3ft.  thick  was  raised  all  round  the  edge 
in  which  the  masonry  of  the  pier  was  commenced 
after  the  water  had  been  pumped  out.     In  discus- 


sion a  question  was  raised  as  to  the  action  of  con- 
crete vipon  timber,  some  engineers  present  being  of 
opinicin  that  piles  surrounded  by  concrete  would 
rapidly  decay.  This  may  be  the  case  where  the 
whole  of  the  lime  is  not  thoroughly  slaked,  but  it  is 
doubtful  whether  perfectly  made  concrete  will  act 
on  organic  tissues,  and  it  is  inifortunate  that  ex- 
]ierimental  data  by  which  we  might  be  guided  are 
very  scarce.  It  is  of  much  impcjrtance  to  know 
what  .amount  of  reliance  may  be  placed  tm  the 
durability  of  the  timber,  because,  although  in  some 
cases  their  permanence  is  not  necessary  to  the 
stability  of  the  structure,  yet  in  others  their 
failure  would  ensure  the  ultimate  destruction  of 
the  entire  fabric.  Where  the  found.ations  are 
based  upon  firm,  immobile  strata,  the  decay  of  the 
piles  is  immaterial,  but  masonry  erected  upon  slip- 
pery strata  requires  piling  to  prevent  any  subse- 
quent shifting. 

In  America,  timber  being  very  abundant,  a  sub- 
stitute for  the  ordinary  caisson  has  been  found  in 
very  thick  timber  platforms  connected  together. 
At  Pittsburg  a  railway  crosses  the  Alleghany 
River  at  a  point  where  its  width  is  1,200ft.,  its 
depth  varying  from  12ft.  at  low  water  to  42ft.  in 
floods.  The  coarse  gravel  forming  the  bottom 
was  dredged  out  to  a  depth  of  13ft.  beneath  low 
water,  and  timber  platforms  12ft.  thick,  each  con- 
sisting of  twelve  layers  of  baulks  crossing  each 
other,  were  floated  over  the  sites  of  the  piers.  A 
few  stones  were  embedded  in  the  timber  to  lessen 
its  flotation,  and  as  the  masonry  was  erected 
upon  it,  it  graduaUy  sank,  leaving  the  top  surfaces 
of  the  timber  eventually  about  1ft.  under  the  level 
of  low  water.  The  timber,  which  is  pine,  is  thus 
perfectly  protected,  and  the  only  question  as  to 
the  stability  of  the  bridge  is  whether  the  gravel 
will  resist  the  action  of  the  stream  or  yield  to  its 
scouring  influence,  as  did  the  soil  under  the 
caissons  of  old  Westminster  Bridge,  which  scarcely 
lasted  100  years,  being  constructed  in  1 750. 

Not  unfrequently  iron  caissons  are  employed  in 
the  place  of  cofferdams  as  in  the  new  Blackfriars- 
road-bridge.  These  caissons  are  sunk  by  dredging 
under  and  weighting  them,  having  placed  them 
side  by  side  so  as  to  cover  the  whole  site  of  the 
foundation.  AVhen  sunk  some  distance  into  the 
clay  they  become  sufliciSntly  tight  to  allow  of  the 
interior  being  pumped  dry,  when  the  work  is  exe- 
cuted as  in  an  ordinary  cofferdam.  When  the 
masonry  reaches  the  water  level,  the  cast-iron  seg- 
ments composing  the  caissons  are  unbolted  by 
divers  and  removed.  In  rivers  subject  to  continual 
and  suddeu  heavy  floods,  the  bed  is  often  com- 
posed of  sand  or  gravel  to  a  great  depth  of  such  a 
shifting  character  that  it  is  difiicult  to  determine 
when  a  sound  immovable  bottom  is  reached. 
There  is  no  stream  to  which  this  rem.ark  more 
forcibly  applies  than  the  Allier,  which  drains  the 
tract  of  country  between  the  mountains  of 
Auvergne  and  Le  Puy.  At  Moulins  four  bridges 
had  been  swept  away  by  floods,  three  of  them 
within  thirty-five  years,  nor  after  this  was  the  re- 
construction attempted  for  forty  years.  However, 
in  1 750  M.  Regemortes  undertook  the  construction 
of  a  bridge  in  masonry.  The  bed  is  sand,  so  hard 
that  pUes  could  not  be  driven  more  than  13ft. 
deep,  and  so  mobile  that  the  obstruction  caused 
by  the  bridge  produced  a  scouring  action  to  the 
depth  of  20ft.,, the  sand  bottom  being  50ft.  thick. 
M.  Regemortes  decided  to  build  on  the  sand  and 
protect  it  from  scour  by  a  bed  of  masonry  across 
the  bed  of  the  river.  'Tsvo  rows  of  sheet  pUing 
were  driven,  extending  from  side  to  side  of  the 
stream  ;  the  contained  space  was  divided  into  small 
portions,  the  sand  dredged  to  a  depth  of  6ft.,  and 
then  a  thin  layer  of  clay  put  down  to  stop  the  in- 
filtration of  water ;  a  platform  of  timber  was  placed 
on  the  clay,  the  water  exhausted,  and  the  masonry 
proceeded  with  as  usual.  More  recently  a  similar 
system  has  been  employed,  but  with  the  substitu- 
tion of  concrete  faced  with  stone  for  the  apron, 
which  afi'ords  greater  facilities  for  executing  the 
work,  as  the  infiltration  through  the  bottom  is 
thus  prevented.  At  the  present  time,  probably, 
tubular  foundations  might  with  advantage  be  ap- 
plied to  such  cases,  but  at  the  period  to  which  wo 
have  alluded,  these  were  unknown,  and,  in  fact, 
the  proper  preparation  of  concrete  was  but  im- 
perfectly understood.  The  remainder  of  Mr. 
Rutt's  paper  was  devoted  to  the  consideration  of 
tubular  and  iron  pile  foundations,  and  the  various 
modes  of  sinking  them,  with  a  careful  description 
of  the  central  pier  of  the  great  Albert  Bridge  at 
Saltash,  probably  the  largest  cyUnder  ever  sunk. 
This  cylinder  was  37ft.  in  diameter  and  90ft.  long; 
it  was  sunk  through  12ft.  of  mud,  above  which 
there  is,  at  high  tide,  70ft.  of  water.  The  pier  was 
built  within  the  tube,  which  was  subsequently 
taken  to  pieces  and  removed. 


140 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


February  22,  1867. 


ELEMENTS      OF     ENGINEERING. 
No.    2. — Iron    Roofs. 

HAVING,  in  a  previous  article,  set  forth 
the  general  principles  to  be  observed 
in  designing  iron  roofs,  we  now  proceed  to 
analyse  the  nature  and  intensity  of  the  various 
strains  to  which  these  roofs  are  subject.  Fig. 
1  is  a  diagram  of  a  roof  constructed  on  the 


/       f/       li 


principle  of  the  upright  common  truss. 
A  B  C  is  the  primary  truss,  which  contains 
symmetrical,  secondary,  and  tertiary  trusses  on 
each  side  of  the  centre  tie  B  k.  The  case 
merely  requires  to  be  treated  in  one  half,  and 
we  shall  therefore  confine  our  observations  to 
the  portion  A  B  /i.  The  secondary  truss, 
A  e  h,  is  sustained  by  the  main  or  primary 
truss  ABC,  the  tertiary  truss  A  d  g  being 
sustained  by  the  secondary  A  eh.  In  practice, 
these  trusses  are  not  distinct,  the  one  rafter  A  B 
serving  in  three  capacities  and  forming  a 
compression  member  in  the  three  trusses  to 
which  we  have  alluded.  The  actual  weight 
upon  the  roof  principal  must,  for  purposes  of 
calculation,  be  assumed  to  be  concentrated  at 
certain  points  in  the  structure,  such  points  in 
the  present  case  existing  at  A,  d,  e,  B,  the  load 
between  c  and  B  being  carried  at  the  point  e, 
that  between  d  and  e  being  carried  at  d  and  c, 
half  at  each  point,  and  so  forth.  Let  it  be  re- 
quired to  solve  the  strains  on  the  various  ele- 
ments in  one-half  of  the  principal,  using  the 
following  notation  : — 

W   =  weight  to  be  sustained  by  A  B 
AB  =  L 
A  7i,  =  S 
B  7i  =  fJ 

The  bar  or  rafter  A  B  being  divided  into  three 
equal  parts  by  the  joints  d  and  e,  so  that 
A  d  ^=  d  e  =  eB,  then  the  load  may  be  re- 
garded as  supported  at  the  four  points  A  d  c  B, 
the  distribution  upon  these  points  being 

W 


upon  each  of  the  points  d  and  e,  and 

_  W 
^    6 

upon  each  of  the  points  A  and  B. 

The  strain  produced  upon  tlie  rafter  at  A, 
due  to  the  load  upon  that  point,  will  be 

_  W     L 

"~   6  '   S" 

which  must  be  sustained  in  addition  to  other 
strains  transmitted  from  higher  points  in  the 
rafter,  from  whence  they  pass  down  to  the 
bearing. 

The  load  at  d  will  be  transmitted  half  direct 
to  A  and  half  to  y.  The  strains  thereby  pro- 
duced on  ft  A,  d  g  being  each 

_  W     L 

at  e  there  will  be  the  load  there  accumulated, 
and  in  addition  the  load  transmitted  through 
the  element  ij  c,  wliich  together 

W      W       W 

3         6         2 

Of  this  load  one-third  will  be  transmitted  to 
A  and  two-thirds  to  d,  the  thrusts  thereby 
produced  being 

W     1      L       W  L 

on  e  d  a  strain  =  —  .  —  .  —  = 

2       3d         6d 

W     2      L       WL 

on  eh  a.  strain  —  —  .  —  .  —  >=- 

2      3d         3d 


At  B  there  will  be  a  load 

W      W       W 

6         3         2 


/W-v 

load   ^-^^    bemg 


tliis     last 


transmitted 


through  that  half  of  the  bar  B  h  which  may 
be  regarded  as  belonging  to  that  half  of  the 
truss  now  under  consideration. 

The  strain  produced  at  B  upon  B  A  wiU  be 

W     L 


2 

d 

Hence  summing  up 
rafter  A  B  we  find 

on  B  c  a  strain 

the  strains 
WL 

2  d 

upon  the 

on  e  d  a.  strain 

WL 

_           + 

2d 

2  WL 

WL 
6d 

~     3d 

on  d  A  a  strain 

2  WL 

~     3d 
5  WL 

WL 
Cd 

6d 

At  the  nnint.  A  .astrnin  - 

5  WL 

W  L 

6  d  6  d 

WL 

d 
The  strains  upon  the   struts  are   already 
shown  from  the  loads   upon   the  joints,  and 
those  upon  the  vertical  ties  are  equal  to  these 
loads,  being 

W 

on  c  jT  a  load  =  — 

6 

W 
and  on  half  A  B  a  load  =:  — 
3 
It  yet  remains  for  us  to  determine  the  pull 
upon  each  part  of  the  main  tie,  the  strains 
upon  which  will  be  as  foUows  : — 

W  L     S        W  S 

upon  A  g  a,  strain  := .  —  = 

d        h  d 

W  S       W  S        5  W  S 

on  g  h  a.  strain  ^ = 

d  6  d  6  d 

and  between  the  junction  of  the  bar  d  e  with 
its  corresponding  element  on  the  side  of  the 
truss  not  under  consideration.  The  strains 
upon  each  element  of  the  roof  being  known, 
the  sectional  areas  of  such  elements  are  readily 
determined  according  to  the  strength  of  the 
materials  employed.  Thus  for  struts  we 
should  allow  a  working  resistance  of  about 
three  tons  per  sectional  square  inch,  and  for 
ties  five  tons  per  sectional  square  inch  of  nett 
area,  that  is  to  say,  after  deducting  the  loss  by 
rivet  holes,  &c. 

In  this  article  we  have  set  forth  the  plain 
practical  method  of  calculating  the  strains 
upon  roofs  designed  on  the  principle  of  the 
common  upright  truss,  but  it  yet  remains  for 
us  to  demonstrate  the  accuracy  of  the  formula 
given.  This  may  be  done  in  two  ways,  alge- 
braically and  geometrically  ;  if  the  former 
course  is  pursued  the  trigonometrical  (juanti- 
ties  may  be  simplified  by  expressing  them  in 
terms  of  the  measurements  of  the  elements  of 
the  roof,  which  simplification  obtains  the  ad- 
vantage of  rendering  the  theory  of  trussed 
structures  comprehensible  to  those  who  are 
not  accustomed  to  the  higher  branches  of 
mathematical  investigation. 

In  our  next  article  on  the  .subject  of  roofs 
we  shall  proceed  to  demonstrate  the  principles 
and  resultant  formulae  as  above  enunciated. 


No.  2.— Estimation  of  Quantities. 

Having  dealt  with  the  question  of 
estimation  of  quantities  in  bridges  and 
roofs,  so  far  as  the  skeleton  is  concerned, 
we  have  now  to  consider  the  covering, 
which  varies  with  the  purposes  to  which  the 
structure  is  proposed  to  be  applied.  In 
bridges  we  find  the  roadways  consisting 
of  timber  or  asphalte,  ballast,  gravel,  or  con- 
crete, according  to  the  circumstances  of  locality. 
The  timber  requires  to  be  estimated  in  two 
ways,  namely,  for  weight  and  for  cubic  con- 
tent— for  the  former  to  ascertain  the  effective 
strength  of  the  work,  for  the  latter  in  reference 
to  price.  Let  W  =  the  weight  of  tim- 
ber flooring  in  tons,  w  =  the  same  in  pounds, 
I  =  length  in  feet,  6  =  breadth  in  feet, 
t  ^=  thickness  in  inches,  c  ^  a  constant  fac- 
tor ;   then 

W  =  3  X  6  X  «  X  c, 
the  value  of  a  being — 

for  elm  0-00156       for  white  fir  0-00132 

for  yellow  fir  0-00153  for  dry  oak  0-00216 
To  "determine  the  weight  in  pounds  we  have 

w  =  lXhXtXc, 
the  value  of  c  being — 

for  elm  3-50      for  white  fir  2-97 

for  yellow  fir  3-42      for  dry  oak .  4-85 

The  weight  of  sleepers,  joists,  &c.,  may  be  de- 
termined by  the  following  rule  : — Let  6  = 
the  breadth  in  inches,  the  remaining  notations 
being  as  above  ;  then  in  the  first  case  (W)  the 
value  of  c  will  be — 

forebn  0-000130  for  white  fir  0-000110 

for  yellow  fir  0-000127  for  dry  oak  0-000180 
and  in  the  second  case  (to) — 

for  elm  .".....  0-292       for  white  fir  0-247 
for  yellow  fir  0-285       for  dry  oak    0-404 

The  calculation  of  the  cubic  contents  is  ex- 
ceedingly simple  ;  thus  for  flooring  C  =  con- 
tents in  cubic  feet,  I  =  length  in  feet,  b  — 
breadth  in  feet,  4  =  thickness  in  inches. 

I  X  b  X  t 
C  = 

12 
And  in  the  case   of  joists,  &c.,  where  h  = 
breadth  in  inches, 

I  X  h  X   i 

C  = 

144 

It  does  not  always  occur  that  the  timber  plat-, 
form   entirely   covers    the    roadway,   as   fre-T 
quently  the  planks  are  spaced  apart  ;  hencei 
in   the    foregoing   formulje   only    the    actual 
breadth  of  timber  should  be  taken. 

Where  roadways  are  ballasted  the  proper 
course  to  pursue  consists  in  determining  the 
quantity  of  material  in  cubic  yards,  when  the 
weight  will  be  found  from  a  multiplier,  de- 
pending upon  the  nature  of  the  material  used, 
for  which  no  factors  can  in  a  small  space  be 
given  sufficiently  comprehensive,  on  account 
of  the  great  variety  of  soils  used.  'Concrete 
and  asphalte  are  determined  in  a  similar  man- 
ner. We  Jo  not  in  this  place  enter  upon  the 
subjects  of  glass  and  slate  coverings  for  roofs, 
as  these  will  be  treated  in  another  article,  but 
both  concrete  and  sand  are  used  in  hot 
countries  as  coverings  for  railway  and  other 
roofs,  and  sometimes  in  sufficient  quantities 
to  throw  on  the  roof  a  load  of  upwards  of 
lOOlb.  per  square  foot.  The  estimatesof  the 
superstructiu-e  being  complete,  those  referring 
to  the  foundations  must  be  considered,  and  it 
will  be  necessary  to  classify  the  materials  of 
which  such  foundations  are  formed.  Roofs  ' 
are  usually  sustained  by  walls,  columns,  or 
girders  ;  if  by  the  former  the  supports  are  in- 
cluded in  the  estimate  of  brickwork ;  if  by 
either  of  the  latter  their  weights  are  calculated, 
as  already  stated.  In  bridges,  however,  the 
supports  are  more  complicated,  and  the  quan- 
tities must  be  arranged  to  afi'ord  f  icility  in 
estimation  of  cost.  Thus,  all  the  iron  should 
be  first  determined.  This  -ndll  include  cast- 
iron  cylinders,  piles,  and  sheet  piles,  the 
weights  of  which  are  readily  ascertained  by 
multiplying  the  superficial  area  of  iron  in 


I 


ll 


February  22,  IS 67. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


141 


square  feet  liy  the  thickness  in  inches,  and  by 
38  for  the  weight  in  pounds,  or  by  multiplying 
the  superficial  area  in  square  feet  by  tlie  thick- 
ness in  inches,  and  dividing  the  jiroduct  by 
59  for  the  weight  in  tons.  Care  is  requisite 
in  these  calculations  to  allow  for  flanges, 
Istrengthcuing  brackets,  cfcc,  which  form  a  very 
important  item  in  works  of  magnitude.  Any 
WTOUght-iron  ties  used  for  bracing  piles  or 
columns  may  be  estimated  according  to  the 
rules  already  given.  For  bridge  and  pier  sup- 
ports the  following  index  will  be  found  con- 
venient : — 

Cast  Iron.  Wrought  Iron. 

Hollow  cylinders  or  piles  Horizontal  bracing 

Solid  ,,  „  Vertical  „ 

Plates  between  piles  Diagonal        „ 

5crewstopiles(MitcheIl's)  Gibs  and  cotters 

Discs  to  piles  (Brunlees')  Bolts  and  nuts 
Japs  to  piles 

To  determine  the  weight  of  brass,  copper, 
ic,  estimate  as  for  ^\Tought  iron  and  multiply 
)y  one  cf  the  following  factors  : — 

!f  the  material  is  steel        multiply  by  1-008. 
„  cast  iron  „  0'915. 

„  brass  „  1-084. 

„  copper  „  1-150. 

,,  lead  „  1-477. 


^rcljxolodn. 


BRITISH  REMAINS  AT  BILLERICAT, 
ESSEX. 

?HE  parish  of  Billericay,  near  Brentwood,  in 
Sssex,  has  long  been  known  to  antiquaries  as 
place  where  rather  extensive  Roman  remains 
sve  from  time  to  time  been  found,  but  no 
emains  of  tliu  British  inhabitants  hare  been  ob- 
Brved  until  the  discovery  which  we  have  now  to 
Ascribe.  On  the  north-east  side  of  the  existing 
own  is  a  rather  extensive  wood  called  Norsey 
Vood.  The  southern  side  of  the  wood  runs 
long  the  brow  of  a  hill  which  slopes  towards 
be  eouth,  and  discloses  a  fine  view  aver  the 
onthern  part  of  the  county,  with  the  Thames  in 
he  distance  and  the  Kent  hills  beyond.  Along 
his  brow,  just  within  the  margin  of  the  wood, 
re  several  lines  of  artificial  embankment,  which 
lo  not  seem  adapted  to  any  purpose  of  modem 
itility,  and  at  the  highest  part  of  the  brow  is  a 
3w  hillock,  perhaps  20ft.  across  and  Gft.  high, 
alculated  to  strengthen  the  suspicious  of  an  anti- 
uary  that  theae  earthworks  are  traces  of  the 
Qcient  occupiers  of  the  soil.  This  tumulus  was 
.refuUy  examined  two  years  ago,  and  we  are 
oabled  for  the  first  time  to  publish  an  account 
f  the  interesting  results.  First  of  all  in  walk. 
ig  over  the  tumulus  a  fragment  of  a  small 
Loman  urn  was  found  lying  loose  on  the  soil, 
ad  on  removing  a  "stool"  of  underwood 
hich  stood  in  the  way  of  the  proposed  excavation, 
lar  the  apex  of  the  mound,  several  fragments 
f  diiferent  Roman  urns  were  found  in  the  sod 
eneath  and  about  the  roots.  A  trench  was  dug 
•om  the  west  side  straight  into  the  middle  of 
le  tumulus.  At  about  the  middle  of  the 
lound,  and  3ft.  deep  from  its  apex,  the  exca- 
itors  were  rewarded  by  the  appearance  of  a  large 
Tltish  urn,  about  l|t't.  high,  and  1ft.  in 
iameter,  of  the  common,  badly-burnt  ware,  and 
'  the  commonest  shape,  with  a  little  ornamenta- 
on  round  the  shoulder.  It  was  turned  bottom 
pwards.  On  examination  it  was  found  to  con- 
in  ashes  and  calcined  bones  to  about  two- 
lirds  of  its  depth.  It  seemed  then  to  have 
len  filled  in,  before  it  was  turned  upside  down, 
ith  clayey  loam,  of  the  same  kind  as  the  tumu- 
18  was  composed  of.  Pursuing  the  re- 
arches,  a  little  to  the  north-west  of  the  first 
en,  and  about  9in.  from  it,  was  found  another 
rn  of  about  the  same  size,  shape,  and  pattern, 
so  filled  in  the  same  manner,  two-thirds  with 
thes  and  calcined  fragments  of  bone,  and  one. 
urd  with  clay,  and  in  the  same  inverted  posi- 
on.  Again,  a  little  north-west  of  the  second  urn 
le  of  the  labourers  picked  up  a  small  bronze 
lin.  It  was  undecipherable,  but  there  couid  be 
'j  doubt  that  it  was  a  late  Roman  third  bronze 
)in.     This  is  an  important  piece  of  evidence. 


and,  in  connection  with  the  other  contents 
of  the  tumulus,  forms  an  archEological  puzzle. 
It  is,  however,  right  to  say  that  the  manner 
iif  the  labourer  wlio  picked  up  the  coin  led 
to  strong  suspicions  in  the  mind  of  the  superin- 
tendent of  the  work  that  he  had  himself,  by  way 
of  joke,  put  the  coin  into  the  earth  the  moment 
before  he  called  nttentiou  to  it.  In  searching  the 
soil  turned  out  of  the  trench  there  were  also 
found  two  thin  slices  of  flint,  clearly  of  artificial 
formation.  About  3ft.  west  of  the  first  urn,  but 
at  a  lower  level,  was  found  a  third  urn,  of  nearly 
the  same  shape  as  the  others,  but  with  rather 
straighter  sides,  and  of  a  different  (redder)  ware, 
filled  like  the  others,  and  inverted  like  them.  A 
large  hole  was  then  made  in  the  centre  of  the 
tumulus,  right  dowu  to  the  unmoved  soil  upon 
which  it  had  been  heaped,  but  nothing  more  was 
found.  Also,  another  trench  was  carried  from 
the  third  urn  southwards  :  in  taking  off  the  top 
soil  a  few  more  fragments  of  Roman  urns  were 
found,  but  nothing  more  of  British  date.  The 
excavation  was  carried  no  further,  and  it  ia  of 
course  possible  that  other  urns  or  relics  of  other 
kinds  may  exist  in  the  largo  part  of  the  tumulus 
which  was  left  undisturbed.  The  general  result, 
then,  of  the  excavation  is  this  : — That  the  tumu- 
lus was  a  British  sepulchral  barrow,  containing 
in  large  urns  the  incremated  remains  of  at  least 
three  individuals.  The  fragments  of  small 
Roman  vessels  were  all  on  the  surface  of  the 
tumulus,  and  are  accidental,  i.e.,  have  no  connec- 
tion with  the  purpose  of  the  tumulus.  They 
may  have  found  their  way  here  from  a  Roman 
burial-place  in  the  western  part  of  the  same 
wood,  from  which  numerous  Roman  vessels  have 
at  various  times  been  disinterred.  Another 
tumulus  in  the  same  wood,  by  the  roadside 
leading  from  Billericay  to  Ramsdeu  Belhouse, 
was  examined  at  the  same  time,  and  yielded  still 
more  interesting  discoveries.  A  trench  was  dug 
into  it,  as  in  the  former  example,  from  the  out- 
side towards  the  middle,  at  right  angles  to  the 
high  road,  i.e.,  in  a  direction  about  from  north- 
west to  south-east.  Xothing  was  found  until  the 
middle  of  the  tumulus  was  reached,  and  there  a 
careful  exploration  brought  to  light  a  perfect 
nest  of  British  urns.  They  were  seven  in  num- 
ber, and  lay  within  a  circle  of  about  two  yards 
diameter,  not  deposited  in  any  very  regular 
figure,  and  not  all  at  the  same  level.  Several  of 
the  urns  were  tolerably  perfect,  but  the  badly- 
burnt  clay  was  so  friable  that  they  fell  to  pieces 
in  being  got  out.  One  only  was  in  such  good 
condition  as  to  be  capable  of  being  taken  out 
quite  whole.  They  were  all  of  British  shape  and 
material.  Several  of  them  deserve  special  no- 
tice.  One,  of  the  usual  shape,  with  a  line  of 
rude  ornamentation  round  the  shoulder,  was  re- 
markable for  this — that  the  line  of  ornamenta- 
tion was  formed  of  a  slip  of  clay  put  on  after  the 
vessel  had  been  formed.  In  the  disintegrated 
state  of  the  vessel  portions  of  this  ornamental 
slip  were  easily  detached.  Another  was  remark- 
able for  this — that  its  horizontal  section  was  not 
circular,  but  decidedly  and  intentionally  oval, 
about  9in.  diameter  in  one  direction,  and  Tin.  in 
the  other.  Another  had  its  bottom  concave,  like 
that  of  a  wine  bottle.  Another  was  quite 
straight-sided,  like  a  common  flower-pot,  and  had 
a  little  ornamentation,  not  on  the  side,  but  on 
the  very  edge  of  the  vessel.  There  were  frag- 
ments of  several  other  vessels  found,  which,  if 
whole,  would  have  made  about  ten  vessels  in  all. 
Of  all  these  vessels  only  one  contained  ashes  and 
calcined  fragments  of  bone ;  it  was  turned  up- 
side down  as  in  the  other  tumulus.  All  tlie 
other  urns  were  inverted,  and  some  had  a  little 
charcoal  or  very  dark  earth  beneath,  but  nothing 
in  them.  It  was  assumed  that  this  group  of 
urns — one  a  funereal  urn,  and  the  rest  subsidiary 
to  it^was  the  sole  deposit  over  which  the  tumu- 
lus had  been  raised,  and  no  further  research 
was  made. 

It  will  be  interesting,  after  the  descriptions  of 
"  pit  dwellings  "  and  "  Dene  holes  "  which  have 
lately  appeared  in  these  columns,  to  state  that 
not  far  from  the  first  of  these  tumuli  was  an  ex- 
cavation, like  a  small  deep  gravel-pit,  which  one 
of  the  labourers  said  his  father  had  told  him  was 
a  "Dene  hole"  which  had  caved  in.  He  had 
had  the  curiosity  to  dig  into  it  here  and  there  to 
about  the  depth  of  3ft.,  but  found  nothing  "ex- 
cept a  few  broken  tiles."  He  also  had  a  vague 
tradition  that  "The  Grange"  (Burstead Grange, 
about  two  miles  off)  "  was  where  the  battle  was 
fought." 


SOUTHAMPTON  AND  SOUTH  OF  ENG- 
LAND LITERARY  AND  PHILOSOPHICAL 
S0CI15TY. 
At  the  soireo  of  this  society,  held  at  Southampton 
on  Friday  last,  an  address  was  delivered  by  the 
Rev.  E.  Kell,  giving  a  summary  of  the  papers  read 
at  the  monthly  meetings  of  the  society  during 
the  previous  year.  Of  those  which  fell  within  our 
proviuce,  we  may  put  on  record  a  paper  read  by 
the  Rev.  J.  H.  Austen,  "  On  the  Romans  in  Dorset- 
shire," in  which  the  traces  of  their  occupation, 
more  particularly  in  the  remains  of  great  high- 
roads, were  described.  Mr.  KcU  himself  .ilso  read 
a  paper  on  "  Silchester ;"  in  which  he  stated  that 
Silchester,  originally  of  liritish  origin,  had  been 
built  upon  and  fortified  by  the  Romans  during 
the  latter  part  of  the  Roman  occupation  of  Britain, 
probably  about  a.d.  364 ;  and  that  it  was  pro- 
bably destroyed  by  fire  in  the  fourth  century. 
Some  antiquaries  have  thought  that  Silchester 
was  of  earUer  date,  and  that  it  was  referred  to  in 
the  Itinerary  of  Antoninus,  as  either  Vendonum 
or  C'alleva.  But  a  site  known  at  the  present  time 
as  Frinkley  Farm,  near  St.  Mary  Burne,  has  been 
shou-n  by  Sir  Richard  C.  Hoare,  to  correspond  better 
with  the  description  of  Vendonum,  and  Calleva  is 
more  probably  identical  with  the  modern  town  of 
Reading.  The  excavations  of  Silchester  are  still 
proceeding ;  and  those  who  are  interested  in  an- 
tiquities are  recommended  not  to  lose  time  in 
visiting  them.  These  Roman  vUlas  are  now  un- 
covered, but  it  is  probable  that  the  same  fate 
awaita  them  which  h.as  overtaken  the  first  villa 
which  was  brought  to  light,  viz.,  to  be  re-covered 
with  the  soil,  and  again  brought  under  the 
plough. 

There  has  been  lately  some  discussion  as  to 
the  origin  of  the  custom  of  putting  a  ducal 
coronet  round  the  archiepiscopal  mitre.  We 
are  able  to  say  that  an  examination  of  the  por- 
traits at  Lambeth  shows  that  this  combination  of 
the  coronet  and  mitre  occurs  there  for  the  first 
time  on  an  engraved  portrait  of  TiUotson. 

Mr.  E.  A.  Freeman's  new  work  on  "  The 
History  of  the  Norman  Conquest  of  England, 
its  Causes  and  Results,"  wdl  be  published  by 
Messrs.  MacmUlan  in  a  few  days. 

The  forthcoming  publication  of  the  Camden 
Society,  edited  by  Canon  Robertson,  is  a  work  of 
curious  historical  interest.  One  of  the  Canons 
of  Canterbury,  Bargrave  by  name,  in  the  time  of 
the  Commonwealth,  when  the  clergy  were  driven 
from  their  benefices  and  forbidden  to  exercise 
their  functions,  occupied  himself  in  travelling 
abroad.  In  Italy  he  purchased  engraved  por- 
traits of  many  personages  of  more  or  less  histori- 
cal celebrity,  and  on  the  backs  of  the  engravings 
he  wrote  sketches  of  their  lives.  It  is  these 
biographies,  which  contain  many  curious  and 
some  important  facts,  which  Canon  Robertson  ia 
giving  to  the  world. 

Whatever  polititians  may  think  of  the  Chancel- 
lor of  the  Exchequer,  he  is  in  the  very  highest  fa- 
vour just  now  with  archaeologists,  for  the  promp- 
titude which  has  secured  to  England  the  treasures 
of  ancient  art  contained  in  the  famous  Blacas  col- 
lection. In  asking  the  House  of  Commons  on 
Monday  night  to  sanction  the  purchase,  Mr. 
Disraeli  gave  some  particulars  about  the  collectiou 
which  we  transcribe.  In  our  national  collection 
of  ancient  art,  which,  on  the  whole,  may  be  des- 
cribed as  unrivalled,  there  is  one  great  defect — it  is 
deficient  in  ancient  gems,  and  these  formed  the 
most  rare  and  valuable  features  of  the  Blacas  col- 
lection— the  most  celebrated,  perhaps,  to  be  fovmd 
in  any  private  cabinet  in  Europe,  unless  we  except 
that  at  Blenheim  Palace.  It  was,  therefore,  of 
great  consequence  that  this  collection  of  gems 
should  be  obtained  for  us  :  and  the  reason  it  was 
so  urgent  was,  that  probably  no  such  opportunity 
would  ever  occur  again,  and  certainly  not  in  this 
generation.  All  the  celebrated  gems  of  antiquity 
are  now  well  known ;  most  of  them  are  possessed 
in  Royal  and  Imperial  collections  at  St.  Peters- 
burg, "at  Berhn,  and  at  Paris;  and  England,  not- 
withstanding the  celebrity  of  its  British  Museum, 
is  almost  entirelywithoutspeciniensof  those  works 
which  are  among  the  most  exquisite  and  rarest 
works  of  art. 


The  quantity  of  water  suppUed  by  the  whole  of 
the  aqueducts  in  ancient  Rome  is  calculated  to 
have  amounted  to  the  enormous  quantity  of 
50,000,000  cubic  feet  daily. 


142 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


February  22,  1867. 


THE  THEATRES. 

UNDER  this  heafling  we  propose  from  time 
to  time  to  give  critical  notices  of  such 
things  as  improvements  in  theatre  construction, 
stage  scenery,  and  indeed  of  all  that  border  country 
of  the  dramatic  art  which  skirts  so  to  speak  the 
boundaries  of  those  kindred  arts  with  whose  pro- 
gress we  are  more  immediately  concerned.  It  is 
mainly  because  we  think  it  impossible  to  fix,  and 
impolitic  to  attempt  even  to  fix,  the  boundaries  of 
any  art  study,  that  we  propose  to  touch  upon 
subjects  which  though  not  directly  connected 
with  the  object  of  our  journal,  have  nevertheless 
an  indirect  influence  on,  and  are  influenced  by  the 
position  of  those  great  arts  which  are  involved  in 
all  noble  building.  For  we  feel  convinced  it 
would  be  better  for  architects  if  their  studies 
were  a  little  more  catholic  than  they  usually  are  ; 
and  we  are  quite  sure  that  it  would  be  better  for 
the  Engli-sh  drama  if  those  who  have  to  do  with 
our  theatres  were  a  little  less  narrow  in  their 
views,  and  not  quite  so  much  given  to  stage 
cliqueism.  Besides  which,  there  are  branches  of 
study,  such,  for  instance,  as  archseology,  which 
are  or  should  be  common  to  every  art.  The 
theatrical  manager  who  knows  nothing  about  it, 
and  is  too  fond  of  his  ease  to  care  to  know  any- 
thing, may  be  inclined  to  pooh-pooh  all  archaeo- 
logical research ;  but  believing  as  we  most  tho- 
roughly do,  that  the  art  dramatic  was  never  in 
such  a  deplorable  condition  as  it  is  at  the  present 
time,  we  should  not  be  surprised  at  this  or  any 
other  evidence  of  ignorance.  To  any  one  at  all 
familiar  with  the  modern  stage  and  its  manners 
and  customs,  it  is  almost  unnecessary  to  say  that 
it  is  impossible  for  it  to  occupy  a  lower  position 
than  it  now  does.  And  the  wonder  is,  not  that  we 
80  soon  get  tired  of  it,  but  that  it  should  possess 
anything  which  should  be  sufliciently  attractive  to 
give  it  the  chance  of  tiring  us.  In  other  words, 
there  is  certainly  evidence  of  talent  somewhere  or 
other  behind  the  curtain,  but  it  is  always  more  or 
less  swamped  by  the  vulgar  coarseness  or  the 
foolish  freak  of  some  stupid  conventionalism. 
Take,  for  instance,  the  transformation  scene  at 
Covent  Garden  Theatre — a  vale  of  ferns  out  of 
which  rise  six  figures,  three  on  each  side,  one 
behind  the  other,  and  well  separated,  so  that  the 
tender  colours  of  their  drapery  are  seen  to  advan- 
tage ;  at  the  back  of  these,  spanning  the  entire 
stage,  an  inhabited  rainbow,  with  all  the  drapery 
arranged  both  as  to  torm  and  colour,  with  a  won- 
derful sense  of  art  refinement.  No  sooner,  how- 
ever, had  this  unusual  loveliness  been  reached 
than  it  was  lost — literally  I'St — in  an  avalanche  of 
coarse  and  vulgar  tinsel,  which  was  poured  in  on 
each  side  of  the  stage  to  tickle  the  eyes  of  the 
groundlings,  much  as  low  comedy  men  use  vulgar 
gags  to  tickle  their  ears.  For  the  sake  of  the 
designer  of  this  scene,  who  was  called,  and  de- 
servedly called,  before  the  curtain,  we  hope  that 
the  gold  tinsel  was  forced  upon  him.  This  faith 
in  glitter  is  one  of  the  very  coarsest  conventional- 
ities of  the  stage,  and  in  such  scenes  as  that  to 
which  we  have  just  referred,  there  is  often  un- 
fortunately very  little  else  but  glitter.  It  is  be- 
cause the  colour  and  arrangement  of  the  scene  at 
Covent  Garden  are  so  near  perfection  in  them- 
selves that  we  ask  the  manager  to  break  himself 
free  of  the  fetters  of  a  convention  so  destructive 
to  art.  We  would  also  take  this  opportunity  of 
congratulating  the  designer  on  the  success  he  has 
achieved,  and  advise  those  of  our  readers  who 
have  not  yet  seen  to  take  the  earliest  opportunity 
of  doing  so. 


CITY    OFFICES,     OLD    BROAD-STREET, 

AND  BISHOPSGATE.STREET. 

THE  block  of  buildings  just  completed  for  the 
City  Offices  Company,  called  "  Palmerston 
Buildings,"  is,  we  believe,  the  largest  in  extent  of 
any  recently  erected.  The  greater  part  of  the 
land  was  formerly  occupied  by  the  celebrated 
"  Bull  Inn,"  one  of  those  quaint  old  hostelries, 
with  courtyards  and  balconies,  which  flourished  in 
other  days,  when  coaches  were  the  only  means  for 
adventurous  travellers.  The  entrance  was  from 
Bishopsgate-street,  and  the  stable  yard  and  sheds 
formed  a  vast  area  at  the  back.  Other  property 
adjoining  was  acquired  by  the  company  both  in 
Bishopsgate-street  and  Old  Broad-street,  making 
the  total  area  occupied  by  the  new  buildings 
nearly  30,000  superficial  feet.  The  site,  as  will  be 
seen  from  the  plan,  is  irregular  in  shape,  and  ex- 
tends from  Bishopsgate-street  opposite  St.  Helen's 
Place,  right  through  to  Old  Broad-street,  a  dis- 
tance of  about  350ft.,  the  frontage  being  in 
Bishopsgate-street  74ft.,  and  in  Old  Broad-street 


62ft.  wide.  Both  fronts  are  in  the  Italian  style, 
the  former  being  somewhat  more  enriched  and 
ornate  than  the  latter. 

The  Bishopsgate-street  fajade  consists  of  seven 
bays,  the  centre  being  occupied  by  the  entrance 
doorway  leading  to  the  main  corridor,  traversing 
the  entire  building,  and  having  its  exit  in  Old 
Broad-street.  The  ground  story  is  enriched  with 
])olished  granite  shafts  and  pilasters  supporting 
Doric  caps  and  a  fuU  entablature,  carrying  a  similar 
arrangement  of  columns  and  pilasters  on  the  first 
floor  in  Corinthian,  the  upper  stories  being  re- 
lieved by  rustics  and  panels.  The  carving  through- 
out has  been  treated  in  a  somewhat  free  style,  the 
capitals  being  in  no  case  strictly  classic  in  detail. 

The  Broad  street  front  (a  drawing  of  which  is 
given)  has  four  bays,  one  being  devoted  to  the  en- 
trance and  one  to  large  windows,  the  spaces  be- 
tween being  enriched  with  three-quarter  columns  in 
polished  granite,  with  composite  columns  on  the 
upper  story  with  rusticated  and  panelled  spaces 
above.  The  material  used  for  both  fronts  is 
Portland  stone.  As  regards  the  internal  arrange- 
ment and  plan,  the  task  presented  to  the  archi- 
tects was  to  obtain  the  largest  amount  of  avail- 
able space  for  oflices,  consistently  with  a  due 
amount  of  light  and  ventilation.  This  has  been 
accomplished  by  large  and  spacious  open  courts, 
and  by  so  arranging  the  courts  as  to  get  the 
largest  amount  of  light  from  east  to  west.  The 
building  adjoins  on  the  west  the  large  block  of 
offices  known  as  Gresham  House,  and  the  archi- 
tects have  continued  the  courts  of  the  building 
in  question  in  a  line  with  the  courts  of  that  build- 
ing, so  as  to  improve  the  light  and  air  of  both 
buildings. 

The  nature  of  the  levels  induced  the  building 
of  a  sub-basement.  This  is  intended  to  be  used 
for  wine  and  other  cellars,  and  is  of  great  extent, 
having  entrances  at  both  ends  of  the  building. 
The  upper  basement  will  partly  be  used  for 
cellars,  offices,  and  silk  warehouses,  as  also  for 
strong  rooms,  refreshment-rooms,  &c.  The  ground 
floor  will  contain  fifty  commodious  offices  of  vary- 
ing capacity,  the  remaining  space  being  taken  by 
staircases,  corridors,  passages,  and  lighting  wells. 
The  main  building  has,  besides,  first,  second,  and 
third  stories,  similarly  arranged,  the  attics  being 
confined  to  the  street  fronts  at  either  end  of  the 
building.  The  main  corridor,  which  as  we  have 
said,  runs  through  the  building,  is  l'2ft.  wide, 
except  the  cross  corridor,  lighted  by  a  skylight 
which  is  14ft.  mde.  The  cost  of  the  building  will 
be  about  £80,000.  The  works  have  been  carried 
out  with  great  ability  and  expedition  by  Messrs. 
David  King  and  Sons,  of  Aldgate,  the  carving 
being  undertaken  by  Mr.  F.  G.  Anstey,  of  St. 
.John's  Wood.  The  architects  are  Messrs.  F.  and 
H.  Francis,  of  London. 

We  may  state  that  in  addition  to  the  ordinary 
purposes  for  which  slate  is  used,  such  as  roofing, 
shelving,  flooring,  &c.,  it  has  been  here  introduced 
to  great  advantage  for  chimneypieces,  beautifully 
enamelled  in  imitation  of  the  more  choice  descrip- 
tion of  marbles.  Amongst  others  we  noticed 
malachite,  serpentine,  St.  Ann's,  and  Russian 
green,  so  rendered  that  it  would  be  difficult  for  a 
practised  eye  to  distinguish  them  from  the  natural 
productions,  while  the  polish  is  much  superior  to 
that  usually  produced  on  marble.  The  whole  of 
these  have  been  executed  by  Mr.  A.  A.  Robinson, 
of  Fenchurch-street  and  Stratford. 


monuments.  He  did  not  notice  the  circumstance 
that  this  substance,  which  melts  at  a  very  low 
temperature,  could  only  have  been  used  in  those 
latitudes  for  mere  foundations,  or,  at  best,  subter- 
ranean floors.  But,  apart  from  his  hyperboles, 
Dr.  D'Eyrinis's  book  contains  the  indication  of  the 
principal  appliances  of  asphalte  we  at  present 
witness,  except  the  very  one  which  is  most  fre- 
quent, viz.,  foot  pavements.  The  bed  of  Val  de 
Travers  continued  to  provide  Europe  with  the 
article  until  the  discovery  of  that  of  Seyssel,  for 
the  working  of  which  a  company  was  formed, 
whose  shares  experienced  the  strangest  fluctuations 
possible.  In  less  than  a  year,  the  shares  emitted 
at  the  value  of  500f.  rose  above  16,000f.,  and  fell 
again  to  25f.  These  sudden  freaks  of  speculation 
for  a  moment  brought  the  article  into  discredit, 
but  it  has  since  rallied,  and  is  now  extensively 
exported  to  all  the  capitals  of  Europe.  The 
municipality  of  Paris  uses  it  exclusively  for  all 
the  foot  pavements  of  their  metropolis,  and  it  is 
even  beginning  to  be  employed  on  a  large  scale  in 
lieu  of  road-metal. 


BLOCK  PLAN  OF  MR.  STREET'S  DESIGN 
FOR   THE   COURTS   OF  JUSTICE. 

LAST  week  we  gave  a  general  criticism  of  Mr. 
Street's  designs.  We  now  give  on  another 
page  a  lithographic  drawing  of  his  key  plan,  of 
which  the  following  is  an  explanation  : — 

n.  All  the  rooms  for  the  Bar  are  under  central  hall, 
close  to  all  the  courts  The  Bar  require  the  inner  line  of 
communication,  having  to  practice  in  all  the  courts.  There 
is  a  continuous  passage  for  Bar  through  all  the  courts 
at  the  end  nearest  Bar  rooms,  under  public  galleries. 

*  1  to  6  23-  The  coxuts,  all  on  the  same  level-  ft  1  to  6  7 
Equity  Courts,  ft  8  to  6  10  Courts  of  Queen's  Bench,  ft  11  to 
ft  13  Courts  of  Common  Pleas,  ft  l-l  to  ft  16  Courts  of  Ex- 
chequer, ft  17  Exchequer  Chamber,  6  18  spare  court,  ft  19 
extra  court,  ft  20  Probate  and  Divorce  Court,  6  21  Ad- 
miralty Court,  6  22  Ecclesiastical  Court,  6  23  Appellate 
Court,  ft  24  Bankruptcy  Court  and  olfices. 

c  c  c.  The  Judges'  Corridors,  continuous  throughout, 
and  accessible  only  to  Judges- 

d  d.  Judges'  rooms,  level  with  Bench  in  all  the  courts. 
Each  set  opposite  its  own  court. 

e  /  g.     Prijicipal  entrances  for  Judges. 

h.  Entrance  in  Strand  for  jiu-ors,  witnesses,  and  parties 
to  suits.  Principal  stairs  here  lead  to  a  second  hall  on  first 
floor,  and  from  thence  by  a  bridge  and  flight  of  stairs  to 
central  hall-  There  are  separate  entrances  and  stairs  for 
witnesses  and  jurors  who  wish  to  go  at  once  to  their  rooms 
without  ascending  to  central  hall, 

k  k.  Corridors  for  general  public,  each  175ft.  by  15ft., 
reached  by  four  public  staircases.  From  these  access  is 
gained  to  the  lobbies  behind  the  galleries  in  courts.  The 
central  hall  is  not  used  by  the  general  public,  but  it  and 
these  corridors  are  level,  and  persons  can  Dass  by  permis- 
sion from  one  to  the  other  by  means  of  doors  in  the  iron 
screens  which  separate  them.  ! 

1 1.     Carriage  quadrangles,  with  arched  entrances  ^m  j 
Strand  and  Carey-street.    These  are  for  the  Judges'  acce 
to  their  porches. 

Below  c  c  is  a  corridor  for  the  use  of  the  Bar  and 
attorneys  only.  It  opens  to  the  consultation  rooms,  which 
are  under  '/  d  all  round. 

Below  this  is  another  corridor,  for  jurors  and  witnesses 
only.  The  jury  rooms  are  tinder  the  consultation  rooms 
d  d,  and  the  witness  rooms  are  all  under  the  courts. 

m  m  m  in.  Enclosing  block  of  law  offices,  all  of  them 
perfectly  lighted,  and  most  of  them  very  quiet. 


ASPHALTE. 


THE  discovery  and  use  of  the  bitumen  now  so 
extensively  used  for  foot  pavements,  &c., 
dates  from  the  highest  antiquity.  According  to  a 
positive  text  in  Genesis,  it  was  used  as  a  cement 
by  Noah  in  building  his  ark,  aud  numerous 
vestiges  of  it  have  been  found  in  the  crypts  of 
Egypt  and  Babylon.  But,  whether  from  neglect 
or  some  other  cause,  certain  it  is  the  Romans 
never  used  it,  any  more  than  their  successors  of 
the  middle  ages,  and  it  was  not  until  the  first 
years  of  the  eighteenth  century  that  Dr.  Eyiini 
d'Eyrinis,  a  professor  of  Greek,  while  on  a  tour, 
discovered  a  bed  of  this  substance  in  the  Viil  de 
Travers.  As  it  appeared  to  him  of  the  same 
quality  as  th.at  used  in  the  East,  he  subjected  it 
to  various  experiments,  from  which  it  appeared 
that  it  was  a  sort  of  lime-stone  impregnated  with 
bitumen,  and  which,  by  exposure  to  heat,  yielded 
an  adhesive  substance  similar  to  the  Babylonian 
cement.  Overjoyed  at  his  discovery.  Dr.  D'Eyrinis 
in  1721  published  a  book  in  honour  of  it,  aud  in 
which  he  greatly  exaggerated  the  part  this  bitu- 
men  had   played  in  the  Egyptian  and  Assyrian 


GAS  LAMPS. 

A  WRITER  in  the  Pall  Mall  Gazette  says  :— 
Our  gas  is  universally  recognised  as  bad.  We 
know  whom  we  may  blame  for   that.      But  who 
constructed,  who  placed  in  situ  our  lamps  ?    Who 
had    the   bright  idea  of  allowing  half   the   light 
to     be     wasted   on   the   desert    air,   instead     of 
being  reflected  ?      If  when  walking  home  at  night 
you  observe  the  lamps,  you  will  find  the   burners! 
in  some  close  to  the  bottom ;  in   others,   half-wayj 
up  ;  in  others,  near  the  top  of  the  lamp.       Surely* 
there  must  be  some   rule  !      If  furthermore   yoi 
step  the  distance  between  the  lamps  you  will  find' 
some  placed  at  30,  some  at  33,  35,  40,  paces  from 
one  another.     Again,  you  will  sometimes  observe 
that  the  lamps  du  the  opposite  side  are  directly  in 
front  of  those  on  yours,  instead  of  being   halfway 
between  the  two  on  yours.     Now  I  am  sure  th^ 
even  with  our  badly  constructed  lamp  we   might 
obtain  a  great  increase  of  reflected  light  by  simply 
painting  the  upper  glasses  white,   so   as  to  turn 
them    into    mirrors.        According    to    my     no- 
tion the  upper  portion  of  a  street  lamp,   instead  of 
being  as  at  present  at  an  acute  angle   or  rounded,  j 
which  is  ugly,  costly,  and  troublesome  to   clean, ' 
ought  to  be  a  rectangle,  formed  either  of  metallic 
reflectors,  or  glass   painted    externally.      Now   in 
such  a  lamp,   with  a  diameter  of  (say)    lOin.,  the 
height   between  apex   and   base   might   be  12ia., 
and  with   a  burner  .at  7in.  from  base  the  reflected  .Vj 
light  would  be  considerable.     The   height  above  9. 
the   ground    must     be   estimated    .according    to   - 
the   lighting   power.     The  distance  from  lamp  to 
lamp  likewise. 


I 


The  BtuMmg  ISevm ,  leF  ZZ"^  1867 


DESIGNS    FOR    NEW   LAW    COURTS. 


^lock  Fkcn.  of  £zuldinff .      J.J*.  Seddxm^^Arcii 


'rmtetl  ty  W^lnteman  &  Bass. 


Hob^WSpra^e  &  C°  Jiai-Xandc. 


D  R  Warry.  liih 


Februaey  22,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


147 


THE    NEW    COURTS    OF   JUSTICE. 

To  the  Editor  of  the  Buildinq  News. 

Sir, — A  few  brief  comments,  by  one  who  is 
no  stranger  to  tlie  art,  upon  the  designs  for 
the  proiH)sed  new  Law  Courts  may  be  accejit- 
able  to  your  readers.  They  do  not  pretend  to 
enter  into  tlie  important  (|uestion  of  the 
merits  of  the  phins,  but  simply  into  the 
aesthetic  qualities  of  the  designs.  Taking 
llaiu  seriatim,  I  begin  with  that  of 

Mr.  Scott, 

iiid  it  is  not  without  compunction  and  regret 
iliat  I  feel  compelled  to  take  an  unfavourable 
\iiwof  the  designs  of  one  who  has  so  long 
uid  ably  upheld  the  character  of  the  profes- 
-I'U.  But  his  world-wide  reputation  makes 
liiiii  our  representative  man  ;  and  as  such,  I 
li mur  to  his  designs,  which  a  few  years  back 
iiiiglit  have  been  considered  magnificent,  but 
\''\\  lack  that  quality  and  fine  feeling 
liscernible  in  the  works  of  some  few  of  his 
iuniors.  In  the  present  instance  there  is  an 
uiijileasant  cramped  expression  pervading  all 
the  facades,  attributable,  I  believe,  to  the 
iiiiirow  proportions  of  liis  arches,  and  an  undue 
bingation  of  columns,  with  a  crying  want  of 
•v.ill  surface  throughout.  The  treatment  of 
li-;  turrets,  pinnacles,  and  parapets  is  not 
'  licitous,  and  that  of  liis  towers  is  worse. 
Uliat  can  be  more  abrupt  or  inelegant  than 
be  termination  of  his  Record  towers!  And 
.\  hat  more  feeble  than  the  lanterns  of  those 
'Linking  the  central  block  of  the  Strand 
;'ai;ade  i  We  miss  the  grandeur  of  a  stately, 
Moadly  treated  building,  as  well  as  the  pictur- 
jsqiieness  which  so  often  characterises  portions 
if  Mr.  Street's  works.  Nevertheless,  to  those 
yho  are  content  with  a  moderate  standard, 
.his  must  be  considered  a  work  of  undoubted 
ibility,  and  it  is  impossible  to  surpass  the 
jonscientious  manner  in  which  it  has  been 
vorked  out  and  rendered. 

Mr.  Waterhouse. 

Considering  the  rapid  growth  of  this  gentle- 
nan's  reputation,  one  is  struck  with  amaze- 
nent,  at  a  first  glance,  by  the  total  absence  of 
;be  true  spirit  of  Gotliic  architecture  which 
lis  design  e.vhibits.  Whether  we  look  at  its 
■.omposition  and  outline,  or  at  the  separate 
'eatures  and  details,  we  find  the  same  sad 
1  vant  of  character  and  tone.  The  thin  slice- 
,  ike  (^uasi  towers  of  the  Strand  front  have 
ittle  of  that  grandeur  of  mass  of  which  the 
tyle  is  capable,  and  such  an  important  posi- 
•ion  demands.  The  actual  towers,  too,  with 
heir  attenuated  forms  and  uncouth  termina- 
tions, injure,  where  they  should  aid,  the 
;eneral  outline.  His  Crystal  Palace-like  hall 
n  the  interior  affords  additional  evidence  of 
lis  want  of  feeling  for  real  Gothic.  But  some 
nay  say  that  that  is  development.  H  that 
le  so,  "rest  and  be  thankful,"  say  I,  or  leave 
t  to  abler  hands.  Possibly  business-like 
labits  and  a  power  of  organization  and 
)lanning  may  account  for  the  hold  he  has  on 
he  public  mind.  These  are  essential  qualities 
10  doubt,  but  something  much  rarer  is 
lemanded  of  him  who  is  expected  to  produce 
,  really  grand  work. 

Mr.  Street. 

With  what  pleasure  and  relief  the  eye  rests 
m  Mr.  Street's  truly  medieval  conception 
iter  the  last.  Many  of  the  parts  are  strikingly 
leautiful,  being  full  of  character,  and  showing 
.  thorough  appreciation  of  the  value  of  wall 
uiface,  with  that  of  the  proper  concentra- 
ion  of  enrichment.  Yet,  notwithstanding 
nany  happy  bits  of  composition,  this,  like 
aost  of  Mr.  Street's  designs  for  large  works, 
letrays  a  want  of  power  to  compose  a  grand 
nd  stately  pile,  well  balanced  in  its  entirety. 
Vith  the  exception  of  his  admirable  detached 
ower  there  is  not  a  grand  mass  to  be  met 
nth  ;  for,  excellent  as  his  central  hall  is, 
rom  its  position  it  could  be  seen  biit  from  a 
lalloon,  and,  therefore,  is  of  no  use  to  his 
i;roup.     The  capricious  manner  in  which  he 


mingles  traceriod  with  other  windows  has  a 
tricky  look  unwortliy  of  him,  and  goes  far  to 
destroy  the  rhythm  of  his  work.  Despite  such 
faults  as  these  one  fondly  lingers  over  the 
many  beauties  which  characterise  all  his 
designs. 

Mr.  Seddon. 

To  appreciate  the  value  of  Mr.  Seddon's 
stately  design  requires  some  effort.  And  this 
nuiy  account  for  the  erroneous  ideas  of  the 
Times  reviewer.  For,  instead  of  employing  to 
the  same  extent  as  the  others  numerous  highly 
finished  drawings,  he  has  preferred  to  be 
judged  by  a  model  and  pbotograi-ihs  of  actual 
details  elsewhere  employed.  His  well-balanced 
composition,  which  contrasts  favourably  with 
the  two  last  in  this  respect,  when  read  by  this 
light,  really  becomes  a  fine  conception  ill- 
represented  by  his  overgrown  perspective 
view.  Altitude  unquestionalily  is  an  element 
which  conduces  to  dignity  and  grandeur.  But 
I  am  inclined  to  think  that  this  author  has 
run  somewhat  into  excess  in  this  respect, 
although  allowance  must  be  made  for  the  fore- 
shortening effect  which  w'ould  be  produced  by 
the  beautiful  projecting  corridor,  which  is  an 
unique  feature  in  his  design.  If  the  surface 
of  his  gables  were  more  simply  treated,  and 
the  intervening  chimneys  otherwise  disposed 
of,  greater  value  would,  I  think,  be  given  to 
his  tine  centre  block  towards  the  Strand. 
Pretty  as  the  central  tower  is,  it  might  well  be 
spared,  and  his  prodigious  Record  tower  might 
be  somewhat  modified  with  advantage. 

Mr.  Lockwood. 

Some  credit  is  due  to  this  gentleman  for 
having  conceived  a  well-massed  group,  not 
without  dignity,  but  so  utterly  devoid  of  true 
Gothic  feeling  that  it  is  a  jjity  he  should  have 
employed  a  style  of  which  his  knowledge 
seems  to  be  on  a  par  with  that  of  the  late 
Mr.  Hopper.     But  do  mortuis  nihil. 

Mr.  Garling. 

Clearly  this  gentleman's  beau-ideal  of  a 
building  must  be  the  Tuileries,  for  not  only 
does  bis  "  alternative  "  plan  on  this  occasion 
reveal  its  birth  and  parentage,  but  if  my 
memory  serves  me,  his  premiated  design  for 
the  Government  offices  had  a  strong  family 
likeness.  But  there  is  no  denying  that  Mr. 
Garling  is  good  at  the  arrangement  of  jjlans, 
and  can  produce  a  well-balanced  symmetrical 
design,  although  his  details  are  not  of  the 
highest  order.  But  why  he  should  have  ven- 
tured so  far  out  of  his  depth  as  to  have 
favoured  us  with  his  crude  notions  of  Gothic, 
it  is  difficult  to  conjecture.  It  is  strange  so 
sensible  a  man  should  have  committed  him- 
self to  so  suicidal  an  act. 

Mr.  Deane. 

This  is  a  rational  and  somewhat  picturesque 
design,  but  a  lover  of  true  Gothic  must 
readUy  perceive  that  his  attempts  at  develop- 
ment are  anything  but  improvements  upon 
our  fine  old  models.  He  would  seem  to  have 
much  to  learn  before  he  could  be  safely  en- 
trusted with  so  important  a  work. 

Mr.  Burges. 

This  is  a  truly  magnificent  design.  Up  to  its 
cornice  line  it  is  hard  to  conceive  anything 
more  beautiful,  so  grandly  simple  is  its  treat- 
ment ;  and  yet  there  is  such  a  glaring  discrep- 
ancy of  proportion  between  this  and  many  of 
his  towers,  so  overwTought  and  missal-lLke  in 
their  treatment,  that  one  cannot  fnit  wonder 
so  accomplished  a  designer  should  jeopardise 
in  this  way  his  prospect,  otherwise  so  fair,  of 
carrying  off  the  coveted  blue  riband.  Where 
there  is  so  much  to  command  admiration,  one 
is  loth,  but  from  a  sense  of  fairness,  to  notice 
small  blemishes  which  offend  a  fastidious  eye. 
I  refer  to  the  unworthy  manner  in  which  he 
attempts  to  reconcile  the  square  bases  with 
his  circular  towers,  and  to  the  angular  abrupt- 
ness of  his  dormer  treatment.  But  his  Temple 
Bar  Bridge  is  of  itself  sufficient  to  atone  for 
little  flaws  Uke  these. 


Mr.   Brandon. 

This  is  a  meritorious  design,  most  elabo- 
rately and  conscientiously  worked  out,  replete 
with  many  excellent  features  and  good  detail. 
It  is,  tluTefore,  all  the  more  to  be  regretted 
that  he  should  so  far  have  mistaken  his  type, 
and  given  his  design  so  ecclesiastical  an  air,  as 
to  have  suggested  universally  the  idea  of  a 
cathedral,  and,  indeed,  to  a  wag,  the  quaint 
conceit  that  the  "pleadings  "  should  be  "  m- 
toned." 

Mr.  Baruy. 

Looking  on  Mr.  Barry's  schools  in  Ilolborn 
as  a  work  of  much  hopeful  promise,  one  can- 
not but  feel  disap])ointed  to  iind  that,  on  this 
great  occasion,  his  performance  falls  short  even 
of  his  father's  great  work  at  Westminster,  in 
the  early  days  of  our  resuscitation.  And 
though,  with  tbebest  intentions,  he  has  adopted 
an  earlier  and  purer  t>^e,  yet  it  is  to  be  regret- 
ted that  he  luis  lost  the  spirit  of  it  by  too  close 
an  approximation  to  the  later  periocl. 

Mr.   Abraham. 

Looking  at  this  design,  one  can  discover  in 
it  no  one  merit  to  justify  those  in  authority 
in  selecting  its  author  for  so  honourable  a 
distinction  as  a  place  in  such  a  competition. 
It  is  to  be  hoped  that  there  must  be  some  , 
excellence  of  plan  to  countervail  such  woful 
shortcomings. 

I  think,  Sir,  creditable  as  this  e.xliibition 
may,  on  the  whole,  be  considered,  allowing 
for  its  limitation  to  but  eleven,  that  there  can 
be  no  question,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  that  more 
than  as  many  again  might  be  found  outside 
this  magic  circle  who  have  executed  works  of 
such  acknowledged  merit  as  to  lead  to  the 
belief  that  a  result  more  honourable  to  the 
profession,  and  to  our  country,  might  have 
been  obtained,  had  there  been  a  little  less 
favouritism,  and  a  little  more  discernment, 
employed  in  the  choice  of  the  competitors. 
I  am,  &c., 

Vehax. 


THE  PHOTOGRAPHS  OP  THE  ARCHI- 
TECTDRAL  PHOTOGRAPHIC  ASSOCIA- 
TION POR  1867.* 

WHEN  our  honorary  secretary,  Mr.  Seddon, 
asked  me  to  give  to  this  Institute  a  paper 
on  the  "Photographs"  wliich  have  jast  been 
issued  by  the  Architectural  Photographic  Associa- 
tion I  asBeuted  more  readily  than  my  fitness  for 
the  task  warnoitert ;  lirst,  because  it  would  en- 
able me  to  observe  the  rule,  that  every  fellow 
should  contribute  some  work,  original  or  other- 
wise, on  his  election  ;  second,  because  it  would 
afford  nie  an  opportunity  of  offering  my  testi- 
mony to  the  very  valuable  labours  of  this  asso- 
ciation ;  and  third,  because,  knowing  too  •welt 
the  difBouUies  honorary  secretaries  have  to  con- 
tend with,  it  would  liave  been  very  hard  for  me 
to  have  refused  compliance  with  Mr.  Seddon'a 
request,  even  had  he  not  made  it  impossible  for 
rae  to  do  so  by  the  very  courteous  terms  in 
which  he  expressed  it.  The  work  which  our 
Photographic  Association  does  annually  is  one 
of  great  interest,  and  it  is  of  the  utmost  import- 
ance that  it  sliould  be  righdy  understood  and 
appreciated  by  those  for  whose  special  benefit  it 
is  intended.  It  ia  scarcely  necessary  to  say  that; 
I  mean  the  architectural  profession  and  the 
students  who  are  preparing  to  enter  it;  nor 
should  I  omit  to  mention  the  art  workmen,  for 
it  is  manifest  that  their  ability  must  be  in  pro- 
portion to  their  knowledge.  But  as  it  is  impos- 
sible that  they  should  visit  a  tithe  of  the  places 
where  the  best  examples  of  ancient  art  are  to  be 
seen,  they  must  bo  for  the  most  part  dependent 
upon  the  copies  which  are  brought  to  them  ;  and 
if  these  are  not  accurate,  embodying  the  spirit  as 
well  as  the  form,  it  will  be  small  wonder  if  their 
work,  whilst  pretending  to  ba  founded  ou  the 
past,  is  utterly  lifeless  and  at  fault  in  nearly 
every  particular.  Of  course  it  would  be  better 
if  art  workmen  could  study  from  the  originals  ; 
the  benefit  from  such  a  course  is  very  remark- 
able. I  remember  taking  a  carver  over  to 
Chartres  for  one  day  only,  and  pointing  out  to 
him  the   dehoato   work    of  the  north  and  south 


•  A  paper  by  Edwabd  William  Godwin  ;  read  before  tbe 
Royal  Institute  of  Architects,  February  11,  1867. 


148 


THE  BUILDmG  NEWS. 


Februaey  22,  1867. 


portals,  with  a  special  reference  to  the  excellent 
way  in  which  figures  and  foliage  are  there  com- 
bined. The  man  had  never  before  been  out  of 
England  ;  and  it  was  extraordinary  how,  in  the 
few  hours  spent  in  merely  looking  at  the  treat- 
ment, without  making  a  single  sketch,  he 
managed  to  extract  sufficient  of  the  spirit  of  the 
old  workers  to  produce  a  very  creditable  series 
of  foliage  decoi-ations  in  a  building  I  had  then 
in  progress;  but,  of  course,  this  is  not  always 
practicable.  It  is,  therefore,  of  the  last  import- 
ance  that  we  should  have  transcripts  of  the 
closest  accuracy  lo  place  in  the  hands  of  arti- 
sans as  well  as  for  our  own  purposes,  and  I  know 
no  means  of  obtaining  these  which  can  for  an 
instant  compare  with  those  offered  us  by  the 
Architectural  Photographic  Association. 

Believing  that  the  labours  of  the  association 
have  not  as  yet  been  appreciated  at  anything 
like  their  proper  value,  I  have  thought  that  it 
might  not  be  altogether  unpardonable,  before  at- 
tempting to  make  any  couunents  on  the  photo- 
graphs now  before  us,  if  I  trespassed  a  little  on 
your  patience  by  reviewing  briefly  what  the 
association  has  already  done.  At  first,  the  pho- 
tographs issued  to  subscribers  were  merely 
selected  from  the  trade  stock  of  photographers, 
and  consequently  there  was  nothing  very  special 
or  very  difficult  inthe  work;  but  in  18G2,  the  real 
distinctive  character  of  the  association  was  set 
forth  for  the  first  time  in  a  series  of  thirty-five 
photographs  from  the  sculptures  of  Wells  Ca- 
thedral, taken  specially  for  the  association. 
These  photographs,  with  the  exception  of  a 
general  view  of  the  west  front,  gave  us  to  a  large 
scale  the  small  groups  which  occupy  the  quatre- 
foils  and  half  quatrefoils  over  the  lower  arcade, 
and  thus  studies  of  very  great  value  were  offered 
to  that  host  of  so-called  art  workmen  who  have 
the  audacity  to  attempt  figure  subjects  before 
they  have  given  one  thought  worthy  the  name 
of  study  to  the  human  figure  in  nature  or  art. 
The  money  consideration  was  next  to  nothing  ; 
for  the  price  of  one  of  those  spiritless  capitals 
we  see  everywhere  would  have  been  amply  suffi- 
cient to  have  made  its  carver  the  happy  pos- 
sessor of  the  entire  series.  What  advantage  the 
"architectural  sculptors,"  as  they  are  called, 
took  of  this  first  offer  of  the  association  I  cannot 
tell,  but  judging  from  their  latest  works  I  should 
say  the  value  of  these  photographs  had  certainly 
not  diminished,  and  that  the  best  of  our  art 
workmen  may  still  humbly  reverence  the  mar- 
vellous skill  and  exqoisite  feeling  manifested  in 
such  a  figure  as  that  of  Eve  labouring,  and  may 
vet  study  to  his  advantage  the  carver's  art  as  ex- 
hibited m  every  group.  Since  the  issue  of  the 
Wells  series,  sixty  four  photographs  have  been 
specially  taken  for  the  association,  and  but  for 
the  loss  we  all  suffered  in  the  death  of  William 
Lightly,  fellow  of  this  Institute,  no  doubt  this 
number  would  have  been  increased  by  one-third 
more.  As  it  is,  we  have  a  blank  year  in  ls65, 
which  must  ever  remain  a  melancholy  void,  as 
we  look  at  the  res  dts  of  his  brief  but  indefa- 
tigable labours.  Under  his  management  in  1863 
and  1861  twenty-two  places  were  visited ;  the 
1863  series,  which  included  Aries,  Auxerre, 
Bourges,  St.  Gilles,  Lyons,  Sens,  Tarasoon,  and 
Vezelay,  was  essentially  a  "  portal"  series, 
eighteen  out  of  twenty-two  photographs  being 
devoted  to  doorways  and  one  or  two  details  of 
doorways.  In  the  selection  for  1804,  sixteen  out 
of  twenty  are  general  views,  and  although  those 
of  Nogent  les  Vierges,  ilogneville,  Agincourt, 
and  the  Chateau  of  Pierre-fends  are  among  the 
most  interesting  of  the  whole  collection,  still  I 
cannot  help  thinking  that  it  was  scarcely  worth 
while  to  obtain  two  views  of  such  a  church  as 
Cires  les  Mello,  or  any  view  at  all  of  such 
a  weak  piece  of  architecture  as  Luzarchos, 
and  yet  it  almost  seems  ungracious  to  take  ex- 
ception to  anything  in  that  series  which 
possesses  the  two  splendid  photographs  of  the 
sculptured  choir  screen  at  Amiens. 

I  have  said  that  1865  was  a  blank  with  regard 
to  the  isFue  of  photographs;  but  the  association 
was  not  altogether  idle,  for  it  accomplished  that 
very  important  work  known  in  trade  as  **  taking 
stock;"  the  result  of  this  stock-taking  showed 
that  the  three  years'  labours  of  the  society  were 
not  what  may  he  called  financial  successes.  The 
great  body  of  architectural  students  and  the  art 
workmen  were  either  ignorant  of  the  existence 
of  the  society  or  indifferent  to  the  good  things 
which  it  offered  them.  Possessing  only  a  few 
hundred  subscribers,  instead  of  at  least  a  thou- 
sand, it  was  not  surprising  that  the  association 
found  itself  in  debt,  with  no  property  beyond  a 
stock  of  photographs  that  mighthave  been  quoted 


in  the  market  as  very  much  the  reverse  of 
"  lively."  It  was  at  this  juncture  of  affiirs  that 
Messrs.  Cundall  and  Fleming,  photographic  pub- 
Ushers,  came  forward  and  kindly  offered  to  relieve 
the  society  of  the  old  stock,  its  debts,  and  all 
trade  responsibilities  for  the  future — the  society 
reserving  only  its  power  of  direction  as  to  the 
choice  of  subjects.  There  can  be  very  little 
doubt,  I  should  think,  that  this  arrangement  was 
a  judicious  one  for  both  sides;  at  the  same  time 
the  work  of  the  committee,  being  now  limited 
entirely  to  the  all-important  question  of  selection, 
subscribers  will  very  naturally  expect  that  this 
department  will  be  managed  in  such  a  way  that 
the  confidence  of  the  art  public  may  be  firmly 
established  and  criticism  disarmed. 

At  the  risk  of  being  thought  hypercritical,  I 
must  ask  leave  to  point  out  where  I  think  the 
work  of  selection  has  failed  in  the  photographs 
for  1806,  which  are  now  before  us.  We  have 
had  in  1863  a  group  of  portals,  and  in  1861  a 
collection  of  general  views,  and  now  we  have  a 
half-and-half  series  made  up  of  general  views  and 
portals,  with  here  and  there  a  detail  to  any- 
thing but  a  large  scale.  In  each  of  the  selections 
for  1863  and  1864  we  had  two  capital  examples 
of  domestic  architecture  (a  half-timbered  street 
house,  a  castle,  an  archbishop's  palace,  and  a 
salle  stjnodale).  I  was  not  alone  in  accepting  these 
as  earnest  of  future  labours  in  a  like  direction, 
and  I  confess  I  was  not  a  little  disappointed  iu 
finding  domestic  art  entirely  absent  from  the  se- 
lection for  18GG.  Again,  west  fronts,  general 
views,  and  portals  are  not  the  only  things  worth 
studying.  It  is  quite  true  that  a  collection  of 
good  photographs  of  all  the  chief  portals  or  west 
fronts  would  enable  the  art  critic  at  a  glance  to 
compare  one  witrh  another,  and  save  him  from 
falling  into  those  egregious  errors  into  which 
he  is  notunfrequently  led  by  treacherous  memory 
and  equally  treacherous  sketches  and  engraving-^. 
But  the  work  of  the  association  is  primarily,  I 
take  it,  not  for  the  gratification  of  the  art  critic, 
nor  the  archceologist,  nor  the  amateur,  but  for 
the  help  of  the  working  art  student ;  and,  there- 
fore, until  a  mania  for  cathedral  building  sets  in 
it  may  be  possible  to  select  subjects  of  greater 
practical  utility  for  present  needs  than  those  grand, 
richly  storied  portals,  any — even  the  faintest- — 
approach  to  which  it  would  be  absolute  nonsense 
to  anticipate  in  an  age  like  the  present.  Then, 
too,  although  such  west  fronts  as  those  of  Civray 
and  Notre  Dame  de  Poitiers  are  exceedingly 
valuable  to  the  practising  architect  as  well  as  to 
the  archaeological  student,  still  it  may  be  open 
to  question  whether  it  was  worth  while  to  give 
two  views  of  the  same  front  when  so  mu'-'h  re- 
mains to  be  photographed  and  the  mania  for 
restoration  is  so  strong.  Here,  as  an  antiquary, 
I  am  almost  tempted  to  bring  my  fault-finding 
to  an  end,  but  as  an  architect  and  in  spite  of  the 
historical  value  of  having  faithful  representations 
of  dated  buildings,  the  selection  of  such  a  church 
as  St.  George  de  Bocherville  seems  to  me  alto- 
gether unworthy  the  Architectural  Photographic 
Association.  Especially,  too,  when  in  the  same 
series  wo  get  only  general  views  of  the  west-end 
and  interior  of  Sc.  Pierre  Lisieux,  and  think  what 
we  might  have  had  if  the  camera  had  remained 
at  Lisieux  instead  of  being  taken  to  Bocherville. 

Putting  this  last-mentioued  church  then  out  of 
the  question,  the  series  now  exhibited  may  be 
divided  into  three  historical  grou[j3.  1st,  Ro- 
manesque; 2nd,  the  First  Pointed  ;  and  3rd,  the 
Flamboyant.  In  the  first  group  we  have  (lU 
and  13)  a  south-west  view  and  the  fu(;'  ide  of  Notre 
Dame  de  Poitiers;  (14,  15,  and  16)  the  west  door- 
way with  details  of  St.  Ours  Loches;  (5,  G,  and 
22),  west  views  with  details  of  Civray;  (1/  and 
18),  south  doorway  with  details  of  Le  Mans 
Cathedral;  and  (4  and  11),  the  western  doorways 
ofChartres  Cathedral.  Certainly  the  admirers  of 
French  Romanesque,  and  what  I  may  perhaps 
be  excused  for  calling  the  muscular  architects, 
have  every  cause  this  year  to  be  grateful  to  the 
association.  Taking  this  group  first,  perhaps 
the  most  important  contributions  are  the  two 
photographs  of  Civray  (numbered  G  and  22  in  the 
list) ;  the  third  view  of  Civray  (No.  5),  as  I  have 
already  hinted,  is  of  very  little  use,  and  is  more- 
over a  cloudy  photograph.  It  is  almost  super- 
fluous to  say  that  the  chief  point  of  interest  in 
such  a  fagado  as  that  of  Civray  is  ihe  icono- 
graphy. Apart  from  its  sculptured  detail  the 
work  is  remarkably  simple  ;  the  general  compo- 
sition consisting  merely  of  an  arcade  of  three 
arches,  a  strongly  marked  corbelled  stringcourse 
or  cornice,  another  arcade  of  three  arches,  a 
repetition  of  the  stringcourse,  and  a  plain  para- 
pet.   In  this  architectural  framework  it  will  be 


observed  that  the  central  arch  in  each  arcade  is 
the  narrowest,  or  just  what  it  ought  not  to  bo, 
and  this  irregularity  is  made  all  the  more  pro- 
minent by  the  addition  of  a  moalding  to  the 
upper  arch,  and  two  complete  orders  to  the 
lower  one.  It  should  be  remarked  that,  whilst 
the  lower  arcade  is  considerably  strengthened, 
and  as  it  were  bound  together  by  extending 
wherever  practicable  the  bold  abacus  of  its 
clustered  shafts,  the  upper  arcade  is  lightened 
through  having  its  abacus  interrupted  at  each 
pier  by  a  large  projecting  shaft,  which  by  being 
continued  to  the  parapet  further  enforces  the 
vertical  principle,  and  relieves  to  a  considerable 
extent  the  stunted  proportions  of  the  upper  half 
ol  the  fa^-ide.  In  the  north  or  left-hand  arch,  the 
depth  ot  shadow  under  it  being  so  much  greater 
than  that  under  the  others  is  owing  not  only  to 
the  wall  being,  further  recessed,  but  also  to  the 
arch  itself  being  in  advance  of  the  line  of  the 
front.  The  photograplis  show  very  clearly  the 
differences  in  plan  of  pier,  capital,  and  archivolt 
between  this  compartment  and  the  others,  and 
the  evidence  of  its  later  date  is  very  manifest. 
The  great  charm  of  Civray,  however,  is  neither 
its  construction  nor  its  history,  but  its  decoration. 
i^Tow  the  sculptured  work  on  the  doorway  and 
the  centre  and  right-hand  arches  of  the  upper 
arcade  are  very  difi'erent  from  the  work  on  the 
other  three  arclies.  From  certain  fragments  in 
the  doorway  there  can  be  very  little  doubt,  I 
think,  that  the  whole  of  the  original  work  was 
executed,  orintended  to  be  execut  d,  in  the  square 
low  relief'  Byzantine  fashion  of  the  side  arches 
of  the  lower  arcade,  the  complete  development 
of  which  we  see  iu  the  church  of  Notre  Damj 
do  Poitiers  (Nos.  10  and  13).* 


THE    ARCHITECTURAL  MUSEUM. 

THE  view  which  this  body  has  always  taken  of 
an  architectural  museum  has  been  that  of  a 
collection  of  specimens,  each  of  them  possessing 
individual  merit,  and  therefore  worthy  of  being 
acquired  and  retained  for  the  use  of  the  student. 
South  Kensington,  on  the  other  hand,  preferred 
only  as  many  casts  as  would  be  typal  of  the  various 
styles  of  ornamentation.  The  council  imme- 
diately perceived  that  very  many  specimens  pos- 
sessing much  beauty  and  great  value  for  study 
would  not  find  a  place  in  the  newly-arranged 
Museum  of  Architecture.  After  an  interchange 
of  correspondence  between  the  department  and 
the  President  of  the  .^.rchitectural  Museum,  it  was 
finally  agreed  amicably  to  terminate  the  connec- 
tion which  has  now  existed,  more  or  less  inti- 
mately, for  upwards  of  ten  years,  on  the  simple 
ground  that  the  views  of  the  two  bodies  were  not 
identical.  The  separation  will  be  of  the  most 
friendly  character,  and  will,  the  councd  have 
reason  to  hope,  be  followed  by  a  renewal,  as  far  as 
may  be  convenient  to  both  sides,  of  relationship 
between  the  two  bodies. 

The  first  step  which  the  council  took  on  ter- 
minating the  alliance  w;is  to  search  after  j^remises 
central  in  locality,  large  enough  for  their  extensive 
collection  and  yet  within  the  resources  of  the  In- 
stitution ;  and  Messrs.  Poole  and  Sons,  of  Tufton- 
street,  Westminster,  who  rank  among  the  oldest 
supporters  of  the  museum,  made  an  offer  comprisiug 
the  three  essential  conditions  of  ceutricality, 
spaciousness,  and  moderate  rental.  This  offer  was 
accepted.  The  site  of  the  future  museum  (between 
Bowliug-street  and  Great  Smith-street,  West- 
minster, with  the  prospect  of  an  entrance  in  Great 
Smith  street,  the  main  thoroughfare)  leaves  no- 
thing to  be  desired  ;  the  ground  rent  will  be  that 
which  Messrs.  Poole  and  Sons  will  themselves  pay 
to  the  Dean  and  Chapter  ot  "Westminster,  while 
the  total  area  of  floor  space  is  of  11,391  superficiil 
feet,  affording  by  means  of  upper  galleries,  screens, 
&c.,  a  total  wall  space  of  about  13,730  superficial 
feet.  The  old  museum  in  Cannon-row  contained 
about  4,050  superficial  feet  of  floor  space,  incap- 
able of  increase  by  extra  flooring,  and  having 
but  comparatively  scanty  wall  space.  In  order  to 
secure  the  advantages  of  such  a  site,  a  bniltUng 
fund  of  at  least  £2,000  will  be  necessary.  In  aid 
of  this  fund,  most  of  the  members  of  the  council 
have  voluntarily  promised  £10,  and  offers  of 
further  assistance,  if  needed,  have  not  been  want- 
ing. More  than  half  the  required  amount  has 
been  raised.  In  aid  of  the  balance,  the  council 
hope  that  those  lovers  of  art  who  have  not  yet  re- 
sponded to  the  appeal  recently  issued,  will  have 
the  great  kindness  to  do  so  with  the  least  possible 
delay.     Bis  dat  qui  cito  dai  is  trite  but  true. 

*  To  be  coutiuued. 


February  23,  1SG7. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


149 


Pledged  as  they  are  to  carry  out  a  work  of  na- 
ional  interest,  the  council  have  no  scruple  in  ap- 
)ealiug  to  persona  beyond  the  circle  of  their  own 
Qembers — they  invite  funds  from  all  friends  of 
irohitectural  progress,  and  welcome  contributions 
i£  any  amount.  With  the  tiisk  of  reorganisation 
m  their  hands,  and  the  jirospect  of  providing  for 
he  increased  annual  expenditure  consequent  upon 
easauming  independent  action,  the  council  are 
saured  that  they  will  not  in  vain  appeal  to  all 
jeho  can  realise  the  value  of  their  matchless  col- 
Bction  in  so  accessible  a  locality.  The  plans  of 
he  new  building  are  being  prepared  by  Mr.  Joseph 
ilarke,  the  hon.  sec,  who  acta  with  Mr.  Ewan 
Christian  as  honorary  architect. 

The  following  statement  .sliows  the  result  of  the 
rize  competitions  of  1865-6  : — 

STONE  CARVING.— Prizo  1,  £20:  Arthur  N.  Ilnrris, 
yile,  Islo  i>f  Wight.  Prize  3,  £5  :  John  Seymour,  Tower 
;iue.  T;»viliton.  Prize  3,  £2 :  Hourv  Uarriuon.  82,  Upper 
bury  Street.  L.iiulou.  Extra  Prize.  £1  Is.  :  T.  Sliarp, 
I.  ConiijiUijht  Terrace,  Edgwave  l{o:iJ. 
WOOD  CAUVING.— Supplement.iry  Prize,  £10  :  W. 
'oniileigliton,  .it  Mr.  Roddis's,  in,  'st.  James's  Street, 
irmitii,'h;im. 

SILVER  WORK.— Prize  1,  £15  ;  W.  HoUiday,  14,  NaU- 
ir  Street,  Isliiigtou.  Prize  2,  £5  ;  A.  6  Frantzeu,  20, 
ing  S(|uare,  I'lt-rkenwell. 

TRAXSPAUIv.NT  ENAMELS.— Prize  1.  £10:  Frederick 
owe,  l:t.  Wilderness  Row,  London.     Extra   Prize,  £1  Is.: 
.  D.  Koningli.  69.  Dean  Street.  Soho. 
OPAQUE  ENA.MELS— Prize  £10:  Frederick   Lowe,  13, 
'ilderaess  Row.  Ijondon. 

MARBLE  .\10S.\IC.— Pi-ize  £10  :  George  Rooke,  27,  By- 
.ater  Sf  reet.  Iviuji's  Ro.ad,  Chelsea. 

MODELLING  IN  CLAY.— Prize  I,  £.5:  R.  W.  Martin. 
John  3  Terrace,  Olney  Street.  V.'alworth  Roail.  Piize  2, 
2 ;  J.  W.  Gould,  33,  Bayham  Place,  Camden  Town. 


ON   THE   PLANNING    OF   LXJNATIC 

ASYLUMS.* 

CO  a  benevolent   and    courageous   Frenchman 
named  Pinel  is  due  the  distinguished  honour 

having  first,  in  the  year  1792,  introduced  com- 
liseration  and  kindness  into  the  treatment  of  the 
.sane.  HLs  efforts,  which  commenced  with  the 
itients  of  the  Bic6he,  a  large  lunatic  asylum  or 
-ison  for  males  near  Paris,  deserve  to  be  ranked 
ith  the  noblest  deeds  of  those  who  have  benefited 
le  human  race.  In  England,  long  after  the 
:ample  which  Pinel  had  set,  though  there  were 
olated  attempts  to  introduce  a  humane  system 
to  lunatic  asylums,  they  were  the  exceptions 
ily.  Cruelties  of  the  most  revolting  kind  con- 
nued  to  be  practised  by  sordid,  unprincipled 
eu.  The  law  afforded  no  protection  to  the 
sane  :  their  sufferings,  when  known,  were  im- 
;eded  because  they  were  supposed  to  be  unavoid- 
)le.  It  wa.s  believed  that  the  insane  could  only  be 
ded  by  brute  force,  and  therefore  brute  force 
mtinued  to  be  the  rule,  and  enlightened  human- 
y  the  exception.     At  length,  however,  the  march 

improvement  commenced,  and  by  slow  degrees 
better  system  of  treatment  came  into  use.  The 
hours  of  Sir  William  and  Lady  Ellis,  of  Dr. 
3nolly,  and  others,  often  undertaken  against 
:termined  opposition,  have  issued  in  the  present 
ipr.jved  condition  of  the  lunatic,  and  in  the 
nsequent  greater  success  with  which  mental 
sease  is  now  treated.  It  is  not  to  be  supposed, 
)wever,  that  there  is  not  still  room  for  improve- 
ent,  and  that  still  greater  results  may  not  be 
.ticip.ated.  Recent  horrible  revelations  show  the 
«essity  that  still  exists  for  strict  inquiry  and 
perviiion  in  all  that  relates  to  this  subject. 
The  first  and  greatest  benefit  conferred  on  the 
sane  pauper  was  the  act  of  the  SIth  George  IV., 
p.  40,  which  was  intended  to  promote  the 
action  of  county  lunatic  asylums  for  the  poor. 
■om  that  time  forth  in  all  those  counties  that 
sely  took  the  benefit  of  the  act,  the  friends  of 
e  insane  pauper  could  be  assured  of  at  least  pro- 
ition  against  cruelty  and  security  against  neg- 
:;t.  Further  legislation  has  since  required 
lylums  to  be  provided  for  every  county  and 
•rough   throughout  the  kingdom,   two  or  more 

nties  or  boroughs  being  sometimes  united  into 
[iiatrict,  for  which  one  asylum  is  made  to  answer, 
it  the  tendency  being  to  require  that  eventually 
|ery  county  at  least  shall  have  its  own  asylum. 
le  provision  of  a  suitable  building  is,  in  fact,  a 
)3t  essential  condition  to  any  judicious  form  of 
iatment.  The  treatment  of  the  lunatic  is  to  be 
3omplished  not  merely  I'li  but  hij  the  asylum, 
lioh  may  be  looked  upon  as  a  great  therapeutic 
jtrument  itself,  without  which  the  efforts  of  the 
yeieian  could  accomplish  little.  To  review  the 
rious  plans  that  have  been  adopted  for  buildings 

this  class,  would  occupy  more  time  than  is  just 


■  From  paper  re."id  at  the  Royal  Institute  of  the  Archi- 
ts  of  Ireland,  by  Mr.  'Wili.iaji  Fogeety,  Fellow. 


now  at  command,  but  it  may  suffice  to  remark  that 
the  buildings  have  commonly  borne  very  much 
relation  to  the  mode  of  treatment  employed. 
Hence,  the  older  asylums  have  very  much  the 
character  of  prisons,  and  even  in  many  of  later 
date,  high  and  gloomy  walls,  narrow  or  inaccessible 
windows,  and  other  accessories,  indicate  the 
prevalence  of  mistaken  and  limited  views.  Many 
of  the  recent  ones,  however,  exhibit  great  ad- 
vances, and  teach  useful  lessons.  The  buildings 
of  Hanwell  and  Colncy  Hatch  mark  important 
epochs  in  the  history  of  asylum  building,  adapted 
as  they  have  been  to  such  va.st  numbers  of 
patients.  It  is  to  be  observed  that  the  experience 
of  these  institutions  is,  that  no  asylum  should  be 
constructed,  if  possible,  for  a  greater  number  of 
patients  than  400. 

The  b.attle  of  the  styles  has  also  been  waged 
unremittingly  by  architects  with  reference  to 
these  buildings,  and  the  question  is  as  yet  un- 
determined, whether  Gothic  or  Italian  is  the 
most  suitable.  While  my  own  predilections  are  in 
favour  of  the  Italian,  I  must  observe  that 
successes  have  been  attained  and  failures  have 
occurred  in  the  use  of  both  styles. 

It  may  not  be  amiss  to  notice  some  of  the  princi- 
pal asylums  that  have  been  erected  in  this  country, 
Ireland,  as  illustrating  what  may  be  best  adapted 
to  its  wants  and  resources.  The  first  important 
series  was  erected  under  the  authority  of  a  board, 
which,  having  completed  the  work  assigned  to  it, 
was  dissolved  in  1835.  Nine  asylums,  those  of 
Armagh,  Limerick,  Belfast,  Derry,  Carlow,  Mary- 
borough, Connaught,  W^aterford,  and  Clonmel, 
were  erected  at  this  time,  from  the  designs  of  one 
architect,  and,  as  far  as  I  have  seen  them,  on  one 
general  plan,  a  centre  block  with  four  radiating 
arms.  There  was  a  large  proportion  of  single 
rooms,  and  very  few  day  rooms.  The  construc- 
tion was  generally  of  very  substantial  character, 
cut  stone  being  largely  used,  and  the  cells  an<l 
corridors  vaulted  to  a  great  extent,  the  latter 
having  also  stone  floors.  The  cost  of  these 
asylums,  for  buildings  only,  averaged  £18.3  per 
patient,  the  English  asylums  erected  about  the 
same  time  ranging  from  £150  to  £200.  The  chief 
defect  of  this  plan  is  the  limited  size  of  the  airing 
grounds  or  yards,  which  are  also  enclosed  to  a 
great  extent  by  the  building,  and  the  general 
deficiency  of  light  and  air,  consequent  on  such 
close  concentration.  Many  adjuncts  now  deemed 
indispensable  were  not  thought  of  at  the  time 
these  were  erected,  such  as  separate  infirmaries, 
day  or  dining-rooms,  and  chapels.  When  it  is  con- 
sidered how  much  gloomy  and  mistaken  notions 
of  religion  have  to  do  with  insanity,  the  import- 
ance of  a  place  for  religious  worship  and  instruc- 
tion must  be  manifest,  and  there  is  surely  no 
reason  why  the  sufferer  from  mental  disease 
should  be  denied  the  consolations  which 
are  so  precious  to  those  who  are  otherwise 
afflicted.  This  defect  h.as  been  remedied  by 
the  erection  of  chapels  at  different  periods  to  some 
of  these  asylums.  Day  rooms  also  have  been 
added.  The  cost  of  these  asylums,  compared  with 
what  is  now  considered  a  fair  estimate,  appears 
enormous.  This  is  partly  to  be  accounted  for  by 
the  vaulted  stone  floors,  and  the  fact  that  the 
buUdings  were  generally  but  two  stories  in  height; 
adopted  with  a  view  of  rendering  them  to  a  great 
extent  fire-proof,  precautions  which  subsequent 
experience  of  similar  buildings  has  shown  to  be 
unnecessary.  It  is  also  to  be  ascribed  to  the  large 
proportion  of  single  rooms. 

The  second  aeries  of  lunatic  asylums  in  Ireland 
was  erected  under  the  Board  of  Works  between 
the  years  1847  and  1849,  and,  with  one  other 
exception,  bj'  private  architects  selected  by  the 
board  ;  they  were  as  follows  : — Cork,  Sligo, 
Killarney,  Kilkenny,  Mullingar,  Omagh  and 
Dublin,  and  the  Criminal  Lunatic  Asylum  at 
Dundrum.  The  instr;ictions  issued  by  the  board 
seem  to  have  aimed  at  a  superior  class  of  building 
to  any  before  erected  in  Ireland.  The  architects 
were  to  bear  in  mind  that  they  were  designing 
hospitals,  not  prisons,  .  and  the  appearance  of 
restraint  to  be  avoided  as  much  as  possible.  The 
Gothic  style  was  recommended,  and  external  plas- 
tering prohibited,  one  third  of  the  sleeping  accom- 
modation  to  be  in  single  rooms.  A  portion  of  the 
corridor  was  recommended  to  be  made  capable  of 
being  shut  off  by  folding  doors,  to  answer  as  a  day 
or  dining-room,  and  various  other  improvements 
suggested,  as  resulting  from  the  experience  of  the 
English  commissioners.  The  plan  adopted  by 
most  of  the  architects  employed  on  this  occasion 
was  a  centre  building  containing  the  official 
residences  and  public  rooms  ;  two  wings  for  the 
patients  extending  to  right  and  left  in  one  line. 


and  two  return  or  projecting  wings  at  the  cuds  ; 
the  kitchen  and  its  ortices  to  the  rear,  and  also  the 
airing  grounds.  The  corridor  pl.an  was  generally 
adopted  for  the  interior,  the  corridors  being  made 
about  10ft.  wide,  with  the  single  rooms  opening 
oil  them,  and  a  few  d.ay  rooms  besides.  Large 
dining  halls  and  chapels  were  generally  provided. 
The  corridors,  being  used  as  day-rooms,  were  com- 
mooly  placeil  facing  the  south.  Average  cost,  £140. 
There  is  scarcely  any  plan  in  more  general  use 
than  such  as  the  above,  and,  subject  to  some 
qualifications,  it  ia  certairdy  one  of  the  be.st  th:it 
can  be  adopted.  The  Cork  Asylum  was  the  largest 
of  the  series,  being  for  500  patients  ;  the  rest 
were  generally  for  about  250.  The  site  :it  Cork 
was  peculiar,  the  ground  sloping  very  much  from 
front  to  rear,  and  the  architect  was  obliged  to  ex- 
tend liis  building  along  in  one  line  without  return 
wings.  It  was  divided,  however,  into  three  distinct 
blocks,  connected  by  corridors ;  which  mode  was 
.'ulopted  as  a  precaution  against  fire.  In  consequence 
of  the  abrupt  rise  of  the  ground  behind  the  build- 
ing, there  are  scarcely  any  enclosed  airing  grounds  ; 
and  such  as  there  are,  are  greatly  confined  by  the 
building  in  front  and  high  ground  behind.  As  the 
scenery  around  is  of  the  most  charming  descrip- 
tion, the  site  commanding  a  fine  view  of  the  lliver 
Lee,  this  is  much  to  be  deplored  for  the  sake  of 
those  patients  who  cannot  be  allowed  to  make  use 
of  the  general  grounds. 

On  the  completion  of  these  asylums  much 
dissatisfaction  was  expressed  in  various  counties 
at  the  expenditure  with  which  they  were  about  to 
be  charged  (the  money  in  this,  and  in  all  other 
cases  herein  referred  to  being  advanced  by  Gov- 
ernment, to  be  repaid  in  instalments  by  the 
counties  without  interest),  and  sundry  other  com- 
plaints having  been  preferred,  a  commission  was 
appointed  by  the  Government  in  1855  to  inquire 
into  and  report  upon  the  subject.  The  com- 
missioners in  their  report  recommended  sundry 
additional  works  to  be  done  without  charge  to  the 
counties,  and  remitted  portions  of  the  original 
charges  in  some  cases.  It  would  appear  that 
several  of  the  asylums  had  sufl'ered  much  from 
the  effects  of  driving  rains  on  the  uncoursed 
rubble  masonry,  causing  damp  walls  and  rot  in 
the  timbers,  though  whether  the  remedy  reoom 
mended  by  the  commissioners  of  building  the 
walls  4in.  from  the  face  in  Portland  cement  would 
have  answered  its  purpose  ia  not  clear.  The  cast- 
iron  sashes  used  in  most  cases  caused  great  trouble, 
and  proved  scarcely  capable  of  being  rendered 
staunch.  Two  of  these  asylums  having  been 
originally  built  of  cut  stone  and  neatly  finished 
uncoursed  rubble  masonry,  have  been  recently 
washed  over  with  some  species  of  distemper, 
which  if  it  impi-oves  their  power  of  resisting  wet, 
certainly  does  not  improve  the  architectural  effect. 
The  buildings  were  generally  in  the  Gothic  style, 
and  of  picturesque  character. 


BRISTOL    ARCHITECTURAL    SOCIETY, 

AVERY  important  meeting  of  the  professional 
committee  of  this  society  was  held  on  the 
15th  inst.,  to  which  all  the  architects  in  Bath  and 
Bristol  not  members  were  also  invited.  The 
chair  was  taken  by  Mr.  Hansom,  one  of  the  vice- 
presidents.  The  htmorary  secretary,  Mr.  C.  J. 
Phipps,  of  Bath,  read  letters  from  the  Architec- 
tural Associations  of  London,  Liverpool,  Birming- 
ham, Newcastle,  Nottingham,  Manchester,  and 
Glasgow,  and  from  a  number  of  architects  who 
could  not  attend,  but  who  sent  their  opinions  in 
writing  upon  the  subject  for  which  the  meeting 
was  called,  viz,,  "  To  discuss  a  circular  issued  by 
the  General  Builders'  Association,  addressed  to  the 
architects  of  Great  Britain,  upon  the  subject  of 
building  contracts."  The  circular  was  signed  by 
the  representatives  of  fifty-two  builders'  associa- 
tions in  England  (including  tho.se  of  Bristol  and 
Bath),  but  it  was  a  matter  of  remark  that  none  of 
the  London  builders  had  signed  it.  The  gist  of 
the  circular  is  that  the  builders  suggest  the  fol- 
lowing alterations  in  contracts  ; — 

1.  To  omit  all  indefinite  clauses. 

2.  To  make  the  bills  of  quantities  a  part  of  the 
contract,  subject,  in  case  of  inaccuracy,  to  the 
measurement  of  the  work  during  progress  or  at 
completion,  with  provision  for  arbitration. 

li.  Allowances  for  time  in  case  of  lock-outs  or 
strikes. 

4.  Provision  for  settling  all  disputes  during  the 
progress  of  the  works  (hitherto  in  every  case  re- 
ferred to  the  architect)  by  arbitration. 

A  long  discussion  ensued,  during  which  a  very 
admirable  form  of  contract,  suggested  by  Mr    Pie- 


150 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


February  22,  ISBT 


vins,  of  BirmiDglaani,  with  explanatory  remarks, 
was  read,  it  having  been  drawn  up  specially  with 
a  view  of  setting  the  matter  upon  a  proper  foot 
ing  ;  it  had  been  also  discussed  at  the  annual  meet- 
ing of  the  Architectural  Alliance  in  Loudon,  and 
had  been  sent  with  the  agenda  to  every  member 
of  the  profession.  It  was  felt  that  in  these  days 
of  cheap  estimating  it  was  absolutely  necessary 
for  the  architect  to  have  considerable  power  in 
dealing  with  builders,  but  no  architect  of  any 
standing  or  position  would  use  that  power  in  an 
arbitrary  way  ;  if  so,  builders  could  refuse  to  ten- 
der under  him,  and  it  appeared  unfair  to  urge  con- 
ditions upon  architects  as  a  body  which  were  only 
applicable  to  persons  calling  themselves  architects 
with  no  pretensions  to  the  honours  or  responsibi- 
lities of  the  properly  qualified  practitioner.  Even- 
tually resolutions  were  unanimously  agreed  upon 
to  the  following  effect  : — 

"  That  a  building  contract  being  an  engage- 
ment between  an  employer  and  contractor,  it  being 
open  to  one  or  the  other  to  make  special  con- 
ditions to  meet  the  special  requirements  which 
arise  in  nearly  every  case,  it  being  also  open  to 
contractors  to  decline  any  contract  where  the  con- 
ditions are  not  such  as  they  can  afford  to,  it  Is  the 
opinion  of  this  meeting  that  the  conference  between 
a  committee  of  architects  and  the  General  Builders' 
Association,  as  suggested  by  the  latter,  would  be 
perfectly  useless,  and  lead  to  no  satisfactory  re- 
sult. 

"The  system  of  quantities  being  taken  out  by 
architects  for  their  own  buildings  is  deprecated  by 
the  rules  of  the  Royal  Institute  of  British  Archi- 
tects, and  it  is  considered  by  this  meeting  ob- 
jectionable to  make  the  quantities  a  part  of  the 
contract;  but  it  suggests  that  the  plan  adopted  in 
Government  works,  and  by  a  large  section  of  the 
profession,  should  be  generally  adopted,  viz.,  to 
allow  the  builder  whose  tender  is  accepted  suffi- 
cient time  to  prove  the  accuracy  of  the  quantities 
as  representing  the  measurement  of  work  con- 
tained in  the  drawings  and  specifications,  after 
which  no  question  as  to  their  accuracy  to  be 
raised.  t^ 

"  The  form  of  arbitration  suggested  by  clause  4 
was  considered  objectionable  in  the  highest  de- 
gree, as  opening  the  way  for  endless  disputes  and 
complications,  it  being  generally  agreed  that,  as 
heretofore,  the  architect  during  the  progress  of 
the  works  should  be  the  sole  referee  upon  all  ques- 
tions of  payments  due,  quality  of  materials,  and 
workmanship,  in  fact,  the  carrying  into  effect  his 
designs  ;  ami  that  the  arbitration  clause  should  be 
confined  to  all  matters  arising  after  the  comple- 
tion of  the  contract  as  to  any  amount  due  to  the 
contractor,  &c.,  &c.,  according  to  clauses  15,  16,  in 


WAGES  MOVEMENT. 

The  operative  boase  painters  of  Binuingham  have  sent  a 
circular  to  their  masters  asking  "a  reduction  of  their  work- 
ing hours  from  59  to  54  per  week,  and  to  increase  their 
wages  Id.  per  hour  after  the  1st  of  April  next. 

The  Eight  HooRa  Movkment.— Au  oSacial  circular  has 
just  been  issued  relative  to  the  ei^^ht  houra'  movement  in 
Lancasliire,  Cheshii-,  Yorkshire,  and  Derbyshire.  Itstales 
that  the  principles  adopted  as  a  fundamental  baais  of  an 
;issociation  to  be  called  "The  Lanfaahire,  Yorkshire, 
Cheshire,  and  Derbyshire  Factmy  Workers'  Short-time  and 
Ai'bitration  Association,"  are  the  followiug ; — That  in  con- 
sequence of  the  increased  speed  of  machinery,  and  the 
great  addition  to  the  number  of  factories,  &:c.,  a  further 
limitation  of  the  hours  of  factory  labour  has  become  indis- 
pensably necessary  ;  that  there  should  be  an  agitation  for  a 
measure  to  secui-e  an  eight  liours"  bill  for  factories,  such 
time  to  be  worked,  exclusive  of  mill  hours,  for  adult  males 
and  females,  as  well  as  yoiuig  persons,  with  an  equal  re- 
strictioQ  ujiou  the  moving  power;  and  that  there  ought  to 
be  boards  of  arbitration  or  conciliation  for  the  settlement 
of  Llisputes  between  employer  and  employed. 


court  held  that  this  was  one  of  the  frequent  cases  of 
'iamniim  absque  ivjuria—o.  loss  for  which  there  could  be  no 
remedy.  This  decision  has  now  been  reversed  by  the  Ex- 
chequer Chamber.  Three  judges  there— Mr.  Baron  Bram 
well,  Jlr.  Justice  Keating,  and  Mr.  Justice  Smith— held 
that  the  plaintiff  could  recover  compensation,  but  as  Mr. 
Baron  Channsl  dissented,  we  have  simply  three  puisne 
judges  opposed  in  opinion  to  three  others.  The  point  is 
one  of  great  public  importance,  and  the  railway  company 
will  probably  carry  the  case  to  the  House  of  Lords  :  for  if 
compensation  be  allowed  in  such  a  case,  where  is  the  line  to 
be  dra\vn  ?  This  case  also  suggests  some  reflection  as  to 
the  working  of  the  Exchequer  Chamber  as  a  court  of  appeal. 
Under  the  present  system,  three  judges  in  Error,  fonuing 
the  majority  of  the  hxchequer  Chamber,  may  reverse  the 
judgment  of  the  foiu- judges  in  the  court  below.  Hence, 
the  law  as  laid  down  by  three  judges  of  equal  rank  may 
thus  prevail  over  the  law  laid  down  bysLx.  This  is  not 
satisfactory.  Six  judges  should  be  the  minimum  number 
who  can  sit  in  error,  and  at  least  one  of  those  should  be  a 
chief. 


liitcrcoinmuiiicatioiT. 


QVBBTIONS. 

[257.]— FOUNDATION'S.— "VVill  any  of  your  numerous 
readei-s  kindly  inform  me  how  I  may  make  good  founda- 
tions for  some  heavy  buildings  ou  Oxford  clay  subsoil  ? 
The  stratum  of  clay  lias  a  slight  inclination,  and  exhibits 
a  tendency  to  slip.  A.  N. 


[258-1— FLOW  OF  GAS.— Will  you  inform  me,  through 
the  medium  of  your  I ntercommimi cation,  how  I  can  calcu- 
late the  flow  of  gas?  I  wish  to  know  how  much  gaa  of 
specific  gravity  0  42  will  be  discharged  thixiugh  a  3in.  pipe 
two  miles  long  per  minute.  Tvao. 


COMPENSATION  CASES. 

RiDGWAY  V.  The  Rotal  Commissioners,  Fkb.  13. — This 
was  a  claim  for  £2.000  for  cei-tain  freehold  houses  in  Lower 
Serle's-place,  Temple  Bar.  The  jury  returned  a  vetdict  for 
£1,350. 

The  fii-st  compensation  case  connected  with  the  railway 
under  the  Thames.  Hedges  and  another  v.  the  Waterloo 
and  Whitehall  Railway  Company,  was  heard  on  Saturday 
last,  at  the  Sheriff's  Court,  Red  Lion-square.  Tlie  pro- 
perty consists  of  a  coach  house  and  stables  which  had  been 
let  to  Sir  John  Rennie,  and  attached  to  the  house  15, 
Whitehall-place,  now  rented  by  the  Geographical  Society. 
The  property  was  required  as  part  of  the  station  for  the 
railway  under  the  Thames  from  Great  Scotland-yard  to  the 
Waterloo  station.  £1,400  was  claimed,  but  the  jury 
assessed  the  compensation  at  £1,205. 

TUBNKR  AND  ReETES     V.      THB     BOTAL     COMMISSIONERS 

OF  THE  New  Law  Oodets. — The  claimants  were  book- 
sellers, and  this  was  a  claim  for  £6,000  for  leasehold  pre- 
mises. No.  258,  Strand,  and  loss  of  business  consequent  ou 
removing.    The  jury  returned  a  verdict  for  £3,000. 


TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 

To  Our  Re.^ders. — We  shall  feel  obliged  to  any  of  our 
reader  who  will  favour  ua  with  brief  notes  of  works  con- 
templated or  in  progi-ess  in  the  provinces. 

Letters  relating  to  advei'tisements  and  the  ordinary  busi- 
ness of  the  paper  should  be  addressed  to  the  Editor,  166, 
Fleet-street.  Advertisements  for  the  current  week  must 
reach  the  office  before  5  o'clock  p  m.  on  Thursday.  ' 

Notice.— The  BUILDING  NEWS  inserts  advertise- 
ments for  "SITUATIONS  WANTED,"  &c.,  at  ONE 
SHILLING  for  the  first  Twenty- four  Words. 


Received. -^D.  and  Son. —W.  gndC— T.  L.— H.  andN— 
A.  C— A.  H.  H.—J.  H..  jvm.— W.  T.— W.  T.  F.— M.  J.  L. 
— H.  G.  and  Co.— W.  H.- G.  H.  G.— E.  W.  G.~H.  P.— 
J.  L.— R.  H.  S.— J.  T.  H.— H.  H.  V.— J.  B.— J.  N. 

A.  B. — Consult  our  advertising  columns  for  the  names  of 
Portland  cement  manufacturers.  We  ought  not  to  be 
;itfked  such  a  question. 

E.  T.  — The  National  Gallery  designs  have  been  done  to 
death.  The  public,  in  fact,  are  sick  of  them.  Otherwise 
your  long  letter  might  have  been  inserted. 

J.  J.  C — YoiU"  article  has  been  received. 


CovHspoiikiite. 


LEGAL  INTELLIGENCE. 

Court  OK' Common  Fleaa,  Feb.  10. — Bucki-and  v.  Thomp- 
son.— This  was  au  action  by  plaintiff,  a  land  surveyor, 
residing  at  Clapham,  to  recover  £y8  16s.  for  commission  for 
letting  land  at  Nelson-row,  Clapham,  on  building  leases. 
Witnesses  proved  the  practice  of  auctioneers  and  surveyors 
to  charge  the  first  year's  groimd  rentjfor  their  remunera- 
tion.    Verdict  for  the  plaintiff  for  £45. 

INJU-.Y  TO  Houses  hy  Railways. —A  case  is  given  in 
the  recent  "  Law  Reports  "  which  deserves  more  attention 
than  it  has  yet  received.  Two  j  ndges  of  the  Queen'»  Bench, 
Mr.  Justice  Mellor  and  Mr.  Justice  Lush,  decided  in 
November,  1865,  tliat  the  owner  of  a  house,  none  of  whose 
lauds  had  been  taken  for  the  purposes  ol  the  railway,  can- 
not under  the  Laud  Clauses'  Consolidation  Acts  of  1S45  re- 
cover compensation  for  the  depreciated  value  of  his  house, 
caused  by  working  the  line  in  the  ordinary  manner.  It 
did  not  appear  that  etructural  injury  was,  or  would  be, 
caused  to  the  house  by  the  construction  of  the  railway. 
On  the  other  hand,  it  was  admitted  that  by  the  running  of 
locomotives  and  trains  the  house  was,  and  would  be,  sub- 
jected 10  vibration,  noise,  and  smoke,  and  was.  and  would 
be,  always  depreciated  and  lessened  in  value  :  but  the 


NUTFIELD  HOUSE. 

To  the  Editor  of  the  Building  News. 

Sir, — My  attention  baa  been  called  to  a  letter 
in  your  issue  of  tbe  15th  inst.,  from  Mr.  Pbipson, 
of  Norwich,  in  which  be  charges  me  with  the 
serious  offence  of  appropriating  to  myself  the 
credit  of  a  design  of  his.  As  this  is  a  question 
that  cannot  possibly  interest  your  readers, 
I  will  reply  as  briefly  as  possible.  In  1858,  Mr. 
Gurney  requested  me  to  submit,  in  competition 
with  another  architect  {I  believe  Mr.  Penning  on), 
a  scheme  for  remodelUug  and  enlarging  his  house. 
My  proposal  having  been  accepted,  it  was  mu- 
tually agreed  that,  although  the  existing  house 
was  built  in  the  very  worst  taste  of  modern 
pseudo-Gothic,  still  there  was  so  much  that  was 
solid  about  it  that  it  was  advisable  to  add  and 
remodel,  instead  of  pulling  down.  Your  corre- 
spondent implies  that  I  only  added  a  few  rooms, 
&.C.;  my  answer  to  which  is  that  I  find  the  cost  of 
my  works  came  to  £14,000.  I  can  assure  Mr. 
Phipson,  in  all  sincerity,  that,  instead  of  being 
obliged  to  him  for  leaving  me  a  type  to  follow, 
the  only  source  of  regret  I  experienced  in  the 
work  was  the  obligation  laid  upon  me  to  conform 
the  new  works,  in  some  measure,  to  the  Batty- 
Langley  kind  of  type  I  was  asked  to  improve 
upon.  Mr.  Phipson  may  rest  assured,  that  when  I 
become  amenable  to  his  charge,  I  shall  make  it 
worth  my  while  to  appropriate  something  that 
may  do  me  credit,  and  that  is  not  thirty  years  in 
arrear  of  our  present  knowledge, — I  am,  &c., 

John  Nokton. 
24,  Old  Bond-street,  W. 


[259.]— HEATED  SPINDLES.— The  spindle  of  my  3ft. 
saw  band  becomes  greatly  heated,  and  1  have  not  been 
able  to  remedy  the  evil  by  any  Inbricator  1  ha^fl 
tried.  I  wish  to  know  if  any  of  your  readers  can  inform, 
me  how  to  remedy  this?  1  may  say  thespindle  revolves  at 
the  sate  of  850  revolutions  per  minute.  J.  G.  P. 


[260.]— PATENTED  ORNAMENTATION.— Would  thts 
mere  application  of  an  old  method  of  ornamentation  to  an 
article  to  which  it  has  never  before  been  applied  be  made 
the  subject  of  a  valid  patent  ?  N.  H.  B. 

[A  patent  would  be  granted,  but  its  validity  would  be 
exceedingly  doubtful.] 


[261.]— PRESSURE  ON  STEAM  BOILERS.— Can  yo« 
inform  me  if  a  cyliudi'ical  boiler  of  3ft.  diameter  and  18ft. 
long  has  an  extension  attached,  the  inside  dimensions  of 
which  are  ISin.  long,  6in.  wide,  and  l'(i4  high,  will  the 
pressui'o  to  the  square  inch  of  surface  to  this  contracted 
appendage  equal  that  to  the  square  inch  on  the  boiler  t 

Zkno. 

[The  pressure  will  be  the  same,  whatever  the  form  and 
dimensions  of  the  vessel,  the  only  dithculty  being  to  pre- 
serve the  same  temperature  in  the  thin  projection  from 
the  boiler  as  in  the  boiler  itself.  A  thin  film  of  steam  at 
any  noted  pressure  will  exert  tbe  same  force  as  a  thicker 
stratum  of  one  or  more  inches  in  depth.] 


[262.]— MATERIALS  FOR  PAINTING.— Would  you  or 
any  of  yoyi- readers  kindly  inform  me  what  quantities  of 
white  lead,  oil,  and  turpentine  are  required  to  repaint 
30U  superficial  yards  of  wood  or  iron  one  coat,  and  also 
what  proportions  of  these  materiala  are  required  for  the 
second  coat?  M.  P.  N. 


[263. >— ZINCING  IRON.— I  should  esteem  it  a  great 
favour  if  you  will  allow  me  to  ask  any  of  your  readers  how 
I  can  coat  iron  with  zinc?  P.  W 


[264.]— FLOORING.— Will  you  kindly  inform  me  wh:;t 
weight  per  square  foot  is  usually  assumed  by  builders  for 
ordinary  dwelling-house  floors,  inclusive  of  the  weight  of 
the  materials  'i*  In  some  books  it  is  given  ;is  IJcwt.  per  foot 
super,  but  I  think  this  is  surely  excessive  for  an  ordi- 
nary floor  of  single  joists.  Also,  perhaps,  you  will  say 
what  is  usually  allowed  for  office  floors.  X.  Y.  2. 


[265.]— STAINING  MARBLE.— Can  any  of  yonr  nu- 
merous readers  inform  me  how  I  can  stain  marble  in  va- 
rious colours?  J.  M'D. 


[206.]— COATING  IRON  PATTERNS.— I  wish  to  coat 
some  iron  patterns  with  copper.  Can  you  inform  me  which 
way  I  should  go  about  it  ?  W.  CmcKEN. 


[267.]— TILE  MACHINERY.— Will  any  of  your  corre- 
spondents kindly  inform  me  whether  coloured  tilea  can  be 
niatlo  by  machinery,  and  if  so,  where  such  machines  maybe 
obtained?  "  J.  V. 


[2GS.]— UNDERPINNING  CEMENT.— I  am  makiag 
some  drains  under  the  foundation  of  an  old  building,  and 
am  desirous  to  know  what  is  the  most  efficient  cement  to 
use  for  the  purpose  of  underpinning  these  foundations. 

BOILDEK. 


[26!;).]- GIRDERS  IN  BUILDINGS.— Will  you  kindly 
inform  me  whether  it  is  necessary  to  allow  for  contraction 
and  expansioa  of  warehouse  gii-ders  under  the  following 
circumstances  : — The  girders  are  60ft.  in  length,  each  bailt 
into  the  walls  of  the  building  at  eaeh  end,  and  iutenue- 
diately  supported  by  two  cast-iron  columns,  dividing  the 
length  of  the  giider  into  three  equal  spans.  The  depth  of 
the  gu-der  is  21in,,  the  breadth  of  the  flange  22 in  ,  their 
thickness  §in. ,  the  web  being  Jin.  thick,  and  atta^ihed  i>  i  t'l ' 
flanges  by  angle-irons  3in.  x  3in.  x  |in.        ARCHiTtLT 


[270.]— WALLS  FOR  FRESCOES.  —  The  failure  of 
modern  frescoes,  aa  illustrated  by  the  series  in  Westmic- 
ster  Palace,  seems  certain,  no  matter  in  which  of  the  th- 
rious  processes  they  are  painted.  The  bloom  which  has  made 
its  appearance  ou  MacUse  s  large  picture  of  the  "  Meeting 
of  Wellington  and  Blucher "  has  aheady  spoiled  manr 
others  in  the  same  building.  This  bloom  is  doubtie* 
caused  through  the  walls  not  being  of  sufficient  thick)iei« 
to  exclude  the  damp,  at  least  that  is  its  cause  in  most 
modem  buildings ;  the  ancients  seldom  failed  on  that 
account.  I  would  suggest  that  aU  wall  surfaces  inieuded 
to  be  painted  upon  as  frescoes  should  be  insulated  from  the 
influences  of  the  weather  by  being  built  hollow.  Woidd 
any  of  your  readers  inform  me,  through  your  columns,  boff 
the  raediseval  men  burned  their  lime  ?  Did  thej  use  coal. 
It  may  be  that  our  modern  practice  in  this  respect,  »* 
compared  with  the  ancient,  may  have  something  to  do 
with  our  failure. — E.  H.  Horne,  Broad-street  Station. 


REPLIEB, 

[220.]  —  CUTTINGS  AND  EMBANKMENTS.  —  In 
answer  to  "Surveyor"  I  beg  to  inform  him  that  the 
general  method  of  calculating  the  contents  of  cut- 
tijigs  and  embankments  is  by  tables  constructed  for  that 
purpose  from  the  "True  Prismoidal  Formula,"  Tiz.,  Sir 
J.  Macueill's  or   Mr.  Bidder" s  tables.    The  foUowiug  1«- 


February  22,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


mi 


ula  may  be  useful  to  him,  the  proofe  of  which  are  too 


f.  If  insertion  :— 

pribiiioidal    cout^ints 


cubic 


yardfl, 
has    equal  basos  and    unequal    lioights 


where 
L 


.<'^^>  +  -|-(ii^ 


+    HHl    +     Hi2) 


nuftl  ba508.     Volume  = 

L    ,  (iU   +  HI)  13  +  B  (2H' 


JD 


^- 


+    H1I>    + 


niJ)} 


where     B      and     Bi 

heights,  R  =  ratio  of 
L.  C.  E. 


oxidation,  and  globules  still  contjiiniug  miuuto  undercruata 
of  oxide  motallic  iron,  unhumed.  The  sparks  or  scintilla- 
tions f;iil  tti  burn  the  skin  if  tliey  t*»uch  it,  because  tlie  law 
which  regulates  the  spheroidal  stjito  of  matter  comes  intu 
action  auil  prevents  their  doing  80.  If  the  oxptu-imout  bo 
tried  of  heating  c;istiruu  oil  charcoal  liy  the  agency  oftliu 
oxyhydrogcu  ltlo\\-]iipe  the  results  will  be  fascinatingly 
beautiful,  and  they  would  illustrate  exactly  the  acintiila- 
tions  from  molten  iron  noon  after  tapping  a  furnace— in 
fact,  the  action  is  in  both  cjusos  identical. 


•  he  bases,  L  =  length,  II  and  Hi  = 

■  H3A.  ■ 

■29.]— HOW  TO  DESCRIBE  A  PARABOLA.— In  any 
abolic  cnrvo  tno  data  are  tlio  span  and  the  rise,  and  in 
3r  todescrilw   the   parabola  accurately  it  will  be  suffi- j 
It  t*»  sliow  the  metlKKl  for  obtaining  ono  half  of  it,  since 
i  uther  half  will  be  identical.     Let  the  fig.  represent  an 


[210.]  —  SPONTAXEOUH  COMBUSTION.— With  your 
permission  I  will  inform  "Nauticus"  that  the  only  safe- 
guard against  spontaneous  combustion  is  watchfulness. 
SiwntaueouB  combustion  miiy  arise  either  from  conditions 
of  stowage,  or  from  tlio  chemical  pioperties'of  the  materials 
stored,  but  as  a  rise  of  the  temperature  must  occur  before 
ignition  the  iniiwnding  calamity  may  be  detected  by  the 
frequent  use  of  a  thermometer.  ruisicus. 


(  ati'iu  of  one  half  a  parabolic  curve,  in  which  A  B  is 
half  sjian  or  chord,  and  A  0  the  rise  or  raajtimum 
:is3a.  DiTide  A  li  into  ton  parts  as  shown,  erect  perpen- 
I  liars  commencing  with  1,  that  is  with  A  C,  and  multi- 
its  given  value  consecutively  by  the  following  numbera, 
,  1,0-99,  Om,  0-91.  0-8-1,  075,  0  64.  0'51,  OotJ.  0  19. 
(  proiluct  willgivothe  correct  lengths  of  the  ten  perpen- 
il&rs.  As  A  U  is  multiplied  by  1,  of  couree  its  given 
10  remains  unaltered.  Having  found  the  points  of  the 
ve  on  the  perpendiculars,  the  curve  must  be  evenly  ruled 
tetween  them  by  means  of  a  French  curve.    Designer. 


►30.]— STRENGTH    OF  R0PE3.— The  following  is  a 

d  rule  for  finding  the  strength    of  ropes,  as  also   their 

The    square    of   the    circumference    in   inches 

gilt:-         -^ 


ID 
practical  strength  in  tons  =  about  half  their  breaking 

The    square  of   the    cii'cumference 
ght.       ^ =    weight 

Iba.  i)er  fathom.  In  answer  to  whether  two  ropes  of 
same  area  as  a  large  one  are  stronger  than  the  large 
I  beg  to  state  that  they  are  of  equal  strength. 

L.  C.  E. 


[240], — This  arises  from  various  causes,  and  it  would 
require  a  long  chemicjil  dissertation  to  explain  the  different 
phenomena  attending  spontaneous  ignition  among  various 
materials.  With  respect,  however,  to  the  spontaneous 
combustion  of  coals  in  the  holds  of  vessels,  to  which 
"  Nauticus  "  has  more  especi;il)y  referred,  the  causes  of  the 
evil  may  be  placed  imdcr  two  nuiin  heads— the  composition 
of  the  coal  and  the  degree  of  ventilation  present.  Some 
kinds  of  coal  are  naturally  prone  to  heating,  being,  in  fact, 
saturated  with  gas,  and  this  fhould  in  ;U1  cases  be  deter- 
mined by  examination  or  analysis.  It  is  chiefly  fine  coal 
which  is'diuigerous.  Steam  coal,  for  example,  does  not 
often  lieat.  The  large  and  irregxilar  lumps  make  large 
spaces  through  winch  the  air  freely  circulates  and  keep 
the  temperature  low.  Small  coal,  on  the  contrary,  liesclose, 
like  grain  or  seed,  and  the  air  cannot  jienetrate  the  mass. 
Unfortunately  it  is  this  latter  which  is  most  wanted— 
mainly  for  smelting  purposes — on  the  western  co;ists  of 
South  America,  jmd  which  has  constantly  to  be  sliipped  for 
those  places.  The  only  things  to  prevent  sixintaneoua 
combustion  occurring  sometimes  iu  these  cases  are  a  care- 
ful testing  of  the  coal  before  shipping,  and  a  complete  ex- 
clusion of  moisture  from  them  before  and  after  they  are 
put  on  board.  No  doubt  artificial  ventilation  of  the  holds 
of  vessels  is  an  excellent  preventive  of  spontaneous  com- 
bustion, and  pipes  may  bo  so  arranged  as  to  convey  fresh 
air  below  deck  and  foul  air  into  the  chimney  of  the  galley 
or  caboose.  If  a  cuiTent  can  thus  be  established  — 
somewhat  after  the  manner  of  ventilating  certain  coal-pits 
— goml  would  inevitably  result.  The  occasional  pushing 
down  of  a  test  i-od  into  a  mass  of  coal  on  board  ship  affords 
a  simple  means  of  ascertaining  th^  existence  of  undue 
heat ;  but,  in  spite  of  all,  what  are  called  accidents  will 
occasionally  happen.  J-  H. 


[245.  ] — With  your  permission  I  can  give  *'  A  Beginner  " 
the  information  ho  desires.  All  observations  in  maritime 
surveyini:  intended  to  be  laid  down  upon  a  chart  are  mado 
Willi  reference  to  pointit  previously  ascertained  on  shore, 
anddeturmined  in  position  with  gi'eat  accuracy.  It  is  easy 
to  perceive  that  when  tho-e  points  have  b  en  fixed  the  re- 
lative positiiins  of  all  prominent  objects,  such  as  light- 
houses, largo  rocks  tSic. ,  can  bo  ascertained  by  triaugula- 
tion.  Similarly,  those  other  data  being  determined,  a 
series  of  small  itarveys  can  be  based  upon  them  by  taking 
iibservatlons  and  souTidrngs,  and  the  whole  united  into 
one  survey  and  plottoil  in  a  chart.  Tide  gauges,  the  level  of 
which  is  acourutely  taken  by  a  spirit  level  are  set  up  at 
intervals  as  data  from  which  to  make  the  soundings.  '*  A 
Beginner"  should  road  "  Williams's  Practical  G^iodosy," 
where  ho  will  find  a  full  account  of  tho  whole  subject. 

MaHInE  SUIIVEYOR. 


[2413.]— ANTIFRICTION  PISTONS.  —Will  you  allow 
me  to  inform  "  A  Workman  "  that  Mr.  Molyueu.'c's  pistons 
have  no  springs  behind  the  packing  rings,  bvit,  in  place  of  tho 
springs,  steam  i»rcssure  is  u-sed,  so  that  when  the  steam  is 
shut  off  tho  rings  contract,  thus  avoiding  unnecessary  fric- 
tion between  tho  i)iston  and  cylinder.  Guard. 


233.1— COLOURING  PLANS.— The  answers  given   to 

'    question    of    "Ignoramus"    by     '■  G.  W.    F.  "   and 

draughtsman,"  although  sufficient  for  very  small  plans 

i  the  best  kind  of  parchment,   will  be  found  deficient 

en  Colouring  large  surfaces  upon  any  quality  of  vellum 
parchment.     The  method    which   I   invariably    adopt 

d  which  I  have  alw.ays  found  lo  answer  remarkably 
hll)  is.  first  of  all,  to  remove  all  pencil  marks  and  dirt 
•J m  the  surface   with  india-rubber,  then  wash  over  with 

«in  water  in  a  full  brush,  the  whole  part  to  be  coloured  ;  -        *■      *      i  * 

«)w  it  to  remain  until  nearly  dry.  and  then  colourinthei  the  quantity  of  water  he  wants 


[242.]— PUMPS.— "Sussex Farmer"  will  find  the  follow- 
ing rule  useful  to  determine  the  powor  necessary  to  wo  rk 
pump.'i : — 

Let  H  P  represent  the  horse  power  required,  G  the  number 
of  gallons  of  water  to  be  raised  per  minute,  h  the  height  of 
lift  ;  then  allowing  5  per  cent  for  friction  of  pump  the 
power  absorbed  will  be 

G   X     h 

III*-  -^nr- 

Tlie  size  of  pump  will  depend  iu  some  degree  on  the  speed 
of  tho  engine  by  which  it  is  to  be  worked,  and  also  will 
be  affected  by  the  kind  of  pump  used.  These  points  I  shall 
be  happy  to  "explain  if ''Sussex  Farmer  "  will  give  further 
particulars.  Engineer. 

[242.  ]— Your  correspondent  "  Sussex  Farmer  "  may  cal- 
culate as  follows  to  find  the  horse  power  requisite  to    raise 


[249.1— ARCHITECTS'  ASSISTANTS.— There  isa  place 
in  Loudon  where  architects'  assistants  can  hear  of  engage- 
ments, viz.,  the  Architectural  Association,  !>.  Conduit- 
street,  W.  "The  register  of  the  association  is  kept  up  as  a 
confidential  medium  of  communication  between  architects 
and  assistants  requiring  engagements.  Particulars  may 
be  had  upon  application  to  the  registrar.  During  the  past 
sessionthis  register  has  been  found  to  be  of  gi-eatly  iucreiising 
use  to  both  parties."  Vide  Syllabus,  session  ISGG-V.  I  do  not 
know  whether  this  register  can  be  usen  by  anyone  beside 
menilioi-3  of  tho  association,  but  information  on  the  point 
can  be  obtained  from  J.  Douglass  Mathews,  hon.  secretary.lO, 
Cloak-lane,  City,  C.E.  The  subscription  to  the  association 
is  only  lOs.  Cd  per  annum,  and  if  "  Provincial  Assistant" 
intends  to  come  up  to  town  I  shpuld  advise  him  to  get  a 
syllabus  and  think  seriously  about  joining,  for,  besides  the 
advantage  of  the  register,  when  he  visits  town  he  will  have 
the  benefit  of  the  library,  lectures,  sketch  class,  &c..  ad  lib. 
If  he  wishes  to  join  I  shall  be  moat  willing  to  propose  or 
second  him  if  ha  knows  no  other  member. — J.  W.  Alex- 
ander, 6,  Duke-street,  Adelphi. 


[250,]  — TILING  FOB  GARDEN  BEDS.— In  reply 
to  your  inquirer  of  last  week's  paper  in  reference  to  garden 
edging  tiles,  I  can  inform  him  that  edging  of  good  and  va- 
rious designs  may  be  procuied  of  almost  any  wholesale 
dealer  in  materials  for  building,  or  from  the  manufactur- 
ers, of  whom  I  may  menton  Mr.  Thomas  Peake,  Tuustall, 
Staffordshire.  The  price  varies  from  Sd.  to  4d.  or  5d.  per 
yard,  according  to  quality  and  design,  and  whether  buff 
coloured  or  blue  ;  the  latter  for  out-door  work  is  far  pre- 
ferable, the  buff  invariably  turnmg  green.  For  a  small 
quantity  only  the  cost  would  be  rather  more.  C.  B. 


■Hal  way,  adding  a  little  ox  gall   in   the  wa^h.     In  this 

■  nuer  the  colour  runs  freely  and   lies  evenly  ui)on  the 

■  face  of  the  vellum  or  parchment,  and  satisfactory  work 
jibtained.     I  must  add  that  it  is   better  to  keep  the  ink 

es  on  the  plan  rather  light,  and  thus  prevent  the  ink 
ining,  which  is  sure  to  occur  if  the  lines  are  black. 

A  Cantab. 


233.]— If  "  Ignoramus"  will  crush  and  dissolve  in  a 
all  bottle  full  of  water  as  much  alum  as  the  water  will 
e  up,  aud  mix  his  colour  with  that,  instead  of  pure 
ler,  he  will  find  the  colour  run  eveuly  aud  without  mak- 
thobo  unsightly  blotches  on  parchment. 

Rehjacket. 


239.]— SPARKS  AND  SCINTILLATIONS  FROM 
ON  AND  STEEL.— Allow  me   to  explain    to  "  Inqui- 

"  the  caue  of  the  phenomena  to  which  his  question 
ars.  The  concussion  of  iron  or  steel  with  another  hard 
fltance  causes  a  portion  to  be  stnick  off,  and  at  the 
le  time  the  compression  produced  generates  heat  suffi  - 
it  to  ignite  the  particles  of  metal,  so  the  spark  is  a  burn- 
atom  of  iron.  That  iron  is  very  combustible  is  proved 
the  common  experiment  of  preparing  it  atomically  in 
JOB    heiinetically    sealed,   and    subsequently    breaking 

when  the  contained  metal  ignites  on  contact  with 
I  atmosphere.  W.  A. 


Put  G  to  equal  i  he  number  of  gaUous  to  be  raised  iu  twenty- 
four  hours. 
H  the  height  in  feet  it  is  to  be  raised  ;  then 
G  X  H 

n  P  =    —^ — 

4762000 
In  the  example  given  G  =  500  x  60  x  24  =  72000,  and 
720000   X    43 

This  is  the  theoretical  hoi-se  power,  which  must  be  nearly 
doubled  to  allow  for  friction,  loss  of  power  and  other  con- 
tingencies. About  12-hor8e  power  will  answer  perfectly 
well.  The  diameter  of  the  pump  may  be  thus  found  : — 
Let  G  equal  the  number  of  gallons  to  be  raised  per  minute, 
in  this  instance  500. 

N  equal  number  of  strokes  per  minute,  and 
L  tlie  length  of  stroke  in  feet  and  decimals  of  a  foot. 
Making  D  =  the  diameter  in  inches  of  the  pump,  we  have 

D  =    ^-^ . 

00340?  X  L  X  N 
The  value  of  D  must  be  increased  about  30  per  cent  to  allow 
for  leakage.  There  are  so  many  varietiesof  valves  in  use 
that  it  would  be  impossible  to  single  out  any  particular 
one  as  the  best.  "  Sussex  Farmer  '  had  better  apply  to  a 
good  maker.  Aobicultubeb. 


a 
c 


aggcstioiis. 


VARNISH  FOR  PATTERNS,  &c. 

A  very  good  black  varnish  for  patterns  for  castings  is 
mailebydissolving  rough  shellac  in  methylated  spiritsof  wine, 
and  colouring  with  vegetable  black.  This  varnish  is  water- 
proof, and  lasts  well.  For  other  purposes,  such  as  varnish- 
ing plan.s  (not  intended  to  t>e  rolled  up)  white  shellac  dis- 
solved in  pure  spirit  will  be  found  convenient.  J.  V. 


CEMENT  FOR  GLASS,  &.c. 

The  most  enduring  cement  for  glass,  porcelain.  Sic.  may 
be  thus  prepared— Wash  soft  cheese  with  boiling  water 
until  the  water  comes  away  colourless,  then  a  waxy  sub- 
stance, in  soluble  in  water,  will  remain  ;  this  should  be 
carefully  dried  and  powdered,  and  then  mixed  with  its  own 
bulk  of  quick  lime,  and  put  in  an  air-tight  bottle.  When 
required  for  use  moisten  with  water  aud  apply  imme- 
diately ;  this  cement  se  s  iu  about  fifteen  minutes,  and  re- 
sists tiie  action  of  heat  and  wet.  P.  V. 


^239.] — This  is  an  interesting  subject,  and  we  thank 
oquisitive  "  for  introducing  it.  Scintillations  from  iron 
in  very  early  ages  applied  to  practical  use.  Indeed, 
are  indebted  to  sparks  emitted  from  steel  for  the  second 
liest  mode  of  obtaining  light.  Hoi-seshoes  and  wheels  of 
riages  frequently  "strike  light,"  as  boys  say,  on  the  high 
d,  simply  from  their  friction  against  flint — auotherform 

"flint  and  steel."  In  these  cases  it  is  the  friction 
ich  detaches  small  particles  of  steel  or  iron  at  a  liigh 
aperature.  and  these  combine  with,  or  bum,  the  oxygen 
the  neighbouring  atmosphere,  and  hence  the  scintilla- 
ns  or  sparks.  If  WTought  iron  be  highly  heated  on 
ircoal  by  the  oxyhydi-ogen  blowpipe  it  presently  boUs, 
to  speak,  and  Uttle  sparks  fly  from  it.  These  sparks, 
*ever,  are  simply  ignited  globules  of  metal  which  do 
b  BcintiUate.  If,  again,  cast  iron  be  heated  on  charcoal 
the  same  way,  it  also  boils,  and  that  much  more  rapidly 
m  wrought  iron  would,  and  throws  up  little  globules  of 
»ted  metal.     In  this  instance,  the  substance  thus  given 

is  a  mixture  of  iron  and  charcoal,  both  having  a  strong 
inity  for  oxygen,  and  which  latter  combines  with  the 
n  and  the  charcoal,  and  the  globules  literally  catch  firo 
ttie  air.  If  the  8i>ent  sparks  coidd  be  collected  they 
•uld  be  found  to  be  composed  of  iron  in  every  foim  of 


[243.1— SIZE  OF  BRICKS.— I  begtoinfurra  "  Architect " 
that  1  have  erected  some  V>uildings  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  Scarborough  in  which  the  bricks  were  (including  joints) 
9.  in.  long,  the  other  dimensions  being  the  same  as  usual. 

Builder. 


[244.]— TUNNELS.— "Young  Engineer  '  should  make 
his  tunnel  oval  in  form.  The  thickness  of  the  brickwork 
can  only  be  determined  on  inspection  of  the  soil ;  probably 
if  the  rock  is  decomposing  he  will  have  to  use  six  lings  of 
brickwork.  Contractor. 


[244.]— Mlow  me  to  inform  "  Young  Engineer"  that  the 
form  of  his  tunnel  should  be  obtained  by  using  four  cen- 
ters, one  for  the  soffit,  two  for  the  side  walls,  and  one  for 
the  invert.  Five  half  brick  rings  will  do  for  the  thickness 
of  the  arch,  although  it  would  be  going  on  the  safe  side  to 
make  it  six.  Tunnel. 


[245.]— HARBOUR  SURVEYS.— "A  Beginner  in  sut- 
vening  harbours,  «tc.,  must  fix  range  rods  on  the  coast  in 
pairs,  so  that  he  may  determine  his  position  when  taking  a 
sounding  by  angles  taken  between  the  said  posts  with  a  box 
sextant.  Mariner. 


BRONZING  METAL. 

Metalmaybebronzod  as  follows  :— Two  parts  verdigris,  one 
part  sal  ammoniac  are  dissolved  in  vinegar  ;  the  solution  is 
to  be  boiled,  skimmed,  and  diluted  with  water  till  it  has 
only  a  weak  metallic  taste,  and  upon  further  dilution  lets 
fall  no  white  precipitate.  Tlie  solution  is  now  b  .iled  and 
applied  hot  to  the  articles  to  be  bronzed,  which  have  been 
previously  made  perfectly  clean.  L.  G. 

BROWNING  IRON  AND  STEEL. 

To  brown  gun  barrels  and  other  similar  articles  the  fol- 
lowing course  may  conveniently  be  followed  : —  Dissolve 
two  parts  of  crystallised  chloride  of  iron,  two  parts  chloride 
of  antimony,  aud  one  part  gallic  acid  in  about  four  parts  of 
water ;  with  this  solution  moisten  a  cloth  or  sponge  and 
rub  the  objectto  be  browned.  S.  P. 


WATER-TIGHT  WALLS. 

In  ordertorender.brick walls  water-tight  soasto  resist  the 
action  of  storms,  thoy  should  be  externally  coated  with  a 
cement  composed  of  hydraulic  cement  and  boiled  linseed 
oil  mixed  to  the  consistency  of  paint  aud  laid  on  with  a 
bi-uah.  Plasterer. 


Mr.  William  Peters,  of  Woaldham,  near  Kent, 
died  at  tlie  age  of  7-1,  on  the  24th  ult.  He  waa 
known  as  the  Medway  grey  stone  lime  burner, 
and  the  father  of  that  trade,  he  havicg  in  the  year 
1820  burnt  the  first  flare  liiln  on  the  Medway. 
His  extensive  work.s  have  pas-sed  into  the  hands  of 
his  sons,  who  will  carry  on  the  business  at  Would- 
ham  and  Buruham,  aa  heretofore. 


152 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


February  22,  1867. 


Juilbiiig  Intelligence. 


CHURCHES   AND  CHAPELS. 

A  new  place  of  worship  for  the  Chiuese,  which 
is  generally  kuowu  amongst  Europeans  as  the 
"  Joss  House,"  has  lately  been  opened  in  Mel- 
bourne, Australia.  The  building,  which  cost  about 
£-1,000,  is  partly  in  the  European  and  Chinese 
stylf  s  of  architecture.  It  consists  of  a  centre  hall 
and  two  wings,  the  central  hall  being  the  main 
place  of  worship,  the  door  of  which  opens  directly 
into  the  sanctum  of  their  peculiarities.  A  few  feet 
from  the  door  are  two  pillars,  with  doors  so  attached 
as  to  be  capable  of  making  a  partition  or  not  as 
may  be  desired.  There  are  pillars  ranging  right 
across  the  hall,  and  dividing  it  into  three  parts, 
the  centre  being  devoted  to  the  priests,  the  out- 
side to  the  worshippers. 

BUILDIMO   AND   ENLARGING     OF     CHURCHES     AND 

Chapels. — The  Incorporated  Society  for  Promot- 
ing the  Enlargement,  Building,  and  Repairing  of 
Churches  and  Chapels,  held  its  usual  monthly 
meeting  at  the  society's  himse.  No.  7,  Whitehall, 
S.W.,  on  Tuesday  last,  his  Grace  the  Archbishop 
of  Canterbury  in  the  chair.  Grants  of  money 
amounting  to  £1,020  were  made  in  aid  of  the 
following  objects,  viz. : — Building  new  churches  : 
At  Babbicombe,  in  the  parish  of  St.  Mary  Church, 
near  Torquay  ;  St.  Silas,  Bristol ;  Caldecott,  in  the 
parish  of  Northill,  near  Biggleswade  ;  Cornforth, 
in  the  parish  of  Maddleham,  near  Ferry-hill  ;  and 
Firtree,  in  the  parish  of  Witton-le-Wear,  near 
Darlington,  Durham  ;  and  Headly,  in  the  parish  of 
Kingsclere,  near  Newbury,  Berkshire.  Rebuilding 
the  churches  at  East  Aclam,  near  York  ;  and  Edern, 
near  PwUhili,  Carnarvon.  Enlarging  or  otherwise 
increasing  the  accommodation  in  the  churches  at 
Batheaston,  near  Bath  ;  St  Mary-at- Arches,  Exeter; 
Christchurch,  Heme  Bay,  Kent ;  Legbourne,  near 
Louth ;  Llandyfaelog,  near  Kidwelly,  Carmarthen  ; 
Llys-y  vran,  near  Haverford-west ;  St.  Sennen, 
near  Penzance ;  and  Stottesden,  near  Bewdly. 
The  additional  sittings  (3,7.39)  to  be  provided  in 
the  above-named  churches,  excepting  S-l  4,  are  all 
to  be  free  and  unappropriated.  The  society  also 
accepted  the  trust  of  a  sum  of  money  as  a  repair 
fund  for  St.  John's  Church,  Potters  I5ar,  near  Bar- 
net.  Urgent  as  the  above  cases  were,  the  board 
could  only  aid  them  according  to  the  present  li- 
mited scale  of  grants.  The  following  resolution 
was  also  unanimously  agreed  to  and  acted  on  ; — 
"That,  considering  that  the  jubilee  of  the  institution 
of  the  society  will  occur  in  1868,  it  is  expedient  that 
measures  be  taken  in  the  present  se.s3ion  to  pre- 
pare for  its  celebration  ;  and  that,  with  this  view, 
a  sub-committee  be  appointed  to  consider  and  re- 
port to  the  board  their  opinion  in  what  way  its 
success  as  an  opportunity  of  collecting  further 
funds  to  enable  the  society  to  carry  on  its  impor- 
tant work  may  be  best  promoted. 

Hanlet. — On  Thursday  week  last  St.  Mark's 
Church  was  re-opened  after  being  closed  for  eight 
months.  A  new  chancel  35ft.  long  by  29ft.  wide, 
semi- decagon  in  form,  has  been  erected  at  an  ex. 
pense  of  £1,600,  and  other  alterations  have  cost 
£1,500.  Messrs.  Scrivener  and  Sons  were  the  archi- 
tects, and  Mr.  Steele  the  builder. 

Taunton.— The  West  of  England  and  South 
Wales  Bank,  which  is  being  erected  by  Messrs. 
Wood,  architects,  of  Park-street,  Bristol,  is  now 
nearly  completed.  The  building  is  of  the  Italian 
style  of  architecture.  The  wood  and  stone  carv- 
ing has  been  executed  by  Mr.  E.  White,  of  Bristol. 
The  cost  of  the  building  will  be  about  £3,000. 

TuNBKiDOE  Wells. — A  new  church  is  to  be 
erected  in  this  town.  The  design  will  be  furnished 
by  Messrs.  Wimble  and  Taylor,  of  2,  Wallbrook, 
City,  and  is  to  be  carried  out  by  Mr.  Anscomb, 
Maidstone,  at  a  cost  of  £3,886. 

-      BUILDINGS. 

Bradford. — A  new  building,  to  be  called  the 
Victoria  Hotel,  is  now  in  course  of  erection  in  this 
town,  and  will  be  c-pened  on  the  13th  March  next. 
It  is  1 70ft.  long  and  five  stories  in  height,  and  is 
treated  with  projecting  pavilions  at  each  end,  sur- 
mounted by  lofty  roofs  and  iron  cresting.  The 
hotel  contain  95  bedrooms,  and  will  cost  about 
£120,000,  and  a  further  sum  of  £10,000  wiU  be  re- 
quired to  furnish  it.  Messrs.  Lockwood  and  Maw- 
on   are  the  architects. 

Dorking. — Model  Dwellings. — With  his  usual 
consideration  for  the  welfare  of  his  poorer  neigh- 
bours, G.  Cubitt  Esq.,  M.P.,  is  building  a  range  of 
model  dwellings  on  his  estate  in  the  town  of  Dork- 


ing, similar  to  the  Peabody  buildings  at  Islington 
and  elsewhere.  The  first  block  is  nearly  completed 
and  contains  twenty  tenements  of  various  sizes, 
suitable  for  smaller  or  larger  families,  or  single 
men.  Each  tenement  is  well  ventilated,  and  has  a 
good  cellar  and  plot  of  garden  ground,  use  of  laun- 
dries and  drying  floor,  wringing  machines,  men's 
and  women's  baths,  lavatories,  &c.  H,  A.  Darbishire, 
Esq.,  of  London,  is  the  architect.  Mr.  Pearson  is 
clerk  of  the  works,  the  whole  of  which  have  been 
executed  in  a  very  tradesmanlike  and  substantial 
manner  by  Messrs.  Patmau  and  Fotheriugham,  of 
Theobald's-road,  London.  Mr.  Rowland  is  their 
foreman  of  the  works.  It  is  the  intention  to  erect  a 
similar  block  facing  the  main  street,  having  shops 
on  the  grovind  floor,  and  also  large  rooms  for  li- 
brary ,  reading  rooms,  &c.,  above. 

EvERTON  (near  Liverpool) — On  Friday  last 
a  new  church  was  opened  in  this  place  by  the 
Bishop  of  Chester.  'The  church  is  magnificently 
fitted  up,  and  is  thoroughly  complete  in  every  re- 
spect. The  entire  cost,  £14,000,  has  been  borne 
by  Mr.  T.  D.  Anderson. 

Maidstone. — On  Wednesday  week  last  new 
schools  were  opened  here.  There  will  be  accommo- 
dation for  upwards  of  200  students  ;  Mr.  E.  W. 
Stephens  was  the  architect,  and  Messrs.  WaUis  and 
Clements  the  builders. 


ieiteral  Items. 


Two  of  the  four  lions  which  were  ordered  some 
time  since  to  complete  the  fa9ade  of  the  Leeds 
Townhall,  were  uncovered  on  Friday  last.  They 
are  5ft.  6in.  in  height,  and  lift,  in  length,  and  are 
of  Portland  stone.  Mr.  Brodrick  was  the  archi- 
tect, and  Mr.  W.  Day  Keyworth,  jun.,  the  sculp- 
tor. 

General  Morin  has  just  submitted  to  the  French 
Academy  an  ingenious  electric  anemometer,  which 
shows  with  great  accuracy  the  state  of  ventilation 
in  hospital  wards,  theatres,  &c. 

A  tablet  noting  the  place  where  Byron  was  born, 
has  just  been  attached  to  the  house.  No.  24,  Holies- 
street,  Cavendish  square,  by  permission  of  the  oc- 
cupiers,  Messrs.  Boosey  and  Co.  The  tablet  in  of 
terra  cotta  with  a  deep  blue  face,  the  inscription 
upon  it  being  in  white  letters. 

The  Dutch  Government  is  said  to  have  declared 
its  rea-liness  to  give  every  facility  to  the  three  en- 
gineers appointed  by  England,  France,  and  Prussia, 
to  carry  on  separately  their  investigation  with  re- 
ference to  the  question  of  the  barring  of  the 
Scheldt. 

On  Tuesday  week  last,  at  Montmirail,  in  the 
Marne,  a  monument  was  inaugurated  to  perpetuate 
the  memory  of  the  combat  headed  by  Napoleon 
on  February  11, 1814.  It  consists  of  a  Corinthian 
column,  on  the  top  of  which  is  a  large  eagle  with 
outspread  wings,  and  the  names  of  the  victories 
won  by  the  French  in  the  campaign  of  February, 
1814,  Champaubert,  Montmirail,  Chateau,  Thierry, 
and  Vauichamp,  inscribed  upon  the  pedestal.  M. 
Morsaline,  was  the  architect. 

On  Satiu-day  evening  last,  the  members  of  the 
London  Association  of  Foremen  Engineers  en- 
joyed their  annual  dinner,  and  this  time  at  the 
Freemasons  Tavern,  under  the  presidency  of  Mr. 
E.  J.  Reed,  Chief  Constructor  of  the  Navy.  Up- 
wards of  200  gentlemen  did  justice  Ito  the  good 
things  provided  them.  It  is  most  satisfactory  to 
say  that;  though  engineering  is  under  a  cloud  in 
the  metropolis,  if  not  in  a  state  of  decay,  this 
association  makes  progress.  One  gentleman,  who 
responded  to  the  toast  of  the  press,  began  his 
speech  by  saying  that  he  was  "  glad  to  see  that  the 
members  of  the  association  were  increasing,  its 
funds  enlarging,  its  dinners  getting  more  sump- 
tuous, and  its  spirit  growing  more  enthusiastic." 

The  Liverpool  Town  Council  have  resolved  to 
petition  both  Houses  of  Parliament  to  suspend  the 
standing  orders  ^vith  reg.ard  to  the  bill  for  author- 
ising the  construction  of  street  railways  in  differ- 
ent parts  of  the  town,  so  that  the  bill  may  be  con- 
sidered on  its  merits.  A  similar  course  has  also 
been  followed  by  the  Liverpool  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce ;  and  still  further,  as  an  evidence  of  the  fa- 
vour in  which  the  project  is  held,  petitions,  each 
signed  by  upwards  of  23,000  of  the  inhabitants  of 
Liverpool,  have  also  been  forwarded  to  both  Houses 
of  Parliament.  So  extensive  and  so  favourable  a 
testimony  has  seldom  been  accorded  to  any  public 
improvement,  and  it  cannot  fail  to  have  due  weight 
with  the  Legislature. 


Mr.  W.  F.  Cross,  of  Exeter,  an  architect  who 
was  rising  in  his  profession,  died  at  the  early  age 
of  30  years  last  week.  From  his  designs,  and  under 
his  superintendence,  the  handsome  Queen-street 
Chambers,  belonging  to  Mr.  Gard,  were  erected  ; 
Scotland  house  on  Fore-street-hill,  was  built  from 
his  plans  ;  and  of  the  extensive  Asylum  at  Won- 
ford  he  was  the  architect.  These  edifices,  and 
several  others  in  course  of  construction,  were 
under  his  personal  supervision  until  within  ten 
days  before  his  decease.  Mr.  Cro.ss  was  formerly 
second  master  of  the  Exeter  School  of  Art,  and  was 
a  pupil  of  the  late  David  Mackintosh,  Esq.,  of  that 
city.  He  was  very  highly  respected  by  an  exten- 
sive circle  of  friends  and  acquaintances,  and  his 
untimely  removal  is  much  deplored. 

The  Royal  Commissioners  on  Trades'  LTnions  are 
directed  to  inquire  and  report  on  the  organisation 
and  rules  of  trades'  unions  and  other  associations, 
whether  of  workmen  or  employers,  and  to  inquire 
into  and  report  on  the  effect  produced  by  such 
trades'  unions'  and  associations  on  the  workmen 
and  employers  respectively,  and  on  the  relation 
between  workmen  and  employers,  and  on  the  trade 
and  industry  of  the  country,  with  power  to  investi- 
gate any  recent  acts  of  intimidation,  outrage,  or 
wrong  alleged  to  have  been  promoted,  encouraged, 
or  connived  at  by  such  trades'  unions  or  other  as- 
sociations, and  also  to  suggest  any  improvement* 
to  be  made  in  the  law  with  respect  to  the  matters 
aforesaid,  or  -vrith  respect  to  the  relation  between 
workmen  and  their  employers,  for  the  mutual 
benefit  of  both. 

A  contract  has  been  entered  into  by  the 
Paris  Church  Committee  -with  Messrs.  Cox  and 
Son,  of  Nos.  28  and  29,  Southampton  street, 
Strand,  London,  to  supply  on  hire  for  the  English 
Church  ser-vice,  an  iron  church  to  hold  500  persons, 
to  be  erected  close  to  the  Exhibition  building. 
The  nave  of  the  church  will  be  seated  with  chairs, 
but  we  understand  it  is  the  intention  of  this  firm 
to  fit  up  the  chancel  very  handsomely  with 
carved  \)ak  pulpit,  desk,  table,  stalls,  and  brass 
altar  rails,  illuminated  reredos,  and  other  appro- 
priate fittings,  so  as  to  show  our  foreign  friends 
how  an  English  church  should  be  fitted,  many  o£ 
our  Continental  churches  being  anything  but  first- 
rate  specimens  of  the  ecclesiastical  art  of  this 
country. 

On  the  question  of  fire-damp  we  have  received 
the  following  from  an  esteemed  correspondent: — In 
the  mines  of  the  giant  mountains  which  divide  Bo- 
hemia from  Silesia,  the  miners  were  and  are  still 
superstitious.  They  believe  that  two  lots  of  gnomes 
extensively  occupy  the  workings  underground 
— one,  a  joyous,  brisk,  and  merry  race,  were  more 
inclined,  in  their  intercourse  with  the  mortals  of 
upper  earth,  to  play  pranks  with  and  teaze  them 
rather  than  to  do  them  any  harm  ;  the  other,  spite, 
ful,  malevolent,  and  melancholy.  When,  therefore, 
any  sudden  lucky  find  of  a  rich  lode  of  mineral  took 
place,  it  was  ascribed  to  the  beneficent  or  white 
elves  ;  any  misfortune  or  disaster  was  put  down  to 
the  envy  or  malevolence  of  the  cruel  or  black 
spirit,  and  thus  when  in  1621  twelve  miners  were 
kUled  by  fire-damp  in  a  Silesian  mine  not  far  from 
the  hot  wells  of  Warontrubne,  the  fact  is  very  se- 
riously accounted  for  in  a  respectabft  typographi- 
cal description  of  the  neighbourhood,  that  the  fire- 
king  had  breathed  upon  them  and  thus  brought 
about  the  catastrophe. — W.  H.  P.  D. 

Mr.  Bazalgette,    engineer   of   the   Jletropolitau 
Board  of  Works,  has  just  made   a  report  to   the 
Tuubridge  AVells  Local  Board,  in  which  he  states 
that  after  an   examination   of   the   northern   and 
southern  valleys  he  concurs  in  the  views  expressed 
by  Mr.  Lawson,  engineer  to   the  board,   that   the     I 
lands  in  the  southern  valley  are  best  suited  for  irri- 
gation with  sewage.     He  suggests  that,  before   de-    I 
signing  works  for  such   distribution  of  sewage,   it    I 
would  of  course  be  prudent  to  treat   for   suitable 
lands  for  its  reception.  The  lands  which  are  avail- 
able and  can  be  irrigated  by  gravitation  are  known     i 
to  the  board,  and  whether  they   should  purchase 
and  lease  such  lands  and  farm  themselves,  or  sub- 
let them,  or  lease  the  sewage  to  any  of  the  present 
occupiers  after  conveying  it  to  them,  could  be  beat    j 
determined  by  the  board  upon  negociations  insti-    j 
tuted  by  some  land  surveyor  on  their  behalf.     In  "  j 
selecting  the  position  of  such  lands,  it   might  be     ' 
roughly  estimated  that  the  cost  of  conveying  the 
sewage  to  a  distance  in  a  covered  channel  would 
possibly  be  at  a  rate  of  about  £5,000  per  mile.  Mr. 
Bazalgette  agrees   with   Mr.    Lawson  that  about 
200  acres  will  be   required,  and   says  that  when 
available  lands  have  been  selected,  the  plans  and 
estimates   of  the  cost   of   conveying  the  sewage 
thither  can  be  more  definitely  determined. 


February  22,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


VII 


A  conference  of  gentlemen  representing  various 
Chambers  of  Commerce  throughout  the  United 
Une;dom,  and  some  of  the  Consular  authorities  in 
iOndon,  took  place  on  Tuesday  evening  at  the 
ociety  of  Arts,  as  to  the  advisability  of  establish- 

_  inthis  country  uniformity  of  measures,  weight 
nd  coins.  Sir  J.  Bowring,  who  presided,  declared 
hat  the  question  had  assumed  so  much  public  im- 

iitance,  and  the  value  of  the  metric  system  had 

icome  so  generally  acknowledged,  that  the  time 
ad  arrived  when  the  representiitives  of  the  vari- 
as  countries  interested  should  confer  together  for 
lie  purpose  of  having  the  system  universally 
lopted.  After  an  interesting  discussion,  resolu- 
ions  were  passed  testifying  to  the  great  value  of 
le  metric  system,  and  adopting  measures  calcu- 
ited  to  have  it  generally  established  in  the  United 
1  iog  jom. 

* 

MEETINGS   FOR  THE   "WEEK. 

Moj».— Royal  United  Senice  Institution. — "On Manning 
the  Snjy,"  by  Mr.  J.   Iletidio,  8.30. 

Tubs. — Royal  Institution. — "  On  Vibratory  Motion  with 
iSpLvial  Reference  to  Sound,"  bv  Professor 
Tyudall,  3. 

Thurs.— Royal  Institution. — "On  Vibratory  Motion 
with  Speciiil  Reference  to  Sound,"  by  Pro- 
fessor Tyndall.  3. 

Fri. — Royal  Institution. — "  Breech-loading  Small-arms," 
by  Capt.  Magendie,  S. 
Architectural  AJwwxiialioD. — Members  Soiree,  8. 

Sat. — Royal  Institution. — "On  Harmony,"  by  Mr.  G. 
A.  Macfarren,  3. 


patents  for  liibnitioiis 

CONNECTED     WITH     THB     BUILDING     TEADB. 

^ 

846  A.  PitiNOK.  Improvententa  in  the  means  of  preacrv- 
I  timber /rom  rfcc.iy.  (A  commanication.)  Dated  July 
,  1866. 

K lie  patentee  claims  the  application  of  crude  petroleum 
er  alooe  or  mixed  with  mineral  paint  or  pigments,  for 
e  I'lirposB  of  presersinp  w^^od  or  timlier  of  anv  kind  from 
pompobition  or  decay,  and  from  the  attacks  of  iosecta. 
tent  computed 

'.859  L.  MiflNOT.  Improvements  in  the  preparation  of 
itble  atkalihC  silicates  to  render  them  nuitabte  jor  being 
td  for  preserving  stone,  wood,  and  other  materials,  and 
•manufacturing  artijicial  stone,  and  for  other  purposes 
ied  July  16,  1866. 

!u  preparing  soluble  alkaline  silicates  aucordins  to  this 
eotiOD  the  inven'or  combines  them  with  mucilacinons 
IterF.  The  liquid  alkaline  silicate  is  concentrited 
about  30  deg.  or  35  dee.  Beaume,  and  is  miied  with  the 
Cilagioous  liquid  in  various  proportions,  according 
the  purpose  for  which  the  prepared  silicate  is  to 
employed.  The  matters  capable  of  tendering  the  sili- 
es  mucilaginous  are  very  numerous,  and,  according 
the  purpose  for  which  the  prepared  silicate  is  to  be 
ployed,  so  may  different  eubstances  be  employed.  S^lu- 
silicates  thus  prepared  become  unctuous,  they  dry  much 
B  ranidly,  and  when  dry  their  surface  does  not  crack  or 
to  off.  They  can  also  readily  be  spread  by  any  material 
which  it  may  be  dtsirous  to  apply  them.  Patent  aban- 
ttfd. 

865  W.  B.  Sborland.  Improvements  in  or  applicable 
handles   for    actuating  locks,    bars,   bolts,  or   latches. 

ted  July  17,  1866. 

liis  invention  relates  to  a  moie  of  securing  handles  to 

shaft  orsrindle  connected  with  the  lock,  bar,  bolt,  or 
ch,  and  so  that  such  handles  may  be  adjusted  on  the 
it  t0  6Uit  diSeieni  thitknes&eso  doors  or  gates,  and  con- 
6  in  making  the  shafts  sQuare,  and  screwing  one  or  both 
Is  with  a  screw  thread,  the  screw  thread  takintr  off  the 
nersof  the  square  shaft,  but  leaving  sufficiently  tlat  sides 

the  square  hole  in  the  handle  to  take  hold  of,  and 
fitting  a  screw  nut  to  one  or  both  handles,  so  that 
en  the  handles  are  placed  upon  the  shafr  the  screw  nuts 
I  be  rotateJ  in  or  upon  the  handles.  This  is  done  by 
king  aiece-6in  the  handle  for  the  screw  nut,  or  in  making 
!BC(ewnut  tograspadofetail  [art.  upon  the  handle  upon 
ichit  can  turn.  'Ihescrew  nut  is  prevented  from  lotating 
BD  the  handle  is  adjusted  by  a  set  screw,  or  by  a  key  placed 
a  groove  formed  in  the  square  shaft  which  enters  a  notch 

he  screw  nut.     Fattnt  abaudoued. 

866  W.  E.  Gkdge  An  improved  gas  burner.  (A  com- 
nication.)     Dated  July  17,  1866. 

'his  invention  cir.<-ists  in  a  novel  construction  of  gas 
oer,  by  which  the  illuminating  power  of  the  cas  is  greatly 
reased  and  its  consumption  more  economically  regulat  d 
n  by  ordinary  burners.  The  gas  is  conducted'bv  an  ordi- 
y  burner  to  a  closed  luhe  or  chamber  of  a  larger  size, 
n  which  It  passes  through  a  second  burner  of  superi-r 
aoity,  placed  above  the  said  chamber.  The  size  of  the 
rtures  of  the=e  two  burners  will  be  regulateu  by  the 
ility  of  the  gas,  but,  the  lower  or  inlet  apertures  should 
ays  be  smaller  than  the  upper  or  burning  aperture.  To 
linish  the  length  of  the  flame,  which  is  extraordinary, 

in  some  cases  inconvenient,  the  gas  is  conducted  through 
tyer  of  asbestos,  cotton,  filings,  or  other  suitable  mate- 
8,  which  will  check  the  pressure  of  the  gas.  Under  this 
uigement  the  supply  of  gas  is  not  greater  than  required 
complete  combustion,  and  the  gas  is  mixed  with  neither 
re  nor  less  air  than  is  lequisiteto  pioduce  the  greatest 
tainating  power.  Patent  abandoned. 
893  W.  S.  Davis.  The  improvement  in  the  construction, 
r- roller  for  window  blind.',  wnp',  nnd  almanacs.  Dated 
iy2l,  1866. 

'^i?  invention    consists    of  a   roller    divided    into  two 

rudinal  sections.  eiienHint;   the  whole  length  thereof, 

-action  having  a  rabh.t  i.'r(»ov^  throuahout  the  whole 

^■iiiii  iDJtde  in  the  inner  or   tljl  surface,  and  en  one  edge. 

1-3  eeciiou?,   tonstructed    as   before  mentioned,  are  coc- 

'i:ted  together  at  their  extreme  ends,  at  one  end  by  means 


"■f  the  cord  wheel,  and  at  the  other  end  by  means  of  a  ring 
or  ferrule,  or  a  plain  wheel,  or  by  any  other  cmvenient 
manner  ;  it  will  then  form  a  roller  through  it  and  a  plough 
groove  on  the  top  the  whole  lenpth  of  the  icdler.  The 
blind  having  a  heiu  at  the  top  is  p;issed  through  the  slit  in 
ihe  roller,  and  is  suppiTled  in  theplouahed  groove  hy  pas?- 
inff  a  rod,  slip,  or  tongue  through  the  hem  of  the  blind  ;  by 
putlinK  the  blind  at  tha  bottom  the  rod,  slip,  or  tonuue 
will  fit  in»o  the  ploughed  groove  on  the  top  Of  the  roller. 
Patent  abandoned. 


iniiie  B^us. 


TENDERS. 
AcTOs. — For  public-hoiuie,  at  Acton,  for  Mr.  J.J.  Sterne. 
Mr.  M.  C.  "W.  Home,  architect.      Quantities  supplied  by 
Mr.  Sidnev  Young  ; — 

G.  Butt    £1,72!> 

I.Angmead  nnd  Way 1,697 

CO.  Robauu 1  C97 

R.  Mann 1,645 

R.  S.-Uter 1,550 

B.  K.  Nichlirgale 1,533 

J.  Eboratl  1.4S6 

Brompton-road. — For  conatructiiig  brick  sewer  in  Old 
Bromptt^n-road,  for  the  Kensington  Vestry.  Mr.  J.  Broad- 
bridge,  surveyor : — 

WUlfanis  £2.3S0    0 

Goodiiir 2.302    0 

Tliirsk    2.219    0 

Whittick  2,006    0 

Wigniore  (accepted)  1,998  10 

Moiou  and  Mutton 1,950    0 

Edinburgh. — For  the  erection  of  the  new  poorhouse,  at 
Craiglockh.irt : — 
R.    Hutchison.    Edinburgh,    mason   work, 

drainage,  fuid  exc;ivatiou £19,000     1     S 

R.  Hutchison,  Edinburgh,  brickwork 1,100     1     4 

J.  Dickson.  Leith,  joiner  work 7,.S92    .S     6 

W.  M-Calraau,  Edinburgh,  plumber  work,..       2,110     9  10 
Jliller,    M'Neny,    and    Co.,    Lothian-road, 

plasterwork  1,125  17  10 

W.  Andei-sou.  Edinburgh,  slater  work    1,2S0     3  10 

A.  Cunningham,  juu.,    Edinburgh,    glazier 

work 290  -6    8 

J.  Toiing  and  Co.,  Edinburgh,  ironwork  ...  490  14    0 

Kemp,  Murray,  and  Nicolson,  lathing  484    0    0 


£34,077  10    0 
Fairfield  (Kent). — For  house  for  Captain  Fearon.   Mr. 

John  Kewt^^n,  architect : — 

Field £5,220 

Keeble 4,500 

Bracher  and  Son  4,492 

Piper    '...     4,485 

Wilson 4,272 

DoTe    4,255 

TiU   3,718 

LoNDox. — For  works  at  Cambridge   Ilouse,   L.adbrooke 

Grove,  Kensingt»m  Park,  for  Mr.  J.  T.  Thomas.     Mr.  C.  E. 

Davis,  F.S.A..  architect : — 

M.  Jenkins £1,0S2 

Piper  and  Whoeler  1,063 

B.  CoUey    1,044 


W.  Richatda . 

W.  Johnson  

G.  Butt  

B.  F.  Nightingale    .... 

O.  A.  Neale  

J.  Eborall  (accepted)  . 
Norton  Brothers  


909 
898 
868 
815 
783 
74S 
59S 


London. — For  alterations,  &c.,  to  the  Crown  and  Shears 
public-house,  Jlinories.  Messrs.  Humphrey  and  Son, 
architects ; — 

Stephens £975 

Sparks 739 

Scrivener  and  White  738 

D.  King  and  Sons  688 

Ennor 613 

London. — For  five  villas,  at  Homsey,  for  Mi.  T.  Mawes. 
Messrs.  Bacon  and  Bell,  architects.  Quantities  by  Mr.  J. 
Gaudy : — 

J.  Emery  and  Co £7,601  7  6 

Cai-ter  and  Sons   7,325  0  0 

KUlby 7,280  0  0 

E  J.  Francis 7,143  0  0 

Anlev  6,961  0  0 

J.  B.' Sorter,  jun 6,265  0  o 

Spearing  and  Condys 4,500  0  0 

Poplar. — For  warehouse,  Brunswick-road,  Poplar,  for 
Sir.  Cole     Mr.  W.  R.  Kinniple,  architect ; — 

Heiser £1,776 

Finch    1,550 

Killby 1,430 

Curtis 1,425 

Harris 1,415 

W.itts  1,301 

Tanner 1,279 

Sheffield 1,239 

J.  Sheffield 1,229 

Golding   1,150 

Southampton.— For  erecting  new  relief  offices  and  dis- 
pensary for  Soutb;unpti>u  Incorporation.  Mr.  T.  A. 
Skeltoii,  architect.  Quantities  supplied  by  Mr.  H.  Pether, 
Trigon-road,  Kenningt^n,  London  : — 

Allowed  for  old  buUdings  v^tt 
to  be  taken  down, 

Stevens   £1,298    £76     £1,222 

Sanders  —      —    1.I9S 

Conway  1,230 90    1,140 

Martin    1,250     150    1,100 

Ad.ams 1,178    1-50     1,028 

Gambling   1,128     130    998 

PhiUips  1,090    120    970 

Bull  i:  Sons  (accepted)    1,115     236    879 

WiMBLEOON.— For  two  houses.  Mr.  H.  W.  Broadbridge, 
architect ;  — 

Siirridge £987 

Sawvcr    983 

Kemp 919 

Wilkinson  and  Co 699 

Collirer  820 


Tynemouth. — For  new  congregational  church,  exclusive 
of  foundations,  .Mr.  Thomits  Oliver,  F.I. B..\.,  architect, 
Newcastle.     Quantities  supplied  by  the  arcliitoct : — 

Henderson,  Newcistlo £4,470 

Scott,  Newcastle  4,393 

Wolton,  Newcastle   4,345 

Elliott,  North  Shields 4,137 

Jackson,  Xewca.^tlo 3,900 

Robinson,  Tynemouth  (accepted)...    3,880 

*Hardwick,  Newcastle 3,769 

*  Tender  incomplete. 

St.    Georoe's-in-tiie-East.— For    the   erection    of  St. 

.lohn's  national  schools,  St.  Goorge's-in-the-Ea.st.     Messrs. 

F.  and  II,  Francis,  architects.  Quantities  by  Mr.  Robsou; — 

Myers  £2,736 

Colls  andSon 2,700 

Kivett 2,693 

Fi.* 2,675 

Keys  and  Head 2,655 

Hill  and  Sons 2,640 

King  and  Sons  2,440 

Walton-on-Thames.— For  building  three  villas  for  the 
W.alton-on-Thames  Villa  Company.  Mr.  R.  Kinnipple, 
architect.     Quantities  supplied  : — 

Curtiss £4,785 

Herratago  4,427 

Stevenson    4,206 

W.  W.  Johnson 4,400 

G.  A.  Neale 4,030 

Warne  .and  Company  3,875 

E,  E.  Nightingale    3,670 

W.  H.airiss 3,589 

W.  M.  Hunt  3,364 


BATH  STONE  OF  BEST  QUALITY. 

Randell  and  Saunder-s,  Quarryraen  .and  Stone  Met 
cbant.s,  Bath.  I^ist  of  Prices  .at  the  Qu.arrie3  and  Dejiotfl, 
also  Cost  for  Transit  to  any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
furnished  on  application  to  Bath  Stone  Office,  Cor^am, 
Wilts.— [.\D\T.] 


BANKRUPTS. 


TO  8UERENDEB  IS  BASINGHALL-STREET. 

Thomas  Allen,  Great  Smith  street,  builder,  March  6,  At 
11 — Sydney  Dyne,  Norwood,  carpenter,  Feb.  27,  at  1 — ^C. 
Flaxman,  Ebuiy  street,  cai-penter,  Feb.  21,  at  1 — George 
Hampton  Johnson,  Richmond,  Surrey,  plumber,  F«b.  28, 
atl2— w.  and  E.  Tr.ayt,  St.  Paul's  road,  Highbury,  car. 
I>euter,  Feb.  28 — G.  Payne,  Bromley,  journeyman  carpen- 
ter, M.archl3,  at  1 — John  Roberts,  Gloucester  street,  Cam- 
den town,  builder.  March  6,  at  l^James  Williams,  Andover 
road,  Hornsey,  builder,  March  4,  at  12. 

TO  SURRENDER  IN  THE  COUNTRT. 

John  Banies,  Bromfield,  CuraberUand,  stnnema-son — -John 
Bell,  Penrith,  phimber— B,  Duerden,  Great  and  Little 
Maisden,  mason — Thomas  Flamson,  Nottingham,  builder 
Richard  Phillips,  Linkiuhoma,  Cornwall,  ciirpenter  J. 
Taylor,  Wasbro  Dale,  near  Barnsley,  builder — Joseph 
Pugh,  Tipton,  plumber — William  Taylor,  Tamworth,  car- 
penter. 


LATEST  PRICES    OF   MATER TALS   USED 
IN  CONSTRUCTION. 

TiMBEK,  datv  1»  per  load,  drawback.  Is. 

Archangel,  yellow  . .  £12 
St.  Petersburg,  yeL . .  JO 

Finland  8 

Memel 0 

Gothenburg,  yellow       9 

,,      white    8 

Gefle,  yellow 9 

Soderharan    9 

Christiania,    per   C, 
li;  It.  by  3  by  9  in, 

yellow 18 

Deck  Plank,  Dantzic, 

per  40  ft.  3  in 0 

PuMics  Stone  pr  ton    5 
Oll£,  &c. 

Seal,  pale per  tun  46 

Sperm  body   ...140 

Cod 42 

Whale.  Sth.  Sea,  pale  45 

Olive.  Gallipoli 63 

Cocoanut,  Cochin.ton  58 

Palm,  fine 40 

Linseed   35 

Rapeseed,  Eng.pale..  39 
Cottonseed 30 


Teak    load 

£9    0£10 

Quebec,  red  pine  .... 

3    5 

4 

„       yellow  pine.. 

2  15 

3 

St.  John  N.B.  yellow 

0    0 

Quebec  Oak,  whit« .. 

5  10 

6 

,,       birch 

3  10 

4 

elm    

3  10 

5 

Dantzic  oak 

3  10 

6 

flr     

3    0 

S    0 
5    0 

Metnel  flr 

1 

Riga 

3 

Swedish 

1  18 

•2 

Masta.Quebec  red  pine 

«    0 

8 

yellow  pine.. 

5    0 

Lathwood.DantzicftD 

4  10 

6 

St.  Pelersburj 

6  10 

y 

Deals.  prC..l-J  ft.  by3 

by9in..diity2sper 

load,  drawback  28. 

Quebec,  white  spruce 

13  10 

21 

St.John,  whitespruce 

13    0 

Yellow   pine,  per  re- 

duced C. 

Canada,   Ut  quality. 

17    0 

19 

3nd  do 

12    0 

14 

0£I3 

0 

10 

11 

10 

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9  10 

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11 

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10  10 

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23 

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14 

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4 

0 

8 

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n 

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0 

Metals. 

laow:— 

Welsh  Bars  In  LondoD     per  ton 

il  Kod       


Hoops  . 


do 


Sheets,  Single       do 

Stiifordshire  Bars       ao 

Bare,  in  Wales     do 

Railr  °° 

Foundry  Pigs,  at  OUwg.  No   1   ..  do 

Swedish  Bars  do 

Stekl:— 

Swedish  Keg.  hammered      per  ton 

Bwediah  Faggot   do 

Copper  :— 

Sheet  4  Sheathing.  A  Bolts   ....perton 

Hammered  Bottoms       do 

Flat  Bottoms,  not  Hammered  . .      do 

Cake  and  Tough  Ingot      do 

Beat  Selected    do 

Fine  Foreign    do 

Tel.  Uetal  Sheathing  &  Rods  . . .  .per  lb 

Lead:— 

Pig,  English     per  tun 

, ,    Spanish  Soft     do 

Shot.  Patent     do 

Sheet   do 

Whit*     do 


«  15 

0 

0    0 

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0 

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154 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


March  1,  1867. 


choly  sign  of  the  ignorance  of  modern  archi- 
tects than  when  men  wlio  liave  done  so  much 
for  us  and  for  architecture  as  Mr.  Ruskiu  has 
done  should  be  so  misunderstood  and  read  in 
such  a  slight  way  as  he  has  been.  Had  Mr. 
Ruskin  thought  that  his  work  on  behalf  of 
modern  architects  would  ever  have  resulted 
in  such  grievous  parodies  of  Gothic  architec- 
ture as  those  which  Mr.  Lookwood,  Mr. 
Dean'e,  and  others  indulge  in,  it  would,  we 
believe,  have  saddened  him  more  than  the 
corrupt  state  of  things  he  found  and  has  ever 
sought  to  correct.  AVe  shall  not  attempt  to  go 
into  the  detail  of  any  of  Mr.  Lockwood's  eleva- 
tions or  perspectives.  We  have  tried  hard  to 
find  some  one  feature  or  other  which  we  could 
honestly  praise,  but  we  ha^e  failed  to  do  so. 
Spotty,  and  frizzy,  and  thorny  to  a  degree, 
with  "nothing  to  commend  them  to  anyone 
except  to  ladies,  their  only  value  is  to  point 
out  to  young  architects  the  gross  error  which 
they  may  be  led  into  by  reading  authors  they 
do  not  understand  and  by  taking  meat  which 
is  too  strong  for  them. 

We  have  said  that  the  design  of  which  we 
a.re  writing  has  a  large  amount  of  popular 
favour.  Some  of  this  is  no  doubt  due  ;  but 
much  of  it  is  also  due  to  the  meretricious 
ornament  and  the  unconstructioual  applica- 
tion of  Gothic  forms  ;  for  by  a  pretty  free  use 
of  cusped  circles,  spires,  pointed  arches,  and 
crocketted  pediments,  not  neglecting  party 
coloured  voussoirs,  the  unprofessional  public, 
and  ladies  especially,  who  of  course  know  no- 
thing about  the  real  nature  of  Gothic,  its  con- 
struction, or  its  detail,  may  easily  be  taken  in. 


A  PHILOSOPHICAL   VIEW   OF 
No.  2. — Conceptions  of  Aet. 
TTAVING    preliminarily    considered 


ART. 


the 
possibility  of  rationally  explaining  the 
means  and  method  by  which  the  develop- 
ment of  art  can  be  brought  within  the  sphere 
of  general  laws,  we  will,  in  the  present  article, 
devote  our  attention  to  the  investigation  of 
the  historical  view  of  our  subject.  It  is  from 
the  light  thrown  upon  our  view  by  the  past 
history  of  art,  and  its  conformity  to  the 
principles  of  our  inqidry,  that  we  can  fairly 
conclude  it  to  be  a  rational  one.  It  has  been 
shown  that  influences,  physical  and  intellec- 
tual, have  considerably  predisposed  and  modi- 
fied the  ideas  of  mankind,  but  that  those 
ideas  have  partaken  of  a  regular  order  of 
growth.  In  our  last  article  we  indicated  this 
order;  and  we  can  now  pass  in  review  those 
well-marked  phases  in  the  history  of  art 
wdiich  have  reflected  those  ideas.  For  our 
present  purpose  we  will  arrange  theui  as  the 
developments  of  the — 

1.  The  Corporeal  or  anthropomorjihic  idea  ; 

2.  The  Religions  idea  ; 
.3.  The  Positive  or  Secular  idea  ; 

and  these  three  ideas  I  think  visibly  underlie 
more  or  less  distinctly  every  period  or 
standard  of  taste.  Art  has  at  different  epochs 
become  the  exponent  of  one  or  other  of  these 
ideas — at  one  period  it  was  the  expression  of 
the  material  idea,  at  another  of  the  religious 
sentiment,  and,  lastly,  of  the  secular  or  in- 
dustrial idea.  A  materiality  of  idea  pervaded 
all  primitive  nations  partaking  more  or  less 
of  the  anthropomorphic  character.  Thus,  the 
Egyptians  and  the  Assyrians,  though  they 
first  deified  nature,  soon  introduced  human 
and  symbolical  representations,  these  soon 
becoming  the  objects  of  worship.  The  ancient 
Persians  were  nature-worshippers,  but  did 
not  employ  representations  ;  while  the  Greek 
mythology  became  entirely  anthropomorphic, 
the  himian  form  becoming  deified,  and  a  dis- 
tinguishing character  being  given  to  each 
deity.  The  Greeks,  indeed,  in  adopting  the 
human  ideal  carried  the  idea  and  its  material 
embodiment  to  the  highest  degree  that  has 
been  reached  ;  and  the  intellect  may  be  said 
to  have  arrived  at  that  transitional  point 
\vhen  a  philosophical  separation  of  the  two 
became  inevitable. 


I  have  preferred  to  treat  the  subject  under 
this  general  succession  of  ideas,  because  it  is  a 
law  which  pervades  every  stage  of  civilisa- 
tion ;  for,  however  much  external  conditions 
and  great  social  changes  have  modified  the 
course  of  history,  they  have  all  been  subject 
to  an  internal  law  of  growth—  in  other  words, 
the  ideas  and  sentiments  of  humanity.  With 
a  few  illustrious  exceptions,  among  which  the 
works  of  Guizot,  Buckle,  and  Lecky  are  con- 
spicuous, history  has  been  treated  too  often 
as  mere  records  of  facts.  Of  course,  history 
cannot  be  separated  from  facts  ;  but,  as  Guizot, 
in  his  "  Historj'  of  Civilisation,"  points  out, 
there  are  moral  facts  none  tlie  less  real  be- 
cause they  do  not  appear  on  the  surface.  Such 
are  religious  creeds,  the  arts  and  sciences  ; 
and  he  thus  shows  that  civilisation  is  the 
product  of  two  facts  closely  related — viz.,  the 
development  of  society,  and  the  develop- 
ment of  humanity ;  and  he  proves  from 
history  and  from  the  convictions  of  man- 
kind that  these  elements  are  so  closely  con- 
nected that  they  reciprocally  produce  one 
another,  though  sometimes  centuries  may  in- 
terpose between  them.  And  not  only  does 
Guizot  prove  this  fact,  but  he  indicates 
another  and  more  important  one,  that  the 
social  condition  is  tlie  means  and  not  the  end  ; 
that  the  amelioration  of  the  social  life  is  the 
mobile  of  the  development  of  the  individual, 
his  iaculties  and  sentiments.  These  two 
leading  features  of  civilisation  may  then  be 
studieil  apart. 

One  fundamental  fact  that  must  not  be  lost 
sight  of  strikes  one  in  glancing  at  the  earliest 
civilisations — namely,  theu-  unit}^.     A  domi- 
nant idea  characterised  all  of  them,  and  this 
was  stamped  upon  their  art ;  whereas,  in  later 
phases  of  civilisation — those  of  the  European 
nationsforexample — various  power3,principles, 
and  ideas  rise,  increase,  mingle,  and  influence 
each  other.     A  primeval  civilisation,  like  the 
instinctive  faculty   of  childhood,  could   only 
conceive  simple  ideas,  and  these  were  readily 
converted  into  tangible  forms.      As   I   have 
liefore  observed,  there  was  a  confusion  of  the 
material  with  the  immaterial  ;  but  this  con- 
fusion became  a  settled  notion,  and  a  simple 
faith  sprang  out  of  it.     In  this   manner  the 
fetiche  became  the  representative  of  a  parti- 
cular  phenomenon  ;  and    a   symbol,    or   the 
human  form,  embodied  the  conception,  as  it 
did  in  Greece.     The  rapid  development  of  the 
earliest  nations  must    be  ascribed   to  the  in- 
scinctive  faculty  of  mankind.     But  this  reign 
of  simplicity  of   imagination,  though  highly 
favourable  to  art,  gradually  yielded  under  the 
dominion  of  reason.     A  diversity  of  elements 
takes  the  place  of  a  dominant  idea,  and  -the 
material  and  immaterial,  instead  of  becoming 
fused,  are  continually  in  conflict.     The  con- 
sequence of  tljis  is  a  confusion  and  want  of 
unity  in   modern  ideas,  which  as  Schlegel* 
says,  exercises  a  powerful  influence  on  modem 
works   of  art  and  genius.     There   is   now  a 
continuous  struggle  between  nature  and  man- 
kind— the   reasoTi    and    the   imagination — in 
place  of  that  blending  of  the  two  that  pre- 
vailed among  primitive  nations.     Our  mate- 
rials more  numerous  and  diversified,  the  more 
difficult  it  becomes  to  reduce  them  to  a  simple 
form.    This  early  simplicity,  or,  more  strictly, 
this  assimilation  or  personification  of  ideas,  is 
strikingly  discoverable  in  the  civilisations  of 
Egypt,   Assyria,   India,  and  other  primitive 
nations,   wherever  the     theocratic    principle 
prevailed.     In  different  countries  it  assumed 
different  social  aspects  ;   sometimes  the  domi- 
nation of  a  single  caste ;  elsewhere,  as  along 
the  coasts  of  Asia  Minor,  a  democratic  com- 
plexion. 

Having  indicated  the  outline  of  our  view, 
and  noted  its  principal  features,  let  us  now, 
more  in  detail,  examine  those  typical  nations 
and  periods  which  show  how  the  conceptions 
stated  above  have  been  impressed  upon  art 
Egyirt,  the  most  typical  of  the  nations  of  anti- 
quity, presents  a  striking  example  of  the 
principles  above  noticed.     The  rapid  develop- 

*  In  his  JEathetic  works. 


ment  of  its  civilisation,  indeed,  must  be  as- 
signed to  that  imity  of  idea  so  characteristic 
of  the  cradle  of  human  knowledge.  Nor  was 
it  this  alone.  It  is  natural  to  suppose  that 
the  germs  of  civilisation  took  root  first  in  a 
climate  favourable  to  the  growth  of  the  intel- 
lect. We  now  look  with  rapt  amazement  on 
the  ruins  of  Memphis,  Karnac,  and  Luxor, 
and  ask  ourselves  how  such  a  progress  could 
have  been  reached  when  races  which  now 
figure  foremost  in  the  march  of  nations  had 
not  yet  passed  through  the  first  stage  of  social 
life  ?  Without  conmiitting  ourselves  to  any 
of  the  hypotheses  by  which  civilisation  and 
art  reached  the  valley  of  the  Nile,  it  is  suffi- 
cient to  premise  that  the  knowledge  of  Asia 
accompanied  the  stream  of  commerce  along 
the  shores  of  the  Red.  Sea,  and  eastward  to 
the  peninsula  of  Hindostan  ;  the  great  rivers, 
the  Euphrates,  Nile,  and  Indus,  becoming  the 
channels  of  that  civilising  stream  which 
afterwards  took  a  westerly  direction.  This 
geographical  distribution  of  civilisation  con- 
duced much  to  that  similarity  in  the  ideas 
and  art-expression  of  the  surrounding  nations, 
as  instanced  in  the  rock-hewn  caves  and 
monolithic  temples  of  Nubia  and  India.  But 
the  most  salient  feature  that  is  embodied  and 
impresses  us  in  Egyptian  art,  is  its  mas- 
siveness,  a  characteristic  of  that  concep- 
tion which  attributes  to  corporeal  nature 
divine  attributes. 

Egypt  shows  us  a  more  material  and  objec- 
tive religion  than  perhaps  that  of  any  other 
nation  of  antiquity.     The  primitive  science 
of  the   Egyptians,   invested   with   a   magical 
import,   became   assimilated   with  their  reli- 
gious conceptions  ;  nor  can  we  wonder  at  tliis 
when  we   bear  in  mind  the  confused  notion 
entertained   of  the   proper  spheres  to   be  as- 
signed to   the  material  and   the   immaterial. 
Such  a  confused   idea   of  the   corporeal   and 
spiritual  natures,  common  to  all  remote  a^e?, 
was  pre-eminently  typified  in  the   Egyptian 
notion  of  the  transmigration  of  souls  through 
the  bodies   of    animals    and   other  forms   of 
nature,  a   doctrine  which  found   embodiment 
in  the  magnitude  and  durability  of  the  sepul- 
chral cist.     The  vast  conception  of  the  Pyra- 
mids,  and  the   megaUthic    grandeur  of  the 
temples  and  obelisks,  powerfully   attest  the 
ruling  idea  of  the  ancient  Egyptian  mind,  no 
less   emphatically   than   their  notion  on  the 
metempsychosis,  though  hieroglyphic  science 
has  scarcely  revealed  that  with  any  precision. 
Religion  and  science  blended  into  a  system  of 
sensual  idolatry  and  mysticism  could  not  fail 
to   produce  an  ideal    of    material   sublimity 
which  soon  found   a  suitable   embodiment  in 
art.     How  more  impressively  could  this  idea 
have  been  realised  than  in  the  gigantic  pyra- 
mids, propylous,  huge  monoliths,  and  colossal 
s])hinxes  ? '  The  Hypostyle  Hall  or  temple  at 
Karnac  seems,  indeed,  to  be  the  type  of  all 
that  was  impressive  and  grand  in  architecture 
during  the  Theban  monarchy,  the  second  and 
culminating  period  of  Eg^'ptian  art,  though  I 
cannot  go  so  far  as   Mr.  Fergusson  to  call  it 
the  "  gi-eatest  of  man's  architectural  works." 
Whatever  the   gradations  of  refinement  dis- 
coverable in  Egyptian  art,  the  three  great 
features  of  it  are — size,  solidity,  and  mysti- 
cism.    And  it  is  impossible  to   conceive  a 
more  significant  expression  of  the  dominant 
conception  of  the  Egyptian  creed — the  lasting 
connection  of  the  body  with  the  soul — than 
that  stamp   of  perpetuity  and  durability  so 
symbolically  expressed  in  the  pyramidal  out- 
line that  marked  all  their  works  of  art. 

Assyria,  and,  indeed,  all  nations  in  their 
first  stage  of  civilised  life,  resemble  in  con- 
ceptions the  corporeal  character  just  sketched. 
In  Assyria,  though  a  distinct  style  is  noticed, 
little  if  at  all  influenced  by  its  great  contem- 
porary rival,  there  is  the  same  general  concep- 
tion stamped  upon  art.  A  palatial  rather  than  8 
sepulchral  character  is  noticed  ;  a  more  elabo- 
rated and  conventional  ornamentation  takes 
the  place  of  the  simple  and  more  natural  orna- 
ment of  the  Egyptians,  which  confined  itself 
5  chiefly  to  the  papyrus,  palm  leaves,  and  lotus 
forms,  and  a  profusion  of  lueroglyphical  cha- 


:\rARCH  1,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


155 


■rs  ;  aiiil  tliesu  differences  are  ascribable 
I  it  more  spiritual  and  symbolised  form  of 
re-woi-ship  held  by  the  ancient  Assyrians, 
loimd  in  the  Persian  Zendavesta.  The 
'  reverence  for  the  elements  was  the  es- 
ud  principle  in  the  Persian  theology,  and, 
-ted  as  it  was  with  all  the  rich  colouring 
'.  isteni  imagination,  tended  in  some  degree 
lake  art  more  varied,  and  less  the  expres- 
11  of  a  coarse  materialism.  Even  Greek 
•igony  and  art  were  in  this  respect  inferior  ; 
, although  inteUectuallymore  beautiful,  thej' 
vere  certainly  not  so  pure  and  spiritual,  the 
imple  essence  of  nature  being  lost  by  a  mate- 
ial  covering  and  symbols. 

I  have  stated  that  a  connection  existed  be- 
ween  Egyptian  and  Indian  art.  India  re- 
embled  Egypt  both  in  its"  institutions  and 
undamental  belief,  and  yet  there  were  just 
hose  points  of  difference  between  the  two 
lations  that  can  be  accounted  for  physically 
nd  intellectually.  Like  the  Persians,  the 
ndians  are  under  the  influence  ofanimagi- 
lation  which  prevented  them  falling  so  low 
nto  a  material  idolatry  as  the  Egyptians. 
)riental  discoveries  have  estabUslied  the  fact 
hat  India  was  foremost  in  the  develop- 
nent  of  human  intelligence  ;  and  it  is  in- 
eresting  to  mark  the  steps  of  that  gradual 
ransition  of  the  Oriental  mind  which  began 
>y  a  simple  nature-worship,  degenerated  into 
vn  idolatry,  and  subsequently  passed  into  a 
orm  of  Pantheism.  The  doctrines  of  ema- 
lation  and  the  metempsychosis  are  considered 
o  be  of  Indian  origin  ;  they  naturally  sprang 
rom  a  poetical  and  arbitrary  idea  of  cosmo- 
;ony  ;  and,  however  degrading  in  their  prac- 
ical  tendency,  they  exhibited  a  purer  ideal 
)f  excellence  than  was  conceived  by  the 
".-ptians.  The  attributes  of  the  Deity  and 
relation  to  the  world  were  more  deiined ; 
luii  the  doctrine  of  emanation,  though  its 
Drinciple  was  a  belief  in  a  law  of  constant  de- 
«riordtion  of  both  body  and  soul  by  a  sense 
)f  guilt,  yet,  viewed  as  a  system  of  reunion 
nth  the  divine  essence,  it  was  singvdarlv  cal- 
mlated  to  inculcate  the  higher  duties  of  man 
ind  to  stimulate  him  to  look  on  his  reincor- 
joration  with  Divinity  as  the  chief  destiny  of 
lis  existence. 

Springing  from  this  doctrine  the  Indian 
dea  on  the  metempsychosis  arose,  and  here  a 
nore  spiritual  discernment  is  noticed  than  the 
Egyptian  treatment  of  the  dead  body  sug- 
gested, viz.,  the  belief  that  the  natural  world 
lad  become  dimmed  of  its  original  light  and 
purity.  I  have  rather  fully  sketched  this  con- 
ception of  the  Indian  mythology,  because  it 
"aithfully  represents  the  predominance  of  tlie 
maginative  faculty  at  a  period  when  the 
naterial  embodiment  of  thought  was  almost 
miversal,  and  when  a  struggle  between  the 
(TO  had  scarcely  arrived,  for  the  simple 
eason  that  the  logical  faculty  of  man  had  not 
•et  curbed  the  wUdness  of  his  imagination. 
Thus  it  was  that  the  Indian  belief  thought  of 
omething  less  coarse  than  the  Egyptian  ; 
rorshipped  light  and  the  sun  as  the  ideal 
dements  of  a  supreme  essence  ;  believed  in 
he  absorption  of  aU  thought  in  God,  aud 
arried  to  an  extreme  of  philosophic  mysti- 
ism  all  notions  of  religion.  Probably,  tm- 
:uided  imagination  never  attained  to  that 
lurity  of  conception  before  or  since. 

How  these  conceptions  were  impressed 
ipon  Indian  art  is  the  point  that  chiefly 
oncems  our  inquiry.  Though  a  resemblance 
an  be  traced  between  the  rock-cut  temples  of 
ilgypt  and  India,  the  architecture  of  the 
itter  country  shows  a  far  more  versatile  cha- 
acter  ;  it  is  infinitely  richer  in  constructive 
agenuity  and  variety,  though  the  same 
lystic  idea  is  dLscoverable.  Art,  indeed 
eems  to  breathe  a  more  exalted  spirit ;  and 
lie  comparatively  lifeless  forms  of  Egypt  are 
ifused  with  an  expressive  power.  These 
5rms  of  art,  often  prolific  of  exuberant  fancy, 
ave  been  so  ably  delineated  and  described 
Mr.  Fergusson  that  it  would  be  super- 
jus  here  to  detail  them.  He  shows  the 
-liking  points  of  similarity  between  the 
;mples  of    India  and    Egypt.      The  gate- 


pyramids  or  r/opurai  in  form  and  purpose 
correspond  to  the  Egyptian  propylous ;  thp 
mautapa  or  porch  is  analogous  to  the  hypo- 
style  hall ;  but  the  detail  and  imagery  of  the 
Indian  examples — as  the  temple  at  Tanjore, 
and  the  rock-cut  temple  at  EUora,  remarkably 
contrast  with  the  ponderous  majesty  of  the 
Egyptian  structures,  and  show  at  a  glance  the 
preponderance  of  an  imaginative  and  inven- 
tive genius.  This  last  element  is  strikingly 
indicated  in  the  clever  expedients  of  hori- 
zontal doming  and  brackettiug  exhibited  in 
the  Jaina  and  other  temples  of  Indian  con- 
struction. 

Having  thus  reviewed  the  unity  and  cha- 
racter of  Asiatic  civilisation  and  the  impres- 
sion it  left  upon  art,  we  will  next  glance  at 
that  stage  in  the  progress  of  human  develop- 
ment which  so  conspicuously  displayed  itself 
in  ancient  Greece — a  period  of  intellectual 
growth  when  a  conflict  between  the  imagina- 
tion and  reason  had  commenced. 


every  possible  expense,  if  the  farmers  took  the 
sewage.  If  they  did  not,  and  the  corporation 
became  their  own  farmers,  the  profit  would  be 
coutiider.ibly  gre.iter!  For  an  outlay  of  about 
£100,000,  Jlr.  Bateman  thinks  the  irrigation 
scheme  may  be  carried  out  witli  pecuniry  advan- 
tage. At  a  low  estimate  of  its  vaUie,  even  below 
that  of  Mr.  Morton,  the  sewage  would  be  worth 
Ul.  per  ton  for  sale  to  the  fai'mer.  The  quantity 
in  Oxford  will  be,  say  4,000,000  gallons  a  day,  tut 
being  diUited  with  water  for  flushing,  its  value 
is  reckoned  at  2,500,000  gallons  of  the  rich  fer- 
tilising  elements  when  not  diluted.  This  will 
realise  £8,3SG  10s.  per  annum,  showing  a  surplus 
of  £4,000  after  paying  interest  and  working  ex- 
penaes,  should  the  co-operation  of  .the  agricultu- 
rists be  secured.  If  the  corporation  have  to  apply 
the  sewage  themselves,  and  become  as  it  were 
their  own  farmers,  there  will  be  a  further  outlay, 
but  the  sew.ige  may  then  be  made,  it  is  said, 
worth  Id.  ]>er  ton,  or  £16,972  per  annum,  when 
of  coursp  the  profit  would  be  double. 


THE  DEAIXAGE  OF  OXFORD. 

THIS  vexed  question  has  advanced  a  stage 
by  the  report  of  Mr.  Bateman  having 
been  laid  before  the  Local  Board  and  ordered 
to  be  printed.  The  original  idea  of  Sir  Wil- 
liam Cubitt  W.1S  to  convey  the  sewage  and 
water  of  Oxford  to  Sandf  jrd  in  sewers  6ft.  in  di- 
ameter ;  the  plan  was  approved  by  Mr.  Bazalgette  ; 
but  the  surveyor  strongly  urged  the  desirability  of 
separating  the  storm  water,  and  so  reducing  the 
dimensions  of  the  main  sewer  to  4ft.  6in.  The 
board  determined  to  send  tlie  rainfall  to  the  river 
■ — the  sewage  to  the  soil ;  and  Mr.  Galpin  has 
been  co-operating  with  the  eminent  water-engineer 
first  mentioned  to  secure  this  result.  All  previous 
plans  have  included  the  carrying  of  the  sewerage 
system  beneath  the  bed  of  the  river,  to  reach  the 
Berkshire  shore  ;  and  it  was  formerly  intended  to 
discharge  the  spwage  of  about  30,000  persons  into 
the  stream  at  Sandford. 

Mr.  Bateman  proposes  to  provide  for  45,000 
inhabitants,  on  the  principle  of  applying  the 
sewage  to  land,  and  the  leading  features  of  liis  re- 
port are  these  ; — He  agrees  with  Mr.  Galpin  as  to 
the  separation  of  water  and  sewage,  as  well  as  the 
lines  tlie  sewers  should  generally  take.  He,  how- 
ever, departs  from  all  prerious  proposals  by  taking 
the  sewage  under  the  river  by  inverted  siphons 
It  appears  that  a  similar  viodu^  operandi  has  been 
adopted  successfully  in  the  city  fit  Hamburg,  and 
is  also  being  applied  at  Barking  Creek.  By  this 
means  all  the  difficulties  of  sewering  beneath  the 
river  would  be  avoided.  An  egg-shaped  sewer, 
4ft.  6iu.  by  3ft.  Cin.,  was  the  most  suitable  shape, 
and  would  carry  off  ten  million  gallons  a  day. 
With  a  fall  of  2ft.  Sin.  per  mile,  a  pumping  power 
of  from  GO  to  100  horses,  and  proper  arrange- 
ments for  flushing  the  sewers  from  reservoirs  con- 
structed on  purpose,  there  would  be  perfect  scour- 
ing and  velocity  of  outfall,  so  that  all  deposit 
would  be  prevented  ;  in  some  parts  the  main  sewer 
would  be  a  considerable  depth  below  the  surface, 
and  there  would  be  man-holes  to  aUow  examina  ■ 
tion.  The  reservoirs  would  entail  an  expenditure 
of  £18,000.  Ventilation  and  the  escape  of  noxious 
gases  can  be  secured  by  openings  in  non  resi  den- 
tial  neighbourhoods,  and  in  others  by  proper 
shafts  with  burning  charcoal  trays,  or  lofty  ones 
clearing  the  highest  dwellings.  Under  the  head 
of  "sewers,"  Mr.  Bateman  estimates  a  cost  of 
£57,000.  The  land  to  which  the  sewage  is  applied 
must  not  be  water-logged,  but  of  a  friable,  absorb- 
ent nature,  and  the  quantity  must  be'  strictly  re- 
gulated to  the  limits  of  fertilisation,  in  order  to 
ensure  the  greatest  possible  utilisation  of  the 
sewage.  The  cost  of  pumping  the  sewage  would 
be  £35,000.  The  quantity  of  sewage  on  which 
Mr.  Bateman's  figures  depend  is  several  million 
gallons  a  day.  In  Edinburgh  and  London,  the 
sewage  is  undduted,  and  there  600  acres  of  ground 
would  be  the  Umits  which  that  quantity  would 
fertihse.  In  Oxford,  with  a  smaller  fall,  and  the 
necessary  flushing  required,  it  would  be  diluted, 
and  more  land  would  be  required,  but  he  cannot 
say  exactly  how  much.  Authority  is  not  agreed 
as  to  the  proportion  of  sewage  per  acre ;  but  the 
balance  of  testimony  being  in  favour  of  5,000  tons, 
for  a  four-fold  increase  of  crops,  he  based  his  calcu- 
lations on  that  amount.  Assuming  this  to  be  the 
proportion  employed,  he  had  the  authority  of  Mr. 
Morton's  statistics  that  profit  would  be  realised 
by  the  adoption  of  irrigation.  This  would  leave  a 
handsome    balance   in   hand,  after    payment    of 


CAETMEL    PKIOEY    CHURCH,    LANCA- 
SHIRE. 

THIS  large  monastic  church,  the  original  fabric 
of  which  dates  from  1188,  and  the  greater 
part  of  the  present  pile  from  early  in  the  fifteenth 
century,  has,  during  the  last  seventeen  years, 
been  undei'going  a  gradual  restoration,  which  will 
leave  it  one  of  the  most  interesting  churches  in 
the  county.  Its  oldest  proportions,  of  transition 
Norman  ;  its  fifteenth  century  transepts  and  win- ' 
dows,  its  older  low  .square  lantern  tower,  and  its 
later  square  stage,  set  diagonally  on  the  square  of 
the  lantern,  all  conspire  to  attract  the  eye,  as  it 
is  first  seen  from  any  of  the  surrounding  hills,  its 
broad  gray  pUe  dominating  a  clu.ster  of  houses  as 
gray  as  itself.  In  1850,  the  large  arches  support- 
ing the  tower  were  stripped  of  sundry  coats  of 
whitewash,  and  their  fair  proportions  made  mani- 
fest. In  1856,  the  walls  of  the  chancel  and  tran- 
septs underwent  a  similar  purification,  and  were 
covered  with  new  slate  roofs ;  a  plaster  ceiling 
giving  way  to  an  open  roof  of  oak.  In  1864,  the 
rubble  walls  of  the  fifteenth  century  nave  were 
stone-finished,  to  harmonise  with  the  chancel, 
&c.  About  Christmas  last,  another  judicious  im- 
provement was  commenced,  by  removing  the  un- 
sightly galleries  from  the  nave  arches,  and  all  the 
heavy  boxed  pews  in  the  body  of  the  church.  An 
old  organ  filled  a  gallery  over  the  chancel  screen ; 
both  organ  and  gallery  are  removed.  A  new 
organ  is  to  be  placed  in  a  more  fitting  situation  ;  a 
new  pulpit  and  reading  desk  of  stone  are  to 
occupy  the  place  of  the  old  wooden  tubs  ;  and  the 
church  is  to  be  amply  provided  with  open  seats  of 
oak,  with  carved  ends.  The  old  clock,  which  oidy 
showed  one  face  to  the  valley,  is  to  be  succeeded 
by  a  timekeeper  on  more  modern  principles,  and 
having  two  dials  facing  east  and  west.  The  whole 
cost  of  these  extensive  improvements — indeed  this 
thorough  restoration  (which  is  expected  to  be 
completed  during  next  summer) — has  so  far 
been,  and  to  the  end  is  to  be,  defrayed  by  volun- 
tary subscriptions  and  contributions.  His  grace 
the  Duke  of  Devonshire  and  the  Rev.  T.  B.  Hol- 
gate,  late  the  vicar  of  Bishopton,  County  Durham, 
and  now  of  Cartmel,  are  the  two  most  munificent 
contributors.  It  is  pleasant  to  have  to  record 
such  things  of  a  church,  where,  some  thirty  years 
ago,  two  masons,  having  got  themselves  appointed 
churchwardens,  filled  up  "slack  times"  in  then- 
trade  by  carving  out  "jobs"  for  themselves  in 
and  about  the  sacred  edifice,  and,  amongst  other 
Gothic  labours,  managed  to  recut  and  reface  a 
fine  old  octagonal  font,  which  now  stands  a 
monument  of  churchwardenly  taste  and  judg- 
ment ! 


The  report  of  the  trustees  o£  Mr.  Peabody'a 
gift  to  the  poor  of  London  shows  that  the  origi- 
nal fund  has  been  increased  by  the  earnings  of  in- 
terest and  rents  to  the  extent  of  £15,416  8s.  lid., 
making  the  sum  total  of  the  trust  at  the  end  of 
December,  1866,  £165,416  Ss.lld.  The  buddings 
at  Spitalfields  and  Islington  continue  to  be  fully 
occupied ;  good  order  and  contentment  prevail,  and 
the  tenants,  in  the  full  enjoyment  of  new  social 
ct-mforts,  and  exempted  ir<fm  any  interference 
with  their  independence  and  freedom  of  action, 
show  no  dispoi^ition  to  change.  The  ample  play- 
grounds, being  exclusively  for  the  tenants,  are  a 
source  of  much  satisfaction  to  the  parents,  and  con- 
duce to  the  health  and  morality  of  the  children. 
The  sanitary  condition  of  the  buildings  continue 
highly  satisfactory. 


156 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


March  1,  1867. 


ELEMENTS      OF     ENGINEERING. 

Docks. — No.  1. 

rpO  provide  havens  for  its  ocean   fleets — to 


J_  construct  places  of  refuge  and  security 
where  its  vessels  may  lie  on  their  return  from 
their  wanderings  on  tlie  deep,  wliere  they 
may  unload  and  reload,  where  they  can  be  exa- 
mined, repaired,  and  finally  restored  to  a  con- 
dition enabling  them  to  once  more  encounter 
the  dangers  of  the  fickle  element,  is  a  duty 
imperative  upon  every  maritune  nation. 
Notwithstanding  the  self-e\'ident  nature  of 
our  remark,  it  is  scarcely  to  be  believed  that 
London,  but  half  a  century  ago,  possessed  no- 
thing in  respect  to  the  accommodation  we 
have  mentioned  deserving  the  name  of  docks. 
For  years  the  West  Indian  fleet  had  no  other 
shelter  than  the  open  river,  and  loaded  and 
unloaded  in  the  very  current  of  its  muddy 
waters.  In  addition  to  the  danger  and  incon- 
venience arising  from  such  a  method,  the  loss 
to  the  merchants  by  peculation  and  rolibevy 
was  something  enormous.  At  tliat  time  there 
was  no  such  thing  as  the  Thames  Police,  and 
smuggling  and  domestic  piracy  were  carried 
on  to  an  extent  and  with  an  impunity  only 
equalled  by  the  opportunities  unavoidably 
afl'orded  to  them.  What  the  stable  is  to  the 
horse,  what  the  engine  shed  is  to  the  locomo- 
tive, so  is  the  dock  to  the  ship.  Docks  may 
be  classed  under  two  general  heads — wet  docks 
and  dry  docks.  The  former,  or  floating  docks 
as  they  are  also  termed,  are  for  the  purpose  of 
retaining  the  water  inside  them,  the  latter 
for  keeping  it  out.  Dry  docks,  also  called 
building  or  graving  docks,  are  for  the  purpose 
of  building  and  repairing  vessels.  We  shall 
for  the  present  confine  our  attention  to  the 
construction  and  details  of  the  former  de- 
scription. The  Liverpool  Docks  were  those 
first  constructed  ;  and  it  was  not  until  nearly  a 
century  after,  that  London  imitated  her  ex- 
ample. From  the  year  1660  until  the  com- 
mencement of  the  present  century,  the  whole 
accommodation  aft'orded  by  the  ]iort  of  Loudon 
for  loading  and  unloading  foreign  produce  was 
a  single  quay  called  the  "  Legal  Quay,"  which 
extended  down  the  river  from  London 
Bridge  and  was  barely  l,50ltft.  in  length. 

As  is  usual  with  the  Anglo-Saxon  he  takes 
a  long  time  to  make  up  his  mind  before  start- 
ing a  new  undertaking,  but  when  once  he  has 
determined  upon  the  step  there  is  no  furtlier 
delay.     So  soon  as  the  absolute  necessity  for 
providing  better  accommodation  for  the  mer- 
cantile navy  was  forced  upon  the  attention  of 
those  concerned  in  the  question,  and  the  ice 
once  broken,  the  construction  of  docks  on  the 
Thames  commenced  and  proceeded  in  earnest. 
The  West  India,  the   London,   and  the  East 
India  docks  were  aU  commenced  within  four 
years  of  each  other.     The  wet  docks  at  Cher- 
bourg, which  are   constantly  undergoing  im- 
provements and   additions,   rank  in  point  of 
size  and  convenience  with  any  in  the  world. 
Those  at  Sheerness  are  also   admirable  speci- 
mens, and  are  remarkable  not  only  as  docks, 
but  for  the  complete  and  efficient  manner  in 
which  all  the  various  accessories  so  indispens- 
able to  their  utility  and  accommodation  have 
been    provided    and    arranged.      All   docks 
being  situated  either  near  the  sea  or  close  to  a 
tidal  river,  their  depth  of  water  is  liable   to 
variation.     They  are  therefore  provided  with 
locks  at  the  entrance  to  enable  vessels  to  pass 
in  and  out  at  other  times  than  at  that  of  high 
water.     A  distinction  must  be  made  between 
wet  docks,  and  basins,  which  have  no  locks  at 
the  entrance  nor  gates  of  any  kind  unless  they 
form  an  adjunct  to  the  docks  themselves,  in 
which  case  they  are  provided  with  these  appen- 
dages.    When  docks  are   situated  upon   the 
banks  of  a  river,  similarly  to  the  London  Docks, 
in  order  that  vessfels  should  pass  with  facility 
in  and  out,  the  entrance  should  be  on  an   in- 
cline sloping  in  the  direction  of  the  upstream. 
Owing  to  the  influence  of  the  weather  upon 
tides  a  depth  of  30ft.  of  water  sometimes  exists 
in  the  docks  on  the  banks  of  tlie  Thames,  but 
such  an  occurrence  happens  rarely.     There  is 
one  popular  error  respecting  the  waters  of  a 


tidal  river  which  deserves  allusion  to.  It  is 
commonly  supposed  that  in  tidal  waters  the 
water  always  rises  while  it  runs  one  way  and 
falls  while-  it  runs  ths  other.  This  idea  is 
erroneous.  The  highest  water  mark  has  been 
known  to  be  reached  while  the  current  was  in 
the  opposite  direction.  In  our  next  article 
we  shall  give  a  general  plan  illustrating  the 
position  of  wet  docks,  and  proceed  to  describe 
the  details  connected  with  their  construction. 


M^ 


ANCIENT    ART. 

R.  STUART  MILL,  in  bia  admirable  speech 
at  Glasgow,  made  some  felicitous  observa- 
tions ou  the  character  of  aucieut  art.  He  said  : — In 
purely  literary  excellence — iu  perfection  of  form — 
the  pre-eminence  of  the  ancients  is  not  disputed. 
Iu  every  department  which  they  attempted,  and 
they  attempted  almost  all,  their  composition,  like 
their  sculpture,  has  been  to  the  greatest  modern 
artists  an  example  to  be  looked  up  to  with  hopeless 
admiration,  but  of   inappreciable  value  as  a  light 
on  high,  guiding  their  own  endeavours.     In  prose 
and   in  poetry,  in  epic,  lyric,  or  dramatic,  as  in 
historical,   philosophical,   and    oratorical  art,    the 
pinnacle  on  which   they  stand  is  equally  eminent. 
I   am    now  speaking  of  the  form,  the  artistic  per- 
fection of  treatment ;  for,  as  regards  substance,   I 
consider  modern  poetry  to  be  superior  to  ancient, 
in  the  same   manner,  though  in  a  less  degree,  as 
modern  science  :  it  enters  deeper  into  nature.  The 
feelings  of  the  modern  mind  are   more   various, 
more  complex  and  manifold,   than  those  of  the 
ancients  ever  were.     The   modern  mind  is,  what 
the  ancient  mind  was  not,  brooding  and  self-con- 
scious ;  and  its  meditative  self-consciousness  has 
discovered  depths  in  the  human  soul  which  the 
Greeks  and  Romans  did  not  dream  of,  and  would 
not   have   understood.       But    what   they   had  to 
express,  they  expressed  in  a  manner  which  few 
even    of    the    greatest    moderns    have    seriously 
attempted  to  rival.     It  must  be  reniembered  that 
they  had   more  time,  and  that  they  wrote  chiefly 
for  "a  select  class,  possessed  of  leisure.     To  us  who 
write  iu  a  hurry  for  people  who  read  in  a  hurry, 
the  attempt  to  give  an  equal  degree  of  finish  would 
be  loss  of  time.     But  to  be  famUiar  -with  perfect 
models  is  not  the   less    important  to  us,  because 
the  element  in  which  we  work  precludes  even  the 
etibrt  to  equal  them.     They  show  us  at  least  what 
excellence  is,  and  make  us  desire  it,  and  strive  to 
get  as  near  to  it  as  is  within  our  reach.     And  this 
is  the  value  to  us  of  the  ancient  writers,  all  the 
more  emphatically  because  their   excellence  does 
not  admit  of  being  copied  or  directly  imitated.  It 
does  not  consist  iu    a  trick  which  can  be  learnt, 
but  in  the  perfect  adaptation  of  means  to  ends, 
q'he   secret  of   the   style  of  the  great   Greek  and 
Roman  authors  is  that  it  is  the  perfection  of  good 
sense.     In  the  first  place,  they  never  use  a  word 
without  a  meaning,  or  a  word  which  adds  nothing 
to   the   meaning.     They  always  (to  begin  -ndth) 
had  a  meaning:  they  knew  what  they  wanted  to 
say ;  and  their  whole  purpose  was  to  say  it  with 
the  highest  degree  of  exactness  and  completeness, 
and  bring  it  home  to  the  miud  with  the  greatest 
possible  clearness  and  vividness.    It  never  entered 
iuto   their   thoughts   to  conceive   of    a   piece  of 
writing  as  beautiful  in  itself,  abstractedly  from 
what  it  had   to  express  ;  its  beauty  must  all  be 
subservient  to  the  most  perfect  expression  of  the 
sense.     The    curiosa  felicitas  which   their   critics 
ascribed   iu    a    pre-eminent    degree   to    Horace, 
expresses  the  standard  at  which  they  aU  aimed. 
Their  style  is  exactly  described  by  Swift's  defini- 
tion, "  the  right  words  in  the  right  places."    Look 
at  an  oration  of  Demosthenes ;  there  is  nothing  iu 
it  which  calls  attention  to  itself  as  style  at  all ;  it 
is  only  after  a  close   examination  we  perceive  that 
every  word    is  what  it  should  be,  and  where   it 
should  be,  to  lead  the  hearer  smoothly  and  imper- 
ceptibly into  the  state  of  mind  which  the  orator 
wishes  to  produce.     The  perfection  of  the  work- 
manship is  only  visible  in  the  total  absence  of  aay 
blemish  or  fault,  and  of  anything  which  checks 
the  flow  of  thought   and   feehng,  anything  which 
even   momentarily  distracts   the    mind    from  the 
main  purpose.     But  then  (as  has  been  well  said) 
it  was  not  the  object  of  Demosthenes  to  make  the 
Athenians  cry  out  "  What  a  splendid  speaker  !  " 
but  to  make  them  say  "Let  us   march   against 
Philip  I  "     It  was  only  in   the  decline  of  ancient 
literature   that  ornament  began  to  be  cultivated 
merely  as  ornameut.     In  the  time  of  its  maturity 
not  the  merest  epithet  was  put  in  because  it  was 
thought  beautiful  in  itself 


were  one  of  the  corruptions  of  style  which  abound 
in  Lucan,  for  example  ;  the  word  had  no  business 
there   unless  it  brought  out  some  feature  which 
was  wanted,  and  helped  to  place  the  object  in  the 
light    which    the    purpose    of    the    composition 
required.     These  conditions  being  complied  with, 
then   indeed    the   intrinsic  beauty  of   the   means 
used  was  a  source  of  additional  effect,  of  which  it 
behoved  them  to  avail   themselves,   hke  rhythm 
and   melody   of    versification.      But   these  great 
writers  knew  that  ornament  for  the  sake  of  orna- 
ment, ornament  which  attracts  attention  to  itself, 
and    shines  by  its  own    beauties,  only  does  so  by 
calUng  ofi'  the  mind  from  the   main   object,  and 
thus  not    only  interferes  with  the  higher  purpose 
of  human  discourse,  which  ought,  and  generally 
professes  to  have  some   matter  to   communicate, 
apart  from  the  mere  excitement  of  the  moment, 
but  also  spoils  the  perfection  of  the  composition 
as  a  piece  of   fine  art  by  destroying   the    unity  of 
effect.     For  all  these  reasons  I  think  it  important 
to  retain  these  two  languages  and  literatures  in 
the  place  they  occupy,  as  a  part  of  liberal  educa- 
tion, that  is,  of   the   education  of  all  who  are  not 
obliged  by  their  circumstances  to  discontinue  their 
scholastic  duties   at   a  very  early  age.     But  the 
same  reasons  which  vindicate  the  place  of  classical 
studies  in  general  education  show  also  the  proper 
limitation  of   them.     They  should   be   carried  as 
far  as  is  sufficient  to  enable  the  pupil  in  after  lite 
to  read  the  great  works  of  ancient  literature  with 
ease.     Those  who  have  leisure  and  inclination  to 
make  scholarship,  or  ancient   history,  or  general 
philology  their   pursuit,  of   course  require    much 
more,  but  there  is  no  room  for   more    in    general 
education.     The  laborious   idleness  in  which    the 
school-time  is  wasted  away  in  the  English  classical 
schools  deserves  the  severest  reprehension. 


TEMPERANCE  PERMANENT  LAND  AND 
BUILDING  SOCIETY. 

THE  thirteenth  annual  meeting  of   the  mem- 
bers of  this  society  was  held  on  Wedndsday 
loght  at  the  London  CoSeehouse,  Mr  W.  Tweedie 
in  the  chair.     The  report  of  the  directors  stated 
that   the    sabscriptions   received     on    investing 
shares  daring   the   year  amounted  to  £94,000. 
The  subscriptions  on  account  of  advanced  shares 
were  £86,000.      The    sums    received  in  the  de- 
posit department  exceeded  £62,000.      The  cash 
received  for    interest   and    premiums  ou  the  in- 
vestments of  the   society  reached  £28,000  ;  and 
the  year's   receipts  from  all   sources   exceeded 
those  of  the    previous    year    bv   about    £55,000, 
and  amounted  to  £312,000.   The  withdrawals  of 
subscriptions    and     deposits    darinc;    the    year 
amounted    to  £88,000.      The  advances  on  mort- 
gage of  house  property  were  £122,000  ;  £15,000 
were  paid   to  members  and  depositors  for  profit 
and  interest,  and   at  the  clos.'  of  the  year   there 
was  available   for  advances  £36,000.      Notwith- 
standing that  during  a  portion  of  the  year  finan- 
cial matters    were  iu    a   disorganised  condition, 
and    trade  in  a    depressed    state,    the    directors 
were  able  to  appropriate  the  same  rate  of  profit 
as  heretofore,  viz.,  7h  percent,  per  annum,  upon 
the  subscriptions    in  respect  of  shares  in  force  ; 
and  on  uncompleted  shares,  withdrawing  during 
the  year,    -1    per    cent,    per  annum,  on   the  sub- 
scriptions   at    credit,    during   the  year  of    with- 
drawal (in  addition   to   the   amount  paid  at  the 
time  the  shares  were    withdrawn),  as  well  as    to 
proportionately  increase   the   reserve  fund.      A 
review  of  the  whole  of  the  society's  operations 
showed  that  the  shares  issued  numbered  53,944; 
and  the  assets  exceeded  £469,000.      The  piofii 
and    interest  paid  to    members   and    depositorf 
was  £56,000.    The  sums  advanced  on  Uouse  pro- 
perty exceeded  £670,000.     The  sums  remaining 
upon    mortgages    of    house     property     exceed 
£381,000.     The    number  of  members  interestec 
in  the  society,  either  as   investors  or  borrowers, 
ii    about   7,500,     and    the     number   of   housei 
erected,  completed,  or   purchased  by  members, 
with  the  assistance  of  the  society,  exceeds  3,500 
The  reserve  fund  amotmts   ti  £48  900,  and  the 
total  receipts  from  all  sources  to  £1,240,000.  0; 
the    motion    of    the    chairman,    the    report    wa; 
unanimously    adopted.      After    transacting   tbi 
usual  yearly  business,  the  meeting  was  brough 
to  a  close  by  a  vote  of  thanks  to  the  chairman. 


1 


Mr.  Mnnro,   the   Scotch  sculptor,   took   a  ca: 
from  the  face  of  M.  Cousin  after  death.     The  Edd 

...^^g,^.  ...........  .„  . . ,  nor  even  for  a  merely  I  peror  has  charged  the  artist  to  execute   a   bust  i 

descriptive  purpose,  for  epithets  purely  descriptive    marble  for  the  French  Academy. 


March  1,  IS 67. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


157 


grt^xologn. 


TVALL    PAINTING. 

IN  the  recent  restoration  of  Cowley  Church, 
Oxford,  a  very  complete  and  valuable  set 
of  wall  paintings  has  been  brought  to  light, 
and  was  fortunately  drawn  by  a  very  compe- 
tent observer,  who,  we  liope,  will  shortly  pub- 
lish his  drawings.  In  the  meantime  we  are 
able  to  give  a  few  general  notes  of  the  inte- 
resting discovery. 

The   church   has  a  Norman  nave,  with  an 
Early  English  chancel  added  ;  and  the  paint- 
ings, which  seem  to  be  of   late   thirteenth 
century  or  early    fourteenth    century  date, 
extend  over  the   whole  of  the  walls  except 
;he  we.st  end.     On  the  north  and  south  walls 
f  the  nave  the  painting  was  merely  decora- 
uve  and  of  simple  character.     There  was  a 
liroad  horizontal  band   (about  Sin.   broad)  of 
geometrical  ornament   carried   at   about   6ft. 
from   the   lloor.     Beneath   this  the  wall  was 
idain  ;    above,  it  was  divided  into    niasonry- 
;  attern   by  red  lines,  with  a  red   cinquefoil, 
■  voided,"  as  the  heralds  call  it,  in  the  middle 
■■(  each  compartment  of  the  pattern.      The 
hancel  arch  lias  an  equilateral  Early  English 
ii'ch,  added  upon  the   original  Norman  im- 
MSts,    which   are     ornamented    with   shafts, 
ipped  and  based.     These  shafts  have  orna- 
uental  patterns  painted  upon  them,  and  their 
i-nrichmcnt  is  further  increased   by  a  broad 
vertical  band  of  ornament  on  the  wall  itself. 
The  wall  space,  on  each  side  of  the  chancel 
arch,  has  traces  of  a  powdering  of  a  dotted 
i~inquefoil,  and  within  a  rectangular  frame  on 
iie  right-hand  spandrel  is  a  picture  of  a  lady 
Ifering  a  church  to  a  female — possibly,  the 
;  junder  of   the  chancel  ottering  it    to  the 
I  i.itron    saint.      The  chancel    painting  is  of 
nore  elaborate  character.      The  voussoirs  of 
he  containing  arch,  over  the  eastern  triplet, 
.re   picked    out  in  yellow  paint,  with   red 
liiuble  lines.     The   eastern  wall  is  divided 
horizontally  by  two  bands  ot  ornament — one  a 
little   above   the    window   sill,   the  other  at 
.'>out  half  the  height  of  the  window  jamb, 
i  '.oneat)i  the  lower  horizontal  line  the  wall  is 
^ift  plain.      The  spaces  on  each  side  of  the 
'.  indow,  between  the  lower  and  upper  line, 
.uid  between  the  upper  line  and  the  spring  of 
the    arch,   are  occupied  by    paintings.     The 
upper  painting,  on  the  south  side,  is  a  rather 
fine  figure  of   the    Saviour,    crowned    and 
nimbed,  in  the  attitude  of    blessing.      The 
corresponding  picture  on  the  north  side  was 
much  injured,  but  seemed  to  have  been  a 
I'.lessed  Virgin  Mary  and  Child.     The  lower 
■icture  on  this   (north)   side  seemed  to  have 
>itu  a  Presentation  in  the  Temple.     The  cor- 
■sponding  lower  picture   on  the  south  side 
.-id  been  entirely'  defaced  in  the  erection  of  a 
:i)dern  monument.     Over  the   window,  oc- 
upj'ing  the   whole  upper   part   of  the   east 
..\ill,  was  a  large  painting  of  the  Holy  Trinity, 
iu  the  common   conventional   form    of    the 
Father  seated,  holding  before  him  the  crucified 
Son ;  and  on  each  side  of  this  central  group 
was  an  angel  kneeling  and  censing.     This 
recovery  of  the  whole  plan  of  the  painting  of 
.u  east  end  of  a  church  is  very  rare,  and  pro- 
, '  .)rtionally  valuable.     The  side  windows  of 
.  lie  chancel  are  a  little  remarkable  for  being 
•  iuare-headed,  though  certainly  of  the  thir- 
teenth  century.      Each  is   surrounded  by  a 
framev>'ork   of  ornamental  painting   of  more 
elaborate  pattern  than  usual,  though  only  in 
the  usual  colours,  yellow,  red,  and  white,  and 
has  a  kind   of  label   pattern,   terminating   at 
each   end   in   a  leaf.     A  horizontal  band   of 
jiaintiug  ran   along  the   chancel  walls,  level 
with  the  window  sills,  and  above  this  string- 
course there  seems   to   have   been   a   line   of 
figure  paintings.     Between  the  two  windows, 
on  the  north  side,  is  a  row  of  saints  ;  in  the 
.(irresponding  wall-space,  on  the  south  side,  a 
Taking  down  from  the  Cross  ;  and  there  are 
traces  of  paintings  of  similar  character  on  the 


■wall  spaces  east  and  west  of  the  windows,  on 
both  sides  of  the  chancel.  The  paintings  are 
in  the  usual  style  of  wall  paintings  of  this 
period,  executed  in  distemper  with  bold  red 
outlines,  and  occiisional  Hat  tints  of  red  and 
yellow,  with  considerable  merit  in  the  de- 
sign and  drawing.  The  ornamental  patterns 
which  are  used  to  enrich  the  architectural 
features  of  the  church  are  of  unusual  elabo- 
ration and  excellence.  The  whole  series 
affords  a  valuable  addition  to  our  knowledge 
of  the  general  plan  upon  which  the  mediccval 
ai-tists  used  colour  iu  theii'  buildings. 


"DENE  HOLES." 


Sib, — I  have  so  high  an  opinion  of  Mr.  C. 
Beach  Smith's  archa:ologica,l  learning  .ind  expe- 
rience, and  of  the  care  and  caution  with  which  ht- 
forms  and  puts  forth  an  cipinion,  th.at  1  am 
strongly  inclined  to  defer  to  his  authority  on  the 
question  of  the  origin  of  the  so.called  Dene  holes 
and  pit  dwellings,  expressed  in  his  letter  on  the 
Sth  inst.  in  tlie  Building  News.  But  I 
venture  to  think  that  some  of  the  f.acts 
are  not  accounted  for  by  his  theory,  and  1 
should  be  glad  if  he  would  return  to  the  sub- 
ject, and,  if  possible,  clear  up  my  difficulties. 
First,  the  theory  that  these  excavations  are  mere 
chalk  pits  does  not  account  for  the  quantity  and 
variety  of  British  remains  found  in  the  pits  at 
Fisherton.  Secondly,  the  chalk- pit  theory  alto- 
gether fails  to  account  for  the  Dene  hole  described 
;v3  having  existed  in  Norsey  Wood,  Billericay,  in 
close  proximity  to  British  remains.  In_  your 
account  you  Ukened  the  place  to  a  "  gravel  pit," 
but  did  not  expressly  say  that  it  was  not,  like 
others  which  have  been  noticed,  excavated  in  a 
chalk  substratum.  1  hajipeu  to  know  something 
of  the  country  thereabout,  and  believe  that  I  am 
correct  in  stating  that  there  is  no  chalk  there. 
The  name  "  Dene  hole  "  seems  to  be  familiar  to 
the  Essex  rustics ;  I  should  like  to  know  if  it  is 
also  known  in  other  counties  ;  for  example,  is  it 
applied  to  the  similar  excavations  in  Ivent  and  in 
Wilts  ?  and  is  it  applied  to  the  modern  chalk  pits 
which  are  dug  for  agricultural  purposes  ?  and 
lastly,  will  the  philologists  tell  us,  what  does  the 
word  mean  ?  I  venture  to  think  that  the  theory 
that  these  excavations  were  at  least  sometimes 
used  as  storehouses  for  corn  is  a  very  plausible 
one.  "VVe  have  had  the  evidence  of  Tacitus  that 
the  Britaius  did  use  pits  as  storehouses  for  their 
corn  ;  and  one  of  your  correspondents  has  re- 
minded us  that  those  which  are  still  so  used  in 
Spain  answer  to  the  description  of  these  dene 
holes.  I  beUeve  a  good  deal  of  evidence  might 
also  be  adduced  to  show  that  pits  were  anciently 
used  as  places  of  confinement  for  prisoners,  and 
of  safe  custody  for  slaves.  Can  any  of  your 
readers  supply  us  with  the  evidence  on  that  side 
of  the  question  >.  Moreover,  there  is  a  theory  that 
pits  were  sometimes  used  as  burial-places.  Iu 
Dr.  Macpherson's  handsome  bonk  on  his  antiqua- 
rian discoveries  in  the  Crimea  there  is  an  account 
of  a  pit  which  gave  access  to  subterranean  sepul- 
chres,  in  which  articles  of  Saxon  fashion  were 
found.  Since  the  question  of  the  origin  of  these 
excavations  has  been  raised,  it  seems  desirable  that 
we  should  hear  all  that  can  be  said  on  all  sides. — 
I  .am,  &c.,  E. 

On  the  20th  inst.,  the  annual  meeting  of  the 
Northumberland  and  Durham  Architectural  and 
Archieological  Society  was  held  in  Durham;  the 
Rev.  Wm.  Greenwell  in  the  chair.  That  gentle- 
man was  unanimously  re-elected  president,  and 
Mr.  Eowkandson  treasurer  for  the  ensuing  year. 
After  some  di-sc  ission  on  the  excursions  for  the 
year  the  following  arrangements  were  made  : — The 
excursion  in  May  to  be  to  Hexham  and  Langley 
Castle;  thit  in  June  to  Dalton,  Seaham,  &c. ; 
that  in  July  or  August  to  Bothal  ;  and  that  in 
September  to  Haughton-le-Skerne.  After  a  speech 
from  the  chairman,  a  conversation  arose  respecting 
the  restoration  of  the  tower  and  lantern  of  St, 
Nicholas'  Church,  Newcastle,  and  Mr.  Longstafife 
expressed  a  wish  that  the  will  of  Ithodes,  the 
builder  of  the  tower,  could  be  got,  as  it  was  most 
probable  that  an  endowment  of  land  was  left  to 
provide  for  the  repairs  of  the  building,  which  land 
was  Ukely  now  enjoyed  by  the  Corporation,  who, 
however,  refused  to  make  the  repairs  to  the  build- 
ing. The  question  of  the  editing  of  the  transac- 
tions of  the  society,  which  had  fallen  into  arrears 
since  1S63,  was  discussed  at  length,  and  eventually 
Mr.  Barnes  and  the  chairman  agreed  to  undertake 


the  work  jointly  ;  Mr.  Longstaffe  promising  aid  in 
reference  to  the  particulars  of  the  Moiikwear- 
niouth  discoveries,  and  Captain  Thompson  pro- 
mising to  present  some  plates  of  the  objects 
there  discovered. 

At  Westhall,  near  Halesowen,  in  Suffolk,  is  an 
object  of  architectural  interest  which  is  not  men- 
tioned  by  Suckling  iu  his  "  Suffolk  Papers,"  nor 
by  Parker  in  his  Ecclesiastical  Topography  of  the 
county,  and  which  seems  to  bo  uuknowu  to  those 
who  are  specially  interested  in  such  things,  and 
wliich  may  therefore  be  almost  claimed  as  an  an- 
tiquarian discovery.  On  a  cursory  examination 
the  church  appears  to  have  a  Decorated  nave,  with 
south  aisle  of  the  same  date,  and  a  Perpendicular 
tower  built  at  the  end  of  the  .aisle.  A  more  care- 
ful examination,  however,  reveals  the  fact  that 
the  .aisle  is  really  the  original  Normau  church, 
which  was  retained  and  converted  into  an  aisle 
when  the  church  was  enlarged  in  the  fourteenth 
century.  The  original  western  fagade  still  re- 
mains untouched,  but  so  completely  maisked  by 
the.  Perpendicular  tower  that  it  h;ui  escaped  obser- 
vation. It  is,  however,  well  worth  notice  as  a 
good  example  of  a  Norman  western  facade.  It 
has  a  central  doorway  deeply  recessed  and  en- 
riched with  various  characteristic  mouldings,  and 
over  the  door  a  triple  arcade,  of  which  the  centre 
arch  is  pierced  for  a  window. 


ETHNOLOGICAL   SOCIETY. 

4  T  the  ordinary  fortnightly  meeting  of  the 
A.  above  society,  on  Tuesday  last,  a  paper  wa.s 
read  by  Mr.  H.  H.  Howarth,  "  On  the  A-rchseology 
of  Bronze  in  connection  with  Ethnology."  The 
subject  Ls  one  which  has  been  well  fought,  and  ou 
which  few  antiquaries  are  agreed ;  it  is  closely 
wedded  to  some  great  ethnological  facts,  and  it  is 
fruitful  in  promise  of  clearing  up  some  very 
ancient  riddles.  Objects  of  bronze  are  found 
distributed  over  a  wide  area  of  the  earth's  surface, 
and  through  a  long  cycle  of  years.  Its  composi. 
tion,  its  chronology,  and  the  form  and  ornamenta- 
tion of  the  objects  made  of  it  were  some  of  the 
subjects  treated  of.  First,  of  its  composition. 
Copper  is  a  metal  of  wide  distribution ;  but 
objects  made  of  it  in  a  pure  state  are  found  only 
in  exceptional  localities.  Tin  is  a  metal  of  much 
more  limited  distribution,  and  much  less  accessi- 
ble. Its  chief  sources  now  are  Cornwall,  the 
Malayan  peninsula  and  islands,  Germany,  and 
Australia.  That  these  have  always  been  its  chief 
sources  the  author  considered  had  been  too  readily 
admitted.  Attempting  to  trace  the  amber  trade 
of  the  ancient  Etruscans,  he  went  on  to  consider 
their  connection  with  the  manufacture  of  bronze. 
Noting  that  they  were  the  most  skilful  of  the 
workers  in  that  metallic  compound,  he  thought 
they  were  not  likely  to  have  overlooked  the 
materials  for  making  the  alloy  if  they  were  readily 
obtainable  in  their  neighbourhood.  And  what  is 
the  fact  (  Bohemia  and  Saxony  abound  in  rich 
deposits  of  tin,  which  have  long  been  worked, 
certainly,  by  historic  accounts,  as  early  as  the 
twelfth  or  thirteenth  centuries.  If  this  conjecture 
prove  correct,  it  may  throw  considerable  light  on 
a  long  obscure  page  of  European  ethnology. 
Sweden,  it  was  thought,  might  have  supplied  the 
tin  for  the  Danish  bronzes.  Proceeding  to  auother 
portion  of  the  ancient  history  of  tin,  the  author 
dwelt  on  the  trade  of  Tyre.  It  was  the  Tyre.an 
merchants,  he  urged,  who  sold  the  toys  to  the 
heroines  of  Homer,  and  carried  the  world's  gossip 
to  Thebes  and  Babylon,  who  monopolised  the  tin 
trade.  Whence  this  tin  came  to  Tarshish  is  a 
question  which  has  exercised  much  ingenuity  and 
imagination.  An  occasional  coasting  vessel  may 
have  got  round ;  but  even  in  Roman  times  the  chief 
track  w.as  from  the  ports  of  the  Veneli  to  the 
south  coast  of  England  opposite.  Granting  this, 
the  tin  must  have  come  over  land  to  Tartessus,  or 
some  one  of  the  Tyreau  or  Sidonean  ports  on  the 
coast  of  .Andalusia.  The  condition  of  the  interior 
of  Spain  was  then  vastly  ditierent  to  what  is 
generally  supposed.  Apparently  very  thickly 
peopled,  apparently  studded  with  colonies,  and 
traversed  with  roads,  looking  to  the  antiquities 
found  everywhere  in  the  mining  districts,  Mr. 
Howarth  regarded  Spain  as  the  great  smelting 
house  of  the  old  world  in  remote  primitive  times. 
Mr.  Howarth  treated  at  length  upon  the  so.called 
bronze  age,  and  various  other  subjects  ;  as  also 
upon  the  trade  of  the  Phoenicians,  and  the  dis- 
tribution and  imitation  of  Phoenician  art ;  and  to 
the  Phoenicians  he  attributed  the  introduction  of 
bronze. 


158 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


March  I,  1867. 


THE  WATER   SUPPLY    OF    LONDON. 

THIS  question,  whicli  has  been  so  long  under 
discussion,  and  which  is  so  immensely 
important,  seems  now  to  have  been  taken  up 
with  an  earnestness  that  promises  the  best 
results.  The  Commission  lately  appointed 
is  working  most  diligently,  and  there  are 
many  efforts  making  elsewhere  and  indepen- 
dently of  each  other,  all  tending  to  arouse 
public  attention.  There  have  been  three 
papers  read  to  different  scientific  societies 
within  a  few  weeks,  aU  full  of  information  and 
suggestion  as  to  the  future  supply  of  water  to 
London.  At  the  Inventors'  Institute,  Mr. 
Hemans  read  a  paper,  but  this,  although  a 
valuable  and  instructive  one,  was  only  in  ex- 
planation of  the  scheme  for  bringing  a  supply 
from  the  lakes  in  Cumberland,  which  has  heen 
proposed  by  himself  and  his  partner,  Mr.  Has- 
sard.  Mr.  Bateman  contributed  a  paper  to  the 
health  department  of  the  Social  Science  Asso- 
ciation, in  which  he  gave  the  results  of  his  own 
large  and  varied  experience,  proving  the  practi- 
cability and  economy  of  a  constant  supply.  Mr. 
Bateman  has  condensed  into  a  short  space  a 
mass  of  facts  which  we  shoidd  be  glad  to  hear 
had  found  their  way  to  every  ratepayer 
in  the  metropolis.  They  are  not  the  facts 
of  yesterday,  nor  has  he  given  us  the  record  of 
experiments  carried  out  within  a  few  months 
or  even  within  a  few  years,  over  a  limited  field 
of  operation,  but  he  suppUes  us  with  the  expe- 
rience of  thirty  years,  and  shows  also  that 
what  he  has  accomplished  in  many  large  as 
well  as  small  towns  has  been  accomplished  by 
other  engineers,  and  with  Uke  results.  No 
body  of  facts  can  be  more  concurrent  or  con- 
slusive.  They  show  that  a  constant  supply  of 
water  is  attended  with  less  waste  than  an  in- 
termittent supply,  and  no  one  can  doubt  its 
efficiency  in  all  other  resoects  who  will  care- 
fully weigh  the  facts  given  in  Mr.  Bateman's 
paper.  It  is  right  to  say  that  he  has  in  no  way 
referred  to  his  own  scheme  for  bringing  a  supply 
of  water  from  the  Plinlimmon  Hills.  He  has 
confined  himself  most  strictly  to  the  one  ques- 
tion before  him — that  of  a  constant  supply  of 
water  for  London,  without  any  reference  to 
the  sonrces  from  which  the  supply  was  to  be 
obtained. 

A  third  paper  has  been  read  by  Mr. 
Thomas  Beggs  at  the  Society  of  Arts,  on  the 
evening  of  February  20,  Lord  Robert  Mon- 
tagu in  the  chair,  and  in  that  paper  the 
writer  has  taken  much  wider  ground.  He  has 
taken  it  up  as  a  consumer's  question,  and  has 
entered  upon  the  very  important  inquii-y  as 
to  the  aclministration  of  the  futiu-e  water 
supply.  He  insists  c^uite  as  strongly  as  Mr. 
Bateman  does  upon  the  necessity,  efficiency, 
and  economy  of  a  constant  supply,  both  for 
public  purposes  and  for  domestic  use.  Mr. 
Beggs  does  not  enter  into  the  merits  of  any 
particular  scheme  for  supplying  London,  but 
otherwise  he  takes  a  comprehensive  view  of 
the  whole  subject,  admitting  and  fairly  meet- 
ing all  the  difiiculties  with  which  it  is  sur- 
rounded. There  are  probably  very  few  who 
will  agree  with  all  his  conclusions,  but  none 
who  have  read  the  paper  will  deny  that  it 
deals  in  a  candid  spirit  with  the  question  as  a 
whole. 

What,  then,  is  the  case  to  which  these  papers 
introduce  us  ?  It  is  an  acknowledged  fact 
that  the  poorer  classes  of  London  are  subject 
to  privations  from  an  imperfect  supply  of 
water,  from  which  the  same  classes  in  many 
of  our  manufacturing  towns  are  exempt,  and 
that  the  evil  is  so  great  as  to  demand  imme- 
diate remedy.  At  the  same  time  London 
does  not  possess  the  same  facilities  for  public 
purposes,  especially  in  the  case  of  appliances 
for  extinguishing  fires,  that  are  possessed  by 
towns  of  a  third  and  fourth  class.  Why  is  the 
metropolis  so  much  behind  in  a  machiner}' 
for  the  supply  of  an  article  so  essential  to 
comfort,  health,  and  the  preservation  of 
decent  habits  ?  At  the  time  we  are  complain- 
ing of  a  scanty  supply  we  find  that  the 
nine  water  companies  bring  into  Loudon 
108,000,000  gallons  per  day,  or  about  30  gal- 


lons per  head   for  its   3,000,000  inhabitants  ; 
while    in   Nottingham,  Derby,    Manchester, 
and  many  jither  places,  the  quantity  has  been 
reduced  to  about  18  gallons   per  day  on   the 
average.     This  is  a  proof  of  the  prodigious 
waste  which  is  going  on,  and  also  a  proof  that 
our  present  resources   are   sutficient  if    that 
waste   could   be   checked.      A   deficiency   in 
quantity  is  always  assumed,  but  these  figures 
show  that  there   is  no  real  deficiency.     This 
raises  a  question  of  vast  importance,  for  why 
shoidd  the  London  public  be  invited  to  go  so 
far  as  the  PUnlimmon   Hills  or   the  Lakes  of 
Cumberland,   if  they  have  already  a  supply 
equal  to   theii-  wants,  and   which  can  be   se- 
cured  to  them    by   careful     and   prudential 
management  ?     It  would  be  well  to  economise 
the  present  supply  before  we  go  in  search   of 
others,  and  this  is  really  the  first  question  to  be 
solved.    Is  there  any  insurmountable  difficulty 
in  checking  the  waste?  and  if  so,  why  should  it 
arise  in  London  more  than  in  other  places  ? 
The  difficulties  in  this  case  are  purely  construc- 
tional and  mechanical,  and  if  by  the  introduc- 
tion of  superior   contrivances,   waste  can  be 
saved  in  the  city  of  Norwich,  so  as  to   reduce 
the  average  quantity  to  15  gallons   per  head 
per  day,   why  should   it   not  be   practicable 
in  London  ?   '  It  may  be  said  that   the  quality 
of  the  water  is  bad,  but  that  is  altogether   an- 
other question.    If  it  can  be  shown  that  such  is 
the  case,  then  there  are  good  and  substantial 
reasons  for  going  to  a  distance  to  fetch  water  ; 
but  the  fact  that  36  gallons  per   head  per  day 
is  brought  into  London  by  the  e.xisting  water 
companies  is  a  sufficient  answer  to  any  appli- 
cation for  a  large  expenditure  on  the   ground 
of  deficiency  in  quantity,  and  wiU  show  the  im- 
portance of  the  inquiry  which  is  now  under  the 
conduct  of  the  Royal  Commission,  and  the  ne- 
cessity of  the   consumers  making   their    own 
case  fully  heard. 


THE  THEATRES. 


LAST  week  we  took  occasion  to  note  how  a 
very  beautiful  design,  both  in  form  and  co- 
lour, was  marred,  not  to  say  destroyed,  by  the 
introduction  of  glitter  and  tinsel.  The  full  effect  of 
what  we  endeavour  to  point  out  may  be  seen  by 
going  from  Covent  Garden  Pantomime,  whilst  its 
transformation  scene  is  fresh  in  the  memory,  to 
the  Alhambra.  At  the  latter  place,  everything  has 
been  sacrificed  to  glitter  ;  the  central  feature,  as  at 
Covent  Garden,  is,  as  it  should  be,  the  key-note  to 
the  whole  design  ;  but  whereas  in  Covent  Garden 
this  central  object  is  not  only  quiet  in  form,  but 
is  bathed  in  a  most  delicious  and  quiet  mist  of 
lovely  greys,  here  at  the  Alhambra,  we  have  not 
only  ths  glitter  of  the  reflections  of  a  huge  glass 
bowl,  but,  added  thereto,  the  movin?  wearying 
glitter  of  gigantic  gold  and  silver  fish.  At  the  for- 
mer a  brilUant  and  artistic  contrast  to  the  in- 
habited rainbow  which  spans  the  back  of  the  stage 
was  secured  by  the  statuesque  which  occupied  the 
middle  distance;  no  such  contrast  exists  at  the 
Alhambra,  the  globe  beiug  intensified  to  a  pain- 
ful degree  by  figures  placed  so  as  to  appear  in 
concentric  circles  ;  these  figures,  however,  have  the 
merit,  it  such  it  can  be  called,  of  being  taken  from 
Blake's  Angels,  that  is  to  say,  their  lower  ex- 
tremities are  prolonged  to  such  an  extent  as  to 
suggest  the  appearance  of  a  trail  of  light  and  co- 
lour left  behind  them  by  their  rapid  motion. 
Such  an  idea  is  very  praiseworthy,  and  in  the  hands 
of  the  designer  at  Covent  Garden  might  have  re- 
suited  in  a  perfect  success ;  as  it  is,  there  is  a  cer- 
tain hardness  both  of  colour  and  outliue,  which 
just  leaves  it  open  to  doubt  whethfr  Blake's 
Angels,  or  f  au-y  babies  in  long  clothes,  furnished  the 
artist  vrith  the  idea. 

The  other  night  we  went  to  the  "Prince  of 
Wales,"  to  see  the  classic  burlesque  called,  "  Pan- 
dora's Box."  We  have  always  thought  that  this  sort 
of  burlesque  is  just  the  thing  for  the  age.  We 
have  very  pleasant  recollections  of  Endymion, 
Ixion,  Perseus,  and  Andromeda,  and  above  all  Mr; 
Charles  Matthews  as  Chorus  :  and  had  it  not  been 
for  certain  vulgarities  of  costume,  which  seem  as 
indispensable  to  the  stage  as  broughams  are  to 
actresses,  we  do  not  know  that  there  would  have 
been  much  room  for  fault-finding.  The  great  and 
almost  only  drawbacks  in  all  these  burlesques  of 
Greek  story,  are  the  incompleteness  and  inaccuracy 
of  the  scenery  and  costume.      It  would  not   be 


worth  our  mentioning  were  it  not  for  the  very 
important  part  which  these  things   play   in  the 
education  of  the  habitual  theatre  goer.        These 
art  accessories  are  nearly  always  sufficiently  near  the 
mark  to  take  in  the  un  wary,  and  sufficiently  wide  of 
it  to  disgust  the  educated.  Many  of  our  readers  wiU, 
no  doubt,  remember  what  we  may  caU  the  one-leg 
trick,  which  the  goddesses  were  always  very  strong 
in.     We  are  pleased  to  see  that  this  coarse  and  in- 
decent fixed  rendering  of  a  momentary  effect  in  the 
flow  of  the  Greek  tunic  has  been  abolished  at  Miss 
Wilton's  theatre.     Good  burlesque  of  costume  can 
only  be  obtained  by  bringing  sound  archaeological 
knowledge  to  bear  upon  the  question.     Thus,  for 
instance,  such  points  as  the  carpet-bag   and  um- 
brella of  Mercury  are  only  valuable  in  a  burlesque 
point  of  view   when  contrasted  with  the  deUcacy 
and  refined  art  portrayed  in  the  texture,  cut,  and 
colour  of  Greek  costume.     It  is  true,  Miss    Hod- 
son  (Prometheus),  Mr.  Montgomery,  and  the  studio 
scene  gave  a  certain   amount  of  Greek   character 
to  the  piece,  which  otherwise  had  nothing   special 
to  connect  it  with  its  story.     If  this   were  a  ques- 
tion of  historical  costume,  wherein  the  subtle  dif- 
ferences and  fashions  of  a  few  years  might  be  in- 
volved, we  should  have  no  right  to  grumble  ;   but 
when  it  is  a   question  of  Greek  fable,  there  is  no 
reason  in  the  world  why  the  managers  and  scene- 
painters  of  our  very  smallest  theatres  should  not 
produce  the  leading  features,  at  least,  of  the  people 
to  whom  the  fable  belonged,  by  doing  which  edu- 
cated people  would  derive   some  satisfaction,   un- 
educated people  would  be  taught,  and  both  would 
be  more  amused,  inasmuch  as  the  introduction  of 
some  one  or  more  modernisms  would  intensify  the 
extravaganza  by   stronger    contrasts   than    those 
which  are   at   present   familiar   to   theatre-goers. 
There  can  be  no  possible  excuse  upon  the  ground 
of  not  knowing  how  to  do  these  things ;  the  British 
Museum,  or  even  the  Crystal  Palace,  to  say  nothing 
of  the  many  books  which   relate  to   the  subject, 
would    teU  the   scene-painter   and   the   manager 
everything  they  wanted  to  know  ;  and,   therefore, 
neglect  of  these  things  at  a  time  when  archaeologi- 
cal studies  are  becoming  every  day  more  general 
shows  an  indifference  to  the  public  mind  deserving 
the   utmost   blame.      If   "  Pandora's   Box "   was 
worth  doing  at  all,  it  was  worth  better  doing  than 
anything  we  saw  of  it  !at  the  "  Prince  of  Wales'." 
The  writing  is  smart  and  clever,  the  acting  is  heavy 
and  dull,  the  story  is  extravagantly  but  truthfully 
told,  but  the  mounting  of  the  piece  is  neither  ex- 
travagant   nor  true,  and  it  is  certainly  no  fault  of 
the  author's,  nor  of  the  fable  which  he  has  selected, 
that  the  curtain  falls  before  an  audience  which,  to 
put  it  mildly,  is  not  inclined  to  be  enthusiastic. 


GRAND  PIANO. 


I 


WE  give  this  week  an  iUustration  of  a  grand 
piano,  by  Messrs.  S.  and  P.  Erard.  The  case 
was  made  by  Messrs.  Marsh  and  Jones,  Leeds,  and 
was  designed  for  Mr.  Titus  Salt,  jun.,  of  Saltaire,  by 
Mr.  Charles  Bevan,  66,  Margaret  street.  Cavendish- 
square,  London.  The  groundwork  is  of  satin 
wood ;  the  inlays,  of  amboina,  purpleheart,  orange 
wood,  black  and  hare  wood,  &c.,  are  cut  by  Mr. 
Vert.  The  mouldings  round  the  panels  are  re- 
lieved with  gold.  On  the  same  sheet  will  be  seen 
a  canterbury  and  duet  ottoman,  designed  to  match. 
The  whole  of  Mr.  Salt's  furniture  is  designed  by 
the  same  artist.  We  select  the  piano  to  show  the 
successful  manner  in  which  it  has  been  treated. 
On  the  opposite  sheet  will  be  seen  some  of  the  de- 
tails, one-fourth  the  real  size.  The  lower  fram- 
ing of  the  piano  together  with  the  arrangement 
of  the  pedal  possesses  considerable  merit. 


COMPETITIONS. 


Some  time  since  several  EngUsh  architects,  in 
obedience  to  an  invitation,  prepared  designs  for  the 
new  markets  which  are  to  be  erected  in  Bombay, 
but  they  were  all  found  to  be  unsuited  to  the 
requirements  of  the  natives  and  the  Indian  climate. 
A  fresh  competition  was  invited  in  India,  and 
conseqiiently  all  the  imported  designs  from  this 
country  were  mere  waste  paper.  The  successful 
competitor  in  the  second  competition  was  Mr.  W. 
Emerson,  of  4,  Rampart-row,  Bombay.  The 
foundation  stone  of  the  new  building  will  be  l^d 
by  Mr.  Seymour  Fitzgerald,  almost  immediately 
after  his  arrival  in  Bombay. 

Wath  Cemetery. — The  plans  submitted  by  Mr. 
J.  D.  Webster,  of  Sheffield,  architect,  have  been 
unanimously  adopted  by  the  Burial  Board,  and 
the  buildings  will  be  commenced  forthwith.  The 
cost  will  be  about  £1,300. 


I-!.  I 


a 

GO 
Z 

a 

CO 


March  1,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


163 


THE  DESIGNS  FOR  THE  LAW 
COURTS. 

]I1E  fii'st  question  that  occurred  to  us  after 
\-ie\ving  these  twelve  designs  was,  Upon 
ff  it  principle  was  the  selection  of  architect? 
fouled  ?     As   a   matter  of  course  Mr.  Scott 
Mr    invited,  his  large  civil  works,  town  halls, 
%   being  as  well  known  as  his  ecclesiastical 
hidings.       But   what   were    the    particidar 
jilifications  which  recommended  the  others 
,a;he  notice   of  the   Commissioners  ?      Mr. 
fl;erhouse    is    a  Manchester  man  ;  he  has 
A  t  the  Manchester  Assize  Coiuts,  and  is  on 
a  iiate  terms  with  the  ex-Chancellor  of  the 
Blhequer — all  three  cogent   reasons  for  his 
)\  g    selected.    Mr.     Seddon   is    the    senior 
tliorary  Secretary  of  the  Institute  of  British 
Ailiitects  ;  he  competed  and  won  a  prize  for 
,0  Government  ottices,  and  has  built  a  great 
>a   of  a  large  straggling  hotel  at  Aberyst- 
i\ii.     We  suppose  he  was  therefore  selected 
idhe  representative  of  the  Institute.     Mr. 
it  et  is  an  A.R. A.  ;   he  also  competed  for 
.^Government  offices,  and  won  a  prize,  and 
lis,  moreover,  one   of  the  most  deserving 
^oj  of  the  Church,  his  life  having  been  de- 
.■qd  to  the  development  of   orthodoxy  in 
p4jh  church  and  national  school.     As  the 
ce  esentative   of   the   High    Church  party, 
'>i  :ed  up  by  the  magical  letters  A.R. A.,  no 
01  will  grumble  much  at  this  selection.     Mr. 
A  ahams  is  a  brother-in-law  or  some  relation 
ol  'ther  to  ex-Chancellor  Westbury,  and  has 
li  a  great  deal  of  trouble,  to  say  nothing  of 
I:  ppointment,  through  his  relationship  be- 
:b    the  competition  was  decided  on ;  so  he 
;n    be  considered  to   represent  the   forlorn 
lu  !  of  the  noble  army   of  architects.     Mr. 
VI.  Barry,  like  Mr.  Street,  is  an  A.R.A., 
here  the  likeness  stops  ;  he  is  a  younger 
of  the  late  Sir  Charles  Barry,  R.A.,  has 
;  some   monster   hotels,  and   is   what  is 
d  in  trade  a  pushing  young  man.     He  is 
ently   either    the  representative   of    the 
al  Academy  or  the   licensed  victuallers. 
Brandon  built  the  Irvingite  Church  in 
ion-square.     He  may  have  other  recom- 
dations,  but  we  know  not  of  them.      Mr. 
^es  is  the  gamecock  of  the  profession.    He 
beaten  Mr.   Street  in  two  great  church 
petitions  (Constantinople  and  Lille),  he  is 
lading  Cork  Cathedral  (which  he  also  won 
ompetition),  he  is  the  spoilt  child  of  Ark- 
House,  and  he  has  made  himself  other- 
^  notorious  by  lecturing  and  writing  on 
If  he  represents  anything  it  is  the  young 
d  of  the  profession.     Mr.  Deane  is  the  son 
ir  Thomas  Deane,  through  whose  intluence, 
II  ed  by  the  talent  and  earnestness  of  his 
a    partner   (Mr.   Woodward),  the  younger 

0  ne  has  been  brought  into  a  light  which  is 

1  a  er  too  strong  for  him.  We  can  only 
..c  unt  for  his  election  on  the  supposition 
'  li  he  was  chosen  as  the  representative  of  the 
A  Tald  Isle.  Mr.  Garling  competed  for  the 
I  ti  emment  offices,  and  won  a  prize.  He  has 
ii{  .  considerably  puft'ed-up  by  certain  papers, 
un  is  what  they  call  a  'cute  mau  of  business. 
>.'i  he  have  been  selected  as  the  representa- 
li'  of  the  daily  press?  Mr.  Lockwood  has 
i>i ;  the  Inns  of  Court  Hotel,  and  comes  from 
'i''i  cshire  ;  so  he  is  a  fit  representative  of  the 
■-.c  h.  country — poor  qualifications,  some  may 
1  h  k,  but  it  woidd  be  a  hard  matter  to  tind 
t  h  the  chosen  few  possessed  any  better. 

'ho  is  to  be  the  lucky  man  !  is  the  next 
'  [I  tion  which  naturally  occurs  to  the  casual 
vi  or.  Mr.  Scott,  Mr.  Waterhouse,  and  Mr. 
15  ;es  are  evidently  in  the  first  group.  Mr. 
S(  t  represents  the  small-hall  party,  Mr. 
M(  erhouse  the  large-hall  party,  and  ilr.  Bur- 
:;;e  the  no-hall  party.  Mr.  Street  foUows 
-M  Scott;  Mr.  Seddon  and  Mr.  Brandon 
CO  s  after  Mr.  Waterhouse,  and  the  rest  are  a 
lo  way  behind,  poor  Mr.  Abrahams  bring- 
in  ip  the  rear.  People  we  have  met  in  Lin- 
cc  s  Inn  say  that  it  will  be  a  neck-and-neck 
ra  between  Messrs.  Scott  and  Waterhouse, 
■■ii  that  should  the  latter  come  up  first  to  the 
w  ting-post  it  is  by  no  means  sure  that  the 
ot  r  will  not  have  some  share  in  the  stakes. 


As  far  as  numbera  go  Mr.  Scott  is  hitherto  the 
popular  man.     The  people  flock  to  his  draw- 
ings just  like  they  do  in  the  Royal  Academy 
to  a  Frith  or  a  Landseer,  whilst  the  far  greater 
art  depicted   in  Mr.    Burges's   design.  Like  a 
painting  by  Moore  or  Whistler,  attracts  only 
the  few.       It  is  amusing  to  hear  the  criticisms 
which    one    competitor    passes  on  a  brother 
competitor.     Each   says  no  one's  plan  is  so 
simple  as  his  own,  and  assures  you  solemnly 
that  he  has  tried  in  vain  to  understand  them 
— a  statement  containing  perhaps  more  truth 
than   they  wovdd  like  to   confess    if  put    in 
another   form.       It   is   very    clear   that    the 
favourites  are  Messrs.  Scott  and  Waterhouse 
Indeed,  the  odds  are  so  heavy  in  their  favour 
that  it  is  generally  believed  nothing  short  of  a 
Kilkenny  fight  could  prevent  one  or  other  of 
them  from  winning  the  race.     Should,  how- 
ever, the  Kilkenny  business  come   off,  there 
are  not  wanting  those  who  would  Viet  heavily 
on  Mr.  Surges,  whose  drawings  everyone  ad- 
mits  are  by  far   the  best   in  the  room.     It 
is  curious  to  see  how  the  competitors  dift'er  in 
their  sympathies.     Jlr.   Waterhouse,    for  in- 
stance, is  all  with  the  barristers.      Perhaps  he 
has  a  dear  brother-in-law  who  has  or  is  to  be 
called  to  the  bar.    Mr.  Burges  is  full  of  kindly 
consideration  for  the  judges,  and   seems  to 
think  that,  as  they  have  been    worthy    of 
seats   on   the  Bench,  their  comfort  and  con- 
venience  are   points  of  the  first  importance. 
Mr.  Seddon's  sympathies  are  with  the  multi- 
tude, and  he  makes  everytliing  secondary  to 
their  enjoyment.     And  so  with  all  the  rest. 
Every  man  devotes  himself  more  or  less  par- 
ticularly  to  one   class   of    the   many   classes 
of  people  which  have  to  be  provided  for,  one 
gentleman  being  tenderly  careful  for  the  com- 
fort of  respondents  and   co-respondents,  and 
another  being  cruelly  indifterent  in  his  plan, 
or  naughtily  funny  in  his  report.   If  the  mere 
convenience     of  the  barristers  attending  the 
Courts  were  paramount  Mr.  Scott's  plan  is  far 
the  best,  much  better,  indeed,  than  the  long 
corridors  of  Mr.  Waterhouse's   arrangement. 
Moreover,  Mr.  Scott's  judges  are  kept  closer 
together  than  Mr.  Waterhouse's,  and  have  not 
so  far  to  travel  in  order  to  consult  with  one  an- 
other. But  then,  unfortunately,  Mr.  Scott  does 
not  keep  liis  judges  entirely  to  themselves  ;  and 
these   worthies,   many   of  whom  sufl'er  from 
those  infirmities  which  not  unf'requently  ac- 
company old  age,  do  not  care  to  be  jostled  in 
their  corridors  by  yoimg  and  larky  barristers 
and  comic  Q.C.'s.      Mr.  Scott's  juvenile  buoy- 
ancy and  youthfid  vigour  have  evidently  led 
him  to  imagine  that  all  the  elder  members  of 
the  liberal  professions  were  as  active  and  as 
bonny  as  himself.     We  only  wish  they  were. 
By  the  way,  talking  of  vigour,  we  should 
like  to  know  why  the  temperature  of  the  shed 
where   the  plans   are    exhilrited  is   kept    up 
to  .such  a  high  pitch  ;  whenever  we  have  visited 
the   place  the  heat  has  been  almost  unbear- 
able, and  when  a  crowd  of  visitors  is  added  to 
the  artificial  w-armth  there  is  something  more 
than  heat  to  sufl'er  from.     The  building  is  ex- 
ceedingly low — mucli   too  low   for  even  the 
comfort  of  half  a  dozen  in  winter.      The  very 
thought  of  what  it  will  be  in  June,  crammed 
full  of  steaming,  puffing,  sight-seeing  visitors, 
makes   us   ill.     Surely   something   might   be 
done  in  the  way  of  ventilation  and  efficient 
shades  before  the   warm  simshine  of  spring 
turns  to   the   blazing   heat   of  summer,  and 
makes  the  place  even  more  objectionable  than 
it  is  mtli  its  artificial  heat. 


GREAT  YARMOUTH   TERRACE    AJTD 
VILLAS   COMPETITION. 

THE  drawings  which  have  been  entered  for 
this  competition  have  been  very  properly 
exhibited  to  the  public  in  the  TownhaU  at 
Great  Yarmouth,  and  have  given  very  general 
satisfaction.  Over  SO  competitors  have  pro- 
duced about  150  sets  of  designs  ;  and  notwith- 
standing that  the  chance  of  a  prize  for  work 
so  simple  and  straightforward  as  plans  for 
middle-class  villas    has  induced  many  young 


members  of  the  profession  to  try  their  hand, 
Ijesides  causing  a  few  old  sets  to  be  dished  up 
afresh  for  the  occasion,  yet  on  the  whole  the 
results  are  most  creditable.  There  are  obvi- 
ously peculiar  requirements  forsea-sidehouses 
— plenty  of  bay  windows,  rooms  overlooking 
the  sea,  and  for  villas,  at  least,  a  small  obser- 
vatory tower  or  turret  is  desirable.  The  com- 
placency with  which  these  and  other  condi- 
tions have  been  ignored  by  many  of  the  can- 
di<lates  for  honours  rather  amuses  us  as  we 
pass  through  the  room,  e.g.,  square-Grecian, 
looking  structures,  without  bay.s,  veran- 
dahs, balconies,  or  turrets  (of  which  we  see 
some  specimens),  are  scarcely  suitable — but 
there  are  a  few  sets  equal  to  the  occasion. 
The  premium  for  the  terrace  lies  between 
"  Alpha  "  and  "  Comnie  il  faut  ; "  the  former 
set  being  better  got  up,  though  in  a  rather  de- 
based French  villa  style,  while  the  latter  is  a 
superior  class  of  house  and  more  suited  to  its 
position  and  circumstances.  There  are  no  other 
de.signs  in  this  class  with  which  sufficient  pains 
have  been  taken  to  render  them  worthy  of  no- 
tice. Of  the  semi-detached  viUas,  "  Ecce  A." 
and  "  Ecce  B."  are  imdoubtedly  the  best,  both 
as  to  beauty  of  design  and  convenience  of  plan, 
while  the  style  of  drawing  is  perhaps  the  most 
efl'ective  in  the  room.  After  this  we  may 
mention  "  Palmam  qui  meruit  ferat,"  "  Este 
Direite  "  (pretty  good),  "  Suspense,"  and  "Va- 
lentine." Among  the  single  viUas,  "  Fiat," 
seems]  to  Jshine  pre-eminent,  for  the  plan  ful- 
fils all  the  conditions  of  the  case,  and  the  free 
Italian  elevations  are  very  pleasing.  "  Apex" 
makes  a  pretty  little  pointed  design  ;  then 
might  come  "  Comfort,  convenience,  and  com- 
pactness well  considered,"  "  Circumspice," 
"  Alpha  "  again,  and  after  these  we  begin  to 
descend  again  into  the  commonplace.  It  has 
given  us  much  pleasure  to  walk  through  the 
room  where  these  drawings  are  hung  ;  and  we 
are  glad  to  be  able  to  say  that  the  general 
opinion  seems  to  be  that  the  drawings  them- 
selves and  the  public  exhibition  of  them  re- 
flect great  credit  on  all  parties  concerned. 


PARLIAMENT  AND  IMPROVED  DWELL- 
INGS FOR  THE  PEOPLE. 

THE  Bill  for  the  Improvement  of  the 
Dwellings  of  Artisans  and  Labourers,  pro- 
posed this  year  by  Mr.  M'CuUagh  Torrens,  con- 
tains several  improvements  upon  the  mea- 
sure proposed  by  him  last  yeai".  But,  de- 
spite the  statement  of  Lord  Derby,  that  the 
question  was  one  to  be  treated  quite  irrespec- 
tive of  party  considerations  ;  despite  the  asser- 
tion of  Mr.  Goschen,  as  a  member  of  the  same 
deputation,  that  the  late  Government  had  in- 
tended to  support  the  biU,  and  the  declara- 
tion of  Mr.  Walpole,  upon  its  introduction  to 
the  House,  that  the  present  Government  would 
support  the  principle  of  the  bill  and  endeavour 
to  improve  its  details,  we  cannot  help  enter- 
taining a  very  strong  feeling  that  there  is 
much  that  is  objectionable  both  in  the  prin- 
ciple and  in  the  details  of  the  measure  which 
should  prevent  its  passing  into  law  -svithout 
great  and  radical  alteration.  Duty  impera- 
tively requires  that  the  truth  should  be  spoken, 
and  should  be  spoken  moreover  in  such  a 
manner  that  it  may  be  heard.  In  this  matter, 
we  wish  to  say  most  emphatically  that  every 
mistake  becomes  an  actual  bar  to  real  im- 
provement, and  it  is  precisely  because  we  do 
not  wish  to  see  legislative  errors  added  to 
the  series  of  mistaken  eftbrts  of  other 
kinds  that  we  desire  very  earnestly  to 
call  attention  to  the  principles  and  to 
some  of  the  details  of  Mr.  Torrens'  bill.  The 
general  scope  of  the  provisions  of  the 
bill  is  to  the  eft'ect  that,  upon  the  officer  of 
health  reporting  to  the  local  authority  upon 
the  unsanitary  condition  of  any  street  or  pre- 
mises, such  report  shall  be  considered  by  the 
grand  jury  at  quarter  sessions,  who  may 
also  \aew  the  premises,  and  upon  their  pre- 
sentment or  order  the  owner  may  either  exe- 
cute the  prescribed  works  himself,  or  require 
the  local  authority  to  purchase  the   buildings 


164 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


March  1,  1867. 


from  him  out  of  the  public  moneys,  in  the 
manner  prescribed  by  the  Land  Clauses'  Con- 
solidation Act.  Tlie  premises  shall  then  be 
altered,  rebuilt,  or  demolished,  so  as  to  leave 
increased  open  space  tor  ventilation,  as  the  cir- 
cumstances may  require.  The  local  authority 
may  hold  the  property  for  seven  years  after  its 
acquisition,  but  if  not  sold  or  otherwise  dis- 
posed of  -vvithin  that  time,  it  is  to  be  escheated 
to  the  Crown.  The  expense  of  all  this  is  to  be 
provided  for  by  a  rate  not  exceeding  three 
pence  in  the  pound  in  any  one  year,  supple- 
mented by  Government  loans  secured  upon 
mortgage  of  the  buildings  and  the  local  rates. 
A  great  improvement  upon  the  bill  of  last  year 
is,  that  the  local  authority  within  the  metro- 
polis is  defined  to  be,  not  the  vestries  and  dis- 
trict boards,  but  the  Metropolitan  Board  of 
Works.  On  the  other  hand,  whereas  by  the  for- 
mer bill  it  was  provided  that  the  local  autho- 
rity in  the  City  of  London  should  be  the  Cor- 
poration of  the  City,  in  this  act  it  is  defined  to 
be  the  Commissioners  of  Sewers  of  the 
City. 

Now  this  has  all  the  appearance  of  being 
what  many  earnest  persons  have  long  pro- 
fessed to  desire,  a  strong  legislative  niea.sure, 
and  it  is  this  appearance  of  strengtli  that 
constitutes  its  danger.  We  will  suppose  the 
bill  to  have  passed  and  to  be  likely  to  come 
into  operation  in  any  particular  neighboui'- 
hood.  Let  us  inquire  what  would  be  the  im- 
mediate result  as  regards  the  owners  and  the 
unf  jrtunate  occupiers  of  the  class  of  property 
liable  to  be  affected.  As  we  have  actually 
heard  from  the  owner  of  some  small  property 
who  had  an  idea  that  it  was  likely  to  be  re- 
quired for  public  improvements,  we  cannot 
do  better  than  state  his  hypothetical  view  of 
the  subject.  This  gentleman  reasoned  that, 
inasmuch  as  his  property  was  to  be  taken  from 
him,  it  was  his  interest  to  do  as  little  as  possible 
in  the  way  of  repairs,  and  to  expend  nothing 
more  than  actual  necessity  compelled  for  the 
comfort  and  health  of  his  tenants  ;  moreover, 
if  it  was  at  all  possible  to  screw  up  the  rents 
a  fraction  higher,  it  was  his  interest  to  do  so, 
for  the  reason  that  the  higher  the  rental,  the 
greater  price  he  would  be  lilcely  to  obtain  as 
compensation  under  the  Land  Clauses'  Conso- 
lidation Act.  Would  not  a  similar  course  of 
action  be  suggested  to  every  owner  of  small 
property  as  an  immediate  etl'ect  of  the  passing 
of  this  bill '?  Let  it  be  borne  in  mind  that  by 
the  bill  the  owner  may  refuse  to  carry  out  the 
requirements  of  the  local  authorities.  He  may 
compel  them  to  purchase  the  entire  property, 
and  take  it  oif  his  hands ;  and  it  must  also  not 
be  forgotten  that  the  compensation  to  be 
awarded  to  him  could  be  computed  upon  no 
other  basis  than  the  exorbitant  rents  wrung 
out  of  the  wretched  occupants,  with  the  ad- 
ditional premium  of  15  per  cent,  usually  given 
for  compidsory  sale.  Every  practical  man  of 
business  knows  very  well  that  the  fact  of  a 
railway  requiring  compulsory  possession  of 
such  houses  is  regarded  by  the  owners  as  an 
exceedingly  lucky  windfall,  but  in  this  in- 
stance the  price  obtained  rmder  compulsory 
sale  would  in  practice  amount  to  the  same 
thing  as  a  reward  offered  by  Parliament  to  the 
owners  of  bad  property  for  allowing  that  pro- 
perty to  become  so  bad  that  the  public  interest 
required  its  removal  as  a  nuisance.  The  very 
fact  of  the  premises  becoming  a  nuisance 
would  entitle  the  owner,  who  in  nine  cases  out 
of  ten  is  morally  accountable  for  their  condi- 
tion, to  clainr  a  reward  for  his  l)reach  of  one  of 
the  duties  which  attach  to  property.  We  can- 
not, by  the  utmost  stretch  of  charity,  suppose 
that  such  landlords  •will  not  do  all  in  their  power 
to  enhance  the  amount  of  the  reward  they  will 
Bome  day  or  other  be  entitled  to  expect.  We 
could  not  for  a  moment  suppose  that  of  their 
own  accord  they  woidd  put  their  premises 
into  such  a  state  of  salubriousness  as  would 
disentitle  them  to  claim  the  compensation 
offered.  Thus  the  passing  of  the  bill  would 
offer  to  landlords,  already  too  much  in  the 
habit  of  neglecting  their  property  and  wring- 
ing the^  utmost  farthing  of  rental  from  poor 
and  miserable  occupiers,  an  inducement  to 


neglect  it  still  more,  and,  if  possible,  to  squeeze 
still  higher  rents  from  their  poor  tenants. 

In  place  of  legislation  of  this  nature  we 
would  suggest  that  a  law  should  be  contrived 
wliich  would  fix  a  stigma  upon  such  owners 
of  property  who,  by  neglect,  or  by  greediness, 
had  allowed  it  to  become  prejudicial  to  health. 
It  should  be  entirely  closed  to  occupants  while 
in  such  a  state.  That  work  should  not  be  done 
at  the  public  expense  which  the  owner  ought 
long  ago  to  have  done  at  hLs  own  expense. 
Some  such  law  would,  we  conceive,  effectually 
prevent  any  man  from  deriving  a  profit  out  of 
unwhoiesomeness  or  immorality,  and  would 
compel  him  either  to  put  his  property  in  pro- 
per order  himself,  or  to  sell  it,  not  at  the  ex- 
travagant prices  he  may  legally  claim  upon 
compulsory  sale,  but  at  a  reasonable  price  to 
some  other  person,  who  would  of  course  be 
subject  to  the  same  sanitary  requirements. 

Again,  all  these  things  are  to  be  pro\'ided 
for  by  means  of  local  rates,  which  may  be — 
and,  doubtless,  will  actually  be — specially 
increased  for  the  purpose.  The  owners  of  un- 
healthy property  are  to  be  "  compensated  " 
for  allowing  them  to  become  unhealthy  ;  the 
new  places  are  to  be  buUt,  the  value  of  open 
spaces  to  be  left  unoccupied,  the  expenses  of 
management,  and  all  other  things  are  to  be 
provided  for  by  a  tax  levied  upon  the  other 
property  of  the  district.  Now,  before  any  ar- 
rangement is  made  whereby  one  class  of  the 
community  is  taxed  for  the  benefit  of  another 
class,  it  should  be  made  clear  that  the  benefit 
can  be  gained  by  no  other  method,  either  in 
the  ordinary,  way  of  trade,  in  which  all  our 
material  wants  are  supplied,  or  by  the  exer- 
tions of  the  benefited  class  themselves  ;  on  no 
other  grounds  can  the  State  be  justified  in  de- 
manding that  one  yiortion  of  its  citizens  should 
contribute  to  the  support  of  another  portion. 
We  might  add  likewise  that  it  ought  also  to 
be  proved  that  the  taxation  is  reaUy  likely  to  be 
beneficial  to  the  other  party.  Such  grounds  are 
admitted  in  the  case  of  the  rates  for  reliet  of 
the  poor,  and  we  believe  that,  of  all  the  rates 
which  the  British  ratepayer  has  to  provide, 
there  is  none  paid  with  more  cheerfulness  and 
less  grumbling  than  that  which  goes  to  sup- 
port the  aged,  the  helpless,  and  the  sick.  We 
very  much  question  whether  a  like  cheerful- 
ness would  be  shown  in  the  case  of  a  rate  for 
erecting  artisans'  and  labourers'  dwellings.  It 
has  been  by  no  means  proved  that  dwellings 
of  a  sanitary  character  can  be  provided  in  no 
other  way  than  by  direct  expenditure  of  public 
money,  and  yet  some  such  foregone  conclusion 
must  underlie  the  very  principle  of  this  bill. 
On  every  building  which  has  been  erected  by 
philanthropists  a  profit  of  some  kind  has  been 
made,  and  this  in  despite  of  over-profuse  ex- 
penditure in  many  cases,  and  a  system  of  let- 
ting below  the  fair  ordinary  rental  in  all  cases. 
It  was  admitted  by  Mr.  Locke,  who  is  asso- 
ciated with  Mr.  Torrens  in  this  measure,  that 
recently-erected  buildings  have  paid  as  much 
as  10  per  cent,  on  the  expenditure.  And  if 
such  be  the  fact,  with  what  show  of  reason  can 
the  same  honourable  gentleman  propose  to 
tax  the  already  sufficiently  burdened  rate- 
payer for  the  purpose  of  doing  a  work  which 
ordinary  traders  would  do  if  only  the  legis- 
lature would  remove  certain  obstructions 
which  hinder  the  flow  of  capital  in  this  direc- 
tion ?  The  bill  is  entirely  silent  as  to  the  dis- 
posal of  any  profit  rental  that  ma)'  accrue  dur- 
ing the  seven  years  the  local  authorities  are 
permitted  to  hold  the  property,  or  after  it 
comes  into  possession  of  the  CU-own,  and  it 
would  thence  appear  that  its  authors  expect 
none.  We  should  be  glad  to  know  upon  what 
scale  the  rents  are  to  be  regulated,  whether 
they  are  to  bear  a  certain  proportion  to  the 
expenditure,  whether  they  are  to  be  valued 
at  a  rate  regulated  by  that  of  neighbouring 
property,  or  whether  there  is  to  be  a  fixed 
assize,  like  the  ancient  assize  of  bread  and 
other  necessaries,  regulating  the  amount  which 
the  authorities  consider  the  occupants  can 
afford  to  pay.  In  either  of  the  two  first  cases 
we  fancy  the  object  of  the  bUl  would  be  de- 
feated. 


We  will,  however,  say  that  were  the  neces- 
sity for  such  a  bill  once  clearly  established, 
we  should  accept  it,  and  be  willing  to  tolerate 
the  evils  and  defects  we  have  pointed  out,  for 
the  sake  of  the  much  greater  good  to  be  ob- 
tained in  the  healthy  and  decent  housing  of 
our  working  people ;  but,  being  convinced  that 
such  is  not  the  case,  except  with  respect  to 
that  portion  of  the  bill  which  empowers  the 
authorities  to  clear  away  bad  buildings  so  as 
to  provide  open  ventilating  spaces,  we  think 
that  legislation,  the  ;  necessity  of  which  we 
readily  admit,  should  take  quite  another 
direction,  and  that  this  bill  is  but  a  hindrance 
in  the  way  of  other  and  more  reasonable  pro- 
posals. We  have  no  doulit  that,  if  some  such 
plan  as  we  have  indicated  were  adopted,  a  vast 
amountof  private  capital,  both  of  the  wealthier 
classes  and  of  workmen  themselves,  would  be 
attracted,  and  would  effect  a  far  greater 
anrount  of  good  than  can  be  expected  from 
compulsory  and  direct  action,  which  is  sure 
to  he  exceedingly  unpopular  to  the  taxpayers, 
not  only  in  Fmsbury  and  Southwark,  but 
wherever  it  might  be  applied  and  whose  aim 
and  object  no  efforts  would  be  spared  to  de- 
feat. 


THE  PHOTOGRAPHS  OF  THE  ARCHI- 
TECTUR.\L  PHOTOGRAPHIC  ASSOCIA- 
TION  FOR  1867.* 

THE  photographs  are  sufficiently  clear  to  show 
us  at,  a  glance  the  later  date  aud  finer  feeling 
ot  the  figure  sculpture  in  the  archivolts,  as  com- 
pared with  the  rest  of  the  work.  The  subjects 
are  somewhat  interesting;  in  the  central  com- 
partment of  the  upper  stage  we  have  six  virtuea 
triumphant  over  their  opposing  vices.  The  vir- 
taes  are  represented  as  knights,  possibly  Tem- 
plars, for  they  wear  long  flowing  mantles,  aud 
have  upon  their  pear-shaped  shields  the  Templars' 
cross  ;  there  is  no  sameness  about  the  group, 
and  each  fii^ure  ismarkedby  a  grandeur  of  aciioa 
which  is  well  worth  the  modern  tsculptor's  study — 
note  especially  the  upper  figure  to  the  left.  la 
the  right-hand  compartment  the  figures  of  the 
twelve  apostles  are  placed  diagonally  on  tha 
arohivolt,  and  the  artist  has  consequently  beea 
able  to  get  them  larger  than  he  could  have  by  any 
other  arrangement ;  but  even  with  the  advantage 
thus  gained  and  the  greater  span  of  the  arcb, 
one  cannot  help  feeling  that  the  difference  of 
scale  between  the  two  sets  of  figures  is  a  mistake. 
This  ditfereuce,  however,  would  not  have  beea 
so  marked  had  the  figures  been  arranged  as  in 
the  angelic  choir  of  the  L.'ft-haud  arch,  where 
demi-Bgures  of  angels  issue  from  circular  medal- 
lions. In  the  sculptures  of  the  doorway  we  have, 
beginning  at  the  outer  order  :  1.  The  signs  of  Che 
Zodiac  and  the  months.  2.  Six  angels — the 
disposition  of  the  wings  and  heads  very  lovely. 
3.  Ten  figures,  five  on  each  side  of  a  demi  figure 
ofClirist.  4.  Pour  angels  censing  below  a  demi- 
figure  of  the  first  person  of  the  blessed  Trinity; 
and  finally,  in  the  tympanum,  Christ  as  Judge, 
in  an  aureole,  suiTounded  by  the  evangelistic 
emblems,  this  last  being  an  exceedingly  bat 
"  restoration." 

Notre     Dame   de  Poitiers   is   one    of  the  pe' 
churches     of     the     admirers     of    Romanesqui 
architecture,    and   not  without   good  cause,    toi 
there  are  few  buildings  which   show  more  com 
pletely  the   full   development  of  a  style  which 
however  much  it  may  lack,  has  at  least  a  maulj 
breadth  and  vigour  about  it — barbaric,  if  you  like 
but  a  barbarism  which  is  far  more  attructive  :ini 
refreshing  than   the   light  and  elegant    pro^lac 
tions  of  fater  times,  spoilt  as  they  so  often  are  h 
a  namby-pamby  shirt-frill  kind  of  frittered  de 
tail.      Viewed  as   a  piece  of  iconography,    Lhi 
front  is  less  int:resting  than  that  of  Civray,  bt 
as  a  piece  of  architectural  composition  it   is  fa 
more  important.     The  clustered  shaft  buttresse 
of    Civray  at  the  angles  are  also  found  here,  hi 
with  bolder  proportions  and  corbelled  out  at  th 
top  so  as  to  form  circular  turrets,  good  in  them 
selves  but  exceedingly  a.vkward,  if  not  positive! 
ugly  in  the  general  composition.     As  high  asth 
first    stringcourse  the  design  is   very  free  froi 
defect,  if  we  except  what  may  be  regarded  as  8 
excess  of  strength.     Above  this  string  course  ti 
design,  even  when  we  allow  for  the   restoratii 
of  the  circular  window,   and  the  completion  ' 

*  A  paper  by  Edward  William  Godwin  ;  read  before  tl 
Royal  Instituteof  Architects,  February  11, 1S67.  Conclud' 
from  page  148. 


^Iarch  1.  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


165 


the  smaller  arcado  is  manifestly  out  of  all  pro. 
portion  with  the  lower  part.  The  limits  of  this 
.paper  will  not  allow  mo  to  speak  at  any  lenj-th 
of  the  mass  of  carved  work  with  which  the  fui,-  idf 
lis  encrusted  ;  there  is  scarcely  a  corner  wnich 
idoea  not  possess  a  detail  worth  study.  Anion;; 
ithese,  I  may  call  special  attention  to  the  animals 
!iu  tte  capitals,  those  on  the  tympana  of  the  small 
^arches  each  side  of  tho  doorway,  and  also  those 
lunder  the  strinsoourse. 

1    In  tho  examples  from    St.  Oars   Loohes,  the 

animal   carving  is  very   coarse   and   barbarous, 

ind  unworthy  the  amount  of  attention  which  the 

■  ■"■"oeiatioahasthous^htfit  tobestowon them.    The 

Lije  work  seen  in  photograph  No.15  is,  however, 

as  good  as  tho  animals  are  bad  ;  and  it  is  very 

:  -restini*  to  compare  the  almost  classic  refine- 

1  nt  of    the  capitals  of  the  doorway   with  the 

•oarse  conventional  treatment  of  the  animals  in 

he  same  series  of  caps,    and  the  foliage  in  tho 

•  "itals  of  tho  vaultini;  shafts. 

issical  traditiiin  is  also  strongly  preserved 
0  capitals  of  the  south  doorway  of  Lo  Mans 
.1  -dral,  shown  in  Nos.  17  and  18,  where  not 
:■  -ly  the  foliage  but  tho  oonstruotion  of  the 
lUil  is  essentially  Corinthian.  Some  of  the 
■i   are,    however,  carved    with  a  coarseness 

.Ii  is  very  discordant.     Tho   dragon  work  of 

he  abacus  to  the  extreme  left  is  a  noteworthy 

xception.     Particular  notice  should  be  taken  of 

he  reveal  of  the  doorway,  as  it  is  a  specimen  of 

trong  pure  Romanesque  conventional   carving. 

■1 13  been  illustrated  more  than  once,  but  it  was 

'  ved  for  Messrs.  Cuudall  and  Fleming  to  give 

.;ie  best  possible  representation  of  it,    both  as 

egards  point  of  view  and  photographic  clear- 

ess.     All  the  figure  work,  save  only  tho  central 

me  to  the  right  of  the  doorway,    are  below   the 

lark  (those  in  the  arch  very  much  below) ;  not 

nly  are  they  bad  in  themselves,   but  they  are 

adly  grouped,  and  the  only  satisfaction  is,   that 

le  photog'^aph  is  happily   dark  and  does    not 

ring  out  their  defects  too  prominently. 

The  photographs  Nos.  4  and  11,  which  so  well 

lustrato  the  western  portals  of  Chartres,   bring 

3  to  the  end  of  tho   Romanesque   sroup,    and 

1  us  by  an  easy  tiansi  ion  to  the  First  Pointed 

~.     Simple  in  motive,   well    proportioned  in 

''  mass,  and  rich  in  their  sculptured  decora- 

.,   these  doorways  stand  unrivalled  amongst 

the  works   of  the  age  to  which  they  belong. 

the  upper  horizontal  line  of  the  side   tyni- 

1  been  continued  through  the  central  one   so 

'  preserve  the   horizontal  principle,  and  at 

=ame  time   reduce  the  scale   ot  the  central 

ect,  which  appears  to   me  just  a  trifle    too 

-'  for  the  rest  oftbe  work,  there  would  be  little 

lO  guoTault  with,  unless,  indeed,  we  objected 

the  whole  principle  of  the  decoration.     I  shall 

t  now  pause  lo  inquire  what  may  be  said  for 

igainst  the  unequal  distribution  of  the  figures 

■jambs;    the  way  in  which  they  ai'e,   bo  to 

.<,  struck  against  the  shafts  ;   the  application 

,'Ure3  to  the  curve  of  an  arch,   thus  bringing 

1  into  all  kinds  of  angles  with  the  horizon;or 

use  of  figures  in  the  same  composition  of  such 

ioly  different  scah;8  as  those    here  employed. 

:■  myself,  I  must  confess  that   nearly  all   the 

..  foreign  portals    seem  to  me  spoilt  by  an 

■3  of  figure  sculpture,  and,  although  suohan 

Ltion  is  rather  like  grumbling  at  the  fruit   of 

iiistnias  pudding,   yet  from  my  experience 

i:h  of  paddings  and  buildings,  I  should  be  in- 

ined  to  say  that  it  was   quite  possible   to  spoil 

''i  the  one  and  the  other  by   too  many  plums. 

again,  although  I  may  run  the  risk  ol  being 

1  that  I  luck  reverence,  yet  in  behalf  of  what 

r,  Kuskin  calls  temperance  in  art,  I  certainly 

ink  these  doorways  would  have  gained  by  the 

s>ion  of  the  diminutive  figures  in  the  capitals, 

:n,  stuck  round  the  bell  with  their  feet  on  the 

ck    moulding,  always  remind  me  of  the  dolls 

uck  round  the  hat  of  the  successful   player  at 

tilt  Sally. 

•  !  now  come  to  three  of  the  finest,  if  not  the 

-[,  photogr.pbs  yet  issued  by  the  association, 

js.  1,  2,  and  3.  1  and  2  illustrate  the  north,  and 

the  south  portal  of  Chartres.  The  transparency 

the  shadows,  the  wonderful  clearness   of  ihe 

t  lil,  and  above  all  the  grandeur  of  the  subjects 

0  almost  sutlicient  to    paralyse    criticism    and 

Kts  us  pause  in  silent  reverence  and    astonish- 

!it.     There  are  three  or  four  dates  in  the  liis- 

y  of  this  noble  ctmrch  which  are  valuable    as 

;  ianatory  of  certain  irregularities   and    difFer- 

■t 3  about  these  portals.     In  the  year  1194  the 

arch  was  destroyed  by  fire  ;  it  was  rebuilt   in 

*  First  Pointed  style,  and  consecrated   in  the 

ar  1260.       Twenty  years  later,  the  sculpture  of 

6  transept  porches  was  in  an  incomplete  state  j 


later  still,  in  the    fourteenth   century,  the  artist 
was  still  busy  with  his  chisel,  and  to  this  day  the 
work  remains  in  an  unfinished  condition.       The 
aonth  portal  is  at  once  the  earliest  and    tho    niost 
complete  of  the  two;    the    inner  arches   in  both 
are  much  the  same  in  point  of  date    and  design, 
l)ut    in    too  outer  arches,    although  the  general 
composition  is  pretty  much  alike,  there  is  a  very 
noticeable  divergence  in  construction  and  detail. 
Thus  in    the  south    portal    the  shafts    rise    from 
(juasi-classic  pedestals  ;  in  tho  north  they  rest  on 
a  boldly  moulded  base  or  plinth  course.     In    the 
south  the  piers  themselves  are  simple  in    plan, 
and    systematic   in    arrangement  ;  in    the    north 
they  are  larger,  more  complex,  and  of  a  compound 
character,  carved  and  canopied,  tho  lower   part 
of  the   shafts   at  the   entrances   to  the   portals 
being  wrought  in    elaborate  and    somewhat    re- 
markable pedestals  sustaining   statues   arranged 
sufficiently    in   advance    to   appear    independent 
of  the  shafts  behind  them.  Again,  the  piers  which 
support  the  side  south  portals  are  of  solid  square 
masonry,  relieved  by  angle  shafts  and  six  tiers 
of  small  groups  of  sculpture  under  canopies.     In 
the  north  the  piers  which   answer   to    these    are 
pierced  so  that  there  are  three  groups    of  shafts 
instead  of  one  group  and  a  square  pier.     In  the 
north  there  are  two  rings  of  statues  to  the   outer 
arches,  the  inner  ones  seated,  the  outer  standing; 
whilst  in  the  south  there  is    only    one    ring,    and 
that  in  the  proportion  of  five    to    the    side,    and 
seven  to  the  centre  arch,  instead  ofseven  and  nine. 
In  the  north    vaults    the    ribs  are    enriched    by 
figure  sculpture,  whilst  in  the    south    the  figure 
decoration  is  in  the  vaulting  space   between   the 
outer   arch  and  the  first   rib.      And  finally,    not 
that  I  have  by  any  means  exhausted  the  differences, 
the    carving   to    the  south  is  of  the  most  delicate 
and  lovely   conventional    type,    but   that   to  the 
north  is  partly  conventional  and  partly    natural. 
Altogether,  then,   it  seems  to  me  that  the  north 
portal  shows  not  only  the  latest  work,  but   a  de- 
sire on  the  part  of  its  builders  to  improve  on  the 
south.     How  far  they   succeeded  will   of  coarse 
be  a  mere    matter  of  opinion,    but  I    think   the 
double  order  of  the  outer  arches  and   the   hood 
moulding  give  a  certain  strength  and  emphasis  to 
the  work  which  is  sadly  wanted  by  the    southern 
arches,    whilst,  owing    to    the    very    incomplete 
state  of  the  north  portals,  the  south  composition 
has  the    advantage    by  reason    of  the  imposing 
canopies  which  crown  the  summit  of  the    piers. 
Of  the  design  and  execution  of  the  details  of  both 
porches  it  is  almost  impossible  to  speak  too  highly. 
Taken  together  they  furnish  a   perfect   museum 
lor  the  architectural  sculptor,  and  it  is  much    to 
be  hoped  that  the  association  will  not   be    satis- 
tied  with  giving  us  only   the  three   photographs 
in  this  year's  issue,  but  thatthey  mean  them  as*n 
instalment  of  further  labours  in  the  same  glorious 
field.     Tempting,  however,  as  these  details  are,  I 
must  pass  on  to  the  phi  tographs   which   remain 
to  be  described.      Nos.  7  and  8  give  a  west  view 
and  interior  of  the  church  of  St.  Pierre    Lisieus. 
No    doubt  this   church  has   many  admirers  ;  to 
myself  I  must  own  it  is    somewhat    disappoint- 
ing; there  is  an  awkward  junction  between   the 
second  and  third  stages  ol  the  towers,  and  a  cer- 
tain slight   and   reed-like  quality  about  the  elon- 
gated   shafts    which    is   anything  but   pleasant. 
Lisieux,    however,  possesses  a  gem  witii  which 
most  people  are    familiar,  the  praises  of  which, 
too,    Mr.   Euskin   has  so  ably  set  forth   in   the 
"Seven  Lamps  of  Architecture."       I    mean  the 
doorway  of  tue  south-west  tower.    It  is  true,  the 
view  just  shows  this  doorway,  but  only    enough 
of  it  to  make    us  long  for  more;  and  I  lor   one 
would   gladly    have  spared    the   interior    of  the 
church  for  a  full-size  photograph  of  this  small  but 
exquisitely  lovely  portal.     1  am  not  in   the  con- 
fidence of  Messrs.  Cuudall  and  i^^leming  so  as  to 
be  able  to  state  whether  their  photographer   has 
had  the  consideration  to  secure  a  negative  of  it: 
but  whether  he  has  or  not,  it  is  much  to  be   de- 
sired that  many  years  will  not  pass  by  before  we 
shall  be  put  in  possession  of  one  or  more  illustra- 
tions of  this  marvellous  specimen  of  fully   deve- 
loped thirteenth  century  art. 

We  come  now  to  tho  last  group,  wherein  is  set 
forth  in  four  photographs  the  wonders  of  the 
Flamboyant  style.  In  !No.  20  we  have  a  general 
view,  and  in  No.  0  a  nearer  view  of  the  west  end 
of  the  Abbey  Church  of  ■  St.  Riguier.  What 
1  have  already  said  about  the  extra  view  of 
Civray  applies  equally  to  St.  Kiguier.  No.  20 
really  gives  us  nothing  that  we  do  not  possess  in 
a  much  better  form  in  No.  9,  except  the  top  of  a 
tower,  yery  bad  in  composition,  and  utteriy  de- 
ficient in  finish.  It  will  be  observed  that  the 
greater  part  of  the  west  front  of  St.  Riguier  ia 


made  up  of  a  shallow  porch,  which  rises  to  the 
base  of  tho  belfry,  or,  in  other  words,  the  whole 
height  of  tho  church.  Tho  top  of  this  quasi- 
porch  is  finished  by  a  horizontal  parapet  in  line 
with  that  of  the  nave  ;anil  if  this  principle  of  con- 
struciitin  had  been  attended  to  throughout,  some 
unity  would  have  been  secured  in  tho  now  dia. 
jointed  nnisa,  and  there  would  have  been  less  op- 
portunity for  suoh  wild  riot  of  ornament  and 
such  intemperance  of  lino  as  are  displayed  in 
this  remarkable  fa9:ido.  But  as  in  all  riot  and 
intemperance  there  are  times  of  comparative 
calm  which  only  tend  to  bring  into  greater  relief 
the  ungovernable  excesses,  so  horo  in  the 
wrought  stonework  of  this  Abbey  Church  tho 
turrets  and  the  upper  stage  of  the  porch,  though 
scored  all  over  with  long  lines  of  wearisome 
nuillion,  are  yet  so  quiet  and  unassuming  in  cha- 
racter that  they  give  to  the  rest  of  the  work  a 
prominenco  it  by  no  moans  deserves,  and  thus 
by  this  irregular  and  unequal  disposition  of  or- 
uamentaro  made  more  patent  the  weaknesses  of  the 
style.  It  is  surely  unnecessary  for  mo  to  point 
out  these  weaknesses,  or  call  attention  to  the  pie- 
crust cusping  placed  at  an  angle  with  the  face  of 
the  work,  the  thorny  foliage,  the  pinched-up 
tracery,  the  lumpy  antl  overwrought  figure  sculp- 
ture, or  to  those  strange  and  awkwanl  panels 
formed  by  the  hood  mouldings  over  the  door- 
ways ;  and  yet,  patent  as  all  this  may  be,  and  in 
spite  of  all  the  excesses  and  vagaries  which  this 
strained  style  must  possess  in  the  eyes  of  all 
sober-minded  critics,  there  are,  nevertheless, 
features  of  such  elegance  and  such  lovely  pro- 
portions that  the  most  muscular  architect  and  the 
warmest  advocate  of  Romanesque  art  must  per- 
force admire  them.  Take,  for  example,  the  deli- 
cate gradation  of  the  turrets  and  the  porch  but- 
tresses, on  which  the  tower  buttresses  rest,  the 
exquisite  grace  of  the  canopies  in  the  poroh 
buttresses,  and  last,  though  not  least,  the  general 
proportions  of  the  central  doorway. 

Very  different  in  its  ordered  sobriety  and  care- 
ful distribution  of  ornament  from  both  the  other 
examples  of  Flamboyant  work  is  the  power.^'ul 
and  well-proportioned  composition  of  the  western 
portals  of  the  Cathedral  at  Tours,  shown  in  No. 
19.  In  detail  this  is  one  of  the  least  interesting 
of  the  photographs  yet  issued,  besides  which  the 
great  statues  have  disappeared,  and  a  general  re- 
storation has  set  in  frost-like  upon  the  whole.  All 
this,  however,  deplorable  as  it  may  be,  has  its 
bright  side,  for  it  enables  us  to  give  our  undivided 
attention  to  the  general  design.  Here  it  will  be 
observed  we  have  the  horizontal  and  the  vertical 
principles  happily  combined.  The  pedestals  to 
the  chief  niches,  the  broad  decorateci  band  of  the 
chief  canopies  continued  round  the  buttresses 
and  through  the  jambs  of  the  doorways;  above 
these  the  strong  stringcourse  of  tho  buttresses 
where  the  square  changes  to  the  octagon  with  its 
advanced  0|ien  pinaacfe  work,  and  finally  the 
parapets  with  their  cornices  passing  through  the 
gables,  bind  the  portals  together,  and  give  em- 
phasis where  emphasis  is  needed.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  vertical  principle  asserts  itself  with  all 
temperance  in  lovely  gradation  of  strength  and 
delicacy  combined  where  the  four  great  but- 
tress piers  give,  without  any  appearance  of  effort, 
their  support  both  constructionally  and  artisti- 
cally. The  one  great  defect  of  the  general 
design,  at  least  to  my  mind,  is  the  filling  in  of 
tho  tympana  by  masses  of  window  tiacery,  a 
fashion,  however,  so  completely  belonging  to  the 
style  that  the  architect  of  Tours  can  scarcely  be 
blamed  for  it,  when  he  has  avoided  so  many 
other  errors  and  exhibited  so  much  real  ex. 
celience. 

The  last  photograph  (No.  12)  represents  the 
western  portals  of  the  Churoh  of  St.  Wotfran, 
Abbeville.  Ill-proportioned  in  its  general  mass, 
weak  in  its  lines,  crowded  to  excess  with  meri- 
tricious  and  over-laboured  work,  having  thin 
reedy  mouldings  and  sprawling  tracery,  showing 
a  restlessness  in  the  disordered  variety  of  ita 
panelled  patterns,  and  full  of  harsh  contrasts,  it 
is  chiefly  valuable  as  a  danger-signal  to  warn 
young  architects  from  running  into  the  error  of 
supposing  that  buildings  can  be  treated  like 
pastry  and  cut  up  and  down  like  an  Elizabethan 
apple-tart. 

And  now,  having  said  my  worst,  it  will  not,  I 
hope,  be  considered  a  mere  matter-of-course 
compliment  if  I  take  this  opportunity  of  offering 
to  the  association  my  hearty  congratulations  for 
the  work  which  they  have  accomplished  daring 
the  past  year.  We  know  how  much  remains  for 
them  to  do  ;  and  knowing  this,  we  are  brought 
face  to  face  with  their  one  great  difficulty — the 
difiiculty  of  selection.  On  this  point  I  would  only 


168 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


March  1,  1867. 


[266.1— COATING  IRON  PATTERNS.— In  replyto"  W. 
Chicken,"  I  beg  to  inform  him  that  iron  patterns  may  be 
coated  with  copper,  and  oxidation  prevented,  bytiiBt  clean- 
ing them  perfectly,  coating  them  with  asphalte,  then  pre- 
paring the  Biuface  witli  plumbago,  and  afterwards  sub- 
mitting them  to  tiie  galvanic  battery  in  a  trough  contain- 
ing the  sulphate  of  copper  in  solution.  The  process  is  very 
troublesome,  and  too  expensive  to  practice  on  a  few  things 
onJy.  •  ^  -ftr.  G.  p. 


[267.]— TILE  MACHINERY.— "J.  V."  can  obtain  in- 
formation on  this  subject  from  Mr.  Wm.  Boulton,  Pro- 
vidence Works,  Biirslem,  Staffordshire.  W.  B. 


^iH^fiestiims. 


TRUEING  GRINDSTONES. 
A  correapoudent  in  an  American  paper  suggests  the  fol- 
lowing method  for  trueing  grindstones  when  first  hung, 
and  also  when  irregularly  worn :— In  the  same  frame 
with  the  stone  to  be  used  suspend  another— a  nearly 
worn-out  stone  will  do— so  that  the  faces  shall  run  to- 
gether. The  small  stone  has  a  cam  on  one  end  of  the 
shaft,  and  journals  longer  than  the  boxes,  so  that  it  has  a 
traver  e  across  the  face  of  the  larger  stone.  TLe  faces  of 
the  stones  are  adjusted  by  right  and  left  screws  for  setting 
Mp  the  boxes  of  the  razing  stone. 

PAINT  FOR  IRON. 
Iron  may  be  effectually  prevented  from  rusting  by  coat- 
ing it  with  aapliahe  varnish,  then  baking  it  in  an  oven,  but 
such  an  application  cannot  conveniently  be  made  to  the 
iron  plates  of  ships,  and  such  large  masses  of  iron.  Red 
lead  is  a  good  paint  for  iron,  but  it  requires  to  be  applied 
with  care  in  order  to  render  it  durable.  The  first  coat 
should  be  put  on  thin,  then  allowed  to  di7,  and  the  ii'on 
should  then  receive  two  subsequent  coats. 


HARD   CEMENTS. 

The  followin?  cement  has  been  used  with  success  in  cover 
ing  terraces,  lining  cisterns,  and  uniting  stone  flagging  :— 
Take  90  parts  by  weight  of  well-burned  brick  reduced  to 
powder,  and  7  parts  of  litharge,  mix  them  together  and 
render  them  plastic  ^vith  linseed  oil.  It  is  then  applied  in 
the  manner  of  plaster  ;  the  body  that  is  to  be  covered  being 
always  previously  wetted  on  the  outside  with  a  sponge. 
When  the  cement  is  extended  over  a  large  surface  it  some- 
times dries  with  flaws  in  it,  which  must  be  filled  up  with  a 
fresh  quantity.     lu  thiee  or  four  days  it  becomes  firm. 

TURKISH  CEMENTS. 
The  Turks  use  common  red  earthenware  pipes  with 
socket -joints,  to  convey  water  from  springs  to  reservoirs 
and  fountains.  They  make  and  use  mortar  and  cement  as 
follows  :— Mortar :  fresh-slaked  hydraulic  lime,  1  part,  by 
measure  ;  chopped  tow,  suflBcient  to  mix  into  the  con- 
sistency of  ordinary  hair  mortar.  The  ingiedients  are 
mixed  dry,  tlien  well  incorporated  by  the  aid  of  water  ;  this 
mortar  is  used  fresh.  Cement:  fresh-slaked  hydraulic 
lime,  1  part,  by  measure  ;  pounded  brick  finely  sifted,  half 
a  part  by  measure;  chopped  tow  as  above.  The  whole  is 
mixed  with  oil,  in  place  of  water.  The  earthenware  pipe- 
joints  are  made  watertight  with  tliis  cement. 


^nilbing  liitelligeiite. 


CHURCHES  AND  CHAPELS. 

The  site  for  the  new  church  of  St.  Matthew, 
Newington,  in  the  New  Kent-road,  is  being 
rapidly  prepared.  The  new  edifice,  from  the  de- 
sign of  Mr.  Jarvis,  architect,  of  Trinity-square, 
will  cost  some  £7,000,  exclusive  of  the  ground, 
and  when  finished  ivill  give  accommodation  to 
about  1,000. 

A  new  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Vincent  de  Paul, 
is  now  being  erected  at  Marseilles  at  a  cost  of 
3,UO0,O0Of.  The  stained  glass  alone  will  be  of  the 
Talue  of  150,000f.  The  Abbi5  Pouguet,  of  Avig- 
non, is  the  architect. 

The  foundation  stone  of  the  new  Barbican 
Congregational  Chapel,  New  North-road,  was  laid 
on  Monday  week  last.  The  chapel  is  in  substitu- 
tion of  the  one  in  Barbican,  the  site  of  which  was 
taken  by  the  Metropolitan  Railway  Company. 
The  building  wUl  be  of  Gothic  design.  The 
chapel  will  accommodate  900  persons,  viz.,  427  on 
the  ground  floor  and  473  in  the  galleries.  There 
will  be  two  vestries.  The  basement  floor  will  con- 
tain a  lecture-room,  or  school-room  for  6U0  chil- 
dren, two  class-rooms  for  40  scholars,  and  two  in- 
fant class  rooms  for  100  infants.  Messrs.  Lander 
and  Bedells  are  the  architects,  and  the  builders 
are  Messrs.  Browne  and  Robinson. 

Hereford. — On  Thursday  week  last  Brinsop 
Church  was  reopened,  after  undergoing  a  thorough 
renovation  by  Messrs.  Welsh  and  Son,  imder  the 
architectural  supervision  of  Mr.  W.  Chick.  The 
church  is  of  the  thirteenth  century,  and  the  total 
cost  of  the  restoration  was  about  i,'900. 

Liverpool. — A  new  Welsh  Congregational 
Chapel  was  opened  last  week  here.  The  chapel 
affords  room  for  880  persons,  is  in  the  Byzantine 
style  of  architecture,  and  ia  constructed  of  York- 


shire shoddies,  with  white  stone  dressings.  The 
architect  is  Mr.  C.  0.  Ellison,  and  the  contractor 
Mr.  Evan  Evans.  The  total  cost  of  the  building 
and  land  is  about  .£6,000. 

BUILDINGS. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Liverpool  Water  and  Baths 
Committee,  held  on  Monday  last,  the  borough  en- 
gineer recommended  an  extension  of  the  bath  ac- 
commodation and  an  enlargement  of  the  washhouses 
at  Paul-street,  at  an  estimated  cost  of  £9,600  ;  an 
extension  of  the  Margaret-street  baths,  at  an  esti- 
mated cost  of  £5,440  ;  the  erection  of  new  baths 
in  Chatsworth-street  or  Stanhope-street,  at  an  es- 
timated cost  of  £16,000  ;  and  the  erection  of  new 
baths  of  similar  extent  in  Toxteth-park,  and  at  the 
north  end,  at  an  e.stimated  cost,  including  land,  of 
£19,400  each  establishment  ;  total  estimated  cost 
of  the  whole  of  the  works  being  £69,840.  To 
provide  for  the  repayment  of  this  sum  in  30  years 
the  committee  would  require  £5,484  a  year,  and 
a  rate  of  f  d.  in  the  pound  would  produce  £6,000  a 
year. 

Exeter.  —  Some  new  chambers  have  been 
erected  in  Queen-street,  Exeter,  of  which  Mr.  W. 
Cross  is  the  architect.  They  are  of  the  Italian 
style.  The  carving  has  been  done  by  M.-.  Boulton, 
of  Worcester. 

Gateshead.— New  ragged  and  industrial  schools 
are  to  be  erected  in  this  town,  at  an  expense  of 
between  £2,000  and  3,000,  by  Mrs.  Abbot,  as  a 
memorial  to  her  late  husband  and  her  father-in-law, 
both  of  whom  were  large  employers  of  labour  in 
that  town. 

Liverpool.— The  English  Presbyterian  Church 
and  Schools,  Vauxhall-road,  are  erected  in  the  Gothic 
style,  treated  freely  with  brick  bands  and  relieving 
arches  of  blue,  white,  and  red  bricks,  the  whole 
faced  with  pressed  bricks  tuck  pointed,  and  having 
stone  dressings  to  doors  and  windows.  The  ground 
floor  contains  schools  for  accommodating  350  child- 
ren, allowing  80  cubic  feet  for  the  boys  and  girls, 
and  a  little  less  for  inf.ants.  These  schools  are  di- 
vided by  movable  wood  framings,  so  that  the  whole 
can  be  thrown  into  one  room  for  meetings  or  school 
parties, leaving  a  clear  space  of  68ft.  9in,  by  31ft.  6in. 
Above  the  schools  is  a  church  68ft.  6in.  by  27ft.  and 
20ft.in  height,  with  gallery  at  one  end,  the  whole  ca- 
pable of  seating  comfortably  430  people.  The 
whole  has  been  built  by  Messrs.  Nicholson  and 
Ayre,  of  Toxteth  Park,  under  the  superintendence 
of  Mr.  James  N.  Crofts,  architect.  The  total  cost, 
including  gas-fittings,  &c.,  is  about  £1,900. 

Whitby.— A  new  Congress  Hall  has  just  been 
opened  here  ;  it  is  a  large  wooden  building  contain- 
ing seats  for  2,500  persons.  Externally  it  has  no 
claim  to  architectural  beauty,  although  in  its  new 
site  it  is  somewhat  improved  in  this  respect  by 
the  addition  of  carving  and  ornamental  work_  to 
the  front.  The  hall  was  erected  under  the  auspices 
of  a  joint  stock  company. 


STAINED  GLASS. 

A  stained  glass  window,  to  the  memory  of  the  five  chil- 
dren of  Mr.  Heathcote,  churchwarden  of  St.  Nicholas' 
Church,  Warwick,  is  to  be  erected  in  the  north  aisle  of  tliis 
church.  Iho  suliject  is  Chri&t  blessing  little  child  en. 
The  work  is  by  Mr.  Dury,  and  is  to  be  completed  by  April 
next. 

DonLEY. — Four  memorial  windows  have  lately  been 
pl.iced  in  the  Catholic  Church  in  this  town.  Two  have 
been  placed  to  the  memory  of  the  Hon.  and  Kev.  G. 
Spencer,  one  to  the  Rev.  T.  A.  Moore,  and  one  to  the  Rev. 
.1.  Sullivan.  They  consist  of  one  lancet-light  each,  and 
have  been  designed,  drawn,  and  coloured,  in  accordance 
%vith  the  period  of  the  architecture — the  thirteenth  cen 
tury.  The  objects  chosen  for  iUusti-ation  are  St.  George, 
St.  James,  St.  Ignatius,  and  St.  Thomas  :  and  the  inscrip- 
tions appear  at  the  base  of  the  lights.  The  figiues  are  on  a 
white  gi-isaille  ground  ;  and  the  work  has  been  executed  by 
Messrs.  Hardman  .and  Co.,  of  Bu-mingham. 


(§t\md  Items. 


The  exhibition  of  the  designs  for  the  new 
Courts  of  Justice  will,  from  the  present  time 
and  untU  further  notice,  be  open  to  the  public 
on  Thursdays  only,  and  to  members  of  both 
Houses  of  Parliament  and  other  special  visitors 
on  Saturdays  only  ;  the  remaining  days  being  re- 
quired for  the  work  of  the  commission. 

Mr.  Kessler  has  for  many  years  been  very  suc- 
cessful in  engraving  on  flint  glass  (crystal)  by  the 
agency  of  alkaline  fluorides  and  acids.  He  has 
now  succeeded  in  preparing  an  ink  with  hydro- 
fluate  of  ammonia  and  hydrochloric  acid,  properly 
thickened,  with  which,  using  any  pen,  inefifaceable 
characters  can  be  traced  on  glass. 


A  company  has  been  formed  for  supplying  the 
town  of  Folkestone  with  hot  or  cold  water,  va. 
pour,  shower,  and  swimming  baths.  Mr.  Joseph 
Gardner  will  be  the  architect. 

It  is  contemplated  to  erect  an  ornamental  foot- 
bridge below  Apsley  Gate,  which  will  enable  pe- 
destrians  to  cross  over  the  roads  and  so  avoid  the 
danger  of  being  ridden  or  driven  over. 

A  magnificent  impression  on  Japanese  paper  of 
"  Christ  healing  the  sick,"  by  Rembrandt,  was 
sold  after  a  very  animated  competition  to  J.  C. 
Palmer  Esq.,  of  Bedford-row,  at  the  enormous 
sum  of  £1,180,  the  print  being  put  up  at  the  price 
of  £200. 

A  mural  brass  has  recently  been  'placed  in  the 
parish  church  of  Carnbrooke,  Newport,  Isle  of 
Wight,  to  the  memory  of  Colonel  Sir  F.  Fortia. 
cue.  He  was  a  distinguished  Royalist  officer,  iu 
the^time  of  Charles  II.,  and  was  buried  in 
this  parish,  on  May  29,  1676.  The  tablet  was 
placed  in  its  position  by  his  eldest  male  represen. 
tative.   Lord  Clermont. 

On  Friday  last,  Mr.  Gabrielli,  the  contractor  for 
the  coustnictiou  of  the  new  docks  and  basins  at 
Chatham  Dockyard,  commenced  the  excavations  lor 
two  of  the  new  docks  and  one  of  the  basins.  Each 
of  the  new  docks  will  be  420ft.  in  length,  with  a 
deiith  of  water  of  30ft.  above  the  dock  sills.  The 
basin  will  have  a  water  area  of  20  acres.  Both  the 
basin  and  docks  are  to  be  completed  within  four 
years  from  the  present  time. 

Forty  years  ago,  the  United  States  had  but  3 
miles  of  railroad  in  operation.  They  now  have 
35,341  miles  in  operation,  and  15,943  miles  build- 
ing. The  value  of  the  completed  roads  is 
1,502,464,085  dollars,  an  average  of  40,723  dollars 
a  mile.  On  an  average,  4  miles  of  road  per  day 
are  now  built  in  the  United  States. 

A  test  of  the  dampness  of  rooms  is  suggested  by 
Dr.  Coft'ee.  Place  500  grammes  of  quicklime  on  a 
plate,  leave  it  in  the  apartment,  and  if  at  the  end 
of  twenty-four  hours,  this  substance,  which  absorfaa 
moisture  very  greedily,  has  not  increased  in  weight 
by  more  than  l-40thor  l-50th,  the  apartment  may 
be  considered  fit  to  live  in.  In  a  damp  or  newly 
built  room  it  will  increase  ip  weight  as  much  as 
5  per  cent. 

In  lately  making  some  repairs  in  the  church  oi 
Caelvoet,  iu  Belgium,  a  magnificent  painting  a{ 
St.  Cecilia,  by  Van  Dyck,  was  discovered  covered 
over  with  boards.  Many  artists  and  connoisseurs 
have  seen  the  picture  and  declare  it  to  be  one  of 
the  finest  works  of  that  master.  It  is  in  an  ad 
mirable  state  of  preservation. 

It  is  understood  that  the  trustees  of  the  British 
Museum  have  at  length  resolved  to  recommend 
the  extension  of  the  institution  by  the  purchase 
from  the  Duke  of  Bedford  of  the  site  now  occupied 
by  portions  of  Montague  street,  Montague-place, 
Bedford-square,  and  Caroline-street. 

On  Wednesday  evening  last  Mr.  John  PhilUp, 
R.A.,  expired,  at  the  comparatively  early  age  of 
fifty.  Mr.  Phillip  was  born  in  Aberdeen,  and,  like 
many  other  painters,  he  commenced  his  career  as 
a  house  painter,  and  during  his  apprenticeship  he 
painted  some  studies  of  heads  iu  his  leisure  hours, 
which  attracted  the  attention  of  the  late  Loii 
Paumure,  by  whose  liberality  he  was  enabled  tt 
come  to  London  and  pursue  his  studies  ant 
enter  the  Royal  Academy  as  a  student,  in  183B 
He  was  made  an  associate  in  1857,  and  two  yeais 
after  attained  the  fuU  honour. 

The  death  of  the  veteran  organistand  composer, 
Sir  George  Smart,  took  place  on  Saturday  last,*! 
the  advanced  age  oi  eighty-nine.  His  health  hod 
been  in  a  declining  state  for  some  time,  and  hi 
demise  was,  therefore,  not  traexpected.  His  name 
has  been  honourably  connected  with  the  musical 
history  of  the  country  for  many  years.  Sir  George 
was  knigiited  in  1811,  at  Dublin,  by  the  Duke  of 
Richmond,  then  Lord  Lieutenant  of  Ireland. 

A  very  curious  statue  of  the  god  VLshnoo  Im 
just  arrived  at  Bordeaux,  brought  from  India  by 
Captain  Tailhades,  of  the  Guipuzooano.  The 
image  is  a  monolith  in  granite  of  fine  grain,  and 
measures  more  than  8^ft.  in  length.  It  is  in  pe^ 
feet  preservation  and  of  a  remarkable  finish  in  the 
smallest  details.  The  Indian  god  is  represented 
erect,  with  all  his  appropriate  insignia,  viz.,  the 
tiara,  the  cordon  of  Brahma,  and  the  four  anus, 
two  of  which  bear  a  lotus  flower.  The  Hindoo 
Trinity  is  composed  of  three  gods — Brahma,  the 
creator  ;  Vishnoo,  the  preserver ;  and  Siva,  the 
destroyer.  The  second  personage  is  represented 
under  more  than  twenty  different  forms,  but  the 
most  common  is  that  of  a  handsome  youth  with 
four  hands. 


March  1,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


VII 


ho  suspension  bridge  over  the  Ohio  River  at 
C  cinnati,  which  is  i.Soift.  long,  was  opened|lately 
1  is  the  longest  single  span  bridge  m  the  worid, 
Ctiug  '2,000,000  dollars.  The  railway  tracks  are 
lil  over  its  span  from  centre  to  centre  of  towers 
1  '7  ft. 

t  is  calculated  that  the  value   of  the   modern 

a   antique  paintings  and  sculptures  which   last 

J  r  were  sent  abroad  from    Kome,    was  equal    to 

'  )0,940.     This  amount  has  been  left  in  Kome  by 

ligners,  not  alone  among  artists,  but  generally 

he  hands  of  the  population.     Nor  does   it   iu- 

\e  the  20  per  cent,  paid  to  the  Treasury  on  the 

i  of  antiquities,  which  are  always  estimated  be- 

their  real  value.     Last  year  exceeded  the  ])re- 

ng   in   this  traiBc,   as   it    produced    £23,364 

re. 

)uring  the  past  week,  several  experiments  have 
n  made  at  the  Swaithe  Main  Colliery,  near 
nsley,  as  to  the  power  and  efficacy  of  blasting 
h  gim-cotton  instead  of  gunpowder.  The  re- 
.s  have  been  of  the  most  satisfactory  character, 
1  have  elucidated  a  very  important  fact,  that 
cotton,  on  exploding,  will  not  send  out  any 
le ;  therefore,  as  a  matter  of  safety,  as  well  as 
i  in  economical  point  of  view,  gun-cotton  has 
]  ved  to  be  in  every  respect  superior  to  gunpow- 
'and  will  doubtless  come  into  general  us  e  now 
t  its  value  has  become  known. 

Ve  are  accustomed  to  hear  of  lead  poisoning 
ough  the  medium  of  water,  but  not  so  f  re- 
ntly  through  that  of  fire.  M.  Marmise, 
sever,  has  recently  referred  to  a  novel  source 
lead  poisoning  which  exists  in  the  painted 
jdwork  obtained  from  the  demolition  of  old 
ises.  On  being  used  for  fuel  it  gives  off  smoke 
rged  with  lead  ;  which,  says  M.  Marmise,  may 
disseminated  and  taken  in  with  the  breath, 
e  out  of  ten  dealers  in  old  paneUings  in  the 
7  of  Bordeaux  are  stated  to  have  suffered  more 
less  from  lead  colic ;  and  in  some  instances 
!  metal  has  been  found  deposited  in  the  chim- 
r&  of  those  fire-places  in  which  old  woodwork 
been  burnt.  It  is  also  said  that  the  handling 
freshly  printed  journals,  inasmuch  as  the  ink 
tains  litharge,  may  also  account  for  the  exist- 
e  of  symptoms  clearly  referable  to  the  iflju- 
is  influence  of  lead. 

Discovert  of  the  Site  of  a  Lost  Village  on 
ToRKSHiKE  Wolds. — The  site  of  one  of  the 
uesday  villages,  to  which  the  traditional  name 
orndale  has  attached,  has  recently  been  siugu- 
ly  brought  to  light.  Mr.  R.  Mortimer,  of  Fim- 
,  a  well  known  antiquary,  has  examined  the 
ce  now  known  as  '*  Thorndale,"  and  has  found 
:  traces  of  numerous  foundations  of  the  lost 
age.  This  examination  was  made  consequent 
the  finding  of  an  ancient  well  in  one  of  the 
ds  in  Mr.  J.  Hopper's  farm,  near  M'etwang, 
ere  was  a  tradition  also  that  this  well  had  been 
;nd  some  eighty  years  ago,  but  its  position  was 
dn  lost.  In  ploughing,  however,  the  covering 
k  timber)  gave  way  under  the  horses'  feet,  and 
the  narrowest  chance  only  the  team  was  saved 
m  going  headlong  to  the  bottom.  The  well  is 
borough  wonder  for  the  chalk  wolds.  For  some 
tance  it  is  beautifully  walled,  and  is  43  yards 
3p,  and  has  at  the  present  time  16  yards  depth 
pure  water.  The  discovery,  in  a  country  so 
ily  watered  as  the  Wolds,  will  prove  of  very 
^at  value,  indej'endently  of  the  antiquarian  in- 
vest which  attaches  to  it. 


intents  for  Inbentions 


CONNECTED     WITH     THE     BCILDINQ     TR.\DE. 


%uk  lletos. 


MEETINGS   FOR   THE   WEEK. 


1889  F.J.  Rowley.  Improvements  in  gas  pendants, 
giiX''liers,  and  qas  brackets.     Daied  July  30.  IS  >6. 

Tlie  first  object  nf  this  invention  ia  to  permit,  intercept, 
an-1  r^::iilate  the  flow  of  pas  to  the  burner*  of  pendante. 
Fir  this  purpose  the  inventor  fits  a'  the  top  part  of  the  pen- 
dant a  hollow  valve,  plu?,  or  thimble,  which  he  prefers  to 
make  conical. and  which  works  in  aepat  orsocket.iu  which  is 
or  are  tormed  one  or  more  orifices,  a  correspomiinj?  orifice  or 
orificea  beinp  made  in  the  valve  or  plujr ;  thiouyh  these 
orifices  gas  is  admitted  to  the  body  of  or  passa^-e  through 
the  pendant  when  the  valve  or  plu^'  is  turned  in  such  man- 
ner as  to  biini;  its  orifices  opposite  those  in  the  seat  or 
socket,  so  as  to  open  them;  and  the  pas  will  be  shut  off 
v\hen  the  pi  up  or  valve  is  turntd  so  as  to  close  the  orifices  in 
the  seat  or  socket.  The  valve  or  plu^'  is  wnrked  or  turned 
by  a  rod  or  stem,  wh  ch  passts  down  throuph  the  pendant, 
an  1  is  actuated  by  a  key  or  other  turning  contrivance  applied 
at  its  lower  end,  which  end  may  be  concealed  by  a  knob  on 
the  pendant,  made  of  a  material  which  is  a  bad  or  noncon- 
ductor of  beat,  and  naving  an  aperture  in  it  through  which 
the  rod  is  attained.  To  prevent  the  c-cape  of  gas,  the  rod 
may  work  m  a  stuffing-box  or  packing.  Instead  of  con- 
Btracting  the  valve  or  plu..;  to  turn,  it  may  be  raised  and  de- 
pressed by  the  rod,  \  y  means  of  a  screw  or  otherwise,  so  as 
to  open  and  close  the  "orifices  in  the  seat  or  socket,  fatent 
abandoned. 

1894  T.  H.  Lucas.  Improvements  in  machinery  for  the 
inanufaoture  of  uails.     Dated  July  21,  1866. 

The  object  of  this  invention  is  to  manufacture  by  ma- 
chinery nails  which,  for  all  practical  purposes,  shall  be  as 
good  as  hand  made  nails,  and  which  can  he  produced  at  a 
very  much  lower  cost.  The  invention  is  adapted  for  the 
manufacture  of  all  kinds  of  square-sided  nails,  whether 
having  flat,  round,  countersunk,  or  other  kind  of  heads. 
The  machinery  for  which  the  inventor  seeks  protection 
consists  of  two  Bide  elides,  which  are  actuated  by  cams; 
one  front  side  actuated  also  by  a  cam  or  ether  mechanif^al 
equivalent.  The  necessary  motion  is  given  t3  these  by 
means  of  spur  and  bevel  wheels  suitably  placed.  Patent 
abandoned 

1970  J.  J.  BoDMKB.  Improvements  in  the  manufacture 
of  cemer,ts,  concretes,  and  urtificiat  stone.  Dated  July  31, 
1866. 

This  invention  relate?,  firBtly,  to  and  consists  in  the  use 
of  slag,  cinder,  or  scoria  from  blast  furnaces,  copper  smelt- 
ing and  other  furnaces,  for  the  manufacture  ot  aceitain 
class  of  cements,  by  mixinp,  amalcamatinsr,  and  incorpo- 
rating such  slatr,  cinder,  or  scoria  "^ith  lime,  and  without 
subjecting  the  mixed  slag  and  lime  to  he^t  in  kilns  or  fur- 
naces. The  inventiou  consists,  secondly,  in  producing  a 
cement  which  the  patentee  calls  "  concrete  cement,"  and 
which  is  made  of  the  same  materials  as  the  cement,  above 
described,  with  this  difference,  that  the  lime  is  used  in  its 
caustic  state.  The  m-mipuiation  in  preparing  the  cement 
is  precisely  as  above  described.  This  class  nf  cemtnt  is 
principally  intended  for  forming  concrefe  The  invention 
consists,  thirdly,  in  the  manufacture  and  use  of  an  artificial 
slag  to  be  mixed  and  incorporated  with  lime,  as  above 
named,  instead  of  or  as  a  substitute  for  slag,  cinder,  or 
scoria.  The  invention  consists,  fourthly,  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  a  cement  by  adding  to  slag,  cinder,  or  scoria  a^ 
'I,  flows  from  a  furnace  (as  for  instance  from  a  blast  fur- 
nace), li  ue  or  calcareous  matter,  with  or  without  alumina, 
in  certain  proportions,  as  the  nature  of  the  hlag,  cinder,  or 
scoiia  may  require  The  invention  consists,  fifthly,  in 
ceridii  processes  for  treating  the  slag,  cinder,  or  scoria, 
whereby  the  silica  .and  other  component  parts  therein  be- 
come liberated  from  their  basei  and  free  to  enter  into  new 
combinations.     Patent  completed. 

1984  J.  Parry  and  R  Morris.  Improved  machinery  for 
%harpening  saws.     Dated  August  1,  1866. 

This  invention  relates  to  improved  machinery  for  effecting 
the  sharpening  of  circular  saws  automatically,  by  the  aid  of 
a  reciprocating  file  or  cutter.  The  file  is  held  in  a.  clamping 
frame,  which  slides  in  vertical  guides  in  standards  of  the 
main  framing  of  the  machine.    Patent  abandoned. 

1986  S.  Chatwood  and  J.  and  T.  Storokon.  Improve- 
ments in  hamines  and  in  mechanism  used  therewith. 
Dated  Auuust  1,  1866. 

This  invention  relates  to  improvement"  in  a  certain  class 
of  steam  hammers  which  are  of  the  lever  form,  and  are 
generally  known  by  the  name  of  steam  ohvers,  and  which 
consistes7.entialiy  of  alever  having  a  hammer  heal  attached 
to  one  end  thereof,  and  to  which  an  up  and  down  movement 
through  an  arc  of  a  circle  is  imparted  by  mean-  of  a  steam 
cylinder.  Tiie  invention  consists  in  arranging  lever  steam 
hammers  in  such  a  way  as  to  be  enabled  to  turn  the  lever 
so  as  to  'trike  a  blow  in  any  direction,  from  vertical  to 
horizontal,  without  altering  the  position  of  the  cylinder 
which  actuates  the  hammer.  For  tbis  purpose,  the  cylin- 
der being  a  fixture,  the  patentees  carry  i he  axis  bearinys 
of  the  lever  upon  a  bracket  capable  of  being  turned  round 
concentrically  with  the  cylinder,  so  that  the  lever  arui,  seg- 
ment, or  other  contrivance  may.  whatever  position  the  lever 
may  be  in,  be  always  in  the  same  relative  position  with  re- 
gard to  the  piston  rod  which  is  connected  therewith.  The 
capacity  of  giving  an  inclined  or  side  blow  will  enable  a 
workman  to  make  a  great  many  forgings  which  it  would  be 
inconvenient  to  make  under  a  hammer  giving  only  a  vertical 
blow.    Patent  completed. 

2001  S.  T.  Armstrong.  Improvements  in  machinery  for 
cutting  dove-tail  joints.  (A  communication.)  Dated  August 
2,  1866. 

This  invention  consists,  chiefly,  in  the  employment  of 
spiral  faw  blades  or  cutters  attached  to  rotary  cutting 
heads,  caused  by  suitable  gearing  to  work  together  in  the 
requited  direction  and  at  the  required  angle  to  produce  the 
dovetailed  mortises  and  tenons  in  wood,  metal,  or  other 
material,  which  is  supported  upon  an  adjustable  platform 
or  table,  and  brought  into  the  required  contact  with  the 
said  cutters  by  an  adjustable  sliding  gauge.  The  said  in- 
vention fuither  consists  in  the  employment  in  combination 
with  the  said  cutter  heads  and  spiral  saws  of  other  saws, 
which  are  arranged  in  relation  to  the  first-named  saws  at 
the  proper  angle  to  cut  the  bottoms  of  the  dovetails.  Patent 
completed. 


TENDKRS. 

Ascot. — For  the  erection  of  a  now  station  hotel,  at  Ascot, 
for  .Messrs.  Laiigton.  Burrows,  und  Co.  Mosars.  Wm.  and 
J.  T.  Brown,  architects  :—Davie8,  £1,400;  Pither  (ac- 
cepted), £1,190. 

BiR-MISoham. — For  the  erection  of  the  new  Union  Club- 
house : — Barnsley  and  Sous,  £12,500. 

Birmingham.— For  works  at  Broompgro%-e  Station,  for 
the  Midland  Railway  Company :— Uumphries,  Derby, 
£:.,500. 

Blackheath. — For  villa  ret*idence.  for  Mr.  A.  W.  Gibbs. 
Mr.  C.Courtney,  architect:— Hart,  £1,295;  Welby,  £1,004  ; 
Trince,  £1,083  ;  Webb  and  Sous,  £1,92(5  ;  Green,  £1,874  ; 
lihmd.  £1,S:J4. 

City. — For  new  warehouses,  Oat- lane.  City,  for  Mr.  C. 
Beckwith.  Mr.  G.  Elkington.  architect :— Gammon  and 
Sous,  £2.731  ;  Browne  and  Robinson,  £2,706  ;  Killby  and 
Co..  £2,538;  Brass  and  Co,,  £2.464;  Piper  and  Wheeler, 
£2,398;  Coleman,  £2,378;  Heushaw,  £2,348;  Wells  (ac- 
cepted), £2,295. 

Cliptok. — For  the  extension  of  the  lunatic  ward  : — 
Wilkins  and  Sou,  £1,950  ;  Hatherley,  £1,949  Oi. ;  Harding 
and  Vowles,  £1.946;  Lawrence.  £1,937;  Davis  and  Son, 
£1,840  ;  Eastabrook  and  Sou,  £1,807  ;  Kingston  (accepted), 
£1,796. 

Durham.— For  building  new  church  at  Casaop-cum- 
Quiirrington,  Durham.  Mr.  Withers,  architect ;— Bell, 
Coxhoe,  £2,.380;  Readshaw,  Durham.  £1,610;  Lowes, 
Durham,  £1,512;  Simpson  and  Co.,  Stockton  (accepted), 
£1,4.^0. 

Durham.— For  building  a  new  church,  at  Coxhoo.  Dur- 
ham. Mr.  Withers,  architect :— Bell,  Coxhoe,  £2,926  ; 
Foster,  Durham,  £2,599;  Gradou,  £2.448;  Robaon  and 
Son,  £2,298;  Lowes,  £2,270;  Spencer  and  Co.,  £1,890  ; 
Simpson  and  Co.,  Stockton  (accepted),  £1,785. 

Ha.s'i.ky. — For  the  erection  of  an  earthenware  manu- 
factory, at  Hanley,  for  Mr.  Thos.  Worthington.  Messrs.  R. 
Scrivener  and  Son,  architects.  Quantities  supplied  : — 
Wooldridge,  £3.250;  Bailev,  £3,234;  CoLlis  and  Hudson, 
£3.215  ;  Steele,  £3,167  ;  Matthews,  £2,997. 

Lincoln.— For  the  erection  of  a  new  clubhouse,  St. 
Mary-street,  Lincoln  ;— Huddleston,  £2,665. 

Loughton. — For  villa  residence.  Messrs.  Lander  and 
Bedells,  architects  :— Manlevand  Rogers,  £1,475  ;  Williams 
and  Co.,  £1,469;  Dobbs,  1,443;  Dove  Brothers,  £1,335  ; 
Webb  and  Sons,  £1,283;  Grover,  £1,271  ;  Mann,  £1,219  ; 
Egan,  £1.201. 

MiNORiEs.— For  alterations  to  the  Crown  and  Shears. 
Messrs.  Humphieys  and  Son,  architects  : — Stephens  and 
Watson.  £fl75  ;  Sparks,  £739  ;  Scrivener  and  White,  £738  ; 
King  and  Sons.  £6SS  ;  Eunor  (accepted).  £613. 

Norwood.— For  building  four  houses  for  Mr.  Allen,  at 
Norwood.  A.  Bridgman,  architect  :— Warne,  £1,720 ; 
Wallis,  £1,245  ;  Johnson,  £1,120;  Nightingale,  £1,103. 

Norwood.— For  building  two  houses  for  Mr.  Nightingale. 
A.  Bridgman,  architect :— Wame,  £600  ;  Wallis,  £580  ; 
Johnson,  £580  ;  Nightingale,  £513. 

Reading.— For  the  erection  of  two  cottages,  at  Reading, 
for  Mr.  R.  Attenborough.  Messrs  Wm.  and  J.  T.  Brown, 
architects  :— Belcher  (accepted),  £460. 

Stanhope  (Durham).  -  For  restoration  of  parish  church, 
at  Stanhope.  Mr.  E.  Christian  London,  architect :— Scott, 
£4,575;  Robinson,  £2.971;  Routledge,  £2.795 ;  Nelson, 
£2,786  ;  GraJon  (accepted).  £2,533. 

St.  Leonards. — For  completing  convent  church,  Mag- 
dalen-road, St.  Leonards-on  Sea,  Sussex,  for  the  Rev. 
Superioress.  Mi.  G.  Gouldie,  architect.  Quantitias  sup- 
plied by  Jas.  Pchofield :— Contract  A— Hunt.  £4.100; 
Ni^htincale.  £4,100  ;  Simms  and  Marten,  £3,785  ;  Roberts, 
£3  325;  King  and  Son,  .3,232  ;  Frittcher,  £3,090  ;  Simpson, 
£2,8S2.  Contract  B— Hunt,  £1,191  ;  Nightingale,  £1,043  ; 
Simms  and  Marten.  £996  ;  Roberts,  £925  ;  King  and  Son, 
£891  ;  Frittcher,  £807  ;  Simpson,  £718. 

Worcestershire.— For  alterations  at  Longdon  Vicar- 
a-'e.  Worcestershire.  Mr.  Withers,  architect :— Halford 
and'  Genge,  Upton,  £4'.'^;  Griffiths.  Eldersfield.  £491  lOs.  ; 
Bell,  Upton.  £475;  Osborne  and  Co.,  Malvern,  £418; 
Meddin^,  Evesham  (accepted),  £393  15s. 


BATH  STONE  OF  BEST  QUALITY. 

Randell  and  Sadnder.s,  Quarrymen  and  Stone  Mor 
criants,  Bath.  List  of  Prices  at  the  Quarries  aud  Depots, 
also  Cost  for  Transit  to  any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
furnished  on  application  to  Bath  Stone  Office,  Corsham, 
Wilts.— [Ad  VT.] 


PROPERTY  SALES. 

February  21, 
At  thr  Mart.- By  itessrs.  C.  C.  and  T.  Moore — Free- 
hold estates,  comprising  119  huuses.  cottages,  beer-house, 
two  houses  and  shops,  ami  two  plots  of  building  land, 
situate  near  Kennington  Park,  and  producing  about  £1,700 
per  annimi. 

Lot  1— sold  for  £315;  2,  £335  ;  3,  £155  ;  4,  £230  ;  5, 
£355  ;  6,  £345;  7,  £365;  8,  £200  ;  9,  £160;  10,  £355;  21, 
£225  :  1  J,  £345  ;  i3.  £510  ;  14,  £385  ;  15,  £505  ;  16,  £550  ; 
17  £63U  ;  13,  £250  ;  18a,  £130  ;  19,  £215 ;  20,  £215  ;  21, 
£810  ;  22,  £790  ;  23,  £315  ;  24,  £420  ;  25,  £420 ;  26,  £350  ; 
27  £280  ;  23,  £425  ;  29,  £305  ;  30,  £560  ;  81,  £335  ;  32, 
£160  :  33.  £420;  34,  £2o0  ;  35.  £205  ;  36,  £260  ;  37.  £260; 
38.  £355;  39,  £400;  40,  £530;  41.  £390;  42,  £510;  4.3, 
£.370  ;  44,  £290 ;  45,  £290  ;  46,  £290  ;  47,  £315  ;  48,  £730  ; 
40.  £245;  50.  £490;  51,  £400;  52,  £170;  33,  £345;  54, 
£4.50  ;  55.  £350. 

By  Messrs.  Fitzmaurice  and  Suffolk. — Leasehold  two 
houses.  Nos.  69  and  70,  Reform-street.  Andover-road.  Seven 
Sisters'-road.  Upper  Holloway,  term  50  years  from  1865,  at 
£9  per  annum— £440. 


vin 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


March  1,  1867. 


By  Mr.  James  Beal. — Leasehold  residence,  known  as 
Glaaslyn  Cottagn,  Leigham-coiu-t-road,  Streatham,  term 
79  years  unexpired,  at  Ji-i  per  annum— £1,410. 

At  the  Guildhall  Hotel. — By  Mr.  Briant. — Lease- 
hold residence.  No,  New  3,  Dorset-place,  Clapham-road,  let 
at  £35  per  annum,  tenii  2S  years  uiie.\:pired,  at  £7  7s.  per 
annum — £510. 

Leasehold  residence,  No.  1.3,  New  Dorset-place,  let  at 
£52  lOs.  per  ancum,  term  Eimilai'  to  above,  at  £6  Gs.  per 
annum— £505. 

Leasehold  residence,  known  as  Hampshire  Cottage, 
Clipham  Rise,  let  at  £50  per  annum,  term  62  years  unex- 
pired, at  £10  lOs.  per  annum — £405. 

By  Mr.  Whittingham. — Freehold  building  land,  fionting 
Maynard-road,  Wal^hamstow,  Essex — sold  from  £45  to 
£64  per  plot. 

Frr^ehold  building  land,  fi'onting  Wasliiugtom-road, 
Cheam,  Suney — £24  to  £54  per  plot. 

FEBUTfAEY   1*1. 

At  the  Mart. — Ry  Messrs.  Crawler  and  Death. — Fifty 
£10  shares  in  the  City  of  London  and  Tower  Hamlets  Ceme- 
tery Company — £6  10s.  share. 

By  Messrs.  Veutom,  Clarke,  and  Bull. — Leasehold  five 
houses,  Nos.  3,  4,  7,  9,  and  10.  Farl's  court  Gardens,  Ken- 
sington, producing  £210  per  annum,  term  96  yeara  from 
1855,  at  £'2r>  per  annum — £2. "290. 

At  the  Gdildhall  Hotel. — By  Messi-s.  E,  and  H. 
Lumley. — Leasehold  four  dwellings,  Nos.  49,  51,  53,  and 
55,  James-street,  Camberwell  New-road,  term  99  years  from 
1862,  at  £18  per  annum— £650. 

Leasehold  house.  No.  15,  James-street  aforesaid,  let  at 
£26  per  annum,  term  similar  to  above,  at  £4  per  annum — 
£165. 

Leasehold  house,  No.  24,  Lothian-road,  Camberwell,  let 
at  £27  12s.  per  annum,  term  99  years  from  1S61,  at  £4  10s. 
per  annum — £165. 

Leasehold  house,  No,  26,  Lotliian-road,  let  at  £26  per 
annum,  term  99  years  from  1862,  at  £4  10s.  per  ann^m — 
£165. 

By  Messrs.  Broad,  Pritchard,  and  Wiltahire. — Leasehold 
improved  ground  rents,  amounting  to  £.'i2  12s.  per  annum 
(for  72  years),  arising  from  stabling,  &c.,  in  Porchester- 
mewB,  Leinster- .street,  Paddingtou — £560. 


BANKRUPTS. 

TO  SURRENDER  IN  BASINGHALL-STREET. 

Edward  Andrews,  South  grove,  Peckham.  smith,  March 
7.  at  1 — George  Dorrell,  Slough,  carpenter,  March  7,  at  2 — 
George  Foster,  Evans  street,  Poplar,  builder,  March  7,  at 
2— Frederick  Honour,  Wilmot  street,  Russell  square, 
builder,  March  11,  at.  11 — Thomas  Kelson,  Cam^erbury, 
builder,  March  7,  at  1 — Bomanjee  Muncherjee  Mody,  Port- 
land place  North,  Lower  Clapton,  varnish  manufacturer, 
March  7,  at  1 — Elijah  Moor,  Bow  Common,  timber  mer- 
chant, March  11,  at  II — Thomas  Tourney,  Canterbury, 
builder,  March  6,  at  12 — E.  Ashbee,  Albany  street.  Regent  s 
Park,  gi-anite  merchant,  March  11,  at  1 — Pearcey  Castle- 
ton,  Tottenham,  mason,  March  11,  at  11 — Charles  Geary, 
Old  Ford,  builder,  March  11,  at  2 — W,  J.  Marsh,  Queen's 
terrace.  Isle  of  Dogs,  bldcksmith,  Maiohll,  at  12 — Hermon 
Symons,  Aldersgate-street,  ii-oumonger,  Mai-ch  11,  at  2 — 
Joseph  Winch,  Avenue  road,  Hackney,  Imilder,  March  11, 
atl. 

TO  SURRENDER  IN  THE  COUNTRY. 

W.  Bradstreet,  Bardney,  Lincolnshire,  railway  collector, 
March  7 — J.  Cope,  jun..  Birmingham,  journeymau  brass 
caster,  March  8,  at  10 — Samuel  Hope,  Birmingham,  black- 
smith, March  20,  at  10 — Thomas  Low,  Bilborough,  Notts, 
engineer,  March  0.  at  II — William  Myerscough,  Preston, 
bricksetter,  March  9,  at  12 — Cornelius  Mj'tton,  Llangollen, 
artist,  March  7,  at  11 — John  Robinson.  Alili'idge,  Staftbrd- 
shire,  blacksmith,  March  9,  at  11 — William  Stitham,  Bir- 
mingham, builder,  March  S,  at  10 — William  Heaword 
"Wood,  Lower  Broughton,  engineer,  Slarch  9 — Peter  Duck- 
worth, New  Brighton,  timber  dealer,  M;Lrcli  22,  at  10 — 
John  Onslow,  Derby  End,  near  Dudley,  limebm-ner,  March 
13,  at  12 — Thomas  Powell,  Brynmawr,  contractor,  Maich 
15,  at  11 — Daniel  Simpson,  Aldersbot,  carpenter,  March  6. 
at  12 — jUfred'  M'^ilson,  Gainsborough,  pl'imber,  March  5, 
at  Ki — George  Blackburn,  South  Stockton,  joiner,  March  6, 
at  11, 


LATEST  PRICES   OF   MATERIALS    USED 
IN  CONSTRUCTION. 


Timber,  duty  la  per  load,  di-awbaek,  la. 


Teak   load  £9    0£10  ] 

Queb,ec.  red  plus  ....  3    6  41 

,,      yellow  piiie..  2  1.5  3  1 

St.  John  N.E.  yeUow  0    0  0 

Quebec  Oak,  white  . .  5  10  6 

„       birch 3  10  4  : 

..      elm   3  10  fi 

Dantzic  oak  . 


fir  . 


3    0      3  10 


Meinelfir  3    0 

Riga 3    0      3 

Rwedish 1  18      2 

Hiute.QuebecredpiQe  6    0      8 
,,      yellow  pine.,    5    0      6 
Lath  wood,  Dantzic,  fm  4  10      5  1 
,.      St.  Petersburg  6  10      7  1 
Deals,  prC, 12ft.  by3 
by  9  in. ,  duty  2a  per 
load,  drawback  28. 
Quebec,  white  spruce  13  10    21  1 
St,John,  wbitespruce  13    0    IS 
Yellow   pine,  per  re- 
duced C. 
Cajifida,  lat  quality.  17    0    39  ] 
2nd  do 12    0    14 


ArchiOigel,  yeUow  ..  £12 
St.  Petersburg,  yeh . .  10 

Finlaud 8 

Memel 0 

Gothenburg,  yellow       9 

,,       white    8 

Gefle,  yellow 9 

SoderhiUim    9 

Christiani.T,    per  C, 

12  ft.  by  3  by  9  in. 

yellow 18 

DeckFl.ink,  Dantzic, 

per  4il  ft.  3  in 0 

PoMioE  Stone  pr  ton    5 
Oils.  &c. 

Seal,  pale per  tun  46 

Sperm  body  14i) 

Cod 43 

Whale.  Sth.  Sea,  pats  45 

Olive.  GaUipoU 63 

Cocoanut,  Cochin.ton  fiS 

Palm,  fine 40 

Linseed    35 

Rapeseed,  Eng.pale..  39 
Cottouwed 30 


n  £13  0 
10  11  10 
(I       9  10 


0    31     0 
0    10  lU 


0    4S 

0  120 


10  41 
10  33 
0    53 


Metals. 


WelBh  Bars  in  London 

Nail  Rod       

Hoops 

She  et3.  Single      

Stafordshlre  Ears       

ars.  In  Wales     

Rails    *.^ 

Fo.undryPigs,  at  Glaag.  No   1 
•Swedish  Bars  


iRos :— 
per  ton 


fi  15 

7  10 


6    0    0 
2  13    G 

10  10    0 


0    0    0    nett 


Copper  : — 

Sheet  4  Sheathing.  A  Bolts   ....per  ton  86    0    0  91  0    0        3 

Hammered  Bottoms       do  96    0    0  ini  0    0 

Fl.at  Bottoms,  not  Hammered   ,.       do  91    0    0  9U  i)    0 

Cake . and  Tough  Ingot      do  76    0    0  0  0    0 

Best  Selected    do  84    0    0  Sf)  0    0 

Fine  Foreign    do  8(1    0    0  88  0     0 

Yel.  Metal  Sheathing  &  Hods per  lb  0    0    7i  0  0    8 

Tin  :— 

English  Block      per  ton  00    0    0  0  0     0        2i 

do      B.^r    do  91          0  0  0    0 

do       Refined   do  !)3    0    0  0  0 

Banc-1      do  88  10    0  8!)  0    0    nett 

str-iit     do  85  10   0  an  0   0 

Lead:— 

Pig,  English      per  ton  22    5    0  22  10    0        2i 

.,    Spanish  Soft     do  19  15    0  0  0 

Shot.  Patent     do  23  10    0  24  0 

Sheet   do  21     0    0  0  0    0 

White      do  30    0    0  3110    0 

Spelter  : — 

On  the  spot    per  ton  22    6     0  22  15    0    net 

Znrc:— 

English  Sheet      per  ton  2S    0    0  0  0    0 

Devaujt's  V.  M.  Roofing  Zinc  do  27    0    0  0  0    0       * 

"  And  5  per  cent,  discount  if  laid  upon  the  new  system. 

QuiCKsiLTKR       perbtl  6  18    0  7    0    0 

Reoulds  of  Antimont, 

French    per  ton          34    0    0  0    0    0 


M 


ENGLISH  CATHEDRALS. 

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of  PHOTOGRAPHS  of  ENGLISH  CATHEDRALS,  with  De- 
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who  may  be  in  search  of  general   views,  and   displays  much   of  tlie 

detjiil  in  nearer  objects.     On  the  whole,  they  are  eminently  successful 

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PARIS  EXHIBITION,  1B67.— The  First  Part  of  the  Illustrated 
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NOTICE. 

DAVENPORT 


CABINETMAKER    AND   UPHOLSTERER, 
Is  ready  to  supply  in  any  Quantity 

Thonet  Bros.'  Austrian  Bent  "Wood 
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comhining  in  the  highest  degree  Economy  and  Utility, 

An  inspection  of  hia  large  Stock  of  this  Manufacture  ia  respect- 
fully solicited  by 

GEORGE  DAVENPORT, 

20,    LUDGATE    HILL,    LONDON,    E.C. 

Dejpot  for  the  UniUd  Kingdmn. 


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MR.  H,  FERRABEE,  AGENL 


H 


PRIZE  MEDAL,  1862. 

A    M   I   L  T   O   N 

No, 


C  0., 


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TILERIES. 

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ACCIDENTS    WILL     HAPPEN. 

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£1,000  IN  CASE  OF  DEATH, 

Or  £6 per  Week  while  Laid  up  by  Injury,  caused  by 

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OF  FROM  £3  TO  £6  5s.  TO  THE 

RAILWAY  PASSENGERS'  ASSURANCE  COMPANY. 

The  oldest  established  Company  iu  the  World  Insuring  agaiiut 

ACCIDENTS  OF  EVERY  DESCRIPTION. 
64,  CoRNHiLL,  and  10,  Regent  Street,  London, 

WILLIAM  J.  VIAN.  Secretary 


T?t 


OYAL  POLYTECHNIC— "The  Aimu- 

XV  lar  Eclipse  of  the  Sun,"  on  the  6th  March.  Professor  Pepi>er 
will  deliver  a  lecture  ou  this  subject,  illustrated  by  magniticeiit  diora- 
iiiic  pictures  and  appropriate  sacred  music,  everj-  day  next  week  (ex- 
cept Satiirday)  at  2,  commencing  Monday.  March  4th.  "  The  "^^'O' 
derful  Leotard,"  at  3  and  9.  "  The  Head  of  the  Decapitated  Siwakmg. 
at  3.30  aud  7.30.  '*  The  Christmas  Carol,  with  Ghost  effects,"  at  4  »n<i 
&.15,i&c.    Open  from  12  to  5  and  7  to  10.     Admission  to  the  whole  is. 


Maech  8,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


169 


THE   BUILDING  NEWS. 


LOSDOlf,  FRIDAY,  MARCH  S,  1S67. 


1_THE    COURTS     OF     JUSTICE     COM- 
PETITION. 

Article  YIII. 

AFTER  going  through  five   Central  Hall 
schemes  it  is  really  quite  refreshing   to 
turn  to  Mr.   Garling's  plans.     Like  Mr.  Sed- 
don,  Mr.  Garling  seems  to  tliink  that  the  site 
is  unnecessarily  large,  and  so  he  proposes  to 
:ut  off  35ft.  on  the  Strand  side  for  the  purpose 
of  meeting  "  the   additional  traffic  resulting 
from  theerection  of  theCourtsandChambersof 
Law."      Of  course  the  difficulty  of  treating 
Picket-street  had    nothing   to  do    with   Mr. 
iGarling's  line  of  Strand  front,  any  more  than 
.  it  had  to  do  with  the  frontage  line  adopted 
'  by  either  of  the  site-sacrificing  artists.     And 
it  is  quite  as  much  a  matter  of  course  that  the 
I  jenius  which  could  arrange   matters  so   as  to 
;  return  us  17,500  superficial  feet  of  a  site  sup- 
I  posed  by  ordinary  mortals  to  be  cramped — not 
!  to  say  quite  insufficient  for  its  purpose — must 
(be  fully  equal  to  the  task  of  covering  this  area 
jwith  buildings  which  should  follow  the  very 
I  irregular  line  of  the  site  frontage,  and  yet  pre- 
laerve  all  those  characteristics  of  dignity   and 
junity  and  lovely  change  which  are  essential 
in  order  to  secure  the  success  of  any  exten.sive 
facade.     Such  a  task  would,  however,  be  quite 
I  work  of  supererogation  if,  as  Mr.   Garling 
md  some  of  his  co-competitors  say,  the  site  is 
arger  than  is  wanted.     Should  it  so  happen 
that  the  judges  take  a  different   view,  and 
idopt  the  opinion  that  even  the  utmost  limits 
of  the  site  allowed  are  manifestly  too  narrow 
:o  permit  any  architect  to  perfect  his  scheme, 
I  then  we  can  only  regret,  for  Mr.  Garling's  sake, 
that  he  has  not  chosen  to  show  his  mastery  of 
irregular  frontages  under  a  Renaissance  aspect 
rather  than  his  incompetency    to   deal   with 
Oothic  art  as  exhibited  in  the  alternative  de- 
sign he  has  submitted.     The  general  arrange- 
ment of  the  court  plan  may  be  described  as 
consisting  of  two  pavilion-treated  wings,  east 
and  west,  devoted   to  the  Record   and   other 
offices.     Between  these  wings  are  three  blocks 
of  buildings  running  east  and  west,  deriving 
light  and  air  from  two  long  but  narrow  areas, 
which  divide  the  blocks,  as  also  from   sundry 
:smaU  courts,   averaging  about  16ft.  or    17ft. 
i square.     In  the  centre  of  the  central  block, 
;and  on  the  street  or  noisy  side  of  the  external 
'blocks,  are  wide  ground-floor  corridors  of  two 
I  stories,  connected  by  a  cress  or  transeptal  cor- 
Iridor;    these   corridors   open    into    separate 
staircases  for  the   legal  public  and  spectators 
to     each     court.      But    on    the    court   floor 
::he  whole  block  is  cut  up  into  various  rooms, 
i:he  corridors  of   communication  for  judges, 
ibarristers,  and  attorneys,  being  in  a  mezza- 
nine floor  below.   "  The  Common  La  w  courts  are 
Iplaced  dos-a-dos  on  the  Strand  side  of  the  cen- 
Ijral  corridor,  and  the  Equity  and  remaining 
jjourts  dos-a-dos    on    the    Carey-street   side." 
1 '  It  will  therefore  be  seen  that  the  plan  adop- 
ited   is  that  of  effecting    communications  by 
juride  corridors  rather  than  by  a  central  hall, 
IS  the  former  system,  viz.,  that  of  wide  corri- 
dors, while  it  affords  abundant  space  for  pas- 
sage   and  less  inducement  for  loiterers,  pos- 
sesses the  most  important  advantage    of  all 
jthers,   viz.,   that  of  allowing   a   far  greater 
jpace  to  be  devoted  to  the  courts  themselves, 
Sfith   their  appendages  and  communications, 
than  could  possibly  be  given  by  the  Central 
SaU  plan,  which,  however  tempting  for  gain- 
ing architectural  eft'ect,  is  useless  for  business, 
ibstracts  from] the  general  plan  space  which 
•.an  be  more  usefully  appropriated,   cramps 
md  confines  the  basiness  departments,  and 
iffords  a  place  for  the  assembly  of  people  for 
limple  curiosity  and  lounging.      A    central 
lall,  in  fact,  would  be  scarcely  used,  except 
>j  loungers  and  that  class  whose  exclusion 


from  the  building  is  especially  aimed  at  in 
the  instructions  ;  witness  the  comparatively 
few  people  of  those  actually  engaged  in  busi- 
ness in  the  courts  who  are  to  be  seen  in  Wcisl- 
minster  llall.  As  a  rule,  they  remain  as  close 
as  possibleto  thecourts,  andniy  plan  gives  tlieni 
tlie  kind  of  accommodation  they  particularly 
reciuire  in  the  recesses  attaclied  thereto,  wliicli 
afford  ease,  light,  space,  and  seclusion  from 
the  public.  A  central  hall  woidd  l)e  simply 
a  show  place  for  people  fnim  tlie  country  and 
foreigners  to  visit  and  admire  as  one  of  the 
lions  of  the  metropolis.  And,  once  admit 
people  on  any  other  pretence  but  business, 
and  a  building  like  this  would  be  overrun 
with  idlers.  My  corridors  provide  ainple  op- 
portunity, being  2Gft.  and  :50ft.  wide,  for 
those  who  wish  to  walk  about ;  they  are 
also  provided  with  shallow  recesses  for  seats 
and  tables  against  the  windows." 

By  this  plan  the  public  engaged  on  business 
in  any  one  court  can  only  get  to  the  other 
courts  by  descending  to  the  corridors  on  tlie 
"round  floor,  whilst  tlie  general  public 
or  mere  spectators  in  one  court  have  to  de- 
scend to  the  basement  and  go  outside  thebuild- 
ing  before  they  can  enter  another  court.  Mr. 
Garling's  plan  shows,  therefore,  that  it  is  not 
impossible  to  separate  the  oi  polloi  altogether 
from  those  who  have  business  T\ithin  the 
building.  As  to  the  method  of  doing  this, 
there  may  be  difterence  of  opinion,  but  Mr. 
Garling  has  shown  that  the  thing  canbedone, 
and,  so  far,  deserves  considerable  praise.  And 
this  is  almost  the  only  praise  we  can  conscien- 
tiously render  him.  In  nearly  all  other  impor- 
tant points  Mr.  Garling  has  signally  failed,  as, 
for  instance,  in  the  areas  between  the  courts, 
some  of  which  are  less  than  20ft.  square  ;  in  the 
narrow  lanes  between  the  long  rows  of  judges' 
rooms,  where  the  maximum  of  light  is  re- 
quired, the  Common  Law  lane  being  about  12ft. 
wide  ;  in  the  arrangement  of  the  private  cor- 
ridors, that  for  the  use  of  the  judges  being 
under  their  rooms,  reached  by  dark  staircases, 
whilst  that  for  the  use  of  the  barristers  and  at- 
torneys is  behind  the  judges'  corridor,  from 
which  it  borrows  its  light  through  a  "glazed 
slate  partition"  (!)  Behind  this  again,  and  part- 
ly under  the  court,  is  a  hall  or  vestibule 
through  which  barristers,  attorneys,  and  wit- 
nesses have  to  pass  to  reach  the  court  by 
their  staircases,  and  in  which,  also,  are  placed 
the  telegraph,  and  lifts  for  coal  and  dust. 
This  hall  is  "lighted"  from  the  barristers' 
corridor,  which,  as  we  have  already  said, 
derives  its  light  from  the  judges'  corridor  that 
looks  into  a  narrow  lane,  and  has  two  stories 
of  buildings  above  it  (!  I)  It  would  be  waste 
of  time  to  dwell  any  longer  upon  planning 
like  this,  the  utter  badness  of  which  must  be 
self-evident  to  everyone.  In  the  elevations 
we  confess  we  recognise  more  dignity  than  in 
some  of  the  other  designs.  This  is  especially 
the  case  in  the  western  portion  of  the  build- 
ing, where  the  two  Record  towers  flank  the 
central  group  of  the  fagade.  But  we  think  the 
single  central  tower  in  the  Slr.md  front  far 
from  being  a  happy  thought  ;  when  we  turn 
to  the  sectionfj,  the  -ujiarchitectural  nature  of 
the  plan  becomes  very  manifest.  "The  central 
corridor,"  says  Mr.  Garling,  "  is  30ft.  wide 
and  380ft.  long,  and  upwards  of  50ft.  in 
height,  dimensions  quite  sufficient,  >vith  its 
arrangement  of  arcaded  galleries  and  octagon 
lantern  lights,  to  produce  a  striking  architec- 
tural effect," — being  "  striking"  no  doubt,  but 
the  striking  effect  produced  by  such  propor- 
tions is  scarcely  the  sort  of  effect  we  look  for 
in  architecture,  nor  under  any  circumstances 
could  such  dimensions  be  forced  into  any 
happier  result  than  an  arcliitectural  extra- 
vaganza. 

One  word  in  conclusion  to  Mr.  Garling 
and  architects  who,  like  him,  flatter  them- 
selves that  the  fine  art  we  call  architecture 
is  only  a  skin-deep  att'air,  a  kind  ol  decorative 
plastering  which  may  be  made  to  assume  the 
forms  of  any  style,  and  laid  on  any  system  of 
arrangement  or  construction.  It  is  so  very 
easy  not  to  know,  and  requires  such  an 
amount  of  earnest  and  thoroughly  hard  work 


in  order  to  know,  that  thetemptiUion  to  depre- 
cate the  artistic  element  and  reduce  archi- 
teiture  to  a  second-rate  science  or  to  a  mere 
middle-man  business,  as  some  do,  is  naturally 
w'vy  strong  to  those  whose  chance  in  life 
would  be  but  miserably  small  were  they  com- 
pelled to  follow  architecture  as  artists  instead 
of  as  Building  Act  surveyors.  There  are 
happily  some  architects  amongst  us,  who, 
whatever  they  may  lack,  have  at  least  a  fixity 
of  purpose  in  all  they  think  and  do,  who  stick 
to  their  colours  such  as  they  are,  and  who, 
whatever  their  weaknesses,  have  at  any  rate 
some  faith  in  their  mistress,  some  love  of  art 
for  art's  sake,  and  some  hope  for  a  brighter 
future.  From  these  men  something  may  be 
expected  ;  from  their  earnestness  some  good 
outcome  is  certain  ;  their  thought  will  not  be 
barren  in  its  results.  However  delicate  and 
weakly  the  offsjiring  may  be  at  first,  oft'spring 
there  will  be  ;  but  irom  men  who  can  flirt  like 
Mr.  Garling  and  others  we  wot  of,  wlio  can  be 
so  peculiarly  minded  as  to  plight  their 
troths  to  the  dark-haired  Southerner  on 
Monday  and  go  on  their  knees  to  the  fair 
Goldylocks  on  Tuesday — who  can  swear 
fidelity  to  the  Classic  Renaissance,  and  yet 
allow  themselves  to  be  seduced,  from  com- 
mercial or  popular  considerations,  by  a  mis- 
tress to  whom  they  know  right  well  they  will 
not  be  faithful — -from  such  as  these  the  arclii- 
tecture  of  the  future  will  never  be  enriched. 


HOME-MADE  BRICKS. 

SINCE  the  repeal  of  the  duty  on  bricks  in 
1S50,  tlie  manufacture  of  bricks  and  tiles 
has  annually  increased  until  it  has  become  one 
of  the  most  flourishing  industries.  Prior  tothe 
entire  repeal  of  the  duty,  the  number  of  bricks 
manufactured  in  this  country  was  much 
smaller  than  it  is  at  present.  The  duty  was 
of  the  most  oppressive  character  ;  and  our 
Legislature  was  by  no  means  anxious  to  give 
an  impetus  to  the  trade  by  repealing  the 
obnoxious  impost.  An  act  passed  in  the  reign 
of  George  III.  ordered  that  bricks  made  for 
sale  must  be  8Mn.  long,  iiin.  thick,  and  4in. 
wide,  and  the  penalty  in  case  of  departure 
from  this  enactment  was  the  fine  of  £1  for 
everi'  thousand  bricks  produced,  and  propor- 
tionably  for  a  greater  or  less  number.  The 
act  also  provided  that  the  size  of  the  sieves  or 
screens  for  sifting  or  screening  sea  coal  ashes, 
to  be  mixed  with  brick  earth  in  making 
bricks,  should  not  exceed  jin.  between  the 
meshes.  In  1821  the  number  of  bricks  for 
which  duty  was  paid  was  not  quite 900,000,000. 
Vear  by  year  the  numbers  gradually  in- 
creased, 'until  in  1847  they  reached 
2,193,829,491.  In  1849  there  was  a  remark- 
able dift'erence  in  the  number  for  which  duty 
was  paid.  In  tliat  year  the  repeal  of  the  tax 
was  strongly  urged,  and  the  agitation  pro- 
mised such  success  that  the  erection  of  a 
number  of  large  buildings  was  delayed,  and 
as  a  result  the  quantities  of  bricks  manufac- 
tured was  about  one-half  of  those  made  in 
1847.  In  1857  we  find  that  the  returns  of 
bricks,  tiles,  pipes,  &c.,  manufactured  in  Eng- 
land, Scotland,  and  Jersey,  show  that  over 
2,500,000,000  of  bricks  were  made,  the  esti- 
mated market  value  of  which  was  i;2,91 1,980. 
55,000,000  of  these  bricks  were  made  in  Scot- 
land, and  about  5,500,000  in  Jersey.  Man- 
chester and  London  seem  to  compete  with 
each  other  in  the  manufacture  of  this  building 
material  ;  but,  as  is  well  known,  bricks  are 
sent  to  tlie  metropolis  from  a  circuit  of  at 
least  one  hundred  miles.  We  are  not  able  to 
state  the  number  of  bricks  now  manufactured, 
nor  do  we  know  that  any  computations  have 
been  made  of  late  years.  In  Professor  Hunt's 
mining  statistics,  published  in  1860,  in  the 
volume  entitled  "  Memoir  of  the  Geological 
Survey  of  Great  Britain  and  the  JIuseum  of 
Practical  Geology,"  it  was  estimated  that  the 
annual  mineral  produce  of  the  kingdom  was 
£39,221,007,  of  which  £7,954,075  was  placed 
to  the  account  of  the  value  of  the  earthy 
minerals.     The  value  of  the   unmanufactured 


170 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


March  8,  1867. 


clay,  iucluJing  only  the  superior  kinds  of 
clay,  and  embracing  china  stone,  was  £285,840, 
and 

Bricks,  tiles,  &c.  (estimated  at  the 

cost  of  production) £2,911,980 

Building  and  other  stones     .     .     .     4,022,924 

Sands 10,250 

Coprolites 65,500 

Of  course  this  estimate,  as  the  compiler  ac- 
knowledged, can  only  afford  an  approxima- 
tion to  the  truth  ;  but  it  is  valuable  evidence, 
as  it  was  computed  froni  extensive,  and,  as  far 
as  could  be,  accurate  facts  received  from  all 
parts  of  the  kingdom.  From  these  tables  we 
gather  that  the  highest  returns  of  bricks  made 
are  from  Lancashire,  which  is  computed  at 
108,000,000,  valued  at  £129,000.  Middlesex 
follows  in  the  number  of  bricks  produced, 
then  Yorkshire,  then  Northumberland  and 
Durham  combined,  then  North  Wales,  South 
"Wales  being  not  far  behind,  while  all  the 
other  returns  were  in  value  below  £100,000 
each.  A  paper  read  at  one  of  the  meetings  of 
the  Society  of  Arts  a  few  years  ago  stated  that, 
taking  bricks  at  the  low  average  of  three  tons 
per  thousand,  the  average  make  exceeds  in 
weight  5,400,000  tons,  and  the  capital  em- 
ployed must  be  upward  of  i-2,000,000  ster- 
ling. This,  however,  is  probably  considerably 
under  the  mark. 

Brick  clays  are  widely  spread,  and  are  con- 
sequently very  available  for  use.  There  are 
three  kinds  of  tliis  earth — loams,  or  sandy  clay, 
which  is  the  best  material  for  this  purpose  ; 
plastic  clay,  composed  of  alumina  and  silica 
in  different  proportions,  and  containing  a  cer- 
tain small  percentage  of  other  salts,  as  of  iron, 
lime,  soda,  and  magnesia  ;  and  marls,  of  which 
there  are  three  kinds,  clayey,  sandy,  and  cal- 
careous, according  to  the  proportions  of  the 
earths  of  which  they  are  comjiosed,  viz.,  alu- 
mina, silica,  and  lime.  The  less  lime  con- 
tained in  the  clay  the  more  useful  it  becomes 
to  the  brickraaker.  Marls  are  exceedingly 
suitable  for  common  bricks.  It  is  not  pos- 
sible to  give  a  trustworthy  generalisation  of 
the  constituents  of  clays,  because  they  vary 
from  each  other  considerably.  Mr.  Humphrey 
Chamberlain  has  given  the  following  as  a 
fair  notion  of  what  should  be  the  proportions 
of  the  ingredients  of  a  good  brick — viz.,  silica, 
three-fifths  ;  alumina,  one-fifth  ;  iron,  lime, 
magnesia,  manganese,  soda,  and  potash  form- 
ing the  other  one-fifth.  Professor  Ansted 
states  that  there  should  not  be  more  than  2 
per  cent,  of  lime  or  potash.  The  admixture 
with  sand  is  necessary,  but  the  proportions  of 
each  admit  of  great  variety.  The  valuable 
essay,  written,  we  believe,  by  Mr.  Tredgold, 
in  the  "  Encyclopfcdia  Britannica,"  tells  ns 
that  no  mixture  of  alumina  and  silica,  in  any 
proportions  whatever,  can  be  fused  by  the 
strongest  heat  which  can  be  raised  in  our 
furnaces.  "  Hence  such  mixtures  are  best 
adapted  for  making  fire-bricks,  crucibles,  and 
glass  house  pots.  Stourbridge  clay  is  such  a 
jnLxture,  blackened  by  coaly  matter."  Indeed, 
Stourbridge  clay  is  a  slate  clay  belonging  to 
the  coal  formation,  and  contains  coaly  ingre- 
dients. "Neither  can  a  mixture  of  lime  and 
alumina  be  fused,  in  whatever  proportions  the 
ingredients  be  mixed."  But,  as  we  have  inti- 
mated, a  mixture  of  the  three  ingredients  is  very 
fusible.  Of  course  the  clay  must  be  free  from 
large  stones,  and  it  is  foimd  that  the  mealy 
state  of  the  silica  is  injurious  to  the  quality  of 
clay  used  in  the  manufacture  of  bricks.  Pro- 
fessor Ansted  observes  that  a  sensible  quan- 
tity of  iron,  lime,  and  potash  would  not  be  a 
good  sign  in  a  brick  clay,  "  for  too  much  of 
any  of  these  substances  would  cause  the  brick 
to  run  into  glass  when  left  in  the  kiln  to 
burn.  By  this  burning  process  the  clay 
loses  some  of  its  properties,  amongst  others 
the  capacity  of  mixing  with  water  and  its 
plasticity.  It  becomes  permanently  hard, 
not  softening  in  M'ater,  though  absorbing  it 
readily."  Common  clay  and  limestone  or 
chalk  is  considered  to  be  a  durable  mixture, 
and  the  best  proportions  are  three  parts  of 
clay  and  one  of  calcareous  earth  in  powder. 


Fire-clays  and  marls  shrink  in  drying  and 
burning  at  least  1  to  15  per  cent.  ;  this 
is  corrected  by  adding  sand,  loam,  or  chalk  ; 
the  London  brickraakers  using  for  this 
])urpose  ashes  or  breeze.  In  working  a 
bed  of  clay  it  is  neces.sary  first  to 
ascertain  its  contraction  in  drying  and  burn- 
ing, then  to  arrange  what  will  be  the  least 
expensive  mode  of  correcting  the  excess.  All 
clays,  observes  jMr.  Chamberlain,  burning  red 
contain  oxides  of  iron,  and  those  having  from 
8  to  10  per  cent,  burn  of  a  blue  or  almost 
black  colour.  Hence  certain  bricks,  those 
especially  from  Staffordshire,  are  coated 
by  a  metallic  substance  given  to  them  in  the 
kilns.  Such  bricks,  however,  are  paiticularly 
suited  to  heavy  engineering  work.s,  for  docks, 
canals,  railway  bridges,  and  viaducts. 

An  interesting  history  might  be  written  of 
the  chemical  investigations  that  have  been 
ma<le  into  the  nature  of  clay,  and  the  opinions 
which  have  been  held  on  this  sul)ject.  Hellot, 
Pott,  Baume,  Macquer,  Margraaf,  were  among 
the  earliest  experimenters  ;  but  it  has  been  re- 
served to  modern  chemists  to  not  only  complete 
their  facts,  but  also  to  place  the  whole  subject 
before  us  in  a  more  satisfactory  state.  The 
number  of  patents  that  have  been  taken  out 
for  improvements  in  the  manufacture  of  bricks 
cannot  be  fewer  than  301),  and  the  machines 
are  too  numerous  for  us  to  describe.  They 
are  principally  pug-mills,  wash-mills,  and 
rolling-mills.  The  pug  mill  cuts  the  clay  with 
knives  as  the  mill  is  being  worked,  mi.xing  it 
so  that  it  may  present  a  homogeneous  mass. 
A  very  recent  improvement  in  this  mill — pa- 
tented by  Mr.  G.  Johnson — places  the  knives 
on  the  sameaxis  as  that  which  carries  the  screw- 
employed  for  forcing  forward  the  stream  of 
clay  through  the  moulding  dies.  It  is  ar- 
ranged that  the  portion  of  the  outer  casing  in 
which  the  screw  works  shall  be  of  smaller 
diameter  than  that  part  of  the  casing  in 
which  the  blades  of  the  pugmill  work.  Ac- 
cording to  the  patentee's  statement,  the  exit 
end  of  this  contracted  portion  of  the  mill  is 
enlarged  into  a  bell,  the  end  of  which  is  closed 
by  a  fixed  plate  which  carries  a  bearing  to  re- 
ceive the  end  of  the  shaft  of  the  pug-mill  ;  on 
one  side  of  the  bearings  of  this  shaft  is  placed 
the  moulding  die  through  which  the  clay  is 
expressed.  The  benefit  arising  from  this  part 
of  the  improvement  is,  that  the  stream  of  clay 
is  not  divided  by  the  bearing  of  the  pug-mill 
shaft  as  it  is  when  the  moulding  orifice  is 
placed  opposite  to  the  centre  of  the  shaft,  as 
is  the  case  with  other  machines.  The  pug-mill 
should  be  worked  in  combination  with  the 
rollers,  without  which  stones  and  gritty  matter 
cannot  be  extracted  or  crushed.  In  Mr.  John- 
son's machine  two  rollers  are  placed  at  the  top 
of  the  mill,  which  rollers  are  driven  from  a 
wheel  on  the  pug-mill  shaft.  Unless  the  stones 
are  extracted  or  crushed,  the  clay  will  crack, 
and  thus  the  brick  will  be  faulty,  and  be  liable 
to  great  waste  from  breakage. 

Professor  Thomson  has  recently  called  at- 
tention to  the  great  loss  of  heat  which  occurs 
in  the  ordinary  modes  of  burning  bricks  in 
common  kilns.  This  loss  he  explains  to  be 
two-fold.  "  First,  during  the  burning  of  the 
bricks,  the  air  which  has  passed  through  the 
fuel,  oramongthe  heated  bricks  and  the  smoke, 
including  gaseous  products  generally,  passes 
away  from  the  kiln  to  waste  at  a  very  high 
temperature,  even  at  a  red  heat,  during  a  con- 
siderable part  of  the  process.  Secondly,  when 
the  bricks  are  raised  to  the  high  temperature 
required  to  burn  them,  and  render  them  per- 
manently hard,  the  great  store  of  heat  which 
they  contain  is  entirely  thrown  to  waste  while 
they  are  left  to  cool."  Two  German  patentees 
have  improved  upon  the  existing  kilns,  and 
these  improvements  have  been  adopted  with 
considerable  success  by  Mr.  Moore  in  a  brick- 
field near  Belfast.  A  description  of  this  new 
kiln  appeared  in  the  Building  News  of  last 
year,  p.  189. 

An   acre  of  land,  if  we  include  the  ashes 

which  are  mixed  with  the  earth,  will  yield 

about  one  million  bricks  for   every  foot   in 

'  depth.     A  clamp   contains  from   1(X1,000  to 


500,000  bricks.  The  late  Mr.  C.  H.  Smith, 
who  was  one  of  the  best-informed  writers  on 
practical  subjects,  once  stated  at  the  Institute 
of  British  Architects  that  he  did  not  consider 
any  machine  could  make  good  bricks  unless  it 
had  some  fit  and  proper  method  of  putting  a 
suflicient  quantity  of  good  hard  sand  on  the 
surface  of  the  article  while  the  clay  wa?  in  a 
plastic  state.  Mr.  Smith  believed,  for  the  fol- 
lowing reasons,  that  the  sand,  being  quartz  or 
siliceous  grains,  performs  a  more  important 
part  in  the  manufacture  of  bricks  than  that 
of  merely  preventing  the  clay  from  adhering 
to  the  mould.  "  First,"  he  says  (in  a  letter  ad- 
dressed to  one  of  the  secretaries  of  the  Insti- 
tute), "  in  the  process  of  burning,  the  flinty 
sand  forms  a  chemical  union  with  tlie  potash 
or  soda  of  the  clay,  for  all  clay  coutains  more 
or  less  of  alkaline  matter  in  its  natural  state. 
This  vitreous  connection  fixes  the  sand  firmly 
to  the  surface  of  the  brick.  Second,  in  a 
building  the  lime  attaches  itself  securely  to 
the  sand,  which  is  already  fastened  to  "the 
brick  in  the  same  manner  that  good  sharp, 
siliceous  sand,  mixed  with  a  certain  quantity 
of  quick  lime,  after  a  lengthened  period,  will 
become  hard,  solid  mortar."  From  these 
facts  Mr.  Smith  concluded  that  if  brickmakers 
did  not  put  a  coating  of  sand  on  the  brick-s 
there  would  be  no  cohesion  between  the  brick-s 
and  the  mortar.  When  an  ac^id-nt  do-^s  occur, 
however,  it  is  invariably  the  fault  of  the  mor- 
tar, and  not  of  the  bricks,  although,  as  Mr. 
Smith  pointed  out,  it  was  difficult  to  speak  of 
bricks  without  speaking  of  mortar,  since  th>' 
one  was  of  no  use  without  the  other.  Mortar 
will  not  sometimes  adhere  to  the  bricks  be- 
cause the  latter  are  used  in  too  dry  a  state, 
while  such  is  the  imperfect  way  in  which 
bricks  are  frequently  made  that  they  will 
absorb  large  quantities  of  water.  They  there- 
fore swell  within  a  short  time,  and  unfor- 
tunately the  walls  wiU  sometimes  fall  down. 
A  case  occurred  a  few  years  ago  in  which  the 
foundations,  after  the  accident,  were  fovmd  to 
be  in  perfect  order,  but  the  bricks  havinj; 
expanded  the  wall  fell.  Of  course  brick- 
makers  should  produce  bricks  that  are  non- 
absorbent,  and  which,  at  the  same  time,  will 
adhere  to  good  mortar.  Mr.  Dines  once 
stated  that  he  knew  a  case  of  expansion  to  the 
extent  of  |in.  in  00ft. 

Mr.  T.  Mellard  Reade,  in  a  letter  written  to 
a  contemporary,  states  as  the  result  of  his 
experience  that  dense  non-absorbent  materials 
create  cold,  damp,  and  uncomfortable  dwell- 
ings. Even  best  Staffordshire  blue  brick  is 
not  so  dry  as  ordinary  bricks.  One  reason  for 
this  is  that  mortar  is  a  very  absorbent  ma- 
terial, and  the  brick  liaving  but  small  capa- 
city for  moisture  the  joints  soon  get  saturated 
after  rain,  and  communicate  tiieir  dampness  to 
the  internal  plastering.  But  with  common 
bricks  this  is  not  the  case,  since  they  absorb 
the  superfluous  moisture  that  may  come 
through  the  joints  ;  and  the  same  amount  of 
water  being  distributed  through  a  larger  area 
of  material  it  is  not  so  appreciable.  The  air, 
when  it  begins  to  act  on  the  external  surface, 
dries  up  the  moisture  far  more  rapidly  than  in 
the  case  of  a  dense,  non-absorbent  material. 
"  I  know  from  e.xperience,"  observes  Mr. 
Reade,  "  that  in  a  wall  Ijuilt  of  Penmaenmawr 
stone  it  is  next  to  impossible  to  prevent  the 
water  striking  through  after  a  driving  shower 
of  rain,  however  good  the  mortar  and  pointing 
may  be.  I  have  seen  a  il't.  6in.  v.'all,  one  side 
of  which  was  protected  by  an  open  shed,  after 
a  heavy  day's  rain,  literally  as  w^t  on  the 
inside  as  on  the  out.  The  water  appears  to 
travel  and  spread  itself  over  the  entire  sur- 
face of  the  stone,  irrespective  of  pointing, 
even  if  done  with  oil  putty.  Very  likely 
the  smooth  surface  and  imperfect  combination 
of  the  mortar  and  stone  facilitate  this  hy 
capillary  attraction,  and  the  same  result  must 
follow,  in  a  greater  or  less  degree,  the  employ- 
ment of  any  smooth,  non-absorbent  material." 
Density,  Mr.  Keade  further  states,  is  no  proof 
of  non-absorbency,  since  cork  and  india-rub- 
ber, though  light  substances,  are  lea^t  ab- 
sorbent. Pressed  brick  is  denser  than  common 


March  8,  1867, 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


171 


hanl-bumed  brick,  and  yet  is  far  more  ab- 
sorbent, "  and  anyone  may  ti-ace  the  lieaders 
in  a  9in.  wall  faced  with  them  by  the  damp  in 
the  plaster  around  them.'  Then  again,  sand- 
stone, though  denser  than  brick,  nevertheless 
absorbs  water  more  rapidly.  A  through 
stone  in  a  brick  wall  will  soon  conduct 
the  damp  to  the  inside  of  a  house.  We  have 
some  more  informatiou  for  our  readers  on 
bricks. 


SCREW  PILES  ly  THE  CONSTRUCTION 
OP  A  WROUGHT-IKOX  GIRDER  BRIDGE 
AT  VJRONA.' 

BEFORE  proceeding  with  the  subject  given  in 
the  above  title  the  writer  begs  to  apologise 
for  the  imperfect  manner  in  which  it  has  been 
treated,  on  account  of  the  limited  time  at  his 
dispos.il  and  the  want  of  various  diagrams  and 
•  other  data  which  were  left  with  the  owner  of 
the  property.  The  present  is  therefore  simply 
a  report  of  certain  peculiarities  in  the  mode  of 
driving  screw  piles  called  forth  by  the  exigencies 
of  the  situation,  and  not  a  scientific  discussion 
of  the  principle;  although,  from  its  importance 
in  modern  engineering,  this  subject  would  well 
deserve  a  careful  treatise,  which  the  writer 
hopes  to  see  brought  before  this  society  at  some 
future  time  by  abler  [hands.  In  the  latter 
part  of  the  year  1S62,  the  writer  was  engaged 
by  an  enterprising  English  gentleman,  residing 
in  Italy,  to  erect  an  irou  girder  bridge  across 
the  Kiver  Adige,  at  Verona,  a  town  of  about 
60,000  inhabitants,  in  Northern  Italy.  The 
bridge  was  built  by  the  gentleman  in  question 
at  his  own  expense,  and  as  a  speculation,  the 
corporation  of  the  town  guaranteeing  him  the 
tolls  for  a  certain  number  of  years.  In  order  to 
render  the  subsequent  descriptions  sufficiently  in- 
eligible it  may  be  advisable  to  give  a  short 
ount  of  the  nature  of  that  river  and  the 
general  features  of  the  surrounding  country. 

Description  of  the  River. — The  Adige  takes  its 
rise  in  the  snow-clad  mountains  of  the  Tyrol,  and 
(lowing  down  their  southern  slopes,  waters  the 
Venetian  territory,  emptying  itself  into  the 
iriatic  Sea.  The  town  of  Verona  is  situated 
the  foot  of  these  mountains,  which,  so  far, 
are  steep  and  precipitous,  but  nm  out  imme- 
diately above  the  town  into  a  wile  and  fertile 
plain.  From  its  geographical  position,  Verona 
was  already  under  the  Roman  empire  an  impor- 
tant strategical  point,  as  being  the  key  which 
opened  one  of  the  few  then  practical  Alpine  passes 
into  Italy,  as  many  magnilicent  ruins,  amongst 
which  is  also  an  ancient  Roman  bridge  of  ihree 
arches,  testify.] 

Within  the  memory  of  man  the  steep  slopes  of 
these  mountains  were  clothed  with  luxuriant 
forests  of  oak  and  larch  timber,  whereas  now  they 
present  only  rugged,  naked  rocks,  destitute  of  soil. 
The  great  demand  in  modem  times  for  this 
valuable  timber  for  shipbuilding  and  still  more 
for  railway  purposes,  and  the  short-sighted 
cupidity  of  the  proprietors,  unchecked  by  an 
etficient  forest  poUce,  have  been  the  cause  of  incal- 
culable devastations  through  floods,  which  tax  all 
the  engineering  skill  of  the  country  to  repair 
their  damages,  though  often  in  vain;  and  the 
writer  has  been  assured  by  residents  in  the  place 
that  they  remembered  the  time  when  floods 
would  take  a  couple  of  days  to  arrive  in  the  plains 
which  now  reach  them  in  as  many  hours. 

Choice  cf  Piers. — There  are  in  all  engineering 
operations  two  important  elements,  which,  if  they 
happen  to  be  in  abundance,  render  even  the  most 
ditficult  works  comparatively  easy ;  these  are  time 
and  money.  Both  these  commodities,  however, 
•^^pecially  that  of  time,  were  in  the  present  case 
f  a  most  limited  character,  in  as  far  as  the 
_-ueral  designs  of  the  bridge  had  been  approved 
by  the  corporation,  and  the  abutment  walls 
actually  built,  before  anytliing  was  decided  as  to 
the  description  and  dimensions  of  the  piers, 
which,  if  of  stone  or  brickwork,  ought  to  have 
been  commenced  in  winter  time,  when  the  water 
was  low.  In  this  emergency  the  writer,  when 
appUed  to  by  the  proprietor,  turned  his  thoughts 
to  screw  piles,  as  being  both  the  readiest,  cheapest, 
and,  in  the  present  case,  also  safest,  substitute. 
The  bridge  itself  is  2-16ft.  long  between  the  abut- 
ments, and  is  divided  into  three  equal  spans  of 
S2ft.  each.    There  is  a  carriage  way  litft.  Sin.  wide 


*  Read  by  Mr.  J.  J.Horseb,  before  the  Society  of  Engl 
aeer»,  March  4,  1867. 


in  the  middle  between  the  two  longitudinal  main 
girders  (which  are  constructed  on  the  Warren 
principle),  with  two  outside  footpaths  5ft.  Gin. 
wide,  protected  by  an  ornamenti\l  hand  railing. 
The  screws  and  piles  were  furnished  by  Jlr.  George 
Wells,  well  known  in  the  profession  as  having  a 
most  extensive  practice  and  experience  iu  this 
branch  of  engineering. 

It  may  easily  be  imagined  that,  in  order  to  en- 
sure success,  the  nature  of  the  ground  would  be 
previously  examined,  so  as  to  determine  the  dia- 
meter and  pitch  of  the  screw  accordingly.  This 
was  done,  but  in  an  imperfect  manner  only,  and 
only  one  trial  boring  was  made  close  in  shore, 
where  a  quantity  of  rubbish  had  covered  the  real 
bed  of  the  river  to  a  considerable  depth.  The 
report  from  the  town  engineer  ran  therefore  as 
follows  : — "  The  borings  have  been  made  near  the 
city  quay,  but,  according  to  all  appearances,  there 
is  no  doiibt  that  they  would  give  the  same  result 
over  the  whole  section  of  the  river,  the  greatest 
being  calcareous  gravel,  compact  and  containing 
porphyritic  stones  (boulders),  which  vary  in  thick- 
ness from  l.Ut.  to  2ft.,  and  is  all  one  may  wish  for 
a  foundation." 

Whether  the  porphyritic  stones  were  all  one 
might  wish  for  a  foundation  for  sinking  screw 
piles  may  well  be  questioned. 

Description  of  Screw. — In  anticipation  o£  meet, 
ing  with  said  boulders,  the  writer  applied  to  Mr. 
Wells  for  advice,  which  that  gentleman  gave  in 
the  following  injunction  : — "  Should  the  screw 
happen  to  come  on  one  of  the  boulders,  the  pile 
must  be  drawn  over  to  a  sufficient  angle  to  clear 
the  stone,  and  when  so  cleared  it  is  screwed  down 
a  foot  or  two,  and  drawn  over  at  a  similar  angle  in 
the  opposite  direction,  again  screwed  down  a  foot 
or  two  and  then  drawn  vertical ;  and  it  will  be 
found  that  the  pile  is  in  the  same  position  as  when 
first  pitched." 

Mr.  Wells  proposed  that  the  screw  should  be 
made  2ft.  in  diameter,  but  the  proprietor,  who 
possessed  no  engineering  knowledge,  and  from  his 
residence  at  Venice  was  accustomed  to  the  soft 
mud  of  the  lagoons,  could  not  be  persuaded  that 
this  would  offer  sufficient  bearing  surface,  and  in- 
sisted upon  a  diameter  of  4ft.  They  were  accord- 
ingly sent  out  of  this  size,  with  pitch  6||in.  Each 
pier  consisted  only  of  two  piles,  each  under  the 
centre  of  its  main  girder.  The  weight  on  each 
screw  amounted  to  about  SO  tons,  including  the 
test  load,  viz.,  one  span  with  platform  and  all  the 
ironwork  complete  weighed  80  tons,  and  the  test 
load  on  the  same  span  amounted  to  SO  tons  more, 
being,  according  to  the  requirements  of  the  Aus- 
trian military  engineers,  at  the  rate  of  961b.  per 
square  foot,  distributed  equally  over  the  whole 
surface.  This  made  a  total  of  160  tons  xin  one 
span,  and  half  that,  or  80  tons,  upon  each 
screw. 

Description  of  Piles. — The  piles  were  at  first 
proposed  to  be  hollow  pipes  of  cast  iron,  ISin. 
outside  diameter,  and  as  they  were  exposed  to  the 
danger  of  trunks  of  trees,  barges  broken  loose, 
and  other  heavy  substances  being  dashed  against 
them  in  time  of  floods,  they  were  to  be  protected 
by  timber  raking  piles  or  struts  in  front.  But  as 
it  was  not  unjustly  considered  that  a  structure 
entirely  of  iron,  protected  by  timber,  would  not 
only  be  unsightly,  but  also  an  incongruity,  Mr. 
Wells  proposed  soUd  forged  wrought-iron  piles 
Sin.  in  diameter,  in  one  piece,  viz.,  37ft.  long. 
This  alternative  was  at  once  accepted,  and  Messrs. 
Hawks,  Crawshay,  and  Sons,  of  Gateshead,  were 
entrusted  with  their  execution.  As  specimens  of 
beautiful  forging  they  might  have  challenged  any- 
thing of  a  similar  description,  being  perfectly 
straight,  smooth,  and  without  a  flaw.  Each  pair 
of  piles  was  braced  together  by  horizontal  and 
diagonal  cross  bracing  of  T-iron  5in.  X  5in.  X 
fin.,  these  being  bolted  to  clasps  going  round 
the  piles.  On  the  top  came  cast-iron  caps  carry- 
ing the  base  plates  on  which  the  girders 
rested. 

As  a  pillar  Sin.  thick  with  a  length  of  over  fifty 
diameters  supporting  a  weight  of  20  tons  was  never 
seen  before  in  that  country,  the  increduUty  about 
their  ability  of  sustaining  the  superincumbent 
weight  was  universal,  and,  in  fact,  the  eye  is  so 
much  accustomed  to  the  proportions  derived  from 
the  ancient  architect  of  columns  of  from  10  to  12 
diameters  in  height,  that  any  deviation  from  this 
standard  appears  preposterous.  Nevertheless  it 
will  be  seen,  when  Professor  Hodgkinson's  formula 
upon  the  resistance  to  crushing  in  pillars  is 
applied,  that  there  is  an  ample  margin  between 
the  actual  and  the  breaking  weight.  If  we  denote 
the  diameter  of  the  pillar  in  inches  by  d,  its  length 
in  feet  by  Z,  and  take  his  co-efficient  for  solid  cast- 


/d  36\ 
iron  pillars  as  84-16,  the  formula  is  1^161^         I 

/  8  ■31\_ 
and  in  this  wc  have  therefore  1416   I^        _I  — 

S7  -5.  This  multiplied  by  1  "4  5  for  solid  wrought  iron 
we  obtain  1524  tons  for  the  breaking  weight.  We 
have,  however,  assumed  here  that  that  part  of  the 
pillar  which  is  held  in  the  ground  may  safely  be 
taken  as  so  much  support,  and  as  the  lowest  depth 
to  which  the  piles  were  screwed  was  nowhere  less 
than  10ft.  in  hard  ground,  this  height  was  deducted 
in  the  calculation  from  the  total  length  of  37ft., 
reducing  it  to  27ft.  equal  to  40  diameters.  That 
this  assumption  was  not  incorrect  is  proved  by  the 
result,  the  piles  having  supported,  without  failing, 
not  only  the  total  load  of  SO  tons  during  three 
days,  but  the  constant  piissage  of  regiments  of 
soldiers  and  trains  of  artillery,  and,  according  to 
the  last  accounts  the  writer  received,  no  change 
has  taken  place  after,rather?more  than  three  years' 
wear. 

It  has  to  be  borne  in  mind,  moreover,  that  the 
diagonal  and  horizontal  bracing  of  the  two  piles 
connects  both  so  firmly  as  to  increase  their  bearing 
power  considerably,  although  experiments  are 
wanting  to  determine  this  addition.  Nevertheless, 
it  may  be  safely  assumed  that  the  two  piles  con- 
nected will  bear  more  than  the  load  borne  by  each 
pile  independently.* 


ROYAL  ARCHiEOLOGICAL  INSTITUTE. 

AT  a  meeting  of  this  society  held  on  Monday 
last,  the  Hon.  W.  Owen  Stanley,  M.P.,  and 
V.P.,  in  the  chair,  a  paper  by  Mr.  F.dward  Blore 
was  read,  relating  to  Wattlesborough  Castle,  Shrop- 
shire, and  the  surrounding  earthworks.  With  the 
exception  of  the  tower,  which  has  all  the  character- 
istics of  a  Norman  keep,  there  are  but  small  re- 
mains  of  the  original  building.  These  were  de- 
scribed in  detail  by  the  writer,  and  their  extent 
.and  character  shown  by  dran-ings.  They  were 
the  subject  of  many  comments. 

An  article  on  '"  Stone  Roof  Tdes  of  Roman 
Date,"  by  Professor  J.  Buckman,  F.G.S.,  was  then 
read.  This  was  accompanied  by  a  fine  example, 
split  from  one  of  the  lias  beds  of  the  county  of 
Somerset,  in  the  form  of  an  irregular  pentagon, 
and  weighing  101b.  The  writer  referred  to  the 
tiles  found  in  Corinium  and  in  several  of  the 
western  counties,  and  treated  of  their  geological 
structure  and  adaptability  for  roofing  purposes. 
Mr.  Octavius  Morgan,  M.P.,  referred  to  the  tiles 
found  at  Caerwent ;  the  specimen  shown  was  of 
peculiar  form.  Mr.  J.  Yates  spoke  generally  upon 
the  forms  of  Roman  tiles  and  roofs,  and  of  the 
Bodini,  who  inhabited  the  western  counties,  and 
were  tilers. 

Some  remarks  upon  the  effigies  at  Fontevrault, 
by  Mr.  Albert  Way,  were  then  read.  They  re- 
ferred to  a  portion  of  the  Times'  French  corre- 
spondent's letter  describing  the  agitation  existing 
throughout  Anjou  at  a  proposal  to  deliver  up  t'j 
the  English  Government  the  effigies  in  question. 
Mr.  Way  suggested  the  consideration  of  the  pro- 
priety of  ascertaining  if  such  a  request  had  re.ally 
been  made  by  our  Government,  and  of  expressing 
some  opinion  upon  such  a  coui-se.  Upon  this  Mr. 
Morgan,  M.P.,  Sir  Thos.  Winnington,  Bart,  M.P., 
and  other  gentlemen,  strongly  condemned  such  a 
proceeding  as  subversive  of  all  the  right  principles 
for  the  conservation  of  historical  monuments.  In 
this  opinion  the  chairman  concurred,  and  the  meet- 
ing assented  cordially  to  a  resolution  to  that  eifect. 

Mr.  J.  Death  furnished  an  account  of  an  exami- 
nation of  the  drainage  of  the  Abbey  of  Waltham, 
undertaifen  by  him  in  consequence  of  the  reported 
existence  of  a  subterranean  budding  concealing 
images  and  statuary.  These,  of  course,  were  not 
fo.und,  but  some  peculiarities  in  the  construction 
of  the  drains  were  observed  and  noted  during  an 
hour's  subterranean  ramble. 

Upon  the  tables  were  exhibited  by  the  Rev.  J. 
Beck  two  fine  specimens  of  German  camp  kettles. 
They  are  of  Nuremburg  work,  and  one  was  the 
spoil  of  the  Thirty  Yeai-s'  War  carried  into  Swe- 
den by  Gustavus  Adolphus.  They  are  replete 
with  ingenious  arrangements  for  cooking  various 
articles  of  food,  and  are  coarsely  ornamented. 

The  Chairman  gave  an  account  of  the  discovery 
of  a  remarkable  urn  of  the  British  period,  at  Heriri 
Mons  (Merioneth).  It  enclosed  human  bones  and 
a  wooden  bodkin  of  singular  form,  with  which  the 
cloth  enveloping  the  body  had,  perhaps,  been 
fastened.  Also  a  Roman  lamp  and  ring,  found  with 
objects  of  a  later  period  at  Carnarvon  (Segontium). 


*  To  be  concluded  in  our  next. 


172 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


March  8,  1867 


ELEMENTS    OF  ENGINEERING. 
Docks. — No.  2. 

IN  order  to  determine  upon  the  site  of  pro- 
posed docks  there  are  a  variety  of  con- 
siderations to  be  taken  into  account.  The 
nature  and  position  of  the  trade  to  be  accom- 
modated fixes  its  locality,  but  at  the  same 
time  affords  an  ample  range  lor  selecting 
either  a  good  or  bad  site.  The  character  of 
the  ground  and  the  nature  of  the  subsoil  is  of 
paramount  importance,  as  of  all  otlier  works  a 
dock  requires  a  firm  and  substantial  founda- 
tion. Owing  to  the  great  length  of  its  side 
walls  and  their  comparatively  excessive 
weight,  the  slightest  settlement  is  at  once 
apparent,  and  produces  at  the  least  an  amount 
of  distortion  which  completely  spoils  the  line 
of  the  wall,  if  it  does  nothing  worse.  AVliile 
it  is  a  duty  to  select  that  site  offering  the 
greatest  advantages  for  erecting  the  walls  of 
the  dock  upon,  yet  it  is  not  so  much  a  ques- 
tion of  the  actual  character  of  the  ground  as 
of  the  best  means  of  building  upon  that 
ground,  supposing  it  were  impossible  to  obtain 
any  but  of  an  indifferent  or  bad  description. 
In  selecting  the  site  for  a  dock,  the  means  of 
obtaining  entrance  to  it  and  the  position  of 
the  entrances  must  be  carefully  ascertained 
with  respect  to  the  winds  prevailing  at  the 
locality  chosen.  When  the  question  of  build- 
ing docks  at  Sunderland,  which  now  ranks  as 
the  fifth  port  in  the  kingdom,  basing  its 
claims  upon  the  average  tonnage  of  the  ships 
frequenting  it,  was  first  agitated,  several 
smaller  docks  were  established.  In  one  of 
these,  by  aome  error  or  oversight  of  the  de- 
signer, the  entrance  was  so  much  exposed 
to  the  violence  of  the  sea  during  easterly  gales 
that  it  was  dangerous  to  open  the  gates  and 
allow  vessels  to  pass  in  and  ont.  One  of  the 
first  steps  is  to  have  accurate  soundings  taken 
in  the  vicinity  of  tlie  proposed  docks,  and  to 
examine  carefully  the  bottom  with  respect  to 
the  existence  of  shoals  or  any  impediment  to 
the  free  action  of  the  waterwa}'.  Borings 
must  also  be  made  at  frequent  intervals, 
especially  where   the  foundations   are   to  be 

E laced.  The  charactei'  of  the  anchorage  or 
olding  ground  must  be  accurately  ascertained, 
and  if  there  is  any  doubt  on  this  subject,  its 
holding  power  had  better  be  tested  by  actual 
experiment,  which  can  be  readily  eft'ected  by 
a  small  steamer.  A  dock  should,  if  possible, 
be  80  situated  as  to  command  not  merely  the 
greatest  possible  amount  of  water  traffic,  but 
should  also  possess  every  facility  for  inland 
communication  on  a  large  and  rapid  scale.  If 
there  are  no  roads  or  railways  to  its  proposed 
site,  the  engineer  should  take  care  to  be  well 
assured  that  such  indispensable  accessories  to 
it  sliould  be  capable  jf  being  added  at  a 
moderate  outlay.  There  is  generally  some 
kind  of  a  road  in  the  vicinity  of  every  spot 
where  a  dock  can  be  built,  since  the  traffic 
there  in  the  cause  of  a  dock  ijeing  constructed, 
and  there  must  therefore  have  been  some 
means  of  communication  before  with  the  more 
inland  portion  of  the  country.  But  in  nine 
cases  out  of  ten,  large  improvements,  altera- 
tions, and  extensions,  amounting  virtually  to 
new  constructions,  are  always  necessary  to 
establish  a  proper  route  for  the  traffic  to  and 
from  newly-built  docks.  The  question  of 
railway  accommodation  may  be  safely  left  to 
the  company  possessing  a  line  nearest  to  the 
proposed  worlcs,  as  they  will  speedily  discover 
whether  it  is  to  their  interest  or  otherwise 
to  make  a  branch  to  accommodate  the  ship 
traffic.  The  great  point  to  aim  at  in  laying 
out  docks  is,  tliat  the  entrances — for  there  are 
often  more  than  one — should  be  easy  of  access, 
affording  every  convenience  for  the  ingress 
and  egress  of  vessels,  and  yet  at  the  same  time 
well  protected  from  external  influences. 
The  rise  of  the  tide  and  strength  of  current 
must  be  duly  found  and  registered. 

As  all  docks,  whether  wet  or  dry,  are 
intended  to  constitute  a  shelter  for  ships, 
where  they  may  be  secure  from  all  the  dan- 
gers and  hazards  that  attend  them  in  the  open 


river  or  sea,  they  are  necessarily  situated 
in  close  proximity  to  the  open  sea  or  navigable 
rivers.  The  general  disposition  of  wet  docks 
and  their  relative  position  are  well  shown  in 
fig.  1,  which  represents  a  plan  of  the  manner 


ri  G    1. 


in  which  docks  are  usually  laid  out  with 
respect  to  the  avenues  of  communication  sur- 
rounding them,  and,  in  fact,  indispensable  to 
their  success.  Towards  the  top  of  the  plan  is 
the  road  or  main  artery  of  connection  with 
the  inland  territory.  DD  are  the  wet  docks, 
whicli  are  frequently  divided  into  import  and 
export  docks,  the  relative  size  of  which  de- 
pends upon  the  preponderance  of  either  de- 
scription of  commerce.  The  basin  B  com- 
municates with  the  locks  by  gates  opening  in- 
wards, as  shown  in  the  plan,  and  also  by 
the  same  means  with  L  the  entrance  lock, 
which,  in  its  turn,  communicates  ivith  the 
river.  A  bridge  A  takes  the  road  running 
down  to  the  river  side  over  the  lock  L,  and  is 
either  constructed  on  the  swing  principle,  or 
made  to  draw  horizontally  backwards  and  for- 
wards, to  allow  ships  to  pass  in  and  out.  The 
stores,  sheds,  shops  for  carrying  out  small 
repairs,  and  other  buUdings  always  attached 
to  a  dockside,  are  designated  by  S,  and  com- 
pletely encircle  the  docks  on  every  side.  Be- 
sides the  gates,  wet  docks  are  connected  toge- 
ther by  sluices  or  culverts,  built  in  their  walls 
near  the  bottom,  for  the  purpose  of  scouring 
and  cleaning  them  out,  as  in  some  situations 
mud  and  sUt  accumulate  rapidly.  Dredging 
machines  and  dredging  boats  are  also  used  for 
the  same  purpose.  Lock  gates  that  open  sea- 
wards must  be  protected  from  its  action  by 
breakwaters  of  rough  stone  or  rubble  work. 
Tidal  docks,  such  as  exist  at  Dundee,  have  no 
gates,  and  are  left  dry  by  the  tide.  The  con- 
sequence is,  that  a  dredge  is  incessantly  at 
work  removing  tlie  accumulating  deposit  of 
mud  and  marine  debris,  whicli  never  appears 
to  decrease,  in  spite  of  all  the  efforts  made  to 
reduce  its  quantity.  There  are  instances 
where  the  bed  of  a  river  has  been  made  avail- 
able for  the  erection  of  docks  at  a  considerable 
saving  in  excavation,  and  the  course  of  the 
river  diverted  into  another  channel.  The  ad- 
vantage of  this  method,  which,  however,  is 
not  often  feasible,  will  be  seen  on  an  inspec- 
tion of  fig.  2.  The  original  course  of  the 
river  is  shown  b}'  D  D,  but  by  cutting  a  new 
channel  E,  represented  by  the  dotted  lines,  the 
old  bed  can  be  used  for  building  docks  in. 
The  new  channel  need  never  be  more  than  a 
third  or  fourth  of  the  width  of  the  old 
part  utilised,  so  that  the  economy  of  turning 
this  opportunity  to  account,  when  it  does 
occur,  is  at  once  manifest.  As  an  instance  in 
point,  it  may  be  mentioned  that  the  new  docks 
at  Bristol  were  situated  upon  a  site  obtained 
iu  a  somewhat  similar  manner.  The  course 
of  the  River  Avon  was  diverted  into  another 
channel,  and  the  old  bed  rendered  available 
for  the  purpose  required.  It  is  not  absolutely 
necessary  for  wet  docks  to  have  an  entrance 
basin  between  them  and  the  river  to  which 


they  are  attached.  The  Commercial  Docks, 
London,  have  no  basins,  but  as  a  rule  they 
form  an  appendage  to  the  construction. 

The  site  of  the  proposed  works  being  finally 
determined   upon,   the  necessary  plans    and 
estimates  lodged  at  St.  Stephen's,  and  the  act 
obtained,   there   is  nothing  further  to  retard 
their   execution,    provided   always    the   real 
obstacle  is  conquered — viz.,  the   money  diffi- 
culty.     The  funds  being  adequate  and  avad. 
able,  the  work  may  be  commenced  in  earnest. 
More  frequently  than  otherwise,  it  happens 
that  the  time  for  preparing   the   preliminary 
Parliamentary   plans   and   sections   is  barely 
suttlcient  for  procuring  the  amount  of  infor- 
mation required  to  pass  the  bill,  much  less  for 
obtaining  that  thorough  and  full  knowledge 
of  all  the  bearings  of  the  case  which,  althougli 
not  absolutely  necessary  for  proving  the  feasi- 
bility,  utility,  and   value    of    the   proposed 
work,   yet  is  absolutely  indispensable  when 
the  work  comes  to  be  constructed.     As  with 
railways,  so  with  docks  and  all  other  similar 
works   carried    on     under    the    sanction    of 
Government,     there   is     a    great     difference 
between  the  Parliamentary  and  working  plans. 
Moreover,  during  the  passing  of  a  bill  many 
new  opinions  are  brought  to  light  and  fresh 
suggestions  oftered,  which  deserve  considera- 
tion, especially  if  the  bill  be  opposed  ;  and  the 
whole  concern  wears  a  different  aspect.  Again, 
alterations  are  constantly,  and  in  fact  must 
be,   introduced   during  the   progress   of    the 
work,    as    a  variety   of   contingencies    arise 
which   could   not  be  foreseen,  and  must  be 
dealt  with  specially  according  to  the  particular 
circumstances  of  each  individual  case.     It  is, 
therefore,  incumbent  upon  the  engineer,  after 
his  Pariiamentary  tiiumph — and  it  is  a  fair 
cause  for  professional  gratification  to  pass  a 
bill  through  Parliament  in  the  face  of  a  ^•igo- 
rous  and  bitter  opposition — to  carefully  re- 
examine the  ground,  to  give  all  due  considera- 
tion to  opinions  that  have  been  expressed  on 
this  or  that  point,  even  if  at  variance  with  his 
own,  and  to  neglect  no  precautions  to  ensure 
the  success  of  the  work  he  is  engaged  upon. 
For  this    purpose,   fresh  borings  should  be 
made  and  carried  down  deeper  than  before, 
the  strata  tested  geologically,  and  a  careful 
search  instituted  for  the  appearance  of  any 
faults   or  landslips,   evils  which  if  not  dis- 
covered at  the   commencement  are  next   to 
impossible  to  cure  afterwards,  except  at  an 
enormous  cost.      The  watertight  nature    of 
the  under  soil  must  be  investigated,  and  the 
average    depth    to    which    the    foundations, 
whether   piles   or   otherwise,  must  be  carried 
down  carefully  ascertained.     All  these  point* 
duly  attended  to,  the   working  drawmgs  am" 
estimates  can  be  commenced,  the  contract  letj 
and  the  excavation,  wliich  is  one  of  the  firal  _ 
steps,  begun.     Previously  to  undertaking  the* 
excavation,   however,    a  cofferdam  must  be 
generally  made  to  keep  out  the  tidal  waters. 
If  the  dock  lie  far  from  the  river,  so  that  a 
mass  of  watertight  earth  lies  between  it  and 
the  river,  the  dam  is  not  needed,  except  when 
making  the  entrances.     As,  however,  in  many 
instances  a  dam  is  needed,  we  shall  give  in 
our  next  article  a  description  of  a  few  of  the 
best  examples   of  dams  for  the  purpose,  al- 
though it  would  be  foreign  to  our  intention  to 
describe  these  constructions  at  length.     Still, 
as  our  subject  embraces  coft'erdams,  which  are 
in  fact  an  essential  temporary  element  in  the 
erection  of  docks,  our  articles  would  not  be 
complete  without  some  notice  of  them. 


At  the  meeting  of  the  Society  of  EngineeM 
held  on  Monday,  the  4th  inst.,  W.  H.  Le  Feuvre, 
president,  in  tlie  chair,  the  following  gentlemen 
were  bJloted  for,  and  duly  elected  :—Merabera: 
O.  Thorneloe,  D.  D.  Sutherland,  W.  Waruig, 
C.  Comes,  F.  Rummens,  F.  S.  Gi  bert,  J.  Walker, 
A.  Louch,  H.  M'CoUey.  Associates:  J.  S.  Night- 
ingale.  J.  Holmes,  F.  Brickwell,  A.  Maclure, 
jun.,  S.  Flavel,  jun.,  G.  W.  Harris,  .1.  A\  aildell, 
E.  Parry,  R.  Jacques,  L.  D.  Bum,  T.  K.  Hohnes, 
\V.  Featheratonhaugb,  J.  C.  Keea. 


»« 

Italic 


March  S,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


173 


li-clj;ro[ot(ij. 


ENGLISH   MERCHANTS. 

English  SIkrchants  "  is  a  title  very  likely 
be  passed  over  by  archaeological  readers,  un- 
s  tneir  attention  is  specially  called  to  it.  We 
ah,  therefore,  to  call  special  attention  to  ilr. 
R.  Fox  Bourne's  book,  under  this  title,*  and 
say  that  it  enters  at  some  length  into  the 
idiffival  history  of  English  commerce   and 
iglish    merchaiats.     It  is  a  subject  full  of 
Krest  to  tlu>  archa-ologist   and   of  import- 
ce  to  the  historian.     It  includes  the  history 
the  medisval   towns,   such    as    London, 
istol,  Exeter,  Norwich,  Lynn,   Hull,   Lin- 
n,  York,  and  a  liundred  others,  which  were 
tely  cities  wlien  Manchester  and  Liverpool, 
d  Leeds  and  SliefKeld,  were  hamlets  amidst 
J  northern   moors  or  insignilicant   fishing 
lages.     Parker's  "History  of  Architecture" 
res  us  some  general  idea  of  the  architectural 
iuty  of  these  mediajval  towns,  their  streets 
ed  with  the   houses   of  wealthy  citizens, 
th  ample  gardens  at  the  back,  with  nume- 
is  guild  halls,   and  still    more  numerous 
niches  and  chapels,    and,   it  must   be  ad- 
tted,  with   a  good  deal    of   poverty    and 
lalor,  enclosed  within  the  embattled  walls 
gate  towers.     The  subject  includes  the 
itory  of  the  medi;cval  guilds  and  corpora- 
ns,  and  tlie  whole  commercial  legislature 
the  middle  ages.     It  includes  the  history 
rise   of  the  commercial  middle  class  in 
gland  into  wealth  and   political  import- 
»j    and  it  in\olves  also  the    .system   of 
tional  finance  in  the  days  of  the  Plantagenets 
1  Tudors.     ;^Ir.  Bourne  has  bestowed  con- 
erable    research   upon    the    subject,   and 
irds  us  a  very  interesting  sketch  of  it ;  but 
most  interesting  part  of  his  work  consists 
his  biographical  sketches  and  anecdotes  of 
inent  mediivval  merchants.     It  will  be  new 
many  people  to  know  that  commerce  was 
Id  in  "such  high  reputation  as  it  was  in  the 
ry  palmiest  days  of  mediaeval  chivaby :  that 
lets  of  good  families  entered  into  it  even 
ener  than  in  these  days  ;  and  that  indivi- 
al    merchants    commonly    attained    such 
alth  and  power  and  political  importance  as 
ST  did.     Sir  John  Crosby's  house  still  re- 
ins in  Bishopsgate,  to  show  what  kind  of 
vn  house  a  great  merchant  of  the  fourteenth 
tury  lived  in  ;  and  his  history  in  the  first 
mber  of  the  Middlesex  Society's  Transac- 
ns  will  tell    how    he  was  the  friend  of 
•alty,  and  intermarried  ^-ith  one    of   the 
blest  houses  in  the  land.     Mr.  Bourne  tells 
how  the   De  la  Poles  created   Hull,  and 
i  roduced  there  in  their  extensive  works  for 
t .  beautification  and  fortification  of  the  town 
l^ow   Countries'  fashion   of   building   in 
His  lives   of  Miles  and   Colston  of 
il,  and  of  the  Greshams  of  London,  and 
.hers,  give  us  very  interesting  information 
;  a  branch  of  our  history  of  w'hich  Uttle 
I'ularly  known,  but  whose  knowledge  is 
ist  as  important   to  a   comprehension  of 
'.astory  of  the  English  people   as  that  of 
".  ;■    wars   and    alliances    of   its     kings   and 
I  lies.   The  biograpliical  sketches  are  brought 
1  to  the  Couttses  and  Hoares  of  modern 
:  and  the  whole  series  will  be  foimd  full 
lormation  and  interest. 


whole  manner  of  life  were  of  an  older  fashion. 
The  rise  of  the  commercial  importance  and  con- 
sequent wealth  of  the  north,  the  influx  of  popu- 
lation from  all  quarters  to  the  great  manufactur- 
ing districts,  the  increased  facilities  of  locomotion, 
have  tended  to  sweep  away  the  old  fashionedness 
and  provincialism  of  the  north,  and  in  the  process 
rauoh  that  was  of  anuquarian  interest  has  been 
necessarily  swept  away  also.  We  should  be  fool- 
ish to  regret  it ;  but  wo  may  rejoice  that,  before 
these  interesting  traces  of  the  past  life  of  the 
people  have  altogether  disappeared,  more  than  one 
antiquary  has  set  himself  to  the  task  of  coUeotmg 
and  recording  all  that  was  of  real  value.  Two  of 
these  collections  are  now  before  us.  'We  will 
notice  first,  as  taking  the  wider  scope,  Mr.  Hen- 
dei-son's  "  Notes  on  the  Folk-lore  of  the  North- 
ern Counties  of  England  and  the  Borders,"  to 
which  Mr.  Baring  Gould  has  added  an  appendix, 
"  On  Household  Storie.s."*  The  book  is  an  inter- 
esting and  pleasant  mclanrie,  which  we  can  recom- 
mend to  our  readers.  Some  idea  of  its  contents 
will  be  gathered  from  an  enumeration  of  the  sub- 
jects which  occupy  its  eleven  chapters  : — 1.  The 
life  and  death  of  man  ;  2.  Days  and  seasons ;  3. 
Spells  and  divinations  ;  4.  Portents  and  auguries ; 
5.  Charms  and  spells;  (5.  AYitchcraft ;  7.  Local 
sprites;  8.  'Worms  and  dragons  ;  9.  Occult  powers 
and  sympathies  ;  10.  Haunted  spots ;  11.  Dreams. 
The  book  abounds  in  facts  and  anecdotes  full  of 
general  as  well  as  archa;ological  interest. 

The  second  collection  before  us  is  an  inter- 
estiug  little  volume  entitled  "  Lancashire 
Folk-lore  :  illustrative  '  of  the  Superstitious 
Beliefs  and  Practices,  Local  Customs  and  Usages 
of  the  People  of  the  County  Palatine,"  com- 
piled and  edited  by  John  Harland,  F.S.A.,  and 
T.  T.  Wilkinson,  F.R.A.S.,  has  just  been  pub 
lished.  It  is  valuable  as  the  first  collection  of 
the  folk-lore  of  a  county  rich  in  this  material. 
A  mere  enumeration  of  the  titles  under  which 
its  varied  contents  are  classified  wdl  show  its 
character  better  than  an  elaborate  notice.  The 
first  part— Superstitions,  &c.— mcludes  Alchemy, 
Astrologj-,  Bells,  Bellane  Fires,  Boggarts  (i.e., 
ghosts  or  goblins).  Charms  and  Spells,  the 
Devd,  Demons,  Demoniacal  Possession,  &c., 
Divinations,  Elves  and  Fairies,  Magic  and  Magi- 
cians, Raising  the  Dead,  Miracles,  Omens  and 
Predications,  Relics,  Wells  and  Springs,  'SVitches 
and  Witchcraft.  The  second  part  comprises  nu- 
merous local  customs  and  usages  at  various 
seasons,  as  the  great  festivals  of  the  church  and 
others,  at  Easter,  Whitsuntide,  Mayday,  and 
Christmas,  with  sundry  peculiar  eating  and 
drinking  customs  ;  as  well  as  those  marking  the 
three  great  events  of  human  life — Birth  and 
Baptismal,  Betrothal  and  Bridal,  and  Dying 
Death-bed  and  Funeral  Customs.  To  these  are 
added  Feudal  Customs  of  JIanors  in  Lancashire, 
Farm  Celebrations,  &c.  Of  course  there  are 
various  traditions  connected  with  the  building  of 
churches,  in  which  angels,  goblins,  &c.,  seemed 
to  have  turned  masons  or  iconoclasts. 


dreds  of  years,  except  by  the  fall  of  the  old  tower 
on  January  1,  IGOO,  and" it  is  believed  that  to  this 
is  owing  the  fracture  of  one  end,  the  whole  weight 
of  it  falling  in  that  direction.  It  consists  of  a 
solid  block  of  freestone  6.Jft.  by  3*ft.,  smoothed 
and  carved,  with  an  elaborate  border  and  a  flori- 
ated cross,  surmounted  with  an  abbot's  crozierand 
rosary.  On  the  left-hand  side  is  the  cross  of  the 
abbey,  and  on  the  right  the  lion-rampant  of  Scot- 
land, thus  pointing  to  the  connection  of  Cumber- 
land with  Scotland  in  the  reign  of  Stephen,  the  abbey 
having  been  founded  by  the  Scotch  Prince  Henry 
in  the  year  1100.  Round  the  border  is  a  Latin, 
inscription  in  the  contracted  monkish  form  and 
old  letters  of  the  period,  which  can  be  traced  as 
follows :—"  Gulius  Vyckar,  Abbass**  (here  fol- 
lows a  number)  de  Holme  Coltran,  cujus  an  :  prop- 
eietur  Deus.  Amen,"  which  may  be  rendered, 
'•  William  Vyckar,  *  *  Abbot  of  Holme  Cultram, 
to  whose  soul  God  show  mercy.     Amen." 

At  the  meeting   of   the    Cork  Archaiologica 
Society  on   the  13th  ult.,  Mr.  Robert  Day,   jun. 
exhibited  a  wedge-shaped  pierced  stone  hammer 
weighing  6.Ub.,  which  was  found  by  James  Walsh 
at  Ballynainaddy,  near  Bally mena,  from  whom  it 
was  purchased ;  it  measures  6in.   in  length,  4iin. 
wide,   and  is  3iiu.  thick,  is   made  of  hard  sand- 
stone, and  is  well  preserved.      A  much  smaller 
hammer  of  the  same  type  made  of  hornblende. 
This  was  found  at  Clough  Castle,  County  Antrim ; 
has    a    polished    surface,    and   great    care  must 
have  been  liestowed  on   its  manufacture,  as  both 
in  form  and  finish   it  is  equal  to  any  which  have 
hitherto   come  before    the    society,     .\nother  of 
similar  material,  round  at  both  ends,  from  Kilrea, 
County  Antrim  ;  and  a   curious   diamond-shaped 
stone  implement   not  pierced  but   similar  in  out- 
line to  a  hammer  figured  in  the  XJlst-.r  Journal  o 
Archaologv,   vol  ix.,  p.  236.      This   is  also  from 
the  countv   Antrim,  and  was  found  in  Ballybeg 
bog,  near"Bellaghy.    An  implement  resembling  it, 
found  at  Ardnahue,   near  Carlow,  is  now  in  the 
collection    of   Mr.    Spong,   of  that   town— Fide 
"  Transactions   of  the  Kilkenny  Society,"  vol.  v., 
new  series,  p.  119,  where  it  is  figured. 

It  often  happens  that  the  valuable  archEeologieal 
matei-ial,  whose  accumulation  has  occupied  the 
leisure  of  half  a  lifetime,  is  dispersed  or  locked  up 
and  forgotten  at  the  collector's  death.  A  better 
fate  has  awaited  the  collection  of  the  late  M.  W. 
Boyle,  Esq.,  secretary  to  the  London  Joint  Stock 
Bank.  It  consists  of  a  vast  volume  entitled 
"Ancient  Sepulchral  Remains,"  and  conbiins 
between  300  and  400  original  drawings  of  se- 
pulchral stones  and  monumental  efligies,  with 
notes  and  descriptions,  chiefly  frorn  printed 
sources,  and  a  large  correspondence  with  clergy- 
men in  all  parts  of  England,  descriptive  of  objects 
of  interest  in  their  churches.  Mr.  Boyle's  widow, 
with  great  liberality  and  judgment,  made  inquiry 
for  some  antiquary  who  would  know  how  to  value 
and  use  the  collection,  and  was  induced  to  offer  it 
to  H.  AV.  King,  Esq.,  the  secretary  of  the  Essex 
Archeeological  Society.  It  could  not  have  been 
put  into  more  competent  and  careful  hands. 


FOLK-LORR    OF    THE    NORTH     OF 
ENGLAND. 

r  TIL  the  present  generation  the  North  of  Eng- 

i  ,d  was  in  a  much  more  primitive  social  condi- 

tn  than  the  South.     The  language  was  an  older 

im  of  English:  accent,  words,  modes  of  expres- 

■  II,  proverbial  sayings,  long  obsolete  in  the  south, 

;  e  atill  in   use  there  ;  old    sports  and   customs 

t>  BtUl  in  common  use   there    which   had  long 

11    unknown    here :  social    habits    and     the 


English  Merclianta.     Memoira  in  lUustra'ion  of  the 
reas  of  British  Cominerce."    3  vols.    London :   Bent- 
4.    1867. 


The  excavations  in  Smithfield  continue  to  turn 
up  a  quantity  of  broken  Roman  pottery,  but 
nothing  of  importance  has  been  found  since  the 
pavement  whose  discovery  we  recorded  three 
weeks  ago. 

At  the  works  in  connection  with  the  pulling 
down  of  the  ancient  parish  church  of  Stanhope  in 
Weardale,  several  stone  cofilns  have  been  disco- 
vered. The  Rev.  Canon  Greenwell,  the  celebrated 
archa;ologist,  of  Durham,  visited  the  place  on  Fri- 
day last,  and  inspected  these  relics  of  a  former  age 
— the  thirteenth  or  fourteenth  century,  the  period 
named  by  Mr.  Greenwell  as  the  probable  date  of 
interment. 

Archieologists  will  learn  with  pleasure  that  the 
well-known  antiquary  Mr.  TroUope,  the  Secretary 
of  the  Lincoln  Society,  has  just  been  promoted  to 
the  archdeaconry  of  Stowe.  It  is  only  a  short 
time  since  his  friends  presented  to  Lincoln  Ca- 
thedral, as  a  testimonial  of  respect  of  him,  a 
pulpit,  which  is  probably  the  finest  and  most 
sumptuous  in  England. 

A  very  interesting  discovery  of  a  large  monu- 
mental stone  was  made  in  the  burial-ground  of 
Abbey  Holme,  Cultram,  while  digging  for  a  grave 
the  other  day.  The  stone  in  question  was  struck 
about  2Jft.  below  the  surface,  being  the  ba.'^ement 
of  the  south  side  of  the  old  ch.ancel.  The  place 
where  it  lay  has  remained  undisturbed  for  hun- 


Lonsnian  and  Co. .  Lindou. 


COMPETITIONS. 

The  Guardians  of  the  Bui-nley  Union  Work- 
house have  accepted  the  plans  and  awarded  the 
first  prize  of  i;lOO  to  Mr.  H.  Lesley,  of  Middles- 
boro",  for  his  designs  of  a  new  workhouse.  Mr. 
J.  P.  Bracey,  of  Bishopsg-ate-street,  City,  ob- 
tained the  seccnd  prize  of  ±'50. 

Schools,  Ashfoud,  keab  Staines.— The  com- 
mittee received  eighteen  designs  in  reply  to  their 
advertisement,  and  ultimately  selected  that  sent 
by  Mr.    John   JI.   Hooker,  of  5,   Arundel-strset, 

Strand. 

♦ 

For  two  years  past  there  has  been  in  course  of 
construction  a  tidal  basin,  intended  to  relieve  the 
existing  pressure  of  shipping  in  Glasgow  Harbour. 
The  basin  is  situated  on  the  south  side  of  the 
Clyde,  about  half  a  mile  below  Broomielaw  Bridge. 
It  occupies  an  area  of  5-J  acres,  and  aflbrds  S30  yds. 
of  commodious  quays,  on  which  sheds  will  bs 
erected  for  the  reception  of  merchandise ;  and  on 
Monday  last  for  the  first  time  the  tide  wa.s  allowed 
to  flow  in.  A  dredger  will  be  forthwith  intro- 
duced, and  the  basin  scooped  out  to  a  depth  of 
22ft.  below  high  water  of  spring  tides,  being  the 
present  average  depth  of  the  Glasgow  Harbour. 
It  is  expected  that  in  eight  months  from  the  pre- 
sent date  the  basin  will  be  in  a  state  to  receiv* 
phip]>ing. 


in 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


March  8,  186t, 


RECENT  AMERICAN   INVENTIONS. 

YANKEE  ingenuity  has  passed  into  a  pro- 
verb. Fertility  of  resource  and  inven- 
tion are  unquestionably  among  the  most  pro- 
minent traits  of  the  American  mind.  Perhaps 
no  more  conclusive  proof  and  striking  illus- 
tration of  this  fact  could  be  found  than  is  fur- 
nished by  the  returns  of  the  Patent  Office  at 
Washington.  A  glanco  at  these  returns  for 
the  year  1866,  which  are  now  before  us,  will 
show  how  far  Brother  Jonathan  has  shot 
ahead  of  all  his  contemporaries,  not  excepting 
his  friends  in  the  old  country,  in  this  direction. 
We  find  that  during  the  year  ending  Septem- 
ber 30th,  1866,  8,716  patents  for  inventions 
and  designs  were  issued  in  the  United  States, 
and  at  that  date  the  balance  in  the  treasury  to 
the  credit  of  the  patent  fund  was  228,297  dol- 
lars. Tills  shows  a  very  large  increase  as  com- 
pared with  former  years.  In  1860,  for  e.'cample, 
5,638  patents  were  applied  for,  and  846  caveats 
were  registered  ;  3,896  patents  were  issued, 
and  28  extended  for  seven  years  from  the  ex- 
piration of  the  first  term.  In  this  country 
about  2,000  patents  only  were  granted  last 
year,  or  about  one-fourth  the  number  issued 
in  tlie  United  States.  England,  however, 
stands  next  to  America  as  regards  the  num- 
ber of  its  patents  ;  France  coming  third.  The 
Englishman,  as  has  been  observed,  has  a  large 
inventive  genius,  but  at  the  sanre  time  a  ten- 
dency to  stick  by  the  old  ways.  The  American 
assumes  at  once  that  whatever  is  old  is  wrong, 
and  never  rests  until  he  has  hit  upon  some- 
thing new.  Ingenious  and  convenient  con- 
trivances for  saving  time,  trouble,  and  expense, 
as  well  as  promoting  comfort,  abound  every- 
where in  the  United  States.  This  inventive 
spirit  is  encouraged  by  the  easy  terms  on 
which  patents  may  be  secured,  and  since  it 
would  appear  that  those  countries  in  which 
the  largest  number  of  patents  are  granted  are 
commercially  the  most  prosperous,  and  vice 
vprsa,  the  fact  is  one  well  worthy  the  attention 
of  our  legislature.*  We  shall  confine  our- 
selves to  the  American  patents  granted  during 
the  latter  six  months  of  the  year.  The  list  is 
both  curious  and  interesting.  It  would  be 
lifficult  to  say  what  field  has  proved  the  most 
fruitful,  though,  perhaps,  agricultural  and 
farming  implements  open  up  the  widest  range 
for  the  ingenuit_y  of  inventors.  Patents  were  is- 
8uedduringthe  six  monthsforsixty-three  "cul- 
tivators," fifty-two  ploughs,  fifty  churns,  forty- 
eight  washing  machines,  thirty-three  varieties 
of  "  harvesters,"  thirty-two  pumps,  twenty-five 
corn  planters,  twenty-four  hay  forks,  twenty 
horse-rakes,  fifteen  "evaporators,"  fences  of 
forty-seven  patterns,  and  forty-three  gates, 
twenty-two  beehives,  and  an  equal  number  of 
bridles,  and  brick  machines.  We  note  "a 
new  colouring  matter  for  butter,"  and  even 
the  lioinely  implement  known  as  a  potato  dig- 
ger has  been  the  subject  or  oliject  of  as  many 
as  eleven  patents.  The  improvements  in  do- 
mestic utensils  and  household  appliances  have 
been  very  varied  and  numerous.  These  have 
included  twenty-eight  broom  heads,  eighteen 
bed  bottoms  ;  patent  springs,  baskets,  baking 
pans,  buttons,  and  apple  parers,  of  each  fifteen  ; 
eleven  bottle-stoppers,  eight  wringers,  seven 
sprinklers,  and  clothes  dryers  ;  pea  shellers 
and  fruit  cans,  stoves  and  sad-irons,  together 
with  five  new  contrivances  for  improving  um- 
brellas, fuurteen  lamps,  and  twenty  lanterns. 
Twenty-five  patents  were  taken  out  in  connec- 
tion with  travelling  carriages  and  carriage 
furniture.  Railway  travelling,  on  the  other 
hand,  is  likely  to  be  more  safe  and  com- 
fortable by  new  car  trucks,  and  bridges, 
safety  switches,  and  car  brakes  and  coup- 
lings, fur  which  last  there  were  issued  no 
fewer  than  thirty  patents.  For  the  greater 
security  of  property,  twenty-five  neiv  locks 
and  padlocks  were  patented,  while  the  house- 
breaker's chances  of  success  are  rendered  stUl 
more  doubtful  by  nine  new  burglar-alarms, 
which  are  warranted  to  detect  and  expose  the 
intruder.    The  improved  musical  instruments 


of  all  kinds,  from  the  cornet  to  the  piano,  and 
the  banjo  to  the  harmonium;  and  the  artificial 
legs,  arms,  hands,  eyes,  and  teeth,  for  which 
patents  have  been  granted,  are  too  numerous 
to  mention.  One  would  have  thought  that 
there  had  been  enough  of  "  patent  medicines" 
already  in  the  world.  Our  American  cousins 
appear  not  to  think  so,  since  they  have  added 
twenty  new  nostrums  to  the  stock.  The  extent 
as  well  as  the  heterogeneous  character  of  this 
coUectionis  apparent  ;  but,  as  we  have  already 
remarked,  the  inventive  faculty  is  fostered  and 
encouraged  in  America  as  it  is  in  no  other 
country.  The  Patent  Office  in  Washington  is 
one  of  the  greatest  wonders  not  only  in  "  the 
city  of  magnificent  distances,"  but  in  the 
United  States.  It  is  a  huge  building,  con- 
sisting of  four  sides,  having  a  court  within, 
similar  in  size  to  Somerset  House.  It  is  in 
the  Doric  style,  and  is  built  chiefly  of  white 
marble.  The  staff  of  officials  includes  a 
commissioner  of  patents  with  a  salary  of 
3,000  dollars  per  annum,  several  principal 
examiners,  each  having  a  salary  of  2,500 
dollars,  and  assistant  examiners  having  1,500 
dollars  ;  a  draughtsman  and  a  machinist  simi- 
larly paid,  and  a  large  staff  of  clerks.  Each 
of  the  chief  officials  has  charge  of  some  parti- 
cular class  of  invention.  In  the  Patent  Office 
are  deposited  specimens  of  every  patent  taken 
out.  It  contains  besides,  a  variety  of  anti- 
quities, curiosities,  and  other  objects  of  in- 
terest ;  as  the  press  at  which  Benjamin 
Franklin  worked  while  in  London,  the  coat 
worn  by  General  Jackson  at  the  battle  of 
New  Orleans,  the  coat  worn  by  Washington 
when  he  resigned  his  commission  at  Anna- 
polis, a  copy  of  the  Declaration  of  Indepen- 
dence, &c.  As  to  the  patents  deposited,  the 
collection,  we  are  told,  is  overwhelming. 
Even  the  list  we  have  enumerated  might  al- 
most be  taken  as  giving  some  countenance  to 
the  well-known  story  that,  if  a  Yankee  were 
cast  upon  an  uninhabited  island,  he  would  be 
fo\md  next  morning  trying  to  sell  maps  of  the 
country.  In  the  fertility  of  his  genius,  at  any 
rate,  it  cannot  be  denied  that  Brother 
Jonathan  "  whips  all  creation."  If  this  inven- 
tive spirit  continues,  and  the  population  goes 
on  increasing  as  hitherto,  ere  long,  as  a  recent 
traveller  remarked,  all  Wasliington  will 
hardly  suffice  for  a  patent  office.  Supposing, 
by  the  way,  that  it  were  possible  for  our  friend 
to  find  himself  in  any  dilemma  of  that  kind, 
we  believe  that  this  very  faculty  of  his  would 
soon  get  him  out  of  the  difficulty.  He  would 
design  another  patent  office — probably  on  the 
"  boundless  prairie." 


*  A.n  article  on  the  subject  of  patents  generally  appearad 
,  the  BuiLi>ih'o  Nfiwa  some  months  ago. 


ALBERT    MEMORIAL    INDUSTRIAL 
SCHOOLS,     BIRKENHEAD. 

ON  another  page  is  an  illustration,  with  plan,  of 
the  Birkenhead  Albert  Memorial  Industrial 
Schools,  presented  to  the  town  by  Mr.  Wm.  Jack- 
son, M.P.  The  building  is  .situated  iu  Corporation- 
road  North,  Birkenhead.  The  design  erected  was 
selected  from  a  number  sent  in  competition,  and 
in  plan  resembles  tlie  letter  £,  having  a  frontage 
to  Corporation  road  lOSft.  in  lengtb,  by  a  depth  of 
60ft.  The  principal  entrance,  and  the  super- 
intendent's residence,  board-room  and  offices,  &c., 
occupy  the  front  centre,  whilst  the  right  side  of 
the  building  is  devoted  to  boys  and  the  left  to 
girls,  proper  classification  of  sexes  being  strictly 
maintained  throughout.  On  either  side  of  the 
entrance-hall  is  the  board-room  and  office,  and 
descending  a  few  steps  on  to  the  basement  floor 
the  dining  hall  is  reached,  an  apartment  40ft.  by 
S.^ft.,  having  an  open  timber  roof  and  lighted 
therefrom  by  clerestory  lights ;  direct  communica- 
tion is  obtained  with  the  k'.tchen  and  other  offices 
from  this  apartment,  &a  well  as  separate  entrances 
for  both  sexes  from  the  schoolrooms  and  play 
grounds.  The  workrooms  for  industrial  pursuits 
are  also  arranged  on  this  floor,  immediately  under 
the  Bchoolrooni  on  the  right,  and  are  properly 
heated,  lighted,  and  ventilated ;  whilst  the  girls 
have  kitchens,  laundry,  &c.,  on  the  opposite  side, 
having  lavatories,  bath-rooms,  &c.,  attached  to 
each,  with  a  large  plunge  bath  for  the  common 
>ise  of  both.  Stone  staircases  are  provided  for 
each  wing  from  this  floor  the  full  height  of  the 
building,  the  superintendent's  and  matron's  apart- 


ments being  approached  by  the  principal  stair 
from  the  front.  The  ground  floor  is  approached 
by  a  wide,  well  lighted  corridor  from  the  entrance 
hall  right  and  left,  leading  to  the  bovs'  schoolroom 
57ft.  long  by  20ft.  wide,  and  girls'  schoolroom  43ft. 
Ijy  20ft.  of  proportionate  height,  amply  lighted, 
and  perfectly  ventilated,  with  class  and  sewing 
rooms  attached.  The  entresol  floor,  over  office 
and  board-room,  contains  the  sitting  and  bedrooms 
of  the  superintendent  and  matron,  which  poml 
being  equidistant  from  all  parts  of  the  building 
perfect  supervision  is  obtained  throughout.  The 
dormitories  are  arr.anged  on  the  first-floor  wings, 
ranges  of  separate  beds  being  provided  on  each 
side,  with  a  wide  avenue  down  the  centre,  the 
teachers  having  bedrooms  overlojking  the  whole, 
bath-rooms  and  other  conveniences  being  attached. 
The  second  floor  has  dormitories  the  same  size  aa 
the  floor  below,  in  addition  to  which  it  is  provided 
with  isolated  sick  wards,  store  rooms,  itc,  and  all 
requisite  conveniences.  Large  play-grounds  are 
attached  to  the  schools,  and  a  covered  playshedis 
provided  round  three  sides  of  the  building  leading 
direct  to  the  out-offices,  bakehouse,  &c.  The 
building  externally  has  a  bold  and  commanding 
appearance,  indicative  of  the  purpose  it  fulfils, 
whilst  its  deep  reveals  and  well  broken  skyline 
give  it  a  picturesque  appearance ;  the  material 
used  is  local  brick  interspersed  with  bands  of 
black,  the  window  arches  having  bricks  of  three 
colours,  and  roofs  slated  in  parti-coloured  slating, 
The  style  of  the  building,  for  want  of  a  miire 
defined  term,  may  be  called  "  Victorian,"  being! 
free  adaptation  of  brick  to  modern  requirement!, 
and  is  dependent  for  its  effect  rather  upon  breadth 
of  treatment  than  the  elaboration  of  parts.  The 
principal  entrance  door  is  deeply  recessed  and 
richly  carved  and  moulded,  supported  upon  dwarf 
columns  of  polished  black  limestone — the  tympt 
num  of  this  door  contains  a  relievo  specially  de- 
signed by  the  architect,  the  subject  of  which 
being  Charity  interceding  with  Education  for  the 
improvement  of  the  Ragged  Poor,  the  idea  of  which 
has  been  well  carried  out  by  the  late  Mr.  Sterling, 
sculptor,  who  also  executed  the  medallion  bust. 
Internally  the  whole  of  the  walls  of  the  school, 
rooms,  dormitories,  and  offices  are  finished  it 
brick,  painted  a  warm  tint,  all  the  corridors  being 
tiled.  In  the  plan  and  arrangement  of  the 
building  no  effort  has  been  spared  to  make  it  on* 
of  the  most  perfect  of  its  class  in  the  kingdom 
The  entire  cost  of  the  building,  with  the  furnish- 
ing, was  about  £6,000,  the  whole  of  which  was 
defrayed  by  Mr.  Wm.  Jackson,  M.P.,  as  a  gift  l« 
the  town,  who  likewise  gave  the  site.  The  works 
have  been  executed  in  a  very  satisfactory  manner 
by  Mr.  T.  W.  NeiU,  contractor,  from  the  exceUent 
designs  and  under  the  superintendence  of  Mr. 
David  Walker,  of  Birkenhead,  and  Lord-street, 
Liverpool. 

THE    CHURCH    OF    ST.   PHILIP, 
SYDENHAM. 

THIS  church  was  erected  in  1865  from  the 
designs  of  Mr.  Edwin  Nash,  architect,  and 
has  been  built  with  some  variations  and  improve, 
ments  upon  what  is  shown  in  the  engraving, 
the  transepts  and  apsidal  end  having  been 
retained,  but  the  box-hke  projections  in  the 
angles  have  been  omitted,  and  proper  aisles,  with 
columnar  arcades,  have  been  carried  along  nave 
and  transepts  instead.  The  stone  used  was  loww 
green  sand  Kentish  rag  and  upper  greensaM 
Reigate,  with  which  latter  the  walls  are  mainly 
built  and  faced,  both  eiternally  and  intornallj; 
the  columns,  window  tracery,  &c,,  are  of  Bath, 
and  the  arches  of  the  same,  alternating  wM 
brown  Speldhurst  stone.  It  seats  700  and  the 
cost  has  been  £5,000.  The  contractor  w.->s  Mr. 
Carruthers,  and  a  small  amount  of  decoration  has 
been  painted  by  Mr.  Fisher.  The  font  is  circular 
and  of  alabaster,  and  with  four  marble  shafts, 
cinctured,  extending  the  whole  height,  the  upper 
half  being  attached  to  the  outer  circumference, 
and  the  lower  half  being  disengaged.  It  was 
executed  by  Mr.  Jaquet  from  Mr.  Nash's  draw- 
ings. It  has  the  inscription  "All  my  treaa 
springs  shall  be  in  Thee."  The  site  is  that  wluoh 
was  occupied  by  some  medicinal  springs  that  nao 
some  repute  more  than  a  century  ago,  ana  were 
named  by  Evelyn  in  his  Diary. 


Mr.  Boulton,  sculptor,  of  Worcester,  has  jus' 
finished  four  statues,  life-size,  and  four  sitting 
statues,  and  two  angels,  5ft.  high,  for  Bar- 
ton Church,  near  Manchester.  This  church  « 
being  built  at  the  expense  of  Sir  Humphrey  a« 
Trafi'urd,  from  the  designs  of  Mr.  Welby  Pugm. 


TIlc-  Tlu.ldiiiq  Ne-Ais.Uar, S  ISG? 


Tae  Bunjiug  'I.->vs,:.'.^.8.1S6''. 


CHURCH.^ 


,..^^^^^<S^S^i^^-^<.-feO5?«««i«#0*fy^^  -  ^^^&^ 


-^^.!S^> 


i^4^ 


!--* 


•??qf 


JE iL 


Rol)' W  Spraglie  i  C"  Lilh  lo.^d  r 


I 


March  8,  186?. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


179 


PURIFYING  WATER. 

THE  question  of  water  supply  is  at  the 
present  time  engrossinf;  public  attention 
to  a  considerable  extent,  both  with  regard  to 
quantity  and  quality.  It  is  with  the 
latter  point — its  purity — that  we  now  have  to 
deal,  and  here  we  arc  met  by  manydilViculties. 
These  arise  not  so  much  from  those  who  supply 
the  water  as  those  wlio  use  it.  Water  per- 
fectly free  from  impurities  may  be  delivered 
til  the  consumer,  but  with  him  it  rests  that 
it  shall  be  preserved  pure,  and  he  it  is  who  is 
the  most  indifferent  in  this  respect.  It  must, 
however,  be  admitted  that  tlie  means  for 
effecting  the  puritication  of  water  are  some- 
what limited,  only  a  moderate  amount  of  care 
having  been  bestowed  upon  the  subject.  We 
need  not  stay  here  to  urge  the  necessity  of 
pure  water  in  a  sanitary  point  of  view  ;  that  is 
indisputable.  But  we  may  observe  that  the 
metropolitan  water  consumers  number  nearly 
four  millions,  and  to  these  the  various  com- 
panies issue  above  eighty-seven  million  gal- 
Ions  of  water  per  month.  About  half  of  this 
quantity  is  derived  from  sources  other  than 
ii-  river,  whilst  the  remaining  half,  of  course, 
iues  contaminated  with  the  sewage  of 
sundry  towns  and  villages,  diluted  with  hard 
water.  It  ilows  thick  and  turbid,  is  positively 
unwholesome,  and  probably  injurious.  There 
are  two  main  elements  of  impurity  in  water 
which  render  it  both  unwholesome  and  incon- 
venient to  use.  These  elements  are  organic 
impurities,  and  metallic  .salts  producing  hard- 
ness. River  water  exhibits  orj^anic  impregna- 
tion, whilst  spring  water  affords  an  illustra- 
tion of  hardness.  Dr.  Clarke  some  years 
since  succeeded  in  rendering  hard  waters  soft 
by  a  process  now  well  known,  which  consists 
in  the  simple  addition  of  lime.  E.\perimeut 
has  further  proved  that  in  abstracting  the 
hartlness  by  this  process  the  organic  portion 
is  also  precipitated.  The  soluble  carbonate  of 
lime  is  rendered  insoluble,  and  carries  down 
with  it  the  principal  portion  of  the  organic 
matter,  whilst  the  beneficial  salts  remain  un- 
disturbed. It  is  true  thot  sulphate  of  lime 
when  present  hardens  the  water  to  a  certain 
t.\tent,  but  then  it  acts  as  a  preservative 
against  lead  poisoning,  and  hence  becomes  in- 
valuable. 

It  follows,  then,  that  as  Dr.'Clarke's  process 
softens  and  purifies  the  water  submitted  to  its 
action,  it  is  eminently  adapted  for  use  where 
those  two  qualities  are  desirable — and  where 
are  they  not  i  But  hitherto  difficulties  have 
presented  themselves  which  have  hindered  the 

Sractical  application  of  the  process.  The  re- 
uction  of  water  from  16  deg.  of  hardness  to 
5  or  6  deg.,  if  economically  effected,  would 
prove  a  .fjreat  boon  to  our  manufacturers,  and 
all  using  steam  power  would  find  an  economy 
j  in  fuel  and  plant.  So  in  cuUnary  and  laun- 
'  dry  operations  would  the  benefit  be  appre- 
ciated ;  everyone  knows  the  ditticulty  of  ex- 
tracting essences  or  making  tea  with  hard 
water,  whilst  in  washing  with  similar  water 
the  waste  of  soap  is  enormous  in  the  aggre- 
gate. To  utilise  this  process,  then,  Mr.  T. 
W.  Tobin,  of  8,01d  Jewry,  E.G.,  has  effected  an 
arrangement  which  we  have  recently  inspected, 
and  which  promises  to  give  the  public  the  long- 
|80Ught  boon  of  soft  and  pure  water.  The  ap- 
iparatus,  which  has  been  patented,  is  very 
I  simple  in  construction,  consisting  of  nothing 
more  than  a  galvanised  iron  cylinder  about 
4ft.  high  by  Itt.  in  diameter.  Through  this 
the  water  is  made  to  pass ;  and  while  so  doing 
is  brought  in  contact  with  a  small  quantity  of 
prepared  lime,  which  only  requires  replenish- 
ing about  once  a  fortnight.  The  cost  of  puri- 
fying by  this  method  is  stated  to  be  about  one 
farthing  for  two  thousand  gallons;  whilst,  with 
regard  to  the  effectiveness  of  the  apparatus, 
[the  water  after  treatment  appears  to  possess 
Ithe  softness  of  rain  water  and  the  clearness  of 
jsprmg  water,  with  greater  purity  than  either. 
When  the  details  are  completed  we  hope  to 
give  our  readers  full  particidars  of  the  appa- 
ratus. If  it  realises  the  expectations  of  the 
inventor — and  there  is  every  reason  to  believe 


it  will — it  must  certainly  prove  of  incalculable- 
benefit  to  manufacturers  and  to  every  house- 
hold, whilst  in  a  sanitary  point  of  view  it  will 
undoubtedly  be  of  even  greater  importance. 

♦ 

THE   ADMINISTRATION  OF  THE 
PEABODY    TRUST. 

IT  would  be  so  much  more  pleasant  to  be- 
lieve that  the  noble  donation  of  Mr. 
George  Peabody  is  being  well  expended  that 
it  is  with  greatregret  we  find  ourselves  unable 
to  agree  in  the  satisfactory  conclusions  to 
which  the  trustees  would  fain  lead  us  in  the 
report  they  have  just  issued.  The  expressed 
intention  of  the  donor  was  that  his  generous 
gift  should  be  applied  "  To  promote  the 
comfort  and  happiness  of  the  poor  and 
needy  of  this  great  metropolis"  "in  such 
a  way  as  would  be  appreciated  not  only 
by  tlie  present,  but  by  future  generations 
of  the  people  of  London."  The  interpretation 
very  pro])erly  put  upon  this  latter  require- 
ment by  the  public  and  by  the  trustees  them- 
selves was  that  the  fund  was  to  be  so  employed 
as  to  be  remunerative  and  "  to  bear  within 
itself  the  germ  of  future  extension  and  per- 
petuity." The  most  feasible  way  of  efl'ecting 
this  was  admitted  to  be  the  erection  of  health- 
ful homes  for  the  humbler  classes  of  London 
working  people.  We  now  propose,  avoiding 
many  minor  questions  which  might  fairly  be 
considered,  to  inquire  how  far  the  objects  of 
perpetuity  and  extension  are  likely  to  be  ful- 
filltd  by  the  scale  of  expenditure  and  general 
policy  which  the  trustees  have  been  advised 
to  adopt.  The  report  for  1866,  just  issued, 
states  broadly  that  "The  original  fund  has 
been  increased  bv  the  earnings  of  interest  and 
rents  to  the  extent  of  ^15,416  8s.  Ud."  A 
comparison  with  the  report  for  1865  will  show 
that  this  increase  is  made  up  of  the  following 
items  : — 

Inteiest  camod    £12,541  4     S 

Rents  from  Spitalfields-buildings 
(less  expenses),  February  29,  1S64, 
to  December  31,  1S65  (1  year  and 
9  months) £"M     3  S 

Rents  from  Spitalfields  buildings 
(less  expenses),  December  31,  1S65, 
to  December  31,  1S66  (1  year) 703     3  9' 

£1,467  12  3 

Rents  from  Islington  (less  expenses), 
September  to  December  31,  1865 
(3months) £179    3  6 

Reut3  from  Islington  (less  expenses), 
December  31,  1S65,  to  December 
31,  1666  (1  year) 122S    8  9* 

£1407  12  3 
2,875  4     8 

Total  increase  o(  the  fund  from  1862 

to  December,  1866  £15,416  8  11 

For  the  first  of  these  items,  forming  more  than 
four- fifths  of  the  whole  amount,  the  adminis- 
tration will,  of  course,  claim  no  credit.  That 
the  fund  should  have  gained  £12,500  simply 
by  laying  at  interest  is  in  one  sense  very 
gratifying,  but  we  cannot  forget  that  mean- 
while it  has  not  been  employed  in  benefiting 
the  poor  of  London.  The  remaining  one-fifth 
is  the  onl_\  sum  that  has  been  earned  by  the 
legitimate  application  of  aportion  of  thefunds, 
and  the  question  arises  whether  this  amount 
of  ^2,875  represents  the  proper  earnings, 
taking  all  the  circumstances  into  consideration, 
that  should  have  been  made  during  the  par- 
ticular period  by  the  amount  of  the  fund  em- 
ployed. AVe  are  of  opinion  that  it  does  not, 
and  for  the  following  reasons  : — In  the  case  of 
the  buildings  at  Spitalfields  the  cost  of  land 
and  buildings  has  amounted  to  £27,215  lis.  3d., 
while  the  receipts  for  a  period  of  two  years 
and  nine  months  are  £1,467.  This  is  no 
more  than  about  5'4  per  cent,  for  the  whole 
period,  or  only  US  per  annum.  Could  we 
believe  that  this  small  return  was  to  be  ac- 
counted for  by  the  low  rate  at  which  the  pre- 
mises are  let,  we  could  understand,  and,  in 

*  A  emaU  discrepancy  will  appear  between  these  figuref 
and  those  given  in  the  body  of  the  trustees'  report.  Our 
figures  are  derived,  however,  from  a  comparison  of  the 
balance-sheets  appended  to  the  reports  of  1865  and  1S66. 
and  they  give  a  result  more  favourable  to  the  management 
than  those  in  the  body  of  the  report  of  1866. 


consideration  of  the  immediate  advantages 
allowed  the  occupants,  we  niight,  perliai«, 
excuse  the  error.  But  the  trustees  themselves 
forbid  any  such  supposition.  They  refer 
over  and  over  again  to  their  intention  to  make 
the  buildings  remunerative,  and  congratulate 
themselves  on  the  fact  that  every  tenant's 
"  sense  of  independence  i.s  preserved  by  the 
consciousness  that  he  pays  for  what  he  enjoys." 
The  rents  charged  are  for  one  room,  2s  6d.  ; 
for  two  rooms,  4s. ;  and  for  three  rooms,  5s. 
per  week,  and,  though  these  rents  are  lower 
than  the  exorbitant  amounts  charged  in  the 
ordinary  houses,  yet,  taking  the  increivsed  size 
of  rooms  and  other  advantages  into  account, 
they  can  hardly  be  considered  lower  than  those 
of  the  Metropolitan  Association  or  Mr.  Alder- 
man Watcrlow's  Company.  Nevertheless,  the 
former  of  these,  which  is  an  association  having 
the  same  benevolent  object  as  the  Peabody 
Trust,  clears  a  rental  averaging  quite  5  per 
cent,  from  similar  property,  while  Mr.  Alder- 
man Waterlow's  Company  makes  as  much  as 
from  7  to  9  per  cent.  But,  moreover,  in  the 
Spitalfields-buildings  "  there  are  nine  shops 
on  the  ground  floor,  respecting  which  the 
trustees  say  that  the  rents,  amounting  to  nearly 
£500  per  annum,  go  to  increase  the  general 
fund,  and  thus  contribute  to  the  reproductive 
character  which  it  is  the  desire  of  the  trustees 
to  impart  to  it."  It  being  no  part  of  the  object 
of  the  trust  to  provide  shops,  these  certainly 
ought  to  produce  something  like  a  reasonable 
return  upon  their  proportion  of  cost,  and  the 
expectation  of  the  trustees  was  a  perfectly  fair 
and  reasonable  one.  Why,  then,  is  it  not  ful- 
filled ?  Why  is  it  that  a  building  upon  which 
others  can  make  as  much  as  9  per  cent,  pro- 
duces to  the  trust  no  more  than  something 
below  2  per  cent  ?  The  reason  will  not  be  far 
to  seek  if  we  consider  the  prime  cost.  This  is 
returned  as  follows  : — 

£       s.    d. 

Cost  of  Land 3,300     0     0 

„        Buildings    .  .  23,915  11     3 


£27,215  11     3 


As  the  shops  may  probably  occupy  rather 
less  than  one-third  of  the  cubic  contents  of  the 
building,  we  shall  be  making  a  very  ample 
allowance  for  their  cost  if  we  deduct  from 
this  amount  one-third  of  the  cost  of  the 
building  (say  £8,000)  as  their  proportion. 
The  nett  cost  of  the  dwellings  will  thus  be 
found  to  be  (£27,215.  —  £8,000  =)  £19,21.5. 
For  this  amount  the  architect  has  provided 
fifty-seven  tenements  of  one,  two,  and  three 
rooms  each,  containing  in  all  119  living  rooms. 
The  accessories  of  lavatories,  wash-houses,  &c., 
are  provided  for  common  use  (not  separately 
appropriated  to  each  tenant,  as  in  most  of  the 
other  improved  or  "model  "  dwellings)  on  the 
staircases  and  in  the  attic  floor.  We  are  free 
to  admit  that  the  structure  may  be  well  and 
solidly  built,  and  that  it  is  handsome  enough 
as  far  as  tiie  exterior  goes,  though  from  an 
aesthetic  point  of  view  the  less  said  the  better 
about  the  whitewashed  brick  walls  of  the 
living  rooms  and  the  whole  interior.  The 
same  merits,  without  the  disadvautiiges, 
may  be  claimed  for  the  structures  with  which 
it  is  our  duty  to  compare  it.  But  the  cost 
is  no  less  than  £337  per  tenement  !  or  £161 
per  room  !  This  is  equal  to  the  cost  of  a  good 
house  in  the  suburbs.  Now  the  Metropolitan 
Association,  which,  as  we  have  said,  has  not  a 
more  mercenary  object  than  the  Peabody 
Trust,  hasalways  done  the  samekind  of  thing — 
we  believe,  better,  but  at  least  quite  as  well  as 
the  trustees — at  acost  ranging  from  £48  to £56 
per  room.  Nay,  during  the  very  time  that  this 
Spitalfields  building  was  in  course  of  erection, 
another  association  was  actually  building  in 
different  parts  of  London  houses  excelling 
these  in  nearly  every  respect,  at  a  cost  of  no 
more  than  from  £40  to  £46  per  room.  The 
cost  of  the  Peabody  buildings  thus  appears  to 
be  no  less  than  three  or  four  times  the 
amount  it  ought  properly  to  have  been,  as 
proved  by  the  actual  expenditure  of  other 
parties.      Who  is  accountable  for  this   reck- 


180 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


March  8,  1867. 


less  and  extravagant  expenditure  of  the  funds 
so  generously  given  for  the  benefit  of  the 
"  poor  and  needy  ?  "  We  should  be  glad  if 
■we  could  acquit  the  trustees  themselves  en- 
tirely of  blame  in  the  matter,  but  we  cannot 
forget  that  at  the  very  time  this  expenditure  was 
incurred  one  of  them  was  actually  chairman 
of  the  very  company  which  was  erecting 
buildings,  as  we  have  shown,  at  one-fourth  of 
the  cost  of  these.  The  difterence  is  so  great 
that  it  can  hardly  be  supposed  to  be  accounted 
for  by  any  variation  of  prices  of  labour  or 
materials,  and  we  caimot  help  wondering  Iiow 
any  aichitect  could  possilily  have  advised  the 
payment  of  such  an  enormous  amount. 

The  expenditure  on  the  buildings  at  Isling- 
ton has  not  been  quite  so  extravagant,  but  it 
is  again  very  much  higher  than  the  amount 
expended  on  similar  buildings  elsewhere,  being 
for  155  tenements,  £40,397  2s.  Id.  This 
shows  £260  per  tenement.  These  tene- 
ments are  some  of  them  of  only  one  room, 
others  of  two  rooms,  and  none  more  than 
three.  The  accounts  for  the  Shadwell  build- 
ings are  not  made  up,  but  they  appear  likely 
to  cost  a  nearly  equal  amount. 

It  will  be  needless  to  say  much  more.  It 
is  very  evident  that,  unless  a  different  policy 
be  adopted  in  the  expenditure  of  the  balance 
now  invested  in  railway  delientures,  and  of 
the  £100,000,  with  interest,  which  is  to  come 
under  the  control  of  the  trustees  in  1869,  the 
magnificent  gift  of  Mr.  Peabody  is  likely  to 
afford  but  one  more  illustration  of  the  wisdom 
of  the  great  Lord  Bacon's  observation,  "Like- 
vrise  glorious  gifts  and  Ibundations  are  like 
sacrifices  without  salt  ;  and  but  the  painted 
sepulchres  of  alms,  which  soon  will  putrefy 
and  corrupt  inwardly."  It  is  well  that  the 
benevolent  donor  took  one  method  of  provid- 
ing for  its  due  administration  by  obliging  the 
trustees  to  submit  their  accounts  once  a  year 
to  the  public.  We  cannot  hut  hope  the  cri- 
ticism we  have  bestoweil  upon  them  in  this 
early  stage  may  prove  more  usefid  in  assisting 
to  protect  the  property  of  the  poor  and  needy 
than  if  delayed  until  the  whole  fund  was  ex- 
hausted in  profitless  and  extravagant  expen- 
diture. 


ARCHITECTURAL  EXHIBITION  SOCIETY. 

THE  annual  general  meeting  of  this  society 
was  held  at  9,  Conduit-street,  on  Friday  last, 
■when  the  report  and  balance  sheet  were  read  and 
adopted.  The  balance  sheet  shows  that  the  re- 
ceipts of  the  last  year  have  been  equal  to  the  ex- 
penditure ;  and  we  gather  from  the  report  that 
the  society  is  prospering,  and  there  can  be  but 
little  doubt  that  if  the  profes.^ion  generally  will 
support  it,  the  .annual  exhibition  may  be  made 
useful  and  attractive  not  only  to  the  profession, 
but  to  the  public  at  large  Mr.  Beresford  Hope, 
ILP.,  is  the  president  of  the  society,  and  amongst 
the  list  of  vice-presidents  we  notice  the  names  of 
Messrs.  George  Godwin,  F.S.A.,  M.  Digby  Wvatt, 
F.S.A.,  James  Ferguson,  F.S.A.,  William  Tite, 
1I.P.,  and  other  well  known  names  ;  whilst  the 
council  is  ably  represented  by  Messrs.  T.  Hayter 
Lewis,  F.S.A.,  William  Burges,  E.  W.  Godwin, 
F.S.A.,  E.  B.  Lambe,  F.  P.  Cockerell,  and 
others,  with  Messrs.  Robert  W.  Edis  and  Rowland 
Plumbe  as  honorary  secretaries. 

The  report  goes  on  to  say  that  the  art  of  photo- 
graphy having  become  of  great  importance  to  the 
(irofeseion,  through  the  means  that  it  affords  of 
securing  truthful  representations  of  architectural 
subjects,  the  council  have  been  led  to  make  ar- 
rangements with  Messrs.  Cundall  and  Fleming, 
the  photographers,  of  Bond-street,  whereby  mem- 
bers of  the  society  can  have  their  works  photo- 
graphed at  a  considerable  reduction  in  expense  to 
that  usually  charged  forsuch  work,  and  the  council 
hope  that  by  this  means  gentlemen  who  are 
unable  to  find  time  to  prepare  drawings  of  their 
works  for  exhibition  will  be  able  to  have  their 
building?  represented. 

The  council  propose  to  make  various  important 
alterations  in  the  ensuing  exhibition,  and  by  a 
system  of  classification  of  the  various  works  ex- 
hibited, hope  to  make  such  alterations  tend  to  the 
more  general  usefulness  of  the  exhibition  ;  in  ad- 
dition to  the  usual  coloured  perspective  drawings 
and  Bkstchee,  the  council  invite  architects  to  send 


working  drawings  of  any  buildings  they  may  care 
to  exhibit,  sketches  of  old  buildings  or  objects  of 
art,  photographs  of  buildings  executed  or  in  pro- 
gress, &c.,  and  as  the  arts  of  fresco  painting  and 
painted  and  mosaic  decorations  are  yearly  becoming 
of  more  importance  in  architectural  works,  they 
hope  to  induce  artists  and  others  to  contribute 
their  designs  for  these  works,  and  by  classifying 
the  works  sent  in  as  before  named,  to  add  mate- 
rially to  the  attractiveness  and  usefulness  of  the 
exhibition. 

It  has  been  too  painfully  evident  thatthe  exhibitinn 
for  some  years  past  has  not  been  very  creditable 
to  the  architectural  profes.sion,  as  it  might  by  more 
cordial  co  operation  be  so  made.  We  now,  however, 
descry  evidence  of  restored  hope  and  awakened 
energy.  The  council  have,  we  consider,  acted  wisely 
by  putting  the  exhibition  on  a  wider  basis.  Let  the 
zeal  of  the  council  be  met  by  corresponding  zeal 
on  the  part  of  the  profession,  and  the  exhibition 
will  have  commenced  a  new  history  in  its  era. 
We  would  remind  our  readers  that  all  drawings, 
itc,  for  the  forthcoming  exhibition  must  be  sent 
to  the  galleries  on  the  5th  or  6th  of  next  month, 
.and  we  hope  that  the  profession  generally  will 
respond  to  the  call,  and  help  to  make  the  exhibi- 
tion a  fair  representation  of  the  architectural  pro 
gress  of  this  country. 


LIVERPOOL    ARCHITECTURAL    SOCIETY. 

AT  the  meeting  of  this  society  on  Wednesday 
evening  last,  Mr.  Boult  atrtiounced  that  the 
carriage  of  drawings  both  to  and  fro  would  be  paid 
by  the  committee  of  the  Architectural  Exhibition. 
Mr.  Roberts  called  attention  to  the  charge  which 
it  is  propo-ed  to  make  in  future  for  permission  to 
erect  hoardings  around  new  buildings.  In  January 
last  the  Health  Committee  proposed  to  levy  such  a 
charge  without  notice,  but  a  strong  protest  was 
made  against  the  levying  of  a  charge  without 
previous  notice,  and  also  against  the  proposed 
scale  of  charge,  according  to  which  the  charge 
for  a  hoading  round  the  new  Exchange-buildings 
would  amount  to  £1,800.  The  scale  bad  since 
been  reduced,  and  it  was  now  proposed  to  charge 
for  a  hoarding  for  six  months  2fl.  6d.  per  lineal 
foot ;  so  that  for  a  hoarding  100ft.  in  length 
remaining  up  for  twelve  months  the  charge  would 
be  £25.  This  would  be  a  considerable  addition  to 
the  cost  of  the  building,  which  must  fall  ultimately 
upon  the  proprietor ;  .and  he  asked  why  pro- 
prietors should  be  taxed  in  this  manner  for  a  con- 
venience which  all  were  entitled  to  alike — why 
those  who  wished  to  improve  their  premises,  in 
doing  which  they  also  improved  the  town,  should 
be  made  to  pay  a  penalty  for  doing  so.  The 
charges  would  come  into  operation  at  the  begin- 
ning of  June,  xinless  some  effectual  remonstrance 
were  made  in  the  meantime.  Mr.  Boult  defended 
the  principle  of  the  charge,  which  he  said  had 
been  in  force  for  some  time  in  London,  and  had 
been  found  to  work  very  beneficially.  It  was  an 
advantage  to  the  proprietor  of  a  building  to  be 
allowed  to  enclose  a  portion  of  the  street,  and  its 
enclosure  was  a  very  great  nuisance  to  the  public  ; 
and  if  a  charge  were  made  dependent  u  pon  the  space 
occupied,  aud  the  time  during  which  it  was  occu- 
pied, it  would  be  the  interest  of  the  contractor  to 
restiu-e  the  space  to  the  street  on  the  earUest  pos- 
sible occasion. 

The  paper  for  the  evening  was  by  Mr.  Councillor 
J.  A.  Picton,  and  was  entitled  *'  Notes  of  a  Sketch- 
ing Tour  in  France  and  Belgium."  A  large  num- 
ber of  sketches  were  exhibited  in  illustration  of 
the  paper. 

COATING-   IRON    WITH    COPPER. 

ANEW  process  has  just  been  patented  by  M. 
Mayeul  Bernabe,  of  Paris,  and  is  based 
upon  the  employment  of  electro-metallurgy, 
applied  to  cover  iron  steel  with  a  coating  of  copper 
or  copper  alloys,  such  as  brass  and  bronze.  The 
process  is,  of  course,  one  of  very  wide  application  ; 
armour  plates,  cotton  and  other  printing  rollers, 
boiler  plates  and  tubes,  fittings  of  machinery,  and, 
in  fact,  any  kind  of  ironwork  come  within  its 
scope.  By  it,  too,  we  are  enabled  to  substitute 
iron  coated  with  copper  for  many  purposes  for 
which  solid  copper  has  hitherto  been  employed. 
The  effect  when  so  produced  is,  by  a  peculiar 
action  of  neutralisation  of  the  electric  currents,  to 
render  the  coated  articles  unoxidisable.  In 
carrying  out  his  process,  M.  Bernab^  first  cleans 
the  articles  to  be  coated,  after  which  they  are 
treated  with  acid.  Then  comes  the  coating  of  the 
article,  which  we  will  assume  to  be  an  iron  plate, 
with  copper,  by  galvanism.  The  plate  is  subjected 


to  treatment  ■with  cyanide  of  potassium.  In  the 
bath  is  a  plate  of  copper  of  the  same  size  as  the 
iron,  opposite  to  which  it  is  placed.  The  conduct- 
ing wires  of  a  galvanic  pile  are  placed  in  connec- 
tion with  the  copper  and  the  iron  plates,  and  an 
electric  current  is  thereby  established,  which 
causes  a  deposit  of  copper  upon  the  iron.  This 
forms  the  first  deposit,  which  has  now  to  be 
strengthened,  and  this  is  done  by  submitting  the 
iron  plate  to  a  second  galvanic  coppering.  For 
this  purpose  it  is  immersed  in  an  acid  bath,  a 
jilate  of  copper  being  placed  opposite  as  before. 
The  bath  is  traversed  by  an  electric  current,  and 
the  thickness  of  the  copper  deposit  is  increased  to 
the  desired  extent. 

We  have  recently,  says  the  Meclmnics'  Magazine, 
examined  some  samples  of  iron  coated  with  copper 
by  M.  Bernabe's  process,  and  can,  therefore, 
speak  with  some  confidence  as  to  the  highly  satis- 
factory character  of  the  results  produced.  We 
were  certainly  struck  with  the  thorough  adhesion 
manifested  between  the  two  metals,  the  cupper 
penetrating  the  surface  of  the  iron  and  affording 
evidence  of  the  most  perfect  union.  One  of  the 
samples  had  been  planed  down,  and  it  presented 
a  marbled  appearance ;  whilst  another  piece— a 
steel  bolt — which  had  been  hand  turned  in  a 
lathe,  showed  a  similar  result.  This  latter  piece, 
too,  gave  good  evidence  of  the  close  bond  existing 
between  the  metals.  Had  not  the  copper  co.atiag 
been  perfectly  adherent  to  the  iron  it  must  have 
scaled  off  during  the  process  of  hand-turning  to 
which  it  w;is  subjected.  As  it  was  portions  of 
copper  remained  on  the  iron  after  turning,  which 
were  very  thin  aud  perfectly  isolated.  The 
examination  of  these  samples,  moreover,  shows 
that  iron  and  steel  can  be  coated  with  brass  and 
bronze  .as  well  as  with  copper,  and  to  any  thick- 
ness. Next  in  importance  to  the  perfectness  of 
the  process  is  its  economy,  upon  which  depends 
its  commercial  value,  for  no  one  would  adopt  a 
process  of  coating  iron  with  copper  which  involves 
as  m\ich  cost  as  the  adoption  of  the  pure  metal. 
In  the  present  instance  it  is  stated  that  the  cost 
is  but  little  in  excess  of  the  value  of  the 
metal  deposited.  Taking  into  consideration  the 
thoroughly  reliable  results  of  the  process,  the 
economy  attending  its  practical  use,  and  thn 
infinity  of  purposes  to  which  it  can  be  applied, 
we  augur  for  this  invention  a  very  wide  and  rapid 
success.  It  well  deserves  it,  as  one  of  the  most 
recent  aud  satisfactory  applications  of  practical 
science  to  the  arts  and  mauufactures. 


VERBAL  V.  WRITTEN  AGREEMENTS. 

IN  the  Marylebone  County  Court,  last  week,  an 
action  was  brought  by  Joseph  Lamb,  a  car- 
penter,' to  recover  Ss.  4d.  from  Mr.  William 
Richards,  a  builder.  From  the  evidence  of  the 
witnesses  it  appeared  th.at  in  May  last  there  was  a 
strike  of  workmen  employed  in  the  budding  trade, 
and  it  terminated  in  the  masters  agreeing  to  give 
the  carpenters  Sd.  per  hour.  On  January  Blst 
and  February  1st,  plaintiff"  worked  for  de- 
fendant twelve  hours,  for  which  the  latter  re- 
fused to  p.ay  more  than  at  the  rate  of  7;d.  per 
hoiu-.  In  opposing  the  claim,  defendant's  man- 
ager produced  the  pay-book  to  show  that  ilr. 
Richards  had  not  been  accustomed  to  pay  more 
than  TJd.  per  hour,  unless  there  was  a  specitiu 
agreement  with  the  workmen  to  th.at  effect,  and 
such  had  not  been  the  case  with  respect  to  the 
plaintiff.  Mr.  Richards  disputed  it  because  it  in- 
volved a  great  principle  between  masters,  aud 
workmen,  and  his  Honour's  decision  would  hate 
an  important  bearing  upon,  not  only  the  building, 
but  also  upon  all  other  trades.  His  Honour  s,aiJ 
it  was  a  great  pity  that  all  such  questions  should 
not  be  decided  in  Arbitration  Courts,  composed  of 
an  equal  number  of  employers  and  employed,  and 
he  must  s,ay  that  experience  had  shown  to  him 
that  the  obstacles  to  the  establishment  of  such  a 
tribunal  were  created  by  the  mastei-s,  not  by  the 
workmen.  The  defendant  in  the  case  before  him 
rested  his  defence  solely  upon  the  fact  that  there 
was  no  specific  agreement  in  writing  that  be 
should  pay  the  plaintiff  more  than  74d.  per  hour, 
but  a  plea  of  that  sort  was  neither  just  nor  equi- 
table, nor,  as  h.id  been  proved  by  several  witnesses, 
in  accordance  with  the  custom  of  the  trade.  _  It 
such  a  plea  was  to  be  allowed,  any  master  might 
employ  a  number  of  men,  aud  when  they  went  »t 
the  end  of  the  »veek  for  their  wages  he  might  say, 
"  Oh,  I  shall  only  pay  3d.  per  hour,  because  there 
is  no  specific  agreement  that  I  should  pay  you  aay 
more."  There  was  really  no  defence  to  the  action, 
and  he  should  give  judgment  for  the  plaintiff, 
with  all  costs. 


1* 


March  8,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


181 


WORK. 

IHERE  is   a    perennial    nobleness,    and    even 

sacredn'^ss  in    work.     "Were   he    ever  so  be 

ghted,  or  forgetful   of  his  high  calling,  there  is 

.vays  hope  in  a  man  that  actually  and  earnestly 

)rks  ;  in  idleness  alone  is  there  perpetual  despair. 

insider  how,  even  in  the  meanest  sorts  of  labour, 

e  whole  soul  of  man   is  composed  into  real  har- 

iny.     He  bends  himself  with  free  valour  against 

I  task  ;  and  doubt,  desire,   sorrow,  remorse,  in- 

y;nation,  despair   itself,    shrink   murmuring  far 

into  their  caves.     The  glow  of  labour  in  him 

1  purifying  fire,  wherein  all   poison  is  burnt  up, 

i  of  sour  smoke  itself,  there  is   made  a  bright 

i  blessed  flame.     Destiny  has  no  other  way  of 

tivating   ua.     A   formless   chaos,   once   set  re- 

ving,  grows  round,  ranges  itself  into  strata,  and 

no    longer   a   chaos,    but  a    compacted  world. 

lat  would  become  of  the  earth,  did  it  cease  to 

olve  ?     So  long  as   it  revolves,   all  inequalities 

perse  themselves,   all   irreguLirities  incessantly 

;omo  regular.      Of   an  idle,  unrevolving  man, 

tiny   can   make   nothing   more   than   a    mere 

;melled  vessel  of  dishonour,   let  her  spend  on 

1  what  coloiiring  she  may.     Let  the  idle  think 

;hi8.    Blessed  is  he  who  has  found  his  work  ;  let 

I  ask  no  other  blessedness,  he  has  a  life-purpose. 

lOur  is    life.     From  the    heart   of  the  worker 

3  the  celestial  force,  breathed  into  him  by  Al- 

hty  Qod,  awakeniug  him  to  all   nobleness,  to 

knowledge.      Hast     thou     valued     patience, 

rage,  openness  to  light,  or  readiness  to  own 

mistakes  I     la  wrestling  with  the  dim  brute 

ere  of  fact,  thou  wilt  continually  learn.      For 

•J   noble  work,  the    possibilities  are  diffused 

ugh  immensity,  uudiscoverable  except  to  faith. 

1  i  Gideon,  thou  shalt  spread  out  thy   fleece  at 

t  door  of  thy  tent  and  see  whether  there  be  any 

b  ateous  moisture.     Let  thy  heart  be  spread  out 

il  Jent  appeal  to  Heaven ;  and  dew  to  suiEce  thee 

nl  have  fallen. — Thomas  Carlyle. 


PARLIAMENTARY  NOTES. 

t.  tS3  OP  LIQHT  AND  AIR     TO  ANCIENT  WINDOWS. 
ll    GOLDNET,  on  Friday,  March  1,   called  atten- 
ti   to  the  existing  state   of   the   law   as  regards 
tl  right  of  access  of  light  and  air  to  ancient  win- 
<X  3,  and  to  the  necessity  of  providing  by  legis- 
e    enactment    some     means    by   which    the 
o»ers  of  property,  under  proper  regulations,  or 
tl  payment  of  compensation  if  necessary,  might 
b  aabled  to  increase  the    height   of  their  buUd- 
iif.     It  appeared  that  so  far  back  as  the  reign  of 
I.  it  was   anticipated   that   the    City  of 
Ion  would   become  overcrowded  with  build- 
and  from  that  time  to  lS3-t  there  was  a  cus- 
which  enabled  the  oivner  of  a  house    in  the 
to  raise  it  to  any  height  he  pleased,  notwith- 
ding  his  doing  so  might  diminish  the  access  of 
|;  and  air  to  adjoining  tenements.     But  in  183i 
.ct  was  passed  which  gave  the  owners  of  pro- 
'•y  a  right  to  a  perpetual  injunction  to  prevent 
0  diminution  of  the   access    of  light  and   air  to 
I  operty.     That  Act  had  led  to  a  great  deal 
ition.     According   to    a  decision   of  Lord 
iiy,  the  law  now  stood  thus  : — When    the 
■s  of  a   dwelling-house  shall  have  been   ac- 
■njoyed  for   a  period  of  twenty  years  with- 
I'lruption,  the  right  to  such  window  shall 
lute  and  indefeasible.     Suppose  a   person 
-:    to    build  said    to   the    owner  of  a  small 
,  "  If  you  will  enlarge  your  window,  or  do 
1^'  that  will  bring  in  rays  of  light,  and  will 
1  ime  time  allow  me  to  erect  a  building  near 
'perty,  then  you  will  not  suffer   from   any 
lonof  light  and  air,  but  will  obtain  a  greater 
f   them."     The  owner  of    the   small  win- 
1  -;ht  refuse  unless  a   very  large  pecuniary 
.  -ation  was  given  to  him,  and  the  Court  of 
ry  would  grant  him  a  perpetual  in j  unction 
•  lit  any  erection  that  would  in  the  slightest 
Uminish   the  light   in   his  small  window. 
•iit  of  obstructing  improvements    extended 
.  street  20ft.  or  30ft.  wide.     A  fear  of  these 
I  ll  injunctions    prevented     improvements 
iL'iut  the  City.     Suppose  two  building  plots 
jquare  yards  each  were  purchased  by  two 
iis,    and    that   one   of    these   plots    let  very 
to    builders,    while    no    buildings  were 
'11   the  other  plot  for  a  period  of    twenty 
Under  the  present  law  the  owner  of   the 
lot  could  be  prevented  by  a  perpetual  in 
•:i  from  raising  buildings  that  would  inter- 
ii  the  access  of  hght  and  air  to  the  build- 
I  .ed  on  the  former  plot.     The  law  of  France 
I'terent.     An  owner  there  could  not  acquire 


any  right  against  an  adjoining  owner  without 
giving  him  notice,  and  if  he  did  acquire  any  such 
Tight  it  could  always  be  restricted  to  6ft.  directlv 
and  2ft.  laterally.  He  (Mr.  Goldney)  thought  that 
the  right  to  these  perpetual  injunctions  should  be 
abolished,  and  that  instead  thereof  there  should  be 
damages  for  any  injuiy  inflicted  on  an  adjoining 
owner's  rights.  The  suits  instituted  for  the  pur- 
pose of  preventing  an  interference  with  light  and 
air  occasionefl  lengthy  discussions  on  the  diU'er- 
ence  between  perpendicular  light  and  lateral  light, 
and  the  court  ilself  was  sometimes  puzzled  to 
know  what  sort  of  a  decree  it  should  make.  If 
his  suggestion  were  adopted  such  discussions 
would  be  avoided.  He  wished  to  know  whether 
the  Government  thought  it  was  possible  to  pre- 
vent litigation  on  this  subject  by  bringing  forward 
a  measure.  If  it  was  thought  desirable  he  would 
move  for  a  select  committee  on  the  subject. 

The  Attorney-General  said  it  would  be  quite 
impossible  to  accede  to  any  such  motion.  The  law 
upon  this  subject  was  carefully  considered  and 
settled  in  1S3<.  It  was  thought  fit  in  that  year 
to  abolish  the  custom  which  had  previously  pre- 
vailed in  the  city  of  London  with  reference  to  the 
enjoyment  of  ancient  lights,  and  the  House  ought 
not  hastily  to  alter  the  settlement  then  made. 
This  subject  was  too  difficult  to  be  dealt  with  off- 
hand on  a  motion  for  going  into  committee  of 
supply.  No  doubt  there  were  some  hardships 
under  the  existing  law,  but  if  the  House  at  all 
interfered  in  the  matter  it  must  deal  with  the 
whole  of  the  law  upon  this  subject.  Possibly  a 
measure  might  be  submitted  to  the  House  iu  a 
future  session. 


CONSECKATION   OF   ENLARGED     ChUKCIIYARDS. — 

Lord  Redesdale's  Bill  recites,  according  tothe  Times, 
that  it  is  held  that  any  .addition  made  to  a  church 
which  has  been  consecrated  becomes  also  conse- 
crated, as  forming  part  of  that  which  is  conse- 
crated, and  that  it  is  expedient  that  no  legal  im- 
pediment should  exist  to  the  same  principle  being 
applied  to  land  added  to  a  churchyard.  The  Bill 
accordingly  proposes  to  enact  that  whenever  any 
land  shall  be  united  to  a  consecrated  churchyard, 
so  as  to  become  part  of  it  within  one  external  en- 
closure to  be  used  for  burial  purposes,  and  the 
bishop  shall,  by  a  memorandum  deposited  in  the 
register  office  of  the  diocese,  declare  such  land  to 
have  become  consecrated,  the  said  land  shall  be 
held  to  have  thereby  become  consecrated,  in  like 
manner  as  if  it  had  always  been  part  of  such  church- 
yard. 

♦ 

NOTICES  OF  PUBLICATIONS. 

Familiar  Lectures  on  Scieniific  Subjects.     By  Sir 

John  Herschel.  Alexander  Strahan.  1867. 
These  lectures  must  alreiidy  be  familiar  to  a  large 
class  of  readers  from  having  appeared  in  that 
popular  periodical  Oond  Wvrds.  They  are  here 
gathered  together  in  a  handsome  volume  of  some 
500  pages.  Sir  John  traverses  a  wide  range  in  the 
field  of  science,  discoursing  of  volcanoes,  earth- 
quakes, comets,  the  sun,  the  weather  and  weather 
prophets,  light,  sensorial  vision,  atoms,  the  origin 
of  force,  and  many  other  subjects,  in  the  lecture 
entitled  "  The  Yard,  the  Pendulum,  and  the 
Metre,"  he  strongly  opposes  the  proposed  aban- 
donment of  our  national  system  of  weights  and 
measures  in  favour  of  the  French  metrical  system. 
He  considers  that  this  question  has  been  mis- 
chievously urged  in  Parliament.  We  commend 
his  arguments,  many  of  which  are  sound  and 
forcible,  to  the  attention  of  Mr.  Ewart,  M.P.,  who 
has  been  the  great  advocate  of  the  French  system 
in  the  House  of  Commons.  "  On  the  Estimation 
of  Skill  in  Target  Shooting"  is  one  of  the  most 
important  lectures  in  the  volume.  It  ought  to  be 
attentively  perused,  particularly  by  volunteers,  as 
of  national  intsrest. 

The  Baths  and  the  3Ii7icral  Waters  of  Bath.  By 
R.  W.  Falco.neh,  M.D.  Fourth  edition, 
enlarged.  Hardwicke.  1S67. 
Bath  is  greatly  indebted  for  its  celebrity  to  its 
medicinal  waters  aud  to  Beau  Nash,  who  for  so 
long  a  period  ruled  its  destinies  and  presided  over 
its  pleasures  with  the  title  and  power  of  King 
Nash  has  passed  away,  aud  much  of  the  glory  of 
Bath  departed  with  him.  While  its  mineral 
waters  remain,  however,  the  city  will  always  be  a 
favourite  resort — a  pleasant  place  to  live  in.  The 
Roman  City  of  Bath,  historians  tell  us,  is  generally 
believed  to  have  been  named  Aqiiad  6olis,  "  waters 
of  the  sun  j"  but,  as  Dr.  Falconer  points  out, 
there  is  some  foundation  for  considering  that  the 
name  may  have  been  Aquae  Sulis  ;  the  first  word 
in  both  cases  being  probably  the  same  as  the  Celtic 


.4c  or  Acq,  an  '  Sii'is  from  the  goddess  Sv' — Snl- 
Minerva  the  piesiding  deity  of  the  mineral  wateis 
—  whose  nam  appears  ujion  several  of  the  altars 
discovered  in  Bath.  This  little  work  dwicribes  the 
arrangements,  which  ajijiear  to  be  as  admirable  as 
they  are  extent^ive,  provitled  fur  the  tniploymeut 
of  the  mineral  waters,  giving  biief  notices  i>f  their 
imiiregnation.s,  and  the  medicinal  uees  and  eflecta 
ot  the  springs.  Prefacing  the  woik,  we  have  an 
interesting  sketch  of  the  early  history  of  the 
baths  of  Bath,  and  at  the  end  a  series  of  plans  of 
the  difierent  bathing  establishments,  showing  ihe 
improvements  made  during  recent  years.  Al- 
together Dr.  Falconer  has  given  us  an  interesting 
and  useful  little  guide  book.  • 

Tlie  Abbeys  and  Ca.':Ues  of  South  ^Val.•s.  By 
H.  H.  Vale,  Architect.  Liverpool  :  Watts 
and  Co. 
Part  I.  of  a  paper  read  before  the  Liverpool 
Architectural  and  Arch;cological  Society,  Decem- 
ber 12,  1800.  The  instalment  of  the  paper  before 
us  makes  us  wish  for  the  remainder.  We  desire 
no  better  comjjanion  on  an  architectural  tour  than 
Mr.  Vale.  Along  with  a  keen  eye,  a  fine  ta-^te, 
and  an  enthusiastic  mind,  he  possesses  the  faculty 
of  communicating  his  ideas  in  rich  and  vigorous 
language.  His  thoughts  are  always  original,  and 
here  aud  there  evince  considerable  poetic  f  eling. 
Setting  out  from  the  little  border  town  of  Ross, 
in  Herefordshire,  Mr.  Vale  visits  in  succession 
Wilton,  Goderich,  llaglan,  Chepstow,  and  Caer- 
philly Castles,  Tintein  Abbey,  and  Llandafi  Cathe- 
dral. The  architectural  beauties  of  these  famous 
and  venerable  piles  are  duly  described,  the  de- 
scriptions being  blended  with  brief  glances  at 
their  origin  and  history,  and  particulars  of  the 
personages  connected  with  them.  A  villanous  act 
of  sacrilege  mentioned  by  Mr.  Vale  in  his  account 
of  the  glorious  old  abbey  of  Tintern  we  think 
it  our  duty  to  give  publicity  to.  Says  Mr.  Vale  ; — 
"  There  is  a  patch  of  encaustic  tiles  iu  the  south 
aisle  carefully  railed  around,  but  the  guide  in- 
formed us  that  a  party,  being  locked  in  the  ruin 
by  their  own  desire,  managed  to  abstract  one 
of  these  mediisval  tieasures  and  get  clean  away 
before  the  theft  was  discovered  !  So  it  would 
seem  that  kleptomania  is  not  unknown  even 
amongst  quasi  artistic  tourists.  '  Should  this 
meet  the  eye'  of  the  kleptomaniac  let,  him  take 
notice  that  there  is  a  Providence  who  watches 
over  encaustic  tiles  and  all  other  beautiful  things 
intended  for  the  pleasure  and  enlightenment  of 
his  creatures,  and  to  abstract  one  such  object  by 
stealth  from  a  public  treasury  is  to  provoke  the 
wrath  of  such  Providence  and  arouse  the  righteous 
indignation  of  all  who  follow  in  his  track  to  mark 
with  mingled  feelings  of  shame  and  sorrow  the 
vacant  corner  where  a  thing  of  beauty  formerly 
gladdened  the  eye  of  each  beholder.  The  guide 
besought  us,  with  tears  in  her  eyes,  if  we  came 
across  the  missing  treasure  to  endeavour  to  have 
it  restored  to  the  spot  where  it  had  lain  unmo- 
lested for  the  space  of  six  hundred  years."  It  ia 
to  be  hoped  that  this  wrong-doer  may  read  the 
above,  and,  repenting  him  of  his  conduct,  restore 
the  missing  treasure  to  its  rightful  place. 

Black's  Guide  to  the  Paris  International  Exhi- 
bition of  1867.  Edinburgh  :  A.  and  C.  Black. 
As  "  all  the  world  and  bis  wife  "  may  be  su|iposed 
to  visit  Paris  sometime  between  April  and  October 
of  the  present  year,  guide  books  to  the  world's 
fair  make  their  appearance  at  a  very  opportune 
time.  Messrs.  Black,  who,  as  regards  their 
"  Guides,"  may  be  called  the  Murr-ay  of  Scotland, 
have  produced  a  volume  which,  having  regard  to 
the  amount  of  information  it  contains  about  the 
coming  Exhibition,  the  French  capital,  and  its 
environs,  is  a  marvel  of  cheapness  at  sixpence.  A 
map  of  Paria  and  a  plan  of  the  Exhibition  are 
annexed,  the  whole  being  got  up  in  an  attractive 
and  convenient  form.  The  work  is  edited  by 
David  Thomas  Ansted,  F.R.S. 

Street  Nomenclature. 

ham  Wilson. 
This  pamphlet  has  been  forwarded  to  us  since, 
and  in  consequence  of,  the  appearance  of  an  article 
iuour  columns  on  London  street  names.  In  ihat 
article  we  commented  on  the  absurdly  inconvenient 
system,  or  rather  want  of  system,  which  is  followed 
in  naming  the  streets  of  the  metropolis,  pointing 
out  among  other  things  the  sad  confusion, 
the  loss  of  time,  au''  the  vast  amount  of  unneces- 
sary labour  incurred  therefrom.  We  gave  from 
the  London  Street  Directory  a  specimen  of  some 
of  the  curiosities  which  that  certainly  useful, 
though  hardly  diverting,  volume  contains.  It  was 
shown  that  there  were  upwards  of  a  score  of  words 
which  repeat  themselves  as  the  names  of  streets 


By  Edmund  White.    Effing- 


I 


182 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


March  8,  1867. 


from  a  dozen  up  to  at  any  rate  sixty  times.  For 
instance  there  are  sixty  streets  in  the  metropolis 
answering  to  the  name  of  York-street.  Nor  does 
this  number  include  the  terraces,  crescents,  raads, 
or  places,  bearing  this  once  jiopular  title  of  royalty. 
Mr.  Wuite  comes  forward  to  help  us  towards 
reform  in  this  matter.  He  proposes  to  divide  Lon- 
don into  districts  (say  twenty),  each  district  to  be 
distinguished  by  a  single  letter — A,  B,  C,  &c. ;  to 
number  all  the  streets,  squares,  lanes,  &c.,  in  each 
district,  from  1  upwards  to  the  end  ;  such  streets, 
&c.,  to  be  called,  for  postal  purposes,  Al,  A2,  A3, 
Bl,  B2,  B3,  &c.  To  paint  the  letter  and  number 
of  each  street  or  place  conspicuously,  as  near  as 
possible  to  the  line  of  sight,  at  all  corners  thereof. 
To  have  the  letter  and  number  of  each  street  or 
place  printed  in  the  Post-office  and  other  direc- 
tories, in  the  column  appropriated  to  the  present 
district  letters,  and  in  their  places ;  notice  to  be 
given  that,  for  all  postal  purposes,  such  letter  and 
number  may  be  used  instead  of  the  name  of  such 
street  or  place.  In  the  case  of  new  streets  names 
would  be  unnecessary,  the  letter  and  number 
would  be  sufficient.  Mr.  White's  plan,  besides 
being  simple,  would  not,  as  far  as  we  can  see,  re- 
quire any  alteration  in  the  present  mode  of  per- 
forming the  duties  in  the  Post-office,  not  even  in 
the  beat  of  a  single  postman,  while  the  only  ex- 
pense attending  the  plan  would  be  the  painting 
the  letters  and  numbers  at  the  corners  of  the  streets. 
It  is  at  least  entitled  to  consideration. 

Photographs  of  English   Cathedrals.     Mason    and 

Co.,  23,  Old  Bond  street,  London. 
We  may  once  more  state  for  the  benefit  of  our 
readers  that  Mason  and  Co.,  the  well  known  pho- 
tographers, of  London  and  Norwich,  are  publishing 
a  uniform  series  of  first-class  photographs  of  Eng- 
lish cathedrals.  The  first  part,  which  contained 
exterior  and  interior  views  of  Norwich  Cathedral, 
was  noticed  by  us  a  short  time  since;  and  the 
second  part,  which  contains  five  splendid  pictures 
of  Ely  Cathedral,  is  now  before  us.  The  photo- 
graphs aie  executed  in  the  tirat style  of  the  photo- 
graphic art.  We  do  not  know  whether  Messrs. 
Mason  have  sent  these  views  to  the  Paris  Exhibi- 
tion to  represent  early  English  architecture  and 
modern  English  photography.  If  not,  we  are 
sorry,  as  by  so  doing  they  would  have  rendered 
a  double  service.  We  see  that  views  of  Canter- 
bury, Rochester,  and  Peterborough  Cathedrals 
are  to  appear  shortly.  We  reproduced  in  litho- 
graphy one  of  the  interior  views  of  Norwich  Cathe- 
dral, in  the  Bu'ilding  News  of  the  8th  ult. 


§t\mul  Itjuis. 


The  cost  of  replacing  the  irou  railings  round 
Hyde  Park  will  be  £3,372. 

The  question  of  new  approaches  to  the  river  at 
Liverpool  is  at  last  likely  to  be  settled,  the  Corpo- 
ration having  agreed  to  contribute  £20,000  to- 
wards the  cost  of  the  plan  prepared  by  Mr.  Lyster, 
engineer  to  the  Dock  Board. 

The  railway  round  Paris,  one  part  of  which  has 
long  been  terminated,  was  opened  in  its  whole 
length  to  the  public  last  week.  The  line  goes  over 
a  distance  of  twenty-one  miles. 

The  Leeds  Corpor.ation  have  .adopted  a  steam 
stone-breaking  machine,  wliich  performs  its  work 
very  well,  and  reduces  the  cost  from  15d.  per 
ton  to  3d.  or  4d.  The  machine  breaks  100  tons 
of  limestone  per  day.  Labour  is  also  saved  in 
the  carting  of  the  stone,  for  it  is  discharged 
wholesale  from  the  hopper  of  the  machine,  and 
fills  a  cart  in  6  miu. 

The  dilapidated  brick  wall  which  enclosed  the 
grounds  of  the  old  Lambeth  Palace  from  the  foot- 
way by  the  Bishop' s-\valk,  extending  from  the  Pa- 
lace New-road  to  the  tower  of  the  entrance  gate, 
is  in  the  course  of  being  razed,  and  a  new  one  is 
being  constructed  of  red  brick,  relieved  by  devices 
in  black  glaze.  It  will  give  an  increase  of  12ft  to 
the  width  of  the  footway. 

The  following  were  elected  members  of  the 
Royal  Institution  of  Great  Britain  on  Monday 
last:— Jerry  Barret,  Esq.;  John  Brunskill,  Esq.  ; 
Lord  Sackville  Cecil ;  Frederick  James  Cheater, 
Esq.  ;  Henry  Colliuaon,  Esq. ;  Charles  Newton, 
Esq.  ;  Algernon  Perkins,  Esq.  ;  Captain  Richard 
Phelips ;  James  Raukine,  Ksq.,  B.A.  ;  T.  A, 
RoAussen,  Esq.,  M.I.C.E.  George  Lake  Russel. 
Esq.,  _M.A. ;  Edward  Sartoris,  Esq. ;  Mrs.  William 
Spottiswoode  ;  John  Williams,  Esq. ;  James  Chris- 
topher Wilson,  Esq. 


It  was  announced  in  the  early  part  of  the  week 
that  Mr.  Beresford  Hope  was  about  to  be  manu- 
factured into  a  peer,  and  some  of  his  constituents 
in  the  Potteries  were  taking  preliminary  steps  to 
elect  his  successor.  Mr.  Hope  has  since  totally 
denied  the  accuracy  of  the  statement,  and  added 
to  it  that  he  was  never  offered,  and  that  he  never 
solicited,  any  such  a  mark  of  favour.  By  this 
manly  avowal  Mr.  Hope  has  done  himself  more 
honour  than  anyone  else  could  confer  on  him. 

At  last  the  judges  appointed  to  .adjudicate 
on  the  designs  for  the  new  National  Gallery  have 
reported  to  the  Chief  Commissioner.  The  report 
states  that  the  judges  are  unanimous  in  not  re- 
commending the  actual  execution  of  .any  one  of 
the  designs  ;  but  they  are  of  opinion  th.at  Mr.  Ed- 
ward Barry's  designs  for  a  new  building,  and 
that  Mr.  Murray's  design  for  alterations  of  the  old 
building,  possess  great  architectural  merit.  "  What 
next  .and  next?"  We  suppose,  as  Sir  Robert 
Peel  would  say,  one  of  three  courses  must  be 
adopted — either  the  old  building  must  be  altered, 
or  some  one  architect  appointed  to  superintend 
the  erection  of  a  new  building,  or  another  com- 
petition invited. 

Mr.  Gladstone  has  done  another  gracious  thing 
by  oftering  to  lend  the  Liverpool  Corporation,  for 
a  term  of  seven  or  ten  years,  his  fine  collection  of 
ceramic  ware.  The  collection  will  be  placed  in 
the  free  library  and  museum.  There  are  many 
other  men  who  have  art  treasures  who  would 
do  well  by  ''imitatmg  Mr.  Gladstone's  example. 
They  would  not  be  jioorer,  but  the  community 
would  be  richer. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Leeds  Town  Council,  on 
Wednesday  last,  Mr.  C.  A.  Curwood;  Deputy 
Town  Clerk  of  Liverpool,  was  elected  Town 
Clerk  of  Leed.s,  at  a  salary  of  £1,000  per  year. 

It  appears  that  the  School  of  Art  in  Maccles- 
field is  not  in  a  flourishing  condition,  but  rather 
the  contrary.  In  fact  the  silk  trade  of  the 
town  appears  to  be  in  a  st.ate  of  decay.  The 
subscriptions  to  the  school  of  art  having  fallen  off, 
a  public  meeting  was  called  together  last  week  by 
the  mayor  to  advocate  the  passing  of  a  local  rate 
to  sustain  the  school.  Though  strong  reasons 
were  urged  why  such  a  rate  should  be  imposed, 
the  majority  of  the  meeting  would  not  acquiesce 
in  it,  and  the  resolution  proposing  it  had  to  be 
withdrawn.  We  think  this  is  a  mistake  ;  the  art 
education  in  such  a  town  as  Macclesfield  is  a 
public  benefit,  and  the  public  should  co  operate 
in  promoting  it.  Wecannot  butthinkthatthegen- 
tlemeu  who  opposed  the  rate  are  "  penny  wise  and 
pound  foolish."  The  money  so  raised  would  not 
be  spent  out  of  the  town,  but  in  the  town  for 
the  advantage  of  the  town.  AVe  are  sorry  to 
see  this  "impatience  of  taxation"  in  reference  to 
one  of  the  highest  phases  of  national  education  ; 
it  is  a  discouraging   symptom. 

A  plan  of  the  Archduke  Albert  for  the  fortifi- 
cation of  Vienna  has  been  adopted.  The  new  for- 
tifications are  to  be  erected  at  points  from  2  to 
3  English  miles  distant  from  ths  octroi  boundary. 
On  the  right  bank  of  the  Danube  there  will  be  a 
series  of  twenty-two  detached  forts,  the  first  of 
which  is  to  be  erected  on  the  Leopoklsberg,  from 
which  Sobieski  advanced  to  the  rescue  of  Vienna 
in  1683.  On  the  left  bank  there  will  be  two 
tetes-de-iJont,  one  at  Lcibau,  and  one  at  Florisdorf, 
connected  with  the  fortifications  on  the  adjoining 
hills.  The  cost  of  these  works  is  estimated  at 
32,000,000  florins. 

An  operation  of  some  interest  was  carried  out 
last  %veek  by  Mr.  J.  Heywood,  of  Derby,  the  con- 
tractor for  the  ironwork  for  tine  new  line  of  the 
London  and  Biighton  and  South  Coast  Company, 
at  Batter.sea,  under  the  instructions  of  .^ir  Char.  - 
Fox  and  Sons,  the  en£;inecrBin  charge  of  the  work. 
The  new  high-level  line  is  intended  to  cross  the  low- 
level  r.aihvay  at  Longhedge  by  a  bridge  of  120ft. 
span.  This  bridge  has  two  main  girders  of  lattice 
work  lift,  deep  and  126ft.  long.  In  consequence  of 
the  increasing  traffic  at  this  point  during  the  day  it 
was  impossible  to  erect  a  staging  across  the  line  ; 
the  iron  girder  was  therefore  put  together  on  the 
adjoining  viaduct,  and  cross  lines  having  been 
laid  across  the  railw.ay  to  carry  a  strong  trolly  or 
movable  tresslo  upon  eight  wheels,  one  of  the 
main  girders  was  successfully  rolled  over  during 
the  nights  of  Tuesday  and  Wednesday  last,  about, 
eleven  hours  being  occupied  with  this  operation 
The  great  weight  of  the  girder,  with  its  want  of 
lateral  stiffness  and  the  very  short  time  allowed  for 
the  work,  rendered  this  a  matter  of  some  difficulty, 
but  it  was  carried  out  with  perfect  success. 


TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 

To  Our  Re.\ders. — We  shall  feel  obliged  to  any  of 
readers  who  will  favour  lis  with  brief  uotes  of  worka  con- 
templated or  in  progress  in  the  jirovinces. 

Lettera  relating  to  advertisements  and  the  ordin.ary  buB 
ness  of  the  paper  should  be  addressetl  to  tlie  Eorroii,  166, 
Fleet-street.     Advertisements  for  the  ciurent  week  must 
reach  the  otfice  before  5  o'clock  p  m.  on  Thvu-sday. 

Notice.— The  BUILDING  NEWS  inserts  advertise- 
ments for  "  SITUATIONS  WANTED,"  iSlc,  at  ONE 
SHILLING  for  the  first  Twenty  four  Words. 


Received.— J.  D.— P.  Bros.— J.  E.  C— E.  W.  P,-.J,  P., 
(teonocUastt,  scarcely  worth  insertmg. — G.  E.  R. — E.  P.~ 
R.  G.  (ileclined)— J.  N.— P.  Bros.— Rev.  R.  W.  A.- 
J.  W.  B.-C.  J.  P.— J.  F.— T.  and  H.— Rev.  D.  H.- 
R.  and  R.— J.  T.  H.— J.  N.-W.  W. 

J.  H.  T. — Your  question  to  be  answered  would  assume 
too  much  the  character  of  an  advertisement,  and  is,  couBe* 
queutly.  not  inserted. 

Several  questions  asking  the  piice  of  books  are  not  and 
cannot  be  answered. 

F.  Dafforne  had  better  consult  a  solicitor. 

H.  B.  (Stevenage.) -There  are  no  architectural  boob 
published  at  the  Buildi.vo  News  Otfice. 


Comspoiikitce. 


REPTON   AND     THE    MEDOiVAL    TILS 
FACTORY. 

To  the  Editor  of  the  BniLDiNO  News. 

Sir, — Partly  through  thfe  pressure  of  businM 
and  in  the  hoi)e  of  further  discoveries  being 
made  which  might  in  some  measure  solve  thie 
problem  of  the  use  to  which  the  chambers  already 
discovered  were  devoted,  I  have,  although  having 
the  matter  before  me  for  two  months,  thus  fat 
refrained  from  communicating  to  you  upon  tik 
subject ;  but  as  a  correspondent  in  the  Pall  MixH 
Gazette  has  called  your  attention  to  it,  it  may  not 
be  out  of  place  to  supplement  those  remark 
with  a  few  particulars.  Being  a  member  of  the 
Midland  ^Scientific  Association,  my  attention  was 
called  to  the  discovery  at  an  early  stage  ;  but  m 
they  do  not  embrace  archeology  in  their  programme 
of  studies,  Repton  in  this  instance  has  received 
no  official  assistance  from  that  learned  body,  and, 
through  the  indisposition  of  Llewellyn  Jewitt,  Esq,, 
of  Derby,  and  other  causes,  it  may  fairly  be  said 
that  this  interesting  discovery  has  been  somewhat 
neglected 

Leaving  the  churchyard  by  the  south  gate,  and 
passing  on  to  the  southeast  corner  of  the  enclc 
sure,  we  arrive  at  what  is  called  the  Abbey  Gate- 
Wiiy,  a  notable  feature  of  antiquity,  bearing  de- 
tails of  the  Early  Decorated  period  Thanks  to 
the  ability  and  foresight  of  its  builders  it  has  re- 
cently been  able  to  withstand  the  shock  of  a  large 
elm  tree  falling  across  it.  This  severe  blow  hai 
given  it  a  leaning  attitude,  which  does  not  at  all 
interfere  with  its  charms.  Although  bearing  the 
name  of  the  Abbey  Gateway,  it  is  now  the  entrance 
to  the  original  schoolhouse,  a  building  which  'ji 
supposed  to  have  been  saved  from  the  wreck  of  the 
old  priory  ;  and  it  is  also  the  entrance  to  the  Hall, 
the  residence  of  the  Rev.  Stewart  Adolphus  Pears, 
B.D.,  a  mansion  principally  of  the  Stuart  age, 
but  still  owing  its  origin  to  the  same  circun- 
stances  as  the  schoolhouse.  In  this  latter  re- 
spect the  kitchen  is  the  most  noteworthy  feature, 
which  occupies  the  ground  story  of  a  large 
mediaeval  brick  tower,  which  plays  a  most  important 
part  in  the  river  or  northern  elevation  of  the  hall. 
The  ceiling  of  the  kitchen  is  of  moulded  oal, 
black  mth  age,  and  the  panels  between  the  great 
beams  are  enriched  with  carved  central  bosses 
bearing  the  monograms  or  rebuses  of  the  old 
priors  of  the  convent.  Not  the  least  interesting 
are  the  grottoes  in  the  gardens,  which  are  luainlj 
formed  of  the  broken  tracery  of  the  ancieni 
priory.  They  are  rich  in  mouldings  of  the  Earlj 
Decorated  age,  and,  what  may  be  noted,  the  ori- 
ginal mason's  marks,  which  in  one  respect  differ 
from  some  examples  in  this  district  by  being  in- 
cised on  the  beds  or  jointed  faces  of  the  stone. 
With  the  view  of  inspecting  the  late  discoveries, 
we  pass  from  these  private  to  what  is  termed  the 
kitchen  gardens,  which  occupy  the  site  of  the 
great  nave,  transept,  and  south  aisle  of  the  oM 
priory,  the  floor  of  which  is  only  two  feet  below 
the  surface ;  here  and  there  bases  of  the  ai-cade 
are  seen  above  the  ground,  and  at  one  poin^ 
which  might  be  mistaken  for  some  sm.all  fiSD 
pond,  is  the  entire  base  of  one  of  the  great  piUs" 
at  the  junction  of  the  nave  and  south  transept 
Responds,  windows,  doors,  &c.,  either  walled  up 
or  in  use,  are  numerous  in  the  garden  walls  :  With 
these  exceptions  the  old  priory  is  razed  to  the 
ground.  Amid  jutting  walls  and  remains  of  oIm 
buildings,  the  use  of  which  has  long  been  for- 
gotten, we  enter  the  enclosed  paddock,  au  opeB 


»Iakch  8,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


i8:j 


ip  3  of  beautiful  greensward,  occupying  the 
»Tn  slope  of  the  hill  upon  which  the  town  of 
8«,ou  bUwkIs,  and  it  is  here,  on  the  highest 
jr  nd  towards  the  south-western  corner  of  the 
3D 'Sure,  a  space  now  being  levelleil  for  a  play- 
nd  to  the  school,  that  the  old  tile  works  have 


;l 


ie    found.       The  upper  part  of  the  hall  is  being 

■^  "-r|  to  the  lower  grounds,  and  it  was  during 

ration  that  the  old   chambers,  which  were 

.  ivered  by  the  turf,  were  struck  upon  by 

4;xcavators.      The    first   thing   that  presented 
f  was  the  crown  of  an  arch,  or,  more  strictly 
king,  a  semicirular  rib   turned  in  tiles  1  Jin. 
caud  9in.  square,  evidently  moulded  for  the 
Kjse,   and   forming  as  a  whole  an  arch  or  rib 
ft,  span,  \vith  a  chamfered  soffit.     These  tiles, 
Qg  uo  cement  or  other   bedding  material  in 
oints,  were  consequently  disturbed,  and  it  was 
when   other  and   similar  arches   were   dis- 
red  that  a  careful  exploration  commenced.  It 
soon    discovered    that   these  ribs    or  arches 
ned    a   chamber   2lt.   in   width   and  5ft.    in 
;h,  and  that  a  similar  chamber  ran  parallel  to 
irst  with  a  divisional  wall  between  composed 
le   stilts   of  the  arches,   the   space   between 
5   filled  up   with  one   tier   of   oio.  flat   tiles 
h  were  placed   in  their  position  without  bed- 
;  the  whole  of  the  latter  tiles  were  found  to 
azed  encaustic  tiles,  as  were  those  composing 
side  and    end   walls,  which    were    carefully 
ght  ti'  light.      From  the  fact  of  such  a  quan- 
of  these   valuable    floor  tiles  being  used  for 
aa  unseemly  purpose  it  naturally  led  to  the 
luaiou  that  it  wa.s  a   portion  of  some  ancient 
manufactory,   and  this  surmise  was   further 
gthened    by   the  fact   that  every  tile  waa  of 
class  which   might  reasonably  be  called  im- 
ct ;  one   had  a  corner  otf,  another  only  par- 
bore  the  impress  of  the  design,  and  all  were 
or  less   imperfect  in  either  shape,  colour,  or 
Nor  did  the  evidence  end  here.  The  whole 
A  t©  adjacent  dehns  was   composed  of  broken 
generally  of  encaustic  pattern  ;  but  instances 
i  found  of  plain  glazed  tUes.   Large  masses  of 
tad    tiles    were  also    found,    which   bespoke 
of  a  furnace  or  kiln  floor,  and  upon  the 
1  ice  broken  parallel  ridges  were  seen,  which 
lAjeeu   formed   by  tiles   which  had  been  built 
id  edge  for  burning  and   had  become  attached 
ole  floor  during  that  process.       From  this  evi- 
eij  other  portions  of  these  ancient  works  were 
.u    looked  forward  for,  but  the  search  has  at 
been  useless.     Edwin    Brjwn,    Esq.,  of 
,    examined    the   adjoining  ground   in    a 
.1  _ijal  point    of  view,     and    gave    it   as   his 
_i     a  that  the  ground,  which  was  largely  com- 
mi-   of  the    debris   of  neighbouring   rocks  and 
gravel,  lay  undisturbed.      We  are  thus  told 
the  ground  is  about  its  normal  level,  and  that 
>  chambers,   for  whatever  purpose  they  may 
been  devoted   to,  were,  sunk  in  the  ground. 
end  of  the  chambers,  which  was  opposite  the 
ng  side  of  the  hill,  was  open,  and  there  was 
lufficient  left   above  the  arches  to  enable  any 
to   judge  of   the  superstructure.     That  they 
hi   been  subjected  to  heat  was  evident  from  the 
.ed  and    discoloured  state  of   the  soffit>f  the 
is ;  but  that  the  heat  had  only  been  of  moderate 
'8  lerature  was  apparent  from  the  loose  and  de- 
t.a  sd  form  of  the  tiles  composing  the  walls,  for  it 
u  ly  fair  to   presume  that  if   any  heat  of  sufli- 
i:i  .  power  to  burn  or  glaze   the   manufactured 
'  il  had  been  applied,  it  would  have  left  the  wall 
t   in  one   vitrified  unshapely    mass.     No  clear 
thesis  has   been   given  of   the   use  to  which 
i  chambers  have  been   devoted  further  than 
formed  a  drying  stove  in  the  manufacture  of 
dies.      To  the  Rev.  S.  A.   Pears  the  preserva- 
o£  this  relic  is  due.      No  tiles  have  been  dis- 
ed    further  than  what    has  been   necessary, 
he  has  caused  a  temporary  wooden  erection  to 
laced  over  it.      From  out  the  adjoining  debris 
Ige    number    of  imperfect   tiles  have    been 
ered,  and  with  patient  care  designs  of  no  mean 
r  have  been   developed,  varying  in  size  from 
to  sixteen  tiles.      They  are  principally  of  the 
lieenth  century  period,    and    represent  geo 
■ical  designs,  enriched  mth  foliated  cusps  and 
netric  leaves  of  the  vine  and  maple,  impressed 
yellow  clay  into   red   tiles.     Instances  are 
d  of  red  tiles  with  a  deep  brown  glaze,  bear- 
in  incised  or  impressed  outUne  pattern  of  au 
leaf.     The   above-mentioned    gentleman  has 
some  fine  specimens  of  spandrail  tiles,  with  a 
tiful   green    majolica  glaze,    and  bearing   an 
Y  English  conventional  design  upon  their  face 
imple   reUef ;  but  as   these  latter  specimens 
been  found  at  various  times  in  other  parts  of 
^uads,  they  in  no  way  connect  the  discovery 


under  notice  with  the  thirteenth  century.  We 
are  told  that  when  the  old  priory  was  in  the 
zenith  of  its  power  it  possessed  lead  mines  and 
other  valuable  property  in  the  mountainous  dis- 
tricts  of  Derbyshire,  and  there  is  little  doubt  but 
those  rural  churches  borrowed  somewhat  of  the 
grandeur  of  the  mother  priory.  Amongst  the 
treasured  antiquities  in  the  south  porch  of  Bake- 
well  Church  are  specimens  of  the  above-mentioned 
brown  glazed  floor  tiles  ornamented  with  oak 
leaves,  and  there  is  little  doubt  that  if  some  dili 
gent  lover  of  such  relics  would  search  out  the  iso- 
lated examples  of  mediaeval  tiles,  found  both  in 
Derbyshire  and  the  adjoining  counties,  a  great 
light  would  be  thrown  upon  this  interesting  sub 
ject. 

Taking,  then,  another  standpoint,  we  have  some 
interesting  facts  connected  with  the  material 
these  ancient  craftsmen  worked  in.  From  the 
arch  tiles  before  alluded  to,  we  learn  that  the  dis- 
covery of  fireclay,  which  is  now  so  largely  used,  is 
not  of  recent  d.ite,  but  that  its  fire-resisting  qua- 
lities were  known  before  its  ally  coal,  was  sought 
and  mined  for.  This  description  of  clay,  which 
is  peculiar  to  our  coalfields,  is  little  known  in  the 
county  of  Derby,  and  then  only  of  secondary 
quality,  and  at  depths  quite  unapproachable  in 
those  times.  We  have  next  to  turn  to  the  coal- 
fields of  Sta9"ordshire,  which  approach  to  within 
a  few  miles  of  Kepton,  and  there  we  find  fireclay 
of  a  superior  quality  cropping  out  upon  the  sur- 
face. There  is  little  doubt  but  the  fireclay  now 
worked  by  Edward  Ensor,  at  Church  Greasley, 
near  Burton-on-Trent,  is  identical  with  that  used 
for  the  ancient  arch  tiles  under  notice.  The  floor 
tiles  in  some  instances  are  made  of  fireclay  and 
fine  sand  ;  in  other  cases,  of  fireclay  and  sandy  red 
marl  intermixed ;  but  in  most  instanecs,  of  the 
ordinary  red  marl  of  the  district  belonging  to  the 
new  red  sandstone  system.  It  waa  apparently 
kneaded  from  selected  unground  clay,  and  in  the 
process  of  manufacture  was  rolled  out  to  the  re- 
quired thickness  on  a  large  table  covered  with 
sand  ;  the  patterns  upon  the  composition  tiles  were 
pressed  in  as  a  whole  in  a  very  superficial  manner 
and  the  soft  floor  of  clay  at  this  stage  was  cut  up 
into  square  tiles  5in.  in  diameter ;  the  edges  being 
cut  back  with  a  knife  or  other  sharp  instrment,  to 
enable  the  tiles  to  be  laid  close  at  the  joints  upon 
the  face  side.  The  yellow  material  composing  the 
design,  which  is  pressed  into  the  red  clay,  is  of  a 
brilUant  colour,  and  of  the  fiuest  washed  descrip- 
tion ;  its  base  is  no  doubt  fireclay.  With  these 
few  remarks,  I  must  leave  this  pleasing  addition 
to  the  already  important  history  of  Repton,  hoping 
that  some  further  discoveries  may  be  made,  which 
wUl  settle  the  difterent  points  at  issue,  and  that 
Mr.  Parker,  of  Oxford,  who  I  understand  has 
been  favoured  with  restored  designs  of  the  ma- 
jority of  the  tile  patterns,  may  lay  the  same  before 
the  public.     I  may,   in   conclusion,  observe   that 

Mr.  Richard  Keene,  photographer.  All  Saints, 
Derby,  has  published  a  small  view  of  the  present 
condition  of  these  remarkable   chambers. — I   am, 

&c., 
Nottingham.  William  Stevessox. 


|iitcrcoiuuumic;itiaii. 


QUESTIONS. 

[•237.]— BROyZIMG  FIGURES.— I  shall  be  glad  if  any 
of  your  roadera  could  iuform  mo  of  a  luetliod  by  which 
1  may  bo  able  to  bronze  plaatorof  Parid  figares. 

T.  E.  M. 


NUTFIELD     HOUSE. 

Sir, — I  have  read  Mr.  Norton's  letter  with  such 
astonishment  that  I  cannot  help  writing  to  say 
that,  at  the  time  the  drawings  fur  Kutfield  House 
were  made  by  Mr.  Phipson,  I  was  a  pupil  of  his, 
and  assisted  in  making  them,  and  that  the  view 
given  in  the  Building  News  is  virtually  the  house 
as  then  designed,  some  additions  having  been 
subsequently  made.  The  drawing  does  scant 
justice  to  the  original  de.sign. — I  am,  &c., 

S.  W.  Tract,  M.R.I.B.A. 

26,  Spring-street,  Sussex  Gardens, 
Hyde  Park,  March  6. 

[We  consider  that  Mr.  Norton's  letter  in  ansvrer 
to  Mr.  Phipson  was  unjustly  severe,  if  not  inac- 
curate, and  the  insinuations  it  contained  were 
altogether  uncalled  for.  We  omitted  Mr.  Phip- 
son's  second  letter  because  it  would  only  have 
added  fuel  to  the  fire,  and  prolonged  an  uninterest- 
ing and  unprofitable  controversy. —  Ed.  B.  N.] 


[2SS.]— VARNISH  FOR  POLISHED  IROX.— Could 
you  inform  me  what  trana^xirent  varuiah  I  can  use  for 
coveriug  poli:ihed  irou,  so  a3  to  prereut  it  from  ruitting  ? 

L.  51.  JL>. 


[289.]— BURNING  OF  CLA.Y.— I  ahould  b«  greatly 
obliged  if  you  or  any  of  your  uumaroua  readera  would 
kindly  inform  mo  through  liie  "intercommunication," 
the  beat  method  to  ttet  about  buraiusctay  to  form  baUa.it, 
as  to  tho  proparatiou  of  the  chiy  before  burning,  how  to 
commence  th-J  tire,  and  tho  continuance  of  same  ;  also, 
the  quantity  of  coalH  TiHiuircd  to  burn  a  given  quantity  of 
clay,  and  the  best  sort  uf  cojI  for  the  parpoae. 

W.  K.  W. 


The  annual  meeting  of  the  Birmingham  Scbool  of 
Arts  was  held  in  the  Rotunda  laat  week.  Lord 
Dartmouth  in  the  chair.  Mr.  C.  R.  Cope  read  the 
report,  which  stated  that,  jiotwithstanding  the  terrible 
financial  disasters  of  the  past  year,  and  the  consequent 
stagnation  of  the  trade  and  miaiufactures  of  the  to\vii,  the 
uumber  of  students  hA3  been  1,007,  showing  a  decrease 
of  only  two  from  tho  numbers  registered  on  the  books  for 
the  preceding  year  ;  which,  it  will  be  remembered,  waa  the 
largest  number  that  had  been  reached  aino-  the  establiah- 
meut  of  theschool.  * 


[290.]— STAINING  BRICKWORK  —I  shallfeel  obliged 
if  yon,  or  any  of  yi>nr  readers  will  inform  me  how  t^^  com- 
pound tho  best  materials  for  staining  old  stock  brickwork 
(red)  to  match  new  red  hi-ickwork.  A  SaBSCBiBBR. 


[291.]— ARCHITECTS'  PUPILS.- 1  am  one  of  the  very 
many  architects'  pujiils  who  think  that  thj  mere  office 
work  is  not  aiifficient  for  our  improvement.  Very  often 
the  governor  is  so  bu^Uy  engaged  that  it  ii  impossible  for 
him  to  attend  to  us,  and  you  may  guess  how  much  interest 
the  others  take  in  our  improvement.  With  others,  I  should 
be  extremely  obliged  to  you  or  your  kind  correspondents 
to  point  out  the  beat  path  to  pui'sue  in  order  that  we  may 
so  improve  that,  when  our  pupda^'e  is  served,  we  may  keep 
pace  with  our  fellow  architects,  and  with  an  art  reviving 
community.  Provincial. 


[292.]- VARNISH  FOR  IRONWORK —Would  you 
kindly  inform  me  of  a  good  method  how  I  can  make  a  good 
black  varnish  for  ironwork?  T.  W. 


[293.]— WHITE  VARNISH.— I  should  like  to  know  the 
way  to  make  white  vamisU?  Possibly  some  generoui  cor- 
respondent will  tell  me  ;  and,  as  one  good  turn  doiervea 
another,  I  will,  if  I  can,  at  some  time,  give  him  or  soma 
other  inquirer  a  bit  of  information  on  soma  other  subject. 

S.  W. 


[2H.]— ETCHING  CLUB.— I  have  recently  joined  an 
etching  club,  and  shall  be  obliged  if  any  of  your  reader^  can 
inform  me  what  materials  are  required,  their  cost,  and 
where  they  are  to  be  purchased;  also,  if  they  can  supply 
me  the  address  of  anyone  who  wilt  give  instructions  in  the 
process.  A  bchitect  us. 

[295.]— COST  OF  BUILDINGS  PER  CUBIC  FOOT.— 
I ;  shall  feel  obliged  if  you  or  any  of  your  many  subscribers 
would  favour  me  with  the  price  per  cubic  foot  of  buildings, 
of  stone  alone,  brick,  and  brick  with  stone  dressinga;  1 
vv'ish  to  know  the  prices  of  varioiis  classes  of  buildings  in 
different  parts  of  England.       A  Subscriber  .sisce  1658. 

[2=6.]— CUBING-UP  WORK.— Could  you  or  any  of 
your  numerous  correspondents  explain  to  me  how  tho 
architects  cube  up  tlieirwork?  1  have  asked  several  per- 
sons who  have  done  a  great  deal  of  estimating  who  don  t 
understand  the  system,  and  who.  consider  it  as  lump  work. 
If  you  can  explain,  I  am  sure  you  will  oblige  a  great  many 
of  your  numerous  rea<.lers.  Ignoritm. 


[297.]— GLAZING  BRICKS.— Would  you  or  any  of  your 
readers  inform  me  of  a  composition  for  glazing  bricks  made 
from  clay  (white),  from  the  neighbourhood  of  Norwich?  and 
you  will  greatly  oblige,  Joas  Jobsos, 


[29S.]— SEASONING  OAIC— Would  you  or  any  of  your 
readers  inform  me  whi;h  is  the  beat  and  moat  eipeditiouM 
way  of  seaaouing  oak  V  Cannot  steam  be  employed  for  that 
purpose  ?  J.    DfixiBR. 

[299.]— CLERK  OF  WORKS.— WUl  there  not  be  aevei-al 
wanted  to  carry  out  tho  new  Law  Coui-ts,  and  those  ap- 
pointed by  Government  bo  subject  to  the  approval  of  arcin- 
tects?  How  were  the  Houses  of  Piuiiameut  carried  out* 
The  above  struck  me  from  reading  last  week's  number. 

J.   B. 


[300.]— IVORY  INLAY.— In  representing  subjects  in 
ivory  inlay,  is  the  effect  to  be  produced  entirely  dependent 
on  the  outline  of  tho  figures.  <tc.  ?  or  is  tho  ivory  shaded  by 
;tny  process?  If  so,  by  what  ?  If  shading  is  not  made  use  of, 
how  are  (say)  tho  features  of  the  face,  or  tho  folds  of  th» 
dress,  tfcc.  generally  shown?  Juvenis. 


[301.]— CONCRETE  -WALKS.- Will  you  kindly  permit 
me  to  inquire,  through  "  Intercommunication,"  the  reason 
of  my  failing  to  produce  a  goixl  firm  concrete  walk  ?  Hav  - 
ing  mired  5  parts  of  good  sharp  gravel  (suitable  for  garden 
walks)  with  1  part  of  Porthmd  cement,  and  sufficient  water 
to  bring  them  to  the  consistency  of  a  mortal',  I  worked  them 
well  together  by  means  of  a  hand  mortar  mill,  and  then 
laid  the  same  on  a  wcU  formed  gravel  walk  a'oout  lin, 
thick ;  I  then  spread  a  very  light  covering  of  finely 
screened  gi'avel  over  it,  thinking  to  give  it  the  appearance  of 
a  gravel  walk,  and  to  have  a  firm  bottom  free  from  weeds  aad 
worms.  I  now  find,  after  it  lias  beeu  down  six  months, 
that  it  is  quite  soft  to  w;U,k  upon,  and  does  not  prevent  the 
worms  working  through  it  near  the  edge.  T.  C.  T. 


[302.]— MELT  NG  OLD  BRASS  BEARINGS.  Ac— I 
have  some  old  brass  bearings,  6ic.,  which  whan  melted 
down  will  not  fill  the  moulds  well,  and  is  too  hard  to  work 
easily.     Can  you  inform  me  how  l  can  remedy  this? 

J.  F.  D. 

[The  addition  of  a  little  zinc,  say  20  per  cent. ,  woold  ixn . 
prove  it  ] 


184 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


March  8,  18P; 


REPLIES, 
[2-11.]— MINING  CASUALTIES.— We  believe  that  the 
Goverament  is  fully  alive  to  the  desirability  of  extending 
its  inquiries  into  tho  cause3  of  bo  many  dis;istrou3  acci 
dents  in  our  coal-pits,  and  should  the  present  session  of 
Parliament  not  be  frittered  away  by  party  squabbling, 
something  of  a  practical  nature  in  the  direction  named 
may  be  a^jcomplished.  No  doubt  there  is  much  room  for 
mechanical  improvements  in  the  working  of  collieries,  and 
"Sympathetic'  has  hit  upon  one  or  two  weak  points  in 
regiiid  to  existing  arrangements.  "Overwinding  '  is  a 
thing  which  ought  never  to  occur,  and  yet  it  is  responsible 
for  many  fatal  Ciisualties  every  year  in  the  nits  of  this 
country.  Si^veral  clever  mechanics  have  de'vised  self-acting 
apparatus  for  preventing  accidents  during  the  ascent  and 
deHcent  of  workpeople  through  pit-shafts.  Mine  owners 
soem  apathetic,  nevertheless,  and  prefer  old  and  primitive 
plans  to  new  and  ingenious  schemes  of  working  their  pits. 
The  disengaging  catch  to  which  "Sympathetic"  refers  is 
probably  that  invented  by  Mr.  John  iJryham,  of  Ince  Hall, 
near  Wigan-  It  consists  mainly  of  two  wrought  iron 
plates  forged  with  a  slot  to  receive  the  shackle  to  whicli  the 
cage  u  attached.  A  wrought  iron  disengaging  plato  is 
BUBpended  by  a  brass  pin  between  the  two  plates  already 
named,  and  projects  beyond  them.  If  the  cage  is  being 
laiscdtoo  high,  this  plate  strikes  against  a  stud  placed 
above,  and  being  forced  inwiird  detaches  the  cage.  To  pre- 
vent the  cage  fiom  falling  when  detached,  two  catches  or 
pauls  come  at  once  and  infallibly  iuU'  action  against  the 
guide  or  receiving  rods,  and  keep  the  cage  Btatiouary  at 
the  point  at  which  it  h;is  arrived.  The  plan  is,  we  believe, 
ia  auccessfuJ  use  at  Ince  Hall,  but  in  other  mines  it  is  nut 
recognised.  Lord  Kinnaird  probably  epoka  advisetlly 
when  he  stated  that  tliis  and  similar  improvements  find 
their  way  very  slowly.  His  lordship  is  chairman  of  the 
Koyal  Commission  on  Mines  and  Mming,  and  knows  full 
well  of  the  impediments  which  intercept  the  progress  of 
life-saving  inventions  in  coal-pits,  Htdrocaebon. 


[271.]— COMPOSITIONS  FOR  COVERING  ROOFS, 
&c. — A  cheap  and  simple  covering  for  ahed-s,  &.c.,  may  be 
made  by  (eupposiug,  of  course,  the  roof  to  be  boarded)  past- 
ing on  sheets  of  coarse  brown  paper,  and,  when  dry,  painting 
it  two  or  three  coats  with  oil  paint.  The  paint  I  use 
la  the  common  paint,  which  is  made  by  emptyiug  cans, 
pots,  itc  ,  into  a  tub,  and  which,  in  fact,  ia  of  no  particu- 
lar colour,  and  which  all  colourmen  have  in  stock,  and 
may  be  had  at  a  low  price.  Wickham. 


[271.] — The  question  of  "Wat  Tyler  "  is  one  of  consider- 
able importance  to  those  who  have  to  construct|or  to  pay 
for  the  construction  of  temporary  buildings.  Many  patents 
Lave  been  taken  out  for  accomplishing  the  objects  named 
by  our  correspondent,  those  of  making  roofs  waterproof, 
ttiid  preserving  them  from  the  destructive  ei'ecta  of  rain, 
tiLtremt)  heat,  and  bad  weather.  Generally  these  h.ive 
jtroved  inadequate,  but  the  most  satisf.ictorj'  and  effective 
composition  we  know  of  is  that  for  which  Mr.  Spenco,  late 
of  Portsmouth  Dockyard,  has  secured  a  patent.  It  is  ap- 
plicable to  a  variety  of  purposes  besides  that  of  covering 
TOoffl,  and  is  made  up  of  sundry  materials  to  suit  each  psrti- 
"ular  purpose.  The  Messrs.  James  Brothers,  of  Fish- 
street-hill,  London,  are  the  manufacturers  of  Spence  s 
oompoiitions,  and  from  personal  inspection  we  can  answer 
for  the  e.vtreme  efficacy  of  that  kind  which  they  recommend 
Icrcovering  and  preserving  corrugated  iron  roofs.  Its  ap- 
plication to  any  roof,  whether  of  wood  or  iron,  is  very 
tsimple,  and  two  or  three  coats  are  ample  in  most  cases. 
One  ton  of  the  roofing  comjiusition  will  cover  a  surface  of 
iOO  feet  area  with  a  thickuL-Bs  equal  to  IJin.  It  is  won- 
drously  repellent  of  moisture,  and  is  at  the  same  time  non- 
oombustible.  Hydrocarbon. 


[272.]— vSMOKE.— There  is  unquestionably  a  great  deal 
#>f  misconception  abroad  as  to  the  nature  and  chemical  con 
etitution   ot  smoke,  although   most   persona  coincide  very 

iustly  in  voting  it  a  nuisance  "  Anthi-acite,"  in  last  week  a 
JuiLOiNO  Nkws,  appears  anxious  for  information  on  the 
subject,  and  which,  1  presume,  he  intends  to  turn  to  practi- 
cal account,  if  he  can  get  it.  Smoke,  however,  is  by  no 
means  easily  defined  in  a  scientific  sense.  Popiilarly, 
•'  smoke  "  is  understood  to  mean  all  the  products  given  off 
during  the  combustion  of  fuel,  and  which  pass  through  the 
flues  and  escape  at  the  chimney  top  into  the  atmosphere. 
Chemically,  it  is  really  made  up  of  a  number  of  substances, 
which  vary  according  to  the  character  of  the  fuel  from 
which  it  IS  eliminated.  Bituminous  coal,  such  as  is  gene- 
rally Used  in  the  furnaces  uf  steam-engines,  is  constituted 
mainly  of  carbon  and  hydrogen,  in  the  general  proportions 
of  U5  per  cent,  of  the  former  to  6  per  cent,  of  the  latter, 
the  residuum,  makuig  the  100  parts,  be:ng  earthy  matter, 
with  perhaps  a  trace  of  oxygen.  These  constituents  are 
united  and  solid  when  the  coal  is  obtained  from  the  pit, 
but  after  its  exposure  to  heat  a  marveLlous  change  in  their 
condition  take.i  place,  ttie  hydrogen  is  quickly  liberated  in 
the  form  of  gas,  and  is  accompanied  by  minute  particles  of 
carbon.  Steam  is  also  at  uiice  generated  by  the  evaporatiou 
of  the  moisture  of  the  coal.  The  admixture  of  the  carbon 
and  hydrogen  constitute  carburetted  hydrogen,  and  when 
this  IS  consumed  the  product  is  carbonic  acid  gas.  In  order 
to  consume  the  carbon  oxygen  is  necessary,  and  this  being 
extracted  from  the  atmosphere  entering  the  furnace  leavws 
a  rosidue  of  nitrogen,  which  passe.-*  also  up  the  chimney. 
It  will  thus  be  comprehended  that  smoke  contains  as  a 
general  rule  watery  vapour,  carbonic  acid  gas,  and  nitro- 
gen. Intermixed  with  these  ingredients  are  too  often 
found  unconsumed  carbon.  This  becomes  disengaged  from 
the  hydi-ogen,  and  floats  away  with  the  gases  imd  vapour 
named ;  hence  the  "  long  black  Btro;miera '  to  which 
"Anthracite'  refers,  and  which  deposit  what  ai'e  cilled 
"blacks"  or  soot,  poisoning  and  blighting  trees  and 
flowers  and  constituting  a  veritable  smoke  nuisance.  Per- 
fectly constructed  furnaces  and  complete  combustion  of 
fuel  are,  of  course,  the  only  remedy  for  the  latter  evil. 

Hydkocakbon. 


[273.]— DETERIORATION  IN  THE  QUALITY  OP 
CA3T  AND  WUOL'Glir  IRO-V.— *■  MetiiUum  Martea  " 
oaks  some  very  important  questions  as  to  the  deteriuration 
in  the  quahty  of  cast  and  wrought  Iron.  It  arises  from 
many  causes — firdt,  founders  use  too  much  old  metal  in 
their  castings  ;  secondly,  hot  blast  iron  is  not  so  good  as 
cold  bloat,  and  nearly  nine-tenths  of  the  pigs  for  either 
making  wrought  iron  or  castings  are  hot  blast ;  tliirdly,  com- 
petitiun,  no  doubt,  makes  the  manufacturers  use  inferior 
br&nds  ;  and,  fourthly,  engijieeri  or  archit^ctn  are  not  able, 


as  a  rule,  to  tell  good  metal  from  bad  when  they  see  it. 
The  best  way  to  get  over  the  difficulty  is  to  specify,  in 
every  case,  that  the  ca'^t  or  wrought  iron  shall  bear  cer- 
tain tensile  or  other  strains,  and  not.  as  is  usual,  that  the 
wrought  iron  shall  be  the  "best  boiler  plate,"  and  the  cast 
the  best  "cold  bl*st,"  which  in  neither  case  is  ever  attended 
to  by  manufacturers.  MBrALLUiiGV. 


[275.1— BLACK  POINTING.— Mortar  is  made  by  mix- 
ing with  fine  mortar  common  vegetable  black  at  about  4s. 
or  48.  6d.  per  cwt ,  and  which  may  be  obtained  of  any 
ironmonger  or  colourman.  The  colour  is  determined  by 
the  quantity  used,  and  may  be  made  to  any  shade. 

Wickham. 


[275.] — Black  pointing  can  he  made  of  mortar  which,  in 
place  of  ordinary  sand,  has  the  sand  that  has  been  used 
by  ironfoundei-s  f  jr  casting  purposes.  Architectus. 


[275.]— MEASUREMENT  OF  CYLINDERS.— MiUtipIy 
half  the  circumference  by  half  the  diameter,  and  the  pro- 
duct by  the  depth,  will  give  the  cubical  contents.     T.  W. 


[275.  ]— In  answer  to  "  F-  K.  B.  W.  "  I  give  the  requir   d 
information  : — Rule  :   Multiply  the    area 
of  the  base  by  the  perpendicular  attitude    -  f^_-i._^^a 
of  the  cylinder,   and  the  product  will  be       R*^^^'^==^ 
the    required     cubical     contents.       Let 
ABC    D  represent  a  cylinder,  and   let 
A  C  =  6ft.,  the  height,  and  A  B  =  3ft.. 
the  diameter.     To  find  the  area  of  the 
base  miUtiply  the   square    of    the   dia- 
meter    by    the    constant     ■7854.     Area 
A  B  =  3.1   X  -TS.H  =  3    X    3    X    ■7f«54  = 
7  06S(;ft.       .-.    area   A    B    x     altitude 
A     C      =    70686     X     G     =    42,4116ft., 
or  42ft.  5in.,  the  content. 

E.  Pritchabd. 

Leigh,  March  4. 


[We   have  received)    similar  anBwers    from  L.    Slonur, 
Rochester;  J.  F.  Wheeldon,  Birmingham  ;  and  X.  X.] 


[270.]— DOOR  SPRINGS.- "S.  C.  S."  will  find  Messrs. 
Charles  Smith  and  Son,  Deritend  Bridge  Works,  Birming 
ham,  make  as  good  floor  door  springs  as  any  firm  in  the 
trade,  and  those  gentlemen  will  give  him  all  information 
if  he  writes  to  them.  I  speak  from  experience  in  this 
matter.  Spring  Ck.itke  Hingk. 

[2S0.]— INK  FOR  SKETCHING.— I  have  found  Messrs. 
Winsor  and  Newton's  "indelible  brown  ink  "  the  best  for 
this  purpose.  It  is  more  (luid,  and  less  apt  to  clog  the  pen 
than  any  other  I  know  of,  and  will  stand  a  wash  of  colour 
over  it.  For  pens,  I  prefer  quills,  as  most  free  in  drawing 
curves  ;  small  nib?,  which  c:\n  be  carried  in  a  bo!c,  are  the 
best.  Draughtsman. 

[280.] — I  have  always  found  the  "indelible  brown  ink," 
made  by  the  colourmen,  the  best  for  sketching,  and  a  pen 
made  of  a  reed  the  best  instrument.  Architectus. 


[282.1— HOW  TO  MAKE  A  CESSPOOL  WATER- 
TIGHT— "  Compo"  will  make  his  cesspool  watertight  by 
puddling  with  soft  clay  round  the  outside  of  the  brickwork. 

ARCHITKCrfS. 

[2S2  ]— The  mo.'^t  sure  way  to  make  a  cesspool  watertight 
is  to  puddle  it  round.     Let  A  represent  a  section  of  the 


cesspool,  B  B  the  walls  supporting  the  sides,  C  C  C  a  sod 
wall  to  prevent  the  water  impmgmg  against  the  puddle 
D  D  D.  E  represents  a  layer  of  broken  atone  upon  which 
may  be  bedded  4in.  rough  flags,  or  tiin.  sets,  to  prevent 
the  action  of  the  water  from  disturbing  the  loose  material 
below.  If  clay  can  be  obtained,  there  is  not  the  slightest 
use  for  hydraulic  lime  for  the  walls,  but  in  case  clay  cannot 
be  had,  "  compo"  must  mix  an  equal  measure  of  the  best 
Halkin  mountain  lime,  in  powder,  to  an  equal  measure  of 
sharp,  clear  sand.  Lare  in  this  case  should  be  taken,  for 
it  is  difbcult  to  make  rubble  masonry  watertight.  The 
clay  for  the  bottom  of  the  cesspool  should  be  well  pounded 
in  a  dry  state,  so  that  there  is  no  possibility  of  the  wei^j'ht 
of  the  walls  pushing  it  aside.  The  puddle  walla  should  be 
of  a  uniform  thickneas  of  iSin. ,  and  the  sod  walls  of  1  ^in. — 
Wm.  Watts,  Swiueahaw, — Waterworks,  Ashton-uuder- 
Lyne.  

[283.]— CRACKED  BELLS— In  answer  to  "  A  Clergy- 
man," to  restore  a  cracked  church  bell  to  its  original  tone 
it  should  be  re  cast,  but  if  (;is  is  often  the  case)  it  ia  too 
great  an  expense  for  the  parish  to  bear,  trace  the  crack 
with  a  magnifying  glass  to  its  extreme  end,  at  that  point 
drill  a  round  hule  about  an  inch  in  diameter  (right 
through  the  side  of  the  boll),  and  then  saw  down  the  course 
of  the  crack  to  prevent  the  broken  edges  from  jarring 
against  each   other,  and  the  bell  ^Tiil  bo  almost  as  good  as 

new.  BELLFOU^DKK. 


[283.1 — Allow  me  to  inform  your  correspondent,  "A 
Clergyman,'  that  a  cracked  church  bell  can  be  restored  to 
its  original  tone  simply  by  drUlmg  a  small  hole  at  the  end 
of  the  crack,  and  by  cutting  a  narrow  slice  out  of  the  bell 
straight  down  to  its  edge,  bo  as  to  prevent  the  edges  from 
meetmg,  and  thereby  disturbing  the  vibration.  The  small 
hole  pievente,  besides,  the  crack  from  extending. 

P.  £.  Flood. 


l2S3.  ] — This  qaestion  has  also  been  answered  by  *'* 
Bell  Rope,"  and  "  H.  A.  X." 

[2S4.1-CEMENT  FOR  LEAKY  TIN  ROOFS.-Equal 
parts  of  gutta-percha  and  pitch,  melt  in  a  ladle,  and  put 
on  hot,  is  the  cheapest  I  know  of,  and  may  he  u.'',el  by  any- 
one ;  the  "jext  best  remedy  is  to  employ  a  tinman.     T.  W. 


[2S4.] — The  surest  method  to  adopt  with  your  roof  to 
make  it  waterproof  is  to  strip  off"  the  whole  roof,  re  gauge 
the  sheets,  and  fix  them  similar  to  slates,  giving  3in.  ^, 
cover.  No  cemeut  or  quackery  about  the  joiuta  will 
trouble  you  again.  Experib.scb. 


[2S4.]— In  reply  to  "H.  W.,"  he  can  make  an  excellent 
cement  for  the  joints  of  leaky  tin  roofs  with  white  lead 
linseed  oil.  some  dry  white  sand,  aud  pipeclay.  It  will  aooii 
become  almost  as  hard  as  stone,  and  keep  out  water  pw- 
fectly.  It  should  be  rendered  sufficiently  thin  to  be  out 
on  with  a  brush-  G.  W.  Q, 


Suggestions. 


COMPOSITION  FOR  WELDING  CAST  STEEL. 

Take  10  parts  of  borax  and  1  pare  of  salammoniac;  grla 
them  together  and  fuse  them  in  a  metal  pot  over  a  claar 
fire,  taking  care  to  continue  the  heat  until  all  spume  ha 
disappeared  from  the  surface.  When  the  liquid  appam 
clear,  the  compo.sition  is  ready  to  be  poured  out  to  cool 
and  concrete,  when  it  is  ground  to  a  tiue  powder  aud  ii 
ready  for  use.  To  use  this  composition  the  steel  iaptit 
into  the  fire  and  raised  to  a  bright  vellow  heat,  it  ia  th« 
dipped  among  the  welding  powder,  and  again  placed  iotb 
fire  until  it  attains  the  same  degree  of  heat  as  before,  who 
it  is  ready  to  be  placed  under  the  hammer. 


CEMENT  FOR  PIPES. 

Take  61b.  of  plumbago,  31b.  of  fine  chalk,  81b.  of  tlu 
sulphate  of  baijta,  and  31b.  of  linseed  oil,  and  boil  them 
together  for  half  an  hour.  The  black  lead,  chalk,  and 
bar^v-ta  must  be  reduced  to  a  very  fiue  powder,  and  well 
mixed  with  the  oil.  A  cement  is  thus  obtained  which  nu; 
be  employed  with  great  advantage  in  luting  the  jointoof 
steam  boilers,  water-pipes,  gas-pipes,  iic. 

ENAMELLING  CAST-IRON  VESSELS. 
Reduce  into  fine  powder  and  grind  together  9  parti  of 
red  lead,  G'^arta  of  flant  gla^,  2  part*  of  purified  pearlaib, 
2  parta  of  purified  saltpetre,  aud  1  part  of  borax.  Thiiit 
put  into  a  large  ci-ucible  about  half  fulland  melted  imlili 
clear  glaas  ia  obtained.  This  glass  is  then  ground  wiU 
water  and  the  cast  iron  vessel  is  covered  with  a  coitingrf 
it  and  then  he-ated  in  a  muffle  in  a  furnace.  This  will 
melt  in  a  very  short  time  if  the  furnace  is  at  a  good  heit, 
and  the  cast-iron  vessel  will  be  covered  with  a  very  fin» 
black  enamel  of  a  shining  appearance.  To  make  it  tou^ 
it  should  be  put  into  an  anneaHng  oven. 


PAINT   FOR  OUTDOOR  WORK. 

A  very  good  and  durable  dark  green  paint  for  outdoor 
work  may  bj  made  by  mixing  a  certain  quantity  of  ground 
charcoal  with  litharge  as  a  drier,  and  sume  common  octin 
mLxed  like  any  common  pigment  with  boiled  linseed  oil 

H.  W. 


SUBSTITUTE  FOR  TRACING  PAPER. 

A  very  good  substitute  for  tracing  paper  may  be  mun- 
factured  with  ordinary  paper  by  the  help  of  a  little  benzole. 
A  sheet  of  ordinary  Bath  post  moistened  with  tliiioli 
renders  the  material  perfectly  transparent ;  the  tracioj 
may  then  be  effected,  and,  within  a  short  time,  the  volatll* 
fluid  has  evaporated,  and  left  the  paper  perfectly  opaqm 
and  clear  as  before.  The  drawing  sustains  no  detrimeutbj 
the  operation.  XtifO, 


WAGES  MOVEMENT. 

Another  body  of  workmen  in  Paris,  the  carvers  in  Oil:, 
have  gone  on  strike. 

About  20,000  operatives  are  out  on  strike  at  Stockpwt, 
against  a  proposed  abatement  of  10  and  12  per  cent,  in  tW 
wages. 

The  operative  plasterers  of  Leicester  have  sent  a  notice  to 
the  master  ( emjiloyers  that,  having  taken  into  oW- 
sideration  the  advantages  derived  by  both  employers  aui 
employes,  of  other  trades,  by  closing  their  shop^  early  ol 
Saturday,  they  have  decided  to  ceise  work  at  1  o  clock,  t* 
come  in  operation  on  the  0th  April  next.  Their  rat*  of 
wages  are,  summer,  Ss.  Sd.  per  day  the  first  five  d;iyi  w 
the  week,  and  on  Saturdays,  3s.  sd.  ;  in  winter.  53  pW 
day  the  first  five  days  of  the  Wtek,  and  3  .  on  Saturdiji 

The  operative  plumbers  of  Liverpool  h  ivo  given  eight 
days  notice  that  they  will  require  an  advance  of  .  =.  pe' 
week  to  their  wages.  It  appeare  that  last  year  tlioy  iLidaa 
advance  of  2s.  per  week  in  their  wages,  and  the  year  befort 
the  Saturday  half  holiday  was  conceded  to  them.  Their 
unfair  demand,  if  persisted  in,  will  probably  be  refused  b; 
the  masters,  who  will  have  the  support  of  the  ilastw 
Builders"  Association. 

On  Monday  last  the  plasterers'  labourers  of  SlaychwlW 
struck  for  an  advance  of  an  extra  shilling,  avowiiig  tlu* 
that  was  the  understanding  come  to  when  the  last  advano* 
was  made,  which  was  last  year  2s.  Their  present  w.g^ 
are  233.  per  week. 

The  carpenters  and  joiners  of  Scarborough  have  stfUW 
for  an  advance.  Their  present  rate  of  wages  is  27s  p--'i"  wee* 
of  oOV  hoiu-a.  The  men  demand  25s.  per  week  of  j4v  hou:% 
iu  summer;  and  six  weeks  bafore  and  sis  we*ik3  atw 
Christmas,  to  work  from  seven  to  five  o'clock,  or  flwm 
light  to  dark,  at  the  bu  Idings,  and  receive  the  same  wage* 
aU  the  year,  viz.,  2bs.  per  week.  The  masters  otfer  to  rs- 
duce  the  time  as  proposed,  from  56i  hours  to  54^  hours  pec 
week  ;  the  waged  to  remain  as  they  are,  but  the  men  raply 
that  they  will  make  no  concession  to  their  demands  what- 
ever. The  masters  have,  consequently,  resolved  uniuu' 
moualy  not  to  alter  the  present  rate  of  wages  or  the  UtfUJ» 
of  labour;  and  in  consequence  of  this  deciiioa  the  HWft 
atruck  work  on  Friday  last. 


[akcii  8,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


VII 


;hnnnth.'*  a.^o  tho  joinera  of  Bbickpool  gjivo  notice  to 
lir  iiplovera  that  tht-T  must  havo  an  adviince  of  3s.  per 
q(  i.T  the  l8t  of  March.  The  masters  have  held  several 
<^  .■i.  but  without  coming  to  any  satisf.vctory  arrange- 
iitcnsequeutiy.  the  men  have  struck  work.  The 
(It  li  wa^t-s  are  '-da.  per  week,  but  some  hands  receive 
01  s  moro.  The  building  trade  here  is  dull,  conae- 
an  tlie  mastera  cannot  give  the  advance. 
rb  oporative-3  in  the  Nottingham  lace  trade  have  re- 
VBt.>  cyiUiblish  a  pennaneut  board  of  arbitration  with 
vif  of  preventing  strikes  and  lock-outs,  provided  the 
tlira  concur  iu  the  endeavour  to  foim  such  a  tri- 


■xjpers  of  Edinburgh  and  Leith  havo  now  been  out 
e  fi-r  nearly  eight  we».k^.  Up  to  the  commence- 
■  the  strike,  the  wages  of  the  coopers  had  been  25s. 
k,  and  the  men  were  not  seeking  any  advance  ;  but 
number  of  the  uiui)loyeri  intimated  to  their  wor-.- 
tho  Kime  time  ihat  their  wages  would  be  reduced 
3  to  235.  The  uion  declined  to  accept  of  thu  re- 
rt-a^fs.  and  tho  result  has  been  that  19S  men  in 
r^h  and  Leith  liave  bo«n  eight  weeks  out  of  employ- 
SevenU  of  the  employers  have  not  joined  in  the 
■ut  to  re<iuce  tlie  wages,  and  have  kept  all  their 
the  old  wages  of  "JSs.  per  week  ;  but  the  others  ap- 
be  deU;rmiue«i  to  adlter-  to  the  reduced  rate. 
n  uotico  of  reduction  posted  in  the  Consett  Irou- 
Liverjwol,  during  the  lii^t  few  days,  caused  cousider- 
citemeut  among  the  workpeople  of  this  distiict. 
,  some  of  tho  more  impulsive  of  the  workmen  were 
t  to   renew   the  disastrous  experiment  of  striking, 

I  rudent  coim*els  prevailed,  and  on  Saturday  the 

III  the  masters  had  a  meeting,  when,  after  hear 

'    I  I >iia  assigned  by  the  m;wters  for  the  reduction, 

11   decided  to  accept  the  reduction  of  5  per  cent,  on 

CCS  at  present  paid  to  them.     In  the  afternoon,  the 

and  the  millraen  had  a  meeting,   and  after  the 

(1   of  their  employers  had  been  given,  the  men 
accept  the  reduced  price,  after  the  termination 


Tokonhouse-yard  in  such  a  way  as  to  obstruct  the  free  use 
by  the  plaintiffs' on  their  adjoining  premises  of  the  light 
jind  air.  The  Vice  Chancellor  granted  the  injunction,  and 
tha  dt-fendants  appealed.  Sir  It.  Palmer,  Mr.  Osborne, 
Mr.  Giffard,  Mr  Wickens.  and  Mr.  Colt  were  for  the 
app'^IIaots,  ;  Mr.  Dariel,  Mr.  Wilcock,  and  Mr.  Bagshawo 
for  the  plaintiffs. 


^ 


■^ 


WATER  SUPPLY. 


IS  monthly  meeting  of  the  Glasgow  Water  Com- 
on  Monday  last,  it  was  reported  that  on  25th  Feb- 
there  were  13S  days  water  supply  in  the  lochs, 
.  supply  (additional)  in  the  Mugdock  reservoir,  and 
^"  supnly  in  tho  Oorbals  reservoir.  The  average 
.  .tity  of  ^vater  delivered  in  the  city  during  the 

ii'in  ended  was  2(5,900,000  gallons. 

. :    has  been  is.sued  by  Messrs.  M'Clean  and  Stile- 

a  ti>  the  progress  of  tho  South  Staffordshire  Water- 

io  which  they  state  that  the  supply  from  the  tunnel 

field,   previously  in  existence,  is  4,000.000  gallons  a 

i  iition  to  which,  is  tlie  supply  from  Bourne  Brook, 

nnected  with  their  pumping  shaft  by  a  tunnel, 

i   r  a  It-ngth  of  upwards  of  a  mile  and  a  half,    is 

,  iii'ickwork,  and  fonus  a  subterranean  reservoir, 

.1  water  may  be  drawn  at  any  time,  as  required 

'tpply   of  the   engines.     By  means  of  this  subter- 

:-t«.rage,    the   water  will  have  a  temperature  at  the 

I-'  rtliaftuot  exceeding  50  deg.     The  increased  supply 

i  th:it  may  be  taken  from  the  Bourne  Brook,  when 

ry.    exceeds  5,000,000    gallons   daily,    without  the 

ctiou  of  any  reservoir  for  8t*)rage." 


LEGAL  INTELLIGENCE. 


COURT  OF  cnAXCERY,  March  X 
(Before  the  Lord  Chancellor.) 

BIM  V.  THE  AUCTION  MART  COMPASY  (UMlTEo). 

was  an  appeal  from  a   decision  of  Vico-Chancellor 
'    vhoiu  March   h?.st.   after  great   consideration,  re- 
;  e  erection  of  certain   large  buildings  iu  Token- 
I.  City,   under  these  circumstances  ;^The  plain- 
:  _•.  Pilgrim  and  Phillips,  were  solicitors  ;  the  house 
■    occupied   was  situated   on   the   north  eide  of 
;rt.  Lothbury.  and  w:w  held  under  a  lease  for  21 
.1  Christmas,  'ls50.     It  was  a  very  old  hoime,  and 
.  >  cupied  by  this  firm  and  theii-  predecessors  for 
1  - ;  front«?d  t^>wards   the  south,  and  was  west  of 
<«  .jii.se-yard.     The  old  houses  iu  Tokenhouse-yard  ran 
ri  ;  angles  to  the  front  of  the  plaintiffs  building,  the 
i  fthem   rising  35ft.   high,  and  set  back  about  lift, 
n  he  front  of  the  house.    The  defendants  had  owned 
0  if  houses   situated  in  Tokenhouse  yard,  which  ran 
V.  flue  north  aud  south,  and  fronted  into  Tokenhouse- 
Lrd*  the  east,  the  backs  being    in  no  part  more 
loin,  high,  the  front  walls  of  the  same  height, 
pnig  roofs.      The  defendants  pulled  down  these 
a  and  commenced  building  a  very  extensive  erection 
tlr  site,  and  this  it  was  which  was  the  cause  of  this 
fjasm»i;h  as  it  was  alleged  tliat  a  gr^-at  obstruction 
.1]  1  air  w;i3  and  would  he  the  contequence.     It  was 
iT  the  defendants  contemplated  raising  the  build- 
uniform  height  of  70ft.,  ;  bit  subsequently  this 
us  varitd  to  oSft.    or  59ft.,  with   3ft.    for  the  roof 
equence  of  the  defendants'  excavations  the  walls 
lings  of  the  \daintiffs'  house  began  to  crack,  and  one 
ctdepofod  that  there  was  actually  a  risk  that  the 
fTOuld  fall ;  but  tho  defendants  alleged  that  as  to 
J  reparation  could  be  made  for  £5.     As  to  the  ob- 
in  of  light  and  air,  a  vast  amount  of  evidence   was 
t  forward,  aud  it  app.^1red  that  the  defendiints'  new 
gs  ran  across  at  right  angles  to  the  plaintiffs'  front 
ugth  of  22ft. ,  and  hen  >e  it  was  alleged  to  be  evident 
luch  larger  amor_nt  of  ^ky  surface  was  cut  off  than 
jrcepted  by  the  old  buildings  at  a  distance  of  lift, 
ippeared  ou  the  evidence  that   whereas,  previously 
erection   of  the  defeudants'   buildingt",   light   fell 
e  floor  of  one  of  the  principal  rooms  to  an  extent 
in.,  it  now  c-;ime  in  ouly  1ft.,  and  the  light  which 
to  the  room  generally  Sft.  nowonlycameiu  4ft.  6in. 
Id  formed  one  of  three  u^wn  which  hia  Honour  has 
ited  on  the  former  occasion. 
_     rgumentB  in  thi^  part-heard  appeal  from  a  decres 
[  >    Chauoellor  Wood  Trero  on  Wednesday  morning  re- 
and  occupied  the  court  during  its  Bitting,  without 
tnciuded.     The  plaintiffs' seek  by  their  bill  to  r^- 
10  dcfandanta'  from  erecting  a  large  building  !tt 


ra 

ui 


VICE-CHANCELLOR'S  COURT,  March  6. 

KAPIER   V.    WALLER, 

After  two  days'  bearing  of  tho  issue  in  this  suit,  which 
was  instituted  by  Lady  Napier  to  obtain  an  injunction 
against  the  defendant  for  materially  interfering  with  tho 
light  and  air  «f  her  house.  No.  1,  Uobart-place,  so  as  to 
render  it  unfit  for  occupation  by  her,  by  the  erection  of  a 
new  mansion  on  the  site  of  drosvenor-street  West.  The 
special  jury  who  were  empaiinellod  to  try  the  issue,  having 
intimated  that  after  a  controversy  of  three  hours,  they  saw 
no  chance  of  agreeing  to  a  verdict  as  long  as  they  had  to 
decide  whather  the  house  would  be  materially  injured, were 
i.Usc  barged. 


"^luilbiiig  Intelligence. 


CHURCHES  AND   CHAPELS.  ' 

The  scraping  of  the  walls  of  Wrexham  old  Church,  dur 
ing  last  week,  brought  to  light,  over  the  archway  spanning 
the  chancel,  a  large  painting,  which,  &-i  far  as  it  can  be 
deciphered  at  present,  seems  to  be  a  picture  of  the  Last 
Judgment.  It  has  been  decided  to  pi eser%'e  it  as  perfect 
•as  possible,  aud  some  ihoughta  are  entertained  of  restoring 
It- 

The  Church  of  St.  Mickael,  Lant-street,  Borough,  Lon- 
don, was  consecrated  on  Wednesday  last  by  the  Bishop  of 
Winchester.  It  is  a  handsome  building  in  the  Gothic 
style.  comiKised  of  Kentish  rag  stone,  with  ordinary  stone 
facings. 

A  new  organ  for  Christ  Church,  Blackburn,  was  opened 
last  week.  The  organ  was  built  by  Messrs.  Couacher  and 
Co.,  of  Hudderstield,  at  a  cost  of  £400. 

Blakfdown,  Bibmisgham. — A  new  spire  has  been 
added  to  the  tower  of  the  church  here.  The  tower  rests  on 
four  corbels,  very  elaborately  carved,  and  is  intended  for 
three  bells.  The" church  was  erected  by  Mr.  Street,  and  is 
in  (he  French  Gothic  style.  The  spire  is  from  the  designs 
of  Mr  Smallman  Smith,  of  Stourbridge,  and  the  work 
has  been  executed  by  Mr.  Briannian,  of  Kidder  mi  nstor. 

Hollow,  nkar  Worckstkb.— On  Tuesday  last  the  found- 
ation stone  of  a  new  church  at  Hollow  was  laid  by  the 
T-Larl  of  Beaucbamp.  'ITie  church  will  be  in  the  Early 
Decorated  slvle,  and  will  cost,  without  the  tower,  £3.050. 
Mr.  Hopkins,  of  Worcester,  is  the  architect,  and  Messrs. 
Inwood  and  Osborne,  of  Malvern,  the  builders. 

Keiohlev.— On  Tuesday  last,  the  foundation  atone  of  a 
new  Methodist  Chapel  was  laid.  The  chapel  will  be  in  the 
Decorated  Gothic  style,  with  nave,  aisles,  and  side  g;dleries. 
and  a  scliool  room  in  the  ba^^eraent.  The  expected  outlay 
will  be  about  £4,000  :  and  the  accommodation  will  be  for 
1.000  persons.  Mr.  W.  Sngden,  of  Leek,  is  the  architect ; 
and  the  works  have  been  let  to  local  builders. 

KEiGHLr.Y.— On  Saturday  last  the  foundation  stone  for 
there-erection  of  a  new  Wesleyan  Chapel,  w^slaid.  Messrs. 
Lockwood  and  Mawson  are  the  architect^.  The  front  will 
be  of  simple  Italian.  The  conti-actors  for  the  work  are 
Messrs.  Gibson  and  Maud,  of  Keighley,  and  the  probable 
cost  of  the  re-erection  wUl  be  about  £2,000. 

BUILDINGS. 

The  cost  of  building  the  new  theatre  at  Leipsic  has 
already  exceeded  the  estimate  by  60,000  thalers.  The  ex- 
pense now  run  up  amounts  to  527,000  thalers. 

The  first  stone  of  Mr.  Spurgeon's  almshouses,  illustrated 
in  the  Building  News  on  the  1st  of  Februai-y  last,  is  to  be 
laid  in  April  by  Mr.  Thomas  Olney.  The  contract  has 
been  accepted  for  £4,500.  Homes  for  18  almswomen,  and 
schoolrooms  for  200  children,  with  tutor's  residence,  are 
provided  in  the  plan.  Coloured  brick  ia  largely  used  in  the 
elevation. 

A  new  Coru  Exchange  is  about  to  be  erected  at  York,  at 
a  cost  of  about  £S, 000. 

The  plans  prepared  a  short  time  ago  by  Mr.  Crozier, 
architect,  for  rebuilding  the  present  Durham  Assize 
Courts,  were  submitted  to,  and  approved  by,  Mr.  Justice 
Melior  and  Mr.  Justice  Shoe,  on  Monday  last.  The  entire 
cost  of  the  rebuilding  and  extension  of  the  courts  is  cal- 
culated to  be  upwards  of  £5,000. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Gateshead  Town  Council  on  Mondav 
last,  it  was  unanimously  propose-l  that  a  new  town  hall 
should  be  built  at  a  cost  of  £12,000,  and  also  police  cells  at 
a  coat  of  £360. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Liverpool  Baths  Committee  on  Tues- 
day ladt,  the  plans  of  Mr.  Edward  Holmes,  architect,  of 
Birmingham,  were  selected  for  tho  new  baths  about  to  be 
erected,  at  a  cost  of  about  £S,000. 

On  Monday  last,  the  foundation  stone  of  the  Working 
Men's  Institute,  at  Ormskirk.  Liverpool,  was  laid.  The 
proposed  biiilding  will  be  constructed  of  brick.  Mr.  R. 
Downed,  of  London,  is  the  architect ;  and  the  contract  for 
building  the  same  was  taken  by  Mr.  T.  Riding,  builder,  of 
Omiskirk,  at  a  coat  of  £1,520. 

The  Nkw  Theatre.  Bristo',— The  tenders  for  this 
building  were  opened  ou  Saturday  last,  and  that  by  Messrs. 
Davis  and  Sou  a.;c«pted.  at  £10,125  for  the  theatre  and  two 
shops  in  the  Park-row  frontage.  This  amount  does  not 
include  decorations,  seating  for  boxes,  furnishing,  or  stock 
scenery,  for  which  an  additional  £4,000  is  reserved  The 
theatre  will  stand  isolated  upon  a  fine  site,  so  that  lights 
will  be  obtained  on  aD  four  sides.  The  area  of  ground 
covered  will  be  105ft.  wide  by  130ft.  long,  with  saloons 
.  and  shops  towards  Park-row.  50ft.  by  50ft.  additional.  The 
'  principed  dimensions  are  as  foUoWB  :— 


From  curtain  lino  to  front  of  dress  circle    .    44ft.  6ln. 

,,  ,,  Upper  circle    .    4Tft.  6in. 

Gallery  .     .     .    50ft.  Oin. 

Width  of  tho  proecenium  opening  ....     30ft.  Oin. 

Height  ,,  , 27ft.  Din. 

Height — pit  floor  to  ceiling 45ft.  6in. 

Depth  of  sLage 6'»ffc.  Oin. 

Width  of  ditto  between  walls 64ft.  Oin. 

Width  of  ditto  (including  two  scone  docks)  .  100ft.  Oin. 
Height  from  ditto  to  gridiron  floor  .  .  .  57ft.  Oin. 
Depth  from  ditto  to  sinks 21ft.  Oin. 

The  accommodation   provided   in  each  part  of  tho  house  le 

as  follows : — 

Dresi  circle 340 

Orchestra  stalls ,     .     50 

Twelve  private  boxes W 

Pit 800 

Upper  boxes  and  amphitheatre 360 

Gallery 800 

ToUl  2,400 

The  works  are  to  be  pushed  on  with  tho  greatest  despatch, 
for  the  proprietor,  Mr,  J.  H.  Chute,  has  already,  in  one 
of  the  comic  scenes  of  the  pantomime,  ajlvertised  the  date 
of  opening  at  14th  October,  1S67.  The  architect  is  Mr. 
C.  J.  Phipps,  F.S..\.,  of  London  and  Bath,  and,  judging 
from  the  rapidity  with  which  he  built  the  theatres  at  Bath. 
Nottingham,  South  Shields,  and  Brighton,  the  date  for 
opening  does  not  seem  improbable. 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE   WEEK. 

XfES, — Institution  of  Civil  Engineers. ^Diacussion  on 
Captain  Tyler's  paper  "On  Steep  Gradiontu 
aud  Sharp  Curv&s  on  Railways  ';  and,  time 
permitting,  "  Memoir  on  the  River  Tyne,"  by 
Mr.  \V.  A,  Brooks,  S. 
Royal  Institution.—  "  Botany,"  by  Rev.  0. 
Henslow,  3, 
Thl'RS. — Roval  Institution. — "Coal  Gas,"  by  Profeesor 

Fraukland,  3. 
Fri  — Royal     Institution. — "  Early    Mental    Condition 
*  of  Man,"  by  Mr.  E.  B.  Tylor.  3. 
Architectural  Association.— "On  Egyptian  Ar- 
chitecture," by  Mr.  R.  Phen^  Spiers,  7.30. 
Royal    United     Service     Institution.  —  "The 
Recent  Campaign  in  Bohemia,"'  by  Lieut.  H- 
M.  Hozier,  S. 
Sat.— Roval   Institution.— "  Coal    Gaa,"    by    Profoisot 
'  Franklaud.  3. 


%mk  S^tos. 


TENDERS. 

Barkixo.— For  eight  houses,  for  Mr.  Hawes.  Mr-  J.  W. 
Dennison.  architect :— Ashmole.  £1,S67  ;  Rivett.  £1,743  ; 
Stokes,  £1,000  ;  Withers  (accepted),  £1,360. 

Bristol  — For  the  new  theatre.  Bristol.  Mr.  Phippa, 
architect  :— Hughes.  £11,722;  Dimeut.  £10,700;  W. 
Baker,  £10,470 ;  Ddviea  and  Sou  (accepted),  £10,125  ; 
Beavan  aud  Sons,  £9,031  ;  Hayes,  £9.552. 

BCRSLEM. — For  the  erection  of  Sneyd  national  schools. 
Ralph  Dain,  .architect,  Burslem  :— Blackhui-st,  £1,532  153.  ; 
Watkin,  £1,514118.  ;  Walley.£1.511  :  Woolrich,  £1,495 10s.; 
Bennett  and  Brindley  (acce'pted),  £1,2S4. 

Harrow  —For  plastering  .at  Sudley  Hall.  Mr.  J.  Dale, 
architect :— Eastlake,  £353 ;  Ford  (accepted),  £248 ; 
DowUng,  £240  14.^.  4d.  ;  Harvey,  £235  ;  Andrews,  £215 ; 
Home,  £19S  10.-^. 

LoSDON. — For  new  vagrant  wards  and  local  officer,  for 
the  Guardians  of  the  West  London  Union.  Mr.  Lewis  H. 
Isaaci  architect.  Quantities  supplied  by  Messrs.  Arding 
and  Bond;— King  and  Son,  £5,372  ;  Browne  and  Robin.iOa, 
£.5,084  ;  Bamford,  £5,057  lOs.  ;  Patmanand  Fotheiingham, 
£4'9'^'7  'ciemence,  £4,994  ;  Simpson  and  Son,  £4,89S  ;  HiU 
and  ke'ddell,  £4,540  ;  Phillips  (accepted),  £1,497  16s.  9d.  ; 
Langmead  and  Way,  £4,370. 

Mavfair  —For  the  erection  of  two  houses  and  shops, 
Shephenl-street,  Mavfair,  for  Mr.  W.  H.  Whitehouse.  Mr. 
Joseph  S.  Moye.  architect.  Quantities  supplied  :— Stoner, 
£1,857  ;  SapweU,  £1,794;  Walton,  £1,5S2. 

OxFORft-sTRKET. — Accepted  for  improvements  on  Crown 
proi'ierty  in  0.rford  street,  for  Mr.  T.  Hollow.iy.  Mr.  Dale, 
architect :— Stone  front,  Cart«r  .and  Son,  £1,678  ;  fittings 
of  ground  floor  and  librarj".  Carter  aud  Son,  £1,9S.  ; 
plastering  work.  Parsons,  £750  ;  ornamental  ceUing,  Jack- 
son £200 ;  hoist,  .lohnson,  £70.  For  works  per  schedule 
of  '  prices  the  following  trades  were  accepted  .—Iron 
shutt-rs  Clarke  and  Co.  ;  decorations.  Cowtam  and  Co.  ; 
scajliola,  Dobson  aud  Son  ;  engineering  and  copper  works, 
Ashton  ;  general  fittings,  Aahton. 

PlMLlco— For  making  alterations  to  21,  22,  and  23. 
Victoria  road,  Piralico,  for  Mr.  F.  Gorringe.  Mejsra. 
Walford  and  Donkin,  architccta.  Quantities  supplied  by 
Mr  Doughney  ■ — Turner  and  Sons,  £4.315  ;  Lawrence  and 
Sons.  £3,932;  G.  H.  and  A.  BJ^Tatcr,  £3,771;  Ramsey, 
£3,7.-<6;  Xew-man  and  Mann  (accepted),  £3,3S4. 

Snaresbbook.— For  two  houses  .and  shops,  for  Mr. 
WUkinson.  Mr.  Marshall,  architect  ;—Rivett,  £1,383  ; 
Mundy  and  Hutchinson  (accepted),  £1,325. 

Snare-^brook.- For  house  and  shop,  for  Mr.  Bodger. 
Mr.  Maisliall,  architect  :—  Lose,  £675 ;  Mundy  and 
Hutchinson  (accepted),  £650. 


BATH  STONE  OF  BEST  QUALITY. 

Rajosell  and  Saond^r.^,  Quarn'men  and  Stone  Mer 
chants,  Bath.  List  of  Prices  at  the  Quarries  and  Depots, 
also  Cost  for  Transit  to  any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
famished  on  application  to  Bath  Stone  Office,  Coraham, 
Wilts.— [Abvt.J 


-, 


vin 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


March  8,  1867. 


BANKRUPTS. 

TO  9URRENDEB  IN  BASINGHALL-3TREET. 
WiJliam  Bailer,  Finchley,  builder,  March  13,  at  12 — 
George  Barnes,  Grove  mad.  Mile  end,  slater,  March  20,  a 
"2 — Lewis  Green,  Homsey,  builder,  March  25,  at  1 — W** 
Piirkiss,  sen.,  Hampden  street,  Somers  Town,  builder.- 
March  1^,  at  1 — Martin  Roots,  Shipbonrne,  Kent,  timber 
merchant.  March  10,  at  12 — W.  Swatman,  Eliu  street, 
Gray'3  Inn  road,  painter,  March  H,  at  2— W.  H.  Thorn, 
Lower  Thameaatreet,  ziiicworktir,  March  19,  at  11— John 
Williams,  Lewit^ham,  plumber,  March  IS.  at  1 — William 
Fa'^ikhurst,  Twickenham  Park,  builder,  March  27,  at  1 — 
Edward  Samuel  Downs,  HadleiL,'h,  huLIder.  March  19,  at  12 
— John  Gilbert.  Brightling;,  wheelwright,  March  '27,  at  1 — 
James  Hewlett,  St.  Thomas's  ruad,  Stepney,  bricklayer, 
March  IS,  at  11— C.  H.  Page,  Carlton  stre«t,  Kentibh  'I  own. 
htfilder,  March  25.  at  12 — J.  Stringfellnw,  South  grove, 
Stamford  hill,  builder.  March  IS.  at  12 — James  Walkley, 
Battereea,  carpenter.  JIarch  19,  at  2. 

TO  SURRENDER  IN  THE  COTTNTRT. 
William  and  Han  iet  Cooper,  Tamworth,  plumbers,  March 
22,  at  12 — W.  Fitld.  and  W.  Palmer,  Birmingham,  timber 
merchant,  March  13 — George  W.  Francis,  Luson,  Devon, 
road  surveyor,  March  12.  at  11 — Johu  Junes,  FrioE,  near 
Dolgelly,  joiner,  March  14,  at  11 — W.  Laband,  and  Harriet 
Payne,  Birmingham,  carvers,  March  1^,  at  12  John  Baa- 
croft  Shuttleworth.  Hyde,  plasterer.  March  IS.  at  11 — 
Henry  Bidders,  Te^Tiliam,  brickmaker,  March  13,  at  12 — 
V7illiam  Staint<:)U,  Waterluo.  Lancashire,  painter,  March  12, 
at  3 — Thomas  Emery,  Wethiesbury,  carjienter,  March  20,  at 
12 — Thoma.s  Kuowles,  IMauchester,  machinist,  March  25.  at 
11 — John  Seeming  Taylor,'  Ba  now -in -F  unless,  plasterer, 
March  11,  at  10— Benjamin  Westell,  Accrington,  wheel- 
wright, April  5,  at  11. 

PARTNERSHIPS  DISSOLVED. 

KnowleB  and  Higham,  Blackburn,  ironfounders — Web- 
Bter  and  Atkinson,  Leeds,  builders — J.  and  T.  Brightmoie, 
Sheffield,  painters. 

DECLARATION  OF  DIVIDEND. 

J,  W.  Pollard,  Liverpool,  slater,  dividend  Ss. 
DIVIDENDS. 

March  14,  R,  Johnson,  and  J.  Addie,  York  street,  York 
road,  elate  merchants — March  14,  G.  A.  H.  Eade^,  Kiui 
Tavern  fields,  Shadwell,  iron  merchant — March  10,  W.  Snt- 
cliffe,  Halifax,  mason — March  IS,  H.  Tuif,  Walmer,  near 
DeaL  contractor  a  agent — March  20,  W.  Booth,  Sheffield, 
engineer  s  toolmaker — March  20, 1.  H.  Schofleld,  Sheffield, 
joiner's  tool  manufacturer. 

NOTICE  OF  SITTINGS    FOR  LAST  EXAMINATION. 

March  20,  T.  Dockerty,  Jarrow.  builder — March  27,  J. 
Street,  Hulrae,  joiuiieyman  bricksetter — March  27.  H. 
Shepherd,  Hulme,  journeyman  ironiuoulder— April  26,  J, 
W.  Tout,  Portsmouth,  engineer — April  30,  G.  Croft, 
Brighton,  builder — March  22,  C.  Martin,  Duke  street. 
Adelphi,  engineer — March  22,  C .  Woolnougli.  Falkland 
road,  Kentish  Town,  plumber — March  25,  C.  Rooke,  Bland- 
ford  Forum,  builder — March  27,  T.  VVallia,  Harrow  road, 
plumber — March  27,  G.  H.  Johnson,  Richmond,  plumber — 
April  16,  J.  Rovery,  Park  road,  Clapham,  timber  dealer — 
April  12,  G.  Aish,  North  Petherton,  Somerset,  carp  nter — 
April  25,  J.  Bell,  Penrith,  plumber — March  16,  G.  Craven, 
Dacre  Banks,  near  Ripley,  journeyman  mason — March  IS, 
T.  Longdon,  Litchurch,  moulder. 


LATEST  PEICES   OP  MATERIALS   trSED 
IN  CONSTEUCTION. 


TiMBEB,  dutv  !•  per  load,  drawback,  la. 


Teat    load    £9 

Quebec,  red  pine  ... .     3 

,,       yellow  pine..     8 

Bt.  John  N.B.  yellow    0 

Quebec  Oak,  whlU)..     6 

„       btrch 3 

„      elm    3 

Dantdc  oak  3 

..       fir 2 

Memel  flr  3 

Riga 5 

Bwedlnh  1 

2Iasta,Quebecredpme  6 
■  ■      yellowpine. ,     5 
Itat^wood.Dautzic.fm   4 
St.  Petersburg  6 
DwilB,prC..12It.by3 
by  9  in. .  duty  2s  per 
Iwvd.  di-ftwback  '2a. 
Qn«bee.  white  spruce  13 
StJohn,  whiteapruce  13 
Yellow   pine,  per  re- 
duced C 
Canada,   let  quality.  17 
3nd  do 12 


0£10  10 
5  4  1& 
5      3  10 


3  10 

8  ^ 

3  3 
8  0 
6 

fi  10 
7  10 


10    22  10 
0    IS  10 


19  10 
13  10 


Archangel,  yellow  ,.  £12 
St.  Petersburg,  yeL . .  10 

Finland  8 

Memel 0 

Gothenburg,  yellow      9 

white    8 

Oefle,  yellow fl 

Soderhamn    9 

Chnstiania,    per   C, 

12  ft.  by  3  by  9  in. 

yellow ,  18 

Deck  Plank,  Dantzio, 

per  40  ft.  3  in 0 

PoiucB  Stone  pr  ton    5 
Oiu,  &c. 

Seal,  pale per  tun  46 

.Sperm  body 140 

Cod 41 

Whale.  Sth.  Sea,  pale  45 

Olive.  Gallipoli 63 

Cocoanut,  Cochin.ton  C3 

Palm,  fine 40 

Linaeed   S5 

Rapeaeed,  Eng.  pale. .  38 
Cottonseed SO 


0  £13    0 

10  11     0 

0  »    0 

0  0    0 

0  10  10 

0  8  10 

0  11     0 

0  10  10 


1     4 

8     0 


0  0 

0  41 

10  0 

10  0 

0  36 


Metals. 


Welah  Bars  In  London     . .   . . 

NaU  Kod       

Hoopa 

Bheeta.  Single      

StafordBhire  Bars       , 

Ban,  in  Wales     

Rallfl    

Foundry  Piga>  at  Glaag.  No    1 
Swedish  Bars   


iRos  :— 
, . . per  toQ 


do 
do 


Bwedlah  Keg,  hammered      per  ton 

Swedlah  Faiftfot  do 

CopPiR  :— 

Bheet  A  Sheathing,  &  Bolts   per  ton 

Haiiiiuered  bottoiun       do 

Flat  Bottoms,  not  Hammered    ..       do 

Cake  and  Tough  Ingot      do 

Best  Selected     do 

Fine  Foreign    v       do 

Yel.  Metal  Sheathing  &  Bods  ....  per  lb 

Te»  :— 

EngUsb  Block      per  ton 

do      Bar   do 

do      Befined  do 

Banca      do 

Strait      do 

Lead : — 

Fig,  English      per  ton 

,,    Spanish  Soft     do 

Shot.  Patent     do 

Sheet   do 

Whita     do 

Sfixtxk  :— 
..  7^,...i><.p«rtoa 


8  17 

9  17 

7  17 
C  15 


15  15 

10  10 


86  0 
9fi  0 
SI     0 


16    0 

12  10 


0    0    0     neit 


PI     0    0 

101     0     0 


0    0    74 


88  10    0 
85  10    0 


19  15 
23  10 


8y    0    0    nett 
86    0    0 


Zjnc:— 

English  Sheet      per  ton         25    0    0       0    0    0 

Devaui'sV.  M.  Roofing  Zinc   do  27    0    0        0    0    0 

*  And  5  per  cent,  discount  if  laid  upon  the  new  syatem. 

QuiCKSlLvm       per  btl  6  IS    0       7    0    fl 

EBGULDB  op    ANTrMOHT. 
French    per  ton  IM    0    0        0    0    0 


TO   INVENTORS   AND  PATENTEES. 


THE  BATH  STONE  COMPANY  (Limited),  Bath,  are  now 
prepared  to  supply  any  of  the  following  Stones — viz.,  Box 
Ground,  Corshani  Down,  Farleigh  and  Combe  Down. — For 
prices  and  terms  applr  to  the  Manager,  E.  A.  Tucker, 
cnief offices,  4,  Railway-place,  Bath. — [Advt.] 


THE     MECHANICS'     MAGAZINE,     of 
March  8,  1867.  Price  4d..  contains  articlea  nn  : — 
.Siemens  and  Wheatatone's  Electro- Magneto  Induction  Appfirataa. 
The  Paria  Kxhibition. 
The  Late  Mr.  Bethell. 
The  Dublin  Exhibition  of  1865. 

Notea  on  Kecent  Scientific  Discoveries  and  their  Practical  Applica- 
tions, 

New  Works  at  Woolwich. 

CofU-Cutting  by  Machinery. 

The  "  Great  Eastern." 

Penuaneiit  Photographs. 

Mathematical  Drawing  Instruments. 

The  Chasacpot  Breech-loading  Rifle. 

Attaching  Knobs  toSplndleu. 

■Society  of  Engineers. 

London  Association  of  Foremen  Engineers, 

BoilT  Insurance  Company. 

Legal  Intelligence. 

Correspondence — 

Safety  Valves. 

Electric  Light  Regulator. 
Notices  to  Corresponf'eutB, 
Meetings  for  the  Week. 
Naval.  Military,  and  Gunnery  Items. 
Miscellanea. 

Ahridged  Specifications  of  Patent*. 
Provisional  Proteotiona. 

Patents  Applied  for  vrith  Complete  SpeclQcatfons. 
List  of  Sealed  Patents. 

Notices  of  Intention  to  Proceed  with  Ffitents. 
Patents  on  which  the  Stamp  Duty  of  £5ti  has  been  Paid, 
Patents  on  which  theStamp  Duty  of  £100  has  been  Paid. 
List  of  Published  Specifications. 

OFFICE  :  166,  FLEET-STREET,  LONDON. 


ENGLISH  CATHEDRALS. 

MASON  and  CO.'S  UNIFORM  SERIES 
of  PHOTOGRAPHS  of  ENGLISH  CATHEDRALS,  with  De- 
Bcriptive  Letterpress.     Imperial  folio. 

Now  ready— Norwich  :  Three  Views, ICa.     Ely:  Five  Views,  15s. 

In  February- Canterbury :  Four  Views,  ISs. 

"Theatzeof  the  photogiapha  renders  them  available  to  archltecta 

who  may  be  in  ac-irch   of  general   views,  and   displays  much   of  the 

detail  in  nearer  objects.     On  the  whole,  they  are  eminently  successful 

transcripts,  and  well  adapted  for  use  " — Athmirura. 

Misoy  aud  Co..  28,  Old  Bond  street. 


SHORTHAND.  —  PITMAN's  PHONO- 
GRAPHY.— Phonography  is  taught  in  class  at  lOs  6d,  or  private 
Instruction  given,  personally  or  by  post,  for  £1  la,  the  perfect  course  of 
Leasons.  Pitman's  Shorthand  Teacher,  post  free  7d.  London :  20, 
PatemoBter-row,  E.C. 


ROYAL  POLYTECHNIC— LEOTARD  ; 
or  "The  AUTOMATICl"  "  Which  is  it t"  This  enigma 
variously  solved  by  wondering  thousands  who  witness  the  life- 
like performances  daily,  at  the  Royal  Polytechnic  Institution,  at 
S  and  9.  "Laudseer'a  Lions,"  eihlbited  on  the  disc  d;iily  at  4  and  9. 
before  the  reading  of  Dickens's  "  Christmas  Carol,"  with  all  its  start- 
lingghost  efl'ects.  "'The  Head  of  the  Decapitated  Speaking."  at  3.30 
aud  7-30.  N.B. — Professor  Pepper's  popular  course  of  lectures  on 
"Astronomy;"  with  the  resulU  of  Huggm's  Spectrum  Analysis  ap- 
plied to  the  Heavenly  Bodies,  will  commeuce  on  Tuesday.  March 
19.  at  2  o'clock,  and  be  continued  every  Tuesday  and  Thursday  during 
Lent,  at  the  same  hour.    Open  Irom  12  to  5  and  7  tu  10.    Admission  Is. 


The  Seacombe  Forge,  Rivet,  &  Bolt  Company, 

MAMFACTUREBS    OF 

Bolts,  Eivets,  ■Washer.",  Coach  Screws,  Spikes, 
Set  Pins,  Tie  Rods,  Cotter  Tins,  &o  , 

Al  BO 

ENGINEER'S    AND    SHIPBUILDER'S    FOBGINGS, 

SMITH  WORK,  AND  EVERY  DESCRIPTON 

OF  SHIP'S  FASTENINGS. 

■Works— SEACOMBE,  near  BIRKENHEAD 


s 


D 


TAIRCASE    and   JOINERY     -n^ORKS, 
JOHN     WALDEN 

(Late  Shop  Foreman  to  Mr.  W.  SANDS,  retired), 

12,  MAIDEN  LANE,  COVENT  GARDEN. 

Eatimates  ou  .ipplicatioQ. 

OUBLE-ENDED      BRICK  -  MAKING 

MACHINE  (Slater's   Patent),  Ready  for   Delivery,  will  turn 

out  28,000  per  day.  May  be  seen  at  the  manutacturera',  Appleby  Bros., 
Emeraon-street.  Southwark. 


MESSRS. 

ROBERTSON,  BROOMAN,  AND  CO. 

CIVIL  ENGINEERS 
AND     PATENT    AGENTS, 

(EstabMiihed  182.3). 

166,  FLEET  STREET,    LONDON. 

UNDERTAKE     TO    OBTAIN      PATENTS     FOE     INTEKTIOSl 

PROVISIONAL  PROTECTIONS 

APPLIED  FOR. 

Specifications  Dra-wn  and  Revised. 

DISCLAIMERS  AND  MEMORANDUMS  OP  AITSRJ 
TIONS  PREPARED  AND  FILED. 

ADVICES     ON    CASES    SUBMITTED, 
OPINIONS  AS  TO  INFRINGEMENTS,  &c,,  4c, 

OPPOSITIONS  CONDUCTED. 

Messrs.  Robertson,  Brooman,  and  Co., 
Undertake  (upon  Commission)  Ordera 
for  all  Engineering  Constructions,  Rail, 
■ways,  Locomotive,  and  other  Steam 
Engines,  &c.,  &c. 


ARCHITECTURAL  ENRICHMENTS  in 
PAPIER  MACHE,  CARTON  PIERRE,  aud  COJIi'O8ITI0!l, 
produced  in  the  Ix'st  style  ;  and  eatimates  fumislied,  on  receipt  ct 
drawing.  EBtabliahed  SO  yeara.  WILLIAM  SMART,  41,  Cllfltt. 
fltreet,  Flnabury,  London,  B.C. 


Ob  the  Spot 


0    0        81  10     0 


93    S    0       »  IS    0    Dett 


THE  INTERNATIONAL  PRIZE  MEDAL, 

Awarded  1862, 
also  the  dublin  medal,  1865. 

To     BUILDERS.     CARPENTERS,    and    BLINDMAKERS. 

JAS.  AUSTIN  &  SON, 

Manufacturers  of    the  above   Articles,    particulnrly   wiah  to  direct 
the  attention  oi  the  Trade  to  their 

IMPERIAL    PATENT    FLAX    SASH    LINES, 

Of  which  they  are  now  umking  four  qualitiea,  and  they  strongly  recoia 
mend  th.it  in  wll  cases  they  should  be  purchased  in  preference  to  the 
PATENT  LINE?  mad©  from  Jute,  which  Article  has  neither  the 
STRENGTH  uor  DUR.\BILITY  of  FLAX,  consequently  cjinnot  give 
BO  much  eati&factiun  to  the  Consumer.  They  also  invite  the  pnrticu  nr 
attention  of  Upholsterere  uud  Blind  Makers  to  their  Improved  Patent 
Blind  Lines,  which  are  very  much  superior  to  anything  ye  offered 
to  the  trade. 

They  vata  be  obtained  of  all  Kopemakers.  Ironmongers,  Marchantfi, 
Factors,  and  Wholesale  Houses  iu  Town  and  Country. 
ESTABLISHED  1774. 

BILIOUS  and  LIVER  COMPLAINTS 
Indigestion,  Sick  HeAdache,  l^ss  of  Appetite.  Drowainoss. 
(.•iddinens.  apasuis.  and  all  Disorders  of  the  Stomach  and  Bowels,  are 
quickly  removed  hy  th:it  well-knuwn  remedy,  FKAMPTON'S  PILL 
OF  HEALTH.  They  unite  the  recouimeiidation  of  a  mild  oppratiou 
with  the  most  succet.aful  effect ;  and  where  &u  aiierient  is  required, 
nothing  can  be  better  adapted. 

8old  by  all  Mediane  Vendors,  at  1b,  l^d,  and  2b.  M.  per  box   or 
obtained  through  anyChemist. 


GEORGE 


NOTICE. 
DAVENPORT 


CABINETMAKER   ANT)   UPHOLSTERER, 

Is  ready  to  supply  in  any  Quantity 

Thonet  Bros.'  Austrian  Bent  Wood 

Furniture, 

Which  hat  obtaiTud  Prize  MedaU  at  every  Exhibition  i 

Europe  since  1851. 
It  ia  the  Strongest  and  Cheapest,  and  at  the  same  time  Lightest 
most  Elegant  production   of  the  Cabinetmaker's  srt  ever  Introdim 
combining  in  the  highest  degree  Economy  and  Litillty. 

An  inspection  of  bis  large  btock  of  this  Manufacture  !■  r 
fully  solicited  by 

GEORGE  DAVENPORT, 

50,    LUDGATE    HILL,    LONDON,    E.C. 

^  Depot  for  thi  United  Kingdom. 


THE  IMPBO V  ED  TANNED  LEATHE 
DRIVING  STRAPS. 

PATENT    EDGE-LAID   LEATHE 
STRAPS,  without  Lap  or  Cross  Joints.    Superior  toalloUu 
for  Portable  Engines. 

PRIME  STRAP  AND  SOLE  BUTTS. 

Price  Lists  sent  free  by  post. 

THE  TANNED  LEATHER  COMPAN" 

TANNERS,  CURRIERS,  sc, 
ARMITWORKS.GREENFIELD.NEARILANXHESTE 
WAREHOUSE— SI,  MARK-LANE,  LONDON,  E.C. 

MR.  H.  FERRABEE,  AfiENL 


H 


PKIZE  MEDAL,  1863. 

A    MILTON         &         0( 

No.  10,  GBEEK  STREET,    SOHO  SQUAKE,  LONDOS, 
Sole  Manulacturers  of 
C.  A,  WATKIN'S  PATENT    WIRE  BOUND.  ROUND,  and  0^ 

PAINTING  BRUSHES. 

Distemper  Brufihei,  Saah  Tools,  Stippling  Bruahei,  Glldere* 
Grainers'  Tools. 
These  goods  are  made  of  the  best  mnterialB  And  workmanship, 
have  obtained  a  high  reputation  among  the  chief  decorators  in 
kingdom.  Varnish  and  Colour  Manufacturers.  Oilmen,  Merctu 
&c.,  are  BuppUed  on  the  lowest  terms.  Price  ListA  forw&rded  ci 
plication. 

/^ARTS,   LADDERS,    BARROWS,   &c 

\J     GEORGE  ELL  .-ind  CO..    Builders   of  Carts,    Vans.   Wagg 
Trucks,  Trolleys,  Ac  .  Contractors'  and  Builderj."  Plant. 

LADDEKS.  BAKEOWS.  TKESTLES,    dTEPS.  PORTABLE 

SCAFFOLDS,    PICK-HELVES,    HAMMER    HANDLES,   *■ 

WTieels  made  by  Improved  Machinery  uu  the  Premises. 

A  lai-ge  V;triety  of  both  Light  and  Heavy  Wheels  kept  in  St« 

Bariowa,  Dobbin,  and  other  Carta,  intended   for  Exportation. 

made  by  Machinery  so  as  to  be  interchangeable  iu  their  parts,  foi 

Convenience  of  packing  for  shipment. 

Scaffolding,    Ladders.  Barrowa.    Irestlea.  Step,  &c.,  Lent  on  Ell 
Price  Lists  on  upphcatiou. 

GEORGE     ELL     &     CO., 

EUSTOK  WORKS.  366  and  SS8,  EUSTON  ROAD,  LONDOS.J 


Day  and  Gas  Light  UeOidor  llanafactor 

THOMAS  FOX,  9J,  HATTON  GARDI 
(E.C.)  ,  ^ 

These    Reflectors  never    tarnish,    require    no  clewiltig,    »M 
the  most  effective  and  durable  yet  present^l  to  the  public. 

N.B.— The  usual  Discount  to  Builders  aud  the  Trade. 


LADDERS   AND    SCAFFOLDINC 

ol  every  DESCRIPTION,  for  SALE,  or  HIRE,  at 

H.  MATTHEWS', 
325,  EUSTON-ROAD,  ST.  PANCRAS. 

CLOSET  PANS  AND  DRAIN  PIPES 
POTTERY  PRICES. 
N.B.— Powerlul  Screw  Jacks  for  Hlr«. 

SCHOOL  FURNITURE. 

BANKS'S    PATENT  SCHOOL    DBS* 
convertible  into  a  colufo^t.^ble  sciit  or  table,   from    ^  *  i , 
IHustrated  Cat.%logue3  of  the  above,  aud  .ill  other  kinds  of  •  ^ 

httingB.  _ 

SIDEBOTHAM,  BANKS,  &  CO.: 

CHURCH  ftud  SCHOOL  FL'hMTUKE  MANUFACTUiBS 
PARSONAGE  WORKS,    4,    ALBERT     STREET     MARCHES*' 
Lo>DOS  Ac-em— Mr.    D.    O.    BoVD. 
Mueeum  of  Building  AppliAnceB.  23.  Maddock-Btrtit.  Haso* 
Square,  where  Bamples  can  beM«B. 


March  15,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


185 


THE   BUILDING  NEWS. 


LOSDON,  PRIDAr,  MABCB  15,  1867. 


A     PHILOSOPHICAL    VIEW    OF    ABT. 


No.    3. — Co>XEPTioNS    OP    Akt.- 

ISTELLECTUAI.   CRISIS. 


-The 


A    RAPID  review  of  the  conceptions  pre- 
valent among  the  Oriental  and  earliest 
nations  has  prepared  us   for  an  examination 
into  the  Greek  and  Roman  periods.     We  have 
seen   that  the   preponderance  of  the  imagina- 
tive faculty,  especially  among  the  Indians,  im- 
parted to   religion  and  art  a  peculiar  signiti- 
ince.     A   poetical   mysticism  under  a  veil  of 
ymbols,  and  a  creative  fancy  seldom  equalled 
and  never   surpassed,   are  the  s;dient  features 
that  strike  us  in  viewing  them  from  our  pre- 
•  nt  distant  standpoint.     Indeed,  the  mythic 
Ligioa  and  art  of  early  eastern  civilisation 
low  us  the  near  approach  the  higher  facidties 
;  man — nnguided   as  they  were — can  make 
towards  perfection,  when  left  to  a  natural  and 
instinctive  impulse.     Never  was  a  purer  form 
■f    polytheism    conceived   than    that    which 
,'arded    the  deity  as  an  absolute  ideal,  the 
.preme    essence  from  whom  all   souls  and 
ings  emanate,   and    with  whom   they   are 
lally   incorporated,   after  successive  migra- 
>n3  through  the  corporeal  world.    The  triple 
■lationofthedivinebeing(theTimourti)of  the 
ilmdoo  religion  constitutes,  indeed,  a  striking 
.iualogy  to  our  doctrine  of  the  Trinity,  as  well 
as  indicates  a  faculty  for  abstract  conception. 
But  with  all  this  undeniable  proof  of  nobility 
"f  consciousness  and  intellect,   found  in  the 
irly    believers    of   Brahma,    the    time   had 
-ucely   arrived  when   a  separation  between 
:iie  material   and    immaterial— or   the   form 
md   the   idea — became   necessary.       Ancient 
reece  was  the   stage   on   which   that  great 
itellectual  movement  began,  and  it  is  from 
that  epoch,  moreover,  that  the  history  of  philo- 
-ophic  thought    commenced.      The    creative 
fancy  of  primitive  man,   externalising  ideas, 
tirst  seeks  the  evidence  of  his  religious  belief 
.'  ithout,    objectively  ;     but    afterwards,    the 
■velopment  of  his  reason  seeks   it   subjec- 
vely,   within  ;  and  thus  he   advances  from 
etry  and  faith,  to  science  and  reason — from 
|/articular  to  universal  ideas. 

To  understand  the  influences  which  brought 
about  the  struggle  between  the  imagination 
and  the  reason,  it  is  necessary  to  bear  in  mind 
the  diversity  of  elements  which  combined  to 
rm  the  Greek  civilisation  and  intellect, 
-csidcs  two  distinct  races,  the  Pelasgi,  •  the 
aboriginals,  dwellers  of  Peloponnesus,  and  the 
Hellenes,  who  subjugated  them  and  spread 
themselves  over  the  country,  there  were 
v.irious  other  races  of  foreign  extraction  who 
intermingled,  and  gradually  became  united, 
with  the  indigenous  tribes.'  Thus  we  find 
' '  ulmus,  from  Phoenicia,  teaching  the  alpha- 
t;  the  Egyptian  Cecrops  establishing 
..-ligious  and  social  observances,  and  the 
-Vreopagus.  The  earliest  period  of  Grecian 
history  was  one,  indeed,  of  tradition  and  fable, 
in  which  the  symbolical  ideas  of  the  east 
riiingled  with  tiie  notions  of  the  coimtry. 
Hence  gods  and  mortals,  titans  and  giants, 
\ied  with  each  other  as  objects  of  worship. 
Divided  into  states  ruled  "ijy  kings,  there 
was  yet  no  bond  of  union  between  them. 
Such  a  union  was,  however,  soon  formed  by 
the  Trojan  war,  but  chieflT  bv  the  universal 
reverence  for  the  Oracle  of  Delphi,  which, 
together  with  the  Olympic  and  Isthmian 
games,  promoted  that  national  unity  so  neces- 
sary to  the  arts  of  life.  The  exclusive 
I  character  of  Asiatic  ci\'ilisation,  united  to  a 
I  monarchical  rule,  contrasted  greatly  with  the 
unsettled  and  migratory  aspect"  of  early 
Vireece,  which  soon  led  to  the  development  of 


*  CoMtrnctom  of  those  Titanic  erections  known  in  Italy 
as  the  *' Cyclopean." 


a  republican  spirit  ;  and  this  tendency  is  appa- 
rent in  the  Greek  theogony  and  institutions, 
as  well  as  in  the  innumerable  republics  of 
cities  and  provinces  which  divided  between 
them  the  states  of  Greece.  The  diversity 
in  the  moral  and  intellectual  habits  of 
the  Greeks  doubtless  first  gave  rise  to 
this  republican  spirit,  which  made  itself 
felt,  as  a  writer  has  remarked,  in  all  the 
arts,  "  and  in  a  science  engaged  in  incessant 
strile,  and  marching  from  system  to  system 
amid  the  noise  and  tumult  of  opposition."* 
All  these  concurrent  circumstances  combined 
to  develope  prematurely  an  intellectual  mode 
of  thought,  to  which  the  earliest  philosophy  of 
Greece,  which  was  a  religious  or  poetical 
philosophy,  soon  gave  place.  The  sensuous 
veil  which  clothed  the  abstract  thought  in  the 
early  ages  began  gradually  to  fall  away,  and 
to  give  prominence  to  a  philosophical  reason 
which  regarded  man,  and  his  relations  to  the 
worhl,  and  to  the  Divine  essence  rather  than 
the  vague  and  general  ideas  previously  enter- 
tained. 

To  see  how  this  spirit  of  inquiry  was  infused 
into  tliought,  it  is  only  necessary  to  trace  the 
rise  and  progress  of  scepticism,  as  it  revealed 
itself  in  opposition  to  dogmatic  teaching, 
during  the  chief  periods  of  Grecian  philosophy. 
First,  we  find  the  Greek  intellect  began  to 
speculate  on  the  external  world.  The  Ionic 
school  of  Thales,  taking  experience  as  their 
guide  and  matter  as  the  basis,  tried  to  discover 
the  origin  and  elementary  principle  of  all 
things.  Water,  air,  and  firet  were  severally 
taken  to  represent  the  original  element ;  though 
in  what  manner  these  materi.il  principles  were 
related  to  the  spiritual  part  of  the  system 
is  not  clear.  In  the  Pythagorean  philosophy, 
we  trace  the  ascension  of  thought  I'rom  matter 
to  abstract  notions  and  principles.  An  occult 
power  was  attributed  to  words  and  numbers ; 
the  world  and  its  relations  to  the  Deity  were 
defined  in  a  sort  of  physico-mathematieal  man- 
ner ;  the  doctrine  of  the  metempsychosis,  and 
the  faculties  were  also  combined  with  an  occult 
system  of  mathematics;  and  many  noble  ideas 
on  an  ethical  system  were  partially  developed. 
Next,  in  the  specidations  of  "the  Eleatic 
school,  which  number  among  its  followers 
Parmenides  and  Zeno,  we  find  a  still  further 
endeavour  to  disregard  appearances  and  make 
them  relative  to  abstract  ideas.  Idealism 
reached  its  height  ;  reason  became  opposed 
to  experience  ;  and  scepticism,  for  the  first 
time  in  the  world's  history,  became  a  dominant 
fact.  This  disbelief  in  outward  appearances 
sprang  from  the  notion  that  a  plurality  of  real 
essences  implies  qualities,  such  as  similitude 
and  dissimilitude,  movement  and  repose,  mu- 
tually destructive  of  each  other.  | 

The  philosophers  of  the  Atomic  school 
sought  to  combine  the  experimental  and  intel- 
lectual systems.  The  existence  of  motion  and 
plurality  was  asserted ;  atoms  and  a  vacuum 
were  the  elementary  principles  of  this 
corporeal  system ;  and  the  soul  itself  was  dif- 
ferently defined  to  be  a  mass  of  round  atoms, 
imparting  heat,  motion,  and  thought;  sensa- 
tion, a  species  of  emanation  from  surrounding 
objects  ;  while  other  disciples  of  this  school 
comljincd  the  elements  of  various  other  sys- 
tems with  atomical  theories.  This  system  of 
thought  must  be  regarded  as  a  sort  of  "reaction 
to  the  metaphysical  theories  of  the  Eleatic 
school,  and  in  it  we  trace  a  spirit  for  more 
exact  science.  Anaxagoras,  of  Periclean  re- 
nown, for  example,  explained  the  existence  of 
animals  and  vegetables  on  physical  principles; 
regardeil  the  testimony  of  our  senses  as  true, 
though  insufticient  for  objective  truth,  the 
proper  sphere  of  the  reason.  P;issing  over  the 
school  of  Sophists  which  arose  out  of  the  con- 
flicting notions  of  truth  and  morality,  and  the 
consequent  deterioration  of  religio"us  belief, 
another  period  of  reason  commences.  Hitherto 
reason  was  characterised  by  an  unsystematic 
method  ;  now  it  proceeded  from  man  to  ex- 

*  Fred.  Ton  Schlegel.  in  his  "Philosophy  of  Histoiy." 

♦  Heraclitus  maintained  that  fire  was  the  imiTereal  agent, 
the  principle  of  life,  forc«,  and  thought. 

;  Zeno  was  the  propounder  of  this  argument.  ' 


ternal  nature.  Speculation  and  practice  went 
hand  in  hand,  and  an  endeavour  was  made  to 
deduce  princijiles  worthy  of  the  name  of  phi- 
losophy. And  it  is  iiupoitant  to  mark  that 
this  new  era  in  the  progress  of  thought  was 
identical  with  the  most  significant  aspect  of 
Greek  art  and  literature.  Athens  was  now 
the  focus  of  civilisation.  Socrates  laid  ihe 
foundation  of  a  system  which  sought  to  unite 
religion  to  morality  and  philosophy  ;  in  which 
the  higher  duties  of  man  were  regarded  as  the 
principal  exercise  of  his  faculties.  In  this 
.system,  essentially  a  moral  one,  the  relation 
of  the  soul  to  Divinity  was  nobly  and  simph 
defined,  and  certain  laws  determined  the  exer- 
cise of  freewill  and  nature. 

Passing  lesser  constellations  of  philosophic 
genius,  more  or  less  of  a  mixed  character,  we 
come  to  that  period  of  intellectual  elfiilgency 
which  brought  out  into  prominent  notice  the 
profound  and  exalted  Plato,  a  listener  of 
Socrates.  Like  the  latter,  embracing  in  his 
mental  grasp  the  elevated  ideas  of  contem- 
porary thought,  the  highest  faculties  of 
humanity  were  united  to  a  practical  element. 
Based  on  a  system  of  rationalism  he  yet  dis- 
tinguished the  sphere  of  ideas  beyouil  sense 
or  the  eternal  archetypes  or  unities,  and  con- 
ceived more  comprehensive  views  of  the 
extent  and  end  of  philosophy  than  did  many 
of  his  contemporaries.  Plato  also  distin- 
guished the  different  sciences — the  corporeal 
from  the  spiritual — and  discriminated  between 
the  faculties  of  cognition  and  sensation,  the 
analytical  from  the  synthetical  modes  of  in- 
quiry, thus  rendering  his  philosophy  more 
complete  than  any  previous  system.  Beauty  he 
considered  to  be  the  expression  of  moral  and  phy- 
sical perfection — synonymous  with  truth  and 
goodness,  and  leading  to'love  and  virtue.  Such 
were  the  leading  features  of  a  philosophy  in 
which  ideas  are  blended  into  a  united  whole, 
and  made  accordant  to  the  suMimest  modern 
conception.  Aristotle,  Plato's  disciple,  e.xcel- 
ling  his  master  in  discrimination,drew  a  more 
defined  line  between  reason  and  imagination, 
but  endeavoured  to  reconcile  Nature  with 
ideas,  proceeding  in  his  reasoning  from  the 
particidar  to  the  universal.  He  enlarged  the 
field  of  philosophy,  dividing  it  into  Logic, 
Physics,  and  Ethics— the  speculative  or  real 
from  the  practical  or  accidental — developed 
the  ideas  on  psychology,  and  deduced  from 
Nature  a  theory  of  the  fine  arts. 

Such  is  a  slight  sketch  of  the  conflicting 
systems  of  thought  which,  for  a  period  of 
upwards  of  two  hundred  years,  occupied  the 
intellect  of  Greece.  Aiiother  period  was 
taken  up  by  the  stoical  doctrines,  which  re- 
garded cognition  as  opposed  to  scepticism,  and 
established  rigid  laws  of  morality,  and  a  dis- 
tinction between  corporeal  and"  incorporeal 
beings  was  made.  The  dogmatism  of  the 
Porch,  however,  soon  found  opponents,  and  its 
union  with  the  scepticism  of  the  Academy 
tended  to  weaken  all  philosophic  speculation, 
which  gradually  lost  its  spirit  under  an 
oppressive  and  Oriental  learning.  It  will 
thus  be  seen  that  a  new  era  of  thought  had 
da\vned — one  which  distinguished  the  imagi- 
nation from  the  reason,  and  which  separated 
the  subject  from  the  object,  instead  of  that  in- 
version of  high  and  low,  God  and  Nature, 
which  marked  a  mytho-philosophical  era. 
Yet  the  popular  religion  of  the  Greeks  was 
little  influenced  by  the  intellectual  atmo- 
sphere. Amid  the  conflicting  and  extremely 
opposite  hypotheses  that  characterised  the  phi- 
losophy of  Greece,  there  was  little  on  which 
national  religion  could  safely  repose,  and 
hence  it  remained  a  sy.stem  made  up  of 
mythological  fictions — a  "sensual  religion  re- 
fined by  the  intellect.  The  metaphysical  ab- 
stractions of  the  philosopher  only  p"erplexed, 
and  could  not  find  embodiment  iii  a  poetical 
theology  thoroughly  anthropomorphic  and 
confined  to  external  rites. 

Though  the  intellect  was  the  predominant 
feature  of  Greece,  there  was  yet  a  poetical 
element  in  its  constitution  which  served  to 
keep  alive  the  feelings  and  sentiments  of  life. 
Thus  the  Homeric  poetry  of  Greece  occupies 


186 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


March  15,  1867 


a  middle    position   between  tlie  lictiona   of 
Oriental  fancy  and  the   intellect  of  a  prosaic 
age  ;  and  this  poetry  became   the  vehicle  for 
the   hymns   to   the   gods.     In   Sophocles   an 
artistic  refinement   and   moderation,  attribu- 
table  to   the   flourishing   epoch   of    his   life, 
raised    still    higher    the    poetic    element   of 
civilisation.      Philosophy,  life,  public  games, 
and   festivals   were  regarded   from   an  ideal 
point   of  view  ;   beauty   and   poetry   clothed 
everything.      The  athletic   exercises  afforded 
models    for  .sculptors,    and    the    feelings   of 
humanity  were    developed  to   a    remarkable 
degree.      Hence,  a  compromise   was   effected 
between  the   reason    and    the    imagination  ; 
thought  was  e.Kalted  and   found  its  sublimest 
consummation  in  the  Platonic  notion ;  and  all 
were  embodied,  by  the  refined  a;sthetic  sense  of 
the  Greek  mind,  in  the  most  sublime  anthro- 
pomorphic art.     From  a  period  of  fetichism, 
in  which  stones  and  symbols  were  worshipped, 
we  see   the    Greek  conception  for  art  rising 
higher  and  higher,   till  the  wooden  painted 
idols  perfected  by  Dasdalus  became  under  the 
chisel  of  Phidias  the  most  perfect  embodiments 
of  the   beautiful.     And  I  may  observe  here 
that  this  sense  of  beauty  became  at  last  to  be 
entirely    independent   of   the     portrayal    of 
religious  feeling  ;    beauty  was  worshipped  for 
itself   alone,   and   all    that   was  sensuous  or 
dignified,  from  wliatever  source,  became  incor- 
porated  witli   the  plastic   art  of  the   nation. 
Thus,  in  the  figures  of  Jupiter  and  Hercules 
ideal  faces  and  animal   strength  were  given, 
and  every  statue   became  typical  of  an  ideal 
conception.      This  tendency  ol  art  to  become 
more  separated  from  religion  was  unquestion- 
ably the  result  of  philosophic  thouglit,  and  i 
shall  have  occasion  in   the   course   of  these 
remarks  to  refer  to  the  same  tendency  among 
us  moderns.      The  Greek  idea  was  a  purely 
intellectual      one,      something      transitional 
between  the  corporeal  idea  of   an  early  em- 
bodying  nation,   and  the   religious     concep- 
tion  of    a    subsequent   age.       The    national 
character    and     education    of    the     Greeks 
tended    also   in   a     remarkable    manner    to 
develope  the  perception  for  the  fine   arts.      A 
love  of  beauty   was  inherent.      Even   games 
were   instituted,    and  prizes  awarded   to   the 
most  beautiful ;  and  it  is  said  the  Lacedaemo- 
nian women  kept  before   theui   in  their   bed- 
rooms the  finest  statues.    Philosophers,  too,  re- 
lished art ;  and  artists  studied  philosophically, 
beginning  with  geometry  and  form.    Pythago- 
ras, Plato,  and  Aristotle  wrote  upon  art ;  and 
Plato  asserted  that  a  mastery  of  form  in  man  and 
animals  was  the  basis  of  all  design.     Nothing, 
however,  developed   the   fine   art  perception 
more  than  the  Olympic  games.      They  roused 
the  energies   of  all  engaged  in  the  contest   of 
skill  and  superiority  in  the  arts  ;  and  Aristotle 
observes,  "All  were  taught  literature,  gymnas- 
tics and  music,  and  many  the  art  of  design,"* 
for  the  purpose  of  educating  the  people  in   the 
principles  of  those  pursuits  whicli  gave  them 
honourable  distinction,  and  enabled  them   to 
decide  with  strict  impartiality  their  merits. 
Aristotle    says,     "  The    multitude     is     the 
surest  judge  of  the  productions  of  art."  C!om- 
paring  Greek  with  Egyptian  art,   though  we 
see  a  similarity  in  some   of  the  fundamental 
forms,  the  simplest  and  earliest  Greek  temple, 
finding  its  prototype  in  Egypt,f  yet  there  is  a 
marked  difference  in  the  perceptive  power  of 
the  two  nations.     The  Egyptians  had  not  the 
power  of  perception  enough  to  rise  above   na- 
ture, nor  an  instinctive  imitation  of  natural 
forms — in  other  words,  to  attain  to  any  ideal 
excellence  or  beauty,  like  the  Greeks.     Hence 
the   figures   we   see  are   mere  transcripts   or 
childish  portrayals  of  life.      In  architecture, 
form,  not  colour,   was  noticed,  the  latter  hav- 
ing  only   a  subsidiary  office.      In  Egypt  the 
buildings  themselves  were  symbolic  records  ; 
in  Greece  they   were   conventional   works   of 
art,  in  which  scul]iture  and  painting  were   in- 
timately associated,  and   these  generally   em- 
bodied the  epic  or  myth. 


Without  the  variety  of  preceding  develop- 
ments, and  less  corporeal  in  its  character, 
Greek  architecture  displayed  a  chastened  ex- 
pression of  abstract  idealism  which  previous 
types  of  art  never  possessed.  More  conven- 
tional in  treatment,  the  exquisite  members  of 
the  Greek  temple,  as  seen  consummated  with 
all  the  Hellenic  refinement  in  the  Parthenon 
at  Athens,  seemed  to  be  a  petrifaction  in  mar- 
ble of  the  dialectics  and  deductive  philosophy 
of  Greece.  In  the  echines  and  other  mould- 
ings, as  well  as  in  the  Panathenaic  frieze,  the 
entasis  of  the  columns  and  the  other  optical 
corrections  of  form  we  almost  fancy  we  can 
realise  the  severe  and  rigid  metaphysics  of 
the  Greek  intellect.  All  this  refinement  took 
the  place  of  tlie  size  and  imitational  ornament 
of  an  earlier  and  more  corporeal  architecture. 
It  would  be  losing  sight  of  the  mam  features 
of  our  present  sketch  were  we  to  enter  mi- 
nutely into  an  investigation  of  Greek  art,  or  to 
detail  the  great  works  now  so  well  known  to 
all  lovers  of  art.  We  liave  dwelt  rather  fully, 
on  the  other  hand,  on  the  Greek  con- 
ception, because  Greek  civilisation,  in  its 
diversity  of  character  and  opinions,  may  be 
regarded  as  an  epitome  of  advanced  thought 
and  life,  which  a  lapse  of  2,OU0  years  has 
scarcely  excelled — or  at  any  rate,  which 
did  not  find  its  eqiial  till  the  varied  impulses 
of  the  fifteenth  century  created  a  new  power 
of  thought,  and  laid  the  germs  of  a  new  civili- 
sation. 


•  In  his  "  Politics/'  lib.  VIII. 

t  Proto-Doric  Grotto,  at  Beni-Hassan. 


THE     COURTS     OP     JUSTICE     COM- 
PETITION. 

Article  IX. 

MR.  DEANE  is  the  only  competitor  who 
has  had  the  good  sense  to  admit  that 
70Oft.  may  be  too  much  for  one  mind  to  grasp 
as  the  length  of  a  single  fa9ade.     In  our  first 
article  on  this  competition*  we   took  it  for 
gi-anted  that  no  one  would  be  foolish  enough 
to  propose   to  give  up   any  of  the  site  to  the 
Strand.     We  therefore  assumed  that  owing  to 
Pickett-street  there  would  be  a  break  some- 
where about  the  centre  of  the  Strand  front, 
and  that  this  might  suggest  a  division  of  the 
composition  into  two  or  more  groups  of  build- 
ings.    This  division  constitutes  the  peculiarity 
of  Mr.  Deane's  scheme — "  The  narrowness  of 
the  site  (he  says)  has  obliged  me  to  bring  the 
building  closer  to   the  Strand  than  I  should 
have  wished.      To  obviate  the  inconvenience 
of  having  to  enter  direct   from  this  leading 
thoroughfare,   I  have  arcaded  the  lower  story 
from  east  to  west,  thereby  giving  a  covered 
approach  for  foot-passengers,  and  this  arrange- 
ment has  the  further  advantage  of  removing 
the  lower  rooms,  placed   in  the  Strand  front, 
from  the   noise   of  the  street   traffic."     This 
idea,  in  itself  good,  has  not,  however,  been  well 
developed.      There  is  a   straggling,  irregular 
look  aljout  the  whole  design  which  is  sure  to 
detract    from    any    merits    it    may    possess, 
whilst,  in  spite  of  its  great  tower,  the  building 
looks  more  like  a  large  country  mansion  with 
extensive   offices   attaclied,   than   a  palace  of 
justice  in  the  midst  of  a  crowded  metropolis. 
In  the  arrangement  of  the  courts  and  the  corri- 
dors, we  cannot  congratulate  Mr.  Deane.     On 
a  level  above    the  court  floor  is  the  public 
corridor,    and   in    a    mezzanine    below    the 
court  level   is  the  private  corridor  for   bar- 
risters and  attorneys.     This  arrangement  we 
regard  as  fatal,   for  the    Barristers'   Corridor 
should  undoubtedly  be  on  the    level  of  the 
court  floor,  as  shown  in  all  the  good  plans. 
Barristers'   time   is   the  most    valuable  time 
which  the  architect  of  a  law  court  has  to  con- 
sider,   and   any    arrangement,  therefore,   by 
which  this  time  can  be  economised  must  ne- 
cessarily weigh  much  in  the  final  adjudication. 
Those  plans  where  the  barristers 'corridors  and 
rooms  are  placed  at  difl'erent  levels  from  the 
court  level  would  fail   in  the  very  important 
point    just  mentioned,   for    the  time   which 
counsel    would  lose  in  going  up  and  down 


•  BniLDiNO  News,  January  11,  1867,  p.  IS. 


stairs  or  into  and  out  of  lifts,  would  be  a  most 
serious  loss  to  the  profession,  and  cause  in  the 
aggregate  a  considerable  delay  in  public  busi- 
ness, to  say  nothing   of  the  personal  trouble 
and  inconvenience.  But  if  Mr.  Deane  has  failed 
in  his  plan  or  arrangement,  still  more  has  he 
I'aQed  in  his  elevations  and  sections.     Here 
and  there  we    see   bits  of  the  design  for  the 
Government  Offices,  which,  our  readers  may 
remember,  were   designed  while  the  late  Mr. 
Woodward  was  a  partuer  of  Sir  Thomas  Deane 
and  Son.     It  is  no  secret  that  Mr.  Ruskin  and 
Mr.  Woodward  were  great  friends,  and  that 
the    architectural    genius  of  the    celebrated 
Dublin  firm  took  wing  when  its  junior  partner 
died.     No  one  who  has  carefully  looked  at  the 
Crown  Assurance  Office,  Bridge-street,  Black- 
friars,  erecteil  in   Woodward's  happiest  days, 
and  at  the  Crown  Assurance  Office   in  Fleet- 
street,  just    completed,     can    fail    to   recog- 
nise the  enormous  loss  Mr.  Thomas  Neyen- 
ham    Deane  has    sustained    in    the  loss  of 
his  partner.     That   Mr.    Woodward,   had   he 
lived,   would   have   succeeded  at  last  in  em- 
bodying much  of  the  poetry  and  refinement 
which  rim  through  all  that   Mr.  Ruskin  has 
said  or  written  aiiout  architecture,  few  people 
who  knew  Irim  could  doubt.     Wliatever   dif- 
ference   of    opinion    there    may    be    as    to 
the  best  kind  of  Gothic  to  take   as  a^)Oi'n< 
de  depart,  we   have  no   hesitation  in  saying 
that  Messrs.    Deane   and  Woodward's  worfi 
in  Dublin,  Oxford,   and    London  are   to   be 
classed    among  the   very   best   examples    of 
the  architecture   of  the  age,  whatever    Mr. 
Fergussou  may  say  to  the  contrary.     But,  un- 
fortunately, Mr.  Woodward's  mautle  has  not 
fallen  on  Mr.  Deane,  whose  Italian  Gothic,  as 
set  forth  in  the  design  before  us,  has  no  more 
spirit  und  life   in  it  than  has  the  Gothic  of 
Jlr.  Lockwood.     Anyone  who  will  take  the 
trouble  to   examine  these  designs  will  soon 
find  out  how  eminently  unfit  Italian  architec- 
ture, Gothic  or  not,  is  for  such  a  buUding  as  an 
English  Palace  of  Justice.     The  necessity  oi 
getting  in  as  many  windows  as  possible,  antt 
of  avoiding  all  deep  shadows,  destroys   at  a 
blow  the  strength  and  charm  of  all  Italian 
architecture,  whatever  be  its  style.     Cut  up 
the   grand  unbroken   wall   surfaces   of   such 
buildings  as  the  Ducal  Palace  at  Mantua,  the 
Palace  of  the  Jurist  Consults  at  Cremona,  and 
the  Broletto  at  Como  or  Monza,  with  stories 
14ft.  from  floor  to  floor,  and  a  thick-set  array 
of  windows,   and   we   should   like   to   know 
what  sort  of  architecture  would  remain.     Of 
course,  if  people  will  persist  in  thinking  that 
proportions  of  voids  to  solids,  and  the  arrange- 
ment of  them,  have  nothing  to  do  with  archi- 
tecture, and  that  an  Italian  Gothic  building 
is  rather  more   easy  to   make  tlian  a  plum 
pudding,  provided   you  have   got  a  constant 
supply  of  shafts,  soffit  cusps,  stones  of  diffe- 
rent  colours,  notches,   and  dentils — if    it  i; 
thought  that  any  quantity  of    these   things 
may  be  mi.xed  up  together,  and  yet  result  in 
a  good   building,  then  all  we   can  say  is,  wi 
pity,  from  the  bottom  of  our  hearts,  the  un- 
fortunate architect  of  whom  such  is  expected 
— to  whom  not  even  the  liberty  of  a  cook  i> 
allowed,  and  to  whom  all  thought  as  to   thi 
relative  proportions  of  the  ingredients  of  hi' 
work  is   denied.        Mr.    Deane's   design   ha 
turned  out  much  like  a  plum  pudding  wouk 
have  turned  out  compounded  of— 

ilb.  of  flour, 

lib.  of  suet, 

31b.  of  raisins,  .' 

21b.  of  currants,  ] 

1  dozen  of  eggs, 

and  an  unlimited  quantity  of  milk  an 
water,  and  all  this  solely  because  j)eople  wi 
not  see,  and  architects  will  not  try  to  mal 
them  see,  the  difference  between  the  climate  ( 
England  and  that  of  Verona,  and  the  gre: 
gulf  which  Time  has  placed  between  the  coi 
ditions  under  which  a  Venetian  architect  i 
the  fourteenth  century  worked,  and  tho 
under  which  English  architects  are  now  calif 
upon  to  act.  Tliat  a  great  exaggeration  of  tl 
capabilities  of  Gothic  art    has    been   thru 


March  15,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


187 


upon  us  by  some  of  its  champions  we  firmly 
believe.  To  make  the  public  take  to  it  before 
it  was  ripe  all  sorts  of  virtues  were  attributed 
to  it.  The  Gothic  was  the  true  elastic  style. 
Anybody  could  do  anything  in  any  place  un- 
der anv  conditions  with  it.  If  you  wanted 
the  all-window  style,  or  the  no-window  style, 
Gothic  was  cijually  well  suited.  And  now 
we  have  got  to  such  a  pass  that  architect-s 
talk  about  their  architecture  as  if  it  were  a 
kind  of  old  Parr's  life  pill.  "  My  Gothic  " 
will  do  this,  and  "  My  Gothic"  will  do  that, 
.intil  there  is  no  evil  known  to  the  art  world 
•)r  the  building  world  that "  My  Gothic ''  won't 
:ure.  We  are  ashamed  of  a  profession  that 
lias  no  remedy  for  such  a  state  of  tilings  ;  or  if 
it  has,  is  so  corrupt  that  it  declines  to  use  it. 
***** 
We  publish  this"; week  an  illustration  of  Mr. 
Brandon's  remarkable  design.  Certainly  no 
me  amongst  the  competitors  deserves  more 
sraise  than  Mr.  Brandon  for  labour  bestowed. 
The  £800  premium  wa  feel  sure  will  be  quite 
nadequate  to  meet  the  mere  e.\penses  of  the 
Irawings  which  this  architect  e.xhibita,  whilst 
,he  great  amount  of  thought  shown,  not  in 
)ne  or  two  drawings,  but  in  all,  entitles  the 
luthor  to  a  very  careful  consideration  of  his 
.vork.  We  shall  therefore  reserve  what  we 
lave  CO  say  upon  this  design  until  after  we 
lave  noticed  Mr.  Burges's  eciually  remarkable 
'cheme  ;  premising  only  that  if  Mr.  Brandon 
lad  had  as  much  to  do  with  the  law  as  he  has 
liaJto  do  with  the  church,  he  would  have  learnt 
.hat  there  is  a  slight  difference  between  a 
Lord  Chief  Justice  and   a  Right  Reverend 

I'.ither  iu  God. 

♦ 

SCREW  PILES  IN-  THE  CONSTRUCTION 
OF  \  WROUGHT-IRON  GIRDER  BRIDGE 
AT  VERONA.* 

MODE  of  Screwing. — In  order  to  accomplish 
the  screwing  operation  in  the  cheapest  and 
-t  expeditious  mmner,  it  wiS  considered  better 
iupease  with  a  scaffolding  supported  by  timber 
.lies,   as  with   the   then   existing  depth  of  water, 
()OWerfulcurrent,  and  frequent  sudden  floods,  there 
V.U  danger  of   the    whole   platform    being    swept 
:v,  ai  happened  during  the  building  of  the  stone 
.vay  bridge  about  a  mile  lower  down  the  stream, 
ustead  of  an  ordinary  aoaflfolding,  therefore,  two 
tf  the  largest  river  barges  were  hired,  which  served 
Is  pontoons  ;  these  were  firmly  braced  together  by 
Iroas  timbers   fastened   over  the   decks,   leaving 
Sufficient  space  between  the  barges  for  sinking  the 
pile  and  screw.     The  whole  framework  was  then 
well  planked  over  for   the  men   working   at  the 
;    eapstaa  to  walk  on.    A  stout  rope  extended  across 
•    the  river  with   a  travelling   pulley,  from  which 
Lnotber  rope  was  attached  to  the   barges.     From 
the  stem  and  stern  of  the   latter  four  guy  ropes 
stretched  up  and  down  stream  to  capstans  hxed  to 
t.h  shores,  so  that  the  stage  was  under   perfect 
:amand.     This  arrangement  had  the  advantage 
,  it.  the  whole  apparatus   could  be  moved,  with 
•le  loss  of   time,  to  any  point  where  a  pile  was 
be  pitched,  and,   in  fact,  the  stage  was  floated 
iiu  one  pier  to  the  other,  across  the  river,  in  a 
n pie  of   hours;    further,   during   the   frequent 
.  inges  in  the  water  level,  the  working  platform 
Aiiya   remained  at  the  same   height   above  the 
■..iter.      On   the   other  hand,  a  drawback  accom- 
unied  this  arrangement,   which   was   the  great 
lifliculty  of  keeping  the  piles  perpendicular  when- 
!ver  the  screw  met  with  an  obstacle  which  forced 
t  out  of  its   centre,  as  even  the  strongest  ropes 
vould  then  stretch,  and  it  required  the  constant 
.ttention  of  the  men  at  the  guy  ropes  to  slacken 
t>r  tighten  them. 

I  The  screwing  operations  were  commenced  on 
May  22,  1863.  The  first  2^lt.  were  penetrated  by 
Se  screw,  with  the  aid  of  twenty-five  men,  in 
tbout  two  days,  but  below  that  point  it  was  foimd 
Impossible  to  drive  it,  as  it  rose  over  the  obstruc- 
uon  instead  of  going  through  it,  and  after  a  whole 
Hay's  grinding  the  progress  made  did  not  amount 
'  lo  halt  an  inch.  The  pile  was  then  raised,  and  it 
'  was  found  that  the  circumference  of  the  screw, 
although  armed  with  a  serrated  edge,  according  to 
ilr.  Wells's  recent  patent,  was  worn  away  to  a 
lepth  of  5iu.  from  the  circumference.  This 
laturally  gave  rise  to  the  surmise  that  one  of  the 


threatened  boulders  h.-id  been  encountered,  but  .v 
the  same  features  presented  themselves  in  every 
instance,  it  became  evident  that  the  obstacle  w.a.- 
not  an  accidental  one,  and  it  was  afterward.^ 
asccrtiined  beyond  a  doubt  that  the  river  bed  wav 
indeed  covered  with  a  stratum  of  compact  thougli 
easily  penetrable  gravel  to  a  uniform  depth  o* 
about  3ft.,  but  that  underneath  this  was  extend 
in,;  a  bed  of  extremely  hard  natural   concrete,  of 


FinsT  Screw.- 


unknown  thickness,  but  of  tolerably  homogeneous 
texture.  That  this  bed  was  of.  limited  extent, 
however,  was  proved  by  the  fact  that  during  the 
building  of  the  already  mentioned  railway  bridge, 
a  solid  foundation  was  only  with  the  greatest 
difficulty  obtained,  and  recourse  was  to  be  had  to 
extensive  piling.  It  was  evident  that  the  present 
screw  was  not  of  a  shape  fitted  to  penetrate  this 
ground,  and  the  writer  therefore  applied  again  to 
Mr.  Wells  for  his  advice,  who  offered  to  send  out 
at  once  new  screws  of  2ft.  diameter,  as  proposed 
by  him  at  the  first,  and  which  screws  no  doubt 
would  have  fully  answered  their  purpose  ;  but  the 
delay  occasioned  by  the  transport  opposed  an 
obstacle  to  this  remedy,  and  the  writer  had,  there- 
fore,  new  screws  cast  in  Venice,  of  2ft.  Sin.  diame- 
ter, and  the  same  in  depth,  the  thread  going  twice 
round,  with  a  pitch  of  12iu.  Mr.  Wells  thought 
that  such  a  steep  pitch  would  require  more  power 
to  drive  the  screw  than  was  available,  and  fixed 
upon  Sin.  as  the  maximum,  but  his  advice  came 
unfortunately  too  late.     It  was  not  long  before 

Second  Screw.— Fig.  2. 


•  B«4d  by  Mr.  J.J.  Horner,  before  the  Society  of  Engi- 
leers,  March  4, 1867.    Concludeil  from  page  171. 


^ -2r,.9-'- — 


Mr.  Wells's  predictions  were  verified;  and,  iu  order 
to  obtain  ttie  necessary  driving  power,  recourse 
was  theu  had  to  blowa,  at  first  by  sledge  hammers, 
and  afterwards  by  a  pile-driving  engine,  the 
monkey  acting  on  the  top  of  the  pile ;  but  as  the 
rams  used  in  that  country  consisted  simply  of 
blocks  of  oak  bound  with  hoops,  and  the  blows 
upon  the  hard  surface  of  the  pile  would  have 
injured  the  timber,  a  -wrought-iron  plate  was 
screwed  with  wood  screws  on  the  bottom  of  the 
ram.  Notwithstanding  this  precaution,  the  hoops 
flew  off,  injuring  the  men  below,  and  the  monkey 


was  soon  smashed  to  pieces.  The  only  substitute 
then  available  consisted  in  a  wrought-iron  square 
oar  -tin.  by  -lin.,  of  excellent  German  iron.  This 
ivas  cut  into  four  equal  lengths,  3ft.  9in.,  and 
these  were  firmly  bound  with  hoops  notched  into 
the  edges. 

This  new  ram  weighed  8  cwt.,  and  the  wooden 
ones  from  1.^  cwt.  to  2  cwt.  The  fall  varied  from 
?ft.  to  lOft,  according  to  the  nature  of  the  ground. 
During  this  process  of  driving  the  screw.-f,  it  was 
found  that,  as  is  the  ca«e  in  .all  piledriving,  there 
was  a  considerable  rebound  after  each  blow  ;  and 
in  order  to  counteract  that,  and  take  full  advan- 
tage of  the  force  of  the  blow,  it  was  found  neces. 
sary  to  give  a  quick  and  siuldeu  tur.i  to  the  screw 
the  very  instant  the  monkey  fell,  even  a  quarter 
of  a  turn  at  the  capstan  sufliced,  and  thus  no 
ground  was  lost.  Four  smaller  capstans  were  also 
added,  placed  round  the  central  one,  and,  on  an 
avenage,  forty  men  were  employed.  In  conse- 
quence of  all  these  delays,  amongst  which  was  the 
breaking  of  the  capstan  bo.ss,  nearly  four  months 
elapsed  before  the  fourth  pile  was  driven  home, 
■although  it  required  less  than  six  weeks  to 
drive  the  second  pair  of  piles,  which  were  no  less 
than  16ft.  in  the  ground.  Another  and  not  the 
least  obstacle  to  progress  was  the  great  number  of 
holidays  which  had  to  be  strictly  observed, 
occurring  in  the  middle  of  the  week,  which  not 
only  ca\ised  delay  through  loss  of  time,  but  also 
through  the  demoralising  efl'ect  on  the  workmen, 
as  on  the  day  following  the  holid.ay  a  much  less 
amount  of  work  could  be  got  out  of  them.  In  other 
respects,  the  writer  must  do  the  Italian  workmen 
justice  in  asserting  that  they  are  intelligent,  and 
that  the  better  class  of  them,  when  properly 
encouraged,  work  willingly. 

Mode  of  Erecting  Bridge. — The  girders  for  the 
first  span  were  erected  on  shore,  and  placed  on 
lorries  made  for  the  purpose  ;  the  outside  end  of 
the  girder  was  then  suspended  to  the  tackle  of  the 
floating  stage,  and  brought  forward  until  it  rested 
on  the  base  plate  over  the  pile.  After  the  first 
two  girders  were  thus  fixed,  the  cross  girders  were 
laid  at  once,  and  a  temporary  flooring  made  with 
planking  on  which  to  erect  the  second  pair  of 
girders,  which  were  towed  into  their  position  iu 
the  same  manner,  and  so  on  with  the  last  gilders. 
In  this  manner,  any  extra  expense  of  erecting  a 
scaffolding  in  the  river  was  avoided,  the  same 
barges  serving  also  for  erecting  the  bridge.  In 
addition  to  Mr.  Wells,  to  whom  the  writer  was 
indebted  for  his  valuable  assistance  and  advice, 
he  has  further  to  acknowledge  the  seri-ices  of  Mr. 
William  Parsey,  C.E.,  who  assisted  him  in  the 
design  and  calculation  of  the  girders,  and  also 
superintended  their  execution  iu  this  country. 
This  part  of  the  work  was  most  creditably  per- 
formed by  the  firm  of  Messrs.  Porter,  of  the  Tivi- 
dale  Ironworks,  in  Staftbrdshire.  It  may  be 
observed,  however,  that  neither  the  writer  nor 
Mr.  Parsey  can  be  answerable  for  the  design  of 
the  details  of  these  girders,  of  which  they  did  not 
approve,  it  being  an  antiquated  combination  of 
wrought  and  cast  iron  ;  but  the  writer  was  obliged 
to  conform  to  a  design  previously  sanctioned  by 
the  corporation.  It  was,  moreover,  necessary  to 
employ  a  greater  amount  of  cast  iron  in  the  con- 
struction than  was  desirable,  on  account  of  the 
enormously  heavy  duties  on  foreign  wrought  iron. 
I  The  cost  of  the  two  piers,  including  first  cost  of 
the  iron  in  Kngland,  freight  to  Verona,  import 
duty,  and  erection  complete,  was  £1,400,  while 
the  cost  of  two  stone  piers,  estimated  by  Italian 
architects  for  a  bridge  of  three  iron  arches, 
amounted  to  £2,600. 

Conclusions  from  the  foregoing. — 1st.  Cause  of 
Floods. — While  writing  out  the  above  account,  a 
few  considerations  suggested  themselves  to  _  the 
mind  of  the  writer,  which  he  wishes  to  submit  to 
j  this  meeting,  trusting  to  be  favoured  and  en- 
lightened by  the  remarks  of  more  experienced 
members.  The  first  subject  of  importance,  upon 
which  there  will  hardly  be  a  difference  of  opinion, 
is  that  of  the  increasing  violence  of  inundations 
and  their  causes,  consisting,  as  is  now  ascertained 
beyond  a  doubt,  in  the  indiscriminate  cutting 
down  of  the  trees  on  the  mountain  slopes. 
Although  it  may  justly  bo  objected  that  this  is  a 
subject  totally  irrelevant  as  regards  this  country, 
it  will  not  be  denied  that  it  deserves  a  passing 
mention  lespecting  the  East  Indian  empire,  a 
country  of  yearly  increasing  importance  to  the 
English  engineer.  There  the  circumstances  are 
analogous  to  those  described,  and  as  Anglo-Indian 
engineers  had  to  go  into  Italy  to  study  the  best 
system  of  irrigation,  they  might  at  the  same  time 
have  taken  warning  how  not  to  waste  the 
resources  of   nature.     The  writer  noticed,   there- 


188 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


March  15,  1867. 


fore,  with  pleasure,  in  one  of  the  latest  numbers 
of  Engineer'ng,  that  the  present  Home  Secretary 
for  India,  with  a  wise  foresight,  has  taken  the 
necessary  steps  in  time  in  organising  a  staff  of 
forest  engineers,  through  whose  supervision  alone 
the  wholesale  destruction  of  timber,  as  well  as  the 
frequently  recurring  inundations,  can  be  prevented. 
2nd.  The  Use  of  Screws. — The  second  subject 
for  consideration  that  occurred  to  the  writer  is  the 
choice  of  the  most  fitting  substructure  for  a 
bridge.  This,  of  course,  is  entirely  dependent 
upon  the  locality,  the  abundance  or  scarcity  of 
building  material  and  of  labour,  and  the  nature  of 
the  foundations.  From  the  writer's  limited  expe 
rience,  he  is  inclined  to  think  that  screws,  with 
either  wrought  or  cast-iron  piles,  may  be  employed 
in  any  ground  short  of  the  hardest  rock  (although 
some  of  Mr.  Wells's  screws  have  penetrated  pretty 
hard  limestone),  and  that  they  can  be  employed 
with  greater  economy  both  of  time  and  money,  in 
most  cases,  than  piers  of  brick  or  masonry, 
whether  they  be  enclosed  in  cast-iron  cylinders  or 
not,  and  especially  in  waters  where  the  current  is 
rapid  and  the  river-bed  uneven,  as  one  screw  may 
be  sunk  to  a  lesser  or  greater  depth  than  another 
in  its  immediate  vicinity  mthout  aflecting  the 
stability  of  the  structure,  and  the  screwing  may 
take  place  at  all  seasons  independently  of  the  water 
level.  In  the  present  instance  the  work  was  com- 
menced at  a  time  when  no  native  engineer  would 
liave  ventured  to  lay  a  foundation  in  such  a  river 
as  the  Adige  previous  to  the  month  of  November, 
whereby  six  months  would  have  been  lost,  which, 
to  a  speculator  anxious  for  a  quick  return  for  his 
outlay,  cannot  be  indifferent.  The  writer  fully 
admits  that  for  monumental  structures,  such  as 
bridges  in  a  large  town,  that  are  expected  to  be 
slender,  iron  columns  are  inapplicable ;  but  these 
are  exceptional  cases. 

3rd.  Comparisons  between  "Wrought  and  Cast 
Iron  Piles. — The  third  consideration  which  the 
here-mentioned  operations  suggested  to  the  writer 
is,  that  wrought-iron  solid  piles,  in  one  length 
wherever  practicable,  are  preferable  to  hollow  cast- 
iron  pipes,  although  the  greater  first  cost  of  the 
former  might  deter  an  engineer  from  employing 
them.  The  choice  between  the  two  materials  will 
again  be  dictated  by  local  circumstances,  but  in 
the  case  of  rivers  subject  to  heavy  floods,  with 
the  constant  danger  of  heavy  masses  being  hurled 
against  the  piers,  one  would  think  the  choice 
could  not  long  remain  doubtful,  as  any  saving  in 
the  first  cost  could  never  compensate  for  the  loss 
of  the  whole  structure.  Another  advantage 
possessed  by  iron  and,  above  all,  wrought-iron 
piles,  lies  in  the  small  surface  they  oppose  to  the 
current,  which  entirely  obviates  the  danger  arising 
from  the  scour  and  consequent  undermining  of  the 
piers.  In  corroboration  of  this,  may  be  mentioned 
the  fact,  that  during  the  hea%'y  floods  of  last 
autumn  in  the  mountains  of  France  and  Italy, 
massive  stone  piers  were  swept  away,  while  ap- 
parently fragile  timber  structures  supported  by  a 
few  wooden  piles  remained  unscathed.  The  Ita- 
lian engineers  in  those  parts  are  in  the  habit  of 
protecting  their  stone  piers  of  bridges  by  heaping 
np  a  quantity  of  loose  stones  around  them,  so  as 
to  break  the  force  of  the  current,  and  it  was  with 
some  difficulty  they  were  persuaded  to  omit  this 
practice  in  this  instance  ;  but  when  they  saw  that 
in  a  flood  >vhich  occurred  in  September,  1863,  the 
iron  piles  remained  unmoved,  they  were  perfectly 
satisfied.  Another  circumstance  in  favour  of  the 
piles  adopted  in  the  Adige  is  the  testimony  of  the 
bargemen  navigating  that  river,  that  they  pre- 
ferred the  passage  under  that  bridge  to  any  other, 
as  there  is  no  contraction  of  the  water  way,  and 
consequently  the  velocity  of  the  current  was  not 
so  great  as  under  bridges  with  massive  piers, 
where,  as  is  well  known,  the  utmost  skill  in  steer, 
ing  is  often  required  to  avoid  disasters. 


The  18th  annual  meeting  of  the  Birmingham 
Freehold  Building  Society  was  held  on  Tuesday, 
Mr.  Henry  Allbutt  presiding.  In  the  report  read 
by  the  secretary,  the  directors  announced  that, 
notwithstanding  the  commercial  depression  of  past 
year,  the  operations  of  the  society  had  been  satis- 
factory. The  receipts  for  the  year  ending  January 
10th  were  £17,815  53.  2d.,  making  the  gross 
amount  received  £263,775  3s.  lOd.  140  new 
members  had  been  received  ;  they  had  subscribed 
for  443  new  shares  ;  and  the  statement  of  accounts 
showed  that,  after  deducting  all  charges,  the  profit 
on  the  bunincBS  in  the  year  amounted  to 
£1,815  133.  2. ;  and,  after  making  all  deductions, 
the  reserve  fund  amounted  to  £25,744  193.  Id. 
The  financial  statement  was  also  read. 


ELEMENTS    OF  ENGINEERING. 
Docks. — No.  3. 

HAVING  previously  de.^cribed  the  opera- 
tions to  be  undertaken,  and  the  various 
point.s  to  be  attended  to  in  selecting  a  site 
adapted  to  the  construction  of  a  wet  or  float- 
ing dock,  and  also  possessing  in  its  imme- 
diate neighbourhood  those  facilities  and  acces- 
sories indispensable  for  receiving  and  devel- 
oping marine  traffic  and  commerce,  we  can 
now  proceed  to  the  construction  and  erection 
of  the  work  itself.  As  already  stated,  it  is 
imperative  in  nine  cases  out  of  ten  to  make  a 
dam  to  keep  out  the  tidal  waters  whilst  the 
e.xcavation  and  building  of  the  dock  is  in 
progress  ;  in  fact,  nothing  can  be  reaUy  ac- 
complished until  this  preliminary  operation  is 
concluded  and  the  site  of  the  proposed  work 
rendered  secure  from  the  invasion  of  water. 
One  of  the  difficulties  to  be  encountered  and 
overcome  in  the  construction  of  a  dam  is  the 
rendering  the  bottom  of  it  watertight,  or,  in 
other  words,  to  make  a  watertight  joint  be- 
tween it  and  the  surface  of  the  ground  upon 
which  it  is  situated.  This  difficulty  increases 
in  proportion  to  the  difference  of  the  nature 
of  the  material  of  which  the  dam  is  composed 
and  that  of  the  bottom  upon  which  it  rests. 
For  instance,  it  is  a  very  arduous  task  to  make 
a  good  watertight  joint  between  clay  and  iron 
or  clay  and  stone  ;  and  the  history  of  water- 
work  reservoirs  and  embankments  affords  in- 
numerable illustrations  of  the  point  in  ques- 
tion. All  our  readers  are  familiar  with  the 
fatal  catastrophe  that  swept  like  an  avalanche 
over  the  neighbourhood  of  the  Bradford  re- 
servoir when  it  succumbed  to  the  power  of 
the  internal  pressure.  Iron  pipes  were  laid 
naked  through  the  embankment  of  the  re- 
servoir ;  and  it  was  supposed  by  many  that 
the  creeping  of  the  water  along  the  outside 
of  the  pipes  between  the  metal  and  the  earth 
comprising  the  embankment  materially  con- 
duced to  the  occurrence  of  the  calamity. 
However  this  may  be,  the  difficulty  of  esta- 
blishing a  permanently  watertight  connection 
between  substances  so  dissimilar  in  nature 
and  qualities  as  iron  and  clay  is  too  well 
known  to  require  further  confirmation.  But 
recently  a  confirmation  of  the  same  statement 
with  respect  to  stone  and  earth  has  been 
afforded  by  the  leak  in  the  embankment  of 
the  Roundwood  reservoir,  which  is  intended 
to  serve  as  a  storage  for  the  nearly  completed 
Dublin  Waterworks.  In  order  to  avoid  the 
very  objections  raised  to  putting  iron  pipes 
naked  through  an  embankment,  a  large  cul- 
vert was  buUt  under  it,  and  the  pipes  laid 
along  the  invert,  the  ends  of  the  cidvert  being 
built  in  with  solid  masonry.  In  spite  of  all 
these  precautions  the  water  found  its  way  in 
between  the  bank  and  the  extradosal  surface 
of  the  arch,  and  a  large  amount  of  time, 
labour,  and  money  will  be  expended  before 
the  leak  is  made  good.  Many  other  instances 
might  be  alleged,  but  the  above  are  more  than 
sufficient  to  demonstrate  the  importance  of 
thoroughly  secunng,  in  the  first  case,  a  per- 
fectly watertight  joint  between  the  surface  of 
the  ground  and  the  dam  resting  upon  it. 

We  are  supposing,  for  the  present,  that  the 
site  of  the  dock  is  situated  upon  any  strata 
that  are  not  absolutely  rock,  for  in  that  case 
especial  descriptions  of  dam  must  be  used, 
which  we  shall  refer  to  presently.  To  facili- 
tate the  connecting  the  natural  strata  and  the 
material  of  the  dam,  the  first  step  is  to  dredge 
a  trench  along  the  line  of  the  dam,  so  that  the 
bottom  of  the  puddle  shall  be  enclosed  as  it 
were  in  the  bed  of  the  site.  This  will  be  in- 
telligible from  an  inspection  of  fig.  3,  which 
represents  the  general  features  of  an  ordinary 
dam,  suitable  for  any  description  of  ground 
into  which  timber  piles  can  be  driven.  The 
letters  S  S  represent  the  natural  surface  of 
the  ground,  and  P  the  puddle  carried  down 
into  the- trench  below  th^  ground  line.  The 
carrying  the  puddle  below  the  surface  of  the 
groimd  is  not  the  only  object  of  sinking  the 
trench,  for  it  is  equally  important  to  remove 


in  this  manner  all  the  loose,  soft,  apongey,  and 
porous  soil  always  overlying  the  surface  of 
ground  which  is  covered  by  water.  If  the 
dredging  be  done,  a.s  recommended,  previously 
to  the  driving  of  any  of  the  piles,  it  wiU  ma. 
terially  facilitate  that  operation  ;  sometimes  s 
portion  of  the  trench  is  excavated  first,  the 
piles  are  then  driven,  and  the  rest  taken  out 
between  them  afterwards.  The  exact  order  ia 
which  successive  operations  should  follow  one 
another  must  of  course  rest  with  those  in 
charge  of  the  works ;  as  what  might  answer 
perfectly  well  in  one  instance  might  be  ei- 
ceedingly  disadvantageous  in  anotuer.  The 
driving  of  the  piles  may  be  accomplished 
either  by  hand  or  steam  labour,  but  in  the 
formation  of  a  dam  on  a  large  scale,  such  as 
invariably  accompanies  the  construction  of 
the  works  imder  notice,  the  latter  may  be  em- 
ployed to  great  advantage.  These,  however, 
are  points  with  which  we  are  not  concerned, 
as  the  use  of  one  description  of  labour  in 
preference  to  another  must  depend  upon  a 
variety  of  circumstances  relating  to  the  con- 
tracting party,  and  over  which  the  engineer 
has  little  or  no  control.     It  may,  however,  be 

FIG, 3. 


FIG. 5. 


kA 

P 

P 

:\A 

l/Si 

"■; 

~         \ 

- 

H.W.M. 


♦ 


L.W.Mi 


Wt^r^ 


ft 


remarked  that  whether  the  piles  are  got  doir 
by  hand  or  steam  power,  in  any  case  they  ca 
be  well  or  badly  driven,  and  that  the  absolul 
method    employed   is  no    guarantee  for  tJi 
proper    execution    of   the  work.     The    me 
important  item  in  the  formation  of  a  dam 
the  puddle ;  and  the  quality  of  the  materi 
chosen,  and  especially  the  manner  of  puttii, 
it  in,  deserve  the  most  careful  attention.     . 
distinction    must  be  made    where  puddle: 
employed  for  mere   temporary  purposes,  U 
where  it  is  intended  to   act  as  a  permane: 
portion  of  any  work,  as  when   it  constituti 
the  puddle  wall  of  the  embankment  of  a  n 
servoir.  Manifestly  the  same  stringent  preCi ! 
tions  are  not  necessary  in  a  work  which  is  on 
intended  to  last  for  a  year  or  two,  and  in  th 
which  it  is  hoped  will,  comparatively  spea 
ing,  endure  for  ever.     At  the  same  time 
must    be    borne    in  mind  that  the    dams 
created  by  the  giving  way  of  a  large  dam, 
far  as  expense  to  the  contractor  is  concerw 
might  be  quite  as  great  as  that  caused  by  t 
bursting  of  a  small  reservoir  embankment, 
that  it  is  not  a  question  of  mere  permanen 
that  is  involved  in  the  proper  formation 
a  dam.  While,  on  the  one  hand,  certain  clay 
soils    are    admirably    adapted    for    formi 
puddle,  yet,  on  the  other,  almost  any  eart 
soil  can,  by  proper  management,  be  rendei 


1^^ 


I 


March  15,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


197 


•iril  effect,  but  also  the  ingenuity  and  profes 
l\1  skill  which  have  been  brought  to  bear  upon 
difficulties  o£  the  task  assigned  to  them. 
Having,  however,  come  to  the  conclusion 
idy  communicated  to  your  lordship,  we 
lid  have  failed  iu  our  duty  as  a  committee 
advice  had  we  not  expressed  our  opinion 
n  the  general  principles  which  should  be 
■  rved  in  the  constniction  of  a  National  Oal- 
.  and  we  are  led  to  believe,  from  the  result 
■ur  investigations,  that  such  principles  may 
L^enerally  adopted,  and  be  found  not  alto 
er  inconsistent  with  those  architectural 
ts  which  should  characterise  a  building  of  such 

itional  importance. 

"  With  this  view  we  beg  to  submit  the  above 

port  for  your  lordship's  consideration. 

'•  Hardixge.  "  RicH.\RD  Redgr.we. 

"  ELCHO.  "  WiLLI.lM  RUSSELU 

"A.  J.  B.  B.  Hope.        "T.  Gaubier  Parry. 
"  W.  Bo.\ALL.  "  \V:lli.\.«  Tite. 

"David  Braxdox. 

"London,  February 2S." 


EOHITECTURAL  INSTITUTE   OF    SCOT- 
LAND. 

•TNDER  the  title  of  "  The  Painted  Windows  of 

J      Glasgow   Cathedral,"    a    paper    was    read 

a    meeting    of  the     Architectural     Institute 

:  Scotland,    on    Friday    last,    by    Mr.    Daniel 

ottier,     architect,      Glasgow.         Mr.     Cottier 

;  ised     in     very     unfavourable     terms     the 

imens      of      German      glass     painting      in 

cathedral    of   Glasgow,  remarking  that  the 

.  :od  walls  of  the  cathedral   resembled  more  a 

■     's  bleaching-green  than  a  sacred  edifice,   and 

though  Divine  worship  was  celebrated  in  the 

ling  one  day  in  the  week,  ou  the  other  six  days 

.  1  duty  as  a  lion,  where  for  a  small  charge  the 

-  painted  at  Munich  was  exhibited.  The 
iriug  of  the  windows,  he  maintained,  was  too 
it  and  glaring,  and  the  interior  effect  was 
I  and  crude.  While  they  were  thus  faulty  ia 
iring,  they  were  also  devoid  of  senti- 
t  and  without  any  design ;  and  except  in  the 
■  windows,  on  which  the  prophets  were  repre- 

■  'd,  there  was  a  lack  of  feeling  in  them  all.  He 
itted  that  they  were  the  best  windows  that  had 

1  ■  out  of  Germany  ;  and,  in  concluding  his 
r,  he   gave  it  as  his   opinion   that   England 

.'.d  yet  have  a  school  of  glass  painting  immensely 
■rior  to  that  iu  Germany.     An  interesting  con- 

-  ition  followed  the  reading  of  the  paper,  in 
•ourse  of  which  Mr.  J.  D.  Peddie  expressed  it 

is  opinion  that  Mr.  Cottier  had  been  rather  too 
re  in  his  criticisms  on  the  German  windows ; 
:iU  the  members  who  took  part  in  the  conver- 
:i,  including  the  chairman,  insisted  on  the 
irtance  of  painted  windows  being  in  harmony 
1  the  building  in  which  they  were  placed,  a 
•er  which  had  not  been  sufficiently  attended  to 
.  the  windows  in  Glasgow  Cathedral. 


CHURCHYARD  CROSSES. 

4  T  the  Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects 
2\.  on  Monday  night,  the  Rev.  E.  L.  Cutts 
■eada  paper  on  "  The  Churchyard  Cross,"  which 
(ill  no  doubt  appear,  with  illustrations,  in  the 
Tiansactions  of  the  Institute.  The  lecturer  traced 
lie  origin  of  the  universal  mediseval  custom  of 
>lacing  a  tall  cross  in  the  churchyard  to  the  prac- 
ice  of  the  first  missionaries  to  our  Saxon  fore 
athers,  who  used  to  erect  a  tall  cross  to  mark 
bnd  consecrate  the  place  where  they  were  ac- 
sustomed  to  meet  the  people  on  their  missionary 
riaits  for  preaching  and  prayer.  When  the  paro- 
;hial  system  was  introduced  and  each  parish  had 
te  resident  pastor,  still  the  people  used  to 
lasemble  at  the  accustomed  place  for  Divine 
vorship  ;  our  ancestors  were  a  hardy  people,  and 
aid  not  find  the  same  discomfort  which  we  do 
in  the  absence  of  protection  from  the  weather. 
jABd  so  in  many  parishes  there  was  no  church 
built  for  hundreds  of  years  ;  in  some,  even  down 
|to  the  time  of  the  Norman  Conquest,  the 
{parishioners  had  only  the  open  air  church,  whose 
Columns  were  the  forest  oaks  and  its  groining 
their  interlacing  boughs,  and  its  font  the  brook, 
which  flowed  near  by,  and  its  altar  the  step  of 
the  churchyard  crois.  A  discussion  ensued  in 
;  h  Mr.  W.  White,  Professor  Donaldson,  the 
irman,  Mr.  Hayter  Lewis,  and  others  took 
" .  the  Professor  deprecating,  and  others  advo- 
:ig  the  restoration  of  these  appropriate  and 
"cautiful  adjuncts  to  the  court  of  the  House  of 
God. 


THE   INCREASE  OF  FIRES   IN  LONDON. 

MR.  M'LAGAN,  the  member  for  Linlithgow, 
brought  before  the  House  of  Commons,  on 
Tuesday  evening,  a  subject  of  great  public  import 
ance.  In  moving  for  a  Select  Committee  to  in 
quire  into  the  existing  legislative  provisions  for 
the  United  Kingdom,  and  as  the  best  me.ans  to  be 
adopted  for  ascertaining  the  cause  and  preventing 
the  frequency  of  tires,  he  said  the  three  points  to 
which  he  wished  particularly  tti  call  the  attention 
of  the  House  were,  tirst,  the  nece.s.>ity  of  a  more 
efficient  supervision  of  the  construction  of  build- 
ings; secondly,  the  means  which  ought  to  be 
idopted  for  extinguishing  fires,  such  as  the  esta 
blishment  of  a  tire  brigade.:  and  thirdly,  the  ex- 
pediency of  having  an  investigation  into  the  causes 
of  all  fires.  To  show  that  fires  were  continually 
increasing,  he  might  mention  that  whilst  in  Lon- 
don in  the  year  1S40  there  were  681  fires,  in  the 
year  186-1  the  number  was  1,487.  He  wassorryto 
say  that  fires  had  considerably  increased  since  the 
fire  brigade  had  been  under  the  management  of 
the  Board  of  Works.  To  show  how  ineffectual  the 
means  of  protection  against  fire  were  in  London 
as  compared  with  other  capitals,  he  would  men- 
tion that  while  in  London  for  every  square  mile 
there  was  only  one  engine  station,  in  Paris  there 
were  one  and  one-fifth,  and  in  New  York  one  and 
a  half.  In  London  the  number  of  firemen  to  each 
square  mile  was  6,  while  in  Paris  the  number  was 
11,  and  in  New  York  6-1.  In  London  there  was 
only  1  fireman  to  every  20,000  inhabitants,  in 
Paris  there  was  1  to  every  1,338,  and  in  New  York 
there  was  1  to  every  671.  .Although  the  means  of 
extinguishing  fires  in  London  was  very  inadequate 
as  compared  with  New  York,  it  far  exceeded  any 
which  existed  in  other  pirts  of  the  country. 
With  the  exception  of  Edinburgh,  Glasgow, 
Liverpool,  and  Manchester,  the  means  of  ex- 
tinguishing fires  were  in  the  most  unsatisfactory 
state.  The  present  mode  of  conveying  to  difl'er- 
ent  stations  the  intelligence  of  a  fire  having 
broken  out  was  very  inefficient.  In  America  the 
telegraphic  stations  had  been  found  most  useful 
in  spreading  the  alarm,  and  one  object  of  the 
inquiry  would  be  whether  they  could  not  be  made 
equally  useful  in  this  country.  The  means  of 
ascertaining  the  cause  of  tires  were  extremelv 
scanty,  and  he  believed  that  if  an  inquiry  should 
be  instituted  greater  care  would  be  taken  in  the 
storage  of  petroleum,  gunpowder,  and  other 
dangerous  articles.  Great  numbers  of  fires  were 
attributed  to  carelessness,  and  a  full  inquiry  into 
these  causes  would  be  a  great  public  benefit.  In 
several  cities  in  America  the  result  of  such  in- 
quiries had  been  most  satisfactory,  not  only  in 
checking  incendiarism,  but  in  making  people  more 
careful.  Jlr.  M'Lagan  gained  his  object,  the  Gov- 
ernment having  a.'isented  to  the  appointment  of  a 
committee. 


THE   DESIGNS  FOR   THE   NEW  PALACE 
OF  JUSTICE.* 

IN  criticising  these  designs  we  must  not  shut 
our  eyes  to  the  magnitude  of  the  task  sub- 
mitted to  the  competitors  ;  the  difficulties  at- 
tendant on  this  very  vastness,  and  all  the  com- 
plicated arrangements  of  ground  plan  and  detail 
it  involved  ;  the  important  questions  connected 
with  ventilation,  lighting,  warming,  &c. ;  and  the 
enormous  amount  of  thought,  experience,  and 
labour  necessary  to  grapple  with  a  mass  of  build- 
ing some  acres  in  extent.  But,  without  having 
any  intention  of  discussing  these  particulars  or  ot 
chronicling  the  undoubted  merits  of  many  of  the 
compositions,  we  propose  noting  down  their  short 
comings — for  they  are  sufficiently  numerous  to 
startle  one  into  a  conviction  that  in  the  mass  the 
designs  are  a  failure. 

That  a  fractional  part  bears  the  marks  of  true 
genius,  and  that  a  larger  proportion  evidences 
talent,  architectural  knowledge,  and  research,  is 
patent  to  all.  There  are  fine  elevations  :  there  is 
much  satisfactory  grouping;  there  is,  compara- 
tively, however,  only  a  small  amount  of  pleasnr 
able  outline ;  there  are  graceful  columns  and 
arches  ;  elegant  shafts  and  tracery  ;  massive  piers 
and  elaborate  mouldings — but  what  is  the  im- 
pression with  which  a  student  of  European  archi- 
tecture comes  away  from  an  inspection  of  these 
drawings  ?  "  I  have  seen  so  much  of  them  before 
— such  a  tower  or  dome  is  from  such  a  place — 
—  that  arcading  has  a  world-wide  fame — those 
windows  I  remember  well  in  one  building,  that 
roof  in  another — and  of  these  members  one  i? 
exaggerated,   another  distorted ;  one  don't  fit  in 

•  From  the  Wentmineter  Gazttu. 


like  the  original,  and  another  is  totally  inappro- 
priate." The  result  of  this  is  a  Reeling  of  un- 
satisfactoriuess  with  what  we  see  before  us,  and  a 
craving  for  something  better  ;  whilst  at  the  same 
time  it  lays  Gothic  architects  open  to  the  charge 
of  being  mere  copyists  and  adapters.  This, 
then,  is  the  first  fault  we  have  to  I'md  with 
these  designs.  Whatever  may  be  their  merits, 
they  are  not  in  the  main  the  creations  ot 
true  genius ;  they  lack  its  fire  and  are  not 
penetrated  by  its  force.  In  a  work  of 
genius  there  is  a  certain  inner  life,  a  mighty  soul 
lull  of  creative  power,  and  brilliant  with  the 
light  of  original  ideas  and  conceptions.  And,  as 
in  other  arts,  so  in  architecture,  this  living  soul 
will  manifest  itself  unmistakably,  and  peer  out 
and  fliish  upon  you  in  a  thousand  different  ways 
with  startUng  impressiveness.  It  seizes  hold  of 
you,  as  it  were,  and  satisfies  you  at  once  that  the 
work  in  which  it  is  embodied  is  a  true  creation  of 
art,  stamped  by  the  marks  and  notes  of  genius. 

Now  this  is  what  we  feel  to  be  wanting  in  the 
greater  portion  of  some  of  the  designs,  and  entirely 
in  others.  They  do  not  give  you  the  idea  of  a 
man,  who,  relying  on  his  own  powers  alone,  shuts 
up  every  book  and  chases  from  his  recollection  all 
the  choice  bits  and  favourite  examples  he  has 
collected,  and  then  thinks  and  studies,  and  works 
out  from  his  own  brain  a  realisation  of  the  ideas 
which  emanate  from  his  genius.  If,  in  listening 
to  a  piece  of  music,  we  were  constantly  recognising 
ideas  and  passages  from  the  works  of  various 
composers,  however  skilfully  they  might  be  appro- 
priated or  dovetailed  into  the  new  work,  we 
should  feel  impatient,  discontented,  and  dissatis- 
fied. There  is  not,  perhaps,  an  exact  analogy 
between  the  two  arts  ;  but  there  is  certainly  a 
sufficient  one  to  show  how  very  different  an  effect 
is  produced  on  the  mind  by  the  original  creations 
of  true  genius,  and  the  far  inferior  talent  of  using 
up,  no  matter  with  what  professional  knowledge 
or  tact,  the  choicest  examples  of  the  most  correct 
architecture.  This,  we  believe  to  be  one  of  the 
main  causes  of  the  scornful  dissatisfaction  with 
which  many  educated  people  view  the  generality 
of  Gothic  designs.  It  is  not  that  they  dislike 
mediasval  forms  or  fail  to  appreciate  true  prin- 
ciples, or  that  the  Pointed  style  is  archaic  and 
unsuitable,  or  gloomy  and  inconvenient ;  but  that 
they  have  a  natural  perception  of  the  presence  or 
absence  of  those  higher  gifts  and  powers  without 
which  no  work  of  really  eminent  exalted  merit 
was  ever  achieved.  As  they  can  judge  of  poetry 
or  music  without  being  poets  or  musicians, 
so  they  can  judge  of  architecture  without 
being  architects;  and  they  will  not  fail  to 
recognise  the  merits  of  a  good  piece  of  archi- 
tecture any  more  than  of  a  grand  poem  or 
musical  composition.  What  we  want  in  our  day 
in  this  great  dirty  city  is  not  a  reproduction  of 
the  dome  of  Florence  Cathedral,  or  of  the  Bap- 
tistery at  Pisa — not  an  appropriation  of  arcading 
from  Venice  or  windows  from  Rouen — not  the 
transplanting  of  a  tower  from  Avignon  or  a  roof 
from  Belgium — not  a  ransacking  of  the  works 
of  Viollet  le  Due  or  Pugin  (valuable  as  they  are 
for  purposes  of  study),  but  a  real  b':)nai\de  work- 
ing out  and  applica  ion  of  true  principles  to  every 
style  of  architecture,  thereby  reducing  it  to  the 
obedience  necessary  for  satisfying  all  modern 
wants  and  requirements.  And  this  must  be  the 
work  of  the  brain  and  not  of  the  hand. 

This  fundamental  fault  of  which  we  have  been 
speaking  necessarily  entails  others,  which  are 
Umentably  perceptible  iti  the  designs.  Where 
compositions  are  made  up  from  a  collection  of 
examples  from  different  places,  naturally  there 
result  great  confusion  of  outline,  a  want  of 
balance  and  symmetry,  a  disproportion  of  parts 
and  a  fauciful  application,  or  even  a  positive  dis- 
tortion of  features.  Thus  we  have  before  us  roofs, 
a  mere  confused  mass  of  Pointed  turrets  (ilr. 
Deane),  apparently  taken  from  a  church  at  Prague 
— a  long  row  of  attic  windows  immediately  above 
a  row  of  large  church-like  windows  with  tracery 
— (Mr.  E.  Barry) — diagonal  lines,  instead  of  being 
subservient,  forming  a  marked  and  leading  feature 
in  the  building — (Mr.  E.  Barry) — a  gable  appa- 
rently crested  from  an  early  French  metal  chasse 
— (Mr.  Scott)— a  tower  admirable  enough  in  the 
low  countries,  where  there  is  nothing  but  brick — 
(Mr.  Street) — three  pointed  roofs  perched  one  on 
the  top  of  the  other,  through  which  grows  a  tall 
chimney,  as  far  as  one  can  make  out — (Hr. 
.Seddou) — the  Saiiite  Chapelle  with  nu  apse  at  each 
eud  adapted  for  a  central  hall — (Mr.  lirauduu)  — 
not  to  mention  a  frightful  misapplication  of 
pinnacles,  cuspings,  parapets,  crestings,  crowns, 
mouldings,  gables,  turrets,  dormer  windows,  vanes, 
'  panelling,  sculpture,  &c. 


198 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


March  15,  1867. 


How  all  this  must  deatroy  unity  of  design,  and 
that  natural  growth  of  one  part  from  another 
which  is  such  a  charm  in  good  architecture,  it  is 
needless  to  point  out,  especially  when  a  man  is  a 
Bkilful  adapter  wit,hout  much  power  of  original 
design.  His  own  portions  of  the  mass  are 
common-place  and  of  no  account,  whilst  his  care- 
fully-culled examples  stand  out  with  a  painful 
prominence,  and  form  a  sad  misalliance  with  each 
other  and  with  himself. 

Before  noticing  the  designs  a  little  in  detail,  let 
us  say  that  considering  the  magnitude  and  im- 
portance of  the  works  to  be  executed — the  ample 
remuneration  given  for  the  drawings — and  the 
princely  advantages  accruing  to  the  successful 
competitor — not  one  of  the  present  designs  comes 
up  to  the  standard  of  excellence  we  had  formed 
for  ourselves,  whilst  the  want  of  care,  and  the 
inartistic  touch  extiibited  in  some  of  the  draw- 
ings, is  anything  but  creditable  to  the  draughts- 
men. 

We  do  not  hesitate  to  maintain,  therefore,  that 
the  judgment  in  favour  of  any  one  of  the  designs 
submitted  should  be  withheld,  and  a  larger 
number  of  architects  allowed  to  compete.  There 
are  many  names  occurring  to  us,  belonging,  most 
undoubtedly,  to  men  very  far  in  advance  of  a  full 
half  of  the  present  competitors.  Surely  one 
amongst  the  architects  of  England  can  be  found 
who  is  quite  competent  to  produce  a  building, 
marked  by  the  originaUty,  vigour,  and  power  of 
true  genius — a  building  which,  by  its  stately 
presence,  and  beauty  of  feature  ;  grand  simplicity, 
and  grace  of  outline  ;  correct  proportion  and 
patent  truth  ;  flash  of  expression,  force  of  nature, 
development  of  sinew,  powerful  bearing,  and  per- 
fect anatomy  of  all  its  members,  shall  attract, 
charm,  and  convince  at  a  glance  without  hesita- 
tion ;  and  at  the  same  time  mark  the  age  to 
which  it  belongs,  instead  of  being  a  mere  rech'xuffe 
of  world-gathering  examples,  or  a  pile  comprising 
cathedral,  castle,  town  hall,  monastery,  college, 
prison,  bazaar,  crypt,  arcade,  all  in  one — the  reflec- 
tion of  a  past  century,  not  the  genuine  creation 
of  the  present. 


Juilbiitg  InteKigeiice. 


OHCHOHES  AND  CHAPELS. 

A  new  organ,  built  by  Mr.  Robert  Postill,  of 
York,  was  opened  last  week,  in  Barmby  Moor 
Church. 

It  is  proposed  to  rebuild  and  restore  the  ancient 
church  of  Slingsby,  Yorkshire.  Plans  and  speci- 
fications have  been  prepared,  and  the  authorities 
are  ready  to  receive  tenders  for  the  execution  of 
the  work.  The  architects  are  Messrs.  Austin  and 
Johnson,  Newcastle-ou-Tyne. 

At  Busbridge,  a  picturesque  district  adjoining 
Godalming,  Surrey,  Mr.  John  Ramsden,  of  Bus- 
bridge  Hall,  has  just  erected  a  church  at  a  cost  of 
£4,000.  The  edifice,  which  will  seat  220  persons, 
is  in  the  Gothic  style  from  designs  by  Mr.  Gilbert 
Scott. 

The  proposed  memorial  cathedral  to  Cardinal 
Wiseman  has  been  abandoned.  The  subscriptions 
have  not  exceeded  £20,000. 

Bradford.  —  The  new  United  Methodist 
Chapel  and  schools  in  Otley  road  were  opened  on 
Wednesday,  last  week.  The  building  is  in  the 
Lombardian  style  of  architecture,  the  dimensions 
of  the  chapel  being  60ft.  by  43ft.,  and  24ft.  high  ; 
it  will  seat  300  people.  The  cost  of  the  building 
is  £1,600.  Mr.  Thomas  Clarke,  of  Bradford,  is  the 
architect. 

_  BiTTERNE,  NEAR  SouTHAJiPTON.— Through  the 
liberality  of  Steaurt  Macnaughten,  Esq.,  the  dis- 
trict of  Bitterne  will  in  future  possess  an  addi- 
tional  attraction  in  the  acquisition  of  an  illumi- 
nated clock  which  was  placed  last  week  in  the 
tower  of  the  church,  and  will  confer  a  benefit  not 
only  on  the  inhabitants,  but  also  be  a  convenience 
to  travellers  on  the  Bursledon  and  Botley  roads. 
The  church  was  built  a  few  years  ago  at  a  cost  of 
about  £3,000.  It  is  in  the  Early  Decorated  style, 
from  the  design  of  Mr.  G.  Guillaume,  architect, 
and  is  arranged  to  accommodate  660  persons  with  a 
ready  means  of  enlargement  at  a  future  time.  It 
is  substantially  built  of  Swanage  stone.  The 
clock  was  manufactured  by  Messrs.  Dent,  of 
London  ;  Mr.  W.  Gambling,  builder,  prepared' the 
tower  to  receive  the  illuminated  dial,  under  the 
directions  of  Messrs.  Guillaume,  Parmenter,  and 
Guillaume,  architects,  of  Southampton. 


CuLSALMONB. — A  new  Free  church — the  founda- 
tion stone  of  which  was  laid  in  August,  last 
year — has  been  opened  in  this  pleasant  Aberdeen- 
shire village.  The  church  is  in  the  Early  English 
style,  cruciform  in  plan,  and  consists  of  a  nave 
and  transept,  with  single  gallery.  The  length  is 
about  56ft.  by  47ft.,  and  there  will  be  accommoda- 
tion for  400  persons.  The  walls  are  of  rubble 
work,  with  facings  and  buttresses  of  drooved 
Elgin  freestone,  the  spu-e,  which  ri.si^s  to  a  height 
of  S4ft.  from  the  door-sill,  with  orn  imental  iron 
vane,  being  also  freestone.  The  fjont  of  the 
church  contains  a  large  window  of  three  lights, 
22ft.  bylli^ft.,  with  fi'eestone  mullious,  and  serves 
to  light,  both  area  and  gallei-y.  T  ••  loof,  which 
is  very  steep,  is  of  open  woodwork,  t  if-  couples  and 
diagonal  sarking  being  dressed  and  varnished.  Mr. 
Macandrew,  of  Aberdeen,  was  the  architect.  The 
cost  of  the  buildings,  &c.,  in  all,  will  be  fully 
£2,000. 

Eastbourne. — A  new  church,  consecrated  to 
St.  Saviour  has  just  been  opened.  The  style  is  Geo- 
metrical, and  consists  of  a  nave,  chancel,  and  side 
aisles,  vestry  and  porch.  The  nave  is  90ft.  long 
and  35ft.  wide.  The  nave  is  lighted  by  a  clere- 
story, the  windows  of  which  are  10ft.  high  by  5fo. 
wide.  The  basement  of  these  windows  is  about 
25ft.  high  and  is  supported  \ipon  arches  and  stone 
pillars.  The  height  of  the  nave  is  70ft.  The 
chancel  is  28ft.  deep,  and  terminates  in  an  apse. 
The  roof  is  groined  in  brick  with  stone  ribs,  the 
latter  springing  from  shafts  of  Devonshire  marble. 
Mr.  G.  E.  Street  was  the  architect,  and  Mr.  Peer- 
less the  builder.  The  stonemason's  work  was 
completed  under  the  superintendence  of  Mr.  Pat- 
chett.  The  total  cost  was  about  £S,000,  borne  by 
Mr.  G.  Whelpton,  who  intends  to  endow  it  and 
build  a  parsonage  house.' 

York. — The  foundation  stone  of  a  new  Baptist 
chapel  was  laid  last  week.  The  style  is  in  the 
Early  Decorated,  and  consists  of  a  nave  and  aisles, 
with  transepts.  The  length  of  the  nave  will  be 
78ft.  and  width  24ft.  The  extreme  width  of  the 
chapel  will  be  44ft.  between  the  aisle  walls,  and 
49ft.  6in.  across  the  transepts.  The  roof  will  have 
curved  ribs  below  the  collar-beams,  anil  terminat- 
ing upon  ornamental  stone  corbels  in  thesprandrel 
of  the  arcade.  The  exterior  will  be  faced  with 
stone,  the  dressings  will  be  of  Whitby  stone,  and  the 
walling  of  Bradford  sets,  in  thin  beds.  The  height 
of  the  tower  will  be  61ft.  Mr.  W.  Peachey,  of  Dar- 
lington, is  the  architect ;  and  the  various  works 
have  been  let  to  local  tradespeople.  The  total 
cost,  including  the  land,  will  be  about  £5,000. 

BUILDINGS. 

The  plans  of  Mr.  E.  Holmes,  architect,  Bir- 
mingham, for  the  erection  of  public  baths,  at  Bir- 
kenhead, have  been  accepted.  There  were 
eighteen  competitors.  The  cost  of  the  baths  will 
be  £8,000. 

The  Wavertree  Baths  Company  have  recently 
erected  a  large  plunge  bath,  and  a  commodious 
lecture  hall  The  hall  was  formally  opened  on 
Friday,  and  measures  60ft.  long,  by  37ft.  broad, 
and  soft.  high.  The  erection  of  private  baths  by 
the  company  is  in  contemplation. 

New  Zealand.— a  new  Supreme  Court  for 
Auckland,  New  Zealand,  is  now  in  course  of  erec- 
tion under  the  Public  Buildings'  Commissioners. 
The  building  will  have  four  fronts,  and  the  prin- 
cipal one  is  formed  by  an  arcade  of  three  pointed 
arches,  springing  from  clustered  shafts  with  carved 
caps  and  bases,  over  which  will  be  the  library, 
and  above  will  rise  a  tower  60ft.  high.  The  ex- 
treme size  of  the  building  will  be  145ft.  by  97ft. 
and  is  built  of  brick  with  Bath  stone  dressings. 
The  total  cost  will,  including  the  internal  fittings, 
&c.,  be  nearly  £3,000,  and  is  under  the  superin- 
tendence of  Mr.  E.  Rumsey,  architect,  of  Auckland, 
the  contractors  being  Messrs.  Amos  and  Taylor,  of 
Melbourne. 

Swansea. — The  foundation  stone  of  a  new  gene- 
ral infirmary  or  hospital  was  laid  here  on  the  4th 
inst.  The  building  wiU  provide  accommodation 
for  lOOpatients,  andfora  large  number  of  outdoor 
patients.  It  will  be  constructed  of  coursed  native 
sandstone,  from  the  immediate  neighbourhood,  with 
dressings  of  the  same.  The  roofs  will  be  of  tile. 
The  portion  of  the  building  now  contracted  for  is 
the  out-patients  department  and  the  female  ward.s, 
the  amount  of  the  contract  for  this  part  being  a 
little  over  £4,000.  The  estimated  cost  of  the 
entire  hospital  is  £14,000.  Mr.  Alexander  Gra- 
ham, of  London,  is  the  architect;  the  builders 
are  Messrs.  Thomas,  Watkins,  and  Jenkins,  of 
Swansea.  ' 


%t\mi\  Items. 


Two  or  three  weeks  since  we  announced  tht 
death  of  William  Peters,  Esq.,  of  Wouldham  Hall 
Kent.  We  now  refer  to  the  subject  to  correct  an 
inaccuracy,  and  to  mention  one  or  two  additional 
particulars  of  his  life.  Mr.  Peters  was  known  in 
London  as  theMedway  grey  stone  lime  burner,  and 
as  the  father  of  that  trade.  His  valuable  freehold 
and  leasehold  estates  with  the  extensive  works 
have  passed  into  the  hands  of  his  sons,  who  will 
carry  on  the  business  as  heretofore.  He  wm 
known  as  one  of  the  kindest  of  men  and  best  of 
masters.  He  came  from  Dorking,  in  Surrey,  and 
discovered  and  opened  the  Hailing  beds  of  grey 
stone  on  the  Medway  ;  he  struck  the  first  spark 
and  burnt  the  first  flare  kiln  on  the  Poynder'g 
estates  in  1820.  He  opened  up  and  developed  the 
resources  and  natural  facilities  of  the  district  for 
the  supply  of  grey  stone  lime,  Portland  cement, 
Gnilt  bricks,  pottery,  &c.,  now  manufactured  to 
such  a  large  extent  at  Hailing,  Wouldham,  Bur. 
ham,  &c.,  for  the  Loudon  market,  and  towardj 
the  production  of  which  150,000  tons  of  coals  ate 
annually  consumed. 

A  correspondent  in  a  country  paper  says: — "la 
building  a  chimney  put  a  quantity  of  salt  into  the 
mortar  with  which  the  intercourses  of  bricks  are 
to  be  laid.  The  effect  will  be  that  there  will  never 
be  any  accumulation  of  soot  in  that  chimnej. 
The  philosophy  is  thus  stated : — The  salt  in  the 
portion  of  mortar  which  is  exposed  absorbs  moia. 
ture  every  damp  day.  The  soot  thus  becoming 
damp  falls  down  the  fireplace."  Our  readers  should 
remember  or  preserve  this  little  piece  of  valuable 
information. 

Mr.  W.  P.  Frith  writes : — "  Allow  me  to  suggeit 
to  those  in  authority  that,  as  none  of  the  nationa 
collections  contain  a  single  specimen  of  the  worki 
of  the  latejohn  Phillip,  K.A.,  it  would  be  desirable 
to  supply^  that  deficiency  by  selecting  some  of 
those  now  in  his  studio.  There  are  pictures  in 
various  stages  of  completeness,  which  would  not 
only  please  the  ameteur,  but  would  be  of  great  u«e 
to  the  student  as  showing  the  method  in  which 
that  great  painter  worked." 

A  Lincolnshire  ploughman  has  produced  a  cii' 
riosity,  viz.,  a  cork  model  of  Lincoln  Cathedral,  in 
which  the  extraordinary  number  of  1,000,800  old 
corks  were  used  in  its  production,  and  occupied 
ten  and  a  half  years  in  building.  The  model  ii 
now  being  exhibited  in  Redcar.  The  Lincolnshire 
ploughman  is  to  be  commended  for  his  industij 
and  perseverance,  though  after  all  eui  bono?  The 
result  seems  hardly  worth  the  labour  expended  to 
produce  it.  A  model  made  of  old  corks  will  soon 
be  an  old  cork  model — a  monument  neither  veiy 
useful  nor  very  lasting. 

At  a  Court  of  Common  Council  held  on 
Thursday  week  last  at  the  Guildhall,  the  follow- 
ing motion  was  agreed  to  : — "  That  a  Roman 
hexagonal  column  inscribed  by  Anencletus  to  hia 
'  conjux  pientissima  Martina,'  discovered  beneath 
the  wall  of  Ludgate  in  1806,  and  supposed  to 
have  been  lost  to  the  city,  being  now  found  ex- 
posed in  the  open  yard  of  the  London  Coffee- 
house, it  be  referred  to  the  Library  Committee  to 
take  immediate  steps  to  receive  the  same  for  pre- 
servation in  the  museum  of  the  Guildhall." 

We  learn  that  Mr.  John  Howe,  of  Bishop  Auck- 
land, has  been  appointed  Assistant  Surveyor  to 
the  Middlesbro'  Corporation.  There  were  200 
candidates  for  the  office. 

Mr.  George  Row  Clarke,  27,  Great  James-street, 
Bedford-row,  W.C.,  has  been  elected  a  fellow,  and 
the  following  gentlemen  have  been  elected  asso- 
ciates of  the  Royal  Institute  of  British  Archi- 
tects : — William  Powell,  11,  Crooked-lane,  King 
William- street,  E.C. ;  Henry  Shephard,  34,  Tavis- 
tock-square,  W.C. ;  Charles  Driver,  7,  Parliament- 
street,  S.W. ;  Ernest  Turner,  1,  Verulam-buildings, 
Gray's  Inn ;  Francis  Atkinson,  14,  Bury  place, 
W.C. 

As  an  indication  that  building  societies  are 
flourishing,  we  refer  to  the  National  Temperance 
Land  and  Building  Company  (Limited),  a  meet- 
ing of  the  shareholders  of  which  was  held  at  the 
London  ColFee-house  on  Wednesday  evening,  to 
take  into  consideration  the  proposed  increase  of 
capital  and  the  amount  of  the  future  shares, 
Henry  Robinson,  Esq.,  chairman  of  the  company, 
presiding.  It  was  unanimously  resolved,  "Tlat 
the  capital  of  the  company  be  increased  to 
£50,000,  and  that  the  new  shares  be  of  the  valuq 
of  £5, 


Iarch  15,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


199 


'  ■  largest  vessel  ever  built  in  Ireland  was 
vu  li.''l  in  Belfast  on  Saturday.  The"Istrian"  is 
O:  in  length,  37£t.  in  breadth,  and  2,9110  tons 
et  ■i,  or  upwards  of  4,000  tons  burthen.     Al- 

1  he  '■  Istrian  "  is  the  longest  vessel  in  the 

..  epttho  "GreatEastern,"  there  are  .several 
f  greater  tonnage— the  "  Istrian  "  being  a 

I'ively  narrow  siiip. 

\V.  H.  Gregory,  M.P.,  has  been  elected  to 
111  ,)iMiit  trusteeship  of  the  National  Gallery.  The 
111  e  is  a  very  good  one. 

to  United  Sttftes  Congress  has  appropriated 
ij  00  dollars  to  reward  an  ingenious  citizen  of 
York,  for  his  eti'orts  (finally  successful)  to 
it  a  machine  for  the  perfect  cancellation  of 
^e  stamps  and  the  post  making  of  letters. 
Government  receives  the  patent  upon  p.ay- 
,  o£  the  above-mentioned  sum. 
e  Commissioners  for  Building  the  New 
ts  of  Law  have  commissioned  Captain  Shaw, 
3hief  of  the  .Metropolit^m  Fire  Brigade,  to 
ine  the  drawings  and  designs  for  the  proposed 
a,  and  to  report  upon  the  means  suggested 
stinguishing  Kre,  and  cutting  off  communica- 
in  case  of  conflagration. 

is  stated  that   tenders  will   bo   immediately 

I  ifor  fromtheprincipalshipbuilders  of  theking- 
ic  who  happen  to  be  on  the  Admiralty  list,  for 
h  construction   of    about  ten  ^gun-vessel ;  from 

oved  designs  cf  Mr.  E.  J.  Keed,  the  Chief 
tructor  of  the  Navy. 

tt'-en  designs  for  the  new  offices  for  the  Sun- 
,nd  Gas  Company  were  sent  in,  out  of  which 
directors  selected  one  bearing  the  motto 
thing  venture,  nothing  have,"  by  Mr.  G.  G. 
ins,  architect,  Darlington,  as  entitled  to  the 
premium.  This  design,  which  it  is  iutended 
rry  out,  is  of  a  handsome   Gothic  building  of 

e  brick  with  stone  dressings,  and  will  occupy  a 
site  at  the  head  of  Fawcett-street,  facing  the 
ay  station  and  new  extension  park. 
)r  years  [past,  says   the  ^lininri  Journal^  the 

iiltriiction  of  bridges  for  foot  passengers  at 
dangerous  crossings  as  those  at  the  St.  Paul's 
of  Cheapside,  and  where  the  six  ways  meet 
site  the  Bank,  Mansion-house,  and  Royal  Ex- 
ge,  has  been  from   time  to   time  advocated, 

II  we  have  frequently  urged  the  thorough  prac- 
ti  )iUty  of  the  suggestion,  and  the  small  cost  at 

■.h  it  could  be  carried  out.  While  the  English 
been  talking  the  Americans  have  been  acting  ; 
of  the  most  handsome  and  substantial  struc- 
s'.th.at  could  be  desired  having  already  been 
ted  over  Broadway,  New  York,  by  Messrs. 
1  and  Griffiths,  at  a  cost  of  only  £4,000.  The 
ge  has  been  proved  capable  of  sustaining  101 
,  and  100  men  tramping  over  it  at  the  same 
3  produced  no  perce|)iible  vibration.  Surely 
corporation  of  London,  although  they  could 
be  induced  to  set  the  example,  will  not  longer 
y  the  consideration  of  the  matter,  now  that 
have  had  the  Broadway   bridge  as  a   prece- 

t  the  monthly  ballot  at  the  Institution  of 
I  Engineers  on  Tuesday  last  the  following 
Udates  were  ballotted  for  and  duly  elec.ed  : — 
llembers  :  Mr.  Amias  Charles  Andros,  Resi- 
i,  Engineer  of  the  New  Dock  \Vorks,   Leith; 

Henry  David  Furness,  Locomotive  Superin- 
lent  of  the  Riga  Duuaburg  and  Dunaburg- 
epsk  Railways  ;  Mr.  Robert  Edward  Johnston, 

neer  of  the  Shrewsbury  and  Hereford,  Shrevvs- 

Y  and  Wellington,  and  Shrewsbury  and  Welsh- 
1   Railways ;     Mr.  William   Jarvis  M'  Alpine, 

V  York  ;  and  Mr.  Allan  Wilson,     Westminster 
Associates  :    Mr.      Horace    Bell,     executive 

ineer.  Public  Works  Department,  Bengal ;  Mr. 
Qcia  Bramah  Gilbertson,  South-Eastern  Rail- 
of  Portvigal ;  Mr.  Spencer  Herapath,  Ken- 
^n  ;  Mr.  George  Houghton,  resident  engineer 
the  Berlin  Gorlitzer  Railway  ;  Mr.  Charles 
■lowe  Lowe,  assistant  surveyor  of  St.  Maryle- 
,e  ;  Major  William  Palliser,  Army  and  Navy 
b  ;  and  Mr.  Edward  Pritchard,  surveyor  to  the 
:al  Board,  Bedford,  Lancashire. 

?he  following  are  the  principal  features  of  the 

press   law   in    France.      The    authorisation 

perto  required  previous  to  establishing  a  jour- 

js  suppressed ;    imprisonment    for    offences 

inst  the  press  laws  is  abolished  ;  the  amount 

.he  fine  which  may  be  inflicted  will  be  not  less 

a  one-Afteenth,  and  nut  more  than  one  h.alf,  of 

caution  money.      Priaters  and  publishers  will 

longer  be  required  to  take  out  licences.     The 

makes  no  mention  of  any  change  in  the  amount 

he  stamp  duty  or  the  caution  money. 


TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 

To  Our  Readkrs.— We  shall  feel  obligoa  to  any  of  our 
rtjadei-s  who  will  favoiir  ua  with  brief  iiotos  of  wurks  con 
tomplated  or  in  progress  iu  the  produces. 

Letters  relating  to  atU'ertiseinents  .and  the  ordinary  busi 
nesa  of  tho  paper  should  bo  addressed  to  the  EonoK,  l()l> 
Fleet  street.  Advertisoraontji  fur  the  cvirrent  week  must 
reach  the  office  before  .0  o'clock  p  m.  on  Thursday. 

Nn.r,(.K_The  HUILDING  NHWS  inserts  advertise, 
ments  for  "  SITUATION'S  WANTED,"  tl.,  at  ONE 
SHILLING  for  tho  fli-st  Twenty  four  Words. 


as  he 


Received. -W.  E.  G.-E.  W.  H.— J.  E-  P-— E.  L.  C- 
■W  B  B  — W.  li  — T.a  .  11.  C  .—.I.  S.  C— Rev.  K.  S.  G.— 
T,  and  K.— W.  H.  T.— P.  .1.  T.— T.  P.  and  Co.— J.  L.  and 
Son.— L,  and  N.— T.  F.— E-  H.— L.  Bros.— W.  H.  B. 

The  Rev.  Canon  North,  of  Crooms  Hill,  Greonwicli, 
S  E  .  wishes  for  tho  names  and  addressii.5  of  "  Bollfounder," 
"P.  B.  Flood."  -.S.  Uellrope,"  anil  "  It.  -X.  =.."  see  repl 
No.  2S:i  iu  our  last  number,  on  "Cracked  Bell; 
wishes  to  wi-ite  to  them  upon  tho  subject. 

W.  M'Kl.vLEV  (Shaubauo).  — The  lUustrate^l  liuililers' 
Journal  was  incorporated  with  the  BuTLDiNO  News  in 
Janu.ary,  lSii6,  and  ceased  to  bo  published  as  a  separate 
journal  from  that  time. 

W.  li.  Ball  ( NewcMtle).  —  We  shall,  in  all  probability, 
give  drawings  of  some  of  tho  articles  iu  the  Paris  Eshilii- 
tion  of  this  year,  but  are  not  at  tho  present  moment  pre- 
pared to  give  any  particulars. 

DRAUr.HTS.MAN's  reply  on  '*  Etching,"  is  inadmissible,  be- 
cause it  smacks  of  tho  advertisement. 


CoiTCspoiiiiciitc. 


DESIGNS   FOR    NEW   NATIONAL 
GALLERY. 

To  the  Editor  of  the  Buildinq  News. 

Sin, — It  h.as  always  been  held  to  be  unwise  for 
judges  to  give  reasons,  expressed  or  even  implied, 
for  their  decisions.  The  judges  in  the  late  com- 
petition for  the  New  National  Gallery  have  made 
the  unexpected  report  that  no  one  of  the  designs 
submitted  was  in  its  p.-inciples  either  sufficiently 
fit  or  sufficiently  meritorious  to  be  adopted, 
though  it  would  be  subject  of  course  to  such 
modifications  in  detail  (not  in  principle)  as 
would  appear  well  on  further  consideration  and 
on  the  architect  being  placed  in  direct  personal 
communication  with  his  client ;  the  absence  of 
which  direct  communication  is  one  of  the  diffi- 
culties and  vices  inherent  in  all  competitions. 
Had  they  stopped  there,  we  should  not,  Sir,  have 
troubled  you  with  this  communication,  but  have 
submitted  to  their  decision  with  as  much  philo 
sophy  as  possible,  as  illustrating  once  more  the 
exceptional  hardship  to  which  architects  alone 
among  professional  men  are  subjected  by  the 
popular  desire  for  competitive  designs. 

The  committee,  however,  assuming  the  position 
of  advisers,  proceed  to  lay  down  a  lift  of  "  sugges- 
tions of  the  principles  which  ought  to  govern  the 
builders  of  a  National  Gallery." 

Had  we  desired  to  express  in  the  fewest  I 
word.s  the  principles  which  guided  us  in  the 
preparation  of  our  plan,  we  could  not  have  used 
any  words  other  than  the  committee  do  in 
making  their  suggestions,  such  as  the  follow- 
ing : — 

1.  Ample  and  unobstructed  light,  top  light  m 
all  cases,  such  top  light  half  the  area  of  the  floor. 

2.  Height  of  galleries  to  ceiling  lights,  equal  to 
the  width  of  such  galleries. 

3.  Long  galleries  without  subdivision  to  be 
avoided,  as  rendering  classification  of  pictures 
difficult. 

4.  In  addition  to  the  galleries  named  in  the  in- 
structions to  be  50ft.  wide,  that  it  is  desirable 
to  have  other  galleries  in  easy  connection  there- 
with for  smaller  pictures  of  SOft.  and  40ft.  wide. 

5.  Special  care  that  the  higher  galleries  do  not 
obstruct  light  to  lower  ones. 

6.  Warming  and  ventilation  openings  to  be  in 
the  centres  of  rooms  and  not  at  the  sides. 

7.  Level  of  the  floor  g.alleries  to  be  of  ready 
easy  access  from  the  street  level. 

8.  No  considerable  sacrifice  of  space  for  sculp- 
ture in  what  should  be  a  picture  gallery. 

9.  Architectural  effect  to  be  sought  rather  in 
projections  and  breaks  in  the  fajades.  and  conse- 
quently in  the  sky-lines,  and  not  from  domes, 
towers,   and  the  like,  which   must  obscure  light 

.  through  the  gallery  roofs. 

All  these  principles  are  found  in  our  plans  to  a 
degree  that  we  believe  does  not  apply  to  any 
other  of  those  sent ;  and  were  we  to  assume  that 
the  decision  of  the  judges  woidd  be  guided  by  the 
principles  they  themselves  lay  down,  we  should 
have  confidently  anticipated  the  commission  for 
the  new  building. 

In  two  points  only  do  our  plans  differ  from  the 
above  suggestions  of  the  judges. 


1.  We   have   no  covered    carriage   entrance,  a 
feature  which  could  e;i3ily  be  added. 

2.  We  have  avoided  all  picture  g.alleries  on  a 
ground  floor,  below  tho  principal  floor,  as  we  hold 
it  to  be  impossible  in  London,  by  any  amount  of 
side  windows  or  other  ingenious  contrivances  to 
light  spaces  under  galleries  50ft.  wide  so  as 
.vdcquately  to  exhibit  pictures,  and  the  attempt 
to  do  so  on  tho  part  of  most  of  the  other  com- 
petitors renders  necessary  a  long  and  fatiguing 
staircase  for  everyone  visiting  the  real  objects 
of  art  he  desires  to  soo,  which  would,  of  course, 
be  in  the  princip.al  galleries,  where  only  top  (ix. 
adequate)  light  cau  be  obtained.  A.  ground 
floor,  therefore,  we  conceived  to  be  nearly  useless 
for  purposes  of  exhibition,  while  adding  con- 
siderably to  the  cost,  and  by  avoiding  it  the 
level  of  the  picture  galleries  in  our  design  is 
very  easy  of  access  from  the  streets  all  round, 
and  by  means  of  a  staircase  of  only  very  mode- 
rate length  from  Trafalgar-square  entrance. 

While  we  cannot  but  know  as  architects  that 
our  plans  have  all  the  above  desiderata  to  a  re- 
markable extent,  it  is  mortifying  to  feel  that 
our  having  abstained  with  much  artistic  self- 
denial  from  tho  dreams  of  architectural  grandeur 
to  be  derived  from  lofty  towers,  domes,  and 
other  obstructions  to  light,  which  we  considered, 
and  still  consider,  inadmissible  in  a  picture  gal- 
lery, but  which  other  competitors  have  indulged 
has  prevented  us  obtaining  from  the  judges  even 
the  very  qualified  laudation  "for  architectural 
merit"  they  bestow  on  the  designs  they  have 
named. 

We  see  from  the  reply  of  Lord  John  Manners 
last  night  to  Mr.  Goldschmidt  that  the  judges 
having  given  so  indecisive  a  report,  her  Majesty's 
Government  feel  that  the  decision  is  after  all 
remitted  to  them.  We  trust  that  that  decision 
may  be  to  remove  entirely  the  present  building ; 
.as  the  careful  study  which  we,  as  competitors, 
have  given  to  the  subject,  has  convinced  us 
that  any  attempt  to  utilise  the  present  building 
would  be  financially  no  less  than  artistically  a 
failure,  and  any  attempt  to  govern  the  design 
of  a  new  galleiy  by  the  lines  and  levels  of  the 
present  building  would  only  too  probably  result 
in  making  such  new  building  as  unsatisfactory  as 
the  present  one  is  on  all  hands  acknowledged  to 
be. — We  are,  &c..  Banks  and  Barry. 

1,  Westminster  Chambers,  Victoria-street, 
March  12. 


BURNLEY    UNION    COMPETITION. 

Sir, — It  seem.s  that  the  statements  thatappeared 
in  your  columns  on  December  14,  in  reference  to 
the  above  competition  were  not  without  founda- 
tion, as  I  understand  that  there  is  a  probability  of 
the  selected  design  being  thrown  over  to  give  way 
to  the  design  sent  iu  by  an  architect  of  consider- 
able local  influence ;  although  it  is  but  fair  to 
state  that  the  Building  Committee  have  acted  very 
fairly  in  calling  in  two  architects  unconnected  in 
any  way  with  either  of  the  competitors,  and  who 
awarded  the  designs  as  siated  in  your  columns. 
It  seems,  howevei-,  th.at  the  Bo.ard  of  Guardians 
.are  likely  to  reverse  the  decision,  upon  what 
grounds  I  do  not  know,  unless  it  is  that  the  archi- 
tect in  question  has  succeeded  in  talking  the  Board 
round  to  .adopt  his  design.  A  publication  of  this 
letter  may  yet  prevent  any  unfair  decision. — I  am, 

&C.,  A    COMPKTITOR. 


f^iR^ — Will  yuu  allow  me  to  draw  your  .attention  to  a  mis- 
print in  yourpiiper  of  last  week  ?  In  the  notice  you  give 
of  the  Burnley  Union  Workhouse  Competition  you  have 
given  my  name  as  J.  P.  Bracey ;  it  should  be  .John  T. 
Bressey. '  I  trust  you  will  do  me  the  favour  to  alter  thia. 
I  am.  <fcc., 

John  T.  Bressey. 

[Mistakes  like  the  one  spoken  of  fi-equently  arise  from  the 
great  difficulty  compositors  have  in  deciphering  ■v\-riting, 
and  particularly  proper  names.  Jodging  from  the  writing 
frequently  sent  us,  it  is  marvellous  that  printers  do  not 
make  more  mistakes.  Very  many  people  write  their  names 
so  frequently  and  so  r.apidly  that  they  are  apt  to  think  that 
others  are  as  familiar  with  their  signatures  as  themselves. 
This  is  aniistake.  Everyone  who  writes  for  the  press  should, 
for  the  sake  of  tlie  compositors,  to  wlioin  time  is  money, 
and  to  prevent  errors,  write  with  unusual  cai-e.  Had  Mr. 
Bre,ssey  done  so,  there  would  have  been  no  necessity  for  the 
above  letter. — Ed.  B.  N.J 


PHOTOGRAPHS  OF  ENGLISH  CATHEDRALS. 

Sir, — In  your  last  you  express  .a  hope  that  we  have  sent 
to  the  Paris  Exhibition  specimens  of  our  photographs  of 
English  cathedrals  "to  represent  Early  English  arcliitec- 
turc."  It  may  interest  yoiu-  readers  to  know  that  we  have 
sent  for  exhibition  views  of  Canterbury,  Ely,  Norwich, 
Lincoln,  Peterborough,  and  Rochester. — We  are,  &c., 

Mason  asd  Co. 

28,  Old  Bond-street,  llarch  11. 


200 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


March  15,  1867. 


liitercontmuniQtioii. 


QVESTIONS. 

[303.1— CORNICES,  WINDOW  SILLS,  &c.— The  Town 
Council  of  Pcnzivnco  have  come  to  the  conclusion  not  to 
allow  any  cornices  or  window  sills  to  be  fixed  to  any  build- 
in"^  in  'the  streets  unless  the  front  walls  are  put  back. 
Su°h  interference  with  our  street  improvement,  if  peraisted 
in  will  ciuse  a  great  hindrance  to  parsons  wishing  to  im- 
prove their  property.  This  is  to  be  regretted,  as  our  town 
is  faat  becoming  a  favourite  watering-place.  You  will  con- 
fer a  boon  on  the  inhabitants  if  you  or  one  of  your  numerous 
readers  could  inform  them  what  is  the  law  and  us.iges  in 
other  towns  on  this  subject.  A  SmscRlBEn. 

[304 1— VARNISH  FOR  TIN  BUCKETS.— Can  any 
reader  give  me  a  receipt  of  a  good  varnish  for  coating  the 
seams  of  tin  buckets,  so  as  to  prevent  them  from  nistu^  . 


[305  ]— COLOURING  BRASS,  tc— Can  any  of  your 
numerous  readers  kindly  answer  me  three  questions  :— 
First  how  can  I  colour  brass  blue  ?  second,  how  to  bronze 
brass'?  and  third,  the  best  tool  to  use  for  turning  brass? 


[30(i.]-WROUGHT-IRON  GIRDERS  AND  LATTICE 
GIRDERS.— I  have  an  inv.aluable  companion.  "The  Engi- 
neer's Pocketbook,"  but  being  a  man  of  humble  education, 
find  it  quite  out  of  my  power  to  solve  the  rules  laid  down 
in  pa»e3  46,  47,  and  4.S  of  this  book,  viz  ,  to  find  the 
dimensions  of  either  of  the  above  girders,  or  the  tonnage 
they  would  support.  I  shall  feel  obliged  if  some  kind 
reader  will  show,  by  commou  cross  multiplication  and 
division,  how  to  obtain  the  true  dimensions  for  these  sort  of 
girders  or  if  he  can  recommend  a  work  on  this  subject  (of 
course'  void  of  algebra  and  Greek),  and  he  will  confer  a 
great  favour  on  Fr-\scis  Hassom  LnscOMBr.. 

[307  l—MORTAR.- 1  shall  feel  obliged  if  your  readers 
will  inform  me  how  many  cubic  feet  or  yards  of  Siind, 
and  how  m.any  cwt.  of  Buxton  lime,  will  make  sufficient 
mortar  to  set  100  square  yards  of  Oiu.  brick  waUmg,  sup- 
posing the  bricks  to  be  Sin.  thick,  and  the  joints  Jin_  thick. 


[308  ]— LAW  OF  INDENTURES— Would  you  be  kind 
enough  to  inform  me  whether  an  apprentice's  indentures 
stand  good  after  his  employer  becomes  baukrnpt ;  and 
whether  the  said  employer  has  any  claim  after  he  gets  his 
discharge  from  the  Bankruptcy  Court.     A.v  Apprentice. 


[: 

the 


REPLIES. 

47  ]— THE  STA^'DARD  BUSHEL —It  is  evident  that 
„u„  measimements  of  the  bushel  as  given  by  "An  In- 
quirer "  cannot  be  correct,  1  have  checked  the  numerical 
portion  of  liis  question,  and  .^s  there  is  no  question  but 
that  a  standard  b'.shel  contains  1 '28  cube  feet,  or  2-218  19 
cube  inches  the  error  must  lie  in  an  assumption  of  false 
data,  or  the  two  calculations  would  tally  withm  a  very 
small  amount.  J-  A. 


[951  ]— WATERCL03ET  PANS.— If  the  flow  of  water  is 
not  sutficient  to  etfect  the  removal  of  the  soQ,  there  is  no 
otherremedy  but  to  increase  the  flow.  The  whole  principle 
of  a  watercloset  depends  upon  there  being  a  proper  supply 
of  water  othei-wise  it  becomes  a  mere  privy  :  the  pipes 
must  necessarily  become  clogged  up,  creating  a  nuisance 
in  the  house,  and  dangerous  to  the  health  of  the  inmates. 

Pldmber. 


[255  ]— TRUSSED  SCAFFOLDING.— WoiUd  you  allow 
me  to  inform  "  A  Builder  "  tliat  the  trussed  scafl'oldiug 
would  answer  verj-  well  for  the  erection  of  the  buildmgs  he 
proposes  ?aTl>'^^«''s  no  book  upon  scaffolding  of  any  kind, 
and  It  is,  moreover,  a  subject  known  practically  to  a  very 
few  I  was  employed  supeiintendiug  the  erection  of  a 
chimney  shaft  100ft.  high,  some  time  .ago,  and  I  found  it 
well  worth  mv  while  to  send  a  long  way  for  a  fii-st-rate 
scaffolder,  and  paid  him  very  high  wages  besides.  He  was, 
however,  worth  the  money,  .as  he  took  all  trouble  off  my 
hands,  and  got  up  the  scaffolding  from  flrat  to  last  with 
great  skill  and  practical  ability.  Sh.^fter. 

[257  [—FOUNDATIONS.— The  best  plan  for  "  A.  N."  to 
adopt  is  to  excavate  nntil  the  clay  assumes  a  stiff,  soUd 
appearance,  and  then  to  put  in  3ft.  or  4ft,  or  more  of  cement 
concrete  made  with  the  best  Portland  cement.  Let  the  bed 
'be  carefully  levelled,  or  if  cut  in  steps,  according  to  the 
hardness  of  the  clay,  the  top  of  the  concrete  must  be  on  the 
same  level,  or  otherwise  cracks  are  certain  to  occur  in  the 
superstructure  over  the  places  where  the  steps  are  made. 
A  remarkable  instance  of  building  in  the  Oxford  clay,  and 
a  sinking  occurrinsr,  was  offered  bv  the  bridge  over  the  Grand 
Junction  Canal  on  the  Northampton  aud  Peterborough 
Railway.  ^-  ^■ 


[253.]— FLOW  OF  GAS, — With  your  permission  I  will 
give  *'Tyro"  the  infoi-mation  he  req-lires.  Let  W  ~  the 
quantity  of  gas  in  cube  feet  flowing  through  a  pipe  per 
hour  ■  make  L  =  length  of  pipe  in  yards  ;  D  the  diameter 
in  inches  ■  H  the  head  of  water  pressure,  also  in  mches  . 
and  G  the  specific  gravity  of  the  gas.     The  general  formula 


^("ii) 


[2i34.[  _  FLOORING.  —  Bearing  in  mind  that  people 
packed  close  together  weigh,  on  the  average,  l'20Ib,,  1  do 
not  tliink  that  the  weight  mentioned  by  "X.  Y.  '/.."  is  so 
disproportionate  as  he  imagines,  particularly  as  it  always 
includes  the  weight  ■  f  the  materials.  For  store  and  large 
oflice  Uoors.  the  usual  allowance  is  from  2  cwt.  to  4  cwt. 
per  square  foot,  aocoi-ding  to  the  size  and  character  of  the 
building.  Surveyor. 

[26S  [—UNDERPINNING  CEMENT.— Portland  cement 
is  the  proper  material  to  use  in  the  case  mentioned  by 
"  Builder."  and  he  might  mix  it  with  a  small  proportion  of 
sand  without  impairing  its  qualities  for  the  special  work  he 
intends  undertaking.  Morhr. 


[2.19.]- GIRDERS  IN  BUILDING.— If  your  correspond- 
ent docs  not  allow  for  the  expansion  of  his  girders,  his 
walls  will,  without  the  slightest  doubt,  be  thrown  out  of 
the  perpendicular,  if  nothing  worse  happens  to  them.  The 
longest  rails  are  only  27ft.  in  length,  but  about  im.  is 
alwaysleftat  the  joint  for  their  eipausion.  R.  R. 

[271.]— COMPOSITIONS  FOR  COVERING  ROOFS, 
(fcc— Having  a  workshop  to  put  up,  and  economy  being 
necessavv,  I  bought  a  lot  of  elm  aud  fir  poles,  and  built  my 
shop  60ft.  long  by  22ft.  wide.  It  is  of  slight  fir  joists  on 
elm  beams,  strutted  to  prevent  raking,  and  covered  with  fir 
boards  lin.  thick,  having  a  fall  of  5in.  in  2.'ft.  In  winter 
the  surface  is  hard  and  smooth  as  ice,  in  summer  it  is 
rather  soft,  but  not  softenough  to  run  off.  I  do  not  believea 
gallon  of  the  composition  has  left  the  roof  from  the  time  it 
was  laid  until  now.  The  only  drawback  to  its  use  is  that 
it  drops  througli  the  chinks  a  little  in  the  hottest  days  of 
summer,  and  the  workshop  is  very  hot  also.  The  first 
thing  I  did  was  to  put  a  strip  of  ziuc  to  the  edges,  turned 
down  2in.  over  the  edge  of  the  boards,  and  4in.  or  there- 
abouts over  the  roof,  to  form  a  drip  ;  then  I  took  common 
brown  paper,  and  laid  down  one  sheet,  without  anything 
between  it  aud  the  boards  (it  is  essential  that  all  adhesion 
to  the  boards  should  be  prevented,  .as  the  boards  can  then 
shrink  or  swell  without  breaking  the  paper)  ;  then  cover 
one-half  of  the  sheet  with  a  composition  .as  follows:— 
About  three-fourths  coal  tar,  one-fourth  common  British 
pitch  and  rosin,  in  equal  quantities,  and  laid  on  hot  with 
a  brush.  Then  lay  on  the  second  sheet,  covering  over  the 
half  of  the  first ;  in  the  same  way  go  all  over  the  roof,  as 
with  slates,  one  sheet  covering  half  aud  about  3iu.  of  the 
edge  of  the  neigbbouiing  sheet.  Go  over  the  roof  a  second 
time  with  paper  and  hot  composition,  only  this  time  you 
may  cover  the  whole  on  both  sides  with  a  good  coat.  Then, 
having  ready  a  large  pot,  in  proportion  to  the  size  of  the 
job  (mine  contained  30  gallons  or  more,  and  was  of  wrought 
iron),  boil  a  quantity  of  the  composition,  say  half  full, 
and  as  it  gets  hot,  stir  into  it  dry  brickdiuit,  taken  from 
the  kiln,  perfectly  drv",  sifted  fine,  imtil  it  obtains  the  con- 
sistency of  mortar  ;  "have  ready  two  smaller  pots,  a  ladle, 
and  a  plasterer's  trowel,  carry  the  hot  compo  on  the  roof, 
and  spread  it  like  mortar,  iin.,  or  less  or  more,  as  you 
like.  It  soon  sets.  I  threw  a  little  briokdust  on  the  top. 
and  nothing  more.  Avoid  sand  or  gravel,  nothing  but 
brickdust  will  do.  It  is  a  dirty  job,  it  is  true,  but  if  anyone 
tries,  and  succeeds  as  well  as  I  have,  he  will  be  amply 
rewarded.  Myself,  and  a  rough  carpenter,  did  my  own  in 
two  days,  and  the  cost  was  trifling.  Two  cautions  I  will 
give  to"  anyone  who  tties  it— flrst,  have  dry,  and,  if  pos- 
sible, warm,  weather  ;  secondly,  do  not  let  your  compo  boil 
over,  and  stir  in  the  brickdust  gradually,  from  a  sieve. 

EX0XISI3. 


to  calculate  from  is  'W  =  1350   x  D2  x      ^     , 

J  tj    X     Ij 

According  to  the  data  supplied  by  your  correspondent,  since 
he  requires  the  number  of  cube  feet  per  minute,  or  the 
sixtieth  part  of  the  above  value  of  W,  the  equation  will  be 
inserting  the  correct  values  of  the  letters 


;  1350  X  0  X 


1/      H  X   3) 
V  \0  42  X  35'20  ' 


I 
60" 


Taking  H  as  equal  to  lin.,  which  is  the  maximum  pressure, 
we  may  write  

W  =  202-5  X     V  . 

1478-40 
from  which  the  answer  can  be  readily  obtained. 

Gas  EyGiKEEB. 


[273  ]— DETERIORATION  IN  THE  QUALITY  OF 
CAST  AND  WROUGHT  IRON.— "  Met.allum  Martea" 
has  raised  a  point  which  is  of  momentous  consequence. 
It  is,  nnfortunaiely.  too  well  known  that  iions  have 
degenerated  to  a  fearful  extent,  and  the  degeneration  still 
goes  on.  How  to  "  stay  the  plague  "  is  a  question  we  can- 
not answer,  but  to  som  -  extent  its  existence  may  be 
accounted  for.  The  introduction  of  hot  bhast  smelting, 
with  its  wondrous  advantage  of  lessening  to  a  great 
extent  the  cost  of  the  production  of  iron,  effected  anything 
but  unmixed  good.  Before  its  discovery,  only  the  finest 
argiUaceous  ores  of  the  midland  districts  could  be  profit- 
ably converted  into  iron,  but  by  the  agency  of  the  hot  blast, 
every  substance  that  contained  the  metal  vvas  made  to 
yield  it.  It  was  also  found  that  the  refuse  of  the  puddling 
forge  or  *'ciuder,"  previously  of  no  value,  could  be  utilised 
by°tlie  same  means,  aud  "tliat  iron — of  a  very  inferior 
character  of  course— might  be  extracted  from  it.  The  pig 
iron  thus  obtained  is  known  to  the  trade  as  cinder  iron, 
and  very  sad  stuff  it  is.  Too  often  it  is,  for  the  sake  of 
enhanced  profit  to  the  manufacturer,  incorporated  with 
better  material,  which  it  proportionably  deteriorates. 
This,  indeed,  is  one  of  the  main  sources  of  the  evil  which 
your  correspondent  deplores.  1  he  demand  for  low  "quota- 
tions," or  cheapness,  is  another.  The  public,  in  this  as  in 
many  other  cases,  insists  upon  p.aying  low  prices,  whilst  it 
ignores  the  condition  upon  wliich  alone  low  prices  are 
advantageous.  The  manufacturer  meets  the  public  demand, 
and  supplies  an  article  which,  though  very  bad  in  itself, 
he  considers  to  be  "good  enough  for  the  money."  The 
public,  having  encouraged  the  production  of  a  wortlil  ss 
article,  has  now  no  security  for  obtaining  a  good  one  at 
any  price.  The  present  aspect  of  the  iron  trade  is  in  no 
w-.iy  encouraging  ;  there  are  "tricks"  in  it.  as  well  as  in 
other  branches  of  commerce,  and  to  some,  we  fear  to  a  con- 
siderable extent,  these  are  responsible  for  the  deterioration 
of  cast  and  wrought  iron.  A^ti-Oxide. 


[2S1,]— PAINTING  ON  GLASS.— In  No.  41  of  Weals'. 
Rudimentary  Works,  "  A  Y'oung  Decorator  "  will  find  in. 
formation  on  the  subject  he  mentions.  E.  C. 


[237.]— BRONZING  FIGURES.— "T.  E.  M."  mj, 
bronze  figures  b.v  giving  them  a  few-  coats  of  size,  ailowing 
each  to  dry.  then  applying  the  bronze  as  a  varnish. 
Bronze  powders  of  all  colours  can  be  purchased  at  almost 
every  store  where  artists'  materials  are  sold.  You  mix  Ihew 
powders  with  glue,  or  with  lac  varnish,  and  apply  tlieni  to 
the  figures  with  a  brush.  The  bronze  may  also  be  dinted 
on  when  the  size  is  damp.  jM.  T. 


[288.]- VARNISH  FOR  POLISHED  IRON,-Allo» 
me  to  inform  "  L,  M.  D."  that  a  transparent  vamishfer 
covering  polished  iron  may  be  made  with  white  seed  lac 
dissolved  in  alcohol  The  metal  should  be  warm  when  put 
on.  Another  superior  coating  is  to  coat  the  iron  with  pan 
linseed  oil.  boiled  with  a  small  quantity  of  the  sulphate  tf 
zinc.    Both  preserve  the  iron  from  rusting.      Engineeb. 

t093.]_VARNISH  FOR  IRONWORK —"T.  W."  ca 
make  a  good  black  varnish  for  ironwork  as  follows :— Tih 
Sib-  of  asphaltiim  and  fuse  it  in  an  iron  kettle,  then  adl 
2  gallons  of  boiled  linseed  oil.  lib.  of  litharge.  Jib.  of  m. 
phate  of  zinc  (add  these  slowly,  or  it  wiU  fume  over),  ud 
boil  them  for  about  three  hours.  Now  add  IJlb.  ofiiiii 
gum  amber,  and  boil  for  two  hours  longer,  or  until  fla 
mass  becomes  quite  thick  when  cool.  After  this,  it  shooU 
be  thinned  with  tm-pentine  to  the  proper  consistency. 

C.  &  ■ 

[393  ]_WHITE  VARNISH.— In  reply  to  your  com. 
spondent  "  S.  W.,"  I  beg  to  inform  him  of  a  good  mellm! 
to  m  .ke  white  v,amish.  Take  loz.  of  pure  Vemce  tuipet. 
tine,  mix  well  with  2oz.  of  pure  spirits  of  turpentine,  wsni 
in  a  large  bottle.  In  anotlier  bottle  put  4oz.  of  b«t  t 
balsam  (it  must  be  pure),  with  2oz.  of  95  per  cent,  alcoH 
shake  each  bottle  well  frequently  for  six  hours  or  molt 
then  mix  both  preparations  in  the  large  bottle.  The  whlli 
should  stand  several  days  in  a  warm  place  before  asmg 


[-27,5,] CAST-IRON   PIPES. — The  internal   pressure  of 

pipes  depends  upon  the  s,ame  laws  that  govern  boilers, 
flues,  or  any  other  hollow  medium  enclosing  a  fluid. 
Putting  H  for  the  total  fall,  or,  as  it  is  usually  called,  the 
he.ad  of  water,  and  Ffor  the  pressure  in  pounds  per  sqinare 
inch  ag.ainst  the  interior  of  the  pipe,  we  shall  have 

F  =  H  X  0  434. 
To  obtain  the  thickness  of  metal  "  Watern-orks  "  may  cal- 
culate as  follows  ; — Let  D    =   the  inside  diameter  of  pipe, 
and  T  the  thickness  of  metal,  then  we  find  that 

T  =  H    X  0  000055  x  (D  -H   p). 
or  substituting  the  value  of  H  in  terms  of  F  wo  have 

T  =  0  000120  X  F  X  (D  -^  y). 

The  variable  quantity  of  the  formula  is  y,  which  has  the 

following  values: — For  pipes    imder    12in.  in  diameter, 

^  !/  =  0375  ;  for  those  between  12in.  and  2Sin  y  0  50,  and  for 

[  those  having  a  diameter  above  this  latter  dimension  up  to 

52in.  1/  =  0-625.  B.  E. 


[301.]— CONCRETE  WALKS.— In  answer  to  "  T.  C.  P.' 
respecting  garden  paths,  the  substance  should  he  ; 
bushels  of  gravel  to  1  bushel  of  Portlajd  cement.  I  hji^ 
done  it  with  road  grit,  upon  hard  bats,  bedding  in  bin 
mortar;  and  have  used  it  as  pavement  before  iiineKa 
houses,  erected  twenty  years  ago,  and  still  remamin 
soimd.  The  paths  of  a  lawn  in  fr.mt  were  formed  (( 
crushed  cockleshell  with  tar  and  pitch.  No  weeds "i! 
grow  through  it.  J-  ^ 


WAGES  MOVEMENT. 

A  rumour  has  been  current  that  the  workmen  at  th 
Paris  Exhibition  building  intended  to  strike.  The  i  wr.. 
however,  announces  that  the  "difficulty  "(if  any  mr 
existed)  has  been  removed,  and  that  the  works  are  goiiiga 
as  usual 

Bolton.— The  three  strikes  continue— the  bricklayers,  tia 
plumbersand  glaziers,  and  the quarr j-men.  Never  didua 
strike  at  a  more  inopportune  time  for  themselves. 

Great  Strike  of  Esoine  Drivers  and  Firemes.- 
Thestrike  of  the  engine  drivers  and  firemen  which  was  apiuv 
bended  some  few  days  ago,  has  now  commencsd,  iX 
assumes  a  vei-y  formidable  appearance.  What  tlie  men  W 
for  is  this— that  ten  hours  a  day.  or  a  run  of  150  miles,  bi 
reckoned  as  a  day's  work  :  that  drivers  in  London  audui 
districta  receive  for  the  first  six  months  6s  ,  for  the  sewoi 
6s  64,  aud  at  the  end  of  twelve  months  "s.  6d.  perd^ 
for  drivers  in  the  country,  the  first  six  months  Os..  forlte 
second  63.  6d.,  and  at  the  end  of  twelve  months  ,s.  dail;: 
for  firemen  in  London  and  the  districts,  the  fiKt  m 
months  3s  6d.,  the  second  six  months  4s.,  and  at  theral 
of  twelve  months  4s.  6d.  per  day;  for  firemen  mtki 
country,  for  the  first  twelve-  months  3s.  6d.,  at  the  HidJ 
twelve  months  4s. ,  and  after  three  years'  service  4s.  6d.  •«■ 
day  ;  that  the  firemen  be  promoted  to  the  sitttatui 
drivers  according  to  seniority  or  length  of  service  ;  and 
Sunday  be  paid  as  a  day  aud  a  half  The  directors  ol 
North.Eastern  Railway  refuse  to  accede  to  these  demat 

Liverpool.- Deputations  of  the  operative  plumbers 
painters  have  met  deputations  of  the  employers  during 
past  week,  who  have  come  to  a  satisfactory  understanH 
with  each  other.  The  plumbers  are  to  have  33s  per 
w-ages,  commencing  about  June  1  next.  The  painters. 
modified  their  demands  for  walking  time  and  extra  pay 
overtime.  Six  months'  notice  to  be  given  in  future  sM 
any  alteration  be  required. 

Stockport.— The  joiners'  and  carpenters'  notice  for  • 
advance  of  2s.  per  week  and  leave  off  work  on  Saturday  « 
12  o'clock,  expires  at  the  end  of  this  month.  The  emplojw 
have  resolved  neither  to  grant  the  advance  nor  tin  redui- 
tion  in  the  time  on  Saturdays.  The  bricklayers  laboiira. 
have  also  given  notice  for  an  advance  of  wages,  ano  Ha" 
met  w-ith  the  same  answer. 

York.— On  Saturd.ay  evening  last  a  long  notice  which 
had  been  given  by  the  masters  to  theil  workmen  of  J1-: 
various  branches  of  the  building  trade,  to  the  effect  IM 
future  payment  would  be  made  by  the  hour,  eipireJ  ;  ann 
on  Monda'v  morning  the  masons,  bricklayers,  plastereOi 
and  labovirers  struck,  bv  absenting  themselves  from  u» 
labour.  The  joiners,  however,  have  accepted  the  BO" 
svstem,  and  the  plumbers  of  the  city,  who  on  the  pre™" 
.'jondav  had  struck  for  an  advance  of  wages,  have  f>n«" 
on  the  "old  terms.  The  past  system  of  pajTaent  has  wen  o.i 
the  day. 


SANITARY   MATTERS. 

In  spite  of  the  vast  Burns  spent  by  the  Liverpool  Con-* 
ration  for  water,  the  supply,  particiUarly  m  dry  seas"";', 
very  insufficient,  and  it  h;is  been  resolved  to  f P?'"'  f^. 
£100,000  in  constructing  a  new  store  reservoir  at  tne  iw""6 
ton  works. 

AlRDRlE.-At  a  meeting  of  the  Town  Council,  held  W 
week,  it  was  agreed,  on  the  recommendation  of  the  cnio'  J 
Committee,  to  warn  the  owners  of  several  dwelling-nou* 
which  they  considered  unfit  for  human  habitation,  mm^ 
continue  letting  them;  and  the  removal  of  a  rag  sto" 
North  Bridge-street  was  also  ordered. 


[arch  15,  1SG7. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


Vll 


STAINED   GLASS. 

■■'I  to  hear  that  Metisrs.  Clayton  and  Bell,  and 
iivo  reiigutid  their  sjtace  for  stained  glass  in  the 
iiileof  tlie  Tiiris  Kxliibition. 

ii.-indsome    stJiined  gla^s  memorial  window  hns 

lit  up  on  the  south  side  of  tho  cliaiicel  in  Camp- 

,1.    Oxford,  by  the  executors  of  thehite  John 

I)    I    Hiiou,    Ksq.     Tho  work  haa   been  executed   by 

\  ii.im  UoUiind,  of  tho  Stained  Glass  ;ind  Decorative 

rk     NS'.u'wick,       The     Bubject     is     the     Raising    of 

VELTY  IN    Painted  Gi^ss. — Messrs.    Edmuudson 

I.  of  this  city,  sfiys  a  Manchester  contemporary, 

1st   complf^ted   a   memorial   east  window   for   Peel 

iiiear  Hiilton.     It  is  paiutwl  lu  enamel,  upon  plate 

id  therefore  each  subject  in  the  three  lights  is  un- 

jy  the  leadwnrk  «  hich   moLlilies  the  artistic  efl'ect 

tliat  IS  (Imit!  li\  ^lass  ataiuers.     Tho  subject, — the 

n,—iscoiiso-iuenily  treated  as  an  artis  would  a  pic- 

tiio  subject,  not  hampered  by  cons i deration  of  uuv 

vcutioual  forms  iis  abound  in  tliis  kind  of  decora- 

T  r   s.  Le  Rosche,  who  h;is  designed  tho  window,  lia^* 

'  _'uroof  our  Sa%'iour  in  a  graceful  posture   in 

iL^ht,  with  St.  John  andht,  Paul  on  cithtr  side. 

' :  1  ■  apostolic  aud  otlicr  symbola  and  inscriptions, 

>  .Uid  eagle  having  been  taken  from  nature. 

IDGEWORTH. — A   vtained  glass   window  by  Hard- 
Birmingham,    and   designed  by  Mr.  G.    G.  Scott, 
3  just  been   erected   in   the  chancel  of  the  parish 
^  n  niemor>' of  the   late  Mr.  B.  13   Colvin.  of  i'ishlo- 
'     v\iudow  consists  of  five  lights,  illustrating  five 
iits  in  tho  life  of  Clirist— viz.,  the  Nfilivity, 
I  ucifixiou.  Rcsunoctiou,  aud  Ascension. 


" 


STATUES,   MEMORIALS,  &c. 

'  ^cone  of  a  monument  to  tho  memory  of  the  late 
has  just  been  laid  at  Nice.  It  will  be  raised  on 
the    WUa  inhabited  by  the  Russian  Imperial 

I  \\  here  the  young  Prince  died. 

n|KTor  Xapoleon  lias  comraiaaioned  Mr.  Munro, 
ish  sculptor,  to  execute  a  bust  of  the  late  Victor 
>r  the  French  Academy. 

EST  To  A  Scottish  Poet. — A  monument,  erected 

cpense  of  the  friends  and  admirers  of  the  late  Mr. 

Park,    was   inaugurated    last    week    in    Paisley 

The  monument  consists  of  a  granite  pedestal, 

4ift.    wide  at  the  ba--^e,  narrowing  to  2Jft.  at  the 

supporting  a  colossal   bronze  bust  of  the  poet. 

iption   on  the  pedestal  is  ;ia  follows  :—'*  Andrew 

thor  of  'Silent  Love,'  'Songs  for  all  Seasons,' 
Bom,    March   7,    ISiOT.      Died,  :27th  December, 

tribute  from  friends."      The  monument  is  the 

Ir.  Jlossman,  of  Glasgow. 

ABTE.MUS  Ward."— It  has  been  stated  that 
"«  ins  of  this  exquisite  liumorisi,  wliich  were  in- 
Kensal  Green  on  Saturday,  will  ultimately  be 
Lmerica  for  re-intenuent.  A  memorial,  however, 
laced  in  Kensal  Green.  Mr.  Geflowski,  sculptor, 
f  Liverpool,  now  of  London,  was  enabled  to  take 
(  le  features  of  Mr.  BrowTie,  aud  it  is  likelj-  that  he 
"  'inmissioned  by  the  friends  of  the  deceased  and 
itleman  to  make  a  bust  of  him. 

Sir  CH.\RLEg  B.\kkv.— The  accounta  for  the 
r  Charles  BaiTy  have  Iwen  closed,  and  the 
re  has  been  as  follows : — Mr.  J.  H.  Foley,  for  the 
JOS  IJa. ;  Mr.  W.  Field,  for  the  marble  plinth, 
10s.  ;  Mr.  J.  G.  Grace,  for  gildiug  arch,  <tc., 
Mr.  J.  Maljey,  for  two  plaster  models  of  statue, 
idjoining  portion  of  the  building,  £29  Is.  ;  print- 
£44  12s.  ;  total,  £l,UtS  7s.  The  receipts  have 
bscriptiona,  £1,030;  additional subscriptiun from 
Wolfe  (in  addition  to  former  subscription  of  £200), 
balance  of  the  account,  £163  73. ;  total,  £1,19S  7s. 


LEGAL  INTELLIGENCE. 

':  TO  Builders, — Joseph  Kershaw,  builder,  ap- 
^e  Borough  Court,  Bradford,  to  answer  a  sum- 
out  by  the  police  against  him  for  not  having 
■ion  in  Salt-street,  Mauninghara,  sutficiently  pro- 
-.  light,  whereby  the  lives  and  limbs  of  the  lieges 
igered.  It  appeared  that  a  little  after  ten  o'clock 
police-officex''s  attention  w;is  drawn  to  the  dan- 
e  of  a  hole  in  Salt-street,  when  the  officer  was 
cab  had  had  a  narrow  escape  of  being  upset  in 
■e  of  there  being  no  light.  The  defendjmt  pleaded 
.tion  that  he  bad  Wen  putting  in  a  drain,  and 
as  left  open  for  the  corporate  officials  to  examine 
but  they  were  dilatory  in  coming,  and  he  had 
■vered  over  with  planks,  thinking  there  was  no 
>r  a  light  in  addition.  He  was  told  that  the 
-d  have  been  lighted,  and  was  fined  lOs.  and  10s. 


COMPENSATION  CASES. 

ator's  Court,  SLuicn  C— Gordon  v.  the 
TAN  Board  of  Works. — This  was  a  claim  for 
Id  interest  of  No.  24,  Bread-street-hill,  which  was 
a  lease  foi  twenty-one  years,  fiom  1S56,  at  a 
>  per  annum.  The  claim  sent  iu  wasfor  £l,7t30. 
703  taken  by  consent  for  £1,150. 


THE  Metropolitan  Board  of  Work.s, 
-This  was  a  claim  for  leasehold  pr  raises,  No.  11, 
ry,  occupied  as  a  stationer's,  at  a  rental  of  £65 

The  claim  was  made  up  of  the  following 
le  Talue  of  the  improved  rental,  the  cost  of 
he  value  of  fixtures  ;  and  two  years'  profits  as 
on  for  interference  with  business.  The  average 
.1  profits  were  £1,045.  The  jury  awarded  the 
laJ     1,520. 


pri  tion  bv  the  late  Mr.  David  Sassoon  to  contribute 
xds  erecting  a  building  for  a  Slechanics'  Insti- 
>bay,  has  been  accepted. 


MEETINGS   FOR   THE   WEEK. 

MoN.  — Society  of  Enginoen>.—"  Water  and  ita   EJect  on 
Ste.im  Boilei-s."  by  Jlr.  K.  Bamber,  7.30. 
Ruval   United  Servico  Iiutitution. — "  The  Con- 
vtr^inu  and  Kitting  of  Ciu^t-Irou  Ordnance,"  by 
Major  \V.  Palhsrr,  8.:iO. 

TuES.— Institution  of  Civil  Eugineers.— Discussion  on 
Captain  Tyler's  paper  "  On  Steep  Gradients 
and  Sharp  Curves  on  Railways  ';  and,  if  time 
permits,  "Memoir  on  tho  Kiver  Tyne,"  by 
Mr.  \V.  A.  Brooks,  S. 
Royal  Institution.—  "On  tho  Practical  Study 
cV  Botany,  "  by  Rev.  G.  IIouslow,  3. 

Wed. — Geoiogicjvl  Society,  S. 

Thurs.— Royal   Institution.— "On  Coal  Gas,"   by  Pro- 
fessor Fraukland,  3. 
],iuncau  Society,  S. 
ChemicJil  Society,  S. 

Fri.— Royal  Institution.— "  On  tho  Various  Modes  of 
Fiii^ht  in  Relation  to  Aeronautics."  by  Dr.  J. 
Bell  Pettigrew,  S. 

Sat.— Royal  Institution.—"  On  Coal  Gas,"  by  Professor 
Fnmkland,  3. 


^clients  for  Jlnbcntioiis 

CONNECTED     WITH     THE     BUILDING     TK.\DE. 


20S1.  E.  PAGE.  Improvements  in  Mk,\n9  or  Appa- 
ratus for  the  Manufacture  of  Bricks  and  Tiles. 
Dated  August  14,  ISOlj. 

This  invention  relates  to  adaptations  of  parts  to  a  pug 
mill  for  tliti  manufacture  of  bricks  and  tiles.  In  carrying 
out  these  improvements  the  dies  or  moulds  are  caused  to 
travel  immediately  under  the  mill,  so  as  to  receive  the  clay 
direct  from  it,  and,  by  pi'eference,  in  two  rows,  one  on 
each  side  of  the  axis  of  the  mill.  These  moulds  or  dies  are 
supported  in  chambers  on  frames  which  are  capable  of 
sliding  on  grooves  provided  for  them,  so  that  they  may 
readily  be  fed  for  filling  and  drau-n  out  again  when  filled. 
The  axis  or  revolving  shaft  of  the  mill,  iu  addition  to  the 
ordinary  blades  and  stirrers,  is  pr^ivided  at  its  lower  end 
with  a  plato  wluch  is  affixed  to  and  revolves  with  this  axis 
or  shaft.  This  plate,  except  at  an  opening  where  the  clay 
is  forced  through  it,  serves  as  the  bottom  to  the  mill,  and 
also  as  a  cover  to  the  moulds  passing  under  it.  At  one 
edtre  of  the  opening  in  this  plate,  for  the  passage  out  of  the 
clay,  the  plate  inclines  upwards  over  such  opening,  some- 
what in  the  fonn  of  a  propeller  blade,  in  order  that  the  clay 
may  thereby,  in  the  revolution  of  this  plate  with  the  axis, 
be  forced  through  the  opening  iu  it  to  the  dies  or  moulds 
beneath  ;  and  then  such  clay  is  cut  otf  and  smoothed  on 
the  dies  or  moulds  by  the  bottom  surface  of  the  plate. 
The  lower  part  of  the  mill  in  which  the  bottom  plate  and 
propeller  work  is  made  somewhat  larger  than  the  main 
body  of  it,  so  as  to  admit  of  a  greater  number  of  moulds 
being  supplied  and  tOJed  at  the  same  time.  The  revolving 
plate  may  have  two  or  more  op.}niugs  and  propellers  iu  it 
for  the  discharge  of  clay  into  moulds  p;issing  under  tliem. 
From  the  foregoing  description  the  action  of  the  apparatus 
will  be  obvioiis.     i^atent  abandoned. 

20S9.  H.  J.  PETTY  and  C.  F.  SAYER.  An  Improved 
AND  Simple  Method  for  the  Working  of  Perpendicu- 
lar Sliding  SAyHE.s,  Doors,  and  Shutters,  or  other 
Perpendicular  Sliding  Fittings,  admitting  of  their 

BEING     taken     OCT     FOR     THE     Pt'RPO.SE    OF  CLEANING   OR 

Otherwise.     Dated  August  15,  IStiti. 

This  invention  consists  in  tho  employment  of  a  steel 
spring,  similar  iu  design  to  a  carriage  spring,  >vith  the 
addition  of  a  roller  at  each  end,  aud  of  power  adapted  to 
the  weight  of  the  sash,  door,  shutter,  or  other  peii)en- 
dicular  sliding  fittings  to  wliich  it  is  iuteuded  to  be  fixed 
or  fastened.  I'he  rollers  are  to  be  compused  of  metal  or 
other  hard  material,  which  may  be  covered  with  leather, 
india-rubber,  or  other  soft  substance,  to  deaden  the  sound, 
if  found  necessary.  The  spring  may  be  made  either  with 
double  or  single  roUei-s.  The  double  roller  spring  is  the 
spring  above  described  with  a  roller  at  each  eud.  When 
the  double  I'oller  spring  is  \ised,  one  spring  is  fixed  mth 
common  screws  in  the  centre  of  each  side  of  the  sash,  door, 
shutter,  or  other  perpendicular  sliding  fitting,  a  groove 
having  been  first  made  for  each  roller  to  work  in.  The 
roUere  will  run  on  the  pulley  stiles,  and  the  sash,  door, 
shutter,  or  other  perpendicular  sliding  fitting  can,  by  this 
means,  be  raised  or  lowered  to  the  height  desired.  The 
single  roller  spring  may  be  compared  to  a  double  roller 
spring  cut  into  two  halves.      taUiti  abandoned. 


City. — For  building  printing  office,  Bartholomew  Close. 
Mr.  John  Blythe,  architect :— Gillet  and  Wisbey,  £3,200  ; 
Mansfield  and  Son,  £2,liOi);  Patmau  and  Cu,,  £"2,t>95  ; 
Myei-8,  £'2,f)SS  ;  Piper  and  Wheeler.  £-',6U0 ;  Sewell  aud 
Son,  £i;,57S  ;  Webb  and  Sons,  £2,530;  Brass.  £2,4S7  ; 
Pritchiu-d,  £2,444. 

City.  -  For  house,  Lime-street-squaro.  'SU:  Robert 
Walker,  architect  :—Rodda,  £^,200;  Carter  and  Sous. 
£y,lSO;  SewoU  and  Son,  £2,813;  Tui-nor,  ii2,74y  ;  Kilby, 
£2,tlSJ;  Webb  and  Sons,  je2,59S. 

Enfield.— For  works  at  Enfield.  Mr.  T.  J.  Hill,  archi- 
tect : — Webb  and  Sons  (accepted),  £1,427. 

Fulham. — For  pair  of  semi-detached  residences,  for  Mi*. 
T.  Cross:— Stimpsou,  £1,610;  Biiiss,  £l,4S0;  Whittick, 
£1,450  10s.  ;  Richards,  £1,414  :  Wigmore  (accepted), 
£1.209  10s. 

FcLH,\M. — For  a  pair  of  houses  in  the  North  End-road, 
for  Mr.  W.  Kitchen  :— Amos,  £890  ;  Smith,  £S00  ;  Wilson, 
£795  ;  Wigmore  (accepted),  £7oO ;  Johnson,  £739  ;  Ward, 
£735. 

Liverpool. — For  veterinary  hospital.  Park-road.  Mr. 
ThouKia  Cook,  arcliitect.  Quantities  supplied  : — Tomkin- 
sou,  £1,2U3;  Biirker  and  Son,  £1,122;  Westmorland, 
£l,liy;  Wiley,  £l,0S7  ;  Callie,  £1,070  ;  Urmson  (accepted), 
£1,039. 

Paddington. — For  rebuilding  tho  Boatmen's  Institute, 
Sale-street,  Paddington.  Mr.  T.  Heygate  Veruou,  archi- 
tect. Quantiti  8  not  supplied: — Mauley  and  Rogers, 
£949;  Cowland,  £943;  Duvo  Brothers,  "£93S ;  Patmau 
aud  Fotheringham,  £927  ;  Scrivener  and  White,  £S90. 

Suoreditch.  —  For  rebuilding  the  Prince  of  Wales 
Tavern,  Holyweli-lane,  Shoreditch,  for  Mr.  Henry  Bate- 
man,  Mr.  F.  G.  Widdowa,  ai'chitect: — Axford  and 
Whillier,  £1,413  ;  lughara,  £1,380;  Bishop,  1,225;  Perry 
and  Co.,  £1,210  ;  Emior,  £1,153  ;  Tully,  £1,125 ;  Cheaaum, 
£1,097. 

TupyELL  Park. — For  residence  at  Tuffnell  Park,  for  Mr. 
F.  Morton.  Mr.  C.  H.  River,  architect.  Quantities  sup- 
plied :—7Vacey  and  Co.,  ±'2,S67  ;  Foster,  ±2,645  ;  Wood, 
£2,470;  Macey,  £2.444  ;  Warne  and  Co.,  £2,384;  Jackson 
and  Sliaw,  £2,332  ;  Mauley  aud  Rogers,  £2,172. 

Vau.\.hall. — For  simdry  works,  Glj'n-street,  VauxhaU, 
for  Mr.  B.  Fabricoiti,  Mr.  F.  G.  Widdows,  architect  : — 
Ashby  and  Sous,  i64S  ;  Ennor,  £595;  Tully,  £553. 

WiGAN. — For  fixtures  and  fittings  of  new  gaol,  police 
court,  and  offices.  Mr.  Thomas  Cook,  architect.  Quantities 
supplied  : — Boiroughs  and  Sou,  £2,299  ;  Anderson  and  Son, 
£l,yyOt>s.  ;  Preston.  £1,935  lOs  ;  Urmsou,  £1,819;  Fair 
clough  and  Son  (accepted;,  £1,793  ;  Collin  aud  Son,  £1,695  ; 
Bridge,  £1,550. 


(IDriibc  Ittfos. 


TENDERS. 

Beds. — For  the  erection  of  a  new  wing,  and  other  altera- 
tions and  additions  to  the  oilc;ike  manulactory.  South  Mills, 
Blunham,  Beds,,  for  Mr.  C.  Powers.  Mr.  John  Usher, 
architect.  Quantities  supplied ; — Freshwater,  £922 ;  Dickins, 
£860 ;  Twelvetrees,  £850  ;  Hull,  £842 ;  Horsman,  £780  ; 
Winn  and  Foster  (accepted),  £727. 

Birmingham, — For  tho  erection  of  the  new  Birmingham 
schools :— Wilson  and  Son,  £27,990;  Corbett,  £27,800; 
Bamsley  and  Sons,  £20,788  ;  Pai-tridge,  £20,750  ;  Jones, 
£26,500;  Briggs  and  Sou,  £26,410;  Hardwick  and  Son, 
£20,284;  Anderson  aud  Son,  £25,780  ;  Matthews,  £25,600  ; 
W.  aud  B.  N.  Smith,  £25,000  ;  Naden  and  Sons,  £24,990  ; 
Lovatt,  £24.900;  W.  aud  J.  Webb,  £24,839;  Jeffery  and 
Pritchard,  £24,700  ;  Horsley  Brothers,  £23,879  ;  Pamell, 
Son,  aud  Bennett.  £23,411  Os  ;  Cresswell,  £23,000. 

City. —  For  warehouse,  127,  Aldersgate-street.  Mr. 
Smith,  architect :— J.  High,  £5,789;  Simms  aud  Marten, 
£4,805  ;  Johnsou,  £4.800  ;  Xightingalo,  £4,611 ;  Newman 
and  Mann,  £4,455 ;  Bennett.  £4,359 ;  Perry,  £4,300 ; 
Manley  and  Rogers,  £4,287;  R.  Mann.  £4,1S7;  Kelly 
Brothers.  £4,074;  Warne,  £3,925;  Henshaw,  £3,910; 
Stephenson,  £3.813;  Webb  and  Sons,  £3,889;  Crabb  and 
Vaughan,  £3,850;  Nutt  and  Co.,  £3,661. 


PROPERTY  SALES. 

March  8. 

At  the  Mart. — By  Messrs.  Farebrother,  Lye,  and 
Wheeler. — Freehold  residence  with  gardens,  grounds,  and 
))addock,  containing  5^  acres,  situate  at  Thames  Ditton, 
SiuTey — sold  for  £2,750. 

Leasehold  three  residences,  Nos.  299,  301,  and  325, 
VauxhaU  Bridge  road,  producing  £288  per  aunum,  terms 
57i  years  unexpired  at  £lO  per  annum  each— £2,560. 

Leasehold  house  and  shop.  No.  335,  Mile  Eud-ruad,  let  at 
£42  per  annum,  term  55  yeai-s  unexpired,  at  £6  8s.  per 
annum — £450. 

M.\rch  12. 

At  the  Mart. — By  Messrs.  Gadsden,  Ellis,  aud  Scorer. — 
Leasehold  premises,  situate  No.  05,  Lombard -street,  for  up- 
wards of  30  ye:irs  in  the  occupatian  of  Overend,  Gumey, 
and  Co.,  together  with  the  adjoining  house,  No.  13,  Birchin- 
lane,  t^enn  28^  years  unexpired,  at  £6,000  per  a^inum — sold 
for  £29.500. 

Freehold  residence,  No.  3,  Codrington-terrace,  Ladbroke- 
road,  Notting-hill— £1,800. 

By  Messrs.  Farebrother,  Clark,  and  Co. — Freehold  estate, 
situate  in  the  parish  of  Doddmghxu^t,  Essex,  known  as 
'■  The  H;dl  Farm,"'  comprising  a  dwelling-house,  out- 
buildings, and  154a.  3r.  2p.  of  arable  and  grassland, 
—  £0,OUO. 

Freehold  5a.  Ir.  8p.  of  woodland,  situate  near  the  above 
—£110. 

Freehold  house,  situate  in  Lower  Sydenham,  let  at  £30 
per  annum — £700. 

Freehold  house,  situate  in  Lower  Sydenham,  let  at  £22 
per  aUDura  — 1250. 

Freehold  houses,  siUiate  in  Ixiwer  Sydenham,  let  at  £20 
per  annum — £250. 

Freehold  two  houses,  situate  at  Lower  Sydenham,  produc- 
ing £50  per  annum — £550. 

Freehold  Proprietary  Chapel,  situate  asabove-£450. 

Freehold,  1  acre  of  building  land,  situate  as  above — 
£430. 

Freehold,  2a.  Ir.  IGp.  of  building  land,  situate  as  above, 
-£1,060. 

by  Messrs.  Debenham,  Tewson,  and  Farmer. — Leasehold 
residence,  No.  1,  Craven- villas,  Ealing,  estimated  annual 
value  £75,  term  34  years  unexpired,  at  £8  lOs.  per  annum 
—£960 

Leasehold  residence,  No.  5.  Healev-street,  Prince  of  Wales- 
road,  Keiitish-town,  estimated  to  produce  £45  per  annum, 
term  98  years  from  1862,  at  iO  10s  jjcr  auuum — £470. 

By  Mr.  P.  D.  Tuckett. — Ijeasehold  residence,  No.  81,  Mor- 
niugton-road,  Regent's-park,  let  on  lease  at  £50  per  aunum, 
term  72  ye;irs  unexpired,  at  £10  per  annum — £575. 

Leajjchold  residence.  No.  82,  Mornington-road,  let  at 
£60  per  annum,  term  and  ground  rent  similar  to  above — 
£635. 

Leaisehold  residence.  No.  24,  Wobum-place,  Russell- 
square,  also  stabling  iu  Tavistock-mews,  term  95  years  from 
1802,  at  £50  per  anuum— £490. 

Leasehold,  two  houses  and  shops,  situate  on  Surbiton- 
hill,  let  on  lease  aud  producing  £55  per  annum,  term  75^ 
years  unexpired,  at£0  per  annum -£715. 

Leasehold  foiu-  residences,  Nos.  1  to  4  Woodside,  Long 
Dittou,  let  on  lease  at  £100  per  aunum,  term  84^  years  un- 
expired, at£20  per  aunmn — £1,250. 

IjCiisehold  residence.  No.  1,  Holland  terrace,  Holland- 
road,  Kensington,  let  at  £50  per  annum,  term  94  years  from 
1856,  at  £8  per  aunum — 1515. 

Leasehold  six  residences,  Nos.  3  to  8  Holland -terrace  afore- 
said, let  at  £45  and  i.50  per  anuum  each,  terms  similar  to 
above,  at  £S  per  animm  each — £500  to  £550  each. 

Freehold  two  residences,  Nos.  14  and  15,  Verulam- 
terrace,  The  Grove,  Hammersmith,  producing  £80  per  an- 
nimi— £1,115. 


vm 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


Maech  15,  1867. 


By  Mr.  Saffell. — Leasehold  residence.  No.  1,  Arthur- 
terrace,  Caledonian-road,  and  stabling,  lofts,  workshops, 
shops,  &c.,  No3.  1  to  17,  Arthiu-  Mews,  producing  £403  5s. 
per  annum,  term  76  years  unexpired,  at  £50  per  a'lmum— 
£3,2S0. 

Freehold  residence,  No.  3,  Halliford-terrace,  Grove-road, 
Bow,  let  at  £35  per  annum — £440. 

Freehold  the  cai'cases  of  two  resideuces,  situate  in  Stan- 
Btead-road,  Fore.st-hill— £690 

By  Messrs.  Ventom.  Clark,  and  Bull. — Loaseh'^ld  busi- 
ness premises,  Nos.  1  and  2,  Ratcliff-cross,  term  seven  years 
unexpired,  at  £50  per  annum — £450. 

Leasehold  house  and  premises,  No.  1,  Haudley-road, 
Hackney,  let  at  £2S  per  annum,  term  77  years  from  1862, 
at  £4  10s.  per  annum — £250. 

At  the  Guildhall  Coffee-house. — By  j\tr.  Murfell. — 
Leasehold  six  houses,  four  with  shops,  Nos.  (J,  S,  10,  12,  14, 
and  16,  Howard-road,  Stoke  Newington,  producing  £1S5 
per  annum,  also  a  plot  of  land  in  the  rear,  term  SO  years 
unexpired,  at  £38  per  annum — £1,TS0. 

Leasehold  eight  residences.  Nos.  22,  24.  26,  28,  30,  32, 
34,  and  36,  Albion-road,  Dalston,  producing  £224  per 
annum,  term  95  yeare  from  1S44,  at  £40  per  annum — 
£2  415 

By  Mr.  Tindall.— Freehold  house.  No.  80,  Driffield-road, 
Old  Ford,  let  at  £25  per  annum— £350. 

Freehold  three  houses,  Nos.  4  to  G,  Unicorn -street, 
Kerbey-street,  Bromley,  pvoducing  £66  per  annum — £690, 

Leasehold  two  houses,  Nos.  19  and  20,  Norfolk-street, 
Globe-road,  Mile-end,  producing  £42  per  annum,  term  56^ 
years  unexpired,  at  £5  5s.  per  annum — £440. 

At  the  Mart. — By  Messrs.  Edwin  Fox  and  Bousfield. — 
Freehold  two  residences.  Nos.  3  and  4,  Carmarthen  Villas, 
Princes-road,  Norwood,  producing  £80  per  annum,  subject 
to  a  mortgage — £100. 

By  Messrs.  Fuller  and  Horsey. — Freehold  manufacturing 
premises,  situate  in  Wallis-road,  Hackney  Wick — £5,000. 

By  Mr.  C.  H.  Webb— Leasehold  house.  No.  SO,  New 
North-road,  let  at  £44  per  aimum,  term  75  j  years,  unex- 
pired, at  £4  It's.  9d.  per  annum — £550. 

Leasehold  two  houses,  Nos.  4  and  5,  Witchampton -street, 
Curzon-street,  Hoxton,  producing  £60  per  aunum,  tcnu  41 
years  unexpired,  at  £6  10s  per  annum — £510. 

Leasehold  hou  e,  No.  54,  Grange-street,  Bridport- place, 
Hoxton,  let  at  £28  per  annum,  term  70  years  unexpired,  at 
£5  10a.  per  annum — £350. 

By  Mr,  Adcock. — Leasehold  house,  known  as  '*  Frankfort 
House,"  426,  Camden-road,  term  76  years  unexpired,  at 
£15  per  annum — £1,530. 


BATH  STONE  OF  BEST  QUALITY. 
Handell  and  Saunders,    Quarrjmen   and  Stone  Mei 
chants,  Bath.     List  of  Prices   at  the  Quarries  and  Depots, 
also  Cost  for  Transit  to   any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
furniahed  on  application  to  Bath  Stone  Office,  Corsham  , 
Wilts.— [Adtt.] 


BANKRUPTS. 

TO  saRRENDER  IN  BASINGHALL-STREET. 
J.  Bi'aithwaite,  Abingdon*street,  Westminster,  civil  en- 
gineer, March  20 — Bland  William  Croker.  Zeitwog,  Austria, 
engineer,  March  21,  at  2— John  Kent,  Stratford,  builder, 
March  27.  at  1 — George  Etches  Mills,  Cambridge,  builder, 
March  20,  at  1 — George  Smith,  Hammersmith,  builder, 
March  21.  at  2 — James  Matthews  Caddington,  Hert*.  brick- 
layer, March  28,  at  12 — S.  Shrub3ole,  Manchester-buildings, 
Westminster,  surveyor,  March  28 — J.  T.  Smith,  LiUington- 
Btreet,  Pimlico,  journej-mau  carpenter,  Mai'ch  28. 
TO  SURRENDER  IN  THE  COUNTRY. 
Thomas  Court,  Kineton.  plumber,  March  27,  at  12 — Tho- 
mas Coxton,  Stockton-on-Tees,  bricklayer.  March  22,  at  12 
— William  Jenkin,  Redruth,  mining  engiueer,  March  20.  at 
1 — George  Thomas  Lupton,  York,  painter.  April  3.  at  12 — 
William  Henry  Morton,  Leamington  Priors,  carpenter, 
March  30.  at  11 — Frederick  Irwin  Salter.  Yarmouth,  Hants, 
builder.  March  20,  at  11 — William  Barker,  Leeds,  joiner, 
March  23,  at  12 — Robert  Beazley,  Portsea,  builder,  March. 
25,  at  11 — William  Freeman,  Wrexham,  joiner's  foreman. 
Maxch26,  at  11 — Hugh  Jones,  PeumaeiimaAvr,  joiner,  Marcli 
23,  at  12 — William  Kennett.  Whitstable,  carpenter,  Mai'ch 
18.  at  12 — Thomas  Minshall,  Stnke-upon-Trent,  brick 
manufacturer,  March  27,  at  12 — William  Moses,  Waterloo, 
Lancashire,  joiner,  March  26,  at  3 — Thomas  Whitfield, 
Wetherby,  Yorkshii-e,  joiuer,  Mai'ch  26,  at  10 — Joseph 
Wormald,  Leeds,  joiner,  March  25,  at  11— William  Shep- 
pard,  Gloucester,  builder,  March  22,  at  11. 


LATEST  PRICES    OF   MATER  fALS    USED 
IN  CONSTRUCTION. 


TaiBBB,  dutv  Is  per  load,  drawback,  1b. 


Teak    load 

Quebec,  red  iiioe 

,,  yellow  pine.. 
St.  John  N.B.  yellow 
Quebec  Oak,  whitv  . . 

,,       birch 

elm 


£9    0£10  ] 
3    5      4  1 

2  15      3  ] 
0     0       0 
S  10 

3  10 
3  10 


Dantzic  oak ....    3  10      6    U 


fir  . 


Memelflr   S    0 

Riga 8    0 

Swedish  1  18 

Maats.Quebecfedpine   6    0 
,,      yellow  pine..     6    0 
Lathwoud.Datitzic.fm   4  10 
.,       St.  Petersburg  6  10 
Deal8.prC.,12ft,.  by3 
by  9  in.,  duty  2a  per 
load,  di-awb:ick  "s. 
Quebec,  white  spruce  13  10 
St.Johii,  white  Bpnice  13    0 
Yellow   pine,  per  re- 
duced (J. 
OftHKU,  1st  quality.  17    0 
2nd  do 13    o 


Archangel,  yellow  ..  £12 
St.  I'etersburg,  yel. . .  10 

Finland  8 

Memel 0 

Gothenburg,  yellow      9 

,,       white    8 

Gefle,  yellow 9 

:iuderhainn    9 

Cbriatiania,    per   C, 
12  ft.  by  3  by  9  in, 

yellow 18 

Deck  Plank.  Dant/lc, 

per  40  It.  3  in 0 

PuHiOE  Stone  pr  ton    6 
Oils,  4c. 

Seal,  pale por  tiuj  4fi 

Sperm  body 140 

Cod 41 

Whale.  Sth.  Sea.  pale  45 

Olive.  Galllpoll 63 

Cocoanut.  Cochin. ton  68 

Palm,  fine 41 

Linsciid   36 

Rapeseed.  Eng. pale..  40 
Cottcnseed 3u 


0  £13    0 

10  11     (J 

0  9     0 

0  0     0 

0  10  10 

0  8  10 

0  11     0 

0  10  10 


10  47  0 
0  140  0 
10      0     0 


Metals. 


Iron : — 
..per  ton 


Welsh  Ban  In  London 

MaUBod       

Hoops do 

Bheets.  Single      do 

BtAtordflliiro  Bara       do 

Bar&.  In  Wales     do 

Kails    do 

Foundry  PigB,  at  GlaBg.Ko    1    ..       do 

Swedish  Bars   do 

Ste£l : — 

Bwedlah  Keg,  hammered     per  ton 

Hwftdiah  faggot  do 


1  17    6 
"     6 


7  17 

5  15 

6  0 
2  13 

10  10 

IS  16 

lU  11^ 


0     0     0     DStt 
8    7    0 
12  10    0        2i 


COFPEB  :— 

Sheet  &  Sheathintr.&BoltB   ....perton  Sfi    0  0  91    0    0 

Hammered  Bottoms      do  Dfi    0  0  101     0    0 

Flat  Bottoms,  not  Hammered   ..do  PI     0  0  9«    0    0 

Cake  and  Tough  Ingot      do  76    0  0  0    0    0 

Beat  Selected     do  84    0  0  89    0    0 

Fine  Foreign     do  86    0  0  88    0    0 

Yel.  MetalSheathing&Koda  ....perlb  0    0  74  0    0    8 

Tin  :~ 

EngliahBlock      per  ton  DO    0  0  n    0    0 

do      Bar    do  91  0  0    0    0 

do       Refined   do  93    0  0  0    0 

Banca      do  93    0  0  0    0    0 

Strait       do  88  10  0  89    0    0 

Lead; — 

Pig,  English      per  ton  22    B  0  22  10    0 

„    Spanish  Soft     do  19  15  0  0    0 

3hot,  Patent     do  23  10  0  24    0 

Sheet   do  21    0  0  0    0    0 

White      do  30    0  0  8110    0 

Spelter  : — 

On  the  Spot   per  Um  22    5  0  22  15    0    : 

Zinc  :— 

English  Sheet      per  ton  23    0  0  0    0    0 

Devaux'sV.  M.KoofingZinc    do  27    0  0  0    0    0 

•  And  5  per  cent,  discount  il  laid  upon  the  new  system. 

QcicKflU-VEK     per  Ml  6  18    0        7     0     6 

E-EGITLUS  OF    ANTIMOtrr. 

French    per  ton  34  0    0        0    0    0 


The  Seacombe  Forge,  Rivet,  &  Bolt.Company, 

MANUP"ACT011ERS    OF 

Bolts,  Eivets,  "Washers,  Coach  Screws,  Spikes, 

Set  Pins,  Tie  Rods,  Cotter  Pins,  &c  , 

Ai  so 

ENGINEER'S    AND    SHIPBUILDER'S    FORGINGS, 

SMITH  WORK,  AND  EVERY  DESCRIPTON 

OF  SHIP'S  FASTENINGS. 

'Works— SEACOMBE,  near  BIRKENHEAD. 


s 


TAIRCASE    and   JOINERY     WORKS, 
JOHN      VVALDEN 

(Late  Shop  Foreman  to   Mr.  W.   SANDS,  retired), 

12,  MAIDEN  LANE.  COVENT  GARDEK. 

Estimates  on  application. 


THE     MECHANICS'     MAGAZINE,    of 
M.-irch  15,  1867.  Price  id.,  contains  articles  on  ;— 

Ordnance  r.  Armour. 

Blatkfriars  Bridge  Works. 

Pieroing  the  Isthniusof  Panama. 

The  Paris  Eshibitiou. 

Naval  Cannon  Fuuudry  at  Ruelle. 

Earth  Circuit  in  Telegraphy. 

The  Snider  Brpech-loailer. 

Gaa  Ste.im  Generator. 

Parliamentary  Notes. 

Institution  of  Civil  Engineers. 

Sotiety  uf  Engineers. 

Rock  Island  Arsenal. 

Midland  BoiW  Insnrance  Company. 

Science  and  Chignons. 

Improvements  in  the  Construction  of  Pneumatic  Railways. 

New  Steam  Hammer. 

Receut  American  rnventioiis. 

On  the  Reversed  Action  of  Light  in  Photography. 

Pulverisation  of  Liquid  Fuel. 

New  Telegraph  Instrument. 

Legal  Intelligenue. 

Correspondence — 

Lite  Buuys. 

The  Irousaiid  and  Flax  (Fhormium  and  Tenax)of  New  Zealand. 
Notices  to  CoiTesponiieuta. 
Meetings  for  the  Week. 
Naval,  Military,  and  Gunnery  Items. 
Miscellanea. 

Abridged  Specifi  cat  ions  of  Patents. 
Provisional  Protections. 

Patents  Applied  for  with  Complete  Specifications. 
List  of  Sealed  Patents. 

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Patents  on  which  the  stinip  Duty  of  £!H)  has  been  Paid. 
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List  of  Published  Specifications. 

OFFICE  :  166,  FLEET-STREET,  LONDON. 


A 


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Just  Published,  price  28.. 

THE  "WATER  QUESTION:  a  Letter 
addressed  by  permission  to  the  Earl  of  Derby,  erplainir. 
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Loudon  :  Edward  Stanford,  6,  Charing  Cross,  S.W, 

SHORTHAND.  —  PITMAN's  pioNO- 
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PatemoBter-iow,  E.C.  '    ' 


BUILDING    GROUND  to  be  LET,  leas? 
99  years,  situate  Fellowa-roid,  Haverstock  Hill,  N.W.,  clow  L 
railway    station    to    City. — Apply,    J.     G.    Bettison,    26,   Adaliirf 
r.jad.  N,W,  ^^ 

A  BRICKFIELD  (of  the  area  of  80  acres) 
in  OPERATION,  and  with  the  use  of  machinery  of  ampote 
description,  dri'ing  sbeda.  &c..  to  be  LET,  Within  IJ  mile-sof  MortgiL 
and  i  mile  of  Worcester  Park  Stations. — Apply  to  Messn.  V|n 
and  Oliver.  7,  Bedford-row,  W.C,  or  to  Measra.  Stroud,  WoodilS 
road,  Newington -green,  N. 

TO  be  SOLD,  a  Bargaiu,  Eirst-rate  CAB- 
CASES  of  HOUSES.  Best  Position  in  London  for  Prinb 
Houses  or  Shops  ;  four  ready  for  Occupation. — Apply  on  thePtemJu. 
3,  Erskine-road,  Chalk-farm. 


FOR  SALE,  a  Superior  6-horse  PORTABLE 
ENGINE,  by  Clayton  and  Shuttleworth ;  Ukewise  »  jft 
MORTAR  MILL  ;  can  be  worked  with  steam  or  horse  power.— AWj 
by  letter,  Mr.  Williams,  25,  Ordnance -road,  St.  John's  wood. 


F 


OR  SALE   (a  bargain),   a  good  Second- 

Hand  FLOOR-BOARD  PLANING  MACHINE,  to  beseem; 
Puwjs,  James,  and  Co. 'a,  Saw-jnill  Engineers,  Victoria  Worlu,'Vla. 
street.  York  road,  Lambeth,  Loudon,  S. 

WANTED,    about   4,500    square    feet  *[ 
BAGSHOT   PAVING    «nd  2,2;0lt.  of   YORK    PATISO,- 
Addres9,  with  loweat  price,  to  Manager,  Linoleum  Worlis,  staliia. 

WANTED  10  PURCHASE  300,000  o! 
400,000  good  old  STOCK  BRICKS,  delivered  intotnitb* 
any  station  on  the  London  and  Brighton  UaHway  ;  or  a  like  aoor 
of  new  Stocks. — Address  price  to  A.  J,,  Bdildujq  News  Ol£c«. 

CEMENT      and      PLASTER      MANU- 


c 


_  FAL'TORY  on  the  South  Coast,  near  Brighton  — W«o6 
premises.  Steam  Engine.  Tubular  Builer.  Two  Cement  Kilns.  FIhi 
Oveti.  Two  Pair  Stones.  Bone-Cruahing  Mill.  &c.,  to  be  OIsPuSEDi'? 
immediately,  as  the  proprietor  is  relinquishing  business  .n  DNnni,' 
^ailing  health. — Inquire  of  Mr.  George  C.isse.  Barcomb.-,  :.iji  lt.tn 


A  Gentleman   "who   has   on  his  estate  ei- 
ceedingly  valuable  QUARRIES  of  BUILDING  MATEKi': 
which  are  now  in  extensive  and  profif.ible  working,  li.n 
for  more  capital   in  order  to  extend  the  wjrks,  woui  . 
spouding  SHARE  in  the  concern  to  any  gentleman  of  :t 
flcations,  who  would  be  disposed  to  advance  from  £5  •■  : 

For   further  particulars,  apply  to  Mr.  Edwaid  Burnei:,  ^:,  lk^~. 
low,  W.C. 


MATHEMATICAL  INSTRUMENTS, oi 
the  first  quality,  at  moderate  prii-es.  with  many  impom:; 
Improvements.  Illustrated  catalogues  sent  port  free.  V  t 
STANLEY,  Mathematical  Instrument  Maker  to  the  Oovaroiiot 
3  and  5,  Great  [■uruHtiJe,  Holbom.  W.  C.  Stanley's  Treatise  onlUte 
matical  Drawing  luatrumeats,  post  free,  6s. 

FOR  SALE,  either  together  or  separately, 
a  Secondhand  8-horse  power  UPRIGHT  ENOIN'E,  *iti" 
without  Boiler,  and  an  UPRIGHT  DEAL  CUTTING  FRAME 
SaWs,  18in.  stroke  by  a  good  maker,  in  good  working  order;  w- 
having  no  further  use  for  them.  Also  a  quantity  of  Shaltin;  ■- 
Drums — Apply  to  Garrood  and  Gower,  Engineers  and  Miilwr.;. 
Fakenham,  Norfolk. 

TO  BE  DISPOSED  OF,  an  Oll-e^ta^ 
lished  PLUMBER'S.  PAINTERS,  and  DECORA,Ti>i> 
BUSINESS,  ten  miles  north  of  London  ;  in  a  good  ami  iiiipw. 
town;  nearto  the  station,  church,  and  market-place,  wh>.>ll>'«' 
count  of  the  death  of  the  lata  proprieti>r  ;  terms  e.\sy.  Full  pMKi- 
lars.— Apply,  with  stamp,  to  Mr.  Cushing,  Enfield,  Middiesti. 


A  SMALL  CABINET-MAKER'S  m 
JOINER'S  BUSINESS,  established  50 years,  to  be  DISTtti 
UF.  in  one  of  the  most  improving  towns  in  the  countrj-,  Rm' 
Premises,  which  consist  of  house,  show  shop  and  warehousP,|tfl* 
woodyard,  aheda.  and  workshops,  k'M  per  annum.  Nothing  Mi'O^ 
for  good-will.  Stock,  which  is  very  low,  to  be  taken  at  a  Til€lli* 
The  most  liberal  terms  will  be  given  by  the  owner,  why  ia  nlilW 
from  the  business.  For  an  energetic  person,  with  a  small  Clpil'l 
such  an  opportunity  rarely  presents  itself.  For  particulars,  ipW" 
Wra.  Stevenson,  Builder  and  Timber-agent,  100,  Upper  PwUiu* 
street,  Nottingham. 

TO  CONTRACTORS  and  BUILDERS- 
TO  be    SOLD,  with   immediate  possession,  the   i.  ■    .   '  - 
PLANT,   and  STUCK  IN  TRADE  of  Mr.  John  Wils    i     i      ' 
and  General  Builder,  at  West  Retford,  who  ii  retirin;:  ■: 
The  trade  has  been  est^vblished  and  successfully  varrir.i 
than  twenty  years.     It  can  either  be  purchased  wholly 
divisions  of  the  different  branches  of   the  trade.       Th* 
reduced  if  uecessary   to  suit  purchasers.      Half  the  a.i 
chase-money  may  remain  on  approved  security.      To  inriit^  i-i- 
iiig  a  business  in  this  trade,  it  is  a  very  advautageoii.-*  oppurtiioiij. 
and  onararely  to  be  met  with. — For  particulars,  address  Mr.  J*' 
Wilson,  Contractor  and  Builder.  West  Retford,  Nottimrhaiuibin. 


GOUT  and  RHEUMATISM.— The  eicra 
elating  pain  of  Gout  or  Rheumatism  ia  quickly  rtUcwdiS. 
cured  in  a  few  days  by  that  celebrated  medicine,  BL.\1K'S  UOUTii- 
UHEUMAViC  PILLS. 

They  require  no  restraint  of  diet  or  confinement  during  ^^^ 
and  are  cerw  Ji  to  prevent  the  disease  attacking  any  viUd  pw*- 

Sold  by  all   Medicine  Vendors,  at  Is.  Hd.  and  a.  iM.  per  bU  ' 
obtained  through  any  Chemist, 


ROYAL  POLYTECHNIC— LEOTARD 
or  -The  AUTOMATIC!"  ■'  Which  is  it?"  Thla*oJP» 
variously  solved  by  wondering  thousands  who  witness  tne  l* 
like  performances  daily,  at  the  Royal  Polytechnic  liiitituU<*,7 
3  and  9.  "I^indseer's  Lions,"  exhibited  on  the  disc  daily  "t  4  «*■ 
before  tbe  reading  of  Dickens's  •'  Christmas  Carul,"  with  alii*" "*■ 
ling  ghost  effects.  "The  Head  of  tbe  Decapitated  SpeakiiiK."**" 
and  7.3a  N.B. —Professor  Pepper's  popular  course  of  le'^'*'" 
"Astrouomy;"  with  the  result*  of  Huggiu's  Spectrum  ■^'^^''r'J? 
plied  to  the  Heavenly  Bodies,  will  commence  on  Tuesday,  "^ 
19.  at  2  o'clock,  and  be  continued  every  Tuesday  and  Tbimsdtyflni^ 
Lent,  at  the  same  hour.    Open  from  13  to  5  and  7  to  10.    Adniiw""'* 


Maech  22,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


201 


'HE   BUILDING  NEWS. 


LONDON,  FRIDAT,  USRCE  1%  1867. 


IX  PERPETUAM  REI  MEMORIAM." 

N  the  custom  that  has  long  existed  on  the 
continent — particularly    in    France — of 
iblicly  making  localities  interesting  for  their 
onection  with  notable  personages  or   his- 
rical  events,  there  is  sometliing  refined  and 
rerentiaL     Thomas  Cam])bell  tlrew  attention 
this  custom  many  years  ago.     "  In  Bou- 
,'ne,"  wrote  the  poet,   "  we  read  as  we  ram- 
i  through  it,  'lei  est  mart  VAuteur  tie  Gil 
as  ;'  in  Rouen,  'Iciest  m'  Pierre  Corneille  ; ' 
Geneva, '  let  est  iii-  Jean  Jacques  Rousseau ; ' 
d  in  Dijon  there  is  the  '  JIaison  Bossuet ; ' 
Paris,  the  Qiiai  Voltaire.' "    Many  more  in- 
inces  might  be  quoted.      Rich  as  is  our  own 
antry  in  memorials  of  this  kind,  we  have 
iherto  not  thought  it  worth  while  to  pay  a 
iiilar  graceful  compliment  to  those  whose 
imories  we  ought  to  delight  to  honour,  ex- 
iting indeed  in  very  rare  instances.     A  few 
our  public  buildings  and  monuments  in- 
•m  the  passer-by  for  what  or  for  whom  they 
re  erected  ;  but  as  regards  even  our  public 
ifices,  in  a  majority  of  cases  they  bear  no 
i|;h  index.     Hence  there  is  no  question  more 
i  umonly  asked  by  the  stranger  in  London 
in  "  What  building  is  that  ?"     The  modern 
ictice  is  to  bury  in  the  foundation — where 
;  Dody  will  ever  read  it — an  elaborate  account 
'  anewbuilding;  itis  by  accident  that  we  place 
1  y  record  on  the  building  itself.      But  how 
;  ,ny  precious  memorials  of  the  past,  how 
:  .ny  cherished  spots  of  literary  and  historical 
:  erest  there  arein  the  metropolis,  which  none 
1  t  the  learned  antiquarian  knows  where  to 
:  d  or  how  to  look  for,  and  yet  which  are  far 
'  iter  worth  knowing  than  (say)  the  Duke  of 
1  rk's  Column,  or  the  Langhani  Hotel.  There 
'  10  city  in  the  world  containing  so  many 
)ts  sacred  to  the  memory  of  genius  as  Lon- 
a;  no  city  where  so  many  localities  are 
:rked  by  memorable  events.     Every  street 
.  the  metropolis  is  a  Sermon  in  Stone  ;  but 
(  most  of  us  the  sermon  is  a  dead  letter  for 
Ik  of  a  teacher.     We  are  glad  that  a  teacher 
Is  at  length  come   forward.      At   a   recent 
Jieting  of  the  Society  of  Arts,  that  excellent 
fidy  resolved— there  being  no  let  or  hindrance 
l^to  adopt  the  plan  followed  on  the  continent  ; 
d  the   work  has  just  been  fittingly  inau- 
rated  by  the  erection  of  a  tablet  on  the  front 
the  house  No.  24,  Holies-street,  Cavendish- 
.lare— the   birthplace    of    the    author     of 
Jhilde  Harold.''     The  slab  is  of  terra  cotta, 
th  deep  blue  face,  and  bears  the   following 
icription  in  white  letters  : — 

"Lord  ByRoy, 

Poet, 
Born  here  1788, 
Died  in  Greece 

1824." 

The  poet's  mother  was  in  lodgings  here  at 
J  time.  Byron's  own  residence,  during  his 
ief  and  bitter  married  life,  was  at  No.  139, 
Bcadilly.  He  subsequently  occupied  cham- 
rs  in  the  Albany,  and  here  "  Laura  "  was 
itten.  Other  memorials  will  be  erected,  we 
lieve,  as  opportunity  offers.  We  propose  to 
■te  a  few  out  of  the  many  localities  in  the 
stopolis  which  are  either  hallowed  by 
nius  or  associated  with  notable  events.  Our 
t  may  assist  the  Society  in  the  pleasant  and 
iportant  work  which  they  have  undertaken. 
1  it  is  the  oldest  part  of  London,  we  begin 
th  the  City.  Mercers'  Hall,  Ironmonger- 
le,  Cheapside.  occupies  the  site  of  the  mer- 
ty  where  the  father  of  Thomas  ;\  Becket 
a.  a  mercer's  shop,  and  where  the  archbishop 
B  bom.  Sir  Thomas  More  was  born  in 
ilk-street,  and  Milton  in  Bread-street.  The 
'Cfs  father  was  a  scrivener  at  the  sign  of  the 
•read  Eagle.      Milton  himself  resided  in 


Jewin-street,  died  in  Artillery- walk,  and  was 
Iniried  in  Gripplegate  Church.  It  is  said  that 
the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  build- 
ing stands  on  the  site  of  a  house  once  occupied 
by  the  author  of  "  Paradise  Lost."  In 
Sweedou's-passage,  Cripplegate,  was  a  hoube 
pulled  down  in  1805,  occu])iedby  London's  two 
great  citizens,  Sir  Richard  AVhittingtoii  and  Sir 
Thom;is  Gresham.  Gresham  lived  likewise 
at  what  is  now  number  tiS,  Loniliard-streot, 
the  street  in  which  iUexander  Pope  was 
born,  in  1688.  In  Grub-street  (now  Milton- 
street)  Foxe  the  MartjTologist  lived,  Defoe 
wrote  "  Robinson  Crusoe,"  and  John  Speed 
his  "  Chronicles."  No.  41,  CornhiU,  was  the 
birthplace  of  the  poet  Gray,  whose  father  was  a 
linendraper.  In  St.  Michael's,  Cheapside,  was 
born  in  1605,  Sir  Thomas  Browne,  author  of 
"  Religio  Medici ; "  in  St.  Botolph's,  Bishops- 
gate,  in  15o6,  Edward  Allej-ne,  "the  Proteus 
for  shape  and  Roscius  for  a  tongue,"  founder 
of  Dulwich  College.  He  died  in  1620,  and 
was  buried  in  the  chapel  of  his  own  college. 
It  is  discreditable  that  Alleyne  has  not  even  a 
monument  at  Dulwich.  William  Sharp,  the 
engraver,  was  born  in  1740,  in  Haydon-yard, 
Minories.  The  reminiscences  that  belong  to 
the  neighbourhood  of  the  Old  Bailey  and 
Smithfield  are  not  all  of  them  of  a  disagreeable 
character.  In  the  Old  Bailey,  William  Cam- 
den, the  great  antiquary  and  historian,  was 
borninluSl ;  his  tomb  is  in  Westminster  Abbey. 
In  a  wretched  room.  No.  12,  Green  Arbour- 
court,  Goldsmith  wrote  "  The  Vicar  of  Wake- 
field"— the  house  was  recently  taken  down. 
Poor  Qoldy  died  at  No.  2,  Brick-court,  Temple, 
and  every  visitor  to  that  region  is  familiar 
with  liis  luipretending  tombstone.  Smithfield 
gave  birth  to  one  of  England's  greatest  archi- 
tects, and  to  one  of  her  greatest  painters.  In 
or  near  Cloth  Fair,  where  his  father  was  a 
clothworker,  luigo  Jones  first  saw  the  light ; 
and  Hogarth  was  born  in  Bartholomew-close, 
a  spot  additionally  celebrated  from  the  cir- 
cumstance that  Benjamin  Franklin  worked 
here  as  a  journeyman  printer  on  his  arrival  in 
London.  Franklin  afterwards  resided  at  No. 
7,  Craven-street,  Strand.  Van  Dyck  is  said 
to  have  died  in  Blackfriars,  but  in  what  part 
is  not  known.  St.  John's  Gate  tells  its  ovra 
story ;  not  far  from  it,  however,  in  St.  John's- 
square,  is  a  double-fronted  house,  once  the 
residence  of  Dr.  Gilbert  Burnet,  bishop  of 
Salisbury,  who  accompanied  William  III.  as 
his  chaplain,  when  he  came  over  as  Prince  of 
Orange  to  take  the  throne.  The  bishop  died 
in  1714,  and  was  buried  in  Clerkenwell 
Church.  An  interesting  reUc  was  to  be  seen 
in  this  house  some  years  ago,  and  may  be  there 
still.  It  was  an  iron  stove,  on  the  back  of 
which  was  a  bas-relief  of  Charles  I.  on  horse- 
back, trampling  over  a  prostrate  figure  witli 
the  initials  C.R.,  and  the  date  1644.  This 
house  is  still  calledBurnet  House.  In  the  quaint 
old  Bell  Inn,  Warwick-lane,  good  Archbishop 
Leighton  breathed  his  last.  Another  emi- 
nent religionist,  the  "  highly  illuminated  " 
Emmanuel  Swedenliorg,  died  in  Great  Bath- 
street,  Coldbath-fields,  in  1772.  In  Angel- 
court,  Shoe-lane,  Chatterton  committed  sui- 
cide. In  Brook's-market,  Holboru,  Munden, 
the  comedian,  was  born  ;  in  Fox-court,  Gray's 
Inn-lane,  the  unfortunate  Richard  Savage ; 
and  in  Red  Lion-square,  Henry  Milue,  the 
engineer  to  the  New  River  Company,  dis- 
tinguished for  his  knowledge  of  hydratilics. 
He  died  in  1770,  at  the  age  of  90.  In 
Lovell's-coiut,  Fetter-lane,  Richardson  wrote 
"  Pamela"  and  "  Sir  Charles  Grandison."  He 
resided  also  in  SaUsbuiy-court,  Fleet-street, 
and  is  buried  in  St.  Bride's.  Close  at  hand, 
in  Dorset-court,  lived  John  Locke.  Dr.  Johnson 
completed  his  Dictionary  in  a  garret  at  No.  17, 
Gough-square,  and  died  a  few  yards  oft',  at 
No.  8,  Bolt-court.  The  large  house  at  the 
north-west  comer  of  Lincoln's  Inn-fields,  was 
built  for  the  Marquis  of  Powis,  1686.  It  was 
subsequently  the  residence  of  Lord  Chancellor 
Somers,  and  the  Duke  of  Newcastle,  Prime 
Minister  in  the  reign  of  George  II.  In  the 
centre  of  the  Fields,  three  years  previous  to 
the  above  date,  the  amiable  Lord  William 


Russell  and  Algernon  Sydney  were  beheaded. 
Vf'e  have  now  passed  beyond  Temple  I'.ar,  and 
come  to  Essex-street.  Here  stood  the  liouse 
of  Lady  Prinu-ose,  where  Prince  Charles  Stuart 
was  concealed  when  in  London  in  1750.  A 
little  further  on  is  the  Somerset  Cott'ee-house, 
at  the  bar  of  which  Junius  directed  many  of 
his  letters  to  be  left  for  Woodl'all,  the  printer. 
Aaron  Hill  was  born  in  Beaufort-buildings, 
and  CoUey  Cibber  in  Southampton-street, 
Strand.  Another  great  theatrical  celebrity, 
Charles  Mathews,  the  elder,  was  bom  at  No. 
18,  in  this  street,  1776.  A  host  of  associations 
crowd  round  the  neighbourhood  of  Covent 
Garden.  At  No.  6,  King-street,  Quin  the 
actor,  was  born  in  1693  ;  No.  8,  Great  RusseU- 
street,  was  the  shop  of  Tom  Davies,  where 
Johnson  and  Boswell  met  for  the  first  time. 
Maiden-lane  is  famous  as  having  been  the 
residence  of  Andrew  Marvell,  the  birthplace 
of  the  witty  Bonuell  Thornton  (1724),  and 
where  Voltaire  lodged  (at  the  White  Peruke) 
when  in  London,  in  172G.  Turner  the 
painter  was  also  born  here.  In  Henrietta- 
street — called  after  the  Queen  of  Charles  I. — 
Kitty  Clive,  the  actress  ;  Paul  Whitehead,  the 
jioet,  who  was  bom  in  Castle-yard,  Holbom  ; 
Samuel  Cooper,  the  miniature  painter  ;  Sir 
Robert  Strange,  and  M'Ardell,  the  eminent 
engravers,  resided.  No.  23  was  OlHey's 
Tavern  ;  here,  too,  was  the  Castle  Tavern, 
where  Sheridan  fought  and  tlisarmed  Captain 
Mathews,  his  rival  for  Miss  Linley's  love. 
And  the  Society  of  Arts  cannot  but  reraemljer 
that  its  first  meeting  was  held  at  Rawthmell's 
Colfee-house  in  this  street,  March  29,  1754. 
Grinling  Gibbons  lived  on  the  west  side  of  Bow- 
street,  at  the  corner  of  King-street.  He  was 
born  in  Spur-alley,  in  the  Strand,  of  Dutch 
parents,  and  lived  for  some  time  in  Belle 
Sauvage-court,  dying  in  1721.  Lord  Bacon 
was  born  in  York  House  on  the  site  of  Buck- 
ingham-street ;  Ben  Jouson  in  Hartshorn-lane, 
near  Charing  Cross  ;  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds 
lived  in  Leicester-square,  in  the  house  now 
occupied  by  ilessrs.  Puttick  and  Simpson,  the 
auctioneers  ;  Northcote  and  Sir  George  Sa- 
ville  in  the  same  square.  NoUekens,  the 
sculptor,  and  Cliarles  Rogers,  the  antiquary, 
were  both  born  in  Dean-street,  Soho ;  the 
former  died  in  Mortimer-street.  At  No.  37, 
Gerrard-street,  Edmund  Burke  lived,  and  at 
No.  43,  Dryden  died.  The  house  was  lately 
occupied  by  a  tallow-chandler.  The  "  Ode  to 
St.  Cecilia's  Day"  was  written  here.  The 
poet's  house  in  Fetter-lane  may  stOI  he  recog- 
nised by  an  inscription  over  the  doorway.  No. 
22,  Soho-square,  was  the  residence  of  Sir 
Joseph  Banks.  Sir  John  Vanburgh,  the 
architect,  lived  in  Scotland-yard ;  Tom 
Moore  at  No.  27,  and  Cralibe  at  No.  37,  Bury- 
street,  St.  James's  ;  Edmund  Kean,  at  No.  12, 
Clarges-street,  Piccadilly  ;  Turner,  at  No.  47, 
Queen  Anne-street,  Cavendish-square  ;  C.  J. 
Fox,  in  Conduit-street.  Thomas  Campbell's 
last  residence  in  London  was  No.  8,  Victoria- 
square,  Pindico  ;  and  Louis  Napoleon's,  No.  3, 
King-street,  St.  James's.  Horace  Walpole 
died  at  No.  11,  Berkeley-square  ;  Sheridan  at 
No.  7,  Saville-row  ;  Mrs.  Siddons  at  Siddons 
House,  Upper  Baker-street ;  Garrick  in  the 
centre  house,  Adelphi-terraoe  ;  Flaxman  at 
No.  7,  Buckingham-street,  Fitzroy-square ; 
Stothard  at  No.  28,  Newman-street,  Oxford- 
street  ;  Sir  Thomas  Lawrence  at  No.  65,  Rus- 
sell-square ;  Sydney  Smith  at  No.  56,  Green- 
street,  Grosvenor-square ;  Handel  in  Brook- 
street  ;  and  Sterne  at  No.  41,  Old  Bond-street. 
In  Pitt's-buildings,  then  called  Orbell's-build- 
ings,  Kensington,  resided  Sir  Isaac  Newton  ; 
and  here,  in  his  84th  year,  lie  had  a  tit  of  the 
gout,  and  shortly  after  died,  in  1726.  Better 
known  is  his  house  in  St.  Jlartin's-street, 
Leicester-fields.  Lord  Clive  died  at  No.  45, 
Berkeley-street.  Lord  Nelson  lived  at  No. 
141,  New  Bond-street.  The  great  Dukes 
of  Marlborough  and  Wellington  died,  the  one 
at  Marlborough  House,  the  other  at  Apsley 
House.  With  these  illustrious  names  we  end 
our  list  thus  far.  Among  places  and  sites  con- 
nected with  remarkable  events,  the  following 
suggest   themselves  : — Prescott-street,    Good- 


202 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


March  22,  1867. 


maii'3-fields,  was  the  only  street  wliich  had 
numbers  on  the  houses  until  the  time  of 
Queen  Anne.  No.  49,  Connaught-square, 
Edgware-road,  is  the  supposed  site  of  Tyburn 
gallows.  At  the  Dove  Coft'ee-house,  Ham- 
mersmith, Tliompson  is  said  to  have  written 
the  greater  part  of  his  "  Winter."  At  Jlr. 
Murray's,  the  publisher's  (No.  50,  Albemarle- 
street),  Sir  Walter  Scott  andByron  met  for  the 
first  time.  Palace-yard  was  the  scene  of  Sir 
Walter  Raleigh's  shameful  execution.  On  the 
site  of  the  present  Charter-house  50,000  per- 
sons were  buried  during  the  Great  Plague 
of  1349.  It  was  at  the  Blue  Boar  Inn,  No. 
270,  High  Holborn  (now  the  Inns  of  Court 
Hotel),  where  Cromwell  intercepted  a  letter 
from  Charles  I.,  which  is  said  to  have  settled 
the  King's  execution.  Barclay's  brewery, 
Bankside,  Southwark,  stands  on  the  site  of 
the  Globe  Theatre,  in  which  Shakespeare 
played.  The  Tabard  Inn,  Southwark  ; 
the  Mermaid  Tavern,  in  Bread-street ;  the 
Boar's  Head,  Eastcheap ;  the  Devil  Tavern 
(now  Child's  Banking-house,  No.  1,  Fleet- 
street)  ;  the  Mitre,  and  other  celebrated 
haunts,  are  worthy  of  being  kept  in  remem- 
brance. The  Black  Jack  public-house,  Ports- 
mouth-street, Clare  Market,  as  Mr.  Peter 
Cunningham  reminds  us  in  the  "  Handbook 
of  London,"  was  a  favourite  resort  of  Joe  Mil- 
ler, and  celebrated  lor  the  jump  wliich  Jack 
Sheppard  made  from  one  of  its  first  floor 
windows  to  escape  the  emissaries  of  Jonathan 
Wild.  Cheapside  Cross  might  be  commemo- 
rated by  the  erection  of  a  taljlet  near  the  site 
of  that  once  famous  structure,  which  was  close 
to  Wood-street.  The  residence  of  Lord  Har- 
rowby,  No.  39,  Grosvenor-square,  will  always 
be  historical  in  connection  with  the  Cato- 
street  conspiracy.  At  Cock-hill,  Eatclitf- 
highway,  July  23,  1794,  a  fire  broke  out, 
and  consumed  more  houses  than  any  tire  since 
the  Great  Fire  of  London  in  1666.  It 
originated  from  the  boiling  over  of  a  pitch-pot 
at  a  boat-builder's.  700  houses  were  de- 
stroyed, and  400  families  lost  all  they  pos- 
sessed. The  Tooley-street  tire  might  also  be 
commemorated  in  the  way  proposed.  Scores 
of  other  places  of  historical  note  might  be 
added,  but  we  must  stop.  We  are  content  to 
leave  the  matter  in  the  competent  hands  of 
the  Society  of  Arts.  If  they  carry  out  the 
■work  with  anything  like  completeness  they 
will  add  many  attractions  of  literary  and  anti- 
quarian value  to  the  metropolis,  and  enable 
us  to  learn  at  a  glance  much  of  the  wonderful 
history  of  London  from  its  stone  walls.  For 
"  he  that  rmis  may  read." 


THE     COURTS     OF     JUSTICE     COM- 
PETITION. 

Article  X. 

"R.  BURGES  has  contributed  a  design  of 

very  considei'able  merit,  and  although 

fTe  stands  at  very  much  Ijelow  par  in  his  per- 
spectives, the  beauty  of  his  geometrical  <lraw- 
ings  is  more  than  sufficient  to  compensate  for 
the  absence  of  pretty  pictures  to  those  who 
understand  architecturaldrawings.  The  public 
must,  of  course,  be  disappointed ;  there  are 
no  street  views,  no  distant  efl'ects  of  tower 
grouping  taken  from  the  other  side  of  the 
river,  no  grand  fagade  view,  as  if  the  building 
stood  on  one  side  of  Lincoln's  Inn-fields,  and. 
no  telling  sketches  of  quaint  corners  ;  Init 
where  others  have  given  all  this  Mr.  Burges 
only  gives  a  bird's-eye  view,  looking  north- 
east, intended  evidently  as  an  explanatory 
drawing  and  not  as  a  picture.  It  would, 
therefore,  have  been  wiser  had  the  architect 
been  content  with  the  same  means  of  repre- 
sentation as  that  adopted  in  the  elevations, 
and  given  us  a  strong  pen  and  ink  outline 
drawing,  instead  of  the  miserable  sepia-shaded 
bird's-eye  which  his  evil  geiuus  has  led 
him  to  submit  to  public  view.  It  is  some- 
what singular  that  whilst  the  Instructions 
distinctly  ask  for  a  "bird'.s-eye"  view,  Mr. 
Burgea  is  the  only  man  who  supplies  one. 
And  as,   of  course,  the  object  of  all  perspec- 


tives in  architectui'al  competitions  is  solely  to 
capZam  the  design  as  set  forth  to  scale  in  plan 
and  elevation,  it  is  manifest  that  the  un- 
architectural  mind,  which  can  never  grasp  an 
elevation,  cannot  come  to  a  fair  judgment  until 
all  the  designs  are  equally  well  explained. 
The  wish  of  the  competitors,  as  well  as  of  the 
judges,  must  be  that  the  best  design  should 
be  selected  ;  and,  therefore,  we  would  ask 
Mr.  Burges  to  give  the  public  a  little  more 
knowledge  and  explanation  of  his  design  by 
means  of  ordinary  street  perspectives ;  and 
we  would  urge  upon  the  other  competitors 
and  the  commission  the  great  desirability  of 
])erniitting  this,  in  order  that  a  design  so 
much  admired  by  architects  and  ]3ainters  may 
have  the  chance  of  being  understood  by  the 
public.  It  may  be  objected  that  as  one  man 
had  as  much  time  as  another  to  prepare  his 
drawings,  it  is  purely  the  fortime  of  war  that 
leaves  Sir.  Burges  without  a  view.  One  of 
the  elected  eleven  of  all  England  may  say  :  I 
devoted  my  time  to  getting  up  my  perspec- 
tives, Mr.  Burges  has  devoted  his  to  getting 
up  his  design.  In  other  words,  I  have  gone 
in  for  pretty  drawings,  Mr.  Burges  has  gone 
in  for  good  architecture.  If  you  allow  Mr. 
Burges  to  do  the  pretty  drawings,  you  should 
allow  me  the  same  time  to  develope  my  archi- 
tecture. And,  as  far  as  we  are  concerned,  we 
would  be  only  too  glad  to  see  this  sort  of  re- 
ciprocity put  into  practice.  But  we  tliink 
there  is  an  easier  method  of  getting  at  the 
real  nature  of  these  designs,  and  that  is,  as 
we  have  hinted  in  a  former  article,  by  follow- 
ing Mr.  Seddon's  example,  and  by  getting  the 
country  to  spend  a  few  hundreds  of  pounds  in 
preparing  models  of  each  of  the  designs 
before  any  decision  is  made  which  will  in- 
volve the  expenditure  of  a  few  millions. 

In  his  plan,  Mr.  Burges  has  kept  to  the 
extreme  limits  of  the  site,  and  boldly  accepts 
the  conditions  imposed  by  the  retention  of 
Pickett-street.  Where  every  foot  of  land  is  of 
so  much  importance,  and  where  the  site  is  so 
narrow  from  north  to  south,  it  is  useless,  for 
the  sake  of  uniformity,  to  throw  away  that 
strip  which  e.vtends  from  Pickett-street  to 
Temple  Bar.  "  I  have,  therefore,"  he  says, 
"  made  it  part  of  the  outer  zone,  but  opened 
the  lower  story,  so  as  to  allow  carriages  to  pass 
through,  and  thus  divide  the  traffic  of  the  new 
courts  from  that  of  the  Strand.  That  portion 
of  the  zone  cut  into  by  Pickett-street  becomes 
an  ornamental  screen  wall,  doubly  glazed,  and 
serves  as  a  means  of  protecting  the  offices 
within  from  the  noise  of  the  Strand."  The 
general  plan  may  be  briefly  described  as  con- 
sisting, first,  of  an  external  shell  containing 
the  minor  offices,  then  an  area  about  Soft, 
wide,  then  a  second  shell  or  zone  of  buildings, 
containing  the  courts  and  corridors,  another. 
area,  and  a  third  shell  or  zone  containing  the 
judges'  apartments,  and  in  the  centre,  sur- 
rounded by  very  spacious  areas,  a  hall,  with 
staircases,  &c.,  for  the  judges.  The  arrangement 
of  the  courts  is  as  follows  : — At  the  four  angles 
of  the  zone  or  block  of  buildings  in  which  the 
courts  are  placed  are  entrance  halls  for  tlie 
use  of  barristers,  attorneys,  and  suitors  ; 
external  to  the  courts  is  a  corridor  for  the  use 
of  the  parties  just  mentioned,  and  on  the  op]30- 
site  or  inner  side  of  the  courts  is  a  corridor 
for  the  use  of  the  judges.  The  south  side  of 
the  zone  is  occupied  by  the  nine  courts  of 
common  law,  the  Banco  Court  of  the  Lord 
Chief  Justice  occupying  the  centre,  distin- 
guished by  a  higher  roof.  On  the  north,  or 
Carey-street  side,  we  have  in  the  centre  the 
Lord  Chancellor,  and  on  each  side  of  him  the 
Vice-Chancellors,  the  Lords  Justices,  the 
Master  of  the  RoUs,  and  the  Spare  Court. 
On  the  west  side  of  the  zone  we  have  the  Eccle- 
siastical Court,  Admiriilty  and  Divorce  Courts  ; 
and  on  the  east  side  the  Bankruptcy  Court, 
the  Appellate  Court,  and  the  Spare  Court;  and 
iu  tlie  centre  of  the  whole  building  is  the 
Exchequer  Chamber. 

The  entrancss  for  the  jurors  and  witnesses 
are  on  the  groimd  floor  of  the  four  angle  halls 
already  mentioned  ;  from  these  the  witnesses 
diverge  to  their  private  staircases,  which  lead 


to  each  court  from  the  outer  area  or  the  street 
of  thewitnesses;  andthcjurors  pass  ontheother 
side  of  the  halls  to  their  private  .staircases 
entered  from  the  irmer  area  or  street  of  the 
jurors.  These  classes  of  the  semi-legal  public 
have  their  rooms  immediately  underneath  the 
courts,  in  a  mezzanine  floor.  Then,  too  the 
mere  spectators  have  likewise  distinct  and 
separate  entrances  from  the  outside  of  the 
building  to  galleries  over  each  court,  so  that 
a  spectator  in  the  Banco  Court  of  Queen's 
Bench  must  descend  GOft.  to  the  Strand,  go 
out  into  the  street,  and  ascend  another  60ft. 
before  he  can  reach  the  adjoining  coui't.  The 
judges  enter  in  the  centre  portals  of  the  two 
main  fa9ades,  as  also  through  side  carriage  en. 
trances  from  the  Strand  to  the  central  quad- 
rangles. The  barristers  have  bridge  entrances 
on  the  court  level  from  the  Temple  and  Lin- 
coln's Inn  leading  directly  into  their  corri- 
dors, and  have  also  private  entrances  from  the 
street  level  at  the  four  angles  of  the  building. 
By  these  arrangements  one  of  the  most  import- 
ant questions  to  be  solved  in  this  very  elabo- 
rate plan  problem  has  been  fairly  met  and 
disposed  of,  for  every  class  of  the  people  who 
would  frequent  the  courts,  and  whom  it  would 
be  desirable  to  separate,  have  their  distinct 
entrances,  corridors,  and  staircases,  arranged 
in  the  most  natural  and  easy  manner.  There 
is,  however,  one  drawback  to  this  portion  of 
Mr.  Burges's  scheme.  The  judges  would  have 
to  ascend  eighty-eight  steps  from  the  low 
level  in  order  to  reach  their  corridor,  or  fifty- 
two  steps  from  the  Carey-street  level.  Mr. 
Waterhouse  is  the  only  competitor  who  brings 
the  judges'  carriages  to  the  high  level  ol 
the  court  floor.  But  such  a  feature 
as  an  inclined  plane  is  no  very  great 
novelty,  and  might,  perhaps,  be  applied  to 
any  design.  Amongst  the  advantages  which 
Mr.  Burges's  arrangement  of  entrances  includes 
is  one  of  such  importance  that  it  ought  to  have 
very  large  influence  in  the  decision  of  the 
judges.  For  by  it,  and  by  omitting  a  pubhc 
hall  in  the  centre  of  the  building,  and  limituig 
all  carriage  traffic  within  the  site  to  the  judges, 
this  architect  has  succeeded  in  securing  a 
greater  amount  of  quiet  than  would  be  ob- 
tained by  any  other  scheme  before  us.  Colla- 
teral with  this  question  of  quiet  is  the  equally 
important  question  of  light  and  air,  and  here, 
too,  Mr.  Burges,  by  giving  up  the  central  hall 
scheme,  has  been  able  to  supply  every  corridor 
and  room  with  a  fuU  amount  of  these  essen- 
tials. We  have  no  gloomy  tunnels,  no 
dark  corridors,  and  the  only  borrowed 
lights  are  top  lights  to  the  corridors  of 
the  law  offices  underneath  the  courts, 
which  get  direct  light  from  the  spaces  be- 
tween the  courts,  which  in  some  cases  are 
as  much  as  24  ft.  by  16ft.  In  the  centre  of 
the  building  there  are  two  court-yards  or 
squares,  of  an  aggregate  area  of  23,000ft.  by 
measurement,  although  Mr.  Burges  has  the 
modesty  to  place  it  at  13,040ft.  Perhaps, 
however,  he  wishes  us  to  take  tlus  measure- 
ment as  the  area  of  lach  court-yard,  but  if  so 
he  has  stretched  a  point  which  wanted  no 
stretching.  For  wliether  we  look  at  the  plan, 
the  section.?,  or  the  bird's-eye  view,  we  can- 
not but  be  satisfied  that  this  design  is  an 
eminently  practical  one  in  its  working  plan  .ind 
arrangement.  We  must  confess  to  the  sur- 
prise we  felt  on  examining  these  plans.  We 
were  quite  unprepared  for  anything  like  the 
attention  to  convenience  which  is  displayed  in 
them,  for — without  wishing  to  cast  any  reflec- 
tion upon  Iilr.  Burges's  qualifications  as  an 
architect — his  works  have  not  hitherto  given 
such  evidence  of  contrivance  in  plan  as  they 
have  of  a  certain  artistic  power  which  runs 
very  close  indeed  to  that  particular  power, 
such  as  it  is,  which  characterises  some  of  the 
largest  of  the  Early  Pointed  buildings  in 
France.  So,  too,  if  it  had  been  a  cjuestioa  of 
a  goblet  or  a  grotesque,  we  should  have 
expected  Mr.  Burges  to  rise  superior  to  him- 
self, or,  as  an  American  would  say,  to  do  tall 
things  ;  but  ive  certainly  did  not  expect  such 
an  answer  to  the  great  practical  problems  set 
forth  in  the  Instructions  as  he  gives  us  in  the 


March  22,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


^^05 


u  clrixwiiifjs  lie  cxIiiljiU?.     Indeed,  we  cannot 
■111    Ihinkiug    that    ilr.    Burges     liimsell' 
11  .oly  expected  it,  and  tliat  in  an  excess  of 
■li^'lit  witli  his  plan  he  has  overlooked — not 
-  ly   neglected — his  elevations.      Thus   in 
-  iv'port  he  writes  : — "  It  is  evidently  of  the 
II  vst  importance  that  the  public  should  not 
•  ■  to  ascend  any  great  height  for  the  pur- 
>      of   business.      The  level   of  the    courts 
,    Mrs  to  be  lixed  at  something  like  40ft.  by 
a.igraph  29  of  the  Instructions,  and  in  the 
•t'seiit    design    there  is  but  one  story  over 
lis   level,   except   in  some    rare   instances." 
he   result   of  this   is  that   the  building  in 
3  general  m;«3  is  low  as  compared  with  the 
jsigns  of  the  other  competitors.      This  de- 
L'ession   is  ijarticularly  felt  in  the  long  un- 
roken   fafiide    against   Carey-street,    where, 
,ving  to  the  rise  of  the  ground,  the  height  to 
le  ridge  of  the  main  roof  is  not  a  tenth  of 
16    length    of    the    fayade.      Towards    the 
trand  the  addition  of  an  extra  story  by  the 
wer  level  of  the  ground  makes  this  depres- 
on  less  observable,  whilst  the  break  in  the 
fade   produced  by   setting   back  the   front 
jainst  Pickett-street  and  the  change  in  the 
:yline  of  this  portion  give  a  certain  height 
id  dignity  to  the  eastern  half  of  the  Strand 
ont,  which,  flanked  Ijy  the  towers  and  the 
■idge  over  Temple  Bar  on  the  east,  and  by 
towers  of  the  grand  gateway  on  the  west, 
unquestionably    be    regarded   as     the 
.  nest  result  of  the  competition.  That  the  low 
[lortions  of  the  mass  of  the  building  have 
■i:i  felt  by  its  author  we  cannot  hesitate  to 
■!i.-ve,  and  we  must  give  him  credit  for  try- 
_  to  obviate  this  defect  by  implanting  towers 
herever  practicable.     Thus,  in  the  outer  zone 
e  have  towers  at  the  four  angles,  towers  in 
IB  centres  of  each  front,  and  two  in  the  iuter- 
ediate  spaces  of  the  Carey-street  front,  whilst 
the  inner  zone  we  have  towers  at  the  four 
igles,  and  besides  these  there  is  one  in  the 
ntre  of  the  building  and   one  on  the  other 
de  of  Temple  Bar  over  the  staircase  to  the 
idge,  making  in  all   eighteen  towers.     The 
rgest  of  these  towers   is   the  great   Record 
)«'er,  at  the  south-west  angle  of  the  building, 
hich  measure,    75ft.    by  60ft.,   and  335ft. 
igh.       In   the    centres    of    the    two   chief 
.9ade3    two    towers     are    brought    together 
'    flank     the     chief     entrances.       By    this 
•rangement  considerable  dignity  is  secured 
r  the  main  points  of  the  composition,  and  if 
jie  upper  part  of  the  great  tower  had  been  as 
jectly  cribbed  as  the  upper  part  of  the  clock 
vrer  and  from  as  gooil  a  specimen,  we  should 
illy  have  had  the  detail  to   find  fault  with, 
s  it  stands  the  whole  of  the  top  of  the  great 
wer,  from  the  machicolations  upwards,  is  al- 
ost  as  bad  as  it  can  be.     The  word  "  machi- 
dations  "  reminds  us  of  those  faults  of  detail 
which  we  have  just  referred.     In  the  main 
aiding  these  faults  can   be  best  studied  by 
e   help  of  one  of  the  most  careful  detail 
■awings  we  hove  ever  had  the  good  fortune  to 
ok  at.     This  shows  first  an  open  vaulted  ar- 
de  of  two  orders  resting  on  cylindrical  shafts, 
Xh   carved    octagonal    capitals    and   denii- 
;ure3  in  circular  medallious  in  the  spandrels 
the  niches,  the  hood  moulds  of  medallions 
.d  arches  intersecting  with  the  first  string- 
urse.     Now  we  have  no  iiesitation  in  saying 
at,  whilst  recognising  the  beauty  and  tem- 
rance  of  this  disposition  of  ornament,  it  is 
ipossible  not  to  feel  a  great  lack  of  propor- 
)n  and  refinement,  and  the  consequence  is 
at  the  lower  or  ground  story  is   depressed, 
yond  whatever  it  might  have  suffered  from 
I  somewhat  stunted  proportions,  by  the  large- 
ss of  the  detail  in    capital  and  medallion. 
ad  this  is  all  the  more  obvious  because  im- 
ediately  above  the  first  stringcourse   is   a 
ad  of  square  panels  filled  with  shields  al- 
rnating  with  various  conventional  forms  so 
oroughly  in  harmony  with  the  great  arcade 
at  the  important  and  over-bold  details  of 
pital  and  medallion  stand  out  with  a  relief, 
e  coarseness  of  which  no  amount  of  careful 
awing  can  disguise.      Above  the  band  a 
sond  stringcourse  receives  the  piers  of  the 

■ 


windows  of  the  first  lluor.  The  enclosing  | 
arches  of  these  windows  come  so  close  together 
thatthe  whole  story  may  be  regarded  as  a  second 
arcade  of  nearly  the  same  proportions  as  the 
last,  except  that  the  arches  in  this  case  rest  on 
a  group  of  five  sliafts  still  more  stunted  in 
their  dimensions  than  those  of  the  ground  ar- 
cade. The  wall  space  of  thi;  spandrels  is 
covered  with  sculptured  figures  winged  and 
throned,  representing  Virtues,  and  within  the 
arches  are  two-liglit  wimlows  wilh  a  sexfoliated 
circle  in  the  head  ;  this  windo\v  ]dane  rests 
on  shafts  grouped  with  the  shal'ts  of  the  main 
pier,  and  within  them  is  a  second  window- 
plane  of  stone,  and  within  that  the  wood 
framework  of  the  window  itself  Now  we 
must  say  that,  however  desirable  it  may  be 
to  secure  a  certain  amount  of  reveal  and 
shadow  in  our  openings,  this  quadrupling  of 
reveals  is  rather  overdoing  it.  The  etfect  of 
grouping  seven  shafts  together  when  the 
width  of  the  whole  mass  of  the  pier  is  greater 
than  the  height  is  another  evidence  of  that 
want  of  refinement  to  which  we"  have  already 
alluded.  The  hood  mould  of  tliis  second  ar- 
cade intersects  with  the  third  stringcourse, 
and  then  we  have  an  arcade  of  five  arches  to 
each  bay  of  one  order,  going  all  round  the 
buUding  and  possessing  enormous  value  in 
binding  the  whole  together  ;  the  two  arches 
which  fall  over  the  piers  of  the  lower  arcades 
are  unpiorced  and  enriched  with  statues  which 
it  is  almost  unnecessary  to  say  are  designed 
and  drawn  with  consummate  skill.  Imme- 
diately above  this  arcade  (rather  too  immedi- 
ately) is  a  corbelled  cornice  aud  parapet,  and 
within  this  an  antic  wall  from  which  rise 
bold  dormer  windows  in  each  bay,  except 
here  and  there  where  two  dormers  are  brought 
a  little  closer  together,  and  thrown  into  one 
composition  with  a  great  gable,  having  an  oc- 
tafoliated  circle  of  sculpture  in  the  tympanum. 
These  gables  are  flanked  by  angle  shafts 
carrying  statues,  and  the  dormer  gables  by 
shafts  supporting  seated  lions  full  of  charac- 
ter. One  great  defect  in  addition  to  those 
we  have  already  mentioned,  is  the  treatment 
of  the  first-floor  windows.  The  cusped  circle 
rises  to  the  ceiling  line,  and  the  whole  window 
is  out  of  scale  with  the  room  it  lights.  Had 
Mr.  Burges  been  content  with  one  order  less, 
raised  his  springing  line,  and  given  the  light 
space  of  the  cuspecl  circle  to  the  lights  below 
it,  he  might  have  been  able  to  keep  the  upper 
part  of  the  window  solid  without  being 
heavy^  and  liave  secured  to  the  whole 
of  this  important  story  a  much  more 
pleasing  proportion.  As  to  style,  ,Mr.  Burges, 
like  most  of  the  competitors,  has  selected  tlie 
Gothic  of  the  thirteenth  century  as  his  point 
de  depart.  He  says;  "  In  selecting  the  exact 
variety  of  the  thirteenth  century  architecture 
to  be  adopted,  we  naturally  give  the  preference 
to  that  of  our  own  country ;  the  only  objection 
to  this  course  is  the  small  mouldings  and  orna- 
ments, which,  in  the  c(im|i:iratively  soft  stone 
employed  for  building  in  this  city,  are  so  cer- 
tain to  be  clogged  up  ami  obliterated  by  the 
acids  aud  smoke  of  the  London  atmosphere. 
We  are,  therefore,  driven  by  the  exigencies  of 
the  case  to  ttie  broad  details  of  the  French 
work,  and  I  have  accordingly  used  these  de- 
tails," In  this  we  cannot  but  think  he  is  right, 
but  there  remains  one  other  very  important 
question.  With  the  exception  of  those  de- 
taQs  already  mentioned,  we  have  not  a  word 
to  say  against  any  of  the  mouldings,  capitals, 
&c.,  of  the  main  building.  When,  however, 
we  get  above  the  roof  line,  and  consider  the 
important  part  which  the  eighteen  towers  play 
in  the  composition,  we  feel  that  the  architect 
has  rather  gone  beyond  himself.  The  tower 
of  the  Palazzo  Vecchio,  Florence,  the  palace 
at  Poitier.s,  and  the  chateau  at  Pienel'onds,  or 
one  of  the  many  chateaux  which  are  more  or 
less  like  it,  have  had  unquestionably  powerful 
influence  on  i\Ir.  Burges's  mind.  We  do  not 
blame  him  for  selecting  these  works  as  models. 
On  the  contrary,  we  think  it  is  to  this  very 
wisdom  of  selection  that  we  must  refer  much 
of  the  succe.ss   of  the  design  before  us  ;    and 


we  only  wish  other  architects  were  as  carefully 
critical  in  the  selection  of  their  models.  But 
what  strikis  ns  as  strange  is  that  because  the 
(y'ount  of  Poiton  in  1395  built  a  palace  with 
here  and  there  traditional  features  of  a  jmrely 
military  architecture,  Jlr.  Burges  should  not 
only  imitate  him,  but  redevelope  the.se 
features  back  again  to  that  feudal  condition  of 
architecture  from  which  even  the  fourteenth- 
century  CJount  was  trying  to  emancipate  him- 
self There  are  machicolations,  it  is  true,  in 
the  palace  at  Poitiers,  but  compared  with  this 
design  for  the  Palace  of  Justice  they  are  little 
more  than  cornice  corbels.  In  both  the  useless- 
ness  of  the  feature  is  equally  apparent,  for  on 
the  walls  below  these  means  of  defence  are  pro- 
jections of  mouldings  and  windows,  and  statues 
and  canopies,  which  must  have  incontinently 
come  to  grief  had  the  machicolations  ever  been 
used.  This  frolic,  for  we  can  call  it  nothing 
else,  is  the  one  eccentricity  of  the  design — an 
eccentricity,  however,  which,  happily  for  Mr. 
Burges,  may  be  easily  set  right,  and  does  not 
in  the  slightest  degree  alfect  the  general  cha- 
racter of  his  work,  except  in  so  far  that  it 
produces  upon  the  most  casual  and  superficial 
observers  an  impression  that  the  building  is 
like  a  large  mediajval  castle,  to  which,  barring 
this  excess  of  tower  machicolation,  it  has  not 
a  single  point  of  resemblance.  AVe  have  dwelt 
mncli  longer  upon  this  design  and  entered 
more  fully  into  its  detail,  because  of  all  the 
designs  exhibited  we  think  it  by  far  the  most 
deserving  of  careful  criticism.  Besides  the 
points  we  have  taken  exception  to,  there  are 
others  which  are  not  what  we  should  like  to 
see  executed,  v.g.,  the  tops  of  the  ventilating 
tower.s,  the  junctions  of  the  square  with  the 
cylindrical  superstructure  in  the  gateway 
towers,  and  the  ironwork  of  the  bridges  in 
the  court-yards  ;  but  then,  on  the  other  hand, 
nothing  can  well  exceed  the  strong  beauty  of 
the  staircase  approaches  from  the  Temple  .and 
Lincoln's  Inn — most  exquisite  pieces  of  design, 
and  well  deserving  unqualified  praise — whilst 
in  the  sections  and  interior  views  we  see 
abundant  evidence  of  the  architectural  power. 
We  cannot  conclude  this  review  without  com- 
mending to  the  notice  of  the  Commissioners 
the  last  line  of  Mr.  Burges's  report,  in  which, 
spite  of  his  evident  desire,  so  manifest  through- 
out the  whole  of  this  work,  to  repress  the  gro- 
tesque, we  recognise  the  cloven  hoof — 

"Any  number  of  perspcctivej  can  always  be  supplied  if 
desired."' 

*  sic  *  * 

We  give  this  week  an  illustration  of  Mr. 
Garling's  Gothic  design,  which  we  reviewed 
in  our  issue  of  March  8.  We  have  only  to 
add  to  what  we  have  already  said  that  this 
design  exhibits  a  certain  mastery  of  mass 
which  is  by  the  way  a  characteristic  of  all 
Mr.  Garlmg's  great  works,  and  which  was 
even  more  marked  in  his  premiated  Renais- 
sance design  for  the  War  Office,  in  the  Go- 
vernment Offices  competition.  We  are  also 
bound  to  add  that  in  our  opinion  this  archi- 
tect has  not  added  to  the  laurels  he  gained  on 
the  occasion  we  have  just  mentioned,  and  can 
only  repeat  our  regret  that  he  should  have 
divided  the  short  time  allowed  by  the  Com- 
missioners, in  order  to  give  an  alternative 
design  in  a  style  quite  foreign  to  his  usual 
studies,  and  upon  which  he  has  certainly  not 
worked  con  amove. 


The  Metropolitan  Board  o£  Works  has  given 
instructions  to  its  auctioneers  to  sell  the  materials 
of  120  houses,  at  present  occupying  the  first  por- 
tion of  the  projected  new  street  to  the  Mansion 
House,  between  Earl-street,  Blackfriars,  and 
Cannon-street,  with  a  view  to  their  demoHtion. 
It  is  expected  that  the  ground  between  those 
points,  with  the  exception  of  the  Will  Depository 
in  Doctors'  Commons,  and  the  Equitable  Insurance 
Company's  building  at  the  corner  of  Earl-street, 
will  be  cleared  in  the  course  of  the  summer. 
Negociatious  for  purchasing  the  interests  in  the 
remainder  of  the  line  from  Cannon-street  to  the 
Mansion  House  wiU  be  proceeded  with  as  rapidly 
as  possible  in  order  to  clear  the  ground. 


t 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


Maech  22,  186T. 


ELEMENTS    OF  ENGINEERING. 
Docks. — No.  4. 

IN  addition  to  tlie  example  given  in  our  last 
article,  cast-iron  sheet  pUing  has  been 
also  employed  extensively  in  dock  and  har- 
bour work,  although  it  will  never  supersede 
timber  as  the  material  to  be  generally  used. 
The  description  of  cast-iron  pile  represented 
in  fig.  7  was  used  with  much  advantage  at  the 


FIG. 7. 


L 


X. 


j\ 


^WLi 


HI  to  represent  the  height  at  neap  tides,  we  obtain 
H' =  {(R  +  D)— (R  —  R' )}•  ThiswiUbe 
more  clearly  seen  by  an    nspcction  of  fig.  8, 

F\C:B. 


Liverpool  docks,  when  the  difficulty  of  keep- 
ing them  perfectly  vertical  during  the  opera- 
tion of  driving  was  once  mastered.     This  was 
accomplished  by  dri^dng  them   between  two 
heavy  timber  guide  piles,  to  which  were  con- 
nected strong  longitudinal  balks  which  main- 
tained  them  in  a  perpendicular  position,  and 
also  caused  the  ram  to  strike  fairly  upon  the 
centre  of  the  head  of  the  pile.     In  using  cast- 
iron  piling  for  the  purposes  of  constructing  a 
cofi'erdam  there  is  no  necessity  for  being  par- 
ticular about  getting  all  the  piles  down  to  the 
same  level,  as  it  is  a  matter  of  no  importance 
in  a  temporary  work  whether  the  heads  of  the 
piles  are  in  line  or  not.     This  is   a   consider- 
able advantage  which  cofferdams  enjoy  with 
respect  to  tlus   special  description  of  pUing 
over  permanent  works  built  upon  the  same 
principle,  as  there  is  no  slight  difficulty  en- 
countered in  getting  cast-iron  pQes  do^vu  so 
that  their  heads  may  range  truly  level.     As 
■will  be  readily  perceived    the  same   incon- 
venieace  attends  the  sinking  of  every  descrip- 
tion of  iron   cylinders  and  piles,  since  they 
cannot  be  cut  to  the  exact  length  like  a  piece 
of  timber.     When  iron  foimdations  are  used 
for  bridges  over  rivers,  it  is  usual  in  practice 
to   have   some  short  lengths  made    so  as   to 
avoid  the  necessity  of  the  labour  and  expense 
that  would  be  req^uired  to  sink  some  of  the 
piles  down  to  the  proper  depth  to  make  their 
heads  range. 

Although  the   excavation  for  a  dock  is  a 
simple   affair  when  the   dam  is  made,   and 
everything  rendered  snug  and  tight,  yet  there 
are  a  few  conditions  sufficiently  important  to 
be  insisted  upon  in  all  specifications,  and  the 
non-observance  of  which  would  at  the  best  be 
attended  with  considerably  additional  trouble, 
labour,  and  delay  in  the  progress  of  the  works. 
The  first  point  to  be  determined  is  the  depth, 
which  depends  chieffy  upon  the  class  of  ves- 
sels intended  to    be  accommodated,  and  the 
rise  and  fall  of  the  tide  at  the  site  of  the  dock. 
It  is  very  rare  that  the  depth  of  water  inside 
a  dock  is  equal  to  that  on  the  outside,  that  of 
the  latter  being  usually  the  greater.     At  low 
water  the  depth  of  water  on  the  outer  sill  of 
gates  at    spring   tides  is   as   follows  for  the 
principal    London    docks  : — St.    Katharine's, 
10ft.  ;   Commercial  Docks,  9in.  ;  East  India, 
6ft.  (iin.     The  West  India  Docks  have  three 
entrances,   giving   a  mean  depth  of  5ft.  4in., 
and  the    London,  which  possess  the    same 
number,  have  a  mean  depth  of  5ft.     It  may 
be  remarked  tiere  that  were  the  Tower  pulled 
down,  the  site   could  be  adapted  at   a  com- 
paratively small  expense  for  the  erection  of  a 
splendid  wet  dock,  olfering  every  advantage 
with  respect  to  size  and  facdity  of  access.     So 
far  as  the  absolute  depth   of  water  available 
for  the  berthing  of  vessels  is  concerned,  the 
East   India   Docks  surpass  the  rest   of  their 
neighbours,  as  there  is  never  less  tlian  23ft.  of 
water  in   them.       Knowing   the  rise  of  tlie 
spring  and  neap  tides,  the  depth  of  water  that 
a  dock   will  have  may  be  calculated   by  the 
following  formula  ; — Let  R  =  the  rise  of  an 
ordinary  spring  tide,  and  JV  that  of  the  cor- 
responding    neap  tide,  and  msike   D  =  the 
depth   that   the  dock  is  excavated  below  low 
water  springs ;  then  putting  H  to   represent 
the  ma.ximum  depth  of  water  the   dock  can 
have,  we  find  H  =  (R  +  D).  Similarly,  making 


L  _ 


The  backing-up  of  the  dock  walks  wW. 
always  absorb  a  proportion  of  it,  as  will 
be  perceived  when  we  come  to  that  part 
of  our  subject.  Docks,  moreover,  always 
being  in  close  contiguity  to  the  sea  or  a  navi- 
gable river,  the  vessels  trading  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood will  generably  be  glad  to  take  some 
of  the  stuff'  as  ballast  ;  and  in  this  manner  a 
very  large  quantity  can  be  got  rid  of  At  a 
short  distance  from  the  sides,  towards  the 
centre,  the  stuff  may  be  taken  out  altogether 
at  random  in  any  manner  which  best  suits  the 
contractor,  but  the  sides  themselves  must  be 
treated  a  little  more  carefully.  They  cannot 
be  taken  out  plumb,  but  should  batter  back- 
wards, as  shown  in  fig.  9.     The  exact  angle  or 


where  S  S  is  the  bottom  of  the  dock,  and  the 
rest  of  the  diagram  is  self  explanatory.  It 
must  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  line  H  W  S 
represents  the  height  of  the  usual  spring 
tides,  and  not  the  highest  that  might  occur. 
An  eiiuinoctial  tide  would  be  between  three 
and  4ft.  higher  than  that  in  question,  but  it 
would  ob\'iously  not  do  to  calculate  the  depth 
of  water  available,  from  so  exceptional  a 
datum. 

In  excavating  for  a  dock,  railway,  or  any 
other  engineering  work,  the  first  thing  to  be 
considered  in  the  estimates  is  what  is  to  be 
done  with  the  stuff  excavated.     It  must  be 
put  somewhere.     In  railway  work  the  line  is 
so  laid  out   as   generally  to   enable   the  stuff" 
taken  out  in  the  cuttings  to  be  run  into  the 
embankments.        Sometimes,    however,    the 
length  of  lead  or  distance  the  material  would 
have  to  be  run  before  being  deposited,  is  so 
great  that  it  is  cheaper  to  adopt  what  appears 
rather  an  expensive  mode   of  proceeding — 
that  is,  to  purchase  land  for  side  cutting,  as 
it  is   called,  wherewith  to  make  up  the  em- 
bankment, and  also  to  buy  land  for  running 
to  spoil    the  material    excavated   from    the 
cutting,  thus  incurring  a  double  outlay.    We 
have   already  mentioned   that    frequently    a 
portion  of  the  stuff  excavated  for  the  dock 
may  be    used    for  making  the  puddle  dam ; 
ami  also,  if  the  material  be  good  clay,  bricks 
may  be  manufactured  on  the  site  suitable  for 
the  building  of  the  work.     The  importance — 
in  fact    the    imperative    necessity — for    the 
engineer  to  carefully  consider  all  these  points, 
and  not  leave  them  to   be  discovered  by  the 
contractor  after  the  contract  is  let,  becomes 
manifest  when  we  reflect  upon  the  difference 
of  price  that  ■v\ould  be  attached  in  a  sJhedule 
of  prices,  to  bricks  made  from  stuff'  excavated 
upon  the  site,  and  to  those  wliich  had  to  be 
procured  perhaps  from     a  tlistance   of    fifty 
miles  or  more.     In  many  instances  a  sea  wall 
has  to  be  built  between  the  dock  and  the  sea, 
and  in  order  to  utilise   the  excavation   this 
may   be   replaced  by   a  strong  embankment 
wherever  the  stuff'  is  proper  for  the  purpose, 
care   bemg  taken  to  pitch  the  sea  slope  well 
with  heavy  flat  stones  to  prevent  the  action  of 
the  waves  wearing  away  the  face  of  the  bank. 
It  may    be   protected    on  the   inside    from 
vermin  by  the  same  precautions  mentioned 
when  treating  on  the  formation  of  dams  in 
our  last  article. 

The  occurrence  of  springs  while  excavating 
for  a  dock  is  a  very  frequent  source  of  trouble 
and  annoyance,  and  they  must  either  be  led 
away  or  stopped  at  once  by  overlaying  the 
ground  near  them  with  a  thick  coating  of 
watertight  concrete  or  beton.  Occasionally 
basins  or  outer  docks,  as  they  may  be  called, 
are  not  reqiured  to  be  sunk  below  low  water, 
and  then  the  excavation  is  carried  on  by  tidal 
work.  The  great  secret  in  undertaking  this 
kind  of  work  is  to  put  on  as  many  hands  as 
possible,  in  order  to  make  the  most  of  the 
limited  timie  at  disposal.  Should  it  be  im- 
possible to  dispose  of  the  stuff'  or  a  large 
surplus  of  it  upon  land,  it  may  be  run  into 
lighters,  carried  away,  and  tipped  out  at  sea. 
It  may  also  sometimes  be  beneficially  em- 
ployed in  this  manner  for  fUling  up  holes  and 
hollows,  and  reducing  a  certain  area  of 
sea   or    river   bottom    to    a   uniform    bed. 


FIG,  9. 


the  ratio  of  the  slope  depends  upon  the  nature 
of  the  soil,  the  shape  intended  to  be  given  to 
the  walls,  and  many  other  circumstances 
which  render  it  impossible  to  fix  any  one  par- 
ticular angle  of  slope.  It  should  not,  how- 
ever, be  less  than  one  perpendicular  to  one 
horizontal,  as  represented  in  the  fig.  by  the 
line  A  -D,  which  is  laid  oft'  so  that 
A  E  =  E  L).  The  two  other  slopes  are  l.|  to 
1,  and  2  to  1,  represented  by  the  lines  B  D 
and  C  D,  where  B  E  =  1-5  x  E  D  and  C  D 
=  2  D  ;  the  last  being  flat  enough  for  ahnoat 
any  soil  intended  to  stand  only  for  a  short 
time  at  tha^t  inclination.  To  prevent  the 
backing  between  the  sloped  off  sides  of  the 
dock  and  the  back  of  the  wall  sliding  down 
the  slope,  and  acting  like  a  wedge  at  its  lower 
extremity,  the  sides  are  cut  in  steps  (see 
fig.  10),  and  the  backing  well  punned  as  it  is 

FIG. ID. 


N. 


T\ 


carried  up.  In  the  fig.  A  B  is  supposed  to 
represent  the  back  of  the  wall,  and  we  thus 
see  that  the  backing  does  not  press  upon  it  in 
the  injurious  manner  it  woidd  do  were  it 
placed  upon  the  slope  in  fig.  9,  in  which  none 
of  the  pressure  is  resisted  vertically,  as  in  the 
last  diagram.  When  preparing  the  entrance 
to  aU  docks  and  harbours,  all  shoals  should  be 
reduced  to  a  regular  inclined  plane,  so  as  to 
leave  no  sudden  jump  in  the  river  bed.  There 
is  one  bad  practice  worth  calling  attention  to 
in  connection  with  excavation  in  general,  and 
that  is  the  .system  so  prevalent  of  skimping 
the  room  for  the  men  to  work  in.  It  is 
false  economy  to  save  in  the  comparatively 
insignificant  item  of  excavation,  and  then 
afterwards  crowd  more  men  together  than 
there  is  room  for.  Numbers  are  not  always 
beneficial  ;  and  although  there  is  mucli  truth 
in  the  proverb,  "  Many  hands  make  li.uW 
work,"  yet  there  is  no  worse  sign  of  baJ 
management  than  that  of  putting  too  many 
men  to  one  job.  All  soft  stuff' at  the  bottom 
of  a  dock  must  be  taken  out,  wliich  can  be 
done  without  excavating  the  rest  of  the  area 
below  the  necessary  depth,  as  it  will  be 
much  cheaper  and  safer  to  re  till  these  holes 
with  good  solid  material — concrete  if  neces- 
sary— than  to  take  out  any  part  of  what  will 
form  a  good  bottom.  The  remaining  consi- 
derations with  respect  to  excavating  the  dock 
may  be  safely  left  to  the  contractor,  as  his 


ARCH  22,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


205 


atei-est  will  be  the  best  guarantee  for 
I  it  done  properly.     We  shall  pass  on 

next  article  to  describe  the  erection  of 
.Us,  and  mention  the  best  forms  most 

to  the  particular  duty  they  have  to 
m. 

PLATE     GIRDERS.— No.    1. 

late  girder  is   so  called  from  its  booms  or 

being    built    up   with   plates   until   the 

d  sectional  area  of  metal  has  been  arrived 

designing  a  girder,  it  is  necessary  to  have 

ieal  knowledge  of  the  tensile  and  compres- 

ains  the  metal  employed  is  cap.able  of  sus- 

,  .v?  well  as  a  mechanical  knowledge  of  the 

;m J  appliances  used  in  the  shoi)S  for  punch- 

■iring,    welding,  and  riveting  the  various 

t  ">gether.     This  experience  it  is  best,  if  pos- 

t   >  get  from  actual  observation.      The  fol- 

riiles  should  be  always  kept  in  mind : — No 

ilite  should  exceed  5  cwt.  in  weight,  or  an 

n  rice  per  ton  will  most  likely  be  charged  by 

i  imaster,  as  it  entails  the  necessity  of  extra 

labour  to  manage  the  metal  while  passing 

H  I  the  rolls.     Some  of  our  old  engineers,  as 

J  never  go  beyond  from  3  to  4  cwt.  in  one 

Le  ut  every  day  we  hear  of  improvements  in 

I  ing  of  iron,  and  if  all  plates  are  kept  under 

T  ;i3  a  rule  it  will  pass  the  rolling  mill  with- 

a  extra  charge   being   levied.     The   tensUe 

f  bar  and  plate  iron  runs  between  20 

-  per  squ.are  inch  of  sectional  area.   The 

i;  strength  of  bar  and  plate  iron  averages 

1   ;    r  square  inch   sectional  area.     But  by 

i  11  1  of  Trade  regulations,  engineers  are  not 

<v*  to  tax  the  strength  of  wrought  iron  past 

oi  per  square  inch  in  tension  and  compres- 

"•■refore  the  load  imposed  upon  any  gir- 

^  not  exceed  one-quarter  of  the  breaking 

it  is,  the  heaWest  load  that  should  ever 

ier  must  not  exceed  5  tons  per  square 

tional  ai'ea.     A  girder  will   carry  twice 

:h  if   the  weight  is  distributed  as  it  will 

'eight  be  on  the  centre.     For  instance,  sup- 

ilate  girder  be  constructed  to  carry  10  tons 

on  the  centre,  the  same  girder  will  safely 

)   tons  if  the  load  were  distributed  equally 

lOut   its  length.      No    L   iron   or   T  iron 

;xceed  24ft.  in  length  for  similar  reasons  to 

(  ven  about  plates.     Rivets,  being  made  from 

a  er  iron  than  bars  or  plates,  might  very  well 

Gfulated  to  bear  a   strain   of   5   or  even  6 

■  square  inch  of  sectional  area  ;  but  as  im- 

workmanship  is  always  likely   to  occur,  it 

^ito  keep  to  the  4  tons  per  square  inch  as 

■j,    L  and  T   iron.       Rivet   hearls    should 

oe  formed  by  having  1 1  times  the  diameter 

I  I  ivet,  that  is,  a  rivet  lin.  in  diameter  and 

between  the  heads  should  be  made  from 

ngth  of  lin.  round  iron,  for  if  the  heads 

ivets  contain  less  metal  they  will  always 

mger  of  giving  way  before  the  rivet  itself 

ak. 


M 


•.\in.-vsi0m:  for  Newcastle. 


idea  of  establishing  a  gymnasium  by  the 
cople   of   Newcastle-upon-Tyue   has  been 
e  time  under  consideration,  and  now  the 
is  likely  to  be  carried  out.      A  meeting 
!  interested  in  the  matter  was  held    the 
ly  to  receive  the  report  of  the  provisional 
^it  tee  appointed  to  consider  the  best  means 
>Ushing  a  gymnasium.      From  this  report 
1  that  after  inspecting  numerous  sites,  the 
tee  have  selected  a  piece  of  ground  in  Bath- 
'  iiging  to  the  corporation.       This  site  is 
.;  by  oOlt.  to  75ft.  wide,  and  the  corpo- 
:  r  the  land  at  the  annual  rental  of  £20 
'  years'  lease.     Plans,  and  an  estimate  for 
]■!   building,   have  been  prepared  by  Mr. 
'  tliver,  and    approved  of   by  the    com- 
I'he  sum  required  to  carry  out  the  scheme 
£  about  £2,500,  and  following  the  example 


^rclplog^. 


on,  Liverpool,  Birmingham,  and  Manches 
committee  propose  to  raise  the  necessary 
by  forming  a  Umited  habUity  company, 
lied  the  Newcastle-upon-Tyne  Gymnasium 
ly  (Limited),  with  a  capital  of  £2,500,  in 
res  at  £5  each.  The  recommendations 
lanimously  adopted  by  the  meeting. 


T  leremony  of  laying  the  first  stone  of  the 
sat  and  Poultry  Markets,  at  Smithfield, 
e  place  in  the  first  or  second  week  of  next 


BRITISH  ANTIQUITIES  AT  SHOEBURV. 

A  FEW  days  ago  a  fine  bronze  celt  was  found  at 
South  Shoebury,  near  the  barracks  of  the 
Royal  Artillery,  at  a  depth  of  7ft.,  ia  what  appeared 
to  be  undisturbed  gravel.  It  measures  ejiu.  in 
length  and  nearly  Sin.  across  the  blade,  and  belongs 
to  the  second  class  of  bronze  celts  of  Du  Noyer's 
classification,  viz.,  "  The  wedge  with  sides  more 
or  less  overlapping,  blade  thicker  than  the  wedge 
for  insertion  into  the  handle,  and  a  stop  ridge  or 
elevation  at  the  termination  of  the  blade."  In 
this  example  the  blade  is  ornamented  with  four 
ridges,  and  the  flange  of  the  wedge  does  not  over- 
lap. It  is  in  the  pos.ses6ion  of  Colonel  Wilmot, 
the  commandant  of  the  fort.  The  site  of  the  dis- 
covery is  mtbin  the  area  of  the  extensive  earth- 
works at  South  Shoebury,  to  which  the  Danish 
forces  under  H#esteu  (or  Hasting)  retreated  after 
theirdefeatat  South  Bemfleet  by  Alfred  the  Great ; 
but  the  celt  is  probably  British,  and  at  such  a 
depth  as  to  lead  to  the  conclusion  that  it  was  de- 
posited there  long  before  the  time  of  the  "  Black 
Danes." 

AKCH.EOLOGICAL  Discovert  at  LrscoLX.— Some 
workmen  in  excavating  a  cellar  at  the  back  of  the 
premises  belonging  to  Mr.  Old,  of  High-street, 
Lincoln,  a  few  days  since,  found  two  Norman 
window  heads,  two  large  capitals,  and  a  smaller 
one,  all  quite  perfect,  which  evidently  belonj,'ed  to 
an  ancient  ch^brch.  The  men  also  found,  in  dig- 
ging, several  pieces  of  Roman  and  Samian  pottery. 
One  piece  of  Samian  ware  has  a  lion's  head  upon 
it,  and  another  piece  has  the  maker's  name  upon 
it ;  and  there  is  also  a  very  curious  part  of  a 
Roman  or  Anglo-Saxon  jar,  with  a  face  made  upon 
it.  The  stones  and  the  pottery  are  in  Mr.  Joseph 
Durance's  possession. 

Fra>"CE. — Romas  Tomb. — A  gardener  of  Vienne 
(Isere),  when  lately  engaged  in  digging,  discovered 
a  Roman  tomb,  containing  the  skeleton  of  a  young 
girl,  partly  decomposed,  as  well  as  some  curious 
objects  of  jewellery.  'The  most  remarkable  is  a 
necklace,  formed  of  gold  wire  articulated  in 
figures  of  S,  separated  from  each  other  by  six 
beads  of  red  cornelian,  dividing  the  whole  into 
seven  equal  parts,  with  two  gold  beads  pendant 
in  front.  Two  gold  pins  were  also  found,  and  a 
fibula  for  attaching  the  peplum  at  the  shoulder, 
made  of  copper  gilt,  and  inlaid  with  flowers  in 
enamel.  There  were  also  five  hair-pins,  one  in 
bronze  and  the  rest  in  ivory. 

A  Tartar  Pompeii. — The  Russian  correspondent 
of  the  Stand/ird  report.s  that  a  discovery  has  just 
been  made  iu  the  Syr-Dari.a,  which  is  likely  to  turn 
out  of  considerable  interest  to  archaeologists.  An 
officer  of  engineers,  who  was  superintending  the 
building  of  a  fort,  observed  that  the  bricks  which 
were  brought  by  the  Kirghis  for  the  work  were 
not  modem,  but  of  unusual  quality,  partly  co- 
vered with  mortar,  and  eWdently  of  great  an- 
tiquity. On  inquiiy  he  found  that  the  bricks 
were  brought  from  some  ruins  at  about  fifteen 
miles  distance,  on  a  spot  which  was  formerly  on 
the  banks  of  the  Sea  of  Aral.  Some  officers  were 
sent  to  examine  the  place  and  found  a  large  town, 
about  three  miles  from  side  to  side,  buried  iu  saud 
and  overgrown  with  bushes.  None  of  them  was 
archaeologist  enough  to  give  an  opinion  on  the  in. 
teresting  discovery,  but  news  was  sent  to  the  cen- 
tral administration,  and  as  the  Russian  Govern- 
ment takes  a  veiy  enlightened  interest  in  the  his- 
torical antiquities  of  the  vast  country  imder  its 
rule,  it  is  probable  that  a  proper  examination  of 
this  Tartar  Pompeii  will  be  made  by  coippetent 
agents. 

Rome. — Inexhaustible  Rome  has  lately  yielded 
some  extremely  interesting  antiquities  discovered 
under  San  Crisogono,  a  very  curious  church  in  the 
Trastevere,  which  is  supposed  to  date  from  the 
time  of  Constantine  the  Great.  The  discoveries 
consist  of  vaulted  chambers  covered  with  inscrip- 
tions in  black  lead ;  a  tomb  containing  the  skeleton 
of  a  young  girl ;  and  some  very  curious  objects  of 
jewellery.  This  church  is  supposed  to  occupy  the 
station  of  the  7th  Cohort  of  the  Guards. 

The  Marquis  of  Hertford  picked  up  a  clock  by 
Mynnel  last  week.  It  is  of  the  reign  of  Louis 
SIV.,  and  a  splendid  art  specimen  as  well  as 
unique  as  a  clock.  For  picking  it  up  he  had  to 
put  down  45,000f.,  and  it  is  said  to  be  cheap  at 
the  sum. 

Among    the   minor    curiosities    exhibited     at 


General  Sabine's  conversazione  was  a  bank-note 
of  the  colony  of  New  Jersey,  interesting  as  a  spe- 
cimen of  the  "  Continental  money"  circulated 
during  the  War  of  Independence.  The  size  of  the 
note  is  4in.  long  and  2ui.  wide ;  the  value  15s., 
the  date  1776. 


ST.  PETER'S  AND  ST.  PAUL'S,  CORK. 

WE  this  week  give  an  illustration  of  the 
interior  with  ground  plan  of  the  Catholic 
Church  of  St.  Peter's  and  St.  Paul's,  which  was 
opeued  at  Cork  on  the  29th  of  June  last  year. 
The  design  is  by  E.  Welby  Pugin,  architect.  The 
church  is  calculated  to  seat  1,500  persun.s,  and  the 
entire  cost  of  the  edifice  was  about  £24,000.  It 
is  built  of  rich  red  stone  and  Umestone  dressings, 
aud  consists  of  a  nave,  two  aisles,  and  a?  tower. 
The  aisles  run  parallel  to  the  nave,  which  is 
covered  with  a  gable  roof,  while  the  aisles  them- 
selves are  built  with  a  roof  sloping  from  the 
exterior  walls  to  the  clerestory.  The  ridge  of  the 
roof  of  the  church  is  decorated  by  ornamental 
ironwork,  partly  gilt,  terminated  at  the  western 
gable  by  an  ornamental  cross  with  fohated  arms. 
The  church  is  entered  by  the  western  doorw.ay, 
which  is  recessed,  having  moulded  jambs  with 
car^'ed  shafts  and  capitals — the  arch  over  the 
doorway  being  surmounted  by  a  triangular  head- 
ing, finished  by  crockets  and  finials.  The  doors 
are  hung  with  ornamental  iron  hinges,  of  most 
skilful  and  beautiful  workmanship — while,  on 
either  side,  the  principal  doorway  is  flanked  by 
small  blank  arches  in  the  manner  of  an  arcade. 
Over  the  doorway  is  the  great  western  window  of 
the  church,  the  upper  portion  of  which  is  occupied 
%vith  geometrical  tracery  and  muUions.  From  the 
top  of  the  window  to  the  roof  the  monotony  of  the 
gable  end  is  broken  by  horizontal  bands  of  lime- 
stone. Entering  the  church,  the  nave  is  found  to 
terminate  in  an  apse  of  polygonal  form,  lit  by  eight 
narrow  windows,  four  of  which  are  mullioned,  and 
the  heads  filled  in  with  tracery.  The  aisles  are 
divided  from  the  nave  by  an  arcade  of  eight 
arches,  four  on  each  side,  the  two  other  arches 
immediately  adjoining  the  sanctuary  separating  it 
from  the  side  chapels.  The  clerestory — the  portion 
of  the  church  surmounting  the  nave — is  lighted, 
as  well  as  the  nave  itself,  by  large  windows,  which 
are  mulliontd,  with  heads  decorated  with  tracery 
of  quatrefoils,  circles,  &c.  _  The  roof  is  of  open 
timber  work,  the  principals  resting  on  corbels 
carved  iu  representation  of  various  angeho  figures, 
the  graceful  spandrels  formed  by  the  principals 
being  pierced  by  circles  and  other  geometrical 
figures.  Coming  now  to  the  body  of  the  church, 
we  may  first  consider  the  columns  at  either  side  of 
the  nave.  They  are  five  in  number  on  either  side, 
forming  eight  arches.  The  bases  of  all  these 
columns — in  the  proportion,  design,  and  carving 
of  which  and  their  capitals  much  of  the  best  art 
displayed  about  the  church  is  to  be  found— are 
formed  of  black  marble,  obtained  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Shannon  at  Foyuess.  Over  this  the  phnths 
aud  columns  rise,  in  polished  red  marble  ob- 
tained in  the  Co.  Cork,  from  the  locality  of 
Churchtown,  and  hitherto,  as  we  understand,  only 
used  for  making  roads.  We  may  incidentally 
remark  that  this  has  been  found  to  be  a  most 
beautiful  and  valuable  marble,  and  that  since  these 
columns  have  been  erected  of  it  in  this  church  it 
has  been  exported  by  hundreds  of  tons  to 
England  for  the  adornment  of  public  buildings  in 
various  towns  there.  The  capitals  resting  on 
these  columns  are  carved  in  the  manner  we  have 
described— in  fruit,  flowers,  &c.,  symboUcal  in 
various  ways.  The  other  pillars  in  the  church — 
those  smaller  ones  round  the  side  altars  and  under 
the  choir,  which  is,  as  usual,  over  the  principal 
doorway — are  carved,  round  the  sanctuary,  in 
white  Sicilian  marble  and  Galway  green,  and 
under  the  choir  in  red  marble,  had  from  the  Little 
Island,  Co.  Cork.  The  three  altars — the  grand 
and  two  side  altars — terminating  the  building  in 
the  apse  and  the  two  side  chapels,  are  objects  of 
great  beauty  and  interest. 


We  are  glad  to  hear  that  the  Castle  Hotel  at 
Aberystwith,  which  has  had  a  somewhat  che- 
quered career,  promises  something  useful  at  last. 
We  believe  that  the  provisional  committee  who 
are  engaged  in  promoting  the  establishment  o£ 
universities  in  Wales  have  offered  £10,000  for  the 
building,  and  that  the  oS'er  has  been  accepted.  In 
a  recent  number  we  gave  an  illustration  of  the 
Castle  Hotel.  It  cost  £80,000,  and  contains  150 
bedrooms. 


206 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


March  22,  1867. 


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PARIS  EXHIBITION. 

WE  give  a  bird's-eye  view  o£  the  wonderful 
building  which  will  be  thrown  open  to  the 
whole  world  on  the  1st  of  next  month — the 
Paris  Exhibition.  The  first  International  Exhi. 
bitiou  of  France,  in  1855,  took  place  in  the  Champs 
Elysees.  The  present  remarkable  structvire,  or 
rather  series  of  constructions,  stands  in  the 
Champs  de  Mars.  The  principal  entrance  to  the 
vast  enclosed  area  of  nearly  40  acres,  is  on  the 
north  side  of  the  Seine,  opposite  the  Pont  d'  J^na. 
The  grand  vestibule,  140ft.  in  length,  leads  to  the 
principal  nave,  100ft.  wide  and  80ft.  high.  An 
immense  gallery  runs  round  the  building,  and  will 
contain  specimens  of  industrial  tools  and  ma< 
chinery.  This  gallery  leads  to  the  outer  galleries 
or  naves,  and  to  the  centre  of  the  building.  The 
not  very  ornamental  oval  belt  of  buildings  is 
surrounded  by  and  encloses  gardens  laid  out  with 
marvellous  taste.  These  are  rich  in  every  kind 
of  vegetable  growth,  and  adorned  with  statues, 
fountains,  and  eveiything  calculated  to  dehght 
the  eye.  They  are  so  contrived  as  to  unite  the 
picturesque  with  the  useful,  and  are  aU  made 
subservient  to  the  general  purposes  of  the  Exhi- 
bition. "  Here  we  see  a  chapel  constructed  to 
show  off  the  various  kinds  of  painted  glass.  Close 
by  is  a  lighthouse,  illustrating  the  various  modes 
of  obtaining  intense  and  steady  lights  for  marine 
purposes.  There  are  restaurants  for  all  the  princi- 
pal countries,  illustrating  the  various  ways  of 
cooking  food,  and  the  national  dishes  of  each 
country.  In  other  parts  there  are  houses  and 
palaces  illustrating  the  peculiar  habits  and  customs 
of  the  civilised  peoples  of  the  East.  The  temple 
of  Marriette  Bey  is  expected  to  astonish  and  de- 
light the  world.  With  regard  to  the  objects  o£ 
the  ordinary  kind  exhibited,  those  from  France 
will  be  found  to  occupy  all  the  eastern  half  of 
the  building,  or  that  part  extending  to  the  left 
from  the  Pont  d'  Jena,  Great  Britain  taking  the 
first  ground  to  the  right,  and  separated  onlj'  from 
France  by  one  of  the  main  avenues.  America  and 
Asia  follow  England,  and  the  various  countries  of 
Europe  come  in  order  in  long  narrow  slices  of 
the  central  building,  each  having  its  expansion  in 
the  gardens  beyond.  The  arrangement  is,  as  far 
as  possible,  double — the  various  groups  of  objects 
in  classes  being  in  concentric  ovals,  while  the 
countries  radiate  and  cross  these  ovals  at  right 
angles.  However  the  building  may  fail  as  being  an 
unpicturesque  object  in  itself,  there  cannot  be  a 
doubt  that  the  general  plan  is  eminently  in- 
genious, and  that  very  perfect  results  will  be  pro- 
duced. It  is  not  intended  that  the  whole  con- 
struction shall  remain,  but  it  is  not  unlikely  that 
parts  may  be  retained  for  pubUc  purposes, 
as  was  the  case  with  the  great  building 
erected  for  the  Exhibition  of  1855."*  The 
cost  of  the  Exhibition  buildings  is  estimated  at 
ll,000,000f. 

The  earthworks  of  the  Paris  Exhibition,  includ- 
ing the  Park,  amount  to  upwards  of  half  a  million 
cubic  yards.  The  ironwork  amounts  to  13,200 
tons,  of  which  10,000  tons  are  in  the  great  ma- 
chinery gallery.  The  windows  of  this  gallery  pre- 
sent a  surface  of  53,700  square  yards,  and  those 
of  the  other  galleries  25,000.  The  Palace  itself 
occupies  an  area  of  140,184  square  yards.  Of  this, 
61,000  square  yards  will  be  occupied  by  France, 
21,653  by  England,  and  2,900  by  the  United 
States. 

The  French  fine  art  admission  juries  have  done 
their  work,  and  the  result  is  the  admission  of  530 
oil  paintings,  102  statues,  40  busts  in  marble  or 
terra-cotta,  83  frames  of  engraving,  23  of  litho- 
graphy, and  28  of  architecture. 

It  is  now  defin  itively  settled  that  the  opening  of 
the  Exhibition  will  take  place  on  the  Ist  of  next 
month. 

♦ 

COMPETITION. 

The  Schools  in  Wilton-street,  attached  to  th« 
Holy  Trinity  Church,  St.  Anne's-street,  Liver- 
pool, being  found  altogether  inadequate  to  the  re- 
quirements of  the  district,  a  new  school  is  about 
to  be  erected.  Nine  architects  sent  plans  ii 
public  competition  for  the  work,  and  the  priss 
has  just  been  awarded  to  Mr.  J.  F.  Doyle,  archi 
tect,  Wason-buildings,  Harrington-street.  Mia 
Wright,  a  member  of  the  congregation,  has  gene 
rously  undertaken  to  defray  the  expense  of  th 
work,  which  will  be  proceeded  with  imme 
diately. 

•  "Black'i  Kiliibition  Guiil«." 


i 


Mahch  22,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


211 


MR.  TORRENS'S  LABOURERS'  AND 
ARTISANS'  DWELLINGS  BILL. 

WE  lately  pointed  out  certain  objections 
to  the  proposal  of  this  bill  for  pur- 
chasing out  of  puljlic  nites,  at  "  compensation  " 
prices,  the  jiruperty  of  those  who  had 
,  neglected  all  the  duties  attaching  to  property. 
We  are  glad  to  find  that  our  views  are  en- 
dorsed by  many  of  the  London  vestries  who 
oppose  the  bill ;  but  the  Metropolitan  Board 
of  Works,  which  is  naturally  not  averse  to  the 
enlargement  of  its  own  taxing  powers,  de- 
cline opposition  to  the  bill  upon  the  ground 
that  the  rate  of  3d.  in  the  pound  will  be 
found  practically  unnacessary.  It  would  cer- 
tainly be  unnecessary  if  the  dwellings  were  to 
be  erected  by  private  persons  or  companies 
trading  in  the  ordinary  manner.  But  does 
the  experience  of  public  management  of  such 
undertakings  justify  the  e.'cpectation  of  eco- 
nomy, or  that  having  the  power  to  levy 
a  rate  they  will  debar  themselves  from  the 
exercise  of  that  power  ?  The  argument,  be- 
sides, is  most  perfectly  suicidal.  If  no  rate 
be  likely  to  be  wanted,  why  take  power 
to  make  one  ?  Will  the  friends  of  the  bill 
show  their  sincerity  by  consenting  to  the  pas- 
sage of  the  bill  minus  this  rate-making 
clause  ? 


THE  CAB  QUESTION. 

THE  cab  question  has  now  become  one  of 
the  great  social  questions  of  the  day,  and 
there  seems  reason  to  hope  that  it  is  about  to 
receive    a    satisfactory  settlement.      It  has 
long  been  felt  that   the  whole  system  of  our 
cab  arrangements  is  about  as  bad  as  it  could 
be.      Everybody     grumbles.       The    public 
complain    loudly,    the    cabmen    have    their 
grievances,  and  we  dare  say,  could  it  be  known, 
that  the   cab  horses  are  not  at  all  satisfied 
with  the  present  state  of  things.     It  would 
appear  from  recent  proceedings  that  even  the 
cabowners    are  discontented.      There  is,   in 
fact,  a  general  demand  for  cab  and  cab  law 
reform.      We  are  not  of  those  who  believe 
that  honesty  is  a  virtue  impossible  with  a  cab- 
man.    Cabmen  may  or  may  not  be  necessary 
evils  ;  we  believe,  however,  that  as   a  class 
they  are  not  worse,  to  say  the  least,  than  might 
be  expected.    A  great  deal  might  be  said  in 
palliation  of  cabby's  shortcomings  if  we  con- 
sider the  teims  and  conditions  on  which  he 
himself  hires  his  cab — and  which  we  believe 
are  excessive  and  exacting  to  a  degree — the 
great  hardships  which,  from  the  very  nature 
of    his     occupation,     he    has    to     endure, 
and  the  very  great  difficulty  there  is  in  ascer- 
taining the  exact  fare,  rendering  disputealmost 
certain.     At  the  same  time  there  can  be  no 
question  at  all  that  the  public  have  only  too 
good  reason  for  complaint  in  the  matter    of 
cab  service.      In  many    cases  the  character 
of  the  driver  is  by  no  means  what  it  ought 
to   be,    nor,    as     a     rule,     is    the  quality 
of  the    vehicle,    as  well    as  the    horse,   up 
to  the  mart.   Especially  is  this  true  as  regards 
four  wheelers.      It  is  said  that  if  the  law  as 
to  cab  fares  were  revised  and  more  clearly  de- 
fined, the   public  would   soon   find   out  the 
benefit,  ts  a   superior  vehicle  and  a  better 
class  of  driver  would  be  introduced.     And 
this  we  tike  it  is  really  the  point  that,  more 
than  any  other,  we  have  to  consider  in  deal- 
ing with  this  question,  to  wit,  the  almost  im- 
possibility of  knowing  what  is  the    "  right 
tare."    Among  the   suggestions   which    have 
been  recently  thrown  out  with  a  view  to  meet 
this  point,   as  well  as  to  improve  our  cab 
arrangements  generally,  that  of  Mr.  J.  L.  Had- 
iac,  C.E.,  of  the  Hackney  Carriage  Depart- 
ment, Metropolitan  Police,  deserves  attention. 
That  gentleman  proposes  to  regulate  the  cabs 
)f  tha  metropolis    by    what    is    called    the 
'  course"  system.     Mr.  Haddan's  plan,  which 
ias  jast  been  published,  is  briefly  this  :— He 
STOuld  divide   London  into   a  certain  number 
)f  regular  or  irregular  figures  (37,  as  shown 
u  his  diagram),  distinguishable  by  a  different 
etter  or  figure,  each  of  which  may  be  con- 


sidered  a    "  course."      The    initial  letter   or 
figure   of  a  district,   made  of  coloured  glass, 
would  be  affixed  to  all  the  lamp  posts  in  that 
district.      Then,  as   to  fares,  a  table   stating 
the   fare   from   any   one   district  to   another 
would  be  attached  to  the  call  in  the  usual  way, 
and  all  that  a  person  wouhl  have  to  do  when 
hiring  a  cal)   would  be   to  look  at  the  nearest 
lamp   for  the  initial  letter  (.say  O),    and   re- 
])eat    the  operation    when    discharging    the 
vehicle  (say   at  K) ;  then  refer  to  the  table 
for  the  fare  from   K  to  O.      One  great  ad- 
vantage   of   this    plan    is    that    it    would 
prevent    all    chance    of  the   driver   going  a 
roundabout  way,   his  interest  being  to  drive 
as  directly  as  possible.      Anotlier  is   that  it 
shows  the  exact  legal  fare  from  any  one  place  to 
another.     Mr.  Haddan  states  that  he  has  found 
radial  divisions  to  be  of  the  best  form,  as  by 
reducing  their  size  gradually  from  the  centre 
to  the  circumference  of  the  four  mile  radius, 
a  progressively  higher  rate  cau  be  ariived  at, 
thereby  inducing   all   drivers   equally  to  ply 
for  hire  in  the  suburbs  as  in  the  more  crowded 
parts  of  the  metropolis.     For  instance,  the  first 
circle,  A  up  to  H,  is  taken  as  the  standard  fare  ; 
the  next  circle,  K  up  to  Z,  being  increased  25 
per  cent. ;  and  the  outer  circle  having  a  still 
further  augmentation  of  25  per  cent.     As  re- 
gards the  fares,  however,  Mr.  Haddan  proposes 
that  a  commission  should  determine  them. 
His  own  opinion  is  that    the    present  rates 
are  too   low,   and   that    they    ought    to    be 
raised.     Mr.  Haddan's  plan,  which  we  observe 
has  met  with  the  approval  of  the  cabo^vners 
of  Westminster,  is  by   far  the  best  we  have 
seen  suggested.      It  has  the  merit  of  extreme 
simplicity,  and  we  believe  it  would  completely 
answer  the  purpose.     Nor  would  the  expense 
necessary  to  the  carrying  of  it  out  be  excessive. 
We  trust  that  Mr.  Haddan  may  succeed  in  his 
endeavour  to  obtain  a  commission  to  examine 
his  plan.     Now  that  something  like  combined 
action  has  taken  place  on  this  question,  it  ought 
not  to  be  allowed  to  drop  without  something 
being  done  to  remedy  the  grievances  under 
which  the  public  interest  so  greatly  suffers. 


of  this  class  is  Mr.  T.  Hayter  Lewis's  work  in 
Leicester-square.  Architecturally  it  is  the 
most  original  thing  of  the  sort  we  possess,  but 
if  any  of  our  readers  remember  the  old  deco- 
rations, and  are  physically  strong  enough  to 
look  at  the  present  daubings  of  paint  we  are 
satisfied  that  they  will  readily  endorse  our 
remarks  as  a]iplied  to  this  popular  place  of 
amusement.  The  Canterbury  Hall  has  just 
undergone  the  re-"  decorating"  process,  and  we 
need  scarcely  say  that  everything  is  worse 
than  it  used  to  be.  The  interior  of  the 
Oxford  is  perhaps  on  the  whole  the  best  of 
the  music  halls.  It  always  looks  clean  and 
clieerful  without  being  violently  gay,  and  if 
its  entertainments  were  only  up  to  its  archi- 
tectural mark  it  would  be  a  very  serious  rival 
to  the  Alhambra.  A  very  cheerful  hall, 
though  somewhat  out  of  the  way,  is  the  Metro- 
politan, which  deserves  praise  not  only  for 
its  ]ilan  and  decoration,  but  for  the  decent 
way  in  which  everything  is  managed,  and  the 
varied  and  amusing  nature  of  its  entertain- 
ments. We  have  no  wish  to  criticise  in  detail 
any  of  these  entertainments,  but  we  cannot 
help  thinking  that  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Randall 
would  confer  a  lasting  blessing  on  a  vast  por- 
tion of  society  if  they  would  transfer  their 
talents  to  the  boards  of  Australia  or  America. 


THE  THEATRES  AND  MUSIC  HALLS. 

WE  wonder  what  the  particular  secret  is 
which  keeps  the  theatre  and  the  music 
hall  so  imarchitectural  in  their  construction 
and  so  unartistic  in  their  decoration.  How  is 
it  arcliitects  of  the  weakest  capacity  and  the 
shallowest  of  "  artists  "  are  generally  foimd 
linked  together  as  the  advisers  of  that  strange 
world  behind  the  footlights  i  In  a  word,  how 
is  it  our  amusements  are  so  low,  so  degraded, 
so  vapid  in  themselves,  in  their  appointments, 
and  in  all  that  relates  to  them  !  These  ques- 
tions occurred  to  us  more  strongly  than  ever 
after  a  visit  to  our  last  new  theatre — 
"  The  Holborn."  Not  that  the  Holborn  is 
much  worse  than  Astley's,  or  others  we  could 
name,  but  then  it  is  the  last,  and,  so  to  speak, 
bran  new,  and  people  have  a  weakness  for 
always  comforting  themselves  with  the  re- 
llection  that  when  things  are  at  their  worst 
they  are  sure  to  mend.  This  is  why  the 
Holborn  is  so  very  disappointing.  We  had 
thought  when  Mr.  Dion  Boucicault  changed 
the  circle  of  Astley's  into  an  "  auditorium," 
and  made  the  stalls  about  as  cold  and  uncom- 
fortable as  stalls  could  possibly  be,  that  things 
had  then  come  to  their  worst,  but  it  seems 
that  we  were  mistaken.  Possibly  in  things 
theatrical  there  is  no  limit  to  the  bad,  and 
that  the  atmosphere  of  the  stage  is  peculiarly 
adapted  to  downward  growth.  Whether  it 
be  so  or  not,  no  reasonable  imprejudiced  being 
can  visit  any  of  our  theatres  or  music  halls, 
with  the  exception  perhaps  of  the  three  great 


EGYPTIAN  ARCHITECTURE. 

A  PAPER  on  this  subject  was  read  before  the 
Architectural  Association  by  Mr.  R.  Phen(5 
Spiers  on  Friday  evening  last,  Mr.  Tarver,  vice- 
preaident  of  the  Association,  in  the  chair.  Tho 
lecturer  introduced  his  subject  by  remarking  that 
he  had  to  draw  attention  to  a  series  of  monu- 
ments the  latest  and  most  modern  of  which 
barely  reached  down  to  the  beginning  of  our  era, 
while  the  earUest  surmounted  in  date  to  nearly 
three  thousand  years  before  it ;  and,  what  was 
still  more  singular,  the  older  the  monument  the 
more  wonderful  the  execution  and  the  higher  the 
art  that  seemed  to  have  been  bestowed  upon  it. 
Before  proceeding  to  describe  the  Egyptian  monu- 
ments themselves,  Mr.  Spiers  gave  a  brief  de- 
scription of  the  climate  and  country  in  which 
they  are  found,  and  a  shght  sketch  of  the  history 
and  rehgion  of  the  wonderful  people  by  whom 
they  were  executed.  The  monuments  were 
divided  into  two  classes,  the  first  comprising  the 
tombs,  the  second,  the  temples,  palac  es,  &c.  The 
lecturer  said  he  placed  the  tombs  first,  because  he 
wished,  as  far  as  possible,  to  follow  a  chronologi- 
cal order ;  and  as  the  tombs  near  Cairo  were  the 
most  ancient  remains  of  Egyptian  art,  he  would 
begin  with  them.  The  tombs,  observed  Mr. 
Spiers,  may  be  divided  into  two  classes,  those 
erected  or  built  up,  and  those  '(which  constitute 
by  far  the  larger  portion)  excavated  in  the  rock. 
Of  the  first  class  the  Pyramids  are  the  only 
examples ;  they  are  all  situate  in  Lower  Egypt. 
Dr.  Lepsius,  the  Prussian  traveller,  has  discovered 
and  examined  some  sixty-seven  of  them.  The 
construction  of  all  these  pyramids  commenced 
in  the  centre  and  gradually  developed  itself,  each 
successive  layer  of  stone  increasing  in  lateral  di- 
mension and  height  the  pyramid,  each  king  com- 
mencing his  tomb  on  his  accession  to  the  throne, 
and  according  to  the  length  of  his  reign  so  did  the 
size  of  the  pyramid  correspond.  The  largest  and 
best  known  of  the  pyramids  are  those  of  Gizeh, 
some  seven  miles  from  Cairo,  and  situated  on 
a  rocky  platform  beyond  the  cultivated  plain 
which  stretches  itself  on  the  west  bank  of  the 
Nile.  With  the  pyramids  o£  Sakkara,  Dashoor, 
and  Abouseer,  they  form  portions  of  the 
great  Necropolis  of  Memphis.  The  first  and 
greatest  pyramid  was  built  by  Cheops,  a  king 
of  the  fourth  dynasty,  in  material  brought  from 
the  quarries  of  Tourah,  on  the  opposite  bank  of 
the  Nile.  The  stone  was  conveyed  to  the  spot 
along  a  magnificent  causeway  60ft.  wide,  con- 
structed in  stone,  with  the  sides  polished  and 
sculptured.  366,000  men  were  employed  in  build- 
ing the  causeway  and  the  pyramid,  ten  years  being 


theatres,  without   being  "painfuUy  aware,  not  ff'fPl"^^^,'-^  '''^  f?™*^--  ^""^  ^7°*?  ^^^^  "'J^A 
' °.  '      .     .,.'        ,  ..',  latter.     The  exterior  was  coated  over  with  a  casmg 


merely  of  their  having  been  buUt  and  "  deco- 
rated "  by  people  who  were  totally  incompetent 
for  their  work,  but  of  the  majority  of  them 
having  .been  re-"  decorated  "  and  made  many 
degrees  worse  than  they  were  before  by  people 
still  more  incompetent  than  those  who  built 
them.     Ona  of  the  mogt  important  buildings 


of  polished  stone,  the  whole  of  which  is  now  missing, 
having  been  used,  as  well  as  a  considerable  portion 
of  the  pyramid  itself,  by  the  Caliphs  in  the  construc- 
tion of  the  various  cities,  particularly  Cairo,  north 
of  it.  The  original  height  was  480£t.,  the  length 
of  one  of  its  sides  764£t. ;  as  it  now  stands  it  is 
only  454£t.  high,  and  consists  of  203   steps  or 


212 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


March  22,  1867. 


courses  of  stone  vai-ying  iu  height  from  4ft.  lOin. 
to  26ft.,  making  it  a  most  fatigviing  though 
not  difficult  ascent.  The  interior  passages,  5ft. 
square  in  section,  are  lined  with  polished  granite 
blocks,  the  settiug  together  of  which  is  so  accu- 
rate that  the  joints  can  scarcely  be  distinguished. 
The  grand  gallery  of  this  pyramid  is  simply  a 
lofty  passage  with  a  peculiarly  constructed  roof, 
each  course  of  stone  overhanging  the  one  below  it, 
so  that  the  light  and  top  course  covers  over  the 
top  with  a  very  small  bearing.  The  King's  Cham- 
ber is  34ft.  long,  77ft.  broad,  and  19ft.  high,  with 
a  flat  roof  formed  of  blocks  of  granite  resting  on 
the  side  walls,  the  weight  being  taken  off  the 
centre  by  five  successive  chambers  one  above  the 
other.  The  second  pyramid  in  size  (though  proba- 
bly the  first  erected)  is  due  to  Cephren,  the  brother 
of  Clieops ;  the  material  and  construction  are 
similar,  and  it  still  retains  at  its  summit  a  portion 
of  the  external  casing.  The  third,  which  is  con- 
siderably smaller  than  the  other  two,  was  coated 
over  with  granite  brought  from  Assouan,  500 
miles  up  the  Nile.  Of  the  other  pyramids,  the 
only  remarkable  one  is  that  of  Dashoor  ;  it  was 
built  in  brick,  and  as  traces  of  a  chamber  have 
been  found  in  it,  and  that  chamber  was  covered 
over  with  the  same  material,  it  could  only  have 
been  done  with  a  vault ;  so  that  possibly  that  con- 
structional feature  may  date  from  2600  years 
before  Christ.  The  plans  of  the  second  class  of 
tombs  include  all  those  excavations  in  the  rocks 
and  hills  at  the  foot  of  which  the  Nile  flows  ;  they 
are  found  everywhere  along  its  border,  and  form 
burial-places  not  only  for  human  beings,  but  for 
every  description  of  animal.  In  plan  they  con- 
sist simply  of  small  cells  opening  from  one  into 
the  other,  with  entrance  passage  and  doorway ; 
the  walls  are  sculptured  in  that  beautiful  kind  of 
low  relief  which  flourished  in  the  early  period  of 
Egyptian  art,  representative  of  plans  of  gardens, 
houses,  country  villas,  farms,  &c.,  and  all  the  pur- 
suits of  the  ancient  Egyptians.  Sometimes  the 
fa9ades  of  temples  are  represented.  The  mum- 
mies were  deposited  in  pits  under  the  floor  of  the 
tomb.  One  of  the  most  remarkable  discoveries 
made  in  late  times  was  that  of  Colonel  Marriette 
Bey,  who,  iu  1851,  lighted  upon  the  burial-place  of 
the  sacred  bulls  Api?.  A  long  avenue  of  Sphinxes, 
a  hemicycle  of  Greek  statues  with  various 
temples  and  chapels  on  either  side,  all  buried 
60£t.  deep  in  the  sand,  led  to  the  entry  of  the 
vast  tomb  containing  the  sarcophagi  of  the 
various  sacred  bulls  which  had  been  buried  there 
from  the  time  of  Kameses,  1300  years  before 
Christ.  The  tomb  or  temple  found  near  the 
Sphinx  lately,  also  by  M.  Marriette  Bey,  has  its 
walls  cased  with  polished  granite  of  the  most  ex- 
quisite workman.«hip,  and  were  it  not  for  the  dif- 
ference in  colour  of  the  blocks  the  joints  would 
be  imperceptible.  Ascending  the  Nile,  the  next 
tombs  in  succession,  and  also  in  date,  are  those  of 
Beni  Hassan  ;  these  are  remarkable  for  the  exist- 
ence of  what  would  seem  to  be  an  original  form 
of  the  Doric  column,  a  sixteen-sided  fluted  column 
"with  abacus.  There  is  a  portico  with  two  columns 
in  front,  covered  with  a  segmental  arched  vault 
cut  iu  the  rock,  and  outside,  above  the  architrave 
over  the  columns,  are  cut  iu  the  overhaugingrock 
above  representations  of  wooden  rafters.  Inside 
the  interior  is  divided  into  nave  and  side  aisles,  as 
it  were,  with  two  columns,  each  side  supporting 
architraves,  and  three  segmental  arched  vaults. 
The  vaults  are  useless,  but  their  form  and  the 
existence  of  an  architrave  evidently  show  they 
were  copied  from  existing  vaulted  buildings.  I 
would  draw  attention  to  the  curious  form  of  the 
roofs  of  these  tombs,  representing  a  pent  roof,  and 
also  to  the  extremely  small  diameter  of  the 
columns,  which  are  quite  insufficient  (if  there  were 
need  of  them)  to  support  the  weight  of  such  a 
roof — an  additional  proof  that  the  features  of  these 
tombs  were  copied  from  examples  of  buildings 
constructed,  and  not  vice  vcrsay  as  has  been  so 
often  maintained.  Mr.  Spiers  proceeded  to  de- 
scribe the  well-known  tombs  of  the  kings  and 
queens  at  Thebes  ;  and  then  pa.ssed  on  to  the 
Egyptian  temple,  the  external  and  internal  fea- 
tures of  which,  so  far  as  these  are  known  to  us, 
were  minutely  described.  Under  this  head  of  his 
subject  the  lecturer  drew  the  following  sketch  of 
the  Hall  of  Columns,  the  grandest  feature,  he 
remarked,  in  an  Egyptian  edifice  : — "  It  would 
be  impossible  for  me,  with  drawings  of  columns 
a  few  inches  in  height,  to  convey  to  your 
minds  the  impression  which  features  one  hun- 
dred times  as  large  have  upon  the  beholder, 
still  less  to  instil  into  yon  that  feeling  of  awe  and 
astonishment  which  all  must  feel  in  threading 
those  endless  avenues  of  columns.     I  say  avenues 


of  columns  advisedly,  for  the  so-called  hall  does 
not  impress  you  as  such ;  by  a  hall  we  mean  a 
large  open  space  covered  over  and  uninterrupted 
by  supports,  or  with  columns  so  slender  that  they 
do  not  intrude  themselves ;  but  the  columns  at 
Karnac  are  so  enormous,  and  their  intercolum- 
niation  comparatively  so  small,  that  we  can 
never  see  diagonally  in  any  direction.  Only 
in  the  direction  of  the  axes  of  the  avenues 
does  one  obtain  any  idea  of  the  immense 
size.  The  Hall  of  Columns  of  a  Theban  temple 
consists  of  a  nave  and  side  aisles,  with  clerestory 
windows,  and  on  the  right  and  left  of  the  side 
aisles  a  series  of  additional  aisles,  lighted  probably 
by  small  apertures  on  the  roof.  The  central 
columns  of  the  nave  are  higher  than  the  rest,  and 
have  bell-shaped  capitals ;  the  columns  of  the 
side  aisles  are  smaller,  with  bud  shaped  capitals, 
with  architrave  and  cornice  above,  supporting  a 
series  of  piers,  between  which  is  a  kind  of  stone 
lattice  work  to  admit  the  light.  The  columns, 
cornice,  and  clerestory  equal  in  height  the  cen- 
tral column,  its  abacus  and  architrave.  On  these 
rest  the  huge  stones  forming  the  roof.  These 
stones  at  Karnac  must  have  measured  45ft.  in 
length,  and  they  were  elevated  at  a  height  of  70ft. 
in  the  air.  The  rest  of  the  hall  on  the  various 
side  aisles  was  formed  of  similar  columns  to 
those  of  the  principal  side  aisles,  and  of  similar 
height.  Speaking  iu  detail  of  the  columns  and 
capitals  of  the  temple,  Mr.  Spiers  said  : — The 
earliest  form  of  support  would  be  a  simple  square 
pier  with  or  without  abacus  or  cornice.  And  we 
find  it  in  the  tomb  discovered  by  M.  Marriette  near 
the  Sphinx,  in  front  of  the  Temple  of  Abydos,  at 
Dahr,  El  Bayree,  Amada,  and  other  places.  The 
polygonal  column  of  the  tomb  of  Beni  Hassan, 
2020  B.C.,  is  the  earliest  example  of  column 
we  find.  Other  examples  of  this  column  of 
later  date  exist  at  Karnac,  at  Dahr,  El  Bayree,  and 
in  the  small  Temple  of  Bayt  El  Wellee,  in  Nubia. 
These  columns  have  sixteen  sides ;  fourteen  of 
them  fluted  and  two  flat,  with  hieroglyphical  in- 
scriptions. At  Beni  Hassan  it  exists  in  its  greatest 
purity  ;  it  is  five  diameters  in  height,  slightly 
diminishing  in  diameter  towards  the  top,  which 
is  covered  with  a  small  abacus,  but  has  no  entasis. 
It  has  been  called  the  prototype  of  the  Greek 
Doric  order  ;  but  I  much  doubt  the  probability  of 
its  having  been  copied  by  the  Greeks,  because  the 
earliest  Greek  Doric  columns  were  very  clum.sy  in 
shape,  of  three  or  four  diameters  iu  height  only, 
with  a  considerable  diminution  iu  diameter,  a 
marked  entasis,  a  wide  projecting  abacus,  with 
echinus  moulding  beneath,  and  it  is  not  till  one 
arrives  at  the  date  of  the  Parthenon  that  one  finds  a 
column  of  similar  proportion  to  the  Egj'ptiau  ex- 
ample. It  is  true  th.at  at  Bayt  El  Wellee  is  a 
polygonal  column  three  diameters  only  in  height, 
but  there  is  scarcely  any  diminution  of  diameter 
towards  the  top.  Beside  the  polygonal  column,  we 
have  two  others  which  seem  to  have  served  all  the 
purposes  of  Egyptian  architects  till  the  rule  of 
the  Ptolemies ;  the  difference  is  only  in  their 
capitals.  The  one  has  a  bell-shaped  capital,  like  the 
full-blown  flower  of  the  papyrus  ;  the  other,  a 
capital  shaped  like  the  bud.  The  bell  shaped 
capital  was  decorated  with  flowers  and  buds  of 
the  lotus  and  papyrus  painted  or  slightly  incised 
upon  them.  They  occujiy  invariably  positions  on 
either  side  of  the  central  avenue  of  the  temple  in 
preference  to  the  bud  shaped  capital,  possibly  be- 
cause the  light  admitted  through  the  clerestory 
windows  at  the  side  lit  up  the  under  surface,  ren- 
dering visible  its  decoration.  For  a  similar  reason 
the  bud-shaped  capital  was  used  where  the 
light  shone  down  on  them  from  above.  These  hast 
named  capitals,  with  their  columns^  present  more 
varieties  of  form  than  the  other ;  they  would  seem 
also  to  be  of  earlier  origin.  The  flrst  examples 
we  find  of  them  are  in  the  southern  caves  of 
Beni  Hassan,  where  they  are  found  iu  close  prox- 
imity with  the  polygonal  column,  both  being  of 
the  same  date,  viz.  2020  B.C.  They  consist  of 
four  papyrus  stems,  with  their  buds  bound  to- 
gether by  cords,  probably  made  of  the  papyrus 
leaf.  Later  varieties  have  eight  stems  bound  to- 
gether, and  the  lower  portions  of  the  columns 
curve  in,  and  conventional  leaves  (similar  to  those 
round  the  bottom  of  the  papyrus  plant  iu  nature) 
sheath  round  them.  In  after  times  the  column 
became  circular  in  section  from  top  to  bottom,  and 
its  primitive  form  was  represented  only  in  painting. 
The  lecturer  next  glanced  at  the  domestic  archi- 
tecture of  Egypt,  remarking  that  it  is  only  from 
the  illustrative  drawings  on  the  walls  of  the 
tombs  that  we  can  form  any  idea  of  what  the  pri- 
vate houses  of  the  Egyptians  were  like.  Whilst 
the  temples  and  palaces  weve  built  in  stone,  and 


'therefore  have,  in  a  great  measure,  escaped  the  de- 
structive efiects  of  time,  the  residences  of  the 
people  were  built  in  crude  brick,  and  were  pro- 
bably very  similar  in  general  appearance  to  the 
huts  of  the  fellahs  of  the  present  day.  The 
wealthy  had  dwellings  iu  accordance  with  their 
rank  and  means.  Some  of  the  better  cla-ss  of 
houses  had  three  or  even  four  floors,  though  the 
greater  portion  seem  to  have  been  confined  to  a 
flrst  floor.  The  materia'^  used  by  the  Egyptians 
in  their  buildings  were  chiefly  sandstone  and 
limestone,  the  latter,  however,  rarely  in  Egypt 
and  never  in  Nubia.  All  the  monuments  north  of 
Assouan,  excepting  the  i^yramids,  were  bmlt 
in  the  sandstone  obtained  from  the  quarries  of 
SilsUis  ;  and  had  all  the  Egyptian  temples  still 
remaining  entirely  perished,  these  quarries  would 
testify  to  the  stupendous  consumption  of  the 
stone  in  them.  In  Nubia  the  sandstone  used 
came  from  various  quarries  along  the  banks  of  the 
Nile,  but  the  material  is  much  inferior  to  the  Sil- 
silis  variety.  Streaks  of  red,  due  to  the  presence 
of  iron,  as  seen  in  the  temples  of  Abousimbel, 
Gircheh,  and  Derrdewa,  abound  in  it.  Alabaster 
was  used  sometimes  for  the  inlaying  of  sanctu- 
aries, as  in  the  Temple  of  Osiris  at  Abydos,  and  in 
the  Tomb  of  the  Sphinx  at  Gizeh.  Our  marble 
inlays  in  Europe  are  about  ^in.  to  lin.  in  thick- 
ness ;  an  Egyptian  inlay  was  3ft.  thick.  For 
obelisks,  red  granite,  called  Syenite,  was  used; 
for  colossal  figures  and  sarcophagi,  black  or  grey 
granite  and  basalt.  The  Colossi  of  Thebes  are  iu 
gritstone.  After  giving  a  graphic  and  interesting 
review  of  the  state  of  art  in  sculpture  and  paint- 
ing amongst  the  ancient  Egyptians,  Mr.  Spiers 
concluded  as  follows : — You  will  have  noticed  that 
of  the  three  arts,  painting,  sculpture,  and  archi- 
tecture, the  latter  occupies  the  most  important 
place  iu  Egyptian  civilisation — more  so  than  in 
that  of  any  other  country.  In  regarding  the 
monuments  still  remaining  one  seems  to  have 
been  iu  an  entirely  different  world,  where  art  has 
developed  itself  with  the  genius  of  the  nation  to 
which  it  belonged,  neither  borrowing  nor  re. 
ceivingv  from  any  other  country.  The  general 
appearance  of  the  construction  is  massive,  and 
comparatively  of  small  elevation,  acd  the  inclina- 
tion or  rake  of  the  outer  walls  adds  greatly  to  its 
solidity.  Everything  is  calculated  to  work  on  the 
imagination  and  strike  the  beholder  with  a  pro- 
found religious  impression.  All  is  severe  anl 
simple.  Never  do  the  architectural  lines  twist  o^: 
bend  about ;  and  never  does  the  decoration  de^ 
tract  from  the  efi'ect  of  the_  whole.  The  appred*-, 
tion  of  the  beautiful  was,  to  a  certain  extent,  not 
inherent  in  the  Egyptian  race.  Their  icsthetics 
seemed  concentrated  entirely  in  tie  grand  and 
gigantesque.  The  drawing  and  sculpture  nevet 
freed  itself  from  the  conventional  rules  impose^' 
upon  it ;  and  as  we  find  it  in  the  tombs  of  Mem* 
phis,  2700  B.C.,  so  it  appears  in  the  temples  built 
under  the  Roman  rule,  varying  only  in  detail  and 
execution,  the  original  conception  remaining  th* 
same  throughout.  And  yet,  with  vll  this,  the 
general  eflect  of  Egyptian  monuments  is  imposing 
to  the  last  degree,  the  mysterious  paintmg  and 
figures  with  which  they  are  embellished  tendii)g 
to  increase  the  lasting  impression  which  the  tr?:- 
veller  receives  who  visits  these  stupendous  re- 
mains of  a  most  remarkable  people. 

The  lecture  was  illustrated  by  a  large  number 
of  drawings  taken  by  Mr.  Spiers  during  his 
i-ecent  visit  to  the  East,  and  which  were  lately 
noticed  in  these  columns.  . 

IT 


t 


SHOP    FRONTS,* 

MR.  ELASHILL  stated  that  he  did  not  ifc 
tend  to  present  anything  on  the  subject  of 
shop  fronts  of  a  complete  or  exhaustive  character, 
but  merely  some  rough  ideas  which  might  be 
found  useful.  Early  examples  of  shops  were 
simply  open  booths,  with  a  hinged  shuttw,  which 
could  be  put  up  or  down  at  night.  The  same 
style  of  shops  might  be  seen  in  the  present  day  at 
continental  fairs.  Rows  of  booths  were  formed, 
the  shutters  of  which  acted  as  a  covering_  over 
each  row,  under  which  people  walked  as  in  an 
arcade  ;  the  shops  were  open  in  front,  and  the 
articles  displayed  in  the  unglazed  windows.  The 
shopkeeper  wanted  as  large  a  space  as  possible 
open  to  the  street  for  the  display  of  his  goods ; 
his  business  was  retail ;  perhaps  he  depended  on 
chance  customers  ;  it  was,  therefore,  essential  that 
he  should  have  this  large  space.  This  being  the 
case,  the  fact  that  the  lower  portion  of  a  building 


*  P.aper  re.-id  before  the  Architectural  Ajwociation.    By 
TnoM.\a  Blasuill,  A,E,I,B,A. 


Maech  22,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


213 


was  to  have  an  open  front  ought  to  govern  the 
design  of  the  entire  building.  It  was  of  no  use 
to  talk  about  "  a  yawning  cavity  unJer  a  heavy 
iuperstructure,"  or  to  say  that  an  open  shop  front 
iv»s  not  in  accordance  with  the  rules  of  architec- 
ture. A  wide  front  was  a  practical  necessity,  and 
nust  be  h.ad ;  therefore  it  remained  for  the  archi- 
■.ect  to  provide  it  without  breach  of  architectural 
>ropriety.  Formerly,  an  architect  was  limited  in 
lis  design  for  a  shop  front  by  the  capabilities  of 
irown  glaas ;  in  modem  times,  however,  the  in- 
Toduction  of  plate  glass  had  removed  any  such 
imitation,  and  sheets  of  glass  could  now  be  had 
if  almost  any  size. 
Much  hail  been  said  about  the  old  mullions  lu 
ontrast  with  the  sash. bar  of  modern  times; 
here  was,  however,  no  kind  of  comparison  be- 
ween  them.     In  olden  times  people  had  mullions 

0  divide  and  support  the  spaces,  which  were 
lazed  with  lead  lights.  As  the  size  of  squares 
icreased,  the  sash-bar  superseded  the  lead  lines ; 
lie  sash-bar  was  thus  the  descendant  of  the  lead 
ne,  and  not  of  the  muUion.  We  had  now  re- 
imed  to  the  old  open  front,  the  only  difference 
eing  that  it  was  now  glazed,  when  formerly  it 
•as  unglazed ;  the  whole  sash,  with  its  fittings, 
■as  sometimes  omitted  from  the  design  of  a 
uilding,  being  left  to  the  tenant  to  fill  in  at  his 
leasure. 

Each  building  should  support  itself.  It  should 
and  clear,  so  that  if  the  next  house  were  pulled 
>wn,  it  should  not  be  in  any  measure  weakened, 

■  in  danger  of  falling.  Several  architects  had 
ied  the  experiment  of  constructing  shop  fronts 
ith  an  arch  carried  up  to  the  first  floor ;  he 
ought  these  attempts  were  wrong,  whether  Gothic 

Classic.  The  proper  way  of  carrying  up  the 
lilding  was  to  use  the  breastsummer ;  it  might 
metimes  be  badly  done,  but  that  was  not  the 
ult  of  the  breastsummer  ;  if  it  were  of  proper 
oaensions,  whether  of  iron  or  wood,  we  might 
jl  as  much  confidence  in  the  strength  and 
ibility  of  the  structure  as  in  the  arch.  When 
e  arch  was  used,  it  w.os  necessary  to  carry  it  up 
the  first  floor  ;  the  effect  was  always  bad,  and 
e  abutment  usually  doubtful.  With  the  view 
carrying  the  front,  the  breastsummer  was  some- 
aes  seen  only  supported  by  the  party  walls,  and 
a  in  cases  where  the  glass  had  to  be  in  five  or 
:  divisions  ;  they  disturbed  the  aspect  of  the 
jp  front  as  much  as  a  pillar  would  do.  In  such 
case,  the  best  thing  to  do  was  to  put  a  good 
umn  as  an  additional  support.  If  the  space 
tween  the  actual  supports  were  too  large  for  a 
1  sheet  of  glass,  it  would  be  better  to  have  a 
rizontal  division  of  the  glass  at  a  proper  height 
her  than  a  perpendicular  division. 
Another  bad  plan  was  to  have  arches  upon  the 
h-bars  that  cut  up  the  glass  and  pretended  to 
.  Ty  the  front,  which,  however,  they  did  not.  It 
8  better  to  have  fewer  sash-bai-s,  and  one  or 
:  re  conspicuous  columns  which  would  give  some 
J  support  to  the  building. 

Che  upper  openings  of  a  front  were  sometimes 
langed  on  what  had  been  called  the  pyramidical 
jnciple;  that  is  to  say,  the  windows  became 
taller  in  size  and  number,  and  approached  more 
Vards  the  centre,  on  each  successive  story, 
'  Ue  the  brickwork  became  heavier  and  heavier 

*  'ards  the  top  of  the  edifice.     It  was  better  to 

1  p  the  windows  more  equal  in  size  and  number 
I  each  floor,  and  to  obtain  as  regular  a  distribu- 
ti  as  possible  over  the  breastsummer. 

Supposing  that  the  door  of  the  shop  was  to  be 
I  :ed  at  the  side,  the  best  way  of  having  the 
i  iS  placed  in  the  window  was  in  one  sheet ;  if 
t  space  were  large,  it  was  better  to  have  the 
fa  in  three  pieces  than  in  two.  Tradesmen 
^  ited  to  show  certain  articles  in  the  centre,  and 
1  iisturbed  the  appearance  of  the  window  when 

reased  "  if  the  glass  were  divided  in  the  centre. 

a  small  shops,  where  it  became  necessary  to 
lea  separat*  passage  up  to  the  first  floor,  the 
Hway  of  placing  the  door  of  the  shop  was  to 
*•  e  it  in  the  passage  ;  this  made  all  the  rest  of 

*  space  available  for  the  window,  which  was,  of 
c  rse,  the  more  important.  In  shops  where  the 
8  ;8  was  limited,  it  was  a  good  plan  to  have  the 
Or  placed  considerably  back   from  the   street, 

*  to  make  a  slanting  window ;  this  very  con- 
"lirably  enlarged  the  space  for  the  display  of 
fids.  In  cases  where  it  was  necessary  to  have 
Vie  or  four  sheets  of  glass,  the  front  was  quite 
W,e  enough  for  the  introduction  of  a  substantial 
"i'lmn,  as  the  space  was  so  great  that  additional 

■  port  would  be  requisite.  He  presumed  no  one 
'  Jd  think  of  having  an  iron  pillar  inside  the 
';dow,  either  covered  with  paper  to  look  like 
"i  ble,  or  else    surrounded   with  looking    glass 


to  conceal  its  presence.  There  were  several  trades 
in  which  the  fronts  were  entirely  open,  such  as 
furniture  dealers,  fruiterers,  fishmongers,  and 
butchers.  In  the  case  of  such  trades,  of  course, 
the  question  of  how  the  glass  was  to  be  managed 
did  not  require  any  consideration  at  all.  In  de- 
ciding vipon  the  section  of  a  shop  front,  not  only 
the  ground  floor,  but  also  the  basement  required 
to  be  considered.  Now  that  the  system  of  .deep 
drainage  had  been  introduced,  the  value  of  the 
basement  had  increaaed  considerably  ;  it  was  very 
nearly  as  dry  as  any  other  floor  in  the  house, 
and  it  was  perhaps  better  to  go  down  one  .flight  of 
steps  than  to  go  up  two  or  three.  The  basement 
could  be  best  lighted  by  having  the  stall-board 
moulding  of  the  ground-floor  window  at  as  high  a 
level  from  the  ground  as  possible ;  if  it  were  a 
short  distance  from  the  ground  little,  if  any, 
light  could  penetrate  into  the  basement.  Many 
tradesmen  desired  to  have  the  stall-board  placed  as 
Iowa.?  possible.  The  height  at  which  the  still-board 
should  be  placed  has  to  be  considered  with  refer- 
ence to  the  height  at  which  people  can  see  the 
articles  in  the  windows.  The  ordinary  height 
for  a  stall-board  was  2ft.  to  3ft.  from  the  ground  ; 
and  ift.  was  a  good  height,  2ft.  6rQ.  was  better, 
looking  chiefly  to  the  value  of  the  basement. 
The  orbit  of  vision  in  which  people  could  see 
smaU  things  distinctly  was  a  limited  one.  In 
well-arranged  windows  articles  were  placed  in 
shelves  which  became  narrower  and  narrower  as 
they  rose  from  the  stall-board,  while  from  the 
ceiling  of  the  window  articles  were  himg  by  hooks, 
the  whole  presenting  itself  to  the  eye  as  a  semi- 
circle, each  article  being  equally  distant  from  the 
eye.  It  was  impossible  to  examine  anything  at  a 
low  level,  so  that  it  was  useless  to  have  the  show- 
board  placed  so  low  that  a  person  required  to 
stoop  in  order  to  examine  any  article  placed  on 
it.  It  was  very  objectionable  to  have  a  step  at 
the  door  of  a  shop.  People  who  were  indifferent 
would  not  enter  a  shop  if  they  had  to  go  up  a 
step;  the  best  thing  was  to  have  an  inclined 
plane. 

For  the  more  thorough  lighting  of  the  base- 
ment, the  pavement  in  front  of  the  shop  should 
have  a  grating  glazed  with  thick  glass.  The  next 
question  was  to  decide  upon  the  proper  plane  for 
the  glass.  The  front  was  often  brought  out  from 
the  building ;  this  was  a  mistake,  especially  in  our 
narrow  footways.  The  better  way  was  to  have 
the  glass  in  a  sort  of  recess.  This  was  some, 
times  done  in  narrow  streets  with  very  good  effect 
in  appearance,  besides  being  a  great  convenience 
to  the  public.  If  the  pavement  were  broad,  this 
was  not  necessary  ;  but  in  a  wide  front  the  best 
plan  was  to  have  the  columns  in  front  and  the 
glass  immediately  behind.  This  gave  people  room 
to  stand  and  look,  without  being  jostled  by  passers 
by.  The  effect  of  this  arrangement  of  the  glass 
from  a  distance  was  that  the  supports  stood  well 
out  from  the  front. 

Since  the  introduction  of  large  squares  of  glass, 
a  remarkable  eflect  was  to  be  noticed.  In  some 
shops,  everything  in  the  window  was  to  be  seen 
at  a  glance  in  passing  by,  in  others  the  goods  were 
seen  only  with  difficulty.  This  was  in  conse- 
quence of  the  reflection  of  the  figure  of  the  ob- 
server and  of  the  street  traffic  upon  the  glass, 
which,  in  shops  where  the  goods  were  not  properly 
arranged,  prevented  the  passers  by  from  seeing  the 
display.  The  usual  distance  at  which  articles 
were  arranged  in  the  window  was  a  couple  of  feet 
from  the  glass,  and  the  usual  distance  at  which 
those  people  nearest  the  window  walked  past  it 
was  also  about  a  couple  of  feet ;  thus  the  reflection 
of  the  passenger's  figure  was  just  where  the  goods 
were  arranged.  It  was  bad  to  have  the  reflection 
before  the  g  loils,  but  it  was  still  worse  to  have 
it  exactly  where  they  were. 

The  best  way  of  arranging  the  fittings  also  re. 
quired  consideration.  The  general  plan  was  to 
put  wooden  shelves  into  the  window  upon  a  wooden 
floor.  This  was  objectionable,  as  it  served  to 
darken  the  window  ;  the  shelves  might  bo  made 
of  glass,  supported  upon  brass  uprights.  If  the 
basement  also  required  additional  light,  the  show- 
board  should  be  made  of  thick  ground  glass. 
Sometimes  looking-glass  was  fixed  on  the  show- 
board  ;  this  multiplied  the  reflection  of  the  articles, 
and  served  to  increase  the  glitter  which  some 
tradesmen  desired  to  have  in  their  windows. 
Another  manner  of  exhibiting  goods  was  to  place 
the  articles  close  to  the  window.  With  such  ar- 
rangement it  was  necessary  to  light  with  gas  from 
the  outside  when  dark.  The  question  of  lighting 
the  window  with  gas  was  very  important ;  it  was 
certainly  the  most  natural  method  to  light  from 
the  outside,  but  it  depended  upon  the  trade.     If 


goods  were  arranged  at  a  long  distance  from  the 
«nndow  pane,  then  Jnterior  lights  were  necessary. 
If  they  required  glitter,  ,a  naked  light  was  the  bet- 
ter ;  iu  other  cases  it  w.y  better  to  have  obscured 
shades,  with  argand  Imrners,  and  the  ceiling  of 
the  wincjow  of  a  dead  white.  With  regard  to  the 
use  of  silvered  glass  ^n  tho  windows,  it  was  often 
employed  with  great  disadvantige.  It  should  be 
a  cardinal  rule  that  silvered  glass  should  never  be 
used  where  it  could  reflect  anything  which  was 
passing  in  the  street ;  it  should  be  placed  so  tliat 
it  should  reflect  nothing  that  was  not,  in  the  win- 
dow. 

It  was  of  course  desirable  that  there  should  be 
as  much  glass  In  the  door  as  possible.  But  in 
])lacing  the  handle  of  the  door  a  difficulty  occiured. 
Either  it  had  to  be  put  on  the  low  woodwork,  iu 
which  case  people  had  to  stoop  in  order  to  open 
the  door,  or  else  the  handle  was  placed  on  the 
narrow  side  frame,  when  people  >isu ally  hurt  their 
fingers.  The  best  way  to  obviate  this  difficulty 
was  to  use  the  lever  door  handles. 

The  best  w.ay  of  fixing  the  shutters,  which  are 
now. usually  made  to  revolve,  was  to  place  them  at 
the  top  and  let  them  be  unrolled  downwards. 
The  sun-blind  was  commonly  disposed  of  by  fixing 
it  in  a  box  outside.  Some  shops  had  hoUand 
blinds  fixed  upon  hooks,  which  were  removed  and 
carried  into  the  shop,  where  they  could  be  dried 
it  wet ;  these  were  perhaps  more  troublesome  in 
fixing,  but  lasted  longer  and  were  less  exposed  to 
the  influence  of  the  weather  than  the  regular  sun- 
blind.  In  France,  the  sui^-blinds  were  wound  up 
and  down  very  simply  by  a  toothed  wheel  and  rod 
fixed  at  the  side  of  the  window.  It  was  becoming  a 
practice  to  dispense  with  shutters  altogether  and  to 
adopt  iron  railings  ;  indeed,  under  ordinary  circum- 
stances, there  was  no  need  of  shutters.  The  only 
danger  which  might  arise,  except  in  the  case  of 
goods  of  value,  in  which  case  shutters  could  be  of 
use,  was  in  the  event  of  a  mob  suddenly  congrega- 
ting at  one  place.  The  iron  railing  was  common  in 
America,  and  would  become  more  common  in 
England.  If  the  shutters  were  not  closed,  the 
police  could  see  if  anyone  were  in  the  shop  at 
night,  and  in  the  event  of  fire  the  danger  would 
be  much  more  quickly  detected. 

The  inscriptions  generally  necessary  were  the 
number  of  the  street,  the  name  of  the  firm,  and 
the  occupation.  Some  people  disregarded  the  rule 
that  the  number  should  be  on  the  shop  front. 
It  should  be  as  conspicuous  as  possible,  for  the 
public  convenience,  and  nothing  should  be  written 
up  that  could  not  be  easily  read.  Mr.  Blashill 
said  he  had  simply  promised  to  give  a  few  notes, 
but  he  trusted  that  he  had  given  hints  which 
would  be  found  useful  by  the  younger  members 
of  the  profession. 


THE  SEWAGE  QUESTION. 

AN  adjourned  meeting  of  the  Cheltenham 
Commissioners  was  held  on  Monday,  Mr. 
Collings  Robinson  in  the  chair.  The  Sewage 
Committee  recommended  the  purchase  of  120 
acres  of  land,  at  Eoddington,  for  irrigation  of  the 
town  sewage.  Mr.  Fallon,  in  moving  the  adop- 
tion of  the  minutes,  said  that  it  was  the  most  im- 
portant subject  that  had  ever  been  before  the 
Board.  They  knew  that  they  were  bound  to 
discontinue  the  pollution  of  the  Chelt,  and  that 
the  law  was  only  restrained  in  order  to  give  them 
time  to  avert  the  nuisance.  The  Board  had 
afiirmed  that  the  principle  of  irrigation  was  the 
best  plan,  therefore  it  was  unnecessary  for  them 
to  dwell  upon  that;  the  committee  had  recom- 
mended them  to  obtain  land,  leaving  the  Board  to 
decide  whether  they  would  lease  or  purchase.  An 
admirable  piece  of  land  was  offered  them  by  Mr. 
Arkle,  of  Haydon,  who  would  lease  it  to  them 
at  £4  per  acre  per  annum,  or  sell  at  £10,000.  The 
Committee  strongly  recommended  the  Board  to 
purchase,  and  proposed  that  £17,000  should  be 
borrowed,  £10,OuO  for  the  purchase  of  the  land, 
and  the  remaining  sum  for  the  execution  of  the 
works,  including  a  sewer  about  two  miles  in 
length  to  carry  the  overflow  water  from  the  Hal- 
lesley  tank  to  the  Chelt  tank,  which  sewer  would 
be  capable  of  discharging  5,000,000  gallons  per 
day.  The  interest  on  the  borrowed  money,  the 
principal  being  paid  off  iu  thirty  years,  would  be 
6i  per  cent.  ;  the  estimated  yearly  expenditure 
£1,570,  including  £1,105  required  for  the 
liquidation  of  the  debt ;  and  the  receipts  for  the 
first  year  were  put  down  at  £963,  so  £609  had 
to  be  provided  for,  and  a  rate  of  jd.  in  the  pound 
upon  £195,000,  the  rateable  value  of  property  in 
Cheltenham,  produced  exactly   that  amount. 


214 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


March  22,  I86r 


was  statetl  that  landowners  representing  400 
acres  had  signed  an  agreement  to  take  the  sewage 
upon  their  land,  paying  lOs.  per  acre,  ami  it  was 
only  intended  to  irrigate  the  land  proposed  to  be 
purchased  when  the  sewage  could  not  be  applied 
to  the  adjoining  land.  A  lengthy  discussion  took 
place  upon  the  details  of  the  scheme,  but  ulti- 
mately the  minutes  and  recommendations  were 
passed,  twelve  voting  for  and  six  against. 


ARCHITECTURAL    SOCIETIES. 

Edinburgh  Architectokal  Society.  —  The 
usual  fortnightly  meeting  of  the  Edinburgh 
Architectural  Association  was  held  on  Friday 
night,  in  the  rooms,  George-street,  Mr.  Wil- 
liam Beattie,  president,  in  the  chair.  The  pre- 
liminary business  having  been  disposed  of,  a  dis- 
cussion took  place,  the  suljject  being  "  Are  the 
opinions  advanced  by  Mr.  Kuskiu  in  his  lectures 
in  Edinburgh  right  or  wrong?"  The  question 
was  opened  by  Mr.  Nicol  on  the  affirmative  side. 
His  remarks  were  chiefly  occupied  with  a  resume 
of  the  various  points  touched  upon  in  the  lec- 
tures, and  he  concluded  by  maintaining  that  the 
views  advocated  by  Mr.  lluskin  would,  if  acted 
upon,  greatly  improve  the  domestic  architecture 
of  the  Scottish  capital.  Mr.  Dewar,  in  reply, 
contended  that  the  premises  on  which  Mr.  Rus- 
kiu's  conclusions  were  founded  were  false,  and, 
consequently,  his  whole  theory  was  erroneous. 
Remarks  followed  by  various  members,  and  the 
general  opinion  seemed  to  be  in  favour  of  Mr. 
Ruskin'a  views  in  a  somewhat  modified  form. 

Liverpool  Architectural  Society.  —  The 
fortnightly  meeting  of  the  Liverpool  Architec- 
tural and  Archieological  Society  was  held  last 
Wednesday  evening,  at  the  Royal  Institution, 
Colquitt-5treet,  Mr.  \V.  H.  Picton,  vice-president, 
in  the  chair.  A  letter  was  read  from  the  secre- 
tary to  the  Master  Builders'  Association,  stating 
that  the  committee  of  that  association  had  care- 
fully considered  the  sundry  clauses  of  Mr.  Plevins' 
form  of  contract,  and  whilst  they  were  anxious  to 
bear  testimony  to  the  general  fairness  with  which 
the  document  had  been  drawn  up,  they  ventured 
to  propose  certain  modifications  which  in  their 
opinion  would  be  requisite  to  made  it  entirely 
acceptable  to  the  members  of  the  association.  In 
order  to  bring  their  views  clearly  before  the 
society,  the  committee  had  had  the  form  of  con- 
tract re-written,  with  the  proposed  modifications 
inserted,  and  they  recommended  it  to  the  con- 
sideration of  the  society,  in  the  hope  that  it  would 
be  approved  and  adopted.  They  proposed  that  a 
committee  should  be  appointed  consisting  of  two 
or  more  members  of  the  association  and  a  similar 
number  of  members  of  the  society,  for  the  purpose 
of  mutual  discus.sion,  with  a  view  to  an  amicable 
settlement  of  the  contract  question.  On  the 
motion  of  Mr.  Boult,  seconded  by  Mr.  Chantrell, 
the  communication  was  referred  to  the  council 
for  consideration  and  report.  In  the  absence  of 
the  president,  the  secretary  expressed  the  views  of 
the  council  with  regard  to  the  several  designs  for 
an  early  English  window  .sent  in  by  the  student 
members,  and  announced  theii-  decision  as  to  the 
relative  merit  of  the  designs — a  decision  which,  he 
said,  they  had  great  difficulty  in  coming  to  in  con- 
sequence of  the  very  equal  merit  of  several  of  them. 
The  three  marks  for  design  had  been  awarded  to 
that  on  which  a  red  dot  in  a  circle  was  inscribed, 
and  one  mark  for  drawing  had  been  given  to  the 
design  inscribed  with  a  plain  circle.  In  reply  to  a 
question,  Mr.  Boult  stated  that  Mr.  Wyatt  had 
recommended  the  directors  of  the  Exchauge-build- 
ings  Company,  and  it  had  been  determined  to 
introduce  into  the  north  front  of  the  new  build- 
ings, looking  towards  Oldhall-street,  the  four 
statues  emblematic  of  the  elements,  which  at 
present  stand  on  the  south  side  of  the  north  wing 
overlooking  the  flags,  together  with  the  four 
columns  underneath,  and  the  entablature  and 
cornice.  Mr.  Boult  brought  under  the  notice 
of  the  members  a  number  of  photographs  pub- 
lished by  the  Architectural  Photograph  Asso- 
ciation, London. — A  model  was  exhibited  of  an 
improved  school  desk  and  bench,  patented  by  Mr. 
T.  R.  Jones,  Derby-road,  Bootle.  The  top  of  the 
desk  can  be  made  available,  not  only  for  the  ordi- 
nary .=chool  purpose,  but  as  a  table  on  the  occasion 
of  tea  meerings,  and  being  let  down  after  tea  forms 

a  comfortable  sloping  back-board  to  the  bench. 

The  chair  having  been  taken  by  Mr.  Bradley, 
Mr.  W.  H.  Picton  read  the  paper  for  the  evening, 
"  Concerning  Doorways."  The  paper  was  profusely 
illustrated  by  drawings,  photographs,  and  engra. 
vings. 


SCHOOLS  OP  ART. 

The  Hanley  School  of  Art.  —  The  works 
of  the  students  of  the  Hanley  School  of  Art, 
which  are  to  be  sent  to  Loudon  fur  national 
competition,  were  exhibited  at  the  school  on 
Tuesday,  and  inspected  by  a  good  number  of 
persons.  The  collection  of  finished  productions  is 
scarcely  so  large  as  in  some  previous  years,  but  in 
quality  is  decidedly  superior,  and  includes  several 
well  executed  water-colour  paintings  of  still  life, 
and  a  number  of  good  crayon  drawings.  Elemen- 
tary drawings  are  unusually  numerous  (more  than 
200),  and  are  all  more  or  less  creditable  produc- 
tions. The  school  seems  likely  to  fully  maintain 
its  high  position  among  schools  of  art  in  the 
approaching  national  competition. 

West  Loxdon  School  of  Art. — On  Wednes- 
day evening  the  fourth  annual  distribution  of 
prizes  to  the  students  of  this  school  took  place 
at  the  school,  204,  Great  Portland-street.  The 
chair  was  taken  by  A.  J.  B.  Beresford  Hope  Esq., 
M.P.,  the  President,  supported  by  Mr.  Peter 
Graham,  treasurer,  Mr.  George  Godwin,  Mr.  W. 
Graham,  Mr.  Macdonald  Clarke,  head  master,  and 
other  friends  of  the  school.  The  room  was 
crowded  with  the  pupils  and  their  friends.  The 
President  congratulated  the  students  on  the  suc- 
cess which  had  attended  the  school  since  its  first 
formation  in  humble  and  obscure  premises  in 
Wells-street,  and  said  that  though  there  had  been 
a  change  in  the  minutes  of  council,  by  which  less 
State  aid  was  now  granted  than  formerly,  still  the 
West  London  School  of  Art  had  successfully 
"weathered  all  difficulties,  and  in  most  respects 
was  now  second  to  none  in  the  kingdom. 
Much  of  its  progress  was  due  to  bis  friend  Mr. 
Peter  Graham,  and  to  the  committee,  but  the 
great  cause  of  the  efficiency  of  the  school  was 
undoubtedly  the  energy  and  ability  displayed 
by  the  head  master,  Mr.  Macdonald  Clarke. 
Of  course.  South  Kensington  stands  first ;  and  it 
would  be  strange  if  it  did  not,  enjoying  its  pecu- 
liaradvantages  and  unlimited  resources.  Leaving, 
therefore.  South  Kensington  aside,  he  found  that 
only  two  Schools  of  Art,  Edinburgh  and  Glasgow, 
had  gained  a  greater  number  of  prizes  at  the  inspec- 
tion at  South  Kensington,  and  only  sis  had  sent  a 
greater  number  to  be  examined.  Only  two 
schools  had  succeeded  in  having  a  greater 
number  passed  than  the  West  London  School 
in  the  time-drawing  examinations.  More  than 
two-thirds  of  those  sent  from  their  school  to  the 
time  examination  had  passed,  whereas  the  ave- 
rage of  the  examinations  in  the  whole  of  the 
schools  was  that  only  one- half  had  so  passed.  The 
number  who  passed  through  the  school  during  the 
past  year  was  492.  Mr.  Beresford  Hope  con- 
cluded his  address  by  an  exhortation  to  the 
students  to  use  their  talents  for  the  benefit  of 
their  country.  The  distribution  of  prizes  then 
took  place,  after  wdiich  Mr.  Godwin  addressed  the 
students,  propo.sing  a  vote  of  thanks  to  the 
President,  which  was  seconded  by  Jlr.  Peter 
Graham,  and  carried  with  hearty  acclamation. 


PARLIAMENTARY  NOTES. 

Mr.  H.  B.  Sheridan's  annual  motion  for  the  re- 
duction of  the  duty  on  fire  insurances  has  shared 
its  usual  fate.  Cn  Tuesday  evening,  after  a  short 
and  animated  discussion,  the  motion  was  defeated 
by  a  majority  of  59 — 156  members  having  voted 
for,  and  215  against  it.  Both  Mr.  Gladstone  and 
the  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer  spoke  against 
the  measure.  The  same  evening  Lord  John  Man- 
ners introduced  a  bill  to  make  further  provision 
for  the  enlargement  of  the  National  Gallery.  He 
remarked  that  under  the  arrangement  sanctioned 
by  Parliament  last  year,  the  right  hon-  gentleman 
the  member  for  Hertford  (Mr.  Cowper)  hoped  he 
should  be  able  to  purchase  by  private  contract  the 
property  to  which  this  measure  referred,  viz., 
Archbishop  Tenison's  school  and  the  parochial 
schools  of  St.  Martin.  Difficulties,  however,  had 
arisen,  and  it  was  necessary  to  pass  the  Bill  wliich 
he  now  moved  for  leave  to  introduce. 

The  Metropolitan  Poor  Bill  was  read  a  second 
time  in  the  House  of  Lords  on  Tuesday. 


At  the  weekly  meeting  of  the  Royal  Geographi- 
cal Society,  to  be  held  on  Monday,  March  25,  Sir 
Roderick  I.  Murchison,  Bart.,  in  the  chair, 
desp.atche3  will  be  read  from  Dr.  G.  E.  Seward 
and  Dr.  J.  Kirk,  on  the  last  journey  of  Dr. 
Livingstone. 


'guilbtng  liitelligciite. 


churches  A5D   CHAPELS. 

Building,    Enlargement,   and  Repairing  o 
Churches     and     Chapels.— The     Incorporate! 
Society  for  Promoting  the  Enlargement,  Buildinf 
and  Repairing  of  Churches  and  Chapels,  held  it 
monthly    meeting   on    Tuesday    at   the    society' 
house,  No.  7,  Whitehall,  S.W.,  the  Right  Hon.  thi 
Earl  of  Romney  in  the  chair.      Grants  of  monejj 
amounting  to  £830.,  were  made  in  aid  of  the  follow 
ing   objects : — Building  new   churches  at  Black 
heath,  in  the  parishes  of   Hales  Owen  and  Rovle. 
Regis,  near  Birmingham ;  Cassop   cum   Qaarrinf 
ton  and  Coxhoe,  in  the   parish   of   Kelloe,  ne; 
Ferry-hill,    Durham ;    Kempston,    near   Bedford 
and   Street,  in  the  parish    of    Petersfield,   Hants 
Rebuilding  the  church  at   Whitchurch,    Hant 
Enlarging  and  restoring  the  churches  at  Gateahea 
(St.    Edmunds),    Headless-cross,    near   Redditcl 
Luton,  Chtist  Church ;  and  Willesborough,  ne: 
Ashford,   Kent.      Re-arranging  the  seats  and  r 
storing  the  churches  at  Cardington,    near  Churc 
Stretton,    Sahip;  Chatham,    St.    John;  LlaneU 
near  Abergavenny ;  Norton  Canon,  near  Weoble 
Hereford ;  Standish,  near  Stonehouse,  Glouceate 
and   Upton,   near   Southwell,  Notts.     The  gran 
formerly   made   towards  rebuilding  the  church  i 
East   Acklam,    near  York,    and  restoring,  &c.,  tl 
churches  at  Holsworthy,   Devon,  and  Long  Wha 
ton,  near  Loughborough,  were  each  increased, 
grant  was  also  made  irom  the  mission  and  scho 
church   fund   towards   building  a  mission  chur( 
in  the  new  district  of  St.  John,  Kenningtou.    T) 
society   likewise  accepted  the  trust  of  a  sum 
money   as  a  repair   fund  for   the   new   church 
Skirwith,  Cumberland.     The  society's  year,  as  f 
as  regards  the  making  of  grants,    ends  with  tl 
meeting,    and   during  the  past  twelve   months 
has  voted  £7,560,  the  increased  church  accommo( 
tiou  gained  being  27,597  sittings,  of  which  26,4 
are  free  and  unappropriated  ;  grants  to  the  amou 
of  fi9,225  have  been  paid  for   works   completf 
The  income  during  the  same  time  falls  far  short 
that  received  in  former  years,  and  it  is  hoped  t 
new  year   will   prove   more   advantageous  tot 
society,  and  warrant  an  enlargement  of   its  mt 
beneficial  and  greatly  needed  operations. 

Kettering.  —  The  new  Wesleyan  Chap 
situated  in  Silver-street,  is  now  nearly  co: 
pleted.  It  is  in  the  Italian  style,  and  is  built 
red  bricks,  the  front  and  sides  being  faced  wi 
Bath  stone,  carved.  The  chapel  will  seat  abc 
700  persons,  and  the  entire  cost  is  £3,000.  3 
John  Tordotr,  who  has  given  £1,000  towards  t 
building  fund,  has  announced  his  intention 
presenting  an  organ  to  the  chapel.  Mr.  Geoi 
Woolhouso,  of  Boltou-le- Moors,  is  the  archite] 
and  Mr.  John  Watkiu,  Northampton,  the  buiMj 

Preston. — Last    week    the   United   Methi 
Chapel,  which  has  been  closed  six  monthsifor 
purpose  of  being   enlarged,    was  reopened.    1 
roof  of  the  old  portion  of  the  building  was  tal 
ofi'  and  raised  3ft.     The  cost  for  the   various 
provements   has   been  about  £680,  and  the  cha 
will  now  accommodate  about  650   persons,     li 
whole  of  the  improvements  have  been  carried  (| 
under  the  supeiintendence  of  Mr.  S.  Openshawl 


PU 

iiaH- 


bpildings. 

Gasworks    to    cost    £1,500    are    about  to 
erected  at  Lydd,  Kent. 

On  Monday  last  the  foundation  stone  of  an 
Primitive  Methodist  Chapel  was  laidat  South  Sto; 
ton.  It  will  be  a  small  biick  building  in  the  Gtotj 
style,  will  accommodate  nearly  400  peraoM,  al 
cost  about  £700. 

Bradford. — On  Wednesday  week  the  new  • 
change  at  Bradford,  the  foundation  stone  of  wli 
was  laid  by  Lord  Palmerston  in  1S64,  waa  ■ 
mally  opened.  The  building  is  in  the  Got' 
style.  The  principal  entrance,  at  the  east  e , 
is  surmounted  by  a  clock  tower  and  spire  tti 
height  of  150ft.  On  each  side  of  the  arched  ■ 
trance  are  figures  or  statues  ;  one  is  a  sculptui 
presentment  of  Bishop  Blaize,  the  patron  sainj' 
the  woolcombers,  and  the  other  is  that  of  K! 
Edward  III.,  who  gave  a  tr,ading  charter  to  Bi  • 
ford.  The  great  hall  is  reached  by  a  short  fli' 
of  steps  from  the  porch.  It  is  80ft.  long  and  6  • 
wide,  and  on  the  north  side  is  a  large  semi  circi  r 
projection  or  apse.  The  roof  is  divided  into  tH 
divisions,  those  at  the  sides  being  10ft.  in  wn  i 
and  forming,  as  it  were,  an  ambulatory  round  -' 
room ;  the  centre  compartment  is  supported  { 


t 


March  22,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


215 


ei(;hteeii  large  polishcil  shafts  of  red  granite,  2ft. 
in  difimetur,  with  carved  capitals.  Krom  these 
eohinias  arches  spring,  which  are  filled  with  opaque 
glass.  The  roof  is  entirely  open,  ami  the  spars  and 
timbers  are  exposed.  The  news  room  is  tiSft.  by 
2Sft.,  anil  is  furnished  tliroughout  with  oak  reading 
stands  and  chain?  of  raedia;val  pattern.  The  front 
of  the  building  in  Market-street  is  divided  into 
shops,  each  occupying  one  of  the  large  arches  of 
which  wc  have  spoken ;  the  windows  occupy  two 
compartments  of  the  arch  and  the  door  the  third, 
the  top  being  filled  with  carved  work.  The  build- 
in"  is  crowned  with  an  open  pierced  parapet,  ter- 
minated at  each  corner  by  corbelled  turrets.  Be- 
tween each  of  the  arches  on  the  ground  floor  are 
cii-cular  medallions,  containing  the  heads  of  those 
■  who  contributed  to  the  commercial  enterprise  of 
'  the  countr)',  and  the  prosperity  of  the  town.  At 
the  western  end  is  that  of  Mr.  Bright,  M.P.  ;  at 
the  opposite  end  is  that  of  Richard  Oobden.  The 
architects  are  Messrs.  Lockwood  and  Mawson,  and 
the  principal  contractors  are  Messrs.  Beanland,  of 
Bradfoi'd.  The  cost  of  the  building  is  about 
£30,000. 

G.\I..\SIIIELS. — The  contract  of  Messrs.  Robert 
Hall  and  Son,  for  the  erection  of  the  new  police 
:ell8  and  court-rooms,  has  been  accepted.  There 
*'ere  four  offers,  the  estimates  being  respectively 
fl,79S  10s.,  i:i,S-20,  £1,841,  and  £1,913.  The 
unrest  o'.fer  was  made  by  Messrs.  Hall  and  Sou. 
The  cmimission  resolved  that  Mr.  Hall  should 
upply  the  architect  with  his  schedule  of  prices, 
o  that  the  plans  and  estimate  might  be  cut  down 
ni'l,00ii. 


§mm\  Items. 


Mr.  Alfred  Harris,  of  Bradford,  recently  invested 

-am  of  £3,800  in  the  names   of  trustees,    for 

ection  of  a  fever  hospital  in  that   town,  and 

simple  has  been  followed  by  Mr.  Titus   Salt, 

iias   made   the   magnificent   contribution  of 

It  towards  the  same  object. 

..■special  meeting  of  the  Royal    Institute    of 

i-h  Architects  (of  members  only),  to  award  the 

uiedal  and  prizes  for  the  year    1866,  will  be 

it  No.  9,  Conduit-street,  on  Monday  evening 

at  eight  o'clock. 

•  observe  with  regret   that   the  Nottingham 

tchanics'  Hall,  the  largest  in  the  town,  has  been 

impletely   destroyed  by    fire.       Fortunately  the 

-Its  belonging  to  the  hbrary,  the  chemical  appa- 

^  and  most  of  the  rare  objects  in  the   museum 

■  been  saved,  but  the  loss  includes  many   valu- 
ile  pictures,  and  the  great  organ,  which  was  built 

a  oist  of  £1,300.     The  origin  of  the  fire  has  not 
ausimed. 

The  Town  Council  of  Liverpool  have  decided 

)on  adopting  Aveling  and  Porter's  large  22  ton 

iam  road  rollers  for  rolling  the  shaip  granite 

til  which  the  fifty  miles  of  streets  in  Liverpool 

mended.      In  the   interests   of    «very   over- 

i.oj    horse    we    wish    that   the    Metropolitan 

ir.l  of  Works  would  follow  the  example. 

In  consequence  of  that  portion  of  the  graveyard 

.ich  is   situ.ite   between  Holborn-hill   and    St. 

iilrew'a  Church   being  required  for  the  Holborn 

.Hey    Improvements,  the   remains  of   mortality 

•  posited  therein  are  being  exhumed,  and  removed 

large  coflinshaped  boxes,  painted  black,  to  the 

I  i!-ground  at  the  back  of  the  church,    where 

y    are  re-interred  with  every  regard    to   the 

:poct  due  to  the  deceased. 

■   The   Norwich  Association   of  Master   Builders 

1  their   annual  dinner  last  week,   when  about 

■y  gentlemen   met,   under  the   presidency  of 

.  J.  W.  Lacy    and   Mr.  D.  Balls.     In  replying 

the    toast   of  "  the    Norwich    Association    of 

ister  Builders"    the   secretary  stated  that  the 

ji-'cts  and    principles  of  the  association  were  by 

means   of   a   coercive  character   towards   the 

rUmen,  neither  was  there  any  attempt  to  esta- 

ih  a  monopoly  in  restriction  of  trade.    But  that 

VIS  simply  to  meet  the  union  of  the  workmen 

"  a  union  strong  enough  to  take  its  stand  on 

■  t  and  just  principles  of  commercial  economy 
relation  to  the  labour   question,   without   the 

uvenience  which  they  had  hitherto  individually 

■  with   when   they   had   been    bold  enough  to 
■i  such  a  stand  ;  and  to  introduce  and  cultivate 

■'"  good  feeling  which  ought  to  exist  in  a  com- 
iiity  whose  interests  were  identical,  but  which, 
111  the  absence  of  such  good  feeling,  had  greatly 
cred;  and,  as  far  as  possible,  to  identify  the 
-rests  of  the  employed  and  of  the  employers. 


We  have  to  announce  that  the  voluntary  archi- 
tectural examination  in  connection  with  the 
Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects  will  be  held 
in  the  second  and  third  weeks  of  May.  The  fol- 
lowing gentlemen  (fellows  of  the  In.stitute)  have 
been  nominated  as  Examiners  and  Moderators: — 
A.Ashpitel,  F.S.A.,  E.  Nash,  F.  C.  Penrose,  M.A. 
(examiners) ;  C.  F.  Hay  ward,  J.  W.  Papworth  (mo 
derators).  Applications  for  examination  and  all 
preliminary  work  must  be  delivered  on  or  be- 
fore March  30.  Copies  of  revised  regulations 
(which  will  apply  only  to  1 867),  togetherwith  course 
of  examination,  list  of  books  recommended,  copy 
of  questions  used  in  the  last  examination,  list  of 
medals  and  prizes  for  1866,  regulations  for  the 
Pugin  travelling  studentship,  &c,,  may  be  had  on 
application  to  Mr.'Charles  L.  Eastlake,  the  Assistant 
Secretary,  at  the  Institute,  No.  9,  Conduit-street, 
price  2s.  or  26  postage  stamps. 

With  reference  to  "  A  Comiictitor's  "  letter  on 
the  subject  of  the  Burnley  Union  Competition, 
which  appeared  in  our  last,  Mr.  James  tlreen, 
F.R.I. B. A.,  writes  that  as  the  statements  made  by 
"A  Competitor"  could  only  refer  to  him,  he  (Mr. 
Green)  wishes  to  repeat  the  assertion  of  the  Clerk 
of  the  Board  in  his  letter  to  us  on  December  21. 
"  I  never  intended,"  he  says,  "  to  be  a  competitor. 
I  sent  in  no  design  whatever,  directly  or  in- 
directly ;  in  fact,  I  have  had  nothing  whatever  to 
do  with  the  afi'air  since  I  left  the  Board  two  years 
ago."  Our  correspondent  adda  : — "  With  respect 
to  the  one  chosen  for  first  premium,  it  must  either 
have  been  that  the  committee  took  the  only 
design  which  in  their  opinion  could  he  built  for 
the  stipulated  sum,  or  th.at  they  were  inclined  to 
revenge  themselves  on  those  Guardians  who  have 
been  so  clamorous  for  a  new  workhouse  by  select- 
ing about  the  very  worst  design  sent  in." 


TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 

To  Our  Readebs.— We  shall  feel  obliged  to  any  of  our 
readers  who  will  favour  us  with  brief  uotea  of  works  con- 
templated or  in  progress  in  the  provinces. 

Letters  relating  to  advertisements  and  the  ordinary  bu?i- 
ness  of  the  paper  should  be  addressed  to  the  Editor,  16G, 
Fleet-street,  Advertisements  for  the  current  week  must 
reaoh  the  otBce  before  5  o'clock  p  m.  on  Thursday. 

Notice.— The  BUILDING  NEWS  inserts  »drertiso, 
meuta  for  "  SITUATIONS  WANTED,"  <fcc.,  at  ONE 
SHILLING  for  the  first  Twenty  four  Words. 


Received. —J,  S.  P.-J.  H.  D.— .T.  S.— G.  U.  W.— XL  G. 
and  Son.— E.  W.— B.  and  D.— A.  B.  T.— W.  S.— W.  B.— 
J.  B.— E.  G.  P.— C.  R.— G.  C— J.  P.— R.  R.— S.  M.  and 
Co.— W.  and  W.— P,  and  K— T.  W.  N.— J.  F.  D.^J.  M.— 
P.  D.  P.— A.  S.  A..—K.  and  Co.— H.  G.— G.  N.  B.— W.  C. 
and  L.  C. 

H.  H.  V. — We  cannot  s.iy  anything  about  the  suitability 
of  the  group  for  illustration  without  seeing  the  drawings. 

J.  C.  J. — MS.  received. 

A.  F.  B. — See  notice  on  page  216. 

E.  A.  (Torquay-) — We  will  answer  the  question  when  we 
see  *he  design  at  the  Architectural  Eihibition. 

G.  T.  (Bristol. )^See  answer  [285]  in  Intercommunica- 
tion. 


Comsponknte. 


ASH    CLOSETS. 
To  tlie  Editor  of  the  Euilding  News. 

Sir, — Your  columns  have  lately  contained 
several  articles  on  the  proper  and  most  advan- 
tageous disposal  of  night  soil.  I  have  paid  some 
attention  to  this  subject,  and  it  may  be  that  my 
ideas  and  the  practical  result  I  have  gained  will  be 
of  aome  general  use.  I  do  not  wish  to  say  any- 
thing concerning  the  watercloset  system  beyond 
this — I  believe  the  system  to  be  wrong,  and  one  to 
be  avoided  wherever  it  is  possible  to  do  so.  With 
regard  to  the  other  system,  namely,  the  system  of 
earth  closets,  it  appears  to  me  the  difficulty  has 
been  not  in  the  principle  itself,  but  in  clumsiness 
in  the  mode  of  applying  the  system.  In  the  first 
place,  it  has  been  contended  that  earth  should  be 
used  ;  but  I  believe  it  is  apparent  to  all  minds 
that  have  given  much  consideration  to  this  sub- 
ject that  it  would  be  impossible  to  procure  the 
earth,  and  the  delivery  of  it  (could  it  be  procured) 
would  be  surrounded  with  great  difficulties  and 
much  expense.  I  believe  ashes  would  be  found  an 
excellent  and  thoroughly  effective  substitute  for 
the  earth.  It  has  been  said  farmers  object  to  the 
use  of  ashes,  and  where  they  have  been  used  the 
experiment  has  failed.  I  believe  it  would  be  found, 
on  inquiry,  that  the  proportion  of  ashes  used  was 
larger  than  necessary,  and  this  fact  would  account 
for  the  farmers'  objection.  I  think  I  had  better 
proceed  to  explain  to  you  the  system  I  have  had 
in  use  on  Bass  and  Co.'s  premises  for  a  con- 
siderable period,  and   leave  you   then   to   decide 


upon  its  value  or  otherwise.  I  recommend  the  use 
of  ashes,  becaua«  they  are  easily  at  command  in 
all  ca-ios,  ami  in  my  opinion,  to  make  them  practi- 
cally available,  it  in  ou\y  requisite  to  use  a  small 
and  measured  (ptantity.  1  have  a  machine,  a 
drawing  of  which  I  send  you,   and  the  following 


SECTION. 


explanations  will,  perhaps,  be   sufficient  for  your 
guidance : — 

a  Hopper  for  ashes. 

6  Two  vaUes ;  wheu  one  is  open  the  other  is  shut. 

c  Earthenware  pan. 

d  The  seat  shown  up  and  the  bottom  valve  open. 

e  Box  for  soil. 

/  Weight  for  returning  spat  and  working  valves. 

h  Tram  road  for  drawing  oat  soil. 

f  Floor  of  closet. 

You  will  observe  the  ashes  are  placed  in  tho 
hopper,  and  the  quantity  of  ashes  used  is  mea- 
sured and  can  be  increased  or  diminished.  I 
have  found  in  practice  that  one  bushel  of  ashes 
is  sufficient  for  one  hundred  actions  of  the  earth 
closet.  I  may  remark  the  closet  is  perfectly  free 
from  smeU.  You  will  also  observe  the  construction 
is  simple,  and  the  apparatus  will  bear  rough  usage, 
and  above  all  things  is  self-acting.  The  plan  has 
succeeded  perfectly  well  in  a  manufactory,  and  1 
believe  may  be  applied  to  streets  with  great 
facility.  The  cost  of  altering  the  ordinary  closets 
would  be  about  30s.  or  £2  for  each.  From  the 
observations  I  have  placed  before  you,  you  will  see 
the  removals  wovdd  not  be  frequent,  and,  I  wish 
to  add,  would  be  entirely  inoffensive. — I  am,  &c., 
Burtou-on-Trent,  March  2.       T.  S.  Cresset. 


FATAL  ACCIDENT   TO  A    MASTER    BRICKLAYER. 

Sir, — A  fatal  accident  occurred  a  few  days  since  to  an 
old  and  industrious  parishioner  of  mine,  named  Charles 
Wan-,  a  master  bricklayer,  of  Liverpool -road,  Islington, 
who  fell  fi'om  a  Ecaffold  opposite  my  house,  and  sustained 
such  severe  iujxmes  tliat  he  died  within  two  days,  leaving  a 
widow  and  nine  children  (many  of  them  very  young)  totiilly 
unprovided  for.  A  committee  has  been  formed  for  the 
purpose  of  raising  a  fund  t<j  enable  tlie  widow  to  enter  into 
some  business  for  the  support  cf  herself  and  her  family.  I 
can  confidently  recommend  the  case  to  the  sympathy  and 
benevolence  ofyom-  readers,  and  I  shall  be  happy  to  receive 
any  contributions,  as  ^vill  also  tho  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee, Mr.  Joseph  Surr,  19,  Milner-square,  Islington  ;  and 
the  treasurer,  Mr.  D.  W.  Hill,  37S,  Caniden-road,  HoUoway. 
I  am,  A'c, 

Dasiel  Wilsok, 

9,  Baiiiabiuy  Park,                             Vicar  of  LsUngton. 
March  14. 

THE  LAW   OF  APPRENTICESHIP. 

Sir, — Would  you  have  the  kindness  to  insert  the  follow- 
ing communication  for  the  benefit  of  your  readers  : — A 
case  has  just  been  tried  in  which  it  has  been  decided  that 
an  indoor  apprentice  id  not  compelled  to  work  after  one 
o'clock  on  Satiu'days,  the  said  apprentice  being  a  cai-penter 
and  joiner,  and  that  the  master  must  go  by  the  rules  of 
the  trade.  The  reason  I  write  to  you  is,  because  a  great 
many  masters  consider  that  an  apprentice  is  compelled  to 
work  on  till  five  or  six  o'clock  on  a  Saturday. — I  am,  ic, 

Thk  Apprbnticb. 

I^colu's  Inn,  March  IS. 


216 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


March  22,  1867. 


Iiitemntittuiiicatiait. 


QVESTIONS. 

[309.]— THE  NEW"  LAW  COURTS.— "Will  you  inform 
mo  whether  or  not  the  designs  for  the  Law  Coui-ts  are  open 
to  the  public;  if  they  are  not,  will  they  be  open  to  the 
public  any  more,  and  if  so,  please  state  when?  And  as  the 
public  is  admitted  by  cards  to  be  obtained  of  the  Conimia- 
sioners,  will  you  also  state  where  the  office  of  the  above- 
mentioned  Commissioners  is  situated?  A.  H.  D. 

[The  exhibition  of  the  designs  for  the  new  Law  Courts 
will  be  open  to  the  public  on  Thursdays  until  further 
notice.  The  office  of  the  Commisaiou  is  No.  33,  Lincoln's 
Inn- fields.] 


[310.]— SMOKY  BRICKS.— Will  you  be  so  good  as  to 
inform  me,  through  your  Taluable  journal,  whether  there  is 
any  cheap  composition  for  putting  over  sooty  smoky  bricks, 
to  stop  it  flhowiug  through  the  plastering  ?  I  have  had  to 
use  a  great  number  in  some  cottages  that  I  have  lately 
erected.  A  Buildkr. 


[311.]— RAILING  AROUND  MONUMENTS.— Can  any 
of  your  readers  give  me,  through  your  valuable  "  I nter- 
commuuication  "  column,  any  information  as  to  the  best 
method  of  finishing  in  colour  the  railing  round  a  monu- 
ment of  Gothic  design  in  a  cemetery?  Alexis. 


[312  ]_SKYLIGHT3.— I  should  feel  mucli  obliged  for 
the  followiug  information  through  the  medium  of  your 
"Intercommvinication"  :— 1.  What  are  the  proper  sizes 
for  caps,  &;c.,  of  the  leadwork  to  skylights  (open  and  fixed) 
in  a  roof  of  common  (i.e.  quarter)  pitch.  2.  The  usual 
method  of  computing  same  in  taking  quantities. 

Enquibkr. 


[313.]— THE  LAW  OF  APPRENTICESHIP.— Is  it 
legal  to  advertise  for  employment  in  tracing,  iic,  after 
office  hours,  and  to  receive  money  for  the  same,  while  yet 
an  apprentice,  if  by  so  doing  you  do  not  hinder  your  regu- 
lar occupation  ?  Rfiadbb. 


[314.]— SALINE  SCUM  ON  TILES.— Will  some  reader 
inform  me  how  to  prevent  saline  scum  on  floor  tiling? 
Perhaps  some  one  in  either  Maw  and  Co.'s  or  Minton  and 
Co.'s  establishment  will  be  able  to  answer  the  question 
satisfactorily.  Mosaic. 


[315.]— STRAINING  DRAWING  PAPER.— Can  any  of 
your  correspondents  inform  me  of  any  way  to  obviate  the 
unsatisfactory  method  of  straining  drawing  paper  by 
sticking  it  to  the  boards  with  paste  or  glue?  Jack. 


[316.]— FIREPROOF  BUILDINGS.— Although  fully 
aware  of  the  (act  that  the  subject  of  fii-eproof  buildings  has 
been  dealt  with  again  and  again  in  the  Blhldisi;  News, 
and  many  other  papers,  and  although  I  have  read  much 
on  the  question,  there  are  still  grave  doubts  in  my  mind  as 
to  whether  any  really  model  construction  of  the  kind 
exists  at  present  in  the  metropolis  or  in  the  provinces. 
Theoretically,  there  are  plenty  of  plans  which  are  "  fire- 
proof;" practically,  somehow,  they  never  prove  to  be  so 
when  fire  overtakes  them.  Do  you  not  think  it  possible 
that,  by  the  judicious  combination  and  use  of  such 
materials  as  nature  supplies,  or  art  furnishes  in  great 
ab\mdance,  an  actual  immunity  from  destruction  by  fire 
might  be  gained  for  large  warehouses  and  public  edifices? 
To  me  it  seems  that  there  might.  I  entertain  certain 
notions  of  my  own  about  the  advisability  of  builders 
devoting  more  attention  and  study  to  this  question,  so  as  to 
devise  a  means  of  obviating  a  reproach  which  is  often 
levelled  at  them  when  a  fire  breaks  out  and  demolishes 
their  fine  fireproof  structures,  and  consumes  thousands  and 
thousands  of  pounds'  worth  of  valuable  property.  By 
opening  your  columns  to  these  queries,  it  is  not,  I  hope, 
apart  from  probability  that  a  little  discussion  may  arise. 
If  80,  we  shall  all  be  gainers ;  for  discussion  at  once  stimu- 
lates to  thought  aud  evolves  latent  knowledge. 

Waterproof. 


f317.]_RADIUS  OP  A  CURVE.— I  should  feel  obliged 
if  you  or  one  of  your  numerous  readers  could  inform  me  how 
to  find  the  radius  of  a  curve  by  the  use  of  such  dimensions 
as  the  following,  viz.  ; — 


A  B  being  the  regular  curve  of  which  the  radius  is  re- 
quired.    And  a  favour  will  be  conferred  upon         B.  N. 


apprenticed  to  a  joiner,  aud,  when  his  time  was  out, 
travelled  through  Scotland,  England,  and  eventually  over 
the  continent,  working  at  his  trade  and  studying  archi- 
tecture in  his  spare  time.  Unfortunately  Kemp  did  not 
live  tfl  see  his  great  work,  the  Scott  Monument,  at  Edin- 
burgh, and  "the  fir.st  result  of  his  indefatigable  industry  and 
self-c\ilture,  embodied  in  stone."  I  refer  to  the  lives  of  all 
the  men  who  are,  and  have  been,  great  among  us.  L/et 
"Provincial"  ask  himself  whether  these  men  were  con- 
tented with  the  knowledge  they  acquired  in  the  office  ?  I 
think  their  lives  will  point  out  that  to  become  real  artists 
we  must  begin  at  the  very  bottom,  and  get,  by  every  means 
possible,  a  thorough  knowledge  of  construction.  I  should 
advise  your  correspondent  to  take  every  opportunity  of 
questioning  builders  and  their  workmen  about  the  con- 
struction of  the  works  which  Ids  governor  has  in  hand,  and 
if  he  can,  to  do  some  carpentering  himself,  or  at  least  get 
up  at  six  in  the  summer  and  spend  a  couple  of  hours 
before  breakfast  in  watching  carpenters  or  buildeis,  and 
seeing  just  how  they  put  a  di>or  together,  &c.  He  should, 
if  possible,  also  join  an  architectural  association,  and  make 
all  the  use  of  it  he  can,  and  get  as  much  sketching  from 
old  work  as  he  can,  as  it  mil  give  him  a  thorough  know- 
ledge of  proportion  and  a  freedom  of  execution  not  to  he 
obtained  by  any  other  means.  "  Provincial"  must  remem- 
ber that  he  has  entered  upon  a  profession  which  needs  a 
lifetime  to  master,  and  must  go  to  work  in  earnest,  never 
letting  one  fragment  of  information  pass  by,  but  ever 
pressing  onward  aud  upward,  gradually  and  naturally,  not 
by  fits  and  starts,  ever  remembering  that  it  is  very  neces- 
sary to  sow,  and  that  thoroughly,  before  you  even  think  of 
reaping,  Adelph  i  . 

[304.]— VARNISH  FOR  TIN  BUCKETS.— In  reply  to 
"N.  Y.."  he  can  use  good  cupal  varnish  for  coating  the  seams 
of  tin  buckets  to  prevent  them  from  nisting.  The  vai  nish, 
after  being  applied,  shovUd  be  dried  in  a  warm  place,  such 
as  an  oven,  heated  to  a  temperature  of  boUing  water.  Put 
it  on  in  two  or  three  successive  coats,  and  dry  each  time. 


REPLIES, 

[247.}— THE  STANDARD  BUSHEL.— I  am  much 
obliged  to  "  J.  X."  for  his  remark,  and  have  since  referred 
to  all  the  reliable  authority  I  have.  In  "  Walkingham's 
Arithmetic"  he  will  find  the  following  :  "  The  bushel  Is 
a  vessel  of  a  circular  form  19Jin.  in  diameter  and  SJin. 
deep."  And  in  "Bamcott's  New  Universal  Penny  Table 
Book,"  this :  "The  standard  bushel  is  19iin.  in  diameter 
and  Sjin.  deep,  containing  2213192  cubic  inches."  I  should 
be  glad  if  "J.  X,"  or  any  reader,  can  help  to  puzzle  out 
this  question.  An  Inquirer. 


[305.]— COLOURING  BRASS,  &c.— In  order  to  colour 
brass  blue,  mix  some  ultramarine  with  copal  or  other  resin 
varnish,  dip  the  brass  into  it,  then  dry  in  a  warm  room  or 
oven.  To  bronze  brass,  mix  some  common  bronze  powder 
with  lac  varnish,  and  dip  the  brass  into  it,  and  dry  as 
before  described.  The  best  tool  to  use  for  turning  brass  is 
one  not  very  acutely  inclined  to  the  working  surface  ;  in 
cuttmg  gim  metal  particularly,  the  keen  edge  or  sharp 
angle  of  an  ordinary  tool  would  jump  in  and  destroy  the 
work-  ^- 
« 

WAGES  MOVEMENT. 

The  employers  and  operatives  eng^ed  in  the  building 
trade  at  Birmingham  have  agreed  to  settle  their  disputes 
in  future  bv  arbitration. 

An  effort  is  being  made  by  the  joiners  of  Glasgow  to  get 
the  hours  of  labour  reduced  to  nine  hours  a  day. 

The  joiners  of  Blackpool  are  still  on  strike.  The  wages 
paid  to  good  men  are  2ya.  aad  SOs.  per  week.  The  society 
wishes  to  impose  a  uniform  rate  upon  the  masters  of  iOs. 
per  week. 

LouGHBOROUOa. — The  union  joiners  here  are  on  strike. 
They  went  out  on  Monday  morning,  but  there  are  plenty 
of  non-union  men  at  work  to  carry  on  the  trade  of  the 
town.  They  could  not  have  struck  at  a  better  time  for  the 
masters,  as  trade  is  now  slack,  with  no  prospect  of  being 
better  at  present. 

MANCHE.STER. — Notice  has  been  given  to  the  hricklayers' 
labourers  here  that  the  alteration  of  the  rules  respecting 
the  hours  of  labour,  &c.,  will  apply  to  them  equally  with 
the  bricklayers,  beginning  in  June  next. 

Sheffield. — A  meptingof  employers  connected  witn  the 
various  branches  of  the  building  trades  in  Sheffield  and 
Rotherham,  was  held  on  Monday,  for  the  purpose  of  con- 
sidering certain  questions  relating  to  the  interests  of  the 
trade,  amongst  them  being  the  subject  of  the  Commission 
on  Trades  Unions.  In  the  course  of  the  evening,  the  desir- 
ableness of  the  masters  being  united  in  seeking  to  promote 
their  own  interest,  and  the  interests  of  the  trade  generally, 
was  fully  urged.  The  following  resolution  was  unani- 
mously adopted:— "That  it  is  desirable  that  all  persons 
employing  operatives  in  any  branch  of  the  building  trjde, 
including  the  stone  merchants  aud  brick  manufacturers, 
become  members  of  the  General  Builders'  Association." 


STATUES,   MEMORIALS,  &c. 

An  interesting  event  has  recently  taken  place  at  Naasai 
in  the  Bahamas,  the  unveiling  of  the  bust  of  Shakapear- 
which  took  place  at  the  soiree  of  the  Bahama  Inatitut<i 
Tliis  work  of  art  is  to  be  placed  in  the  Public  Library,  il 
proximity  to  the  handsome  volumes  presented  by  tlj 
Duke  of  Edinburgh. 

We  understand  that  Mr.   E.   G.  Papworth,  of  Miltoi, 
street,     Dorset-square,     is    at    present    engaged    ujibu 
memorial  bust  of  the  late  Dr.  Thomas  Young,  the  eminei 
philosopher  and  discoverer  of  the    hieroglyphics   on    tl 
Eg^T^tian  monuments.      The   bust,    which   ia    erected    1 
public  subscription,    is  to  be  placed  in  the  Shire  Hall, 
Taunton.     The  likeness  has  been  modelled  from  a  portra 
painted  by  Sir  Thomas  Lawrence,   and  is  very  succeaafi 
The   bust,   of  Carrara  marble,  is  draped  in  the  costume 
the  day.  the  pedestal  bearing  the    inscription    being 
polished  Sicilian  marble. 

The  late  Sir  Minto  Farquh.^r. — A  large  and  ban 
some  monumental  tablet,  in  the  Florid  Gothic  style,  to  t 
memory  of  the  late  Sir  Minto  Farquhar,  for  some  time  o 
of  the  representatives  of  Hertford,  was,  on  Thursday  la; 
put  up  in  the  south  transept  of  the  parish  Church  of  .j' 
Saints,  in  that  borough. 

The  Late  Colonel  Sir  Richmond  C.  Shakf-SPEar. 
A  mural  tablet  to  the  niemoiy  of  the  late  Sir  Richmo 
Shakespear,  C.B.,  of  the  Bengal  Artillery,  has  just  be 
erected  in  the  cloisters  of  the  chapel  at  the  Charter  Hon 
where  he  wasa  Carthusiau.with  Tiiackeray,  the  Havelocl 
&LC.  The  tablet  is  of  the  finest  Carrara  marble,  in  t 
purest  Gothic  form,  quatrefoil,  and  richly  wrought  a 
illuminated,  and  beai-s  an  appropriate  inscription.  1 
tablet  is  erected  by  those  who  served  under  him,  and  app 
ciated  his  single-minded  character  and  christian  virtu 
The  site  was  presented  by  the  Venerable  Archdeac 
Hale,  and  is  near  those  of  Thackeray  and  Leech,  with  th> 
of  the  Crimean  and  Indian  officers  to  the  west.  A  dupUc 
tablet  has  been  sent  out  ti?  be  placed  in  St.  Ann's  Chur 
Indore,  Central  India,  where  Sir  Richmond  closed 
career.  The  work  was  entrusted  to  Mi".  Richardson,  m 
tary  sculptor  of  Meibuiy  Terrace  House,  Harewood-sqtia 
the  original  designer  of  the  details  of  the  NeUon  ColoDH 
and  the  restorer  of  the  Temple  Church  effigies. 

The  O'Connell  Statoe. — A  Bit  of  Irish  Humotj] 
Mr.  Auditor  Benson,  says  the  Athencsum,  put  up  a  b 
of  Milton  in  Westminster  Abbey,  with  an  inscription^ 
which,  as  Dr.  Johnson  remarks,  "  Mi*.  Benson  has  bestow 
more  words  upon  himself  than  upon  Milton. "  Thii 
dent  has  narrowly  escaped  being  repeated  in  Dublin 
connexion  with  the  O'Connell  statue,  which  is  now  in  fr 
of  the  City  Hall.  At  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Corporati 
Alderman  Reynolds  requested  the  Lord  Mayor  to  m 
that  the  following  inscription  *'  be  placed  on  the  statui 
— "This  statue  of  the  Liberator  was  executed  in  Rome, 
a  cost  of  2,000  guineas,  by  the  great  Irish  sculptor,  Jij 
Hogan,  and  removed  to  its  present  site  (by  vrder  of 
Right  Hon.  the  Lord  Mayor  and  the  Corporation 
Dublin),  on  the  motion  of  O'Connell's  stauncli  and  sint 
friend.  Alderman  John  Reynolds,  J.  P.  February.  ISt 
What  foUowed  was  a  bit  of  old  Irish  humour.  On 
motion  of  Mr.  Sullivan,  the  Corporation  voted  to 
man  Rej-nolds  ihetr  ihu?ikf,  and  then  separated  ! 

Statue  of  Adam  Smith. — M.  Gasser,  an  emi 
artist  of  Vienna,  has  executed  a  statue  of  this  great  eoo 
mist.  The  statue  is  rather  larger  than  I  ife,  and  the  mate 
is  the  finest  statuary  marble. ,  Some  photographs  of 
model  and  of  the  statue,  now  nearly  finished,  and  a  r~ 
fac-simile  in  piaster,  have  been  exhibited  for  some 
past  in  the  reading-room  of  the  Bodleian  Library,  and  h 
been  greatly  adrnired.  M.  Gasser  engages  to  deliver 
finished  statue  at  any  British  port  f'lr  the  sum  of  £701 
very  moderate  sum  for  a  work  of  great  beauty  and  mi 
In  the  belief  that  the  erection  of  the  statue  in  some  on 
the  buildings  belonging  to  the  University  would  be  | 
ting  tribute  to  the  memory  of  one  among  the  most  2 
trious  persons  who  have  received  their  education  in  Oxi 
the  following  gentlemen  have  agreed  to  act  as  a  commit 
with  a  view  to  purchasing  the  statue  and  presenting  it 
the  University  of  Oxford  :— The  Right  Hon.  Lord  Taunt 
the  Right  Hon.  the  Lord  Justice  General  of  Scotland; 
Right  Hon.  W.  E.  Gladstone,  M.P.  ;  the  very  RoF. 
Dean  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  the  Master  of  Balliol ; 
the  Rev.  James  E.  Thorold  Rogers,  Professor  of  Polif 
Economy  at  Oxford.  Subscriptions  in  aid  of  this 
may  be  paid  to  the  Master  of  Balliol,  treasurer;  to 
fessor  Rogers,  secretary  ;  to  the  Old  Bank,  Oxford ;  i 
Messrs.  Coutts  aud  Co. ,  59,  Strand. 


STAINED   GLASS. 


[291.]— ARCHITECTS'  PUPILS.  —  I  can  but  refer 
*' Provincial "  to  the  lives  of  Pugin,  who,  when  he  had 
served  his  time  in  his  father's  office,  and  "had  learnt  all 
that  he  could  of  architecture  according  to  the  usual 
formulaj,  stUl  found  that  he  had  learnt  but  Uttle,  and 
that  he  must  begin  at  the  beginning  and  pass  through  the 
discipline  of  labour.  Young  Pugiu  accordingly  liired  him- 
self out  as  a  common  carpenter  at  Covont  Ganlou  Theatre, 
first  working  under  the  stage,  then  behind  the  flya,  then 
upon  the  stage  itself" ;  of  George  Kemp,  who  waa  the  son  of 
a  Scotch  heidsnum,  but  Uaring  a  love  for  architectmt),  got 


Another  ornamental  stained  ghiss  window  (by  Hardman, 
of  Birmingham)  has  just  been  placed  in  the  south-east 
side  of  the  chancel  of  Southmolton  paiish  chui'ch.  It  is 
tbe  gift  of  Mr.  W.  G.  Smj-th,  of  Southmolton.  One  more 
window  in  the  north-east  side  is  wanted  to  complete  the 
chancel. 

Alnwick. — Three  memori.al  stained  glass  windows  to  the 
memory  of  Algernon,  late  Duke  of  Northumberland,  have 
just  been  inserted  in  the  chancel  end  of  St.  Michael's 
Church,  Alnwick.  The  first  is  erected  by  the  friends  of  his 
Grace ;  the  second  by  his  Consort,  Eleanor,  Duchess 
Dowager;  and  the  third  by  the  present  members  of  the 
family  of  Percy.  The  windows  are  of  the  Perpendicular 
order  of  architecture.  The  whole  of  the  windows  are  fioiu 
the  studio  of  Messrs.  Ward  and  Hughes,  London,  and  are 
executed  in  the  highest  style  of  art. 

Chisuire.— A  stained  gkiss  window  has  been  recently 
put  in  the  parish  church.  Hale,  Cheshire,  to  the  memory 
of  the  wife  of  P.  F.  Clarke,  Esq.;  it  consists  of  one  large 
opening,  which  is  occupied  by  a  picture  of  the  Resurrec- 
tion, surrounded  by  rich  borders  and  panelling,  with  a 
dedicatory  inscription  across  the  bottom  of  the  window, 
showing  the  time  of  the  death  and  name  of  the  deceased 
lady.  The  window  is  from  the  establishment  of  Messrs. 
R.  B.  Edmundson  and  Son,  of  Manchester. 

Lincoln  Cathedral.— Another  beautiful  stained  glass 
memorial  window  has  just  been  placed  in  the  nave  of  the 
cathedral,  on  the  north  side,  and  next  to  the  Boole  wit- 
dow.  It  has  been  put  in,  in  memory  of  his  parents,  by 
Field  Uppleby,  Esq.,  of  the  Minster-yard,  Lincoln.  The 
window  was  supplied  by  Messrs.  Ward  and  Hughes,  of 
Lundon,  and  it  consista  of  three  scriptural  subjects,  in 
circles,  the  topmost  being  the  conversion  of  Saul,  "Saul, 
Saul,  why  peraecutest  thou  me  ;"  the  midlle  one,  Pa\il 
before  Festufl ;  and  the  lowest,  Paul  shaking  off  the  viper. 


LEGAL  INTELLIGENCE. 

An   Unruly   Apprentice.— At  the  Westminster  Pt 
Court,  the  other  day,  an  apprentice  rejoicing  in  the  ap 
priate  name  of  Charles  Cross,    was  charged  with  wilfi 
damaging  a   slab  of  marble  belonging  to  his  master,  5 
Thomas   Hartley,   proprietor  of  the    Westminster  Mul 
Works.     The  defendant's  pocket  money  had  been  itapM 
by   the  foreman  owing  to  his  misconduct,  and  when  he  I 
informed   it  woidd  be  withheld,  he  said,  "I  shall  fa'''™^B-( 
pocket  money  somehow  or  other,"     As  he  pasi^ed  by  l^'' ' 
side  of  achiranej-piece,  of  trifling  value,  he  wilfully  ^^^  ■ 
it  over,  and  it  broke  in  the  fall.     Tlie  defendant  preteii  ■ 
it  was  an  accident.     Mr.  Arnold  committed  him  to  pri 
for  seven  days,  with  hard  labour. 

Intimidation. — One  of  the  plasterers' labourers  now 
strike  at  Slanchester,  has  been  charged  before  Mr.  Traff* 
at  the  New  Bailey  Police-court,  with  intimidating  anot 
labourer,  in  the  employ  of  Mr.  Kirkliam,  and  threaten 
to  take  his  life  if  he  continued  to  work  with  a  uou-=oci 
man.  Owing  to  a  technical  error  in  the  summons  the  f 
temporarily  broke  down,  but  a  new  summons  is  tc 
issued,  and  four  other  cases  are  about  to  be  prosecuted 
the  Builders'  Association. 


COMPENSATION. 

On  Friday  and  Saturday  the  Recorder  of  Bath  ac- 
special  jury  were  engaged  in  deciding  the  value  of  s*:' 
land  required  by  the  Midland  Railway  Company.  A  n  ' 
of  evidence  was  adduced  on  either  side,  and  there  w; 
great  difl'erence  between  the  value  put  upon  the  propt 
by  the  surveyors  on  each  side,  something  like  £3,000  ; 
claimants'  witnesses  putting  it  at  between  £6,000  ■ 
£7,000.  and  those  of  the  company  at  £2,300  or  £3,000.  ' 
Jury  fo«nd  a  verdict  for  £4,600, 


March  22,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


VII 


MEETINGS   FOR   THE   WEEK. 

JIos. — Royal  Geogi-aphical  Society. — "  La£t  Journey  of 

Dr.   LiviugstoiiO — Dispatche.s  from  Dr.  G.    E. 

Son-arxl  and  Dr.  J.  Kirk,  8,30. 
Tt'ES. — Institvition  of  Civil  Engineers. — Discussion  "On 

Steep  Gradients  and  Sharp  Curves'*;  and,   if 

time  permits,  "Memoir  on  the  River  Tyne," 

by  Mr.  W.  A.  Brook,^.  8. 
Royal  Institution.— "On  Botany,"  by  Rev.  G. 

Henslow,  3. 
Tbdrs. — Royal    Institution. — "  On    the   Antiquity   of 

M.-in,"  by  Mr.  W.  PeneoUy.  3. 
Fri.  —  Royal    Institution.  —  "  Water    Supply    of   the 

Sletropolis,"  by  Professor  Frankland,  8. 
Architectural  Association. — "The  Arrangements 

of  St.   Alban's  Abbey,"  by  Rev.   M.   E.   C. 

Walcatt.   7.30. 
Sat.— Royal  Institution. — "  On  the  Antiquity  of  Man," 

by  Mr.  W.  Pengelly,  3. 
Cheiaical  Society — AnuiverBary  Meeting,  8. 


irabe  Betas. 


Aininigtho  nmiiy  uew  designs  for  articles  of  domestic  use 

mIiil  Ii  havo  rectriitly  ln;i-'n  submitted  tu  our  notice,  we  may 

■  'ii»n  those  of  Messrs.    Turner  and    Allen,    of  Upper 

"ii'js-street,   London.     These  gentlemen  have  protluced 

-in   for  balconies,   gates,    railings,    garden    fountiuns, 

1   >  t<,   dwarf   gas-pillars,    lamp-brackets,  <fco.       The 

iiiiii:iry  observer  must  admit   that  there  is  a  wide 

[H    improvement  in  the  manufacture  of  these  and 

'   things  which  continually  meet  the  eye  in  our  large 

^  and  towna. 

I  TENDERS, 

BiRKiKO. — For  the  erection  of  a  villa  residenc,  Bark- 
ing, Ese.^,  for  Mr.  Fitt.  Mr.  J.  W.  Dennison^  architect: — 
Slartin,  £81910s;  Stokes,  £815;  Aslmiole,  £755  ;  Withers, 
^accepted),  £720. 

Bptbnal  Green. — For  building  three  shops,  ^vith  work- 
ihops  in  rear,  in  Chxirch-street.  Bethnal  Green,  Messrs. 
Reeves  and  Butcher,  arcliitects  ;— Langmead,  £1,473  ; 
OiggB.  £1,417. 

Bethnal  Green.— For  rebuilding  warehouse  at  Clay 
Corner,  Turville-street,  Bethnal  Green.  Mr.  T.  B,  InsoU, 
architect  :—Deavine,  £1,565;  Beale,  £1.456;  ChriBtofler, 
;i,3S5  ;  Henshaw,  £1,360  ;  Perry,  £1,360  ;  Langmead, 
ei,347;  Pritchard,  £1,327;  Mitchell,  £1,316;  Forrest, 
a,22S;  Higgs,  £1,217. 

Blunham  (Beds). — For  the  erection  of  a  new  wing  and 
tlher  alterations  to  the  Oil-cake  Manufactory,  Southraills, 
or  Mr.  Charles  Powers.  Mr.  John  Usher,  architect. 
Entities  supplied :— Freshwater,  £922;  Dickens,  £960; 
?welvetrees,  £S66  ;  Hull,  £842;  Horsman,  £780  ;  Winn  and 
'08ter  (accepted),  £729. 

Brighton. — For  schools  at  Brighton  in  connection  with 
he  London,  Brighton,  and  South  Coast  Railway  Company. 
Cr.  H.  N.  Goulty,  architect.  Quantities  supplied  by  Mr. 
'.  C.  Lansdowne :— Bland,  £714;  Cheeseman,  £090; 
imms  and  Martin,  £683  ;  Nightingale,  £645. 
Brecon. — For  erecting  a  new  college  at  Brecon,  South 
falee,  for  the  Independents.  Mr.  T.  Thomas,  archite<;t. 
joaniities  supphed  by  Messrs.  Curtis  and  Son,  in  con- 
viction with  Messrs.  Rake  and  Ranwell ; — Williams, 
8,950  73.  lOd. ;  Thomas  Watkins  and  Jenkins,  £8,650  ; 
Griffiths,  £8.400;  Jones  and  Sons  (accepted),  £8,000. 
Chei£ea. — For  new  shop  front,  «fec.,  No.  25,  Sloaue- 
ireet,  Chelsea,  for  Mr.  C.  J.  Pringle.  Mr.  H.  J.  Hansom, 
rohitect :— Nightingale^  £193  Ss.  9d. 
Cbkapside. — For  the  erection  of  a  warehouse,  Lawrence- 
Qe,  Cheapside.  Mr.  Hudson,  architect: — Clements, 
i,490  ;  La^vrence  and  Son,  £2,440  ;  Huston  and  Moreland, 
^2<>3  ;  Newman  and  Mann,  £2,21S;  Sewull  and  Sons, 
i,lH ;  D.  King  and  Sons,  £2,065. 

Croydon, — For  two  small  houses,  Croydon,  for  Mr. 
uce.  Mr.  Henry  William  Broadbridge,  architect :— Col- 
"- (accepted),  £736. 

Dover. — For  additions  and  alterations  at  the  gaol.  Mr. 
iuk  Hanvey,  architect  Quantities  supplied  by  Messrs. 
tin  and  Cl;irk :— M'Kenzio,  £8,722  17s.;  Tunbridge, 
1,814  53.  4id.  ;  Nightengale  and  Bushel,  £7.941  178.  6d.  ; 
ichardson,  £7,450;  Adcock,  £7,270  78.  lOd.  ;  Ayers, 
',190;  Nayloraud  Sou,  £7,190;  Matthews,  £6,810  15s.  9d. 
Horn3E\-.— For  house  for  Mr.  J.  C.  Corbin.  Mr.  George 
uefitt,  architect:— Madgin,  jun.  (accepted)  £1,160. 
HooNSLow. — For  a  pair  of  semi-detached  sii-roomed 
•ttages,  proposed  to  be  built  at  Hounslow  Mr.  William 
m,  architect:— Cole,  £375:  Wilson,  £370  ;  Emmerson, 
ylSO;  Walker,  £298. 

3oxTON. — For  part  of  escavators'  work  for  warehouse 
1  four  shops,  St.  John'a-road,  Hoxton.  Herbert 
nl,  architect  :—Dodd,  £1S0;  Winn,  £175;  Lansbury, 
'^•:    Fortescue,    £140;      Bleukins   (accepted),     £130; 

iiniond,  2s.  od.  per  yard,  cube. 

I '  NTiNODON.— For    the    erection    of   Trinity    Church, 

■mgdou.    Mr.  John  Tarring,  architect,  London.    Quau- 

^^upplied.  General  estimate  :— Dove,  Brothers,  £9,695; 

a  and  Sons,   Cambridge,  £8,668  Os.  9d. ;  Newman  and 

I'll,  £8.200;  Simpson,  £7,955;  Saunders,  £7,655;  Myers 

1  Sons,  £7,863  ;    Pattinson,  £7,61S  169.  6d. ;  Maile  and 

iKirdaon,    Huntingdon    (accepted),    £7,377.       Separate 

:iate:— Dove,    Brothers,  £625;    Bell  and  Sons,  Cam- 

i^«,  £556  14s.  3d. ;  Newman  and  Mann,  £550  ;  Simpson, 

•  lOs.^;  Saunders,  £716  ;  Myers  and  Sons,  £503  ;  Pattin- 

il57y  148.   6d. ;    Maile  and  Richardson,  Huntingdon 

I'ted),  £440. 

lArDSTONE.-For  alterations  and  additions  to  Elsfield 
■•'0,  ne;tr  Maidstone,  for  Mr.  W.  Lawrence.     Mr.  Hubert 

=tod,  architect:-  Gibbon.  £1,695  ;  Clements  and  Wallis, 
'SO;  Anscomb.  £1.450;  Vaughan,   £1,327;  Naylor  and 
i._n,2S7  ;  Grensted  (accepted),  £1.270. 
■^wiNGTON    Causeway.— For  decorations  and  painting 

Jie  Metropolitan  Tabernacle.  Mr.  Spurgeon's  :— Sykes, 

'  \:  Wayward,  £1,200  ;  Sraiih,  £1,180;  Sayers,  £1,060; 

^ichlan,  £1,053 ;  Threadgill,  £1,017  Is.  :  Tarrant,  £879 
ilips,  £840. 


PoRTSMOi'TH. — In  constructing  a  reservoir  on  Portsdnwn 
,  Hill,  for  the  Boi-o\igh  of  Portsmouth  Waterworks  Company. 
Mr.  J.  Quick,  engineer.  Quantities  supplied  by  Rake 
and  Ranwell  :— Light  Brothers,  £5,900  ;  UaAvreuco,  £5,500  ; 
White,  £5,490  ;  Furuea3(acceptetl),£5,195  ;  Pines,  £5,030; ; 
Simmsand  Marten.  £4,873. 

ToTTENHAM-corRT-ROAD. — FoF  alterations  to  the  Horse- 
shoe Tap  House.  Tottenham -court -road.  Jlessrs.  Mayhew 
and  Calder,  architects :— Turner  and  Son,  £1,265;  Oriel, 
£1,210;  Laurence,  £1,190;  Eaton  and  Chapman,  £985; 
Bracher  and  Son,  £978  ;  Ctirtis,  £900. 

Trinc;  (Herts.)— For  the  Main  Drainage.  First  por- 
tion :—Wainwright,  £3,272  ISs-  ;  Morris,  £2.874  ;  Knight, 
£2.641  12s.  Sd.  ;  Whittick.  £2.482  lis.  lOd.  ;  Mann.  £2.4U  ; 
Neaves,  £2.364  13s.  9d. ;  Wigmore,  £2,310153.  lid. ;  Moore, 
£2,156  14s.  Sd.  ;  King,  £2,140  Os.  6d.  ;  Coker,  £2,017  48. ; 
Chappel,  £1,994  Us.  ;  Baker,  £1,994  Ss.  ;  Coker,  jun., 
£1,974  3s.;  Honour,  £1,926;  Durley  and  Son,  £1,798; 
Cooper,  £1,631  12s.  6d. ;  Dickenson  and  Oliver  (accepted), 
£1,626  Is.  2d. 

TfKnuiDr.E  Weli-s. — For  the  erection  of  seven  houses 
and  other  buildings,  for  Messrs.  Fielder  and  Chapman. 
Mr,  Henry  H.  Crouk,  architect.  Quantities  notsupplied: — 
Ansc'^nibe,  £4,368  ;  Stradge  and  Sons,  £3,835  lis.  ;  Noakes, 
i;3,69y  153.  ;  Pink,  £3,696;  H.  Hammond,  £3,551  ;  Mercer 
and  Campfield,  £3,419. 

WE.STMINSTER. — For  a  fire  brigade  station  at  Victoria- 
street,  Westminster,  for  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Works  : 
— Nutt  and  Co.  (accepted),  £4,223. 

WoRCF-STER. — For  alterations  and  additions  to  a  dwell- 
ing-house for  Mr.  T.  R.  Goodwin-  Mr.  A.  Coombo,  archi- 
tect. Quantities  supplied; — Wilson,  £398;  Bishop  and 
Grisraau,  £366  ;  Beard  (accepted),  £345. 

WoKTUiNO. — For  the  erection  of  offices.  Chapel-road,  for 
Messrs.  Tribe  and  Green.  Mr.  Henry  Carpenter,  architect. 
Quantities  supplied:— Th-^me,  £1,577 ;  Dove,  Brothers, 
£1,455;  Hide  and  Patching,  £1,433  89.;  Blaker,  £1,298 ; 
Howell,  £1,232;  Garnid,  £1,225;  Longhurst  (accepted), 
£1,195. 


PROPERTY  SALES. 

March  18. 

At  thb  Gi'iLDHALi,  Coffee-house.— By  Mr.  Whitting- 
ham. — Freehold  building  land,  fronting  Hoe-street  and 
Grove-road,  Walthamstow,  Essex— lot  ISO  sold  for  £120; 
lot  197  sold  for  £56;  lot  215  sold  for  £55  ;  lot  294  sold  for 
£50. 

Freehold  building  land,  fronting  Hooley-road,  Red  Hill, 
Surrey — lots  1  to  202  comprised  the  previous  sales.  Lot 
203  sold  for  £180  ;  lot  204  sold  for  £270  ;  lot  205  .sold  for 
£310  :  lot  206  sold  for  £330  ;  lot  207  sold  for  £340  ;  lot  214 
sold  for  £350. 

March  19. 

At  the  Mart. — By  Messrs.  Daniel  Smith,  Son,  and 
Oakley. — Freehold  and  part  copyhold  estate,  known  a.s 
Bakeham  House,  situate  on  Egham  Hill,  Surrey,  compris- 
ing a  residence  with  stabling,  coach-house,  farm  premises, 
cottages,  and  175a.  Or.  2p.  of  land— sold  for  £18,300. 

By  Messrs.  Ellis  and  Son. — Leasehold  premises,  No.  9, 
Fenchurch- street,  City,  producing  £2,075  per  annum,  term 
88  years  from  1862,  at  £570  per  annum — sold  for  £15.000. 

Leasehold  premises,  Nos.  21  and  22,  St.  Dunstan's-hill, 
and  Nos.  1  and  2,  Cross-lane,  City,  producing  £560  per 
annum,  term  30  years  from  1860,  at  £275  per  annum— sold 
for  £1,500. 

Leasehold  premises,  No.  13,  America-square,  City,  let  on 
lease  at  £110  per  annum,  term  67  years  from  1819  (renew- 
able every  14  years  upon  the  payment  of  a  fine),  at  £18 
per  annum —sold  for  £1,000. 

Freehold  Residence,  No.  128,  Windmill-street,  Gravesend, 
Kent — sold  for  £475. 

Freehold,  two  hou-ies.  No?.  5  and  6,  Clifton-place,  New 
North-street,  Fiusbury,  producing  £44  per  annum— sold  for 
£755. 

By  Messrs.  Winstanley  and  Horwood.  —  Freehold  ground 
rent  of  £13  15s.  per  annum,  arising  from  five  houses,  Nos. 
37,  38,  39,  40,  and  41,  James-street,  East  India-road— sold 
for  £320. 

Freehold  ground  rent  of  £30  per  annum,  arising  from 
No.  3.  Suffolk  Cottages,  James-street  aforesaid—  sold 
for  £560. 

By  Mr.  W.  H.  Moore.— Leasehold  house.  No.  IS,  Raglan- 
street,  Kentish-town,  let  at  £24  per  amium,  term  70  years 
from  1854,  at  £5  per  annum— sold  for  £195. 

Leaseliold,  two  houses,  one  with  shop,  Nos.  14  and  15, 
Clarendon. square,  Somere-town,  producing  £125  9s.  per 
aunum.  term  73  years  from  1806,  at  £30  per  annum-sold 
for  £420. 

Leasehold,  three  hoxises,  Nos.  23  to  25  Brill-place, 
Chapel-street,  Somer's-town,  producing  £50  Us.  per 
annum,  term  94  years  from  1788,  at  £5  10s.  per  annum  — 
sold  for  £260. 


BATH  STONE  OF  BEST  QUALITY. 
Randei.l  and  Saunders,  Quarrymen  and  Stone  Mer 
chants,  Bath.  List  of  Prices  at  the  Quarries  and  Deiiota, 
also  Cost  for  Transit  to  any  part  of  the  Uuited  Kingdum, 
furnished  on  application  to  Bath  Stone  Office,  Corsham, 
Wilts.— [Ad  VT.] 


BAl^KRUPTS. 

TO  SUERENDFRiy  BA3INOHALL-8TREET. 
George  Bale,  Great  George-street,  Westminster,  engineer, 
^prii     5— Thomas    William     Blofield,    Belvedere,     Kent, 
builder,  April  10— William  Wynne  Houchin,  Feeiless-row, 
City-road,  engineer,  April  10. 

TO  SURREyDER  INT  THB  COUNTRY. 
Henry  Aspden,  Blackpool,  Lancashire,  joiner,  April  2  — 
Edward  Barrow,  York,  joiner,  April  3— Wm.  Carver,  Coal 
Brook  Dale,  Salop,  carpenter,  April  3— John  Holdsworth, 
Leeds,  marble  mason,  March  28 — Thomas  Woodfin  Jones, 
Ruthin,  painter,  March  27 — James  Morris,  Pontypool,  engi- 
neer, April  1— l-saac  Stone,  Temple  Cloud,  Somersetshire, 
carpenter,  April  1. 

NOTICE  OF  SITTINGS   FOR  LAST  EXAMINATION. 
T.    W.    Gazeley,   Leyton,    builder,   April  15— C.    Geary, 
Libra-road,  Old  Ford,  builder,  April  15— G.    Paice,  Batter- 
sea,  builder,  Aprd  15— W.  J.  D.   Coker.  St.  Paul's  Wharf, 
cwntractor,  April  12— P.   Caatleton,  Tottenham,    mason, 


April  15— G.  G.  Pa>-no,  Bromley,  Middlesex,  builder,  April 
29— J.  Jaues,  Froig,  joiner,  April  8 — J.  Serjeant,  Apple- 
dore.  Devonshire,  painter,  April  30— J.  Shaw,  Kotherham 
and  Wakefield,  architect,  April  3— F.  Marshall,  Powick, 
carpenter,  March  27— T.  Goodhall  Catshill,  near  Wallsall, 
builder,  April  15— J.  Barnes,  Brorafield.  Cumberland, 
stonemason.  April  10 — .1.  L.  Tavlor,  Barrow-in-Furness, 
plasterer.  March  2.S— T.  Waller,  Chertaey.  painter,  April  3 
—A.  Wilson,  Gainsborough,  plumber,  April  15— .1.  Feek, 
Stoke  Holy  Cross,  Norfolk,  carpenter.  March  30 -R. 
Phillips,  Lake.  Cornwall,  carpenter,  April  9 — W.  Taylor, 
Tamworth,  carpenter,  March  29. 

PARTNERSHIPS  DISSOLVED. 

Keast  and  Moon,  John-street,  Camberwell,  builders  — 
Frost  and  Co.,  Derby,  engineers— Brown  and  Co  ,  Bridge- 
north,  glaziers  -  Oldfield  and  Haigh.  Halifax,  millwrights 
— Garrad  and  I^oigh,  Birmingham,  ironmongers. 

DECLARATIONS  OF   DIVIDENDS. 

A.  Gardiner,  Chepstow,  timber  merchant,  dividend  Jd.— 
J.  Ijewia,  Carmarthen,  painter,  dividend  la.  3d. — W. 
Moion,  Fulham-road,  and  New-street,  Spring-gardens,  con- 
tractor, dividend  9^d. — J.  and  J.  Smith,  Liverpool, 
builders,  divideud  i}d. 

DIVIDENDS. 

R.  L.  Grant,  Exeter,  builder,  April  3— R,  Pratt,  Yar- 
mouth, bricklayer,  April  15. 

BANKRUPTCIES   ANNULLED. 
John  Gillard,  Drayton,  Somersetshire,  carpenter,  Maroh 
13 — G.  Wel)b,  Old  Kent-road,  carpenter. 

SCOTCH  SEQUESTRATIONS. 

W.  Johnston,  Glasgow,  plumber,  March  21- H.  Andor- 
«on,  Inveruesa,  timber  merchant,  March  23. 


LATEST  PRICES   OP  MATERIALS   USED 
IN  CONSTRUCTION. 


ToCBBR.  dntr  !■  per  Ioi%d,  drawb&ck,  la. 


Teak   lo&d  £9 

Quebec,  red  pine 8 

,,       yellow  pine.,  S 

St.  John  N.B.  reUow  0 

Quebec  Oak,  white  . .  t 

..       birch t 

,,       elm    S 

Danliic  o&k  S 

„     dr a 

Memel  &i   2 

Riga S 

Swediih 1 

HastB.Quebecredpine  S 
,,       yellow  pine..     S 
Lath  wood,  D&utzic,bn   4 
,,       St.  Petersburg  6 
DeilB.prC.iaft.  byS 
by  9  in.,  diitySsper 
Io;ul,  di-awY.Ack  3s. 
Quebec,  white  spruce  IS 
St.  John,  whit«  spruce  13 
Yellow   pine,  per  re- 
duced C. 
CanAda.   let  quality,  17 
2nd  do 12 


10    23  ] 
0    16  J 


Archangel,  yellow  ..  £13 
St.  Peteraburg,  ycL..  10 

Fiulftnd 8 

Memel 0 

Qotheuburg.  yellow       t 

,,       white    S 

Oefle.  yellow 9 

Soderhamn    9 

Chrietlnnia,    per   C, 

12  ft.  by  3  by  9  In. 

yellow 18 

Deck  Plank,  DanUlo, 

per  40  (t.  Sin 0 

PumcB  SroNB  pr  Ion    I 
Ouj,  Ac. 

Seal,  pale per  tUD  4(1 

Sperm  body  140 

Cod 41 

Whale,  Sth.  Sc»,  pale  43 

Olive,  Gallipoli 63 

Cocoanut.  Cochin, ton  58 

Palm,  fine 41 

Linseed    57 

Rapeseed,  Hng, pale.,  40 
Cottonieed 30 


0£ia 
10    11 


10  10 
8  10 


10    47 
0  141 


Metal3. 

laoif  :— 

Welsh  Bars  In  London     per  ton  6  IS  0  0    0  0       8 

Nail  Rod       "  7  10  0  8    0  0        Ift 

Hoops  .       do  8  17  8  9    0  0 

Sheets,  Single      ,..       do  t  17  H  10    0  0 

SUfordahireBari       .   do  7  17  S  8  10  9 

Bars,  in  Wales     do  6  IS  0  8    0  0        S 

Hails    do  0    0  u  0    5  0    net 

Foundry  Piga,  at  Glaig.  No    1    ..      do  2  18  «  »    7  0 

Swedish  Bars  do  10  10  0  13  10  0        3} 

Stbki-  : — 

Swediih  Keg,  hammered      per  ton  16  IS  0  18    0  0 

Swedish  Faggot   do  10  10  0  13  10  0 

Copnai  :— 

Sheets  Sheathing,  ABolta    ,...perton  S6    0  0  91     0  0 

Hammered  Bottoms       do  96    0  0  101     0  0 

Fl.-xt  B<:>ttumB.  not  Uammerod   ..do  91    0  0  98    0  0 

Cake  and  Tough  Ingot      do  76    0  0  0    0  0 

Best  Selected    do  84    0  0  89    0  0 

Fine  Foreign     do  88    0  0  88    0  0 

Tel.  Uetal  Sheathing  A  Rodi  ....per  lb  0    0  7^  0    0  8 

Tin:— 

BngltBhBlock      perton  90    0  •  0    0  0        Sft 

do      Bar    do  91  0  0    0  0 

do      Refined  do  VJt    9  9  0    0 

Banca      ■ do  94    0  0  0    0  0    nett 

atrait      do  89    0  0  U    0  0 

LtXDl— 

Plg.EngUsh     per  ton  33    6  0  33  10  0       2| 

.,    Spanish  Soft     do  19  15  0  0    0 

Shot,  Patent     do  2S  10  0  34    0 

Sheet   do  31     0  0  0    0  0 

Whit*     do  80    0  0  31  10  0 

BrsLrKR  :— 

On  the  Spot  per  ton  32    S  0  22  IS  0    nett 

Zmc : — 

English  Sheet      per  ton  38    0    0  0    0  0 

DeTaui'aV.  M.BooflngZinc   do  28    0    0  0    0  0          • 

*  And  S  per  cent,  discount  If  laid  upon  the  new  system. 

Qcicoii.TM»     perbtl  8  18    0  TOO 

Bboului  of  AHTiifoirT. 

French  per  tou  34    0    0  0    9  0 


The  Seacombe  Forge,  Rivet,  &  Bolt.Company 

MANUrACTUaKBS   OIT 

Bolts,  Eivets,  "Washers,  Coach  Screws,  Spikes, 
Set  Pins,  Tie  Bods,  Cotter  Pins,  ifeo  , 

ALSO 

ENGINEER'S    AND    SHIPBUILDER'S    FORGINGS, 

SMITH  WORK,  AND  EVERY  DESCRIPTON 

OF  SHIPS  FASTENINGS. 

Works— SEACOMBE,  near  BIRKENHEAD. 


s 


TAIRCASE    aud  JOINERY    WORKS, 
JOHN     WALDEN 

(Lat«  Shop  Foreman  to  Wr.  W.  SANDS,  retired), 

12,  MAIDEN  LANE,  COVENT  OABDEN. 

E«tlmat««  CO  frppLiattt&Q. 


vin 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


March  22,  1867. 


CRANSTON'S 
PATENT  BUILDINGS  FOR 

HORTICTJLTtlKE. 

"DRY  GLAZING  WITHOUT  PUm." 

"GLASS  WITHOUT  LAPS." 

VENTILATION  WITHOUT  MOVING  LIGHTS. 

HIGULT  COMMENDED  BY  THE 

ROYAL    HORTICULTURAL    SOCIETY, 

SOUTH  KENSINGTON. 

PLANS  AND  ESTIMATES  FREE  ON  APPLICATION. 

Deacriptive   Book  fiilly   ilhistrated,    post  free  for 

twenty  Btaraps, 

FP.OM  THE  AUTHOR  AND  PATENTEE, 

JAMES  CRANSTON,  Architect,  Birmingham. 

Works  :  Highgate- street,  Binniughum. 

HENBY  J.  GROWTAGE, 

MANAGER, 
1,  TEMPLE    KOW    WEST.    BIRMINGHAM. 


CLERIHEW    &    LASCELLES, 
FINSBURY  STEAM  JOINERY  WORKS, 

ESTIMATES]     121.  bunhill  row,  finsbury,  e.g.    [given. 

Doors,  "Wmdows,   Stairs,    Cupboards,  Skirting-s, 

ABCniTRAVE.S,    GREENHOUSES,    MELON-LIGHTS     RAFTERS     SASH- 

iiABS,  CAPPINGS,  SHOP-FRONTS  AND  FITTINGS    OFFICE 

AND  BANK  FITTINGS,  DESKS,  4e. 

C.  &  L.'s  Joiner's  Price  Book,  containing:  58  pag-es,  and  a  Book 

of  100  Mouldings,  for  6  stamps. 


.OBT.  W.  SPRAGUE  AND  Co.  Lithographers,  etc. 

/laving  drootcd  their  attention  for  several  years  to  the  requirements  of  the  Architec- 
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various  descriptions  of  loork  below,  on  moderate  terms  and  strict  punctuality. 
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LONDON    FELT   WORKS, 
■UPPER  BAKCHESTEE.  STREET,  POPLAR   NEW  TOWN,  LONDON,  E., 

MANUFACTURERS  OF 

Id.  (  ASPHALTED  ROOFING  FELT  \  Id. 

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SHEATHING  FELTS,        j  Brown  32  ty  20,  2|d.  per  Sheet. 

in  long  lengths  by  32  inches  wide  (^  Blajck      32  by  20,  2d.         ditto. 

FIBROUS  ASPHALTE, 

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TURKEY  AND    INDIAN    CARPETS, 

IMPORTED  BY 

WATSON,  BONTOR,  &  CO., 

CARPET  MANUFACTURERS  TO  THE  ROYAL  FAMILY, 

35      AND      36,     OLD     BOND     STREET,      LONDON,     W. 

EXHIBITION  MEDALS  1851,  1862,  and  DUBLIN,  1866. 


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GALVANIZERS.  CORRUGATORS.  AND  METAL 

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CORRUGATED  IRON  BUILDINGS  AND  E00F3 

ERECTED. 

All  kind,  of  Ii'onwcrk  GalT.-miEed. 

Zinc  Roofing  of  every  Description. 

22  Rnd   23.   Jewin-street,    niid    57.    Graceuhurch  Btrret,  London.  E.C. 
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c 


HUBB'S    PATENT    SAFES— 

the  moat  necure  ag^insl  Fire  and  TbievPB. 
CHUEB'S    PATENT    DETECTOR    LOCKS    ol  all  biccs.   and  (or 
erery  I'lirpose— Street-door  LatchM  with  email  and  neat  Keya— Caah, 
Deed,  Paper,  jvnd  Writing  Boxes,  all  fitted  with  the  Detector  Locks- 
Iron  Doors  for  Strong  Roome. 

IllUBtntted  Pricft-List,  griitiB  And  pnst  (ree. 
CHUBB  i  SON.  57.  St.  Paul's  Churchyard.  Loodtm  ;  28.  Lord-strMt, 
Liverpool ;  68.  CrosBRtreet.  Manchester  ;  ftnd  Wolverhampton. 


■\7ERANDAHS,       COVERED       "WAYS, 

V        AWNINGS.  CONSERVATORIES,  ami   every  description  ol 
Roudiig  tuid  tiiishe!!  in  wrought  aiid  cast  iron,  made  to  oitlcr. 


saa 


'  v  ^^#i-w^^SS5::g-2x 


Apply  to  COTTAm  &  Co.,  MauDfactureiB, 

7.  WINSLET-STEEET 
(OppoBlte  the  Pantheon).  Oxford-street,  Loadon. 


VENTILATION. -PURE  AIR. 


SHERINGHAM'3  DAY  AND  NIGHT   VENTILATOR. 

For    ino    admisaion    of    Pure    Air    through    tlie  •xtema!   wall. 

Theae  Ventilators  are  arranged  eo  that  the  requieito  quantity  « 
air  may  he  admitted  for  the  due  ventilation  o(  an  ar^rtmenl  wItB- 
out  the  tlightest  draught  being  felt  by  the  occupant*  ;  and  as  th«y  «r« 
placed  in  the  external  wall,  their  action  is  not  impeded  whenth* 
house  is  closed  for  the  evening,  at  which  time  a  constAnt  supply  Ol 
fresh  air  is  most  required. 

HAYWARD   BROTHERS, 

8ol<  Mannlacturen,  187  »nd  189.  DNION-STEEET.  EOBOUOK'  I 
LONDON. 

DAMP  &  DRAUGHT  effectually  excludedj 
from  the  Bottoms  of  French  Casements,  by 
T.  SMITH'S  IMPROVED  SELF-ACTING  WATER-BAR. 
A  Working  Model  can  he  seen  at  the  Manufactory, 

12  &  13,  QUEEN-STREET,  OXFORD-STREET,  W., 

Or     Sketch  will  be  sent  on  application. 
Iron  and  Brass  ESPAGNIOLETTA  BOLTS  of  a  Superior  Qu»lfl[|l 
Eeduced  Prices.  * '  ■ 

To  Ironmoneers  and  the  Trade  generally. 

DHULETT  &  Co.,  Mnnufactiirors  of  GAS  j 
,  CHANDELIERS.  HALL  LANTERNS.  GLASS  LrSTBES 
Ac.  &c.  A  large  aseortment  of  the  newest  designs  always  on  shoTt 
eve'rj- article  marked  in  plain  figures.  Patentees  and  Mauufacturei 
of  the  Mercurial  Gas  Regulator.  Complete  Pattern  Book  and  Pric 
List  128.  Noa.  65  ahd  56.  Hioh  Holboek.  U, 

T^O  BUILDERS,  &c.  —  COMBINE!  W 
MACHINE,  for  Sawing,  Mortising.  Tenoning.  Rabbetinf 
Grooving,  and  Boring,  worked  by  manual  or  steam  power.  £17.— Writ 
fi.r  prospectus,  and  see  testimonials  from  some  of  the  largest  finn*  i 
London.— Markall,  Patent«e,  Union  Steam  Works.  Uuion-itrMl 
Whitechapel  E. 

TIMBER,   DEAXS,   FLOORING,   &   MOULDING^  j 

JOSEPH    AND    ALFRED    ROSLJNQ, 

SOUTHWARK  BRIDGE  WHARF,  BANKSIDE,  . 

Keep  a  large  and  well-seasoned  stock  constantly  on  hand,  wmca  ttei  ] 
the  facility  afforded  by  rirer-side  premises  as  compared  with  IWM 
y,ird«.  they  are  enabled  to  sell  at  the  very  lowest  prices. 

DRY   WAINSCOT 

at  6d.,  7d.,  and  8d.  per  foot 
At  JOHN  COUMBE'S,  Lady  Lake's-grove,  MUe-eod-g»i«. 

REDUCED    PRICES. 

Builders,  Carpenters,  and  others, 

Have  Bubmitt^  to  their  notice  tliese  very  reduced  pnccB,  Iho  Ww" 
consistent  with  rcnlly  useful  qxialiti-'s. 

3-inch  Flooring  (weUprei  and)  lis.  Bd.  jwr  sqnar^. 

Laths     299.  Od-  P"  load 

YtHow  Deals,  sound  and  good Itirt-  per  foot 

Spruce  Deals  „  2*0.        .. 

2i-inch  Battens  .,  Jia. 

Seasoned    Mahogany,    plank    and    boa  rd  60         ,, 

A  very  large  stock,  readv  sawn  and  se^isoned. 

ALFKED  CARTER  &iCo., 

OLD  BETHNAL  GREEN  ROAD,  N.E. 

(End  of  Elizabeth-Btreet,  Hackney-road. 


March  29,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


217 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


I.OSDOS,  FRIDAY,  MABCB  iO,  1867. 


THE     STRENGTH     OF     BRICKS. 

COMPARISONS  have  been  frequently 
drawn  between  ancient  and  modern 
bricks.  The  ancients  employed  bricks  which 
were  almost  indestructible.  A  traveller  in 
the  Indies  has  informed  us  that  he  has  not 
met  with  any  bricks  to  equal  those  to  be 
found  in  the  ancient  tombs  at  Tatta, —  "the 
most  beautifully  chiselled  stone  coidd  not 
surpass  the  sharpness  of  edge  and  angle,  and 
accuracy  of  form,  whilst  the  substance  was  so 
perfectly  homogeneous  and  skilfully  burnt 
that  each  brick  had  a  metallic  ring,  and  frac- 
tured with  a  clear  surface,  like  breaking  free- 
stone." The  bricks  of  Rome,  which  have 
withstood  the  wear  of  seventeen  hundred 
years,  the  bricks  manufactured  by  the  Dutch, 
which  have  remained  iminjured  even  when 
used  for  street  paving,  show  the  excellence 
which  has  been  attained  in  the  manufacture 
of  this  biuldiug  material  in  past  times.  Our 
own  British  bricks  made  in  the  reigns  of  the 
Tudors  and  Stuarts  were  far  superior  to  the 
bricks  made  in  the  present  day.  In  an 
American  journal,  the  Rev.  M.  D.  Conway  in 
a  description  of  a  visit  to  Thomas  Carlyle's 
retired  old  mansion  in  Chelsea,  states  that  the 
renowned  owner,  pointing  to  the  bricks  and 
mortar  which  compose  his  dweUing,  re- 
marked : — "Look at  these  bricks,  sir,  not  one 
of  them  is  a  lie.  Let  a  brick  be  once  honestly 
burned,  and  the  cement  good,  and  your  waU 
mil  stand  till  the  trump  of  doom  blows  it 
down.  These  bricks  are  as  sharp  as  the  day 
they  were  put  iip,  and  the  mortar  is  now  lime- 
stone. The  houses  all  around  us  crumble, 
the  bricks  in  them  were  made  to  crumble 
after  sixty  years — that  being  the  extent  of 
most  of  the  leases." 

Of  the  actual  truth  of  Mr.  Carlyle's  exposure 
there  is  but  little  doubt.  Despite  the  fact 
that  the  means  of  production  have  vastly  im- 
proved, we  are  left  with  bricks  that  are  roughly 
finished,  imperfectly  burned,  and  perfectly 
uuable  to  hold  together  for  much  more  than 
half  a  century.  Undoubtedly  the  system  of 
bmlding  on  leases  for  sixty  or  ninety-nine 
years  has  led  to  this  deterioration  in  the 
strength  and  endurance  of  home-made  bricks. 
The  object  is  to  obtain  building  materials  as 
cheaply  as  possible  ;  and  although  complaints 
were  made  a  few  years  ago  as  to  the  hi5;h  price 
of  bricks,  yet  they  can  be  obtained  at  prices 
which  do  not  allow  of  any  great  perfection  in 
the  manufacture.  Speculative  builders  will, 
of  course,  continue  to  encourage  the  sale  of 
'--;racefully-made  bricks;  but  for  works 
ich  are  intended  to  resist  the  advances  of 
ume  and  the  inroads  of  atmospheric  influences, 
the  best  materials  will  be  sought  for. 

The  experiments  which  have  been  made  of 
late  years  in  testing  the  strength  of  bricks  have 
been  of  great  importance  ;  while  the  careful 
methods  adopted  by  the  engineers  engaged  in 
the  construction  of  the  more  recent  of  our  great 
metropolitan  works  have  led  to  good  results. 
One  of  the  most  elaborate  sets  of  experiments 
was  made  a  few  years  ago  by  Mr.  Hawkes,  who 
was  induced  to  enter  into  this  subject  by 
having  to  erect  some  farm  buildings  for  him- 
self, ilr.  Hawkes,  having  experienced  con- 
siderable benefit  from  testing  pig-iron  pur- 
cha.sed  for  liis  foundry,  thought  it  would  be 
.worth  while  to  do  the  like  with  the  bricks  to 
jbe^  used  by  his  builder.  He  obtained  thirty 
bricks  which  were  sent  him  as  average  samples 
of  the  kind  proposed  to  be  used  for  his  build- 
ings. He  ascertained  that  the  average  strength 
^of  these  bricks  was  somewhere  about  1,3001b., 
but  it  appears  that  when  the  bulk  of  the  ma- 
terials was  delivered,  numbers  of  them 
were  only  of  the  average  strength  of  about 
8001b.    Two  men  can  test  300  bricks  by  a 


testing  machine  in  one  hour  ;  and  that  num- 
ber is  sufficiently  large  to  enable  anyone  to 
ascertain  the  average  strength  of  a  vast  quan- 
tity of  bricks.  The  method  of  testing  was  not 
to  ascertain  the  breaking  point,  but  tlie  bear- 
ing ]«nver  up  to  a  cerUiin  average  of  strength. 
It  has  been  stated  that  very  few  bricks  will 
bear  a  pressure  of  three  tons.  Mr.  Hawke.-; 
savs  : — "If  you  wanted  to  test  bricks  at  Bos- 
ton, wliere  the  mean  strength  is  5,0641b.,  it 
might  be  considered  that  4,000lb.  was  a  fair 
test.  If  bricks  had  been  purchased  at  a  tested 
strength  in  the  year  260  at  L^riconium,  about 
3,0UOlb.,  or  if  in  Loudon  in  ISCO,  I  would  ad- 
vise the  brickmaker  to  limit  his  guarantee  to 
3G0lb.,  because,  unfortunately,  some  have 
broken  at  3661b."  Mr.  Hawkes'sexperiments 
were  to  ascertain  the  transverse  strength  of 
bricks,  not  their  power  to  resist  a  crushing 
force.  It  is  important  to  know  for  how  long 
a  brick  will  carry  a  weight  without  breaking. 
We  are  told  that  one  common  Boston  brick 
which  broke  with  a  weight  of  !)20lb.,  sustained 
a  pressure  of  690lb.  for  forty-eight  hours,  and 
then  broke  with  a  weight  of  l,330lb.  ;  of  course 
these  experiments  were  made  upon  the  half- 
brick,  and  calcidated  out  at  the  standard  size 
and  bearing.  A  brick  from  dried  ground  clay 
by  pressure  sustained  a  weight  of  S20lb.,  for 
forty-eight  hours — its  original  strength  being 
89Slb. — and  it  broke  when  the  weights  were 
made  up  to  9501b.  Half-bricks  frecjuently  re- 
quire a  greater  weight  to  break  them  than 
whole  bricks.  Taking  twenty-five  bricks  each 
from  different  districts,  it  was  found  that  the 
average  weight  was  7'85lb.,  and  the  strength 
usually  increased  with  the  weight.  AVe  gather 
from  Mr.  Hawkes's  tables  of  experiments  the 
following  useful  facts  : — 

Boston  red  bricks,  best. — These  bricks  are 
well  made,  and  have  a  smooth  surface,  and 
are  straight  and  square  at  the  edges.  They 
cost  in  Boston  17  dollars  per  thousand.  Mean 
strength,  5,0641b.  Common  Boston  bricks,  of 
a  dark  red  colour,  labour  at  2  dollars  per 
thousand,  are  free  from  rubbish.  Mean 
strength,  3,184lb. 

Baltimore  best  bricks  are  hand-made.  The 
very  best  sell  at  25  dollars  per  thousand,  and 
ordinary  bricks  at  from  6  to  8  dollars.  Mean 
strength,  3,5511b.  Common  Baltimore  bricks 
are  considered  to  be  far  stronger  than  stone — 
the  bricks  from  old  buildings  beiug  very 
sound.     Mean  strength,  3,040lb. 

The  Dutch  bricks  were  furnished  by  Messrs. 
Rosher,  of  Holland-street,  London.  Greatest 
stre  gth,  4,000lb. ;  mean  strength,  3, 5801b. 
The  Dutch  clinkers  are  stronger  and  heavier 
than  American  common  bricks.  The  clinkers 
"are  made  at  Moor,  near  Gonda,  in  South 
Holland,  from  the  slime  deposited  on  the 
banks  of  the  River  Yssel,  and  formerly  from 
that  of  Haarlem  Meer.  The  colour  is  a  light 
yellowish  brown.  The  clay  or  slime  is  washed 
to  get  rid  of  the  earthy  matter  before  being 
moidded." 

From  the  experiments  made  on  home-made 
bricks  we  gather  these  interesting  facts  : — The 
Tipton  blue  bricks  give  the  greatest  strength 
(.5,5531b.),  the  mean  strength  being  3,975lb. 
Best  Garrison-lane,  Birmingham,  bricks, 
which  are  hand-made,  the  clay  being  passed 
only  through  one  pair  of  rollers,  stand  next  in 
order.  Greatest  strength  3,530lb.,  mean 
strength,  3,3761b. ;  while  the  common  bricks 
from  the  same  neighbourhood  were  far  in- 
ferior. The  best  Oldbury  bricks  gave  the 
greatest  strength  at  4,600lb.,  the  mean 
strength  being  3,345lb.,  while  the  common 
Oldbury  bricks  stood  at  3,3611b.  greatest 
strength,  and  2, 1931b.  mean  strength.  These 
bricks  were  manufactured  by  Messrs.  Bams- 
ley;  those  made  by  Messrs.  Ingram  by 
machines  gave  the  foUomng  results  : — Great- 
est strength,  3, 7031b.  ;  mean  strength,  3,120lb.; 
the  least  strength  being  2,07Slb.  Messrs. 
Bradley  and  Gavan's  machine-made  bricks, 
manufactured  in  Leeds,  gave  the  greatest 
strength,  4,1331b.;  mean,  3,198lb. ;  least, 
2,6161b.  The  clay  is  taken  from  the  pit,  and 
does  not  undergo  any  previous  preparation, 
lu  some  cases  no  water  is  added.    The  hand- 


made bricks  had  a  mean  strength  of  1, 0381b. 
Some  bricks  from  Bridgewater  were  tried 
and  found  to  give  the  greatest  strength, 
3,200lb.  ;  mean,  2,3181b.;  and  leiist,  l,515lb. 
Crickmay's  bricks  (near  Weymouth),  hand- 
made, one  pair  of  crushing  rolls,  but  no  pug- 
mill  : — Greatest  strength,  2,6S0lb. ;  mean, 
1, 9401b.  ;  least,  l,480lb.  ;  while  some  bricks 
made  in  two  j'ards  nearer  We\^nouth  only 
gave  the  mean  strength  of  725lb.  White 
bricks  made  in  Leicestershire  : — Greatest 
strength,  1, 4721b.  ;  mean,  1, 1041b.  ;  least, 
S241b.  Oxford  bricks :— Greatest,  1,1871b.; 
mean,  1,0871b. ;  least,  S751b.  Two  lots  of 
London  (stock)  bricks  were  tested,  and  gave 
the  following  results  : — -No.  1  :  Greatest 
strength,  1, 4961b.  ;  mean,  9981b. ;  least, 
3661b.  No.  2 :  Greatest,  l,396lb.  ;  mean, 
8251b.  ;  least,  4851b. 

Prior  to  the  commencement  of  the  works  in 
connection  with  the  Southern  Main  Drainage, 
Mr.  Grant,  the  engineer,  made  a  series  of  ex- 
periments on  the  compression  and  strength  of 
various  bricks.  These  experiments  were 
made  about  the  same  time  as  the  testing  trials 
with  the  Portland  cement  used  for  these 
works,  and  which  have  been  described  in  this 
journal.  300  experiments  were  made  on  the 
strength  of  bricjvs,  and  some  useful  facts 
were  ascertained.  From  the  six  tables  in 
which  these  facts  are  recorded,  we  leani  that 
in  1863,  173  experiments  were  made  on  the 
compression  of  bricks.  We  can  only  give  the 
mean  results,  as  the  cubical  contents,  dimen- 
sions, and  maximum  or  minimum  residts 
would  occupy  too  much  of  our  space.  Gault 
bricks,  which  were  used  on  the  Bermondsey 
branch  of  the  works,  showed  : — Average  pres- 
sure when  the  specimen  first  showed  signs  of 
giving,  ,at  13'38ii  tons  and  12-120  tons  ;  and 
pressure  when  finally  crushed,  average,  37'90 
tons  and  32'3S  tons.  Messrs.  Allan's  (Sud- 
bury) Suftblk  bricks,  used  for  the  pumping 
station  at  Deptford,  showed  : — Average  pres- 
sure when  giving  signs  of  breaking  to  be 
4'475  tons  and  17'100  tons  ;  and  average  pres- 
sure when  crushed  31"75  tons  and  48'45  tons. 
The  following  bricks,  which  we  select  from 
this  table,  were  used  on  the  Southern  Outfall 
contract : — 


g-gg'.a 

§  1  s 

-  »■; 

J=^  § 

so-.. 

is  2- 

•g'-'a 

Weight. 

o  g 

s- 

S^sS. 

i=l 

s-a,  § 

lb. 

£cS 

Hi 

p. 

Brimstone,  Sufiolka  (Allan) 

6-8 

5100 

31-00 

Best  whites  (Allan)         .  . 

6-6 
6-4 

5100 
4  000 

19  60 

No.  3  Suffolks  (.\llan)  

19-10 

Best  whites  (Salters,  Chil- 

ton)    

6-3 

5-300 

25-90 

Xo.     2    Suffolks    (Salters, 

ChUton)    

71 

6-600 

33-20 

Gault  wireKiut  Xo.  2  (Web- 

ster, Burham)    

5-4 

6-400 

32-90 

Gault,  pressed  No.   1  (Web- 

ster, Burham) 

61 

7-400 

36-80 

Gault  (Belts,  Ajlesford)  ... 

6-4 

7-300 

32-40 

Best  reds  (Stares,  Fareham) 

6-3 

8  420 

26-10 

Best  rubbers  (Stares,  Fare- 

bam)  

8-3 

1-400 

15-70 

Best    flrebncks   (Pearson, 

Stourbridge)    

7-3 

15-800 

62-80 

No.    2    Salmon  (Ambrose, 

Colchester)  

6-5 

8-900 

36-70 

No.    2    Suffolks   (Knight, 

61 

8-800 

37-30 

Good  stocks  (Smeed,   Sit- 

tingbourne) 

5  3 

5-700 

33-90 

Best  blue  (Gilbert,  Tipton) 

80 

21  600 

960-20* 

Eighty-two  other  experiments  were  also 
made  in  1859  and  1860,  on  the  compression  of 
bricks ;  and  in  the  same  years,  thirty-eight  ex- 
periments were  made  on  the  strength  of 
various  kinds  of  bricks,  &c.  From  the  tables 
recording  these  experiments  we  select  the  fol- 
lowing items  : — 

Mr.  Gilbert's  blue  bricks  gave  the  total 
crushing  power  (average)  at  50-00  tons,  and 
75-00  tons,  the  crushing  power  per  square 
inch  being  4,0141b.  and  3,2(10lb. 

Mr.  CUflTs    fireclay   brick — total   crushing 

•  This  specimen  withBtood  the  utmost  pressure  of  th» 
testing  press. 


218 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


Maech  29,  1867. 


power  (average)  65-62  tons  and  37-50  tons,  the 
crushing  power  per  square  inch  being  4,2181b. 
and  2,4bllb. 

Machine  bricks,  red,  manufactured  by  Mr. 
Piatt— total  crushing  power  (average)  28-12 
tons  and  18-74  tons;  crushing  power  per 
square  inch  1,6671b.  and  l,619lb. 

The  following  were  the  results  of  some  blue 
bricks  by  three  different  makers  : — Mr.  Tay- 
lor, crushing  power,  50-60  tons  ;  ditto,  square 
inch,  2,915lb.  ;  Mr.  Gilbert,  crushing  power, 
75-00  tons  ;  ditto,  square  inch,  4,759lb. ;  Mr. 
Cliff,  Wortley  Works,  Leeds,  crushing  power, 
72-00  tons  ;  ditto,  square  inch,  4,6391b. 

Mr.  Helling's  clay  bricks  showed  a  total 
crushing  power  (average)  26-00  tons,  and  a 
crushing  power  per  square  inch  of  1, 5741b. 

These  experunents  are,  of  course,  with  the 
best  made  bricks,  selected  by  the  makers  for 
the  purpose.  We  need  hai-dly  say  that  the 
common  bricks  now  so  plentifully  used  in 
running  up  houses  in  London  could  not  stand 
a  pressure  anything  approaching  that  to  which 
some  of  the  varieties  mentioned  above  were 
subjected. 

In  our  recent  article  on  "  Home  Made 
Bricks"  y,-e  referred  to  a  most  excellent  kiln, 
■which  had  been  successfully  used  by  Mr. 
Moore,  in  a  bricktield  near  Belfast.  We  have 
been  requested  to  state  that  the  kiln  in  ques- 
tion was  invented  by  Mr.  Hoffmann,  of  Berlin. 
The  material  used  for  these  bricks  is  very 
rough,  and  they  are  produced  at  an  extremely 
cheap  rale.  We  understand  that  the  cost  of 
burning  bricks  by  Hoffmann's  patent  is  8s.4id. 
less  per  thousand  than  by  the  old  kilns.  Mr. 
Rasoh,  a  Prussian  architect,  speaks  thus  favour- 
ably of  this  furnace  : — "  As  every  new  inven- 
tion meets  with  difficulties  by  first  realising 
it,  I  am  happy  to  say  that  I  was  quite  sur- 
prised to  find  the  kiln  built  after  your  design 
answered  the  purpose  directly  at  the  first  firing 
■with  complete  success.  Referring  to  the  saving, 
in  fuel  I  am  happy  to  say  that  the  result  quite 
exceeds  my  expectation.  I  want  for  burning 
one  thousand  of  bricks  only  3  cwt.,  whicli 
shows  a  great  saving  compared  with  the  old 
furnaces,  requiring  for  the  same  number  of 
bricks  11  cwt.  of  coals.  I  am  convinced  that 
your  furnaces  can  be  easily  adapted  to  the 
manufacture  of  china,  porcelain,  &c." 


A    PHILOSOPHICAL   VIEW    OF   ART. 


No.  4.- 


-The  Religious  and  Secular 
Ideas. 


WITH  the  Greek  nation  the  endeavour  to 
draw  a  distinction  between  the  mate- 
rial and  the  immaterial,  realism  and  idealism, 
or  nature  and  humanity,  died  out.  Unassisted 
reason,  like  the  unassisted  imagination,  could 
at  this  period  only  turn  upon  "itself,  and  in- 
vent theories  that  were  often  as  impracticable 
as  the  wildest  chimeras  of  the  fimcy.  The 
speculative  activity  of  polytheism,  devoid  of 
reliable  physical  knowledge,  could  only  form 
a  provisional  separation  "between  "  moral  " 
and  "  natural "  science  ;  while  the  contempt 
for  practical  arts  among  the  Greeks  tended 
yet  more  to  estrange  thouglit  from  the  actuali- 
ties of  life — the  internal  from  the  external 
■world.  We  find  accordingly  au  advance  in 
the  mathematical  sciences,  or  those  developed 
from  an  d  priori  method. 

Passing  from  Grecian  to  Roman  civilisation 
a  declension  of  the  spirit  of  philosophic 
thought  is  manifested.  The  intercom-se  be- 
tween the  Greeks  and  Orientals  tended  to 
relax  the  vigorous  pursuit  after  principles 
which  distinguished  the  luminous  epochs  of 
Greek  thought.  The  consequence  of  this  -was 
a  reign  of  dogmatic  and  sceptical  teaching 
destructive  to  real  progress.  Nor  was  this 
all.  Essentially  practical  and  warlike,  the 
Roman  mind  regarded  political  aggrandise- 
ment too  eagerly  to  concentrate  its  attention 
on  the  dogmas  and  speculations  of  opposite 
schools  ;  and  hence  the  Romans  merely  pro- 
pagated or  revived  the  old  Pythagorean  doc- 
trines, or  combined  into  systems  by  a  process 


of  eclecticism  the  ideas  of  Epicurus,  Plato, 
and  Aristotle  ;  the  severer  principles  of  the 
Stoics  and  Academics  finding  fewer  admirers 
than  the  sensual  and  accommodating  system 
of  the  Epicureans.  Between  dogmatism  and 
scepticism  the  Roman  mind  continually  vacil- 
lated ;  now  the  Neo-Platonists  popularised 
the  religious  and  ethical  ideas  of  Plato  with 
an  allegorical  dress  of  religious  mysteries,  and 
then  the  system  of  the  Empiric  school 
reached  an  extreme  that  defied  all  future 
inquiry.  I  Jiave  elsewhere  said  that  the  pre- 
ponderance of  a  single  principle,  or  ratlier  a 
stamp  of  xmity,  characterised  all  early  civili- 
sations, producing  in  Egypt  and  India  an 
exclusive  and  stationary  character ;  in  Greece 
a  rapid  social  development;  and  these  dift'erent 
results  are  to  be  ascribed  to  the  hereditary 
castes  prevalent  in  the  former  countries,  and 
the  open  competition  of  skill  of  the  latter 
nation.  It  was  dift'erent  with  Roman  civili- 
sation. A  diversity  of  elements — a  social 
agitation — prevailed ;  and  the  Empire  itself 
sprang  from  an  aggregate  of  municipalities  or 
a  confederation  of  towns.  Italy  and  the  west 
were  covered  by  a  number  of  towns  ;  the  in- 
tervening country  being  uninhabited,  no 
social  existence  was  found,  and  consequently 
there  was  no  bond  of  union  between  them. 
The  idea  of  a  despotic  central  power  organ- 
ised and  held  together  for  awhile  these  scat- 
tered and  independent  states,  till  in  the  fourth 
century  their  dismemberment  took  place. 
The  a  piiori  reasoning  of  the  Greek  mind 
served  rather  to  refine  and  elaborate  than 
originate  any  new  ideas ;  and  hence  in  archi- 
tecture the  trabeated  system  of  construction, 
suited  as  it  was  to  the  materials  at  disposal, 
received  all  the  refinement  and  perfection  of 
which  it  was  capable.  Principles  seem  to 
have  determined  all  the  Greek  works  of 
design.  With  the  Romans  it  was  otherwise. 
Little  disposed  to  discriminate,  and  possessing 
a  more  daring  and  restless  genius,  their  art 
displays  an  attempt  to  diversify  and  adopt 
what  suited  their  ambitious  -views  rather  than 
to  elaborate  a  previous  system.  The  power 
of  intensifying  an  idea,  or  working  out  a 
single  principle  to  a  philosophic  subtlety 
shown  both  in  the  Greek  pliilosophy  and  art, 
the  Romans  never  possessed  ;  they  could  not 
rest  satisfied  with  such  abstraction,  but  boldly 
introduced  new  elements.  Hence,  although 
known  to  the  Egyptians,  Pelasgians,  and 
Greeks,  the  Romans  were  the  first  to  intro- 
duce largely  the  principle  of  the  arch,  which 
attained  in  the  Pantheon  at  Rome  its  fullest 
development.  The  Aristotelian  principles  of 
"magnitude"  and  "order"  were  readily 
seized  by  the  Roman  mind  in  the  conception 
and  realisation  of  their  constructive  art.  Their 
temples,  however,  in  size  and  importance 
yielded  to  their  basilicas,  theatres,  and  baths — 
an  important  fact  to  notice,  as  it  constituted 
the  fii-st  great  step  in  the  secularisation  of  art. 
In  the  Fla-vian  amphitheatre  all  that  charac- 
terised the  Roman  conception  in  practical 
vigour,  ■warlike  proclivities,  and  overpowering 
size,  ■were  majestically  and  architecturally 
embodied. 

The  dismemberment  of  the  Roman  empire, 
the  inroads  of  the  barbarian  tribes,  the  in- 
creasing light  of  Christianity,  and  the  down- 
fall of  Polytheism,  all  worked  a  wonderful 
change.  The  religious  idea  had  dawned ; 
and  the  mind  became  prepared  for  the  do 
minion  of  monotheism.  Christianity  con- 
stituted a  bond  of  union  between  the  Romans 
and  barbarians  ;  in  its  simplicity  of  doctrine 
and  in  the  association  of  common  sentiments, 
it  formed  a  neutral  ground  between  a  luxu- 
riant and  corrupted  civilisation  and  a  simple 
and  nomadic  life. 

We  have  traced  the  transition  from  fetich- 
ism  to  polytheism,  a  change  ■which  mainly 
transferred  the  particular  personification  of 
phenomena  or  reverence  for  matter  to  more 
general  and  abstract  deifications.  The  mind 
had  passed  its  first  social  stage  ;  it  had  begun 
to  ad\-ance  from  particular  to  universal  con- 
ceptions, from  objects  to  classes,  from  the 
finite  in  nature  to  the  absolute  in  spirit.  Thus 


anthropomorphism  succeeded  to  inert  matter 
as  the  ne.xt  step  in  the  conception  of  Divine 
nature ;  from  intelligence  being  imputed  to 
matter  it  was  ascribed  to  beings  like  ourselves. 
By  the  same  process  the  variable  began  to  be 
subordinated  to  invariable  laws,  and  principles 
succeeded  facts. 

The  rise  of  monotheism  stiU  further  in- 
creased this  spirit,  thougli,  on  the  other  hand, 
the  discordant  elements  of  accumulated  civili- 
sation added  to  tlie  difficulty  of  philosophic 
generalisation.  The  conception  of  man  hardly 
kept  pace  with  physical  knowledge.  Art  as 
the  exponent  of  a  simple  imaginative  creed 
was  thus  far  more  expressive  under  the  in- 
fluence of  polytheistic  imity  than  it  now  is 
under  the  dominion  of  monotheistic  diver- 
sity. Hence  the  primitive  religion  and  thought 
of  polytheism  freely  favoured  the  aesthetic 
faculties  and  the  fine  arts.  We  have  now  to 
see  how,  under  the  monotheistic  spirit  of  the 
middle  ages,  the  conception  of  art  was  in- 
fluenced. Thought  durmg  this  period  of  reli- 
gious development  -was  in  general  character- 
ised by  the  subdued  eftbrt  of  reason  under 
the  dominion  of  a  principle  derived  from 
revelation.  Imagination  and  reason  gave 
place  to  another  power — viz.,  inspiration. 

Though  in  a  less  material  manner,  we  shall 
trace  the  same  general  law  of  mental  progress 
during  this  era  as  we  have  hitherto  been  con- 
sidering. The  barbarian  invasion  may  have 
temporally  broken  the  chain  of  intellectual 
progress,  and  w-e  find,  after  the  primitive 
purity  of  Christianity  had  become  dimmed, 
the  monotheistic  faith  passing  through  phases 
analogous  to  fetichism  and  anthropomorphism. 
Many  circumstances  combined  to  make  idola- 
try highly  distasteful  to  the  early  church. 
The  rise  of  the  Gnostics  was  one  of  these. 
Distinguished  as  the  most  learned  and  influen- 
tial among  the  Christians,  they  sought,  like 
the  Jewish  cabbala,  in  various  ways  to  recon- 
cile and  blend  the  dogmatic  and  obscure  tenete 
of  the  East  with  Christian  ideas.  The  reli- 
gion of  Zoroaster,  and  the  existence  of  two 
opposite  principles,  are  foimd  blended  in  the 
Gnostic  .systems ;  and  the  identification  dE 
matter  with  the  evil  principle  led  the  Gnostics 
to  regard  the  universe  as  a  fall  from  Divine 
perfection,  as  well  as  into  all  kinds  of  Oriental 
extravagance.  Spirit  and  matter — God  and 
the  world — were  thus  put  into  direct  antago- 
nism. Hence  primitive  Christianity  viewed 
Paganism  in  an  odious  light.  AVe  are  told  by 
Gibbon*  that  it  was  the  general  sentiment  of 
the  Church  that  the  demons  were  the  authors, 
patrons,  and  objects  of  idolatry.  Interwoven 
as  were  all  the  public  rites  and  spectacle* 
with  the  deities  of  polytheism,  it  was  natural 
that  the  Christian  avoided  with  pious  abhor- 
rence anything  approaching  idolatrous  reve- 
rence. Apollo  and  the  Muses,  Homer  and 
Virgil,  were,  in  the  eyes  of  the  Early  Fathers, 
the  organs  and  servants  of  the  infernal  spirit. 
The  dift'erent  phases  of  religious  realisation 
are  most  faithfully  reflected  in  the  progress  of 
Christian  art,  and  it  is  to  art  alone,  indeed, 
that  w-e  can  turn  in  tracing  them.  ilr.  Lecky, 
in  his  recent  and  able  work  "  On  the  Rise 
and  Influence  of  Rationalism  in  Europe,"  hs^ 
in  a  masterly  manner,  pretty  fully  sketched 
the  tendency  of  thought  as  it  revealed  itself 
in  the  mediaeval  conceptions  of  art ;  and 
much  light  may  be  gathered  from  the  valuable 
materials  he  has  brought  together  in  describ- 
ing this  particular  period  of  religious  thought 

From  what  I  have  said,  it  may  be  inferred 
that  the  early  Christian  artists  adopted  very 
cautiously  the  ideas  and  forms  of  paganism. 
We  find  accordingly  Christian  art  at  first  only 
appropriating  to  its  use  those  ideas  which 
were  marked  by  a  simple  and  genuine  senti- 
ment ;  the  -world  of  sense  and  reason  sub- 
ordinated by  the  new  doctrines  to  a  more 
spiritual  view  of  man's  destiny  ;  and  tlie  per- 
secutions that  raged  so  fiercely  against  the 
Christians  led  early  Christian  art  into  a  par- 
ticular channel.  The  catacombs  became  a 
striking  object  in  the  earliest  development  of 

•  "  History  of  Decline  and  Fall  of  Roman  Empire." 


I 


Makch  29,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


219 


religious  art.  The  simple  and  emblematic 
beauty  of  sepulchral  decoration  clearly  por- 
trayed the  feelings  and  sentiments  of  the 
time.  Among  the  Greeks  and  Romans  images 
of  sadness  were  banished  from  the  tomb ; 
death  was  dejirived  of  its  terror ;  and,  instead 
of  assuming  the  sombre  garb  of  modern  ex- 
pression, tlie  artist  lavished  wreaths  of  flowers 
and  the  genii  of  the  seixsons  upon  the  tombs 
of  the  departed.  The  early  Cliristian  artists 
did  the  same ;  they  scattered  profusely  upon 
their  altar-tombs  ornaments  and  emblems  ex- 
pressive of  Christian  liopes  rather  than  me- 
morials of  suffering.  Thus,  the  Crucifixion, 
scenes  of  the  Passion,  &c.,  were  never  repre- 
sented by  the  early  Church  artist. 

The  Neo-Platonism  of  Alexandria,  which 
combined  with  a  knowledge  and  intuition  of 
the  absolute  the  prevailing  spirit  for  Oriental 
fancies  and  a  transcendental  mysticism,  aimed 
at  a  restoration  of  polytheism  by  recommend- 
ing the  worship  of  the  gods  as  the  emblems 
of  the  Supreme  Being.  Such  doctrines  as 
these  tended  in  some  degree  to  impart  to  the 
t€ftching  of  the  church  a  kind  of  figurative 
expression,  Avhich  soon  formed  a  copious  sym- 
bolism highly  valuable  as  a  means  of  instruc- 
tion. The  catacombs  displayed  many  sym- 
bols borrowed  from  Paganism,  as  the  masks, 
emblematic  of  lapse  of  life  ;  the  peacock,  an 
emblem  of  immortality;  while  the  Church  pro- 
duced many  others  in  special  significance  of 
its  own  doctrines. 

The  barbarian  invasion  somewhat  altered 
the  aspect  of  art.  Chiefly  idolators,  the  bar- 
barian triljes  required  a  more  objective  form 
of  art  ;  their  conceptions  had  not  reached 
that  refined  power  which  enabled  them  to 
dispense  ^vith  the  assistance  of  representation. 
A  tendency  to  directly  represent  the  object  of 
worship  and  to  attach  a  sanctity  to  images 
becomes  apparent.  Spiritual  conceptions 
that  before  needed  no  external  aid  were  now 
exfiressed  materially.  During  this  state  of 
civilisation  a  human  embodiment  of  the  Deity 
was  necessary,  and  the  Second  Person  of  the 
Trinity  was  chosen  for  representation  ;  while, 
as  intermediate  objects  of  veneration,  the  saints 
were  also  portrayed  and  received  more  or  less 
deification.  It  is  a  remarkable  fact,  noticed 
by  Mr.  Lecky,  that  there  existed  no  represen- 
tations of  the  Supreme  Being  between  the 
sixth  and  twelfth  centuries — more  unaccount- 
able from  the  fact  that  there  was  so  universal 
a  tendency  to  embody  conceptions ;  and  it 
was  not  till  the  fourteenth  century  that  por- 
traits of  the  Father  became  general,  and  these 
representations  increased  in  prominence  till 
the  first  Person  of  the  Trinity  became  the 
central  figure.  In  Italy,  Spain,  and  France, 
He  was  represented  as  a  Pope  ;  in  Germany 
and  France,  chiefly  as  an  Emperor  or  King. 


THE     COURTS     OF     JUSTICE      COM- 
PETITION. 

Article  XI. 

WE  have  already  had  occasion  to  remark 
the  wide  dift'erence  in  character  of 
designs  the  authors  of  which  are  well  known 
to  agree  on  most  matters  connected  with  art. 
We  have  seen  with  what  aff'ection  Mr.  Burges 
can  cling  to  the  French  Palatial  architecture 
of  the  middle  ages.  We  have  seen  how 
deeply  Mr.  Street  sympathises  with  the  Cis- 
tercian, and  how  well  he  labours  in  that  par- 
ticular phase  of  monastic  architecture  which 
we  always  associate  witli  that  order.  In  Mr. 
Seddon's  rows  of  gables  and  flat  detaU,  we 
;have  something  which  unquestionably  savours 
strongly  of  the  English  market  town,  and  is 
of  an  essentially  domestic  character.  And, 
lastly,  in  Mr.  Brandon's  design,  we  have  the 
ecclesiastical  feeling  strongly  marked  ;  but, 
instead  of  suggesting  to  us  quiet  valleys  and 
^ricnlturally-minded  monks,  it  reminds  us 
of  the  great  works  of  the  secular  clergy,  and 
more  than  suggests  the  JIedia;val  cathedral 
surrounded  by  its  official  residences.  The 
reason  of  this  is  in  great  part  owing  to  the 


very  free  use  of  spires  and  spirelets,  in  which 
Mr.  Brandon  has  indulged.  In  plan,  this 
architect  has  adopted  the  Central  Hall  idea, 
round  which  nearl_v  all  the  courts  of  law  are 
grouped.  Outside  the  courts  are  the  judges' 
rooms,  then  the  judges'  corri  dor,  then  an  area 
or  street  all  round  tlie  building,  of  the  very 
ample  average  width  of  3:Jft.  Gin.  ;  and  then 
comes  the  outer  shell  of  buildings,  devoted  to 
the  minor  otfices.  Tliis  outer  block  "  mea- 
sures about  C87ft.  from  east  to  west,  by 
445ft.  Gin.  from  north  to  south,"  and  "the 
area  required  for  the  general  accommodation  " 
has  been  "  exceeded  by  34,850  superficial  feet, 
besides  sjiare  rooms."  These  are  extracts 
from  i\lr.  Brandon's  report,  I'age  3,  so  that  we 
may  fairly  conclude  that  this  arcliitect  was 
more  than  satisfied  with  the  site,  and  had 
none  of  those  difliculties  to  contend  witli 
which  seem  to  have  pressed  sore  on  those 
competitors  who  were  so  weakly  practical  as 
to  fancy  tliat  public  offices  six  or  seven  stories 
high  would  be  in  any  way  inconvenient.  By 
the  reduction  of  the  site  to  the  dimensions 
above  quoted,  the  difficulty  of  Pickett-street 
is  swept  away  altogetlier,  and  the  site  towards 
Temple  Bar  is  given  up  for  a  raised  pathway 
or  broad  bar  walk  terminating  eastward  in 
the  clock  tower,  which  stands  detached  from 
tlie  main  building,  and  forms  an  abutment  to 
the  new  bridge  over  Temple  Bar.  The  bar- 
risters' and  attorneys'  corridors,  and  nearly  all 
the  consultation  rooms,  are  on  the  floor  above 
the  court  level.  The  arrangements  for  bar- 
risters entering  the  courts  seem  to  us  very  far 
from  satisfactory  ;  and,  although  tliere  is  un 
doubted  ingenuity  displayed  in  many  parts  of 
the  plan,  as  for  instance  in  the  apsidal  treat 
ment  of  the  ends  of  the  great  hall,  yet  we 
cannot  congratulate  Mr.  Brandon,  either  on 
the  question  of  convenience  or  on  his  solu- 
tion of  that  important  part  of  the  problem 
which  relates  to  the  despatch  of  business. 
Before,  however,  we  take  leave  of  the  plans  it 
ought  to  be  noted  that  Sir.  Brandon,  like 
jMr.  Scott,  has  taken  advantage  of  the  liljerty 
allowed  to  the  architects  "  to  make  such  pro- 
jections or  extensions  of  the  building  west- 
ward as  they  may  find  desirable so 

long  as  they  preserve  an  equivalent  in  area 
for  Clement's  Inn."  Mr.  Brandon  has  cer 
tainly  made  the  most  of  this  liberty,  and  has 
not  been  particular  in  taking  a  few  other 
liberties  which  are  not  in  the  bond,  such  as 
the  removal  of  the  buildings  lying  westward 
of  the  site,  so  as  to  secure  sufficient  open 
space  to  get  the  whole  of  his  building  within 
the  angle  of  vision.  The  planning  of  the 
west  end  of  the  building  forms  a  very  im- 
portant part  of  Mr.  Brandon's  scheme.  The 
angles  of  the  outer  shell  of  the  building  at 
this  end  are  treated  as  quadrants  of  three 
stories,  flanked  by  low  massive  towers  or 
pavilions,  and  broken  up  by  projecting  cir- 
cular turrets.  Between  the  abutment  or 
flanldng  towers  of  the  quadrants  which  look 
west  are  two  large  towers  with  spires,  and  in 
advance  of  these  two  other  towers,  almost 
detached,  of  about  the  same  size  as  those  be 
hind,  but  a  story  less  in  height  and  covered 
•\nth  high  roofs  instead  of  spires.  Of  the 
elevations  and  views,  we  think  there  can  be 
but  one  opinion.  Setting  aside  the  eminently 
ecclesiastical  idea  of  the  whole  composition, 
there  is  no  design  in  which  the  various 
buildings  would  group  more  picturesquely, 
in  which  the  skyline  would  be  so  varied  and 
yet  so  grand.  Nor  would  it  be  just  in  us  to 
pass  by  the  thoroughly  domestic  character  of 
the  great  mass  of  the  building.  For  it  must 
be  remembered  that  whilst  Mr.  Brandon's 
design  savours  too  strongly  of  the  cathedral 
idea,  it  does  so  wholly  by  virtue  of  its  western 
spires  and  central  hall.  We  do  not  wish  to 
inquire  too  particularly  into  Mr.  Brandon's 
architectiual  studies,  but  if  an  architect  who 
feels  himself  called  upon  to  design  a  Gothic 
hall  for  a  Palace  of  Justice  3G5ft.  long  by 
130ft.  wide  knows  no  better  models  for  his 
purpose  thau  the  Sainte  Chapelle  or  the 
Minsters  of  Amiens  or  Westminster,  we  sin- 
cerely pity  him.     To  reproduce  almost  line 


for  line  not  only  all  the  horizontal  divisions 
of  a  mediioval  minster,  its  nave  and  aisles 
and  ai>se,  and  even  its  apsidal  chapels,  Init 
also  all  the  vertical  divisions  of  main  arcade, 
triforium,  and  clerestory,  is  an  error  of  judg- 
ment tliat  would  be  quite  inexcusable  if  we 
ilid  not  think  that  its  author  had  bj'  this  time 
heartily  repented  of  it.  And  this  is  all  the 
more  to  be  regretted,  because  the  design  as  a 
whole  is  so  charmingly  grouped,  and  possesses 
very  many  features  of  considerable  architec- 
tural merit.  We  shall  not  pause  to  inquire 
whether  six  stories,  inchuling  the  basement, 
is  a  in-acticidly  good  way  of  overcoming  the 
ditiiculties  of  the  plan  problem  ;  but,  apart 
from  this  consideration,  there  is  a  great 
amount  of  noble  design  in  both  the  Strand 
and  Carey-street  fajades.  The  great  fault,  as 
it  appears  to  us  in  these  fronts,  as  well  as  in 
the  (quadrants  going  westward,  is  the  excessive 
amount  ot  voids — in  other  words,  of  window 
space  and  ])late  glass  as  compared  with  the 
solids  or  wall  space.  1  he  architect's  report 
shows  that  this  sacrifice  of  good  art  to  the 
light  mania  of  the  day  was  deliberate  and  in- 
tentional. Mr.  Brandon  says  "  it  is  imagined 
by  some  that  tlie  latest  period  of  medioeval 
architecture,  known  as  Perpendicular,  aftbrds 
greater  opportunities  for  free  arrangement  and 
for  light  than  those  which  preceded  it.  These 
advantages  really  depend,  however,  on  the 
mode  of  treatment,  and  it  may  be  confidently 
asserted  that  aU  periods  after  the  twelfth  cen- 
tury show  as  great,  or  I  may  say  greater, 
freedom  from  repetition  of  parts,  and  allow 
of  a  larger  amount  of  glass  than  wall  space, 
if  necessary."  Of  course,  "  it  depends  on  the 
mode  of  treatment  ;"  but  w-e  would,  with  aU 
humility,  suggest  to  Mr.  Brandon  that 
"  mode  of  treatment  "  is  as  much  part  and 
parcel  of  style  as  the  sections  of  mouldings, 
or  the  forms  of  cusps,  and  that  if  j'ou  sacri- 
fice the  strong  mode  of  treatment  which 
characterises  all  the  best  and  early 
works  of  the  middle  ages  for  the  weak  con- 
struction and  panelled  treatment  of  the 
most  effcic  examples  of  the  later  styles,  the 
details  of  a  purer  age  will  avail  you  but 
little. 

We  shall  conclude  our  separate  notices  of 
the  designs  next  week,  for  we  find  upon 
further  consideration  thit  it  is  quite  impos- 
sible to  give  a  separate  notice  to  the  lame 
apology  for  a  design  which  Mr.  Abrahams 
has  had  the  hardihood  to  sulimit. 


DECAY  OF  AN  INTERESTING  EELIC. 

ARCHAEOLOGISTS  will  be  sorry  to  learn  that 
CiEsar's  Tower,  at  Warwick  Castle,  has  begun 
to  show  signs  of  decay,  after  having  \vithstood  the 
winds  and  storms  of  more  than  eight  centuries. 
It  appears  that  about  one  o'clock  on  Wednesday 
afternoon,  a  small  portion  of  the  parapet  wall  on 
the  south  side  of  the  tower  gave  w.ay  together 
with  its  supports,  and  fell  on  the  basement  below 
near  the  mill,  a  depth  of  about  120ft.  Between 
four  and  five  o'clock  on  Thursday  morning,  a  second 
portion  fell,  and  the  amount  already  fallen  is  con- 
sidered to  be  about  nine  or  trn  tons  weight,  and 
about  15ft.  in  length  of  the  parapet  wall  given 
way.  This  wall  is  about  5ft.  in  height,  and  extends 
several  feet  beyond  the  main  body  of  the  struc- 
ture, and  is  supported  by  stone  brackets.  These 
brackets  are  a  few  feet  from  each  other,  and  im- 
mediately inside  the  parapet  wall  is  a  small  ridge 
made  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  off  the  water 
from  a  flat  lead  roof  adjoining,  and  probably 
owing  to  the  holes  being  choked  through  where  it 
should  run  away,  it  has  run  over,  and  has  conse- 
quently and  for  a  considerable  time  past  kept  the 
supports  of  the  wall  very  wet.  This  is  supposed 
to  have  made  the  stone,  together  mth  old  age, 
give  way.  The  figure  which  stood  on  the  t^p  of 
the  wall  representing  a  spy,  commonly  called  "  JIoll 
Jobson,"  has  also  fallen  with  the  other  portion. 
Other  parts  of  it  are  considered  to  be  not  in  a  very 
safe  state,  and  probably  we  shall  soon  hear  of  more 
of  it  falling.  No  damage  was  done  by  its  fall,  save 
that  of  the  basement  of  the  tower,  which  projects 
beyond  the  perpendicular,  sustaining  a  little  injury, 
but,  if  the  faU  had  occurred  the  opposite  side,  the 
consequences  might  have  been  serious. 


220 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


March  29.  1867. 


ELEMENTS    OF    ENGINEERING. 
Ieon  Roofs. — No.  3. 

IN  pursuance  of  the  intention  expressed  in  our 
second  article  on  Iron  Roofs,  we  now  proceed 
to  demonstrate  the  principles  upon  which  the 
fortnulfe  given  in  that  article  were  based,  those 
formulEe  relating  to  principals  of  the  upright  truss 
construction  as  represented  in  the  diagram  (fig.  1). 


The  whole  principal  A  B  C  may  b  3  analysed  into 
a  system  equivalent  to  five  distinct  trusses  of  the 
first  class  —the  primary  truss  ABC,  the  second- 
ary truss  A  e  h,  and  the  tertiary  truss  A  d  a,  and 
truss  similar  to,  and  symmetrical  with,  the  latter 
secondary  and  tertiary  trusses  situate  in  the  half 
B  C  /i  of  the  main  principal.  It  will  be  sufficient 
for  our  purpose  to  consider  the  theory  of  strains 
on  one  half  A  B  ^  of  the  principal.  The  load  on 
the  rafter  A  B  will  be  distributed  on  the  points 
A  d  e  B^in  the  following  proportions  : — Let  w  = 
load  per  foot  lineal  on  the  rafter,  then  the  loads 
will  be 

w  X  A  d 
On  pomt  A  =  ^ =  \V' 


the  apex  of  the  secondary  truss  K  eli. 
total  load  at  the  point  c  will  be 


Thus  the 


AVe  must  now  proceed  to  consider  the  strains  on 
the  secondary  truss.  According  to  the  laws  of  the 
lever  the  load  at  e  will  be  carried  at  the  points  A 
and  h  in  the  following  proportions  : — 

(  ,  Wii  I     ;r;,. 

Load  at  A  =   •  W'"  +  -, 


;. 


Wiii+- 


W'i 


1 


Let  JH  ^^  the  angle  e  h  A,  and  n  = 
then  will  the  strain  on  the  bar  e  h 

=   Kvm  +  ^l   X\  

I  2    )      A  /i    sm.  m 

and  the  strain  on  the  bar  e  A 

ih        1 

)    '  Kh'  sin.  n 

The  tension  on  the  bar  3  h  will  be 

S^  beincf  strain  on  e  h  =  S''  X  cos.  : 

But  as  shown  above 

'     ,..    ,   W"  )  A9         1 


)  A?i 
I.  A3 
)  ■  A  /i 
the  angle  e  A  h, 


=      Wa 


SI  =  • 


'  O 


)   A£ 

I  Ah  ' 


q.  When  it  is  thought  desirable  the  trigonome- 
trical functions  may  be  replaced  by  geometrical  for- 
mulae.   Thus,  the 

.       ._'J  /_ 
='"•  '-Ad- 

sm.  m  —  — 
e  h 

e  1         ■      . 
sin.  n  ^^^  —  :^  sm.  i 
eA 

-A/ 

~d} 

g_h 

9  e 
Aj 

3  " 

assuming  that  A  C  is  a  horizontal  straight  line. 

F.  C. 


! 


CO  tan. 


cotan.  ?n=  — 


cotan. n - 


cotan.  i 


{^"'+^}; 


,  cotan. 


d   = 


B  = 


0 

JO 

.    {Ad  + 
0 

de) 

w 

X  (de  X 

'B) 

2 

10 

X  e  B 

=  w» 


=  W" 


=  Wi^- 


A  h    sm.  m 
wherefore  the  strain  on  g  h 

l  ^    2    i  Ah 

W"  1  A3 
Ah' 

In  the  case  of  the  tie  B  h,  or  rather  the  half  of 
it  which  may  be  regarded  as  belonging  to  the  half 
A  B  /i  of  the  main  principal,  we  proceed  as  with 
the  bar  e  3,  for  as  that  bar  carries  one  end  of  the 
tertiary  truss  A  d  3,  so  this  carries  one  end  of  the 
secondary  truss  A  e  h.  Hence  the  strain  on  B  Ji 
will  be 


f  .   W" 


qA 
2    J  A 


Commencing  with  the  tertiary  truss  A  cf  3  we 
will  determine  the  strains  on  A  d,  d  3,  and  A  3, 
due  to  the  load  W"  acting  at  the  point  d,.  Let 
i  =  the  angle,  3  A  d  =  the  angle,  if  3  A  the  load 
to  be  carried  by  each  of  the  bars  d  A,  d  g  ydU  be 

_  ^ 
~    2 

Determining  the  strain  produced  by  this  load 
according  to  the  well-known  principle  of  the 
parallelogram  of  forces  and  stating  the  formula 
trigonometrically,  we  find 

Wu    '_ 

2  sin.  i 

the  strain  on  A  d,  and  also  that  on  d  g,  these 
strains  being  in  compression. 

The  strain  in  tension  on  the  bar  A  g  due  to  the 
load  W"  will  be 

=  S  X  cos.  i 
where  S  =  the  strain  in  compression  found  by  the 
previous  formula,  but 

W" 
2  sm.  1. 
Hence  the  horizontal  strain  is 

W"      COS.  i 
~     2     '  sin.  i 

Wii 

=  ---  cotan  i. 

The  thrust  upon  the  bar  A  d  is  resolved  hori- 
zontally as  above  oil  the  bar  A  3,  and  vertically 
upon  the  pier  or  support  to  the  roof  at  A.  That 
upon  the  bar  cJ  3  is  resolved  horizontally  on  A  3, 
and  vertically  on  the  tie  3  e.  We  must  therefore 
now  ascertain  the  amount  of  tension  on  the  bar 
g  e.     Proceeding  as  before  it  will  be 

=  S  X  sin.  i 

But 

W" 

2  sm.  I 

Hence  the  strain  of  the  bar  3  e  will  be 

Wii  wu 

=  ,7—. .  X  sin.  i  =  — — 

2  sm.  %  2 

being  equal  to  the  portion  of  the  load  at  d,  which 
is  carried  by  the  inclined  bar  d  3.  This  becomes 
also  a  load  at  the  point  e  additional  to  that  already 
referred  to,  the  tertiary  truss  A  d  3  being,  as  it 
were,  carried  at  one  end  on  the  support  A,  and  at 
the  other  end  by  the.'tie  rod  3  e,  suspending  it  from 


which,  being  added  to  the  load  on  B  due  to  direct 
weight,  gives  as  the  total  load  at  B  for  the  rafter 
E  A 

\V"^-i  A3 
2   J  A  ?i 
This  load  will  produce  on  B  A  a  strain 

W"  1  A  oT        1 


W- 


,     f, -,,...    ,  W"  1  A  ( 


=      W" 


[wv+,(w..  +  ^l^-|] 

L  I  2     I  A  hj     sm.  n 

and  this  will  produce  on  the  bar  Aha.  strain 


W-'  +  ■  w"!  4- 


] 

i  AhJ 


2   )a;, 

\Vii  I  A 


cotan. 


Having  thus  determined  the  strains  produced.in 
each  truss  separately,  it  now  remains  for  us  to  sum 
these  strains,  in  order  to  ascertain  the  total  strain 
on  each  element,  for  it  must  be  remembered  that 
the  five  trusses  of  the  principal  are  not,  in  prac- 
tice, distinct  and  separate  from  each  other,  but  the 
offices  of  their  elements  are  combined,  so  that 
two  or  more  strains  act  upon  one  bar.  The 
summarised  strains  will  be  as  follows  : — 


OuBc=rWi» 
,,  ed^  X  + 

„dA  =  y  +  ^ 
Wi 


+  -[wii 

{Wi.i  + 
W" 


'  + 
W" 


Wii 


Mi_lA3l 
2   UhJ 
V^\  g_h,       } 
2  J  A  ft  '  sin 


1__ 
Bin.  n ' 


.An  =  - 


..g  h 


-cotan.  t 


:  +  .^W"l-f-—|—.  cotan 


The  strains  upon  the  bars  e  3  and  B  h  will  be 
as  already  given. 

From  these  complete  formula  the  proportions 
of  any  roof  designed  on  the  principle  above 
described  may  easily  be  calculated  ;  and  if  even 
there  be  more  trusses  in  each  principal  than  are 
shown  in  the  example  the  processes  above  given 
merely  extended  will  meet  the  exigencies  of 
the  case.  But  it  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  in 
such  calculations  the  smallest  truss  should  be  com- 
menced with  working  up  from  that  to  the  primary 
or  main  truss. 

When  the  proportionate  lengths  of  the  elements 
of  the  roof  are  known  the  formulae  may  be 
greatly  simpUfied,  as  may  be  observed  from  a  pre- 
vious article  (No.  2,  Iron  Roofs),  in  which  the  bar 
A  A  is  assumed  to  be  trisected  in  the  points  /  and 


"  Professional"  in  a  letter  takes   exception  m' 
the  definition  of   a  plate-girder,  as  given  by  the 
writer  on  this  subject.  "  Professional"  says: — "A 
plate  or  solid  sided  girder  is  distinguished  from  all 
others  of  the  open  or  lattice  sided   form  by  the 
fact  of  its  sides  or  web  consisting  of  solid  sheets  01 
plates  of  iron,  while  the  web  of  the  others  is  com* 
posed  of  upright  or   diagonal  bars  and  sometimes 
of  both.      The  booms  or  flanges  of  a  plate  girder 
have  nothing  whatever  to  do  with  its  appellation, 
inasmuch  as  they  are  the  same,  and  may  be  made 
in   the  same   manner  for  any     form  of    girder, 
whether  plate  or  open-sided.      The  flanges  of  any 
description  of  girder  m.ay  be  built  up  with  plates 
one   upon   another  until   the   proper  amount  of 
sectional  area   is  obtained.      For    example,  the 
Charing   Cross   Blackfriars  Railway    bridges  are 
open-sided  girders,  and  the  Cannon-street  bridg^^.  JP 
the  unsightly  stmctures  spanning  the  street  oloeelB'' 
to  London    Bridge    and   over  Waterloo-road  are 
plate    girders.       I    notice,  further,    another  mis- 
take,    where     the     writer  remarks    that  L-iron 
above  24ft.  in  length  will  be  charged  extra.     Will 
you  allow  me  to   state  that  I   have   ordered  per- 
sonally L-iron  up  to   40ft.  in  length   without  in-.V'  ■ 
curring   any  extra    charge  ?     I    required    it  for  '-'•^ 
bridge  I  was  designing  of  36ft.  span  ;  I  wished,  if 
possible,  to  get  the   angle-iron   for  the  flanges  all 
in  one  length,   which  I  found   I  was   able  to  do 
without  being  charged  extra  for  it." 


w 


THE  POSITION  OF  TOWN  SURVEYOKS 
(from  a  correspondent.) 
ILL  you  allow  a  late  town  suryeyor  to ) 
a  true  and  sad  tale  ?  About  two  yeanf" 
ago  an  associate  of  the  Institute  of  Civil  Engineers  , 
was  elected  as  a  surveyor  and  waterworks  manager  i 
to  a  town  iu  the  south-west  of  England,  consisting 
chiefly  of  villa  residences.  The  new  surveyor 
was  elected  to  supply  the  places  of  the  preriouB  •, 
surveyor  and  assistant  surveyor — the  former  waa 
given  to  understand  that  his  resignation  would  be 
acceptable,  the  assistant  was  summarily  dismissed. 
The  new  surveyor,  although  a  perfect  stranger, 
was  nearly  unanimously  elected  on  the  strength  of 
his  testimonials,  brought  from  a  town  in  the  north 
where  he  was  much  respected  and  his  leaving 
universally  regretted.  The  new  surveyor  had 
first-class  testimonials  from  seven  members  of  the 
Institute  of  Civil  Engineers,  six  magistrates,  five 
mayors,  one  mining  engineer,  who  with  the  surveyor 
had  been  seven  years  in  collieries  of  West  York, 
shire ;  one  town  clerk,  a  Board  of  Guardians,  a  Vicar 
and  Doctor  of  Divinity,  a  Chamber  of  Commerce, 
two  eminent  architects,  and  the  chairman  and 
members  of  the  following  committees,  under  whom 
the  surveyor  had  served,  viz.,  street  and  drainage, 
waterworks,  building  and  improvement,  sanitary, 
The   new  surveyor  brought  his  family  and 


&c. 


furniture  230  miles  from  his  home ;  and  when  he 
arrived  at  his  destination  he  found  that  he  bad 
the  management  of  the  waterworks  (a  very  com- 
plicated system),  twenty-five  miles  of  roads  to 
keep,  also  to  superintend  sixty  or  seventy  men 
without  the  aid  of  a  foreman  for  six  months, 
and  the  Board  did  not  even  provide  a  clerk  to 
attend  to  the  office  during  his  absence  attending 
to  the  important  outdoor  duties.  In  addition  to 
the  before-mentioned  works,  he  had  the  drainage 
of  the  district  to  lay  out  and  superintend,  new 
buildings  and  streets  to  superintend,  and  a  multi- 


I 


March  29,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


221 


t,)  of  other  work  of  a  character  entirelj 
u  t  for  a  man  of  education.  After  twelve  months' 
hissing  work  and  trouble  the  surveyor  was 
61  ienly  called  upon  to  resign.  He  then  ehal- 
li  ed  the  Board  to  state  what  charges  or  fault 
tl  I  had  to  hud  with  him.  The  committee  met, 
j;  the  surveyor  made  a  truthful  and  honest 
si  ement,  so  said  the  faithful  clerk,  to  the  Board. 
A  'solution  was  then  passed  to  the  etfect  that 
tl-ewas  no  necessity  for  any  change.  In  the 
mag,  summer,  and  autumn  of   18'36,  the  sur- 

V  )r  had  a  vast  amount  of  work  thrown  upon 
b  .  Amongst  other  duties  devolving  on  him 
b  assisted  at  night  and  early  morning  in  a  novel 
p  '.ea  of  cleaning  the  corroded  water  pipes :  the 
E  D  sewers  of  the  district  were  designed  and  laid 

0  by  the  surveyor  on  the  most  approved  system  ; 
Si  pipes  also  laid  to  carry  the  sewage  into  deep 

V  er,  there  being  no  land  suitable  for  irrigation 
p  M)Se9. 

he  harbour    was    also   partly   reconstructed, 

11  many  important  streets  were  widened  and 

ii  roved  at  a  considerable  cost  by  the  surveyor. 

w  has  testimonials  from  the  largest  employers 

o:  earn  bbour  referring  to  the  superior  character 

iuB  work.      The  amount   of   work  executed 

€QE0es3Lve,  the  great  bulk  of  the  work  having 

I   designed  and    laid    out   at   his    residence, 

a  being  no   private   room   at  the   towuhall. 

jog  the  spring,  summer,  and  autumn  months 

surveyor  rarely   retired   to   his  rest   before 

a.in.,  and  frequently  had  to  leave  his  home 

reen  four  and  five  a.m.  to  assist  in  the  scraping 

of  e  pipes,  and  at  the  same  time  to  keep  his 

n-    at  the  office  and  in  the  town  in  regular  order. 

.1  this  severe  and  harassing  life,  the  sur- 

.is  obliged  to  put  himself  under  care   of 

ui  iioJical  adviser,  caused  partly  by  anxiety  at 

tt  :onduot  of  certain  members  of  the  Board  and 

01  work ;  and  the  probability  is,  that  the  disease 
is  such  a  character  that  the  surveyor  will  never 
■^  T  from  it.     In  August,  the  archenemy  of 

wyor  made  a  most  unjustifiable  attack 
.^  CDnduct,  which  the  surveyor  treated  with 
.lit,  well  knowing  that  his  previous  cha- 
iiid  testimonials  refuted  the   slander;  be- 

t.  the  gratification  he  felt  at  the  severe  remarks 
•  upon  the  conduct  of  the  arch  enemy  by  respect- 
inhabitant.s  of  the  town.  This  animosity  was  con- 
st My  exhibited  for  some  months  afterwards  ;  and 
.it  5t,  through  the  influence  of  the  arch  enemy  and 
■     nds  bearing  the  same  surname,  a  meeting 
;; oard  was  called,  and  the  surveyor  was  not 
%i  fed  to  be  present  as   the  usual  custom   was  ; 
u  even  their  old  and  faithful  clerk  was  requested 
kc  :tire  from  their  deliberations.     In  this  secret 
1!  Spanish  inquisition  the  arch  enemy  made  the 
m ;  gross  and  false  attacks   upon  the  surveyor's 
d  acter,  and  was  the  cause  of  his  having  a  three 
ni  ths'  notice  to  leave  the  service  of  the  Board. 
W  ^n  this  result  of  their  private  deliberations  was 
Kmunicated   to    him,   he   demanded   to   know 
irt  were   the   charges  which   had  caused  this 
B»  mary  dismissal.     To  his  great  astonishment 
h  ould  not  get  an  answer  ;  and  notwithstand- 
il  ;he  many  inquiries  made  by  himself  and  others, 
B  reason  has   t)een  assigned  to  this  day.     The 
I'lences  to  the  surveyor  are  most  disastrous; 
'  lost  in  pecuniary  matters,  his  health   is 
1.  i<;<l,  and  his  professional   character  damaged. 
Large  towns,  where  gentlemen,  merchants,  and 
p'essioual  and  well-educated  men  have  charge  of 
tl  a4mini.-jtration  of  their  local  afifairs,  their  en- 
g«rs    and    surveyors    are    invaiiably    treated 
»i  respect,   confidence,   and  that  gentlemanly 
f'ing  due    to   their    position,    and    also    with 
dirence  to   their   professional   knowledge   and 
ftl,  instead    of  preferring  their  own   opinions, 
tiiacked    by    want    of    knowledge     and   expe- 
r  ce.     The   treatment   this   surveyor  has   had 
iihe  south-west  town  is  precisely  the  reverse  of 
»ithe  had  in  the  northern  borough. 

'Annot,  under  these  circumstances,  some  means 
t  devised  to  protect  officers  whose  zeal  and 
A  duity  administer  and  carry  out  the  provisions 
«5neof  the  most  beneficial  Acts  of  Parliament 
er  passed  for  the  purpose  of  securing  and  pro- 
I'ting  the  public  health  from  being  dismissed 
iji  summary  manner  ?  The  present  system  de- 
^)y8  confidence  ;  and  civil  engineers  will  despise 
eh  appointments  rather  than  compete  for  them, 
t  ugh  they  ought  to  be  posts  of  honour,  as  well 
8  of  _  emolument.  In  the  Public  Health  Act 
tire  is  a  clause  to  prevent  surveyors  from  being 
tjnissed  without  just  and  sufficient  cause,  and 
t  consent  of  the  Home  Secretary  being  ob- 
tied  to  such  dismissal.  There  is  already  a 
5  ledy  in  existence  for  special  cases.  On  Decem- 
1    19:  1866,   the   case,   "Wilson   v.  the  North 


SUaflordshire  Coal  Company,"  was  tried  in  the 
C>>urt  of  Common  Pleas,  for  wrongful  dismissal. 
Damages  £500,  and  salary  due  £6  Os.  Sd. ;  costs 
to  be  paid  by  defendants.  This  case  is  not  so  bad 
as  the  late  surveyor's.  In  the  former  case  reasons 
were  given — in  the  latter  none. 


^rdjitologi]. 


The  Round  Tower  of  Ardmore  stands  96ft.  in 
height,  and  is  generally  considered  as  being  one  of 
the  most  perfect  of  the  old  Irish  towers.  It 
is  said  to  be  the  intention  of  Mr.  Edward  O'Dell, 
the  owner  of  the  manor  of  Ardmore,  to  have  the 
conical  cap  of  the  Round  Tower  repaired,  and  the 
crowning  top  stone,  lately  fallen,  replaced  in 
it«  ancient  position.  This  stone  appears  to  have 
been  at  some  very  remote  date  elaborately  carved, 
but  is  now  much  defaced  by  the  hand  of  time. 

At  Wrexham  Church,  a  fortnight  ago,  a  large 
painting  was  discovered  on  scraping  the  walls 
over  the  chancel  arch.  It  appeared  to  be  a  repre- 
sentation of  the  Final  Judgment.  We  are  glad  to 
hear  that  care  is  to  be  taken  to  uncover  it,  and 
thoughts  are  entertained  of  preserving  it,  if  it  shall 
be  found  in  a  state  which  justifies  such  a  mea- 
sure ;  if  not,  we  trust  that  a  careful  drawing  of  it 
will  be  preserved. 

A  discovery  of  some  interest  has  been  made  in 
a  field  belonging  to  Mr.  Thomas  Tombleson,  on 
the  south  side  of  the  Blow  Wells,  and  west  of  the 
town  of  Barton.  Two  men  were  engaged  in  dig- 
ging away  soil  to  fill  up  a  large  hole  near  the  drain 
separating  the  wells  from  the  field,  when  they  ex- 
posed several  large  worked  stones,  finely  cut  and 
faced.  An  old  wmdow  made  of  lead,  with  fire 
bars,  and  the  remains  of  what  looked  like  coloured 
glass,  were  also  found.  A  number  of  stones  were 
dug  up,  which  appeared  to  have  formed  a  founda- 
tion. 'These  stones  are  of  a  greyish  character, 
whilst  the  other  are  limestone.  The  wells  are  deep 
springs  of  flowing  water,  and  in  the  old  town  book 
are  called  "  the  Shadwells."  Some  such  wells 
have  existed  for  many  centuries,  and  are  usually 
at  the  foot  of  the  chalk  strata,  merging  on  boggy 
ground.  As  there  are  similar  wells  at  Barrow  and 
Ferriby,  known  by  the  same  name,  and  as  there 
is  good  evidence  that  the  old  hermit,  St.  Chad, 
had  a  cell  at  Barrow,  it  is  not  unlikely  these  wells 
were  sacred  to  him,  and  that  small  hermitages 
were  erected  in  their  vicinity,  as  the  waters  were 
supposed  to  be  endowed  with  miraculous  qualities 
in  the  dark  ages. 

Kent  Archj:ological  Society. — The  Council 
of  this  society  held  their  quarterly  meeting  on 
Thursday,  at  the  Guildhall,  Canterbury,  when  it 
was  resolved  that  the  annual  general  meeting 
should  be  held  this  year  at  Dartford,  the  day  to 
be  fixed  later  in  the  season.  The  following 
noblemen,  gentlemen,  &c.,  were  elected  members 
of  the  society  : — The  Earl  Granville,  K.G.,'Lord 
Warden  of  the  Cinque  Ports,  the  Athenooum 
Club,  the  Library  of  the  Dean  and  Chapter  of 
Canterbury,  and  Henry  Kettel,  S.  J.  Mackie,  John 
Callaway,  W.  W.  Cobb,  J.  L.  Jardine,  and  — 
Scott,  Esqrs.,  and  the  Rev.  W.  Newton.  It  was 
also  resolved  that  the  right  of  membership  should 
be  exercised  by  Lieutenant  General  Sabine,  Pre- 
sident of  the  Royal  Society,  on  behalf  of  the 
Athenffium  Club,  and  by  whe  Librarian  for  the 
time  being  on  behalf  of  the  Chapter  Library. 
Charles  Powell,  Esq.,  of  Speldhurst,  was  elected 
honorary  local  secretary  for  the  Tunbridge  Wells 
district. 

The  Statues  at  Foxtevbault. — The  Imperial 
Society  of  Antiquaries  of  France,  at  its  last  sitr 
ting,  received  official  notice  that  the  statues  of 
Fontevrault  are  not  to  be  given  up  to  England. 
Queen  Victoria,  it  appears,  has  written  to  the 
Emperor  to  say  that,  in  presence  of  the  emotion 
caused  among  the  French  public  and  manifested 
in  the  organs  of  the  press,  she  renounced  accept- 
ing the  present  offered  to  her.  Her  Majesty 
ouly  expressed  i  desire  that  those  precious  relics, 
actually  buried  in  a  dark  recess  of  a  low  and  damp 
chapel  in  the  prison  of  Forcevrault,  should  hence, 
forward  be  preserved  in  ?  more  suitable  manner. 

Forgeries  of  Antiqcities  — Edward  Simpson, 
the  once  famous  manufacturer  of  forged  fossils 
and  antiquities,  has  just  been  sentenced  to  twelve 
months'  imprisonment  at  Bedford  for  felony. 
Thirty  years  ago  he  was  a  servant  of  Dr.  Young, 
of  Whitby,  from   whom,   by  assisting  in  his  geo- 


logical and  antiquarian  pursuits,  he  acquired  an 
amount  of  practical  knowledge  of  objects  of  in- 
terest and  value  to  the  students  of  those  sciences, 
and  for  some  years  after  his  master's  death  he 
earned  a  living  as  a  collector  and  dealer  in  fossils 
and  antiquities.  At  length,  however,  he  gave  way 
to  the  tem|)tation  to  manufacture  forged  speci- 
mens ;  and  he  showed  great  skill  in  the  manufac- 
ture, and  great  industry  and  cunning  in  his  dis- 
posal of  them.  For  a  time  he  established  himself 
in  the  clay  cliffs  at  Bridlington  quay  ;  then  he 
removed  to  the  woods  of  Stanton  Dale.  Here  he 
had  a  regular  manufactory  of  flint  implements 
and  of  Roman  and  British  urns.  The  North  and 
East  Ridings  of  Yorkshire  were  his  principal  field 
of  operations,  but  his  spurious  specimens  found 
their  way  all  over  England  ;  they  comprised  not 
only  flint  arrow  heads  and  hatchets,  and  stone 
celts,  and  hammers  and  adzes,  and  rude  Roman 
and  British  urns,  but  also  articles  of  jet,  as  seals, 
and  rings,  and  necklaces ;  leaden  antiques, 
Roman  milestones,  armour,  and  miscellanea ;  and 
many  of  them  were  so  ingeniously  forged  as 
to  deceive  those  who  were  not  very  well 
versed  in  the  matter.  In  1859,  in  one  of  his  trips 
to  London,  Professor  Tennant  got  hold  of  him 
and  induced  him  to  confess  his  trickeries,  and 
even  to  appear  at  the  meetings  of  several  anti- 
quarian societies,  and  describe  the  method  by 
which  his  flint  antiquities  were  made,  in  order  to 
throw  light  on  the  question  of  the  ancient  manu- 
facture of  the  genuine  articles  which  he  so  in- 
geniously and  easily  imitated. 


GLASGO'W    AKCHITECTURAIi    SOCIETY. 

GAS  LIGHTING. 

AT   the  usual  monthly  meeting  of  the  above 
society   held  last   week,    Mr.     Alexander 
Thomson  in  the  chair,  Mr.  William   Johnston,  of 
the  firm  of  Johnston,  Fraser,  and  Co  ,  read  a  paper 
on  "  Gas  Lighting  "      After  sketching  early  expe- 
riments—the   first   application   of   gas   light   by 
William  Murdoch  in  179'2,  at  Boulton  and  \A'att's 
works,    Soho,    in    179S,    and   other    places— Mr. 
Johnston   remarked  :— Murdoch's    discovery  and 
practical  application  of  gas  lighting  in  1792  could 
not  be  kept  secret.     Nine  years  afterwards,  ore  of 
the  Watts  being  in  Paris  wrote  to  his  brother  at 
Soho— "If    anything    is  to   be   done    with   Mr. 
Murdoch's  gas,  it  must  be  done  at  once,   as  there 
is  a  Frenchman  in  Paris  who  has  similar  ideas, 
and  proposes   to  illuminate  that  city   by   these 
means."      The  first  French  patent,  that  of  Lebau, 
was   obtained    in    1799,   and   the    first   English 
patent,   that  of  Winsor,  in  1804.     If   Londoners 
will  insist  upon  ignoring  the  facts  as  to  Murdoch's 
invention,   as  they  generally  do,   and  date  the  in- 
vention from  the   date  of  the  patent,  then  the 
French  patent,  being  of  earlier  date,  will  give  the 
priority  claimed  by   France   for  Leban.     Fortu- 
nately  Cockneydom  is  not  Britain,    and   fortu- 
nately the  preserved  records  of  the  committee  of 
the  House  of  Commons,  with  the  evidence  of  the 
Watts,   the  letter  from    Paris   of   which  I  have 
just  quoted   a   verbatim  paragraph,    and  the  evi- 
dence  of  others   who  knew   of  Murdoch's  early 
experiments,     have    settled    beyond      power   of 
cavil  the  claims  of  William  Murdoch  to  have  been 
by  several  years  the  first  man  to  practically  apply 
gas  lighting.      Gas  lighting  was  first  exhibited  in 
London  in  1803    (eleven  years  after   Murdoch's 
house  and  offices  had  been  lighted'.     This  tend- 
ency of  most  Londoners  and   London  writers_  to 
ignore  or  undervalue  anything  not  "  Town,"  is  a 
serious  disadvantage   to  themselves,  and  may,  I 
think,  account   for  the   fact   that  the  people  in 
London  have  to  tolerate  the   most   clumsy  and 
ill-fitted  gas  appliances  in  their  shops  and  houses 
— gas  so  foul  and  coarse  and  street  lamps  of  such 
imperfect  construction  as  would  not  be  tolerated 
in  any  third-rate  town  in  Scotland.     Why  should 
escapes  of    gas    and  consequent   accidents  be  so 
common  in  London  as  compared  with  this  part  of 
the    United    Kingdom,    but   from  that    conceit 
which  tells  a  man  he  has  nothing  to  learn  from 
outside  ?    and  why  is   it  that  so  many  people  in 
London    decline    to    have  gas  in   their  rooms  ? 
Better  fittings  and  better  gas  would  soon  cure 
this.       Glasgow  and   Edinburgh   have  now  the 
best  and  purest  supply  of  g.as  in  the  kingdoin, 
probably  the  best  in  the  world  ;  hence  its  use  in 
every  apartment  of  our  houses,  and  few  gentle- 
men's houses  in  Scotland  of  any  size  are  without 
private  gas  wcrks,  if  distant  from  towns  where  gas 
works  exist.      Coal  gas  is  a  carburetted  hydrogen 
of  various   degrees  of  purity,  depending  greatly 
upon  the  quality  and  kind  of  coals  used,  but  also 


222 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


March  29,  1867. 


upon   the  care  and   skill    evinced    in   its   manu- 
facture.    So  varied  is  it  that  in  some  towns  gas 
has   24  times  the    illuminating   power  it  has  in 
others.  The  intensity  of  the  light  depends  upon  the 
amount  of  carbon  in  the  gas,  and  the  length  of 
time  these  particles  of  carbon  remain  in  an  incan- 
descent state  before  being  consumed.     Common 
coal    gas    is    deficient   iu    free   carbon  ;    cannel 
coil    giis    is    rich    in   particles    of   carbon.       I 
there  be  a  limited  su[iply  of  air  to  the  burner,  or  if 
the  gas  be  burned  at  too  low  a  pressure,  there  is  not 
sufficient  power  to  sustain  the  particles  of  carbon 
in  a  sufficiently  heated  state,  and  a  loss  of  light  in 
]iropurtion  to  the  gas  consumed  is  the  consequence 
In  approaching  the  consideraticjn    of  how  best  to 
apply  gas  iu  the  lighting  of  buddings,  so  as  to  ob- 
tain the  most  available  amount  of   value  from  the 
quantity  of  gas  consumed,  we  are  not  left  to  vague 
conjecture.     It  is  a  well-known  law  that  light  de- 
creases in  intensity  iu  proportion  to  the  squares  of 
distances,  which  was  illustrated  by  reference  to  a 
diagram,  by  which  law   a  lamp    (say)    with  five 
burners, at  7ft.  from  table,  would  at  such  table  give 
as  much  light  as  a  lamp  (double  the  distance)  with 
20  burners,  or  as  a  lamp  21ft.  (triple  the  distance) 
with  45  burners,  or  as   a   lamp  28ft.  (four  time.s 
the  distance)  with  80  burners,  the  burners  in  each 
case  being  equal.    Hence  it  follows  that  to  remove 
the  burners   to  the  greatest  possible  distance  in  a 
building   from    the    place    where  the    light  is  re- 
quired is  the  way  to  get  the  least  possible  benefit 
as  to    illumination    from  a   given    amount  of  gas 
consumed ;  or,    in   other  words,  it    is  the  way  to 
burn  the  greatest  possible  amount  of  gas  to  secure 
the  requisitu  amount  of  light — where  the  light  is 
required.       Yet  this  is  what   is  done  by  what  are 
termed  "  sunlii;hts "  stuck   up  in    the  ceiling,  a 
mode  of   lighting  large  buildings  which  has,  not- 
withstanding, been  rather  fashionable  during  the 
last  few  years,  and  like  many  other  mere  fashions 
neither   consistent   with    beauty  nor   usefulness. 
To  use  gas  to  the  best  advantage  in   large  build- 
ings, the  lights  should    be  distributed  instead  of 
clustered  into  centre  nuclei,  as  the   illuminating 
power  decreases  as  the  squares  of  distances  ;  large 
halls  should  have  the  lamps   well  distributed,  in 
stead  of  from  one  large  central  group  of  burners. 
In  thi-s  way  8  lamps  of  20  burners  each  for  a  very 
large  hall    would   equally  light    every  part,  while 
with  a  central  lamp  of  160  burners  the  extremities 
of  the  hall  would    be   in    comparative    darkness. 
"With  more  moderate  sized   buildings  4    lam^Ds  of 
(■iay)  15  burners  each  would  be  more  useful  than 
one    central   lamp  with  double   the   number    of 
biruers.    For  large  dining  and  drawing-rooms  two 
or  more  lamps  are  prefera\)le  to  one  in  the  centre, 
unless  the  one  in  the  centre  is   supplemented  by 
wall  brackets.     The  best  kinds  of  gas  pipes  were 
discussed,  after  which  the   lamps  to   be  used  in 
lighting    apartments   of     private   houses,    shops, 
warehouses,  and   other   public  buildings    claimed 
attention.      All  appliances  for  gas  lighting  should 
be  designed,  decorated,  and  finished    with  regard 
to  the   object   or   end  for  which  they  are  con- 
structed, viz.,  distribution  of   light.       Everything 
that  obstructs  the  light,  and  that  can  properly  be 
dispensed  with,  is  decidedly  objectionable.       The 
various  kinds  of  lamps   having  been   freely  com- 
mented upon  in   detail,  Mr.  Johnston  remarked 
that,  as  to  the  price  of  gas,  there  are  few  towns  so 
well  off  as  Glasgow,  when  the  illuminating  power 
is  taken   into  account — 43.    2d.   per   1,000  for  30 
candle  gas  is   as   cheap  as  London  12  candle  gas 
would  be  at  Is.  Sd.  per   1,000  cubic  feet,  with   no 
deduction  for  the  smoke  and  dirt.     The  two  Glas- 
gow gas  companies  pay  their  shareholders  a  more 
than  ordinarily  good  dividend — iu    other  words, 
they  make  a  handsome  profit  by  selling  gas  at  4s. 
2d.  per  1,000  cubic  feet.      To  send    cannel  coal 
by  ship  to  London  would  cost  about  15s.  per  ton, 
and  as  each  ton    of   cannel   coal  produces  at  the 
lowest   calculation   on   the   average  12,000  cubic 
feet  of  gas,  the    London   gas  companies  ought  to 
be  able  to  sell  gas  at  the  rate  of  5s.  5d.   per  1,000 
cubic  feet  of  a  quality  2i  times  better  in  illumi- 
nating power  than  the  sort  they  now  supply.      In 
conclusion,  he  submitted  the  following  plain  ndes 
as  an  epitome  of  what  he  had  by  tests  and  other- 
wise pretty  fully  explained  : — For  coarse  gas,  use 
No.  5  fish-tail  burners,  at  a  moderate  pressure  ;  for 
cannel  gas,  Nos.   2  and  3  iish-taU  burners;  renew 
the  burners  frequently  ;  check  the  pressure  at  the 
meter  when  it   gets    too  strong;    distribute  the 
lights   in  all  buildings  instead  of   concentrating 
them  in    one   spot;  bring   the    lights  as    near  as 
convenient  to  the  place  to  be  lighted  ;  use  in  fit- 
ting good  full-sized  gas  pipes ;  select  lamps  which 
offer   the  least  obstruction  to    the   light ;  above 
all,  avoidjlow-priced  appliances  for  gas-lighting. 


DROMORE  CASTLE,    CO.   LIMERICK. 

OUR  illustration  this  week  represents  the 
north-east  view  of  the  building  which  is 
about  to  be  erected  at  Dromore,  near  Limerick,  a.s 
a  residence  for  the  Right  Honourable  the  Earl  of 
Limerick,  from  the  designs  and  under  the  super 
intendence  of  Messrs.  Godwin  and  Crisp,  archi 
tects.  The  site  selected  is  at  at  the  extreme  north 
angle  of  the  wood  which  overlooks  Dromore  lake 
The  plans  have  been  so  arranged  as  to  admit  ot 
extension  southwards.  The  corridors  are  knpt  on 
the  outer  side  of  the  building,  and  all  the  en- 
trances are  well  guarded,  so  tli.-ir  in  the  event  of 
the  country  being  disturbed  the  inmates  of  Dro- 
more Castle  might  not  only  ie^l  secure  themselves 
but  be  able  to  give  real  shelter  to  others. 


IMPROVEMENTS    IN    MACHINERY. 

OUR  attention  has  beendrawn  to  improvements 
in  machinery  for  cutting,  shaping,  and  polish- 
ing moulding  curves  and  all  other  forms  in  stone 
and  wood.  This  improved  machinery  for  cutting 
and  shaping  stone  is  capable  of  preparing  and 
finishing  from  the  hewn  block  every  description 
of  framing  for  doors,  arches,  windows  of  Gothic 
or  other  architectural  character,  together  with 
mouldings,  rabbets,  and  other  shapes,  and,  iu  fact, 
is  applicable  to  every  kind  of  architectural  work. 
The  machinery  may  also  be  readily  adapted  for 
cutting  curWlinear  and  other  shaped  mouldings  in 
wood,  and  also  finishing  and  polishing  the  same. 
The  machinery  is  of  a  most  simple  character, 
being  easily  managed,  and  will  accomplish  as  much 
work  as  twenty-five  skilled  workmen  in  the  same 
period  of  time.  The  inventor  is  Mr.  Robert 
Thompson,  late  engineer  in  charge  of  the  wood- 
working machinery  at  H.  M.  Dockyard,  Woolwich, 
and  the  inventor  of  the  machine  known  as  Thom|' 
son's  "  universal  joiner  and  wood  shaping  curvi. 
Imear  sawing  machine." 


A  NEW  CATHEDRAL  FOR  BERLIN. 

KING  WILLIAM  addressed,  on  the  21st,  the 
following  letter  to  Dr.  von  Muhler,  the 
Minister  for  Public  Worship  : — "  King  Frederick 
William  III.,  my  lamented  father,  now  resting  in 
God,  desired,  as  far  back  as  the  close  of  the  War 
of  Liberation,  to  erect  to  the  honour  of  God  and 
for  the  assembly  of  the  Christian  community,  a 
more  handsome  edifice  in  the  place  of  the  old 
cathedral  at  Berlin,  as  a  visible  token  of  thankful- 
ness for  the  assistance  given  by  the  Lord  in  a  sea- 
son of  pressing  need.  The  circumstances  of  the 
time  only  permitted  the  idea  to  be  carried  out  to 
an  insufficient  extent,  but  it  has  been  handed  down 
as  a  permanent  and  constantly  recurring  admoni 
tion  to  succeeding  generations.  King  Frederick 
William  IV.  again  took  up  the  idea,  but  his  muni- 
ficent plan  could  not  be  prosecuted  owing  to  the 
obstacles  presented  by  events.  At  the  close  of 
this  year  of  my  life,  in  which  I  and  with  me  my 
people,  after  new  and  arduous  struggles,  again 
thank  God  for  so  many  mercies  and  for  the  restora- 
tion of  peace,  the  desire  is  manifested  anew  to 
give  common  lasting  expression  by  such  a  work 
to  the  gratitude  we  joyfully  acknowledge  mth 
heart  and  lips.  I  again  take  up  the  plan  for  build- 
ing a  new  cathedral  worthy  of  the  metropolis  upon 
the  site  now  occupied  by  the  present  edifice,  and  I 
await  further  detailed  proposals  from  you  as  to 
the  execution  of  this  design. 

"(Signed)  Wiluaji. 
"Berlin,  March  21,  1867." 


ARTISANS'    AND    LABOURERS'   DWELL- 
INGS'  BILL. 

THIS  Bill  is  now  in  a  fair  way  of  becoming  law. 
The  second  reading  was  moved  in  the 
House  of  Commons  on  Wednesday,  by  Mr. 
M'Cullagh  Torreus,  who  sketched  its  chief  pro- 
visions. It  gives  power  io  the  officer  of  health, 
either  on  requisition  or  without  it,  to  inspect 
premises  in  a  state  likely  to  engender  disease,  and 
upon  his  report  the  local  authority,  after  the 
process  of  a  presentment  to  the  grand  jury  has 
been  gone  through,  may  cause  plans  to  be  made 
for  the  improvement  or  demolition  of  the  pre- 
mises. The  owner  of  the  premises  may  either 
sell  them  to  the  local  authority  or  carry  out  the 
works  himself,  and  if  he  neglects  or  refuses  to  do 


either,  the  local  authority  may  effect  the  im 
provements,  charging  the  costs  to  the  owner ;  bui 
when  total  demolition  is  required  the  loca 
authority  must  compensate  the  owner.  The  e: 
penses  of  the  local  authorities  in  carrying  out  th 
Act  are  to  be  charged  on  the  local  rates,  whicl 
however,  are  not  to  be  increased  by  more  than  3c 
in  the  pound  ;  and  they  are  also  empowered  t 
borrow  money  from  the  PubUc  Works  Loan  Con 
rnissioners,  under  the  sanction  of  the  Treasun' 
-Mr.  Torrens  intimated  that  he  should  gladl 
acquiesce  in  any  improvements  which  could  b 
suggested  in  the  machinery  of  the  Bill.  In  th 
discussion  which  followed,  the  Bill  was  warml 
supported  by  Mr.  Locke,  Mr.  H.  Bruce,  Mr.  Se 
wjm,  Mr.  Hughes,  and  Mr.  M'Laren;  and  it 
leading  provisions  were  generally  approvei 
coupled  with  suggestions  for  the  improvement  ( 
the  machinery,  by  Mr.  Ayrton,  Mr.  Henley,  M 
Potter,  Mr.  Powell,  and  others.  Objections  wei 
taken  to  the  BiU  by  Mr.  J.  B.  Smith,  and  11 
Bazley,  particularly  to  the  erection  of  new  buili 
ings  at  the  expense  of  the  ratepayers.  Mr. 
Chambers  pointed  out  that  no  provision  was  mad 
for  the  evil  of  overcrowding ;  and  Mr.  H.  Lew 
complained  of  the  burden  which  was  about  to  I 
thrown  on  the  rates.  Mr.  Walpole,  on  beha 
of  the  Government,  assented  to  the  principle  < 
the  Bill,  intimating  that  it  would  require  amenc 
ment  in  some  of  its  details,  and  it  was  read  a  8 
cond  time. 


BLACK   MORTAR. 


THE  liability  of  mortar  to  the  infiltratii 
action  of  rain  and  damp  has  always  been 
source  of  anxiety  to  those  engaged  in  buUdini 
There  never  was  a  time  when  bridges,  houses,  an 
every  description  of  stone  and  brick  erections, 
constructed  with  so  great  rapidity.  It  was  the  usu 
custom  to  allow  successive  sections  of  the  brick 
to  settle  before  proceeding  to  add  to  its  height,  h\ 
this  would  be  too  slow  for  the  present  generatia 
We  ilow  build  a  house  in  less  time  than  it  usedl 
take  to  get  the  foundation  in.  It  is,  therefore,  tei 
fold  a  matter  of  importance  to  havesoundand  durab 
mortar ;  any  method  of  rendering  it  impervious  1 
the  influences  alluded  to  is  worthy  of  consider, 
tion.  M.  Chevalier  proposes  to  effect  this  \ 
adding  a  portion  of  coal  to  the  usual  ingredienl 
and  obtains  in  this  manner,  he  states,  a  most  soli 
and  impermeable  material.  One  part  of  cot 
ground  fine,  is  mixed  with  two  parts  of  sal 
and  one  and  a  half  of  slaked  lime,  and  til 
whole  treated  with  water  in  the  ordinary  manse 
The  only  but  nevertheless  a  very  forcible  ol 
jection  to  this  mortar  is  its  colour,  although  we  m 
no  p.articular  advantage  in  mortar  being  of  a  dirt 
white  colour  in  preference  to  a  darker  and  morod 
cided  tint.  The  latter  shade  would  certainly  bi 
much  better  than  the  former,  which  if  clean  loA 
ing  when  first  laid  very  soon  loses  its  fresh  appeal 
ance. 


COMPETITIONS. 


Messrs.  Austin  and  Johnson,  Mr.  J.  E.  Wat 
and  Mr.  Thomas  OUver,  architects,  have  been  % 
vited  to  send  in  designs  for  the  new  town  ba^ 
and  corporate  buildings  to  be  erected  at  NewcaBtli 

Great  Yarmouth  Terrace  axd  Villas. — T 
Mr.  J.  T.  Bottle,  architect.  Great  Yarmouth,  ha 
been  awarded  the  premium  of  £20  for  his  design 
for  a  terrace  for  first-class  houses  to  be  erected  upo 
the  building  estate  of  the  Corporation  of  that  town 
The  houses  will  have  a  frontage  of  23ft.,  and  tb 
cost  of  each  is  not  to  exceed  £900,  including  th 
area  raihngs  and  walls.  Mr.  J.  S.  Dodd,  of  Bead 
ing,  has  obtained  a  like  premium  for  the  best  de 
sign  for  a  detached  marine  villa,  cost  not  to  exoeei 
£1,500,  and  the  firist  premium  (£20)  for  his  de 
sign  for  a  pair  of  semi-detached  marine  villas,  col 
not  to  exceed  £2,000  the  pair.  The  second  pB 
mium,  of  £10,  for  the  same  has  been  awarded  tc 
Mr.  J.  Jackman,  of  34,  Soho. 


At  a  public  dinner  at  Coventry  the  other  day 
the  mayor  presiding,  Mr.  J.  E.  Greatorex,  lat 
surveyor  of  that  town,  was  presented  with  a  _ 
watch,  a  silver  cup,  and  a  purse  containing  £150 
The  watch  and  purse  were  subscribed  for  by  thi 
members  of  the  corporation  and  other  gentlemei 
of  this  city,  and  the  cup  by  the  men  employe< 
under  Mr.  Greatorex  while  for  fourteen  yearsen 
gaged  as  city  surveyor.  Mr.  Greatorex's  appoin* 
ment  to  the  post  of  engineer  for  the  borough  o 
Portsmouth  was  recently  mentioned  by  us. 


I 


r 


Be 


March  29,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


227 


SERMONS   IN    STONE. 


WE  have  no  wish  to  encroach  on  the  pro- 
vince of  the  moralist,  with  whom  the 
grave  has  always  been  a  favourite  theme,  antl 
death  a  titliiiL;  "topic.     Our  object  is  simply  to 
draw  attention  to  some  old  tombstones   and 
some  quaint  epitaphs,  which  we  hope  will  have 
a  special  interest  for  the  anti(|uarian  and  the 
archfeologist — leaving  the  reader  to  find  the 
moral    for  himself.       Many   labourers   have 
already  been  in  this  particular  lield  who  have 
brought  to  lit;ht  much  that  is  both  valuable 
and  interestiug,  Init  we  think  there  may  be  a 
small  portion  of  the  lield  not  altogether  unin- 
teresting which  is  comp.aratively  unexplored. 
Dr.  Johnson  lias  w-ritten  an  eloquent  e.ssay  ou 
tombstones  ;  Mr.  Gough's  learned  and  volu-. 
minous  w'ork  is  a  great  monument  in  itself  ,5 
Hearne's  "  Collection  of  Curious  Discourses 
is  not  only  curious   but  interesting  and  im- 
jiortant;    and  other  writers  have  contributed 
to  our  knowledge  of  the  sultject,  the  latest  and 
in  some  respects  the  best  work  being  Mr.  Pet- 
tigrew's  "Chronicles  of  the  Tomb."     In  addi- 
tion to  a  very  able  disquisition  on  tombs  and 
monumental  inscriptions  from  the  very  earliest 
times,  Mr.  Pettigrew  h^s  given   us  the  only 
complete  collection  of  epitaphs  which  we  pos- 
sess.    His  book  contains  examples  of  almost 
every   description  of  "  lapidary  inscription," 
in   dift'erent  languages  and  countries  and  in 
all   ages.      We    have    epitaphs    admonitory, 
laudatory,     adulatory,     and     denunciatory  ; 
epitaphs  rhetorical,  enigmatical,  bombastical, 
satirical,  professional,  revengefirl,  as  well  as 
acrostic,   purming,  eccentric,  ridiculous,  and 
ludicrous  epitaphs.     The  author's  researches, 
indeed,   must  have   been   extensive   and  his 
labour  great.     He  has  left  comparatively  little 
for  others  to  do  who  would  follow  him  in  the 
same  path.    The  subject,  however,  can  scarcely 
be  exhausted.    As  might  be  expected  Mr.  Pet- 
tigrew finds  the  great  majority  of  the  epitaphs 
in  his  collection  in  the  different   counties  ot 
England.    Scotland,  though^ot  so  abundantly 
rich  in  tombstone  literature  or  in  elaborately 
sculptured  monuments  to  the  dead   as  this 
portion  of  the  kingdom,  yet  possesses  not  a 
few  tombstones  and   biuial  records  as  curious 
and  interesting  as  any  to  be  found  elsewhere. 
Several  of  these  find  a  place  in  the  "  Chro- 
nicles of  the  Tomb,"  but  many  others  equally 
curious  we  miss.     We  wUl  endeavour  in  some 
measure  to  supply  the   omission,   confining 
ourselves  for  the  present  to  Scottish  tomb- 
stones.    On  the  history  of  tombs  and  tomb- 
stones we  wiU  not  touch,  except  to  make  a 
single   remark.      Burying-grounds  were   not 
establiished  until  the  year  200.     People  before 
were  interred  in  the  highways,  and   ancient 
tombs  are  still  to  be  seen  on  the  roads  leading 
to  Rome.      Hence  these  words  so  often  re- 
peated in  epitaphs,  Sta   Viator — "  Stop  tra- 
veller."    A  very  favourite  expression  on  the 
Roman  tombs,  both  of  Pagan  and   Christian 
times,  as  Mr.  Pettigrew  observes,  is  to  be  foimd 
in  the  well-known  passage  from  Tacitus,  Sit 
tibiterra  levis — "  light  lie  the  earth  upon  thy 
grave."    The  custom  of  burying  in  churches 
was  unkno\\Ti  for  many  hundred  years,  the 
churches  being  found  in  towns  and  cities  where 
burial  was  forbidden.     About  the  fourth  cen- 
tury, when  persecution  of  Christianity  ceased, 
it  was  not  unusual  either  to  translate  the  relics 
of  martyrs   from    their    tombs    outside    the 
walls    into    the    city   churches,  or  to   build 
churches    over    the  tombs  in    the    country. 
Somewhat  later  kings  and  emperors  had  the 
privilege   of    being    buried  in  the  porch   or 
some  of  the  outer  buildings  of  the  church, 
but  their  bodies  were  not  admitted  into  the 
church  itself  until  the  sixth  century,  at  which 
time  the  people  also  began  to  be  buried  in  the 
churchyards,  though  not  as  yet  in  the  church. 
By  degrees  the  people  obtained  this  privilege 
aliio.     Perhaps  the  earliest  Christian  monu- 
ments of  which  any  trace  exists  in  England 
belong  to  the  period  immediately  following 
the  final  departure  of  the  Roman  legions  in 
the  year  427.     In  different  parts  of  England 


with,  bearing  sepulchral  inscriptions  in  Roman 
letters.     Some  had  crosses,  leaving  no  doubt 
the   persons   buried   there    were    Christians. 
Those  early  remains  might   be  set   down  us 
belonging  to  the  lilth  century.     The  earliest 
tombs  in  England  which  possessed  an  architec- 
tural character  were  the  .stone  coffin  lids  of 
the  eleventh  and  twelfth  centuries.     But  to 
return.     In  the  language  of  an  old  writer  on 
epitaphs,  "we  will  here  but  briefly   collect 
some  fewe  wluch  are  remarkable  partly  for 
their   antiquity,   partly    for    their    brevytie, 
partly   for   their   rarenesse,   partly   for   their 
excellencye,  partly   to  show  the  manner    of 
stile  of  those  ages  in  which  they  were  conr- 
posed,  and  partly  to  recreate  the  mynde  with 
the  siraplicytie  o'f  their  inventions."      Profes- 
sor Masson,  in  a  paper  in  Mwinillan's  Marja- 
zine  (Nov.,  18G3),  makes  the  following  obser- 
vation : — "  Mr.   Hawthorne,  I  see,    has  been 
remarking   ou   the   absence  of  very  antique 
tombstones  in  the  churches  and  churchyards 
of  this  country,  and  has  mentioned  it  as  sur- 
prising to  him  that  he  has  seen  perhaps  as  old 
monuments   of   that    sort    in    Puritan    New 
England  as  in  Great  Britain.     He  is   unac- 
countably wrong.    In  the  common  churchyard 
wall  of  St.  Nicholas  Church,  in  Aberdeen,  I 
have  deciphered  with  my  own  eyes  a  tomb- 
stone inscription  which  was  cut  in  hard  blue 
stone  fifty  years  before  Columbus  discovered 
America,"  tliat   is   to  say,    the  date   of   this 
stone    would    be  about    the   year    1440.     It 
would  be  interesting  to  know  whether  it  still 
exists,  since  it  miist  be  one  of  the  very  earliest 
churchyard  stones  in  the  country,  though  it 
may  have  been  originally  in  the  church.    We 
are  aware  that  there  are  several  very  ancient 
tombstones    in    the    Granite    City.      Henry 
Leighton,  Bishop  of  Aberdeen,  is  interred  in 
the   Cathedral   of  St.   Machar.     He   died   in 
1440.     The  inscription,  however,  is  illegible. 
"  Time  corrodes  our  epitaphs  and  buries  our 
very  tombstones."  There  are  also  monuments, 
though  not  in  the  churchyard,  to  Alexander 
Chalmer,  Provost  of  Aberdeen  (1413),  .and  to 
Sir  Alexander  Irvin,  who  died  in  1400.    The 
latter  memorial  is  on  a  copper  plate,  and  is 
probably  modern.      It  is  rarely  that  we  find  a 
tombstone  in  the  Idrkyard  itself  of  older  date 
than  1580  or  1600.     In  Dundee  some  of  the 
most  ancient  stones  and   quaintest   epitaphs 
are  to  be  met  with,  but  unfortunately  several 
of  the  most  cmious  have  been  rudely  despoilt 
witliin  recent  years.      The    burying-ground 
known    as    the   Houfi',    in    that    town,    was 
originally  a  garden    attached   to   the   chapel 
of  the  Greyfriars,  and  was  granted  by  Queen 
Mary  for  a  burying-ground.      It  contained  no 
stones  or  monuments  before  the  year  1560,  ex- 
cept one  wdiich  had  been  transplanted  from 
Blackfriars  Churchyard,  wdiich  stood  a  little 
to  the  west  of  what  is  now  the  Houft'.     This 
stone  was  a  small  sipiare  block,  having  on  the 
east  the  name  William  Kenny,  on  the  west 
Arthur  Wemyss,  on  the  south  Matilda  Kenny, 
and  on  the  north  Ann  Alison.     There  are  two 
flat  stones  near  the  middle  of  the  north  wall, 
one    bearing    the    name    and     date    James 
Fletcher,  1584,  the  other  only  the  date   1584. 
There  is  also  a  stone  to  Isabel  Richardson, 
Spouse  to  George  Speuce,  with  the  date  1682, 
and  another  on  the  west  side,  dated  1603,  to 
Andrew  Christie.      There  is  a  memorial  stone 
on    the    north     wall    to     Gilbert     (Juittet, 
To\\-n  Clerk  of  Forfar,  who  died  August  9, 
1594,    with    the     foUoiving    couplet    imder- 
neath  : — 

Hier  Sleeps  rmto  the  Sectmd  Lyfe 
A  F.aithfiil  Man  to  Friend  and  Wyfe. 

The    subjoined    are  a    few    of  the    more 
remarkable  stones  in  this  churchyard  : — 

Man  tak  bed  to  mi — How  thou  Sal  be 
When  thou  art  dead— Dry  as  a  tree. 
Our  mesa  shuil  eat  ye— Thy  great  Bodie 

-  ShaU  be  like  lead. 

Thy  time  hath  been — In  my  youth  green 
That  I  was  clean — Of  body  as  ye  are. 
But  now  my  een — Twa  Hols  that's  been 
Of  me  is  seen — But  Banes  bare. 

Thos.  Simson. 


Hero    lies    a   most   chaste    virgin,   Jonet  Mudie,  only 
•laughter  to  James  Mudie,  Sometime  Baillie  of  the  City  of 
Ihuidee,   who,  usheriug  her  Father  in  the  Path  of  Death, 
•  lied  in  1012.      Of  her  age  15.      The  whole  Life  of  Man  is  a 
I'jussjigo  to  Death  :  and  i>oath  itself  is  a  Pass.age  to  Life. 
Ml  things  deijuml  on  Fates  ;  idl,  in  their  Turns, 
Sooner  or  later,  hasten  to  tlieir  Urnes. 
Iloro  lies  a  godly  m.itron,  .Jonet  Tyrio,  who  was  duly 
married  to  Mr.  Alexander  Dmnnuiro  ;  She  died  in  1016, 
aged  TO.     [Then  follows  a  prayer.] 

Uobert  Striiitoun,  .Vpotheeary,  caused  this  monument  to 
be  erented  and  cut  for  himself  and  his  dearest  wives  Jonet 
Duncan  and  Isabel  Ilobertsou,  wlio  died  respective — The 
Jir.-it  in  1652,  aged  ;il> ;  the  last  in  11)57,  aged  ii. 
Ou  right  Duncan  lies,  in  youtli  my  Spouse 
And  tiio  first  Pillar  of  my  rising  House. 
Left  Hand,  lies  Robson,  a  moi.t  faithful  wife  ; 
Wliicb  w.-rs  the  best,  it  may  procure  a  Strife. 
Fii-st  brouglit  U)  mo  of  W'oaltli  .Stilliciont  Store, 
Whicli  tlie  otiier  guided  well,  augmoutetl  more  ; 
Fii-st  Ijle.sscd  nie  witli  many  chiKlren  fair. 
The  Second  nurst  them  witii  maternal  care. 
Virtue  and  gimdu-ss  in  them  equal  shone. 
And  both  lie  buried  underneath  tliis  stone. 


1579. 

Heir  restis  an  honorabile  Baroune,  Jhone  Kj-nneir  of  yat 
ilk,  quha  departit  out  of  this  mortal  Lyf  at  Dundee  the 


and  Wales  large  roughly-hewn  stones  are  met  |  2i.'day  of  June  1584.    And  of  his  ago  the  63.  year 


There  is  no  date  to  the  following.  The 
comldnation  of  the  deceased's  qualities, 
moral  and  mental,  is  quaint,  though  formerly 
this  style  of  epitaph  was  very  common. 

To  her  most  lamented  Mivte,  for  the  space  of  26  years  in 
marriage,  Mr.  Thom<as  Maule  notably  happy,  and  very  well 
deserving  from  the  highest  as  well  as  the  lowest,  in  this 
Town  and  the  whole  Vicinage.  Also  a  vory  cvcellent  man 
skilful  in  the  Latino,  Greek,  and  French  languages,  consi- 
derably versed  in  .\stronomy,  and  a  Notable  Practise!-  of 
Piety  toward  God,  and  Righteousness  towai-d  Ids  neigh- 
boui'. 

We   have  a  description   of  what  appears 
to  have  been,  and  may  still  be,  an  extremely 
interesting  sculptured  monument   here  by  a 
traveller  who  visited  Dundee  in   1782.     "  A 
very   elegant   monument,"   says   this    writer, 
"  has  been  lately  erected  to  the   memory  of 
Lady  Wedderbum,   a  daughter  of  the  Earl  of 
Arlies.      From   a   square  base   and  pedestal 
about    7ft.    high    springs    an    Ionic  column 
crowned  with  a  flaming  urn.     On  the  plinth 
or  faces  of  the  pedestal,  within  a  moulding, 
are  four  polished  slalis,  three  of  grey,  and  the 
fourth,    on   the   west,    of    the    purest  white 
marble.     On  the  last  are  the  foUowmg  figure.? 
in  alto  relievo,  cut  by  Sheemaker.     A   lady, 
as  if  just  dying,  wrapt  in  a  light  flowing  robe 
from  the   breast  downward,   and  partly  ex- 
tended on  a  rough  projecting  eminence,  near 
the  Ijottom  of  the  marble.     In  her  countenance 
innocence   and   resignation   are   happily    ex- 
pressed.    An  angel  sitting   at  her  head  sup- 
ports her  shoulders  ;  her  head  and  neck  rest 
upon  his  right  arm,  below  which  is  seen   the 
lady's  right  arm  hanging  over  the  outside  of 
the  angel's   knee.     His  face  is  averted   from 
the    body,    and   his  head   supported  by  hi? 
left  hand,  in  which  he  holds  a  handkerchief 
to  his  eyes.       In    the    background  another 
angel,  fronting  the  lady's   face,  holds  up  her 
left  hand,  tenderly   pressing    it   to  his   lips, 
who  seems  as  if  he  would   say  '  Sister,  come 
away.'       The    tender    feelings    are   strongly 
marked  in  the  ]irofile  of  the  angel  at  the  head  ; 
all  that  his  amiable  charge  has  suft'eied  seems 
present  to  his  mind.     In  the  countenance  of 
the  other   angel  there   is  a  mixture  of  grief 
and   tenderness.       The  storm   now   over   he 
welcomes   the  late   tossed  passenger   to   the 
calm   regions     of   bliss,    the    ever-blooming 
"roves  of  immortality.     In   a    corner   of  the 
slab  there  is  a  sky,  from  which  diverging  rays 
of  light  point  to  the  lady's  face,   emblemati- 
cally to  teach  us  this   interesting  truth,  that 
living  or  dying  we  are  always  under  the  eye 
of  Him  who  miide  us.     II  1  had   remamed  in 
Dundee  a  month  I  think  I    should  have  gone 
every  day  to  see  this  beautiful  monument  of 
conjugal  aft'ection.  Below  the  sculpture  is  the 
following  inscription  : — 

MemoriiB  Sacrum  Dominse 
Marganatas  Ogilvy  Spousse 
Domini  Joannls  Wetlderbum 
de  B.aU.andean,  Militia  Baron- 
eti,  Obiit  die  .xxiii  Martii, 
Anno  MDCCLXSV  iEtatisSuo 
xxvii." 

A  gravestone  near  to  tliis  monument  bore 
the  following  : — 

Heir  lyes  ane  honest  man  "Walter  GovTlay_ 
Maltman  and  burgess  of  Dundee  qvha  decesait 
in  2S  day  of  Aprvil  1628  of  the  aige  of  16 
yeires  with  his  twentie  baimifi. 
Elspet  Pie.     Here  ly  I. 
My  Twentie  Baimiea.     Mv  Goo*l 
Man  &  I.     1628. 


228 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


March  29,  1867. 


Below  was  a  coat  of  arms,  and  under  that 
two  large  death's  heads,  for  the  man  and  wile, 
and  fonr  rows  of  smaller  heads,  five  in  each 
row  for  the  twenty  children.  The  meaning 
of  the  above  would  seem  to  be  that  a  family 
of  twenty-two  persons  died  so  near  one  an- 
other as  to  be  all  buried  in  one  grave — a  very 
remarkable  circumstance.  In  the  same  place 
is  a  tombstone  erected  by  his  wife  to  the  me- 
mory of  David  Alexander,  "  who  being 
known  for  the  goodness  of  his  life  and  skill  in 
his  trade,  died  much  lamented  in  162.3." 
Another  toKichardBlyth,  "  a  boy  of  generous 
Engine,"  who,  "  by  the  disturbed  order  of 
Nature  was  pluckt  away  from  life."  7  Feb- 
ruary, 1637.  But  we  must  stop  for  the  pre- 
sent. The  writer  would  be  obliged  for  any 
information  on  the  subject  of  Scottish  tomb- 
stones which  any  of  the  readers  of  the  Build- 
ing News  may  be  inclined  to  favour  him 
witli. 


THE     NEW    SITE    OF    THE    ROYAL 
ACADEMY. 

THERE  is  now  at  last  a  fair  prospect  that  the 
Royal  Academy  will  find  a  domicile  worthy 
of  itself.  The  workmen  have  begun  to  excavate 
the  site  of  the  new  buildings  in  Burlington-gar- 
dens, and  we  may  hope  that  before  the  summer  of 
next  year  ends  everything  will  be  in  readiness  for 
the  migration  of  the  Academy  from  Trafalgar- 
square  to  its  new  abode.  In  the  meantime,  the 
plans  for  the  proposed  change  are  so  far  advanced 
that  we  can  give  some  account  of  them. 

The  late  president,  Sir  Charles  Eastlake,  came 
distinctly  to  the  conclusion  that  if  the  Academy 
was  to  be  excluded  from  Trafalgar-square,  tben  of 
all  the  sites  which  the  Crowu  had  to  offer  its 
most  suitable  dwelling-place  was  to  be  found  in 
the  precincts  of  Burlington  House.  But  Sir 
Charles  Eastlake's  idea  was  that  the  Academy 
should  occupy  an  edifice  to  be  raised  on  the  Picca- 
dilly front  of  this  ground.  The  scheme  on  con- 
sideration was  found  to  be  impracticable,  partly 
because  of  the  great  expense  which  the  erection 
of  such  an  edifice  would  entail  on  the  Academy, 
partly  because  of  the  inconvenience  of  exhibition 
rooms  arranged  in  a  building  the  ground-floor  of 
which  has  to  be  pierced  in  its  centre  by  tall  arches 
of  entrance  to  the  Burlington  quadrangle.  Then 
it  was  proposed  that  the  Academy  should  accept 
a  home  in  the  South  Kensington  estate  ;  andmucb 
was  said  iu  favour  of  that  suggestion.  There  is 
just  now  being  formed  at  South  Kensington  a 
museum  of  art  which  will  before  long  be  esteemed 
one  of  the  chief  glories  of  the  metropolis — a  casket 
of  jewels  worthy  of  a  great  nation.  But  it  is  an 
undoubted  fact  that  this  m.agnificent  collection 
is  not  yet  as  famous  as  it  deserves  to  be.  The 
reason  is  that  it  is  out  of  the  way,  and  not  well 
enough  known.  And  if  the  Academy  were  to 
transfer  its  annual  Exhibition  to  this  neighbour- 
hood, it  would  have  for  many  years  to  submit  to 
a  considerable  diminution  of  those  shilling  visitors 
upon  whom  its  income  largely  depends.  Here, 
then,  was  a  dilemma.  There  were  oerious  objec. 
tions  to  the  Piccadilly  front  of  Burlington  House, 
and  there  were  serious  objections  to  the  South 
Kensington  estate  as  sites  for  the  Royal  Academy. 
What  was  to  be  done  ?  The  new  president,  Sir 
Francis  Grant,  solved  the  difficulty  by  finding  for 
the  Academy  another  site  in  Burlington  House 
itself  and  in  the  garden  behind. 

Few  persons  strolling  about  Piccadilly,  even 
with  the  long  vista  of  the  Burlington  Arcade  to 
help  them,  have  any  adequate  notion  of  the 
quantity  of  ground  belonging  to  Burhugton 
House,  and  extending  from  the  dead  wall  iu  Pic- 
cachlly  to  the  dead  wall  in  the  street  known  .as 
Burlington-gardens.  Some  notion  of  it  may  be 
foi-med  when  we  state  that  Burlington  House 
itself  occupies  about  the  centre  of  the  ground, 
and  that  it  is  proposed  to  raise  at  the  back  of  it 
and  parallel  with  it  two  great  buildings,  one  for 
the  London  University,  the  other  tor  the  galleries 
of  the  Royal  Academy,  with  a  space  as  mde  as 
Oxford-street  between  them.  Of  the  edifice  in- 
tended for  the  London  University,  and  which  is 
now  being  built  at  the  extreme  end  of  Burling- 
ton-gardens, facing  the  street  known  by  that 
name,  we  have  nothing  to  say,  save  that  it  fills 
the  whole  breadth  of  the  gardens,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  a  12ft.  ro.ad\v;iy  on  one  side,  leading  to 
the  Academy  buildings,  and,  indeed,  right  across 
the  grounds  to  Piccadilly.  The  London  Uni- 
versity will  extend  back  into  the  gardens  about 


130ft.  Behind  it  there  will  be  a  vacant  space 
about  the  breadth,  as  we  have  said,  of  Oxford- 
street,  and  between  this  space  and  BurUngton 
House  will  rise  up  (with  a  depth  of  about  120ft.) 
the  galleries  of  the  Royal  Academy.  These  gal 
leries  will  be  built  somewhat  close  to  the  back  of 
Burlington  House,  with  which  they  are  intended 
to  form  one  edifice  for  one  purpose.  In  point  of 
fact,  Burlington  House  is  given  up  to  the 
Academy,  and  will  form  its  frontage.  The  public 
will  enter  the  galleries  of  the  Academy  through 
Burlington  House.  They  will  ascend  the  stair- 
case of  the  house,  to  an  opening  at  the  back, 
which  is  now  used  as  one  of  its  principal  windows. 
This  will  be  transformed  into  a  doorway  leading 
through  a  short  corridor  to  the  exhibition  rooms. 

The  galleries  and  offices  which  it  is  proposed  to 
provide  in  the  new  buildings  look  well  in  the 
plans.  The  galleries  are,  of  course,  on  the  first — 
that  is,  the  upper  floor,  in  order  to  secure  the  ad 
vantages  of  top  lighting ;  and  they  certainly  have 
the  merit  of  creating  ample  accommodation  for 
the  exhibition  of  pictures.  The  wall  space  allotted 
to  pictures  in  the  present  rooms  of  the  Academy 
is  measured  by  748  lineal  feet.  It  is  better  to  give 
the  measurement  iu  Uneal  than  in  square  feet,  be- 
cause the  precise  height  at  which  pictures  can  be 
advantageously  hung  is  always  a  variable  quan- 
tity, and  in  a  calculation  like  the  present  it  con- 
duces to  clearness  to  assume  that  all  pictures  are 
hung  "  on  the  line."  This  line  in  the  galleries 
now  occupied  by  the  Academy  extends,  we  repeat, 
to  748ft.  In  the  new  galleries  it  will  extend  to 
1,884ft.  The  principal  gallery,  in  which  the 
annual  dinner  of  the  Academy  will  be  given,  is  in- 
tended to  be  8'2ft.  long  and  44ft.  wide.  The  next 
ill  importance  is  equaUy  long,  but  only  35ft.  wide. 
The  central  gallery  of  all,  which  in  the  plan  we 
have  seen  is  called  the  vestibule,  is  an  octagon  in. 
tended  for  sculpture.  Underneath  these  galleries 
is  the  ground-floor,  which  is  allotted  chiefly  to  the 
schools  of  the  Academy.  On  the  north  side  are 
the  rooms  destined  for  the  life  and  the  antique 
schools,  lighted  by  windows  looking  to  the  Lon- 
don University,  but  receiving  light  from  the  sky 
at  an  angle  of  45  deg.  across  the  space  which  we 
have  compared  to  Oxford-street  for  width.  Be- 
sides these  schools,  accommodation  is  provided  for 
the  exhibition  of  casts,  for  the  custody  of  re- 
jected pictures,  for  a  kitchen,  for  lavatories,  for 
various  cellars,  for  heating  apparatus,  for  a  lift  to 
raise  heavy  sculpture  to  the  upper  story,  and  for 
many  other  purposes.  Altogether,  the  arrange- 
ments iu  this  new  building,  in  so  far  as  we  under- 
stand them,  seem  to  be  veiy  complete.  In  Bur- 
lington House  proper  the  Academy  will  find  fur- 
ther accommodation, — a  conned  room  for  its 
meetings ;  chambers  for  its  keeper  ;  a  library ;  a 
gallery  for  the  exhibition  of  Gibson's  works.  In 
addition  to  this  it  is  proposed  to  add  a  story  to 
the  budding.  The  story  thus  added  will  have  a 
double  value.  It  will  form  a  fine  gallery  for  the 
exhibition  of  the  diploma  pictures  of  the  Academy 
and  some  other  treasures  iu  its  possession — as  four 
Sir  Joshua's,  a  first-rate  Giorgione,  and  a  fresco  of 
Paul  Veronese,  recently  bequeathed.  It  will,  on 
the  other  hand,  from  the  external  view,  give 
dignity  to  a  facade  which — graceful  enough — was 
felt  to  be  rather  flat. 

These  plans  promise  well,  and  we  heartily  wish 
the  Academy  undisturbed  and  prosperous  enjoy- 
ment of  its  990  years'  lease.  But  it  is  not  yet  in 
possession  of  all  its  rights ;  nor  is  possession  pos- 
sible until  the  Government  has  provided  house 
room  for  the  Royal  and  other  learned  societies 
which  are  at  present  lodged  in  Burlington  House. 
The  Government  j^roposes  as  follows  : — From  Bur- 
lington House  to  Piccadilly  extend  two  wings 
which  are  to  be  pulled  down.  In  their  place,  and 
.along  the  front  of  Piocaddly,  there  is  to  be  raised 
an  edifice  harmonising  in  style  of  architecture  with 
Buriingtou  House,  and  intended  for  the  abode  of 
the  Royal,  Linna;an,  Chymical,  Geological,  Astro- 
nomical, and  Antiquarian  Societies.  These  so- 
cieties it  is  proposed  to  provide  with  rooms  far 
better  than  any  they  now  possess  ;  and  the  frontage 
to  Piccaddly,  if  it  does  not  show  much  originality 
iu  the  way  of  architecture,  will  at  least  be  pleasant 
to  look  on,  and  will  save  our  great  thoroughf.are 
from  the  reproach  of  a  long,  dull,  dea^l  wall — a 
hideous  monument  of  exclusiveness.  Originality 
in  such  a  fa9ade  was  scarcely  possible,  seeing  that 
Messrs.  Banks  and  Barry,  the  architects  of  this 
part  of  the  building,  had  to  adapt  their  design  to 
that  of  Burlington  House  as  it  stands.  We  may 
say  roughly  that  the  front  is  not  unlike  that  of 
the  Privy  CouncU  and  Board  of  Trade  offices  in 
Whitehall ;  with  this,  however,  to  distinguish  it, — 
that  a  noble  archway,  32ft.  high  by  20ft.  wide, ' 


rises  in  the  centre.  The  effect  is  good,  and  Messrs. 
Banks  and  Barry  deserve  not  a  little  credit  for  the 
skill  with  which  they  have  handled  a  style  of  art 
chitecture  which  is  by  no  means  remarkable  for  its 
variety,  and  is  too  often  quite  oppressive  iu  its 
monotony. 

We  should  add  that  in  the  block  of  buildmgs 
which  it  is  proposed  to  rear  on  the  grounds  of 
Burlington  House  no  less  than  three  architects  are 
engaged.  We  speak  of  Messrs.  Banks  and  Barry 
as  but  ope.  They  have  charge  of  the  buildings 
intended  for  the  learned  societies.  Mr.  Sydney 
Smirke  is  the  architect  of  the  Academy,  and  to 
him  is  due  the  improvement  of  the  aspect  of  Bur- 
lington House  by  the  addition  of  a  story  to  it. 
Mr.  Pennethome  is  the  architect  for  the  London 
University. — Times. 


CAMEO  ENGRAVING. 

THE  art  of  cutting  cameos  is  a  species  of 
sculpture  rather  than  engraving.  There  are 
two  kinds  of  cameos,  one  of  which  is  stone  of 
different  coloured  strata,  so  that  the  raised  figure 
is  of  a  different  colour  from  the  ground,  the 
other  is  of  the  conch  shell.  The  shells  are  sawed 
into  squares  with  saws  of  soft  iron,  similar  to 
those  used  by  sculptors.  After  the  shells  are  cut 
into  suitable  pieces  they  are  ground  ;  on  a  stone  to 
their  required  shapes,  by  grinding  them  nicely  on 
the  edges  and  leaving  them  thick  in  the  middle. 
After  this  they  must  be  cemented  on  a  stick 
about  6in.  or  7in.  long,  with  cement  of  Bur- 
gundy pitch  and  rosin  of  equal  parts  heated  to- 
gether until  they  are  perfectly  amalgamated.  The 
end  of  the  stick  is  immersed  in  the  cement  while 
it  is  warm,  and  enough  attaches  itself  to  it  to 
fasten  the  shell,  which  must  also  be  slightly 
warmed  or  the  two  will  not  be  attached.  After 
being  cool  the  shell  is  ready  for  cutting.  To  pro- 
duce a  likeness  of  an  object,  the  best  way  is  to 
cut  the  profile  on  paper,  lay  it  on  the  shell  and 
trace  it  out.  The  best  gravers,  the  harder  the 
better,  are  alone  fit  for  the  work,  and  they  are 
ground  down  to  different  shaped  points,  some 
diamond,  some  oval,  some  chisel-shaped,  and  soma 
round.  After  the  likeness  or  design  is  traced  on 
the  shell  it  has  to  be  blocked  out  with  the  hand) 
or  it  might  be  done  by  flat  drills  in  a  lathe.  Th» 
blocking  out  is  done  by  tracing  the  design  with 
the  diamond  pointed  graver,  and  leaving  the 
pencillings  distinct  and  cutting  away  all  the  out- 
side with  chisels  and  gouges,  taking  care  to  leave 
the  groundwork  thick  enough  to  finish  up.  After 
the  blocking  out  is  completed,  begin  with  the 
top  of  the  profession  iu  making  the  head,  by 
leaving  a  space  for  the  hair  a  little  raised  and  then 
engraving  the  features,  taking  great  pains  not  to 
do  too  much  at  a  cut,  for  if  once  spoiled  there  ii 
no  remedy.  The  neck  and  breast  are  done  ne^l^ 
as  cautiously  aa  the  face.  The  hair  is  done  la^t, 
and  is  the  most  difficult  part  to  perform,  althau|^ 
the  uninitiated  would  think  it  the  simplest,  but 
it  is  the  most  difficult  work  of  all,  for  no  matter 
how  good  the  rest  of  the  work  may  be,  if  the 
hair  is  poorly  executed  the  whole  figure  looks 
bad.  In  cutting  the  h.air  it  must  be  gracefully 
curled  with  delicate  curves.  Sculptured  heads 
are  the  best  models  for  the  learner  to  study. 
After  the  figure  or  design  is  finished  with  the 
graver,  the  cameo  is  polished  with  pumice  stone 
as  smooth  as  possilde,  until  .all  the  marks  of  the 
graver  disappear.  It  is  then  finished  with  a  stiff 
toothbrush  and  potter's  cbry,  or  whiting  and 
water,  and  afterwards  washed  in  pure  water,  when 
it  will  be  observed  to  have  that  beautifid  polish 
for  which  cameos  are  so  justly  admired  and 
which  has  made  them,  on  account  of  their  chaste- 
ness  of  colouring,  a  very  popular  branch  of 
jewellery.  To  take  the  cameo  oft"  the  stick  after 
it  is  finished  it  is  necessary  to  heat  the  stick  over 
a  spirit  lamp  imtd  the  cement  warms,  when  it  is 
ready  for  framing.  It  may  be  observed  that  the 
grace  of  a  figure  depends  much  ou  the  drapery. 


M.iTERIALS    FOR  BUILDING  THE  NEW 
LAW  COURTS. 

THE  Pall  Mall  Gazette  says  a  recent  corre- 
spondent, "  Londinensis,"  has  called  atten- 
tion to  one  or  two  matters  iu  connectiou  with  the 
New  Law  Courts  which  require  a  little  more  dis- 
cussion. He  complains  of  the  influence  of  London 
smoke  in  burying  architectural  details  in  a  mass 
of  soot,  and  he  says  that  the  Law  Courts  should,  as 
far  as  possible,  be  budt  of  polished  stone  or  brick, 
or  in  parts  of  Portland  stone.     And  this  is  true 


March  29,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


22.9 


nough,  as  to  the  mere  blackening  and  smother- 

ng;    but  it  is    only   half    the    truth.      Smoke 

tlackens  all   kinds  of  stone,  but  it  also  eats  into 

nd  destroys  minj'  kinds,  and   the   Portland  per- 

aps  most   of    all,  as    everyone    will  admit    who 

smembere  what  was  the  condition  of  the   balus- 

■ades  on  old  Westminster  Bridge.     As  to  brick, 

,  gathers   blackness    rapidly,   and  can   only  be 

leaned  by   what   bricklayers   call  "  pointing,"  a 

recess  utterly  to   be   condemned  and  out  of  the 

uestiou,  to  say  nothing    of  the    poverty-stricken 

feet  of  bricks  in  any   building   of  considerable 

le.    As  to  "  polished  stone  "  cr,  in  plain  English, 

alian  marble,  it  is  out  of  the   question.     Any- 

ling  like  a  polish  upon  the  flat  outer  surfaces  of 

ther  Gothic   cr    Italian     buildings    would     be 

:inou9  to   the   effect,   while   the  cost  would  be 

bulous.    The   polish,  too,  would  soon  pass   off 

ider  the  influence  of  a  clear  atmosphere,  to  say 

itiiiog  of  the  chemical  agency  of  London  smoke. 

le  exterior  of  St.  Peter's  at  Rome  is  built  of  a 

scies  of  yellowish  marble,  but  it  is  not  polished. 

Ian  Cathedral,   which    is    of    marble,   is    still 

iUiantly  dazzling  in  its  whiteness  in  many  parts, 

t  there   are   portions  where   it  has  become  as 

,ck  as  the  blackest  wall  in  Loudon  itself. 

The  difficulty  of  preserving  architectural  beauty 

:.  m  defacement  in  the  midst   of  London  smoke 

i.  I  never,  in  fact,  been  fairly  met.   We  have  gone 

j,<  fting   on,   from   generation   to  generation,   in 

«1idage   to  the   old  ideas   about   the   increased 

.)  .uty  of  churches  and   palaces   when  mellowed 

4>eath  the   softening   hand   of  time,  forgetting 

d  t,  delightful  as  is  that   mellowing   touch   and 

i|.  of  poetic  suggestions,  it  is  an  impossibility  in 

9  idon.       Here   we   have    but    one    alternative  ; 

ler  to   submit  to  this  befoulmont  as  an  iucur- 

i  evil,  or  to  keep  up  artificially  the   whiteness 

.  brightness  of  a  perfectly  new   building.     Ac- 

lingly,  where   people  can  afford   it,   they  paint 

outside   of  their  houses,  as   in  Regent-street, 

hey  whitewash  them.     Whitewash,  it  need  not 

said,  is   the  abomination  of  desolation   in  the 

J  of  every   architect   and   lover   of  art ;    and 

it  is  not   much  better.     The  question,  there- 

i  is  reduced  to  this  :  Can   we  construct   our 

lie  buildings  of  such  material  as  will  be  at  once 

nble,  agreeable  to  the  eye,   with   a  surface  to 

T  ;h  soot  has   but  slight   tendency  to   adhere, 

've   all   susceptible   of  being  annually   or 

^  lily  scrubbed  clean  with  soap   or  soda  and 

w  tv  ■     In  reply  we   venture   these  suggestions. 

1  :e   all    flat  outer  surfaces  of    the  material  of 

'•  ''.   they  make   unglazed    encaustic   tiles,  and 

-11  mouldings  and   all   ornaments   of  terra- 

The   encaustic  tile,  as  made   by  Minton, 

-■. '.  and  others,  is  one  of  the  hardest  and  most 

.  ijle  substances  in   the  world.     No  stone,  ex- 

«  a  few  marbles,  approaches  it   in   durability, 

w  ther  as  a  pavement,  or  as   the  covering   of  a 

"  "'iposed  to  the  outer  air.     Its  texture  is  ex- 

y  close,   and   its  surface  so   smooth,  while 

■i.;  objectionable  polish,  that  smoke  clings  to 

•ly  slow  degrees,  and  would  probably  never 

.-ite  into   its  substance.      It   can  be  made 

■X  red,  or  of  that  warm,  creamy  tint  which   is 

jminently  agreeable  in  buUdiugs  of  any  pre- 

ions.     And  it  may  be  moulded  in  blocks  of 

lient  size  to  avoid   the  petty,  finikin   look  of 

lary  brick  ;  in  fact,  as  large  as   the  blocks   of 

1,  Caen,  or  Portland  stone  to  which  we   are 

itemed.    What  might  be  its  cost  we  could  not 

mrse  say,  as  at  present  it  is  not  moulded   in 

I  blocks,  but  it  could  not  possibly  be  extrava- 

.    Terracotta,  which  is  the  corresponding  ma- 

l  for   ornamental    work,   has    not    hitherto 

I'ed  largely  into  the  construction  of  good 
lings,  but  its  use  is  advancing,  and  the  display 
\\A  productions  of  English    manufacturers   in 

S material  promises  to  be  one  of  the  mo.st  valu- 
dghts  at  the  Paris  Exhibition.    Its  use  for  the 
""  i'^ns  of  windows,  and  for  ornament  generally, 
"  no  means   unknown   to  the    Gothic  archi- 
'>i  the  past.     A  very  interesting  example  of 
>^  use  is  still  existing  in  a  well-known   and  fine 
^  men  of  early  Tudor  domestic   architecture — 
^1  )n  Place,  about  three  miles   from  Guildford. 
n  execution  is  fair,  but  not  to  be  compared  with 
•'  "f  the  terra-cotta  work  now  produced.     If  it 
lected  that  this  material  would  be  tame  and 
'-onous  as  compared  to  that  of  hand-cut  stone, 
iswer  is  obvious.     There  need  be   no  mono- 
vhatsoever,  as  it  is  just  as  easy  to   multiply 
Is   in  endless   variety   as   to    carve   a    large 
'■;  with  the  mallet  and  chisel.     Advanced  as 
-irt  nowadays,  terra-cotta  would  be  but  little 
r  to  stone  in  sharpness  of  outline  and  depth 
idows,  while  at  the  end  of  fifty  or  a  hundred 
it  would  have  lost   nothing  of  its   original 


form.  Like  the  encaustic  tile  material,  too,  it 
presents  a  surface  for  which  smoke  has  but  small 
affinity,  and  it  «ill  wash  clean.  The  notion  of 
washing  the  faces  of  vast  buildings  once  or  twice 
a  year  is,  we  are  aware,  a  novelty.  But  why 
should  not  the  outer  walls  and  mouldings  and 
statuary  be  scrubbed  with  soap  and  water  as  well 
as  those  within  doors  ?  The  scrubbing  brush  has 
been  an  unknown  detergent  out  of  doors  in  Lon- 
don, because  brick  and  stone  absorb  so  much  soot 
that  they  resist  perfect  cleansing.  So  we  content 
ourselves  in  our  dirt,  or  conceal  it  beneath  the 
plebeian  whitewash  or  the  more  aristocratic  paint. 
Is  it  within  the  limits  of  possibility  that  we  may 
so  far  get  rid  of  our  prejudices  as  to  take  to  cover- 
ing our  walls  with  the  most  durable  materials  in 
the  world,  an  1  to  preserving  them  in  their  beauty 
by  the  simplest   means  that  can  be  imagined  ? 


ANCIENT   HELIOPOLIS. 

AN  article  in  the  Constitutionnel  on  the  pre 
sent  state  of  Syria,  gives  the  following 
details  concerning  the  remains  of  the  collection  of 
gigantic  constructions  called  the  ruins  of  Baal- 
beck,  also  known  as  the  Ancient  HeUopolis,  or 
City  of  the  Sun  : — "  The  ruins  cover  a  less  extent 
of  ground  than  those  of  Palmyra,  but  are  more 
colossal,  and  consist  principally  of  a  temple  to 
Jupiter,  measuring  internally  49  metres  (3ft.  3^iu.) 
in  length,  and  26  metres  in  width.  The  edifice  is 
surrounded  with  columns,  19  metres  81  centi- 
metres in  height,  equal  to  a  five-storied  house  in 
Paris.  Those  columns  are  2  metres  in  diameter, 
and  nearly  all  formed  of  three  blocks.  The  temple 
was  constructed  entirely  mthout  cement,  and  the 
stones  are  so  well  joined  that  it  is  impossible  to 
introduce  the  blade  of  a  penknife  in  the  inter- 
stices. The  principal  entrance  is  15  metres  high 
and  6  metres  wide,  the  jambs  being  monoliths. 
Of  the  Temple  of  the  Sun  the  six  columns  still 
remaining  are  more  than  7  metres  in  circum- 
ference, and  nearly  25  metres  high — that  is  to  say, 
half  the  weight  of  the  Art-de-Triomphe  at  Paris. 
The  whole  of  these  buildings  are  worked  with  an 
admirable  finish.  The  walls  are  composed  of 
monstrous  blocks  of  stone,  three  of  them  measur- 
ing each  from  18  metres  to  20  metres  in  length, 
44  metres  in  thickness,  and  as  much  in  height. 
They  occupy  the  base  of  the  wall  situated  to  the 
west,  supporting  six  other  blocks  of  smaller  di- 
mensions. To  the  north  is  a  similar  structure, 
excepting  that  the  blocks  are  not  quite  so  long. 
At  the  quarries,  about  a  kilometer  distant,  lies 
another  monolith,  measuring  23  metres  in  length, 
4  metres  30  centimetres  in  thickness  one  way, 
and  4  metres  50  centimetres  the  other.  This 
block,  perfectly  finished,  has  been  awaiting  many 
centuries  the  power  which  is  to  transport  it  to  the 
building  for  which  it  was  intended.  According 
to  certain  authors,  the  weight  of  this  stone  would 
be  l,iOO  tons,  and  would  require  the  force  of 
40,000  men  to  move  it,  if  the  rollers  could  sup- 
port the  enormous  weight.  The  transportation 
of  these  masses  is  still  an  unsolved  problem,  and 
we  have  no  idea  of  the  means  employed  for  the 
purpose  in  remote  ages." 


guHbiiig  Intel ligciice. 


CHURCHES  AND  CHAPEL3. 

The  foundation  stone  of  a  new  church  in  the 
village  of  Stamford  Bridge  was  laid  on  Saturday 
last.  Lord  Laconfield  has  presented  the  site.  The 
plans  have  been  prepa,red  by  Mr.  J.  Fowler  Jones, 
architect,  York,  and  the  church  will  be  dedicated 
to  St.  John  the  Baptist. 

The  Congregationalists  of  Nottinghamshire  are 
making  active  exertions  to  extend  the  principles 
of  their  denomination  in  that  county.  Upwards 
of  £14,000  is  required  to  enable  them  to  provide 
suitable  places  of  worship,  and  no  less  than  about 
£10,600  have  already  been  either  subscribed  or 
promised. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  committee  for  the  erection 
of  a  new  church  at  Leyburn,  Leeds,  it  was  agreed 
that  the  plans  of  Mr.  May,  architect,  should  be 
adopted  and  the  contract  of  Mr.  Jones,  builder, 
should  be  accepted,  and  that  the  works  should 
immediately  be  proceeded  with. 

A  new  Congregational  Church  has  just  been 
opened  at  Leicester  in  which  there  will  be  no 
pew-rents,   the  maintenance  of   the  minister  and 


all  other  expenses  being  dependent  on  the  weekly 
offertory.  This  is  the  second  Dissenting  place  of 
worship  which  has  abandoned  the  pew  system  iu 
Leicester. 

The  foundation  stone  of  the  new  Roman  Catholic 
Church  at  Crossgar,  County  Down,  Ireland,  waslaid 
t  short  time  ago.  The  style  adopted  is  Early 
French,  from  designs  by  Mr.  M.  H.  Thompson, 
architect,  Belfast.  The  contractors  are  Mr.  James 
Gracey,  and  Mr.  Samuel  Hastings,  of  Downpatrick. 

A  Liberal  Chdrch  Builder. — At  the  cere- 
mony of  laying  the  first  stone  of  the  new  church 
at  Thornton  Hough,  Neston,  Cheshire,  Mr.  Hurst, 
who  is  its  founder,  and  who  is  also  pro\nding  schools 
and  a  parsonage  house  at  his  own  cost,  addressed  a 
few  words  to  those  assembled,  intimating  that  in 
the  new  church  there  would  be  no  charge  made 
for  its  occupation,  and  that  it  would  be  entirely 
free  to  all,  that  when  inside  the  church  he  and 
they  would  be  on  the  same  footing,  and  that  any- 
one who  went  early  to  church,  and  went  there  be- 
fore him,  would  or  could  take  precedence  of  him- 
self in  respect  to  seats. 

Brighton. — On  Wednesday  last  week  the  Con- 
gregational Chapel  in  Queen's-square,  Brighton, 
was  reopened  after  extensive  alterations.  In  fact, 
the  chapel  has  been  enlarged  and  reconstructed, 
the  interior  has  been  transformed,  and  accommoda- 
tion provided  for  about  200  additional  seatholders. 
£4,000  has  been  expended  on  the  alterations. 
Having  seen  the  chapel  before  and  subsequent  to 
the  alterations  we  are  of  opinion  that  the  money 
might  have  been  expended  to  much  better  advan- 
tage. In  saying  this  we  do  not  wish  in  any  way 
to  condemn  the  architect — Mr.  Poulton,  of  Reading. 
He,  we  suppose,  obeyed  instructions.  There  is  a 
gallery  all  round  the  chapel,  and  there  are  no  less 
than  sis  rows  of  seats  behind  the  pulpit — an  uncom- 
fortable place,  to  say  the  least  of  it,  for  the  seat- 
holders.  The  chap-1  is  badly  ventilated,  and  we 
suppose  the  schools,  which  are  underneath,  are  even 
worse  off  in  this  particular.  Ministers,  architects, 
and  building  committees  involve  a  fearful  re- 
sponsibility in  the  non-provision  of  sufficient  ven- 
tilation, and  particularly  in  the  erection  of  school- 
rooms. Grown-up  people  can  take  care  of  them- 
selves to  some  extent,  but  children  are  almost 
powerless  in  such  matters.  This  chapel  on  account 
of  its  fragile  structure  will  never  present  an  im- 
posing appearance.  But  when  the  spire  and  the 
tower  are  added,  tht  exterior  of  the  building  will 
be  attractive. 

Forden. — The  new  church  for  the  parish  of 
Forden,  near  Montgomery,  in  the  diocese  of 
Hereford,  was,  together  with  an  addition  to  the 
churchyard,  consecrated  on  Tuesday  week  by 
the  Bishop  of  Worcester,  who  officiated  for  the 
Bishop  of  Hereford.  The  church  is  in  the  Early 
Decorated  style  of  architecture,  and  consists  of 
a  nave,  north  and  south  aisles,  chancel  aisle,  vestry 
and  organ  chamber,  and  a  detached  south-western 
tower.  The  cost  has  been  about  £3,000,  but  the 
spire  is  not  yet  added  to  the  tower  and  forms  no 
part  of  this  outlay.  The  architect  was  Mr.  Thomas 
Nicholson,  F.R.I.B.A.,  of  Hereford,  the  diocesan 
architect. 

Fleetwood. — The  new  Roman  Catholic  Church, 
from  a  design  by  Mr.  E.  W.  Pugiu,  is  rapidly  ap- 
proaching completion.  The  exterior  of  the  build- 
ing is  nearly  finished.  In  the  interior  the  roof  is 
perfect  and  the  walls  are  being  plastered.  The  east 
end  and  clerestory  windows  are  inserted,  and  the 
glazing  of  those  in  the  aisles  is  rapidly  progress- 
ing. The  erection  of  a  memorial  window  to  the 
late  Sir  S.  P.  H.  Fleetwood,  Bart.,  to  be  placed 
iu  the  west  end,  is  spoken  of.  The  tolerant  spirit 
and  generous  heartedness  of  the  deceased  baronet 
were  ever  conspicuous  during  his  lifetime,  and 
many  of  his  political  and  personal  friends  would 
gladly  avail  themselves  of  a  fitting  opportunity 
such  as  that  now  presented,  to  perpetuate  the 
memory  of  the  Founder  of  Fleetwood  and  the 
Benefactor  of  the  Fylde.  The  entire  structure  is 
expected  to  be  finished  about  Midsummer. 

HiGHTOWN. — A  new  Wesleyan  Chapel,  to  meet 
the  requirements  of  a  rapidly  increasing  popula- 
tion, has  just  been  opened  at  Hightown,  Crewe. 
The  chapel  is  a  parallelogram  on  plan,  .and  wUl  ac 
commodate  about  500  persons  on  the  ground  floor ; 
it  is  built  to  receive  galleries  at  a  future  period. 
The  style  of  architecture  is  Gothic  of  the  twelfth 
century.  The  front  is  of  white  brick  with  stone 
dressings;  the  doorways  of  stone,  with  arches 
deeply  recessed,  and  supported  on  columns  of 
Mansfield  stone ;  pierced  trefoil  arches  are  over 
each  door,  and  within  the  large  arch  above  the 
doorway  is  a  handsome  three-light  window,  the 


230 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


March  29,  1867. 


arch  being  filled  in  with  circular  panela  o£  cusped 
tracery.  The  rostrum  is  formed  by  an  arcade 
with  carved  newels,  turned  columns,  and  richly 
mouUleil  rails.  The  benches  are  open,  of  red 
deal,  stained  and  varnished.  The  roof  is  open 
timbered.  The  contractor  for  the  building  is 
Mr.  Ellson,  of  Hough  Heath  ;  and  the  whole  has 
been  executed  from  the  designs  and  under  the 
superintendence  of  Messrs.  Scrivener  and  Sons, 
architects,  Hanley,  Staffordshire. 

London  — Last  week  Bishop  Anderson,  in  the 
absence  of  the  Bishop  of  London,  consecrated  the 
new  church  of  St.  Paul,  Charlton,  S.E.  The 
church  will  seat  S90  persons,  and  consists  of  nave, 
aisles,  chancel,  transepts,  organ  chamber,  vestry,  and 
porches,  and  is  12Sft.  long  by  a  width  of  5Sft. ; 
and  is  60ft.  high  from  the  floor  to  the  ridge  of 
nave.  The  tower  and  spire,  190ft.  high,  are  not 
yet  built.  It  has  been  erected  from  the  design 
of  Mr. 'W.  Wigginton,  F.R.LB  A.,  and  has  cost 
about  £5,500,  including  heating,  lighting,  &c. 

Touquat.  —  A  temporary  church  (Congrega- 
tional) is  now  in  course  of  erection  in  Belgrave- 
road,  from  designs  by  Mr.  E.  Appleton,  architect 
of  that  town.  The  walls  are  of  wood  partition 
work,  lined  inside  and  out  with  boarding  and 
felt,  and  the  roofs  are  covered  with  No.  14  gauge 
Vielle  Montague  zinc.  As  the  building  is  only  of 
a  temporary  character  good  construction  has  been 
aimed  at  rather  than  ornamentation.  The  several 
parts,  including  the  boarding  of  the  walls  and 
floors,  are  screwed  together,  as  it  is  intended  to 
remove  the  building  elsewhere  when  the  per- 
manent church  is  erected.  The  internal  dimen- 
sions are  :  Length,  60ft.,  width  46ft.,  height  of 
nave  ridge,  35ft.  The  church  will  seat  about  500, 
and  the  total  cost,  including  foundations  and 
masonry,  hghting  and  warming,  will  be  about  £2 
per  sitting. 

Ubmston. — The  Lord  Bishop  of  Manchester  on 
Saturday  week  laid  the  foundation  stone  of  St. 
Clement's  Church,  in  the  village  of  Urmston, 
near  Stretford.  The  style  of  this  church  will  be 
Geometrical  Decorated  Gothic.  The  body  of  the 
church  comprises  a  nave  and  south  aisle,  divided 
from  each  other  by  an  arcade  of  four  arches, 
borne  by  pillars,  with  different  flowered  and 
moulded  capitals.  Accommodation  is  provided  for 
360  persons,  to  begin  with  ;  a  future  north  aisle 
will  hold  nearly  200  more.  The  whole  of  the  ex- 
ternal walls  are  faced  with  stone,  three  colours 
being  used  to  give  relief.  The  roofs  are  slated,  in 
two  colours.  The  architect  is  Mr.  J.  Medland 
Taylor.  The  conttract  has  been  taken  by  Mr.  M. 
Fogget,  for  £2,12.'i. 

York. — The  Hon.  and  Very  Rev.  Dean  Duu- 
combe  has  taken  in  hand  the  very  beautiful  but 
greatly  dilapidated  church  of  St.  Mary's,  Castle- 
gate,  with  a  view  to  its  complete  restoration. 
During  the  last  week  Mr.  Butterfield,  of  London, 
architect,  was  engaged  in  making  a  close  inspection 
of  the  fabric.  The  entire  length  of  the  church  is 
110ft.  6in.,  and  its  width  47ft.  It  consists  of  a 
tower  and  spire,  nave  and  chancel,  with  north  and 
south  aisles  to  both.  The  north  aisle  extends 
from  the  west  base  of  the  tower.  All  the  windows 
of  the  aisles  are  square-beaded  and  foiled,  with  the 
exception  of  the  N.W.  and  E.  of  the  north  aisle, 
which  are  perpendicular  of  three  lights,  five-foiled, 
and  super-mullioned  three-foiled,  with  double 
embattled  transome.  The  tracery  of  the  third 
window  from  the  east  end  of  the  north  aisle  is 
very  curious.  At  the  west  end  of  the  tower  there 
are  remains  of  windows  showing  the  position  of  the 
crypt.  The  parapets  are  embattled,  the  buttresses 
stayed,  and  running  up  through  gurgoyles  into 
crocketed  pinnacles  or  into  pedimented  heads. 
The  tower  is  open  to  the  nave  by  a  lofty  arch  ; 
the  nave  is  separated  from  the  aisles  by  round  and 
pointed  arches,  resting  upon  piers  of  Norman 
character.  The  nave  arch  is  pointed.  The  chan- 
cel is  separated  from  its  aisles  by  pointed  arches, 
probably  of  the  Decorated  style.  In  the  course  of 
his  researches  Mr.  Butterfield  has  found  a  sedilia 
on  the  south  side  of  the  chancel,  containing  three 
stalls  ;  also  a  piscina,  and  the  archway  of  the 
priest's  door,  leading  into  a  chantry  chapel.  All 
these  had  been  carefully  plastered  and  white- 
washed. Some  remains  of  the  original  floor  in 
encaustic  tiles  have  been  discovered. 

BUILDINGS. 

Sir  Moses  Montefiore  has  determined  since  his 
return  last  spring  from  the  Holy  Land  to  erect 
another  hospice  at  Jerusalem  for  the  residence  of 
several  poor  Israelitish  families.  The  building 
will  be  on  a  large  scale  and  built  near  to  that 
erected  in  1859. 


A  new  Public  Hall  is  to  be  erected  at  Hadlow, 
Kent,  at  a  cost  of  £800.  Mr.  Friend  wUl  be  the 
architect. 

A  new  hotel  is  about  to  be  erected  at  Hanley 
by  Messrs.  Scrivener  and  Sons,  architects,  of  that 
place.  The  design  was  selected  in  a  limited 
competition. 

A  new  school  has  just  been  opened  at  Ottery  St. 
Mary,  Exeter.  The  school  is  built  of  stone,  and 
was  "built  at  the  sole  expense  of  Sir  J.  T.  Coleridge, 
at  an  entire  cost  of  £1,200.  Mr.  G.  B.  WoUaston 
was  the  architect,  and  Mr.  J.  Digby,  the  builder. 

"  Within  the  last  three  or  four  years,"  says  the 
Canadian  correspondent  of  the  Lirerpool  Mercunj, 
"Several  of  the  oldest  business  streets  of  Montreal 
have  been  pulled  down,  widened,  and  recon- 
structed ;  the  new  edifices  are  lofty,  spacious,  and 
architecturally  beautiful,  it  being  to  the  stranger  a 
question  if  they  should  be  classed  as  buildings  of 
masonry  or  crystal  palaces.  I  was  six  years  absent 
from  Montreal,  and  on  returning  four  months  ago 
found  nine  new  churches  (most  of  them  occupy- 
ing conspicuous  positions,  and  having  lofty  spires) 
and  many  new  streets  and  squares  of  private  resi- 
dences grand  as  palaces,  all  reared  in  that  brief 
time." 

Bedford.— The  Bunyan  Memorial  Schools. 
— These  schools  are  erected  with  red  bricks,  and 
stone  and  white  brick  dressings.  The  front  to 
Castle-lane  is  90ft.  in  length.  The  basement  con- 
sists of  a  large  room  46ft.  by  34ft.  and  10ft.  high, 
which,  if  required,  would  make  a  soup  kitchen  or 
ragged  school.  There  are  also  departments  for 
coal,  sundry  stores,  kitchen,  &c.  The  next  floor 
is  approached  by  gates  at  each  end  of  the 
building.  The  public  room  is  60ft.  by  34ft.  ; 
at  the  east  end  is  a  platform  7ft.  Bin.  ivide,  ex- 
tending the  whole  width  of  the  room,  with  a 
sedilia  of  the  Tuscan  order,  consisting  of  five 
arches  resting  on  ten  red  Mansfield  columns,  with 
Bath  stone  capitals  and  bases,  the  arohivolts  being 
in  Keene's  marble  cement.  The  roof,  which  is  an 
open  one,  is  framed  as  a  queen  trussed  roof.  The 
works  have  been  executed  by  Messrs.  Dickens, 
Maxey,  Cunvin,  Carhng,  Kilpin,  and  Jarvis,  under 
the  superintendence  and  from  the  designs  of  Mr. 
John  Usher,  architect  and  surveyor,  Bedford,  at 
a  cost,  including  the  organ,  of  £3,400. 

Leith.— The  new  Public  Institute,  which  is  sit- 
uated in  the  Tolbooth  Wynd,  was  formally  inau- 
gurated last  week  by  the  provost  and  magistrates 
of  the  burgh.  The  building  is  of  brick,  with  door- 
way of  stone,  and  has  an  elegant  appearance.  On 
the  ground  floor  is  a  spacious  reading  room,  48ft. 
by  26ft.  Adjoining  the  reading-room  is  a  com- 
mittee-room,  15£t.  by  12ft.  From  the  lobby,  a 
staircase  leads  to  a  gallery,  which  has  been  fitted 
up  with  shelving  suflicient  for  10,000  volumes. 
For  the  convenience  of  those  who  wish  to  consult 
works  of  reference,  a  room  has  been  specially 
set  apart,  measuring  23ft.  by  14ft.,  which  is  entered 
from  the  gallery.  At  the  further  end  of  the  read- 
ing-room, a  stair  leads  to  the  bagatelle  and  smok- 
ing rooms,  which  occupy  the  back  part  of  the 
building.  The  dimensions  of  the  bagatelle-room 
are  2Sft.  by  10ft.,  and  those  of  the  smoking-room 
ISft.  by  10ft.  The  roof,  being  open  timbered  and 
furnished  with  large  windows,  secures  an  abundant 
supply  of  light  and  gives  to  the  whole  building  a 
cheerful  appearance.  The  whole  structure,  to- 
gether with  its  furnishings,  has  been  reared  at  a 
cost  of  somewhat  less  than  £1,300.  The  architect 
was  Mr.  James  Simpson,  the  assessor  for  the 
burgh. 

SniBLET. — Mr.  N.  N.  Jefierys,  of  Hollybrook 
House,  Shirley,  has  given  £1,500  and  a  site  of  one 
acre  and  a  half  to  build  new  schools,  which,  when 
completed,  will  be  conveyed  to  the  incumbent  and 
churchwardens  for  the  education  of  the  poor  in  the 
parish  of  Shirley.  The  present  schools,  which  were 
also  built  by  Mr.  Jefi'reys,  are  too  small  for  the 
increasing  population  and  incapable  of  enlargement. 


§mtxi  Items. 


Monday,  the  Sth,  and  Tuesday,  the  9th  of  April, 
are  "  sending  in  "  days  for  the  Royal  Academy. 
The  exhibition  this  year  is  expected  to  be  an  un- 
usually good  one. 

No  fewer  than  four  fires  occurred  in  different 
parts  of  Edinburgh  between  Saturday  morning  and 
Sunday  morning  last.  Considerable  property  was 
destroyed,  and  in  consequence  of  one  of  the  dis- 
asters two  little  girls  lost  their  lives. 


St.  Andrew's  Church,  Notting  Hill,  was  com- 
pletely destroyed  by  fire  on  Saturday  night.  It 
was  an  iron  structure,  erected  at  a  cost  of  £1,700, 
about  four  years  ago,  for  the  accommodation  of 
the  well-known  Kensington  Potteries,  and  was  in 
every  respect  as  commodious  and  elegant  aa  iron 
churches  can  be  made. 

The  restoration  of  the  beautiful  crypt  of  the 
new  Palace  at  Westminster  (St.  Stephen's  crypt) 
is  now  completed,  the  altar,  with  its  embellish- 
ments and  screen,  being  finished.  Candles  of 
mixed  hues  of  colour  are  placed  on  the  altar,  but 
are  unlighted. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  general  council  of  the 
National  Art  Exhibition,  to  be  held  at  Leeds  next 
year,  held  on  Monday,  it  was  resolved  that  one  of 
the  objects  to  be  secured  by  the  exhibition  should 
be  the  formation  of  a  permanent  art  gallery  in 
Leeds. 

The  following  gentlemen  have  been  elected 
members  of  the  Society  of  Arts: — S.  Beaumont, 
144,  Picadilly,  W. ;  J.  Dunderdale,  Tiverton-lodge, 
Cheetham-hill,  Manchester ;  W.  K.  Hopkin,  5,  New 
Cavendish-street,  W. ;  R.  H.  Hutchinson,  Tenter 
House,  Rochdale  ;  Sir  J.  B.  Karslake,  M.P.  (Solici- 
tor-General), 50,  PaU  Mall,  S.W. ;  J.  Nield, 
Dunster-house,  Rochdale. 

There  is  a  project  on  foot  for  constructing  a 
parkat  Washington,  U.S.,  upon  a  plan  which,  toeaj 
the  least,  is  quite  novel.  It  is  proposed  to  make  i 
park  which  shall  represent  the  United  States  ii 
miniature,  a  proportionate  portion  being  set  apart 
for  each  State  and  Territory,  and  the  position  o: 
these  parts  to  correspond  with  the  actual  locatioi 
of  the  State  and  Territories  which  they  represent 

Among  those  who  took  pirt  in  a  recent  meet 
ing  in  Dorsetshire  against  Ritualism  was  a  gen 
tleman  who  is  reported  to  have  spent  £30,000  oi 
the  rebuilding  and  decoration  of  his  parish  chi 
and  who  is  now  driven  out  of  it  by  the  Ritui 
practices  which  have  followed. 

Dt.  T.  Anderson  has  reported  to  Govei 
that  great  success  has  attended   the   introduotio!' 
of  the  mahogany  tree  into  the  Calcutta  Botanic! 
Gardens.  Several  of  the  trees,  originally  introdu» 
in  1795  from  Jamaica   as  young   trees,  were 
stroyed  in  the  cyclone  of  1864,  when   they_ 
seventy-one  years  of   age.      They  had  attaini 
very  large  size,  averaging  from  12ft.  in  girth 
4ft.  above  the  ground.      The  wood  is  in  groat; 
mand  at  high  prices  in  Calcutta.      Dr.   Andi 
believes  that  the  mahogany  tree  might  aa  ei 
spread  over  all  parts  of  Bengal  as  the  larch ' 
in  Britain. 

In  reference  to  our  recent  article  on  ..-2. 
tramways,  "Zero"  writes:  "  The  writer  is  # 
dently  under  the  misapprehension  that  the  bl0| 
still  before  Parliament.  May  I  be  allowed  to  0 
form  your  readers  that  the  bill  has  been  thro* 
out  on  "  standing  oi'ders,"  from  some  stupid  blu 
der  of  the  lawyers ;  at  least,  so  I  was  told  by  tl 
engineer.  I  had  heard,  too,  that  in  the  case  ' 
the  country  bill  the  money  had  not  been  depoatei 
Whether  that  was  so  or  not,  I  cannot  positive 
say.  However,  the  fight  is  indefinitely  put  off, 
the  great  delight,  no  doubt,  of  the  London  Gen 
ral  Omnibus  Company." 

The  New  York  Glass  Manufacturing  CompM 
of    Newburg,   Wisconsin,   are    now    successful    k. 
turning  out  quantities  of  glass  ware   from  loc 
with  the  two  peculiarities  of  unequalled  toughne 
and  unapproachable  cheapness.     This_  ore,  whii 
is  really  pure  glass  or  silicate  of  iron,  in  a  ciyat 
Used  and  hence  opaque  condition,  exists  in  mai 
parts   of  the  world,  as  in  the  columnar  bseaU 
rock  of   the    Palisades  of    the   Hudson,   of 
Helena,   and  of  the   famous   Giant's    CaueewB 
But  all  efforts  to  utilise  it  for  the  manufacture 
glass  have  proved  singularly  uns\iccessfuliuntlltT 
invention  of  Mr.  Washburn.     This  glass  ore, 
silicate  of  iron,  is  to  be  found  in  unUmited  qua 
titles  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Superior. 

The  Leeds  Permanent  Benefit  Building  SocU 
appears  to  be  in  a  very  prosperous  state.     "  i 
eighteenth    annual   meeting    of  the  society  »^ 
held  last  week,    Mr.   Charies   Carr,   president, 
the  chair,  when  the  following  report  w.as  present* 
The  balance  sheet  shows   that   4,665  a"^  y! 
shares  have  been  entered  this  year,  and   that  t 
total  number  held  is  16,662  and  l-5th.      The  m 
acri|itions  received  during  the  .same  period  amo^ 
to  £152,934  9s.  3d.     During  the  year  there  I 
been  received  on  loan  £39,837,  16s.  7d.,and  rcp; 
£34,780  12s.  3d. ;  the  interest  paid  thereon  be' 
£3,411  12s.  9d.     The   total  amount  owing  ur 
loans  is  £100,744  19s. 


Makch  29,  1S67. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


231 


TO  COKBESPONDENXS. 

To  OoR  Reader-s, — "We  shall  feel  obliged  to  any  of  our 
eaden  who  will  favour  us  with  brief  uotes  of  works  con- 
emplated  or  in  progress  in  the  provinces. 

Lett-'rs  relating  to  advertisements  antl  the  ordinary  busi- 
less  of  the  paper  shoidd  be  addressed  to  the  Eonou,  1130, 
•Ueet  ntreet.  Advertisements  for  the  current  week  rauat 
each  the  office  Ijef  )re  o  o'clock  p  ra.  on  Thursday. 

Notice.— The  BUILDING  NEWS  insert*  adverti-so. 
Qonts  for  •■  SITUATIONS  WANTKU,"  ic,  at  ONE 
HILLING  for  the  Utst  Twenty  four  Worils. 


Received.— L.  W.— J.  P.  -T.  J.  S.— E.  L.  C— 11.  II,  U. 
-W.  C— B.  and  C  — E.  A.  T.— A.  R  — A.  M.— J.  A.  .M.— 

H  D— Messrs.  U  — J.  B.  L.  L— E,  W— J,  C.  J  — D.  S. 
-C.  P. -J.  T.  B— r.  C.  F.  K.— R.  E.— E.  W,  G.-W.  1'.— 
,  M.  T.— R.  L.— W.  C— G,  E,  S.— H,  E,  M.— T.  and  S. 
-J.  and  W— W.  L.— C.  R.— S.  W.— P.  and  A.— J.  C  — 
.  T.  B.-^  C— W.  B  — T.  C. 

Geokge  Snaith.  —  Will  appear  next  week. 

The  church  of  St.  Peter's  and  St.  l^aul's,  Cork,  illus. 
•at«d  in  our  last  number,  was  described  as  the  work  of 
J.  E.  Welby  Pugin,  instead  of  from  designs  by  31essi-s, 
tlgin  and  Ashlin,  architects,  Dublin. 


Corrcspoiiiiciirc. 


THE  MANCHESTER  TOWNHALL 
COilPEl'ITION. 

To  the  Editor  of  the  BciLDisa  News. 

Sib, — The   fate   of    the    Kilkenny  cats  -was    a 

v?io  one,   but  the  ingenuity  of  the  Manchester 

'.v:i  Council  has  devised  what  may  point  a  still 

r.>  horrible  tale.     Of  those  far-famed    but  UI- 

\  contending  feline  brethren  history  records 

leir  tail  tips  did  remain  after  their  fight  had 

iseii ;  but  who  can  say  whether   even  a  whisker 

the  architects  whom  the  ilanchester  Council 

ill  to  set  by  the  ears  will  be  left  when  the  con- 

'  I  oy  propose  is  over.' 

>tly,  the  competitors  are  to  send  three  ele- 

s  for  1,061ft,  of  frontage,  to  the  same  scale 

i  more  elaborately  finished  than,  thoseforthe 

>urt3  (which  were  confined  to  outhue),  and 

'.'o  plans.     The  cost  of  these  cannot   prove 

m  £100,  without  considering  the  architect's 

time    at   all,  and   if  elaborate   and   highly 

■il  this  amount  may  be  doubled  at  least.    For 

i;  expenditure  of  money,  thought,  and  labour  no 

{  miums  whatever  are  offered  !   but  only  a  chance 

i  ,nother  fight  against  from  five  to  eleven  of  the 

I ;  men  who  presented  themselves   in  the  first, 

I  h   in  this  instance,  £300  towards  the  expenses, 

must  be  calculated  at  at  least  double  that 

ii,   though  those  who  wish  to  win  will  pro 

have  to  spend  treble  if  not  quadruple  the 

.t.     This   may   be   proved  by  reference  to 

.  f  the  competitions  for  the  National  GaUery 

the  Law  Courts,     As   regards  the  final  and 

., .  curimmage,  "  it  is  the  wish  of  the  Corporation 

tiecure,  so  far  as   may  be  practicable,  the  full 

wifleuce  of  all  competing  architects  "  by  seeking 

■  ssional  aid  and  advice  in  the  finalselection  of 

,t  design,"  yet  reserving  to  themselves  the 

n  t  of  following  it  or  not ;  but  as   regards  the 

fij  round,  having  no  such  wish  on  the  subject, 

U    merely   "  probable  "    that  they  "  may  seek 

pessional  aid,"  possibly  to  a.5sist  them  to  find 

01  the  trump  cards  which  they  are  kind  enough 

tt  to  ask  the  profession  gratuitously  to  expose, 

fc  what  purpose  they  do  not  condescend  to  ex- 

but  which,  unless  Manchester  conscience  in 

matters    is    belied,    competitors    wUl    have 

difficulty  in  imagining  for  themselves, 

I  am,  &c,. 

One  of  the  Tail   Tips  left  from  the 

Competition  op  the  Proposed  New 

L.l'ff   COfRTS. 


Intcrcoiniminiciitiaii 

■1— FRONTAGE.— Will  you  kindly  adrise  me  on  the 
'.g  points  :— A  and  B  have  purchased  two  adjoiniiig 
'f   freehold  land;    the  frontages  being  Darrow,   A 

^  to  use  all  his  frontage.     1.   Can  A  open  out  a  trench 

'ings   on   B"s  land,  providing  the  wall  does  not  en- 

or    must  he  keep  within  his  own  ground?    2,   If 

:  not  open  out  on  B's  grounds,  being  within  the  dis- 

'  in  he  keep  the  projections  of  the  footings  all  on  his 
i«.  6*.  as  not  to  lose  any  ground  above?  3.  If  he  can 
Ht,  what  notice  will  he  have  to  give  to  B?    4.  Will 

■'lii,'e  mo  with  the  titles  of  works  treating  on  party 
ree,  hghts,  i;c.,  in  reference  to  freeholds  or  other- 

A. 


'}-CLERK  OF  WORKS.— Will  you  be  kind  enoii'-h 

jnn  me  what  shoiUd  be  the  abilities,  duties,  and  pay 

»    lerK^of^the  works,  and  by  whom  paid— contractor  or 

^ietor  01  a   job;    and  the   best  method   for  a  youne 

JWcal  builder  to  fit  himself  for  the  duties? 

A  Constant  Reader. 


[o:;0.]— MOUNTING  TRACINGS.— Would  any  of  your 
correspondents  be  kind  enough  to  inform  me,  through 
"  Intoroommunication,"  the  best  way  to  niotmt  some 
tracings,  and  what  I  ought  to  use  for  it,  lis  I  have  never 
beou  able  to  keep  them  from  being  puffy?    Iunokamus. 


[3il.]— SIPHON. — Will  any  of  yom-  i-eaders  bo  good 
enough  to  inform  nie  whether  there  is  any  limit  to  the 
action  of  the  siphon;  and  al»o  the  method  of  calculating 
the  discharge?  Is  it  possible  for  a  sijiliou  to  diseliargd 
over  an  altitude  exceeding  33ft.  from  the  level  of  the  water 
into  which  it  is  plunged?  Siphon. 


[322.]— CIRCLE. — Would  any  of  your  reatlers  be  good 
enough  to  answer  the  following  query  : — Adopting  113  :  3.')6 
as  a  ]iropi}rtion  between  the  diameter  and  circumfervjnceof 
a  circle,  bow  long  must  the  diameter  bt?  that  «-iU  produce  a 
circumference  Ifc.  over  truth?  William  Bl-ti.i:k. 


[323.]— CUBICAL  AREA,— Cau  any  of  your  uuinerous 
readei"s  supply  the  following  information,  or  say  where  it 
can  l>e  obtained; — CubiciU  area  allowed  for  prisoners' 
sleeping  apartments  iu  gaols  (not  convict  prisons)  ;  in 
hospitals  aud  asylums;  in  workhouscij  ;  and  in  common 
lodging-houses?  H.  H.  B. 


[324.J-DAMP  FLOORS.- Some  time  back  I  converted 
a  warehouse  into  adwelliug-house,  by  putting  up  partitions, 
(fcc.  In  the  two  top  floois  I  used  the  old  lx>ard3  of  the 
warehouse,  turning  the  under  face  of  the  boards  up  in  rt.'- 
laying  them.  The  boards  have  now  been  laid  about  five 
months,  ami  at  pi-esent  a  d.mip  strikes  up  to  the  surface  of 
the  floors,  wetting  the  ciu-pcts  laid  on  them.  I  understand 
that  salt  was  kept  on  the  floors  of  the  waroliouse.  Perhaps 
you  will  kindly  let  me  know  of  something  which  will  remedy 
the  evil,  without  my  going  to  the  trouble  and  expense  of 
laying  down  new  boards.  Slibscriber. 


[325.]— CHARGE  FOR  DRAWINGS.— WiU  you  please 
oblige  me  with  a  reply  to  the  following  through  your  valu- 
able paper?  A  buildmg  for  educational  purposes  is  about 
to  be  erected  by  a  number  of  gentlemen.  My  employer, 
who  is  a  surveyor,  has  undertaken  the  gratuitous  inspection 
of  the  same.  The  plans  and  specifications  were  put  into 
my  hands  to  prepuro  from  rough  sketches,  ^vith  the  under- 
standing that  I  t-hould  receive  some  remuneration,  I  have 
completed  the  drawings  and  specifications  to  my  employer's 
entire  satisfaction,  but  my  charge  has  been  objected  to.  The 
cost  of  the  bidlding  will  be  about  £000.  What  do  you  think 
a  fair  chai^ge?  51. 


[326.]— MEASUREMENT  OF  CENTREING  —In  a 
book  before  me  on  architectural  mensui'ation  are  the  fol- 
lowing marginal  figures  as  showing  the  method  of  obtaining 
the  circumference  of  semi-circular  openingsforthe  meiisure- 
raent  of  centreing,  the  diameter  being  the  fii-st  dimension 
given.  Would  some  of  your  leaderi  be  good  enough  to 
explain  how  the  last  figure,  viz.,  Tin.  is  obtained?  Example 
given— 

ft.  in. 

S    2  diameter. 

4    1 


12  10  the  circumference 


Leicester. 


REFLIES. 

[2-ir.]— THE  STANDARD  BUSHEL.— In  answer  to 
your  correspondent  "  Inquirer,"  allow  me  to  state  that  the 
i-'izd  of  the  bushel — U>  50  diameter,  S  25  depth — given  in 
your  valuable  paper  last  week,  is  not  the  correct  size.  I 
find  that  the  sizes  vaiy  in  many  of  the  arithmetic  tables. 
Nearly  all  of  them  give  the  contents  2218  192  cubical 
inches,  which  is  the  true  so'lidity  of  the  standard  bushel. 
The  legal  imperial  standard  bushel  is  a  cylinder  of 
lS'7S9in.  interior  diameter  and  Sin.  depth,  containing  (to  a 
fraction)  221S  192  cubical  inches.  The  imperial  standard 
gallon  contains  2T7*274  cubical  inches  .  •.  277'274  x  8  = 
221S192. 

J.  F.  Wheildon,  Birmingham. 


[247.  ]— If  you  make  the  diameter  of  yom- bushel  ISiin. 
instead  of  19\in.,  you  will  have  the  contents  of  y'lur 
measure  very  nearly.  The  seller  must  lose  very  consider- 
ably by  making  the  diameter  of  hla  bushel  19iin.     W.  B. 


[289.]— BURNING  OF  CLAY.— The  operation  of  burn- 
ing clay,  although  not  for  exactly  the  same  purpose  as  that 
mentioned  by  *'  W.  K.  W."  may  be  seen  on  the  works  now 
in  progress  at  Euston-road  for  tlie  erection  of  the  new 
Midland  Railway  station.  There  is  no  preparation  re- 
quired for  the  clay  ;  it  is  simply  dug  out  and  thmwn  on  a 
heap  with  fine  small  coal;  or  "  breeze,"  as  used  in  brick 
kilns,  would  answt^r  equally  well  for  fuel.  It  is  scarcely 
possible  to  calculate  from  one  instance  the  amount  of  fuel 
necessary  to  burn  a  certain  quantity  of  clay  iu  another, 
but  it  is  a  very  simple  matter  to  determine  it  appi-oxi 
mately  on  a  small  scale  by  actual  experiment. 

Contractor's  E.vginker. 


[291.]  —  ARCHITECTS'  PUPILS.  —  "Provincial's" 
thanks  to  "Adelphi!"  When  "  I'rovincial ''  went  into 
office  with  so  much  enthusiasm  and  ambition,  and  sweet 
dreams  of  beautiful  churches,  towers,  villas,  mansions,  ifcc. 
rising  up  like  magic  in  all  the  grandeur  of  Gothic  art. 
his  first  ordeal  was  to  throw  all  those  pretty  dreams  into 
the  limbo  of  oblivion,  aud  to  subject  himself  to  the 
(h-udgery  of  office  work.  The  reality  was  so  different  to  his 
over-iated  expectation  that  for  the  time  it  almost  made 
him  indifFereut  as  to  his  success  in  the  profession.  His 
governor  is  one  of  those  good  sound  practical  architects  who 
study  construction  and  the  practicability  of  his  design,  to 
the  exclusion,  to  a  great  extent,  of  the  beautiful.  The 
Building  News  says  that  "  from  such  as  these  the  art 
architecture  of  the  future  will  never  be  euriclied."  It  is 
the  beaiitiful,  then,  tbat  '"Provincial"  iispires  to.  and, 
while  acknowledijing  the  good  counsel  of  "Adelphi," 
would  be  pleased  to  know  if  there  is  an  architectural 
association  with  which  he  might  become  acquainted  ? 
There  is  none  in  the  town  in  which  he  lives. 

Provincial. 


(294.]— ErCHING  CLUB.— Etching  may  ba  done. 
theoretically  speaking,  upon  any  metal  that  an  acid  will 
aflect,  but  copper  or  br.iss  ai'o  tluwo  uauilly  employed  for 
the  purpose.  The  iuBtrumenta  or  agents  used  for  etchiug 
are  as  follows:-  Hard  aud  soft  varnish,  preparetl  oil,  nitric 
acid,  needles  fastened  iu  handles,  oil  st  )no,  brushes,  bur- 
nishers, scrapers,  compasses  ruler,  a  stift,  aud  a  frame  and 
trough.  Architects  will  do  well  to  bear  iu  mind  that  the 
principal  difficulty  to  bo  siu-moimted  In  etching  is  the 
management  of  the  iii  trie  acid.  Upon  the  proi)er  regulation 
of  this  agent  depends  tlie  whole  beauty  of  the  ofl'ect  pro- 
duced. 


[295.]— COST  OF  BUILDINGS  PER  CUBIC  FOOT.— 
Your  corresijoudent's  retues  is  a  very  vague  one.  Does  he 
mean  the  co^t  per  cubic  foot  of  the  whole  buildiug,  or  only 
of  the  carcjise?  We  presume  the  latter.  In  that  case 
it  is  quite  impossible  to  give  a  price  fur  a  stoue  building, 
since  it  will  altogether  depend  u})on  the  distance  from 
which  the  stone  has  to  be  brought.  If  it  can  be  got  ou  the 
ground,  aud  is  ciisily  quarried,  there  will  bo  very  little  dif- 
Icroncu  between  it  and  brickwork,  which  can  ba  built  in 
almost  any  part  of  England  between  £12  and  £13  per  sta- 
tute rod. 


[2=6.]— CUBING-UP  WORK.— I  tliink  your  corre- 
spondent is  making  a  moimtain  of  a  molehill !  There  is  no 
difficulty  iu  me^isuring  and  cubing-up  work,  provided  the 
two  essential  points  of  clearness  and  accuracy  be  complied 
with.  I  wiU  briefly  describe  the  plan  of  going  to  work  in 
measuriug-up,  (say)  a  gentlem;ui's  villa.  The  first  item  is 
the  excavation,  whicli  is  measured  and  turned  into  cube 
yards,  estimated  at  the  scheduled  price  and  caiTied  to 
account.  Should  there  be  auy  concrete  in  the  foundations 
it  is  treated  in  a  similar  manner.  The  whole  of  the  brick- 
work is  estimated  at  so  much  per  rod,  which  equals  272 
square  feet  of  brickwork,  having  a  standard  thickness  of  a 
brick  and  a  half,  or  13Un.  A  statute  rod  also  equals 
306  cuijic  feet,  ur  11 J  cubic  yards.  All  huge  timbdrn  are 
estimated  by  the  cubo  foot;  doors,  pai-titions,  and  all 
framework  in  general,  by  the  super  foot ;  and  most  orna- 
mental work  by  the  foot  run  ;  slating,  plastering,  and 
painting  are  measured  by  the  square  foot,  but  mouldings 
acd  cornices  by  the  foot  run  ;  the  ironwork  in  tons  ;  but 
pipes,  gutters,  (tc,  by  the  running  foot.  The  summ  ry  of 
the  measurement  will  stand  a,  follows  :  - 1.  Foundations, 
including  excavating  and  concrete,  if  any.  2.  Brickwork. 
3.  Masouiy,  includingalldressedatonewurk.  4.  Cai-penti'y, 
including  all  joiners'  work.  5.  Slating.  6.  Iionwork.  7. 
Plastering,  including  enrichments.  8.  Plumbing,  paint- 
ing, and'  glazing.  9.  Papering,  and  internal  decorations. 
10.  Bell-hanging.     11.  Miscellaneous.  .iVssisxANT. 


[298.]— SEASONING  OAK.— There  is  not  the  sUghtest 
question  but  that  steam  is  frequently  employed  for  the 
pui-poses  mentioned  by  "J.  Dexter,"  and  it  is  certainly 
the  most  expeditious  manner  of  accomplishing  the  desired 
result ;  but  in  all  cases  where  a  forcing  method  is  employed 
to  effect  what,  strictly  speaking,  requires  a  considerable 
space  of  time,  there  is  the  chance  of  evil  arising.  If  the 
steaming  be  not  carried  on  too  quickly  it  will  answer,  but 
if  it  be  pushed  with  too  much  vigour  it  is  very  apt  to  pro- 
duce a  permanent  warping  and  distortion  of  the  material. 

J.  X. 


[299.]— CLERK  OF  WORKS.— I  am  sorry  to  disappoint 
the  expectations  of  "J.  B.,"  but  he  may  rest  assui'ed  that 
without  some  interest  there  wi^l  be  not  much  chance  for  an 
outsider  to  obtain  a  berth  in  the  manner  he  proposes.  The 
Government  jw^ess  a  very  large  staff  of  clerks  of  works, 
who  would  be  sure  to  be  preferred  to  others,  as  they  were 
in  the  case  alluded  to  by  "J.  B." 

An  Unsuccessful  Candid.^te. 


[300.]— IVORY  INLAY.— Will  you  permit  me  to  inform 
"  Juvenis  "  that  it  is  seldom  that  ivory  is  ever  shaded,  as  it 
would  in  a  great  measure  destroy  the  peculiar  value  of  it. 
When  it  is  so  done,  fine  lines  are  cut  on  the  surface,  and  in- 
delible ink  rubbed  into  them  in  a  gi-catsr  or  less  degree, 
according  to  the  effect  required,  China. 


[303.]— CORNICES,  WINDOW  SILLS.  &c.— There  is 
no  general  rule  upon  the  subject,  as  it  depends  upon  the 
wording  of  the  local  act,  which  is  not  the  same  for  diff  rent 
districts.  It  appeai-s  tome,  however,  that  "A  Subscriber" 
has  not  much  to  complain  of,  for  the  setting  back  of  a  front 
wall  iu  order  to  keep  a  sill  within  a  cextain  distauce  of  the 
roadway  cannot  be  more  than  a  few  inches,  since  the  differ- 
ence between  it  and  the  fiice  of  the  wall  itself  does  not 
amount  to  more.  Surveyor. 


[306.]— WROUGHT-IRON  GIRDERS  AND  LATTICE 
GIRDERS. — I  do  not  possess  the  "Engineer's  Pocket 
Book  "of  the  same  date  as  Mr.  Luscombe,  so  that  I  cannot 
answer  his  question,  but  if  he  will  send  particniai's  of  the 
case,  ivith  your  permission,  I  wiU  solve  the  problem  for  him 
■with  pleasure.  L.  P.   C. 


[307.]— MORTAR.— "  T.  C.  "  may  calculate  as  follows  :— 
100  super  yanls  of  walling,  one  brick  or  9iu.  thick,  is,  when 
reduced  to  the  standard  measui'emeut  of  a  brick  and  a 
half  in  thickness,  eciual  to  2J  statute  y;u-dA.  A  rod  of 
brickwork  requires  1  cube  yard  of  lime  and  3^  cubo  yards  of 
sand,  so  that  the  quantity  to  build  the  above  wall  will  be 
close  upon  8  cube  yai'ds  of  sand  and  '1\  cube  yards  of  stone 
lime. 


[308.]— LAW  OF  INDENTURES. —  If  the  baukinipt 
chorises  to  make  over  his  apprentice  to  some  other  person 
while  he  is  unable  to  perform  his  duty  towards  him,  he  can 
claim  him  again  on  getting  his  discharge,  but  if  he  does  not 
do  so,  all  that  the  apprentice  has  to  do  is  to  go  before  a 
magistrate  and  swearthathis  masteris  not  able  to  carry  out 
his  part  of  the  indentures  and  they  will  be  cancelled. 

Law. 


[310.]— SMOKY  BRICKS.— If  ='A  Biulder"  will  try  a 
little  fx'e>!h  cows'  'lung,  slightly  thinned  with  water,  and 
lay  on  two  coats  with  a  whitewash  bru«h,  he  will  find  it 
answer  his  purpose  in  every  respect ;  the  plastering  will 
adhere  to  it  quite  as  well  as  to  the  brickwork,  aud  if  he 
should  have  any  doubt  as  to  its  sticking,  let  him  go  into  a 
cowshed  and  try  to  clean  the  walls.  Lincoln. 


232 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


March  29,  1867. 


[313.]— THE  LAW  OP  APPRENTICESHIP.— "  Inden- 
tures" generally  :;ompri6e  a  clause  proliibitiug  pupils  or 
apprentices  from  working  on  their  onTi  account.  At  all 
events  it  was  so  in  mine.  Zero. 


[315.]-STRAININa  DRAWING  PAPER.— If  "  Jack  " 
will  get  a  drawing  boax-d  with  a  panel  to  it  he  will  not 
have  the  trouble  of  using  paste  or  glue  ;  the  price  of  one, 
half  imperial  size,  would  be  ~s.  Gd.,  at  any  artists"  colour- 
man's.  D.\V1P  AlKD. 


[315.  ]  —As  for  myself  I  far  prefer  straining  drawina;  ]iaper 
with  glue,  and  consider  it  anything  but  unsatisfm^tory. 
There  is  another  method,  where  the  middle  of  the  board 
comes  out  and  the  paper  being  laid  on  the  frame,  the  back 
is  then  replaced  and  fixed  tight  by  two  bars  at  the  back  of 
the  frame.  Zero. 


[317.] -RADIUS  OF  A  CURVE— In  reply  to  "  B.  N." 
concerning  the  radius  of  a  circle,  in  his  diagram,  given  the 
three  points  in  the  circumference  of  a  circle,  from  which 
the  centre  may  be  found  by  bisecting  A  and  B  at  riglit 
angles  and  contiuTiing  the  bisecting  lines  till  they  meet  in 
the  centre,  no  matter  what  the  angle  sides  or  prependicu- 
lar  may  be.  W.  B. 


WOLVERHAiiPTON'.— The  bricklayers  of  Wolverhampton, 
following  the  example  of  the  Joiners  and  plasterers,  have 
agreed  to  settle  their  futiue  disputes  with  the  masters  by 
arbitration.  The  branches  which  still  remain  out  of  the 
union  are  the  masons  and  the  labourer.  The  masons  dis- 
play a  strong  antagonistic  feeling  to  arbitration.  They 
have  given  notice  of  a  change  of  rules,  including  a  rise  in 
wages  of  5d.  an  hour,  making  Os.  lOd.  a  day.  and  the 
masters  have  expressed  their  readiness  to  submit  the  ques- 
tion to  arbitration,  but  the  masons  have  not  repUed  to 
their  emploj'ers'  communication. 


[317.] — Impossible.  The  marvel  is.  where  "  B.  N."  got 
his  dimensions  from.  The  tangent  of  a  true  curve  must 
be  equaL     I  should  advise  "  B   N."  to  study  trigonometry. 

Zero. 


STAINED    GLASS. 

A  hanrisome  stained  gla>s  window  has  just  been  placed 
in  the  chancel  of  St.  David's  Church,  Exeter,  by  .Alessrs. 
E.  and  S.  Beer.  The  subject  is  the  Agony  in  the  Garden, 
from  a  design  by  the  late  Mr.  Alfred  Beer  ;  and  the  window 
is  erected  to  the  memory  of  Mr.  Thomas  Snow. 

The  centre  window  of  the  ea,st  end  of  the  chancel  of  the 
new  Garrison  Chapel,  Portsmouth,  is  to  be  to  the  meraoiy 
of  the  late  Lord  Raglan  ;  that  to  its  left  to  the  meraory  of 
the  late  Lord  Clyde  ;  and  the  third  to  the  memory  of  Sir 
Charles  Napier.  The  cost  of  the  centre  window  ^vill  be 
about  £75. 

A  stained  glass  memorial  window,  executed  by  Mr.  Hol- 
land, of  Warwick,  is  aboxit  to  be  erected  in  Chetwood 
Prioiy  Church,  Bucks,  in  memory  of  the  late  Mi's.  Henry 
Bracebridge,  of  Moreville  House.  The  window  contains  in 
the  centre  opening  three  subjects,  viz.: — The  two  Marys 
and  Joanna  at  the  tomb  (Luke  xxxiv. ,  62  v.) ;  the  Resur- 
rection, and  our  Saviour  meeting  Mary  after  his  resur- 
rection (John  XX..  13  v.):  in  the  side  openings  the  four 
acts  of  chaiity  taken  from  the  words — "  I  was  an  hungered 
and  ye  gave  me  meat ;  I  w;\8  thirsty  and  ye  gave  me  drink  ; 
I  was  naked  and  ye  clothed  me  ;  1  was  sick  and  ye  visited 
me."  The  above  subjects  are  arranged  in  medallions,  the 
background  being  filled  in  with  rich  Early  English  grisaille 
work. 


LEGAL  INTELLIGENCE. 

Interestino  to  Artisans. — In  the  Sheffield  County 
Court,  last  week,  a  case  was  trietl  of  some  interest  to  em- 
ployers of  labour  and  the  employed.  A  razor  blade  forger 
sued  Messi-s.  Himter  and  Son  for  ten  guineas,  for  seven 
weeks'  wages,  at  3U3..  in  lieu  of  notice.  It  appeared  that 
the  custom  of  Messrs.  Hunter  is  to  give  and  require  three 
months'  notice ;  and  the  regulation  is  posted  up  in  various 
parts  of  their  factory,  and  is  printed  in  the  wage-book 
which  every  man  has  to  keep.  The  plaintiff"  had  formerly 
been  in  their  employ,  and  had  conformed  to  the  rule  and 
given  three  months'  notice  in  order  to  discharge  himself 
The  engagement  following  this  discharge  was  the  one  in 
question.  The  evidence  was  extremely  conflicting.  The 
plaintiff  and  his  witnesses  were  positive  that  when  plain- 
tiff was  engaged  Mr.  Hunter,  jun.,  told  him  the  terms 
were  to  be  the  same  as  before.  On  the  other  hand,  Mr. 
Hunter  and  his  witnesses  swore  tnat  the  plaintiff  was  dis- 
tinctly engaged  as  a  jobbing  hand,  liable  to  be  dismissed 
at  any  time  without  notice,  and  under  any  circumstances 
to  leave  at  last  November  fair,  when  a  certain  contract 
would  be  finished.  The  case  tiu-ued  upon  the  rule  before 
referred  to,  and  the  fact  that  in  the  plaintiff"s  wage-book 
that  rule  was  unexpunged.  The  judge  gave  a  verdict  for 
the  plaintiff  for  the  full  araoimt  and  costs.  The  reason 
of  their  being  seven  weeks  claimed  for  instead  of  three 
months  was  that  the  plaintiff  had  been  required  to  dismiss 
liis  striker,  and  had  been  told  to  leave  at  the  same  time. 
This  he  was  compelled  to  do,  and  the  seven  weeks  now  sued 
for,  with  the  time  of  the  striker's  notice,  made  up  the 
three  months. 

Served  them  Right  ! — Forty-one  tradesmen  were  fined 
at  Newiugton  Sessions  for  having  in  their  possession  un- 
just weights,  scales,  and  measures.  The  list  comprised  six 
liceupcd  victuallers  and  beer  retailers,  four  greengrocers 
and  coal-dealers,  two  bakers,  fourteen  chandlers,  two 
cheesemongers  and  gracers,  six  butchers,  one  marine  store 
dealer,  one  currier,  two  oilmen,  one  confectioner,  one  glue 
and  size  maker,  and  one  ironmonger. 


STATUES,   MEMORIALS,  &c. 

The  Cobden  Memorial,  Manchester, — The  fine  bronze 
statue  of  Mr.  Cobden,  recently  cast  in  London,  of  which 
Mr.  Marshall  Wood  is  the  sculptor,  has  been  placed  on  its 
granite  pedestal  in  St.  Ann's-sqnare.  Manchester,  opposite 
the  front  of  the  Exchange,  but  has  not  yet  been  unveiled. 
The  pose  of  the  figure  represents  Mr.  Cobden  with  hand 
uplifted  and  finger  pointed,  in  the  act  of  addressing  the 
House  of  Commons.  j\[r.  Gladstone  and  Mr.  Bright  are 
expected  to  be  present  at  the  inauguration  of  the  statue. 


COMPENSATION. 

The  Neiv  Law  Court.s. — At  the  old  Insolvent  Debtors' 
Court,  last  week,  before  Mr.  Under-Sheriff  James  Burchell 
and  a  jury,  a  compensation  case  connected  with  the  new 
Law  Courts,  "Beard  v.  the  Royal  Commissioner."  was 
disposed  of.  The  claim  in  the  warrant  was  £14,410,  in 
respect  of  the  Temi)le  Bar  Hotel,  the  corner  of  Shire-lane, 
in  Fleet-street,  kept  by  Mr.  Jacob  Beard,  as  to  his  interest 
and  loss  on  removal.  The  jury  went  to  view  the  premises, 
and  after  a  delay  of  nearly  an  hour  the  parties  settled  the 
matter.  Mr.  Hawkins  said  the  verdict  by  consent  would 
be  for  £2,250,  and  it  should  be  known  that  the  Commis- 
sionei-s  were  justified  in  the  course  adopted,  when  the 
claim  as  made  was  £14,410.  A  verdict  was  accordingly 
recorded  by  consent  for  £2, '250. 


WAGES  MOVEMENT. 

The  French  bronze  makers  aie  no  longer  on  strike. 

A  veiy  large  number  of  carpenters  in  Nottingham  and 
Leicester  are  out  of  work.  In  the  latter  place,  it  is  said, 
there  are  upwards  of  thii-ty  men  walking  about  the  streets. 

The  strike  at  Stockport  is  gradually  coming  to  an  end, 
by  the  acceptance  on  the  part  of  the  operatives  of  the  pro- 
posed reduction  of  wages. 

The  Enginedrivebs.— The  whole  of  the  Brighton  men 
have  tendered  their  willingness  to  return  to  their  duties  ; 
the  strike  is  therefore  lii-tualiy  at  an  end.  The  engine- 
drivers  employed  on  the  Caledonian  Railway  have  received 
notice  of  an  advance  on  their  wages  to  the  amount  of  3s. 
per  week,  and  the  labourers  and  platelayei-s  have  also  been 
advanced  Is.  On  Satm-day  the  enginedrivers  and 
firemen  on  the  North -Eastern  Railway,  excepting  on 
the  Stockton  and  Darlington  section,  gave  in  their 
notices  to  cea^e  work  on  the  20th  April.  The  nxmiber 
who  have  taken  this  step  is  about  1,000. 

Blacicpool. — A  correspondent  writes  to  us  as  follows  :  — 
Sir, — Would  you  please  allow  us  a  small  space  in  your 
paper  to  contradict  an  error  referring  to  the  joiners'  strike 
of  Blackpool.  "We  find  the  masters  are  advertising  for 
men  at  the  rate  of  29s.  to  308.  per  week,  and  that  the 
society  are  pressing  a  uniform  rate  of  wages  on  every  man." 
This  is  aU  false  and  untrue  ;  our  present  rate  has  been  26s. 
per  week  and  do^vnwards,  which  is  very  much  below  the 
average  of  our  neighbouring  towns.  We  gave  Hotice  to  the 
masters  of  Blackpool  from  1st  of  September  to  the  1st  of 
March,  1867,  for  3s.  advance  on  the  present  rate  of  wages. 
If  they  have  been  paying  men  below  the  20s.,  we  only  ask 
for  the  small  sum  of  3s.  for  every  man  according  to  what 
they  paid  before  we  came  out, 

Clopwell. — In  the  limestone  district  of  Clopwell,  a 
strike  has  been  in  force  for  some  time  for  an  advance  of 
wages,  as  the  lime  merchants  are  giving  the  same  rate  for 
their  labom-  as  the  agiicultnrists.  They  refuse  to  advance 
their  rate,  and  the  men,  who  would  rather  be  employed  as 
agricultural  labourers,  refuse  the  class  of  employment 
called  "stone-getting."  Itisa  matter  of  serious  considera- 
tion how  to  keep  up  the  supply  of  labour.  Excepting  the 
old  hands,  no  men  can  be  got  to  face  the  work, 

Dewsbury.— During  the  past  ten  days  most  of 
the  labourers  in  this  vicinity  have  been  out  on  strike 
in  consequence  of  the  refusal  of  the  masters  to  advance 
their  wages  from  18s.  to  198.  per  week.  Several  of  the 
contractors  have  since  agreed  to  the  advance. 


meetings  for  the  week. 


MoN- — Roy.al  Institution. — Monthly  Meeting,  9. 

Royal   United  Service   Institution, — '*  The  Eco- 
nomy of  Fuel,  comprising   Mineral  Oils,"  bv 
Professor  W.  J.  M.  Rankine,  8.30. 
Society  of  Engineers. — "Pumping   Engines  for 
Town  Water  Supply."  by  Mr.   H.  Davey,  7.30. 
TuES. — Institution  of  Civil  Engineers. — "  Memoii-on  the 
River  Tyne,"  by  Mr.  W.  A.  Brooks,  S. 
Royal  Ins'titution.— "  On  Botany,"    by  Rev,  G. 
Henslow.  3. 
Wed,— Geological  Society.  8. 

Thues. — Royal     Institution. — *'  On    the    Antiquity    of 
Man,"  by  Mr.  W.  PengeUy,  3. 
Chemical  Society,  8. 
lannean  Society,  8. 
Fri. — Royal  Institution. — "On  St.  Michael's  Mount, 
Cornwall,"  by  Mr.  W.  Pengelly,  8. 
-Royal  Institution. — "  On  the  Antit|uity  of  Man," 
by  Mr.  W.  Pengelly,  3. 


waterproof  protection  is  secured  and  a  system  of  galvamsm 
obtained  for  anti-fouling  purposes.  The  object  of  this 
improvement  is  the  practical  resolve  and  development  of 
the  principles  contained  in  a  previous  application  for 
etters  patent  (No.  580),  1866.     Patent  completed. 

2179.    P.  A.  DE  BERENGER.    Improvements  in  Lime  I 
AND  Cement  Kilns.     Dated  August  24,  1866,  i 

This  invention  luis  reference  to  improvements  in  lime  | 
and  cement  kilns,  with  view  of  concentrating  and  econo- 
mising the  heat   and    enabling  the   said  substances  to  he 
more    efiectually  and   uniformly    bunit  and  supplied  or 
discharged  from  the  kiln  with  le^s  labour  and  loss  of  time 
than  by  the  present  system,  and  consists  of  a  rectangular 
tumiel  of  a  straight  or  curvilinear  form,  in  which  a  series 
of  portable  kilns  of  corresponding  size  and  shape  thereto 
are  employed,  so  as  to  work  upon  iriction  rollers  mountedJi 
upon  channel  ways  formed  in  the  bed  of  the  said  tuniu^  I 
by  the  arrangem'ent  of  which  the  said  limestone,   cement,  I 
or  other  substances  to  be  operated  upon,    is  placed  and! 
carried  forwarded  to  the  furnace,  burnt,   and  finally  du-| 
charged  in   continuous    succession,   whereby    a    con 
supply  to  or  from  the  kilns  direct  from  the  quany  is  i 
tained.  a  furnace  and  chimney  at  opposite  ends  of  the  8aid'| 
tunnel,  in  connection  with  circulating  flues  for  diffui' 
and  conducting  the  heat  above   and   below  the  said  bvH^M 
stances  to  be   rendered  incandescent,  being  also  employed! 
and  arranged  so  as  to  admit  of  the  portable  kilns  (formed  I 
of  open  gratings  or  otherwise)  being  brought   forward  jal 
turn  and  allowed  to  remain   over  the   furnace  unauffitiU  f 
iently  Dumt.     Patent  completed. 

2183.   J.    G.    JENNINGS.     Improvements  in  Wat^- 
CLOSETS,  Urinals,  and  Taps.     Dated  August  24, 1866. 

These  improvements  m  waterclosels  relate  to  closets  m 
which  the  pan  discharges  itself  by  a  side  opening  into  thej 
upright  limb  of  a  siphon  trap.    According  to  this  invention 
the  patentee  makes  the  siphon  trap  with  its  upright  limb 
of  cast  iron  or  lead  or  other  metal,  and  separate  from  the 
pan,  and  h«  coimects  the  pan  thereto  by  cementing  it  into 
a  socket.     The  valve  seat  is  formed  in  the  upright  limb  iw 
cementing  into  it  an  earthenware  or  glass  ring.     The  dJefj 
charge  valve  has  an  ovei-flpw   passage  formed  through 
and  its  handle  passes   up   through   a  cap  fitted  on  to  f 
upper  end  of  the   upright    siphon.     The  water   valvi 
carried  on  a  bracket,  which   fits  on   and  against  the  up] 
end  of  the  siphon  limb  immediately  under  the  cap,  wh: 
series  to  secure  it  in  its  place,  and  the  valve  is  arranged 
such  a  manner  as  to  be  opened  by  raising  a  lever,  which 
so  placed  as  to  be  lifted  with  the  handle   of  the  dischf  ~ 
valve.     The  bracket  is   made  of  a   trough-like   form, 
that  sliould  the  supply  valve  leak  at  any  time  the  w 
so  escaping  is  conducted  at  once  into  the  trap.     The 
nections  between   the  supply  valve   and  supply  pipe, 
between  the  supply  valve  and  the  pan,  may  be   made 
imion  screw  couplings  :  this  arrangement  admits  of  ' 
parts  being  very  readily  separated,  as  when  the  unions 
luiscr^ed  the  whole  of  the  working  parts  can  be  lifted 
with   the  cap.     As  the  whole  of  the  working  parts  of 
closet  are  within  the  upright  limb  and  bracket  above 
siphon  trap,  the  closet  may  be  enclose  1  in  sawdust  or  ol 
material  to  deaden  sound  and  to  protect  it  from  frost,  w] 
fixed  ii\  exposed  situations,  without   interfering   with 
action  of  the  working  parts.    Urinals  he  constnicts,  ac" 
ing  to  this  invention,  in  a  somewhat  similar  manner, 
uses   a  valve  ivith  an  earthenware  or  glass   seating, 
which  all  the  pans  may   be  emptied  simultaneously, 
each  pan  is  provided  with  a  separate  overflow  at  the^^ 
lace,    by  which  any   floating  matter  may    escape.    !EwbJ 
invention  also  appUes  to  the  construction  of  taps  suil 
for  the  supply  of  water.     Supply  taps  he  constructs  in 
following  manner,  so  that  whatever  the  pressm'e  at  wl 
the  water  is  suppUed  the  valve  may  close  quietly   aa  i.  _ ... 
as  it  is  left  free.     Within  the  shell  or  body  of  the  tap  S^ 
valve  seat,  by  preference  bushed  with  earthenware  or  glaifl 
and  a  valve  resting  on  this  seat  stops  the  flow  of  the  wf' 
and  the  pressure  on  the  back  of  the  valve  tends  to  kf 
tight.     The  stem  of  the  valve  passes  up  through  a  sti 
box  or  diaphragm,  and  by  a  lever  or  othenvise  can 
pressed  down  when  it  is  desired  to  draw  water.     Ino^J 
diately  under  the  valve  is  an  opening,  by  which  the  vali 
is  introduced  into  its  place,  and  the  hole  is  then  closed* 
a  screw  plug.     In  this  plug  is  formed  a  cylindrical  I 
which  may  conveniently  be  made  trae  on  the  inside 
turning  it  or  lining   it  with   a  porcelain  or  glass  t  _ 
cemented  into  its  place.     The  spindle  of  the  valve  iso^ 


Sat.- 


I^iitents  for  |iibcntion,s 

CONNECTED     WITH     THE     BUILDING     TRADE. 


2168.  W.  WELCH.  Impro\t.m  ents  in  the  ^Ianu 
facture  of  Cement  Compositions,  and  in  the  Method 
OF  Applying  and  Securing  Plastic  Cements  to  Iron 
and  Other  Surfaces.     Dated  August  23,  1S66. 

This  invention  consists  in  the  manufacture  of  cements 
and  methods  of  applying  and  securing  plastic  compositions 
to  metallic  and  other  sxirfaces.  The  cements  are  composed 
of  siliceous,  calcareous,  basaltic,  argillaceous,  asphaltic, 
mineral,  metallic,  and  sandy  strata  granulated  or  pulver- 
ised by  calcination,  chemical,  or  mechanical  means.  The 
metallic  and  other  suostances  thus  produced,  either  pxue  or 
apportioned  to  suit  the  varied  practical  uses,  are  then  by 
the  aid  of  vegetable  or  mineral  liquids,  acids,  salts,  and 
gaseous  compounds,  mixed  and  agglutinated  into  a  jdastic 
or  fluid  consistency,  and  used  as  ordinary  cement  composi- 
tiont>,  and  for  imitations  of  stones,  metals,  earths,  and 
ornamental  purposes  ;  also  for  electric  magnetic  composi- 
tions for  preserving  and  coating  of  iron,  wood,  and  other 
substances  exposed  to  marine  uses,  whereby  an  insulatoi'y 


tinued  on  so  as  to*^  enter  this  cylinder,  and  it  has  a  cnv^ 
leather  upon  it,  working  watertight  in  the  cylinder,  filw* 
small  hole  is  drilled  in  the  spindle  to  allow  water  slovriyjA 
pass  from  one  side  of  the  cup  leather  to  the  other,  !Du 
when  the  spindle  is  depressed  to  open  the  valve  the  COJ 
leather  descends  freely  in  the  cylindrical  hole,  the  wh| 
passing  the  cup  leather  in  this  direction  without  dii 
cuity  ;  but  to  allow  the  valve  to  close  the  water  is  ooffl 
pelled  to  return  into  the  cylinder  thi-ough  the  sma 
passage  in  the  spindle,  and  the  valve  cannot  close  imtilW 
the  water  which  was  displaced  in  opening  the  valve  ha 
returned  through  this  small  passage ;  thus  any  blow  resoW 
ing  from  the  sudden  closing  vf  the  valve  is  avoided.  To 
stufiing  box  tlirough  which  the  valve  spindle  passes 
forms  by  fixing  a  vulcanised  india-rubber,  or  other  flaiiU 
collar  or  diaphragm,  on  the  spindle,  and  over  this  heplaw 
a  washer,  which  is  held  down  so  as  to  make  a  tight  joint  0 
a  spiral  spring,  which  presses  down  on  the  washer,  an 
which  also  sei-^xs  to  lift  the  valve  into  its  place  if  th 
pressuiie  of  the  supply  should  in  any  case  be  insufficiei 
PalenT  comf'ete'K  ^ 

2195.  J.  F.  M.  POLLOCK.     Improvemknts  in  Ma(Hj 
NEBY    OR    Apparatus   for    Pressing    Bricks,    ^b| 
Corbels,  or  other  Plaster  Work.    Dated  A'lgtist 
1866. 

This  invention  consists,  first,  in  the  external  arrang 
ment  and  self-contained  nature  of  the  machines,  the  coi 
pact  rectangidar  form  of  frame  in  w  hioh  all  the  workii 
parts  are  enclosed  and  protected  from  the  action  •?'  "|' 
or  other  injury,  even  the  ends  of  the  holes  in  which  t 
shafts  i-un  bemg  capped.  Secondly,  the  employm«it  of 
spring  or  other  maintaining  power  or  accumulated  .on 
and  the  connection  bv  that  means  of  the  continuous  a 
intermittent  motions.  Thirdly,  the  arrangement  cf  t 
cvlinder  and  valve  gearing  beneath  the  die.  and  themes 
of  applying  direct  pressure  to  the  brick  by  the  use  of  t 
crossheads  and  side  rods.  Fourthly,  the  means  employ 
for  obtaining  all  the  self-acting  morions  from  one  sM 
And,  fifthly,  the  independent  action  of  the  cylinder  ft 
other  parts  of  the  machine  being  such  that  ^®'7?^, 
driving  power  is  required,  the  pressure  given  not  bei 
derived  from  the  power  which  drives  the  gearing.     ra»' 


I 


March  29,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


VII 


Crak  BfliJs. 


TEXDERS. 

Brighton.— For  Swan  Downors  Schools,  Brighton.  G. 
t;otofr9  Clarke,  arcliitect.  Quautitlea  by  >Iesara.  Batstone 
nd  Uant :— A.  Baker,  £2,335  ;  H.  P.  Parker,  £2.095  ;  J. 
lames.  £2.0ri!l:  N'ightiiigale,  £1,823:  G.  Cheesman, 
l.m:, :  Simms  .and  Martin,  £1,6S0  ;  J.  Kirk,  £1,649  ;  J.  T. 
happel,  £1,569. 

Brwhtos.  — For  new  Congregational  Chapel  at  Brighton. 
[r.  H.  X.  Goultr.  architect.  Quantities  by  Mr.  J.  Chester 
ansdown  :-.Cheesman  and  Co.  ,JE2,570;Anscomb.  £2.570; 
'anons,  £2,370  ;  Simniii  and  Marten,  £2,3dS  ;  Chappell, 
;.2H :  Bland,  £2,210  ;  Nightingale,  2,185  ;  Kemp  (ac- 
pted),  £1,951. 

Brighton. — For  building  foundations  ofa  concert  hall  at 
;ru:htOQ.  Mr.  n.  N.  Cniulty,  architect.  Quantities  by 
1  Chester  Lausdoim  :— Niglitiug-.ile,  £l,0t3  ;  Bland.  £993  ; 
[iniDS  and    Marten,  £969  ;    Cheesman  and   Co  ,  £890 : 

uqipeU,  £879. 

;ClTY.  —  For  rebuilding  Xo.  23,  Lime-street,  City, 
*:Mr.  James  Thomhill.     Mr.  CharlM  XeiUy,  architect; — 

Smith  and  Son.  £1,335  ;  Carter  and  Son,  £1,177  ;  Pask, 

,176;  Webb  and  Son,  £1,174. 

3lTY. — For  the  erection  of  a  new  synagogue,  Carter- 
aatv  Houndsditch.  Messrs.  Thomas  Smith  and  Son,  ar- 
.t«et« ;— Ennor  (accepted),  £920. 

Thxam. — Proposed  works  at  the  Cheam  Schools  for  R. 
bw,_  Esq..  Messrs.  Slater  and  Carpenter,  architects. 
antities  not  supplietl ;  — Nightingale.  £8,957;  Simpson, 
,4S«;  Fish,  £5.946;  Manley  and  Rogers,  £5,427. 

>OVKR. — For  the  erection  of  a  store  for  the  Submarine 
4graph  Company.  Mr  Rowland  Rees.  jun.,  architei-t . — 
and  Godden,  £1,083  ISs.  ;  Tunbridge,  £1,025  ;  Fagg. 
l«19s.  :  Adcock,  £860  ;  Matthews,  £849  ;  Stiff  and  Co., 
■  RivbardsoQ  (accepted),  £815. 

•OVER.  —For  rebuilding  the  Donegal,  for  Mr.  Alfred 
Igsford.  Mr.  Itowland  Rees.  jun.,  architect ; — Adcock, 
»;  Tunbridge,  £519  10s.  ;  Perry,  £513  173.  ;  Venner, 
8  8s.  4d.  ;  Fagg,  £498 ;  Matthew's  (accepted),  £462. 

OVER. — For  altering  the  Saracen's  Head  Inn,  for  Messrs. 
sand  Style.  Mr.  Rowland  Rees,  jun.,  architect; — 
Csnzie,  £292 ;  Adcock  (accepted).  £244  14s. 

VBUV. — For  new  warehouse  in  Capel-street,  Dublin,  for 
B).  Hugh  Moore  and  Co.  Mr.  W.  Fogertr,  architect. 
aSties  supplied  by  Mr.  Gribbon ;— Kerr,  £9,150; 
arts,  £9.000:  Millard.  £8,975;  Movers.  £8,500; 
kbam  and  Sons,  £8,500;  Bolton,  £8,450;  Nolan, 
no  ;  Carroll,  £8.000  ;  Meane,  £7,500 :  Crowe  and  Sons 
ipted),  £7,337. 

HMLET  (Surrey). — For  national  schools  and  master's 
Mr.  T.  Goodchild,  architect ;— W.  and  T.  Swayne 
spteel),  £392. 

AMJ^TEAD. — For  the  erection  and  completion  of  nine 
Tea  in  West  End-lane,  Hampstead,  for  Messrs.  Langridge 
Streeter.  Mr.  John  Butler.  Architect.  Quantities 
dietlby  .^Ir.  W.  B.  Hays  :— Welsh,  £2.377;  Francis  and 
1,  £2.374  :  Lathev  Brothers,  £2,347  ;  Neale,  £2,166  ISs.  ; 
- — ,  £1,995. 

tTWARD's  HEiTH  (Sussex). — For  building  a  residence 
*r.  Frederick  Willand  Mr.  E.  J.  Collins,  architect  :— 
;  £1,006  10s.  6d.  ;  Ixxkyer,  £987  168.  4d.  ;  Stnberfield, 
' "  Harrison,  £795. 

CNTISH  Tow>-.— For  building  the  Falkland  Tavern, 
ash  Town,  for  Mr.  G.  Watson.  Jlr.  J.  Pennington, 
ilect ;— Hoare  and  Postlethwaite,  £1,795;  Manley  and 
ire,  £1,690;  Ellacott;  £1,675;  Edwards,  £1,641  ;  Lang- 
1  and  Way,  £1,6-23  ;  Mann  (accepted)  £1,575. 

IXDOK.— For  Holbom  Valley  Improvements  for  the  Cor- 
tion  of  the  city  of  I.,oudon.    Contract  D.    Mr.  W.  Hay- 
"  C.E.,  engineer.     Quantities  supplied  bv  >Ir.  D.   C. 
;io :— Hill  and  Keddell  (accepted),  £23,675- 

i-vCTON. — For  schools,  residences,  almshouses,  &c., 

:-  Metropolitan  Tabernacle  Committee.     Mr.  James 

1    ;i.  .-irchitocti-In  red  bricks— Quenell,  £7,2-23;  Colls, 

£;!;    Sawyer,    £4,945;    Jackson    and    Shaw.    £4.890; 

Jjier,  £4.855  :IDowns.  £4,800;  Coleman,  £4,792  ;  Rider 

Son,    £4.770  ;  Tarrant.    £4,7-25  ;  Thompson,    £4  6,50  - 

t  (accepted),   £4.500  ;  Wells,  £4,490.— Less  for  picked 

M.-QueneU,  £69  ;  CoUs,  £100  ;  Sawyer,  £69  -  Jackson 

Shaw,  £90  ;  Croaker,  £77  ;  Downs,  £50  ;  Coleman  —  ; 

ir  and  Sons,  £92 ;   Tan-ant,   £55 ;  Thompson,  £130 ; 

t,  £40 ;  WeUs,  £45. 

JWPOBT.— For  a  new  infirmary  in  connection  with  the 
port  Workhouse.  Mr.  A.  O.  Watkins.  architect-— 
lOS,  £3.840  ;  Whitaker.  £3,800  ;  WiUiams,  £3  775  - 
I  amis,  £3.697;  Griffiths  and  Thomas,  £3,-298  ;  Hoskins] 
188.— Infections  Wards ;— Francis,  £1,030;  Whitaker, 
*.>»;  WUliams,  £1,000;  Richards,  £981;  Griffiths  and 
V  nas,  £920  ;  Hoskins,  £823. 

■.  iRTSjlorTH.  -In  the  tender  for  the  constmction  of  the 
jrsdown  HUl  reservoir,  given  la<t  week,  one  or  two 
•  •»  occurrefi  The  following  are  the  correct  figures  -— 
4«8t  samples  of  bricks  only— Light,  £5,900;  Lawrence, 
t  )0  ;  White  and  others,  £5,490  lOsu  ;  Simms  and  Mai-ten, 
«  *4;  Edwards,  £5,350;  Fumiss,  £5,195;  Finer  (no 
■■  !«  sent),  £5,030. 

-:h.ui  — For  rebuilding  the  Crown  Inn,  High-street, 
I  r  Henry  Hobbs.  Messrs.  Finch,  Hill,  and  Paraire, 
.-.ects  ;— Shapleyand  Webster  (accepted),  £1,700. 

"GATE.— For  proposed  works  at  Woolmer's  Farm,  near 
.te,  Surrey,  for  —  Taylor.  Esq.  Messrs.  Dent  and  Son 
■Kts:— Nightingale  (Lambeth),  £564;  Thornton, 
*te,  £j34.    Quantities  not  supplied. 

bJ  "B^^— For  re-draining  St.  Marvlebone  Parochial 
£  ^iil  |)uthaU.  Mr.  Saxon  Snell,  architect ;— Faulk- 
e  ts» ;  Sparrow,  £325  ;  Crabb  andVaughaii,  £309  10s  - 
««»on^f  299  163.  ;  Proctor,  £295  ;  Tasker,  £288  ;  Cowlev' 
"  .  wren,  £255 ;  Pedley,  £240  ;  Gibson,  £200. 

^^'^f.  —  For  converting  the  Manor  House,  Upton, 
£  ^^-  '"  ^l"  ^Jn^rfians  of  St.  Luke's.  Alterations 
•^MOitionsr-Sunms   and    Marten,    £7,979;    Morter, 


£7,589  ;  Saby,£",518 ;  Eaton  and  Chapman,  £7,481 ;  Rivett, 
£7,373  ;  Perry,  £7,273  ;  Uenshaw,  £6,907.  Boundary  wall 
and  lodge  ; — Simma  and  Marten,  £1,526  ;  Morter,  £1,423  ; 
S.lbv.  £1,482; Eaton  .and  Chapman,  £1,470;  Kivett,  £1,420; 
PeriT,  £1,393;  Henshaw,  £1,393. 


PROPERTY  SALES. 

ilARCH   27. 

At  THE  Mart. — By  Messrs.  Edwin  Fox  .-itkI  Ui>iisrield. — 
Freehulil  ten  houses,  Xos.  2  to  11,  W;it«rl(n>  pliioe, 
Clerkeiiwell,  let  oil  lease  at  £100  |>er  annum — sold  for 
£2.180. 

By  Mr.  Robins. — LeasuhoM  two  house*},  Noa,  2o5  aud 
249,  City-road,  producing  £105  per  annum,  term  19  years 
unexpired,  at  £21  per  aunum,  £64"). 

Leasehold  house,  No.  4,  St.  John-place,  and  three  hovisea 
in  canvxss,  Nos.  5  to  7,  St.  John's-place,  Princes-roiwl,  Net- 
ting hill;  also  a  plot  of  building  land  atljoining,  term  95 
years  unexpired,  at  £30  per  annum — £735. 

Leasehold  improved  rent  of  £30  per  annum,  for  about 
21  years,  secured  upon  No.  181,  High-street,  Borough — 
£200. 

Leasehold  residence,  No.  1,  Walpole-street,  New-cross, 
let  at  £25  per  annum,  term  84}  years  unexpired,  at  £4  per 
aunum — £190. 

By  Mr.  George  Goldsmith. — Leasehold  residence,  No.  9, 
Cadogan -place.  Belgrave-square.  let  on  le;^se  at  £128  per 
annum,  term  17  years  unexpired,  at  a  peppercorn — £1,000. 

Leasehold  residence,  No.  37,  Denbigh -street,  South  Bel- 
gravia,  estimated  annual  value  £70,  term  GiJ  years  unex- 
pired, at£l0  10s.  per  annum— £690. 

By  Mr.  Chirtis. — Freehold  house  and  shop,  No.  123,  Ley- 
ton-road,  Alma-place,  Stratford  New  Town,  estimated 
annual  value,  £35— £620. 

Freehold  4a.  Ir.  33p.  of  land,  and  two  residencea,  situate 
Balaam -street,  Plaistow — £2.800. 

Copyhold  la.  Ir.  1  p.  of  laud,  situate  in  Parle's  Hill-lane, 
Plaistow— £500. 

Leasehold  three  houses,  Nos.  1  to  3,  Champion-terrace, 
Grove-lane,  Ccmberwell,  producing  £S4  per  annum,  term 
about  92  years  unexpired,  at  £S  per  annum — £C45. 

Leasehold  premises,  portions  of  which  have  been  partly 
destroyed  by  fire,  situate  in  Abbey-lane,  West  Ham,  held 
for  500  yeare  from  1724,  at  Is,  per  annum,  subject  to  an 
underlease  for  61  years  from  1S43,  at  £65  per  annum — 
£1.5S0. 


BATH  STONE  OF  BEST  QUALITY. 

Randell  and  Saukders,  Quarrymen  and  Stone  Mer 
chants,  Bath.  List  of  Prices  at  the  Quarries  and  Depots, 
also  Cost  for  Transit  to  any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
furnished  on  application  to  Bath  Stone  Office,  Coraham, 
Wilts.— [Advt.] 


BANKRUPTS. 

TO  3rBREN*I)ER   IN*  BA5  INCH  ALL- STREET. 

George  Neale,  George-street,  'Camberwell,  bricklayer, 
April  10,  at  1— Charles  PedsTift,  Keunington-street,  Wal- 
worth, plasterer,  April  11,  at  2 — WilUam  Sheppard,  Picker- 
ing-place. Westboume-giove,  house  painter,  April  24,  at  12 
— Robert  Bonner,  Brighton,  plumber.  April  10,  at  12 — 
James  John   Sard,  Bevis  JIarks,  gasfitter,  April  10   at  1. 

TO  SURKENDEK  IN  THE  COrSTRT. 

Edward  Bowcutt,  Madresfield,  blacksmith,  April  3,  at  12 
— George  Catton,  IJncoln,  builder.  April  4,  at  11 — John 
Cope.  Birmirgham,  brass  caster,  April  IS,  at  10— Edward 
Smith  Crease,  Plymouth,  dealer  in  machinery,  April  1  at 
12.30 — Francis  Dopson,  Ramsbury,  Wilts,  smith,  April  5, 
at  11 — Phillip  Gleede.  jun..  North  Petherton,  builder, 
April  10,  at  10 — John  Lee.  Alnwick,  joiner,  April  2,  at  11 — 
William  Robinson,  Manchester,  plumber,  April  5,  at  12 — 
William  Watkin,  Stapleford,  painter,  April  10,  at  11— 
Henry  Beddows,  Little  Lever,  wheelwright,  April  10,  at 
10 — David  Brockman,  Dover,  labourer,  April  10,  at  12 — 
George  Pile  Gibbs,  Ilfracombe  and  Exmouth,  builder, 
AprU  5,  at  11.30  — John  Harvey,  Fairford,  Gloucestershire, 
builder,  April  6,  at  11. 

PABTN'EKSHIPS   DISSOLVED. 

Nelson  and  lanes.  Whitehall,  architect- — Cooper  and 
Sleightholm,  Scarborough,  plumbers — Wells  and  Slack, 
Birmingham,  engineere-^tone  and  Co.,  High-s'reet,  Dept- 
ford,  engineers — Gotley  and  Co. ,  Bristol,  gas  fitters. 

NOTICE  OF   SITTINGS   FOR   LAST   EXAMINATION. 

W.  H.  Thorn,  Lower  Thames-street,  zinc  worker,  April 
17 — M.  Roots,  Shipboume,  Kent,  timber  merchant,  April 
17 — W.  Swatman,  Elm-street,  Grav's  Inn-road  painter, 
April  26— E.  S.  Down,  Hadleigh,  builder,  April  29— G. 
Smith,  Hammereniith,  carpenter.  May  1— G.  Barnes,  Grove- 
road,  Slile  End-road,  slater,  April  IS — T.  Co-xton,  Stockton- 
on-Tees,  bricklayer,  April  17 — F.  I.  Salter,  Yarmouth,  Isle 
of  Wight,  builder,  April  25 — T.  Emery,  Wednesbury,  car- 
penter, April  10 — T.  Powell,  Brynmawr,  contractor,  April 
10 — E.  Moor,  Hall-street,  Bow-common, timber  merchant. 
May  3 — J.  Hewlett,  St.  Thomas's-road.  Stepney,  bricklayer, 
3Iay  7 — E.  Ashbee,  Albany -street,  Regent's  Park,  granite 
merchant.  May  2 — H.  Symons,  Aldersgate-street,  iron- 
monger. May  2 — W.  Bailey,  Finchley,  builder.  May  2 — J. 
Williams,  LewTsham,  plumber.  May  2 — W.  Purkiss,  Hamp- 
den-street,  Somers  Town,  builder.  May  2 — J.  Winch, 
Avcnue-road,  Hackney,  builder,  May  S—J.  Springfellow, 
South-grove,  Stamford-hill,  builder.  May  7 — D.  Simpson, 
Aldershot,  carpenter,  April  17 — H.  Woodford,  Welford. 
blacksmith,  May  10 — J.  Rogers,  Bridgewater,  plumber, 
April  12 — W.  Juby,  Cretingham,  journeyman  blacksmith, 
April  16 — G.  W.  Francis.  Luson.  Devon,  road  surveyor, 
April  17— T.  G.  Sidgwick,  Holbeach,  cabinet  maker,  April 
11— H.  Sidders,  Te>-nham,  brickmaker,  April  12. 

DECLARATIONS  OF  DIVIDENDS. 

J.  J.  Darken,  Holt,  Norfolk,  builder,  dividend  23.  4id. 
— S.  Biggs,  Reading,  builder,  dividend  12s.  6d. — A.  M.  and 
A.  Barker,  Birmingham,  metal  dealers,  dividend  Ss. 

DmDEND. 

J.  Robinson,  Rochester-place,  Kentish  Town,  wheel- 
wright, April  15. 

BANKRUPTCY  ANNULLED. 

Henry  Bowman  Little,  Liverpool-street,  builder,  March 
26. 


LATEST  PRICES    OF  ilATKRTALS    USED 
IN  CONSTRUCTION. 


Timber,  duty  1«  p«r  load,  drawback.  Is. 


Te*k   .., 
({uebfrc ,  nd  pine 

„      yellow  pinn..     3  15  3 

St  John  N.B.  yellow    0    0  0 

(juebec  Oak.  vhlt«  . .     S  li)  6 

..      birch 3  ID  4 

..      elm  3  10  5 

Oaotxic  oak  3  10  6 

,.      flr 3    0  3 

Mpmelflr  3    0  3 

Big* 3    0  3 

SwediBh I  18  2 

MiuitA.Qiie)>e<:redpiQe  6    0  8 

.,       yellowpine..     5    0  6 

Lathwo(xl,Daiitztc.fm  4  10  5 

..       St.  Petersburg  6  10  7 
DeRU.prC..12ft.by3 
by  9  in.,  duty  25  per 
load,  drawback  2s. 

Quebec,  wbite  spruce  13  10  22 

StJohn,  whlt«spruoe  13    0  IS 
Yellow   pine,  per  re- 
duced C. 

CuiadA,   1st  quAUty.  17    0  19 

2Qd  do 13    0  13 


Archangel,  yellow  ..  £12 
St.  Petersburg,  yeL...  10 

PllllAUd  8 

Memel 0 

Qotheaburg,  yellow       9 

whtt«    8 

Oefle.  yellow 9 

3»derhiimu    9 

ChrlBtljiid&,    p«r   C, 
I-.'  (t.  by  3  by  9  la, 

yellow 18 

Dock  IMiiuk,  Dantxlc, 

per  40  ft.  3  la 0 

PuKiUK  Stoke  pr  toa    5 
Oiu,  &c. 

Seal,  pule per  tUD  46 

S|>erm  body  14<i 

CoU 41 

Wh.-vle,  Sth.  Sen.  pale  45 

Olive.  OaUipoli 63 

Cocoanut,  Cocbiu.ton  63 

Palm.  line 41 

Lliiseed   37 

Rapeseed.  EDg.  pale. .  39 
CottouMed 30 


0£1S    0 

10  II    0 

0  9    0 

0  0    0 

0  10  10 

0  8  10 

0  11     0 

0  10  10 


39  10 
36    0 


Metals. 

iBOir;— 

'Welsh  Ban  In  London     per  ton 

NaU  Rod       **■ 

Hoops do 

Sheets.  Single      do 


Stafordshire  Bars 

Bars,  in  Wales     

Rails    

FoundrvPigs,  at  Olasg.  No    1 
Swedish  Bars   


do 
do 
do 
do 
do 


6  15  0 

7  10  0 

8  17  6 

9  17  6 
7  17  6 
fi  15  0 
6  0  0 
2  13  6 

10  10  0 

15  15  0 

10  10  0 


10    0 
8  10 


6    5    0    net 


16    0 
12  10 


91 
101 
93 


0    0    7i       0    0    8 


Stejx:— 

Swedish  Keg,  hammered     per  ton 

Swedish  Faggot   do 

Copper  :— 

Shc«t  &  Sheathing,  ft  Bolta  pertoa 

Hammered  Bottoms       do 

Flat  Bottoms,  not  Hammered   ..       do 

Cake  aud  Tough  lugot      do 

Best  Selected    do 

Fine  Foreign    do 

YeL  Metal  Sheathing  &  Boda  . . .  .per  lb 

Tin:— 

English  Block      per  ton 

do      Bar   do 

do       BeSned   do 

B&nca do 

Strmlt      do 


Pig,  Knglish     per  ton 

, ,    Spanish  Soft     do 

Shot,  Pateut     do 

Sheet  do 

White     do 

flpKLTER:— 

On  the  Spot  per  ton 

Zoic  : — 

English  Sheet      per  ton 

DcTaux'aV.  M.  Roofing  Zinc   do  28    0    0        0    0    0 

■  And  S  per  cent,  discount  it  laid  upon  the  new  Bystem. 

QuicKsiLrEB     per  btl  6  13    0       7    0    9 

EB0UI.U8  OF   ASTIMOBT. 

French  per  toa         54    0    0       0    0    0 


93  0 
M  0 
69  0 

0 
0 
0 

0  0 

y  0 

1)  0 

0 
0 

22  S 

19  IS 
S3  W 
21  0 
30  0 

0 
0 

0 

0 
0 

22  10 
0  0 
24  0 

l>  0 
31  IQ 

0 

0 

0 

33  S 

0 

22  15 

0 

2S  0 

0 

0  0 

0 

The  Seacombe  Forge,  Rivet,  &  Bolt  Compiny 

MANrFACTCKERS    OF 

Bolts,  Kivets,  Washers,  Coach  Screws,  Spikes, 
Set  Pins,  Tie  Kods,  Cotter  i?ins,  &c  , 

A,  so 

ENOrSEER'S    A>rD    SHIPBUILDER'S    FOEGDJGS, 

SMITH  WORK,  AND  EVERY  DESCRIPTOX 

OF  SHIPS  FASTEXIXGS. 

Works— SEACOMBE,  near  BIHKEETHEAD. 


S' 


TAIRCASE    and   JOINERY    "WORKS, 
JOHN     WALDEN 

(Late  Shop  Foreman  to   Mr.  W.  SANDS,  retired), 

12,  MAIDEN  LANE.  COVENT  GARDEN. 

Estimates  on  application. 


THE  NEW  ROOFIKG  TILES. 


These  Tiles  possess  muny  advantages  over  slates.  They  are  cooler 
in  sumuier  and  warmer  in  winter,  and  are  less  than  half  the  weight 
of  plain  tiliug.  They  can  be  laid  to  any  slating  pitch,  form  an  orna- 
mental roof  suitable  to  any  style  of  building,  aud  can  be  supplied  la 
red.  white,  blue,  dun.  and  various  other  colours;  Glass  Tiles  upon  the 
same  principle, — For  particulars  apply  to  the  EEOOMHALL  TILE 
and  BRICK  COMPANY  (TAYLORS  PATENT)  (LIMITED),  at 

COX'S     WHARF, 

UPPER  GKODND- STREET,  BLACKFRIAE.S.  LONDON.  S. 
Also  for 

DAMP    PROOF    COURSE 

{Taylor's  Pat«nt), 

Now  the  SOLE  property  of  this  Company. 

FOB  PREVENTING  DAMP  RISING  UP  WALLS. 


WINDOW    BLINDS 

W.  BITMEAD, 
11,  PREESCHOOL  STREET, 

AND 

CROSS    STREET,    HORSELTDOW>', 

SOUTHWAK.K. 

WINDOW  BLIND  MAKER  TO 
THE  TBADB. 


vin 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


March  29,  1867. 


To  be  SOLD,  a  Bargain,  First-rate  CAR- 
TASES  of  HOUSES-  Best  Position  in  London  for  Prirdte 
Houses  or  Shops :  fonr  ready  for  Occupation. — Apply  on  the  FremlBCs, 
S.  Erskme-road.  Chiilj£'fixrm. 


WANTED,  a  Large  Quantity  of  GRAVEL 
for   Cementin?  purposes. — AddresB,  with  full    particalars, 
to  Thomas  Jones.  4(i,  Mount  Pleasant.  Liverpool  E. 


BUILDING  GROUND  to  be  LET,  lease 
99  years,  situate  Fellows-road,  Haverstock  Hill,  N.W..  close  to 
raUway  station  to  City.— Apply,  J.  G.  Bettison,  26,  Adelaide- 
load,  N.W. 


GREEN  SLATES  (WELSH)  of  the  pecu- 
liar  tint  so  much  soughtafter  by  arthitects.— Charles  Gane  i  Co., 
Timber  and  Slate  Merchants,  Wisbeach.  


/CRYSTAL      PALACE.  —  FIRST-CLASS 

V^  BUILDING  LAND  to  be  LET  in  immediate  proximity  to  the 
Palace,  on  advantageous  terms.  For  particulais  apply  to  Mr.  Hart, 
Accountant's  Office.  CiTsfal  Palace  ;  or  to  R.  R.  Banks.  Esq.,  1,  West- 
minster Chambers,  Victoria-street.  Westminster. 

ARGE  but  Inexpensive  WAREHOUSES 

or  MANUFACTURING  PREMISES.  Yard,  and  Stabling, 
covering  an  area,  of  5.500ft..  and  situate  in  Vine-street,  Liquorpond- 
street,  near  the  New  Holborn  Improvements.  To  be  LET.— Apply  to 
Messrs,  Debenham,  Tewson,  and  Farmer,  80,  Cheapside. 

BUILDING  LAND,  suitable  for  Villa 
Residences,  to  be  LET  on  LEASE,  at  Benhill.  Suiton.  Surrey, 
not  far  from  the  railway  stjition.  Advances  will  be  made,  if  desired. 
as  the  works  pi  oceed.  Plans  and  drawings  and  every  information  ob- 
tained upon  application  to  Mr.  Tresidder.  16,  New  Bridge-street, 
Blackfriars. 


T 


10  BUILDERS  and  Others.— CROYDON. 

_  —To  be  LET  on  Building  Le.iaesPLOTS  of  LAND  delightfully 
situated  in  the  most  preferable  part  of  Croydon.  Gravelly  soil.  Liberal 
advances  made  to  respectable  builders  and  others.  For  further  par- 
ticulars, address.  Mr.  Henry  Wm.  Broadbridge.  Arcliitect,  3,  [Hartley 
Villas,  Lansdowne-road.  Croydon.  S. 

TO  CARPENTERS  and  BUILDERS.— 
Some  well-built  9-roomed  CARCASES  for  SALE,  in  oue  of  the 
very  best  situations  in  London  for  letting  and  selling.  Lease  direct 
from  the  Freeholder  for  a  term  of  D9  years.  Cash  advanced  to  respec- 
table parties  (if  requiredl  to  aasist  in  finishing.— Apply  to  Mr.  Clark- 
•on.  Surveyor,  38.  Great  James-street,  Bedford-row,  W.C. 

TO  BUILDERS.— To  be  LET  on  Building 
Lease,  with  advances,  if  required,  portions  of  a  very  valuable 
FRONTAGE  to  a  high  road,  in  a  favourite  suburban  district.  15 
miles  from  town,  where  houses  are  in  great  demand,  offering  an  un- 
usual opportunity  for  aman  of  enterprise  and  small  capital  tospeedily 
realise  a  considerable  proht.— Apply  to  H.  J.  Peachey.  Esq.,  Sur- 
veyor, 23,  Craven  street,  Charing-Cross.  W.C. 


TO  BREWERS,  BUILDERS,  and  Others. 
—To  be  LET  or  SOLD  a  comer  piece  of  FREEHOLD  LAND 
well  adaxited  for  a  Tavern  -■xnd  three  or  [four  shops,  sit'iate  at  the  jiinc- 
tion  of  three  roads,  and  within  three  minutes'  walk  of  the  High  Level 
station.  Upper  Norwood,  size  loOft.  bylUOft.  Price,  £l,15ii.  or  corre- 
sponding ground  rental,  with  option  of  purchtse.-Apply  at  Messrs. 
Edwards  and  Houghton's,  Land  and  Estate  Offices,  23,  Coleman-street, 
Bank,  E.C. 

STREATHAM.— BUILDING  LAND  to 
be  LET,  at  modei'ate  ground  rtfnf.=i,  ou  the  Crooke-Ellison 
Estate,  Houses  from  £4I>  to  £50  per  annum  are  in  ereat  demand  in 
the  neighbourhood.  A  limited  area  at  the  south  part  of  the  estate. 
near  Hermitage  bridge  and  Croydon-road.  to  be  Let  for  houses  of  £-5 
per  annum  value.  Plana  and  partit:ulars  of  Mr.  Gilbert,  at  the 
Estate  Office,  Streatham  Common  ;  or  Mr,  Wales,  Surveyor,  8,  Great 
Saint  Helena,  B.C. 

TO  BUILDERS  and  CAPITALISTS.— To 
be  SOLD,  for  a  small  premium,  a  BUILDING  AGREE- 
MENT for  the  ERECTION  of  HOUSES  to  complete  an  estate  near 
two  railway  stations,  affording  direct  communication  to  the  City 
and  West  end.  Those  already  erected  are  in  terraces  of  neat  eleva- 
tions and  let  as  soon  a«  completed  at  £oO  per  annum.  Ground  rent 
very  low.  Separate  leases  if  required  direct  from  the  freeholder. 
Any  portion  would  be  let.  at  a  very  moderate  rent,  without  pre- 
miuHL:  also,  a  FEW  PLOTS  adjoining.  Buitible  for  houses  of  a 
smaller  class.  Further  particulars  of  William  Adama  Murphy, 
architect  and  sur\-eyor,  47.  Church-street,  Cambenvell,  S. 

TO  ARCHITECTS  and  BUILDERS.— 
LIME  GROVE  PARK,  PUTNEY  HILL.— Very  Desirable 
SITES  on  this  Esbite  to  be  LET  for  building  respectable  private  resi- 
dences. It  js  situated  on  elevated  ground,  bttween  the  railway  station 
and  Wimbledon  and  Putney-heaths.  There  is  a  great  dem.-uid  in 
this  locality  for  good  viUa  residences,  and  a  ready  sale  for  them.  For 
particulars  apply  to  S.  Wood.  Esq..  ArLhitect.  10.  Craig's-court,  Lon- 
don, S.W.  ;  orto  Messrs.  Baxter.  Rose,  Norton  and  Co.,  Solicitors,  6, 
Victoria- street,  Westminster.  S.W, 

TO  SHIPBUILDERS,  ENGINEERS, 
1  RAILWAY  CARRIAGE  BUILDERS,  and  Others.- Dantzic 
OAK  PLANKS,  perfectly  se.isoned  and  free  from  sap.  l'8ft.  average 
length,  from  7in.  to  Sin.  thickness — imported,  1864.  Also,  Crown 
Dantzic  Deck  Planks,  fl,T.wn  edges,  perfectly  se-ojoned,  6iii,  to  4iu. 
thickness— imported.  1964.  Biga  Wainscot  Logs  and  Planks.  Oreen- 
heart.  Sabicn.  and  Pitchpme  timber  of  large  dimensions. — Direct 
(post  paid),  to  Mr.  Weltoii   5,  Adams-court.  Old  Broad-street. 

A  BRICKFIELD  (of  the  area  of  80  acres) 
in  OPERATION,  and  with  the  use  of  machinery  of  a  superior 
description,  drying  sheds.  For  em  an's  House,  five  Labourers' 
Cottages.  Ac.  to  be  LET.  Within  1\  miles  of  Morden. 
and  i  mile  of  Worcester  Park  Stations. — Apply  to  Messrs.  Wigg 
and  Oliver.  7.  Bedford-row,  W.C,  or  to  Messrs.  Stroad,  WoodTille- 
rosd,  Newington  Green,  N. 


FREEHOLD  BRICKFIELD  and  LIME 
WORKS  for  SXLE,  containing  abnut  27  acres,  has  a  great  depth 
of  very  superior  brick  earth,  and  the  advantage  of  a  capital  chalk  clilf. 
The  plant  comprises  1  flare  and  3  chalk  lime  kilns.  62ofL  of  tramway, 
steam  engine  and  boiler  (12-hor8e  power),  earth  and  chalk  mills,  oot- 
tages.  stabling,  sheds,  and  every  requisite  for  carrying  on  the  trade, 
and  in  thorough  working  order  ;  malm  eJLi-fh  prepared  for  about  two 
millions, .a  quantity  of  gas  and  town  breeze,  sand.  &c.,  to  be  taken  at 
a  valuation.  All  the  casing  and  other  bricks  on  the  field,  as  well  as 
nine  excellent  canal  boats,  waggons,  certs,  extni  rails,  barrows,  and 
all  other  implements  uf  trade,  may  bo  purchased  if  desired.  A  good 
profit  may  be  secured  by  s*le  of  the  chalk  to  neighbouring  brick- 
fields.— For  particulars  apply  at  Mr.  Marsh's  Temporary  Ofhces,  64. 
Cannon-street,  B.C. 

ATHEMATICAL  INSTRUMENTS,  of 

the  first  quality,  at  moderate  prices,  with  many  important 
Improvements.  Illustrated  catalogues  sent  post  free.  W,  F. 
Stanley.  Mathematical  Instrument  Maker  to  the  Government, 
3  and  6.  Great  Turnstile.  Holbom,  W.  C.  Stanley's  Treatise  on  Mathe- 
matical Drawing  Instruments,  post  free,  Cs, 


MANOR  PARK  ESTATE,  STREATHAM 
—Ahout27acresof  BUILDING  LANDonthis  desirableEntate 
To  be  LET  on  LEASE  for  Sf  years,  either  in  plots  or  as  a  whole,  for  the 
Erection  of  Detached  and  Semi-detached  Villas.  This  estate  is  within 
three  minutes'  w^lk  of  the  Streatham  Common  station  of  the  Croy- 
don Direct  Railway,  and  within  fifteen  minutes'  walk  of  the  Streatham 
station  of  the  Crystal  Palace  Railway ;  and  the  South  London.  Tooting, 
and  Sutton  Railway  will  shortly  have  a  station  ou  the  est;ite.  The 
roads  and  sewers  will  be  formed  by  the  freeholder.  The  estate  is  well 
timbered,  and  there  is  a  great  demand  for  good  villa  residences  in  the 
locality.  There  are  about  9^  aorea  of  accommodation  land.  Advances 
can  be  made  to  responsible  contractors. — Apply  to  Messrs.  C.  W.  and 
8,  W.  Lee.  3,  Whitehall- place. 


Fifth  Edition  now  ready,  in  1  vol.  8to,  price  52").  fid.  cloth. 

G WILT'S  ARCHITECTURE,  iUustrated 
with  more  than  Eleven  Hundred  Engravings  on  Wood.  Re- 
vised, with  Alterations  and  considerable  Additions,  by  Wvatt  Pat- 
woRTH,  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects.  Addi- 
tionally Illustrated  with  nearly  Four  Hundred  Engravings  on  Wood 
by  O.  Jewitt  ;,'ind  more  than  One  Hundred  other  Woodcuts, 

London  :  Longmams.  Gbees,  and  Co.,  Paternoster-row. 

Just  Published,  by  Post  Two  Stamps, 

"VTERVOUS   DEBILITY  :    Its   Cause  and 

_L.l  Cure. — A  guide  to  the  Cure  of  Nervousness,  Weakness,  Loss 
of  Appetite,  Indigestion.  &c.  Illustrated  with  cases  in  proof  of  the 
author's  successful  treatment,  with  necessary  instructions,  by  which 
futferers  may  obtain  a  cure. — Address,  Dr.  Smith,  8.  Burton-crescent, 
London,  W.C. 


SHORTHAND.  —  PITMAN's  PHONO- 
GRAPHY.— Phonography  is  taught  in  classat  10s  6d,  or  private 
instruction  given,  personally  or  by  post,  for  £1  Is.  the  perfect  course  of 
Lessons.  Pitman's  Shorthand  Teacher,  post  free  7d.  London :  20, 
Paternoster-row.  E.C. 


COMPETITIONS. 
AP.CHITECTUBAL  AND  PERSPECTIVE  DRAWINGS. 

DAY  and  SON  (Limited),  Lithographers 
and  Publishers.  6,  Gate-street,  Ijondon,  W,C..  are  prepared 
to  make  architectural  and  perspective  drawings  in  outline,  and 
finish  the  same  in  pencil,  ink.  sepia,  or  colour;  also  to  colour  or 
finish  drawings  supplitd  to  them  in  outline.  Their  arrangements  now 
enable  them  to  produce  competition  drawings  from  the  roughest 
sketches  or  suggestions.  Working  drawings,  elevations,  sections,  and 
plans  drawn  on  paper.  Photographic  copies  of  architectural  drawings 
and  plans  made  to  any  scale.  Phot >- lithographic  reproductions  made 
and  printed  in  large  oi  small  quantities.  Architectural  views  litho- 
graphed in  ink,  etching  style,  plain  black  chalk,  single  .and  double 
tinted,  lithography,  or  in  imitation  of  the  original  drawings,  by 
chromo-lithography.  Ground  plans,  elevations,  sections,  and  estate 
plans  lithographed  lor  advertisements  and  sale  purposes  Bills  of 
quantities  and  estimates,  circulars,  and  notes  lithographed  plain  or 
fac-simile.  Artists  or  photographers  capable  of  taking  architectural  or 
perspective  views  sent  to  all  parts  of  the  country.  Drawing  paper 
and  general  stationery  supplied  to  order.  Catalogues  of  architectural, 
ornamental,  and  illustrated  works,  and  architectural  photographs 
sent  on  application.  Architectur.\I  works  litJiographed,  printed, 
b.und,  and  published  on  commission. — Estimates  sent  on  receipt  of 
dimensions  and  description  of  work  required. 


■pOYAL  POLYTECHNIC— LEOTARD  ; 

X\)  or  "The  AUTOMATIC!"  "  Which  is  it?"  This  enigma 
variously  solved  by  wondering  thousands  who  witness  the  life- 
like performances  daily,  at  the  Royal  Polytechnic  Institution,  at 
3  ."viid  9.  "Landseer's  Lions."  exhibited  on  the  disc  d.iily  at  4  and  9, 
before  the  reading  of  Dickens's  "*  Christmas  Carol."  with  all  its  start- 
ling ghost  eB"eet3.  "The  Head  of  the  Decapitated  Speaking,"  at  3.30 
and  7.30,  N.E, — Professor  Pepper's  popular  course  of  lectures  on 
"Astronomy;"  with  the  results  of  Huggin's  Spectrum  Analysis ap- 
plied  to  the  Heavenly  Bodies,  will  commeuce  ou  Tuesday,  March 
ly,  at  2  o'clock,  and  be  continued  every  Tuesday  and  Thursday  during 
Lent,  at  the  Fiame  hour.    Open  from  12  to  5  and  7  to  10.    Admission  1 . 


GOUT  and  RHEUMATISM.— The  excru- 
dating  pain  of  Gout  or  Rheumatism  ia  quickly  reheved  and 
cured  in  a  few  days  by  that  celebrated  medicine,  BLAIR'S  GOUT  and 
BHEUMAViC  PILLS. 

They  require  no  restraint  of  diet  or  confinement  during  their  use, 
and  are  cerw  -n  to  prevent  the  disease  atta-.-klng  any  vital  part. 

Sold  by  all   ftledicine  Vendors,  at  Is,  Ijd.  and  '25.  yd.   per  box    or 
obtained  tlirough  any  Chemi&t, 


riOX   &  SON,  CHURCH   FURNITURE 

\J  MAN  UFACTURERS. 

28  and  29.  SOUTHAMPTON-STREET,    STRAND. 
PAINTED  and  STAIN  ED  GLASS  WORKS— 43  and  44,  Malden-l.ine 
(adjoining  Southampton -street),  W.C. 
WOOD  and  STONE  CARVING.  GOTHIC.   METAL,  and  MONU- 
MENTAL WORKS. 
BELVEDERE-ROAD.    LAMBETH.    S. 
CARVING, — A   great  reduction  effected  by  roughing  out  the  work 
by  machinery,  and  finishing  only  by  hand  labour. 
GOTHIC  JOINERS"  WORK  AND  FURNIIURE. 
GOTHIC    M£T.\L   WORK,  of  every  description,  both  in  Silver, 

Brass,  and   Iron, 
ESTIMATES   FURNISHED  to  the  Olergy.  Architects,  and  the 

Trade,  for  carrving  out  any  Desitn. 

THE  WHOLE  OF  THE  WORK   DONE  ON  THE  PREMISED. 

COX  &  SON'S  Illustrated  Catalogue  forlStiS,  with  several  hundred 

New   Designs  of  Church  Furniture,   Painted  Glass.  Decomtion.  ami 

Monuments,  foi-warded  for  six  stamps. 

SHOW  H00MS--2S  and  29,  Southampton-street,  Strand,  London. 


PRIZE  MEDAL,  1S62. 

HAMILTON         &         CO., 
No.  10.  GREEK  STREET.    SOHO  SQUARE,  LONDON,  W, 

Hole  Maimfactureri  ol 
C.  A.  WATKIN'S  PATENT    WIRE  BOUND,  ROUND,  and  OVAL 

PAINTING  BRUSHES. 

Distemper  Brushes,  Sash  Tools,  Stippling  Brushes,  Gilders'  and 
Graiuers"  Tools. 
These  goods  are  made  of  the  beat  materials  and  workmanship,  and 
have  obtained  a  high  reputation  among  the  chief  deconitors  in  the 
kingdom.  Varnish  and  Colour  Manufacturers,  Oilmen,  Merchants, 
Ac,  are  supplied  on  the  lowest  terms.  Price  Lists  forwarded  on  ap- 
plication. 


ACCIDENTS    WILL     HAPPEN. 

Everjone  should  therefore  provide  against  them  1 

£1.000  IN  CASE  OF  DEATH. 

Or  £6 per  Week  while  Laid  up  by  Injury,  caused  by 

ACCIDENT  OF  ANY  KIND, 

May  be  secured  by  an  Annual  Payment 

OF  FROM  £3  TO  £6  5s.   TO  THE 

RAILWAY  PASSENGERS'  ASSURANCE  COMPANY, 

The  oldest  established  Company  in  the  World  insuring  against 

ACCIDENTS  OF  EVERY  DESCRIPTION. 

64,  CoRNHiLL,  and  10,  Rege:nt  Street,  London. 

WILLIAM  J.  VI AN,  Secretary. 


A  SPHALTE— TRINIDAD— SEYSSELLI 

Xi-  —MINERAL  TAE.  " 

THOMAS  HARRISON  and  CO.  have  now  a  regular  Bnpply  of 
ROCHE  ASPHALTE  and  MASTIC  MINERAL  TAK  from  tnJic>t 
and  c.T.n  rmdertake  to  execute  any  work  tn  Aj^phalte  of  the  very  fijieil 
SeysseU  quality,  as  well  as  Trinidad  and  British  Asphalt*a,  on  thu 
most  reasonable  terms. 

ppppippn  ^  f or    every   deacription  of    BmLDisa,   Eailwat  and 
PREPARED  [^    AORJCFLTCRAI,  Work.  " 

TEMPFRED  (  ''"^  every  purpose,  situation,  and  Export  to  Kmt 

Rendered  to  uniform  consistency  by  Steam  Power. 

The  trade  supplied  on  advantageous  terms;  and  estimates  given    or 

works  of  anv  magnitude  ;  also  for 

LAYING  TAR  PA\T:MENT. 

THOMAS  HAERISON  &  Co. 

ASPHALTE.     WHITING.     AND    PAINT    W0EK8— 
Cambridge  Heath  Wharf,  Hackney, 
Sunderland  Wli.arf.  Rotherhithe, 
City  Otflces.  4.  New  London-Btreet,  E.G. 
(Opposite  the  Elackwall  Railway). 
FIRST  CLASS  MEDALS  TO  MAW  AND  CO..   EXHIBITIOlf  01 
186-2;  DUBLIN.  1865;  AND  OPORTO. 


THE  INTERNATIONAL  PRIZE  MEDAL, 

Awarded  1862, 

ALSO  THE  DUBLIN  MEDAL,  1865. 

To    BUILDERS.     CARI'KNTERS.    and    BLINDMAKEB3. 

JAS.  AUSTIN  &  SON, 

Manufacturers  of    the  above   Articles,   particularly  wish  to  direct 
the  attention  of  the  Trade  to  their 

IMPERIAL    PATENT    FLAX    SASH    LINES, 

Of  which  they  are  now  making  fonr  qualities,  and  they  strongly  reconi' 
mend  that  in  all  cases  they  should  be  purchased  in  preference  to  tke 
PATENT  LINES  made  from  Jute,  which  Article  has  neither  tht 
STRENGTH  nor  DURABILITY  of  FLAX,  consequently  cannot  givt 
so  much  satisfiiction  to  the  Consumer.  They  also  invite  the  particuM 
attention  of  Upholsterers  and  Blind  Makers  to  their  Improved  Patent 
Blind  Lines,  which  are  very  much  superior  to  anything  ye  ofEired 
to  the  trade. 

They  can  be  obtained  of  all  lUipemakers,  Iromnongen,  Merchanlf, 
Factors,  and  Wholesale  Houses  in  Town  and  Country, 
ESTABLISHED  1774. 


THE  IMPROVED  TANNED  LEATHER 
DRIVING  STRAPS. 

PATENT    EDGE-LAID   LEATHER 
STRAPS,  without  Lap  or  Cross  Joints.     Superior  to  all  othm 
for  Portable  Engines. 

PRIME  STRAP  AND  SOLE  BUTTS. 

Price  Lists  sent  free  by  post. 

THE   TANNED  LEATHER  COMPANY, 

TANKEKS,  CUKRIERS,  sc. 

ARMIT  WORKS,  GREENFIELD,  NEAR  MANCHESTEB 

WAREHOUSE— 81,  MARK-LANE,  LONDON,  E.C. 

MR.  H.  FERRABEE,  ABENL 


CARTS,   LADDERS,    BARROWS,   &c.— - 
GEORGE  ELL  and  CO.,   Builders  of  Carta.    Vans, 
TrucksTrolleys.  *c  ,  Contractors'  and  Builders'  Plant. 

LADDEKS.  BARROWS.  TRESTLES.     riTEPS,   PORT.VBLB 

SCAFFOLDS,    PICK-HELVES,    HAMMER    HANDLES,    te,r 

Wheels  made  by  Imi.roved  Machinery  on  the  Premises. 

A  large  Variety  of  t>oth  Light  aud  Heavy  Wheels  kejit  in  StOBlb  I 

Bariowa.  Dobbin,  and  other  Cart^    intended  for  Eipurtatloo,  MfL 

made  by  Machinery  so  as  to  be  interchangeable  in  their  parts,  fortt^tl 

convenience  of  packing  for  shipment. 

Scaffolding,   Ladders.  Barrows.  Trestles.  Step.  &&,  Lent  on  Hlllb  , 
Price  Lists  on  application, 

GEORGE     ELL    &    CO.,         ^, 

EUSTON  WORKS.  S66  and  363.  EU3T0N  ROAD.  LONDON.S.Vil 

Day  and  Gas  Light  lte!!*ctor  manufacturer. 

— HOMAS  FOX,  9j,  HATTON  GARDEN™ 


T 


These    Reflectors  never    tarnish,    require    no  cleaning,    and  i 
the  most  effective  and  durable  yet  presented  to  the  public. 

N.B.— The  usual  Di&count  to  Buildera  and  the  Trads. 


CHAELES    STRUTTON, 

34,      COMMEECIAL-ROAD,      LaMBETH. 
BABOES  LET  BY  THB  DAT  OR  TKAR. 


NOTICE. 

GEORGE      DAVENPORT 

CABINETMAKER   AND   UPHOLSTERER, 
Is  ready  to  supply  in  any  Quantity 

Thonet  Bros.'   Austrian  Bent  Wood 
Furniture, 

Which  has  obtaimd  Prize  MedaU  at  every  Exhibition  if 

Europe  since  1851. 
It  is  the  Strongest  and  Cheapest,  and  at  the  same  time  Llghtert  W 
most  Elegant  production  of  the  Cabinetmaker's  art  ever  introdUMB 
combining  in  the  highest  degree  Economy  and  Utility, 

An  insi>ection  of  his  large  Stock  of  this  Manufacture  U  IMPM^ 
fully  solicited  by 

GEORGE  DAVENPORT, 

10.    LUDGATE    HILL.    LONDON,    E.O. 

Depot  for  the  United  Kingdom. 


TO   INVENTORS   AND  PATENTEES. 


MESSRS. 

ROBERTSON,  BROOMAN,  AND  CO. 

CIVIL  ENGINEERS 
AND     PATENT    AGENTS, 

(EstabUshed  1823). 

166,  FLEET  STREET,    LONDON. 

UKDeAtAKE     to    OBTAIN      PATENTS    FOR     INVEMIKW 

PROVISIONAL  PROTECTIONS 

APPLIED  FOR. 

Specifications  Drawn  and  Revised. 

DISCLAIil-ERS  AND  MEMORANDUMS  Of  ALim 
TJONS  PREPARED  AND  FILlsD. 
ADVICES     ON    CASES    SUBMITTED, 
OPINIONS  AS  TO  INFRINGEMENTS,  Ac,  4( 

OPPOSITIONS  eONDUCT£I>. 

Messrs.  Robertson,  Brooman,  and  Co. 
Undertake  (upon  Commission)  Omer 
for  all  Engineering  Constructiona,  B«i- 
ways,  Locomotive,  and  other  Steal' 
Engines,  &c.,  &c. 


April  5,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


233 


THE   BUILDING  NEWS. 


LONDON,  FRIDAT,  APRIL  5,  1867. 


EASTERN    ART* 

FROM  the  East,  prefigured  Viy  the  star, came 
wistlom  from  the  earliest  af^es — the 
Ea^t,  the  cradle  of  mankind,  the  birth|)lace 
and  sanctuary  of  religion,  art,  institutions, 
and  ideas.  The  very  immobility  of  the  East, 
the  absence  of  all  progress  in  its  sultry  lati- 
tudes, has  something  marvellous  and  imposing. 
Sphynx-like  it  contemplates  the  rise  and  fall 
of  countries,  centuries,  dynasties,  races. 
Neither  war  nor  time  has  triumphed  over  its 
sublime  repose.  Invaders,  be  they  moral  or 
physical,  have  passed  away  without  leaving  a 
trace,  or  have  been  assimilated  into  its  spirit. 
This  spirit  is  developed  in  certain  types  in- 
iligenous  to  these  countries — types  that  have 
triumphed  over  changes  of  dyna.sty,  and  even 
of  religion — dependent  principally  on  climate, 
lustoms,  and  habits  which  the  course  of  cen- 
turies has  not  modified.  These  types  aft'ord 
iumense  cope  to  the  critical  observer,  and 
-'.1  easily  be  traced  from  the  earliest  period, 
I' lit  for  the  present  we  wiU  be  satisfied  in 
fxamining  the  middle-age  aspect  of  Eastern 
ivilisation,  and  this  will  be  most  effectually 
■lie  by  considering  its  architecture,  the 
pt-cially  representative  art  of  the  immutable 
East. 

Architecture  is  at  once  the  most  beautiful 
and  the  grandest  of  the  arts,  capable  of  the 
loftiest,  the  subtlest,  the  most  refined  expres- 
sion. Painting  and  sculpture,  contemplated 
ou  this  grand  scale,  are  but  artistic  accidents. 
It  is  to  the  splendid  perspectives  of  Memphis, 
Thebes,  Cairo,  Babylon,  or  Venice  that  one 
must  look  for  the  grandest  development  of  ar- 
chitectural art,  beside  which  the  delicate  de- 
tails of  sculpture,  either  as  immortalised  by 
Phidias  or  ililo,  sink  into  insignificance.  To 
bring  to  bear  the  same  sentiment  of  the 
beautiful  in  the  contour  of  a  monument  or 
the  aspect  of  a  vast  city  which  is  displayed  in 
the  conception  of  a  statue  or  a  picture  is  truly 
the  very  highest  effort  of  genius,  requiring  an 
int'iition  and  a  symbolism  far  profounder  than 
the  mere  reproduction  of  the  human  form. 
Architecture  as  an  art  separates  itself  so  en- 
tirely from  all  other  arts  by  its  combination, 
formulaa,  lines,  and  developments — it  has  so 
completely  its  own  conception  of  the  beautiful, 
that  it  amounts  almost  to  an  instinct,  the  in- 
stinct of  construction,  allied,  one  may  conceive, 
to  another  and  more  universal  instinct,  that  of 
self-preservation.  This  view  of  the  subject 
has  been  little  developed  by  writers  on  archi- 
tecture, who  generally  see  in  early  monu- 
ments but  the  successive  modifications  of  igno- 
r.mt  ages.  These  architectural  instincts  were 
specially  developed  in  the  East,  from  whence 
the  Greeks  unquestionably  borrowed  the  ideas 
of  an  elder  and  more  advanced  race,  adapting 
them  to  the  special  wants  and  requirements 
of  their  o^vn  country. 

The  instinct  of  construction,  common  to 
anirnals  as  well  as  to  men,  is  the  undoubted 
origin  of  architecture.  It  is  to  be  regretted 
that  this  instinct  has  been  strangely  overlooked 
'  V  archaeologists,  who  in  their  scientific  re- 
arches  have  failed  to  observe  that  from  the 
■  Tain  of  man  turned  to  the  consideration  of 
liow  he  could  shelter  himself  and  his  offspring 
proceeds  the  germ  of  construction.  The  sanje 
-'crm  is  obserwable  more  or  less  strongly  in 
lifferent  animals,  as  well  as  in  different  races  ; 
t  is  regulated  by  the  wants,  the  climate,  and 
iiabits  of  the  various  countries  they  inhabit. 
Birds,  for  instance,  construct  their  nests  by  a 
;ommon  instinct,  and  their  calculation  as  to 
he  best  means  of  self-preservation  is  not  to 
'e  surpassed  by  the  most  learned  geometrician. 


•  This  article  was  suggested  bv  a  work  of  M.  de  Beau- 
Qont. 


The  bird  of  passage  builds  her  light  dwelling 
on  the  ground,  but  the  crosv,  an  experienced 
mason,  constructs  his  nest  solidly  for  life. 
Ants  are  perhaps  of  all  created  things  tlie 
most  wonderful  exemplification  of  this  instinct. 
They  raise  pyramids  and  construct  cities, 
where  liberty  of  circulation,  easy  access  by 
means  of  ladders,  internal  ventilation,  drain- 
age, and  every  other  complicated  accessory  of 
construction,  are  skilfully  adapted  and  modi- 
fietl  to  the  various  positions  cliosen  by  these 
raar\fcllous  little  animals,  whose  works  can 
challenge  favourable  comparison  with  the 
most  elaborate  human  conceptions.  From 
what  does  this  proceed  but  from  instinct,  and, 
if  admitted,  why  deny  to  man  llie  same  and 
analogous  faculty  \  Uranted,  then,  this  faculty, 
some  country,  some  race  of  men  must  have 
existed  where  it  was  specially  developed,  and 
where  among  ancient  monuments  the  earliest 
specimens  are  to  l)e  found.  Nothing  can  be 
easier  than  to  describe  the  country  and  the 
race  where  vast  moniunents,  like  pages  of  the 
great  architectural  book  of  Time,  lead  us  pro- 
gressively, step  by  step,  up  to  the  civilisation 
of  the  middle  ages ;  and  again  can  be  plainly 
traced  back  from  its  sudden  development  in 
Europe,  and  France  in  particular,  to  those 
Eastern  lands  from  whence  it  came — perfected 
by  the  lapse  of  eight  or  ten  centuries.  Like 
Minerva  springing  from  the  brain  of  Jupiter, 
so  came  architecture  into  Europe — vigorous, 
beautiful,  complete. 

This  view  of  the  origin  of  architecture  in 
the  middle  ages  is  most  important  in  theory 
as  reversing  all  previous  conclusions.  It  was 
scientific  and  logical,  formed  on  a  special 
study  of  nature,  and  owing  nothing  to  the 
traditions  of  Pagan  art.  Admirable  as  were 
the  monuments  of  Egypt,  Greece,  and  Rome, 
perfected  and  idealised  by  the  exquisite  deco- 
rations of  sculpture  and  painting,  they  still 
betrayed  certain  inexperience  in  design  and 
monotony  in  conception.  Mass  rested  upon 
mass,  stretching  onward  in  lengthened  lines, 
unable  by  their  construction  to  rise  into 
noble  altitudes.  The  pyramids  were  simply 
rude  mountains  of  materials,  solely  imposing 
from  their  size  ;  the  monuments  of  India  and 
Arabia,  excavations  and  ornamental  caverns 
in  the  living  rock.  China,  with  its  graceful 
wooden  erections,  offers  nothing  of  value. 
Where,  then,  is  to  be  found  the  source,  the 
artisti  cinstinct  of  architectirre  ]  From  whence 
came  this  art,  complete  in  boldness  and 
grandeur.  Gazing  into  the  mists  of  the  past, 
what  shadowy  Babel  tower  rises  vaguely 
before  us,  terracing  tier  above  tier  to  that  sky 
which  it  proudly  professes  to  reach  \  Chaotic 
is  the  conception,  traditional  are  its  records, 
but  its  builders  were  the  creators  of  the 
grandest  style  of  arcliitecture,  tlie  first  incu- 
Ijators  of  those  wonders  which,  fully  developed 
bj'  successive  centuries,  came  into  Europe  as  a 
completed  system.  To  the  East,  then,  let  us 
go  to  ask  how  architecture  arose,  how  it  was 
formed,  and  how  developed.  The  period  of 
which  we  would  speak,  although  occupying  a 
most  important  place  in  the  history  of  art,  is 
little  known  and  little  studied.  Slany  parts 
of  the  East  are  only  cursorily  explored  by 
artists  and  antiquarians,  who  generally  prefer 
making  the  monuments  of  Egypt  and  Greece 
their  peculiar  study  rather  than  the  pure 
formsof  modern  Orientalart.  Everything  in  the 
East  is  linked  so  imperceptibly  together — art 
and  nature  are  so  immutable,  that  it  is  diffi- 
cult to  mark  the  transition  of  ancient  into 
modern  art,  especially  where  literary  annals 
are  wanting.  But  a  decided  transformation, 
emanating  from  the  East,  certainly  took  place 
both  in  ideas,  religion,  and  art,  over  the 
whole  Western  world  about  the  time  of  the 
birth  of  Christ.  The  subsequent  foundation 
of  the  City  of  Byzantium,  and  the  recon- 
struction of  the  empire  in  the  East,  gave  a 
new  and  very  marked  impetus  to  Eastern  art. 
From  a  very  early  period  the  East  was  to  the 
West  what  the  two  Americas  subsequently 
became — a  promised  land  of  golden  dreams, 
where  liberty,  riches,  and  peace  flourished 
ivnder  an  ever-shining  sim — a  nature  peren- 


nially beautiful.      Weary  of  the  decrepitude, 
debauchery,  incredulity,  and  baseness  of  the 
old  Roman  empire,  Constantine,  when  adopt- 
ing a   new  religion,  determined   to   transport 
the   imperial  capital  into  the  East,  to  break 
up  new  ground  both  in  government  and  civil- 
isation, as  well  as  in  faith.     To  liberate  him- 
self from  the  conspiracies   against  his  person 
and  the   trammels   on  his   government  (con- 
stantly fostered   by  the  opposition  of  the  old 
Pagan  world)  he  turned   his  eyes  toward  the 
golden  East,  and  realised  an  almost  visionary 
project  by  ])lanting  the  capital  of  the  world  on 
the  banks  of  the  Bosphorus.     But,  strange  to 
say,  instead  of  introducing  Western  influences 
on  the  new  capital,  the  indomitable  spirit  of 
the  East   imposed   itself    on   its   con(|uerors. 
From  this  moment  dates  Byzantine  art,  which 
owes   nothing  either   to   Rome  or  to  Greece. 
Does  the  bold  conception  of  the  cupula  of  St. 
Sophia,  hanging  in  mid-air  like  a  lustre  sus- 
pended by  a  thread   from  the  Heavens,  own 
any  community  of  origin  with  the  flat  roofs 
of  Grecian  temples  I    Its   fantastic  ornamen- 
tation, so  varied,  so  capriciously  graceful,  has 
no   possible  connection    with   the'  Doric   or 
Corinthian  orders.     Neither  have  its  mosaics, 
executed  on  a  gold  grouml  with  morsels   of 
glass,  so  admirably  ada]ited  to  decorative  art, 
any  possible  affinity  with  the  paintings  of  the 
schools.        Greece,   like  Rome,   had   at    that 
period   died   out — it   was  forgotten,   defaced, 
despoiled,  and  was  now  replaced  by  Asiatic 
influences  destined  from  this  time  to  exercise 
a  complete  influence   over   the  Romans,  ever 
willing   to   assimilate  all   that  was  noble  and 
beautiful  in  art,  the   more   readily  from  the 
entiTe   absence   of    any    original   or   creative 
faculties  in  themselves.     Can  it  be  conceived 
that    the    Romans   in     founding   Byzantium 
created    spontaneously    the    architecture    of 
which  St.  Sophia  is  the  purest  type  \     Is  it 
credible  that  in   all   the  length  and  breadth 
of  Asia,  and  of  Persia,  since  the  conquests  of 
Alexander  and   the   breaking-up  of  his  vast 
empire   no   architecture    was   cherished   and 
developed  /     After  the  destruction  of  Nine- 
veh,  Babylon,  and  Persepolis,   manufactures, 
customs,    .and    habits   gradually   returned   to 
their  ordinary  channels.     The  old  civilisation 
had  lain  dormant,  not  extinct,  and  was  ready 
to   awake   into  active   existence  by  any  pre- 
disposing cause.     The   Persian  Empire,  even 
after  the  death  of  Alexander,  was  a  country  of 
commerce   and  of    industry.        Babylon,  for 
.ages  the  centre  of  all  the  fabiilous  riches  of 
tiie  East,  fed  by  the  Euphrates  .and   liordeied 
by  interminable  quays,  where  ships  from  In- 
dia and  the   Mediterranean   ports    still    lay 
moored,   yet    retained  traces   of   its    former 
splendour.     Carpets  of  gorgeous  colour,  stuffs 
of  gold,  silk,  cotton,  and  wool,  enamels,  arms, 
glass,  carving,   furniture,   perfumes,   precious 
stones,  pictures,  manuscripts,  were  Ijorne  into 
the  new  Roman  capital  by  countless  caravans. 
Thus  did  the  magical  spirit  of  the  East  en- 
chant and  conquer  the  Roman  settlers  in  the 
new  city.     Thus  was  practically  re.alised  the 
golden  visions  which  led   on   the   Argonauts 
into  unknown   se<as    and   strangest  latitudes, 
symbolised  by  the  fable  of  the  Golden  Fleece 
concpiered  by   Jason — visions  which  became 
many   centuries   later  a  kind   of    enchanted 
mirage   to   the     Spaniards,    Portuguese,   and 
Italians.     They  were  at  last   realised   by  Co- 
lumlnis   and  Yasco  di   Gamba,  who — modem 
Jasons — sought  .and  found  the  real  treasure? 
prefigured  in  the    old  Grecian   fable.      Let, 
therefore,  the  notion  be  for  ever  banished  that 
the  Rom.ans  created  an  architecture  at  Byzan- 
tium.    The  new  Rome  was  only  the  platform 
where  was   exhibited   before   the   eyes  of  the 
Western    world   that     art   and   consummate 
knowledge  of  art,  perfected  for   centuries   in 
Persia,  but  unknown  in  Europe,  by  its  geo- 
graphical isolation,  its  moimtain  barriers,  as 
well  as  enormous  distance.     When,  therefore, 
CoiLstantine  established,  in  395,  old  Rome  in 
the   new   city,   he  found   ready   prepared    a 
brilliant  and  finished  intellectu<al  life  in  mar- 
vellous harmony  with   the  picturesque    and 
\  gorgeous  aspects  of  Eastern  life.     There  was, 


234 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


April  5,  1867. 


then,  in  the  new  style  of  architecture  inaugu- 
rated by  the  new  city,  no  recollection  of 
Greco-Roman  art.  The  straight  heavy  lines 
characteristic  of  horizontal  architecture  were 
transformed  into  graceful  curves  and  mantling 
arches,  rising  light  and  perpendicular  up- 
wards. Horizontal  and  perpendicular  are, 
indeed,  the  best  terms  to  apply  to  these  widely 
dissimilar  styles  —  the  Perpendicular  or 
Persian  style  to  be  studied  at  Nineveh,  Perse- 
polis,  and  Babylon,  where  vast  halls,  with 
conical  roofs,  domes,  ranges  of  arches,  towers 
and  minarets,  were  supported  by  a  forest  of 
light  pillars.  This  poetic  architecture  came 
ready  made  to  the  hands  of  the  Romans,  who 
at  once  adopted  it  in  their  new  city,  and 
called  it  Byzantine,  applying  it  to  the 
temples  of  their  new  laith,  and  accepting  it  as 
the  type  of  Christian  art.  The  characteristic 
features  of  the  new  style  are  specially  dis- 
played in  facades,  where  grand  efi'ects  of 
light  and  shade  are  produced  by.  skilful  in- 
equalities of  surface,  by  the  light  yet  gran- 
diose character  of  the  large  arches,  mounting 
higher  and  higher  and  often  terminating  in  a 
point.  This  truly  Oriental  style  attained 
special  perfection  in  the  reign  of  the  Emperor 
Basil,  in  whose  public  buildings  arch  upon 
arch,  cupola  upon  cupola,  dome  surrounded 
by  domes,  offered  the  strongest  contrast  to 
heavy  pillars  supporting  flat  roofs  and  huge 
masses  of  frontispiece,  requiring  every 
adjunct  and  embellishment  of  Grecian  sculp- 
tm-e  to  disguise  their  baldness.  F.  E. 

{To  be  continiKd.) 


THE     COURTS     OF     .JUSTICE     COM- 
PETITION. 

Article  XII. 

MR.  E.  M.  BAR.RY,  like  his  brotherassociate 
Mr.  Street,  has  competed  for  the  new 
Courts  of  Justice  as  thoroughly  as  he  did  for 
the  National  Gallery.  There  is,  however,  a 
vast  difference  between  the  two  A.R.A.s.  Mr. 
Street  competed  for  the  National  Gallery  with 
the  pluck  of  a  Gothicist,  to  show  that  he  could 
design  a  Gothic  picture  gallery,  and  stuck 
manfully  to  his  colours.  Mr.  Barry  competes 
for  the  Law  Courts,  deserting  his  Renaissance 
mistress,  who  has  hitherto  so  well  befriended 
him,  for  a  Gothic  model  of  Cjuestionable  cha- 
racter. In  plan  Mr.  Barry's  scheme  has  points 
of  resemblance  to  Jlr.  Scott's  ;  thus,  the  outer 
shell  or  zone  of  buildings  only  carried  round 
three  sides,  the  side  towards  the  Strand  having 
no  outer  buildings.  Within  this  extei-nal  line 
of  offices  is  a  street  with  exit  and  entrance 
from  the  Strand,  and  within  the  main  block 
of  buildings  in  which  are  the  courts  we  have 
an  open  area,  and  within  that  a  central  hall 
and  dome  with  corridors  extending  laterally 
and  enclosing  open  quadrangles.  The  great 
drawback  both  to  this  plan  and  to  Mr.  Scott's 
arrangement  is  the  difficulty  which  one  would 
have  in  finding  any  person ;  for  a  regular  hide- 
and-seek  game  might  be  carried  on  every  day 
without  the  slightest  intention'  of  dodging, 
whilst  the  regular  dodger  would  find  a  perfect 
paradise  in  the  numerous  angles  and  ins-and- 
outs  of  the  designs  we  have  just  mentioned. 
In  the  arrangements  ofthe  courts  we  .are  some- 
what surprised  to  find  that  Ml-.  Barry  has 
placed  his  Exchequer  Courts  on  the  Carey- 
street  side.  Thi.s  is  a  manifest  mistake. 
Another  erroneous  reading  of  the  "  instruc- 
tions," as  it  seems  to  us,  is  evidenced  in  the 
management  of  the  entrances  for  the  oi  polloi, 
which  are  not  distinct  and  separate,  but  are 
arranged  to  serve  groups  of  courts.  "  The 
access  to  the  public  galleries  is  by  separate  and 
distinct  staircases,  entered  directly  from  the 
street.  The  staircases  are  arranged  like  the 
great  circular  staircase  at  the  Chateau  of  Cham- 
bord.  There  are  four  of  these  staircases,  each 
containing  two  separate  sets  of  stairs.  Stair- 
cases are  also  provided  for  the  Appellate  and 
spare  courts,  so  that  there  are  ten  staircases 
for  the  exclusive  use  of  the  public  for  ap- 
proaching their  galleries  in  the  several  courts, 


which  are  arranged  in  groups  corresponding 
to  the  number  of  the  staircases."  The  arrange- 
ment of  the  Record  department  forms  a  very 
important  and  salient  feature  in  many  of  the 
designs  ;  but  Mr.  Barry  having  determined  on 
a  central  dome,  says  "  The  provision  for  the 
documents  of  the  Probate  Court  is  att'orded  by 
the  dome  and  the  central  mass  on  which  it 
rests.  This  is  considered  a  more  compact  and 
convenient  arrangement  than  a  tower  or  towers, 
which,  to  afford  the  amount  of  accommoda- 
tion required,  must  necessarily  be  of  great 
height."  This  is  carrying  out  the  principle 
of  utility  with  a  vengeance  ;  and  we  regret 
it,  because  we  feel  satisfied  that  the  archi- 
tect who  grapples  as  successfully  as  Jlr. 
Barry  does  with  his  masses  would  have  added 
dignity  to  his  building  by  following  the  special 
requirements  of  the  Record  department.  To 
return  for  a  moment  to  the  public  staircases. 
We  ought  undoubtedly  to  give  Mr.  Barry 
praise  for  his  ."Chambord"  staircases,  for, 
although  we  can  by  no  means  give  him  the 
merit  of  having  solved  the  proV)lem  contained 
in  the  2.5tli  clause  of  the  instructions,  \-iz.,  to 
provide  for  mere  public  spectators  a  separate 
access  to  each  court,  still  the  adoption  of  the 
Chambord  idea  is  far  in  advance  of  some  of 
the  competitors,  who  seem  to  have  either 
neglected  this  very  important  part  of  the  plan 
or  to  have  been  unequal  to  cope  with  the  con- 
ditions. The  two  great  questions  of  acoustics 
and  ventilation  Mr.  Barry  gets  rid  of  in  four 
short  paragraphs.  He  very  properly  con- 
siders skylights  objectionable,  and  has  lighted 
his  courts  through  high  side  windows.  But 
he  observes  an  ominous  silence  touching  the 
stylo  of  his  architecture,  which  perhaps  was 
the  wisest  thing  to  do,  considering  all  the  cir- 
cumstances ;  for,  after  giving  this  competitor 
all  credit  for  his  general  disposition  of  the 
masses  of  his  building,  for  the  general  pro- 
portions, and  for  the  gradation  of  proportions, 
we  have  nothing  left  to  do  but  to  take  leave  of 
the  design  or  find  fault.  It  would  scarcely  be 
fair  to  those  of  whose  works  we  have  been  free 
to  speak  our  mind,  were  we  to  pass  by  Mr. 
Barry  without  our  usual  grumble  ;  and  this  is 
all  the  more  necessary  when  we  consider  the 
influence  his  pleasing  perspective  may  have  on 
those  who  are  indifferent  to  detail.  It  is 
almost  entirely  on  this  question  of  detail  that 
Mr.  Barry's  design  fails.  Nominally  "  the 
style  he  has  selected,"  as  the  phrase  goes,  is 
the  Geometrical  Decorated.  UeaPy  it  is  the 
Perpendicular  of  King  Edward's  School  at 
Birmingham,  bedizened  with  decorated  tracery 
and  a  heap  of  crockets  and  pinnacles.  Now, 
with  the  exception  of  the  tracery  forms,  there 
is  nothing  in  the  details  of  the  design  before 
us  to  distinguish  it  from  the  most  common- 
place modern  Perpendicular  work.  Of  posi- 
tive uglinesses  there  are  not  perhaps  so  many 
as  may  be  found  in  some  of  the  other  designs, 
but  when  they  do  occur  it  seems  as  if  ,Mr. 
Barry  had  really  enjoyed  the  caricature  of 
Gothic  which  is  e.xhibited  in  parts  of  his 
design.  AVhat,  for  instance,  can  be  worse  th.an 
the  hea\'y  interior  of  the  central  hall,  the 
cast-iron  looking  bridge  over  Temple  Bar,  or 
the  clock  tower  close  by  \  Then,  again,  the 
fizzy,  ilying-buttressed  tops  to  the  four  great 
Chambord  staircases  are  as  bad  as  any  of  the 
Perpendicular  fizzinesses  which  obtained  under 
the  Georgian  geniuses,  who  used  to  design 
ruined  abbeys  to  decorate  their  clients' 
pleasure  grounds.  We  must  confess  to  being 
greatly  disappointed  with  the  detailed  treat- 
ment of  Mr.  Barry's  work.  It  is  quite  un- 
worthy of  the  architect  of  the  F.ndell-street 
Schools ;  and  we  trust  that  when  he  next  tries 
his  hand  on  Gothic  he  will  select .  his  own 
work  in  St.  Giles's  as  a  starting  point,  rather 
than  the  meretricious  Gothic  of  the  last 
century. 

Mr.  Abraham  commences  his  report  as 
follows  : — "  In  the  year  1864  Mr.  Abraham, 
who  has  the  honour  of  submitting  this  present 
design  to  her  IMajesty's  commissioners  for  the 
New  Law  Courts,  prepared  floor  plans  for  the 
concentration  of  the  Courts  of  Justice,  which 
have  since  been  purchased  by  her  Majesty's 


Government  for  the  use  of  the  commissioners. 
It  will  be  observed,  no  doubt,  that  thoae 
former  plans  are  more  symmetrical  and  regular 
in  outline,  and  generally  of  more  geometric 
form,  than  these  later  ones,  and  it  may  be 
conjectured  that  carelessness  for  ichnographic 
excellence  or  want  of  study  has  caused  what 
may  fairly  be  imagined  a  disimprovenient ; 
neither  of  these  delinquencies,  however,  has 
contributed  to  this  result.  Anew  and  origi- 
nal design  was  due  from  Mr.  Abraham  under 
his  present  engagement ;  he  cotdd  not  supply 
it  by  merely  grafting  new  requirements  ontha 
old  stock,  so  he  had  to  disengage  himself  from 
his  early  ideas  and  cast  them  into  a  new 
mould  of  sufficient  capacity  to  contain  the  en- 
larged view  of  the  subject,  and  give  to  fitness, 
commodiousness,  and  practicability  the  pre- 
eminence due  to  them,  even  at  the  cost  of  an 
attractive  outline."  At  the  end  of  his  report, 
speaking  of  his  design,  Mr.  Abraham  states 
that  "  he  is  fully  aware  that  it  is  imperfect, 
wants  finish,  refinement,  and  much  further 
study.''  In  consideration  of  Mr.  Abraham's 
manifest  consciousness  of  his  shortcomings, 
having  due  regard  to  the  patience  of  our  read- 
ers, and  bearing  in  mind  the  history  of  the 
subject,  and  the  very  evident  reasons  why  Mr. 
Abraham  was  included  in  the  chosen  few,  we 
think  we  may  fairly  be  excused  if  we  refrain 
altogether  from  criticising  a  design  of  which 
we  feel  we  could  not  jiustly  say  one  word  in 
praise,  and  as  to  blame  anything  we  might 
be  called  on  to  say  would  be  quite  supereroga- 
tory, for  neither  the  design  nor  the  drawings 
by  which  it  is  expressed  can  have  the  slight- 
est influence  for  good  or  bad  beyond  the 
author's  immediate  circle  of  acquaintance. 
***** 
Our  illustration  this  week  shows  the  Strang 
front  of  Mr.  Scott's  design,  which  in  general 
mass  is  not  unlike  Mr.  Barry's.  Where  Mr. 
Barry  uses  gables  in  the  flanks  of  his  central 
projection  Mr.  Scott  uses  towers.  In  the  de- 
sign of  these  towers,  in  the  exaggerations  of 
windows  in  the  central  portion,  and  in  the 
unpleasant  admixture  of  German  and  Italian 
ideas,  the  general  design  differs  not  a  little. 
The  chief  charm  of  the  Strand  front  is  the 
noble  arcade  of  the  ground  floor,  which  iij 
treated  with  an  admirable  gradation  of  pro; 
portion  and  enrichment. 


d 


H 


WHY  DOES  THE   CLOCK  KEEP  TIME?* 

IT  may  seem  strange  to  some  of  the  mem'oers  of 
the  Edinburgh  ilorological  Society  that  one 
of  their  body  should  select  what  seems,  on  the  first 
glance,  to  be  such  an  absurd  subject  for  a  paper 
as,  "Why  does  the  clock  keep  time  ?"  Many  of 
the  members  we  fancy  may  say,  why  it  cannot 
help  keeping  time ;  the  clock  is  m.ade  after  careful 
and  laborious  study,  combined  with  experience 
gained  since  the  earliest  ages.  It  is  made  agreeing 
with  the  most  severe  rules  in  mathematics,  a5  tested 
by  the  most  experienced  of  the  professors  of  that 
science.  It  is  made  of  the  very  best  materialfl 
that  can  be  procured  either  by  the  skill  of  man,  or 
that  nature  in  its  prolixity  can  produce.  It  ia 
made  (so  to  speak)  to  be  under  the  control  of,  we 
will  say,  a  pendulum,  and  that  pendulum  of  the 
proper  length,  made  of  materials  that  will  either 
expand  or  contract  according  to  the  weather.  It 
is  under  the  surveillance  of,  we  will  say,  one  who 
is  devoted  to  the  perfection  of  mechanism,  one  who 
considers  trouble  not  worth  considering  that  will 
adv,ance  the  science  (and  so  it  is)  that  he  is  so 
ardent  a  disciple  of.  We  will  say  let  all  these 
answers  be  brought  forward,  and  yet  the  question, 
"  Why  does  the  clock  keep  time  f"  remains  un- 
answered. A  peudidous  body  vibrates  when  it  is 
suspended,  so  that  the  centre  of  its  mass  is  not 
placed  directly  mider  the  point  of  suspension, 
because  then  the  alternating  influences  of  weight 
and  velocity  are  constantly  impressing  it  with 
motion.  Weight  carries  it  down  as  far  as  it  can 
go  towards  the  earth's  attraction  ;  acquired  velocity 
then  carries  it  onwards,  but  as  the  onward  move- 
ment is  constrained  to  be  upward  against  the 
direction  of  the  earth's  attraction  that  force  an- 
tagonises and  at  last  arrests  it,  for  velocity  flaga 

*  Paper  read  before  the  Edinburgh  Horological  SociatJ 
By  Mr.  David  Spexce. 


It 


April  5,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


235 


when  it  has  to  drag  its  load  up  hill  and  soon  gives 
over  the  eflfort.  The  body  swings  down  hill  with 
increasing  rapidity  because  weight  and  velocity 
are  then  both  driving  it.  It  swings  up  hill  with 
diminishing  rapiditj-  because  then  weight  is  pulling 
it  back  in  opposition  to  the  force  of  velocity. 
Weight  pulls  first  this  way,  then  that  way;  velocity 
carries  first  this  way,  then  that  way,  but  the  two 
)).)wers  do  not  act  evenly  and  steadily  together. 
They  now  combine  with,  and  now  oppose  each 
other ;  now  increase  their  influence  together,  and 
now  augment  and  diminish  it  inversely  and  alter- 
nately, and  so  the  suspended  body  is  tossed  back- 
wards and  forwards  between  them  and  made  to 
perform  its  endless  dance.  It  is  related  of  Galileo 
that  he  once  stood  watching  a  swinging  lamp  hang- 
ing from  the  roof  of  tho  cathedral  at  PLsa,  until 
he  convinced  himself  that  it  performed  its  vibra- 
^  tory  movement  in  the  same  time,  whether  the 
vibration  was  one  of  wide  or  of  narrow  span.  This 
traditionary  tale  is  most  probably  correct  in  its 
main  features ;  for  the  Newtons  and  Galileos  of  all 
agea  do  perceive  great  truths  in  occurrences  that 
are  as  common  place  as  the  fall  of  an  apple  or  the 
disturbance  of  a  hanging  lamp.      The  orchard  at 

'  '  dathropeand  the  cathedral  at  Pisa  were  outlets 

i  this  kind,  through  which  the  pent-up  tide  of 
.-itliering  knowledge  burst.  If  thej'  had  never 
■  ■tfc'red  themselves,  the  laws  of  universal  gravitation 
and  isochronous  vibration  woiUd  still  have  reached 
the  world.  If  we  hang  up  two  equal  weights 
upon  nearly  the  same  point  of  suspension  and  by 
means  of  two  strings  of  exactly  the  same  length, 
we  will  have  an  apparatus  at  our  command  that 

i!I  enable  us  to  see  under  even  more  favourable 
iditions  what  Galileo  saw  in  the  Cathedral  of 
I'Lsa.  Upon  drawing  one  of  them  aside  one  foot 
from  the  position  of  rest,  and  the  other  one  yard, 
and  then  starting  them  off  both  together  to  vibrate 
backwards  and  forwards,  he  will  observe  that 
although  the  second  has  a  journey  of  two  feet,  the 
two  will  nevertheless  come  to  the  end  at  precisely 
the  same  instant.     As  the  weights  swing  from  side 

>  >ide  in  successive  oscillations  they  will  always 
-ent  themselves  together  at  the  point  which  is 

.0  middle  of  their  respective  arcs.  This  is  what 
ixciUed isochronous  vibration — the  passing  through 
vuiequal  arcs  in  equal  periods  of  time. 

This  at  the  first  glance  seems  a  singular  result. 
One  would  naturally  expect  that  a  weight  hung 
upon  a  string  ought  to  take  longer  to  move 
through  a  long  arc  than  through  a  short  one,  if 
impelled  by  the  same  force  ;  but  it  appears  in  a 
different  light  upon  more  mature  reflection  ;  for 
it  is  then  seen  that  the  weight  which  performs  the 
longer  journey  starts  down  the  steeper  declivity, 
and  therefore  acquires  a  greater  velocity.  A  ball 
'■  does  nut  run  down  a  steep  hill  and  a  more  gently 
i;  inclined  one  at  the  same  pace,  neither  will  the 
suspended  weight  move  down  the  steeper  curve 
and  the  less  raised  one  at  equal  rates.  The  weight 
which  moves  the  fastest  of  necessity,  gets  through 
more  space  in  a  given  period  than  its  more  lei- 
surely companion  does.  Yet  another  surprise  re- 
mains to  be  encountered.  Hang  a  weight  of  a 
pound  upon  one  of  the  strings  and  a  weight  of  two 
'  'unds  upon  the  other,  and  set  them  vibrating  in 
■1  of  uneqr.al  length  as  before,  and  still  their 
■tions  will  be  found  to  be  isochronous.    Unequal 

■  eights  as  well  as  equal  ones,  when  hung  upon 
:ual  strings,  will  swing  through  arcs  of  unequal 
:i,;th  in  equal  periods  of  time. 

1 1,  has  been  stated  that  the  motion  of  swinging 

lies  is  caused  by  the   earth's   attraction,    or  in 

Iht  words,  gravity.  And  we  find  that  suspended 

ights  only  vibrate   in  equal  times  when  hung 

'U  equal   strings,  but   they    contiuue  to  make 

:ljrations  in    equal   times,  notwithstanding  the 

diminution  of  the  arcs  in  which  they  swing.    This 

was  the  fact  that  caught  the  attention  of  Galileo  ; 

he  observed  that  the  vibrations  of  the  lampslowly 

iied  away  as  the  effect  of  the  disturbing  force  was 

lostroyed  bit  by  bit,  but   that,  nevertheless,  the 

'!  faint   vibration  that  caught  his  eye  took  the 

Jie  apparent  time  for  its   performance  as  the 

uUest  and  longest  one  in  the  series. 

Gravity,  which  causes  bodies  to  fall,  also  causes 
hem,  as  we  have  already  seen,  to  swing  backwards 
ind  forwards  when  suspended  freely  by  a  string 
r  rod  from  a  point,  and  when  once  moved  to  a 
'•A  to  give  them  an  occasion  of  filling.  An  in- 
rument  thus  suspended  has  been  designated  by 
tie  learned  name  of  pendulum,  which  is  simply 

■  weight  placed  on  the  end  of  a  metallic  or  wooden 
'J  and  hung  up  in  such  a  way  that  free  sideway 
!  ition  is  permitted.     This  freedom  of  motion,  as 

■  are  well  aware,  is  generally  attained  by  fixing 
ic  rod  to  a  piece  of  thin  highly  elastic  steel.  A 
udulum  fitted  up  after  this  fashion  will  continue 


in  motion,  if  once  started,  for  many  hours.  It 
only  stops  at  last  because  the  air  opposes  a  slight 
resistance  to  its  passage,  and  because  the  suspend- 
ing spring  is  imperfectly  elastic.  The  efl'ects  of 
these  two  causes  combined  arrest  tho  vibration  at 
last,  but  not  until  they  have  long  accumulated. 
The  weight  does  not  stand  still  at  once,  but  its 
arc  of  vibration  grows  imperceptibly  less  and  less 
until  at  last  there  comes  a  time  when  tho  eye  can- 
not tell  whether  the  body  is  still  moving  or  in  ab- 
solute repose. 

The  Wbrations  of  the  iiendulum  being  produced 
by  terrestrial  gravitations,  it  follows,  as  a  natural 
result,  thatif  the  force  of  gravitation  be  weakened, 
so  will  the  tendency  of  the  ball  of  the  pendulum 
to  fall  or  swing  be  weakened.  The  result  is  dis- 
distinctly  observable  in  different  parts  of  the 
earth. 

At  the  equator  the  earth  bulges  out  to  a  thick- 
ness of  26  miles  on  the  diameter,  or  13  miles 
from  the  surface  to  the  centre  ;  and  as  the 
attraction  of  gi-avitation  proceeds  from  the  centre, 
the  force  of  this  attraction  is  consequently  weaker 
at  the  surface  at  the  equator  than  it  is  at  the  sur- 
face at  the  poles.  At  every  part  of  the  surface  be- 
tween the  equator  and  poles  there  is  a  proportionate 
increase  of  gravity.  Besides  the  eflect  produced 
by  the  greater  distance  of  the  surface  from  the 
centre  at  the  equator,  centrifugal  force,  which  is 
strongest  at  the  equator,  assists  in  weakening  the 
attractive  force  at  that  place. 

In  consequence  of  these  combined  causes  a  pen- 
dulum of  a  given  length  vibrates  more  slowly  at 
the  equator  than  at  the  poles.  In  proportion  as 
we  advance  on  the  surface  of  the  earth  from  the 
equator  towards  the  poles  so  does  the  pendulum 
swing  or  vibrate  more  quickly.  In  order,  there- 
fore, to  preserve  uniformity  of  speed  in  pendulums 
at  different  parts  of  the  globe,  that  is,  in  order  that 
they  may  all  vibrate  in  one  second,  their  length 
must  be  regulated  according  to  the  distance  of  the 
places  from  the  equator.  Thus  each  degree  of 
latitude  has  its  own  length  of  pendulum.  From  a 
knowledge  of  these  laws  we  are  enabled  by  this  in- 
strument not  only  to  detect  certain  variations  in 
that  attraction  in  various  parts  of  the  earth,  but 
also  to  discover  the  actual  amount  of  the  attrac- 
tion at  any  given  place.  To  compare  the  force  of 
gravity  in  different  parts  of  the  earth  it  is  only  ne- 
cessary to  swing  the  same  pendulum  in  the  places 
imder  consideration,  and  to  observe  the  rapidity 
of  its  vibrations.  The  proportion  of  the  force  of 
gravity  in  the  several  places  will  be  that  of  the 
squares  of  the  velocity  of  the  vibration.  Observa- 
tions to  this  effect  have  been  made  at  several 
places  by  Bent,  Sabine,  and  other  distinguished 
men. 

It  is  found  convenient  in  practice  to  make  the 
direct  descent  of  a  weight  the  moving  power  of 
the  wheelwork  instead  of  the  swinging  of  the 
pendulum,  for  the  simple  reason  that  the  excess  of 
the  power  beyond  what  is  required  to  overcome 
the  friction  of  the  wheelwork  is  then  employed  in 
giving  a  slight  push  to  the  jjendulum.  This  push 
just  neutralises  the  retarding  effects  before  named 
as  inseparable  from  the  presence  of  air  and  im- 
perfect means  of  suspension.  The  train  work  in 
a  clock,  therefore,  serves  two  purposes  ;  it  records 
the  number  of  beats  which  the  pendulum  makes, 
and  it  keeps  that  body  moving  when  once  started. 
As  far  as  the  activity  of  the  pendulum  is  con- 
cerned the  wheelwork  is  a  recording  power  and  a 
preserving  power,  but  not  an  originating  power.  If 
there  were  no  air  and  no  friction  in  the  apparatus 
of  suspension  the  pendulum  would  contrive  to  go 
as  well  without  the  wheelwork  as  with  it.  With 
the  wheelwork  it  beats  as  permanently  and  steadily 
upon  material  supports,  and  plunged  in  a  dense 
atmosphere,  as  it  would  if  it  were  hung  upon  no- 
thing, and  were  swinging  in  nothing ;  and  also 
perf  urms  its  backward  and  forward  business  in 
solitude  and  darkness,  to  the  same  practical  pur- 
pose that  it  woiUd  if  the  eyes  of  watchful  and  ob- 
servant guardians  were  turned  incessantly  towards 
it.  Galileo  published  his  discovery  of  the 
isochronous  property  of  the  pendulum  in  1639. 
Richard  Harris,  of  London,  took  the  hint  and  con- 
nected the  pendulum  with  clock-work  move- 
ment in  1641.  Huyghens  subsequently  improved 
the  connection,  and  succeeded  in  constructing 
very  trustworthy  timekeepers  before  1658.  But 
notwithstanding  all  that  the  knowledge  and  skill  of 
these  horologists  could  do,  these  most  perfect  in- 
struments were  still  at  the  mercy  of  atmospheric 
changes.  We  are  all  well  aware  that  changes  of 
temperature  alter  the  bulk  of  all  kinds  of  bodies  ; 
and  that  the  ingenuity  of  man  has  been  taxed  to 
the  utmost  to  find  some  means  .of  removing  the 
source  of  inaccuracy,  to  invent  some  plan  whereby 


tho  pendulum  may  be  made  sensitive  enough  to 
discover  and  correct  its  own  varying  dimensions 
as  ditierent  temperatures  are  brought  to  bear  upon 
its  material.  The  first  successful  attempt  to  ac- 
<:omplish  this  viseful  purpose  was  made  by  George 
Graham  in  1715,  who  we  are  all  well  aware  in- 
vented tho  mercurial  pendulum.  By  the  applica- 
tion of  this  compensating  pendulum ,  clocks  are 
now  made  that  do  not  vary  to  the  extent  of  a 
tenth  of  a  second  in  a  day.  Soon  after  the  in- 
vention of  Graham's  mercurial  pendulum,  Har- 
rison, tho  same  clever  mechaniciaiT  who  received 
£20,000  from  Government  for  making  a  chrono- 
meter that  went  to  Jamaica  in  one  year  and  re- 
turned in  anothef  with  an  accumulated  error  of 
only  1  min.  54  sec,  hit  upon  another  means  of 
gaining  the  same  cud.  llarrisson's  pendulum  is 
commonly  called  the  gridiron,  from  its  form  of 
construction  consisting  as  it  does  of  parallel  bars  of 
copper  and  steel.  And  it  is  worthy  of  remai-k  that 
the  mutual  action  or  sympathy  of  pendidums. 
while  oscillating  near  each  other  on  the  same  wall 
so  long  as  they  are  mutually  connected  by  a  rail 
or  shelf  common  to  both,  or  so  long  as  the  cases 
of  the  clocks  to  which  they  belong  .are  either  fixed 
to  e.ach  other  or  standing  ou  the  same  flooring 
plank,  is  a  very  singular  phenomenon  observed  by 
Huyghens,  EUicot,  Keid,  and  other  artist-i.  One 
pendulum  will  even  stop  another  it  is  said  in  such 
circumstances,  and  will  cause  it  to  resume  its 
vibrations  till  it  stops  alternately  itself.  It  has 
also  been  found  that  two  clocks  with  pendulums 
of  nearly  equal  length  and  power  or  weight,  though 
different  in  their  measurement  of  time  while 
apart,  will  so  vibrate  in  unison  when  thus  con- 
nected as  to  keep  time  together  with  the  most 
surprising  accuracy  till  they  are  again  separated, 
or  till  the  plank  connecting  them  be  sawn  asunder. 
This  singular  but  not  altogether  unaccountable 
influence  appears  to  be  not  unlike  that  sympathy 
of  sound  between  two  musical  instruments  tuned 
in  unison,  wherein  when  a  cord  of  one  ls  struck 
the  other,  placed  in  a  proper  situation  though  un- 
touched, responds  or  echoes  back  the  sounds  at 
first  called  forth.  It  is  the  opinion  of  a  celebrated 
foreign  artist  that  a  few  clocks  placed  as  we  have 
mentioned  woidd  communicate  the  motion  of  their 
pendidums  to  each  other  till  they  came  all  at  last 
to  beat  at  the  same  instant — an  opinion  in  which 
Reid  himself  expresses  his  entire  concurrence. 


METROPOLITAN  STREET  TRAFFIC. 

SOME  very  interesting  figures  are  before  us  in 
regard  to  the  traffic  of  the  metropolis.  Sii- 
Richard  Mayne  states  in  his  evidence  given  before 
the  Committee  of  the  House  of  Lords  on  the 
Metropolis  Traffic  Regulation  Bill,  th.at  in  1855, 
when  Mr.  Fitzroy's  Bill  passed,  the  number  of  cabs 
licensed  was  only  3,296,  but  it  has  now  increased 
to  6,149.  The  omnibuses,  on  the  other  hand, 
have  decreased  ;  there  were  1,446  then,  and  there 
are  1,050  now.  The  number  of  London  cab- 
drivers,  omnibus-drivers,  and  conductors  licensed 
is  more  than  13,000.  Sir  R.  Mayne  thinks  that 
the  cabs  have  deteriorated  within  the  last  three  or 
four  years,  and  he  makes  the  admission  un- 
willingly, he  says,  since  he  attributes  the  change 
partly  to  insufficient  supervision  over  them. 
Colonel  Eraser,  the  City  Cummissioner  of  Police, 
is  in  favour  of  having  two  classes  of  cabs,  one 
charging  6d.  and  the  other  (say)  9d.,  the  latter 
class  to  be  distinguishable  at  a  glance  by  being 
painted  of  a  particular  colour ;  he  adduces  the 
case  of  the  MetropoUtan  Railway  omnibuses,  now 
divided  into  fii-st  and  second  class  compartments 
— a  plan  which  he  says  seems  to  answer.  He 
sees  no  reason  why  there  should  not  be  a  third 
class  of  cabs,  a  superior  carriage  like  those  which 
are  on  hire  at  railway  stations — cabs  which  might 
be  hired  by  the  hour  at  a  still  higher  rate  of  fare. 
In  relation  to  traffic,  Mr.  Scott,  register  of  the 
coal  market,  states  that  more  than  4,000,000  tons 
of  coal  go  through  the  streets  of  London  for 
delivery  within  four  mUes  of  Charing  Cross  in  a 
year — about  14,000  tons  a  day.  Mr.  Robert  Han- 
bury  stated  that  his  fii-m  sent  out  3,000  barrels  of 
beer  in  a  day  for  delivery.  Within  the  four  mile 
radius  there  are  about  0,500  publichouses  and 
2,500  beerhouses.  Formerly  the  publicans  used 
to  have  beer  in  large  quantities  at  a  time,  but  the 
beer  now  is  ''  very  mild,"  and  it  is  taken  newer — 
in  fact,  directly  it  is  brewed. 


The  Prussian  Government  has  allowed  a  sum  of 
30,000  thalers  a  year  for  the  completion  of  the 
cathedral  of  Frankfort.on-the-Maine. 


236 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


April  o,  1867. 


ELEMENTS    OF  ENGINEERING. 

Docks. — No.  5. 

TpHOSE  of  our  readera  who  have  followed 
J_  us  so  far,  will  perceive  that  we  have 
concluded  the  description  of  the  jireliminary 
operations  in  connection  with  preparing  the 
ground  for  the  erection  of  the  dock  proper. 
We  have  now  arrived  at  the  construction  of 
the  walls  o]  of  the  dock  itself,  and  we  would 
here  remark  that,  although  we  have  hitherto 
confined  our  attention  to  the  particular  class 
of  wet  or  floating  docks,  yet  much  of  what 
we  have  described  will  be  also  applicable  to 
dry  or  graving  docks.  In  treating,  therefore, 
of  the  other  descriptions  we  shall  avoid  re- 
capitulation, and  merely  notice  the  especial 
features  belonging  to  each  separate  class. 
Evidently  it  is'immaterial  whether  a  dam  be 
made  for  a  wet  or  a  dry  dock,  for,  cteteris 
jxribiis,  the  object  is  the  same,  viz.,  to  lay 
■dry  a  certain  area  for  excavation.  Similarly, 
though  the  form  of  the  walls  will  differ,  yet 
the  same  general  principles  apply  to  all.  What 
will  make  bad  work  in  one  instance,  will  do 
the  same  in  the  others.  The  size  of  the  dock 
must  be  regulated  according  to  the  number 
and  tonnage  of  the  vessels  it  is  intended  to 
chiefly  acconunodate.  As  a  safe  rule  it  may 
be  stated  that  a  wet  dock  having  an  area  of 
ten  acres  will  hold  one  hundred  square-rigged 
vessels,  and  so  on  in  proportion.  In  mention- 
ing the  prmcipal  points  to  be  attended  to  in 
determining  the  position  of  the  entrance  to  a 
dock,  we  gave  some  useful  rules  to  be  observed 
in  our  second  article  on  this  subject.  There  is, 
however,  a  very  elegant  and  at  the  same  time 
a  very  accurate  method  for  determining  the 
direction  of  the  entrance  to  a  dock  or  harbour. 
In  fig.  11  let  A  B  represent  in  magnitude  and 


Fl  G  ,  I  2.. 
C  A 


ideas  that  were  carried  out  in  the  shape  of  the 
piles.  Instead  of  being  made  of  a  imifonn 
section  throughout  their  entire  length,  their 
top  dimensions,'which  were  12in.  liy  9in.,  were 
reduced  by  a  regular  taper  to  3in.  square  at 
the  bottom,  where  the  .shoes  were  fixed  on. 
The  inner  square  in  fig.  14  shows  the  shape  at 


riC.I4i 


direction  the  rate  of  the  current  per  hour,  and 
let  G  D  be  equal  to  the  rate  at  which  a  vessel 
can  be  worked  or  hauled  m  or  out  of  the  dock  ; 
then  the  liije  C  B  represents  the  direction,  or 
as  it  is  called  the  set  of  the  entrance.  Attention 
to  this  rule  in  laying  out  the  entrance  to  a 
dock  has  been  practically  demonstrated  to  be 
imperative,  for  if  neglected  it  will  sooner  or 
later  occasion  disastrous  consequences.  Both 
the  East  India  and  London  docks  have  their 
entrances  arranged  in  conformity  with  these 
requirements  of  the  theory,  but  tlie  AVest  India 
docks  have  not,  and  a  large  amount  of  damage 
and  loss  has  lieen  the  result. 

All  retaining  walls  in  whatever  situation 
they  may  be  placed,  are  designed  and  con- 
structed upon  the  same  principle.  They  have 
all  to  resist  a  pressure  from  l)ehind  tending 
to  force  them  forward,  whether  by  causing 
them  to  slide  upon  their  joints  or  to  move 
bodily  outward.  Dock  walls,  when  the  water 
is  let  in,  derive  a  support  from  the  pressure 
of  the  enclosed  fliud  upon  their  face  against 
the  pressure  of  the  earth  behind  them  ;  but  as 
they  have  to  stand  while  building  without 
this  outward  assistance,  it  cannot  be  taken  into 
full  consideration  in  determining  their  various 
dimensions.  Moreover,  as  the  water  might 
have  to  be  lowered  inside  the  dock  for  the 
purposes  of  repair,  it  woidd  not  do  to  have 
walls  which  would  not  stand  ■^^'ithout  the 
pressure  of  the  fluid  against  their  front.  The 
foce  of  any  retaining  wall  may  be  built  in  ac- 
cordance with  one  of  three  ditterent  contours. 
It  may  be  perpendicular,  as  shown  by  the  line 
A  B  in  fig.  12  ;  it  may  have  a  regular  slope 
or  batter  backwards  represented  by  the  straight 
line  C  B,  or  it  may  be  curved  and  have  a 
curved  batter  or  face  similar  to  that  indicated 


by  the  curved  line  C  D  B.  Let  us  investigate 
these  difl'erent  lines  of  wall  faces  a  little  in 
detail.  Except  for  walls  possessing  compara- 
tively a  very  insignificant  height,  they  are 
rarely  made  perpendicular,  and  therefore  we 
may  consider  that  walls  Imilt  with  a  face  as 
represented  by  the  line  A  B  are  not  admissible 
for  the  construction  of  dock  walls.  The  t^-o 
lines  or  forms  in  which  dock  walls  may  be 
erected  are  shown  by  the  straight  line  C  B 
and  the  curved  one  C  D  B  in  fig.  12.  Of  these 
two  the  former  presents  some  facUities  in 
actual  construction  over  the  latter.  As  the 
batter  is  xmiform  one  template  serves  for  all 
the  stones,  supposing  the  wall  to  be  of  that 
material,  but  the  curved  batter  C  D  B  is 
theoretically  superior  to  the  straight  one  C  B, 
and  is  the  contour  usually  given  to  the  best 
specimens  of  dock  walls.  It  is  a  little  more 
troublesome  to  work  than  the  other,  since  it 
does  not  consist  of  one  curve  but  frequently 
has  two  or  three  or  even  four  radii  for  separate 
portions  according  to  their  respective  height 
above  low-water  mark.  This  curved  batter 
is  given  to  the  face  of  the  wall,  upon  the  prin- 
ciple that  the  pressure  of  a  mass  of  fluid  upon 
any  immersed  surface  varies  with  the  height 
of  the  particular  parts  immersed  and  increases 
not  in  accordance  with  the  line  C  B,  but  more 
in  agreement  -ndth  a  compound  curve  C  D  B. 
Where  brick  is  used  as  the  material  for  build- 
in"  the  walls,  the  curved  batter  can  be  em- 
ployed with  a  facility  equal  to  that  of  the 
straight  one  ;  there  is  no  particular  advantage 
in  using  the  latter.  Brick  constitutes  the  ma- 
terial for  the  walls  of  the  London  docks. 
Stone,  however,  has  been  used  for  those  of 
Liverpool,  and  is  undoubtedly  to  be  preferred 
in  all  instances  where  it  can  be  obtained  at  a 
price  not  exceeding  reasonable  limits.  What- 
ever the  walls  may  be  built  of,  the  coping  is 
always  of  stone  m  large  and  solid  masses  as  will 
be  seen  in  our  future  illustrations. 

In  consequence  of  the  readiness  with  which 
the  straight  battered  walls  could  be  built,  it 
will  be  expected  that  the  older  examples  of 
docks  were  constructed  in  this  manner,  and  so 
we  find  them  to  be.     Fig.   13  represents  the 


the  bottom ;  the  outer  lines  representing  a 
plan  of  the  top.  The  consequence  of  this  pe- 
culiar method  of  diminishing  the  strength  of 
the  timber  where  it  was  most  required  was,  that 
thepiles  were  little  better  than  mere  sticks  for 
nearly  half  of  their  length,  and  totally  rmequal 
to  perform  their  proper  duty.  It  is  difficidt 
to  comprehend  how  so  great  a  waste  of  mate- 
rial .should  have  been  allowed  to  occur.  Had 
there  been  any  sa\dng  eftected  by  the  plan, 
there  woidd  have  been  some  little  excuse,  but 
not  only  was  timber,  but  labour  likewise 
wasted  to  a  large  amount.  Referring  to  the 
figure  we  have  longitudinal  timbers  12in.  by 
6in.  shown  in  section,  laid  upon  and  bolted 
down  to  the  piles,  and  upon  the  longitu- 
dinals cross  planking  9in.  by  Sin.  spiked 
do\\Ti  to  them.  Sometimes  a  portion  of  the 
space  D  D  between  the  piles  is  dredged  out 
and  filled  up  with  concrete  level  with  the 
underside  of  the  planking,  but  the  nature  of  the 
ground  will  determine  when  this  operation  is 
absolutely  necessary.  It  would  not  be  a  bad 
precaution  to  do  ihis  in  every  instance,  ex- 
cept where  the  ground  is  rock  or  very  hard 
and  clean  gravel.  Upon  the  planking,  the 
wall  A  of  brickwork  is  erected,  and  is  carried 
up  to  about  4ft.  above  high-water  mark,  not 
including  the  depth  of  the  coping,  which  is 
usuall}'  1ft.  in  height,  making  a  total  height 
above  high-water  mark  of  5ft.  This  is  quite 
sufiicient  to  prevent  the  banks  being  flooded 
by  extraordinary  high  tides  or  by  storms  and 
hurricanes.  To  prevent  the  face  of  the  wall 
being  injured  by  vessels,  fender.s,  as  they  are 
called,  are  attached  to  them.  They  are  gene- 
rally of  oak,  and  are  shown  in  the  diagram  by 
F  ;  they  are  fixed  to  strong  oaken  wall  plates 
H  H,  or  blocks  let  into  the  wall,  and  bolted 
to  it  by  long  inch  or  inch  and  a  half  bolts. 
Counterforts  are  always  built  at  the  back  of 
all  long  retaining  walls,  at  the  back  of  the 
abutments  of  bridges  and  all  structures  of  ■ 
masonry  and  brickwork.  They  are  shown  by' 
C  in  figs.  13  and  15,  and  are  not  built  con- 
tinuously with  the  wall,  but  at  intervals  of 
about  10ft.  or  15ft.  apart  (see  plan  in  fig.  15), 


general  features  of  the  wall  of  the  old  dock  at 
Hull,  which  has  since  been  destroyed  to  make 
room  for  a  more  modern  successor.  Previously 
to  its  destruction  it  had  betrayed  many 
and  unquestionable  signs  of  weakness,  par- 
ticularly in  the  foundations,  which  is  not 
to  be  wondered  at,  considering  the  peculiar 


varying  with  the  height  of  the  wall.  The 
may  be  regarded  in  the  light  of  backing,  and 
provided  they  be  made  of  good  sound  strong 
work  there  is  not  the  same  amount  of  care  and 
neatness[required  intheirconstructionas  inthe 
case  of  the  actual  wall  itself,  although  they  do 
constitute  a  component  part  of  it.  The  total 
batter  or  slope  given  to  the  wall  is  repre- 
sented by  the  line  A  C  in  fig.  12,  and  denotes 
the  distance  its  top  is  set  back  from  a  perpen- 
dicular line  A  B  let  fall  upon  its  toe  or 
extremity  B.  1  he  latter  is  always  denoted 
as  so  many  inches  to  the  foot,  or  as  one  in  so 
much.  Thus  a  batter  of  lin.  to  the  foot, 
that  is,  a  set  back  of  lin.  from  the  vertical  for 
every  foot  in  height,  may  be  also  written  1 
in  12.  A  batter  of  liin.  to  the  foot  may  be 
called  1  in  8.  The  batter  of  the  w.dl  in  tig.  13 
is  1  in  5,  which  is  not  quite  2jin.  to  the  toot. 
This  is  a  stronger  batter  than  is  usually  re- 
quired in  simple  retaining  walls,  but  is  not 
more  than  is  wanted  in  the  particidar  situa- 
tion of  a  dock  wall.     For  the  sake  of  practical 


ApffiL  j,   1867, 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


237 


facilitj'  we  sliould  certainly  make  it  1  in 
6,  or  2in.  to  the  foot.  Foremen  and  prac- 
tical workmen  much  prefer  a  batter  being 
!i  to  them  in  this  manner,  instead  of  in  the 
T.  They  at  once  understand  what  so 
iiK¥iy  inches  in  the  foot  means  ;  but  they  do 
not  by  an}'  means  so  easily  comprehend  the 
faffie  measurement  when  it  is  expressed  as  a 
'fra<tion. 

* 

PIATE     GIRDERS.— No.    2. 

A  GOOD   practical   rule   for  the   depth   of  a 
girder  is  that  it  shoidd   be  l-l"2th  of  the 
^[vin ;  thus  a  girder  of   2rft.  between  the  piers 
hould  be  2ft.   3in.   iu   depth.     This  proportion 
jetweea  depth  and  length  Ls  found   to  be  most 
■connmicil  as   reg.irds  the   weight  of   metal  re- 
•  mrn\  m  building  up  plate  beams.     Circumstances 
103  fi-t  upon  a  certain  depth.    In  such  cases, 
--  tied  to  a  dimension,  you  must  abide  by  it, 
Kve.',  if  you  can  possibly  avoid  it,  have  a  gir- 
-s  than  1.15th,  or  greater   iu   depth  thin 
:i,  of  the  span.      In   some   cases  where  the 
:  'if  the  main  girders  are  limited,  the  traus- 
girders  for  carrying  the  line    of  rails  are 
1  or  bolted  to  the  under  sides  of  the  bottom 
-.   In  such  an  example  it  is  a  good  way  to 
the   transverse  ones  project   on  each  side 
id  the  flanges  of  main  girders;  then  the  T 
■I  stifFeners  with  gu.^set  plates  may  be  brought 
'.Ml  from  the   principal   girders  and   be  firmly 
T'd  to  the  projecting  ends  of  the  cross  girders. 
■  Ian  never  makes  a  neat  and  good  workman- 
'  1>,  and  is  only  resorted  to  under  sheer  neces- 
y.     As  a  rule  always  rest  the  transverse  girders 
the  bottom  flanges  of  main  girders,  and  do  not 
rid  them  as  above  explained.     Plate  girders 
rii  60it.  to  100ft.  are  frequently  made,  and 
. ;  inducement  to  adopt  this  form  is,  that  they 
i-ilygot  at  when  they  require  re-paiuting. 
nstructed  of  a  box  form,  there  is  a  difficulty 
-,'■■!  at  the  interior  parts  unless  the  bridge  be 
iirge   dimensions.     The  plate   girder,   too,  is 
:  ible  in  many  cases  on  account  of  the  easy 
f  riveting  up  and  consequently  cheapness 
iiufacture.     Oxidation,  or  as  it  is  commonly 
I  rust,  arising  from   damp  atmosphere,  es- 
y  where  crossing  streams,  tells  severely  upon 
r,abihty  of  wrought  iron  if  not  kept  in  check 
liodically  coating  over  with  paint.      This  is 
iverlooked  by  raUway  inspectoi'S,  but  should 
-  be  borne  in  mind  by  the  man  who  designs 
r<ler,  and  it  is  well  to   always  give  the  sec- 
areas  the  benefit   when   you  find   by  the 
!i;e  there  are  any  halves  or  parts  of  inches, 
li.ke  them  full  inches.     This  will  be   exem- 
1  when  working  out  a  girder  by  formula  in 

Iiture  paper.     In  practice  many  girder  makers 
struct  their  beams   with   the   top   booms    or 
ges  of  greater  section  than  the  bottom,  being 
he  proportion  of  10  to  12,  or  if  the  bottom 
ee  has  a  sectional  area  of  lOin.,  multiply  that 
■r  by  1'20,  which  will  give  the  same  result. 
i^r  makers  say  the  top  member  being  in 
!  f  ssion,  if  the  rivet  holes  are  well  filled  up 
'd  riveting,  the  flange  is  not  affected   by 
ivkU,  and,  working  upon  this  supposition,  they 
I;  :■-■  top  and  bottom  booms  of    equal  sectional 
:i       Granted,  if  the  riveting iswell  and  properly 
de,  but  workmen  who   take  no  pride  in  their 
ta-e  are  apt  to  scamp  their  work,  especially  if  it 
fciiecework,  and  occasionally  rivet  up  with  a  half 
*l  rivet.     Therefore  we  may   say  with  all  rail- 
|R  work  give  it  the  benefit  of  the  doubt,  and  the 

Siortion   between   top   and    bottom   booms  as 
'e  stated.     In  small  girders  for  light  building 
f  roses  there  need  be  no  increase  of  sectional 
H  between  the  top  and  bottom  flanges.    Always 
g   in   mind   when  giving   the    dimensions    of 
*L.  or  u  i.  (Tee,  Axigle,  or,  Channel  hon),  to 
'■■  "ire  outside  the  section,  or  as  men  say  in  the 
"  out  to  out."    This  may  be  made  clearer  by 
-'  an  example,  for  instance,  a  S^in.  by  34in. 
iron  is  called  an  equal  sided  L  iron,  and  is 

ueasured  =!,„ 

Slin. 

I  the  next  number  a  table  of  weights  and  sec- 

pd  areas  of  T  and  L  iron  will  be  given,  there- 

'"  the  mode  of  measuring  from  "out  to  out" 

Me  remembered.     In  girder  work  for  railway 

s  the  pitch  of  rivets  or  distance  apart  from 

•  to  centre  of  the  heads  is  usually  4in.,  and  a 

-:)od  size  for  rivets  is  Jin.  diameter.    In  very 

girder  work  a  larger  diameter  of  rivets  will 

f>  be  used,  but  for  girders  of  from  40ft.  to 

I'u;.  rivets  and  iia.  pitch  will  ensure  a  good 


connection  between  the  parts  riveted,  which 
is  proved  every  day  in  practice.  A  plate  of  iron 
puuched  by  a  number  of  holes  disposed  or  pitched 
in  any  manner  wh.atever,  and  strained  to  its 
breaking  weight,  the  line  along  which  the  fracture 
will  take  place  will  be  the  line  of  the  least 
sectional  area,  no  matter  whether  the  line  is  zig- 
zag or  straight.  In  a  plate  girder,  since  the  web 
forms  a  continuous  ri'.;id  vertical  communication 
between  the  top  and  bottom  booms,  it  is  imma- 
terial whether  the  loal  be  placed  on  the  top 
or  bottom  boom  or  any  part  of  the  web,  but 
iu  practice  the  load  is  generally  placed  on  the  top 
or  bottom  members  dire^it.  When  the  booms  are 
built  up  of  several  plates  care  must  be  taken  to 
have  the  rivet  holes  punched  true,  so  as  to  come 
direct  over  each  other,  or  rymering  will  have  to  be 
resorted  to,  to  make  iheni  agree.  This  causing  the 
rivet  hole  to  be  larger,  a  rivet  of  greater  diameter 
should  be  used  to  fill  the  place  of  every  hole 
of  this  kind,  and  wherever  such  irregularity 
occurs  it  reduces  the  cross  sectional  area  of 
the  flange.  This  is  another  contingency  which 
should  be  kept  in  sight  as  often  likely  to  take 
place.  To  prepare  plate  or  angle  iron  for  the  pur- 
pose of  punching,  after  being  got  of  the  right 
length  and  width  a  template  is  made  of  sheet  iron 
or  wood,  of  the  exact  dimensions  of  the  plates  to 
be  pimched.  On  this  the  workman  marks  with 
his  centre  punch  the  place  where  each  rivet  hole 
comes.  After  these  holes  in  template  are  drilled 
out  it  is  placed  on  each  of  the  girder  plates  in  suc- 
cession, and  clamped  or  riveted  temporarily  in  two 
or  three  places,  to  prevent  the  template  sliding  or 
moving  from  the  plate  he  is  going  to  mark 
the  rivet  holes  on.  The  plate  is  then  spotted  with 
white  paint  through  the  holes  in  template.  After 
separating  the  template  from  the  girder  plate  it  is 
then  ready  for  the  punching  machine,  having  each 
rivet  hole  marked  on  it.  The  template  is  then 
fixed  on  to  another  plate,  the  marking  is  con- 
tinued, and  so  goes  on  to  the  end  of  the  job,  care 
being  taken  to  alter  the  template  or  make  a 
new  one  if  the  rivet  holes  in  any  of  the  plates  are 
differently  pitched.  No  rivet  hole  should  be 
punched  nearer  to  the  edge  of  a  plate  than  its  own 
diameter.  This  should  be  strictly  adhered  to,  or 
in  punching  the  plate  it  may  burst  out  at  the  side, 
the  strength  of  the  metal  not  being  sufficient  to 
resist  the  force  of  the  punch.  The  surest  way  is 
to  leave  Jin.  to  Jin.  more  than  the  diameter 
of  hole,  viz.,  if  you  are  punching  Jin.  holes  you 
should  leave  lin.  of  metal  between  the  hole 
punched  and  the  edge  of  the  plate.  Plate  iron 
runs  from  |in.  to  ^in.  in  thickness.  If  less  than 
^in.  it  is  called  sheet  iron,  and  is  more  expensive, 
and  generally  better  in  quality.  If  the  reader 
will  remember  the  foregoing  remarks  he  will 
eventually  find  his  time  has  not  been  wasted,  for 
queries  are  constantly  occurring  in  the  getting  out 
of  girder  work,  where  this  information  is  in- 
valuable, and  it  is  the  result  of  long-continued 
practice  extending  over  many  years. 


ATe  have  received  the  following  communications 
in  reply  to  "  Professional's"  note  of  last  week  : — 

"  With  regard  to  the  lengths  of  f"  and  L  iron 
they  vary  according  to  the  section  and  the  capa- 
bilities of  the  works  themselves.  X  iron  is  seldom 
rolled  over  20ft.  without  an  extra  charge,  which 
varies  considerably,  but  most  sections  we  can  get 
rolled  up  to  30ft.,  and  some  even  longer  than  that, 
at  a  corresponding  increase  of  jirice.  Angle  iron 
we  can  get  rolled  up  to  40ft.  without  au  extra 
charge  when  the  specification  is  a  good  one,  and 
does  not  include  more  than  a  fair  share  of  such 
long  length.s,  and  at  an  extra  price  they  may  be 
rolled  to  oOft.,  and  even  to  60ft.,  but  the  difficulty 
of  carriage  also  very  much  enhances  the  price. 
In "["  and  angle  iron  weight  does  not  add  any  ex- 
tra to  the  cost ;  tbo  extra  depends  entirely  upon 
the  section  and  the  length." 

'■  As  regards  the  lengths  of  "f  and  [_  iron  the 
following  will  be  of  service  to  show  more  fully  the 
usual  practice  ; — "J"  irons  are  seldom  rolled  over 
20ft.  without  an  extra  charge,  but  most  sections 
can  be  got  rolled  up  to  30ft.  |_  irons,  when  only 
a  moderate  portion  are  required  to  be  in  long 
lengths,  can  be  rolled  up  to  40ft.,  but  if  the  pro 
portion  of  long  lengths  exceed  those  of  shorter 
lengths,  on  account  of  extra  labour  and  difiicidty 
of  carriage,  an  extra  price  is  charged.  '  Plate  gird- 
ers,' or  perhaps,  plainer  still,  '  plate  web  girders,' 
being  built  up  of  a  series  of  plates,  are  so  called 
in  distinction  to  those  of  rolled  malleable  iron 
girders  as  usually  advertised." 

Another  correspondent  at  Birmingham  writes  : 
— "On  the  sutijcct  of   plate  girdei-s  I  should  Uke 


to  say  that  if  '  Professional '  asked  a  boiler  and 
girder  maker  what  a  plate  girder  is  he  would  give 
the  s;ime  definition  that  you  did  in  your  first 
article.  I  c;in  see  by  the  way  the  article  is 
written  the  writer  himself  knows  what  a  workman 
is,  aud  he  writes  so  that  he  cau  be  understood. 
jVs  for  '  Professional '  being  able  to  get  angle-u-on 
40ft.  long,  I  can  say  that  if  he  comes  to  this  part 
of  the  country  he  can  get  angles  60ft.  long  if  he 
will  pay  the  extra  jnice  for  cartage  imd  labour. 
But  in  constructing  engineering  works  there  is  a 
practical  happy  medium ;  if  you  go  beyond 
there  is  always  a  risk.  It  is  quite  evident  there 
was  a  doubt  in  '  Professional's '  mind  when  ho  de- 
signed the  girder  he  mentioned,  and  he  had  to 
ascertain  the  longest  length  he  could  obtain. 
A  great  deal  depends  on  the  capabilities  of  the 
manufacturer  as  to  the  longest  bars  he  can  roll, 
and  my  experience  has  shown  me  that  you  should 
keep  imder  20ft.  rather  than  over  that  length.  I 
cannot  help  here  remarking  the  interest  taken  in 
your  Intercommunication  Column  by  subscribers 
that  I  know  in  this  neighbourhood.  I  hope  you 
will  encourage  it  as  much  as  po.ssibl  e. 

"  Pkactice." 


Srtljxaloan. 


Mr.  Joseph  Mayer,  of  Liverpool,  has  given  £50 
towards  the  renewed  excavations  at  Wroxeter  (the 
ancient  Uriconium)  to  be  conducted  imder  the 
superintendence  of  Mr.  Thomas  Wright,  F.S.A. 

For  some  considerable  time  past  Mr.  Howell, 
the  proprietor  of  Deacon's  Cofiee-house,  Walbrook, 
has  been  making  extensive  alterations  and  enlarging 
his  well-known  place  of  business,  and  whilst  the 
workmen  were  pushing  their  contracts  forward 
they  had  to  remove  a  poition  of  the  wall  that  in 
former  times  was  the  boundary  of  St.  Augustine's 
Brook.  This  brook  used  to  run  through  the  street 
into  the  River  Thames.  Whilst  removing  the  wall 
they  found  embedded  in  the  brickwork  several 
coins  of  Charles  II.,  James  I.,  and  a  small  one  of 
Henry  II.,  all  in  silver,  and,  considering  their  great 
age,  in  a  good  state  of  preservation. 

In  takmg  down  an  old  house  in  All  Saints-plaee, 
Stamford,  the  other  day,  an  interesting  discovery 
was  made.  One  end  of  the  lintel  of  the  fire-place 
in  the  dining-room  was  found  to  be  supported  by  a 
life-sized  effigy  of  a  bishop,  but  without  the  mitre, 
hands,  or  feet.  It  is  coloured,  the  vestment,  in 
folds,  being  blue  (symbolical  of  piety,  godliness, 
and  divine  contemplation),  and  the  pastoral  staff 
red  (symbolical  of  divme  love,  power,  and  suffer- 
ing). The  hands  had  rested  on  the  breast,  the 
pastoral  staff  being  supported  within  the  left  arm. 
Archbishops'  croziers  were  held  by  the  right  hand. 

As  appears froman article  in  theUussianTiiftx^tdc, 
the  subterranean  city  recently  found  on  the  banks 
of  the  Sir-Daiya  has  been  repeatedly  discovered 
before  but  as  soon'  forgotten.  It  is  called  Yana 
Kent — i.e.,  Newtown — and  supposed  to  have  been 
constructed  by  the  Persian  tribe  which,  under  the 
name  of  Sartes,  even  now  forms  the  bulk  of  the 
sedentary  portion  of  the  population  of  Turkistan. 
Yana  Kent,  with  several  cities  in  that  neighbour 
hood,  is  believed  to  have  been  destroyed  by  the 
Tartars  on  their  first  appearance  m  the  country, 
and,  besides  extensive  ruins,  includes  a  cemetery 
at  some  distance  from  the  buildings.  The  ICirgh- 
isian  nomads  now  scouring  that  region  have  their 
own  way  of  solving  this  antiquarian  problem, 
holding  that  the  to  ivn  in  primeval  times  was  de- 
stroyed by  the  Avenging  Spirit  to  punish  the  sins 
of  the  inhabitants.  Accordmg  to  them,  these 
people  have  beeu  swept  away  from  the  face  of  the 
earth. 


PARIS    EXHIBITION. 

THE  nominal  opening  of  the  Paris  Exhibition 
took  place  on  Monday.  The  ceremony 
created  little  stir ;  indeed,  there  was  no  ceremony 
or  pageant  of  any  kind,  no  addresses  or  replies,  no 
of&cial  costumes.  Indeed,  the  aSair  created  very 
little  stir  in  Paris,  and  the  approaches  to  the 
building,  say  the  correspondents,  were  never  les.5 
crowded  than  on  Monday.  The  Emperor  and 
Empress  merely  visited  the  buildings  walked  round 
the  most  presentable  parts  of  it,  spoke  a  few  words 
to  the  representatives  of  the  various  foreign  com- 
missions, who  wore  evening  dress  in  honour  of 
the  occasion,  and  left,  as  they  came,  in  their  open 
can-iages.  It  is  believed  that  at  least  a  fortnight 
or  a  mont'n  must  elapse  before  the  Exhibition  will 


238 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


April  5,  2867. 


be  ready  to  be  thrown  open  to  the  world.  At  all 
events,  there  are  at  present  no  fewer  than  10,000 
workmen  hard  at  work  night  and  day,  and  as  may 
be  supposed  the  building  ia  a  scene  of  noise,  dirt, 
and  confusion,  not  easily  described. 

Durint;  the  time  the  Paris  Exhibition  is  open 
the  public  will  be  admitted  without  special  leave 
and  without  passport  to  visit  the  imperial  palaces, 
the  museums,  the  State  establishments,  and  monu- 
ments. The  Palace  of  the  Tuileries  can  be  seen 
when  the  Emperor  and  Empress  are  not  resident 
there,  and  in  addition  the  following  places  will 
be  open  to  the  public  .at  certain  .specilied  hours  :  — 
The  Palace  of  St.  Cloud,  the  Palace  aud  ^luseum 
of  Versailles,  the  Trianon  Palace,  and  those  at 
Fontainebleau  and  Compiegne,  the  Chateau  of  the 
Malmaison,  the  Imperial  Slanufactures  of  Sevres 
ware  and  of  Gobelins  tapestry,  the  Mu.seum  of  the 
Louvre,  the  Thermes  Museum,  and  the  Cluny 
Ho  el,  the  Imperial  School  of  Fine  Arts,  the  Sainte 
Chapelle,  and  the  Imperial  Church  of  St.  Deni.s. 
The  .servants  at  all  these  places  are  strictly  for- 
bidden to  accept  any  gratuity. 

A  fleet  of  20  steamboats  will  navigate  the  Seine 
at  all  hours  of  the  day,  and  will  convey  passengers 
at  very  cheap  rates,  the  highest  fare  being  30 
centimes,  and  the  lowest  20.  The  company  or- 
ganised to  build  these  boats  calculate  that.  30,000 
passengers  will  be  conveyed  daily.  Sis  vessels, 
forming  part  of  this  flotilla,  are  anchored  near  the 
Pontdes  Arts,  on  the  right  liank  of  the  river. 

A  huge  block  of  anthracite,  weighing  S, 0001b., 
has  arrived  at  Paris  from  New  York.  Anthracite 
is  a  .species  of  coal,  metallic  and  friable.  It  burns 
slowly,  without  smoking  or  making  any  smell.  It 
is  composed  of  carbon,  silica,  and  iron. 

The  following,  among  other  noblemen  and 
gentlemen,  have  been  appointed  as  jurors 
and  associates  to  represent  the  United  Kingdom 
in  the  International  Jury.  The  names  in  paren- 
theses are  associated  jurors  : — 

Works  of  Art. — Paintings  in  oil,  Viscount 
Hardiuge,  (John  Leslie,  Esq.).  Other  i:iaiutings 
and  drawings,  Hon.  Spencer  Cowper,  (S.  Vincent, 
Esq.).  Sculpture  and  die  sinking,  A.  H.  Layard, 
Esq.,  M.P,  (W.  Calder  Marshall,  Esq.,  R.A.). 
Architectural  designs  aud  models,  J.  Fergnsson, 
Esq.,  (Lieutenant-Colonel  Scott,  R.E.).  Engrav- 
ing and  Lithography,  R.  J.  Lane,  Esq.,  A.E.R.A., 
and  F.  Seymour  Haden,  Esq.,  F.R.C.S.,  (JuUan 
Marshall,  Esq  ) 

Apparatus  and  Applr'ation  of  the  Liberal 
Arts. — Lord  Houghton,  Vice  President  ;  Baillie 
Cochrane,  Esq.,  M.P.,  Associate  Vice  President. — 
Printing  and  books,  George  Clowes,  Esq.,  (C. 
Rivers  Wilson,  Esq.).  Paper  stationery,  binding, 
painting,  and  drawing  materials,  Warren  De  la 
Hue,  Esq.,  F.R.S.,  (F.  Hankey,  Esq.).  Applica- 
tions of  drawing  and  modelling  to  the  common 
arts,  R.  Redgrave,  Esq.,  R.A.,  (H.  A.  Bowler, 
Esq.).  Photographic  proofs  and  apparatus.  Dr. 
Hugh  W.  Diamond,  (Lieutenant-Colonel  Gordon, 
C.B.,  R.E.).  Musical  instruments.  Lord  Gerald 
Fitzgerald,  ^Hon.  Seymour  Egerton,  1st  Life 
Guards).  Medical  and  surgical  instruments  and 
apparatus.  Sir  J.  F.  OUfi'e,  M.D.  Mathematical 
instruments  and  apparatus  for  teaching  science, 
C.  Brooke,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  (Lieutenant. Colonel 
Strange,  F.R.S.,  F.R.A.S.;.  Maps  and  geographical 
and cosmographical apparatus,  Capt.G.  H.  Richards, 
R.N.,  (Lieutenant-Colonel  A.  C.  Cooke,  R.E., 
F.R.G.S.). 

Furniture  and  other  Objects  for  the  Use 
OF  Dwellings.— Fancy  furniture,  J.  H.  I'oUen, 
Esq.,  M.A.  Upholstery  and  decorative  work, 
Matthew  Digby  Wyatt,  Esq.,  i;S.A.  Crystal 
fancy  glass  and  stained  glass,  E.  W.  Cooke,  Esq., 
R.A.,  F.R.S.,  (Henry  Chance,  Esq.).  Porcelain, 
earthenware,  and  other  fancy  pottery.  Right  Hon. 
W.  E.  Gladstone,  D.C.L.,  M.P.,  (J.  C.  Robinson, 
Esq.,  F.S.A.).  Carpets,  tapestry,  and  other  stufl's 
for  furniture,  Peter  Graham,  Esq.  Paper  hang- 
ings, J.  G.  Grace,  Esq.  Cutlery,  G.  Wostenholm, 
Esq.,  (C  Asprey,  Esq.).  Gold  and  silver  plate, 
Percy  W.  Doyle,  Esq.,  C.B.,  (G.  J.  Cayley,  Esq.), 
Bronzes  and  other  art  castings  and  repousse  work 
no  juror  allowed.  Clocks  and  watches,  0.  Frod- 
sham,  Esq.  Apparatus  and  processes  for  heating 
and  lighting,  Professor  J.  Tynd.all,  LL.D.,  F.R.S., 
(Rear  Admiral  Ryder,  C.B.,  R.N.).  Perfumery, 
Dr.  W.  Gelling.  Leather  work,  fancy  articles,  and 
basket  work,  J.  M.  Stanley,  Esq.,  (F.  West,  Esq.). 


TRIANGULAR  PORCH,   UNIVERSITY 
COLLEGE    OF    WALES. 

ONE  of  our  illustrations  this  week  represents 
the  triangular  porch  of  the  University 
College  of  AV.ales.  In  December  last  we  gave  an 
illustration  of  the  Castle  Hotel,  Aberystwith. 
.Since  then  the  building  has  pas.sed  into  the  hands 
of  the  jirovisional  committee  appointed  to.  esta- 
blish universities  in  Wales,  to  whom  the  hotel 
was  recently  sold  for  the  sum  of  £10,000.  As 
our  readers  are  aware  the  design  of  the  college  is 
by  Mr.  J.  P.  Seddon,  of  London. 


THOMAS  GRAY,  THE  POET. 

IT  may  not  be  generally  known  that  the  only 
record  which  indicates  the  spot  where  the 
remains  of  the  author  of  the  far-famed  "  Elegy  " 
lie  is  a  small  stone  inserted  opposite  to  his  grave, 
and  beneath  the  east  window  of  the  Hastings 
Chapel  of  Stoke  Pogis  Church.  It  seems  imne 
ce.ssary  to  say  that  this  is  hardly  a  fitting  monu- 
ment to  one  who  has  done  so  much  to  enrich  the 
poetic  literature  of  his  country.  We  are  glad, 
therefore,  to  be  able  to  announce  that  a  move- 
ment is  on  foot  to  erect  a  more  worthy  memorial 
to  the  poet.  The  proposed  memorial  it  is  sug- 
gested should  take  the  form  of  a  stained  glass 
window,  and  should  the  funds  allow  it  is  also 
intended  to  complete  the  restoration  of  the  pictur- 
esque little  church  beside  whose  wall  Gray  rests. 
The  committee  appointed  to  carry  out  the  pro- 
posal include  the  Duke  of  Leeds,  the  Bishop  of 
Oxford,  and  the  Vicar  and  Churchwardens  of  the 
parish.  Contributions  (of  any  amount)  may  be 
paid  to  the  "Gray  Memorial  Fund,"  W^estern 
Branch  of  the  Bank  of  England,  Burlington 
Gardens,  W. ;  or  may  be  remitted  to  the  Rev. 
Vernon  Blake,  Stoke  Pogis,  near  Slough. 


The  Pugiu  Travelling  Studentship,  established 
for    the    cultivation   of     the    study    of    EngUsh  | 
Mediaeval  architecture,  has  this  year  been  won  by 
Mr.  Henry  Walton,  of  Leeds.  I 


PARLIAMENTARY  NOTES. 

A  .MOTION  brought  forward  by  Mr.  Lowe  on 
Friday  to  refer  to  a  select  committee  a  petition  of 
Mr.  Shiels,  C.E.,  who  alleges  that  the  Board  of 
Works,  in  the  embankment  of  the  Thames,  has 
made  use  of  his  designs,  was  objected  to  by  Lord 
John  Manners,  on  the  ground  that  his  claim,  if 
any,  is  against  the  Board,  and  not  against  the 
Government.  After  a  short  debate  the  motion 
was  rejected  by  49  to  29. 

Mr.  Lanyon  asked  the  Secretary  to  the  Treasury 
whether  it  was  the  intention  of  the  Commissioners 
of  the  Law  Courts  to  accede  to  the  request  of 
the  competing  architects  to  the  eflect  that  two 
professional  men,  selected  by  the  competitors,  be 
added  to  the  judges.  Mr.  Hunt  replied  that  the 
Government  had  come  to  the  conclusion  that  it 
was  too  late  to  alter  the  arrangement  in  the 
matter  which  had  been  already  made. 

On  Tuesday,  Mr.  Crawf  urd  asked  leave  to  in- 
troduce a  bill  for  the  preservation  of  Bunhill- 
fiehls  Burial-ground  as  an  open  space,  and  for 
other  purposes  relating  thereto.  The  hon. 
member  stated  briefly  the  nature  of  its  provisions. 
The  Bill  would  leave  the  fee  of  the  estate  in  the 
Ecclesiastical  Commissioners,  but  the  city  of 
London  had  undertaken  to  repair  the  tombs  and 
monumental  memorials,  and  to  maintain  the 
burial  ground  in  proper  order  as  a  place  of  public 
resort.  The  bill  did  not  interfere  with  any  of  the 
matters  in  dispute  between  the  Commissioners 
and  the  city  of  London  respecting  rents  and  other 
receipts.  He  was  glad  that  the  bill  would  not  be 
opposed  at  its  present  stage,  and  he  hoped  the 
right  hon.  gentleman  opposite  would  be  able  to 
inform  the  House  that  he  would  not  oppose  it  on 
the  second  reading.  Mr.  Mowbray  stated,  on 
behalf  of  the  Ecclesia,stical  Commissioners,  that 
there  was  nr»  intention  to  oppose  the  introduction 
of  the  measure.  At  i^reseut,  however,  he  had  not 
had  an  opportunity  of  reading  the  bill,  aud  until 
he  had  done  so,  of  course  he  could  not  pronounce 
an  opinion  upon  it.  Leave  was  then  given  to 
bring  in  the  bill. 

Mr.  Layard,  on  Tuesday,  asked  the  First  Com- 
missioner of  Public  Works,  whether  the  buildings 
to  be  erected  at  the  back  of  Burlington-house  for 
the  accommodation  of  the  London  University  are 
to  be  in  the  same  stjde  of  architecture  as  that 
edifice,  or  whether  the  report  be  true  that  they 
are  to  be  in  the  Gothic  style ;  whether  he  would 
give  directions  for  the  exhibition  in  the  library  of 
the  elevation  and  plans  of  the  new  buildings,  in 
order  that  members  may  have  an  opportunity  of 
inspecting  them ;  whether  Mr.  Pennethorne  had 


protested  against  the  employreent  of  Gothic 
architecture,  and  whether  he  had  furnished  a 
plan  of  his  own  in  the  same  stjle  of  architecture 
as  Burlington  house.  Lord  J.  Manners  reulied 
that  the  building  referred  to  would  not  be  in  the 
same  style  as  Burlington  house  itself,  but  in 
Italian  Gothic.  With  respect  to  the  plans  and 
elevations  he  had  no  objection  to  place  them  in 
the  library  when  he  received  them.  He  believed 
that  .there  was  no  truth  whatever  in  the  report 
that  Mr.  Pennethorne  had  protested  against  the 
use  of  Gothic  architecture,  nor  had  he  furnished 
plans  in  a  style  of  architecture  in  accordance  with 
that  of  Eurlingtonhouse.  Colonel  French.— Will 
the  noble  lord  explain  what  Italian  Gothic  means' 
Lord  J.  Manners. — I  beg  to  refer  the  hon.  and 
gallant  member  to  the  hon.  gentleman  breide  hini 
(Mr.  L.ayard). 

In  the  House  of  Commons  on  Friday  Mr. 
Goldsmid  reopened  the  question  as  to  the  rebuild, 
ing  of  the  National  Gallery.  He  criticized 
severely  the  vagueness  of  the  instructions  given 
by  Mr.  Cowper  to  the  competing  architects,  and 
insisted  that  a  breach  of  faith  had  been  com- 
mitted, inasmuch  as  a  verbal,  if  not  a  written, 
pledge  had  been  given  that  one  of  them  should 
have  the  construction  of  the  new  building.  Mr. 
Gregory  also  blamed  Mr.  Cowper's  want  of  ex- 
plicitness.  Mr.  Cowper  laid  the  vacillation  at  the 
door  of  the  House  of  Commons,  which  had  taken 
the  responsibility  out  of  the  hands  of  the  Execu- 
tive, and,  by  the  mouths  of  Committees  and  Com- 
missioners, had  come  to  very  contradictoiy 
decisions.  He  defended  the  instructions  he  hid 
given  to  the  architects.  Mr.  Beresford  Hope  and 
Mr.  Tite,  two  of  the  Judges,  repeated  that  the 
competing  architects  were  under  the  impression 
that  one  of  them  would  be  employed,  but  Lord 
Elcho  (another  Judge)  insisted  tihat  no  engage- 
ment had  been  made  with  the  architects.  Lord 
J.  Manners  remarked  that  as  there  was  no  par- 
ticular huriy — the  land  not  yet  having  been  ac- 
quired — he  should  consult  with  the  Trustees  bfr 
fore  he  decided  what  course  he  should  take 
the  ne^v  gallery. 


AMERICAN    ITEMS. 

One  hundred  thousand  dollars  have  been  gji 
(by  a  gentleman  who  withholds  his  name)  tofoi 
an  Episcopalian  Theological  school  at  Cambridge 
Massachusetts. — The  greater  portion  of  the  toim.' 
of  Bothwell,  C.W.,  has  been  destroyed  by  fire,'' 
One  hundred  houses  have  been  burned,  and  a' 
large  number  of  families  rendered  homeless  i 
destitute.  A  telegram  states  that  the  affliL__ 
people  are  flying  from  the  town,  or  rather  btm 
its  ruins. — George  Peabody  has  donated  150,000 
dollars  for  the  foundation  and  maintenance  of  it 
museum  of  national  history,  in  which  special  at- 
tention shall  be  paid  to  the  departments  of  zoologf, 
geology,  and  mineralogy,  at  New  Haven,  Conn. — 
There  is  in  Prmceton  Cemetery  (New  Jersey)  a 
monument  to  Aaron  Burr,  bearing  this  inscrip- 
tion : — 

'■Aaron  Burr, 
"Bom  Feb.  G,   ITiG;  died  Sept.  14,  1S36.     AColOaelio 
the  army  of  the  RevohitioD.  aud  Vice-President  of  thft 
United  States  from  ISO!  to  1S05." 

None  of  the  people  of  Princeton  know  when  ths 
monument  was  brought  there,  or  by  whom.  It 
was  placed  there  during  the  night  time  a  few 
years  since.  Whose  the  loving  hands  that  erected 
that  memorial  to  a  brilUant,  bad,  unfortunate  man ! 
— The  people  of  New  York  have  been  astounded 
at  the  recent  unprecedented  rise  in  rents.  A  shop 
in  Broadway  which  was  rented  last  year  for  1,200 
dollars  this  year  costs  3,000  dollars.  The 
Union  League  Clubhouse,  which  was  let  for  6,500 
doll?rs,  is  now  rented  at  20,000  dollars  !  "Immi- 
gration "  is  the  only  reply  given  by  proprietors  iu 
explanation  of  the  rise. 


At  the  meeting  of  the  Society  of  Engineers,  J 
held  at  6,  Westminster  Chambers,  Victoria-street, 
S.W.,  on  Monday  last  (W.  H.  Le  Feuvre,  Esq., 
president,  in  the  chair),  the  following  gentlemen 
were  elected  honorary  members :  Sir  John  Her- 
schel,  Bart.,  F.R.S.,  Sir  David  Brewster,  K.H., 
F.R.S.,  G.  B.  Airy,  F.R.S.,  Lyon  Playfidr,  F.U.S., 
W.  J.  M.  Rankine,  F.R.S.,  William  Pole.  FRS., 
J.  C.  Adams,  F.R.S.,  Robert  Napier,  M.I.C.R., 
J.  Penn,  F.R.S.,  and  Joseph  Whitworth,  FR.S., 
Esqrs. ;  M.  Eugene  Flachet,  and  Herr  F.  Grashof. 
Members  :  John  C.  Carruthers,  W.  Naylor,  Adam 
Dixon,  and  Alexander  Chaplin,  Esqrs.  Foreign 
members  :  John  Skwarcow  and  David  Magnus 
Esqrs.  Associates  :  Thomas  Allcock  and  Thcma' 
Hulburd,  Eaqrs. 


:i,n,.i^::-i^w..^j^5'^'Siy 


b    !■■    VV'siTy-  lirti 


C. C.Scott,  architect. 


G  il  JiiiUettljti,(>'y<«»- 


"nn?&iil.-im|N<ryre  ^rilo*^  186," 


i  U  BdrdettLi-liJG'OueeBS'Wesmi' 


April  5.  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


243 


SERMONS  IN  STONE. 

EPITA  PHS,  it  must  be  observed,"  remarks 
Mv.  Pettigrew,  "  will  not  admit  of  any 
severe  test  of  criticism  ;  their  metrein  the  Eng- 
'  lish  language  is  often  strangely  incorrect.  It  is 
to  the  sentiment  they  are  intended  to  convey 
that  om-  attention  should  be  chiefly  directed. 
' .    .    .     The  seventeenth  century  will  be  seen 
In  present  lamentable  effusions  in  regard   to 
•  monumental  inscriptions;  as  we  advance 
:  tlie  eigliteenth  an  improvement  is  observ- 
able, and  the   later  specimens,  if  not  very  re- 
markable in  themselves,  are  yet,  at  least,"  free 
from  the   ribaldry   and  folly  of  the  preceding 
age."    Ill   the   specimens  of  epitaphs  already 
given,    as    well    as   in   the  examples  which 
follow,  the  reader  will  tind  many  of  the  pecu- 
liarities and  characteristics  of  our  old  tomb- 
stone   literature.      One    cannot    fail  to   be 
"'!!i-!ed  by  tlie  autiipiated  spelling,  the  exagge- 
•l  language,  and  the  quaintno.ss  of  thoiiglit 
iihich  our  forefathers  indulged,  though  we 
'rt-  it  was  the  habit  of  their  age.     How" fond, 
.  they  are  of  punningon  their  tombstones — 
i.ictiee  not  to   be  thought   of   nowadays, 
whicli  was  a  favourite  one  formerly.     The 
iU'iature,  especially   the  religious  literature, 
if    the  seventeenth    century  abounds   with 
■K  and  poetic  conceits  of  every  kind,  .some 
I  hem  so  poor  that  even  the  poet   Close 
_  iit  well  be  ashamed  of  them.     How  solici- 
-  friends  were  to  say  the  most  as  well   as 
liest  they  could   of  "those  '•  dear  departed 
-."     Old  tombstones  are  the  record  of  the 
■t  irrelevant   particulai-s,  which  cannot  be 
i  now  withoiit  causing  a  smile.     Whether 
■  ery  instance  they  stated  "  the  truth,  the 
■In  truth,  and  nothing  but  the  truth,"  may 
Lips  be  doubted,  since  this  golden  rule  is 
.dways  observed  by  their  successors.     But 
;    lapidary  inscri))tion3,"  as   Dr.   Johnson 
%  "  a  man   is   not  upon    his  oath."    We 
I  hardly  point  out  how  very   few   speci- 
1-  of  really  good  poetry  one  meets  with  on 
-chyard  tombstones.     We  give  the  follow- 
■pitaphs  without  observing  any  chronolo- 
1  order  as  to  time  or  place.     On   the  tomb 
.\.lexander    Speid    we   have  this  inscrip- 

Time  Hies  with  Speeil— with  spceil  Speid's  fleil 

To  the  rt;irk  Reigoas  of  the  dead  ; 
With  Speed  Consimiptions  Sorrows  flew, 

Aud  Btopt  .Speid's  speed,  for  Speid  it  slew. 
Miss  Speid  belield  with  Frantic  woe 

Poor  Speid  with  Sjieeil  turn  pale  as  snow, 
.\nd  heat  her  breast  and  tore  her  hair, 

For  Speid.  poor  S(ieid.  was  aU  her  care. 
Lets  leara  of  Speid  with  Speed  to  flee, 

From  Sbi,  since  we  like  Speid  ninst  die. 

'•een  Ancrum  and   ilaxton  in  Roxburgh- 

•,  is  Lilliard  Edge,  which  takes  its  name 

I  the  battle  fought  there  in    1546   or '47, 

lere  a   woman   of    that    name    signalised 

■I'self    iu     opposing     the    English    army, 

•iiemory  of  which  a  tombstone  was  erected 

'  her  grave,  the  remains  of  which  were  to 

i-n  some  years  ago,  having  the  following 

liption  : — 

1-  maiden  Lilliard  lies  under  tliis  stano, 
'le  w;ls  her  stature,  but  gj-eat  Wcas  her  fame; 
'lie  Kiiylish  huls  she  laid  man.v  thumps, 
.iid  when  her  legs  were  ott  she  foiight  upon  her  stumps. 

■■  In  the    kirkyard  of  Grail,   Scotland,  there 

a  very  ancient  tomb,  much  defaced.     It  is 

'-disiderable  height,  and  has  a  double  row 

iiiall  Gothic  columns   in  front  ;    in  the 

ic    over     the    capitals     stands    a    lion. 

■•  has  made  free  with  the  animal's  head, 

'.as  furnished  him  with  a  thick  covering 

ii-y  "fog,"  not   much    shorter   than  bis 

;al  hair,  and  giving  him  a  very  venerable 

antiijue    appearance.      The   lettering  is 

"  li  obliterated,  but  the  tomb  seems  to  have 

'  'Uged  to  some  of  the  Grreme  family.     On 

ruther  tomb  a  little  below  is  the  inscrip- 

n:- 

Of  dochty  Douglas  kynd  he  cam, 
And  so  he  did  well  prove  ; 
He  lived  always  in  good  fame. 
And  died  with  .all  mens  love. 
John  noiiglas. 

tThe  rest  is  illegible,  ] 


the  wall  of  the  same 
following  : — 


churchyard  there  is 


Here  I,ves  inter'd  before  this  tomb 

The  corpse  of  Bailie  Thomas  Young. 

Aji  honest  man  of  go<«l  ronoun. 

Three  times  a  bailie  of  this  toun. 

lie  sixteen  years  ('onveener  w;xs. 

Hut  now  into  the  dust  ho  lyes. 

Tile  2(lth  of  October  born  was  ho, 

In  .Vnno  1(183, 

And  dyed  December  6th,  interr'd  the  eight. 

In  .\imo  IZaS. 

Then  ho  with  great  comixisure  left  this  stage, 

.\nd  in  the  70  year  of  his  n^e. 

Isabel  Mairton  hi^Sl)ouse  does  ly  here, 

.\»  also  doth  sLx  of  their  children  dear. 

At  Fyvie,  in  Aberdeenshire,  the  heroine  of 
the  pathetic  Scotch  ballad,  "  Tiftie's  Bonnie 
Annie,"  is  buried.  The  original  tombstone 
having  become  decayed,  Mr.  Gordon,  of 
Fyvie,  about  twenty  years  a"o  caused  a  new 
stone  to  be  put  up,  a  fac-simileof  the  original. 
Tile  name  of  the  unfortunate  damsel,  the 
story  of  whose  love  is  so  iinely  told  in  the 
ballad,  was  Agnes  Smitli.  The  common  jjro- 
nunciation  of  her  christian  name  was  Naunie, 
which  in  the  ballad  is  further  metamorphosed 
into  Annie.  The  inscription  on  the  stone 
(embellished  with  a  death's  head  and  cross- 
bones,  a  sand  glass,  &o.)  runs  thus  : — ■"  Heir 
lyes  Agnes  Smith  who  departid  the  111  of 
lanvari  167S."  The  story  of  Tiftie's  Annie  is 
commemorated  by  a  stone  figure  of  her  lover, 
the  trumpeter,  placed  on  one  of  the  turrets  of 
Fyvie  Castle,  in  the  act  of  blowing  his  horn 
towards  Tiftie,  the  home  of  the  maiden, 
which  is  about  half  a  mile  distant.  In  the 
burying-ground  of  St.  Andrew's  Church, 
Peebles,  there  are  several  tine  old  tombstones 
worthy  of  notice.  We  gi\-e  two  epitaphs,  as 
quoted  in  a  local  history  of  the  place.  The 
oldest  stone  is  thought  to  be  one  belonging  to 
the  family  of  Tweedie.  It  bears  the  name  of 
John  Tweedie,  bailie,  who  died  1699  ;  another 
John  Tweedie,  provost,  who  died  1712;  be- 
sides wives,  sons,  and  daughters.  There  are 
these  lines  underneath  : — 

A  silent,  scatter'd  flock  about  they  lie. 
Free  from  .all  toil,  care,  grief,  fear,  envj- ; 
But  yet  .ag.aiu  they  aU  shall  gather'd  be. 
When  the  last  awful  tnimpet  soundeth  hie, 

"  This  old  stone,  which  is  fast  sinking  into 
ruin,  abounds  in  well-executed  figures,  em- 
blematic of  the  four  seasons  : — A  husbandman 
with  a  sheet  round  his  shoulders  in  the  act  of 
sowing  ;  a  woman  with  a  garland  of  flowers  in 
her  hand  ;  a  young  man  with  a  reaping  hook 
lying  over  his  arm  ;  and  a  boy  with  his  hand 
to  his  mouth — a  significant  representation  of 
Winter."  On  the  throuch-stone  of  the  Hopes 
are  two  figures,  male  and  female,  carved  iu 
bold  relief,  dressed  in  the  costume  of  the  reign 
of  William  III.  The  date  is  1704,  and  we 
read  : — 

Here  lie  three  Hopes  inclosed  within, 
De<ath's  prisoners  by  Ad.am's  Sin  : 
Yet  rest  in  ff^pe.  that  they  shall  be. 
Set  by  the  Second  Adam  free. 

The  death  of  a  Donald  Robertson,  who  was 
born  January  1,  178.5,  and  died  June  4,  1848, 
is  thus  recorded  at  North  Mavine,  Shetland  : — 

He  was  a  peaceable  quiet  man,  and  to  all 
appearance  a  sincere  Christian.  His  death 
was  very  much  regretted,  which  was  caused 
by  the  stupidity  of  L.aurence  Tulloch,  of 
Clotherton,  who  sold  him  nitre  instead  of 
Epsom  Salts,  by  which  he  was  killed  in  the 
space  of  3  hours  after   taking  a  do.se  of  it. 

The  stupidity  of  placing  the  name  of  the  un- 
lucky Laurence  on  the  monument  seems 
almost  as  bad  as  his  own  blunder.  One  can 
imagine  the  feelings  of  the  poor  druggist  (or 
coimtry  grocer,  more  likely)  on  finding  his 
name  handed  down  to  posterity  imder  such 
circumstances.  Some  parish  schoolmaster 
must  have  done  this.  The  following  grotesque 
attempt  at  wit  may  be  seen  at  Annandale  : — 

I  .Tocky  Bell  o'  Braikenbrow,  lyes  under  this  stane. 

Five  of  my  awn  sons  laid  it  on  my  wame  ; 

I  liv'd  aw  my  dayes,  but  sturt  or  strife 

Wa£  man  o'  my  meat,  and  master  o'  my  wife. 

If  .you  done  better  in  your  time,  than  I  did  in  mine. 

Take  this  stane  off  my  wame,  and  lay  it  on  o'  thine. 

In  the  Cathedral  burying-ground  of  Elgin 
there  is  a  gravestone,  bearing  the  date  1687, 
on  which  is  recorded  this  quaint  sentiment  : — 

This  world  is  a  cittie  fall  of  Streets, 

And  death  is  the  raercat  that  all  men  meets. 

If  lyfe  were  a  thing  that  money  could  buy. 

The  poor  could  not  live,  and  the  rich  would  not  die- 


At  Dalkeith  died,  in  1738,  Margaret  Scott, 
aged  12.5.  This  is  the  sum  of  her  many  and 
varied  experiences  : — 

stop,  passongor,  until  mv  life  you  road  ; 
The  living  may  get  knowledge  by  the  dead. 
Five  times  five  years  I  liv'd  a  virgin's  life  ; 
Ten  times  five  yeai-s  I  was  a  virtlious  wife  : 
T'en  times  five  years  I  liv'd  a  widow  cha.sto  ; 
Now  weary'd  of  this  mortal  life,  I  rest. 
iJ'-tueen  my  cradle  &  my  grave  have  been 
I'Ji^dit  mighty  Kings  of  Scotland  &  a  Queen  : 
i-'our  times  five  years  the  Common-woalth  I  saw, 
Ten  times  the  subject  rose  against  the  law. 
Twice  did  I  see  old  Prelacy  puU'd  douTi, 
.Vnd  twice  the  cloak  waa  humbled  by  the  gown. 
.Vn  end  of  Stew.art's  r.ace  I  saw  ;  nay  more  ! 
■My  n.ativo  country  sold  for  English  ore : 
Such  desolations  in  ray  hie  have  been, 
1  have  an  end  of  all  perfection  seen. 

JIany  other  epitaphs  equally  interesting 
miglit  be  added,  but  for  the  present  we  bid 
adieu  to  the  subject. 


THE    WORKING   CL.\SSES'   D'WELLINGS' 
QUKSnON. 

AT  the  Society  of  Arts  oa  Wednesday  evening, 
Thomas  Hawksley,  M.D.,   read  a  paper  en- 
titled   "  Suggestions   for  a  Mode  of  Supplying  the 
demand  of  Cheap  and  He.ilthy  Dwellings  for  the 
Working  Classes,  in  conjunction  with  security  and 
profit  to  the  investor."       After  a  few  words  of  in- 
troduction.   Dr.  Hawksley  remarked  that  some  of 
those  best  qualified   to  judge  believe  that  in  the 
metropoUs  there  are  half  a  million  of  poor  strug- 
gling    between    pauperism  and  self-dependence . 
The  great  evil  of    unfit  .and  insufficient   habita- 
tions  for  the  poor   and  labouring  classes  has  been 
greatly  on    the   increase   of  late  years,  and  now, 
from   the   railways  advancing  their   termini  into 
the  centre  of  the  metropolis,    the   formation  of  a 
metrojiolitau    railway,    and  the   t.aking    up    new 
ground  for  other  public  improvements,    as  for  the 
building  of   the  law  courts,  the  difficulties   have 
been    immensely    increased.       Within    the   last 
quarter  of  a  century,  several  associations  and  in- 
dividuals    actuated  hy  a  noble  philanthropy  have 
stood  forward  to  do  battle  with  this   great  cause 
of  wrong  and  oppression.     After  enumerating  the 
Improved   Industrial    Dwellings'    Company    and 
such  like  associations,  Dr.  Hawksley  proceeded  : — 
Unfortunately,  great  and  valuable  as  the  amount 
of  work   done  by  them  is,  it  is  but  a  very  small 
portion  of  that  which  remains.      There  are,  pos- 
sibly, 8,000  or  10,00(1  poor  well  lodged   in  these 
improved    dwellings  ;  but  the  lowest  estimate  in- 
dicates that  improved    dwellings  are  wanted  for 
200,000  persons  at  least,  and  it  is  not  likely  that 
these  associations  will  be  able  either  to  provide 
fur   so    many,    or   to    provide  them  on    a    scale 
sufficiently  cheap  for  the  poor,  and  yet  sufficiently 
remunerative  to  the  public  to  attract  the    invest- 
ment  of  money  for  the  p-urpose.      Another  diffi- 
cultj-  that  opposes  their  success  is  the  difficulty 
of  obtaining  the  property  which,  by  its  unfitness, 
has  become  a  source  of  evil,  and  which  it  is  neces- 
sary to  improve  or  to  clear  away,   and  replace  by 
suitable   dwellings.      Such  property  is  often  pos- 
sessed   by  persons  who  have  no  regard  for  their 
fellow  men,  and  consider  only  of  the  money  to  be 
screwed  out  of   them,   by   providing  them    with 
lodgings  which   cost   little  or  nothing  to  keep  in 
order,  and  for  which  they  obtain  the  same  rent  as 
those  supplied    by  the   associations,    with    every 
comfort.     By  this  unprincipled  course,  such  pro- 
perty may  pay  from  20  to  30  per  cent.,  and  by 
the  hum.ane    and   honest   one    only  5  or     6    per 
cent.       It     is     not    wonderful,     therefore,    that 
gre.at  opposition    is    often   experienced   in  efl'ect- 
iug   the  reforms  necessary.      The   societies  have 
also    experienced    difficultie.s,     for    example,    iu 
being  aljle    to  obtain    only  one  side  of  a  street, 
when  the  improvements  would  be  impracticable 
without  possessing   both    sides.       Sometimes  the 
property   was  iu  Chancery ;  or  it  was  held  by  a 
number    of  persons;    or    unprincipled    solicitors 
would  put  in  every  obstruction  to  proof  of  title 
and  of   sale,    in  order  to  increase   costs.     Or  the 
property  was  entailed,  and  burdened  with  a  com- 
plication of  claims  ;  or  part  was  held  by  some  one 
abroad,    or  supposed    to    be  dead ;  or  they    were 
met  by   disreputable  owners  with  an  almost  vin- 
dictive  demand   for    such  outrageous    prices   as 
made  all  dealing  hopeless.     The  mode  of   acquir- 
ing   property    or   of   enforcing  its  improvement, 
under  Mr.  Torrens'    Bill,    would  appear  to  be  un- 
necessarily indirect  and  troublesome. 

The  mode  of  acquiring  the  condemned  property 
or  of  enforcing  the  improvement  of  it  might  bo 
effected  much   more   easily    and    effectively   by 


244 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


April  5,  1867. 


leaving  the  associations  who  would  effect  the 
working  to  obtain  information  of  unfit  pre- 
mises or  localities  from  all  informants,  not  of 
course  excluding  the  officer  of  health,  but  rather 
attaching  the  greatest  importance  to  his  informa- 
tion. 

2.  After  the  information  received,  that  the 
association  should  delegate  its  own  oSieer  to  visit 
the  place,  and  with  the  assistance  of  the  other  of 
health  get  up  the  accurate  facts,  and  then  report 
to  his  Board. 

3.  The  association,  having  concluded  that  the 
case  demands  interference,  draws  up  its  state- 
ment, estimates, ^costs,  &c.,  and  then, 

4.  Sends  a  copy  of  its  presentment  to  the 
owner  of  the  property,  and  another  to  the  Govern- 
ment officer  appointed  to  control  the  associations. 

5.  The  Government  controller  not  inter- 
vening, and  thereby  assenting  to  the  justice  of  the 
presentment,  the  association  next  endeavours  to 
make  terms  with  the  owner  of  the  property  for 
the  fulfilment  of  the  requisite  improvements,  and 
the  owner  objecting  to  come  into  the  undertaking, 
the  association  then  cites  him  to  appear  before 
the  justice  of  the  peace,  or  the  tribunal  appointed 
to  try  such  cases,  and  thus  all  dispute  might  be 
summarily  settled,  according  to  the  rules  of  law 
and  equity,  in  conformity  with  the  Lands  C'lau.ses 
Act. 

This  method  would  probably  save  trouble  to  all 
parties  and  expense.  It  would  require  no  parish 
rate  to  be  imposed  for  carrying  it  out,  and  all  the 
funds  for  every  expense  would  form  a  part  of  the 
outlay  of  the  associations,  as  they  now  do.  The 
work  would  be  pursued  with  a  single  eye  to  the 
public  good  without  the  impediments  of  local  in- 
fluence ;  and  particularly  this  mode  would  obviate 
the  necessity  of  selling  the  property  within  seven 
years,  and  so  avoid  the  risk  of  its  falling  back 
into  the  bad  state  and  management  of  its  previous 
owner. 

The  following  conditions  are  laid  down  as  neces- 
sary :— 

1.  The  removal  of  all  the  existing  foci  of 
disease,  and  the  unsuitable  poor  dwellings,  and 
the  replacement  by  healthy  ones  appropriate  for 
artisans  and  labourers ;  the  improvement  of 
those  dwellings  that  do  not  require  demolition 
and  the  opening  out  closed  courts  and  confined 
spaces.* 

2.  That  the  rent  to  be  paid  by  the  occupiers  of 
the  proposed  dwellings  shiU  be  on  a  scale  adapted 
tn  the  requirements  of  the  humblest  artisan  or 
labourer,  and  on  the  other^hand  that  the  nett  pro- 
fits on  the  general  undertaking  shall  secure  a 
minimum  5  per  cent,  dividend  on  the  capital  paid 

The  first  condition  will  require  for  its  fulfilment 
a  large  sum  of  money.  If  Mr.  Torrens'  estimate 
of  £1,000,000  sterling  for  35,000  houses  be  cor- 
rect, which  is  about  ii2S  lOs.  a  head,  it  must  re- 
quire at  least  £7,000,000  to  build  dwellings  for  the 
smallest  number  believed  to  require  them.  But 
as  the  work  will  not  pay  the  highest  interest  neces- 
sary to  attract  this  capital  as  au  ordinary  adven- 
ture (the  7  or  8  per  cent,  laid  down  by  the  Prince 
Consort),  what  is  requu-ed  is  to  make  it  so  desirable 
that  some  of  the  immense  wealth  of  this  country, 
waiting  for  investiuent,  may  be  attracted  to  it. 
It  is  presumed  that,  if  the  Government  would 
guarantee  a  minimum  of  4  per  cent.  ii]terest  on 
such  investments,  the  object  would  be  im. 
mediately  attained.  To  the  public  desiring  a  safe 
investment  for  their  money  it  would  be  a  great 
boon,  for  their  proj}erty  would  be  as  3.afe  as  in 
Bank  Consols ;  while  tolerably  certain  to  receive 
an  interest  of  not  less  than  5  per  cent.,  the  Govern- 
ment would  be  responsible  fur  the  minimum  of 
4  per  cent.  What  objections  might  the  Govern- 
ment be  supposed  to  iuterjjose  ?  In  granting  the 
boon  the  Government  accepts  no  risk.  Kvery 
sovereign  of  the  money  subscribed  by  the  public 
would  be  invested  in  houses  and  land,  the  natural 
tendency  of  which  is  to  increase  in  value,  and  in 
themselves  coni^titute  the  safest  property  iu  exist- 
ence. The  property  would  be  managed  by  asso- 
ciations of  gentlemen  undertaking  the  work  from 
the  highest  and  most  disinterested  motives  ;  Go  ■ 
vernment  officers  would  be  associated,  wdio  would 
be  responsible  to  the  Government  for  the  property 
and  the  prudence  of  the  manageinent,  and  lastly, 
a  nett  profit  on  the  undertaking  of  not  less  than 

*  It  is  not  supposed  or  intended  that  tlie  whole  of  con- 
demned London  is  to  be  pulled  down  and  rebuilt  at  the 
s.tme  time.  The  associations  would  tuite  cai'e  that  every- 
where the  convenience  of  the  poor  woulu  be  studied,  and 
the  work,  though  commenced  on  an  extensive  aud  com- 
prehensive Rc:ile,  would  be  so  ditfused  and  managed,  that, 
from  the  iirst,  increased,  instead  of  diminished,  ji-jc  'mmu- 
dation,  would  be  provided. 


5  per  cent,  per  annum  would  be  ensured  by  the 
following  plans  to  be  discussed  under  the  second 
condition. 

The  member  for  Finsbury  has  just  carried 
through  its  second  reading  a  bill,  the  intention  of 
which  it  is  impossible  to  praise  too  highly  ;  the 
only  questions  concerning  it  are  whether  the  mode 
it  prescribes  for  enforcing  the  rebuilding  or  im- 
provement, or  the  rebuilding  of  the  condemned 
property,  might  be  simplified,  and  made  more 
efi'ectual ;  and  whether  the  mode  of  providing  the 
means  to  carry  out  the  work  might  not  be  placed 
on  a  larger  and  more  expan.sive  basis.  The  second 
condition  requires  that  the  dwellings  should  be  let 
at  a  rent  that  the  humblest  labourer  can  pay,  and 
yet  that  the  whole  undertaking  should  return  a 
profit  of  at  least  5  per  cent,  after  satisfying  all 
claims.  Until  the  working  classes  "become  more 
prosperous  by  a  diminution  in  the  oppression  aud 
misery  caused  by  preventible  disease,  it  would 
seem  that  a  very  large  majority  of  them,  at  the 
present  rents,  can  afford  to  pay  for  one  room  only. 
Even  in  the  rich  parish  of  St.  George's,  Hanover- 
square,  we  learn  i'rom  Professor  Kerr's  paper,  read 
at  this  society,  that  of  1,500  abodes  of  the  poor 
visited  in  that  parish,  it  was  found  8}  per  cent,  of 
the  families  only  had  three  rooms,  28  per  cent, 
had  two  rooms,  and  62  persons  had  one  room 
only.  In  the  poor  parishes  the  inability  to  pay 
rent  is  greater  still ;  and  it  would  appear  that  the 
provision  should  be,  that,  the  rooms  being  built  in 
compliance  with  the  requu-emeuts  of  health  and 
comfort,  comprising  the  proper  allowance  of  light, 
ventilation,  water  supply,  and  other  conveniences, 
the  rent  per  room  should  be  from  Is.  6d.  to 
2s.  a  week.  This  scale,  it  is  believed,  would  pro- 
vide for  the  wants  of  the  poorest  individual  or 
family ;  and  there  can  be  no  doubt  that,  with  the 
improving  action  of  their  dwellings  on  the  health 
and  morals  of  their  occupants,  very  soon  each 
family  would  be  able  to  pay  for  three  or  four 
rooms,  and  in  the  first  instance  for  two  at  least. 

The  other  feature  of  this  second  condition — 
that  the  imdertakings  should  return  a  clear  profit 
of  5  per  cent,  at  least  on  capital,  is  made  clearly 
practicable  by  the  following  feature  of  the  plan  : 
— 1st.  The  purchase  of  the  property  to  be  by 
compulsory  sale  and  reference  to  an  equitable 
tribunal.  By  this  means  extortionate  prices 
would  be  saved,  and  the  greatest  difliculty  in 
building  for  the  poor  cheaply  would  be  avoided. 
2nd.  Advantage  would  be  taken  of  the  valuable 
experiences  discovered  by  the  pioneers  on  the 
road,  both  in  the  form  and  arrangement  of  such 
buildings  and  in  the  materials  used  in  their  con- 
struction. It  may  be  found  advantageous  to  vary 
the  form  and  arrangement  of  the  buildings  accord- 
ing to  the  requirements  of  the  neighbourhood ; 
and  it  is  suggested  that  not  only  would  it  be  found 
profitable  in  some  situations  to  make  the  b.ase- 
ments  into  shops,  as  in  iilr.  Waterlow's  houses  has 
been  done,  but  also  that  iu  others  it  might  be 
found  to  pay  well  to  convert  the  flat  solid  roof 
into  workshops  and  warehouses  for  the  use  of  the 
tradesmen  in  the  neighbourhood,  who  would  be 
able  to  pay  a  good  rent  for  them,  and  so  lighten 
the  rental  of  the  dwellings. 


TRADES'  UNION  COMMISSION. 

THE  Commission  appointed  to  inquire  into  the 
working  of  Trades'  Unions  are  now  taking 
evidence  at  Park  Prospect  House,  Westminster. 
The  Commissioners  are  Sir  W.  Erie  (president),  the 
Earl  of  Lichfield,  LordElcho,M  P.,  Sir  Edmund  W. 
Head,  Sir  Daniel  Gooch,  M.P.,  Jlr.  Herman  Meri- 
vale,  C.B.,  Mr.  James  Booth,  C.B ,  Mr.  J.  A. 
Roebuck,  M.P.,  Mr.  Thomas  Hughes,  M  P.,  Mr. 
Frederic  Harrison,  and  Mr.  W.  Mathews. 
31r.  J.  H.  Patteson,  secretary  to  the  commission. 
One  of  the  witnesses  called  was  Mr.  Geo.  Potter, 
the  president  of  the  London  Working  Men's 
Association,  who  stated  that  it  had  been  in  exist- 
ence for  about  fifteen  months,  that  he  was  one 
of  the  originators  of  it,  and  th.at  it  consisted  of 
about  GOO  members.  Mr.  Potter  states  that  the 
association  is  not  devoted  to  any  particular  trade, 
but  is  a  union  "  to  procure  the  political  en- 
franchisement and  promote  the  social  and  general 
interests  of  the  iuilustrial  classes."  Mr.  Putter  is 
a  member  of  the  Progressive  Society  of  Car- 
penters and  Joiners,  which  is  not  an  amalgamated 
society,  but  one  of  the  local  societies  of  the  joiners. 
The  Joiners'  Association  is  of  the  common  form 
of  trades'  unions.  The  fixed  minimum  rate  of 
wages  at  which  men  are  allowed  to  work  in  the 
trade  is  generally  fixed  by  the  employers  and  em 
ployed,  according  to   the  esigonces  of  the  trade, 


:    UUb 

igc^" 


and  not  by  the  society.  Witness  was  not  aware 
that  a  man  ceasing  to  be  a  member  of  the  society 
would  be  subject  to  any  interruption  or  annoy, 
ance  from  the  members  which  the  society  would 
not  discountenance.  Of  course  there  are  many 
charges  of  intimidation  brought  against  societies 
but  they  could  not  be  responsible  for  every  mem. 
ber.  Some  men  would,  peihaps,  twit  a  man  for 
leaving  ;  but  as  a  rule  such  a  practice  is  deprecated 
by  the  intelligent  men  of  the  trade.  There  is  a 
Master  Builders'  Association  of  London,  organ- 
ised to  try  to  keep  down  wages,  just  as  on  the 
other  hand  the  society  which  the  witness  belongs 
tu  is  organised  to  keep  them  up.  The  AVorkin" 
Men's  Association  takes  into  consideration  general 
trade  questions  as  they  arise,  and,  when  fit^  re- 
commends other  societies  to  support  a  ca.se ;  but 
it  never  advises  men  to  strike.  It  generally  re- 
commends an  interview  with  the  employers,  and 
the  adoption  of  mutual  arrangements  by  arbitra- 
tion.  If  the  strike  has  taken  place,  the  associ- 
ation tries  to  see  if  any  arrangement  can  be  made 
between  the  employers  and  the  trade  in  dispute. 
Witness  believed  that  great  improvements  have 
followed  the  introduction  of  the  short  time  move- 
ment. As  to  courts  of  arbitration,  witness  be- 
lieved that  in  many  cases  they  woidd  be  inopera- 
tive, in  many  successful  and  useful.  There  is  a 
growing  feeling  among  the  men  in  favour  of 
having  some  kind  of  boards  or  court.s  f.jr  the 
settlement  of  disputes ;  the  men  are  not  always 
so  desirous  to  have  disputes  as  people  think ;  and 
it  is  not  always  their  fault  that  they  are  not 
settled  before  they  come  to  such  extreme  resi " 
as  they  sometimes  do. 

The  Commissioners  held  their  fourth  sitting 
Tuesday,   when  the  following  witnesses  were  ex. 
amined  : — 

Mr.  T.  Connolly,  mason,  was  the  first  witness 
examined  in  respect  to    the    11th  rule   of    the 
Masons'  Society,  called  the  "  chasing"  rule,  w 
prohibits  any  member  from  performing  more  tl 
a  certain  amount  of  work  in  one  day.    The  witness 
explained  that  it  was  a  rule  adopted  by  a  vote  of 
the  wh"ble  society  three  years  since,  and  was  passed.,, 
for    the    following     reasons ; — Some    employi 
when  they  found  a  man  in  their  employ  possesai 
of  superior   physical  strength,  had  been   in  the 
habit  of   eneour,aging  that  man,  by   an  allowance 
of  6d.  per  day  extra,  to  perform  as  much  work  ill 
one  day  as  his  strength  would  enable  him  tu  per- 
form, and  then  expect  all  the  other  men  in  the  shop^ 
to  do  the  same  amount.      This  system  had  b(      ' 
found  to  act  injuriously  to  the  health  of  the  mi 
generally  overtaxing  their  powers  of   enduranoA^ 
and  it  was  to  put  an  end  to  this  system  that  wbiti 
was  called   the  "  chasing"  rule   had   been  inf 
duced.      There  was   nothing  in   the  rules  of 
society  to  prevent  an  employer,  if  lie   felt  so 
cliued,  giving  extra  wages  to  a  man  of  more  tlXtt^ 
average    skill.      The   society    discouraged  piei»!) 
work  as   having  a  tendency  to  reduce  wages,  aqd  i 
they  opposed  overtime  as  injurious  to  health.  T|te' 
society,  however,  did  not  forbid  men  working  ov^i 
time  when  the  job  required  it,  but  claimed  foraJ}'' 
such  overtime    payment  at   the  rate  of  time  ow.;^ 
a  quarter,  which  had  to  a  great  extent  done  ^'^'Stl 
with  the  system  of  systematic  overtime  form^Sjj 
so  common  in  the  trade.  _ ,  Sf 

Mr.  E.  Coulson,  secretary  of  the  London  Briisii; 
layers'  Society,  was  the  next  witness.     He  saidtp 
head-quarters  of  the  society  were  in  London.    _|| 
had  96  branches  spread  over  the  country,  contaijt- 
iug  about   5,700   members.      Its  reserve  fund  Jn 
December  last  was  £-3,200.      Its  annual  inconiB 
was  about  £2,700 — the  members  paying  3d.  pt 
week.      Its  objects  were  to  support  men  out  of 
work,  with  the  approval  of  the  society,  the  reliel 
of  travelling  members,  and  the  burial  of  deceased 
members  and  their  wives.      The  amount  paid  by 
the   society  for  strikes   during   the  la-st  sis  years 
had  averaged  about  £300  per  year.     There  was  no 
restriction  by  this   society   against  a  bricklayer 
using  both  his  hands  in  laying  bricks,  or  compel- 
ling him  to  use  his  trowel  in  one  particular  hand. 
Statements  that  had  been   publicly  made  to  this 
effect  were  totally  untrue.      He  had  himself  used 
both  hands  iu  Living  bricks  on  what  was  ca'Jed  in- 
side work,  but  where  good  workmanship  was  re- 
quired— as   in   erecting  an  outside  wall— it  WM 
impossible  to  use  both  hands  in  laying  the  bricks. 
The  society  would  not  dream  of  interfering  with 
any  man  for  using  both  hands  in   laying  bricks. 
The  society  objected  to  piecework,  as  itoccasioned 
work  to   be    scamped  ;  but  there    was   uo    rale 
against  it,  neither  against  overtime,  nor  apfren- 
tices — though  both  were  discouraged.  When  a  job 
was  in  dis]iute  the  society  picketed  the  premises 
by  placing  men   on  duty  outside  t-j  dissuade  men 


shop,-. 
be^g,; 


I 


April  h,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


245 


f  n  seeking  work  there  pending  the  dispute ;  but 
Mid  not  encourage  any  intimidation.  If  a  man 
V  ated  the  rules  of  the  society  the  members 
T  lid  not  refuse  to  work  with  him,  but  he  would 
b  sent  to  "Coventry."  The  society  were  in 
f,')ur  of  arbitration,  but  the  difficulty  wa.s  to 
o  lin  arbitrators  in  whom  both  masters  and  men 
»dd  have  confidence.  They  had  a  standard  or 
n  imum  rate  of  wages  fixed  by  the  society,  but 
nnan  of  superior  skill  was  prevented  obtaining 
C-eif  the  employer  would  give  it. 

Ir.  G.  Howell,  a  member  of  the  same  society, 
g  3  similar  evidence.  He  had  been  several  years 
a  reman,  and  had  often  paid  extra  wages  to  men 
o  uperior  skill,  but  it  w.a.s  a  practice  discouraged 
b  :he  employers  generally.  He  considered  him- 
Bi  a  man  of  superior  skill,  and  thought  the 
b;  em  of  having  a  fixed  minimum  of  wages  had 
0)  -ated  to  his  advantage  and  to  all  like  him. 

r.   C.   'Williams,   secretary  to    the   National 

A  iciation   of  Plasterers,   was   then    examined. 

fl  executive  committee  sat  at  Liverpool.     The 

■iity  had  12S  branches,  with  about  8,000  mem- 

v.      The    number  of   members    had    doubled 

IB  in  the  l.a.st   two  years.      The  objects  of  the 

1^  ty  were  the  protection  of  the  trade  and  the 

of  the  members  in   sickness,  with   a   burial 

attached.      By  the  protection   of  trade  he 

it  the  shortening  the  hours  of  labour  and  the 

ig  of  wages.      Individually,  he  would  prefer 

.uction  in   the  hours  of   labour  to  a  rise  in 

8,  as  more  beneficial  to  the  men.  The  society 

d  after  the   interests   of  masters  as  well  as 

of  the  men.       He  gave  several  instances  of 

amongst   others  the   case  of  Mr.  Griffiths, 

in  August  last,  was  building  two  large  hotels 

wrystwith.       The  men    employed  on  the  job 

k  for  a  rise  of  Is.  per  week.     The  committee 

lagated  the  case,  and,   finding  the  men  were 

i  wrong,    requested  them  to  resume   work. 

nen  refused,  whereupon  the  committee  sup- 

ihe  builder  with  fresh  men  from  Liverpool, 

lich  he  was  enabled   to  finish  hLs  work.     No 

h  could  srike   without  the   sanction  of  the 

littee   after  due  investigation.      If  the  men 

without  the  consent  of  the  committee  they 

lot  receive    strike  pay.      The   society  men 

id  under  a  fixed  minimum  rate  of  wages. 

i  examination  of  witnesses  for  the  day  was 

soncluded. 

)  Chairman  said  if  the  commissioners  did 
jsire  to  go  to  Sheffield  to  open  the  inquiry 
to  the  alleged  outrages,  the  Home  Secre- 
fas  prepared  to  send  another  commission  for 
mrpose.  The  commissioners  thought  the 
would  be  the  best  course,  and  the  Chairman 
e  would  communicate  with  Mr.  Walpole  to 
Sect, 
inquiry  was  then  adjourned. 


NOTICES  OF  PUBLICATIONS. 


lenno 


1S66.     A. 


Fucts  end  Figures  for 
FuUarton  and  Co. 
itle  page  of  this  book  is  somewhat  of  a 
ner.  Instead  of  the  above  title  it  should 
Deen  "  Engineering  Facts  and  Figures  for 
Pirated  from  the  Scientific  Journals."  The 
insists  almost  exclusively  of  articles  taken 
lump  from  our  pages  and  the  pages  of  our 
iporaries,  and  it  sells  at  6b.;  or  about  four 
18 much  on  the  average  as  the  reader  would 

0  give  for  the  information  in  its  origmal 
The   compiler,   who   takes  good   care    to 

is  name,  trades  with  other  people's  goods. 
3  scarcely  an  article  which  he  has  taken  in 
."as  he  terms  it,  from  the  scientific  papers, 
at  was  paid    for  by  the  proprietors.       But 

iu  ■son  has  the  effrontery  to  take  these  articles 
t  (we  speak  as  far  as  we  are  concerned)  leave, 
produce  them  in  a  book   form  at  a   much 

'•"     rate  than  they  originally  sold  for.      There 

1  ways  to  prevent  such  a  style  of  book- 
;  either  for  the  public  not  to  purchase,  or 
proprietors  of   the  articles  so  appropriated 

an  injunction  and  prevent  the  sale  of  the 

'•  0/  Edinburgh  ami  their  Homes.  By  WiL- 
ASDEHSON.     Edinburgh  :    John  Menzies. 

>;  have  a  reprint  of  a  series  of  articles 
-  Edinburgh  Co^'.ranf,  by  one  of  its 
.  and  conveying  the  results  of  personal 
I  and  inquiry  into  the  condition  of  the 
■  of  the  poor  of  the  Scottish  capital.  The 
facts  brought  to  light  by  the  author, 
t  the  Edinburgh  authorities  have  not 
themselves  too   soon  to  improve   these 


dwellings.  Speaking  of  the  closes  or  alleys  of  the 
Old  Town,  Mr.  Anderson  declares  "we  have  seen 
something  of  the  worst  parts  of  London  and 
of  the  large  provincial  towns  of  England,  ;us  well 
as  of  the  back  slums  of  Dublin  and  Belfast,  but 
we  do  not  remember  ever  seeing  anything  so 
horribly  dirty  as  these  closes."  Those  who  have 
had  similar  opportunities  of  judging  will  agree 
with  him.  The  crying  evils,  as  usual,  are  the 
rapaciousness  of  landlords  in  exacting  exorbit,ant 
reuts  for  the  most  wretched  hovels,  while  refusing 
to  do  anything  iu  the  way  of  repairing  the  pro- 
perty: the  want  of  water;  and  the  absence  of 
waterclosets  and  other  receptacles  for  refuse.  By 
the  publiaition  of  his  able  articles  the  writer  has 
materially  contril.uted  to  help  forward  the  pro- 
jected great  scheme  for  improving  the  sanitary 
condition  of  Edinburgh,  which  is  one  of  the  most 
beautiful,  and  at  the  same  time  one  of  the  filthiest 
of  cities.  There  is  within  its  borders  a  smell,  or 
rather  a  stink,  which  some  travellers  s,ay  contains 
the  quintessence  of  all  the  stinks  of  all  other 
towns  under  the  sun. 

TItc  Tear  Boole  of  Facts  in  Science  and  A,i.  By 
John  Times,  F.S.A.  Lockwood  and  Co.  1SG7. 
This  familiar  and  useful  annual  has  reached  its 
fortieth  year  of  publication  ;  and  Mr.  Timbs,  with 
pardonable  pride,  congratulates  himself  there- 
upon. In  addition  to  the  usual  large  mass  of 
facts  in  mechanics,  natural  philosophy,  chemistry, 
zoology,  botany,  geology,  astronomy,  &c.,  the  pre- 
sent volume  contains  a  carefully  condensed 
accoimt  of  thelayingof  the  Atlantic  telegraph,  "the 
leading  accomplished  fact  of  the  past  year,"  with 
an  account  of  the  scientific  l.ibours  of  the  inventor 
of  the  electric  telegraph.  Professor  Wheatstone, 
whose  portrait  prefaces  the  book. 

An  Encijclopwdia  of  Architecture,  Historical, 
Theoretical,  and  Practical.  By  Joseph  Gwilt, 
F.S.A.  &c.  A  new  edition.  Revised  by  Wtatt 
Papworth,  F.R.I.B.A.  Longmans.  1867. 
Gwilt's  work  is  so  well  known  to  the  architec- 
tural profession  as  to  require  neither  introduc- 
tion nor  criticism  at  our  hands.  Since  it  was  first 
published  in  1842,  it  has  passed  through  four 
editions.  We  simply  note  that  in  the  new  edition 
400  engravings  and  more  than  100  woodcuts 
have  been  added  to  the  work,  which  also  con- 
tains a  brief  memoir  of  the  author,  and  several 
alterations  which  were  deemed  necessary  or  ad- 
visable. Mr.  Papworth  has  performed  his  task  with 
care  and  judgment.  The  "  Eucyclopaadia"  as  it 
now  stands  extends  to  upwards  of  l,3nrt  pages, 
and  contains  something  like  1,600  illustrations 
admirably  brought  out  on  toned  paper.  Altogether 
we  have  a  standard  work  of  reference  on  archi- 
tecture. 

Reminiscences  o.f  a  Highland,  Parish.  By  Norman 
Macleod,  D.D.,  one  of  Her  Majesty's  Chaplains. 
Alexander  Strahan.  1867. 
Few  who  read  these  reminiscences  as  they  ori- 
ginally appeared  vrill  regret  meeting  with 
them  in  their  now  collected  form.  They  are 
charming  pictures  of  a  district  of  country  contain- 
ing some  of  the  most  magnificent  and  beautiful 
scenery  in  the  world,  and  of  the  every-day  life  of 
the  interesting  people  who  inhabit  it — a  country 
of  which,  after  all,  we  know  little,  and  a  people  of 
whom  we  know  even  less.  As  Dr.  Macleod  has  it, 
the  Highlands  of  Scotland  may  be  said  to  be  un- 
known, and  yet  well  known.  He  has  corrected  our 
impressions  thereof  on  many  points,  and  we  can 
only  say  that  no  one  will  read  this  volume,  coming 
as  it  does  from  the  pen  of  one  of  the  most  eloquent 
and  popular  divines,  as  well  as  one  of  the  most 
graphic  and  entertaining  writers  of  the  day,  with- 
out feeling  a  warm  heart  towards  the  Highlands. 
Certainly  no  Scotchman  will. 


Some  few  weeks  ago  we  reproduced  an  article 
from  the  ^Vestrninster  Gazette  on  the  New  Law 
Courts.  Since  then  another  article  brimful  of 
frantic  criticism  and  denunciation  has  appeared 
in  the  pages  of  that  journal.  The  writer,  iu  fact, 
sees  nothing  in  the  designs  to  commend,  and 
everything  to  condemn.  His  condemnations, 
however,  being  so  unqualified,  defeat  the  purpose 
they  were  intended  to  produce.  The  writer  puts 
ou  his  colours  so  thickly  that  they  fall  off.  Such 
undiscriminating  criticisms  can  only  spring  from 
an  egotistic  soil.  They,  in  fact,  partake  of  the 
general  character  of  the  criticisms  of  the  WeU 
minster  Oa:^tte,  which  describes  itself  as  "  Catho- 
lic, Ultramontane,  Hildebrandestic,"  and,  conse- 
quently, can  see  nothing  good  in  those  "torrents 
of  ti^udency,"  as  Emerson  ,says,  which  characterise 
modern  civilisation. 


I'nilbiiKi;  |ntrlli(ifncc. 


CHURCHES  AND  CHAPELS. 

It  is  proposed  to  restore  the  parish  church  of 
Berwick  at  an  expense  of  300  guineas. 

A  lady  residing  in  Wolverhampton  has  given  a 
site  for  a  church  and  parsonage,  together  with  a 
contribution  of  £2,000  for  the  endowmeut  of  the 
church. 

A  Birmingham  paper  states  that  £10,000  has 
just  been  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  bishop  of  the 
diocese,  by  a  person  who  desires  to  remain  un- 
known, to  be  devoted  to  the  erection  of  new 
churches  in  Birmingham. 

The  foundation  stone  of  a  new  Primitive  Me- 
thodist Chapel  at  Beverley  was  laid  last  week. 

AuGHTON. — A  new  church  is  incourse  of  erection 
here,  from  designs  by  Messrs.  W.  and  J.  Hay,  archi- 
tects, Liverpool.  It  will  be  in  the  Flowing  Deco- 
rated style  which  predominated  in  the  fourteenth 
century.  It  will  present  .a  chancel,  nave,  and 
aisles,  and  a  massive  tower  occupying  a  central 
position  at  the  west  end,  terminating  with  a  qua- 
trefoil  balustrade,  pinnacles  rising  at  angles,  the 
south-east  corner  ha■\^ng,  however,  an  octagon 
stair  turret,  terminating  with  a  pinnacle.  'The 
chancel  will  be  40ft.  long  by  23ft.  wide,  the  di- 
mensions of  the  entire  edifice  being  65ft.  by  5Sft. 
The  material  used  is  from  the  Aiighton  delf 
known  as  "  pitch-faced  courses,"  the  interior 
being  lined  throughout  with  ashlar.  The  church 
will  seat  from  500  to  600  persons,  and  the  esti- 
mated total  cost  is  £6,0U0.  The  work  is  being 
carried  out  by  Mr.  Harris,  of  St.  Helens. 

Berlin. — Thi:  New  Cathedral. — The  long 
promised  Cathedral  of  Berlin  is  now  to  be  under- 
taken iu  good  earnest.  We  last  week  gave  the 
letter  of  King  William,  addressed  to  the  Minister 
of  Public  Worship.  The  late  Privy  Councillor 
Stiller  has  supplieti  the  drawings  of  the  new  Ca- 
thedral. Independently  of  the  entrance  hall,  the 
body  of  the  building  will  be  240ft.  square,  and 
140ft.  high.  Above  this  will  rise  a  cupola  190ft. 
high,  surmounted  by  a  spire  and  cross  70ft.  in 
height.  This  gives  a  total  altitude  of  400ft.  or 
just  4ft.  less  than  that  of  St.  Paul's.  The 
columns  of  the  portico  are  to  be  Corinthian,  and 
the  general  character  of  the  building  is  that  of  a 
vast  basilica. 

Beverlet. — On  Monday  week  last  the  founda- 
tion stone  of  a  new  Primitive  Methodist  Chapel 
was  laid.  The  building  is  to  be  erected  upon  the 
site  of  the  old  chapel,  and  will  accommodate  700 
persons,  the  estimated  cost  being  about  £2,000. 
Mr.  Wright,  of  Hull,  is  the  architect,  and  Mr. 
Watson  the  builder. 

FoRDEN  (Hereford). — A  new  church  has  just 
been  opened  iu  this  town.  It  is  in  the  Early  Deco- 
rated style,  and  consists  of  a  nave,  north  and  south 
aisles,  chancel  aisles,  and  detached  tower.  All  the 
exterior  masonry  is  built  of  Whittree  stone,  and 
the  interior  of  Bath  stone,  relieved  in  both  in- 
stances with  red  stone  from  the  Ruabou  beds. 
The  church  was  built  from  the  designs  of  Mr. 
Nicholson,  of  P'orden,  and  the  works  have  been 
carried  out  by  Mr.  Gough,  builder,  of  Bishop's 
Castle.  The  cost  has  been  about  £3,000  exclusive 
of  the  tower,  which  has  not  yet  been  built. 

Leith. — A  new  chapel  has  been  built  here  for 
the  Evangelical  Union  Congregation.  It  is  de- 
signed by  Mr.  Goalen,  architect,  Leith,  and  is  to 
be  in  the  Gothic  style.  It  will  have  a  frontage  of 
45ft.  Sin.,  and  a  depth  of  sides  63ft.  6in.  Sittings 
will  be  provided  for  560  persons,  allowing  a  space 
of  2lJin.  for  each. 

Southampton. — A  new  church  is  proposed  to 
be  erected  here.  The  architects  appointed  are 
Messrs.  Bull  and  Monday,  by  whom  a  design  in 
the  Norman  style  has  been  submitted. _  The 
drawings  have  been  passed  by  the  Diocesan 
Society,  who  grant  £125  towards  the  building 
fund.  The  dimensions  of  the  church  will  be  as 
follows  ;— Nave,  81ft.  by  21ft.  6in. :  south  aisle, 
13ft.  wide  (the  north  aisle  will  not  be  built  at 
present) ;  chancel,  30ft.  by  21ft.  The  organ 
chamber  on  the  north  will  have  an  arch  opening 
into  the  chancel,  and  the  vestry  will  occupy  a 
similar  position  on  the  south.  'The  chancel  will 
terminate  with  an  apse.  A  bell  turret  will  rise  to 
the  height  of  60ft.  at  the  east  end.  The  present 
accommodation  wUl  be  for  about  600  adults  ;  250 
sittings  will  be  free.  It  is  anticipated  that  the 
foundation  stone  will  be  laid  during  the  ensuing 
summer.     The  estimated  cost  is  £2,500. 


246 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


April  5,  1867. 


BUILDINGS. 

Canterbury. — Mr.  H.ill,  surveyor  to  the  Local 
Board,  has  prepared  plaus  of  the  proposed  enlarge- 
ment of  the  Corn  and  Hop  Exchange.  These 
were  last  week  submitted  to  the  committeeap- 
pointed  by  the  council  to  entertain  the  question, 
and  these  gentlemen  came  to  the  determination  to 
recommend  it  being  carried  out  to  the  corporation. 
The  present  room  will  be  elongated  60t't.,  and  by 
so  doing  the  new  room  will  be  126ft.  long  and  2Sft. 
wide,  with  ten  small  rooms  at  the  sides  for  the 
,  n.se  of  the  corniactora  or  others.  Thy  estimated 
cost  of  the  alterations  is  £2,300. 

New  Lighthouse. — The  Scotch  papers  note  the 
projection  of  a  work  of  no  ordinary  difficulty,  viz., 
the  erection  of  a  lighthouse  tower  on  Dhuhcartach 
rock,  whichlt  appears  the  Commissioners  of  North- 
ern  Lighthouses  are  to  commence  immediately. 
The  Dhuhcartach  lies  fifteen  miles  to  the  S  W.  of 
lona,  and  U  exposed  to  the  full  fury  of  the  Atlan- 
tic Ocean.     Of  late  years  nnmeroas   wrecks  have 
occurred  on  the  Torriu    Rocks — a   formidable  reef 
lying  between  Dhuhcartach  and  the  coast  of  Mull 
-^and,  accordiag   to   the  testimony   of  the  com- 
manders of  some  of  these  vessels,   many  of  the 
wrecks  would  have  been  prevented  had  a  light  been 
placed  on  Dh\ihcartach.      The   rock  on  which  the 
tower  is  to  be  placed   is   a  rounded   mass,   about 
240ft.  in  length  and  130ft.  in  breadth,  and  is  sur- 
rounded on  all  sides  by  deep  water.      There  being 
no  outlying  reefs  to  break  the  waves,  there  is,  even 
with  a  very    .slight  westerly  swell,  a  constant  play 
of  sea  all  round  it ;  and   the   landings    are  likely 
to  be  attended  with  much  inconvenience,  while  the 
distance  from  land  (being   about  one-third  greater 
than  in  the  case  of  the  Eddystone  or  the  Skerry  vore) 
will  further  tend  to  increase   the   difficulty.     The 
tower,  which  is  to  be  a  parabolic    shaft,  ri.sing  to 
the  height  of  101ft.,  is   to   be  surmounted  by   a 
first  order  fixed  dioptric  apparatus.        The  cost  of 
the  works  is  estimated  at  £56,900. 

The  New  Millw.ill  Dock.s. — These  extensive 
works  are  noiv  rapidly  approaching  completion. 
The  new  docks,  which  with  the  quays  and  ware- 
houses in  the  vicinity,  will  occupy  something  like 
150  acres,  he  soifth  o"f  the  West  India  Docks,  and 
have  been  built  so  as  to  make  it  easy  at  any  time 
for  the  promoters  of  the  company  by  which  the 
undertaking  has  been  projected  to  form  a  junc- 
tion with  the  West  India  system.  The  most 
southern  portion  of  the  basins  of  the  latter  is 
separated  by  a  very  small  interval  from  the  most 
northern  point  of  the  new  works,  and  even  that 
is  now  being  gradually  diminished.  Excavations 
have  been  commenced  under  the  direction  of  Mr. 
Hawkshaw,  the  engineer,  to  form  a  new  basin  on 
the  south  of  the  West  India  Docks.  This  addi- 
tion to  the  almost  uninterrupted  succession  of 
water  basins  now  existing  iu  the  Isle  of  Dogs 
will  occupy  24  acres,  and  has  been  projected 
principally  for  the  reception  of  East  India  pro- 
ducts, such  as  jute,  seed,  saltpetre,  and  cotton. 
It  will  at  the  same  time  afford  equal  facilities  for 
ships  outward  bound  to  ship  their  cargoes,  and 
will  form  a  most  important  link  in  the  chain  of 
communication  by  water,  which  will,  in  a  very  few 
years,  make  the  Isle  of  Dogs  for  ships  what  Clap- 
ham  Junction  is  for  railway  trains. 


The  Metropolitan  police  have  now  undertaken 
the  charge  of  Hyde  Park,  and  the  Green  Park. 
The  carriage  gates  of  Hyde  park  will  be  kept  open 
till  twelve  o'clock  at  night  instead  of  ten  o'clock, 
as  hitherto.  Arrangements  are  made  for  the  regu- 
lations of  his  Royal  Highness  the  Ranger  and  the 
First  Commissi  ner  of  Public  Works  being  strictly 
carried  out,  and  for  preventing  the  crimes  and  dis- 
orders in  the  Park  of  which  complaints  have  so 
often  and  justly  been  made.  The  magazine  bar- 
racks in  the  centre  of  the  park  will  be  appropriated 
for  a  police  station. 

We  have,  this  week,  to  record  the  death  of  Mr. 
Wm.    Baddeley,    at   the  nge    of    sixty-one.      Mr. 
Baddeley  was  well  known  for  his  devotion  to  the 
cause  of  suppressing  fires.     He  was  the  first  to 
publish   annually   an    analytical   record    of    the 
causes  of     fires.      He  was   the  inventor   of    the 
patent   canvas  now   used    by  tlie    fire    brigade, 
and  the  patent  hose  reel.     He  brought  out  many 
years  since  a  portable   fire   engine,  which  is  used 
by  farmers,  and  made  by    Messrs.  Meiryweather. 
He  was  connected  with  the  "  Mechanics'  Maga- 
zine "  during  its  early  history.      Long    before  the 
introduction  of  steam    fire  engines  Mr.  Baddeley 
consistently  advocated  their  use,  and  by  so  doing 
brought  himself  in  collision  with  Mr.  Braidwood. 
He  had  for  twenty  years  been  an  inspector  of  the 
Royal   Society   for  the  Protection   of  Life  from 
Fire,  but  owing  to  ill-health    he   retired  a  few 
months  ago,  the  committee  awarding  him   £200 
as  a  mark  for  past  services. 

Two  more  serious  fires  have  just  occurred  in  the 
the  East.  A  terrible  fire  has  burnt  down  a 
whole  quarter  of  Constantinople  including  the 
dockyards  on  the  Golden  Horn,  which  .are  entirely 
reduced  to  ashes.  The  loss  is  estimated  at 
not  less  than  half  a  million  sterling.  A  por- 
tion of  the  Royal  Palace  at  Athens  was  burnt 
down  the  other  day.  The  Kre  lasted  five 
hours,  and  the  damage  done  is  estimated  at  40,000 
drachmas. 


TO  CORKESPONDENTS. 

To  OoR  Readers.— We  shall  feel  obliged  to  any  of  oui 
readers  who  will  favour  ua  with  brief  notes  of  works  coq 
templated  or  in  progress  in  the  pro\-ince3. 

Letters  relating  to  advertisements  and  the  ordinary  bupi 
ness  of  the  paper  should  be  addressed  to  the  Editok,  liifi 
Fleet-street.  Advertisements  for  the  current  week  musi 
reach  the  office  before  5  o'clock  p  m.  on  Thursday. 

Notice— The  BUILDING  NEWS  iniierts  advertise 
ments  for  "  SITU.VTIONS  WANTED,"  &c.,  at  OSI 
SHILLING  for  the  first  Twenty- foiu-  Wordi 


Received.— A.  M— .J.  B.  W.— J.  A.  M.— II.  E.— G.  H.- 
T  P  andCo— W.  S.— L.  andN.— A.  C— G.  H.  P.-H.  at. 
P.-R.  S.  andSon.-J.  H.-W.W.-H.  W.-T.  R.-C.  A.  51 

W.  K.  wants  to  know  how  he  can  get  a  situation.  VI 
cannot  advise  in  such  miitters,  or  we]shouId  have  little  elt 
to  do. 

W.  R.  T. — We  can  only  give  you  the  inventor's  addres= 
Jlr.  k.  Thompson,  5,  St.  Thomas-terrace,  New  Charlton,  S.I 

Junior  Clerk. — See  answer  to  296  in  Intercommun 
cation  column. 

S.  W.  —We  regret  that  we  cannot  afford  the  space. 

A  Novice  had  better  conaiUt  a  lawyer. 


§mxii\  Items. 


Mr.  Tite,  M.P.  for  Bath,  has  been  elected  by 
the  Council  of  the  Royal  Architectural  Institute 
as  their  next  president.  The  other  candidate  put 
forward  was  Earl  Grosvenor. 

The  small  piece  of  land  at  the  corner  of  Lom- 
bard-street, a  site  for  one  house,  was  recently  let 
for  £6,600  a  year ;  it  was  sold  for  a  premium  of 
£70,000  and  the  rental,  and  there  is  now  building 
on  it  a  house  expected  to  cost  £70,000,  and  to  let 
for  £22,000  a  year. 

Mr.  C.  H.  Bennett,  perhaps  the  most  original  of 
the  comic  or  eccentric  school  of  English  wood- 
draughtsmen,  died  after  a  short  illness  ou  Tues- 
day,    He  was  thirty-eight  years  of  age. 

Captain  Hans  Busk  has  just  presented  to  the 
trustees  of  the  National  Gallery  a  magniticent  pic- 
t'jre  by  Nicholas  Poussin.  This  picture,  which  is 
believed  to  be  one  of  the  finest  specimens  of  that 
master  was  painted  in  IG41,  and  was  purchased 
some  years  ago  from  the  I^arberini  Palace  for  600 
guineas. 


A  series  of  beautiful  oil  paintings,  executed  in 
Rome,  have  been  purchased  for  St.  Richard's 
Roman  Catholic  Church,  Chichester,  in  memory  of 
the  late   Rev.  John   Wilkinson. 

The  artistic  world  has  sustained  a  great  loss  by 
the  death  of  M.Hittorfl',  the  distinguished  architect 
of  the  city  of  Paris,  who  died  on  the  25th  ult.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Institute,  and  member  and 
Royal  Medallist  of  the  Royal  Institute  of  British 
Architects.  M.  Hittorff  contributed  much  to  the 
embellishment  of  Paris,  having  been  the  architect 
of  the  Cirques  de  I'Empereurand  de  1'  Imperatice, 
of  the  great  Church,  or  rather  Basilica,  of  St.  Vin- 
cent de  Paul,  of  the  fountains  and  pavilions  in  the 
Champs  Ely.sees,  and  of  various  Mairies  and  other 
important  buUdings.  His  profound  knowledge  of 
classic  antiquity  and  his  various  important  publi- 
cations, especially  that  ou  the  art  of  polychromy 
as  applied  to  monumental  art,  placed  him  in  the 
highest  rank  .among  the  writers  on  his  art,  and  will 
leave  a  great  loss  in  that  department  of  architec- 
tural knowledge  and  scientific  research.  His 
last  work  is  the  noble  Station  of  the  Che- 
min  de  Fer  du  Nord,  which  even  now  is  hardly 
completed.  JI.  Hittorff  was  a  native  of 
Cologne. 

The  following  gentlemen  have  been  elected 
members  of  the  Society  of  Arts: — Mr.  Albert  De 
Vere,  86,  St.  James's-street,  S.W. ;  Mr.  E.  S. 
Ellis,  The  Newarke,  Leicester ;  Mr.  V.  Cary  Elwes, 
Billing  Hall,  Northampton  ;  Mr.  John  Kirkbank, 
10,  Gray's  Inn  square.  W.C. ;  Mr.  John  ICnowles, 
42,  Moorgate-street,  E.C..  ;  Mr.  Joseph  Salter 
Pearse,  18,  Barnsbury-street,  N. ;  Mr.  Edward 
Potter,  Marine  House,  Tynemouth ;  Mr.  Henry 
Hopley  White,  Q.C.,  The  Firs,  Rectory-grove, 
Clapham,  S. 

The  Society  of  Architects  of  France  invite 
their  confreres  of  all  the  world  to  an  international 
conference,  to  be  held  in  the  month  of  July  next, 
with  the  object  of  taking  into  consideration  the 
methods  in  use  in  architectural  education,  and  all 
questions  connected  with  the  subject,  and  espe- 
cially to  inquire  into  the  tendency  of  the  modern 
architecture  of  all  nations. 

Mr.  Thomas  Bonnar,  jun.,  read  a  paper  .at  the 
usual  fortnightly  meeting  of  the  Edinburgh 
Architectural  Association,  on  **  Imitations  in 
Relation  to  Architectural  Decoration."  Mr.  Bon 
nar  was  of  opinion  that  imitations  were  allowa'ole 
so  long  as  tbey  were  employed  merely  for  their 
own  intrinsic  beauty  and  as  pleasant  decorations, 
and  not  with  the  view  of  deceiving. 


Corrtspaiikitte. 
^— « — 

MANCHESTER   TOWisHALL 
COMPETITION. 

To  the  Editor  of  the  Building  News. 
Sir, — A  correspondent  in  the  Building  Ifj 
of  March  29,  who  signs  himself  "  One  of  the 
Tips,  &c.,"  complains  of  the  manner  ia  which 
Manchester  Corporation  propose  to  place  the 
petitors  for  the  new  townhall.     From  his  ren 
he  would  wish  it  to  be  inferred  that  the  coi 
were  niggardly  in  their  offers,  and  that  unfair 
might  be  expected.     In  my  opinion  he  fails  ' 
taolish  either  view.     In  the  first  competition 
proposed  that  not  less   than   six,   nor   more 
tsvelve,designs  shall  be  selected,  and  to  each  autb 
the  sum  of  £300  shall  be  paid.      This  I  submit 
not  a  niggardly  offer,  nor  is  it  considered  so  by  m 
emiuent   in   the   profession.       In  the  second  a; 
final  competition  your  correspondent  is  equal 
fault.     The  clause  (jr  clauses  which  he  thinkfl' 
drawn  up  to  find  out  the   trump-cards  were: 
intended  for  any  such  purpose  ;   on  the  coni 
they  were  inserted  to  prevent  mere  drawing 
from  obtaining  a  prize  which  ought  to  be  wi 
a  genuine  member  of  the  profession  of  arch 
Competitors   may  rest  assured   that  every 
will  be  made  to  secure   a   decision  without 
favour,  or  affection. — I  am,  &c., 

A  Member  of  the  Coi 
Manchester,  April  1. 


DESIGNS  FOR  THE  NEW  LAW  CO0B], 

Sir, — I  went  to-day  to  see  the  designs  fog 
new  Law  Courts,  and,  lo  and  behold  !  when 
there  I  found  the  door  closed  in  my  face,  the 
I  had  put  myself  to  considerable  inconvenii 
get  there  !     At  first,  for  a  short  time,  the 
were  opened  two  or  three  days  to  the  pubU^_ 
from  what  I  hear  the  public  appreciated  the*" 
lege,  and  went  in  hundreds  to  Lincoln's  Inn 

It  was  then  decided  that  the  public  shoul 
be  admitted   every   Thursday.       One   would 
thought  four  days  a    week  would  hare  been 
cient  for  the  Commissioners   to  examine  tjn 
signs  preparatory  to  arriving  at   a  decision, 
no,  they  must  have  the  whole  of  the  time,  i 
that  for  four  or  five  weeks.      Of  course  the  c 
venience  of  the  public   is  altogether  out  of 
question.     What  are  the  great  English  tax-paj 
public  to  the  convenience  of  a  few  oommisaonf 
who  may  or  may  not  saunter  in  and  out  tyfoBj^ 
three  times  a  week  ?    As  one  of  the  public,  I  'Jf 
to  utter  my  protest  against  this  unnecessary 
elusion.     It  smacks  of  rank  snobbism,  and  I  bo 
Sir,  you  will  lift  up  your  powerful  voice  on  bel 
of  hundreds,  and  1  may  say  thousands,  who  wo 
gladly  avail  themselves  of  an  opportunity  of 
aminingin  details  these  various  designs. — lam,/ 

W.  H.  1 

*#*  Our  correspondent's  protest  will  be  uttere< 
vain.  The  English  public  have  been  so  long 
customed  to  Patronage  and  Privilege  that  il 
almost  hopeless  to  expect  a  wholesome  change. 


ASH  CLOSETS. 

Sir, — The  description  given  of  an  ash  closet 
your  last  issue  induces  me  to  forward  you  traci 
of  one  that  I  have  designed  for  the  purpose 
substituting  the  many  thousands  of  privies  " 
are  within  this  borough,  which,  it  is  almost  siij 


April  5,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


247 


ASH    CLOSETS. 


LONCIT^ SECTION. 


CROSS     SECTION. 


GROUND      PL/.N. 


OB  to  state,  are  not  only  a  source  of  expense 
unoyance  (each  householder  has  to  provide  for 
nmog  the  night  soil,  &c.),  but  also  injurious  to 
health  of  the  inhabitants.  As  may  be  seen  by 
rence  to  the  drawings,  this  closet  is  of  very 
(de  construction,  and  can  at  a  very  slight  es- 
se be  appUed  to  any  common  privy.  There 
ig  no  movable  machinery  whatever,  it  is  not 
le  to  get  out  of  repair,  and  requires  no  further 
t'  ndance  than  that  the  house-aahes  be  emptied 

tf  through  the  trapdoor  A  on  to  the  inclined 
screen  B,  which  separates  the  fine  from   the 
se  ashes,  the  latter  pas.sing  off  through  the 
■t  C  into  the  ash  bin,  and  the  former,  falling 
the  hopper  D,  is  thereby  concentrated   so  as 
'''=?-end  into  the  excreta,  thus   absorbing   the 
ue  contained  therein,  preventing  putrefac- 
.-   _nd  the  generation  of  those  gases  that  prove 

Iital  to  all  that  come  in  contact  with  them.     It 
it  intended  that  there  should  be  a  fixed  quau- 
o£  fine  ashes   deposited    after   each  use  of 
closet,    but,    as    before    stated,    that    the 
aary    house  ashes  be    used    whenever    they 
removed  from  the   rooms,  which,  as  a  rule, 
it   least    once    every    day,    and    experience 
es    that    this    is    sufficient  to  prevent    de- 
position,  also  that  the   compost    is  a   most 
ible    manure  for  almost  any  description  of 
I.    Without  offering  an  opinion  on  any  of  the 
y  schemes  now  before  the  sanatory  world  for 
lurpose  of  removing  fa'cal  matters,  I  would  just 
eat,  for  the  benefit  of  those  towns  that  are  de 
J  of  remedying  the  evil   consequences  atten- 
on  either  the  watercloset  or  privy  and  cess- 
systems,  to  give  the  ash-closet  system  a  trial, 
)ne  thing   I  will  guarantee  is,  that  they  will 
'ertwhat  formerly  used  to  be  a  prolific  cause  of 
f  tation    and    death    into     a    most    valuable 
^  ire,  and  that,  too,  at  an  annual  saving  to  the 
vers. — I  am,  &c., 

George  Sn'aith, 
Borough  Engineer  and  Surveyor, 
oley,  Staffordshire,  March  26. 


EMPLOTMEXT  WAXTEHJ. 
—I  would  like  to  have  yoar  opinion  upon  a  ques- 
f  serious  importance  to  me,  viz.,   is  tbe  building 
r.iwy  in  London,  and  do  you  think  a  bricklayer  that 
.  kaown  in  the  City  could  soon  get  work,  for  I  h;ive 
litooome  to  London  to  get  employment,  if  possible.  My 
Ml  for  wishing  to  leave  Liverpool  is  this.  I  was  formerly 
Ictod  with  a  large  building  firm  in  this  town  as  head 
Qln,   and  afterwards  as  partner,  but  having  failed  in 
I  some  time  ago,  and  being  short  of  capital,  I  can- 
Hot  wcffk  that  will  pay  me  bare  wages,  and  I  cannot 
idtnation  at  present  only  as  working  foreman  :  then  I 
Hi  have  to  join  the  club,  which  I  would  prefer  doing 
J>*J>«r  town.    My  age  is  thirty  years.    Hoping  you 
"Or  me  in  this  week's  Correspondence,-  I  am,  ic, 
J.  T.  U. 

b9  above  is  a  fair  specimen  of  letters  which  we  are 
■  oUt  receiriog  ;  and  we  insert  it  for  the  purpose  of 
"  that  it  is  impossible  for  us  to  give  advice  on  such 
ra.  The  best  thing  our  correspondent  can  do  is  to 
^  iinu«lf  of  our  advertising  ooltmmB. 


ELCVATION. 


liitmoumuniicdioiT* 


QUESTIONS. 

r327.}— DISCOLOURED  BRICKWORK.— About  twelve 
months  ago  I  had  a  block  of  dwelling-hoTises  erected  with 
whit«  stock  froDts.  The  brickJaver  coloured  the  bricks 
(previous  to  tuck  pomtiug)  with  a  mixture  of  copperas  and 
lime.  Eversince,  in  dry  or  frosty  weather,  they  have  thrown 
off  saline  matter,  so  that  they  appear  almost  like  whitewash 
and  rusty  iron.  I  have  tried  several  ways  to  clean  it  otf, 
but  all  have  as  yet  failed.  If  any  of  your  numerous 
readers  could  help  me  in  the  dilemma  I  should  feel  greatly 
obliged.  '         R.  B. 

[3-2S.]  —  DEODORISING  EFFLUVIUM  FROM 
DRAINS. — Can  you  or  any  reader  of  the  Building  News 
give  information  as  to  the  method  of  appljing  animal 
charcoal  to  the  deodorisation  of  the  effluvium  from  drains? 

B.  M. 


[329.}— ETCHING.— The  subscribers  to  your  journal 
are  under  many  obligations  for  the  valuable  information 
afforded  them  in  the  columns  thereof,  more  especially  xo 
the  "Intercommunication"  column,  from  which  I  gain 
many  a  ^vrinkle.  Yuu  give  tbe  materials  used  for  etching, 
which  I  have  obtained,  and  am  now  at  a  loss  to  kn  w  how 
to  proceed.  Therefore  will  you  kindly  inform  me  where  to 
begin  and  how  to  jjroceed  ?  Ambition. 


[330.1— TILE  ROOFING.— I  should  be  glad  if  someof  your 
correspondents  would  tell  me  the  best  way  to  cover  roofs 
with  plain  tiles.  Should  the  tiles  be  bedded  in  mortar,  or 
Laid  dry,  and  afterwards  pointed  on  the  inside.  The  roofs 
are  on  the  sea  coast.  A  Subscriber. 


[3.31.]-SHELLS  FOR  CAMEOS.-I  find  great  difficulty 
in  obtaiuing  shells  of  good  colour,  and  sufficiently  thick  to 
make  cameos  of  l^in.  or  2in.  in  diameter.  I  am  told  that 
the  best  shells  are  carried  off  to  the  Swiss  and  Italian 
markets.  I  feel  sure  you  will  do  a  favour  to  our  English 
cameo  carvers  if  you  will  make  kuo\vn  a  good  market  for 
first-class  shells  through  your  * '  Intercummiuiication " 
column.  '     W.  Ellis. 


[332.]— SALT  IN  rLASTERlNG.— I  should  feel  obliged 
if  you  coiild  recommend  me  any  solution  which  would 
draw  the  salt  out  of  some  plastering  on  old  brickwork,  or 
if  you  could  suggest  any  other  cheap  and  efficient  remed_v 
for  preventing  ilie  damp  affecting  pajjer?  The  plaster 
was  composed  of  slaked  stone,  burnt  lime,  fresh  hair,  and 
brook  sand.    My  impression  is. the  sand  contain^-d  the  siilt. 

E.  A.  D. 


[333.] -ARCHITECTS'  PUPILS.— As  your  correspond- 
ent "  Adelphi "  is  such  a  good  hand  at  giving  advice, 
would  he  >je  so  kind  once  more  to  do  so,  under  the  follow- 
ing circumstances : — I  am  an  unfortunate  architect's 
pupil,  who  happens  to  be  under  a  master  whose  sole  object 
seems  to  be  to  screw  even,'  faithing  he  can  out  of  me, 
instead  of  trjing  to  make  me  a  credit  to  his  office  and 
himselt  You  may  judge  him  when  1  tell  you  it  was  over  a 
year  before  I  was  allowed  to  draw  at  all,  and  as  lo  going 
to  see  the  buildings  once  now  and  then,  it  was  out  of  the 
question.  I  am  now  in  my  second  year  of  apprenticeship, 
and  must  say  I  felt  very  much  liscouraged  at  first,  like 
"  Pro^-incial,"  who  I  must  thank  for  rai:-ing  so  im- 
portant a  discussion.  My  treatment  is  scarcely  any  better 
now,  and  it  seems  to  me  there  is  no  hope,  for  my  master 
never  thinks  of  telling  me  anj-thing  himself,  but  leaves 
me  to  the  others'  kindness,  and  you  "may  gue^s  how  much 
interest  the  others  take  in  our  improvement."  If  he  will 
tell  mo  what  he  thinks  is  the  best  path  to  pursue,  he  will 
greatly  oblige  A  Subscriber. 


REPLIES. 

[291.1— ARCHITECTS*  PUPILS.— In  answer  to  "Pro- 
vincial's" question  as  to  whether '*  there  is  an  architec- 
tural association  witli  ivhich  lie  might  become  actiuaiuted/' 
I  quoto  the  second  rule  of  the  Architectuial  Association, 
1>,  Conduit-street,  Loudon,  W.,  whicli  run.-*  thus  :—** The 
wxriety  to  consist  of  town  and  countr>*  members,  the 
former  residing  or  carrying  on  bui>ines.s  within,  aud  the 
Litter  beyond,  a  distance  of  t<^n  miles  from  the  rooms  of 
the  a.^ociation."  I  cannot  enumerate  the  benetits  to  be 
secured  by  becoming  a  country  member,  but  am  sure 
either  of  the  honorary-  eecretaries  of  the  association  would 
be  pleased  to  fhmish  *'  Provincial  "  with  them. 

Adelphi 


[30S.t— THE  LAW  OF  INDENTURES.- 1  should  like 
to  know  where  your  correspondent  "  Law  "  gets  his  legal 
knowledge  from,  for  I  find  in  section  170,  Bankruptcy  Act, 
1S41>,  that  the  banknipwy  of  the  m;L--tcr  is  a  "  complete 
discharge  "of  the  apprenticeship  indentures.  The  reply 
referred  to  is  calculated  to  mislead,  and  therefore  should 
be  contradicted,  unless  the  correspondent  can  give  some- 
thing reliable  aud  of  a  more  recent  date  than  the  quo- 
tation I  have  made.  The  Act  a.s  it  stands  is  manifestly  un- 
just to  the  master  who  is  desirous  of  discharging  his  duty; 
but  with  that  there  in  nothing  required  to  be  named,  it  is 
only  matter  of  fact  to  be  Stat*,-!!.  W,   P, 


[310.1-SMOKY  BRICKS.— If  a  builder  be  in  tbe 
countrj'  or  near  a  cow  house  he  can  find  a  cheap  composi- 
tion for  covering  sooty  bricks  by  obtaining  a  quantity  of 
cowdung  and  covering  the  bricks  over  with  it  to  a  moderate 
thickness  (say  iin.),  aud  then  plaster  tlie  work  as  usual ; 
he  will  find  no  inconvenience  from  soot  coming  through 
to  disfigure  the  work.  I  have  used,  and  seen  it  used,  for 
that  purpose  for  the  last  fifteen  years,  during  which  time  I 
have  never  known  it  to  foil.        "       Another  Builder. 


[317.]— RADIUS  OF  A  CURB'S.— If  I  understand 
"B.  N.,"'  the  points  A  and  B  in  his  diagram  are  tangent 
points  on  the  ciure  A  B  (which  is  a  regular  one).  Now 
two  straight  lines  cannot  meet  in  a  point  without  a  circle, 
aud  be  t;mgents  to  that  circle  \vithout  being  equal  (I  mean 
from  the  apex  to  the  tangeut  point).  There  must  be  soma 
practical  eiror  either  in  the  ciu've  or  the  dimensions  taken, 
or  the  lines  would  be  equal.  If  "B.  N."  will  see  where 
tbe  error  exists,  a^d  give  the  length  from  the  tangent 
point  to  the  apex  of  the  two  lines,  and  the  nearest  distance 
from  the  apex  to  the  crown  of  the  curve,  I  will  give  bim 
the  length  of  the  radius  he  requires.  E.  L. 


[318.]— FRONTAGE.— "A"  has  no  right  to  put  a  foot, 
much  less  a  spade,  upon  the  land  of  B  if  the  latter  is  not 
agreeable  I  cannot  understand  what  ''A"  means  by 
keeping  the  projections  of  his  footings  upon  his  own  side. 
He  may  do  this ;  he  may  build  his  wail  in  any  way  he  likes, 
provide*!  not  a  single  inch  of  it  is  either  above  or  below 
the  land  of  B,  for  when  a  man  buys  a  piece  of  land  it  is 
his  from  the  centre  beneath  to  the  skies  above.  If  "A'' 
puts  his  footings  in  the  land  of  B,  and  B  chooses  to  dig  in 
his  own  ground  he  may  destroy  those  footings,  and  so  bring 
down  the  wall  of  "A."  J.  J. 

[319.]— CLERK  OF  WORKS.— A  "  Young  Builder,"  to 
engage  as  a  clerk  of  works,  should  be  well  up  in:— 1. 
Writing ;  2.  Measuring ;  3.  Hand  sketching  ;  4.  Drawing  ; 
5.  A  competent  judge  of  artificers' work  ;  i>.  Levelling;?. 
Must  be  conversant  with  Peter  Nicholson ;  8.  Well 
acquainted  with  Gothic ;  9.  A  good  knowle<lge  c)f  Euclid 
and  Lindley  Murray;  10.  To  become  (if  not  one)  a  pimc- 
tual  subscriber  and  reader  of  the  Building  News;  11. 
Get  printed  testimonials  to  produce  to  an  architect  when 
seeking  an  apixtintmeut.  I  hope  "  Young  Builder"  is  pre- 
pared, and  well  up  in  what  I  have  stated,  and  that  he  may 
get  a  speedy  engagement.  The  salaries,  of  coui'se,  are 
usually  paid  by  the  archit«ct  as  per  agreement. 

A  Cle^rk  of  Works. 


[320.]— MOUNTING  TRACINGS.— In  reply  to  "Ignora- 
mus "'  of  last  week's  Bcildinc.  Neivs,  as  to  mounting 
tracings,  I  beg  to  send  particulars  whereby  he  cannot  fail 
to  ;  have  some  laid  as  tight  as  a  drum  on  calico,  having 
done,  and  still  do,  by  the  following  process  :  — Supposing 
the  tracing  3ft.  by  2ft.,  or  any  other  dirnensions,  procure  a 
drawing  board  just  lin.  lai^er  all  round  than  the  tracing 
about  to  be  mounted,  cut  the  calico  of  sufficient  size  to 
come  over  the  edges  of  the  board,  dip  the  calico  in  a  basin 
of  water,  and,  when  thoroughly  wet  through,  rinse  out, 
and,  while  wet,  put  on  board  by  tacking  all  round  the 
edges  with  small  tacks,  taking  care,  after  fiist  sidn  is  tacked, 
to  well  pull  the  reverse  edges  before  tacking.  Tasto  the 
reverse  side  of  the  tracing  to  be  moimted  with  paste  made 
mth  flour  and  wattr  projwrly  boiled,  and  put  it  on  the 
calico,  commencing  by  putting  one  end  of  tracing  on  the 
cloth,  aud  gently,  with  a  clean  cloth,  dab,  but  by  no 
means  rub,  tbe  tracing  on  to  the  same.  Then,  as  the  cloth 
and  the  tracing  dry,  a  smooth  surfoce  of  both  is  obtained. 
William  La^vrence. 


[;i20.] — The  best  way  to  mount  tracings  is  to  gum  them 
to  the  best  Bristol  utrdboard.  The  gum  must  be  arable, 
and  made  veo*  thin.  D.  A.  Aird,  jdn. 


[321.]— SIPHON.— It  would  not  benefit  this  kind  of 
querist  to  give  what  he  asks,  a  ready-niiule  rule  for  a  mat- 
ter on  whose  principles  he  is  so  completely  in  the  dark  as 
to  ask  whether  there  is  any  limit  to  the  siphon's  ascending 
leg.  If  he  will  first  inquiie  why  tbe  column  of  wat«riu 
tbe  descending  leg  drags  over  the  shorter  column,  they 
having  no  tenacity  like  the  parts  of  a  chain  hanging  over 
a  pulley,  he  will  see  it  can  only  be  the  atmospheric  pressure 
against  each  end  that  thus  keeps  them  together.  This 
pressure,  then,  being  only  equivalent  to  o3ft.  or  34ft.  or 
water,  if  the  short  column  exceed  this  height  it  will  not  be 
dragged  over.  Othen^ise,  to  find  the  rate  of  flow,  he  must 
first  find  the  velocity  a  body  acquires  in  falling  freely 
from  the  upi>er  water  level  to  the  discharging  orifice  (or  to 
the  lower  water  leveL  if  that  covei-s  the  orifice).  This 
velocity  must  next  be  reduced  in  the  nitio  that  the  siphon's 
whole  contents  exceed  so  much  of  it  as  would  reach  ver- 
tically between  these  two  levels.  Thus,  if  it  be  a  uniform 
tube,  and  ten  times  as  long  as  the  diflerence  of  levels,  here 
will  be  the  iiiertia  of  liny  given  quantity  of  water  moved 
by  the  gravity  of  a  tenth  of  itself,  and  therefore  ten  times 
slower  than  its  own  full  weight  would  move  it.     Lastly, 


248 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


April  6. 


1867. 


this  must  be  further  reduced  for  the  friction  found  in 
multiplying  the  whole  interior  surface  by  a  co-efficient 
depending  on  the  smootliness,  and  given  in  hydraulic 
treatises.  Edward  L.   Garbett. 


[321.]— Certainly  not  in  practice,  but  theoretically  water 
might  be  raised  to  the  height  of  SiJft.  In  practice  80ft. 
might  be  c  msidered  as  the  maximum  height  to  which  a 
siphon  will  raise  water,  and  owing  to  leakages  and  one 
defect  in  construction  and  another,  this  height  is  not  very 
often  reached.  An  excellent  example  of  r.'isiug  water  by 
BiphoQS  is  at  present  in  operation  at  the  Midlevel  drainage, 
bxit  although  the  height  is  under  :JOft.  a  pump  is  coutiuually 
at  work  to  keep  the  air  out  of  the  pipes.  L.  P.  C. 


[322  ]— CIRCLE.— I  make  the  answer  710  miles  2Sft.,  a 
decidedlj'  larger  diameter  than  we  building  surveyors  often 
have  to  treat.  These  six  precious  figiu-es  li;i ;  :i5o  have 
deservedly  immortalised  Metius  ;  but  it  should  be  known 
that  a  year  or  two  ago  they  have  been  beaten  in  accuracy 
;t3  74  to  1,  by  the  equally  easy  and  most  ingenious  rule  of 
our  neighbom-  Mr.  Drach.  If  the  querist  would  construct 
Puck's  girtUe  round  the  eai-th,  let  him,  from  3  diameters, 
deduct  y  thousandths  and  7  milliuutlis  of  a  diameter, 
and  then  augment  what  remains  by  a  twentieth  of  itself, 
;Lnd  the  girdle  will  meet  within  2ia.  !  He  may  now  find 
the  circle,  in  which  Drach's  rule  will  err  1ft.        E.  L.  G. 


[322.] — Will  you  allow  me  to  state  that  I  amqxiite  unable 
to  comprehend  the  drift  of  the  question  of  William  Butler, 
The  genenU  formula  for  the  ciicumference  of  a  circle  in 
termsof  the  radius  which  i.s  half  the  diameter  is,  putting 
C  fur  the  circumference : — C  =  2  ir  r,  where  /■  =  the  radius, 
and  w  =  3i415'J2.  How  a  diameter  can  produce  a  circle 
"  over  truth  "  is  more  thaul  can  make  out. 

S.  S. 


[325.]— CHARGE  FOR  DRAWINGS,— "  M."  sends  no 
datum  for  our  calculation  but  "  the  cost  of  the  building," 
as  if  he  thought  his  remuneration  should  bo  Honie  per- 
centage on  the  outlay,  like  thatofaC.E.  or  F.R.I. B  A. 
Permit  me  to  inform  him  that,  as  a  designer  of  build- 
ings, in  undertaking  the  same  duties  as  these  gentry, 
my  cliief  difficulty  is  how  to  avoid  being  classed  among 
them.  I  have  found  no  objection  by  any  employer  to  the 
following  charges: — For  all  necessary  drawings  and  apeci- 
ficiitions,  5h.  per  square  of  flooring,  omitting  walls  ;  and  Id. 
per  lineal  foot  of  frontage  in  each  story.  Observe  that 
the  term  "necessary"  drawings  excludes  any  of  artistically 
varied  detail,  that  is,  I  make  an  extra  charge  for  designing 
any  two  tilings  lUtferent  which  would  serve  theii" 
mechanical  ends  as  well  alike.  "  M.'s"  employers  may 
object,  perhaps,  that,  even  without  these  extras,  this  is  a 
higher  value  than  the  Government  or  our  wealthiest  cities 
put  upon  what  they  suppose  the  best  architect uial  ait 
obtainable.  For  instance,  the  Manchester  Coiporation,  in 
their  town-hall  designs,  require  about  1,7(J0  squares  of 
floor,  which  would  mtike  my  charge  for  planning,  structural, 
and  all  internal  design,  £.425  ;  and  tiie  frontages  to  be  at 
least  1,440ft.  on  each  of  the  four  stories  above  ground,  giv- 
ing for  external  design  £24  ;  total,  iJ44t#.  But  the  Coipora- 
tion  expect  to  get  complete  and  finished  designs  for  jJ3U0. 
The  ilSOO  given  for  each  of  the  Law  Court  designs  is  on 
about  the  same  scale,  viz.,  3s.  per  t-quare  of  floors.  Well, 
I  admit  this  is  so — that  my  clients  make  no  objection  to 
higher  pay  than  the  nation  offers  to  its  Hcotts  and 
Bairys.  But  if  they  make  none,  why  should  I  not  take  it? 
and  why  should  not  "M."?  For  non-professional  ideas  on 
this  important  subject,  see  Denisou's  "  Lectures  on  Church 
Building,"  pages  2U5,  208.  Edward  L.  Garbett. 


[325.] — The  general   charge    is  about  2^   per  cent,  upon 
working  drawings.     It  would  amount  to  £15. 

D.  A.  AiRD,  Jis. 


[326.]  —  MEASUREMENT      OF     CENTREING.  —  In 
r  epiy    to    "Leicester,"'  the   cii-cunifereuce  of  a  semicircle 

K  diameter  x  157,  i.e.,  diameter  x 


+  i  +  14  nearly)  . 


we  have  Sft.  2iu.  4-  ^  (8ft.  2in.)  -f 


■p   (Sft.  2iu.)=  Sft.  2in.    +   4ft.   lin.  +  Tin. 


12ft.  lOiu. 


The  last  item,  l-14th  of  the  diameter,  Sft.  2in.,  is  the  same 
as  l-7th  of  4ft.  lin.  The  practical  rule  is  therefore  to  add 
the  diameter,  half  the  diameter,  and  the  14th,  together. 

J.  M'Namaka. 


[320.]— In  answer  to  your  coiTespondent  "Leicester," 
the  semi-circumference  of  a  circle  equals  1  4-7th  or  1  S-14lh 
of  its  diameter. 

Sft.  2in.  =  iliameter 

4ft.  lin.  =  7-14th  diameter  1     _  . .  ,  ,.>, 

Oft.  7in.  =  l-14th        „  ;    -  ^-^-^^^ 


I2ft.  Uiin.  =  1  S-14th 


A  Schoolboy. 


[32t5.]— "Leicester"  will  find  the  Tin.   is  a  Tth  of  the 
1ft.  liu.     It  is  only  Archimedes'  rule. 

Edward  L.  Garbett. 


[326. J— The  answer  to  "Leicester"  is  very  simple.  The 
radius  multiplied  by  3  l-7th  will  give  the  circumference 
of  the  semicircular  opening;  in  other  words,  4ft.  liu.  x 
3  l-7th  —  12ft.  lOin.,  which  is  equivalent  to  adding  the 
iliiimeter,  Sft.  2in,,to  the  radius,  4ft.  lin.,  and  then  taking 
I-7th  of  the  latter  and  adding  all  three  together,  7in. 
being  the  7thof4yia.  Zero. 

[Answers  have  also  been  sent  by  "  H.  P.,"  "  W.  W.," 
"P.  F.  M.,"and  "J.  M."] 


STAINED   GLASS. 

The  projected  restoration  of  the  Lady  Chapel  of  Romsey 
Abbey,  in  memory  of  Lord  Palmerston,  has  been  aban- 
doned ;  but  Messrs.  Clayton  and  Bell  will  fill  the  great 
west  window  of  that  church  with  memorial  glass. 


STATUES,   MEMORIALS,  &c. 

A  monument  to  the  memory  of  the  late  Mr.  Mason,  of 
Birrton- upon -Trent,  is  to  be  erected  in  that  town.  The 
design  of  Mr.  J.  B.  Clarke,  of  Liverpool,  wiis  selected  ;  and 
the  monument  will  be  14ft.  Oin.  in  height,  standing  on  a 
double  base  7ft.  tiin.  square.  It  is  to  be  of  grey  Yorkshire 
stone,  with  red  granite  columns  at  each  angle.  The 
design  is  Gothic,  terminating  with  a  spire,  and  will  cost 
nearly  £180. 

The  Late  Mr.  John  Appold. — A  marble  monument 
has  been  recently  erected  to  the  memory  of  tlie  late  Mr. 
John  Appold,  F.R.S.,  in  the  church  of  St.  Leonard,  Shore 
ditch,  in  which  parish  he  was  born,  and  for  the  gi'eater 
part  of  his  life  resided.  The  inscription,  after  recording 
his  connection  with  the  Royal  Society  and  Institution  oJ 
Civil  Euginners,  announces  that  "he  dedicated  his  intel- 
lect, time,  and  means,  to  the  application  of  the  laws  '>| 
nature  to  important  mechanical  inventions." 

Some  negroes  in  America,  chiefly  of  the  Sea  Islands  of 
Carolma,  have  raised  among  them  3.500  dollars,  to  build  a 
niomiment  to  Colonel  Robert  Gould  Shaw.  On  this 
monument  will  be  placed  the  reply  of  the  Southern  soldiers 
to  those  who  applied,  under  a  flag  of  truce,  for  the  young 
Bostonian's  body  :  "We  have  buried  him  with  his 
niggers." 


WAGES  MOVEMENT. 

An  "eight  hour  law"  for  labour  has  been  adopted  in 
Illinois.  There  is  much  agitation  on  this  subject  through- 
out the  United  States,  and  a  law  prescribing  eight  hours 
for  a  day's  work  in  Government  workshops  has  been  intro- 
duced into  Congress. 

The  strike  of  the  plasterers'  laboui*ei*s  at  Manchester 
remains  *»  sfntu  quo.  The  plasterers  of  Nottingham  are 
still  out'on  strike. 

The  Scotch  Enginedrivers. — The  enginedrivers  on  the 
Scotch  railways,  following  the  exiimple  of  their  brethren 
in  the  south,  are  agitating  for  an  improvement  of  their 
pi-esent  position  in  respect  of  wages  and  hours  of  labour 
At  a  recent  meeting  held  in  Glasgow,  it  was  resolved  that 
ten  hours  should  be  submitted  to  the  employers  as  a  fair 
day's  work  ;  and  with  regard  to  wages,  a  scale  wa.s  agreed 
to,  rangmg  from  rts.  up  to  7s.  6d.  per  day  for  drivers,  and 
from  3^.  6d.  to  4s.  6d.  for  firemen. 

Barnsley. — The  joiners  and  stonemasons  here  have 
struck  work.  The  joiners  asked  some  weeks  ago  for  an  ad- 
vance in  their  wages,  and  a  reduction  of  one  hour  per  day, 
viz.,  from  ten  to  nine  hours  ;  and  the  stonemasons  asketl 
for  2s.  per  week  advance.  At  a  recent  meeting  of  tlie 
masters  it  was  agreed  to  give  the  joiners  and  stonemasons 
Is.  per  week  lulvance,  but  the  question  of  the  reduction  of 
the  houra  of  labour  the  miisteis  declined  to  entertain. 


WATER   SUPPLY. 

The  West  Riding  magistrates  have  atithorised  the  Hoi-s- 
forth  Watenvorks  Company  to  borrow  a  further  sum  of 
£2,000.  The  capital  of  the  company  is  £8,000,  of  which 
£6,800  is  already  paid  up. 

Malton. — It  is  expected  that  within  a  week  or  two  the 
long-hoped-for  water  supply  will  be  opened  for  permanent 
use.  After  nine  months  of  fighting  with  the  spring  waters 
of  the  Howardian  range,  the  well  for  the  supply  of  the 
waterworks  system  (for  the  tomis  of  Malton  and  Norton) 
has  been  sunk  to  the  required  depth.  The  engine  has  been 
tried,  and  water  has  been  this  week  pumped  into  the  reser- 
voir, everything  working  admirably.  The  waterworks 
were  opened  on  Monday.  The  works  have  been  de.signed 
by  W.  Eiistou,  C.E.,  and  the  schemei  has  lieen  wholly  car- 
ried out  by  the  Local  Board  of  Health. 


BRIDGES. 


On  Wednesday  week  last  the  Leeds  Local  Board  held  a 
meeting  upon  the  subject  of  the  erection  of  a  new  bridge 
across  the  Calder  Valley.  Plans  have  been  prepared,  and 
the  estimated  cost  of  the  bridge  will  be  about  £2.000. 

Steps  have  been  taken  for  I'emoving  old  Cavershaoa 
Bridge,  Reading,  and  a  new  one  built  in  its  stead.  It  will 
be  constructed  of  WTought-iron  lattice  girders  from  pier  to 
pier.  The  bridge  will  be  over  300ft.  long  and  30ft.  wide, 
and  will  cost  about  £4Ji(M. 


LEGAL  INTELLIGENCE. 

Architect's  Comsiission. — In  the  County  Court,  on  Fri- 
day, Mr.  Charles  Manton.  architect,  Wolverhampton,  sued 
the  Rev.  Samuel  Morris  and  Mr.  Samuel  Rogers  for 
£21  Ss.  6d. ,  balance  of  commission  due  to  him  on  account 
of  the  erection  of  a  Primitive  Methodist  Chapel  in  Park- 
street,  of  that  town.  The  items  of  the  plaiutifl's  claim 
were  2t  per  cent,  on  £878  9s.  2d.,  the  amount  for  the 
builder's  contract,  a  similar  commission  on  £98  lOs.  lOd.. 
alleged  extra  work,  and  six  guineas  for  the  cost  of  making 
a  detailed  e.stimate.  The  defence  was,  as  to  the  percentage, 
that  the  plaintiff  had  not  done  his  work  efficiently,  and 
therefore  was  not  entitled  to  be  paid  ;  and  as  to  the  six 
guineas,  that  no  oi-der  was  given  for  the  detailed  estimate. 
The  plaintiff  said  that  if  he  had  not  efficiently  superin- 
tended the  erection  of  the  biulding  it  was  the  fault  of  Mr. 
Rogei-s.  who  had  refused  to  allow  him  the  requisite  facility. 
The  judge  decided  that  the  plaintiff  was  entitled  to  his 
21  per  cent,  upon  the  original  contract,  but  that  he  was 
not  entitled  to  commission  on  the  extra  work,  nor  was  he 
entitled  to  the  extra  charge  of  six  guineas  for  the  detJiiled 
estimate.     His  Honour  gave  judgment  for  £13  28. 

A  Negligent  Engineer.— Samuel  Araold.  engineer,  in 
the  employment  of  Mr.  Kendrick,  of  Greets  Green  Colliery, 
was  la.st  week  summoned  at  West  Bromwich  for  negligence. 
It  appeared  that  on  Wednesday  last  some  men  were  sent  to 
repair  two  engines  at  the  colliery  ;  after  finishing  the  re- 
pairs, they  had  some  beer,  and  the  defendant  left  the 
engines  of  which  he  had  charge  to  join  the  men.  In  each 
of  the  boilers  there  should  have  been  4f[.  of  water  ;  how- 
ever, when  the  defendant's  absence  was  discovered  by  Mr. 
Kendrick's  sou,  who  happened  to  go  there,  there  were  only 
15in.  of  water  in  one  boUer  and  liiin.  in  the  other.  The 
steam  was  immediately  let  off,  and   while  this  was  being 


done,  defendant  returned.    Had  the  boilers  remained 
that  stat*  ten  minutes  longer  there  must  have  been  a  aeii] 
ous  explosion,    Arnold  waa  sentenced  to  twenty-one  ds] 
imprisonment. 

The  Lowest  Tender. — Important  Deci.hion.— At  i 
Kingston  Assizes  last  week,  the  following  case  waa  decid 
The  plaintiff  (Wickham),  a  builder  at   Faruham,  had  i 

some  other  builders  been  invited  by  the  defendant  (Woi 

cutt),  an  architect.  aL-io  residing  at  Famham,  to  tender  foj 
Slime  repairs  to  be  executed  to  a  house  there  "on  usual co 
ditions."     His  tender  was  the  lowest.     It  was  stated  by  t 
defendant  in  the  presence   of  the   plaintiff  and  the  ola 
builders  that  it  was  the  plaintiff's  job,  and  that  he  n 
hold  himself  m  readiness  to  commence  the  work  on  a  i 
tain  day.    The  ]»laintiff  made  preparations  and  engi 
extia  hands,  but  subsequently  received  notice  from  tho9 
fendant  that  the  gentleman  for  whom  the  work  waa  torn 
done  had  decided  on  accepting  the  tender  of  some  oned^ 
The  plaintiff  claimed   to  recover  from   the  defendant! 
expense  which  he  had  incurred  in  preparing  for  the  wa, 
contending  that  the  defendant,  by  inviting  tenders  on  J 
usual  terms,  undertook  that  the  lowest  tender  ahoulM 
accepted,  and  held  himself  out  as  authorised  to  empIoyS 
plaintiff.      Several   builders   were    called    to    prove  t 
"usual  conditions '' meant ;  but   the  judge  thought  i 
they  merely  proved  what  their  expectation  was  in  ten 
iug,  not  an  invariable  custom  in  the  trade  that  the  loj 
tender  should  be  accepted.     The   plaintiff  was  accord 
nonsuited. 

The  New  Surrey  Theatre.— The  architect  (Mr.  _ 
of  this  house,  and  Mr.  West,  the  owner  of  the  site,  broiy 
cross  actions  at  the  Kingston  Assizes  last  week.  The  fir 
action  (Ellis  v.  West)  waa  to  recover  the  architect's  commi 
sion  on  the  outlay  and  numerous  payments  made  durn 
the  progress  of  the  works.  The  second  was  an  acti. 
against  the  architect  for  negligence  and  want  of  skill.  1; 
learned  judge  having  examined  the  particulars  m  ea: 
action,  comprising  a  great  number  of  items,  said  that  the 
were  clearly  actions  which  no  juiy  could  try.  They  wen 
therefore,  referi'ed  to  arbitration. 


MEETINGS   FOR   THE   WEEK. 

MoN. — Royal  United  Service  Institution. — "  On  Jlilitai 

Breechloading  Small  Arms,"  by  Captain  V.] 

Mugeudie,  8.30 
TuEs. — Institution  of    Civil    Engineers. — Discussion  o 

"  Memoir  on    the  River  Tyne";  and,  if  tin 

permits,  "  On  the  Suez  Canal,"  by  Colonel  S 

Wm.  Deuison,  8. 
Fri.  —  Royal    United    Service    Institution. — "  On  t) 

Umbeyla  Campaign  of  18b3,"  by  CaptainG. 

Fosbery,  3. 
Architectural    Association. — "Architecture 

Northern  Italy,"  by  Mr.  C.  Aldridge,  7.30. 


I^ateiits  for  liibeiitioiis 

CONNECTED     WITH     THE     BUILDING     TRADE. 


2192.  G.  HUNTER  and  W.  F.  COOKE.  Improv 
MENTs  IN  Machinery  and  Tools  for  Cutting  Sut 
Stone,  Marble,  and  other  Minerai^.  Dateii  Augu 
25.  ISliit. 

For  the  purposes  of  this  invention  the  patentee?^  empl 
amachine  consisting  of  a  central  movable  table,  and  over 
au  axis  firmly  supported  in  bearings  and  furm^hed  wi 
gearing  by  which  it  can  be  slowly  rotated  This  geari 
may  be  in  duplicate  on  each  side  of  the  movable  iac 
two  large  stones  should  be  divided  into  three  parts,  thot 
outer  parts  being  firmly  supported  in  their  re^ 
bearings  on  each  side  of  the  movable  table,  and  theo  , 
part  capable  of  being  released  from  between  the  pi 
supported  by  the  bearings  and  removable  at  pleasure.  ( 
this  compound  axis  two  disc  cutters,  each  firmly  seoi^nd 
a  coU.ir  or  boss  on  its  outer  side  or  the  side  next  tot 
bearings,  are  made  to  traverse.  These  disc  cutters  hara- 
their  edges  sockets  or  holdei-s  to  receive  cutting  tools  vhi 
may  be  such  as  are  hereinafter  described.  In  frontof  t 
disc  cutters  and  below  them,  is  the  table  which  by  i 
or  otherwise  is  made  to  travei-se  slowly  in  a  dirfi^ 
parallel  or  nearly  parallel  to  the  face  of  the  disc  cutto&tt 
order  to  face  the  surface  of  a  block  of  stone,  slate,  oroW 
suitable  mineral  too  large  to  pass  under  the  axis  and  000 
or  bosses  of  the  disc  cutters,  these  latter  are  run  outww 
on  the  axis  to  the  junctions  of  its  supported  ends  with  t 
centre  piece  of  the  axis,  which  latter  is  then  remov 
and  the  dSsj  cutters  are  made  fa^t.  so  that  their  inr 
sui-faces  are  flush  with  the  ends  of  the  support 
axis,  iu  wliich  state  they  may  be  used  either  siil| 
or  separately,  to  face  one  or  two  blocks  at  a  tin 
The  block  (supposing  only  one  to  be  fixed)  is  placed  onl 
table  and  firmly  secured  to  it,  except  when  the  wfflgbl 
siitficient  to  render  this  unnecessjiry  ;  the  table  then  cart 
the  block  slowly  past  one  of  the  disc  cutters,  and  the  ci 
ting  tools  thereon,  by  removing  a  slice  from  the  face  oft 
block  produce  a  flat  surface  of  a  width  equal  to  a  diame' 
of  the  disc  cutter.  Cutting  tools  may  be  applied  to  i 
boss  or  collar  at  the  back  of  the  di^c  cutter,  to  c  at  throi  mi 
the  rough  sUce  of  stone  a  clciir  path  for  the  axis,  or  sue 
path  may  be  made  by  the  breaking  away  of  the  rough  sli 
When  it  is  an  object  that  the  block  should  not  be  scratcl 
by  the  tools  as  they  come  roimd  atthe  back  of  the;*; 
the  table  must  travel  at  a  slight  inclination  to  the  (w 
the  disc  cutter.  They  prefer,  luider  certain  circumstaui 
to  give  the  longitudinal  motion  to  the  t^ible  by  mean! 
two  parallel  screws,  each  with  a  nut  upon  it :  tha^ie  mits 
rigidly  connected  together,  being  formed  at  the  true  ei 
of  a  crossbar  piisaing  from  one  screw  to  the  other.  J 
screws  are  drami  ttigether  so  as  to  cany  the  crossljat 
ward,  and  it  then  comes  against  pinsdi-opped  through  hi 
in  the  t.able,  and  the  table  is  thus  propelled  This  arrai 
ment  allows  of  several  tables  being  used  with  one  machi 
so  that  tlie  machine  need  not  be  kept  waiting  whiis^ 
stone  is  being  adjusted  on  the  table  ;  as  soon  ;i3  one  cu 
complete  the  stone  with  the  table  can  be  nm  on 
auother  table  with  a  stone  upon  it  brought  to  the  cut 
The  screws  are  cased  in  tubes  with  longitudinal  slots  for 
passage  of  the  bai',  and  are  thus  protected  from  G 
Patent  completed. 


.PEiL  5,   1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


VII 


liDrabc  Bctos. 


pis  Exhibition. — On  Saturday  last,  the  30th  »lt., 
"^  CUrk  and  Cu  ,  of  Rathbone-place,  completed  their 
int.  I  with  tlie  Imperial  Coniiuiusion  for  fixing  ttieir 
lt«  ^elf-coiliny  steel  shutters  to  all  the  entmuces  of  tlie 
lilt  ^  which  wjis  closetl  for  the  lirat  time  in  the  pre- 
iDo  I"  the  Chief  of  Police,  to  whom  Messra.  Clark  htuided 
rer  J  tier's  of  the  several  entrances. 


TENDERS. 
Ai  EY,  Bens. — For  a  new  house  for  Mr.  F.  Levitt. 
Lr.  Ucock,  architect : — Uedhouso  and  Brittaiu,  £242  3s. 
B:  lITO.s'. — For  building  a  library  and  turkish  bath  at 
le  iir  oif  No.  4,  Ai'elaido-crescent.  Mr.  Horatio  X. 
ou  .  architect.  Quantities  supplieil : — Che.ssnmu  and 
>IL   710;   bimins  and  Marten,  i^l)2S  los.  ;  Nightingale, 

■ji: 

Bi  lON'DSEli'. — For  alteration  and  additions  to  the 
Public-house.-  Grange-road,  Hennondsey.  Mr.  H. 
arcliitect  ; — King  .-uid  Son,  £480  :  Tarnint,  £57U  ; 
id  aud  Sons,  £680  ;    Thompson,  £GS6  ;    Henshaw, 

— ^The  architect  for  rebuilding  Xo.  23,  Lime-atreot, 
u  given  in  our  last  as  Mr.  Charles  Neilly,  it  should 
eo  Mr.  Chai-les  Ueilly. 

iscs. — For  gasholder  and  tank  at  the  Hastings 
a,    Mr.   T.  ti.   Barlow,  engineer.     Qiumtities  by 

Pain    and  Clark.  -  Tank  :— Cutler,    £5,04S  10s.; 

,    £5,3j4    l.')S.  :      Newton,    Chambers,    and    Co., 

Cochrance  and  Co..  £5,100  ;  Balfour  (accepted). 
Gasholder  .-—Cutler,     £3,373     lOs.  ;      Laidlaw, 

Newton,  Chambers,  aud  Co.,  £.f,12j  ;  Ilorton  and 
935 ;  Balfour  (accepted),  £2,7S0. 

UN.  — For  a  new  house  and  shop,  for  Mr.  Thomas 
rhiin.  Mr.  J.  Sbilcock,  architect  :—Butterfield 
nour,  £378  10s. ;   Andrews  aud  Foster,  £346. 

TON.— For  alterations,  kc,  to  210,  Upiwr-street, 
I,  X.  Mr.  W.  Smith,  architect  :—Wai-ue,  £1,150; 
S790  ;  Crabb  and  Vaughan,  £7S9  ;  Gleim,  £760 ; 
.750 ;  Johnson,  £;i!io. 

TH.— For  alterations,  tc ,  at  Olil  Shot  Tower 
>>mmercial'road,  Lambeth.  Mr.  F.  G.  Widdows, 
:— Wheeler,  £1,195  ;  Child  and  Sou,  £965  ;  Ennor, 
iohards,  £770. 

^TLE  (Staffordshike). — For  alterations  and  addi- 
"'.  W.  Mellard's  premises.  High-street.  Mr.  T. 
lehitect:  W.  Sutton,  £1,379  14s.  :  Jos.  Trevor, 
John  Gallimore,  £1.195. 

r.— For  sowers  for  Wandsworth  District  Board  of 
Quantities  supplied  by  D.  W.  Young,  Esil.  :— 
A  Co.,  £19.200  ;  Baker  and  Co..  £17,753  12s.  6d.  ; 
£17,450 ;  Wainwright,  £17,400 ;  Hiscox  and 
,£17,400;  Avis,  £17,400;  Wigmore,  £17,275; 
I, £17,194;  Blackmore,  £17,000:  Moion  and  Co., 
;  Pearson,  £14,300;  Harvev,  £13,877;  King, 
Keeble,  £13,100  ;  Nott,  £13,000  ;  Mann,  £12,950  ; 
Keddell,  £12,900  ;  Thi-acki-ay,  £11,900 

lAM  (Sussex).- For  .alterations  and  additions  to 
•of  Mr.  Scott  Stonehewer,  J.l'.  Mr.  Horatio  N. 
irchitect.  Brighton.  Quantities  supplied  :— Saw- 
•  Nightingale,  £643 ;  Siinms  .and  Slarten,  £617. 

BALE  (Stafford.suike).— For  alterations  and  ad- 
nd  painting  to  the  New  Connexion  Chapel.  T. 
UKhitect,  Newcastle  :—  Webb  Brothers,  £340  ; 
^vor,  £270  13s. 

VARK. — For  building  three  warehouses  and  a 
I  Southwark-street,  for  Mr.  E.  H.  Moses.  J[r.  N. 
J,  architect.  Quantities  by  Mr.  Pearson  ■— King 
'  (accepted),  £8,903. 

Newixgton.— For  ten  sLx-roomed  houses,  with 
,  U)rdships-road,  Stoka  Newington.  ilr.  Herbert 
hitect :— J.  Cole  (accepted),  £4,000. 
•LD  (Beds).— For  a  new  house  and  shop,  for  Mr 
erson.  Mr.  J.  ShUcock,  architect  :— Foster  and 
1,  £625  Vs.  6d.  ;  Picken  and  Wilshere,  £592  4s  ■ 
1  and  Brittain,  £550  13s.  2d. 

raaiN  (MoNTcmsTERYSHlRE).  —  For  new  farm 
,  &c.,  lorH.  HaU,  Esq.  Quantities  not  supplied. 
s,  architect,  Newcastle :— John  Cross,  £1,750  ■ 
and  Morgan,  £1,072 ;  John  Willi.ams,  £1,000; 
Williams,  £950. 

I.WORTH. — For  the  erection  of  new  class  rooms  and 
OTcr's  apartments,  Weslevan  chapel,  St.  John's 
nasworth.  Mr.  John  Tarring,  architect.  Quan- 
1>lied:—Lathey  Brother,  £790;  Brighten,  £7S9  ; 
lottiers,  £779  10s. ;  Spink,  £750 ;  Eichards,  £680  ; 
I.  £ol(. 


PROPERTY  SALES, 

March  28. 
KT.— By  Mr.  W.  H.   Moore.— Leasehold  resi- 
8,  Haverstock-hill,  let  at  £90  per  annum,  term 
n  ISoo,  at  £15  lo3.  perannuni— sold  for  £890. 
I'i  house,  No.  4,  St.  James's- terrace,  All  Saints'- 
ioniaQ-road.  Islington,  estimated  annual  value 
■;•  years  from  1846.  at  tVl  per  annum— £2S0. 
Id  two  houses,    Nos.  55  aud   56,  Barclay-street, 
11^.   producing  £56  per  annum— term  79 i  years 
it  £-2  103.  each— £6.30. 

1  three  houses,  Nos.  11  to  13,  Aldenliam -street, 
■.  producing  04  per  annum,  terms  70  years 
^it  £2  each— £S35. 

I   three  houses,  Nos.  5  to  7,  Goldingtou-street, 
producing  £86  per  annum,  term  similar  to 
-J  each — £7S5. 

I'l  two  houses,  No3.  *41and42.  River-street,  York- 
-'  3  Cross,    let  at   £26  each  per  aunnm,  terms  99 
^■13,  at  £4  each— £455. 

i  three  houses,  Nos.  10  and  11.  Marson-street, 
-^yrth-place,    PhiUips-buUdings,  SomeiB  Town, 
;-^'i  43.  per  annum,  term  about  15  yeara  nnei- 
-s.  per  amium— £230. 


Leasehold  coach-house  aud  stjible.  No.  14.  North  Keppel- 
raewa.  Kopiwl  street.  Uussell-si^uare,  let  ou  lease  at  i2S  per 
annum,  terra  07  years  from  1S04,  at  £8  per  annum— £345. 

Lea.Sfhi'hl  improved  ground-rent  of  £19  198.  per  annum 
(fur  about  16  years),  iiriaing  from  No.  26,  Chapel-street 
omoi-s  I'own — £140.  ' 

Ltiiisyhold  improved  gmund-rents,  amounting  to  £14  per 
annum  {for  alwut  14  yeai"!>).  arising  from  Nos.  39  to  41, 
Little  Ct.ircudun-stryct.  Clareiidon-square— £140. 

Leasehold  improved ground-rent.samouiitiugto£10183.4d. 
per  annum  (for  about  14  yeara),  arising  IVom  Nos.  8S  and 
S9.  Eiiston-road-£120. 

By  Mr.  F.  J.  ShariJ. — Leasehold  house,  No.  5,  Patterson- 
atreet,  Stepney,  let  at  £20  per  aimmn,  term  70i  years  from 
1S30,  at.  £4  per  annum  —£165. 

By  Mossre  C.  aud  IL  White, — Leasehold  two  lio\ise.s.  Nos. 
4  aud  5,  Henry's-terrace,  Rouel  road,  Spa-road,  Bermond- 
sey,  producing  £72  16s.  per  annum,  term  70  years  from  1865 
at  £10  per  annum — £470. 

Leasehold  house  and  shop,  No.  1,  lleury's-terrace,  let  at 
£43  per  annum,  tenn  similar  to  above  at  £S  per  annum — 
£465. 

Leasehold  two  hovisen,  Nos.  15  aud  16,  Elizabeth-terrace, 
Blake's-road,  Feck  ham -grove,  producing  £52  per  annum, 
term  99  jeai-s  fi-om  1805  at  £9  per  annum  -  £295. 

Leastfbold  re^iidenco.  No.  20,  Westmorland-place,  South- 
ampton-street, Cambervvell,  let  at  £26  per  annum,  term  26 
years  unexpired  at  £10  per  anumn — £S0. 

Leasehold  house.  No.  30,  Hill-street,  Walworth,  let  at 
£19  10s.  per  annum,  term  23  years  unexpired  at  £2  9s.  per 
aunum— £120. 

Leixsehold  three  liou.ses,  Nos.  35  aud  36,  New-street, 
Lambeth,  aud  No.  1.  Hampshire-place,  in  rear,  producing 
£42  ISs.  per  annum,  term  13  years  unexitired,  at  £7  10s. 
per  annum- £105. 

Leasehold  three  hoiises,  Nos.  5  to  7,  Clarence-place,  New- 
street,  producing  £33  16s.  per  auuiim,  term  IS  yeai-a  un- 
expired, at  £6  per  annum — £95. 

April  2. 

At  the  Mart. — By  Messrs.  Farebrother,  Clark,  and 
Co. — Le;isebold  residence,  known  as  "  Ivy  Cottage,"  No. 
164,  Wiitemberg-street,  High-street,  Clapham,  let  at  £30 
per  annum,  term  27  years  unexpired  at  a  peppercorn — 
sold  for  ±;260. 

Leasehold  two  residences,  Nos.  1  and  2,  Myrtle-villas, 
Cottage  grove,  Clapham  Rise,  producing  £60  per  annum, 
term  66  years  luiexpired,  at  £10  pei  annum — £570. 

Leasehold  residence  with  shop.  No.  1,  Well  close -square, 
producing  £52  perannuni,  term  21  years  unexpired,  at  £18 
per  annum— £210. 

Leasehold  residence,  No.  8,  Princes  street,  Bedford-row, 
let  at  £92  per  annum,  term  18  yeai-s  unexpired,  at  £32  per 
aunimi-jE260. 

April  3. 

At  the  Mart. — By  Measrs.  J.  Baker  and  Son. — Lease- 
hold three  houses,  Nos.  21  to  23,  Wimbourue -street.  New 
North-road.  Hoxton,  let  at  £28  each  per  annum,  terai  36^ 
years  unexpired,  at  £4  per  house — £7^5. 

By  Messrs.  Elgood  and  Son. — Leasehold  residence.  No,  26, 
Hamilton -terrace,  St.  John's  Wood,  term  67  years  unex- 
pired, at  £18  per  annum— £2,190. 

Freehold  two  messuages,  two  stables,  and  coach-houses, 
Nos.  15,  16,  36,  and  37,  Great  Ormond-yiird,  Bloomsbury, 
let  on  lease  at  £36  per  annum- £1,040. 


BATH  STONE  OF  BEST  QUALITY. 

Randell  and  Saunders,  Quarrymen  and  Stone  Mei 
cliants,  Bath.  List  of  Prices  at  the  Quarries  and  Depots, 
also  Cost  for  Transit  to  any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
furnished  on  application  to  Bath  Stone  "Ortice,  Corsham, 
Wilts.— [AD^T.J 


BANKRUPTS. 

TO   SURRENDER    I       BASINtJHALL-.STREET. 

Henry  Field,  Gloucester- ten-ace.  South  Kensington, 
builder,  April  15,  at  1 — James  Nye,  Paik-street,  Stockwell, 
engineer,  April  16,  at  1 — John  Pai-ker,  Rye  Hill-park, 
Peckham,  builder,  April  24,  at  12  -  Jonatb.an  William 
Raveuhiil,  West  Didwich,  dealer  in  building  materials, 
April  24,  at  1 — Edward  Rowland,  Lant-street,  Southwark, 
buililers  foreman,  April  16,  at  12 — George  Smith  Stredder. 
Medina-road,  HoUoway,  stone  mason,  April  24,  at  12 — 
Richard  Walker,  AmpthiU,  railway  sub-contractor,  April 
15,  at  1 — Robert  Wooilford,  Biggleswade,  carpenter,  April 
17.  at  2— Stephen  Hickson,  Sussex-road,  Notting-hill,  sm- 
veyor,  April  17,  at  1 — James  Maxwell,  Dunton-green, 
Kent,  contractor,  April  24,  at  I-  Chaiies  Paul,  Tottenliam, 
painter,  April  16,  at  2. 

TO  SURRENDER  IN  THE  COUNTRY. 

William  Clai-ke,  Ashton-imder-Lyne,  marble  aud  stone 
cleaver,  April  11,  at  12 — Samuel  Cooper,  Whitehaven, 
April  8,  at  10 — William  Danson,  Salford,  painter,  April  13, 
at  9.30 — John  Hall  and  Evans  CuLihaw,  Bolton,  tlaggers 
and  slaters,  April  10,  at  11 — iJaniel  Jones,  Holy\velJ,  iron- 
monger, April  15,  at  12 — Robert  Kay  Walker,  Northumber- 
land, brickJayer,  April  9,  at  10 — Robert  Lyon,  Eccleston, 
near  St.  Helen  s,  labourer.  April  11,  at  11— William  Mills, 
Edward  George  Mills,  Frederick  Thomas  Mills,  Hanley, 
parian  manufacturers.  April  lo,  at  12 — Benjamin  Roberta 
aud  Timothy  Hughes,  Oldbm-y,  iionfomidei-s,  April  12,  at 
12 -John  Smith,  Kirkdale.  Lancashire,  contractor,  April 
12,  at  11 — John  Thomas.  l,.eeswootl,  near  Mold,  builder, 
April  15,  at  12 — Charles  Turner,  Cambridge,  jouruej-man 
gilder,  April  15,  at  2 — Joseph  and  James  Whitehouse,  and 
Thomas  Tyre,  Caatleford  furnaces,  near  Normanton,  ii-on- 
masters,  April  S,  at  1 1 — .Joseph  .\insworth.  West  Ardsley, 
mason,  April  16,  at  11— William  Bailey,  jun.,  Holbeachj- 
marsh,  carpenter,  April  15,  at  11 — Charles  Beasley,  Old- 
i>ury,  iiunlounder.  April  12,  at  12 — William  Dunn,  Jonas 
Spencer,  and  Heury  Rothwell,  Newtou-le-WUlows,  flint- 
glass  manufacturers,  April  16,  at  12 — James  GUlborn.  Not- 
tingham, plumber,  Apnl  24,  at  11 — Hugh  Hiighes, 
Bwthmawr,  Anglesey,  builder,  April  17,  at  11— John 
Smith,  Hoyland-common,  nearBamsley,  ironstone  labourer, 
April  IS,  at  11 — John  Thomas,  Pontypridd,  jouineyman 
cai-penter,  April  15,  at  11 — Thomas  Tubb,  Cippenham- 
green,  Bucks,  wheelwright,  April  13,  at  11 — John  Wigley, 
Leeds,  builder,  April  18,  at  11. 


LATEST  PRICES   OF   MATERIALS   USED 
IN  CONSTRUCTION. 

Timber,  duty  li  per  load,  drawback,  la. 


Teak    load    £9 

Quebec,  red  pine  ....    3    i 

I.      y«tlow  pine..     2  1. 

dt.  Johu  N.B.  yellow    0    < 

Quebec  Oak,  whlUi..    6    . 

„       blreh 3  1 

„      elm   8  1' 

Dontzlc  oiik £  1' 

.  „     flr :j 

Uemel  ^  3 

Riga 3 

Swedish 11 

Uaats.QuebecredpUie  6    ' 
,,      yellowpiue..     5    > 
Latliwood.Dautzic.tm  4  I 
„       St.  I'ctcraburg  6  1' 
Deals,  pre.  rJft.byS 
by  9  in.,  dutyUsper 
luiul,  driiwbiMjk  'la. 
Quebec,  white  spruce  14  li 
dt.John,  whitespruce  13    ' 
Yellow   plue,  per  re- 
duced C. 
Canada,   lat  quality.  17 
2nd  do 12 


Archangel,  yellow  ,.  £13 
dt.  I'oteraburg,  yel...   10 

Klulaud d 

Moiuel 0 

Ootheuburg,  yelloir       9 

„      whito    8 

Qefle,  yolluw 9 

Sodurhiiiuu    9 

Chrlaliaiiliv,    pur   0.| 

12  (t.  by  3  by  9  lu. 

yellow 18 

Deck  L'lauk,  Dantzio, 

per  40  (t.  3  Ui 0 

(*DIIICK  SioNB  pr  tou     S 
01L.S,  &a. 

Seal,  pale per  tun  44 

Sperm  body  14U 

Cod 41 

Wliale.  Sth.  Seii,  pale  44 

Olive.  OallipoU 63 

Cooimnut,  Cocbui,Um  58 

rnlin,  tlu« 41 

Ltn»e«d    SiJ 

Rapeseed,  Eug.palfl..  39 
UotWuseed 28 


0£13    0 

10 

11    u 

0 

9    0 

0 

0    0 

0 

11)  10 

1) 

8  111 

u 

11     0 

0 

11)  11) 

0 

23    0 

14 

1     4 

Metals. 


Jrok :— 

Welsh  Bars  In  London     per  ton         6  15  0  o    0  o       3 

Nail  Rod       -                       7  10  0  8    0  0        2 

HoopB do             8  17  6  9    U  U 

Sheets.  Single      -       do             «  17  6  10    0  0 

atafordshire  Bara       do             7  17  6  8  10  U 

Ears,  in  Walea     do             6  15  0  tt    0  0        3 

Kails    do             6    0  0  (j    5  0     net 

Fouudry  Pigs,  at  Glaag.  No    1    ..       do             2  13  6  3    7  0 

SwediBh  Bars   do  10  10  o  12  10  0        2» 

Stekl  :— 

Swedish  Keg,  h.immered      per  tua  15  15  0  110  0 

Swediah  Faggot   do  lu  10  0  12  lo  0 

Copper :— 

Sheet  &  Sheathing,  ABoltd   ....per  too  86    0  0  91    0  0 

Hammered  Bottoms       do  96    0  0  101    0  0 

Flat  Bottoms,  not  Uammered   . .       do  91    0  0  9ii    0  0 

Cake  aud  Tough  Ingot      do  76    0  0  0    0  0 

Beat  Selected    do  84    0  0  89    0  0 

Fine  Foreign     do  86    0  0  88     0  0 

Tel.  Uetal  Sheathing  &  Rods per  lb            0    0  7^  0    0  8 

Tis:- 

English  Block      per  ton  90    0  0  0    0  0        2| 

do      B;(.r    do  91  0  0    0  0 

do      Eeiined  do  93    0  0  0    0 

Banca      do  94    0  0  0     0  0    nttt 

Strait      do  89    0  0  0    0  0 

Lead:— 

Pig.  English      per  ton  22    6  0  22  10  0        2^ 

„     Spanish  Sort      do  19  15  0  0     0 

Shot.  Patent     do  23  10  0  24    0 

Sheet  do  21     0  0  0    0  0 

White     do  80    0  0  21  10  0 

Spelter ; — 

On  the  Spot  per  ton  22    5  0  £2  15  0    net 

Zinc  :— 

Bngliah  Sheet       i>er  ton          23    0    0  0    0  0 

Devaui's  V.  M.  RooOug  Zinc   do             2800  000          * 

*  And  6  per  cent,  discount  It  laid  npon  the  new  Byitem. 

QuiCKSn-YER     perbtl            6  18    0  7    0  9 

BBODLtTB  OF    AKTIMOITT. 

French  per  tou         34    0    0  0    0  0 


The  Seacombe  Forge,  Rivet,  k  Bolt  Compiny 

1]A^'UFACTURERS    OF 

Bolts,  Eivets,  "Washers,  Coach  Screws,  Spikes, 
Set  Pins,  Tie  Kods,  Cotter  ir'ins,  *c  , 

Al  SO 

ENGINEER'S    AND    SHIPBUrLDER'S    F0RGING3, 

SMITH  WORK.  ^VND  EVERY  DESCRIPTON 

OF  SHIP'S  FASTENINGS. 

"Works— SEACOMBE,  near  BIRKENHEAD. 


s 


TAIRCASE    aad   JOINERY     AYORKS, 
JOHN     WALDEN 

(Late  Shop  Foreman  to   Mr.  W.   SANDS,  retired), 

12.  MAIDEN  LANE.  COVENT  GARDEN. 

Estimates  on  application. 


Il.IC3-I3:a?EII?>.i^C3-E 

CHARLES    STRUTTON, 

34,      COMMEROIAL-BOAD,      LaMBETH. 
BASOB8  LET  B7  THE  DAY  OB  TEAB. 


A  SPHALTE— TRINIDAD— SEYSSELL 
—MINERAL  TAE. 
THOMAS  HARRISON  aiid  CO.  have  now  a  regular  supply  of 
ROCHE  ASPHALTE  and  MASTIC  MINERAL  TAR  fro-u  rrance, 
and  can  undertake  to  execute  any  work  in  Aflphalte  of  the  very  Qiieat 
Seysaell  quality,  as  well  as  Trinidad  and  Britifib  Asphalted,  on  the 
most  reasonable  t«rm3. 

DUE-D*  Dcn  /lor    every    description  ol    Buh-disq,    Railway    and 
PREPARED  {^    AoajLULTURAX  Work. 

TFMPKRED  I  ''^^  every   purpose,  situation,  aud   Export  to   kykr* 

\     Climate, 

Rendered  to  uniform  consistency  by  Steam  Power. 

The  trade  supplied  on  advantigeous   terms;  and  estimates  given    or 

works  of  any  miiguitude  ;  also  for 

LAYING  TAR  PAVEMENT. 

THOMAS  HAREISON  S  Co. 

ASPHALTE.     WHITINU.     AND     PAINT    WOBES— 
Cambridge  Heath  Wharf,  Httokiiey, 
Sunderland  Wharf,  Kutherhithe, 
City  Offices,  4,  New  London-street,  E.O. 
(Opposite  the  Blackwall  Railway). 
FIRST  CLASS  MEDALS  TO   MAW  AND  CO..   EX^HLBITION   OF 
1862;  DUBLIN.  1865;  AND  OPORTO. 


VIII 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


April  5,  1867., 


/CRYSTAL      PALACE.  —  FIRST-CLASS 

Vy     BUILDING  LAND  to  be  LET  in  immediate  proximity  to  the 

Palace,  on  advjuitageoua  terms.  For  particulars  apply  to  Mr.  Hart, 
Accountant's  OttUe.  CiTstuI  Piilace  ;  or  to  K.  R.  Banks,  Esq.,  1,  "West- 
minster CbamVers,  Victona-stieet.  Westminster. 

BUILDING  LAND,  suitable  for  Villa 
Eesidcnces.  to  be  LET  on  LEASE,  at  Benhill.  Sulton.  Surrey, 
notfartrom  the  railway  station.  Advances  will  be  made,  if  desired. 
as  the  works  proceed.  Plans  and  drawings  aud  every  information  ob- 
tAined  upon  application  to  Sir.  Tresidder,  16,  New  Bridge-street, 
Blackiriara. 

pAPITAL    BUILDING    LAND,    in    the 

V^  neighbourhood  of  Dartford.  Kent,  to  be  LET  on  BUILDING 
LEASE  for  9!)  years,  from  I?j.  to  li^w,  CJ.  per  foot  frontage, — For  plans 
and  particulars  apply  to  J.  R.  Wood,  solicitor,  61,  Lincoln's  Inn -fields. 

XTORFOLK  PARK  ESTATE,  MAIDEK- 

_Ll  HEAD.— Desir,ab!e  BUILDING  SITES  on  the  above  Estate, 
commanding  extensive  views  of  the  beautiful  scenery  of  the  neigh- 
bourhood, to  be  LET  on  LEASE  for  99  years.  Cash  .advanced  if  re- 
quired.—Apply  to  Mr.  Charles  Innes,  architect,  6,  WhitehftU. 


WIMBLEDON.— FREEHOLD  BUILD- 
ING  LAND  in  Southey  ro.id,  near  Merton.  five  minutes' 
walk  from  Wimbledon  station,  to  be  SOLD  or  LET  on  LEASE; 
rontage  9uft.,  depth  about  130ft. :  suitable  for  the  erection  of  two  cr 
bree  Villas.  Adjoining  plot^s  covered  and  occupied,  Koads  made 
and  drained  into  sewer. — Apply  to  G.  H.  L,,  Pembroke-ludge,  Mall- 
road,  Hammersiuith,  W. 

STREATHAM.— BUILDING  LAND  to 
be  LET,  at  moderate  ground  rents,  on  the  Crooke-EUisnu 
Estate.  Houses  from  £40  to  £5il  per  annum  are  in  zreat  demand  in 
the  neighbourhood.  A  limited  area  at  the  south  part  of  the  estate. 
near  Hermitage-bridge  and  Croydon-road.  to  be  Let  for  houses  of  £25 
per  annum  value.  Plans  and  particulars  of  Mr.  Gilbert,  at  the 
Estate  OtBce,  Streathani  Common  ;  or  Mr.  Wales,  Surveyor,  8.  Great 
Saint  Helens,  EC. 


TO  ARCHITECTS  and  BUILDERS.— 
LIME  GROVE  PARK.  PUTNEY  HILL.— Very  Desirable 
SITES  on  this  Estate  to  be  LET  for  building  respectable  private  resi- 
dences. It  is  situated  on  elevated  ground,  between  the  railway  station 
and  Wimbledon  and  Putney-heaths.  There  is  a  great  demand  in 
this  locality  for  good  villa  residences,  and  a  ready  sale  for  them.  For 
particulars  apply  to  S.  Wood.  Esq.,  Architect.  10,  Craig'a-court.  Lon- 
don. 8.W. ;  or  to  Messrs.  Baxter,  Rose,  Norton  and  Co.,  Solicitors,  6, 
Victoria-street,  Westminster,  S.W. 


A  BRICKFIELD  (of  the  area  of  80  acres) 
in  OPERATION,  and  with  the  use  of  machinery  of  a  supe- 
rior description,  dryinit  sheds.  &c.,  to  be  LET.  Within  i}  miles  of 
Horden,  and  i  mile  of  Worcester  Park  Stations, — Apply  to  Messrs  Wigg 
and  Oliver,  7,  Bedford-row,  W.C.,  or  to  Messrs.  Stroud.  WoodviUe- 
road,  Newington  Green,  N. 

TO  SHIPBUILDERS,  ENGINEERS, 
RAILWAY  CARRIAGE  BUILDERS,  aud  Others.— Dantzic 
OAK  PLANKS,  perfectly  seasoned  and  free  from  sap,  28ft.  average 
length,  from  "in.  to  3in.  thickness — imported,  1864.  Also,  Crown 
Daotzic  Deck  Planks,  s.iwn  edges,  perfectly  seasoned,  6in,  to  4iu. 
thickness— imported.  1S64,  Eiga  Wainscot  Logs  and  Planks,  Green- 
heart,  Sabicu,  ,and  Pitchpine  timber  of  large  dimensions, — Direct 
(post  paid},  to  Mr.  Weltuu.  5,  Adams-court,  Old  Broad-street. 


TO  SAW-MILL  PROPRIETORS,  CON- 
TRACTORS,  and  BU I LDERS,— For  SALE,  a  Barcain,  a  FLOOR- 
BOARD PLANING  MACHINE,  in  good  working  urtler,  with  straps 
and  irons  for  Planing.  Toneueing,  aud  Grooving  — Apply  to  Powis. 
James  and  Co.,  Sawmill  Eugiueers,  Victoria  Worki,  Vine-street, 
Yotk-road,  Lambeth,  Loudon,  S, 


LARGE  but  InexpeiLsive  WAREHOUSES 
or  MANUFACTURING  PREMISES.  Yard,  and  Stabling, 
tiovering  an  area  of  O.flOOft.,  and  situate  in  Vine-street,  Liquornond- 
Btreet,  neir  the  New  Holboi-n  Improvoments,  to  be  LET. — Apply  to 
Messrs.  Debenham,  Tewaon,  and  Farmer,  80,  Che-ipside. 


MATHEMATICAL  INSTRUMENTS,  of 
the  first  quality,  at  moderate  prices,  with  many  important 
Iioprovements.  Illustrated  ciitalogues  sent  post  free.  W.  F. 
STANLEY.  M.ithetnatical  Inslnimeut  Maker  tu  the  Government, 
3  and  5,  Great  TuruBtile,  Holboni.  W.  C.  SLinley's  Treatise  on  Mathe- 
matical Drawing  Instruments,  post  free,  5s, 


01  A  nnn  TO  lend  on  FREEHOLDS, 

oU  J-  V  *  V  V  V."  LEASEHOLDS,  and  COPYHOLDS,  repayable 
by  Instalments.  Example  :  £500,  5  years,  quarterly,  £31  3h.  9d.:  dilto, 
10  years,  quarterly,  £18  Us.  2d. ;  dittn.  15  years  quarterly.  £14  lis. ; 
In  eacli  case  including  principal  and  interest,  and  costs  of  security  to 
eompany  — Apply  to  British  Equitable  Assurance  Company,  No.  4, 
Queen- St reet-ijlace,  Southwark  Bridge,  E.C. 


pAMBERAYELL.— BUILDING  LAND  to 

V-^  be  LET  for  the  ERECTION  of  Houses  in  Terraces,  close  to  two 
Railway  Stations.  The  houses  already  erected  are  let  as  soon  ascom- 
pleted  at  £50  per  annum.  Ground  rent  very  low.  Roads  and  paths 
made  and  drains  in.  Further  particulars  of  William  Adams  Mmrfihy, 
Architect  and  Surveyor.  47,  Church-street,  Camberwell,  S. 


TO    AFvCHITECTS. 

i'lOMPETITION  and  ARCHITECTURAL 

V^  DRAWING  of  Every  Description,  Coloured  iu  the  first  style  by 
GEORGE  CHILDS,  Artist.  21,  OfTord-road.  Caledonian  road,  Isling- 
ton, N.  Perspectives  Outlined  by  competent  Draughtsmen.  Pupils 
required. 


THE  Advertiser  (the  Coloiirist  of  the  First 
Prize  Design  for  the  Foreign  Office.  London,  and  the  Govern- 
ment Offices,  Ottawa.  Canada)  undertakes  to  COLOUR  PERSPEC- 
TIVE and  other  DRAWINGS  ou  re.ason able  terms.  First-class  Per- 
spectives put  in  outline.  Specimeus  shown. — Address,  Mr.Betholme, 
24,  Great  Coram-street,  Brunswick-square. 


MR.     GEORGE   NORTHCROFT,    SUR- 
VEYOR,   Ac.  Warrington-chambera,   2a,  South  Castle-street, 
Liverpool,     Quantities  supplied. 

ASSISTANCE  AND  ADVICE  TO  INVENTORS. 


TO  BUILDERS,  ARCHITECTS,  and 
OWNERS  of  PROPERTY.^;.  WILLING  and  CO.,  3136.  Gray's 
Inn-road,  and  7'*,  St.  Martin's-Iane,  W.C.,  CONTRACT  for  public 
SITES  for  the  exhibition  of  advertiaementa.  Also,  for  the  same  pur- 
pose, they  erect  hoardmga  gratuitously. 


THE    GUARDIAN    FIRE    AND    LIFE 
ASSURANCE  COMPANY. 
Established  1821.     No.  11.  Lombard-street.  London.  E.C. 
REDUCTION  OF  FIRE  INSURANCE  DUTY. 
Subscribed  Capital  Two  Millions. 
Total  Invested  Funds,  upwards  of  £2.750,000, 
Total  Income  upwards  of  £320.000. 
Notice  ia  Hereby  Given  that  FIRE  POLICIES  which  expireat  LADY 
DAY  must  be  renewed  within  Fifteen  Days  at  this  Office,  or  wi'h  the 
Company's  Agents  throughout  the  Kingdom,  otherwise  they  become 
void. 

All  Insurances  now  liave  the  benefit  of  the  Reduced  Duty  of  Is.  6d. 
per  cent. 

For   Prospectus  aud   other   information  apply  to  the  Company's 
Agents,  or  to 

T.  TALLEMACH.  Secretary. 


Fifth  Edition  now  ready,  in  1  vol,  Svo.    price  52s.  6d.  cloth. 

p  WILT'S   ARCHITECTURE,   illustrated 

V^fl^  with  more  than  F!-  :■  u  Iln'  ihi'il  Engravings  on  Wood,  Re- 
vised, with  Alterations  .i!  ,Mi.-  Additions,  by  Wyatt  Pap- 
worth,  Fellow  of  the  Hn\  I  I  ■  ■  r  British  Architects.  Addi- 
tionally Illustrated  witli  m  ill'  l<i;r  Hundred  Engravings  on  Wood 
by  O.  Jewitt  ;and  more  than  One  Hundred  other  Woodcuts. 

London  :  Longuaiis,  Gp-kes,  and  Co.,  Patemoster-row. 


Just  Published,  by  Post  Two  Stamps, 

ERVOUS   DEBILITY  :    Its   Cause  and 

Cure. — A  guide  to  the  Cure  of  Nervousness,  Weakness,  Loss 
of  Appetite,  Indigestion.  4c.  Illustrated  with  cases  in  proof  of  the 
author's  successful  treatment,  with  necessary  instructions,  by  which 
sufferers  may  obtain  a  cure. — Address,  Dr.  Smith,  8,  Burton-crescent, 
London,  W.C. 


N 


S 


HORTHAND.  —  PITMAN's      PHONO- 

_  GRAPHY.—Phonography  is  taught  in  class  at  10s  fid,  or  private 
instruction  given,  personally  or  by  post,  for  £1  Is,  the  perfect  course  of 
Lessons.     Pitman's  Shorthand   Teacher,   post  free  7d.    London  :  20, 

Paternoster- row,  E.C. 


ROYAL  POLYTECHNIC— LEOTARD  ; 
or  "The  AUTOMATIC  1"  "  Which  isitV  This  enigma 
variously  solved  by  wondering  thousands  who  witness  the  life- 
like performances  daily,  at  the  Royal  Polytechnic  Institution,  at 
3  and  9.  "Landseer's  Lions,"  exhibited  on  the  disc  daily  at  4  and  9, 
before  the  reading  of  Dickens's  "  Christmas  Carol,"  with  all  its  start- 
ling ghost  effects.  "The  Head  of  the  Decapitated  Speaking,"  at  3.30 
aud  7.30.  "  Stokeson  Memory"  at  1.  Open  from  12  to  5  and  7  to  10. 
Admission  Is. 


BILIOUS  and  LIVER  COMPLAINTS 
Indigestion,  Sick  Headache,  Loss  of  Appetite,  Drowsiness, 
Giddiness.  Spasms,  and  all  Disorders  of  the  Stomach  and  Bowels,  are 
rlui(^kly  removed  by  that  weU-known  remedy,  FKAMPTON'S  PILL 
OF  HEALTH.  They  unite  the  recominend.ition  of  a  mild  oper.'ition 
with  the  most  successful  effect ;  and  where  an  aperient  is  required, 
nothing  can  be  better  adapted. 

Sold  by  all  Medicine  Vendors,  at  la,   IJd.  and  2fl.   fli  per  box   or 
obtained  through  anyChemiat. 


pox   &  SON,  CHURCH   FURNITURE 

\J  MANUFACTURERS, 

08  and  09,  SOUTHAMPTON-STREET,   STRAND, 
PAINTED  and  STAINED  GLASS  WORKS— 43  and  44,  Maiden-lane 
(adjoining  Southampton-street),  W.C. 
WOOD  and  STONE  CARVING.  GOTHIC.   METAL,  and  MONU- 
MENTAL WORKS, 
BELVEDERE.ROAD,    LAMBETH.    S. 
CARVING.— A  great  reduction  effected  by  roughing  out  the  work 
by  machinery,  and  finishing  only  by  hand  labour. 
GOTHIC  JOINERS'  WORK  AND  FURNITURE. 
GOTHIC    METAL   WORK,  of  every  description,  both  in  Silver. 

Brass,  and  Iron. 
ESTIMATES   FURNISHED  to  the  Clergy.  Architects,  toid  the 

Trade,  for  carrying  out  any  Design. 

THE  WHOLE  OF  THE  WOBK    DONE  ON  THE  PREMISES, 

COX  &  SON'S  Illustrated  Catalogue  for  ISiifi,  with  several  himdred 

New   Designs  of  Church   Furniture.   Painted  Glass,  Decoration,  and 

Monuments,  forwarded  for  six  stamps. 

SHOW  ROOMS— 2S  and  29,  Southampton-street,  Strand,  London. 


PRIZE  MEDAL.  1862. 


HAMILTON         &         CO., 
No.  10.  GREEK  STREET,    SOHO  SQUARE,  LONDON.  W. 
Sole  Manufacturers  of 
C.  A.  WATKIN'S  PATENT    WIRE  BOUND,  ROUND,  and  OVAL 

PAINTING  BRUSHES. 

Distemper  Brushes,  Sash  Tools,  Stippling  Brushes,  Gilders'  and 
Grainers'  Tools. 
These  goods  are  made  of  the  best  materials  and  workmanship,  and 
have  obtained  a  high  reputation  among  the  chief  decorators  in  the 
kingdom.  Varnish  and  Colour  Manufacturers,  Oilman.  Mercliants, 
Ac,  are  supplied  ou  the  lowest  teruia.  Price  Lists  forwarded  on  ap- 
pUcation. 


THE  INTERNATIONAL  PRIZE  MEDAL, 

Awarded  1S62, 
ALSO  THE  DUBLIN  MEDAL,  1865. 

To     BUILDEKS.     CARPENTERS,     and    BLINDMAKEE3. 

JAS.  AUSTIN  &  SON, 

Manufacturers  of    the  above  Articles,   particularly  wiah  to  direct 
the  attention  of  the  Trade  to  their 

IMPERIAL    PATENT    FLAX    SASH    LINES, 

Of  which  they  are  now  making  four  qu.^litie9,  and  they  strongly  recom- 
mend that  in  all  cases  they  should  be  purchased  in  preference  to  the 
PATENT  LINES  made  from  Jute,  which  Article  has  neither  the 
STRENGTH  nor  DURABILITY  of  FLAX,  consequently  cannot  give 
so  much  satisfaction  to  the  Consumer.  They  also  in\'ite  the  particu  ar 
attention  of  Upholsterers  aud  Blind  Makers  to  their  Improved  Patent 
Blind  Lines,  which  are  very  much  superior  to  anj-thing  ye  offered 
to  the  trade. 

They  can  be  obtained  of  all  Kopemakers,  Ironmongers,  Merchants, 
Factors,  and  Wholesale  Houses  in  Town  and  Country. 
ESTABLISHED  1774. 


PARTS,    LADDERS,    BARROWS,    &c.— 

V-^     GEORGE  ELL  and  CO.,    Builders  of  Carts,    Vans,    Waggons, 
Tiucka.  Trolleys,  4c  .  Contractors'  and  Builders'  Plant. 

LADDERS.  EARROWS,  TRESTLES,    STEPS,  PORTABLK 

SCAFFOLDS,    PICK-HELVES,    HAMMER    HAl^DLES,    4o. 

■\MieeIsniade  by  Improved  Machinery  on  the  Premises. 

A  large  Variety  of  both  Light  and  Heavy  Wlieels  kept  in  Stock. 

Banows.  Dobbin,  and  other  Carta,  intended   for  Export^atiou,  ai* 

made  by  Machinery  so  as  to  bo  interchaugeabla  in  their  parts,  for  the 

convenience  of  packing  for  ahiiimeut. 

Scaffolding,    Ladder*,  Barrows,  Trestles,  Step,  &c.,  Lent  on  Hire. 
Price  Lists  on  application. 

GEORGE     ELL    &    CO., 

EUSTON  WORKS,  S66  and  368.  EUSTON  ROAD,  LONDON.  N.W 


\ 


fHalf  size  drawing  of  Chestcrynan's  Paient  i 
Measuring  Tape,  66  feet.  J 

JAMES  CHESTEEMAN&C 

SOLE  MAKUFACTUREES  OF  CHESTERMAN'S  PAIHI 

SPRING,  METALIilC,  STEEL, 

AKD   OTHER 

MEASURING     TAPES; 

IRON  AND  STEEL  LAND  CHAINS, 

SINGLE    AND    DOUBLE-ACTING    DOOR  SPRIK 
ENGINEERS'  TOOLS,  &c.    &c. 

BOW  WORKS,   ECCLESALL  KOi 

SHEFFIEI.D. 
London  Office— 5,  Byre  Street  Hill,  Hatlm  eara 


t 


THE  IMPROVED  TANNED  LEATSS" 
DRIVING  STRAPS. 

PATENT    EDGE-LAID   LEATH].... 
STRAPS,  without  Lip  or  Croaa  Joints.     Superior  todll 
fo^  Portable  Engines.  -d 

PRIME  STRAP  AND  SOLE  BUTTS' 

Price  Lists  sent  free  by  post. 

THE   TANNED  LEATHER  COMPAJ, 

TANNERS.  CURRIERS,  .^c, 

AEMIT  WORKS,  GREENFIELD,  NEAR  MANC! 
WAREHOUSE— SI,  MARK-LANE,  LONDON, 

MR.  H.  FERRABEE,  AGENT. 


rs"' 


Day  and  das  Li^ht  RelSrctor  manufactnr 

THOMAS  FOX,  9  A  HATTON  GAEDl 
{E.C.) 
These    Reflectors  never    tarnish,    require    no  cleaning,   ami 
the  most  ea'ective  and  durable  yet  presented  to  the  pubhc 

N.B.— The  usual  ©iacount  to  Builders  and  the  Trade. 

NOTICE. 

GEORGE      DAVENP0R1 

CABIXETMAKER    AXD   UPHOLSTERER, 
Is  re;idy  to  supply  in  any  Quantity 

Thonet  Bros.'   Austrian  Bent  Wooi 
Furniture, 

Which  hai  obtamed  Prize  Medals  at  every  S: 

Europe  since  ISiil. 
It  is  the  Strongest  and  Clieapest.  and  at  the  aametinie  UgMnA 
most  Ele:gaut  production  of  the  Cabinetmaker's  art  ever  introd 
combining  in  the  highest  degree  Economy  and  Utility. 

An  inspection  of  his  large  Stwk  of  this  Manufactore  la  m 
fully  solicited  by 

GEORGE  DAVENPORT, 

20,    LUDGATE    HILL.    LONDON,    E.C. 

I>epot  for  tlie  United  Kingdom.. 


^jMiisMft 


TO   INVENTORS   AND  PATENTEES. 


MESSRS. 

ROBERTSON,  BROOMAN,  AND  CI 

CIVIL  ENGINEERS 
AND     PATENT    AGENTS, 

(Established  1S23). 

166,  FLEET  STREET,    LONDOI 

USDERTAKE     TO    OBTAIN     PATENTS    FOE     INTBHTl 

PROVISIONAL  PROTECTIONS 

APPLIED  FOR. 

Specifications  Drawn  and  Revised. 

DISCLAIMERS  AND  .MEMORANDUMS  OF  ALIB 
riONS  PREPARED  AND  FILED. 

ADVICES     ON    CASES    SUBMITTED, 
OPINIONS  AS  TO  INFRINGEMENTS,  Sc, 

OPPOSITIONS, CONDUCTED. 

Messrs.  Robertson,  Broomaa,  ^''^^f 
Undertake  (upon  Commission)  Ord< 
for  all  Engineering  Constructions,  Bs 
ways,  Locomotive,  and  other  Stefi 
Engines,  &c.,  &c. 


April  12,  1S67. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


249 


THE   BUILDING  NEWS. 


LONDOX,  FRIDAY,  APRIL   VI.  1867. 


THE    COURTS     OF     JUSTICE     COM- 
PETITION. 

Concluding  Article. 

FOLLOWING  the  course  we  proposed  in 
our  third  article,  we  have  now  to  com- 
Ijare  the   chief  merits  and  demerits     of  the 
several    designs     submitted     for    this    very 
important    work.       First,    then,    the    plans 
may    he    divided    broadly    into    great    hall 
scliemes     and    corridor     schemes.       As     in 
most  things    it    is    impossible    to  draw   an 
arbitrary  line  which  will  not  be  overlapped  on 
one  side  or  the  other,  so  also  in  the  case  before 
us  there  are  plans  which  more  or  less  overlap 
ou  both  sides  of  the  line,  some  with  compara- 
tively small  halls  tending  towards  the  great 
tall  scheme,  whilst  the  tendency  of  others  is 
svidently  against  the  principle  of  a  great  hall. 
Thus  Mr.  Lockwood,  within  the  area  or  street 
ivhich  separates  his  outer  shell  from  his  prin- 
cipal block  has  contrived  to  get  two  transverse 
lalls  connected  by  spacious  corridors,  with  a 
central    longitudinal   hall.     In   other   words 
,hree   halls  and  two  corridors,  the  last  as  large 
IS  many   mediaeval  halls,   occupy   the   space 
vkich  in   5Ir.  Waterhouse's  or  jlr.  Seddon's 
lesign  is  devoted   entirely  to  one  huge  hall.  ■ 
Po  understand  this   central  hall   question   it 
vill  be  as  well  to  look  at  the  dimensions  : — 
ilr.  Seddon's  plan  gives  490ft.  by  80ft.     Mr. 
\  aterhouses's  plan  gives  478ft.  by  60ft ;  Mr. 
aidon's  plan  gives  365ft.  by  130ft.  ;  and  Mr. 
kwood's  plans  gives  236ft.   by  72ft.     Now 
.  Garling  has  a  central  "  corridor  "   or  hall 
It.  by  30ft.,  and    Mr.  Street  a  hall   130ft. 
.   j7ft.     It  is  evident  that  neither  of  these 
vntlemen  can  for  a  moment   compete  with 
Ir.  Seddon  or  Mr.  Waterhouse  if  a  monster 
lall  is  to   carry  the  day.      Still  less  chance 
ave  those  whose  designs   ignore   the     great 
lall  idea  altogether.     In  plan  or  arrangement 
Ills  competition  may  be  said  to  be  twofold. 
-?r3.  Seddon,  "Waterhouse,   Brandon,   and 
kwood  as   the   authors  of  the  great  hall 
;jiemes  are  separated  from  all  the  others,  and 
f  the  great  hall  idea  is  allowed  by  the  judges 
J  supersede  all  other  considerations,  the  battle 
ill  evidently  be  between  two  of  the  gentle- 
len  we  have  just  named.     If,  however,   the 
iionster  hall  should  not  be  considered  a  sine 
iw  non,  then  the  gentlemen  we  have  just 
amed  will  stand  a  poor  chance  in  comparison 
•ith  those  who,  giving  up  the  central  hall  for 
he  sake  of  open  spaces,  may  happen  to  stand 
ighest  on  those  paramount  questions  of  light 
ad  air.     In  such  case  the   competition    may 
53t  between  Mr.  Barry  and  Mr.  Street,  or  Mr. 
cott  and  Mr.  Burges.     If  the  arguments  ad- 
anced  by  the  two  last-mentioned  gentlemen 
lould  prove,  as  they  appear  to  us,  unanswec- 
ble,  the  work  of  the  judges  may  turn  out  to 
e  much  easier  than   they   expected.      Mr. 
cott  says,  "  That  the  fact  of  the  Courts  being 
placed  at  an  elevated  level  prevents  the  pos- 
sibility,  without  serious    disadvantage,    of 
ha\'ing  a  Central  Hall  in  the  sense  in  which 
that  term  may  be  most  naturally  understood  ; 
that  is  to  say,  as  a  hall  from  which  the  courts 
would  directly  open,  like  Westminster  Hall, 
or  that  designed  by  Sir  Charles  Barry  for 
the  Lincoln's   Inn-tields   site.     This  would 
be  only  practicable  were  the  Courts  on  the 
.  I  gromid  floor ;  for,  if  adopted  in  the  case  of 
elevated  courts,  it  is  clear  that  little  or  no 
light  could  be  given  to  the  space  below  such 
haU,  or  to  the  lower  storeys  of  the  parts  sur- 
rounding it."    And   Mr.   Burges  objects  to 
le  great  Central  Hall  plan  because  "  It  intro- 
duces the   public,  and  to  a  certain  extent 
public  traffic,  into  the  middle  of  the  build- 
ing, where  quiet  is  most  essential.     It  is  also 
apt  to  place  the  judges'  apartments  and 
corridor  on  the  exterior,  and  those  of  the 


"  bar  and  legal  public  in  the  interior,  thus  re- 
"  versing  the  order  of  things  ,  for  the  judges' 
"  apartments  should  obviously  be  placed  in 
"  the  interior  so  as  to  secure  quiet,  and  to 
"  enable  them  to  consult  with  each  other  with 
"  facility.  ...  It  most  materially  di- 
"  minishes  the  areas  for  light  and  air,  .  . 
"  and  is  a  very  serious  addition  to  the  expense, 
"  if  carried  out  on  a  proper  scale."  It  is 
time,  however,  that  we  turned  to  the  com- 
parison of  the  designs,  taking  the  Central  Hall 
plan  first. 

Mr.  Seddon. — yierit!:  All  the  courts  en- 
ter from  the  central  hall  on  the  same  level, 
sim]ilicity  of  arrangement  as  regards  the 
general  jniblic,  broad  and  powerful  treat- 
iuent  of  the  masses  of  the  building,  good 
sky  line  and  thoroughly  domestic  character. 
Demerits:  Confined  areas,  excessive  height 
of  outer  zone  or  shell  and  centre  building  or 
hall,  deficient  light  and  air,  shallow  iiat 
detail  to  facades  and  tunnel-like  proportions 
to  great  hall,  the  length  of  which  is  more  than 
six  times  its  width. 

Mr.  Waterhouse. — 3Ierits :  Low  level  of 
floor,  great  hall  which  is  on  the  same  level  as 
Carey-street,  simplicity  of  arrangement, 
good  accommodation  for  legal  public,  es- 
pecially for  barristers  and  masters,  arrange- 
ment of  approaches,  especially  carriage-way 
forjudges,  which  is  one  of  the  best  features  of 
the  design,  separation .  of  classes,  and  good 
bits  of  architecture  in  cloisters  or  corridors. 
Demerits ;  Want  of  light  and  air  in  corridors, 
great  amount  of  borrowed  light,  noise 
Ijrought  into  centre  of  building  liy  transverse 
hall,  for  the  oi  polloi  opening  upwards  into 
great  hall  and  being  a  thoroughfare  from  the 
Strand  to  Carey-street,  narrowness  of  general 
passage  for  the  judges,  glass  roof  to  central 
hall  upon  which  the  fall  of  rain  and  hail  would 
result  in  serious  disturbance,  architecture 
deficient  in  the  facades,  weak  in  composition, 
poor  in  detail,  and  having  strange  anachro- 
misms. 

Mb.  Brandon. — Merits .-  Fine  architectural 
composition  in  general  mass  with  the  single 
exception  of  the  west  fagade,  good  detail 
adapted  to  the  size  of  the  building  and  its 
situation.  Demerits :  Deficiency  of  light  and 
air,  waste  of  space  about  the  courts,  cen- 
tral ball  too  much  like  a  church. 

Mr.  Lockwood. — Merits:  Simplicity  of 
plan,  arrangement  of  halls  and  corridors,  and 
public  entrances.  Demerits :  Narrowness  of 
open  areas,  bad  proportions,  and  worse  detail. 
(Note  the  drawing  of  the  sculpture.) 

Mr.  Garling. — Merits:  Composition  of 
Renaissance  design,  especially  of  the  West- 
end.  Demerits :  Lack  of  liglit  and  air,  com- 
plication of  plan,  extravagance  of  corridor, 
utterly  bad  in  all  his  Gothic  works. 

Mr.  Street. — Merits  :  Central  haU  good, 
both  in  proportion  and  detail,  save  only  the 
wall  arcade,  arrangement  of  courts  compact 
and  close  together,  large  open  quadrangles,  and 
plenty  of  light  and  quiet  air.  Demerits : 
Entrances  for  general  public,  complication  of 
corridors,  weakness  of  Strand  facade.  Sonie 
of  the  architecture  too  like  ordinary  Gothic 
warehouse  building,  lacking  in  the  dignity,^ 
which  is  so  emphatically  required  for  courts  of 
justice,  and  which  we  had  hoped  Mr.  Street 
would  have  given  \is. 

Mn.  Barry. — Merits  :  Contrivance,  espe- 
cially as  regards  staircases  ;  general  massing  of 
the  dilt'erent  parts  of  the  building.  Demerits  : 
General  character  Oriental  not  English, 
favades  utterly  unsuited  for  street  archi- 
tecture. 

Mr.  Scott— l/enVs :  Grouping  of  courts 
compact,  ambulatory  or  central  corridor  well 
arranged,  architecture  of  entrance  vestibule 
and  ambulatory  dignified  and  well  propor- 
tioned in  themselves,  treatment  of  levels  good. 
Demerits  :  Judges'  corridor  too  exposed.  Strand 
facade  poor,  especially  in  the  centre,  super- 
structui-e  too  much  for  the  portal  and  mono- 
tony of  skyline. 


Mr.  BunoES.— Merits  :  Sinqdicity  of  plan, 
plenty  of  light,  air,  and  (juiet,  minimum  of 
staircase  height,  good  arclutectural  treatment 
adapted  to  the  site,  both  in  mass  and  detail, 
erring  only  on  the  right  side  by  being  a  little 
too  strong.  Demerits  :  Want  of  study  in 
minor  details  of  the  legal  re(iuirement3,  want 
of  dignity  in  jiarts  of  the  elevations,  owing  to 
the  practical  merit  we  have  mentioned,  re- 
sulting from  keeping  the  buildings  as  low  as 
possible. 

*  *  *  * 

We  give  this  week  three  illustrations  of  Mr. 
Waterhouse's  design.  We  can  only  reiterate 
what  we  said  in  our  issue  of  February  8, 
viz.,  that  the  towers  are  awkwardly  designed  ; 
that  those  flanking  the  central  mass  of  the 
Strand  facade  are  but  weak  slices  of  towers ; 
that  the  detail  lacks  true  Gothic  feeling  ;  and 
that,  architecturally  sjieaking,  Mr.  Water- 
liouse  has  disappointed  us  by  not  even  .secur- 
ing for  this  important  structure  anything  like 
as  much  dignity  which   he  gave  to  his  earlier 

work  at  Manchester. 

•  *  *  •  • 

A  printer's  error  occurs  in  the  final  ])ara- 
graph  of  our  article  in  last  week's  Building 
News.     Fot  differs  read  svffers. 


EASTERN    ART.* 

THE  new  architecture  soon  made  its  way 
into  Italy  by  the  Adriatic.  One  him- 
<lred  years  after  the  construction  of  St.  Sophia 
by  Constance,  son  of  Constantino,  Ravenna, 
Ancona,  and  Venice  boasted  of  churches  in 
this  style.  From  the  model  of  St.  Marco 
specially,  all  the  West  came  to  adopt  it. 
Worked  and  ornamental  pillars  cylindrical  in 
form  now  became  cubic;  dome  and  cupola 
accumulated  on  roofs  soon  gave  Padua  and 
Venice  that  peculiar  aspect  of  Eastern  cities 
which  they  stiU  so  curiously  retain.  Christi- 
anity and  Mahometanism  have  equally  made 
themselves  at  home  in  St.  Sophia.  The  cul- 
minating inspiration  of  this  style  of  archi- 
tecture is  founded  on  minute  geometrical  and 
mathematical  calculation.  Arcaded  courts, 
with  cooling  fountains,  adapted  from  the 
atrium  or  anti-church  of  the  early  Basilicas 
for  the  use  of  the  catechumens  or  unbaptized  ; 
minarets  and  pointed  domes,  symbolising  our 
towers  and  spires,  passing  easily  from  Christian 
worship  to  serve  as  enclosures  for  ablution ; 
consecrated  courts  dedicated  to  the  Caaba,  and 
altars  turned  towards  the  sacred  East.  Un- 
fortunately many  writers,  struck  with  the  de- 
generacy of  the  old  Empire  (which  came  to  the 
East  but  to  construct  a  magnificent  grave),  as- 
sociate the  brilliant  Renaissance  of  Persian  ar- 
chitecture with  the  ruin  of  an  effete  race. 
"All  architecture,"  they  said,  "disappears 
under  a  confused  prodigality  of  ornaments  and 
mosaic,  which  degenerate  arts,  preferred  to 
painting  and  fresco  cause  the  ruin  of  style." 
This  we  maintain  to  be  a  mistake.  Mosaic, 
as  a  mural  decoration,  exceeds  in  sharp  and 
striking  eii'ect  either  painting  or  fresco,  both 
of  wliich  are  far  more  calculated  for  interiors 
in  positions  where  the  eye  can  appreciate  their 
graduated  details.  Pure  Persian  architecture, 
far  from  a  prodigality  of  ornament,  is  intrinsi- 
cally simple  and  bold,  because  it  is  founded 
on  minute  mathematical  calculations.  It  is 
erroneous  to  compare  it  to  Greek  art,  with 
which  it  has  no  connection  ;  the  term  Greek 
empire  has  not  a  little  contributed  to  this  mis- 
apprehension. The  Greeks  of  the  Empire 
were  pure  Orientals  differing  in  habits,  feature, 
and  civilisation  from  the  classical  nations. 
The  population  of  Byzantiiun  was  doubtless 
composed  of  very  heterogeneous  elements, 
suddenly  transplanted  there  by  the  will  of 
conquering  rulers,  but  it  consisted  principally 
of  Persians  and  Asiatics.  Greek  was  spoken, 
but  only  because  like  French  in  the  last  cen- 
tuTy,  it  was  the  Court  language,  and  was  there- 
fore imposed  on  the  conquered  citizens.     The 

•  This  article  was  suggested  by  a  work  of  M.  de  Beau- 
moDt.    Continueu  from  page  234. 


250 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


Apeil  12,  1867. 


debased  taste  of  the  Romans  came  to  refresli 
and  invigorate  itself  at  the  still  living  fountains 
of  the  East,  immortal  in  colour  and  in  form  ; 
and  it  was  pure  Persian,  not  a  bastard  Grecian 
art,  that  spread  through  Europe  as  Byzantine 
art,  and  became  subsequently  modified  into  the 
Arabian  and  Persian  styles.     Up  to  the  time 
of  which  we  speak,  Christians  had  accommo- 
dated themselves  with  such  Pagan  buildings 
as  best  served  for  the  celebration  of  their  rites. 
The  BasiUca,  or  Hall  of  Justice,  was  hastily 
transformed  into  a  church,  for  which  purpose 
it  was  by  no   means   adapted.     Both  monu- 
ments and  descriptions  indicate  the  hesitation 
of  the  early  Christians  in  their  efforts  to  invent 
an  architecture  calcidated  for  a  temple  dedi- 
cated to  Christianity.     The  first  and  material 
idea  was  the  Cross,  on  which  the  Redeemer 
died,  the  special  Christian  symbol ;  but  this 
idea  was  during  five  centuries  undeveloped  in 
all  but  theory,   until  the   Greek  Christians 
found  in  the  Byzantine  square  flanked  at  each 
comer  by  smaller  squares,  an   architectural 
adaptation  of  the  Christian  symbol.     So  much 
enthusiasm  was  excited  by  this  success,  that  a 
contemporary  legend  affirms  that  the  plan  of 
the  model  church  of  St.  Sophia  was  brought 
down  from  Heaven  to  the  Christian  Emperor. 
Since  that  period  the  Byzantine  Greeks  have 
never  varied  in  this  expression  of  their  archi- 
tectural language.     The  Latins  hesitate  to  this 
very  hour  ;  sometimes  adopting  Gothic,  some- 
times returning  to  almost  Pagan  art,  and  always 
pendulating    in    a    confusion    of   conflicting 
ideas.     The  period  of  wliich  we  are  treating 
is  in  the  East,  and  as  regards  Byzantine  art 
the  real  Renaissance  or  renewal  of  old  art  by 
a  new   and  modern  inspiration.     It  is  erro- 
neous to  conceive  that  the  Byzantine   style 
owes  its  characteristics  to  the  Greek  descend- 
ants  of  Phidias  or  Pericles,  or  to  date  our 
European  knowledge  of  those  Classic  tradi- 
tions to  the  divisions  of  the  Byzantine  Em- 
pire by  the  Venetians  and  tlie  French.     The 
Low  Empire,  as  it  was  called,  had  long  con- 
signed to  the  graves  of  their  creators  arts  to 
them  become  dead ;  and  the  Barbarians,  Vene- 
tians, and  French,  tore  down  and  flung  into 
the  Bosphorus  those  very  statues  brought  from 
the  shrines  of  Athens  and  Corinth  to  orna- 
ment Byzantium.      StUl,  the  Western  con- 
querors, in  the  face  of  the  superior  civilisation 
of  the  East,  were  led  by  an  inherent  spirit  of 
routine  to  trace  all  artistic  beauty  and  autho- 
rity to  the  Greeks  and  to  the   Greeks  only, 
both  in   painting  and    in   sculpture.      The 
opinion  of  that  day  looked  alone  to  the  short 
and  brilliant  period  of  Greek  art  for  all  autho- 
ritative data.     The  originals  were  not  often  to 
be  seen  ;  but  from  copies  and  descriptions  and 
inaccurate  drawings,  a  system  was  formed  sup- 
posed to  be  classical  and  correct,  little  suited 
to  the   climate,  materials,   customs,  and  reli- 
gion of  Europe.     David  and   his    monstrous 
school  are  the  last  development  of  this  ano- 
maly.    The   notion   was,  that  in  imitating  a 
style  which  had  reached  the   utmost  limit  of 
perfection  a  copy  might  retain  the  same  per- 
fection as   the   original,  and   to   these  stereo- 
typed patterns  all   differences  of  creed,  coun- 
try, and  habits  were  to  be  servilely  sacrificed. 
Hence   the  Western   schools    of  art   became 
Pagan,  whUe  the  conception  remained  Christ- 
ian ;  the  statue  of  the  Virgin  parodied  that  of 
Venus ;  scenes  in  sacred  history  were  repre- 
sented as  types  of    the   Parthenon.      "  The 
School  of  Athens "  was  placed   opposite  to 
"  The  Holy  Sacrament,"  in  the  Vatican  fres- 
coes by  Raphael ;  Christ  is  depicted  by  turns 
as  a  Pagan   God,   or  as  present  among  the 
Miises.     The  same  discrepancy  is  found  in 
the  literature   of  that  day,   words   and  ideas 
are  constantly  in  opposition.     Poetry,  instead 
of  seeking  its  inspiration  from   Nature,  dedi- 
cates itself  to  unmeaning  and  formal  imita- 
tions  of  classic   originals.     Plagiarism  is  the 
order  of  this — the  mediaeval  day — plagiarism 
of  Greece  and  the  Greeks,  not  as  an  accident 
in  ancient  art,  but  as  alone   constituting  an- 
cient art.     But  real  mediteval  art,  as  original 
and  much   more  ancient  than    that  of   the 


Greeks,  is  to  be  sought  and  found  in  Babylon 
itself,  whose  foundation  dates  back  to  Darius, 
by  whom  it  was  conquered,  and  remaining 
in  the  power  of  the  Persians  until  the  time  of 
Xerxes.  A  Persian  architect  was  employed 
by  Constantine  to  build  his  palace  and  the 
Church  of  St.  Sophia.  He  was  assisted  by 
two  other  architects,  one  of  whom  was  a 
Lydian,  the  other  a  native  of  Asia  Minor. 
Justinian  the  Second  employed  a  Persian 
architect  to  embellish  Byzantium  with  sump- 
tuous edifices.  The  entire  court  of  the  Greek 
empire,  its  pomp,  titles,  etiquette,  dresses, 
stuifs,  fashions,  were  Eastem,^and  borrowed 
from  Asiatic  civilisation. 

It  is  then  to  Persia  and  the  Persians,  then 
as  now,  internally  a  nation  of  artists,  inven- 
tive and  conservative  in  an  uncommon  degree, 
that  the  real  glory  of  the  Renaissance  must 
be  attributed.  How  otherwise  explain  an 
architectural  metamorphosis  so  sudden  and 
complete,  but  by  the  adoption  of  a  school  of 
art  which  had  in  those  countries  at  that  time 
reached  its  utmost  degree  of  perfection.  For 
ages  and  ages  cupola,  arch,  and  every  detail  of 
pyramidal  architecture  had  been  adopted  in 
Persia.  The  exigencies  of  the  climate  natu- 
rally developed  a  style  characterised  by  vast 
halls  placed  in  elevated  positions  witli  high 
arched  and  vaulted  roofs,  adapted  in  summer 
for  ventilation  and  coolness,  and  in  winter  as 
a  preservative  against  the  heavy  snows  to 
which  those  countries  are  liable,  and  which 
slide  off  such  cupolas'  without  resting.  The 
scarcity  of  marble  and  of  stone  in  Persia 
caused  the  invention  of  bricks,  and  this  in- 
vention of  bricks  and  of  pottery  was  one 
of  the  secrets  of  Persian  architecture.  From 
the  general  use  of  this  material  originated  the 
arch  and  the  vault ;  and  this  use  and  manufac- 
ture of  bricks  the  Romans  borrowed  from  the 
Persians.  Ctesias  speaks  of  brick  vaults 
under  the  Euphrates ;  similar  ones  have 
been  foimd  at  Babylon  and  at  Nineveh. 
The  tomb  of  Cyrus  described  by  Aristobulus, 
the  palace  of  Semiramis,  the  strong  places  of 
Persepolis  and  Nineveh,  mentioned  by  Strabo, 
contain  inscriptions  (discovered  in  the  ruins 
and  recently  translated)  recording  that  the 
use  of  bricks  dates  back  in  Asia  to  the  re- 
motest antiquity. 

The  Persians  were  quite  conscious  what 
their  architecture  owed  to  this  discovery,  they 
gave  its  name  to  the  month  of  the  year  in 
which  they  were  dried  in  the  sun.  The  ex- 
pression "  month  of  bricks  "  occurs  in  an  in- 
scription found  in  the  palace  of  Sennacherib. 
The  substitute  of  this  light  material  in  place 
of  the  enormous  blocks  employed  in  Greece 
and  Egypt,  naturally  produced  those  parabo- 
lical and  ogival  forms  wliich  constitute  the 
essence  of  Persian  architecture.  The  light- 
ness and  smallness   of  the  material   allowed 


the  ruins  of  Khorsabad.  At  Nineveh  the 
frieze  was  farther  marked  by  a  line  of  yellow 
enamel. 

The  earliest  inscriptions  and    ruins  date 
back  lo  an  almost  fabidous  antiquity.    Bricks 
have  been  unearthed  which  were  employed 
by  the  ancient  kings  of  Chaldea  twenty  cen- 
turies before  our  era.     An  inscription  of  the 
reign  of  Tiglat-pilizar,  1250  B.C.,  tells  us  that 
he  rebuilt  a  temple  erected  640  years  before 
the  reign  of  his  father.     All  accounts  of  Sar- 
danapalus  III.,  mention  the  great  construc- 
tions executed  by  him.     The  basso-relievo  of 
Khorsabad,  biult  by  Sargon,  the  predecessor 
of  Sennacherib,  show  the  minuteness  of  detail 
considered  necessary   in   each  part.    In  the 
foundations  of  this  palace  are  found  on  tab- 
lets  of  gold,  silver,  and   antimony,  measure- 
ments of  descriptions  of  materials  for  stairs  and 
vaulted  chambers  intended  as   hiding  places 
for  treasure,  all  detailed  with  the  minutest 
accuracy.     In  a  crucLfomi  specimen  preserved 
in   London,  Nabuchodonosar  relates  that  he 
caused  six  distinct    enclosures  to    be  built 
around   Babylon  to  secure  the  city  from  at- 
tack ;  that  the  walls  built  of  brick  and  bitu- 
men were  impregnable  ;    that  in  the  great 
temple — the    glory   of   Babylon — where  the 
oracles  were  consulted,  the  chambers  specially 
devoted  to  them  were  surmounted  by  a  dome 
covered  with  pure  gold  ;  that  the  tower  and 
the  temple  rebuilt  by  him  in  gold  and  silver, 
with   enamelled  bricks,  of  stone,   cedar,  and 
lenstic,  the   surrounding  arcades,  colonnades, 
and  doors  of  various  colours.     So  much  for 
the  details  stdl  remaining  to  lis  of  the  fini.shed 
magnificence  of  Nabuchodonosar.  F.  E. 

{To  be  concluded  in  our  next.)  ^ 


(A 


PHILOSOPHICAL 

No. '5, 


VIEW   OF   ART. 


the  architect  to  place  tier  above  tier  to  an 
astonishing  height.  When  even  bricks  be- 
came too  heavy,  squares  of  wood  were  sub- 
stituted, as  is  set  forth  in  an  inscription  in 
Sennacherib's  palace.  The  summit  of  these 
buildings  was  reached,  not  by  stairs,  but  by 
ramps  turning  spirally  in  the  thickness  of  the 
walls  or  on  the  exterior,  as  seen  at  Baalbac 
under  the  Antonines.  On  the  same  prin- 
ciple, a  horse  can  ascend  to  the  top  of  the 
campanile  of  San  Marco  at  Venice ;  and  the 
minarets  of  the  oldest  mosque  at  Cairo  is  en- 
circled by  an  external  spiral  ascent  to  its  very 
summit.  The  internal  decoration  was  rich  in 
characteristic  details  ;  gold,  sUver,  leather, 
ivory,  and  enamel  were  the  materials.  Both 
Ctesias  and  Diodorns,  in  describing  the  palace 
of  Nabuchodonosar  at  Babylon,  speak  much 
of  large  mosaics  in  enamelled  bricks,  repre- 
senting himting  scenes,  where  men  and 
animals  appear  with  white  inscriptions  on  a 
blue  ground.  The  walls  of  the  Palace  of 
Khorsabad,  built  of  bricks,  were  within  mid 
without  ornamented  vdili  enamelled  bricks, 
forming  both  human  figures  and  arabesques. 
This   kind   of  frieze  also  bore  inscriptions  in 

cruciform  character,  white  on  a  blue  ground  ;     ^-    ... 

and  the  same  ornamentation  is  stiU  found  in    This  low  ideal  was  attributable  to  the  rebgious 


The  Religious  and  Sfxulab 
Ideas. 

THE  Gnostics  did  much  to  promote  the 
realisation  and  embodiment  of  ideas 
prevalent  during  the  middle  ages.  Their 
conception  of  a  female  incarnation  of  Divine 
thought,  called  the  "  Divine  Sophia "  or 
"  Eimoia,"  highly  favoured  this  tendency  at  a 
time  they  exercised  so  much  influence  in  the 
Church.  Adopting  Christian  ideas,  they  skill- 
fully and  sesthetically  availed  themselves  of 
every  artistic  aid.  Such  afemale  ideal soonpre- 
pared  the  mind  for  the  deiticatiou  of  the  Vir- 
gin. The  chasm  between  the  Deity  and  man 
was  unfelt,  and  a  sort  of  polytheistic  faith 
displayed  itself.  Painting  and  scidpture, 
which  had,  even  as  late  as  Constantine's  time, 
been  looked  upon  with  a  religious  aversion,  a% 
allied  to  idolatry,  now  became  general,  and 
many  of  the  conceptions  of  Paganism  became 
transfigured  and  re-employed.  Hence  Catholic 
Mariolatry  and  saint  worship  assumed  an  im. 
portant  aspect.  Even  dogmatic  definition^ 
were  applied  to  art  during  the  fifth  century, 
the  Council  of  Ephesus  defining  the  mode  in 
which  artists  should  represent  the  Virgin. 

Monastic  celibacy  and  ascetic  practices  gave 
a  fascination  to  the  female  ideal,  and,  as 
Lecky  says,  the  mediaeval  conception  of  the 
Virgin  exercised  a  salutary  influence,  and  was 
the  origin  of  many  of  the  purest  elements  of 
our  civilisation,  besides  giving  woman  her 
rightful  sphere  of  moral  beauty.  Thus,  the 
early  practice  of  collecting  relics  of  the  mar- 
tyrs, and  the  representations  of  saints,  led 
men  imperceptibly  to  bestow  an  undue  vene- 
ration on  what  originally  were  mere  aids  to 
worship.  Image-worship  attauied  such  an 
aspect  that  a  reaction  set  in  early  in  the 
eighth  century,  when  the  Iconoclasts  arose  ; 
and  in  the  following  century  St.  Agobard  did 
much  to  repel  the  "superstitious  tendency  oi 
the  age.  During  this  period  of  the  representa- 
tion of  saints  and  martyrs  it  is  important  to 
notice  that  imitational  art  itself  was  at  a  low 
ebb,  and  my  readers  are  fully  cognisant  of  the 
wretched  transcripts  of  nature  then  prevalent 


1 


■ 
I: 

h 


April  12,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


251 


lentiiuent.  The  doctrines  of  Gnosticism  and 
^lanicheism  that  imputed  evil  to  matter,  not 
luiy  encouraged  ascetic  observances,  but 
ended  to  idealise  the  ugliness  of  bodily  form, 
besides,  the  religious  and  devotional  senti- 
nent  was  predominant,  art  becoming  quite  sub- 
Idiary  and  ministrative  to  this  feeling  ;  and, 
:s  Mr.  Lecky  tridy  oliserves,  the  a::sthetic  and 
levotional  leelings  are  totally  dilferent.  Un- 
ike  early  Christian  art,  bodily  sufferings  and 
he  tortures  of  martyrs  became  the  prominent 
onception  of  sanctity. 

Such    a    low    view     of    physical    beauty 
narked  the  monastic   religion   between  the 
ixtli  and   twelfth   centuries,   and  served   to 
)rin"  about  a  sudden  reaction  when  occasion 
ipened.  Curiously,  indeed,  the  Greek  Ohurcli 
nd  artists   at  this    time    became    obstacles 
0  aesthetic  progress,  as  afterwards  the  antiqui- 
ies  of  Greece  again   revived  art.     Even  as 
arly  as  the  thirteenth  century  a  change  came 
ver   the    spirit    of    art.      Nicolas    of     Pisa 
egan    the  change    which    was    carried    on 
7     the     Church   itself    and   by  the   genius 
t   Giotto,   Fiesole,   and   other    great  artists 
f  the  Revival.      A  general    idea    for    the 
eautiful,  irrespective  of  religious  sentiment, 
ervaded    Europe    at    the    tti-st  outburst   of 
aciont   learning.      Hitherto,    art    was    sub- 
rdinated  to  religion,  whose  ideal  was  trans- 
ised  into  art.    Dante's  "  Inferno  "  culminated 
le  spirit  of  religious  terrorism,  which  from 
enceforth  sunk  under  the  essence  and  splen- 
our    of    spiritual    Christianity.      Art   was 
udied  for  itself  alone,  beauty  becoming  the 
bject  rather  than  the  religious  conception. 
The  discovery  of  pagan  sculpture  and  the 
:nsual  Italian  taste  for  painting  contributed 
I   the    secularisation     of    art,    which    now 
5came     a     marked     feature.        Savonarola 
aved  for  awhile  this  tendency,  which  soon, 
'.vever,    resumed    a  rapid    progress;     and 
iL-hael  Angelo  tried  to  reform  art,  and  to 
ly  her  to  a  pm-e  religious  sentiment.     In 
■chitecture,   as   in  tlie  other  arts,  the  same 
lange   showed   itself      In   St.    Peter's,    the 
lirits  of  religion  and  intellect  produced  their 
•eatest  modern  conception,  the  esthetic  prin- 
ple  being  uppermost.     Mr.  Lecky,  indeed, 
ows  with  a  clearness  our  modern  MedicBval- 
^  will  not  relish,  that  whenever  the  ideas 
uimon  to  the  middle  ages  have  become  pre- 
.lent,  Gothic  architecture  has  received  "  rap- 
rous     admiration;     whenever  rare,   it  has 
nk  into  disfavour,"  being  spoken  of  with 
inqualified  contempt"  by  all  writers  of  the 
venteenth  and  eighteenth  centuries. 
We  have  tlius  hastily  sketched  the  concep- 
m  for  art  as  it  displayed  itself  under  the 
onotheistic  system  of  the  middle  ages  ;  we 
e  compelled    to    admire   the    independent 
aracter  it  assumed  when  it  emerged  from 
e  ruins  of  the  Roman  Empire  ;  how  it  dis- 
rded  the  idolatry  of  polytheism  for  an  ob- 
;tive  Christianity,  passing  through  a  period 
terrorism   and   ignorance  to  the  dawn  of 
brighter,  industrial,  and  more  spiritual  age  ; 
d  how,  lastly,  the  spirit  of  Classical  anti- 
lity  arose  from  the  dust  of  superstition  and 
sorbed  it.      AVe  might  continue  our  sketcli, 
d  see  Gothic  art  again  spring  up  under  new 
aditions,   derived  from   an  industrial  and 
;ular     impulse,    and     the    graphic     pages 
"  Waverley,"  bristUng  with  mediceval  sen- 
nents  ;   but  we  here  cut  short,  remarking 
nply,  in  conclusion,  that  the  decline  of  the 
:  of  the  middle  ages  affords  to  the  blindness 
mediceval  re\avalists  (otherwise  retrogres- 
'ttists)  a  salutary  lesson,  viz.,  the  absurdity 
realising  the  conception  of  ugliness  instead 
beauty,   a  hint  highly   valuable  to  those 
serable   intellects   wlio  persist,  against   all 
3gress,  in  giving  us  the  grotesque  grimaces 
•  d  features  of  an  exploded  terrorism,  in  put- 
-  jig  hell  instead  of  heaven  before  us. 
|We  have  seen  that  the  various   elements 
modern  eivilis.ation,   which   early  in   the 
eenth   century   combined    to   destroy   the 
ity  of  thought,  and  even  earlier,  began  to 
•ite  an  intellectual  fermentation,  arose  from 
;t  diversified  state  of  society  which  at  thedis- 
mberment  of  the  Roman  empire  over.spread 


the  whole  of  Europe.  The  imagination  and 
the  intellect  of  man  had  up  to  tliat  time  held 
sway,  sometimes  combining,  and  at  other  times 
opposing  each  other.  Till  then,  however,  they 
had  both  failed  to  reconcile  llieir  respective 
spheres  or  to  solve  the  problem  of  man's  des- 
tiny ;  and  this  for  the  reason  of  their  neglecting 
experience  or  a  practical  element.  Religion 
and  pliilosojihy  had  been  mere  creatures  of 
the  imagination  and  intellect,  often  pure  and 
suldime,  but  still  wanting  a  substantial  basis, 
and  luialjle  to  accomjilish  their  mission.  Tlie 
establishment  of  Christianity,  and  the  extinc- 
tion of  Paganism  opened  a  new  era  of  thought 
— one  accepting  all  that  w-as  exalted  in  tlie 
metapliysical  world,  and  all  that  was  valuable 
in  the  world  of  sense.  The  doctrines  of  the 
Plutonic  philosophy  helped  to  form  the  ascetic 
life  of  the  monastic  ages  ;  while  the  warlike 
zeal  and  chivalric  spirit  of  the  Christians  arose 
from  the  defensive  energy  created  by  the  early 
persecutions  and  the  encroaching  opinions  and 
doctrines  of  otlier  sects.  The  social  system  of 
the  middle  ages  also  gave  an  impulse  to  the 
industrial  movement,  while  the  feudal  system 
gradually  yielded  under  the  influence  of 
general  emancipation.  Elements  of  discord 
existed  within  Catholicism  itself;  heresies 
sprang  np  in  the  face  of  the  most  violent 
means  for  their  extirpation,  and  as  Comte  ob- 
serves, the  spiritual  and  temporal  powers,  then 
necessary,  became  operative  in  the  disorgani- 
sation of  this  particular  system  of  monatheistic 
rule.  Throughout  the  period  of  scholastic 
philosopliy  a  struggle  between  these  two  powers 
is  noticeable,  and  their  existence  as  distinct 
principles  became  more  and  more  impossible. 
Such  was  the  constitution  of  this  theological 
philosophy  ;  it  contained  the  elements  of  its 
own  destruction ;  it  was  even  shorter  lived 
thanTetichism  and  Polytheism,  a  fact  corrobo- 
rative of  the  theory  that  theological  conceptions 
decrease  in  duration  and  intensity.  A  critical 
process  of  thought  may  be  traced  from  the 
commencement  of  Scholasticism,  and  we  may 
briefly  advert  to  it  here  as  instrumental  in 
bringing  about  a  decline  of  religious  art,  a 
secularisation  of  thought,  and  with  it  a  revival 
of  ancient  art  and  literature. 

The  philosophy  of  tlie  Fathers,  infused 
with  Platonic  notions,  began  to  systematise 
and  reduce  toprinciples  the  doctrines  of  Chris- 
tianity. Opposed  to  the  Gnostics  and  Mani- 
cheans,  the  scriptural  view  of  the  Creation  and 
the  relation  of  man  to  God  were  the  chief 
doctrines  sought  to  be  maintained  by  an 
appeal  to  philosophy  ;  and  Justin  Martyr,  St. 
Clement,  and  St.  Augustine  considered  the 
aid  of  philosophy  necessary  in  the  defence  of 
the  Christian  faith,  while  others  deemed  it 
subversive  and  a  source  of  heresy.  During 
this  epoch  we  discover  the  same  initial  con- 
ceptions that  have  marked  the  beginning  of 
all  thought.  Thus  the  Deity  was  first  asso- 
ciated witli  time  and  space  ;  then  w^ith  a  less 
material  idea  (infinite  extension)  ;  the  soul 
was  first  thought  material,  afterwards  imma- 
terial, as  by  St.  Augustine.  A  more  syste- 
matic philosophy  was  inaugiuated  by  the 
schoolmen.  An  alliance  between  the  faith 
and  a  rational  interpretation  of  the  dogmas  of 
the  church  was  endeavoured  to  be  formed,  and 
metaphysics  and  logic,  imder  theological  guid- 
ance, which  was  always  dominant,  assumed 
the  principal  functions.  The  phases  of  scho- 
lasticism are  marked.  First,  the  theological 
element  was  uppermost,  an  absolute  Realism 
prevailed,  Scotis  Erigena  blending  the  noblest 
Platonism  mth  Christianity  ;  in  the  second 
period  Nominalism  opposed  itself  to  Realism, 
and  Abelard  and  others  endeavoured  to  lay  a 
firm  basis  for  theological  philosophj-,  while  the 
dialectic  subtleties  of  the  time  ijecame  instru- 
mental both  for  and  against  the  Church.  In 
the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth  centuries,  when 
art  attained  a  supremacy  as  the  exponent  of 
the  religious  conception  it  has  never  since 
surpassecl,the  Aristotelian philosoph}',  through 
Arabian  influence,  obtained  a  new  looting, 
uniting  itself  more  intimately  with  the  theo- 
logical system.  A  conflict  between  theology 
and  philosophy,  however,  had  begtm,  and  the 


disputes,  no  less  frivolous  than  angry,  soon 
weakened  their  union,  particularly  as  the 
dialectic  quibbles  of  schoolmen  ran  counter 
to  the  increase  of  experimental  knowledge. 
In  St.  Tliomas  Aquinas  and  Scotus,  Realism 
reached  its  eminence,  matter  and  form  were 
defined  as  conceptions,  and  verbal  subtleties 
and  ontological  distinctions  attained  in 
the  disputes  between  the  Scotists  and 
Thomists  an  absurd  extravagance.  Lastly, 
a  new  era  commenced.  Nominatism  was 
again  in  tlie  ascendant,  and  found  ano- 
ther champion  in  Occam,  who  upset  exist- 
in"  dogmas,  maintained  that  tliought  was 
subjective,  and  lield  views  favourable  to  a 
divorce  between  the  suljjective  and  the  ob- 
jective, and  to  the  sceptical  tendency  of  the 
age. 

Thus,  the  appeal  to  reason  was  fatal  to  a 
dogmatic  faith,  and  the  attempts  of  subtle 
dialectici.ans  to  conciliate  the  theological  with 
the  rational  spirit  were  utterly  futile.  Such  a 
union  was  then  impossible.  The  disputations 
of  adverse  sects,  and  the  restlessness  of  opinion 
aided  in  separating  the  religious  from  the 
secular  in  art  as  in  every  other  pursuit. 
Weakened  by  its  imperfect  systems,  thehuman 
mind  eagerly  adopted  the  ideas  of  antiquity 
whicli  were  at  tliis  time  revived  in  Italy. 
The  invention  of  printing,  the  conquest  of 
Constantinople,  the  Reformation,  and  the 
social  reorganisation  that  resulted  from  these 
great  concurrent  events,  together  with  the 
extension  of  experimental  science,  accelerated 
the  great  secular  movement.  'The  original 
works  of  Aristotle  and  Plato,  before  accommo- 
dated to  the  narrow  views  of  the  sclioohaen, 
were  now  disseminated  widely,  and  their 
doctrines  were  allied  to  other  theories — 
cabalism,  magic,  and  theosophy,  just  as  the 
theological  or  scientific  impulse  predominated. 
Hence  arose  a  species  of  occiut  knowdedge, 
in  which  natural  science  and  cabalistic  ideas 
were  blended  into  a  mystical  system,  and  the 
theories  of  Paracelsus  and  otliers  indicate  the 
absurdities  then  entertained  for  lack  of  a 
more  philosophical  basis  to  rest  the  discove- 
ries in  chemistry  and  therapeutics.  Experi- 
mental observations  had  dawned,  and  the 
minds  of  men,  sickened  by  "  essences,"  "  en- 
tities," and  abstruse  principles,  began  to  seek 
for  a  more  scientific  knowledge  on  safely 
established  principles  ;  wliQe  Montaigne  and 
others  forwarded  the  interests  of  Revelation 
by  openly  declaring  all  human  reason  uncer- 
tain, and  boldly  taking  refuge  in  scepticism. 

In  short,  the  paths  of  revelation,  reason,  and 
experience,  had  been  only  partially  pursued; 
the  elements  of  imagination,  reason,  and  reve- 
lation had  yet  to  be  adjusted  before  a  positive 
and  co-ordinated  philosophy  could  be  formed ; 
and  tm  this  time  arrived  an  intellectual  con- 
fusion prevailed,  one,  be  it  remarked,  also 
discoverable  in  the  chaotic  elements  of  art, 
especially  arcliitecture. 

Throughout  the  ages  of  Polytheism  art  re- 
tained an  equal  prominence  with  the  religious 
idea ;  in  the  Middle  Ages  the  new  principle 
of  revelation  made  religion  more  independent, 
and  art  became,  though  highly  representative 
and  symbolic,  subordinate  to  the  religious 
idea.  Imitational  art  suffered  more  from  this 
allegiance  than  the  conventional,  which  is  ex- 
plainable at  once  if  we  consider  the  tendency 
of  the  empiric  systems  of  thought,  which  laid 
down  principles  according  to  current  dogmata, 
more  favourable  to  the  expressive  and  abstract 
capacity  of  structural  design  than  the  direct 
representative  office  of  sculpture  and  painting. 
For  this  reason  imitational  art  became  more 
symbolically  than  festhetically  beautiful,  no- 
thing surpassing  the  arbitrary  and  conven- 
tional treatment  it  received.  Architecture 
not  being  a  representative  art,  like  painting 
and  sculpture,  was  never,  under  any  form  of 
religion,  prejudicially  sacrificed  to  it  ;  and  in 
the  works  of  the  S])anis!i  Moors,  and  indeed 
all  art  conceived  under  Mahometanism,  in 
which  representations  of  animal  life  were 
strictly  prohibited,  the  evidence  of  high 
Eesthetic  power  is  preeminently  noticeable. 

The  development   of  religious  symbolism 


252 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


April  12,  1867. 


during  the  Middle  Ages  is  strikingly  signifi- 
cant of  that  special  phase  of  thought  we  have 
been  sketching.  What  indeed,  were  the  sacred 
talismans  and"  ceremonial  observances  of  these 
ages  but  a  slight  modification  of  Fetichism  ? 
In  that  stage  which  intervened  between  Pagan- 
ism and  the  siiiritual  religion  of  a  more  ad- 
vanced ci\dli3ation,  allegory  and  symbolic 
meanings  took  the  place  of  literal  interpreta- 
tion. The  disputes  on  the  Godhead  and 
other  theological  subtleties  removed  to  an 
inaccessible  distance  the  personal  character  of 
the  "Redeemer  from  the  hearts  and  under- 
standings of  the  large  mass  of  worshippers, 
and  as  Mrs.  Jameson  says  :— "  He  became  the 
object  of  a  remoter,  a  more  awful  adoration, 
and  the  mind  began  to  seek  out  some  more 
material  beings  in  closer  alliance  -with  human 
sympathies."*  Traditional  histories  of  saints 
and  martyrs,  as  personages  of  exalted  virtue, 
arose,  while  the  emblem  of  the  Cross,  which 
seldom  appears  in  art  before  Constantine's 
vision ;  the  imputed  efficacy  of  baptismal 
water,  charms  and  amulets,  clearly  pourtrayed 
the  necessity  there  still  existed  for  an  objec- 
tive faith,  which  the  Realism  of  the  Church 
for  a  long  time  maintained. 

Lost  in  verbal  perplexities  of  its  own  mak- 
ing, the  mind  of  Mediaeval  Europe  sought  in 
art  and  symbolism  what  it  could  not  find  in 
the  abstractions  of  the  schools.  But  when  the 
religious  mission  of  art  ceased,  such  modes  of 
conveying  thought  cesised  also,  at  least,  their 
important  purposes  were  served,  and  art  be- 
came less  the  exponent  of  something  else  than 
its  own  intrinsic  power.  The  outburst  of  the 
practical  spirit  of  inquiry  awakened  by  the 
independent  researches  of  Bacon,  Descartes, 
Hobbs,  and  others,  who  by  difl'erent  paths 
systematised  philosophical  investigation, 
blending  the  results  of  experience  and  specu- 
lation, helped  to  form  a  system  of  positive 
thought  under  which  art  is  now  assuming  a 
transition  phase.  Architecture  alone  in  this 
crisis  is  distinguished  by  a  return  to  all  pre- 
vious ideas  and  styles  ;  and  in  the  ne.xt  paper 
we  will  endeavour  to  show  its  course  and 
rationale  Mndcv  a  system  wdiich,  accepting  the 
various  ideas  of  mankind  has  tended  ever 
since  to  concatenate  tJiem.  Thus  we  find 
during  the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  centu- 
ries individual  efl:orts  to  revive  Empiricism, 
Eationalism,  Mysticism,  sensational  and  cri- 
tical theories  ;  and  it  was  quite  reasonable  to 
expect  that  the  ideas  of  artists  should  undergo 
similar  transmutations. 


ELEMENTS    OF    ENGINEERING. 
Ibon  Eoofs. — No.  'f. 

WE  purpose  in  the  present  article  to  set 
forth  the  practical  mode  of  calculating  the 
strains  upon  a  root  principal  constructed  as  shown 
in  fig.  2.     This  form  is  preferable  to  that  based 


the    intermediate 


concentrated    upon    each    of 
struts  d  g,  e  h,  f  i,  and  a  load 
W 
~    8 
at  the  apex  B  and  on  the  shoe  or  wall  jilate  at  A. 
Let  d  =  the  total  rise  of  the  roof  ;  that  is  to  say 
the  height  of  the  truss  at  the  centre,  let  L  =  A  e, 
then  will  the  strain  upon  the  different  parts  of  the 
main  compression  member  A  B  be  as  follows  : — 
W  L 

On  B./  a  strain  =  C  -f  —   X    — 

Where  C  =  the  strain  brought  upon  the  rafter  by 
the  main  ties, — 

,    WL      ,    \VL 
On  /  e  a  strain  =  C  +  -j,-j  -  + 


On  e  tZ  a  strain  ■■ 


:C-f 


On  tZ  A  a  strain  ==  C  -^ 


8d 
3.W.L 

8.d 
3W  L 

Sd 

5WIj 

8  d 

5  W  L 

■  8d'~ 

WL 


id 


+ 


+ 


WL 
id 


WL 
4  d 


And  at  the  point  A  there  will  be  a  strain 


W_L 
d 


=  C+- 


WL 


The  value  of  C  will  subsequently  be  ascertained. 

We  must  now  ptoceed  to  determine  the  inten- 
sity of  the  thrusts  upon  tbe  struts  /  i,  e  ?i,  and 
d  g  ;  we  find  that  the  strain  upon  either  f  i  or  d  g 
will  be 

W  L 

=~V    S 
where  S  =  half  the  span  of  the  principal. 
The  strain  upon  the  strut  e  h  will  be 

W  L         W  L 


We  have  now  completed  th-'  rcsnlution  of  the 
strains  upon  the  various  elements  of  that  class  of 
roof  principal  shown  in  fig.  2 ;  and  it  may  here  be 
observed  that  the  foregoing  example  has  not  been 
selected  as  a  special  case,  so  much  as  on  account 
of  its  exhibiting  well  the  method  to  be  followed 
in  solving  the  strains  upon  any  complex  truss  or 
series  of  trusses. 

In  all  cases  tied  roofs  {i.e.  roofs  which  are  tied 
at  their  lower  extremities)  exert  only  a  direct 
vertical  pressure  upon  the  supporting  walls  equal 
to  the  total  load  sustained  by  the  roof. 

The  trusses  being  placed  at  definite  distances 
(say  r  feet)  apart  to  support  a  roof  on  which  the 
total  load  is  w  Iba.  per  square  foot,  and  of  which 
the  semi-span  is  S,  the  load  upon  each  half  primary 
truss  or  halt  principal  will  necessarily  be 
W  :=  w  X  S  X  X 

which  is  the  value  to  he  substituted  for  W  in  the 
foregoing  equations  when  the  other  quantities  are 
known. 

The  strains  upon  each  element  being  ascertained, 
the  sectional  areas  of  such  elements  may  be  easily 
determined   by   means   of  the    following   simple 
expressions. 
Let  S  =  the  strain  in  tons  on  any  tie  or  strut. 
S'  =  the  strain  in  lbs.  on  any  tie  or  strut. 
a  =  the  nett  sectional  area  of  any  tie  or  strut 
in  square  inches. 
Then  with  a  safe  load   the   sectional   area  for 
tensile  strain  will  be 

S 

S' 
"  —  11200 


for  compressive 
should  be 


strain   the  least    sectional  area 


"S960 


4S 
WL 


4S 


X   — 

I 


The  thrusts  being  produced  partly  by  the  load  at 
the  point  e  and  partly  by  the  loads  on  d  and  /. 
It  now  remains  for  us  to  determine  the  strains 
upon  the  various  ties  in  tlie  truss.  By  resolving 
the  strains  due  to  each  part  of  the  load  it  is  found 
that  the  ties  are  subject  to  the  following  : — 
The  strain  on  i  e  or  on  e  </  is 

WL 
~   8S 

where  V  =  i  e  and  I  =^  f  i- 
The  strain  upon  h  i  will  be 

^JWL         V^ 
~  is    ^    I 
That  upon  i  B 

_W.L.7' 
~   4.S.J 

_  3 ;w^L  V_ 

Hence  the  value  of  C  will  be 
3  W.L.?i  L 

it 


+ 


W.L.!' 


C  = 


upon  the  ordinary  upright  truss  system,  inasmuch 
as  the  former  is  so  detailed  that  the  struts  are  of 
minimum  length,  whereas  the  latter  exhibits 
struts  of  maximum  length  in  the  interior  trussing 
of  the  principal.  The  example  here  shown  may 
be  regarded  as  consisting  of  soven  trusses, 
namely,  a  primary  truss  ABC,  and  in  each  half 
of  the  principal  a  secondaiy  truss  A  h  B,  and  \fko 
tertiary  trusses  K  g  e  e  i  B,  the  construction  of 
the  principal  being  of  course  symmetrical  in 
regard  to  the  central  line.  As  in  former  cases  we 
shall  deal  only  with  one  half  of  the  principal. 

Let  W  =  the  load  upon  A  B  (one  half  of  the 
principal  ABC)  then  we  may  consider  that  upon 
each  truss  there  is  a  load 

W 


**  Sacred  and  Legendary  Art." 


S.J 

^  3^W.L= 
8  H.i 
C  being  thus  determined,  it  may  be  replaced  by  its 
value    in  the  previous  equations,  in  order  to  find 
the  actual   stress  upon   the  various  parts  of   the 
main  compression  member  A  B. 

The  tension   upon  the   bar    extending  from    h 
towards  the  centre  of  the  main  princijal  will  be 

_WS 

~"  2(Z 
and  the  tie  A  h  will  be  required  to  sustain  in 
addition  to  this  horizontal  strain,  strains  equiva- 
lent to  those  upon  the  bar  h  B.  The  horizontal 
strain  will  usually  be  slightly  modified  in  the  bar 
A  h;  because  the  latter  is  placed  at  an  angle  to  the 
horizon,  but  the  above  value  will  nevertheless  be 
sufficiently  accurate  for  all  practical  purposes  ;  and 
so  assuming  it,  the  strains  will  be 

WL.r    ,    WS 
Upon  h  g  a  strain  :=  ~A~a^i — ■"  Vj 

,     .         3  W.L.i'    ,    W  S 
Upon  g  a&  stram  :=  ■  -^  -^  , 1 — ~j 


Although  these  formula;  do  not  involve  any 
consideration  of  the  length  of  struts,  yet  it  should  - 
always  be  remembered  that  each  strut  acts  as  a 
pillar,  and  that  the  longer  it  is  the  greater  will  be 
its  liability  to  spring  or  bend,  hence  it  is  desirable 
always  to  keep  the  .struts  as  short  as  possible  ;  and 
the  form  of  roof  with  which  we  have  dealt  iu  the 
present  paper  possesses  the  quality  of  having  short 
struts  in  a  very  marked  degree,  and  may,  there- 
fore, be  regarded  as  a  very  good  general  type ;  and, 
moreover,  there  is  actually  less  metal  required  for 
the  construction  of  such  a  roof  than  for  those 
designed  on  the  basis  of  the  ordinary  upright 
truss,  the  saving  being  in  some  iustances  very 
considerable.  In  appearance  also  the  inverted 
truss  principal  will  bear  comparison  with  the 
upright  truss  principal. 

In  the  construction  of  trussed  roofs  of  any 
description  some  provision  should  always  be  made 
for  tightening  up  the  ties,  either  by  contracting 
their  virtual  lengths  or  by  increasing  that  of  tht 
ties  against  which  they  react;  it  appears  to  ua  that 
the  former  plan  is  preferable. 

In  all  descriptions  of  root  work,  it  is  neceasaiy 
that  great  care  be  taken  in  marking  and  punching 
the  rivet-holes,  as  in  the  narrow  bars  which 
usually  are  involved  in  such  structures  the  resist- 
ance to  stress  may  materially,  if  not  dangerously, 
be  diminished  by  errors  of  workmanship. 

In  our  next  article  upon  roofs  we  shall  proceed 
to  demonstrate  mathematically  the  basis  and 
accuracy  of  the  theory  upon  which  are  founded 
the  various  formula;  given  above. 


S.S.I 


2d 


We  have  received  the  following  : — In  yur 
article,  "  Plate  Girders,  No.  2,"  the  writer  recom- 
mends the  top  and  bottom  booms  to  be  made  in 
the  proportion  of  1  to  1-20.  Mr.  Fairbairn's  care- 
fully made  experiments  show  that  the  strongest 
form  of  section  requires  the  ratio  to  be  at  least  as  1 
to  175.  If  the  1  to  1-20  has  been  derived  from  more 
recent  trials,  I  shall  feel  obliged  if  some  informa- 
tion can  be  given  respecting  them,  as  they  would 
indicate,  I  think,  a  gener.al  change  in  the  quality 
of  the  metal  used  or  the  adoption  of  a  different 
process  of  manufacture.  PublW. 


Dr.  Edward  Ruggles,  tbe  well-known  American 
artist,  whose  cabinet  pictures,  the  "  Ruggles  gems, 
are  so  much  sought  after  in  theStates,  died  suddenly 
on  the  10th  ult.  aged  50. 


Apkil  12.  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


253 


HOW    TO    PREVENT    INFECTIOUS 
DISEASES. 

JA   S  an  inatance   of  how   human   life  may  be 

.•^     preserved   by    sanitary   measures,  we  may 

entiou  the  manner  in  which  small  pox   patients 

iive  been  treated  in    the    parish  of   Marylebone. 

e  learn  from   the   last  quarterly    return  of  the 

edical   officer  of  health,    that   the   mumber   of 

lall  pox  patients   treated  in  the  Iron  Hospital, 

'lounted  to  96,  of  whom  "  died,  being  one  death 

every  fourteen  persons,  and  constituting  a  death 

te   of  about  7   per   cent.     On    the  other  hand, 

1   find   that  of   patients   treated  in   their  own 

jwded  and   mi.serable  dwellings,   one  in  seven, 

14  per  cent.  died.     The  contrast  iu  favour   of 

e    Iron  Hospital  is  here  very   remarkable,    and 

la    most    favourably    for  the    treatment    and 

inagement  there    adopted.     It   proves   also,  in 

•ery  striking  manner,    the  vital  importance   of 

icing  patients  sufl'ering  from  small  pox  or  any 

ler  contagious  disease  >mder  the  most  favour- 

It'  hygienic  conditions.     The  report  goes  on  to 

■; — For  the  purpose  v)f  ascertaining  whether  the 

ccination   Act  had  been  to   any  important  ex- 

t   disregarded.  Dr.   Whitmore   caused   inspec- 

'  be  made  of  the  arms  of  most  of  the  young 

...:n  resident  in   the   infected  streets   of  the 

I  trict,   and  the  result  showed   that   in   almost 

1  iry  house,  one  or  more  of  these  little  ones  were 

■!:  Hit  the  protection  which  vaccination   affords. 

>  large  number  of  the  houses  were  found  to 

■lemely   dirty,  and  reeking  with  abomina- 

.if   one  kind  or  the  other.       Of    the    101 

^  contained  in  one  street,  70  were  found  to 

1  uire  sanitary  improvements.  No   wonder  that 

f  ill  pox    here  found  a   most  congenial    home. 

'. )   measures   of   disinfection,   which  the  vestry 

1  e  been  enabled  to  carry  out  in  nearly  all  the 

l.8es  in   which   the   disease  has  occurred,  have 

1  n  most  effective,   since,   with  hardly  a  single 

teption,  no  fresh  attack  has  broken  out  in  any 

I  se  after  having  been  thoroughly  disinfected. 
1 ;  best  disinfecting  agent  appears  to  have  been 
<  nine  gas,  but  where  this  could  not  be  con- 
f  iently  employed — as  in  small  rooms  occupied 

II  several  persons — he  found  the  carbolate  of 
B  e  a  very  valuable  substitute. 

'  'or  the  purification  of  clothes  and  bedding 
1 1  is  the  best  and  safest  disinfeetaut,  and,  the 
ii  lector  says  it  would  be  most  desirable  if,  for 
*  object,  some  two  or  three  disinfecting 
I's  could  be  erected  in  different  parts  of  the 
,  ;,  in  which  a  heat  of  from  200  deg.  to  250 
d  could  be  produced,  since  experience  has 
p?ed  that  a  lower  temperature  is  not  always 
|l  leasf ul  in  destroying  the  contagion. 


BUILDING  IN  CONCRETE. 

'S    subject  assumed  great    prominence  in 

the  discussion   upon   Improved   Dwellings 

■  Working   Classes,  at  the  Society  of  Arts 

•.■k.      Mr.  Edwin   Chadwick,  C.B.,  after  re- 

-    Jo'   at  some  length   to    the   sanitary  evils  of 

W'rbent   and  damp  walls,    said  :— The  late  Cap- 

U  Fowke  had    directed   his  attention    to  some 

fc  13  of  concrete,  as  an  improvement  upon  the 

Olmon  brick  construction,  and   had  had  some 

Riiminary  trials  made   with  concrete   made  of 

P  .land   cement  and   of  Scott's   cement,  which 

iilvHii   that   the    concrete    was    not  from  one- 

:  to  one-fifth  so  absorbent  a,s  .common  brick, 

Hiight  receive    an  almost   perfectly    non-ab- 

si  ent  and  washable  interior  facing,  which  was 

«  reat    desideratum.       The   material,   sand    or 

gi  el,  or  breakable  stone,  or  the  slag  of  furnaces, 

w  procurable   everywhere.      There  was  a  lodge 

oi  lucrete,  and  wallmg  of  concrete,  at  the  South 

K  sington   Museum.     He   had  seen   some   cot. 

U  3  on  the  Marquis  of  Salisbury's  estate  at  Hat- 

fi< ,  where  he  had  built  a  church  and  a  farmery, 

»i  where  a  park  had  been  walled  with  concrete. 

X  occupiers  of  the  cottages  and  the  farmer  at- 

tf  ;d_the  dryness  of  the  walling,   which  was  the 

esjtial  sanitary  point,  and  as  to  the  economical 

V  tion,  the  cost  was   about  half  that  of  brick- 

.  r.  W.  E.  Newton  gave  some  details  of  houses 
jin  he  working  classes,  which  he  is  now  building 
ui  'aria  for  the  Emperor.  Those  houses  were  to 
O'ifty-four  in  number,  and  several  were  already 
fii  hed.  They  consisted  of  double  houses,  each 
« aining  apartments  for  six  families,  each 
"Jy  having  a  living  room,  bed  room,  kitchen, 
*'  separate  water  closet;  with  separate  water 
July  for  culinary  and  sanitary  purposes.  In 
Kjoripnal  plans  submitted  by  him  (Mr.  Newton) 


to  the  Emperor  and  Empress,  his  Majesty  made 
some  modifications,  sketching  them  on  paper  him- 
self ;  and  the  houses  were  being  erected  accord- 
ing to  the  plans  thus  amended  by  the  Emperor. 
There  were  cellars  in  the  basements,  and  the  cost 
of  each  of  these  double  houses,  capable  of  ac- 
commodating six  families  each,  was,  without  the 
cellars,  £480,  and  with  the  cellars  £550  per  pair. 
The  houses  were  built  of  concrete  almost  en- 
tirely ;  and  he  could  point  them  to  houses  he  had 
built  at  Noi-wood,  in  which  the  entire  walls, 
floors,  and  roofs,  were  of  concrete.  He  had  even 
succeeded  in  laying  a  roof,  of  16ft.  span,  and  3Sft. 
long,  not  more  than  Sin.  thick  of  concrete.  He 
thought  tliat  considerable  economy  resulted  from 
the  use  of  this  material,  as  he  calculated  the  cost 
WMS  less  than  half  what  it  would  be  if  brick  or 
stone  were  used.  With  regard  to  the  houses  in 
Paris,  he  started  with  the  idea  of  not  employing 
skilled  labour  in  their  construction,  as  that  would 
have  added  very  much  to  their  cost.  Acting  upon 
that  idea,  loiterers  on  the  boulevards,  who  were 
willing  to  work,  were  employed  to  mix  the  con- 
crete and  fill  it  into  the  moulds  at  such  wages 
as  '2if.  per  day.  The  operations  were  carried  on 
in  four  houses  at  a  time,  and  the  walls  of  each 
were  raised  ISin.  or  2ft.  per  day  by  filling  concrete 
into  a  mould  fitted  for  the  purpose,  into  which 
the  concrete  was  shovelled,  and  when  a  piece  was 
dry,  the  mould  was  raised  and  the  operation  re- 
peated. 

In  answer  to  a  question  from  the  chairman,  he 
said  he  should  not  object  to  trust  a  concrete  wall 
one  third  less  iu  thickness  than  one  of  brick. 
He  spoke  of  actual  construction  he  had  carried 
out.  He  had  buUt  a  garden  wall  100ft.  long,  9ft. 
high,  and  9in.  thick,  entirely  of  concrete,  and  it 
stood  perfectly  well.  He  would  not  hesitate  to 
carry  up  concrete  walls  of  houses  9in.  thick  and 
25ft.  in  height. 

Professor  Kerr  said  he  did  not  think  concrete 
settled  the  question  of  poor  men's  dwellings  at  ail. 
As  to  building  a  wall  in  concrete  two  thirds  the 
thickness  of  a  brick  wall  was  perfectly  out  of 
the  question.  By  the  building  act  a  waU  30ft. 
long  and  25ft.  high  might  be  built  9in.  thick  ;  and 
did  anyone  mean  to  say  he  could  biuld  that  only 
6in.  thick  of  concrete  ?  He  thought  such  a  plan 
was  totally  impracticable. 

_  In  a  subsequent  communication  Mr.  Newton 
gives  the  following  particulars  of  the  nature  and 
composition  of  the  concrete  he  is  using  iu  Paris, 
viv  :— One  part  of  Portlaud  cemont  (C.  Francis 
and  Sons)  to  five  parts  of  large  gravel  stones, 
varying  in  size,  from  the  size  of  pearl  barley  to 
that  of  peas.  The  fine  sand  is  sifted  or  screened 
out,  put  on  one  side,  and  used  for  making  stucco 
for  facing  the  work.  At  this  place  I  find  it  more 
economical  to  use  burnt  brick  earth,  or  "brick 
ballast,"  as  it  is  called,  from  which  I  sift  out  the 
very  fine,  and  add  one  of  Portland  cement  to 
eight  of  ballast.  This  makes  a  very  hard  wall. 
I  have  even  reduced  the  cement  to  one  in  ten  with 
perfect  success.  I  burn  the  ballast  myself  and  it 
costs  me  under  23.  per  cubic  yard.  Therefore,  if 
we  take  one  yard  of  ballast  at  2s.,  and  24  bushels 
of  cement  at  Is.  lOd.,  we  shall  have  a  cubic  yard 
of  concrete  for  63.  7d.,  to  which  add  2s.  3d.  per 
yard  for  labour,  and  we  shall  find  we  can  put  up 
a  superficial  yard  of  9-iuch  work  for  less  than 
3s. 

With  reference  to  Professor  Kerr's  objections 
he  says  : — One  gentleman  ventured  to  question 
the  possibility  of  building  a  wall  30ft.  high  in 
9-in.  work.  I  only  say  that  this  has  been  done  by 
Mr.  Tall,  and  the  houses  so  constructed  have 
been  sold  by  him  at  a  very  large  profit.  From 
the  numerous  experiments  I  and  others  have 
made  in  concrete  constructions,  I  have  no  hesita- 
tion in  ofiering  the  following  challenge  to  the 
sceptics,  viz.,  that  they  shall  build  a  wall  of  any 
dimensions  of  common  brick  and  mortar  with  or 
without  Tyerman's  bond,  and  I  will  build  one  in 
concrete  ;  and  if  the  concrete  wall  does  not  sustain 
a  greater  weight  than  the  brick  wall  I  will  forfeit 
to  them  £50  and  the  cost  of  the  wall,  they  under- 
taking the  same  liability  to  me  should  the  brick 
wall  not  stand  an  equal  test. 

Mr.  Newton  here  somewhat  begs  the  question. 
He  maintained  at  the  meeting  at  the  Society  of 
Arts,  that  a  concrete  wall  of  6in.  thickness  would 
be  as  strong  as  a  brick  wall  of  9in.  thickness. 
Now  he  says  thata  concrete  wall  would  be  stronger 
than  a  brick  wall  of  the  same  dimensions.  But 
how  much  stronger  ?  One  third  ?  If,  how- 
ever,  it  can  be  proved  that  concrete  is  as  strong 
and  at  the  same  time  cheaper  than  bricks  for 
building,  then  the  question  of  improved  dwellings 
for  the  people  will  be  answered. 


NEVER   TOO  OLD   TO  LEARN. 

MOST  people  say  that  when  they  are  old  it  is 
too  late  to  learn  ;  but  we  find  that  Socrates 
at  an  extreme  age  learned  to  play  on  musical  in- 
struments, for  the  purpose  of  resisting  the  wear 
and  tear  of  old  .ago ;  Cato,  at  eighty  years  of 
ago,  thought  proper  to  learn  the  Greek  lan- 
guage ;  Plutarch,  when  between  seventy  and 
eighty  commenced  the  study  of  Latin  ;  Boccaccio, 
was  thirty  years  of  age  when  ho  commenced  his 
studies  in  polite  literature,  yet  he  became  one  of 
the  three  great  masters  of  the  Tuscan  dialect- 
Dante  and  Petrarch  being  the  other  two  ;  Sir 
Henry  Sjielman  neglected  the  sciences  in  his 
youth,  but  commenced  the  study  of  them  when 
he  was  between  fifty  and  sixty  years  of  age.  After 
this  time  he  became  a  most  learned  antiquarian 
and  lawyer.  Colbert,  the  famous  French  minister, 
at  sixty  years  of  .age  returned  to  his  Latin  and 
law  studies;  Ludovico,  at  the  great  .age  of  115, 
wrote  the  memoirs  of  his  own  times,  a  singular 
exertion,  noticed  by  Voltaire,  who  was  himself 
one  of  the  most  rem.arkable  instances  of  the  pro- 
gress of  age  in  new  studies ;  Ogilby,  the  trans- 
lator of  "  Homer"  and  "  Virgil,"  was  un 
acquainted  with  Latin  and  Greek  till  he  was  pask 
fifty  ;  Franklin  did  not  fully  commence  his  philo 
sophical  pursuits  till  he  had  reached  his  fiftieth 
year ;  Accorso,  a  great  lawyer,  being  asked  why 
he  began  the  study  of  law  so  late,  answered  that 
indeed  he  began  it  late,  but  he  should,  therefore, 
master  it  the  sooner  ;  Dryden,  in  his  sixty-eighth 
year,  commenced  the  translation  of  the  '"'  Iliad," 
and  his  most  ple.asing  productions  were  written  in 
his  old  age.  We  give  the  names  of  the  above 
out  of  numberless  others  to  show  that  it  is  never 
too  late  to  learn.  We  find  nowadays  that  some 
of  our  greatest  men  study  more  in  their  old  age 
than  when  they  were  young. 

We  may  add  that  it  is  never  too  diflicult  to 
learn.  Ferguson  made  his  marvellous  wooden 
clock,  that  accurately  measured  the  hours,  by 
means  of  a  pen  knife  ;  Stothard  learned  the  art  of 
combining  colours  by  closely  studying  butterflies' 
wings  ;  Watt  made  his  first  model  of  the  con- 
densing steam  engine  out  of  an  old  kettle ;  a 
burnt  stick  and  a  barn  door  served  Wilkie  iu 
lieu  of  pencil  and  canvas  ;  Ferguson  laid  himself 
down  in  the  fields  at  night  in  a  blanket,  and  made 
a  map  of  the  heavenly  bodies  by  means  of  a 
thread  with  small  beads  on  it  stretched  between 
his  eyes  and  the  stai-s  ;  while  Rittenhouse,  the 
astronomer,  first  calculated  eclipses  on  his  plough- 
handle  ;  WilUam  Gitibrd  worked  his  first  problem 
in  mathematics,  when  a  cobbler's  apprentice,  upon 
scraps  of  leather,  which  he  be.at  smooth  for  the 
purpose  ;  Bewick  first  practised  drawing  on  the 
cottage  walls  of  his  native  village,  which  he 
covered  with  his  sketches  in  chalk  ;  and  Benjamin 
West  made  his  first  brushes  out  of  the  cat's  tail. 
Some  of  the  very  best  workmen,  as  haSj  been 
remarked,  have  had  the  most  indifferent  tools  to 
work  with.  But  it  is  not  the  tools  that  make 
the  workman,  but  the  trained  skill  and  persever- 
ance of  the  man  himself.  Indeed,  it  is  prover- 
bial that  the  bad  workman  never  yet  had  a  good 
tool. 

♦ 

PARLIAMENTARY  NOTES. 

In  the  House  of  Commons  on  Monday  Mr. 
Goldsraid  asked  the  First  Commissioner  of  AVorks 
when  the  statue  of  the  late  Duke  of  Wellington, 
for  the  erection  of  which  in  St.  Paul's  Catliedral 
the  sum  of  £20,000  was  voted  in  IS 58,  was  likely 
to  be  finished  and  put  in  its  place  ?  Lord  J.  Man- 
ners said  it  was  a  monument  to  the  Duke  of 
Wellington,  not  a  statue  of  the  Duke  of  Welling- 
ton, which  was  to  be  erected  in  St.  Paul's  Cathe- 
dral. He  had  every  reason  to  hope  that  the 
monument  would  be  completed  in  about  two 
years  from  this  time.  He  might  state  that  iu 
consequence  of  what  had  fallen  on  Friday  even- 
ing from  the  hon.  member  for  Bath  and  others, 
and  the  suggestions  they  had  offered  to  him  with 
reference  to  the  buildings  for  the  London  Univer- 
sity in  Burlington-gardens,  he  had  communicated 
with  Mr.  Pennethorne  on  Saturday  morning,  and 
requested  him  to  make  arrangements  with  the 
contractors  that  the  progress  of  the  works  might 
be  stayed  for  two  weeks.  He  might  further  state 
that  he  understood  the  probable  extra  cost  of 
changing  the  style  of  building  would  be  between 
£7,000  and  £8,000. 


Mr.  Thomas  Horner,  of  East  Morten,  has  been 
elected  surveyor  for  the  town.ship  of  Morten,  near 
Keighley. 


254 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


April  12,  186?. 


THE    OMNIUM   FASTENING. 


UNDER  this  title  Mr.  J.  H.  Roberts,  of 
Eldon  House,  Peckham-road,  has 
recently  patented  a  serviceable  invention 
which  is  shown  in  the  engravings.  It  is 
especially  intended  for  doors  and  windows, 
but  is  equally  adapts<l  for  tables,  cabinets, 
boxes,  and  articles  of  a  similar  kind.  Fig.  1 
is  t^  hinge  plate  and  fig.  2  the  button 
plate,  forming  the  two  parts  of  the  omnium 
fastening.  In  its  application  to  a  window 
t^  hinge  plate,  fig.  1,  is  screwed  on  to  the 
front  sash,  at  a  sufficient  distance  from  the 
edge  to  allow  the  hole  in  the  flap  of  the 
hinge  to  pass  freelyover  the  button  in  plate, 
fig.  2,  which  is  screwed  on  or  into  the  back 
Bash  close  to  the  edge.  By  sliding  th. 
button  along  the  opening,  as  shown  in  fig.  :;, 
the  window  is  secure ;  to  open  it  the 
movement  of  the  button  is  reversed,  and 
the  flap  of  the  hinge  plate  is  made  to 
turn  back  flat  on  the  sash,  which,  how- 
ever, can  be  made  to  be  perpendicular, 
and  thereby  readily  visible,  by  adopting 
the  stop  hinge  plate  instead  of  the  other. 
The  .advantages  claimed  for  this  invention 
are  security,  simplicity,  durability  and  neat- 
ness. It  is  superior  to  the  ordinary  window 
fastening  inasmuch  as  it  cannot  be  opened 
by  passing  a  knife  between  the  sashes,  and 
is  therefore  more  secure  than  the  other. 
One  of  the  chief  annoyances  of  the  old 
fastening  arises  from  the  liability  of  the 
spring  to  rust  and  break.  This  is  entirely 
obviated  in  the  new  invention.  It  is  par. 
ticularly  well  adapted  for  doors,  as  it 
dispenses  with  the  common  bolt,  which  it 
must  be  admitted  is  an  awkward  and 
clumsy  contrivance,  and  a  very  poor  orna- 
ment to  say  the  least.  The  utility  of  the 
omnium  fastening  in  a  variety  of  other  ways 
will  be  evident. 


WHY   A    BELT    WORKS    FROM    OFF 
ITS    PULLEY. 

A  CORRESPONDENT  send  the  following  :— 
It  may  not  be  uninteresting  to  explain  the 
reason  why  a  belt  works  off  its  pulley  when  the 
shafts  are  not  parallel  or  di- 
verging in  position  with  each 
other.  I  find,  when  a  plain 
surface  (as  a  stick  of  timber  for 
instance)  moves  over  a  roller  of 
:  uniform  diameter,  that  every 
part  of  that  surface  moves  in 
straight  lines  at  right  angles 
with  the  axis  of  the  roller,  no 
matter  what  the  position  of  the 
whole  mass  may  be  in  reference 
to  that  axis.  In  the  engr.aving 
given  the  belt  is  placed  in  its 
proper  position  on  the  centres 
of  the  pulleys.  The  belt  forms 
a  right  angle  with  the  shaft  a, 
but  not  a  right  angle  with  the 
shaft  6,  owing  to  the  angle  of 
divergence  in  the  position  of  the 
two  shsfts.  Now  the  belt,  fol- 
lowing the  above  law,  will  move 
bodily  in  a  line  parallel  with  the 
dotted  line  d,  at  right  angles  to 
6 ;  one-half  of  a  revolution  of  the 
belt  will  correct  the  angle  at  h, 
but  will  destroy  the  angle  at  a, 
consequently  the  belt  will  work 
off  both  pulleys,  toward  the  ends 
—  of  the  shafts  nearest  each  other. 
Therefore  this  rule  may  be 
given,  that  in  all  cases  the  belt 
should  run  on  the  pulleys  at 
right  angles  to  the  axis  of  rotation,  no  matter  at 
what  angle  it  may  leave  the  pulley  (as  in  case  of 
a  quarter-twist  belt).  I  have  asked  a  great  many 
mechanics  about  this,  and  the  almost  invariable 
answer  has  been  :  "  The  belt  runs  to  the  high  part 
of  the  pulley ; "  practical  demonstration  being 
needed  to  convince  them  of  their  error.  "With  all 
deference  to  our  intelligent  mechanics,  I  believe 
this  thing,  simple  as  it  is,  is  yet  not  generally 
understood. 


The  blacks  are  progressing  ;  a  mulatto  slave  in 
Brazil  has  carried  off  a  national  prize  medal  for  the 
beat  work  of  sculpture,  and  has  also  received  a 
paper  of  manumission. 


NEW   COLOSSEUM  THEATRE  AND  CON- 
CERT-HALL, GLASGOW. 

BAYLIS'S  Royal  Colosseum  Theatre  and  Con- 
cert-hall, now  in  course  of  erection  in  Cow- 
caddensstreet,  bids  fair  in  point  of  size  and  com- 
pleteness of  accommodation  to  form  a  notable 
addition  to  the  places  of  pubUc  entertainment  in 
Glasgow.  The  building  is  of  rectangular  form, 
measuring  over  150ft.  in  length  (or,  including  the 
entrance  corridor,  220ft.)  by  78ft.  in  breadth. 
The  height  from  floor  to  ceiling  is  60ft.,  or  from 
under  floor,  below  stage,  to  ridge-pole,  100ft.  The 
part  of  the  house  occupied  by  the  .audience  will 
measure  100ft.  by  72ft,  and  the  stage  and  scenic 
department  is  4Sft.  long  by  72ft.  in  width.  It  is 
computed  to  contain  an  audience  of  above  4,000 
persons ;  and  the  arrangements  for  the  comfort- 
able enjoyment  of  the  performances,  as  regards 
acoustics,  lighting,  ventilation,  and  commanding 
view  of  the  stage  from  every  point,  have  received 
the  most  careful  consideration.  Facilities  for  ex- 
tinguishing fire  have  been  duly  considered.  The 
entrances  are  numerous  and  spacious,  and  four 
supplementary  exits  are  provided  for  safety  in 
case  of  sudden  panic.  There  is  an  additional 
staircase,  to  be  used  for  outlet  only  from  the 
upper  gallery  ;  and  a  corridor,  Sft.  wide  and  73ft. 
long,  forms  a  communication  between  this  stair 
and  the  inlet  stair  to  gallery,  both  stairs  being  over 
Sft.  wide,  and  free  from  wheeling  steps,  so  dan- 
gerous in  places  of  amusement.  All  the  stair- 
cases throughout  the  building  are  fireproof.  The 
principal  entrance  from  Cowcaddensstreet, 
fianked  with  polished  granite  columns,  and  sur- 
mounted with  appropriate  sculpture,  will  lead 
through  a  wide  and  lofty  corridor,  70ft.  long,  into 
the  entrance  hall  communicating  with  the  stalls 
and  boxes.  The  proscenium  will  be  in  form  and 
decoration  original  and  striking ;  and  the  decora- 
tions of  the  auditory  will  be  light,  pleasing,  and 
appropriate.  In  the  event  of  more  room  being 
required  on  the  stage  from  front  to  back,  provision 
has  been  made  in  building  the  gable,  so  that  the 
centre  portion  of  it  can  be  easily  removed,  and 
nearly  100ft.  thereby  added  to  the  building.  The 
block  of  which  the  concert-hall  forms  the  centre 
will  have  a  handsome  frontage  of  shops  along  its 
north  and  west  fayades,  measuring  altogether 
400ft.  in  length.  The  whole  stands  on  a  founda- 
tion of  rock ;  and  it  is  worthy  of  note  that  the 
stone  used  in  the  work  (which  is  of  du- 
rable  quality)     is     quarried    from   the    centre 


of  the  building.  The  building  has  been  de- 
signed by  Messrs.  Clarke  and  Bell,  architects 
Glasgow. 

LIVERPOOL  ARCHITECTURAL  SOCIETY 

THE  fortnightly  meeting  of  this  Society 
was  held  last  week,  Mr.  T.  J  Kilpin,  the 
President,  in  the  chair.  Mr.  Forrest  ex- 
hibited, by  means  of  the  oxy  hydrogen  light, 
a  number  of  photographs  of  ruined  temples, 
palaces,  towers,  and  other  buildings  in  Cambodia, 
in  the  Kingdom  of  Sham,  taken  in  the  early  part 
of  1S66  by  Mr.  .1.  Thomson,  F.R.G.S  ,  of  Edin- 
burgh. The  views  are  highly  interesting,  both  to- 
the  architect  and  the  antiquarian.  Some  of  the 
towers  are  ISOft.  high.  There  is  no  evidence  of 
mortar  having  been  used  in  any  of  the  buildings, 
nor  are  there  any  remains  of  the  arch,  all  the 
roofs  being  corbelled.  The  sculpture  on  the  walls 
is  of  a  remarkably  rich  character,  and  displays  a 
great  amount  of  artistic  skill.  Mr.  Statham,  the 
honorary  secretary,  brought  before  the  meeting  a 
"suggestion  for  the  church  of  the  nineteenth- 
century."  The  design  exhibits  an  attempt  to 
sketch  out  a  form  of  church  combining  architec 
tural  efiect  with  suitabiUty  to  the  purposes  of 
modern  worship  and  to  the  pervading  artistic  and 
religious  feelings  of  the  present  age.  Mr.  Jahns 
theu  read  a  paper  on  "  The  Organic  Coherence  of 
the  Arts." 


PARIS    EXHIBITION. 

THE  English  Refreshment  Department  of  Qie 
Paris  Exhibition  for  Messrs.  Bertram  and 
Robei-ts,  of  the  Crystal  Palace,  Sydenham,  haa 
just  been  completed.  The  interior  decorations, 
which  have  been  done  by  Messrs.  J.  and  W.  San- 
ders, of  Guildford  street,  are  in  the  Italian 
Reuaissance  style,  and  the  whole  of  the  work  ha» 
been  executed  by  English  workmen.  The  most 
important  feature  is  a  wall  screen,  66ft.  long 
by  24ft.  high,  which  is  divided  into  five  bays 
of  arches  on  coupled  columns  richly  decorated  in 
black  and  gold.  The  bays  between  the  columm 
are  formed  with  inlaid  mahogany,  and  filled  in 
with  panels  of  embossed  glass,  which  is  reUeved 
from  the  mahogany  by  gilt  mouldings.  The 
archivolt  is  composed  of  black  and  gold  iutiadoB 
and  extrados  mouldings,  panelled  between  with 
mahogany,  inlaid  with  ebony  and  satin  wood. 
Over  the'arches  a  series  of  inlaid  panels  run  the 
whole  length  of  the  screen,  which  is  crowned  by  a 
frieze  and  cornice  of  simple  but  effective  design. 
The  work  has  been  designed  by  Mr.  W.  Young,  of 
Stanley  street,  Pimlico. 

"  Come  if  you  can,"  writes  an  enthusiastic  Off- 
respondent,  "  Come  any  how  ;  any  way.  Never 
mind  the  sea,  you  will  soon  get  over  that.  Do 
not  let  the  absurd  rumours  about  high  prices  of 
bed  and  board  keep  you  away.  You  may  live  as 
cheaply  here  as  at  home,  if  you  are  content  with 
the  same  fare  and  accommodation.  I  dined  yes. 
terday  at  a  well-known  restaurant  in  the  Palsis 
Royal  for  two  francs  and  a  half,  and  this  is  a  cor- 
rect card  of  what  I  had  for  my  money  :— Soup, 
turbot  with  caper  sauce,  roast  leg  of  mutton, 
fricaseed  fowl  with  mushrooms,  two  sorts  of  ro- 
tables, bread,  butter,  cheese,  and  dessert,  with  a 
small  bottle  of  wine  !  When  you  can  give  me  a 
better  dinner  m  your  neighbourhood  for  two 
shillings  I  will  admit  that  Paris  is  dear.  I  may 
add  that  the  room,  in  which  a  similar  dinner  to 
the  above  can  be  had  any  evening,  is  spacious  and 
well  lit.  There  is  a  profusion  of  looking-glass  and 
velvet-cushioned  seats,  the  waiters  are  civil,  and 
the  table  furniture  of  spotless  purity.  Lodging 
is  just  as  reasonable.  A  friend  of  mine  has  a  very 
comfortable  bed-room  on  the  ground  floor,  in  a 
respectable  house,  for  fifty  francs  per  month  (ten 
shillings  per  week),  within  ten  minutes'  walk  of 
the  most  fashionable  quarter.  Of  course,  if  you 
like  to  walk  into  the  first  trap  set  for  you  by  some 

j  obliging  feUow-countrymen  settled  here,  you  may 
expect  to  pay  for  the  luxury  of  his  company.    In 

,  Paris  you  may  spend  a  hundred  pounds  per  month 

I  for    lodgings,   and  you   may  get    a  bed    for  a 

j  franc." 

I  The  Emperor  of  the  French  has,  it  is  said,  sanc- 
tioned a  curious  experiment.  A  Parliament  ot 
workmen,  consisting  of  302  delegates,  elected  uy 
all  the  trades  of  France,  is  to  assemble  '."  P*™ 
during  the  Exhibition,  to  discuss  all  kinds  ot 
questions  connected  with  their  work.  Otnci 
rooms  have  been  assigned  them,  and  they  are,  ' 
is  said,  to  be  allowed  considerable  freedom  of  de- 
bate. 


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« 


The  Eujdmf  Nevi  Apn]  12.1657 


i  Vnpmnsll  Nmn  Lara  •  Cnurtir.^ 

Pniti'nn  •  uf  •  iMf^-  S!  •  Front.  _ 

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W}iiteiiian^-Bis:-.Ijdio^:ii|'i:^r-.  _o!...l:  .j 


April  i2,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


259 


RECENT    DEATHS. 
[TTITHIN    the   last   fortnight 


two   men, 

y  Y      equally  distinguished  in"  their  respec- 
ive  walks — the  one  in  music,  the  other  in 
rt — have  passed  from  among  us  to  the  sincere 
Drroft- of  all  who  knew  them  ;  for  they  luive 
.ft  the  world  poorer  for  their   loss,   though 
icher  and    better  for    their    having    lived, 
dfred  Mellon,  the   musical  conductor,   died 
n  the  iTth  of  March,  at  tlie  age  of  4(i ;  and 
;harles  H.  Bennett,  the  artist,  on  the  Sudinst., 
;  the  age  of  37.      The  deaths  of  both  these 
ifted  men  were  natural,  as  the  phrase  is,  but 
ley  were  premature,  and  both  occurred  at  an 
'a  which  experience  has  shown  to  be  par- 
luilarly  fatal  to  notable  characters.     As  with 
■rtain"  months — the    month    of   April     for 
lample — there  would  seem  to  be  a  singular 
tality  attaching  to  the  two  periods  of  life  we 
ivc  mentioned.     A  greater  number  of  cele- 
~ated  men  have  died  in  April  than  perhaps 
any  otlier  season  of  the  year.     Lord  Bacon, 
■Ton,   Bntfon,   Collins,    Chatham,   Chaucer, 
)wper,  Donizetti,  Defoe,  the  Duke  of  Marl- 
rough,  Fielding,  Franklin,  Goldsmith,  Han- 
•1,  Heber,  James  II.,  Sir  W.  Jones,  Sir  G.  C. 
iwis,  Mirabeau,  Sir  Robert  Peel,  Raphael, 
)3coe,  Shakespeare,  Lord  Somers,  the  Duke 
Sussex,  Sir  David  Wilkie,  Professor  Wilson, 
.  d  Wordsworth  all  died  in  this  month.     It 
ght  be  shown  that  April  has  been  remark- 

I  le  for  its  fatality  also  to  celebrated  women. 
;  is  well  known  that  Burns,  Byron,  Raphael, 

I I  Mozart  died  at  the  age  of  37,  and  Spenser, 
I  Idsmith,  Pitt,  and  Thomas  Hood  at  the  age 
( 46.  A  long  list  might  be  added  of  eminent 
1  n  to  whom  37  and  46  were  the  grand  cli- 
I  cteric  of  life.  It  will  be  found,  too,  we  think, 
t  ,t  very  recent  years  furnish  more  instances 

this — instances  of  public  men   who   have 

i  '■  before  their  time," — than  any  other  age 

c .  produce.     While  it  is  true  that  the  general 

a  rage  of  life  is  extending,  while  it  is  true 

tt  intellectual  pursuits   are,  under  certain 

ijurable  circumstances,  conducive  to  longe- 

\f,  it  is  no  less  the  fact  that  within  the  last 

dadc  nearly   all  our  hardest  workers,    the 

I  n  who  have  accomplished  most  in  their  day 

(I  generation,  have  passed  awav before  reach- 

ii  the  age  of  50— :he  majority  bf  them,  indeed, 

1  ore  45.      As  usual  the  greatest  number  of 

\tim3  have    been  literary   men,   more  par- 

t  llarly  members  of  the  newspaper  press,  and 

a  sts,  scientific  men,  and  physicians.     If  we 

Bice  back  a   few  years,   taking   the  period 

(r)  from  1859  up  to  the  present  year,  we  find 

uiterature  the  names  of  Bayle,  St.  John,  and 

^  shington  Wilks,  journalists ;  and  Alexander 

Sith,the  poet,  who  died  at  37  ;  Frank  Fowler, 

a  [he  age  of  30  ;  Robert  Brough,  the  dramatic 

■»ter,  at  32  ;  John  Hamilton,  the  journalist, 

a  )8 ;   Thomas   Buckle   at   39  ;    and  Albert 

S  ith  at  43.     We  might  add  Artemus  Ward, 

vi  )se  recent  loss,  at  the  age  of  33,  is  still  fresh 

ii  the  public   mind.      Few  men  have  gone 

t)  )ugh  a  greater  amount  of  work  than  these. 

Il  U  of  them  have  not  left  lasting  monuments 

olieir  labour  and  genius,  like  Buckle,   and 

tl     author     of    the     "Life     Drama,"     all 

we  indefatigable  workers.     Thackeray  and 

P  fessor  Aytoun  were  only   52.     In  art  we 

h  e  lost  C.  H.  Bennett  at  37,  Alfred  Newman, 

ai   A.  Solomoa  at  39,  Godfrey  Sykes  at  40, 

J'U  Leech  at  47,  John  Thomas,  the  sculptor, 

at  19,  and,  greatest  of  all,  John  Phillip  at  49. 

8  eral  of  our  younger  artists  from  whom  great 

tl  gs  were  expected,  but  who  have  neverthe- 

le  left  us  some  of  the  fruits  of  their  genius, 

hiidiedat  a  still   earlier  age.     Paul  Gray 

w  only  24,   while  John   Lawless  and  Tom 

Mten  were  but   30   when   their  hour  had 

K  e.    Of  these  bright  youths  it  may  truly 

Wiid  that  their  sim   went   down  while   it 

*  yet  day.     At  the  age  of  37  Captain  Speke, 

^African  traveller,  met  with  his  cruel  death, 

M;  at  the  age  of  46  Captain  Harrison,  of  the 

T '  eat  Eastern,"  was  accidentally  drowned. 

Scleral  Stonewall  Jackson  fell   at  the  age  of 

3i-  and  at  the  same  age  died  John  Fowler,  the 

m  utor  of  the  steam  plough,   the  victim   of 

Sissive  and  unremitting  mental   exertion. 


Another  useful  inventor  in  a  different  sphere, 
and  a  valuable  public  servant,  CapUiinFowke, 
was  only  4'J  when  he  wasl  suddenly  cut  off, 
and  Captain  Colt,  the  inventor  of  the  cele- 
brated revolver  pistol,  was  but  five  years  older 
at  the  time  of  his  deatli.  The  age  of  44  has 
been  unusiftiUy  fatal  for  public  men  of  late. 
At  this  age  died  the  Prince  Consort,  iilso  Dr. 
Ileinrich  Barth,  the  African  explorer,  and  Mr. 
Harcourt  Vemtm,  M.P.,  for  Newark,  and  this 
year,  within  a  few  weeks  of  each  other,  Mr. 
Culling  Hanbury,  M.P.  ior  Middlesex,  and 
Dr.  Brinton,  the  eminent  physician.  Medical 
men  have  generally  been  longer  lived  than 
the  members  of  other  professions — If  we  ex- 
cept perhaps  statesmen  and  soldiers — but  still 
we  have  to  regret  the  loss  of  some  of  our 
most  distinguished  physicians  at  a  compara- 
tively early  age.  In  addition  to  Dr.  Brinton 
we  may  mention  the  names  of  Dr.  Bentley 
Todd,  who  died  at  the  age  of  51,  James 
Miller,  the   well-known  Scottish   surgeon,  at 

52,  and  Dr.  Scoresby  Jackson,  Professor 
Goodsir,  and  Dr.  Jeaflferson  at  the  ages 
of  33,  52,  and  56  respectively.  The  roU 
also  includes  Adelaide  Proctor,  the  poetess, 
the  brilliant  Herbert  Coleridge,  grandson  of  the 
poet,  andsecretary  of  the  Philological  Society, 
who  was  not  more  than  30,  the  Sultan  of 
Turkey  (38),  James  Lowe,  the  critic,  about  the 
same  age,  lord  Braybrooke,  well-kno\vn  as  an 
antiquarian  (41),  Dr.  Villiers,  Bishop  of  Dur- 
ham (48),  Dr.  Donaldson,  the  great  scholar 
(49),  and  Mr.  Fairholt,  the  archaeologist,  aged 

53.  Among  statesmen  the  most  noteworthy 
early  deaths  within  the  period  have  been 
Lord  Herbert,  who  had  just  completed  the 
half  century,  and  the  Duke  of  Newcastle, 
who  was  three  years  his  senior.  Our  great 
statesmen,  however,  with  the  exception  of 
Cobden,  have,  as  a  rule,  departed  full  of  years, 
as  well  as  honours. 

The  present  has  been  called  a  high-pressure 
age,  and  the  description  is  applicable  enough. 
Never  before  were  men  so  busy  as  they  are 
now,  never  did  men  accomplish  so  much 
individually  and  collectively  as  now.  The 
age  is  terribly  in  earnest,  and  work,  work, 
work,  is  the  universal  watchword.  Leisure 
has  become  a  sort  of  tradition.  AVho  thinks 
of  leisure  1  Nobody  has  "  a  minute  to  spare." 
However,  the  question  may  be  asked.  Are  we 
not  in  danger  of  overdoing  the  thing  i  Have 
we  not  too  many  instances  now-a-days  of  men 
sacrificing  themselves  on  the  altar  of  sheer 
labour?  It  is  a  question  whether,  as 
civilisation  advances,  men  grow  happier,  or 
even  more  comfortable  and  contented. 
The  wear  and  tear  and  worry  of  our  fast 
living  are  so  great  that  men  break  down 
in  the  middle  of  the  race.  The  weakest  go  to 
the  wall  first,  and  those  who  are  blessed  with 
good  stomachs  hold  out  the  longest.  Unfor- 
tunately as  it  happens,  our  hardest  workers — 
our  swiftest  runners — are  too  often  stronger 
in  the  head  than  the  stomach,  and  have  not 
enough  physical  stamina  to  carry  them  to  the 
end  of  the  journey.  We  live  in  deeds,  not 
years,  and  "  count  life  by  heart  throbs." 


HOW    THE   SANITARY 
WORKS    IN    ST. 


ACT   OF 
GILES.' 


1866 


IN  the  exercise  of  legislative  powers  con- 
ferred by  the  Sanitary  Act  of  last  year, 
the  Board  of  Works  for  St.  Giles's  district 
have  issued  a  series  of  minute  regulations  af- 
fecting all  the  houses  "  let  in  lodgings  or  oc- 
cupied by  members  of  more  than  one  family ; " 
that  is,  according  to  the  last  census  tables, 
about  two-thirds  of  all  the  houses  in  that 
densely -peopled  district.  In  virtue  of  these 
regulations,  the  Board  will  issue  to  all  lodging- 
house  keepers  a  ticket  showing  the  number  of 
persons  permitted  to  sleep  in  every  given 
room,  and  without  such  ticket  or  licence  no 
person  is  to  be  permitted  to  let  lodgings.  The 
Board  state  that  they  will  in  no  case  sanction 
less  than  400  cubic  feet  of  space  for  each  per- 
son, and  will  reqiiireall  lodging-housekeepers 
to  reduce  the  number  of  occupants  until  the 


required  space  be  allotted.     They  will  further 
require  a  thorough  limewashing  of  the  entire 
building  no  less  than  four  times  every  year. 
Floors  are  to  be  washed  twice  a  week,  cellars 
to  be  cleaned  once  a  week,  and  limewashed  as 
often  as  the  Board  may  reci^uire.     Ventilation 
is  to  be  under  the   direction   of  the  Medical 
Ollicer  of  Health.     Water  is  to  be  provided  at 
tlie  rate  of  15  gallons  a  day  for  each  inmate. 
Waterclosets  are  to  be  provided  outside  every 
house  in  the  proportion  of  one  for  every  twenty 
inmates.     Yards,  areas,  and  private  courts  are 
to  lie  paved  with  flag  paving.     Every  owner 
residing  at  a  distance  is  obliged  to  appoint  an 
agent  residing  in  the   neighbourhood   to  see 
tliat  these  regulations  are  strictly  carried  out ; 
and   as   a  further   means   of  enforcing  tliem 
power  is  given  to  the  officers  of  the  Board  to 
visit  any  "  house  or  room  "  in  which  they  may 
suppose  them  to  be  infringed,  at  any  hour  of 
the  day  or  the  night.     It  is  rather  remarkable 
that   opposition  to  these   regulations   should 
come  from  so  practical  a  sanitary  reformer  as 
the  Earl  of  Shaftesbury.     But  it  happens  that 
his  lordship,  as  President  of  the  Society  for 
Improving   the   Condition  of  the   Labouring 
Classes,  has  been  for  many  years  engaged  in 
the  endeavour  to  improve  this  very  district. 
The  dwellings  for  families  in  Streatham-street, 
the    single   men's   lodging-house  in   George- 
street,  and  the  renovated  dwellings  in  Wild- 
court,  Drury-lane,  are  all  affected  by  these  new 
regulations.     The  improvements  actually  ex- 
hibited in  these  buildings  have  been  quoted 
for  many  years  past,  as  models  of  what  ought 
to  be  done  towards  the  sanitary  improvement 
of  various  kinds  of  dwellings,  and  the  greatest 
credit  is  due  to  his  lordship  and  the  society 
of  which  he  is  president,  for  these  practical  and 
sanitarily  successful  efforts.     But  their  useful- 
ness will  be  entirely  destroyed,  if  the  attempt 
to  enforce  the  Board's  ideal  of  sanitary  per- 
fection be  persisted  in.     With  great  difficulty 
the  Society  has  been  able  to   improve  these 
dwellings  so  as  to  let  them  at  very  moderately 
remunerative  rents ;   but  these   new  require- 
ments, his  lordship  states,  will  compel  them, 
not  only  to  evict  100  out  of  the  360  inhabitants 
of  Wild-court  alone,  but  to  raise  the  rents  of 
the  whole  of  their  property  by  no  less  than  30 
per  cent.     By  thus  vitiating  every  conclusion 
of  financial  success,  the  Board  will  place  in- 
superable obstacles  in  the  way  of  those  who 
might  be  inclined  to  imitate  the  Society's  ex- 
cellent models,  and  all  hopes  of  further  im- 
provement in  that  direction  must   be  aban- 
doned.    If  so  great  an  enemy  of  overcrowding 
as  Lord  Shaftesbury  will  be  compelled  to  evict 
100  out  of  360  tenants,*  how  many  may  we 
expect  that  others  will  have  to  evict  ?     If  he, 
who  is  indifferent  to  pecuniary  profit,  must 
raise  his  rents  30  per  cent,  so  as  to  avoid  pecu- 
niary  loss,  how   much  will    other   landlords 
whose  only  aim  is  profit,  be  compelled  to  raise 
theirs  '?    The  mere  issuing  a  regulation  that 
so  much  space  is  to  be  provided  will  not  cause 
it  to  be  done.     The  Board  may  require  the  re- 
duction of  the  number  of  inhabitants  to  their 
standard,  but,  added  to  the  many  evictions  of 
late  years,  where  can  the  houseless  wanderers 
betake  themselves  >      Rents   are   already   as 
high  as  the  poorer  inhabitants  can  bear  ;  surely 
a  policy  that  makes  them  higher  must  be  im- 
practical and  unwise.   When  opposition  comeu, 
backed  up  with  such  facts  from  such  a  (quarter, 
it  is  time  for  the  Board  to  consider  whether, 
in  their  zeal  for  improvement,  they  have  not 
overshot  the  mark.     They  legislate  as  though 
nothing  were  easier  than  to  say  it  must  be  so, 
and  (presto)  the  thing  is  done.     In  Utopia  it 
might  possibly   be,   but  not  in  London.     In 
this  work-a-day  world  all  attempts  to  enforce 
conditions  which,   however  desirable  in  the 
abstract,  are   not   practicable  under  existing 
circumstances,  only  place  unnecessary  obstacles 
in  the  way  of  earnest  and  practical  men  ;  and 
so  far   from   eft'ecting  their  professed  object, 
they  form  a  hindrance  to  amelioration,  and  a 
bar  to  judicious  eff'orts  at  radical  improvement. 


•  The  inhabitants  of  Wilil-court  were  1,000  in  numtier 
before  the  improToments  carried  out  by  the  Society  which 
Lord  Shaftesbury  presides  OTer. 


260 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


April  12,  1867 


i!_  I 


GOTHIC  FUENITURE.* 

RECENT  REVIVALS. 

GOTHIC  revivals  ia  furniture,  a3  iu  architec- 
ture, difi'er  widely  among  themselves  iu  date 
and  style.  Pugin,  among  the  earUest  of  leaders 
was  the  latest  in  manner.  He  was  an  enthusiast 
for  advanced  decorative  forms,  which  our  living 
zealots  in  the  cause  might  now  decry  as  florid  and 
corrupt.  His  designs  for  Gothic  furniture,  for 
iron  and  brass,  gold  and  silver  work,  are  allied  to 
Perpendicular  and  Tudor  types.  Two  volumes  of 
photographs,  from  sketches  recently  published, 
for  the  most  part  show  like  predilections.  The 
designs  of  Mr.  Pugin  are  vastly  more  ornate  than 
the  forms  at  present  favoured  by  furniture  manu- 
facturers and  their  thoroughgoing  patrons.  Chairs, 
cabinets,  and  sideboards,  as  drawn  by  Pugin,  par- 
took of  the  elaborated  detail  of  the  decorated 
style  in  architecture.  No  space  is  left  bare,  re- 
pose is  not  permitted  to  any  member  of  the  com- 
position ;  the  panels  are  pierced  with  window 
tracery ;  Catherine  wheels  are  turned  in  the  piers 
of  bookcases  and  sideboards  ;  trefoils,  quatrefoils, 
and  the  like,  fill  up  spare  corners  ;  the  back  of  a 
chair  is  a  gable  which  carries  finial  crockets  and 
pinnacles ;  the  top  of  a  bookcase  is  finished  as  a 
parapet  against  a  sky,  divided  into  battlements, 
decorated  with  pierced  open  work,  or  the  Tudor 
flower.  To  my  mind  there  is  exquisite  beauty  in 
these  domestic  Gothic  works,  as  elaborated  by 
Mr.  Pugin  ;  and  where  expense  is  no  object,  and 
there  is  a  possibility  of  carrying  out  the  whole  of 
a  house  iu  consistency  and  completeness,  I  cannot 
but  deem  the  result  gained  eminently  artistic  and 
agreeable.  The  imposing  effect  which  Pugin  ob- 
tained in  the  Houses  of  Parliament,  few  even  of 
his  opponents  will  call  in  question.  Yet,  to  quote 
Mr.  Gladstone  in  the  Commons,  the  decoration 
has  been  overdone,  and  certainly  the  verdict  of 
the  country  is,  that  the  cost  was  exorbitant.  At 
any  rate  the  public  and  the  profession,  since  the 
zenith  of  Pugin,  have  gone  back  to  earUer,  simpler, 
and  less  costly  styles.  The  Gothic  mania,  it  must 
be  admitted,  is  specially  addicted  to  extremes; 
and,  like  bigots  ior  rituals  and  Gregorians,  Gothic 
lunatics  are  pushing  their  faith  and  practice  to 
extremes.  But  let  all  such  "  pernicious  nonsense" 
pass  ;  it  certainly  will  not  last ;  the  time  cannot 
be  distant  when  these  vagaries  shall  be  hated  as 
heartily  as  now  they  are  loved.  Happily  it  is  not 
needful  here  to  dwell  on  what  may  be  subject  of 
regret,  for  in  the  appHcation  of  Gothic  to  daily 
uses,  we  readily  find  much  of  reasonable  truth  and 
unsophisticated  beauty.  The  point  worthy  of 
remark  is,  the  contrast  of  Pugin's  Gothic  furni. 
ture  with  that  which  is  now  the  rage.  Pugin's 
style  W.1S  often  as  late  as  that  of  Henry  VII.  °the 
Gothic  furniture  we  meet  with  in  the  chief  art- 
factories  of  London  dates  back  a  couple  of  cen- 
turies earlier  to  the  reigns  of  John,  Henry  III., 
and  the  Edwards.  This  is  justly  deemed  the 
best  period,  at  least  for  Gothic  in  stone.  Salis- 
bury and  Lincoln  Cathedrals,  Westminster  Abbey, 
York,  and  Beverley  Minsters,  which  belong  to  this 
era,  contain  some  of  the  choicest  details  and 
purest  developments  of  Gothic  art.  It  would 
seem  not  unreasonable,  then,  that  o\ir  designers 
and  manufacturers  should  take  as  models  the 
best  examples  of  the  best  period. 

A  difficulty,  however,  deters  the  adoption  of 
early  styles,  in  the  simple  fact  that  five  centuries 
ago  there  was  of  domestic  furniture  but  a  scant 
allowance,  and  of  the  little  that  might  have  once 
existed  but  few  remnants  survive  to  our  times. 
In  certain  country  districts  the  most  ancient 
woodwork  may  be  the  village  stocks  !  And  some, 
indeed,  of  the  modern  Gothic  furniture  which 
has  fallen  under  my  notice  might  almost  have 
been  taken  from  such  models,  so  utterly  rude  is 
its  construction,  so  archaic  its  form,  and  so  indif- 
ferent  do  its  sharp  angles  show  themselves  to  the 
imfortunate  people  who  may  have  occasion,  as 
lawyers  would  say,  "  to  have,  hold,  use,  occupy, 
possess,  and  enjoy  "  the  fixture,  with  its  easements 
and  appurtenances.  But,  to  speak  seriously,  the 
paucity  of  early  domestic,  or  even  of  ecclesiastical 
furmture,  presents  obvious  difficulties  to  de- 
signers which  have  led  to  error.  What  is  not 
known  becomes  matter  of  conjecture,  and  in  the 
absence  of  forms  and  facts,  a  wide  field  is  open  to 
capnce.  I  cannot  beHeve,  notwithstanding  the 
ribaldry  in  which  Gothic  carvers  were  wont  to 
mdulge  in  stall  seats,  that  the  grotesque  styles 
which  latterly  have  obtained  currency  are  conso- 
nant with  the  spirit  of  that  stone-wrought  tracery 
■vhich   is   altogether  lovely.      Certainly   may  be 

*  Piom tils ArtJoumal. 


Seen  in  Londoh  shops  grotesque  furniture  more 
in  keeping  with  a  beer-cellar  than  with  the  draw- 
ing-room of  an  English  gentleman.  Quaintness, 
queerness,  and  artistic  ugliness  should,  to  quote 
the  words  of  Mr.  Gilbert  Scott,  be  used  sparingly 
as  grains  of  garlic  for  a  piquant  dish.  Doubtless 
it  may  be  admitted  that  the  more  there  is  of  spirit 
and  of  force  in  design  and  execution  the  better  ; 
but  Art,  hke  greatness  in  human  character,  never 
shows  more  strength  than  in  moderation.  Ex- 
tremes, especially  extremes  of  ugliness,  indicate 
something  wrong.  Early  Gothic  examples  are 
on  the  side  of  beauty,  and  certainly  have  little 
fellowship  with  the  unsightly  and  grotesque  work 
of  many  of  our  modern  revivalists. 

But,  though  ancient  examples  of  Gothic  furni- 
ture are  not  so  numerous  as  could  be  wished,  they 
suffice  to  show  the  detail  treatment  and  general 
spirit  that  inspired  mediioval  art-workmen.  The 
table  in  the  Chapter-house,  Salisbury,  which, 
belongs  to  the  middle  of  the  thirteenth  century, 
may  be  quoted  chiefly  in  illustration  of  the  asser- 
tion that  furniture  of  this  date  is  too  simple  and 
rude  for  the  increased  luxury  of  the  present  day. 
The  coronation  chair,  Westminster,  also  of  the 
thirteenth  century,  received,  as  was  natural  in  a 
work  for  regal  service,  greater  decoration.  Archi- 
tectural details  are  in  the  woodwork  pronounced. 
On  the  sides  still  remain  quatrefoils  and  arcading 
of  trefoil  arches,  and  instead  of  the  chamfer, 
beyond  which  our  modem  revivalists  seldom  go, 
mouldings,  the  pride  of  Gothic  Art,  are  carefully 
cut.  This  chair,  together  with  the  glorious 
retahulum,  may  likewise  teach  the  method  and 
the  manner  in  which  Gothic  woodwork  was  gilded 
and  painted.  There  are  here  assuredly  delicacy 
in  detail  and  a  sense  of  beauty  which  the  painters 
of  modern  furniture  would  do  well  to  emulate. 
When  Gothic  men  were  rude,  it  was  from  neces- 
sity, not  as  with  our  men,  from  affectation.  True 
artists  must  always  do  their  best,  and  reach  for- 
ward to  perfection.  The  commonest  carpenter 
and  painter  of  the  twelfth  and  thirteenth  centu- 
ries did  as  well  as  he  was  able  :  from  our  artists 
in  d.ays  of  Government  schools  of  design  more 
must  be  expected.  Among  early  woodwork  few 
specimens  can  show  a  more  lovely  piece  of  sur 
face  decoration  than  a  certain  "  chest  from 
Clemping  Church,"  engraved  in  Shaw's  "Ancient 
Furniture."  The  work  is  of  the  thirteenth  cen- 
tury— of  the  same  date  as  the  triforium  in  West- 
minster Abbey.  A  comparison  of  the  arcading 
in  this  chest  with  the  arches  in  Westminster 
would  suggest  the  conclusion,  in  itself  probable, 
that  furniture  lagged  behind  architecture  in 
period  of  development.  The  Glastonbury  chair, 
though  simple  and  with  little  ornament,  comes 
down  to  a  comparatively  late  date.  This  work, 
which  finds  at  the  present  moment  a  replica  in 
almost  every  London  shop  that  affects  the  Gothic, 
is  not  earlier  than  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of 
Henry  VIII. ;  in  other  words  it  dates  no  further 
back  than  the  sixteenth  century.  Of  the  preced- 
ing ^century  there  are  well-knovvu  examples,  both 
in  England  and  in  France — among  which  should 
be  enumerated  the  remarkable  chair  and  side- 
board of  St.  Mary's  Hall,  Coventry.  In  these 
examples  we  bid  good-bye  to  the  austere  and  bald 
styles  too  frequently  now  copied  with  aggravation, 
and  have  in  their  stead  a  full  and  free  ornamenta- 
tion, compounded  of  arches,  quatrefoils,  and 
foliage.  The  comparative  paucity  of  Early  Gothic 
furniture  has  naturally  set  people  on  the  search 
for  foreign  examples,  and  our  designers,  as  our 
architects,  have  from  France  supplied  gaps  and 
deficiencies  in  historic  developments.  The  Hotel 
Cluny  is  specially  rich  iu  Gothic  woodwork. 
Shaw  has  copied  from  a  MS.  in  the  Imperial 
Library,  Paris,  a  buffet  of  the  fifteenth  century, 
of  the  superlatively  ornate  style  now  seldom  seen, 
save  iu  the  designs  of  Pugin.  Du  Sommerard,  in 
his  "Arts  of  the  Middle  Ages,"  engraves  a  noble 
episcopal  chair  of  the  fifteenth  centui-y,  which 
bears  on  its  back  a  grandiose  composition  of  the 
Madonna  in  glory.  Also,  he  publishes,  of  the 
same  century,  a  "buffet,"  or  "dressoir,"  for  the 
exposition  of  relics— a  work  in  design  and  exe 
cution  of  utmost  finesse  and  delicacy.  The  stalls 
iu  Amiens,  are  as  woodwork  not  surpassed  in  the 
whole  world.  Examples  might  easily  be  multi- 
plied from  VioUet-Le-Duc's  volume.  Altogether 
our  Gothic  revivalists  have  much  to  learn  from 
France.  It  is,  indeed,  generally  admitted  that 
French  Gothic  furniture  was  supreme  in  deUcacy 
of  detail  and  finished  execution — just  the  quali- 
ties which  may  best  correct  the  rudeness  to  which 
it  is  the  pleasure  of  our  English  designers  now  to 
revert. 

I  can  scarcely  conceive  a  task  more  agreeable 


for  a  gentleman  of  means,  taste,  and  leisure  than 
to  set  himself  to  the   consistent   decoration   and 
furnishing   of     a    Gothic    villa.       He    will    thus 
pleasingly  exercise  and   extend   his  historic  read- 
ing  and   knowledge    of    England's   national  Art. 
Not  a  few  persons  of  cultured  intellect,  moved  by 
ideas  which  range  beyond  common  routine,  have 
given  themselves  to  this  domestic  dilettanteism. 
To  artists  especially  the  sphere  thus  opened  to 
original    couception  and   pretty   conceit  is   pecu. 
liarly  congenial   and  tempting.     The   knowledge 
painters  pos.=ess  is  sufficient  to  save  them  from 
mere  shop  products.     They  can  make  their  house- 
hold furniture  portions  of   themselves,  creatures 
of  their  own  brains.     And  when,  as  often  happens, 
a  brotherhood  has  grown  up,  one  artist  can  design 
the  wood,  another  paint  the  panels,  and  another 
contrive    the    metalwork.       Such    instances    are 
knoivn  to  exist,  and  I  trust  it  is  no  violation  of 
confidence  to  adduce  examples  which  have  come 
directly   or   indirectly  to   my  knowledge.      It  is 
scarcely  a  secret  that  the   Messrs.  Skidmore  were 
engaged  by  Mr.  Birket  Foster  to  execute  for  his 
house  sundry  ariicles  of  Gothic  furniture,  and  we 
have  seen  both  at  Messrs.  Hart's  and  Mr.  Wilkin- 
son's  photographs  of   a   piano   designed  for  the 
same  artist  by  Mr.  W.  P.   Burton — the  panels  to 
be  painted  by  an  artist  friend.     The  design  of  a 
bed,  we  believe,  was  suggested  by  a  cot  wherem 
Hes  little    Nelly    in    the    frontispiece    to    "Old 
Curiosity  Shop"     It  will  be  remembered  that  the 
exhibition  of  the  Water-Colour  Society  a  year  ago 
contained  cherubs'  heads,  painted  by  Mr.  Burne 
Jones  for  a  piano  which  now  adorns  his  dwelling. 
Several  Gothic  pianos  may  be  met  with  in  art 
factories,  and  among   others  is  one  specially  rich 
with  inlays  now  at  Messrs.  Erard's,  part  of  a  suite 
of  Gothic  furniture  designed  by  Mr.  C.  Bevan  for 
Mr.  Titus   Salt.     This  costly  piano  has  decorative 
material  and   bright  colour,  after  the  manner  of 
the  ancient  tarsia.     The  woods  now  used  in  like 
works,  at  Messrs.  Herring,  for  example,  and  else- 
where, consist  of  satin  wood,  pollard  oak,  tuUp 
wood,  purple  heart,  hare  wood,  &c.      Embo.ssed 
and  illuminated  leather  carries  out  the  enrichment 
consistently;    and  sometimes  in   sideboards  and 
bedroom   furniture  encaustic   tiles  are  appropri- 
ately  introduced.      Such    combinations    may  be 
seen  at  Mr.  Seddon's.     This  treatment  tends  to 
take  from  Gothic  its  nakedness  and  barrenness. 
Works  thus  wrought  become  articles  of  luxury. 
A  suite  of  Gothic   furniture,  prepared  by  Messre, 
Cox  and  Son  for  a  gentleman  in  the  Temple,  may 
be  quoted  as  an  example  of  the  style  deemed  the 
right  sort  of  thing  for  the  el.tc.     The  material  is 
polished  deal ;  the  period  Early  English,  as  marked 
by  simple  trefoil  arches  and  corresponding  detail, 
The  chamfering  and  notching  are   picked  out  in 
brown   and  other  colours,  heightened  with  gold 
where  enrichment  is  specially  desired.     The  coal- 
scuttle,   fireirons,    fender,  aud   grate,  ewer  anf ' 
basin,   are  designed  in   keeping  with  the  period. 
The  iron  receives  appropriate   enamel  decorations. 
Pugin's  great  principle  of  honest  and  \Tsible  con- 
struction has  been  observed  throughout.     Messrs. 
Harland   and  Fisher  also   give  themselves  with 
success  to  the  design  and  manufacture  of  Gothic 
furniture  and  fabrics.  Specially  would  we  mention 
a  medieval  carpet,  the  pattern  whereof  has  been 
taken,  on  the  suggestion  of  Mr.   Burges,  from  a 
painting  by  Van  fiyck.     The  tone  is  lo.v  and  rich, 
as  of  ancient  pictures   on  old  glass.      This  is  a 
point  which  Gothic  people  piize.     In  our  search 
for  novelty  and  originality  we  have  come  again 
and  again  upon  the   name  of  Mr.  Burges.    This 
well-known  architect  has  played  a  prominent  part 
in    revived   art   manufactures   after   the   Gothic 
style.     The  cabinet  designed  by  him  and  deco- 
rated with  grotesque   paintings  illustrative  of  the 
"  Battle  of  the  Wines  and  Beers,"  cshibited  in  the 
Mediaeval   Court,   in   18t)2,  and  now  in  the  Ken- 
sington Museum,   has  since  obtained  not  a  few 
imitators.     The  confidence  implied  in  social  inter- 
course alone  prevents  us  from  describing  interest- 
ing and  valuable  Gothic  works,  in  wood  and  the 
precious  metals,  familiar  to  us  in  the  chambers 
of  Mr.   Burges.      This   sketch   of  what  is  doing 
were   incomplete    without   mention  of  a  Gothic 
piano  and  cabinet,  which  reliable  rumour  tells  >13 
have    been    painted  in   characteristic   devices  by 
their  owner,  Mr.  Marks,  an  artist  whose  pictures 
in    the    Academy     are    mostly    accentuated   by 
mediaeval  quaintness  and  directness.     The  panels 
of  the  piano  are  sacred  to  serio-comic  muses,  and 
a  fish  sivims  out  at  one  end,  and  a  beetle  crawls  lii 
at  the   other.      Up  the  legs  of  the  cabuiet,  it  is 
said,  curious  creatures  creep.      On  these  works 
may  be  read,  "John  Marks  made  me."    To  show 
how  wide  is  the  diversity  permitted    to  Gothic 


I 


fti 


h^ 


Aprtl  12,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


•2r.  1 


rniture,  we  may  quote  as  a  concluding  example 
cabinet  executed  by  Mr.  Grace.  Instead  of 
int,  ia  an  inlay  of  woods.  The  forms  are  re- 
led,  the  details  delicate,  and  the  whole  compo- 
ion  ha3  an  elaborated  Gothic  beauty  which 
igin  would  have  loved.  Such  work  cannot  be 
cap ;  the  cost  is  said  to  bo  over  £300 :  but 
ough  beauty  ia  often  no  dearer  than  ugliness,  a 
>rk  of  Art  must  always  be  estimated  not  by  its 
cuniary  cost  but  by  its  real  artistic  value. 
ch  thmgs  cannot  be  subjected  to  mere  com- 
,'rcial  considerations. 

J.  Beavinoton  Atkinson. 


REPORTS    ON    PUBLIC    WORKS. 

IHE  chief  engineer  of  the  Thames  Emb.ankment 

has  just  presented  his  usual  report   on  the 

].gres3of  these  works,  from  which  it  appears  that 

I  -egards  the  portion  of  the  Northern  embankment 

1  ween    Westminster    and    Waterloo    Bridges, 

!  16ft.  of  the  low  level  sewer,  2,477ft.  of  subway, 

;  25ft.  of  small  drains,  and   320ft.  of  the  West- 

1  istsr  steamboat  pier   have  been   constructed. 

.  itward  of  the  pier  720ft.  of  the  river  wall  has 

\n  brought  above  Trmity  datum,  and  11 5ft.  of 

t  parapet  formed  thereon.      Progress  has  also 

I  n  made  with  the  Charing  cross  steamboat  pier 

r  I  the  Adelphi   landing  stairs.      The  works  in 

.  t.ion  with  the  Waterloo  and  Whitehall  Rail- 

'le  are  proceeding,  and    works   have  been 

1  to  the  value  of  £1,200.     The  total  value 

I  l^s   done  under  this  contract  amounts  to 

,~-'J        As    regards    the     contract    between 

V  terloo  Bridge  and  Temple  Gardens,  satisfactory 

p  {Teas  has  been  made  with  the  Temple  steam- 

b  ;  pier.     The  river  parapet  has  also  progressed, 

m  the  total    value   of   the  works  completed    is 

113,017.     The  Abbey-mills  pumping  station  is 

i^  going  on  in  a  satisfactory  manner,  the  boiler- 

b  ies  are  being  put  together,  and  excavations  to 

U  extent  of  36,500  cubic  yards  have  been  made, 

U   '2,lii   rods   of   brickwork  laid.      As   to  the 

tl  thern  embankment,  the  works  are  proceeding 

a  t  satisfactorily,  and  the  total  amount  of  work 

«  pleted  is  of  the  value  of  £100,000,  of  which 

£  lOO  represents  the  progress  made  in  the  past 

m  th.     Last  week  a  return   was   issued  of  the 

p   and  prospective  outlay  for  fortifications  at 

Bsmouth,     Plymouth,     Pembroke,     Portland, 

Qresend,    Medway    and    Sheerness,    Chatham, 

D  Br,  and  Cork.     The  total  estimated  cost  of  the 

»;3  was  £6,995,000  ;  the  amount  expended  up 

toie  beginning  of  the  present  year,  £3,491,872  ; 

A  lumber  of  gims  that  will  be  required,  about 

;  the  estimated  cost  of  armament-s  for  the 

£1,883,722;  uumberof  artillerymen,  9,841  ; 

I-    of    infantry,     22,441  ;     cost    of     land, 

.701  ;  total  expenditure  to  beginning  of  the 

:   year,  £4,556,633 ;  and  amount  required 

ilote,  £2,438,367. 


^uilbing  IntcHiqeiicf. 


CHmtCHEB  AND  CHAPELS. 

'  e  church  of  St.  Michael,  Trowley,  has  lately 
'•  restored  under  the  superintendence  of  Mr. 
id  Clarke,  F.S.A.,  at  a  cost  of  £3,596. 

■"sideat  Roman  Catholic  lady,  has,   it  is  said 
ijed  £1,000  towards  the  completion  of   the 
t  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  Bath.      The 
1*  is  now  being  erected. 

new  Congregational  Church  was  opened  on 
y  at  Ashton  in-Mackerfield,  near  Wigan. 
irch  is  one  of  a  number  built  out  of  the 
• -nary  Memorial  Fund,  and  has  been 
;  at  a  cost  of  £4,000.  Upwards  of  £1,000 
i  amount  has  been  contributed  by  Messrs. 
coUiery  proprietors  of  St.  Helens. 

tEST  Hill. — The  new  Congregational  Chapel 
'    !  Stanstead-road,  near  Catford  Bridge,  w.as 

■'-  on  the  2nd  inst.  It  is  a  Gothic  building, 
hat  after  the  Byzantine  type,  and  will  ac- 
"late  about  500  persons  on  the  ground 
the  internal  dimensions  being  74ft.  long, 
■'ride,  and   37ft.    high   in  the  centre.      The 

■  ro  built  of  Nutfield  stone,  set  random,  and 
1  vrith  blue  mortar.     Bath  stone  being  used 

■  windows,  doorways,  string  courses,  and 
*;  and  Portland  for  the  front  steps.      The 

is  waggon-headed    in    form,  divided  into 
by  the  principal  rafters,  purlins,  &c.,   and 


is  boarded  diagonally,  and  varni.shed  ;  the  centre 
board  of  e.ach  panel  being  ornamented  with  various 
designs  stencillc^l  in  oil.  The  roof  trusses  are 
strengthened  by  cast-iron  ornamental  arched  ribs 
finished  vdtramarine ;  some  jiortions  being  re- 
lieved with  vennillion  and  gilding.  The  pcwing 
is  open,  of  selected  yellow  deal  sized,  .and  twice 
varnished,  but  not  stained.  The  total  cost  of  the 
building  is  £3,150.  Mr.  Fuller,  of  Finchley-placc 
was  the  architect,  and  Messrs.  Staines  and  Son 
of  Great  St.  Helens,  the  builders. 

Ireland. — A  new  series  of  schools,  from  the 
designs  of  Messrs.  Pugin  and  Ashlin,  are  about  to 
be  erected  for  the  Christian  Brothers,  at  St.  Paul's, 
Dublin:  and  the  same  architects  are  also  engaged 
on  the  following  works: — Churches  at  Tralee, 
Ballyhooly,  Brosna,  Skibbereen,  Ferrybank,  Strod- 
bally,  and  Carrickbcg.  Convents  for  the  Chris- 
tian Brothers  at  Drogheda,  and  Westland-row, 
Dublin.  A  domestic  chapel  for —  Power,  Esq., 
HcUcvue,  County  W.aterford:  and  the  restora- 
tion of  the  chauntry  of  the  Karl  of  Westmeath, 
County  Westmeath.  A  chapel  for  the  Sisters  of 
Mercy  at  Cloriakarty,  and  an  orphanage  for  the 
same  order  at  Kinsale. 

Stuatford. — On  Thursday  week  the  new  Con- 
gregational chapel,  which  Messrs.  Myers  and  Sons 
have  been  engaged  the  last  few  months  in  erecting 
in  the  Grove,  Creacent-road,  was  opened  for  public 
worship.  The  chapel  is  from  the  designs  of  Mr. 
Rowland Plumbe,  Tokenhouse-yard.  Itisin  the  free 
Italian  style,  and  is  built  of  white  and  yellow 
brick  and  Bath  stone.  The  front  consists  of  a  bold 
portico,  which  has  eight  columns  running  from  the 
basement  to  the  top  surmounted  by  carved  capitals 
and  a  massive  entablature  and  pediment.  On  the 
east  is  a  tower  surmounted  by  a  stone  spire  carried 
up  to  the  height  of  about  130ft.  The  building  is 
capable  of  holding  1,500  persons.  It  contains  a 
fine  organ  by  Messrs.  Bevington  and  Sons.  It  is 
estimated  that  the  cost  of  the  entire  undertaking 
exceeds  £13,000. 

The  BoRonc.H. — New  Stnagogue. — The  mem- 
bers of  the  Jewish  community  have  erected  in 
Albion-place,  Walworth-road,  a  new  synagogue 
which  was  consecrated  on  Sunday.  The  building 
is  in  the  Italian  style,  the  front  being  a  substan- 
tial portico  of  the  Doric  order.  Two  doors  from 
the  vestibide  give  access  to  the  floor  of  the  syna. 
gogue,  which  is  calculated  to  afford  accommodation 
for  200  or  250  persons.  In  the  centre,  occupying 
the  whole  breadth  between  the  aisles,  is  the  plat- 
form on  which  the  sen'ice  is  performed.  The  read- 
ing desk  is  covered  with  a  richly  embroidered 
cloth  of  purple  velvet,  and  the  smaller  desk  placed 
upon  it  ia  fringed  with  amber  silk.  The  steps 
leading  to  the  sanctuary  are  of  polished  marble, 
and  from  the  approach  to  a  semi-octagonal  recess, 
flanked  by  Corinthian  pillars  and  covered  by  re- 
cessed arches,  on  the  outer  of  which  is  the  inscrip- 
tion, "  Know  before  whom  thou  standest,"  in  He- 
brew ;  the  interior  being  roofed  with  amber  glass, 
which  sheds  a  mellow  golden  light  in  front  of 
a  rich  curtain  of  purple  velvet,  on  which  is  em- 
broidered a  gorgeous  ^vreath  of  gold  surrounding 
an  inscription  in  Hebrew,  embodying  a  prayer  that 
tne  Lord  would  hear  worshippers  in  the  house,  the 
whole  being  surmounted  by  a  jewelled  crown. 
The  galleries  which  run  along  the  two  sides  and 
the  western  end  of  the  building  are  supported  by 
light  iron  pillars,  and,  like  the  platform,  are  sur- 
rounded by  an  ornamental  iron  railing  in  a  framing 
of  varnished  deal.  The  ceiling  is  dirided  into 
coffers  by  richly  ornamented  beams,  which  are 
supported  upon  trusses.  The  galleries  will  accom 
modate  ab^ut  200  ladies,  the  whole  synagogue  thus 
affording  room  for  about  450  persons  in  all.  Ad- 
joining the  synagogue,  which  is  placed  diogonally 
on  its  plot  of  laud,  are  the  houses  for  the  ministers, 
and  a  school  for  150  boys,  with  suitable  accommo- 
dation for  teachers,  &c.  The  whole  work  has  been 
designed  and  superintended  by  Mr.  N.  N.  Collins, 

Worcester. — The  parish  church  of  St.  Nicho- 
las  has  undergone  restoration,  and  was  reopened 
on  Monday.  The  alterations  were  to  some  extent 
those  suggested  by  the  architect,  Mr.  Hopkins, 
who  proposed  to  extend  the  edifice  eastward,  to 
enlarge  the  chancel,  and  to  remove  the  organ 
from  its  present  position  in  the  west  gallery  to  a 
chamber  at  the  east  end.  Mr.  Hopkins  also 
designed  and  recommended  an  open  roof,  but  none 
of  these  suggestions  were  carried  out.  However, 
the  church  has  been  entirely  reseated,  the  gallery 
front  and  the  pews  being  removed,  the  roof  reno- 
vated, and  the  windows  reglazed,  &c.  Messrs. 
Wood  and  Son,  of  Worcester,  carried  out  the  con- 
tract. 


BUrLDINQS. 

I'ollowing  the  praiseworthy  cx.ampleof  Mr.  Pea- 
body,  Mr.  A.  T.  Stewart,  the  great  dry  goods  mer- 
chant of  New  York,  has  purchased  a  large  plot  of 
ground  in  New  York  for  the  erection  of  houses  for 
the  poor. 

BuRSij!M.— The  corner  stone  of  the  New  Na- 
tional Schools  at  Sneyd,  Burslem,  was  laid  last 
week.  The  new  building  will  consist  of  boys 
.S'^hool  60ft.  by  20ft.  with  class-room  20ft.  by  12ft. 
The  girls  school  will  be  50ft.  20ft.  with  class-room  or 
infants  school  20ft.  by  15ft.  Accommodation  will 
be  provided  for  about  400  children.  The  cost  of 
the  building,  fixtures,  &c.,  will  be  about  £1,400. 
The  building  will  be  of  red  and  blue  bricks,  and 
covered  with  ornamental  tiUng,  Burmouuted  by  a 
bell  turret.  The  architect  is  Mr.  Dain,  and  the 
b\iilder3  are  Messrs.  Bennett  and  Brindley.  The 
Karl  of  Macclesfield  has  generously  given  the 
site  which  is  in  Nile-street. 

Calcutta. — After  four  years'  discussion  the 
foundations  of  the  Imperial  Museum  and  the  Cal- 
cutta University  have  been  laid.  The  University 
will  make  College-square  worthy  of  its  name,  and 
be  an  ornament  to  the  northern  or  native  section 
of  Calcutta.  The  museum  will  worthily  occupy 
the  finest  site  in  Chowringhee — in  front  of  the 
Small  Cause  Court.  It  is  estimated  to  cost 
£80,000.  It  will  be  as  large  as  the  Natural 
History  department  of  the  British  Museum. 
With  an  imposing  frontage  of  an  Italian  style,  the 
building  will  stretch  back  in  long  galleries  around 
a  quadrangle  which  may  afterwards  be  covered  in 
and  form  a  room  as  fine  as  the  reading  room  of  the 
British  Museum.  The  rooms  will  be  unusually 
lofty  for  the  accommodation  of  the  requisite 
galleries.  One  side  will  be  devoted  to  the  Geolo- 
gical Survey  and  Museum,  and  the  other  to  the 
collections  of  the  Bengal  Asiatic  Society,  which 
form  the  nucleus  of  the  new  museum.  Mr.  Gran  - 
ville  and  the  builders  must  not  throw  away 
this  opportunity  for  giving  the  finest  site  in 
Calcutta  an  appropriate  pubUc  building. 

CA.MBRIDQE. — The  new  building  erected  for  the 
Cambridge  branch  of  the  London  and  County 
Bank  was  opened  recently.  The  bidlding,  which 
is  in  the  'Tudor  style,  is  built  of  white  brick 
with  Bath  stone  dressings.  It  is  60ft.  in  height, 
and  has  a  frontage  to  Trumpingto^-street  of  49ft. 
and  85ft  in  Bene't-street,  the  main  entrance  being 
at  the  corner  of  the  two  streets,  the  banking 
room  is  39ft.  each  way.  The  architects  of  the 
building,  which  it  is  estimated  will  cost  about 
£10,000,  are  Messrs.  Francis  Brothers,  Old  Broad- 
street,  London,  and  the  builders,  Messrp.  Myers 
and  Sons,  of  Lambeth. 

Maccle-sfield. — A  new  infirmary  is  about  to  be 
built  at  Macclesfield,  it  will  be  a  plain  substan- 
tial building  and  will  cost  about  £12,000.  Altera- 
tions and  additions  to  tite  town-hall  in  the  above 
town  are  also  to  be  forthwith  commenced  at  a  cost 
of  £5,000.  Mr.  James  Stephens,  of  Macclesfield 
and  Manchester,  is  the  architect  selected  to  carry 
out  both  the  above-named  works. 


§mxnl  |tms. 


Last  week  the  first  church  bells  founded  in  Bir- 
mingham for  upwards  of  a  century,  were  run  into 
their  moulds  at  th^  manufactory  of  the  Messrs. 
Blows,  in  New  Bartholemew-street.  All  other 
kinds  of  bells  are  made  in  Birmingham  by  tens  of 
thousands  yearly. 

The  removal  of  another  City  church  is  in 
tended  —  the  church  of  St.  Mildred,  at  the 
eastern  end  of  the  Poultry.  For  many  years 
past  it  has  had  no  congregation.  By  the  re- 
moval of  the  church  a  large  space  will  be  obtained 
for  the  improvements  which  have  long  been  re- 
quired in  that  neighbourhood. 

The  Lancashire  and  Yorkshire  Railway  goods 
warehouse  at  Huddersfield  has  been  burnt  to  the 
ground.  The  pile  of  building  was  one  of  the 
largest  and  finest  in  the  town,  and  the  damage  is 
put  down  at  £70,000.  The  cause  of  the  fire  ia  not 
stated. 

The  peal  of  bells  for  the  new  Townhall  clock, 
Preston,  have  now  been  fixed.  The  large  or  strik- 
ing bell  weighs  4  tons  15  cwt.  3  qrs.,  and  the  cost 
is  about  £7  per  cwt.  The  bell  gives  out  a  fine 
powerful  sound. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


April  12,  1867. 


Among  the  new  Americau  improvements  for  the 
manufacture  of  gas,  may  be  mentioned  that  of 
introducing  petroleum  with  lime  water  into  the 
retorts  when  charged  with  coal.  It  is  claimed  that 
the  cost  of  the  gas  is  30  or  40  per  cent,  less  when 
made  in  this  way  than  made  with  coals  only. 

A  Pike's  Peak  miner,  writing  to  a  Minnesota 
(U.S.)  paper,  says  the  miners  are  much  discouraged 
in  that  region.  "  They  have  to  dig  through  a 
silid  vein  nf  silver  fmtr  feet  tkicl:  before  they 
reach  the  gold."     We  sympathise  with  them. 

The  ancient  Castle  of  PfefEngen,  known  to 
Swiss  travellers  as  one  of  the  most  picturesque 
ruins  in  Switzerland,  has  lost  its  principal  tower, 
which  fell  to  the  ground  on  the  22nd.  ult. 

The  surveyor  of  the  Board  of  Works  under  the 
Government,  has  given  instructions  for  taking 
down  the  houses  on  the  western  side  of  St.  Mar- 
tin's-le-grand,  at  the  southern  end,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  clearing  the  ground  for  the  enlargement 
of  the  site  of  the  General  Post  Office.  The  Post- 
office  authorities  have  paid  into  the  hands  of  the 
City  Commissioners  of  Sewers  the  sum  of  £12,650 
for  the  land  in  Newgate-street  required  for  the 
purpose,  and  most  of  the  tenants  of  the  entire 
block  have  been  compensated,  so  that  the  work 
of  clearance  will  now  proceed  without  delay. 

At  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Association  of  Fore- 
men Engineers,  it  was  resolved  to  hold  the  insti- 
tutional meetings  in  future  at  the  London  Coffee 
House,  Ludgate  hill,  instead  of  at  the  Parr's 
Head,  Doctor's  Commons.  Mr.  Cleminson  read  a 
paper  on  the  "  Tractive  Power  of  the  Locomotive 
Engine."  He  described  the  pecularitie.s  of  the 
various  descriptions  of  hjcomotives  at  present  in 
use  and,  commended  that  known  as  "  Fairlie's 
Patent,"  as  best  available  for  steep  gradients  and 
sharp  curves,  now  so  much  introduced  in  new  lines 
for  the  sake  of  economy.  An  interesting  discus- 
sion followed,  in  which  Messrs.  Haughton,  Stab- 
ler, Keyte,  Fishwick,  Sykes,  and  Mr.  J.  Newton, 
the  chairman,  took  part.  The  question  will  be 
rediscussed  at  an  early  future  meeting. 

The  Directors  of  the  Halifax  Permanent  Benefit 
Building  Society  are  to  be  congratulated  that  they 
have  successfully  passed  through  their  first  cycle 
or  period.  The  report  and  balance  sheet,  as  read 
at  the  annual  meeting  held  at  Halifax  last  week, 
show  that  during  the  year  the  sum  of  £8,069  7s. 
lOd.  had  been  pRid  to  60  members,  whose  shares 
had  thus  been  coriipleted.  The  receipts  for  the 
year  had  been  £93,419  lOs.  9d.,  showing  an 
increase  of  120  members  and  1S6  shares  upon  last 
year.  The  total  number  of  shares  taken  up  since 
the  establishment  of  the  society  was  17,264,  and 
the  total  receipts  £448,778.  Though  £365,866 
has  been  advanced  by  the  society  ou  security  of 
land  and  buildings,  yet  there  has  not  been  a  loss 
of  a  single  sixpence  to  the  society. 

A  dinner  was  given  on  Saturday  last,  by  Mr. 
Gilbert  Scott,  to  the  men  engaged  at  the  Prince 
Consort  Memorial,  as  an  expression  of  his  satisfac- 
tion with  the  manner  in  which  the  work  has 
been  carried  out.  Mr.  Kelk's  manager  of  the 
works  was  commissioned  to  provide  a  suitable 
dinner  for  the  men.  The  repast  consisted  among 
other  good  things,  of  roast  beef  and  plum  pud- 
ding, cheese,  pipes  and  tobacco,  with  ale  and 
porter  ad  libitum.  After  dinner,  Mr.  Coad,  in- 
spector of  the  work  under  Mr.  Scott,  was  elected 
to  the  chair,  when  toast  and  song  went  the  round. 
Among  the  toasts  proposed  and  heartily  re- 
sponded to,  were  the  healths  of  Mr.  Scott,  the 
architect,  Mr.  Kelk,  the  contractor,  Mr.  Coad, 
and  Mr.  Cross,  the  manager  of  the  works.  The 
proceedings  terminated  at  an  early  hour,  when 
the  men  departed,  one  and  all  acknowledging 
that  they  had  spent  a  jolly  afternoon. 

After  the  many  evidences  of  capricious  taste 
recently  exhibited  by  ladies  in  their  high  heeled 
boots,  their  expanded  skirts,  and  long  dresses 
dragging  in  the  dust  or  mud,  their  fantastically 
small  bonnets,  and  their  ludicrously  big  chignons, 
we  are  not  surprised  to  hear  that  small  gutta 
percha  ears  are  now  worn  by  ladies  whose  ears  are 
coarse  and  excessive,  the  natural  ears  being  easily 
concealed  under  the  heavy  jnasses  of  false  hair 
now  so  much  in  vogue.  It  looks  as  if  fashionable 
ladies  entertained  an  unconquerable  hatred  of  re- 
alities. They  are  become  so  accustomed  to  shams 
in  dress,  that  they  shrink  from  no  absurdity, 
hence  the  new  fashion  of  false  e.ars.  Mr.  Ruskin 
maintains  that  shams  in  architecture  impairs 
national  life.  Query  :  Can  ladies  indulge  so  exten- 
sively in  fashionable  falsities  without  becoming 
hollow-hearted. 


On  March  23,  there  was  a  large  fire  in  New  York, 
destroying  the  Winter  Garden  'Theatre,  the  South, 
em  Hotel,  aud  several  adjoining  buildings. 

A  few  items  of  general  interest  reach  us  from 
New  York.  With  the  beginning  of  mild  weather 
building  operations  h  ive  been  commenced  in  New 
York,  surpassing  in  extent  those  of  any  former 
period.  Sonething  like  eight  million  dollars  will 
be  expended  in  new  buildings,  among  the  hand- 
somest aud  most  costly  of  which  may  be  named 
the  American  Jockey  Club  House,  A.  T.  Stewart's 
dwelling  house,  the  new  Herald  office,  and  the 
Metropolitan  Savings'  Bank  on  the  Bowery.— One 
by  one  the  old  landmarks  of  New  York  are  dis- 
appearing. Fast  on  the  heels  of  the  cutting-down 
of  the  old  stuyvesant  pear  tree  on  Third  Avenue, 
came  the  destruction  of  St.  John's  Park,  and  now 
the  Astor  House,  a  building  almost  historic,  so 
long  and  universally  known,  is  to  be  vacated  by 
the  Stetsons,  and  altered  for  stores  and  otBces. 
This  last  is,  undoubtedly,  good  in  a  commercial 
view,  for  no  building  in  the  city  will  yield  so 
large  a  revenue. — A  new  winter  garden  is  be  at  once 
begun  on  the  site  of  the  old  one.  It  is  believed 
that  the  losses  incurred  by  the  destruction  by  fire 
of  the  old  building  amount  to  2"j0,000  dollars, 
aud  the  risks  are  divided  among  a  hundred  in- 
surance companies. — In  shoeing  horses  that  are 
employed  upon  the  pavements  of  Boston,  a 
cushion  of  india-rubber  has  of  late  been  placed 
between  the  shoe  and  the  hoof,  with  very  satis- 
factory results. — The  building  which  has  for  many 
years  been  the  great  meeting  place  of  the  American 
democratic  party,  Tammany-hall,  has  been  sold 
for  150,000  dollars,  and  is  about  to  be  converted 
into  a  newspaper  office. 

Last  month  a  bill  passed  the  United  States 
House  of  Representatives,  authorising  the  Com- 
missioner of  Patents,  to  appoint  from  time  to 
time  such  additional  principal  examiners  and 
first  and  second  assistant  examiners  as  may  be 
required  to  transact  the  current  business  of  the 
Office  -with  disp  itch,  not  to  exceed  four  ad- 
ditional of  each  class  ;  also,  a  solicitor  of  the  Pa- 
tent Office,  with  a  salary  of  3,00iJ  dollars,  and 
fixing  the  salai-y  of  the  tirst  assistant  examiner 
and  disbursing  clerk  at  2,000  dollars,  and  the 
librarian  (who  also  acts  as  translator)  at  2,500 
dollars.  This  measure  will  secure  for  inventors 
a  more  prompt  and  energetic  disposal  of  their 
cases. 

Obituary. — Among  the  obituary  notices  of  the 
past  week,  the  decease  of  a  distinguished  natura- 
list is  announced  —  John  Prideaux  Selby,  of 
Twizell  House,  Northumberland,  aged  87.  Mr. 
Selby  was  the  author,  among  other  works,  of  a 
superior  work  on  British  Forest  Trees. 


€mtsp\ikm. 


NOTICE. 

Friday  next  being  Good  Friday,  t/ie  Building 
News  will  le  PUBLISHED  on  THURSDAY, 
the  18th  itisi.,  at  the  usual  time.  Advertisers 
are,  therefore,  respectfully  requested  to  forward 
all  Communications  not  later  than  5  o'clock  on 
WEDNESDAY  evening. 


TO  COKKESPONDENTS. 

To  OoR  Re.vders. — We  shall  feel  obliged  to  any  of  oiu- 
readers  who  u-ill  favour  us  with  brief  uotea  of  works  con- 
templated or  in  progress  in  the  provinces. 

Letters  relating  to  advertisements  and  the  ordinary  busi- 
ness of  the  paper  should  be  .addi'essed  to  the  Editor,  16(5, 
Fleet-street.  Advertisements  for  the  current  week  must 
leach  the  office  before  5  o'clock  p  ni.  on  Wednesdav. 

Notice.— The  BUILDING  NEWS  inserts  advertise, 
meuts  for  "  SITUATIONS  WANTED,"  etc.,  at  ONE 
SHILLING  for  the  &cst  Twenty. four  Words. 


Beoeived.— A.  G.— W.  L.— T.  R.— M.  and  Co.— H.  W.— 
J.  J.— 0.  N.  S.— W.  H.  C— F.  U.— J.  B.  L.  L.— H.  W.— 
W.  E.  L.— W.  H.  R.— E.  W.  6.— S.  and  M.-J.  F.- 
P.  n.  N.— J.  .ind  T.  H.— W.  H.  L.— R.  H.  B.-J.  H  — 
E.  W.  J.— J.  W.— J.  and  Sons.- J.  E.— C.  F.  H.  and  Sons. 
— W.  G.— M.  aud  Co.— W.  8.  H.— H.  and  C— W.  P.  J.  W 
— F.  E.— C.  J.  A.  D.— T.  T.~M.  T.  S.— H.  G. 

P..  B.  (Glasgow)  is  thanked  for  his  letter. 

ARCHiTECfs'  Pdpils. — "  Adelphi  "  will  answer  "Sub- 
scriber "  next  week. 

W.  H. — You  should  write  more  legibly,  aud  pai-ticularly 
proper  names. 

W.  B. — Yes,  Mr.  Tite  was  president  of  the  Institute 
before.  Of  course  there  is  uo  rule  to  prevent  him  or  any- 
one else  being  le-elected. 


MANCHESTER    TOWNHALL 
COMPETITION. 

To  the  Editor  of  the  Buildinq  News. 

Sir, — In  reply  to  a  "Member  of  Council,"  I 
submit  that  notwithstanding  that  some  men, "  emi- 
nent in  the  profession"  may  not  so  consider  it, 
the  offer  of  the  Council  is,  though  perhaps  not 
comparatively,  still  in  point  of  fact,  a  "  niggardly 
ofter  ;"  for  no  direct  premium  is  proposed  for  a  vast 
amount  of  work  in  the  first  competition,  while  the 
second  competition — for  the  labour  in  which  alone 
the  pecuniary  terms  might  suffice — is  an  obnoxious 
scheme,  in  consequence  of  the  preliminary  expo- 
sure of  the  competitors'  "  trump  cards  "  which  it 
entails.  This,  whether  intended  to  be  unfair  or 
not,  is  manifestly  open  to  be  so  made ;  and  although 
I  will  not  cast  adoubtonthe  asserted  purity  of  the 
motives  of  the  Council,  the  profession  cannot  forget 
the  curious  coincidences,  to  say  the  Teast,  by  which 
in  each  of  the  Great  Manchester  Architectural 
Competitions  the  prize,  in  each  case,  fell  to  men 
who  were  not  only  Manchester  men,  but  said  to  be 
related  to  the  Chairman  of  the  Council.  Now, 
Manchester  may,  of  course,  have  really  engrossed 
aU  the  talents,  and  that  any  but  such  was  not  the 
critical  verdict  of  the  time ;  and  that  any  but  a 
Manchester  man,  with  or  without  friends  on  this 
Council,  should  prove  victor  on  this  occasion, 
credat  Juctoptts.  Your  correspondent,  however, 
who  has  considerable  means  of  judging  of  the  view 
of  his  professional  brethren,  is  able  to  state  that 
his  opinion  on  the  subject  is  shared  by  all  those 
whom  he  has  met,  and  he  believes  that  the  result 
will  prove  it  to  be  so.  A  strike  of  the  archi- 
tectural profession  against  this  ruinous  and  de- 
grading system  is  urgently  needed,  and  it  only 
wants  combination  on  their  part  to  put  it  down 
as  eB'ectually  as  has  been  done  by  the  sculptors. 
Let  all  "the  eminent  men"  shelve  such  ofiersin 
special  pig'ion-holes  of  their  bureaus  devoted  to 
"insViUs,"  and  leave  it  to  clerks  out  of  employ  to 
respond,  and  we  should  soon  hear  the  last  of  them. 
Depend  upon  it,  such  would  be  the  course  adopted 
by  the  members  of  any  other  trade  or  profesaioB  i 
who  were  asked  to  expend  sums  nearly  equal  <to| 
the  value  of  the  work  proposed,  in  order  to  i 
the  committees  the  trouble  and  responsibility.iJ 
selecting,  and  giving  pripcr  msiruciiojis  to  i 
among  them  to  carry  them  out. 

I  am,  &c., 
"One  of  tbe  Tail  Tifs  &c." 
.'(I 

STAINED    GLASS.— A   NEW  PROCESS. 

Sir, — An  entirely  new  invention  needing  sonu 
explanation,   and   thinking  it  not   unlikely  tbUl 
some  notice  mil  be  given  in  your  invaluable  publ 
lication  of  the  stained  glass  exhibited  in  the  Farill 
Exposition  thisyear,  I  venture tocaUyourattentioif 
to  and  briefly   explain  the  nature  of  some  spedJ 
mens  I  exhibit,  catalogued  Group  3,  Class  16,  Nol 
13.     This  refers  more  particularly  to  a  window  inl 
the  testing  house  in  the   park,  which,  while  pr»l 
senting  translucently  the  ordinary  eii'ect  of  stained^ 
glass,  the  design  will  be  found  to  be  traced  in  golc 
and  colour,  so  that  when  it  is  illuminated  on  tlii 
inside  it  is   still  an  object  of  decoration,  thougl 
the  light  of  day  has  ceased  to  permeate  it — a  deei 
deratum  when  you  consider  how  unsightly  staine* 
glass   windows  ^usually  are,  viewed  internally  fc; 
artificial  light.      The  heraldry  of  the  window  ii 
the  testing   house  will  be  found  on  inspection  t 
be  treated  in   its  proper  colouring,   both  for  thi 
day  and  night  efl'ect.      Another  example  of  my  in 
vention,  suitable    for    ecclesiastical    purposes, 
exhibit  in  the  grand  vestibule  of   main  building 
in  which,  opaquely,  the  figure  of  a  saint  is  treatt' 
in  gold  on  a  red   screen,   though,   owing  to  som 
mistake,  it  is  not  catalogued.     'There  are  two  pro 
cesses  by  which  I  produce  this  novel  eifect.   Tn 
one  exhibited  consists  of  a  permanent  mosaic  c 
coloured  pot  metals  without  leading,  the  junction 
or  edges  being  covered  by  the  figure  or  desif 
traced  in   gold  or    colour,  and    protected   frM 
atmospheric  influence  by  an   external  glass,  _tb 
whole  cemented  into  a  metal  frame  of  conveniei 
sized  panels,  partaking  of  the  nature  of  ordinar 
saddle   bars.     Another,    aud    perhaps    preferabl 
method,  is  to  contain  the   mosaic   between  t' 
external  sheets  of  glass.     My  excuse  for  trou'oliii 
you  being  the  interest  you  take  in  the  progress  i 
decorative  art,  I  am,  &c., 

Philip  H.  NE>viiiS. 

46,  Rathbone-place,  April  6. 


April  12,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


263 


THE  "PUGIN  ROOF." 

Sib, — Amoug  others,  I  have  visited  the  Church 
if  the  Frauciscaus  at  Peckhaiii,  it  having  been  set 
lefore  us  as  a  model  by  the  anonymous  writer  in 
he  Westminster  OazMe  and  the  S(a«4ard;  and 
leing  also  carious  to  see  "what  was  described  in 
he  commimicated  account  of  the  opening  of  the 
hurch  as  a  fine  specimen  of  the  "  Piigin  roof."  I 
nd  simply  an  unflattering  version  of  the  roof 
riginally  designed  by  me  in  competition  with  Mr. 
].  Pugiu  and  others  tor  the  Catholic  Cathedral  at 
!ork  in  1S59.  Plagiarism  is  common  enough,  not 
D,  however,  a  boastful  calling-attention  to  it« 
esult.  This  latter  fact  induces  me  to  ask  you  to 
ubliah  the  circumstance. — I  am,  &c., 
I  S.  J.  NiCHOLL. 

'  126,  Marylebone-road,  April  9,  ISO 7. 


Intcixoiuiiumifatioii. 


QUESTIONS. 

[331]— REPAIRS.— la   the   Metrop,,litau  Building  Act, 

jrt  1,  Boctioa   0,   it  is  stated  that  any  .iltcratiun  oiadiU- 

lU  to  old  and  new  biiihlinga,  e:tcept  that  of  necessary 

I>air3,  shall  be  subject  to  tlie  regulations  of  the  Act  to 

e  extent  of  sudi  alteration  or  a/ldition.     Now,  supposing 

lava  u  liouse,  the  leu;,'th  of  the  wall  being  35ft.,  and  the 

ight  40ft.,    the   Act  requii'es  the  two  topmost  stories  to 

S^in.    thick  and  13in.    below;    but  in  the  event  of  my 

shiuj;  to  add  another  story  at  some  future  time  how  does 

^    r  apply?     If  tiiu  extra  story  is  considered  as  an  addi- 

L  cording  to  sf_-tioii  *',    the   Act  appears  to  allow  of 

iiL*   built,   but  if  the  house  with  the  story  added  is 

icn  as  a   whole  (the  height  of  the  buiUling  being  iu- 

saaed)  the  old  walhi  -.vill  not  be  thick  eunuL:;h  to  conform 

th  the   table  of  illustrations  on  p;ige  U  nf  the  said  Act. 

should  l>e  glad  if  any  of  your  readers  cm  explain  this 

pa»-eut   c.intradictiou,   and    also  whether  the  Act  would 

^ly  in  an  C'lual  me:isure  to  a  room  formed  in  the  roof  ? 

J. 


335.1-GIRDERS.— I  wUl  feel  obliged  if  "  L,  P.  C."  will 

iw  me,    by  common  multiplication  and  division,  how  to 

d  the  required  dimensions  of  a  wrought-iron  box  girder, 

'Ttti.-e  girder,  and  a  cast-iron  girder,  the  width  of  open- 

ft..  ;    also  the  weight  each   will  bear,  and  the  safe 

r  T  each  ?    If  *'  L.  P.  C."  can  inform  me  of  any  work 

...c  above  similar   to   a   Ready-reckoner,   so  that  one 

?ht  see   all  at  a  glance  for  any  required  girder,  1  shall 

.(extremely  obliged.  F.  H.  L. 

"A    lieady-reckoner "   for   engineering  would    be    the 

'traction  of  the  profession,   and  is  simply  an  impossi- 

Xy.     I   will,    however,   endeavour  to  give  your  corres- 

;ident  a^  much   information   respecting  the  subject  he 

I  idftj  t*.>  as  can  be  done  in  the  space  at  my  disposal.     He 

i  not,  however,  given  one  important  item  in  the  calcnla- 

'     viz.,   the  load  the  girder  is  intended  to  carry,  for  a 

'  f  35ft.  span  can  be  made  and  proportioned  to  bear 

.!ni)unt  of  load.     Supposing,  however,  that  we  wish 

.  .jiistruot  a  cast-iron  girder  of  the  above  span  to  cai-ry 

4  in  per  foot  run,  which  is  a  usual  assumption  in  railway 

1  k,   the  first  thing  to  find  is  the  amount  of  metal,  or 

*  "umber  of  square  inches  at  the  centre  of  the  girder,  as 

■ii-'re  the  tendency  to  fracture  is  greatest.     Let  the 

■  fthe  girder  be  3ft.,  and  suppiising  we  put  one-sixth 

■  rushing  weight  of  cast  iron  upon  every  square  inch 
us,  tben  to  find  the   area  at  the  centre  we  have 

.  „      .  -  W  X   L 

>  Uowing    equation,    A   =    g-^^^^—^^,  or  in  words, 

X  tiply  the   total  weight  in  tons  upon  the  girder  by  the 

Ith  In    feet,   and  divide  the  product  by  eight  times  the 

.  multiplied  by  the  number  of  tons  put  upon  a  square 

f  the  material.     In  tue  present  instance,  the  opera- 

1^  as  follows  : — 35  x  35  =  12*25,  and  dividing  this  by 

1225 


8    3x7=   IGS,   we  obtain 


ma 


'3  s<iuare  inches. 


1 1  is  the  amount  of  metal  required  in  the  top  flange 
*  he  girder,  and  since  the  bottom  flange  must  be  to  the 
t<  as  6  to  1.  we  shall  require  44in.  in  the  latter.  The 
fer  in  elevation  ahoidd  be  of  a  parabolic  form,  orother- 
»  there  will  be  an  enormous  waste  of  metal,  as  it  is 
B  ifest  that  the  same  amount  of  metal  is  not  wanted  near 
tl  !nda  as  at  the  centre.  From  this  example  "  F.  H.  L," 
It  see  that  it  is  out  of  the  question  for  me  to  answer  the 
R  of  his  communication,  as  I  have  already  trespassed 
*,i  your  valuable  space  to  a  very  considerable  extent. 
T  rules  for  vrrought-iron  girders  are  not  quite  so  simple, 
w  cannot  be  learned  or  applied  in  the  slap-dash  manner 
J»  correspondent  thinks.  If  "F.  H.  L."  wishes  to  be 
»«ier  iniormed  upon  the  subject  he  may  forward  me  his 
*^ea&.  A  wrought-iron  girder  with  the  same  amount  of 
ni  i  in  the  flanges,  will  be  five  times  stronger  than  a  cast- 
ir  since  the  tensile  strain  of  the  former  material  is 
0»i  greater  than  that  of  the  latter,  and  also  a  greater 
ptintage  of  it  may  be  put  upon  one  square  inch  of 
Wght  than  of  cast  iron.— L.  P.  C] 


y^S-J — SKYLIGHTS. — lu  my  letter  which  appeared  in 
»  Intercommunication"  column  of  the  Building  News 
M  Q  22nd  ult.,  the  word  lap  is  taken  as  caps,  thus  reuder- 
p.ny  inquiry  almost  unintelligible.  Perhaps  the  writ- 
es not  so  distinct  as  it  should  be,  however,  I  should 
Wiuch  obliged  if  you  would  kindly  correct  the  error,  as 
'  \ve  no  doubt  it  was  owing  to  the  above  that  no  reply 
■^ired  in  your  last  week's  issue.  Enquirer. 


Jr.l— MARBLE  LETTERING.— Their  was  a  question 
«  8ome  time  ago  that  I  shoiUd  have  been  glad  to  have 
•"■■loswered;  it  was  the  proper  mixture  of  black  to  be 
•"i  for  painting  the  lettera  on  marble  and  stone  in 
;^'*"5.  to  stand  the  weather.  I  should  also  be 
■;"  a  u  I  can  bo  informed  of  the  best  cement  and 
tig  to  be  used  among  black  and  gold  marble  ? 

J.   NORTUEBN. 


IIH 


[33S.]— FREEHOLD  LAND.— Can  any  of  your  readers 
inform  me  whether  there  is  a  society  formed  that  will  buy 
for  you,  wherever  you  like,  freehold  land,  by  the  payment 
of  so  much  per  month  as  purchase  money  ;  and  if  so.  where 
situated?  O.  M. 

[339.]— FREESTONE.— Will  you  favour  me  by  answer- 
ing these  (luestions :— Is  C'lipsham  old  freestone  tho 
strongest  freestone  in  England  ;  and  is  it  tho  best  stouo  to 
st;vnd  the  weather  as  a  freestone  ?  Buildku. 


[:U0.1— BRICK  VAULTING.— Would  some  generous 
re;ider  of  tho  BriLDiNc  News  inform  me  the  manner  of 
finding  the  pivper  shape  of  the  bricks  at  the  groins,  and 
how  they  bed  and  bond  with  each  other,  supposing  no 
groining  rib  is  employed?  P.  L.  Ease. 


[341.] — SEA  WALLS. — In  the  article  on  docks,  in  last 
week's  BuiLiuxu  Ne\vk,  a  reason  is  given  for  buiUlitig 
dock  walls  with  a  curved  batter.  Perhaps  some  of  youi- 
readers  will  inform  me  whether  any  advantage  is  gainetl  by 
giving  the  same  curved  batter  to  sea  walls,  which  the  sea 
seldom  i-eiuihes,  except  in  gales,  when  it  dashes  up  it  in 
some  parts  ?  J.  T. 


[34*2.]— CARVING.— Would  some  of  your  readers  advise 
me  as  to  whether  a  practical  knowledge  of  stone  carving  is 
likely  to  be  serviceable  to  an  architect,  and  if  so,  how  I 
am  to  proceed  to  acquire  that  practical  knowledge? 

J.  T. 


[348.]— RIDGE  TILING —Cau  any  of  your  readers  tell 
me  what  is  the  best  description  of  material  for  bedding 
and  pointing  blue  Stattbrdsliire  ridge  tiling  when  used  to 
a  slated  roof?  Improver. 


[344.]— COLOURING  CEMENT.— Could  any  of  your 
numerous  readers  inform  me,  through  the  medium  of  your 
paper,  the  means  of  colouring  Portland  or  Roman  cement 
various  colours,  such  as  black,  red,  blue,  &.c.  ?  I  want  it  to 
stand  all  weathers,  and  not  run  or  stain  Bath,  Portland, 
or  other  stone.  As  I  have  ornamental  insertions  cut  in 
the  plain  face  of  stone  about  ^in.  deep,  and  it  has  to  be 
filled  in  in  various  colours,  perhaps  some  of  your  readers 
know  something  that  would  answer  better  than  cement 
coloured.  J.  P.  ti. 


[345.]  -BATH  STONE.— I  regard  it  almost  as  a  national 
calamity  that  Bath  stone,  which  so  frequently  possesses  so 
many  excellent  qualities,  should  in  so  many  instances 
decay.  I  have  frequently  seen  two  stones  side  by  side  in 
the  same  building,  when  one  of  them  is  perfectly  sound 
and  the  other  falling  to  pieces.  I  want  to  know  whether 
this  arises  altogether  from  different  structures  of  the  two 
stones,  or  whether  the  difl\jrenoe  in  any  way  arises  from 
the  manner  of  cutting  the  stones?  J.  P.  G. 


[346.]— BRICK  WALK.— Will  some  of  your  readers  be 
good  enough  to  give  a  little  insight  on  the  measurement  of 
brick  walk  fo<3tiug  walls,  chi-breast  arches,  &c.  ;  also  the 
proper  way  of  booking  the  same  as  per  ruled  margins,  ire.  ? 

A.    S. 


[341.]- DISENFECTANTS.— I  should  be  obliged  if  any 
generous  reader  would  inform  me  of  the  best  disenfect;int 
for  rooms  or  houses  where  small-pox  exists.       Hvoeine. 


[348-1— LITHOGRAPHY.— I  am  a  pretty  good  draughts- 
man on  paper,  and  also  on  wood,  and  should  like  a  Uttle 
information  on  the  manner  of  putting  drawings  on  stone 
in  ink  and  in  chalk.  I  wish  to  know  how  to  prepai'e  the 
stone,  and  also  how  to  prepare  the  ink,  so  as  to  prevent  the 
latter  from  running.  Any  information  on  this  subject 
woxUd  b3  appreciated  by  youi-s,  I'll  Try. 


[.349.}— ARCHITECTURE  AND  GEOMETRY.— I  would 
feel  greatly  obliged  if  you  would  let  me  know,  through  the 
medium  of  your  paper,  where  I  can  receive  lessons  on  archi- 
tecture or  geometry,  either  privately,  or  in  a  class. 

A  London  Stonemason. 

[350.]— BLUE  LIAS  LIME.— Any  reader  who  has  a  few 
minutes  to  spare,  and  a  disposition  to  inform  an  inquii-ing 
brother,  would  oblige  by  informing  me  of  the  best  means 
of  tilling  blue  lias  or  other  limes.  Apprentice. 


[351.]— THE  ANASTACTIC  PROCESS.- 1  see  in  the 
last  number  of  the  EccUsiologist  an  engraving  executed  in 
the  anastactic  process.  I  am  not  charmed  with  the  style 
of  execution,  but  as  it  looks  different,  as  it  certainly  beai's 
a  different  name,  I,  and  perhaps  others,  would  like  to  know 
something  about  the  iiiouus  operandi.  Jack. 


EETLIES. 

[317.]— RADIUS  OF  A  CURVE.— You  made  a  mistake 
in  representing  my  solution  of  that  query.  There  were 
three  points  in   the  curve  given   by   '*B.    N.,"    marked 


I  desired  him  to  bisect  A  X  and  x  B,  and  to  continue  the 
bisecting  linea  till  they  met  in  the  centre  of  the  circle  (you 
say  bisect  A  B).  Zero  is  under  a  mistake,  the  angular  lines 
are  not  given  as  tangents.  W.  B. 


[31S].— FRONTAGE.— I  must  apologise  for  not  express- 
ing myself  more  clearly,  I  refer  to  party  structures,  and 
beg  to  lay  a  case  before  "J.  J."  Theact  says  "The  pro- 
jection of  footing  on  each  side  of  wall  shall  be  at  least  equal 
to  one-half  of  the  tliickuess  of  the  wall  at  its  base."  B 
having  refused  to  allow  A  to  touch  his  ground,  A  requir- 
ing to  carry  up  au  ISin.  wall,  starts  his  trench  at  the  exact 
boundary  line,  thereby  setting  his  wall  back,  and  losing 
1ft.  2in.  of  frontage.  B  shortly  afterwards  sells  his  plot 
to  C.  C,  wishing  to  build  a  wall  same  as  A,  proceeds  in 
the  same  manner,  losing,  as  before,  Ift.  2in.  of  frontage, 
thereby  leading  a  space  of  2ft.  4in.  between  the  party  wall. 
What  I  want  to  know  is,  woiUd  the  authorities  object  to 
the  footings  being  all  on  one  side  of  the  party  wall,  under 


the  circumstances;  or  whether  there  is  any  remedy,  as  a 
refusal  would  utterly  destroy  tho  value  of  many  frontages 
in  towns,  or  of  estatea  set  out  by  the  various  laud 
bocioties.  A. 


[322.1— As  113:355  so  is  1  diameter  to  3141  5926536S979 
bircumference.  Truth  and  1ft.  +  to  3-1415y26535897S>  ss 
4Ul6y2li5358979  .  •  .  A  C  B  D 


-f     -318309    =    A    B    1-31S30021G00151246511     length    ot 
diameter  required.  Wheildon,  Binninghani. 


[327.]— DISCOLOURED  BRICKWORK.— Tho  speckled 
and  rusty  front  of  "  R.  B.'s  "  house  is  only  one  of  tho  many 
hundreds  similarly  circumst;inced.  It  is  very  remarkable 
that  men  of  commou  sense  will  allow  themselves  to  bo 
clieated  and  deluded  by  tricky  workmen,  practising  their 
daily  labours  by  "  tuck  pointing,"  which,  if  done  ever  so 
well,  is  really  nothing  but  worthless  sham  work.  A  man 
miglit  a.s  Weil  get  the  buttonholes  of  his  coat  worked  with 
coloured  threads,  and  call  it  beautiful,  as  to  harbour  sham 
tuck  pointing  on  his  walls.  Our  forefathers  pointed  their 
brick  walls  with  tho  same  mortar  it  was  built  with,  some 
of  which  are  extant  now.  We  have  far  better  means  than 
they  had,  and  why  should  sham  work  be  longer  tolerated  ? 
In  "  R.  B.'s"  present  case,  I  would,  however,  recommend 
him  to  scrub  off  all  the  "  colouring,"  and  give  the  brick- 
work two  coats  of  strong  muriatic  acid  wash,  afterwanU 
washing  off  same  with  clean  water.  Reality. 


[327.] — In  answer  to  *'R.  S.,"  burnt  umber,  yellow 
ochre,  turps  (ground),  then  placed  into  the  copperas  fluid 
to  the  quantity  and  tint  required.  J.  S. 

[328.]  —  DEODORISING  EFFLUVIUM  FROM 
DRAINS.- Let  "B.  M."  throw  down  chloride  of  lime  con- 
tiimally  in  his  drain,  the  chemist  will  tell  him  how  to 
mix  it.  I  would  recommend  "B  M."' to  ascHrtain  if  his 
siphons  are  defective,  if  they  are  void  of  water  it  will 
account  for  the  bad  odours  ascending.  Reality. 


[329.]— ETCHING.— "Ajnbition"  wishes  to  know  how 
to  use  his  materials  for  etching  ;  go  to  a  bookstall  and  try 
to  buy  a  book  on  the  subject.  I  have,  as  a  general  rule, 
adopted  the  above  plan  when  I  wanted  to  succeed  with 
anything,  and  would  recommend  *'  Ambition  "  to  go  and  do 
likewise.  li. 

[Edward  Wimbridge's  answer  to  ''Ambition's"  ques- 
tion in  our  next.] 


[330.]-TILEROOFING.— To  "A  Subscriber,"  bed  your 
tiles  in  cement,  or  well  prepai'ed  fine  coal  ash  mortar. 

Reality. 


[330.] — Plain  tiling  should  be  laid  in  good  crushed 
mortar,  the  laths  to  be  3iiu.  from  top  to  top  of  each  tile  ; 
giving  the  tiles  well  soaking  in  water  forms  close  joints, 
strength,  durability,  and  proper  gauge.  J.  S. 


STAINED   GLASS. 

A  diaplianic  coloured  window  has  just  been  completed 
by  Mr.  Kealey,  jun.,  for  Washingborough  Rectory,  Lin- 
coln. The  gi-ound  is  blue,  and  ou  it  are  four  human 
figures,  a  coat  of  arms,  cross  keys,  with  fancy  border  all 
round. 

DoDBROOKE.— Jlessrs.  E.  and  S.  Beer,  of  St.  Bartholo- 
mew-yard, have  just  erected  a  painted  window  in  Dod- 
brooko  Church.  The  window— a  fom"-light  one — has  been 
placed  at  the  east  end  of  the  sacred  edifice,  and  is  intended 
as  a  memorial  of  Miss  Prestwood  Peaise  and  her  sist-er. 
The  talented  de;iiguer  was  the  late  Mr.  Alfred  Beer.  The 
subject  represented  is  the  Adoration  of  the  Magi.  In  the 
central  compartments  appear  the  Virgin,  with  the  infiut 
Jesus  on  her  lap,  an  angel  above  pointing  to  the  star 
which  has  guided  the  wise  men  to  the  birthplace,  and  two 
of  the  eastern  kings  in  the  act  of  adoration.  The  third 
king — an  Ethiopian — is  seen  in  the  division  on  the  left, 
and  Joseph  is  des;ribed  in  the  division  on  the  right.  All 
the  other  figures  are  skilfully  managed.  The  two  Magi 
nearest  the  Virgin — one  kneeling,  the  other  standing — 
regard  the  child  with  loving  reverence,  and  the  counte- 
nance of  the  Etliiopian  king  expresses  adoration  and  awe 
most  effectively.  The  dresses  of  the  Magi  are  splendid,  aa 
is  befiting  eastern  princes,  and  the  offerings  they  are  pre- 
senting are  elegant  and  costly  looking.  Rich  canopies  sur- 
mount the  figures.  The  base  is  decorated  with  Eucharistic 
emblems,  and  exhibits  inscriptions. 


STATUES,   MEMORIALS,  &o. 

A  statue,  in  marble,  of  Antlrew  3IaiTel,  the  patriot,  and 
M.P.  for  Hull  during  the  time  of  the  Commonwealth,  is 
now  being  completed  by  Mr.  Keynvorth,  jun.,  of  Hull  and 
London,  for  presentation  to  the  Corporation  of  Hull  by  Mr. 
Winship. 

The  Cobden  Mejiorial. — On  Friday  a  meeting  of  the 
committee  was  held  at  Manchester.  Tho  total  receipts 
have  reached  £4,093.  To  Mr.  31amhall  Wood,  sculptor, 
£2. "200  had  been  paid  ;  a  balance  of  £3U0  remained  due  to 
him.  Otherexpenses  would  leave  £2,018,  of  which  sum  £1,250 
had  been  set  apart  for  the  Chair  of  Political  Economy, 
at  C>wen'3  College,  and  tha  rest.  £763,  would  be  expended 
in  prizes  for  that  class.  It  was  re.solved  that  Mr.  Glad- 
stone, should  be  requested  to  perform  the  inauguration 
ceremony.  Mr.  Gladstone,  we  believe,  is  unable  to  attend 
the  inauguration  of  this  statue,  which  is  fixed  for  Easter 
Monday,  in  consequence  of  having  to  go  to  Paris  in  con- 
nection with  the  ExJiibition.  The  inauguration  will  there- 
fore be  conducted  by  Mr.  George  Wilson,  formerly  chairman 
of  the  Anti-Corn  Law  League. 


264 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


April  12,  1867 


WAGES  MOVEMENT. 

The  en^iicdrivers  on  the  North-Eastem  Railway,  resi- 
dent in  Dariiugton,  on  Wednesday  night  intimated  that 
they  would  not  go  to  work  on  Thursday  morning.  They 
are  now  on  strike. 

The  Viricklayera  employed  by  Mr.  W.  Mos3,  contractor,  in 
the  erection  of  new  workshops  at  Crewe,  for  the  London 
and  North-Westeru  Railway  Company,  struck  work  on 
Wednesday  morning.  They  require  an  advance  of  fxJ-  per 
day,  to  be  equal  with  others  employed  in  the  locality. 
There  is  some  hope  of  the  dispute  being  settled, 

Blackburn. — Tlie  painters  of  Blackburn  are  on  strike 
for  an  increase  of  wages.  The  joiners  of  the  same  town  have 
submitted  their  nine  hours  movement  to  arbitration.  The 
strike  in  the  iron-trade  at  Blackburn  still  continues,  but 
the  masters  have  got  nearly  full  supplies  of  men  from  other 
towns. 

Cakdiff.— Trade  here  is  generally  elack,  there  are  a 
number  of  men  of  all  branches  of  the  trade  walking  about 
unemployed.  In  addition  to  the  dispute  with  the  car- 
penters, a  demand  has  been  made  by  the  masons,  amongst 
which  body  dissatisfaction  seems  chronic. 

Edinburgh  and  Glasgow. — The  surface  men  on  the 
Edinburgh  and  Glasgow  section  of  the  North  British  Rail- 
way, to  the  number  of  one  hundred,  have  struck  work  on 
a  question  of  wages.  About  four  mouths  ago  the  wages 
were  reduced  from  ISs.  to  lis.  a  week,  and  on  the  greater 
portion  of  the  system  the  shilling  was  recently  restored, 
but  on  the  western  section  this  concession  has  been  refused. 
Hence  the  strike. 

Hull. — It  is  stated  that  nineteen  master  joiners  here 
have  consented  to  give  their  men  the  Saturday  half-holi- 
day, and  consequently  a  considerable  number  of  men  have 
returned  to  work.  Upwards  of  200  men  are,  however,  yet 
on  strike. 

Hull. — On  Monday  week  the  joiners  here  "turned  out" 
on  strike.  During  the  past  week  or  two  negotiations  have 
been  going  on  between  the  masters  and  the  men,  in  refer- 
ence to  a  demand  made  by  the  latter  that  they  should  have 
a  half-holiday  on  Saturday  without  any  diminution  of  pay. 
Last  year  the  bricklayers  sti-uck  for  the  Saturday  half- 
holiday,  and  ultimately  obtained  it,  and  since  thcin  the 
joiners  have  been  agitiiting  the  question.  Last  week  the 
masters  offered  to  pay  the  men  6d.  per  hour,  or  Ss.  per 
day.  the  men  to  have  the  half-holiday  on  Saturdays ;  and 
in  winter,  when  the  days  are  shorter,  they  would  pay  6^. 
per  hour.  These  terms,  however,  the  men.  at  a  meeting 
held  on  Thursday  last,  declined  to  accept.  All  the  joiners' 
shops  are  now  closed,  except  a  few,  where  the  masters  have 
agreed  to  the  men's  terms  until  a  permauent  arrangement 
can  be  made. 

Scarborough. — The  carpenters  and  joiners'  strike  came 
to  an  end  on  the  4th  inst.  ;  the  men  who  had  been  out 
have  resumed  work.  They  have  obtained  an  advance  on, 
previous  wages  of  Is.  per  week,  and  two  hours  less  time. 
The  total  time  now  being  64^  hours  per  week. 


were  private  or  public  property,  several  members  contend- 
ing that  they  had  no  right  to  comply  with  the  request  as 
this  was  private  property,  and  others  (including  the  chaii'- 
raan)  were  of  opinion  that  the  tlags  were  public  property 
and  ought  to  bo  watered  by  the  committee  in  the  same 
way  as  the  streets.  The  matter  was  ultimately  referred  to 
the  water  engineer  to  report  upon,  though  that  gentleman 
expressed  himself  decidedly  opposed  to  it. 

Important  to  Engineers. — At  the  Liverpool  Assizes  on 
Monday,  a  case  of  considerable  importance  to  engineers 
came  before  Mr.  Justice  Mellor.  The  administrator  of  the 
late  Mr.  W.  Stubbs,  C.E.,  Liverpool,  sought  to  recover  a 
sum  of  money,  alleged  to  have  been  due  to  the  deceased  as 
salary,  from  the  llolywell  Railway  Company.  It  appeared 
that  at  the  construction  of  the  Holywell  Railway  tlie 
deceased  had  been  engaged  as  engineer  for  fifteen  months, 
to  receive  £500  as  remuneration.  The  money  was  to  be 
paid  quarterly  by  instahnents  of  one-fifth.  At  the  end  of 
the  first  quarter  the  money  was  paid,  with  £10  as  travel- 
ling expenses,  according  to  previous  agreement.  No  more 
money  was  drawn,  and  at  the  end  of  the  third  quarter 
Stubbs  died.  It  was  therefoie  now  sought  to  recover  two 
quarters'  salary  and  travelling  expenses.  For  the  defence 
it  was  urged  that  the  deceased  was  engaged  to  do  certain 
specified  work,  but  he  had  died  before  the  most  important 
part  of  the  work  w;is  done.  Witnesses  were  called  on  both 
sides,  and  while  on  the  one  hand  it  was  contended  that 
Stubbs's  services  were  worth  £300,  on  the  other  it  was 
urged  that  the  £110  already  paid  fully  compensated  him. 
A  verdict  for  the  plaintifi"wa3  returned  for  £160,  £10  being 
for  expenses. 

The  Metropolls  Building  Act. — Messrs,  Simms  and 
Marten,  builders,  of  Laurence  Pountney-lane,  City, 
appeared  at  the  Greenwich  Police-court,  on  Saturday,  to 
answer  a  summons  at  the  instance  of  Mr.  Snooke,  district 
surveyor  of  Rotherhithe,  charged  with  a  contravention  of 
the  Metropolis  Building  Act.  Defendants  had  erected  a 
stable,  with  a  loft  over  it  for  the  storage  of  hay  and  straw, 
and  the  question  wa.s  whether  they  were  not  bound  to 
make  the  walls  13in.  instead  of  S^in.  thick.  Defendants 
contemled  that  8^in.  would  be  thick  enough,  but  prose- 
cutor said  that  such  a  building  required  13in.  walls.  The 
magistrate  held  that  such  workshops  and  stables  did  not 
come  within  the  buildings  described  in  the  Act  as  requiring 
13in.  walls.     Summons  dismissed. 


I 


WATER  SUPPLY. 

Aberdeen, — From  a  final  statement  of  accounts  between 
the  Comraissionera  of  Police  and  Mr.  E.  Gibb,  the  con- 
tractor of  the  new  Waterworks,  it  appears  that  the  original 
contract  price  was  £103. 9y9 ;  extra  works  had  been  allowed 
to  the  amount  of  £11.073,  making  £115,072  ;  payments,  to 
the  amount  of  £100,100.  Of  the  remaining  sum,  there  was 
retained  during  the  year  of  maintenance  by  the  contractor 
the  sum  of  £5,199,  leaving  a  balance  due  the  contractor  at 
present  of  £9,772.  The  average  quantity  of  water  entering 
the  works  daily,  it  was  reported,  had  been  3,000,000  gal- 
lons, of  which  2,000,000  gallons  daily  had  passed  down  the 
aqueduct.  The  engineer  estimated  that  the  quantity 
actually  supplied  to  the  town  was  about  1.500,000  gallons 
daily;  equal  to  22  gallons  per  head  per  diem  to  a  population 
of  68,000 — pait  of  the  suburbs  and  higher-lying  districts 
supplied  by  the  upper-service  reservoir  not  having  received 
a  supply  at  the  date  of  the  report.  The  large  storage 
reservoir  had  been  leaking  considerablv,  but  the  quantity 
so  leaking  had  been  greatly  diminished ;  and  it  was  the 
opinion  of  the  engineer  that  it  would  almost  take  up  of 
itself. 

The  Loch  Katrine  Watkr.— "The  analysis  of  the  Loch 
Katrine  water  supplied  to  Glasgow,"  says  the  Registrar- 
General  in  his  last  weekly  return,  "  shows  03  of  hardness  ; 
in  London,  that  of  the  New  River  Company  shows  16  8  ;  of 
the  Kent  Company,  20 '0;  of  the  other  companies  inter- 
mediate degrees  never  ranging  higher  than  IS'4,  The  im- 
purities in  the  rivers  and  other  sources  of  the  London  sup- 
ply are  gradually  decomposed  ;  and  although  the  original 
quantity  of  sewage  or  its  -quivalent  was  considerable,  in 
nearly  all  cases,  it  is  satisfactory  to  find  that  in  the  last 
month  this  matter  was  converted  into  comparatively  harm- 
lesB  corapoimds.  The  original  amount  of  contamination  in 
the  Loch  Katrine  water  was  uil. 

Water  for  Rome.— A  letter  from  Rome  in  the  Hfoniteur 
Bays; — "Avery  important  work  will  be  commenced  in  a 
very  few  days  ;  that  of  conveying  to  Rome  the  old  Marcian 
water,  formerly  so  renowned  for  its  pure  quality  and  the 
height  of  its  level.  The  sources  are  in  the  town  of  Arsol, 
about  thirty-one  miles  from  Rome.  Sixty  millions  of  litres 
will  be  poured  every  twenty-four  hours  on  the  culminating 
point  of  the  mountainous  part  of  tlie  city  (Ai  Monti).  The 
concession  of  this  great  undertaking  dates  from  1S58.  An 
Anglo-Roman  Company  with  limited  responsibility  had  to 
furnish  the  necessary  funds  ;  it  could  not  succeed,  and  was 
replaced  by  an  anonymous  Belgian  one,  called  General 
Company  of  the  Waterworks,  which  completed  the  required 
capital,  and  offered  to  provide  and  lay  down  metal  con- 
duits. If  no  unforeseen  obstacle  intervenes,  the  water  will 
be  at  Rome  in  two  years." 


LEGAL  INTELLIGENCE. 

Are  Exchange  Flags  Public  or  Private  Property? 
— At  a  meeting  of  the  Liverpool  Water  Committee  on 
Monday  a  letter  was  read  from  the  directors  of  the  Ex- 
change News-room  asking  fur  a  supply  of  water  on  the  flags 
(or  the  purpose  of  allaying  the  dust  in  summer  and  of  re- 
moving the  snow  in  winter.  It  proposed,  either  that  the 
Water  Committee  itself  should  do  this,  or  that  it  should 
allow  them  (the  directors)  to  do  it,  supplying  the  water 
Crw  of  charge.     A  di»cUB«iOQ  ensued  aa  to  wh«tber  the  flags 


MEETINGS   FOR  THE   WEEK. 

MoN. — Society  of  Engineers.— "  On  Pumping  Engines  for 
Town  Water  Supply,"  bv  Mr.  H.  Davey  ;  and, 
if  time  permits,  "  On  Water  Tube  Boilers,"  by 
Mr.  V.  Pendred,  7.30. 

TvEA.  -  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers. — "  The  Suez 
Canal."  by  Colonel  Sir  W.  Deniaon.  8. 

Wed. —Aeronautical  Society. — General  Meeting  for  read- 
ing and  discussion  of   Papers  upon  "  Aerial 
Navigation  and  the  Flight  of  Birds,"  S. 
Geological  Society,  8. 

Thurs.— Chemical  Society,  8. 
Linnean  Society,  8. 


Mmk  Ux  liibtutidiis 


CONNECTED     WITH     THH     BUILDING     TRADE. 


2206,     T.    DAVIS.      An    Improved    Method    of    or 

APPARATCa        FCR        VENTILATING       DWELI,INO-HO0SE3      OR 

OTHER  Buildings.     Dated  August  17,  1866. 

The  patentee  claims  the  use  in  various  forms  and  man- 
ners, as  set  forth,  of  what  is  here  styled  a  "  perflator,"  in 
combination  with  the  "perhaustor,"  and  the  occasional 
use  (where  necessary)  in  conjunction  with  these  of  a  gas- 
burner,  or  other  rarefying  agent,  to  give  additional  force 
to  the  current  of  air,  so  as  to  draw  off  from  the  room  or 
apartment  the  foul,  heated,  or  contaminated  air  contained 
therein.     Patent  commuted. 

2208.  J.  PROCTOR.  Improvemests  in  Chimney- 
pots OR  Terminal-s.     Dated  August  28,  1806. 

This  invention  has  for  its  object  the  construction  of  a 
chimneypot  or  terminal  that  shall  effectually  prevent  a 
down  draught.  For  this  purpose  the  inventor  forms  or 
fixes  inside  such  pot  or  terminal  two  or  more  sloping  plates 
or  projections,  situated  at  any  convenient  distance  one 
above  the  other.  These  plates  or  projections  spring  alter- 
nately from  opposite  sides  of  the  pot,  and  project  upwards 
at  any  suitable  angle,  each  one  passing  somewhat  beyond 
the  centre  line  of  the  pot.  ao  that  the  edge  of  the  one  above 
overhangs  the  one  below.  At  the  part  of  the  pot  from 
which  these  plates  or  projections  spring,  apertures  are 
formed  in  the  aides  of  the  chimneypot,  so  that  any  wind 
entering  the  top  of  the  chimney  will  be  caught  by  and 
made  to  pass  down  the  upper  surfaces  of  the  projectiuns  or 
plates,  and  will  thus  be  conducted  out  through  the  before- 
mentioned  apertures  ;  and,  in  the  same  way,  air  entering 
through  the  side  apertures  will  pass  along  the  sloping  sur- 
faces and  be  conducted  up,  through  the  top  of  the  pot,  into 
the  open  air  again.  By  making  the  edge  of  the  upper 
plate  overhivng  the  one  below,  it  will  be  evident  that  all 
or  nearly  all  the  wind  will  be  caught  and  guided  out,  as 
described.     Patent  abandoned. 

2240.  J.  H.  JOHNSON.  An  Improved  Pavemeft  for 
BOADs,  streets,  and  OTHER  THOROUGHFARES.  (A  Com- 
munication.)   Dated  August  30,  1SG6. 

This  invention  relates  to  the  manufacture  and  use  of  a 
cheap  and  durable  artificial  paving  block  suitable  for 
paving  roads,  streets,  and  other  thoroughfares,  and  con- 
sists, essentially,  in  the  combination  of  three  distinct 
elements  which  are  bo  united  together  by  powerful  pressure 
in  a  mould  as  to  form  a  solid  block.  These  elements  col- 
sist  of  fine  concrete  or  artificial  or  other  stone  or  burnt 
clay,  in  the  form  of  a  tile  or  slab,  which  constitutes  the 
base  of  the  block,  and  gives  weight  or  ballast  thereto. 
Upon  this  base  is  laid,  while  in  a  plastic  state,  a  schisto 
bituminous  compound,  composed,  first,  of  that  class  of 
mineral  known  to  geologists  as  schist  (preference  being 
given  to  slate),  which  is  to  be  employed  in  a  powdered  or 
finely  divided  state  ;  second,  siliceoussand  ;  third,  resinous, 
bituminous,  pitchy  or  tarry  mixture.  The.ie  ingredients  in 
any  suitable  proportions  are  to  be  well  mired  and  incor- 
porated together  whilst  in  a  heated  statd,  and  the  com- 


p:)und  thus  obtained  is  then  readily  to  be  intro<]uced  into 
the  mould.  In  this  Bchiato-bituminous  compound,  which 
is  made  to  cover  not  only  the  top  but  also  the  sides  or 
edges  of  the  concrete  or  stone  block,  there  is  embedded  a 
cast  or  wrought  iron  or  steel  plate  cap  or  grating, 
when  cast  iron  is  used,  it  is  preferred  to  cast  in  chills 
the  purpose  of  hardening  its  surfiice.     Patent  compUied. 


deda 

.and  J 

is  for  J 

erf.  [  i 


%xuk  B^bs. 


Messrs,  Clark  and  Company,  of  Rathbone-place,  have 
received  instructions  to  fix  their  patent  self-coiling  steel 
shutters  to  close  the  entrances  to  the  new  opera  house 
Vienna. 


I 

I 


TENDERS, 

Bath  Easton.— For  the  addition  of  new  south  aisle  to, 
and  reseating  of,  the  parish  church  of  Bath  Easton.  Mr.' 
Frederick  Preedy,  architect ; — Long  and  Jones,  £1,950- 
Jno.  Russell,  £1,742  lis.;  Bladwell,  £1,742;  Mealing' 
£1,694  ;  Wm.  Russell,  £1,667  ;  May,  £1,650  ;  Ra«-Ungii| 
£l,.'ilO;  Birth  and  Son,  £1,532;  Morgan  and  LoveU, 
£1,460;  Mercer,  £1,458;  Hibbard  and  Long,  £1,430;  New- 
man and  Silver  (accepted),  £1,422 ;  Greennian  and  Sod 
£1,349. 

BuRTON-os-TREyr. — For  the  erection  of  public-houae, 
stabling,  <tc.,  for  Mr.  C.  TulL  Robert  Grace,  architect  :— 
J.  Lilleyand  Sons,  JG806  ;  Copeland  and  Co.,  £7S1  ;  Wile- 
man  and  Wigley,  £688 ;  T.  Lowe  and  Sous  (accepted),  £681 ; 
Brassington  and  Bolton,  £675  ;  J,  Hadtield,  £665. 

Clifton. — ForHill'sAlmhouses.  Messrs.  Chas.  F.  Hansom 
and  Son,  architects.  Quantities  by  J.  A.  Clark,  Bristol  :— 
P.irt  1.  Excavator,  bricklayer,  mason,  tiler,  and  plasterer 
No  1.  Ornamental  brickwork.  No.  2.  Hanhara  stone. 
No.  3.  Local  stones.  Part  1  : — J.  P.  Stephens,  No.  1 
£2,851;  No.  2,  £2,362.  Wilkins  and  Sons,  No.  1,  £2,485 : 
No.  2,  £2,385  ;  No.  3,  £2,435.  Jno.  Thorn,  No,  1,  £2,570; 
No.  2,  £2,274  ;  No.  3,  £2,244.  Beaven  and  Son,  No.  1, 
£2,450;  No.  2,  £2,180;  No.  3,  £2,150.  Part  2.  Carpenter 
and  joiner,  plumber,  glazier,  painter,  and  ironfounder: 
— E.  Lewis,  £927;  Eaatabrook  and  Son,  £888;  J.  C. 
Harris,  £880.  For  the  whole,  in  the  various  materials  &9 
above  stated  :— J.  W.  King,  No.  1,  £3,900;  No.  2,  £3.700; 
No.  3,  £3,675.  Heal  and  Marsh,  No.  1,  £3,900 ;  No.  2, 
£3,559.  J.  Diment,  No.  1,£3,71S;  No.  2,  £3,400.  Warren 
and  Son,  No.  1,  £3,629;  No.  2,  £3,320.  Davis  and  Son, 
No.  1,  £3,550  ;  No.  2,  £3,470.  Part  1  and  2  :— Beaven  and 
Son,  Eastabrook  and  Son  (accepted),  No.  1,  £3,358 ;  No,  2, 
£3,068 ;  No.  3,  £3,038. 

Clifton. — For  the  Congregational  Church,  Clifton  Down, 
Messrs.  Chas.  F.  Hansom  and  Son.  architects.  Quantities 
by  J.  A.  Clarke,  Biistol : — For  the  whole  : — J.  Diment,' 
£9,082;  Jno.  Thorn,  £7,593;  J.  Davis  and  Son,  £7,580 ; 
R.  Wilkins  and  Sons,  £7,326  ;  Eastabrook  and  Son,  £7,296. 
For  Part  1,  viz.,  excavator,  waller,  bricklayer,  and 
mason:— J.  P.  Stephens,  £4,977;  Jno.  Thorn,  £4,530j 
Beaven  and  Son,  £4,243  ;  R.  Wilkins  and  Sons,  £4,847, 
For  Part  2,  viz. ,  plasterer,  slater,  painter,  and  glazier:— 
White  and  Richards,  £925  ;  F.  .MansBeld,  £870;  Lewisiij 
Sons,  £772  ;  C.  Hdl,  £721  ;  J.  Bussell,  £695.  For  PaitS, 
viz.,  carpenter  and  joiner: — J.  and  F.  Foster,  £2,S0S; 
Harding  and  Vowles,  £1,  970  :  Davey  Brothers,  £1,94S; 
Eastabrook  and  Son,  £1,935  ;  J.  Bennett,  £1,454.  Accepted 
tenders:— No.  1,  Wilkins  and  Sons,  £4,227  ;  No.  2,  Lewis 
and  Sons,  £772  ;  No.  3,  Davey  Brothers,  £1,943  ;  No.  4, 
Tuckey  and  Son  (plumber),  £110  ;  No.  5,  J.  Willima 
(smith),  £170  :  total,  1.7,222. 

Essex. — For   alterations    to    a   house,    Buckliur^hUL  I 
Mr.     J.   H.    Rowley,    architect :— Rivett,    £893 ;   Ba]% 
£878;  Burrows  (accepted),  £340. 

Fetter-lane,  City. — For  alterations,  &c. ,  to  the  Faleon  | 
Tavern.     Messrs.    Bird  and  Walters,  architects  : — M'Lub  . 
Ian,  £915;  J.  Brown,  £910;  E.  Brown,  895;  Newman  «id 
Mann,  £895;    Ebbs  and  Sons,  £884;  Williams  and  Son, 
£874;  Kelly  Brothers,  £813. 

London.— For  works  at  the  House  of  Correction,  Cold- 
bath-fields.  Mr.  F.  H.  Pownall,  architect  (supplemaott? 
estimate) : — Henshaw  (accepted),  £27,000. 

Marylebone, — For  purchase  of  old  laundry  at  St.  Mary- 
leboue  Workhouse.  Mr.  H.  Saxon  Snell.  architect  :— 
Crabb  and  Vaughan,  £132 ;  Smyrk,  £140  ;  Williams,  £145; 
Buns,  £150 ;  Tatum  and  Stovin,  £161  10a.  ;  Htnie, 
£173  13s.  :  Ewin,  £192  15s.  ;  Emanuel,  £206;  Bennett, 
£210  ;  Blunt,  £220. 

Marylebone. — For  the  erection  of  hoarding  and  part,v 
wall  of  new  Chronic  Wards,  St.  Marylebone  Workhoaae. 
Mr,  H.  Saxon  SneU,  architect :— Crockett,  £345  ;  StepbenJ 
and  Watson,  £335  ;  Wills,  £321  ;  Nightingale,  £298 ; 
Johnson,  £287  ;  Brown,  £253 ;  Crabb  and  Vaughan,  £229. 

Redditch. — For  partially  taking  down,  rebuilding,  and 
enlarging,  church  of  St.  Luke,  Headless  Cross,  near  Red- 
ditch.  .Mr,  Frederick  Preedy,  architect  :—E8pley,  £1,590; 
Scriven  (accepted),  £1,311. 

South    NoRwoijD  — For  the  erection  of  five  houses  at 
South    Norwood.      Mr.    J.     W.    Dennison,    architect:— 
HoUedge,  £1,442  ;    Kijg,  £1,422  ;   Bell,  £1,365  ;  Finolier     J-  ^ 
and  Martyn  (accepted),  £1,100.  jlli 

Wandsworth. — For  brick  and  pipe  sewers,  Putney,  fm"  ■  Ii. 
the  Wandsworth  Board  of  Works.  Mr.  J.  Niblott,  eor- 
vevor.  Quantities  supplied  bv  'Mi:  W.iD.  Youug  :--OUver 
and  Co.,;£l9,200;  Baker  and  Co.,  £17,753  12s.  Ai.  ;Thil»k 
£17,450;  WainwTight,  £17,400;  Hiscocks  and  WillianM. 
£17,400  ;  Aviss,  £17,400  ;  Wigmore,  £17,275  ;  Robinson, 
£17  194  ;  Blackmore,  £17,000;  Moxon  and  Co,.  £16iS05; 
Pearson,  £14,300  ;  Harvey,  £13,877  ;  King,  £13,820 ;  KeeWe, 
£13,100;  Nott,  £13,000  ;  Mann,  £12,950  :  Hill  and 
KeddoU,  £12,900;  Thackray,  £11,900. 

Wentworth, — For  taking  down  and  rebuilding  nave 
and  porch,  and  restoring  tower,  of  parish  church  of  Went- 
worth,  near  Ely.  Mr,  Frederick  Preedy,  architect : — FrW" 
man  Brothers  (accepted),  £781  lOs. 

Westminster.  —  For  rebuilding  the  Crown  TawrOi 
Tufton-street.  Messrs.  Bird  and  Walters,  architects:— 
Stimpson,  £2,131;  E,  Brown,  £2,130  ;  Williams  and  Son, 
£2,107  ;  Ne»Tn,an  and  Mann,  £2,057  ;  Betty,  £1,998  15*  ^ 
Fox,  £1,970  ;    KeUy  Brothets,  £1,931 ;  M'Lachlan,  f l.w- 


I 


April  18,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


265 


THE   BUILDING  NEWS. 


LONDON,  TllURSDAT,  APRIL   18,  1867. 


THE  TRADES'  UNIONS  COMMISSION. 

WHATEVER  may  be   the   result   legis- 
latively of  the  present  iniiuir}'  in  con- 
nection  with   Trades'  Unions,   one   tliint;  is 
evident,  tlie  labours  of  the  Royal  Commission 
will  put  the   public   in  possession   of  a  vast 
amount   of  iufonnation  of  a  most  important 
and  valuable  kind  wath  regard  to  the  organi- 
sation and  tlic  working  of  these  combinations, 
in  their  relation  to  masters  and  men,  and  to  the 
public  at  large.     AVe  have  already  noticed   a 
portion  of  the  evidence  taken  before  the  Com- 
missioners, and  officially  issued  by  them,  and 
we  shall  recur  to   it   from  time  to  time  as  it 
appears.     Being  necessarily  of  a  very  volumi- 
nous and  blue-book  character,  it  would  be  im- 
possible to  give  here  anything  like  a  verbatim 
report  of  the  evidence.  We  sluxU  therefore  con- 
tent ourselves  with  laying  before  our  readers  a 
synopsis  of  the  examination  of  the   principal 
witnesses,  stating,  as  far  as  possible,  the  salient 
points  brought  out  in  the  inquiry.     The  latest 
batch  of  evidence  issued  deals  with  operative 
masons  and  operative  bricklayers,  and  will  be 
found  particularly  interesting.     Mr.  Richard 
Hamott  was  examined  on  behalf  of  the  Friendly 
Society  of  Operative  JIasons,  of  which  society  he 
is  the  secretary.  The  society  was  established  in 
1833,  and  has  278  branches  in  England   and 
Wales,    but    none    in   Scotland.     The  gross 
total  of  men  in  the  society  last  November  was 
17,762,  and  its  income  for  the  twelvemonth 
ending  the  30th  of  tliat  month  amounted   to 
£17,746  43.  Hid.,  the  general  fund  in  hand 
at  the  last  audft  being  £12,334  Os.  8id.     The 
benefits  of  the  society  are  payment  of  a  weekly 
sum  when  out   of  work,  for  trade  purposes, 
and  funeral  and  sick  benefits  to  those  mem- 
bers who  subscribe  the  weekly' sum  of  3Jd.  to 
the  sick  fund  in  addition  to  the  4d.  a  week  to 
the  trade  fund.     The  object  of  the  society  in 
the  trade  department,  as  was  stated,  is  to  pro- 
tect the  members  from  aU  encroachments  by 
employers,  as  well  as  to  maintain  the  rate  of 
wages  generally.     In  the  various  lodges,  when 
the  members  wish  to  better  themselves,  either 
by  way   of  advancing  wages,  or  of  reducing 
the  hours  of  labour,  it  is  the  rule  to  give  the 
employers  notice  to  that   ettect.     If  tlie  em- 
ployers refuse  the  application,  the  men  sus- 
pend work.     The  witness  denied  that  the  so- 
ciety was  constituted  to  compel  employers  to 
pay  all  workmen   alike  ;  they  had   no  such 
rule.     A  member  if  he  is  not  "  a  competent 
man,"  may  work   for  lower   wages  than  the 
rate  which  has  been  sanctioned  for  his  dis- 
trict, but  if  he  is  a  competent  man  he  is  not 
free  so  to  work.     If  he  does  he  subjects  him- 
self to  a  fine  of  so  much  a  week  so  long  as  he 
continues  to  work  at  tlie  lower  rate,  and  is  ex- 
cluded from   the   society  wliile   the  fine  re- 
mains unpaid.   The  society  does  not  recognise 
piece  work,  and  any  member  who  takes  it  is 
subject  to  tlie  same  penalties  as  the  man  who 
works  below  the  fixed  wage.     Neither  does  it 
recognise  overtime,  except  in   cases  of  emer- 
gency, which  it  was  admitted  very  often  arise 
in  the  building  trades.     The  men,  however, 
are  not  allowed  to  work  overtime  without  the 
consent  of  the  lodge,   and   if  a  master  wants 
work  gone  on  with  quicker  than  usual  the  men 
consult  their  lodge,  and  give  their   employer 
an  answer  in  a    week,  the  work  meantime 
going   on   as   usual.     As   to   apprentices  the 
■  jworkmen  in   a   shop   regulate  the  number  a 
master  may  keep.     If  the  workmen  think  the 
master  has  too  njany  they  complain  to  the 
odge,  and  generally  a  delegate  goes  from  the 
lodge  and  teUs  him.     If  the  master  refused 
to  entertain  the  views  of  the  men  there  would, 
he  witness  supposed,  be  a  disturbance  in  that 
ase,  adding,  however,  that  there   had  never 
Jeen  a  suspension  of  labour  in  consequence 


of  that.     In  reply  to  Mr.  Roebuck  the  witness 
said  the  trade  interfered  with  apprentices  and 
improvers  because  their  labour  interfered  with 
the  labour  of  the  journeymen.     Mr.   Roebuck 
then  .asked,  "  Why  should  you  interfere  with 
me  wiien  building  a  cheap  house  so  as  to  pre- 
vent me  building  it  at  a  cheap  rate  ! "     The 
witness  answered,  "  The  question  is  certainly 
rather  a   powerful   one.     I  can  only  say  the 
custom   is  adopted   throughout   the     trade." 
"  Therefore  you,"  Jlr.  Roebuck  rejoined,  "for 
the  purpose  "of  benefiting  the  journeirTnan  in- 
jure the  proprietor  ?"     To  wliich  the  witness 
answered,  "  I  do  not  know  about  injurinj^the 
proprietor;  there  are  stated  rules."     Mr.Roe- 
liiick. — "  Rules  do  not  govern  these   things. 
Should  I  not,  as    proprietor,  have   to  pay  a 
good   deal    more   money  in   consequence    of 
your  rules  ?  "      Witness. — "  Yes,  decidedly." 
Mr.  Roebuck. — "And  do  you  not  think  that 
would  be  an  injury  to  me  ? "    W^itness. — "  I  do 
not  know  ;  perhaps  it  would  not  be  so  much 
an  injury  to  the   master  as  the  other  is  to  the 
workman."     Mr.  Roebuck. — "Do  you  think 
it  an  advantage  to  gain  money  !"     Witness. — 
"Yes."     Mr.   Roebuck. — "But  do  you  think 
it    a    disadvantage    for     me     to     lose    it  ? " 
Witness.— "  Yes."     Mr.    Roebuck.— "  There- 
fore   your  rule   goes  to   my  disadvantage  I " 
Witness.  —  "  To     that     extent     certainly." 
The  society   has  a  rule  which  provides  that  a 
man  shall  "not  work  too  fast,  "  chasing,"  as  it 
is  called.      A  workman  infringes  this  rule 
when   he   does   what   is   termed  beyond  the 
average  quantity  of  work  in  a  day  ;   he  must 
keep  his  work  to  that  of  others,  so   that  they 
shall  not  have  to  "  chase"  after  him  to  keep 
up  to  him  in  the  quantity  of  work  done.      At 
the  same  time  it  was  maintained  that  there  is 
nothing  either  in  the  practice  or  rules  of  the 
society  to  prevent  a  very  efficient   and  skilful 
workman  making  the  best  of  his  labour.    The 
ettect  of  the"  chasing"  rule  witness  considered 
was  to  perform  efficient  work.      To  the  ques- 
tion : — "  Supposing  the  case  of  a  man  who  is 
stronger  than   most  men,   who   is   also  more 
skilful  than  most  men,  and  who  can  with  per- 
fect ease   to  himself  produce  more  stonework 
and     better   stonework,   say   in  a   day,  than 
most  men  can,  and  can  do  so  without  momen- 
tarily exerting  himself,  does  the  rule  prevent 
a  man  from  so  working  or  not  I "    The  answer 
was,  "  Certainly  it  does."     The  next  question 
was,   "  I  want  to  know  whether  you  consider 
yourself  a  better  judge  of  the  man's   capacity 
for  work  than  the  man  himself  ?  "     To  wiiich 
the  witness  replied,    "  AVe  consider  that  we 
know  what  he  ought  to  do."     "  What  do  you 
mean  by  that?"      Answer. — "  A  fair  average 
day's  work."     The  infiaction  of  this  rule  sub- 
jects to  a  fine,  and  if  the  fine  be  not  paid  the 
man  is  put  in  the  "  black  list,"  containing  the 
names  of  men  who  have  worked  in  opposition 
to  the  society,  which  list  is   distributed  over 
the  country,   the   result   being   that  the  man 
will  have   a  difficulty  in  obtainmg  work  until 
he  makes  his  peace  with  the  society.     It  was 
also  elicited  that  stonemasons  would  not  allow 
a  professed   bricklayer  to   lay   stone   at  aU  ; 
while,  on  the  other  hand,  stonemasons  do  not 
interfere  with  brickwork.      Each  trade  keeps 
itself  to  itself  as  a   rule.     It  was  proved  that 
the  trade  had   struck  in  AugiLst  last  in   con- 
sequence  of  a  labourer    being  put  to    work 
on   stone,    though   the   master    was    willing 
to  take  his  work,  because  he  had  never  served 
his  time  at  the  trade  at  all.     The  witness,  in 
conclusion,  said  that  they  found   their  rules 
to  work  well  ;  their  effect  has  been  to  promote 
a  mutual  understanding   between  employers 
and  employed,  and  to  put  an  end  to  the  fre- 
quency of  disputes  in  the  trade.     He  believed 
that  the  effect  of  the  society  had  been  to  im- 
prove the  skill,  energj',  and  social  position  of 
the  workmen.     0\\ing  to   its  operation  there 
are  many  places  where  the  hours  of  labour 
have  been  reduced  to  nine  hours,  the  effect  of 
which  has  been  to  throw  more  work  upon  the 
trade  by  increasing  the  number  of  hands  to  be 
employed,  and  to  allow  men  the  opportunity 
of  leisure  to  attend  mechanics'  institution*  and 
the  like. 


Mr.  Thomas  Connolly,  a  stonemason,  and 
one  of  the  Trades'  Delegates  Conference,  who 
was  present  at  the  examination  of  Mr.  Harnott, 
wished  to  make  a   statement  to  the  Commis- 
sion.    His  testimony  for  the  most  ]iart  was  in 
corroboration  of  the  statement  of  the  previous 
witness.     With  reference   to   the   "chasing" 
rule,  Mr.   Connolly  said  that  the  rules   are 
made  by  the  men  themselves  ;   they  are  not 
made  for  them.      This  rule  was   introduced 
because  if  an  employer  met  with  a  man  who 
combined  great  muscular  strength  with  skill 
and  gave  him  6d.  a  day  extra  wages,  that  man 
got  ahead  ol  his  fellow-workmen,  and  induced 
them  to  over-exert  themselves,   therefore  he 
was  directed  not  to  exert  his  extraordinary 
power.      AVitness   admitted  that  there  could 
not  be  any  very  great  difl'erence  of  skill  among 
workmen,  that  is  skill  requisite  to  do  a  build- 
ing, and  being  asked,  "Then,  if  there  is  no  such 
great  ditt'erence,  why  do  you  interfere  ? "  wit- 
ness answered  "  For  our  own   convenience." 
"  For  your  own  profit  you   mean  ? "     "  Yes, 
those  rules  are  made  for  men  not  for  masters  ; 
we  do  not  take  masters  at  all  into  account  in 
tlie  arrangement  of  the  matter  ;  we  merely 
look  upon  them  as  men  who  step  in  with  their 
capital  and  want  to  get  the  greatest  profit  they 
can  out  of  their  capital,  and  we  want  to  get 
the  greatest  profit  we  can  out  of  our  labour." 
It  a  non-union  man  working  with  union  men 
were  to  disregard  the  society's  rules  and  work 
as  fast  as  he  chose,  the  society   men,  it  was 
acknowdedged,   would   not  work    with   him. 
Entering   soniewiiat  fully  into  various  ques- 
tions connected  with  the  unions,  Mr.  ConnoUy 
said  he  thought   that  the  society  numbereil 
about  three-fourths  of  the  masons  in  England, 
and  it  was  so  progressive  that  in  a  short  time 
he  considered  there  would  be  verj'  few  out- 
side it,  "  so  completely  are  working  men  be- 
ginning to  see  the  advantage  that  accrues  to 
them  ii-om   the   imion.      'They   can   see,   ibr 
example,  that  here  in  London  last  year  and 
the  year  before  we  were  enabled,  without  any 
sacrifice  on  our  part,  but  respectfully  putting 
our  case  before  the  employers,  to  advance  our 
wages  Id.  per  hour — that  is  to  say,  lOd.  a  day. 
Men  are  beginning  to  understand  that  if  they 
have  not  a  good  organisation  and  a  fund  at 
their  back  they  may  apply  to  their  masters 
in  vain  to  advance  their  wages."     He  was  of 
opinion  that  if  the  law  would  protect  the  funds 
of  the  union,  it  would  remove  a  great  deal  of 
what  other  people  considered  coercive  acts  upon 
the  part  of  the  union.  AVith  regard  to  arbitration 
he  thought  an  arbitration  board,  such  as  Lord 
St.  Leonards  suggests,  would  be  a  useful  thing, 
though  he  would  not  make  the   board's  acts 
binding.     Referring  to  the  last  strike  in  Lon- 
don, witness  said  he  knew  that  they  would 
have    been    very    glad    to   have    abided   by 
whatever  decision  the  arbitrators  came  to   in 
that  matter  ;  but  he  still  thought  that  those 
strikes  in  London,  though  they  cost  the  men 
a  great  deal  of  money,  were  not  without  tlieir 
fruits,  because  the  masters,  "  seeing   how  in- 
convenient it  is  to  deal  with  men  wiio  are  de- 
termined to  make   sacrifices   on  behalf  of  a 
principle,  hesitate  very  much  before  they   in- 
fringe on  their  liberty."     In  answer  to  several 
questions  touching  the  working  of  defective 
stones,  the  witness  acknowdedged  that  if  the 
men  had  a  bad  stone  in  the  shop  they  would 
endeavour,  in  the  interests  of  their  employer, 
to  work  it  as  best  they  could,  "  and  perhaps 
if  the  clerk  of  the  works  was  near  we   would 
cover  it  of  our  own  accord,  wiiich  is  certainly 
a  very  natural  thing.     If  you  happen  to  have 
a  stone  which  has  a  vent  in   it  (perhaps  you 
may  have  caused  the  vent   yourself  by  your 
awkward  work),  if  you  saw   tlie  clerk  of  the 
works  coming  you  would  probably  cover  that 
up  till  he  had  gone  away."  Question.— "Then 
you  would  not  prevent  bad  stone  being  put 
into  a  building  i  "     Answer.-"  We   are  not 
there  to  consider  the  interests  of  other  parties, 
if  we  can  outwit  the  clerk  of  the  works.     It 
is  just  the  same  thing  as  occurs  in  almost  all 
the  works  of  life :  if  one  can  be  a  little  sharper 
than  another  he  gets  the  advantage."     Ques- 
tion.-" But  the  result  in  this  particular  ques- 


l 


266 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


April  18,  1867. 


tiou  is  that  as  far  as  tlie  mason  is  concerned 
bad  work  will  be  put  into  the  building  ? " 
Answer.  —  That  is  why  a  clerk  of  the 
works  is  appointed.  He  is  considered  to 
be  a  judge,  and  it  is  his  fault  if  a  bad 
stone  is  allowed  to  come  in."  In_  the 
case  ot  a  mason  who  succeeded  in  getting  a 
bad  stone  into  a  building,  he  would  not,  as  we 
read  the  witness's  evidence,  be  brought  imder 
reproach  by  his  fellow  workmen  for  the 
action,  though  "some  highly  moral  men 
might  object  to  it.''  It  was  not  a  (juestion  of 
honesty  in  witness's  opinion.  AVith  refer- 
ence to  societies  meeting  in  public  houses,  Mr. 
Connolly's  opinion  was  that  nothing  in  the 
world  would  be  more  advantageous  to  trade 
societies  than  if  they  could  find  some  means  of 
meeting  other  than  in  public  houses.  The 
morals 'of  the  men  would  be  very  much  bene- 
fited, and  their  deliberations  would  be  more 
thoughtful,  if  they  could  hold  their  meetings 
elsewhere.  Tliese  two  witnesses  completed 
the  inquiry,  aa  far  as  regards  the  stonemason's 
branch  of  the  building  trade. 


ENGLISH    BRICKS. 

IN  two  articles  recently  published  we  re- 
ferred at  some  length  to  the  manufacture 
and  strength  of  liricks.  There  are  certain 
matters  which  were  then  left  out  of  considera- 
tion upon  which  we  propose  saying  a  few 
words  now.  Brick  has  of  late  years  taken  its 
proper  position  in  our  architecture— a  position 
for  which  it  is  well  fitted.  Some  of  Palladio's 
finest  examples  are  of  brick.  The  cortile  of 
the  Carita  at  Venice,  and  that  portion  of  the 
beautifid  Palazzo  Thiene  at  Vicenza  which 
was  executed,  are  famous  examples  of  the 
highest  development  of  brick  architecture, 
of  course,  in  a  country  like  our  own,  where 
our  clays  are  of  so  varied  a  character,  it  is 
necessary  to  use  our  various  coloured  bricks 
with  discretion.  The  colour  of  the  mortar  for 
the  lieds  and  joints  should  also  receive  con- 
sideration. There  can  be  ]io  doubt  that  red 
bricks  will  look  well  when  set  in  red  mortar- 
cream-coloured  bricks  being  set  in  ordinary 
mortar.  The  tints  may  be  given  to  the  mortar 
by  pounding  brick  refuse  and  using  it  for  sand 
in  the  making  of  the  mortar ;  and  the  variety 
of  tone  can  easily  be  given  by  grounding 
smiths'  ashes  in  lime,  and  by  other  equally 
common  materials.  It  is  found  that  the  addi- 
tion of  mineral  colours  is  strengthening. 

The  light  brownish  yellow  bricks  used 
almost  universally  in  London— a  colour  given 
to  the  bricks  by  the  ashes  of  tlie  coals,  which, 
in  uniting  with  the  peroxides  of  iron,  form  a 
sort  of  veiiow  ochre — have  long  been  preferred 
on  account  of  iheir  pleasant  appearance  ;  but 
their  light  colour  soon  gains  a  difi'erent  hue 
from  exposure  in  the  smoky  atmosphere  of  the 
metropolis.  Our  liricks,  too,  are  so  roughly 
made  that  soot  clings  to  them  ;  and  as  the  pores 
soon  get  filled,  the  appearance  of  the  front  is 
easily  spoiled.  It  is  useless  to  say  that  in- 
duration, or  coating  the  pores  of  the  brick, 
may  be  done  ;  the  fault  lies  with  the  manu- 
facturer, and  until  we  can  procure  bricks  with 
smoother  surfaces — glazing  will  always  be  too 
expensive,  even  if  it  were  desirable  to  glaze 
ordinary  bricks — our  house  fronts  will  con- 
tinue to  be  du'J  and  heavy  in  appearance. 
Meanwhile,  it  rests  with  the  architect  to  re- 
lieve this  dulness  by  the  judicious  use  of 
varied-coloured  bricks.  Wliy  shoidd  there 
not  be  dift'erent-sized  bricks  that  could  be 
worked  in  with  ordinary  stocks  !  There  can 
be  no  doubt  that  there  would  be  an  advantage 
in  possessing  bricks  of  other  sizes  than  those 
ordinarily  used  ;  and  since  the  Act  of  Parlia- 
ment which  restricted  bricks  to  a  certain  size 
has  been  repealed,  it  seems  strange  that  ad- 
vantage has  not  been  taken  of  its  repeal.  A 
suggestion  was  made  a  few  years  ago  that 
bricks  13.\in.  by  9in.  or  9in.  \>y  9in.  would 
alford  a  good  opportunity  for  a  sunk  ornament 
being  stamped  and  filled  in  with  clay  of 
another  colour,  and  biu-nt  together  ;  and  this 
plan  might  be  capable  of  a  variety  of  modifi- 


cations. Of  terra- cotta  as  a  means  of  orna- 
mentation we  have  so  frequently  treated  that 
it  is  unnecessary  to  say  anything  about  it  in 
the  present  article,  except  that  it  is  a  material 
that  demands  attention  and  improvement. 
We  are  convinced  that  the  attention  which 
has  been  given  to  its  manufacture  of  late  years 
will  result  in  its  becoming  a  favourite  means 
of  relieving  our  London  fronts,  and  it  is  for 
this  among  other  reasons  that  we  would  re- 
commend those  who  are  engaged  in  the  manu- 
facture of  the  material  to  do  their  best  to  im- 
prove it. 

We  frequently  receive  for  our  "  Intercom- 
munication "  department  questions  relative  to 
discoloured  or  smoky  brickwork.  The  replies 
which  have  been  made  to  those  questions  arc 
various,  and  show  not  only  the  diverse  means 
of  doctoring  bricks,  but  what  a  great  blessing 
it  would  be  if  we  could  obtain  bricks  that  did 
not  require  the  application  of  any  such  reme- 
dies. We  remember  a  curious  instance  of 
smoky  bricks  which  was  published  a  few 
years  ago.  A  gentleman's  house  was  erected 
of  bricks  from  half-a-dozen  houses  150  to  2(10 
years  old.  A  fter  twenty  years  the  dirt  from  tlie 
old  bricks  had  eaten  through  the  plastering 
in  the  two  best  rooms  of  the  house,  spoiling 
the  paper  in  a  few  months,  making  the  place 
look  as  if  the  walls  were  damp,  which  could 
not  have  been  the  case  since  the  house  was 
well  cemented  outside.  The  owner  thought 
of  knocking  olf  the  present  plaster,  then  nail- 
ing slate  laths  upright  against  the  wall,  and 
lathing  and  plastering  over  them,  but  the  ex- 
pense and  trouble  were  sufficient  to  induce 
him  to  try  other  and  less  difficult  expedients. 
In  this  case,  thin  sheet  lead  or  tin-foil  might 
have  been  used  to  good  purpose  ;  but  dilemmas 
are  mostly  caused  by  the  rapid  discolouration 
of  bricks  in  new  houses,  a  discolouration  which 
frequently  occurs  within  a  twelvemonth. 

The  blue  bricks  of  Staft'ordshire  have  of  late 
years  been  most  extensively  used,  and  their 
manufacture  is  an  increasing  one.  The  best 
clay  in  this  country  for  making  common 
bricks  is  to  be  foimd  in  Staft'ordshire.  The 
blue  Staffordshire  bricks  have  the  appearance 
of  a  glazed  surface,  but,  as  is  well  known,  it 
is  not  glazed  at  all,  as  the  colour  is  the  result 
of  a  chemical  change  produced  on  the  iron  of 
the  clay  and  silica  at  a  high  heat.  It  has  been 
proposed  to  produce  bricks  of  the  same  cha- 
racter by  staining  them  ;  but  glazing  should 
be  procured  by  burning,  and  the  glaze  should 
be  as  indelible  and  as  much  a  component 
part  of  the  brick  as  is  the  case  with  blue 
Staft'ordshire  bricks.  The  following  sugges- 
tion has  been  made  for  this  purpose,  but 
whether  it  lias  been  adopted  by  anyone,  we  do 
not  know: — "  After  the  bricks  are  cut  and 
rubbed,  wash  them  with  water  sufficient  to 
remove  all  dust  from  them,  and  when  dry 
apply  the  staining  and  pigment  for  fixing  and 
glazing  the  same,  as  used  by  potters  ;  and  then 
subject  them  to  a  burning  in  an  oven,  the 
same  as  used  for  burning  painting,  &c.,  on 
china ;  or  in  a  pottery  kiln  may  answer  the 
same  purpose."  It  is  believed  that  in  certain 
parts  of  England  blue  bricks  are  produced  by 
throwing  salt  on  the  fire  the  last  time  fuel  is 
put  on  before  closing  the  fireholes,  and  by 
sprinkling  powdered  ironstone  over  the  brick 
before  burning. 

The  Patent' Architectural  Pottery  Company 
stated  a  few  years  ago  that  the  only  building 
materials  really  glazed  and  coloured,  as 
Maroon,  Celeste,  and  Mazarine  blues,  pink, 
orange,  buft's,  drabs,  &c.,  and  the  only  ones 
proved  to  be  perfectly  impervious  to  wet, 
dirt,  gases,  smoke,  &c.,are  those  manufactured 
by  themselves  under  Bale's  patent. 

Best  white  bricks  are  obtained  from  Cam- 
bridgeshire, Suft'olk,  Dorsetshire,  and  Devon- 
shire. The  general  colour  of  bricks  is,  how- 
ever, red,  and  as  Derbyshire  clay  is  remark- 
ably free  from  pebbles  and  lime,  and  as  great 
care  is  taken  in  the  tempering  and  grinding, 
the  bricks  are  unusually  good.  They  are  of 
an  intensely  reddish  colour.  Stourbridge 
firebricks,  and  those  also  manufactured  in 
I  such  large  quantities  at  Hawarden,  in  Flint- 


shire, are  of  excellent  quality,  and  are  ex- 
tensively used  for  the  construction  of  furnaces. 
In  Dublin,  bricks  are  made  from  ilr.  K. 
Bell's  patent,  for  arches,  tunnels,  and  vaults, 
in  such  shapes  as  to  bind  the  work  so  that  it 
would  be  impossible  for  the  mass  to  be  riven 
asunder.  The  bricks  are  formed  with  projec- 
tions or  tongues  across  or  along  one  surface, 
and  with  grooves  on  the  corresponding  side, 
and  -nith  the  aid  of  a  small  quantity  of 
mortar  or  cement  they  fit  or  bind  together 
tlie  upper  mth  the  lower  layer,  and  tie  each 
other  longitudinally  and  crosswise,  so  as  to 
prevent  any  lateral  or  transverse  deviation 
occurring  in  the  work.  [See  Building  News 
for  1863,  p.  217.] 

HoUow  bricks  have  so  many  and  such 
obvious  advantages  that  they  have  come  into 
very  extensive  use.  The  hollow  on  the  beds 
of  bricks  was  intended  to  prevent  the  brick 
when  laid  from  "riding,"  or  being  supported 
in  the  middle  instead'  of  at  the  edges.  It 
shoidd,  therefore,  be  made  on  the  lower  surface 
of  the  brick  instead  of  the  upper,  as  it  is 
ordinarily.  It  is  believed  that  a  hollow  on 
both  surfaces  might  be  an  improvement,  but 
the  process  of  finishing  the  moulding  by 
striking  the  clay  does  not  admit  of  it.  For 
ventilation  hollow  bricks  are  admirably 
adapted,  and  thus  their  sanitary  advantages 
are  obvious. 


EASTERN    ART.-* 

ABOUT  six  centuries  before  Christ,  the 
Hebrews  gave  us  abundant  details  of 
their  architecture  ;  but  these  .inhabitants  of 
JudKa,  narrow  and  prejudiced  in  character, 
never  raised  themselves  from  the  actual  to 
the  ideal,  and  have  left  behind  them  no  single 
monument  of  ceramic  or  sculptured  art,  not 
even  a  medal  or  a  carved  stone  of  native  work- 
manship. When  they  desired  to  build  the 
temple  of  Jerusalem  they  were  obliged  to  im- 
port artists  from  Tyre  or  Persia.  Before  the 
captivity  of  Babylon  their  sacred  books  are 
almost  silent  respecting  everything  pertaining 
to  art.  But  no  sooner  had  their  feet  rested 
on  Persian  ground  than  a  notable  change  is 
observable.  Hard  and  unimaginative  as  they 
had  hitherto  been,  and  insensible  to  the  se- 
duction of  art,  the  luxuries,  splendour,  and 
architectural  glories  of  their  conquerors  fas- 
cinated them.  "  Babylon,"  says  Jeremiah, 
"  is  a  cup  of  gold  in  the  hands  of  the  Lord. 
She  has  made  drunk  the  world.  The  nations 
have  drunk  of  her  wine  and  are  troubled." 
No  longer  is  Jewish  literature  crude  and  dry. 
The  prophets  set  themselves  to  describe  the 
statues,  stuff's,  and  jewels  of  Babylon  like 
archaeologists.  Specially  striking  is  the  lan- 
guage of  Isaiah,  giving  us  precious  artistic 
details  of  Babylon  ;  and  of  its  monuments,  at 
this  moment  of  greatest  splendour,  Ezekiel  is 
not  less  explicit.  He  speaks  of  the  idols  which 
peopled  the  temples  representing  the  human 
form  so  accurately  as  only  to  reqiure  the 
power  of  speech  and  movement  to  make  them 
living.  Again,  let  it  be  repeated,  the  inhabi- 
tants of  the  vast  countries  of  Persia  are  in- 
stinctively gifted  with  artistic  feelings.  In 
their  language  God  is  called  "  the  Architect ;'' 
the  same  name  is  given  to  the  parents,  and 
the  child  is  called  "'  what  is  constructed."  Do 
not  these  expressions  strongly  represent  the 
natural  instinct  and  special  genius  of  the 
whole  nation  ?  Tliis  instinct,  natmal  to  the 
soil  and  climate — developed,  progressing,  per- 
fectioniiig — was  often  transformed,  and  at  times 
almost  destroyed,  by  the  consequences  of  great 
battles,  wliennation  replaced  nation,  Assyrians, 
Medes,  Greeks,  Parthians,  Romans,  Arabs,_ 
Crusaders,  and  Turks.  Still  it  raised  itsell 
again  and  again  revivified  and  reproductive,  and 
proved  in  Ispahan  in  1710,  under  the  Sultan 
of  that  period,  of  what  wonders  it  was  still 
capable.  Where,  either  in  Greece,  Ronie,  or 
Egypt,  are  there  palaces  on  the  same  gigantic 
scale,  raised  on  successive  terraces  of  200ft., 

*  This  article  was  suggested  by  a  work  of  M.  do  B»» 
mont.    Coni^Iuded.  from  page  2j0. 


April  18,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


•ach  reached  by  flights  of  stairs  60ft.  high,  up 
ihich   ten  horses  can   mount   abreast,   built 
.mid  groves  of  the   rarest  trees,   cooled   by 
mbbling   fountains,    ornamented   by    domes 
overed  with  gold  and  silver,  and  surrounded 
ly  elegant  colonnades,  framing  as  it  were  the 
djacent  city  of  lu.vurious  gardens,  really  de- 
erving  the  name  of  "  hanging  Pjiradises"  ! 
It  is  useless  to  enter  into  further  details  to 
Tove    the    originality    of   the    Persians    as 
rchitects.     Their  ideas  spread  more  or  less 
ver  the  East,  from  Nineveh  and  Babylon  to 
■usa,    Ctesiphon,    Bagdad,    Damascus,    and 
spahan.     lu  Byzantium  the  architecture  was 
rst   generally    developed    and    studied    by 
Europeans  ;  hsnce  its  name — Byzantine.     In- 
eed,   Persian    art    owes    to    this   very   fact 
f  being  adopted  by  the  Romans  its  subsequent 
umense  influence  over  the  whole  civilised 
or!d,  Persia,  like  China  at  the  present  time, 
iving  been  up  to  that  period  isolated  from 
eternal  influences  and   enclosed  within  its 
vn  national  limits.     But  about  the  fourth 
ntury  of  the  Christian  era  the    Persians 
adually  engaged  themselves  in  close  com- 
ercial  relations  with  the  Byzantine  Romans, 
e  luxurious  court  of  the  emperoi-s  creating 
ready  and  valuable  market  for  their  various 
dustries.     Constant  intercourse  between  the 
untries  caused  the  artificers  of  Byzantium 
become  acquainted  with  the  secrets  of  arts 
d  sciences  handed  down  from  tlie  magi  of 
L     They  learnt  to  turn  arches  and  vaulted 
ilings,  to  create  and  combine  geometrical 
tterns  so  as  to  form  arabesques  ot  animals, 
mts  on   capitals,  pillars,  and  flat  surfaces, 
d  OS  well  as  all  the  mysteries  by  which  the 
irial  cupola  was  solidly  supported  as  weU  as 
quisitely  ornamented.      This  architecture 
came  not  only  the    architecture    of   new 
.ime,  but  also  the  architecture  of  the  Arabs, 
■len  in  637  they  overran  tlie  city  and  con- 
■  rted  many,  either  by  force  or  persuasion,  to 
'.  jhammedanism.      These  half  Arab,  savage, 
:iorant  fanatics,  a  nation  of  shepherds  and 
•  nderers,  possessed  no  germ  of  the  civilisa- 
I  a  belonging  to  a  settled  life.     Of  art  they 
>  re  utterly  ignorant.     Dn-elling  in  the  desert 
1  'ir  tents  were  their  only  homes,  their  flocks 
( their  riches.     When  called  by  ilahomet  to 
1  lertake  the  conquest   ot    the  world,  these 
Ixlucated,  but  by  no  means  stupid  tribes, 
ire  all  at  once  thrown  into  the  centres  of 
t   most  refined  civilisation,  at  Byzantium, 
al  in  Egypt,  Persia,  and  Syria.     It  was  ob- 
Tusly  politic  in  their  rulers   to   maintain 
t  se  savage  shepherds  in  their  original  state 
0  barbarous  ignorance,  and  the  name  of  their 
g  eral,    Omar,   is   justly     associated    with 
ery  species  of  wanton  destruction.     Still, 
ft  certain     sense    of    involuntary     admira- 
tii    and    astonishment  was    felt   by   these 
Hiirally     quick     and     intelligent     fanatics 
ft  the  wonders    of    art    and    riches  they 
»e     expected     ruthlessly      to       destroy. 
-V?r     the     defeat     of    the     Persians     by 
!■,  the  Arabs  lay  encamped  on  the  banks 
'.■  Tigris,  opposite  Ctesiphon  (anciently 
biucia),  the   capital.     The  Arab  historian, 
A)ulfeda,  gives  a  vivid  description   of  the 
el;t  produced  on   his   countrymen   by  the 
tt^nincence  of  the  city — the  square  towers 
a'  pointed  minarets,  architectural  terraces, 
►f<  en  domes,  and  solid  walls  rising  opposite 
tlr  camp,  framed  in  the  glorious  Eastern 
'k     The  riches  contained  in  that  city,  the 
wdrously  beautiful  monuments  decorating 
•t.lie  bazaars,  temples,  and  palaces,  tax  his 
Pt  ers  of  description  to  the  utmost.    He  says, 
u>.  kind   of  despair,  no  volume  could  con- 
's  the  details.     Still  he  tells  us  somewhat 
*iliese  vast  accumulations  of  Eastern  magni- 
fitice  which  specially  impressed  the  barbaric 
IS  1  of  the   Arabs,  and  describes  a  certain 
J*et  sixty  feet  square,  representing  a  garden 
'>f|ower3.     Ever)'  flower  was  formed  of  pre- 
*3  stones  interwoven  in  a  tapestry  formed 
"Jfirabesques  in  pure    gold.       Omar,  who 
Wited  to  despise  all  civilisation,   and  ap- 
*«^^d   when  conquering  the  world   dressed 
•u  Arab  shepherd,  dreaded  the   effect  of 


this  marvellous  luxury  on  his  followers.  To 
him  was  ottered  this  wondrous  carpet,  but  he 
refused  the  gift,  and  caused  the  beauteous 
texture  to  be  cut  up  in  as  many  ])ieces  as 
there  were  subordinate  chiefs  in  his  army. 
One  single  piece  of  the  mutilated  carpet  as 
big  as  a  man's  two  hands  was  sold  for  twenty 
thousand  drachms  of  gold.  Persia,  although 
conquered  by  Omar,  was  not  destroyed.  The 
e;istern  provinces  of  Mesopotamia  remained 
still  free,  and  there  civilisation  and  the  arts 
found  a  refuge.  Even  those  cities  subjugated 
by  the  Arabs  lost  not  all  tradition  of  the 
arts  they  had  cultivated  for  so  many  ages. 
The  biute  force  of  the  fanatic  Mohammedan 
failed  to  impose  its  ignorance  on  this  p.)lislu:il 
people.  The  struggle  would  have  ended  in 
the  Arab  conqueroi-s  becoming,  like  the  Ro- 
mans, intellectually  concjuered  by  the  civilisa- 
tion of  the  Persians  had  the  Omaric  rule 
been  of  longer  duration,  but  it  swept  over  the 
East  like  a  devastating  whirlwind,  terrible 
but  brief.  The  descendants  of  Alibas  and 
Ali,  driven  out  of  Arabia  by  the  persecution 
of  Omar's  successors,  took  refuge  in  Persia, 
and  prided  themselves  on  mastering  all  the 
culture  that  country  could  all'ord  ;  initiating 
themselves  into  the  secrets  of  science,  art,  and 
philosophy,  as  taught  in  the  schools  founded 
by  the  great  Chosroes.  From  these  princes 
descended  Alroun  al  Raschid,  the  most  popu- 
j  lar  as  well  as  the  most  celebrated  among  the 
Caliphs.  Under  such  enlightened  rulers  the 
old  Arabic  prej  udices  passed  away,  and  national 
monuments  arose  rivalling  the  ancient  edifices. 
Gradually  Persian  art  made  waj'  for  itself 
again,  and  spread  (thanks  to-  the  influence  of 
the  Arabs)  over  a  much  more  extended  surface 
than  it  had  ever  before  occupied.  In  India, 
China,  and  Spain,  from  the  Ganges  to  the 
Guadalquiver,  Persia  henceforth  became 
avowedl)'  the  centre  from  whence  shone  all 
rays  of  artistic  enlightenment.  If  a  great 
architect  were  wanted  he  is  found  in  Persia. 
When  Abderarae,  King  of  Cordova,  built  an 
Alcazar  and  mosque  in  that  city  he  sum- 
moned great  artists  from  Persia.  The  Per- 
sians in  enlarging  their  circle  of  influence  re- 
mained as  much  masters  of  art  as  in  the  tune 
of  Constantine.  Saint  Sophia,  spreading  its 
great  shadow  over  the  city,  at  once  the 'pattern 
and  glory  of  all  other  mosques,  is  as  essen- 
tially the  inspiration  of  a  Persian  artist  of 
bygone  centuries  as  are  the  kiosque  fountains, 
courts,  and  palaces  of  our  own  day  under  the 
actual  sultans  our  contemporaries.  Of  the 
universality  of  Persian  art  we  may  look  from 
Byzantium,  past  and  present,  to  India  at  the 
present  time,  where  it  is  developed  in  a  still 
higher  degree,  both  of  perfection  and  of 
splendour.  Placed  in  a  country  nearer  its 
original  cradle,  and  admirably  adapted  by  the 
luxuriance  of  the  soil  and  ever  brilliant  skies, 
with  its  gorgeous  accompaniments  of  Oriental 
heat  and  cold,  to  develope  its  grandest  features, 
Persian  architecture  here  assumes  its  boldest 
and  moat  fantastic  forms.  The  baths,  palaces, 
mosques,  and  tombs  found  in  almost  countless 
numbers  in  the  cities  of  Delhi,  Lahore,  and 
Agra,  are  absolutely  perfect  as  specimens  of 
style.  The  tomb  of  Sadj  Mahal,  erected  by 
Shah  Djihan  to  the  memory  of  his  favourite 
Sultana,  is  still  caUedthe  "wonder  of  the  world." 
What  untravelled  European  can  imderstand 
a  palace  where  the  frieze  is  formed  of  lapis, 
agate,  turquoise,  sapphires,  and  ruby,  lepre- 
senting  arabesques  of  flowers  in  the  most  deli- 
cate detail  ?  Such  fairylike  wonders,  more 
akin  to  the  fabulous  tale  of  Aladdin  than 
actual  nineteenth  century  life,  strike  the  cold 
imagination  of  the  AVest  as  simple  exaggera- 
tion. But  to  judge  of  these  glorious  possi- 
bilities let  travellers  visit  the  land  where 
they  actually  exist,  where  sun,  climate,  anil 
customs  all  unite  to  harmonise  them  with  the 
surrounding  horizon.  Then  and  there  the 
wonderful  fertility  of  the  imagination  which 
conceived  such  monuments  can  alone  be 
appreciated.  From  the  rules  of  this  architec- 
ture, and  from  the  guiding  of  these  glowing 
imaginations,  the  purists  of  the  fifteenth  cen- 


tury have  driven  us,  giving  us  in  its  stead  the 
cold  abstractions  of  Grecian  art.  Have  we 
gained  or  lost  by  the  exchange  i 

Deanery,  Clifton.  F.  Elliot. 


JAPAKNING   AND    VABNISHING. 

JAPANNING  is  the  art  of  covering  bodies  by 
grounds  of  opaque  colours  ia  v.arnish,  which 
may  be  afterward  decorated  by  printing  or  gilding, 
or  left  in  a  plain  .state.  All  surfaces  to  be  japan- 
ned must  be  perfectly  clean.  Paper  should  be 
stiff  for  japanning,  such  as  pajner  ntacht.  The 
French  prime  all  their  japanned  articles ;  the 
English  do  not.  Tliis  priuung  is  generally  of 
common  size.  Articles  that  are  thus  primed  never 
endure  as  well  as  those  that  receive  the  japan 
coating  on  the  first  operation.  When  they  are 
used  for  some  time  they  crack,  and  the  coats  of 
japan  fly  off  in  flakes.  A  solution  of  strong  isin- 
glass and  honey  or  sugar-candy  makes  a  good 
japan  varnish  to  cover  water  colours  on  gold 
grounds.  A  pure  white  priming  for  japanning 
for  the  cheap  method  is  made  with  parchment 
size  and  isinglass,  laid  on  very  thin  and  smooth. 
It  is  the  better  for  three  coats,  and  when  the^last 
is  dry,  it  is  prepared  to  receive  the  painting  or 
ornamental  figures.  Previous  to  the  last  coat, 
however,  the  work  should  be  smoothly  polished. 
When  wood  or  leather  is  to  be  japanned,  and  no 
priming  used,  the  best  plan  is  to  lay  on  two  or 
three  coats  of  varnish  made  of  seed  lac  and  rosin, 
two  ounces  each,  dissolved  in  alcohol  and  strained 
through  a  cloth.  This  varui.ih  should  he  put  on 
in  a  warm  place,  and  the  work  to  be  varnished 
should,  if  po.ssible,  be  warm  also,  and  all  damp- 
ness should  be  avoided,  tj  prevent  the  varnish 
from  being  chilled.  When  the  work  is  prepared 
with  the  above  composition  and  is  dry,  it  is  tit  for 
the  proper  japan  to  be  laid  on.  If  the  ground  is 
not  to  he  white  the  best  varnish  now  to  be  used 
is  made  of  shellac.  This  is  made  in  the  propor- 
tion of  the  best  shellac  five  ounces,  steeped  in  a 
quart  of  alcohol  and  kept  at  a  gentle  heat  for  two 
or  three  days  and  shaken  frequently,  after  which 
the  solution  must  be  filtered  through  a  flannel 
bag,  and  kept  in  a  well- corked  bottle  for  use. 
This  varnish  for  hard  japanning  on  copper  or  tin 
will  stand  for  ever,  unless  fire  or  a  hammer  be 
used  to  bum  or  knock  it  off.  The  colour  to  be 
used  with  shellac  varnish  may  be  any  pigment  to 
give  the  desired  shade.  To  form  a  hard  perfect 
white  grouud  is  no  easy  matter,  as  the  substances 
which  are  generally  used  to  make  the  japan  hard 
have  a  tendency  by  a  number  of  coats  to  become 
dull.  One  white  ground  is  made  bj'  the  following 
composition  : — Wtiite  flake  or  lead  ground  up 
with  a  sixth  of  its  weight  of  starch,  then  dried 
and  mixed  with  the  finest  gum  ground  up  in 
parts  of  one  ounce  gum  to  half  an  ounce  of  recti- 
fied turpentine  mixed  and  ground  thoroughly 
together.  This  is  to  be  laid  on  the  article  to  be 
japanned,  dried,  and^then  varnished  with  five  or 
six  coats  of  the  following  :  two  ounces  of  the 
whitest  seed  lac  to  three  ounces  of  gum  anima 
reduced  to  a  fine  powder  and  dissolved  in  a 
quart  of  alcohol.  'This  lac  must  be  carefully 
picked.  Fur  a  softer  varnish  than  this,  a  little 
turpentine  should  be  added  and  less  of  the  gum. 
A  very  good  varnish,  and  not  brittle,  may  be  made 
by  dissolving  gum  anima  in  nut  oil,  boiling  it 
gently  as  the  gum  is  a  Ided,  and  giving  the  oil  as 
much  gum  as  it  will  take  vip.  Although  this 
varnish  is  not  bi  ittle,  it  is  liable  to  be  indented 
with  strokes,  and  it  will  not  bear  to  be  polished, 
but  if  well  laid  on  it  will  not  need  jiolishing 
afterwards.  It  also  takes  some  time  to  dry.  Heat 
applied  to  all  oils,  however,  darkens  their  colour, 
and  oil  varnishes  for  white  grow  very  yellow  if 
not  exposed  to  a  full  clear  light. 


Barrels  are  now  constructed  in  America  very 
ingeniously  without  being  formed  mth  staves. 
Thin  strips  of  white  oak  are  wrapped  spirally 
rourd  a  mould  of  any  required  size,  and  repre- 
senting the  interior  of  the  barrel,  each  layer 
crossing  the  preceding  diagonally,  and  all  of 
them  being  firmly  attached  to  each  other  with  a 
suitable  glue  or  cement.  Fourteen  layers  are 
found  to  give  very  great  strength.  The  heads 
are  formed  in  the  same  way.  Barrels  may  thus 
be  made  with  great  economy  and  speed  ;  they  ai  e 
very  light,  and  are  not  liable  to  leakage.  They 
are  used  specially  for  coal  oil. 


268 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


April  18,  1867. 


ELEMENTS    OF    ENGINEERING. 
Docks. — No.  6. 

IT  has  been  remarked  by  a  standard  autbority, 
that  the  value  of  some  books  and  treatises 
upon  various  subjects  is  more  of  a  negative  than  a 
positive  nature,  and  that  they  instruct  the  reader 
what  he  is  to  avoid  rather  than  what  he  is  to 
adopt.  In  many  instances,  the  one  information 
is  quite  as  valuabli;  as  the  other.  The  example  of 
a  dock  wall  given  in  our  last  article  was  selected 
with  the  express  intention  of  imparting  this 
description  of  information  to  our  readers,  and 
having  shown  the  results  of  constructing  so 
inefficient  a  structure  and  the  manner  in  which  it 
finally  gave  way,  we  may  now  pass  on  to  a 
description  of  a  wall  embodying  more  exact  prin- 
ciples of  scientific  knowledge,  but  still  not  yet 
arriving  at  the  best  form  or  disposition  of  mate- 
rial. In  all  constructions,  whether  of  timber, 
stone,  iron,  or  other  material,  there  is  always  a 
certain  amount  of  latitude  permitted  to  the  par. 
ticular  ideas  or  t  iste  of  the  designer,  but  there  is 
also  a  limit  beyond  which  he  must  not  stray. 
However  fanciful  or  erratic  his  pencil  may  be,  he 
must  never  allow  it  to  delineate  proportions  not 
in  harmony  with  the  principles  laid  down  by 
theory  for  the  strength  and  stability  of  every  class 
of  engineering  and  architectural  erection.  Fig.  1 
represents  an  example 


of  wall  differing  in 
many  essential  points 
from  the  one  pre- 
viously described ;  and 
insomuch  as  it  is  based 


FIG.  1. 


H.W.M 


upon  a  superior  me- 
thod of  building,  we 
will  briefly  allude  to 
its  distinguishing  cha- 
racteristics. The  first 
point  that  will  imme- 
diately  strike  the  ob- 
server, is  that  the  rec- 
tilineal batter  i.s  dis- 
carded and  a  circular 
one  substituted  in  its 
place,  which  as  the 
wall  is  of  brick  can  be 
done  with  advantage 
in  every  sense.  The 
back  also  is  concen- 
tric with  the  front, 
and  is  not  built  verti- 
cally as  in  the  former 

example.  All  the  bearing  piles  immediately  under 
the  wall  itself  are  Sin.  square,  but  those  un- 
derneath the  counterfort  C  are  Sin.  square,  since 
they  have  less  weight  to  support.  If  the  stratum 
into  which  the  piles  are  driven  is  of  average 
quality  for  forming  a  good  foundation,  about  20 
tons  of  direct  pressure  may  be  put  upon  each  of 
them  ;  but  it  must  be  borne  in  mind,  especially 
with  respect  to  alluvial  soils,  that  there  is  also 
a  considerable  lateral  pressure  to  be  guarded 
against,  which  is  more  dangerous  in  its  action 
than  even  an  excessive  vertical  load  would  be. 
To  bear  the  above  weight  with  safety  the  piles 
should  not  be  less  than  lOin.  square  at  the  least 
part. 

Although  the  plan  of  tapering  away  good 
timber  which  we  alluded  to  in  our  last  should 
never  be  permitted,  yet,  if  the  timber  naturally 
tapers  a  little,  or  if  by  so  doing  a  good  sound  pile 
can  be  got  which  would  otherwise  be  thrown 
away,  there  is  no  danger  incuiTed  by  reducing  the 
diameter  by  a  small  amount  toward  the  shoe  end. 
At  the  same  time  it  should  never  be  fined  down  to 
a  less  diameter  than  6in.  by  6in.,  and  not  then 
unless  there  is  a  valid  reason  for  so  doing.  Some- 
times a  row  of  sheeting  piles  ia  driven  down  in 
front  of  the  bearing  ones.  The  usual  plan  is  to 
drive  them  down  before  driving  the  others,  upon 
the  principle  that  the  ground  becomes  harder  by 
forcing  piles  into  it,  and  therefore  the  better 
adapted  for  resisting  the  bearing  piles  which  are 
afterwards  driven.  Notwithstanding  th.at  this 
assumption  rests  upon  very  good  authority,  it  is 
exceedingly  questionable  whether  it  is  of  much 
practical  utility.  Frequently  the  effect  of  driving 
a  number  of  piles  in  close  succession  and  proximity 
to  one  another,  is  to  cause  the  ground  to  become 
pulpy  and  springy ;  and,  in  fact,  to  counteract  the 
very  result  it  is  supposed  to  accomplish.  Sheeting 
piles  for  dock  walls,  when  they  are  used  as 
described,  may  be  6in.  by  2in.,  and  unless  the 
ground  is  too  hard,  they  may  be  driven  without 
shoes,  but  the  heads  must  always  be  hooped. 
Their  points  should  be  cut  at  any  obtuse  angle, 
and   it  will   harden  them    against    any    sudden 


shock  to  char  them  well  previously  to  driving. 
In  Fig.  1  the  bearing  piles  are  not  driven  vertically, 
but  have  a  cant  of  2iin.  to  the  foot.  Their  direc- 
tion should,  as  nearly  as  possible,  coincide  with 
that  of  a  tangent  to  the  curve  of  the  face  of  the 
wall  at  the  bottom,  so  that  the  direction  of  the 
pressure  should  be  transmitted  unaltered  to  the 
foundations.  Upon  the  bearing  piles  are  bolted 
the  longitudinal  baulks  of  Memel  or  Danzig  ;  and 
again,  upon  the  latter  Sin.  planking  is  laid,  which 
forms  the  sole  or  bed  for  receiving  the  superstruc- 
ture. The  wall  represented  in  fig.  1  is  30ft.  in 
total  height  from  top  of  piles  to  under  side  of 
coping.  It  is  built  of  brickwork ;  but  has  two 
through  courses  of  stone  set  in  it  shown  in  the  fig. 
by  S  S.  These  stone  courses  are  for  the  purpose 
of  giving  a  better  hold  to  the  fender  F,  which  is 
bolted  to  a  couple  of  teak  blocks  which  are 
fastened  to  the  stones  ;  the  latter  also  serve  to 
strengthen  the  wall.  The  fender  F  is  of  oak  12in. 
square,  and  in  addition  to  being  secured  to  the 
blocks,  is  also  let  4in.  into  the  solid  brickwork,  so 
that  its  total  projection  is  Sin.  from  the  wall  face. 
The  thickness  of  the  brickwork  A  in  the  wall 
proper  is  6ft.,  and  is  constant  throughout  the 
whole  height ;  that  of  the  counterforts  C  is  4ft. 
and  is  similarly  uniform.  The  counterforts  are 
placed  15ft.  apart  from  centre  to  centre,  and  the 
coping,  which  is  one  solid  stone,  is  4ft.  in  breadth 
by  15in.  in  thickness. 

Looking  at  the  section  of  this  wall  we  notice 
two  important  points  ;  in  the  first  place,  the  sec- 
tional area  is  uniform,  and,  secondly,  there  are  no 
footing  courses,  the  wall  being  started  at  once  from 
the  timber  flooring.  When  the  top  of  the  bank  of 
earth  supported  by  a  retaining  wall  of  any  descrip- 
tion is  horizontal,  as  is  universally  the  case  with 
dock  walls,  and  when  the  section  of  the  wall  is 
uniform  as  in  the  example  before  us,  the  condi- 
tion of  stability  is  easily  ascertained.  In  fig.  2 
let  A  F  E  C  represent  a  rectangular  wall  in  every 
respect  except  the  curva- 
ture of  the  front  and 
back,  similar  to  that  atB  D 
E  C,  and  let  T  equal  the 
thickness  of  either  of 
them  and  H  their  height. 
H  will  therefore  equal 
A  C.  Make  g  g'  the 
position  of  the  centres  of 
gravity  of  the  respective 
walls  and  put  ni  to  re- 
present a  constant.  "When 
the  batter  of  the  wall  is 
straight,  that  is,  when 
C  B  is  a  straight  instead 


Fl  G.2. 


of 


curved    line,    we    have 


and  when  the  wall  is  curved,  as  in  fig.  1,  we  find 

2  A  B 

T  X  '«  =  — „ — •     On   the   supposition  that  the 

line  C  B  is  a  portion  of  a  parabolic  curve,  we 
therefore  see  that  the  strength  of  a  wall  with  a 
curved  batter  Is  to  that  with  a  straight  one  as  4  :  J. 
It  is  not  absolutely  necessary  to  ensure  this 
increase  of  strength,  that  in  practice  the  face  of 
the  wall  should  be  strictly  a  parabola,  which 
would  be  an  awkward  and  troublesome  curve  to 
work  to,  but  it  may  be  made  circular,  since  within 
certain  limits  the  difference  between  the  two  is 
too  small  to  occasion  any  appreciable  error.  Walls 
built  with  a  curved  batter  should  have  the  joints, 
whether  of  masonry  or  brickwork,  to  radiate 
square  to  the  face,  as  shown  in  fig.  3.  The  object 
of  this  is  to  cause  the  pressure 
to  be  brought  evenly  and  fairly 
upon  the  base,  instead  of  tend- 
ing to  cut  it  across  in  an 
oblique  direction.  For  the 
same  reason  the  footing  courses 
themselves  are  set  square  to 
the  face  line,  thus  enabling  the 
theoretical  conditions  of  sta- 
bility to  be  more  effectually 
fulfilled.  Another  very  im- 
portant duty  performed  by  the 
through  stone  courses  S  S  (see 
fig.  1)  is  the  bonding  together 
the  wall  A  and  its  counterforts 
C.  It  is  clear  that  unless  a 
wall  and  its  accompanying 
counterforts  form  part  and 
parcel  of  the  one  structure,  the  latter  is  httle 
better  than  backing,  and  might  just  as  well  be 
replaced  by  so  much  earth ;  but  when  they  are,  on 
the  contrary,  well  bonded  together,  which  can  only 
be  properly  effected  by  through  courses,  the 
stability  and  strength  of  the  wall  is  considerably 
increased. 


Fl  G.4. 


<-T-> 


should  range  from  -;r-to  -5-.       The     precaution 


It  may  be  demonstrated  mathematically  that  in 
a  wall    in    which    the    counterforts  are  properly 
bonded,  the   strength  is  the  same  as  if  the  thick- 
ness of  the  wall  were  increased  to  that  of  a  mean 
between   its   own   dimensions    and   that   of    the 
counterfoil.     In  fig.  4  let  T  equal  the  thickness 
of   the  wall  and  T'   the  total 
thickness   of    both  wall    and 
counterfort ;  make    B    eq  ual 
the    length  of   wall    between 
two    consecutive  counterforts 
in  the  clear,  and  B  the  breadth 
of  a  counterfort.    The  strength 
of  the  wall,  making  H  =  the 
height    of     both     wall     and 
counterfoil,  and    M    the  mo- 
ment of   stability  of  the  wall, 
and  M'  that  of  the  wall  and 
counterfort,   will  be   equal  to 

M  +  Mi  ^      .       ,, 

^— , — rr .   But  usmg  the  same 

B  -7*  B' 

notation  as  before,  and  putting  W  for  the  weight 
of  a  cubic  foot  of  masonry  or  brickwork,  we  have 
M  =  m  X  W  H  B  T^  and  M'  =  m  X  W  H  B'  T^' 
„  M  +  M'  mWH{Br+B'T,') 
and  consequently  g^r-gf  = B  +  B' 

which  is  equivalent  to  the  moment  of  stability  of 
a  wall  having  a  uniform  thickness  of  the  mean 
between  T  and  T'.  It  is  commonly  imagined  that 
a  great  saving  of  material  is  eflected  by  the  em- 
ployment of  counterforts  ;  but  such  is  not  the 
case.  There  is  undoubtedly  in  the  majority  of 
instances  a  slight  saving,  but  not  to  the  extent 
commonly  supposed  ;  and  in  many  cases  it  would 
be  preferable  to  increase  the  thickness  of  the  wall 
and  make  good  backing  do  the  duty  of  the  coun- 
terforts. In  the  construction  of  docks,  as  well  as 
of  all  retaining  walls,  it  is  very  difficult  to  give  a 
general  rule  for  their  thickness,  but  it  may  be 
considered   that   the    thickness    at    the    bottom 

H  .     H 

2-*° -3 
should  always  be  taken  whenever  any  superstruc- 
ture is  raised  upon  piles,  to  ao  arrange  the  levels 
that  the  timber  should  never  get  imcovered  by  the 
water,  for  there  is  no  description  of  timber  in  use 
that  will  long  stand  alternate  wetting  and  drymg. 
Most  timbers  last  well  when  totally  and  constantly 
immersed  in  water,  and  in  repairing  and  under- 
pinning dock  walls,  Memel  fir  has  been  found  as 
sound  as  the  day  it  was  put  in.     As  a  rule  the 
larger  balks  show  least  symptoms  of  decay,  the 
planking    frequently  being    partially    destroyed. 
The  same  appears  to  hold  good  in  the  case  of  iron, 
as  spikes  and  the  smaller  bolts  are  generally  found 
to  be  very  much  corroded  and  eaten  into  ;  but  the 
larger   si«cimens  are  but  slightly   injured.    The  , 
oak  fenders,  particularly  towards  tho  upper  part, , 
wear  very  rapidly,  and  the  same  may  be  said  of 
the  brickwork  at  the  same  part  of  the  wall  face. 
We  shall  give  one  more  example  of  dock  walls,  and 
then  pass  on  to  a  consideration  of  the  accompani- 
ments and  accessories  connected  with  the  erection  ^ 
of  works  of  this  nature ;  but  we  shall  not  treat  of  ■ 
any  but  those  the  construction  of  which  is  inst- 
parable  from  that  of  docks  themselves.  *■ 

t 
ROADS— THEIR     CON.STRUCTION,     BE- 
PAIR,  AND  MANAGEMENT. 

MR.  BALDWIN  LATHAM,  C.E.,  the  engi- 
neer  to  the  Croydon  Local  Board,  has  just 
issued  a  report  on  the  construction,  repair,  and 
management  of  the  roads  in  that  parish,  which  is 
well  deserving  the  attention  of  similar  bodies 
elsewhere.  Mr.  Latham  points  out  that  as  the 
rapid  increase  in  the  population  of  Croydon 
necessarily  increases  the  amount  of  wear  and 
tear  on  the  main  thoroughfares,  and  also  annually 
brings  an  increased  length  of  roads  to  be  repaired 
at  the  cost  of  the  ratepayers,  the  question  relating 
to  the  management  of  the  parish  roads  demanos 
the  serious  attention  of  the  Board  ;  in  order, 
on  the  one  hand,  that  they  may  have  tho  roads 
under  their  jurisdiction  kept  in  the  best  possible 
order,  and,  on  the  other  hand,  that  they  may  be 
maintained  in  good  condition,  with  a  diie  rftgaru 
to  economy.  On  both  these  points  Mr.  Latham 
gives  his  Board  a  great  deal  of  valuable  informa- 
tion and  practical  advice.  As  much  of  what  he 
says  is  of  considerable  public  importance  as  well 
as  of  general  applicability,  we  make  no  apology  for 
quoting  largely  from  the  report : — 

In  order,  says  Mr.  Latham,  to  arrive  at  a  correct 
conclusion  on  the  various  matters  connected  witn 
roads,  a  knowledge  of  both  mechanics  and  mine- 
ralogy ia  requisite  ;  the  one  to  determine  the  best 


I 


April  18,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


269 


iode  of  construction,  and  the  other,  to  make  a 
•oper  selection  of  the  best  materials  to  be  em- 
loyed. 

One  of  the  greatest  mistakes  committed  in  road- 

aking,  is  the  constant  heaping  on  of  materials  in 

;ie  centre  of  the  road,   until  they  have  become 

lite  ranniled   and   considerably    higher   in    the 

ntre  than  they  are  at  the  sides.      It   must  be 

Imitted  that,  in  order  to  secure  efficient  drainage 

the  surface  of  the  road  it  is  requisite  that  the 

ntre  should  be  somewhit  higher  than  the  sides  ; 

it  the  amount  of  elevation  actually  required  for 

8  purpoae.-i  of  securing  olBcient  drainage  is  much 

ta  than  is   generally  supposed  ;  and  the   object 

nuld  be  so  to  perfect  the  means  of  drainage   as 

do   with  the   least  possible    elevation.      Apart 

)in  the   question   of  drainage  theoretically,  the 

st  road,  and  the  one  le;ist  liable  to  wear  and 

ir,  would  be  a  flat  one  with  a  level  cross  section  ; 

on  all  roads  that  are  rounded,  there  is  but  one 

rtion  in   which  vehicles  can  stand  upright,  and 

it  is  the   centre  of   the  road  ;  conseqviently,  a 

•:iter  amount  of  wear  and  tear  takes  place  than 

the     road    is   flatter,    and    vehicles    can 

!  -e    it    in     all   directions.     In   a  very  con- 

i.id,  when  a  vehicle  Ls  not  travelling  in  the 

.  the    load    is    unequally  disposed    and   the 

!■  has  a  constant  tendency  to  slide  down  the 

i  d   plane,     which   tendency  promotes    the 

destruction  of  the  road. 

li  regatd  to  the   new  roads  constructed   in 

u'ish  under  my  direction,   I  have   caused 

to    be  made  with  a   cross  section,    having 

'  r'.)rm   rate    of    fall    from    the     centre    of 

■ads    to    the    water    tables   of    1    in    30 ; 

I  'cperisnco  shows  that   this   is  quite    sufli 

i'tv   (.jrainage   purposes,    and  at  the    same 

s  not  so  great  a  fall  as  to  injuriously  affect 

■ar  of   the  road;  and,  seeing  that  this   form 

1.  roatl  answers  so  well,  I  shall  recommend  that, 

i  ;he  alteration  of  any  road,  or  in  the  construction 

r.  lew  roads  within  the  parish,  this  sectional  form 

I  adhere.!  to. 

Ln  undrained  road  is  one  extremely  expensive 
taaintain;  and  even  when  constructed  of  the 
kt  materials  it  is  impossible  to  keep  it  in  good 
aei  and  conditian ;  on  the  other  hand,  roads 
Ble  of  very  inferior  material,  when  due  regard 
■k  been  paid  to  the  drainage  or  the  means  of 
kping  it  dry,  may  be  kept  in  good  condition. 
I'l'saretwo  descriptions  of  drainage  requisite 
i  I-  to  keep  all  roads  in  good  condition — first, 
i;i  i:le  of  freeing  the  surface  from  water,  and, 
.:  'ud,  the  mode  of  ensuring  a  dry  foundation. 
I  jrder  thai  a  road  may  be  free  from  water  on 
iJmrface  constant  attention  must  be  paid  to  the 
8  e  of  repair ;  and  every  step  must  be  taken  for 
Airing  a  smooth  surface.  The  water  tables 
Hold  be  kept  free  from  obstruction,  and  a  sutli- 
e.t  number  of  guUeys  and  drains,  at  convenient 
dances,  should  be  provided  in  order  to  carry  off 
tl  water  as  quickly  as  possible.  The  materials 
fi  iiing  the  surface  of  a  road  should  be  of  suffi- 
c  itly  impervious  character  to  resist  the  pene- 
ti  iou  of  water :  if  the  materials  are  not 
•uciently  impervious  the  combined  effect  of 
»er  and  traffic  will  be  sure  to  loosen  the  mate 
rii  of  the  road.  It  is  of  equal  importance  that 
e  y  road  should  have  a  dry  foundation,  for  you 
Bf  perfect  the  surface  drainage,  and  yet  the  road 
n-  be  destroyed  from  the  water  ri.sing  from 
biw  or  from  adjacent  grounds.  In  many  of  the 
Tils  of  this  parish,  laid  out  on  a  gravel  subsoil, 
n ireparation  for  sub-drainage  is  required;  but, 
ii  other  roads  constructed  on  clay  soils  that 
r«  in  moisture,  a  proper  system  of  under  drainage 
*ild  be  attended  with  good  results;  and  I 
•hid  recommend  that  all  roads  having  a  i^ubsoil 
0  ;lay  should  be  under  drained.  Attention 
•1  lid  be  paid  to  the  hedges  and  trees  in  order 
t<  revent  their  injuriously  affecting  the  roads. 

3  a  material  for  the  construction  or  repair  of 
tl  roads  ilint  may  be  classed  as  one  of  the 
*  3t ;  it  is  very  hard,  but  extremely  brittle,  and 
Jc'Oon  reduced  to  sand  under  the  wheels  of 
^  idea.  The  excess  of  silica  in  a  road  stone  is  a 
d  Tback  to  its  useful  application,  as  its  glassdike 
a  ire  renders  it  brittle  and  consequently  friable. 
Jit  contains  about  OS  per  cent,  of  silica,  about 
"■half  per  cent,  of  lime,  and  a  small  portion  of 
<■  uina  and  iron.  It  breaks  with  a  perfect  con- 
cjidal  fracture,  with  sharp  cutting  edges.  The 
"d  reduction  of  flints,  under  heavy  traffic,  to 
pi,  apart  from  the  destruction  of  the  material 
illf,  ia  really  a  great  element  in  causing  the 
eije  breaking  up  of  the  road  in  wet  or  frosty 
^  taer,  as  the  sand  forms  a  pervious  covering  for 
t»  foundation  of  the  road ;  consequently  the 
*^.faU  ia  absorbed,  and,  pa-ssing  to  the  foundation 


of  the  road,  loosens  all  the  material,  and  may  even 
s<jften  the  original  foundation  below  the  road 
metal ;  so  that  it  is  next  to  impossible  in  a  wet 
season,  and  under  heavy  tratiic,  to  keep  a  flint 
road  in  order. 

Although  flints  are  the  worst  of  materials  for 
f(^rming  thesurface  of  a  carriage-way,  yet,  from  the 
nature  of  the  material  when  set  as  in  concrete, 
they  form  the  best  foundation  you  can  possibly 
get  for  any  road.  The  hoggin,  or  small  gravel 
separated  from  the  largest  gravel,  is  a  useful 
material  for  the  construction  of  footpaths  ;  the 
drawbacks  to  its  use  are,  its  liability  to  be  de- 
stroyed and  converted  into  mud  by  the  action  of 
frost  and  wet,  or  in  summer  time  the  disagreeable- 
ness  of  loose  and  shifting  material  brought  about 
by  an  excess  of  drought. 

Chalk  is  a  material  of  itself  not  well  fitted  to 
form  a  road,  and  must  therefore  be  classed  with 
those  of  the  worst  order  for  the  construction  of 
roads.  The  great  drawback  to  the  use  of  chalk 
in  road-making  is  its  absorbent  character  ;  as  one- 
third  the  bulk  of  chalk,  when  fully  saturated, 
consists  of  water,  or  (putting  it  in  another  form) 
one  cubic  foot  of  chalk  will  retain  two  gallons  of 
water.  The  efl'ect  of  this  absorbent  property 
under  some  circumstances  is  beneficial,  but,  as  a 
rule,  in  an  uncertain  climate  similar  to  that  of 
this  country,  it  cannot  be  well  recommended ;  as 
the  effect  of  this  property  of  absorbing  water  is 
such  that,  in  time  of  frost,  the  water  in  the 
chalk  is  expanded,  and  consequently  the  chalk  is 
disintegrated,  and  the  materials  composing  the 
road  are  rent  by  the  resistless  power  of  the  ex- 
panding water  ;  the  succeeding  thaw  converts  the 
mass  into  a  state  of  paste ;  and,  when  in  this  con- 
dition, the  traffic  completes  the  destruction  of  the 
road.  Chalk  may  be  used  with  advantage  for  the 
foundation  of  a  road  where  it  is  placed  at  such  a 
depth  as  to  be  out  of  the  reach  of  frost ;  and  in 
such  a  position  its  absorbent  properties  may  be  of 
use,  by  retaining  the  water  that  would  otherwise 
pass  to  the  foundation  of  the  road,  and  render  it 
soft  and  yielding.  Chalk  may  sometimes  be  used 
with  advantage,  when  reduced  to  a  pulverescent 
state,  for  assisting  in  binding  roadways  con- 
structed of  gravel,  or  rounded  pebbles,  which 
of  themselves  can  never  set  to  form  a  smooth 
road  surface  without  some  binding  material ;  but 
its  use  for  this  purpose  must  in  all  cases  be 
judiciously  exercised,  and  will  not  be  required  in 
any  case  where  the  gravel  is  of  a  loamy  character. 
As  both  flint  and  chalk  are  of  themselves  unfit  for 
road-making,  yet  when  the  chalk  is  burnt  into 
lime  and  mixed  with  gravel  or  flints,  it  forms 
one  of  the  best  foundations  for  a  roadway. 

Kentish  rag,  wheu  used  alone,  is  hut  little 
better  than  gravel;  and,  when  used  in  conjunc- 
tion with  pebbles,  is  not  equal  to  flint  and  pebble. 
The  Kentish  rag  is  a  member  of  the  lower  green 
sand  formation,  and  is  by  nature  a  limestone. 
Limestones,  .'is  a  general  rule,  do  not  form  a  good 
material  for  macadamising  roads,  by  reason  of 
their  affinity  for  retaining  water,  and,  conse- 
quently, mast  lead  to  the  destruction,  in  times  of 
frost,  of  a  road  repaired  with  it.  Ironstone,  like 
Kentish  rag,  is  procured  from  the  lower  green 
sand  formation  ;  and  consists  of  the  indurated 
iron  sand'  of  that  formation.  As  a  material  for 
the  repair  of  roads  it  is  not  of  sufficiently  durable 
character  ever  tu  take  u  very  high  rank.  It  is 
brittle,  and  too  we.ak  to  resist  the  ciushiug  action 
of  the  wheels  of  vehicles. 

The  materials  best  adapted  for  the  construction 
of  roads  of  great  traffic  are  those  belonging  to 
the  igneous  crystalline  rocks ;  the  best  of  these 
materials  are  granite,  syenite,  and  trap  rocks. 
Granite,  so  called  from  its  granular  construction 
and  aspect,  is  a  compound  of  quartz,  felspar, 
and  mica,  arranged  in  distinct  grains  or  crystals. 
The  structure  of  granite  is  irregular  and  amor- 
phous, varying  from  compact  rock  to  a  coarse  and 
loose  aggregation  of  primary  crystals.  Its  value 
as  a  material  for  the  construction  or  repair  of 
roads  varies  with  its  formation.  .As  a  rule,  the 
smaller  the  crystals  the  better  is  it  adapted  as  a 
material  for  the  repair  of  roads.  Syenite  is  a 
species  of  gi'anite,  and  is  generally  called  granite ; 
but,  more  properly,  the  term  granite  is  applied  to 
those  unstratified  rocks  consisting  of  quartz, 
felspar,  and  mica,  with  little  or  no  hornblende  ; 
while  the  term  syenite  is  applied  to  those 
rocks,  consisting  of  quartz,  felspar,  and  horn- 
blende, with  little  or  no  mica,  The  dura- 
bility and  hardness  of  granite  and  syenite 
may  be  estimated  by  the  preponderance  of  quartz 
and  hornblende.  Felspar  and  mica  are  the  de- 
structible portions  of  granite,  as  they  contain 
potash,   which    under  favourable     circumstances 


tends  to  promote  the  destruction  of  the  material. 
T|ie  several  ingredients  can  be  pretty  nearly 
estimated  by  observation.  Quartz  is  present, 
eifher  in  the  form  of  clear  colourless,  or  gray 
crystals ;  hornblende,  of  dark  green  or  black 
crystals ;  mica,  of  glistening  scales  ;  felspar,  of 
opaque  compact  crystids,  of  a  white,  yellowish,  or 
flesh  colour.  From  these  observations  we  can 
draw  our  conclusions  that,  in  the  absence  of  mica, 
the  darkest  coloured  granites  will  be  found  to  be 
tlie  best ;  and  experience  has  long  established 
this  fact,  that,  of  the  granites  used  for  road  pur- 
poses, there  is  none  of  greater  value  than  the 
dark  granite  jirocured  from  Guernsey.  So  far  as 
experiments  have  been  made  in  Croydon,  it 
ajjpears  that  granite  is  nearly  three  times  as 
durable  as  broken  flints  under  the  same  circum- 
stances ;  but,  as  its  cost  is  only  twice  that  of  flint, 
it  follows  that  granite  is  the  cheaper  material  for 
the  repair  of  all  roads  of  great  traffic.  This 
seems  now  to  be  such  a  well-established  fact  that, 
year  by  year,  as  the  traffic  has  increased  in  the 
suburban  districts  of  London,  the  local  materials 
have  been  superseded  by  Guernsey  granite. 
•Although  granite,  by  the  length  of  time  it  wears, 
has  shown  itself  to  be  the  cheapest  road  material 
that  can  be  used,  yet  the  saving  in  cost  of  mate- 
rial is  not  the  only  saving.  It  may  be  laid  down 
as  a  rule,  that  the  amount  of  miiterial  put  on  a 
road  for  repair  represents  the  mud  and  dust  that 
has  been  swept  up  and  carted  away ;  so  that  by 
the  use  of  a  better  material  you  will  not  only 
save  in  the  cost  of  the  material  (from  its  being 
more  durable  and  less  expensive  to  repair),  but 
you  will  save  directly  by  not  having  so  much  mud 
and  dust  to  sweep  up  and  cart  away. 

Greenstone  is  a  term  applied  to  those  trap 
rocks  that  are  composed  of  felspar,  augite,  and 
hornblende.  It  differs  from  syenite  from  the 
preponderance  of  hornblende  over  felspar ;  and 
the  consequent  smaller  proportion  of  potash 
(which  is  a  great  agent  for  the  destruction  of  all 
silicious  stones)  ;  and,  as  it  has  already  been 
shown,  in  the  case  of  granite  stones,  that  the 
preponderance  of  hornblende  is  the  test  of  the 
value  of  those  stones  for  the  purpose  of  road- 
making,  it  follows,  as  a  natural  consequence,  that 
greenstone  will  be  superior  even  to  granite  as  a 
material  for  the  construction  and  repair  of  roads. 
It  has  also  another  advantage  over  some  granites, 
which  is,  that  while  it  forms  a  hard  smooth  sur- 
face it  never  wears  so  as  to  be  slippery. 

This  material  is  procured  in  large  quantities 
from  Penmaenmawr,  in  Carnarvonshire.  The 
following  table  from  Dr.  Fairbairn's  "Useful 
Information  for  Engineers  "  will  show  at  a  glance 
the  nature  and  quality  of  this  stone  : — 


Penmaenmawr  stone 

Basalt  ( Whimtoue) 

Granite  (Mount  Sorrel)  ... 

(Ai-g.vlesliire) 
Syenite  (.\Iouut  Sorrel)  , 


Crushing  stress  in  lbs. 
per  s^^uare  iudi.  ■ 

16893 

, 1W70 

ll'SlSl 

lOsIl? 

IISJO 


Sandstone  (stroni"  Vorkshire,  mean  of 

nine  oxperimentii)      9824 

Limestone  (coin^iact,  strong)       8528 

Ma^ntein       7098 

•    ,;'        (weak) 3050 

The  superiority  of  Penmaenmawr  stone  to  re- 
sist the  crushing  action  of  the  wheels  of  vehicles 
is  fully  demonstrated  iiy  the  foregoing  table.  In- 
deed, this  stone  and  Guernsey  granite  are,  in  my 
opinion,  the  best  description  of  stone  that  can  be 
used  for  the  repair  of  the  roads.  The  cost  of  the 
Penmaenmawr  stone  at  the  quarries  is  2s.  per  ton, 
tm  ^roken,  or  4s.  per  ton,  broken. 

In  order  to  secure  a  good  and  lasting  road, 
next  in  importance  to  the  selection  of  the 
materials  Ls  the  mode  of  applying  them.  The 
great  advantage  of  Macadam's  system  depended 
upon  the  angularity  of  the  pieces  of  stone  of 
which  the  roads  were  constructed,  which,  con- 
sequently, dove-tailed  together,  as  it  were,  and 
soon  formed  a  hard  smooth  surface.  The  size 
of  the  stones  required  under  given  circum- 
stances may  vary  slightly ;  the  stones  of  roads 
of  great  traffic  may,  with  advantage,  be  larger 
than  those  for  roads  of  little  traffic ;  but  there 
is  a  limit  to  the  size  of  stones ;  as,  where  they 
exceed  a  certain  size  it  is  not  so  easy  to  ensure 
the  construction  of  a  road  with  a  smooth  and 
even  surface.  For  roads  of  the  greatest  traffic 
the  stones  should  not  exceed  in  dimension  a 
cube  of  l'G2in.  Slacadam  determined  the  size 
of  the  stones  used  for  making  bis  roads  oy 
weight;  and  he  always  stipulated  that  no  stone 
should  exceed  6oz.  in  weight,  and  instructed  his 
inspectors  to  carry  a  small  pair  of  scales,  in 
order  to  ascertain  the  weight  of  the  stones,  and 
see   that  they    did    not   exceed   the    stipulated 


270 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


April  18,  1867. 


weight.  According  to  Macadam's  rule,  a  stone  of 
6oz,  would  be  a  cube  of  l'6in.,  or,  measured 
diagonally,  would  be  about  '2Jin.  ;  a  stone  ol 
this  size  would  pass  through  a  2Jin.  ring,  and 
in  future,  I  should  recommend  that  for  roads  o- 
great  traffic,  the  stone  should  be  broken  so  a- 
to  pass  through  a  2iin.  ring,  and  foi 
roads  of  little  traffic  to  pass  through  a  2in.  ring 
The  mode  of  applying  the  materials  is  of  equal 
importance  with  the  size  and  shape.  In  all  case.? 
of  broken  stone  roads,  before  fresh  material.* 
are  applied,  the  road  should  be  slightly  roughed 
or  raised,  in  order  to  secure  the  cohesion  of  the 
new  and  old  materials.  For  the  repair  of  all 
roads,  with  whatever  materials,  it  is  a  great  mis- 
take to  put  on  too  much  at  once ;  as  the  effect 
of  a  thick  coat  is  destruction  to  the  material ;  a 
movement  takes  place,  and  the  stones  grind 
against  each  other,  get  their  angles  rubbed  ofi'. 
and  then  it  becomes  more  difficult  to  bind.  In 
no  case  should  any  coating  on  a  road  exceed  one 
stone  in  thickness,  and,  if  this  rule  is  adhered 
to,  the  stones  will  rapidly  work  into  position  with, 
out  injury  or  destruction  ;  in  cases  where  one 
coating  may  not  be  sufficient  it  will  be  well  to 
put  on  what  is  required  at  two  or  three  different 
times,  letting  each  coating  get  nearly  solid 
before  the  others  are  added.  During  the  whole 
of  the  period  roads  are  under  repair,  constant 
attention  should  be  paid  to  them,  and  by  re- 
peated raking  the  surface  must  be  kept  uniform  ; 
unless  attention  is  strictly  paid  to  this  direction, 
an  uneven  surface  is  sure  to  be  the  result.  The 
best  season  of  the  year  for  the  repair  of  roads 
is  the  autumn,  and  the  whole  of  the  materials 
requisite  for  the  repair  should  be  delivered  in 
time  to  be  put  on  before  the  winter  ;  of  course,  in 
the  case  of  roads  with  great  traffic  it  is  impos- 
sible to  lay  down  any  general  rules  for  their 
repair ;  and,  although  one  time  of  the  year  may 
be  more  favourable  than  another,  yet  the  exi- 
gencies of  the  case  may  demand  that  repairs 
should  be  made  at  other  times.  The  great  rule 
should  be  never  to  let  a  road  get  out  of  condi- 
tion. The  rolling  of  roads  is  attended  with 
great  advantage,  as  it  greatly  assists  the  material 
to  set,  and  ensures  an  uniformity  of  surface.  In 
rolling  broken  stone  roads,  a  roller  of  3  tons 
weight  should  be  first  used ;  and  this  weight 
should  be  gradually  increased  until  it  reaches  10 
tons.  Care  should  always  be  taken  in  rolling,  that  an 
excess  of  horse  power  be  used,  or  otherwise  the  feet 
of  the  horses  will  do  permanent  injury  to  the 
roads.  In  France  rollers  worked  by  steam  power 
are  used,  and  the  roads  are  sanded  and  watered 
during  the  operation.  It  has  often  been  urged  in 
this  country  that  the  same  system  should  be 
adopted  ;  the  reason  for  its  not  being  adopted  is 
simply  this,  that  all  roads  which  are  allowed  to 
become  consolidated  under  the  ordinary  traffic 
are  much  better,  and  more  lasting,  than  those 
brought  to  a  surface  by  artificial  means.  In  fact, 
the  use  of  materials  scattered  on  a  road,  for  the 
purpose  of  binding  it,  has  a  great  tendency  to 
injure  the  road;  as  the  interposition  of  inferior 
materials  between  the  stones  does  permanent 
injury  by  rendering  the  roads  more  absorbent, 
and  consequently  more  easily  abraded  by  heavy 
traffic.  With  judicious  watering  and  rolling,  and 
the  application  of  thin  layers  of  material,  a  road 
may  be  rapidly  brought  to  a  good  surface,  without 
the  intervention  of  any  binding  material.  I 
should  recommend  you  to  purchase  a  roller,  Gft. 
in  diameter,  and  capable  of  being  weighted  up  to 
10  tons. 


A  NATIONAL   WORK. 

THE  Chathmn  News  gives  some  very  interesting 
particulars  regarding  the  vast  national  work 
now  going  on  at  that  place,  viz.,  the  Chatham 
Dockyard  extension,  which,  when  completed,  will 
make  Chatham  the  greatest  naval  arsenal  in  the 
world.  The  new  works,  which  our  contemporary 
describes  as  Titanic,  will  be  constructed  on  the 
swampy  tract  of  land  contiguous  to  the  present 
dockyard — having  formerly  a  considerable  creek 
running  through  it  navigable  for  vessels  at  full 
tide  and  cutting  ofi'  a  large  piece  of  soil  fi-  >m  the 
main  land,  constituting  it  St.  Mary's  Isl.md.  Al- 
ready may  be  seen  the  rudiments  of  thi;  works, 
the  gigantic  extent  of  which  may  be  gathered  from 
the  following  particulars:— The  present  dockyard 
cover  90  acres— the  extension  works  will  occupy 
380  acres  !  One  basin  alone  will  be  more  than 
one-third  the  size  of  the  whole  of  the  present 
dockyard.  There  will  be  three  basins,  with  each 
30ft.  of  water  at  high  water  neap-tides.  The  re- 
pairing basin  will   occupy   21  acres ;   the  factory 


basin  20  acres  ;the  fitting-out   basin,  with  a  lock, 
33  acres.     These  basins  will  be  mainly  m.ade  from 
the  old  creek  ;  but  at  the  lower  end  of  the  works 
80  acres  will  be  recovered  from  the  Medway   for 
the   great   basin,    the  lock,    quays,  buildings,  &c. 
Communicating  with  the  repairing  basin   will   be 
four  immense  docks,  each  500ft.    long.      The  fac- 
tories for  this  dockyard  of  the  future  will  cover  a 
space  1,000ft.  by  540ft.,  or  about  14  acres  of  buUd- 
ings.      As   may   readily   be   imagined   the    mere 
preparations  for  the   carrying  out  of  these  works 
are  on  a  great  scale.       'Thus,  running   over  the 
marsh   in    various    directions   are    already    miles 
of   firm    road ;    there  are  8    miles    of  rails    laid 
down,      over     which      waggons      and      locomo- 
tives pass.     The    brickfield  on  the  island  is  pro- 
bably the  largest  in  the   world — at   any   rate,  the 
most  complete.     Mr.  E.  A.  Bernays,  the  civil    en- 
gineer in  charge  of  the   whole  works,    is   a  brick 
manufacturer  on  a  great  scale.     The  materials  for 
the  bricks  consistof  2-5ths  of  clay  from  the  island, 
2-5th3  of  Burham    clay,  and    l-5th    of  Aylesford 
sand  ;  to  these  are  added  lin.  of   ashes  to   every 
2.^  ft.    of  clay  and   sand.       There  are  six   brick- 
making    machines,    each    worked    by    a    steam- 
engine  ;      and      these      machines     each      turn 
out'?   a   total  varying    from    20,000    to    35,000 
in    a    day.       The    brick-making    is    almost    en- 
tirely executed  by  convicts.     To  dry   the   bricks 
taken  from   the   machines  there  are  8.^    miles    of 
hacks  ;  the  damp  bricks  are  not  protected   in    bad 
weather  by  straw.  All  the  hacks  are  covered  with 
roofs,  and  so  protected  at  the  sides  and  ends   that 
rain   cannot  get  at  the   bricks,  while  there    are 
ample   contrivances    to  expose  the  bricks  to   the 
sun  and  air  in  fine  weather.     The  bricks  are  burnt 
in  kilns — there  are  22  kilns,  each  capable  of  taking 
125,000  bricks.     By  the  care  bestowed  in  making 
the  bricks  and  by  burning  them,  not   in  clamps, 
but  in  kilns,  there  are  no  spoilt  bricks — the  whole 
mass  is  equally  good — strong  serviceable  first-rate 
bricks.     'There  are  now    8,000,000    bricks,    which 
were  made  last  year  ready  for  use  on  the  works — 
10,000,000    altogether   were   made.        This    year 
15,000,000  will  be  made.      These    bricks   will   be 
used  by  the  contractors,  who  will  take  them  at   a 
fixed  price.     The  Portland  stone  used  by  the  con- 
tractors  will  also  be  supplied    by   Government, 
being  quarried  at   Portland    by    convicts.      What 
granite  is  required  the  contractors  will  themselves 
supply.     At  first  the  work  at  St.  Mary's  was  done 
by    convict    labour    with    a   small    addition    of 
free  labour.     But   it    was   apparent   that,    how- 
ever well  the  convicts  worked,  if  the  dockyard  ex- 
tension was  to  be  made  available  for  our  navy  in  a 
reasonable  time,  a  ditt'erent  system  must  be  adopted 
— portions  of  the  work  must  be  executed  by   con- 
tract.    Still,   a  great  deal  was    done    by  the    con- 
victs  and  the  small  number  of  free  labourers  who 
were  placed  at  the  disposal  of  Mr.  Bernays.  Roads 
and  railways  were  made — millions  of  bricks   pro- 
duced— some    excavations    performed — thousands 
of  feet  of  quay  wall    or  stone  embankment   were 
constructed    round  the  island  on    the  river   side, 
(there  will  be  10,500ft.) — the  massive  foundations 
for  the  factories  were  laid,  and  much  other  work 
executed. 

When  it  was  resolved  to  proceed  at  a  greater 
speed  with  the  work,  the  first  contract  was  ob- 
tained by  Mr.  Antonio  Gabrielli,  a  gentleman  who 
had  executed  extensive  works  at  Melbourne  and  at 
Malta.  The  first  contract  for  our  dockyard  ex- 
tension was  on  a  scale  commensurate  with  the 
whole  enterprise  ;  it  was  for  £750,000.  For  this 
sum  Mr.  Gabrielli  has  undertaken  to  complete  one 
basin,  make  two  docks,  and  the  entrances  for  two 
more,  in  three  years  from  April,  1867,  and  to  com- 
plete the  second  smaller  basin  in  four  years  from 
that  time.  After  this  contract  will  follow  others 
Ere  long,  we  believe,  tenders  will  be  issued  for 
raising  the  great  factories,  of  which  the  fouuda- 
tions  are  made,  so  that  they  may  be  ready  for  use 
when  the  first  basin  and  two  docks  are  completed. 
The  two  other  docks  will  be  constructed  later, 
and  probably  no  long  time  will  elapse  before  the 
great  fitting-out  basin  will  be  let  to  a  contractor. 
Thus  before  many  years  are  past  we  may  ex- 
pect to  see  the  dockyard  extension  in  actual  use 
for  our  navy.  At  present  some  1,300  men  are  em- 
ployed on  the  works.  Of  these  750  are  convicts — 
their  total  should  be  850,  but  about  1 00  recently  left 
here  for  Western  Australia,  and  their  places  have 
not  yet  been  supplied  by  an  addition  of  prisoners 
from  other  places.  Besides  these  750  convicts, 
Mr.  Bernays  has  under  his  control  some  300  free 
artisans  and  labourers.  Mr.  Gabrielli  has  some- 
thinglike 300  people  already  employed  on  his  con- 
tract ;  but  when  all  the  preliminary  preparations 
have  been  made,  and  the  contract  works   are   in 


full  operation,  it  is  supposed  that  the  contractor 
will  have  1,500  to  2,000  people  at  work.  Probably 
half  the  amount  at  which  the  first  contract  has 
been  taken  will  be  expended  in  the  wages  of  labour 
— a  matter  of  no  small  importance  to  the  people  of 
Chatham  and  its  neighbourhood  ;  of  course,  when 
the  new  dockyard  is  in  work,  there  will  be  a  great 
accession  to  the  total  of  dockyard  employes.  To 
make  the  new  dockyard  fully  available  for  our 
largest  ships,  it  will  be  necessary  to  dredge  parts  of 
the  river  below  the  fitting  basin,  to  get  a  suffi- 
cient  depth  of  water  for  the  ships  either  leaving 
the  dockyard  or  coming  into  it|for  repairs.  In  con. 
nection  with  the  dockyard  extension,  the  parish  of 
GilUngham  will  obtain  a  great  boon  in  the  nfiw 
landing-place,  to  be  given  to  them  in  exchange  for 
their  old  quay,  taken  for  the  dockyard.  They  will 
have  a  magnificent  quay,  a  slipway,  an  embank- 
ment, and  a  landing  pier.  The  wharf  or  quay 
will  be  532ft.  long,  and  100ft.  wide.  The  pariah 
will  make  a  capital  exchange ;  the  new  works  will 
cost  £30,000  to  £40,000.  Messrs.  Ball  and  Son, 
of  Strood,  are  the  contractors. 


DESIGNS  FOR  NEW  LAW  COURTS. 

OUR  double  page  illustration  this  week  re- 
presents a  part  of  the  detail  drawing  ol 
Mr.  Burges's  proposed  design  for  the  new  law 
courts.  Having  recently  given  an  elaborate  criticism 
of  this  design  there  is  no  necessity  to  enlarge  on  it 
now.  We  may  remark,  however,  that  it  would 
have  been  well,  we  think,  if  every  other  competi* 
tor  had  been  obliged  to  send  in  a  similar  draw- 
ing. We  should  then  have  been  able  to  ascertain 
how  far  each  man  was  really  competent  tc 
carry  out  a  building  of  this  importance.  Anj 
one,  as  Mr.  Burges  says  in  his  report,  can  "  sup 
ply  any  number  of  perspectives  that  may  be  de. 
sired,"  because  there  are  always  men  to  be  found 
who  will  doUhe  said  perspectives  for  a  considers 
tion  ;  but  it  is  very  different  with  a  detail  drawinf 
of  this  description — such  an  one  must  be  done  by 
the  architect  (shall  we  say  artist  ?  )  himself.  Xv 
a  forftaight's  time  we  hope  to  give  a  street  vievi 
of  Mr.  Burges's  design. 


FULHAM    PALACE    CHAPEL. 

FULHAM  Palace  Chapel  has  just  received  thi 
adornment  of  a  handsome  mosaic  at  the 
end.  The  cartoon  was  made  by  Mr.  Alexandei 
Gibbs,  of  38,  Bedford-square,  London,  under  th( 
direction  of  the  architect,  Mr.  Butterfield.  The 
mosaic  was  executed  by  Salviati  and  Co.,  of  Venicf 
and  London.  The  subject  represented  is  tbl 
Adoration  of  the  Shepherds  at  Bethlehem.  It  il 
treated  throughout  as  a  surface,  without  any  ai 
tempt  at  perspective,  so  as  not  to  interfere  witl 
the  architectural  idea  of  a  solid  wall.  The  centn 
figures  are  those  of  our  Lord  in  the  manger,  Hu 
Virgin  Mary,  and  St.  Joseph.  The  shepherds  oc 
cupy  the  space  on  either  side.  In  richness  o: 
colouring  and  elaboration  of  detail  the  whole  de 
sign  abounds,  the  drapery  being  in  most  instanceij 
diapered  or  fringed  with  gold  or  other  delioab 
colours,  in  a  manner  which  adds  considerably  b 
the  finish  and  general  effect.  The  background  i 
a  cool  blue,  studded  with  gold  stars  and  relieved 
with  horizontal  lines. 


PARIS    EXHIBITION. 

There  is  in  the  park  a  model  creche,  where  in- 
fants may  be  left  by  mothers  visiting  the  Exhibi 
tion.  Those  who  have  the  welfare  of  the  working 
classes  at  heart,  and  especially  those  who  reside  ii 
manufacturing  districts,  will  do  well  to  examine 
this  simple  but  useful  philanthropic  establishment 

Men  of  business  will  be  glad  to  know  that  th( 
post  and  telegraph  offices  in  the  park  are  now  ii 
full  operation.  The  regulations  of  the  former  an 
the  same  as  at  the  principal  district  offices  in  the 
city ;  that  is  to  say,  letters  can  be  posted  til 
a  quarter  to  six,  or,  with  additional  stamps  of  2( 
cents  or  40  cents,  till  six  or  a  quarter  past  six.  Aj 
regards  telegrams,  notice  is  given  that  the  coun 
try  .and  class  or  section  must  be  added  to  thi 
name  of  the  exhibitor  or  his  agent  to  ensuri 
delivery. 


An   unexpected    discovery   has   been   madeii 
Cheshire,  namely  a  seam  of  coal  10ft.  thick  whict 
was  struck  last  week  on  the  property  of  the  BiTei  ^ 
Dee  Company,  at  Queen's  Ferry. 


S3 


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--I 

April   18,   1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


275 


THE    AMALGAMATED     SOCIETY     OF 
CARPENTERS  AND    JOINERS. 

rRADES'  Unions  are  daily  takint;  a  firmer 
and  deeper  hold  of  working  men.   It  may 
e  a  bitter  dranght  to  swallow,  but  such  is  the 
let.    The  latter  part  of  last  year  a  mighty  cry 
rosefronUhe  papers  that  the  trades'  unions  were 
[lining  the  country,  that  they  were  driving 
rade  to  France,  Belgium,  and  other  coimtries  ; 
nd  almost  immediately   on  the   opening  of 
'arliameut  a   commission  was   appointed  to 
iquire  into  the  action  of  these  unions.     Mr. 
rladstone,   however,    in    the   first   speecli  he 
elivered  in  the  present  session  of  Parliament 
nocked  the  wind  out  of  the  statement  with  a 
mgle  sentence.     He  showed  that  though  last 
ear  was  a  j-ear  of  depression  anil  disaster,  of 
ittle  plague  and  commercial  fai  lure,  0  ur  foreign 
ade  was  not  only  buoyant  but  that  it  was  many 
lillions  in  excess  of  any  preceding  year.     An, 
(ually  significant  fact  is  tliscernible  in  the 
asticity  of  the  revenue  of  the  year,  which 
LS  been  more  than   two  millions  more  than 
IS  anticipated.     Whatever  influence  trades' 
lions  may  have  exerted  it  is  abundantly  evi- 
nt  that  they  have  not  driven  away  the  trade 
country.     It  is  not,  however,  our  pur- 
it  the  present  moment  to  examine  into 
tion  of  these  imions,  but  merely  to  give 
-ing  glance  at  the  present  condition  of 
Vmalgamated  Society  of  Carpentei-s  and 
--;.     We  see  from  the  seventh  annual  re- 
■i'  this  society,  which  has  just  reached  us, 
: '  is  making  secure  and  rapid  progress  in 
■■  elements  which  constitute   a  healthy 
■rity.     lu  December,   1860,  the  society 
ted  of  20  branches,  which  numbered  618 
'ers,  and  had  £S2 1  of  funds  in  hand.     In 
subsequent  year  it   has  added  to   the 
iT  of  its  branches,  its  members,   and  its 
-,   a?  may  be  seen  from  the   following 


Diittf. 


1S60.. 
1801.. 
1S62. 
1863.. 
1864.. 
1S65.. 
1866.. 


a 

« 

20 

01 S 

32 

6.i0 

38 

949 

53 

1,718 

81 

3,279 

134 

5,670 

187 

8,002 

Funds  in 
hand. 


£  3.  rt. 

321  3  2J 

593  12  Oj 

849  S  10 

2,042  11  3 

4,566  10  OJ 

8,320  13  7 

13,052  4  3J 


^'hese  figures  are  very  suggestive,  and  full 
0  significance.  We  believe  that  some  of  this 
ii-rity  is  due  to  the  counter  action  that 
'•en  put  forth  by  the  General  Builders' 
.'  ociation,  which  boasts  of  its  especial  organ 
.1  whose  chief  mission  appears  to  be  to  cur- 
t.  the  power  of  trades'  unions.  Organic  ac- 
tiihas  been  met  by  organic  action.  The 
ni  have  been  putting  forth  additional  efl'orts 
f(  the  protection  of  laliour,  and  the  masters 
h  e  been  putting  forth  additional  efforts  for 
ll  protection  of  capital ;  one  class  cannot  very 
«1  blame  the  other  in  looking  after  its  own 
ti)ective  interests,  though  both  classes  may 
fi.  fault  with  each  other  in  the  means  eni- 
Pfed. 

he  nett  expenditure  for  the  past  year  shows 
tit  £2,524  were  paid  for  "trade  privileges," 
Witeverthat  mav  mean;  £2,246  for  "sick 
b-efit  ;"  £1,334  for  "donations  and  travel- 
li  expenses;"  £362  for  "tool  benefit;" 
£  0  for  "  accident  benefit ;  "  £379  "  as  grants 
ira  the  contingent  fund."  These  figures,  to 
Si  the  least  of  them,  indicate  an  extensive 
w  king  machinery,  and  are  a  record  of  much 
Siiest  work.  There  is  a  very  interesting 
ta  e  showing  the  number  of  deaths  and  the 
MiSes  of  death  since  the  formation  of  the 
Kety.  The  average  age  at  death  of  the 
tje  members  is  364  .Years,  and  the  average  of 

tt  female  members"  is  32i  years.  But  the 
^t  important  table  which  the  report  oon- 

«j3  is  that  which  states  the  advantages  that 
^i  gained  in  wages  and  working  hours 
a'ing  1866.  From  that  table  we  learn  that 
lis  towns  an  advance  of  wages  has  been  ob- 


tained, in  11  towns  a  reduction  of  the  hours 
of  labour,  and  in  26  towns  botli  advantages 
have  been  obtained.  In'  these  85  towns  it  is 
stated  that  the-  members  liave  received  ad- 
vantages in  Vages  varying  from  3d.  to  5s.  2d. 
per  member  wSekly,  with  reductions  of  work- 
ing hoursvarying  froiuhalf  an  hourto  five  hours 
and  a  half  weekly.  The  nett  gain  is  summarised 
in  the  following  way  : — ;The  average  gain  in 
the  85  tovnxs  which  contain  6,509  members 
has  been  2s.  3^d.  per  member  weekly,  or 
£(>  Os"  3d.  per  annum,  amounting  in  all  to 
£39,038.  Deducting  £2,600  as  cost  to  the 
society,  and  £2,500  as  amount  of  wages  lost 
by  members  during  "  suspension  of  work," 
leaves  a  nett  gain  of  £33,9.38  for  the  year. 
Such  is  the  balance  of  profit  re.alised  by 
the  society  in  1866,  accortliug  to  the  report. 
No  wonder,  then,  [that  members  flow  in  and 
the  funds  incre.ase.  We  can  say.iiotliing 
about  the  accuracy  of  these  figures.  We 
merely  take  them  as  they  are  presented  to  us, 
and  ean  only  say  that  the  rapid  gro-n'th  of 
this  society  is  a  remarkable  sign  of  the 
times. 


ARCHITECTURAL    SOCIETIES. 

EDINBCRGH    AUCHITECTUHAL   ASSOCIATION. 

AT  the  usual  fortnightly  meeting  of  the  Edin-, 
burgh  Architectural  Association,  Mr.  Alex- 
ander Miller  in  the  chair,  Mr.  WilUam  Beattie  read 
a  paper  entitled  "  Hints  on  Masonry."  Mr.  Beattie 
gave  a  sketchof  the  manner  of  building  as  practised 
by  the  earliest  nations — Egyptians,  Assyrians, 
Greeks,  and  Romans — and  also  by  the  medi«v.al 
builders,  noticing  the  defective  nature  of  some  of 
their  rubble-work,  instancing  >as  an  example  of 
it  the  fall  of  the  tower  of  Chichester  Cathedral  a 
few  years  ago.  He  then  referred  to  the  different 
kinds  of  building  as  practised  by  ourselves,  de- 
scribing the  peculiar  characteristics  of  each,  and 
also  mentioned  the  different  varieties  of  stone  at 
the  command  of  modern  architects,  giving  us  the 
power  of  riv.alling,  or  even  excelling,  all  previou  a 
builders.  The  different  methods  of  dressing  the 
stones  were  also  described  ;  and  a  stone  was  ex- 
hibited having  these  different  kinds  of  work 
wrought  upon  it.  Remarks  were  made  by  various 
gentlemen  present  upon  the  points  touched  on  in 
the  paper,  and  a  hearty  vote  of  thanks  to  Mr. 
Beattie  closed  the  proceedings. 

ARCHlTECTUKAL   INSTITUTE  OP  SCOTLAND. 

A  GENERAL  meeting  of  the  Architectural  Insti- 
tute of  Scotland  was  held  last  week  in  the  Society 
of  Arts  HaU,  Edinburgh,  Mr.  John  Sessels,  archi- 
tect, in  the  chair.  Mr.  George  Seaton,  advocate, 
read  "  A  Notice  of  the  Monastery  of  St.  Catherine 
of  Siena,  near  Edinburgh."  The  small  remaining 
fragment  of  the  monastery  was  now  inclosed  with- 
in the  four  substantial  walls  of  a  house  in  St. 
Catherine-street,  one  of  the  new  streets  of  the 
Grange  estate.  The  establishment  was  supposed 
to  have  been  founded  in  the  fifteenth  century  by 
'■  Lady  St.  Clair  of  RosUne,  Countess  of  Caithness," 
ind  was  consecrated  to  St.  Catherine  of  Siena,  or 
Sienna,  in  Tuscany,  who  was  famous  for  her  "vows 
of  chastity"  and  her  "marriage  to  Christ."  The 
monastery,  or  rather  convent,  of  Siennes  shared 
the  fate  of  the  Scottish  metropolis  in  1544,  at 
the  hands  of  the  English  invaders.  After  the 
readhig  of  this  paper,  Mr.  J.  Thompson  exhibited, 
by  means  of  the  oxy-hydrogen  light,  a  number 
of  interesting  photographs  of  ruined  temples  in 
Cambodia,  and  a  paper  on  the  subject  was 
read  by  Mr.  James  Gowans.  The  ruined  temples 
described  are  situated  on  a  plain  lying  to  the 
north  of  the  lake  of  Cambodia,  in  the  heart  of 
a  forest.  The  principal  antiquity  of  the  interest- 
ing locaUty  is  what, is  caUed  the  Great  Temple, 
a  building  of  enormous  extent,  measuring  1,100 
yards  in  length  by  1,080  in  breadth.  The  en- 
trance to  these  temples  is  invariably  on  the  west 
side.  Another  characteristic  is  the  square  form 
of  the  buildings  and  their  square  pillars.  They 
are  generally  built,  too,  in  three  tiers.  Speaking 
of  the  Great  Temple,  Mr.  Gowans  mentioned,  as 
a  noticeable  peculiarity,  a  conformity  throughout 
the  building  to  the  number  seven — the  windows, 
pillars,  and  so  forth,  being  all  arranged  in  sevens. 
This  remarkable  temple  is  built  of  freestone,  and 
without  mortar  of  any  kind,  the  stones  being  se- 
cured by  metalhc  fastenings.  Another  observable 
feature  about  these  temples  is  the  frequent  re- 
presentation of  angels  in   the  sculpture.      Battle 


scenes  .and  armies  on  the  march,  of  which  Jfr. 
Thomson  gave  some  excelleirt  views,  are  also 
largely  represented.  It  w,a8  remarked  that  look- 
ing .at  the  proportion  of  horse  to  rider,  the  horses 
m  those  scenes  were  of  very  large  size,"  whereas 
the  horses  of  medium  Cambodia  are  very  small. 
Another  noticeable  circumsUince  is, .  'tha.t 
in  the  sculptured  elephants  about  ■  the  Gre.-it 
Temple  the  tusks  are  turned  ■  upwards,  while  in 
the  elephants  of  modern  Carabedta  tlie  tiiak.s  .are 
turned  domiwarda.  In  concluding  his  paper,  Mr. 
Gowans  raised  the  question  .as  tu  the  origin  of 
these  temples,  the  architecture  exhibiting  both 
Grecian,  Roman,  and  Indian  characteristics.  Mr. 
David  Kinnear,  architect,  in  the  course  of  some 
remarks,  said  he  had-  no  doubt  whatever  that 
the  temples  were  Asiatic  in  their  origin.  At  the 
close,  on  the  motion  of  Mr.  Kinnear,  a  hearty  vote 
of  thanks  was  awarded  to  Mr.-  Thomson  for  hia 
excellent  views,  obtained,  as  they  had  been,  at  the 
expense  .and  risks  of  a  personal  visit  to  Cambodia. 
Some  discussion  followed  the  reading  of  Mr. 
Gowan's  paper,  Messrs.  J.  Dick,  Peddle,  and 
David  Macgibbon,  architects,  objecting  to  the 
geometric  views  held  by  Mr.  Gowans,  and  ascribing 
tlie  building  to  Asiatic  origin. 


SEFTON   PARK,  LIVERPOOL. 

IT  will  be  in  the  recollection  of  our  readers  that 
about  a  year  ago  the  Town  Council  of  Liver- 
pool,  .after  long  discussion,  sanctioned  the  purchase 
of  a  large  piece  of  land  at  the  southernmost 
extremity  of  the  borough,  and  belonging  to  the 
Earl  of  Sefton,  for  the  purpose  of  forming  a  new 
public  park  for  the  benefit,  more  especially,  of  the 
inhabitants  of  that  quarter  of  Liverpool.  We 
may  state,  however,  that  at  each  of  the  three  ex- 
tremities of  the  town  there  is  to  be  a  new  park — 
the  north  is  to  have  its  Stanley  Park ;  Newsham 
House  Estate  is  now  being  converted  into  a  park 
for  the  benefit  of  the  eastern  residents  ;  while  the 
projected  Sefton  Park  will  be  situ.ated,  as  we  have 
said,  at  the  south  end,  and  will  be  looked  upon  by 
the  Liverpudlians  as  their  Hyde  Park.  The  land 
occupies  375  acres,  and  was  purchased  by  the  Cor- 
poration  for  the  sum  of  £250,000.  About  200 
acres  are  to  be  appropriated  to  the  park,  and  the 
remainder  sold  as  sites  for  gentlemen's  villas.  In 
November  last,  the  Corporation,  upon  the  recom- 
mendation of  the  Improvement  Committee,  de- 
cided to  ofler  two  premiums  for  the  best  plans  for 
laying  out  the  park,  viz.,  a  first  premium  of  300 
guineas,  and  a  second  premium  of  150  guineas. 
The  following  conditions  and  suggestions  were 
sent  to  intending  competitors  : — 

"Conditions. — 1.  Each  competitor  must  fur- 
nish a  plan  to  a  scale  of  1 76ft.  to  the  inch,  com- 
plete sections,  detailed  specification,  a  bird's-eye 
view,  a  report  explanatory  of  the  design,  and  an 
estimate  of  the  cost  of  carrying  out  the  work,  as 
well  as  of  his  own  expected  remuneration  in  case 
of  being  employed  therein.  The  estimate  must 
include  all  works  incident  to  the  laying  out  of  the 
park,  including  the  roads,  surface  drainage,  orna- 
mental water,  &c.,  but  should  not  include  works 
consequent  on  villa  residences,  such  as  main  drain- 
age, gas,  or  water  mains.  2.  All  plans  must  be 
deposited  in  the  office  of  the  Town  Clerk,  at  the 
Town-hall,  on  or  before  February  1,  1S67,  carriage 
paid.  3.  All  premiated  plans,  sections,  drawings, 
&c.,  to  become  the  property  of  the  Council. 
4.  The  winner  of  either  of  the  prizes  will  not 
necess.arily  be  employed  to  carry  out  the  work ; 
but  in  the  event  of  his  being  so  employed,  the 
amount  of  the  premium  will  be  deducted  from 
his  charges.  5.  All  drawings  or  plans  to  have 
the  name  and  address  of  the  competitor  in  the 
right-hand  comer. 

"  Suooestions. — 1.  That  a  road  75ft.  wide, 
either  straight  or  very  slightly  curved,  be  carried 
from  the  point  A  to  the  point  B  {see  plan),  and 
treated  as  a  boulevard.  (The  road  referred  to 
ran  from  Prince's  Park  Comer  to  a  point  opposite 
the  entrance  at  Fulwood  Park.)  2.  That  the  plots 
available  for  sale  as  sites  for  first-class  villas,  to  an 
extent  of  about  160  acres,  be  arranged  along  the 
margins  of  all  roads,  where  practicable.  3.  That 
an  omamei.*al  water,  sufficient  for  boating  and 
aquatic  sports,  be  provided.  4.  That  at  least  one 
good  cricket  and  review  ground  be  included  in  the 
plan.  5.  Also,  botanic  gardens  of  an  area  of  from 
12  acres  to  20  acres.  6.  Also,  private  grounds 
and  gardens,  of  which  the  residents  in  the  park 
villas  should  have  keys.  "  E.  R.  Robson. 

"  Architect  and  Surveyor  to  the  Corporation  of 
Liverpool." 


276 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


ApEiL  18,  1867, 


In  reply  to  the  invitations  to  compete,  twenty- 
nine  plans  have  been  sent  in,  and  these  are  now 
displayed  in  the  large  ball-room  at  the  Town-hall, 
awaiting  the  judgment  of  the  Improvement 
Committee  and  the  Town  Council.  The  follow. 
ing  are  the  names  of  the  competitors,  and  the 
cost  at  which  they  estimate  the  work  indicated  in 
their  plans  can  be  carried  out : — 

NAMES  OF   COMPETITORS.  ESTIMATED  COST. 

1.  William  Wortley,  Liverpool  £92,ltiS     1     8 

2.  Edmund   Andre,     Paris,     and     Lewia 

Homblower.  Livei-pool So, 000    0     0 

3.  William    Henderson,     landscape   gar- 

dener, and  David  Walker,  architect, 

Liverpool    123,500  0  0 

4.  Gay  and  Swallow,  Bradford , ,    75,00Q  0  0 

5.  R.  W.  Barnes,  Jlanoliester  S9,604  0  0 

6.  Hans  F.  Price.  Weston-super-Mare  ....  100,000  0  0 

7.  Rev.  James  B.atemau,  Congleton  62,9S3  6  8 

8.  Alexander  Black,  Falkirk  2T,2S5  0  0 

9.  Francois  DuviUere,  Paris  29,000  16  3 

10.  Ro<?ers  &  Marsden,  South  Lincolnshire  38,t309  IS  0 

11.  A.  Stansfield  and  Sons,  Todraorden 37,516  19  2 

12.  Henry  May,  Betbile,  Yorkshire  13,062    0  0 

13.  Charles  Eastwood.  Luddeudeu  Foot  ....  97,000    0  0 

14.  Thomas  Mercer,  Liverpool  156,687    0  0 

15.  Thomas  D.  Barry,  Leamington  109,350    0  0 

16.  Reinhart  Jahus,  Liver-   {  First  plan...  48,929    0  0 

pool       (two      plans)   )   Second  plan    17,919     0    0 

17.  Alexander  51'Keuzie,  London  110,192    8    0 

IS.    J.  S.  Tyermau,  Liverpool  97,978    1    0 

19.  Maurice  Young.  Godalming,  Surrey  ...  62,262  15  6 

20.  J.  A.  M,ason,   Burton-on-Trent  25,000    0  0 

21.  J.  Hart,  Bradford 51,000     0  0 

22.  John  Bamett,  Shiffnal 56,045    0  0 

23.  J.    A.    Hall    and    George   Middleton, 

Liverpool   98,299  16  9 

24.  J.  H.  Hii-st,  Bristol  100,000  0  0 

25.  J.  W.   Cottee,  Chelmsford  158,835  0  0 

26.  Joseph  Newton,  London  54,666  4  10 

27.  John  Gibson,  jun..  London 55,964  4  9 

28.  D.  Brade,  London  108.880  0  0 

29.  Edward  Milner.  Sydenham  122,560  0  0 

We  quote  the  fi'llowing  opinion  of  them  from 
the  Liverpool  Mercu,-ii  : — "  It  is  not  our  intention 
to  attempt  to  prejudge  the  decision  of  the  Com- 
mittee. In  matters  of  taste,  it  is  notorious,  there 
are  always  vast  differences  of  opinion,  and  what 
one  man  esteems  the  perfection  of  beauty  mAj  be 
looked  upon  by  another  as  the  essence  of  ugliness. 
The  different  plans,  as  might  be  expected,  exhibit 
the  greatest  po.s.sible  variety  of  treatment.  Some 
of  the  competitors  seem  to  have  a  preference  for 
straight  lines,  and  others  for  curves.  Some  of  the 
plans  resemble  a  series  of  geometrical  figures,  and 
one  in  particular  looks  as  though  the  .author  had 
taken  a  Decorated  Gothic  window  and  transferred 
the  tracery  to  his  design  ;  while  another  is  made 
to  look  very  pioturesque  with  numerous  thick 
clumps  of  noble  trees,  which  it  would  take  about 
a  century  to  rear.  Several  of  the  competitors 
seem  to  us  to  have  committed  the  mistake  of  lay- 
ing out  the  park  as  though  it  were  a  building 
estate,  and  the  villas  are  dotted  all  over  the 
ground  instead  of  being  confined  to  the  outskirts. 
It  is  satisfactory  to  notice  that  the  local  competi- 
tors stand  exceedingly  well  as  compared  with  the 
'  strangers  ; '  and,  with  scarcely  an  exception,  the 
designs  sent  in  by  Liverpool  men  are  of  a  very 
meritorious  character.  Some  of  the  plans  are  pre- 
pared in  an  exceedingly  handsome  m.anner, 
though  of  course  mere  prettiness  of  drawing  and 
colouring  ought  not  to  influence  the  judgment. 
Messrs.  Andre  and  Hornblower,  for  example,  have 
ilhistr<ated  their  scheme  by  a  series  of  well  exe- 
cuted  pictures,  besides  a  large  portfolio  of  draw- 
ings exhibiting  difi'erent  features  in  the  plan. 
They  make  provision  for  a  deer  park,  a  review 
ground,  a  cricket  ground  of  10  acres  in  extent, 
archery  and  croquet  grounds,  a  lake  of  12  acres 
(surrounded  by  a  drive),  a  botanical  garden  (with 
conservatory),  children's  playground,  &c.  There 
would  be  cascades  and  waterfalls  upon  the  stream 
running  through  the  grounds,  Moorish  kiosks  and 
rustic  bridges,  an  ornamental  windmill  upon  an 
elevated  site  from  whence  to  view  the  surrounding 
country,  handsome  paviUous  upon  the  cricket  and 
other  grounds  devoted  to  special  sports,  fountains 
in  the  gardens,  two  restaurants  for  different 
classes  of  visitors,  a  pavilion  near  the  centre  for  a 
band  of  music,  a  model  sheepfold,  a  shepherd's 
house,  and  other  erections  of  a  rustic  and 
ornamental  character.  This  sketch  will  in- 
dicate to  some  extent  the  character  which 
the  park  would  assume  according  to  one  of 
the  more  elaborate  designs.  There  are  others 
of  a  simpler  nature,  which  have  economy 
to  recommend  them.  Mr.  Newton,  of  London, 
sends  a  larger  number  of  coloured  drawings 
than  any  other  competitor,  and  some  frag- 
ments of  the  design  show  to  great  advantage  on 
paper.  On  the  other  hand,  Messrs.  A.  Stansfield 
and  Sons  (Todmorden)  have  scarcely  done  them- 
selves justice  by  not  sending  in  a  coloured  plan. 
Mr.  Wortley,  in  his  plan,  devotes  a  considerable 
space  to  ornamental  waters.  He  introduces  two 
lakes,  one  of  20   acres   in  extent,  and  the  other 


5  acres,  the  latter  being  intended  for  skating.  He 
allows  18  acres  for  the  Botanic  Gardens.  One  of 
the  chief  features  of  Messrs.  Henderson  and 
Walker's  design  is  a  large  central  pavilion,  in  front 
of  which  runs  a  terrace  half  a  mile  in  length  and 
100ft.  in  width.  They  make  the  'boulevard' 
90ft.  wide.  The  design  of  Mr.  Tyerman,  curator 
of  the  Botanic  Gardens,  exhibits,  as  might  be  ex- 
pected, much  taste  and  ingenuity  in  laying  out  the 
space  api>ropriated  for  the  gardens." 


OLD    AND     REMARKABLE    TREES     OF 
SCOTLAND. 

THE  capabilities  of  a  place  as  to  amenity  and 
climate  cannot  be  better  tested  than  by 
noticing  the  size  and  age  of  the  trees  which  it 
bears.  In  this  light  the  little  publication  of  the 
Highland  Society  with  the  above  tit'e,  be- 
comes extremely  interesting,  and  those  who  con- 
template becoming  proprietors  of  land  in  the 
Highlands,  or  only  occasional  residents  there,  will 
be  surprised  at  the  enumeration  here  given  of  very 
aged  and  large  trees  in  our  highest  latitudes,  and 
even  in  the  Hebrides,  where,  in  general,  trees  can 
scarcely  now  be  got  to  grow  at  all.  We  shall  con. 
fine  our  references  just  now  to  Inverness-shire  and 
the  counties  to  the  north  of  it — the  first  trees  in 
the  number  before  us  being  specimens  of  the 
horse-chesnut.  Two  fine  trees  of  this  species  are 
noticed  as  occurring  at  the  manse  of  Kilmorack, 
near  Beanly.  Their  age  is  from  130  to  150 
years — the  height  of  one  being  25ft.,  girth  Ti^ft.  ; 
and  of  the  other,  the  height  45ft.,  girth  9ft.,  and 
the  spread  of  their  branches  from  30ft.  to  40ft.  A 
tree  of  the  same  kind  also  occurs  in  the  Duke  of 
Sutherland's  garden  at  Dunrobin — the  length  of 
bole  being  from  20ft.  to  40ft.  ;  girth,  at  4ft.  above 
the  ground,  from  5ft.  to  S.Ut.,  and  the  age  over 
200  years.  Of  the  Spanish  chestnut,  afine  healthy 
tree  is  mentioned  as  in  the  cherry  park  at  Inve- 
rary— 80ft.  high,  19ft.  in  girth,  at  3ft.  from  the 
ground  ;  contents,  600  cubic  feet — and  as  being 
250  years  old ;  and  two  other  trees  of  the  same 
species  at  Castle-Leod,  inStrathpeffer,  respectively 
25ft.  and  55ft.  high  ;  girth  at  the  base,  25ft.  and 
18ft.  ;  spread  of  the  branches  of  each  about  249ft., 
and  the  ages  of  each  about  300  j'ears.  A  healthy 
Spanish  chestnut  is  also  recorded  as  standing  at  an 
deviation  of  45ft.  above  the  sea,  near  the  house  of 
Tongue,  in  the  north  of  Sutherlandshire — the 
length  of  bole  being  10ft.  ;  girth,  4ft.  ;  and  age, 
40  years. 

Of  the  elm,  several  large  trees  are  mentioned  as 
occurring  in  the  North  which  were  evidently 
planted  in  policies ;  but  no  notice  is  taken  of 
several  magnificent  specimens  which  are  native, 
and  occur  in  the  f.astnesses  of  I  many  rocky  rivers 
and  burns  in  the  North  Highlands,  such  as  we 
could  point  out  on  both  sides  of  Loch-Ness  and  on 
the  rocks  overhanging  the  w.atei"s  of  Foyers  .and 
Inverfarigaig.  These  localities  undoubtedly  show 
the  elm  to  be  a  native  of  the  "North  Countrie," 
and  near  them  will  also  be  found  very  large  stems 
of  native  holly  and  ash.  References  are  given  in 
the  book  before  us  to  large  planted  elms  on  the 
lawn  at  .Sunart,  Strontian,  on  the  property  of  Sir 
Thomas  Miles  Riddell;  at  Cullen  House  "(Earl  of 
Seafield) ;  to  several  in  a  decaying  state  at  Castle- 
Stuart  (Earl  of  Moray),  in  the  parish  of  Petty  of 
from  100ft.  to  120ft.  in  height,  each  with  a  spread 
of  branches  of  50ft.,  and  being  above  200  years 
old ;  and  in  the  Island  of  Skye,  exposed  to  the 
Atlantic  gales,  a  Angorous  tree  is  recorded  as 
sitviated  at  Talisker  (Macleod  of  Macleod),  in  the 
parish  of  Bracadale,  which  is  70ft.  high  and  9,U"t. 
in  girth  ;  and  another,  in  the  parish  of  Snizort,  at 
Kingsburgh  (Lord  Macdonald)  44ft.  high,  G.ift.  in 
girth,  and  at  an  altitude  of  200ft.  above  tlie  sea. 
The  most  noted  elms  in  Ross-shire  are  twelve 
vigorous  trees  at  Baloonie  (Miss  Munroe),  parish 
of  Kiltearn,  each  from  40ft.  to  50ft.  high,  girth 
5ft.  to  8ft.,  and  being  from  210  to  400  years  old  ; 
another  at  the  manse  of  Kincardine,  on  the  Dor- 
noch Firth,  200  years  old,  with  no  marks  of  prun- 
ing ;  while  at  Brahan  Castle  (350ft.  above  the 
sea),  another  elm,  in  a  decaying  state,  occurs,  41ft. 
high,  with  a  girth  of  18;ft.  at  2ft.  above  the 
ground,  and  which  continues  almost  as  thick  for 
tJft.  farther  up.  Even  at  Stomoway,  in  the  Lews, 
several  large  elms  are  mentioned,  which  flourish 
at  an  altitude  of  between  50ft.  and  lOOt't.,  and  .are 
more  than  100  years  old.  The  Dunrobin  gardens 
and  an  adjoining  glen,  and  the  House  of  Tongue, 
in  Sutherland,  also  boast  of  several  fine  elms, 
whose  .ages  range  from  150  to  200  years. 

Of  the  beautiful  lime  tree  {Tilia  Europma), 
whose  introduction  to  Britain  we  likely  owe  to  the 


Romans,  no  examples  are  set  down  as  in  Inver- 
ness-shire, though  we  think  a  very  fine  and  large 
one  exists  in  the  old  Catholic  burying-ground  at 
DumbaUoch,  near  Beauly  Bridge,  and  if  we  mistake 
not  some  others  at  Beaufort  Castle  and  Belladnun. 
Only  one  tree,  50ft.  high  and  12ft.  girth,  is  givea 
to  Ross-shire,  at  the  msnsion-house  of  Ealconie  ■ 
but  we  think  other  fine  specimens  might  have 
been  quoted,  as  at  the  lawns  of  Castle  LeodjTarbat 
House,  Invergordon  and  Balnagown  Castles. 

Of  the  British  oak,  a  most  meagre  list  is  given 
of  those  flourishing  in  the  North ;  only  one 
locality — that  of  the  Meads  of  St.  .John  on  the 
Pindhorn — being  noted  for  Morayshire,  while  no 
mention  whatever  is  made  of  the  oak  forests  of 
Darnaway  and  Cawdor,  and  of  the  numerous  large 
oaks  both  in  native  woods  and  planted  stems 
scattered  over  the  adjoining  districts  to  the  north. 
Burns's  oak  at  Kilravock,  under  which  the  poet 
composed  some  verses  on  his  visit  in  1787,  is  the 
only  Inverness-shire  locality  noticed,  and  but  four 
examples  are  set  down  for  Ross-shire,  and  two  iii 
Sutherland  at  Skibo  and  Tongue. 

Of  the  pl.ane  tree,  one  70ft.  high  and  13ft.  in 
girth,  about  500  years  old,  occurs  in  the  burying, 
ground  of  Beauly  Priory,  and  several  trees  at  the 
manse  of  Petty  and  at  Castle-Stuart  (Earl  of 
Moray)  from  60ft.  to  80ft.  high,  and  the  age  of 
which  is  above  200  years  ;  but  no  planes  are  men- 
tionedas  to  be  seen  farther  north.  The  sycamore 
seems  to  be  more  hardy,  and  a  large  one  occurs  at 
the  manse  of  Kilmorack,  and  others  at  the  places 
already  mentioned  in  the  parishes  of  Bracadale 
and  Snizort,  Inverness-shire ;  and  at  Balconie, 
Newhall,  and  Braham  Castle  in  Ross  ;  and  two 
others  at  Skibo  Castle  and  Dunrobin  in  Suther- 
land. Skibo  is  again  given  as  a  locality  for  a  fine  -^g' 
walnut  tree,  and  the  manse  garden  at  Kilmorack','™?' 
in  Inverness-shire,  for  another,  and  we  think 
Gastle-Leod  and  the  old  mansion  house  of  Foulis 
might  have  been  set  down  for  Ross-shire,  In  fact, 
the  walnut  thrives  so  well  in  the  northern 
counties,  that  we  are  convinced  many  more 
habitats  for  large  sized  trees  of  that  beautiful  wood 
might  h^ve  been  traced  out 

It  is  very  odd  that  no  notice  is  here  taken  of 
large  willows  in  the  North,  with  the  exception  of 
one  70ft.  high  at  the  mau.se  garden  of  Kincardine, 
and  of  several  upwards  of  100  years  old  in  the 'j 
parish  of  Stornoway,  in  Ross-shire.  We  beUeve 
specimens  as  large  could  be  mentioned  by  th( 
dozen. 

The  yew  tree  (Td^'ii^-haccata).  This  eubalpine 
tree  or  shrub  is  undoubtedly  indigenous  to  Scot- 
land, where  it  usually  grows  on  the  north  sides 
of  slaty  mountains  and  under  the  shade  of  \a.TQif'^ 
deciduous  trees,  especially  the  oak.  The  hanka^ 
and  islands  of  Lochlomond  are  its  most  celebrated 
localities  ;  but  in  the  latter  the  tradition  is  that 
they  were  planted  by  King  Robert  Bruce.  The 
age  of  the  "  Fortingal  Vew"  in  the  churchyarS"'.  '"U; 
there,  according  to  the  calciUations  of  Decandollej*  Jiii: 
is  from  twenty-five  to  twenty-sis  centuries,  aDJ 
its  stem  measured  5Gft.  in  girth  when  entire.  No 
examples  of  the  yew  are  given  for  Elgin,  luver- 
ness,  or  Ross,  and  two  only  are  mentioned  as  ia 
Sutherland.  The  great  old  yew  at  Knocky,  on  the 
southern  bank  of  Loch-Ness,  overlooking  the  en. 
trance  to  Glenmoriston,  we  think  should  have 
been  mentioned,  especially  as  it  i.s  traditionallj 
known  as  the  tree  from  which  the  Clan  Eraser  ia 
Stratherrick  used  of  old  to  cut  their  bows,  whMr 
bowh  and  arrows  stood  for  muskets.  In  Ijii' 
western  glens  and  f.astnesse3  of  this  county  wS 
also  believe  there  are  many  large  and  old  yeW 
trees. 

The  sites  of  the  ancient  religious  houses  etjij 
contain  some  very  large  apple  and  pear  trees  ;  tatt 
here  only  one  apple  is  noticed  as  in  the  orchard  01 
Beauly  Priory,  now  in  a  decayed  state,  30ft.  high, 
and  which  was  planted  in  the  fourteenth  centuij. 
The  s;ime  locality  and  the  old  gardens  atPhopa'chy 
and  Glenconvith  might  h.ave  also  been  assigned 
(which  they  are  not)  for  several  very  old  pear 
trees,  chiefly  small  achans  ;  but  the  only  menttou 
here  given  by  the  Highland  Society  of  famous  old 
Scottish  pears  is  that  of  one  in  the  manse  garden 
at  Banft;  known  as  "  The  Minister's  Tree,"  "  The 
Shirramiur,"  "  Byron's  Pear,"  and  "  The  Banff 
Chaumontelle."  Lord  Byron's  name  adheres  to  it 
from  the  pranks  he  used  to  pl.ay  in  robbing  the 
minister's  garden  when  he  and  his  mother  resided 
at,  or  paid  occasional  visits  to,  Banff  in  his  very 
young  days. 

We  have  said  enough  to  commend  this  curious 
compilation  to  the  notice  of  our  readers,  .and  our 
only  regret  is  that  it  is  not  fuller,  and  that  it  does 
not  give  a  sketch  of  the  distributions  and  abuM- 
ance  of  many  more  of  our  ancient  and  native  fore«t 
trees. — Banffshvre  Journal. 


J 


April  18,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEAVS. 


THE  CONSTRUCTION  OF  CHIMNEYS. 

rHE  object  of  a  chimney  is  to  conduct  the  pro- 
ducts of  combustion  from  a  6re  inside  of  a 
ouse  aud  discharge  them  into  the  atmosphere 
itside.  In  performing  this  function  it  also  secures 
supply  of  freah  air  to  the  fire  to  promote  and 
ipport  the  combustion  of  the  fuel.  The  principle 
pon  which  the  draught  of  a  chimney  is  secured 
id  regulated  is  based  on  the  difference  in  the 
)ecific  gravity  of  the  hot  air  and  smoke  arising 
om  the  fire,  and  the  cold  air  of  the  atmosphere, 
he  heated  products  of  combustion,  being  lighter 
lan  the  outside  air,  ascend  by  their  expansive 
roe,  and  at  the  same  time  the  colder  air  de- 
ends  and  flows  into  the  fire  to  supply  the  place 
■  the  ascending  current.  It  is  thus  that  an  out- 
ard  current  is  maintained  from  a  fire,  otherwise 
,e  smoke  and  carbonic  acid  gas  would  remain  in 
,e  apartment  in  which  the  fire  is  m.aiuUiined. 
ae  ruling  feature  of  a  chimney  is  to  control  the 
pansive  current  of  warm  air  and  smoke,  so  that 
1  force  will  be  maintained  to  overcome  the  pres- 
re  of  the  atmosphere  outside  and  thus  maintain 
outflowing  current. 

Chimneys  are  deservedly  held  to  be  worthy  of 

jh  rank  among  the  great   blessings  of  modern 

'ilisation.      It  is  now  very  well  ascertained  that 

ch  contrivances  were  unknown  to  the  .ancients. 

le  Romans  performed  their  cooking  and  heating 

th  chafing  dishes.      There  are  no  chimneys  in 

'  houses  of  Herculaneum  and  Pompeii,  and  but 

fany  chimneys  are  to  be  found  in  the  present 

1  the  houses  in  the  warmer  districts  of  Italy. 

thirteenth  century  chimneyswere  unknown 

^-land  :  each  family  made  their  fire  in  a  hole 

middle  of  the  floor,  which  was  covered  when 

1  •    inmates    retired    to    bed.     It    is   supposed, 

*"-igh   not  clearly    established,    that    chimneys 

Srst  used  in  the  hilly  and  colder  portions  of 

and  Piedmont,  and   from   thence   the  im- 

j  i\  cment  was   communicated    to    France,  Ger- 

j  ny,  .and  England.     Chimneys  are  still  unknown 

long  savage  races  of  men.    In  cold  weather  they 

1  ke  their  fires  on   the  floors  of  their  huts,  and 

(i  only  exit  for  the  smoke  is  a  hole  in  the  roof. 

i  ;h  rude  dwellings  are  usually  filled  with  smoke, 

1  ich  is  the  cause  of  frequent  inflammation  of  the 

(  s,  and  among  barbarous  white  tribes  it  colours 

t  ir  skin  a  rich  amber  hue,  rivalling  that  of  a 

loked   ham.      Several    of    the    rude    races    of 

Ithern   Europe  have  skin  as  yellow  as  those  of 

i  natives  of  Southern  Africa,  all  caused  by  peat 

I  )ke.     When  well  scrubbed  with  soap  and  water 

•  I  permitted  to  reside  for  some  months  among 
''sc'd    people,    who    have    chimneys   in  their 

^,  these  races  become  as  fair  as  any  of  the 

,-'-Saxon  Celtic  family. 

.'here  is  considerable  practical  science  involved 

f  :he  construction  of  chimneys.    It  is  well  known 

tnany  of  them  smoke,  and  the  pLague  of  a 

y  chimney  is  put  in  the  same  category  with  a 

'jiding  wife."   Among  the  first  who  treated  the 

•  ject   of    chimneys   in  a   philosophic   manner, 
y  I  that  wisest  and  most  practical  of  American 


p'oaophers,  Franklin,  who  published  a  treatise 
0  .he  subject  in  1785.  This  essay  was  followed 
b.me  on  the  same  subject  by  Count  llumford. 
T  36  two  authors  have  laid  down  the  principles 
u  a  which  aU  chimneys  should  be  built,  and  the 
»'  mpanying  figures  illustrate  how  the  draught 
n.   be  controlled  (as  described  by  an  old  corre- 


spondent) in  chimneys  which  have  open  fires 
below  on  andirons  and  grates.  Chimneys  are  fre- 
quently built  in  log  houses  on  the  plan  of  fig  1. 
The  fire  being  built  upon  the  hearth,  it  has  abund- 
ance of  room  to  enter  the  chimney  at  the  flue  F. 
but  the  hole  at  the  top  being  small,  compared 
with  the  flue  F,  there  is  no  room  for  the  warm  air 
and  smoke  to  get  out  of  the  w.ay  of  the  cold  .air 
rushing  in  below,  .and  it  will  be  continually  puf- 
fing out  into  the  room.  On  the  other  hand,  if  the 
plan  be  reversed,  as  in  fig.  2,  and  the  chimney  In- 
creases in  size  upw.ard  from  the  flue  to  the  top, 
the  draught  will  be  excessive,  and  the  greater  part 
of  the  heat  will  go  up  the  chimney,  as  in  an  air 
furnace.  A  mediuiu  between  these  two  plans  at 
fig.  3  will  create  a  regular  and  not  excessive 
draught.  In  fig.  3,  the  flue  is  (as  it  should  be)  the 
smallest  place  in  the  chimney.  In  ascending  from 
the  flue  upward,  in  the  course  of  about  1ft.  the 
chimney  should  widen,  or  rather  deepen  off  to 
about  two  and  a  half  times  the  width  of  the  flue. 
If  we  suppose  the  flue  to  be  4in.,  in  ascending  1ft., 
the  distance  from  the  inside  of  the  front  at  B  to 
inside  1  of  the  back  at  A  should  be  IGin. ;  and 
then  if  we  suppose  the  width  of  the  fireplace  to  be 
3ft.,  the  calibre  of  the  chimney  on  the  inside  at  A 
B  will  be  36  square  inches.  And  the  calibre 
should  not  be  less  at  any  point  above  than  at  A  B. 
There  will  be  room  for  iill  the  smoke  which  enters 
the  flue  to  pass  upward  without  impediment. 
The  chimney  may  be  brought  into  a  diflerent 
shape,  so  as  to  make  it  appear  well  at  the  top,  but 
still  the  number  of  square  inches  in  the  calibre 
should  not  be  lessened.  Thus  in  the  case  of  the 
chimney,  supposed  to  be  360  square  inches  at  A 
B  in  fig.  3,  it  may  be  16ia.  by  24in.  in  the  inside 
at  the  top,  or  3Si  square  inches — a  not  unusual 
size  of  chimney  tops.  On  the  other  hand,  if  there 
be  any  curvatures  or  projections  which  impede  the 
smoke  in  its  passage  upwards,  as  in  fig.  4  at  A, 
such  circumstances  will  have  a  tendency  to  pre- 
vent the  proper  draught  of  smoke,  especi.ally  in 
bad  weather. 


WATER  AS  A  DISINFECTANT. 

THERE  are  two  classes  of  disinfectants.  By 
one  class  offensive  odours  are  destroyed,  by 
the  other  they  are  simply  absorbed.  Of  the  latter 
class  the  most  powerful  and  universal  disinfectant 
is  charcoal.  So  far  as  we  now  recollect  there  is 
not  a  single  substance  which  on  being  filtered 
through  charcoal  will  not  be  deprived  of  its  flavour 
and  odour.  Spirits  distilled  from  various  fruits 
and  grains  are  mingled  with  volatile  ethers  which 
give  them  the  flavours  of  the  peach,  apple,  grape, 
rye,  wheat,  &c.,  from  which  the  spirits  are  made. 
But  if  the  liquor  is  filtered  through  charcoal,  its 
flavour  is  removed,  and  it  becomes  rectified  spirits 
— tasteless  and  inodorous  alcohol  and  water.  It 
seems  to  be  the  nature  of  all  those  delicate  com- 
pounds which  affect  our  olfactory  nerves  to  nestle 
into  the  minute  pores  of  charcoal,  and  to  cling 
there  with  great  tenacity.  The  substance  coming 
next  to  charcoal  in  its  power  of  absorbing  various 
odours  is  water.  Water  absorbs  its  own  volume 
of  some  gases,  and  more  than  six  hundred  times 
its  volume  of  others,  varying  as  shown  in  the  fol. 
lowing  table  : — 

One  cubic  foot  of  water  abi^orbs  of  Cubic  feet. 

Sulphurous  acid  gas 43'78 

Sulphide  of  hydrogen  2'53 

Carbonic  acid 1'06 

Nitrous  oxide 076 

Oxygen   065 

Hydrogen    0-46 

Hydrochloric  acid 480-00 

Ammonia    670*00 

The  volumes  given  are  those  which  water  will 
absorb  at  a  temperature  of  64"4  deg.  Fah.,  except 
the  last  two,  for  which  the  temperature  is  50  deg. 
The  offensive  odours  most  frequently  encountered 
are  those  of  ammonia  and  the  sulphide  of  hydro- 
gen, both  being  always  produced  by  the  decay  of 
animal  matter.  The  power  of  water  to  absorb 
these  gases  prevents  meat  decaying  in  a  large  body 
of  "water — the  carcase  of  a  horse  in  the  harbour, 
for  instance,  fromgivingoff  any  odour.  The  power 
of  water  to  act  as  a  disinfectant  can  be  made  avail- 
able in  many  circumstances ;  it  is  especially  useful 
in  chambers  of  the  sick,  as  a  dash  of  water  in  any 
vessel  standing  in  the  room  will  render  it  in- 
offensive. 


The  finest  steam  coal  in  the  world  is  said  to  be 
that  found  near  Pekin,  where  there  is  a  coalfield 
of  300  square  miles  in   extent. 


^uilbing  liitrlliqciuf. 


CHDBCHES  AND  CHAPELS. 

The  Roman  Catholics  are  about  to  build  a 
church  at  Oxford  for  the  accommodation  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  students  who  are  now  admitted 
at  Balliol,  Christ  Church,  Exeter,  and  Lincoln 
colleges. 

On  Sunday  last,  the  church  of  St.  Matthew, 
Liverpool,  w;us  reopened,  after  having  undergone 
considerable  interior  reuovition. 

On  Sunday  liust  a  new  Synagogue  was  opened 
in  connection  with  the  Polish  Hebrew  congrega- 
tion in  Newcastle. 

Croydon. — The  plans  for  the  restoration  of  the 
p.arish church  of  St.  John,  recently  destroyed  by 
fire,  are  completed  and  apjjroved  of  by  the  com- 
mittee. Although  the  tower  and  side  w.alls  will 
remain,  there  wUl  be  a  considerable  altei-ation  in 
the  interior  aspect.  The  committee  hope  that  in 
about  a  fortnight  they  will  be  in  a  position  to  in- 
vite competition  for  the  rebuilding.  It  is  in- 
tended to  invite  tenders  from  .about  twelve  firms 
of  experience  in  church  architecture.  There  is  a 
probability  of  a  much  larger  fund  being  required 
than  that  at  present  at  command,  which  amounts 
with  the  insurance  to  a  little  over  £26,000. 

Readino. — The  committee  for  the  restoration 
of  the  dilapidated  but  fine  old  church  of  St. 
Lawrence  feel  themselves  in  a  position  to  make 
arrangements  to  solicit  tenders  for  the  execu- 
tion of  the  work  ;  and  there  is  no  doulit  that 
the  work  will  be  commenced  this  summer. 

Stockton-on-Tees. — On  Thursday  week  the  Con- 
greg.ational  chapel  was  reopened  by  the  Rev. 
J.  Parsons,  of  York.  About  20ft.  has  been  added 
to  the  length  of  the  building  at  the  west  end, 
giving  accommodation  for  2S0  more  sitters,  and 
at  the  same  end,  a  circular  tinted  window  has 
been  inserted.  The  cost  of  the  alteralions, 
which  have  been  under  the  direction  of  Messrs. 
Pritchard  and  Sons,  of  Darlington,  will  be  about 
£500. 

Building,  Enlargement,  and  Repairino  of 
Churches  and  Chapels. — The  Incorporated  So- 
ciety for  Promoting  the  Enlargement,  Building, 
and  Repairing  of  Churches  and  Cbapels  held  its 
usual  monthly  meeting  on  Monday,  the  lithi  iust., 
at  the  Society's  House,  No.  7,  Whiteh.ill,  S.W., 
the  Right  Rev.  the  Lord  Bishop  of  Lichfield  in 
the  chair.  Grants  of  money  were  made  in  aid  of 
the  following  objects  : — Building  new  churches  at 
Howden-Pans,  in  the  parish  of  Wallsend,  Northum- 
berland ;  Killingworth,  in  the  parish  of  Long 
Benton,  near  Newcastle. on-Tyne  ;  and  Perry-street, 
in  the  parish  of  Northfleet,  near  Gravesend  ;  re- 
building the  church  .at  Wendy,  near  Cambridge  ; 
enlarging  and  restoring  the  ch'urches  at  Wanstead 
(Christ  Church),  Essex,  and  Westhampnec,  jiea.- 
Chichester ;  re-arranging  the  seats  and  restoring 
the  churches  at  Bletchley,  Piucks ;  Normanby, 
near  Market  Rasen,  Lincoln;  Stapletou,  near 
Shrewsbury ;  and  Wrexham,  Denbighshire.  A 
grant  was  also  made  from  the  mission  and  school 
church  fund  towards  building  a  mission  church  in 
thenew  district  of  Dartmeet,  in  the  parish  of  Lyd- 
ford,  Devon.  The  society's  income  toM.archSl  hvst 
was  less  by  £1,501  lis.  3d.  than  in  the  jirevious 
year;  though  during  the  twelve  months  just  ended 
it  expendad  more  in  grants  by  £1,410  thau  in  the 
year  preceding.  His  Grace  the  President  has  .ap- 
pointed Friday,  May  24,  for  the  annual  general 
court,  to  be  held  at  the  Society's  House,  7  White- 
hall, S.W.,  at  two  p.m. 


It  is  proposed  to  erect  new  schools  at  Merthyr, 
to  accommodate  1,000  children,  at  a  cost  of  £3,5UU. 

Lenham. — A  new  Literary  Institute  was  opened 
on  Friday  last.  Tbe  building  itself  is  most  de- 
sirably situated  in  a  central  position  in  the  town, 
and  is  both  a  handsome  and  commodious  structure 
adapted  in  every  way  to  the  purpose  for  which  it 
was  erected.  It  consists  of  a  large  lecture  hall 
60ft.  by  25ft.  arranged  with  a  view  both  to  taste 
and  utility.  It  is  25ft.  high,  with  an  open-roof, 
and  is  well  lighted  and  ventilated.  Connected 
with  the  large  hall  is  a  reading-room,  and  a  well  - 
fitted  library  with  convenient  ofiices. 

Pre-stwich. — New  Workhouse. — The  increase 
in  the  population  of  Prestwich,  and  the  limited 
accommodation  afforded  by  the  present  workhouse, 
have  led  the  guardians  of  that  union  to  determine 
the  erection  of  a  new  workhouse.      For  this  pur- 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


April  18,  1867. 


pose  a  plot  of  land  has  been  purchased  at  the 
Bongs,  near  Crumpsall,  having  an  area  of  over  18 
acres.  The  building  will  be  a  cheap  brick  struc- 
ture, treated  something  after  the  Italian  style  ;  and 
it  will  atford  accommodation forabout  350  inmates. 
The  building  wiU  be  arranged  into  three  distinct 
groups — one  for  probationers  and  inmates  suffer- 
ing from  skin  diseases  ;  further  to  the  rear  will  be 
the  main  building,  and  behind  that  the  hospitals. 
The  arrangements  will  be  geometrical ;  for  every 
room  or  arrangement  ot  rooms  on  the  side  of  the 
house  occupied  by  the  men  there  will  be  a  corre- 
sponding arrangement  on  the  side  appropriated  to 
the  women.  The  main  building  will  be  two 
stories  high,  and  will  jtresent  a  frontage  of  about 
300ft.  The  natural  irregularities  of  the  ground 
will  permit  of  the  building  standing  on  a  terrace 
6ft.  high,  and  it  will  thus  be  thrown  considerably 
higher  than  the  front  block,  and  make  a  pic- 
turesque ensemble.  Behind  the  centre  of  this 
main  building  will  be  the  dining  hall,  66ft.  long  by 
28ft.  wide,  and  affording  accommodation  for  100  of 
eitrher  sex ;  the  story  above  is  to  be  occupied  by 
the  chapel.  The  extreme  rear  of  the  workhouse 
is  to  be  devoted  to  the  hospitals,  and  the  plan 
decided  .upon  is  known  aa  the  pavilion  prin- 
ciple, similar  to  the  hospital  at  the  Withington 
workhouse,  but  with  a  few  improvements  in 
matters  of  detail.  There  will  be  four  pavilions, 
two  for  each  sex,  and  each  two  stories  high, 
aifording  an  aggregate  accommodation  for  128 
beds.  The  pavilions  will  be  more  than  100ft. 
from  each  other,  and  the  intervening  space  will 
be  occupied  by  walks  and  gardens  for  the  con- 
valescent. The  conva'escents  will  also  have  a 
dining-room  specially  provided  for  them.  Each 
ward  will  be  44Et.  long,  24ft.  wide,  14ft.  high, 
and  accommodate  12  beds,  allowing  8S  super- 
ticial  feet  for  each  patient,  and  a  cubic  breath- 
ing space  of  1,200ft.  Ventilation  will  be  effected 
by  means  of  the  windows.  The  beds  will  be  ar- 
ranged singly  between  each  window,  and  not  in 
couplets  as  at  Withington.  The  exterior  appear- 
ance of  the  hospital  will  accord  with  the  rest  of 
the  building,  and  the  sky-Une  at  each  corner  of 
the  pavilions  will  be  broken  by  low-roofed  tur- 
rets, which  are  practically  water  tanks,  similar  to 
those  in  the  main  building.  It  is  said  that  the 
drainage  of  the  workhouse  will  form  a  subject  of 
some  difficulty  with  the  guarflians ;  but  the 
present  idea  is  to  utilise  it,  and  throw  it  upon 
the  farm.  A  part  of  the  contract  for  the  founda- 
tions and  levelling  has  been  let,  and  the  building 
will  probably  be  completed  about  the  autumn  of 
next  year.  The  architect  is  Mr.  T.  Worthington, 
of  Manchester,  who  was  also  the  architect  for  the 
pavilion  hospital  at  Withington. 

New  Shelbourne  Hotel,  Dublin. — This  new 
hotel,  which  has  just  been  opened,  is  situated  on 
the  north  side  of  St.  Stephen's  Green,  Dublin,  hav. 
ing  a  frontage  thereto  of  126ft.,  and  to  Kildare- 
street  of  176ft.  The  height  from  floor  of  base- 
ment to  ceiling  in  lucerne  story  is  92ft.  In  the 
basement  story  of  main  building  arc  two  spa- 
cious dininghalls,  one  for  the  visitors'  servants 
and  one  for  the  hotel  servants ;  also  lavatories 
and  bath  rooms,  and  sitting  and  sleeping  rooms 
for  the  domestics.  The  entrance  hall  is  38ft.  by 
19ft.,  with  con-idors  leading  right  and  left  ;  on 
the  right  are  the  gentlemen's  and  ladies'  coffee- 
rooms,  the  former  52ft.  by  26ft.,  with  the  addi- 
tional space — 26ft.  by  10ft. — gained  by  the  pro- 
jecting bay  window  ;  the  latter  is  49ft.  by  26ft.  : 
both  apartments  can  be  formed  into  one  by  folding 
up  the  large  doors  separating  them,  thus  gaining 
a  room  101ft.  long.  On  the  right  of  the  hall  are  the 
telegraph  office,  manager's  room,  ante-room  4-3ft. 
by  24ft.,  with  lavatory  and  waterclosets  ;  gentle- 
men's reading  room  49ft.  by  26ft.;  also  public 
drawing  room,  48ft.  by  28ft.,  with  the  additional 
apace  gained  at  bay  window  same  as  in  gentle, 
man's  coffee-room.  The  style  of  architecture  of 
the  exterior  is  Renaissance.  The  walls  are  of  red 
brick,  with  dressings  of  Portland ;  the  principal 
feature  being  the  porch  and  bay  windows,  the 
latter  rising  to  the  height  of  the  two  principal 
stories,  the  top  of  which  is  approached  from  the 
rooms,  and  forms  a  splendid  position  for  viewing 
public  proceysious,  &c.  The  area  is  protected  by 
a  very  handsome  balustrade  of  scroll  pattern  in 
cast  iron,  with  four  granite  pedestals  supporting 
full-sized  bronze  figures  of  Egyptian  maids  hold 
ing  the  glass  urns  for  gas  lamps.  The  cost  of 
purchasing  the  old  hotel  was  £14,000,  and  the 
adjoining  premises  and  some  ground  at  the  rear 
£4,500,  which,  together  with  the  cost  of  the  new 
building  and  fittings,  makes  the  total  outlay  over 
£80,000.      The  Lord   Lieutenant,  to    show    his 


approval  of  the  spirited  enterprise  of  the  proprie- 
tors, Messrs.  Jury,  Cotton,  and  Goodman,  paid  a 
visit  previous  to  the  opening,  and  was  received  by 
them  and  conducted  through  the  building  by  the 
architect,  Mr.  John  M'Curdy,  and  the  builder,  Mr. 
Samuel  H.  Bolton. 


imral  Items. 


A  large  body  of  the  parishioners  of  Calne  hav- 
ing seceded  from  the  church  on  account  of  the 
ritualistic  proceedings  in  the  parish  church  there, 
determimed  on  erecting  a  new  Free  Church  for 
their  worship.  Plans  having  been  invited  in  a 
limited  competition  those  sent  in  by  Mr,  W.  J. 
Stent,  architect  of  Warminster,  Wilts,  were 
selected,  and  the  work  will  be  proceeded  with  at 
once.  'The  church  will  accommodate  400  adults. 
Large  schoolrooms  will  be  erected  in  the  rear,  con- 
nected with  the  church  by  an  arcaded  covered 
way. 

Mr.  Reuben  Young,  a  respected  resident  of 
Nottingham,  died  laat  week,  aged  74.  Some  of  his 
sacred  compositions  are  well  known  and  still  sung 
in  the  various  choirs  throughout  the  country. 
Half  a  century  ago  he  may  be  said  to  have  first 
successfully  lighted  Nottingham  with  gas. 

The  famous  Lindall  Hotel,  St.  Louis,  regarded  as 
the  largest  and  finest  hotel  in  America,  was  totally 
destroyed  by  fire  on  March  31.  The  building  was 
erected  at  a  cost  of  900,000  dollars,  and  the  loss  is 
estimated  at  fully  1,600,000  dollars.  There  were 
four  hundred  guests  at  the  hotel,  but  all  happily 
escaped,  though  many  lost  their  personal  effects. 
The  hotel  is  to  be  at  once  rebuilt  by  a  joint-stock 
company. 

Mr.  E.  Dresser  Rogers  has  given  the  following 
notice  of  motion  in  the  Court  of  Common  Council : 
"  That  in  consequence  of  the  constantly  increasing 
traffic,  it  be  referred  to  the  Bridge  House  estate 
committee  to  obtain  plans  at  once  for  the  better 
accommodation  of  foot  passengers  passing  over 
London  Bridge." 

While  demolition  and  reconstruction  continue 
the  order  of  the  day  in  Paris,  great  pains  are  being 
taken  to  make  those  parts  of  the  City  not  given 
over  to  the  builders  clean  and  bright.  With  this 
view,  a  novel  method  has  been  lately  introduced 
of  cleaning  all  the  stone  ornaments  by  means  of 
jets  of  steam  and  boiUng  water. 

A  new  bridge  is  to  be  built  over  the  Niagara 
River  at  Bufi'alo  according  to  the  designs  of  Mr. 
T.  W.  Kennard.  It  will  be  constructed  in  spans 
of  250ft.,  supported  on  piers  constructed  with 
iron  cylinders  filled  in  with  ashlar  masonry,  and 
surrounded  by  cribs  loaded  with  broken  stone. 
The  total  weight  of  each  pier  will  be  5,317  tons. 
The  superstructure  will  consist  of  wrought-iron 
trussed  girders,  and  it  will  carry  a  railway  and 
road  side  by  side. 

The  Directors  ot  the  Crystal  Palace  Company 
having  recently  by  circular  asked  the  proprietors 
for  their  consent  to  obtaining  a  bill  to  raise  fresh 
capital  for  the  restoration  of  the  burric  portion  of 
the  building,  and  for  other  matters,  have  in  reply 
received  assents  representing  £641,605  (out  of  a 
total  share  capital  of  £1,163,070),  and  dissents  re- 
presenting £176,520.  With  the  view  to  promote 
harmony  in  the  company,  the  directors  have  since 
announced  their  determination  to  suspend  further 
proceedings  with  the  bill  during  the  present 
session. 

At  a  sale  of  photographs  which  has  just  taken 
place  in  New  York,  one  of  William  Penn  fetched 
15  dollars;  of  Edgar  Poe,  11  dollars;  of  George 
Washington,  25  dollars  ;  of  Beethoven,  13  dollars  ; 
of  Robert  Burns,  70  dollars  ;  of  Lord  Byron,  75 
dollars;  of  Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge,  11  dollars; 
of  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  43  dollars  ;  of  Marshal 
Ney,  7  dollars  ;  of  Robespierre,  9  dollars ;  and  of 
Mirabeau,  7  dollars  75  cents. 

Some  workmen  were  engaged  in  lowering  the 
water  in  the  Caesar  basin  at  the  thermal  establish- 
ment of  JSt.  Alban  Isere,  France,  when  suddenly  a 
sort  of  detonation  was  heard  underground,  and 
the  spring  began  to  boil,  emitting  gas  bubbles 
with  great  regularity.  Since  that  day  efferves- 
cing drinks  have  been  made  in  vast  quantities 
from  the  abundant  supply  of  gas.  The  mineral 
water  has  also  become  much  stronger. 


Lately  whilst  excavations  were  being  made  at 
Pompeii,  the  workmen  discovered  a  bronze  vase 
hermetically  closed,  and  enveloped  in  a  thick 
crystallised  crust.  The  interior  of  the  vessel 
was  found  to  contain  a  considerable  quantity  of 
water.  Some  persons  present  ventured  to  drink 
some  of  the  liquid,  and  all  agreed  in  pro- 
noimcing  it  clear,  fresh,  and  of  remarkable  ooft. 
ness.  The  water  in  question  must  have  beea 
preserved  for  nearly  1,800  years. 

The  report  of  the  executive  committee  of  the 
Yorkshire  Fine  Art  and  Industrial  Exhibition 
just  printed,  deserves  a  word  of  notice.  From 
this  document  it  appears  that  the  guarantee 
fund  of  388  citizens  amounted  to  £6,000,  o! 
which  2s.  5d.  was  paid  before  the  opening 
of  the  exhibition  and  had  since  been  re- 
turned with  5  per  cent,  interest ;  that 
the  value  of  the  articles  exhibited  couJd 
not  be  less  than  £250,000,  most  of  whici 
were  ensured;  that  £487  Ss,  lOd.  was  the 
highest  day's  receipts,  and  that  the  gross  receipts 
during  eighty  seven  days  opening  of  the  eihihi; 
tion  were  £13,822  19s.  Id.  This  amount  cot 
tained  some  curious  items.  £900  had  been  re- 
ceived from  the  sale  of  ribands  manufactured 
in  the  exhibition  by  a  jacquard  riband  loom 
from  Coventry ;  £556  from  persons  who  entered 
the  exhibition  theatre  to  witness  a  fairy  fountain 
and  photographic  views  ;  and  a  halfpenny  each 
had  been  received  from  90,000  persons  who  had 
left  their  sticks  and  umbrellas  at  the  doors  on 
entering.  The  number  of  daily  visitors  to  the 
exhibition  varied  from  875  to  12,703,  and  the 
total  number  who  entered  the  place  was  380,591, 
or  an  average  of  4,374  daily.  The  medals  and 
certificates  for  exhibitors  had  just  been  received 
and  would  at  once  be  distributed.  It  was  re- 
commended that  the  surplus  should  be  devoted 
to  the  purchase  of  a  building  suitable  for  a  per- 
manent exhibition  of  art  and  industry,  assistance 
towards  which,  it  was  suggested,  might  be  oh- 
tained  by  soliciting  subscriptions  or  creating  shar& 
at  a  moderate  rate  of  interest.  ' 

A  fine  example  of  an  Anglo-Saxon  sword  wu 
exhibited  at  the  Society  of  Antiquaries'  meeting; 
Abingdon,  last  week.  The  sword  was  fouM 
in  June  ,1831,  at  Reading,  about  2ft.  or  3ft.  belgi; 
tae  surface  of  the  ground.  When  found  it  Wfldtf 
about  1ft.  longer  than  it  is  at  present,  and  tna 
bent  into  the  curve  of  the  ribs  of  a  horse,  tbg 
skeleton  of  which  was  upon  it,  just  as  if  the  itS 
of  the  horse  had  bent  it.  The  sword  was  double- 
edged,  and  the  point  was  central ;  when  found, 
the  hilt,  which  was  ivory,  was  in  very  good  conlii 
tion,  but  the  greater  part  almost  immediately 
crumbled  away.  The  bones  of  both  man  tnd 
horse  were  quite  perfect.  Mr.  Kemble,  in  a  com- 
munication to  the  Archaeological  Institute 
showed  that  the  ceremony  of  immolating  thB 
horse  of  the  defunct  warrior  on  the  grave  of  it! 
master  was  observed  in  Germany  as  late  * 
the  latter  half  of  the  last  century.  This  weapiAl 
is  a  fine  example  of  the  craft  of  the  Anglo-Saxon 
swordsmith.  The  pommel  and  guard  are  formed 
of  a  metal  resembling  pale  copper,  inlaid  with 
silver,  the  former  being  ornamented  with  what 
appear  to  be  imperfectly-executed  figures  of  men 
and  animals.  The  grip  is  small,  and  could  sot 
have  been  designed  by  one  accustomed  to  the 
handicraft.  It  is  worthy  of  observation  that  the 
guard  is  much  worn  by  chafing,  as  if  the 
weapon  had  long  ridden  on  the  hip  of  itfl 
owner. 

According  ito  Liebig,  the  quantity  of  soap 
consumed  by  a  nation  would  be  no  inaccu- 
rate measure  whereby  to  estimate  its  wealth  and 
civilisation.  Political  economists,  indeed,  will  not 
give  it  this  rank  ;  but  whether  we  regard  it  as 
joke  or  earnest,  it  is  not  the  less  true  that,  of 
two  countries,  with  an  equal  amount  of  popula- 
tion, we  may  declare  with  positive  certainty  that 
the  wealthiest  and  most  highly-civilised  is  that 
which  consumes  the  greatest  weight  of  soflp. 
This  consumption  does  not  subserve  sensual  gr»ti- 
fication,  nor  depend  upon  fashion,  but  upon  the 
feeling  of  the  beauty,  comfort,  and  welfare  attend- 
ant upon  cleanliness ;  and  a  regard  to  this  feel- 
ing is  coincident  with  wealth  and  civilisation.  The 
rich  in  the  middle  ages,  who  concealed  a  wsnt  of 
cleanliness  in  their  clothes  and  persons  under  » 
profusion  of  costly  scents  and  essences,  weremoi« 
luxurious  than  we  are  in  eating  and  drinking,  la 
apparel  and  horses.  But  how  great  is  the  differ- 
ence between  their  great  days  and  our  own,  when 
a  want  of  cleanliness  is  equivalent  to  insupport^Pl* 
misery  and  misfortune  I 


lpril  18,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


279 


TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 

OOR  Readers.— Wo  shall  feel  obliged  to  any  of  our 
1-8  who  will  favour  us  with  brief  notes  of  work*  I'ou- 
Ated  or  in  progress  iu  the  provinces, 
ters  relating  U)  advertisements  and  the  ordinary  busi- 
if  the  paper  should  1«  addressed  to  the  Editob,  IGS. 
-street.  Advertisements  for  the  current  week  must 
the  office  bef  jre  5  o'clock  p  m.  on  Thursday.  , 
riCE— The  BUILDING  XKWS  inserts  advertise. 
»  tor  •■  SITU.\TIONS  WANTED,"  <fcc.,  at  ONE 
jisa  for  the  fii-st  Twenty,  four  Words. 


cETfi-D—I.    N.— W.    J.— G.    S.-S.   R.  and  Son.— 
J.— n.  and  B  — 0.  U.  U.— J.  D.  and  Son.— L.  R.  1 

^'p  __W  S  — C.  L.  E. — M.  H.  and  Co.— J.  G. 
D.  and  Co.-G.    T.  R.-J.  B.— F.  H.  L.— 

H  T.— Write  to  Messrs.  Spon,   Bucklersbury 
re.  Lockwood,  Stationer's  Hall-court,  Loudon. 


-T.  K. 
I.  B.- 


or  to 


make  any  use  of  your  studies  for  nothing,  but  we 
reserve  to  ourselves  (for  it  seems  tUey  can  "  re- 
serv-e  "  what  they  have  not  got)  the  liberty  to  do 
30,  should  we  or  our  architect  think  them  worth 
using.  This  is  far  cleverer  than  anything  in  the 
printed  in.structiong.  But  now,  if  the  notion  is 
that  the  more  drawings  the  finally  chosen  archi- 
tect can  see  of  other  men's  studies,  the  better, 
surely  there  must  be  men  in  Manchester  capable 
of  seeing  how  utterly  this  outwits  itself.  It  is 
the  common  mistake  of  being  too  clever  by  half. 
True,  it  would  he  better  for  a  town  to  get  the  free 
pick  of  many  real  studies  than  of  a  few ;  and  more 


.tnd  that  the   selected    ones  be   returned  imme 
diately  to  their  respective  authors.— I  am,  &c., 
A  Would-be  Competitob. 


"THE  PUGIN  ROOF." 

Sib, — Your  correspondent,  Mr.  S.  J.  Nichol,  has 
endeavoured  to  play  a  p,\rt,  which  I  veuture  to 
believe  he  will  hardly  be  equal  to  sustain.  He 
appears  in  your  pages  as  the  injured  originator  of 
a  style  of  roof,  the  principle  of  which  I  have 
adopted   at  Peckh.amand  elsewhere;  and  I  have 


CoiTtspaiikiice. 


MANCHESTER  TOWNHALL  COM- 
PETITION. 

To  tlie  Editor  of  the  BniLDiNQ  News. 

.  s, — Will  you  allow  me  to  indicate  a  point  or 
ion  which  "One  of  the  Tail  Tips,"  and  "A 
f  ber  of  the  Council "  appear  to  me  both  right 
|.)oth  wrong?      The   Manchester  Corporation 

Siven  no  proof,  that  I  can  see,  of  niggardliness  ; 
they   have,   by    "slapdash"    and    extreme 
t  jhtlessness,  rendered  a  good  townhall  impos- 
to  their  city,  unless   they   can  bring  them- 
to  reconsider  some   points    of  their  pro 
me.     The  offer  of  £300  is  quite  enough  for 
they   really  want   from   each   man  in   the 
d  competitiou.     Their  error  there  is  simply 
ling  this,  through  ignorance,  a  complete  de- 
The  sum  would  not  be  enough  for  a  com- 
design ;  but  they  have  no  use  for  a  complete 
1  from  each  of  the  chosen   competitors,  and 
ertainly  not  get  one,  whether  ofi'eriug  £300  or 
'0.     In  fact  I  doubt  if  they  could  get  them 
fully   completed  by  offering  more   money ; 
think  they  offer  this  to  too  many.     From 
to  six  would  have  been  a  better  limitation 
ir  number  than  from  six  to   twelve.     But 
are  trifles. 

iiir    grand   mistake — always    excepting    the 
me  common  to  all  England,  and  which,  as 
lis  it  stands,  bars  out   all   real  architecture, 
lit  for  ever  and   for  ever— the  expecting  it 
contractors'   partners,   from   men  who  see 
ig  absurd  in  superintending  an  outlay  and 
paid  percentage  on  that  same  outlay — next 
)  I  say  their  first  great  peculiar  mistake  is 
Iquirement  of  what  your  correspondent  calls 
lilayer  showing  his  trumps  to  the  rest.     I  do 
jiink  this   arose  at  first  from  anything  but 
thoughtlessness.      We  cannot  ascribe  to  a 
iil  who  could  devise  that  notable  scheme  for 
g  both  contests  anonymous,   "  it  being  uu- 
|od  that  architects  shall  not  adopt  the  same 
or  motto  in  the  second  as  in  the  first  com- 
■n "  (the  fiuLshed  design  to  be  unrecognised 
le  It  has  a  different  motto  from  what  it  bore 
(Unfinished!) — we  cannot  surely  ascribe  to 
[(linkers  any  wickedly  deep  design.     No,  they 
)ly  never  saw, ''any  more  than  children  at 
hat  to  claim  "  to  exhibit  the  whole  of  the 
is  simply  giving   the  gratuitous  use  of 
liU  to  their  chosen   architects  or  architect. 
ree,  however,  this  has  been  pointed  out  to 
and  the  question  is,  have  they  not  thereupon 
id  it  as  rather  a  fluke,  and  a  good  thing  to 
ere  in  ?     The  following  answer,  given  to  one 
laquired  whether  they   meant   to  stipulate 
light  to  exhibit  the   preliminary  as  well  as 
liabed  and  bought  designs,  looks  very  like 


no   hesitation  iu   saying  that,   had   his   memory 

advantiigeous  to  get  some  for  nothing  than  to  buy    i,een  better,  or  had  he  looked  further,  he  would 

■       ,x- 1.11,  .i,.„      1!,.*   ,1. t     |^^^,g   gg^jj   ]|,gjj      -pijg   facts  of   the  case  are  these. 

In  1859,  Mr.  Nichol,  myself,  and  several  other 
architects,  competed  for  the  Church  of  SS.  Peter 
and  Paid,  Cork.  My  original  drawings,  which 
were  exhibited  both  iu  Cork,  and  at  the  Archi- 
tectural Exhibitiou  iu  London,  show  the  design 
now  called  in  question.  This  fact,  I  humbly  sub- 
mit, is  suflicieut  to  clear  me  from  the  charge  of 
"  plagiarism."  The  first  time  I  saw  Mr.  Nichol's 
drawings  was  some  months  after  the  competi- 
tion had  taken  place,  when  both  designs  ap- 
peared in  the  same  exhibition.  I  was  then 
somewhat  struck  at  seeing  that  the  same  prin- 
ciple had  been  adopted  by  Mr.  Nichol,  but 
knowing  him  to  be  an  architect  of  some  original 
power,  1  imagined  at  the  moment  that  we  had  both 
hit  upon  the  same  idea.  It  never  occurred  to  me 
that  he  might  possibly  have  seen  my  church  in 
Eldon-street,  Liverpool  which  was  designed  two 
years  previously,  and  actually  carried  into  execu- 
tion towards  the  end  of  1858,  almost  two  years 
previous  to  the  competition.  In  order  that  there 
may  be  no  misunderstanding,  I  transcribe  copies 
of  two  letters  from  the  builders  who  tendered  for 
the  church  alluded  to,  both  of  which  bear  out 
and  verify  my  statement.  The  tracing  spoken  of 
shows  the  double  back  principal. 

(1) 

13,  Everton-crescent,  Liverpool,  Apnl  !.'»,  180.. 
E.  W.  l*ugin,  Esq. 

De.^r  Sir. — In  reply  to  yours  just  received,  I  beg  to 
say  that  the  tracuigyou  enclose  is  from  the  drawinga 
from  which  I  estimated  in  the  early  part  of  1863.  It  in 
also  a  fact  that  the  s.an]e  princiule  of  roof  was  carried  oat 
in  the  latter  part  of  the  same  year  by  me  in  your  church 
in  EUlon-strect,  Liverpool,  where  it  is  now  to  be  Been: 
I  am,  ire. . 

HuoH  Yates. 


them ;  assuming  this  coidd  be  done.  But  do  not 
you  see  that  there's  the  rub  >  Can  they  be  so  got 
anywhere  !  "  Sketches  "  are  not  necessarily 
studies,  and  which  does  Manchester  want?  In 
announcing  that  the  unsuccessful  shall  not  simply 
lose  their  work,  but  see  it  (if  worth  using)  appro- 
priated by  the  successful  -that,  in  short,  all  real, 
all  valuable  work  discoverable  shall  be  used  if 
possible  for  nothing,  you  simply  warn  ofl'  all  real 
workers — you  make  it,  indeed,  wort,h  every  sham 
worker's  while,  every  adventurer  who  can  get 
random  plans  and  showy  drawings  produced,  to 
take  a  draw  in  your  lottery  ;  but  by  the  same  act 
you  render  it  worth  no  man's  while  to  risk  real 
study,  science,  or  skill  !  No  amount  of  premiums 
could  alter  the  case.  More  money  offered  would 
only  bring  together  a  more  bewildering  mass  of 
probably  wilder  and  more  random  projects — not 
one  real"  studied  design.  What  is  wanted  is  some 
reconsideration  of  these  child's  play  "  Instruc- 
tions," and  at  least  a  pledge  that  the  coimcil  do 
not  "reserve  to  themselves  the  right  to  exhibit " 
any  but  their  own  property. — I  am,  &c.. 

One  Ready  to  Compete  bitt 
NOT  to  Gamble. 


[Copt.] 

-In  the  absence   of  the  town  clerk  I  am 

d  by  the  Mayor  to  acknowledge  your  letter 

erday's  date,  .and   to   inform  you  that  the 

,ation,  as  stated  in  the  instructions,  reserve 

inaelves  the  right  to  exhibit  the  whole  (in- 

o£  course  of  the  preliminary  sketches)  of 

8gns.     It' is  not,  however,  by  any   means 

that  such  a  course  would  be  taken.     It  is 

.kely  that  the  inspection    in  the  first  place 

preliminary  designs  will  be  Umited  to  mem- 

'  the  Corporation,  and  that  a  public  exhibi- 

11  take  place  of  the  finished  and  premiated 

I  sent  in  for  the  final  competition. — I  am, 

IT  obedient  servant, 

(Signed)  John  Rowbotham. 

R   18,  you  see,  it  is  not  probable  we  shall 


Sib, — With  every  reliance  on  the  good  faith  of 
the  framers  of  the  conditions  in  this  case,  I 
would  suggest  that  there  is  a  certain  amount  of 
ambiguity  surrounding  some  of  the  more  impor- 
tant points  of  that  document,  which,  if  removed 
would  go  far  to  ensure  that  "full  confidence  "on 
the  part  of  competitors  which  the  corporation 
appear  to  desire. 

First,  it  should  be  distinctly  provided  that 
proper  professional  a.5sistauce  be  called  in  for  the 
preliminary  selection,  as  it  stands  to  reason  un- 
less the  liest  six,  or  best  twelve  be  selected  in  the 
first  instance,  the  after  competition  must  be  a 
farce.  Besides,  the  preliminary  drawings  being 
but  plans  and  elevations  to  a  16th  scale,  it 
would  require  a  careful  professional  examination 
to  arrive  at  a  proper  judgment  of  their  merits. 
Not  wishing  to  exclude  the  corporation  altogether 
from  a  voice  iu  the  selection  at  this  stage,  I 
would  propose,  as  the  number  of  designs  to  be 
selected  in  the  preliminary  competition  is  limited 
to  twelve,  that  an  eminent  architect  be  instructed 
to  report,  aud  make  a  selection  of  the  six  which 
he  considers  the  best;  that  this  selection  re- 
main sealed  until  a  committee  of  the  corporation 
pass  judgment  iu  a  similar  manner,  independent 
of  the  architect,  and  record  the  mottoes  of  six 
which  .  in  their  opinion  are  the  best ;  that  so 
many  of  these  latter  as  have  not  been  selected 
by  the  advising  architect  be  added  to  his  list ; 
and  that  the  authors  of  these  designs  be  the 
competitors  in  the  second  competition.  Profes- 
sional adjudication  I  understand  to  be  already 
guaranteed  for  the  after  competition. 

Second,  that  the  requirements  in  the  second 
competition  be  distinctly  stated.  It  is  to  be 
presumed  that  the  committee  must  h.ave  had  a 
certain  number  and  scale  of  drawings  under 
their  consideration,  to  enable  them  to  fix  a  sum 
as  a  remuneration  for  them.  AThy  not  allow 
competitors  to  have  an  equal  opportunity  of 
judging  whether  this  sum  is  a  sufficient  one  ? 
for  at  present  the  phra-se  "  finished  and  com- 
plete dra\vings  "  (italicised  in  the  condition-s),  in- 
definite as  to  numbers,  scale,  aud  everything 
else,  is  quite  sufficient  to  suggest  working  plans 
and  details  ready  for  placing  in  the  hands  of  a 
surveyor  or  builder. 

Third,  the  conditions  do  not  make  it  clear 
whether  or  not  it  is  intended  to  exhibit  the  pre- 
liminary designs.  If  the  exhibition  of  these  be 
considered  necessary,  I  would  suggest  that  the 
twelve  selected  ones  be  sealed  and  retained  by 
the  corporation,  to  be  exhibited  afterwards  with 
the  more  developed  design ;  to  ensure  the  iden- 
tity of  the  latter  with  the  first  sketch.  A  better 
course  would  be,  that  the  exhibition  of  these 
designs  be  confined  strictly   to  the  adjudicators, 


(2) 
lis,  Walton-road.  April  15,  1867. 
E.  W.  Pugin,  Esq. 

DE-4R  Sir, — In  reply  to  youi-  letter  received  to  day,  I 
beg  to  state  that  the  tracing  enclosed  therein  is  from  the 
drawing  from  which  I  made  an  estmiate  for  the  erection  of 
a  CathoUc  chiu-ch  in  Eldon  street,  Liverpool,  in  the  year 
ISiS.  I  can  certify  that  the  same  principal  of  roof  was 
carried  out  by  Messl-s.  Yates  and  Hughe,,  in  the  above- 
named  building  shortly  after. — lara,  (fee., 

John  Henry  Mullen. 

After  your  readers  have  perused  the  above, 
probably  I  shall  be  the  only  pei-son  who  will  not 
be  lead  to  the  conclusion  that  Mr.  Nichol  simply 
flescribes  his  own  modus  operandi,  whilst  most 
unjustifiablj-  attaching  to  it  my  name. 
I  am,  &c., 

E.  Welby  Puoin. 
1,  Oxford. street,  Liverpool,  April  16. 


Intcrtomiuiinifiitioii. 

— ♦ — 

QUESTIONS. 

[352.}-ELECTRO    OX    STOXE.— Will    any    of    your 

correspondents  inform  me  if  there  is  any  process,  electro  or 

otherwise,  by  which  a  coating  of  metal  may  be  made  per 

manently  to  adhere  to  stone?  Enqvireb. 


[353.]  —  ARCHITECTUKAL  LIBRARY.  —  Will  you 
kindly  inform  me  if  there  13  any  library  containing  engi- 
neering and  architectural  works  in  London,  as  I  wish  to 
Htudv  some,  and  the  price  of  them  is  geuorally  so  expen- 
sive? P.  G-  H. 

[Our  correspondent  has  certainly  not  been  an  attentive 
reader  of  Intei-commuuication,  or  he  would  have  known 
that  there  was  no  private  architectural  library  in  London. 
Thore  is  an  admirable  art  library  at  SoutJi  Kensingt<^^tn 
Museum,  which  cau  be  visited  by  subscribers.  There  in  a 
smaller  one  connected  with  the  Architectural  Association, 
which  .S.  G.  H.  can  easily  avail  himself  of.  See  Mr.  J.  D. 
Mathews's  letter  in  Building  News,  No.  620.] 


[354.1-BELGIAX  VAULTINGS.— I  should  be  gi-eatly 
obliged  to  any  reader  of  the  Building  Nkw.s  who  could 
aiy  whether  the  bricks  used  for  the  vault  tillin^s  (between 
stone  ribs)  in  many  Belsium  fifteenth  centur>'  works,  as 
Antwerp  steeple  aud  the  whole  cathedral  of  Mona,  ard 
wolid  or  hollow,  and  if  hollow,  could  give  any  particulais 
of  their  dimensional.  E.  L.  Q. 


[SfiS.]— FURNACE  CHIMNEYS.— I  am  about  to  erect  a 
furnace  chimney.  I  should,  if  possible,  like  to  be  informed 
of  the  data  by  which  to  determine  the  height  furnace  chim- 
neys for  different  purposes  should  be  built.  Smoke. 


280 


THE  BUILDmG  NEWS. 


April  18,  1867. 


[356  i_STRENGTH  OF  WALLS.— Can  you  or  any  of 
vour  readers  inform  me  whether  thereis  any  rule  for  deter- 
mintac  the  strength  of  walls  according  to  the  size  of  the 
building,  viz.  :-Suppose  there  is  a  building  to  be  erected 
consisting  of  one  large  room  60ft.  long  and  40ft.  -wide,  \M. 
to  wall  plate,  with  an  open  timbered  roof  without  any  tie- 
beam  is  there  any  rule  t.5  ascertain  the  strength  of  the 
waUs  requii-ed  to  support  this  roof?  An  aus"er  to  this 
will  greatly  oblige  your  obedient  servant,  Ml'SOLE. 

[357  1— ENAMEL  ON  LEATHER.— Can  any  oneinform 
me  of  a  simple  method  of  putting  a  white  enamel  on 
leather  without  impairing  its  fleiibUity  ?      Decorator. 

13581— PAVING  BOADS— Can  any  of  your  readers 
inform  me  of  the  best  means  of  preventing  or  mitigating 
the  noise  arising  from  paved  rgads.  Paying  is  in  all  other 
respects  superior  to  macadamising,  and  I  am  sure  it  any 
of  vour  scientific  readera  can  suggest  any  means  whereby 
this  one  drawback  to  paving  can  be  lessened,  they  will  con- 
fer a  great  boon  upon  the  community.  Zend. 


in  fact,  keep  on  stopping  out  and  biting  until  all  the 
various  depths  have  been  gained.  When  tl'f  Plf "  «  »™- 
ciently  bitten  it  should  be  washed  and  dabbed  quite  dry 
.B  above,  and  held  to  the  fire,  when  the  border  of  wax 
may  be  removed  ;  the  composition  can  then  be  o  eanly 
washed  off  with  spirits  of  turpentine.  If  it  should  then 
he  found  too  light,  the  plate  ""^^t '^''/ebitten  in  the  fol- 
lowing manner  :-A  tr,auspareut  grouud  must  be  laid  thus 
-clean  the  plate  with  tui-pentine  and  w-hitmg  as  before 
directed,  then  carefully  heat  it,  rub  on  the  bare  parts  of  the 
copper  to  melt,  then  .lab  the  melted  composition  a  httle 
to  get  some  on  the  dabber,  and  dab  the  parts  yon  wish  to 
be  darker  very  Ughtly  imtil  the  surface  between  the  lines  is 
entirely  covered.  This  ground  is  of  course  not  smoked  like 
the  first  ground:  the  parts  which  do  not  reqmie  rebitmg 
should  be  stopped  out  with  Brunswick   black,  and  the  mt- 


make  some  agreement  for  learning ;  then  the  same  with 
the  wood  carver.  W. 


[345.] -BATH  STONE. — In  answer  to  this  question, 
relating  t«  the  decay  of  Bath  stone,  I  beg  to  say  that  the 
difference  alluded  to  is  to  be  seen  in  stones  cut  from  the 
s.ame  block,  and  on  inspection  "J.  P.  G."  will  seethe 
soimd  stone  is  laid  on  its  bed,  the  decayed  stone  not  on  ita 
bed.  6-  T-  W, 


ingmav  then*^be  repeated  as  in  the  first  place.     It 


[359  i—CUBB.- Tou  will  oblige  me  by  answering  the 
following  question  :— What  is  the  cube  of  a  stone  the  length 
of  which  is  3ft.  4in.,  breadth,  9in,  ;  thickness,  •2m.  ? 

A  C0NST.4NT  Subscriber. 

[The  cube  of  3ft.  4in.  x  Sin.  x  2in.  =  40iu.  x  9in.  x 
2in   =  720  cube  inches  =  6-12ths  of  a  cube  foot  exactly.] 


[360  ]— FACTORY  CHIMNEY  SHAFTS.— I  shall  feel 
obliged  if  a  kind  subscriber  will  inform  me  the  usual 
batter  on  a  foot,  or  say  for  stacks  varying  from  150ft.  to 
250ft.  high.— Tburo,  Street. 


course  impossible  to  go  thoroughly  into  the  art  of  etching 
in  the  limits  of  "  Intercommunication,"  but  I  have  endea- 
voured to  give  "Ambition"  an  insight  into  the  art,  and  1 
have  no  doubt  that  practice  will  give  him  the  rest,  but  he 
must  not  expect  to  succeed  with  the  first  or  second  .attempt, 
nor  let  failure  dishearten,  as  it  is  only  by  perseverance  he 
can  ever  hope  to  be  proficient.        Edward  Wimbridge. 

[336.]— SKYLIGHTS.— L.aps  are  an  abomin.ition  ;  let 
your  pane  of  glass  be  the  whole  length  of  s.ish,  weU  bedded 
■     whitelead  putty,    and  copper  sprigged  to  sash      Com- 

■*^    .  -  -^-    ■ :<  JaCKO. 


REPLIES. 
[322.]— CIRCLE.— In  answer  to  William   Butler   I  em- 
ployed a  decimal  too  few.  but  his  meaning  was  surely  plain 
enough.     How  long  must  a  diameter   be  that,  when   in- 
creased as  113  to  356,  it  may  give  a  foot  more  than  its  true 
circumference  V     It  is  ft  question   of  simple  division,  and 
113  ■  355  is  7.01  as  1  to  the  figures  •■  Wheildon"  statei  :- 
As  113  :  355  so  is  1  to  (355  -^  113)  =  3-1415929203S93805 
But  circumference   -r    diameter  =  3  1415026535897932 

Leaving  difference  =  nearly  0000002663 

And  1  +  -0000002668  gives  3743126,  the  diameter  required 
in  feet  My  for  jier  answer,  710  miles  2Sft.  van  too  freat 
by  42ft.  '    '     '" 


E.  L.  G. 


plete  it  by  painting  four  coats  in  oil. 

[337i_MARBLE  LETTERING.  —  In  answer  to  J. 
Northern  the  best  bl.ack  mbrture  for  stjinding  the  weather 
is  shellac  dissolved  with  spirits  of  wine,  coloured  with 
voiy  black  finely  gi'ound.  The  foUowing  is  the  best  mode 
of  apph-ing  it:-When  the  letters  are  cut  make  the  stone 
wari;  by  placing  it  before  a  fire,  or  by  holding  hot  irons 
over  it ;  then  apply  the  paint.  The  heat  and  spirits 
of  w-ine  will  cause  the  sheUac  to  enter  the  pores  of 
the  stone,  and  thus  become  firmly  attached  to  the  marble. 
This  should  be  done  before  the  marble  is  pohshed.  When 
cleaned  and  finished  the  letters  wiU  have  a  brilliant  polish 
un  them.  I  have  tried  on  statuary  and  veined  marble 
(with  success),  cement  for  stopping  black  and  gold  marble  : 
—Melt  fine  orange  shellac,  taking  care  not  ii,  bum  it  then 
add  white  putty  powder,  which  will  give  a  colour  like  the 
marble  The  marble  must  b<^  made  hot,  and  the  stopping 
put  in  with  a  hot  iron,  taking  care  that  it  is  not  too  hot 
OT-  it  will  discolour  the  stopping.  I  have  used  this  kind  of 
stopping  for  thirty  years,  and  always  found  it  to  answer  weU  : 
it  takes  a  good  polish.— J.  Murphy,  Penzance. 


[346.]— BRICKWORK.— Purchase  Antony  Nesbit's  men-  " 

suration   book— Ss.    is  the  price  of   it— which    seems    to  \' 

me,  is  what  you  require ;  although  you  say  "  Brick  Walks,"  '■ 

iic.  which  must  be  printers' errors.  JaOKO.  f- 

["  A.  S."  should  have  written  more  distinctly.]  |f 

[347.]— DISINFECTANTS.— The    best    disinfectant  for  ' 

houses,    rooms,    clothing,    .fee.,    contaminated    with  my  'J 

contagious  disease  is  chloride  of  lime   and  vitriol,  mixed  ' 

;uid  appUed  in  the   following  manner  :— A  teacup  fall  of  ■ 

chloride  of  lime  put  in  a  basin  or  dish,  and  placed  on  the  ' 

lloor  at  the  door  ;  pour  into  this  lime  a  teacupfull  of  vitriol,  * 

at  the  same  time  stirring  it  up  with  a  ktick.   A  chemical  (■ 

action    inst.antly   takes  place,  the    clilorine  flying  off  in  I 
v.ipoiir.  fumigating  every  nook  and  corner  of  the  home. 
Birds,  cats,  iic,  should  be  removed  from  the  house  before 
the  above  is  applied. 

J.  DuTHTE,  4,  Peel-terrace,  Preston. 


[347.] — Coffee  is  a  deodoriser,  and  it  possesses  this  jn- 
perty  in  so  remarkable  a  degree  that  it  deserves  to  be  tet- 
ter known.  It  is  portable,  easy  of  access,  and  maybe 
easUy  applied  in  the  following  manner  :— Take  a  small 
ladle  or  a  large  iron  spoon,  or  a  common  shovel,  in  &«, 
will  do,  and  beat  it  to  redness.  Just  as  the  redness  i> 
going  off  put  into  the  ladle  about  a  teaspoonfull  of  freshly- 
ground  coffee,  and  carry  it  about  the  room,  gently  waving  it 
to  diffuse  the  smoke,  'it  may  be  used  in  sick  rooms,  in 
waterclosets,  in  cellars,  or  anywhere  else  where  a  deo- 
doriser is  required. 

[347  ]— A  small  quantity  of  black  oxide  of  manganese, 
and  a  small  quantity  ot  spirits  of  salts,  put  in  a  teacup  and 
placed  on  a  hot  brick  in  the  centre  of  the  room,  and  ttir 
the  same  occasionally. 

W.  Clark,  Sewers  Office,  GuUdhaU. 


[329.]— ETCHING —"Ambition"  having  obtained    the 
materials  necessary,  he  must  proceed  in  the  foUowing  man- 
ner ;— The  drawing  to   be  etched  being  ready,  the  etching 
ground  must  be  laid  on  the  plate,  and  as  tills  is  one  of  the 
most  difficult  operations  connected  with  the  art  of  etching, 
he  must   proceed  with   great  care.     The   phate  should  be 
first  well  cleaned  with  spirits  of  turpentine,  and  afterwards 
rubbed  with  a  piece  of  dry  calico  and  whiting  ;  the  hand 
vice  should  then  be  screwed  on  one  side  of  the  phate,  care 
being  taken  to  insert  a  piece  of  paper  between  the  grip  of 
the  hand  vice  and  the  [lolished  side  of  the  plate,  to  [irevent 
any  injury  to  the  surface.    Having  done  this,  hold  the  back 
of  the  plate  over  a  clear  tire  until  sutficiently  hot  to  make  a 
drop  of  water  hiss  when  thrown  on  the  back  ;  the  plate  will 
then  be  hot  enough  for  haying  the  ground  ;  if  it  is  too  hot 
the  composition  will  smoke ;  it  is  then  burning,  and  should 
the  etching   be  done  on  a  burnt  ground  it  would  chip  on 
every  line  being  drawn.     The  proper  heat  being  attained, 
rub  the  ball  of  composition  (this  must  previously  be  tied 
up  in  a  piece  of  fine  silk,  see  diagram)  back- 
wards  and   forwards  on  the  plate  until  a  suffi- 
cient qu-antity  is  left  thereon;   the  dabljer  must 
then   be  used  to  dab  the  ground  evenly  all  over 
the  plate   until   ever)-   part  of  the   surface   ia 
covered,    after  which  take  the  wax  taper  and 
smoke  it,  care  being  t.aken  not  to  blacken  the 
ground  too   much,    as  the   flame  will  bum  it,  the  burnt 
parts  appearing   dull,    whereas,  if  properly  done,  the  sur- 
face appeai-3  shiny  until  the  plate  is  cold.     The  plate,  bav- 
in" been   allowed  to   get  quite  cold,  take  a  tracing  of  the 
proposed  subject  (traced  with  a  moderately  soft  pencil)  and 
having  damped   the  back  of  it  with  an  .almost  di-y  sponge. 
fix  it°on  the  plate  with  some  pieces  of  bordering  wax,  and 
placmg  a  piece  of  bank  post  over  it,  rub  it  down  with  the 
burnisher,  being  careful  not  to  rub  too  hard  or  the  ground 
mav  be  injured  ;    when  the  pencil  outline  has  been  thus 
traiiafeiTed  in  reverse  on  to  the  copper,  the  tracing  may  be 
removed,    and  the  subject   ia  then  ready   for  the  etching 
point.  This  mode  of  rubbing  down  is  only  suitable  for  small 
subjects,    large   ones  having  to  be  taken  to  a  copper-plate 
printer.'who  will  pass  the  tracing  through  the  press.     The 
point  is  used  just   as  you  would  use  a  pencil,  taking  care 
that  at  each  stroke  it  removes  the  composition.    When  the 
drawing  with  the  point  is  completed,  it  ia  ready  for  biting 
in  ;  this  is  another  ticklish  operation.    Firstly,  paint  round 
the   edge  of  the  copper  plate  (close  up  to  the  etching)  with 
Brunswck  black,  made  tolerably  thin  by  the  admixture  of 
a  little  spirits  of  turpentine,  and  allow  it  half  an  hour  or 
fiO   to  dry  :    this  causes  the  banking  wax  to  cleave  readily 
to  the   pLa'te,   and  prevents  the  acid  from  .acting  upon  any 
scratches  that  may   have    been  made   upon  the  margin. 
Next   take   the   banking  or  bordering   w;ix,  immerse  it  in 
warm  water,  and,    when  soft  enough,  draw  it  out  in  the 
form  of  a  riblxm  about  an  inch  wide,  and  [ilacing  it  round 
the   edge   of  the  plate,  press  it  down  with  a  piece  of  hard 
wood  (box  or  ebony)  kept  wet  to  prevent  it  sticking,  taking 
care  to  leave   no  aperture  by  which  the  acid  might  escape, 
and  a  spout  should  be  formed  to  pour  off  the  acid  when  re- 
quired (see  diagram). 
The    next    thing   to 
be  thought  of  is  the 
mixing  of  acid.    Take 
of  nitrous  acid,   one- 
third  ;     water,    two- 
thirds  ;    this  being  a 
very  good  strength  for  ordinary  puqioses.     The  plate  being 
ready  to  receive  the  acid,  pour  it  on,  and  allow  it  to  remain 
about   ten   minutes  for  the  lighter  tints,  care  being  taken 
to   brush   otr  the   bubbles  of  gas  as  they  appear  with  the 
end  of  a  feather  ;  after  pouring  off  the  acid,  rinse  the  plate 
with  cold  water  and  dab  it  dry  with  a  piece  of  fine  linen. 
When  the  most  deUcate  tints  have  been   bitten  in  suffi- 
ciently,   they  must  be  painted  over    with  a    Brunswick 
Wfcck*  and   a  camel-hair  brush,  and  allowed  to  dry  ;  then 
■epeat  the  biting  as  above  for  a  quarter  of  an  hour  or  so. 


[339  1_FREEST0NE— Seeing  the  question  about  Chp- 
sham  freestone,  1  think  a  few  remarks  on  the  subject 
will  be  of  benefit  to  the  building  trade.  I  have  mied  this 
stone  in  different  good  jobs  these  last  forty  years,  and  it  is 
one  of  the  best  for  standing  the  weather  that  can  be  got. 
The  Clipsham  .and  Ketton  stones  are.  1  think,  the  best  ; 
but  the  Ketton  is  more  than  double  the  price  ol  the 
other  If  vou  want  large  blocks  the  Clipsham  luay  be 
put  intnicks  at  the  Bytham  station,  at  Is.  6d.  per  loot  If 
architects  would  oulv  use  these  stones,  there  would  be  lar 
less  decay  in  our  buildings  than  now  ;  and  if  our  London 
architects  doubt  its  durability,  they  have  only  to  go  down 
in  the  district  and  see  the  old  churches  and  cathedrahi 
that  were  built  of  this  stone.  A  Builder. 


[347.]— Dr.  Whitmore,  in  his  last  quarterly  report  on  the 
sauatory  condition  of  Marylebone,  siiys  the  best  disinfecting 
a"ent  is  cidoi-ine  giis,  but  where  this  could  not  be  conve- 
niently employed,  carbolate  of  lime  is  a  valuable  substitute. 


[340.]— BRICK   VAULTING.— P.   L.   Ea.se  coolly  asks 
for  what  would  take  at  least  one   page  of  engraving  to  ex- 
plain, and  niav  be  found  in  "  Peter  Nicholson,"    or  any 
common  Ixiok  Of  that  kind.     But  groins  of  brick  or   cut 
slune,  without  groin  ribs,  are  a  perfect  type   of  those  vile 
artificial  difficulties  of  which   any    rational    man  must 
wish,  even  more  than   Dr.   Johnson  did   of  the  ditHcult 
music,  "  that  it  were  impossible,"— things  in  which  good 
workm.anship  is  supposed  to  be  shown  by  going  out  of  your 
way  to  make  them  weak,  ugly,  .and  wasteful.     Let  me  ad- 
vise P.  L.  Ease  to  supply  groin   ribs,    if  he  requires  but  a 
fe%v  yards  of  them,  in  stone  ;  but  if  he   h.as  more,  to   get 
bricks  made  Sin.  thick,  as  deep  as  at  least  l-40th  of  the  dia- 
ginal  span,  or  l-30th  if  it  be  not  Gothic,  but  in  no  case  less 
than  6in. ,    wedge  formed,    chamfered   below   and   rebated 
above.     If  the  whole  rib  be  built  of  these  it  will  be  struck 
from  one  centre,  and  the   v,aults   require   to   vary  from  a 
tnie    cylinder,    as     Gothic    ones    do  ;     but    if    they  are 
to  be  very  near  cylindric,  and  are  equal,  the  rib  should  be 
three  centred,  its  lower  radii,  upper  radius,  and  span  being 
as  12.129  and  48.  and  the   bricks  will  serve  for  the  upper 
curve,  but  the  short  lower  ones  be  better  of  stone,  and  cor- 
belled out  with  horizontal  joints  only.     Nothing,  perhaps, 
exposes  more  ludicrously  the  crass  ignorance  and  barbarism 
of  our  present  engineering  than   the  univei-sal  building  of 
the  lower  parts  of  arches  with  radiating  joints  instead  of 
horizontal.     Mr.  Street,  in  his  book  on   Spain,   falls  foul 
of  some  Arab  arches  for  being  built  right,   wliich  he   calls 
"  barbarously,"  when  he  is   himself  the  barbarian  all  the 
while,  not  to  know   why   they   were  so  built,    and   by  his 
own  medieval  countrymen  just  as   much  as  by   Arabs— 
namely,  to  give  the   piers  a  tendency  to  fall  together  if 
there  were  no  arch  ;  what  our  engineers  would  make  part 
of  the  outwardly  thrusting  arch   being  thus  made  on  the 
contrary  inwardly  thrusting,  and  so  the  most  effective,  the 
only  active  part  of  the   hutment,   for   waut  of  which  oui- 
sciencemongers  would   have  to  throw  away  in  pure  waste 
far  more  than  thissiime  material  as  ;>'i.,^*iue  buttress  !    This 
is  the  main  reason  why  so   many  vaulted  works  have  stood 
these  six  or  seven  centuries  with  not  half  the  butment  the 
railway  men  would  blunder  their  dupes  into,  and  then  brag 
of  "  modem   science."    Propose  to  day    such  a  work   as 
Angel-s  Cathedral    nave,    or  even  St.    Mary's,    Ely,    and 
"modem  science "  (in  ignorance  probably  that  there  they 
stand)  will  pronounce  them  impracticable!     I  doubt  if  an 
engineer  in  England   would  attempt  a  copy  of  the  south 
porch  to  the  nave  of  Le  Mans,  or  even  a  quarter  its  scale 
(if  you  p.as3ed  it  .as  a  new  design)   without   piers  twice  as 
thick.  The  extrados  or  whole  top  curve  of  no  arch,  whatever 
its  form,  ought  ever  to  be  quite  so  wide  as  the  opening  be 
neath.     All  work  superincumbent  on  the  piers  may  then  be 
built  before  the  radiated  part  of  the  arch  is  inserted. 

E.  L.  G. 


[348. )— LITHOGRAPHY.-"  I'U  Try  "  must  first  obtain    ■ 
the  necessarv  materials  for  drawing  on  stone,  which  are  aa 
follows^  viz' :— Lithographic  ink    (Vanhi-mbeck's   ia   the 
best).Uthographicchalk,No.l,2,3(Lemercier'8),lightcra;oD 
noldera.  a  scraper,  a  broad  camel  hair  brush  for  dusting  the    : 
stone,   a  few  fine   sable    pencils,   some   lithographic  peM 
(nibs  not  crowquills),    a    pair  of  parallels,  and  a  case  oI 
mathematical  instmments.     Having  procured  these  go  ti 
a  respectable  lithographer,  who  will  supply  a  stone  either 
poUshed  (for  ink  work)  or  grained  for  chalk.     Next,  having 
selected  a  subject,  make  a  careful  tracing  of  it,  wliich.  when 
done,  fasten  down  to  the  stone   with  a  little   gum  at  the 
comers,  taking  care  that   it  is  placed  on  the  stone  the  re- 
verse way  to  what  you  desire  it  to  appear  when  printed j 
then  insert  between  the  tracing  and   the  stone  a  piei-a  o( 
tissue  paper,  rubbed  over  on  one  side  with  red  chaik  pow- 
der, with  the  red  side  next  the  stone  ;  then  take  a  tracing 
point  and  go  carefully  over  every  line  of  the  tnicing  ;  hav- 
ing done  this  the  tracing  may  be  removed,  when  a  perfect 
outline  in  red,  will  be  found  upon  the  stone.     It  is  now 
ready  for  hthographing.     If  it  is  proposed  to  do  it  in  chllk 
all  that  requires  to  be  done  is  to  sharpen  a  good  supply  oi 
No.  1  chalks,  and  put  in  the  outUne  with  tliein,_  thesimie 
as  if  drawing  merely  on  paper,  though  "  I'll  Try  "  must  not 
imagine  for  an   instant  that  he  wiU  find   it  quite  aseasy. 
When  outlined   he  may  proceed  to  shade,  still  using  No.  1 
for  most  of  it.  No.    2  being  only  required  for   the  deptto 
It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  lithographic  chalks  mg    . 
be  cut  the  reverse  way  to  a  lead  pencil,  that  is  U>  say.gM,  j 
must   be   cut  from  the  point,   not   towards  it.     H**W  \ 
finished  the  drawing  it  must  then  be  Uken  to  the  ha»; 
grapher  to  be  proved,  and  I  have  no  doubt  that  "  I'll  Tiy 
WiU   be   very  much   disgusted  with    the   result,   but    he 
must  not  be  disheartened  at  a  few  failures  in  the  begminng. 
If  it  is  proposed  to  make  an  ink  lithograph,  then  when  the 
red  outline  is  on   the   stone,  a  Uttle   ofthemk  ui'ist  be 
mbbed  up  in  a  saucer  with  a  Uttle  .soft  w.ater,  the  luk  ""jf 
rubbed  on  the  drv  saucer,  and  a  little  water  being  addel.  u 
must  be  mbbed  with  the  finger  until  the  ink  is  aU  dissoK™- 
cire  being  taken  that  it  is  not  too  thin.     Then  proceefl  to 
outUne  witha  ruling  pen,  ic.  just  the  same  as  in  inting- 
on  a  drawing  on  paper,   and  finish  with  the  s.able  penciii. 
and  Uthographic  pen.     When  finished  it  must  be  taken  lo 
be  proved.     Great  care  must  be  taken  that  no  grease  of  any 
kind  is  aUowed  to  get  on  the  stone.     It  must  not  ".J"""^ 


[340.]— Purchase  P.  Nicholson's  work  on  vaulted  arches. 

Jacko. 


by  the  hand  on  any  portion  where  the  work  is,  as  it  mtm 
probably  print  a  black  spot.     "I'll  Try  "  had  better  t£m  il 
ink  first,  as  chalk  is  more  difficult,  and  requires  gM"  ^' 
practice.  Edward  WiMBMBOt      «► 

[350.]— BLUE  LIAS  LIMB.— The  following  is  a  g"^ 
way  to  vest  blue  lias  Ume  :— Let  two  or  three  cubical  incn» 
of  the  stone  be  calcined  in  a  cracible,  then  pouna  mj 
same  and  make  it  with  the  assistance  of  water  lutj) »  »"» 
paste,  form  it  into  a  ball  and  immerse  itin  aghoss  of  water 


If  it  be  hydrauUc  it  wiU  set  under  water  so  as 


to  resist  the 


pressure  of  the  finger  in  a  time  varying 


from  twenty-four 


hours  to  a  fortnight  or  three  weeks,  according  to  tnenatu 
of  its  composition ,  and  if  it  he  of  good  quahty  i-  wm  la 
month  be  as  hard  weak  Umestone.  n.  ti. 


[350.]— The  apprentice  should  go.  when  at  '»'*'"*''.  [ 
lime  wharf,  where  his  master  purchases  his  hnie,  ™ 
am  sure  every  information  WiU   be  given;  '"'"r*,'tjj 
materials  for  simUar  use,  which  wiU  probably  he^oi 
importance  to  him. 


Jacko. 


(342.]— CARVING.- A  practical  knowledge  is  required  in 
carving  as  weU  as  any  other  [.art.  of  your  profession.  As  to 
how  he  is  to  acquire  know  ledge,  go  to  a  statuaiy's  yard  and 


[351.]-THB  ANASTATIC  PROCESS. -This  P^ 
consists  of  any  design  being  made  on  paper  w*"  *"C:„|, 
ink.  chalk,  or  anv  other  material  of  an  oily  nature,  o"^» 
transferred  from  the  paper  to  a  metal  plate,  Uj™  \  j^j 
any  number  of  impressions  can  be  produced.     IM  oi»s 


April  18,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


281 


-;  or  writiDg  having  been  made,  it  is  subjected  to 

,  .     1  ressiire  on  tha  metallic  plate,  whereby  a   reversed 

i  simiJo  is  obtained ;  and  after  the  plates  have  been  pre- 

jjed  by  a  second  process,  which  prevents  tlie  adherence  of 

b    in  the   blank  spaces,  the  impression   is  inked  «p  with 

i  inking  rollers,  and   printed  from  in  the  ordinary  man- 

j     Of  ooune.  the  character  of  the  work  depends  as  much 

in  tho  artistic  execution  of  the  drawing  as  the  process 

Mng.      We    have    seen    some    good    specimens    of 

printing  from  tho  pre.s.>j  of   ^fr.   S.    H.  Cowell, 

i  ■      J.  which  have  beon  sent  us  during  the  past  week, 

we  have  never  seen  anj-thing  of  the  kind  eciual  to  first- 

s  lithographic  drawing  ;    and  we  think  it  would  Iw  al- 

it  impossible,  if  not  altogether  so.  to  produce  &nv  detail 

ilar   to  that,   for  instance,  in  our  lithographic  illusti'a- 

»  of  this  date  by  the  anastatic  process. 


51.] — The    anastatic    process     has     this     advantage, 

t    "Jack"  could    make    a    drawing    upon    any  piece 

*  ^'-M-  with  anastatic  ink,  and  this  drawing  being  taken 

I  inters  ho  could  have  a  hundred  copies  in  the  course 

hours   in  exact   fac  simile,   the  drawings  being. 

.  .  ;  lied  to  zinc,  and  printed  as  an  ordinary  zincograph- 

Ireat  many  persons  are  thtis  enabled  to  get'eflective  mul 
icationa  of  theii-  drawings  who  would  ho  quite  at  a  loss 
ley  had  to  draw  them  on  atone. 
Edward   Wimbridge. 


STAINED   GLASS. 

AWKHPRST. — A    stained  glass  window  has  jusc  been 
ed  in  the  south  aisle  of  the  parish  church  here,  to  the 
lory-  of  the  only  son  of  Mr.  E.  G.  Hartnell,    uf  Elfurd. 
window  consists  of  ihroo  lights,  and  in  each  is  repre- 
3d  an  instance  of  faith  as  displayed  by  a  Koman  cen- 
>n.     This  is  the  fourth  stained  window  which  has  been 
I|Bd  in  this  church  since  1S03. 
(NOSTOWN  (lREL.\sn).— A  memorial  stained  glass  win- 
is   in  cour.'^o  nf  erection   at    the   Mariner's   Church, 
ptown.     Itis  by  Wailes.  Nowaistle-on-Tyne. 
ocKBiunr.E.— The    interior     of   the    new    church    at 
^kbridge  is  to  receive  the  embellishment  of  another 
ed  glass  window.     It  is  to  be  introduced  shortly  bv  the 
I  "f  Mr.  Thomas  Attwood.  with  the  consent  of  the  in- 
'.  in  memorv- of  his  nepht'W,  the  late  Mr.   William 
;    whose  untimely  and   lamented  acuideutal  death 
■■  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Melbourne.  Australia. 


I       STATUES,   MEMORIALS,    &a 

1  '•'  i^ropn^ed  to  erect  in  Loamingt*m  a  memorial,  in  the 

I  public  drinking  fountain,  to  the  late  3Ir.  John 

iTi,  at  a  cost  of  about  £300. 

•line   is  about  to  be  erected  to  the   memory  of  Sir 

;i  n  1  Steele,  at  Carmarthen,  in  which  town  the  worthy 

■J  i'  'lied  in  17"J7. 

n-'s    statue   in     New    Palace-yard,    Westminster, 

rhe  course  of  a  few  days  be  removed  from  its  pre- 

(t)ie  s]wt  ou  which  it  stands  being  required  by  the 

.   1'  I'lti     Railway)   to    an  obscure    vacant    piece    of 

(  '\  :\i  flu   it-ar.  inclose  proximity   to  the  Westminster 

IImu.^l-      The  statue  is  by  Westmacott. 

out  of  the  four  statues  intended   to  decorate  the 

U  tower  of  the  new  Kecord  Office  in  Fetter-lane  have 

fixed  in  their  places.     These  are  Queen  Victoria  and 

Impress   Matilda.      The    statues,   which    have    been 

■ably  executed  by  Mr.  J.  Durham,  A.  R.  A.,  are  above 

zo,  aud  are  placed  under  a  canopy  that  stands  alx)ve 

uapet.    On  the  two  remaining  sides  of  the  tower  will 

lUoed  statues  of  Queen   Elizabeth  and  Queen  Anne, 

of  which  are  nearly  ready. 

[  KL  TO  Thomas  Stothard.— It  is  proposed  that 
-  executed  by  Mr.  Weekes  of  the  late  Thomas 
4id.  and  placed  in  the  National  Gallerv,  by  the  side 
ilar  memoriaU  to  deceased  British  artists.  Stothard's 
jefiil  and  clas.slcal  designs,"  in  illustration  of  standard 
fs,  it  has  been  thought  by  numerous  admirers,  entitle 
•tist  to  the  memorial  now  proposed.  Several  sub- 
.<mshav6  been  alre;idy  received.  Mr.  William  Smith, 
pper  Southwick-streot,  Cambridge -square,  acts  aa 
iry  treasurer  and  secretary. 

FDE  TO  Jo.^EPH  Ma^-er.— Tlie  Liverpool  Town  Coun- 
their  meeting  on  Th<irsday,  passed  a  resolution  to 
\  Btatue  to  Mr.  Mayer  in  St.  George's  Hall,  in  com- 
ration  of  his  taste,  munificence,  and  public  spirit  in 
ithing  to  the  public  of  Liveipool  his  fine  collection  of 
Ian,  Assyrian,  and  Anglo-Saxon  art  treasures.  We 
3  that  Mr.  Mayer  is  willing  to  place  his  collection  of 
,t  gems,  one  of  the  most  valuable  and  interesting  in 
antry,  also  at  tho  di.sposal  of  the  town  if  a  site  can  be 
ed  which  shall  be  in  all  respects  suitable. 


WAGES  MOVEMENT. 

tees  from  the  United  SUites  inform  us  that  uume- 
Uikes  are  taking  place  among  the  working  classes  in 
rth. 

ironstone  miners  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Falkirk 
enny  have  had  their  wages  reduced  about  3s.  per 

At  Denny  a   number  of  the   men  have   declared 

the  reduction  and  have  stopped  work. 
atrike  of  quarrymen  at  Barnsley  continues  without 
Jis  of  an  early  settlement.  Nothing  has  yet  been 
ith  regard  to  the  demands  of  the  masons,  which 
ito  operation  on  the  1st  of  May. 
ttrike  on  the  North-Eastem  Railway  still  continues, 
1,500  men  being  "out."  The  directors  have  been 
ite  in  obtaining  new  men  to  take  chai'ge  of  many  of 
Qgines,  but  there  is  still  considerable  confusitm  on 
in  and  branch  lines.  Summonses  have  been  issued 
'  many  of  the  drivers  who  are  on  strike  for  leaving 
fithout  notice. 

E3ALL. — The    stonemasons  employed    by   Mr.    F. 

the  contractor   for  the    restoration    of  the  parish 

stTOck  work  on  Monday,  the  Ist  inst.     Up  to  that 

y  had  been  receiving  278.  a  week,  leaving  off  work 

lU  five  at  night  and  at  four  on  Saturdays,  and 


they  demanded  ."''-•*-  a  w^-ck  with  the  same  hours,  except 
on  Saturdays,  and  on  that  day  they  wanted  to  leave  off  at 
one  o'clock.  Several  meetings  were  hold  during  the  week, 
but  no  arrangemcnt-H  could  be  made  until  Saturday,  when 
they  agreed  to  accept  Mr.  Cobli's  offer  of  2fs.  a  week  and 
the  hours  demanded. 


WATER  SUPPLY. 

The  long-vexed  question  of  water  sujiply  for  Canterbury 
has  at  last  been  settled  ;  the  directors  of  the  Canterbury 
(las  and  Water  Company  having  at  a  recent  meeting 
dtttennined  ou  taking  advantage  of  the  inci-eased  powers 
conceded  to  the  company  by  Parliament,  and  on  carrj-ing 
out  tho  work  theni.soIvt)3. 

DARTroRn.— The  Local  Hoard  of  Health  and  the  Kent 
Waterworks  Company  have  been  conferring  for  some  time 
p;ist  on  the  subject  of  the  purchase  of  tho  waterworks  bv 
tho  latter  body.  At  a  meeting  held  the  other  day,  the 
chairman  of  the  company  stated  that  they  were  now  will- 
ing t'»  mircha.se  tho  works  fnun  the  Bo'ard  at  the  price 
nameti  (i":J.()0O),  but  they  objected  to  pay  the  eiiiense  of 
obt.T,iiiing  an  act  of  Parliament  to  empower  the  Board  to 
sell  the  works.  After  a  lengthy  discussion,  it  was  agreed, 
subject  to  the  approval  of  the  Directors  of  the  Waterworks 
Company  geneniUy,  that  tho  purchase  money  should  be 
£.■1.000,  as  above  stated,  and  that  the  Waterworks  Com- 
pany should  pay  the  further  sum  ot  £250,  being  half  the 
estimated  wist  of  obt'iiniug  the  act  of  Pjirliament  ;  that 
the  water  for  extinguishing  fires  in  tlie  town  be  supplied 
gratuitously ;  the  water  used  in  watering  the  roads  be 
paid  for  under  a  contract ;  that  the  water  for  flushing 
the  sewers  in  the  town  be  furnished  gratuitously ;  the 
Board  of  Health  to  reimburse  the  Waterworks  Company 
for  all  outlay  in  putting  down  pipes  in  new  districts,  pre- 
vious to  the  completion  of  the  purchase  ;  the  purchase 
to  be  completed  within  one  month  of  the  passing  of  the 
act  uf  Parliament:  the  £250  not  to  be  paid  unless  the 
act  of  Parliament  be  obtained. 


LEGAL  INTELLIGENCE. 

The  Law  of  Libel.— Sir  C.  OLoghleu's  bill  has  been 
amended  by  the  select  committee.  The  responsibility  for 
a  U)>el  in  a  speech  at  a  public  meeting  is  still  thro^vn  upon 
the  speaker,  and  not  uiwn  the  newspaper  reporting  the 
speech  and  publishing  an  explanation  or  contradiction  of 
the  libel  if  required  ;  but  it  is  now  proposed  that  the 
speaker  shall  not  be  responsible  unless  he  shall,  upon 
application,  refuse  or  neglect  t->  publish  a  full  apology  in 
some  newspaper  circiilating  in  the  part  of  the  country  in 
which  the  meeting  was  held.  An  alteration  h;is  also  been 
made  in  that  part  of  the  bill  which  prohibited  a 
private  prosecutor  indicting  for  libel  imless  it  is  pub- 
lished with  intent  to  extort  money  or  piocme  an 
official  appointment ;  it  is  now  proposed  that  there 
shall  not  be  such  an  indictment  unless  the  defendant 
has  been  bound  by  a  justice  to  answer  the  ch;irge,  and  the 
prosecutor  bound  with  sureties  to  prosecute.  Itis  also  pro- 
vided that  if  he  fails  to  prosecute  or  to  obtain  a  verdict  he 
is  to  be  liable  to  pay  the  defendant's  costs,  unless  the  judge 
at  the  trial  certifies  that  there  was  reasonable  cause  for 
preferring  the  indictment.  In  actions  for  libel  a  plaintiff 
obtaining  a  verdict  with  damages  under  403.  is  not  to  be 
entitled  to  costs  unless  the  judge  certifies  that  the  libel 
was  wilful  and  malicious. 


MEETING  FOR  THE   WEEK. 

.—Architectural  Association.  —  "Some  Practical 
Notes  on  the  erection  of  a  Country  House,"  by 
Mr.  H.  Curzon,  7.30. 


^iiteiits  for  liibciitioiis 

CONNECTED     WITH     THB     BUILDINa     TRADE. 


2238  T.  GALL.  Improvements  is  3Lvchinerv  or 
Apparatvs  for  WoRKiNt;  Stone,  or  Cuttini:  and  Work- 
ing MtjLTLDiNGS  thereon.     Dated  August  30,  1866. 

This  invention  consists  in  the  use  or  employment  of  a 
series  of  chisels  or  cutting  tools  formed  suitably  to  be  fixed 
in  a  tool  head  or  frame,  in  such  manner  that  their  cutting 
edges  or  points  can  be  set  to  form  the  moulding  required 
to  be  worked  on  the  stone.  The  tool  head  is  capable  of 
moving  on  slide  frames  placed  either  vertically  or  in  any 
other  convenient  position  or  direction.  A  steam  hammer 
is  employed  to  strike  the  tool  head  for  actuating  the 
chisels,  or  for  producing  a  cutting  effect  on  the  stone 
placeii  under  operation,  and  the  tool  head  is  caused  to 
rebound  from  the  stone  by  the  action  of  springs.  Patent 
complfAed . 

2245  A.  DE  LA  GAUTRAYE.  The  Preservation  of 
Wood.     (A  communication.)    Dated  August  31,  1866. 

In  performing  this  invention  the  logs  or  pieces  of  wood 
are  to  be  immersed  during  less  or  mora  time  in  a  bath 
puriwsely  prepared  ;  that  bath  must  be  kept  boiling  until 
complete  penetration  of  the  wood.  Such  penetration  is 
obtained  by  this  hquid  solution  without  pressure  or  any 
other  means,  mechanical  or  not.  In  a  recipient  made  of 
wood  or  metal,  or  of  masonry,  no  matter  its  shape,  but  of 
course  appropriated  to  the  dimension  of  the  wood  to  be 
penetrated,  a  volume  of  water  necessary  for  the  immersion 
is  caused  to  boil.  In  the  meantime  each  of  the  ingredients 
that  are  to  be  combined  in  the  bath  is  dissolving  in 
separate  vessels.  Once  dissulved  they  are  poured  in  the 
boiling  water,  and  the  liquid  is  kept  boiling  until  the  end 
of  the  penetrating  operation,  which  varies  from  two  to 
sis:  hours,  according  ttt  the  volume  and  the  essence  of  the 
woods  %o  be  penetrated.  After  the  ingredients  composing 
the  baths  have  been  put  together  in  the  boiling  water,  the 
inventor  agitates  the  mixture  and  soaks  the  %vood  in  it. 
The  composition  of  the  bath  is  as  follows : — per  22  gallons 
of  water— sulphate  of  copper,  121b.;  potash,  31b.  5oz.  ; 
alum,  7oz.  ;  basalt,  lib.  2oz.  ;  solution  of  lime,  lib.  lloz. 
fatent  abandoned. 


2263  H.  A.  BOXXEVILLK.  A.v  Improved  Smoke- 
CoNHUMiNo  FiREPL.\rE.  (A  Communication.)  Dated  Sep- 
tember ;j,  lS6i5. 

This  invention  consists  in  doing  away  with  the  opening 
or  passage  through  which  the  smoke  is  "allowed  to  escape 
mhrepIacoH  actually  in  use;  indisposing  the  grate  which 
receivos  the  fuol  in  an  inclined  plane  tmm  the  back  of  the 
fireplace  forward  ;  in  introducing  the  fuel,  when  the  fire 
IS  kmdlefi,  by  onu  or  more  aiwrtures  at  tho  upper  part  oi 
the  fireplace;  in  placing  under,  and  at  a  certain  distance 
from  the  grate  near  the  top  of  the  ash  receptacle,  a  parti- 
tion of  brickwork  or  fireclay,  which  might  contain  the 
boder  in  tho  fireplacea  of  steam  engines.  The  said  partition 
IS  made  to  assume  tlie  same  direction  as  tho  graie,  which  is 
that  uf  an  inclined  plane  from  tho  back  of  the  fireplace 
forward,  and  is  provirled  in  front,  facing  upwardly  the  said 
fireplaco.  with  an  oponiugso  ;ls  to^vep;i^sago  to  the  flames 
coming  from  the  fireplace,  by  which  means  the  said  flames 
art?  deflected  downwards,  and  pa.ss  through  the  said  opening 
un  erthegnite  into  tho  space  above  the  ash  receptacle, 
whore  the  smoko  is  consumed,  and  escapes,  not  above  the 
fire-bridge,  ji-s  inordinary  fireplaces,  up  the  chimney,  but 
below  the  fire-bridge.     Patent  abamloued. 

22S1  C.  CETTL  Improvement.s  is  the  Conrtkuction 
OF  THE  CEiLiNtw  OF  BuiLDiNcs.  Dated  September  5 
1S06. 

This  invention  consists  in  using  with  the  ordinary  joists 
a  series  I. f  supplementary  joists  for  carrying  tho  ceiling  of 
the  roimi,  instead  of  comiecting  the  ceiling  to  the  joists 
carrying  the  flooring.     Patent  aOandoned. 

2300  J.  LOCKHEAD.  Improvements  in  the  Arrange 

MENT  AND  CONSTRUCriUN  OF    MACHINERY    OR    APPARATUS 

FOR  Sawino  Timber.     Dated  September  7,  1866. 

This  invention  consisca  in  appljiug  additional  guides  or 
steady  pins  to  the  top  of  circular  saws,  in  order  to  control 
and  prevent  vibration  or  warji  in  the  revolution  of  tho 
saw  or  saws  during  the  process  of  cutting  timber.  Fatent 
abandoned. 

2320  C.  BATHOE.  A  new  or  Improved  Compo-sition 
TO  BE  Employed  in  Architectural  Mouldings,  and  for 
other  U.SEFUL  AND  ■DEr:oRATivE  PURPOSES.  Dated  Sep- 
tember 10,  1S60. 

This  composition  consists  of  orvlinaiy  putty  mixed  and 
incorporated  with  plaster  of  Paris,  chalk,  or  other  form 
of  lime,  meerschaum,  steatite  or  talc,  and  metallic  oxidea 
combined  in  a  piiwdered  state  with  boiled  linseed  oil.  This 
composition  is  highly  applicable  to  the  mouldings  of  picture 
frames,  and  may  bo  employed  for  many  other  useful  and 
decorativtj  purjjoses,  such  as  for  turned  balcony  and  other 
pillars  or  columns,  and  all  purposes  for  which  marble,  ser- 
pentine, and  scagliola  have  liitherto  been  used.  Patent 
abandoned. 

2323  W.  E.  GEDGE.  Improvements  in  thb  Manufac- 
ture OF  Calcareous  Brick.-s  or  Artificial  Stones.  (A 
communication.)     Dated  September  10,  lS6ii. 

These  calcareous  bricks  or  stones  are  materials  of  variable 
dimensions,  the  basis  of  which  is  lime  and  sand,  with  the 
addition  of  the  detritus  or  waste  of  other  materials,  such 
as  su>ne  or  brick.  They  are  ma<le  on  the  spot,  of  any  di- 
mensions, in  blocks  of  any  shape,  hollow  or  solid,  for  walls, 
partitions,  vaulted  roofs,  and  other  constructions;  they  may 
be  matched  according  to  plan,  bear  rabbets  or  moulding, 
and,  by  means  of  oclire,  receive  any  required  colour.  The 
said  calcareous  bricks  or  stones  are  manufactured  by  the 
two  processes  described  in  the  specification,  the  details  of 
which  we  cannot  produce  here.     Patent  abandonf,d. 

2330  R.  BENNETT.  New  or  Improved  Modes  of 
Obtaining  and  TRAHsMrn-iNO  Motive  Power,  and  in 
the  Machinery  or  App.veatus  Employed  therefor. 
Dated  September  10,  1S66. 

The  essential  feature  for  this  invention  consists  in  alter- 
nately increasing  and  dimiuishing  the  area  of  the  piston 
and  cylinder,  or  pistons  and  cylinders  or  acting  surfaces  at 
the  ends  of  their  strokes  (or  at  the  time  the  crank  in 
turning  the  two  "dead  "  centres  in  a  line  with  the  axis  of 
the  moving  piston  or  cylinder),  so  as  to  act  upon  and  move 
the  actuating  surfaces  for  the  time  being  with  a  propor- 
tionally greater  force  in  the  direction  of  motion  than  in  the 
reverse  direction,  equal  to  the  said  difl"erence  made  or 
caused  in  the  area  of  the  actuating  surfaces  and  the  pressure 
of  steam  acting  thereon  above  that  of  the  atmosphere,  and 
by  this  means  keeping  the  direct  pressure  of  the  steam  or 
other  fluid  power  employed  constantly  acting  within  the 
cylinder  or  cylinders,  as  the  case  may  be,  without  any  great 
or  essential  escape  of  the  acting  fluid  or  heat  therefrom. 
Patent  abandoned. 


Crah  llefos. 


TENDERS. 

Glastiiulk  (InELAND). — For  erecting  the  new  Roman 
Catholic  Church,  Gliwthule,  near  Kingstown.  Slessrs. 
Pilgin  and  Ashlin,  architects  :—  Messrs,  Hammond, 
£5,537  43.  Id.  ;  Messrs.  Beardwood  and  Sons,  £5,412  ;  John 
Xolan,  £5,4S4  ;  J.  Freeman,  £5,484 ;  J.  M'Cormack 
(accepted),  £5,237  33.  5d. 

Kent. — For  two  houses  at  Eltham,  Kent.  Mr.  D.  Bland, 
architect.  Quantities  supplied  by  8.  Shxubsole : — 
Crabb  and  Vauglian,  £1,200;  Nightingale,  £1,176;  Walker, 
£1,100;  Thorpe,  £1,007;  Day,  £1,043  ;  Soper,  £1,033  ; 
Wise,  £S00;  Greene,  £751. 

Feckham. — For  building  a  public-house  in  the  Albert- 
road,  High-street,  Peckbam,  for  Measrs.  Day.  Nooakes,  and 
Sons.  3Ir.  Elkington,  architect  :^-Stapley  and  Webster, 
£1,.398  ;  EiL«tace,  £1,393  ;  Tarrant,  £1,379. 

St.  Pancras. — For  St.  Pancraa  Workhouse  enlargement. 
Mr.  E.  C.  Robijis,  architect.  Quantities  supplied  by  Mr. 
SnelL  New  wards  and  chapel ; — Crabb  and  Vaughan, 
£11,950;  Gribble,  £ll,0iiS  18s.;  Marsland  and  Sous, 
£11.170;  Crocket,  £11.180  10s.;  Lathey  Bros.,  £10,691; 
Lt>vatt,  £10.215  10s.  ;  Newman  and  Mann,  9,997  ;  Abra- 
ham. £9.9S3  ;  Scrivener  and  White,  £9,887  ;  Keeble, 
£9,9S0  ;  Nutt  and  Co.,  £9,797 ;  Kirk,  £9,833  8s.  ;  Thackrah, 
£9,750;  Saley,  £9,800;  Chappie,  £9,393;  Hart,  £9,220; 
Henshaw.  £9,225;  H.  and  E.  KeUy,  £9,194;  Rigby, 
£9,145  ;  Palmer,  £9,837  2s.  ;  Langmead  and  Way,  £9,090  ; 
Brass,  £9,080  ;  Manley  and  Rogers,  £8,990  ;  Nightingale, 
£8,888  ;  Mann  (accepted),  £8,375.     Lengthening  Wards:  - 


282 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


April  18,  1867. 


Crabb  and  Vaugban.  £980  ;  Gribble,  £1,455  10s.  ;  3Iars- 
land  and  Son?.  £1,000;  Crocket,  £911  ;  Laihey  Bros. ,  £897; 
Lovatt,  £S28  19s.  6d.  ;  Newman  and  Mann,  £S74 ;  Abra- 
ham £822  ;  Scrivener  and  White,  £831 ;  Keeble,  £735  ; 
NuttandCo.,  £S75;  Kirk,  £811 ;  Thackrah.  £800;  Saley, 
£719;  Chappie,  £741 ;  Hart,  £730  ;  Hensbaw,  £687;  H. 
and  E.  Kelly,  £709  ;  Rigby,  £735  ;  Langmead  and  Waj', 
£739  ;  Brass,  £711 :  Manley  and  Rogers,  £704  ;  Nightingale, 
£777;  Mann  (accepted),  £1350. 

Staines. — For  alterations  and  additions  to  the  Congrega- 
tional Cbapel,  Staines,  ^liddlesex.  Messrs.  W.  G.  Haber- 
shou  and  Pite,  architects.  Quantities  supplied:— Wilcox, 
£2,794  :  Oader.  £2.447  ;  Nightingale,  £2,345  ;  Nye,  £2,196 ; 
Cawland,  £2,165.  ' 

WoEJSG. — For  house  at  Woking,  SiUTsy.  Messi-s.  E. 
Habershon,  Brock,  and  Webb,  ai-cUitecta  :— Bird,  £5,450; 
Nightingale,  £5,1S4;  Simpson,  £5,01S  ;  Carter  and  Son, 
£4  991 ;  Sabey,  £4,9S0  ;  Patmaii  and  Fotheringham, 
£4,896;  Wallis,  £4,750  ;  H.irriss,  £4.400;,.  Warne,  £4,250  : 
Day,  £4,160 ;  Mauley  and  Rogei-s,  £:i,917. 


LATEST  PRICES   OF  MATERIALS   USED 
IN  CONSTRUCTION. 

Timber,  datry  la  per  lo.id,  drawback,  la. 


Teak    load    £9 

Qoobsc,  red  pine 3 

,.  yeUow  piue..  S  15 
St.  John  N.B.  yellow  0  0 
Quebec  Oak.  white  ..55 

..      birch 3  10 

,.      elm    S  10 

O&utzic  oak 3  10 

„      fir  2    0 

Memelfix   3    0 

Riga 3    0 

Swedish 1  17 

UaatA.Qaebecredpins  6    0 
yellow  pine.,     B    0 
Lathwood.Dajitzicfm  4  10 
St.  Peteraborg  6  10 
Deals, pre, 12  ft.  byS 
by  9  in. ,  duty  23  per 
load,  drawback  2s. 


0£10  IC, Archangel.  yeUow  ..  £12    0  £13     ^ 

)      4  lUiSt.  Peteraburg,  yeL..  10  10  H     ^ 

3  10  FiuL^nd 8    0  9     0 

0    0  Memel 0    0  0     0 

6    olQothenbure,  yellow       9    0  30  10 

4  lo!       „       whit«    8    0  8  10 

t    11  Gefle.  yellow 9    0  11     O 

(Kierhajmi     9     0  10  lO 

3  10  Chriatiaiila,    per   C, 
;  10      12  ft.  by  3  by  9  in. 

yeUow 18    0  22 

Deck  Plank,  Dantzic, 

p€r40ft.Sin.   ....     0  14  14 

PumcB  STOim  pr  ton    6    0  8    0 
Oils,  Ac. 

Seal,  pale p«r  tnD  44  10  0     0 

Sperm  body  m    0  0    0 

Cod 41     0  0     » 

\FhaIe.  Sth.  Sea.  pale  44 


rriHOMAS      MILLINGTON      and      CO. 

J_  GLASS.  LEAD,  and  COLOUE  MERCHANTS,  * 

S7,  BISHOPSGATE-STREET  "WITHOUT, 
LONDON,  E.G. 

ESTABLISHED  120  YEARS. 

NEW  LIST  FOE  SHEET  AXD  COLOURED  GLASS,  ftc.,  4e,^-. 

SHEET  GLASS, 

In  cases  for  catting  np,  averaging  9ft.  Bnper. 


Quebec,  white  spruce  14  10    22  lOJOlive.  Gallipoli 


64    0 


PROPERTY  SALES. 

April  15. 
At  the  Mart.— By  Messi-s.  PiiUen,  Home,  and  Evers- 
fisld. — Leasehold  residence,  known  as  Stockleigh  House, 
Xorth-gat«,  Regent's  Park,  with  coachhouse,  stabling, 
grouncS,  and  gardens  of  about  two  acres,  term  SI  years 
from  1S22,  at  £10  per  annum— sold  for  £3,220. 

By  Messrs.  Hudson  and  Sou.— Freehold  9a.  Or.  26p.  of 
luaKh  land,  situate  in  the  parish  of  Flunistead— £1,000. 

At  the  GriLDHALL  CoFFEK-HorsE. — By  Mr.  Wliitting- 
ham.— Freelioldtwo  cottages,  situate  at  Hom^ey — £  1,050. 

Fi-eehold  building,  accommodation,  and  orchard  land, 
fronting  Park  and  "Dry  Hill-roads,  Tunbridge,  Kent -lot 
86,  £115  ;  S7,  £115  ;  8S,  £115  ;  89,  £115. 

April  IG. 
At   the   Mart. — By  Messrs.    Debenliam,   Tewsou,    and 
F<irmer. — Copyhold  and  leasehold  premises,  No.    12,  Nar- 
row-street, Ratcliff,  producing  £i:;i>  jier  aunum,  term   40 
years  flrom  1855,  at  £5  per  annum — £3,050. 

By  Messrs.  SpiUman  aud  Spence. — Leasehold  two  houses, 
Nos.  42  and  43  Evelyn -street,  Deptford,  producing  £50  per 
annum,  tenn  23  years  unexpired,  at  £5  15s.  per  annum — 
£410. 

Leasehold  six  houses,  Nos.  56  to  64,  Carapden-street, 
Kensington,  let  at  and  of  the  value  of  iL'l6l  Ids.  per 
annum,  term  72  years  from  1851,  at  £4  lOs.  each  house — 
£1,360. 

By  Messrs.  Dowsett  and  Chattell — Leasehold  house,  No. 
26,  Harmood-street,  Chalk  Farm-road,  let  at  £29  per 
annum,  term  81  years  from  1S20,  at  £5  5s.  per  annum — 
£245. 

By  Mr,  Joseph  Salter. — Leasehold  four  houses.  Nos.  10, 
12, 14,  and  16,  Islip-street,  Kentish  Town,  producing  £139 
per  .Tinum,  term  81  years  unexi)ired,  at  £6  6s.  each — 
£1,0S0. 

Leasehold  two  residences,  Nos,  62  and  63,  Hannood  • 
Btreet,  Kentish  Town  Road,  estimated  annual  value  £60, 
and  a  workbliop  In  the  rear  of  the  annual  value  of  £25, 
t3nn  37^  years  unespiretl,  at  £22  per  annum — £460. 

Leasehold  seven  residences,  Nos.  79,  81,  83,  40,  42,  72, 
and  74,  Islip-street,  Kentish  Town,  producinij  £277  per 
annum,  term  90  yeai-sfrora  1859,  at  £58  16s.  per  annum, 
and  sold  (subject  to  mortgages)  for  £2,290. 

Leasehold  six  coach-hoiuses  and  stables,  sitiiate  in  Wol- 
sey-mews,  Kentish  Town,  producing  £90  per  annum,  term 
90  years  from  1858,  at  £1S  18s.,  and  sold  (subject  to  moi-t- 
gages  of  £600),  for  £650 

Leasehold  residence,  No.  9.  Chest«r-road,  Highgate  New 
Town,  let  at  £36  per  annum,  t«rm  99  years  from  1S65,  at 
£6  per  annum — £350. 


5t,Jolm,  wtute8i>ruce  IS 
Yellow  pine,  per  ra- 

duced  C. 
Canad*,   l»t  quality.  17 
2nd  do 12 


15  lOiCocoanut.Cochin.ton  M 

IPalm.  fine 41 

I  Linseed    36 

19  10:R.ii>eBeed,  Eng.pale..  S3 
IS  litlCottonaeed -7 

Metals. 


iBos:— 

Welah  Bars  in  London     per  ton 

Nail  Eod       ■ 

Hoops "lo 

Sheet*.  Single      do 

Stafordshire  Bars       do 

Bare,  in  Wales     do 

Rails    do 

FoimdrrPiEa,  at  Glasg.  No    1    ..       d-j 

Swedish  Bars   do 

St&el  : — 

Swedish  Keg,  hammered      per  ton 

Swedish  Faggot  do 

CopPEK  :— 
Sheet  ft  Sheathing,  4 Bolts   ....per ton 

Hammered  Bottoms       do 

Flat  Bottoms,  not  Hammered   ..       do 

Cake  and  Tough  Ingot      da 

Best  Selected     do 

Fine  Foreign    do 

YeL.  Metal  Sheathing  &  Bods  ....per  lb 

Tut:— 

English  Block      per  ton 

do      Bar  do 

do      BeOned  do 

B.'inca      do 

Strait      do 

Lead:— 

Pig.  English     per  ton 

„    Spanish  Soft     do 

Shot,  Patent     do 

Sheet  do 

White     do 

Spelter  : — 

On  the  Spot  per  ton 

Zinc:— 
English  Sheet      per  ton 


0    0 
U  1« 


16oz.  StKllt.                      1       219Z-  200"- 

2601. 20011. 

■Iths  qnality   . .     . . 
3rd9      do        ..     .. 
2nds     do        ... 
Best     do        ..     .. 

,         d.     1         ».        d. 
33       0     1         ;»       0 
43        <l     .          43        0 
6i        0               66        0 
9-2        o     <          95        0 

>■       d. 
67       0 
6S       0 
90       0 
100       0 

SHALL  SHEET  SQDAKBS.  ISoz.  per  100ft. 


4thi. 


6  by  4  9i  by  7i 
10  by  8  I  14  by  11 
la  by  lOj    22  by  18 


12 
13 


3rdi. 


•.      1 

H      < 
19      t 


32oz.,  36oz.,  and42oz.  are  also  mippUed. 
CEYSTAIi  SHEE 


6  15 
6    0 


15  16 
10  10 


«     0    7J 


£1    I 

19  15 
23  10 


10    0 

0 

8  10 

0 

6    0 

ft 

3 

6    5 

0 

Det 

3    7 

0 

12  10 

0 

IC    0 

0 

12  10 

0 

91     0 

0 

](H     0 

0 

96    0 

0 

0    0 

0 

89    0 

(' 

88    0 

(1 

0    0 

8 

0    0    0    nett 


SO    0    0       SI  10    0 


0    0 


Devaui'sV.  M.  RooangZinc   do 

•  AJad  5  per  cent,  discount  if  laid  upon  the  new  sygtem. 

QuiczBiLVHii     perbtl  C  13    0       7    0 

BBaCLUs  OP  AynMoxT. 
French  per  ton         S4    0    0       0    0    ( 


BA3!fKRTJPTS. 

TO  SURRENDER    IN    BASIXGHAlJ.-STREEn'. 

Fercival  Ashton  Batchclor,  Northumberlaud-atieet, 
Strand,  gas  engineer's  assistant,  April  25,  at  2— Frederick 
Chadwick,  Westminster  Chambers,  Westminster,  archi- 
tect, April  29,  at  2 — William  Clark,  Liverpool-streeet,  Wal- 
worth, timber  merchant's  manager,  Aprd  29,  at  12 — Ben- 
jamin Joseph  Gee,  Balaclava- road,  Bermondsey,  builder. 
April  25,  at  1 — Elliott  Goslett,  Laugford-road,  Kentish 
Town,  journeyman  cjrrer  and  gilder,  April  25,  at  2 — Heurr 
HubbaJd  Lovett,  Litcham.  Norfolk,  ironmonger.  April  2^, 
at  12— Edward  Morg.in,  Edg^vare-road,  carriage  builder, 
April  25,  at  2— Wiiliam  Henry  Price,  Sutton,  builder. 
April  29,  at  2 — George  Cutler,'jim.,  Wenlock-road.  City- 
road,  gasholder  maker.  May  S,  at  12 — John  Muddeile,  West- 
minster Chambers,  Victoria-street,  contractor,  May  8.  at  2 — 
Francis  Weller,  Ports  mouth -street,  Lincoln's  Inn-fields, 
builder's  foreman,  May  1,  at  11. 

TO  SCRRENDER  IS   THE  COUNTRY. 

William  John  Cook,  Weston  Common,  Hants,  bricklayer, 
April  22,  at  12— Henry  Crapper,  Attercliffe,  near  Sheffield, 
plumber.  May  1,  at  12 — Thomas  Harding,  Newcastle-under- 
Lyme,  jourae^-man  paint«r,  April  27,  at  11— John  Holdeu, 
Walsall,  journeyman  plumber,  April  27,  at  12 — Bichard 
Lythe,  Great  Broughton,  near  Stokesley  in  Cleveland, 
blacksmith,  April  29,  at  11— <^wen  Morgan,  Liverpool, 
joiner,  April  26.  at  11— William  Oaklev,  Sheffield,  anvil 
manufacturer,  ilay  1,  at  12— William  *Brav,  Plymouth, 
cabinet  maker,  May  1,  at  11— Isaac  Davis",  Kingswood, 
Gloucestershire,  carpenter.  May  3,  at  12— William  Down, 
Merton,  Devon,  wheelwright,  May  2,  at  12— William  Flatt, 
Holbeck,  painter.  May  9,  at  12— Reuben  Griffin,  HnU, 
painter,  April  27,  at  11 -William  Johnson.  Stokesley, 
journe.vman  blacksmith,  April  23,  at  10— William  Lvoii, 
Liverpool,  carver,  April  26.  at  a— Robert  Sherhod,  Darling- 
ion,  builder,  April  27.  at  10— William  Henry  Soper,  Tor- 
quay, coach  builder,  May  1,  at  1. 


Th3  Seacombe  Forge.  Rivet,  &  Bolt  Company 

MASUFACTURKBS    Of 

Bolts,  Eivets,  "Washer.^,  Coach  Screws,  Spikes, 
Set  Pins,  Tie  Kods,  Cotter  Pins,  &c  , 

Al  SO 

ENGINEER'S  AND    SHIPBUILDER'S    FORCINGS 
SMITH  WORK,  AND  EVERY  DESCRIPTOX 
OF  SHIP'S  FASTENINGS. 
Works— SEACOMBE,  near  BIKKENHEAD. 


Bnby  

Green 

Bine 

Orange        

Purple       

Rnby  Matted 

Green  Matted 

Elae  and  Yellow  Matted 

Purple  Matted    .. 

Enamelled 

Groand,  l.los 

Ground,  21oz 

Fluted,  15oz 

Fluted.   21oz 

Cathedral 


(  ASS,   very  superior  for  pictures  &Qd  b 
glazing. 

COLOUBED  GLASS. 

, .    in  Sheets    . . 


do 

do 
do 
do 
do 


do 
do 


..  5d.   to  «d. 

..  5d.    to    6d. 

..  M.    to    6d. 

..  Is    4d. 

..  iB    4d. 

..  Is   2d. 

..  Is   2d. 

..  3id  to4.d. 

..  Sd.    io4d. 

..  3)d  to  4^. 
..3d.    t^4d. 

..  5d.    to6d. 
JSoz.  &ud  21oz. 


to   M.  per  (o(t 
lOd.       i|« 


ilo 
ia 
do 

do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 


Milled  Lead,  in  Sheets  and  Pi^ 21».  6d. 

Genuine  White  Lead          ..        .          ••        ••  323. 

Seconds 30«. 

Linseed  OU  PnttT 8s.to9». 

ImproTed  Anti-Corrosion  Paint 28s  t«o4s. 

•White  Zinc  Paint 313.  to  36.. 

etnccoPaint -*'■ 

PAINTS,  COLOI7BS,  VABNI8HES. 
& 


m 


Linseed  Oil 

Boiled  Oil        

Turpentine 

Fine  Carriage  Vamiah       

Fine  Oak  Varnish     . . 

Fine  Paper  Vamish , .         

Fine  Copal  Varnish 

Patent  Knotting        

Gold  Size         

Blai:k  J^pan 

BRUSHES. 
GROUND  BRUSHES. 
DUSTERS. 
GRAINING  C0MB9. 
OLD  LEAD  BOUGHT  OB  TAKEN  IN  EXCHANGB. 
Detailed  Lists  on  application  at 

WITHOUT, 


*<  pd. 
•^  6d. 
1  »- tol*s. 

lOlB-tol   •• 

lOs.  to  12b. 

it;s.  od. 

103.  Od. 
109  Od. 
12a.  Od- 


SASH  TOOLS. 
DISTEMPER  BRU9HJM.  ■ 
GRAINING  BRUSHES. 


B£ 


s 


TAIRCASE    and   JOINERY    WORKS, 
JOHN     WALDEN 

(Late  Sliop  Foreman  to   Mr.  W.  SANDS,  retirod), 

X2,  MAIDEN  LANE.  COVENT  GARDEN. 

Estimates  on  application. 


C^ 


,0X   &  SON,  CHURCH  FURNITURE 

MANPFACTURERS, 
^  and  29.  SOUTHAMPTON. STREET.   STRAND, 
PAINTED  and  STAINED  GLASS  WORKS— 43  acd  44,  Maiden-Una 
(adjoining  Soathaniptoii-street).  W.C 
WOOD  and  STONE  CARVING.  GOTHIC.   METAL,  and  MONU- 
MENTAL WORKS. 
EEL'\'EDERE-ROAD.    LAMBETH,    S. 
CABVING.— A   gre-it  reduction  effected  by   roughing  out  tho  work 
by  machinery,  and  finishing  only  by  hand  labour. 
GOTHIC  JOINERS'  WORK  AND  FURNITURE. 
GOTHIC    METAL   WORK,  of  every  description,  both  in  Silver, 

Brass,  and   Iron. 
ESTIMATES   FURNISHED  to  the  Clergy.  Architects,  and  the 

Trade,  for  carrying  out  any  Design. 

THE  WHOLE  OF  THE  WORK   DONE  ON  THE  PREMISES. 

COX  &  SON'S  Illustrated  Catalogue  for  1866.  with  several  hundred 

New   Designs  of  Church  Furniture,   Painted  Glass.  Decoration,  and 

Monuments,  forwarded  for  six  stajnps. 

SHOW  ROOMS— 28  and  29.  Southampton-street,  Strand.  London. 


S7,    BISHOPSGATE-STREET 


NOTICE.  , 

GEORGE      DAVENPORT.    ^ 

CABINETMAKER    AND   UPHOLSTERER, 
la  recidy  to  supply  in  any  Quantity         

Thonet  Bros.'  Austrian  Bent  "Wood 
Furnitxire,  ....  * 

Which  h(u  obtained  Prize  MedaU  at  every  ExhUnHmm 

Europe  «i/i(relS51. 
It  is  the  Strongest  and  Cheapest,   and  at  the  same  time  Lighta*  "^' 
most  Elegant  production  of  the  Cabinetmaker's  art  ever  ml 
combining  in  the  highest  degree  Economy  and  UtiUty. 

An  inspection  of  hia  large  Stock  of  this  Manufacture  U 
fully  solicited  by  

GEORGE  DAVENPORT, 

20,    LUDGATE    HILL.    LOSDON,    K.O. 

Depot  for  the  Unittd  Kingdom. 


CHARLES    STRUTTON, 

34,      CoilMEBCIAL-KOAD,      LaMBETH. 
E&^OES  LET  BY  THE  DAY  OK  TEAB. 


TO   INVENTORS   AND  PATENTEES. 


H 


BATH  STONE  OF  BEST  QUALITY. 

Randell  and  Sacnders,  Quarrymen  and  Stone  Mei- 
chants,  Bath.  List  of  Prices  at  the  Quarriea  and  Depots, 
.also  Cost  for  Transit  to  any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
furnished  on  application  to  Bath  Stono  Office,  Corsham, 
Wilta.— {Advt.J 


FKIZE  HEDAL,  ISCS. 

A    M   I   L  T   0   N         &         CO., 

Ko.  10,  GKEEK  STREET.    SOHO  SQUAKK,  LONDON.  W. 
Sole  Manufarturera  of 
C.  A.  WATKIN'S  PATENT    WIKE  BOUND,  ROUND,  and  OVAL 

PAINTING  BRUSHES. 

Distemper  Brushes,  S&ah  Tools,  Stippling  Brushes,  Gilders*  and 
Orainers'  Tools. 
These  goods  are  made  of  the  best  mAterials  and  workmanship,  and 
have  obtained  a  high  reputation  among  the  chief  decorators  in  the 
kingdom.  Tarnish  and  Colour  Hanoiscturers,  Oilmen,  Merchants, 
tc,  are  supplied  on  the  lowest  terms.  Price  Lists  forwarded  on  ap- 
plication. 


BILIOUS  and  LIVER  COMPLAINTS, 
Indigestion.  Sick  Headache,  Loss  of  Appetite,  Drowsine&a, 
Giddiness,  Spasms,  and  all  Disorders  of  the  StoniAch  and  Bowels,  are 
quickly  removed  by  that  well-known  remedy.  FBAMPTON'8  PILL 
OF  HF.ALTH.  They  unit«  the  recommendation  of  a  nuld  operation 
with  the  most  succesaful  effect;  and  where  an  aperient  is  reqnired. 
nothing  can  be  better  adapted. 

Sold  by  all  Medicine  Vendors,  at  Is.  I^d.  and  Cs.  I'd.  per  hoi 
botained  throogh  anyChemiit, 


MESSRS. 

ROBERTSON,  BROOMAN,  AND  CO. 

CIVIIi  ENGINEERS 
AND    PATENT    AGENTS, 

(Established  1S23). 

166,  FLEET  STREET,    LONDON. 

UNDERTAKE     TO    OBTAIN     PATENTS    FOE     1>TX1(II0S3 

PROVISIONAL  PROTECTIONS 

APPLIED  FOR. 

Specifications  Drawn  and  Eevised. 

DISCLAIMBRS  AND  MBMOJtANPUilS  OP  ALTMUr 
TIOHS  PREPARED  AND  FILED. 

ADVICES     ON    CASES    SUBMITTED, 
OPINIONS  AS  TO  INFRINGEMENTS,  4c,  *& 

OPPOSITIONS  CONDUCTED. 

Messrs.  Robertson,  Brooman,  and  Co., 
Undertake  (upon  Commission)  Orders 
for  all  Engineering  Constructions,  Bai' 
ways,  Locomotive,  and  other  Steftiu 
Engines,  &c.,  &c. 


•s 


ti 


April  26,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


283 


THE   BUILDING  NEWS. 


LOKDON,  FRiDAT,  APRIL  lu,  1S67. 


SEFTOX  PARK  COMPETITION, 
LIVERPOOL. 

TWENTV-NINE  sets  of  plans  have  been 
submitted  in  response  to   the  advertise- 
ment issued  In-  the  corporation,  oll'ering  to  the 
producers   ol'  the  two  best  the  sums   of  £300 
ind  £200  as  preniiuins,  and   hinting,  hut   by 
ao  means  promising,  that  the  most  successful 
lompetitor  should  be  emploved  to  superintend 
:he  carrying  out  of  his  plan.     The    terms   in 
ivhich  this  i)art  of  the  programme  of  the  cor- 
Doration  is  set  forth,  are,  first— That  the  com- 
)etitor  shouhl  append   to   his  estimate  "  the 
•emuneration   ilemanded  bi  case  he  should  be 
,  miployed,"  and  tliat  "  the   designer   of  either 
)f  the  prizes  will  not  necessarily  be  employed 
0  carry  out  the  work,  but  in  the  event  of 'his 
)eing  so  employed  the   amount   of  the   pre- 
nium   will    be   deducted  from   his   charges." 
-  lere  at  the  outset  we  find  the  primal  cause 
I  'f  the  unsatisfactory  nature   of  this  ccmpeti- 
,,  ion,  and  an  explanation  why  it  is  that  we  see 
I  o  little  good  and  so  much  mediocre  work  ex- 
;iibited.     An  immense   amount   of  labour  is 
i.isplayed,  and  very  little   else  ;    many  of  the 
J  dans  being  utterly  impossible  from  the  physi- 
i  al  conditions   of  the  site,  and  others  .soaring 
1  oftily  into    those    realms   where   castellated 
t  .rchitecture  on  an  unsubstantial  basis  is  pro- 
I  i fically  cidtivated ;  whilst  amongstthose  whose 
t  ffurls  are  worth  serious  consideration  there 
%  eems  to  have  been  a  very  wide  diversion   of 
i  im.     To  one  a  "  park ''  represents  a  building 
{peculation   dotted    everywhere    with   "neat 
(  illas,"  like  a  young  Malvern   rolled   flat ;  to 
j., nether,   a   tortuous  maze   with  rather  more 
t  ealks  than  turf;  whilst  a  third  is  imbued  with 
;orgeou3  visions   of  a   creation   derived  from 
,he  back  of  the  old  Coliseum  in  the  Regent's 
*ark.    Very  few  indeed  comprehend  that  turf 
sA  trees  make  up  the  summum  bunumoiEna- 
ijsh  landscape  gardening,  and   that   the  func- 
lon  ol  the  artist  here  is   to  nurse  nature  and 
not  smother  her.     "Wide  asunder   as   are   the 
-arious  views  of  what  a  suburban  park  should 
iie,  still  further  removed  are   the   estimates 
ntertained  of  its  cost.     Too  wildly  romantic 

0  be  for  a  moment  seriously  considered  is  this 
lortion  of  the  competition,"and  when  we  say 

^  hat  the  area  is  nearly  400  acres,  and  that  the 
ums  set  forth  as  sutiicient  to  convert  it  into 
.  park  vary  from  £13,000  to  £150,000,  it  will 
how  how  little  this  portion  of  a  landscape- 
lardener's  duties  are  understood  by  the  com- 
letitors  in  general.  We  believe  that  from 
i250  to  £301)  per  acre  will  be  required  to 
arry  out  any  of  the  schemes  set  forth,  and 
hat  any  reduction  below  this  sum  must  be  an 
lupossibility.     Some  of  the  most  pretentious 

1  tlie  plans  submitted  would  tar  exceed  this 
■mount,  and  the  corporation  may  at  once 
.bandon  any  belief  beyond  this,  that  all  figures 
■re  fallacious,  and  the  plans  must  be  consi- 
lered  utterly  irrespective  of  the  amounts  pur- 
lorted  to  be  their  estimated  cost.  These  re- 
aarks  will  show,  without  further  comment, 
low  the  indefiniteness  of  the  instructions 
las  operated.  CJood  men  acquainted  mth  the 
lature  and  value  of  such  works  have 
efrained  from  competing,  fearing  that  their 
deas  would  simply  serve  as  the  groundwork 
lor  the  borough  architect  and  borough  engi- 
leer  to  operate  upon,  and  the  utmost  tliey 
I  ould  hope  for  would  be  a  chance  of  the  pre- 
mum.  That  this  will  now  be  the  result  is 
ilmost  a  certainty,  for  second  and  third-rate 
nen  have  competed  with  men  of  no  rate  what- 
I'ver,  and  we  have  no  hesitation  in  saying  that 
lot  one  plan  sent  in  coidd  be  carried  out  with- 
>ut  very  great  modification.  With  these 
jeneral  remarks  we  will  proceed  to  the  indi- 
■•Klual  exammation  of  the  plans  sent  in. 

JNo.  1  13  by  Mr.  W.  Wortley,  of  Liverpool, 


and  beyond  its  position   in   the  list  is  worthy 
of  no  further  comment. 

No.  2,  by  M.  Edmond  Andre,  of  Paris,  and 
Mr.  Hornblower,  of  Liverpool,  demands  con- 
sideralde  notice,  more,  perliaps,  for  tlie  admi- 
rable manner  in  which  it  is  set  forth  than  for 
its  intrinsic  merit  as  a  design  ;  it  has,  however, 
many  very  excellent  (qualities,  and  is  decidedly 
amongst  the  best  submitted.  The  jiark  proper 
is  kept  well  to  itself,  a  surrounding  road 
cutting  off  the  part  allotted  for  building  on. 
The  jiark  contains  cricket-grounds,  aviarv, 
botanical  garden,  deer  jjark,  archery  aiid 
croquet-grounds,  and  even  a  small  pn'-catalau 
for  cliihlren  ;  it  is  the  Jardin  des  Plantes  and 
the  Bois  de  Boulogne  rolled  into  one.  Care- 
ful sketches  of  all  the  accessories  of  a  French 
recreation-ground,  including  marvellous  kiosks 
and  Quixotic  windmills,  are  elaborately  bound 
in  an  album  accompanying  it,  and  there  are 
many  clever  bits  about  this  design  ;  the  foun- 
tain is  beautiful  in  composition  anddra  wing,  and 
the  entrance- lodges  are  highly  commendable  ; 
and  the  general  get-up  of  the  colour  jdans  and 
bird's-eye  perspective  in  their  quiet  cool  tone 
is  very  grateful  amidst  such  masses  of  emerald 
green  as  the  major  part  of  the  drawings  pre- 
sent. The  great  fault  of  this  design  is  the 
want  of  grand  leading  lines  ;  ovoid  curves  of 
all  sizes  are  everywhere,  but  good  leading  lines 
meeting  at  rondes  pointes  are'pamfully  absent. 
A  visit  to  Cirencester  and  a  stroll  in  Lord 
Kathurst's  park  there  would  have  done  good  to 
the  English  competitor,  and  a  reminiscence  of 
Versailles  improved  his  French  confn're. 

No.  3,  by  Messrs.  Henderson  and  Walker,  of 
Liverpool,  has  an  air  of  general  awkward- 
ness about  its  lines  which  is  not  compensated 
for  by  its  beautifully  got-up  bird's-eye  view. 

No.  4,  by  Messrs.  Gay  and  Swallow,  of 
Bradford,  has  a  good  general  arrangement,  but 
a  large  square  botanical  garden,  in  a  posi- 
tion unsuited  to  it,  mars  this  design,  and  the 
treatment  of  the  water  is  very  objectionable. 

No.  5  (Mr.  R.  W.  Barnes",  Manchester)  is 
sadly  too  much  cut  up,  leaving  no  grand  open 
spaces.  Among  the  eccentricities  indulged  in  is 
a  fort  for  Volunteer  attack  (which,  by-the-bye, 
is  not  singular  to  this  design),  and  an  observa- 
tory. Villas  intrude  into  the  park  itself  and 
destroy  its  value  as  a  recreation-ground  ; 
whilst  the  condition  of  those  houses  wdiich 
overlook  the  fort  during  an  Eoster  Monday's 
bombardment  could  only  be  complacently 
contemplated  by  a  glazier,'  and  induces  one  to 
look  upon  the  abundance  of  cotton  wool  in 
Liverpool  as  a  merciful  dispensation  of  Provi- 
dence. 

No.  6  (Mr.  Hans  F.  Price,  Weston-super- 
Mare),  presents  a  design  in  which  houses 
swallow  up  the  best  parts  of  the  park,  and 
the  roads  are  laid  out  with  the  object  of 
getting  approaches  to  these  rather  than  to 
develops  the  site  as  a  park  for  recreation. 

No.  7  is  by  the  "Rev."  James  Bateman, 
of  Congleton.  As  the  work  of  an  amateur  we 
forbear  to  criticise  it ;  yet  there  are  worse 
designs  sent  in  by  those  wdio  style  themselves 
C.E.,  or  Landscape  Architects.  Mr.  Bate- 
man states  that  he  competes  for  no  selfish 
gain,  but  in  the  hopes  that  he  may  win  a 
premium  and  devote  it  to  building  a  school  in 
his  parish.  As  becomes  a  clergyman  he  is 
hopeful,  but  may  we  raise  the  point  for  his 
consideration  that  in  thu3»endeavouringtorob 
another's  vineyard  he  may  be  doing  evil  that 
good  might  ensue  i 

No.  8  (Mr.  Alexander  Black,  Falkirk)  is  a 
plan  for  building  sites  and  not  a  park. 

No.  9,  by  Mons.  DuviUers,  Paris,  shows 
the  park  formed  into  an  ii-regular  semi- 
ellipse,  cutting  off  a  very  large  proportion  of 
the  ground  and  devoting  it  to  bricks  and 
mortar,  having  in  the  midst  of  this  a  regular 
Champ-de-Mars — gravel,  and  nothing  else.  A 
very  large  and  extensive  parade  of  botanical 
knowledge  is  made  on  the  margin  by  way  of 
reference  to  the  various  shrubs  proposed  to 
be  planted,  and  which  is  so  minute  as  to  even 
include  the  precise  position  of  the  tufts  of 
annuals. 


No    10     (Messrs.    Rogers    and     Marsden, 

Louth)  not  only  surrounds  the  park  by  houses, 
but  cuts  it  in  two  by  a  long  strip  'of  them, 
dividing  the  cricket  ground  and  review  ground 
Iromall  the  rest,  and  the  other  jiart  cut  up 
into  pathways  with  most  labyrinthine  assi- 
duity. 

No.  11,  by  Messrs.  Stansfield  and  Sons, 
Todmorden,  presents  a  ]dan,  in  outline  only, 
of  very  great  merit,  and  had  this  received  the 
attention  bestowed  upon  many  worse  ell'orts, 
it  w-ould  have  forced  itself  into  notice  as  one 
of  the  best  designs  in  the  room  ;  unfortu- 
nately, it  does  not  comply  with  the  condition 
of  competition  as  to  the  mode  of  setting  itself 
fortli,  but  its  great  merits  commend  it  to 
consideration. 

No.  12,  by  Mr.  Henry  May,  of  Bedale,  is 
vermiculated  to  madness ;  the  contemplation 
of  such  "liye  paths  and  crooked  ways"  is  too 
much  for  our  feelings,  and  we  therefore  pass 
on  to 

No.  1 3,  by  Mr.  Eastwood,  of  Luddenden- 
foot,  whose  principal  Ijoundary  to  the  park 
consists  of  the  back  road  to  his  villas !  The 
design  for  the  gates  and  pavilion  here  ex- 
hibited is  something  marvellous.  We  did  not 
think  that  even  a  gardener  could  nowadays 
have  done  anything  so  bad. 

No.  14,  by  Mr.  Mercer,  of  Liverpool,  is  a 
clever  design  very  artistically  set  forth  ;  the 
general  arrangement  of  lines  is  very  good  and 
dignified,  ancl,  despite  the  too  great  "mixture  of 
the  building  land  with  the  park  proper,  it  is 
a  design  of  much  more  than  average  merit, 
and  with  a  little  rearrangement  would  jnake 
one  of  the  best  submittecl. 

No.  15,  by  Mr.  T.  D.  Barry,  C.E.,  of 
Leamington,  is  a  remarkably  poor  design, 
though  from  the  noise  this  gentleman  lias  lately 
been  making  in  sewage  matters,  we  had  ex- 
pected to  have  seen  something  at  least  worth 
looking  at. 

No.  16  (R.  J.ihns,  Edge-hill,  Liverpool). 
The  park  in  this  design  is  too  circumscribed 
by  buildings  which  are  proposed  to  be  erected 
in  hollow  squares  having  internal  gardens,  a 
mode  not  much  in  favour  in  the  north,  where 
too  much  land  is  as  yet  imbuilt  upon  to  induce 
people  to  put  up  with  this  pretence  of  nature. 
There  are  some  good  lines  in  the  general  con- 
ception of  this  plan,  which  presents  many 
points  from  which  divergent  vistas  might  be 
obtained — a  feature  lamentably  neglected  by 
the  generality  of  the  competitors.  The  ar- 
chitectural features  are  conceived  after  too 
severe  and  pseudo-classic  a  model  to  find  much 
favour  out  of  Germany,  but  are  models  of 
careful  drawing.  One  of  the  peculiar  eccen- 
tricities of  this  design  is  a  triangular  bridge 
leading  three  ways  to  nowhere. 

No.  17,  by  Mr.  Alexander  M'Kenzie,  pre- 
sents many  good  points,  an  outer  boulevard 
surrounding  the  park,  into  which  the  houses 
do  not  intrude. 

No.  18,  by  Mr.  Tyerman,  of  Liverpool,  is  a 
very  carefully  considered  design  presenting 
many  features  of  great  excellence,  and  the 
position  and  arrangement  of  the  botanical  gar- 
den are  well  worthy  of  attention.  Whatever 
design  may  ultimately  be  chosen,  this  portion 
of  Mr.  Tyerman's  design  must  be  carried  out, 
and  had  Mr.  Tyerman  associated  himself  with 
some  of  the  many  eminent  architects  in  Liver- 
pool there  is  little  doubt  but  that  a  very  high 
position  would  have  been  secured  for  their 
joint  production.  A  want  of  architectural 
skill  and  feeling  is  manifested  not  only  in  his 
design  for  the  buildings  on  the  site  but  in  the 
arrangement  of  the  leading  lines,  and  which 
mars  this  otherwise  very  excellent  design. 

No.  19,byMr.  Maurice  Young,  of  Godalming, 
is  laid  out  with  considerable  skill,  the  build- 
ings being  in  this  case  also  kejit  external  to 
the  park,  advantage  being  taken  of  the  irre- 
gularities of  the  boundary  line  of  the  property 
to  mass  the  surrounding  buildings  very  judi- 
ciously. This  feature  is  noteworthy,  and  will 
be  useful  in  carrying  out  any  of  the  plans. 

No.  20,  by  Mr.  Mason,  Burton-on-Trent, 
might  have  been  better  if  it  had  not  been  so 


18,4. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


April  26,  1867. 


bad,  'i.e.,  with  more  thought  the  same  idea 
would  have  been  made  useful. 

^  No.  21,  by  Mr.  Hart,  Bradford,  is  a  good 
simple  outline  arrangement,  with  actually 
nothing  in  it;  and  anomalous  as  it  may 
appear,  this  is  one  of  its  greatest  merits.  It 
is  quite  refreshing  to  find  some  oue  who  does 
not  grovel  in  the  dust  of  roads.  Unfortunately, 
what  arrangement  of  roads  there  is,  is  bad. 

^  No.  22,  by  ilr.  Barnet,  of  .SliifFual,  con- 
sists primarily  of  an  L-shaped  pool,  and  aU 
the  roads  following  the  outline  thus  made  ; 
the  design  for  the  gates  is  the  best  portion, 
and  with  this  we  somehow  seem  to  be  fami- 
liar, and  hail  it  as  a  remembered  face. 

No.  23,  by  Messrs.  J.  A.  HaU  and  G. 
Middleton,  Liverpool,  contains  a  square 
botanical  garden  in  its  midst,  and  water  every- 
where ;  it  is  a  small  Canada  for  lakes;  there 
is  an  upper  lake  and  a  lower  lake  and  a  1  - 
shaped  lake  Alexandra,  and  altogether  so  cut 
up  that  a  walnut  shell  fleet  would  look  quite 
imposing  on  it.  As  for  the  arrangement  of 
the  land,  that  is  considered  on  the  principle  of 
a  buUding  speculation,  and  not  that  of  a  park 
for  recreation. 

No.  24  (Mr.  T.  H.  Hirst,  of  Bristol).  This 
is  a  plan  of  considerable  merit,  recognising 
the  value  of  straight  lines  meeting  at  certain 
points,  though  it  is  somewhat  doubtful  if 
they  are  arranged  in  the  best  manner  to  suit 
the  exigencies  of  the  visitors  or  the  configura- 
tion of  the  ground;  but  the  plan  is  well 
worthy  of  note.  Its  architectural  features  are 
abominable,  and  statues  of  a  lady  and  gentle- 
man in  the  costume  of  the  period,  appro- 
priately mounted  on  donkeys,  crown  the  en- 
trance gate  piers. 

No.  2'5.  For  this  plan  Mr.  J.  W.  Cottee,  of 
Chelmsford,  asks  ^'5,000.  We  think  we  may 
safely  say  he  won't  get  it. 

No.  26  is  one  of  the  best-considered  and  the 
most  largely  illustrated  designs  submitted.  It 
is  by  Mr.  .Joseph  Newton,  London.  The 
general  arrangement  is  good,  the  houses  well 
separated  from  the  park,  and  the  massing  of 
the  water  into  one  lake  at  the  lower  end  is  the 
most  judicious  of  any  of  the  water  treatments 
exhibited.  One  of  the  most  remarkable 
features  in  the  scheme  set  forth  by  Mr.  New- 
ton is  the  erection  of  a  large  hotel  and  sana- 
torium connected  to  tlie  greenhouses  by  long 
corridors  with  glass  lights,  "removable  in 
summer  and  heated  to  a  Madeira  temperature 
in  winter,"  which  may  be  all  very  well  to  do, 
and  doubtless  very  comfortable  so  long  as  you 
are  in  it,  but  which  we  protest  against  as 
being  out  of  place  in  the  centre  of  a  recreation 
park  for  the  public.  There  is  also  in  con- 
nection with  this  design  a  very  elaborate  and 
complete  arrangement  of  winter  gardens, 
stovehouses,  &c.,  for  the  cultivation  of  aU  the 
plants  in  the  world.  This  portion  of  Mr. 
Newton's  scheme  seems  to  be  arranged  by 
Messrs,  Weeks  and  Son,  and  when  pruned  and 
dressed  by  an  architect  would  form  a  very 
fine  building,  having  a  frontage  of  about 
1,000ft.  This  design  is  very  carefully  worked 
out  in  all  its  details,  and  many  of  the  draw- 
ings illustrating  it  are  exceedingly  clever. 

No.  28,  by  Mr.  D.  Brade,  of  London,  has  a 
main  boulevard  surroimding  the  park,  on 
which  abut  terrace  on  terrace  of  houses.  The 
general  arrangement  of  the  park  itself  is  good, 
but  too  much  cut  up  by  small  roads. 

No.  29,  by  Mr.  Milner,  of  the  Crystal 
Palace,  is  of  remarkalile  similarity  to  the 
last  mentioned  in  general  arrangement,  but  is 
greatly  superior  to  it  from  the  absence  of  too 
much  road  making  and  a  greater  dignity  of 
general  treatment. 

This  completes  the  list,  and  we  cannot  take 
our  farewell  of  the  drawings  without  regret 
that  in  so  much  there  slionld  be  so  little. 
One  thing  is  quite  apparent,  that  the  old  I'ace 
of  landscape  gardeners  is  extinct  and  that  no 
new  species  has  succeeded  them  ;  so  little 
combination  or  knowledge  of  effect  is  seldom 
shown  with  so  much  labour  ;  and  it  appears 
to  us  that  the  only  course  the  corporation  now 


town  a  park.  We  believe  that  Mr.  Nesfield 
has  been  requested  to  adjudicate  upon  the 
present  plans,  and  we  hope  that  in  future 
when  the  corporation  of  Liverpool  require  the 
aid  of  architects  or  landscape  gardeners,  they 
will  definitely  state  their  intentions  as  to  the 
ulterior  proceedings  they  intend  to  take.  Had 
they  stated  that  the  successful  competitor 
would  be  employed  at  a  certain  percentage  on 
the  outlay,  better  men  would  have  competed, 
and  the  result  would  have  been  more  satis- 
factory than  it  now  is.  We  fear  it  is  impos- 
sible to  teach  our  senators  wisdom. 


TRADES'    UNIONS'   COMMISSION. 

IT  would  be  well,  we  think,  if  certain  writers 
who,  as  a  weekly  contemporary  has  it, 
"  are  watching  the  evidence  before  the  Trades' 
Unions'  Commission,  but  without  writing  on 
it  except  when  it  begins  to  tell  against  the 
men,"  would  not  be  in  so  great  haste  to  settle 
the  question  before  it  has  been  half  stated. 
We  do  not  write  as  the  prejudiced  advocates 
of  either  the  masters  or  the  men  in  this  matter. 
For  ourselves  we  want  to  see  fair  play,  and  we 
consider  that  at  the  present  stage  of  the  pro- 
ceedings any  strong  expressions  of  opinion  one 
way  or  another  ought  certainly  to  be  avoided, 
while  any  attempt  to  prejudice  the  case  of  the 
men  on  the  one  hand,  or  the  masters  on  the 
other,  is  manifestly  unfair.  The  U'imcs,  for 
instance,  did  not  feel  itself  called  upon  to  re- 
mark upon  the  proceedings  of  the  Commission 
until  it  thought  it  could  saj'  something 
damaging  against  trades'  unions,  which  it  was 
enabled  to  do  by  having  first  published  what 
were  meant  to  be,  and  of  course  presumed  by 
the  public  to  be,  impartial  reports  of  evidence, 
but  which  were  simply  garbled  ami  one-sided 
statements.  Any  of  our  readeri  who  will  take 
the  trouble  to  compare  the  reports  as  officially 
issued  with  the  reports  given  in  the  "  leading 
journal"  will  at  once  see  that  the  members  of 
trades'  unions  need  expect  little  sympathy 
from  the  quarter  of  Printing  House-square. 
These  statements  in  the  Times,  and  the 
editorial  deliverances  on  them,  have  been  and 
are  being  extensively  copied  into  country 
newspapers  ;  and  this  important  question  is 
made  to  assume  an  aspect  which,  to  say  the 
least,  must  necessarily  prejudice  the  minds  of 
a  large  number  of  persons  who  have  no  better 
means  of  judging  of  the  real  facts  of  the  case. 
What  it  is  desirable  for  everybody  interested 
in  the  matter  to  know  is  "  the  truth,  the  whole 
truth,  and  nothing  but  the  truth."  AVe  are 
glad  to  see  that  one  of  our  contemporaries,  at 
aU  events,  has  had  the  manliness  to  point  out 
that  the  view  taken  by  the  Times  is  notoriously 
one-sided  and  unfair  as  regards  these  trades' 
combinations.  The  London  Review  of  last 
week  says  : — 

"Everyone  knows  that  witnesses  go  before  com- 
missions to  prove  particular  things,  and  it  is  the 
duty  of  those  commissioners  who  are  not  persuaded 
of  the  justice  of  their  object  to  take  care  that  they 
should  not  prove  those  particular  things  if  cross- 
examination  can  invalidate  their  evidence.  We  only 
hope,  therefore,  that  when  the  masters  come  before 
the  Commission,  they  will  be  treated  as  uncompro- 
misingly as  the  men  have  been  by  Mr.  Roebuck. 
That  rough-tongued  quondam  Radical  has  certainly 
exhibited  an  .imount  of  animus  which  must  have 
produced,  if  anything  could,  impressions  most  ad- 
verse to  the  unions.  \\^en  he  questioned  Mr.  Ap- 
plegai-th,  he  found  he  nad  to  deal  with  what  is 
called  .at  the  b.or  "a  good  witness"  on  the  other 
side.  Mr.  Applegarth  was  master  of  the  social  pre- 
judices of  which  Mr.  Roebuck  is  the  interpreter, 
and  being  an  exceedingly  clever,  ready  man,  was 
prepared  for  the  member  for  Sheffield  at  all  points. 
Mr.  Harnott,  on  the  other  hand,  the  masons'  sec- 
retary, is  obviously  a  man  simply  content  with  his 
business,  and  not  caring  what  was  thought  of  its 
operation  upon  other  interests.  He  calmly  suffered 
himself  to  be  posed  repeatedly  by  Mr.  Roebuck  on 
points  reflecting  on  the  unions  from  the  public  point 
of  view,  content  to  reply,  **  I  don't  know  about 
that,"  and  not  supposing  it  to  be  in  the  least  neces- 
sary to  prove  that  what  his  society  did  for  the  benefit 
of  its  members  was  not  in  a  lai-ge  view  benohcial  to 
society.  It  is  this  evidence  that  the  Times  has  se- 
lected very  charagteristically  for  the  subject  of  its 


has  is  to  award  the  premiiuns  to   the  two  beat    Hrst  leading  article  on  the  Commission,  and  we  are 
and  call  in    some    .superior   aid   to  give  their  I  not  surprised  that  it  should   deduce  unfavourable 


conclusions  from  it The  inference 

drawn  by  the  Times  from  the  e-vidence  before  the 
Commission  is  that  '  generations  may  fail  to  repair 
the  moral  and  social  consequences '  of  the  economical 
errors  of  trades'  unions  '  in  the  development  of  a 
tyrannical  spirit  and  the  destruction  of  kindly  rela- 
tions between  employers  and  employed  : '  but  no  one 
would  derive  this  impression  from  impartially  read- 
ing the  questions  and  answers,  and  we  can  only  con- 
clude that  the  Times  either  anticipates  the  evidence 
of  the  masters,  or  assimilates  the  e^-idence  to  its 
prejudices.  .  .  .  We  are  content  to  leave  the 
matter  for  the  present  (concludes  the  Review),  as- 
sured that  the  one-sidled  attempts  of  the  Times  will 
not  bias  the  judgment  either  of  the  Commissioners  or 
of  the  pubUc  on  a  question  which  can  only  whole- 
somely be  dealt  with  in  a  very  different  spirit." 

We  resimie  the  evidence  with  the  examina- 
tion of  Mr.  Edwin  Coulson,  the  secretary  of 
the  Operative  Bricklayers'  Society.     This  wit- 
ness stated  that  his  society,  of  which  he  had 
been  a  member  for  fifteen  years,  was  a  general 
society,  having  96  branches,  and  numbering 
5,700  members,  the  funds  in  hand  up  to  De- 
cember last  being  about  £3,200.    The  increase 
of  members  last  year  had  been   700,  and  the 
increase  of  funds  iJSOO.     The  trade  purposes 
of  the   society    are  to   support  members   in 
travelling     from     town    to     tomi,    to    sup- 
port them  when  out  of  work,   and  to  pay 
for    the     burials     of     members     and     theii 
wives.      The   payment    for    burial  dots  not 
extend  to  the   children   of  members,    "  our 
contribution  being  but  3d.  per  week."     There 
is  no  sick  fund,  but  it  is  in  contemplation  to 
introduce  all  the  benefits  as  soon  as  possible. 
The  money    expended   on    strikes    does  not 
amount  to   more  tlian  i'300  to  £400  a  year ; 
the  men  have  generally  succeeded  in  obtaining 
a  satisfactory  advance   of  wages  without  any 
protracted   strike.      No  member  in   a  district 
can  enter  ijpon  a  strike  without  the  consent  of 
the  whole  of  the  society,  and  the  executive  in 
many  instances   have  in  this  way  prevented 
strikes    arising    in   districts.     Generally  the 
'  causes  of  tlie  strikes  have  been  attempts  by  the 
employers   to  force  on  the  men    rules  with 
reference  to   hours   of  working    and  rate  of 
wages  which  they  considered  objectionable.  A 
man  estimates  what  he  can  do  in  a  day,  and 
then   a    general   average  is  taken    of    what 
amount  of  bricks  a  man  can  lay,  or  whatev 
the    kind    of  work  is  lie  may  b?  put  to.- 
Asked:  Is  the  rate  of  the  profit  of  the  em- 
ployers at  all  taken  into  consideration  ? 
course,  every  man  feels  that  it  is  his  duty  to 
do  a  fair,  honest  day's  work,  and  that  he  ought; 
to  be  paid  what   he  considers  to  be    a  fai 
equivalent  for  his  labour.      The  men  considi 
the  rate  of  living,  and  also  the  wages  paid  in* 
the  adjacent  districts.      Men  -n-iU  come  from 
one  neighbourhood  to  another  and  go  to  worl 
at  a  lower  rate  of  wage  than  that  which  pre- 
vails in  the  district  perhaps,  but  that  is  only- 
for  a  short  time,  for  of  course  they  obtain  the 
higher  rate  of  wage  of  the  district  as  soon  as 
possible,  and  these  men  go  back  to  their  native 
place  and  inform  the  men  there  of  what  is 
done  in  other  districts,  and  the  result  is  tha( 
an  ettbrt  is  made  to  raise  the  rate  of  wages. 
Witness  believed  that  trades'  unions  had  im- 
proved the  moral  tone  of  the  men  ;   a  mo: 
honourable  feeling    had    been  promoted  by 
them.     There  are  no  secret  rules  ;  everything 
is  above  board.     There  is  no    rule    against 
working  overtime,  and  no  objection  has  ever 
been  raised  to  the  number  of  apprentices  when 
they  are  legally  bound  to  the  employer.     The 
society,  however,  objects  to  piecework,  being 
of  opinion  that  it  makes  men  slovenly  and 
careless  in  doing   their  work,  but  no  action 
has  been  taken  against  piecework,  and  mem- 
bers do  not  refuse  to  work  ^\■ith  a  man  who 
takes  jiiecework.      An    efficient  workman  is 
admitted  into  the  society,  whatever  length  of 
time  he  may  have  worked  at  the  trade,  but 
the  society  objects  to  labourers  being  delibe- 
ratel,v  taken  from  the  hod  and  placed  at  the 
trowel.      There  is  no  rule  against  a  man  using 
both  hands  to  lay  bricks,  though  witness  said 
it  was  impossible  for  a  man  to  lay  bricks  with 
botli  hands  and  make  the  work  substantial  and 
good.      Both  hands  are  only  used  for  "inside 
hUing  in."     The  Bricklayers'  Society  has  no 


J 


April  26,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


285 


chasing"    rule,  as   the    stonemasons    have. 

;onema3ons    object     to   brickhiyers    setting 

.eir  stoue  after  it  has  been  worked. — Asked : 

'hen    would    the  nia.sou  raise  objection  i — 

apposing  he    had   been  working    jambs  of 

indows  or  doors  he  would  raise  an  objection 

the  bricklayers  setting  it,  and  that  would 

!  just,   because  the   bricklayers    might    do 

ore  damage  in   setiing  one  stone   than  the 

ason  would  do  throughout  the  building. — 

sked  :  Uo  you  think  that  you  could  not  set 

itone  of  the  kind  you  are  referring  to  as  well 

a   stonemason  / — Certainly  not.     Having 

len  asked  to  state  his  opinion   as  to  whether 

!   thought    there    was    more    reality    and 

mesty  in  the  old  work  than  in  the  modern, 

r.  Coulsou    replied  that  comparing  the  last 

ntury  with  the   present,   the  work  done  in 

e  last  century   was  better  than  that  of  the 

esent  century.      It   was  not  that  the   men 

e  incapable  ot  doing  work  superior  to  that  of 

rmer  times,  but  all  kinds  of  rubbish  are  now 

ed  to  make  mortar,  and  the  men  have  often 

encouragement  to  do  the  work  as  well  as  it 

.ght  be  done.  Give  the  men  time  and  materials, 

'  the  witness,  and  they  can  do  anything. 

1 1  ricks  were   better  made   now,   because 

^L.ilymade  by  machinery,  but  the  mortar 

IS  worse,  and  the  work  was  not  so    honest. 

>   ail   instance     of    dishonesty    in    modern 

liUliag  Mr.   Coulson    said    he  could  men- 

m    some    new  houses   on  which     he   had 

)rked,  where,  though  there  is  some  seven- 

;n   to  twenty  rod   of   brickwork  in  them, 

ere  are    not    20,000    bricks  in   the   whole 

iU;e,    instead   of  73,000,  independently    of 

e  bats  which  would  naturally   be   amongst 

e  bricks.     AU  the  bottom  part  of  the  house 

tilled  in  with  the  old  foundations  of  houses 

.it    have    been    pulled    down    and   carted 

ither,  lumps  of  brick  and  mortar  together, 

d  bricks  here  and  there  mixed  with  them. 

lese  houses  are  made  merely  to  sell.     The 

tness  e.\plained  what  is  known  in  the  trade 

pici^uetmg.     When  an  employer  infringes 

e  working  rules  of  the  society,  or  refuses  to 

mply  with  the  demands  of  the  men  for  an 

wuice  of  wages,  the  names  of  the  men   who 

'  working  on  that  job  are  reported  to  the 

:uety,  and  a  person  is  appointed  to  watch 

;re,  and  use  aU.  the  influence  he  can  to  get 

::ien  away  from  the  job.     Supposing  a  man 

■  1  not  leave  the  job,  or  otherwise  violated 

Lilesofthe   society,  the   members  would 

iifuse  to  work  with  him,  but  he  would  be 

to   "  Coventry."       The  society   has   no 

v  list.     Witness  had  heard  that  the  total 

luber  of  bricklayers  in  the  kingdom  was 

tween    20,000   and   30,000.       Mr.    George 

Jwell,  a  member  of  the  same  society,  and 

w  secretary  to  the   Reform   League,   gave 

nilar  evidence.     He  stated  that  the  hours 

■  ■  labour  had  been  shortened,  and  wages  had 

:  en  very  much  in  consetj^uence  of  the   esta- 

.shment  of  the  unions.     Bricklayers  have  a 

oided  objection  to  working  with  labourers 

)t  qualified  as  bricklayers.       Witness  ex- 

lined  the  system  of  "  chasing."    The  man 

10  does  it  is  termed  a  bell-horse,   and  ob- 

ined  6d.  or  Is.    a  day  more  for  the  purpose 

pulling  on   the   other  workmen   in  a  job. 

le  other  workmen  naturally    felt  that  if 

3y  were  pulled  on  and  did  the  same  amount 

work  as  the  man  who  was  leading  them, 

sy  should  have  the  same  amount  of  money, 

.t  they  do  not  get  the  extra  money.     The 

jection  only  applies  where  some  artifice  is 

opted  by  a  manager  of  works  or  a  foreman 

■  get  work   done  in  a  quicker  way  than  it 

)uld   otherwise  be.     The  society  does  not 

a  uniform  rate  of  wages,  but  a  minimum. 

jitness  regretted  to  say  that  in.  point  of  fact 

lere  is  no  encouragement  for  men  of  ability 

d  skill  to  work  more,  and  that  this  is  pre- 

.  licial  not  only  to  the  particular  trade,  but 

I  society.     If  they  paid  more   to   the   abler 

;)rkman  they  were  obliged  to  disguise  it,  hut 

■'3  fault  was  that  of  the  mjisters,  who  tried  to 

ig  the  men  down  to  the  minimum,  and  make 

the  maximum.     They  generally  refused  to 

:ogmse  the  minimum  as  the  minimum,  and 


to  give  something  more  as  a  maximum  for 
skilled  labour.  Tlie  minimum  is  the  lowest 
sum  that  the  society  thought  a  competent 
man  ought  to  take.  Mr.  Howell  stated  it 
as  his  opinion  that  drunkenness  had  greatly 
diminished  among  workmen  within  the  last 
few  years,  and  he  attributed  this  improvement 
to  a  large  extent  to  the  influence  of  the  unions. 
The  discipline  of  the  lodge  itself  has  a  tend- 
ency to  decrease  drunkenness.  "  Neither 
drunkenness  nor  swearing  is  allowed  in  the 
lodge  room,  and  there  is  a  moral  self-restraint 
necessary  to  be  exercised  in  the  room,  and  the 
exercise  of  that  has  a  most  benehcial  effect  on 
the  members." 

In  commenting  upon  the  evidence  of  Mr. 
Thomas  Connolly  before  the  Commission 
(which  we  gave  last  week),  the  Tiiries  re- 
marked that  the  witness  appeared  to  think  it 
a  commendable  proceeding  if  a  workman 
could  .succeed  without  detection  in  putting  a 
faulty  stone  in  a  building.  Jlr.  Connolly 
replies  to  this  by  explaining  the  relation  of 
owner,  contractor,  and  workman.  "  Let  me 
take,  for  example,"  he  says,  "  one  of  those 
stone  buildings  now  erecting  in  the  city. 
The  proprietor  employs  an  architect  to  design 
it  and  draw  up  a  specification  ;  the  architect, 
on  behalf  of  the  owner,  enters  into  a  contract 
with  a  builder  to  provide  all  materials  and 
exeoute  all  workmanship  necessary  for  the  due 
completion  of  the  works.  When  the  works 
are  commenced  the  architect  employs  a  clerk 
of  works  to  see  that  his  designs  are  fairly 
carried  out,  and  that  all  materials  are  equal  to 
the  description  in  the  specification.  The 
stone  is  generally  sent  worked  from  the 
builder's  yard,  and  masons  are  sent  to  fix  it  or 
build  it  in.  If  a  stone  is  set  and  the  clerk  of 
works  objects  to  it  he  orders  the  mason  to  take 
it  out  of  the  wall ;  the  workman  calls  his 
foreman,  and  if  he  says  it  must  be  taken  out 
the  workman  does  so  at  once  ;  the  workman  is 
there  to  do  as  his  employer  or  foreman  orders, 
therefore  lie  must  not  be  held  in  the  slightest 
degree  responsible  for  the  quality  of  the  ma- 
terial or  workmanship.  If  he  interfered  in 
the  matter,  he  would  have  to  get  other  em- 
ployment. Suppose  the  Times  appears  to- 
morrow printed  with  bad  type  and  on  inferior 
paper— can  the  compositors  or  pressmen  in- 
terfere ?  Must  not  they  work  with  the  ma- 
terials suppUed  to  them,  and  where  is  the 
difference  between  them  and  the  masons  who 
are  employed  in  a  similar  manner  ?  I,  there- 
fore, repeat  now  what  I  have  stated  in  my 
evidence,  that  the  honesty  or  dishonesty  of  a 
workman  is  not  connected  with  the  question. 
If  works  are  badly  executed,  and  with  inferior 
materials,  the  only  persons  to  blame  are  the 
contractor,  who  agreed  to  supply  better,  and 
the  clerk  of  works  for  allowing  it  to  go  in." 


RETAINING  WALLS. 

UNQUESTIONABLY  the  most  ancient 
form  in  which  a  mass  of  brickwork  or 
masonry  was  constructed  is  that  of  a  wall  ;  and, 
excluding  itsapplication  to  habitable  dwellings, 
that  of  a  retaining  wall,  which  in  the  widest 
signification  may  be  considered  as  a  wall  built 
to  resist  the  pressure  of  any  substance  or  ma- 
terial, whether  solid  or  fluid,  upon  one 
or  both  of  its  surfaces.  It  is,  therefore,  only 
natural  that  the  subject  should  have  received 
that  attention  which  is  due  to  its  important 
bearing  upon  engineering  and  architecture ;  and 
has  from  time  to  time  formed  the  object  of 
investigation  and  analysis  by  various  and  nu- 
merous authors.  Manyof  these  have  treated  the 
question  in  a  strictly  mathematical  manner — 
Dr.  Hutton,  for  instance,  whose  scientific  tracts 
contain  a  most  elaborate  research  into  the  con- 
ditions of  their  stability,  but  practically 
speakingthey  are  of  littleor  no  value.  Latterly, 
however,  the  subject  has  been  investigated  by 
able  writers  in  a  manner  so  as  to  enable  the  re- 
sults to  be  applicable  to  the  designing,  or  rather 
as  a  guide  to  the  designing,  of  these  examples 
of  construction.      Although  we  have  given  a 


wide  definition  to  the  term  retaining  walls,  it 
would  be  as  well  to  separate  it  from  those  spe- 
cimens which  have  comparatively  but  a  small 
height,  anil  are  usually  termed  dwarf  walls. 
Tiie  best  illustration  of  this  latter  description 
oi  walls  is  to  be  I'ound  in  railway  work,  and  is 
represented  in  fig.  1.      It  frequently  happens 


that,  in  order  to  lay  an  additional  line  of  rails 
it  becomes  necessary  to  cut  off  a  small  piece  of 
the  toe  of  the  slope  of  a  cutting,  and  to  build  a 
small  retaining  wall  about  3ft.  or  4ft.  in  height 
to  hold  up  the  slope.  These  are  called  dwarf 
walls ;  and  their  relation  to  retaining  walls  pro- 
per may  be  regarded  as  something  analogous 
to  that  of  a  short  inflexible  pillar  to  a  long 
one  which  would  yield  by  flexure  instead  of 
by  crushing.  In  the  figure  is  shown 
the  slope  of  the  cutting  originally 
extending  from  A  to  B,  and  it  is  evi- 
dent that  by  building  the  wall  the  piece 
between  the  toe  A  and  the  wall  is  removed, 
and  an  additional  amount  of  land  gained  for 
the  purposes  of  traffic.  Owing  to  the  enor- 
mous rise  in  the  price  of  land  in  and  about 
London,  there  is  not  one  of  the  main  lines, 
such  as  the  Great  Western,  London  and  North- 
western and  others,  that  have  not  been  com- 
pleted to  adopt  these  means  of  increasing  the 
width  of  their  permanent  ways  ;  and  in  many 
instances  the  necessity  for  more  accommoda- 
tion has  been  so  urgent  that,  instead  of  the  re- 
mo^-al  of  a  small  slice  of  the  bottom  of  the 
slope  sufficing,  it  has  been  indispensable  to  re- 
mo^'e  nearly  half  of  it,  and  build  large  retain- 
ing walls  in  the  place  of  merely  dwarf  walls. 

Notwithstanding  that  numerous  rules  have 
been  laid  down  by  various  authors  for  arriving 
at  a  correct  value  of  the  thrust  which  a  mass 
of  earth  exerts  against  a  retaining  wall,  and  for 
calculating  the  proper  thickness  of  walls  re- 
quisite to  withstand  the  pressure,  yet,  owing  to 
the  want  of  precise  data  respecting  the  direct 
action  of  the  earth  upon  the  wall,  they  cannot 
be  regarded  as  anything  more  than  guides  for 
arriving  at  the  general  principle  upon  which  is 
based  the  stability  of  these  structures.  The 
main  points  to  be  attended  to  in  designing  re- 
taining walls  are  the  pressure  of  the  bank  of 
earth  to  be  supported,  and  the  actual  resistance 
exercised  by  the  wall  in  opposition  to  the 
moment  of  the  disturbing  force.  Experience 
has  amply  demonstrated  that  there  is  a  certain 
direction  called  the  "  line  of  fracture,"  along 
which  the  earth  that  is  supported  by  a  retain- 
ing wall  has  the  tendency  to  slide.  The  slope 
down  which  the  earth  would  slide  if  it  were 
altogether  unsupported  is  known  as  the  na- 
tural slope,  and  it  has  been  experimentally  de- 
termined that  the  line  of  IVacture,  when  the 
pressure  is  a  maximum,  practically  bisects  the 
angle  formed  by  the  natural  slope  and  the 
back  of  the  wall.  In  all  walls  there  is  a  cer- 
tain point  about  which  the  diflerent  pressures 
may  be  considered  to  be  equally  balanced,  and 
this  point  is  termed  the  centre  of  pressure.  On 
the  supposition  that  the  wall  is  one  solid  mass 
and  making  H  equal  to  its  height,  the  position 
of  the  centre  of  pressure  will  be  at  a   distance 

from  the  top  of  the  wall  of  ^  ^^"     The  ma- 

jority  of  banks  of  earth  supported  by  retain- 
ing walls  have  their  upper  surface  horizontal 
at  least  for  some  distance  behind  them  ;  and 
although  the  pressures  vary  throughout  the 
whole  height  of  the  wall,  yet  it  is  manifest 
that  the  maximum  pressure  is  the  one  to  be 
determined,  since,  if  the  wall  be  strong  enough 
to  bear  this,  it  will  certainly  not  yield  to 


286 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


April  26,  1867. 


an  inferior  force.  The  following  method, 
although  not  new,  ■will  be  found  both  simple 
and  accurate  for  effecting  the  calculation.*  In 
fig.  2  let  B  C  be  the  natural  slope  of  the  earth, 

FIC.S. 


F        -B 

or  that  down  -which  it  would  slide  were  the 
■wall  removed,  and  supposing  the  line  of  frac- 
ture A  B  to  bisect  the  angle  C  B  E,  which  will 
be  the  case  when  the  pressure  is  a  maximum, 
the  prism  ABE  will  be  the  -whole  weight 
that  the  wall  will  have  to  sustain.  Taking 
this  prism  for  a  single  unit  of  length  and 
thickness  the  superficial  area  will  represent 
the  cubic  contents.  Putting  H  for  the  height  of 
the  wall  and  efor  the  angle  C  B  E,  -we  have  the 


area  of  the  triangle  equal  to 


ff  X  tan  i.\  e 


It  is  only  necessary  to  multiply  the  above  equa- 
tion by  W,  the  weight  of  one  cubic  foot  of  the 
bank,  "to  find  the  total  weight  of  the  prism, 
which  is  supported  partly  by  the  wall 
along  the  Une  E  B,  and  partly  by  the 
bank  along  A  B,  and  may  be  con- 
sidered as  a  solid  mass  of  immovable 
material.  The  line  K  M  represents  the  direc- 
tion of  the  force  of  gravity,  and  the  lines  K  L 
and  K  0  the  pressures  exercised  against  the 
wall,  and  the  force  of  the  bank  respectively. 
These  pressures  produce  a  certain  amount  of 
friction  against  the  wall  of  the  bank,  but  as 
the  friction  against  the  wall  does  not  ma- 
terially affect  the  question,  the  friction  of  the 
bank  alone  is  considered  and  taken  into  ac- 
count in  arri^ving  at  the  foUo^wing  formula, 
which  applies  to  the  case  of  a  vertical  wall  sup- 
porting a  bankwith  a  horizontal  topped  bank. 
Putting  P  to  represent  the  pressure,  we  have 
P  =  W  X  H'  X  tan  2  ?,  B. 
2 
To  determine  the  moment  of  this  pressure  to 
upset  the  wall,  we  have  simply  to  multiply  it 
by  the  distance  of  the  centre  of  pressure  from 
the  bottom  of  the  wall,  which  we  have  already 
shown  tobe  equal  to  5-     Returning  to    Mr. 

Jacob's  little  work,  we  have  the  conditions  of 
equilibrium,  or  of  stability  as  he  terms  it,  re- 

W  X  H  X  **  = 

presented  by  the  equation 

P    X     H  : 


in  which  W  equals  the  weight  of  a 


cubic  foot  of  the  wall,  and  x  the  required 
thickness.  Substituting  for  P  the  value  found 
above  for  it,  reducing  and  equalling,  we  find 


that  a; 
W  = 


,/"lV^X  H-  tan-  k 

=    V  Wlv 


Making 


W,  which  may  be  safely  done  in  prac- 
tice, we  have  finally  a:  =  J^''  X  ^^  '^  ^ 
'  3 

a  very  simple  and  neat  expression  for  calcu- 
lating the  thickness  of  the  wall. 

In  our  articles  upon  docks,  we  have  already 
given  illustrations  of  different  forms  of  retain- 
ino-  walls,  so  that  it  would  be  superfluous  re- 
capitulation to  introduce  them  again  ;  and  we 
therefore  prefer  to  give  a  general  formula  ap- 
plicable to  determining  the  pressure  upon  a 
wall  by  a  bank  whatever  may  be  the  inclina- 


tion of  its  upper  surface,  which  has  been  sup- 
posed in  fig.  2  to  be  horizontal.  It  is  clear 
that  this  is  not  always  the  case;  for  a  glance  at 
fig.  1  ■will  point  out  "that  were  a  retaining  wall 
in  the  position  there  assigned  to  a  dwarf  wall 
there  would  be  a  considerable  surcharge,  as  it 
is  called,  owing  to  the  inclination  at  which  the 
upper  part  of  the  bank  is  situated.  The  gene- 
ral case  of  the  stability  of  retaining  walls  has 
been  well  investigated  some  years  ago  by  Mr. 
John  NevUle,  and  his  construction,  which  is 
shown  in  fig.  3,  is  based  upon  the  theory   of 

Fia.  3. 


»  Eitracted  from  aa  able  little  pamphlet,  "Practical 
Desiguiag  of  Retaining  Walls,"  By  Aethcr  Jacob.  A.B.. 
Assoc.  Inst.  C.E.,  late  executive  engineer  H.M.  Bombay 
Service.  Dublin :  Printed  by  Charles  Cooper,  3,  Lincoln- 
place.     lSli7. 


Prony,  already  mentioned,  which  establishes 
the  fact  that  when  the  face  of  a  bank  is  verti- 
cal and  the  top  horizontal,  the  pressure  is  a 
maximum  when  the  line  of  fracture  bisects 
the  angle  formed  between  the  natural  slope  of 
the  ground  and  the  bank  of  the  walL  The 
following  construction  includes  this  special 
case  as  well  as  all  the  others : — Let  M  N  C  D  re- 
present the  wall,  D  E  the  top  of  the  bank  slop- 
ing away  in  any  direction,  and  C  H  the  line 
of  the  natural  slope  of  the  earth.  Produce  the 
line  of  the  back  of  the  wall  C  D  to  A  and 
draw  from  that  point  a  line  perpendicular  to 
C  H  and  meeting  a  line  C  P,  which  is  drawn 
parallel  to  the  top  surface  of  the  bank  D  E 
at  the  point  0.  Upon  the  line  A  O  describe 
a  semicircle,  and,  taking  O  as  a  centre  and  O  H 
for  a  radius,  describe  an  arc  cutting  A  O  in 
F  and  join  F  C.  The  wedge-shape  portion 
DIG  will  require  the  maximum  horizon- 
tal pressure  to  support  it.  Put  c  to  repre- 
sent the  angle  HOP;  then  since  D  E  is  pa- 
rallel to  C  P,  the  angle  o  =  (9  —  6').  Let  H 
=  C  D,  and  we  have  the  following  equation  :  — 
tan(ei  —  <?)  =  ^'  (tan-  c  -{■  tan  9>  x  tan  «)  — 
tan  c.  If  we  make  R  to  equal  the  maximum 
horizontal  resistance,  and  W,  as  before,  the 
weight  of  a  cubic  foot  of  the  bank,  we  shall  find 
R  =  W  X  H=      tan  e  X  taii=  (fli  —  <P].    To 

■      2  tan  6  —  tan  61 

work  out  this  formula,  the  value  found  for 
(9'  (p)  in  the  former  equation  must  be  sub- 
stituted, and  this  forms  then  the  general  for- 
mula for  the  pressure  against  retaining  walls, 
no  matter  at  what  angle  the  top  of  the  bank 
may  be  inclined.  When  it  is  horizontal,  as 
shown  in  fig.  2,  the  angle  C  D  E  becomes  a 
ri  Jht  angle,  and  the  value  for  R  is  precisely  si- 
milar to  that  already  found  for  P  in  another 
part  of  our  article. 

Most  of  the  French  writers  on  this  subject 
have  adhered  to  the  theory  of  BeUdor  ;  and 
Rondelet,  in  his  well-known  treatise  "  rart  de 
batir,"  has  followed  the  same  line  of  reason- 
ing. It  is  nevertheless  indisputable  that  the 
result  of  his  theory  is  to  give  a  much  greater 
thickness  to  revetement  walls  than  is  required 
in  practice,  and  were  his  rules  strictly  followed 
in  modem  examples,  the  loss  of  material  and 
consequent  expenditure  would  be  something 
very  serious,  more  so  than  public  companies 
would  put  up  with  at  the  present  day  in  spite 
of  the  opinion  of  their  engineers  or  of  anyone 
else.  We  have  discussed  the  subjects  of 
counterforts  in  our  articles  upon  docks,  and 
would  only  remark  that  the  plan  of  building 
the  retaining  walls  along  the  Metropolitan 
Railway  is  worth  a  visit  from  anyone  who  de- 
sires to  witness  the  most  recent  mode  of  erect- 
ing these  structures. 


CONCERNING  DOORWAYS.* 

THE  French  language  contains  a  most  eiprea- 
sive  word  for  the  elevation  of  a  building.    I 
refer   to   the   term    facade,   whieh  is    doubelesg 
originally  derived  from  the  word   "  face,"  or  face. 
And  who  has  not  been  frequently  struck  with  the 
resemblance  of  the  front  of  a  building  to  a  face  ? 
This   idea  has  been  humorously  set  forth  by  the 
late  Thomas  Hood  in  one  of  the  illustrations  to 
"  Hood's  Own,"  where  the  windows  of  the  house 
form  the  eyea,  the  pigeon-boi  above  the  door  the 
noae,  and  the   doorway  the   mouth  of  the   coun- 
tenance.    But,   fancy"  apart,  there   is,  I  believe, 
much  truth  in  the  analogy  between  the  eyea  aod 
mouth  of  the  face  and  the  ■windows  and  doora  of 
the  fa9ade.      The  doorway  is  Uterally  and  tra^ 
the  mouth  of  the  atructure,  by  which   access  if 
gained  to  the  interior,   and   through   wnich  th» 
dwellers  within  make  their  exit.     It  may  be  con- 
sidered,  indeed,  aa   the   most  important  feature 
of  every  building,  being  that  which  presents  itaeif 
more  immediately  to  the  eye  than  any  other,  and 
therefore  entitled  to  the  greatest  care  and  atten- 
tion at  the  hands  of  the  architect.     To  show  the 
honour  in  which  the  door  was  held  among  the 
ancienta  we  may  mention  the  fact  that  they  had 
deities  who  took  charge  of  the  lintel,  hinges,  and 
other  parts  respectively  of  the  door.     When  the 
pontifei  dedicated  a  temple  he  grasped  the  door- 
post with  hia  hand.     The  ciUs  seem  to  have  been  »- 
particular  object  of  reverence,  and  werefrequen 
kissed   on   entering   or    departing.      Among  th» 
Greeka  it  was  not  unusual  to  have  a  sentence  in- 
scribed   upon  the  jamba  of  the  door,  or  on  the 
lintel,  deacribing  the  nature  of  the  building.    Tba 
Romana  warned  away  intruders  from  their  dwell- 
inga  by  the  figure  of  a  dog  worked  into  the  mo- 
saic pavement,  with  the  worda  '"  Cave  canem  "  juit 
beyond  the  threshold  of  the  door,  which  give  rise 
to  the  proverb,   "Ware  the  dog."     In  the  aame 
aituation,    or    on     the     cill      itself,      worda    of 
welcome  were  also   placed,  the  greeting  "  iahe" 
ha^vin<»   been   found  in  many   of   the  houses  at 
Pompeii. 

How  much  of  historical  interest  centres  aroi 
the   doorways  of  our  ancient  buildinga  ! 
tides  of  human  thought  and  feeling  have  ai 
through  them  generation  after  generation  :     Tl 
doors  which  one  day  have  been  thrown  open 
welcome  to  the  proud  monarch  who  came  in  bril*  jf 
liant  array  to  assume  the  crown  and  aceptre  of  the 
kingdom,  another  day  -jaher  in  a  train  of  mufflad 
moumera  bearing  hia  remains  to  the   grave  »p- 
pointed  for  all  hving,  while  the  solemn  dirge  Sorti , 
through  the  long  drawn  aisles — 

For  all  th.1t  beauty,  all  that  wailth  e'er  gave. 

Await  aliie  the  inevitable  hour  ; 

The  paths  of  glory  lead  bat  to  the  grave. 
♦  »»**• 

I.  As  to  the  position  of  the  doorixay. — This 
a  matter  which  depends  so  obviously  on  the  claa 
and  kind  of  building,  and  on  exigencies  of  pl»% 
that  little  need  be  said  about  it.  All  great  b'lild- 
mgs,  aa  temples,  palaces,  halls,  galleries,  museam^  _ 
courts  of  justice,  and  the  like,  demanding  generf^ 
synmietry  of  arrangement,  must  have  their  door- 
ways  in  the  centre  of  their  facades.  In  the 
Egyptian,  Greek,  and  Roman  temples,  in  the  cathe- 
dral and  abbey  churches  of  the  middle  ages,  and 
in  the  great  churches  of  modem  Chriatendom — «• 
St.  Peter's  at  Rome,  and  St.  Paul's,  London— in 
our  great  mvmicipal,  commercial,  and  other  halls— 
as  St.  George's  Hall,  Liverpool,  the  FitzwUliem 
Museum  at  Cambridge,  the  Town  HaUa  of  hita- 
pool,  Leeds,  and  other  places — where  else  but  in 
the  respective  fronts  could  the  doors  have  beet 
placed  without  wantonly  detracting  from  their 
grandeur,  a  quality  to  which  symmetry  or  uniior- 
mity  is  essential  ? 

In  minor  works,  where  the  purpose  of  the  bond- 
ing or  limiUtiona  of  site  break  in  upon  general 
uniformity,  the  door  may  be  placed  elsewhere,  and 
be  no  less  pleasing  and  expressive  than  :n  the 
centre.  Placed  at  the  end  of  a  front,  forinatanes, 
the  door  assumes  the  position  of  head  of  the  line 
of  groimd  storey  windows,  like  an  officer  at  the 
head  of  a  column,  or  the  capital  letter  to  a  sen- 
tence. There  seems  to  the  mind  a  natural  fitness 
in  this  place.  Indeed,  many  conjvmctures  or  cir- 
cimistancea  may  be  conceived  vmder  which  any 
other  arrangement  would  be  not  only  injuicwus 
but  absurd;  and  the  practice,  now  happily  not 
very  common,  of  forming  a  sham  doorcase  at  the 
other  end  of  the  elevation  to  balance  the  troe 
doorway,  is  one  which  is  too  ridiculous  for  gr»ve 

♦  Abridged  ftom  a  paper  read  before  the  ^T"^' 
Aichitectiiril  Society.  By  W.  H.  PiCTOS,  Esq.,  A.R.1."-*- 
March  20,  IS67. 


i- 


April  2(5,  1867. 


THE  BUlLDllNG  NEWS, 


287 


■ndemnation.  In  a  word,  I  should  say  that  the 
lor  ought  to  he  always  in  the  centre  of  the  faoade, 
:cept  whire  a  g^iod  reason,  arising  out  of  the 
itnre,  purpose,  or  internal  distribution  of  the 
lilding,  can  be  given  why  it  is  not. 
II.  As  io  con/lruHion. — In  early  classical  door- 
lys  the  jambs  are  very  simple,  of  square  seo- 
)U  forming  pilasters,  which  carried  the  cornice 
ove.  The  pilastJ-r  arrangement,  though  after- 
irds  much  modified  and  varied,  never  wholly 
rsook  the  classic  style  in  after  times.  The  first 
ange,  as  we  have  noticed  before  in  the  course  of 
is  paper,  was  the  introduction  of  the  architrave 
thin  the  pilasters,  which  in  some  buildings  were 
^nensed  with  altogether.  At  a  later  period, 
wever,  we  again  meet  with  the  pilasters,  placed 
w  within  the  architrave,  and  entirely  subordi- 
to  to  it,  supporting  the  lintel  of  the  fanlight. 
}  find  them  also  in  .au  attenuated  condition  in 
lian  and  other  buildings  of  the  revival,  in  which 
ax  they  are  still  largely  employed.  I  hav'e  col- 
'  ed  together  upon  one  sheet  a  number  of  archi- 

■ooulds,  t.ikeu  from  buildings  of  the  antique 

.  ind  also  from  those  of  the  revived  style, 
iieral  form  does  not  vary  much.  The  Flo- 
architects,  profitini;  most  probably  by  the 

.;■?  set  by  their  Gothic  predecessors,  added  a 
;  1  ^,ilay  to   their  doorway   jambs,  as  may  be 

iu  the  doors   of  tho   Strozzi  and   Uiccudi 

-.  The  early  Christian  builders  began  to 
lot  their  doors  in  a  similar  way  to  the  ancient 
■.vorkmau,  only  they  surmounted  the  pihvj 
'h  a  round  arch.  Such  a  door  as  tlie 
the  cithedral  of  Pisa  and  several  of 
mbard  doors  are  of  this  class.  As  the 
ige  architecture  progressed,  the  piliusters 
ing     from    the    face    of    the     wall    were 

.  ne<l,  and  the  jambs,  wliich  at  first  had 
bi  01  square  section,  became  wide  and  deep 
■I  ys  richly  raouldtd,  and  faced  with  ranks  of 
-  '!  ^h.afts.     The  splayed  jamb  was  imdoubtedly 

.  excellent  element  introduced  by  the  Gothic 
■ts  ;  for,  by  means  of  it,  the  striking  eft'ect 
i-p  reveal  was  obtained,  with  the  additional 
.i:;e  of  having  only  a  short  neck  to  the  open- 
The    same    end   has  been    reached  in  the 

,il  styles  by  the  employment  of  a  large  cove 
n  1  excellent  effect.  With  regard  to  the  shape 
ol  he  doorway  head,  I  think  that  in  the  case  of 
b  ?  openings  the  semicircular  arch  is  by  far  the 
giidest  and  most  efiective  covering.  In  small 
d'-s  the   pointed   arch   is   certainly    the    most 

■n\  and  elegant,  while  the  straight  lintel  is 

lUy  the  most  convenient.  The  custom- 
li  >■  door  at  Rouen,  the  doorway  in  the  flank  of 
F  ence  cathedral,  and  the  doorway  at  Rome  of 
K  -h  I  showed  you  a  sketch,  will  bear  testimony 

-e  opinions. 

.  .4s  to  dccorattoyi. — The  amount  of  decoration 
w.li  should  be  bestowed  upon  the  doorway  must 
di'ud,  of  course,  very  much  upon  the  nature  of 
ttbuiidiug  of  which  it  forms  a  part.  Some  con- 
w  ncy  should,  however,  be  observed  in  its  treat- 
Kl  in  this  respect.  In  a  richly  ornamented 
biliug  you  naturally  expect  to  find  the  richest 
pcion  of  the  decoration  in  the  doorway,  as  the 
m;  important  feature.  In  a  building  of  plain 
Jnsimple  character  a  highly  wrought  door  would 
bejanifestly  quite  out  of  character;  but  still 
«v  here  due  prominence  should,  I  think,  be  given 
to ,  as  far  as  the  means  at  disposal  will  permit. 
Ollie  former  class,  the  richly  decorated,  we  have 
»  markably  fine  example  in  the  doorway 
'in  the  Acropolis  at  Athens.  Although  ex- 
|»'.ngly  elaborate,  the  ornament  is  not  over- 
'lo ,  and  sufficient  room  is  left  for  contrast,  one 
■A  le  greatest  elements  of  beauty.  On  careful 
aiiinatiou  it  will  be  found  that  every syhere 
'Jiighout  the  whole  doorcase,  the  enriched 
im  dings  are  contrasted  with  plain  surfaces. 
Seining  with  the  cornice,  we  find,  first,  the  plain 
■111  of  the  cyma  ;  then  the  enriched  cyma  itself, 
Wi;  the  honeysuckle  ornament  in  low  relief,  in 
<*•  not  to  affect  the  contour  of  the  moulding ; 
i»Uth  another  fillet,  and  then  again  an  enriched 
"e»;  then  follows  the  broad  surface  of  the 
^^i»  resting  upon  a  bold  egg  and  dart  ornament 
ioebedmould.  The  same  judicious  treatment 
Umed  out  in  the  architrave.  First  is  an  en 
■ie  d  bead, then  a  narrow  fiilet,  followed  by  a  broad 
iMdiog  with  a  beautiful  leaf  enrichment,  then  a 
»'e*aarrow  fiilet,  just  sufficient  to  form  a  strongly 
'0«|ed  line,  followed  by  another  ornamental  bead ; 
the  come  two  plain  members  and  a  narrow  fillet, 
an(  hen  another  ornamental  bead,  like  a  distant 
^  of  the  former  one.  You  will  observe  also 
th*  Jie  ornamental  bead  under  the  bedmould  is 
ret  ned  and  carried  down  the  outer  edge  of  the 
IjU.  era.      To  unite  the  decoration  of  the  cornice 


■with  that  of  the  architrave,  and  the  inner  enriched 
bead  to  the  outer,  rosettes  are  introduced  at  inter- 
vals, which  give  tho  last  iinish  to  one  of  tho  most 
beautifid  works  of  antiquity.  In  the  doorway  at 
Bologna,  by  IVruzzi,  the  samo  well-balanced  ad- 
justment of  the  oruan\ent  is  observed.  The 
enricheil  mouldings  of  the  architrave  here  mark 
out  its  lines  iu  the  mast  efl'ective  manner.  Tlie 
consoles  are  also  well  worth  study  for  their  beauty 
of  decoration.  Tho  thoughtful  observance  of  the 
law  of  contrast  by  the  early  mediioval  biiilders 
renders  their  doorways  the  effective  features  which 
they  are.  The  door  of  Lincoln  Cathedral  is  one 
example.  The  arch  mouldings  are  altern.ately  en- 
riched and  plain.  There  is  also  a  gradation  observed 
hero  in  the  character  of  the  ornaiucuts,  those  on 
the  oater  edge  of  the  arch  and  furthest  from  the 
eye  being  bold  and  simple,  while  those  on  the  inner 
eilge  are  more  delicate  and  elaborate.  The  telling 
band  of  ornament  carried  round  the  outer  edge, 
resembling  consider.ably  a  Greek  fret,  is  a  fine 
contrast  in  its  rigid  lines  to  the  rounded  sweep  of 
tho  arch.  Unfortunately,  the  .architect  of  the 
ujiper  portion  of  the  bviilding  (not  having  appa- 
rently much  reverence  for  the  work  of  his  pro- 
genitors) has  ruthlessly  cut  away  a  part  of  this 
striking  feature.  I  have  spoken  in  a  former  part 
of  my  paper  of  the  gorgeous  adornment  of  later 
Gothic  doorw.ays.  The  most  effective  and  striking 
of  these  will,  on  examination,  be  found  to  be  those 
in  which  the  ornament  is  carefully  distributed,  and 
where  the  play  of  contrast  is  kept  up  throughout. 
IV.  As  to  expression. — This  is  tho  first  aud  great 
est  of  the  architectural  graces.  Wliat  thovigh  we 
build  the  strongest  and  most  commodio\is  struc- 
tures, though  we  form  thoir  walls  of  costly  marble 
and  enrich  them  with  the  most  elaborate  carving, 
though  we  fill  their  pediments  with  sculpture  ami 
crown  their  facades  with  groups  of  statuary, 
giving  them  every  imaginable  adornment,  if  they 
possess  not  the  element  of  expression  they  have 
no  life  in  them.  Like  the  covmtenance  of  mauy  a 
handsome  woman,  in  which  there  may  be  great 
regularity  of  profile,  much  beauty  of  complexion 
and  features  of  exquisite  contour,  but  which  lacks 
the  winning  smde  and  the  quick  expressive  glance 
of  the  eyes,  they  will  be  but 

Faultily  faJiltles.*,  icily  regular,  spleuiliiUy  uull. 
We  all  know  how  much  the  beauty  of  the  face 
depends  on  the  mouth,  which  is,  indeed,  to  some 
extent,  an  index  also  to  the  character.  In  scarcely 
a  less  degree  does  the  expression  of  a  building 
depend  upon  its  doorway.  Like  the  mouth,  it 
should  be  a  true  guide  to  the  character  of  the 
edifice.  In  the  Florentine  palaces  the  doorways 
have  nothing  princely  about  them,  nothing  to  lead 
the  traveller  to  think  that  he  is  about  to  enter  a 
palace ;  iu  short,  they  do  not  express  the  purpose 
of  the  building.  On  the  other  hand,  in  tho  Can. 
cellaria.  the  work  of  Bramante  at  Rome,  aud  in 
the  Farnese  Palace,  the  doors  are  noble  and  digni- 
fied openings,  tlanked  by  stately  pilasters,  with 
complete  entablature,  the  only  features  of  the 
kind  in  the  whole  length  of  the  facade,  on  that 
stage.  The  Gothic  church  doors  are  generally 
appropriate,  iu  dignity  and  grandeur,  to  then- 
sacred  purpose.  The  early  Renaissance  builders 
took  example  by  their  Gothic  predecessors,  their 
doors  being  made  prominent  and  of  becoming 
character.  It  is  much  to  be  deplored  that  the 
later  and  more  modern  architects  of  the  revival 
should  have  strayed  so  sadly  from  the  jiath  of  true 
expression.  We'  find  them  using  even  Pagan 
symbols  in  their  church  eutrance.s,  such  as  the 
skulls  of  oxen  and  sacrificial  implements,  thus 
putting  a  lie  into  the  mouth  of  their  temple  of 
truth.  In  all  our  buildings,  though  we  may  not 
attain  to  much  beauty,  we  may  at  least  have  what 
is  true ;  for  rest  assured,  without  it,  we  shall  attain 
to  no  real  success.  Let  our  civic  buildings,  then, 
have  noble  doorways,  wide  and  ample,  through 
which  the  surging  throng  of  business  men  may 
freely  pass,  impressed  with  the  fitness  and  appro- 
priateness of  their  details,  while  their  eyes  are 
feasted  with  the  graceful  forms  of  their  sculptured 
ornament.  In  our  "  church  of  the  future,"  let 
there  be  an  awe-inspiring  portal,  whose  deep  and 
grateful  shadow  shall  whisper  peace  to  our  weaned 
spirits,  and  make  us  feel  that  "  this  is  none  other 
but  the  house  of  God,  and  this  is  the  gate  of 
heaven."  In  our  dwellings  let  us  have  at  least  an 
.air  of  respectability  about  our  entrances,  a  cheer- 
ing welcome  aspect,  as  though  we  were  not  "  un- 
mindful to  entertain  strangers."  Let  there  be 
nothing  about  them  which,  as  we  approacli  the 
well-loved  threshold,  shall  mar  the  warm  feehng 
of  the  heart  that 

Be  it  ever  80  humble,  there's  no  place  like  home. 


THE  OLD  LANDMARKS. 
A  LAKGE  number  of  workmen  have  been 
i^  sot  to  work  for  the  removal  of  portions  of 
tho  extensive  aud  complicated  network  of  lanes, 
Qourts,  and  alleys,  covering  the  area  immediately 
t<i  the  east  of  Clement's  Inn,  for  the  purposes  of 
the  Xew  I\al,ace  of  Justice;  and  in  a  few  days  Old 
and  New  Boswell- courts,  Clcment's-l.ano,  .and  tho 
adjoining  places,  will  .all  be  gone.  In  Old  Boa- 
well-court  the  Po.^t-QiKco  Viiwtmj  has  hitherto 
been  publishe.l.  In  Clcment's-lane,  which  was 
attacked  on  Wednesday  morning,  stand  some  old 
houses,  one  of  which  is  remarkable  aa  the  scene  of 
one  of  those  royal  intrigues  and  misdeeds  which 
figure  in  the  Jlfcmoi'rs  jiour  Sen'ir  of  Charles  11. 
and  his  Court.  As  soon  as  this  portion  of  the 
site  of  the  new  law  courts  is  cleared,  the  build- 
ings lying  to  tho  west  of  Bell  yard  will  bo  at- 
tacked, and  in  a  few  weeks  there  will  be  a  vast 
open  space,  bounded  by  Temple-bar  on  the  east, 
Clement's  Inn  on  the  west,  Lincoln's  Inn  on  the 
north,  and  the  Strand  on  the  south.  When  the 
works  for  the  now  buildings  to  be  erected  upon  it 
will  be  commenced,  i*.  of  course,  another  ques- 
tion.— The  b\iilding3  heretofore  occupied  as  tho 
Admiralty  and  Ecclesiastical  Courts  and  the  Wills 
and  Prob.ate  Oflices  are  fast  disappearing  from  Doc- 
tor's Commons,  St.  Paul's  Churchyard.  Nothing 
now  remains  of  them  except  portions  of  the 
outer  wall.'!,  wliioh  will  soon  be  levelled  with  the 
ground  for  the  extension  of  Xew  Earl  street,  the 
.section  of  which  nearest  Cannon-street  has  beer- 
completed  some  time.  This  iu>w  street,  as  we 
have  previously  stated,  is  intended  to  run  in  a 
north-easterly  direction  from  tho  raihv.ay  bridge 
of  the  London,  Chatham,  and  Dover  line  which 
crosses  Earl-street,  Blackfiiars,  passing  on  the 
south  side  of  St.  Ann's  Church  into  Doctor's  Com- 
mons, thence  crossing  several  narrow  streets,  will 
form  a  junction  with  the  fini-shed  portion  of  New 
Earl-street,  near  Cannon -street  and  Bow- lane. 
It  is  the  intention  of  the  Corporation  to  com- , 
plete  this  very  desirable  and  important  communi- 
cation between  Blackfriarsl  ridge  and  the  Man- 
sion-house  with  as  little  delay  as  possible. 


BATTERSEA  PARK. 

niHAT  the  art  of  landscape  gardening  and 
J  the  pictorial  treatment  of  grounds  has 
derived  an  impetus  from  the  recent  institu- 
tion of  several  public  parks  for  the  wholesome  re- 
creatiou  and  enjoyment  of  the  people,  is  a  fact 
th.at  few  who  are  accpiainted  with  the  subject  will 
be  inclined  to  dispute.  The  park  now  imder  con- 
sideration is  a  most  successful  example.  It  has 
within  perhaps  a  dozen  years  been  converted  from 
a  low,  niorasslike  tract,  over  whose  surface  the 
river  anciently  flowed,  into  a  scene  of  varied  and 
enchantingbeauty,  not  so  much  known  or  resorted 
to  by  people  of  reputed  taste  as  its  intrinsic 
merits  would  w.ari-aut,  though  often  thronged  by 
the  classes  for  whose  advantage  it  was  more 
directly  intended.  Yet  the  equestrian  will  find 
long  lines  of  soft  roads  appropriated  to  his  morn- 
ing" canter,  while  others,  of  the  most  compact 
macadam,  are  open  for  vehicles ;  so  that  whether 
in  the  saddle  or  the  carriage  most  agreeable  routes 
are  at  command.  The  day  will  come,  no  dou'ot, 
when  these  delightful  ways  will  be  more  con- 
stantly traversed  than  at  present— when  they  will 
share  and  vary  the  .attention  now  so  exclusively 
directed  to  Hvde  Park ;  but  let  the  countenance 
of  fashion  corne  when  it  may,  the  favour  of  the 
people  seems  to  have  been  extensively  secured. 
The  pedestrian  finds  new  but  agreeable  avenues 
margined  by  rich  belts  of  ornamental  shrubs,  that 
rise  as  sheltering  backgrcxuids  to  more  fragde 
herbacious  subjects  of  the  floral  kingdom.  There 
are  the  plantation,  the  pleasure  ground,  and  the 
parterre,  by  turns ;  but  the  grand  botanical  treat 
to  summer  visitors  is  the  sub-tropical  garden, 
where  many  interesting  varieties  of  choice  exotica 
are  brought  under  general  observation.  Not  only 
has  the  surface  of  the  park  been  raised  but  it  has 
been  moulded  into  a  most  agreeable  diversity  cf 
level ;  and  that  in  a  strictly  natural  and  art  c<in- 
ceahng  wav,  hiding  or  revealing  distant  objects 
according  "to  the  discretion  of  the  eye  or  tie 
canons  of  taste.  At  one  moment  the  visitor  passes 
the  base  of  a  wooded  eminence,  at  another  he 
perceives  the  denuded  strata  of  a  craggy  peak,  or 
he  follows  the  not  fiat  but  sinuous  borders  of  no 
mean,  although  uncertain,  expanse  of  water, 
denizened  by  an  eclectic  ornithology  and  en- 
livened by  the  swift  movements  of  skifls  and 
wherries.  From  such  a  scene  he  turns  upon 
[the  tT-ass    award    overspread    witli    iunumerable 


288 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


April  26,  1867. 


cricketers;  elsewhere  he  admires  the  supple  feats 
of  gymnastic  amateurs,  or  the  precise  evolutions 
of  volunteer  exercise.  In  all  this  the  observei" 
finds  much  to  rejoice  at,  and  nothing  of  which  any 
reasonable  being  could  complain.  But  while  thus 
satisfied  with  what  has  been  done  it  may  be  allow- 
able to  offer  a  suggesticm  upon  a  feature  now  in 
course  of  treatment,  and  that  feature  is  no  less 
important  than  the  bank  of  the  river  Thames. 
Those  accustomed  to  the  locality  will  know  that 
during  several  years  the  form.ation  of  a  river  wall 
with  blocks  of  concrete  was  pursued.  The  present 
state  of  the  implements  or  plant  used  in  those 
operations  would  seem  to  proclaim  an  abrupt  ces 
sation,  but  from  whatever  cause  this  may  have 
arisen  the  result  of  the  work  is  a  nearly  perfect 
barrier  to  the  tide  up  to  high-water  level  or  some- 
what above,  but  the  casing  has  never  been 
crowned  with  any  marked  top  or  capping.  From 
the  upper  line  of  this  casing  the  ground  slopes  at 
an  angle  of  about  45  deg.  till  the  park  level  is 
reached,  and  this  would  not  perhaps  be  an  al- 
together undesirable  form  for  the  permanent 
work,  but  at  the  top  of  the  slope  there  should  be 
a  breast  wall  or  parapet  about  3ft.  high  ;  though 
the  shape  of  the  embankment  is  immaterial,  the 
object  thought  desirable  is  this.  The  embank- 
ment extends  along  the  whole  northern  boundary 
of  the  park,  from  Chelsea  Suspension  Bridge,  at 
the  east,  to  the  Albert  Tavern,  at  the  west,  and 
will  be  perfectly  level.  The  opportunity  for  an 
esplanade,  say  30ft.  wide,  and  possibly  a  mile  long, 
could  not  be  better.  The  handsome  appearance 
of  the  river  at  this  part,  the  consequence  of  the 
bridges  above  and  below,  the  grounds  of  the 
Hospital,  and  the  "  Physio  Gardens"  opposite, 
together  with  the  projected  embankment  there, 
will  give  much  dignity  to  the  Middlesex  shore. 
Between  the  esplanade  and  the  ride  i  here  might 
be  a  plantation  of  the  kind  now  being  formed ; 
but  with  a  definite  line  of  trees  at  the  prescribed 
distance  from  the  parapet.  A  decided  rigid  Hue 
would  accord  with  the  masonry  and  impart  a 
grandeur  to  the  terrace  walk  which  seems  so 
natural,  so  desirable,  and  for  which  there  are  such 
unexampled  facilities. 


THE    BIRMINGHAM  BUILDING  TRADE. 

IT  is  well  known  that  disputes  have  agitated 
the  building  trades  of  Birmingham  to  a  con- 
siderable extent,  and  that  much  loss  and  irritation 
have  been  the  result.  For  some  months  past 
earnest  efforts  have  been  made  both  on  the  part  of 
masters  and  men  to  establish  a  more  satisfactory 
basis  of  action  in  future.  The  following  code  of 
rules  which  have  recently  been  agreed  upon  in 
arbitration  between  the  employers  and  the  car- 
penters and  joiners  exhibit  a  spirit  of  mutual  con- 
cession, and  are,  therefore,  likely  to  endure,  for 
some  time  at  all  events  ;  as  the  rules  are  the  result 
of  much  anxious  thought,  we  trust  that  no  small 
matter  from  either  side  will  be  allowed  to  disturb 
them.  If  matters  can  be  so  mutually  arranged  at 
Birmingham,  we  see  no  reason  why  masters  and 
men  cannot  effect  a  simiLar  agreement  else- 
where : — 

1.  Hours  of  Work.— The  ordinary  hours  of  work  shaU 
be  from  6  am.  to  5-30  p.m.  on  each  of  the  first  five  work- 
ing days  in  the  week,  with  one  hour  ami  a  half  per  d.iy 
allowed  for  me.als  ;  and  on  Saturdays  from  6  a  m.  to  1 
p.  m  ,  with  half  an  hour  allowed  for  breakfast.  But  dur- 
ing all  weeks  before  and  six  weeks  after  Christmas  Day, 
where  artificial  light  is  not  furnished,  thj  ordinary  hours 
of  work  shall  be  from  7  a.m.  to  5  p  m.  on  each  of  the  first 
five  working  days  of  the  week,  with  one  hour  per  day 
allowed  lor  meals  :  and  from  7  am.  to  1  p.m.  on  Satur- 
days, with  half  an  hour  allowed  for  breakl.ist  :  and  out- 
door workmen  to  be  paid  the  same  as  if  working  in  the 
shop. 

2.  Rate  of  Wages— The  ordinary  rate  of  wages  for 
skilled  operatives  of  the  various  branches  to  be  ejd.  per 
hour.  Superior  and  inferior  workmen  to  bo  rated  by  the 
foreman. 

3.  Overtime— All  overtime  m,ade  at  the  request  of  the 
employer,  between  7  p.m.  and  0  a.m.,  on  the  first  five 
working  days,  and  after  1  p.m.  on  Saturdays,  to  be  paid 
time  and  a  half.     Sundays — double  time. 

4.  Pavtime.— .4.11  employers  shall  commence  paving 
wages  either  on  the  works  or  at  the  office,  not  later  than 
ten  mmutes  past  one  o'clock  on  Saturday  in  every  week. 

0.  Distance. —If  the  distance  of  the  work  be  not  more 
than  two  mUes  from  Stephenson-pjace,  the  men  shall  w,»lk 
in  their  own  time  If  more  than  two  miles,  then  walkin» 
time  shall  be  allowed  at  the  rate  of  three  miles  per  houj 
beyond  the  first  mile  and  a  half  But  the  men  shall  walk 
back  m  their  own  time,  except  on  Saturdavs,  when  the 
wages  are  not  paid  on  the  place  of  worn.  Lod»in"sand 
railway  fares  for  all  men  sent  from  the  town  to  a  country 
job  to  be  paid  by  the  employer  and  subject  to  sp  -cial 
arrangement  between  employer  and  workmen  and  for  all 
works  more  than  fjur  miles  from  Stephenson-pla  e  This 
rule  shall  not  apply  to  men  set  on  at  the  job,  and  who  may 
reside  within  two  miles  of  such  job. 

6.  Notice.— Two  and  a  half  hours'  notice  shall  be  given 
by  the  employer  or  workman  of  any  intention  to  put  an 
end  to    th»  service,  and  in  default  thereof,  either  party 


shall  forfeit  and  pay  to  the  other  two  and  a  half  hours' 
wages.  Such  notice  shall  be  given  so  as  to  expire  at  the 
termination  of  the  day's  work  in  all  cases. 

7.  Authority  of  Employers. — Each  employer  shall 
have  power  to  conduct  his  own  business  in  any  way  he 
may  think  advantageous  in  the  matter  of  letting  piece 
work,  in  taking  .apprentices,  in  using  machinery  and  im- 
plements, and  in  all  details  of  management  not  infringing 
^he  individual  liberty  of  the  workman. 

8.  Alteration  of  Rules. — No  alteration  is  to  be  made 
by  either  employers  or  workmen  in  any  of  the  foregoing 
rules,  or  in  the  existing  rate  of  wages,  without  giving  to 
the  other  a  notice  in  writing.  Such  notice  shall  be  given 
on  or  before  the  ]6th  d.ay  of  December  in  the  year,  and 
state  the  full  particulars  of  the  proposed  alterations,  and 
the  party  receiving  such  notice  shall  reply  to  it.  either  by 
giving  .a  counter  notice  or  otherwise,  on  or  before  the  1st 
day  of  January  ensuing,  afterwliich,  if  necessary,  a  council 
(composed  of  six  employers  and  six  workmen  of  that 
branch  of  the  trade  reriuinng  the  alteration  ;  or  if  a  general 
alteration  affecting  the  whole  of  the  trade,  of  one  member 
from  each  branch,  or  otherwise,  so  as  to  have  an  e(j  iial 
number  of  employers  and  workmen)  shall  be  arranged 
and  shall  meet  on  or  before  the  1st  of  March  ensuing,  to 
consider  such  proposed  alteration,  which,  if  agreed  to, 
shall  come  into  operation  on  the  1st  of  May  following. 

0-  Court  of  Arbitration. — If  the  members  forming 
the  council  cannot  agree  upon  any  of  the  proposed  altera- 
tions or  matters  referred  to  them,  they  shall  appoint  an 
umpire  to  arbitrate  between  them,  whose  decision  shall 
be  final  and  binding  on  all  parties  ;  such  court  of  arbitra- 
tion shall  be  held,  and  conclude  its  sittings,  so  th.at  any 
alteration  decided  on  shall  come  into  force  on  the  1st  day 
of  May  following. 

10.  Publication  of  Rules.— These  rules  sball  be 
printed  and  posted  up  in  some  conspicuous  place  in  each 
of  the  employers'  workshops  in  Birmingham  and  its  neigh- 
bourhood, and  a  printed  copy  of  these  rules  shall  be  taken 
as  evidence  of  the  contract  and  submission  to  conference  or 
arbitration  between  any  employer  and  any  workman  in 
any  proceeding  to  enforce  any  award  made  under  these 
rules. 

Thomas  Lloyd,  Chairman. 
Masters.  Workmen, 

-E,  W,  Barnslev,  Jame.s  Lewis, 

C,  Jones,  William  D.ivis, 

John  Cresswell,  George  Edge, 

W.  .and  T,  Webb,  James  Thorneloe, 

Joseph  Hardwick,  .Iohn  Michael. 

Joseph  Jeffrey,  John  Price, 


ARCHITECTURAL    SOCIETIES. 

THE  fortnightly  meeting  of  the  Liverpool  Ar- 
chitectural and  Archfeological  Society  was 
held  last  week,  Mr.  T.  J.  Kilpin,  president,  in  the 
chair.  The  Secretary  read  a  report  by  the  coun- 
cil upon  a  communication  from  the  Master  Build- 
ers' Association,  embodying  their  views  on  the 
form  of  contract  suggested  by  Mr.  Plevins,  of  Bir- 
mingham. On  the  motion  of  Mr.  Boult,  seconded 
by  Mr,  J,  A.  Picton,  the  consideration  of  the  re- 
port was  postponed,  and  it  was  referred  to  the 
council  to  appoint  four  gentlemen  to  confer  with 
four  gentlemen  to  be  appointed  by  the  Master 
Builders'  Association,  on  the  subject  of  their  com- 
munication, — The  Secretary  announced  that  the 
council  had  received  four  designs  for  the  fourth 
students'  competition,  and  had  awarded  three 
marks  to  the  one  signed  "  Vale,"  and  one  mark  to 
that  distinguished  by  an  anchor  within  a  circle' 
It  appeared  that  in  the  four  competitions,  Mr, 
Deacon  had  obtained  seven  marks,  Mr,  Metcalf 
four,  Mr,  Haworth  three,  and  Mr  Evans  two. 
Mr,  Deacon  therefore  had  gained  the  first  prize, 
and  Mr,  Metcalf  the  second,— Mr,  J,  A.  Picton 
offered  a  prize  of  two  guineas  for  the  best  collec- 
tion of  sketches  made  during  the  recess. — Mr.  Gale 
stated  that,  in  digging  the  foundations  for  new 
buildings  about  to  be  erected  on  the  north  side  of 
Lord-street,  the  excavators  had  rather  unex- 
pectedly come  upon  an  immense  oak  tree,  which, 
he  said,  had  either  fallen  or  been  blown  down 
where  it  lay,  or  had  floated  there.  It  was  at  a 
depth  of  10ft,  from  the  pavement.  It  was  from 
3ft.  to  4ft.  in  diameter  and  was  very  hard.  It 
had  not  beeu  bared  its  entire  length.  Near  the 
portion  which  had  been  bared  were  the  roots  ap- 
parently of  another  tree.  In  one  corner  of  the 
excavations  the  remains  of  a  bog,  probably  formed 
by  the  decaying  foliage  of  the  trees,  had  been 
found.  The  deposit  was  covered  with  a  blackish 
clay.  Not  far  from  it  were  some  sand  and  a  good 
deal  of  water,  and  below  it — some  16ft.  below  the 
pavement — was  a  gravel  and  shingle  beach.  Mr. 
Gale  exhibited  a  specimen  of  the  oak,  and  a  por- 
tion of  the  boggy  deposit  — Mr.  Audsley  then 
read  the  paper  for  the  evening,  entitled  "  Notes  on 
French  Architecture,  with  illustrations." 


T 


WORKMEN'S    DWELLINGS. 

DESIGN     TO     CONTAIN     120     TENEMENTS. 

HERE  can  be  no  question  that  our  artisans 
—  are  badly  lodged  compared  with  the  amount 
they  pay  in  rent,  and  it  requires  no  further  proof 
that  if  a  man  is  to  spend  his  leisure  hours  with 
his  family  he  must  have  not  only  space  for  mere 
existence,  but  well-built  walls  to  keep  out  the  heat 
of  summer  and  the  cold  of  winter,  good  light,  and 


careful  ventilation  and  drainage.  Show  him  that 
he  can  obtain  this  without  paying  more  than  he 
now  does  for  the  miserable  suburban  cottages  or 
reeking  town  barracks,  and  his  good  common 
sense  will  soon  cause  him  to  take  the  opportunities 
that  may  offer  to  enable  himself  and  family  to  live 
in  something  like  comfort.  The  author  of  this 
design  does  not  claim  for  it  that  it  is  perfect  in 
any  way  (indeed,  several  valuable  suggestions  have 
been  made  to  him  since  it  has  been  in  print 
which  might  improve  it  much)  ;  but  he  merely 
offers  it  as  a  suggestion  that  by  grouping  together 
three  or  four  classes  of  accommodation,  from  one 
to  five  rooms  in  each  class,  various  wants  of 
different-sized  families  might  be  accommodated; 
and  as  in  these  days  of  professional  philanthropy 
it  is  usual  to  prove  that  good  deeds  pay  in  this 
world  as  well  as  the  next,  a  statement  showing 
the  estimated  outlay  and  income  is  appended,  by 
which  it  appears  that  at  least  6|  per  cent,  per  annum 
m.ay  be  returned  without  counting  any  profits  upon 
the  baths  and  washhouses.  The  profits  of  the  co- 
operative store  would,  of  course,  be  divided  among 
such  of  the  tenants  as  chose  to  join  the  scheme, 

ESTIMATE, 

ACCOMMOD.^TION,      <tc, 

8  Ist  class,  83,  per  week,  £'20  I63,  per  annum  =  £16IJ    8s. 
32  2nd     „     6s.         „  £15  12a.  „  =  £4S9    4a. 

44  3rd      „      58.        „  £13    Os.  „  =  £572    Ol 

36  4th      „      3s.         „  £7  16s.  „  =  £280  I61. 

Total  income  from  rent  £1,51S    8g. 

Total  rent  £1,518    8«, 

Deduct  25  percent,  for  expenses  ,,.    £379    Os. 
Ground  rent  £80    Os, 

£459    da. 

Nett  income  £1,059 

Total  cost  of  erection  £17,244    ^ 

Return  in  average  income,  £1,059,  being  about  ti\  per  ceni. 
on  outlay  ;  add  1 1  per  cent,  for  profit  on  baths  and  wash, 
houses,  when  nett  profit  will  be  7|  percent,  on  outlay, 

T,'R. 


'      ASPHALTED   PLATFORMS. 

ON  the  western  side  of  the  new  Railway  Station 
at  Broad-street  some  very  extensive  and 
important  works  are  now  in  progress.  A  monster 
goods  station  is  slowly  developing  itself  from  a 
vast  chaos  of  bricks,  stone,  iron,  and  timber. 
Everything  is  on  so  gigantic  a  scale  that  the 
visitor  might  almost  fancy  himself  suddenly 
dropped  into  some  strange  region  inhabited  by  in- 
dustrious Cyclops.  Huge  columns  of  iron  ttand 
like  giant  sentinels  in  stately  rows,  and  ponderous 
girders  lie  prostrate  on  the  ground,  and  seem  to 
defy  all  the  efforts  of  mechanical  science  to  raise 
them.  Several  of  these  enormous  girders,  how- 
ever, are  already  lodged  on  their  lofty  resting- 
jilaces.  A  long  series  of  splendid  arches,  each  oa^! 
of  which  would  make  a  1  .rge  railway  station,  pre- 
sents to  the  eye  a  marvellous  effect  of  perspective, 
and  affords  a  multitude  of  platforms  for  the  rapid 
loading  and  unloading  of  merchandise.  These 
jilatforms  are  now  nearly  finished,  and,  like  ever^ 
thing  around  them,  they  are  wondrous  both  in 
their  magnitude  and  in  their  construction.  Their 
surfaces  are  as  smooth  as  marble  and  as  hard  an 
granite,  being  covered  with  Pyrimont  Seyssell 
Asphalte,  laid  on  a  bed  of  carefully  levelled  con- 
crete. They  are  in  every  way  similar  to,  and  for 
the  same  duty  as,  those  that  have  been  in  constant 
use  for  many  years  at  the  Great  Northern  and 
North-Western  depots  for  goods  at  King's  Cross 
and  Camden  Town.  The  adoption  of  asphalte  at 
all  these  places  arose  from  its  use  at  Messrs.  Pick- 
ford  and  Co.'s  depot.  Wood-street,  at  the  time 
it  was  erected  in  1843.  The  whole  of  these  worlu 
have  been  confided  for  execution  to  Mr.  Jay,  rail- 
way contractor. 


The  hotel  companies  which  promised  such  lafge 
dividends  to  their  proprietors  are  generally  turn- 
ing out  a  bad  speculation.  At  the  last  sale  by 
auction  of  the  London  Stock  and  .Sh.are  Company, 
at  the  Baltic  Sale-rooms,  Threadneedle-street,  the 
following  were  some  of  the  prices  realised  :— 
Shares  in  the  Alexandra  Hotel  Company,  iu  which 
£10  each  had  been  paid,  sold  for  £4  43.  per  share; 
shares  in  the  Freemasons'  Tavern  Company, 
on  which  £5  each  had  been  paid,  sold  for  Ss.  per 
share;  shares  in  the  Gro^venor  Hotel  Company,  on 
which  £10  each  had  been  paid,  sold  for  £2  lOs. 
per  share  ;  shares  in  the  Internatioual  Hotel 
Company,  on  which  £5  each  had  beeu  paid,  sold 
for  10s,  6d.  per  share;  shares  in  the  Langham 
Hotel  Company,  on  which  £10  each  had  been  t 
paid,  sold  for  £3  5s.  per  share  ;  and  shares  in  the 
Star  and  Garter  Hotel  Company,  on  which  £1" 
each  had  been  paid,  sold  for  £2  lOs.  per  share, 


J 


ft-inted  Isy  V/li;temoii&  Baa: 


(     CONTAIN       120      TENEMENTS. 


StrpU-  UvA 
Basaitml  Floor  Toider  tht^  tStconcb  (Zass 
Tbvonoxls    to  he  ibObtd.  op  aJ  Washhxmst^ 


SECTION 


iteEuiiiuiE  News  ApnJZ6*lS67 


April  26,  1S67. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


293 


SLATES. 

THE  number  of  slates  annually  quarried  in 
the  British  empire  is  rapidly  on  the  in- 
irease.  The  slate  trade  is  well  known  to  be  a 
profitable  one  ;  and  hence,  whenever  a  new 
juarry  is  found,  or  an  old  one  re-worked,  com- 
;)anies  will  be  organised  and  fair  promises 
nade  of  a  large  percentage  of  profits.  Like 
vU  undertakings  of  this  description,  they  are 
subject  to  failure  and  disappointment.  In 
;ome  cases  the  slates  do  not  turn  out  so  well 
IS  was  anticipated  ;  in  others,  the  demand  does 
lot  prove  to  be  .''o  great  as  was  asserted,  and 
lence  shareholders  have  had  to  submit  to  loss. 
.t  must  be  confessed,  however,  that  as  a  rule, 
peculation  in  a  good  slate  (piarry  is  attended 
rith  but  little  risk,  since  the  demand  for  slates 

>  ontinues  to  increase,  and  our  e.xport  trade  is 
•  lourishing.     But  good  slates  are  the  exception, 

lot  the  rule  ;  and,  unless  the  transport  be  easy, 

re   not   likely   to   be   quarried   with   profit. 

■.   Generally,"  observed   Professor  Austed,  in 

>  ne  of  his  Cantor  Lectures  at  the  Society  of 
urts,  "good  slates  are  obtained  only  fromcer- 

y  lin  veins  or  limited  bands  of  rock. "  These  are 
f  comparatively  small  dimensions,  and  occur 
I  the  midst  of  a  considerable  mass  of  schistose 
.^  )ck  and  of  other  slates,  too  much  broken  or 
,  )0  badly  cleaved  to  be  of  use."  It  is  not  be- 
(,  eved  to  be  absolutely  necessary  that  slates 
i.  lould  be  quarried  from  rocks  of  ancient  geo- 
c  igical  date,  for  they  have  been  found  in 
i,  ;condary  rocks. 

I  Roofing    slates    are    ot    three    kinds— the 

i  /'elsh,  or  dark-coloured  slate,  which  is  largely 

jed,  and  for  which  there  has   been  of  late 

jan  a^  very  extensive  trade ;  the  Cumberland 

id  AVestmoreland  slate,  some  of  which  are 

■TV  beautiful   but  rather  costly,  of  a  light 

ue  colour  ;  and  the  sandstone  slate,  which  is 

■uerally   of    a  greyish   colour.     This  latter 

ue,  from  its  heaviness,  is  found  to  be  of  the 

.'atest  use  for   farm-houses  and   out-offices. 

lie  most  magnificent  slate  quarries  and  the 

^t  slates  are  to  be  found  in  Bangor,  North 

ales,   and  Kendal,  Westmoreland.     These 

tter  slates  are  thick  and  heavv,  but  do  not 

nerally  run  so  large  as  the  Welsh  rag.    Some 

le  slate  is  procurexl  from  the  mines  of  Dela- 

'le,  in  St.  Teath,   Cornwall,   about   twelve 

iles  from  Bodmin.     These   mines  are  very 

tensive,   and  have  been  worked  for  many 

ars.      Tons  of  slate  are  annually  sent  from 

re  to  France  and  other  countries  from  the 

rt-i  in  the  neighbourhood.     In   1842,  about 

:i  hundred  persons  were  employed  in  the 

■■:  quarries  in  this  place,  one-tenth  of  whom, 

-the-bye,  were  women,  who earned6s.  a- week, 

ule   their  husbands  earned  on  an  average 

s.      From  a  description  of   these  works, 

itten  in  the  same  year,  we  learn  that  "  the 

•imen  wear  over  their  other  dress  a  common 

••ggoner's  frock,  to  protect  it  from  the  dust  of 

I :  slate."     "  Nearly  the  whole  of  the  employ- 

I'Qt  is   piecework,   called   tut.      There   are 

;t   twenty^  departments,  the  principle  of 

;on  of  labour   being   fully   acted   upon. 

e  people  are  paid  once  a  month  only,  the 

tie  required  for  measuring  piecework  not 

irmitting,   it  is    said,   more  frequent  pay- 

Jinte."      Now,  however,  we  find,  so  greatly 

'i  the  demand  increased,  that  one  thousand 

"in  are  employed  in   quarrying;    and  that 

'lusands    of   tons    of    Delabole    slate    are 

♦anally  sold.     The  export  trade  is  remark- 

*y  good,  it^being  carried   on   chiefly  with 

J<"inouth,  Wales,  London,  and  France;   and 

y  goods  are  shipped  at  Port  Isaac  and  Port 

Jyem.in  Endellion.      The  stones  raised  are 

Ueved  to   be  the  largest  ever  known,  and 

^■7  are  of  a  beautiful  dark  blue  colour. 

■  enrhyn  slates  are  well  known.  The  great 
HiiTj  at  Penrhyn,  which  is  worked  in  twelve 
gleries,  one  over  another,  has  been  opened 
I  rly  a  century.  The  works  are  very  exten- 
•  The  galleries  or  terraces  are"  in  the 
I'e  of  a  horseshoe  ;  the  highest  is  500ft. 
»i  ye  the  lowest,  while  each  is  40ft.  above  the 
01  below.  The  poorest  slates  are  obtained 
i?a  the  terraces  nearest  the  top.  Excellent 
«•  es  are  found  in  some  parts  of  Scotland.  The 


Ballahulish  are  especially  good,  and  the  opera- 
tions are  carried  on  there  on  a  very  extensive 
scale.  We  do  not  know  what  is  the  annual 
produce  of  slates  from  the  Ballahulish  quar- 
ries, Ijut  some  years  ago  it  amounteil  to  six  or 
seven  millions,  weighing  ten  thousand  tons, 
— a  large  quantity,  wliiidi  it  is  said  involved 
tlie  removal  of  at  least  sixty  thousand  tons  of 
rubbish  that  resulted  from  the  workings.  Suc- 
cessfully-worked slate  (juarries  are  to  be  found 
in  Luss,  Camstradden,  and  Roseneath  in  Dum- 
barton, and  Bimani,  in  Perthshire. 

The  activity  of  the  Welsh  slate  trade 
during  the  past  few  years  has  been  extraordi- 
nary. Three  years  ago  there  was  so  great  a 
demand  for  these  slates  that  orders  had  to  re- 
main on  hand  for  six  months,  and  double  the 
number  of  men  had  to  be  employed.  Since 
then  numbers  of  companies,  formed  on  the 
limited  liability  principle,  have  been  organised 
for  opening  new  ground  or  extending  old 
ipiarries ;  and  the  consequence  is  that  the 
Welsh  trade  is  at  the  present  time  in  a  mar- 
vellously flourishing  condition.  In  Wales, 
the  slate  quarries  are  mostly  among  the 
mountains.  Welsh  slate  is  more  readily  ob- 
tained in  the  south  of  England,  and  is  better 
liked  for  roofing  purposes  than  the  blue  or 
Cumberland  description  ;  besides  being  finer 
in  grain  it  is  somewhat  stronger  than  blue 
slates.  Over  three  thousand  persons  are  em- 
ployed in  the  slate  quarries  of  Festiniog,  in 
Jlerionethshire,  which  were  partly  owned  by 
the  late  Lord  Palmerston,  The  slate  procured 
from  Cooris,  in  the  same  county,  is  of  a  deep 
blue  colour,  and  is  much  appreciated  for  roof- 
ing purposes  and  the  manufacture  of  enamelled 
articles. 

Irish  slates  have  been  in  great  request  of 
late  years,  and  great  difficulty  has  been  ex- 
perienced in  obtaining  them,  in  consequence  of 
the  existing  quarries  being  inadequate  to  meet 
the  demand.  Slates  from  the  Valentia  quar- 
ries, in  Kerry,  have  been  used  for  the 
Charing  Cross,  Blackfriars,  and  Waterloo 
Stations,  and  also  for  other  railway  stations  in 
various  parts  of  England.  These  quarries  are 
being  largely  worked.  They  are  situated  upon 
the  side  of  a  mountain,  and  are  42i)ft.  above 
the  sea  level.  It  appears  that  the  amount  of 
waste  occasioned  by  blasting  is  avoided  by 
severing  the  slates 'by  means  of  wedging,  the 
waste  being  used  up  for  roofing  slates  in  the 
locality. 

The  bluish  grey  coloured  slates,  which  break 
before  the  zax,  or  large  knife,  like  well-burnt 
pottery,  and  that  give  a  uniform  ring  on  being 
struck,  are  undoubtedly  the  best.  Blackish 
or  dark  blue  slate,  though  cutting  freely,  ab- 
sorbs moisture  and  decays  rapidly,  while 
whitish  or  light  grey  slate  is  generally  stony. 
Professor  Ansted  says  that  in  the  better  quali- 
ties of  slates  there  is  little  or  no  pyrites,  and 
the  veins  and  joints  are  so  arranged  as  to  assist 
in  the  working.  They  are  generally  obtained 
from  some  depth  within  the  quarry,  and  more 
from  valleys  than  from  hills.  "  The  exposed 
and  weathered  slates  are  more  brittle  and 
harder,  and  seem  in  some  cases  to  have  lost 
much  of  their  fissile  properties."  When  placed 
horizontally,  slate  does  not  exhibit  much  in- 
jury from  weathering,  but  if  it  be  exposed  to 
incessant  foot-wear  it  becomes  worked  up 
again  into  its  original  mud. 

Slates  are  known  by  certain  names,  to 
distinguish  their  sizes.  "  Ladies  "  measure 
15in.  by  8in.  ;  "  countesses,"  20in.  by 
lOin.  ;  "  duchesses,"  24in.  by  12in. ;  and 
"queens,"  36in.  by  24in.  There  is  a  slate 
known  as  Welsh  rag  that  equals  the 
"  qupen "  in  surface,  but  is  much  tlucker 
than  the  ordinary  descriptions.  A  so-called 
"  double  "  alate  is  smaller  than  the  "lady,"  and 
is  cut  from  the  refuse  of  large  scantlings  ;  it 
is  about  12in.  by  Cin.  "  It  is  not  easy,"  re- 
marks the  well-known  geologist  whose  name 
we  have  before  mentioned,  "to  judge  with 
certainty  of  the  condition  of  a  vein  of  slate 
from  its  appearance  at  Jhe  surface  after  ex- 
posure to  weather,  and  much  knowledge 
of  rocks  is  needed  to  justify  the  expression  of 


an  opinion."  Tliere  are  varieties  both  of  the 
purple  and  green  kinds,  all  of  which  exhibit 
different  modes  of  weathering.  Great  hard- 
ness, a  perfect  facility  of  splitting,  and  a  fine 
grain  are  reijuired  to  make  a  good  slate,  and 
the  larger  the  size  of  the  slabs  or  slates  that 
can  be  cut  the  greater  is  the  value  of  the  pro- 
perty. 

The  late  Mr.  AVyatt  introduced  into  this 
country  a  very  effective  and  light  principle  of 
slating — one  which  he  had  evidently  copied 
from  the  roofs  of  the  ancient  teniples  of 
Greece.  The  principle,  which  was  never 
patented,  is  that  of  laying  wide  slates  side  by 
side,  and  covering  their  joints  with  narrow 
slips  bedded  in  putty,  the  overlap  at  the  ends 
being  no  more  than  the  bond  is  with  the  me- 
thod usually  carried  out.  By  the  adoption  of 
this  plan  the  roof  does  not  require  being 
boarded  over,  as  the  slates  bear  from  rafter  to 
rafter,  to  which,  indeed,  the  slates  are  screwed, 
thecoveringslips  being  also  screwed  and  bedded 
in  putty.  This  mode  has  its  disadvantage,  as 
the  heat  will  cause  expansion  and  contraction, 
so  that  the  joints  may  be  destroyed,  and  leaks 
therefore  will  occur."  It  has  been  stated  that 
slating  of  this  kind  may  be  laid  at  no  greater 
elevation  than  10  deg.,"but  for  slating  in  the 
ordinary  way  the  angle  should  never  be  less 
than  25  deg.,  although  large  slates  with  3Jin. 
bond  carefully  laid  and  pointed  may  be 
allowed  at  a  rise  of  20  deg.  We  may  add 
here  that  slater's  work  is  measured  by  ihe 
square  of  a  hundred  superficial  feet. 

The  work  of  slate  roofing  was  for  many 
years  done  by  a  number  of  men  belonging 
for  the  most  part  to  slate  quarries  who  were 
known  as  slaters.  It  is  somewhat  curious  to 
find  that  these  men,  who  worked  hard  all  over 
the  country  during  the  spring  and  summer 
months,  returned  to  Westmoreland,  Cumber- 
land, and  Wales  for  the  winter,  during  which 
time  they  lived  on  their  summer's  gains.  It 
is  strange  that  such  a  custom  should  have  con- 
tinued as  long  as  it  did,  since  it  must  have 
crippled  the  building  trade.  The  slating 
business  is,  as  everyone  knows,  not  now  con- 
fined to  a  few  slate  dealers,  with  their  privi- 
leged set  of  men,  but  for  years  past  the  mono- 
poly has  been  broken  down. 


NEW  METHOD  OF  VENTILATION. 

A  method  of  ventilation  has  been  tried  in  a 
large  public  establishment,  the  Almshouse, 
at  Philadelphia,  which  deserves  consideration,  as 
it  appears  to  have  effectually  accomplished  the  end 
jiroposed — the  complete  removal  of  foul  air.  In 
describing  the  method  Chambers'  Journal  says : — 
An  opening  is  made  at  the  level  of  the  floor  in 
the  wall  of  a  room  or  ward  in  the  position  usually 
occupied  by  the  fireplace,  at  which  heated  air  is 
made  to  flow  in.  Near  this,  also  at  the  level  of 
the  floor,  two  other  openings  are  made  connected 
with  a  flue,  to  serve  as  outlets.  The  warm  air  on 
its  entrance  naturally  rises,  but  finding  no  escape 
at  the  ceiling,  it  accumulates  at  the  upper  part  of 
the  room,  and  forces  downwards  the  air  which, 
having  been  longest  in  the  room,  is  comparatively 
cool.  This  at  length  is  compelled  to  escape  by  the 
two  outlets  above  mentioned,  and  thus  there  is  a 
complete  circulation  and  displacement  of  the  whole 
mass  of  air  in  the  room.  Even  in  the  most  crowded 
wards,  the  air  was  so  thoroughly  freshened  by  this 
method,  that  not  the  slightest  offensive  odour  could 
be  detected  ;  and  an  efi'ectual  check  was  given  to 
the  fever  and  cholera  which  had  broken  out  in 
some  parts  of  the  building.  The  merit  of  this 
method  appears  to  consist  in  a  reversal  of  the 
usual  practice,  which  is  to  place  the  outlets  at  the 
ceihng:  if  so  much  good  can  be  effected  by  placing 
them  at  the  floor,  we  should  be  glad  to  hear  of  a 
trial  made  in  some  large  establishment  in  this 
country. 


A  German  chemist  prescribes  6  parts  of  Port- 
land cement,  I  part  nicely-powdered  lime,  burnt, 
but  not  slaked,  2  parts  of  sand,  and  1  part 
of  slaked  lime  mixed  with  the  necessary  quantity 
of  water,  used  as  a  filling  between  stone  and  iron, 
both  being  previously  damped.  After  forty- eight 
hours  the  cement  will  be  nearly  as  hard  and 
as  durable  as  stone. 


294 


THE  BUILDING  NEWg. 


Apkil  26,  1867. 


The  BritisL  Arohaealogical  Association  will  meet  on 
M  jnday,  July  29,  at  Ludlow,  under  the  presidency 
of  Sir  Charles  H.  Rouse  Boughton,  Bart.  The 
ji  jabers  and  visitors  will  dine  together,  the  asso- 
01  ition  will  be  received  by  the  mayor  and  corpora- 
tion, and  the  president  will  deliver  his  inaugural 
address  on  the  first  day  of  Congress.  The  associa- 
tion will  be  entertained  at  Downtou  Hall  by  Sir 
Charles  Boughton,  at  Burford  Park  by  Lord 
Northwick,  at  Downton  Castle  by  Andrew 
Boughton  Knight,  Esq.,  and  at  Oakley  Park  by 
Lady  Mai  y  Clive.  Among  the  papers  to  be  read 
are  three  by  Thomas  Wright,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.S.A., 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  association,  and  a  native 
of  Ludlow,  whose  reputation  stands  high  in  the 
district ;  another  by  J.  R.  Planche,  Esq. ;  a  third 
by  F.  E.  Dillon  Croker,  Esq  ;  and  others  by  well- 
known  a  rchKologists  ;  altogether  presenting  an 
attractive  programme. 

Mr.  Harford  Mellor,  an  antiquarian,  asserts  that 
he  has  discovered  the  remains  of  King  Alfred, 
which  have  now  been  buried  966  years.  Mr. 
Mellor  feels  confident  that  the  royal  remains  are 
now  lying  in  the  gilt  mortuary  over  the  chancel 
of  Hyde  parish  church,  and  the  tvfo  leaden  plates 
found,  with  the  King's  name  upon  them,  are  now 
in  the  hands  of  the  vicar,  Mr.  Williams. 

In  anticipation  of  the  intended  visit  of  the 
members  of  the  Archseological  Society  to  Selby 
Abbey  Church  on  the  occasion  of  their  annual 
meetmg  at  Hull  in  July  next,  and  also  with  a  view 
to  the  ultimate  restoration  of  the  south  wall  of  the 
nave  and  the  south  transept,  the  churchwardens 
have  had  workmen  engaged  levelling  the  earth 
surrounding  the  foundation  of  the  south  transept. 
During  the  progress  of  the  work  on  Saturday  last, 
a  stone  bearing  traces  of  some  inscription  became 
exposed ;  and  on  a  more  careful  examination  the 
word  "  Alexander "  was  distinctly  deciphered, 
though  in  somewhat  imperfect  characters.  The 
stone  is  about  6ft.  long  by  ISJin.  broad  at  the 
base.  The  name  of  the  abbot  is  surrounded  by  the 
carving  peculiar  to  the  twelfth  and  thirteenth  cen- 
turies. The  tomb,  in  all  probability,  contains  the 
remains  of  Abbot  Alexander,  the  twelfth  abbot 
of  Selby  (zV.D.  1214— I2'2L) 

At  the  last  meeting  of  the  British  Archicological 
Association,  Mr.  Godwin,  vice-president,  in  the 
chair,  Mr.  Syer  Cuming  exhil-ited  a  new  batch  of 
forgeries  in  zinc.  They  are  all  of  fresh  forms,  and 
more  calculated  to  deceive  than  the  leaden  forms. 
They  consist  of  arms,  gauntlets,  legs,  ampuUse, 
helmets,  bottles,  &c.  It  appears  that  thousands 
of  these  forged  articles  are  being  exported  to  Ger- 
many. 

According  to  the  Scotch  papers  some  interesting 
geological  discoveries  have  recently  been  made 
in  the  course  of  the  construction  of  a  large  com- 
mon sewer  in  Glasgow  Green.  In  the  course  of 
the  operations,  the  workmen  have  discovered  some 
curious  fossil  and  other  remains,  to  which  it  may 
not  be  out  of  place  briefly  to  refer.  It  may  be 
stated  that  the  cutting  is  about  20ft.  in  depth  in 
some  places.  During  the  past  three  days  the  ein- 
phiies  have  been  busily  engaged  digging  out  a 
huge  oak  tree  found  in  forming  the  sewer.  It  was 
embedded  nearly  20ft.  beneath  the  surface  from 
time  immemorial,  and  was  found  to  be  nearly 
as  hard  as  flint.  It  had  to  be  cut  in  three  parts 
before  it  could  be  raised  to  the  embankment ;  and 
after  lieing  placed  on  the  green  sward,  it  became 
an  object  of  considerable  attraction  to  many  of 
the  citizens,  and  the  observations  in  reference  to 
its  age  and  the  place  where  it  grew  have  been 
.somewhat  curious.  Where  this  old  "monarch  of 
the  wood  "  grew  no  one  can  tell.  There  are  few 
oaks  in  the  vicinity  of  Glasgow  nowadays,  and  it 
is  not  improbable  that  it  may  have  flourished  in 
the  ancient  oak  forest  at  Cadzow,  near  Hamilton, 
in  days  of  yore,  and  that  when  "decay  had  waved 
its  raven  wing,"  it  had  been  swept  down  the 
Clyde  by  some  great  "  spate,"  and  got  embedded 
in  Glasgow  Green.  There  are  many  evidences  to 
show  that  the  Clyde  has  changed  its  channel. 
Besides  this  hardy  old  veteran  of  the  forest,  other 
trees  have  been  discovered,  portions  of  which  were 
found  to  be  fossilised.  Hazel  nuts  have  also  been 
found  at  the  depth  of  from  12ft.  to  15ft.  from  the 
surface. 

The  remains  of  the  ancient  Monastery  of 
Llaufaes,  near  Beaumaris,  having  been  entirely  re- 
moved in  the  course  of  recent  building  operations, 
some  fragments  of  flat  tombstones  were  discovered, 
not  in  their  original  position,  but  built  into  walls 
of  very  respectable  antiquity  them,selves.  One 
bore    part    of    the   title    of    an   "  arohidiacoriua 


Anglesieje,"  and  on  two  other  pieces, — evidently 
the  two  upper  corners  of  a  flat  stone  slab  which 
once  had  a  brass  in  the  centre,  and  a  legend  round 
the  edge, — appear  these  letters  :  on  one,  "  r  . 
HOWE  .  .  ."  ;  on  the  other,  "ap.  tvdvk."  The  form 
of  the  letters  is  very  antique  :  the  interest  in  them 
is  enhanced  by  the  fact  that  in  the  "  Myfyrian 
Archaiology  of  Wales"  is  preserved  a  species  of 
elegy,  written  in  veiy  archaic  Welsh  by  one 
Goronwy  Gyrriog  {a  bard  whose  "era"  is  not  well 
ascertained  but  whose  language  i^  of  a  very  early 
character),  in  memory  of  Gwenhwyfar,  daughter 
of  Madoc,  wife  of  Hov:cl  ap  Tudur,  in  which  it  is 
said,  "  She  lies  captive  under  a  veil  of  stone  at 
Llanfaes — Llanfaes  above  the  sea-cliSs  conceals 
Gwenhwyfar  ;  that  sacred  home,  the  sanctuary  of 
the  brotherhood."  The  letters  on  these  fragments 
look  very  like  "uxor  howelis  ap  Tudur."  Tre- 
casteLl,  one  of  the  ancient  residences  of  the  Tudors, 
is  near  Llanfaes. 


a  section  which  is  not  infinitely  better  shown  in 
almost  every  page  of  Viollet  le  Duo.  Indeed,  thi^ 
very  drawing  fully  confirmsmy  worst  apprehensions, 
Had  Mr.  Burgesany  idea  of  what  the  effect  of  his 
building  would  be  when  built,  he  would  never 
have  adopted  flat  sills  2ft.  6in.  deep,  which  from 
below  would  cause  the  whole  of  the  bases  to  be 
lost  sight  of,  and  his  openings  to  appear  all  arch 
and  no  jamb.  For  a  confirmation  of  my  remark 
allow  me  to  refer  him  to  Viollet  le  Due,  vol.  vi., 
p.  IS  ;  where  he  will  find,  not  only  a  view  showing 
what  the  effect  of  his  work  would  be,  but  also  the 
prototype  of  hisown  shaftlets.  But  putting  appear- 
ance out  of  the  question,  if  he  were  a  practical 
man  he  would  never  leave  this  length  of  fiat  eiH 
to  receive  the  continued  downpour  to  which  it 
would  be  subjected.  Why,  the' whole  wall  would 
be  soaked  through  in  a  week." 


A 


MB.  BURGES'S  DESIGNS  FOR  THE  NEW 
LA-W  COURTS. 

CONTROVERSY  on  the  merits  and  de- 
merits of  the  design  for  the  new  Law  Courts 
is  now  being  carried  on  in  the  columns  of  the 
Standard.  A  writer  in  the  Westminster  Ga  etto 
having,  to  his  own  satisfaction  (judging  from  his 
trenchant  style  and  pitiless  denunciations),  proved 
all  the  designs  to  be  worthless,  "  Philocalus " 
steps  into  the  arena  to  do  battle  for  Mr.  Burges. 
"  The  writer  of  the  articles  in  the  H  estmbisier 
Gazette,"  ever  ready  and  eager  to  defend  his  po.si- 
tion,  speaks  in  this  wise  of  Mr.  Burges's  design  in 
the  Stai\dard  of  yesterday  ; — 

"I   said    that    I   could   not    compliment    Mr. 
Burges    on    his   practical  knowledge.     The  plate 
contained  in  this  week's  Building  News  explains 
what  I  mean.     It    has  but  the   merit    of  scene 
painting,  and  lacks  nerve,  purpose,  and  principle, 
which  seem  to  have  received  but  little  considera- 
tion fiom  the  compiler.     To  take  a  more  minute 
glance  at  the  drawing,  what  do  we  find  ? — 1.  The 
whole  building  wants   connection.     No  one  part 
grows  out  of   or  follows  another.     It   ia  neither 
sufficiently  irregular  to  be  picturesque,  nor   suffi- 
ciently regular   to  convey   the   idea  of  strength. 
The  whole  facade  is  suggestive  of  its  having  been 
designed  on  four   slides.     It  has  no   autonomy ; 
and  for  any  benefit,  either  of  eflect  or  strength, 
which  one  stage  derives  from  another,  these  slides 
might  be   pushed  forward  at    pleasure  from  lin. 
to  3in.,  and  the  effect  would  be  equally  good   or 
equally  bad.     These  horizontal  bands  appear,  like 
Manchester  prints,  to  be  made  by  the  yard,  and 
tacked  together  at  will. — 2.  There  is  not  a  single 
vertical  line  leading  from  the  base  to  the  cornice. 
— 3.  The  main  gable  appears  to  be  perfectly  un- 
connected either  with  the  lower  building  or  any- 
thing above  the  pai-apet.     The  lateral  shaft,  some 
20ft.  high,  which  is  placed  on  either  side,  is  .appa- 
rently supported  by  one  of  the  shafts  of  the  upper 
arcading,  which  is  not  more  than  one-fourth  its 
size.     This  arrangement,  however,  again  fails  to 
carry  a  central  line,  as  the  inner  face  of  the  upper 
shaft  j  ust  manages  to  miss  the  soffit  of  the  lower 
one,  thus  producing  a  lamentable   appearance   of 
weakness.     But  what  can  be  worse  or  more  out  of 
proportion  than    this    main  gable,  in   which   no- 
thing appears  to  possess  a  natural   growth  or    to 
contain  an  objective  purpose  ?     Its  central   finial 
is  6ft.   Cm.   high;  the   attendant   lateral   human 
figures  being  but  Cft.     What  will  this  be  iu  exe- 
cution, where  the  head  or  finial  of   the  man  will 
not  be  more  than  as  many  inches  as  the  finial  of 
the  gable  is  feet  in   height  ?     The   contrasts  will 
certainly  be  striking,  but  the  relative  proportions 
questionable.     Its  central   wheel,   which   by   the 
way  is  a  piece  of  constructive  ornament  and  not  a 
window,  and  has  no  purpose,  is  1 2ft.  in  diameter, 
whereas    those  in  the    first   story   are  but    -1ft. 
Judging  from  the   elevation  the  voussoirs  of  the 
gable  windows  appear  utterly  to  crush  the  support- 
ing shaftlets  ;  but  what  would   be    the  efi'ect   of 
gable  when   seen  from    below,    with  the  parapet 
hiding  from  view  at  least  two-thirds  of  the  now 
insufficient  jambs  ?     In  short,   all  above  the  cor- 
nice would  seem  to   be  the  rechauffee  of  a  much 
bolder  work,  but  one  very  foreign  to  the    lower 
stages  of  the  composition.     Not  being  acquainted 
with  any  of  Mr.  Burges's  executed  designs  I    am 
compelled  to    judge  from    drawings  rather  than 
from  buildings.     It  is  true   that  Mr.  Burges,  who 
has   been    judged    sufficiently  capable  of   taking 
part   in    the    greatest   composition  of    our   time, 
has  delineated  a  section   through   sills,  cornices, 
plinths,  arches,  &c.     But  this  is  no  proof  of  his 
practical  knowledge  ;  for  there  ia  not  a  hne  nor 


I' 


HOW   TO  SELECT  INDIAN  INK. 

NDIAN  ink,  or  Chinese  ink  as  it  is  sometimes 
called,  when  wanted  for  the  purpose  of  me 
chanical  and  other  drawings,  is  best  tested  in  the 
following  manner: — Rub  in  a  porcelain  paint 
dish  as  usual  to  the  required  consistency.  Then 
with  it  rule  a  number  of  Unes  on  a  piece  of  draw- 
ing paper,  making  the  lines  of  various  thicknesses 
corresponding  with  the  fine  and  shade  lines  of  a 
drawing.  Whe'n  the  lines  have  dried,  brush  over 
them  with  water  freely.  Good  ink  will  stand  the 
washing  and  the  lines  will  keep  sharp  and  clear; 
poor  ink  will  run  or  spread  sideways  as  soon  as  the 
paper  is  wetted.  The  best  ink  comes  from  Japan, 
it  is  rather  hard  to  rub,  but  to  overcome  this 
difficulty  use  a  piece  of  slate,  say  1^ in.  wide  and 
4in.  long,  resting  one  end  in  the  paint  dish  in 
which  some  water  has  been  pt>ured.  about  four  or 
five  drops.  Theu  rubbing  the  ink  on  the  slate, 
close  to  the  water,  and  washing  it  down  into  the 
water,  it  vjill  soon  obtain  the  required  blackness. 


DEATH  OP  SIR  ROBERT  SMIRKE,  E.i. 

IX  the  death  of  Sir  Robert  Smirke  the  country 
has  lost  one  of  its  most  eminent  architects. 
The  melancholy  event  took  place  at  his  residence, 
20,  Suffolk  square,  Cheltenham,  on  the  evening  of 
the  ISth  inst.     The  late  Sir  Robert  Smirke  wa*? 
born  in  1780,  and  was   consequently  in  the  87th 
year  of  his  age.     His  father,  Robert  Smirke,  en- 
joyed considerable  reputation    iu  his  day  as  art 
historical  painter ;  and  his  two  sons,  Robert  and. 
Sidney,  inheriting  his  love  of  art,   achieved  for 
themselves  yet   higher   distinction   as  architects, 
Robert,  the  subject  of  the  present  notice,   studied' 
for  some  time  in  the  office  of  Sir  John  Soane.  and 
subsequently  spent  several  years  in  Italy,  Sicily, 
and    Greece,    visiting,    at  intervals,  the  principal 
cities  in  Eun^pe.     He  obtained  the  gold  medal  of 
the  Royal  Academy  in  1799,  and  was  elected  as- 
sociate in  ISOS.     Steadily  advancing  in  his  p] 
fession  he  was  elected  a  Royal  Academician 
ISll,  and  in  1823  was   entrusted  with  the  buili 
ing  of  the  British  Museum,  and  in  1S29  with  the 
New   Post  office,    St.   Martin's  le-Grand.       Both 
buildings  are  examples   of  the  revived   Grecian 
style  in  fashion  during  theearly  part  of  thecentury. 
The   Courts  of   Justice  at  Gloucester,  Hereford, 
and  Perth,  the  College  of  Physicians,  King's  College, 
and  Millbank  Penitentiary  are  all   from   his  de- 
signs.    These  and  the  restoration  of  Tork  Minster 
after  its  destruction  by  fire  in  1829,  and  again  in 
1839,  are  the   best  known   of  Sir  Robert's  public 
works.  Lowther,Eabtnor,and  Kinfauns  Castles  may 
be  pointed  to  as  examples  of  his  ability  in  theco] 
struction  of  private  mansions.      Having  been  f< 
many  years  architect  to  the  Old  Board  of  Works  ha 
was  knighted  in  recognition  of  his  valuable  serv'ices, 
when,  in  1831,  that  board  was  reconstituted.    For 
a  long  time  he  held   the  office  of  treasurer  to  the 
Royal  Academy,   but  relinquished   this  appoint- 
ment  on  going  to  reside  in   Cheltenham  in  1850, 
and  a  few  years  ago,  finding  his  declining  health 
materially  interfering  with  the  efficient  discbarge 
of  the  duties  of  a  Royal  Academician,  he  resiijned 
its  honours  that  they  might  be  conferred  up;»u  a 
younger  and  more  active  man.    Sir  Robert  Smirke, 
in  18i9,  married  a  daughter  of  the  Rev.  A.  Freston, 
rector  of  Edgeworth,  in  Gloucestershire,  who  died 
in  1861.     He  leaves  behind  him  an  only  daughter, 
married  to  Captain  Lambert.     In  private  life  few 
men  have  been  so  highly  esteemed  as  the  late  Su" 
Robert  Smirke,  while,  iu  dischargiug  the  duties 
of  the  various  responsible  offices  v>  hich  he  at  dif- 
ferent periods  was  called  upon  to  undertake,  no 
one   ever  surpassed  him.      In  the  profession  or 


■i 

i  I 


April  26,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


29r) 


lich  he  was  so  distinguished  a  member,  it  wa- 
good  fort\me  through  life  to  enjoy  a  "  liigh 
lutation  for  integrity,  practical  capacity,  and  o 
liroiigh  maatery  of  the  constructive  principlei- 
ihis  art,  and  no  buildings  of  his,  it  is  said,  cvei 
iwed  a  flaw  or  failing."  Mr.  Sidney  Smirke, 
II.,  the  distinguished  architect,  is  the  only 
:  ther  of  the  late  Sir  Robert  Smirke. 


DEILL  REST  FOR  GRINDING. 

LL  of  our  readers  who  are  interested  in  such 

,i_     matters  will  be  well  aware  of   the   difficul 

;   which  attend  the  grinding  of  a   drill  in  such 

i  anner  as  to  make    both  of  it.s  cutting   edges 

>  ;tly  alike  in  angle  and  position,   and   of  the 

I  ?3Sity  which  exists   for   such  eqiiality.     Such 

f  ding,   difficult   as   it   is  with  ordinary  drills. 

Dmes  .vet  more  so  with  twist  drills  which    are 

1    obtaining  so  large  a  popularity.     It  is,  there- 

ic,  with  great  pleasure   that  we   record    the   in- 

n  ion  of  the   ingenious    tool   named    above,  by 

T  'h  all  difficulty  is  avoided,    an    absolutely  cor- 

■p  is  secured,  and  the   whole   operation  is 

to  the  simplest   form,   so   that   no   skill 

icnce  is  required  for  it-s   successful  execu- 


'ol,  as  applied  to  the  grindstone  with  the 
1 3  place,  is  shown  in  the  accompanying 
'  the  frame  of  the  grindstone  B  is  at- 
the  bed-plate  C,  by  means  of  the  jaws  J 
'>i  ijed-plate  carries   a  rest  D,  with  guide- 

.  to  which  is  attached  a  pivoted  screw  E, 
of  vertical  adjustment  by  means  of  a 
■.1  on  its  pivoted  end,   which   is   held  in 

■aiou  desired  by  a  pin.  This  pivoted 
rrie.s  a  sliding  vhrust-block  F,  which  is 
[1  by  the  nut  shown  at  E.      The  drill   to 

:id   is   supported   on   the  rest   D  against 

■  block  K,  with  its  heel  in  the  thrust- 
,  ;ind  is  gradually  pressed  forward   by  the 

*il  sufficiently  ground  on  one  edge  ;  a 
11  is  then  set  at  this  point,  the  nut  and 
i  ick  are  run  back,  the  drill  is  turned, 
<:ther  edge  ground  as  before,  until  the 
I'ick  is  arrested  by  the  stopper,  when  the 
a  is  complete.  For  grinding  twi.=t-drilla 
'  ii:e  is  used  (shown  at  1),  whose  centre 
'  'rresponds  with  that  of  i  s  jaws.        The 

■  of  the  above  arrangement  is  Mr.  Wm 
nn,  of  Philadelphia,  and  the  apparatus  is 

d  in  the  Juurnalof  the  Franklin  Inslihite. 


IIIMPROVEMENT   OF   RIVERS. 

VlTiRE  the  rivers  of    our  own    country  and 

'    those  of  Europe  in  general   to   overflow 

.uka  at  stated  periods  in   the  proper  and 

■v  manner  in  which  the  Nile,  the  Gambia, 

•r,  the   Indus,   and  the   Ganges  eSect  at 

-1  intervals  their   fertilising  inundations, 

1 -equent  inconvenience,  danger,   and  loss 

^■'t  he  so  frequent  or   so    serious  as  those 

loods  as  they  actually  take   place.      How 

'ch  we  might  regret  the  inundations,  and 

loudly  we  might  comp'ain  of  the  fertili- 

the  land  being  accomplished  at  so  great  a 

should  at  any  rate  be  prepared  for  it  and 

'ken  unawares.     The  result  of  one  week'.« 

'IS   rain   is   more  than  sufficient  to  flood 

intain  streams  ;   and  it  is  no  uncommon 


event  for  acres  of  standing  corn  to  be  completely 
destroyed,  fields  of  hay  to  be  swept  along  by  the 
irre.sistible  force  of  the  current,  trees  to  be  up- 
rooted, bridges  undermined,  and  human  dwell- 
ings and  human  beings  to  become  the  victims 
of  the  fury  of  the  torrent.  One  or  more  of  these 
catastrophes  happen  annually  ;  and  it  is  incredible 
that  rivers  and  streams  should  so  long  have  been 
permitted  to  be  majsters  where  they  ought  to  be 
servants. 

It  has  been  as.serted  by  an  ingenious  theorist, 
that  with  the  exception  of  a  few  rivers  formed  at 
the  creation  of  the  world  they  have  beeu  all  ex- 
cavated artificially ;  that  tliey  took  their  rise 
from  springs  which  would  otherwise  have  spread 
over  the  whole  land  and  flooded  it,  and  therefore 
the  inhabitants  were  compelled  to  cut  channels 
for  them  in  their  own  defence.  The  same  theory 
accounts  for  the  fact  that  there  are  no  salt  livers, 
although  there  are  ]^lenty  of  salt  springs  in  every 
part  of  the  world,  since  people,  having  no  use  in 
early  time^  for  salt  water,  never  cut  any  channels 
to  lead  away  the  water  from  the  salt  springs.  The 
weak  point  iu  this  argument  appears  to  be — Why, 
then,  did  not  the  salt  springs  overflow  the  land 
similarly  to  their  fresh-water  brethren  ?  History, 
however,  proves  that  a  large  number  of  the 
channels  have  been  artificially  formed,  although  it 
is  equally  probable  that  they  were  not  the 
original  channels  in  which  the  rivers  flowed,  but 
new  ones  cut  for  the  sake  of  necessity,  improve- 
ment, or  convenience.  A  river  being  simply  a 
water  road  or  water  way,  analogous  to  a  common 
road  or  railway,  its  course  should  be  as  straight 
as  possible,  that  is,  the  direction  of  its  current 
should  coincide  with  that  of  its  course.  When 
this  is  not  the  case,  as  generally  occurs,  the 
river  endeavours  to  make  it  so  by  eating  away 
its  banks  with  a  force  which  is  proportional  to 
the  angle  made  by  them  with  the  direction  of 
its  current.  This  act  of  demolition  would  in- 
variably ]iroceed  slowly  or  quickly,  according  to 
the  nature  of  the  ground,  until  this  angle  was 
reduced  to  zero,  and  the  banks  were  made  parallel 
to  the  course  of  the  stream,  were  it  not  for  dis- 
turbing  causes,  such  as  obstructions  which  deflect 
the  stream  right  or  left  against  the  banks. 

The  more  tortuous  or  winding  a  river  is  the 
greater  facilities  it  offers  for  overflowing  its  banks 
during  a  flood.  Suppose  a  stream  to  have  received 
suddenly  a  large  volume  of  water  either  from  the 
melting  of  the  snow  or  the  accumulation  of  rain 
upon  the  mountain's  side,  so  long  as  the  channel 
is  tolerably  straight  it  produces  no  evil  effect,  but 
directly  its  onward  current  is  impeded  by  an 
abrupt  bend — and  there  are  rivers  which  have 
bends  forming  a  complete  right  angle — it  over- 
flows at  that  point.  It,  in  fact,  from  the  high 
velocity  it  has  acquired,  has  not  time  to  ad.apt  it- 
self to  the  sudden  sinuosity,  aud  leaps  over  the 
obstacle,  inundating  the  adjoining  lands.  Its  ac- 
tion may  be  compared  to  that  of  a  billiard  ball, 
which,  when  driven  very  forcibly  against  the 
cushion,  does  not  give  the  latter  time  to  exert 
its  repulsive  elastic  effect,  but  carried  on  by  the 
impetus  it  ha.^  received  from  the  cue,  mounts 
the  cushion  and  leaves  the  table.  In  both  these 
instances  a  small  velocity,  and  consequently  a 
slight  momentum,  given  to  the  advancing  body 
would  not  produce  the  same  consequences.  The 
straightening  the  course  of  a  river  is  therefore  one 
of  the  first  considerations  involved  in  any  pro- 
posed improvement,  whereby  the  obstructions  are 
diminished,  the  banks  are  rendered  less  liable  to 
be  worn  away,  aud  the  danger  of  inundation  con 
siderably  lessened.  Instead  of  removing  a  bend 
or  elbow  by  a  new  cut  in  the  direction  of  the 
chord  of  the  arc,  a  very  common  practice  is  to 
endeavour  to  protect  the  bank  which  suffers  from 
the  full  action  of  the  stream  against  it  by  masonry 
or  brickwork.  This  is  not  only  a  far  more  trouble- 
some and  expensive  proceeding,  but  also  a  very 
inefficient  attempt  to  remedy  the  evil.  It  can 
only  endure  for  a  time,  whereas  when  the  diver- 
sion has  been  once  made  it  is  not  only  lasting,  but 
permanently  improves  the  condition  of  the  river. 
Manifestly  there  is  very  little  use  in  simply  mak- 
ing one  or  two  cuts,  or  only  improving  a  small 
portion  of  a  stream  ;  the  whole  stream  should  be 
carefully  surveyed,  so  that  the  mean  direction  of 
its  current  may  be  ascertained,  and  an  average 
uniformity  imparted  to  its  course.  When  we 
consider  that  there  are  a'.undant  instances  where 
mountain  torrents,  rushing  down  from  their  ele- 
vated source,  have  devastated  hundreds  of  acres 
in  a  single  night,  the  importance  of  tracking  them 
up  to  their  origin,  and  there  commencing  to  apply 
the  remedy  is  obvious,  but  at  the  same  time  the 
difficulty  and  expense  of  so   dealing  with  them 


'jannot  bo  overlooked.  To  confme  and  direct  the 
force  and  volume  of  these  descriptions  of  streams 
so  lis  not  only  to  prevent  them  doing  damage  to 
property  and  life,  but  also  to  utilise  them  and 
turn  them  to  our  own  advantage  is  an  engineering 
problem  which  has  not  yet  received  a  solution' 
Iu  diverting  the  channel  of  a  river  into  a  new 
cut  the  dimensions  of  the  latter  need  scarcely  ever 
be  nure  than  half  that  of  the  former,  provided  the 
river  be  not  very  deej>.  Whenever  a  new  course 
is  opened  for  a  river  it  requires  a  good  deal  of 
attention  and  watching  until  its  banks  appear 
thoroughly  consolidated,  and  not  likely  to  have 
lireaches  made  in  them  by  the  stream.  The 
ravages  made  by  small  seipentine  streams  and 
rivulets  in  the  time  of  floods  are  %  disgrace  to  the 
proprietor  aud  occupier  if  the  lands  in  the  vicinity. 

No  river  could  be  said  to  be  truly  under  con- 
trol unless  it  were  embanked  from  its  .source  to 
its  mouth.  In  reality  any  embankment  of  a  mere 
portion  of  it,  such  as  is  at  present  being  con- 
structed with  respect  to  the  Thames,  although  it 
may  be  very  beneficial  to  that  particular  length  of 
its  course,  is  detrimental  to  the  portion  below  it, 
inasmuch  as  the  velocity  is  increased,  and  the 
stream,  after  being  temporarily  pent  up  between 
its  prison  walls,  bursts  with  greater  force  upon  the 
natural  barriers  alone  opposed  to  its  action,  after 
quitting  its  granite-bound  channel.  The  ordinary 
earthen  embankments,  similar  to  those  bounding 
the  Thames  in  its  course  from  London  to  Graves- 
end,  answer  perfectly  well  under  certain  conditions 
of  soil  for  preventing  the  devastation  of  the  ad- 
joining lands  by  floods  ;  but  they  also  fail  in  num- 
berless instances  to  render  the  land  so  protected 
anything  better  than  a  swamp,  and  they  also  are 
excessively  liable  to  be  trodden  down  and  breached, 
pjxperience  has  proved  that  where  rivers  run 
through  very  rich  vegetable  mouldy  soils,  if 
through  any  disturbing  cause,  such  as  a  violent 
storm,  the  current  becomes  violently  forced 
against  the  bank,  it  will  utterly  sweep  it  away  and 
carry  along  with  it  the  valuable  agricultural  por- 
tions of  the  land  it  inundates.  The  only  cure  for 
this  description  of  accident  lies  in  constructing  a 
solid  permanent  embankment  wall  to  protect  the 
softer  and  more  easily  attacked  material.  A  long 
gently-sloping  bank  will,  in  some  instances,  answer 
the  same  purpose,  but  the  land  is  generally  of  too 
valuable  a  character  to  allow  of  so  much  of  ib 
being  thus  appropriated,  even  to  preserve  the  rest. 
Of  all  the  branches  of  the  profession,  that  relat- 
ing to  hydraulic  engineering  is  the  least  under- 
stood, both  theoretically  and  practically.  The 
various  problems  connected  with  the  determina- 
tion of  the  flow,  velocity,  volume,  and  other  pro- 
perties of  fluids,  have  defied  all  attempts  at  sim- 
plification, and  remain  to  the  present  day  invested 
with  all  the  horrors,  to  a  practical  man,  of 
intricate  and  abstruse  formulee. 

The  most  elaborate  tables  have  been  constructed 
with  the  view  of  compensating  for  this  want  of 
simplicity,  and  without  such  valuable  adjuncts  the 
labour  of  hydraulic  calculations  is  tedious  and 
complicated  to  the  last  degree.  The  proper 
protection  and  careful  management  of  our  river 
banks  is  a  subject  of  great  interest  and  impor- 
tance, whether  considered  with  respect  to  the 
rivers  themselves,  the  injury  that  may  accrue 
from  a  neglect  of  them,  or  the  advantages  that 
may  arise  from  bestowing  a  due  attention  upon 
them.  The  losses  occurring  from  the  state  of 
utter  abandonment  into  which  our  rivers  have 
been  permitted  to  fall  are  too  well  known  to 
require  any  particular  description.  It  was  but 
yesterday  that  both  Windsor  and  Oxford  were 
completely  under  water  ;  a  portion  of  the  county 
Wicklow  was  deluged  I  y  a  torrent  from  the  hills, 
and  we  find  a  transatlantic  parallel  in  the  havoc  re- 
cently committed  in  the  Western  States  of  America. 
On  referring  to  the  admirable  inaugural  address 
of  M.  Eugene  Flachat,  the  president  of  the  French 
Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  we  perceive  that 
he  takes  the  same  view  of  the  subject  as  ourselves. 
The  overflowing  of  the  Loire,  in  1346,  caused  a 
loss  to  landowners  and  other  private  parties  of 
seven  millions,  and  destroyed  at  the  same  time 
works  of  construction  to  the  value  of  nearly  two 
millions  more,  making  in  all  nearly  nine  millions 
as  the  price  of  the  ravages  committed  by  the 
single  inundation  of  one  river.  Since  that  period 
the  Government  took  up  the  matter  vigorously, 
and  spent  a  million  and  a  quarter  in  improve- 
ments and  alterations  connected  with  the  river, 
which  it  will  be  perceived  was  money  wisely 
and  judiciously  laid  out,  as  the  statistics  of  the 
last  flood  fully  testify.  In  1866  the  overflow 
was  not  quite  so  violent  nor  so  large  in  volume, 
and    the   damage    caused   under    the    first-men- 


296 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


April  2G,  1867. 


tioneJ  head  was  only  one  and  three-quarter 
millions,  instead  of  seven :  and  under  the  second 
half  a  million,  instead  of  nearly  two.  Our  rivers, 
it  is  true,  bear  no  comparison  in  point  of  the 
volume  of  water  they  contain  to  those  of  France, 
yet  it  is  quite  as  much  our  duty  to  bring  them  all 
within  proper  restraint — to  confine  their  waters 
to  their  own  channel,  beyond  the  limits  of  which 
they  ought  never  to  be  allowed  to  stray. — Engineer. 


THE 


HOLBOKN  VALLEY  IMPEOTE- 
MENT. 

AN  inspection  was  recently  made  by  the  Im- 
provement Committee  of  the  Corporation 
of  the  works  now  in  progress  at    Holborn-valley, 
which  are  being  rapidly  proceeded  with  and  far 
advanced.      These,   as  some   of   our   readers   are 
aware,  embrace  the  construction  of  a  "  raised  way," 
for  the    purpose  of  a   high  level  street,  or  road, 
commencing  at  Holboru-hill,  at  or  near  Ely- court, 
Ely-place,  Holborn,  and  terminating  in  Skinner 
street,  in  the  City,  at  or  near  the  Old  Bailey ;  a 
new  street  commencing  at  or  near  the  junction  of 
HatLon-garden  with  Holborn-hill,  and  terminating 
in  the   Farringdonro.ad,  at  a  place   in    that  road 
nearly  opposite  to  the   spot  where  the  intended 
new  line   of   street  from   the  Metropolitan  Meat 
Market  will  join   Farringdon-road,   near   the  late 
junction  of  West- street  with  the  said  road  ;  also, 
a  new  street,  commencing  at  or  near  St.  Sepulchre's 
Church,    and    on   the    northern    side  of  Skinner- 
street,  across  Snow-hill,  and  terminating  in  Far 
ringdon  road  about  50  yards  to  the  north  of  Snow- 
hill.     From  the  report  of  the   contractors,    just 
furnished,  it  appears  that  36,000   cubic  yards  of 
earth  have  been  excavated  and  carted  away.     The 
foundations  of  the  massive  piers,  each  about  18tt. 
wide  at  the  base,  upon  the  solid  blue  clay,  have 
been  put  in,  andbuilt  up  to  the  ground  level ;  also 
the  subways  and  vaults.     One  otthe  most  difficult 
and  unpleasant  portions  of  the  whole  work,  namely, 
the  removal  of  the  bodies  from  a  portion  of  the 
churchyard  of  St.  Andrew's,  on  Holborn-hill,  has 
been  satisfactorily  accomplished.     The  completed 
works  have  swallowed    up   already    10,000  cubic 
yards  of  carefully  mixed  (Tatham's  blue  lias  lime) 
concrete,  and  the    number    of    bricks    laid  is  set 
down  as  4,500,000.     Upwards  of  two  years  remain 
of  the  Parliamentary  limit  to  the  period  for  the 
completion  of  the  entire  work.     There  is  not  the 
slightest  doubt  but  that  the  opening  of  the  new 
thoroughfare    and   its  approaches  will  take  place 
■within  the  period  fixed   by  the  legislature.     The 
laying  of  the  foundation  stone  of  the  viaduct  pro- 
per of  this  important   undertaking,  at  the  south 
east  angle  of  the  viaduct,  will  take  place  before  the 
termination    of  the  spring    quarter.       His  Royal 
Highness  the  Prince  of  Wales  will  be  solicited  by 
T-poration  to  perform  the  ceremony  ;  and  in 

TTT„     ^  Royal  Highness's  absence,  the  duty  will 
at.  rect^n  by  the  Right  Hon.  the  Lord  Mayor, 
under' 

S.<=°",  R.A.,   ai    * 

'''«''•,  may  be  H,^ 

table,  the   resto^O^     ^^°     ALTAR    AT 

««dilia,    and   the'^^NSTER    ABBEY. 

wort  „/        ^ha.r.  \  which  have  been  executed 
o'  extrem. 


work 

been  exe  ''"'T™*'  richVrintendence  of  Mr.  G.  G 
It  wi,  J^^l-f  ''''°'"  th*t  are  now  opened  out  to 
mate  way  f  '°  the  Verated  :-The  new  altar 

tended  fo  ,-,.?. ™'"'Ue  J^os  or  altar  screen,  the 
presented  1  J" '*''^'''"  Ch^e'^ted  pavement  sur- 
altar-pienp  «,T~     ■'''   Queen    tS?'''^  ^Itar  screen  was  a 

d  appears   to  have 

I  —    u.ive    tj^.-jf  King  Edward  IV. 

tl^at  iU"delhrJ''°"^''  "^""'d  be  f  "^  Q"'"="  ^°°^  t° 

with  that  of  f  I   ™^  ""  "any   Jt-P^ece  originally  in- 


Which  facer*;,™'', ''^'"''^'"i  side  nft''   ^^^  '^^^'^^    was 
feasor.     Mr   ttt'^^V^  ^Ve)  '''' 
S'-obitect  to   tit,"*';;"'  ^^'yatt,   Who,         , 
BernasooDi,   the\.  i?"   ""^   Chant       ^^^°^^  "''  *° 
restore  the  sc^en  '!     '•  ^'"^   Italian ^aced  ""'.'''  P™^« 
which  h 


.ation  of   King   Sebert,   the   traditional   founder  | 
of  the  Abbey.     This  was  also  executed  in  cement. 
The  Chapter,  feeling  strongly  the  meanness  of  the 
material  in  which  these  works  were  executed,  de- 
termined to  renew  the  altar  table  and  reredos  in 
materials  more  worthy  of  their  object.     With  this 
view,  every  means  has  been  taken  to  ascertain  pre- 
cisely the  state  in  which  the  ancient  reredos  was 
found  in  1824,  in  which  great  help  has  been  re- 
ceived from  Mr.   Brown,  who  directed  the  work 
at  that  time  for  Bernasconi.     Some  fragments  also 
of  the  original  work  have  been  found.     The  aim 
has  been  that   the   work   reproduced  in  1824  in 
artificial    stone    shall   now    be    retranslated   into 
alabaster  and  marble.     In  doing  this,  the  greatest 
care  has  been  taken  to  follow  implicitly  the  evi- 
dences of  the  original  design.     Bernasconi  had  in 
one  respect  departed  from   this  by  placing  over 
the  altar  five  beautiful  canopies  as  on  the  eastern 
side  of  the  screen.     These  were  found  not  to  have 
existed  in  the  original,  the  central    space  having 
been  occupied  by  a  plain  recess,  no  doubt  for  the 
reception  of  a  rich  retabulum  or  movable  reredos. 
Before    discovering  this,  a  fine  mosaic  picture  of 
the  "  Last  Supper "   had   been    prepared  for  this 
position  by  Signor  Salviati,  of  Venice,  from  a  car- 
toon by  Mr.   Clayton    (Clayton  and    Bell).     This 
will  eventually  be  enclosed  by  a  retabulum,  but, 
that  not  having  been  as  yet  made,  a  temporary 
cartoon  suggestive  of  its  design  will  for  the  time 
occupy  its  place.     The  cemented  altar  is  replaced 
by  a  new  one  of  very  rich  design,  chiefly  wrought 
in  cedar,  though  its  slab  is  of  rich  marble,  the  old 
black  marble  slab  being  worked  up  into  it,     'The 
front  and  ends  of  the  altar  table  are  enriched  with 
appropriate  Scripture  subjects  in  relief.    This  work 
has  been  execited  by  Messrs.  Farmer  and  Brind- 
ley,   the  well-known  architectural    carvers.     The 
socalled  monument  of  King  Sebert  (which  was 
of  brick,  cement,  and  tar-cord)  has  been  removed, 
and  the  seat  of  the  sedilia  found  enclosed  within 
it.     This  is  now  restored.     The  pavement  in  front 
of  and  around  the  altar  was  of  modern  character, 
and  had  extended  so  far  forward  as  to  bury  a  por- 
tion of  the  ancient  mosaic  pavement  of  the  sanc- 
tuary. This  is  replaced  with  a  rich  tesselated  pave- 
ment of  coloured  marbles  and  enamel  mosaic,  and 
is  brought  back  to  its  original  dimensions,  so  as  to 
admit  of  the   restoration  of  the   portion  of  the 
ancient  floor  which  it  had  injured  and  concealed. 
The  screen,  pavement,  &c.,  have  been  beautifully 
executed  by  Messrs.  Poole,  the  Abbey  masons,  the 
former  being  probably  the  most  elaborate  piece 
of  workmanship  of  our  day  ;  every  detail  has  been 
carried  out  in  the  strictest  conformity  with  the 
ancient    work.      The   cornice    was   found    when 
opened  out  in  1824  to  have  contained  a  series  of 
sculpt\ired  subjects  similarly  arranged  to  those  on 
the  eastern  side  of  the  same  screen.     They  had, 
however,  been  so  defaced  as  to  be  unintelligible. 
These  have  been  replaced  by  a  series   of  scenes 
from  the  life  of   our  Lord  beautifully  sculptured 
by  Mr.  H   H.  Armstead.     The  cost  of  these  work*, 
which  will  amount  to  at  least  £6,000,  is  defrayed 
from  a  fund  appropriated  to  decorative  purposes, 
under  the  special  direction  of  the  Rev.  Lord  John 
Thynne,  the  sub-dean,  who  was,  in  fact,  the  origi- 
nator of  the  work. 

During  the  progress  of  the  works  several  curious 
antiquarian  objects  have  come  to  light ;  the  chief 
among  which  are  the  bases  of  two  of  the  piers  of 
Edward  the  Confessor's  woi'k,  bu  i  '  ■  nea 
floor  and  still  in  their  places,  and  the  fact  of  the 
marble  pillars  against  which  the  screen  had  been 
erected  having  been  previously  to  its  erection 
covered  over  with  paper,  on  which  coats  of  arms 
had  been  painted.  These  are  pronounced  to  have 
been  the  arms  of  Iving  Edward  II.  and  his  Queen 
Isabella. 


Abbey.     This 
when  the  ancient 


in  his 


«,;<"•  "nvvorthy  the  "t?"'^,^  with  gr' 
Chapter  at  the  sil?^'-""''  '">ght fa 
?-Mthefrrra:;'r,''4'. 


pects   the  same 
the  same  screen 
;lward  the  Con- 
was  then  the 


"»   oroamentart,'!  ^°''  '''"^»  c>f'v,hTT'\^"'   employed 
"ab    formL?',-.?'"?'^--   >vork   [^''ri^  Aa.I'lasterer, 


^-^.elT'^fo^i.-LJ^^'Xtl^ 


"'7  enough    tl^       ,' 
—  sSo/^^^Whad 


'a,  m  coi 


of  very    reaper  m.. — 
bore    part    of    the 


title    of    an 


to 
frone,  a  work 
t  skill,  how- 
been.    The 
I'.tone  altir 
ere  made 
iconi,  the 
marble, 
^onument 
iacohi?™<'™" 


The  church  of  St.  Thomas  h  Becket,  at  Pylle, 
near  Shepton  Mallet,  is  about  to  be  pulled  down, 
with  the  exception  of  the  tower,  and  rebuilt 
at  the  expense  of  Lord  Portman. 

The  Duke  of  Buccleuch,  one  of  the  principal 
landowners  of  the  neighbourhood  of  Kettering, 
has  undertaken  to  defray  the  cost  of  restoring 
Oakley  Church,  which  has  been  for  several  years  in 
a  dilapidated  condition. 

The  erection  of  a  new  Wesleyan  chapel  has 
been  begun  at  Longsight,  near  Manchester.  In 
place  of  the  usual  ceremony  at  the  laying  of  the 
foundation  or  the  coi-ner  stone,  it  was  arranged 
that  four  lady  members  of  the  congregation  should 
severally  lay  a  memorial  stone  at  the  four  comers 
of  the  edifice.  The  new  chapel  will  have  a  spire 
112ft.  high.  Accommodation  will  be  provided  for 
1,200  persons,  and  the  total  cost  of  the  building 
including  the  site  is  estimated  at  £8,000. 

Bow,  London. — A  new  Congregational  Church, 
the  foundation  stone  of  which  was  laid  last 
autumn,  was  opened  on  Tuesday  last.  The  new 
church,  which  has  been  erected  from  the  designs 
of  Mr.  Rowland  Plumhe,  is  in  the  Early  Gothic 
style,  and  is  divided  into  nave  and  side  aisles 
by  means  of  three  large  spanned  arches  springing 
from  iron  columns  and  carrying  a  clerestory.  The 
principal  Italian  effect  is  obtained  by  means  ot 
different  coloured  bricks,  which  have  been  em 
ployed  as  a  facing  above  a  height  of  lift,  from  thi 
ground,  the  walls  being  plastered  below  that  level 
'There  is  accommodation  for  about  550  persons  or 
the  ground  floor,  there  being  no  galleries  at  present 
The  total  cost,  including  laud,  is  about  £3,000. 

Chapel  Rotal,  Savoy. — This  ancient  and  hi 
torically-interesting  chapel  was  re-opened  on  Sun 
day  upon  the  completion  of  the  decoration 
which  the  Earl  of  Devon  advised  her  Majesty  t 
command.  The  panelled  roof  has  been  much  in 
proved  by  the  substitution  of  a  colouring  of  azui 
blue  in  place  of  the  dark  tint  adopted  in  the  lat 
restsration.  The  walls  of  the  chapel  have  bee 
diapered  throughout,  special  richness  and  elabor 
tion  being  reserved  for  the  sacrarium.  A  series  ( 
canopied  angels,  bearing  shields  charged  with  ei 
blems  of  the  Passion,  fill  the  upper  sides  of  tl 
chancel.  The  armorial  bearings  of  the  sovereigt 
of  England  and  dukes  of  Lancaster  occupy  tl 
spaces  in  the  nave.  The  reredos  has  been  glide 
the  central  panel  being  filled  with  a  cross  of  go 
relieved  on  a  cruciform  field  of  red.  The  alt 
window  has  been  inserted  by  the  Queen, 
memory  of  the  late  Prince  Consort.  T 
memorials  to  Hilton  and  De  Wint,  the  wat 
colour  painters,  have  been  replaced  by  a  rich' 
carved  stone  font  and  oak  canopy.  The  moi- 
ment  to  Richard  Lander,  the  discoverer  of  i' 
course  of  the  Niger,  and  first  gold  medallist  of  b 
Royal  Geographical  Society,  is  about  to  be  • 
stored.  The  restitution  of  other  memorials,  r 
which  the  old  chapel  was  famous,  is  in  contemi* 
tion.  Candles  have  been  in  part  substitu'- 
for  gas  in  the  lighting  of  the  chapel.  The  beai- 
ful  garden  surrounding  it  has  been  skilfif 
arranged  by  Mr.  Broome,  F.L.S.,  the  gardeneif 
the  Inner  Temple.  The  work  of  restoration  a 
been  entrusted  to  Messrs.  Clayton  and  Bell,  un .' 
the  superinte  ndence  of  Mr.  Sidney  Smirke.  '9 
chapel  may  be  seen  every  day  between  the  hen 
of  eleven  and  one  o'clock. 


juilbiiig  IntcKigeiitt. 


OHUBOHES  AND  CHAPELS. 

An  elegant  building  has  been  erected  in  the 
style  of  a  college  chapel,  for  the  convenience  of 
English  residents  and  visitors  of  Wiesbaden.  The 
church  cost  upwards  of  £3,000,  and  stands  in  the 
best  part  of  the  city,  overlooking  the  pleasure 
grounds. 

The  foundation  stone  of  a  new  Unitarian  chapel 
at  Ai-crington  was  laid  on  Friday  last.  The  build 
ing  will  be  in  the  Gothic  style,  and  will  be  69ift. 
in  length  and  31ft.  Ijroad.  The  building  is  to 
accommodate  about  500  persons.  Mr.  Waddington, 
of  Padiham,  is  the  architect. 


Fremton. — A  new  Wesleyan  chapel  was  opec. 
on  Good  Friday  at  Freiston,  near  Boston.  It  * 
Gothic  structure,  built  in  the  late  decorated  st^. 
The  walls  are  of  red  bricks  with  stone  dressi'. 
Externally  it  is  divided  into  four  bays,  each  -y 
contains  a  stone  window  of  two  lights  trefc  d 
with  traceried  heads.  At  the  south  end  are  'o 
porches  between  which  is  a  large  window  of  t  -e 
lights,  trefoUed  with  decorated  tracery.  ^  '* 
cornice,  which  is  of  moulded  white  bricks,  is  a- 
tinued  up  the  gables  which  are  terminated  by )" 
finials.  The  roof  is  covered  with  slate  and  (i»- 
mental  Staffordshire  ridging.  The  internal  :»■ 
surement  of  the  building  is  424ft.  in  length,  ft- 
in  width,  and  30ft.  in  height  to  the  apex  o)  he 
roof.  The  roof,  which  is  an  open  one,  has  tet 
principals  of  Gothic  design,  which  spring  *Di 
moulded  corbels.  Upon  these  rest  the  p^' 
purlins,  and  ridge,  and  over  these  the  boardi>r'-' 
laid  transversely.  There  are  upwards  of  ■"'-' 
sittings,  about  70  of  which  are  free.  "■' 
pulpit  is  sex.agonal  on  plan,  each  side  is  di'-co 
into  two-arched  panels  with  trcfoiled  head  »^ 
each  angle  there  is  a  column  on  which  rests  o^l'-^ 
cornice.  It  stands  upon  a  low  base  and  i»l 
proached  by  three  steps.  The  communioir*" 
which  surrounds  the  pulpit  is  supported  by  rS' 
mahogany  pillars  and  ornamental  iron  balusi  d<-- 


April  26,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


297 


he  pulpit  and  pew  fronts  are  of  pitch  pine  ;  the 
ier  portions  of  the  pewa  and  the  roof  are  of  red 
eal,  stained  and  varnished.  The  windows  are 
lazed  with  enamel  glass,  and  coloured  glass  is 
itroduced  into  the  tracery.  Immediately  behind 
le  chapel  is  a  spacious  schoolroom  and  the 
quisite  convepiences.  The  wrks  have  been 
tecuted  by  Messrs.  Lee  and  Son,  builders,  of 
reiston  Bridge,  from  a  design  by  Mr.  Lee,  jun. 
ho  entire  cost  of  the  building,  it  ia  estimated, 
ill  be  about  £700. 

BUILDINGS. 
On  Friday  last,  the  foundation  atone  of  a  New 
idcpendeut  School  was  laid  at  Longridge,  Preston. 
10  school  will  be  ulft.  long  by  <J3ft.  wide,  and 
111  seat  400  scholars.  It  will  cost  about  £c!50. 
Bristol. — A  quaint  old  gabled  house  which 
K)d  formerly  in  St.  Nicholas-street,  and  called 
9  Elephant  Tavern,  has  been  recently  removed 
the  operation  of  the  Local  Government  Act, 
d  a  substantial  building  erected  in  its  stead. 
4  new  building  which  is  from  the  designs  of 
.  Henry  Miisters,  architect,  Park-street,  is  in  the 
li»n  style,  freely  treated.  The  elevation  is  well 
•ken  up  by  stringcourses  and  combinations  of 
oured  materials,  and  ia  richly  sculptured,  a  con- 
:uous  feature  of  which  is  an  elephant.  The 
iDgcourses,  capitals,  and  cornices  are  richly 
fed,  foliage  and  fruit  symbolical  of  the  good 
.  ar    sold   within,   appearing   prominent.      The 

■  )le  elevation   is   decidedly   characteristic  of  a 

■  iTQ.  The  work  has  been  carried  out  by  Messrs. 
K  and  Son,  and  the  sculpture  ia  by  Mr. 
ter. 

OMEWOOD. — A  contract  has  been  entered  into 
Jlr.  Albert  Kimberley,  of  Banbury,  for  ihe 
I  ding  of  a  mansion  at  Humewood,  Co.  Wick  • 
1  Ireland,  for  W.  W.  F.  Dick,  Esq.,  M.P.  for 
t  county.  The  designs  have  been  prepared  by 
1  William  White,  F.S.A,,  of  Wimpole  street, 
1  don.  The  character  of  the  building  is  to 
I  ioinewhat  after  the  manner  of  the  Scotch 
I  'Dial  buildings,  but  with  certain  Irish  pecu- 
ii  ties  of  battlements,  kc,  and  suited  to  modern 
r  irements.  It  is  also  to  be  capable  of  defence. 
/  fty  tower,  more  than  100ft.  high,  surmounts 
t  sntrance  hall,  which  is  a  loftily- vaulted  apart 
B  L    The  whole  cost  is  not  to  exceed  i:  15,000. 

(TROVKD   Dwellings  FOR  THE  Poor. — Upon  a 

p  of  waste   land  where  the  Archway  road  is 

c  led  by    Jackson's  lane,   the  Highgate  DweU- 

H  Improvement  Company  have   just  completed 

»  rge  and  airy   edifice,  to  be  called  Coleridge- 

b  lings.     They  are  to  he  opened  next  month, 

»  wUl  add   nearly   100  rooms   to  the  present 

d'  ling  accommodation  of  the  artisans   and  la 

b  era  of  Highgate.      The  directors  are  already 

«  to  receive  applications  from  those  desirous  of 

^  aing   tenants,    giving  the  preference  to  in- 

"  ^ta  of  Highgate.     The  buildings,  standing 

'■'  healthy  position,   are  four  storied,  substan- 

'•■    built,  not  quite  plain,  yet  without   archi- 

t<  nl  pretentions.       They  contain  9Q    rooms, 

o  ila  of  being  grouped  into  tenements   of  two 

*t  hiee.     The  rooms  are  large  and  light,  and  air 

•l  ids  throughout.      There  is  a  full  supply  of 

'};  and  each  floor  is  provided  with  washhouses, 

"1   coal  plaees,  coppers,  dust^shoots,  &c.      The 

■"  range  from  2s   to  2s.  Cd.  a  week  for  single 

J"!,  from  3s.  9d.  to  4.s.3d.  for  two  rooms,  and 

^  08.  6d.  to  63.  for  three   rooms  ;  prices  below 

*t  is  charged  for  much  inferior  accommodation 

I".  ;hgate.    The  directors  have.expressed  their  in. 

'**  n    of    giving    preference    to    those    whose 

''5 ''  homes  ad'ord   evidence  of  cleanliness  and 

•"  being  convinced  that  such  persons  will  tm-n 

'"'  'od  tenants  in  other  respects.     They  also  an- 

their  intention  of  securing  from  this  un- 

ag  a  minimum  dividend  of   five  per  cent. 

:ium  to  the  shareholders.      There  is  reason 

ve  that  the  present  shareholders  and  other 

'-ta    will  be   wilhng  to    advance    further 

•'  other  new  buildings.     Even  before  their 

-'.  good  is  resulting  to  the  labouring  classes 

•Jgate;   for  the  tenants  of   York -buildings 

fen  informed  that   their  rents  are  to  be 

1  at  the  rate  of  Is.  per  week  for  front,  and 

week  for  back  tenements. 

"I'OOL.— New  Kxchange  Buildings.— The 

'Qg  of  this  building  has  been  opened.  It  ia 

Kenaiasance  style,   from   designs  by  Mr. 

>'  Jatt.     The  news  room   opens  from  the 

'-,  and  is  about  160ft.  in  length,  including 

•lag  and  conversation  recesses,  by  a  clear 

i  more  than  90ft.,   without  any    inter- 

'  ■  supports.     It  is  surmounted  in  the  centre 

toBle  oi  50ft.    in    diameter,  glazed  with 

tmted  glass,  relieved  by  a  fret  pattern. 


The  total  height  ia  SOft.,  whilst  from  floor  of 
room  to  the  square  of  ceiling  ia  more  than  SOft 
The  walla  and  main  cornice  of  the  room  are 
of  Caen  stone.  Over  the  cornice,  in  semi-circular 
recesses,  are  allegorical  groups  of  figures  repre- 
senting Justice  and  Prudence,  Peace  and  Plenty, 
Science  and  Industry,  Navigation  and  Commerce, 
all  modelled  by  3Ir.  Mabey,  of  Westminster.  The 
Columns  and  pUasters  supporting  the  cornice  and 
subdividing  the  room  are  of  Irish  marble  of  a  rich 
red  tone.  A  dado  or  panelled  base,  shoulder  high, 
of  dove-coloured  Bardilla  marble,  surrounds  the 
room.  Tho  galleries  of  the  east  and  west  sidea  of 
the  room  have  balustrades  of  marble  and  alabaster, 
and  the  panels  of  the  cornice  are  inlaid  with 
richly- coloured  alabaster.  The  colouring  and 
gilding  of  the  large  news  room  has  been  executed 
by  J.  O.  Crace,  of  Wigmore-street.  The  general 
contractors  are  Messrs.  Holme  and  Nicol,  of  Liver- 
pool, and  the  whole  of  the  works  have  been 
executed  under  Mr.  Parsons,  the  resident  superin- 
tendent of  works.  When  completed  the  new 
Exchange  will  have  a  frontage  to  the  street  of 
l,5uOft.  It  will  occupy  six  years  in  building,  and 
cost  £200,000. 

London. — In  consequence  of  the  Holbom  im- 
provements, the  West  London  Union  have  com- 
menced the  erection  of  new  offices  further  back, 
adjoining  the  old  site  in  Thavies  Inn.  The 
ground  plan  takes  in  no  fewer  than  nine  ordinary 
tenements,  the  cost  of  which  has  been  about 
£6,000.  The  configuration  of  the  ground  is  ir- 
regular, some  levels  being  3ft.  lOin.  and  7ft.  above 
others.  The  old  house  in  Thavies  Inn  will  be  re- 
served for  the  Guardians  and  the  transaction  of 
all  the  official  business  of  the  Union.  The  archi- 
tect of  the  new  buildings  is  Mr.  Lewis  H.  Isaacs, 
of  Verulam  Buildings,  Gray'a-Inn,  and  the  con- 
tractor is  Mr.  John  Phillips. 

Newcastle. — The  foundation  stone  of  the  Ex- 
change New  Buildings  West,  was  laid  last  week, 
the  ceremony  being  performed  by  Mr.  Matthew 
Thompson,  the  architect,  assisted  by  the  contrac- 
tor, Mr.  Walter  Scott.  The  buildings  are  intended 
to  be  after  the  Italian  style  of  architecture.  They 
will  be  composed  of  shops,  warehouses,  and  offices 
— the  whole  when  finished  occupying  a  frontage  of 
166ft.  This  is  the  first  of  a  series  of  town  im- 
provement schemes  about  to  be  carried  out  in 
Newcastle. 

New  Operating  Theatre  at  Guy's  Hosi'Ital. — 
The  very  large  number  of  students  attending  this 
hospital  having  rendered  it  necessary  to  provide 
increased  accommodation  for  them,  it  was  resolved 
some  time  ago  to  remove  the  old  and  inconvenient 
operating  theatre  designed  by  the  original  archi- 
tect, and  to  erect  a  more  suitable  building  in  its 
stead.  Accordingly  Messrs.  Newman  and  Billing, 
the  architects,  were  directed  by  the  treasurer  to 
draw  out  a  plan  for  the  new  structure,  which  was 
submitted  to  the  staff  for  their  approval.  The 
old  theatre  was  taken  down,  and  as  much  of  the 
surrounding  parts  of  the  hospital  added  to  the  old 
site  as  to  render  the  superficial  area  of  the  new 
theatre  about  twice  the  si^e  of  the  old  one.  The 
new  structure  is  probably  the  most  convenient 
and  best  lighted,  as  it  is  certainly  the  most  elegant 
of  the  theatres  in  London.  A  commodious  and  ad- 
mirable photographic  studio  has  also  been  con- 
structed in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  theatre.  , 

South  Shields. — On  Monday  last,  the  founda- 
tion stone  of  new  marine  schools  was  laid.  The 
building  will  be  of  two  stories  in  height,  and  ia 
designed  in  the  Elizabethan  style.  It  will  be  built 
of  brick,  relieved  by  the  free  use  of  stone  facings. 
There  will  be  fifteen  rooms,  including  a  large  lec- 
ture room,  and  it  Ls  intended  to  have  a  tower, 
which  will  serve  as  an  observatory.  The  total  cost 
of  the  school  -will  be  about  £4,500.  Mr.  T.  M. 
Clemence  is  the  architect,  and  Mr.  J.  Todd  the 
builder. 


TO  C0EEESP0NDENT3. 

To  OoR  Readers. — We  ahall  feel  obliged  to  any  of  our 
readers  who  will  favour  us  with  brief  notes  of  w-orks  con- 
templated or  in  progreaa  in  the  provinces. 

Letters  relating  to  advertisements  and  the  ordinary  busi- 
ness of  the  paper  should  be  addressed  to  the  Editor,  166, 
Fleet-street.  Aflvertisements  for  the  current  week  must 
reach  the  office  before  o  o'clock  p  m.  on  Thursdav. 

Notice.— The  BUILDING  NEV.'8  inserts  ' advertise, 
ments  for  "  SITU.-ITIO.VS  WANTED,"  &c.,  at  ONE 
SHILLING  for  the  first  Twenty  four  Words, 


Coritsponkiife. 


Received.— H.  S.— F.  E.— J.  N.— H.  G.— E.  W.  P.— 
J.  D.  B.— J.  B.  R.  L.— F.  E.— E.  W.  G.— C.  h.  E.-A.  R. 
_W.  W.— C.  B.— R,  W,  E.— L.  W.  and  U.  -  G.  H.  G.— 
J.  L.— J  N.— G.  P.— A.  R  — J.  D.—J.  M.  T.— J.  L.— 
T.  T.— R.  D.  W.— J.  N.  — W.  D. 

"  An  Inconstant  Subscriber  "  must  be  a  constant  fool. 

Freehold  Lai.-d. — Your  question  is  one  for  a  solicitor. 

HouDAN  (Cork). — Write  to  the  Editor  of  Landand  WaUr^ 
Fleet-street. 


MANCHESTER     TOWNHALL     COMPETI- 
TION. 

To  the  Editor  of  the  Buildino  New.s. 

Sir, — As  you  have  tipened  your  columns  for  the 
discussion  of  tho  plans  adopted  by  the  council  in 
procuring  designs  in  this  important  competition, 
we  should  be  glad  to  make  a  few  i-emarks,  and  to 
offer  them  in  the  form  of  suggestions  which  we 
believe,  if  carried  out,  would  both  add  to  the  fair- 
nettn  of  the  competition  and  give  increased  confi. 
deuce  to  the  competing  architects  ;  and  we  hope 
they  may  fall  under  the  notice  of  the  council,  who, 
we  think,  have  been  too  severely  criticised  by  some 
of  your  correspondents,  both  aa  to  their  acts  and 
intentions.  It  can  hardly  be  thought  that  the 
Manchester  authorities  have  asked  too  much  in 
the  preliminary  drawings  required — only  sufficient 
to  draw  a  line  between  the  architect  and  mere 
draughtsman  ;  while  in  selecting  from  six  to 
twelve  of  the  best  preliminary  competitors  for  the 
final  competition,  they  have  given  encouragement 
to  architects  to  compete,  particularly  to  the 
younger  men,  who  have  not  that  solid  and  highly 
respectable  basis  of  gold  and  interest  to  repose 
upon  which  some  correspondents  seem  to  think 
the  only  necessary  requirements  and  acquirements 
for  the  carrying  out  of  important  works.  But  we 
think  that  there  are,  at  any  rate,  two  grave  defects 
in  an  otherwise  excellent  scheme,  which  might  be 
ob  viated  .as  we  would  suggest,  the  weak  points 
being,  firstly,  that  there  is  uo  distinct  understand- 
ing aa  to  whether  any  public  exhibition  of  the 
preliminary  sets  of  drawings  should  take  place  or 
not,  affording,  therefore,  no  guarantee  to  architects 
of  immunity  from  plagiarism  of  the  best  parts  of 
their  design  by  some  competitors  who  might  bo 
selected  for  the  second  competition,  which  adapta- 
tions, slightly  altered,  might  be  sent  in  as  original 
work.  Secondly,  no  distinct  pledge  is  given  that 
unbiassed  professional  judgments  shall  be  obtained 
in  both  adjudications.  We  think  the  following 
arrangements  would  be  better  in  every  way  : — 

Firstly,  that  no  public  exhibition  of  the  pre- 
liminary drawings  should  take  place,  the  exhibi- 
tion to  be  strictly  confined  to  the  judges  and  such 
of  the  corporate  authorities  who  might  have  a 
direct  interest  in  the  requirements  of  the  council  ; 
the  drawings  selected  for  the  second  competition  to 
be  returned  at  once  to  their  authors,  and  all  others 
retained  until  the  final  sets  of  drawings  are  out, 
when  a  public  exhibition  of  the  whole  should  take 
place  ;  this  would  give  the  public  and  competitors 
confidence,  and  show  that  the  selections  had  been 
fairly  and  rightly  made. 

Secondly,  that  unbiassed  professional  aid  should 
be  procured  in  both  adjudications,  for  however 
much  the  council  may  be  cognisant  of  its  own 
wants  as  to  accommodation  and  general  arrange- 
ments, the  intrinsic  merits  and  the  art  portions  of 
the  designs  would  be  better  and  more  fairly  esti- 
mated by  men  who,  by  special  training,  are  more 
qualified  to  judge  of  those  qualities  ;and  we  would 
suggest  that  either  the  three  professors  of  archi- 
tecture at  the  Royal  Academy,  King's,  or  Uni- 
versity Colleges,  or  the  three  architect  Royal  Aca- 
I  demicians  be  called  in  ;  and  in  case  any  of  those 
gentlemen  be  obliged  to  refuse  through  being  inte- 
rested parties,  or  from  other  causes,  then  to  call 
in  one  leading  Gothic  and  one  leading  Cla.5sic  archi- 
tect to  assist  the  council. — We  are,  &c., 

Two  Intending  Co.«petitobs. 

THE  "PUGIN"  EOOF. 
Sir, — The  date  as  given  by  Mr.  Pugin  of  the 
erection  of  the  church  in  Eldon-street,  Liverpool, 
which  till  now  I  had  not  heard  of,  of  course  proves 
that  I  had  no  claim  to  the  priority  of  design,  and 
I  at  once  withdraw  it.  I  had  designed  roofs  on 
the  same  principle,  that  is,  the  combination  of 
the  open  roof  displaying  its  construction,  and  the 
plastered  ceiling  with  interstice  for  ventilation, 
some  years  previously,  one  of  which,  very  similar 
to  my  Cork  roof,  was  executed  for  the  Church  of 
St.  Alphonsus,  Limerick  ;  but  for  this,  or  for  my 
practice  of  coupling  in  depth  two  principal  rafter^ 
to  gain  stiffness,  I  never  put  in  a  claim  even  fOj, 
"  original  power."  It  was  only  when  I  saw  a  roo 
at  the  church  at  Peckham  of  similar  design,  andf 
recoil  ected  reading  in  the  Tahlei*  a  description  in 
flattering  terms  of  this  "  specimen  of  Mr.  Pugin's 
doul  le-back  or  quatrefoiled  principals,"  that  I 
waa  led  to  question  its  originality,  more  especially 
as  I  saw  that  the  main  advantage  of  the  ceiling  in 


October  13,  186C.  ofiening  of  Fi-anciscan  Church. 


298 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


April  26,  1867.**"^ 


the  upper  part  had  been  lost  sight  of  by  its  de- 
signer;  although  the  friendly  scribe  of  the  TahJet 
would  make  us  believe  that  a  partial  under-ceiling 
or  panelhng  would  equalise  the  temperature  not- 
withstanding that  this  roof  is  open  to  the  very 
ridge.  Mr.  Pugiu  mentions  his  drawings  for  the 
Church  of  S.S.  Peter  and  Paul,  at  Cork,  ex- 
hibited in  Cork  and  London.  I  should  like  to  ask 
him  if  the  drawings  exhibited  in  London  were  the 
same  drawings  as  were  submitted  iu  competition. 
In  conclusion,  I  am  ready  to  submit  any  question 
of  originality  or  priority  of  invention  to  the 
decision  of  our  Institute. — I  am,  &c., 

S.   J.   NiCHOLL. 
126,  Marylebone-road,  April  24. 

TRADES'   UNIONS    AND    THE  MANUFACTURE   OF 
BRICKS. 

Sir,— In  your  issue  of  the  18th  inst.,  jou  ask  this  ques- 
tion, "  Why  should  there  uut  be  different  sized  bricks  that 
could  be  worked  in  with  ordiuary  stocks  ?  "  One  reason  is. 
that  in  this  and  other  brickmaking  districts  the  trades' 
unions  do  their  best,  and  with  much  success,  to  prevent 
any  but  the  ordinary  Oiii.  by  4^in.  by  ciin.  bricks  from 
being  made,  that  is,  tliey  will  not  allow  those  who  are  dis- 
posed to  do  so  to  make  tliem  but  at  a  prohibitive  price  ; 
and  if  any  improvement  should  be  suggested,  every  pos- 
sible obstacle  is  thrown  in  the  way.  For  some  time  i>ast, 
bricks  thinner  and  longer  than  the  common  shaped  bricks, 
but  containing  the  same  number  of  3ubic  inches,  have  been 
wanted,  but  though  there  would  be  no  more  trouble,  they 
cannot  be  had  except  at  double  prices,  merely  because,  it  is 
said,  there  would  be  an  infringement  of  some  absurd  club 
rule.  Last  autumn,  in  a  town  not  far  from  filanchester, 
all  buildings  in  which  a  certain  brickmaker's  bricks  had 
been  used  were  stopped  for  several  weeks,  merely  because 
this  brickmaker  had,  quite  unknowingly,  offended  the 
union,  who  h;id  forbidden  any  bricklayer  to  lay  his  bricks 
lor  the  future.  If  the  Trades'  Unions'  Commission  wishes 
really  to  know  tbe  extent  to  which  the  tyranny  and  in- 
justice of  trade's'  unions  can  run,  let  them  inqmre  carefully 
in  the  Lancashire  district. — I  am,  &c., 

Manchester,  April  20.  Free  Trade. 


Iiiterautntiuuratioit* 


QUESTIONS. 
[361.]— QUALIFIED  SURVEYOR.— What,- in  the  eye  of 
the  law,  constitutes  a  qualified  surveyor?  I  will  give  my 
own  case  : — £100  was  paid  as  premium  with  me  to  a  well- 
known  architect  in  a  southern  county ;  but,  owing  to 
ignorance  of  their  value  on  my  father's  part  and  my  own, 
no  articles  were  drawn  up,  and  all  I  have  to  prove  my  hav- 
ing been  a  pupil  is  a  testimonial  given  me  at  the  expiry 
of  the  term.  I  have  since  this  been  in  both  architects' 
and  siu'veyors'  offices,  and  have  now  started  on  my  own 
account.  My  little  practii^e  sesems  to  tend  in  the  direction 
of  measuring  work  and  valuing  it  in  cases  likely  to  be 
brought  into  court,  and  I  have  several  times  been  .'isked 
whether  I  was  a  regularly  qualified  surveyor,  and  have,  of 
course,  answered  yes.  Now,  though  both  architecture  and 
surveying  have  been  my  study  and  my  profession,  I  wish 
to  know  whether  I  should  be  considered,  in  a  court  of  law, 
to  be  a  regular  siu^veyor.  Until  lately,  I  had  nnt  the 
Mlightest  idea  of  auytliing  more  than  the  necessary  abilitins 
and  practice  being  required  to  be  a  surveyor  in  disputed 
cases  ;  but  since  I  have  heard  of  builders  taking  out  a 
certificate  to  enable  them  to  practice  as  surveyors,  I  wish 
to  know  whether  I,  whu  have  for  some  time  practised  as 
architect  and  surveyor,  need  anything  of  the  kind,  and  if 
so,  where  and  how  to  obtain  it.  Veremos. 


[362.3-STAINED  OAK.— Can  any  of  your  readers  inform 
me  by  what  process  I  can  remove  black  stains  from  new 
oak,  caused  by  the  rusting  of  ironwork?    Dick  Tdrpin. 


[363.]— SHELLAC— I  shaU  be  glad  to  be  informed, 
through  your  "Intercommunication,"  whether  shellac  is 
a  mineral  or  a  vegetable  substance ;  and  also  the  best 
means  of  using  it  for  sticking  fractured  stones  together. 

B.   C.  T. 

[Lac  is  an  animal  production  which  has  been  long  kno^vn 
in  India,  and  is  used  for  dyeing  silk  and  other  purposes. 
It  is  deposited  on  different  kinds  of  trees  by  a  species  of 
insect  of  the  cochineal  kind.  Lac,  in  its  natural  state,  is 
called  sticklac.  and  when  this  is  freed  from  its  impurities 
by  melting  it  over  a  gentle  fire,  and  formed  into  cakes,  it 
is  called  shellac.  United  with  ivory  black,  or  vermilion, 
it  forms  black  or  red  sealing-wax.  "  B.  C.  T."  may  there- 
fore use  the  shellac  for  the  purpose  he  mentions  as  he 
would  use  sealing-wax.  ] 


[364.]— INTERCOMMUNICATION.- To  the  Editor.— 
Sir, — Like  many  others,  I  have  deiived  considerable 
advantage  from  "Intercommunication,"  but  I  think  this 
department  of  your  paper  may  be  considerably  improved. 
In  the  first  place,  I  think  many  of  your  questions  are  much 
too  simple,  and  ought  not  to  be  asked.  Why  should  you 
be  put  to  trouble,  and  your  valuable  space  occupied,  in 
putting  and  answering  questions  which  the  questioners 
might  easily  get  answered  by  taking  a  httle  trouble,  or 
asking  some  friend?  Why,  for  instance,  should  anyone 
ask  what  days  of  the  week  the  designs  for  the  new  Law 
Courts  are  to  be  seen  by  the  public?  Why  could  not  the 
questioner  put  himself  to  a  little  trouble  and  go  to  the 
building  and  inquire  fur  himself?  Besides,  why  cannot 
you  give  the  answer  without  putting  the  question,  and  so 
save  space,  like  many  other  jounials?  By  a  little  weeding, 
and  more  economy  of  space,  1  think  you  may  improve  this 
department  of  your  paper.  Mutual  Aid. 

[In  answer  to  "Mutual  Aid,"  we  beg  to  say  that  what 
may  be  a  "too  simple"  question  to  him  may  nut  be  to 
many  others,  and,  very  possibly,  what  he  would  consider 
more  important  questions  would  by  others  be  considered 
*' too  simple."  Take,  for  instance,  the  very  question  to 
which  he  more  particulajly  refers.     He  thinks  the  person 


who  inquired  about  the  designs  for  the  new  Law  Courts 
might  liavc  gone  and  made  the  inquiry  for  himself.  If  so, 
he  would  have  had  to  come  from  the  country.  Perhaps  it 
hiia  never  struck  "  Mutual  Aid,"  who  lives  in  London, 
that  a  majority  of  those  (piestions  are  asked  by  persons 
living  in  the  country,  and  who,  comsequently.  do  not 
possess  so  many  opportunities  of  obraining  information  as 
himself.  Wo  think,  however,  that  the  question  as  to  the 
new  Law  Courts  was  a  legitimate  one  to  be  put  by  a  corre- 
spondent living  in  London.  The  other  matter  raised  by 
"Mutual  Aid"  affects  the  very  essence  of  "Intercom- 
munication." The  question  is  sent  by,  and  inserted  for, 
our  correspondent,  to  be  answered  by  another  correspondent 
for  the  benefit  of  all  correspondents  and  readers.  Instead 
of  wasting  space,  this  is  the  very  best  way  to  economise  it. 
An  answer  given  without  the  question  is  only  intelligiblfe 
and  useful  to  the  questioner,  whereas,  if  both  question  and 
answer  are  inserted,  all  wQl  have  the  benefit  of  them.  We 
are,  tlierefore,  careful  to  select  those  questions  which  are 
most  likely  to  be  practically  useful  to  the  greatest  number 
of  reader's.  We  question  the  policy  too  frequently  adopted 
in  periodicals  of  occupying  space  which  belongs  alike  to  all 
the  reader.s  for  the  sole  benefit  of  a  single  questioner,  and 
we  therefore  think  that  the  plan  we  have  adopted  is  the 
best  to  promote  mutual  improvement. 


[365.]— ARCHITECTS'  CHARGES.— Could  any  of  your 
readers  give  me  the  general  charge  made  by  architects  for 
plans,  specification,  and  procuring  builders' tenders  for  the 
carrying  out  of  alterations  and  additions  in  old  property. 
If  such  work  is  done,  is  it  usual  to  charge  7^  percent, 
upon  the  cost,  and  an  estimated  value  of  the  old  materials 
ut'ed,  and  of  any  portions  of  the  old  buildings  left  stand- 
ing, and  forming  part  of  the  new  and  altered  property. 
If  plans  were  made,  and  tenders  procured,  and  the  work 
then  abandoned,  would  the  architect  be  entitled  to  3J  per 
cent,  upon  the  amount  of  the  tender,  which  would  most 
likely  have  been  accepted,  and  an  estimated  value  of  the 
old  material  used  ?  A.  B. 


[366,]— HEATING  PRIVATE  BATH.— Will  any  of  your 
readers  kindly  inform  me  of  the  best  manner  of  heating  a 
bath  in  a  private  house.  There  is  an  objection  to  the 
customary  way  of  heating  by  circulating  pipes,  with  close 
boiler  in  the  kitchen  fireplace  and  the  cistern  near  the 
roof,  on  account  of  the  liability  to  freeze  in  winter,  or 
deficiency  of  water,  in  which  case  an  explosion  is  likely  to 
follow :  or  what  can  be  done  to  obviate  this  difiiculty  ? 

iNQtJIREB. 


REPLIES. 

[314.]— SALINE  SCUM  ON  TILES.— "Mosaic*'  will 
find  an  occasional  washing  with  soft  soap  and  water  give 
increased  brilliancy  to  the  colours,  and  will  remove  the 
saline  scum  he  complains  of,  which  arises  from  the  cement 
for  the  first  few  weeks  after  the  tiles  are  laid,  and  when 
thoroughly  cleansed  in  the  abovw  way,  wash  with  skim 
milk  and  wipe  dry  with  a  clean  dry  cloth. 

W.    WlNGHAM. 


[345.]— BATH  STONE.— In  reply  to  "J.  P.  G.,"  the  de- 
cay referred  to  might  result  either  through  the  stone  used 
being  from  different  quarries,  or  through  the  neglect  or 
ignorance  of  the  parties  using  it.  The  Box  Ground  stone, 
the  bottom  beds  of  the  Farleigh.  viz.,  red  bed  Farleigh, 
and  some  of  the  Coml>e  Down  stone,  are  excellent  weather 
stones,  and  verj'  durable — the  hardest  frosts  does  not  injure 
them ;  but  the  Corsham,  white  Farleigh,  and  one  or  two 
quarries  of  the  Combe  Dowu  stone,  are  not  good  or  first- 
class  weather  stone,  and  if  exposed,  are  liable  to  rapid 
decay.  As  there  is  such  a  difference  in  the  quahties  of  the 
stone  produced  by  the  various  quarries,  that  for  imiwrtant 
jobs  should  be  selected  at  the  quarries.  A  great  deal  of 
the  abuse  heaped  on  Bath  stone  should  be  laid  on  the  head 
of  the  mason  who  works  it,  as  from  ignorance  or  neglect 
it  is  cut  up  and  worked  without  any  regard  to  the  bed  of 
the  stone,  the  description,  or  place  it  has  to  occupy.     E. 


[34P.]— ARCHITECTURE  AND  GEOMETRY.— Aletter 
addressed  to  K.  K.,  70,  Camberwell  New-road,  S.,  will 
procure  the  requisite  information. 


[35S.]— PAVING  ROADS.— There  are  several  methods 
whereby  the  noise  over  paved  roads  may  be  mitigated. 
One  is,  to  pave  the  setts  lin.  apart,  filling  up  the  joints 
with  clean  hard  stone  chippings,  also  putting  a  layer  of 
these  chippings  l^in.  thick  over  the  paving  ;  then  pour 
just  sufticient  boiling  asphalte  to  bind  the  whole  together 
in  one  soUd  mass.  Boulder  pavements  can  also  be  done 
in  this  manner,  they  being  better  adapted  to  this  plan 
than  setts,  as  the  joints  are  large  and  more  irregular, 
th-ireby  giving  a  greater  binding  principle.  In  streets 
where  heavy  narrow  wheeled  traffic  is  great  the  layer  of 
chippings  would  occasionally  get  worn  through  to  the  pave- 
ment and  require  repairing,  thereby  causing  some  little 
inconvenience  to  public  traffic.  Another  plan  is  to  place 
veneers  of  any  kind  of  wood  between  each  row  of  setts, 
these  veneers  to  be  l^in.  thick,  lOiii.  long,  and  as  deep  as 
the  setts,  set  the  graining  way  up.  They  should  also  be 
dipped  into  boiling  gas  tar  before  being  used ;  this  will 
prevent  the  timber  from  rotting. 

J.  DuTHiE,  4,  Peel-terrace,  Preston, 


STAINED    GLASS. 

Langtoft. — There  has  just  been  inserted  in  the  east  end 
of  the  fine  old  chancel  of  Langtoft  Church,  nearDriflield, 
a  stained  glass  window  by  Messrs.  Clayton  and  Bell.  It 
represents  the  Crucifixion  and  the  Adoration  of  the  Magi, 
treated  triplet  wise,  in  the  two  lower  tiers  ;  while  in  the 
upper  tier,  the  central  division  is  occupied  by  the  subject 
of  the  Resurrection,  with  the  angels  and  Maries  at  the 
sepulchre  in  the  two  side  divisions  In  the  tracery  our 
Lord  in  majesty  is  introduced,  with  demi-flgures  of  the 
^welve  apostles  beneath. 


COMPETITION. 


The  first  premium  in  the  competitive  designs  for  the 
Grantham  new  Towuhall,  prison,  iic,  has  been  awarded 
to  Mr.  Watlsins,  architect,  Lincoln  ;  and  the  second  pre- 
mium to  Mr.  Robert  W.  Edis,  architect,  of  Osnaburg-ter 
race,jRegeat,8  Park. 


STATUES,   MEMORIALS,    &o. 

A  movement  has  been  set  on  foot  in  Australia 
for  tlie  erection  of  a  monument  to  the  memory! 
of  the  late  Angus  M'Millan,  the  discoverer  oil 
the  Gipps  Land,  and  for  providing  a  home  for  hie! 
children.  j 

The  Cobden  Statce  at  Manchester. — Thej 
ceremony  of  inaugurating  this  statue,  erected  ini 
St.  Ann's-square,  Manchester,  took  placa  on 
Monday,  amid  demonstrations  of  publie  re 
rejoicing.  Mr.  George  Wilson,  in  the  absence 
iifMr.  Gladstone,  unveiled  the  statue.  Thi 
figure  is  an  exceedingly  fine,  clear,  massivt 
bronze  casting  of  a  very  superior  quality  of  metal 
and  represents  Mr.  Cobden  in  the  attitude  o 
addressing  the  House  of  Commons.  The  likenes: 
is  pronounced  to  be  exceedingly  good.  Thi 
figure  is  10ft.  high,  and  stands  upon  a  lofty  squar 
pedestal,  in  each  face  of  which  are  large  slabs  o 
polished  granite.  The  face  of  the  figure  looks  tc 
wards  the  front  of  the  Royal  Exchange  Th 
total  subscription  amounted  to  £4,460  128.  3c 
The  committee  selected  Mr.  Marshall  Wood  as  th 
scul  ptor,  who  prepared  the  statue  at  a  cost  f 
£2,500,  and  £1,250  had  been  given  out  of  tb 
surplus  fund  to  endow  a  chair  of  political  econom 
in  the  Owen's  College,  M.anchester,  leaving  £76 
to  expend  in  prizes  for  teachers  and  pup 
teachers. 

The  eminent  United  States  sculptor.  Dr.  Wari 
has  received  a  commission  for  a  statue  of  Shak 
peare  for  the  Central  Park,  New  York. 

Mr.  Peabodt. — We  are  glad  to  see  that  a  mov 
ment  is  on  foot  to  erect  in  some  conspicuous  pla 
within    the   City   a    statue  of  Mr.    Peabody,  ■' 
testimony  of  the  deep  feeling  of  gratitude  enti 
t-ained  by  the  citizens  of  London  and  the   pub' 
at  large"  to  that  good  man  and  great  benetact< 
The  first  list  of  subscriptions  has  been  publishf 
and  amounts   to  over   £1,000.      The   Prince 
Wales  heads   the  list   with   twenty-five  guine 
We  may  here  state  that  Mr.  Peabody  has  gone 
Washington  to  receive  the  picture    of  the  Que 
froA  the  hands  of  the  British  Minister.     The  gi 
of  her  Majesty  will  ultimately  be  placed  in  a  fiM 
proof  room  in   the   Peabody   Institute  at  SoiT 
Danvers,  Massachusetts.      Mr.  Peabody  has  i 
received  from  the  Empress  Eugenie  an  autogial 
letter  complimenting  him  for  the  munificent  ] 
rality    he    has  displayed    on    both    sides  of 
Atlantic,   and   characterising   him  as  ''the  grj 
benefactor  of  humanity." 


WAGES  MOVEMENT. 

The  strike   of  the  Manchester  plasterers'  labourers  X 
now   be   said   to   be  at  an   end,  and  to  have  been  ut^ 
defeated,  the  places  of  the  society  men  being  ade< 
supplied,  and  all  the  shops  being  now  in  full  work. 

The   strike  of  enginedrivers  on  the  North-Eastern  II 
way,    which  at  first  appeared  so  formidable,  has  now» 
tualiy  terminated,  as  the  company  are  running  allr 
usual  trains,   both  passenger  and  goods,  over  almoan 
whole  length  of  their  lines. 

Since  strikes  are  the  order  of  the  day,  it  i 
natural  that  undert-akers  should  have  their  gri^ 
We  read  that  the  ilndertakers'  men  at  Banaume,  inn 
are  on  strike.  They  complain  of  the  mode  in  which! 
are  paid.  If  the  funeral  they  attend  is  that  of  a  rich^ 
son,  they  receive  a  considerable  sum,  but  their  payn^ 
decreases  with  the  position  of  the  deceased  when  alive,  I 
it  dwindles  down  to  75  cents.  As  the  lower  class  il' 
ments  are  much  more  numerous  than  the  higher,  they  i 
themselves  underpaid. 

Lincoln. — The  bricklayers  are  still  out,  the  emplo^ 
refusing  to  accept  their  terms,  though  oflering  to  pa;  y 
hour  work.  The  men  have,  however,  given  up  the  Sa ' 
day  afternoon  holiday.  Their  wages  were  24s.  to  2'  ' 
week,  some  builders  giving  the  lower  and  some  the  bl  r 
rate,  but  the  men  now  demand  a  uniform  wage  of  28s.  'f 
week. 

Barnsley. — The  strike  in  the  building  trade  as  tt  e 
quarrymen  still  continues,  both  masters  and  mena^ 
rently  being  equally  determined  to  hold  out.  Seven* 
the  masons  have  been  thrown  idle  for  want  of  stone,  Q 
this  inconvenience  will  be  felt  to  a  still  greater  extent  » 
few  days,  should  no  arrangement  be  come  to.  Notig 
has  yet  transpired  regarding  tbe  course  the  masters  H 
take  "as  to  the  demands  of  the  masons,  whoMk  fomncir 
advance  of  "23.  per  week,  a  reduction  iu  the  hour« 
labour,  and  a  restriction  as  to  the  nimiber  of  appren* 
which  the  masters  shall  employ. 


LEGAL  INTELLIGENCE. 

Fining  a  Mine  Sukteyoe.— At  the  Wolverbi^ 
ton  Police-court  last  week,  Mr.  J.  Cope  waa  i^ 
£20  and  costs  for  an  offence  against  the  M** 
Inspection  Act.  The  defendant  was  consul  ig 
engineer  to  Mr.  W.  H.  Dawes,  ironmaster '0 
colliery  proprietor,  in  one  of  whose  pits,  onJu'^ 
last,  three  boys  were  suffocated  by  wandering  w 
an  unfenced  portion  of  the  pit.  The  proceeig* 
were  brought  by  the  Government  Inspect- 0 
Mines  for  the  district,  who  maintained  tba  M 
defendant  was  the  responsible  person.    Fori"^ 


April  26,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


2P9 


defendant  it  was  argued,  on  the  contrary,  that  the 
person  who  conducted  the  workings  underground 
wa8  responsible ;  and  it  was  asserted  that  if  the 
contrary  should  be  ruled  it  would  be  impossible 
for  the  responsibility  to  be  maintained,  inasmuch 
as  persona  in  Mr.  Cope's  position  were,  like  him- 
self, consulting  agents  for  perhaps  twenty  other 
colliery  proprietors.  The  stipendiary,  however,  in 
giving  judgment,  ruled  as  a  fact  that  the  defend- 
ant knew  that  the  part  of  the  pit  in  question  was 
in  a  dangerous  condition;  and  then  said — "Con- 
sidering, therefore,  the  necessity  that  the  rules 
prescribed  by  the  Act  of  Parliament  for  the  safety 
of  the  workmen  in  the  mines  should  be  rigidly 
observed,  I  think  it  my  duty  to  impose  upon  the 
defendant  a  pen:dty  of  £20  and  costs,"  which  w:is 
altogether  £31  l^a.  Pd.  Against  this  decision 
the  stipendiary  magistrate  said  there  could  bo  no 
appeal  to  a  higher  court. 

Dispute  for  Possession  ov  Tin:  Footpath. — 

The  Lancashire  and  Yorkshire  Kailway  Company 

appeared  by  counsel   recently   before  the  Wigan 

borough  magistrates    on  the  charge   of    wilfully 

obstructing  a   public  footpath  or  highway  within 

tlie  jurisdiction,  of  the   Local  Board  of  Health. 

This   proceeding   on  the  part  of  the  Corporation 

arose   out  of  the   action   of  the  Lancashire   and 

Yorkshire  Company  blocking  up  a  jiassage  to  the 

London  and  North- Western  Company's  station, 

••  '   '■■•  -rting  an  ancient  footpath  to    render   the 

more   eft'ectual.      The   Lancashire  and 

■    Compai.y  were   served  with   notice  to 

.  ve  the  obstruction,  and  were  then  summoned ; 

IS  soon  as  these  steps  were   notified  the  ob- 

; 'fcion  was  removed,  and  the  footpath  restored 

:n   original    hne  ;    but  the    blockade    to  the 

1,  u^lon  and  Xorth-Western  station  was  kept  up. 

Ur.  J.  L.    Hunter,  the  borough  surveyor,  was  ex- 

icuned  at  length,  and  proved  that  the  road  was  a 

-iiljiic  one,  and  had  for  years  been  repaired  out  of 

i'c   rates;    and   Mr.   Councillor   Thomas  Smith 

'«ed  to  the  existence  of  a   pathway,  of  which 

'lisputed  road  was  a  divergence,  across  the 

I-  in  dispute  for  over  fifty  years.      The  bench 

ted  the  full  fine  of  40s.    on  Mark  Yates,  the 

q'.any's   joiner,  who  had  put  up  the  obstruc- 

Notioe  of  appeal  was  given. 


§mtxd  Items. 


-\  Xew  York  paper  speaks  of  a  bronze  statue 
hich  has  passed,  first,  for  Christopher  Columbus, 
!Xt,  as  Benjamin  Franklin,  and  is  now  the  con- 
■mplated  object  of  purchase  by  the  city  govern- 
t  as  George  Washington.      A   useful   statue 

.[■^  following  alterations  in  the  names  of  pub- 

.  Toughfares  have  been  ordered  to  be  made  by 

Metropolitan  Board  of  Works  : — -John-street, 

I  the  west  side  of  Tottenham-court-road,  is  to  be 

Jled  Whitfield  street ;  Chapel-street,  in  the  same 

cality,  is  to  be  called  Tottenham-street ;  Rane- 

gh  street,   Pimlico,  is  to  be   incorporated   with 

biu-y-street :    York  street,  Shoreditch,   is  to  be 

-lied  Hows-street ;  Warren  street  and  Stanhope- 

reet,  Camden  Town,  are  to  be  called  Delancy- 

reet;  Grenville-street,  Somers.towu,  to  be  called 

Idenham. street ;       Gloucester-place,       Regent's 

irk,  to  be  incorporated  with  Wellington-street ; 

ymour-crescent.    Melton-place,    Crescent  street, 

id  Melton  crescent,  near  Euston-square,  are  to 

I  called  Euston-street;  Brandon-row,    William- 

reet,  and  St.  Andrew's-road,  Newington,  to  be 

Ued  Rockingham-street ;   John-street,  Newing. 

n,  to  be  called  Heiron  street ;  Kensington  Park- 

rrace,  Kensington,  to  be  called  Chepstow-villas  ; 

5W  Bridge-street,  Lambeth,  to  be  incorporated 

th  Upper  Kennington-lane ;    King  street    and 

racey.street.  Mile  End  Old  Town,  to  be  called 

maica-street ;    Queen-street  and  Holmes-street, 

lie  End  Old  Town,  to  be  called  Dempsey-street. 

The  aerial  railway  over  New  York  is  to  be  sup- 

rted  upon   wrought-iron  columns,   1ft.  in  dia- 

3ter  and  14ft.  high,  secured  in  blocks  of  iron. 

reets    are    to    be    spanned    with     ornamental 

idges.      The   motive  force   is    to  be   supplied 

engines  of  30  horse  power,  placed   in   vaults 

Death  the  streets  at  intervals  of  half  a  mile. 

eae  are  to  work  an  endless  chain  of  wire  rope 

■olving  over  large   drums,  extending  about   a 

arter  of  a  mile  each  way  from  the  engines,  and 

jUming  by    an   iron  tube    placed  beneath   the 

kement.    The  carriages  are  to  be  of  a  pecuhar 

latruction,   capable   of    being   stopped   at   any 

ment  by  the  conductor  with  the  application  of 

?ver.     The  st-ations  are  placed  at  equal  distances 


from  each  other,  and  waiting  rooms  are  to  be  on  a 
second  floor  of  buildings  adjoining.  The  railway 
passengers  ascend  and  descend  by  staircases.  It  is 
said  that  the  Mayor  of  New  York  has  some  doubts 
as  to  the  legality  .and  powers  of  the  company,  and 
has  not  sanctioned  the  works. 

Two  more  frescoes  by  Mr.  C.  W.  Cope,  R.A., 
are  now  being  place<l  in  the  Peers'  Corridor  at  the 
New  Palace  of  Westminster.  The  subjects  are  :-- 
''  The  Settingout  of  Train  bauds  from  London  to 
Raise  the  Siege  of  CJloucester,"  and  "  Speaker 
Lenthal  asserting  the  Privileges  of  the  Commons 
against  Charles  l.,wheu  the  attempt  was  made  to 
seize  the  Five  Members."  These  two  complete 
the  series  of  frescoes  for  the  Peers'  Corridor. 

The  Architectural  Exhibition  will  be  opened  at 
9,  Conduit-street  on  M.ay  1  next,  and  will  remain 
open  daily  till  July  13  next.  Unusual  efforts 
have  been  made  on  this  occ;isiou  to  make  the  exhi- 
bition an  improvement  on  its  predecessors.  The 
Councils  of  the  Arcliitectural  Exhibition  Society 
and  of  the  Architectural  Museum  have  made 
arrangements  to  amalgamate  their  annual  course 
of  lectures,  for  the  ensuing  session  only.  So,  in- 
stead of  two  courses  of  lectures,  we  shall  this  sea- 
son have  only  one.  Cards  have  been  issued  for  a 
cii/ii'er.sa:to)ie  at  Conduit-street  for  the  evening 
of  the  30th  inst. 

Notwithstanding  the  loud  outcry  against  it,  and 
the  strong  desire  shown  in  certain  quarters  to  put 
it  down,  ritualism  would  seem  to  be  gradually 
gaining  ground.  At  all  events  several  of  our 
contemporaries  think  it  necessary  to  record  as 
something  noticeable  that  floral  decorations  in  cele- 
bration of  Easter  were  used  in  a  greater  number 
of  metropolitan  churches  on  Sunday  last  than 
formerly.  It  is  added  that  the  incumbents  of 
many  of  the  churches  so  decorated  are  not  re 
markable  as  ritualists.  Be  this  as  itmay,  the  fact 
is  significant,  and  may  show  which  way  the 
religious  wind  blows. 

Tettenhall  (Woleehajifton). — Last  week  a 
new  Nonconformist  school  was  opened  here.  The 
style  of  the  buildings  is  Gothic,  of  the  fourteenth 
century,  and  is  built  of  brick,  with  stone  dressings, 
.and  the  school  is  in  the  form  of  the  letter  f.  The 
total  cost,  including  the  grounds  attached  to  the 
school,  was  about  £16,000.  Mr.  Bidlake  was  the 
architect,  and  Messrs.  Barnsley  and  Sons,  of  Bir- 
mingham, the  builders. 

A  South  London  paper  mentions  an  instance  of 
overcrowding  in  that  district  which  ought  to 
shock  everybody.  In  John-street,  Newington, 
a  man,  his  wife,  three  children,  their  grandfather, 
and  three  other  adults,  sleep  in  a  chamber  con- 
taining only  810  cubic  feet  of  air.  Another  room 
is  occupied  by  a  man,  his  wife,  their  children,  and 
fifteen  dogs! 


MEETINGS 

Mo.v- 


FOR   THE   WEEK. 


-Roy.al  United  Service  Institutiou. — ''  Lessous  for 
Lissa,"  by  Commander  P.  H.  Colonib.  S-.SO. 
TuEsDAV. — Royal   Institution. — '*  Plato,"   by   Professor 
Blackie,  S. 
Institution   of   Civil    Engineei-s. — Papers  to  be 
read  : — Discussion     upon     Colonel     Sir     W. 
Ueiiison's  paper  on  '*  The  Suez  Canal,"  and,  if 
time    permit.s,    "  On  Optical   Apparatus  used 
in  Lighthouses."  by  Mr.  J.  T,  Chance,  S. 
Wed. — Royal  Institution. — Aimual  Meeting,  2. 
Geological  Society,  8. 

Royal  United  Service  Institution. — "The Turret 
V.  the  Broadside  System, "  by  Captain  Cowper 
P.  Coles,  S.30. 
Thurs. — Chemical  Society,  8. 

Roval  Institution- — "Ethnology,"  by  Professor 
Huxley,  3. 
Fri. — Royal  Institution. — "Music  of  Speech  in  Greek 

and  Latin,"  8. 
Sat. — Royal    Institutiou. — "  Ethnology 
Huxley,  3. 


E.VFIELD.— For  works  at  Baker-street,  Enfield,  for 
Alderman  Chnllis.  Mr-  Thomas  J.  Hill,  architect :— Pat- 
man  Bros.,  £510  ;  Cushing,  £490;  Faivhead,  £-14.5. 

En-field.— For  erecting  a  house  in  the  London-road, 
Enfield,  for  Mr  Easter  Mr  F.  G.  Widdows,  architect  :— 
Bayes,  £1.150;  Fairhoad,  £1,115;  Patman  Bros.,  £1.067  : 
Field  and  Sons.  £ltOO- 

FiNSBL-uY-— For  building  lodges,  gateways,  eTitrancos, 
audenclosoig  Finsbury  nnd  Soutliwark  Parks.  Qu.antitioa 
supplied  by  Hake  a.i.l  U,,iiwi-ll.  iu  conjunction  witli  Curtis 
.ind  Son  :— C.  X.  Foster,  (accepted  for  biith)  :  Soutliwark. 
i-.'i.O.'iO;  Finsbury.  £3,100.     Total,  £7,0.50. 

Great  Yak.moiith  .—  For  the  construction  of  fish 
market  at  Great  Yarmouth.  Mr.  H.  II.  Baker,  architoct. 
Quantitiea  supplied  by  .Mr.  J.  T.  Bottle:—,!.  Plows,  l.on- 
don.  £14.L'(is:  Perry  imd  Co.,  Stratford.  £10,070 :  J.  ,J. 
Bennett.  £10,330:  J.  J.  Fast,  Melton  Mowbray,  £9.310; 
J.  T.  Chappel.  Steyuing,  £8,885 ;  W.  Hootl, '.Vonvich, 
£8,078  :  Connold,  Ipswich,  £9,827;  W.  Spilling,  Varmoutli, 
£S.350 ;  H.  J.  Norlbr.  Yarmouth,  £8,521.  Separate 
tenders  were  also  sent  in  and  were  a^:copted,  jlh  follows  :— 
Norfor,  bricklayer,  £633;  Harliam,  mason,  £1.780  ;  Chap- 
pel,  paviour.  £1,806;  Dawher,  slater,  1:5:10;  Norfor, 
carpenter,  £1.820;  Bimies,  smith,  £710  ;  Wright,  plumber, 
£000.     Total.  £7,899.     -•Vrchitecfs  estimate,  £8,218. 

Lo.NDos. — For  wjirehouse  lor  Mr,  J.^fjues.  Cow  Cross- 
street.  Mr.  S.  C.  Capes,  architect.  Quantities  by  J. 
Clieater  Lansdown  :— Ashhy  and  Son,  £3,431  ;  Patman  and 
Fotheringliam,  £3,208  ;  Newman  and  Man.  £3,255  ;  Wag- 
staff,  £3,2.59;  Piper  and  Wlieeler,  £3,230;  Webb  :.nd  Son, 
£3.177:Poster,  £2,980  ;  Scrivener  and  Wliite,    £!,9  13. 

Levton.— For  four  semi-detached  villas,  Mr.  W.  A. 
Longmore,  architect: — Winter,  £1,076;  Hedges,  £1,584  • 
Gibliug,  £1,250;  Elms  (accepted),  £1,240. 

London  —For  additions  and  alter.ations  to  04,  Harley- 
street,  Mr  C.  Eales.  architect : — Stevenson  and  Watson. 
£1.77.5  ;  Bro\vn.  £1,650  ;  Clemence,  £1.648  ;  Clarke  and 
Maunooch,  £1,507;  Phillips,  £1,498;  Saunders,  £1,462 ; 
Scrivener  and  White,  £1,42.S. 

Maidenhead.— For  new  brewery  for  Mr.  W.  Nicholson. 
Mr.  C.  Cooper,  architect  :—Vickery.  £2.069  15s.;  Wood- 
bridge.  £2,627  10s.  ;  Silver  and  Son  (accepted),  £2,589. 

KUAVADER  (Radnorshire).— For  new  national  schools. 
Mr.  E.  H.  Lingen  Barker,  architect :— Mason,  £529- 
Woolley.  £419;  Mwards,  £409 ;  Evans,  £357. 

Readino. — For  the  erection  of  a  block  of  model  dwell- 
ings for  the  working  classes,  on  the  Blagrave  Estate, 
R.;ading.  Messrs.  Wm.  and  J.  T.  Brown,  architects:- 
Liivett,  £3.329;  Sheppiird,  £:),139  ;  Kendell,  £3,097; 
Carter,  £2,900  ;  Simonds,  £2,879  ;  Bainicoat  (.accepted)! 
£2.700.  V        1       /. 

Stotte-sden.— For  the  restor.ation  of  Stottesdon  Church, 
Salop.  Mr.  Blashill,  architect : — Owen,  Bridgnorth, 
£2,200  (without  allowing  for  old  materials) ;  Smith,' 
Cleobury,  £1,720  5s.  Id.;  Nevett,  Ironbridge  (accepted) 
^1.677. 

SouTirwARK. — For  alterations  and  additions  to  St. 
Peter's  Schools.  Messrs.  Strudwick  and  Meimie,  archi- 
tect:— Brass  (accepted),  £1,083. 

TottenHasi.— For  works  at  Tottenham  for  Mr.  W. 
Robinson.  Mr.  Thomas  J.  HOI.  .architect : — .\uley,  £1,028  ; 
Sabe.v,  £985 ;  Bayes,  £900 ;  Chapman,  £895 ;"  Patmaii 
Bros,,  £848. 

W'est  Ham.— For  building  new  retort-house  for  the 
West  Ham  Gas  Company.  Mr.  E.  H.  Thorman.  engi- 
neer:—Ashbv  and  Sons,  £3,523  ;  Monday,  £3,511  ;  Rivott, 
£3,493  ;  Perry  and  Co.,  £3,237;  Hedges,  £3.000;  Hill  and 
Keddell.  £3,124  ;  Ennor,  £3,168.  Allowed  for  old  material : 
— ;V3hby  and  Sons,  £90;  Munday,  £167  ;  Rivett,  £160; 
Perry  and  Co.,  £110;  Hill  and  Keddell,  £30  ;  Ennor,  £200. 


by  Professor 


%mk  Slelus. 


TENDERS. 

Craxford. — For  constnictiou  of  eewerage  works,  Crau- 
ford,  Middlesex.  Mr.  Charles  James,  architect : — Lodge, 
£1,100;  Adamsoii  and  tjoiis.  £S94  ;  Maun,  £829  ;  Thirst 
and  Co.,  £S02  ;  Crockett,  £S00. 

City. — For  sundry  alterations  at  No.  4,  Mincing-lane, 
for  Messrs.  Thos  Daniel  and  Co.  Messra.  M'Miirdie  and 
Rust,  architects.  Quantities  supplied  ; — Hart.,  £3,400; 
Adamson  and  Sons,  £3,335  ;  Henshaw,  £3,107  ;  Niion, 
£3.098  ;  Newman  and  Mann  (accepted),  £2,S56. 
^ftCiTV. — For  alterations  at  89,  Bishops ;:ate-st reet,  fnr 
Messrs.  Jackson  and  Townson.  Mr.  F.  G.  Widdows,  archi- 
tect : — Asford  and  Whitters,  £5(j3  ;  Asbby  aud  Sons,  £494  ; 
Ennor,  £4S0  ;  Child  and  Son,  £425. 

City-road.— For  works  at  SI  and  83,  City-road.  Mr. 
Thomas  J.  Hill,  architect :— Anley,  £487  ;  Perry,  £480. 


PROPERTY  SALES. 

April  21. 

At  the  Makt. — By  Messrs.  Edwin  Fox  aud  lioustield. — 
Freehold  ground  rents,  amounting  to  £jS  Is.  per  annum, 
arisLng  out  of  16  houses,  situate  iu  Rosetta-street  and  Wil- 
cttx-road,  South  Lambeth — sold  for  £1,235. 

The  grovind  lease,  for  55  yeii-s  unexpired,  at  £110  per 
annum,  of  tlie  premises  No,  122,  Regent-stveet,  let  for  the 
whole  term  at  £352  Ss.  per  annum — £3,700. 

By  Messrs.  Dann  and  Son. — Freehold  residence,  known 
as  Stanley  House,  Besley  Heath,  Kent,  let  at  £40  per 
annum — £650. 

By  Mes-^rs.  Vigers. — Freehold  residence,  with  garden, 
situate  at  \Yimbledon,  Surrey — £1,0U0. 

Freehold  plot  of  building  land,  fronting  the  main  road, 
Wimbledon— £400. 

By  Mgasrs.  Candy  and  Luckiu. — Leasehold  two  houses 
with  shops,  Nos.  9  and  10,  Cropley-street,  Wenlock-street, 
New  North-road,  Hoxton,  producing  £78  per  annum,  term 
til  years  from  1845,  at  £7  5».  per  annum — £700. 

Freehold  residence.  No.  47,  Florence-street,  Ui)per-street, 
Islington,  of  the  value  of  £45  per  aunum — £{J30. 

Leasehold  residence,  No.  15,  Raglan-terrace,  Hamilton- 
place,  Highbury  Park,  of  the  value  of  6i)  per  aunum, 
term  SOj  years  unexpired,  at  £7  10s.  per  annum — £550. 

Leasehold  five  houses,  No3.  7  to  10,  and  14,  Park-street, 
East-road,  City-road,  producing  £110  lOs.  per  annum,  term 
2Si  years  from  1S57,  at  ±3  10s.  each  ho\ise-£515. 

At  the  Guildhall  Coffee-hou.se.— By  Messrs.  C.  D. 
Field  and  Son. — Freehold  ten  houses,  with  shed  and  pre- 
mises, Nos.  11  to  17,  George-street,  and  19  to  21,  Lant- 
place,  George-street,  Suffolk *3t reet,  Southwark,  let  at,  aud 
of  the  value  of,  £278  Ss.  per  aumun— £2,410. 

Freehold  six  houses,  Nos.  1  to  6,  Eastbourne  Cottages, 
Cowley-road.  Wellesley-road,  Snaresbrook,  producing  £124 
168.  per  annum— £1,390. 

By  Mr.  Henry  Rice. — Theadvowson  and  right  of  patron- 
age and  presentation  to  the  vicarage  of  Pirton,  Hertford — 
£750. 

By  Messrs.  Green. — Freehold  residence.  No.  51,  Ken- 
sington Gar  dens -square,  letat  £105  per  annum — £l,9D0. 

Leasehold  five  houses  and  shops,  Nos.  30  to  34,  Archer- 
atreet.  West  bourne-Park,  producing  £335  per  annum,  term 
83)  years  unexpired,  at  £8  per  annum  each  house — 12,580. 


BATH  STONE  OF  BEST  QUALITY. 

Randell  and  SadsdeR3,  Quarrymen  and  Stone  Mer 
chants,  Bath.  List  of  Prices  at  the  Quarries  and  Depots, 
also  Coat  for  Transit  to  any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
furnished  on  application  to  Bath  Stone  Office,  Coraham, 
Wilta.— {AJ3TT.  ] 


300 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


April  26,  1867. 


BANKRUPTS. 

10  SURRENDER  IX   EASINGHALL-STRErT. 

Thomas  Banborv,  Battersea,  jonmeyman  carpenter, 
May  13  at  1- John  DiUick  BeuneU,  Bow,  plumber.  May  2, 
,t  i._Joseph  DaUy,  Little  Pulteney  street,  Golden-square, 
dealer  in  builrtmgmaterials.  May  13,  at  11-Siimuel  Oyer, 
Gordon-street,  City-road,  plumber,  May  2,  a.t  12-Charle8 
Jones,  Holderneas-terrace,  South  Ljmbeth,  carpenter. 
May  2,  at  1. 

TO  stJRRENEEK   IN  THE  COUNTRY. 

Thomas  Morgan  Carter,  Bristol,  carpenter.  May  S.  at  12 
—Peter  Crimes,  Halton,  Cheshire,  wheelwright.  May  IT, 
at  11— John  Fallows,  Hidme,  painter.  May  2,  at  11— John 
Harris    Jan.,  Buckfaatleigh,   timber  merchant.  May  5,  at 

T, Stephen  Pounds,  Holtwood,   near  Wimbome  Minster, 

timber  dealer  May  3,  at  11.  William  Dixon,  Codicote, 
Herts  carpenter.  May  23,  at  1— John  Hardcastle,  Spittle- 
rate  'Lincolnshire,  engine-fitter,  April  26,  at  11— George 
Middlewood,  Hull,  joiner.  May  8,  at  12— John  Pedley, 
barlaston,  bolt  and  screw  turner,  May  6,  at  12— John 
Priestley,  Westwoodside,  Lincolnshire,  joiner.  May  7,  at  10 
—John  Turner,  Runcorn,  carpenter,  May  17,  at  10. 


BUILDING  GROUND  to  be  LET,  lease 
99  years,  situate  Fellows-road,  Haverstock  Hill,  N.W..  close  to 
riiilwur  station  to  City.— Apply,  J.  G.  BettlBon,  28,  Adelaide- 
toiid.  N.W, 


pAPITAL    BUILDING    LAND,    in   the 

\_J  neighbrnirliood  of  Dartford.  Kent,  to  be  LET  on  BUILDING 
LEASE  for  SH  years,  from  Is.  to  '2s.  6d.  per  foot  frontage.— For  plfins 
and  particulars  apply  to  J.  R.  Wood,  aoUcitor,  til,  Lincoln's  lun-tlelds. 


PRYSTAL     PALACE.  —  FIRST-CLASS 

\y  BUILDING  LAND  to  be  LET  in  immediate  proximity  to  the 
Palace,  on  advantageous  terms.  For  particulaTa  apply  to  Mr.  Hart. 
AccounUnt's  Office.  Crystal  Patace  ;  or  to  R.  R.  Banka,  Esq.,  1,  West- 
minster Chambers.  Victoria-street.  Westminater. 


ACCIDENTS 

Everyi 


WILL     HAPPEN, 

!  should  therefore  provide  again&t  them  I 
£1,000  IN  CASE  OF  DEATH,  i 

Or  £f)i>er  Week  wliilo  Laid  uii  by  Injury,  cauEod  by 

ACCIDENT  OP  ANY  KIND, 

Slay  be  secured  by  an  ^Vnnual  Payment 

OF  FROM  £;i  TO  £l)  53.  TO  THE 

RAILWAY  PASSENGERS'  ASSURANCE  COMPANY. 

The  oldest  established  Company  in  the  World  insuring  a^ast 

ACCIDENTS  OF  EVERY  DESCRIPTION. 
64,  CoRNHiLL,  and  10,  Regent  Street,  London. 

WILLIAM  J.  VIAN,  Secretary. 


LATEST  PRICES   OP  MATERIALS   USED 
IN  CONSTRUCTION. 


TmBER,  duty  !•  per  load,  drawback,  1b. 


Teak    load  £9    0£ 

Quebec,  red  pine  ....  3    0 

,.      yellow  pine..  2  16 

St.  John  N.B.  yellow  0    0 

Quebec  Oak.  white  . .  5    5 

birch 3  10 


elm 
Dantzic  oak  , 


fir  . 


3  10 
S  10 

2  0 

3  0 


6     0 
4  10 


&     0 


3  10 
S  10 
3 


Memel  &r 

Riga s    u 

Swedish 1  17 

SIa»ti,Quebecrcdpin«  6    0 
,,       yellow  pine..     6     0 

Lathwood.D.iutzic.fm  4  10 
„       St.  Petersburg  6  10 

Deals,  prC, 12ft.  byS 
by  9  in.,  duty 2s  per 
load,  drawback  2b. 

Quebec,  white  spruce  14  10    22  10 

St.John,  whitespruce  13    "    ""^  '" 

Yellow  pine,  per  re- 
duced C. 

Canada,   lat  qoallty.  17 
2nd  do n 


6 

5  10 


IB  10 


£13    0  £13 

,   10  10     11 


Archangel,  yellow  , 
St,  Peteraburg,  yeL 

Finland  »  u 

Merael 0  0 

Gothenburg,  yellow      9  0 

white    8  0 

Gefie,  yellow !»  0 

Soderhamn     9  0 

tiristiania,    per   C, 

12  ft.  by  J  by  9  in. 

yellow 18  0 

Deck  Plank,  Dantzio, 

per  40  ft.  3  in 0  14 

PuMici  SrowB  pr  ton    5  0 

Oiu.  Ac. 

Seal,  pale per  tun  44  10 

perm  body  13S  0 

Cod 41  0 

Whale.  Sth,  Sea,  pale  44  0 

Olive,  GallipoU 63  0 

Gocoanut,  Cochin, ton  68  0 

Palm,  fine *l  10 

Linseed    36  0 

Rapeseed,  Eng.pale..  33    0 
Cottonseed 37    0 


10  10 
8  10 


pAMBERWELL.— A  PLOT  of  LAND  to 

\_J  be  LET  for  five  houses  to  complete  a  terrace.  Houses  adj  oining 
let  at  £55  per  annum  ;  close  to  the  Brighton  and  Chatham  and  Dover 
Railway  Stations  ;  leasee  direct  from  the  freeholder :  ground  rent 
moderate;  liberal  advance^!  mnrte.  —  Particulars  of  W.  Adams 
Murphy.  Architect  and  Surveyor.  47,  Church-street,  Camberwell.  S. 


BUILDING  LAND,  suitable!  for  Villa 
Residences,  to  be  LET  on  LEASE,  at  Benhill,  Sutton,  Surrey, 
not  far  from  the  railway  station.  Advances  will  be  made,  if  desired, 
as  the  works  proceed.  Plans  and  drawings  and  every  information  ob- 
tained upon  application  to  Mr.  Treaidder,  16,  New  Bridge-street, 
Blai-klriara. 

FREEHOLD  BUILDING  LAND  to  he 
SOLD  or  LET.  in  first  class  positions  at  Forest-hill.  Dulwich. 
Nunheatl,  Cryst^U  Pal.-ioe.  and  Bromley.  Advances  marte  to  re3i)Bct- 
able  builders.  I  Apply  personally,  to  Mr.  A.  G.  Hennell,  Architect 
and  Surveyor,  22.  Southampton -buildings.  Chancery-lane. 


34  lo 


QTREATHAM.— BUILDING    LAND    to 

lO  bi  LET,  at  Jnoderate  ground  reutR,  on  the  Crooke- Ellison 
Estttte.  Houfles  from  £40  to  £50  per  annum  are  in  (rreat  demand  in 
the  neighbourhood.  A  limited  area  at  the  south  part  of  the  estate, 
near  Hermitaye-bridge  and  Croydon-road.  to  be  Let  for  houses  of  £25 
per  annum  value.  Plana  and  particulars  of  Mr.  Gilbert,  at  the 
Estate  Office.  Streatham  Common  ;  or  Mr.  Wales,  Surveyor,  8.  Great 
Raint  Helens,  E.C. 


T°L, 


Metals. 

lEON  :— 

Welsh  Bars  in  London     per  ton 

JJaU  Rod        ~ 

Hoops do 

Sheets,  Single      -       do 

Stafordshira  Bars       do 

Bars,  in  Wales     do 

Rails    «*> 

Foundry  Figs,  at  Olasg.  No   1  ..      do 

Swidish  Bare  do 

Stebl : — 

Swedish  Keg,  hammered      per  ton 

Swedish  Faggot  do 

Copper :— 

Sheet*  Sheathing,  ABolto  per  ton 

Hammered  Bottoms       do 

Flat  Buttoms,  not  Hammered   ..       do 

Cake  and  Tough  Ingot      do 

Best  Selerted     do 

Fine  ForeigTi     do 

Yel.  Metal  Sheathing  A  Eoda  ....per  lb 

Tn*  :— 

English  Block      pcr  ton 

do       Bar    do 

do      Refined  do 

Banca ^o 

Strait       do 

Lead :— 

Pig.  English     P«  ton 

„    Spftnlsh  Soft     do 

Shot.  Patent     do 

Sheet  do 

White     do 

Sfkltbb.:— 

On  the  Spot  per  ton 

Zrao'.— 
English  Sheet per  ton 


S    7 
12  10 


6  15 

7  10 

8  15 

9  15 

7  15    I 
6  15 
6    0 
3  13 
10  10 

18    0 
10  10 

85  0 

9r>  0 

91  0 

74  0 

81  0 


0     0     7i        0     0     f\ 


ARCHITECTS    and    BUILDERS.— 

_  LIME  GROVE  PARK.  PUTNEY  HILL.— Very  Desirable 
SITES  on  this  Esbite  to  be  LET  for  building  respect.^ble  private  resi- 
dences. It  is  situated  on  elevated  ground,  between  the  railway  station 
and  Wimbledon  and  Putney-heaths.  There  is  a  great  demand  in 
this  locality  fur  good  villa  residences,  and  a  ready  sale  for  them.  For 
particulars  apj.ly  to  S.  Wood.  Esq,.  Art.hite'-t.  10.  Ci-aig's-court.  Lon- 
don, S.W.  :  or  to  Messrs.  Baxter.  Rose.  Norton  and  Co.,  Solicitors,  6, 
Victoria-street,  Westminster,  S.W. 


PROVIDENT       CLERKS'       MUTUAL 
LIFE  ASSURANCE  ASSOCIATION 
(EstabUshed  1840.) 
Trustees. 
Thomas  Baring,  Esq.,  MP.  I        Thomson  Hankey,  Esq.,  M  P.. 

R.W.  Crawford.  Esq.,  MP.  |        Baron  L  N.  De  Rothschild.  MP. 

The  annual  income  as  shown  by  the  balance  Bheet  lor  1866,  is  si 
foUows  :— 

From  Life  Premiums £54,482 

From  Interest  and  Dividends         £14,185 

£68.C67 
The  Accumulated  Fund,  wholly  iuveBtM   in  Government  and  ni) 
securities,  amounted  on  December  31  to  £317.695. 

The  annual  reports  and  balance  sheets  may  be  had  by  any  person 
on  application  at  the  Chief  Office,  15.  Moorgate-street.  of  any  of  th( 
Agent*.  The  whole  of  the  profits  divided  among  the  members  ever) 
five  years. 

WILLIAM  THOMAS  LINFORD,  SecretaTj. 
AprU  1, 1867. 


GOUT  and  RHEUMATISM.— The  excru 
ciating  pain  of  Gout  or  Rheumatism  is  quickly  relieved  an 
cured  in  a  few  days  by  that  celebrated  medicine,  BLAIRS  GOUT  an 
RHEUMATIC  PILLS. 

They  reqi-ixe  norestraint  of  diet  or  confinement  during  theirtui 
and  are  certe  Ln  to  prevent  the  disease  attacking  any  vital  part. 

Sold  by  all  Medicine  Vendors,  at  Is.  l^d.  and  2s.  9d.  per  box  c 
obtained  through  any  Chemist. 


C^ 


Large  Quantity  of  PLACE  BBICKS  for 

SALE. —  Apply  to  Mr.  Barfield,  27,  South  Audley-etreet, 


BRICKS  on  SALE  at  NEWPORT, 
ESSEX.— About  200.000  Good  Hand-made  Kiln  Burnt  Red 
Bncks.  For  price,  apply  to  the  BaUiflf.  Mr.  Kobinson,  at  Queendon 
HaU. 


l>    0    0    nett 


30    0    0        31  10       0 


32    S    0        22  16    0     net 


29    0    0        0    0    0 


Devaui'aV.  M.  Roofing  Zinc 

•  And  5  per  cent,  discount  if  laid  upon  the  n 

QuiOKBiLVEB     per  btl  6  IS 

Beoulus  of  AmnMoNT. 
French  per  ton         34    0 


The  Seacombe  Forge,  Rivet,  &  Bolt  Company 

MANCFACTCltBRS    OF 

Bolts,  Hivets,  Washers,  Coach  Screws,  Spikes, 
Set  Pins,  Tie  Kods,  Cotter  Pins,  &c  , 

Al  SO 

ENGINEER'S   AND    SHIPBUILDER'S    F0RGING3 
SMITH  WORK,  AND  EVERY  DESCRIPTON 
OF  SHIP'S  FASTENINGS. 
■Works— SEACOMBE,  near  BIHKENHEAD. 


s 


TAIRCASE    and 
JOHN 


.lOINERY     WORKS, 
WALDEN 

:J). 


(Late  Shop  Foreman  to   Mr.  W.  SANDS,  reti 
12.  MAIDEN  LANE.  COVENT  GARDEN. 
EBtimates  ou  Application. 


ROYAL  POLYTECHNIC.  —  "The 
EfUgy  of  the  Defunct"  shown  in  "  Blue  Beard's  Closet  ;"the 
new  Illusion  of  Professor  Pepper  and  Thomas  Tobin,  Esq.  "The 
Tower  of  Lomloii."  by  the  permission  of  Messrs.  Harrison  Ainsworth, 
and  Cruikshank,  with  ijtartling  effects,  musically  treated  by  (leorije 
Bucklaud.  '  A  Temporary  Star  on  Fire,"'  iu  Professor  Pepper's  Lec- 
ture ou  "  Bpectriuo  Analysis."  Alexandre's  Original  Ventriloquifil 
Entertainment  ;with"The  Head  of  the  Decapitated  Speaking."  "The 
Automat  ic  Leotard ,"  Dickens's  "  Carol,"  read  by  Mr.  Cape  ;  and  Mr. 
King's  "  Mechanical  Paradoxes,"  are  a  few  of  the  very  attractive  En- 
terbaiaments  provided  for  the  Eaeter  Holidays  at  the  Royal  Poly- 
technic.—Vide  the  Public  Press. 


TIPPING      BALLAST      WAGGONS.  — 
WANTED  to  HIRE.  Six  or  Eight.     Send  terms  per  month  to 
Mr.  H.  H.  Baker,  Town  Surreyor,  Great  Varmouth. 


BUILDER'S  and  DECORATOR'S  BUSI- 
NESS  to  he  SOLD,  the  Proprietor  juat  deceased  ;  situate  in  a 
very  improving  locality  in  the  north-west  suburbs.  Proof  of  trade 
done  will  be  given  by  the  annual  payments  for  wages.  Particulars  oi 
Mr.  Morley,  auctioneer,  1,  Sidmouth  street,  Gray's  Inn-road. 


OX   &  SON,  CHURCH  FURNITURl 

MANDFACTURERS. 
_'8  and  29.  SOUTHAMPTON-STREET,  STRAND, 
PAINTED  and  STAINED  GLASS  WORKS— 43  and  «.  Maidon-hu 
(adjoining  Southampton-Btreet).  W.C. 
WOODand  STONE  CARVING.  GOTHIC.   METAL,  and  MOHTJ- 
MENTAL  WORKS. 
BELVEDERE-ROAD.    LAMBETH.    S. 
CARVING.— A   great  reduction  effected  by   roughing  out  thowoi 
by  machinery,  and  finishing  only  by  hand  labour. 
GOTHIC  JOINERS*  WORK  AND  FURNITURE. 
GOTHIC    METAL   WORK,  of  every  description,  both  in  Silrer, 

Brass,  and   Iron. 
ESTIMATES   FURNISHED  to  the  Cler^.  Architects,  and  the 

Trade,  for  carrying  out  any  Design. 

THE  WHOLE  OF  THE  WORK    DONE  ON  THE  PREMISES. 

COX  &  SON'S  Illustrated  Catalogue  for  1866.  with  several  hundi 

New   Designs  of  Church  Furniture.   Fainted  Glass,  Decoration,  ai 

Monuments,  foi-warded  for  six  stamps, 

SHOW  ROOMS~23  and  29.  Southampton-street,  Strand,  London 


rpc 


0  be  LET,  at  Michaelmas  next,  or  earlier 

If  required,  flrst-rite  PREMISES  in  the  Highatreet.  Bedford, 
suitable  for  an  Ironmonger,  for  which  there  ia  a  good  opening      All 
applications  to  be  post  paid.— Apply  t  >  Mr.  J.  T.  Wing,  Potter-street, 
Bedford. 
AprU  23.  1S(J7. 


LARGE  but  Inexpensive  WAREHOUSES 
or  MANUFACTURING  PREMISES.  Yard,  and  Stibling. 
covering  an  area  of  n.SOftft.,  and  situate  in  Vine-street.  Liquoriiond- 
Btreet,  nei.r  the  New  Holborn  Improvements,  to  be  LET. — Apply  to 
Meesrs.  Debenbam,  Tewson,  and  Farmer,  80,  Cheapaide,  E.C. 


TO     ! 
RAI 


SHIPBUILDERS.      ENGINEERS, 

:LWAY  CARRIAGE  BUILDERS,  and  Othera,— Dantzic 
OAK  PLANKS,  perfectly  seasoned  and  free  from  sap.  ilSft.  average 
length,  from  7in.  to  Sin.  thickness — imported,  1864.  Also,  Crown 
Daiitzic  Deck  Pl.anks.  sawn  edges,  perfectly  seasoned,  tiin.  to  4in. 
thickness— imported,  1964.  Biga  Wainscot  Logs  and  Planka,  Green- 
heart,  Sabicu,  and  Pitchpine  timber  of  large  dimensions. — Direct 
(post  paid),  to  Mr.  Welton.  5,  Adams-court,  Old  Broad-street. 


£10.000 


TO  LEND  on  FREEHOLDS, 

LEASEHOLDS,  and  COPYHOLDS,  repayable 
by  Instalments.  Example:  £500.  5  years  quarterly,  £31  38.  9d, :  ditto, 
10  years,  quarterly.  £18  lis.  2d. ;  ditto.  15  years,  quarterly.  £14  11a. ; 
in  each  caae  including  principal  and  interest,  and  costs  of  security  to 
company —Apply  to  British  Equitable  Assurance  Comi)any.  No.  4, 
Queen- street- place,  Southwark  Bridge,  E.C. 


MATHEMATICAL  INSTRUMENTS,  of 
the  first  quality,  at  moderate  prices,  with  many  important 
Improvements.  Illustrated  catalogues  sent  post  free.  W.  F. 
STANLEY.  Mathematical  Instrument  Maker  t<)  the  Government, 
3  and  5,  Great  TuruFtile.  Holboiu.  W.  C.  Stanley's  Treatise  on  Mathe- 
matical Drawing  Inatrumentf.  post  free,  Ss. 


Just  Published,  by  Post  Two  Stamps, 

"\rERVOUS   DEBILITY :    Its   Cause  and 

,1,1  Cure. — A  guide  to  the  Cure  of  Ncrvousnesa.  Weaknens,  Loss 
of  Appetite.  Indigestion.  ±c.  Illustrated  with  cases  in  proof  of  the 
author's  successful  treatment,  with  necessary  instructions,  by  which 
sufferers  may  obtain  a  cure. — Address,  Dr.  Smith,  8,  Burton-crescent, 
London,  W.C. 


PITMAN'S      PHONO- 


SHORTHAND 
GRAPH  Y.— Phonography  is  taught  in  class  at  lOs  6d.  or  private 
instruction  given,  personally  or  by  post,  for  £1  Is,  the  perfect  couree  of 
Lessons.  Pitman's  Shorthand  Teacher,  post  free  7d.  London:  30, 
PatemoBter-row,  E.C. 


riARTS,   LADDERS,    BARROWS,   &c.- 

V^     GEORGE  ELL  .-^nd  CO..   Bmlders  of  Carts,    Vans,  Waggo: 
Trucks,  Trolleys,  Ac.,  Contractors'  and  Builders'  Plant. 

LADDERS.  BARROWS,  TRESTLES,    STEPS,  PORTABLE 
SCAFFOLDS,    PICK-HELVES.    HAMMER    HANDLES.   4c. 
■\Vheel8  made  by  Improved  Machinery  on  the  Premises. 
A  large  Variety  of  both  Light  and  Heavy  Wheels  kept  in  Stocl 
Barrows,  Dobbin,  and  other  Carts,  intended   for  Exportation,  i 
made  by  Machinery  so  as  lo  be  interchangeable  in  their  paru,  lor  ( 
convenience  of  paiiing  for  shipment. 
Scaffolding,  I^adders.  Barrowa,  Trestles,  Step,  Ac.,  Lent  ott  Bin 
Price  Lists  on  application. 

GEORGE     ELL    &    CO., 

EUSTON  WORKS.  S«8  iai  368,  EUSTON  EOAD.  LONDON.II, 

NOTICE. 
GEORGE      DAVENPORT 

CABINETMAKER    AND   UPHOLSTBREB, 
I,  ready  toBUpply  many  yiuintity        ^^ 

Thonet  Bros.'  Austrian  Bent  Wood 
Furniture, 

Which  has  obtained  Prize  Medals  at  every  SOMUm 

Europe  since  1851. 
It  Is  th«  Strongert  and  Cheapest,   and  at  the  eame  time  Ijf''** 
most  Elegant  pruduclion   of  the  Cahiuetmaker's  art  ever  IntrMll 
combinihg  ill  the  highest  degree  Economy  and  Utility. 

All  inspection  ol  hi.  Urge  Stock  of  thu  Maautootnxe  U  IW 
(ally  aolicited  by  _^_ 

GEORGE  DAVENPORT, 

aO,    LUDGATE   HILL,    LONDON,    KO. 

Depot  f<yr  the  United  Kingdom. 


BENSON'S 
WATCHES  AND  CLOCKi 

BY  SPECIAL  APPOINTMENT  TO 

H.R.H.  THE  PRINCE  OF  WAI-ES 

Prize  Medal,  London,  Clasa  33  ;  Dublin,  Qass  10. 

WATCHES.  -  Chronometers,   Keyless,    Sepeatt, 

Chronograplis,  &c.  -oar 

CLOCKS.— For  Dining  and  Drawing  Kooms,  i/ 

riages,  Chnrches,  &c.  -,„.,, 

JEWELLERY -Specialities  in  Monograms,  trys 

Diamonds,  and  Fine  Gold-  T«.,ir 

PLATE,  and  WORKS  of  ART  in  Bronze,  6y  leao , 

Artists  _,,  ,i_.i 

PRICES  and    DESCRIPTIONS,    see    IllustraJ 

Pamphlet.  Post-free. 

WATCHES  AND  CLOCKS  SENT  TO    ALL   PARTS  ' 
THE  WORLD. 

J.    W.    BENSON, 

25,     OLD    BOND    STREET. 

Stenm  Factory  and  City  Show  Rooms, 

58     AND     60,     LUDGATE     HILL 

Pari3  Exhibition,  1867,  English  Section,  ClMsSS. 


May  3,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


301 


THE   BUILDING  NEWS. 


LONDON,  FRIDAY,  MAY  3.  1867. 


AKCHITECTURAL     EXHIBITION 
SOCIETY. 

AT  this  season  of  the  year,  when  Suffolk- 
street,  Pall  Mall,  and  the  Royal  Aca- 
demy open  their  doors  to  the  general  public, 
the  architectural  profession  has  long  been  in 
the  habit  of  exhibiting  an  interesting  collec- 
tion of  drawings  at  9,  Conduit-street.  From 
causes  which  will  readily  suggest  themselves 
these  exhibitions  vary  in  merit  and  interest, 
but  they  never  fail  to  contain  a  large  number 
of  admirable  drawings  which  otherwise  would 
never  be  seen  by  any  but  the  immediate 
friends  of  their  authors.  The  present  exhi- 
bition is  fully  up  to  the  average  as  regards 
quality  and  above  it  in  quantity,  upwards  of 
a  hundred  drawings  having  been  rejected  from 
want  of  space.  It  is  also  enriched  by  many 
photographs  of  the  designs  for  the  New  Law 
Courts,  and  by  a  beautiful  collection  of  sketches 
by  various  well-known  members  of  the  pro- 
fession. 

Commencing  with  the  Great  Gallery,  which 
contains  the  exhibition  proper,  the  visitor  will 
notice  No.  1,  a  corridor  niche,  with  subjects 
from  the  "  Idylls  of  the   King."    We  must 
protest  against  the  growing  practice  of  using 
very  short  columns,  sometimes  little  more  than 
one  diameter  in  height.     A  cylinder  of  such 
proportions  is  the  shape  of  oeveral   excellent 
varieties  of  cheese,  but  it  is  a  simple  imper- 
tinence to  adorn  a  piece  of  marble  of  such 
squat  proportions   with   a   handsome   capital 
and  base.      A   column  is,  doubtless,   a   good 
thing  in  the  proper  place,  but  it  would  seem 
from  many  works  of  the  present  day  that  any 
place  which  will  hold  a  column  is  the  proper 
place  to  put  it.    If  an  almshouse,  gamekeeper's 
lodge,  or  village  cage  possesses  a  window  which 
can  by  any  possibility  be  divided   into   two 
lights  the  inevitable  coUmin  goes  in,  and  in- 
genuity will  find  means  of  dividing  it  into 
two  courses  by  inserting  a  sort  of  cushion  re- 
Bembling  a  soup  plate  inverted  on  another. 
At  Richmond  a  very  notable  dfinking  foun- 
tain may  be  seen  near  the  Baths,  glorying  in 
a  pair  of  columns  of  Sienna   marble,  which 
will  roughly  measure  nearly   5in.  in  height, 
and    must   weigh    upwards    of   rAh.    avoir- 
dupois.      The  eternal    fitness   of  things  de- 
mands    that     a     column   should     be    justi- 
fied by  a  purpose  plainly  indicated,    with- 
out which  it  must   be  gratuitous   and  conse- 
quently disagreeable.     No.  2  is  by  Mr.  R.  "\V. 
Edis,  and  represents  some  offices  in  one  of  the 
arches  of  the  South-Eastern  Railway.      The 
problem  of  utilising  the  immense  number  of 
railway  arches  in  and  around  the  metropolis  is 
exercising  the  ingenuity  of  a  great  many.     Mr. 
Edis's  design  is  pleasing.     No.  8,   by  E.  W. 
Pugin,  is  a  pencil   drawing  of  a  church  at 
Kensington.     The  manner  in  which  the  tower 
is  connected  with  the  spire  is  original,    and 
cannot  fail  to   be  effective.     Pencil  drawings 
and  pen  and  ink   dra^vings,  though  eft'ective 
enough,  are  very  deceptive,  and  therougherthey 
are  the  more  deceptive.     They  invariably  give 
the  idea  of  a  richer  building  with  more  marked 
projections  and  deeper  shadows  than  the  ac- 
tual work    would   possess.      The  uninitiated 
are  apt  to   think   that  if  a  sketch   looks  so 
pretty,  what  may  they  not  hope  i'rom  afiuished 
drawing,  and  what  indeed    from  the   actual 
building  J     No.  14  is  a  very  bad  representation 
of  a  very  good  building — a   convent  at  Caris- 
brooke,    Isle  of  Wight,  by  Mr.    Gilbert    H. 
.  I  Blount.    About  a  month   ago  we  were  much 
'  I  gratified  by  an  inspection  of  this  building,  but 
found  much  difficulty  in  recognising  it  in  the 
drawing,  with  which  by  no    possibility  can 
Mr.  Blount  have  had  anything  to  do.     Mr. 
Rowland  Plumbe  sends  a  picturesque  design 
lor  a  chapel  at  Tottenham,  but  gargoyles  and 


rain  water-pipes  should  not  be  in  juxtaposi- 
tion ;  and  Mr.  Edis  exhibits  some  new  ware- 
houses in  Southwark-street  now  in  course  of 
erection.  Southwark-street,  by  the  way,  is 
getting  to  be  a  sort  of  "  happy  valley  "  for 
architects.  Mr.  E.  B.  Lamb's  contributions 
are  always  welcome,  though  this  year  he  sends 
nothing  particularly  new.  His  designs  are 
distinguished  by  their  breadth  of  treatment. 
Jlr.  Lamb  has  few  equals  as  an  architectural 
colourist.  AVe  cannot,  however,  help  thinking 
that  in  many  of  his  works  an  absence  of  scale 
is  conspicuous,  the  drawings  containing 
scarcely  a  hint  as  to  the  actual  size  of  the  ob- 
jects they  represent.  Even  in  his  church  in 
Kentish  Town  we  detect  the  want  of  scale, 
and  have  no  doubt  but  that  Mr.  Lamb  himself 
thought  the  building  would  look  larger  than 
it  does.  Nos.  2ti  and  :i2  are  designs  1)y  Mr. 
Edis  for  atownhall  at  Grantham.  The  Gothic 
alternative  design  is  the  best,  but  the 
spire  is  more  original  than  graceful,  and 
it  seems  pretentious  to  erect  a  tower 
to  carry  nothing  but  woodwork.  No.  28, 
"  Lodge  at  Danemore  Park, "  by  Mr. 
F.  AYaller,  is  excellent  in  colouring.  No.  33 
is  one  of  Mr.  Lamb's  admirable  sepia  draw- 
ings. Mr.  Quilter  sends  a  "  Gardener's  Lodge," 
No.  32.  The  design  is  good,  not  being  over- 
done, and  the  colouring  is  above  the  average. 
Nos.  38  and  39,  "  Designs  for  Townhall,  Wol- 
verhampton, and  College  at  Taunton,"  by 
Jlessrs.  Godwin  and  Crisp,  are  carefully  drawn 
and  would  be  effective  in  execution.  No.  42, 
by  Mr.  G.  E.  Street,  sketch  of  Chtirch  of  St. 
i\iary  Magdalene,  Paddington,  is  a  very  com- 
monplace affair  indeed,  and  the  octagon  tower 
does  not  assist  the  composition  by  any  means. 
No.  45,  "  Boai'ding  Houses,  Cheltenham 
College,"  by  Messrs.  Godwin  and  Crisp,  is 
excessively  continental  in  style,  having  ap- 
parently neither  gutter  nor  cornice.  No.  41, 
"  Design  for  a  Volunteer  Club  House,"  by 
Lloyd,  Williams,  and  Underwood,  contains  a 
quantity  of  work,  but  the  design  is  too  Belgian 
in  feeling  to  be  pleasing.  We  cannot  see  the 
advantages  of  going  to  foreign  countries  for 
our  Gothic  architectiu'e  without  special 
reason,  such  as  Mr.  Burges  gave  for  his  adop- 
tion of  French  Gothic  in  his  design  for  the 
New  Law  Courts.  Mr.  P.  C.  Hard  wick  sends 
some  beautifully  coloured  sketches,  Nos.  51, 
52,  and  57.  The  latter,  a  sketch  of  a  wayside 
cross,  &c.,  at  Adan,  Ireland,  is  of  very  delicate 
tone,  a  merit  that  the  true  artist  will  always 
appreciate.  The  vulgar  invariably  exclaim, 
"  What  pretty  colours  !  "  the  judge  remarks, 
"  What  good  tone  !  "  No.  56  represents  some 
farm  buildings  and  cottages,  by  Mr.  T.  H. 
Le^vis.  They  are  overdone,  and  if  there  is  an 
abomination  more  offensive  than  an  overdone 
farm  building  it  is  a  cottage  orwQ.  No.  61, 
"  New  Cemetery  and  Chapel,  Overton,  Flint- 
shire," by  Mr.  W.  M.  Teulon.  Here  was  a 
good  chance  thrown  away.  The  site,  which 
is  admirably  adapted  for  picturesque  treat- 
ment, is  spoilt  by  the  treatment  of  the  retain- 
ing wall.  Mr.  Teidon  has  seen  enough  land- 
scape gardening  to  know  how  to  adapt  his 
buildings  to  their  sites,  but  in  this  instance 
he  has  certainly  not  profited  by  it.  ]\Ir.  G. 
Truefitt  exhibits  his  design  for  St.  George's 
Church,  Tufnell  Park,  No.  66.  This  church 
has  the  peculiarity  of  being  round.  If  the 
perspective  were  correct  an  opinion  might  be 
formed  on  the  merits  of  the  building.  Exhibi- 
tors should  recollect  that  perspective,  to  be  of 
any  value,  should  be  accurate.  In  "  Gwilt's 
Encyclopaedia  of  Architecture,"  the  new  edi- 
tion of  which  we  can  confidently  recommend 
to  our  readers,  a  perspective  delineation  is  re- 
presented to  be  "  a  delineation  which,  being 
properly  coloured  and  shadowed,  will  convey 
a  lively  idea  of  the  real  object,  and  at  the 
same  time  indicate  its  position  and  distance 
from  the  eye  of  the  observer."  It  strikes  us, 
however,  that  some  of  the  drawings  in  the  ex- 
hibition are  more  livel_y  than  lifelike.  No.  6" 
is  "  A  Brick  Church  Designed  for  the  Pro- 
vinces," by  Mr.  S.  S.  Teulon.  Opinions  vary 
much  as  to  the  merits  of  this  architect,  but 
it  is  certain  that  he   is  very  imequal.      In 


the  present  case  it  is  hard  to  conceive  what 
offence  tlie  provinces  can  have  committed, that 
tliey  should  have  this  "  brick  chuixh"  thrust 
u]ion  them.  Mr.  Teulon  also  sends  a  view  of 
Elvetham  Hall,  but  it  is  gimcracky  in  design 
and  badly  coloured.  Mr.  T.  M.  Lockwood 
cxliibits  a  view  of  a  "  Residence  at  Chester," 
No.  74.  It  has  all  the  appearance  of  an  or- 
dinary house,  and  it  is  not  particularly  well 
drawn  or  coloured.  Men  in  Mr.  1  ockwood's 
jiosition  and  reputation  owe  it  to  themselves 
to  send  in  works  at  least  well  executed,  or  else 
refrain  from  exhibiting.  Every  excuse  must 
be  made  for  a  young  and  struggling  man  who 
makes  his  own  view,  and  colours  it  as  best  he 
can  ;  but  when  architectural  draughtsmen  and 
colourists  are  to  be  obtained  in  abundance, 
and  unfortunately  at  miserable  remuneration, 
it  is  neither  dignified  nor  generous  in  eminent 
men  to  exhibit  any  drawings  that  are  not  good 
of  their  kind.  Nos.  82,  83,  and  84  are  by  Mr. 
Buckeridge,  respectively  a  church,  a  savings' 
bank,  and  a  church.  These  drawings  are 
neatly  done  in  pen  and  ink,  and  have  merits 
beyond  neat  execution.  Nos.  85  and  86,  by 
Mr.  Purdue,  "Design  for  a  Church  at  Sharrow, 
Sheftield,"  are  not  well  drawn.  The  old 
fashion  of  neat  careful  drawing  has  to  a  great 
extent  disappeared,  but  there  is  a  point  where 
freedom  verges  close  upon  roughness,  and 
force  may  be  given  without  resorting  to  the 
use  of  excessively  thick  lines.  Mr.  Purdue 
sends  another  design  for  a  church.  No.  93, 
which  is  well  coloured  ;  which  is  more  than 
can  be  said  of  Nos.  96,  "  New  Vicarage, 
Great  Ilford,"  by  Mr.  A.  Ashpitel,  ancl 
97,  "New  Station  at  Leatherhead,"  bv  IMr. 
C.  H.  Driver.  No.  99,  "  Design  for  a  New 
Residence  " — residence  again  ! — for  a  gentle- 
man in  Cornwall,  by  David  Brandon,  is  well 
coloured,  as  all  Mr.  Brandon's  drawings  are. 
They  all,  however,  have  great  faidts  where 
the  gardening  joins  the  architecture.  In  the 
drawings  he  exhibits,  the  slopes  are  always 
wrong  against  the  terrace  walls  ;  we  say  in 
the  drawings  advisedly,  for  the  landscape  gar- 
dener who  laid  out  the  Cornish  gentleman's 
groimds  is  too  much  of  a  master  of  his  craft  to 
make  such  a  mistake.  Mr.  Bassett  Keeling's 
little  church,  No.  102,  is  pretty  in  design 
and  well  coloured.  No.  107  is  a  competition 
design  for  "  New  Church,"  Dumfries,  by  Mr. 
James  Barboiu'.  The  catalogue  states  that  it 
was  "  not  accepted  ;"  and  when  we  look  at  the 
junction  of  the  spire  with  the  octagon  tower 
we  do  not  wonder  at  it.  It  is  more  than  ques- 
tionable whether  it  would  stand.  No.  108  is 
another  memorial !  to  whom  may  be  readily 
divined.  Nothing  but  great  excellence  in 
design  can  reconcile  ns  to  a  single  additional 
memorial,  and  Mr.  James  Lawson  Stewart's 
design  does  not  come  up  to  the  point  of  ex- 
cellence. No.  114,  an  interior  of  a  church  in 
brick,  by  D.  Wallin.  This  is  another  case 
of  perspective.  For  aught  we  know,  this  in- 
terior may  look  very  well  or  very  much  the 
reverse,  but  the  drawing  is  not  a  representa- 
tion from  which  to  judge. 

The  admirers  of  Grecian  art  will  examine 
Nos.  112  and  113,  and  also  the  photographs 
of  the  executed  works.  Tliey  will  here  see 
the  heaven-pointing  thumb  of  classicality  as 
opposed  to  the  heaven-pointing  finger  of 
Gothicism.  We  fear  that  it  is  not  by  efforts 
such  as  these  that  a  giddy  public  will  be  won 
back  to  the  pure  forms  of  Athens  and  Magna 
Grajcia.  No.  115,  "A  Drinking  Fountain," 
by  !Mr.  J.  J.  Moye,  does  not  present  the  cup 
that  neither  cheers  nor  inebriates  in  an  in- 
viting form,  which,  considering  the  great  ad- 
vantages to  be  derived  from  temperance,  is  to 
be  regretted.  Mr.  F.  Marrable  exhibits  an 
interior  chancel  of  the  New  Church  of  St.  Peter, 
Deptford.  It  is  in  brick,  as  is  much  the 
fashion,  though  for  our  own  part  we  think  it 
is  not  a  material  good  enough  for  an  interior. 
This,  however,  is  a  matter  of  opinion. 

In  this  portion  of  the  exhibition  will  be 
found  some  of  Salviati's  beautiful  mosaics. 
Nos.  120  and  139  are  copies  of  work  executed 
at  Windsor  Castle — subjects  Edward  IV.  and 
Henry  VIII.     The  design  is  by  Messrs.  Clay- 


302 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


May  3,  1867. 


ton  and  Bell.     No.  123,  by  Mr.  J.  S.  Quilter, 
conservatory  and  terrace,  is  another  proof  how 
little  arcliitects  know  abont  terraces  and  gar- 
dens.    The  conservatory  is  a  handsome  stone 
building,  well  designed  and  expensively  con- 
structed,  but    the   grounds   do    not     accord 
with  the  masonry,  and  never  can  be  made  to 
do  so.     The  steps,  instead  of  raking  away  into 
the  country,   should   have  been  turned  side- 
ways against  the  terrace  wall.  The  ground  could 
then  have  been  easily  adapted.     We  last  year 
reviewed  in  these  pages  a  book  on  the  very  sub- 
ject, the  connection  between  architectiu'e  and 
landscape  gardening  ;  and  this  instance  isamost 
notable  one  of  the  necessity  of  perfect  accord 
between  the  professors  of  the  respective   arts. 
No.  135,  also  Ijy  Mr.  Quilter,  is  a   design  for 
Headingley   Theological  Institution,    Leeds. 
It  displays  considerable  talent,  and   though 
unsuccessful  in  the  competition,  was  rejected 
only  by  the  casting  vote  of  the  chairman.  The 
execution  of  this  drawing  for  a  competition, 
where  it  is  unwise  to  tlu'ow  away  much  time 
or  money,  is  very  good.     We  have  ever  de- 
precated the  practice  of  aspirants  in  competi- 
tions wasting  a  lot  of  time   and  money  in 
getting  up  very  elaborate  and  elegant   draw- 
ings.    A  well  considered  plan,   a   practicable 
section,  and  a  perspective  view  with  the  pro- 
jections honestly  shown,  not  tricked  \xp  with 
shadows  too  deep  to  be  true,  is  all  that  is  re- 
quired, and   the   whole   to   be   as  slight  as  is 
consistent  with  distinctness.     Because  it  com- 
plies with   these  requirements  we   take  Mr. 
Burges's  drawing  "  Detail  of  part   of  Strand 
front,"  which  a])peared  in  the  Bdildixg  New.s 
of  April  IS,  to  be  the  best  architectural  draw- 
ing that  has  ever  been   exhibited.     It  is  not 
so  elaborate  as  many  of  Sir  Charles  Barry's; 
but  it  is  like  Merc utio's  wound,  "  enough,"  and 
he  must  be  captious  indeed  who  wants  more. 
Here  we  comeupon  several  designs  which  were 
sent  to  Manchester  on  the  occasion  of  the  ill- 
managed  competition  for  an  Exchange.     The 
details  of  that  humiliating  exhibition  of  human 
nature  appeared  at  full  length  in  these  pages 
last  autumn,  and  to  keep  green  the  memory  of 
the  wrongs  the  majority  of  the  competitors 
suffered  they  send  some  of  the  rejected  de- 
signs.     Having  already  said   enough   about 
them  we  leave  the  visitors  to   the  exhibition 
to  consider  them  at  their  leisure.     Jlr.  Horace 
Jones,  the  City  architect,  sends  a  design  for  a 
new  telegraph  station  in  Threadiieedle-street. 
Messrs.   Picton,  Chambers,  and  Brailley  send 
a  design  for  the  Railway  Hotel,  Lime-street, 
Liverpool.     This  is  at  all   events  a  sensible 
design,  differing  in  that  respect  Ironi   certain 
great  works  of  similar  nature  in  the  metro- 
polis.    Mr.  Darbishire  favours  the  exhibition 
■with  a  design  for  the  Jlidland  Railway  Station 
and  Hotel,  Nos.    14.5   and  146,  which  is  not 
equal  to  his    performances   in    Swain's-lane, 
Highgate,    but    nothing    is    more    difficult 
than    sustained    effort.      Mr.    Horace  Jones 
sends  a  view  of  his  meat  and  poidtry  market, 
which,   we  believe,  represents  the    building 
pretty  much   as  it   will   really  appear.     No. 
155,  "  Central  portion  of  the  New  St.  Thomas's 
Hosjjital,"  is  not  by  any  means  good.     The 
pavilions  are  especially  poor,  as  are  the  arches 
on  second  and  third  floors,  having  no  impost, 
and  an  arch  without  impost  at  springing  is  the 
meanest  thing  in  classical  architecture.     As 
this  building  directly  fronts  the  Houses  of  Par- 
liament, all  classicists  will  regret  that  it  should 
be   so   unworthy  a  representative  of  its  type. 
No.  156,  by  Mr.  H.  Jones,  is  worthy  of  study, 
and  here  the   classicists  will  rejoice.      The 
spirit  of  the  design  is  shown  in  every  part, 
solidity  and   sturdiness  characterise   it.     No. 
162  is  another  of  j\Ir.  David  Brandon's  designs. 
A  porch   which  has  pilasters  in   front  must 
have  a  portion  of  one  on  the  return  side  next 
the  wall,  and  a  child  in   art  knows  it.     The 
roof  of  the  tower  is  attenuated,  as  is  only  too 
commonly  the  case.     The  porch  is  absurdl}' 
overdone,   and  is,   in  fact,   the   most   ornate 
piece  of  the  structure.     No.  165,  competitive 
design  for  Manchester  Exchange,  by  Mr.  R.  H. 
Burden,  is  not  well  dra«m.     It  may  be  a  good 
design,  but  the  drawing  gives  it  no  chance.  No. 


173,  by  Mr.  T.  Roger  Smith,  is  well  designed 
and  drawn.  No.  179,  by  ]\Ir.  H.  M.  Burton, 
is  much  to  our  mind.  It  looks  like  a  mansion, 
and  no  one  would  thiuk  of  calling  it  a  resi- 
dence. It  is  not  overdone  ;  houses  are  not 
usually  overdone ;  it  is  only  the  residence  and 
the  cottage  ornee  that  comes  in  for  the  over- 
doing. No.  144  is  a  view  of  Mi:  F.  Leighton's 
house,  an  illustration  of  which  we  gave  last 
November. 

In  the  west  gallery  may  be  seen  a  large 
number  of  interesting  sketches.  ile.ssrs. 
J.  L.  Petitt,  Phene  Spiers,  I'Anson,  E.  B. 
Lamb,  T.  H.  Lewis,  H.  Watson,  A.  B.  Donald- 
son, A.  Moore,  and  others,  contribute. 
Messrs.  Bell,  Redfem,  and  Almond  send  a 
photograph  of  a  ".Majesty  "  for  the  west  front 
of  Salisbury  Cathedral.  As  regards  the 
National  Gallery  designs  here  exhibited,  we 
hoped  the  public  had  seen  the  last  of  them. 
No  word  we  originally  said  of  them  do  we 
retract,  and  after  the  verdict  which  public 
opinion  has  recorded,  it  is  inconceivable  that 
they  should  be  found  on  the  walls  of  any 
Exhibition  room,  least  of  all  in  one  where  the 
younger  members  expect  to  find  subject  for 
emidation. 


A    PHILOSOPHICAL  VIEW    OP   ART. 
No.  6. — The  Scientific  Co-ordination. 

FROM  our  historical  survey  we  have  traced 
the  operation  of  a  great  intellectual  and 
social  law.  A  gradual  evolution  of  human 
ideas  and  conceptions,  beginning  in  the  birth- 
land  of  our  race,  undergoing  various  transi- 
tions, and  influenced  more  or  less  by  adverse 
circumstances,  is  clearly  apparent  throughout ; 
and  this  evolution  has  been  shown  to  have 
followed  a  general  law,  not  unlike  that  to 
which  the  individual  mind  in  its  different 
gradations  of  perception  and  reason  is  subject. 
When  we  speak  of  the  stages  of  civilisation, 
we  really  mean  the  practical  result  of  this 
grand  operating  ju'inciple  which  has  not  only 
successively  modified  ideas  but  moulded  the 
popular  realisations  that  have  sprung  from 
them.  Briefly  recapitulating  these  we  have : — 
First,  a  period  of  imagination,  during  which 
reason  is  undeveloped  and  subordinate,  and 
material  embodiment  or  personification  of  na- 
tiu-e  are  common. 

Second,  a  period  more  advanced,  in  which 
reason  assumes  a  place  ;  conceptions  alternat- 
ing between  the  material  and  the  immaterial, 
and  a  period  moreover  characterised  by  an 
attempt  to  define  and  separate  them,  notice- 
able in  the  metaphysical  epochs  of  Greece  and 
the  middle  ages,  and  generally  realised  in  art 
by  anthropomorphic  conceptions. 

Third,  a  period  marked  by  the  ascendancy 
of  experimental  science  and  industrial  enter- 
prise, the  rapid  decline  of  the  dogmatic  spirit, 
and  the  two  opposite  and  distinct  movements 
of  the  secular  and  spiritual  impulses.  Now, 
it  is  necessary  to  bear  in  mind  that  these  his- 
torical gradations  of  thought  liad  not  separate 
and  exclusive  existences.  A  principle  of  con- 
tinuity runs  throughout.  These  transitional 
phases  pass  from  one  into  the  other  by  in- 
sensible degrees,  just  as  in  the  material  world 
the  solid  body  imdergoes  the  liquid  and 
gaseous  states  in  passing  from  one  extreme  to 
the  other.  Each  phase  is  chiefly  noticed  for 
its  predominating  element — the  first,  or  mytho- 
theological,  becoming  in  the  second  more  me- 
taphysical, as  a  connecting  link  to  the  scientific 
or  positive  state  ;  while  it  must  not  be  for- 
gotten that  all  these  three  elements — initial 
and  intermediate — coexist  more  or  less  in  each 
stage.  Thus,  the  faculty  for  abstraction  was 
never  wanting  in  any  stage,  and  yet  we  find 
its  power  considerably  modified  in  quality  as 
we  approach  an  age  of  multifarious  Ijut  defi- 
nitive knowledge.  In  general,  the  process  of 
abstract  thought  has  been  to  refine  and  ethe- 
reaUse  ;  from  speculating  on  corporealities,  the 
mind  gradually  transferred  its  powers  to 
"essences,"  "origins,"  and  other  ontological 
niceties.  Our  perceptions  of  the  visible  world 
have  only  served  to  distinguish  more  clearly 


between  the  corporeal  and  the  spiritual,  and 
to  upset  the  arbitrary  origans  of  an  early  phi- 
losophy which  continually  confounded  ideas 
and  words  with  things.  'When  men  discarded 
objects  of  sense  in  the  metaphysical  periods, 
it  was  only  to  attach  a  sort  of  di.sguised  per- 
sonification to  their  conceptions,  and  not  to 
discriminate,  as  we  now  do,  by  the  aid  of  ex- 
periment and  analysis  these  two  distinct 
faculties. 

The  eflect  of  this  process  on  art  is  obvious 
on  reflection.  The  close  association  enter- 
tained in  the  earliest  stage  of  thought  of  the 
material  and  sensual  vidth  the  idea  was  mani- 
festly favourable  to  art  and  design  generally  ; 
whereas  the  progressive  tendency  to  separate 
the  subject  from  the  object  has  temporarily, 
at  least,  made  the  translation  of  ideas  into  the 
material  more  difficult.  Men,  like  children 
in  a  primeval  mood  of  mind,  watched  the 
fleeting  clouds,  the  waving  forests,  and  listened 
to  the  howling  winds,  and  assimilated  them  to 
some  idea  of  sense ;  the  idea  and  object  were 
always  linked  together,  and  an  instinctive 
power  of  expression  was  created.  Some  na- 
tions, more  than  others,  are  gifted  with  the 
facility  for  comparison  and  assimilation.  Even 
the  structure  of  some  languages  illustrates 
this  faculty.  With  some  nations  the  personal 
pronoims  are  applied  to  inanimate  objects ; 
among  ourselves,  the  Irish  are  more  personify- 
ing than  we  are ;  while  most  southern  and 
tropical  climates  attest  a  more  imaginative 
and  objective  faith  than  the  northern  races. 
Viemng  our  subject  under  the  influences  of 
climate  and  race  alone,  which  have  necessarily 
mollified  the  complexion  of  art  of  different  na- 
tions, the  law  of  a  decreasing  persordfication 
is  perhaps  less  apparent ;  and  it  is  an  absurd 
and  narrow  notion  among  many,  even  educated 
people  to  suppose  that  a  general  law  and  its 
observance  can  be  imposed  alike  upon  all  races 
in  regard  to  creed  and  ritual.  Can  it  be  ever 
imagined  that  the  nervo-fibrous  races  of 
western  Europe  or  the  tropics  are  ever  to  be 
brought  under  the  influence  of  a  form  of  re- 
ligion, for  instance,  like  that  suited  to  our 
neighbours  north  of  the  Tweed  ?  The  notion 
is  as  narrow  as  that  entertained  by  many  con- 
scientious members  of  the  Chui-ch  of  England, 
who  would  lay  down  a  law  for  the  regulation 
of  the  indi\'idual  consciences  of  all  men,  and 
exclude  ritualism  and  its  participants  on  no 
better  ground  than  that  they  ought  to  be  as 
strong-minded  as  themselves  and  need  no  ex- 
ternal helps. 

But  we  are  digressing.  The  law  of  grada- 
tion, both  as  regards  the  ideas  of  successive 
epochs  and  the  development  of  humanity — 
whatever  themodifications  of  climate  or  race- 
remains  inoperative,  and  may  be  applied  to 
the  progression  of  the  sciences,  their  relation 
and  dependence,  and  the  order  they  will 
eventually  assiune  in  the  grand  economy  of 
systematised  knowledge.  Such  a  classification 
of  the  sciences  on  a  rational  basis  has  been 
nobly  and  simply  laid  down  by  Comte  in  his 
"  Cours  de  Pliilosophie  Positive."  From  the 
great  law  of  evolution,  which  shows  that  the 
phenomena  of  nature  were  first  explained  by 
analogies  drawn  from  consciousness  or  the 
known ;  secondly,  were  explained  by  reason 
mthont  proofs ;  and  thirdly,  were  explained 
by  invariable  laws  deduced  inductively  from 
experiments — he  proceeds  to  divide  and 
classify  those  dependent  sciences  which  are 
based  upon  corresponding  phenomena  or  a 
necessary  and  invariable  subordination.  These 
sciences  are  arranged,  beginning  with  those 
relating  to  simple  and  general  phenomena,  and 
most  removed  from  social  or  moral  life,  and 
proceeding  to  those  most  concrete  and  com- 
plex, having  for  their  object  the  explanation  of 
the  laws  of  humanity.  Astronomy,  physics, 
chemistry,  physiology,  and  sociology  are  the 
fundamental  sciences  based  upon  the  above 
order  of  dependence — an  order  it  may  be  ob- 
served conformable  to  the  successive  develop-' 
ment  of  these  sciences,  as  well  as  confinnar 
tory  of  the  great  law  of  progress  we  have 
sketched.  AVe  have  shown  that  it  is  a  prin- 
ciple of  tJiis  law  to  begin  mth  simple  and  ah- 


May  3,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


303 


stract  conceptions ;  and  hence  we  find  the 
earliest  sciences  to  be  those  based  upon  ti 
priori  reasoning,  and  the  most  precise  of  all. 
It  was  this  early  power  for  simple  abstractions 
which  arbitrarily  determined  the  laws  of 
beauty  in  architecture  liefore  they  were  pro- 
perly organised  in  a  more  complete  and  philo- 
sophical system.  It  was  this  early  power  also 
which  led  men  to  arbitrarily  assign  origins  to 
the  phenomena  of  nature,  attaching  them  to 
the  wiUs  of  beneficent  beings,  oreads,  and 
demons.  In  all  cases  they  proceeded  from  tlie 
known  to  the  unknomi  ;  this  was,  in  fact  the 
principle  of  their  childlike  philosophy.  Unin- 
tiuenced  by  spiritual  discernment,  the  adora- 
tion of  nature  and  its  productive  power  took 
the  place  of  the  adoration  of  a  Supreme  Being; 
and  such  a  phase  of  theological  belief  became 
prolific  of  a  copious  mythological  and  heroic 
poetry. 

After  simple  and  abstract  ideas  came  those 
more  complex  ;  the  laws  of  the  inorganic  world 
are  followed  by  those  of  the  organic  world ;  and 
the  latter  comjirehend  the  former,  just  as  tlie 
abstract  entity  became  the  impersonal  sub- 
stitute for  the  simple  phenomenon.  The  in- 
creasing comple.vity  of  the  organic  sciences 
render  their  elaboration  necessarily  more  difli- 
cult  than  the  mathematical  sciences ;  the  rela- 
tions of  the  phenomena  they  explain  and  their 
laws  or  methods  of  action  require  a  far  longer 
time  to  establish ;  and  hence  the  principles  of 
physiology  and  the  arts  related  to  it,  as  medi- 
cine, are  even  now  in  a  very  unsatisfactory 
state,  and  are  far  from  that  positi\-e  or  defini- 
tive .state  yet  to  lie  reached.  Though  many  of 
the  principles  of  art  are  determinable,  the  pro- 
fessors of  medicine  and  architecture  are  at 
present  much  in  the  same  stage  of  uncer- 
tainty, relying  more  on  experimental  know- 
ledge than  on  well  ascertained  principles. 

Coming  to  the  Fine  Arts,  a  different  class 
of  phenomena  has  to  be  considered,  though 
one  holding  a  place  somewhere  between 
simple  abstract  science  and  the  higher  catego- 
ries of  social  and  moral  science,  and  conse- 
<iuently  to  be  investigated  on  a  similar 
method.  The  faculties  of  perception  and 
conception  are  chiefly  employed  in  the  culti- 
vation of  the  Fine  Arts,  and  it  was,  there- 
fore, not  necessary  for  man  when  he  had  dis- 
covered some  forms  and  proportions  that  were 
beautiful,  or  sounds  that  were  harmonious,  to 
inquire  into  the  reasons  that  made  them 
such,  so  long  as  he  could  fix  them  upon  his 
memory  or  arrive  at  some  empirical  rules  for 
their  reproduction.  The  consequence  of  this 
hypothesis  is  the  early  development  of  tlie 
fine  arts  compared  with  physical  science, 
which  a  new  discovery  often  retarded,  by  con- 
tradicting or  upsetting  the  arbitrary  and  un- 
scientific principles  given  it.  Such  a  process 
of  retardation,  paradoxical  as  it  may  appear, 
the  art  of  architecture,  so  long  taking  the 
lead,  is  really  now  undergoing,  or  at  least  has 
been  undergoing  for  the  last  two  or  three 
hundred  years  ;  and  it  may  be  observed 
that  the  arrival  of  such  a  period  would  lia-ve 
been  prolonged  if  mankind  had  not  modified 
their  doctrines  of  theology,  and  the  conse- 
fpient  divorcement  between  it  and  art  which 
ensued.  The  critical  elaboration  which  art, 
particularly  architecture,  underwent  when  the 
two  secular  impidses — industrial  and  scienti- 
fic— began  the  great  pro\'i3ional  estrangement 
between  material  and  spiritual  ideas  and  the 
sciences,  though  necessary  to  that  scientific 
organisation  still  in  the  future,  was  for  a 
time  a  decided  check  to  the  progress  of  art, 
while  even  now  we  are  still  reproducing, 
though  less  servilely  than  a  century  ago,  the 
systems  of  bygone  civilisations. 

Previously  linked  to  religion,  art  had 
always  been  the  inseparable  exponent  of  an 
arbitrary  conception ;  whereas  now,  the  pro- 
gress of  the  sciences  and  their  relation  to 
each  other  demand  the  independent  cultiva- 
tion of  the  fine  arts  upon  a  more  rational 
!  Iwsis  than  our  forefathers  required,  and  in  ac- 
'  cordance  with  the  definitive  stage  of  modem 
thought.  The  peculiarity  of  the  present  ano- 
malous position  of  architecture  is  really,   I 


think,  the  reversal  of  the  conditions  under 
which  it  so  long  progressed.  The  scientific 
element  was  completely  subordinated  to  the 
religious  conception  in  all  the  great  art 
periods.  Now,  on  the  ctontrarj',  tlie  utilita- 
rian element  precedes  the  fcsthetic  in  the 
majority  of  the  architectural  productions  of 
the  day  ;  and  it  is  the  multiplicity  of  require- 
ments our  complex  civilisation  demands  that 
makes  their  fulfilment  so  ditt'erent  and  diffi- 
cult a  task.  We  have,  in  sliort,  to  superadd 
the  experience  of  tliree  centuries  of  eventful 
discoveries  to  an  rmprepared  and  unorganised 
art  ;  we  have  to  study  these  new  elements  in 
relation  to  and  in  harmony  with  the  conceji- 
tive  and  receptive  capacities  of  man ;  and  it 
is  the  combination  of  the  analytical  and  syn- 
thetical methods,  the  deductive  with  the  in- 
ductive mode  of  investigation,  that  is  now 
necessai-y  to  elaborate  a  system  of  definitive 
princi])les  for  the  future  oi-ganisation  of  art. 

It  will  now  remain  for  us  to  practically 
apply  the  theory  we  have  sketched  as  briefly 
as  possible  ;  and  we  select  architecture  be- 
cause it  is  more  illustrative  of  the  changes 
imdergone  by  reason  of  its  more  complex 
character.  Thus,  historically,  the  phases  of 
the  Renaissance  reflected  in  architectui'e  just 
that  divergence  between  the  religious  and 
secular  ideas  which  eft'ected  a  temporary  com- 
bination ;  while  their  opposition  and  separa- 
tion became  more  marked  in  the  pure  styles 
of  the  Greek,  Roman,  and  Gothic  reviv.als. 
Already  their  re-incorporation  is  shown  in 
our  modern  eclectic  system — in  all  our 
large  recent  works  of  Italian  and  Gothic  cha- 
racter into  which  the  modern  spirit  of 
thought  is  infused. 


FINE    ARTS. 

SOCIETY     OF     BRITISH     ARTISTS. 

THE  Society  of  British  Artists,  notwith- 
standing the  abuse  wliich  it  is  the  fashion 
to  heap  upon  them,  pursue  the  even  tenour  of 
their  way,  rewarded  by  profit  if  not  renown. 
Their  gallery  in  Suffolk-street  has  been  enlarged 
this  season  by  the  opening  of  an  additional 
room,  and  the  works  exhibited  show  a  pro- 
portional increase  in  number,  exceeding  now 
a  thousand.  Of  course,  a  very  large  proportion 
of  them  are  of  that  class  which  can  only  be 
describedas  "rubbish,"  just  asthere  isaprepon- 
derance  of  similar  "  rubbish  "  in  the  Trafalgar- 
square  and  other  exliibitions  of  the  season;  but 
scattered  through  these  is  a  considerable  num- 
ber of  performances  which  rise  to  the  level  of 
mediocrity,  and  some  few  which  present  even 
higher  claims.  Of  good  honest  "  furnitiu-e 
pictures,"  that  is  canvases  applicable  to  de- 
corative purposes  in  the  homes  of  the  millions, 
the  Suft'olk-streel  display  has,  perhaps,  the 
advantage  over  the  average  of  its  aristocratic 
neighbour.  One  gratifying  characteristic  in 
this  exhibition  is  that  it  does  not  include  por- 
traits, with  the  exception  of  a  rare  specimen 
here  and  there,  which  has  only  to  be  seen  to 
be  execrated. 

Not  wishing  to  indulge  in  the  cowardly 
sport  of  breaking  flies  upon  a  wheel,  we  shall 
in  our  few  remaining  remarks  on  this  exhibition 
confine  our  observations  chiefly  to  those  pro- 
ductions which,  if  not  of  a  merit  to  call  for 
the  highest  flights  of  critical  encomium,  are  yet 
deserving  of  some  attention  from  the  visitor. 
Mr.  W.  Bromley  gives  earnest  of  being  an 
improvingman  in  his  representation  of  the  scene 
lietween  Queen  Catherine  and  the  Cardinal, 
"  King  Henry  VIII.,"  Act  3,  scene  1  (No.  9). 
The  composition  is  respectable,  and  there  is 
a  good  deal  of  truth  in  the  expression  of  the 
faces.  Another  Shakspearian  effort  by  the 
same  artist,  iUustrativeof  the  passage  in  "  King 
John  "  where  Hubert  describes  the  consterna- 
tion occasioned  by  the  news  of  Prince  Arthur's 
death  (No.  .'528),  is  even  more  vigorous  in  the 
treatment  than  the  preceding.  Sir.  C.  Rossiter 
has  a  clever  picture  (No.  39)  representing  "  The 
Arrest "  of  a  cavalier  in  his  ancestral  halls  by 
some  soldiers  of  the  Republican  army.  Mr.  T. 
Heaphy  exhibits  a  very  fair  performance  on  the 


subject  of  "  General  Fairfax  and  his  Daughter 
Piu-sucd  by  Royalist  Troojiers"  (No.  238). 
The  incident  is  wliere  the  poor  child  (only  six 
years  of  age),  worn  out  with  fatigue,  has 
swooned  away  in  a  barn  where  the  party  have 
taken  hasty  refuge,  her  fatlier  splashing  her 
face  with  water.  Mr.  Salter,  in  additioii  to  a 
portrait,  of  which  the  writer  is  happy  to  con- 
sider that  he  is  not  the  original,  presents  us 
only  -with  a  small  study  (No.  ,'531)  of  his 
picture,  successfully  exhil  )ited  a  couple  of  years 
ago,  of  Good  t,)ueen  Bess  "  lleproving  Dean 
Noel  in  ^he  Vestry  of  St.  Paul's,"  for  ])lacing 
a  new  service  book,  decorated  with  ]iictures, 
U]ion  her  cushion.  To  close  our  account  with 
historical  subjects  we  must  accord  a  word  of 
especial  recognition  to  Sir.  P.  Priolo  for  his 
water-colour  painting  of  "  St.  Paul  Preach- 
ing to  the  Early  Christians  at  Syracuse" 
(No.  ()S5).  The  locality  of  the  occurrence  is 
one  extremely  well  adapted  to  pictorial  elVect 
— the  persecuted  hearers  of  the  captive 
preacher  having  hastily  assembled  in  the 
caves  that  had  been  made  by  quarrying  stones 
for 'the  building  of  the  city.  The  artist  has 
taken  advantage  of  the  broken  lines  thus  pro- 
duced to  give  great  variety  to  bis  grouping, 
the  whole  being  carefully  and  elaborately 
treated,  and  impressive  in  character. 

In  figure  subjects  of  a  less  pretensive  cha- 
racter we  find  the  usual  miscellaneous  assort- 
ment of  common-place  materials.  Mr.  T. 
Roberts  executes  a  variation  upon  MiUais' 
two  "  sermon"  performances,  under  the  title 
of  "  A  Tedious  Sermon"  (No.  33),  and  shows 
us  a  young  minx  in  open  rebellion  against  the 
infliction,  in  spite  of  the  admonitions  of  her 
pretty  liut  insipid-looking  mamma,  shows  ns, 
moreover,  in  the  mid-distance  the  impassive 
features  of  the  reverend  preacher,  all  uncon- 
scious of  the  soporific  eft'ects  of  his  dullness. 
Mr.  E.  J.  Cobbett  having  tried  high  life  sub- 
jects unsuccessfully,  retm-ns  to  his  early  loves, 
— and  there  they  are,  those  sun-burnt 
country  lasses,  carrying  home  heather  and 
enjoying  a  "  Gossip  by  the  Way"  (No.  fl3),  and 
not  a  day  older,  nor  a  whit  changed,  from  wdiat 
we  knew  of  them  twenty  years  ago.  Mr.  J.  J. 
Hill  presents  us  with  rustic  beauties  a  tant  soit 
pcitmorerefined  in  character  than  Mr.  Cobbett, 
and  always  with  a  delicate  perfection  of  bloom 
wliich  Nature  would  strive  in  vain  to  imitate. 
Of  these  his  "  Fishing  Girl"  (No.  170),  may 
be  taken  as  a  favourable  example.  Mr.  Hurl- 
stone,  the  president  of  tlie  society,  although 
unquestionably  endowed  with  considerable 
learning  in  his  art,  and  a  certain  feeling  for 
its  nobler  aims,  begins  to  fail  lamentably  in  his 
handicraft.  His  "  Peasant  Girl  of  Alcala  de 
Guadaira,  Andalucia  "  (No.  18(5),  though  a 
pleasing  study  after  nature,  has  been  so  hardly 
dealt  with  by  art — we  refer  chiefly  to  the  laj'- 
ing  on  of  the  colours — as  to  present  almost  the 
appearance  of  a  caricature.  Mr.  J.  Burr  dis- 
play's to  advantage  a  certain  trick  of  art  in  his 
•'  Readitig  of  the  Bible"  (No.  487),  the  figure 
of  the  ohl  woman  listening  and  the  general 
chiaroscuro  being  in  humble  imitation  of  the 
style  of  Rembrandt.  Another  performance  of 
his,  "The  Rehearsal"  (No.  lOG),  representing 
an  old  man  scraping  on  a  fiddle,  whilst  avoid- 
ing affectation,  falls  into  the  no  less  deadly 
offence  of  tameness.  Tam  O'Shanter's  mad- 
drunk  ride  gives  Mr.  G.  M'CuIloch  an  oppor- 
tunity for  displaying  a  considerable  degree  of 
wild  fancy  in  the  composition  (No.  IIG),  com- 
bined with  a  woful  deficiency  of  colouring. 
Sentimentalism  runs  mad  in  Mr.  W.  M.  Hay's 
"  The  Ballad  Singer  "  (No.  15.5),  which  we 
are  told  is  an  "  incident  in  the  lives  of  two 
sisters  " — one  in  rags  singing  "  Home,  sweet 
home  "  on  a  snowy  wintei-'s  night  at  one  side  of 
a  pUlar,  wliile  the  other,  comfortably  dressed, 
listens  with  a  mixture  of  feeling  which  we 
do  not  pretend  qiute  to  analyse,  from  the 
opposite  side.  Doubtless  Mr.  Hay  will  have 
his  reward  from  a  certain  class  of  art-patrons. 

This  society  has  long  prescriptively  held  a 
high  ])osition  in  landscape  painting — Roberts 
and  Stanfield  being  amongst  those  who 
achieved  their  earliest  triimiphs  on  the  Suf- 
folk-street walls.     The  tradition  stiU  eudiu'es, 


804 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


May  3,  1867. 


Imt  the  spirit  is  gone.     There  are  always   a 
large   number   of  Landscape  perlbrmances   in 
the  Suli'olk-street  Exhibition,  evincing  a  cer- 
tain amount  of  technic  skill,  combined  -ndth  a 
decent  regard  to  the  arcana  of  nature,  but  the 
soul  of  nature  which  should  breathe  over  the 
canvas  and  should  bespeak  the  mind  of  the 
artist  through    his    work   is   discovered    no 
longer  ;  at  any  rate  not  to  the  extent  which  is 
necessary    to   elevate   landscape   above  mere 
view  painting.     One  of  the  ablest  landscape 
painters  of  the  society  is  Mr.  A.  Clint,  who 
is  always  earnest  in   purpose,  but  who,  how- 
ever well  directed  he  may  be  in  his  purpose, 
never  arrives  at  the  point  of  creating  his  sub- 
ject.    In  his   carefully  painted   picture   of  a 
siraset  in  a  lake  and  hill  district  (No.  28),  there 
is  a  great  deal  of  talent ;    but  a  talent  wliich 
makes  its  workings   obvious,  instead   of  con- 
cealing them,  which  is  the  true  test  of  real  art. 
Mr.  J.  Tennant,  who  has  become  venerable  in 
the  outdoor  pursuit  of  nature,  paints,  always 
in  tea-tray  decoration  fashion,    scenes  which 
he   considers   agreealsle  and   picturesque,  but 
the  spirit,  charactei-,  and  tone  of  which  he  is 
utterly  unable  to  realise  upon  canvas.     When 
he   twits  us  cockneys  in  that  aspiring   effort, 
"Away  from  Smoky  London  "  (No.  100),  how 
little   is   he   aware  that  the  veriest  drudge  of 
City  life,  who  now  and  again  gets  his  day  out 
■with  a  return  ticket,  cannot  but  laugh  at  him 
for  his  halting  and  crude  representation  of  a 
scene  which   should   be  full   of  invigorating 
freshness.     His  cattle,  too,  are  sadly  poor  and 
out  of  drawing.     Mr.  G.  Cole,  who  formerly 
chiefly  devoted  himself  to  cattle  subjects,  has 
recently   taken   up   a  new  line  in  landscape, 
following  upon  the  steps  of  his  son,  Mr.  Vicat 
Cole,   of  which   he   has   produced  some  very 
striking  examples.     But  he  this  year  shows 
how   by   aiming  at   specialities   of   effect   an 
artist  of  undoubted  merit  may  lose  himself 
by    misdirected     eflbrts.      In   his      "Spring 
Time  "  (No.   171),   illustrated   by  the  quota- 
tion : — 


TABLE  OF  THE  WEIGHTS  PER  FOOT  RUN.  AND  SECTIONAL  AREAS  OP  EQUAL-SIDED 

ANGLE  AND  TEE  IRONS. 

The  L  and  T  Ikons  are  Taken  Aa  Uniformly  Thick  in  Each  Part. 


s.a 


Thickness  in  parts  of  an  inch. 


2-31 
2-62 
273 
2-94 
3  15 
3-57 
3-90 
4-41 
4-S: 
5-2: 
5fi7 
6  09 
6-51 
6-93 
7-35' 
777| 
8-19 

s-cii 

9-031 
9-45| 
9  ■871 


•76 
■81 
•SS 
•94 
l-0(i 
119 
1-32 
144 
1-57 
1-69 
1-82 
1-95 
2  07 
2-20 
2-33 
2-45 
25S 


2-821 

3-08| 

3-35 

3-61 

3-88 

4-40' 

4-9: 

6-45 

6-9' 

6-50 

702 

V-55 

a-07 

8-60 
9-12 
9-65 
,0-17 
.-c  Jo-69 


•84 
•92 

roo 

1-OS 
1-16 
1-3: 
1-47 
1-6: 
178 
1-94 
2  10 
2-26 
2-41 

2  5- 
2-73 
2-89 

3  04 
3-20 
3-35 
3-52 
3-66 


3-31 
3-62 
3-94 
4 
4 

5-20 

5-83 

6-411 

7-09 

7-72 

8-35 

8-98 

9-61 

10-24 

10-97 

11-50 

12  13 

12-76 

13-39 

14-02 

14-65 


■99 
1 
1-lS 

1-27 
1-37 
1-50 

1-74! 
1-93' 


lb. 


8-77 
4-14 
4  51 
4 -88 
5-24 
5-98 
6-71 
7-45 


2-121  S-18 
2-311  8-92 
2  50,  9-65 
2-6910-39 
2-86;ll-12 
3-07,11-86, 


112 

1-20 

1-36 

1-46 

1-57 

1 

2^00 

2-23 

2-44 

2 

2 

3-11 
3-32 
3-55 


3-25 


3-44 
3-63 
3-82 
4-00 
4-20 


12-69    3-77 


13-32!  3-98 

14-06  4-20 

14-80  4-43 

15-53,  4-65 

16-27]  4-86 

4-3S!l7-00i  5-09 


4-20 
4-62 
5-04 
5-46 
5-88 


lb. 


7-65 

8-81 

■96 


1-26 

1-38 

1-51 

163 

1^76    650'  194    709  2^12 

6-721  201    744    2-23    814  2-44 

7^66,  2-26|  8  39'  262    9-19  2^75 

S^40:  2  5l'  9-33    2-79  10-24  3-07|ll-12 

9^24!  2^77'l0^28l  3^08!ll^29  S-3S12-2' 

10-08;  302  11-22,  336il2-34  3-69,13  43 

10-92    3-28  1217!  3-65  13-39  4-0114-68 

11-76!  S52  13^1l!  3-92!l4-44  4-3216 

12-60    3-77  14-06!  4-22116-49  4-64,16^89 

13-44    402  15-00   449  1654  495,1S0: 

14^28'  4-28  15-95'  4  7817-59  52719-20 

16-12!  4-53  16-89;  5-0618-64  6-68'20-3B 

16-96!  4-77  1784    5-34!l9-69J  5-89,21-51 

16-80'  603  18^78    5^62'20^74'  621'22^67 

17^64!  5  281973    591,2179  6^52|23^32 

1S^48|  5^53  20^67    6-19i22^84|  6^84  24 

19^32'  578  21-621  6-47123-89]  7-15i26-13 


2-29 
2-64 
2-93 

3  33 
3-67 

4  02 
4-36 
4-72 
5-06 

5  40 
5^75 
0  09 
6-44 

6  78 


8^19 

9  45 

10-71 

11-97 

13-23 


2-45 
2-82 
3-15 
3  58 
3-90 


14 -49 1  4-34 

15-75 

17-0: 


18-27 
19-53 
079 
22-06 
23-31 
24-67 


7-13  25-83 
7-48,27-09 


4-?2| 
6-ll| 
6-47 
6-82! 
6-22 
6-60| 
6-98 
7^36 1 
7-73 
8-11 
8-4S 


The  weights  are  given  in  pounds  and  decimal  parts  ;  the  sectional  areas  are  given  in  inches  and 

decimal  parts. 


The  spring  is  come  .a^ain — the  joyful  spring  ! 

Again  the  banlts  with  clustering  flowers  are  spread — 

he  shows  us  no  joyful  clustering  flowers,  but 
only  a  felled  tree,  and  men  at  work  peeling 
oif  its  bark.  The  arcana  of  this  particular 
group  are  depicted,  no  doubt,  in  very  accu- 
rate detail,  but  the  detail  is  hard— hard  as  tlie 
hatchet  which  is  stuck  in  one  of  the  truncated 
branches,  and  which  sticks  there  as  if  it  knew 
it  vfSLS  waiting  to  have  its  portrait  taken. 
Mr.  J.  Syers  is  as  honest  and  truthful  as  usual 
in  his  sea  and  mountain  stream  subjects,  of 
which  "On  the  Lledr"  (No.  163),  is  an  eft'ec- 
tive  specimen.  Mr.  E.  A.  Pettitt  also  dis- 
plays considerable  power  in  his  mountain 
passes — more  particularly  in  "An  Avalanche  " 
(No.  417),  which  for  "boldness  and  cold  sub- 
limity "  is  as  fine  a  thing  of  the  land  as  we 
should  expect  to  see  produced  by  any  pencil 
of  the  day. 


PLATE    GIRDERS. 

THE  usual  thickness  of  the  vertical  web  for 
plate  girders  is  seldom  made  of  a  less  gauge 
than  pn.  ia  thickness,  and  for  all  girdera  of 
2ft.  9in.  to  3ft.  in  depth  wUl  be  found  ample. 
The  centre  plate  might  be  put  ia  Jiu,  or  5-16iu.  if 
any  convenience  to  the  designer  ;  but  very  often 
what  little  weight  would  be  saved  by  so  doing 
would  be  lost  by  having  to  use  an  extra  covering 
■wrapper  or  joint  strip.  In  girders  of  larger  dimen- 
sions the  web  plates  would  have  to  be  increased 
in  thickness  towards  the  ends,  where  the  vertical 
strain  is  greatest  and  is  equal  to  half  the  weight 
of  the  fully  loaded  girder.  When  working  out  the 
sectional  areas  of  the  flanges  of  girders,  a  table  of 
the  areas  of  equal-sided  angle  and  tee  irons  is 
very  useful.  The  following  has  been  worked  out 
at  a  great  amount  of  labour,  and  wiU  be  found  to 
assist  materially  in  all  computations  of  this  kind. 
In  a  girder  the  writer  had  lately  to  examiue, 
owing  to  the  |iu.  holes  in  the  flange  plates  not 
coming  direct  over  each  other,  they  bad  to  be 
rimered  out,  and  a  full  inch  diameter  of  rivet  to 
be  used  to  fill  up  the  enlarged  holes ;  therefore 
make  due  allowance  for  such  a  contingency,  which 


advice  cannot  too  often  be  borne  in  mind,  as  each 
case  of  this  kind  reduces  the  sectional  area  of  the 
flanges,  and  consequently  reduces  their  strength. 


TRADES' 

'•E 


UNIONS'    COMMISSION. 


WE    continue    our    report   of    the   evidence 
before  the  Royal  Commission.     Mr.  Charles 


William.s,  General    Secretary   of    the    Plasterers' 
Society,    was    examined,     and    stated    that    the 
society  was  a  national   institution,   the   principal 
station  being  at  Liverpool.      The  society  was  es- 
tablished in    1859,   and  has  about  128  lodges  or 
branches  throughout  the  country,  including  Scot- 
land.    Its  objects,  as  stated  by  witness,  are  "  the 
protection  of  trade,  the  burying  of  our  dead,  and 
relief  in   case  of  accident."     There    were    about 
8,000  members  in  the  society  at  the  date  of  August 
last,  and  the  annual  income  averages  about  £1,200. 
They  have  a  general  fund  of  £2,000,  besides  £1,100 
in  Barned's  Bank  as  depositors.     In  the  course  of 
last   year   the    number   of    members    was  nearly 
djuhled.     The  subscriptions  vary  from  3d.  to  6d. 
per  week.      For  example,  in  London  members  pay 
only  3d.  and  4d.  per  week,  while  in  Liverpool  they 
pay  6d.      The  funds  are  not  equalised  in  the  dif- 
ferent branches.     There  is  2d.  per  week  contribu- 
tions  clear   to   be  sent  down    to    the    executive 
council   to    form  a   general  fund ;  and    all  other 
moneys  are   f  jr  working  expenses,  including  any 
incidental   expenses  that  may  accrue   in  the  dif- 
ferent localities.  Being  pressed  pretty  strongly  as  to 
what  he  meant  by  "protection  of  trade,"  Mr,  Wil- 
liams replied:  "  Our  object  is  to  improve  the  posi- 
tion of  our  trade,  both  in  the  shortening  of  hours, 
in  the  raising  of  wages,  and  in  the  elevating  of  our 
class."      The  average  rate  of  wages  at  the  date  of 
the    society's  formation  was  26s,    throughout  the 
country,  or   nearly    so,  and    it  is  now  about  SOs, 
After   a  statement   of  the   circumstances  of   the 
recent  strike  of   the   plasterers  at   Bradford,  Mr. 
Williams   said  :  "  In  our   rules   we  do   not   allow 
either  a  man  or  any  number  of  men  to  cease  work 
unless  we  have  investigated  the  aftair  thoroughly. 
We  do  not  allow  any  advantage  to   be   taken  by 
any  employer  or  by  any  number  of   men.     If  we 
found  that  our    men   were  taking   advantage  of 
employers  we  should  supplant  those  men,  by  send- 
ing other   men  to  serve  those  employers  in   the 
event  they  still  persisted."     Mr.  Roebuck  said  he 
wished  to  know   upon  what  ground   the  society 
"  ventured  to  interfere  with  a  man  doing  what  he 
likes?"    To  which  witness  replied,  "We  do  not 
interfere  with   him  ;  all  we  say  is,  that  if  we  feel 
indisposed  to  take  our   commodity   to   that  parti- 
cular place  for  sale  we  have  a   right  to  restrict  it. 
In  my  own  town  of  Liverpool,  which  is  a  town  of 
some  importance,    there  is  not  a  respectable  em- 
ployer but  what  we  have  a   proper  understanding 
with — that  is,  to  give  six  mont'ns'  notice  on  either 
side  for  any  alteration  in  the  trade  custom."    The 
following,   among  other  questions,   were  then  put 

to  -witness  by  different  members  of   the  Commis-     . .. 

sion  : —  Does  your  society  take   steps  for  finding  |  trowel  -with  his  left  hand,  we  are  always  extremelj 


out  where  is  a  demand  for  work,  and  endeavour  to 
supply  that  demand  ?  —  Yes,  we    do. — But  you 
have    no  allowance   provided  for  sending  about 
men  ;  you  do  not  pay  their  expenses,  do  you  ?  — A 
great  many  of  the  local  lodges  have  private  funds, 
it  must  be  remembered. — You  seem  to  have  a  great 
many  benefits,  and  almost  no  subscriptions  'i — In 
the  lodge  I  belong  to,  I  pay  Is.  3d.  a  week  on  an 
average  ;  but  our  benefits  are  large.     Each  mem- 
'oer's  wife   at  his   death  will  receive  £28   on  an 
average,   and   I63.  per  week   accident  pay. — Are 
there,   in  addition  to  the  2d.  per  week,  different 
subscriptions   varying  in   the  diSerent  districts  ? 
— Yes. — Is  there  much    difference    between  one 
plasterer  and  another  in  point  of  abihty  ? — Some 
difference. — So  that  one  plasterer  would  be  very 
much  more  advantageous  for  an  employer  than 
another  ? — Yes,  more  particularly  in  the  class  of 
work,  like  this  ceiling,  for  instance.      If  you  were 
to  bring  some  of  our  lowest  men  and  some  of  our 
first-class  men  on  a  job  similar  to  this  ceiling,   it 
would  run  50  per  cent,  difference. — Do  you  allow 
the    first-class   man    to  take    advantage  of   that 
abihty  of  his  ? — The  lowest  class  seldom  do  any- 
thing like  this ;   they   nearly   always   classify  the 
men,  and  they  are  set  apart  to  do  different  kinds 
of  work. — So  that  a  man  of  high-class  work  gets 
a   higher  rate  of  wages  ? — Yes,  as  a  rule. — There 
is  no  rule  in  your  society  that  keeps  him  down  ? — 
No. — Do  you  consider  it  a  privilige  to  be  allowed  ■ 
to  work  overtime  ? — Only  in  some  instances,     ^'sil 
discountenance    overtime    as    much  as   we    canv'" 
Mr.  George  Housley,   Secretary  of   the   Friendly 
Society   of   Operative   Bricklayers,   was   next  ex. 
amined.     The   society  was   established  in   1844,i 
It  has  96  branches  in  England,  the  Sheflield  lodge  j 
being  the  executive.      The  members,  according  to 
the  last  report,  numbered  5,254.      The  yearly  in-  ( 
come   for  1866   was    £5,964    Ss.    24d.,  and  the 
reserve  fund   £3,649  15s.   8d.     The   society  was 
established  partly  for  trade   purposes,   and  partly 
for  accidents   and  deaths.     The   last  annual   ac- 
count showed  that  the  society  had  paid  £1,362 
9s.  6d.  in  the  case  of  deaths,    £1,448  ISs.  2d.  for 
accidents,  and  the  yearly  expenditure  altogether 
is  about  £4,500.       The  benefits  of  the  society  do 
not  extend  to  sickness.      An  allowance  is  made  to 
tramps  or  members  seeking  work,  and  the  strike 
pay  for  last  year  amounted  to  £45  17s. ;  but  the 
average  sum  spent  on  strikes  has  been  about  £200 
a  year.     The  trade  purposes  of  the  society  are  also 
the  raising  of  wages  and  the  shortening  of  the  hours 
of  labour.      The   society,  however,  does  not  fix  a 
minimum  of  wages,  that  is  to  say,  a  rate  of  wages 
below  which  members  are  not  considered  to  be 
allowed  to  work.     As  a  rule,  it  does  not  liimt  the 
number   of  apprentices,   nor  was  witness  aware 
that   in   some   of  the  lodges  of  the  society  union 
men  refuse  to  work  with  non-union  men.     Speak 
ing  from  his  own  experience   as  a  practical  work- 
man, witness  never  knew  .any  objection  made  on 
the  score  that  a  man  was  laying  bricks  with  one 
hand   rather  thin  another.       On  this   point  he 
said  : — "  If  a  man  chooses  to  use  and  can  use  the 


May   3,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


305 


happy  to  work  with  him,  eveu   though  we  are 

right-hauded    men  ;  we  make  as  good  work  with 

right-handed  men  as  with  left-handed  men   and 

aice  versa."  Witness  further  stated  that  there  was 

no  custom  in  the  society  or  the   lodges  directed 

against  the   practice  called  "chasing."       He  had 

never  known  any  objection  taken  by  his   fellow 

workmen   or  by  the  society  to  a  man  making  the 

best  of  such  skiU  as  he  possessed.      The  Sheffield 

lodge,  it  was  asserted,   does  not  discoiu-age  cither 

working   overtime    or  piecework,  though  it   wa.s 

remarked,  as  regards  the  former  practice,  that  the 

society  did  not  believe  that  it  is  essential  to  the 

well-being    of  the   men   that  they   should  work 

overtime.     Bricklayers'  labourers  are  not  allowed 

to  belong    to    the   society — they    have    distinct 

societies  of  their  own  ;  nor  are  they  allowed  to  do 

bricklayers'  work.     Were  a   labourer   set   to  lay 

bricks    by  an    employer,  the    bricklayers    would 

strike.     'There  is  nothint;,  witness  stated,  however, 

to  prevent  a  labourer  becoming  a  bricklayer  and 

a  member  of   the  society,  provided  he  qualities 

himself   by  learning  the  trade.     Asked:  A  man 

cannot  become  a  bricklayer  simply  by  looking  at 

the  work,  I  presume  ?    Perhaps  you  can  state  how 

long  it   takes  for   a  man  to  become  a  thorouL^hly 

skilled   bricklayer — how    long  must    he    practise 

the  trade  .' — It   will  [depend  on  circumstances  ;  if 

he  ia  an  intelligent  man  he  will  le.am  it  in  four  or 

five  years,  while  another  man  would  be  eight  or 

ten,  or  even  twelve  years  at  it,  and  not  be  as  well 

up  in  it  then  as  the  other  man  at  the  end  of  four 

or  five  years.     In  answer  to  another  question  Mr. 

Housley    said  : —  Before    he    became  a   member 

of  the  society,  he  did  not  find  that  the  union  men 

prevented  him  from  making  the  most  of  his  skill. 

He  joined  the  union  because  he  believed  it  would 

be  a  benefit  to  him  if  he  had  an  accident  for  his 

wife  to  receive  ISs.  a  week,  because  it  would  be 

better  than   their  going  to  the   parish. — Asked: 

You  joined  it  then  as  a  benefit  society  ? — Yes. — 

Not  because  it  was  a  union  ? — Certainly  not ;  and 

I  believe  that  two-thirds  of  the  men   do  not  join 

it  as  a  union;  that  is  to  say,  they  do  not  join  it 

to  strike. — In  most  cases,   we  are  informed,   the 

local  rules  of  the  union  are  signed  by  the  mastera, 

and  witness  gave  it  as  his  experience  that  a  code 

of  rules  so   signed,   on  behalf  of  both  employers 

and  employed,   tends  to  prevent  trade  disputes, 

and  tends  to  the  general  peace  and  well-being  of 

the  trade.      The   next  -witness  was  Mr.  William 

Macdonald,  who   stated    that   he   was    honorary 

secretary    of    the    Manchester   Operative   House 

Painters'   Alliance.      The  society  was   established 

in  1852,  and  numbers  3,980  members,  and  has 

58  branches  all   over  the   kingdom.     Within  the 

last  twelvemonths  there  has  been  an  increase  of 

U  societies,  and  l,-209  members.     The  objects  of 

the_  society   are   the   general   objects   of  a   trade 

society,  combined  with  those  of  an  accident  and 

burial  society.     It  was  stated  that  this  particular 

trade  is  more  liable  to  accident  than  to  sickness, 

md  the   society   has   never   been    able   to  afford 

iither    an    out-of-work    fund    or     a   sick    fund. 

Members  pay  3d.    per  week  for  nine  months  in 

sae  year,   and   a   penny   per  week  for  the  other 

:liree  mouths.     A  candidate  is  admitted  into  the 

diiance  who  can  either  produce   an  indenture  or 

establish  the  fact  that  he  has  served  five  years' 

ipprenticeship.        Witness    declared     that     the 

fodety  had  never  originated  any  strike,  but  had 

itopped  and  prevented   a  good   number.     It  has 

10  absolute  rule  as  to  the  number  of  apprentices 

>  master  may  employ. — Asked  :   What  do  you 

ainters  do   about    piecework  ? — I  am   a    piece- 

vorker. — In  what  sense  ? — I  do  graining.     I  grain 

ly  the  piece. — Is  it  very  general  in  your  trade  '. — 

There  are  not  very  many  who  do  it. — Is  most  of 

■OUT  work  paid  by  measurement  ? — Between  the 

■mployer  and  the  customer  it  is  measured,  but 

lot  between  the  master  and  the  workman. — Then 

n  your  trade  there  is  no  objection  to  men  work- 

ng^  by  the  piece  ? — In  this  particular  branch  of 

■rauung  and  marbling  the  work  is  done  by  piece, 

here  is  no  objection  to  it   there.      Witness   be- 

leyed  that  the   effect  of  the   union  was  to  keep 

-  ip  affair  rate  of  wages.      By  the  rules   a  man 

fho  is  worth  (say)  6d.  an  hour  is  not  allowed  to 

,  'Wk  for  5d.,  the  tendency  of  that  being  to  re- 

|.uce  those  who  are  getting  6d.  to  the  5d.     They 

•   rf.  "^"^    ^^^    principle     that     the    man    who 

I  w***  ^^^  '^'°''  wages  which  he  might   have  and 

l««athe  low  is  injuring  himself  and  everybody 

l^e-     The  union  does  not  fix  a  maximum  beyond 

'tuch  a  workman  shaU   receive   no  higher  wages. 

,'  simply  says  that  if  a  man  is  a  good  workman 

le  shall  not  receive  less   than  a  certain  rate  of 

■"568.    A  high  class  artisan  may  earn  a  shilling 

1  hour,  which   is  double   the   standard  rate.     It 


was  the  opinion  of  witness  that  in  consequence 
of  trades'  unions  wages  are  higher,  profits  not 
lower,  and  the  work  better  in  the  end. — Asked  : 
Have  you  any  rule  in  your  society  as  to  working 
time  / — Yes,  it  is  simply  this  ;  that  between  six 
and  nine  o'clock  wages  are  charged  at  the  rate  of 
time  and  a  quarter,  and  during  the  night  at  time 
and  a  half.  Overtime  is  discouraged,  and  that  is 
the  reason  why  an  extra  tax  is  put  upon  it.  The 
trade  being  unhealthy,  nine  liour.s'  work  a  day  the 
union  considers  quite  enough,  without  continu- 
ing it  into  midnight.  (It  would  ajipear  that  the 
dise:ise  known  as  painter's  colic  is  more  prevalent 
in  London  than  elsewhere,  owing  to  more  turpen- 
tine colour  being  used  here.)  The  demand  for  an 
advance  of  wages  rests  upon  the  society's  estimate 
of  the  actual  state  of  the  market.  As  an  instance, 
it  was  mentioned  that  at  Nottingham  this  year  a 
demand  was  made  for  an  adv;mce  per  hour,  but 
on  account  of  the  dulness  of  the  trade,  the  claim 
was  suspended  until  the  times  should  mend.  Mr. 
Robert  Last,  Secretary  of  the  Operative  House 
Carpenters  and  Joiners'  Society,  was  next  ex 
amined.  He  said  his  society  was  a  trade  and 
benefit  society,  with  150  branches  thi'oughout  the 
kingdom,  and  has  been  established  for  forty  years. 
It  numbers  aboxit  10,000  members  ;  the  income 
for  the  last  year,  assuming  all  the  contributions  to 
have  been  paid,  was  something  like  £15,000,  the 
reserve  fund  being  £500.  The  new  membei-s  added 
to  the  roll  during  last  year  numbered  2,504. 
The  entrance  fee  is  7s.  6d  ;  the  heaviest  fine  in- 
fiicted  on  members  is  for  taking  piecework,  which 
amounts  to  £l.  If  a  man  violates  the  rules  and 
will  not  pay  the  fine,  he  is  expelled  the  society. 
In  the  case  of  men  out  of  work  on  strike  every 
lodge  retains  its  own  funds,  after  paying  its  pro- 
portionate share  of  the  expenses  of  the  whjle 
society.  If  a  strike  is  sanctioned  by  the  union 
every  member  has  an  opportunity  to  vote  before 
the  strike  is  entered  on.  There  is  no  rule  in  re- 
spect to  apprentices,  nor  is  there  any  rule  that  pre- 
vents a  member  of  the  union  from  working  with 
a  non-unionist.  The  society  has  had  about  twenty- 
two  "  real  strikes"  within  four  years,  and  the 
strike  pay  expended  in  support  of  these  and 
minor  strikes  has  been  £5,446  lis.  7d.  For 
those  out  of  employment  the  society  has  paid 
£2,040  17s.  lid.  ;  in  sick  benefit,  £3,628  19s.  3d. ; 
in  funerals  and  accidents,  £1,970  16s. ;  and  for 
burnt  tools,  £S3S  3s.  6d.  This  last  item  it  was 
explained  was  payment  for  carpenters'  tools  used 
in  the  builder's  shop  when  it  happens  to  be  burnt 
down.  For  tools  that  have  been  purloined,  that 
is  to  say,  stolen  from  the  shop,  the  society  has 
paid  £127  8s.  3d.  Carpenters  are  paid  by  the 
hour  in  some  places,  and  in  some  places  by  the 
day.  Being  asked  upon  what  basis  the  union 
decide  that  a  demand  for  a  rise  of  wages  is  a 
proper  demand,  witness  answered  :  "  The  vote  of 
the  whole  union  is  taken  upon  it,  and  if  the  ma- 
jority are  in  favour  of  the  men  being  allowed  to 
solicit  their  employers  for  an  advance  it  is  done." 
The  cause  of  strikes  has  generally  been  that  men 
wanted  more  wages  or  a  shorter  time  of  labour. 
Being  referred  to  the  dispute  between  the  car- 
penters and  joiners  of  Birmingham  and  their  em- 
ployers, recently  settled  by  arbitration,  Mr.  Last 
stated  that  the  employers  had  agreed  to  give  the 
men  a  farthing  advance,  and  allow  them  to  leave  off 
work  at  one  o'clock  instead  of  three  o'clock  on 
Saturday.  He  acknowledged  that  the  advantages 
of  the  arbitration  were  on  the  side  of  the  men,  but 
he  believed  that  the  employers  wanted  to  bring 
all  the  trades  on  a  level,  as  far  as  leaving  ofi'  work 
on  Saturday  at  one  o'clock  went,  and  they  gave 
these  advantages  to  bring  them  on  an  equality. 
Witness  was  then  asked  as  to  the  introduction 
into  England  of  foreign  joiners'  work  ready  made. 
He  said  he  had  never  seen  any  of  the  materials 
supplied  from  foreign  countries,  although  he  had 
heard  a  deal  of  conversation  about  it,  and 
had  seen  paragraphs  in  the  newspapers  on  the 
subject. — Asked  :  Then  you  cannot  trace  that  it 
has  had  the  smallest  effect  upon  your  trade  i — No 
more  than  the  introduction  of  French  eggs  would 
stop  our  English  hens  from  laying. — To  the  best 
of  your  belief  no  foreign  work  has  come  into  the 
country  ? — I  believe  that  if  those  things  were  put 
on  board  ship  at  the  foreign  wharves  they  are  on 
board  ship  now. — You  doubt  the  fact  of  the  goods 
having  coming  at  all,  and  if  they  have  come  you 
think  they  are  of  very  inferior  quality  ? — They  are 
of  an  inferior  quality  you  may  be  sure,  because  if 
they  were  of  a  good  quality  they  would  be  gene- 
rally used  by  the  builders.  Machine  mouldings 
you  see  used,  but  go  where  yoti  will,  although 
these  doors  are  said  to  have  come  into  the  country 
in  great  numbers,  you   hear  of  them  nowhere. — 


Why  do  you  assume  that  foreign  work  is  so  bad 
;is  you  consider  it  ( — On  account  of  the  price  and 
;dso  on  account  of  the  description  I  have  had  of 
it  from  Mr.  Appleg:irth.  Mr.  Applegarth  here 
a,aid  that  Mr.  Last  had  misuuderatood  him  if  he 
thought  that  he  said  the  work  w:is  bad.  He  had  no 
reason  to  believe  the  work  was  very  bad ;  he  had 
seen  a  great  quantity  of  it,  and  the  contrary  was 
the  fact.  Being  .asked  what  was  his  opinion  of 
the  work,  Mr.  Appleg;irth  answered,  it  is  about 
as  good  as  the  genend  run  of  that  kind  of  work  is, 
but  if  you  manufacture  joiners'  work  and  put  it 
on  ship  board,  and  expose  it  to  the  action  of  salt 
water  or  sea  air,  the  chances  are  that  when  you 
come  to  dry  it  in  this  country,  however  much  you 
may  dry  it,  it  will  shrink.  The  employers  gene- 
rally think  so,  and  that  is  their  objection  to  buy- 
ing it.  He  thought  this  was  pretty  well  sustained 
by  the  fact  that  it  h.as  taken  two  years  to  bring 
three  shiploads  over,  and  there  are  two  shiploads 
still  remaining  out  of  the  three. — Is  the  price 
cheaper  ? — About  10  per  cent.,  but  when  I  mention 
that,  I  must  add  that  there  is  something  to  be  said 
about  the  wages  paid  for  the  work  and  the  manner 
in  which  the  people  live  who  produce  it. — You 
have  not  heard  whether  any  of  that  work  has  been 
put  into  a  hot  room  to  test  it,  and  has  stood  the 
test  ? — I  have  not,  but  I  have  my  own  impression 
as  to  what  would  bo  the  result. 


FRESCO   PAINTING. 

ON  Thursday  evening,  April  25,  Mr.  Cave 
Thomas  gave  a  lecture  on  fresco  painting 
at  the  Gallery  of  the  Architectur.al  Union,  Con- 
duit-street, Regent-street.  The  chair  was  oc- 
cupied by  Mr.  Edmeston.  This  would  be  an  in- 
teresting subject  at  any  time,  but  is  especially  so 
now  that  mural  decoration  is  a  growing  necessity, 
Mr.  Thom;is  was  fortunately  at  Munich  when  the 
great  works  of  Cornelius,  Heinrich  Hess,  Schnorr, 
and  Kaulbach  were  in  progress,  and  had  the  ad- 
vantage of  the  experience  of  the  first  two  profes- 
sors' names,  as  well  as  abundant  opportunity  of 
practising  the  art  in  the  Basilica  of  St.  Bonifacius, 
so  that  when  the  Royal  Commission  of  Fine  Arts 
was  formed  he  was  enabled  to  furnish  practical  in- 
formation on  the  subject,  and  to  be  twice  success, 
ful  in  the  competitions  which  the  Commission 
instituted.  It  is  consoling  to  learn  that  the  first 
attemjits  in  fresco  at  Munich,  as  elsewhere,  were 
not  entirely  successful.  Mr.  Thomas  prefaced  his 
lecture  by  observing  that  fresco  had  been  a  con- 
comitant of  the  great  architectural  epochs,  and 
that  therefore  the  prevalence  or  disuse  of  fresco 
indicated  the  vigour  or  decadence  of  architectural 
magnificence  ;  that  this  mode  of  painting  had 
been  preferred  by  painters  and  architects  in  the 
best  days  of  art,  as  that  best  adapted  for  mural 
or  monumental  decoration  ;  that  the  question  of 
durability  eveu  was  not  so  all-important  as  that  of 
its  fitness  for  architectonic  purposes,  but  that  its 
durability  had  been  fully  tested  by  many  of  the 
fine  Italian  works. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  seventeenth  century 
oil  painting  was  introduced  on  walls,  partijularly 
in  France,  and  the  artists  looked  upon  this  mode 
of  painting  as  an  opportunity  for  displaying  the 
eflects  of  foreshorteniug,  perspective,  and  colour, 
differing  only  from*he  decorations  of  the  theatre 
by  better  studied  forms  and  a  more  finished  execu- 
tion. Oil  paintings  upon  walls  into  the  composi- 
tion of  which  lime  has  entered  have  always  a 
tendency  to  become  black,  notwithstanding  all  the 
efforts  of  a  celebrated  French  chemist  to  obviate 
this  defect,  and  although  fresco  has  a  tendency 
to  become  lighter  it  is  the  le.-;ser  evil  of  the  two. 
The  resources  of  oil  painting  are  too  abundant  for 
mural  works,  and  require  to  be  subdued  and  sim- 
phfied,  so  as  not  to  transgress  a  well-understood 
style  of  decoration.  The  Italian  masters  were 
always  fully  impressed  with  the  necessity  of 
adapting  their  works  to  the  effect  of  their  archi- 
tecture, so  as  to  make  one  harmonious  whole. 

Mr.  "Thomas  then  described  all  the  minutire  of 
practice,  the  preparation  of  the  wall  and  the  lime, 
the  implements  and  method  of  procedure,  con- 
cluding by  stating  that  he  is  aware  that  fresco 
has  never  been  in  much  repute  with  our  painters, 
but  believes  this  to  be  but  a  temporary  prejudice 
which  would  have  been  redeemed  long  ere  this 
had  the  life  of  the  late  Mr.  Dyce  been  prolonged. 
Mr.  Thomas  feels  convinced  that  English  painters 
only  require  more  contmuous  practice  and  a  larger 
experience  in  the  use  of  the  materials  to  perma- 
nently adopt  fresco  for  mural  decoration.  It  is 
a  method,  perhaps,  which  requires  too  extensive 
preparation  to  be  either  economical  or  couveiiient 


306 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


May  3,  1867. 


for  occasional  works,  but  if  the  contemplated  de- 
corations of  a  building  be  of  sufficient  magnitude 
to  engage  the  artist  through  several  years,  no  me- 
thod is  better  adapted  than  fresco  to  architectural 
embellishment.  It  is  important,  too,  that  English 
architects  should  learn  that  both  the  Italian  and 
Munich  decorations  were  not  afterthoughts,  but 
intended  in  the  first  conceptions  of  the  architects, 
and  that  the  painters  in  some  cases  commenced 
their  designs  and  cartoons  before  the  foundations 
of  the  buildings  were  laid,  or  at  all  events  simul- 
taneously proceeded  with  them. 


THE   AECHITECTURAL   MUSEUM. 

THE  removal  of  the  collection  of  the  Archi- 
tectural Museum  from  Kensington  to  a  place 
more  accessible  to  students  and  art  workmen,  for 
whose  benefit  and  instruction  it  was  formed,  has 
for  a  long  time  been  contemplated  by  the  Council ; 
but  the  great  difficulty  in  finding  suitable  premises 
or  a  convenient  site  has  hitherto  proved  an 
impediment  to  the  carrying  out  of  their  project. 
After  patiently  contending  for  a  long  time  with 
these  and  other  difficulties,  the  Council  at  last 
see  their  way  to  the  reaUsation  of  their  object. 
They  have  been  fortunate  enough  to  secure  an 
excellent  building  site  near  Westminster  Abbey  ; 
and  by  erecting  a  building  in  this  neighbourhood, 
not  far  from  the  original  site  of  the  Museum — 
Cannon-row,  where  it  is  admitted  on  all  hands 
that  it  did  more  good  and  was  more  practically 
useful  than  it  has  been  since  its  removal  to 
Kensington — the  Council  feel  siu-e  that  their  object 
will  be  best  obtained. 

Our  illustration  shows  the  plan  and  street 
elevation  of  the  proposed  new  building,  the  draw- 
ings for  which  are  in  course  of  preparation  by  Mr. 
Joseph  Clarke,  F.S.A.,  who,  with  Mr.  Ewan 
Christian,  are  the  architects  appointed.  The  site 
is  irregular  in  form,  and  has  a  frontage  towards 
Bowling-street ;  it  is  hoped  that  an  entrance  will 
ultimately  be  obtained  from  Great  Smith-street  in 
addition  to  that  in  this  frontage.  The  building 
will  mainly  consist  of  ground  floor  and  two  tiers 
of  galleries  all  round,  the  stairs  leading  to  which 
face  the  entrance  ;  the  floors  of  these  galleries  will 
consist  of  T-iron  joLstsand  •2i-inch  battens,  carried 
by  wrought-iron  girders  on  the  front  edges  of  the 
galleries,  and  will  be  supported  on  cast-iron 
columns.  The  building  will  be  lighted  mainly  by 
glass  roofs,  the  iron  trusses  for  which  have  been 
kindly  promised  by  Messrs.  Lucas.  The  width 
of  the  main  part  of  the  site  is  about  50ft. 


On  the  plan,  A  ia  the  entrance  from  Bowling-street ;  B, 
eatrauce  from  Great  Smith-street ;  C  C  C.  giUeries  ;  D, 
open  Bpacei ;  E,  curator ;  P,  porter ;  w,  wells  for  light. 

The  total  area  of  floor  space  aSbrded  by  the  plan 
i«  estimated  at  upwards  of  11,000  square  feet ;  and 
the  wall  space,  augmented  by  screens,  is  nearly 
14,000  square  feet ;  the  old  museum  in  Cannon- 
row  contained  about  4,050  square  feet  of  floor- 
space  ;  so  that  there  will  be  in  the  new  building 
ample  room  for  extending  the  valuable  collection 
of  the  museum,  to  which  object,  after  the  whole 
of  the  Building  Fund  has  been  subscribed,  the 
Council  intend  to  devote  themselves.  The  front 
will  be  of  brick  and  stone  ;  and  it  is  confidently 
hoped  that  the  carving,  and  perhaps  some  of  the 
other  works,  will  be  the  gifts  of  those  art-workmen 
who  are  most  immediately  interested  in  the 
Museum. 

Surely  on  such  an  occasion  as  this  all  who 
take  any  interest  in  the  cause  of  architectural  art 
and  the  arts  connected  with  it  will  come  forward 
with  help  for  the  Building  Fund,  and  an  annual 
subscription  too.     Both  will  be  gladly  received  by 


THE   ARCHITECTURAL   MUSEtTM. 


tepfffiCf' 


I 


the  President,  A  J.  B.  Beresford  Hope,  Esq.,  M.P., 
Arklow  House,  Connaught-plaoe,  W. ;  the  Trea- 
surer, G.  G.  Scott,  Esq.,  R.A  .  31,  Spring-gardens, 
S.W. ;  or  the  Honorary  Secretary  Joseph  Clarke, 
Esq.,  F.S.A.,  13,  Stratford-place,  W.  The  subscrip- 
tion of  members  is  £l  Is.  and  upwards  per  annum 
(giving  additional  privileges) ;  of  students,  10s.  per 
annum  ;  and  of  art-workmen,  53.  per  annum. 

There  is  every  reason  to  hope,  then,  that  the 
Architectural  Museum  mil  shortly  be  able  to 
supply,  in  a  much  more  perfect  manner  than  it 
has  hitherto  had  the  means  of  doing,  that  great 
and  increasing  want  now  so  much  felt  by  the 
public,  architects,  artists,  art- workmen,  and  others — 
the  means  of  study  and  reference  to  the  architec- 
tural and 'other  fine  arts  of  former  ages.  For  the 
furtherance  of  this  object,  donations  or  loans  of 
specimens,  casts,  engravings,  photogi'aphs,  books, 
models,  &c.,  of  various  objects  of  art,  and  rubbings 
of  brasses,  impressions  of  seals,  ivory-carving,  &c., 
&c.,  will  be  gladly  received ;  the  Council  also 
solicit  assistance  in  the  shape  of  lectures  on 
various  subjects  in  connection  with  the  objects  of 
the  Museum.  The  annual  lectures  and  prizes  will 
still  continue  to  be  given. 


COURTS  OF  JUSTICE. 

WE|  give  this  week  a  view  of  Mr.  Eurges's  de- 
sign, taken  from  the  3;r..nd,  showing  the 
front  from  the  Central  Entran  -e  Gateway  to  the 
new  Temple  Bar.  This  last-m-i.tioned  feature, 
flanked  by  the  clock  tower  on  thi-  north  and  by 
the  Barristers'  staircase  tower  on  the  south,  is  one 
of  the  noblest  pieces  of  architectuial  composition 
in  the  collection  of  designs  at  Lincoln's  Inn.  As 
we  have  already  said,  the  weakest  points  about 
the  Strand  fa^'ade  are,  1st,  the  way  in  which  the 
round  superstructure  of  the  towers  which  flank  the 
grand  entrance  are  united  to  their  square  bases ; 
and  2nd,  the  over  strong  development  of  the 
machicolated  cornices,  which  contrast  so  very 
forcibly  with  the  moderated  cornices  of  the  main 
structure. 


NEW  FOUNTAIN  FOR  EDINBURGH. 

A  MAGNIFICENT  contribution  to  the  em- 
bellishment of  the  city  of  Edinburgh  has 
been  made  by  Mr.  Ross,  of  Rockville,  who  has 
given  £2,000  towards  the  erection  of  a  fountain 
in  the  East  Princes-street.  The  fountain,  which 
will  be  chiefly  constructed  of  bronzed  cast  iron, 
will  stand  on  the  upper  terrace  of  the  garden, 
midway  between  the  Scott  Monument  and  the 
Wilson  Statue,  and  will  necessarily  be  a  con- 
spicuous object.  The  design  is  by  Durenne,  of 
Paris  ;  and  a  small  copy  of  it  was  shown  in  Ken- 
sington Gardens  during  the  Exhibition  of  1862. 
It  is  a  splendid  work  of  art — graceful  in  outline 
'  and  elegant  in  detail ;  and  we  {Scotsman)  believe 


that  in  size  and  beauty  it  is  not  inferior  to  any 
modem  fountain  in  Europe.  The  entire  cost  is 
calculated  to  be  not  less  than  £3,500.  The  foun- 
tain consists  of  a  circular  basin,  60ft.  in  diameter, 
within  which  is  a  highly  ornamental  basin  of 
smaller  dimensions,  rising  3ft  or  4ft.  above  the 
surface  of  the  water  in  the  lower  basin.  The 
inner  basin  is  twelve-sided,  and  discharges  its 
water  through  lions'  heads  placed  at  the  angles. 
From  this  basin  the  superstructure  rises  in 
several  stages,  the  first  of  which  consists  of  a 
circular  pedestal,  divided  longitudinally  into  four 
sections  by  richly  carved  buttresses.  The  base  of 
the  pedestal  is  plain,  but  in  the  upper  part  of 
each  of  its  four  compartments  are  two  mermaids 
in  high  relief,  who  support  vases,  from  which,  as 
well  as  from  lions'  heads  occupying  the  spaces 
between  them,  water  flows  into  a  huge  scallop 
shell,  and  thence  trickles  into  the  basin  below. 
Opposite  each  of  the  buttresses  of  the  pedestal,  a 
horse  of  the  amphibious  sort  which  the  sea  god 
Neptune  is  represented  as  employing  is  placed  in 
the  attitude  of  prancing  over  the  water,  bearing 
on  his  back  a  nymph,  who  supports  on  her 
shoulder  a  basket  of  flowers,  from  which  a  jet  of 
water  ascends.  Round  the  top  of  the  pedestal 
runs  an  exceedingly  rich  cornice,  on  which  a  basin 
having  four  semicircular  projections  rests.  The, 
sides  of  this  basin  are  enriched  with  femali 
heads  interspersed  with  bosses  and  foliage,  and' 
project  so  far  that  the  water  discharged  through  ^ 
the  heads  falls  clear  of  the  lower  part  of  the  1 
pedestal.  From  the  centre  of  this  upper  basin  a  | 
second  pedestal  takes  its  rise.  It  is  square  in  ^ 
form,  and  has  buttresses  at  the  angles  ;  but  is  not 
so  highly  ornamented  as  the  lower  pedestal.  Ovei 
the  buttresses  are  seated  figures  representing  th« 
Arts  and  Sciences.  From  dolphins  at  the  feet  oi 
these  figures  jets  flow  into  the  upper  basin,  while 
from  four  lions'  heads  clustered  on  a  small  pillai 
which  rises  from  the  midst  of  the  figures  issue 
jets  which  are  intercepted  by  semicircular  basins 
projecting  from  the  pedestal,  and  converte  d  into 
beautiful  fringes  of  water.  The  pillar  that  sup- 
ports the  lions'  heads  terminates  in  a  Corinthiac 
capital,  on  which  stands  the  crowning  piece  o: 
the  structure — a  beautifully  modelled  femalt 
figure  supporting  a  cornucopia,  from  which  thi 
water  gushes  in  a  bell-shaped  jet,  flowing  clear  o) 
the  figure,  but  enclosing  it  in  a  temple  of  water 
drops.  The  total  height  is  60ft.  Messrs.  Peddie 
and  Kinnear,  architects,  were  entrusted  with  the 
selection  of  the  design,  and  under  their  superin 
tendence  the  work  will  be  carried  out.  Plans  £o: 
the  lower  basin,  which  will  be  in  stone,  are  already 
in  progress,  and  no  time  will  be  lost  in  com 
mencing  operations.  From  the  nature  of  the  site 
a  strong  concrete  bed  will  require  to  be  put  in 
but  when  this  is  done,  the  work  will  advanc( 
rapidly,  as  the  fountain  will  arrive  from  Franci 
quite  ready  for  fitting  up. 


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May  3,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


311 


THE  ALBERT  INSTITUTE,  WINDSOR. 

AT  Windsor,  of  all  places,  one  -n-ould  ex- 
pect that  a  memorial    to   "the   good 
Prince  "  would  be  an  imposing  structure  ;  but 
the  capabilities  of  associations  as  well  as  of  in- 
dividuals have  their  limits,  and  it  would  ap- 
pear that  the  promoters  of  the  Albert   In- 
stitute at  Windsor  may  not  safely  reckon  upon 
ha\'ing  at  their  disposal  more  than  somewhere 
about  £3,01)0.     To  the  extent  of  the  means  at 
their  disposal  they  have  wisely  determined  to 
provide,  as  a  distinctly  commemorative  me- 
morial of  the  departed  Prince,  a  building  that 
■R-ill  be   both  ornamental  and   useful   to  the 
ancient  and  regal  townof  Windsor,  in  a  Literary 
or  Mechanic's  Institute,  with  accommodation 
for  lectures,  concerts,  and  such   other  public 
purposes  as  might  be  desirable  or  profitable  to 
the  community.    A  general  committee  of  the 
subscribers  was  elected  to  carry  their  objects 
into  effect.     The  committee  agreed  to  receive 
a  limited  number  of  competitive  designs,  and 
appointed  a  sub-committee  to  report  upon  the 
designs    presented.       The    competition   was 
limited  to    five  persons  and  firms,   four   of 
them  architects  and  one  not  an  architect.    The 
sub-committee  have  selected  two  of  the  five 
sets  of  drawings,  and  have  recommended  one 
in  particular.     The  whole  of  the  drawings  are 
now  on  view  in  the  Townhall,  Windsor  ■  and, 
having  seen  them,  we  offer  a  few  words  of 
comment  upon  their  merits.      In  limine,  we 
think  it  deplorable  folly  that  the  instructions 
to  architects  should  be  so  vague  as  they  often 
are,  and  as  they  have  been  in  this  case.     A 
first  point  in  the  instructions  should  certainly 
have  been  that  each  competitor  should  have 
delivered  plans,  sections,  and  elevations  upon 
one  imiform  scale  ;  whereas  there  is  no  >mi- 
formity  of  scale  in  the  competing  drawings, 
the  range  being  from  l-6in.  to   iin.  to   the 
foot,  which  is  the  scale  of  the  recommended 
i1.»?ign.     This  design  is  in  a  severe   Greek 
le,  and  the  elevation,  upon   such   a  large 
.ie  as  above  named,  is  certainly  a  capital 
.ter-colour    picture.      It    ha.s    a    cleverly 
■vm   seated    statue    of   the    late     Prince, 
illy    the    feature    in    this    set    of   draw- 
..i,  surmounting  the  principal  centre   bay, 
and  it  looks   altogether,   as    drawn,   a   very 
handsome    massive  building.      The  Prince's 
portrait  is  very  well   drawn  in  the  statue, 
which  is  picked  out  in  white,  and  cleverly 
relieved  in  the  background  of  the  niche  with 
a  belt  of  dark  blue  studded  with  gold  stars, 
and  otherwise  set  off  with  particolours.     The 
accommodation    provided   by  this   plan    by 
'^fessrs.  Bell  and  Bacon  is  inferior,  we  think, 
the  arrangements  of  some   of  the  others. 
Ir.  Sim's  design  is  more  intelligible  through- 
.  out  from  the  completeness   of  the  drawings 
than  that  to  which  we  have  been  referring  as 
w»mmended.     The  ground  upon  which  the 
Institute  is  to  be^built  is  an  irregularly-shaped 
Jh)t  with  a  principal  frontage  to  Sheet-street 
>f63it.;  it  117ft.  on  one  side,   and  93ft.  on 
he  other,  giving  an  acute  angle  on  the  longest 
ide,  which  is  utilised  in  the  two  designs  to 
fhich  our  attention  was  chiefly  directed,  those 
1  Bell  and   Bacon,  and  Sim.     The  principal 
eatures  in  the  instructions  appears  to  have 
'Mn  the  provision  of  a  lecture-hall  capable 
f  seating  500  persons,  a  library  and  reading- 
oom,  museum,  conversation  and  committee- 
ooms,  and  the  necessary  waiting  rooms,  with 
Mms  in  the  basement  for  the  housekeeper. 
he  five  competitors  are    Mr.   Alfred  Bed- 
orough,  of  Southampton,  "X.  X.  X.,"  Messrs. 
^binson  and   Bradbury,  Westminster ;  Sir. 
I .  Sim,    of   Danes  Inn   and   Windsor  ;  and 
lessrs.    Bell  and  Bacon,   of    Regent-street, 
he  designs  of  the  two  last-named  competitors 
ive  been  selected  by  the  sub-committee,  the 
St  being  recommended.     The  general  com- 
ittee  will  in  course  of  nest  week  finally  de- 
nnine  which  of  the  two  designs  is  to   be 
lopted.     One  point  specially  worthy  of  their 
tention  is  the  difference  in  scale  in   the  two 
ts  of    drawings,  the  elevation  of  the  one, 
at  of  Messrs.  Bell  and  Bacon,  bemg    on 
e  scale  of  half  an  inch  to  the  foot,  which 


of  course  conveys  the  idea  of  a  stately  build- 
ing, and  admits  of  the  minute  delineation  of 
mouldings  and  ornaments,  the  drawings  of 
ilr.  Sim — plan,  elevation,  and  sections — are  on 
the  uniform  scale  of  one-sixth  of  an  inch  to 
tlie  foot,  on  which  minute  details  can  be  little 
more  than  indicated.  No  sections  are  given 
in  Messrs.  Bell  and  Bacon's  drawing  ;  in  ]\Ir. 
Sim's  numerous  sections  are  given,  showing 
the  internal  construction  and  arrangements, 
that  across  the  lecture-hall,  showing  its  ceil- 
ing, &c.,  being  especially  important.  As  re- 
gards cost  Mr.  Sims  states  that  the  amount 
(£3,000)  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  architect 
leaves  little  room  for  ornament,  but  that  the 
Institute,  according  to  his  plan,  may  be 
finished  neatly  though  plainly  for  about  the 
amount  stipulated,  which  we  venture  to  think 
an  under  statement.  Messrs.  Robinson  and 
Bradbury,  who  send  in  very  meritorious 
drawings,  are  nearer  the  mark,  we  be- 
lieve, in  putting  the  cost  of  their 
design  at  £3,750.  Messrs.  BeU  and  Bacon 
state,  rather  vaguely,  on  the  matter  of 
cost,  "  We  have  studied  to  design  a  building 
a  style  as  economical  as   possible,    con- 


sistently ■with  obtaining  the  requisite  amount 
of  accommodation,  arranged  in  the  most  con- 
venient manner,  and  a  good  substantial  build- 
ing.    We  think  the  cost  of  the  statue  may 
fairly  be   provided  from   separate  funds ;   it 
should  be  a  work  of  Art  to  be  worthy   of  the 
building  and  its  object,  and  therefore  would 
be   necessarily  expensive."     The  lecture-hall 
in  Messrs.  Bell  and  Bacon's  plan  is  46ft.  long 
by  30ft.   wide,  and  22ft.  high,  with  a  raised 
orchestra  removable,  20ft.  w-ide  by  Sft.  deep. 
The  hall  will  seat  400  persons.     A  gallery  is 
also  provided  to  seat   120.     Adjacent   to   the 
hall  is  a  ladies'  cloak  room,  and  to  the  front, 
on  the  grotmd  floor,  are  a  reading  room,  and 
conversation-room,  each  24ft.    by   ISft. ;  and 
behind    the    reading-room    a    library,    13ft. 
square.      Behind  the  lecture-room  are   two 
artists'  rooms.     On   the   first   floor  there   are 
museum  and  class  rooms,  each   241't.  by  ISit., 
and  a  committee  room  between  them  ISft.  by 
16ft,,  the  division  being  by  movable  partitions 
for  conversion  of  the  three   rooms  into  a  ball 
or  supper-room   of  the   whole   width   of  the 
building,  55tt.  Bin.     We  do  not  notice  any 
pro\"isiou  for  the  ventilation  of  the  lecture- 
hall,  V)Ut  observe  the  novelty  in  Messrs.  Bell 
and   Bacon's  plan  that  in  case  of  an  alarm  of 
fire,  means   of  egress  would  be  provided  by 
three   of  the  windows.     An  octagonal  Italian 
tower  on  stone  pillars  surmounting  the  centre 
bay  is  an  essential  feature  in   the   elevation, 
but  we  cannot  discover   from   the   plan  how 
this  tower  is   to  be  supported  on   the  inner 
side  otherwise  than  upon  the  roof — a  serious 
constructive  defect,     "rhe  front   elevation   of 
Messrs.  Bell  and  Bacon's  plan  shows  a  project- 
ing bay  with  a  winged  principal  entrance,  and 
three  windows  corresponding  upon   the   first 
floor,  surmounted  by  a  niche  for  the  statue. 
Two  windows  for  the  ground  and  second  floor 
are   shown  on  each   side   of  the  central   bay. 
Turning  to  Mr  Sim's  design,    which   is   in 
the    Italian    Classic    style,    it     also    has    a 
projecting    central    bay    for    the    principal 
entrance   and  three    windows   on   each  side. 
The  vestibule    and  hall,   though    of    ample 
width  (lOft.),  are  considerably  narrower  than 
those  on  Messrs.  Bell  and  Bacon's  plan  (18ft.;, 
which  seems  a  waste,   the   space   thus  econo- 
mised being   thrown   into   the   rooms  to  the 
right  and  left,  which  are — to  the  front  on  the 
right-hand  side  a  committee-room  22ft.  8iu.  by 
16ft.,   and  behind   it    a    conversation    room 
22ft.   8m.    by   10ft.    6in. ;    and  on  the    left, 
library  and  reading-room  22ft.  Sin.  by  27ft.,  and 
behind  it  an  ante-room  16ft.  Sin.  by  10ft.  The 
lecture-hall  at  the  back  of  the  premises,  where 
it  is  placed  in  all  the  designs,  is  in  Mr.  Sim's 
plan,  45ft.  6in.  by  34ft.  6Ln.      It  is  provided 
with  six  ventilating  shafts  which   discharge 
upon  the  roof.      We  notice  also  that  the  con- 
venience of  a  lift  is  provided   from   the  base- 
ment to  the  iirst  floor.      The  lecture-hall  will 
provide  seats  on  the  ground  floor  for  416,  with 
a  gallery  to  seat  116— in  all  532.     Ladies' and 


gentlemen's  waiting-rooms  and  other  con- 
veniencies  are  also  provided.  Mr.  Sim's  first 
floor  provides  a  billiard-room  27ft.  by  22ft. 
Sin. ;  museum  room,  31ft.  2in.  by  13ft. ;  and 
a  class  room,  22ft.  2in.  by  lift.  3in.  The 
ceiling  of  the  lecture-hall,  we  notice  from 
the  section,  will  be  coved  and  crowned  by  an 
ellipse,  the  height  being  21ft.  to  the  top  of  the 
fli-st  cove,  and  29ft.  to  the  apex.  We  notice 
the  contrast  that  in  Messrs.  Bell  and  Bacon's 
plan  the  lecture-hall  is  lit  on  only  one  side,  in 
Mr.  Sim's  on  both  sides.  The  waiting-room, 
lavatory,  and  closet  accommodation  on  both 
floors  in  ilr.  Sim's  plan  is  very  am])le  for  the 
sexes,  but  some  of  these  provisions  are  almost 
left  out  of  consideration  in  the  other  plans  ; 
his  economisation  of  space  and  generally  con- 
venient arrangements,  his  provisions  for 
lighting  and  ventUation,  and  the  adaptation 
of  his  design  to  the  miscellaneous  educa- 
tional, social,  and  festive  purposes  to  which 
the  building  is  likely  to  be  devoted,  are  in- 
genious and  judicious,  and  we  cannot  but 
think  that  the  committee  may  go  further  and 
fare  worse  than  by  adopting  the  plans  of  their 
townsman. 


SEFTON  PARK  COMPETITION. 

THE  premium  of  three  hundred  guineas,  which 
was  offered  by  the  Corporation  of  Liverpool 
for  the  best  plan  for  laying  out  the  Sefton  Park, 
has  been  awarded  to  Messrs.  Andr^  and  Horn- 
blower.  The  latter  gentleman  is  a  well-known 
architect  of  many  years'  standing  in  Liverpool. 
The  estimated  cost  of  carrying  out  their  plan  is 
£85,000.  The  second  premium  of  one  hundred 
and  fifty  guineas,  has  been  awarded  to  Mr.  Edward 
Milner,  of  Sydenham,  whose  plan  is  estimated  to 
cost  £122,560.  In  last  week's  number  of  the 
Building  News,  we  spoke  in  very  favourable  terms 
of  both  these  designs. 


PARIS  EXHIBITION. 

THE  following  minute  has  been  recently  passed 
by  the  Lords  of  the  Committee  of  Council 
on  Education  with  reference  to  the  visits  of 
teachers  to  the  Exhibition  : — I.  In  accordance 
with  the  practice  of  the  Science  and  Art 
Department  at  the  International  Exhibitions 
at  Paris  in  1S55  and  in  London  in  1862, 
they  consider  it  desirable  to  offer  encourage- 
ment to  the  masters  teaching  in  schools  of  science 
and  art  to  visit  the  present  International  Exhibi- 
tion at  Paris,  with  the  view  of  studying  those 
objects  which  may  be  likely  to  benefit  the  instruc- 
tion  given  in  such  schools.  II.  Their  Lordships 
therefore  announce  to  the  certificated  masters  now 
engaged  in  giving  instruction  in  schools  of  science 
and  art  connected  with  the  Department,  that  they 
wUl  pay  to  each  such  master  or  mistress  visiting 
the  Paris  Exhibition,  the  sum  of  £5  in  aid  of  their 
expenses,  and  to  each  an  additional  sum  of  £2  for 
any  report  or  any  useful  suggestions  which  any 
such  teacher  mi^y  make  (in  respect  to  his  or  her 
duties  or  teaching)  derived  from  the  study  of  the 
Exhibition,  such  report  having  first  been  published 
in  any  journal,  local  or  otherwise,  and  afterwards 
approved  by  their  Lordships.  III.  And  further, 
to  each  of  the  three  best  of  such  reports  referring 
to  instruction  in  science  and  to  each  of  the  three 
best  reports  referring  to  art,  they  wdl  give  re- 
spectively the  following  prizes  in  addition  to  the 
sum  above  named,  namely  : — For  science,  for  the 
best  report,  £20 ;  for  the  second  best  report, 
£15  ;  and  for  the  third  best  report  £10  ;  and  the 
same  sums  respectively  to  the  three  best  reports 
for  art. 

The  Times  gives  the  following  hints  to  visitors 
about  to  proceed  to  Paris  : — "  Englishmen  who 
purpose  to  come  to  Paris  in  the  ensuing  holidays 
must  remember  to  bring  their  photographs  with 
them.  This  is  the  last  new  invention  of  the 
French  to  secure  that  season  tickets  shall  not  be 
transferred.  There  are  three  classes  of  season 
tickets.  First  of  all,  there  are  the  tickets  of  ex- 
hibitors and  their  agents.  Hitherto  there  has 
been  no  photograph  attached  to  these,  but  there 
is  an  intimation  in  the  Moniteur  that  the  photo- 
graphers of  the  Exhibition  are  now  ready  to  give 
the  finishing  touch  to  them  by  affixing  to  them 
the  likenesses  of  their  possessors.  Next,  there  are 
tickets  for  visitors,  which  admit  to  the  Exhibition 
at  all  times,  from  the  beginning  to  the  end  of  it. 
These  have  a  portrait  of  the  owner,  a  little  bigger 
than    a    postage    stamp,    gummed    upon   them. 


312 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


May  3,  1867. 


Lastly,  there  are  the  weekly  tickets,  and  it  is  in 
these  that  our  English  friends  are  chiefly  inter- 
ested. The  price  of  admission  to  the  Champ  de 
Mars  is  a  franc  ;  and  when  it  is  announced  that 
the  price  of  a  weekly  ticket  is  six  francs,  most 
persons  will  be  disposed  to  say  that  it  is  not 
worth  while  to  compound  for  the  difference.  But 
they  are  wrong.  There  are  certain  reserved 
hours  of  the  morning  when  the  price  of  admission 
is  a  couple  of  francs  ;  there  are  certain  gates  of 
entrance,  also,  where  the  price  is  more  than  a 
franc ;  and  there  are  certain  supplementary  exhi- 
bitions in  the  park  and  elsewere,  the  proprietors 
of  which  have  authority  to  levy  tolls.  The  weekly 
tickets  at  six  francs  cover  all  expenses  of  ad- 
mission to  the  Exhibition,  at  all  its  gates,  at  all 
times  when  it  is  open,  for  a  week  from  the  day  of 
issue,  and  they  admit  to  all  the  supplementary 
parts  of  the  Exhibition.  The  visitor  who  wishes 
for  such  a  ticket  will  present  his  carte  de  visile  at 
the  proper  office.  The  ticket,  a  thin  strip  of 
printed  paper,  will  be  gummed  across  his  portrait, 
leaving  the  head  visible,  and  the  official  stamp  of 
the  Imperial  Commission  will  then  be)  not  printed, 
but)  embossed  upon  it,  so  as  to  prevent  the 
possibility  of  fraud.  The  whole  process  is  the 
work  of  a  minute,  and  does  some  credit  to  the  in- 
genuity of  the  French  commission." 


ROYAL  INSTITUTE  OP  BRITISH 
ARCHITECTS. 

THE  following  are  the  more  interesting  por- 
tions of  the  report  of  the  council  to  the 
annual  meeting  which  will  be  held  on  the  6th 
inst.  The  council  are  glad  to  be  able  again  to 
present  a  favourable  report  of  the  condition  of 
the  Institute,  and  to  record  that  a  considerably 
larger  increase  in  the  number  of  its  members  has 
taken  place  during  the  last  than  in  any  previous 
year.  Since  the  last  annual  meeting  fifteen 
fellows  (three  of  whom  were  previously  asso- 
ciates), (twenty-three  associates,  four  honorary 
fellows  two  honorary  and  corresponding  members, 
four  students,  two  temporary  students,  and  one 
contributing  visitoi-  have  been  admitted. 

The  In.stitute  has  to  regret  the  loss  by  death'of 
two  fellows,  Mr.  S.  Angell  ^nd  Mr.  G.  0.  Leices- 
ter ;  of  an  ihonorary  fellow,  Sir  R.  Smirke,  R.A. ; 
of  two  associates,  Mr.  E.  Blatchley  and  Mr.  W. 
Hodgilinson  ;  and  of  two]honorary  and  ::orrespoud- 
ing  members.  Monsieur  Guy,  of  Caen,  and  Mon- 
sieur J.  I.  Hittorff,  of  Paris,  a  memoir  of  whom 
by  Mr.  Donaldson,  has  appeared  in  one  of  the 
"  Occasional  Papers  "of  this  year. 

One  fellow,  and  one  student  have  retired  ;  and 
one  fellow  and  one  associate,  not  having  paid 
their  subscriptions,  have  in  conformity  with  the 
bye-laws,  ceased  to  belong  to  the  institute.  The 
Institute  now  (May  1867)  consists  of  260  fellows, 
235  associates,  15  honorary  fellows,  10  honorary 
members,  7'2  honorary  and  con-esponding  mem- 
bers, 13  contributing  visitors,  12  students,  and  2 
temporary  students.  In  May,  1835,  there  were 
61  fellows,  and  21  associates;  inJJanuary,  1851, 
124  fellows,  and  104  associates;  and  in  May,  1867, 
257  fellows,  and  221  associates. 

The  council  cannot  suffer  the  period  of  the  pre- 
sidentship of  their  honorary  fellow,  A.  J.  B. 
Beresford  Hope,  Esq.,  M.P.,  to  terminate  without 
some  expression  of  their  Uvely  gratitude  for  his 
valuable  services  and  unremitting  exertions  in  be- 
half of  the  interests  of  the  Institute  and  of  the 
profession,  both  in  the  House  of  Commons  and 
elsewhere.  To  him  they  owe  the  acquisition,  by 
the  gracious  sanction  of  her  Majesty,  of  the  title 
of  the  Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects ;  as 
also  the  large  and  important  accession  to  the 
number  of  honorary  fellows,  which  has  been 
trebled  through  his  influence. 

The  alterations  in  the  regulations  of  the  volun- 
tary architectural  examination,  at  the  closing 
ordinary  meeting  of  the  last  session  of  the  Institute 
upon  the  recommendation  of  the  revising  exa- 
miners, involved  the  certainty  of  a  biennial  exa- 
mination after  this  year,  even  if  only  one  can- 
didate should  be  approved  by  the  council. 
Although  this  prudentforesight  has  been  justified 
this  year)  as  no  adequate  number  of  candidates 
have  presented  themselves,  the  council  owe  their 
thanks  to  those  members  who  promised  their  ser- 
vices, If  necessary,  as  examiners  and  moderators. 
As  these  examinations  have  been  arranged  with 
great  care  on  the  part  of  the  Institute,  it  is  to  be 
hoped  that  they  will  be  appreciated  and  used  by 
the  younger  men  in  the  profession,  for  whose  ad- 
vantage they  have  been  established 

At  a  special  meeting  (held  March  25)   it  was 


agreed  to  recommend  M.  Charles  Texier,  of  Paris, 
honorary  and  corresponding  member,  to  her 
Majesty's  most  gracious  consideration  for  the 
royal  gold  medal  of  1S6G,  a  recommendation 
which  her  Majesty  has  since  been  subsequently 
graciously  pleased  to  approve. 

The  council  regret  that  but  few  drawings  were 
sent  in  competition,  and  only  one  essay  sub- 
mitted for  the  medals  and  prizes  offered  by  the 
Institute.  The  only  award  made  at  the  meeting 
held  on  March  25,  was  the  students'  prize,  to  Mr. 
\V.  Howes,  of  12,  John-street,  Adelphi. 

No  award  was  made  this  year  of  the  Soane  me- 
dallion, of  the  prize  offered  by  Mr.  Tite,  M.P.,  or 
of  the  prize  offered  by  the  late  Sir.  Francis  E. 
Scott,  the  designs  submitted  not  having  been  deemed 
worthy  of  premiation. 

It  is  hoped  the  list  of  subjects  for  which  the 
prizes  for  the  next  session  are  offered,  may  at. 
tract  a  larger  and  more  worthy  competition.  By 
the  kindness  of  Mr.  Tite,  this  list  is  supplemented 
by  the  prize  offered  by  him,  of  the  value  of  forty 
guineas;  while  that  of  the  late  Sir  Francis  E-  Scott, 
Bart-,  has  been  increased  to  twenty  guineas  by 
the  liberality  of  the  president,  A.  J.  B.  Beresford 
Hope,  Esq.,  M.P. 

The  Pugin  travelling  student.ship  has  been  be- 
stowed this  year,  by  the  councU,  on  Mr.  Henry 
Walker ;  and  the  sum  of  i.'40,  the  proceeds  of  the 
fund  for  the  previous  year,  has  been  paid  to  Mr. 
Hubert  J.  Austin,  who  was  appointed  travelling 
student,  1860  the  council  having  approved  the 
drawings  and  the  description  of  his  tour  which 
he  had  submitted. 

The  board  of  examiners,  appointed  by  the  in- 
stitute under  the  Metropolitan  Building  Act,  1S55, 
have  held  four  meetings,  at  which  eighteen  can- 
didates were  examined,  six  of  whom  having  been 
recommended  to  the  council  by  the  board,  have 
received  certificates  of  their  competency  to  dis- 
charge the  duties  of  district  surveyor. 

The  following  valuable,  and  in  many  cases 
illustrated  papers,  have  been  read  at  the  ordinary 
general  meetings  of  the  Institute,  since  the  last  re. 
port : — • 

"  On  Battle  Abbey  and  its  Conventual  Remains, 
with  Additional  Illustrations  of  the  Conventual 
Arrangement  of  Benedictine  Abbeys,"  by  Rev. 
Mackenzie  E.  C.  Walcott,  M.A.,  F.S.A.  "  On  the 
Practice  of  Architects  and  the  Law  of  the  Land 
in  Respect  of  Easements  of  Light  and  Air,"  by 
Professor  Donaldson,  Past-president.  "  Some 
Remarks  on  the  Mediieval  Antiquities  of  Durham," 
by  J.  Tavenor  Perry,  Associate.  "  On  the  Mea- 
surement of  the  Obstruction  of  Ancient  Lights," 
(further  investigation^,  by  Mr.  W.  White,  Fellow 
F.S.A.  "  On  the  Problem  of  Providing  Dwellings 
for  the  Poor,"  by  R.  Kerr,  Fellow,  with  several 
discussions  following.  "  On  the  Present  Condi- 
tion of  Architecture  in  the  United  States,"  by 
W.  Ware,  Esq.,  member  of  the  American  Institute 
of  Architects.  "  On  the  Photographs  taken  for 
the  Architectural  Photographic  Society,  in  the 
year  1866,"  by  E.  W.  Godwin,  F.S.A.,  Fellow. 
"  Notes  on  the  Recent  Excavations  made  at  Cam- 
buskenneth  Abbey,"  by  W.  Mackison,  F.S.A. 
Scot.,  Fellow.  "  On  the  Churchyard  Cross,"  by 
Eev.  E.  L.  Cutts.  "Remarks  upon  Failures  in 
Construction,"  by  E.  Nash,  Fellow.  ■'  On  Pe- 
dantry in  Architecture,"  by  J.  Boult,  Fellow. 

The  Committee  for  the  "  Conservation  of 
Ancient  Monuments  and  Remains"  has  considered 
such  questions  as  were  brought  before  it,  bearing 
upon  the  threatened  destruction  or  injurious 
"restoration"  of  ancient  building,  and  are  Fgrati- 
fied  ao  state  that  in  the  cases  of  the  interesting 
ancient  gateway  at  Tenby,  the  screen  in  the 
Church  at  Christchurch,  Hampshii-e,  the  tower  of 
St.  Giles's  Church,  at  Taunton,  and  the  Church 
of  St.  John,  at  Leeds,  the  remonstrances  were 
listened  to,  and  these  relics  of  the  past  have  been 
preserved. 

The  Council  is  able  to  report  a  very  marked  im- 
provement in  the  state  of  the  finances  of  the 
institute,  for,  whereas  in  December,  1865,  the 
balance  was  about  £143,  with  liabiUties  of  over 
£52,  the  balance  in  December,  1866,  was  over 
£242,  free  of  all  liabilities. 

The  important  competitions  for  the  proposed 
new  National  Gallery,  and  for  the  concentration 
of  the  Law  Courts,  have,  on  the  whole,  been  con- 
ducted hitherto  in  a  fairer  spirit  than  has  often 
been  the  case.  The  right  prinbiple  of  remunerat- 
ing to  some  extent  the  labours  of  all  the  com- 
petitors, has  been  admitted,  and  some  deference 
has  been  paid  to  the  views  of  the  competitors, 
and  of  the  Institute  in  their  behalf. 


A  SUGGESTION  FOR   A  CHURCH  OF 
THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY. 

AT  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Liverpool  Architec- 
tural Society,  Mr.  Statham  read  a  short  sug. 
gestive  paper  on  the  above  subject.     He  said  he 
would  attempt  to  sketch  a  form  of  church  which 
should   combine   architectural  effect  with  suita- 
bility to  the  requirements  of  modem  worship  and 
to  the  pervading  artistic  and  religious  feeUng  of 
the  present  age.     Mr.  Statham  went  on  to  say,  it 
is   assumed  that  the     essentially    congregational 
character  of  modern  Christian  worship  demands, 
both  in  an  ajsthetic  and  a  practical  point  of  view, 
a   wide  central   area,    unencumbered  by  piers  or 
pillars,  rather  than  the  long  and  narrow  avenues, 
with  intervening  arcades,  which  characterise  the 
essentially    processional   church    of   the    middle 
ages ;  and  the  form  of  the   Greek  cross  has  been 
adopted,  as  furnishing  a  sufficient  abutment  for 
a  large  dome,  without  materially  interfering  with 
the    unity   of  the   jilan.      The  reading  desks  (or 
reading  desk  and  pulpit)  are  brought  sufficiently 
far  into  the  church  to  be  visible  in  every  part  of 
it,  and  the  font  placed  in  a  conspicuous  position 
between  them  ;  the  symbolism  of  placing  the  font 
near  the  entrance  not  appearing  of  sufficient  im- 
portance to  counterbalance  the  inconvenience  of 
obliging   the   clergyman   to    traverse   the  whole 
length  of  the  church,  and  the  whole  congregation 
to  turn  round,  whenever  the  baptismal  service  is 
performed.     The  communion  table  occupies  the 
place    which    it  did    in    the    earliest   Christian 
churches,  forming  the  centre   of  a   semicircle  of 
seats,  which  in  ancient  days  were  occupied  by  the 
inferior  orders  of  the  clergy,  but  are  in  this  case 
appropriated  to  the  choir,  who  are  thus  placed  so 
that  their  voices  may  be  audible  both  to  the  con. 
gregation  and  to  each  other  ;  a  space  being  left 
between  the  choir  and  the  communion  rail  suffi- 
ciently wide  for  the  passage  of  the  clergyman  in 
administering  the  sacrament.     Behind  the  choir 
is  placed  the  organ,  which  thus  might  be  made 
a  striking  central  object  opposite  the  entrance  of 
the  church,  and  would  be  in  a  position  where  its 
sound  would  have  room  to   expand  and  develope 
itself,  instead  of  being  smothered  in  the  "  organ 
chamber  "  which  has  lately  come  into  vogue,  and 
which  is  perfectly  fatal  to  the  effect  of  the  instru- 
ment.    The  vestries  (which  might  also  be  libra- 
ries) for  the  choir  and  clergy  are  reached  by  pas- 
sages under  the  organ.     The  whole  of  what   may 
be  called  the  executive  department  of  the  church 
is    thus    brought    into    close    contiguity,   being 
planned  in  fact  upon  the  same  considerations  of 
convenience  and  economy    of    space   which   .are 
habitually  acted  upon  in  designing  lecture  rooms, 
concert  halls,  &c.     The  external  form  of  the  plan, 
with     the     four     segments    of    circles     abutting 
against  the  dome,  and  also  the  radiating  buttresses 
round  the  base  of  the  dome,  were  suggested  by 
Wren's  original  design  for  St.  Paul's  Cathedial; 
a  much  finer  design  in  some  points  than  the  one 
executed.     The  statues  between  the  pilasters  are 
intended  to  represent  persons  eminent  in  reUgious 
history,  the  panels  beneath  containing  bas-reliefs 
representing  some  important  event  in  which  they 
took   part.     Internally  the    small   panels  in  the 
wall  woiUd  be   occupied   by  designs   in  fresco  or 
mosaic  illustrative  of  the  Creed  and  the   Lord's 
Prayer  ;  while  the  four  large  niches  at  the  angles 
of  the  chureh,  would  furnish  opportunity  for  the 
introduction    of    high  class  groups  of   sculpture, 
either   allegorical  or  illustrative  of  events  in  New 
Testament  history.     The  dome  is  intended  to  be 
constructed  on  the  cellular  principle — thin  ribs  of 
masonry  springing  from  each  of  the  buttresses  at 
the   base,  connected  together  by  the  inner  and 
outer  dome  ;  and  at  the   weakest  point  a  strong 
continuous  timber  bond  is  introduced.     The  eye 
at  the  top  of  the  dome  is  covered  with  an  orna- 
mental iron  finial.     The  whole  of  the  building  is 
shown  to  be   roofed  with  stone  ;  for  whenever  a 
lighter  and  more  fragile  material  is  used  for  the 
roof  than  has  been  employed  for  the  walls,  the 
monumental  character,  so  suitable  to  a   building 
of  this  class,  is  at  once  lost.     Without  claiming 
any  artistic  merit  for  the  design  (which,  indeed, 
is  little  more  than  a  sketch),  it  may  be  remarked 
that  the  attempt  has  been  made  to  obtain  some- 
thing of  that  repose  and  stability  of  expression 
which  characterise  what  is  generally  called  Classic 
architecture,  and  which  seem  to  arise  mainly  from 
the    employment   of    two    invaluable   sources  of 
architectural   effect,    a  good    deal    neglected   in 
the  present  day — viz.,  breadth  of  wall  space  and 
continuity    of   horizontal  Une.     The  ornamental 
details,    however,   would   be   executed  with  the 
Gothic  boldness  and  depth  of   shadow  necessaO' 


I 


May  3,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


313 


A    SUGGESTION    FOR    A    CHURCH    OF    THE    XIN'ETEENTH    CESTURT. 


in  a  northern  climate  ;  while  it  is  hoped  that  the 
general  expression  of  the  building  would  be  not 
inconsistent  with  the  cheerful  and  practical 
character  which  belongs  to  modern  Christianity. 
It  is  needless  to  observe  that  such  a  building, 
carried  out  according  to  the  above  propositions, 
would  be  an  expensive  one ;  but  the  general 
plan  and  arrangement,  which  form  the  basis  of 
the  whole,  might  be  equally  well  reaUsed  on  a 
smaller  scale  and  with  cheaper  materials. 

The  President  said  the  design  certainly  did 
away  with  a  great  objection  to  the  present  style 
of  ecclesiastical  architecture — the  columns  which 
separated  the  naves  from  the  aisles,  and  which 
prevented  the  preacher  being  seen  by  many  of 
the  congregation,  and  interfered  also  with  the 
sound  or  his  voice. 

Mr.  Heffer  said  he  believed  the  principles 
were  right,  but  he  should  like  to  see  Mr.  Statham 
bring  before  them  something  more  applicable  to 
the  wants  of  the  present  time,  as  far  as  money 
was  concerned.  He  should  like  to  see  a  design, 
based  on  the  same  principles,  which  could  be 
carried  out  for  £1,000. 

Mr.  Boult  said  the  principles  which  Mr.  Statham 
had  suggested   were  quite    as  capable    of    being 
adapted    to   an    expenditure    of    £1,000    as    the 
principles  of  York  Minster  or   those  of   the   Pan- 
thepu    at    Rome  ;  therefore,   he  did   not  exactly 
see    the   point  of  Mr.  Heffer'a  observations.     He 
was   extremely  glad  to  see  an  attempt  made   to 
design  churches  on  independent  principles.     The 
Bwilica  string  had  been  fiddled  upon  for  nearly 
twelve  centuries,   and   he  thought  it  was  pretty 
nearly  time  the    professional    Paganinis  took  up 
some  other  chord  ;  and  if  Mr.  Statham's  sugges- 
tions should  meet  with  favour  and    be  adopted, 
he  thought  it  would  be  a  gain  to  the  profession 
and  to   the  public.      The    first  principle   in    all 
Protestant  places  of  worship,  he  took  it,  was  that 
the  service   should   be   audible   and  accessible  to 
everybody  present.     It  wxs  not  a  religion  of  dis- 
play and  parade,  but  it  was  one  in  which  it  was 
Msumed  that  every  member  of  the  congregation 
was  alike  interested — the  humblest  and  the  re- 
motest with  those  who   occupied  the   high   seats 
it  the  altar  ;  and,  therefore,  the  building  should 
be  designed    so  that    everything     that     passed 
whether  the  monotone  in  the  pulpit  or  the  full 
choral  service,  should  be  alike  heard  and  appre- 
ciated by  every  one  present.     In  many  respects  he 
•bought  Mr.  Statham's  suggestions  met  that  de- 
lideratum,   and  he  thought   the  society  was  iu- 
lebted  to  him  for  having  embodied  his  idea  in 
;he  form  in    which  he    had    brought    it  before 
:hem. 


ORGANS. 

A  new  organ  has  just  been  provided  for  Provi- 
lence  Chapel,  Hanley,  at  a  cost  of  £180.  Messrs. 
'■  Halmshaw  and  Sons,  of  Birmingham,  were  the 
railders. 

A  new  organ,  by  Mr.  Wyatt,  of  Leamington,  has 
>eeu  placed  in  the  Catholic  church  at  Warwick, 
fhe  foundation  of  it  is  laid  for  twenty -two  stops, 
'Ut  there  are  at  present  only  sixteen  provided ; 
ad  among  this   number  is   a  double  diapason, 


16ft.  open,  and  a  new  stop  of  a  true  flute  intona- 
tion, also  another  stop  in  the  swell  named  the 
horn  diapason.  Mr,  Wyatt  has  also  built  a  new 
organ  for  the  Wesleyan  chapel  in  the  same  place. 
Mr.  Walker,  of  London,  has  built  a  new  organ 
for  the  church  of  St.  Giles's-in-the-Fields,  at 
a  cost  of  £420.  The  organ  was  opened  ou  Easter 
Sunday. 


JuHbiiig  Intelligence. 


CHURCHES  AND   CHAPBLS. 
A  new  Congregational  chapel  has  been  erected 
in  W'hitechapel-road,   at  a  cost  of  £5,200.     The 
architect   is   Mr.    T.    C.    Clarke,   of    Leadenhall- 
street. 

St.  Michael's  Church,  Moncktou  Combe,  was 
last  week  consecrated  by  Bishop  Anderson,  of 
Clifton.  The  church  will  seat  300  persons,  and 
has  cost  £1,533. 

The  corner  stone  of  a  Primitive  Methodist 
chapel,  in  Petre-road,  Sheffield,  was  laid  last  week. 
The  building  is  of  pressed  brick  and  ashlar  dress- 
ings, and  is  in  the  Italian  Gothic  style.  It  will 
accommodate  over  1,000  persons,  and  will  cost  up- 
wards of  £3,000.  Messrs.  C.  J.  Innocent  and 
Brown,  of  Sheffield,  are  the  architects. 

Bolton. — On  Saturday,  the  corner  stone  of 
the  new  parish  church  of  Bolton  was  laid  in  the 
presence  of  the  Lord  Bishop  of  Manchester,  and 
several  thousand  spectators,  although  the  pre- 
vious part  of  the  day  had  been  very  unfavour- 
able. The  new  structure,  the  cost  of  which 
(about  £30,000)  will  be  defrayed  by  the  princely 
munificence  of  Mr.  Peter  Ormrod,  mil  occupy  the 
site  of  the  old  church,  which  had  stood  there  up- 
wards of  400  years,  having  been  erected,  it  is 
supposed,  about  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tury. Mr.  E.  G.  Paley,  of  Lancaster,  has  fur- 
nished the  design  of  the  new  church.  It  is  in  the 
Decorated  style,  and  embraces  a  nave  with  north 
and  south  atsles,  north  and  south  transepts,  a 
chancel  with  an  aisle  on  the  south,  and  organ 
chapel  on  the  north,  and  a  tower  and  porch.  The 
idimen.sions  of  the  nave  are  11-ift.  in  length,  36ft. 
in  breadth,  and  73ft.  9in.  from  the  floor  line  to 
the  apex  of  the  roof.  The  aisles  are  to  be  SSft. 
long,  by  17ft.  wide.  The  chancel  wUl  measure 
41ft.  by  2Sft,,  and  will  be  61ft,  high.  The  tran- 
septs are  to  be  24ft,  long  by  22ft,  wide,  and  57ft, 
high.  The  principal  entrance  to  the  church  will 
be  through  the  tower,  which  is  to  be  at  the 
western  end  of  the  church,  and  rather  more  than 
150ft.  high.  The  porch  will  form  the  southern 
entrance  to  the  church.  The  entire  area  of  the 
new  building  wiU  be  10,819  square  feet,  or  nearly 
twice  the  area  of  the  old  one.  There  will  be  no 
galleries,  but  the  ground  floor  will  afl'ord  sittings 
for  1,300  persons.  The  stone  used  for  the  ground 
from  the  top  of  the  base  course,  and  also  for  the 
plain  work  of  the  tower,  is  from  the  Bradshaw 
Quarry  ;  and  for  the  body  of  the  edifice,  above  the 
base  course,  and  also  for  the  ornamental  work, 
Longridge    stone  will  be  used.     Messrs,  Cooper 


and  TuUis,  of  Preston,  are  the  contractors,  and  it 
is  expected  that  the  work  will  occupy  about  two 
years. 

Dewsbury. — The  foundation  stone  of  a  new 
Roman  catholic  chapel,  was  laid  the  other  day  at 
Dewsbury.  The  edifice,  which  is  from  designs 
by  Mr.  E.  Welby  Pugin,  wiU  cost  about  £6,000. 
It  is  to  consist  of  a  nave,  with  an  aisle  on  the 
south  side,  chancel,  baptistery,  priests'  sacristy, 
boys'  sacristy,  and  porch.  It  will  be  in  the  Gothic 
style  of  architecture.  A  campanile  or  bell  tower 
is  to  be  placed  on  one  side  of  the  chancel.  The 
roof  of  the  church,  which  will  be  of  high  pitch, 
is  to  be  open  timbered. 

FOBEST-HILL, — A  new  church  was  recently 
opened  in  the  Stansted-road,  The  style  adopted  is 
a  Byzantine  manner  of  Gothic,  and  it  is  built 
entirely  of  stone  and  ceiled  with  wood.  The 
church  will  accommodate  350  persons,  and  the 
total  cost,  including  an  organ,  was  about  £4,000. 
Mr.  Henry  Fuller  was  the  architect. 

GOLCAR. — The  memorial  stone  of  a  new  Baptist 
chapel  at  Golcar,  near  Huddersfield,  was  laid 
last  week.  The  chapel  will  accommodate  1,000 
persons,  in  addition  to  300  scholars.  The  cost  is 
estimated  at  £4,000,  and  the  contractors  are — • 
Mr.  John  Hallewell,  Crimble,  mason  ;  Mr.  Joseph 
Thornton,  Golcar,  joiner ;  Mr.  Jonathan  Shaw, 
Golcar,  painter  and  plasterer ;  Mr.  Fawcett,  West- 
gate,  Huddersfield,  plumber. 

Haggekstone, — The  Right  Rev.  Dr.  Anderson 
ex-Bishop  of  Rupert's  Land,  acting  under  a  com- 
mission from  the  Bishop  of  London,  consecrated 
the  church  of  St.  Augustine,  which  is  situated  in 
a  district  in  the  north-east  of  London,  formerly 
being  a  part  of  St.  Leonard's,  Shoreditch.  The 
style  of  the  church  is  decorated,  and  it  is  con- 
structed to  contain  936  persons.  The  interior 
consists  of  a  nave  and  side  aisles  of  four  wide 
bays  with  a  lofty  clerestory  and  high-pitched 
roofs  :  a  chancel  of  extensive  dimensions  with 
aisles.  The  chancel  is  at  present  in  an  unfinished 
state :  but  the  work  indicates  that  a  reredos  of 
unusual  size  and  beauty  will  fill  the  space  below 
the  eastern  window,  which  is  not  placed  lower 
than  the  string-course  of  the  clerestory,  and  is 
filled  with  handsome  tracery  of  the  Middle 
Pointed  period.  The  organ  is  by  WilUs  and  Co., 
and  when  complete  will  have  cost  £600.  The 
seats  are  all  free,  and  there  is  to  be  daily  service. 
The  building,  which  cost  about  £10,000,  was 
erected  from  designs  furnished  by  Mr.  William 
Woodyer,  of  Grafham,  by  Mr.  Robert  Futcher,  of 
the  Fisherton  Works,  Salisbury,  under  the  super- 
intendence of  Mr.  P.  Bentlif.  The  stonework  of 
the  reredos  and  the  carving  in  the  church  were 
executed  by  NichoU,  of  Lambeth. 

Lower  Slaughter. — The  venerable  church 
here,  which  had  reached  the  last  stage  of  decay, 
has  been  rebuilt,  and  was  opened  on  Easter  Tues- 
day. The  new  church  is  from  designs  by  Mr. 
Ferrey,  of  London.  It  consists  of  a  chancel  and 
nave  (built  on  the  old  foundations),  a  tower  (with 
spire),  organ  chamber,  and  vestry.  The  chancel 
is  of  the  First  Pointed,  and  the  nave,  tower,  and 
north  aisle  of  the  Geometrical  and  Decorated 
periods.  The  details  of  the  interior  are  of  the 
Early  English  type.  The  arches,  venerable  relics 
of  the  old  church,  are  of  a  transitional  character 
— from  Norman  to  Early  English.  The  walls  are 
built  of  local  stone,  lined  with  ashlar  internally, 
the  quoins,  window  and  door  dressings,  &c.,  being 
of  Farmington  and  Bath  Corsham  Down  stone. 
The  nave  and  aisle  have  open  stained  fir  roofs,  and 
the  chancel  has  a  polygonal  panelled  ceiling.  The 
contractor  is  Mr.  OUver  Estcourt,  of  Gloucester. 

RoTHERHAM. — A  new  Congregational  church 
was  opened  here  last  week.  It  is  in  the  Gothic 
style,  modified  in  the  interior  to  suit  the  require- 
ments of  the  Congregational  form  of  worship. 
Accommodation  will  be  afforded  for  nearly  1,000 
worshippers,  and  the  total  cost  of  the  new  ereo- 
tion  will  be  upwards  of  £4,100.  The  plan  of  the 
church  is  cruciform,  with  a  nave  and  two  transepts, 
there  being  vestries  and  other  rooms  abutting  on 
the  west  end  of  the  nave,  where,  also,  there  is 
a  tower  and  spire  130ft.  high. 

BUILDmOS. 
There  are  six  lighthouses  no  .v  in  process  of  con- 
struction by  the  British  Government — ->ne  situ- 
ated on  the  Little  Basses  Rock  at  Ceylon,  one  on 
the  Roman  Rocks  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  two 
in  the  Bahamas  (on  Castle  Island  and  Imagua 
Island),  one  on  Sombrero  Island,  and  one  on  the 
Dellamara  Point  at  Malta. 


314 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


May  3,  1867. 


Blackburn. — The  foundation  stone  of  St. 
Thomas's  Schools  was  lai  1  by  the  Mayor  on 
Easter  Monday.  The  building  will  be  from  de- 
signs by  Mr.  James  Bertwistle,  Blackburn,  and 
after  the  type  of  ecclesiastical  structures  of  the 
Early  English  period.  In  the  centre  portion  will 
be  an  infant  school,  60ft.  by  30ft.,  with  class- 
room 30ft.  by  20ft.,  the  sides  being  the  boys'  and 
girls'  schools,  65ft.  by  20ft,,  with  class. rooms  20ft. 
by  16ft.  The  building  will  be  set  back  40ft., 
having  infants'  playground  and  gardens  in  the 
front.  There  will  be  two  separate  porches,  with 
archways,  forming  entrances  to  the  whole  of  the 
schools.  The  boys'  and  girls'  schools  will  also 
have  separate  side  entrances,  with  lavatories,  large 
open  playgrounds,  out-buildings,  &;c.  The  roof 
will  be  open-timbered,  having  curved  principals, 
surmounted  by  a  large  ventilator,  and  each  gable 
will  finish  at  the  .apex  with  an  ornamental  cross. 
Messrs.  Lewis  and  Gudgeon  are  the  contractors 
for  the  masonry.  The  schools  will  be  built  of 
Haslingden  Grane  pierpoints,  with  freestone 
dressings,  and  quoins  at  the  angles.  The  infant 
school  will  be  first  proceeded  with,  and  the  esti- 
iQated  cost  is  about  ±51,000. 

St.  Andrew's. — The  foundation  tone  of  a  new 
CpUege  Hall  for  the  accommodation  of  young 
men  attending  the  University  of  St.  Andrew's, 
was  laid  last  week  with  full  Masonic  honours  by 
Mr.  James  Whyte  Melville,  Grand  Master  Mason 
of  Scotland.  The  architects  are  Messrs.  Brown 
and  Wardrop,  Edinburgh.  According  to  the 
plans,  the  general  style  of  the  building  is  Gothic. 
It  is  to  be  four  stories  in  height.  It  is  to  contain 
accommodation  for  upwards  of  forty  students,  and 
there  are  thirty- sis  bedrooms  and  other  neces- 
sary rooms.  The  building  has  120ft.  frontage, 
consisting  of  centre  blocks  with  side  wings.  The 
plainness  of  the  building  is  relieved  by  gables 
with  ornamental  finials,  pointed  window  panels, 
with  niches  for  figures.  The  principal  entrance  is 
by  a  porch  in  the  centre  block  from  the  north 
side.  Grounds  are  to  be  laid  out  for  recreation 
purposes. 


TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 

To  Our  Readers. — We  shall  feel  obliged  to  any  of  onr 
readei-s  who  will  favour  lis  with  brief  notes  of  works  con- 
templated or  in  progress  in  the  provinces. 

Letters  relating  to  advertisements  and  the  ordinary  busi- 
ness of  tlie  p,api;r  should  be  adtU'essed  to  tlie  Editor,  166, 
Fleet-street.  Advertisements  for  the  current  week  must 
reach  the  office  before  5  o'clock  p  m.  on  Thursday. 

Notice.— The  BUILDING  NEWS  inserts  advertise, 
meuts  for  "  SITUATIONS  WANTED,"  &c.,  .-it  ONE 
SHlliLlNG  for  the  first  Twenty-four  Words. 


Received.— H.  G.— A.  C— J.  L.— D.  H.  .and  J.  N.— 
T.  T.— M.  T.  S.— A.  R.— D  S.— H.  O.— W.  and  W.— T.  P. 
and  Co.— S.  P.— P.  and  Sons.  -J.  H.— H.  W.  B.— J.  U.— 
V.  andCo.-H.  M.  and  Co.— W.  H.  B.— J.  H.— G.  H.  G.— 
F.  P.  N.— J.  G.— H.  H.  S,  P.— J.  A.  H. 

*'  A  Constant  Reader." — Go  to  school,  or  if  that  won't  do, 
whistle. 


— « — 

MODERN    ARCHITECTURE. 
To  the  Editor  of  the  Buildino  News. 

Sib, — The  criticism,  if  it  deserve  the  name,  of 
the  Westminster  OaZetie  reviewer  upon  Mr.  Bur- 
ges's  Law  Courts  is  remarkable  for  its  strength  of 
ill-feeling  and  weakness  of  argument.  That  so 
blind  an  advocate  of  Mr.  Pugin  shoald  so  far 
agree  with  him  as  to  see  nothing  but  faults  to  be 
avoided  in  aU  the  Law  Court  designs  is  not  to  be 
wondered  at.  Belief  in  Mr.  Pugin,  absolute  and 
unreserved — beUef,  too,  in  him  to  the  exclusion  of 
all  others,  characterises  the  criticisms  in  the  TKesf- 
minster  Gazette  and  Tablet,  for  is  he  not  the 
Catholic  architect  ?  Can  any  good  thing  come  out 
of  GaUlee  ? 

I  don't  pretend  to  understand  all  that  he  has 
written.  1  don't  quite  know  how  a  building  can 
lack  principle.  I  know  what  an  unprincipled  man 
is,  but  cannot  affix  a  definite  meaning  to  an  im- 
principled  clock  tower.  Again,  I  think  when  I 
was  a  boy  I  used  to  know  that  certain  Greek 
cities  were  autonomous,  and  that  autonomy  meant 
self-government ;  but  why  a  building  is  to  be  con- 
demned because  it  hath  no  autonomy  or  self- 
government  I  confess  that  I  am  at  a  loss  to  make 
out.  But  there  is  plain  English  enough  in  certain 
parts  of  the  letter,  and  upon  it  I  will  make,  with  your 
permission,  a  few  remarks.  The  buUding  is  said  to 
want  connection — to  possess  no  vertical  lines.  This 
objection  arises  from  the  critic's  inability  to  compre- 
hend a  large  building.  No  .artist  would  have  cut 
up  the  Strand  facade  as  suggested.     No  doubt  if 


Mr.  Pugin  had  given  us  a  design  for  so  large  a 
building  we  should  have  had  lots  of  sandwiches, 
with  compressed  sharp-pointed  arches  squeezed 
in  between  slices  of  buttresses,  or  with  the  but- 
tresses cutting  off  the  sides  of  the  archivolts,  and 
other  quaintnesses  and  tricks,  useful  to  disguise 
art  power,  which  are  so  prevalent  in  certaiu  schools 
of  architecture.  Such  cutting  up  would  have 
caused  the  loss  of  all  breadth  of  effect.  There  is 
a  grasp  of  the  subject  as  a  whole  in  Mr.  Burges's 
design  which  is  no  doubt  quite  unintelligible  to 
the  reviewer  and  his  assist.auts,  and  f^o  he  finds 
fault  with  Mr.  Purges  multiplying  the  parts,  as 
for  so  large  an  edifice  any  good  architect  would 
do,  and  depending  for  vertical  effect  upon  the 
towers  rising,  as  they  do,  from  the  ground.  The 
main  g.able  is  said  in  one  clause  to  be  unconnected 
with  anything,  and  two  lines  further  on  its  lateral 
shaft  is  said  to  be  apparently  supported  by  a 
sm.aller  shaft  in  the  story  below ;  both  statements 
are  equally  .absurd.  The  gable  with  its  shaft  of 
20ft.  is  considerably  recessed  and  rises  from  behind 
a  p.arapet.  It  is  much  more  practical  to  make 
the  gutter  in  front,  and  the  gable  should  be 
made  useful  and  allow  a  free  circulation  of  per- 
sons all  round  the  building,  than  conducting  the 
gutter  through  the  cill  of  the  gable  window. 
Notwithstanding  the  writer's  certainty  of  the  walls 
being  drenched,  I  have  no  doubt  th.at  it  is  within 
the  capabilities  of  science  to  make  both  cills  and 
gutters  watertight.  Upon  mere  matters  of  taste 
and  2:iroportion,  as  the  comparative  j^iae  of  the  top 
of  a  finial  and  of  a  man,  or  the  proportion  a  rose 
at  the  top  of  a  building  should  bear  to  circles  con- 
taining half  figures  at  the  bottom,  I  will  not 
enter  into  a  controversy  with  the  writer  in  the 
Westminster  Ga~ette,  nor  will  I  more  than  notice 
his  extraordinary  mis-statement,  that  the  stories 
in  the  Strand  front  coirld  be  moved  as  slides  with- 
out injury  to  the  design  or  strength  ! 

All  above  the  cornice  is  s,aid  to  be  a  rech,au8'ee 
of  a  much  bolder  work.  This  I  deny  altogether. 
It  is  somewhat  stronger  than  the  lower  part,  to 
compensate  for  its  greater  distance  from  the  eye. 

If  this  writer  had  been  less  sweeping  in  his 
attack  upon  all  the  designs  sent  in  by  architects, 
some  at  least  with  the  highest  reputation  in  the 
profession,  and  1  may  add  If  he  had  been  a  less 
interested  critic,  he  would  have  had  more  chance 
of  persuachng  his  readers. — I  am,  &c.. 

Your  Correspondent. 


FOLKESTONE  COMPETITION. 

Sir, — "  P.atieuce  is  a  virtue,"  as  everybody  knows  (par- 
ticularly architects),  but  when  I  tell  you  that  the  competi- 
tors who  sent  in  designs  for  a  terrace  of  houses  at  Folke- 
stone, advertised  in  yoiu*  columns  last  October,  have  not 
yet  received  .any  reply,  I  think  you  wUl  agi'ee  with  me 
that  a  little  impatience  thereat  can  be  no  vice.  The  com- 
petitoi's  in  the  Yarmouth  competition  were  allowed  the 
opportunity  of  seeing  the  designs  sent  in  ;  the  affair  has 
been  settled,  .and  some  of  the  drawings  are  now  in  the 
Architectural  Exhibition.  But  in  this  case  we  are  not 
allowed  to  see  the  designs,  and  we  have  every  reason  to 
suppose  that  om-  dl-awings  are  getting  dirty  .and  unfit  for 
exhibition  (which  was  the  chief  object  in  view  in  getting 
them  np,  of  others  besides  myself),  in  the  South-Eastern 
Railway  Company's  surveyor's  office,  because  that  gentle- 
nuan  will  not  trouble  himself,  or  has  not  time  to  examine 
them, — I  .am,  ifec. , 

A  Competitor. 

London,  May  2. 


Iiitercoiuiiuuiiciitioii 


QVESTIONS. 

[367.]— CUBICAL  QUANTITY. -Would  you  or  some 
of  your  practical  readers  kiiidly  inform  me  how  best  to 
obtain  the  cubical  quantity  of  stone  in  Gothic  or  other 
arches,  labels,  (tc,  from  J  scale  drawings,  wliich  seldom, 
if  ever,  show  the  joints  ;  and  also  tell  me  what  addition 
should  be  made  to  the  leugth  of  lead  gutters  in  estimat- 
ing for  laps  and  diips.  Stcdent. 


[3GS].— LINE  OF  EQUILIBRIUM.— Can  any  of  your 
reiulers  inform  me  how-  to  find  the  line  of  equilibrium  or 
pressure  in  an  arch.  The  books  I  have  referred  to  are 
generally  very  Tague.  By  inserting  this  in  your  "  Inter- 
communication" you  will  greatly  oblige.  W. 


[369.]— SQUARING  DIMENSIONS.— I  shaU  be  very 
pleiised  to  leam  through  your  "Intercommunication" 
whether  there  is  a  shorter  way  of  squaring  dimensions 
other  than  by  duodecimals  or  practice  ?  W.  Carter. 


through  your  valuable  "  Intercommunication"  with  refer- 
ence to  making  a  good  firm  plaster  ceiling,  1  mean  one  that 
will  stand  without  cjacking  and  breaking,  aa  so  many  do. 
It  is  veiy  seldom  one  sees  a  really  good  ceiUug  twelve 
months  after  being  finished ;  and  as  it  is  impossible  to 
make  one  that  is  cracked  look  well,  either  with  whitewash 
or  paint,  I  look  upon  it  as  an  inquiry  of  Bome  importance 
how  a  good  solid  ceiling  can  be  made.  If  any  one  prac- 
tically acquainted  with  plaster  work  would  have  the  good- 
ness to  give  a  few  plain  directioos  with  regard  to  preparing 
the  materials,  and  best  manner  of  applying  the  same,  he 
would  confer  a  favour  on  A  Lakcashire  Man. 


[372.]— WEIGHT  ON  DOUBLE  GIRDER  EE.VM.— As 
a  subscriber  to  your  valuable  journal,  the  Building  News, 
perhaps  yom'self  or  some  of  your  engineering  correspond- 
ents, would  give  me  an  answer  to  the  following  question : — 
What  weight  would  be  safe  to  place  upon  a  wrought-iron 
double   girder  beam  lOft.  Gin.  bearing,  15in.  deep,  top  and 


« IrS^ 

bottoua  9m.   broad,  of  the  best  iin.  plates,  put  together 
with  Sin.  angle  irons? 


REPLIES, 

[316.]— FIREPROOF  BUILDINGS.— It  may  appear  to 
be  somewhat  out  of  date  to  reply  to  a  question  which 
appeared  in  your  columns  some  weeks  since,*  in  respect  of 
fireproof  buildings,  but  as  the  subject  is  one  of  much  im- 
portance, and  no  one  has  attempted  to  deal  with  it,  per- 
haps I  may  be  allowed  to  offer  a  few  observations  in  answer 
to  "Waterproof."  My  own  impressions  have  long  been 
favoiirable  to  a  totally  different  mode  of  constructing  large 
buildings — so  far  as  their  preservation  from  fire  is  con- 
cerned— to  that  usually  employed.  In  my  opinion,  all  the 
iron  girders  which  support  the  various  lloors  and  the  roof 
of  an  intended  fireproof  building  should  be  made  hollow, 
and  connected  upuu  an  ai-terial  system  to  a  tank  of  water 
placed  on  the  highest  part  of  the  edifice.  An  adeqiute 
supply  pipe  from  the  tank  would  convey  the  water  iu  Ciise 
of  emergency  to  each  floor.  A  series  of  sluice  valves,  fitted 
with  spindles  to  make  them  accessible  from  the  outside  of 
the  building,  should  also  be  placed  on  the  supply  pipe  on 
the  Viirious  floors.  The  bottom  plate  of  each  girder  shoidd 
be  perforated  with  holes.  Then,  if  a  fijre  were  to  breakout. 
on  any  particular  story,  it  is  easy  to  see  that,  without 
breaking  open  doors,  die,  to  create  draughts,  the  whole 
of  that  floor  might  be  inundated,  and  that  in  the  space 
of  a  few  minutes.  For  sustaining  the  floors  of  warehouses, 
for  example,  sets  of  girders  should  be  used  of  triangular 
form  (see  diagram)  in  section. 
These  might  be  bolted  together 
at  the  joints  by  means  of  faced 
flanges.  We  should  thus  get  the 
whole  arterial  system  contaijied 
in  the  floors  overhead  at  very 
little  more  expense  than  that  incurred  in  the  ordinary  way 
of  fixing  girders  for  carrying  the  brick  arches.  There  is  no 
good  reason  why,  in  some  instances,  the  tank  should  not  be 
a  substitute  for  a  roof  If  this  were  so,  one  man  might 
hiive  at  command  the  power  to  flo'xi,  if  need  were,  the 
whole  of  the  flooi-s  simultaneously.  I  have  not  gone  into 
minute  dwtails  of  this  plan  for  the  reason  above  named, 
but  perhaps  enough  has  been  s;iid  to  set  your  readers 
thinking  about  it,  and,  a.s  I  hope,  discussing  its  merits  and 
practicability,  or  otherwise.  Asbestos. 


[347.]— DISINFECTANTS. —One  pound  of  copperas, 
known  as  "sulphate  of  iron,"  dissolved  in  4  gallons  of 
water,  will  most  completely  destroy  all  offensive  odours, 
whether  in  sinks,  privies,  or  cellars.  The  warmer  the 
weather,  the  oftener  must  the  application  be  i-epeated. 
Sprinkling  the  coxjperas  itself  about  is  advantageoKi, 
and,  if  in  cellars,  is  one  of  the  bestmeans  of  keeping  X9te 
away,  X. 


[347.] — Chlorine  is  a  perfect  one,  with  the  advantageJ 
over  all  others  that,  being  a  gas,  not  a  vapour,  no  trace  of 
it  wiU.  cling  to  anything,  or  remain  a  minute  after  tlit? 
windows  have  been  opened.  But  neither  "  J,  Duthie"  nor 
"W.  Clark"  gives  the  best  way  of  procui'ing  it,  and  the 
latter,  a  very  bad  way.  If  spuita  of  salt  be  used,  ami 
especially  with  heat,  as  he  advises,  much  of  it  will  fly  oil 
undecomposed,  and,  though  as  pungent  and  suffocating  a« 
chlorine,  be  not  only  void  of  its  lUsinfecting  power,  but 
highly  mischievous,  rusting  all  metal  objects  %vithin  reacli 
by  depositing  on  them  a  dew  of  this  corro.'iive  acid. 
Chloride  of  hme.  again,  is  a  maniiiacture  of  perfectly  ragiu 
valiie,  and  may  contain  hardly  any  chlorine  when  aold. 
The  only  good  ^vay,  I  find,  is  to  get  it  direct  from  tabU 
salt,  by  mixing  this  mtli  three-fourths  of  its  weight  o: 
black  oxide  of  manganese,  dry,  and  pouring  on  it,  whei 
to  be  used,  as  much  sulphuric  acid  as  there  is  of  oxide 
No  heat  is  needed,  and  if  it  were,  the  addition  of  1  part  o 
cold  water  would  yield  abundance,  B.  L.  G. 


I 


[370.]— CULVERT.— WiU  any  of  your  readers  kindly 
inform  me  of  the  minimum  are;t  required  for  a  culvert 
with  a  fall  of  1  in  10,  to  carry  or  convey  the  same  quan- 
tity oi  water  as  a  culvert  with,  an  area  of  (50ft.  and  a  fall  of 
1  in  400.  Also,  whether  or  not  the  smaller  culvert  would 
require  the  tuU  amoimt  of  60ft.  area  at  the  mouth  or  en- 
trance, supposing  an  indefinite  distance  to  intervene 
between  culverts.  T.  C.  T. 


[371.]— PLASTER   CEILING.— I  should  feel  obliged  if 
any  of  your  readers  would  fgive  me  a  little  information 


[355.]— FURNACE  CHIMNEYS.— If  "  Smoke  "  is  goin; 
to  build  a  chimney  for  cotton    manufacturing  purposet       ^^ 
150ft.    is  low  enough  ;  if  for  chemical  purposes.  20Ctft.  i       ^i^ 
the  lowest  height  that  it  ought  to  go  if  it  is  situated  in  ■      ■*- 
populous  place,   and  in  a  hollow,  it  ought  to  be  higher  ii        '^ 
proportion.     Of  course,   the  higher  the    stack  the  bette 
draught  it  will  have,  and  consequently  need  less  coals,  & 
the  heat  will  be  greater.  WiLi.iAii  BooTH. 


[361.]— QUALIFIED  SURVEYOR.— If  "Veremoa"  wil 
apply  at  the  Inland  Revenue  Office,  and  obtain  a 
appraiser's  licence,  which  will  cost  him  two  sovereigns,  u 
will  bo  a  regular  sui'veyor  in  the  eye  of  the  law. 

A  Subscriber. 


*  Vide  Building  News,  March  22,  1S67. 


May  3,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


315 


[364.]— INTERCOMMUNICATION.  ~  When  "  Mutual 
Aid  "  wroto  the  letter  which  you  publisliotl  Ixst  we«k,  he 
did  not  fully  understand  the  purjKist!  wliich '*  Intvrcom- 
miinication"  is  iutoudcd  to  tjcrve.  I  hope  your  reiuarks 
have  satisfied  him  of  thoimiwrtance,  as  a  priuciplo,  of  giv- 
ing the  questious  ;«  well  aa  the  replies,  whereby  you  secure 
for  the  Iwnelit  of  all  your  reader  whatever  iufomiatiuii  i» 
obtained.  This  **mutu;d  improvomont'*  feature  uf  the 
BcituiNi-;  NEw.^iaa  marked  success.  For  practical  utility 
it  is  fiir  before  anything  of  the  kind  yet  achievwl,  and  if  a 
yet  higher  st^uidaril  is  to  be  reached  it  must  emanate  from 
your  corio3iK>mIeuts.  Let  those  who  a&k  iiuestions  bo  cai"e- 
ful  to  state  them  in  l:mifuai;e  both  clear  aud  precise,  so  as 
to  exclude  the  possibility  of  an  intelligent  reader  being  in 
doubt  about  the  meaning.  Let  those  who  send  rei)Ues 
bestow  similar  cjire  on  the  construction  of  their  sentences, 
and  rememtwr  to  avoid  mcr«i  denials  or  assertions  un.sup- 
ported  by  facts  or  process  of  reasoning ;  iu  all  cases  let  the 
why  and  the  wherefore  Iw  given,  together  with  such 
aathoritiea  as  can  be  referred  to,  if  necessary,  to  give 
weight  to  the  argument.  To  show  how  necessarj'  it  is  to  be 
particuL-u-  iu  these  matters,  1  will  take  an  example  from 
the  number  issued  21st  Decomlxir,  IStJti,  in  which  the 
question  Xo.  107,  signed  "Excavator,"  appeared.  This 
elicited  four  replies  the  following  week,  and  another  the 
week  after  that.  They  occupied  uot  le^a  thau  5'.'  line.-* 
of  print ;  yet  a  sivtisfactory  result  was  not  obtained,  for  the 
answera  all  ditfered  one  from  another,  and  thia  in  conse- 
quence of  "Excavator"  having  s*}  written  the  question  as 
to  admit  of  several  intei-pretatious.  Four  of  the  five 
raphes  distinctly  refer  to  tins  ambiguity  on  the  part  of  the 
querist.  On  the  'J9th  March  last  the  following  appeared 
m  answer  to  "B.  N.'s"  question  ,  'ill : — "  Impossible  ! 
The  marvel  is,  where  '  B.  N.'  got  his  tlimeusions  from. 
The  tangent  of  a  true  curve  must  be  equal.  I  shoidd 
advise  'B.  N.'  to  study  trigonometry."  Signed  "Zero." 
Of  what  use  can  tlus  reply  have  been  ti^  "  B.  N."  or  to 
general  readers?'  It  conveyed  no  instruction.  Perchauce 
some  may  have  iuterested  themselves  iu  trying  to  find 
out  the  meaning  of  "the  tangent  of  a  true  curve  must  be 
equaL"  The  marvel  is,  where  "Zero"  got  the  tangent 
notion  from.  "B.  X."  said  nothing  about  it  in  the  ques- 
tion ;  he  simply  gave  two  points  on  the  curve,  aud  their 
respective  distances  from  a  third  point  outside  the  curve. 
If  the  query  was  worthy  of  '"Zero's"  notice,  it  should 
received  from  him  a  more  careful  considei-ation,  and 
ti.  proUibly,  his  reply  would  have  been  less  curt,  and 
._.  ;e  calculat*;d  to  enlighten  the  readers.  In  coucludiug, 
I  would  recommend  aU  those  who  take  an  interest  in 
"lulercommuniaition"  to  make  an  index,  in  which,  \iuder 
suitable  headings,  to  figure  the  p;ige3  of  the  Building 
News  on  whicli  are  to  be  found  the  useful  information 
which  week  after  week  is  supplied ;  very  Uttle  time  is 
required  to  do  tliis  efficiently,  and  it  will  be  well  repaid  in 
the  surprising  amount  of  practical  knowledge,  all  easy  of 
PBference,  that  will  have  been  collected.  S.  B. 


[365.J-ARCHITECTS'  CHARGES.— "A.  B."  will  find, 
with  regard  to  his  second  question,  "  would  the  arclutect 
he  entitled  to  aj  per  cent.,  ire,"  that  Lord  Denman  ruled, 
in  1845,  as  Lord  Kenyon  had  long  before,  that  no  surveyor 
IB  entitled  to  any  percentage  of  the  kind,  "it  being  un- 
reasonable to  suppose  that  a  surveyor  could  be  entitled  to 
a  Tomunei'atiou  fixetl  upon  the  amount  of  bills  which  he 
himself  was  to  regulate  and  settle. "  No  percentage  could 
be  recovered  unless  it  be  proved  that  the  defendant,  at  the 
tune  of  making  the  original  engagement,  was  informed, 
and  undei-stood,  that  such  were  the  terms  upon  which 
compensation  was  to  be  made.  In  other  words,  before  the 
archttc-ct  can  obtain  it,  he  must  fii-st  prove  his  employer  a 
fool;  and  in  the  absence  of  such  proof,  tlie  law  assumes 
that  architects  are,  like  all  professional  labourers,  capable 
of  fintliny  how  to  charge  for  their  labour  on  some  rational 
principle  ;  and  that  the  public,  whatever  misUikes  it  may 
make  iu  hiring  brains,  can  at  any  rate  coufine  its  choice 
10  those  evincing  thia  not  extravagant  amoimt  of  sense. 

Looker-On. 

[36C.]— HEATING  PRIVATE  BATHS.— There  is  uo  bet- 
ter plan  than  by  circulating  pipes  if  they  are  a  proper  size, 
say  not  le.^  than   l|in.  iron,    and  properly  lixed.     Iron 
pipes  for  the  circulation  are  better  than  lead  ;  with  expan- 
oioQ  and  contra<:tion   lead  pipes  are   liable  to  give  way. 
l>»  prevent  the  supply  pipe  ftom  freezing,  caiTy  it  to  the 
■pply  cistern  the  s;ime  n-ay  the  circulating  pipes  go.     The 
•  VpXy  cistern  will  do  fixed  4ft.  or  .Oft.  above  the  bath,  and 
iigbt  iron  cistern   for  the  hot  box  placed  under  supply 
t«ni,   with   vent  pipe  carried  about  1ft.  above  ;ind  bent 
ver  into  supply  cistern.     If  the  bath-room  requires  warm- 
ing, and  there  is  room,  place  both  cisterns  there.     For  the 
acullery  or  kitchen  smk  take  a  branch  from  the  asceuding 
I'ipe,  and  if  there  should  be  a  deficiency  of  water,  the  boiler 
-ill  remains  full,  and  the  water  will  boil  and  ^nve  warning 
lUiout  any  danger,  and  will  work  as  safe  as  a  boiler  with 
ii^D  Lip.     I   know  apparatuses  that  have  worked  on  that 
principle  for  upwards  of  twenty  yeai"s,  and  are  now  in  good 
working  order.  A  Constant  Reader. 


WAGES  MOVEMEIS-T. 

In  Paisley,  the  masons  have  struck  for  GAd.  per  hour. 

The  carpenters  at  Cardiff  are  still  on  s'trike,  and  there 
weins  no  hkelihood  of  a  settlement.  The  strike  Ims  now 
lasted  a  month. 

A  resolution  was  unanimously  adopted  by  the  operative 
Painters  of  Edinburgh,  last  week,  to  the  effect  that  inti- 
Jiation  should  be  given  to  the  masters  that,  on  and  after 
he  t''th  May.  the  wages  be  6d.  per  hoiu"  for  .^l  hours  per 
^•sek.  Overtime  to-be  calculated  as  agreed  upon  at  the 
uwtiug  on  the  25th  February,  namelv,  time  and  a 
[uarter 

Barns letl", — The  masons  and  bricklayers  of  this  district 
lavestruck.  Three  months  ago  they  gave  notice  that  they 
^oiud  strike  if  their  employers  refused  to  give  28.  per 
fwek  in  advance  of  the  then  rate  of  wages.  Other  demands 
•  ere  made,  which  the  masters  look  upon  as  being  of  a  very 
rOitrary  character. 

Stockport.— Last  year  the  masons  here  received  an 
aci^ae  of  wages,  and  shortened  the  hours  of  working, 
ititu  now,  for  an  ordinary  day's  work,  they  receive  fe. , 
°J  *^  a  aight  near  12s.  The  price  of  labour  has  now 
"^Ted  at  such  a  pitch  that  cottage  house  building  has  all 
«••  ceased,    for,   though  reuts  have  increased  to  a  large 

■!,  K  -S^^'  °^"^  ^  °*^^^  higher  Ijefore  a  prudent  man 
ire  Dmld ;  and  this  in  the  face  of  a  reduction  in  the  wages 


of  the  factory  operatives  of  10  per  cent.  The  demand  now 
Is  for  shortijr  hour«.  to  which  the  niast^jr*  say  "  no  ;"  and 
are  asking  the  assistance  of  botii  opei-ativea  and  employer*, 
as  they  contend  tliey  are  fighting  tlio  battle  of  all  whoiuaido 
in  houses. 

♦ 

LEGAL  INTELLIGENCE. 

Action  aoainst  a  Contr.vctor. — The  Court  of 
Queen's  Bench  decided  the  following  case  on  Satur- 
day. A  Mr.  Aduus  and  liia  wife  brought  an  ac- 
tion against  Sir  Moi*ton  Peto  and  others,  contrac- 
tors, to  recover  damages  for  an  injury  the 
female  plaintiff  has  sustained  by  reason  of  the 
negligent  conduct  of  the  defendants  in  omitting 
to  ])ut  a  hoarding  round  an  exc;ivation.  The  de- 
fendants were  the  contractoi-s  for  making  a  sewer 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  Blackheath.  The  defen- 
dants' men  who  were  employed  at  the  cutting  left 
it  perfectly  unprotected  when  they  went  to  dinner. 
Mrs.  Adams,  who  was  out  shopping,  was  in  the  act 
of  crossing  the  road  when  she  fell  over  some  of 
the  works  or  into  a  cutting.  Her  leg  was  wounded 
and  very  much  t\visted  and  injured.  She  was 
rendered  insensible,  and  was  picked  up  and  taken 
into  a  shop  until  she  came  to  her  senses.  She 
was  then  assisted  home — only  three  minutes'  walk 
A  surgeon  was  sent  for,  aud  she  had  to  keep  her 
bed  for  sis  or  seven  weeks,  during  which  time  she 
was  attended  by  medical  men,  aud  was  still  suffer- 
ing considerable  pain,  aud  was  now  an  altered  person. 
The  excavation  was  about  12in.  in  depth,  aud 
the  colour  was  the  same  as  the  surface.  It  was 
about  5ft.  wide,  and  21ft.  long.  There  was 
no  protection  of  any  kind.  The  defendant's  doctor 
and  foreman  came  to  see  Mrs.  Adams.  Shortly 
afterwards  Mr.  Adams  made  a  claim  against  the 
defendants,  and  was  referred  to  their  solicitors. 
The  sight  of  one  of  Mrs.  Adams's  eyes  was  defective. 
The  surgeon  charged  iJlO  for  hia  attendances. 
The  defence  was,  that  Mr.  Adams  had  contributed 
to  the  accident,  and  therefore  could  uot  recover. 
Two  persons  were  left  on  the  spot  as  watchers  to 
prevent  persons  going  across,  aud  called  to  Mi's. 
Adams  when  she  was  crossing.  The  granite 
metal  had  only  been  removed  a  depth  of  four  or 
five  inches.  She  put  her  foot  into  the  cutting, 
and  then  she  fell  down.  The  jury  returned  a 
verdict  for  the  plaintiff'  for  £50. 

Non-Liability  of  Contractor. — A  contractor 
under  the  MetropoUtan  Board  of  Works  having 
completed  a  sewer  beneath  a  public  highway,  aud 
filled  up  the  excavation  iu  a  reabonably  proper 
manner,  a  subsidence  of  the  road  took  place  two 
or  three  months  afterwards  and  caused  a  hole,  in- 
to which  the  plaintiff's  horse  and  cart  ran  in  the 
night  time,  and  suffered  damage.  It  was  held  by 
the  Court  of  Queen's  Bench  that  the  contractor 
wag  not  liable. 

The  Metrofolit.vn"  Ecildinc;  Act. — An  im- 
portant case  under  this  act  was  heard  before  Mr. 
Alderman  Rose  the  other  day.  The  summons 
had  been  issued  at  the  instance  of  Mr.  John 
Young,  the  district  surveyor  of  the  eastern  divi- 
sion of  the  City  of  London,  against  Messrs. 
Plucknett  and  others,  the  present  representatives 
of  the  firm  of  Cubitt  aud  Company,  the  builders, 
of  Gray's  Inn-road  ;  and  the  process  stated  that 
the  defendants,  being  builders  engaged  in  execut- 
ing a  certain  work  in  Harrow-alley,  Aldgate,  did 
wilfully  neglect  to  give  to  the  district  surveyor, 
appointed  under  the  Metropolitan  Building  Act  of 
1S53,  notice  of  the  particulars  of  the  proposed  works 
two  days  previous  to  the  commencement  of  the 
said  works,  and  which  had  been  begun  contrary  to 
the  provisions  of  the  3Sth  section  of  the  said  Act. 
The  circumstances  of  the  case,  as  stated  by  Mr. 
Inderwick,  the  counsel  for  the  complainant,  were 
briefly  as  follows  : — In  September  last,  a  fire  broke 
out  in  the  extensive  premises  of  the  London  and 
North  "Western  Railway  Company,  known  as  the 
Haydon-square  depot  of  that  company,  which  de- 
stroyed an  extensive  range  of  the  warehouses, 
some  of  which  were  underlet  by  the  railway  com- 
pany to  Messrs.  Gooch  and  Cousens,  the  wholesale 
wool- staplers,  and  Messrs.  Allsopp,  the  eminent 
Burton  ale  brewers,  and  other  persons.  To  re- 
store the  premises  the  railway  comf)any  entered 
into  a  contract  with  the  defendants,  Messr.'?. 
Cubitt,  and  the  works  proceeded  with  a  view  to 
accomplish  that  object.  In  the  early  part  of  the 
present  year  the  operations  of  reconstruction  com- 
menced, and  in  February  last  the  complainant, 
Mr.  Young,  the  district  surveyor,  wrote  to  Messrs. 
Cubitt  (the  defendants),  intimating  that  he  had 
not  received,  as  district  surveyor,  the  usual 
notice  required  by  the  provisions  of  the  Act  of 
ParlLament.  The  reply  to  the  summons  was  made 
to  the  effect  that  the  company  was  exempted 
from  the  necessity  of  giving  the  uotice  suggested, 


under  the  pro\'i3ion  of  the  sixth  section  of  the 
same  statute.  The  real  ciuestion  was  whether 
under^exemption  ctudd  prevail  under  the  facts  he 
was  prepared  to  put  in  evidence.  It  was  a  question 
of  very  considerable  importance,  which  Mr.  Young, 
the  complainant,  had  raised,  and  in  which  he  was 
supported  by  the  MetropoUtan  Board  of  Works. 
After  the  evidence  of  several  witnesses,  in- 
cluding Mr.  Yoimg,  had  been  taken,  Mr.  Littler, 
on  behalf  of  the  defendants,  said  that  the  answer 
to  the  summons  was  framed  under  the  6th  sec- 
tion (a.s  already  stated)  of  the  Metropolis  Building 
Act  of  185;i.  That  section  provided  that  from  the 
operation  of  the  Act  were  exempted  the  royal 
palaces,  the  gaols  and  prisons,  county  lunatic 
asylums,  the  Mansion  House,  the  Royal  Exchange, 
the  Bank  of  England,  the  British  Museum,  Green- 
wich Hospital,  and  Covent  Garden  Market ;  and 
then  added  that  the  special  provision  on  which  he 
relied  was  that  any  buildings  belonging  to  any 
canal,  dock,  or  railway  company,  and  used  for  the 
purposes  of  such  canal,  dock,  or  railway  company, 
under  the  provisions  of  any  special  Act  of  Par- 
liament should  be  exempted  from  the  necessity  of 
giving  notice,  as  suggested  by  the  summons.  The 
evidence  showed  that  the  constructions  now  in 
course  of  construction,  with  the  tramways,  lifts, 
and  other  appliances,  showed  that  they  were 
destined  and  intended  to  increase  the  traffic  of  the 
railway  company,  who  possessed  the  power  to  ter- 
minate the  tenancy  of  the  lessees  in  twelve  months' 
notice.  On  these  grounds  he  (Mr.  Littler)  sub- 
mitted that  the  summons  must  be  dismissed.  —Mr. 
Alderman  Rose  observed  that  during  the  progress 
of  the  case  his  mind  had  been  much  divided,  but 
on  looking  at  the  concurrent  circumstances  which 
had  been  proved  in  evidence,  he  was  of  opinion 
that  the^eWdence  disclosed  that  the  new  construc- 
tion was  designed  for  the  purposes  of  the  railway 
company  within  the  exemption  provided  by  the 
Act  of  Parliament,  and  therefore  he  would  dis- 
miss the  summons,  but  mthout  costs. 


ieiicral  Ittnts. 


A  handsome  testimonial  consisting  of  a  silver 
cup  has  just  been  presented  to  Mr.  H.  H.  Bridge- 
man,  architect,  Torquay,  by  the  builders  of  that 
town.  Mr.  Bridgeman,  we  understand,  is  about  to 
take  up  his  abode  in  the  metropolis. 

Efforts  are  being  made  to  restore  the  north 
aisle  of  the  fine  old  Norman  church  of  St.  Mar- 
garet's-at-CUff,  Dover,  which  is  in  a  very  imsound 
condition. 

A  correspondent  announces  the  death  of 
William  Sandilands  (borne  on  the  books  of  H.M.S. 
"  Victory  "  as  W.  Saunders),  the  last  survivor  of 
those  who  carried  the  dying  Nelson  to  the  cockpit 
of  that  ship  at  the  battle  of  Trafalgar. 

A  Paris  paper  says  that  Rosa  Bonheur,  the  cele. 
brated  animal  painter,  has  become  insane,  her 
madness  consisting  in  fancying  herself  au  animal, 
a  goat  being  the  creature  into  which  the  great  ar- 
tist believes  herself  transformed. 

The  annual  dinner  of  the  Artists'  Benevolent 
Fund  (established  1810)  will  take  place  in  Free- 
masons' Hall  on  Saturday,  the  11th  inst.  The 
chair  will  be  occupied  by  Lord  de  Tabley. 

A  carved  oak  font  cover,  designed  and  executed 
by  Charles  Barnett,  of  Salford,  was  presented  to 
the  Church  of  Lymm,  'Warrington,  at  Easter,  by 
one  of  the  p,arishioners. 

The  estimate  for  expenses  connected  with  both 
Houses  of  Parliament  amounts  to  £5.5,137.  Of 
this  sum  £12,198  are  required  for  the  completion 
of  the  clock  tower  and  for  works  in  New  Palace- 
yard.  The  supply  of  gas  and  oil  costs  £5,200, 
and  of  fuel  £1,"04.  The  pay  of  the  poUce 
attached  to  the  building  amounts  to  £1,700, 
aud  £115  are  annually  expended  for  winding  and 
regulating  the  clock. 

The  death  is  announced  of  Mr.  Alfred  King, 
C.E.  He  was  in  the  seventieth  year  of  his  age, 
and  had  acted  as  engineer-inchief  of  the  Liverpool 
Gaslight  Company  for  upwards  of  forty  years. 
During  that  period  he  has  had  to  provide  gas  for 
a  population  which  has  increased  from  about 
•200,000  to  500,000  persons. 

The  streets  of  Memphis,  in  Tennessee,  U.S., 
must  be  in  a  shocking  condition.  A  paper  there 
states  that  a  valuable  cow  was  recently  drowned 
in  the  mud  "at  the  corner  of  Poplar  and  Orleans, 
streets."  The  cow  found  it  too  thick  to  swim  in, 
and  not  thick  enough  to  skate  on. 


316 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


May  3,  1867, 


The  Queen  has  signified  her  intention  of  laying 
the  first  stone  of  the  Hall  of  Arts  and  Sciences  on 
Monday,  May  20.  The  contractors  for  the  build- 
ing, Messrs.  Lucas  Brothers,  are  busily  engaged  in 
making  preparations  for  the  ceremony.  The 
ground  is  being  excavated  to  some  feet  in  depth, 
so  as  to  mark  out  the  amphitheatrical  form  of 
the  building,  and  the  excavation  will  be  covered  in 
with  canvas  to  protect  the  spectators  of  the  cere- 
mony from  every  contingency  of  weather. 

From  the  Industrial  Partnerships'  Record  it  ap- 
pears that  there  are  now  between  2,000  and  3,000 
shareholders  in  companies  based  upon  the  prin- 
ciple of  uniting  the  interests  of  the  capitalists 
"with  the  interests  of  the  workers,  and  there  are 
at  least  8,000  to  10,000  workpeople  employed 
by  these  companies.  These  numbers  are  daily 
increasing.  We  may  add  to  this  constituency  a 
large  number  of  commercial  men,  friends  of 
social  progress,  investors,  and  others,  who, 
though  not  yet  actual  participators  in  the  work, 
are  watching  the  movement  with  great  interest. 

In  a  circular  letter  addressed  to  the  members 
of  the  Royal  Institute  of  Britush  Architects,  Mr. 
Charles  Forster  Hayward  announces  his  retire- 
ment from  the  oilice  of  honorary  secretary 
of  the  Institute,  and  declines  to  allow  himself,  in 
compliance  with  the  inWtation  of  the  council,  to 
be  nominated  again  for  the  post.  Mr.  Hay- 
ward's  reason  is,  that  he  finds  the  duties  too 
onerous  in  conjunction  with  his  own  private 
practice  as  an  architect.  Mr.  Hayward  was 
elected  in  186'2,  and  has  held  the  joint  office  of 
honorary  secretary  along  with  Mr.  Seddon  since 
that  date.  We  are  sure  that  Mr.  Hayward's  re- 
tirement will  be  regretted  by  every  member  of 
the  Institute. 

On  Monday  last,  M.  Charles  Texier,  of  Paris, 
was  formally  presented  with  the  Royal  Gold 
Medal,  which  is  annually  awarded  by  the  Royal 
Institute  of  British  Architects  to  an  emi- 
nent English  or  foreign  architect,  or,  as  in  the 
present  case,  to  some  distinguished  author  in  the 
field  of  architectural  literature.  There  was  a  full 
attendance  of  members  on  the  occasion,  and  Mr. 
Beresford  Hope,  M.  P.,  President  of  the  Institute, 
deUvered  an  interesting  address,  to  which  M. 
Texier,  who  came  from  Paris  expressly  to  re- 
ceive the  medal,  responded. 

The  anniversary  meeting  of  the  Society  of  An- 
tiquaries took  place  on  Tuesday,  when  the  office- 
bearers were  elected  for  the  ensuing  year.  Earl 
Stanhope,  president;  Mr.  W.  Tite,  M.P.,  and  Mr. 
C.  W.  Martin,  M.P.,  vice-presidents;  Mr.  Octavius 
Morgan,  M.P.,  vice. president  and  auditor;  and 
Mr.  Frederick  Ouvry,  treasurer.  Mr.  C.  Knight 
Watson  was  re-elected  secretary. 

On  Saturday  evening  last,  about  forty  of  the 
workmen  employed  in  the  erection  of  Christ 
Church,  Gipsy-hill,  Norwood,  partook  of  an  excel- 
lent supper  provided  for  them  at  the  joint  expense 
of  the  church  committee  and  the  contractors, 
Messrs.  Aviss  and  Sons,  Putney.  The  repast, 
which  was  served  by  the  landlord  of  the  Paxton 
Hotel,  Norwood,  consisted  of  substantial  joints, 
pastry,  &c.,  with  a  plentiful  supply  of  ale  and 
punch.  Mr.  Aviss  occupied  the  chair,  and  after 
supper  the  healths  of  thecommittee,  the  architect, 
Mr.  J.  Giles,  of  Craven-street,  Charing-cross,  and 
the  contractors,  were  drunk  in  a  hearty  manner, 
and  the  men  separated  at  a  late  hour  much  grati- 
fied with  their  treat. 

A  method  of  inverse  filtration  has  been  brought 
out  in  Philadelphia,  which  under  some  circum- 
stances would  be  more  useful  than  the  direct  way 
as  at  present  practised,  It  may  be  thus  described  : 
— Cover  the  mouth  of  a  funnel  with  a  piece  of 
calico  or  muslin,  and  plunge  the  funnel  with  the 
mouth  downwards  in  the  vessel  of  liquid  to  be 
filtered-  To  the  stem  or  neck  of  the  funnel,  which 
is  then  uppermost,  attach  an  india-rubber  tube, 
whereby  the  whale  is  converted  into  a  siphon, 
through  which  the  liquid,  after  rising  through  the 
muslin,  flows  rapidly,  leaving  the  impurities 
behind. 

The  paperhangers  in  the  north-western  district 
of  the  metropolis  at  a  recent  meeting,  passed  the 
following  resolutions  : — "  Resolved:  That  in  the 
opinion  of  this  committee,  the  course  taken  by  the 
London  Trades'  Council  with  regard  to  the 
Royal  Commission  for  inquiring  into  trades' 
unions  has  done  a  very  large  amount  of  injury  to 
the  trade  societies,  and  that  the  said  council  are 
deserving  of  the  severest  censure  of  every  trade 
imionist  in  the  kingdom."  "  Resolved  :  That  no 
written  answers  be  sent  to  the  form  of  printed 
questions  which  has  been  sent  by  the  Royal 
Commission  on  Trades'  Unions." 


Vigorous  measures  are  to  be  adopted  for  the  re- 
tention of  Epping  Forest  as  a  place  for  public 
amusement  and  recreation-  A  crowded  meeting 
of  the  inhabitants  of  East  London,  convened  by 
the  committee  of  the  Commons  Preservation 
Society,  was  held  the  other  day.  The  meeting 
was  presided  over  by  Mr.  Dufiield,  of  Mile  End, 
who  explained  the  objects  of  the  Association,  and 
called  upon  the  inhabitants  of  the  district  to  take 
measures  to  prevent  the  enclosing  of  the  Forest 
by  the  lord  of  the  manor,  as  this  was  the  only 
outlet  for  recreation  ofthe  crowded  population  of 
the  eastern  districts  of  London.  Several  gentle- 
men addressed  the  meeting,  urging  the  necessity 
of  supporting  the  society,  who  intended  taking 
legal  measures  to  prevent  this  encroachment  on 
their  ancient  rights.  Resolutions  were  passed,  by 
which  the  meeting  pledged  itself  to  tight  the 
matter  out,  and  the  proceedings  were  brought  to 
an  end. 

The  annual  general  meeting  of  the  Art  Union 
of  London  was  held  on  Tuesday  on  the  stage  of  the 
Adelphi  Theatre.  In  the  absence  of  Lord  Hough- 
ton, Professor  We^tmacott,  R.A.,  took  the  chair, 
and  was  supported  by  Sir  Walter  Stirling,  Pro- 
fessor Donaldson,  Mr.  Assistant  Judge  Bodkin, 
and  Messrs.  George  Godwin  and  Lewis  Pocock, 
honorary  secretaries.  The  proceedings  opened 
with  the  reading  of  the  annual  report,  stating 
that  the  amount  subscribed  for  the  past  year  was 
£11,345  5s.  Among  the  works  which  will  be  dis- 
tributed among  the  subscribers  next  year  promi- 
nent attention  is  directed  to  an  engraving  of 
Maclise's  famous  picture  in  South  Kensington  of 
the  play  scene  in  "  Hamlet."  The  reserved  fund 
now  amounted  to  £13,567,  and  it  was  decided 
that  next  season  792  prizes  would  be  given  in  ad- 
dition to  the  Parian  busts  to  be  distributed 
among  those  who  had  subscribed  for  ten  years  con- 
secutively. The  amount  expended  on  prizes  last 
year  was  £6,660.  The  chairman,  in  moving  the 
adoption  of  the  report,  said  it  was  deeply  to  be  re- 
gretted that  in  our  Universities  and  schools  the 
last  thing  thought  of  was  the  study  of  aesthetics. 
The  knowledge  of  art  was  not  intuitive,  and  was 
only  to  be  promoted  by  study  and  experience. 
The  works  which  the  society  should  ofter  to  the 
public  were  those  which  possessed  classic  excellence, 
and  at  the  same  time  attracted  the  sympathy  of 
modern  thought.  He  then  pronounced  an  eulo- 
gium  on  art  in  general,  and  said  that  as  Dryden 
had  it,  "  The  pencil  speaks  the  tongue  of  every 
land.'"  The  adoption  of  the  report  was  seconded 
by  Mr.  Assistant  Judge  Bodkin,  and  carried  una- 
nimously. 

It  appears  from  a  letter  just  published  from 
Lord  Romily,  Master  of  the  Rolls,  that  in  the 
autumn  of  last  year  Mr.  Hepworth  Dixon,  in  his 
tour  through  America,  visited  the  public  library 
of  PhUadelphia,  and  was  shown  four  volumes  of 
original  State  papers,  bearing  the  royal  sign  manual 
of  James  I.  and  the  signatures  of  the  Lords  of  his 
Privy  Council,  addres.sed  to  the  Lord  Deputy  of 
Ireland.  Mr.  Hepworth  Dixon,  being  naturally 
surprised  at  finding  documents  of  that  valuable 
nature  in  so  distant  a  part  of  the  world,  made 
further  inquiry,  and  was  informed  by  the  librarian 
that  these  papers  had  been  originally  taken  away 
by  the  Chancellor  of  James  II.,  evidently  for  some 
political  purpose,  and  at  his  death  were  sold  to 
tha  founder  of  the  Philadelphia  Library,  by  whom 
they  were  presented  to  the  library  in  question. 
On  inspecting  the  papers,  Mr.  Dixon  at  once  saw 
their  value,  not  only  for  the  historical  information 
they  contained,  but  also  as  supplying  a  missing 
link  in  the  State  papers  of  Ireland.  He  therefore 
ventured  to  suggest  to  the  Library  Company  of 
Philadelphia  that  it  would  be  a  graceful  act  on 
their  part  to  restore  to  the  British  Government 
papers  of  such  national  importance.  Mr.  Dixon's 
suggestion  was  at  once  received,  and  he  was  in- 
formed that,  if  a  proper  application  were  made 
by  the  British  Government,  in  all  probability  it 
would  be  acceded  to.  On  his  return  to  England 
Mr.  Dixon  communicated  these  facts  to  the  Master 
of  the  Rolls,  who  immediately  brought  the  matter 
before  the  notice  of  her  Majesty's  Government. 
The  Lords  of  her  Majesty's  Treasury  lost  no  time 
in  taking  the  proper  steps,  and  the  Linrary  Com- 
pany have,  in  the  most  handsome  manner,  restored 
these  valuable  State  muniments  to  Great 
Britain. 

A  statue  to  the  memory  of  the  late  Field  Mar- 
shal Lord  Clyde  is  to  be  erected  at  last.  It  wiU 
be  placed  on  the  Parade  in  St.  James's  Park.  The 
sculptor,  we  believe,  is  Baron  Marochetti,  who,  it 
is  to  be  hoped,  will  be  more  successful  in  this  in- 
stance than  he  has  been  in  his  previous  works. 


MEETINGS   FOR  THE   WEEK. 

MoN. — Royal  Institution. — General  Monthly  Meeting,  2. 
Society    of    Eugineera.  —  "On     Water    Tube 

Boilers,"  by  Mr.  Vaughan  Pendred,  7.30, 
Royal  United  Service  Institution.— "Explosive 
Shells  Applied  to  Military  Purposes,"  by 
Captain  G.  V.  Fosbery  ;  and,  "On  the  De- 
magnetisation of  Iron  Vessels,"  the  process 
■will  be  shown  by  means  of  a  model  illustrat- 
ing operations  on  H.M.S.  "  Northumberland," 
by  Mr.  E.  Hopkins,  8.30. 

Tlies.  —  Royal    Institution.  —  "Plato,"    by    Professor 
Blackie,  3. 
Institution   of    Ciril  Engineen;. — "  On  Optical 
Apparatus    vised    in    Lighthouses,"    by    Mr. 
James  T.  Chance,  M.  A.,  8. 

Wed. — Geological  Society,  8. 

Thdrs. — Royal  Institution.— "  Ethnology,"  by  Professor 
Huxley,  3. 

Fri. — Royal  Institution. — "Correlation  of  Force  in  its 
Bearing  on  Mind,"  by  Professor  Bain,  8. 
Royal  United  Service  Institution. — "  Plan  of 
Sustaining  and  Lowering  Ships'  Quarter 
Boats,"  by  Captain  C.  H.  Simpson,  3. 
Architectural  Association. — Special  Business 
Meeting,  7  P-O. 

Sat. — Royal    Institution.—"  Ethnology,"    by  Professor 
Huxley,  3, 


%A  %t\ss. 


TENDERS. 

Bexley  Heath.— For  additions  and  alterations  to  two 
houses  at  Bexley  Heath.  Mr.  W.  B.  Pinkey,  architect  :— 
Payne  and  Balding,  £1.913  ;  Osbom,  £1,697  :  Nightingale, 
£1,513;  Butler.  £1,482;  Soper.  ±1.456;  Elms,  £1,388; 
Manvvaring,  £1,341 ;  Walker,  £1,300  ;  Wise,  £1,299. 

Enfield. — For  building  a  residence  in  Baker-street, 
Entield.  for  Mr.  G.  Riches.  Mr.  F.  G.  Widdows,  archi- 
tect :— Webb  and  Sons,  £2,477  ;  Carter  and  Sons,  £2,330  : 
Rivett,  £2,273;  Hill  and  KeddeU,  £2,265;  Patmao. 
£2, 17tJ. 

FiNCHLEY. — For  sewers  and  other  works  in  connection 
therewith,  for  the  parish  of  Finchley.  Mr.  William 
Farmer,  engineer  : — Bell  and  Robertson,  £2,008  ;  Walton, 
£1,840;  Cheffins.  £1,780;  Keeble,  £1,544;  Young  and 
Fussell,  £1,536;  Sharman.  £1.520;  Pizzey,  £1.499; 
Crockett,  £1,491 ;  Mann,  £1,485  ;  Pni-son,  £1,482  ;  Neblitt, 
£1,402  ;  Wood,  £1,382  ;  Coulaon,  £1,347  ;  Coker,  £1,347  ; 
Thackrah,  £1.341 ;  Davenhill  and  Co.,  £1,331  ;  Baker  and 
Co..  £1,302;  Dickson  and  Oliver,  £1,249;  Falconer  and 
Cowley,  £1,173;  M.  Plowman,  £1,155  ;  Harvey,  £1',  142  : 
Moxou  and  Mutton,  £1,130;  C.  Plowman,  £1,113;  Heal 
and  Weston,  £1,062  ;  Blomfield.  £1,050;  Burgess,  £1.045; 
Davison  and  Prince,  £982. — The  last  nine  are  reserved  for 
fuTther  consideration  and  inquiry. 

HoxTON.— For  a  five-atory  warehouse,  30ft.  by  61ft., 
with  additions,  and  fuur  shops,  at  St.  John's-road,  Hoxton. 
Mr.  Herbert  Ford,  architect.  Quantities  supplied  bv  Mr. 
J.  W.  Denniion:— A.  Rawhns,  £7,398  ;  Piper  and  Wheeler, 
£7,090;  Pritchard,  £6.739;  Turner  and  Sons.  £6,713; 
Brass.  £6,678  ;  Ashby  and  Sons,  £0,531 ;  Brown  and  Robin- 
son, £6,439  ;  Ashby  and  Homer,  £6.321 ;  Henshaw,  £6,098; 
Webb  and  Sons,  £5,984  ;  Robert  Mann  (accepted),  £5,887. 

Leicester. — Accepted  for  Leicester  Lunatic  Asylum. 
Mr.  E.  L.  Stephens,  architect : — Osborne  Bros.,  brickwork, 
shiting,  <tc.,  £8.190;  Osborne  Bros.,  stonework.  £2.819; 
Eagle,  carpenter  and  joiners' work.  £3.890;  Norman  and 
Underwood,  plumber  and  glaziers'  work,  £1,130;  Whit- 
more,  painters'  work,  £306  13s.  ;  Pegg,  ironfoiinders' 
work,  £1.430  ;  Webbs,  gaafitters'  work,  £326  ;  Haden  and 
Son,  steam  engine,  washing  machine,  ventilating,  &c., 
£944  18s. 

London. — For  the  erection  of  house  and  stables,  10, 
Grosveuor-street,  for  Dr.  Weber.  Mr.  E.  A.  Greening, 
architect.  Quantities  supplied  by  Messrs.  Parker  and 
Elger :— Patrick  and  Son,  £5,690;  J.  and  C.  PAnson, 
£5,626;  Rider  and  Son,  £5,568  ;  Cowland,  £5,550;  Ashby 
and  Sons,  £5,466 ;  Piper  and  Wheeler,  £5,440 ;  Simpson, 
£5,417;  TroUope,  £5.342;  Smith  and  Taylor,  £5,189; 
Higgs  (accepted).  £4,948. 

London.— For  additions  to  the  Adelphi  Theatre,  for  Mr. 
B.  Webster.  Mr.  J.  Lavender,  architect: — Fosley,  £1,857; 
Axford.  £1.715  ;  Green,  £l,620  ;  Patman  and  Co.,  £1,598  ; 
Webb  and  Sons,  £1,549. 

LoNGTON  (Staffordshire,)— For  a  theatre,  at  Longton, 
Staffordshire,  for  Mr.  Mathew  Wardhough.  The  cast 
columns,  gallery  beams,  and  joists  included.  No  other 
internal  fittings.  Mr.  James  Rigby,  surveyor,  Longton;— 
Barlow,  Stoke-upon-Trent,  £900  ;  Hervey,  "Longton,  £860  ; 
Colhs  and  Hudson,  Longton,  £810  ;  '  Spicer.  Longton 
(accepted),  £807  ;  Inskip,  Longton,  £802. 

Mile  End.— For  St.  Luke's  Infant  Schools,  Globe-road, 
Mile  End.  Messrs.  Hammack  and  Lambert,  architects:— 
Williams  and  Sons,  £2,790;  Webb  and  Son,  £2,487; 
Ennor,  £2,442;  Gibson  Bros.,  £2,387;  Hedges,  £2,339 ; 
Newman  and  Mann,  £2,336. 

Norfolk. — For  building  a  rectory  house  ?t  BoUham, 
near  Holt.  Mr.  J.  S.  Beulst,  architect : — HaiTold, 
£1,152  Is.  9d.  ;  Youngs,  £1,080;  Corinat,  £1,070  28.  9d. ; 
Chapman,  £93"  ;  Nelson,  £815. 

Plaistow.— For  new  Church  of  St.  Andrew,  Plaistow* 
Mr.  J.  Brooks,  architect  :—Hen8hawe,  £4,785;  Foster* 
£4.620  ;  Colls  and  Son,  £3.680;  Hill  and  Son,  £3,620' 
Hill.  Keddell,  and  Co.,  £3.587;  Higgs,  £3,314;  Perry 
£3,257. 

RoEHAMPTON. — For  ncw  stables,  lodge,  laundry,  and 
new  roof,  and  alterations  to  house,  for  J.  F.  Flemmiah, 
Alton  House,  Roehampton  Pai-k.  Mr.  E,  A-  Greening, 
architect.  Quantities  supplied  bv  Mr.  Gritten  :— Tracy, 
Soutlmll,  and  Watson,  £4,784  ;  J.  a'nd  C.  PAnson,  £4.494  ; 
TroIIope.  £4,475;  Myers  and  Son,  £4,432;  Mansfield, 
Price,  and  Co.,  £4.400  ;  Brass,  £4,380;  Nicholson,  £4,280; 
Higgs  (accepted),  £3,698. 

Waltham  Cross.— For  additions  to  Myddletou  House, 
Waltham  Cross,  for  Mr  H.  C.  B,  Bowles.  Mr.  F.  G. 
Widdows,  architect;— Webb  and  Sons,  £1,847;  Carter  and 
Sons,  £1,770;  Patman,  £1,769;  Hill  and  Keddell,  £1,(36; 
Rivett,  £1,720. 


May   10,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


317 


THE   BUILDING  NEWS. 


LONDON,  FRIDAY,  MAY  10,  1!6T. 


TRADES'  UNIONS'    COMMISSION. 

IT    is   now  nearly   two  months    since   the 
Royal    Commission  began  to  take   evi- 
dence on  the  question  of  trades'  associations, 
and  during  this  period  they  have  held  about 
a  dozen  meetings,  and  have  put  upwards  of 
two  thousand  five  hundred  questions  to  eleven 
witnesses.     The  evidence  hitherto  published 
has  been  entirely  from  the  side  of  the  men,  and 
in  defence  of  Trades'  Unions  ;  whether  it  has 
been  in  their  favonr  we  shall  not  at  present 
inquire.  The  witnesses  already  e.xainined  have 
included  the  secretaries  of  the  Amalgamated 
Society  of  Carpenters  and  Joiners,  the  Amal- 
gamated Society  of  Engineers,  the  Friendly 
Society  of  Operative  Masons,  the  Operative 
Bricklayers'  Society,   the  Plasterers'  Society, 
the  Operative  House  Painters'   Alliance,   the 
Operative    House    Carpenters'    and  Joiners' 
Society,  also  the    President    of    the  London 
Working  Men's  Association,  and  the  secretary 
of  the  Reform  League.     The  testimony  given 
by  these  witnesses,  we  need  hardly  say,  was 
unanimous  on  one  point,  namely,  that  trades' 
combinations  on  the  part  of  workmen  were 
perfectly   right  and   natural,  and  had  done 
much  not  only  to  prevent  strikes  but  to  raise 
the  rate  of  wages,  shorten  the  hours  of  work, 
and    altogether    have    tended   to   better  the 
condition,  socially  and  morally,  of  their  mem- 
bers.    The  Commission  are  now  turning  their 
attention  to  the  other  side  of  the  question,  and 
are  hearing  the  opinions  of  the  masters.     The 
Commission  had   a  sitting  on  the  30th  lilt, 
when  Mr.  Thomas  Piper  was  examined.     He 
stated  that  he  was  secretary  to  the   London 
Master  Builders'  Society.     The   society  was 
formed  in  1834  by  fifteen  builders,  who  met 
and  resolved  "  That  the  parties   now  present 
do  form  themselves  into  an  association  to  be 
called  the   Builders'   Society,   the   object  of 
which  is  to  promote  a  friendly  feeling  and  the 
interchange  of  useful  information  among  those 
who  are  engaged  in  general  building  in  and 
near  London."     There  are  now   seventy-six 
members  in  the  society.     Each  member  pays 
an  entrance  fee  of  £3  3s.,  and  an  annual  sub- 
scription of  £2  2s.,  and  the  society  has  at  pre- 
sent a  fund  amounting  to  £6H0.     Being  ques- 
tioned as  to  the  objects  and  rules  of  the  society', 
witness  gave  a  slight  sketch  of  its  history,  anil, 
referring  to  the  various  strikes  among  work- 
men, stated  the  nature  of  the  action  which 
the  society  had  taken  in  each  instance.  It  was 
stated  that  in  September,   1834,  the  year  of 
the  society's  formation,  on  the  occasion   of  a 
8trike  among  workmen,  the  members  passed 
the  following  resolution  : — "  That   in   conse- 
quence of  the  principal  part  of  the  members 
of  this  society  being  at  this  time  engaged  in 
a  strike  with  the  workmen  upon  the  subject 
of  Trades'  Unions,  in  which  certain  builders 
had  not  thought  proper  to  join,  it  is  inexpe- 
dient to  proceed  in  the  election  of  any  such 
builder  whose  name  may  be  proposed,  as  the 
result  of  the  ballot  might  be  to  exclude  from 
this  society,  upon  a  question  of  only  tempo- 
rary interest,  gentlemen  whom  it  would   be 
desirable  to  enrol  amongst  its  members,"  and 
for  that  reason  it  was  resolved  "that  the  ballot 
of  Mr.  James  Bridger  be  postponed."  Witness 
read  this  to  show  that  the   society  itself  was 
not,  as  a  society,  engaged  in  the  strike  at  all. 
The  society  took  no  action,  but  the  trade  was 
Bumraoned  by  public  advertisement,   and  a 
committee  was  formed  on  that  occasion,  and 
workmen  were  asked  to  sign  a  declaration, 
bat,  added  >\dtness,  they  have    never  since 
been  asked  to  sign  one,   though  thev  have 
been  asked  to  make  a   declaration,    "in   the 
strike  of  1859  and  1860  the  men  were  asked 
to ''make  a  declaration,  but  not  to  sign  one." 
Asked  :  How  could  a  man  make  a  declaration 


without  signing  it  :  in  what  form  was  it 
done  ? — He  would  merely  have  to  state  it. — 
What  was  the  declaration  they  were  asked  to 
make  i — We  declare  that  we  are  not  members 
of  any  trades'  unions.  The  witness  seemed 
to  imply  that  the  reason  why  the  men  were 
asked  merely  to  make  instead  of  sign  a  de- 
claration was  owing  to  thedifliculty  of  obtain- 
ing signatures  in  1834:  "  the  use  of  the  pen  to  a 
man  not  accustomed  to  it  is  so  difficult  that  it 
seemed  to  appal  a  great  many  of  them." 
Passing  to  the  question  of  overtime  it  was  ex 
|)lained  that  the  four  o'clock  movement  origi- 
natedin  LS47  bythemenaskingtoleaveoffivork 
on  Saturday  at  that  hour.  There  was  consider- 
able dilference  of  opinion  among  the  masters 
on  the  subject,  though  personally  witness  was 
in  favour  of  it,  because  he  thought  it  was  fair 
that  the  men  should  have  their  wages  so  paid 
that  they  might  walk  home  in  the  master's 
time,  which  they  would  do  by  leaving  olf  at 
four  o'clock.  Ultimately,  the  request  was 
conceded,  though  no  resolution  was  adopted 
or  recorded,  "  it  having  never  been  the  custom 
of  the  society  to  prescribe  rules  to  its  mem- 
bers in  matters  relating  to  the  management  of 
the  concerns,  or  arrangements  with  workmen 
in  their  em])loy."  It  was  admitted  that  when 
in  May,  1853,  the  carpenters  and  joiners  de- 
manded 6d.  a  day  extra  a  meeting  ot  the  trade 
took  place,  and  a  resolution  was  recorded  in 
the  books  of  the  society  to  the  effect  that  the 
demand  for  labour  at  that  time  did  not  war- 
rant an  advance  of  wages.  The  trade  re- 
corded a  similar  resolution  in  regard  to  a  like 
demand  on  the  part  of  the  carpenters 
and  bricklayers  at  the  same  dale,  declaring 
that  it  was  not  expedient  either  for  workmen 
or  employers  to  attempt  toestablisha  standard 
rate  of  wages.  AVhile  it  was  the  opinion  of 
the  trade  that  the  wages  paid  at  the  time  was 
fair  and  ample,  the  resolution  added  "  but 
there  can  be  no  objection  to  superior  workmen 
being  remunerated  according  to  their  respec- 
tive merits  ;  that  other  and -better  methods  of 
determining  such  questions  as  the  rate  of  wages 
and  regulations  of  employment  may  well  be 
found,  or  it  is  to  be  feared  that  the  employers 
will  be  forced  into  a  combination  in  self- 
defence,  a  course  gr.eatly  to  be  deprecated." 
After  mentioning  other  demands  on  the  part 
of  the  men  at  different  periods,  which  were 
granted  by  the  masters,  witness  said  he  did  I 
not  think  that  there  would  have  been  an  in-  i 
crease  of  wages  but  for  these  applications  to 
masters,  and  yet  he  did  not  think  that  the 
rise  had  taken  place  under  the  influence  of 
the  unions.  There  had  been  an  enormous  in- 
crease of  building  everywhere  of  late  years,  and 
contractors  were  willing  to  pay  any  price  to 
get  the  work  done  in  time.  He  believed 
that  throughout  these  disputes  the  one  main 
point  with  the  men  was  to  establish  the  prin- 
ciple of  equality  of  wages,  or  something 
approaching  to  that — an  object  which  he 
considered  a  bad  one  as  far  as  the  benefit  of 
the  public  went.  It  would  be  better  if  men 
were  paid  more  according  to  what  they  were 
worth — a  principle  which  operates  success- 
fully in  businesses  of  every  kind.  His  wish 
was  that  the  arrangement  between  masters 
and  workmen  should  be  on  the  same  prin- 
ciple as  that  between  the  buyer  and  seller.  In 
answer  to  a  question  as  to  whether  he  con- 
sidered the  members  of  trades'  unions  to  be 
bad  or  good  men  in  the  trade  generally, 
witness  replied,  "  Well,  they  are  of  all  sorts.  I 
do  not  think  that  you  can  say  either  that  they 
are  bad  or  that  they  are  good."  He  thought  that 
in  the  first  instance  the  unions  originated 
among  the  superior  workmen,  but  then  it  was 
by  engrafting  upon  the  benefit  societies  rules 
which  were  of  such  a  character  as  to  be  found 
fault  with.  He  did  not  remember  any  in- 
stances of  employers  wishing  to  give  to  certain 
men  higher  wages  than  the  ordinary  workmen 
were  receiving,  and  opposition  being  offered 
Ijy  trade  societies,  but  there  have  been  cases 
where,  when  lower  wages  were  offered,  there 
has  been  objection  raised,  and  that  is  one 
difficulty  caused  by  unions. ^Witness  was 
asked  if  he  was  aware  whether  the  members 


of  his  association  had  in  any  instance  sup- 
ported firms  where  the  men  had  been  ou 
strike,  and  assisted  them  to  resist  the  strike. 
— He  replied  :  I  do  not  know  of  any.  It  is 
the  custom  of  the  association  to  blackball  a 
man  if  they  think  he  has  not  the  same  degree  of 
honourable  feeling  as  therestoflheassociation. 
With  reference  to  the  practice  ofscainpiiig  build- 
ing, witness  staled Ihathedidnotthinkthatany 
lueiubers  of  lii;  society  would  do  anything  of 
the  sort.  He  explained  that  there  are  genuine 
and  honest  "pockets";  as,  for  instance,  if  a 
Hue  over  a  fireplace  is  gathered  in  to  the  size 
of  the  fiue,  there  is  a  space  there  which  does 
not  touch  the  substance  of  the  wall  itself, 
which,  remarked  witness,  it  would  be  absurd 
and  rather  injurious  to  fill  in  with  solid 
brickwork — that  is  called  a  pocket.  Again, 
it  sometimes  happens  that  where  a  brick  wall 
is  required  which  is  to  be  supported  on  iron 
bearers,  pockets  are  introduced  to  lighten 
the  weight  which  these  girders  would  other- 
wise have  to  bear.  He  had  seen  some  of  the 
foreign  timber  work,  windows,  sashes,  doors, 
and  so  forth,  which  had  been  imported,  and 
he  thought  it  would  be  e.xceediiigly  well 
adapted  for  an  inferior  class  of  houses,  but  it 
cannot  have  been  much  used,  as  very  little 
had  come  over. — Asked  :  Comparing  the  state 
of  things  when  you  were  a  young  man  with 
the  state  of  things  when  you  left  off"  [about 
seven  years  ago],  was  there  any  real  tUffer- 
ence  as  to  the  amount  of  work  done  and  the 
skill?— Yes. — In  what  way? — I  do  not  think 
that  the  men  were  so  industrious. — That  they 
did  not  do  so  much  work  ? — That  is  so. — But 
was  it  as  well  done  as  before  ? — There  are  as 
highly  skilled  men  now  as  there  ever  were, 
and,  in  fact,  a  mason  must  be  a  well-skilled 
man,  because  his  stroke  his  irrevocable.  A 
carpenter  can  glue  a  bit  on  if  he  makes  a  mis- 
take, but  a  mason  cannot.  This  concluded 
Mr.  Piper's  examination. 


ON     SOME     RECENT     STATUES    AT 
MANCHESTER. 

WE  have  been  waiting  the  completion  of 
the  Cobden  Memorial  in  St.  Anne's- 
square,  Manchester,  to  review  both  this  work 
and  the  recently  uncovered  one  of  Prince 
Albert,  in  the  so-called  sc[uare  of  that  name. 
Both  these  are  important  works,  and  the 
latter  is  decidedly  an  ambitious  one.  With 
the  general  form  and  outline  of  the  Albert 
Memorial  most  of  our  readers  are  undoubtedly 
familiar.  It  is  very  advantageously  situated 
in  the  centre  of  an  open  triangular  place  of 
considerable  area,  and  is  from  the  design  of 
Mr.  Worthiugton,  whom  popular  report 
already  indicates  as  the  future  architect  for 
the  new  Townhall,  which  is  to  iaceit;  the 
competition  for  which,  by-the-bye,  is  now 
postponed  from  July  till  August  the  1st.  A 
flight  of  steps  leads  up  to  some  iron  railings, 
of  which  we  shall  hereafter  speak  ;  from  the 
top  of  these  stone  steps_  rises  a  well-designed 
square  panelled  base,  above  which  are  four 
open  archways,  flanked  by  square  buttress- 
piers,  supporting  an  octagon  spirelet.  Such 
are  the  main  features  of  the  outline,  and  so 
far  monumental.  Had  the  detail  partaken 
of  the  same  spirit  the  work  might  have  been 
one  of  art  ;  but  unfortunately  the  reverse  is 
the  case.  The  mouldings  are  thin  and  wiry  in 
the  extreme  ;  the  valualjle  line  of  the  intrados 
of  the  arch  is  broken  with  "  extremely 
pretty "  cusping  of  microscopic  minuteness, 
and  its  mouldings  belaboured  out  of  all  shape 
by  lilliputian  foliage ;  frittering  little  crockets 
break  its  gable  line,  and  its  spirelet  finds 
itself  unequal  to  the  restraint  of  running  its 
little  course  in  a  straight  line,  but  has  blos- 
somed and  budded  into  dear  little  crockets 
as  it  approaches  the  summit  of  its  purpose — a 
wrought-iron  crown.  Tlie  tympana  of  its 
gables  are  filled  with  perforated  tracery,  taking 
the  highly  appropriate  symbolic  form  of  in- 
terlacing triangles,  and  are  surrounded  by  the 
everlasting  foliage.  Nor  is  all  the  pidverising 
into  little  bits  sutficient ;  even  the  broad  flat 


318 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


May  10,  1867. 


surfaces  of  the  buttress  piers,  wliich,  from  the 
apparent  and  real  work  they  have  to  do 
ought  to  have  been  left  in  simple  plainness, 
or  at  most  banded  by  a  horizontal  line,  have 
stuck  on  to  each  of  their  external  faces  a 
heater-shaped  shield,  surrounded  by  the  garter 
and  surmounted  by  the  crown,  like  the  im- 
press on  a  soldier's  button.  Why  coukl  not 
these  shields  have  repeated  the  correct  form 
of  those  at  the  base  if  repetition  of  shields 
were  necessary  ?  but,  above  all,  why  repeat 
them  here  ?  Each  of  the  four  sides  of  the  base 
are  alike,  and  by  varying  these  and  using  tlie 
tympana  of  the  gables  for  this  purpose,  there 
would  be  ample  room  and  verge  enough  for 
the  whole  College  of  Heralds  to  disport  itself 
"  rampant  and  proper."  Of  the  carving  it- 
self, as  handicraft,  we  must  speak  most  favour- 
ably;  the  execution  of  it  is  admirable,  but  the 
design  is  anomalous  in  the  extreme.  The 
heraldric  bearings  at  the  base  are  as  good  as 
any  German  fllteeuth  century  work,  and  full 
of  the  peculiar  character  of  that  school,  whilst 
the  major  part  of  the  rest  is  of  a  hybrid 
quality,  produced  by  crossing  the  art  of  the 
early  part  of  the  thirteenth  century  of  France 
with  that  of  the  middle  of  the  nineteenth 
century  of  Manchester,  and  the  olfspring  of 
this  union  is  indeed  a  misbegotten  monster. 
We  have  small  doubt  but  that  its  sponsors 
have  given  it  tlie  name  of  Eclectic.  Poor 
things  have  borne  good  names  before  now, 
but  few  good  names  have  been  borne  by 
poorer  misrepresentations  than  that  of  Eclectic. 
"Choosing  at  will"  should  imply  selection, 
but  the  merely  taking  two  incongruous  ele- 
ments and  huddling  them  together  by  manual 
labour  is  not  eclecticism  in  Art.  Had  the  poor 
things  the  slightest  spark  of  vitality  they 
would  crumble  the  stone  asunder  and  rush 
apart  ;  as  they  have  not,  they  remain  flat,  stale, 
and  unprofitable,  to  be  cited,  by-and-bye,  as 
illustrations  of  the  revived  school  of  Batty 
Langleyism.  Alas  !  we  wish  we  could  say 
they  had  the  merit  of  forming  an  unique 
specimen.  The  canopies  of  the  pinnacles 
which  surmount  the  buttress  piers  are  a  con- 
glomeration of  pinnacles,  gablets,  crockets, 
and  intercuspated  cusps  piled  together  with  a 
lavish,  but  by  no  means  cimning,  hand,  and 
contain  beneath  them  statues  mysteriously 
hidden  by  their  own  shrine — what  they  are 
is  not  revealed  to  the  uninitiated.  Beneath 
these  are  other  diminutive  statuettes  of  equal 
indefinitiveness  wluch,  like  the  small  angels 
on  the  spire,  are  flattened  on  their  background 
like  magpies  on  a  barn  door — a  warning  to 
their  species  never  to  be  caught  by  a  ruthless 
hand.  Altogether  the  Memorial  presents  the 
appearance  of  a  very  respectable  gentleman 
^!^  .'  in  his  wife's  cast-oft'  millinery,  and  the 
tnat  an  u.  .  .li^uiflg^^i^  jf  ji^g  theory  be  true 
works  we  Simula  u...,_  ,,.,,,^^if  ^^^^^^  ^.^ 
thmgton   IS   a      nice   jo^m^  .,,  ^^^^  ^^^P  y^^^_ 

tea  party.       But  manv  as  are  ,.  „ 

V  •    .1  •        ■  .,, in  tor  a  small 

we  discover  in  this  monument  the  ,        .  .    .. 

all  is  the  railing.  It  is  a  large  close  gri.  ;' *  P 
the  well-known  models  of  those  at  .  'n. 
Croce,  Viterbo,  and  Verona — the  ordir, 
quatrefoil  arrangement  with  the  usual  folia! 
frieze,  a  grille  to  look  through.  Here  it  './, 
placed  at  the  summit  of  some  half  dozeii 
steps,  up  which  you  ascend  for  the  sole  pur- 
pose of  descending  again.  If  you  do  look 
through  the  grilles  you  simply  see  the  plain 
mouldings  of  the  surbase:  all  the  ornamental 
work  is  high  above  it.  We  have  tried  to 
solve  the  mystery  of  this  railing  and 
these  steps  many  times  ;  it  has  murdered 
sleep,  but  still  it  rises  as  pertinent  and 
insoluble  as  ever.  Why  have  the  steps, 
if  but  to  go  up  to  the  railing  to  examine 
it  ?  Why  have  tlie  railing  at  the  top  of  the 
steps  ?  Why  have  both,  or  either  ?  The 
monument  would  have  been  far  more  digni- 
fied on  a  massive  solid  base,  strong  enough  of 
itself  to  need  no  protection,  and  we  should 
be  unhaunted  by  a  thing  which,  as  Lord  Dun- 
dreary aptly  remarks,  "  no  fellah  can  under- 
stand." The  ironwork  is  very  poorly  executed, 
and  the  escutcheons  of  arms   which  occupy 


the  centre  of  each  frieze  panel  are  so  badly 
enamelled  that  already  many  of  them  present 
the  empty  matrix  only.  The  statue  itself  is  a 
very  "  Noble  "  work  of  art.  It  is  executed  in 
marble,  and  the  cast  of  the  drapery  is  grand 
and  massive  ;  the  modelling  of  the  folds 
of  the  robe  at  the  back  is  a  very  fine  example 
of  drapery  treatment,  and  the  rich  )'et  soft 
texture  of  the  fabric  admirably  expressed. 
The  Prince  is  represented  "  full  in  the  habit 
as  he  stood,"  in  his  peer's  robes,  and  the  ac- 
cessories of  the  costume  are  admirably  ren- 
dered without  being  made  obtrusive.  Un- 
fortunately the  attitude  chosen  is  that  in 
which  it  pleaseth  sculptors  mostly  to  en- 
marble  the  British  suliject — left  hand  on  hip, 
right  hand  and  leg  thrown  forward,  head  anci 
left  leg  thrown  back,  in  right  hand  something. 
Ihis  seems  to  be  a  formula  religiously  ad- 
hered to,  and  another  example  of  this  pnse  is 
already  given  to  Manchester  in  the  Peel  statue 
opposite  the  infirmary.  The  attitude  of  the 
Prince  is  not  faultless  ;  the  left  leg  is  thrown 
too  far  back,  so  that  the  weight  of  the  body 
falls  too  much  in  front  of  it,  and  in  its  most 
general  view  presents  that  in  which  "  Ole 
John  Brown "  is  by  popular  poetry  immor- 
talised. There  may  be  another  mystery  in 
this — who  can  say  what  symbolism  and  allu- 
siveness  future  archaeologists  may  not  deduce 
therefrom  ?  Another  query  haunts  our 
mind.  AVhat  is  the  something  the  stock 
prescription  has  placed  in  the  Prince's 
right  hand  ?  It  most  nearly  resembles  a 
French  roll  done  up  with  abandon  in  a  break- 
fast napkin.  What  is  it  ?  We  pause  for  a  re- 
ply! And  meanwhile  will  go  off  to  St.  Anne's- 
square,  and  look  at  the  Cobden  Memorial. 
This  aims,  as  befits  its  subject,  at  a  lower 
mark,  and  yet  we  regret  to  say  hardly  reaches 
it.  It  is  a  simple  unpretending  bronze  figure 
stuck  upon  the  stock  granite  pedestal — made, 
we  presume  in  allusion  to  Cobden's  mercantile 
career,  more  like  an  oSice  stool  in  this  instance 
than  is  usual  with  these  "bad  eminences"  on 
which  our  great  are  placed.  The  attitude  of 
the  figure  is  that  of  a  man  who  finds  some- 
thing curious  yet  nasty  on  the  forefinger  of 
his  right  hand,  and  the  sculptor  has  been 
singularly  happy  in  catching  the  expression  of 
mingled  inquiry  and  disgust  depicted  on  the 
human  countenance  imder  these  tr3'ing  cir- 
cumstances. Cobden  is  without  hishat,  which 
is  cruel,  but  he  has  a  short  macintosh,  which 
is  kind,  and,  moreover,  expressive  of  the 
care  he  took  in  fostering  the  manufacture  of 
the  district.  The  portraiture  of  the  great 
freetrader  is  said  to  be,  by  those  who  knew 
him,  good.  We  are  inclined  to  think  that  if 
this  be  the  case  Mr.  Marshall  Wood  must 
have  sought  the  aid  of  Mr.  Home,  who  called 
his  spirit  from  the  vasty  deep,  and  has 
accurately  expressed  what  was  in  the  great 
man's  mind  when  he  foimd,  on  re'visiting  this 
sphere,  liow  great  a  mess  his  successors  had 
made  of  that  grand  pie  he  once  had  his  finger 
in.  Yet  with  this  probable  solution  before 
us  we  are  still  inclined  tn  think  the  sculptor 
must  be  a  rabid  Tory,  and  thus  revenges  him- 
self on  the  enemy  of  his  tribe.  It  is  really 
very  painful  to  us  to  have  to  speak  in  this 
strain  of  endeavours  so  well-intentioned, 
but  undeserved  praise  is  keen  satire  in 
'idisguise,  and,  inclining  as  we  do  towards 
uercy,  we  prefer  open,  generous,  and  honest 

yticism,  even  tliough  to  do  a  future  good  we 

\jst  use  a  little  present  caustic. 


1  FINE     ARTS. 

HhiE     ROYAL     ACADEMY    EXHIBITION. 

.T^yjjjI'iPrince  of  Wales  declared  at  the  Royal 
think  w'f"^'^™^^  banquet,  on  Saturday  last, 
have  notf^'''^^'^"'^^  '■°  ^'^^  present  exhibition  1 
verv  conJ  ^^^  ^^y  '^^'  ^^"^  ^^'^^  y^^^^  "^'^ 
authoritVlf,''^''  \  fi"^-^  exhibition."  This  is 
other  hanf  ™^°  '^^' '  ^  '^^  comes  on  high 
plvinc  tT  '"'^  ^"ust  fain  accept  it.  On  the 
average  'r^'  ^  contemporary  critic,  whilst  im- 
^  'Taat  the  exhibition  is  "above  tl(e 
j  a  very  loose  form  of  expression,  tells 


us  that  the  Academic  body  have  produced  com- 
paratively little  of  the  meritorious  portion  of 
the  collection,  and  that  whenever  an  ex- 
tremely bad  picture  forces  itself  into  notice  on 
the  line,  a  reference  to  the  catalogue  will  reveal 
its  author's  name  with  the  initials  R.A.  or 
A.R.A.  appended  to  it.  Sir  Francis  Grant, 
the  president,  speaking  on  behalf  of  the 
Academy,  whilst  _  insisting  that  "  he  might 
point  with  pride  to  the  pictm-es  by  members 
which  tliis  year  adorned  the  walls,"  was  fain 
"  to  recognise  with  infinite  pleasure  the  many 
admirable  works  by  artists  not  yet  members 
of  the  Academy,  but  who  doubtless  will  be  " — 
if  they  live  long  enoughhe  ought  to  have  added, 
the  competition  for  Academic  honours  being 
a  life-long  struggle,  in  the  nature  of  a  tontine 
investment,  to  which  many  come,  but  few 
are  chosen.  Our  own  opinion,  alter  a  first 
survey,  wherein  we  have  taken  account  only 
of  the  more  prominent  productions,  is  that 
the  exhibition  is  "much  of  a  muchness," 
neither  very  good  nor  very  bad,  with,  liowever, 
quite  the  usual  complement  of  daubs;  and 
that  of  the  works  of  mark  contained  in  it, 
a  larger  proportion  than  usual  are  by  "  out- 
siders," who,  as  far  as  Academic  influence 
goes,  may  never  receive  any  return  for  their 
contributions  to  the  general  attraction. 

To  particularise  a  little.  Prominently  placed 
in  the  centre  of  the  north  wall  of  the  great 
room  is  a  Royal  portrait  group,  by  Sir  Edwin 
Landseer,  which  naturally  attracts  a  con- 
tinuous crowd  of  loyal  gazers.  "  Her  Majesty 
at  Osborne,  in  1866"  (No.  72),  is  represented 
still  in  deep  mourning,  seated  upon  a  black 
horse,  whose  head  is  held  by  a  gilley,  -nhose 
sable  attire  and  downcast  look  complete  the 
solemn  gloom  of  the  scene.  The  plan  of  some 
buildings  which  her  Majesty  inspects  and  some 
other  papers  strewn  upon  the  ground  come 
in  almost^as  a  relief,  being  evidences  of  life  and 
its  every-day  calls,  whilst  a  little  pet  dog 
standing  on  its  hind  legs  looking  up  at  its 
Royal  mistress  is  a  pleasing  touch  of  nature, 
which  all  must  recognise.  This  picture,  un- 
pleasant as  is  the  subject,  must  be  remarked 
as  one  of  the  most  conscientiously  and  solidly 
painted  which  the  artist  has  produced  for 
many  years  past.  His  other  pictures  (No. 
1241,  "Deer  at  Chillingham  Park,  Northum- 
berland," and  (No.  144),  "Wild  Cattle  of 
Chillingham,"  are  cumbrous  and  commonplace 
affairs,  which  the  hanging  committee  have 
judiciously  placed  a  little  out  of  the  way  above 
the  line. 

At  a  respectful  distance  on  either  side  of  the 
Royal  portrait  Mr.  MiUais  exhibits  two  <if  his 
favourite  child  subjects,  which  will  assuredly 
enhance  his  fame  in  this  particular  walk, 
however  they  may  aftect  his  status  in  art. 
"Sleeping"  (No.  65)  presents  us  with  a  JB^ 
charming  little  child  taking  its  mid- day  slum-  ■■ 
her,  in  a  cot  of  fairest  sheen,  inimitable  white  '■' 
sheets,  and  exquisitely-quilted  white  satin 
coverlet,  a  broad  red  sash  flaunting  saacUy  at 
the  foot  of  the  bed,  whilst  a  blue  silk  drapery 
suggests  coolness  around  the  head.  The  com- 
panion picture,  "Waking"  (No.  74),  in  point  of 
interest  as  well  as  of  artistic  execution,  is  much 
inferior,  the  up-turned  gaze  of  the  childremind- 
ing  us  a  little  of,  though  by  no  means  an  im- 
provement upon,  Sant's  '•  Infant  Samuel."  In 
ins  more  ambitious  work,  "Jephtha"(No.289), 
Mr.  MUIais  adds  another  proof  of  his  utter  in- 
ability to  deal  with  an  historical  subject.  As 
is  often  his  practice  he  half  hides  the  head  of 
his  principal  personage,  being  unable  to  por- 
tray the  agonized  expression  demanded  in  it ; 
whilst  the  daughter  sits  on  her  father's  knee, 
with  her  arm  round  his  neck,  with  an  expres- 
sion utterly  indefinable,  if,  indeed,  it  mean 
anything.  "The  background  is,  as  usual  with 
MiUaiss,  unpleasantly  closed  in,  giving  the 
appearance  of  crowding. 

ilr.  E.  M.  Ward  is  not  successful  in  his 
Shakspearianattempt(No.  80),  "  Juliet  in  Friar 
Lawrence's  Cell ;  "  the  faces  are  vulgar,  and 
the  composition  crowded  and  awkward.  Pass 
we  on  to  Mr.  Frith's  large  picture  of  "  King 
Charles  the  Second's  last  Sunday"  (No.  132), 
with  aU  its  indecent  carouse  as  described  by 


May  10,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


319 


Evelyn,  and  wliich  we  are  happy  to  recognise 
as  a  work  of  first-rate  merit,  better  worth  than 
a  cartload  of  "  Derby  Days"  and  "  Railway 
Stations,"  to  which,  in  obedience  to  trade  com- 
missions, his  talent  has  lately  been  mis- 
applied. Tlie  central  group  of  the  dissolute, 
but  evidently  time-wom  king,  "with  his  con- 
cubines, Portsmouth,  Cleaveland,  Mazarime, 
&c.,"  his  hand  listlessly  twined  in  the  fair  locks 
of  one  of  them,  is  admirably  studied  ;  the  other 
incidents  of  gambling,  music-making,  flirting, 
&e.,  being  well  displayed  over  the  canvas,  to 
which  we  must  add  that  the  colour  is  richer 
and  clearer  than  we  have  hitherto  met  with 
in  this  artist.  The  late  John  Phillip  be- 
queaths to  us  three  pictures,  the  latest  eflbrts 
of  his  pencil,  which  prove  that  neither  his 
hand  nor  his  fancy  had  in  any  way  fallen  off  up 
to  the  time  when  he  was  struck  with  mortal 
disease.  In  two  of  these  (No.  152\  "O 
Nannie  wilt  thou  gang  with  me,"'  and 
(.\o.  166),  "A  Highland  Lassie  Reading,'  the 
artist  seems  to  have  returned  with  yearning 
to  the  scenes  of  his  native  land  which  inspired 
the  first  efforts  of  his  pencil.  No.  191,  "  An- 
tonia,"  is  a  female  study,  grand  in  character, 
and  broadly  treated,  in  the  rich  and  sober  tone 
of  the  best  Spanish  schooL 

ilr.  J.  C.  Horsley  has  a  carefully-painted 
picture  (No.  143),  of  Roger  Ascham  con- 
templating with  admiration  the  studious 
habits  of  Lady  Jane  Grev,  intent  on  the 
"  Phffidon"  of  Plato,  whilst  all  the  rest  of  the 
family  are  engaged  in  the  sports  of  the  field  ; 
but  we  fancy  we  recollect  something  very 
similar  on  the  same  subject  from  his  hand 
some  years  ago.  As  a  specimen  of  minute 
detaU-painting  alone  it  is  entitled  to  examina- 
tion. Mr.  J.  R.  Herbert  does  little  credit  to 
the  Academic  ranks  to  which  he  belongs  by  the 
cold,  pale,  formal  effigy  of  (No.  158)  "  St. 
Edmund,  King  of  East  Anglia,  on  the  morn 
ing  of  his  last  battle  with  the  Danes,  by 
whom  he  was  captured  and  martyred  near 
Bury,  November 20, A.D.  870;"which  must  be 
looked  upon  as  a  last  weak,  very  weak,  effort 
of  expiring  pre-Raphaelitism. 

Mr.  Leighton,  the  new  Associate,  gives  way 
to  a  vapid  sensuous  mannerism,  both  as  to 
subject  and  treatment,  which  speaks  as  ill  for 
his  prospects  in  art  as  for  his  feeling  for 
healthy  nature.  His  most  tolerable  perform- 
ance is  (No.  405)  "  A  Spanish  Dancing  Girl," 
though  the  atmosphere  is  anytliing  but  that 
which  we  have  known  of  Cadiz ;  his  most 
offensive  (No.  5S9),  "  Venus  Disrobing  for  the 
Bath" — disrobed  should  have  been  the  word, 
as  the  figure  is  entirely  nude,  and  attitudinis- 
ing clumsily  in  a  narrow  cell  between  two 
marble  pillars.  Why  Mr.  Leighton  should 
constantly  affect  these  nudities  we  are  at  a 
loss  to  conceive,  for  neither  in  modelling  nor 
in  colour  is  he  happy  in  his  flesh.  Anytliing 
harder,  colder,  more  putty-like  than  that  which 
he  has  manufactured  onthepresentoccasionwe 
never  saw  in  any  representation  of  humaruty. 
As  an  attempt  at  the  warmth  and  ruddiness'of 
human  flesh,  however  coarsely  produced,  we 
might  even  refer  Mr.  Leighton  to  the 
"Bathers"  (No.  627)  of  Mr.  F.^Walker,  which 
hangs  a  little  way  oft'. 

Amongst  the  works  of  "  outsiders"  we  must 
speak  with  high  commendation  of  Mr.  D.  W. 
Wynfield's  "  Oliver  Cromwell  the  Night  before 
his  Death  "  (No.  494).  It  is  fuU  of  thought, 
and  all  the  more  powerful  for  its  congenial 
simplicity.  The  dying  Protector  lies  on  his 
death-bed,  employing  his  last  moments  with 
holy  reflection  and  prayer  ;  the  light  of  the 
waning  day  falls  pleasantly  upon  the  bed,  at 
the  foot  of  which,  behind'the  curtain,  kneel 
his  daughters.  In  an  adjoining  room,  leading 
backwards,  is  an  impressive  group  of  clergy 
in  canonicals,  also  engaged  in  solemn  de- 
votion. 

Another  outsider,  ilr.  E.  J.  Poynter,  who, 
we  believe,  is  a  young  man,  is  permitted  by 
the  authorities  to  occupy  a  considerable  space 
on  the  linein  the  West  room  witha  scene  illus- 
toraUve  of  the  "  Slavery  of  the  IsraeHtes  in 
^•gypt  (No.  434),  hundreds  of  them  being 
employed  in  dragging  a  huge  aphvnx  to  its 


intended  location,  some  of  themdropping  from 
sheer  exhaustion  imder  the  whips  ot  their 
task  masters.  As  a  bit  of  scene  painting  it  is 
a  clever  performance,  but  the  artist  who  pro- 
duced it  might  employ  his  time,  his  talent, 
and  his  canvas  upon  something  better  if  he 
chose.     Here  we  close  our  first  notice. 


THE  ALTERATIONS  AT  THE 
MANSION  HOUSE. 

THE  alterations  in  the  front  of  the  Mansion 
House,  consisting  of  the  removal  of  the 
iron  railings  and  the  rebuilding  of  the  steps, 
are  now  completed.  The  result  is  on  the 
whole  very  satisfactory,  as  the  public  gain 
about  400  superficial  feet,  the  railings  formerly 
projecting  on  the  average  4rt.,  while  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  Mansion  House  is  little,  if  at 
all,  impaired.  It  has  long  been  resolved  to 
widen  the  Poultry  and  to  make  a  new  street 
from  Blackfriars  to  the  Mansion  House.  The 
increased  throng  which  would  thus  converge 
to  a  point  already  almost  blocked  by  foot  pas- 
sengers rendered  it  necessary  that  some  steps 
should  be  taken  for  giving  greater  accommo- 
dation in  front  of  the  Mansion  House.  This 
was  at  first  attempted  in  a  very  clumsy  man- 
ner by  rounding  ofl"  the  lower  steps  and  cheat- 
ing the  balustrade  and  piers  of  their  fair  pro- 
portions, as  shown  by  a  temporary  wooden 
model  which  for  some  weeks  was  "  tried  up." 
It  may  be  remembered  that  at  the  time  we 
protested  against  this  mutilation,  and  we  are 
glad  to  see  that  the  removal  of  the  railings  has 
enabled  Jlr.  Horace  Jones  to  correct  a  defor- 
mity which  he  could  never  have  sanctioned, 
and  to  produce  as  good  a  result  as  the  diffi- 
culties of  the  circumstances  permitted.  The 
jointing  of  the  balustrade,  strings,  and  rail  is 
constructionally  correct,  differing  in  this  re- 
spect from  the  majority  of  modern  works,  among 
which  it  is  with  regret  that  we  must  include 
the  raking  parapet  to  the  steps  of  the  Thames 
Embankment  at  Westminster.  It  is  of  little 
moment  that  the  staircase  balustrade  of  Dor- 
chester House  in  Park-lane,  should  be  tho- 
roughly wrong,  as  being  inside  the  house  few 
see  it ;  and  though  at  Baron  Rothschild's  new 
mansion  at  Hyde  Park-corner,  the  handsome- 
columned  porch  is  supplemented  by  a  mean 
iron  railing,  it  matters  little  to  the  public. 
The  Thames  Embankment,  on  the  other  hand, 
is  public  property,  is  seen  by  all,  and  no 
trouble  should  be  spared  to  make  the  neces- 
sarily simple  features  as  good  as  possible. 
Before  it  is  too  late  it  maybe  well  to  call  at 


SCREENING  SAND. 

A  PROPER  description  of  sand  constitutes  a 
more  important  ingredient  in  the  compo- 
sition o£  a  good  mortar  than  is  usually  admitted  ; 
and  even  when  its  value  is  fully  recognised  too 
little  attention  is  often  paid  to  its  quality.  There 
are  certain  localities  in  which  good  sauJ  is  always 
to  be  found,  and  again  there  are  others  which  are 
entirely  destitute  of  the  least  trace  of  it.  Some- 
times it  can  also  be  procured  in  a  state  fit  for 
using  immediately,  but  as  a  general  rule  it  re- 
quires to  be  screened.  In  speciticatiiins  it  should 
be  described  as  clean  and  sharp,  (ree  from  all  dirt, 
vegetable  substances,  and  other  impurities.  The 
simplest  method,  and  the  one  always  practised  by 
practical  men  to  distinguish  a  clean  sand,  is  to 
take  up  a  handful,  squeeze  it  well,  and  tUen  ob- 
serve whether  it  comes  readily  off  the  palm,  which 
it  will  not  do  if  there  be  any  very  perceptible 
amount  of  dirt  or  loam  mixed  with  it.  Whether 
it  is  that  we  use  different  proportions,  different 
ingredients,  or  no  longer  possess  the  same  quality 
of  sand  and  lime  comprL^iug  the  mortars  of  early 
times,  it  is  certain  that  there  is  no  comparison 
between  them  and  ours.  It  has  been  suggested 
that  the  inferiority  of  modern  mortar  is  due  to  the 
presumption  that  the  ancients  had  some  peculiar 
plan  of  preparing  their  lime,  the  secret  of  which 
has  been  lost.  Be  this  as  it  may,  it  is  unquestion- 
able that,  considering  the  rapid  manner  in  which 
buildings,  railway  viaducts,  and  other  structures 
are  now  run  up,  there  is  more  than  ever  a  neces- 
sity for  employing  good  mortar.  The  condition  in 
which  building  sand  is  generally  found  is  that  of 
gravel,  which  on  being  screened  yields  sand  suit- 
able for  making  mortar,  and  ballast  for  mixing 
with  Ume  to  form  concrete.  The  weight  of  the 
unscreened  gravel  has  been  found  by  actual  ex- 
periment to  be  25^  cwt.  per  cube  yard;  that  of 
the  ballast  when  screened  25  cwt.,  and  that  of  the 
screened  sand  21 J  cwt.  per  cube  yard.  When 
these  weights  were  taken,  the  material  was  per. 
fectly  dry,  and  the  box  was  filled  loosely  in  the 
same  manner  that  a  cart  would  be,  without  any 
ramming  or  punning  to  make  the  substance  pack 
tighter.  A  cube  yard  in  the  solid  before  excava- 
tion would  weigh  a  good  deal  more  than  the  above, 
and  would  in  all  probability  come  near  to  30  cwt., 
especially  if  wet. 

The  size  of  the  meshes,  or  rather  the  distance 
between  them  in  the  screens,  will  vary  accord- 
ing, as  fine  mortar  for  face  work  and  neat  joints, 
or  coarse  for  tacking  and  rough  work  is  required. 
For  gravel  to  be  well  screened  there  should  not  be 
less  than  four  meshes  to  the  inch,  and  the  great 
point  is  to  get  all  the  sand  screened  in  fine 
weather  and  when  dry,  for  the  difference  in  a 
large  quantity  woidd  be  something  considerable. 
In  the  accompanying  cuts  we  give  an  elevation 
and  section  of  an  ingenious  description  of  screen 
which  contains  some  novel  features.  The  principal 
portion  of  it  consists  of  an  inclined  trough  A, 
which  is  composed  of  a  pair  of  sides  united  at  their 
lower  extremity   by  a  cross  piece  a.      Within  the 


tention  to  the  very  ugly  proposed  balusters, 

a  few  of  which  may  be  seen  near  the  Temple  1 1"'^'''^^  •     ,     >     :•  t>  -       •      ^i       •         i 

T)-  „      ■n„  I,         •      ■        -1  u-i     t       1  r        '  trougn  IS  placed  a  trame  B  carrymg  the  wirework 

Pier._  Perhaps  m  no  single  architectural  lea-  i  The  screen  is  supported  at  the  back  by  two  feet  C 
ture  IS  there  a  greater  difference  than  between  |  c,  and  in  front  by  a  larger  one  C.  The  two 
lialuster  and   baluster.     Ihose  of  Sir  Charles  i  former  are  movable  round  the  points  d  d,  or  the 


Barry  were  always  appropriate  to  the  character 
of  the  work.  The  best  are  perhaps  those  in 
Trafalgar-square,  which  being  in  granite  might 
have  afforded  the  Jletropolitan  Board  of 
Works  an  idea  of  the  proper  method  of  treat- 
ing balusters  in  that  material.  Independently 
of  improper  treatment  as  regards  the  material, 
those  at  the  Temple  Pier  to  which  we  refer 
are  of  as  bad  proportions  and  as  badly  spaced 
as  misguided  ingenuity  unaided  by  technical 
knowledge  could  devise.  It  is  not  too  late 
to  effect  some  improvement  in  these  balusters, 
so  few  having  been  made.  The  coping  or 
rail  of  the  parapet  is  not  good  in  design,  and 
the  balusters  have  not  even  the  rigid  propriety 
of  those  of  Waterloo  Bridge  in  the  same  ma- 
terial. It  is  evident  that  in  this  particular 
no  architectural  or  artistic  knowledge  has  been 
brought  to  bear,  which,  considering  the  vast 
nature  of  the  work,  is  as  contemptuous  to  the 
public  who  supply  the  money  as  it  is  dis- 
creditable to  the  Ijoard  that  should  supervise 
its  expenditure. 


To  drain,  fence,  and  lay  out  the  roads  in  South- 
wark  Park  has  been  undertaken  for  £7,231.     Had 
the  highest  tender  been  accepted  the  cost  would 
have  been  £19,015.     This  is  another  exempUfica- 1 
tion  of  the  disparity  of  contractors'  estimates. 


latter  about  d^.  When  it  is  required  to  set  up  the 
apparatus  the  leg  C  is  thrust  into  the  ground, 
being  furnished  ivith  an  iron  point  for  that  pur- 
pose, and  C  C  are  maintained  in  the  desired  posi- 
tion by  the  fastening  rods  e  e.  Any  required 
degree  of  inclination  can  be  given  to  the  screen 
by  shifting  the  longer  leg  C  ,  thus  increasing  or 
diminishing  the  rapidity  of  the  operation.  It  ia 
not  intended  that  C  should  perform  the  duty  of 
rendering  the  apparatus  perfectly  steady ;  on  the 
contrary,  so  long  as  it  preserves  it  from  falling  a 
gentle  oscillatory  motion  is  favourable  to  its 
action.  At  the  upper  extremity  of  the  trough  A 
is  attached  the  hopper  E  by  the  two  hooks//', 
(see  fig.  2),  and  upon  its  exterior  surface  there  is  a 
cylinder  H  enclosing  a  spring  working  upon  an 
axis.  One  end  of  this  axis  is  connected  with  the 
forked  branch  h  bent  round  to  avoid  the  leg  C',a8 
is  well  represented  in  fig.  2.  The  hopper  also  con- 
tains a  movable  table  U,  which  can  be  adjusted 
to  any  angle  by  the  rod  1,  which  carries  at  its 
lower  extremity  a  fork  n  catching  the  crooked 
branch  h  (see  fig.  1).  This  latter  is  furnished 
with  a  series  of  holes,  and  the  angle  of 
inclination  of  G  is  determined  according  aa 
the  pin  passing  through  the  eye  of  u  is  inserted  in 
one  or  other  of  them.  A  glance  at  fig.  1  will 
point  out  that  the  workman  stands  in  a  position 
relative  to  the  screen  exactly  the  reverse  of  what 
usually  occurs.  In  this  instance  he  stands  behind 
the  apparatus  and  not  in  front  of  it.  He  throws 
the  sand  against  the  back  I:  of  the  hopper  and  it 


320 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


May  10,  186T. 


FIG. I. 


falls  upon  the  movable  table  G.  So  soon  as  a  cer- 
tain weight  is  placed  upon  G,  the  spring  in  the 
cylinder  H  uncoils  and  the  table  drops,  allowing 
the  accumulated  material  to  fa  1  upon  the  meshes 
of  the  frame  B,  through  which  the  smallest  par- 
ticles at  once  pass.  Manifestly,  however,  the 
impetus  acquired  by  the  descent  from  the  table 
G  to  the  scr  een  would  not  be  sufficient  to  cause  the 
greater  portion  of  the  sand  to  pass  through.  In 
tha  ordinary  screen  the  labourer  throws  the  sand 

FIG. 2. 


TH0MPS0:S'3  UNIVERSAL  JOINER. 


with  some  violence  against  the  wires  ;  in  the  ma- 
jority of  cases  with  a  great  deal  too  much  violence, 
as  the  broken  and  enlarged  meshes  of  many  a 
screen  can  testify.  Something,  therefore,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  mere  fall  of  the  sand  upon  B  is  required 
to  accomplish  the  operation  successfully,  and  in 
this  consists  the  ingenuity  of  M.  Fournier. 
Directly  the  table  G  is  freed  from  the  weight  upon 
it,  the  spring  raises  it  again  smartly  to  its  original 
position,  and  in  so  doing  quickly  raises  the 
crooked  branch  h,  which  had  been  depressed  by 
the  action  of  the  spring  as  already  explained.  The 
branch  h  in  rising  strikes  against  the  rod  P,  %vhioh 
in  its  turn  communicates  a  strong  shaking  motion 
to  the  screen,  causing  the  remaining  smaller  par- 
ticles to  escape  through  the  meshes  to  the  ground, 
and  the  larger  to  roll  down  to  the  lower  end  of 
the  apparatus,  where  they  may  be  received  into  a 
suitable  receptacle.  One  advantage  of  this 
arrangement  is  obviously  that  a  second  shifting  of 
the  coarser  particles  or  ballast  is  saved,  as  it  can 
be  carried  away  in  the  mass,  and  the  sand  only 
remains  to  be  shovelled  up  again.  Unless  the 
material  to  be  screeued  is  damp  or  sticky  the 
table  G  and  the  spring  may  be  dispensed  with, 
and  the  operation  conducted  as  in  the  ordinary 
manner,  by  simply  throwing  it  into  the  hopper, 
although  the  position  of  the  screeuer  is  still 
reversed. 


THE  above  illustration  represents  Thompson's 
patent  universal  joiner.  This  machine  has 
now  been  in  use  some  time  and  has  given  great 
satisfaction  to  those  who  have  used  it ;  it  is 
capable  of  doing  a  great  variety  of  builder's  and 
carpenter's  work.  The  machine  is  compact,  the 
size  being  6ft.  by  8ft.,  and  consists  of  an  iron 
table,  which  is  planed  and  perforated  with  holes 
to  allow  of  tlxing  the  work  ;  it  is  also  divided 
to  allow  of  its  being  used  as  a  vice  if  necessary. 
At  the  back  of  the  table  is  fixed  an  upright  shaft 
to  support  a  beam  on  which  are  fixed  the  slides 
to  hold  the  cutting  tools.  This  slide  moves  back 
wards  and  forwards  on  the  beam  at  will ;  the 
beam  also  is  capable  of  being  changed  from  a 
vertical  to  a  horizontal  position,  so  that  the 
person  using  the  machine  can  move  the  tool  in 
any  position  that  may  be  required.  The  work 
the  machine  is  capable  of  performing  is  curved 
and  irregular  mouldings,  rabbets,  grooving  up  to 
the  rate  of  10ft.  per  minute,  plain  mouldings, 
housings  for  stairs  and  ladders,  cross  and  angular 
grooving,  mortises  and  tenons,  dovetails,  planing 
and  sawing,  and  any  other  work  that  may  be  re 
quired,  and  it  is  said  to  le  equal  to  25  men,  so  that 
the  saving  in  time  and  labour  is  immense.  One 
of  the  machines  is  at  work  in  her  Majesty's  dock 
yard,  Woolwich,  and  other  building  yards,  and 
no  doubt  it  requires  only  to  be  more  fully  known 
to  be  more  generally  adopted. 


A  GREAT  FRENCH  ARCHITECT.* 

JACQUES  IGNACE  HITTORFF  was  bom  at 
Cologne,  August  20th,  1792,  and  was  early 
taught,  after  the  old  German  manner,  to  prepare 
himself  for  his  future  career  by  handling  the 
mason's  tools.  In  1810  he  went  to  Paris  and 
pursued  his  studies  under  the  architect  Belanger, 
a  very  able  master  and  kind  friend,  who  con- 
structed the  glass  dome  of  the  Halle  au  Bl^,  to 
cover  the  vacant  area  of  the  central  court  as 
originally  left.  He  continued  to  attend  the 
schools  of  the  Ecole  des  Beaux  Arts,  where  Per- 
cier  recognised  the  abilities  of  the  young  archi- 
tect, and  ever  after  proved  his  constant  friend. 
Upon  the  return  of  the  Bourbons  to  France  in 
1S14,  M.  Belanger  was  confirmed  in  his 
appointment  of  architect  of  the  public  fetes  and 
ceremonies  which  he  had  previously  filled,  and  he 
appointed  his  young  friend  HittoriTas  his  assistant 
inspector,  having  for  his  colleague  M.  Lecointe. 
With  his  colleague,  M.  Lecointe,  he  designed  and 
superintended  the  funeral  pomps  and  burial  of  the 
Prince  de  Conde,  of  the  Due  de  Berri,  and  of 
Louis  XVIII. ;  as  also  on  festive  occasions  the 
marriage  of  the  Due  de  Berri,  the  baptism  of 
the  Due  de  Bordeaux,  and  at  Rheims  the  corona- 
tion of  Charles  X.  They  also  reconstructed  the 
interior  of  the  Salle  Favart ;  and  in  eight  months 
rebuilt  the  graceful  and  commodious  theatre  of 
the  Ambigu  Comique.  In  1S20  to  1823  he  visited 
England,  a  part  of  the  North  of  Germany,  the 
South  of  France,  Italy,  and  Sicily.  In  1S26,  M. 
Hittorff  published  with  JI.  Zanth,  the  results  of 
this  journey  in  the  "  Architecture  Moderne  de  la 
Sicile,  fol.  Paris,  1835,"  and  in  the  "  Architecture 
Antique  de  la  Sicile,  fol.  Paris,  1S37."  I  am 
happy  to  inform  you  that  the  concluding  volume 
on  the  "Sicilian  Antiquities"  was  just  completed 
by  M.  Hittorff  for  publication.  All  the  plates  are 
ready,  and  I  learn  from  his  son  that  he  was,  at  the 
decease  of  his  father,  engaged  upon  the  revision 
of  the  last  part  of  the  text,  so  that  we  may  soon 


*  From  a  paper  read  before  the  Royal  Institute  of  British 
Architects,  April  8, 1867,  by  Thomas  L.  Do-salosox,  Past 
President, 


ixpect  its  appearance.  It  will  be  a  most  inter- 
iSting  section,  as  it  contains  the  total  restoration 
of  a  Greek  Doric  temple  in  all  the  integrity  of  ita 
minutest  parts,  and  many  of  the  vexed  queationa 
will  be  solved  according  to  his  views,  with  the 
reasons  elaborately  explained.  In  1832,  M.  Hit- 
torff published  with  M.  Olivier,  the  celebrated 
architectural  engraver,  a  French  edition  of  the 
English  work  on  the  "  Inedited  Antiquities  of 
Attica,"  in  order  to  complete  the  series  of  transla- 
tions of  the  English  works  which  up  to  that  period 
had  appeared  on  Greek  antiquities,  as  "  Stuart's 
-itheus,"  and  the  previous  volumes  of  the  Dilet- 
tanti Society  upon  the  monuments  in  Asia  Minor. 

Hitherto  I  have  briefly  dwelt  upon  some  of  the 
studies  of  the  scholar  and  the  productions  of  a 
brilliant  author,  rather  than  upon  his  other  more 
immediately  practical  labours  as  an  architect.  I 
think  his  earliest  work  in  the  Champs  Elysees  must 
have  been  the  circular  Panorama,  built  in  1838, 
equal  in  diameter  to  the  Pantheon  at  Rome,  and 
the  roof  of  which  he  supported  in  a  most  original 
manner  on  the  suspensive  principle  by  a  most 
ingenious  arrangement  of  twelve  iron  cables,  and 
which  admitted  the  uninterrupted  passage  of  the 
light  upon  the  picture  of  the  circumference.  It 
was  described  in  July,  1842,  at  one  of  the  ordinary 
meetings  of  the  Royal  Institute  of  British  Archi- 
tects. From  that  time  to  this  the  Champs 
Elysees  have  been  the  arena  on  which  he  has 
exercised  most  happily  his  fertile  imagination  in 
the  erection  of  fountains,  restaurants,  caf^s 
chantants,  and  other  constructions  for  the  amuse- 
ment of  the  people;  the  most  important,  however, 
of  which  is  the  Grand  Cirque  Olympique,  now 
called  of  the  Empress,  built  in  1839.  This  is 
well  known  to  all  who  have  visited  Paris  as  a  six- 
teen sided  building,  capable  of  holding  4,000 
spectators,  for  equestrian  exercises,  above  134ft. 
in  diameter,  and  covered  by  a  roof  without  a  tie 
beam,  the  stability  of  which  depends  upon  the 
circular  or  polygonal  curb  against  which  the  feet 
of  the  rafters  rest;  attached  is  stabling  for  the 
horses  of  the  troupe.  The  decorations  are  con- 
ceived in  the  best  taste,  so  that  the  vastness  of 
the  area  "without  any  central  pUlars  and  the  ele- 
gance of  the  ornamentation  place  it  in  the  same 
rank  with  the  large  and  more  costly  productions 
of  the  like  nature  of  the  times  of  the  ancients. 
In  1S51  a  larger  and  a  more  sumptuous  circus 
was  erected  on  the  Boulevard  des  Filles  du  Cal- 
vaire  in  nine  months,  with  increased  reputation 
to  the  author,  and  enriched,  as  was  also  the  other 
Circus,  with  the  sculptures  of  the  eminent  Pradier 
and  Duret,  and  the  pictures  of  M.  Berrias.  M. 
Hittorff  assisted  in  the  erection  of  the  obelisk  of 
Luxor  in  the  Place  de  la  Concorde,  and  designed 
the  pedestal.  His  inquiring  mind  was  not  satis- 
fied with  the  rude  condition  of  the  rough  and  as 
it  were  fractured  apex,  and  it  occurred  to  him 
that  it  could  not  have  been  left  so  exposed  by  the 
ancient  Egyptians,  all  of  whose  works  are  finished 
off  with  such  precision,  regardless  of  labour  or 
expense.  At  length  it  occurred  to  him  that  there 
must  have  been  some  artificial  finish  to  the  sum- 
mit of  the  monolith,  and  further  research  proved 
to  him  that  it  must  have  had  a  bronze  gilt  cap- 
ping, or  pyramidion,  a  conclusion  which  he  fully 
justified  in  a  pamphlet  that  he  published  at  the 
time ;  but  his  suggestion  was  not  carried  out,  and 
the  apex  stUl  remains  in  its  fragmental  state.  To 
M.  Hittorfi's  graceful  taste  is  due  the  design  for 
the  colossal  fountains  in  the  Place  de  la  Concorde, 
combining  sculptural  and  architectural  forms  in 
an  admirable  manner,  and  the  jets  casting  forth 
volumes  of  water,  more  abundant  than  those  even 
of  St.  Peter's  at  Rome,  and  in  magnificent  con- 
trast with  our  squirts  in  Trafalgar-square.  He 
also  materially  modified  .-.in  other  respects  the 
original  conception  by  Louis  of  what  may  be  con- 
sidered the  most  magnificent  Place  of  all  Europe, 
surrounded  as  it  is  by  the  gardens  of  the  Tuile- 
lies  and  of  the  Champs  Elysees,  the  Garde 
Meuble,  the  portico  of  the  Old  Chamber  cf  Depu- 
ties, with  the  avenues  commanding  views  of  the 
Madeleine,  the  Arc  de  Triomphe  de  I'Etoile,  and 
the  Tuileries  Palace. 

Mons.  Hittorff  was  associated  in  the  erection 
of  the  Basilica  Church  of  St.  Vincent  de  Paul, 
near  the  station  of  the  Chemin  de  Per  du  Nord, 
with  the  estimable  and  accomplished  M.  Le 
Pc:re,*  father  of  iladame  Hittorff.  I  know  not  to 
what  extent  the  conception  of  this  great  church 


*  51,  Le  P6re.  bom  at  P.<u-is,  1761.  deceased  1S44,  w«3 
member  of  the  Scientilic  Expedition  to  Egypt,  and  pre- 
pared manv  important  drawings  for  the  large  work  on  tn»l 
country.  He  was  joint  architect  with  Gondoum  for  tne 
bronze  column  of  the  Place  Vondome,  and  subsequentlj 
contrived  a  most  ingenious  scaffolding,  fixed  on  the  cjipitAi. 
for  raising  and  placing  tha  statue  on  the  monnmeat. 


May  10,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


.321 


was  due,  respectively  to  the  genius  of  one  or  the 
other   of  its  architects,  but   the   death    of  il.  Le 
P^re  occurring  ia  the   course   of    the  Tvork   the 
completion  was  necessarily  directed  wholly  by  his 
son  in  law.     The  Basilica   of  the  Romans  wm  a 
favourite  theme  of  M.   Hittorft',   as   we  know  by 
his  published  restoration  of  the  Basilica  of  Fano 
from  the  text  of    Vitruvius.       On  the   present 
occasion   he  sought  to   realise  some  of  his  early 
impressions,   reconciling   them   with  the    special 
purposes  of  a  Roman    Catholic  place  of  worship. 
The  nave  and   side  aisles,   divided   by  a   line  of 
columns  two  stories  high,  with  a  gallery  and  flat 
roof,  and  hemicyle  at  the  altar  end,  have  a  Tery 
grand  effect,   and   Christianise,   as   it   were,   the 
heathen   elements   of    such   a   disposition.      The 
whole  of  the  details  and  embellishments  are  sym- 
bolically treated,  and  the  colouring  and  gilding 
are  of  the  most  refined  Greek  laste ;  and  notably 
are  to  be  admired  the  magnificent  series  of  stained 
glass  windows,  and  the  decorations  of  the  podium 
between  the  upper  and  lower  ranges  of  columns, 
consisting  of  a  procession  of  the  saints,  male  and 
female,  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  painted 
by  the  inimitable  and  lamented  Flandrin,  the  first 
of  ecclesiastical  painters  of    the   present  period. 
The  church  lies   on   the  sloping  side  of  a  hill, 
which  required  a  magnificent   flight  of  steps  to 
reach  the  portico,  and  this  is  realised  by  a  series 
jf   divisions    of    easy   ascent    and   varied   plan, 
linked  by  balustrades  forming  a  grandiose  basis 
»  the   church  itself.     M.    Hittortt'  had  contem- 
)l»ted  the  decoration  of  the  walls   of  the  portico 
fith  paintings,  as  shown  iu  one  of  the   plates  of 
113    work   on    pulychromy,   illustrating  subjects 
rom  the  Old  and  Sew  Testaments,  to  be  executed 
•a  enamelled  slate  or  stone,  in  the  general  adop- 
Ion   of   which  enduring  process   he   took  great 
iterest,   as  being  peculiarly  adapted  for  mural 
ecoration  of  public  buildings.     These  paintings 
'•ere  partly  executed,  but  did  not  seem  to  meet 
oblic  favour,  and  have  since  been  removed. 
The  notice  of  this  church  leads  me  to  observe 
ae  of  the   peculiarities  of   Paris  in  regard  to  its 
iligious  edifices.     The  whole  city  is  dirided  into 
rrondissements,  with  a  like  ecclesiastical  distribu- 
on.     In   each  municipal  division  there   is   (or  is 
itended  to  be),  a  central  basilica  of  gigantic  pro- 
ortions  and  cathedral-like  arrangement,  each  one 
;  a  cost  of  one  or  two  hundred  thousand  pounds, 
-  even    more,    subordinate,   however,     to    the 
Metropolitan   Cathedral.      Of    this  class   on   the 
jrth  aide   of    Paris   are  the    Madeleine,   Notre 
ame  de   Lorette,  St.  Vincent  de  Paul,  and  the 
larches  in   the   Boulevard   italesherbes,  and  in 
le  quarter  of  the  Chaussee  d'Antin,  now  nearly 
impleted,   and  forming    so    many  ecclesiastical 
Qtres  grouped   around  the  Mother   Church   of 
otre  Dame.     The  municipality  provides  a  like 
us  of  edifice  for  the  local  civil  administration 
each  arrondissement,  consisting  of   a   Maine, 
iiied  out  in  the  like  sumptuous  way  ;   for  hap- 
ly our  neighbours  are   not  satisfied   with   the 
eetion  of  their  buildings,   intended  for   public 
irposes,  in   a    humble  and  niggardly  economical 
uiner,   as   our  police  of&ces,   but  require  that 
ey  should  add  to  the  dignity  of  the  metropolis, 
lese  Mairies  combine  various  functions  for  daUy 
d  occasional   use,   and    they    thus  afford    the 
portunity   of   considerable  architectural   effect. 
■.    Hittorff  executed  one  on   the  Place  du    Pan- 
son,  the  staircase   of  which  is  a  very  striking 
iture,  and  he  completed  the  suite  of  buildings 
posite  the  eastern   facade  of   the    Louvre,  and 
96  to  the  Church  of  St.  Germain  I'Auxerrois, 
a    communal    school,  distinguished    for   its 
angements,    a   presbytery   and    a    Mairie    for 
:  quarter  in  the   Renaissance  style,   repeating 
ae  of  the  leading  features    of  the   adjoining 
iroh.    ■  This,    however,     cannot    be    cited    as 
'■  of    his    successful  compositions.       He     en- 
jed  and  comijleted  near  the  Barri^re  du  Trone 
her  Majesty  the  Empress,  an   institution   for 
reception  and  education   of    three   hundred 
,'hters  of  workmen,  and  he  carried  out  a   dis- 
ition  of  part  of  the  Bois  de  Boulogne  in  confor- 
;•  with  an  original  sketch  by  the  Emperor,  which 
uoe  showed  me  as  one  of  the  curious  treasures 
-is  study.     He    designed   the   circular  range 
circular  edifices  surrounding  the   place  of  the 
>ie  I'Etoile,  and   from  which   radaate  various 
'evards  to  different  parts  of  Paris   and  the 
-rbs.    Time  would  fail  me   to   recite   all   the 
ss  which  our  late  colleague  either  designed  or 
'Jted  during  his  long  and  active  life  of  pro- 
ional  experience.     In  Paris  alone,  whether  to 
north  or  south,  the  east   or   west,     or   very 
re,  we  find  monuments  of  his  skill  and  taste 
'Jsely  scattered.     I  have  not  dwelt  upon  their 
active  merits,  nor  have  I  paused  to  analyse 


their  disposition  or  arrangement,  the  styles  he 
adopted  for  each,  or  the  more  or  less  success  of 
each  effort.  I  address  myself  to  his  professional 
brethren,  who  are  fully  capable  of  forming  their 
oivn  judgment,  and  who  require  no  critic  to  lead 
them  to  a  conclusion.  It  is  enough,  in  such  a 
rapid  notice  as  this,  to  indicate  the  most  notable 
that  the  histiiry  of  our  art  cannot  fail  to  record, 
and  which  are  the  best  tests  of  his  various  powers, 
aud  which  procured  his  reception  in  the  Imperial 
Institute  of  France  in  1853,  the  award  of  our  Royal 
Gold  Medal  in  1S56,  the  election  iu  numerous 
foreign  academies,  and  crosses  and  honorary  dis- 
tinctions from  various  continental  sovereigns.  The 
last  great  work  of  our  friend,  and  which  is  in  effect 
a  colossal  one,  is  the  terminus  at  Paris  of  the 
Great  Northern  Railway  of  France.  This  propy- 
Ion,  as  it  were,  of  the  Egyptian  and  Greek  type,* 
consists  of  three  circular-headed  archways  of  the 
Ionic  order  and  tetrastyle  treatment,  each  crowned 
with  a  pediment  and  graduating  in  size,  and  with 
intervening  Doric  colonnades,  the  whole  consisting 
of  purely  Greek  detail,  and  enriched  with  sculp- 
tures of  the  highest  cla*.".  I  miist  own  t'lat,  im- 
pressed as  I  was  when  I  first  saw  it,  I  felt 
staggered  by  the  audacity  with  which  all  the  usual 
canons  of  art  were  disregarded  in  the  general  com- 
position, and  yet  producing  on  the  mind  a  most  im- 
posing, and,  it  may  be  said,  solemn  effect.  I  have 
stood  at  periods  before  it  to  study  the  elements  of 
the  design,  and  how  the  like  impression  could  be 
produced  by  any  other  more  severe  treatment, 
but  in  vain  ;  and  I  could  not  but  render  homage 
to  the  genius  of  the  architect  who,  by  a  most  ca- 
pricious mastery  of  its  subject,  could  successfully  ' 
render  himself  independent  of  the  ordinary  con- 
ventionalisms of  his  art.  This  is  a  most  strik- 
ing instance  of  the  different  treatment  with  which 
such  stations  are  handled  in  Franco-  and  England  ; 
with  them,  it  is  to  be  a  monumental  object,  to 
impress  the  stranger  with  the  imperial  greatness 
of  the  capital  of  France,  and  to  develope  its  taste 
for  all  the  resources  of  architecture  and  the  sister 
arts  ;  with  us  it  too  often  results  in  a  huge  ma- 
gazine or  shed,  or  an  enormous  refuge  of  a  colossal 
hotel  to  receive  the  wearied  traveller.  I  have 
also  mentioned  his  larger  publications  as  an  author  ; 
but  his  pen  and  fertile  imagination  were  unceas- 
ingly at  work,  embodying  in  memoirs  from  time 
to  time  the  practical  results  of  his  own  observa- 
tions upon  the  passing  topics  constantly  arising 
in  such  an  artistic  circ'e  as  that  of  the  French 
Metropolis,  and  among  numerous  biographies 
one  of  our  distinguished  colleague,  the  late  Sir 
Charles  Barry,  in  1S60.  Another  of  his  most  re- 
cent essays  read  before  the  French  Institute,  drew 
attention  to  the  analogy .  existing  between  the 
fresco  decorations  of  the  Roman  baths  and  of 
Pompeii  and  the  rock  cut  fa9ade3  in  the  vaUey  of 
Petra,  showing  a  complete  identity  of  the  two,  and 
that  the  wall  paintings  of  the  Romans  were  not 
merely  capricious  exercises  of  the  painter's  fancy, 
but  actual  and  therefore  valuable  records  of  exist- 
ing buildings.  The  decease  of  our  latefiiend  is 
the  more  to  be  deplored,  as  in  him  we  lose  the 
sole  surviving  earnest  disciple  and  most  able  ex- 
ponent of  pure  classic  art. 


MAKING    TURPENTINE. 

THE  great  turpentine  country  commences 
about  thirty  miles  south  of  Weldon,  N.C., 
America,  and  thence  extends  to  Wilmington,  one 
hundred  and  thirty  miles  further  south.  It  again 
exter'ds  from  Wilmington,  N.C.,  nearly  to  Florence, 
S  C,  a  distance  of  one  hundred  and  six  mUes. 
In  this  entire  region  there  are  but  few  cultivated 
farms,  and  for  miles  there  is  hardly  a  garden,  the 
turpentine  business  engrossing  the  whole  attention 
of  those  employed  in  it,  and  preventing  them  from 
cultivating  the  soil.  Early  in  the  sea  son,  abou 
March,  the  pine  trees  are  boxed  and  chipped. 
Boxing  is  to  cut  a  hole  or  box  in  the  trunk  of  the 
tree,  about  a  foot  from  the  ground,  large  enough 
to  hold  a  quart  or  two  of  the  sap  or  turpentine, 
and  above  that  the  bark  is  chipped  off  2ft.  or  3ft. 
each  season  until  the  height  of  from  10ft.  to  15ft. 
is  reached.  From  time  to  time  three  or  four 
boxes  are  made  in  each  tree,  which  is  correspond- 
ingly chipped.  The  turpentine  is  dipped  from  the 
tree  into  buckets,  and  from  thence  conveyed  to 
barrels.  The  ladle  is  an  iron  "  scoop,"  which  is, 
however,  rather  flat  in  shape  than  otherwise  :  but 
as  the  turpentine  is  adhesive  there  is  no  difficulty 
in  dipping  it.     From  a  pint  to  a  quart  is  taken 


out  at  each  dipping,  and  sometimes  seven  dippings 
are  made  in  a  season.  A  tree  lives  under  this 
process  about  fifteen  years. 

The  principal  labour  employed  in  the  dipfing 
(which  is  always  during  warm  or  hot  weather)  ii 
black,  under  the  direction  of  white  labourers,  who 
superintend  the  turpentine  distilleries,  by  which 
the  sap  of  the  pine  tree  is  converted  into  spirits 
of  turpentine  and  rosin.  Tar  is  made  from  the 
light  wood  or  most  pitchy  part  of  the  wood, 
melted  by  burning  over  a  cauldron.  The  pine 
forests  are  owned  in  large  tracts,  aud  the  principal 
part  of  the  labour,  free  and  slave,  comes  from  sec- 
tions of  the  state  where  the  slave  property  is  still 
owned,  but  hired  out.  It  puts  a  great  amount  of 
money  into  circulation.  From  175  dols.  to  250  dola. 
perannurais  paid  for  the  slave  labour, but  the  white 
labour  is  better  compensated.  At  Wilmington, 
in  the  turpentine  distilleries,  in  the  coopering  ea- 
tablishments,  and  in  every  branch  of  the  turpen- 
tine labour,  hardly  a  white  man  is  to  be  seen. 
The  proportion  of  white  men  through  the  pine 
forest  region  is  somewhat  greater.  Between 
Florence  and  Charleston,  in  this  State,  the  tur- 
pentine ambition  has  doomed  many  of  the  forests 
to  be  boxed  and  chipped,  though  there  are  some 
landowners  who  regard  it  as  the  part  of  prudence 
to  hold  back  for  lumber:  and  one  of  them  declares 
that  not  a  tree  of  his  shall  be  boxed.  South 
Carolina  is  running  close  upon  the  "  Old  North 
State "  in  the  turpentine  production,  but  cotton 
and  rice  are  yet  her  great  staples. 


*  The  totallength  of  the  front  is  518ft.,  and  the  total 
height,  to  the  topof  the  statue  of  the  City  of  Paris,  is  115ft. 
The  lofty  columns  of  the  interior  and  other  cast-iron  work 
were  executed  at  Glasgow. 


NOTICES  OP  PUBLICATIONS. 

The  Seiuage  of  Tvwns.  Edited  by  Joh.n  Hitoh- 
MAN,  M.R.C.S.  Simpkin,  Marshall,  and  Co. 
Price  3s.  6d. 
We  have  here  in  a  collected  form  the  various 
papers  read  at  the  Congress  on  the  Sewage  of 
Towns  held  at  Leamington  Spa  in  October  last, 
and  of  which  we  gave  our  readers  a  pretty 
lengthy  report  at  the  time.  The  discussion  on  the 
papers  is  also  given,  and  we  have  likewise  a  lec- 
ture "  On  the  Poisons  of  the  Spreading  Diseases," 
delivered  before  the  members  of  the  congress  by 
Dr.  B.  W.  Richardson.  Of  several  of  the  papers 
read  on  the  occasion  named — including  particu- 
larly those  of  Dr.  Hawksley,  Dr.  Letheby  ("The 
Power  for  Good  or  Evil  of  Organic  Matter  "),  Dr. 
Carpenter,  Mr.  Baldwin  Latham  ("  On  the  Utilisa- 
tion of  Sewage  at  Croydon  "),  and  Mr.  C.  E.  Aus- 
tin ("  On  the  Sewage  of  Worthing") — it  may  be 
truly  said  that  they  are  among  the  most  iziport- 
ant  contributions  to  sanitary  science  that  have 
lately  appeared.  The  paper  by  Mr.  Hitchman 
*'  On  the  Removal  of  the  Refuse  of  Towns  and 
Appropriating  the  Same  to  its  Natural  Purpose  " 
is  an  able  plea  for  the  earth  closet  system,  and  ia 
not  the  least  valuable  of  the  papers  in  the  collec- 
tion. We  regret  to  add  that  Mr.  Hitchman,  who 
was  well  I'p  in  all  sanitary  matters,  was  suddenly 
cut  off  before  he  had  finished  his  useful  report, 
which  is  the  last  of  the  many  labours  he  has  per- 
formed in  the  good  cause  he  had  so  much  at  heart. 
We  are  glad  to  see  that  a  movement  is  now  on 
foot  to  erect  a  fitting  memorial  to  Mr.  Hitchman 
at  Leamington,  as  a  tribute  to  the  valuable  public 
services  he  rendered  to  that  town  and  community. 

Tlia  Paris  Universal  Exhibition,  1867. — Her 
Britannic  Majesty's  Commissioners  have  issued 
an  extensive  and  laboriously  got  up  catalogue 
of  the  British  section  of  the  Paris  Exhibi- 
tion, containing  a  list  of  the  exhibitors  of  the 
United  Kingdom  and  its  colonies,  aud  of  the 
objects  which  they  exhibit ;  of  some  of  the  more 
important,  of  these  a  brief  description  is  given. 
The  work  is  printed  in  four  languages— English, 
French,  German,  and  Italian,  aud  has  a  plan  of 
the  British  section  appended.  The  bulky  dimen 
sions  of  the  volume  preclude  it  from  answering 
the  purpose  of  a  portable  or  pocket  guide  to  the 
Exhibition,  for  which  we  presume  it  is  not  in- 
tended,  but  nevertheless  as  a  work  of  reference  it 
wiU  be  found  useful.  The  catalogue  is  printed 
for  the  Commissioners,  and  sold  by  Messrs. 
Spottiswoode  and  Co.,  of  New-streetsquare. 

In  accordance  with  its  custom  the  Art  Journal 
ia  treating  its  readers  to  an  ably  written  and 
beautifully  illustrated  catalogue  of  the  principal 
objects  of  art  in  the  Paris  Exhibition.  The  num- 
ber for  the  present  month  contains  part  II.  To 
those  who  remember  the  .4Tt  Journal's  similar 
catalogues  of  our  own  exhibitions  it  is  not  neces- 
sary to  commend  this  valuable  work.  Nothing 
superior  of  the  kind  we  believe  has  ever  appeared. 
The  same  number  contains  the  ordinary  amount 


322 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


May  10,  1867. 


of  reading  matter,  with  two  tiiU-page  steel  engrav 
inga,  "Christiana  at  the  House  of  Gaim"  (Pil- 
grim's Progress),  from  the  picture  of  John  Gil- 
bert, and  "  Scottish  Lassie,"  from  the  picture  by 
the  late  John  PhilUp,  R.A. 


THE    NEW    ROYAL    ACADEMY. 

THE  annual  banquet  of  the  Royal  Academy 
took  place  on  Saturday,  and  passed  off  very 
Buccessfully.  The  Prince  of  Wales  and  several 
other  royal  personages  were  present,  and  the 
speeches  differed  little  from  those  of  previous 
years.  In  the  course  of  his  remarks  the  president, 
Sir  Francis  Grant,  made  the  following  allusion  to 
the  New  Royal  Academy  : — "  When  giving  the 
health  of  her  Majesty's  Ministers,  I  expressed  the 
gratitude  of  the  Royal  Academy  for  the  site  granted 
to  us  on  the  Burlington  estate ;  but  I  must  be 
permitted  to  observe,  although  our  lease  is  signed, 
and  we  are  busy  laying  the  foundations  of  the 
galleries  to  be  erected  in  the  rear  of  Burlington 
House,  we  do  not  get  possession  of  Burlington 
House  proper  till  the  Government  have  provided 
accommodation  for  the  Royal  Society,  now  occu- 
pying that  building.  When  that  is  effected,  Bur- 
liiigtuu  House — on  which  it  is  proposed  to  erect 
an  additional  story — will  be  the  entrance  to  the 
new  Royal  Academy.  The  upper  story  will  con- 
tain the  collection  of  diploma  pictures  and  other 
works  of  art  belonging  to  the  Royal  Academy, 
whilst  in  one  wing  Gibson's  sculpture  will  be 
placed,  and  in  the  other  the  library  of  the  Royal 
Academy.  These  apartments  will  be  always  ac- 
cessible to  the  public,  and  will,  I  hope,  be  con- 
sidered an  interesting  addition  to  the  galleries 
available  for  instruction  and  recreation.  There 
can  be  no  doubt  that  it  is  most  desirable  that  the 
Academy  should  vacate  its  present  abode  as  soon 
as  possible,  to  afford  space  for  the  constantly  in- 
creasing national  collection  of  ancient  pictures. 
The  Academy  also  long  to  occupy  their  new  gal- 
leries, and  thus  escape  the  sorrow  and  disappoint- 
ment annually  created  by  the  rejection  of  a  vast 
number  of  highly  meritorious  accepted  works 
which  are  returned  solely  from  want  of  space, 
whilst  others  are  of  necessity  placed  in  situations 
quite  inadequate  to  their  merits.  We  also  desire 
no  longer  to  be  obliged  to  close  our  schools  for 
the  three  most  important  months  of  the  year. 
It  is  impossible  to  overestimate  the  importance 
of  this  to  our  students.  It  is  evident,  therefore, 
that  for  the  speedy  realisation  of  these  important 
national  purposes  we  shall  be  greatly  dependent 
on  the  friendly  co-operation  of  the  Chancellor  of 
the  Exchequer.  If  with  his  friendly  a3.sistance 
and  the  sanction  of  Parliament  this  can  be  speedily 
arranged,  a  year  will  be  saved  in  the  carrying  out 
of  these  important  purposes." 


ARCHITECTURAL    SOCIETIES. 

AT  the  general  meeting  of  the  Royal  Institute  of 
British  Architects,  held  on  Monday  evening, 
Mr.  Beresford  Hope,  M.P.,  President,  in  the 
chair,  the  hon.  gentleman  resigned  his  ofBce, 
having  occupied  it  for  two  years.  He  then  pro. 
posed  Mr.  Tite,  M.P.,  as  his  successor,  this  being 
his  second  nomination  to  this  honourable  office. 
The  motion  was  seconded  by  Professor  Donaldson, 
and  carried  by  acclamation.  The  statement  that 
Earl  Grosvenor  was  a  candidate  in  opposition  to 
Mr.  Tite  was  without  foundation.  The  report  of 
the  council  to  the  annual  meeting  given  in  our 
last  was  read  and  agreed  to.  The  following  is 
a  correct  list  of  new  ofEce-bearers  and  Members 
of  Council  of  the  Institute  : — President :  W.  Tite, 
M.P.  Vice  presidents  :  David  Brandon,  Charles 
Barry,  Joseph  Clarke.  Honorary  Secretaries  : 
J.  P.  Seddon  (home  duties),  T.  L.  Donaldson,  Past 
President  (foreign  correspondent).  Ordinary 
Members  of  Council  :  F.  P.  Cockerell,  Charles  F. 
Hayward,  Edward  B.  Lamb,  Joseph  Peacock, 
Alfred  Waterhouse,  Ewan  Christian,*  James  Ed- 
meston,*  James  Fergussou,  F.R.S.,*  Frederick 
Marrable,*  Charles  C.  Nelson,  F.S.A.,*  John  Pear- 
son, F.S-A.,*  V.  C.  Penrose,  M.A.,*  T.  Roger 
Smith.*  Country  Members  :  Matthew  E.  Hadfield 
(Sheffield),  M.  R.  Phipson  (Norwich).  Treasurer  : 
Sir  W.  R.  Farquhar,  Bart.  Honorary  Solicitor: 
F.  Ouvry.  Auditors:  G.  B.  Williams  (Fellow), 
F.  T.  Dollman  (Associate).  The  names  marked 
thus  (*)  are  new  names. 

The  closing  meeting  of  the  session  of  the 
Liverpool  Architectural  Society  took  place  last 
week,  Mr.  T.  J.  Kil(in,  president,  in  the  chair. 
The  president  having  handed  to  Mr.  Deacon  and 
Mr.  Metcalf  the  prizes  awarded  to   them   by   the 


council  for  their  success  in  the   students'    compe- 
titions during  the  session,  Mr.    Boult   laid  before 
the  meeting  a  copy  of  the  catalogue  of   the  archi- 
tectural exhibition  opened   that   day   in  London, 
expressing  his  regret  that  there  were  only  two  ex 
hibitors.     Mr.    Bradley,    the   treasurer,   read    the 
statement  of  accounts,  which  showed  a  balance  in 
hind  of  £10  7s.  4d.     Mr.  Statham,  the  .secretary, 
then  read  the  leport,  in  which  the  council  congra- 
tu  ated  the  members  on   the  prosperous  condition 
of  the  society.  Tweuty-one  new  members  hadbeen 
elected  duringthe  session,  and  the  number  at  pre- 
sent on  the  society's  books  was  160.     The  council 
suggested  that  the  annual    excursion   during  the 
recess  should  be  to  Hooton  Hall  and  East  Ham. 
In  conclusion,  whilst  commenting  on  the  fact  that 
the  society  continued  to  be  highly  thought  of  and 
respected  by  other  architectural  societies  in  Eng- 
land, they  urged  upon  all  the  members,  and  more  es- 
pecially the  professional  members,  the  importance 
of  doing  their  utmost  to  increase    the    prestige    of 
the  society,  and  its  value  as  an  agent  in  promoting 
the  progress  of  the  art  of  architecture,  and  giving 
mutual  information  and  assistance  on  subjects   of 
professional    iuterest.     The   report   and  financial 
statement  having  been  adopted,  Mr.  T.  J.   Ivilpiu 
was  unanimously  elected  president  for   the    next 
session,  Messrs.  F.  Horner  and    W.  H.    Hay   were 
elected  vice  presidents,  and  Messrs  W.  H.    Picton 
Grayson,  J.  H.  Ridsdale,  C.  Hermann  and  Vale  were 
elected  members  of  the  council.     Mr.  J.  P.  Bradley 
and  Mr.  H.H.  Statham  were  respectively  re  elected 
honorary  treasurer  and  secretary,  and    Mr.    Black 
was  appointed  honorary  librarian. 


PARLIAMENTARY  NOTES. 

IN  the  House  of  Commons,  jn  Friday,  Mr. 
Lanyon,  in  rising  to  move  for  the  addition  of 
professional  architects  to  the  committee  for  se- 
lecting a  design  for  the  New  Courts  of  Justice, 
said  that  he  did  not  entertain  any  feeling  but  that  of 
the  highest  respect  to  the  members  of  the  Com- 
mission. The  names  were  a  guarantee  for  every- 
thing that  was  honourable  and  fair.  He  then 
read  a  letter  from  one  of  the  competing  architects, 
who  said  in  the  letter  that  they  had  the  fullest 
confidence  in  the  judges,  but  that  they  did  not 
believe  that  gentlemen  could  decide  such  an  in- 
tricate question  without  professional  knowledge. 
If  the  Solicitor- General  had  a  great  question  with 
reference  to  the  procedure  of  Chancery,  would  he 
bring  it  before  a  committee  of  architects  ?  or  if 
a  question  of  trade  was  to  be  decided  on,  would 
the  bench  of  bishojis  be  the  proper  tribunal  ?  Two 
architects  of  high  statiding  had  already  been 
named  with  whom  the  commission  were  to  con- 
sult, and  it  would  be  most  desirable  that  those 
two  gentlemen,  who  met  with  the  unanimous  con- 
fidence of  the  competing  architects,  should  be 
added  to  the  commission  and  should  have  a  vote 
on  the  decision  of  the  matter.  The  task  of  select- 
ing a  suitable  one  from  the  many  plans  on  exhi- 
bition was  a  most  difficult  one,  and  with  all  his 
professional  knowledge  he  would  find  very  great 
difficulty  in  saying  which  plan  he  would  vote  for. 
He  trusted,  in  justice  to  the  architects  and  the 
public,  that  his  motion  would  not  be  refused. 
He  moved  that  in  the  opinion  of  the  House  it  was 
expedient  that  two  professional  architects  should 
be  added  to  the  committee  appointed  for  the  pur- 
pose of  selecting  a  design  for  the  new  Courts  of 
Justice.  Mr.  Hunt  said  the  competing  architects 
were  unanimously  of  opinion  that  the  two  gentle- 
men who  were  appointed  as  professional  assessors  to 
the  judges  of  the  design  should  themselves  be  ap- 
pointed judges.  If  those  gentlemen  thought  they 
could  derive  assistance  from  the  advice  of  those 
professional  gentlemen,  the  Government  would 
have  no  objection  to  their  appointment  as  judges 
of  the  design.  But  at  ihe  present  moment  that 
could  not  be  done.  The  Commission  must 
be  first  consulted.  Mr.  Cowper  thought  that 
after  what  had  been  said  by  the  Secretary  to  the 
Treasury,  there  was  no  necessity  for  pressing  the 
motion  to  a  division.  Mr.  Lanyon  withdrew  his 
motion. 


I 


MALACHITE. 

F  copper  was  as  inoxidisable  when  exposed  to 
the  atmosphere  as  gold  or  silver,  it  would 
be  esteemed  one  of  the  most  beautiful  as  it  is  one 
of  the  most  useful  metals.  When  polished,  it  is 
of  a  deep  reddish  colour  but  it  soon  becomes  dull 
owing  to  a  portion  of  its  surface  combining  che- 
mically with  the  oxygen  of  the  moist  atmosphere, 
and  forming  a  thin  greenish  coating.  This  green 
oxide  ia  copper  rust.     Some  of  the  ores  of  copper  ' 


are  exceedingly  beautiful,  especially  the  green  and 
blue  carbonates,  the  former  called  malachite.       1 1 
usually  accompanies  the   ores   of   copper,   but    it 
has  been  found  in  the  largest  masses  and  greate-t 
abundance  in  certain  mines  in  Siberia ;  and  Russi- 
is  the    only   country  which  has  attained  distinr: 
tion  for  the  manufacture  of  articles  from   it.      Si 
Roderick   Murchison,  who     has     examined    ths 
Russian   mines,  supposes  that   this   carbonate   o 
copper  was  once  in  a  liquid  state,  and  that  it  grai 
dually  solidified  by  slow  dropping.        Every  mas 
of  it  seems  to  have  been  grouped  around  a  centr: 
in  nearly  concentric  layers,  and  according   to  thi, 
varying  richness  of  the  solution  at  different  periodi 
during  dropping,  the    concentric   layers   vary    i: 
dark  and  light  tints  of  beautiful  green.  The  masse 
of  malachite  found  in  the  Siberian  mines  are  gene 
rally  of  a  rounded  form.     This   mineral  is   softe 
than  marble,  but  it  is  much  heavier,  quite  briUian' 
and  its  green  tints  have  a   silky  appearance.      I 
has  been  held  to  be  a  gem  by  some   writers,   an 
it  almost  deserves  to  be  classed  among  the  preciou 
stones  of  the   jeweller.       It   is   fragile    and   ver 
difficult  to  work.    .Although  seldom  found  in  lumj 
weighing   more    than    201b.,   masses   have   bee 
found  in  the  ITral  Mountains,  in  the  mines  of  Ml 
Demidotf,  of  St.  Petersburg,  in  masses  of   severe 
tons  weight.     It  receives  a  very  high  polish,  and 
chiefly  used  in  the  production  of  rich  inlaid  cabini 
work,   such  as   tables,   mantelpieces,  workboxe 
snuff  boxes,  vases.      In  several  of  the    palaces    ■ 
the  Emperor  of  Russia,  there  are  rooms  in  whic 
the  furniture  is  mostly  veneered  with   malachit 
At  the  celebrated  malachite  works  of  M.  M.  Den: 
doff,  the  largest  pieces  of   malachite  are   first  i 
duced   to   blocks,   then   they   are  cut   into   th 
veneers,  with  circular  saws.     A  block  of  malachi 
being  secured  upon  its  carriage,  it  is  fed  toward 
revolving  circular  disc,  and  fine   sand  and   wat 
are  fed  into  the  cut  until  the   veneer  is  severe 
in  the  same  manner  that  marble  slabs  are  cut  ov 
In  every  piece  of  malachite,  there  are  light  ai 
dark  streaks  of  green,   and   their  curves   are 
graceful  as  some   of  those   in   veneers   cut  frc 
mahogany  crotches.      These  veneers  of  malachi 
are  cut  to  the  proper  form,  so  as  to   combine   t 
varymg  tints  in   the   most  artistic  and   agreeal 
manner.     Every  piece  has  its  edges  cut  with  a 
volving  copper  disc,  then  the  edges  are  ground 
fit  them  accurately  for  the  positions   they   are  ■ 
occupy.      In  a  table  the  framework   of  which 
iron,  the  malachite  veneers  are  set  in  their  prof 
situations,  with  a  cement  made  of  malachite  du 
When  aU  the  pieces  are  laid  according  to  the  p 
pared  design,  they   are  then   ground  down   w 
sand,  and  finally  polished  with  rouge.     No  sea 
can  be  detected  in  the  work,  and  the  play  -  f   t 
light  green  tints  is  really  beautiful.      Some  "i  i 
churches    of   St.     Petersburg     have   columus  i 
veneered  malachites.      It   requires  great  patiei' 
to  work  in  this  material,  as  it  is  so  liable  to  bre;. 
The  greatest  artistic  work  in  malachite  ever  e- 
cuted  was  by  M.  M.  Demidoff,   in  the  form   oi 
set  of  folding  doors  for  a  grand  saloon.     They  w? 
7ft.  wide,  and  14ft.  high,  the  veneering  was  ab't 
|in.  thick,  and  thirty  men  were  employed  a  whlT 
year  in  their  construction. 


DESIGN  FOR  THE  NEW  LAW    COUE'I 

WE  give  this  week  a  double  page  lithograj* 
illustration  of  the  Strand  view  of  '• 
Seddon's  design  for  the  new  Law  Courts.  HavJ 
given  on  March  1  last  an  exhaustive  article  on  e 
design,  and  on  February  22  a  block  plan  of  « 
same,  there  is  no  necessity  for  us  to  describrt 
more  fully  on  the  present  occasion. 


There  is  now  on  view  at  the  Albert  Dock  offii» 
Liverpool,   a   large   and   elaborate   model  of  .8 
scheme  which  has  been  developed  by  Mr.  Lysr, 
the  engineer  to  the  Mersey  Dock  est.ate,  of  iff 
approaches  to  the  landing  stages,  alteration!  )£  , 
the  adjoining  docks,  quays,  &c.     It  is  to  a  seal)'  ^ 
40ft.  to  the  inch;  longitudinally  it  extends  fBs 
the  Albert  Dock  southward  to  the  Waterloo  Ik  ■< 
at  the  north — a  distance  of  nearly  a  mile  ;  wl* 
it  stretches  back  sufficiently  far  to  include  a  f  ' 
tion  of  Lord-street  and  Dale-street,  thereby  i* 
bracing   the    Townhall,  the  New  Exchange,  t 
George's  Church,  and  the  Custom  House,  &c.  '8 
design  shows  very  great  merit  and  is  a  beaul  J 
and  interesting  work  of  art.     It  is  the  product 
of   Mr.   C.   N.  Thwaite,  of  London,  a  gentlei-H 
already  favourably    known    to  the    architect »! 
prof essiou  for  his  truthful  and  artistic  execu  'B 
of  many  similar  works. 


Printed  ty  Wluteman  &  Bas 


ftepfuij-tb-Nm-LHniC^"! 


H.AbtottLith. 


■  'mii\  Mm . 


J. p.  SEDDON,  ARCHT 


May  10,  1867 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


327 


MR.   BERE3F0RD    HOPE   AND   THE 
INSTITUTE. 

11  rR.    BERESFORD  HOPE   has  just  de- 
_[)J_     ?cenJed  from  the  presiJeiitial  chair  of 
the  Institute  to  make  way  for  Jlr.  Tite.     We 
stoutly  opposed  Mr.  Hope's  election,  not  be- 
cause we  thought  that  he  would  not  discluirge 
in  an  able  manner  the  duties  of  chairman- 
ship, but  because  we   considered  then,  as  we 
consider  now,  that  the  President  of  an  Insti- 
tute of  Architects  should  himself  be  an  archi- 
tect.    Everyone  must  admit  that  such  a  pre- 
sidency is  a  post  of  distinction,  and  as  such 
it  should,  ill  our  opinion,  be  occupied  by  some 
man  who   may  have   fairly   earned,   by    his 
works  and  character,  the  good  opinion  of  his 
professional   brethren.      We   know    no  more 
worthy  object  of  ambition  to   set   before   the 
young  architects  of  the  country  than  the  pre- 
sidency of  the  Institute  ;  and  if  the  honour  is 
to  be  won   by  industry,  and  by  devotion   to 
the  advancement  of  arcliitectiu-e,  then  will  it 
act  as  an  incentive  to  correct  conduct.     But 
if,  on  the  other  hand,  that   honour   is   to  be 
conferred  on  privilege,  or  on   some  man  who 
by  his  riches  or  his  title  may  occupy  some 
particular   social   status,   then    the    office    of 
President  of  the   Institute   will  tend  rather 
to  discourage  than  to  encourage  enterprise  and 
'.'•■nius.     Tlie  mildew  of  patronage  has  already 
lieu  too  deeply  into  Art.     Fortunately  archi- 
jture  is  awaking  from  tlie  lethargy  of  ages, 
nut  because  it  is  smiled  upon  by  the  favoured 
few,   but  because   of    a  gradual   art  revival 
which  is   taking   ])lace   siraultaneo\isly  with 
unparalleled  industrial  progress  and    political 
activity.     And  if  architecture  is  to  occupy  its 
rightful  place  in  the    future,   it  must,   like 
engineering,  or  eloquence,  or  poetry,  or  paint- 
ing, depend  on  its  own  inherent  strength.     In 
art,  in  science,  and  in  literature,  the  best  man 
■wins  the  foremost  place  ;  and  it  must  be  the 
same  with  architecture  if  it  is  to  be  vital, 
strong,   and  enduring.      But,   if  the  highest 
post  of  the  chief  architectural  society  of  the 
country  be  conferred  on  the  possessor  of  riches 
or  titles,  or  an}-  other  accidental  circumstance, 
then  a  slight  is  cast  on  an  honourable  profes- 
sion, and  an  inducement  to  activity  will  be 
taken  away.     We  hope,   therefore,    that  the 
mistake  of  electing  an  amateur  for  the  Presi- 
dent  of  the   Institute  will  not  be  repeated. 
If,  Iiowever,  that  mistake  should  be  repeated, 
we  only  wisli  that  such  a  man  as  Mr.  Beres- 
ford  Hope  will  be  chosen  ;  for  he  has  fultilled 
the  duties   of  the  presidency   with   courtesy 
and  with  wisdom.     Having  said  so  much   of 
the  late  president  we  will  venture  a  word  on 
the  present  president.     No  one  could  possibly 
object  to  Mr.  Tite  if  he  were  now  elected  for 
the   first  time  ;    but,  having  filled  the  office 
once,  we  think  the  council  of  the   Institute 
would  have  acted  more  wisely  by  conferring 
the  honour  now  on  some  one  else.     Certainly 
thearchitectural  profession  is  not  so  destitute  of 
eminent  men  that  the  council  must  either  elect 
amateurs   or   re-elect   ex-presidents.     Would 
it  not  have  been  more  just  to  the  profession, 
and  exhibited  more  generosity,  to  have  elected 
8uch  a  man  as   Mr.  Gilbert  Scott,  a  man  who 
oy  his  abilities  has  justly  earned  an  eminent 
name  and  an  enviable  social  position)     When 
Manchester  refused  to  elect  Mr.  Bright  as  its 
representative  in  Parliament,  Mr.  Cobden  at- 
tributed it  to  "  fireside  jealousy."     We  very 
much  fear    that   a   similar   charge    may   be 
brought  against  some  of  the  members  of  the 
council  of  the  Institute  in  this  instance.     But, 
in  humouring   this  jealousy,    they  are  only 
perhaps  putting  a  rod  in  pickle  for  them- 
selves.    They   certainly  do  not  raise  them- 
selves in  the  estimation  of  disinterested  men  ; 
and  should  the   time   ever  come  when  they 
may  be  eligible  candidates  for  the  presidency. 
It  may  be  remembered  that    they  were   not 
actuated  by  the  most   honourable  motives  in 
electing  Mr.  Tite,  after  he  had  once  filled  the 
oJhce,  and  disregarding  the  claims  of  such  a 
man  as   Mr.  Gilbert   Scott  ;  and  possibly  the 
very  seeds   of  jealousv  they  are  now   sowing 
will  germinate  hereafter  to  their  prejudice. 


We  are  sorry  that,  in  the  advocacy  of  the  prin- 
ciple of  ])utting  worth  before  birth,  and  merit 
before  means,  and  also  of  fairly  distributing 
well-won  honours,  we  are  obliged  to  use 
names,  Ijut  we  have  done  so  out  of  no 
disrespect  to  Mr.  Hope,  who  has  acted  so 
judiciously,  or  to  Mr.  Tite,  who  has  now  for 
the  second  time  so  eminently  deserved,  and  is 
so  well  calculated  to  fill,  the  post  of  president. 


PARIS  EXHIBITION. 

lu  the  middle  of  July  there  is  to  be  a  grand 
festival  in  Paris  for  the  distribiitiuu  of  the  medals 
aud  other  honours  of  the  Exhibition.  It  will  be 
held  in  tlie  Palace  de  I'lnduatrio,  in  the  Champs 
Elysees  ;  it  will  hist  for  several  days,  and  it  is 
intentled  that  it  should  be  very  maguiticent,  in 
order  to  make  up  for  the  meagreness  of  the  cere- 
monial at  the  opening  of  the  Palace  iu  the  Champ 
de  Mars. 

The  Monitenr  announces  that  the  subscription 
to  assist  French  workmen  to  visit  and  study  the 
Paris  Exhibition  already  exceeds  £4,000.  The 
Society  of  Arts  have  started  a  subscription  with 
100  guineas  to  assist  British  workmen  iu  like 
manner,  aud  desire  to  receive  subscriptions. 

After  all,  writes  a  correspondent,  we  have  not 
expatiated  for  nothing  on  the  horrible  inconveni- 
ence of  finding  no  means  of  getting  home  from 
the  Exhibition.  M.  Hermann,  a  gentleman  of 
immense  intelligence,  has  organised  the  following 
system,  for  which  service  he  deserves  well  of  his 
country.  He  has  established  two  telegraphic 
offices  at  the  Porte  Kapp,  by  which  communica- 
tion is  opened  with  every  cab-stand  in  Paris. 
Thus,  granted  that  you  want  a  cab,  you  go  up  to 
the  wicket,  pay  50  cents.,  and  mention  at  what 
gate  you  want  a  vehicle  to  meet  you.  The  message 
is  sent.  The  reply  gives  the  number.  Porters 
see  that  the  cab  on  its  arrival  awaits  you  and  your 
party  ;  thus,  in  live  minutes,  you  are  enabled  to 
return  in  comfort  to  your  hotel, 

Mr.  Hodgson  Pratt  has  made  arrangements 
with  the  English  .and  French  railways,  with  the 
Imperial  Commissioners,  and  with  certain  pro- 
visionera,  under  which  200  workmen  per  week 
may  go  to  Paris,  live  in  a  pleasant  hall,  spend  a 
week  in  sightseeing,  and  come  back  again  for  aOs. 
All  they  will  have  to  purchase  for  themselves  is 
their  food  and  an  Exhibition  ticket,  and  Mr. 
Pratt  estimates  the  total  cost  at  about  £3  for  the 
week. 

An  unprecedented  fact  has  occurred  at  the  Ex- 
hibition of  Paintings  which  opened  recently  at  the 
Palais  d'Industrie.  M.  Jean  de  Waldeck,  born  at 
Vienna,  KJth  March,  1766,  but  naturalised  French, 
and  who  therefore  has  completed  his  lOlst  year, 
exhibits  two  oil  paintings,  both  of  which  he 
executed  this  winter.  M.  de  Waldeck  is  the  pupil 
of  David  and  Prudhon. 

Our  contemporary  the  Lancet,  we  observe,  is 
not  very  favourably  impressed  with  the  great 
"  gasometer,"  so  far  as  relates  to  sanatory 
arrangements.  Regrets  are  expressed  that  a  little 
more  attention  was  not  paid  to  details  in  the 
construction  of  the  building,  especially  in  refer- 
ence to  the  ventilation.  "  In  the  plan  originally 
proposed,"  says  the  Lancet,  "special  provision 
was  made  for  the  free  admission,  distribution, 
and  exit  of  air  in,  throughout,  and  from  the  build- 
ing ;  indeed,  for  the  production  of  a  free  current 
of  pure  air.  The  courts,  however,  have  been  so 
constructed  as  to  frustrate  this  desirable  object, 
for  they  are,  many  of  them,  entirely  shut  ofi'  from 
communication  with  the  apertures  of  ingress  and 
egress  of  air,  aud,  as  they  are  of  variable  size,  the 
temperature  in  different  parts  of  the  building  will 
vary  much,  especially  during  the  coming  summer, 
when  there  will  often  be  a  crowd  of  some  25,000 
persons  present.  The  building  will  be  probably 
very  draughty  in  some  quarters,  whilst  in  others 
the  air  will  be  renewed  but  slowly,  at  the  same 
time  that  it  will  be  hot  and  impure ;  visitors  may, 
therefore,  possibly  be  subject  to  the  evils  of 
sudden  changes  of  temperature,  and  the  building 
itself  become  famous  as  a  place  to  get  cold  and 
its  many  consequences." 

England  is  not  behind  hand  in  sending  specimens 
of  her  arms.  In  a  shed  standing  to  the  right  of  the 
main  entrance,  there  are  specimens  of  almost 
every  gun  manufactured  in  England,  and  many 
sections  of  iron  targets  which  some  of  these  guns 
have  smashed  or  pierced.  A  monster  600- 
pounder  Woolwich-made  gun,  weighing  23  tons, 
stands  in  the  centre,  and  on  each   side  of  it  are 


«>me  Armstrong  7  inch  wroughtiron  cannon. 
I'anels  are  devoted  to  showing  specimens  of  every 
tool  of  all  the  trades  in  the  military  service,  and 
■me  case  contains  a  specimen  of  the  Enlield  rifle 
in  every  stage  of  perfection  and  with  all  the  latest 
impnivemi-nts  op  to  and  includingits  adaptation  to 
the  breech  loading  system  by  Snider.  A  new  in- 
vention by  a  serge.ant-m.ajor  of  artillery  is  likely 
to  draw  the  attention  of  milit;iry  men.  It  is  ,v 
gabion  made  of  slieeta  of  tin,  which  can  bo  either 
laced  togi'ther  and  stillcned  with  wooden  trans- 
verse perpendiculars,  or  packed  up  straight  or  iu 
a  coil. 

The  American  department  contains  many  of 
those  ingenious  notions  and  inventions  iu  which 
our  cousins  across  the  Atlantic  excel.  One  of  these 
is  a  small  machine  is  called  "The  Matrix  Com- 
|)ositor,"  invented  by  John  Sweet,  who  is  in  at- 
tendance to  explain  it.  It  is  a  most  ingenious 
contrivance,  and  for  some  sort  of  work  is  likely 
to  supersede  the  i>resent  mode  of  printing.  It  is 
about  half  the  size  of  a  piano,  aud  is  furnished 
with  keys.  Upon  the  top  is  a  revolving  wheel 
with  letters,  which,  upon  the  keys  being  touched, 
press  upon  a  soft  block  of  paper,  on  which  they 
leave  a  deep  impression.  As  tliis  operation  is  con- 
tinued, pages  or  columns  are  impressed,  forming 
.V  mould  from  which  stereotype  plates  can  be  cast, 
the  labour  of  distributing  the  type,  and  the  very 
numerous  errors  caused  in  proofs  by  the  letters 
getting  into  the  wrong  boxes  of  the  type  case, 
being  entirely  avoided.  A  lad  or  girl  could  after 
a  little  practice  work  with  this  machine  faster 
than  the  most  experienced  printer  could  set  up 
type.  It  is,  however,  only  admissible  for  some 
sorts  of  work,  and  this  because  mistakes  cannot 
be  corrected.  For  reprints  it  is  admirable,  but 
for  the  printing  of  original  matter  or  newspaper 
work,  where  alter  corrections  are  needed,  it  could 
not  be  used. 


^iiilbiirg  |iitc([igcitce. 


CHURCHES  AND  CHAPELS. 

The  Bishop  of  London  has  just  erected  a  pri- 
vate  chapel  attached  to  Fulham  Palace.  The 
architect  is  Mr.  Butterfield.  The  chapel  was  con- 
secrated  on  Monday,  with  choral  service. 

On  Wednesday  week  last  Viscount  Grey  de 
Wilton  laid  the  foundation  stone  of  a  new  church 
at  ^ttley,  near  Leeds.  The  building  is  from  the 
designs  of  Mr.  M.  Sheard,  architect,  of  Hatley, 
and  will  be  in  the  style  known  as  the  Early  Geo- 
metric Decorated  Gothic.  It  will  consist  of  a 
nave,  side  aisles,  chancel,  organ  chamber,  vestry 
and  tower,  the  latter  rising  to  the  height  of  146ft. 
Accommodation  will  be  provided  for  500  worship, 
pers,  and  the  estimated  cost  will  be  about  £4,700. 

Calow. — The  new  Church  of  St.  Peter's  here 
has  just  been  consecrated.  The  edifice  consists 
of  a  nave  54ft.  long  and  24ft.  6in.  wide,  with  ap- 
sidal  chancel  28ft.  long  and  17ft.  wide,  and  a  tower 
on  the  south  side,  which  serves  the  purpose  of  a 
porch.  The  nave  is  fitted  with  deal  benches,  the 
seats  hollow  and  the  backs  reclining.  The  walls 
in  this  part  are  plastered.  The  ceilings  are  plas. 
tered  and  stencilled  between  the  rafters.  The 
church  is  designed  after  the  style  of  the  early 
part  of  the  thirteenth  century.  The  works  have 
been  creditably  executed  by  Mr.  Wright,  from  the 
designs  and  under  the  superintendence  of  Mr.  S. 
Rollinson,  architect,  Chesterfield. 

CnRisTcnuRCH  (Hants). — On  Good  Friday  a 
new  Congregational  chapel  was  dedicated  at 
Christchurch,  Hants.  It  is  built  in  the  Italian 
style,  freely  treated  ;  the  walls  are  built  of  white 
and  yellow  brick,  with  gauged  arches  to  doors  and 
windows  .and  relieved  with  Bath  stone  dressings. 
At  the  south-west  angle  is  a  tower  and  spire  100ft. 
high.  The  interior  of  the  chapel  is  75ft.  long  by 
40ft.  wide,  and  accommodates,  with  the  galleries, 
700  persons.  The  interior  of  the  roof  is  open,  of 
framed  timber,  ceiled  at  the  collar-beam,  sub- 
divided into  panels  by  moulded  ribs,8lightly  stained 
and  varnished,  the  ceilings  and  walls  being  tinted. 
The  panels  are  pierced  for  the  purpose  of  ventila- 
tion. The  architect  is  Mr.  W.  J.  Stent,  of  War- 
minster,  Wilts,  and  the  contractor  Mr.  Walden,  of 
Christchurch. 

Easthasipton,  Beuks. — The  new  church  in  this 
parish,  which  has  taken  the  place  of  a  very 
ancient  and  ruinous  fabric,  was  consecrated  by  the 
Lord  Bishop  of  Oxford  last  week.  The  churcii 
consists  of  a  nave,  with  its  south  porch  and  bap- 
tistery ;  a  north  aisle  and  Downshire  south  tran- 


328 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


Mat  10,  1867. 


sept,  with  the  chancel  aud  a  south  aisle  set  apart  as 
a  vestry  and  organ  chamber.  The  entire  length 
is  112ft.,  and  the  nave  is  27tt.  wide.  The  style  of 
architecture  adopted  by  the  architect,  Mr.  Hugall, 
ia  an  early  type,  embracing  Byzantine  and  First 
Pointed  details.  All  the  woodwork  is  of  red  deal, 
varnished.  The  benches  are  all  open.  The  chan- 
cel fittings  are  of  oak. 

GL.\STHnLE. — A  new  Roman  Catholic  church 
has  recently  been  erected  at  Glasthule,  near 
Kingstown.  It  contains  nave,  aisles,  side  chapels, 
organ  gallery,  sacristies,  &c.,  and  the  dimensions 
are  internally  about  120ft.  in  length  and  50ft.  in 
width,  of  which  26ft.  is  appropriated  to  the 
width  of  the  nave  and  10ft.  each  to  the  aisles. 
The  nave  is  divided  from  the  aisles  by  an  arcade 
of  seven  arches,  resting  on  pohshed  Aberdeen 
granite  columns  12ft.  apart  from  centre  to  centre. 
The  chancel  is  2ift.  deep,  and  is  divided  into 
three  bays  by  marble  columns  resting  on  stone 
corbels  at  the  level  of  the  string  under  chancel 
windows;  these  columns  support  the  principals  of 
the  roof.  The  roof  is  constructed  of  curved  and 
framed  principals,  one  over  the  centre  of  each  nave 
column,  supported  on  corbels  at  the  level  of  string- 
course under  clerestory  windows,  with  two  rows 
of  purlins  at  each  side.  As  no  intermediate  prin- 
cipal is  used  corbels  are  introduced  under  the  pur- 
lin and  bolted  to  the  principals.  The  roof  is 
boarded  to  the  back  of  rafters.  The  architects 
are  Messrs.  Pugin  and  Ashlin,  of  DubUn  ;  the  con- 
tractor, Mr.  J.  M'Cormiok. 

Gloucester  Cathedral. — The  Dean  of  Glou- 
cester some  months  ago  started  a  proposition  for 
the  raising  of  £50,000  for  the  restoration  of  this 
noble  cathedral.  Reparations  have  been  going  on 
at  the  expense  of  the  Chapter  for  years,  but  this 
was  to  be  a  special  and  exhaustive  effort.  Mr. 
Gilbert  Scott  was  made  architect  of  the  cathedral, 
and  he  has  embodied  the  results  of  a  careful 
survey  he  made  in  a  detailed  report  he  has  just 
presented  to  the  Dean  and  Chapter.  He  proposes 
reparation  and  restoration,  the  estimated  cost 
of  which  is  £45,000,— £17,000  for  external, 
£22,000  for  internal,  works,  aud  £6,000  for  inci- 
dental expenses.  The  estimate  includes  £1,000 
for  gas-lighting.  The  whole  spirit  of  his  report 
centres  in  the  one  word  ''restore."  "My  main 
aim,"  be  says,  "is  the  limitation  of  the  works 
of  restoration  in  such  a  degree  as  to  render  them 
as  conservative  as  possible  of  ancient  work.  I 
should  earnestly  desire  not  to  renew  a  stone 
which  is  not  so  decayed  as  absolutely  to  de- 
mand it,  and  to  decide  all  questions  which  occur 
with  a  leaning  to  conversion  rather  than  tiPre 
storation  or  removal "  Mr.  Scott  gives  in  detail 
the  list  of  the  restorations.  The  stonework 
of  the  choir  must  be  cleansed ;  the  screens  and 
many  monuments  and  chapels  restored ;  all 
mutilated  stonework  repaired,  and  so  on.  The 
reredos,  one  of  the  most  gorgeous  specimens  of 
decorative  painting  in  the  country,  should  be 
untouched.  If  anything  is  done  with  reference 
to  stained  glass,  he  strongly  recommends  that  the 
work  shall  be  given  to  Mr.  Hardm,^n,  of  Birming 
ham,  some  of  whose  windows  in  the  north  aisle 
of  the  nave  are  mentioned  as  the  most  successful 
restorations  of  fifteenth  century  glass  he  (Mr. 
Scott)  has  ever  met  with. 

Halifax. — Anew  Congregational  church  is  being 
erected  here.  The  style  adopted  is  E.irly  Geome- 
trical Gothic.  The  church  will  be  built  with 
Northowram  pitch-faced  wall  stones  and  freestone 
dressings.  The  ecUfice  will  be  113ft.  6in. 
long  by  53ft.  wide,  and  56ft.  high  externally. 
It  will  be  divided  into  nave  and  side  aisles  by  cast 
iron  pillars  supporting  the  galleries  and  roof,  and 
five  bays  in  length.  At  the  north  end  of  the 
building  will  be  an  octagonal  recess  for  the  organ, 
22ft.  wide  and  6ft.  6in.  in  depth,  divided 
from  the  nave  by  a  deeply  moulded  and  enriched 
arch,  springing  from  granite  columns  with  carved 
freestone  capitals.  Over  the  pillars  dividing  the 
bays  will  be  moulded  arches  in  brickwork  and 
cement,  between  which  and  in  the  centre  over 
each  pillar  will  be  granite  columns  with 
carved  capitals  and  moulded  bases,  supported  upon 
carved  corbels,  upon  which  the  roof  principals  will 
rest.  The  internal  woodwork,  where  exposed, 
will  be  of  pitch  pine.  The  pews  will  be  2ft.  lOin. 
wide,  and,  allowing  20in.  for  each  person, 
will  accommodate  568  persons  on  the  ground 
floor,  and  364  in  the  galleries.  Mes.srs.  R.  Ives  and 
Son,  are  the  architects ;  the  masons'  work  is  being 
executed  by  Slessrs.  M.  Forth  and  Co.,  and  the 
carpenter's  and  joiner's  work  by  Messrs.  J.  Dyson 
and  Son.  Mr.  Powell  is  clerk  of  the  works.  The 
cost  of  the  erection  is  estimated  at  £8,500,  exclu- 
sive of  schools.     The  site  was  purchased  from  Sir 


F.  Crossley,  M.P.,  for  £1,2'J2.  Sir  Fr^?«s  j^  a 
donor  of  £1,000;  Mr.  John  Crossley,  £  i  oO  ;  Mr. 
Tnseph  Crossley,  £500  ;  and  Mr.  Edward  Crossley, 
£500. 

Leamington.— The  memorial  stone  of  the  south 
transept  of  the  parish  church  has  been  laid.  _^The 
works  consist  of  a  south  transept  SOift.  by  o-ft., 
.south  porch  31ft.  by  15ft.,  a  west  aisle  to  the 
south  transept  lOJft.  by  17ft.,  and  double  chancel 
ai.sles  to  the  east  of  the  south  transept  30tt.  by 
21ft  The  style  and  character  of  the  new  transept 
may  be  said  to  be  generally  of  the  Flowing  Deco- 
rated or  fourteenth  century  permd,  with  some 
flambovant  features,  bearing  a  strong  reseniblance 
to  the  florid  ecclesiastical  architecture  of  the  con 
tineutal  cathedrals.  The  work  is  being  executed 
by  the  contractor,  Mr.  James  Marriott,  of  Coven- 
try,  under  the  supervision  of  Mr.  T.  D.  Barry, 
C  E  ilr.  Punshon  is  clerk  of  the  works.  The 
estimated  cost  of  the  work  is  £3,400,  aud  the  con^ 
tract  stipulates  that  the  building  shall  be  fimshed 
by  November  9, 1868. 

RoTHEKHAM.— A  new  Congregational  church 
has  been  erected  in  Rotherham  from  the  designs 
of  Mr.  Shaw,  architect.  The  style  adopted^  is 
Early  Decorated.  The  plan  is  cruciform,  having 
nave'OOft.  by  38ft.,  and  north  aud  south  transepts 
each  20ft.  by  18ft.,  with  vestries  and  porches 
at  west  end.  The  principal  entrances  are  at  the 
east  end,  and  consist  of  deeply-recessed  doorways 
and  large  vestibule  with  gallery  approaches.  The 
tower  and  spire  wUl  be  170ft.  high.  The  cost  of 
the  budding  is  £4,500,  and  it  will  accommodate 
900  persons. 

Shee^vseury.— The  first  stone  of  the  new 
church  at  Mesle  Brace,  which  will  replace  an 
edifice  erected  at  the  very  commencement  of  this 
century,  was  laid  on  the  30th  ult.  It  wUl  consist 
of  a  nave,  68ft.  6in.  long  inside  by  26ft.,  having 
north  and  south  aisles ;  a  chancel,  the  width  of 
the  nave,  and  35ft.  long,  terminating  in  a  three- 
sided  apse ;  and  north  and  south  chancel  aisles, 
one  being  provided  for  the  organ.  There  will  also 
be  a  south  porch,  and  at  the  west  end  of  the  north 
aisle  provision  is  being  made  for  a  massive  tower, 
for  which  there  are  not  at  present  sufficient  funds. 
The  accommodation  will  be  for  500  persons.  The 
style  of  the  church  is  Early  Decorated,  and  the 
cost  is  estimated  at  £3,360,  exclusive  of  the 
tower.  Red  Hill  stone  is  being  used  for  the  wall- 
ing, Shelvoke  for  the  dressings,  and,  for  the  shafts 
to  arcade  and  chancel  arch  Besford  Wood.  The 
architect  is  Mr.  E.  Haycock,  juu.,  the  contractors 
being  Messrs.  Rowdier  and  Darlington,  of- Shrews- 
bury. 

BUILDINGS. 

A  substantial  and  commodious  court-house, 
with  suite  of  buildings  attached,  was  opened  at 
Castle  Eden  on  Monday.  The  cost  of  the  build- 
ings widbe  about  £1,200. 

The  Midland  Railway  Company  has  purchased 
twenty  acres  of  land  at  Wellingborough  for  the 
purpose  of  erecting  shops  for  the  manufacture 
aud  repair  of  engines  and  plant.  It  is  s:ated  that 
employment  will  be  given  in  the  shops  to  several 
hundred  workmen. 

The  gasworks  at  Hogsthorpe  are  completed,  and 
most  of  the  townspeople  have  availed  themselves 
of  the  opportunity  of  improving  their  shoijs.  The 
cost  of  the  works  is  something  over  £1,200.  The 
contractors  were  Messrs.  Holmes,  of  Huddersfield, 
and  the  builders  Messrs.  Hobson  and  Taylor,  of 
Hogsthorpe.  The  price  of  the  gas  is  generally 
considered  too  high,  being  charged  8s.  4d.  per 
thousand  feet. 

The  Duke  of  Northumberland  has  devoted  a 
portion  of  his  estate  at  Tynemouth  for  the  erec- 
tion of  villas  aud  pleasure  grounds  for  the  benefit 
of  that  popular  watering  place.  Mr.  Johu  Green, 
architect,  Newcastle,  has  been  instructed  to  pre- 
pare plans  for  this  purpose  on  a  plot  of  between 
forty  and  fifty  acres. 

BiEiiiNGHAM. — The  directors  of  the  Birming- 
ham and  Midland  Bank  are  about  to  erect  a  new 
banking  room,  from  designs  by  Mr.  Edward 
Holmes,  architect.  The  style  of  the  buildings 
will  be  strictly  Classical,  the  front  towards  New- 
street  being  divided  into  three  and  that  towards 
Stephenson-place  into  eight  compartments,  divided 
on  the  ground  floor  by  boldly-rusticated  pilasters, 
having  Ionic  pilaster  caps  on  a  plain  substantial 
basement.  The  first  floor  will  have  three-quarter 
attached  columns  of  the  Corinthian  order,  with 
coupled  pUasters  at  the  angles.  The  upper  cor- 
nice will  be  proportioned  to  the  total  height  of 
the  oiiilding,   and    will  be   crowned  by  an  open 


treated  as  coupled  pilasters,  with  separate  caps 
and  cornices.  The  public  entrance  will  be  in  the 
centre  of  the  New-street  front,  under  a  portico 
having  four  Ionic  detached  columns,  the  shafts 
and  bases  of  which  will  be  of  polished  granite, 
each  in  one  piece.  The  banking  room  will  be  92tt. 
long,  49ft.  wide,  and  3Uft.  high,  lighted  by  nine 
circular  headed  windows,  each  18ft.  high,  and  by 
a  lantern  light  in  the  centre  of  ceiling  37ft. 
by  18ft  6in.  It  is  proposed  to  erect  the  mam 
fronts  in  Portland  stone.  The  interior  waUs  and 
decorations  of  the  bank  and  prkicipal  rooms  wiU 
be  executed  in  Martin's  cement.  So  soon  as  the 
old  buildings  on  the  site  are  puUed  down  the 
works  wUl  be  commenced. 

EDrsBURGH. — A  new  building  is  in  the  course 
of  being  erected  for  the  Edinburgh  ofiice  of  the 
Crown  Life  Assurance  Company.  The  desigc, 
which  is  by  Messrs.  Peddie  and  Kinuear,  architects, 
is  Italian,  and  the  building  consists  of  four  stories. 
The  ground  floor,  which  shows  three  arched  open- 
ings two  windows  and  door,  will  be  allotted  to 
the  public  office  of  the  company.  The  doorway 
and  windows  are  separated  by  projecting  piers, 
which  are  continued  up  to  the  frieze.  The  frieze 
is  divided  into  three  compartments,  correspond- 
ing to  the  piers,  each  pier  having  over  it  a  double 
truss  supporting  the  cornice,  whUe  the  spaces  be- 
tween are  occupied  by  panels.  The  windows  lu 
the  first  floor  are  also  circular-headed,  and  are  sur- 
mounted by  trasses,  which  support  the  balustraded 
balcouy  of  the  floor  above,  the  balcony  serving  as 
a  cornice  to  the  first  floor.  The  second  floor  wm- 
dows  are  square-headed,  with  architraves  and  cor- 
nices, while  the  smaller  windows  of  the  top  story 
rest  on  a  bold  stringcourse.  The  waU  temunatcs 
in  a  cornice,  supported  by  trusses  about  2ft.  apart, 
having  rosette  ornament  between.  The  roof, 
which  rises  at  a  steep  pitch,  is  finUhed  with  a 
platform  enclosed  by  an  iron  raU,  with  corner  pil- 
lars and  finiaU.  The  building  is  simple  m  its 
ornamentation,  but  it  will  be  a  promment  feature 
in  the  line  of  street.  The  builders  are  Messrs. 
Watherston  and  Son. 

New  York  New  Post  Office.— The  contract 
betweeuvthe  United  States'  Government  and  the 
corporation  of  New  York  for  the  purchase  of  the 
lower  end  of  the  City  HaU  Park  for  the  site 
of  a  new  Post  Office,  at  half  a  million  doUars,  has 
been  completed,  and  the  budding  will  be  begun 
immediately.  The  building  wiU  have  a  front  of 
15Uft— 5:ift.  less  than  the  front  of  the  Grand 
Hotel  at  Paris.  It  will  probably  be  of  marble,  m 
as  elaborate  a  style  of  architecture  as  the  money 
appropriated  by  the  Government  will  allow,  and 
Postmaster  Kelly  says  "  we  see  no  reason  why  the 
Yankees  may  not  beat  the  world  m  post-offices. 
At  the  upper  end  or  Broadway  a  gateway,  30ft. 
wide,  will  admit  the  mail  waggons  into  a  court 
150ft.  long  by  40ft.  wide.  The  haU  will  be  hghted 
from  the  roof,  some  loOit.  from  the  ground. 


TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 

To  Our  READEES.-We  sMl  feel  obliged  to  any  of  OM 
readfi-s  ivho  will  favour  U3  with  brief  notea  of  worka  con- 
templated or  in  progress  in  the  provmcea. 

Letters  relating  to  advertisements  and  the  ordmary  buii 
ness  of  the  paper  shoidd  be  addressed  to  the  Ed'™'<.  \»!: 
Fleet-Street  Advertisementa  for  the  current  week  mu« 
reach  the  office  before  5  o'clock  p  m.  on  Thursday. 

S0T.CE.-TI,e  BUILDLN-G  NEWS  inserts  ad-rert^ 
ments  for  "  SITUATION'S  WASTED,"  Ac,  at  ONE 
SHILLING  for  the  first  Twenty  four  Words. 


KECE.^^:D.-L  H.-A  H.  H.-Dr  D  -J  G.- J.  S.V_ 
-.LO.-B.  Bros.  J.  H.-J.  G.-B.  ^';-  L;- 1- J- >*  _ 
J  C.-H.  M.  .  W.  J  S.-J.  H.-A.  W.-  &  K  -C.  .1.  F.- 
LandN.-J.G.-C.  W.  J.-C.  LE.-O.G.  >. 

Jos.  Tall.— Your  letter  ou  concrete  buildings  m  our 
next.  . , 

••A  Looker-on."  "H.  H.  S.  P.,"  &c.-We  have  reeeived 
several  long  letters  on  Mr.  Burges's  design  for  the  new  L«w 
Courts  and  the  controversy  which  tae  grown  ou*  of  it.  « 
would  be  impossible  for  us  to  insert  all  the  I'^tters,  anu  M 
some  of  them  are  too  fuU  of  personalities,  we  are  oWlgea 
to  make  a  selection. 


Correspaiibeitce. 

CHtTRCH   ARCHITECTURK. 
To  the  Editor  of  the  Buecdinq  News. 


Sib,— Having  read  in  your  valuable  paper  thatat 

a  meeting  of  the  Liverpool  Society  of  Architecture 

recently  held,  Mr.  Statham  threw  out  a  suggestion 

iu         -IT      -.    -J       -11   1  „„^A  Kv  an  nnen    for   a  church  of  the- mnetecuth   century,  which 

lt.?rS?he"ii::\e'i:g"c°Jri:d   hlgH^rTd  '  should  combine  architectural  effect  with  suitabihty 


May  10,   IS 67. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


•.>}(! 


to  the  requirements  of  modern  worship  and  to  the 
pervading  artistic  and  religious  feeling  of  the  pre- 
sent age,  all  )\v  me  to  say  a  few  words  on  the 
subject.  The  Greek  cross  as  pictured  in  the 
ground  plan  is  by  no  means  a  new  suggestion,  as 
Mr.  Statham  says.  Sir  Christopher  Wren  wished 
to  adopt  that  plan  in  St.  Paul'.'i  Cathedral,  and, 
finding  he  could  not  carry  out  his  design,  actually 
shed  tears,  which  had  he  carried  out  would  have 
rivalled  in  magnilicence  St.  Peter's  at  Rome. 

There  is  a  small   church   at   Addleston  Park, 

Surrey,  on  very  nearly  the  same  principle  as  Mr. 

Statbam   suggests,  being  of   the  form  of  a  Greek 

2ros3  surmounted  by  a  dome,  and  although  not  a 

public  church,    I    believe  w.-u    built  expressly  for 

the  family  of  Lord  Ivilmorey  and  tenantry  on  the 

?state.     Instead  of  the  pulpit  being  placed  a  little 

n  advance  of  the  east  end,  as  sketched  in  your 

)lan,  with   space   reserved   behind  for  organ   and 

dioir,  the  one  to  which  I  refer  is  placed  at  the 

outh  east  angle  of  the  church,  the  same  having 

>een  adopted  in  St.   Paul's  Cathedral,  while  the 

ast  recess  is   appropriated  for  the  Communion 

Table.    The  north  recess  contains  seats,  I  believe, 

ppropriated  to  his  lordship  ;  the  south  were  to  be 

jr   choristers    and    harmonium,    the   west    for 

snantry,  as  also  centre  of  dome.     The  church  is 

lazed    with   very    fine    stained    glass    windows 

'presenting   saints,  and  incidents  of  our  Lord  as 

jured  iu  Scripture  history ;  the  interior  of  dome 

lighted  by  four  circular  windows  above  the  four 

.era  which  carry  the  dome  ;   the  floor  is  inlaid  by 

Linton's  encaustic  tiles,  as  also  the  wall  in  the 

).  stern  recess.     In  the  centre  of  the  wall  there  is 

|i  le  cro'S  inserted  with  beautifully  polished  tiles. 

i  essrs.  Cubitt  and  Co.,  of  Gray's  Innroad,  were 

i  le  builders,  and  the  works  were   superintended 

.  f  Mr.   Axford,  of   Sun-street,  Bishopsgate,  who 

so    superintended    the    erection    of    the    City 

erminus  of   the    North    London    Railway ;    the 

discovered  with  lead  surmounted   by  a  gilt 

Great  credit  is  due  to  Lord  Kilmorey  in 

lopting  such  a  plan  ;  and  the  mausoleum  in  the 

'   ound  is  very  impressive,   being  Egyptian  com- 

ised  of  red  and  grey  granite,  the  interior  being 

fhted  from  the  top  with  amber-coloured  glass 

ir-shaped. — I  am,  &c.,  J.  W.  Fenxell. 

24,  Luard  street,  Caledonian-road, 

Islington,  May  6. 


lODERN   ARCHITECTURE    AND    THE 
LAW  COURTS. 

SlB, — There  can  be  little  doubt  that  in  meeting 
iCour  Correspondent "  I  am  again  face  to  face 
thmy  old  friend"  Philocalus"  of  the  Standard, 
10,  as  I  ventured  to  predict,  is  now  deeper  in 
e  quagmire  than  he  was  when  last  we  parted. 
have  generally  an  objection  to  aliases.  His 
option  of  one  in  the  present  instance  looks 
culiarly  significant.  Although,  however,  he  has 
iaged  his  name  his  tactics  remain  unaltered,  for 
etill  con  tinues,  but  with  diminished  force,  to 
use.  Up  to  the  present  time  neither  "  Philo- 
us"  nor  Mr.  Burges  have  been  able  to  demon- 
ate  anything  beyond  their  utter  incompetency 
defend,  any  more  than  to  design,  such  a  build- 
;  as  the  Law  Courts.  From  the  letter  which 
jeared  in  the  Standard  of  the  7th  inst.  it  may 
fairly  presumed  not  only  that  "Philocalus" 
ds  the  case  a  bad  one,  but  that,  acting  on  my 
'ice,  Mr.  Burges  has  politely  requested  to  be 
'ed  from  his  friends.  At  all  events  itis  obvious 
'  M  "  Philocalus  "  is  prepared  to  sink  himself  in 
er  to  give  the  object  of  his  admiration  one  more 
ince  of  life  ;  though  there  w.as  scarcely  auy  ne- 
sity  for  his  assurance  that  "  he  had  no  connec- 
'a  with  the  competing  architects"  after  his 
'ert  attacks  on  two  of  their  number. 

Philocalus"  certainly  deserves  some  creditfor 
'  staunch  manner  in  which  he  has  stood  by  his 
;  'Dd  Mr.  Burges,  whose  name  he  first  dragged 
')  notice,  and  whose  design  he,  unhappily  for 
'  object,  held  up  as  being  so  immeasurably 
•enor  to  all  others.  His  arguments  in  its 
'lur,  however,  iiave  certainly  not  proved  con- 
•  ive,  nor  his  statements  facts.  Knowing  this 
tie  the  case,  he  has  endeavoured  to  raise  a  sec 
tan  feeling,  and  to  seek  shelter  behind  the 
6  ike  of  doctrinal  difference.  Such  an  efi'ort  is 
^,)lly  unworthy  of  the  cause  he  seeks  to  defend, 
»j  will  prove  of  as  little  avail  as  the  petticoats 
™  Mrs.  Malaprop.  The  modesty  of  "  Your 
^respondent"  is,  however,  worthy  of  admiration, 
*j  he  confesses  that  he  does  not  "  pretend  to 
Jjeratand  all  that  has  been  written,"  or  to 
^^lowhow  a  building  can  lack  principle."  He 
lows  what  an  unprincipled  man  is,"  but  he 
-not  affix  a   definite  meaning  to  an  unprin- 


cipled clock  tower."  Does  "Your  Correspondent" 
require  a  lesson  in  elementary  philosophy,  and  to 
be  told  that  he  has  confounded  the  subjective 
with  the  objective,  and  the  moral  with  the  Intel, 
lectual  ?  Can  he  possibly  imagine  that  I,  or  any 
sane  man,  would  ever  think  of  attributing  to  a 
clock  tower  a  want  of  moral  principle,  and  thus 
make  it  a  responsible  agent  '  A  moral  principle  is 
one  thing,  and  can  only  be  attributed  to  a  moral 
agent,  except  by  metaphor,  and  such  moral  prin- 
ciple is  practically  only  subjective.  An  architec- 
tural principle,  on  the  other  hand,  may  be  both 
subjective  and  objective,  that  is  to  say,  the  prin- 
ciple or  the  idea  (for  in  this  case  the  terms  are 
synonomous)  is  first  conceived  in  the  mind  of  the 
designer,  aud  then  may  be  expressed  outwardly  in 
the  material  building.  Such  a  building  may 
fairly  be  said  to  possess  a  principle,  because  based 
on  a  scientific  idea  ;  and  a  building  not  so  based 
may  justly  bo  said  to  lack  principle.  With  regard 
to  the  signification  and  use  of  the  word  "  auto- 
nomy "  I  beg  to  refer  "  Your  Correspondent "  to 
my  letter  in  the  Standard  of  the  6th  inst.,  where- 
in the  meaning  of  the  word  and  its  propriety  as 
applied  to  architecture  is  fully  explained. 

The  most  important  statement  contained  in 
"  Your  Corresponden's"  letter,  is  the  astounding 
intelligence  that  Mr.  Burges  "  has  depended  for 
vertical  effect  on  his  towers,  rising,  as  they  do, 
from  the  ground."  It  is  on  this  point  that  I 
have  been  at  issue  with  "  Your  Correspondent" 
from  the  very  beginning.  Although  it  is  to  be 
hoped,  for  the  safety  of  the  surrounding  in 
habitants,  that  the  said  towers  are  not  like  the 
now  renowned  "  lateral  shafts," — shoved  up  no- 
body knows  how— yet  the  assertion  that  they 
rise  from  the  ground  is  ostensibly  incorrect. 
The  south-west  tower  is  most  assuredly  without 
any  visible  base,  for  it  rests,  upon  or  vanishes 
into  an  intersection  of  roofs,  a  crowd  of  gables, 
and  the  continuous  arcading.  For  any  apparent 
injury  which  the  homogeneousness  of  the  design 
might  suffer,  there  is  no  reason  why  Mr.  Burges 
should  not  have  added  to  the  "  breadth  of  efiect" 
ad  infinitum;  for  not  only  is  the  building  raised 
in  slices,  but  it  also  bears  an  unfortunate  and  un- 
mistakable appearance  of  having  been  manu- 
factured by  the  piece,  from  or  to  which  any 
number  of  yards  might  be  cut  off  or  added.  The 
whole  composition  is  strongly  suggestive  of 
Wardour-street  ware,  in  which  the  panels  of  a 
stall,  the  end  of  a  seat,  the  crockets  of  a  reredos, 
and  the  jerry  work  of  a  half  bred  joiner,  are 
brought  together,  without  reason  or  fitness.  The 
rest  of  "  Your  Correspondent's"  remarks,  or  at 
least,  such  of  them  as  contain  anything  beyond 
abuse,  have  been  answered  at  length  in  my  letter 
already  referred  to.  I  need,  therefore,  only  re- 
peat my  assertion  that  he  has  failed  to  make  good 
a  single  statement  he  may  have  set  forth.  This 
is  not  to  be  wondered  at,  for  the  objections  I  have 
raised  have  all  a  positive  existence,  and  hence  are 
simply  incontrovertible.  No  one  knows  this 
better  than  "  Your  Correspondent,"  who,  in  the 
beginning  of  this  controversy,  was  probably  as 
little  acquainted  with  the  faults  which  are  now 
patent  to  all,  as  he  perhaps  still  is  of  the  exist- 
ence of  such  a  thing  as  the  Lincoln  Clerestory. 
I  am,  &c., 

The  Writer  of  the  Articles  in  the 
"  Westminster  Gazette." 
London,  May  8. 


more  practical  information  on  this  hc:id  wouM  be  usuful. 
There  iipiwars  to  ba  no  w.iy,  at  present,  of  arriving  at 
accurate  roaulta  aa  to  the  qiiuUty  of  water  without  employ- 
ing an  an.-xlytieal  chemist  at  a  large  cost.  I  want  to  see 
ilomeatio  testa  of  a  cho.ip  kinil  which  will  determine 
whetlior  the  %vater  we  are  going  to  drink  is  Ukolv  to  do  us 
good  or  harm.  While  we  are  free  from  cholera  and  cognate 
complaintt— which  it  is  now  notorious  arise  very  frequently 
from  the  use  of  bad  w.ater — we  might  c.ilmly  deal  with  the 
subjei-t.  Ferhups  some  plulauthropic  chemical  friend  will 
answer  my  question.  Hvdropath. 


[373.]  — UiJYAL  ACADEMY.  —  Would  any  of  your 
uumerona  readei^  inform  mo,  through  the  meclium  of  your 
"  Intercommunication  "  how  I  can  become  a  student  of  the 
Uoyal  Academy;  and  whether  one  can  compete  for  the 
It.  A.  Gold  Medal  and  Travelling  Studentship  without 
such  admission  as  student?  X.  Y.  Z. 


[3T5.]— CAST.S  IN  PLASTER  OF  PARIS.— I  am  de- 
sirous of  taking  some  casts  in  plaster  of  Paris  of  som* 
delicate  work  in  relief ;  jierJiaps  some  of  your  numerous 
readers  could  tell  me  how  to  set  about  it,  so  as  to  ensure  a 
pei-fect  reverse  of  the  object.  G.  H. 


[377.1— LAYING  STONE.— It  is  always  specified  that 
stone  should  be  laid  on  its  natural  bed  ;  will  any  of  your 
correspondonta  inform  mo  how  thev  know  which  is  Iho 
natural  bed  of  a  stone?  '  G.  J. 


Iiitercoiuiuiiiitcatiaii. 


REPLIES, 

[3;j-i.]— REPAIRS.  -Iu  your  columns  of  the  12th  uU.,  a 
cor  i-eapoD  dent  "J."  asks  a  queitioa  respecting  tlio  applica- 
tion of  tlio  Motropolituu  Building  Act,  In  tha  sectiou 
relating;  to  the  raiaing  of  already  existing  buildings  he  will 
liud  the  apparent  ambiguity  he  complains  of  fidly  auswerwd. 
It  13  there  distinctly  stated  that  tlie  thickne^a  of  the  walls 
of  the  raisi.-d  building  must  be  of  tlie  diraeusioua  prescribe'! 
fur  tliat  rare  to  which  the  bu  Jding  will  beloug  when  no 
raised.  There  h,  however,  a  clause  introduced  whicli 
allows  any  e.'cisting  building  to  be  raised  to  the  extent  of 
lUft.  in  height,  provided  the  surveyor  considers  the  walUto 
be  aurticieutly  strong  to  bear  the  additional  height.  So  far 
;i3  the  Act  goes,  and  also  obviously  on  other  groundb.  there 
would  be  no  objection  to  putting  a  room  iu  the  roof,  bo 
lung  a3  the  height  of  the  walla  remained  unaltered,  fur  the 
house  would  still  beloug  to  the  same  rat«  of  building. 
Wliat  *■  J.  '  appeal's  to  want  to  do  is  to  transform  a  build 
ing  of  the  fourtn  rate  into  one  of  the  third,  and  still  have 
the  Siime  thickne-s  of  wall.  Anyone  can  see  that  this  ia  iu 
direct  violation  of  the  spirit  and  meaning  of  the  Act 

C.  C. 

[341.] — SEA  Wx^LLS. — There  would  be  no  necessity  iu 
the  particular  iustauce  raeutioned  by  "  J.  T.."  in  going  to 
the  extra  trouble  of  building  the  wall  with  a  curved  batter. 
I  should  give  it  a  straight  batter,  and  if  stone  were  plenti- 
ful in  tlie  neighboiuhood,  I  would  put  a  flatter  slope  on  the 
lower  part.  The  back  of  the  wall  might  be  built  plumb, 
with  offsets  at  proper  heights ;  the  parapet,  if  there  is  any, 
should  also  be  plumb.  If  there  is  no  parapet,  I  should 
build  the  top  three  or  foxir  feet  of  the  wall  perpendicular, 
BO  as  to  throw  back  the  spray  in  times  of  gales. 

The  Writer  of  "Docks." 


[34:i]— RIDGE  TILING.— "Improver"  will  find  Port- 
land cement  as  good  a  material  iis  any  for  bedding  and 
pointing  tilea,  whether  they  are  used  ii3  coping  tiles,  or  in 
the  situation  he  mentions.  Cement. 


[302.  J— ELECTRO  ON  STONE.-It  has  been  proved  by 
Mr.  Murray  that  non-conducting  bodies,  suchassealiDg-wai 
and  plaster  of  Paris,  can  be  covered  permanently  with  a 
thin  metallic  coating  by  the  electro-plating  proceaa,  by 
taking  caro  to  rub  their  surface  previously  with  tho 
thinnest  possible  film  of  plumbago.  There  is  not  the 
slightest  doubt  but  that,  as  plaster  of  Paris  can  be  coated  In 
this  manner,  socan  any  description  of  stone.  "  Intiuirer" 
would  do  well,  however,  to  bear  in  mind  that  it  is  a  much 
more  difficult  operation  to  coat  a  non-conductor  of  electricity 
than  a  metal  which  is  one  of  the  best  conductors.  A  little 
more  patience  will  be  required.  Ctanite. 


QUESTIONS, 

[373.]— BLOCKS  AND  FALLS.- 1  have  grown  to  regard 
your  Intercommunication  column  with  considerable  interest. 
Iteeems  tomato  contain,  as  it  were,  the  couceutr.iied  essence 
of  practical  information,  and  to  convey  more  real  instruction 
in  a  few  ter  je  and  brief  sentences  tlian  is  sometimes  gained 
from  the  p3rusal  of  whole  pages  of  other  so-called  scientific 
journals.  In  venturing,  as  a  young  hand  in  the  building 
trade,  to  put  a  question  to  you  or  your  kind  contributors, 
perhaps  I  may  be  out  of  order,  and  if  so,  please  cancel  my 
remarks  ;  but  if  I  find  favour,  allow  me  to  a^k  how  it  is 
that  80  much  power  appears  to  be  gained  in  lifting  heavy 
weights  by  the  use  of  (docks  and  f^lU?  The  laws  wliich 
govern  the  action  of  the  pulley  are  supposed  to  be  made 
clear  in  school  books,  but  my  experience  tells  me  that  the 
results  of  the  singular  combinations  of  pulleys  in  double 
aud  treble  sheaved  blocks,  &c.,  are  mysterious  to  many  who 
are  in  the  habit,  of  using  them.  Perhaps  this  is  one  of  the 
very  common  things  that  are  passed  over  without  inquiry 
as  to  their  caiL-es.  and  taken  as  matters  of  course.  At  any 
rate  I  shall  be  pleased  to  learn  more  about  block- tackling 
and  its  phenomena  than  I  know  at  present. 

Hydraulic- Lift. 


[350.]— STRENGTH  OF  ^VALLS.-Your  correspondent 
"Muscle"  dooi  not  state  whether  he  requires  his  wall  to 
take  the  thrust  of  the  roof,  which  I  suppose  he  does,  since 
it  has  no  tie  beam,  or  whether  simply  to  support  it.  If 
the  wall  is  to  take  the  thrust  of  tlie  roof,  it  will  be  a  very 
uneconomical  way  of  proceeding,  as  the  thickness  must  be 
very  great.  He  must  first  CiUculate  the  thrust  biought 
upon  the  wall  aud  tending  tu  push  it  outwards,  by  the 
principals,  which  ia  as  follows  :— Let  W  be  the  total  load  on 
one  principal,  including  its  own  weight;  let  L  be  the 
length  ot  the  rafter,  and  R  the  rise  of  the  roof,  then  put- 

W    X    L 

ting  T  for  the  thrust  against  the  wall  we  half  T  =  — r-' 

,,  2  X  K 

Evidently  the  moment  of  this  thrust  to  overturn  the  wall 
is  directly  as  the  height  or  leverage  with  which  it  acta, 
which  is  the  height  of  the  wall ;  multiplying,  therefore, 
the  above  value  of  T  by  the  height,  we  have  the  total 
moment  tending  to  overturn  the  wall.  To  oppose  this  wa 
have  the  resistance  of  the  wall,  which,  putting  W  for  the 
weight  of  a  cube  foot  of  it,  H  for  the  height  and  t  for  the  ^ 

Wi  X  H  X  i» 
required  thickness,   is    „ and  we  finally  obtain 


-    '  Vr  X  WV' 


'  Muscle  "  will  find  it  a  much  more 


economical  plan  to  substitute  a  light  iron  trussed  roof 
exerting  no  tlirust  upon  the  side  wails,  instead  of  the  ex- 
pensive plan  he  proposes.  An  Engikeer. 


[374.]~PURIFYING  'WATER— Is  there  any  simple 
mode  of  detecting  impurities  in  water  to  be  used  for  drink- 
ing or  cooking  purposes  ?    It  seems  tb  me  that  a  little 


[360.1-FACTORY  CHIMNEY  SHAFTS —An  excellent 
practical  rule  fur  the  batter  to  be  given  to  chimneys  of  the 
kind  alluded  toby  "Truro  Street,"  is  Jin.  tottie  fojt.  For 
a  stack  so  high  as  200ft.,  and,  indeed,  over  200ft.,  I  should 
not  make  it  more  than  3-16th  of  an  inch  to  the  foot. 

Clerk. 

[366.]— HEATING  PRIVATE  BATHS.— In  reply  to  an 
"Inquirer"  as  to  the  best  manner  of  heating  a  bath  in  a 
private  house  in  order  to  prevent  an  explosion  iu  time  of 
Irost,  is  to  have  a  boiler  fixed  in  the  back  of  the  kitchen 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


May  10,  1867. 


fireplace,  aud  in  this  boiler  a  coil  or  worm  of  lead  or  copper 
pipe,  say  between  40ft.  or  50ft.  in  length,  and  from  Ibis 
boiler  a  steam  pipe  into  the  tine  and  on  a  level,  and  near 
to  this  boiler  a  small  feeding  cistern  with  ball  and  ball 
cnck  to  supply  the  boiler  ;  this  may  be  attended  to  in  time 
of  frost  by  hand.  Then  by  the  cold  cistern  in  the  roof  have 
a  hot  cistern,  then  have  the  flow  and  return  pipes  con- 
nected to  the  coil  in  the  boiler  and  to  cisWrns  in  the  roof 
Id  adopting  this  plan  there  cannot  possibly  be  any  esplo- 
Eioo.  1  had  this  plan  fitted  up  in  a  gentleman's  house 
with  great  success.  CLERK  of  Works. 


[367.]— CUBICAL  QUANTITY.-l.  If  joints  are  not 
shown  in  a  drawing,  they  must  be  assumed  to  be  in  their 
most  natural  aud  economical  position,  or  radial  in  an  arch. 
The  extrados,  x  radial  depth,  x  breadth,  will  give  the 
gross  quantity  of  stone  usable  for  any  arch.  2.  "Student" 
can  surely  examine  a  lead  gutter.  G. 

[368].— LINE  OF  EQUILIBRIUM.— How  to  find  this 
line  in  an  arch  is  fully  explained  in  Mozeley's  Mechanica, 
and  sutticiently  even  in  H.  Law's  Civil  Engineering,  in 
Weale'fl  Shilling  Series.  G. 


[370  ]— CULVERT.— The  answer  must  depend  on  the 
velocity  of  the  stream  above,  which  can  only  be  known  by 
measurement.  One  stream  may  be  more  where  its  fall  is, 
but  1  in  1,000 — than  another  where  it  falls  i  in  100;  for 
the  velocity  depends  on  the  whole  configuration  of  the 
upper  bed  and  valley,  not  on  the  mere  gradient  of  one 
portion.  G. 


[371.]— PLASTER  CEILIXG.— To  make  a  good  ceilirg 
the  joist  should  be  thoroughly  dry  and  well  seasoned,  suf- 
ficiently strong  and  well  stayed.  The  strongest  and 
Btraightest  laths  should  be  selected,  free  from  knots  and 
dents,  and  nailed  on  not  too  far  apart — only  suflSeient  for 
the  mortar  to  work  in  freely,  which  forms  a  key  to  the 
work, — for  when  the  timber  is  not  thoroughly  dry  it  is  sure 
to  shrink.  If  the  laths  are  too  alight  and  far  apart,  they 
al"'a>Bsag  or  bend  downwards  with  the  weight  of  the 
mortar  suspended  to  them,  which,  with  the  shrinkage  of 
the  timber,  is  the  cause  of  the  cracked  ceiliug.  The  raortar 
should  be  well  pricked  up  between  the  laths,  not  merely 
stuck  up  against  them,  as  is  often  the  case,  to  get  over  it 
■when  it  is  done  by  the  yard,  &c-  ;  that  is  another  cause  of 
its  cracking,  and  even  dropping  down,  which  is  very  un- 
sightly. The  pricking  up  should  be  well  hardened  before 
the  second  coat  is  applied,  then  it  may  be  finished  off  in 
the  usual  manner.  Stephen  Lewis. 


[371.1 — The  reason  ao  many  plaster  ceilings  crack  is  the 
shrinking  of  the  timber.  If  a  ceiling  dues  not  crack  when 
dryim:  it  will  never  do  so  unless  the  timber  ehrinks.  The 
way  this  may  be  remedied  is  by  nailing  light  spars  cross- 
ways  to  the  joists,  aud  lathed  and  phistered  to  them  instead 
of  the  joists ;  and  great  care  must  be  taken  to  prepare 
the  lime  so  that  it  will  not  crack  when  drying.  All  the 
lime  must  be  boiled  (not  slaked  and  washed,  as  it  generally 
is  done  in  the  north).  The  first  coating  must  be  properly 
dried  before  the  next  is  applifd  ;  this,  with  al>out  the 
regular  propoition  of  good  sharp  sand,  will  not  fail  making 
a  good  sound  ceiliug.  Another  way  is  by  plastering  the 
ceiling  with  Keen's  or  Martin's  cement.  1  i)art  cemeut  and 
2  parts  sand,  the  first  and  second  coating  may  be  mixed 
with  liair,  and  the  finishing,  pure  cement.  This  makes  a 
sound  hard  ceiling,  aud  may  be  painted  twenty-four  hours 
after  finished.  Though  expensive,  it  may  be  di^pended 
upon  for  not  cr:>ckiiig.  F.  G. 


[372.]— DOUBLE  GIRDER  BEAJI.— As  wrought-iron. 
in  such  a  form  as  the  top  and  bottom  plates  of  the  described 
beam,  would  not  resist  half  the  amount  of  leng:thway 
compression  that  it  will  of  tension,  the  inquirer  will  see 
that  bis  top  plate  ought  to  have  been  twice  as  thick  aa  the 
bottom.  Moreover,  for  the  sides,  I  think  a  quarter  the 
thickness  of  the  top  would  be  ample,  if  they  were 
corrugated  vertically.  If  all  be  equally  thick,  at  least 
three-fourths  the  metal  of  the  side  aud  half  that  of  the 
bottom  and  lowur  angles  is  thrown  away,  or  l>  cwt.  of  the 
1.V  cwt.  that  the  beam  described  must  weigh  at  the  least. 
This  is  supposing  the  15in.  depth  to  bo  only  at  the  centre, 
the  top  descending  to  each  end  like  a  bow.  If  it  be 
straight,  the  weight  will  bo  at  least  18  cwt.,  aud  fully  half 
the  material  be  useless  load.  In  any  case,  then,  the  problem 
ia  to  find  what  added  weight  will,  together  with  the  beam's 
own  weight,  produce  a  compression  of  the  top  plate  aud 
angle  irons  sufficient  to  begin  crushing  or  squeezing  out 
the  7  or  S  square  inches  of  their  middle  section.  If  we  sup- 
pose the  greatest  compression  allowable  on  them  to  be 
4  tons  per  square  inch,  that  is  (say)  30  tons,  then,  asaweight 
distributed  equally  along  the  beam  acts  with  a  leverage  as  a 
quarte*-  of  its  length  to  its  middle  depth,  or  as  49iin.  to 
loin.,  about  9\  tons  will  produce  the  above  pressure.  But 
if  collected  at  the  centre,  half  that  load  will  have  the  same 
effect.  Deducting  from  each  of  these,  then,  the  beam's 
own  weight  of  15  cwt. ,  we  find  that  it  should  bear  4  tons  on 
its  centre,  or  8  tons  15  cwt.  distributed  equally.    E.  L.  G. 


STAINED   GLASS. 

A  new  stained  glass  window  has  just  been  put  in  Rother- 
hani  parish  church  by  Messis.  Wailes,  of  Newcastle,  under 
tlie  direction  of  Mr.  Shaw,  architect.  It  is  in  the  Perpen- 
dicular style,  and  embraces  three  large  lights,  in  compart- 
ments separated  by  stone  mullious,  and  numerous  smaller 
openings,  which  have  been  filled  with  the  richest  pointed 
glass.  The  principal  subject  is  "  Mary  sitting  at  the  feet  of 
our  Lord,  hearing  His  Word."'  The  Saviour  is  represented 
seated  in  the  centre,  Mary  ou  His  right,  and  her  sister  Mar- 
tha on  the  left,  and  He  is  in  the  act  of  praising  the  former 
and  mddly  rebuking  the  latter,  according  to  the  narrative 
of  the  Evangelist,  Tlie  figures  are  painted  of  a  large  size, 
and  are  free  from  the  grotesque  and  conventional  treat- 
ment so  often  adopted  in  painted  glass. 

Guildhall.— A  fourth  stained  glass  window  has  just 
been  placed  iu  the  north-west  corner  of  the  Guildhall.  The 
design  is  by  Mr,  Alexander  Gil^bs,  of  Bedford-square.  It 
is  divided  iutn  four  compartments,  the  subjects  beintr  the 
presentation  oi  the  four  principal  charters  of  the  City  ; 
the  figures  aie  richly  coloured  and  jewelled  on  diapered 
backgLOunds,  and  are  surmoun+ed  by  canopies  on  a  rich 
ruby  ground  ;  the  arms  of  the  City  and  those  of  the  donor 
aie  introduced  in  the  tracery  lights.    Ths  first  subject  is 


William  the  Conqueror  holding  in  his  hand  the  first 
charter  granted  to  the  City,  which  declared  the  citizens  to 
be  "  law  worthy,  aud  their  children  to  be  heirs  of  their 
lands  and  goods,  and  that  no  one  should  be  allowed  to  do 
them  wrong."  The  second  subject  ia  Henry  I.  presenting 
the  charter  granting  to  the  City  to  hold  Middlesex  with 
London,  and  the  right  of  hunting  in  the  forests.  The 
third  subject  is  Richard  I.  granting  the  charter  to  the  City 
of  the  conservancy  of  the  River  Thames.  The  fourth  and 
last  subject  is  Edward  VI.  presenting  the  charter  of  the 
four  Royal  Hospitals.  The  City  is  indebted  to  the  liberality 
of  Mr.  Cornelius  Lea  Wilson,  a  lieutenant  of  the  City,  and 
a  warden  of  the  Goldsmiths'  Company,  for  this  beautiful 
window,  which  is  now  open  to  public  inspection,  and  will 
repay  the  trouble  of  a  visit.  It  is  best  seen  from  the  gal- 
lery, into  which  a  door  has  been  opened  in  the  south-west 
corner. 


STATUES,   MEMORIALS,    &c. 

A  proposition  for  the  erection  of  a  public  monu- 
ment over  the  grave  of  the  late  Lord  Panmure 
was  originated  some  time  ago  hj  the  members  of 
the  Brechin  Mechanics'  Institution,  and  i  he  sum  of 
£50  has  been  subscribed  towards  the  object. 

A  fund  is  being  formed  in  order  to  place  in  Kis 
native  city  of  Aberdeen,  a  memorial  bust  of  the 
late  John  Phillip,  R.A.  The  list  of  subscriptions 
is  headed  by  the  Earl  of  Dalhousie. 

The  proposed  memorial  bust  to  Stothard,  the 
painter,  which  is  to  be  placed  in  the  National 
Gallery,  has  been  undertaken  by  Mr.  Weekes,  and 
will  be  put  in  hand  forthwith. 

A  very  successful  casting  of  a  large  bronze 
statue  to  the  late  ilr.  Ostler,  of  Bradford,  so  well 
known  for  his  active  labours  to  improve  the  con- 
dition of  the  youth  employed  in  factories,  was 
made  on  Tuesday  at  Messrs.  H.  Prince  and  Co.'s 
foundry  at  Southwark.  The  statue  is  10ft.  in 
height,  and  will  weigh  upwards  of  two  tons.  It 
was  designed  by  Mr.  J.  B.  Phillips,  and  is  destined 
for  Bradford. 

So  long  ago  as  the  year  1850  a  statue  of  Sir 
Robert  Peel  was  subscribed  for  by  the  political 
friends  of  the  eminent  statesman,  and  long  since 
executed  by  Baron  Marochetti.  It  appears,  how- 
ever, that  the  important  matter  of  a  bite  for  the 
statue  has  been  overlooked  or  at  all  events  a  site 
has  never  been  provided.  The  cause  of  this  was 
explained  by  Lord  John  Manners  in  answer  to  a 
question  by  Lord  E.  Bruce  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons on  Monday  evening.  The  Chief  Commis- 
sioner of  Public  Works  said  that  the  statue  of  Sir 
R.  Peel  could  not  be  erected  immediately.  The 
only  reason  why  it  had  not  been  erected  was  in 
consequence  of  the  non-completion  of  works  which 
were  going  on  for  the  convenience  of  members  of 
the  House.  So  long  as  these  were  proceeding  it 
was  perfectly  impossible  to  erect  the  statue  to  Sir 
R.  Peel  on  the  spot  designed,  but  it  would  be 
placed  there  at  the  end  of  the  session. 


WAGES   MOVEMENT. 

In  New  York  the  "  Eight  Hours' Bill  "  has  passed  the 
legislature,  and  now  only  needs  the  Governor's  signature 
to  become  law.  Some  of  the  carpenters  now  on  strike  in 
New  York  have  started  a  co-operative  carpenters' shop, 
and  will  work  hereafter  on  their  own  account. 

The  strike  of  masons  at  Bamsley,  which  took  place  on 
Wednesday  last,  has  partly  terminated.  Some  of  the  small 
contractors  havu  offered  to  give  the  23.  advance  per  week, 
and  the  men  have  at  once  resumed  work.  The  principal 
masters,  who  employ  large  numbers  of  hands,  &how  no  dis- 
position whatever  to  give  way. 

Bradford.  —  The  masons'  labourers  have  not  struck 
work  03  was  threatened,  but  have  consented  to  go  on  at 
the  present  wages  without  the  advance.  The  plasterers 
have  obtained  some  important  concessions.  They  had 
given  notice  that  they  should  require  a  reduction'in  the 
hours  from  56  to  60^,  and  an  advance  in  wage  of  2s.  per 
week.  The  wage  at  present  is  263.  The  time  is  given 
■nithout  demur,  as  it  is  the  hours  worked  by  the  other 
trades  generally.  The  advance  of  wages  is  given  at  pre- 
sent also,  but  it  is  not  guaranteed  as  permanent. 

Htddersfield.— The  masters  here  arranged  with  the 
masons,  who  had  given  a  six  months'  notice  for  an  advance 
of  33.  per  week,  to  commence  on  the  1st  inst.,  to  give  the 
wages  iisked,  namely,  30s.  per  week  of  5i}J  hours  in  sum- 
mer, and  273.  per  week  in  winter.  They  conceded  the 
other  matters  in  dispute — thus  their  strike  was  averted. 

Mancbester.— The  plasterers'  labourers'  strike  is  now 
virtually  at  an  end,  and  the  whole  of  the  shops  of  the 
members  of  this  Association  are  now  filled  with  non-union 
men— with  the  exception  of  Messrs.  Maunion  aud  Malloy. 
Jelly,  Cook,  and  Son,  J.  Biu-ns  and  Hindie,  who  are  pay- 
ing the  advance  of  wages  demanded  by  the  men,  viz.,  243 
per  week. 


WATER  SUPPLY  AND  SANITARY 
MATTERS. 

The  water  of  the  Bradford  Canal,  which  unites  vriih  the 
Leeds  and  Liverpool  Canal  in  the  valley  of  the  Aire,  has 
been  run  off,  and  the  canal  closed.  An  injunction  from 
the  Cuurt  of  Queen's  Bench,  involving  penalties  of  £10,000 
against  the  existence  of  the  canalin  its  polluted  condition, 
has  led  to  this  result. 


A  Hot-Bed  of  Epidemics.— The  people  of  Newcartle- 
the  city  of  the  Tyne  too— ought  to  feel  no  6mall  alarm  a 
the  facts  stated  in  the  Registrar  General's  return  for  th 
last  quarter  with  regard  to  the  high  rate  of  mortality  ij 
their  midst,  and  the  causes  thereof  From  the  Registrar' 
return  it  would  appear  that  the  deaths  in  England  in  th 
three  months  ending  in  March  amounted  to  134.254  •  an 
the  annual  rate  of  mortality  was  nearly  26  per  1,000  for  th 
winter,  which  is  now  in  England  the  most  fatal  of  th 
four  seasons.  The  death  rate  was  27  in  the  town,  and  2 
in  the  country,  districts.  In  the  thirteen  great  towna  c 
the  United  Kingdom  the  winter  death  rate  was  29  •  Hn 
had  the  lowest  ratu,  25  ;  Newcastle-on-Tyne  the  high*-Hi 
37.  The  Registrar  thinks  it  may  be  desirable  to  inquiit 
into  the  singular  insalubrity  of  Newcastle,  for  whic' 
nature  has  done  so  much,  and  for  which  the  municip:( 
authorities  appear  to  be  stUl  incapable  of  prociiring  ttj 
conditions  of  a  healthy  existence.  "  If  coats  are  dear,  that 
scarcely  a  disadvantage  to  Newcastle,  which  supplies  tH 
country  >vith  that  article,  and  obtains  its  artificial  heat  a 
much  cheaper  rates  than  London,  The  dwellingg  tl. 
water  supply,  the  drainage,  the  scavenging,  thediainfe' 
tion  of  the  sick,  the  habits  of  the  people,  demand  effectu. 
measures  of  reform ;  and  then  Newcastle,  now  chm. 
among  the  great  towns  of  the  kingdom,  vrill  no  longer! 
the  worst  hot-bed  of  epidemics  amongst  them." 

Halifax. — On  Wednesday  week  last  the  ceremony  of  ci 
ting  the  first  sod  of  a  new  re-ervoir  at  Mixenden,  near  Ha 
fax,  was  performed  by  the  Mayor  of  Halifax.  It  is  incc 
nection  with  the  system  ot  waterworks  by  the  Halifax  O 
poration,  and  the  last  in  the  series  which  the  town  hast 
power  to  constnict  under  its  present  Parliamentary  powe 
The  reservoir  ia  just  behind  the  village  of  Mixenden,  ont 
rising  ground.  The  capacity  of  it  will  be  about  100,000  C 
gallons,  and  the  cost  of  it  about  £20,000.  Itissup'p 
mentary  to  the  large  reservoir  at  Ogden,  the  new  one  hi 
iug  comparatively  little  collecting  ground.  The  engiiif 
is  Mr.  Biiteman,  Manchester,  and  the  contractors  Mese 
Helm,  Chamock,  and  Jennings,  Halifax. 

Jedbdegh. — The  cutting  of  the  first  sod  of  the  Jedbur 
New  Waterworks  took  place  the  other  day.  The  Blai 
burn  springs,  from  which  the  water  is  drawn,  are  saven 
number,  and  yield  altogether  42  gallons  per  miuuta.  wh 
is  equal  to  60,430  gallons  a  day,  affording  17  gallons  a  o 
to  each  person  in  the  burgh — the  population  being  alx 
3,500.  The  water  of  these  springs  is  to  be  collected  iut 
cistern  near  an  old  quarry,  a  little  below  the  lowest,  spri 
It  is  brought  from  thence  down  the  romantic  vale  of  Bla 
burn  to  the  diatributing  reservoir  at  the  top  of  the  top 
The  contractors  are  Messrs,  Anderson  and  Scott, 
Lanton. 


LEGAL  INTELLIGENCE. 

Breach  op  Ecilmno  Regulations. — In  1 
Court  of  Queen's  Bench  last  week,  waa  heard  t 
case  of  Christopher  Harring  v.  the  Mayor  a 
Corporation  of  Stockton.  The  appelhnt  is 
builder  at  Stockton,  and  the  respondents  are  1 
mayor,  aldermen,  and  burgesses  of  that  boroo 
(which  is  regulated  under  the  Stockton  Impro 
ment  and  Kxtension  Act  of  1852),  by  tb 
surveyor,  Mr.  George  Edwards.  In  the  earlyp 
of  last  year,  the  appellant  submitted  to  the  J 
Board  of  Health  a  plan  of  fifty-eight  houses  t 
he  proposed  to  erect  in  a  street  called  Chrisb 
street.  The  plan  was  objected  to,  on  accoi^ 
the  open  space  which  it  allowed.  He  prepi 
another,  and  it  was  approved  ;  but  the  nurrerl 
found,  when  the  building  was  going  on,  that  I 
was  deviating  from  the  plan.  The  town  cl:' 
thereupon  summoned  him,  and  the  case 
heard  by  three  justices,  two  of  whom  wi, 
borough  magistrates.  The  appellant  was 
victed  and  fined  £5  ;  but  being  dissatisfied,  i 
for  a  case,  which  w.as  allowed,  and  was  now  sfail 
by  the  Bench  for  the  consideration  of  thia  cot 
— The  court,  after  hearing  the  statement  of  fa 
ou  behalf  of  the  respondents,  and  without  ( 
on  counsel  for  the  .ippellant,  confirmed  the  d  3 
fiion  of  the  j  ustices. 

What  is  a  House  ? — The  case,  '•'  The  Queei . 
Watson,"  which  came  before  the  Court  of  Quecs 
Bench  a  few  days  ago,  raised  the  question,  W  t 
can  he  deemed  to  come  within  the  meaning  of  e 
word  "  house "  with  reference  to  rating  ?  'f- 
question  arose  as  to  a  rate  made  under  a  local  • 
which  provided  that  a  party  might  te  ratedd 
respect  to  the  annual  value  of  any  house  in  r 
occupation.  Several  parties  had  been  rateosj 
respect,  not  only  of  their  houses,  but  the 
misea  appertaining  thereto  and  occupied  th'*- 
with,  including  sheds,  outhouses,  gard), 
orchards,  and  even  fields.  The  first  case,  wit 
may  be  taken  as  a  specimen  of  the  others,  -3 
the  following : — The  appellant  was  a  tanner,  d 
the  rate  made  upon  him  in  respect  of  hia  hce 
comprised,  along  with  his  dwelling-house  i 
garden  and  outhouses  attached  thereto,  the  fold- 
ing premises: — Several  buildings,  tanpits  covid 
with  roofs,  sheds,  barns,  stables,  all  occup;g 
I  acre  2U  perches,  and  a  meadow  used  as  a  dr;  g 
ground,  containing  1  acre  20  perches,  and  ano-'f 
meadow,  "all  held  and  occupied  together  ui-T 
one  lease,  and  used  and  occupied  by  the  tent 
for  the  purpose  of  his  residence  aud  busine 
These  latter  words  indicated  the  ground  on  w!" 
the  sessions  had  upheld  the  rate.  There  ^ 
a  similar  case,  in  which  the  tenant  had  a  !i* 
timber  yard  adjacent  to  his  dwelling-house,  " 


May  10.  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


331 


e  was  rated  for  both  ag  for  "a  house."  In 
nether  case  there  was  a  mill,  which  joined  the 
rath-house,  but  the  wash-house,  though  it  ad- 
jined,  was  not  joined  to,  the  house.  All  the  pre- 
lises,  however,  were  witliin  a  common  fence  or 
oclosure.  The  Lord  Chief  Justice  said  the 
'ourt  considered  that  all  that  could  come  within 
curtilage " — as  the  garden  in  which  the  house 
:ood — might  be  included  within  the  house,  but 
ot  premises  which,  though  occupied  with  the 
ouse,  were  used  for  the  purpose  of  the  tusiness, 
id  not  of  the  residence.  In  other  words,  all 
lat  was  accessory  to  the  house  as  a  residence,  or, 
1  the  language  of  Lord  Hale,  domus  ntansioyuxlis, 
light  be  included ;  not  anything  beyond  that, 
id  incident  to  the  business.  It  was  not  within 
le  intention  of  the  act  which  imposed  a  rate  on 
juses  that  such  buildings  as  timber  yards  and 
.  n-yards,  and  other  premises  used  for  the  pur 
»es  of  business,  should  be  rated.  The  rates 
ust  therefore  be  amended  according  to  the  prin 
pie  thus  laid  down.  Mr.  Justice  Blackburn  con- 
irred.  In  the  ordinary  case  of  a  flower  garden 
was  obvious  that  no  one  would  take  the  house 
thout  the  garden,  or  the  garden  without  the 
.  'Use.  In  Loudon  this  was  almost  always  the 
t  se;  in  the  country  the  gardens  were  larger,  and 

tsea  might  be  more   doubtful.     But  whatever 
^ht  be  the  difficulty  in  applying  the  pi  inciple, 
fit  was  the  principle, — viz.,  that  whatever  was 
}  »s3ory  to  the  house  was  part  oi  the  house,  i  e  , 
^  lat  was  accessory  to  the  dwelling-house.     On 
a  principle  the  mill  might  be  included,  which 
limed  virtually  joined  to  the  house,  but  not  the 
Udings   in   the   other  case   separate  from   the 
|ase,  and  only  occupied  for  the  purposes  of  the 
nness,   not  the  residence.     Mr.   Justice  Lush 
lieurred.    Judgment  to  amend  the  rates  accord- 


COMPENSATION. 


Ittthe  Court  of  Compensation,  on  Monday,  the  publisher 

l^e  Jtf.jri-  Line  Kx  r'-^  and  other  publications  claimed 

*#ttB   Law  Courts'  Commisiioners  a  sum   exceeding 

"'?  for  business  premises  and  loss  on  removal,  at  No. 

-■rand,  near  Temple  Bar.     Mr.  Lloyd,  Mr.  Sargood, 

i.   Horace  Lloyd,  instructed  by  Messrs.  Rogerson  and 

1,   were  fjr  the  claimaut ;    Jlr.  Hawkins,  Q.C.,  Mr. 

.  and  Mr.  M'Mahnn,  wereforthe  Royal  Commissioners. 

trusiderable  portiun  of  the  d.^y  was  wasted  over  the  jxu"y. 

.  answered,    and    others   were    challenged.      Mr. 

thoucht  they  had  better  disperse  as  they  could 

Bed-     Some  one  said  "Read  the  Riot  Act,"  and 

^wkins  said  his  learned  friend  Mr.    Sargood  w;i3 

be  sworn  in  as  a  "special."    Further  time  was 

way,  and  at  past  twelve  o'clock  the  jury  of  ten  were 

ged,   and  the  case  went  off  for  want  of  a  jury.     The 

i  would  be  considerable  on  both  sides. 


§eiural  ^kms. 

|H|8  Architectural  Association  at  their    special 
i  meeting  tonight,  will  discass  the  address 
he  General  Builders'  Assocbtion. 
"he  Town  Council  of  Edinburgh  have  resolved 
.vite  the    British  Association  to  hold  their 
.'.-g  in  1S6S  in  the  Scottish  metropo  is. 
dr.  Gott,  the  surveyor  of  the  Borough  of  Brad- 
:i,  has  had  his  salary  raised  from  £400  to  £700 
'annum. 

The  Sew    York   HeraJd  states  that   within  a 
.•'  years  past,  thirty- five  churches   have    been 
■ned  down  within  ten  miles  of  Boston,  Massa- 
■ isetts. 

is    understood   that    Mr.    Hawkshaw,    the 

..(er,  after  an  extensive  series  of  soundings, 

:    satisfied   himself    that    the    bottom   of   the 

-glish  Channel   has    too   many  and   too  deep 

'  lults  "  to  permit  of  tunnelling. 

Ir.  Anthony  Trollope  will  preside  at  the  fifty- 

"d  annual    dinner   of    the  Artists'    General 

jlent  Institution,  which  .will  take  place  in 

i  reemasons'  Hall  on  Saturday,  the  18th  inst. 

-he  following  gentlemen  were  elected  members 

'he  last  meeting  of  the  Society  of  Engineers. 

ciin  S.  Fisher,  Edward  Buckhara,  Benjamin 

,  Henry  Shield,  John  B.   Palmer.  Fred.  C. 

•avers,  Thos.    Greenhill,    and    John    Watson, 

;!.S.,  Esqrs.      Associates:   Charles  M.  Barker. 

liard  Gunning,  William  Sandison,  Douglas  H. 

e,  and  F.  Ireland  Rumble,  Esqrs. 

'•  G.  M.  Greig,  the  well-known  Scottish  water- 

i~  painter,  died  at  his  residence  near  Edin- 

r^ii  _  on   Friday.      Interiors   were    Mr.    Greig's 

'iCiality  —picturesque  bits  of  Old  Edinburgh  and 

^  er  old  towns  in  Scotland  were  favourite  sub- 

■5  with  him,  and  have  brought  into  play  all  his 

4uahties  as  a  water-colomr  painter. 


The  iresfeni  Mornimf  Neifs  says; — There  is  a  great 
qtiarrel  now  going  on  among  the  civil  engineers, 
involving  piincipally  Mr.  Scott  liussell.  We  do 
not  presume  to  pass  any  judgment  upon  the  merits 
of  it,  but  the  manner  in  which  it  is  being  con- 
ducted may  be  judged  from  a  choice  p.ossage  which 
occurs  in  a  professional  paper  in  this  country, 
edited  by  Mr.  Zerah  Colburu.  The  editor  talks  of 
"  laying  the  lash  upon  a  gentleman  so  as  to  make 
his  thick  hide  bleed  at  every  pore."  AVe  should 
add,  for  the  credit  of  British  journalism,  that 
though  the  paper  in  which  this  delightful  piece  of 
writing  occurs  is  published  in  London,  its  editor 
is  a  countryman  of  Mr.  James  Gordon  Bennett  (of 
the  New  York  Herald).  We  do  not  know  if  Mr. 
Colburn  served  his  apprenticeship  to  that  person. 

The  sewage  works  now  in  the  course  of  con- 
struction in  Hulboru  met  with  a  considerable 
check  on  Wednesday  afternoon.  In  Southampton- 
street  there  are  a  great  number  of  vauUs,  of 
ancient  date,  belonging  to  the  hot  ses  on  each  side 
of  the  street,  and  some  of  these  giving  way,  the 
shoring,  and  with  it  from  1,000  to  1,500  tons  of 
earth  and  stones  fell  in.  Providentially  there 
did  not  happen  to  be  on  the  spot  a  single  workman 
out  of  the  hundreds  employed,  and  thus  the 
damage  was  confined  to  the  works  themselves. 

A  cement,  which  is  said  to  have  been  used  with 
great  success  in  covering  terraces,  lining  basins, 
soldering  stones,  &c.,  resisting  the  filtration  of 
water,  and  so  hard  that  it  scratches  iron,  is  formed 
of  sixty-three  parts  of  well-burned  brick  and  seven 
parts  litharge,  pulverized  and  moistened  with 
linseed  oil.  Moisten  the  surfaces  to  which  it  is  to 
be  applied. 

The  coal  production  of  the  following  countries 
in  the  year  1S63  was  as  follows  : — Great  Britain, 
9S,150'587  tons;  Austria,  4,161,698  tons;  Bel- 
gium, 11,840,703  tons;  Bavaria,  260,600  tons; 
France,  11,061,948  tons ;  Prussia,  21,197,266  tons; 
Russia,  1'2S, 571  tons  ;  Spain,  418.827  tons;  United 
States,  t22,906,939  tons;  and'  the  ZoUverein, 
22,350,000.  Austria  imported  from  Great  Britain 
97,226  tons:  Belgium,  21,810  tons;  France, 
1,586,327  tons;  Prussia,  577,183  tons;  Russia, 
477,033  tons;  Spain,  409,497  tons  ;  United  States, 
197,213  tons;  and  the  ZoUverein,  536,507  tons. 

The  approval  of  her  Majesty's  Government  has 
up  to  the  present  time  been  given  for  the  improve- 
ment of  existing  or  the  erection  of  new  court 
houses  in  twenty-two  cities  and  towns  in  Scotland, 
the  total  cost  of  which  will  amount  to  £136,458. 
One-half  of  this  sum  has  been  paid  or  will  be  pay- 
able from  public  funds.  Edinburgh  requiring 
£42,060;  Dundee,  £13,587 :  Dumfries.  10,148; 
Perth,  13,273;  Wigtown,  9,145:  and  Jedburgh, 
7,065,  for  the  completion  of  their  court-houses 
and  olfices.  The  estimate  for  this  year  under  the 
above  vote  is  £21,000,  a  sum  of  £30,000  having 
been  expended  last  year. 

The  population  of  Loudon  in  the  middle  of  the 
present  year  is  estimated  by  the  Registrar-General 
at  3,082,372;  of  Edinburgh  (city),  176,0?1  ;  of 
Dublin  (city  and  some  suburbs),  319,210  ;  of  the 
borough  of  Liverpool,  492,439 ;  of  the  city  of 
Manchester,  362,823  ;  and  of  the  borough  of  Sal- 
ford,  115,013  ;  of  the  city  of  Glasgow,  440,979; 
of  the  borough  of  Birmingham,  343,948  ;  of  the 
borough  of  Leeds,  232,428  ;  of  the  borough  of 
Sheffield,  225,199  ;  of  the  city  of  Bristol,  165,572  ; 
of  the  borough  of  N^ewcastle  on-Tyne,  124,960 ;  of 
the  borough  of  Hull,  106,740. 

The  trumpery  Chinese  fishing  temple,  at  Vir- 
ginia Water,  near  Windsor,  having  became 
decayed,  is  about  to  be  removed,  and  another 
edifice,  designed  like  a  Swiss  chalet  will  be 
erected  in  its  stead.  The  new  structtire, 
which  it  is  said  will  be  a  more  spacious  affair  than 
the  present,  is  expected  to  be  completed  by  the 
autumn.  The  present  pavilion  consists  of  a  cen- 
tral apartment  of  some  size,  and  wings.  There  is 
or  was,  a  variety  of  grote;  que  figures  and  orna 
menta  on  the  roof,  and  the  whole  thing  presents  a 
very  showy  and  gingerbread  appearauce.  It  was 
an  idea  of  George  IV. — who  had  also  skill  in 
cutting  out  coats,  and  an  undeniable  taste  for 
cookery,  and  here,  in  the  gallery  connected  with 
the  pavilion,  the  grand  monarch  and  suite  were,  to 
quote  the  language  of  a  Windsor  guide  book,  "  ac- 
customed to  find  accommodation  when  attempt- 
ing to  amuse  themselves  with  the  gentle  art  of 
anghng." 

Petroleum  lamps  have  lately  come  into  use,  but 
many  persons  object  to  them  because  of  the  fre- 
quent breaking  of  the  glass  chimneys.  In  halls, 
passages,  and  other  places  exposed  to  draughts  of 
cold  air,  the  loss  of  chimneys  constitutes  a  serious 
item   of  expense.     Oil  of  petroleum  radiates  so 


powerful  a  heat  as  to  occasion  the  fracture  of  the 
glass  on  a  lowering  of  the  temperature.  A  means 
of  obviating  this  loss  has  been  tried  iu  Germany 
with  success.  It  consists  in  a  double  chimney, 
the  outer  one  being  very  slightly  larger  than  the 
inner,  and  both  resting  on  the  same  base.  If  the 
outtr  one  receives  a  chill,  the  film  of  air  between 
the  two,  thin  though  it  be,  prevents  the  trans- 
mission of  the  shock,  and  tlie  inner  one  remains 
uninjured.  In  this  way  the  brilliant  stream  of 
petroleum  can  be  economically  used  ;  but  it  is 
worth  mention  th.at  iu  sitting  rooms,  where  the 
temperature  is  uniform,  the  breaking  of  chimneys 
but  rarely  occurs. 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  WEEK. 

MoN.— Royal  United  Service  Institution.— "The  Com- 
bined   End-on    and   Broadside   System,"  by 
Captain  T.  E.  Symonds,  S-30. 
Society  of    Engineers. — Discussion   on    "Water 

Tube  Boilers,"  by  Mr  V.  Pendred,  7.30. 
Royal  Geographical  Society.  —Papers  to  be  read  : 
—  1.  "  On  Chiuese  Tartary,"  by  Captain 
Sherard  Osbom.  2.  "On  Dr.  Livingstone's 
Last  J  oumey  and  the  Sources  of  the  Nile," 
by  Mr.  A.  P.  PmiUay,  S.JO. 

Tutii. — Royal  Institution. — "(_)n  Spectrum  Analysis," 
by  Professor  JliUor,  3. 
Institution  of  Civil  Engineers. — I.  Discussion 
on  Mr.  Chance's  Paper  "  On  Optical  Appa- 
ratus used  in  Lighthouses."  j.  *■  Experiments 
on  the  Removal  of  Organio  and  Inorganic 
Substances  in  'Water,"  by  Mr.  E.  Byrne,  S. 

Thtrs. — Royal  Institution. —"  On  Ethnology,"  by  Pro- 
fessor Huxley,  3. 
Chemical  Society,  8. 

Fki. — Royal  In-titution, — "On  the  Absorption  of  Gas  by 
Metals,"  by  Professor  Odling,  8. 
Royal  Institution.-"  OnMilitarvLaw,"  by  Cap- 
tain G.  F.  Blake,  3. 

S.^T. — Royal    Institution.-"  On  Ethnology,''    by    Pro- 
fessor Huxley,  3. 


^akiits  for  |iil)ciitioiis 

CONNECTED     WITH     THE     BUILDING     TEADK. 


2353  F.  G.  A.  HORSTMAXK.  A  New  or  Improved 
Mode  of  Obtaining  Motive  Power.  Dated  Septembar 
10,  1S66. 

Tiiis  mvention  coiisista  in  obtaining  motive  power  &om 
the  expansion  and  contraction  of  mercury,  spirits  of  wine, 
glyceriue,  and  other  espausive  liquids.  In  carrying  thia 
invention  into  efiFect  the  patentee  forma  a  hollow  cylinder 
to  contain  any  required  quantity  of  mercury,  spirits  of 
wine,  glycerine,  or  expansive  liquid  sensible  of  the  varia- 
tions in  "the  temperature  of  the  atmosphere,  so  that  as  the 
temperature  varies,  the  mercury,  spirit,  or  liquid  expands 
or  contracts,  causing  a  piston  and  rod  working  in  the  said 
cylinder  to  rjseand  fall.     Futent  completed. 

2412  C.  H.  CHADBURX.  Improvements  in  Movable 
Door  Screens.     Dated  September  20,  1SG6. 

This  invention  has  for  its  object  certain  arrangements 
whereby  curtain  screens  fitted  to  doors  are  drawn,  or  par- 
tially drawn,  ou  the  opening  of  the  door  to  which  they  are 
fitted,  for  the  purpose  of  privacy,  or  to  counteract,  or  pa- 
tially  coiinteract,  draughts  when  the  door  is  open  ;  and 
several  modifications  of  the  app,iratus  may  be  so  arranged 
that  the  curtain  is  spread  out  when  the  door  ia  closed,  and 
is  folded  to  the  back  of  the  door  when  open,  i^ate  a  abun- 
doned. 

242tJ  W.  CLARK.  Impp-ovemests  in  Securing  Teeth 
IN  Saws.     (A  communication,)    Dated  September21,  186U. 

This  iuvention  relates  to  a  new  and  improved  mode  of 
securing  teeta  iu  saws  ;  and  is  more  especially  designed  for 
securing  teeth  in  circular  saws,  and  the  invention  has  for 
its  ol-jeot  the  securing  of  the  teeth  in  the  saw  plate  in  such 
a  manner  that  they  cannot  possibly  become  loose  and  de- 
tached when  the  saw  is  at  work,  nor  the  saw  plate  subjected 
to  any  vmdae  i^train,  and  the  teeth  at  the  same  time  ren- 
dered capable  of  being  readily  fitted  to  and  detached  from 
the  same  plate.  The  invention  cannot  be  described  with- 
out reference  to  the  drawings.     Fattut  completed. 

2-157  J.  CHAXDLER.  l3rpRO\T:MENTS  in  Apparatd.s 
FOR  Drawing  and  Preventing  Waste  of  Water  from 
Service  Pipes  or  Cisterns.      Dated  September  25,  1866 

This  invention  relates  to  a  peculiar  construction  and 
arrangement  of  apparatus  for  drawing  and  preventing 
waste  of  water  from  service  pipes  or  cisterns,  aud  consists 
of  a  self-closing  valve  enclosed  in  a  metal  case,  which  valve 
is  opened  by  the  pressure  of  the  hand  or  thumb  acting  upon 
a  pin  from  the  outside  of  the  said  case,  which  pin  presses 
on  the  one  end  of  a  bell-crank  inside  the  said  case,  the 
other  end  of  which  bell-crank  presses  upon  the  spindle  of 
the  valve,  and  causes  it  to  open  and  allow  the  water  to  flow 
into  the  metal  case,  the  lower  end  of  the  said  valve  being 
connected  to  the  service  pipe  or  cistern.  '  The  metal  case 
before  mentioned  is  provided  with  an  opening  similar  to  a 
common  pump  nozzle,  which  allows  the  water  to  flow  out 
into  any  vessel  icquired,  and  upon  the  hand  or  thumb  re- 
leasing'the  pin  before  mentioned,  the  valve  closes  by  the 
pressure  of  the  water  actiug  on  the  back  of  it,  and 
assisted  by  a  spring  attached  to  the  top  end  of  the  valve 
spindle ;  hence  the  non-liability  of  tlje  valve  remaining 
open,  and  the  prevention  of  waste  of  water.  FaUnt  abiii,- 
doned. 

24S5  J.  H.  J0HN30X  Improvements  in  Tap3  ok 
Cocks  fob  Water  and  other  Fluids.  (A  communica- 
tion. )    Dated  September  26,  1 S66. 

This  invention  relates  to  an  improved  and  simplified 
construction  of  tap  or  cock  suitable  for  regulating  or  con- 
trolling the  flow  of  water  and  other  fluids,  and  consists, 
es-^entialiy,  in  providing  the  body  of  the  tap  with  an 
internal  tube  opening  into  a  chamber,  abo  formed  on  the 
body  of  the  tap.     This  chamber  haa  a  screwed  cap  fitted 


332 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


May  10,  1867, 


thereon,  through  the  centre  of  which  pa-^sea  a  screwed 
apindle  provided  with  the  usual  handle,  which  spindle 
aot3  upan  a  cap  or  valve  iuaida  the  chamber,  and  causes  it 
to  cloiQ  down  upjn  the  mouth  or  end  uf  the  internal  tube 
in  the  ciiamber.     fiiieut  coiapl-eied. 

2492.  W.  R.  CORSON.  Improvements  in  Affixing 
Knobs  or  Kandles  to  tfie  Spindles  of  Dook  Furniture. 
Dated  September  27,  1866. 

This  invention  has  for  its  object  a  means  of  fixing  knoba 
or  himdles  to  the  spindles  of  door  furniture,  so  that  aiich 
furniture  is  leadily  applicable  to  any  oidmary  ttiickueas  of 
door,  and  this  i3  effected  in  much  simpl^;r  and  cheaper 
manner  than  has  hitherto  been  practised,  and  consists  iu 
the  use  of  a  square  or  auy  other  suitable  form  of  spindle, 
having  a  screw  thread  cut  partially  down  its  length  from 
either  end,  and  provided  with  two  or  more  longitudinal 
rectangular  slots,  fonnod  at  right  angles  to  each  otlier  at  or 
near  each  end  of  such  spindtc.  The  kuoba  or  handles  are 
made  to  screw  upon  the  threads  formed  ou  the  spindles,  su 
as  to  be  adjustable  to  the  greatest  nicety  to  any  oidinary 
thickness  of  door,  and  a  hole  or  slot  is  constructed  through 
the  neck  or  nariow  part  of  each  of  such  knobs  or  handles. 
Patent  compltleil. 


ilLnibe  Selus. 


TENDERS. 

DEV12E3. — For  the  erection  of  quarters  for  five  sergeants, 
and  other  works  at  the  the  Wilts  County  Militia  Stores,  at 
Devizes.  Mr.  Weaver,  county  surveyor,  architect :— C. 
Long  and  Jones,  Bradford,  £1,01S  ;  Gane  aud  Co.,  Trow- 
brid-e,  £9-17 ;  W.  Long,  Bradford,  £917 ;  MuUings 
(accepted),  Devizes,  £S40.  County  surveyor's  estimate, 
£850. 

Devizes. — For  abutment  arches  to  tower,  and  other 
works  to  Ail-Cauningi  parish  Churcli,  near  Devizes.  Mr. 
Weavoi-,  arcliitect : — Marquiss  aud  Muuroe,  Bristol,  £20;*; 
Mullin:js  (accepted),  Devizes,  £103. 

FiNCHLEY. — For  sundry  alterations,  additions,  iic,  to  a 
house  at  Fortis  Green,  Finchley.  Mr.  John  Thomas 
Wimperis,  architect:— Fish,  £600  :  Carter  and  Son.H,  £597  ; 
Southcottand  Widgery,  £485  ;   Watson  (accepted),  £475. 

FiNCHLEY. — For  sundry  alterations,  additions,  &c.,  to 
Lee  House,  Finchley  Common.  Mr.  John  Thomas  Wim- 
peris, architect  :—Cai-ter  and  Sons,  £714;  Watson,  £6S0; 
Wheeler  (accepted),  X430.  Also  for  new  front,  enclosure 
wall,  and  rehanging  old  gates: — Carter  and  Sous,  £350; 
Watson,  £335. 

FiNCHLEY. — For  additions  aud  alterations  to  a  house  at 
Fortis  Green,  Finchley,  for  J.  A,  Noble,  Esq.  Mr,  John 
Thomas  Wimperis,  architect: — Fish,  il,7&0;  Moultrie, 
£1,720;  Carter  and  Sons,  £1,670;  Watson,  £1,576;  Wheeler, 

£1,522. 

Hanley.— For  the  erection  of  the  new  Hanley  Hotel  for 
the  Hauley  Company  (limited),  Messrs.  Sciiveneraud  Son, 
architects.  Quantities  auppUed  by  the  architects: — Con- 
tract No.  1,  buildings  :— Naden  and  Son,  £10,000;  Helton, 
JS9,S30;  Collis  and  Hudson,  £8,590;  Barlow,  £7,610; 
Steel,  £8,220  ;  Mathews,  £S,20S.  Contract  No.  2,  plumber, 
glazier,  <fec.  :— Helton.  £1,420;  Barlow,  £1,296 ;  Cullis  and 
Hudson,  £l,2S6;  Steel, '£1,175  ;  Mathews,  £1,153;  Scarratt, 
£1,148;  Nrtden  aud  Sou,  £1,100;  Bickley  Bros.,  £1,068  ; 
Mollard,  £1,050  10s.  9d. 

Kilburn. — For  building  the  Holy  Trinity  Schools,  and 
residence,  at  KJJbui"n.  Messrs.  Francis,  architects.  Quan- 
tities by  Mr.  Joseph  Robson  : — Myers  aud  Sons,  £2,120 
(schools),  £629  (resideuce) ;  King  and  fions,  £2,0SS  (.schoola), 
£632  (residence) ;  Howiurd,  £2,087  (schools),  £630  (residence); 
Calls  aud  Son,  £ 2, OSO  (schools).  £600  (re.'^idence)  ;  Hill  and 
Sons,  £2,034  (schools).  £600  (cesidence) ;  Dove,  £925 
(schools),  £575  (residence). 

REaENT-STREET. — For  buUdiug  smaU  picture  gallery, 
sundry  alterations,  general  repairs,  fee,  to  No,  6,  Glass- 
house street.  Regent  street,  W.  Mr.  John  Thomas  Wim- 
peris, architect: — Killby,  £393;  Bywater,sand  Co.,  £367  ; 
Scrivener  and  White,  £329. 

Woolwich. — For  maltings  at  North  Woolwich.  Messrs. 
Hunt,  Stephenson,  and  Jones, architects: — Cubitt  and  Co., 
£31,434;  Newman  and  Mann,  £30,430;  Holland  and 
Hannen,  £2S,G4G;  Piper  aud  Wheeler,  £27,250;  Jackson 
and  Shaw,  £27,150;  Myei-s  and  Son,  £26,863;  Henshaw, 
£26,546. 


PROPERTY  SALES. 

May  7. 

At  the  Mart. — By  Messrs.  Debenham,  Tewson,  and 
Farmer. — Leasehold  two  houses  and  shops,  Nos.  77  aud  79, 
HoUoway-road,  producing  £S0  per  aunura,  term  98  years 
from  1S37.  at  £10  per  aimum— sold  for  ±1,000. 

Leasehold  house.  No.  39.  Union-street,  Nile-street,  Hox- 
tou  New  Town,  let  at  £21  per  annum,  term  41  years  unex- 
pired, at  £3  lOs.  per  annum — £165. 

Freehold  four  cottages,  Nos.  4,  5,  7,  and  8,  j\jigler'3- 
gardens,  Frog-lane,  Islington,  producing  £52  per  annum — 
£410. 

Leasehold  two  residences,  situate  in  Park -street.  Camber- 
well,  producing  £50  per  annum,  terms  33  years  from  1851 
and  61  years  from  lSi;2,  at  £8  Ss.  per  annum— £195. 

Fieehold  houso  ami  shop.  No.  9,  Brighton -terrace, 
Rh'xlcswell-road,  Stepney — £360. 

Leasehold  three  houses,  Nos.  14  to  16,  Taylor's -pi  ace, 
Bull-lane,  Stepney,  producing  £41  123.  per  annum,  term 
675  ye^J^  from  1S55,  at  xS  per  annum — £i;00. 

Leasehold  house,  No.  40,  Middle  Grove-street.  Commer- 
cial-road, let  at  £20  163.  per  annum,  term  77  years  from 
1824,  at  £3  per  annum— £90. 

Leasehold  five  bouses,  Nos.  29,  31,  33,  35.  and  3T,  James- 
street,  Green-street,  Bethnal  green,  producing  £l0214s.  per 
annum,  term  60  years  from  1845,  at  £13  ISs.  per  annum — 
£420. 

Leasehold  three  houses,  Nos,  1  to  3.  Lower  Pelham-street, 
Brick-lane,  Spitalfields,  producing  £83  17s.  per  annxim, 
term  21  years  from  1S53,  at  £21  per  annum — tlO. 

Freehold  residence,  known  a.-*  Sherboro'  Houee,  Hanger- 
laue,  Stamfurd-hill ;  also  9a.  Ir.  21p.  of  building  land, 
known  as  Snares  Mead,  producing  £100  per  annum— £7,500. 


Freehold  2a.    2r.    20p.  of  building  land,  fronting   Sov 
Sisters-road.  Stamford-hill- £1,600. 

Freehold  two  Jiouses.  Nos.  1  and  2,  Williams  place, 
Kensat-greeu,  producing  £43  per  lunum- £790. 

By  Messrs.  Farebrother,  Clark,  and  Co.— Freehold  Ir.  and 
37p,  of  building  land,  situate  at  Chislehurat,  Kent— £450. 

By  Mr.  J.  Slater— Freehold  house  and  premises,  No,  5, 
Clare-street.  Clare  market,  let  at  £63  per   annum— £1,400. 

Freehold  house  and  premises,  No.  6,  Clare-street,  let  at 
£30  per  annum — £800. 

Freehold  ground  rent  of  £19  per  annum,  secured  upon 
the  stabling,  aud  known  as  Nos.  2  to  5,  Sidmouth-mews, 
Gray's  Inn-road— £500. 

Leasehold  ground  rent  of.£19  per  annum  (for  about  97 
years),  arising  from  three  residences  in  Ash  down -street, 
Kentish  New""T'i\\Ti— £330. 

By  Messr.^.  Home  and  Evei-sfield— Freehold  manu- 
facturing premises  and  two  houses,  situate  Nos.  89,  Woi- 
sliip-street,  and  25,  Holywell-row,  Shoreditch,  let  ou  lease 
at  £210  pei  annum — £5,550. 

Freehold  house.  No.  26,  Holywell-row,  Shoreditch,  let  on 
lease  at  £7  per  annum — £230. 

Freehold  messuage  and  shops.  No.  27,  Holywell-row,  let 
on  lease  at  £20  per  annum— £550. 

By  Mr.  F.  A.  Mullett. — Leasehold  residence,  No.  IS, 
Gloucester-iardens,  Hyde  Park,  let  on  lease  at  £170  per 
annum,  term  70  years  unexpiredat£25  per  annum— £2,690. 

Leasehold  house  and  shop.  No.  17.  Park-lane,  New-street, 
Dorset-square,  annual  value  £35,  term  S0|  years  from  1820, 
at  £4  4s.  per  annum— £250, 

Leasehold  house  and  premises,  No,  35,  Spring-street, 
Paddington,  let  at  £46  per  annum,  term  98  years  from 
1823,  at  £5  per  annum — £590. 

Leasehold  house.  No,  25,  St.  George's-road,  St.  Mark's- 
road,  Notting-hill,  let  at  £36  per  annum,  term  99  years 
from  1862,  at  £5  per  annum— £415. 


BATH  STONE  OF  BEST  QUALITY. 

Ravdell  and  Saunders,  Quarrymen  and  Stone  Mei 
chants,  Bath,  List  of  Prices  at  the  Quarries  and  Depots, 
also  Coat  for  Transit  to  any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
furnished  on  application  to  Bath  Stone  Office,  Corsham' 
Wats.— [Advt.J 


BAWKRtJPTS. 


TO  SURRENDER    IN   BA3INaHALL-STREET, 

Reuben  Buckingham,  Tavistock -terrace,  Notting  Hill, 
house  decorator,  May  23.  at  2 — Joseph  Dark,  Batli-place, 
Copenhagen-street,  bricklayer.  May  29,  at  12— John  Howe, 
Hillingdon  HeatJi,  Middlesex,  builder,  May  27,  at  1  —Walter 
Lurking,  Dod-street,  Llmehouse,  carpenter.  May  15,  at  11 — 
Jesse  Mears,  Merton-lane,  Wandsworth,  biickmaker.  May 
28,  at  2 — John  Hurren,  Acton-street,  Gray's  Inn-road, 
builder.  May  29,  at  1 — Joseph  Charles  and  Ebenezer 
Jones,  Rath  bone-place,  engineers,  May  27,  at  12. 

TO  SURRENDER  IN  THE  COUNTRY. 

C.  Aston.  Wolverhampton,  wheelwright.  May  16 — Amos 
Mawson,  Bradford  Moor,  stone  leader,  May  17— Samuel 
Mellor.  Oldham,  ironfounder.  May  17 — Richard  Middleton, 
Nottingham,  builder,  May  14^John  Winders,  Parr.  Lan- 
cashire, bricklayer,  May  15 — James  Heatley,  Whitehaven, 
plumber.  May  17,  at  11  30 — Alfred  Rose,  HoUington, 
builder.  May  18,  at  11— "William  Webb,  Smethwick,  brass- 
founder,  May  22,  at  12. 

PARTNERSHIPS   DISSOLVED. 

F.  Retslag  and  E.  Powers,  Red  Lion-square,  and  Coven- 
try, vamisli  manufacturers — Halstead  and  Fryer,  Leeds, 
plumbers — Haworth  and  Harper,  Oswaldtwistle,  Lanca- 
shire, ironfounders-  C.  and  J.  Alcott,  Rugby,  stone- 
masons— Bowden  and  Croom.  Manchester,  joiners — G, 
Hamilton,  and  G.  Binyon,  York-road,  Lambeth,  lock 
manufacturera-E.  Stappard  and  Co.,  Newcastle  upon- 
Tyne,  plumbers— Hild red  and  Mason,  Leicester,  carpenters 
— Davy  and  Fryer,  Nelson  iu  Marsden,  gasfitters — Margetts 
and  Eyles,  Oxford,  cabinetmakers — Lauder  and  Co.,  West 
Hartlepool,  timber  mercliants. 

DECI.AR.\TI0N3  OF   DIVIDENDS. 

R.  D.  Jones,  Chalford,  timber  merchants  (separate 
e3tate)~J.  and  R.  D.  Jones,  Chalford,  timber  merchants, 
first  dividend  of  2Jd. — J.  Jonea,  Chalford,  timber  mer- 
chant (separate  estate),  first  dividend  of6s.— W.  Holmes, 
Swansea,  plumber,  first  dividend  of  2a.  95d.  —  John  Holmes, 
Liveip>ool,  boilermaker,  second  dividend  of  Is.  5d. 


A.  Watts,  Freemantle,  Bassett,  and  Bedwell,  builder, 
May  .SO  — C.  Champion,  Wandsworth,  builder.  May  29— 
1.  Palmer,  Nottingham,  builder,  May  28~W.  H,  Wilcox, 
Teignmouth,  builder,  May  24. 

SCOTCH    SEQUESTRATIONS. 

G.  p.  Macindoe  and  J.  Grant,  Kirkintolloch,  iron- 
founders.  May  10.  at  12 — James  Learmouth  and  David 
Miree,  Glasgow,  braasfoundera.  May  14,  at  12, 

NOTICE  OF  SITTINna    FOR   LAST   EXAMINATION. 

W.  Sheppard,  Pickering-place,  Westboume-grove,  house 
painter,  June  7 — E.  Corney,  Littlehampton,  Suss  x, 
builder,  June  11 — H.  H.  Lovett,  Licham,  Norfolk,  iron- 
monger. June  11 — R.  Lythe,  Great  Broughton,  near  Stokes- 
ley-in-Cleveland.  Yorkshire,  blacksmith,  May  31 — J. 
Hardcastle,  Lincoln,  engine  fitter,  June  3 — R.  H.  Lowson, 
Romaldkirk,  Yorkshire,  blacksmith,  June  10 — J.  Holden, 
Walsall,  .iournej'man  plumber,  May  29 — T.  Harding,  New- 
castle under-Lyme,  journe>Tnan  painter,  June  11 — W.  H. 
Price,  Blackwater,  Sutton,  builder,  June  14 — F.  Williams, 
New  Kent-ioad,  tool  manufacturer.  May  31 — J.  W.  Woods, 
Union-street,  Borough,  wire  worker.  May  31 — B.  Froud, 
Battersea,  builder.  May  27 — E.  Rowland,  Lant  street, 
Southwark,  builder's  foreman.  May  27 — C.  Paul,  Totten- 
ham, painter,  May  29 — F.  J.  Clarke,  Claphnm,  timber  mer- 
chant. May  29 — J.  Nye,  Stockwell,  engineer's  journejanan, 
May  29— B,  J.  Gee,  Balaclava-road,  Bermondsey,  builder, 
May  31 — E.  Morgan,  Edgware-road.  caniage  builder.  May 
31— W.  J.  D.  Coker,  St.  Paul's  wharf,  City,  and  R.  J.  W. 
Hill,  St.  Faur.-^  wharf.  City,  contractors,  May  31— F.  Chad- 
wick,  Westminster  Chambers,  Victoria-.^treet,  architect, 
June  ti — T.  A.  Hedley,  Poultry,  civil  engineer,  June  15— 


T,  Burton,  West  Bromwich,  nail  maker,  June  5-H. 
Grapper,  Attercliffe,  plumber.  June  5  W.  Oakley,  Shef- 
field,  anvil  manufacturer,  June  5  W.  Goodwins,  Scottow, 
Norfolk,  carpenter,  May  23  -  T,  M.  Carter,  Bristol,  car- 
penter. May  28  -I.  Davis,  Kingiwo^d,  carpauter,  May  27- 
W,  Down,  Merton,  wheelwright,  May  17. 


Teak    load 

«9    0£ 

10 

(Quebec,  red  pine  .... 

3    0 

4 

..       yellow  pine.. 

St.  John  N.B.  yellow 

0    0 

U 

Quebec  Oak.  white.. 

0    B 

6 

,,       bircb 

3  10 

4 

elm   

3  10 

S 

Oaiitzic  oak  

3  10 

6 

2  0 

3  0 

A 

Uemel  fir   

3 

3    0 

3 

Swedish 

1  15 

2 

Uants, Quebec  red  pin« 

6    0 

V 

..       yellow  pine.. 

Lath  wood,  Dftntzic.  ta 

4  10 

ft 

St,  Petersburg 

ti  10 

y 

Deals,  pre. 12It.by3 

by  9in.,dutyl'aper 

load,  drawback  2a. 

Quebec,  white  spruce 

14  10 

Ti 

3t.Jolm,  wblteepruce 

13  10 

16 

Yellow   pine,  per  re- 

duced C. 

Oauada,   Ist  quality. 

17    0 

19 

2nd  do 

12    0 

13 

0  n 


LATEST  PRICES   OP  MATERIALS  TJSEI 
IN  CONSTRUCTION. 

Tdcbkb,  duty  Is  per  load,  drawback,  la. 

Archangel,  yellow  , .  £11  13  £]a  j, 

St.  Petersburg,  yeL,,  Ig  10  u    i 

Finland  8    0  »    d 

Jlecnel 0    0  0    (! 

Qothenburg.  yeQow      8  10  10  U 

.       whit«    8    0  Jul 

Gefle,  yellow 9    0  11   p 

Soderhatno    t    0  jg  j, 

Chriatiauia,    per   C, 

12  ft.  by  3  by  9  in. 

yellow 18 

Deck  Plank.  Dautzic, 

per  40  (t.  3  In.   0  Ifi  ] 

Pu>ucB  Stokk  pr  ton    SOB 

OlL.3,  &c, 

Seal,  pale per  tun  43    0  0 

Sperm  body  120    0  125 

C>id 40    0  0 

Whale,  Sth.  Sea,  pale  43    0  0 

Olive,  Gallipoli 63    0  0 

Cocoanut,  Cocluo.ton  67    0  63 

Palm.  One 40  15  « 

Linseed    35  13  36 

R^peseed,  Eog.palfl,,  Z7  ID  U 

10  Cuttooaeed 3j    0  $4] 

METALSf 

iBotr:— 

Welsh  Bars  In  London     .' per  ton  8  15  0  0    0  0 

NallRod       -'  7  10  0  8    0  0 

tfoops do  8  15  0  0    0  0 

Sheets.  3ini:le      do  9  15  0  10    0  0 

Sur^rdshlre  Bar»       do  7  18  0  8  10  0 

Bars,  in  Wales     do  6  13  0  6    0  0 

Rails    do  600  069a 

Foundry  Pigs,  at  Olasg.  No    1   ..       do  2  IS  6  3    7  0 

Swedish  Bari  do  lu  10  0  13  10  0 

Ste£L: — 

awedish  Keg,  hammered     perton       16    0  0    0    0 

Swedish  Faggot   do  10  10  13  10    0 

Coppks  :— 

Sheet  Jt  Sheathing,  &  BolU  per  ton  86  0  0  89  0  0 

Hammered  Bottoms       do  96  0  0  9i  0  0 

Flat  B'.ttoms,  not  Hammered   ..do  91  0  0  93  0  0 

Cake  aud  Tough  Ingot      do  74  0  0  0  0  0 

Best  Selected     do  81  0  0  88  0  0 

Fine  Foreign     do  8«  0  0  88  W  0 

Yel.  Metal  Sheathing*  Bods.... per  lb  0  0  7A  0  0  fi 

EnftUahBlock      perton  89  0  0  0  0  0 

do      Bar    do  90  0  0  0  0 

do      Eefined  do  92  0  0  0  0 

Banca      do  93  0  0  0  0  0   i 

Strait      do  87  0  0  0  0  0 

Lead  : — 

Pig,  English     perton  22    0  0  0    0   0 

..    Spanish  Soft     do  19  15  0          0    0 

Shot.Patent     do  23    0  0          0    0 

Sheet  ("o  21  15  0          0    0    0 

White      do  30    0  0  31  10     0 

SPXLm:— 
OntheSpot  perton       22    8    0       22  i5   0 

Zn»o:— 

Bngllah  Sheet      perton         28    0    0       0   0   0 

Devaux'sV.  M.  EooftngZinc    do  2800       000' 

*  Aud  5  per  cent,  discount  It  laid  upon  the  new  ■ystem. 
QuiosaiLTEa     per  btl  6  19    0       7    0    0 

BtouLUS  or  AimuoirT. 
French  perton         34    0    0       0   0   0 


ROYAL       POLYTECHNIC.  —  «  T 
Effigy  of  the  Defunct  "  shown  in  "  Blue  Beard's  Closet'' 
new    Illusion  of     Professor  Pepper  and   Mr.   Thomas  Toblo ;  " 
Tower  of  London,"  by  the  permission  of  Messrs.  Harrison  Aliliwo 
audCruikshaok,  with  startling  effects,  musically  treated  by  Mr.  Oe" 
Bucklaud ;  '  A  Temporary  Star  on  Fire."  In  Professor   Piipper"!  1 
ture  on  ■■  Spectrum  Analysis  ;"    Alexanilre's  Orignal   Veatriioq- 
Entertainiuent.  with  "The  Head  of  the  Decj»piUted  Spealting"  ' 
Automatic  Leeo^ard ,"  Dickens's"  Carol,"  read  by  Mr.  CapsianQ  ■ 
Kings'-  Mechanical  Paradoxes."  are  a  few  of  the  very  attractive 
tertainments  provided   for  the  Easter  Holiday*  at  the  Eoyw  I' 
technlc— Vide  the  Public  Press. 

THE  INTERNATIONAL  PRIZE  MEDAI 
Awarded  1862, 
ALSO  THE  DUBLIN  MEDAL,  1865. 

To     BUILDERS,    CARPENTERS,     md    ELINDMAKBBS 

JAS.  AUSTIN  &  SON, 

Manulacturere  of    the  above   Articles,    particularly  wiihtodll 
the  attention  of  the  Trade  to  their 

IMPERIAL    PATENT    FLAX    SASH   LINES 

Of  which  they  are  now  making  (our  qualities,  and  they  stronglj  rei 
mend  that  in  all  cases  thfy  should  be  purchased  in  Pr«""°'?„, 
PATENT  LINE?  made  from  Jute,  which  Article  has  neitner  » 
STRENGTH  nor  UURABILITV  of  FLAX,  conseque-itly  canaoi  • 
so  much  satisfaction  to  ihe  Consumer.  They  also  mvi te  the  pariu 
attention  of  Upholstereia  and  Blind  Makers  to  their  IJ°P"™", 
Blind  Lines,  which  are  very  much  superior  to  auytumg  yeiwu 
to  the  trade,  ir>iv>hi 

They  can  be  obtained  of  all  Ropemakers.  Ironmongers,  ««ront< 
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ACCIDENTS    WILL     HAPPE 

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WILLIAM  J.  VLAM,  3-ftKI. 


1[&Y  17,  1867. 


THE  BUILDINa  NEWS. 


333 


THE   BUILDING  NEWS. 


LONDON,  FRIDAT,  MAY  17,  1S67. 


THE  ROYAL  ACADEMY  EXHIBITION, 

1867. 

ARCnlTECIURE. 

WITH  iiu  imafjery  derived  from  Eastern 
sources,  and  that  by  a  process  which 
Dr.  Darwin  could  reconcile "witliliis  "Theory 
of  the  Origin  of  Species,"  the  Chancellor  of  thi- 
Exchetiuer  has  declared  that  he  "  looks  upon 
the  rooms  of  the  Royal  Academy  as  tlie  Mecca 
of  Society."     His  imagery  is  jus't ;  forto  reach 
the  Mecca  alluded  to  tlie"traveller  lias  to  cross 
a  desert,  and  here  tlie    "  Forty  Thieves"  ex- 
hibit the  "  spoils"  of  architecture.      Year  b^ 
vear  we  have  noted  liow  that  less  and  less  has 
been  the   space  allotted  to  our  art ;  that  in 
each  successive  change  its  quarters  have  grown 
not  only  narrower  but  worse  ;  and  that  each 
year  the  de'Ms  of  contributions  that  dare  not 
be  excluded,  yet   was  disdained   to   be  hung 
elsewliere,  has  intruded    further    into,  and 
usurped   the  best  positions   of,  that   bad  one 
accorded  to  an  art  certainly  as  important  as 
]iortraiture,  and  perhaps  even  in  the  eyes  of 
the  Academicians  themselves  on  those  very 
rare  occasions  when  they  open  both  at  once,  o'f 
equal  value  in  the  history   of  national  pro- 
gress as  dead   birds  and   beasts  and  still  life 
generally.  This  is  the  ninety-ninth  exhibition 
held  by  the  Royal  Academy,  and  as  next  year 
will  be  one  of  those  bugbears  of  the  present 
day — a  centenary — we  have  little  doubt  but 
that  advantage  will   be  taken    to    suppress 
architecture  altogether.  Nor  will  this  be  any- 
thing but  a  gain,  for  it  would  be  far  better  "to 
exhibit   nothing  than   to    exhibit   weakness 
only  ;   and  such  a  display  as  the  architectural 
exhibition  of  this  year  merits  extinction.  The 
knowledge  that  sucli  scant  justice  as  to  hang- 
ing would  be  meted  out  to  them  deters  archi- 
tects   from  submitting  or  caring   to  prepare 
Mod  drawings,   and  the   few  good  men  who 
have  this  year  contributed  have  evidently  only 
done  so  in  a  protesting,  hesitating  manner.  We 
should  hail  so  crowning  an   injustice  as  our 
wholesale  murder  and  annihilation  with  joy, 
that  might  by  its  enormity  rouse  the  supine- 
ness  of  the  profession,    and  some    exertion 
would  be  made  to  secure  at  least  one  exhibi- 
;ion  in  the  year  which  would  faithfully  record 
;hat  year's  progress  in  architecture.    Fifty-one 
irawings  are  this  year  exhiliited  under  the 
name  of  architecture,  but  of  these   at  least 
Kime  ten  or  eleven  are  simply  sketches  of  past 
irt,  and  of  the  remainder  sorneare  engineering 
iffairs,  and  one  stained  glass  ;  so  that  there  re- 
nains  but  about  three  dozen  architectural  draw- 
ngs  in  a  collection  of  nearly  1,200  works  of  art. 
Jf  these   three   dozen  the   greater  part   are 
)ad,  not  only  as  compositions  in  architecture, 
but  as  drawings.     Tiie  first  that  attracts  our 
ittention     is  the    garden  front    of   Shephal- 
>uiy  (873),   near  Stevenage,    by    Mr.  T.   R. 
'Dlith.     It  is  an  ordinary   rod   brick  house, 
•«ry  much   afflicted   with  a  breaking-out  of 
W  windows  ;    and    from  the  colouring   we 
hould  say  it  was  to  be  built  of  rubies  and 
|et  in  emeralds.     The  materials  are  unusual ; 
»U   in  these    days   of   5  per  cent,  commis- 
lon  it  is  advisable,  we  suppose,  to    use  ex- 
'ensive  material  if  we  can.     Of  Mr.  Harvey's 
esign  for    the  Manchester  Exchange  (874), 
■e  think  we   said  enough  at  the  time,  and 
re   only  sorry  to  say  it  does  not  improve 
n  acquaintance.     Taking   an  interest  in  all 
aucational  movements  as  we  do,  we  sincerely 
.  «pe  that    the  instruction    conveyed  in  the 
■ngUsh  College  of  the  International  Educa- 
^on  {society  (875),    now  building  at   Spring 
^rove,  Isleworth,  from  the  designs  of  Messrs. 
'Orton  and  Massey,  wiU  be  better  than  the 
«Udmg  Itself.     It  is  both  poor   and  plain, 
'1  though  the  latter   quality  may  in  both 
'en  and  buildings  be  associated  mth  great 


worth,  yet  poverty  in  each  alike  is  condemn- 

able — at  least  such  obtrusive  poverty  as 
this.  The  interior  of  St.  Peter's  Church, 
St.  George's-in-the-E;tst,  recently  erected 
from  the  designs  of  Messrs.  Pownall  and 
Young  (870),  is  much  too  fidgety  in  its  style 
of  drawing  to  clearly  set  lortli  what  the 
building  really  is.  Short,  spasmodic  scratch- 
ing is  not  etching ;  we  very  much  doubt  the 
advisability  of  the  single-light  windows  on 
each  side  of  the  reredos ;  we  fear  they  will 
detract  from  that  feature,  and  do  but  little 
for  tlie  general  goo<l  of  the  church,  which  is 
simple  and  good,  and  is  free  from  the  vice 
of  aiming  at  too  much.  Most  commendable 
from  the  same  cause  is  No.  881 — view  of 
Longmead,  Bisltopstoke,  Hants,  from  the  de- 
signs of  Mr.  Street.  Here  we  have  an  honest, 
simple,  red  brick  house,  without  any  unne- 
cessary fussiness  or  chopping ;  and,  thank 
Heaven,  no  blue  brick  bands.  It  is  mani- 
festly what  it  jiurports  itself  to  be, a  "gentle- 
man's "  house  ;  and  we  heartily  congratulate 
Mr.  Street  and  Mr.  Barton  alike  ;  gootl  as  it 
is  we  should  like  to  see  it  better,  and  should 
desire  to  see  some  of  the  bands  with  Latin 
inscriptions  suppressed.  To  place  them  on 
the  larger  gables  and  the  porch  is  verj'  ex- 
cellent, both  in  idea  and  effect,  but  to  treat 
the  little  dormer  gablets  to  similar  phylac- 
teries on  their  small  foreheads  is,  we  think, 
an  affectation,  and,  pleased  as  Mr.  Street  may 
be  with  the  idea,  we  think  it  possible  to  have 
too  much  of  even  so  good  a  thing. 

Mr.  Pearson's  church  at  Sutton  Verry  (883), 
and  (886)  Mr.  Keeling's  one  at  Camberwell, 
hang  close  to  each  other ;  the  former  is 
an  ordinary  church  of  no  particular  merit, 
and  tlie  latter  is  an  extraordinary  church 
with  every  faidt  of  the  worst  style  of  that 
acme  of  architectural  fooling,  the  Strand  Music 
Hall.  No.  885,  Leighlield  House,  Stati'ordshire, 
IS  one  of  those  fine  old  half-timbered  houses 
which  skirt  the  borders  of  Cheshire,  and  we 
must  do  Mr.  Griffiths  the  compliment  of  say- 
ing that  we  iail  to  detect  where  his  proposed 
addition  and  restorations  begin  and  end. 

Mr.  WaUen  gives  us,  in  No.887,  the  interior 
of  St.  Laurence's  Church,  Norwich,  as  pro- 
posed to  be  restored,  but  which  we  hope  never 
may  be  in  such  a  guise.  The  polychromatic 
decoration  shown  is  very  bad  ;  we  say  nothing 
of  the  ritualistic  affair  at  the  end.  We  pre- 
sume youth  wiU  always  be  very  young,  and 
the  pastime  is  not  an  extremely  dangerous 
one. 

Quite  refreshing  is  it  to  come  to  Mr.  Ilaig's 
beautifully  cool  airy  drawing,  Dromore 
Castle,  County  Limerick  (888),  for  the  earl 
of  that  name,  by  Messrs.  Godwin  and  Crisp, 
and  which  we  illustrated  in  our  journal  a 
few  weeks  back.  Should  Fenianism  ram- 
pantly revive  in  some  future  day  it  could 
hold  out  a  fair  defence  until  the  constabu- 
lary, fired  by  the  recollection  of  the  large 
meed  of  praise  and  small  measure  of  reward 
they  have  recently  won,  could  get  to  the  top 
of  that  very  long  hill.  It  is  almost  an  Irish 
castle  of  the  olden  time,  and  the  national 
style  is  well  impressed  on  it,  too  much  so,  per- 
haps, we  should  fear  for  comfort,  for  those  old 
places  must  have  been  fearfully  trying  to 
the  hind  legs;  that,  however,  we  have  no- 
thing to  do  with,  but  it  is  a  very  pleasant 
production,  and  one  of  the  very  few  that  we 
care  to  remember.  Very  good  too,  indeed,  is 
Mr.  Street's  porch  for  the  nave  of  Bristol 
Cathedral  (889),  plain  and  massive  in  its 
general  treatment,  the  carving  husbanded 
nicely,  and  expended  in  sculpture  where  it 
can  tell  a  tale  or  preach  a  sermon.  The 
nave  buttresses  rise  boldly  to  their  work,  un- 
broken by  little  slopings,  and  are  very  good  ; 
but  why  do  small  flying  buttresses  spring 
from  tlie  top  of  them  to  the  pinnacle  of  the 
parapet?  Surely  there  can  be  no  thrust  there 
to  be  counteracted  ;  all  that  is  wanted  is  re- 
sistance below  this  point.  Mr.  Street  may 
have  some  good  reason,  but  it  fails  to  be 
manifest  from  the  drawing. 

Mr.  Barry  gives  us  the  interior  of  the  new 
salon  at  Crewe  HaU   (890),  which  is  a  very 


pleasing  drawing,  and  a  good  make-up  from 
the  old  work,  but  the  effect  is  quite  spoiled 
by  the  stained  glass  roof.  Surely,  with  all 
those  beams  and  arches,  sotne  vertical  means 
of  lighting  might  have  been  found.  Mr.  Barry 
also  exhibits  his  design  for  the  new  National 
Gallery  (No.  f<:)7),  in  wliieh  he  adheres  faith- 
fidly  to  the  traditions  of  the  elders,  and  uses 
domes  and  columns  in  the  most  orthodox 
manner.  As  it  is  highly  improbable  any- 
thing like  this  design  will  be  carried  out,  we 
must  consider  it  merely  as  an  Academy  study; 
and  of  its  kind  it  is  good,  immeasurably  beyond 
either  of  the  other  attempts  at  this  building 
shown  in  this  year's  exhibition.  Mr.  K.  W. 
Pugiu  contributes  three  designs.  The  first 
(No.  891)  is  an  exceedingly  clever  drawing 
of  St.  Cuthbert's  Collegian  Church,  Ushaw, 
near  Durham  ;  it  is  a  fine  composition,  having 
an  apsidal  end,  each  face  of  which  is  filled 
\vith  traceried  windows  under  gablets,  and 
has  a  well-composed  tower  capped  by  a  square 
pyramidal  roof ;  the  side  walls  liave  the  spaces 
between  the  buttresses  filled  with  blank  arcad- 
ing,  forming,  probaldy,  recesses  for  small  altars 
internally,  and  which  produces  a  very  plea- 
sant ett'ect.  The  second  of  Mr.  Pugin's  con- 
tributions (No.  900)  is  not  by  any  means  so 
satisfactory  ;  it  is  styled  the  original  design 
for  Holy  Cross  Church,  Liverpool,  and  from 
the  qualificative  adjective,  we  presume  it  is 
not  tlie  design  carried  out,  and  for  this  we 
think  Mr.  Pugin  will  some  day  be  thankful. 
It  is  excessively  exaggerated  in  its  vertical 
lines,  and  its  linked  sweetness  is  far  too  long  • 
drawn  out.  Mr.  Pugin  seems  to  have  gone 
mad  on  upright  lines  ;  even  the  very  arches 
are  all  ultra  extra  centred  to  enhance  this  effect, 
aud  by  the  much  more  reprehensible  means 
of  dwarfing  all  his  figures  in  the  foreground 
the  ett'ect  is  still  more  exaggerated.  Here 
this  great  vice  is  its  own  punishment.  The 
presbytery  which  is  attached  to  the  church  is 
of  too  German  a  character  to  assort  w-ell  with 
the  surrounding  buildings.  With  (No.  904) 
the  Church  of  Notre  Dame,  at  Dadizule,  we  are 
familiar,  but  the  more  we  see  of  it  the  more 
we  like  it,  and  in  the  north-east  view  the 
grouping  of  the  small  chapels  which  connect 
the  transept  with  the  choir  is  particularly 
happy.  Altogether,  it  is  a  work  of  far  greater 
merit  than  either  of  the  other  two,  and  ranks 
amongst  the  highest  efforts  exhibited. 

Mr.  Bazalgette  exhibits  (No.  892)  his  design 
for  the  Abbey  Mills  Pumping  Station  for  the 
Metropolitan  Main  Drainage  Works,  which  is 
of  the  most  cosmopoUtau  character,  and  very 
bad  even  for  an  engineer.  What  Sir  Daniel 
Cooper,  Bart.,  can  have  done  that  lie  should  be 
compelled  to  dwell  under  such  a  sky  as  Mr. 
Barton  hasgiven  him  we  do  not  know.  How- 
ever bad  it  may  have  been,  our  pity  for  him 
transcends  the  horror  of  his  crime.  As  for  the 
house,  it  is  Uke  a  young  hotel  reared  on  very 
limited  liabilitv  principles  ;  it  and  Mr.  Drew's 
Leigh  Park  (No.  894)  are  bad  alike.  Mr. 
Brandon's  Junior  Carlton  Club  House  is 
a  very  ordinary — nay,  a  very  common- 
place— Italian  fa9ade;  arched  windows  without 
any  pediments  in  the  ground  floor,  square 
windows  with  arched  pediments  in  the  first 
floor,  circular-headed  windows  with  triangular 
pediments  in  the  next,  and  square  windows 
with  no  pediments  at  all  in  the  top  ;  the 
usual  cantilever  cornice  with  regulation  balus- 
trade of  soda-water  bottles  between  soup 
tureens  on  the  top,  a  sort  of  design  any  boy  of 
intelligence  after  a  six  months'  course  of 
"  Chambers"  and  "  Letarurilly,"  would  pro- 
duce. Don't  do  it  Mr.  Brandon ;  pray  dont  .' 
think  of  the  many  better  things  you  have 
dreamed  of  and  done  ;  and  if  you  are  sat 
upon  by  a  committee,  strike !  Mr.  T.  H. 
Wyatt   exhibits  his   design  for  the   Chateau 

de" no,  we  are  wrong.     On  looking  at  the 

catalogue  we  find  it  is  (No.  890)  the  Quad- 
rangle of  the  Exchange  at  Liverpool.  We 
really  could  never  have  supposed  it  was  a  com- 
mercial building  in  an  English  town,  but 
believed  it  was  some  new  old  chateau  for  some 
new  old  noble  over  the  water;  but  we  perceive 
that  Mr.  Wyatt,  instead  of  exporting  his  ideas 


334 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


May  17,  1867. 


to  France,  like  the  play-wrights,  imports  them 
thence.  Human  nature  is  very  ingenious,  es- 
pecially in  nTong  doing,  but  try  as  it  may  to 
devise  anything  more  unlike  a  Commercial 
Exchange  than  this  it  must  fail,  and  yield  the 
palm,  as  we  do,  to  Mr,  Wyatt.  The  Water 
Tower  at  Canon's  Ashby  (No.  901),  by  Mr. 
Digby  Wyatt,  is  a  very  picturesque  design  and 
a  very  pleasing  dra^^■ing  ;  the  former  spoilt  by 
the  huge  monogram  in  the  upper  story,  and 
the  latter  by  the  general  chaliiness  of  the 
colouring  of  the  stonework. 

Next  in  Older  comes  a  huge  drawing  of  a 
large  circus,  badly  designed  and  weakly 
drawn,  indeed  so  indefinite  that  we  scarcely  can 
read  what  is  intended  b}- much  of  it.  Its  prin- 
cipal feature  is  the  second  story,  where  win- 
dows are  divided  by  double  Ionic  columns  sup- 
porting cantilevers,  and  which  in  their  turn 
carry  a  balcony,  the  purport  c^f  which  is  not 
very  evident ;  but  be  its  uses  what  they  may, 
we  maintain  that  of  all  the  "  so-called  " 
orders  the  Ionic  is  the  last  which  should  be  so 
applied.  The  cushioned  form  of  its  cap  and 
its  curvilinear  lines  \infit  it  for  such  a  pur- 
pose, and  the  utmost  it  should  ever  receive 
above  it,  or  ever  did  in  thinking  times  re- 
ceive, is  some  slight  wreath  or  other  flat  or- 
nament. But  to  treat  it  thus  shows  as  much 
want  of  real  art  feeling  as  might  even  be  ex- 
pected from  South  Kensington.  Not  content 
with  misapplying  the  order,  the  cantilevers 
are  used  over  porches,  and  even  under  pedi- 
ments where  no  balcony  is  possible.  The 
'  basement  and  arrangement  of  steps,  so  far 
as  we  can  make  out,  seems  picturesque,  and 
the  frieze  round  the  main  cornice  mignt  be 
made  very  eflective,  but  the  tendency  to  run 
to    boilers  seems  not  yet  eradicated  in  this 

?uarter,  for  we  find  by  the  catalogue 
iNo.  905)  that  this  is  the  world-trumpeted 
"  Hall  of  Arts  and  Science  about  to  be 
erected  on  the  estate  of  her  Majesty's  Com- 
missioners for  the  Exhibilion  of  1851,  based 
on  ideas  originated  by  the  late  Captain  Fowke, 
and  designed  by  (assisted  by  R.  Townroe)  H. 
J.  D.  Scott."  Really  all  this  talent  ought 
to  have  produced  something,  but  the  reign 
of  King  Cole  seems  as  fatal  to  architects  now- 
a-days  as  it  was  in  those  of  yore  to 
millers,  weavers,  and  tailors.  It  is  really  so 
bad  that  we  should  not  be  surprised  if  Mr. 
Cole  were  knighted  next  Monday.  No.  906, 
Farringdon-street  Bridge,  by  Mr.  Haywood, 
is  done  up  like  a  pantomime  imp  in  green  and 
gold,  and  almost  as  ugly.  A  very  pleasing 
Belgian  tiausept,  with  a  gloss  of  Heidelberg, 
is  Mr.  T.  R.  Smith's  Stanclitfe,  uear  MatlocU, 
and  if  we  could  ensure  sunshine  in  England 
it  would  be  very  charming  ;  it  is  clever  and 
chaste  both  in  composition  and  drawing.  For 
Mr.  Penrose  we  are  trulv  sorry :  that  the  learned 
author  of  that  elaborate  disquisition  on  the 
Parthenon  should  he  reduced  to  this  shows 
to  what  a  low  estate  a  dean  and  chapter  can 
bring  a  man.  The  design  of  the  proposed 
new  National  Gallery  is  as  bad  as  any  town 
in  Spanish  America  might  be  proud  of,  and 
vastly  like  what  they  would  have  done  two 
hundred  years  ago.  For  mercy's  sake,  Mr. 
Penrose,  use  your  influence  to  have  the  frame 
turned  the  other  side  outwards ;  mystery 
might  enhance  your  reputation,  publicity  here 
must  injure  it.  And  vou,  too,  Mr.  Digby 
Wyatt,  your  little  sketch  (No.  960)  show's 
us  how  much  we  have  to  be  thankful  for 
that  you  did  not  send  a  larger  one. 

Mr.  Burges's  St.  Finn  Barr's  Cathedral, 
at  CorK  (No.  912),  is  a  good  ordinary  French 
church,  without  the  slightest  attempt  to 
impress  an  Irish  character  on  anything  except 
the  cattle  in  the  foreground,  which  are  bulls 
of  a  true  Hibernian  breed.  We  submit  that 
in  all  Mr.  Burges's  studies  in  France,  and 
they  have  been  many  and  earnest,  he  never 
met  with  a  worse  mode  of  uniting  the  main 
wall  of  a  chevet  and  an  aisle  roof  than  he  has 
here  adopted.  He,  no  doubt,  is  perfectly 
satisfied  with  it ;  butwearenot.  IntheGrand 
Hotel,  Scarborough,  Mr.  Brodrick  treats  us 
to  the  Palace  of  Aladdin  in  our  youth,  only 
considerably  increased  since  then.    That,  if  we 


recollect  aright,  had  only  one  dome  ;  now  we 
have  four  roc's  eggs  and  more,  each  capped  by 
its  own  particular  incubator.  Oh  !  that  they 
could  hatch  a  dividend  ;  great  would  be  their 
use,  and  we  might  then  forgive  their  want  of 
beauty.  The  rest  of  the  building  is  of  ordi- 
nary hotel  character,  but  counterchangcd ; 
heretofore  they  have  geneially  been  red  with 
white  facing.  This  puts  on  a  sort  of  bands- 
man's uniform  of  white  faced  with  red.  Of 
Mr.  Watson's  design  for  the  Manchester  Ex- 
change, we,  in  our  review  of  that  competition, 
spoke  hopefully,  and,  having  nothing  to  add 
except  that  with  the  opportunity  of  improving 
the  colouring  he  has  since  had  we  are  sorry 
he  has  not  used  it.  Mr.  Scott  sends  his  Ban- 
gor Cathedral,  which  is  almost  as  had  as  Mr. 
Scott  can  do,  and  as  ill  drawn  as  Mr.  ^Vyatt 
can  make  it.  Of  the  other  drawings,  silence 
is  the  sincerest  flattery  ;  but  we  cannot  part 
from  this  portion  of  the  Exhibition  without 
looking  with  pleasure  ou  Mr.  Spiers's  beautiful 
and  truthful  sketches  of  the  Parthenon  and 
the  great  Khan  at  Damascus,  and  admiring 
Mr.  George's  slight  but  pretty  ones  of  Seville 
and  Calais.  We  hope  some  day  to  see  draw- 
ings from  them  in  a  future  "Dudley."  To 
Mr.  Dobbins's  staircase,  we  are  inclined  to  cry, 
"Gee-up,  Dobbin!"  But  why  attempt  such  a 
painting  after  Roberts's  charming  rendering 
of  it  ?  It  seems  almost  a  sacrilege  to  touch 
what  he  so  wonderfully  expressed.  And  now 
away,  for  after  all  there  is  some  truth  in  what 
a  charming  voice  behind  us  says; — '■  Come 
along,  dear,  surely  there's  nothing  worth 
looking  at  there,  or  they  wouldn't  put  it  in  so 
strong  a  draught !" — so  we  follow  them  and 
revel  for  a  while  in  the  glorious  colour  of  Cres- 
wick,  0  Neil,  and  Linnell,  and  in  the  archi- 
tectonic grouping  of  the  human  form  by 
Leighton  and  A.  Moore  ;  leain  a  lesson  of 
faith  and  charity  from  Faed,  and  rejoice  that  if 
those  ages  of  faith  Mr.  Donaldson  has  painted 
were  like  his  representation,  architecture 
had  the  good  sense  to  do  as  he  has  indicated — 
turn  its  back  upon  them. 


SANDSTONES. 


OUR  English  sandstones  are  very  nume- 
rou.^,  although  the  superior  descriptions 
are  few  in  comparison  ^^"ith  the  inferior  kinds. 
Sandstone,  we  need  hardly  remind  the  reader, 
is  nothing  but  sand  compacted  with  solid  stone 
by  cementing  substances  which  are  compara- 
tively indestructible.  The  grains  of  sand- 
stone consist  of  quartz  of  various  colours — 
the  green  colours  being  derived  from  silicate 
of  iron,  and  the  red  resulting  from  the  cover- 
ing of  the  grains  with  peroxide  of  iron, 
both  colours  being  frequently  intermingled 
in  consequence  of  chemical  changes.  The 
grains  vary  in  size.  The  coarser  kinds  may 
be  of  the  size  of  a  pea ;  but  these  are  not 
adapted  forfine  external  work.  There  are  other 
kinds,  the  grains  of  which  consist  of  the 
smallest  possible  particles.  Sandstones  may 
be  consolidated  by  various  means.  If  hy  the 
infiltration  of  mineral  matters  in  solution  they 
contain  these  substances.  The  felspathic 
sandstones,  which  are  of  a  dull  white  coloui', 
contain  gr.ains  of  felspar.  In  many  sand- 
stones flakes  and  spangles  of  mica  are  to  be 
found  in  large  quantities,  and  are  conse- 
quently known  as  micaceous  sandstones. 
Other  kinds  contain  large  quantities  of  lime, 
and  are  therefore  distinguished  as  calcareous 
sandstone — a  term  which  is  not,  however, 
contined  to  this  description  of  stone.  The 
lime  is  frequently  to  be  found  in  the  form  of 
shells.  Sand  and  clay  are  to  be  found  to- 
gether, and  the  workmen  call  the  clay  patches 
to  be  foimd  on  sandy  shores  "galls."  The 
dift'erent  varieties  of  sandstones  are  known 
by  names  which  are  mostly  local  denomina- 
tions. In  South  Staflbrdshire  there  is  a  hard 
sandstone,  largely  used  in  that  county,  which 
is  known  by  the  quarrymen  as  "rock." 
"  Rotch  "  or  "  roche  "  is  the  name  of  a  softer 
kind  of  stone.  Slightly  compacted  sandstone 
is  known  as  rubble.     The  hard  grit  is  known 


in  the  North  of  England  as  "  hazel,"  and 
elsewhere  the  same  sandstone  is  called  "  post." 
It  appears  that  in  South  Staflbrdshire  a  hard, 
smooth,  flinty  grit  is  known  as  "  peldon," 
and  a  northern  terra  for  a  similar  stone  is 
"  calliard "  or  "galliard."  "Freestone"  is 
a  more  popular  term,  and  it  is  applied  to  any 
kind  of  stone  that  works  freely  in  every 
direction,  while  "flagstone"  is  a  term  em- 
ployed for  those  stones  wluch  split  more 
freely  in  one  direction  than  in  any  other. 
Sandstones  are  usually  laminated,  and  this  is 
especially  the  case  when  mica  is  one  of  the 
constituents.  Stones,  the  plates  of  which  are 
generally  arranged  in  planes  parallel  to  their 
beds,  Sir  John  Burgoyne  tells  us,  should  be 
carefully  placed  in  constructions,  so  that  these 
planes  of  lamination  may  be  horizontal,  for  if 
placed  vertically  the  action  of  decomposition 
will  occur  in  flakes,  according  to  the  thickness 
of  the  lanunse.  "  Indeed,"  continues  Sir  John, 
"  the  best  way  of  using  all  descriptions  of 
stone  is  in  the  same  position  which  they  had 
in  the  quarry  ;  but  this  becomes  a  really  im- 
perative rule  with  those  of  laminated  struc- 
tirre.  Uniformity  of  colour  is  a  tolerably 
correct  criterion  of  uniformity  of  structure, 
and  this  constitutes,  other  circumstances 
being  equal,  one  of  the  practical  excellences 
of  building  stones."  York  stone  is  laminated, 
and  is  consequently  used  for  paving  pur- 
poses. The  compact  old  sandstones  will  not 
resist  the  weather  when  used  externally,  as 
may  be  seen  at  Chester  Cathedral.  Such 
stones  receive  great  injury  by  absorbing  the 
water ;  and,  in  consequence  of  retaining 
moisture,  they  are  liable  to  disruption  by 
frost  if  exposed  to  atmospheric  influences. 
Of  course,  there  is  no  difiiculty  in  ascertain- 
ing whether  a  sandstone  is  thus  liable,  since 
if  immersed  for  a  certain  period  in  water  its 
weighti  will  soon  greatly  increase.  Of  late 
years  it  has  been  the  practice  to  ascertain 
whether  a  stone  is  thus  susceptible  to  the 
frost  by  dipping  it  in  a  saltish  solution,  re- 
peating the  process  until  the  salt  has  crystal- 
lised ou  the  surface  of  the  stone.  Should  the 
stone  be  susceptible  to  the  action  of  the  solu- 
tion its  edges  will  be  found  deposited  in  the 
vessel  beneat'n  ;  but  where  this  is  not  the  case 
we  may  be  warranted  in  employing  the  sand- 
stone for  external  purposes. 

In  order  to  distinguish  between  crystalline 
limestones  and  those  sandstones  which  re- 
semble limestones  in  their  fine  grain  and 
similarity  in  structure,  it  has  been  proposed 
to  touch  the  stone  with  a  drop  of  diluted  acid, 
which  will  cause  a  copious  ettervescence  with 
limestone.  An  engineering  contemporary 
considers  that  a  more  simple  method  would' 
be  to  distinguish  the  sandstone  by  its  power 
of  scratching  glass. 

The  Commission  appointed  to  examine  the 
difl'erent  stones  that  were  proposed  to  be  tised 
for  the  New  Houses  of  Parliament  selected 
four  specimens  of  sandstone  taken  from  four 
quarries— viz.,  Craigleith,  in  Edinburghshire  ; 
Darley  Dale,  in  Derbyshire  ;  Heddon,  in 
Northumberland;  and  Kenton,  in  the  same 
county.  They  gave  the  following  as  their 
average  constituents  : — 

Silica 95-725 

Carbonate  of  lime    .     .  1'065 

Iron  alumina  ....  2'150 

Water  and  loss    .     .     .  1'060 

100-000 
1421b.  7oz.  per  cubic  foot  was  fotmd  to  be  the 
.average  weight  of  these  four  kinds  of  stone. 
The  sandstone   of  the    carboniferous   age 
known   as   the    Craigleith  stone,  and  derivei 
from  Edinburgh,  is  considered  to  be  the  besi 
sandstone  used  for  building  purposes.    Th' 
colour   of  this   stone    is  lightish   grey;    t"' 
grain  is  exceedingly  fine  ;  it  is  to  some  cxten 
laminated,  and  it  should  therefore  be  laid  oi 
its  natural  bed.        The   composition  of  thi 
stone  is   as  follows : — Fine  quartz  grains  Witl 
a  siliceous  cement,  slightly  calcareous,  m 
occasional  plates  of   niica.      There  is  om; 
about  1   per  cent,  of  carbonate  of  lime,  an 


t 


May   17,  1867. 


THE  BUIT.DING  NEWS. 


3  35 


there  is  98  per  cent,  silica,  the  remainder 
consisting  of  bituminous  substances  and 
mica.  Professor  Ansted  has  stated  that  the 
beds  vary  in  thickness,  the  thickest  being 
10ft.,  and  that  the  number  of  workable,  beds 
is  very  large.  AVe  understand  that  it  is  ob- 
tainable of  any  practicable  length  and 
breadth,  and  up  to  10ft.  thick;  weight  per 
cubic  foot,  1461b.  A  cubic  foot  will  absorb 
four  pints  of  water.  It  has  been  found 
that  good  samples  will  resist  crushing  weights 
to  the  extent  of  5,8001b.  to  the  square  inch 
Specimens  of  this  stone  are  exliibited  by  Mr. 
George  Johnstone,  of  Craigleith,  in  the  South 
Kensington  lluseimi.  There  is  a  house  in 
Queen  Anne-street,  Cavendish-square,  which 
was  erected  of  this  stone  in  17G0.  At  the 
time  when  the  house  was  painted,  in  1840,  no 
appearance  of  decay  was  presented.  Indeed, 
it  is  believed  that  though  the  stone  darkens 
by  exposure  to  the  atmosphere  yet  it  is  but 
little  all'ected  by  smoke  and  frost.  The  re- 
pairs made  in  1838  in  Blackfriars  Bridge 
were  done  with  this  stone.  It  has,  too, 
been  largely  used  in  the  city  of  Edin- 
burgh, most  of  the  public  buildings  and 
offices  having  been  erected  of  it.  It  appears 
to  have  been  extensively  exported  to  Ham- 
burg and  other  places  on  the  Continent.  Yet 
it  is  too  expensive  to  be  largely  used  in 
London,  and  being  white  it  will  soon  be  dis- 
coloured. The  price  at  the  quany  is  not  so 
high  as  it  used  to  be.  We  believe  it  is  now 
Is.  per  foot  ordinary  block,  and  2s.  3d.  per 
yard  3in.  tooled  flags,  rough. 

In  Edinburgh  and  other  Scotch  cities 
Humhie  stone  has  been  largely  used,  and  it  is 
found  to  be  more  easily  worked  than  Craig- 
leith stone.  The  Royal  Exchange  and  Bank 
in  Glasgow  have  been  built  of  this  stone. 
Glammis  sandstone  is  a  very  excellent  fine 
material,  and  several  well-known  castles  in 
Scotland  have  been  built  of  it.  The  Dundee 
and  Arbroath  old  red  sandstones  are  reputed 
to  stand  the  weather  admirably.  These  stones 
are  dark-coloured  and  flaky,  the  Dundee  stone 
being  sometimes  of  a  dark  purplish  brown 
colour,  produced  by  the  presence  of  a  great 
deal  of  iron  oxide.  The  Arbroath  stone  is 
more  pleasing  in  appearance,  and  is  greenish- 
grey  ;  it  is  frequently  used  for  flag  pave- 
ments. Darky  Dale  sandstone  (Derbyshire) 
is  composed  as  follows : — Quartz  grains  of  mo- 
derate size  and  decomposed  felspar,  with  an  ar- 
gillo-siliceous  cement ;  ferruginous  spots  and 
plates  o{  mica;  colour,  light  ferruginous 
Dro\ni.  Hiddon  stone  was  found  by  the  Par- 
liament House  Commissioners  to  consist  of 
coarse  quartz  grains  and  decomposed  felspar, 
with  an  argiUo-sillceous  cement  ;  ferruginous 
spots  ;  colour,  light  brown  ochre. 

Kenton  stone  is  composed    of   fine  quartz 
jrains  with  an  argillo-siliceous  and  ferrugi- 
aous    cement ;     mica    in    planes    of    beds ; 
;olour,    light     ferruginous     brown.       This 
itone  is  sold  at  the  quarry  at  Is.  per  foot 
>Tdinary  block,  or  5s.  per  yard  3-incb  tooled 
lags,  and  is  delivered   in    Newcastle.     The 
Torlishire  sandstones   of    the    millstone   grit 
leties  are  largely  used  for  building  purposes. 
Professor  Ansted  has  described  the  coniposi- 
Wnof  these  sandstones  as  fine  grained  quartz- 
)5e  sand,   with   some  felspar  cemented  with 
.tgillo-siliceous  cement,  and  having  plates  of 
ttica  in  the  planes  of  stratification.     Their 
olotir  varies  from  bluish-green  to  pale  ferru- 
TOous  brown,  oxide  or  sUieate  of  iron  form- 
ng  a    part    of   their    composition.      These 
tones  weigh  about  1451b.  to  the  cubic  foot, 
(  nd  support  a  crushing  weight,  equal,  it   is 
^d,  to  that  of  Craigleith.     "  But  the  York- 
hire  flags,"  says  Mr.  Ansted,  "  absorb  water 
sadily  and  part  with  it  freely  ;   and  thus, 
nough  as  paving  stones  laid  horizontally  they 
re  very  durable,  they  are  apt  to  peel  when 
laced  in  walls.     They  are  also  un:Jafe  when 
I  contact  with  damp   earth,  or  where  water 
as  only   occasional  access,  and  there  is  no 
lorough    circulation    of    air."      The   Park 
pringstone  (sold  at  Is.  2d.  per  foot  ordinary 
lock)  is  obtained  from  quarries  near  Leeds, 
id  from  Halifax  and  Huddersfleld.     Stento-a 


stone,  obtained  from  the  quarries  near  Dur- 
ham, has  worn  well.  The  circular  keep  of 
Barnard  Castle,  built  in  the  fourteenth  cen- 
tury, is  of  this  stone,  and  is  in  capital  condi- 
tion. So  also  is  Ecclestone  Abbey,  erected  in 
the  thirteenth  century,  the  minute  ornaments 
and  mouldings  of  which  are  in  fine  preserva- 
tion. A  light  sandstone,  obtained  from 
Whitby,  in  Yorkshire,  is  largely  imported. 
The  Abbey  at  AYhitby,  which  is  of  the 
thirteenth  century,  was  built  of  this  material, 
or  of  a  similar  kind,  and  with  the  exception 
of  the  west  front,  which  is  very  much  decom- 
posed, it  is  generally  in  good  condition.  A 
coarse  local  sandstone  was  used  for  the  west 
front,  the  transepts,  and  tower  of  liipon 
Cathedral,  and  the  stone  remains  in  good 
preservation.  Nottinghamshire  sandstones, 
those  from  Mansfickl  especially,  are  well- 
known  in  London.  They  are  of  two  kinds. 
The  cube  white  calcareous  sandstone  is  com- 
posed of  silica,  514()  ;  carbonate  of  Ume, 
26'50  ;  carbonate  of  magnesia,  17'98  ;  iron 
alumina,  1'32;  water  and  loss,  2-08.  There 
is  also  the  culie  red  calcareous  sandstone,  the 
chemical  analysis  of  which  is  as  follows  : — 
Silica,  49-4  ;  carbonate  of  lime,  26'5  ;  car- 
bonate of  magnesia,  16'1  ;  iron  alumina,  3-2  ; 
water  and  loss,  4*8.  Mr.  Lindley's  circular 
in  the  South  Kensington  Museum  informs  us 
that  these  two  sandstones  are  the  connecting 
link  between  the  magnesian  limestone  and 
the  new  red  sandstone  formations,  partaking 
of  the  characters  of  both.  The  qu.ariies,  from 
which  the  specimens  exhibited  by  Mr.  Lind- 
ley  in  the  Museum  are  taken,  have  been  in 
work  for  four  hundred  years.  The  price 
varies  from  lOd.  to  Is.  per  foot,  ordinary 
block.  The  sandstones  obtained  from  the 
Wealden  deposits  near  Tunbridge  AYells  are 
used  in  London,  although  they  have  been  con- 
sidered too  irregular  in  their  composition,  and 
too  easily  acted  on  by  the  weather  to  justify 
an  extended  use  for  other  than  local  purposes. 
The  subcretaceous  formations  of  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Godstone,  Maidstone,  or  Folke- 
stone, are  valuable.  Chitniark  stone  is  more 
of  a  siliceous  limestone.  It  is  remarkably 
heavy,  weighing  153;^lb.  to  the  foot  cube, 
and  is  non-absorbent,  taking  up  less  than  a 
pint  and  a  half  of  water  ii>  the  foot  cube. 
The  EeigaU  firestone  was  largely  used  for  the 
old  buildings  around  London  ;  it  is  the  prin- 
cipal material  of  Windsor  Castle  and  Hamp- 
ton Court. 


THE  ARCHITECTURAL  EXHIBITION, 
1867.* 

Bv  Edward  W.  Godwin. 

IT  was  from  this  place  just  a  fortnight  since 
that  Mr.  Beresford  Hope,  in  a  very  charac- 
teristic address,  confessed  tosomediflicultyin 
making  himself  understood  because  be  had 
determined  to  avoid  anything  which  might 
be  regarded  as  personal.  He  couldnot,  there- 
fore, illustrate  any  of  his  observations, 
whether  favourable  or  not,  by  any  direct  re- 
ference to  modern  architects  or  their  works. 
Now,  I  maj"  as  well  state,  once  for  aU,  that  I 
do  not  intend  this  diSiculty  to  stand  in  our 
way  to-night.  For  myself  I  cannot  under- 
stand why  architects  should  be  treated  more 
tenderly  than  the  professors  of  other  arts — 
why,  for  example,  the  sculptor  of  the  Nelson 
lions  should  be  severel}'  rated,  and  the  archi- 
tect of  the  Foreign  Office  allowed  to  go  scot 
free  !  If  free  criticisms  of  the  works  of 
poets,  painters,  sculptors,  and  mu-icians  are 
right,  much  more  is  it  right  freely  and  fear- 
lessly to  criticise  the  works  of  architects. 
We  may  if  we  like  exclude  the  works  of  all 
the  former.  We  are  not  obliged  to  read  Mr. 
Tupper's  rhymes  or  Mr.  Swinburne's  poetry, 
and  no  one  compels  us  to  buy  Mr.  Cope's 
canvases  or  Mr.  Bume  Jones's  pictures,  but 
whether  we  like  it  or  not  we  cannot  help  our- 
selves in  the  matter  of  architects.  They  shut 
out  the  sunshine  on  all  sides  of  us,  they  turn 


*  Paper  read  at  the  Architectural  Exhibition  Society  on 
May  14,  Mr.  Lamb,  presidiDg. 


pleasant  pastures  into  dreary  streets,  they 
thrust  their  crudenesses  into  the  sky,  and 
brandish  their  ugly  compass  work  at  every 
corner,  and  then  in  the  face  of  all  this  we  are 
iisked  to  be  tender,  to  avoid  being  personal, 
and  the  rest  of  it.  This  word  "personal" 
has  lately  found  itself  doing  ser\-ice  in  a  va- 
riety of  ways.  There  was  a  time  not  very 
long  ago  when  it  meant  little  more  beyond 
that  which  Latin  authors  once  attributed  to 
it.  Now,  however,  you  cannot  talk  of  an 
architect's  early  studies,  his  method  of  study, 
the  good  or  bad  influence  of  others  upon 
him,  the  efi'ects  of  having  too  much  or  too 
little  to  do,  nor,  indeed,  can  you  be  always 
sure  of  speaking  of  gross  breaches  of  profes- 
sional etiquette,  without  running  the  risk  of 
being  considered  "  personal  '  and  unkind,  so 
thin-skinned  and  so  unaccustomed  to  out- 
spoken free  opinion  is  the  modern  English 
architect.  I  hold  .strongly  to  the  belief  that 
the  value  of  these  exhibitions  is  but  of  small 
account  if  our  criticism  is  to  end  merely  in 
comparing  one  work  with  another.  If  there 
is  to  be  any  real  outcome — if  the  architects  of 
the  future  (the  pupils  of  to-day)  are  to  gain 
any  real  good  from  these  waUs,  it  can  only  be 
by  or  thi'ough  a  system  of  strong  personali- 
ties. It  is  not  enough  for  students  of  art  to  be 
able  to  recognise  the  good  and  the  bad  ;  the 
fine  art  and  the  "masking  stufl'"  are  both  the 
certain  results  which  mi<;ht  fairly  have  been 
predicted  when  their  authors  started  in  the 
race.  Tliatto  which  students  should  direct  their 
thoughts  is  not  the  greatness  of  Caesar  but  the 
kindjOf  meat  upon  which  he  hath  fed;  not  so 
much  the  race  as  the  system  of  training.  Indeed, 
it  is  preciselj-  about  that  sort  of  thing  which 
some  very  tender  people  regard  as  essentially 
personal  that  we  require  not  only  knowledge 
but  unsparing  criticism.  Believing,  as  we 
do,  that  there  is  no  royal  road  to  art,  that 
genius  is  only  a  fanciful  namefor  the  supreme 
of  common  sense,  earnest  feeling,  and  hard 
work,  we  want  to  know  something  of  the  per- 
sonal whenever  we  see  the  evidence  of  earnest 
feeling  and  hard  work,  and  for  the  sake  of 
helping  others  we  should  know  something 
of  the  jiersonal  whenever  we  miss  this  evi- 
dence. Take  the  designs  of  an  important 
competition.  One  is  so  full  of  graceful  propor- 
tion and  elegance  of  detail  that  it  almost 
borders  on  the  eft'eminate.  Another  is  so  over 
strong  in  its  masses  and  so  broad  and  grand 
in  its  detail  that  it  secures  for  itself  a  certain 
feudal  barbarity.  A  third  is  without  grace  or 
strength,  has  been  conceived  in  vanity,  and 
must  end  in  vexation.  A  fourth  has  simply 
no  character  at  all,  neither  bad,  good,  nor  in- 
dift'erent.  Now  it  tends  very  little  to  the  ad- 
vancement of  architecture  or  the  improvement 
of  architectural  students  merely  to  see  these 
foui'designs  placed  side  by  side  inanexhibition. 
The  question  is.  How  comes  it  that  they  are  so 
dift'erent  ?  and  in  this  question  is  involved  the 
whole  life  and  all  the  important  personalities 
of  their  authors.  Some  works  are  so  earnestly 
wrought  that  we  have  little  difficulty  in  see- 
ing through  them  with  tolerable  clearness  the 
general  tone  of  the  past  life  of  the  worker,  nor 
have  we  any  need  of  special  supernatural  aid 
to  predict  with  fair  expectance  of  accuracy  his 
future  career.  Ihe  majority  of  architectural 
works  are,  however,  so  void  and  vapid  that, 
j  udging  the  men  by  their  works,  their  lives 
are  too  commonplace  and  their  minds  too 
empty  to  have  the  slightest  interest  for  us  one 
way  or  the  other  either  praiseway  or  blame- 
way.  These  are  imlortunately  what  the  pub- 
lic consider  as  "  .safe  men ;  "  they  indulge  in 
no  eccentricities  ;  there  is  nothing  odd  nor 
quaint  about  them,  showing  a  more  or  less 
diseased  mental  organisation,  for  the  simple 
rea.son  that  they  have  no  minds  to  be  dis- 
eased. With  them  architecture  is  not  an  art 
nor  a  profession,  but  a  mere  building  agency. 
With  your  permission,  then,  I  will  pass  by  this 
class  of  so-called  architects,  leaving  them  to 
trade  with  the  public  and  to  impose  upon 
their  employers  until  that  happy  day  arrives 
when  the  public  shall  have  found  out  that 
architecture  is  as  much  a  fine  art  as  painting 


336 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


May  17,  1867. 


or  poetry.  Omitting  tliis  class,  tlien  every 
degree  of  art  thought  from  zero  to  summer 
heat,  and  an  almost  endless  variety  of  circum- 
stances which  have  contributed  to  determine 
these  degrees — the  prestige  of  a  name,  early 
marriages,  a  life  spent  in  seclusion,  or  what  is 
almost  as  bad,  passed  within  the  boundaries  of 
a  narrow  clique  ;  flattering,  and  therefore 
false  friends,  the  love  of  money  superior  to 
the  love  of  art,  an  anxiety  to  rise  rather  than 
to  learn  ;  all  luxuries,  especially  those  which 
come  to  us  through  any  other  channel  than 
your  own  hard  work — these  are  some  of  the 
things  which  are  manifestly  at  the  root  of 
much  of  the  zero  of  the  bad  art  around  us.  On 
the  other  hand,  we  may  see  the  evidence  of  the 
patience  which  bides  its  time  of  living  sym- 
pathy with  all  genuine  art  workers,  of  time 
spent  neither  in  proud  nor  basliful  solitude  but 
in  the  busy  art  world  with  artists  in  the  most 
catholic  sense  of  tlie  word — not  in  smooth  and 
limited  professional  grooves  but  in  the  broad 
battleheld  of  life,  wliere  the  lesson  has  been 
learnt  perchance  that  there  are  others  stronger 
and  better  than  themselves,  or  at  any  rate 
others  who,  seeing  with  other  eyes  other  as- 
pects of  things,  do  quite  as  nobly  as  they  do. 

One  very  great  assistance  to  lis  in  what  I 
may  call  our  personal  inquiry  is  the  free  and 
open  way  in  which  architects  have  this  year 
responded  to  the  invitation  to  e.xhibit  their 
sketches  and  studies  of  old  works.  Some  of 
these  were  clearly  never  done  with  any 
thought  of  their  ever  being  subjected  to  pub- 
lic criticism,  and  we  cannot  but  be  very 
thankful  for  this  insight  into  the  kind  of 
study  thus  illustrated.  This  is  particularly 
the  case  in  respect  to  most  of  the  drawings 
contributed  by  Mr.  Hayter  Lewis  and  Mr. 
Lamb.  On  the  other  hand,  many  of  the  draw- 
ings have  been  done  apparently  for  little 
other  purpose  tlian  to  be  exhibited,  and  look 
more  like  drawings  done  to  order  at  so  much 
the  dozen  rather  than  studies  or  archi- 
tectural sketches.  The  drawings  in  this 
department  of  the  exhibition  which  deaerve 
more  than  ordinary  notice  as  drawings  are 
those  by  Canalletti,  kindly  lent  by  ]\Ir.  Tite  ; 
Mr.  Watson's  tenderly  tinted  sketches,  Mr. 
Cole's  church  interior  (No.  257),  and  Mr.  A. 
B.  Donaldson's  beautiful  drawing  of  one  of 
the  stained  glass  mndows  in  Florence 
Cathedral.  Before  we  begin  our  examination 
of  the  modern  architecture,  there  are  yet  three 
drawings  which  demand  considerable  atten- 
tion. I  refer  to  the  two  designs  for  frescoes 
hy  Mr.  Albert  Moore,  and  the  "  Restoration 
of  the  Street  of  Tombs,"  by  Mr.  Cockerell. 
Of  this  last-mentioued  drawing  I  am  bold  to 
.say  that,  if  Mr.  Cockerell  had  never  done  any- 
thing else,  he  would  have  earned  by  this  work 
a  right  to  our  esteem  and  admiration,  not 
only  as  an  artist,  but  as  an  antiquary  and  a 
.scholar.  Many  of  you  will  no  doubt  recollect 
that,  some  few  years  ago,  Mr.  Surges  exhi- 
bited a  pen  and  ink  bird's-eye  view  of  a  thir- 
teenth century  town,  which  evinced  the  same 
high-class  powers  as  those  manifested  in  !Mr. 
CockerelTs  drawing,  although  in  a  totally 
different  direction.  In  the  mediaeval  town 
we  had  force  of  line,  in  the  street  of  the  tombs 
we  have  delicacy  of  colour  ;  in  the  town  we 
had  an  exceptional  and  strange  figure  as  the 
central  feature,  in  the  street  we  have  a  group 
of  figures  illustrating  an  everyday  event.  Both 
meet,  however,  on  that  high  antiquarian 
ground  where  not  only  the  details  of  the 
architecture  are  truly  set  forth,  but  where 
the  life  and  spirit  of  the  times  are  strongly 
grasped.  Now  I  have  gone  a  little  out  of  my 
way  for  the  sole  purpose  of  pressing  upon  our 
younger  architects  the  great  advantage  of 
archaeological  study,  or,  in  other  words,  of 
keeping  alive  the  traditions  of  art.  For  my- 
self, I  have  no  doubt,  not  even  a  shadow  of 
one,  that  the  architectural  failures  of  our  age 
may  be  attributed,  in  a  measure,  to  sheer 
ignorance  of  the  history  of  art — an  ignorance 
too  often  owing,  not  merely  to  indolence,  but 
to  things  for  wliich  men  are  sometimes  praised 
rather  than  blamed.  Another  form  of  the 
architectural  blight — and  one  of  the  worst  and 


most  destructive — is  the  fretful,  unhealthy 
ambition  which  a  chance  unmerited  success 
often  engenders.  To  a  young  man,  an  odd 
premium  gained  in  an  important  competition, 
a  building  secured  by  some  accident,  such  as 
often  results  from  an  array  of  pretty  perspec- 
tives, or  a  free  treatment  of  sky — either  of 
such  events  is  almost  sure  to  exhaust  the  art 
in  the  young  beginner  by  making  him  fancy 
that  he  is  equal  to  his  day  and  to  every  occa- 
sion that  may  present  itself  To  the  students 
who  are  preparing  themselves  for  the  practice 
of  architecture,  I  would  particularly  recom- 
mend the  lessons  which  may  be  learnt  from 
Mr.  Cockerell's  drawing,  and  beg  them  to  look 
deeper  into  the  past,  and  acquaint  themselves 
more  fully  with  archaeological  science  than 
they  are  at  present  accustomed  to  do. 

Turning  now  to  Mr.  Albert  Moore's  designs 
for  frescoes,  we  have  again  reason  for  congratu- 
lation. For,  although  the  drawings  are  some- 
what slight  and  sketchy,  and  although  only 
the  .smaller  of  the  two  has  been  actually  exe- 
cuted in  fresco,  still,  the  presence  in  this 
exhibition  of  the  designs  of  such  a  painter  as 
Mr.  Albert  Moore  is  of  itself  one  of  the 
most  hopeliil  features  of  the  renewed  energy 
with  which  the  otlicials  of  the  society  have 
this  year  done  their  work.  It  may  be  per- 
haps from  the  paucity  of  artists  fitted  for 
monumental  painting  that  we  see  so  little 
fresco  or  secco  in  these  days.  And  yet  of  this 
I  have  no  doubt  whatever,  that  until  we  have 
architects,  painters,  and  sculptors  working 
side  by  side,  no  great  advance  is  possible  to 
either  art,  but  before  we  can  be  sure  of  any 
such  working  that  shall  be  worthy  of  the 
name,  painters  must  know  a  little  more  of 
the  great  art  to  which  they  have  to  unite 
their  work  than  they  do  at  present.  In 
looking  at  ilr.  iloore's  design  for  the  fresco 
executed  by  him  at  Rochdale  it  is  necessary 
to  know  that  all  the  lower  part  of  the  wall 
is  painted  red.  So  that,  although  the 
drawing  before  us  may  look  somewhat  fiery 
in  its  general  tone  of  colour,  the  fresco  does, 
in  fact,  look  exceedingly  luminous  and 
tender,  possessing  only  red  enough  sufficiently 
to  unite  tlie  lower  part  of  the  wall  with  the 
roof.  There  is,  however,  one  fault  which  is 
almost  inexcusable — the  figures  are  out  of 
scale  with  the  architectui'e.  It  is  cjuite 
possible  that  the  building  is  ill-designed,  and 
that  the  jiainter  looked  upon  the  architect  as 
anything  but  a  brother  artist.  If  such  were 
the  case,  we  think  the  painter  would  have  done 
wisely  to  decline  the  work  ;  if  such  were  not 
the  case,  then  Mr.  Moore  has  entirely  missed 
the  great  purpose  of  his  art.  In  the  second 
design  prepared  for  the  east  wall  of  the 
Church  of  Austinfriars  there  are  no  archi- 
tectural forms  to  rouse  the  ire  of  the  artist ; 
and  working,  therefore,  in  a  better  spirit  he 
has  produced  a  better  work  :  note  particularly 
the  expressions  of  the  angels,  so  intense, 
although  their  faces  are  invisible,  and  the 
exquisitely  lovely  group  of  women  and 
children  in  the  scene  of  the  Passover. 

I  do  not  like  passing  to  the  consideration 
of  the  designs  of  modern  architects  without 
first  mentioning  as  praiseworthy  ilr.  Wat- 
son's sketch  (No.  212)  ;  Mr.  Charles  Turner's 
fifth  sketch  in  No.  190  ;  Mr.  Perry's  illumi- 
nations ;  Mr.  Glover's  measured  drawings  of 
Bridgewater  House  ;  and  the  central  sketch 
in  the  top  row  of  Mr.  G.  H.  Birch's  frame 
(No.  189). 

The  architectural  designs  this  year  have 
been  arranged,  broadly  speaking,  in  four 
groups.  On  the  right  we  have  the  Gothic 
works,  on  the  left  the  Classic,  on  the  screens 
photographs  of  eight  of  the  eleven  designs 
submitted  for  the  Law  Courts,  and  in  the 
West  Gallery  the  designs  of  that  model  com- 
petition from  which  we  all  expected  a  new 
National  Gallery.  It  will  be  quite  impossible 
for  me  this  evening  to  criticise  at  any  length 
the  designs  in  these  two  national  competitions  ; 
and  to  pop  off  a  sort  of  rifle-shot  criticism  on 
men  (most  of  whom,  whatever  we  may  think 
of  them,  are  tried  soldiers,  and  have  done 
good  service  to  art  in   one  way  or  another) 


would  be,  to  say  the  least,  impertinent.  At 
the  same  time,  I  cannot  help  saying  that  I 
think  the  National  Gallery  competition  has 
been  very  much  imder-rated.  Considering 
all  the  circumstances  of  the  case — above  all, 
the  meagre  instructions,  the  short  time 
allowed,  and  the  depopularising  of  what  is 
commonly  called  Classic  architecture,  which 
has  been  gradually  going  on  for  the  last  half 
century,  it  having  been  received  as  a  settled 
point  that  those  ibrms  and  principles  of 
Gothic  art  found  to  be  so  elastic  for  all  other 
purposes  were  unsuited  for  this, — considering 
these  untoward  circumstances,  such  failures  as 
we  see  are  rather  to  be  attributed  to  the  un- 
fortunate conditions  expressed  and  understood 
than  to  the  architect,  who  is  more  or  less  the 
slave  of  those  conditions.  And  certainly  the 
failure  of  conditions,  i.e.,  of  the  work  of  the 
authorities,  should  no  more  result  in  depriv- 
ing the  architect  of  the  work  for  which  he  has 
fought  than  the  failure  of  the  counsel  for  the 
Crown  should  result  in  subjecting  the  prisoner 
to  a  second  trial.  Personally  I  have  no  wish 
to  see  any  one  of  the  designs  carried  out,  but 
it  is  not  a  question  of  carrying  out  any 
design  before  us.  The  real  question  between 
architects  and  the  public  is,  as  Mr.  Scott  has 
before  put  it,  wdiether  the  architect  who  has 
shown  himself  the  best  under  a  certain  set  of 
conditions  imposed  on  him  should  receive 
the  confidence,  and,  consequently,  the  commis- 
sion, from  his  employers,  or  whether  the  fail- 
ure of  conditions  with  which  he  had  nothing  to 
do  should  reduce  an  earnest  fight  to  mere  vanity 
and  vexation  ]  1  feel  confident  you  will  carry 
the  previous  question.  Of  the  designs  them- 
selves, although  the  best  are  in  their  way 
inferior  to  the  best  of  the  Law  Courts  designs, 
there  are  among  the  latter  two — I  may  even 
go  so  far  as  to  say  three — sets  of  drawings 
whichvare,  I  think,  immeasurably  below  the 
worst  of  the  National  Gallery  collection,  and 
I  feel  tolerably  con\'inced  that  the  outcry 
which  has  been  raised  against  the  Galleries 
and  the  absurd  praise  which  has  been  lavished 
on  the  Courts  have  nothing  to  do  with  the  indi- 
vidual artistic  treatment  of  given  principles 
of  construction,  but,  if  it  means  anything  at 
all,  is  the  shout  of  victory  which  proclaims 
the  end  of  the  battle  of  the  styles.  If  the 
shortness  of  time  at  my  disposal  prevents  me 
from  making  any  remarks  on  the  defeated 
competition,  it  of  course  precludes  criticism  of 
the  more  popular  work  upon  the  screens.  At 
the  same  time  I  cannot  help  saying  that  here 
also  I  should  scarcely  like  to  see  any  one  of  the 
designs  carried  out  in  its  integrity.  We  have , 
too  much  of  the  sash  window  in  one,  too' 
much  of  the  fortress  in  another,  too  much  of 
the  church  in  a  third,  and  too  much  of  the 
factory  in  a  fourth  to  make  us  fall  very  des-, 
perately  in  love  with  one  or  the  other.  Taken' 
as  affording  illustrations  of  the  power  some 
architects  have  of  wielding  or  mana^g 
large  masses  of  building  the  competition  is  a 
greater  success  than,  perhaps,  most  of  us  ex- 
pected. Taken  as  an  illustration  of  art 
power  in  detail  it  appears  to  me  a  failure, 
even  after  giving  due  credit  for  the  few  anc 
brilliant  exceptions. 

Passing  now  from  the  conflict  between  thi 
picked  knights  to  the  common  battle-field 
we  may  recognise  the  same  triumph,  fo: 
triumph  it  is,  however  much  we  may  he 
disposed  to  mince  matters  or  afl'ect  to  be  uu 
conscious  of  the  victory.  Even  Mr.  Lamb 
who  seems  to  have  been  never  quite  certai) 
to  which  side  of  the  field  he  belonged,  hai 
fought  his  best  under  the  Gothic  banner.  A' 
in  former  exhibitions  church  architecture  i 
predominant.  We  have  an  exterior  and  ai 
interior  of  the  cathedral  to  be  bmlt  at  Si 
Andrew's,  a  very  common-place  church,  som 
fifty  drawings  of  new  churches  and  chapels 
and  nine  of  what  are  called  ''restorations. 
Of  these  last  we  can  have  nothing  whatever  t 
say,  as  their  authors  do  not  send  photograpl 
of  the  Ijuildings  before  restoration.  The 
may  be  very  careful  antiquarian  studies  c 
they  may  be  just  the  reverse.  It  would  v 
very  desirable  if  gentlemen  who  send  drawinj 


I 

i 


May  17,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


b37 


of  restorations  would  in  future  be  kind  enough 
to  forward  with  tlieui  photographs  of  the 
buildings  before  they  touched  tliem,  witli  a 
brief  description  annexed,  so  that  we  may  Ivnow 
a  little  of  what  is  reall)'  doing  in  tliis  branch 
of  practical  archaeology. 

The  most  important  contributions  in  illus- 
tration of  our  nioderu  churcli  architecture  are 
those  from  Mr.   Street,  Mr.    "White,  and  Mr. 
Joseph  Clarke,  and  it  is  rather  interesting  to 
note  in  passing  that  in  the  aggregate  tlie_y  oc- 
cupy less  space  upon  the  walls  than  any  one 
of  those  drawings  which  are  noteworthy  only 
for  their  great   })retensions.      It  is  a   lesson 
which  man}'  of  us  have  yet  to  learn  that,  as 
good  wine  needs  no  bush,  so  good  art  needs 
neither  trick  of  pencil  nor  breadth  of  mount 
nor  hugeness  of  scale  to  proclaim  it.     Many 
drawings  have   been   e.xcluded  this  year  for 
excesses  of  this  kind,   and  it  is  to  be  hoped 
that  in  future  exhibitions  here  or  elsewhere 
there  ^N'ill  be  such  support  from  the  men  who 
have  kept  themselves  aloof  that  the  committee 
may  be  able  by  a  much  more   extensive  re- 
jection  to  reprove   that    "  vanlting  ambition 
which  o'erleaps  itself"  and  turns  the  art  of 
Architecture    into    ridicule.       Of   the   three 
examples  I  have  quoted  all  shon-  a  marked  im- 
provement on  former  works.   Mr.  White  shows 
more  strength  and  more  repose.     Mr.  Street 
•uows  more  sympathy  with  the  English  ph;ise 
il  (Jothic  ;    whilst  Mr.  Joseph   Clarke  posi- 
n'ely  takes  us  by  surprise  by  his  large  increase 
)f  power.     Of  the   other  ecclesiastical  build- 
UM  the  small  unpretentious   designs  by  Mr. 
Sais,  Mr.  Barber,  and  Mr.  Buckeridge  deserve 
0  be  quoted  in  the  list  of  good   things,  and, 
vith  an  anxious  desire  to  extend  this  list  to 
t3  utmost  limit,   I    may  also  mention   Mr. 
Peulon's  drawing  (No.  67),  Mr.  Purdue's  eleva- 
ions,  and  Mr.  Plumbe's  work  at  Tottenham, 
hown  in   No.   18.     I  mav  perhaps  also   add 
^os.  90,  91,  95,  and  114  and   117.     There  are 
thers  whicli  make  a  ver}'  fair  show   as  draw- 
ags,  but  which   as  architectural  designs   do 
,ot  deserve  to  be  classed  with  those  I  have 
lentioned.      If  they  were  merely  conjmou- 
lace  works  one  would  gladly  say  a  word  in 
ieir  favour,   but  many  of  them  are  so   far 
elow  commonplace  that  we  can  but   wonder 
ad  be  silent.      In   church   architecture   the 
'■lassie  school  is  strongly  represented  by  Messrs. 
'hompson,  of  CHasgow,  who  contribute  three 
r  four  desigus  of  considerable  merit,  possess- 
ig  far   more  of  the   genuinely   picturesque 
laracter  of  old  Greek  work  than  anything  I 
aow  of  the  ecclesiastical  work  of  the  school 
I  which  they  belong.     Of  civil  public  build- 
igs   we    have   this    year    a   fair   .show,   but 
nfortmiately  most  of  the  drawings  are  those 
rejected  designs.      We  have  one   of   the 
Jsigns  for  Wolverhampton  Townhall,  which 
am  informed  was  never  submitted    to  the 
:x)fessional    judge    who   was   called   in   to 
vard  the  premiums;  one  of  the  designs  for 
etford    Towaihall,  the  successful  design  for 
hich  has  lately  appeared  in  the  Illustrated 
ews ;    four    of   the    designs   for   (rrantliam 
Jwnhall,  one  of  which,  that   by  Mr.  Edis, 
ined    the    second  premium  ;    Mr.    Lamb's 
mpetitive    design  for  Townhall,    Preston  ; 
I   of  the   designs   submitted   in  the  Man- 
ester   Royal   Exchange    competition  ;    and 
le    of   the    designs    for  Middlesboro'    Ex- 
ange.     To  a    certain   extent    the  rejected 
e  juways  interesting,  but    the     interest   is 
ry  small  compared  to  what  it  might  be  if 
!  could  see  the  successful  b}'  their  side,  aiid 
lis  be  enabled  to  estimate  the  justice  or  the 
justice  wliich  has  been   wrought.     Thus,  if 
r.  Edis  could  secure    a    premium    by    the 
sign  exhibited  in  No.  26,  what  could  have 
en  the    drawback  which  left   Mr.    Giles's 
sigii  unpremiated,  a  design  which  but  for 
-  hipped  roof  and  one   or   two  minor  de- 
ls is  decidedly  above  the  average.     By  far 
!  most  important  of  these  rejected  works  is 
■•    Watson's    design    for    the    Manchester 
change,    illustrated    bv    four    admirable 
iwings  ;  but  why  has  Mr.  Watson  left  the 
ji  he  followed  with  so  much  success  in 


ISOl  and  lb63,  when  he  gained  the  prizes  at 
the  Koyal  Academy  for  architecture  by 
clever  Gothic  designs  for  an  Exchange 
and  a  Townhall,  the  first  of  which 
was  conceived  in  a  much  nobler  spirit, 
although  perhaps  possessing  more  glaring 
errors  than  that  now  exhibited?  A  restless 
wandering  to  and  fro  from  the  ends  of  the 
earth,  trying  Italian  Gotliic  one  year  and 
French  Gothic  the  next,  expeiimeuting 
with  the  Keuaissance  to-day,  and  may  be  the 
Egyptian  to-morrow,  is  the  sort  of  thing 
which  is  no  doubt  very  enticing  to  a  young 
antiquary  who  has  studied  well  the  history 
of  art,  but  which  the  young  architect  should, 
nay  must,  eschew,  it  he  desires  to  see  archi- 
tecture once  again  a  growing  living  art. 

In  ordinary  domestic  buildings  the  Exhi- 
bition this  year  is  eminently  .satisfactory. 
!Mr.  Roger  Smith's  five  large  drawings  are 
very  noteworthy  as  models  of  composition, 
drawing,  and  tinting  ;  here  and  there  we  see 
some  very  slight  rauUions  and  an  excess  of 
plate  glass,  but  these  are  trifles  which  the 
author  would  probably  have  set  right  in  exe- 
cution. Mr.  Hardwick  gives  us  a  quiet, 
charming,  country  house  in  No.  51  ;  but  what 
is  it  which  compels  so  many  architects  to 
raise  the  central  light  in  a  square-headed 
window  higher  than  the  ordinary  construc- 
tional level  ]  It  is  as  common  with  good 
architects  as  ■svitli  bad  ;  and  is,  in  fact,  one  of 
those  things  no  one  can  understand.  One  of 
the  cliarins  of  this  design  is  the  sense  of  re- 
pose which  pervades  it,  and  wdiich  in  a  great 
measure  is  due  to  the  large  amount  of  wall 
surface  which  Mr.  Hardwick  has  had  the 
courage  and  common  sense  to  leave  undeco- 
rated.  This  is  an  important  point  for  young 
architects  to  note,  so  apt  are  they  to  ruin 
tlieir  works  by  not  properly  estimating  the 
value  of  plain  w-all  surface.  Mr.  ^Vhite 
teaches  the  same  lesson  in  his  very  slight 
sketch  for  a  house  in  Co.  Wicklow,  espe- 
cialh'  in  the  end  elevation,  which,  by  the 
way,  is  far  superior  to  the  composition  in  the 
front  of  the  house.  Mr.  David  Brandon 
should  be  marked  especially  for  his  house  at 
Penzance  (No.  99).  Of  smaller  works,  the 
best  are  No.  75,  by  Mr.  Wallcn,  who  has 
somehow  got  hold  of  an  uncommonly  red 
brick,  and  ilr.  Turner's  villas  at  Great  Yar- 
mouth (very  roughly  drawn). 

In  street  architecture  one  of  the  most  in- 
teresting designs  just  now  is  Messrs.  Clarke 
and  Christian's  elevation  for  the  New  Archi- 
tectural Museum.  The  photograph  exliibited 
(No.  80)  is  on  a  very  small  scale,  and  scarcely 
shows  anything  beyond  the  general  composi- 
tion, which  seems  a  trifle  weak  at  the  angles. 

Mr.  Aitchison's  design  for  offices  for  the 
London  and  St.  Katharine  Docks  Company 
(No.  171)  is  a  very  artistic  production,  far  in 
advance  of  his  other  works  ;  the  brushwork 
upon  it  is  worth  most  attentive  study. 

Of  the  designs  which  belong  distinctly  to 
the  Classic  school  favourable  mention  may  be 
made  of  that  by  Jlr.  Darbishire  for  the  i\Iid- 
land  Railway  terminus  ;  Mr.  Currey's  cen- 
tral portion  of  the  new  St.  Thomas's  Hospital, 
Stangate,  and  the  Grosvenor  Mansions  de- 
signed by  j\Ir.  Ashton  and  e.xhibited  by  Mr. 
Legg.  And  here,  if  I  consultedyour  patience 
and  my  own  feeling,  I  should  pass  on  to  con- 
sider those  drawings  which,  either  from  being 
hung  in  the  west  gallery  or  from  illustrating 
exceptional  works,  have  hitherto  remained 
unnoticed.  But  in  ignoring  such  a  vast  quan- 
tity of  works,  and  allowing  the  positively  bad 
work  to  escape  under  the  shelter  of  that 
which  is  merely  commonplace,  I  should  be 
guilty  of  an  injustice  to  the  latter.  As  examples 
of  the  way  in  which  the  battle  of  the  styles 
has  been  lost  I  may  refer  you  to  the  largest 
and  most  pretentious-looking  drawings  on  the 
Classic  side  of  the  gallery.  Not  only  are  they 
bad  in  architecture,  but  the  drawings  them- 
selves are  cjuestionable  as  matters  of  taste,  re- 
minding one  strongly  of  the  illustrated  ad- 
vertisements we  see  at  railway  stations,  telling 
us  nothing  whatever  beyond  the  fact  that 


their  autliors,  to  use  the  parlance  of  their  class, 
are  "  doing  a  good  stroke  of  business."  TvTO 
of  tliese  designs  are  relieved  to  a  certainextent 
by  qualities  which  almost  border  on  the 
amusing.  Thus,  in  one  we  have  "  Classic" 
pilasters  with  their  edges  stop-chamfered  ;and 
in  another,  the  genius  of  the  architect  rises  in 
the  margins  on  u  sort  of  Jacob's  ladder,  to  cul- 
minate in  a  coronet  on  a  cushion.  We  should 
like  to  see  the  studies  of  some  of  the  most  pro- 
minent of  these  men,  and  to  what  particular 
buildings  in  the  old  world  they  owe  their  in- 
spiration. Of  exceptional  works  we  have 
\ery  good  drawings  in  Mr.  Jloyr  Smith's 
"Spirits  Mad  with  Joy;"  Mr."  Talbert's 
"  Furniture,"  and  Mr.  Buckeridge's  "  Bank 
at  Uxforii."  ilr.  Buckeridge  also  exhibits 
])hotographs  of  some  rebuilt  churches,  but 
whether  they  are  restorations  or  new  designs 
is  ail  o]jen  question.  Mr.  Driver's  best  work 
is  shown  in  some  small  jdiotograms  of  Den- 
mark Hill  Station,  and  Mr.  Teulon  sends  an 
unsatisfactory  drawing  ot  the  "  Memorial  to 
William  Tyndale  at  Niljley."  There  are  also 
two  or  three  designs  which  I  should  have 
noticed  but  for  the  i'act  that  they  have  been 
executed  so  long  and  engraved  so  often  as  to 
have  become  equally  well  known,  stale,  and 
unprofitable. 

And  now,  in  concluding,  whilst  we  cannot 
but  congratidate  the  honorary  secretaries  upon 
the  unquestionable  interest  which  they  have 
labouretl  to  secure  for  the  Architectural  Ex- 
hibition of  1867,  we  beg  them  to  accept  such 
congratulations,  with  a  certain  amount  ot 
qualification.  Sluch,  very  much,  remains  to 
be  done,  not  only  bj'  the  secretaries,  but  by 
the  profession  generally,  if  these  exliibitions 
are  to  continue  to  be  of  any  real  service  to  the 
architecture  of  the  future.  I  shall  not  now 
discuss  the  question  whether  e.'ihibitions  of 
architects'  designs  are  or  are  not.desirable.  For 
my  present  jmjpose,  I  take  it  for  granted 
that  they  are.  Then,  I  ask,  why  have  we 
no  drawings  from  representative  men  like 
Mr.  Butterfield,  and  from  those  good  knights 
of  the  Gothic  army  Messrs.  Pearson,  Nesfield, 
Shaw,  and  Blomfield,  or  irom  architects  like 
Messrs.  Bodley,  Webb,  or  Woodyer.  Then, 
again,  where  are  the  good  men  who  usually 
exhibit  ]  Mr.  Scott,  in  spite  of  the  Law 
Courts,  is  scarcely  the  man  to  have  done  no- 
thing during  the  past  year.  Why  do  we  not 
see  upon  these  walls  Mr.  Burges's  design  for 
the  School  of  Arts,  Bombay,  or  his  strikinglj' 
clever  warehouse  in  Thames-street  ]  What 
has  kept  Mr.  Seddon,  Mr.  Waterhouse,  or 
Mr.  Nichols  from  us  this  year  ?  and  where  are 
Messrs.  Lanyon  and  Lynn,  Mr.  Crossland, 
and  many  other  good  provincial  men  whose 
works  have  always  something  or  other  to  com- 
mend them?  Of  course  if  these  men  decline 
or  neglect  to  support  the  Exhibition  we  must 
simply  put  up  with  what  we  can  get.  More- 
over, the  Royal  Academy  diverts  many  good 
things  from  us ;  part  they  accept  and  part  they 
reject,  but  the  Exhibition  committee  cannot 
reap  the  advantage  they  would  like  to  reap 
from  1  he  Academy's  rejections,  owing  to  the 
time  af  and  manner  in  which  the  work  at 
the  two  galleries  is  carried  on.  That  the 
Academy  E.xhibition  of  Architecture  should 
be  anything  else  but  a  failure,  and  that  the 
hanging  should  be  rather  worse  than  a  mere 
failure,  are  events  wdiich  everyone  takes  as  a 
matter  of  course.  Would  it  not,  therefore, 
be  more  satisfactory  to  the  profession  and  to 
the  public  if  for  the  future  the  Academy  and 
the  council  of  this  exhibition  would  act  a 
little  in  concert.  It  has  occurred  to  me,  and 
I  make  bold  to  otl'er  you  the  thought,  that  if 
the  Academy  were  to  give  up  receiving  archi- 
tectural works  acl  IMtnm,  and  make  their 
selection  from  the  works  which  had  passed 
the  professional  judgment  of  the  Council  of 
this  Exhibition,  it  would  not  only  save  a  vast 
amount  of  practical  inconvenience,  but  would, 
I  believe,  result  in  a  much  more  just  and  com- 
plete representation  of  that  arc  it  is  our 
happiness  and  privilege  to  practise,  and  the 
life  and    well-being    of  which    should    be 


338 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


May  17,  1867. 


amongst  our  chiefest  cares.  If,  then,  I  liavt 
sinned  against  anyone,  eitlier  by  sin  of  omis- 
sion or  commission,  I  pray  you  to  believe  me 
when  I  say  that  it  has  been  quite  uncon- 
sciously, and  that  I  have  had  no  desire  to  ex- 
tenuate or  set  down  aught  in  malice. 


SILICIOUS    PAINTINa. 

QOME  twenty  years  ago  Dr.  Fucha,  of  Munich, 
lO  discovered  a  method  of  painting  which  he 
called  stereochromy.  The  want  of  a  vehicle  more 
endiiriug  than  those  formerly  iu  use,  and  less 
liable  to  injure  the  colours  employed,  led  to  this 
discovery.  Dr.  Fuchs'  method  consists  in  the  use 
of  soluble  silicates  as  the  fixing  material,  and  has 
been  applied  with  considerable  success  on  the  con- 
tinent by  German  artists  of  distinction,  and  in  this 
country  by  Mr.  Herbert  in  the  Houses  of  Parlia- 
ment, and  by  others. 

The  adoption  of  decorative  and  monumental 
painting  for  the  embellishment  of  public  and  pri- 
vate buildings  has  rendered  necessary  some 
changes  in  the  older  processes  of  painting,  because 
the  requirements  are  different.  Wall  paintings 
are  more  exposed  to  destructive  influences  than 
paintings  on  panel  or  canvas :  the  wall  itself  is 
more  absorbent ;  the  accumulation  of  dirt,  which 
has  from  time  to  time  to  be  removed,  the  impos- 
sibility of  giving  the  same  care  to  their  preserva- 
tion as  to  those  of  smaller  size  which  are  mova'de 
render  the  employment  of  a  diffeient  method  of 
painting:  necessary,  and  one  which  will  leave  the 
picture  in  such  a  state  that  it  may,  so  to  speak, 
take  care  of  itself,  and  be  independent  of  any 
further  attention  than  that  which  is  required  to 
keep  it  clean ;  and  for  the  cleaning  process,  its 
surface  must  be  such  that  it  cannot  be  readily 
injured. 

Oil  painting  is  unsuited  for  wall  pictures  on 
account  of  the  glossy  surface  which  it  leaves,  and 
for  ocher  reasons;  into  which  it  is  not  necessary 
to  enter  here.  All  the  expedients  which  have 
been  tried  to  get  rid  of  this  defect  have  failed, 
because  they  have  interfered  with  the  permanency 
of  the  work. 

Fresco  painting  is  open  to  many  objections.     In 
a  damp  climate   it  is  not  enduring.      It  is  well 
known  that  the  face  of  a  plaster  wall  is  destroyed 
by  damp  ;  and  a  fresco  painting  is  nothing  more 
than  a  plastered  wall  with  a  coloured  surface,  ren- 
dered more  perishable  by  the  colours,  which,  to 
some  extent,  interfere  with  the  coherence  of  the 
particles  of  lime  anrl  sand  forming  that   surface. 
The  painting  is  executed  while  the   wall  is  wet; 
water  and  lime  only  are  used  with  the  colours  ; 
their  adhesion,  therefore,  is  effected  by  the  same 
power  which  binds  together  the  other  constituents 
of  the  wall,  viz.,  the  union  between  the  lime  and 
sand  ;  and  inasmuch  as  most  of  the  colours  form 
no  compound  with  lime  or  sand,  they  must  tend 
to  weaken  by  their  presence  the  cohesion  between 
these  substances  by  interfering  with  their  perfect 
contact.     The  manipulation  in  fresco   painting  is 
difficult,   requiring  great  care  ^d  skilled  labour 
of  a  particular  kind,  only  to  be  acquired  by  long 
practice   and    considerable    observation,    and    is, 
therefore,  unfit  to  be  entrusted  to  workmen  of  the 
kind  usually  employed  in  decorative  work.     From 
the  slowness  of  the  process,  it  becomes  very  ex- 
pensive, and  this  alone  would  prevent  its  general 
use,  even  if  it  were  in  other  respects  satisfactory. 
Silicious  painting  seems  to   supply  all  that  is 
wanted  for  beauty  and   stabihty.      It  makes  the 
surface  of  the  wall  almost  impervious  to  moisture, 
it  fixes  the  colours  firmly  to  the  ground,  it  leaves 
no  gloss,  and,  as  will  be  seen,  is  easy  of  apphcation. 
But  the  process  discovered  by  Dr.   Fuchs  seems 
incomplete  and  open    to   some   grave  objections, 
although  the  principle  on  which  it  rests  is  sound. 
Silica  is   soluble  when   fused   or  boiled  under 
pressure  with  excess  of  caustic  alkali.     The  com- 
pound thus  obtained  is  a  viscid,  sticky  liquid,  of 
syrupy  consistency ;    for  many  purpo"ses   it  is  a 
better  adhesive  material  than  gum,  and  its  effect 
as  a  fixing  medium  is  to  bind  colours  very  firmly 
to  cerLain  surfaces  ;  it  binds  them,  however,  as  a 
gum,  though   in  some  instances  it  fixes  them  by  a 
chemical  action ;    but   this    cannot   be  depended 
upon  as  securing  the  stabUity  of  a  painting,  as  it 
only  happens  where  the  colours  used  form  chemical 
compounds  with  the  sOicate,  and  this  is  the  ex- 
ception.    When  a  soluble  silicate  is  applied  to  a 
surface  containing   a    substance    with   which    it 
readily  unites,  a  portion  of  the  silica   in  solution 
will  combine  with  it ;  and  in    proportion  as  the 
silica  is  precipitated   the   alkali  which   held  it  in 
solution  will  be  set  free,  and  therefore  the  remain- 


iflg  sihcate  will  become  more  alkaline  and  more 
soluble.  This  is  proved  by  exposing  a  piece  ol 
stone,  such  as  Caen  stone,  coated  with  silica,  to 
the  action  of  the  atmosphere  ;  the  silicate,  which 
at  first  dried  with  a  glossy  surface,  gradually  dis- 
solves, being  acted  upon  by  the  moisture  of  the  ah", 
and  that  which  had  penetrated  to  a  slight  depth 
into  the  stone  behaves  in  the  same  manner,  and 
loosens  the  particles  on  its  surface. 

This  seems  to  form  a  seri-  us  objection  to  the 
use  of  soluble  sihcates,  either  for  stone  preserva- 
tion or  stereochromic  painting :  and  it  is  a  difficulty 
which  those  who  have  worked  upon  soluble  sili- 
cates have  found  very  troublesome  to  remedy 
The  fact  that  silicate  combines  with  lime,  sand, 
and  other  substances  used  in  the  painting  ground, 
is  indisputable  ;  but  this  verj'  comliuation  leaves 
behind  that  which  in  the  presence  of  moisture  has 
a  destructive  action  on  the  ground  which  it  is 
intended  to  preserve,  and  on  the  colours  applied 
to  it.  In  painting  a  picture,  especially  one  of  large 
diraen.sions  and  iu  ornamental  painting,  the  colours 
are  often  laid  on  in  thick  masses ;  but  if  these 
colours  do  not  combine  chemically  with  silica  they 
will  be  only  mechauically  fixed  to  the  wall  by  the 
silicate ;  and  as  this  sihcate,  which  was  soluble 
before  application,  remains  so  afterwards,  unless 
it  form  an  insoluble  compound  with  some  other 
substance,  the  simple  action  of  damp  continued 
for  some  time  will  loosen  and  eventually  remove 
the  colours.  Now,  many  of  the  pigments  used  in 
painting,  such  as  ochres,  umbers,  certain  reds  and 
blacks,  do  not  combine  with  silica;  and  as  they  are 
frequently  used  pure  or  nearly  so  in  the  glazing  and 
finishing  touches,  on  which  the  efl'ect  of  a  picture 
mainly  depends,  they  cannot  be  permanently  fixed, 
and  such  is  proved  to  be  the  case  by  the  experience 
of  those  who  have  given  the  subject  p,atient  .and 
careful  investigation.  There  are  doubtless  many 
silicious  paintings  which  have  stood  for  several 
ye.ars ;  there  are  also  distemper  paintings  which 
have  lasted  for  many  more.  In  sheltered  situations 
and  in  interiors  it  is  quite  possible  that  this  may 
be  the  case ;  but  even  here  repeated  applications 
of  silicious  washes  have  been  made  at  intervals, 
after  the  completion  of  the  work,  and  such  a  prac- 
tice is  recommended  forrefixing  particles  of  colour 
which  may  after  time  have  become  loosened. 

The  above  remarks  are  not  intended  to  disparage 
Dr.  Fuchs'  discovery,  which  is,  in  truth,  one  of 
the  most  important  to  art  ever  m,ade.  To  this 
modest  and  great  man  all  who  are  interested  in 
the  advancement  of  art  owe  a  deep  debt  of  grati- 
tude for  hia  persevering  labours,  pursued  for 
many  years  amidst  much  discouragement  and  many 
difficulties.  Those  who  read  his  treatise  on 
stereochromy  cannot  but  feel  delighted  with  the 
earnestness  and  singleness  ol'  purpose  with  which 
he  laboured  to  attain  the  high  end  which  he  set 
before  him.  He  thus  concludes  the  account  of 
his  investigations  : — "  But,  before  all,  I  thank 
God,  who  graciously  allowed  his  weak  and  aged 
servant  to  finish  the  preceding  investigations  so 
far  that  others  may  build  upon  the  foundation 
that  I  have  laid."  He  e\'idently  saw  that  much 
remained  to  be  done  to  perfect  the  process  which 
he  had  originated. 

This  paper  has  been  written  to  lay  before  those 
who  feel  interested  in  the  matter  certain  facts 
which  are  the  result  of  some  years'  experience, 
and  also  to  induce  those  who  are  engaged  in  art 
pursuits  to  turn  their  attention  seriously  to  a  pro- 
cess which,  by  rendering  their  works  lasting  and 
in  aU  respects  better  suited  to  supply  an  increas- 
ing want,  will  make  their  profession  more  remu. 
uerative  and  their  exertions  more  conducive  to 
the  happiness  and  improvement  of  their  fellow 
men. 

If  artificial  ultramarine  be  mixed  with  a  soluble 
silicate— for  example,  silicate  of  potash— and  be 
laid  on  a  properly  prepared  ground,  it  wUl  be- 
come so  firmly  fixed  that  no  amount  of  washing 
nor  the  slow  action  of  moisture  will  remove  it  or 
affect  its  brilliancy.  If,  however,  reds,  such  as 
vermilion,  red  ochre,  some  of  the  oxides  of  iron,  or 
browns,  such  as  umber  or  sienna,  be  similarly 
treated,  they  will  not  endure  the  same  test.  Why 
is  this  ?  Ultramarine  contains  37  per  cent,  of 
silica  and  27  per  cent,  of  alumina,  two  substances 
with  which  a  soluble  silicate  readily  unites.  It  is 
weU  known  in  laboratories  that  test  tubes  and 
other  glass  vessels  which  have  contained  soluble 
sdicates  become  corroded,  and  that  it  is  impos- 
sible to  separate  the  silicious  crust  from  the  glass. 
There  is  iu  all  soluble  silicates,  unless  specially 
prepared,  an  excess  of  alkali ;  this,  no  doubt,  acts 
on  the  glass  vessel,  and,  by  partily  dissolving  it, 
facilitates  the  union  of  the  silica  deposited  from 
the  solution  with  the  softened  particles  of  its  sur- 


face. _  ^  In  time  the  alkali  becomes  saturated  with 
the  silica   of  the  glass  vessel,  and  when  this  satu- 
rated silica   is  dry  it  is   much  less  soluble   than 
when   excess    of   alkali    was    present.    Alumina 
readily   unites  with  silica   in    the   soluble  form 
whether  the  alumina  be  in  solution  or  not,  though 
in  the  latter  case  ihe  action  is  much  slower.    It  also 
takes  into  combination  with  it  a  certain  quantity 
of  the  alkali,  forming  a  compound  aualogous  to 
felspar.     It  is  not,  therefore,  difficult  to  account 
for  the  stabihty  of  the  product  resulting  from  the 
mixture  of  ultramarine   with  a    soluble   silicate. 
This  fact  points  out  the  direction  in  which  inves- 
tigations should  be  made  for  the  improvement  of 
sihcious  painting.      It   wiU  bfi   well  to   consider 
briefly,    first,  the  method   of  preparing  colours  - 
then   the  preparation   of  the    paintmg  ground  •' 
afterwards  the  solution  to  be  used  as  thepainti-jg 
vehicle  ;  and,  finally,  the  method  of  manipulation 
and  the  permanent  fixing  of  the  picture.     Alumina 
forms  very  stable  natural  compounds  with  silicate 
potash,    soda,  and  lime.     Felspar,  which   enters 
largely  into  the  cjmposition  of  granite,  consists 
mainly  of  silica,  alumina,  and  potash.     Porphyry 
red  and  green,  is  a  very  enduring  substance,  and 
is  also  a  species  of  felspar.     Basalt,  labradorite 
and  albite  are  formed  of  silica,  lime,  potash,  and 
alumina,   variously   combined,     Labradorite  con. 
tains  lime  and  albite  soda  in  union  with  silica  and 
alumina.     AU  these  minerals  are  hard  and  endur- 
ing.    It  is  qmte  possible  to  produce,  artificially, 
substances  approaching  their  composition  which 
will  resist  the  action  of  damp  and  other  destruc- 
tive agents  to  which  paintings  are  always  exposed. 
Judging   from  the    behaviour  of  ultramarine,  if 
the  colours  employed  contained  silica  and  alumina 
they  should   adhere  as  firmly  to  the  surface  on 
which  they  are  placed,  and  such  really  is  the  case. 
If  alumina  be   fused  with   potash,  aluminate  of 
potash  is  formed,  containing  a  large  quantity  of 
alumina.     If  this  be  dissolved,  so  as  to  form  a  so- 
lution of  sp.  gr.  1-12,  it  may  be  kept  for  several 
days;  if  a   stronger  solution  be  made   it  begins 
very  soon  to  deposit  alumina.     The  solution  sp. 
gr.  1-2  mixed  with   silicate  of  potash   sp.  gr.  V2 
will    remain    liquid    for   twenty-four  hours,    or 
perhaps  a  little  longer ;  after  that  it  will  gelatinise 
slowly.     If,  while  in  the  liquid  state,  colours  are 
saturated  with  this  solution,  and  are  allowed  to 
dry,  their  particles  will  be  very  intimately  mixed 
with  silica  and  alumina  chemically  combined  with 
potash;  after  drying  for  some   time   at  a  gentle 
heat   the  operation   may   be   repeated,   and  any 
quantity  of  the  silicate  of  alumina  and  potash  may 
be  thus  mixed  with  the  colours.     Care  should  be 
taken  that  they  te  finely  powdered  between  each 
application,  and  they  should  be  stirred  up  so  as 
to  keep  them  from   caking  at  the  bottom  of  the 
vessel,  which  hinders  the   perfect  contact  of  the 
particles  with    the  liquid.     After   careful  drying 
for  some  days  they  may  te  well  washed  for  the 
removal  of  any  uncomi.ined  potash.     The  admix- 
ture of  silica  and  alumina  does  not  interfere  with 
the    brilliancy   or  depth  of   the   colours.      This  • 
method   may  be  used  for  all   colours,   but  it  ia  ' 
lietter  suited  for  such  as  ochres,  umbers,  siennas,  ■ 
&c.,  which  are  changed  in  tint  by  exposure  to  a  ' 
high  temperature.     The  different  pigments  made 
from  metallic   oxides,  such   as   iron  reds,  cobalt 
blue,  chromic  green,  &c.,   are  better  prepared  by 
precipitation,  as  silicates  and  aluminates,  by  the 
addition  of  the  mixed   silicate  and  aluminate  of 
potash  to  any  of  the  solutions  of  their  oxides  in 
mineral   acids.     The   precipitate   should  be  well 
washed,    dried,    ignited,    and  ground.      Colours 
made  by  the  same  method  as  those  used  in  paint- 
ing   on    porcelain    {i.e.,    by   fusion),    where  the 
colour  i.5  not  affected  by  intense  heat,  answer  per- 
fectly well,  as  they  contain  silica,   to  which  alu- 
mina can  be  added  in  the  process  of  manufacture. 
Excellent  reds,  greens,  browns,  and  some  yellows 
can  be  procured  in  this  way.     'The  object  of  using 
colours  wluch    contain    siUca  and   alumina  has 
already  been  stated  to  be  the  formation  of  cohe- 
rent insoluble  compounds  with  the  vehicle  used 
in  painting,  which  will  be  subsequently  described. 
— The  Laboratory. 


* 


We  are  glad  to  hear  that  the  ratepayers  and  in- 
habitants of  Torquay  have  presented  .in  illumi- 
nated testimonial  to  their  late  surveyor  and  water- 
works engineer,  Mr.  E.  W.  Shaw,  C.E.  Accom- 
panying  the  testimonial  was  a  valuable  level  and 
staff',  on  which  are  inscriptions  to  this  effect  :— 
Presented  to  E  W.  Shaw,  C.E.,  by  the  inhabit 
ants  of  Torquay,  as  a  token  of  their  regard  and 
esteem.  The  inhabitants  have  also  presented 
Mrs.  E.  AY.  Shaw  with  a  splendid  dressing-oas* 
completely  fitted  up. 


May  17,  1807. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


389 


Jixj);ro[ogiT. 


The  remains  of  the  gibbot  post  of  Spencer 
Broughton,  who  wa*  hung  in  irons  on  Atteruliffe 
Conamon,  near  Sheliielcl,  Yorkshire,  after  being 
executed  at  York  for  the  robbery  of  the  miil 
coach  which  travelled  from  Sheffield  to  Doncaster. 
were  last  week  dug  out  of  the  ground.  It  is  solid 
oak,  perfectly  black,  and  quite  sound,  though 
embedded  in  the  ground  since  1792.  It  consists 
of  a  massive  frame  work  Oft.  4in.  long  and  1ft. 
deep,  firmly  embedded  in  the  ground  to  support 
the  gibbet-pist,  which  passed  through  its  centre, 
and  was  bolted  to  it.  Some  4  ft.  9in.  of  this  post 
is  left,  the  remainder  having  been  cut  off  when  the 
gibbet  was  taken  down,  STi  years  ago.  The  re- 
mains of  the  post  is  ISin.  square.  This  relic  was 
discovered  by  a  person  named  Holroyd  in  making 
excavations  for  the  cellars  of  some  houses  in  Clif- 
ton-street, Attercliffe  Common,  near  Sheffield, 
opposite  the  Yellow  Lion  Hotel.  It  was  conveyed 
into  the  garden  of  the  above-named  hotel,  where 
it  may  now  be  seen.  The  jaw-bone  of  Spencer 
Broughton,  with  two  teeth  in  it,  was  found  in  the 
YeUow  Lion  Hotel  garden  a  fe.v  years  ago. 
Hundreds  of  persons  have  paid  the  gibbet  a  visit. 

The  Atlienccum  publishes  from  a  eon-espondent 
the  particulars  of  a  very  interesting  discovery 
which  has  recently  been  made  at  Pompeii.  This 
correspondent  writes  : — But  a  short  time  has 
elapsed  since  I  sent  you  a  report  of  the  discovery 
o£a  vessel  full  of  water  in  Pompeii.  It  has  now 
been  analysed  by  Professor  De  Luca,  who  fills  the 
chair  of  chemistry  in  our  University,  and  pro- 
nounced to  contain  the  same  proportions  of  oxygen 
and  hydrogen  as  are  found  in  common  fountain 
water  of  the  present  day.  There  can  bo  no  doubt 
that  it  was  placed  there  so  long  ago  as  the  reign 
of  the  Emperor  Titus.  A  similar  fact  has,  I  find, 
occurred  several  times.  In  1S62  a  fountain  was 
discovered  in  the  cortile  of  a  house  decorated  with 
figures  of  wild  boars,  serpents,  dogs,  and  masques. 
At  the  time  that  the  catastrophe  occurred  the  key 
■  if  the  fountain  was  turned  round,  and  the  water 
shut  in  remained  there.  These  figures  are  now 
amongst  the  bronzes  in  the  museum  :  but  unfor- 
tunately, in  order  to  attach  them  more  closely,  a 
hole  was  made  in  the  stomach  of  one  of  the 
animals,  and  the  water  escaped.  Everyone,  too, 
who  has  visited  the  Museo  Nazionale  will  have 
observed  a  large  key,  once  belonging  to  an  aqueduct 
in  the  palace  of  Tiberius,  in  the  Island  of  Capri. 
In  the  interior,  just  under  the  screw,  still  remains 
a  quantity  of  water;  and  one  of  the  surprises 
practised  by  the  ciistode  on  the  visitor  is,  to  move 
the  ponderous  article  backwards  and  forwards, 
and  make  the  water  rattle.  If  the  mild  element 
has  been  found  several  times  amidst  the  ruins  of 
Pompeii,  wine  never  was  until  last  week.  ^Vonders 
upon  wonders  !  A  glass  amphora  was  then  turned 
up  with  three  or  four  fingers'depth  of  wine  still 
remaining.  Of  course  it  is  in  a  state  of  conden- 
sation— not  hard,  but  rather  in  a  gelatinous  state. 
This,  too,  has  been  sent  to  Professor  De  Luca,  and 
we  may  expect  in  a  fewdays  to  hear  of  the  quality 
of  the  wiues  which  were  served  at  the  tables  of 
the  Roman  patricians. 


P.iEIS  EXHIBITION. 
One  of  the  curiosities  of  the  Exhibition  is  a  pla- 
netarium, designed  and  constructed  by  Mr.  Milton 
Barlow,  an  American  gentleman,  who  has  given 
fourteen  years  of  his  :ife  to  the  work.  In  the 
centre  of  a  circle,  about  30ft.  in  circumference,  is  a 
brass  ball  which  represents  the  sun,  which  turns 
upon  Its  axis  ;  attached  by  ^  slender  steel  rod  to 
the  mechanism  which  moves  the  sun  is  Mercury, 
and  then  Venus,  and  close  to  the  edge  of  the  outer 
nng  is  our  globe  with  its  satellite.  The  earth  is  con- 
nected with  the  sun  by  a  series  of  wheels  placed  so 
as  not  to  interfere  with  the  revolutions  performed 
by  the  two  planets  which  swing  between  us  and 
the  chief  luminary.  When  it  is  desired  to  set  the 
planetarium  in  motion,  the  operator  has  merely  to 
toehold  of  a  handle  fixed  to  the  mechanism 
wluch  moves  the  earth,  and  to  push  it  round  the 
outer  rmg  ;  the  sun  immediately  commences  to 
turn  on  Its  axis,  and  the  moon  and  planets  to  de- 
scribe their  peculiar  orbits.  Some  idea  may  be 
lonned  of  the  difficulty  of  adjusting  this  delicate 
mechanism  when  we  remember  that  what  Mr. 
Mrlow  had  to  do  was  to  invent  not  an  instrument 
wmcb  would  give  the  same  result  every  time  it 
w«  turned  round,  but  one  as  true  and  variable  as 
lature.    To  make  the  matter  clear  to  the  reader, 

[SUPPLEMENT.] 


we  may  add  that  there  is  an  inner  ring  on  which 
are  marked  the  yearsof  tbisccntury.  If  you  want 
to  know  the  position  of  tlio  planets  in  May  last 
year,  you  must  push  the  liandle  of  the  planetarium 
backwards,  and  to  obtain  their  position  next  year 
push  it  forwards.  Push  the  earth  back  to  Decern- 
Her,  1SG5,  and  the  five  bodies  represented  will  be 
seen  neaily  in  a  line  with  Mercury  and  Vonus 
almost  in  opposition.  Let  the  earth  be  pushed  for- 
ward to  .luly  5,  1S67,  and  then  at  full  moon  Mer- 
cury and  Venus  appear  almost  in  conjunction.  Mr. 
Barlow,  in  short,  has  substituted  wheels  for  ma- 
thematics, and  makes  clear  to  the  eye  what  figuies 
prove  to  the  reason.  Several  of  these  planeta- 
riums  have  been  purchased  by  the  United  States 
Gove  nment  fir  different  universities  ;  and  the 
space  allotted  to  Mr.  Barlow  at  the  Exhibition  was 
paid  for  by  the  American  Commission,  acting 
under  orders  from  Washington.  A  small  planet- 
arium fit  for  a  library  might  be  obtained  for  ,£S0, 
but  the  cost  of  such  an  instrument  as  the  one 
above  described  is  about  £400. 

It  has  been  decreed  that  the  prizes  of  the 
Exhibition  shall  be  muUiplied.  It  was  originally 
ordained  that  there  shoi  Id  be  distributed  100 
gold  medals,  1,000  of  silver,  3,000  of  bronze,  and 
5,000  certificates  of  honourable  mention.  This 
was  much  too  few  for  an  Exhibition  the  most 
splendid  that  has  ever  been,  and  supported  by  no 
less  than  42,010  competitors.  It  is  now  arranged 
that  there  will  be  900  gold  medals,  3,000  of  silver, 
4,000  of  bronze,  and  5,000  certificates  of  honour- 
able mention  ;  but  whereas  the  100  gold  medals 
which  were  originally  promised  were  to  be  worth 
£40  each,  the  900  new  ones  are  to  be  worth  each 
only  £10.  The  new  arrangement  has  produced  a 
great  satisfaction  in  many  breasts  ;  but  the  juries, 
some  of  whom  are  scattered  to  the  winds,  have 
not  a  little  difficulty  now  in  readjusting  the  order 
of  the  prizes. 


EARLY  IRISH  ARCHITECTURE. 

AT  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Cork  Archxologi- 
cal  Society,  Mr.  Richard  R,  Brash,  M.R.I  A  , 
exhibited  a  ground  plan  and  a  finely-executed 
drawing  of  the  ancient  doorway  of  the  church  or 
the  inch  or  Isle  of  the  bog  of  Monaincha,  which  is 
situated  in  the  county  Tipperary,  about  three 
miles  from  the  town  of  Roscrea.  "it  was  formerly 
called  Inis  nam  Beo,  or  the  island  of  the  living. 
Monaincha,  however,  is  no  longer  an  island,  the 
bog  by  which  it  was  formerly  surrounded  having 
been  cut,  drained,  and  cultivated  ;  and  the  ruins 
are  now  accessible  to  foot  passengers.  Giraldus 
Cambrensis,  writing  in  i:S5,  thus  alludes  to  this 
place  : — "  In  North  Monster  is  a  lake  containing 
two  Isles  ;  in  the  greater  is  a  church  of  the  ancient 
religion,  and  in  the  lesser  a  chapel  wherein  a  few 
monks  called  Culdees  devoutly  serve  God.  In  the 
greater,  no  woman  or  any  animal  of  the  female 
gender  ever  enters  but  it  immediately  dies  ;  this 
has  been  proved  by  many  experiments.  In  the 
lesser  isle,  no  one  can  die— hence  it  is  called 
'  Insula  Viventum,'  or  the  island  of  the  living." 
The  remains  stand  upon  what  was  formerly  called 
the  lesser  isle,  but  from  the  change)  of  time  it  is 
now  the  greater,  and  only  marked  from  the  sur- 
rounding land  by  a  slight  elevation,  it  is  an  an- 
cient Romanesque  church  of  small  dimensions,  to 
which  is  attached  what  must  have  been  a  domes- 
tic apartment  of  the  monks.  This  church  is 
exceedingly  interesting,  as  it  is  a  pure  and  jjerfect 
specimen  of  that  stjle  of  architecture  which  pre- 
vailed in  Ireland  before  the  Anglo-Norman 
invasion.  The  church  consists  of  a  nave  and 
chancel.  The  nave  is  33ft.  in  length  and  18ft. 
in  width,  the  walls  being  2ft.  9in.  thick. 
The  entrance  is  at  the  west  end  by  a  semicircular- 
headed  doorway,  having  three  orders  of  arches 
sculptured  with  chevrons  and  other  Romanesque 
decorations,  over  which,  in  the  apex  of  the  gable, 
is  an  angular-headed  window  similar  to  those  found 
in  our  round  towers.  The  nave  has  three  semi- 
circular-headed windows  in  the  south  side  of  very 
beautiful  workmanship,  though  now  much  injured 
The  chancel  arch  is  Oft.  in  width,  and  of  very 
beautiful  and  chaste  design.  Indeed,  having  ex- 
amined a  great  number  of  churches  both  in  this 
country  and  abroad,  we  can  safely  assert  that  we 
have  seen  nothing  of  the  same  class  that  exceeds  it  in 
beauty  and  symmetry.  It  has  three  orders  of  en- 
gaged columns  at  each  jamb ;  these  columns  are  (un 
like  those  usually  found  in  Norman  work)  of  classi- 
cal proportions.  They  have  moulded  bases  resting 
on  a  plinth  and  sub-plinth.  The  caps  have  a  bold 
abacus,  the  under  part  of  the  bell  being  fluted,  as 
is  very  usual  in  Romanesque  work.  The  columns 
upport  three  columns  of  arches,  which  are  carved 


on  the  faces  and  sollits  in  very  beautiful  and 
varied  patterns,  the  entire  surfaces  of  the  arches 
being  ornamented.  The  chancel  is  exceedingly 
small,  being  only  Oft.  Gin.  long,  and  Oft. 
w'ide.  It  is  lighted  at  the  east  end  by  a  semi- 
circular headed  window,  having  moulded  jambs 
and  arch  ;  the  external  reveals  arc  also  moulded. 
In  the  south  side  is  also  a  semicircular  headed 
window,  the  jambs  of  which  are  broadly  splayed. 
At  each  side  of  this  window  isasmallsquaro  aumbry. 
The  external  iiuoins  of  the  chancel  are  ornamented 
with  three  quarter  columns,  a  very  unique  ar- 
rangement,  K«eii  only  in  a  few  ancient  Irish 
churches.  To  the  north  of  the  nave  towards  the  east 
end,  and  entered  from  the  nave,  is  a  vaulted  apart- 
ment 28ft.  long  and  13ft.  wide,  having  very 
thick  walls.  This  apartment  is  very  dark,  being 
lighted  only  by  one  small  slit  in  the  north,  and  in 
one  corner  is  a  stone  st.iir  which  led  to  an  apart- 
ment overhead  no  longer  in  existence.  This 
building  is  of  a  much  later  date  than  the  church. 
The  dressings  of  the  doors  and  windows  of  the 
church  are  of  a  light  coloureil  freestone.  The 
chancel  arch  was  carved  out  of  a  reddish  freestone. 
AU  the  work  was  remarkably  well  executed.  The 
church  was  certainly  erected  some  time  within  the 
twelfth  centurj',  the  building  to  the  north  proba- 
bly in  the  fourteenth.  The  church  was  originally 
founded  for  Culdean  Monks,  under  the  in  f ocation 
of  St.  Columba.  It  subsequently  fell  to  the  order 
of  St.  Augustine,  who  removed  from  thence  and 
built  a  sm.all  monastery  at  Corbally,  about  a  mile 
distant,  the  church  of  which  still  exists  ;  its  archi- 
tecture shows  this  removal  to  have  taken  place  in 
the  thirteenth  century. 


mi 


THE  PAVILION  HOSPITAL,  CHOELTON 
UNION  WORKHOUSE,  NEAR  MAN- 
CHESTER.  * 

By  Thomas  Worthinoton,    F.E.LB.A. 
|HE  Chorlton  Union  is  one  of  the  largest  and 
J_     most  populous   unions  in  the  kingdom.     It 
contains  an  area  of  11,540  acres  ;   and  the  popula- 
tion, which    was  169,570  in  1S61  (the  last  census- 
year),  is  now  upwards  of  180,000— a  larger  popula 
tion  in   fact,  than  any  of  the  great  metropolitan 
parishes,  with  the  exception  of  St.  Pancras,  which 
has  a  population   of  198,783,   though  the  area  of 
that   parish   is  only  2,710  acres,  or  less  than  one- 
fourth  of  the   Chorlton  Union.     The  guardians, 
about   ten   years  ago,  erected  a  large   workhouse 
containing  accommodation   for   about   1,200    in- 
mates    (originally    certified    by  the    Poor    Law 
Board  for  upwards  of    1,500).       The  hospital  con- 
sisted of   detached  blocks,  jjlaced  at  the  extreme 
ends  of  the  main  buildings,  arranged  on  the  com- 
mon but  objectionable  plan  of  a  central  corridor, 
with  wards  placed  on  each  side.      The  growth  c£ 
the   population   of   this   district,    however,    pro- 
gressed at  a  rate  so  enormous  that  the  workhouse 
buUding  (though  extravagantly  large  when  erected 
a   few  years  ago)  forced  upon  the  guardians  the 
absolute    necessity    of    further    accommodation. 
The  hospital  had  become  frightfully  over  crowded, 
the  total  inadequacy  of  the  space   had  compelled 
all   kinds    of   infectious .  disorders   to   be    indis- 
criminately  mingled    in    the    wards,     and    not 
unfreqiiently    it    had    become   necessary    to  put 
hospital    cases     in     the    body     of     the    house. 
The  new  hospital   was  commenced  in  18C4,  and 
is   now   completed;  several  of  the  wards  having 
been  occupied  by  patients  for  some  months.     On 
reference  to   the  plan   (see   lithographic  illustra- 
tion), ;it  will  be  observed   that  the  building  con- 
sists of  five  oblong  blocks  or  pavilions,  connected 
at  the   southern   end   by  a  long    open    arcaded 
corridor   of   communication.       Each   pavilion   is 
three  stories  in  height,  and  contains  on  each  floor 
a  ward   124ft.  long  and  24ft.  wide,  with  beds  for 
thirty-two  patients.     At  the  southern  or  entrance 
end  are  a  spacious  open  staircase,  a  nurses'  room 
12ft.   by  lift.,   a   ward    scullery  12ft.  by  10ft.,  a 
watercloset  for  the  use    of   the    nurse  and  attend- 
ants,   and    a  hoist  to    raise    food    to    the  upper 
stories ;    at   the    northern  end  of  the   wards  are 
two  small  projecting   wings,   one   of  which  con- 
tains  two    waterclosets  for  the   patients,  a  sink 
for   cleansing   the   bed-pans,    and    a   closet    for 
brushes,   &c. ;     the    other    contains     tho     bath 
rooms,     lavatories,     dust      shoot,     foul      hnen 
shoot,  &c.,  &c.     All  the  above  accommodation  is 
repeated  on   each   of  the   three   floors;    so   that 
there  are  in  each  pavilion  three  wards  of  32  beds 
each,  making  a  total  of   96   beds   in  each  of  the 
five  pavilions,  or  480  beds  in  all,  with  the  several 


•  Read  at  a  mcstinj  of  the  MancheitjrStatistioal  Society, 
January  9, 1867. 


340 


THE  BUILDING   NEWS. 


May  17,  1867. 


minor  rooms  just  enumerated.  The  heights  of 
the  wards  arc  as  follows:  — 

14ft.  din.  clear  ground  floor. 

14ft.  „      first  „ 

Average     15£t.  „     top  „ 

The  top  ward  is  somewhat  higher  than  the  others, 
being  partially  ia  the  slope  of  the  roof.  The 
number  of  cu  io  feet  of  air  space  to  be  allotted  to 
each  patient,  being  of  the  first  importance,  was  a 
subject  of  the  most  careful  and  anxioiu?  con- 
sideration. All  thought  of  adopting  the  old 
standard  was  abandoued.  It  appeared  desirable 
that  such  an  air  space  should  be  allowed  as 
would  be  likely  to  eff.;ct  the  most  expeditious 
cures,  and  the  most  rapid  removal  of  cases  from 
the  parish  books.  It  was  ultimately  determined 
that  each  inmate  .should  have  an  air  space  of 
1,350  cubic  feet,  or  thereabouts  ;  which  is  more 
than  double  the  minimum  space  required  by  the 
Poor  Law  Board,  aud  about  three  times  "that 
allowed  iu  several  of  the  larger  metropolitan 
workhouse  hospitals.  Second  only  in  import- 
ance to  the  cubical  air  space  per  patient,  is  the 
distance  to  be  maintained  from  pavilion  to  pa- 
vilion. In  order  to  put  myself  in  possession  of 
the  best  information  on  this  point,  I  determined 
to  visit  some  of  the  best  European  hospitals. 

In  January,  18G4,  I  made  a  minute  inspection 
of  the  great  hospital  at  Bordeaux,  so  graphically 
described  by  Mr.  Roberton,  in  his  paper  "  on  the 
defects"  of  hospital  construction  and  ventilation. 
(Read -March,  IS.'iG.)  The  Bp.aees  between  the 
pavilions  here  is  barely  50ft.,  which  the  medical 
director  and  the  architect,  to  whom  I  had  the 
advantage  of  introductions,  were  of  opinion  was 
too  small.  At  the  Hospital  Lariboissiere,  Paris, 
the  distance  between  the  pavilions  is  65ft.  ;  but 
here,  also,  I  found,  from  the  principal  architect 
of  the  Parisian  hospitals,  that  the  interval  was  too 
small,  and  that  in  any  future  hospitals  which 
might  be  erected  t.y  the  Government,  a  consider- 
able increase  would  be  made  in  this  respect.  At 
the  Hospital  St  Jean.  Brussels,  built  about  '25 
years  ago,  and  probably  one  of  the  earliest  ex- 
amples of  a  hospital  erected  on  the  principle  of 
detached  blocks,  I  found  the  distance  not  more 
than  3'2ft.  At  the  new  Herbert  Hospital,  at 
Woolwich — the  best  example  of  a  mihtary  hospital 
in  this  country — the  distance  is  64ft.  This  great 
national  institution  has  been  erected,  at  an  enor- 
mous expense,  on  a  site  where  land  was  not  of 
high  value ;  and  it  is  much  to  be  regretted  that 
this  distance  was  not  considerably  greater,  as  the 
arrangement  of  the  buildings  is  in  most  other 
respects  admirable.  At  the  new  St.  Thomas's 
Hospital  now  in  course  of  erection  at  Stangate, 
opposite  to  the  Houses  of  Parliament,  the  p.avilions 
are  to  be  l'25ft.  apart,  which,  considering  its 
situation,  surrounded  by  houses,  except  on  the 
river  side,  will  probably  be  found  not  too  much 
to  ensure  a  tolerable  circulation  of  air  about  the 
buildings.  Taking  into  consideration  the  above 
precedents,  and  that  the  site  of  the  proposed 
Chorlton  Hospital  was  in  the  open  country,  it  was 
thought  that  100ft.  would  be  a  sufficient  interval ; 
and  this  dist.ance  was  accordingly  determined 
after  long  and  repeated  discussion.  Moreover,  .at 
the  Chorlton  Hospital  the  pavilions  are  more 
completely  detached  and  isolated  than  in  any 
other  case  I  know, — the  air  circulaiing  completely 
round  them,  and  through  the  open  arches  of  the 
corridor,  without  interruption  from  galleries  or 
screens.  Toomuch  importance  cannot  be  attached 
to  this  point,  as  the  health  of  the  inmates  must 
largely  depend  on  the  free  admission  of  fresh  pure 
air.  The  complete  isolation  of  the  blocks  also 
prevents  the  spread  of  infectious  disorders 
from  one  building  to  .another,  which  it  is 
well  known  among  medical  men  is  no  uncommon 
occurrence  in  many  of  our  hospitals.  The 
cubical  air  space  was  thus  fixed  at  1,350ft.  per 
patient,  the  spaces  between  the  pavilions  at  100ft., 
the  height  of  the  w.ards  respectively  at  lift.  6in., 
14ft.,  and  15fD ,  and  the  nature  of  the  site  seemed 
to  suggest  that  the  buildings  should  be  placed  in 
line,  with  one  long  corridor  at  the  south  end. 
The  general  outline  of  the  plan  was  thus  laid 
down  ;  the  details  have  been  worked  out  with  re- 
gard to  the  best  sanitary  result,  although  the  build- 
ings have  been  constructed  on  the  most  economical 
principle  consistent  with  durability.  The  ventila 
tion  and  warming  of  these  large  wards  was  a  sub- 
ject which  naturally  involved  considerable 
difficulty.  Of  course  the  first  essential  of  good 
ventilation  is  the  provision  of  a  proper  allowance 
of  air  space ;  but  with  the  most  ample  provision 
m  this  respect,  it  is  necess.ary  to  have  the  means 
■of  changing  the  air  contained  in  any  hospital 
wajd.    There  are  various   contrivances  employed 


to  admit  the  outer  air  in  such  places  and  in  each  a 
manner  as  to  keepup  an  unceasing  movement  in  the 
upper  stratum  of  the  ward,  and  a  constant  displace 
ment  of  the  f  ml  gases  which  rise  to  the  top  of  any 
room  containing  a  number  of  persons,  and  above  all 
in  a  hospital  ward  constantly  occupied,  daily  and 
nightly,  by  diseased  inmates.  The  great  difficulty 
is,  of  course,  to  accomplish  the  object  without 
causing  currents,  and  I  have  attempted  to  do  so 
by  arrangements  which  I  will  endeavour  to  make 
intelligible.  In  the  east  and  west  walls,  or  the 
long  sides  of  the  wards,  are  placed  a  series  of 
Large  windows  4ft.  Sin.  wide,  and  extending  from 
2ft.  9in.  above  the  floor  to  the  ceiling.  These 
windows  are  in  all  cases  facing  one  another,  and 
are  divided  in  their  entire  height  into  three  sub- 
divisions. The  lower  portion,  for  about  three- 
fourths  of  the  whole  opening,  consists  of  an  ordi- 
nary double-hung  sash ;  the  upper  fourth  is 
pivoted,  aud  works  on  a  swivel  with  cords,  to 
open  at  any  desired  inclination.  On  the  top  of 
this  swivel  light,  and,  in  fact,  forming  a  portion 
of  it,  Ls  a  continuous  hopper-shapetl  frame,  made 
of  ca.'^t  iron.  This  frame  extends  the  entire 
width  of  the  window.  It  is  glazed  at  the  front 
and  ends,  but  a  space  at  the  top  is  left  open 
.about  2in.  wide  and  the  full  length  of  the  frame. 
This  long  narrow  opening  is  covered  with  fine 
wire  gauze,  and  admits  a  constant  but  impercep- 
tible stream  of  the  outer  air,  which  is  continually 
passing  across  the  ward  close  to  the  ceiling, 
towards  the  corresponding  opening  in  the  opposite 
window.  A  slightly  upward  direction  is  given  by 
the  sloping  form  of  the  hopper,  in  order  that  the 
air  may  be  thrown  towards  the  centre  of  the 
apartment,  and  be  so  distributed  as  to  avoid  down 
currents.  Any  or  all  of  the  three  divisions  may 
be  opened  more  or  less,  at  the  discretion  of  the 
attendant ;  but  when  all  are  opened  to  their  full 
extent,  the  ward  will  in  a  very  short  time  be 
flooded  with  fresh  air.  Besides  this,  however, 
there  is  the  opportunity  of  obtaining  a  current 
from  the  two  extreme  ends  of  the  ward,  and 
flushing  the  upper  part  with  fresh  air  without 
opening  the  doors. 

This  Is  effected  by  means  of  a  glazed  louvre, 
about  6ft.  high  and  4ft.  wide,  placed  at  the 
entrance  end,  over  the  door  from  the  staircase ; 
antl  at  the  other,  or  balcony  end,  by  means  of  a 
large  swivel  window,  similar  in  arrangement  to 
those  already  described.  The  louvre,  which  is 
worked  by  a  very  simple  mechanical  contrivance 
with  lever  and  screw  ;  may  be  adjusted  to  admit 
more  or  less  air  as  required,  but  practically  they 
are  very  rarely  closed.  There  are  also,  at  various 
points  in  the  walls,  air  shafts  or  flues  discharging 
above  the  roof  level :  and  the  ventilation  is  further 
assisted  by  a  considerable  number  of  small  air 
grids  or  channels  built  in  the  walls,  at  short  inter- 
vals, close  to  the  ceiling.  These  grids  have  a 
sloping  lip  on  the  inside,  projecting  about  5in. 
from  the  wall,  with  an  inclination  of  about  45  deg  , 
to  prevent  the  air  falling  at  once  in  a  cold  volume 
to  the  lower  part  of  the  ward.  A  corresponding 
grid  is  placed  in  the  opposite  wall  in  each  case,  and 
the  air  appears  to  take  a  direction  generally  across 
the  ward,  near  to  the  ceiling.  The  air  being  thus 
admitted  in  very  small  quantities  and  at  very 
numerous  places,  difi'uses  itself  without  perceptible 
draughts,  and  displaces  the  gaseous  portion  of  the 
contained  air  which  naturally  rises  to  the  top. 

The  form  of  the  small  air  channels  is  such  that 
they  would  hardly  be  observed  if  not  pointed  out, 
and  are,  therefore,  not  likely  to  be  ^vilfully 
obstructed,  especially  as  they  are  close  to  the  ceil- 
ing, aud  therefore,  out  of  reach.  In  the  floor  of 
each  ward,  at  a  distance  of  6ft.  from  the  outer 
walU,  are  a  number  of  hit-and-miss  gratings,  with 
galvanised  iron  horizontal  tubes  or  flues,  to  con- 
duct the  fresh  air  to  the  foot  of  the  beds,  should 
it  be  required  in  foul  cases,  or  when  it  miy  not 
be  desirable  to  open  the  windows.  On  the  ridge 
of  the  roofs  are  revolving  ventilators  of  large  dia- 
meter, to  promote  the  ventilation  of  the  top  wards, 
which  are  partly  in  the  roof,  so  that  the  windows 
do  not  reach  the  highest  part  of  the  ceiling.  The 
warming  is  eSected  entirely  by  means  of  large 
open  fireplaces,  three  in  each  ward.  They  are 
placed  in  the  positions  marked  on  the  plan  ;  are 
5ft.  wide  aud  5ft.  6in.  high  to  the  upper  part  of 
the  opening.  An  iron  hood  partly  closes  this 
opening  ;  but  in  the  hood  is  a  large  circular  hit- 
and-miss  grating,  so  that  when  the  fires  are  burn- 
ing brightly  the  grating  may  be  opened,  and  a 
stratum  of  air  up  to  about  5ft.  6in.  high  be  drawn 
off  up  the  chimney.  Practically  the  flues  draw  so 
effectually  that  it  is  very  rarely  necessary  to  close 
these  gratings.  The  entire  sides  and  backs  of  the 
fireplaces  are  built  of  firebrick,  the  inclination  of 


the  sides  being  at  an  angle  of  about  45  deg. ;  so 
that  the  heat  is  reflected  at  a  corresponding  angle 
across  the  ward,  aud  no  difficulty  has,  I  beUeve, 
been  experienced  in  keeping  up  a  proper  tempera, 
ture.  The  fire  is  contained  in  a  basket  of  plain 
wrought-iroa  bars,  all  unnecessary  metal  being 
avoided.  At  the  extreme  northern  end  of  each 
ward  are  the  small  rooms  containing  the  baths, 
waterclosets,  &c.,  and  between  these  projecting 
wings  is  an  open  air  balcony  for  the  use  of  patients 
who  may  be  convalescent.  The  access  to  this 
balcony  is  through  the  largo  window  in  the  end 
wall,  so  that  an  infirm  patient  who  cannot  go  down 
stairs  may  take  the  air  without  fatigue-  A  widely- 
extended  view  over  green  fields  is  obtained  from 
these  balconies.  The  waterclosets  are  contained 
in  the  left  wing,  and  are  extremely  simple  in 
construction  and  very  inexpensive  The  entire 
basin  and  seat  are  of  earthenware,  without  wooden 
seats  or  fittings.  The  cleansing  is  effected  by 
means  of  a  chain  attached  to  the  door,  which 
raises  the  valve  and  flushes  the  basin  each  time  it 
is  used.  A  sink  or  trough  for  emptying  the  bed 
pans  adjoins,  and  has  a  similar  earthenware  basin 
with  a  lead  receiver  on  the  top,  flushed  by  means 
of  a  hand-pull.  The  divisions  between  the  closet* 
are  of  sawn  slate  slabs  about  7ft.  high,  with  a  frame- 
work of  ca.st  iron  ;  non  absorbent  materials  gene- 
rally have  been  used  wherever  possible  in  this 
department.  In  each  wing  is  a  amall  angle  fire- 
place. The  baths  and  lavatories  .are  con  tained  in 
the  right  wing,  and  the  fittings  here  are  generally 
of  the  best  description. 

The  drainage  is  entirely  outside  the  buildings; 
and  in  no  case  is  a  drain  brought  within  the  walls, 
except  to  receive  the  descending  soil  pipes  or 
waste  water  pipes.  It  is  throughout  of  glazed 
earthenware.  In  the  three  principal  chimney 
stacks  in  each  of  the  five  pavilions  there  is  a 
special  flue  built,  discharging  above  the  roof,  to 
which  the  dr-ains  are  connected  for  ventilating 
purposes.  This  flue  ia  entirely  independent  of  any 
other,  but  is  placed  between  two  smoke  flues, 
which  by  their  heat  cause  an  upward  current  in 
the  interiijediate  flue,  and  by  this  means  the 
drainage  is  ventilated  at  fifteen  points.  On  the 
top  of  these  flues  charcoal  boxes  will  be  placed, 
to  destroy  any  gases  which  may  rise  from  the 
drains.  The  cost  of  the  five  pavilions  with  the 
corridor  as  above  described,  including  the  gas  and 
water  supply  and  the  various  fittings  referred  to, 
has  barely  exceeded  £23,000.  Perhaps  it  would 
hardly  be  fair  to  describe  this  as  representing  the 
entire  cost  of  a  complete  hospital  for  480  beds,  as 
the  kitchens,  stores,  and  administrative  depart- 
ment generally  are  common  to  the  workhoase 
buildings  and  the  hospital,  and  to  a  large  extent 
were  in  existence  before  the  new  pavilions  were 
built ;  but  making  allowance  for  the  probable 
cost  of  such  buildings,  and  for  the  value  of  the 
land,  £30,000  would  be,  perhaps,  a  reasonable  sum 
at  which  to  estimate  the  cost  of  such  a  hospital, 
with  its  own  independent  administrative  depart- 
ment. This  would  give  the  cost  of  such  a  com- 
plete detached  establishment  at  the  rate  of  about 
£6U  per  bed.  The  Chorlton  Workhouse  Hospital 
has  no  .architectural  pretensions  whatever;  but 
the  most  careful  regard  has  been  given  to  all 
those  sanitary  arrangements  which  it  was  thought 
might  contribute  to  the  alleviation  of  the  sufl'er- 
ings  of  the  inmates. 


LLANDOUGH  SCHOOL. 

ONE  of  our  illustrations  this  week  represents  a 
school  recently  built  from  a  design  by  Mr. 
John  Prichard,  architect,  at  Llandough  (not  Llan- 
daff,  as  written  in  some  of  our  lithographic  impres- 
sions), in  Glamorganshire.  It  is  merely  a  village 
school  converted  from  a  barn,  and  consists  of  one 
school  room  and  a  small  residence  for  the  teacher. 
It  was  built  by  Mr.  Jarvls  for  £350.  Though 
small  and  unpretending,  the  building  embodies 
the  qualities  of  strength  and  repose. 


In  Belgium  and  Holland  linen  h  prepared 
beautifully,  because  the  washerwomen  use  refined 
borax  instead  of  soda  as  a  washing  powder.  On© 
large  handful  of  borax  is  used  to  every  ten  gaUons 
of  water,  and  the  saving  of  soap  is  said  to  be  ons 
half.  For  laces  .and  cambrics  an  extra  quantity 
is  used.  Borax  does  not  injure  the  linen,  and 
softens  the  hardest  water.  A  teaspoonful  of  borax 
added  to  an  ordinary  sized  kettle  of  hard  water, 
in  wliich  it  is  allowed  to  boil,  will  effectually 
soften  the  water. 


CH0RLT03J      TJUIOS" 


a?  fiuilimg  iJe-jrs   Maj-  I 


■HO  SriTAL  ,      NEAR.       M.ANC  HE  S  TKR. 

T.WORTHINCTON,      ARCH' 


.K  o  r   t  li  . 


General  Plaji  and  ElevautLon . 


Qoomm 


d     ^     B    s 


DQQQDQQ.^H 


SCALE  OF  SO    40    30   30   ID     0 


SCALE  OF  10  5  O  ID 


3o  40  SO  60 


interior     Yle^^^     of     Ward. 


Frmte-a  1  yWtit-m&iLABMS 


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May  17,   18fi7. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


.'^45 


TRADES'    UNIONS'   COMMISSION. 

3nHE  next  witness  after  Mr.  Piper,  whose 
[_     evidence  we  pave  last   week,  was  Mr. 
eorge   Smith,   of  the  firm    of    Smitli    and 
Taylor,   the  contractors  of  tlie  Foreign  Office. 
Witness  took   exception   to  tlie  statements  of 
Mr.  Coulson,   whose   evidence  implied    that 
the  work  at  the  Foreign  Office  Wiw  scamped, 
that   the   Government  did  not  get  the  proper 
quality   of  the  work  done,  and  there  was  a 
particular  allusion  to  pockets.     In  reply  to 
this,    Mr.  Smith  s^iid  the  work  was  perfectly 
solid,  and  he  should  be  quite  willing  to  allow 
the  architects  to  cut  in  where  they  liked  in 
order   to  prove  that  it  was  so.     The  in.struc- 
tions   of  his  firm  were  always    to    make  tlie 
work   as  sound  as   it  is  possible  for  work  to 
be.      "  I    have   been  now   rather  more  than 
forty  years  in  tlie  building  trade,"   said  wit- 
ness, "  and  I  have  never  yet  had  a  stain  upon 
my  character,  and  I  do  not  think  I  am  very 
likely  to  begin  at  my  age  doing  scamp  work." 
The  Foreign  Office   work  was  piecework,  the 
contractors  under  witness's  firm  being  Messrs. 
Wilkinson  and   Bone.     Instead   of  the  work 
being  "  a  swindle   against  the  Government,'' 
as  alleged   by  Mr.  Coulson,  witness  believed 
that  they  will  get  a  great  deal  more  than  the 
value,  because   the  contractors  would  lose  a 
considerable  sum  of  money  by  it.     There  has 
been   a  rise  of  15  per  cent,  in  wages  since  the 
contract   was  taken,  and   tlie    wages    would 
absorb  a  great    deal   more  than   the  profits. 
Witness  also  denied  point   blank  that   there 
was  any  truth  in  Mr.  Coulson's  statement  that 
the  work,  though   called  piecework,  was  not 
really   piecework.      He  thought  that  in  the 
«ourse  of  three  years  he  should  have  had  some 
representation  from  the  men  if  they  had  felt 
aggrieved  with  the  way  in  which  the  work 
was  given  out.     Witness  had  been  all  his  life 
opposed  to  one  uniform  rate  of  wages,  and  he 
intended,  he  said,  to  continue  that  opposition, 
believing  that   it  militates  against  the  well- 
being  of  the  men  and  the  well-being   of  the 
trade    generally.     Being  asked  if  it  is  the 
practice  now  for   London  builders  to  make  a 
regular  allowance  for  the  chance  of  strikes, 
Mr.   Smith   replied,  "The  only  arrangement 
that  we  make  with  reference  to  strikes  is  to 
get  a  clause  put  into  the  contract  that,  in  the 
event  of  a  strike  which  is  of  general  operation 
in  the  trade,  and  not  the  result  of  any  feeling 
between  the  particular  master  and  his  men, 
there  should  then  be  an  allowance  made  bj' 
the   architect    during  the  operation  of  that 
strike.     If,  for  instance,   the  building  is  con- 
tracted to  be  done  in  two  years,  and  a  strike 
of  that  character  occurs,  we  are  not  to  be 
pressed  for  time.     That  i^  the  only  attempt 
that  we    have    made    to  protect   ourselves." 
His  experience   of  unionists  was    that   they 
were  workmen  of  all  sorts — good  and  bad,  and 
average    workmen.      He    had    offered    men 
higher  wages  on  account  of  their  greater  skill 
than  other  men  on  the  same  work,  but  they 
have  not  been  allowed  by  the  union  to  receive 
it,  or  they  have   been  subjected  to  so  much 
annoyance  that  they  have  declared  they  would 
rather  go.     The  difficulty  of  giving  a  man  a 
lower  rate  of  wages  would  equally  exist.     The 
greatest  mischief  arose  from  the  fixed  mird- 
mum.     He   considered   that  the  operation  of 
Hades'  unions  of  late  years  had  tended  very 
much  to  increase  the  imcertainty  as  to  the 
estimate  of  the   cost   of  works.     Work  now, 
though  not   less  skilful  than  heretofore,  was 
~>f  a  more   sluggish   character,  owing,  he  be- 
ieved,  to  the  influence  of  the  unions;  nor  was 
iere  that   csjyrtt   (L'   corps  among  the   men 
which  ought  to    exist.      He   wanted   to    see 
images  regulated  upon  the  principle  of  supply 
ind  demand,  and  he   believed   that  all  these 
ittempts   by  workmen  to  carry  out  an  arti- 
icial  system  were  injurious  alike  to  men  and 
nasters.     It  was  witness's  opinion  that  if  the 
oen  were  not  in  the  union  wages  would  be 
:ept  up,  besides  saving  all  the  machinery  of 
he  union.     "  The  union  cannot  increase  the 
nantity  of  work,  and  if  the  present  state  of 
hings  goes  on,  I  have  no  hesitation  in  saying 


that  work  will  be  diminished ;  there  will  be 
nothing  done  but  what  is  absolutely  neces- 
sary." 

'i'he  examination  of  Mr.  George  Francis 
Trollope  followed.  He  gave  an  account  of  the 
circumstances  of  the  strike  of  IS.*)!) — the  nine 
hours' agitation — with  which  his  firm  was  pro- 
minently connected.  The  firm  had  never  had 
another  strike.  Witness  went  on  to  remark 
that  he  had  no  doubt  at  all  that  the  operation 
of  unions  during  the  last  few  years  had  been 
to  force  up  the  rale  of  wages  ([uicker  than 
they  would  have  risen  if  there  had  not  lieen 
the  action  of  unions,  but  ho  agreed  with  Mr. 
Smith  that  it  is  a  very  unjust  arrangement  to 
fix  a  minimum  rate  of  wages  for  all  men. 
The  fixing  of  a  miuimum  obliged  master.s  to 
turn  off  men  who  are  not  up  to  the  mark ; 
those,  for  instance,  who  are  advanced  in  years 
or  otherwise  incapable.  Said  witness,  "  I 
have  told  the  men  over  and  over  again  '  You 
are  doing  yourselves  a  great  mischief ;  it  may 
be  all  very  well  now  in  the  time  of  railway 
works,  when  every  man  may  have  employment, 
but  by  fixing  a  minimum  rate  of  wages,  and 
that  minimum  a  very  high  one,  you  are  bring- 
ing about  a  reduction  of  work?'  They  .say 
ill  answer  to  that,  'In  contracts  we  quite  under- 
stand that  you  must  put  iu  the  best  men  you 
can,  but  with  day  work  (this  is  their  absurd 
reasoning),  what  does  it  matter  to  you,  sir  ? 
You  send  me  to  a  gentleman's  house,  and  pay 
me  5s.  or  6s.  8d.  per  day.  You  put  a  certain 
profit  upon  tliat  and  he  pays  it.  I  say  to  them, 
'  That  is  not  justto  begin  -with.  If  I  send  you  to 
a  customer's  house  and  charge  him  £  1 0  for  wages, 
he  will  expect  ;£10  value  for  it  V  But  some  of 
the  men  seem  to  think  that  we  have  nothing 
to  do  but  to  sit  at  our  desks  and  add  10  per 
cent,  to  everything  that  comes  before  us  ?  It 
is  our  duty,  in  my  opinion,  to  see  that  our  cius- 
tomers  have  value  for  their  money.''  Wages, 
if  left  to  themselves,  would  .always  fi  nd  their 
natural  level  by  competition.  One  result  of 
the  high  price  of  labour  was  to  hinder  people 
from  building.  AVituess  knew  of  his  own 
knowledge  that  people  say  that  builder's  work 
has  come  to  such  an  enormous  price  by  reason 
of  the  wages  that  they  reaUy  must  have  less 
work.  Asked:  Is  there  as  a  fact  less  work 
done  ? — At  the  present  time  I  say  there  is  ; 
there  is  a  very  large  number  of  operatives  out 
of  employment.  lie  admitted  that  the  argu- 
ment of  the  men  hitherto  had  been  borne  o  ut 
by  facts,  because  there  has  been  such  an  enor- 
mous pressure  for  work  owing  to  rail- 
ways that  almost  every  man  who  can 
handle  a  tool  has  been  taken  out  at  an 
unreasonable  rate.  He  did  not,  however, 
think  that  that  would  last.  There  are  more 
men  out  of  work  now  than  there  were  in  the 
autumn — railw.ay  extensions  being  checked. 
The  question  was  put  to  Mr.  Trollope  : — Sup- 
posing that  the  men  have  the  union  to  iall 
back  upon  (when  they  are  turned  off)  they 
are  surely  in  a  better  position  than  if  they 
stand  alone  ?  to  which  he  replied.  Then 
comes  in  the  provident  element  If  they 
chose  to  subscribe  during  their  time  of  work 
for  a  rainy  day,  nobody  can  olject  to  that ; 
indeed,  we  should  all  be  delighted  to  see  it. — 
Is  not  that  what  they  do  in  the  unions  I 
That  is  one  thing  they  do.  As  far  as  I  and 
my  partners  are  concerned,  and  I  believe  the 
generality  of  the  masters,  we  are  very  desirous 
to  consult  the  comfort  and  the  advantage  of 
our  workmen  ;  but  that  feeling  unfortunately 
has  changed  of  late  years.  In  my  yoimger 
days  there  used  to  be  some  sort  of  attachment 
between  master  and  men,  but  that  has  en- 
tirely gone,  and  I  say  th.at  it  is  the  union': 
and  nothing  else  that  has  brought  about  that 
result. — You  believe  that  the  efl'ect  of  those 
unions  is  to  loosen  the  tie  between  the  work- 
man and  his  employer  ? — That  most  decidedly 
has  been  so.  Of  course  in  a  large  establish- 
ment (and  ours  is  a  moderately  large  esta- 
blishment) you  cannot  know  1,000  men,  but 
you  may  know  a  great  many  men  who  have 
been  in  your  employ  for  many  years,  and  you 
may  feel  an  attachment  to  those  men.  But 
when  you  find  that  you  cannot  come  to  those 


men  and  talk  to  them  as  friends  ;  that,  in 
fact,  their  individuality  is  lost  because  they 
are  membei's  of  a  union,  it  seems  to  me  .a  most 
distressing  thing.  I  have  talked  with  them 
and  argued  with  them,  but  in  two  or  three 
days'  time  it  is  all  obliterated  by  the  inlluence 
of  the  unions  ;  the  union  destroys  the  very 
essence  of  the  relations  which  should  subsist 
between  master  and  men.  It  was  a  most  un- 
righteous state  of  things,  and  he  had  often 
.■^aid  that  he  was  so  disgusted  with  the  sys-tem 
that  he  would  be  glad  to  leave  the  business 
altogether.  Besides  the  question  of  a  minimum 
of  wages  there  were  other  ways  in  which  the 
unions  have  interfered  with  the  ma.sters. 
Their  tendency  has  been  to  bring  all  down  to 
a  dead  level,  and  to  repress  the  energy  and 
zeal  of  the  men.  In  reference  to  the  question 
of  a])prcntices  witness  said  he  did  not  think 
the  imions  had  interfered.  If  they  saw  more 
than  a  certain  number  of  apprentices  in  a  shop 
they  would  object  to  it,  but  they  had  never 
put  them  in  that  position.  His  firm  had 
never  been  interfered  with  in  that  way. 


VILLA    AND 


COTTAGE 
TURE. 


AEOHITEO 


SOME  months  ago  we  called  attention  to 
the  earlier  numbers  of  this  publication. 
There  is  a  widespread  but  mistaken  belief 
that,  iu  order  to  exhibit  his  skill,  the  archi- 
tect requires  large  and  important  works.  The 
converse  is  nearer  the  truth.  The  stately 
palace  with  its  internal  courts  and  symmetri- 
cal duplication  of  parts,  will,  as  it  were,  take 
care  of  itself,  and  m  works  of  this  nature 
economy  is  never  a  primary  object.  The 
doors  and  windows  are  always  better  pro- 
portioned to  the  size  of  a  building  than  is 
possible  in  a  small  house,  and  even  the  na- 
tural or  artificial  features  which  accompany 
it,  such  as  trees,  woods,  roads,  paths,  &c.,  are 
more  in  accordance  from  the  sim])le  fact  that 
at  all  events  they  cannot  well  dwarf  the  de- 
sign. It  will,  therefore,  be  seen  that  the 
architect,  although  he  may  gain  most  fame 
from  his  large  works,  will  draw  most  pleasure 
from  his  smaller  and  less  important  efforts. 
It  is  the  villa,  the  cottage,  the  lodge,  the  rural 
chapel,  v.'hich  is  designed  con  ainore,  and  one 
of  these  perhaps  little  known  structures  the 
popular  architect  cherishes  in  his  iumostheart 
as  his  darling  design.  The  difficulties  which 
attend  the  production  of  a  good  plan  for  a 
villa  or  cottage  are  of  no  common  order. 
The  site,  to  begin  with,  perhaps  offers  pro- 
blems not  easy  of  solution,  and  if,  as  is  likely 
enough  to  be  the  case,  the  architect  has  no 
knowledge  of  landscape  gardening,  he  will 
certainly  pitch  his  house  a  few  yards  distant 
from  the  proper  site,  finding  out  his  error  only 
when  it  is  too  late  to  repair  it.  Granted, 
however,  that  he  chooses  the  site  correctly, 
his  troubles  are  but  commencing.  Aspect, 
prevailing  winds,  unsightly  objects  in  the 
landscape,  have  met  with  due  consideration, 
and  have  been  satisfactorily  disposed  of ;  still 
the  house  has  to  be  designed,  and  every  step 
in  advance  brings  with  it  special  difficulties 
and  conflicting  claims  which  must  be  met  and, 
if  possible,  adjusted.  The  living  rooms  must 
not  be  in  excess  of  the  sleeping  accommoda- 
tion ;  in  fact,  the  latter  should  always  have  the 
first  claim  upon  the  space  at  the  disposal  of 
the  architect.  The  kitchen  and  offices  must 
receive  their  full  share  of  attention  in  the 
plan,  or  the  household  will  not  be  contented, 
and  the  situation  of  the  back  entrance  will 
lla^■e  greater  influence  on  the  comfort  of  the 
proprietor  than  the  inexperienced  are  aware. 
In  almost  all  cases  a  storeroom  is  absolutely 
necessary  ;  places  must  be  provided  for  two 
kinds  of  coal,  and  a  tool  or  root  house  cannot 
well  be  dispensed  with.  It  should  be  borne 
in  mind  that  every  detached  house  habitable 
liy  well-to-do  people  will  be  improved  by 
[lossessing  a  kitchen  court  or  yard,  walled 
)r  feiiced  in  to  hide  certain  iudispen.=able 
hough  unromantic  accessories.  The  water 
butt  "and  duBt-bin  are  useful  in  their  way,  and, 


346 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


May  17,    1867. 


if  if^ored  by  the  architect,  have  a  disagree- 
able way  of  a=iserting  themselves ;  therefore,  by 
all  means  a  kitchen  yard.  In  short,  it  will  lie 
wise  to  consider  no  detail  beneath  notice,  and 
as  much  as  possible  to  put  one's  self  in  tlie 
position  of  the  person  for  whose  accommoda- 
tion each  portion  of  the  plan  is  intended. 
Fancy  yourself  the  cook,  and  yon  will  not 
place  the  only  window  to  the  kitchen  at  the 
contraay  end  to  the  fireplace,  thus  forcing  that 
useful  functionary  to  stand  literally  in  her 
own  light.  At  the  same  time  judgment  must 
be  exercised,  for  if  the  notions  of  each 
domestic  are  to  be  taken  as  final  the  archi- 
tect will  find  that  he  has  little  space  left  for 
the  master  and  the  mistress.  We  will,  how- 
ever, suppose  that  the  plan  is  finished,  and 
that  all  rec^uirements  have  been  met  ;  then 
comes  the  serious  question  of  cost.  The  em- 
ployer will  at  first  abate  no  jot  of  his  preten- 
sions ;  he  will  not  give  up  a  cupboard,  but  he 
objects  to  pay  so  miich  money,  and  now  comes 
the  sickening  part  of  an  architect's  profession. 
By  degrees  the  employer  realises  that  he  can- 
not have  so  much  and  pay  so  little,  and  the 
architect  has  to  cudgel  his  brains  to  knock  out 
this,  to  reduce  that,  and,  worst  of  all,  perhaps, 
reluctantly  consent  to  the  ute  of  second  quality 
material  or  workmanship.  The  design  is 
spoilt,  and  being  so  far  inferior  to  whiit  first 
took  tlie  employer's  fancy,  is  as  disappointing 
to  him  as  it  is  unsatisfactory  to  the  architect. 

The  publication  before  ns  contains  several 
examples  of  villas  and  cottages  of  varying 
merit,  and  derives  its  chief  interest  from  the 
fact  thnt  it  contains  two  designs  by  certain 
well-known  architects  for  houses  intended  for 
their  own  occupation.  Plate  LIIL,  villa  at 
Dulwich  Wood  Park,  by  Messrs.  Banks  and 
Barry,  is  convenient  in  plan,  but  does  not  bear 
any  outward  sign  of  being  the  work  of  a  dis- 
tinguished architect,  the  barge-boards,  wliich 
are  its  only  purely  decorative  feature,  being 
neither  elegant  nor  strong.  A  pair  of  gables, 
unless  separated  by  a  considerable  length  of 
ridge  or  parapet,  can  never  look  well  ;  in  this 
case  they  are  separated  by  a  recess  5h.  wide 
and  9in.  deep — a  space,  in  fact,  just  wide 
enough  to  contain  the  staircase  window.  The 
style  chosen,  a  sort  of  suburban  Tudor,  is  not 
the  most  manageable,  especially  wlien  applied 
to  a  small  house  ;  the  one  under  notice 
occupies  an  area  of  but  38ft.  by  33ft.  In 
similar  cases  an  adaptation  of  the  French  style 
with  mansard  roofs  and  level  cornices,  will 
always  be  found  preferable  to  any  variety  of 
Gothic.  The  Scotch  style,  with  its  gablets  and 
corbie  steps,  is  also  well  suited  to  the  compact 
and  somewhat  lofty  suburban  house.  Mr. 
Truefilt's  design,  Worcester  Lodge,  Holloway, 
Plate  LV.,  for  his  own  occupation,  is  quaint 
and  artist-like.  Without  being  by  any  means 
perfect,  it  has  many  points  of  merit.  In  Plate 
LVI.  a  view  is  given  of  a  considerable  portion 
of  the  front,  showing  an  angle  window  in  the 
drawing  room,  the  effect  of  which  is  very 
pleasing.  The  front  door  seems  to  have  two 
knockers,  and  is  altogether  unworthy  of  the 
house.  Everything,  including  even  the  iron- 
work and  gas  fittings,  was  designed  by  the 
architect.  The  materials  used  for  the  external 
walls  are  washed  stocks,  with  some  few  red 
biiek-!  in  bands,  and  in  the  window  arches. 
It  is  with  pleasure  that  we  observe  very  spar- 
ing use  of  banded  and  variegated  brick  decora- 
tion. The  stone,  of  which  a  little  is  used,  is 
Portland.  The  area  occupied  by  the  house  is 
28ft.  by  2.5ft.,  and  the  cost,  it  is  hinted,  was 
very  moderate.  We  regard  the  statem"nt,  with 
items  of  the  cost  of  most  of  the  buildings,  as 
the  most  valuable  feature  in  this  work  ;  there 
is  none  which  could  make  it  more  useful  to 
the  amateur  intending  to  build.  In  some 
instances  the  cliarge  for  bell-hanging  and  gas- 
fitting  is  given.  In  the  numbers  we  have 
received  the  plates  are  not  ])laced  successivel)', 
so  that  no  order  can  be  observed  in  this  notice. 
There  is,  for  instance,  a  second  view  of  a  cot- 
tage ornre  at  Mill  Cireen,  Essex,  by  Mr.  H.  E. 
Kendall,  jun.,  of  which  we  can  repeat  %vhat 
we'  said  on  the  former  occasion,  that  it  is 
absurdly  overdone,  and  that  the  alternative 


design  is  the  best.  There  are  many  good 
points  about  it,  not  the  least  of  which  is  the 
comparatively  plain  tile  cresting,  but  the  whole 
wants  paring  down — redundancies  require 
to  be  lopped  off.  AVithout  the  superfluities 
the  cottage  would  not  look  amiss.  Messrs. 
A.  and  G.  Thomson,  of  Glasgow,  contriliute  a 
design  for  a  double  villa  (Plate  XLVL),  which 
deserves  attention.  It  is  not  the  usual  double 
villa  pointing  one  way,  but  two  villas  placed 
back  to  back  in  such  a  manner  as  to  present 
the  appearance  of  one  house  of  some  size. 
The  plan  might  be  advantageously  woiked  out 
in  some  cases,  but  in  the  present  instance, 
though  we  know  nothing  of  the  requirements 
of  the  proprietors  of  these  vUIas,  we  cannot 
approve  of  a  plan  which  only  gives  three  bed- 
rooms 15ft.  square,  and  two  bed  closets,  one  of 
which  opens  out  of  the  parlour,  and  the  otlier 
out  of  the  kitchen.  Mr.  Ewan  Christian  has 
a  design  for  a  parsonage  in  Essex  (Plate  XLIL); 
the  arrangement  is  worth  noticing.  The  exterior 
is  plain,  but  in  our  eyes  chinmeys  without 
plinth  or  base  present  but  a  sorry  appearance. 
Plate  XLVII.  is  a  perspective  view  of  the 
curate's  house  at  Gotham,  Nottinghamshire. 
The  letterpress  states  that  the  conservatory 
is  an  inexpensive  structure,  "  having  for  its 
decorative  features,  cresting  to  the  ventilating- 
rid'"'e  and  eaves,  and  spandrel -pieces  to  the 
heads  of  the  lights,  all  executed  in  cast  iron." 
The  plate  shows  a  gorgeous  building  upon 
which  no  expense  seems  to  have  been  spared, 
and  as  the  architect,  Mr.  Button  Walker, 
assures  the  reader  that  the  cost  was  but  .£503, 
anyone  who  desires  a  drawing-room,  dining- 
room,  study,  kitchen,  &c.,  four  bedrooms,  and 
a  conservatory  upon  reasonable  terras,  had 
better  employ  him,  and  try  by  all  means  at 
the  same  time  to  secure  the  same  builder. 
Mr.  J.  T.  Rochead,  of  Glasgow,  contributes 
his  design  for  Strath  Cottage,  Dumbarton 
(Plate  XLIX.),  which  contains  as  many  faults 
as  could  well  be  crammed  into  one  building  ; 
although  in  the  Gothic  style,  it  has  projecting 
eaves,  in  spite  of  which  the  cliimneys  are  at 
the  apex  of  the  gable  with  a  little  bit  of  roof 
in  front  of  them.  The  want  of  harmony  be- 
tween the  upperand  lower  storie.5  is  conspicuous, 
the  one  having  little  gableted  dormer  win- 
dows, while  the  other  rejoices  in  a  huge  bay 
of  hewn  stone,  lift,  in  the  clear  on  the  inside, 
and  good  enough  for  Windsor  Castle.  There 
is  much  more  in  this  design  that  is  worse  than 
indifferent,  but  particular  attention  is  called 
to  Plate  L.,  where  the  worst  features  of 
the  building  are  given  at  large.  It  is  a  matter 
of  taste  wdiether  the  Classical  or  Gothic  style 
is  used,  but  whichever  is  chosen  should  be 
adhered  to.  Nothing  can  justify  in  a  Gothic 
building  the  use  of  Italian  balusters,  piers,  and 
balls.  Messrs.  Hine  and  Evans,  of  Notting- 
ham, furnish  plans  of  a  villa  which  they 
have  erected  at  Grantham.  It  is  of  no  parti- 
cular merit,  though  free  from  glaring  faults,  and 
is  no  doubt  a  comfortable  residence.  There 
is  some  good  to  be  extracted  from  all  the  de- 
signs, even  if  only  as  an  example  of  what  to 
avoid.  Very  many  are  of  interest,  and  they 
all  derive  value  from  the  estimate  of  the  cost 
not  being  a  fancy  one,  but  arrived  at  by  the 
matter-of-fact  process  of  producing  receipted 
bilLs. 


FINE     ARTS. 


THE     ROTAL     ACAJJEMY    EXHIBITION. 
No.  II. 

WE  hinted  last  week,  as  the  result  of  a 
very  casual  survey  of  the  pre-ent  ex- 
hibition, that  whatever  its  anrgregate  attrac- 
tiveness, the  Academic  body  h.id  contributed 
comparatively  little  towards  it,  less,  perhaps, 
than  on  many  former  occasions.  Subsequent 
careful  examination  more  than  strengthens  us  in 
this  impression,  and  leaves  us,  indeed,  in  doubt 
whether  there  must  not  be  sometliini  radi- 
cally wrong  in  a  ej-stem  of  art  education  and 
honours  which  could  produce  so  very  unsatis- 
factory results  as  we  see  here  accumulated 
around  us.    AVe  described  some  of  the  perform- 


ances of  the  members  of  the  Academy  last 
week,  and  they  were  the  most  prominent 
ones,  those  which  people  are  most  likely  to 
look  at  and  to  talk  about.  Wo  think  we 
may  safely  say  of  those  objects  generally,  that 
whatever  individual  tastes  might  see  to  ad- 
mire in  this  or  that  specimen,  tliere  is,  with 
the  exception  of  Mr.  Frith'a  picture,  not  one 
of  them  which  tends  to  show  onward  pro- 
gress in  our  art  as  a  .school,  or  to  elevate  the 
status  of  the  painter.  A  closer  scrutiny  leads 
to  a  still  more  unsatisfactory  conviction. 
Taking  stock  of  the  remainder  of  the  Aca- 
demic body,  we  find  an  all-porvading  weak. 
ness  and  a  positive  degeneracy  from  their 
former  achievements,  worlcs  produced  when 
tliey  were  working  for  their  laurels,  under  the 
shade  of  which  they  now  seem  to  consider 
tliat  they  repose  in  inaction, — "  rest  and  be 
thankful." 

To  begin  with  one  of  our  greatest  names. 
Mr.  Maclise,  who  has  been  much  absent  of 
late  years  on  account  of  his  public  engage- 
ments at  tlie  Palace  of  Westminster,  returns 
only  to  show  how  little  the  practice  of  glass 
painting  in  enormous  battle  pieces  has  done 
to  mature  the  more  genial  spirit  of  poetic  art 
within  him,  or  even  to  improve  him  in  the 
principles  and  technics  of  his  calling.  In  the 
scene  from  "  Othello,"  Act  iii.,  sc.  3''(No.  123), 
where  Desdemona  asks. 

Why  is  yoxir  Bpeech  so  faint  ?    Are  you  not  well? 

in  reply  to  which  he  complains  of  a  pain  in 
his  forehead,  which  she  proposes  to  cure  by 
binding  it  bard — the  critical  moment  before 
the  great  handkerchief  scene  —  the  artist 
betrays  a  sad  lack  of  perception  for  the  cha- 
racter of  the  situation.  Desdemona  is  insipid 
to  a  painful  degree,  and  she  is  represented  as 
awkwardly  pushing  Othello  in  the  short  ribs 
with  her  left  hand,  whereas  her  attentions 
should  have  been  to  his  head.  And  then  the 
crowdedness  of  composition,  confined  within 
some  pillars,  without  air  around,  or  elbow 
room  for  what  is  to  follow.  In  (Xo.  210)  "  A 
Winter  Night's  Tale,"  suggested  by  Sliak- 
speare's  lines  in  "  King  Richard  II.,"  Act  v., 
sc.  1, 

In  winter's  tedious  nights,  sit  by  the  fire 
With  good  old  folks,  and  let  tbem  tell  thee  tales, 

the  composition  is  more  elaborate  than  in 
the  former,  but  the  study  of  every  portion  of 
the  group,  indeed,  of  every  figure,  is  paiufally 
laboured,  added  to  which  there  is  that  parti- 
cular hardness  of  ontliue,  wholly  unsubdued 
by  atmospheric  influences,  which  the  artist 
was  always  addicted  to,  and  which  it  is  to  be 
apprehended  at  his  time  of  life  he  will  never 
get  rid  of. 

Another  name,  once  of  high  promise.  Those 
who  remember  Mr.  Poole's  earlier  perform- 
ance, the  "  Solomon  Eagle  "  and  "  The  Moors 
Beleaguered  in  the  City  of  Valentia,"  with 
which  he  startled  the  world  whilst  yet  an 
"  outsider,"  will  lament  his  hopeless  falling 
off  of  late  years  under  the  upas-like  influence 
of  monopoly  and  protection,  and  never  more 
strikingly  so  than  in  his  little  scene  from  "King 
Lear''  (No.  o9),and  the  more  intense  littleness 
of  his  "  Path  over  the  Hills"  (No.  200). 

Mr.  Faed,  too,  who  came  upon  us  a  fevr  years 
ago  with  such  freshness  of  domestic  character 
and  feeling,  has  already  passed  into  man- 
nerism ;  repeating  his  accustomed  rustic  models 
a  little  altered  in  the  attitudes  in  his  one  poor 
exhibit  (No.  107)  "  The  Poor,  the  Poor  Man's 
Friend."  Not  to  go  into  other  particulars  of 
this  production,  the  appearance  of  an  old 
blind  man,  making  his  way  up  to  a  cottage 
door,  without  stick  or  dog,  is  certainly  rather 
awkward. 

Mr.  Cope's  single  canvas  "  Shylock  and 
Jessica"  (No.  312),  is  provokingly  poor  and 
vulgar,  the  colour  tawdry  and  dabby.  Mr. 
A.  Elmore,  who  also  contents  himself  with 
one  specimen  of  his  genius  (No.  181),  puzzles 
us  to  divine  the  merits  of  "  The  Tale  of 
Scandal  "it  is  supposed  to  commemorate,  and 
which  is  suggested  only  133-  an  extract  from 
the  "  Diary  of  a  Traveller  in  the  East."  Mr. 
F.  Goodall  is  inoffensive,  but  sadly  unim- 


May  17,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


U7 


prossive,  in  his  "Meeting  of  Aliralmni  and 
Bebekali  "  (Xo.  81).  Mr.  Hart  is  positively 
outrageous  iu  point  of  comiiosition,  driiwini;, 
and  colour,  iu  his  "  Submission  of  the  Em- 
peror Barbarossa  to  Pope  Alexand.'r  III." 
'No.  378.)  The  positiou  of  tlie  Emperor, 
prostrate  on  the  ground,  is  painfully  abject ; 
— we  pity  the  model  who  apraivled  for  it,  if 
there  was  one,  but  a  wicked  roll  of  his  eye 
seems  to  indicate  that  he  ia  not  sincere  in  his 
assumed  humility.  Mr.  T.  Landseer's  "  Visit 
of  Oliver  Cromwell,  with  some  of  his  Officers, 
to  .Vllerton"  (Xo.  .)j),  presents  us  to  a  stitf 
assembla<!;e  of  leathern  jerkins  and  armour, 
painted  in  the  still-life  fashion. 

The  recently  elected  Associates,  some  of 
whom  we  have  previously  spoken  of,  hardly 
come  up  to  the  mark  they  attained  before 
their  election.  Mr.  Calderon  wants  his  usual 
vigour  and  purpose  in  "  Home  after  Victory  " 
(Xo.  3jH),  showing  a  young  knight  of  the 
olden  time  receiving  a  congratulatory  depu- 
tation at  the  parental  castle  gate. 

Mr.  J.  Pettie  shows  some  humour  in  ''The 
Doctor"  (Xo.  2,o;i  ;  but  the  conception  and 
working  out  of  '-Treason"  (Xo.  301),  a  group 
of  conspirators,  all  leaning  with  their  heads 
together,  over  a  table  are  marked  by  exagge- 
ration. Mr.  Veames  puts  a  very  little  boy 
into  a  very  long  empty  room,  to  feed  him 
"(In  Bread  and  Water"  (Xo.  139);  vacuity 
binng  unpleasantly  suggested  to  more  senses 
than  one.  In  his  more  ambitious  picture 
■  The  Uawn  of  the  Reformation"  (Xo.  304), 
where  Wyclifl'e  distributes  copies  of  the  Bible 
to  the  "  poor  priests,"  his  disciples,  bidding 
them  preach  it  throughout  the  land,  he  fails 
to  realise  the  grand  simplicity  of  his  theme, 
whilst  in  drawing  he  is  often  timid,  crude, 
ind  faulty.  Mr.  G.  F.  Watts  continues  to 
paint  portraits  in  the  same  affected  style  as 
heretofore,  imitating  the  effect  of  canvases 
;ipon  which  time  had  worked  for  some  two  or 
three  centuries  ;  thinking,  perhaps,  thereby  to 
nut  himselt  on  a  level  with  the  old  masters. 
The  result  is  simply  absurd — witness  more 
particularly  his  "  Lamp-light  Study"  of 
Herr  Joachim,  the  violinist  (Xo.  619). 

In  landscape  painting  the  Academy  has  long 

ihown  a   lamentable   deficiency   which,   from 

notives  which  we  are  at  a  loss  to  understand 

—may   it  be   a  feeling    of  delicacy  towards 

veteran  members? — they  have  been  at  no  pains 

"supply.  Mr.  Creswiek  and  Mr.  Lee  are  gone  to 

irt  as  well  for  perceptive  faculty,  for  feeling, 

or  nature,  and  for  handling.      It  is  painful  to 

ook  upon  their   cold   and    tremulous  efforts. 

Hr.   Stanfield  still   shows  his   silvery  limpid 

.  lencil    in   "  A    Skirmish    off   Heliogoland" 

No.  199) ;  and  Mr.  E.  W.  Cooke  surpasses  his 

vont  in  his  "  Canal  of  the  Guiduier,  Venice" 

-Xo.  223).      But  Mr.  T.  Sydney  Cooper,  who 

laed  so  to  charm  us  with   his  cattle  groups 

long  the  lower  banks  of  the  Thames,  having 

ipparently  painted  himself  out  iu   that  line, 

ow  comes  before  us  with  a  group  of  donkeys 

nd    goats,    and    donkey-chaises,    and   goat- 

haises,  "  Waiting  for  Hire"  (Xo.  110),  as  we 

ireaume  on  the  cliffs  of  Margate,  all  painted 

yith  miniature  detail,  but  in  the  hardest  pos- 

ible  manner,  and  in  a  total  absence  of  atmo- 

phere.  Mr.  Hook  has  four  of  hia  favourite  bits 

f  sea  coast   and  fisher  life,  painted  with  his 

sual    truthfulneas    and   bright   liquidity  of 

olour,  of  which  our  favourite  ia  that  entitled 

■Herrings  from. Banff:  fishera  cleaning  their 

ets.      Mr.  Vicat  Cole,  who  ia  not  yet  one  of 

ilie  -Academic  body,  has  deserted   the   Surrey 

!Jrufields,   in   which  he   achieved   his  earlv 

■iumphs,  for   the   sea,  of  which  he  gives  us 

wo  examples,  one  of  which  (Xo.  489)  depicts 

storm  in  the  neighbourhood  of  a  rock  under 

le    aspects    of    evening    with  considerable 

lower. 

'.    It  affords  ua  pleasure  to  close  with   a  few 

ords  of  well-deserved  praise,  which  we  hope 

ay  prove  words  of  encouragement  to  a  young 

■tistof  hereditary  claims   to  art,    which,  if 

■  goes  on  as  he  has  begun,  he  will  fully  sub- 

Mtiate  and  justify.     Mr.  G.  D.  Leslie,    the 

a  of  the  late  Royal  Academician,  has  three 


canvases,  which  cannot  fail  to  command 
attention,  as  they  will  justify  attentive  exami- 
tion  by  the  intelligence  and  feeling  no  less 
than  by  the  artistic  ability  displayed  in  them. 
Of  tlie  three,  •'  The  Cousins  "  (X'o.  o),'a  genuine 
English  farmstead,  with  its  domestic  rela- 
tions pleasantly  told,  is  jierhnps  most  to  our 
taste.  The  others  are  '■  Ten  minutca  to  D?- 
cide  "  (X'o.  131),  another  country  homestead, 
with  a  little  story  attached  to  one  fair  one  of 
its  occupanta ;  and  "  Willow,  willow  "' 
(Xo.  6o6),  suggested  by  the  ditty  in  "  Othello' 
beginning, 

Thefrtish  stro-trag  nin  by  lior  and  murmnruLl  her  moaiis. 
Slug  willow,  willow,  willow. 


LONDON  UNIVERSIXr  BUILDING. 

THE  annual  meeting  of  the  Convocation  of 
this  University  w>i.s  held  on  Tuesdiiy  evening 
at  Burlington  House,  Piccadilly,  when  Dr.  Car- 
penter, the  registrar,  produced  on  the  part  of  the 
senate  certain  plans  of  the  new  building,  and  stated 
that  it  had  been  found  impossible  to  produce 
photographic  representations  of  the  elevation, 
because  the  original  design  was  in  the  library  of 
the  Hou?e  of  Commons.  He  further  stated  that 
Mr.  Pennethorne,  the  Government  architect,  had 
shown  a  disposition  to  meet  the  views  of  the 
senate  as  to  the  internal  arrangements,  but  the 
Board  of  Works  would  not  allow  any  interference 
with  their  elevations.  The  elevation  that  is  with, 
held  is  simply  the  front  on  Piccadilly,  and  nothing 
more.  Of  course  the  public  have,  if  possible,  less 
interest  than  the  senate  in  the  appearance  the 
building  will  present  from  the  only  spot  whence  it 
will  be  visible.  But  still  they  have  some  interest, 
and  the  voice  of  curiosity  is  now  and  then  lifted 
up,  and  questions  are  asked  as  to  the  prob.able 
appearance  of  the  University  of  London.  Judging 
by  the  sacred  elevations  in  the  Ubrary  of  the 
House  of  Commons,  it  will  present  an  aspect  of 
general  mediocrity,  relieved  at  intervals  by 
features  as  devoid  of  use  as  they  are  deficient  in 
beauty.  The  old  story  may  be  repeated  ad  nauseam. 
The  design  may  be  described  as  Gothical  not 
Gothic.  The  arches  to  the  entrance  are  segmental 
— of  the  music-hall  type.  The  statues  are  placed  on 
the  top  of  the  pinnacles,  excepting  at  the  corners, 
where  two  larger  and  more  impertinent  pinnacles 
arise,  each  surmounted  by  a  canopy  containing  a 
figure.  The  roof  is  much  variegated  in  the  slate 
line,  and  ia  not  deficient  in  the  .article  of  ornamental 
iron  cresting  ;  but  beyond  this  the  building  pre- 
sents no  feature  worthy  of  note.  Where  all  is 
indifferent  it  is  difficult  to  select  portions  for  special 
condemnation.  The  alternative  Classical  design 
by  the  same  architect  is  much  better.  The  central 
portiou  is  positively  elegant,  and  a  few  alterations 
iu  the  wings  would  make  the  whole  worthy  of  the 
site  it  is  intended  to  occupy.  This  design  is  in 
the  Greek  style,  and  in  his  endeavour  to  keep  the 
style  pure,  the  architect  has  made  more  sacrifices 
than  the  ide.as  of  the  day  will  tolerate.  Why 
cannot  architects  treat  Greek  art  as  they  would 
Gothic  /  The  abandon  of  Gothic  and  Kenaissance 
art,  l-y  its  irregularity,  gives  picturesqueness,  and 
there  is  no  real  reason  why  Greek  architecture 
should  not  be  treated  with  almost  as  much  free- 
dom. People  seem  to  fancy  that  the  Greeks 
possessed  no  buildiuE;3  excepting  temples,  because 
little  else  remains  but  the  ruins  of  those  structures. 
Of  the  other  designs  it  is  scarcely  necessary  to 
speak,  as  they  are  for  the  present  shelved.  That 
by  Jlessrs.  Banks  and  Barry  is  as  ordinary  as  can 
well  be  imagined,  hardly  good  enough  for  a  terrace 
iu  Pimlico.  That  by  Sniirke,  approved  by  a 
former  Government,  is  not  quite  so  good,  and  on 
viewing  the  drawings  the  question  naturally 
arises,  how  did  they  get  here,  and  what  will  be 
done  with  them  i  The  former  question  is  not  a 
l>articularly  hard  one.  Gentlemen  in  official  posi- 
tions are  very  apt  to  fancy  that  taste  and  judgment 
are  to  be  found  ready  made  on  a  Treasury  bench, 
and  when  that  fancy  has  once  taken  hold,  the 
rudest  shocks  of  failure  can  scarcely  dispel  the 
illusion.  As  to  the  ultimate  destination  of  the 
drawings  it  is  impossible  to  speak  with  any  cer- 
tainty, but  we  hope  that  some  pressure  will  be 
brought  to  bear  on  those  in  authority,  which  will 
protect  the  senate  of  the  London  University  from 
having  thrust  upon  them  a  design  of  which  they 
do  not  approve,  and  relieve  the  public  from  the 
apprehension  they  justly  feel  that  official 
dilettanteism  %vill  mar  another  site  and  deface 
another  thoroughfare. 


THE      NEW      ROYAL     AMPHITHEATKK, 
HOLBORX. 

A  SPIRITED  attempt  is  about  to  be  made  to 
revive  the  glories  of  the  peaceful  sawdust 
ring.  On  the  site  of  the  Metropolitan  Horse 
Hazaar,  Holborn  (nearly  opposite  the  Inns  of 
Court  Hotel),  is  now  napidly  progressing  towards 
completion  an  amphitheatre,  which  will  vie 
with  any  building  iu  Loudon  in  the  beauty  and 
elegance  of  iis  decorations  and  its  admirable  ar. 
i-augementsforthesafety  and  comfort  of  the  public. 
The  Royal  Amphitheatre,  which  will  be  under  the 
management  of  Mr.  Thomas  M'CoUum,  is  announced 
to  be  opened  on  the  25th  inst.  The  entire  span  of 
theatre  is  70ft.  in  the  clear  ;  the  whole  length  is 
130ft.  The  width  from  box  to  box  is  00ft., 
length  from  proscenium  to  box  is  OSft.  The 
Royal  box  is  situated  in  the  centre  of  the  house, 
facing  the  stage,  and  the  retiring  room  for  same 
ia  immediately  behind.  There  ai-e  no  stage  boxes 
whatever.  The  architects  found  that  in  no  instance 
whatever  could  a  second  row  of  persons  in  a  stage 
box  see  the  stage,  much  less  be  able  to  see  clearly 
the  ring  of  an  amphitheatre ;  they  therefore 
adopted  an  entirely  different  course,  and  arranged 
the  dress  circle  at  the  side  where  the  private 
boxes  are  usually  placed,  putting  the  private 
boxes  in  front  of  the  house  ;  they  have,  in  addi- 
tion, designed  one  row  of  stalls  in  front  of  the 
private  boxes  entirely  round  the  house ;  these 
stalls  hold  200  people,  the  scats  for  which  are  so 
managed  that  as  persons  rise  to  allow  others  to 
pass,  the  seats  fold  against  the  back  self  acting, 
so  giving  an  additional  space  of  1ft.  Cin.  tor 
p.assing  room.  There  are  26  private  boxes.  The 
amphitheatre  (propre)  holds  about  700  persons. 
The  gallery  is  approached  by  a  stone  staircase 
5ft.  wide.  The  front  row  in  gallei-y  is  appropri- 
ated for  gallery  stalls,  150  in  number,  each  seat 
being  a  stuffed  cushion  with  a  comfortable  back. 
The  other  part  of  gallei-y  will  seat  about  550 
persons,  besides  having  a  large  promenade 
behind,  from  which  place  every  part  of  the  ring 
and  the  stage  can  be  plainly  seen.  The  stage  is 
only  20ft.  deep,  but  the  proprietors  consider  this 
sufficient  for  the  class  of  plays  they  propose  to 
bring  before  the  public.  The  building  has  three 
entrances.  Messrs.  Thomas  Smith  and  Son,  of 
Bloomsbury-square,  are  the  architects.  The 
mouldings  are  by  Jackson,  of  Rathbone-place,  and 
the  decorations  by  Green  and  King,  of  Baker- 
street.  All  the  entrances  are  fire-proof,  and  all 
the  staircases  of  stone ;  and  especial  care  has  been 
taken  to  provide  facilities  for  clearing  the  build- 
ing in  a  few  minutes,  should  that  necessity  ever 
arise.  Ventilation  is  promoted  by  an  immense 
air-shaft,  which  runs  through  the  entii-e  struc- 
ture, and  the  lighting  has  been  entrusted  to 
Messrs.  Defries  and  Co.  A  crystal  sunlight,  Pft. 
in  diameter,  .and  contiainiug  900  burners,  will 
illuminate  the  whole  of  the  auditorium.  In  all 
probability  before  the  expu'ation  of  another 
twelve  months  we  shall  have  two  more  new 
theatres  in  London.  One  will  be  in  Long  Acre, 
in  the  biulding  presently  known  as  St,  Martin's 
Hall.  The  other  will  be  erected  on  the  ground 
in  Leicester-square,  now  occupied  by  P.agliano's 
Sablonifere  Hotel,  and  once  the  residence  of 
Hogarth. 


HINTS  TO  MECHANICS. 

THE  proper  shape  of  a  tool  employed  for 
turning  metal  can  only  be  determined  by 
experience,  aided  by  a  philosophical  knowledge  of 
the  laws  which  govern  motion.  The  relation  of 
the  curve  or  straight  line  to  the  ends  desired  to 
be  attained  must  be  as  carefully  considered  as 
that  of  any  motive  agent  whose  action  is  corre- 
spondingly valuable  to  man.  A  tool  which  has 
merely  a  very  sharp  and  bard  edge  will  not  accom- 
plish the  same  useful  results  as  one  which  is  con- 
structed upon  philosophical  principles  with 
respect  to  its  shape  and  position.  It  would  save  a 
great  deal  of  time  and  expense  in  machine  shops 
if  a  more  correct  knowledge  generally  prevailed 
among  those  who  forge  tools,  so  that  they  might 
form  them  as  nearly  right  as  possible  while  "  the 
iron  is  hot."  Much  valuable  time  is  wasted  in 
grinding  down  tools  to  the  proper  shape  after 
forging,  a  great  deal  of  which  time  might  be  eco- 
nomised. If  we  consider  the  first  principle  of  a 
cutting  tool,  we  shall  find  it  to  be  that  of  the 
wedge,  and  that  in  its  performance  it  separates 
he  atoms  comprising  a  whole  by  cleaving  them 
asunder  with  more  or  less  force,  as  its  shape  is 
correct  or  incorrect ;  but  the  way  in  which  the 
action  of  that  wedge  ia  to  be  applied  is  the  secret 


348 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


May  17,  1867. 


of  the  whole  art  of  tool  making.  Speaking  of 
tools,  we  do  not  in  this  connection  recognise  any 
but  roughing  tools.  Let  us  suppose  a  round 
shaft  to  be  in  the  lathe,  and  the  tool  applied  to 
it ;  the  first  consideration  is  whether  the  one  in 
hand  is  such  as  to  act  with  economy,  and  produce 
"ood  workmanship.  The  surface  of  the  shaft  is 
to  be  turned  down  one-fourth  of  an  inch,  and 
it  is  a  well-known  law  that  all  revolving  bodies 
throw  otf  at  a  tangent  with  their  circumferences 
whatever  is  loosely  attached  to  or  detached  from 
their  surfaces.  1q  obedience  to  this  law,  the 
object  to  be  attained  is  to  turn  the  surface  of  the 
iron  so  that  its  refuse  will  run  in  a  tangent. 
Now,  supposing  the  tool  to  be  moving  laterally, 
as  it  does  in  operation,  if  the  edge  be  inclined 
at  an  angle  of  45  deg.  the  "  chip "  will  first 
endeavour  to  pass  off  at  a  tangent,  but,  as  it  meets 
with  resistance  from  the  cutting  edge  and  the 
surface,  it  will  deviate  from  that  direction,  and, 
running  down  the  angle  of  45  deg.  a  corrugated 
and  very  brittle  chip  is  produced.  If  we  alter  the 
edge  of  the  tool  so  that  its  point  reaches  high 
above  the  "centres"  of  the  lathe,  and  set  its 
angle  sloping  partially,  instead  of  arbitrarily  to  the 
right,  while  its  cleaving  edge  forms  a  tangent  (or 
nearly  one)  with  the  circumference,  the  cliip  pro- 
duced will  run  off  the  tool  in  a  true  spiral,  and 
vary  but  slightly  from  the  path  we  claim  it  should 
travel.  In  the  first  mentioned  instance,  the  turn- 
ing produced,  although  apparently  even  and  true, 
is  not  and  cannot  be  so  even  and  perfect  as  that 
produced  by  the  second  tool  set  forth.  The  fact 
of  the  cutters  being  high  above  the  centres  of  the 
lathe  prevents  the  work  from  rolling  upon  .-vud 
"chattering"  it,  as  it  is  called.  Moreover,  by 
testing  the  heat  of  the  two  chips,  produced  as 
described,  as  they  leave  the  tool,  it  will  be  fouud 
that  the  last-mentioned  is  not  so  hot — conse- 
quently the  tool  worked  with  less  friction  on  the 
metal,  and  therefore  less  power  was  required  to 
drive  the  work.  When  we  consider  this  fact,  we 
directly  recognise  its  great  value  ;  for,  if  we  admit 
that  one  instrument  is  more  economical  of  j^ower 
than  another,  we  must  admit  that  the  freest  work- 
ing one  will  remove  more  iron  in  a  shorter  space 
of  time.  From  this  recognition,  the  pecuniary 
■value  of  the  instrument  becomes  evident.  But  in 
discussing  the  quality  of  tools  which  have  keen 
edges  and  cut  "clean"  we  do  not  allude  to 
"  fancy  tools,"  made  merely  for  experiment.  It 
is  only  the  practical  advantages  to  be  derived  from 
an  experiment  that  makes  it  valuable ;  by  the 
form  of  the  chip  taken  in  working  his  lathe,  we 
can,  in  some  measure,  judge  of  a  craftsman's  skill. 
A  revolution  in  the  shape  of  cutting  tools  is 
gradually  taking  place  in  our  best  machine  shops  ; 
ten  years  ago  the  "diamond  point"  was  regarded 
as  the  ne  plus  ultra  of  roughing  tools,  but  those 
now  in  use  are  very  difierent  in  shape,  and  are 
difficult  to  describe  without  illustrations.  Every 
man,  of  course,  makes  his  tools  to  suit  himself, 
but  as  each  handicraft  is  improved  by  individuals 
composing  it,  we  ask  the  attention  of  our  work- 
men to  their  cutting  tools,  and  try  what  progress 
can  be  made  in  this  direction. 


Jiiilbiiig  IntcKigciitc. 


CHURCHES  AND   CHAPELS. 

It  has  been  determined  to  erect  a  new  church 
for  the  parish  of  South  Huish,  Devonshire,  the 
old  church  being  in  a  very  ruinous  state.  The 
tender  is  £1,053,  and  has  been  given  in  by  Mr. 
Harvey,  of  Stonehouse. 

A  new  Catholic  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Joseph, 
was  opened  on  Sunday,  at  Biikdale,  near  South- 
port.  The  foundation  stone  of  the  edifice  was 
laid  on  October  15,  ISiJa,  Mr.  E.  W.  Pugin  being 
the  architect.  The  church  will  seat  about  300 
persons. 

A  new  chapel,  in  connection  with  the  United 
Methodist  Free  Church  persuasion,  at  Chorley, 
was  opened  on  Sunday.  The  building  is  of  a  plain 
Gothic  description,  the  schools  being  underneath. 
The  new  building  is  estimated  to  cost  about 
£1,500  ;  and  in  the  chapel  there  will  be  accommo- 
dation for  350  persons,  and  in  the  school  for  250. 

The  ceremony  of  re-opening  the  fine  parish 
church  of  Gresford,  after  the  restoration  of  the 
interior,  took  place  last  week.  The  building  is  a 
Btately  specimen  of  the  Tudor  period  of  architec- 
ture. The  restoration  also  includes  an  entirely 
new  flooring,  with  an  encaustic  tiled  chancel 
pavement,  and  the  paint  and  whitewash  of   past 


ages  cleared  from  the  panelled  ceiling  and  vener- 
able walls.  The  church  has  been  reseated,  the 
seats  to  be  absolutely  free,  open,  and  unappro- 
priated for  ever.  The  architect  is  Mr.  G.  E. 
Street,  R.A.,  and  the  principal  contractor  Mr 
Yates,  of  Shiffnal.  The  cost  of  restoration 
amounts  to  £2,721. 

EcNBRiDGE  (Ireland).  —  Seapatrick  Church, 
Bun  bridge  has  been  reopened  after  alterations  and 
additions  at  a  cost  of  about  £2,000.  Over  300 
additional  sittings  have  been  provided.  Mr.  W. 
J.  Barre,  Belfast,  was  the  architect ;  and  Mr.  B 
Maginnis,  Newry,  the  builder. 

Kensington. — The  foundation  stone  of  a  new 
Catholic  church,  at  Kensington,  dedicated  to  "Our 
Lady,"  was  laid  on  Tuesday  by  the  Archbishop 
of  Westminster.  The  site  of  the  new  church  is 
in  Newland-terrace,  Kensington,  and  the  design  is 
by  Mr.  George  Goldie.  The  style  of  the  church 
is  purely  Gothic.  It  will  be  144ft.  long,  59ft. 
wide,  65ft.  high,  and  when  completed  will  afford 
accommodation  for  1,200  persons. 

KiLLANEY. — The  parish  church  of  Killaney, 
near  Ballynahinch,  was  consecrated  recently  by 
the  Lord  Bishop  of  Down.  The  church  consirts 
of  a  nave,  transept,  tower,  and  spire,  and  is  con- 
structed to  accommodate  over  two  hundred  per- 
sons. The  buiWing  generally  is  of  hammered 
stone,  with  dressings  of  Scotch  stone  to  the  win. 
dows  and  gables ;  the  spire  is  of  Scotch  stone  ;  and 
the  octagon  ^tower  is  hammered  stone  with 
Scotch  stone  dressings.  The  windows  are  fUled 
with  cathedral  glass  of  an  amber  tint.  The  archi- 
tects were  the  architects  to  the  Ecclesiastical 
Commissioners ;  the  builders,  Mr.  James  Henry, 
of  Belfast. 

Oxford  Diocesan  Chdrch  Building  Society. 
— At  the  quarterly  meeting  of  this  society,  held 
on  the  3rd  inst.,  the  Bishop  of  Oxford  in  the 
chair,  vouchers  were  produced  for  the  following 
payments  since  last  meeting: — PangbourneChurch, 
£100;  Abingdon  Church,  £300;  Drayton  Beau 
champ  Church,  £50 ;  Upper  Heyford  Church, 
£60.  And  the  subjoined  conditional  grants  were 
made  : — Lee  Church,  Bucks  (rebuilt),  £100 ; 
Harwell  Church,  Berks,  £50;  Fingest  Church, 
Bucks,  £20 ;  St.  Lawrence,  Reading,  £200 ; 
Farnham  Royal,  Bucks,  £60  ;  Abingdon,  £100  ; 
Worminghall,  Bucks,  £5 ;  St.  Luke's,  Maiden- 
head, £80  ;  Aylesbury  Church,  Bucks,  £200  ; 
Langford  Church,  Oxon,  £50  ;  Lower  Heyford 
Church,  Oxon,  £50 ;  Edlesborough  Church, 
Bucks,  £80;  Bletchley  Church,  Bucks,  £S0 ; 
Abingdon  Parsonage  House,  £100 ;  Headington 
Quarry  Parsonage  House,  £50  ;  Little  Faringdon 
Parsonage  House,  £50 ;  Claydon,  Banbury,  Par- 
sonage House,  grant  confirmed,  .£50. 

Southwold.  —  The  richly-paiuted  roof  of  the 
church  of  Southwold,  whii;h  has  been  for  some 
time  under  restoration  at  the  hands  of  Mr.  Phip- 
son,  has  been  again  displayed  on  the  completion  of 
the  works.  The  design  is  a  very  careful  copy  of 
the  original  painting,  which,  although  far  gone, 
was  in  sufficiently  good  preservation  to  enable  a 
transcript  to  be  produced.  The  principals,  purlins, 
cornices,  hammer-beams,  and  other  members  are 
picked  out  in  various  colours  and  patterns,  the 
prevailing  one  being  a  chequered  roll  moulding, 
in  some  parts  red  and  white,  in  others  red  and 
black, — a  very  common  ornament  in  the  time  of 
Henry  the  Seventh,  the  date  of  the  roof  itself. 
The  panels,  with  the  exception  of  those  in  the  last 
bay  to  the  westward,  are  blue,  with  gold  stars. 
The  western  bay,  under  which  the  rood-loft  origi- 
nally stood,  is  more  highly  ornamented  than  the 
others,  all  the  panels  being  filled  with  figures  of 
angels  holding  scrolls  or  emblems.  On  the  ten 
scrolls  are  inscribed  portions  of  the  song  of  Zacha- 
riah  ;  the  teu  angels  which  altern.ate  with  these 
hold  the  emblems  of  the  Passion.  All  the  hammer- 
beams  in  the  church  are  very  beautifully  carved 
with  figures  of  angels  ;  these  were,  until  lately, 
much  injured,  by  losses  of  heads,  hands,  and 
wings.  These  members  have  been  supplied.  As 
to  the  general  repairs  of  this  edifice,  the  wood- 
work, clerestory  windows,  and  battlements  have 
been  restored,  a  new  four-light  eiist  window  has 
been  inserted,  and  other  works  have  been  executed, 
to  the  cost  of  about  £1,700.  Much  remains  to  be 
done. 

BUILDINOa. 
The  extensive  piece  of  park  land  adjoining  the 
Nottingham  Forest,  known  as  the  residence  of 
Mr.  Edwin  Patchitt,  has  been  purchased  by  Mr. 
Thomas  Simpson,  architect,  of  that  town,  who 
intends  laying  out  the  same  for  first-class  building 
sites.  The  laud  occupies  a  commanding  situation 
and  a  fine  neighbourhood. 


Liverpool.— On  Tuesday  last,  the  foundation 
stone  of  new  schools  in  connection  with  Holy 
Trinity  Church,  Liverpool,  was  laid  by  Miss  C. 
Wright,  at  whose  cost  they  are  to  be  erected.  The 
materials  in  the  buildingare  local  grey  stock  bricks 
faced  with  red  pressed  bricks  from  St.  Helen's, 
the  bands  of  Bolton  bricks.  The  sills  and  dress- 
ings will  be  of  Stourton  stone,  the  stairs  and 
steps  of  Yorkshire  stone,  and  the  timber  Baltic 
pine.  The  schools  will  accommodate  about  600  chil- 
dren. Mr.  John  Westmoreland  is  the  contractor, 
and  Mr.  James  Francis  Doyle  the  architect. 


TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 

To  Our  Readers. — We  shall  feel  obliged  to  any  of  cur 
re-idei-s  who  will  favour  us  with  brief  notes  of  works  con- 
tomplated  or  in  progi-ess  in  the  provinces. 

Letters  relating  to  advertisements  and  the  ordinary  bMi- 
ness  of  the  paper  should  be  addressed  to  the  Editor,  166, 
Fleet-street.  Advertisements  for  the  cunent  week  mutt 
re-ich  the  office  before  5  o'clock  p  m.  on  Thursday. 

Notice— The  BUILDING  NEWS  inserts  advertiae- 
ments  for  "  SITUATIONS  WANTED,"  tic,  at  ONS 
SHILLING  for  the  first  Twenty- four  Words. 


RrcErvED.-E.  W.  E.— B.  T.— T.  D.-R.  B.— R.  S.- 
K  and  Co.  -J.  O.-J.  31 —E.  L.  C— M.  W.  and  M.- 
E  L— .1  R  W— D.  T.  K  .  New  York.-M.  Y.-T.  A.  M, 
— K  T  — G.  T.  R.— r.  h.  and  Sons.— B.  W.  J.— .1.  B.  J.  W. 
-R.  W.  J.— E.  W.  P.-P.  and  Son.— A.  R.— J.  B.— J.  H. 
-S.  andF. 

G.  T.,  Tniro. — Of  course  we  intend  to  give  illustiaticiDa 
of  Mr.  Street's  design  for  the  new  Law  Courts,  and  moat 
likely  next  week  and  the  following  week. 

A.  H.,  East  India-road.— The  number  of  the  BuiLDlNO 
News  containing  the  Index  was  issued  with  our  number 
far  January  4. 


CoiT£Sj)oni)Euce. 


SEPTON  PARK  PLANS. 
To  the  Editor  of  the  Buildisq  News. 
Sir,— (Will  you  kindly  allow  me  to  offer  a  few 
remarks  on  your  very  able  article  and  critique  of 
the  Sefton  Park  Plans  for  the  borough  of  Liver- 
pool ?  Being  a  competitor,  and  hoping  to  profit 
by  the  experience  of  others,  I  went  to  Liverpool 
to  see  the  exhibition  of  these  designs,  and  I  must 
confess  I  was  surprised  to  find  so  many  men  enter 
into  the  competition,  having  such  very  limited 
ideas  of  what  a  public  park  should  be.  This,  en 
passant,  as  it  is  not  my  intention  to  review  the 
plans,  but  to  correct  one  or  two  statements  in 
your  report  which  are  I  think  erroneous.  You  say 
that  none  of  the  plans  could  be  carried  out  with- 
out very  great  moditieation,  also  that  all  figures 
are  fallacious.  With  regard  to  figures  you  estimate 
the  cost  at  from  £250  to  £300  per  acre.  The  total 
area  of  the  park  is  370  acres,  fiom  which  deduct 
160  acres  as  required  by  the  council  for  build- 
ing land,  you  then  have  210  acres  to  be  dealt  with 
in  the  estimate.  The  cost  of  carrying  out  my 
plan  is  £62,262  los.  5d.,  or  £296  123.  4d.  per 
acre,  a  close  appro.\imation  to  your  own  figures. 
This  210  acres  I  have  disposed  of  in  my  plan  so 
as  to  meet  the  requirements  of  the  committee  to 
the  fullest  extent.  Having  made  a  journey  to 
Liverpool  to  view  the  ground  and  collect  informa- 
tion about  the  price  of  labour,  materials,  &c.,  I 
have  good  grounds  for  saying  that  my  estimate  is 
near  the  mark ;  and  that  my  plan  can  be  carried 
out  advantageously  may  be  abundantly  proved  by 
a  perusal  of  the  explanatory  report  which  accom- 
panied it,  and  to  which  I  trusted  instead  of  elabo- 
rate drawings,  which  I  had  no  reason  to  suppose 
were  either  requisite  or  would  be  admitted  (see 
the  printed  conditions). 

In  your  concluding  remarks  you  allude  to  the 
old  race  of  landscape  gardeners  being  extinct,  with 
no  new  species  to  follow  them.  I  must  admit  that 
many  landscape  gardeners  of  the  present  day  are 
too  fond  of  copying  the  geometrical  tiguies  of  a 
carpet  or  a  shawl,  or  (in  dealing  with  »  '"g* 
extent  of  ground)  to  piu  their  faith  to  the  behet 
that  a  number  of  tortuous  roads  leading  to 
nowhere,  or  what  is  quite  as  bad,  going  the 
farthest  way  round,  are  necessary  to  add  to  the 
beauty  of  the  landscape  ;  nevertheless,  I  do  hope 
we  have  young  men  amongst  us  yet,  who  Wl.l 
stand  up  for  the  old  school,  and  who  still  believe 
that  to  be  a  successful  landscape  gardener  they 
must  copy  the  beauties  of  nature  instead  ot  niaic- 
ing  her  subserve  to  theories  of  their  own.  "ith 
regard  to  the  last  sentence  of  your  criticism  on  niy 
plan,  that  a  certain  main  feature  "  wiU  be  useful 
in  carrying  out  any  of  the  plans,"  I  shall  merely 
remark  that  no  council  or  committee  have  any 


May  17,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


349 


right  to  the  designs  of  any  other  plans  than  those 
to  which  premiums  are  awarded,  and  to  copy  any 
portion  of  them  without  the  consent  of  their 
owner  would  be  to  appropriate  that  which  does 
not  belong  to  them.  The  awarcl  of  the  hrst  pre- 
mium is  certainly  not  in  accordance  with  the 
printed  instructions  issued  by  the  council :  besides 
which  the  plan  (Xo.  2)  contains  much  that  would 
bo  objectionable  to  the  residents  in  the  "  first- 
daas  villas  "  for  which  the  instructions  stipulate. 
— I  am,  &c.,  M.iURiCE  YouNfi. 

Milford  Nurseries,  near  Godalming, 
May  11. 


CONCRETE  BUILDINGS. 

Sra, — In  your  paper  of  the  12th  ult.  is  an  ac- 
count of  a  d'scussion  at  the  Society  of  Arts  on 
the  subject  of  building  in  concrete.  I  can  corro- 
borate all  that  was  said  by  Mr.  W.  E.  Newton, 
C.E.,  who  has  had  considerable  experience  in  the 
matter,  but  I  should  not  have  troubled  you  with 
any  observations  of  mine  had  not  Professor  Kerr 
on  that  occasion  made  some  grievous  blunders, 
and  proved  he  knows  very  little  about  the 
strength  of  Portland  cement  concrete.  In  your 
remarks  on  the  subject  of  concrete  you  say,  "  If  it 
can  be  proved  that  concrete  is  as  strong  as,  and  at 
the  same  time  cheaper  than,  bricks  for  building, 
then  the  question  of  improved  dwellings  for  the 
people  will  be  answered."  I  think  Mr.  Newton,  in 
his  speech  at  the  Society  of  Arts,  and  in  his  sub- 

luent  letter,  completely  settled  the  question  of 
iumy  of  construction,  and  it  will  be  seen  from 

-U  T  have  stated  I  can  fully  corroborate  him. 
.\s  .^ume  proof  of  the  applicability  of  Portland 
concrete  walls  and  constructions,  as  described  by 
Mr.  Newton,  I  beg  to  forward  you  the  plans  of 
four  eight-roomed  villa  residences  I  am  now  build- 


ng  at  Gravesend,  and  a  photograph  of  a  pair  of 

iem  in  their  present  state  and  course  of  construc- 

;foD.     You  will  see  by  the  ground  plan  that  the 

ireplaces  are  half  their  width  out  of  the  centre 

)f  the  room.      By  this  arrangement  I  am  enabled 

X)  set  all  the  flues  in  a  loin.  wall.     As  modern 

itoyes  are  only  9in.  deep  I  get  a  back  6in.  thick. 

This  arrangement  will  also   give   50   cubic   feet 

uore  space  in  each  room — a  great  desideratum  in 

juilding  houses  for  the  working  classes.     The  cost 

Mice    of   these    houses    will   not   exceed   £140, 

inished  with  the   best  materials  and  workman- 

ihip.      The  inspection  and  critical  examination  of 

.hese  houses  by  architects  and  builders  is  invited. 

Those  who  have  seen  ;hem  are  so  satisfied  with 

heir  great  strength,  durability,  and  dryness  that 

athough  not  yet  finished   I  have   offers  for  the 

lurchase  of  the  four  at  a  price  that  will  leave  me 

.  nett  profit   of    45   per  cent.     As   regards  the 

trength  of  Portland  cement  concrete  in  compari- 

on  to  brickwork,  I  can  at  once  settle  that  ques- 

lOD.     In  the  photographic  view  of  the  houses  I 

■m  now  building  at  Gravesend,  you  will  see  that  I 

m  standing  on  a  bracket  or  lever  fixed  in  and  ex- 


the  lever  were  placed  inside  the  building  there 
would  be  some  support  from  the  window-framcs, 
as  they  would  form  a  rebate,  but  being  on  the 
outside  the  reverse  is  the  case.  There  is  also  a 
block  of  concrete  3ft.  long,  V2m.  deep,  and  4.^in. 
thick.  It  is  suspended  from  the  breistsvimmer  in 
the  opening  for  the  b.ay  windows.  This  block  is 
made  with  7  parts  of  crushed  stone  to  1  part  of 
cement.  A  large  box,  3ft.  long,  2ft.  Sin.  deep, 
and  ISin.  wide,  loaded  with  tiints,  stone,  and 
brickbats,  closely  packed,  is  suspended  from  the 
block.  I  calculate  this  weight  at  about  h.alf  a 
ton,  but  I  have  no  doubt  the  concrete  block 
would   sustain   double  the  load. 

Professor  Kerr  asked,  "  Did  anyone  mean  to  say 
he  could  build  a  wall,  30ft.  long  and  25ft.  high, 
Gin.  thick  .'"  Mr.  Newton  said,  "Yes;"  and  I  say 
"  Yes  ;"  and  as  Professor  Kerr's  knowledge  of  the 
subject  is  so  very  limited,  I  am  willing,  in  order 
to  satisfy  him  and  others,  to  give  the  following 
challenge  : — 

First,  to  attach  one  of  my  brackets,  6ft.  Gin. 
long,  to  a  pier  built  in  concrete  9in.  thick,  and  my 
opponent  to  do  the  same  with  a  pier  of  ordinary 
bricks  and  mortar,  I4in.  thick,  2ft.  wide,  and 
eleven  days  old.  The  bricklayer  is  to  carry  up 
the  pier  without  knowing  that  it  is  to  be  subjected 
to  any  test.  The  builder  of  that  pier  which  sus- 
tains the  heaviest  load  and  strain  to  receive  ilSO, 
which  shall  be  forfeited  by  the  other  side. 

Secondly,  subject  to  the  same  conditions,  let  a 
block  of  bricks  and  mortar  be  made  the  same  size 
as  the  block  of  concrete,  and  the  same  age,  that 
will  carry  one-twentieth  the  weight  of  the  concrete 
block  of  the  same  dimensions,  and  I  will  forfeit 
£50. 

Thirdly,  I  will  build  a  wall  in  concrete.  Gin. 
thick,  30ft.  long,  23ft.  high,  using  my  bracket 
scaffolding,  as  shown  in  my  pamphlet,  in  competi- 
tion with  a  brick  wall  of  the  above  dimensions  and 
9in.  thick ;  both  walls  to  be  built  with  my 
bracket  scaffolding,  and  each  wall  to  be  built  ISin. 
every  day,  wet  or  fine  weather.  If  the  brick- 
work stands  the  test  mentioned  I  will  forfeit  £50 
and  the  cost  of  the  wall,  and  if  it  will  not  stand- 
the  test  mentioned  as  above  the  same  shall  be  for 
feited  to  me.  All  my  concrete  shall  be  made  at 
h.alf  the  cost  of  my  intended  opponent's  brick- 
work. Mr.  Rogers's  simple  and  inexpensive 
design  for  a  block  of  dwellings,  described  in  your 
paper,  appears  to  me  to  be  well  ad.apted  to  meet 
the  wants  of  the  labouring  classes,  but  I  have 
some  little  improvements  to  suggest.  For  in.stance, 
the  chimney. breast  may  be  dispensed  with,  as 
shown  in  my  ground  plan,  &c.  1  estimate  that 
the  block  can  be  erected  iu  concrete  for  the  sum 
of  £13,500.  The  great  desire  you  have  always 
shown  in  your  valuable  paper  to  solve  the  question 
of  building  houses  for  the  working  classes  and 
also  for  the  public  in  general  in  an  economical 
manner,  and  your  wish  to  ascertain  the  applica- 
bility of  concrete  for  building  purposes,  have  in- 
duced me  to  address  you  at  this  length,  and  if  the 
challenge  I  h'ave  given  be  not  taken  up  I  think  I 
may  then  assume  that  my  propositions  are  sound, 
and  th;it  I  may  say  the  question  of  building  im- 
proved dwellings  tor  the  people  is  answered. 

I  am,  &c.,      Joseph  Tall. 

604,  Old  Kent-road. 

P.S. — Since  I  forwarded  my  letter  I  have  fur- 
ther tested  my  work,  and  instead  of  6ft.  6iu.  I 
have  made  it  out  in  length  Sft.  With  my  weight 
the  brace  to  the  bracket  gave  way.  This  will 
enable  you  to  form  some  idea  of  the  immense 
stram.  The  brace  is  a  iin.  rod  of  wrought  iron. 
1  have  no  hesitation  in  saying  that  bricks  and 
mortar  21in.  thick  and  the  same  age  would 
not  stand  out  half  the  strain. — J.  T. 


treatment  iu  the  design ;  though  whether  such 
treatment  h.ad  any  merits  besides  that  of  novelty 
is  not  for  me  to  say.  A  harmonium  in  a  small 
church  may  be  disposed  anywhere,  but  the  plac- 
ing of  a  large  organ  iu  a  large  church  is  a  more 
difficult  matter ;  and  I  wish  to  take  the  oppor- 
tunity (being  myself  a  practical  organ-player,  and 
speaking  from  experience)  of  protesting  against 
the  absurd  fashion  in  voguo  at  present  of  bottling- 
up  the  organ  in  a  little  corner  or  recess  of  the 
church,  hardly  large  enough  to  contain  it.  Even 
architecturally  this  is  bad,  as  a  large  organ  may 
be  made  a  very  grand  feature  in  a  building,  but 
practically  it  is  still  worse.  Many  times  have  I 
heard  the  remark  from  a  distressed  organ-builder, 
called  upon  to  bury  his  instrument  in  one  of  these 
hole-!,  that  "  no  instrument  could  sound  well  in 
such  a  position  ;"  and  1  have  heard  one  of  the 
first  of  living  organists  repeatedly  ex|)re33  the 
same  opinion.  But  so  careless  do  the  architects 
appear  to  be  on  this  point  that  we  daily  see  the 
plans  of  churches  with  the  "  organ  chamber " 
delineated,  as  if  no  other  arrangement  were  pos- 
sible. What  would  be  thought  of  a  man  who 
bought  a  grand  piano  and  put  it  into  a  box  ? 

Let  me  ofi'er  the  following  suggestions  as  to  the 
placing  of  the  organ  in  a  churcli : — 

1.  It  should  be  as  near  the  floor  as  possible. 
This  greatly  increases  the  resonance  and  travel- 
ling power  of  the  sound. 

2.  It  should  have  as  much  free  space  as  possible 
round  it.  The  reason  most  cathedral  organs 
sound  well  is,  not  that  they  are  a  very  superior  class 
of  instruments,  but  that  they  have  plenty  of  space 
to  speak. 

3.  It  should  be  protected  as  much  as  possible 
from  the  influence  of  atmospheric  changes,  and 
should  never  stand  against  two  outside  walls. 
Those  who  know  the  extreme  delicacy  of  the 
internal  wooden  mechanism  of  an  organ  will  un- 
derstand the  importance  of  attending  to  this. 

4.  Sufficient  space  should  be  allowed,  to  obviate 
the  necessity  of  crowding  the  interior  work ;  a 
point  on  which  the  organ-builder  should  be  con- 
sulted when  possible. 

5.  When  the  large  pipes  are  made  use  of  in  the 
design  of  the  case  (svipposing  the  architect  con- 
descends to  design  the  same),  the  largest  pipes 
should  always  be  kept  at  the  sides  and  thd 
smaller  ones  in  the  centre.  This  is  both  more 
convenient  for  the  builder,  and  better  for  the 
instrument,  than  placing  the  larger  pipes  in  the 
centre. — I  am,  &c., 

H.  H.  Stath.vm,  Ju.v. 
Liverpool,  May  13. 


mding  6tt.  Gin.  from  the  weakest  part  of  the 
ill,  viz.,  a  pier  2ft.  wide  between  the  windows. 
Ids  pier  is  9in.  thick,  and  eleven   days  old.     If 


CHDKCH    ARCHITECTURE. 

Sir, — If  your  correspondent,  Mr.  Fennell,  had 
read  a  little  more  attentively  my  remarks  on  a 
suggested  plan  for  a  modern  church,  which  you 
did  me  the  honour  to  print,  he  would  have  seen 
that  not  only  did  I  not  claim  the  application  of 
the  Greek  cross  plan  to  a  church  as  a  new  inven- 
tion (which,  indeed,  would  have  been  absurd),  but 
that  I  referred  to  that  identical  plan  of  Wren's 
to  which  he  alludes,  as  having  suggested  and 
formed  the  basis  of  my  own  plan.  I  was  not 
aware  that  such  a  plan  had  been  applied  to  an 
English  parish  church  before  ;  and  it  appears  that 
the  church  at  Addlestou,  which  he  mentions, 
has  not  what  I  cou.sider  the  most  important  point 
in  my  plan,  viz.,  the  central  position  of  the  organ 
and  choir,  and  the  symmetrical  arrangement  of 
the  east  end.  If  the  elevation  and  section  had 
been  given,  I  think  it  would  have  appeared  also 
that  there  was  a  certain  degree    of  novelty    of 


MANCHESTER    TO'WNHALL 
COMPETITION. 

Sir, — As  you  were  kind  enough  to  give  inser- 
tion to  our  former  letter  on  the  Manchester  Town 
hall  competion,  we  have  much  pleasure  in  forward- 
ing the  circular  that  we  have  received  from  the 
Town  Clerk,  iu  consequence,  we  presume,  of  our 
communication.  The  importance  of  the  competi- 
tion, and  the  interest  which  the  public  may  be 
presumed  to  take  in  it,  demand  that  the  scheme 
adopted  by  the  Town  CouncU  should  be  thoroughly 
scrutinised,  and  we  think  that  the  authorities  are 
bound  to  aid  in  .any  plan  for  ensuring  confidence 
in  the  competing  architects  and  fairness  in  the 
ultimate  award.  Intending  competitors  have  re- 
cently received  notices  from  Manchester  stating 
that,  firstly,  the  time  for  sending  in  the  prelimi- 
nary drawings  is  extended,  which,  as  it  has  been 
suggested  by  the  architects  themselves,  needs  no 
comment.  Secondly,  that  no  public  exhibition 
of  the  preliminary  drawings  shall  take  place,  and 
that  under  no  circumstances  shall  competing 
architects  see  them.  This  arrangement  must, 
we  think,  give  satisfaction  to  evei-yone  concerned, 
and  we  pointed  out  in  our  last  letter  of  the  26th 
ult.  that  ambiguity  on  this  point  was  most 
objectionable.  This  leads  us  to  the  main  object 
of  these  remarks,  which  is  again  to  show  how 
much  more  confidence  a  distinct  promise  on  the 
part  of  the  authorities  of  the  employment  of 
unbiased  professional  judgment,  such  as  we  before 
suggested — in  both  adjudications — would  give  to 
architects, '  more  particularly  as  in  this  case  the 
perhaps  natural  prejudice  of  Manchester  men  in 
favour  of  their  own  architect  townsmen  has  been 
pretty  well  exemplified  ;  and,  furthermore,  popular 
rumour  has  already  assigned,  as  we  read  in  last 
week's  BciLDiNO  News,  the  carrying  out  of  the 
job  to  a  Manchester  architect.  Now,  of  course, 
this  is  a  very  small  straw  on  the  current,  but  it 
serves  to  show  the  direction.  No  doubt  the 
oSicials  would  repudiate  any  participation  in  this 
report,   still,  from  the  limited  knowledge  that  the 


af.o 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


Mat  17,  1867. 


. 


great  mass  o£  the  public  have  of  architects  and 
their  works,  the  origin  of  it  may  lie  more  deeply 
than  a  mere  superficial  "canard,"  got  up  by  the 
public  for  their  own  delectation.  Of  course,  if 
Manchester  plans  and  elevations  are  the  best,  they 
would,  and  should,  be  selected  ;  but  we  do  think 
that  the  whole  atmosphere  would  be  rendered 
clearer  by  a  plain  statement  hy  the  council  that 
other  competent  judges  should  assist  them  in  the 
selection  of  designs  which  will  probably  want 
much  nice  and  difficult  discrimination.  —  We 
are,  &c.,  Two  Intending  Competitohs. 

Townball,  Manchester,  May  S,  186". 
Sir  —I  am  instructed  by  the  coimcU  to  iulorm  yovi  that 
the  time  at  which  the  designs  are  to  be  sent  m— m  the 
preliminary  competition  for  the  new  townhaU-lias  heen 
extended  from  JiUy  1  to  August  i  next;  and  also  that  it 
has  been  determined  that  there  shall  be  uo  pubUc  exhibi- 
tion of  such  designs,  and  that  under  no  circumstances  win 
such  designs  be  allowed  to  be  seen  by  any  competmg  ar- 
chitect.—lam,  die,  r.,„v 
[Sgned)        Jos.  Herds,  Town  Clerk, 


[385  ]— JOHN'S  CEMENT— I  have  some  pla-stering  to 
do  on  walls  and  ceilings  which  is  to  be  finished  with 
John's  cement,  and  wish  to  know  through  "  Intcicommu- 
nication  "  the  proper  method  of  mi.ving  and  applying  it, 
and  if  the  rendering  coat  for  the  W.1II3  should  be  hair  mor- 
^ar  Pl.\sterer. 


[386.]— BIRD'S-EYE  VIEWS.— I  should  feel  extremely 
obliged  if  any  ot  your  readers  would  (through  the  medium 
of  your  valuable  "  Intercommunication  "  column)  acquaint 
me  with  the  method  of  laying  do\vii  the  plan  and  obtaining 
the  vanishing  [loints,  and  give  me  any  other  information 
necessary  to  enable  me  to  get  out  a  bird's-eye  vieif,  say  of 
a  square  of  houses.  I  may  say  that  I  am  able  to  do  either 
perepective  or  isometrical  views,  but  have  never  been 
taught  the  way  of  getting  out  bird's-eye  views  ;  and  though 
I  have  purchased  various  books  on  perspective  none  of 
them  seem  to  treat  at  all  upon  what  I  want  to  know.  I 
thank  you  for  the  use  of  your  columns  .-ind  hope  your  ''  lu- 
tercommunicatiou "  has  interested  and  instructed  others 
as  much  as  it  has  me  S.  S.  S. 


MODERN  AECHITECirRE. 
Sir,— Considering  the  generally  favourable  criticism  of 
most  of  the  be.st  reviews  upon  the  chief  of  the  Law  Courts 
Designs,  and  especially  upon  that  which  I  consider  the 
best,  I  shall  not  prolong  the  discussion.  Your  readers,  for 
the  most  pait,  know  perfectly  neU  the  staudmg  of  the 
various  members  of  the  profession,  and  aie  most  of  them 
capable  of  judging  of  the  merits  and  demerits  of  a  building 
and  so  I  have  no  fear  of  their  being  much  influenced  by 
such  writing  as  the  Wts'mn.H'r  oujelle  writer  has  favoured 
us  with.  Such  criticism,  when  addressed  to  those  who  are 
acquainted  with  the  subject,  refutes  itself — I  am,  &.C., 
Y^oOR  Correspondent. 


and  fractures  or  slightly  buckles,  thus  drawing  one  portion 
of  the  ceiling  from  the  other.  In  London  two-room  deep 
houses  the  shrinkage  of  the  heads  and  silLi  of  the  centre 
partitions  bring  down  with  them  and  crack  the  ceil- 
ings and  frequently  cause  the  centre  drip  of  gutters  of 
V  roofs  to  sink  and  act  as  it  were  as  a  funnel  to  conduct 
the  water  into  the  house.  2.  The  notching  of  joists  down 
on  to  th^  plates.  For  instance,  notch  joists  -Zin.  down  ou 
a  plate,  the  shrinkage  of  that  ■2in.  of  the  joist  which  occurs 
draws  the  ceiling  upwards  towards  the  top  of  the  plate;  this 
would  not  occur  if  the  joists  were  simiJy  spiked  on  to  the 
top  of  plate  or  the  plate  made  thicker  and  notched  out  to 
receive  the  joist.  3.  It  is  an  almost  invariable  practice 
amongst  bmlders  to  use  for  plasterer's  work  loamy  earth 
in  lieu  of  sharp  clean  sand.  All  soluble  matter,  except  the 
lime,  should  be  excluded  ;  loamy  earth  or  dirty  sand  in 
setting  shrinks  and  so  must  either  come  away  from  the 
surface  to  which  it  Is  meant  to  adhere,  or  greatly  crack  as 
it  hardens.  This  last  is  a  very  important  point,  and  were 
I  anxious  to  have  work  of  a  very  superior  tirst-class  cha- 
racter I  would  not  only  use  shai-p  sand  but  have  evei7  par 
tide  washed  as  for  Portland  cement  rendering.     A.  H.  »^ 


[387.]— GOTHIC  BRICK  ARCHES.— Can  any  of  your 
readers  kindly  inform   me  the   most   practicable  way  of 
keying  in  Gothic  brick  arches?     I  am  superintending  a 
very   handisome    church, 
the  designsof  wliicharein 
\'yiy//v  the   Gothic    style  inside 

■    ^  ^  ^  ^^  ^jjj  ou^^  and  are   drawn 

as  sketch,  as  I  propo.sed 
when  plans  were  being 
made,  iic.  They  consider 
a  different  form.  I  set 
out  for  courses  from 
springing,  making  the  two  bricks  mitre  at  key,  so  as  to  ap- 
p^r^ione  equal  to  the  others  for  sottit  ;  the  top  fills 
in  accordingly  ;ahiO  a  larger  brick  from  springing  tii  meet 
^adJus  of  arch  Touwill  oblige  me  by  stating  the  same  m  your 
valuable  paper.  hAiON. 


REPLIES. 


IntontmmticatioiT. 


QUESTIONS. 

[378.]— ORNAMENTAL  DESIGN.— I  shall  feel  obliged 
for  any  information  respecting  the  registering  of  designs  lor 
ornamental  work  in  plaster,  or  any  other  composition,  to  pro- 
tect new  designs  from  being  recast  and  copied  by  other 
persons,  and  wliat  is  the  cost  per  design  registering.  This 
is  I  consider  a  very  importiiut  question,  because  so  much 
of  this  sort  of  work  goes  on,  casting  from  designs  belongmg 
to  a  modeller  and  designer  who  desires  to  keep  them  select. 

F.G. 

[An  ornamental  design  in  plaster  or  composition  can  be 
registered  for  three  years  by  lodging  two  illustrations  of 
the  design  in  the  Government  De=igns'  Uflice,  Loudon,  with 
a  fee  of  ^1.] 


[379.] -ROY'' AL  INSTITUTE.— Can  any  of  your  readers 
inform  me  what  are  the  steps  necessary  to  be  taken  in  order 
to  become  an  Associate  of  the  Hoyal  Institute  of  British 
Architects,  and  what  is  the  qualiticatiou  or  n.ature  of  the 
examination.  A.  H. 

[See  answer  to  question  181,  Jan.  4. 


[3S0.]-CONCRETE.— Will  any  reader  kindly  inform  me 
of  the  addrec^s  of  Mr.  Tall,  the  inventor  of  the  apparatus 
for  building  with  concrete  ;  also  of  the  cost  of  his  apparatus 
for  building  houses  ;  are  the  internal  walls  of  concrete 
houses  constructed  of  concrete  or  4^in.  bri.K  .'  Woidd  com- 
mon engine  ashes  of  the  proper  fineness  be  a  good  substitute 
for  gravel,  or  would  old  broken  bricks  do  in  building  con- 
crete'^  What  is  meant  by  brick  ballast,  and  how  is  it 
made  ?  J.  B. 

[We  refer  oui-  correspondent  to  a  letter  from  3Ir.  Tall  in 
to-day's  Building  News.  We  have  110  dj.iLt  that  5lr. 
Tall  will  be  happy  to  answer  any  inquiries  ou  the  subject 
of  his  apparatus.] 


[381.]  — ARCHITECTS'  CHARGES.  —  I  have  been 
anxiously  looking  for  an  answer  to  *'  A.  B.'s  "  questions  in 
your  columns  of  AprU  litj.  The  reply  given  by  "Looker- 
on  "  is  to  my  mind  unsatisfactory.  Will  you  kindly  allow 
me  to  submit  the  que  tious  proposed  by  "U.  B"in  an 
amended  form.  1.  WJiat  is  the  usual  percentage  charged 
by  architects  for  drawings,  specifications,  and  the  carrying 
out  of  alterations  and  additions  to  old  property  V  '2.  Is  it 
customary  to  charge  said  percent.age  on  all  old  materials 
valued  as  new  that  may  be  used  iu  the  new  amangement, 
and  would  such  charge  include  value  of  any  portion  of  the 
old  work  left  standing  and  forming  part  of  the  altered  pro 
perty '!  3.  Is  it  customary  to  charge  by  time  or  otherwise 
for  taking  dimensions  and  making  plans  of  the  old  build- 
ing in  addition  to  the  abovepeicuutage.'  4,  If  alter  tenders 
have  beeu  obtained  for  tins  kind  of  work  it  is  abandoned 
and  not  carried  out,  what  is  the  usual  percentage  ? 

Inquirer. 


[316  1-FIREPROOF   BUILDINGS.— I  read  with  con- 
siderable interest  the  rem  irks  of  "Asbestos''  m  reference 
to  this  subject,  and  I  believe  that  he  has,  at  least,  hit  the 
correct  principles  upon  which   to   work.     It  seems  to  me, 
however,  that    his  plans  are  somewhat  incomplete.     Why 
not   have   the   whole   of   the   columns   or   pillars    in  a 
warehouse  as  weU  as  the  gilders  tubular,  and  connected 
on  the  arterial  system   ■■Asbestos"  recommends?    Each 
piUar  of  cast  iron  might  be  fitted  with  a  cross-piece  or 
head  also  tubular,  and  of  the  same  metal.     The  beams,  ol 
hollow  plate  iron,  might  be  fitted  into  the  cross-pieces  and 
firmly  fixed  by  set-.-crews.      The  joints  might   either  be 
faced  or  made  with  cement.     By   this  arrangement   the 
whole  of  the  piUars  and  beams  would  form  a  contmuous 
thoroughfare  for  water  with  which  they  could  be  suppUed 
from  a  cistern  on  the  top  of  the  building.     The  rainfall 
would  partially   if  not  entirely  feed  the   cistern,  and  il 
thought  necessary  the  arteries  might  be  always  charged 
Taps  fitted  into  the  piUars  at  convement  places  would 
aUow  of  water  being  drawn  at  any  moment  for  common 
purposes.     Expansion   of  pillars  and  girders— so  fatal  to 
many  so-called  fireproof  buildings-woidd  be  an  impossi- 
bility under  these  circumstances.     On  the  under  side  of  tlie 
beams  jet  pipes  furnished  with  valves  should  be  attached. 
By   means  of  wire  cords  and  levers  the  valves  could  be 
opened  or  shut  from  the  inside  or  outside  of  the  bmlding. 
At  the  tops  of  the  pillai-s,  opening  into  the   floor  of  the 
cistern,  valves  ought  to  be  fixed  and  so  made  as  to  open 
downwards.      These  might   be  common   drop-valves   and 
wo.dd  be  self-acting.     In  case  of  fire  any  or  aU  the  jets 
might  be  opened  and  set  in  fuU  play.      If  the  supply  of 
water  from  the  cUtern  were  found  inadequate  the  fire  brigade 
would  readily  attach  their  hose  pipes  to  plugs  at  the  end 
of  each  beam   on  the  basement  and  inject  water  mto  the 
whole  of  the  arterial  system.     The  pressures  thus  .apphe.l 
from  below  would  close  the  cistern  valves,  and  be  expended 
whoUy  in  discharging  the  water  thiough  the  jet-pipes  upon 
the  burning  materials.     By  running  out  aU  the  water  trom 
pillars  and  beams  and  opening  the  whole  of  the  v.alves,  a 
considerable  step  towards  the  ventilation  of  a  hirge  build- 
ing would  be  achieved.    With  as  much  brevity  as  possible 
1  have  thus  endeavoured  to  make  plain  ray  own  ideas  on 
this  vital  question,  and  I  trust  they  may  be  acceptable  to 
the  readers  of  the  BmLDiNO  News,  should  you.  Sir,  kindly 
give  chem  currency  through  its  valuable  columns.     N.  J. 


[373.]— BLOCKS  AND  FALLS.  —  "  HydrauUo  Lift " 
wishes  to  learn  more  of  the  application  of  blocks  and  falls, 
or  rather  of  the  piinciples  upon  which  their  application 
depends.  His  question  is  rather  of  an  elementary  natun, 
but  still  it  is  not  an  unimportant  one,  and  I  will  attempt 
to  assist  in  its  solution.  The  action  of  the  pulley  is  reaUy 
a  modification  of  that  of  the  lever.  Supposing  one  end  of 
a  "  fall"  to  be  attached  to  a  hook,  and  that  to  a  movable 
pulley  on  the  rope  a  weight  be  attached,  then  is  it  not 
evident  that  when  an  attempt  is  made  to  raise  the  weight 
half  the  load  will  be  home  by  the  fixed  hook  and  that  the 
hand  has  only  the  other  half  to  sustain  ?  In  order,  how- 
ever, to  lift  the  weight  a  certain  distance  the  hand  must 
travel  twice  as  far.  Thus,  to  raise  the  weight  oue  foot  the 
hand  must  draw  each  rope  one  foot.  The  whole  rope  is 
therefore  shortened  two  feet,  while  the  weight  is  lifted 
only  one  foot.  This  applies  to  the  single  pulley  or  match- 
block,  but  it  follows  from  the  premises  that  the  greater 
the  number  of  pulleys  or  sheaves  in  a  block  the  more  easily 
vill  the  w  eight  be  moved.  The  difliculty  in  this  caae 
divided  amongst  the  number  of  ropes  or  parts  into  whlcll 
the  rope  is  cut  is  as  it  were  divided  by  the  pulleys.  SeveiSl 
setsof  puUeysthusconnectedarekno^vnasa  "tackle."  Pul- 
leys, then,  act,  as  has  beeu  said,  on  the  principle  of  the 
lever,  the  deficiency  of  strength  of  the  power  being  colh.- 
pensated  for  by  its  superior  velocity. 


1= 


e 


Crasb. 


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iz 


[374.]— PURIFYING  'WATER.- There  is  no  doubt  that 
the  quality  of  the  w.ater  used  for  dcnnestic  purposes  has  au 
immense  influence  on  the  health  of  those  who  use  it,  and 
th,at  was  fully  demonstrated  during  the  last  year's  viaitft. 
tiou  of  the  cholera,   when  it  was  incontestably  proved  that 
many  deaths  resulted  from  drinking  bad  water.     Whether 
the  desideratum  of  '  ■  Hydropath  "—that  of  furnishing  the 
public  icith  a  simple  plan  of  testing  the  character  of  the 
beverage  supplied  by  the  water  companies -is  attainable, 
I  am  not  quite  prepared  to  say.     Much  responsibdity  nttai' 
with  the  latter  bodies  in  purifying  the  article  before  di^  I 
tributing  it.    IfthiswereetfectuaUyaccomplishedwe  should 
have  far  less  of  sudden  deaths  in  unhealthy  seasons  and  less 
of  slow  poisoning  at  ordinary  times.      Without  cliemical 
knowledge  I  fear  no  analysis  of  water  can  be  eflectually 
made.     Filtering  is,  however,  a  great  safeguard,  and  tllis 
may  be  accomplished  cheaply  in  every   household.    One 
mode  of  procedure  in  this  direction  I  may  suggest.    Let  a 
six-gallon  stone  bottle  be  obtamed  and  its  bottom  knocked 
out.  then  let  the  vessel  be  inverted  and  placed  on  a  stand— 
a  stool  will  do  very  well.     Deposit  some  pebbles  of  the  size 
of  marbles  in  the  neck.     Put  another  layerofsmallerstones 
above  the  first  until  the  shoulder  of  the  jar  is  filled  or 
covered.     Above  the  stones  deposit  next  a  thick  covering 
of  animal  charcoal,  upon  the  top  of  which  place  a  sheet  of 
fine  perforated  zinc  to  preveut  the  wash  of  the  water  dis- 
turbmg  the  charcoal.     Use  about  two  pounds  of  the  latter,         ^ 
which  wHl  last  for  six  months.      The  inverted  neck  of  the  A,, 
bottle  may  be  made  to  pass  through  a  hole  in  the  stand,  »  ■ 
and  the  water  supplied  to  the  filter  will  percolate  and  raa  *~ 
iu  great  purity  through  themedium  of  a  tap.  or  apunctured 
cork,  into  a  vessel  below.     This  arrangemen',  is  homely,  no 
doubt,  but  on  that  accoimt  it  may  gain  more  general  adop- 
tion, and,  at  any  rate,  it  is  highly  efficacious.    As  we  a» 
approaching  a  critical  season  of  the  year  I  sincerely  tni» 
tills  or  similar  preservatives  may  be  Urgely  employed  and 
that  wthout  delay.  Aqua  Pura. 


[382.]— GAS  METERS.— I  would  like  to  ask  some  of 
your  practical  correspondents  to  inform  me  wliich  kind  of 
gas  meter  is  best  for  a  church,  viz.,  a  dry  or  wet  meter,  and 
how  many  burners  may  be  used  with  a  30  light  meter  for 
each  burner  to  give  its  proper  light.  Urban. 


[3S3.]— VENTILATION  OF  BARRACKS. -Will  you 
inform  me  through  the  merlium  of  your  valuable  paper 
what  is  the  kind  of  ventilator  used  iu  the  roof  of  the 
Guards'  Barracks,  Chelsea,  if  patented,  and  where  obtained. 
In  so  doing  you  will  oblige  Thomas  D.\vid. 

Langhaiue,  bt  Clears,  booth  Wales,  May  13. 


[384.]— LARGE  RAILWAY  CURVES.— I  shall  feel 
obliged  if  any  oiyoiu  reudeia  v.ill  inform  me  of  the  metSiod 
of  striking  the  large  curves  .as  used  ou  the  railways,  as  1 
have  som,;times  to  make  ijioulds  lor  them  and  am  puzzleo 
to  find  a  radius  rod  to  work  .nt  such  a  long  length. 

J.  Strkit. 


[334.]— REPAIRS.— The  answer  of  "  C.  C."  contained  in 
your  coltimn  of  the  10th  inst. ,  appears  to  me  to  be  incorrect. 
He  seems  to  be  unaquainted  with  the  fact  that  the  Metro- 
polis Building  Act.  1855,  abolishes  the  classing  of  houses 
into  1st,  2ud,  3rd,  and  4th  rates,  <tc.,  and  to  have  based 
his  reply  upon  the  old  repealed  Act.  The  Act  now  in  force 
will  not  allow  the  raising  of  au  existing  wall  above  the 
height  which  would  be  allowed  if  the  wall  was  entirely  new, 
but  rooms  may  be  added  by  placing  a  curbed  in  lieu  of  other 
desfription  of  roof,  and  for  this  reason  :  the  method  pre- 
scribed in  the  Act  for  the  measurement  of  walls  and  heights 
of  stories  directs  the  heights  to  be  calculated  to  the  under 
side  of  the  tie  of  the  roof  (or  in  cases  where  there  is  no  tie 
to  the  middle  of  the  vertical  height  of  L.,  .n. 

case  of  attic  rooms  in  a  ciub  roof  the  floor  joists  of  the  attics 
foim  the  tie  of  the  rooil  A.  H. 


[334.]— The  reply  of  "  C.  C."  in  your  issue  of  the  10th 
inst..  under  this  heading,  appears  to  me  nn>.^itisfactory,  inas- 
much as  the  section  relating  to  the  raising  of  cvLlstmg 
buildings,  which  he  quotes  in  answer  to  my  question  of  the 
1^2th  ult.,  is  not  now  in  force,  the  said  section  contained  in 
the  Act  7th  and  Sth  Vict.,  cap.  84,  having  been  repealed  by 
the  subsequent  .\ct,  18  and  19  Vict.,  cap.  122;  and  I  can 
discover  no  clause  in  the  present  Act  stating  that  the  thick 
ness  of  the  walls  of  the  raised  building  must  be  of  the  di- 
mensious  prescribed  for  tlioso  of  new  buildings  in  the  table 
of  sections  of  walls  of  dwelling-houses  on  page  11.  J. 


[:i71.]— PL.^STEB  CEILING.  —  Your  correspondents, 
"Stephen  Lewis"  and  "  F.  G."  of  last  week  (May  10),  have 
well  met  this  query,  "How  to  make  a  good  plaster  ceiling 
wliich  will  not  crack  ? "  1.0  far  as  they  go.  They  say  strong 
joists  well  seasoned,  good  and  strong  laths,  but  they  have 
left  unnoticed  three  principal  causes  of  ceilings  cracking. 
1.   Inferior  and  improper  brickwork  which  sUghtly  settles 


[377.]— LAYING  STONE.— When  stones  are  specified  M 
be  laid  upon  their  natural  bed,  a  good  mason  understands 
that  they  are  not  to  be  pinned  up  behind,  or  dip  to  the 
foundation,  but  to  lay  perfectly  horizontal.  The  uatuial 
bed  of  a  stone  is  the  upper  surface  of  rock  before  being 
disturbed.  When  cut  endwise  it  is  called  toothed,  that  t, 
cut  at  right  angles  to  the  bed  of  stratification.  It  is  very 
important  that  blocks  of  stratified  stone  should  rest  upon 
their  natural  bed,  for  nothing  about  a  building  looks  more 
un.sightly  than  a  piece  of  base  course  or  other  small  block, 
peehng  off'  in  thin  layers  about  the  tliickness  of  a  flve- 
shiiling  piece.  This  unsightly  piece  of  work  would  be 
avoided  by  placing  the  stone  ujiou  its  natur.-d  bed.  roar 
correspondent,  "G.  I.,"  must  observe  that  it  requuw  a 
practical  eye  to  detect  the  natural  bid  in  some  sU-atinea 

stone,  but  an  observant  mason  can  do  this.  

William  Watts. 

.\shton-under-Lyno  and  Staleybridge  Waterworks, 
May  13. 


STAIMED   GLASS. 

The  Dean  of  Durham  proposes  giving  £1,000  'o"*™ 
placing  a  new  stained  glass  window  in  the  present  wMJ 
window  of  Dnrh.mi  Cathedral.  It  comprises  a  se'ea-^n' 
window  and  numerous  tracery  openings.  It  is  n''**".^  ^;' 
by  25ft.  wide,  and  will  greatly  enhance  the  present  beauty 
of  this  noble  and  ancient  cathedral. 

TfNBRipoE.— A  stiiined  glass  window,  by  Wailes,  of" 
castle,  has  been  placed  in  the  parish  chureh  here,  to  tne 
meoiory  of  thelate  Rev.  Sir  C.  Hai-dinge,  Bart,,  "^o."*; 
vicir  of  the  parish  for  more  than  half  a  century.  It  M  "' 
the  Perpendicular  Gothic,  is  2oft.  in  height,  and  comprises 
five  large  lights  in  addition  to  an  elaborate  tracery  unuei 
the  arch,  the  whole  of  which  has  been  filled  in  with  staineo 
glass.     The  total  cost  has  lieen  about  £250. 


May  17,  1867 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


Sf)! 


WAGES  MOVEMENT. 

Tbe  stonemasons  at  Oldham  are  on  strike  in  conse- 
quence of  the  employers  having  refused  to  comply  with  a 
set  of  rules  submitted  to  them  by  the  men. 

The  bricklayers  employed  on  the  new  railway  station 
and  other  works  at  Ci'ewe  have  returned  to  their  work 
after  having  been  on  strike  for  five  weeka  They  have  re- 
snmed  work  on  the  same  terms  ;ia  before,  the  advance  de- 
manded by  the  men,  uf  from  oOs,  to  333.,  and  in  some 
cases  303.  to  362.  per  week,  haWng  been  refuBed. 

A  "Solicitor,"  writing  to  the  Aforninj  Star,  points  out 
that  the  action  of  tnidea' unions,  in  endeavouring  to  limit 
the  number  of  apprentices  taken  by  a  master,  has  l>eeu 
sanctioned  by  Parliament  in  the  Gih  and  7th  Vict.  cap.  T;i, 
which  provides  that  no  attorney  sh;ill  have  more  than  two 
articled  clerks  at  one  time.  He  states  that  this  provision 
was  introduced  by  the  profej«iion  in  order  to  limiljtheir 
own  numbers,  and  asks  why  tlie  working  men  of  England 
should  be  blameil  for  following  the  example  of  the  most 
astute  practitioners  in  the  world. 

The  bricklay3rs'  labourers  are  on  strike  for  an  increa.se  of 
\v  :i-od.     The  joiners  have  given  notice  that  they  will  cease 

-iking  on  June  1  at  all  places  where  non-society  men  or 
-uns  who  have  not  served  a  regular  ai)preuticeship  to 
tniisiness  are  employed.  The  cabmen  stmck  last  week 
III  L-onsequence  of  their  employers  refusing  to  grant  them 
a  cv^^ation  from  work  for  half  a  day  on  every  alternate 
Kuiui.iy.  Several  attempts  were  made  to  come  to  a  settle- 
ment, but  they  proved  unsuccessful,  and  now  the  places 
of  the  old  cabmeu  have  been  filled  by  otliers. 

The  washenvomen  of  Rouen  have  struck  work,  to  "bet- 
ter themselves."  They  get  If.  25c  (Is.),  and  a  glass  of 
brai£^y  I'.i  goutte)  per  day;  they  want  2f.,  a  glass  of 
brandy  and  a  cup  of  coffee. 

London. — The  painters  in  the  employment  of  Messrs. 
Corbettand  M'Clemont,  of  Chelsea,  have  turned  out  on 
strike,  or  as  they  put  it  theniselvea,  *'  been  compelled  to 
I  o-iigu  through  the  firm  not  meeting  their  just  demand  of 
iQurease  in  wages."  There  has  been  a  long,  dreary,  drag- 
-  liU'  dispute  about  the  7Jd.  an  hour  ;  the  price  was  i-aised 
.  while  to  7id.,  but  the  firm  stated  that  tliey  could  not 
id  it,  and  reduced  again  to  7d.  ;  hence  the  turn  out. 

,;  .,-,.<  '-•<  ••'  Tnx._  The  masons  of  Wolverhampton  struck 
■- .  they  refused  to  accept  arbitration  and 
iluenced  by  the  arguments  advanced  at  a 
w....;.^^,.  :;,,,,  Lhe  employers.  They  seek  to  make  it  a 
fuud;mieuial  stipulation  that  they  be'  paid -by  the  day  in- 
stead of  the  hour,  and  it  ia  for  the  establishment  of  this 
point  that  they  have  now  struck  work. 


General  Items. 


LEGAL  INTELLIGENCE. 

Action  against  a  Buildino  Society.— The 
case  of  Harold  v.  Rose  and  others  came  before  the 
Court  of  Queen's  Bench  last  week.  This  was  an 
action  against  the  defendants,  trustees  of  a  Benefit 
Building  Society,  heard  before  Mr.  Justice  Mellor, 
at  Liverpool,  to  recover  £300,  when  the  jury 
returned  a  verdict  for  the  defendants.  Mr.  Holkar 
now  moved  on  behalf  of  the  plaintiff  for  a  rule  for 
a  new  trial,  on  the  ground  of  surprise.  It  ap- 
peared that  the  plaintitf  carried  on  a  butcher's 
shop  in  Liverpool,  and  kept  a  coal  yard,  and  in 
April,  1S57,  he  married  a  widow  named  Little, 
who  had  one  child,  but  was  possessed  of  no 
means.  In  1S62  or  1863,  the  plaintiff  and  his  wife 
quarrelled,  and  she  and  the  child  ultimately  left 
him  and  went  to  reside  with  some  relations.  Soon 
ifter  the  separation  the  plaintiff"  found  out  that 
Ilia  wife  had  invested  £300  in  this  society,  and  on 
taxing  his  wife  with  it  she  acknowledged  ic.  The 
plaintiff's  case  was  that  the  money  belonged  to 
aim,  being  the  proceeds  of  the  butcher's  shop, 
Thich  was  left  eutu-ely  to  her  mauasement,  and 
ivhich  he  believed  she  was  saving  fur"  his  benefit, 
md  that  on  further  pressing  her  she  admitted  it' 
md  said  she  had  invested  the  money  in  thec'nild's 
lame.  On  the  other  side  the  wife's  Lrother  and 
jrother  m.Iaw  were  called,  and  they  swore  posi- 
ively,  and  produced  vouchers  and  evidence  to 
ihow,  that  they  had  each  advanced  £150  for  the 
benefit  of  the  child  in  providing  for  her  and 
educatmg  her,  and  that  afterwards  the  principal 
was  to  revert  to  them.  The  learned  counsel  now 
noved  to  set  aside  the  verdict,  and  for  a  new 
•nal,  on  afiidavits  on  the  ground  of  surprise.— 
■lule  refused. 

The  Factories'  Act  axd  the  Pipe  Trade.— At 
he  HaUfax  Borough  Court,  last  week,  Mr.  Wil- 
lam  Ackroyd,  a  pipemaker,  was  charged  with  an 
ttlrmgement  of  the  Factories'  Act  of  1S64,  by 
employing  a  woman  named  Mary  Hutchinson  as 

■a'^v  '■~^'^-  Lakeman,  sub-inspector  of  factories, 
aid  that  the  manufacture  of  earthenware  was  one 
i  the  trades  dealt  with  by  the  Act  of  1864. 
-ast  March  he  found  Hutchinson  working  in  Mr 
ickroyd's  shop,  and  warned  Ackroyd  about  it! 
'n  Apnl  30  he  visited  the  place  again,  and  found 
lutchinson  working  at  nine  minutes  past  six 
iclock  m  the  evening.  Defendant  said  the 
roman  was  not  working.  Hutchinson  was  also 
"led,  and  said  that  although  she  had  a  pipe  in 
l«  j^  i'^t  "^^  '■^^'y  ""^  working.  The  Bench 
1^0  I*!, *''^  "^^  proved.and  finedAckroyd  £l, 

'tn  OS.  6d.  costs. 


It  haa  been  previously  announced  that  the  cere- 
mony of  laying  the  foundation  stone  of  the  Hall 
of  Arts  and  Sciences  at  South  Kensington  will  be 
performed  on  Jlonday  next  by  the  Queen.  Her 
Majesty  is  expected  to  arrive  at  the  site  of  the 
Hall  at  half-past  eleven  o'clock. 

By  the  will  of  Mrs.  Locke,  widow  of  the  late 
Mr.  Joseph  Locke,  M  P.,  there  has  been  be- 
queathed to  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers 
the  historical  full-length  portrait  of  that  distin- 
guished engineer,  by  Grant,  together  with  a  sum 
of  £2,000,  free  of  legacy  duty. 

A  new  additional  bridge  is  about  to  be  built  at 
Paddington,  over  the  canal,  at  a  cost  of  £4,000. 
It  will  directly  connect  Maida  Hill  and  Kilburn 
on  the  north,  with  Bayswater  and  Kensington  on 
the  south,  and  save  a  roundabout  of  nearly  three 
miles. 

Nine  thousand  dollars  premium  is  offered  for 
the  best  design  for  the  Illinois  State  House,  US. 

We  are  requested  to  state  that  at  a  general 
meeting  of  the  members  of  the  Albert  Institute, 
Windsor,  the  selection  of  Messrs.  Bacon  and 
Bell's  plans  for  adoption  by  the  building  com- 
mittee was  ratified  by  a  very  large  majority. 

A  machinist  connected  with  one  of  the  Boston 
theatres  has  invented  an  arrangement  by  which 
stage  cirpets  may  be  removed  without  the  intru- 
sion of  untidy-looking  supernumeraries  in  front 
of  the  curtain.  A  wire  at  the  prompter's  desk  is 
made  to  reverse  the  hooks  upon  which  the  carpet 
is  fastened,  near  the  footlights,  and  thus  release  it, 
when  it  may  be  pulled  in  from  behind. 

A  foreign  journal  gives  the  following  recipe  for 
preparing  a  varnish  that  will  dry  perfectly  in  from 
ten  to  twenty  minutes,  is  entirely  free  from  smell, 
and  cannot  be  affected  by  the  atmosphere.  Take 
100  parts  of  water,  12  parts  of  shellac,  and  4  parts 
of  borax ;  melt  in  a  copper  vessel  at  a  moderate 
heat,  stirring  constantly  ;  then  cover  the  vessel, 
let  it  cool,  and  pour  the  contents  into  bottles,  which 
should  be  well  sealed.  The  varnish  may  also  be 
mixed  with  oil  paint  if  desired  ;  or  any  colour  that 
is  wished  for  may  be  combined  in  powder  with  the 
varnish,  and  this  will  produce  a  paint  possessing 
great  brilliancy,  and  which  will  dry  in  a  few 
minutes  after  being  applied. 

We  are  sorry  Id  see  that  complaints  are  again 
rife  respecting  Hucknall  Torkard  Church,  the 
burial  place  of  Lord  Byron.  The  Pall  Mall 
Oa^ette  informs  us  that  the  church  has  now  been 
closed  four  weeks,  having  been  abandoned  by  the 
congregation  as  unsafe  and  unfit  for  Divine  Ser- 
vice. As  there  is  no  other  church  in  the  parish, 
the  service  is  now  conducted  by  the  Rev.  George 
Otter,  in  the  National  School-room,  which,  how- 
ever, is  very  inadequate  for  the  reqrarements  of 
the  village.  The  effort  recently  made  in  the 
I  parish  to  raise  funds  for  the  rebuilding  of  the 
church  only  procured  promises  of  £500,  and 
that  being  so  small  it  has  never  been  collected. 

Fill  a  wide-mouthed  glass  jar  with  w,ater,  and 
cover  it  over  with  a  piece  of  foundation,  such  as 
is  used  by  ladies  in  their  bonnets  (or  used  to  be 
when  they  wore  them),  and  cover  that  with  a 
layer  of  peas,  pressing  it  down  so  that  the  peas 
will  lay  in  the  water.  They  will  then  swell  and 
sprout,  the  roots  growing  down  into  the  water, 
their  fibres  presenting  a  beautiful  appearance. 
Set  this  in  a  window,  and  vines  will  grow  up 
which  can  be  conducted  to  the  sill.  The  whole  is 
very  handsome — so  says  an  Ameiican  paper. 

The  following  pensions  on  the  Civil  List,  which 
exhaust  the  amount  available  for  the  current  year, 
have  been  recently  granted  :— .£100  a  year  to  Mrs. 
Chisholm  in  consideration  of  the  valuable  and  dis- 
interested services  rendered  bv  her  to  emigrants 
in  New  South  Wales;  £100  a  year  to  the  family 
of  the  late  Dr.  Petiie,  being  pensions  at  the  rate 
of  £25  a  year  to  each  of  his  four  daughters,  in 
consideration  of  the  eminent  services  rendered  by 
him  to  archocological  science,  both  as  an  author 
and  as  a  pubHc  servant;  £100  a  year  to  Lady 
Harris,  widow  of  Sir  William  Snow  Harris,  in  con- 
sideration of  her  husband's  valuable  invention  of 
the  system  of  lightning  conductors  ;  £100  a  year 
to  the  Rev.  Miles  Joseph  Berkeley,  on  ac 
count  of  his  eminent  services,  as  a  botanist,  to 
practical  horticulture  and  agriculture;  £95  a  year 
to  George  Cruikshank,  Esq.,  on  account  of  his 
great  merits  as  an  artist. 

Glycerine  is  found  to  be  an  excellent  material 
for  smearing  pla.ster  of  Paris  moulds  before  taking 
a  cast.  It  is  easily  applied  with  a  brush,  and  after 
the  cast  has  set,  it  readily  separates  without  the 


least  danger  of  splintering  or  cracking.  It  is  said 
to  possess  many  recommendations  over  the  soaj) 
and  water  usually  employed  for  the  same  purpose. 
The  Improvement  Committee  of  the  Liverpool 
Town  Council  met  on  Friday,  and  accepted  the 
contract  of  Messrs.  E.  Andre,  of  Paris,  and  Lewis 
Hornblower,  of  Liverpool,  for  completing  the  New 
Sefton  Park.  The  terms  arranged  are  5  per  cent, 
on  the  outlay.  With  great  generosity  the  com- 
mittee gave  Messrs.  Andre  and  Hornblower  a 
cheque  for  the  300  guineas  premium,  which,  ac- 
cording to  the  conditions,  might  have  been  ab- 
sorbed in  the  commission.  The  works  are  to  be 
commenced  at  once,  and  the  park  is  to  be  com- 
pleted  in  two  years.  There  will,  of  course,  bo 
very  consideralile  variations  made  from  the  original 
plan.  The  cost  will  also,  it  is  believed,  he  very 
considerably  increased. 

Mr.  Tite  has  laid  before  the  House  of  Commons 
a  liill  giving  power  to  tlie  Metropolitan  Board  of 
Works  to  require  that  all  new  pipes  to  be  laid 
under  the  surface  of  the  Thames  Embankment, 
and  the  streets  constructed,  or  authorised  to  be 
constructed,  by  the  Board,  with  subways,  shall  be 
laid  iu  the  subway.  The  Board  may  also  require 
that  pipes  already  laid  down  be  removed  into  the 
subway,  submitting  to  arbitration  the  question  of 
payment  of  the  cost  of  such  removal.  The  Board 
may  demand  rent  for  the  use  of  the  subway,  sub- 
ject to  arbitration  if  the  amount  be  disputed. 
This  Act  is  intended  to  be  adopted  also  in  future 
Acts  for  the  construction  of  new  streets. 

The  charges  for  the  maintenance  and  repair  oC 
the  various  royal  palaces  in  England  amount,  for 
the__ financial  year  1S67-8,  to  £41,495.  Of  this  sum 
£17,651  k  required  for  palaces  iu  the  personal 
occupation  of  her  Majesty— viz.,  Buckingham 
Palace,  Windsor  Castle,  with  Adelaide  Lodge,  iu 
Windsor  Home  Park,  Frogmore  House,  and  the 
White  Lodge,  in  Richmond  Park.  A  sum  of 
£19,353  is  required  for  the  Palaces  of  St.  James, 
Kensington,  and  Hampton  Court,  and  the  esta- 
blishments at  Kew,  Richmond,  and  Bushy,  which 
are  held  under  grace  and  favour  ;  and  the"  remain- 
der of  the  vote  is  expended  in  repairs  and  fittings 
in  apartments  at  St.  James's  Palace,  which  are 
partly  occupied  by  the  Queen  and  the  royal  house- 
hold. ' 

We  read  that  Dr.  Jacobsen,  of  Hamburg,  has 
invented  a  new  whitewash,  which  is  said  to  be  as 
durable  as  paint  and  very  beautiful.  He  dissolves 
50  parts  of  glue  in  150  parts  of  water.  He  then 
adds  two  parts  of  a  solution  of  caustic  soda,  speci- 
fic gravity  1-34,  and  boils.  Aflocculent  precipitate 
separates,  which  may,  however,  be  disregarded. 
When  the  above  mixture  has  cooled,  he  adds  50 
partsof  commercial  water-glass  solution,  and  then 
stirs  iu  enough  oxide  of  zinc  to  give  a  proper  con- 
sistence for  painting.  It  necessary,  the  mixture 
must  be  passed  through  a  miU  to  make  it  smooth. 
This  composition,  it  is  said,  is  well  suited  for  either 
wood,  metal,  or  brickwork.  Two  coats  should  be 
laid  on,  and  when  they  have  perfectly  dried,  a 
solution  containing  10  per  cent,  of  chloride  of  zinc 
should  be  applied.  This  will  give  a  beautiful 
gloss,  and  great  durability  to  the  composition. 

The  report  of  the  Royal  Commission  on  Railways 
has  just  been  issued.  It  refers  principally  to  Irish 
lines,  and  is  opposed  to  the  proposal  that  the  rail- 
ways iu  Ireland  should  be  taken  by  the  Govern- 
ment, but  as  it  has  been  the  estimated  policy  to 
assist  railways  and  other  pubKc  works  in  Ireland, 
the  Commissioners  recommend  that,  when  Parlia- 
ment thinks  fit  to  make  advances  to  Irish  railway 
companies,  the  money  should  be  lent  for  a  fixed 
period  of  considerable  length.  It  k  recommended 
that  Parliament  should  relieve  itself  of  all  inter- 
ference with  the  incorporation  and  financial  affairs 
of  railway  companies,  leaving  such  matters  to  be 
dealt  with  under  the  Joint- Stock  Companies'  Act, 
and  shoidd  limit  its  own  action  to  regulating  the 
construction  of  the  line  and  the  relations  between 
the  pubUc  and  joint-stock  companies  so  incor- 
porated. Railway  companies  should  be  allowed  to 
fix  their  own  charges  to  the  public,  but  they  should 
be  required  to  give  a  reasonable  notice  of  any 
intended  rise.  At  least  a  week's  notice,  too,  should 
be  given  o(  alterations  in  the  time  tables.  The 
Commissioners  despair  of  ensuring  the  punctuaUty 
of  trains  by  legislative  enactment.  As  to  finance, 
they  think  that,  with  the  object  of  affording  a 
more  accurate  view  of  the  operations  of  the  rail- 
way companies,  and  of  making  any  undue  extrava- 
gance apparent,  and  thus  stimulating  economy, 
the  companies  should  render  their  accounts  to  the 
Board  of  Trade.  In  respect  of  the  resolution  con- 
cerning the  Irish  railways,  Mr.  Mousell  .and  Sir 
Rowland  Hill  are  dissentients. 


352 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


xMay  17,  1867. 


MEETINGS   FOR  THE  WEEK. 

MoN.— Royal  United  Service  Institution.  —  "Fleet 
Manoeuvring,"  by  Commander  R.  W.  Pellew, 
8.30. 

TuES. — Institution  of  Civil  Engineers.  —  1.  Renewed 
Discussion  upon  Mr.  Chance's  Paper  "  On 
Optical  Apparatus  used  in  Lighthouses."  2. 
"  Experiments  ou  the  Removal  of  Organic  and 
Inorganic  Substances  from  Water,"  by  Mr 
Edward  Byi'ne,  S. 

Wed  —Geological  Society,  8. 

Fri.— Linnean  Society. — Anniversary  Elections,  3. 

iVrchitectural  Association. — "  Our  Ai'chitectural 
Future,"  by  Mr.  W.  Burges,  7.30 


IJatciits  far  |iibciiti(Jiis 

CONNECTED     WITH     THE     BUILDING     TK.U)E. 


2493.  T.  LYTHGOE.  Improvements  in  Water- 
closets,  Ashpits.  Cesspools,  and  Similar  Places. 
Dated  September  27,  1SI5U. 

The  object  of  this  invention  is  to  filter  the  refuse  of 
waterclosets  and  similar  places  so  that  the  refuse  liquid 
which  escapes  sliall  be  almost  pure  water,  .ind,  conse- 
quently, not  liable  to  pollute  rivers  or  streams  into  which 
such  refuse  runs.  The  inventor  accomplishes  this  desirable 
object  object  by  allowing  the  refuse  to  fall  on  a  perforated 
trap,  lid,  or  casing,  so  that  the  liquid  shall  pass  througb 
the  said  perforations  into  a  reservoir  under  it  ;  the  per- 
forations are  made  conical,  that  is  to  s.ay,  lai-ge  or  bell- 
mouthed  at  one  side,  and  small  at  the  other  side,  which  will 
thus  filter  the  liquid,  and  by  boring  or  making  the  said 
perforations  on  both  sides  of  the  lid  or  casing  it  can  be  used 
either  side  up,  so  tliat  if  the  holes  or  perforations  become 
stopped,  by  tuminj^  it  they  will  become  opened  or  cleared. 
In  the  reservoir  the  inventor  makes  another  filter  the  same 
as  the  one  described,  which  allows  the  liquid  which  h.is 
already  passed  .through  the  first  filter  to  fall  into  another 
reservoir,  thus  making  a  double  flltere'r,  and,  if  found 
necessary,  he  increases  thenumber  of  filterers  and  reservoirs 
as  may  be  desirable.  From  the  last  reservoir  he  passes  a 
pipe  to  the  flue  or  shaft  of  the  chimney  which  will  carry 
off"  any  offensive  smell  that  may  arise  therefrom,  latent 
abajiiiojteil. 

2511.  S.  PRICE.  Improvements  in  Apparatus  for 
LliTiNo  OR  AssisriNO  TO  Lift  and  for  Securing  Window 
Sashes,  Shutters,  and  Other  Like  Frames  and 
We  ohts.     Dated  September  2S,  1866. 

In  tlie  specification  of  former  letters  patent  granted  to 
present  patentee,  dated  November  23,  ISC-t  (No.  2924),  he 
•lescribed  an  apparatus  consisting  mainly  of  a  spring  barrel 
for  lifting  or  assisting  to  lift  ivindow  sashes  and  other  like 
frames.  Now  the  chief  object  of  the  present  invention  is 
to  enable  him  where  one  or  more  spring  barrels  are  em- 
ployed to  dispense  entirely  with  sash  lines,  conls,  or  chains. 
The  present  improvements  consist  in  forming  'round  the 
sprmg  barrel— which  is  fitted  in  any  convenient  part  of  the 
frame— a  series  of  cogged  teeth,  and  in  fitting  in  a  groove 
tormed  m  tlie  side  of  the  window  sash  a  r.ack  the  teeth  of 
which  gear  into  the  teeth  on  the  spring  baiTel  As  soon  as 
the  sash  is  commenced  to  be  raised,  the  spring  of  the  barrel 
comes  into  play,  causing  the  barrel  to  rotate,  so  that  the 
cog  teeth,  by  gearing  into  the  rack,  lift  or  assist  in  lifting 
sash.      Patent  cnmplettd, 

2532.  J.  CAVANAH.  An  Improvement  in  Water- 
closets,  Cisterns,  and  Soil  traps.  Dated  October  3 
1866,  ' 

This  invention  consists,  firstly,  in  the  construction  of 
the  valve  through  winch  the  water  is  conducted  to  tlie 
pan  of  the  watercloset.  This  valve  is  so  constructed  that 
when  at  rest  it  is  or  may  be  worked  as  required  by  means 
of  a  sprmg  and  washer,  which  spring  may  be  made  of 
either  steel,  iron,  brass,  india-rubber,  or  other  suitable 
elastic  material,  and  may  be  either  flat,  spiral  or  of 
other  suitable  shape,  in  order  to  press  tightly  o'ver  the 
valve  pipe  and  prevent  the  passage  of  any  water  When 
the  passage  of  water  is  required,  the  valve  may  be  lifted 
by  a  lever,  handle,  rod,  chain,  or  other  suitable  means 
The  sprmg  and  valve  may  be  applied  to  any  part  of  tlie 
cist«ri>  water  pipes,  or  basin,  as  may  be  found  most 
desirable.  The  mvention  consists,  secondly  in  an  im- 
provement m  the  soil-trap,  which  may  be  made  of  iron 
earthenware,  or  other  suitable  material.  This  trap  is  conl 
structed  with  an  opening  in  the  top  or  other  convenient 
part  of  the  trap,  for  the  purpose  of  cleaning  it  out  when 
requu-ed.  This  opening  will  be  fitted  with  a  lid  or  stopper 
which  wiU  be  airtight  when  fixed,  and  will  be  remived 
when  the  trap  or  pipe  may  happen  to  become  stopped  or 
require  cleanmg.     Patent  commuted. 

2559.  J.  H.  JOHNSON.  Improvements  in  Grate 
^u--   .('^<=o™™"hic.ation.)    D.ated  October  4   1S60 

This  invention  relates  to  an  improvement  in  that  class 
of  grate  bars  which  consists  of  a  number  or  group  of  ribs 
cast  together  with  spaces  between  the  ribs  :  and  the 
improved  grate  bar  consists  of  a  deep  and  shallow 
nb  or  ribs  combined  in  one  cMting,  substantially  as  de- 
scnbed.  so  that  the  bar  may  be  more  easily  moulded  and 
cast,  may  aBord  a  better  circulation  of  sir  between  the  ribs 
may  be  less  liable  to  be  choked  with  cinders  and  slag,  and 
be  lighter  and,  consequently,  more  economical  than  ordi- 
nary grate  bara  having  a  number  of  ribs  of  unifonn  depth 
Fatent  completed.  ^ 

n.pv,»  ■    ■'•  w  ROBERTS.    A  New  and  Improved  Pas- 

8   1866,  ^"-'°°"'^  '^^'O  oth™  P"ces.     Dated  October 

This  invention  is  performed  as  follows  :— Upon  one  sash 

'°1  ;  "?''  "  ?,""'"'  °'  »*"''  i»  free  to  move  Kackward 
nWte  Sri,  -L  "P.".:'  ?^°'her  sash  he  secures  another 
DHfe'b?n  ^^/  'V'"*  '!'*"'  "'-Sed  thereto,  the  hinged 
named  nKlT^^TV  °f  """^'''S  ™  ».''  '"  "■!"=  "Pon  the  fif^t- 
named  plate.  This  hmged  plate  is  likewi.^o  formed  with  a 
at  oneT'd™"^""  *°  the  first-named  slot,  audto-minating 
hicr  S,  tb  '°;y-cularor  enlarged  aperture,  correspond- 
ing to  the  button  or  stud.  To  secure  the  fastening'  it  is 
necessary  to  bring  the  hinged  pl.ate  on  the  inner  I^hVpon 
the  plate  on  the  outer  sash,  so  that  the  button  raters  the 
circular  or  enlarged  aperture,  and  then  to  pu^h  the  button 


along  the  slots.  To  release  the  fastening  the  reverse  move- 
ments have  to  be  made.  The  slots  in  the  plates  may  be 
formed  in  any  direction  desi  red.  Sometimes  the  patentee 
forms  a  thumb  piece  or  projection  on  the  hinged  plate  for 
convenience  of  moving  it.     faUjit  completed. 

2586.    J.  ROBERTSON.     Improvement.s  in  Furnaceh, 

AND    IN    THE    FiRE  BARS    10    BE    USED    THEREIN.         Dated 

October  S,  iSdij. 

This  invention  relates  to  furnaces  or  fireplaces  and  fire- 
bars, and  has  for  its  object  the  consumption  of  the  smoke 
and  gases  arising  from  the  fuel  ;  also  the  protection  or 
j)reservation  of  the  firebars.  In  can-ying  out  one  portion 
of  the  invention,  the  patentee  employs  a  plate  or  slab  of 
fireclay  or  iron,  having  perforations  throngh  it,  and  placed 
at  the  back  of  or  on  the  firebars,  and  resting  on  firebricks 
at  both  ends.  This  plate  extends  across  the  whole  width 
of  the  furnace,  and  is  open  at  the  bottom  to  admit  air  from 
the  aslipit.  or  from  a  tu'w  extending  from  the  front  of  the 
ashpit  to  the  back  of  it.  A  series  of  tubes  of  fire :lay  or 
iron  is  made  to  fit  into  the  perforations  in  the  plate,  such 
tubes  beiug  open  at  the  bottom  to  atlmit  the  air  passing 
tiirough  the  perforated  plate.  The  tops  of  these  tubes 
extend  to  or  near  to  the  bottom  of  the  boiler,  and  they  are 
also  provided  with  small  perforations  in  the  sides  towards 
the  fine  from  the  top  to  the  bottom  for  the  air  to  p;i3s 
through  them  in  that  direction,  so  as  not  to  obstruct,  but 
rather  to  assist,  or  increase,  the  draught.  The  action  of 
the  fire  on  these  tubes  heats  them  to  a  high  degree,  and, 
consequently,  heats  the  air  passing  through  the  small  per- 
forations in  them,  and  as  none  of  the  smoke  or  giises  can 
pass  away  up  the  flue  without  coming  into  contact  with  the 
divided  currents  of  highly  heated  air  from  the  tubes,  the 
consumption  of  smoke  and  other  inflammable  gaseous  pro- 
ducts of  combustion  is  effected.  The  action  of  the  cold  air 
inside  the  tubes  preserves  them  from  being  burned,  and 
fafter  the  smoke  or  other  gases  are  consumed,  the  hot  air 
rom  the  small  perforations  will  assist  in  keeping  up  the 
steam.     Patent  completed. 


Crak  lletos. 


TENDERS. 

Bethkal  GBEEy.— For  new  Vestry  Offices,  Churcli-row, 
Bethnal  Green:— Lark,  £1,743;  Henshaw,  £1,448;  Hoy, 
£1,237;  Wood,  £1,200;  Page,  £1,189;  Forrest  (accepted), 
£1,167. 

Barnes,  Surrey.— For  alterations  and  additions  to  Elm 
Grove.  Messrs.  Goodman  and  Vinall,  architects: — Brass, 
£l,80i5  15s.  lid.;  Rhodes  and  Roberts,  £1,804;  Jacksun 
and  Shaw,  £1,67703.  lOd.  ;  Adamson.  £1,594  lOs. ;  Sanders, 
Jt;i,50(J;  Wilson  (accepted),  £1,491  Ss.  Id. 

City.— For  rebuilding  No.  20,  Budge-row,  E.G.,  for 
Messrs.  Peter  Lawson  and  Son.  John  Wimble,  architect  : — 
Ashby  and  Horner,  £7,3tJ0  ;  Piper  and  Wheeler,  £7,200  ; 
Brass,  £t5.954  ;  Killby,  £6,890;  Myers  and  Sons,  £6,852; 
Hart,  £6,7S0  ;  Adamson,  £6,098. 

City. — For  rebuilding  No.  32,  Watling-street,  E.G.,  for 
Mr.  T.  R.  Duggan.  Mr.  John  Wimble,  architect : — Hart, 
£2,523  ;  Killby,  £2,498;  Tye  and  Andrews,  £2,475;  Colls 
and  Son,  £2,400;  Adamson  and  Son,  £2,351;  Ramsey, 
£2,3.^7  ;  Hill  and  Son,  £2,240  ;  Newman  and  Mann,  £2,085; 
Mortar,  £1,943. 

Clerkenwell. — For  repairs  to  13  and  14,  Northampton- 
street,  Clerkenwell.  Mr.  W.  P.  Grifllitb,  architect  :— 
Devereux,  £340  ;  Patman,  £2S5;  Liilstoue,  £249  lOs.  ;  Mar- 
tin, £204  .-^s. 

Erith.— For  additions  and  alterations  to  villa  at  Erith, 
Kent.  Mr.  Herbert  Ford,  architect.  Quantities  supplied 
by  Mr.  J.  P.  Rolfe :— Pritchard,  £1..570  ;  Brass.  £1.504; 
Crabb  and  Vaughan,  £1.4S3 ;  Browne  and  Robinson, 
£1,453;  Turner  and  Sons,  £.\,Ai'2;  Piper  and  Wheeler, 
£1.300;  Henshaw.  £1,252  ;  Mann,  £1,155. 

East  Greenwich, — For  workmen's  cottage.^  at  Morden 
Wharf,  for  Messrs.  Hollick  and  Co.  Messrs-  Goodman  and 
Vinall,  aichitecta  :—Kit3on  (accepted),  £1,075, 

Fleet-street.— For  additions  to  154,  Fleet-street  (lat« 
Portugal  Hotel).  Mr.  W.  P.  Griflith,  architect :— Dimsdale, 
£337  ;  Mather  and  Read,  £370  ;  Lidstone,  £360. 

Highbury.— For  addition  to  11,  Highbury  Park.  Mr. 
W.  P.  Griffith,  architect :— Lidstone,  £569  10s.  ;  Patman  and 
Fotheringham,  £498;  Harvey,  £386;  Dimsdale,  £354. 

HouNDsDiTCH. — For  new  warehouses  in  Houndsditch. 
Mr.  T.  C.  Clarke,  architect : — Lawrence  and  Sons,  £5,987  ; 
Conder,  £5,759;  Colls  and  Son,  £5,585;  Scrivener  and 
White,  £5,577  ;  Henshaw,  £5,470  ;  Browne  and  Robiuson, 
£5,444  ;  King  and  Sons,  £5,420  ;  Brass,  £5,;i86. 

Jarrow-on-Tyne. — For  new  reservoir,  engine-house,  and 
other  works  at  Springwell  J*aper  Mills,  Jarrow-on-Tyne, 
for  Messrs.  W.  H.  and  A.  Richardson.  John  Tillman, 
architect,  [Sunderland:— T.  and  A.  Cooke,  £2,230;  John 
Hodgson,  £2,226;  James  Young,  £2,032. 

Leabridqe.  —  For  new  Metropolitan  Police-station, 
Leabridge-road.  Mr.  T.  C.  Sorbv,  architect.  Quantities 
supplied  by  Mr.  J.  Scott :— J.  and  E.  Bird.  £3.850  ;  Foord 
and  Son,  £3.798  ;  Haward,  £3,730  ;  Macev,  £3.569  ;  Lathv, 
Brothers,  £3,550:  F.  and  F.  J.  Wood,  £3,433;  HUl  and 
Keddell,  £3,396;  Higgs,  £3,378;  Patman  and  Fothering- 
ham, £3,345. 

LissoN-GROVE.— For  alterations,  Nighting;de  Tavern,  Al- 
pha-road, Lisson-grove.  Messrs.  Finch,  Hill,  and  Paraire,  ar 
clutects.  Quantities  by  Mr.  Gate  :— Langmead  aud  Wav 
£3'3S9  ^'^  ^^■'  ^'''''  ^""^  Chapman,  £3,067;  Richards,' 

London.— For  new  wing  to  the  Royal  Hospital  for  In- 
curables. Mr.  W.  P.  Griffith,  architect  :-Browne  and 
Robmson,  £12.460  ;  Patman  and  Fotheringham  £11  9SS  ■ 
l^i^.^^.o'o'^^-iv^^'^'  ^lansfield.  Price,  and  Co.,  £11,606;  Wood' 
^/inS'a^'^  '""'"^  KeddeU,  £11,295;  Webb  and  Sons, 
£9  360    '  ''"      Marten,    £9,888 ;  D.    King  and  Sons. 

MoNKWEARMouTH.— For  a  United  Methodist  Free  Church 
and  Schools,  to  be  buUt  in  Hood-street,  Monkweai-mouth. 
John  TiUman,  Sunderland,  architect :— John  Hodgson 
masonry  and  plastering,  £355  6s.;  Elliot  and  Hudson 
{I'S^''  ^u  '^'^'■Penter,  £309  Hs.  5d.  ;  Robert  Preston,  slater 
wir  T^^™^,Whiaham,  painter  and  glazier,  £57  78  : 
William  Whinham,  plumber  and  gasfitter,  &c.,  £125  lOa 


SouTHWiCK.— Fora  United  Methodist  Free  Church  aud 
Schoolato  bebuiltatSouthwick.  John  Tillman,  Sunderland 
architect: — John  Hodgson,  masonry  and  plastering,  £547  • 
John  Lazenby,  joiner  and  carpenter,  £450;  .John  li  Thtr- 
kell,  plumber  and  gasfitter,  ire,  £103  14s.  ;  Thomas  Whin- 
ham,  painter  and  glazier,  £75  ;  Dawber  and  Son,  slating 
£41.  lOs. 

South  Norwood. — For  building  a  pair  of  semi-detached 
residences  for  Mr.  W.  F.  Stanley.  Mr.  T.  G.  Sorby,  archi- 
tect. Quantities  supplied  bv  Mr.  J.  Scott : — Wheeler, 
£2,397  ;  Lathey,  Brothers,  £2,063 ;  Cubitt,  Brothers,  £1,990 ; 
Smith,  £1,986  ;  Sawyer,  £1,979  ;  George,  £1.060. 

Tottenham.— For  additions  and  alterations  to  Bruce 
Castle,  for  Sir  Rowland  Hill,  K.C.B.  Messrs.  Goodman 
and  Vinall,  architects: — Henshaw,  £1,536:  Browne  and 
Robinson,  £1,530  ;  Brass,  £1,497;  Jackson  and  Shaw, 
£1,350 ;  Humphreys,  £1,350  ;  Piper  and  Wheeler  (accepted) 
£1,347. 


PROPERTY  SALES. 

May  10.' 

At  the  Mart.— By  Messrs.  Norton,  Trist,  Watney,  and 
Co. — Freehold  residence,  with  stabling,  coach  houses,  con- 
servatory, greenhouses,  grapery,  farm  buildings,  grounds, 
and  meadow  land ;  also  five  cottages,  the  whole  containing 
about  11^  acres,  situate  at  Sydenham,  Kent— sold  for 
£21,000. 

Freehold  residence,  known  as  Mai-t  House,  Bexley,  Kent, 
with  stabling  and  meadow  land,  containing  about  6i  acres— 
£4.000. 

Freehold  estate,  comprising  the  Moors  aud  Little  Court 
farms,  containiug  79a.  Ir.  lyp.,  situate  in  the  parish  of 
Felstead,  Essex,  let  at  £104  7s.  6d.  per  annum— £2,500. 

Fi-eehold  4a.  3r.  3p.  of  meadow  land,  situate  at  Paalow 
Wood  Common,  High  Ougar,  Essex,  let  oa  lease  at  £6  63. 
per  annum — £240. 

"Freehold  premises,  known  aa  the  Kent  Brewery,  Bexley, 
Kent— £1,630. 

By  Messrs.  Rushworth,  Jarvis,  and  Abbott. — Leasehold 
residence.  No.  41,  Grosvenor-place,  Hyde  Park-comer — 
£4.500. 

At  the  Gdildhall  Coffee-house.— By  Mr.  Frank 
Lewis. — Leasehold  seven  houses,  Nos.  8  to  13,  William- 
street,  and  1,  Pitt-street,  Southwark,  producing  £170  lUs. 
per  annum  ;  also  leasehold  ground  rents  amounting  to 
jtl5  10s.  per  annum,  secured  on  houses  in  Pitt  street, 
William-street,  and  William-court,  term  expiring  1869,  at 
£31  per  annum — £90. 

Leasehold  two  houses.  Nos.  1  and  2,  Gloucester-villas, 
Lavender-road,  Battersea,  producing  £52  per  annum,  term 
about  71  ye^irs  unexpired,  at  £7  43.  per  annum  -£455. 

Freehold  building  land,  with  the  carcases  thereon, 
situate  at  Twickenham — £420. 

Freehold  house,  situated  as  above,  and  let  at  £  IS  per 
annum— £^00. 

Freehold  ground  rent  of  £15  per  annum,  arising  from 
house  aud  land,  situate  as  above — £360. 

May  \%. 

At  the  :>[art.— By  Mr.  J.  Taylor. — Freehold  building 
land,  situate  in  Canham-road  and  Wliite  Horse-road,  South 
Norwood— Lot  43,  sold  fur  £104;  lots  44  to  48,  £80  each; 
lots  49  to  52,  £82  each. 

By  Messrs.  Jackson  and  Sou. — Freehold  residence,  known 
as  Wheathampstead  House,  with  gardens,  grounds,  aiid 
paddock,  in  all  about  7  acres,  situate  in  the  county  of 
Hertford- £2,380. 

May  14. 

At  the  Mart. — By  Mr.  P.  D.  Tuckett.  — Freehold  man- 
sion, known  as  Collier's  Wood,  with  park,  farm  yard, 
grounds,  gardens,  two  cottages,  stabling,  and  52a.  3r.  17p. 
of  land,  situate  at  Lower  Tooting,  Surrey — £19,550  ;  timbw", 
£SS5 ;  fixtures,  £285. 

Freehold  la.  Ir.  16p.  of  meadow  land,  kno^vn  as  Little 
America,  situate  as  above— £410. 

Leasehold  residence  known  as  Falmouth  Villa,  Albert- 
road,  Queen's-road,  Peckham,  let  at  £50  per  amiura,  texin 
55^  years  unexpired  at  tlO  10s.  per  annum  —£550. 

Lea.'^ehold  residence,  known  as  Sydenham  Villa,  Albert- 
road,  aforesaid,  let  at  £50  per  annum,  terra  aud  ground- 
rent  similar  to  above— £550. 

Leasehold  residence.  No.  1,  Sand  well- villas,  Garden-road. 
Wandsworth-road.  let  at  £55  per  annum,  term  87^  years 
unexpired,  at  £8  per  annum— £610. 

Leasehold  residence.  No.  2,  Sand  well -villas,  let  at  £42 
per  annum,  term  similar  to  above,  at  £6  per  anmun— 
£500. 

Leasehold  residence.  No.  7,  New  Cross-road,  let  at  £45 
per  anuum,  term  56j  years  unexpired,  at  £6  23.  per  auniun 
—£480. 

Leasehold  residence,  No.  29,  New  Cross-road,  let  at  £45 
per  annum,  term  similar  to  above,  at  £8  10s.  per  annum— 
£400. 

By  Mr.  George  Gouldsmith. — Leasehold  residence,  Na 
6.  Charles-street,  Lowndes-square,  with  coachhouse  and 
stable  in  the  rear,  term  17  ye;ira  unexpired,  at  £130  per 
annum — £360, 

By  Messrs.  Elgood  and  Son. — Leasehold  residence.  No. 
41.  Albany-street,  Regent's  Park,  let  ou  lease  at  £30  per 
anumn,  term  50  years  unexpired  at  £26  per  annum— 
£850. 

Leasehold  two  houses,  one  with  shop,  Nos.  20  and  27, 
Norfolk-street,  MidUIese.^  Hospital,  producing  £100  per 
annum,  term  19  years  unexpired,  at  £2  per  aimum— £1,025. 

May  15. 

At  the  M.\rt.— By  Messrs.  Norton,  Trist.  Watney.  and 
Co. — Freehold  residence,  known  as  Portland  House.  No.  4, 
Portland-place,  Hauimersmith-road-sold  for  £2,470. 

By  Messrs.  Priekett  and  Son.— Copyhold  two  housea, 
situate  at  Fortis  Green,  Muswell-hill,  let  on  lease  as  £10 
per  annum — £400. 

By  Mr.  Nightingale. — Copvhold  residence,  known  as 
Park  Cottage,  with  stabling,"  situate  at  Kingstou  Vale— 
£1.000.  ,, 

Copyhold  beerhouse,  known  as  the  "  Hand  and  Flower,' 
and  a  cottage  adjoining,  situate  on  Ham  Common,  Surrey, 
let  on  lease  at  £28  per  annum — £480. 

By  Messrs.  Price  aud  Clark.  — Freehold  ground-rent  of 
£26  53.  per  annum,  arising  from  No.  11,  Kensington  PiU'k- 
gardens — £670. 

Freehold  two  coach-houses  and  stables,  Nos.  10  and  11, 
Wilby-mews,  Lad  broke-road,  Kensington  Park-gai'dens — 
£990. 

By  Mr.  C.  C.  Tavlor.— Leasehold  two  houses,  Noa.  li» 
New-street,  and  7,  Old  Suffolk -street.  Mile  Eaid,  terms  ex- 
piring 1906,  at  £4  Is.  3d.  per  annum— £490. 


Mat  24,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


353 


THE   BUILDING  NEWS. 


LONDON,  FRIDAT,  MJ.Y  24,  1S67. 


LIMESTONES. 

LIMESTONES  possess  many  peculiar 
advantages  over  sandstones,  and  conse- 
ijueutly  their  use  for  constructive  purpose.s  is 
of  tlie  greatest  importance.  They  are  far 
more  available  for  ordinary  works  than  .sand- 
stones. They  are  much  cheaper,  because  they 
are  more  easily  worked.  They  surpass  the 
8andstone.s  in  durability.  Tliey  are  more 
varied  both  in  appearance  and  quality,  and 
the  most  useful  of  them  are  more  thoroughly 
distributed.  Their  colour  is  also  more  pleas- 
ing than  that  of  sandstones ;  and  with  all 
these  importiint  advantages  they  possess  what 
is  a  great  feature  in  constructive  materials — 
viz.,  su.sceptibility  of  the  greatest  ornamenta- 
tion. Agricultural  chemistry  divides  lime- 
stones into  two  classes — (1)  common,  which  is 
a  nearly  pure  carbonate  of  lime  ;  and  (2) 
magnesian,  which  is  a  mixture  of  carbonate 
of  lime  with  carbonate  of  magnesia.  These 
are,  of  course,  only  the  main  constituents,  for 
many  varieties  possess  small  tjuantities  of 
phosphate  and  sulphate  of  lime.  But  the 
principal  material  of  the  limestones  and  the 
oolites  is  cai'bonate  of  lime.  Some  are  not 
pure  limestones,  since  clay  is  found  to  be  mixed 
with  the  carbonate  of  lime.  Limestones  vary 
according  to  the  different  localities  in  which 
they  are  found,  particular  forms  of  it  being 
often  confined  to  certain  geological  formations 
over  wide  areas.  It  is,  therefore,  considered 
by  geologists  to  be  more  ditficult  to  ascertain, 
by  an  examination  of  its  lithological  charac- 
ters, what  is  the  geological  formation  of  a 
certain  limestone,  thau  is  the  case  with  any 
other  kind  of  rock.  This  is  more  especially 
the  case  with  the  argillaceous  or  arenaceous 
rocks  of  the  Silurian,  carboniferous,  oolitic, 
and  cretaceous  formations.  There  are  com- 
pact and  crystalline  limestones.  The  former 
are  hard,  smooth,  finely-grained,  of  a  dull, 
earthy  fracture,  or  a  sharp,  splintery  one. 
They  are  generally  of  a  bluish-grey  colour, 
but  are  sometimes  yellow,  black,  red,  white, 
or  mottled  ;  some  will  take  a  high  polish,  and 
are,  therefore,  used  for  ornamental  marble, 
especially  if  the  colour  be  an  agreeable  one. 
The  latter — the  crystalline  limestone — fre- 
quently resembling  loaf  sugar  in  texture,  are 
either  coarse  or  fine-grained,  varying  from  a 
rough  granular  rock  of  various  colours,  to  a 
pure  white,  fiue-grained  one.  The  limestones 
mostly  used  for  building  purposes  are  those 
known  as  simple  limestones,  oolite,  and  mag- 
nesian. 

The  limestones  and  oolites  best  known  are 
those  obtained  from  Portland  (Dorsetshire), 
Ancaster  (in  Lincolnshire),  Ketton  (Rutland- 
shire), Bamack  (Northamptonshire),  Chilmark 
(Wiltshire),  and  Ham  Hill  (in  Somersetshire). 
The  Caen  varieties  are  also  well  known  in 
London.  Portland  stone  is  the  best  and 
most  important,  and  requires  a  separate 
article. 

Chilmark  is  a  compact  stone.  Salisbury 
Cathedral,  Wilton  Abbey,  and  other  build- 
ings in  the  south  of  England,  have  been  con- 
structed of  this  material.  An  analysis  of  this 
stone  has  given  the  following  result  : — Silica, 
10'4 ;  carbonate  of  lime,  79-0  ;  carbonate  of 
magnesia,  37  ;  iron  alumina,  S'O  ;  water  and 
loss,  4-2.  The  weight  per  culiic  foot  is 
1531b.  7oz.  It  is  composed,  therefore,  of  car- 
bonate of  lime,  ■(Wth  a  moderate  proportion  of 
sUica,  and  occasional  grains  of  silicate  of  iron. 
The  colour  is  a  light  greenish  brown. 

Bariuwk  stone,  though  now  replaced  by 
stone  from  the  Castertou  quarries,  has  had  a 
wide  reputation.  Peterborough  Cathedral, 
Croyland  Abbey,  Burleigh  House,  and  nearly 
all  the  mediajval  buildings  of  Cambridge- 
shire and  the  north   of  Suffolk,  have  been 


v-rected  of  this  excellent  material.  It  is  con- 
-idered  that  Claslerton  stone  is  eipially  good, 
liarnack  stone  is  composed  of  carbonate  of 
lime,  compact,  and  oolitic — so  called  because 
they  resemble  the  hard  roe  of  a  fish,  or  a 
.■onglomerate  of  globular  eggs— with  shells, 
iften  in  fragments,  coarsely  laminated  in 
planes  of  beds.  Tlie  colour  is  light  whitish 
brown.  An  an.alysis  gives  the  Ibllowing  re- 
sult : — Carbonate  of  lime,  03'4  ;  carbonate  of 
magnesia,  3'S  ;  iron  alumina,  1-3;  water  .md 
loss,  1-5.  The  weight  per  cubic  foot  is 
13()lb.  11  oz.  Three  years  ago  it  was  sold  at 
Is.  per  foot  at  the  quarry,  and  delivered  in 
London  at  2s.  3d. 

In  the  midland  counties,  Tottenhoc  stone 
has  been  largely  used.  Tottenhoc  is  in  Bed- 
fordshire. Luton  Church,  Woburn  Abbey, 
and  Dunstable  Priory,  among  other  buildings, 
have  been  erected  of  this  material.  It  is  an 
argillaceous  limestone,  of  a  greenish  white 
colour.  We  believe  it  is  to  be  had  in  London 
at  23.  5d.  per  foot. 

The  Ancaster  stone  is  not  well  known  in 
London.  It  is  a  durable  stone,  and  is  of  a 
cream  colour.  Its  composition  may  be  thus 
described  : — Fine  oolitic  grains,  cemented  by 
compact  and  often  cry.stalline  carbonate  of 
lime,  and  according  to  analysis  : — Carbonate 
of  lime,  93-59  ;  carbonate  of  magnesia,  2'90  ; 
iron  alumina,  'SO  ;  water  and  loss,  2'71.  Its 
weight  is  1391b.  4o7..  per  cubic  foot;  and  the 
price  per  foot  ordinary  block,  at  the  (juarry, 
which  is  eight  miles  from  Ulverston,  is  8d. 
We  believe  it  is  delivered  at  King's  Cross  at 
Is.  6d.  per  cube  foot. 

Bath  stones  are  undoubtedly  next  in  im- 
portance to  Portland  stone.  They  are  easily 
worked  and  obtained,  arc  remarkably  cheap, 
of  good  appearance,  and  are  found  in  abimd- 
ance.  The  qualities  of  the  difl'erent  quarries 
vary  considerably.  Some  are  utterly  imfit 
for  exterior  purposes,  and  architects  and 
builders  are  frequently  deceived  by  them. 
Great  care  should,  therefore,  be  taken  in  the 
selection  of  this  material.  Bath  stone  is  of  a 
rich  cream  colour.  Analysed  it  gives  the 
following  results  : — Carbonate  of  lime,  94'52  ; 
carbonate  of  magnesia,  2'50  ;  iron  alumina, 
1'20  ;  water  and  loss,  1-78.  The  oolitic  grains 
are  fine,  and  there  are  fragments  of  shells. 
A  cube  foot  weighs  only  1231b.  It  bears  a 
crushing  weight  of  from  l,800lb.  to  2,00()lb. 
per  square  inch  of  surface.  The  chief  quar- 
ries are  the  Box,  Coombe  Down,  Farleigh 
Down,  Hindon,  and  Corsham  Down,  and 
many  of  the  quarries  are  of  great  antiquity. 
It  is  estunated  that  the  annual  consumption 
of  Bath  stone  exceeds  100,000  tons.  The  Box 
and  Corsham  quarry  has  supplied  buildings 
in  Bath,  London,  Plymouth,  Liverpool,  Man- 
chester, Birmingham,  Derby,  Nottingham, 
Leicester,  Oxford,  Dover,  and  to  almost  every 
county  in  England.  The  stones  occur  at 
intervals  in  a  series  whose  total  thickness  is 
from  60ft.  to  120ft.  It  consists  of  the  follow- 
ing subdivisions  : — 

Thickness. 

1.  Upper  ragstones 25ft.  to  50ft. 

2.  Fine  freestones  or  building  bed  10ft.  to  30ft. 

3.  Lower  ragstones 2oft.  to  80ft. 

"  The  upper  ragstone,"  says  Mr.  Ansted,  "  con- 
sists in  the  upper  part  of  coarse,  shelly,  and 
irregularly  bedded  limestones,  with  a  few- 
underlying  beds  of  white,  fine-grained  stone, 
highly  oolitic,  and  consisting  of  comminuted 
.shells.  Below  these  are  tough,  argillaceous 
bands  of  pale  brown  colour  and  smooth  tex- 
ture. There  are  no  workable  bands  in  this 
series,  but  immediately  below  it  are  the  fine- 
grained building  beds,  varying  in  number 
and  thickness,  and  distinguished  from  each 
other  by  structural  condition,  by  the  size  of 
the  oolitic  grains,  and  by  the  presence  of  sili- 
ceous particles  to  a  greater  or  less  extent." 
The  lower  ragstone  includes  numerous  shelly 
beds,  with  frequent  false  bedding,  resting  on 
fuller's  earth.  It  is  important  to  consider 
this,  since  the  lower  beds  look  like  fine- 
textured  oolitic  limestones,  but  are  easily  in- 
jured by  exposure  to  the  weather.     It  is  ad- 


mitted on  all  hands  that  in  the  use  of  Bath 
stone   much   depends  on   its  being   properly 
bedded.     If  it  be  laid  on  its  right  bed  it  is 
not  fomid  to  decay  when  exposed  to  atmo- 
spheric influence.  "  The    Rev.   H.    T.   Ella- 
combe,  of  Clyst  St.  George,  in  a  letter  a  few 
years   ago   to  a  contemporary,    gave   several 
instances  of  this.     Stone   had  been  used   for 
the   rebuilding   of  the   tower   of  the  church, 
fur  the   new  schools   and  master's   residence, 
but  the  frost  had  not  had  the  slightest  effect 
upon  any  of  the  projections,  nor  on  the  point- 
ing, done  weathered  fashion,  with  fine  blue 
lias  lime  and  coal-ash  mortar.     In  every  case, 
no  stone  was  placed  on  its  wrong  bed.     "  The 
dark  veins,"  he  added,  "  cross  the  bed  at  right 
angles  ;  and,  by   observing  these,  the   bed   is 
easily  detected,  and   shoiild  be  insisted  upon 
when  Bath  stone  isused.  Portland-place  was  the 
first  spot  in  London  where  Bath  stone  was  used ; 
there  anyone  may  see  how  it  has  stood  the 
weather,   and  how  it  is  bedded.     The  work 
was  done  liy  Bath  masons,  and  bystanders 
were   astonished  to   see  stone   worked   with 
carpenters'  tools  ;  so  I  have  been  told  by  old 
men.     I  believe  this  stone  was  supplied  from 
Coombe  Down."     It  is  not  always  so  easy  a 
matter   for   inexperienced   persons  to   decide 
oft-hand  which  is  the  right  bed  of  the  stone 
as  it   comes  from  the  quarry.     It   has,  there- 
fore, been  frequently  suggested  that  <|uai-ry- 
men  should  make  a  chisel  mark  on  the  stones 
as  they  are   quarried,  so   that  masons  might 
not  make  mistakes.     The  stone  from  Corsham 
Down   is  supplied   at  the   quarry  at  7d.  per 
foot,  ordinary  block  ;  Box  Ground,  6!d.;   and 
Farleigh  Down,  5.id.     The  Coombe  Downi  ia 
delivered  at  the  Great  Western  Railway  Sta- 
tion at  Padilington,  at  Is.  25d.  per  foot.     We 
select  the  following    buildings   in    London, 
where  Bath  stone  has  been  largely  used  ex- 
ternally, and  give  the  dates  of  each  erection, 
so  that  our  metropolitan  readers  may  judge  of 
the  external  appearance    of   the   stone  after 
some     years'     wear : — Buckingham     Palace 
(Monkton  Farleigh),  1826  ;  Strand  entrance, 
Exeter  Hall,   1831 ;    Apsley    House,  Picca- 
dilly,   182S  ;    New   College,   Finchley    New 
Road,    1851  ;      Houses,      Dean's-yard     (Box 
quarry),  1853 ;  Lincoln's   Inn-fields,   Inns  of 
Court  Hotel,  18C5.     The   following  episcopal 
churches  : — All  Souls',  Langham-place,  1825  ; 
St.    James's,  Liverpool-road,  1838  ;  St.  Tho- 
n;as.    Orchard-street  (Boxhill),     with   brick, 
1858  ;  St.  Anne's,  Wandsworth,  with  brick, 
1802  ;    St.   Paul's,    Westminster-road    (Box- 
hill\  1851-7;  Christ  Church,  Woburn-square, 
with    brick,  1832.      We  find  the   foUowing 
Roman  Catholic  churches  built  of  this  mate- 
rial— viz.,    Duncan-teriace,   City-road    (with 
brick),    1841  ;    St.    Mary's,    Grove-road,     St. 
John's-wood,    1834 ;  St.    George's,   Lambeth- 
road    (Coombe  Down    in    ornaments,    Caen 
stone  mouldings,  &c.),  1848.     Henry  VII.'s 
Chapel,    Westminster,     was     refaced     with 
Coombe  Down  stone  in  1809-22,  but  it  is  now 
mouldering  away. 

The  Ketton  oolite,  which  has  been  used  for 
most  of  the  Cambridge  colleges,  for  buildings 
in  Northamptonshire,  Bury  St.  Edmunds, 
Bedford,  Stamford,  &c.,  is  of  a  warm  cream 
tint,  and  is  said  to  be  of  a  lower  specific 
gravity  than  Barnack,  and  rather  superior  in 
resistance  to  crushing  weights.  Its  composi- 
tion is  as  foUows : — Oolitic  grains  of  moderate 
size,  slightly  cemented  by  carbonate  of  lime  ; 
according  to  analysis  :  carbonate  of  lime, 
92-17;  carbonate  of  magnesia,  4-10  ;  iron 
alumina,  -90  ;  water  and  loss,  2-83.  The 
weight  per  cubic  foot  is  1281b.  5oz.,  and  the 
price  at  quarry  Is.  9d.,  or,  in  London,  33.  4d. 
We  may  add  that  the  upper  part  of  St.  Dun- 
stan's,  in  Fleet-street  (1831),  is  of  this  ma- 
terial. The  quarries  are  extensively  worked, 
and  the  stone  is  sent  to  all  parts  of  England 
for  building  purposes.  The  quarries  have 
their  main  outlet  at  Stamford. 

The  Ham  Hill  limestone  consists  of  com- 
pact carbonate  of  lime,  with  shells,  chiefly  in 
fragments,  coarsely  laminated  in  planes  of 
beds.  Analysed,  it  gives  the  following  re- 
sults ; — Silica,  4-7  ;  carbonate  of  lime,  79  3  ; 


354 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


May  24:,  1867. 


carbonate  of  magnesia,  5 '2  ;  iron  alumina, 
8'3 ;  water  and  loss,  2o.  This  stone  is  of  a 
deep  ferruginous  brown  colour.  It  has  its 
main  outlet  at  Bridgewater  and  Yeovnl.  Ac- 
cording to  Professor  Hunt,  some  of  it  is 
a  conglomerate  of  the  red  sandstone  forma- 
tion ;  other  quarries  are  in  the  inferior  oolite. 
Three  quarries  alone  yield  an  annual  produce 
of  7,000  tons.  The  price  at  the  quarry  is  Is. 
per  foot,  ordinary  block,  and  Ss.  per  yard  3in. 
tooled  flags,  faced  on  one  side. 

Then  we  come  to  the  stone  imported  from 
Caen,  in  Normandy,  which  resembles  in  many 
respects  Bath  stone,  certainly  in  its  beautiful 
colour,  texture,  and  facility  of  working.  It 
is,  however,  lighter  than  Bath,  as  it  weighs 
only  120lb.  to  the  foot  cube,  while  Bath 
weighs  1231b.  It  is  a  harder  stone,  is  some- 
what less  absorbent,  and  its  resistance  to 
crushing  weights  is  much  superior.  Like 
Bath  stone,  it  can  be  sawn  with  a  common 
dry  saw.  Some  of  the  quarries  near  Caen 
have  been  worked  nearly  ten  centuries.  The 
Allemagne  and  Aubigne  stones  are  considered 
to  be  the  best,  although  some  of  the  poorest 
stones  have  been  imported  into  this  country 
and  have  soon  decomposed,  while  some  of  the 
better  kinds  are  scarcely  known.  Professor 
Ansted  observes  of  all  these  stones  that  they 
are  remarkably  pure,  and  not  very  shelly.  "  The 
carbonate  of  lime  is  often  sub-crystalUue,  and 
threads  of  calc  spar  traverse  the  stone  at 
intervals.  This  is  the  case,  however,  very 
generally  with  the  oolitic  limestones.  The 
Inferior  oolites,  as  well  as  the  Great  oolite, 
yield  good  building  stones  in  the  West  of 
England,  but  they  are  not  superior  to  Bath 
stone,  and  are  all  liable  to  injury  from  expo- 
sure to  the  acid  vapours  present  in  the  atmo- 
sphere of  London  and  other  large  towns  in 
England."  Schomberg  House,  81  and  82, 
Pall  Slall,  is  partly  built  of  Aubigne  stone. 
The  following  buildings  are  also  erected  of 
Caen  stone  : — Rev.  \V.  Brock's  chapel, 
Bloomsbury-street  (with  brick,  1848  ;  cleaned 
down  ten  years  afterwards)  ;  St.  Martin's 
Schools,  Long  Acre  (with  brick),  1850  ;  upper 
part  of  Mark-lane  Chambers,  18.56  ;  No.  116, 
Piccadilly,  1850;  Conservative  Club,  St. 
James's-street,  1844 ;  the  east  fa9ade  of 
Buckingham  Palace  (which  has  been  painted 
over),  1847;  St.  Jude's  Church,  Turk-row, 
Chelsea,  1844. 

The  limestones  of  Devon  are  supplied  at  the 
local  quarries,  E.^eter,  at  Ss.  5d.  per  ton,  at 
Torquay  8d.  per  ton,  the  latter  being  used  for 
walling. 

Of  Portland  stone  and  the  magnesian  lime- 
stones we  hope  to  give  our  readers  some  prac- 
tical information  in  separate  articles. 


TRADES'   UNIONS'   COMMISSION. 

R.  ALFRED  MAULT,  secretary  of  the 
(J_  General  Builders'  Association,  was 
examined  at  great  length  before  the  Com- 
m.is3ion,  his  evidence  occupying  thirty-six 
pages.  Mr.  Mault  stated  that  his  association 
was  established  in  August,  186.5,  and  has  its 
central  ottices  in  Birmingham.  The  objects 
of  the  association  are  generally  "  to  secure 
the  good  of  the  trade,  which  cannot  be  secured 
by  individual  action,  especially  in  relation  to 
systems  of  contract,  and  to  the  action  of  the 
trades'  unions."  Being  asked  to  explain 
what  he  meant  by  "systems  of  contract," 
witness  said  that  iu  every  contract  there  is  a 
clause  running  to  this  effect,  that  the  decision 
of  the  architect  in  relation  to  all  matters  in- 
volved in  the  contract,  both  as  to  the  quality 
of  the  work,  the  intention  of  the  contract,  and 
the  payments  for  the  contract,  is  to  be  final 
and  binding  upon  both  the  proprietor  and  the 
builder.  "  We  hold  that  that  is  very  unfair, 
because  the  architect  is  appointed  by  the 
proprietor,  and  can  be  removed  by  the  pro- 
prietor, and  consequently  the  whole  of  his 
leanings  (to  say  nothing  else)  will  naturally 
be  towards  the  proprietor's  view  of  any  ques- 
tion that  may  arise  aa  between  proprietor  and 
builder."     It  was  further  explained  that  the 


association  was  founded  upon  the  principle 
that  every  master  has  a  perfect  right  to  con- 
duct his  business  as  he  thinks  fit,  so  long  as 
he  can  do  it  efficiently  and  sufficiently  for  his 
own  objects.  The  General  Association  is 
formed  of  an  aggregation  of  local  associations. 
These  compriss  now  about  eighty  towns  all 
over  the  country,  principally  in  the  west  and 
north  of  England,  and  three  or  four  towns  in 
Scotland.  The  General  Association  does  not 
interfere  in  the  affairs  of  any  local  association, 
except  at  the  express  invitation  of  that  local 
association;  and  then,  in  matters  connected 
with  the  intercourse  between  masters  and 
men,  if  a  dispute  arise,  the  rule  is  that  the 
General  Association  will  not  take  any  action 
in  favour  of  the  masters  of  any  local  associa- 
tion luitil  those  masters  have  offered  to  the  men 
to  settle  the  matter  in  dispute  by  arbitration, 
and  the  men  have  refused  to  have  it  so 
settled.  Witness  was  sorry  to  say  that  arbi- 
tration had  not  been  accepted  very  many 
times,  but  in  every  case  in  which  it  had  been 
accepted  it  had  proved  acceptable  to  the  men 
themselves,  as  well  as  to  the  masters.  Accord- 
ing to  the  last  census  there  were  in  Great 
Britain  856,472  persons  immediately  con- 
nected with  the  building  trade,  and  from  the 
annual  reports  of  the  various  trades'  unions 
throughout  the  country,  witness  estimated 
that  among  the  carpenters  and  joiners  there 
were  about  21,000  unionists,  or  10 '3  per  cent, 
of  the  whole  number  of  operatives  connected 
with  that  branch ;  of  masons,  20,000,  or  about 
17  per  cent;  of  bricklayers,  15,000,  or  18| 
per  cent.  ;  of  plasterers,  6,000,  or  about  30 
per  cent.  ;  of  plumbers,  glaziers,  and  painters, 
8,000,  or  yj  per  cent. ;  of  brickmakers,  2,500, 
or  about  6  per  cent. ;  of  labourers  and  the 
other  trades  not  mentioned  there  might  be 
18,000  connected  with  the  unions.  This 
estimate  gives  a  total  of  90,500  unionists,  or 
about  104  per  cent,  of  the  whole  number  of 
operatives  of  all  branches  connected  with  the 
trade.  From  those  figures  the  non-union 
labour  is  vastly  in  excess  of  the  union  labour 
of  the  country.  In  stating  the  ett'ects  of 
trades'  unions  as  far  as  the  interests  of  his 
association  were  concerned,  witness  said, 
"  I  do  not  want  to  say  anything  that  may 
appear  at  all  hard  as  regards  the  working 
men — we  respect  them  very  highly,  and  our 
great  end  and  object  is  to  cultivate  as 
friendly  relations  as  possible  with  them,  and 
what  we  do  in  association  is  done  principally 
with  the  view  of  restoring  those  •  kindly 
feelings  that  ought  undouljtedly  to  prevail 
between  people  who  are  so  much  connected  as 
the  masters  and  tlie  workmen  in  any  de- 
partment of  the  building  trade  especially 
must  be."  As  to  picqueting,  Mr.  Mault's 
evidence  went  to  corroborate  what  had  been 
said  by  previous  witnesses.  He  also  men- 
tioned cases  where  picquets  had  been  con- 
victed for  interfering  with  tlie  master's 
manner  of  carrying  on  his  business,  and  for 
threatening  masters  as  well  as  men.  These 
unions  act,  said  witness,  as  if  monopoly  in 
labour  were  already  established,  in  that  they 
enforce  the  payment  of  a  purely  arbitrary- 
price  for  labour.  Instead  of  tending  to  the 
equalisation  of  wages  the  tendency  of  the  ope- 
ration of  trades'  imions  was  just  the  oppo- 
site. Wages  vary  in  England  from  8d.  to 
4|d.  per  hour.  For  instance,  carpenters  and 
joiners  at  Chester  get  6d.per  hour;  at  Shrews- 
bury, 4id.;  at  Southport,  6|d.;  and  at  Wigan, 
5|d. ;  and  so  on.  Asked  :  Are  you  aware  of 
many  oases  iu  which  under  the  pressure  of  a 
time  contract  a  builder  has  been  obliged  to 
yield  to  a  demand  for  an  increase  of  wages  .' — 
That  is  a  very  common  occurrence. — Does  the 
apprehension  of  the  interference  of  the  imion 
seriously  embarrass  a  builder  in  making  his 
contracts  ? — So  seriously  that  we  recommend 
the  whole  of  the  towns  in  the  union  with  us 
to  come  to  an  understanding,  and  not  to 
tender  for  work  unless  they  are  protected  by 
a  strike  clause.  He  thought  it  would  be 
better  for  both  parties  that  the  men  should  be 
paid  according  to  their  skill  and  industry  in 
each  case,  and  he  thought,  taking  the  coun- 


try generally,  that  the  rate  at  which  they 
would  be  so  paid  would  remain  as  high  as  it 
is  at  present  without  any  union  on  the  part  of 
the  men.  Asked  :  If  he  knew  of  any  in- 
stance in  which  the  men  had  refused  to  con- 
form to  a  rule  which  had  been  agreed  to  be- 
tween masters  and  men  1 — -Witness  replied. 
Yes,  last  year,  at  Birmingham.  The  men 
having  signed  a  code  of  rules  and  accepted  it, 
refused  to  conform  to  it,  on  no  other  ground 
except  that  the  arbitration  went  against  them. 
( Mr.  Applegarth  here  said  "  The  carpenters  were 
not  implicated  iu  that  at  all.  Our  men  make 
it  a  boast  that  they  succeed  in  settling  these 
things  by  arbitration.")  Witness  substantiated 
this  statement,  remarking,  "  When  the  brick- 
layers of  Birmingham  struck  against  this 
arbitration,  the  carpenters  loyally  kept  to  the 
promise  that  they  had  made  to  the  masters." 
In  answer  to  the  question,  how  would  a  work- 
man be  able  to  be  supported  in  a  dispute  with 
his  master  without  the  existence  of  the 
unions  ?  Mr.  Mault  said,  I  think  that  the 
ordinary  fellow  feeling  of  the  workmen  would 
be  sufficient  without  any  organisation. — How 
is  he  to  subsist  while  he  fights  his  battle  with 
his  master  ? — By  going  and  getting  the  wages 
that  he  wants  from  another  master. — But  how 
is  he  to  subsist  in  the  meantime  while  he 
goes  about  seeking  employment  elsewhere  ? 
— That  is  not  a  question  for  me. — But  it  is  a 
question  for  him  surely  I — It  is  a  question  ot 
the  man's  own  provident  habits.  I  should 
say,  let  him  pay  into  a  friendly  society  by  all 
means,  or  into  a  society  which  will  support 
him  when  out  of  work. — Witness  went  on  to 
say  that  he  thought  that  the  bargain  one  mas- 
ter against  one  man  would  be  a  fair  one  ;  it 
had  always  told  to  the  advantage  both  of 
masters  and  men,  and  was  more  conducive  to 
the  general  progress  of  the  country.  He 
knew  some  masters  who  were  called  black 
masters  because  they  employ  only  non-union 
men,  but  that  had  grown  up  from  the  con- 
nection of  the  master  with  a  strike  or  some- 
thing of  that  sort.  He  was  also  of  opinion 
that  the  employer  ought  to  be  allowed  to 
judge  for  himself  whether  he  would  have  the 
work  done  by  piecework  or  by  the  day, 
and  not  only  the  employer  but  the  general 
public  :  "  and  the  general  public  have  de- 
cided that  they  will  have  the  great  bulk  of 
their  work,  as"  far  as  we  are  concerned,  done 
by  piece,  and  that  being  so,  I  do  not  think 
that  any  other  persons  should  interfere." — 
He  stated  that  trades'  unions  always  op- 
posed piecework.  The  masters  held  that 
opposition  to  be  bad.  He  did  not  thuik 
piecework  was  bad  work  as  a  rule.  Iu  answer 
to  another  question,  witness  said  that  in  many 
places  there  was  a  rule  in  existence  with 
reference  to  apprentices,  limiting  their  num- 
ber. The  masters  were  forced  to  accept  that 
rule,  although  they  objected  to  the  principle 
it  involved.  He  knew  of  instances  where 
the  rule  had  caused  disputes  between  masters 
and  men,  and  had  actually  led  to  a  strike. 
His  objection  was  that  in  large  towns,  such  as 
Manchester,  where  many  of  the  masters  em- 
ployed 80  or  100  bricklayers,  the  operation 
of  the  rule  which  compelled  a  master  only  to 
have  one  apprentice  at  a  time,  would  be  that 
in  the  course  of  ten  or  twenty  years,  when 
the  present  generation  of  bricklayers  died 
out,  there  would  not  be  a  quarter  of  the 
number  to  take  their  places. 


A    PHILOSOPHICAL   VIEW   OF  ART, 

The  F0TUKE. — {Concluded.) 

PRACTICALLY  applying  the  law  of  pro- 
gress to  architecture  in  its  present  experi- 
mental and  semi-scientific  stage  of  develop- 
ment, we  have  now  to  consider  its  advance 
under  conditions  somewhat  at  variance  to 
that  definitive  or  positional  state  under  which 
it  will  take  its  proper  place  in  the  grand 
scheme  of  co-ordinated  science.  It  must  be 
admitted  by  all  that  our  present  method  of 
designing  is  an  eclectic  one,  and  imposes  very 


May  21,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


355 


little  scientific  culture  or  training  upon  our 
artista,  and  the  inevitable  result  is  the  want 
of  principle  or  moral  aptitude  in  a  very  large 
proportion  of  our  works  of  art.  Generally 
speaking,  they  are  as  deficient  in  logical  cor- 
rectness or  fitness  as  in  the  esthetic  qualities 
they  display,  and  this  assertion  applies  more 
forcibly  to  architecture  as  now  jjvactised  than 
to  any  other  branch  of  art  study. 

Ridiculously  far-fetched  and  absurd  as  are 
many  of  the  ceramic,  textile,  and  metallic  de- 
signs submitted  to  public  notice,  the  fantastic 
ideas  and  shapes  capricious  Fashion  conceives 
in  jewellery  and  ladies'  dress  are  less  irra- 
tional in  tlieir  way  than  the  medieval  appen- 
dages, dim  lights,  loopholes,  machicolated 
cornices,  and  overpowering  campaniles  that 
diffuse  an  antiquated  gloom  in  our  architec- 
tural conceptions  for  our  churches,  townhalls, 
and  courts  of  justice.  In  the  first  case,  the 
idea  of  the  artist  is  simply  one  of  embellish- 
ment, generally  accessorial  to  something  else, 
and  the  work  itself  is  very  limited  in  its 
power ;  it  does  not  make  much  difference 
whether  ferns  or  rosebuds  or  chain  patterns 
bespatter  our  carpets,  damasks,  or  dresses,  or 
whether  golden  spikelets  or  acorns  bedeck  the 
e;irs  of  the  fair  ;  but  the  case  is  difi'erent 
when  the  appropriation  of  the  work  has  a 
twofold  aspect — when  the  intellect  and  imagi- 
nation are  both  to  be  gratified.  There  must 
then  be  a  compromise  of  conditions,  the  pre- 
ponderance being  given  to  those  on  which  the 
destination  of  the  structure  depends. 

Architecture  accordingly  stands  somewhere 
midway  between  the  useful  and  the  decora- 
tive, the  logical  and  the  a;sthetic  ;  and  its 
scientific  practice  can  only  be  arrived  at  by 
properly  defining  the  limits  of  each  element 
in  the  difi'erent  classes  of  building  which  can 
be  legitimately  ranked  as  architectural.  Now, 
I  think  it  will  be  conceded  as  an  initial 
hypothesis  that  wherever  one  ruling  idea 
predominates  it  partakes  either  of  the  utili- 
tarian or  assthetic  character  ;  and,  therefore, 
the  work  should  clearly  exhibit  that  character 
in  its  integrity.  Under  such  a  category  the 
two  opposite  conditions  of  building  are  to  be 
considered — viz.,  simple  constructive  buUdiug, 
in  which  use  is  the  primal  and  ulterior  end, 
and  simple  religious  or  monumental  building, 
in  which  a  dominant  conception  regulates 
the  inferior  and  subsidiary  offices,  and  imder 
which  materials  and  constructive  science 
become  more  passive  than  instrumental 
agents.  Between  these  two  opposite  classes, 
combining  more  or  less  of  each,  stands  by  far 
the  largest  portion  of  our  modern  complex 
architecture.  Now,  the  primitive  conditions 
of  the  art  were  comprised  in  one  or  the  other 
of  the  two  opposite  classes.  Pure  necessity 
created  the  simplest  type  of  building,  and 
the  primitive  religious  conception  was  em- 
bodied either  in  the  simple  sacrificial  temple 
or  in  the  monumental  structure.  There  was, 
consequently,  no  conflict  of  ideas ;  there 
were  few  conditions  of  structure  to  compro- 
mise, for  reaUy  the  only  primitive  architec- 
tm'e — the  monumental  or  religious — involved 
little  science  and  no  complexity  of  structure. 
I  think,  then,  that  our  hypothesis — namely, 
the  primitive  preponderance  of  one  idea — ex- 
plains satisfactorily,  and  in  accordance  with 
our  great  law  of  progress,  which  began  by  the 
simple  and  proceeded  to  organic  complexity, 
the  early  development  ot  architecture.  Its 
subsequent  unprogressive  aspect  becomes  thus 
easy  by  inference — naiuely,  the  diversity  of 
ideas  occasioned  by  civilisation,  and  their 
combination  and  compromise  or  conflict  that 
it  necessarily  gave  rise  to  in  this  art. 

It  is  clear,  then,  that  the  conditions  imder 
which  architecture  first  advanced  were  highly 
favourable  to  its  oesthetical  perfection  ;  the 
conception  was  at  once,  without  a  difiicult 
jprocess,  transmitted  into  the  material  object, 
Ithe  transition  of  the  subjective  to  the  objec- 
IHve  was  easily  eftected  by  a  simple  step. 
This  transition,  as  we  have  seen  in  oivr  histo- 
rical sketch  of  thought,  became  more  diflicult 
as  the  gradual  estrangement  between  these 
two  mental  phenomena  proceeded  with  the 


simultaneous  advance  of  the  speculative  and 
experimental.  Accordingly,  to  rightly  esti- 
mate the  combined  value  of  the  above  condi- 
tions in  a  modern  work  of  architecture,  we 
must  separately  consider  them,  attaching  to 
each  its  proper  limits  and  appropriation  in 
the  organic  structure.  First,  then,  under  the 
material  conditions  we  have  durability,  con- 
struction, and  convenience,  as  essential  to 
every  Ijuilding;  and,  secondly,  under  the 
ajsthetic  conditions,  we  have  to  estimate  the 
degree  of  expression  or  beauty  each  of  these 
is  capable  of  receiving  without  detracting 
from  its  legitimate  ollice  or  attaching  an 
tmdue  prominence  to  it  as  an  element  of  a 
coherent  whole.  The  appointment  of  the 
structure  and  the  materials  used  must  deter- 
mine the  precise  degree  of  beauty  or  orna- 
ment assignable  to  each  of  these  conditions. 
Thus,  it  has  been  asserted  that  the  duty  of 
the  architect  is  to  ornament  his  construction ; 
but  it  would  be  quite  inconsistent  for  us  to 
panel  our  walls,  as  is  sometimes  done  exter- 
nally, or  to  fill  between  our  timber  roof  prin- 
cipals the  same  class  of  ornament  as  we  apply 
to  our  walls.  We  may  add  also,  the  external 
and  internal  requirements  of  oirr  edifices 
require  a  modification  of  treatment  ;  thus,  we 
might  spangle  our  vaults  internally  with  star- 
like perforations,  or  fret  them  with  a  net- 
work of  ribbing,  but  it  would  be  manifestly 
absurd  to  treat  them  in  such  a  manner  ex- 
ternally, and  yet  our  staimch  constructionist, 
who  would  conceal  nothing,  would  have  us 
do  so.  According  to  such  logic  the  law  of  a 
higher  condition  would  be  sacrificed  to  mere 
construction — a  fimdamental  error  fallen  into 
by  many  in  their  love  for  exhibiting  to  a 
nail  and  joint  the  anatomical  structure  instead 
of  making  it  subordinate  as  one  of  the  lowest 
means  to  the  desired  result.  It  is  the  per- 
fected beauty — the  just  subordination  of  the 
material  to  the  higher  attributes  of  art — that  is 
to  be  aimed  at,  and  the  only  criterion  of  this 
is  the  destined  position  the  building  is  to 
occupy  as  a  fine  art  work.  A  laboured  and 
mechanical  appearance  is  always  destructive 
to  repose,  a  paramount  quality  in  every  work 
of  fine  art.  "  The  end  of  art  is  to  conceal 
art "  is  an  aphorism  as  often  set  aside  alto- 
gether as  it  was  once  too  designedly  (mis)- 
appUed  as  a  cloak  for  deception.  The  desti- 
nation and  purpose  of  every  structure  should 
become  a  law  unto  itself,  and  a  moderate 
artist  will  content  himself  in  developing  the 
capacities  of  his  materials  just  to  that  point 
which  harmonises  best  'svitli  his  design  as  a 
composition.  To  this  end  the  employment 
of  suitable  materials  and  their  treatment 
become  important  considerations  under  the 
first  two  of  our  general  conditions.  Of  the 
materials  that  compose  our  organic  art  we 
observe  gradations  in  their  workable  capa- 
cities susceptible  of  more  or  less  esthetic  re- 
finement, sometimes  answering  only  construc- 
tive ends,  and  at  other  times  rising  to  the 
highest  art,  and  capable  of  stirring  the  higher 
feelings  of  our  nature.     Thus  we  have — 


Materials. 


Stone  

Bricks 

Timber  

Irou 

Glaaa  

Calcai'eous  and 
plaBtic  sub- 
staucea    

Terra  cotta   .. 

Other  artificial 
compoaitions — 
papier  mache, 
vulcanite, 
Parkesine,  (fcc. 


Constructive 
Use. 


Scientific  masonrj'. 

Walling,  arching, 
&c. 

Carpentry,  in  truss 
iug  framing,  Ac. 

In  compreuaive, 
cross,  and  tensile 
strains. 

Light  transmitting 
substance. 

Mortars  and  ce- 
ments, paving, 
stuccoing,  <fcc. 

Window  and  door- 
heads,  (tc. 

Limited  ill  applica- 
tion. 


Esthetic  Perfec- 
tion. 


Can'ing     and    sculp- 
ture. 
Moulded  brickwork. 

Joinery,  moulded 
and  carved  work. 

Cast  and  wrought 
metal  work. 

Moulded  work  and 
glass  staining. 

Cast,  moulded, 
stamped,  and  en- 
caustic work. 

Ditto. 

Moulded  and  stamped 
ornament. 


From  the  above  classification,  comprising 
the  greater  portion  of  the  material  elements 
and  their  degrees  of  artistic  refinement  in 
architecture,  it  is  easily  perceived  how  the 
first-mentioned  materials — those  the  earliest 


employed — were  readily  converted  from  con- 
structive use  into  fine  art  perfection  ;  and 
how  passively  they  became  the  vehicles  of  a 
simple  idea  and  a  primitive  construction,  in 
which  compression  was  the  chief  principle 
involved.  In  our  more  complex  arrange- 
ments, instead  of  two  or  three,  often  all  tlie 
above-enumerated  materials  enter,  and  their 
constructive  adaptation  makes  their  transition 
into  the  testhetic  category  a  somewhat  dilficult 
process.  Our  modern  attempts  at  ornamental 
brickwork  indicate  this.  We  can  combine 
our  courses  and  mould  our  bricks  ;  but  we 
have  our  arches  and  counter-arches,  abut- 
ments, and  skewbacks,  and  other  practical 
intricacies,  to  consider  and  overcome,  unless 
we  use,  as  is  often  very  ett'ectively  done,  stone 
lintels  and  heads  to  our  window  and  door 
openings,  or  adopt  what  I  consider  quite  as 
good — viz,,  terra  cotta.  The  fact  is,  our 
middle  or  constructive  rank  has,  since  our 
early  progenitors  conceived  and  built,  inter- 
posed a  formidable  condition  between  our 
materials  and  their  expressive  or  testhetic 
capabilities,  owing,  as  I  have  before  observed, 
to  the  inordinate  advance  of  our  scientific  and 
industrial  lite. 

Thus  the  position  architecture  will  occupy 
m  the  future  will  depend  chiefly  on  the 
co-ordination  or  balance  of  the  arts  allied  to  it, 
so  that  each  will  take  its  place  according  to 
its  relation  and  dependence  in  the  whole  com- 
position, instead  of  the  present  irrational 
practice  of  exhibiting  a  finesse  in  one  art  at 
tlie  expense  of  all  the  others.  Sach  a  balance 
of  the  ingredients  of  architectural  design 
bears  an  analogy  to  that  adjustiuent  of  politi- 
cal power  and  moral  strength  which  consti- 
tutes the  harmony  and  perfection  of  social 
life,  and  may  be  further  compared  to  that 
perfect  union  of  the  physical,  sensuous,  and 
spiritual  elements  of  our  humanity  in  M'hich  is 
sublimated  the  happiness  of  the  individual 
man. 

The  cultivation  of  the  feelings,  no  less  than 
that  of  the  body  and  mind,  is  essential  to  the 
completeness  of  the  human  race ;  and  no 
study  can  so  adequately  fulfil  such  a  condition 
than  the  beautiful  in  thought,  in  form,  in 
sound,  and  in  colour ;  and,  as  Goethe  has  said, 
the  beautiful  includes  the  good,  and  adds 
something  to  it — to  use  Mr.  J.  S.  Mill's  words 
in  his  inaugural  address,  recently  de- 
livered to  the  University  of  St.  Andrews. 
Architecture  occupies  a  position  in  our  com- 
plex civilisation  somewhere  between  thought 
and  sentiment  and  the  material  wants  of  our 
present  ejiistence,  and  consequently  its  real 
rank  in  the  hierarchy  of  art  wUl  remain  im- 
certain  till  these  elements  have  assumed  that 
definitive  order  in  the  great  scientific  and 
social  polity  of  the  futirre.  At  no  time  more 
than  at  the  present  has  special  study  and 
practice  been  so  inirsued  ;  and  such  a  tend- 
ency, while  it  temporarily  creates  a  spirit  of 
narrowness  and  exclusiveness  in  the  artist 
and  practitioner,  is  at  the  same  time  elabo- 
rating and  perfecting  a  system  of  organic  law 
as  greatly  important  to  art  as  to  science  and 
humanity.  Greatly  as  it  may  shock  the 
medievalist,  the  general  dilettante  and  ortho- 
dox critic,  much  that  we  respect  and  revere 
must  undergo  a  partial  if  not  entire  revolution 
in  the  future  reconstituted  system ;  and 
already  our  modified  religious  belief  and  wor- 
ship has  suggested  plans  for  our  churches  as 
contrary  to  our  old  ritualism  as  they  are  con- 
sistent with  modern  thought  and  science. 

G.  H.  G. 


A  CHAPTER  ON  FLOORS  AND 
FLOORING  BOARDS. 

WHAT  will  they  write  a  chapter  upon 
next  ?  I  dare  say  some  of  your  readers 
will  ask,  and  very  proper  such  a  question 
might  appear,  for  flooring  boards  and  flooring 
will  remain  flooring  still ;  but  with  the  intro- 
duction of  machinery,  the  great  cost  of  labour, 
and  the  fierce  competition  now  ragmg  in 
every  branch  of  trade,  flooring,  like  aU  other 
things,  has  been  submitted   to  great  changes, 


356 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


Mat  24.  1867. 


and  it  is  these  changes  I  propose  to  form  the 
subject  of  the  present  chapter.  Glancing  on 
the  old  times  of  hand  labour,"  when  that 
great  agent  steam  was  unutilised,  and  move- 
ments of  powerful  machinery  •  to  relieve  man 
of  his  most  onerous  duties  slumbered  as  a 
dream  in  the  minds  of  scientific  men,  only  to 
be  developed  by  a  wise  posterity,  we  alight 
upon  times  when  native  growTi  woods  formed 
the  base  of  operations.  That  they  were  costly 
and  regarded  as  luxuries  we  may  well  believe, 
for  we  find  houses  in  limestone  districts  with 
floors  of  common  lime  or  mortar,  and  the 
same  in  the  midland  districts,  wloioh  abound 
with  gypsum,  for  there  plaster  floors  were 
common  up  to  very  recent  times.  Where  we 
find  wood  floors  possessing  any  age  they  were 
only  used  as  chamber  floors,  the  sitting-rooms, 
or  in  many  cases  the  bedrooms,  on  the  ground 
floor  being  composed  of  porous  bricks,  which 
bespeak  the  silent  gTowth  of  consumption  in 
the  young  and  rheumatics  in  the  old. 
Amongst  the  older  class  of  wood-flooring  we 
find  elm  and  larch,  the  latter  being  much 
prized  from  the  smoothness  of  its  wear,  but 
for  the  better  cl.ass  oak  ruled  supreme  ;  and 
proud  was  the  nobleman  who  boasted  of  his 
polished  oaken  floor,  the  wood  of  which  was 
grown  on  his  own  estate  ;  and  in  some  cases, 
as  at  Haddon  Hall,  they  even  went  so  far  as 
to  assert  that  their  great  ballroom  floors  were 
made  from  one  entire  tree.  Amongst  the  many 
lu.vuries  prevailing  with  our  last  Stuart  king 
costly  floors  of  cedar  formed  a  conspicuous 
item. 

In  the  earliest  times  they  were  content  with 
rough  sawn  or  even  chopped  boards,  rudely 
fitted  with  irregular  edges,  then  came  parallel 
WTOUght  boards,  and  lastly  foreign  timber. 
With  the  introduction  of  foreign  timber  came 
a  sweeping  change  ;  carpenters  ^^  ere  bred  as 
it  were  upon  the  wood  itself ;  we  find  it  used 
for  almost  every  purpose,  and  manipulated  in 
such  a  superior  style  that  we  are  led  to  ask 
the  question,  "  Where  did  this  new  race  of 
carpenters  come  from  i "  Where  is  the  car- 
penter who  has  not  heard  of "  clean  floors," 
and  who  has  not  wondered  where  the 
old  workmen  obtained  their  wood  from  ; 
floors  without  a  knot,  without  a  touch  of 
sap,  or  even  a  nail  being  seen  on  their 
surface.  "Clean"  was  the  term  by  which 
they  were  designated  ;  and  clean  they 
were,  every  board  being  as  like  the  other 
as  two  peas,  each  with  a  beautiful  flowing 
grain  up  the  centre.  As  the  secret  of  this 
class  of  floor  is  not  generally  known,  it  may 
be  as  well  to  give  a  little  information  on  the 
subject.  It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that 
foreign  timber  was  not  introduced  into  this 
country  because  of  its  economic  character, 
as  there  were  plenty  English  grown  woods 
ready  to  hand,  but  it  was  introduced  chiefly 
for  its  beautiful  quality.  Christiana  and 
Archangel  being  the  ports,  as  they  are  at  the 
present  day,  for  producing  clean  and  close 
grown  timber,  were  the  first  ports  to  ship  the 
yellow  pine  to  England;  in  every  instance 
they  were  in  the  squared  or  hewn  form  of 
timber,  the  system  of  sending  it  ready 
converted  being  a  custom  that  grew 
out  of  a  trade  being  formed  with 
foreign  countries.  We  must  imagine  one 
of  these  beautiful  timbers  in  the  hands  of  the 
sawyers  for  conversion  into  flooring  boards. 
Their  first  process  was  to  take  a  7in.  or  Sin. 
plank  out  of  the  centre  of  the  balk,  and  after- 
wards turn  it  down  and  convert  the  whole  of 
it  into  boards.  Each  board  would  thus  pos- 
sess the  grain  (or  feather,  as  it  was  called) 
down  its  centre.  The  outer  planks  were 
treated  the  same  way,  being  turned  flat,  and 
having  a  "in.  or  Sin.  piece  taken  out  of  the 
centre  to  be  cut  into  board  in  a  similar  man- 
ner. The  accompanying  diagram  will  best 
explain  the  system.  It  will  thus  be  seen  that 
the  corner  and  heart  pieces  were  used  for 
other  purposes.  The  boards  were  prepared 
and  thicknessed  half  an  inch  on  from  each 
»dge  on  the  bottom  side,  the  remainder  of  the 
thicknessing  being  done  with  the  adze  at  the 
point  where  they  laid  across  the  floor  joist. 


Tift  first  boaed  was  naQed  down  by  its  edge 
or  fixed  with  wood  buttons  to  grooves  in  the 


lA. 


Mn 


#/ 


sides  of  the  joist.  The  next  board  was  fas- 
tened by  having  wood  or  iron  dowels  driven 
into  the  edge  of  the  board,  and  this  system 
was  pursued  board  by  Ijoard  throughout  the 
entire  floor.  If  the  floor  was  for  a  ball-room, 
picture  gallery,  or  a  first-class  room  or  corri- 
dor, it  was  generally  polished  with  linseed  oil 
and  finely-powdered  brickdust,  and  by  con- 
stant labour  and  attention  an  effect  was  pro- 
duced that  even  the  modern  system  of  French 
polishing  camiot  supersede.  With  the  levy- 
ing of  duties  upon  foreign  timber,  and  a  scale 
afl'ecting  the  various  sizes,  the  custom  of  im- 
porting converted  timber  was  naturally 
fostered ;  planks  of  12in.  and  upwards 
were  subjected  to  a  higher  rate  of  duty  than 
those  of  narrower  width  ;  hence  the  custom  of 
our  deals  being  imported  11  in.  broad  to  avoid 
the  high  duty.  9-inch  and  7-inch  deals  were 
seldom  seen,  and  as  wood  flooring  came  more 
into  demand  this  foreign  converted  timber  was 
cut  up  for  flooring  purposes  ;  in  some  cases 
they  were  cut  down  to  5.^ui.  in  width,  but 
more  generally  we  find  the  wood  floors  of  old 
houses  to  be  llin.  broad. 

As  time  moved  on,  and  economy  became 
more  fully  developed,  we  find  narrow  deals 
and  battens  to  have  been  in  great  demand. 
The  latter  class  are  those  generally  set  apart 
for  flooring  purposes  ;  but  as  they  are  made 
from  the  smallest  class  of  timber,  or  from  the 
upper  portion  of  the  trees,  the  old  system  of 
obtaining  boards  on  what  may  be  termed 
geometric  principles  was  entirely  lost  sight  of, 
and  it  is  this  adoption  of  the  latter  class  of 
wood,  and  the  discontinuance  of  hewn  timber 
being  imported  from  the  ports  of  Archangel 
and  Christiana,  that  makes  up  our  sum  of 
wonder  when  we  compare  the  wood-flooring  of 
to-day  with  those  of  a  century  gone  by.  What 
shall  we  say  of  preparino;  flooring  i  Well 
might  the  better  class  of  old  tradesmen  refuse 
to  do  such  laborious  work,  and  well  might  so 
many  carpenter's  be  seen  walking  the  streets, 
boimd  down  with  weight  of  toU,  to  be  the  by- 
word and  the  jeer  of  every  boy  ;  "  There  he 
goes  with  a  billy  on  his  back,  "  "  His  job 's  to 
flog  floor  boards,"  &c.,  being  common  re- 
marks. It  used  to  be  argued  with  good  reason 
by  these  poor  men  that  "  somebody  must  do 
it."  The  idle  apprentice  would  be  told  by 
his  master  that  he  would  be  fit  for  nothing  but 
to  dress  floorboards  ;  and  in  many  instances 
with  men  of  no  principle  their  apprentices 
were  taught  little  else  during  their  seven 
years'  servitude.  Instances  are  numerous 
where  such  youths  have  growTi  up  with  last- 
ing deformities.  It  might  have  been  some  of 
these  poor  fellows  that  named  one  of  their 
tools  "  the  trying  plane."  The  workmen  of 
to-day  ought  to  be  glad  they  have  lit  upon 
the  present  century,  when  steam  power  and 
machinery  are  doing  thatlaborious  work  which 
was  beyond  the  strength  of  man — when  it 
has  removed  the  load  of  deformity  from  their 
shoulders  and  placed  them  in  a  position  of 
comparative  ease.  We  have  no  doubt  but 
they  are  thankful,  and  that  they  care  not  to 
be  reminded  of  participating  in  the  strikes 
which  were  got  up  in  opposition  to  the  intro- 
duction of  wood-working  machinery.  Let  us 
now  consider  a  matter  which  is  forcing  itself 
seriously  upon  us.  AVe  have  perfected  our 
machinery  and  we  have  grown  proficient  in 
the  management  of  it,  we  lead  a  life  of  com- 
parative ease  observing  it  perform  the  work 
which  our  forefathers  laboured  at  so  inces- 


santly ;  we  have  thus  become  nabobs  in  a 
Little  sphere,  and  have,  by  dint  of  perseverance, 
succeeded  in  obtaining  better  pay  for  a  Little 
than  was  formerly  obtained  for  a  great  amount 
of  toil ;  we  have  also  succeeded  in  obtaining 
our  living  with  a  less  number  of  hours,  and 
we  may  be  said  to  have  reached  the  summit 
of  our  desires.  Free  trade  has  no  doubt  done 
this  ;  and  free  trade  is  the  watchword  of  the 
day.  Free  trade  allows  our  beautiful  ma- 
chinery to  go  to  foreign  coimtries  where  labour 
is  cheaper  and  the  hours  of  toil  are  unaltered. 
Free  trade  allows  the  produce  of  this  ma- 
chinery to  be  brought  amongst  us,  and  cause 
a  dearth  in  some  particular  class  of  our  native 
employment.  Perhaps  there  is  no  branch  of 
trade  that  is  destined  to  suft'er  to  such  an  extent 
Ijy  these  measures  as  the  manufacturing  of  wood- 
work. A  s  the  present  chapter  is  strictly  confined 
to  the  subject  of  flooring  boards  we  will  stick 
to  the  text.  Ten  )-ears  ago  about  25  per  cent, 
of  the  mill  sawing  in  tlus  country  consisted 
of  converting  battens  into  flooring  and  other 
boards  ;  by  the  perfection  of  machinery  in 
Sweden  and  Norway  they  are  now  able  to  sup- 
ply us  with  our  boards  ready  sawn,  and  the 
rapidity  with  which  foreign  sawn  boards  have 
grown  upon  us  leads  us  to  say  that  the  imports 
of  timber  in  a  short  time  wUl  be  all  ready- 
sawn  boards.  They  are  sending  them  all  sizes 
from  the  range  of  the  Baltic  ports,  from  St. 
Petersburgh  down  to  Gottenburg,  and  they 
are  affecting  the  employment  of  labour  in  our 
saw  mills  to  a  serious  extent.  This  is  not  all, 
they  are  laying  down  machinery  for  preparing 
flooring  boards  and  are  already  sending  cargoes 
of  planed,  tongued,  and  grooved  flooring  i  nto  the 
port  of  Hull  and  other  places.  The  influence 
of  it  is  very  little  felt  at  present,  because  the 
machinery  in  active  motion  is  in  Norway  pre- 
paring the  better  class  of  boards  which  forms 
only  an  tinimportant  feature  in  the  flooring 
trade  of  this  country.  In  a  few  months'  time 
several  of  the  Swedish  ports  will  be  in  active 
work  preparing  low-priced  flooring  for  the 
English  market.  The  difference  in  favour  of 
the  foreign  prepared  boards  compared  with 
those  of  our  own  manufacture  will  lie  from 
10  to  20  per  cent.,  a  sum  which  is  double  that 
needed  to  stamp  out  the  trade  ol  floorboard- 
preparing  in  this  countrj-.  Some  will  say 
that  the  foreign  boards  cannot  be  brought  in 
a  merchantable  state  across  the  sea.  This 
must  be  denied  upon  inspecting  the  foreign 
boards,  for  they  are  as  clean  as  if  only  re- 
moved from  one  street  to  another  ;  and  with 
the  powerful  steamers  which  are  now  trading 
to  Gottenburg  and  other  northern  ports  in  two 
or  three  days'  sail,  bringing  on  their  return 
all  kinds  of  foreign  produce,  it  reduces  the 
distance  of  these  foreign  ports  to  the  level  of 
a  neighbouring  to^^'n.  W.  S. 


FAILURES  IN  CONSTETJCTION. 

"  T>  EMARKS  upon  Failures  in  Construction  " 
XL  was  the  title  of  a  very  able  and  exhaustive 
paper  read  at  a  meeting  of  the  Royal  Institute  of 
British  Architects,  on  the  8th  ult.,  by  Mr.  Edwin 
Nash,  I^'eUow  of  the  Institute.  Mr.  Nash  introduced 
his  subject  by  some  general  remarks,in  the  course 
of  which  he  observed  that"  failures  inconstruttion 
often  teach  more  than  successes,  inasmucU  _  as 
experiences  dearly  bought  leave  an  indelible  im- 
pression, and  open  our  eyes  to  circumstances  not 
before  perceived  ;  and  this  trite  observ.ation  is 
exempUfied  wben  any  part  of  the  structure  shows 
results  in  the  stability  of  the  materials  different 
from  those  intended,  and  exhibits  some  ill  cooae. 
quences,  be  they  great  or  small,"  He  then 
passed  on  to  consider,  first, 

FOUNDATIONS. 

A  very  Large  proportion  of  failures  may  be 
traced  to  imperfect  foundations,  and  too  much 
care  and  sagacity  cannot  be  exercised  by  the 
architect  in  arranging  his  underworks,  keeping  in 
Hew  the  principle  that  uniformity  of  bottom  is  of 
far  more  importance  than  anything  else.  We  may 
imagine  that  he  may  build  upon  woolsacks  if  the 
whole  be  of  that  nature,  and  it  is  possible  to  build 
well  upon  a  uniform  bed  of  peat  by  carefully 
spreading  the  weight  over  the  whole  surface,  and 


May  2-L,  1SG7. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


357 


many  structures  have  been  so  built,  and,  as 
respects  Loudon,  most  of  the  houses  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Finabury-square  and  circus 
stand  on  a  somewhat  peaty  bed,  and  the  site  of 
the  beautiful  mansion  erected  in  181G  for  the 
London  Literary  Institution  had  a  bed  of  that 
BOrt.  If  the  whole  of  that  building  had  been 
founded  upon  the  undisturbed  surface  of  the  peat 
instead  of  cutting  through  it  for  the  main  exter- 
nal walls  only,  as  was  done,  there  would  probalily 
have  been  few  or  perhaps  none  of  those  irregvdar 
settlements  which  were  occasioned  by  some  sub- 
sidence of  the  internal  walls,  from  the  drying  up 
of  the  peat  a  long  time  after  the  building  had  been 
erected,  and  which  rendered  underpinning  need- 
ful. I  do  not  mean  to  say  that  soft  bottoms  are 
to  be  coveted,  but,  on  the  contrary,  I  should  like 
every  architect  to  revel  in  the  luxury  of  a  hard 
one,  such  ;vs  chalk,  which  is  about  the  best  soil 
that  cau  be  had,  very  much  on  accovmt  of  the 
homogeneity  of  its  nature. 

When  adding  to  old  buildings  it  is  often  necessary 
to  allow  parts  of  old  foundations  to  remain,  and  to 
build  new  work  upon  them  ;  and  though  it  is  bad  in 
practice,  and  h.as  been  sometimes  attended  with  bad 
results,  it  cannot  .always  be  avoided.     The  settle- 
ment of  new  work  built  against  old  work  is  com- 
monly  understood,   and  the  settlement  is   very 
wisely  allowed  to  go  on  with  as  little   check  .as 
--ible,  so  that  it  may  not  drag   upon  the  old  ; 
in  those  cases  in  which  one  has   to  build   not 
:  oly  against,  but  amongst  and  upon  old  work, 
re  is  a  danger  of  irregular  settlements  and  per- 
i  of  fractures,  or  something  worse  :  inst.ances 
ji  this  might  be  given,  and  they  suggest  the  great 
.lesirability  of  making   a  complete  rooting   up  of 
ihe  old  work,  so  as  to  have  a  clear  site  for  making 
i  fresh  and  uniform  bottom  for  the  whole  of  the 
lew  portion. 

CUSTOM   HOUSE. 

The    astonishing    falling    down    of    the  Long 
loom  at   the   Custom  House,    in  1S25,  was  a  re- 
mrkable  illustration  of  these  points.     It  was  not 
isioned  by  defective  design  or  workmanship  in 
-    iiuildingitself,  but  by  defective  arrangementsin 
•reparing  the  foundation.     Thesite  wasacoufused 
nass  of  irregular  old  walls,  sewers,  ancient  quays, 
,nd  rubbish,  the  debris  of  numerous    work-s   that 
lad  been  formed  there  in  successive  ages.     It  was 
hrough  and  amongst  this  chaos  that  a  foundation 
t  wood  piles  was  unwisely  driven,  and  it  is  there- 
ore  not  to  be  wondered  at  that  untoward  mis- 
jkes  and   irregularities  occurred,   whereas  if  all 
ubbish  and  incumbrances  had  been  cleared  away 
»t  great  cost  perhaps),  there  would  have   been  a 
fee  field  for  operating  upon  with  certainty  ;  the 
bsence  of  this  precaution,  and,  in  fact,  the  work- 
ag  so  much   in   the  dark,   was  the   cause  of  an 
naperfect  foundation,  and  especially  of  a  small 
listake  at  one  part,  that  occasioned  the  failure  of 
ne  pier,  which  thought  on  the  fall  of  many  piers, 
nd  the  destruction  of  the  greater  portion  of  this 
irge  and  costly  editice.     The  building  had  two 
lories  of  vaults  formed   with  a  very   extensive 
aries  of  stone  and  granite  piers   carrying  brick 
rshes,  and  each  pier  stood  (or  was  intended  to 
tand)  upon  nine   old  timber    piles,    forming  a 
)aare,     covered     with     planking.       Some     of 
Qese  piles  did  not  drive  properly  into  the  ground 
1  consequence  of  the  unseen  obstructions  they 
let  with,  and  the  entire  site  being  incommoded 
'ith  vast  heaps  of  rubbish,   it  was  no  easy  t.ask 
)  get  all  set  out  and  executed  in  accurate    posi- 
on.     This  was  particularly  proved  in  respect  of 
ae  of  the  piers,  under  which  the  middle  row  of 
le  set  of  piles  belonging  to  that  pier  was  mis- 
iken  for  the   outer  row,    and  the  square  group 
ot  thus  planted   ou   one  side,  and,  it  becoming 
Eterwards  obscured  by   the  loose  rubbish  placed 
round  it,   the  stone  pier,  when  bmlt  in  its  right 
lace,  did  not  coincide   with  the  wrong  place  of 
le  piles — in  short,  half  of  the  pier  had  no  founda. 
on  whatever,  but  hung   over  the  mere  rubbish, 
hile  the  other  half  just  balanced  upon  the  edge 
E  the  group  of  piles,    and,  although   a  consider- 
Ae  time  elapsed   before   this  pier  fell,  yet  when 
did  slip  off  the  piles  it  had  nothing  but  soft 
ncompacted    rubbish  to  receive  it,   and   conse- 
uently  it  went  down  to  the  astounding  degree  of 
,ft.  or  6ft.,  burying  itself  to  its  neck,   and  urged 
.  ovmwards  by   the  extra   pressure  given  by  the 
'iher  piers  and  arches  above,  which,  having  lost 
leir  equiUbrium,    sank   over  towards    this    de- 
lending  pier,  and  the  two  stories  of  vaults  eventu- 
liyfell  as  a  disastrous  ruin.     The  important  law 
'  litj  the  '•  Crown  rcrsws  Peto,"  arose  out  of   this 
ihappy  affair.      I  may  add  that,  whatever   may 
"e  been  the  architect's  opinion  as  to  a  suitable 
undation  for  this  building,  the  piled  foundation. 


was  no  part  of  his  own  scheme,   and  was  not  in-' 

eluded  in  the  builder's  contract,  but  that  it  was 
the  mode  advised  by  another  of  high  authority 
and  reputation. 

The  ancient  practice  of  a  plentiful  use -of  con- 
crete had  not  then  been  fully  revived,  though  this 
immediately  followed  ;  and  it  was  even  extensively 
used  at  the  reparation  of  the  Custom  House 
itself,  and  since  then,  wiierever  there  has  been  a 
site  of  analogous  ch.aracter,  concrete  has  been  used 
a.a  a  complete  bed  all  over,  in  fact,  concrete 
bottoms  have  now  become  vuiiversal,  and  in  the 
present  day  at  the  new  St.  Thomas's  Hospital, 
the  architect  proposes  to  make  a  gcner.al  clear- 
ance, and  to  cover  the  entire  surface  with  a  very 
deep  bed  oC  that  compact  material.  At  Fish- 
mongers' Hall  there  was  not  only  the  concrete 
but  a  complete  frame  of  timber  running  through 
all  the  footings. 

V.VUIETY  OF  HEIGHT. 

Variety  of  height  often  causes  irregular  settle" 
ments,  and  it  is  commonly  seen  that  lofty  towers, 
when  engiiged  in  the  body  of  a  building,  sink 
down  to  a  greater  degree  than  the  less  weighty 
parts,  and  thus  dam.age  the  connection  of  the 
work.  This  may  be  seen  in  the  engaged  tower  of 
St.  Martin's  Church,  at  Trafalgar-square,  where 
the  work  around  has  been  broken  by  the  extra 
pressure ;  and  there  are  numerous  instances  of 
the  like  result.  This  circumstance  indicates  not 
only  the  necessity  of  particular  hardness  and 
spread  in  the  foundations  of  towers,  but  also  the 
desirability  of  not  engaging  them  too  much  in 
the  body  of  the  building,  and  it  is  noticeable  that 
Sir  Christopher  Wren  (although  some  of  his  build- 
ings show  the  defect  now  alluded  to)  was  fond  of 
keeping  his  towers  distinct  from  the  general  mass, 
an  arrangement  which,  as  a  general  rule,  is  also 
aesthetically  preferable.  Indeed,  it  seems  to 
point  out  that  each  particular  height  and  weight 
requires  a  corresponding  difference  in  the  strength 
of  the  foundation,  and  that  the  higher  parts 
shoidd  be  erected  proportionately  in  advance  of 
the  lower  parts ;  yet  much  retinement  iu  this 
respect  would  cause  complication,  and  might 
defeat  the  end  in  view. 

wateh  in  FoinroATiONS. 

Water  in  foundations  is  a  fertile  source  of 
injury  to  buildings,  and  often  brings  them  down  ; 
and  where  they  do  not  fall  it  causes  bad  settle- 
ments. The  examples  are  more  frequent  than  is 
perhaps  imagined,  but  only  a  few  instances  of 
falling  down  from  this  cause  need  be  named: — In 
1S.'')6,  four  new  houses  at  Paddingtou  ;  in  18G0 
a  house  in  Clerkenwell ;  in  IStjI,  a  bridge  on  the 
Great  Northern  Railway;  in  1S62,  the  piers  of  a 
viaduct  ou  the  Hammersmith  Railway,  killing  six 
men,  where  water  from  a  ditch  seems  to  have 
saturated  the  bottom  of  one  only  of  the  piers ; 
in  1S65,  a  railway  bridge  at  Eeckenham  I  y  Hood- 
ing; in  lStJ(3,  houses  at  Penge  from  saturation. 
As  to  the  irregular  settlements  caused  by  water, 
it  may  be  observed  that  within  the  clayey  dis- 
tricts of  the  metropolitan  area,  they  readily  occur, 
the  soil  being  peculiarly  unfit  for  saturation,  as  it 
thus  becomes  sodden  and  almost  liquid  ;  indeed, 
it  does  not  well  bear  changes  of  any  kind,  inas. 
much  as  it  shrinks  and  swells  almost  as  certainly 
as  the  barometric  tluid,  and  there  are  very  few 
houses  in  the  suburbs  without  some  cr,ack  th.at 
might  be  traced  to  the  imperfections  of  the  soil 
they  stand  upon.  Depth  is  the  great  thing  in 
this  clayey  soil;  it  is  more  important  than 
breadth,  because  depth  gives  a  greater  removal 
from  the  influence  of  the  weather  and  from  other 
disturbances,  such  as  the  formation  of  a  deep 
sewer  iu  the  neighbourhood  of  a  building  after  it 
has  been  some  time  erected,  the  sewer  having 
the  effect  ot  drawing  moisture  out  of  a  very  ex- 
tensive area,  thus  allowing  the  soil  to  shrink,  and 
the  stability  of  a  houte  to  become  disturbed.  In 
all  cases  where  there  is  iiuy  possibility  of  rain  or 
other  water  accumulating  in  the  bottom  during 
the  process  of  building,  it  is  important  to  have  the 
drains  Laid  and  in  action  before  commencing  to 
build.  Clay,  if  perfectly  quiet,  is  not  a  bad  soil 
to  build  on ;  but  if  weather  or  springs  affect  it 
underneath  a  building,  it  is  almost  as  bad  as  sand 
affected  by  similar  process.  The  blue  clay  under 
London  is  a  very  compact  body  ;  but  the  yellow 
clay  is  not  so  reliable,  and  there  being  alternations 
of  gravel  and  ssnd  with  the  cl.ay,  it  is  sometimes 
found  that  water  drawn  from  newly  sunk  wells 
has  the  effect   of   drawing  out  particles  of  earth 

rom  these  looser  strata,  which  consequently 
i  ubside  and    permanently   injure    the   buildings 

hat  stand  above.      An  enumeration  of  irregular 


settlements  iu  Loudon  would  form  too  long  a 
'catalogue. 

ijuHVON  THE  THAMES. 

.  I  .will  uoWrefer.to  a  Me.amboiit  "qu.ay  on  the 
Thanica,  the  front  retaining  wall  of  which  fell 
down  in  1843,  after  it  had  been  six  yeara  iu  use, 
and  it  gave  symptoms  of  its  dissolution  long  before 
the  catastrophe.  The  outer  part  of  the  broad 
gravelled  quay,  artificially  formed  upon  the  fore- 
shore of  the  river,  appeared  to  be  on  the  move 
previous  to  any  sigus  of  failure  iu  the  river 
wall,  and  I  noticed  this  disturbance  on  several 
occasions  without  then  having  the  least  idea  of 
what  was  about  to  hajipen.  Kow,  if  we  turn  to 
the  section,  we  shall  see  how  the  work  was 
planned.  Observe  the  level  of  low  water, — it  is  at 
least  3ft.  6in.  below  the  bottom  of  the  regaining 
trout  wall ;  but  this  seems  to  have  been  thought 
of  no  consequence,  inasmuch  as  the  work  below 
the  footings  of  that  wall  was  a  breastwork  of  iron 
piles  at  short  intervals,  andiron  face-plates  closely 
fitted  together  and  tied  in  by  long  land  ties  and 
backed  by  concrete,  thus  holdiiig  in  the  artificial 
foundation  or  embankment  upou  which  the  wall 
was  to  stand.  The  concrete  extended  up  to  the 
base  of  the  wall,  but,  as  most  of  it  got  washed 
away  bodily  during  its  deposition,  it  was  replaced 
by  washed  gravel,  with  2ft.  of  concrete  above  it, 
underneath  the  wall,  which  was  started  upon  a 
footing  of  6-inch  York  landings,  with  the  front 
edge  of  them  resting  ou  the  he.ad  of  the  iiou  piles, 
and  this  particular  circumstance  will  want  further 
notice  presently.  The  wall  then  went  up  as  on 
the  section,  being  five  I  ricks  thick  at  bottom, 
and  three  bricks  thick  at  high  water  level,  all  iu 
cement,  and  well  bonded  with  iron  hooping,  and 
there  were  counterforts  at  intervals,  and  tie  rods 
midway  held  in  the  timber  guard  piles  that  were 
socketed  into  the  head  of  each  alternate  iron  pile, 
the  piles  being  about  5ft.  apart  in  the  clear. 
Now,  how  came  this  t  J  fall  down  i  In  the  first 
place  there  was  no  cofferdam,  and  the  concrete 
could  have  had  no  proper  protection  from  tl  e 
water  of  the  river,  and  consequently  could  m  t 
very  readily  harden.  Moreover,  the  wall  ought 
to  have  commenced  under  low  water  line,  in- 
stead of  above  it,  for  the  bed  of  the  river  havirg 
been  lowered  to  the  line  on  the  drawing  to  allow 
steamboats  to  lie  close  upto  thedummies  or  barges 
at  all  times  of  tide,  the  water  flowed  freely  over 
the  two  upper  ranges  of  iron  face-plates  for  a  height 
of  about  Sit.,  half  of  which,  being  above  low  water, 
was  subject  to  the  change  of  being  wet  and  dry 
daily.  Now,  supposing  any  imperfections,  however 
slight,  in  the  joints  of  that  part  of  the  work  not 
covered  by  the  shore  at  which  water  could  cuter, 
there  woxild  be  a  daily  entrance  and  daily  dischaige 
of  some  quantity  of  water  below  the  l-ase  of  tie 
wall,  and  if  it  did  find  any  degree  of  entrance  any. 
where,  it  would  at  last  reach  the  embankmei  t 
behind,  enforced  by  the  pressure  of  from  16ft.  to 
ISft.  of  water,  added  to  which  there  would  be  the 
drawing  effect  of  a  rapidly  falling  tide  ;  and  thia 
insidious  agency  of  water  in  constant  action, 
perhaps  slight  at  first,  would  in  time  carry  away 
a  portion  of  the  earthwork  of  the  embaukment 
below  and  behind  the  brick  wall,  and  this  at  an 
increasing  ratio ;  and  all  this  appears  to  have  oc- 
curred, assisted  perhaps  by  land  water  from  be- 
hind, which  would  aid  the  running  out  of  parti- 
cles of  earth  when  the  tide  was  down.  The  broad 
roadway  or  quay  surface  (as  I  have  said)  first  be- 
came irregular,  and  then  slowly  shrunk  down- 
wards, and  after  a  time  the  wall  tended  inwards, 
and  did  not  appear  to  go  down  bodily  like  the  em- 
bankment itself  ;  and  this  must  have  bean  because 
its  front  edge  was  firmly  lodged  on  the  top  of  the 
iron  piles,  which  going  into  the  ground  a  long 
way  below  the  distirrbance  wo  have  beeu  noticing 
held  more  firmly  to  their  place,  and  caused  the 
wall  to  tut  over  inwards.  The  whole  of  the  middle 
portion  of  the  quay  went  to  pieces  as  a  complete 
wreck,  but  the  rounded  ends,  which  had  been 
piled  with  three  rows  of  wood  piles  within  the 
outer  iron  piles,  stood  firm. 

I  think  the  case  not  only  illustrates  the  danger 
of  letting  a  foundation  have  any  chance  of  dis- 
turbance by  water,  but  it  also  particularly  shows 
how  injudicious  it  is  to  let  a  foundation  stand 
upon  two  kinds  of  support.  This  wharf  wall 
should  have  been  either  wholly  of  brick  from 
bottom  to  top,  or  wholly  of  iron  from  bottom  to 
top,  like  the  iron  and  concrete  w,ills  at  Fresh- 
wharf,  by  London  Bridge  and  at  Brunswick -wharf 
Blackwall,  and  like  some  others  wholly  of  iron. 

I  must  add  to  these  remarks  that  the  ecgineer 
disapproved  at  the  time  of  the  omission  of  a 
cofferdam,  which  would  have  made  it  possible  to 
carry  out  his  original  design  iu  a  proper   manner. 


358 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


May  24,  1867. 


but  ai  it  belonged  to  a  jointBtock  company,  ita 
members  thought  this  requirement  of  the  engi- 
neer was  needleasly  expensive,  and  over-ruled  him. 
As  a  contrast  to  the  above  I  will  j  ust  point  to 
a  section  of  the  wharf  wall  at  the  Houses  of  Parlia- 
ment, where  the  work  goes  down  a  good  distance 
below  low-water  line,  and  has  no  kind  of  irregular 
support  at  the  bottom,  and  consequently  no  like- 
lihood of  failure.  Another  good  wall  is  that  of 
Billingsgate  wharf  ;  the  only  questionable  part 
(if  it  was  carried  out  as  per  section)  being  the  se- 
cond or  internal  wall,  which  is  shown  as  standing 
on  the  heads  of  piles,  which,  though  a  good  foun- 
dation for  the  wall  itself,  might,  from  its  being 
tied  to  the  front  wall,  which  has  no  piles,  have 
occasioned  a  little  difference  in  their  settlement, 
though  no  effect  of  the  kind  is  observable  in  the 
structure. 

PILES. 

Let  me  reiterate  a  remark  often  made  respect- 
ing wooden  piles,  vii.,  that  if  durability  be  essen- 
tial, they  must  be  far  removed  from  atmospheric 
changes,  and  then,  in  such  circumstances,  the  tim- 
ber may  even  become  fossilised  after  sufficient  lapse 
of  time ;  but  I  am  unable  to  perceive  the  suita- 
bility of  pile  foundations  for  any  part  of  London, 
except  the  river  margin,  though  they  seem  to  have 
been  very  common  during  the  last  century,  and 
instances  are  constantly  occurring  in  which  build- 
ings of  that  era  show  severe  cracks,  and  require 
underpinning,  when  it  is  found  that  the  irregular 
■inking  has  been  occasioned  by  the  decay  of  tim- 
ber. The  drawing  out,  instead  of  the  cutting  off 
of  piles  used  for  dams,  is  a  well-known  imperfec- 
tion in  practice. 

RAPID      BUILDINO. 

Hapid  building  is  a  well-known  cause  of  failure, 
and  many  disasters  arise  from  it,  particularly 
during  the  more  humid  portions  of  the  year,  and 
if  the  fragile  houses  that  are  run  up  round  London 
did  not  get  some  rest  on  Sunday,  the  crooked, 
overhanging,  and  falling  walls  would  be  even  more 
numerous  than  they  are.  But  even  some  well- 
built  structures  have  failed  through  haste,  and  se- 
veral of  modem  date  might  be  mentioned.  Ex- 
cessive care  is  needful  with  foundations,  when  it 
i«  necessary  to  build  rapidly,  besides  those  other 
precautions  that  are  common  in  re»pect  of  quick- 
setting  material,  and  plentiful  bond,  &c. 


Inverted  arches  are  of  great  value  for  spread- 
ing weights  if  they  be  properly  applied,  hut 
they  have  been  known  to  fail  from  the  radius 
being  too  great  in  proportion  to  the  width.  I 
will  name  one  of  the  buildings  of  St.  Thomas's 
Hospital  at  London  Bridge,  erected  in  1S34,  and 
recently  taken  down.  The  opening  was  about 
12ft ,  and  the  drop  of  the  arch  about  loin.  ;  its 
extrados  was  just  above  the  footings,  and  its  skew 
backs  were  in  the  main  end  wall  of  the  four- 
storied  ward  buildings,  no  brickwork  being  above 
the  intrado.s,  and  soon  after  the  roof  was  on  the 
arch  broke  in  the  middle  and  showed  a  disposition 
to  spring  upwards,  but  no  evil  result  occurred. 
The  spread  of  bearing  in  this  case  would  have 
been  better  obtained  by  a  wide  extent  of  foot- 
ings, and  no  invert,  and  I  am  of  opinion  that 
flat  inverts  under  very  distant  piers,  such  as  the 
columns  of  a  church,  are  not  only  useless,  but 
are  really  dangerous.  Inverts  should  in  many 
cases  be  bricked  up  in  the  solid  of  a  wall,  and, 
if  that  cannot  be  done,  it  will  be  better  to  have 
large,  wide-spreading,  and  deep  bases  and  foot- 
ings. In  the  few  churches  that  I  have  built  I 
have  never  put  an  invert  to  any  column,  and  I 
remember  that  in  18'44  I  heard  Professor  Hos- 
kiug  at  King's  College  express  similar  views  to 
these,  and  yet  it  is  singular  that  the  same  au- 
thority, only  two  years  previous  to  that  date, 
published  what  may  be  called  a  recommendation 
of  shallow  inverted  arches  between  the  piers  of 
large  bridges ;  but  this  suggestion  has  surely 
never  been  made  use  of,  it  being  quite  un- 
unsuitable  for  any  bridges  but  those  of  small 
■pan. 

CRUSHINO. 

Crushing  of  material  is  a  subject  that  necessarily 
comes  much  under  the  architect's  observation. 
In  1848  the  columns  of  a  new  church  were  formed 
of  chalk ;  this  was,  of  course  the  grey  chalk,  which 
is  a  sound  homogeneous  material,  and  if  kept  dry 
will  sustain  a  good  weight,  but  in  this  case  wet 
got  to  it  and  some  frost,  and  it  went  to  pieces. 
There  is  a  beautiful  modern  church  at  Weybridge, 
in  Surrey,  with  chalk  columns  carrying  the  nave 
arcadei,  and  when  I  saw  it  a  few  years  ago  all  was 


in  an  excellent  state ;  yet  it  seems  to  me  that  when 
we  look  at  the  adverse  conditions  to  which  build- 
ing operations  are  exposed,  it  is  scarcely  wise  to 
USB  so  absorbent  and  so  light  a  material  for  bear- 
ing purposes.     Some  kinds  of  chalk  are  not  unfit 
for  other  uses  in  a  building,  and  a  good  applica- 
tion of  it  for  ornamental  work  may  be  seen  in  the 
late  restoration  of  St.  Cross  Church  at  Winchester. 
In  the  case  of  a  Bath  stone   column  in  a  mo 
deru    building,   from  which   sprang    four    large 
arches,    it  failed  from  crushing,  or   rather  it  was 
from  breakage.  The  shaft  was  a  cylinder  of  2ft.  Sin 
in  diameter  upon  a  base  3ft.  Sin.  square,  and  it  was 
the  moulded  base  stone  that  broke.     The  weight 
on   the    column  was  about  68   tons,   that  being 
1 7  tons  per  square  foot,  which   ia  less  than    one- 
third  of  the  smallest  weight  that  is  sufficient  for 
crushing  according  to   experiments,  which   have 
shown  that  it  takes  at  least  54  tons  per  square  foot 
to  crush  good  Bath  stone.     The  discovery  of  the 
failure     was     made     soon     after    the     building 
liad  been  roofed  in,  and  all  was  in  very   perilous 
condition,  inasmuch  as  if  this  shaft  had  come  down 
nearly  the  whole  building  would  have    followed 
The  stone  that  broke  was  the  one  used  at  the  ce- 
remony of  what  is  called  laying  the  first  stone. 
It  was  1ft.  6in.    thick,   and    3ft.  3in.    square,  and 
in  the  centre  of  the  stone  beneath  it  was  a  small 
hollow  for  a  bottle  of  coins,  so  that  there  was  no 
bearing  in  the  immediate  heart  of  the  work  ;  but 
the  failure  was  not  caused  by  this,  but  by  the  im- 
proper manner  in    which  the  stone   was  bedded 
by  a  noble  personage,  or  rather  I   should  say   by 
the    masons  who   prepared   the  bedding  for    his 
lordship.     The  foreman    thought    he  must  have 
the  mortar  peculiarly  smooth   and  good  looking, 
which  was  an  error  to  begin  with ;  he  then  put  four 
stout  patches  of  it   on  the  lower  stone,  one   near 
each  of  the   four  corners,  where  it  got  somewhat 
dry  during  the  time  consumed  by  the  ceremonial ; 
and  after  that  time  some  fine  liquid  mortar,  very 
much  like  grout,  wis   put  over  the   general  sur- 
face, and  his  lordship  trowelled  it  about,  but  the 
four  patches  were   not   flattened  down   nor  made 
homogeneous  with  the  other  mortar,  yet  the  stone 
was  then  lowered,  leaving  the  four  patches  as  the 
most  solid  portions.       AH  stood  well   for  nearly 
a  twelvemonth,  until  the  entire   weight  came  on, 
and   then  a  crack  was    observed   at  E  on  draw- 
ing,    another      followed     at     F,     and     another 
at     each     of     the     corresponding    portions    of 
the    square.       The   alarm  being  given    all    had 
to    be   shored  up,     the  broken    stone    removed 
with  much  difficulty  and  new  put  in,  and,   after 
getting  out  the  shattered  stone,  the  four  patches 
of  mortar  were  still  distinctly    visible,  and   were 
evidently  the  cause  of  the   failure,   for  you   will 
perceive  that  none  of  them  came  under  the  peri- 
phery of  the  shaft,  and,  as  those  points  bore  the 
weight,  there  was   in    fact   no   general    bed,  and 
the  stone  had  not  sufficient  strength  to  carry  the 
building  upon  four  legs  as  it  had  been  doing.    The 
lesson  to  be  learnt  from  this  is,  first,  that  the  cere- 
monial foundation  stone  should  never  be  one  that 
has  to  do  a  great  amount  of  duty,  because  at  such 
ceremonies  the  workmen  are  apt  to  be  bewildered 
and  to  perform  the  work  in  a  way  that  looks  more 
pleasing  than  solid,  and,  secondly,  that  fine   mor- 
tar and  thin  joints  are  not  so  good  as  more  hearty 
material  and  stouter  bed,  and,  thirdly,  that  when 
a  circular  column  stands  on  a  square  stone  it  is 
well  to  have  the  joint  at  the  four  corners  of    the 
square  sawn  out  a  little,  to  relieve  the  horns  which 
might  break  oif,  or  so  to  alter  the  form  as  to  make 
this  needltss.* 


THE  HALL  OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES. 

THE  Queen  on  Monday  laid  the  foundation 
stone  of  the  new  Hall  of  Arts  and  Sciences 
at  South  Kensington.  The  projection  of  this 
undertaking  is  due  in  a  great  measure  to  the  late 
Prince  Consort.  It  appears  that  soon  after  the 
closing  of  the  great  Exhibition  of  1851,  representa- 
tions were  made  to  the  Commissioners  from  vari- 
ous quarters  of  the  want  that  was  felt  throughout 
England,  and  especially  in  the  chief  commercial 
cities,  of  a  central  institution  in  London  for  the 
promotion  of  scientific  and  artistic  knowledge  as 
appUcable  to  productive  industry.  The  Commis- 
sioners, of  whom  the  Prince  Consort  was  presi- 
dent, devoted  their  surplus  funds  to  the  purchase 
of  an  estate  at  South  Kensington,  "  with  the  view 
of  providing  a  common  centre  of  union  for  the 
various  departments  of  science  and  art  connected 
with  industrial  education."  Plans  were  then 
drawn  out  directed  towards  the  object  in   view, 


and  in  these  plans  the  central  hall,  now  about  to 
06  erected,  "  formed  a  prominent  and  essential 
feature."  The  death  of  the  Prince  Consort  for  a 
time  put  an  end  to  the  project ;  but  the  idea  of  a 
central  hall  is  now  revived.  The  hall  will  bej 
available  for  national  and  international  congresses,i 
concerts,  distributions  of  prizes,  art  conversazioni,: 
exhibitions  of  works  of  art  and  industry,  and  of: 
agricultural  and  horticultural  products ;  and  "  any 
other  purposes  connected  with  science  and  art." 
' '  The  hall  vrill  be  elliptical  in  form,  and  will  measure 
on  the  longer  axis  320ft.,  and  on  the  shorter  308ft. 
The  height  from  the  floor  of  the  arena,  which  ia 
the  lowest  part  of  the  interior,  to  the  skylight  in 
the  flattened  dome  that  covers  the  whole  will  be 
135ft.  The  materials  will  be  red  brick,  with  terra 
cotta  ornament,  such  as  is  now  being  used  on  the 
new  buUdings  of  the  South  Kensington  Mu,seum. 
The  dome,  of  iron,  will  be  covered  outside  with  lead, 
and  inside  with  fibrous  plaster,  which  will  admit  of 
any  amount  of  applied  decoration.  The  interior  will 
be  arranged  as  an  amphitheatre — in  the  centre  the 
arena,  next  tiers  of  open  seats,  above  which  come 
the  1,000  guinea  boxes,  and  above  these  the  boxes 
at  500  guineas.  Over  the  latter  will  run  a  balcony, 
the  wall  space  of  which  will  afford  hanging  room 
for  pictures ;  while  highest  of  all  will  be  a  largt 
picture  gallery  lighted  from  the  top.  The  rough 
sketch  of  the  plan  was  produced  by  the  late  Cap- 
tain Fowke,  and  has  been  carried  out  by  Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel Scott,  R.E.,  assisted  by  Mr.  Town- 
roe,  a  pupil  of  the  lamented  Mr.  Godfrey  Sykes 
The  contractors  are  Messrs.  Lucas,  who  have  under 
taken  to  advance  the  money  for  the  boxes  and 
stalls  not  yet  taken  up,  in  the  belief  that  when  tht 
hall  is  completed  numbers  of  persons  will  be  onlj 
too  glad  to  relieve  them  of  their  responsibiUty 
All  the  first  tier  of  boxes,  costing  £1,000  each  ii 
perpetuity,  have  been  already  taken  up,  and  a  con 
siderable  number  of  the  £500  boxes.  The  seatf 
in  the  arena  will  accommodate  800  persons  ;  thost 
in  the  amphitheatre,  1,360  ;  and  certain  boxes  or 
the  ground  tier  can  be  opened  to  hold  360.  Tht 
first  tier  will  consist  of  43  boxes,  each  accommo 
dating  ten  persons,  and  each  furnished  with  a  smal 
room  behind ;  while  the  upper  tier  will  have  8( 
boxes,  each  holding  five  persons,  and  having  also  ( 
small  room  in  the  rear.  Behind  each  tier  of  boxei 
will  run  round  the  buUding  a  corridor  9ft.  ii 
width.  The  lighting  at  night  will  be  by  jeta  a 
gas  following  the  horizontal  lines  of  the  building 
and  that  by  day  will  be  aided  by  certain  lunetta 
which  will  be  filled  with  stained  glass.  Aboy« 
these  lunettes  mil  be  frescoes.  There  will  bi 
three  carriage  entrances  under  cover,  and  tweni^ 
six  entrances  for  visitors  on  foot,  so  that  in  case  o 
accident  or  alarm  the  building,  which,  howevar 
will  be  fireproof,  could  be  emptied,  even  when  at 
its  fullest,  in  something  less  than  five  minutes. 

In  the  interior,  about  one-fourth  of  the  ampU 
theatre  will  be  set  apart,  when  occasion  requires 
as  an  orchestra,  which  will  afford  accommodation 
for  a  thousand  performers.  At  the  back  of  thi£ 
orchestra  will  be  erected  the  larerest  organ  in  tin 
world,  65ft.  long,  25ft.  deep,  and  70ft.  high.  _H 
will  cost  £7,500,  and  will  be  furnished  with 
ninety  stops  and  fourteen  sets  of  couplers.  Th< 
contract  has  been  taken  by  Mr.  Willis.  The  esti. 
mated  cost  of  the  building  is  £200,000.  It  wil 
be  under  the  direction  of  a  provisional  committee 
of  which  the  Prince  of  Wales  is  the  chairman  ;  ant 
the  management  of  the  haU  will  be  vested  in  i 
governing  body  under  the  authority  of  a  roya 
charter. 


*  To  be  coutiuued. 


DESIGN  FOR  THE  NEW  LAW  COURTS. 

THE  subject  of  our  double-page  illustratioi 
this  week  is  the  bird's-eye  view,  from  tbi 
south-west,  of  Mr.  George  Edmund  Street'i. 
design  for  the  new  Courts  of  Justice.  Nex' 
week  we  hope  to  give  a  detail  illustration  o 
the  .same  design. 

♦ 

We  have  this  week  to  record  the  death  of  Mr 
Edward  Humphrys,  who  was  one  of  the  mos' 
successful  engineers  of  the  age.  Mr.  Humphry 
was  born  at  Penzance,  in  Cornwall,  in  the  yea: 
1808.  He  afterwards  removed  to  Bristol,  wharf 
he  worked  as  a  harness  and  boot  and  shoe  maker 
The  bent  of  his  mind,  however,  lay  in  another  di 
rection  and  he  took  to  engineering.  About  thirt; 
years  since  he  came  to  London.  From  that  tim' 
almost  up  to  the  hour  of  his  death,  he  ateadib 
marched  on  as  one  of  the  most  successful  marini 
engineers  of  modern  times.  His  works  at  Dept 
ford  are  known  all  the  world  over,  as  from  then 
have  issued  many  of  the  largest  and  most  pow  <• 
iul  marine  engines  ever  constructed. 


^ 


§tW: 


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-%-.! 


v'.^^v.'vrn'v^^ 


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i«^lflEi^''^''%*''t!^^'''iM^ 


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DESI€;^J:FOR:NEV/:CO0RTS:OF:,^(fSmG■;)fevc. 
BIRD^  t(^(] :  PRONPECt :  FROM :  SOW.H  W€SG 


C((\<>R(;t{  :f)[)fljr!|!D:CTK.EET  :  ]H:R.-fI :  fIR<  lriWi<l 


V? 


May  24,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


303 


ST. 


MARTIN-IN-TIIK-FIELT1S    NEW 
WORKHOUSE. 


THE  present  workhouse  of  this  parish,  in 
the  rear  of  tlie  National  Gallery,  Tra- 
faljjar-sciuare,  is  required  for  an  addition  to 
that  Institution,  and  the  Guardians  liave 
secured  a  plot  of  land  of  about  seven  acres  in 
extent  at  Wimbledon,  upon  which  they 
propose  to  build  a  new  workhouse  to  super- 
sede that  at  present  occupied. 

The   principles,  amongst   others,  were  laid 
down  by  the  Board,  that  in  the  new  house  the 
aged,  invalid,  crippled,  and   otherwise  defec- 
tive people,  for   whose   accommodation    the 
new  house  13  mainly  intended,  should  be  ac- 
commodated    on   the    ground     lloor   of    tlie 
building,  where  they  would  be  at  once  within 
more  easy  reach   of  the  muscular  assistance, 
medical   aid,  and  other   attention  of   which 
they  are  in  need,  and   also  located  most  con- 
veniently   for    obtaining    outdoor    exercise. 
This  arrangement  is  properly  held  to  be  the 
most  convenient   both   for   this    class  of  in- 
mates, and  for  the    attendants  upon  them. 
The    apartments    of   the     nurses,    servants, 
porter,   master,  and  matron,   it  was  also  re- 
lommended  should  be   on  the  ground   floor, 
ind   in   proximity  to  the  kitchens,    laundry, 
vaterclosets,     lavatories,    baths,   dining-hall, 
ky-halls   for  males    and     females,   and  the 
I'd.     The  less   infirm   of  the  inmates  it 
recommended   should  occupy  the    first 
toor,  the  more  able-bodied  the  second  floor, 
.nd   the  able-bodied  the  third  lloor,  if  such 
hould  be  required. 

The  Board  invited  six  architects  to  send  in 

Irawings,  for  which  they  undertook  to  pay 

.fty  guineas  each,  and  from  wliich  they  would 

elect   one,   the  author   of  which   should   be 

lieir  architect.      The    instructions  provided 

hat  the  cost  should   be  about  i!25,O0O ;  that 

lie  number  of  inmates  to  be  provided  for 

bould  be  400  ;    twenty  of  each   sex  to   be 

rovided   with  820  cubic  feet   of  space,  and 

le  remainder  with   500ft.  of  cubic  space  in 

leir  dormitories;  that   six  married  couples 

lould   be  provided  with    separate  sleeping 

)oms — all    honour    to    the    Board    of    St. 

[artin  ! — that  there  should  be  oakum  sheds, 

dlors',  shoemakers',  painters',  and  carpenters' 

jops,   a   dining-hall,  a  chapel   to  seat  about 

30,  chaplain's  room,  doctor's  room,  &c.,  with 

icommodation  for  committee,  clerk,  master, 

latron,  nurse.s,  &c.  ;  the  materials   to   be   of 

id  brick  and  ground  Bath  stone  ;  scale  one- 

mth  of   an    inch   to   the   foot;  block  plan 

venty  feet  to  an  inch.     Designs,  every  one 

eritoriously  careful,  have  been  sent  in  by 

essrs.  H.   M.  Burton,  Spring-gardens  ;  W. 

2e,   CoruliiU  ;  H.   R.    Cotton,   Long  Acre  ; 

'.    S.    Cross  ;     Kendall    and     Mew;     and 

arrable.     The  estimates  of  the  competitors, 

latever  architects'  estimates  may  be  worth, 

age  from  about   £28,000  to  £30,000.     The 

ot  of  land  upon  which  the  new  workhouse 

to  be   erected  is   triangular  in   shape,  but 

fficiently  wide,  about  400ft.  at  the  broadest 

d,  which  fronts  the  highway,  to  admit  of  a 

3ck  or  arrangement  of  buildings,   sufficient 

'  all  requirements,  disposed  in  almost  any 

inner  that    the   several   architects    might 

efer. 

Th«  competitors    have  not    adhered  very 

)8ely  to  the  instructions  in  all  respects  ;  Mr. 

ffton  and  Mr.  Marrable  have  observed  them 

>re   carefully,  we  think,  than   the  others. 

th  of  these  architects  present  plans  notable 

'  compactness  and  the  facilities  they   afford 

efficient    internal  administration.       Mr. 

e  3  design  is  next  in  this  respect,  and  if  his 

'  r  liae,  relieved  front,  and  the  general  ornate 

d  imposing  character  of  the  design  are  taken 

0  account  and  his  estimate  is  to  be  depended 

^n,   his  plan  is  likely   to   be   pronoimced 

'    favourite.      His   internal  arrangements, 

■*  itilation,  and  general   accommodation  are 

'  rthy  of  the  grand  fa9adehe  presents,  which 

6  v/s  its  clock-tower,   and   six    ornamental 

■^  itilating  shafts,  adorned  with  metal  tinials, 

*',  in  all,  a  building  certainly  free  from  the 

ereme  degree  of  meanneia  in  such  build- 


ings which  he  deprecates.     Apart  from  the 

instructions  given  to   architects  it  might  have 
been  expected   that  the  essential   advantages 
which  the  competitors  would  seek  to  combine 
in  a  home  destined  exclusively  for  the  occupa- 
tion of  infirm  persons,  would  be  as  compact 
an  arrangement  as  is  compatible  with  eflicient 
ventilation  and  ample  light ;    access   by  tlie 
infirm  to  the  open  air,  and  to  the  parts  of  the 
establishment   they  need  to  visit,  such  as  the 
dining-rooms,  chapel,  &c.,  without  the  neces- 
sity ot  ascending  stairs  ;    and,  gsnerally,  such 
internal  arrangements  as  may  best  atford  com- 
plete   supervision  by  the    olficers,  means   of 
speedy  communication   between   one  part  of 
the  establishment  and  the  other,  contiguity  in 
the    rooms    necessarily    connected,  such    as 
dining-hallsandkitchen3,store-room3,&c.  ;and 
dormitories  and  nurses.     Some  of  the  designs 
sent  in  are  well  adapted  for  hospital  purposes, 
but  scarcely  for  the  uses  of  a  workhouse  for 
the  infirm.      It  may  here  be  stated  that  the 
able-bodied  paupers   of   St.   Martin's   parish 
will  be  taken  in  after  the  new  house  is  erected, 
at  St.  James's  or   St.  Jlargaret's,  as  may  be 
agreed  on,  and  that  the  infirm  paupers  belong- 
ing to  such   parish  will  Ije   sent  to  the   new 
liouse    at    Wimbledon    under    arrangement. 
Mr.  Burton's  plan  has  a  principal  frontage  of 
330ft.,  with  side  wings  receding  from  the  front, 
showing  an  elevation   of  260ft.  on  each   side. 
The  chapel  and  dining-halls  are  in  the  centre, 
and  both  on  tlie  groimd  floor.    He  provides  a 
covered  way  communicating  with  all  parts  of 
the    buildings,     including     the    workshops, 
laundry,   &c.,  which  he   places   in  the   rear. 
The    elevation    is    relieved    by    a     central 
tower  and  four    projecting   blocks,   pavilion 
roofed,    with    metal    fmials.      The  arrange- 
ments  in  Mr.  Burton's    alternative   plan,  of 
which   there  are  unfortunately  no  elevations 
or    sections,     provide     admirably      compact 
accommodation.      Its    essential   feature  is  a 
series  of  blocks  projected  from  an  open  central 
octagon,  or  rather  which  ought  to  be  left  open 
by  the  removal  of  the  chapel  to    the   rear 
or  elsewhere.     This  plan  of  Mr.  Burton's  has 
the  merits  of  compactness,  good  light,  and  the 
best  facilities  of  ventilation.     He  proposes  to 
warm  by  Colonel   Gallon's  ventilating  grates, 
and  to  ventilate  by   Watson's   siphons.     The 
officers'  rooms  are  conveniently  grouped  near 
the  front  of  the  building  ;  the  married  couples' 
rooms  are  on  the  first  lloor,  and  lavatory  and 
closet  accommodationwellplacedand  abundant. 
Mr.  Cotton's  plan  provides,  by  its  projecting 
mngs  to  back  and  front,  for  complete  detach- 
ment and  good   ventilation,  and  has  its  dis- 
tinctive merits,   but   its  demerits  also.     The 
beds  must  either  be  placed  under  the  windows 
or  about  a  foot  apart  in  pairs.     The  chapel  is 
placed  over   the  dining-hall,   which  is  objec- 
tionable.    Mr.  Cotton  proposes  to  ventilate  by 
the  windows,  and  Sherringham  ventilators  be- 
tween them,  and  to  warm  on  Qalton's  prin- 
ciple.    Mr.  Cross's  plan  shows  a  frontage  of 
500ft.,  with  a  6ft.  and  8ft.  corridor  extending 
nearly  its  entire  length.     He  also  places  the 
chapel  on  the  first  floor.     AVhatever  other  me- 
rits this  plan  may  possess,  compactness  is  cer- 
tainly not  one  of  them  ;  it  seems  undesirable 
that  so  much  wall  surface  should  be  exposed 
to  be  baked,  or  frozen,  or  otherwise  directly 
acted  upon  by  the  atmosphere  ;  and  the  long 
distances  from  the  centre  to  the  extremities  of 
the  building   are    a  serious  objection.     Mr. 
Marrable    adopts  an    octagon  for   the  main 
building,  but  the  rooms  are  too  much  crowded, 
and  on  the  ground  floor  sixteen  of  these  rooms 
have  five  angles   each    on    their  boundaries. 
The  centre  of  the  octagon,  moreover,  contains 
the  chapel,  which   ought    to  be    placed  else- 
where, and  the  space   left  open.     Sir.  Marra- 
ble's  accommodation,  with  this  exception,  is 
ample,  and  conveniently  arranged.     He  places 
the    married    couples,    stables,    washhouses, 
workshops,  &c.,  in   detached   Ijuildings,  and 
has  excellent  provision  for  warming  and  ven- 
tilation.    Messrs.  Kendall  and  Mew  present 
an  excellent    hospital    plan,    with   detached 
vrings  ;  but  it  is  open  to  the  objection  that  the 


small,  28ft.  by  20ft.  each  ;  that  the  chapel  ia . 
upstairs;  and  that  there  are  too, many  stairs 
in  the  building,  eacliof  tliein  likelyto  lie  pro- 
ductive of  an  undesirable  sort  of  ventihitioii. 
We  can  only  ho|ie  that  the  guardians  may 
arrive  at  a  wi*e  deliverance  ;  th'ey  have  been 
instrumental  in  bringing  together  an  interest- 
ing assemblage  ot  valuable  designs  thought- 
fully ehilioratfd,  and  none  of  them  deserving 
to  be  lightly  thrown  aside. 


DEATH    OP   MR.    CLARKSON    STAN- 
FIELD,  R.A. 

Tills  great  marine  painter  died  after  a  linger- 
mg  illness,  at  his  residence  iu  llampBtead, 
ou   Saturday,  at  the  age  of  74.      Born  in  one  ot 
the  maritime  countieB  of  the  north,  he  was  bred 
to    the  Bfa — a    circumstance    which  exercised    a 
marked  influence  on  the  bent  of  his  artistic  genius 
in  after  life.     Justly  celebrated,   however,   as  he 
w.as  for  his  sea  pieces,  so  great  was  hia  Tersatility 
that  he  equally  excelled  as  a  painter  of  landscapes 
and  picturesque  architecture ;  and  there  was  still  a 
fourth  branch  of  his  art  which,  though  it  does  not 
rank  >as  among  the  highest,  he  bad  the  merit  of 
practically   creating,  and  in  which  he  stood  un- 
rivalled.    His  influence  in  this  latter  sphere  has 
done  much  to  improve  the  taste  of  the  great  mass 
of  the  people,  and  to  elevate  a  department  of  art 
which    had    before    his    time    been   too    much 
neglected;  indeed  hardly  cultivated,  as  art,  at  all. 
Under  his  pencil  the  scenery  of  the  stage  assumed 
an  almost  classic  character,  and  the  art  of  scene, 
painting  ceased  to  be  a  synonym  with  whatever 
was  the  opposite  of  perfection.     Mr.   Stanfield  oc- 
cupied a  long  time  the  post  of  decorator  at  Drury 
Lane  Theatre.      Having  in  1824   joined  the  so- 
ciety of  English  artists,  he  devoted  three  years  to 
the  study  of  painting,  and  at  first  he  applied  him- 
self to  landscape  painting.     He  came  before  the 
public  in  1S37,  at  one  of  the  exhibitions  of  the 
British  Institution,  through  a  p.ainting  of  large 
size,  representing  "  Wreckers  oft"  Fort  Rouge."    In 
the  same  year  he  sent  to  the  Royal  Academy  the 
fine  production,  "  A  Calm   at  Sea."     From  that 
time  his  works  came  forth  in  rapid  succession  and 
with  increasing  excellence  and  finish.     When  he 
was  56,  his   great  work  "  The  '  Victory '   towed 
into   Gibraltar   after    the    Battle   of    Trafalgar " 
came  out ;    then,   after    another   two  years,  the 
"Siege  of    St.   Sebastian."      One   of   his     finest 
works,  "The  Capture  of  the  Smugglers,"  was  pro- 
duced when   he   was   64.      In    addition   to   the 
sea  pieces  properly  so  called,  Mr.  Stanfield  painted 
a  number  of  landscapes  from  scenes  in  all  parts  of 
his  native  country,  and  the    Continent,  Ireland, 
Holland,    Italy,    France.       His    favourite     land 
scenery  was    lake    and  mountain,    and    also  pic- 
turesque architecture.  As  long  ago  as  1830  he  was 
at  work  upon  a  series  of  views  in  Venice  ;  and  four 
years   later   another    series    g.ave    token   of    his 
indefatigable    industry    and    the    freshness   and 
energy  of  his  genius.     The  names  of  most  of  his 
works  are  familiar  in  our  mouths  as  household 
words.     For  considerably  more  than  a  generation 
his  varied    productions    have   delighted   all   real 
lovers  of  art.     His  powers  appeared  to  increase 
rather  than  decUne  with  age  ;  and  so  prolific  was 
his  genius  that  the  mere   mechanical   labour  of 
covering  so  great  an  amount   of  canvas  with  pig- 
ment must   be  considered,  even  as    distinguished 
from  the  powers   of  conception,   invention,  ima- 
gination, and  taste  displayed,  as  a  hard  life's  labour. 
That   one    man   should   be    found    to    excel    in 
branches  of  art  so  diverse  as  those  of  a  Turner,  a 
Claude,   or   Wilson   and  a    Canaletti,  speaks  vo- 
lumes   for  his   great   natural   versatility,  no   less 
than  his  wonderful  industry  and  apphcation. 


CORPORATION  REFORM. 

MR.  MILL  on  Tuesday  night  submitted  to  the 
House  of  Commons  a  bill  for  the  establish- 
ment of  municipal  corporations  in  the  several 
districts  of  the  metropolis  coinciding  with  the 
parliamentary  boundaries,  which  is  to  be  fol- 
lowed by  another  measure  for  a  central  federal 
municipality  for  the  whole  of  London.  Mr.  Mill 
disavowed  any  hostility  to  the  vestries.  They 
have  done  great  things  in  making  the  lower 
grades  of  society  familiar  with  public  business ; 
but  the  area  of  local  administration  is  too  small, 
and  hole-and-corner  government  is  always  apt  to 
It  is  of  great  importance  tb»' 


engender  abuses. 
„.^^^  ,  „>•„  . i- J —    the  local  municipal  boroughs   should   be  of  -on- 
day  rooms  for  malei  and  females  are  far  too  '  siderable  extent,  in  order  that  their  proceedmga 


364 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


May  24,  1867. 


may  have  a  wide  publicity,  and  also  that  the 
governing  bodies  should  be  composed  of  the 
highest  class  of  men  that  can  be  obtained.  The 
Times,  in  commenting  on  Mr.  Mill'sjmeasure, 
attributes  to  the  constitution  of  the  municipal 
government  of  London,  the  fact  that  it  is,  beyond 
dispute,  worse  administered  than  the  capitals  of 
far  less  wealthy  and  enterprising  states.  There 
is  a  general  indifference  aboiit  its  affairs,  the  re- 
sult of  which  is  seen  in  hideous  public  buildings, 
in  a  prevailing  slovenliness  and  want  of  taste, 
and,  sometimes,  in  real  neglect  of  cleanliness. 
Had  it  not  been  for  recent  legislation,  which  has 
given  some  general  power  to  various  offices  and 
boards,  the  evils  of  such  a  civic  anarchy  would 
be  intolerable.  Mr.  Mill  now  proposes  to  legis- 
late in  a  comprehensive  manner  on  the  subject, 
and  certainly  the  objects  he  has  in  view  are  most 
desirable,  and  the  general  tenor  of  his  pro- 
posal is  reasonable.  A  central  federal  munici- 
pality for  the  whole  metropolis  would,  without 
destroying  the  traditional  city,  extend  the  cor- 
poration to  the  whole  metropolis,  so  that  there 
might  be  one  person  chosen  by  the  inhabitants  Lif 
London  who  should  be  its  real  chief  and  repre- 
sentative, and  others  who  might  speak  for  the 
various  districts  in  any  question  of  general  interest. 
The  Herald  says,  if  Mr.  Mill  can  contrive  to  group 
a  federal  municipality  around  the  municipality  of 
Loudon,  his  merits  as  a  legislator  will  fail  little 
below  his  merits  as  a  teacher  of  philosophy,  and 
his  admirers  will  be  entitled  to  say  that  the  uni- 
versally admired  theorist  has  proved  himself  a 
good  practical  man. 


ends  rounded,  terminating  in  sharp  points.  This 
is  a  very  curious  implement.  Before  the  chest 
and  just  below  the  chin  were  five  very  large 
polished  jet  buttons,  quite  IJin.  diameter;  and 
one  button  of  baked  clay  of  similar  size  and 
form,  but  ornamented  by  four  lines  radiating 
from  the  centre.  One  of  these  buttons  had  three 
holes  at  the  back,  the  others  all  having  two.  Be- 
hind the  pelvis  of  the  skeleton  was  a  remarkably 
fine  bronze  axe  of  the  earhest  type,  evidently 
modelled  on  the  plan  of  the  old  stone  hatchet. 
The  handle  and  sheath  of  the  dagger  had  been 
of  wood,  the  remains  being  quite  evident,  and  the 
axe  seems  to  have  been  enclosed  in  wood,  the  part 
handled  being  less  oxidised  than  the  rest.  The 
whole  of  the  bronze  articles  bore  a  very  fine 
patina.  This  is  the  first  instance,  so  far  as  is 
known,  where  a  bronze  battle-axe  has  been  found 
with  an  interment  in  Yorkshire  ;  and  the  dis- 
covery is  of  value  on  account  of  the  association  of 
early  axe  and  dagger. 


all  thLs,  sprinkle  fresh  lime  in  its  place,  add  white- 
wash to  the  beams  and  boards,  and  the  fleas  vrill 
soon  vanish.  Take  up  all  the  carjjets,  beat  them 
thoroughly  and  scatter  pepper  around  the  sides  of 
the  room  where  the  edges  of  the  carpet  are  to  be 
laid.  Then,  once  a  fortnight,  whip  the  outside 
breadths  upon  the  floor  with  a  light  switch,  and 
the  remaining  moths  will  be  beaten  out.  The 
chinch  or  bed-bug  can  be  routed  by  first  washing 
all  parts  of  the  bedstead  with  cold  water,  and 
then,  with  a  brush,  applying  corrosive  sublimate 
dissolved  in  spirits,  or  an  amalgam  of  lard  and 
quicksilver  rubbed  together.  Or  ask  your  druggist 
for  six  cents  worth  of  unguentum  ;  mix  it  with 
lamp  oil,  and  apply  it  with  a  brush  to  all  joints 
and  crevices,  when  the  bugs  will  sleep,  and  allow 
you  to  do  the  same. 


Jrdjitdogi). 


The  Annual  Congress  of  the  Royal  Archaeological 
Institute  will  be  held  at  Kingston-on-HuU,  under 
the  presidency  of  the  Archbishop  of  York.  The 
meeting  will  commence  on  the  30th  of  July,  and 
close  on  August  6. 

The  annual  meeting  of  the  British  Archaeologi- 
cal Association  was  held  on  the  8th  inst.,  Mr. 
Planche  in  the  chair.  The  following  were  elected 
officers  for  1867-8:— Sir  C.  H.  R.  Boughton,  Bart., 
president ;  the  Earl  of  Effingham,  Lord  Boston, 
Lord  Houghton,  Sir  J.  Gardner  Wilkinson, 
Thomas  Close,  H.  Syer  Cuming,  G.  Godwin,  N. 
Gould,  J.  R  Planche  (Somerset  Herald),  and  T. 
Wright,  vice-presidents  ;  G.  M.  Hills,  treasurer  ; 
E.  Levien  and  E.  Roberts,  secretaries ;  T.  Wright, 
secretary  for  foreign  correspondence  ;  C.  Hop- 
per, paUcographer ;  G.  R.  Wright,  curator  and 
librarian  ;  G.  F.  Teniswood,  draughtsman ;  G.  G. 
Adams,  G.  Ade,  AV.  E.  Allen,  T.  BlashlU,  H.  H. 
Buruell,  J.  Copland,  M  D.,  A.  Goldsmid,  J.  0. 
Halliwell,  J.  Hey  wood,  G.  V.  Irving,  W.  C.  Mar- 
shall. Rev.  S.  M.  Mayhew,  R.  N.  Phillips,  J.  W. 
Previte,  Rev.  W.  S.  Simpson,  C.  Brent,  and  G, 
Tomline,  council ;  J.  Cato  and  T.  Gunston, 
auditors.  The  balance-sheet  shows  a  nett  credit 
of  £263  13s.  4d.,  after  discharging  all  liabilities. 

An  interesting  discovery,  mainly  due  to  Profes- 
sor yirchow,  has  just  been  made  near  Daber,  in 
Pomerania,  viz.,  a  complete  Pompeii  of  lake  dwell- 
ings. More  thau  twenty  large  and  as  many 
smaller  rooms  or  dwellings  have  been  laid  open  on 
the  western  side  of  the  Daber  Lake.  Each  of  the 
former  is  12ft.  large,  10ft.  deep.  The  latter 
average  from  6ft.  to  4ft.  and  4.^ft.  Between 
every  two  of  the  larger  huts  there  is  a  dis- 
tance of  from  1ft.  to  IJft. ;  between  the  smaller 
ones  the  distance  is  about  4ft.  ;  while  the  larger 
and  smaller  ones  are  some  3ft.  apart.  It  is  doubt- 
ful whether  the  smaller  buildings  were  meant  for 
stables  or  outhouses.  Many  remains  of  bones, 
horns,  leather,  combs,  needles  made  of  bone, 
wooden  and  clay  vessels,  &c.,  were  found.  Similar 
dwellings  have  also  been  discovered  near  Persan- 
zig,  in  the  New  Stettin  district,  which  seem 
to  have  been  destroyed  by  fire.  The  wood  used  in 
them,  where  not  burnt,  is  still  in  a  remarkably 
good  state  of  preservation. 

One  of  the  Yorkshire  tumuli,  or  barrows,  which 
were  recently  opened  near  Drilfield,  was  found  to 
contain  the  skeleton  of  a  young  Briton.  The 
right  hand  grasped  a  fine  bronze  dagger  of  the 
round-ended  and  very  early  type.  The  blade  was 
thin  and  ovate-oblong  in  shape,  the  broad  end 
having  three  bronze  rivets,  and  retaining  dis- 
tinctly the  semilunar  outline  of  the  end  of  the 
Wooden  handle.  Upon  the  dagger  was  deposited 
a  large  flint  knife,  and  beneath  it  a  bronze  awl  or 
bodkiii,  3in.  long,  square  at  the  middle,  and  both 


PARLIAMENTARY  NOTES. 

The  subject  of  the  pollution  of  rivers  was  brought 
before  the  House  of  Commons  on  Monday  by  Mr. 
Pollard  Urquhart,  who  <a.sked  the  Chief  Secretary 
for  Ireland  whether  it  was  the  intention  of  the 
Government  that  the  inquiries  of  the  Royal  Com- 
missioners should  be  extended  to  the  rivers  of 
Ireland  ?  Lord  Naas  said  that  as  the  Commis- 
sioners had  stated  it  would  not  be  possible  for 
them  to  conclude  their  labours  with  regard  to  the 
rivers  of  England  before  1868,  they  would  have 
plenty  of  time  to  consider  whether  their  labours 
should  be  extended  to  the  rivers  of  Ireland.  He 
thought  it  desirable  that  such  an  inquiry  should 
take  place. 

In  the  House  of  Lords,  Lord  Lyveden  asked  for 
explanations  from  the  Government  relative  to  the 
changes  which  were  being  made  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  New  Palace-yard.  The  question,  he  said, 
had  excited  considerable  public  attention,  and 
he  thought  that  arrangements  miglit  be  effected 
for  rendering  the  changes  more  convenient  and 
ornamental.  The  present  plan  completely  de- 
stroyed the  beauty  of  the  street  from  Westmin- 
ster Bridge  to  Victoria  street.  Another  objection 
was  the  removal  of  the  statue  of  Mr.  Canning, 
and  its  re-erection  on  a  less  suitable  site.  It  had 
been  intended  when  the  subscription  was  entered 
into  that  the  statue  should  be  permanently  placed 
immediately  opposite  New  Palace-yard,  as  the 
available  spot  nearest  to  the  scene  of  the  strug- 
gles and  triumphs  of  the  great  man  whom  it 
commemorated.  It  seemed  now  that  the  statue 
was  to  be  placed  in  the  small  garden  near  Great 
George-street;  whether  or  not  it  was  private 
property  he  (Lord  Lyveden)  did  not  know.  He 
protested  against  the  removal  of  the  statue  from 
a  position  which  it  had  occupied  nearly  forty 
years.  The  Earl  of  Derby  replied  that  the 
arr.angements  which  were  being  carried  out  were 
resolved  upon  by  the  late  Government,  and  were 
sanctioned  by  a  vote  of  the  House  of  Commons 
last  year.  He  did  not  know  that  auy  interference 
WiXS  designed  with  the  approach  from  Westmin- 
ster Bridge.  As  to  the  removal  of  the  statue 
of  Mr.  Canning,  it  was  proposed  to  form  a  broad 
footway  near  the  statue  of  Mr.  Canning,  and  im- 
mediately facing  that  statue  it  was  intended  to 
place  a  statue  of  Sir  Robert  Peel.  He  believed 
that  the  statues  of  both  these  eminent  men  would 
be  placed  in  positions  quite  as  conspicuous  as  was 
the  site  on  which  the  statue  of  Mr.  Canning 
lately  stood.  The  alteration  would  conduce  to 
the  convenience  of  the  public,  and  a  great  im. 
provement  would  be  shown  in  the  appearance 
of  the  groimd. 


TROUBLESOME  VISITORS. 

S  warm  weather  comes  on,  innumerable  in- 
sects will  wake  from  their  winter  nap,  or 
emerge  from  the  larva  state,  to  enjoy  their  life  at 
the  expense  of  our  comfort.  The  buzz  of  the  fly 
will  be  heard  on  all  sides,  the  flea  will  skip  nimbly 
over  the  floor,  and  the  moth  and  chinch  will 
stealthily  hide  in  the  carpet  or  the  bedstead. 
Scrupulous  cleanliness  will  thwart  most  of  them. 
Flies  are  nature's  scavengers,  ever  ready  to  con- 
vert putrifying  matter  into  innoxious  substances. 
Keep  the  yard  free  from  decaying  vegetables, 
refuse  from  the  kitchen  and  the  drain  of  the  sink, 
and  sweeten  the  out-buildmgs  with  lime  wash, 
and  they  will  mostly  emigrate  to  promising 
quarters.  The  flea  delights  in  the  dust  and  litter 
of  the  wood-house  and  the  waggon-shed.  Remove 


CARRIAGE 


r 


OF 
of 


MATERIALS. 


N    the    transport    of   any    material   intended 
either  to  act  as  a  component  part  of  a  struc- 
tare  or  to  constitute  an  entire  structure  in  itself 
there  are  two  principal  impediments  to  the  safety 
of  its  transit.     The  one  is  its  weight,  the  otherits 
form  or  shape.     Owing  to  the  facilities  at  present 
at  our  command  for  loading  and  unloading  heavy 
weights,  the  former  obstacle  is  in  a  great  measure 
overcome.     There  is  not  a  landing-stage,  wharf,  or 
quay  of  any  importance  which  does  not  commu- 
nicate by  a  branch  or  siding  with  some   or  other 
main    line    of    railway,   and    is    furnished  with 
powerful   cranes  and   all  modern  appliances  for 
facilitating  the  transport  of  goods  and  materials  of 
almost  every  description.    The  shape  of  the  article 
to   be   conveyed  from  one   place   to  another  ex- 
ercises a  twofold  influence  upon  the  probability  of 
its  arriving  safely  at  its  destination.    If  it  is  of  an 
awkward,  uncouth  shape   it   becomes  ditSoult  of 
stowage,  in  fact,  it  does  not  pack   well,  and  the 
pressure  of  contiguous  objects  upon  it  renders  it 
liable  to  be  fractured.     Again,  the  danger  of  irre- 
gularity of  shape  increases  according  to  the  nature 
of  the  niaterial.     Omitting  glass,  slate,  tiles,  and 
some  of  the  less  important  elements  of  construc- 
tion, it  may  be  said   that  cast  iron  and  Btoae  in 
this  particular   present  considerable  difficulties  to 
safe  carriage.     Any  sudden  bends  or  acute  angles 
in    castings    are   highly    objectionalile    for    this 
reason  as  well  as  for  others.     Another  point  to  be 
attended  to  is   that  there  should  be  no  extreme 
disproportion  in  the  thickness  or  sectional  area  of 
the  different  parts,  since  the  unequal  contraction 
in  coolmg   will   bring  an   injurious   initial  strain 
upon  the  material.   In  illustration  of  the  difficulty 
experienced  in  transporting  large  and  heavy  castr 
ings  to  even  a  comparatively  short  distance,  itmay 
be  mentioned  that  Mr.  W.  Tierney   Clark,  in  his 
report  respecting  the  proposed  bridge  to  connect 
Buda  with  Pesth,  across  the  Danube  in  Hungary, 
remarked  that   were  it   to  be   built  of   cast-iron 
arches,  it  would  be   next  to  impracticable  to  ob- 
tain the  safe    transport  of   the  necessary  castings 
from  England.      Undoubtedly  we  have  improved 
.since  that  time,  and  a  similar   objection,  judging 
from  the  large  castings   that  have   been  sent  to 
India  and  elsewhere,  is  no  longer  tenable.  To  pre- 
vent all    possibility    of    accidents    occurring    to 
stones,  they  are  almost  universally  dressed  or  cut 
upon  the  site  of  their  erection,  as  the  arrisses  and 
chamfered  paits   would    never    stand    knocking 
about.     Where    bridges    are    built   of  stone  the 
rings,  sheeting   stones,  and  quoins  are  frequently 
dressed  at  the  quarry,  there  tiy  saving  the  carting 
of  a  considerable  extra   weight  in    the   shape  of 
rough  material,  as  the  atones  must  be  sent  out 
of  the  quarry  with  a   large  surplus  of  substance 
to  provide  for  the  contingencies  of  cutting.    Very 
little  attention  is  usually  paid  to  the  description 
of  cart  for  conveying  the  stones  from  the  quarry 
to  the  site  of  the  work,  and  numbers  are  broken  in 
consequence.     It  is  a  very  annoying  circumstance 
to  witness  a  large  stone — for  instance,  the  obtuse 
quoin  of  a  skew  bridge — broken  clean  in  two  just 
when  it  is  ready  to  be  put  in  its  place,  to  say  no- 
thing of  the  delay  occasioned   to  the  work  before 
another  can  be  quarried  and  dressed.      It  is  also  » 
dead  loss,  since  a  l)roken  quoin  stone  or  riug  can 
seldom  be  used  for  anything  else  but  backing,  ca- 
peeially  if  it  be  badly  broken. 

For  some  time  past  an  excellent  description  of 
cart  has  been  in  use  among  the  contractors  for 
masonry  work  in  Paris.  It  was  invented  and 
patented  by  M.  Labouret,  and  is  represented  m 
figs.  1  and  2.  The  theory  of  its  construction  b 
based  upon  two  principles — that  of  iucreasingtDO 
stability  of  a  body  by  causing  its  centre  of  gra- 
vity to  approach  as  nearly  as  possible  to  the  sur- 


p 


May  21-,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


365 


;e  upon  which  it  moves,  and  that  of  overcoming 
3  resistance  to  the  motion  of  every  vehicle  by 
iploying  wheels  of  large  diameter.  Fig.  1  is  a 
igitudinal  section  through  the  centre,  and 
2  shows,  to  the  left  of  the  dividing  line  M  N, 


upon  it,  and  so  on  consecutively.  By  such  a 
system  there  would  be  not  the  slightest  loss  of 
either  time  or  labour  incurred,  aud  neither  men 
nor  horses  would  stand  idle  for  a  minute.  The 
construction  of  these  carts  is  simple  and  they 
could  be  built  by  any  cartwright ;  the  wood  being 
chamfered,  mortised,  and  bolted  together  in 
the  ordinary  manner.  All  the  parts  exposed  to 
the  rubbing  and  wearing  action  of  the  load  during 
the  time  it  is  alternately  shifting  its  position  ou 
and  olf,  are  protected  by  straps  of  sheet  iron 
screwed  down  to  the  timber.  The  price  of  these 
carts  is  about  £2S,  and  a  movable  platform  costs 
aliout  £1  more,  so  that  supposing  they  were  to  be 
worked  upon  the  principle  described  above,  a  cart 
with  its  thr«e  platforms  complete  would  cost  just 
£50. — Meclianics'  Magazine. 


i  TOSS  section  at  the  centre,  and  to  the  right 
line  a  half  end  elevation.     To  carry  out  the 
iiciple  it  is  necessary  to  crank  the  axle  E, 
'  for  the  purpose  of  having  large  wheels. 
ifts  B  are  connected  by  wrought-iron  straps 
inain  longitudiaal  pieces  A,  and  slope  up- 
to    a     convenient     height    for     haulage. 
!  to  the  balks  A  are  two   smaller  longitu- 
.  fastened  to  them  by  the  cross  pieces  b\ 
ire  themselves  fastened  iuto  the  front  piece 
tig.    1).     At   the    back  between   the   two 
^  (>,  is  an  iron  roller  C"  furnished  with  a 
-  wheel,  and  a  drum   with  similar  arrange- 
ivaiLs  at  D,  close   to  the  junction  of  the 
vith  the  body  of  the  cart.     To  receive  the 
platform  P,  and  facilitate  its  motion  upon 
t,  the  latter  is  provided  with  several  little 
1  rollers  g,  which  turn   freely   upon  pivot- 
---  fixed  at  one  end  in  the  pieces  h  and  at  the 
1  A.     Upon  the  platform  P   the  stone  or 
ilistance  is  placed,  and  the  whole  hoisted 
-1;  cart  by  means  of  a  small  windlass   and 
it  D.     During  this  operation  the  cart  is  in- 
i  1  'lick wards  with  one  extremity  resting  upon 
lad.     Two    men  are  able  thus  to  manipu- 
heaviest   load   that  the    cart  will  bear. 
;  vantage   of  this  arrangement  is  that   the 
iii:iy  be  prepared  at  a   distance   from   the 
-:    they  are    intended    to    afterwards    or- 
and  brought  to   the  site  with  very  little 
•f  damage  during  the  transit.     Owing   to 
"  nail  space  occupied  by  these  carts  they  can 
«  lught,  together  with  their  bvirden,   close  up 
'f  buildings,  and  thus  got  within  range  of  the 
OK  ig  apparatus.     If,   on   the   other  hand,  the 
Timnotpass,  the  platform  can  betaken  off  and 
*•  erred  upon  rollers  wherever  the  stones  are 
-■'1  ed.  ^  In  a  work  of  great  magnitude  and  im- 
*'  ce,  in  order  to  employ  this  .system  of  trans- 
,*  3  the  greatest  advantage  there  ought   to  be 
"■<  mrivable  platforms   to   each  cart   and  they 
lie   thus    used.       Supposing   the  cart   at 
fry  with  the  stones  and  the  first  movable 
iii  upon   it.     On   arriring   at    the   site    of 
iHruction,   this   platform  is  removed  and 
:    ipty   one    (the    second)    placed     upon     it. 
' '''  it  again  reaches  the  quarry  or   workshop 
'»■  the  stones  are   dressed,    this    second    one 
ved,  and  another  loaded  one    (the  third) 
vu.     Having   brought   this    to  the    build- 
i     is  taken  off,   and  the  first  one,  which  has 
■-•Omloaded  during  the  interval,  again  raised 


uilbiug  liitelligeiw. 


CHUECHES  AND  CHAPELS. 
Mr.  G.  G.  Scott's  plans  for  the  restoration  of 
Croydon  Church  have  been  accepted  by  the  autho- 
rities. The  exterior,  so  far  as  regards  the  tower 
and  enclosing  walls,  will  remain  as  they  are, 
receiving  only  such  repairs  as  may  be  needed. 
Considerable  changes  are  proposed  for  the  interior. 

The  picturesquely  situated  parish  church  of 
Horsmonden  has  been  restored.  The  architect 
employed  was  Mr.  Wyatt,  and  the  cost,  exclusive 
of  a  new  organ,  by  Hill  (the  gift  of  Mr.  J.  F. 
Austen,  of  Bradford  House),  was  £1,600. 

It  is  said  that  the  cathedral  on  the  Eock  of 
Cashel  is  to  be  restored.  At  a  recent  meeting  of 
the  dean  and  chapter  of  Cashel  the  matter  was 
talked  over,  and  elaborate  plans  by  Messrs.  Slater 
and  Carpenter,  of  London,  submitted.  In  this 
cathedral  Divine  Service  was  held  untQ  about  the 
year  1752,  when  Archbishop  Price  caused  the 
choir  to  be  unroofed,  and  transferred  the  service 
to  St.  John's  Church  in  the  town,  where  the  pre- 
sent cathedral  now  stands. 

St.  Patrick's  Roman  Catholic  Church,  Wolver- 
hampton, was  opened  on  Tuesday.  The  church, 
which  is  built  in  the  midst  of  a  dense  Irish  popu- 
lation, seats  700  persons  on  the  ground  floor. 
It  has  cost  less  than  £2,700.  The  plan  comprises 
chancel,  nave,  .aisles,  side  chapels,  and  sacristy. 
Mr.  Welby  Pugin  is  the  architect. 

Batlet. — The  cemetery  grounds  and  chapelshere 
were  consecrated  by  the  Bishop  of  Ripon  a  short 
time  ago.  The  ground  covers  an  area  of  12  acres, 
with  the  chapels  situate  in  the  rear  centre.  These 
are  in  form  of  the  letter  H,  with  tower  in  centre 
and  chapels  on  each,  divided  from  the  tower  by 
arcaded  robing  closets.  The  chapels  are  21ft.  by 
18ft.,  and  tower,  lift,  square  aud  100ft.  high. 
The  front  is  1 1  Oft.  long.  The  chapels,  which  are 
well  finished,  carving  and  ornamental  decorations 
being  freely  applied,  have  five-light  windows  in 
each  gable,  with  open  timber  roofs.  The  style 
chosen  dates  from  the  latter  end  of  the  thirteenth 
century,  and  is  from  the  designs  of  Mr.  Michael 
Sheard,  architect,  of  Batley.  The  entire  cost  for 
completing  the  whole  of  the  works,  including 
purchase  of  land,  is  £15,000. 

Clifton  Down  (Bristol). — The  ceremony  of 
laying  the  first  stone  of  the  new  Congregational 
Church  here  was  performed  on  Monday.  The 
church  will  accommodate  800  persons,  and  will 
be  in  the  Decorated  style  of  Gothic.  At  some 
future  time  a  tower  will  be  erected,  which  will 
give   completeness  to  the  whole  structure.     The 


cost  of  the  portion  of  the  edifice  now  being  pro- 
ceeded  with  will  be  a  little  over  £7,000.  Mr. 
C.  F.  Hansom  is  the  architect,  and  the  contracts 
for  the  erection  have  been  undertaken  by  the 
following  :— Messrs.  'Wilkins  and  Sons  (masons), 
-Alessrs.  U.  and  J.  Davy  (carpenters),  Mewrs. 
Lewis  aud  Sons  (plasterers,  &c.),  Mr.  Williams 
(smith),  and  Messrs.  Tuckey  and  Son  (phmiber*). 
All  the  stone  has  been  supplied  from  the  Failand 
Down  quarries. 

DuBLi.v.— The  committee  of  the  United  Pres- 
byterian Church  have  adopted  a  design  by  Mr. 
William  Fogerty,  architect,  for  their  uew  church 
to  bo  erected  in  Lower  Abbey. street,  Dublin, 
opposite  the  Metru]iolitan  Hall.  The  plan  com- 
prises a  nave  70ft.  by  2Sft.,  and  two  side  aisles 
each  10ft.  wide,  a  range  of  vestries  at  the  rear, 
and  a  school-room  45ft.  by  22ft.,  standing  partly 
detached  at  one  side.  The  style  is  Gothic  of  the 
Geometric  type,  aud  the  building  is  to  be  carried 
out  in  granite,  with  dressings  of  freestone. 

Malmesbuky  (Wilts).— On  Thursday,  the  16th 
inst.,  the  memorial  stone  of  a  new  Congregational 
Church  and  Schools  was  laid  by  H.  O.  Wills, 
Esq.,  of  Bristol.  The  design  is  in  tlie  Early 
English  style,  by  Mr.  Stent,  of  Warminster  ;  the 
contractors  are  Messrs.  Light  and  Smith,  Chip- 
penham. 

Enlargement,   Buildino,   and   REPAmmo   of 
Churches  and  Chapels. — The  Incorporated  So- 
ciety for  promoting  these  objects  held   its   usual 
monthly  meeting   on    Monday,   at   the  Society's 
house.  No.    7,  Whitehall,  S.W. ;  the    Right  Hon. 
the  Earl  of    Kouiney  in    the    chair.     There  were 
also  present  the  Hon.  and  Very  Rev.  the  Dean  of 
York,  Rev.  W.   Reyner  Cozens,  Rev.  R.    Tritton, 
Mr.  John  Boodle,  Mr.  George   Cowburn,    Mr.   J. 
F.    France,  Mr.   A.   J.   C.  Lawrie,   Rev.  George 
Ainslie,  M.A.(secretary),  and  Rev.  C.  B.Reid,  M.A. 
(assistant  secretary   to   the   society).     Grants  of 
money  amounting  to  £S20  were  made  in  aid  of 
the  following  objects: — Building  new  churches  at 
Cleadon,   in  the   parish  of  W^hitburn,   Durham ; 
East  Leigh,  iu  parish  of  South  Stoueham,  South- 
ampton ;  and  Towlaw,  in  the  parish  of  'Thorley, 
near    Wolsingham,     Durham.      Rebuilding     the 
churches  at  Childerditch,  near  Brentwood,  Essex ; 
Llechgynfarwy,     near    Bangor;  Longtown,     near 
Abergavenny;  Sykehouse,  nearSnaith,  Yorkshire; 
Tibbertou,  near  Droitwich ;  and  Whitburn,  near 
Sunderland.  Enlarging  and  restoring  the  churches 
at  Ashton-under-HiU,    near    Tewkesbury ;  Eyke, 
near    Woodbridge  ;  Hardwycke,  near  "W  eilingbo. 
rough ;  Raglan,     near    Monmouth ;    Shottisham, 
near    Woodi^ridge ;  Tansley,    near    Matlock ;  and 
St.  Thoma.s,  Wells,  Somerset.     Rearranging   the 
seats  and  restoring  the  churches  at   Burton  Pid- 
sea,  near  Hull ;  Cheverell  Jlagn.a,   near  Devizes  ; 
Langford,  near  Lechdale ;  Michael   Church,  near 
Kington  ;  Harwell,  near  Steventon,  Berks ;  Care, 
near    Faversham ;    Pendine,     near      St.    Clears ; 
Reading,   St.    Lawrence,   and  Saltash,  Cornwall. 
The  grants  formerly  made  towards  rebuilding  the 
church  at  Radway,  near  Ivineton,  and  for  restor- 
ing, Ac,  the  Church  of   Great  Clacton,  near  Col. 
Chester,  were  each  increased.     The  society   like- 
wise accepted  the  trust  of  sums  of  money  is  repair 
funds  for  St.  Luke's  Church,  Bilston,  and   Christ 
Church,  Gipsy-hill,  Norwood. 

BniXDlQJOS. 

A  new  National  Schoel  has  been  opened  at 
Kirby  Hill.  It  is  a  Gothic  structure,  and  has 
cost  about  £750.  Messrs.  Healey,  of  Bradford, 
were  the  architects. 

Building  land  in  the  best  positions  is  now  fetch- 
ing at  Hayling  Island  from  £250  to  £300  an  acre; 
at  Hastings,  £3,000  ;  at  Worthing,  from  £3,000 
to  £5,000;  at  Eastbourne,  £6,000;  at  Southsea, 
from  £5,000  to  £8,000  ;  and  at  Brighton,  from 
£10,000  to  £20,000. 

The  Royal  Eye  Infirmary,  Plymouth,  Ls  being 
enlarged  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  James  Hine, 
architect. 

A  new  lecture  hall  in  Molesworth-etreet,  Dublin, 
has  just  been  erected  by  Mr.  T.  N.  Deane,  archi- 
tect. The  building  consists  of  two  stories,  with 
Gothic  frontage  of  alternate  courses  of  red  and 
white  brick.  The  entrance  is  in  Caen. street.  The 
hall  will  seat  400  persons. 

A  Masonic  hall  is  about  to  be  erected  in  Lame, 
Ireland,  from  designs  prepared  by  Mr.  William 
Kelly,  C.E.,  Belfast. 

A  Transatlantic  Hotel. — The  gigantic  Lindell 
House  Hotel,  St.  Louis,  which  was  recently 
destroyed  by  fire,  is  about  to  be   rebuilt.     The 


366 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


May  24,  1867. 


Southern  Hotel  ia  the  name  of  a  similar  establish- 
ment lately  erected  iu  the  same  city.  An  item 
or  two  will  indicate  the  scale  of  the  house.  17,000 
yards  of  carpet  were  required  to  carpet  it ;  1,400 
gas  burners  give  it  light.  It  ha.s  about  350  rooms, 
with  over  3,000ft.  of  corridor;  the  main  one  on 
each  story  is  ■257ft.,  with  three  others  crossing  it 
at  right  angles,  iu  length  from  about  80ft.  to 
200ft.  The  cost  of  "  Mine  Inn  "  was  1,250,000 
dollars. 

Ashton-under-Ltne. — The  foundation  of  a 
new  building  which  Mr.  Hugh  Mason  is  about  to 
erect  for  the  use  of  his  workpeople  at  the  Oxford 
Mills  was  recently  laid.  The  workpeople  have 
enjoyed  for  some  time  past  the  advantages 
of  reading,  smoking,  and  lecture  rooms,  which 
Mr.  Mason  has  provided  for  them  free  of 
charge;  and  the  estensive  use  that  has  been 
made  of  those  rooms  has  induced  him  to 
erect  a  large  building,  in  which  there  will  be 
spacious  baths  and  other  improvements  upon  the 
original  design.  The  existing  lecture  hall  will 
seat  250  persons,  and  during  the  season  of  lectures 
and  concerts  it  has  been  overcrowded.  In  the  new 
room  there  will  be  accommodation  for  400  per- 
sons. All  the  rooms  will  be  spacious,  well  lighted, 
and  lofty ;  and  there  will  be  large  and  well- 
arranged  baths  for  both  sexes.  Messrs.  Paul  and 
Robinson,  of  Manchester,  are  the  architects  of  the 
new  building,  which  will  cost  about  £3,000. 

Edi- BURGH. — The  new  Edinburgh  University 
Club,  from  designs  of  Messrs.  Peddieand  Kinnear, 
architects,  has  just  been  completed.  The  archi- 
tects have  adhered  to  their  favourite  style — the 
Grseco-Italiau.  The  site  has  a  frontage  to  Princes- 
street  of  61ft.,  while  it  extends  backwards  150ft. 
In  the  centre  of  the  front  is  a  bow  window,  which 
forms  the  most  striking  feature  in  the  design. 
The  window  is  two  stories  in  height,  measures 
22ft.  in  breadth,  and  projects  7ft.  from  the  front 
wall.  It  is  semicircular  in  form,  and  in  each 
story  has  six  Corinthian  columns.  The  building 
consists  of  two  blocks,  the  front  block  containing 
the  public  rooms,  morning  room,  library,  dining- 
room,  a  number  of  bedrooms,  &c.,  and  the  rear 
block  billiard-rooms,  smoking  rooms,  lavatories, 
Ac.  The  front  entrance  is  reached  by  a  short 
flight  of  steps,  and  gives  access  to  a  corridor  IGft. 
wide,  and  upwards  of  50ft.  in  length.  The  corri- 
dor is  ilanked  by  columns  of  polished  Peterhead 
granite,  bearing  au  entablature  in  Caen  stone,  on 
which  the  ceiling  rests,  and  it  is  paved  with  orna- 
mental tiles.  On  the  left  side  of  the  corridor  is 
the  morning  room,  an  apartment  measuring  44ft. 
by  25ft.,  decorated  with  Corinthian  columns,  frieze, 
and  panelled  roof.  The  dining  room,  which 
measures  44ft.  by  23ft.,  is  situated  behind  the 
morning  room.  All  the  rooms  upon  this  floor  are 
close  upon  20ft.  iu  height.  Immediately  over  the 
morning  room  is  the  library — the  largest  and 
most  elegant  apartment  in  the  building.  It  mea- 
sures 69ft.  by  25ft ,  and  is  ornamented  with 
Corinthian  columns,  frieze,  and  panelled  roof. 
The  cost  of  the  building  will  be  £13,000.  The 
following  are  the  contractors: — M  .son  work, 
Messrs.  W.  and  D.  Macgregor ;  carpenter  work, 
Messrs.  Watherstone  and  Sons  ;  slater  work, 
Mr.  Thomas  Graham  ;  plumber  work,  Mr.  Robert 
Kemp ;  plaster  work,  Mr.  James  Steel,  Glasgow. 

Frome  (Somerset). — A  building  to  contain  a 
museum,  library,  news-rooms,  and  offices  is  being 
erected  in  this  town  at  the  cost  of  John  Sinkins 
Esq.,  J. P.,  of  Wallbridge  House.  The  design  is 
of  Itahau  character.  The  exterior  will  be  executed 
chiefly  iu  Bath  stone  and  red  Mansfield.  Mr. 
James  Hine,  F.R.I. B.A.,  of  Plymouth,  is  the 
architect.  The  contract  has  been  taken  at  £2,100. 

Lancaster. — The  contracts  for  the  erection  at 
Lancaster  of  the  Royal  Albert  Asylum  for  Idiots 
and  Imbeciles,  in  the  north  of  England,  has  just 
been  let.  The  tenders  for  the  various  descriptions 
of  work  have  been  taken  separately,  and  amount 
together  to  a  little  over  £42,000.  Contracts  for 
the  execution  of  the  whole  of  the  work  under  one 
contract  were  also  invited,  the  lowest  tender  for 
which  was  £43,000  by  a  Manchester  lirm,  .and 
the  highest  £57,000  by  a  Bradford  firm— a 
difference  of  £14,000.  Mr.  C.  Bayne,  of  Lan- 
caster, has  obtained  the  masonry  work ;  Mr. 
Blades.  Lancaster,  the  joiner  work  ;  Mr.  \y alms- 
ley,  Preston,  plumbing  and  glazing  ;  Mr.  J.  Red- 
man, Burnley,  slating ;  and  Johnson  and  Brothers, 
Carlisle,  the  pLastejers'  work.  A  site  for  the 
asylum  has  been  obtained,  and  the  work  will  be 
proceeded  with  immediately,  though  the  laying  of 
the  foundation  stone  will  be  deferred  for  some 
time. 


TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 

To  Odr  Readers. — We  shall  feel  obliged  to  any  of  our 
readeiB  who  will  favour  us  with  brief  notes  of  works  con- 
templated or  in  progress  in  tlie  provinces. 

Letters  rel.iting  to  advertisements  and  the  ordinary  busi- 
ness of  the  paper  should  be  addressed  to  the  Editor,  166, 
Fleet-street  Advertisements  for  the  current  week  must 
reach  the  oliice  before  5  o'clock  p-m.  on  Thursday. 

Notice.— The  BUILDING  NEWS  inserts  advertise- 
ments for  "  SITUATIONS  WANTED,"  iic,  at  ONE 
SHILLING  for  the  fii-st  Twenty,  four  Words. 


Received.— J.  B.— R.  T.— A.  G.  H.— C.  N.  B.— D.  S. 
and  Son.- E-  W.IP.— J.  W.  P.— H.  O.— T.  J.  W.,  (We  have 
for  some  time  past  thought  of  such  a  thing  ;  we  ai'e  obliged, 
however,  for  the  suggestion.) — D.  and  Co. — G.  and  .B. — 
E-  J.  B.— W.  J.— R.  C— G.  T.— J.  N.— W.  B.— W.  E.  T.— 
S.  J.  H.— A,  C. 

R.  H.  — We  presume  oui-  cun'cspondent  refers  to  a  house 
agent's  Ucence,  the  cost  of  which  is  £2. 


LTtSMllbCltCL 


CONCEEXE  BUILDINGS. 

To  the  Editor  of  the  Buildinq  News. 

Sir, — I  have  read  the  various  articles  on  con- 
crete buildings  which  have  from  time  to  time 
appeared  in  the  Bdildino  News  with  great  in- 
terest ;  more  particularly  the  letter  from  Mr.  Tall, 
in  this  week's  numher,  and  the  statements  of  Mr. 
Newton,  to  which  Mr.  Tall  refers,  in  your  issue  of 
the  12th  of  April ;  and  I  cannot  avoid  coming  to 
the  conclusion  that  the  matter  of  cheapness  as 
compared  with  brickwork  has  been  much  over- 
stated. Mr.  Tall  himself  certainly  does  not  allude 
to  this  further  than  by  endorsing  all  that  Mr. 
Newton  had  previously  stated  ;  but  I  have  seen  it 
asserted  that  the  saving  is  from  30  to  40  per  cent. 
Now,  Mr.  Newton,  after  employing  labour  at  a 
much  lower  rate  than  it  can  be  obtained  in  our 
large  towns,  says  he  can  produce  9in.  concrete 
walls  at  something  less  than  33.  per  yard  super., 
but  he  does  not  state  the  cost  per  yard  of  finishing 
the  outside,  which  he  ought  certainly  to  have  done 
in  order  to  have  enabled  your  readers  to  judge 
fairly  of  the  merits  of  the  system.  Now  the 
cheapest  finish  would  be  "  render  and  rough-cast," 
worth  lOd.  to  Is.  2d.  per  yard  super.  ;  but  as  this 
is  hardly  suitable  in  smoky  localities,  cement 
must  be  employed.  This  will  cost  in  "Portland" 
from  23.  6d.  to  33.  per  yard.  Add  either  of  these 
to  the  cost  of  the  concrete  wall  and  we  shall  then 
see  how  matters  stand  : — 

Concrete  waU  9in.  thick,  per  yard  super.     3     0 
Finishing  same  rough  cast,  say      ...10 

Total  coat  yer  yard  super.    ...     4     0 

Now,  9in.  brickwork  in  cottages  is  generally 
done  for  33.  3d.  to  33.  9d.  per  yard,  and,  therefore, 
I  fail  to  see  what  saving  is  to  be  efi'ected  by  the 
concrete  system,  more  especially  in  localities  where 
rough-cast  finish  would  be  unsuitable.  Perhaps,  if 
this  be  deemed  worth  insertion  in  your  valuable 
paper,  some  of  your  correspondents  will  kindly 
enlighten  me  on  these  matters. — 1  am,  &c.,     F. 

Chester,  May  18. 


CLASSIC  ARCHITECTURE. 

Sir, — Modern  architecture  is  not  yet  in  such  a 
thriving  state  that  the  signs  of  life  in  any  branch 
of  it  can  be  passed  over  without  loss.  To  hold 
that  Gothic  is  the  best  basis  to  work  on,  need  not 
blind  one  to  the  merits  of  a  design  raised  on  a 
different  foundation,  and  perhaps  excelling  in 
the  very  points  where,  for  modern  uses,  Gothic 
faUs.  Anything  like  a  green  leaf  on  the  Classic 
bough  of  the  architectural  tree  is,  indeed,  an 
uncommon  sight,  and  for  that  reason  deserves 
the  more  attention.  It  is,  therefore,  rather  sur- 
prising that  the  new  Freemasons'  Hall,  with  more 
freshness,  force,  and  refinement  than  almost  any 
recent  building  of  the  style,  has  received  so  little 
notice.  May  we  hope  at  some  time  to  see  a  view 
of  it  in  the  BniLDKG  News  ? — I  .am,  &c., 

James  Cubitt. 


THE   GENERAL  BUILDERS'    ASSOCIATION. 

Sir, — In  a  weekly  journal  of  the  16th  iust.,  there  ia  a 
full  account  of  the  annual  meeting  of  the  General  Builders' 
Association,  held  at  the  Volunteer  Club  in  this  city  on  the 
9th  iust.,  and  presided  over  by  Mr.  Alderman  NeiH,  mayor 
of  .Manchester,  who  ia  president  of  the  Association.  His 
worship,  in  a  long  speech,  anything  but  couipUmentarj-  to 
architects  generally,  is  reported  to  liavo  said.  "  He  believed 
when  a  good  case  arose  and  it  was  taken  into  a  court  of 
law,  the  builders  would  be  able  to  teach  the  architects  a 


lesson — to  teach  them  for  the  futiu-e  to  be  honest  and  do 
justice."  Now.  Sir.  this  appears  to  me  to  be  such  au  un- 
warrantable piece  of  impertinence  on  the  part  of  his  wor- 
ship, and  such  a  gross  insult  to  the  members  of  the  archi- 
tectural profession,  that  it  ought  to  be  exposed  and  pro- 
perly dealt  with  by  the  Institute  of  Architects  and  all  other 
Architectural  Societies,  as  also  by  your  own  and  other 
similar  journals.  — I  am,  &c., 

William  Bruce  Gingell,  Architect 
37,  Corn-street,  Bristol,  May  21. 


IiittiTomiuuniciitioiL 


QUESTIONS. 
'  [388.  ]— ESTIMATES.— I  gave  an  estimate  to  a  gentleman 
to  do  certiiin  work  to  a  block  of  old  buildings.  My  tjcder 
was  accepted  verbally,  but  before  a  "witness,  and  I  was  told 
to  proceed  with  the  work  with  all  speed  ;  but  just  as  I  waa 
about  to  commence  I  received  orders  that  be  would  not 
have  the  work  done,  only  a  little  patching,  and  that  he 
would  not  give  me  the  work,  iis  he  intended  to  get  other 
estimates  in  for  the  little  repairs  he  wanted.  What  I  want 
to  know  is,  can  I  compel  him  to  pay  any  portion  of  the  ex- 
pense I  have  been  put  to,  or  what  1  can  do  under  the  cir- 
cumstances? The  materials  are  not  of  au  ordinary-  kind 
and  may  remain  on  my  baniU  a  long  time,  and  of  course 
be  a  great  loss  to  me.  H.  S. 


[3S9].— THOMPSON'S  UNIVERSAL  JOIXER.  —  Can 
you  inform  me  of  the  cost  of  this  ma:;hine,  as  described  iu 
your  impression  of  the  10th  inst.  ?  Am  I  right  in  assunuDg 
that  it  is  worked  by  steam  power?  J.  B. 

i  [The  cost  of  the  machine  is  f  ItJO^    It  is  worked  by  steam 
power,  ] 


[390.]— TRANSPARENT  PAPER.— I  shall  be  obliged  if 
any  of  your  readers  can  inform  me  of  any  simple  and  expe- 
ditious way  of  making  temporarily  transparent  paper  for 
tracing?  D.  J.  , 

[391.]— BRIDGEWATER  TILES. —  Can  any  of  yoiir 
readers  inform  me  what  are  the  drawbacks  to  tlie  more 
eeneval  adoption  and  use  of  the  Biidgewater  roofing  tilea^j 

E.  H.  L.  B. 


[392.]— TERRA  COTTA.— Can  any  nf  your  readers 
inform  me  what  weight  a  terra  cotta  shaft  "in.  in  diameter 
will  carry,  and  whether  the  interior  should  be  filled  up  or 

left  hollow?  A  SUESCBIBER. 


[393^BUltDING  SOCIETIES.— I  shall  be  obUged  if 
you  will  inform  me  through  your  "IntercommuiiicatioQ" 
whether  a  subscriber  to  a  Permanent  Land  .and  Biiildiag 
Society  is  liable  in  case  of  failure  to  be  called  uiwn  for  a 
greater  amount  than  the  shares  be  has  taken  up.  In  oj " 
case  the  shares  are  £40,  payable  by  monthly  sub9crii_ 
of  5s,  I  presume  we  ai"e  responsible  for  the  140.  but  I  , 
doubtful  whether  that  is  the  limit.  I>-A'E3T0it; 

The  question  raised  by  "  Investor"  is,  by  themanag^raol 
building  societies,  usually  regarded  as  a  "moot  point,"  legal 
decisions  having,  itis;.aid,  been  given  both  ways.    Withir'' 
tion  to  terminable  societies  it  nas  been  a<lvauceci  that 
after  a  member  may  have  withdrawn  his  deposits  he  ma] 
be  liable  to  be  caUed  upon  to  make  up  any  deficiency  % 
nominal  value  of  the  remaining  members'  shares,   '^ 
such  deficiency   arise.       In    permanent    societies, 
example  in  the  Temperance  Permanent  Land 
Society,  this  ia  not  the  case.     Practically,  howe^, 
C|ue3tion  of  "liability"    is   always    one   of  good  or 
management.      Building  societies  only  deal  with  i 
funds,  and  make  advances  on  real  property.     They, 
fore,  always  deal  safely.     But  there    are  thi'ee  conceii 
ways  in  which  they  might  get  involved.     A  portion  ojf 
funds  might  be  purloined  ;  or  property  on  which  advaUM^ 
had  betn  made  might  be  destroyed  by  fire,  or  engulphed  M 
an  earthquake.     Directors  are  supposed  to  be  a  sufficien 
giiarantee  against  the  first  chance,   insurance  a'ainsttu 
second,  and  in  the  supposed  case  of  the  earthquake    t  i 
probable  that  if  the  property  was  engulphed  the  membei 
would  go  with  it.     In  such  a  case  there  wuuld  be  little  nee 
of  further  discussion  as  to  liability.     And  in  the  case  of  fir 
liability   is   almost   as  remote.     In   the   Temperance  Pei 
mauent  Laud  and  Building  Society  they  have  in  the  cour; 
offouiteen  yeai-s  advanced  £700,000  on  between  4,000  an 
5,0U0  houses,  and  have  only  had  two  fires  with  a  losscoverfri; 
by  insurance  of  from   £300  to  £4U0,    The  conclusion  f'" 
therefore,  sufficiently  cleai-.     If  "  Investor"  is  satisfied  wil 
the  management  of  his  society,   he   may  very  justiflal 
allow  the  question  of  liability  beyond  the  amount  of  m 
share  to  remain  unsolved.  J-  ^ 


[394.-]_AREA    OF    BOTTOM   FLANGE   WROUGHI 
IRON    GIRDER.  —  Through     the  (medium    of    yov 
,  valuable   "  Intercoujiuumcatiou 

column  I  should  be  glud  to  leiir 
how  to  arrive  at  the  sectional  art        , 
of  the  bottom  flange  of  a  WHragh  '^  i 
ii-oo  girder.     I  know  liow  *''  ^  W  ' 
the  area  of  the  flange-plate,  b(  ** 
_     I  am  in  the  dark  as  tc.  the  L  iron 
>     Whether  the  "  L"  is  ti'eat«d  as 
bar    S^in.    x   2ft.      13m,   x  |iD 
according  to  tlie  sketch  J 
1 ;  or  tJiat  the  area  of  H 
bottom  part  is  onlytaKt 
as  per  skettih  No.  2,  whii 
is    represented     by    l»u 

^ ,      hatched— thus.   2  ^  u«J 

^7^      2hm.   X  |in.      The  «i«^ 
-      -       -     — ■^■- — ^  tiij3    from  oue  ot^' 
readei-3  or  yourself  will  greatly  oblige       A  SuBaCHiBBa. 


REPLIES. 

[384.1-LARGE  RAILWAY  CURVES.-The  cui-ves 
railways  are  set  off  by  taking  off  setts  from  a  f-'^^'S"  V 
The  length  of  the  offsetts  can  be  got  from  t^,^'^;,  ",,rTii 
lated.  If  "S.  Street"  will  send  the  i-adins  1  ^""  t*""  - 
in  the  way  of  calculating  the  offsetts.      O,  b.  ^ww^vx  - 

Jliddlesbro',  May  22. 


May  24,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


367 


362.]— STAINED  OAK,— Tho  black  st-iina  ia  oak, 
ided  by  tha  rusting  of  irouwork,  may  be  removed  by  the 
lowiDg  process: — Wash  over  the  woodwork  with  common 
drocbloric  acid  (spirits  of  salts).  A  better  resiilt  will  be 
taineii  if  the  wood  is  previously  washed  over  with  a  aoln- 
u  of  commoQ  washiiii;  soda.  The  acid  ahould  uot  b« 
owed  to  come  in  contact  with  ironwork.  The  cost  of  the 
d  is  6d.  per  gallon.  Obuteratus. 


371.]— PLASTER  CEILIXG.— I  beUeve  the  correspon- 
ut  in  last  week  s  number  is  well  aainainted  with  build- 
;  proiwrty  by  the  great  nicety  he  has  answered  the  query 
:rackedceiIing3,thetwotliings  uot  ailmitted  that  theceiling 
its  are  never  strutted  or  tied  properly  to  withstand  the 
■ration  of  walking  about  tlie  floors.  As  regards  tiie  plas- 
iDg,  the  lathing  ought  to  bo  double  laths  and  butted, 
i  the  joints  broke  every  ISin.  apart,  the  key  not  less  than 
in.  The  lime  and  hair  should  be  two  of  sand  to  one  of 
le.  and  plenty  of  good  hair,  that  should  bu  of  the  best 
ility.  The  finishing  coat  should  be  two  of  fine  washed 
id  to  one  of  lime,  which  sliould  be  chalk.  Each  coat  should 
left  with  a  good  key,  and  jjroperly  dry  ;  there  need  then 
no  fear  of  ceilings  cracking. — F.  F, 


i^PURIFYING  WATER.— If  there  be  one  subject 

i.ia  another  that  deserves  the  serious  attention  of 

1 J  human  family  it   is  how  to  obtain  pure  water 

■itic  pun>oses.     Almost  everyone  knows  that  the 

ipure  water  is  injurious  to  health,  yet  strange  to  say 

V  .-nlopt  any  means  whatever  for  purifying  it  before 

;.  mgh  cheap  and  «;u\v  methods  are  within  the  reach 

Voiir  correspondent,   "  Aqua   Pura,"  in  youi'  Jast 

'  made  a  very  good  suggestion  upon  the  construction 

i-*o  filter,  and  with   your  kind   permission   I  will 

mother  way ^of  adapting  the  same  principle  which 

^  ineiy  and  perhajw  cheaper  than  that  of  *'Aqua 

In  the  tirst  place  tie  a  thick  piece  of  tlannel  tight 

We  outlet  of  the  water  tap,  then  get  a  thick  flannel 

it  9in.  or  lOin.  deep  and  6in.  wide,  put  3in.  deep 

I  i-ea  gnivel  in  the  bottom  of  the  bag,  then  Sin.  of 

liarcoal  on  the  top  of  the  gravel  in  pieces  about  the 

irse  beans,    tie  the  bag  over  the  tap  and  flannel 

ly  put  on  ;  the  filter  is  then  ready  for  use.     The  tap 

•J  turned  slowly  on  and  a  ve.^sel  placed  under  the 

1   ceivo  the  water,  which  will  be  divested  of  all  xm- 

Thismay  be  cvUed  a  filter  for  the  million.     It 

-  -en  that  the  flannel  first  tied  to  the  tup  acts  as  the 

'-■'f  plate  or  zincing  to  prevent  the  wash  of  the  water 

il;  tho  charcoal,  as  recommesded  by  "  Aqua  Pura." 

_.  sized  ti-ee  pot  can  also  be  made  into  an  excellent 

•.•u  the  above  principle.  J.  Duthie. 

I 'eel-terrace,  Preston,  May  IS, 


^BIRD'S-EYE  VIEWS.— Lot  "  S.  S.  S.  "  get  out 
in  the  oidiu;uy  way,  and  upon  commencing  his 
-t-c  his  horizontal  line  so  much  above  the  ground 
u  w  iiemay  require.  Forinstmce  let  it  be  supposed  that 
S.  S."  h.Ts  made  his  plan  and  found  the  vanishing 
a.  The  building  to  be  delineated  is  (say)  40ft.  high  ; 
ifhe  will  place  his  horizontal  line  twice'the  height  of 
adding  above  the  ground  line,  and  on  it  liis  previously 
I  vaui.shing  points,  and  then  proceed  to  draw  his  view 
)  ordinary  way,  I  do  not  think  he  will  find  any  diffi- 
arise.  He  must  of  cj^urse  bear  in  mind  that  as  the 
of  sight  is  so  much  above  the  building,  he  will  see 
iir  sides  of  the  latter,  at  least  as  far  as  the  roof  is  con- 
d,  at  once ;  also,  that  the  horizontal  line  is  bv  no 
3  arbitrary  as  regards  its  position.  "  S.  S.  S."'  will 
it  good  practice  to  make  a  view  %vith  the  horizontal 
lelow  the  ground  line,  so  as  to  perch  the  biiilding  as 
«  on  a  hill.  I  can  fully  endorse  your  correspondent's 
•kswith  regard  to  your  '*  Intercommunication,"  and 
these  remarks  may  be  of  as  much  use  to  him  as  others 
been  to  me.  'W,  l.  B. 


t-l^If  your  correspondent  "S.   S.   S."  understands 

■dinary  system  of  angular  perspective  he  has  little 

rn  to  work  out  a  bird's  eye  view.     It  is  done  by  sim- 

!aisingthe  sight  or  horizon  line  to  anv  elevation  he 

I  leaire.     His  vanishing  points  will  extend  to  the  same 

jis  right  and  left  as  if  ho  were  working  his  drawing 

I  the  sight  line  oft.  or  6ft.  above  the  base  of  the  build° 

'Perhaps  one  of  the  best  and  most  simple  fonus  of 

»ir^  the  correct  distances  of  the  vanishing  points  is 

Ilowing  .—Lay  down  a  block  plan  of  j-our  building 

-ie  up  your  mind   at  what  distance  you  decide  to 

;  building  at,  and  also  the  exact  position  you  wish 

!py  in  regard  to  the  front  or  side  elevation  of  the 

ing.    Let  A  be  the  block  plan  of  the  building  fixed 


|s  angle  that  may  be  required  in  relation  to  the  line 

'f  vfhich  is  the  plane  of  the  picture,   draw  a  line  D  at 

Singles  with  B  0  of  any  length— say  100ft..   150ft..  or 

•-"■td  place  on  the  same  the  distance  point  E,  which 

i-isthe  exact  position  in   which  you  wish   to  view 

ling.     From  E  draw  Hues  to  F  and  G  pai-allel  with 

t^  and  end  of  the  building  until  they  reach  the  line 

Nd  the  inteisection  of  those  lines   at  F   and  G  will 

-  distance  points.     It   will  thus  he  seen  that  they 

!  longer  or  shorter  to  the  right  or  the  left  hand  as 

■  ^  plan  is  moved  at  difl"erent  angles  from  the  line 

they  will  be  farther  apart  if  the  oiject   is  viewed 

kl  '^^^  distance      As  these  are  the  onlv  questions  asked 

^  Jc  this  explanation  will  suffice ;  but  should  any  further 

-^  ition  be  needed  I  shaU  be  glad  to  aficrd  it.    "W.  S. 


WAGES   MOVEMENT. 

The  plaaterora  of  Chorley  are  out  on  strike  for  an  advance 
of  23.  per  week.  Their  present  wages  is  263.  At  present 
the  musters  object  to  give  them  what  they  ask. 

The  masons  and  qnarrymen  of  Bamsloy  are  still  on  strike 
and  a  hottlement  of  the  dispute  is  as  remote  as  ever.  Build- 
ing operations,  so  far  as  tho  union  men  oi'd  concerned,  are 
completely  at  a  stand. 

The  directors  of  the  North  Staffordshire  Railway,  after 
cousidering  a  memorial  addressed  to  them  on  the  subject, 
have  decided  that  for  tho  future  ten  houi-s  shall  constitute 
a  day's  work  for  their  engine-drivers  and  firemen,  instead 
of  twelve,  as  at  prnsent.  antl  tliat  in  making  overtime  every 
two  hours  shall  be  considered  a  quivrter  of  a  day. 

A  correspondent  of  the  Tone.*,  wi-iting  from  Philadelphia, 
on  May  10,  says  the  labour  strikes  in  St.  Louis  and  Chicago 
for  the  '■  Eight  Hours  Law"  have  ended  in  tho  disc^mititure 
of  the  working  men.  Those  who  work  eight  hours  liavy 
been  compelled  to  accept  a  proportionate  reduction  of  pay, 
but  in  most  ca^es  tho  places  of  the  strikers  have  been  sup- 
plied by  workmen  from  elsewhere.  So  many  working 
people  are  now  out  of  employment  in  the  West  that  there 
is  very  little  dithculty  in  supplying  vacancies  caused  by 
strikes.  Great  discontent  upon  labour  questions  is,  how- 
ever, still  reported. 

Bristol.- Last  Saturday  week,  with  no  notice,  the 
joiners  employed  by  Mr  James  Diment  struck  work  because 
he  refused  to  allow  them  to  come  (at  their  option)  at  seven 
in  the  morning- his  rule  being  that  men  not  at  work  by 
six  should  not  be  admitted  till  nine.  This  rule  (which  ha^ 
been  iu  force  over  twenty  ^ears)  he  found  necessary  owing 
t<}  the  other  v.orious  branches  of  the  building  trade  necessi- 
tating the  engagement  of  a  number  of  painters,  plasterers, 
plumbers,  &c.,  in  the  busy  season.  The  said  joiners  were 
paid  by  the  hour,  as  are  all  other  men  in  Mr,  Diraent's  em- 
ploy, excepting  masons  who  are  engaged  by  the  day.  The 
places  of  these  men  who  have  struck  have  all  been  filled 
up  by  non-society  men  and  a  non-society  foreman,  and  since 
these  men  have  been  at  work  they  have  constantly  been 
subjected  to  annoyance  fi-om  society  men. 

The  New  York  coiTospondent  of  a  London  journal, 
writing  of  the  price  of  labour  in  the  United  States,  says— 
A  comparison  of  the  prices  paid  to  mechanics  in  ISCO  and 
those  paid  now  has  shown  that  the  working  men  are  not 
aggrieved  by  their  employers.  Their  wages  have  been 
raised  proportionately  with  the  general  rise  in  prices.  Here 
area  few  instances  :— In  1S60,  carpenters  were  paid  from 
2  dollars  to  2  dollars  60  cents  a  day ;  they  now  get 
from  3  dollars  50  cents  to  4  doUai-s.  Stonecutters  received 
2  dollars  a  day,  whereas  they  are  now  paid  4  dollars.  The 
general  rise  has  been  about  a  dollar  a  day,  but  some  trades 
have  been  more  fortunate.  Cloakmakers  (female),  who  in 
1S(J3  were  paid  4  dollars  a  week,  now  receive  S  dollars. 
Cuff  and  collar  makers  now  get  9  ilollars  a  week  instead  of 
G  dollars  as  formerly.  The  carpenters  are  now  again  out 
on  strike,  and  the  masters  are  yielding,  both  in  this  state 
and  in  New  Jersey,  for  they  have  contracts  on  hand  which 
must  be  finished  by  a  certain  date. 

Strike  Agaisst  a  Nox-ukion  Max.— Last  week  twenty 
masons  in  the  employ  of  Messrs.  "Wood,  biulders  and  con- 
tractors to  the  Midland  Company  at  Derby,  struck  work 
in  consequence  of  the  firm  having  refused  "to  discharge  a 
non-society  man.  The  man  has  worked  for  Messrs  Wood 
for  several  years,  and  the  character  which  his  employers 
give  him  is  that  of  a  steady,  respectable,  and  good  workman  ; 
in  fact,  he  has  won  their  confidence  to  such  an  extent  that 
they  have  placed  hmi  in  the  post  of  foreman.  The  facts 
of  the  case  are  as  follow:— On  Tuesday,  May  S,  two  dele- 
gates from  the  Masons'  Society  went  to  Messrs.  Wood  with 
a  request  that  they  would  discharge  their  foreman  at  once, 
or  insist  on  his  joining  the  union.  ^a.ch  of  these  proposals 
the  firm  at  once  rejected.  On  the  following  Saturday,  a 
union  man  in  the  employ  of  the  firm  went  to  the  office, 
and  inquired  of  Mr.  Wood,  jun.,  what  decision  they  bad 
come  to  respecting  the  obnoxious  man,  and  saying  that  if 
they  EtiLl  adhered  to  what  they  told  the  delegates  all  their 
men  would  be  withdrawn.  The  firm  refused  to  depart  from 
their  expressed  determination,  and  when  Monday  morning 
came  the  men  all  struck,  those  out  of  the  town  as  well  ;ls 
in  being  warned  from  working.  The  film  is  now  without 
a  mason — excepting,  of  course,  the  one  on  whose  account 
the  turn-out  has  taken  place — and  all  their  works  are  now 
stopped. 


Spence,  Gibson's  most  successful  pupil.  The 
epitaph  baa  beeu  ^^Titten  by  Lord  Lytton,  The 
sum  of  £50  \vas  all  the  great  sculptor  left  for 
his  own  monument,  desiring  it  ahould  not  be 
exceeded. 


STATUES,  MEMORIALS,  ETC. 

Monument  to  the  l.^teMarqi'I-sof  Huntlt. — 
Last  week  the  foundation  stone  of  a  monument  in 
memory  of  Charles,  tenth  Marquis  of  Huntly, 
who  died  in  1863,  was  laid  at  Aboyne  with 
Masonic  honours.  The  design  is  a  plain  obelisk, 
16ft.  at  the  base  and  6ft,  at  the  top,  with 
a  pedestal  of  19ft.  It  is  built  of  rough  blocks  of 
granite  taken  from  the  Hill  of  Mortlach,  on 
which  it  stands,  and  is  surmounted  by  a  sort  of 
Dagmar  Cross.  The  extreme  height  of  the  monu- 
ment is  60ft.  The  architect  is  Mr.  G.  H.  Smith, 
London  ;  the  builder  Mr.  R.  Dinnie,  Aboyne. 

The  Brockett  Memorial. — A  meeting  of  the 
committee  and  subscribers  was  held  at  Gateshead 
on  Saturday  to  select  the  designs  for  the  proposed 
memorial  to  the  late  Mr.  W.  H.  Brockett,  of  that 
town.  The  Mayor  presided.  Several  plans  were 
submitted,  and  eventually  the  execution  of  the 
work  was  entrusted  to  Mr.  Pearson,  of  the  Red 
Barns  Marble  and  Stone  Works,  Newcastle.  The 
monument,  which  is  to  be  erected  over  the  grave 
of  the  deceased  in  St.  Edmund's  Cemetery, 
Gateshead,  will  be  of  Gothic  character,  and  wUl 
be  17ft.  in  height. 

The  late  John  Gibsox. — A  monument  ia  soon 
to  be  erected  to  the  late  Mr.  Gibson,  in  the  Pro- 
testant Cemetery  in  Rome,  the  sculpture  to  be  a 
simple  profile  head,  executed  by  the  late  Mr. 


LEGAL  INTELLIGENCE. 

ACTIOX  FOR     THE    LOAN     OF    A     AVlNDOW. — Mr, 

Davenport,  a  chemist,  of  Wolverhampton,  sued 
Mr.  Edwin  Turner  for  the  sum  of  £10  fjr  the 
use  of  a  window  on  the  occasion  of  the  Queen 
visiting  Wolverhampton,  Upon  the  understand- 
ing that  the  canvas  which  covered  the  pavilion  in 
would  be  taken  oU'  if  tho  weather  continued  line, 
the  defendant  engaged  the  room  ;  but  when  Mr. 
Turner  and  his  family  went  the  canvas  was  not 
taken  oiF,  and  they  were  unable  to  see  the  cere- 
mony.    Verdict  for  the  defendant. 

"Compelled  bvthe  Union  Laws." — A  decision 
of  some  interest  iu  connection  with  trades'  unions 
was  given  in  tlie  Bail  Court  last  week.  There  was 
some  time  since,  at  Bridgewater,  a  strike  of  the 
carpenters  in  the  employment  of  a  builder  named 
Kitch.  Mr.  Kitch  employed  a  man  named  Jor- 
dan, who  was  not  a  member  of  the  carpenters* 
union,  and  the  strike  was  in  effect  a  refusal  on  the 
part  of  the  men  to  work  with  him.  One  of  them, 
named  Skinner,  was  deputed  by  the  union  to  wait 
on  Mr.  Kitch,  and  he  did  so,  handing  to  that  in- 
dividual a  paper,  on  which  was  written  the  follow- 
ing:— "I  am  retpiested  by  the  committee  of  car. 
penters  and  joiners  to  give  the  men  in  your 
employ  n  jtice  to  come  out  on  strike  against  Jamea 
Jordan,  unless  he  become  a  member  of  the  above 
society,  not  being  any  way  diare.spectful  to  you  or 
him,  but  being  compelled  by  the  union  laws." 
For  serving  this  notice  Skinner  was  brought  be- 
fore the  magistrates,  and  charged  with  threatening 
Mr.  Kitch  and  Jordan.  He  was  convicted,  and 
this  was  an  appeal  against  the  conviction.  The 
judges,  after  hearing  the  arguments,  held  that  the 
notice  was  a  threat,  and  affirmed  the  conviction. 

Parochial  Church  Pews. — A  rather  important 
case  as  to  pew  rents  in  parochial  chapels  was 
heard  at  the  Liverpool  County  Court  a  few  days 
ago.  The  case  arose  out  of  the  following  circum- 
stances.  A  Mr.  John  Owen,  who  claims  to  be  the 
owner  of  a  pew  in  Kirkby  Church,  sued  Margery 
Leech  for  14s  ,  the  rent  of  the  pew  in  question  for 
two  years.  The  pew  was  let  to  defendant  about 
twenty  years  ago  by  plaintiff's  grandfather,  at  the 
rate  of  7s.  a  year,  which,  until  the  last  two  years, 
had  been  regularly  paid,  first  to  the  grandfather, 
afterwards  to  the  father,  then  to  the  mother,  and 
several  times  to  plaintiff  himself.  For  the  last: 
two  years,  however,  defendant  had  refused  to 
pay,  acting,  she  said,  on  the  advice  of  the  curate, 
the  Rev,  J,  Gray.  Plaintiff  admitted  that  he  had 
no  documents  relating  to  the  reletting  of  the  pew. 
It  was  contended  for  the  defence  that  as  the 
place  had  been  a  parish  church  from  time  im- 
memorial there  could  not  be,  according  to  law, 
any  such  thing  as  the  letting  or  sale  of  pews  in  a 
parish  chiirch.  That  could  only  I  e  done  under 
a  special  Act  of  Parliament,  and  such  an  Act  the 
plaintiff  had  not  produced.  The  seats  iu  pariah 
churches  were  under  the  control  of  church- 
wardens, who  had  a  right  to  appropriate  them  to 
the  use  of  parishioners.  Judgment  was  given  for 
the  defendant. 


General  Stems. 


We  are  requested  to  announce  that  the  office 
of  the  Society  of  Engineer.?,  iu  Paris,  during  the 
Exhibition,  is  at  190,  Eue  St.  Dominique,  where 
members  desirous  of  obtaining  information  can 
apply.  Members  who  purpose  joining  the  Council 
on  the  Ist  of  June  are  requested  to  communicate 
with  the  secretary  not  later  than  the  25th  inst., 
at  the  Society's  Office,  6,  Westminster  Chambers. 

We  beliere  that  a  memoir  of  the  late  Sir  Robert 
Smirke,  R.A.,  is  being  prepared  by  a  member  of 
his  family.  It  will  be  read  at  an  early  meeting 
of  the  Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects,  by 
Mr.  Sydney  Smirke,  the  brother  of  the  deceased 
gentleman. 

Mr.  Tidd  Pratt,  in  dissolving  by  request  a 
friendly  society  at  Trentham  the  other  day,  said 
that  of  the  25,000  societies  enrolled  in  his  depart- 
ment he  could  not  recommend  20  as  absolutely 
safe.  The  society  had  existed  56  years,  and  was 
reduced  to  insolvency  by  the  large  number  of 
superannuated  members. 


368 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


May  24,  1867. 


The  masonry  of  the  Paris  Exhiliition  building 
measured  52,000  cubic  metres,  of  which  37,000 
cubic  metres  were  for  foundations,  10,000  cubic 
metres  for  the  fine  art  and  archaeological  galleries, 
and  5,000  cubic  feet  for  the  walls  forming  the 
machinery  galleries. 

The  current  expenses  connected  with  the 
National  Gallery  amount  to  an  annual  sum  of 
£15,894,  of  which  the  director  receives  £1,000, 
and  the  keeper  and  secretary  £750.  The  establish- 
ment at  Trafalgar-square  costs  £1,523,  of  which 
£327  is  given  to  curators  and  £7S(J  to  police.  A 
sum  of  £621  is  spent  at  South  Kensington,  £2,000 
is  allowed  for  travelling  expenses,  agency  business, 
&c.,  and  £10,000  for  the  purchase  of  pictures. 

It  was  announced  at  the  last  meeting  of  the 
Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  that  the  presi- 
dent's annual  conversazione  would  be  held  on 
Tuesday  evening.  May  28,  when  the  cooperation 
of  the  members  and  visitors  was  requested,  in 
order  that  a  collection  of  models  of  engineering 
construction  and  of  works  of  art,  worthy  of  the 
Institution,  might  be  made. 

Mr.  William  M'Connell,  the  well-known  draughts- 
man on  wood,  died  after  a  lingering  illness  on  the 
14th  inst.  He  will  be  best  remembered  by  his 
illustrations  to  Mr.  Sala'a  "Twice  Round  the 
Clock,"  which  were  full  of  spirit.  The  death  of 
Mr.  M'Connell  adds  another  to  the  long  list  of 
clever  artists  who  have  passed  away  within  a  com- 
paratively short  time,  and  at  a  very  early  age. — 
We  have  also  to  announce  the  death  of  M.  Cham- 
poUion-Figeac,  the  Nestor  of  French  archicolo- 
giats,  which  happened  last  week  at  Fontainebleau. 

Candidates  for  the  Pugin  Travelling  Studentship, 
in  connection  with  the  Royal  Institute  of  British 
Architects,  are  requested  to  send  in  their  applica- 
tions, together  with  specimens  of  dramngs,  testi- 
monials, &c.,  as  required  by  the  deed  of  trust 
(copies  of  which  can  be  obtained  on  application 
to  Mr.  C.  L.  Eastlake,  at  the  rooms  of  the  Insti- 
tute, 9,  Conduit-Btreet),  on  or  before  January  31, 
1868. 

The  losses  by  fire  in  the  United  States  were  (re- 
ferring to  insured  property  alone)  in  1861  about 
18,000,000  dollars;  in  1865,  43,600,000  dollars; 
and  in  1866,  100,000,000.  If  the  losses  continue 
to  increase  in  like  proportion  for  three  years  more 
all  the  insurance  companies  must  go  by  the  board. 

The  General  Council  of  Vice-Presidents,  the 
Executive  Committee,  and  the  London  Committee 
of  Advice,  met  on  Thursday  last  at  the  London 
offices,  to  consider  the  prospects  of  the  National 
Exhibition  of  Works  of  Art  at  Leeds  in  1868,  the 
Earl  Fiizwilliam,  president,  in  the  chair.  The 
general  progress  of  the  exhibition  was  stated  by 
Mr.  W.  B.  Denison,  chairman  of  the  executive 
committee,  to  be  very  satisfactory,  and  the  pro- 
mises of  support  from  the  various  private  collec- 
tions continued  to  be  highly  encouraging.  Mr. 
Waring,  the  chief  commissioner,  explained  the 
object  of  the  exhibition  in  procuring  works  of  the 
highest  artistic  excellence,  and  impressed  upon  the 
meeting  the  national  importance  of  such  an 
exhibition,  which  was  not  confined  to  Yorkshire, 
rich  as  that  county  was  in  works  of  art,  but  would 
represent  fully  the  great  treasures  of  art  preserved 
in  the  private  galleries  of  the  country. 

A  fine  wooden  bridge,  erected  six  or  seven 
years  ago  over  the  River  Boyne,  contiguous  to  the 
monument  to  commemorate  the  famous  battle 
fought  there  in  1690,  last  week  gave  way  on  the 
north  side  of  the  river,  and  half  the  structure  fell 
into  the  water.  It  is  proposed  to  erect  a  stone 
bridge  in  its  stead. 

An  interesting  experiment  with  an  omnibus 
drawn  by  steam  on  common  roads  has  just  taken 
place  in  Paris.  A  small  locomotive  of  Si-horse 
power,  and  linked  to  a  vehicle  containing  places 
for  twenty-six  persons,  left  the  Exhibition  build- 
ing at  about  half-past  two  in  the  afternoon,  and 
proceeded  to  the  Quai  de  Billy,  on  the  opposite 
Bide  of  the  Seine.  There  Prince  Napoleon, 
accompanied  by  Admiral  de  la  Ronci^re  le  Noury, 
and  other  persons,  took  their  seats  in  the  omni- 
bus, which  set  out  along  the  avenue  which  leads 
to  the  Place  du  Roi  de  Rome,  ascending  without 
difficulty  the  incline.  On  arriving  at  the  summit 
of  the  rise,  the  vehicle  set  off  at  a  speed  of 
between  seven  and  eight  miles  an  hour  by  the 
Avenue  de  I'Empereur  to  the  Porte  de  la  Muette, 
where  it  entered  the  Bois  de  Boulogne,  passing 
with  the  greatest  facility  amidst  the  lines  of 
carriages  along  the  banks  of  the  lakes  at  the  hour 
most  frequented,  and,  after  describing  circles 
within  an  exceedingly  limited  apace,  descended 
from  the  avenue  to  the  Pont  de  I'Alma. 


The  Minister  of  Public  Instruction  in  France 
has  determined  upon  establishing  a  general  exhi- 
bition of  works  of  art  of  all  kinds  produced  in  the 
art  schools  of  the  State,  and  has  devoted  the 
terrace  of  his  mansion  to  the  purpose.  Three 
galleries,  which  will  be  finished  in  a  few  days,  will 
be  appropriated  as  follows  : — In  one  will  be  speci- 
mens of  modelling,  architectural  works,  casts  in 
plaster,  plans,  linear  drawings,  ornaments,  stereo- 
tomic  models,  and  mathematical  and  philosophical 
instruments.  The  central  gallery  will  be  devoted 
to  drawings,  engravings,  lithographs,  and  photo- 
graphy ;  and  in  the  centre  will  be  an  exhibition 
of  needlework,  lace-making,  application,  em 
broidery,  and  other  works  produced  by  the 
pupils  of  the  female  schools.  The  third  gallery 
is  intended  for  a  different  purpose,  namely,  the 
exhibition  of  objects  of  value  and  interest,  brought 
from  Mexico  by  the  Scientific  Mission,  with  a 
systematic  collection  of  ores  and  minerals  made 
in  Mexico,  and  a  number  of  statuettes  of  divinities 
of  past  times,  and  other  works  of  art. 

The  ordinary  general  half-yearly  meeting  of  the 
Bath  Stone  Company  (Limited)  was  held  the  other 
day,  when  the  report  of  the  directors  was  pre- 
sented. The  report  may  be  accepted  as  a  satis- 
factory proof  of  the  prudence  and  success  of  the 
management  of  the  company.  The  sales  have 
increased  upwards  of  £300  during  the  past  half- 
year,  as  compared  with  the  previous  half-year, 
although  the  period  over  which  the  present  ac- 
counts extend  includes  the  winter  months,  during 
which  there  is  always  a  falling  off  in  the  stone 
business.  The  accounts  show  a  balance  of 
£352  163.  9d.  to  the  credit  of  profit  and  loss,  out 
of  which  the  directors  recommend  the  payment 
of  a  dividend  of  6s.  3d.  per  share,  being  at  the  rate 
of  7i  per  annum  on  the  paid-up  capital  of  the 
company  on  the  1st  January,  and  carrying  over  a 
balance  of  £78  148.  8d.  The  whole  of  the  direc- 
tors were  re-elected ;  and  on  the  motion  of  Mr.  S. 
G.  Mitchell,  seconded  by  Mr.  Bruce,  a  sum  of  £50 
was  voted  to  them,  as  an  acknowledgment  for 
their  past  services.  It  wag  also  proposed  and 
unanimously  agreed  to,  "  That  the  directors  be 
authorised  to  issue  150  of  the  unissued  £15  shares, 
and  to  make  calls  up  to  £10  at  such  times  as  they 
might  deem  desirable." 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE   WEEK. 

TuES. — Royal  Institution.— "  On  Spectrum  Analysis," 
by  Professor  Miller,  3. 
Institution  of  Civil  Engineers. — The  President's 
Annual  Conversazione,  9, 

Wed.— Society  of  Arts.—"  On  the  Water  Supply  of  the 
Sletroiiolis.  in  Relation  to  the  Couseivancy  of 
the  Thames  and  its  Tributaries  and  the  demand 
of  the  Water  Companies,"  by  Mr.  J.  Biiiley 
Denton,  S. 

TnuRS.— Royal  lustitution.— "On  Ethnology,"  by  Pro- 
fessor Huxley,  3. 

Fri.— Royal  iuBtltution.—"  On  the  Chemistry  of  the 
Primaeval  World,"  by  Mr.  F.  Sterry  Hunt,  8. 
Royal  United  Service  Inatitution. — *'  Commu- 
nications, Military  and  Commercial,  between 
the  Steppes  of  Central  Asia,"  by  Colonel  R.  A. 
Shafto  Adair,  3. 

Sat. — Royal  Institution, — "On  Ethnology,"  by  Pro- 
fessor Huxley,  3. 


patents  for  liibciitioiis 

CONNECTED     WITH     THE     BUILDING     TKADE. 


2731  R.  HOLLINGDRAKE.  Certain  Improvements 
IN  THE  Construction  of  Metallic  Pipes  or  Tubes  to  be 
Employed  for  the  Pupposesof  Heating  Buildings  and 
FOR  Extinguishing  Fire  therein.  Dated  October  23, 
1866. 

This  invention  relates  to  a  novel  construction  of  such 
pipes  or  tubes  as  are  employed  for  heating  rooms  or  build- 
ings by  Bteam,  and  is  designed  to  obtain  sufficient  heat 
with  an  etitnomy  of  steam,  and  also  to  render  such  pipes 
available  for  the  extinguishing  of  fires  occuiring  in  the 
rooms.  The  improvements  consist  in  dividing  the  pipes 
longitudinally  down  their  length  by  means  of  a  "mid- 
feather  "  or  division  plate,  so  that  the  upper  part  of  the 
pipe  only  contain.s  steam  or  heated  air  which  is  suflBcient 
to  impart  heat  to  tne  entire  surface  of  the  pipe.  The  lower 
part  is  perforated  with  apertures,  and  this  part  is  in  con- 
nection with  a  steam  chest  or  boiler,  and  the  connection  is 
closed  by  a  tap  or  valve,  so  that  when  fire  occurs  this  valve 
is  openetl  and  steam  is  admitted  into  the  room  and  the  fire 
ia  thereby  extinguished.     Patent  completed. 

2736  G.  WETHERED.  Improved  Apparatus  for 
Washing  Clay  and  other  Earthy  Matters.  Dated 
October  23,  ISUC 

The  object  of  this  invention  is  to  facilitate  the  operation 
of  washing  clay  and  chalk  for  the  use  of  brickmakera  by 
means  of  a  wash  mill  that  is  capable  of  being  readily  shifted 
to  any  required  position.  Instead  of  constructing  the  bed 
of  the  washmill  with  bricks  or  masonry,  as  heretofore,  the 
inventor  sinka  a  pit  of  any  given  length,  and  of  a  semi- 
circular form  in  cross  section,  and  OTer  this  he  mounts  a 


long  horizontal  shaft  arme<l  with  ri'dial  blades  or  beaters, 
Bet  helically  around  the  shaft.  Thia  shaft  he  mounts  in 
bearings  carried  by  baulks  of  timber  or  standanU  placed 
at  the  ends  of  the  pit,  and  by  means  of  suitable  gearing 
set  in  motion  by  a  portable  engine  he  gives  rotary  motion 
to  the  shaft.  The  pithe  fits  with  supply  and  discharge  sluices 
and  the  clay  or  chalk  that  is  required  to  be  washed  is  fed 
into  the  pit  in  regulated  quantities,  and  water  is  at  the 
same  time  pumped  or  run  into  the  pit.  The  rotation  of 
the  blades  or  beaters  will  produce  a  thorough  trituration 
of  the  clay  and  chalk  by  the  time  the  material  has  reached 
the  discharging  sluice ;  the  material  having  attained  the 
consistency  of  cream,  will  then  be  discharged  through  the 
sluice  into  "  backs  "  or  reservoirs  where  the  earthy  particles 
will  be  allowed  to  subside.     Patent  (Aandoned. 


%mk  Sdus. 


TENDERS. 

Beckenham. — For  two  shops  at  Beckenham  for  Colonel 
Wilson.  Messrs.  Haywood  and  Bla.shill,  architects.  Quan- 
tities by  Mr.  D,  Cubitt  Nichols:— ^Vxford  and  Co.,  £1,996; 
Beeton,  £1,979  ;  Cox,  £1,850;  Tully,  £l,797  ;  Newman  aud 
Mann,  £1,795  ;  Russell  and  Breeze,  £1,794  ;  Hill  and  Ked- 
dell,  £1,660. 

Dover. — For  the  new  Catholic  Church.  Maison  Dieu- 
road,  Dover,  for  Right  Rev.  Dr.iGrant.  Mr.  E.  Welby  Pa| 
architect :— A.  Matthews,  £2,593  8s, ;  Elgar  and  ~ 
£2.563;  J.  Launsfurd,  £2,365  5s.  ;  H.  P.  Mackenzw[- 
£2,375  63,  8d.  ;  F.  W,  Richardson.  £2.375  53.  9d.  ;  Ayem 
and  Son,  £2,2S1 ;  W.  J,  Adcock,  £2,261  43.  ;  Hodgson  and 
Osborne,  £2,255  ISs. 

Holborn  Valley  Improvements — Farringdon-p.oad 
Bridge. — The  tender  of  Messrs.  Hill  and  Keddell  for  the 
foundations  and  granite  piera,  under  Mr.  Wm.  Haywood, 
C.E.,  has  been  accepted  by  the  City  of  London  Improve- 
ment Committee — ijlS.S-tl. 

Kentish  Town.— For  erection  of  new  Primitive  Methft. 
dist  Chapel,  Grafton-road.  Mr.  W.  A.  Dixon,  architect;— 
Mann,  £l,665;  Staines  and  Son,  £1,648;  Mauley  and 
Rogers,  £1,627  :  Tarrant,  £1,616;  Garrud,  £1,473.  ' 

Kenlev  (Surrey.  ) — For  theerection  of  a  villa  residencaffl 
the  Riddlesdown  Park  estate.     Mr.  Thomas  Danby,  arch^ 
tect.     Quantities  supplied  by  Mr.  Shrubsole: — Residence-- 
Harrison  and  Edwards,   £1,105;  Perkins,  £1,093;  Wanii ' 
£1.075;  Hazell,    £1,064;  Jarrett,   £1,050;    Garrud,  £97f 
Rowland  and  Aldridgo,    £969  ;  Wilcox,  £959  ;  Poxon 
Smith,  £955  ;  Nightingale,    £942;  Tims,  £905.     Consf    _ 
tory — Harrison  and  Edwards,  £83 10s  ;  Perkins,  £80  lOs.  8d,' 
Wai-ne,  £67  ;  Hazell,  £70  ;  Jarrett,  £75  ;  Garrud,  £52  lOa. ; 
Rowlanfl  and  Aldridge,  £83  13a. ;  Wilcox,  £85 ;  Poxon  and 
Smith,  £65  :  Nightingale.  £61  :  Tims,  £68.     Fences—] 
risou  and    Edwards,  £19  lOs.  ;  Perkins,  £34  ;  Wame,  £1 
Hazell.    £16   17s.   6d. ;    Jarrett,   £22;    Garrud,   £14  H 
Rowland  and  Aldridge,  £13  ;  Wilcox,  £9  103. ;  Poxon 
Smith,  £25  ;  Nightingale,  £35  ;  Tims,  £25. 

Lancaster. — For  the  erection  of  the  Royal  All 
Asylum  for  Idiots  and  Imbeciles  of  the  northern  counl 
Tenders  for  the  whole  of  the  works  : — 

A.  Neill,  Bradford £57, 

E.  Hughes,  Liverpool    49,2i 

J.  Bulmer,  Darlington 47,"' 

C.  Burkitt,  Wolverhampton 46, 

G.  Gradon,  Durham  45,_.,„, 

J.  Houseman,  Wolverhampton  45,6lS  j 

Warburton.  Bros.,  Manchester  44,UQ  f  f 

Tenders  for  portions  of  the  work  : —  ufti  5,.j 

Excavating  and  masonry.  C.  Bayues,  Lancaster  £23,6^r 

Woodwork,  J.  Hatch,  Lancaster    14,^ 

"  J.  Shaw,  Lancaster 14,31 

'*  Lauder  and  Mellauby,  Hartlepool    13, ' 

C.  Blades.  Lancaster UfiA* 

Slating,  Hartley,  Lancaster 3,0t9' 

"        J.  Redman,  Burnley 2,809 

PlaBtering,  Hartley,  Lancaster S,Vli 

R.  Ormerod,  Carlisle  3,033 

"  Johnstone  Bros,,  Carlisle   2,122  J       * 

Plumbing  and  glazing,  T.  Dickinson,  Lancaster      3,357^    le 

"  "  J.  Walmsley,  Preston...      2,6001    *  ^ 

The  committee  accepted  the  following  as  the  lowest  tw    Ka 

ders : —  *•?'- 

Excavating  and  masonrv,  C.  Bajnes,  Lancaster  £23,648 

Woodwork,  C.  Blades,  Lancaster   11,921 

Slating,  J.  Redman,  Burnley 2,609 

Plastering,  B.  Johnstone  Bros.,  Carlisle 2,122 

Plumbing  and  glazing,  J.  Walmaley,  Preston  ...      2,600 

Total    £42,900 

Moulton. — For  restoring  and  reseating  the  parish  churdli 
at  Moulton,   near  Spalding.      Mr.  William  Smith,  John- 
street,  Adelphi,  architect:— Waliis,  Market  Rason,  £4,527 
Cave  and  Halliday.  Greetham.  £3,59S  lOs. ;  Brown,  I^^nBi 
£2,853  103.  ;  Bennett,  Lynn  (withdrawn). 

Moulton, — For  a  school  chapel  at  Lea's  End,  Mr,  W. 
Smith,  architect :— Cave  and  Halliday,  £838 ;  Waliis,  £768] 
Brown,  £760  ;  Bennett  (withdrawn). 

Odell. — For  new  farm  buildings  to  be  erected  at  Odell, 
Beds,  for  the  Rev.  W.  Hunt.  Mr.  John  Usher,  Bedford, 
architect:— Dickons.  £560;  Freshwater,  £455;  Cuuvin, 
£423  ;  Robinson,  £339. 

Pinner  (Middlesex). — For  the  erection 'of  a  hoow  foi 
Mr.  R.  Brown.  Mr.  Reichel,  aiclUtect :— ChappaU. 
£2,997;  Till,  £2,705;  Poxon  and  Smith,  £2,195;  Kemp 
£2.120;  Lamble,  £1,743. 

Rochester.— For  cattle  market.  Mr.  Henry  Andrews 
city  surveyor : — Contract  No.  1,  ironwork — Smyth  and  Co. 
£896;  Speuceiaigh.  £629;  Cliff,  £1,170;  NoVron,  £733 
W.  Navlar,  £770  (accepted) ;  Coulson,  £697  ;  Holhngswortb 
£r.50;  Hilland  Smith.  £805  63. ;  SolUtt,  £816 ;  Colyer.  £S45 
West.  £S05  ;  Deuce,  1.325.  Contract  No.  2,  builder's  work- 
Smj'th  and  Co.,  £1,232 ;  W.  Naylar,  £499  (accepted) 
Coulson,  £985 ;  SoUitt,   £710;  West,   £500. 

St.  Alban's. — For  the  erection  of  a  house  for  Mr  Emes 
R.  Raitt.  Messrs.  Bacon  and  Bell,  architects : —Wilcox 
£1,260  ;  Poxon  and  Smith,  £1,125  ;  Wame,  £1,050 ;  Webl 
£1,040. 

Staffordshire.— For  the  erection  of  a  Methodist  Ne; 
Connexion ChapelatNolstanton,  Staffordshire.  Mr. B:vlp* 
Dain,  Burolem,  architect : — Blackhurst,  Burslem,  £811  19b- 
Bonnet  and  Brindley,  Burslem,  £730  ;  Trevor,  Newcast, 
(accepted),  £745  10s. 


May  24,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


VII 


rAFFORDSniRE. — Fot  alterations  and  additions  to  "The 
itvrooda,"  Staffordshire,  for  G.  C.  Adkins,  Esq.  Mr, 
•ardJ.  Payne,  F.R.I. B.A-,  of  Bennefs-hill,  architect, 
ntities  supplied  by  Mr.  Thomas  Mansell,  of  Coliuore- 
Birmingham  : — Horsley  Brothers.  £1,612  ;  Jeffery  and 
chard,  i'l.OOO;  Cresswell  and  Son;  £1,590;  William 
thews.  £1. 5110;  James  Wilson  and  Son,  £1,550;  Wm. 
ridge  (accepted),  £1,500. 


PROPERTY  SALE3. 

M.vY  20. 

THE  Mart,— By  Messrs,  Norton,  Trist,  Watney,  and 
I -Freehold  plot  of  building  land,  situate  on  the  high 
I  between  Streatham  and  Croyduu,  sold  for  £120. 

iehird  plot  of  budding  land,  situate  as  ab<Jve — £170. 

)ehold  plot  of  building  land,  situate  as  above,  £1,200. 
behold    nursery  gardens,  with    houso     and    promise;. 
1  led.  containing  2a.  Or.    Sp.,   situate  in  the  pax-i.*h  of 
liigd..]!,  Berks— /;650. 

ehold  nursery  gaixlen  and  meatlow  containing  3a.  Or. 

ituate  aa  above — £060. 

ehold  houso  and  close  of  arable  land,  containing  3a. 
situate  as  above— £660. 

Messi-3.   Taplin   and  Co. — Absolute   reversion   to   a 

irof£900  Ss.  Hd.,    B;uik  of  England  stock,  on   the 

of  a  gentleman  aged  51  years — £400. 

lehold  hou.-^e  and  shop,  No.  9,  High-street,  Bow,  term 

rs  unexpired,  at  £40  per  annum — £S5. 

desars.  (Jleavo  and  Underhay. — Copyhold  residence, 
as  the  "S^vi3S  Cottage,"  situate  at  Faruham  lloyal, 
with  garden  grounds,  orchard,  and  stabling,  let  at 

3raauiuu-£2,020. 

Eesftrs.  Nash. — Fi-eehold  house,  with   gardan,  email 

k  and  orchard,  stabling,  and  two  cottages,  situate  in 

iah  of  Betchworth,  Surrey,  £915. 


BATH  STONE  OF  BEST  QUALITY. 

5KLL  and  Sadnders,    QuarrjTnen   and   Stone  Slei 

Bath.     List  of  Prices   at  the  Quarries  and  Dejwts, 

"Ist  for  Transit  to  any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom, 

led  on  application  to  Bath  Stone  Othco,  Corsham* 

HAdvt.] 


BANKRUPTS. 

TO  SITRRENDER  IX  BA3INGHALL-STREET, 

Bowlting,  Tavistock -terrace,  Portobello-road, 
ler,  June  4,  at  12 — John  Siggers,  Rickam  an  worth, 
1  June  4,  at  11 — Francis  Alfred  Thornes,  Harwood- 
I  Fulham,  builder,  Juno  3,  at  11  — George  Rogers, 
Ireat-hill,  contractor,  June  5,  at  12 — Joseph  Wilde, 
|iU,  house  pamter,  June  12,  at  11. 

TO  SURRENDER  IN  THE  COUNTRY. 

Ijharlesworth,  jun.,  Tunstall,  ironmonger.  June  16, 
lohn  Head,  Lingfield,  Surrey,  blacksmith,  May  30, 
I'illiam  Headley,  Cap  Coch,  near  Aberdare,  con- 
I  May  23,  at  12— Squire  Holdroyd,  Cleckheaton, 
Itay  2S,  at  9'46 — Edward  Hudsou.  King's  Lynn, 
l.th,  May  2S,  at  11  — William  Kendall,  Camborne, 
lUay  29,  at  12— George  Place,  Wuodside-lane,  near 
Is,  Durham,  mason,  May  28.  at  11— George  Star- 
la.,  Claughton,  contractor.  May  31,  at  11— Francis 
lennet  Thorpe,  contractor.  May  30,  at  12— Thomas 
1  Shelf,  near  Halifax,  stouemajson,  Slay  31,  at  10— 
Ibsbop,  Southampton,  builder,  June  1,  at  12 — James 
Leeds,  journeyman  joiner,  June  7,  at  12. 

PARTNERSHIPS  DISSOLVED. 
hp  and  Co.,  Bradford,  Yorkshire,  builders — W.  and 
,  Middlesbrough,  blacksmiths — Hall  and  Ginger, 
Id,  builders. 

DECLARATIONS  OF   DIVIDENDS. 

landon,  London-wall,  builder,  dividend  Is.  2d. — 
jntiford,  Torquay,  builder,  dividend  Is.  5d.— J. 
Durham,  joiner,  dividend  la.  2d.— J.  Simpi5on, 
|i-on-Tyue,  builder,  dividend  4s.  Sd. — T.  P.  Lewis, 
lid,  builder,  dividend  lOJd. 

DIVIDENDS. 

I  J.  F.  Dixon  and  W.  Blenkinsop,  Leeds,  engineers — 
1.  Clubuall,  Apsley  Guise,  builder— June  13,  T. 
Ipper  Clapton,  bricklayer — June  7,  F.  Huggett, 
■•  painter— June  13,  W.  Waterton,  Swinton, 
u 

BANKRUPTCY   ANNULLED. 

I  George  Edmund  Child,  Southwold,  ironfounder. 

SCOTCH    BtQUESTRATION. 

-—lorLumsden,  Coatbridge,  tube  and  shovel  maker. 


LATEST  PRICES   OP  MATERIALS   USED 
IK  C0NSTRUCTI0I7. 


TOCBEK,  duty  la  per  lorul,  drawbAtk,  Is. 


T«ftk   load  £9    0£10  ] 

Quebtc.  re<l  pLns 3    0  4  1 

„       yellow  pine..  3  IK  4 

at  John  N.B.  yellow  0    0  0 

Quebec  Oak.  w)iit«..  6    5  6 

.,       birch 5  10  4  ] 

..      elm   3  10  ft 

D&utriooalc 3  10  6 


fir  . 


Memel  fir   3    0 

Riga 3    0 

Swedish 1  15 

UaetA.Quebecretlplne  6    0 

,,      yellow  pine..     0    0 

Llitliwood.DiuiUic.fm  4  10 

St.retfrslmrg  6  10 

Deals, prC, 12  (t.  byS 

by  9  In.,  duty 2«  per 

load,  drawbiick  '2b. 
Quvlrec,  white  spruce  14  10 
3t.John,  whitespruce  13  10 
Veltow  pine,  per  re* 

duced  C. 
CaimdA.   1st  qnftUty.  17    0 
2ud  do la    0 


Archangel,  yellow  .,  £11 
St.  Petersburg,  yel...  10 

KinUnd  8 

Memel 0 

Uothenbiirg.  yellow       8 

whit«    8 

Oefle.  yellow 9 

Soderh.imn    9 

CbristLtuia,    i»er   C, 

1-2  ft.  by  3  by  9  In. 

yellow 16 

Deck  PUnk,  Dautzlc, 

l>er40  ft.  3  in 0 

Pl'iucb  Stumk  pr  too    6 
Uiu),  Ac. 

Seal,  pale per  tun  43 

Sperm  body  llfi 

CikI 4il 

Whale,  8th.  Sea,  pale  4a 

Ulive.  Gallipoli (vl 

(.V'coanut.  Coctilu.tou  57 

I'^ilm,  flue 40 

Linseed    36 

It-ipeneed,  Ent^.pale.,  37 
Cottoiueed 23 


10  £13  10 
10     11     0 


Welsh  Bars  In  London 
Nitll  Rod 


Metals. 

iRow : — 
per  ton 


tloops do 

Sheets,  541ni{la do 

Stivfordshire  Ban       do 

B.-\n).  in  Wales     - do 

Ral  18    do 

Foundry Pigfl.  at  Qlasg.  No    1    .,  do 

Swedish  Bara  do 

Stskl  : — 

Swedish  Keg,  hammered      per  toa 

SwedlBh  Faggot  do 

CoPPKR  :— 

Sheet  A  Sheathing,  4  Bolts  per  ton 

Hammered  BiittoiuB       do 

Flat  Bottoms,  not  Hammered   ..       do 

Cake  and  Tough  Ingot      do 

Beat  Selected     do 

Fine  Foreign     do 

YeL  Metal Sheftthiug & Koda  ....per  lb 

Tuf  :— 

English  Block      per  ton 

do      Bar    do 

do      Befiued  do 

Banca      ■....      do 

Strait      do 


Pig,  English     per  ton 

„    Sp;uilsh  Soft     do 

Shot.  Patent     do 

Sheet   do 

Whit*     do 


6  IS 

7  10 

8  15 

9  16 

7  15 
0  IS 
6    0 

3  13 

10  10 


16    0 
19  10 


74 
81 
86 
0 


0    0 

8  0 

9  0 
10    0 

8  10 


0    0 

13  10 


0    0 

0    0 


23    0    0 
19  15    0 


31  15 
80    0 


0    0    0    nett 


0    0     0 


SI  10 


Spkltkr  : — 

On  the  Spot  per  ton       S3    6    0  32  15     0 

Zinc:— 

EngUah  Sheet      per  ton          28    0    0  0    0    0 

Devaui'sV.  M.RooflngZinc    do             29    0    0  0    0    0 

•  And  5  per  cent,  discount  il  laid  upon  the  new  syatem. 

QuicKSiLTEa     perbtl            «  18    0  7    0     9 

BBQULtra  or  AKmiOHT. 

French  pertou         34    0    0  0    0    0 


S' 


TAIRCASE    and   JOINERY     WORKS, 
JOHN     WALDEN 

(Late  Shop  Foreman  to  Wr.  W.  SANDS,  retired), 

12.  MAIDEN  LANE,  COVENT  GARDEN. 

Estimates  on  application. 


C.  H.  DA  VIES  and  CO.'S 

GENUINE 

SOLID    PARQUET    FLOORS 

Are  Greatly  Superior  to  any  bitherto  Produced,  being 

of  Special   ConBtruction,    ImproTed   Design, 

Thoroughly  Seasoued,  aud  at 

PRICES   LOWER    THAN   XTSUAL. 

Specimeus  at  Architect ui'al  MuBoum,  23,  Maddox-street,  \V, 

AND   AT 

Show  Rooms,  Cambridge  Hall,  Newman-street,  London. 


WANTED. 


*.*  TA*  BUILD INQ  l^EWS  inserta  advertisetMntt 
/or  "situations  WANTED,"  (tc,  at  One  S/iilling 
for  the  first  Twenty-four  Words. 

WANTED,  a  good  SHOP  PLASTERER  ; 
one    who  can  model  preferred,-  Apply  by  letter  to  8,,  Orna- 
ment WorltB.  18,  Croydon  street,  Bryanstone-equare.  W. 

TO  ARCHITECTS.— A  good  AKCHITEO- 
TtTRAL  DRAUGHTSMAN  and  COLOURIST  is  open  to  nn 
ENOAGEMKNT,  temporary  or  otherwisa.-ApijIy.  M.  L.  A.,  Hughea" 
Library,  8,  Purk-itroet,  Cumden  Town,  N.W. 


'ICE3  OF  SITTINGS  FOR  LAST  EXAMINATION. 

V,  S.  H.  Coatea,  Tnmer's-road,  Limeliouse,  builder 

18,    W.   Tadgell,   Park-terrace,  Balhara,  builder— 

1^  D.  Johnstone.  Duke-street,  Westminster,   civil 

l^une  14,  V.'.  Williams,  Plaistow,  builder— June  7, 

fnel,  Bow,  painter— Juno  12,  J.  T.  Cooley,  Wad- 

Uxmber— June   12,  S.   Gyer,  Gordon -street,  City- 

ith,    plumber— June   12,    C.   Jones,   Holdemess- 

rath  Lambeth,   cai-penter- June   14,  T.   Jordan 

-  Mirrey.  builder— June  25,  R.  Middleton,  Nntting- 

der— June  IS,  J,  Willbouni,  Leicester,  builder— 

'    and  J.  Bumey,  Darlington,  architects— June  17, 

,  Tynemoutli,  builder— June  7,  J.  Fewster,  Hull, 

luue  24,  J.  Briggs,  Great  Cri)sby,  near  Liverpool, 

m«  3,  J.  Winders,  Parr,  bricklayer— June  11,  J. 

ialifax.  mason-  June  18,  E.   Howard,  Whitfield, 

'ne  7,    W.  Flatt,  Holbeck,  painter— June  17,  J. 

Weatwoodside,  joiner— J.  Griffiths,  Melincri'thau, 

ith,    carpenter— June     10,    T.     Graty,    S'hrewa- 

^  penter— June    17,    J.    Hughes,  Llanfairfechan, 


SALES   BY  AUCTION. 

Dulwich.— To  Contractor!,  Buildere,  MateriM  Dealers,  and  Others 

MESSRS.  BENNETT  and  COOPER  are 
instructed  to  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  the  Works,  Dulwich.  at 
the  foot  of  Red  Post  Hill,  on  WEDNESDAX,  June  5.  and  following 
days,  at  Twelve  precisely  each  day,  the  STOCK  IN  TRADE  and 
PLANT  of  a  CONTRACTOK.  comprising  45  000ft.  run  of  pjanka. 
deals,  battens,  and  boarding,  SO.noOft.  ruu  -t  moulding,  Jl  (HKift  of 
quartering,  a  quantity  of  birch,  elm.  wainscot  and  mahogany  plank, 
new  and  eeeond  hand  aa*h  framfis,  sashes,  do-jrs  and  framing,  20  logs 
of  Baltic  timber.  16.000  bricks  various  Dut*;h  clinkers  pan.  ridges, 
ornamental  tiles,  terra  metallic  channelling,  York.  Portland  and 
Furbeck  granite  and  "ther  paving  stones,  slate  and  marble  slabs,  and 
an  immense  assortmeut  of  old  materials  including  lead  piping,  old 
pumpa  and  cisteruB,  4o.  ;  also  nails,  sirews,  brasswork,  di>or  and 
window  furniture.  scalTold  poles,  boards  and  planks,  carpenters' 
benches,  trestles.  Three  powerful  cart  horses,  timber  carriages,  carts 
and  iiumeroua  other  effects.  On  view  two  days  prior  to  the  sate  and 
catalogues  obtained  on  the  premises,  and  at  Messrs.  Bennett  and 
Cooper's  Auction  Offices,  6.  New  Broad-street,  City. 


Sydenhai 


-Freehold  Building  Land. 


MR.  H.  O.  MARTIN  will  SELL  by  AUG- 
TION.  at  the  newAuction  Mart, Tokenhouse-yard,opi>osite  the 
Bank  of  England,  on  TUESDAY.  June  4.  ISI?.  at  Twelve  for  One 
o'clock  preciaely.  a  valuable  PLOT  of  rKEKHoLD  BUILDING  LAND 
desirably  situate  on  rising  ground,  within  a  short  distance  of  two 
stations  and  the  Crystal  l';vlace,  liaving  an  excellent  frontnge  of  &ift-, 
aud  a  depth  of  about  LTOft,,  supplied  with  water,  and  drained  into 
sewer.  Free  nf  tithe  aud  land  tax.  and  affording  a  capital  site  for  a 
pair  of  villa  rcfiideuces.  Particulars  and  conditions  of  sale  may  be  had 
ten  days  before  the  salo.  at  the  auction  mart  ;  the  "Greyhound  Hot*!." 
and  ■■  Man  of  Kent|Tavem. "  Sydenham  ;  Messrs.  Laundy  and  Kent,  so- 
licitors, 147,  Strand;  And  at  the.auctioneer'BOfflces,  13,  Adam-street, 
Adelphi. 


To    ARCHITECTS    and     Others.  —  The 
Advertiser  wishes  to  obtain  EMPLOYMENT  for  »  few  houri 
In  the  eveaing. — T.  K.,  23,  Tich bourne-street,  Cambridge-s'iuaro. 


TO 
A? 


ARCHITECTS. 


A    JUNIOR 

ASSISTANT  is  open  to  an   engagement.     Eight  years'  expe- 
rience.    Excellent  references. — Address,  A.  A.,Oflice  of  papor. 


^0   ARCHITECTS.— WANTED,    by 


TO    AnvjtiiiJ^uio. —  WAiMi^Li,     Dy    an 
A8SLSTANT,    well   up    in    design,    detail,   perspective,    and 
quantities,  an  ENGAGEMENT.— Apply,  M.  C,  Olflce  of  this  paper. 

WANTED,  by    a   good    Staircase   Hand, 
STAIRS.  RAILS,   or  .TOINER'S  WORK  by  ploca  or  day. 
Country  preferred. — Address  T.  E.,  OfBce  of  Buildimu  Nkwb. 

AN  experienced  QUANTITY  SURVEyOR 
would  be  happy  to  do  BUSINESS  for  129.  6d.  a  day.      Satis- 
tictory  references  given.— Address,  V.  W.  T.,  240,  Pentouville-road. 

TO    ARCHITECTS   and    BUILDERS.— 
WANTED,  by  a  Touag  Man.    EVENING   EMPLOYMENT. 


TO  ARCHITECTS  and  Others.— An  Artia- 
tic  DECORATOR,  experienced  in  figure,  medieval,  and  other 
styles,  OFFERS  his  ASSISTANCE.— Address,  Moderate,  21,  Grafton- 
street.  East,  W.C. 


TO  ARCHITECTS,  &c.— The  Advertiser 
wishes  to  euter  a  London  office  as  IMPROVER.  Neat  Draughts- 
man. Good  referen^-es.  Aged  21.— Address,  L.  H„  Toat-office,  Biahaia 
Berks. 

WANTED,  a  WORKING  FOREMAN, 
must  be  a  good  carpenter  and  joiner  ;  none  need  apply  but 
thoso  having  first  riass  testimonials, — Apply  personally,  immediately, 
tu  Mr.  Pike,  builder,  Rickuianswuith,  Herts. 

THE  Advertiser,  aged  29,  Joiner  by  trade, 
has  a  knowledge  of  Staircase  Work,  requires  a  SITUATION 
in  a  small  sh  op,  to  keep  accounts  and  make  himielf  generally  useful 
having  just  completed  tlie  superintendence  of  a  country  job. — Y.  Z,, 
care  of  Mr.  B  aker,  stationer.  Ac,  Bailsbam,  Sussex 

TO  ARCHITECTS.— WANTED,  a 
SITUATION,  by  a  respectable  Young  Man.  as  JUNIOR 
ASSISTANT  ;  agid  22  ;  town  or  country.  Can  copy  drawings  neatly, 
andisafaircolouriat — Address,  W,  R.,  33,  Mare-street,  Hackney,  N.E 

A  LONDON  MONUMENTAL  LETTER- 
CUTTER  .T.nd  WRITER  of  expericnco  wishes  for  OCC.\,- 
SIONAL  WORK  in  the  country  round  Surrey.  Sussex,  and  Kent.— 
For  terms,  address  S.  H.  Gardiner,  236,  New  Kent-road,  Londgn,  S.E. 


WANTED,  by  the  Advertiser,  aged  21,  in 
a  Building  Firm,  a  SITUATION,  In  or  Out-door.  Can  pre- 
pare drawings,  take  eut  quantities,  &.c.  \  has  ha<l  experience,  both  in 
an  architect's  and  builder's  office. — Address,  J.  W..  1,  Borodale  road, 
Wandsworth,  S. 


T 


0  CONTRACTORS,  MANUFACTU- 
RERS. Ac- A  well-educated  YOUNG  GENTLEMAN,  aged 
2».  whn  has  been  six  years  with  a  London  contnictor  desires  a  KE- 
ENGAGEMENT  in  or  near  London.  Is  a  good  draughtsman  and 
peumau,  aud  quick  at  accoiuits. — Address,  Alpha,  575,  Old  Kent-road 

TO  ENGINEERS,  ARCHITECTS,  and 
CONTRACTORS —WANTED,  by  Advertiser, aSITUATION  as 
ASSISTANT.  Good  draughtsman,  surveyor,  leveller  ;  well  up  in 
taking  out  quantities,  estimating,  measuring  up  and  superintending 
work..- Address,  646,  Office  of  Buildiko  Nbws. 


OCCASIONAL  ASSISTANCE.— To  At- 
chitects,  Surveyors.  Builders,  Contractors,  and  others.— 
OCCASIONAL  ASSISTANCE  in  every  department  of  the  above  Pro- 
fessions or  Businesses  by  a  thoroughly  competent  and  experienced 
SURVEYOR.  Terms  strictly  moderate.— Address,  Surveyor,  Mr; 
Heraee,  123,  Chancery-lane,  E.C. 

WANTED,  a  Gentleman  of  f?ood  address, 
with  a  practical  knowledge  of  building,  to  EXTEND  the  SALE 
of  approved  BUILDING  APPLIANCES  among  architectsand others. 
Salary.  £100  per  aunum.  with  opportun*  ty  of  increase  in  proijortion  to 
success.- -Address,  by  letter  only,  with  full  particuUrsof  age  and  past 
experience,  to  G.  B.  and  Co.,  the  Museum  of  Building  Appli.antes,  23. 
Maddox-street,  London,  W.    No  personal  application  wUi  be  attended 


mOBUILDERS,PLUMBERS,GLAZIERS, 

I  and  Others. — WANTED  by  an  experienced  plumber,  glazier, 
and  painter. aSITUATION  aa  FOREMAN.  Thoroughly  understands 
the  trade,  making  out  cstimat-s.iiiennurTition  ic. — Apply  toH.W.  B., 
care  of  Mr.  Burrage.  35,  Temple  street.  Brighton. 


TO  ARCHITECTS  and  ENGINEERS.— 
A  Youth  age  15  who  writes  a  fair  hand  and  can  do  tracings, 
wishes  for  an  ENGAGEMENT  as  JUNIOR  in  the  Office  of  an  Archi- 
tect or  Engineer. — Address,  A.  B.,  76,  ArUngton-street,  Momlngton- 
Crescent.  N.W. 


miMBER    TRADE.— WANTED,    an    ex- 

JL  perienced  ACCOUNTANT  to  reside  in  Norway.  He  must  ho 
cnversant  with  the  language  of  that  country,  and  have  a  thorou;;h 
kii"wledj:e  of  the  timber  trnde.  Applicants  must  state  what  situa- 
tions they  have  previouBl  y  filled,  the  salary  required,  and  must  fur- 
nish references  as  Ut  capability  and  general  character.— Address. 
•■  Norway,"  care  ol  Mr,  G.  Street,  Advertifling  Offices,  30,  ComhiU. 
London. 


vni 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


May  24,  1867. 


A  YOUNG  ARCHITECT  is  desirous   of 
RENDERtNG  ASSISTANCE  in  preparing  drawings,  quanti- 
tiea.  &c..  at  his  own  office.— Architect.  Post-office,  Parliameut- street. 

TO  BUILDERS,  &c.— For  SALE,  a  rising 
and  falling  spindle  SAW  BENCH  coniplete  ;  also  a  plain  cir- 
cular SAW  BENCH  complete,  a  bargain,— Apply,  Perkin  Brothers, 
and  Co.,  Engineers,  York-road,  Stepney. 

LITHERLAND  LOCAL  BOARD.  — 
WANTED,  by  the  Litberhind  Local  Board,  Lancashire,  a 
qualified  SURVEYOR  and  INSPECrOR  "f  NUISANCES.  He  will 
alao  be  required  to  act  as  Collector  and  Book-keeper.  A  system  of 
sewerage  is  in  progress  which  he  will-have  to  superintend  and  carry 
ont.  Salary.  £90  per  annum.  Applications  to  be  addressed,  under 
cover,  to  the  Chairman  of  the  Litherland  Local  Board,  and  marked 
"  Surveyor,"  .ind  sent  to  uie  not  later  than  the  olst  mst. 

THOS.  GOFFEY,    Clerk  to  the  Board. 
15,  Lord-street,  Liverpool,  May  7,  1867. 

TO  SURVEYORS  of  ROADS.— The  Croy- 
don Local  Board  of  Health  intend  to  APPOINT  a  SURVEYOR 
of  highways  for  the  parish  of  Croydon.  The  Surveyor  must  be  a  per- 
Bon  of  experience  who  has  tilled  a  similar  office  elsewhere,  and  be  f  uUey 
competent  to  undertake  the  maoagement  of  the  highways  and  to  keep 
all  necessary  accounts  in  connection  with  the  same.  He  will  here - 
([uired  to  devote  his  whole  time  and  attention  to  the  duties  of  his 
office.  Salary,  £200  per  annutn.  Any  further  informationmay  he 
obtained  of  me, and  all  applications  and  testimonials  rouat  be  for- 
warded tome,  on  or  before  Monday,  June  3  next. 
By  order  of  the  Board. 

R.J.  CHEE3WRIGHT,  Clerk* 
Townhftll.  Croydon.  May  22.    1867. 


FREEHOLD  BUILDING  LAND  at 
Routbgate.— To  be  SOLD  or  LET  on  Building  Lease  a  PLOT  of 
FREEHOLD  LAND,  .about  400ft.  frontage  by  250ft,  in  depth,  situate 
a  mile  aiid  a  half  distant  from  the  Colney  Hatch  Station — Apply  to 
Messrs.  Debcnham,  Tewson.  and  F.armer.  80,  Cheapsidc,  E-C. 

CRYSTAL  PALACE.  —  PIRST-CLASS 
BUILDING  LAND  to  be  LET  in  itnroediate  proximity  to  the 
Palace,  on  adv,antageous  terms.  For  particulars  apply  to  Mr.  Hart. 
Accountant's  Office.  Ci-ystal  Palace  ;  or  to  R.  R.  Banks,  Esq.,  1,  West- 
minster Chambers.  Victoria-stieet.  Westminster. 


PROFESSOR  RANKINE'S  WORKS. 
Third  edition,  price  128.  6d. .  bound. 

APPLIED  MECHANICS  ;  Comprising 
Principles  of  Statics,  Cinematics,  and  Dynamics,  and  Theory 
of  Structures,  Mechanism,  and  Machines.  With  numerous  illustra- 
tions. By  WfLLL^M  John  MAtgtoRS  Banking.  Civil  EngiTieer. 
LL.D.,  F-B.SS.  London  and  Edinburgh,  F.R.9S.A..  Regius  Professor 
of  Civil  Engineering  and  Mechanics  in  the  University  of  Glasgow, 
&c.,  Ac,  &c. 

"Cannot  fail  to  be  adopted  as  a  Text  Book 

The  whole  of  the  information  is  so  admirably  arranged  that  there  is 
every  facility  for  reference." — Mining  Journal, 

Fifth  edition   price  16s.,  bound. 

piVIL      ENGINEERING  ;      Comprisiag 

\_J  Engineering  Surveys.  Earthwork.  Foundatinns,  Masonry. 
Carpentery.  Metil-Work.  Roads.  Railways.  Canals.  Rivers,  Water- 
works. Harboiirs.  &c.     With  numerous  tables  and  illustrations. 

■•  Surpasses  in  merit  every  existing  work  of  the  kind j 

As  a  manual  it  ia  unrivalled.  The  hook  is  an  honour  to  the  author.' 
— The  Enginrfr. 

"  In  the  work  before  us  Professor  Rankine  has  established  lor  him- 
self a  yet  higher  claim  to  the  gratitude  of  students."- Hcchanici' 
Mitgnzine 

"Supplies  a  want  that  has  long  been  felt  by  the  rifling  generation  of 
engineers." — Olaagoto  Iltrald, 

Second  edition,  price  12s,  6d.,  hound. 

THE  STEAM-ENGINE  and  other  PRIME 
MOVERS.     With  numerous  tables  and  illustratioua. 
Post  8vo.  cloth,  price  9s 

USEFUL  RULES  and  TABLES  for 
Architects.  Builders.  Carpenters.  Coachbuilders.  Engravers. 
Engineers,  Founders,  Mechanics,  Shipbuilders,  Surveyors,  Wheel- 
wrights. &c. 

• '  Will  be  valued  by  engineers  and  engineering  students  everywhere. " 
— EnQinrcring. 

•  The  book  before  us,  a  necessity  of  the  engineer,  will  be  useful  to 
any  teacher  of  mathematics." — Athmfmm. 

■■  It  is  undoubtedly  the  most  useful  collection  of  engineering  data 
yet  produced. " — Mining  Jotimal. 

London:  Charles  Griffin  and  Co.,  Stationers'  Hall  Court. 


LARGE  WHARF,  REGENT'S  CANAL 
BASIN.  Augustus-street,  Cumberland  Market.  To  be  LET  a 
large  WHARF,  with  a  frontage  of  120ft.,  good  house,  aheds,  and 
powerful  crane  ;  or  may  be  divided  into  two.  Particulars  of  Messrs. 
Knapp.  13,  Duke-street,  Manchester-square,  W. 

MARGATE.— To  be  LET  upon  BUILD- 
ING  LEASES,  or  PLOTS  will  be  SOLD,  valuable  FREE- 
HOLD LAND  on  the  sea-coast,  contiguous  to  Westgate  and  Marsh 
Bays.  Excellent  brick  earth  and  chalk  on  the  estate.  Great  advan- 
tages to  parties  taking  the  first  40  Plots.  Advances  made.— Apply  *o 
Mr.  Charles  N.  Beazley,  architect,  96,  Guilford  street,  London,  W.C. 


CAMBERWELL.— A  PLOT  of  LAND  to 
be  LET  for  Ten  Houses.  Ground  rent.  £4  per  house.  Leases 
direct  from  the  Freeholder.  Ground  woald'be  divided  if  required. 
Good  demand  for  houses  in  the  neighbourhood  — Apply  to  W.  Adams 
Murphy,  architect  and  surveyor.  47,  Church-street,  Camberwell,  S. 

ASHFORD,  near  STAINES. —About  11 
Acres  of  FREEHOLD  LAND,  beautifully  timbered,  and  opi>Q- 
Fitethe  Church,  to  be  SOLD  or  LET  on  BUILDING  LEASE  The 
subsoil  is  gravel,  the  neighbourhood  healthy  and  very  select,  and  good 
fishing  is  to  he  had  ne.ar. — For  plana  and  particulars  apply  to  Mr, 
Fredk.  P.  Walters,  architect  and  Buireyor,  77,  Queen-street,  Cheap- 
aide.  E.C. 


TO  ARCHITECTS  and  BUILDERS.— 
LIME  GROVE  PARK.  PUTNEY  HILL.— Very  Desirable 
SITES  on  this  Estate  to  be  LET  for  building  respectable  private  resi- 
dences. It  is  situated  on  elevated  ground,  between  the  railway  station 
and  Wimbledon  and  Putney-heatha.  There  is  a  great  demand  in 
this  locality  for  good  villa  residences,  and  a  ready  sale  for  them.  For 
particulars  apply  to  S.  Wood.  Esq..  Architect,  10,  Craig's-couxt,  Lon- 
don. S.W.  ;  orto  Messrs.  Baxter.  Rose,  Norton  and  Co.,  Solicitors,  6, 
Victoria-street,  Westminster.  S.W. 


T 


O    BRICKMAKERS  and   Otliers.  — For 

__  Immediate  SALE,  a  capital  12-horse  STATIONARY  ENGINE 
with  Comisb  boiler,  lly -wheel,  bolts,  &c..  together  with  one  set  of 
Bradley  and  Craven's  Patent  Clay  Rollers,  tiplers,  and  driving  gear 
complete, — Apply  to  Mr.  Popkiaa,  on  the  Works,  Archway-road,  High- 
gate,  N. 

LARGE  but  Inexpensive  WAREHOUSES 
or  MANUFACTURING  PREMISES,  Yard,  and  Stabling, 
covering  an  area  of  5,500ft.,  and  situate  in  Vine-street.  Liquorpond- 
Btreet.  nerir  the  New  Holborn  lulprovements,  to  be  LET. — Apply  to 
Messrs.  Debenham,  Tewson,  and  Farmer,  80,  Cheapside,  E.C. 

TO  be  DISPOSED  OF,  by  Private  Con- 
tract, a  Lucrative  and  Old-esLablisbed  GENERAL  BUILDING 
BUSINESS  in  the  West  of  England.  The  present  owner  is  retiring 
from  business.  For  full  particulars  apply  to  Messrs.  Poole  aud 
Hughes,  9,  New-square,  Lincoln's  Inn. 


TIME    IS    MONEY.  — AU    who    employ 
Workmen  should  send  Two  Stamps,  and  by  return  of  post  they 
will  receive  samples  of  Workmen's  Time  Sheets  and  other  Forms  by 
which  time  is  ecunomised  and  book-keeping  facilitated. 
MEEBnTandHATCHEn.  Printers,  Grocer^s  Hall-court,  Poultry,  E.C. 


Just  Published,  by  Post  Two  Stamps, 

I^ERVOUS   DEBILITY  :    Its   Cause  and 

X  1  Cure. — A  guide  to  the  Cure  of  Nervousness,  Weakness.  Loss 
of  Appetite,  Indigestion,  Ac.  Illustrated  with  cases  in  proof  of  the 
author's  successful  treatment,  with  necessary  instructions,  by  which 
sufferers  may  obtain  a  cure. — Address,  Dr.  Smith,  8,  Burton-crescent, 
London,  W.C. 


N  W  LONDON  CLOTHING 

COMPANY'S  AVAREROOMS, 

65     and     66,    SHOBEDITCH,    N.E. 

ROBERTS  and  CO.,  Managers. 


12s. 
12s, 
12s. 

12s. 
12s. 
12s. 
12s. 
I2s. 


6d 


I  For    the    BEST    ANGOLA    and    SCOTCH    TWEEll 

TROUSERS,  at  the   N.  W.  L.  Clothing  Co.'bW«S 

I      rooms.  fi5  and  66,  ^horedit^h.  N.E.  ' 


6d. 


6d. 


6d. 


6d. 


6ci. 


,6d 
6d. 


BOYS'  SUITb,  Every  Variety  and  Newest  Styles  a 
the  N.  W.  L.  Clothing  Co.  "a  Warerooms.  65  and  V 

Shoreditch.  N.E.  


TOURISTS'  Smart  and  Handsome  COATS.  Hewes 
Patterns  and  Styles.  Every  Texture  of  Material  a 
the  N.  W.  L.  Clothing  Co.'s  Warerooms,  65  aod  tin 
Shoreditch.  N.  B.    

INTERNATIONAL  OVERCOAT,  very  Gentlema^ 
attbeN.  W.  L.  Clothing  Co.'s  Warerooms,  65  31 
66,  Shoreditch.  N.E. 


Smart.  Elegant,  and  Durable  KENSINGTOJTcoIr 
at  the  N.  W.  L.  Clothing  Co.'s  Warerooma,  66  ao 
66.  Shoreditch.  N.E 


ForTHREE  VE^^TS.  Newest  Styles  and  Pattern 
Good  Fitting,  at  the  N.  W.  L.  Clothing  Co.'s  Wat. 
rooms.  65  and  66.  Shoreditch.  N.E. 


BLACK  DRfcSS  TROUSERS.  Elefrantly FiniBhedan 
Perfect  Fit.  at  the  N.  W.  L.  Clothing  Co-'sWan 
rooms.  65  and  66.  Shoredit<:;h   N.E. 

PATTEKNS^  of  ABOVE  sent  Free  by  Post,  from  tl 
N.  W.  L.  Clothing  Co.'s  Warerooms,  65  aod  6 
Shoreditch,  N.E. 


PRIZE  MEDAL,  1862. 

HAMILTON         &        CO 
No.  10,  GREEK  STREET.    SOHO  SQUARE,  LONDON. ■? 
Sole  ManxiL-icturera  of 
C    A   WATKIN'S  PATENT   WIRE  BOUND,  ROUND,  and  OVi 

PAINTING  BRUSHES. 

Distemper  Brushes,  Bash  Tools,  Stippling  Brashes.  Gildew"  u 
Grainers'  Tools. 
These  goods  are  m.^de  of  the  heat  materials  and  workmanship,  u 
have  obtained  a  high  reputation  among  the  chief  decoratora  ia  t 
kingdom  Varnish  and  Colour  Manufacturers.  Oilmen,  Merchan 
Ac,  are  supplied  on  the  lowest  terms.  Price  Liats  forwarded  on  g 
plication. 


SHORTHAND.  —  PITMAN'S  PHONO- 
GRAPHY.— Phonography  is  taught  in  elaasat  lOs  6d.  or  private 
in.'itruction  given,  personally  or  by  post,  for  £1  Is.  the  perfect  course  of 
Lessons.  Pitman's  Shorthand  Teacher,  post  free  7d,  London:  20, 
Paternoster -row,  E.C. 


ROYAL  POLYTECHNIC.  —  "  The 
Efflgy  of  the  Dear  Defunct"  shown  in  "  Blue  Beard's  Closet,"  the 
new  Illusion  of  Professor  Pepper  aud  Mr.  Tobin ;  "The  Tower 
of  London,"  with  startling  effects  musically  treated  by  Mr.  George 
Buckland  'The  Automatic  Leotard ,"  Dickens's"  Carol."  and  other 
Entertainments,  at  the  Royal  Polytechnic. 


TENSION    GIRDERS. 

A  ECHITECTS  and  CIVIL  ENGINEERS 

4~\_  are  respectfully  informed  that  these  girders  can  now  be  sup- 
plied to  .luy  part  of  ihe  country  ou  the  shorttst  notice.  The  advan- 
tages they  offer  are. 

STRENGTH,  LIGHTNESS.  ECONOMY. 

THE    TENSION     GIRDER    COMPANY    ^LIMITED). 

DAVID  CORNFOOT,  Secretary. 
43,  Parliameut-fltreet,  Westminster. 


SPIRAL  STAIRCASE.  —  For  SALE,  a 
well  made  IRON  SPIRAL  STAIRCASE,  suitable  for  a  count 
ingbouse.  shop,  or  w;<jehouse — To  be  seen  at  the  House  of  Correction. 
Coldbath  Fields,  on  any  week  day  between  twelve  and  four,  on  appli- 
cation at  the  gate. 


SWlVtVUV     LEA.SEHOLDS. 


on  FREEHOLDS, 


;.  and  COPYHOLDS,  repayable 
by  Instalments.  Example  ;  £5(i0.  5  years, quarterly,  £31  Ss.  9d.;  ditto, 
10  years,  quarterly,  £18  lis.  2d. ;  dittw,  15  years,  quarterly.  £14  lis. ; 
in  each  case  including  principal  and  interest,  and  costs  of  security  to 
company — Apply  to  British  Equitable  Assurance  Comi)any,  No.  4, 
Queen-fit reet-place,  Southwark  Bridge,  E.C. 


£20-000 


READY  to  be  ADVANCED 

_  by  tbe  TEMPERANCE  PERMANENT 
LAND  and  BUILDING  aOClETY,  on  Freehold  and  Leasehold  Pro- 
perty, for  any  period  of  years  not  excaeding  tiiteen.  the  mortgage 
being  redeemable  by  equal  monthly  instalments.  Interest  (in  addi- 
tion to  a  small  premium)  5  per  cent,  ou  the  balance  each  year. — 
Apply  to  HENRY  J.  PHILLIPS,  Secretaiy. 

unices— 34,  Moorgate -street.  London,  E  C. 

Note. — More  than  half  a  million  pounds  sterling  have  been  ad- 
vanced upon  house  property  alone. 

MATHEMATICAL  INSTRUMENTS,  oi 
the  lirst  quality,  at  moderate  prices,  with  many  important 
Iminuveiitente.  Illustrated  catalogues  sent  poet  free.  W.  F. 
STANLEY,  Mathem-itical  Instrument  Maker  to  the  Government, 
8  and  5,  Great  Turnstile,  Holborn,  W.  C.  Stanley's  TreatisB  on  Mathe- 
aoatical  Drawing  Instruments,  post  free,  ^a. 


BENSON'S 
WATCHES  AND  CLOCKS 

EV  SPECIAI,  APrOINTMENT  TO 

H.E..H.  THE  PBINCE  OF  WALES. 

Prize  Jledal,  London,  CI.153  33  ;  Dublin.  Class  10. 

WATCHES.  —  Chronometers,  Keyless,  Eepeaters, 
Chronographs,  &c. 

CLOCKS.— For  Dining  and  Drawing  Rooms,  Car- 
riages, Churches,  &c. 

JEWELLERY— Specialities  in  Monograms,  Crystals 
Diamonds,  and  Fine  Gold. 

PLATE,  and  WORKS  of  ART  in  Bronze,  by  Leading 
Artists 

PRICES  and  DESCRIPTIONS,  sea  Illustrated 
Pamphlet.  Post-free. 

WATCHES  A^^D  CLOCKS  SENT  TO    ALL   PARTS  OF 
THE  WORLD. 

J.    W.    BENSON, 

2  5,    OLD     BOND     STREET. 

Steam  Factory  and  City  Show  Rooms, 

58     AND     60,     LUDGATE     HILL. 

Paris  Exhibition,  1867,  Englisli  Section,  Class  23. 

NOTICE. 
GEORGE      DAVENPORT, 

CABINETMAKER   AND   UPHOLSTERER, 
la  ready  to  8uvi>Iy  in  any  Qu.-mtity 

Thonet  Bros.'  Austrian  Bent  Wood 
Furniture, 

which  hai  obtained  Pn:e  Medals  at  every  ExJiibitian  in 

Europe  since  IS51. 
It  is  the  Strongeet  and  Cheapest,  and  at  the  same  time  Lightest  aud 
most  Elegant  production  of  the  Cabinetmaker's  art  ever  introduced, 
comliiiiiug  in  the  highest  degree  Economy  aud  Utility. 

An  insiiection  of  his  Large  Stocli  of  tliis  Manufacture  is  reapect- 
f  nUy  solicited  by 

GEORGE  DAVENPORT, 

JO,    LUDGATE    HILL,    LONDON,    E.O. 

Depot  /or  the  l/nited  Kingdom. 


nOX   &  SON,  CHURCH  FURNITUE] 

I   J  MANPFACTURERS. 

28  and  2*1.  SOUTHAMPTON-STREET.  STRAND. 
PAINTED  and  STAINED  GLASS  WOKKS^  and  44,  Mudffi* 
(adioining  Southampton-street).  W.C. 
WOOD  and  STONE  CARVING.  GOTHIC.    METAL,  and  MOM. 
MENTAL  WORKS. 
BELVEDERE-ROAD,    LAMBETH.    S. 
CARVING.— A  great  reduction  effected  by   rtughing  out  art* 
bv  machinery,  and  finishing  only  by  hand  labour.    ^ 
GOTHIC  JOINERS'  WORK  AND  FURNITURE. 
GOTHIC    METAL   WORK,  of  every  description,  both  in; 

Brass,  aud  iron. 
ESTIMATES   FURNISHED  t«  the  Clergy.  ArehitecU, 

^  Trade,  for  carrying  out  any  Design.  „„j=s: 

THE  WHOLE  OF  THE  WORK    DONE  ON  THE  PREMI8BS. 

COX  &  SON'S  Illustrated  Catalogue  for  1866.  with  several  himdi 

New   Designs  of  Church  Ftimiture,   Fainted  Glass,  DecoratiOD,  *, 

Monuments,  foi-warded  for  six  stamps. 

SHOW  ROOMS— 2S  and  29,  Southampton -street,  strand,  liOEdOD 


TO  INVENTORS  AND  PATENTEES. 


MESSRS. 

ROBERTSON,  BROOMAN,  AND  CC' 

CIVIL  ENGINEERS 
AND    PATENT    AGENTS^ 

(EatabUshed  1S23). 

166,  FLEET  STREET,    LONDOM 

UNDEBTAKE     TO    OBTAIN     PATENTS    FOK     INTEKTld 

PROVISIONAL  PROTECTIONS 

APPLIED  FOR. 

Specifications  Drawn  and  Revised. 

DISCLAIMERS  AND  MEMORANDUMS  OF  AlTBi 
TIONS  PREPARED  AND  FILED. 

ADVICES     ON    CASES    SUBMITTED, 
OPINIONS  AS  TO  INFRINGEMENTS,  &o., 

OPPOSITIONS  CONDUCTED. 

Messrs.   Robertson,  Brooman,  and  Cr 
Undertake  (upon  Commission)  OrdiAi.- 
for  all  Engineering  Constructions,  Ei^ 
ways,    Locomotive,  and   other  Steii 
Engines,  &c.,  &c. 

ACCIDENTS    WILL     HAPPE. 

Everyone  should  therefore  provide  agaiJist  them  I 

£1.1X»0  IN  CASE  OF  DEATH. 

Or  £6  per  Week  while  Laid  up  by  lujiur.  caused  T)f 

ACCIDENT  OF  ANY  KIND, 

May  be  secureO  by  an  Annual  Pajnjieat 
OF  FROM  £3  TO  £6  fis.  TO  THE 
E-1ILWAY  PASSENGERS'  ASSURANCE  00«PAS>. 
The  oldest  established  Company  in  the  World  iiiiu'ing  ap^nt 

ACgiDENTS  OF  EVERY  DESCKIPTIOB 
64,  CoRNHiLL,  and  10,  Regent  Street,  Loxdc 

WILLIAM  1.  TIAN,  Seerclary. 

GOUT  and  RHEUMATISM.— The  e.xt  - 
elating  pain  of  Gout  or  Rheuni.itlsm  is  iHii^kly  reUevei 
cui ed  ill  a  few  davshy  that  celebrated  medicine,  BLAIKS  bOU   " 
RHEUMAilC  PILLS.  .       .... 

They  require  norestraiut  of  diet  or  confinement  during _"»«  ■ 
and  are  i-tirm  In  to  prevent  the  disease  attacking  any  ritftl  part. 

Sold  byaU  Medicine  Vendors,  at  Is.  lid.  and  2i.  W.  pw  "^ 
obtained  through  any  Chemist. 


May  31,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


369 


TflE   BUILDING  NEWS. 


LONDON,  FRIDAY,  MA.Y  3\,  1S07. 


THE  PARIS  EXHIBITION. 

THE  amphitheatre  of  peace  now  stands  on 
the  tifUl  of  Mars — at  least,  so  excLaiius 
an  enthnsiastic  French  friend  with  whom  we 
approacli  it.  The  sentiment  is  iiretty  and  tlie 
autitliesis  complete,  Init  we  have  so  frequently 
seen  tlie  antitlieses  of  those  peaceful  exliibi- 
tions  carried  out  in  warlike  results  that  we 
utterly  abandon  all  sentiment  iu  the  matter. 
In  spite  of  all  the  struggling  and  combating 
for  medals  and  orders,  bolli  decorati\'e  aiul 
commercial,  which  is  going  on  the  building, 
or  rather  its  contents,  offers  much  to  tlie 
tlioughtful  consideration  of  an  architect.  In 
order  to  extract  the  utmost  gain  from  it  it  is 
our  intention  to  issue  a  series  of  notices  on 
those  matters  in  which  the  architect  is,  or 
ought  to  be,  deeply  interested.  We  have 
deferred  doiug  this  till  now,  in  the  hope  that 
the  buildings  might  be  completed  before  we 
commenced  our  review,  hut  so  much  yet  re- 
mains to  be  done  that  if  we  postpone  our  ob- 
servations till  such  an  indefinite  period  they 
«-ill  be  of  little  use  to  our  rcadei-s.  "We  shall 
firstly,  tlierefore,  consider  architecture  as  here 
represented,  either  by  actual  constructions  or 
hy  drawings  ;  second  ly,nuiterials  useful  in  the 
construction  of  architecture,  or  in  the  decora- 
tive arts  connected  with  it ;  aud  thirdly,  the 
decorative  arts  themselves. 

It  would  seem  natural  that  we  should  take 
the  architectiu-e  represented  in  the  building 
itself  as  our  starting  point,  and  gladly  shoulil 
we  have  done  so  if  we  could  have  discovered  it, 
but  after  minute  search  we  have  failed  to  do 
so.     That  it  had  an  architect  and  also  an  en- 
gineer we  arc   officially  told,  but  beyond  bor- 
rowing the   idea   of  the  plan  froni  English 
sources,  and   issuing   working  drawings  to  a 
contractor,  we  do  not  see  what  functions  they 
have  fulHUed.     The  building  is  unnecessarily 
ugly,  nor  does  it  ofl'er  any  new  point  in  con- 
struction  to  compensate   for   this  ;   common, 
ordinary,  and  vulgar,  it  is  a   disgrace   to  all 
connected  wiih  it ;  there  is  no  one  i'eature  in 
it  which  redeems  it,  and  not  one  new  fact  does 
It  teach.     We  complained  of  the  building  for 
1S.")1,  we  loudly  grumbled  at  'G2  ;  but  worse 
beyond  compare  is  this  ;  and  on  looking  Ijack 
at  the  past   from   the  standpoint  of  the  pre- 
sent, we  regard  Sir  Joseph  Paxton's  design  as 
I  thing  of  beauty,  and   begin   to  think  that 
'  iptain  Fowke's  was   not  so  very  bad.     We 
i.id  hoped  that  after  the  influence  of  the  first 
hock  we  received  at  the  sight  of  it  had  passed 
iway,   more  intimate    acquaintance    with  it 
aight  discover  some  detail  on  which  we  could 
peak  favourably,  but  our  hope   has  been  a 
ain  one,  and  the  more  we  see  of  it  the  more 
■•e  dislike  it  and  the  greater  mistake  do  we 
^liscover  it  to  be.     The  very  shape  of  the  plan 
■3  an  error,  and  those  English  gentlemen  wlio 
■ought  so  strenuously  to  obtain  the  affiliation 
If  the  design  would  now,  we  think,  renounce 
heir  coveted  bantling  witli  disgust.     No  one 
romising  feature  is  visible  from  the  interior, 
0  one  main  line  to  which   the  visitor   can 
evert  to  guide  him  or  indicate  his   position, 
or    does    the  plan   offer    any  compensating 
dyantage  in   classification  to  recompense  for 
ilis  lack  of  effect.     Certain  classes  of  produc- 
:on  in  certain  countries   overlap    the  limit 
ffligned  to  them,   or  overflow  in  all  sorts  of 
irections,  with  various  annexes    here    and 
lere,  and  in  wondrous  isolated  structures  in 
je  park.     The  much-lje-praised  s3-stemisation 
;  the  French  is  at  fault,  and  for  comparative 
amination  of  the   products   of  the  various 
luntries  represented  the  plan  is  much  worse 
V.an  any  we  have  before  encountered.    The 
■etenoe    of     order    misleads    ns,     and    we 
'd  ^in   unlooked-for  places,  detached    from 
nguom,    country,    or    class,  groups  of  ob- 


jects of  interest  which  necessitate  fresh 
comparison  and  induce  further  and  in- 
definite research.  Even  the  very  entrances 
themselves,  on  which  a  Frenchman  gene- 
rally lavishes  his  ornament,  if  not  exhi- 
bits his  taste,  are  miserable  holes  cut  throiigh 
the  outer  wall,  and  by  no  approach  can  any- 
thing like  a  dignified  first  impression  be  ob- 
tained. The  state  entrance  is  through  a 
Cliinese  construction  of  thin  woodwork  and 
Dutch  metal,  rivalling  a  second-rate  tea  garden 
in  grandeur,  and  the  "  velum"  of  dark  green, 
which  forms  a  covering  some  liDO  yards 
long  between  it  and  the  building,  has  a 
heavy,  funereal,  and  catafdque-lilie  look. 
Of  the  other  approaches  that  of  La  Bour- 
donnaye  is  the  only  one  aiming  at  pre- 
tence, and  it  is  almost  as  good  as  an  ordi- 
nary wooden  railway  station;  and  to  crown 
all,  liy  which  ever  way  you  enter  the  buihl- 
ing,  the  hrst  thing  which  greets  you  is  the 
din  and  noise  of  machinery  in  full  work. 
Dismissing,  then,  with  a  parting  nraledic- 
tion  the  Imilding  itself,  we  shall  confine 
our  future  remarks  to  its  contents,  and  that 
aggregation  of  smaller  buildings  it  has 
attracted  round  it. 

The  art  of  architecture  is  represented  in  the 
building  by  a  very  numerous  collection  of 
drawings  from  most  European  nations,  the 
Fiench,  of  course,  being  by  far  the  largest 
exhibitors,  indeed  outnumbering  those  of  all 
the  rest  ;  and  very  striking  are  their  drawings 
to  the  English  architect,  who  will  here  see  the 
handiwork  of  men  whose  names  are  familiar 
to  him  in  England.  VioUetle  Due,  Bceswill- 
wald,  Questel,  and  many  others  whose  literary 
contribiitions  to  the  history  of  architecture 
ate  popular  amongst  us,  are  exhibitors  here, 
though  he  will  regret  to  find  chiefly  as  re- 
corders of  the  past  than  as  exponents  of  the 
present  state  of  the  art.  The  French  collec- 
tion of  drawings  divides  itself  into  two  classes, 
the  one  being  dramugs  of  existing  buildings 
made  with  a  view  to  their  presei'vation  or  re- 
storation, and  the  other  designs  for  new  works. 
The  former  of  these  classes  again  subdivides 
itself  into  two  .series,  the  one  being  drawings 
of  buildings  in  France,  made  by  well-known 
architects  under  the  direction  of  the  Govern- 
ment, and  the  other  drawings  of  ancient 
buildings  in  Rome,  Greece,  and  Asia  Minor, 
made  by  young  aspirants  in  the  Imperial 
Academy  at  Rome  as  a  portion  of  their  pro- 
fessional education.  The  fact  of  such  draw- 
ings existing  is  one  worthy  of  reflection;  and 
we  see  here  a  national  interest  taken  in  the 
art,  not  only  as  a  matter  of  history  in  the 
past,  but  as  an  education  for  the  future. 
How  many  fine  monuments  in  our  day  have 
passed  away,  and  no  record  of  them  retained 
but  in  the  inaccessible  pockets  of  private  port- 
folios I  Here  we  see  careful  and  accurate 
drawings  of  the  chief  monuments  of  France, 
extending  from  the  Roman  work  at  Aries 
down  to  tlie  productions  of  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tury. It  is  to  the  facilities  afforded  by  such 
a  collection  as  this  that  we  owe  such  careful 
and  exhaustive  treatises  as  those  of  M.  Viollet 
le  Due,  and  if  some  Minister  of  Public  Works 
from  England  will  but  look  at  these  with 
tlie  same  interest  as  does  his  Frencli  equiva- 
lent, he  will  see  a  way  in  which  he  can  bene- 
fit his  country,  and  win  back  for  us  a  kn  ow- 
ledge  of  our  art  history,  the  which,  from  the 
ready  made  road  provided  by  others  for 
the  study  of  theirs,  is  rapidly  being  forgotten. 
We  are  proud  to  recollect  it  was  the  works  of 
our  countrymen,  Rickman  and  Britton,  which 
led  the  way  to  the  study  of  mediaeval  archi- 
tecture, and  regret  that  other  countries  are 
now  passing  us  in  this  direction;  this,  fostered 
by  public  grants,  has  so  increased  in  France 
that  we  find  handbooks  of  architecture  and 
archaaology  printed  for  the  use  of  schools, 
and  a  knowledge  of  these  sciences  considered 
as  a  necessary  part  of  the  education  of  the 
young  Frenchman.  The  drawings  setting 
forth  the  past  architecture  of  France  will  be 
found  on  the  walls  of  tlie  promenade  sur- 
rouniling  the  central  garden,  but  are  not  in- 
cluded in  the  catalogue ;    and  the  singirlar 


brick  churches  of  Toulouse  and  peculiar 
Ronianes<[ue  work  of  central  France  will  at- 
tract strongly,  by  their  difference  from  any- 
thing like  what  we  have  in  England  ;  and  il. 
le  Due's  drawings  of  Pierrefonds  and  Carcas- 
soiie  will,  thougli  known  from  his  engravings, 
be  welcome  as  specimens  of  his  drawing. 
M.  Devrez's  drawings  of  Mont  S.  Michel  will 
attract  the  artist  and  the  architect ;  and  we 
commend  tliis  series  of  drawings  to  the 
young  student,  not  only  as  an  arcluoological 
study,  but  as  a  won<lerl'ul  exliifiition  of  what 
architectural  drawings  may  bo  made.  For 
exactitude  and  cleanness,  and  for  faithful  re- 
presentation of  texture,  wliere  objects  of  de- 
corative art  are  exhibited,  tliey  are  the  finest 
models  he  can  study.  We  desire  to  linger 
longer  amongst  them,  there  is  so  much  of 
beauty  and  history  embodied  in  them  ;  but 
we  feel  that  our  main  interest,  lies  in  the 
rising  rather  than  the  setting  sun,  and  it  is 
in  the  on^vard  progress  of  tlie  art  and  its  pro- 
fessors that  our  ciiiefest  interest  lies  ;  so  we 
re-enter  the  builduig  to  examine  the  "  Re- 
staurations  des  Monuments  Antique,  par  les 
Architects  Pensionnaires  de  I'Academie  Ini- 
periale  de  France,  a  Rome." 

There  are  a  remarkable  series  of  drawings 
made  Ijy  young  men  who,  having  passed 
through  the  ordinary  home  education  of  an 
architect,  are  sent,  by  a  process  it  would  be 
easy  to  engraft  on  our  Royal  Academy,  to 
complete  their  studies  in  Rome,  and  thence 
despatched  on  architectural  missions  to  various 
portions  of  the  ancient  world,  to  examine  and 
record  those  monuments  ;vhich  still  exist ; 
Ijut  it  is  even  more  with  the  feeling  that  we 
are  regarding  tlie  works  of  the  architect  of  the 
future  that  we  look  at  this  collection,  than  the 
interest  the  works  themselves  inspire.  Here 
are  about  a  dozen  monuments  of  antiquity 
illustrated  by  drawings  of  great  size  and  care- 
ful execution  ;  they  consist,  generally,  of  a  plan 
aud  elevation  of  the  monument  as  it  exists 
at  present,  and  restored  drawings  from  the 
same  point  of  view,  together  with  such  details 
as  have  been  found  during  the  research. 
Many  of  them  are  of  well-known  works,  often 
before  illustrated,  but  some  are  the  eti^ct  of 
individual  and  original  research.  Tlie  first  of 
this  series  is  a  restoration  of  the  Appian  way, 
exhibited  by  JI.  Ancelet.  It  is  a  very  carefuf 
and  painstaking  study,  exliibiting  great 
technical  dexterity  ;  the  plan  and  drawings  of 
the  actual  state  of  the  remains  being  marvel- 
lously well  drawn  and  coloured.  Of  the 
restoration  we  do  not  think  so  much — most  of 
the  work  has  been  before  illustrated  ;  nor  are 
we  quite  disposed  to  agree  with  all  M. 
Ancelet's  renderings.  But  in  the  restoration  of 
the  more  than  fifty  tombs  his  drawings 
exhibit,  there  i.s  plenty  of  room  for  the 
divergence  of  opinion.  M.  Boitte  gives  ns 
thirteen  very  large  and  able  drawings  of  the 
present  condition  and  restored  state  of  the 
Acropolis  and  Propylem  at  Athens,  to  which, 
as  a  work  of  restoration,  the  remarks  we  have 
before  made  equally  ajiply.  Very  careful  and 
])ainstaking  has  M.  Boitte  been,  and  it  is  a 
work  calculated  to  teacli  the  executor  very 
much  ;  but  we  think  it  is  greatly  to  be  regret- 
ted that,  with  all  their  beauty  of  colouring  and 
power  of  geometrical  drawing,  the  French 
architects  do  not  pay  more  attention  to  per- 
spective ;  such  studies  as  these,  illustrated  by 
perspective  views  from  actual  points,  would 
do  more  to  impress  upon  the  student  and  the 
public  the  actual  appearance  of  the  liuildings 
illustrated,  than  numerous  geometrical  eleva- 
tions and  sections,  be  they  never  so  huge,  and 
some  of  these  are  nearly  10ft.  square.  JM. 
Bonnet's  drawings  of  the  restoration  of  the 
tlieatre  and  temple  in  the  triangular  forum  at 
Pompeii  are  excessively  clever,  and  reflect 
great  credit  on  him  both  as  an  architect  and 
a  draughtsman  ;  and  M.  Daumet's  eight  draw- 
ings of  the  Tibertine  vUla  are  excellent,  form- 
ing one  of  the  best  studies  of  Roman  civil 
architecture  we  have  seen  ;  and  some  portions 
of  his  \4ew  from  the  Tibertine  way  are  worthy 
of  careful  examination. 

M.  Louvet's  restoration  of  the  Acropolis  of 


370 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


May  31,  1867. 


Sunium  is  very  clever,  and  an  excellent  stndy 
of  the  polychromatic  decoration  of  Greek 
architecture.  There  are  many  other  drawings 
of  this  class  which  deserve  examination,  par- 
ticularly by  the  younger  members  of  the  pro- 
fession, who,  we  hope,  will  largely  visit  this 
portion  of  the  Exhibition.  Amongst  them  we 
would  particularly  note  M.  Vaudremer's  able 
drawings  of  the  present  state  of  the  Castel  S. 
Angelo,  at  Rome,  and  its  restoration  as  the 
Mausoleum  of  Adrian.  M.  Thomas's  frag- 
ment of  the  Pauathenaic  frieze  we  commend 
most  highly,  and  his  essays  on  the  restoration 
of  Khorsabad  are  noteworthy  from  their  sin- 
gularity. M.  Guillaume's  drawings  of  the 
temple  of  Rome  and  Augustus,  at  Ancyra, 
exhibit  some  singular  details,  beautifully 
drawn  ;  and  his  restoration  of  the  Theatre  at 
Verona  is  particidarly  good.  But  of  all  this 
class  of  studies  those  which  will  attract  tlie 
most  attention  are  the  very  able  ones  of  M. 
Baudry  for  the  restoration  of  the  ancient  for- 
tress of  Trffismis,  in  Roumania,  to  which 
country  he  was  sent  in  1865  to  study  the 
ancient  military  stations  on  the  Lower  Danube. 
Trtesmis  was  one  of  the  most  advanced  out- 
posts of  the  Roman  empire  on  the  Dacian 
frontier,  and  consequently  the  most  fre- 
quently attacked,  from  which  cause  it  might 
be  expected  that  the  fortifications  would  be 
those  of  the  principle  most  esteemed  by  the 
Romans  ;  and  it  was  a  wise  induction  to  seek 
in  this  point  for  an  example  of  their  highest 
art  in  castrametation.  M.  Baudry  has  found 
great  remains,  and  from  these  ably  restored 
the  fortress,  takmg  for  his  point  of  time  its 
condition  between  the  rebuilding  in  the  time 
of  Augustus  and  its  destruction  in  the  fourth 
century.  His  very  admiralde  and  free  draw- 
ing represents  it  under  a  state  of  siege,  just  at 
the  point  of  an  assault,  and  his  military 
engines  are  disposed  in  the  strategic 
positions  they  would  naturally  be  em- 
ployed in.  The  style  of  drawing  is  very 
unusual  in  France,  and  a  bold,  free,  broad 
line  takes  the  place  of  the  engraver-like  one 
usually  adopted,  and  is  in  that  loved  by  Mr, 
Burges  in  the  days  when  he  worshipped 
Villars  de  Honcourt,  and  before  he  adopted 
that  French-like  mode  of  drawing  his  beauti- 
ful ones  for  the  Law  Courts  are  prepared  in. 
Of  the  studies  of  mediicval  buildings  and 
their  restoration  there  are  very  few  here,  and 
M.  Lisch  is  the  only  contributor  of  any 
worth.  His  drawings  of  the  port  of  La  Ro- 
chelle  restored  are  very  fine,  anJ  extremely 
interesting  to  an  Englishman,  as  is  also  the 
restoration  of  the  fortification  of  the  town  of 
Orleans  to  the  time  of  its  siege  by  the 
English  in  1428,  and  its  defence  by  Joan  of 
Arc.  These  may  be  said  to  complete  the 
archrcological  view  of  French  architecture, 
and  we  reserve  for  our  next  notice  our  review 
of  the  more  interesting  aspect  of  it,  as  repre- 
sented by  its  present  condition. 


MAGNESIAN  LIMESTONES. 

THERE  are  two  kinds  of  magnesian  lime- 
stones— original  and  metamorjjhic — the 
one  description  having  been  originally  formed 
as  a  magnesian  limestone,  and  the  other  being 
the  residt  of  agencies  operating  subsequently 
to  the  formation  of  the  rock.  In  lithological 
character  magnesian  limestone  is  very  variable. 
"  It  is  sometimes,"  says  Mr.  J.  B.  Jukes,  in 
his  admirable  essay  on  "  Geology,"  in  the 
"  Encyclopedia  Britannica,"  "  of  a  powdery, 
earthy,  and  friable  texture  ;  sometimes  splits 
into  thiuslabs,  some  of  which  are  flexible;  some- 
times forms  singular  concretionary  masses,  a 
number  of  balls  touching  each  other,  either  like 
bunches  of  grapes  (when  it  is  called  botry- 
oidal)  or  like  musket  balls  or  great  piles  of 
cannon  shot.  Many  of  these  balls,  on  being 
broken  open,  are  found  to  have  a  radiated 
structure.  That  all  these  curious  forms  have 
been  produced  subsequently  to  the  deposition 
of  the  mass  is  shown  by  the  fact  of  the  lines 
of    deposition     or    stratification    proceeding 


through  them  regularly,  without  regard  to 
the  spherical  outlines  or  radiated  structure  of 
the  balls." 

Magnesian  limestones  are  so  called  because 
they  contain  a  great  deal  of  carbonite  of  mag- 
nesia. Professor  Daniell  has  remarked  that 
the  nearer  these  limestones  approach  to  equi- 
valent proportions  of  carbonate  of  lime  and 
carbonate  of  magnesia  the  more  crystalline 
and  better  they  are  in  every  respect.  The 
state  of  crystallisation  is  of  the  utmost  im- 
portance, since  the  stone  cannot  resist  attack 
where  this  is  incomplete.  The  best  varieties 
of  this  description  of  building  stone  are  those 
in  which  there  is  at  least  40  per  cent. 
— Professor  Daniel!  has  stated  50  per  cent. 
— of  carbonate  of  magnesia,  and  4  or  5 
per  cent,  of  silica.  Magnesian  limestones 
occur  mostly  in  the  midland  and  north-east 
portions  of  England.  The  colour  of  the 
superior  descriptions  is  a  pleasing  light 
brown,  of  warm  and  somewhat  iron-like  tint. 
Their  density  is  considered  to  be  greater  than 
tliat  of  the  oolites  ;  and,  according  to  Pro- 
fessor Ansted,  the  labour  on  them  is  inter- 
mediate between  that  on  the  gritstones  and 
Portland,  and  they  can  be  obtained  of  any 
required  size.  They  are  also  four  times 
stronger  than  Portland,  and  in  the  country 
they  are  capable  of  resisting  atmospheric  in- 
fluences. Indeed,  the  buildings  erected  out  of 
London  of  magnesian  limestones  have  shown 
signs  of  the  utmost  durableness.  Konings- 
burgh  Castle,  in  Yorkshire,  a  Norman  structure, 
built  of  coarse-grained  and  semi-crystalline 
magnesian  limestone  from  a  neighbouring  hill, 
is  in  such  a  good  state  of  preservation  that 
though  the  mortar  has  in  many  places  dis- 
appeared, the  edges  of  the  joints  are  in  a 
perfect  condition.  The  same  may  be  said  of 
Hemingborough  Church,  in  the  same  county, 
which  was  erected  in  the  fifteenth  century. 
It  is  built  of  a  white  crystalline  magnesian 
limestone,  resembling  that  obtained  from 
Huddlestone,  and  no  traces  of  decomposition 
are  apparent  in  the  structure,  not  even  in  the 
.spire. 

Bolsoccr  stone  is  chiefly  a  carbonate  of 
lime  and  carbonate  of  magnesia,  semi-crystal- 
line, and  of  a  light  yellowish-larown  colour. 
Submitted  to  analysis  it  gives  the  following 
results  : — SUica,  3'6  ;  carbonate  of  lime, 
ol'l  ;  carbonate  of  magnesia,  40 '2 ;  iron 
alumina,  I'S  ;  water  and  loss,  3'3.  Its  weight 
is  1511b.  lloz.  per  cubic  foot,  and  the  price  at 
Bolsover  is  Is.  per  foot  ordinary  block,  or 
4s.  tjd.  (sawn)  per  yard,  Sin.  tooled  flags. 
This  was  the  stone  employed  for  the  Houses 
of  Parliament,  and  of  the  result  of  the  selec- 
tion we  shall  have  something  to  say  further 
on. 

Anston  stone  (Yorkshire)  was  also  used  for 
the  same  building,  because  large  blocks  were 
more  easily  obtained  than  of  that  of  Bolsover. 
It  is  a  compact,  semi-crystalline  rock,  con- 
sisting of  nearly  equal  proportions  of  car- 
bonate of  lime  and  carbonate  of  magnesia. 
It  weighs  about  1501b.  to  the  cubic  foot  ;  and 
is  not  very  costly  either  to  obtain  or  work. 

Huidlestone  consists  of  about  the  same 
component  parts  as  Bolsover  magnesian  lime- 
stones. Analysed  it  gives  the  i'oUow'ing  re- 
sults : —  Silica,  2'53  ;  carbonate  of  lime, 
54' 19  ;  carbonate  of  magnesia,  41 '37  ;  iron 
alumina,  '30  ;  water  and  loss,  1-Gl.  lu  coloiu- 
it  is  a  whitish  cream.  It  weighs  1371b.  13oz. 
per  cubic  foot. 

The  stone  obtained  from  Roach  Abbey  is 
also  of  a  whitish  cream  colour.  It  is  com- 
posed chiefly  of  carbonate  of  lime  and  car- 
bonate of  magnesia,  with  occasional  dendritic 
spots  of  iron  or  manganese,  and  is  semi-crys- 
talline. The  analysis  of  the  1839  Commis- 
sion gives  : — Silica,  O'S  ;  carbonate  of  lime, 
57'5  ;  carbonate  of  magnesia,  39'4  ;  iron 
alumina,  07  ;  water  and  loss,  rC.  The  weight 
per  cubic  foot  is  1391b.  2oz. 

Park  Nook  magnesian  limestone  is  of  a 
similar  constitution  : — Carbonate  of  lime, 
55'7  ;  carbonate  of  magnesia,  41'6  ;  iron 
alumina,  0-4  ;  water  and  los.s,  2-3.  It  is  of  a 
cream  colour,  and  has  been  used  for  sinks  and 


tanks,  but  the  water  wastes  in  them.  The 
weight  per  cubic  foot  is  1371b.  3oz. 

In  Bristol  Cathedral,  Chepstow  Castle,  and 
Spofl'orth  Castle,  there  are  some  noteworthy 
contrasts  between  the  magnesian  limestones 
and  the  sandstones  employed  in  the  erection 
of  those  edifices.  In  each  of  these  buildings 
tlie  sandstone  has  considerablj'  snS'ered,  while 
the  magnesian  limestones  liave  remained 
about  as  perfect  as  when  erected.  But  when 
we  come  to  London,  with  its  peculiarly  trying 
atmosphere,  we  fiml  the  case  different.  Mag- 
nesia has  a  great  affinity  for  sulphirr,  and  the 
sidphnrous  acid  to  be  found  in  our  London 
smoke  has  such  an  effect  upon  these  and  the 
softer  limestones  that  they  soon  decay. 

The  history  of  the  erection  of  the  Palace  at 
Westminster  presents  a  series  of  mistakes 
which  experience  would  not  again  permit  to 
occur.  In  1839,  it  will  be  rememljered,  a 
commission  was  appointed  to  inquire  what 
was  the  best  and  most  enduring  stone  to 
employ  for  the  erection  of  the  new  buildings. 
The  work  of  the  commissioners  was  immense. 
I  hey  examined  hundreds  of  buildings,  old 
and  new,  inspected  quarries,  made  carefid 
analyses,  but,  as  we  have  often  pointed  out 
in  these  cohmms,  they  did  not  extend  their 
inquiries  far  enough.  They  were  much 
aft'ected  in  their  conclusion  by  their  admira- 
tion of  Southwell  Minster,  which  it  was  be- 
lieved had  been  bidlt  of  stone  from  Bol- 
sover. It  was  subset|uently  found  that  the 
Minster  was  not  erected  of  this  stone,  but  of 
Mansfield  stone.*  Anston  stone  was  adopted 
at  the  suggestion  of  Mr.  C.  H.  Smith,  when 
large  blocks  w-ere  required.  Anston  stone  was 
used  both  for  the  Geological  Museum  in 
Jermyn-street,  and  for  the  Hall  in  Lincoln's 
Inn-fields.  In  the  first  case  it  stood  well,  but 
the  selection  was  so  bad  in  the  latter  building 
that  it  Has  shown  signs  of  decay.  Mr.  T. 
Grissell,  in  a  letter  to  a  contemporary  some 
years  ago,  assured  the  public  that  the  stone 
for  the  Museum  of  Geology  in  Jermyn-street, 
and  for  the  Houses  of  Parliament,  came 
from  the  same  quarry,  and  were  got  by  the 
same  workmen,  without  reference  to  any 
special  selection,  or  for  any  particidar  budd- 
ing. He  added  : — "  The  situation  of  the  two 
buildings  not  being  identical  may  have  some- 
thing to  do  with  the  increased  stability  of  one 
over  the  other.  Of  course  in  the  same  quarry 
there  are  some  portions  of  the  rock  more  dry 
and  of  closer  te.xture  than  other  portions, 
and,  to  use  a  technical  term,  more  crystal- 
line in  its  nature.  But,  at  that  time,  we  were 
not  informed  that  to  ensure  perfect  durability 
it  was  necessary  that  the  stone  should  be  per- 
fectly crystallised."  Here,  indeed,  was  the 
great  mistake.  The  Government,  although 
admitting  the  desirableness  of  appointing  a 
resident  chemical  agent  at  the  quarries,  who 
should  examine  every  block  of  stone,  refused 
even  to  pay  the  nominal  sum  of  £150  to  Mr. 
C.  H.  Smith  for  this  purpose.  The  conse- 
quence was,  that  the  softest  stone  was  used, 
and  not  sufficient  importance  was  attached  to 
the  selection  of  the  most  crystalline  portions 
of  the  rock.  Mr.  Gilbert  Scott  some  time 
ago  pointed  out  that  those  parts  of  the  build- 
ing in  which  the  magnesian  limestone  from 
Mansfield  Woodhonse  had  been  used  were  in 
high  state  of  preservation,  so  that  he  believed 
that  '-'had  the  same  stone  been  used  through- 
out, the  evils  since  complained  of  would  have 

*Mr.  Sterensoti,  of  Nottingham,  -n-ho  is  -neU  acquaiahi 
with  tho  building  stones  of  th.it  neighbourhood,  lU  "  «""■ 
munication  to  the  Buildi.nh  News  of  September  2»  Wsl 
year,  states  that  he  is  of  opinion  that  Southwell  JliBBter 
is  not  built  of  limestone  frona  Mansfield,  from  tho  sunpio 
fact  th.at  the  Mansfield  limestone  is  of  a  very  poor,  email. 
and' thin-bedded  chaiacter.  It  is  not  <iu.arried  as  a  bmw- 
ing  stone,  nor  indeed  is  there  anything  to  lead  to  the  sup- 
position that  it  vras  quan-ied  for  that  puipose  i "'"""*?' 
times.  He  also  adds:— I  hive  a  finn  cou-J-ictiou  that  xno 
stone  for  Southwell  Minster  was  procured  from  the  Imie- 
stone  oUffs  in  Pleasley  Vale,  a  district  beyond  M/"™"," 
Woodhouse,  and  distant  about  four  mUes  fi-oui  Mausfte  d.  in 
early  times  our  forefathers  would  always  select  a  oun  "J 
escarpmeut  from  which  to  procirre  stone,  as  this  ™"'.'r 
was  preferable  to  delving  on  level  laud.  Amongst  tf"  "■" 
habit.ants  of  this  out-of-the-way  district  you  hear  ini- 
ditionally  that  the  stone  for  building  Southwell  Minfli" 
was  procured  fi-om  what  they  caU  the  £.»?-«'»"'  .';''■'!; 
very  name  of  the  cliff  seems  to  carry  conviction  witn  «. 


May  31.  1807. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


371 


been  avoided.     The   structure  of  the  stone, 
when    examined    with   a   magnifying    glass, 
appears  mucli  more  perfectly  crysfcilline  than 
some   other   stone,  which   seems  to  suggest  a 
priiiii  facie  probability   of    its  being    more 
durable."     As  every   one   knows,  this  is   not 
the  case  with  the  Bolsover  stone.     The  carv- 
ings are  now  almost   obliterated,   the  upper 
stonework  has    decayed,  and  it  is   doubtful 
whether    any    portion    of    the     ornamental 
details   will  last    beyond  a  few  more  years. 
We  have  before  now  reported  the  results  uf 
our  own  inspections  of  this  stone,  and  in  our 
journal   of    May   4,    ISUG,   gave    an  account 
of    the    imsuccessful    processes     that     have 
been  applied  to  prevent  and  stop  the  exfolia- 
;ion  of  the  stone.     Professor  Austed  declared 
it  the  Royal   Institute  of  British  Architects 
.hat   he  did  not   believe   any  process  luider 
leaven  would   prevent  the    jiowdery  stones 
',  rom  decaying  at  the   New  Houses  of  Parlia- 
aent ;  and  he  laid  all  the  fault  of  the  decay 
,0  the  matter,  not  of  the  atmosphere,  but  of 
election  of  material.      The   late   Mr.  C.  H. 
Smith  made  a  most  extraordinary  revelation 
t  a  meeting  of  the  Institute  with  regard  to 
he  way  iu  which  the  stone  for  the  Houses  of 
I'arliament  was  selected.     He  said  that  the 
election  had    been  decided   upon  from  the 
xamination  of  a  piece  of  stone,  18in.  by  9in., 
>  vhich  he  (Mr.  Smith)  had   sent  up  from  a 
.'  uarry  six  miles  distant  from  that  which  had 

irst  been  chosen  as  the  source  of  supply. 
It  is  not  necessary  to  pursue  this  subject 
irther.  We  have  said  enough  to  show  that 
ir  external  purposes  in  London,  at  least, 
lagnesian  limestone  is  not  titted.  We  only 
igret  that  Jlr.  Pennethorne  should  have 
aployed  this  material  for  the  new  portion  of 
.e  Record  Office  in  Fetter-lane,  which  has 
ist  been  completed. 


SE  ROYAL  ACADEMY  EXHIBITION. 
Article  III. — Scdlpture. 

r!EN     the   "distinguished    foreigner" 
read  the  declared  opinions  of  two  such 
itinguished  authorities    as    the   Prince   of 
ales  and  the  President  of  the  Royal  Aca- 
my,  as  given  in  the  report  of  the  late  annual 
ademic  feed,  that   Sir   Edwin   Landseer's 
ns  at  the  foot  of  the  Nelson  ])illar  are  the 
est  works  of  sculpture  in  London,  and  aftor- 
rds  chanced  to  see  those  clumsy  misshapen 
mze  castings.he  might  weUrub  his  ey  esalmost 
;h  incredulity,  albeit  already  holding  a  very 
itemptuous  opinion  of  the  pretensions    of 
1  British  School  of  Art.  Could  it  be  possible 
.t  those  overgrown  unintelligent  masses,  the 
)hazard  amateur  efforts  of  a  man  who  had 
I  no  prewous  experience  of  the  practice  of 
3  noble  art,  were  to   be  accepted  as  the  ne 
sultra  of  what  British  genius  could  achieve 
it  ?      The  idea   were  too   monstrous,   too 
niliating,  to  be  entertained  even  of  a  poor 
•barous  nation  of  shopkeepers. 
'uch,   we   apprehend,  will  have  been  the 
;  impression  upon  the  mind  of  every  man 
iBrception  and  reflection  when  he  considered 
extravagant  eulogy  which  had  been  sent  forth 
n  hi<jh  places  upon  the  wretched  achieve- 
its  of  an  impromptupainter-sculptor,  which 
'  stand  unhappily  conspicuous  in  the  very 
st  of  the  so-called  "  finest  site  in  Europe"" 
_.h  were  our  owti  reflections  when  we  made 
W  way  down  to  the  dismal  cell  where   the 
K  ptor's  art  does  penal  servitude  during  the 
H  :e  months  of  e.thibition  season  every  year. 
S  ely,  thought  we,  we  shaU  find  something 
0''.  to  vindicate  British   sculpture  from  the 
0]  robrium  thus  cast  upon  it  by  the  first  prince 
olie  land  and  the  first  fashionable  portrait 
P'lter  of  the  day.      Alas  !  no.      We    had 
Ki:oned  without  our  host,  and  we  were  not 
lo':  in  discovering  that  these  exalted  person- 
s';, in  the  wild  rhapsodies  in  which  they 
0»  indulged  d  jjropos   of  the  Landseer  lions, 
*i!_  but  making  a  sorry  jest  of  the  degraded 
Pf  tion  to  which  the  once  grand  art  of  sculp- 
™  had  descended  amongst  us. 

hose  or  where  the  faidt  we  wiU  not  pre- 


tend to  say,  but  without  doubt  the  present 
display  in  the  sculpture  room  of  the  Royal 
Academy  is  a  thing  to  be  much  ashamed  of, 
and  following  by  facile  descent  upon  the 
ignominious  displays  (jf  many  preceding  years,. 
it  leaves  us  much  in  doubt  whether  from  some 
national  and  uncontrollable  cause  the  art  of 
Phidias  be  not  altogetherextinct,  if,  indeed,  it 
ever  lived  amongst  us  ;  whether  there  may 
not  be  essential  conditions  for  success  in  it 
wluch  are  impossible  to  us.  One  thing  is 
certain,  that  whUst  the  ancient  Greeks  re- 
stricted their  efforts  in  sculpture  to  the  re- 
presentation of  ideal  divinities,  and  occasionally 
the  portraits  of  heroes  and  philosophers,  whose 
characteristics  were  of  world-wide  renown, 
the  chief  occupation  of  the  modern  sculptor  is 
\vith  portraits,  whole  length  or  bust  size,  of 
dukes,  lordlings,  aldermen,  and  parvenus  of  all 
sorts — anybod)',  in  fact,  who  can  pay  for  it,  with 
their  wives  and  families,  about  whom  nobody 
knows  or  cares  anything,  except  the  self- 
satisfied  individuals  themselves  and  their  im- 
mediate following.  A  natural  corollary  to  the 
family  bust  is  the  memorial  statue,  the  joint 
result  of  local  s^-cophancy  and  professional 
touting,  the  latter  in  preponderance.  In  the 
few  cases  in  which  poetic  or  fancy  subjects 
are  attempted  the  v"ery  lowest  type  of  treat- 
ment is  adopted  as  the  surest  means  of  touch- 
ing the  sympathies  and  the  purse  strings  of 
the  vulgar  patron. 

Descending  now  to  particulars,  we  find  our- 
selves, when  arrived  in  the  extremely  ill- 
shapen  and  worse-lighted  sculpture  gallery, 
surrounded  by  the  usual  array  of  busts  in 
marble,  in  plaster,  and  in  terra-cotta,  staring 
vacantly  upon  the  desolateness  around.  High 
iu  the  midst,  as  becomes  the  elevated  rank  of 
the  originals,  are  fearfully  lifeless  effigies  of 
the  Duke  of  Edinburgh,  the  late  Duke 
of  Cambridge,  and  Prince  Teck,  the  first 
by  Mr.  C.  Bacon,  the  last  two  by  Mr. 
G.  G.  Adams.  Ainongst  the  remaining  legion 
of  portraits  we  noticed  only  the  following  :  — 
W.  R.  Ingram,  sculptor  (No.  1,032),  by  C. 
Vanden  Bosch,  in  cap  and  dressing-gown,  well 
and  modestly  treated;  the  Rev.  John  Henry 
Newman  (No.  1,035),  byT.Woolner,  remarkable 
for  the  character  of  the  original  ;  Richard 
Cobden  (No.  1,037),  by  J.  B.  Philip,  by 
its  breadth  and  calmness  contrasts  to  ad- 
vantage with  the  vulgar  smirkhig  attempt 
upon  the  same  illustrious  original  (No.  1,057), 
by  J.  Adams.  Baron  Marochetti  displays 
his  power  of  caricature  instead  of  character 
in  the  hard,  perk)'  twist  which  he  gives  to 
the  good-natured  countenance  of  Sir  Edwin 
Landseer  (No.  1,040).  Lord  Palmerston  is 
represented  under  two  aspects — the  first  by 
J.  Durham  (No.  1,058),  "  at  the  period  of  his 
life  when  he  became  Prime  Minister,"  the  exact 
authority  for  which  we  confess  we  do  not  quite 
recognise;  the  other,  "a  posthumous  bust"  (No. 
1,134),  by  G.  G.Adams,  not  very  pleasantly  sug- 
gestive, rightly  or  not,  of  a  certain  touting 
race  for  the  first  modelling  of  the  features  of 
the  defunct  minister,  which  was  recorded  in 
our  columns  at  the  time  of  the  occurrence. 
This  eflbrt  of  Mr.  G.  G.  Adams  is  bad  enough 
as  regards  a  man  who  is  no  longer  in  a  position 
to  defend  himself;  but  what  are  we  to  say  of 
Mr.  C.  B.  Birch's  cruel  skit  upon  a  Uving 
statesman.  Earl  Russell  ?  Is  it  possible  that 
his  lordship  gave  sittings  for  its  production 
and  authority  for  its  exhibition  ?  If  not  there 
should  be  a  law  to  protect  ]iublio  men,  and 
the  public  eye,  which  delights  in  doing  homage 
to  the  hero  of  the  day,  from  being  so  trifled 
with.  The  same  remark  applies  to  the  Duchess 
of  Colonna  Catiglione's  cast  of  her  bust  of  the 
Empress  Eugenie  (No.  1,180),  for  its  fearfuUy 
exaggerated  expression,  albeit  the  authorities 
of  Paris  have  sanctioned  the  original  by  ad- 
mitting it  in  tlie  Hotel  de  Ville.  T.  E. 
Boehm's  bust  of  Colonel  Loyd  Lindsay,  in- 
tended to  be  executed  in  bronze,  may  be 
mentioned  ivith  praise  for  the  judicious  man- 
ner in  which  the  sash  and  other  accessories 
are  "kept  down,"  so  as  to  meet  the  conditions 
of  that  process.  Mr.  Noble's  "  General  Gari- 
baldi "(No.  1,138)  is  a  spirited  and  truthful 


Hkencss.  The  Prince  Sigismund,  the  lately 
deceased  infant  son  of  the  Crown  Prince  and 
Princess  of  Prussia  (No.  1,111),  by  Miss  S.  D. 
Duvant,  is  only  renuirkable  for  the  elaborate 
revelation  of  a  dislocated  arm.  In  connection 
with  the  portrait  bust  must  be  classed  the 
memorial  effigy,  of  which  we  have  three — too 
truly  melancholy  specimens — respectively  by 
Mr.  Sharp,  Mr.  l.eil'child,  and  Mr.  T.  AVoolner, 
which  would  be  more  at  home  in  the  creative 
stoneyards  of  the  City-road. 

Amongst  the  few  attempts  at  poetic  or 
fanciful  work  in  the  exhibition,  that  which  is 
entitled  to  most  attention  is  the  "Em-opa" 
(No.  1,000),  by  Mr.  C.  F.  Fuller.  The 
attempt  to  represent  a  bull  swimming  in  a  sea 
of  stone  is  an  innovation,  and  a  trying  one, 
upon  the  prescriptions  of  the  art  ;  but  Mr. 
Fuller  has  got  over  the  difficulty  with  less  of 
ofi'ence  than  wo  could  have  considered  the 
case  to  admit  of,  the  slight  ripple  of  the  water 
being  but  just  indicated  round  the  shoulder 
and  back  of  the  animal.  The  figure  of 
Europa,  which  is  entirely  nude,  is  modelled 
with  learning  and  skill,  supposing  it  to  be 
recumlient  in  a  state  of  absolute  repose  ;.  but 
whilst  holding  on  by  the  neck  and  one  of 
the  horns  of  the  animal,  there  is  no  indication 
of  the  strain  thereby  occasioned  upon  Iier 
delicate  frame,  much  less  of  onward  motion 
in  harmony  with  that  of  her  bearer.  Mr. 
Fuller  is  not  the  first  who  has  simk  beneath 
the  weight  of  his  materials. 

The  Academic  body  is  but  poorly  re- 
presented on  the  present  occasion.  Mr. 
M'Dowell  is  content  with  a  single  specimen 
of  his  ability,  entitled  "  The  Young  Mother  " 
(No.  fJ95),  and  said  to  be 

Holding  the  miiTor  up  to  Xature, 

whilst  more  literally  she  is  holding  up  a 
veritable  oval  handglass  to  a  fat,  uninteresting 
baby.  Mr.  W.  C.  Marshall  exhibits  three 
performances,  neither  of  which  betrays  the 
slightest  indications  of  poetic  inspiration,  or 
even  of  the  feeling  for  beauty  which  is  some- 
times of  the  nature  of  poetry.  "Jael"  (No. 
998)  is  a  miserably  attenuated  and  painfully 
distorted  figure.  The  heroine  of  "  The  Tryst 
at  the  Fountain"  (No.  1,002)  is  a  clumsy, 
half-naked  woman,  uncomfortably  seated  on 
the  edge  of  a  bank.  ''  Olindo  and  Saphrouia  " 
(No.  1,011)  is  a  more  extensive  work  than 
either  of  the  preceding,  consisting  of  a  group 
of  two  figures  chained  to  a  stake,  as  described 
in  Tasso's  "Jerusalem  Delivered,"  but  the 
subject  is  not  only  reprdsive  in  itself,  but 
utterly  inappropriate  for  sculpturesque  treat- 
ment. Turning  with  a  shudder  from  Mr. 
Marshall,  we  light  upon  something  extremely 
execrable  in  Mr.  E.  Davis's  "  Love  Trium- 
phant "  (No.  1,012),  execrable  as  an  embodied 
libel,  not  only  upon  divinity,  but  upon 
humanity  also,  in  tlie  monstrous  proportions 
and  wooden  biuld  of  the  Venus.  "  Souci  and 
sans  Souci  "(No.  1,014),  by  Mr.  C.  Vanden 
Bosch,  is  a  sorry  conceit,  contrasting  the  woful 
face  of  a  bereaved  mother  with  the  broad  grin 
other  unconscious  child — an  idea  probalily  sug- 
gested by  Mr.  Shiiltze's  highly-intellectual 
entertainment  of  "  Masks  and  Faces."  Iitrs. 
Thorneycroftattemjits  the  difficult  feat  of  re- 
presentingagirlsldppinginmarble  (No.  1,001), 
and  to  prove  the  obduracy  of  the  dilemma  in 
which  she  has  involved  herself  places  one  of 
the  feet  against  the  stump  of  a  tree  (which 
the  rope  could  not  possibly  pass),  whilst  the 
other  reposes  firmlv  on  a  cluster  of  vegetation. 
Mr.E.  B.Stephens's"LadyGodiva"(No.  1,007) 
is  another  common-place  nudity,  of  which  we 
have  too  many,  and  might  just  as  well  have 
Ijeen  called  "  Venus  at  the  Bath,"  or  "  Susan- 
nah," or  any  other  female  celebrity  known 
occasionally  to  have  gone  in  dishabille. 

In  conclusion  upon  this  most  unsatis- 
factory exlribition,  the  falling-off  displayed 
in  it,  as  compared  with  what  has  been 
within  the  memory  of  the  living  age — 
since,  for  instance,  the  days  of  Baily, 
Westmacott,  and  Chantrey,  not  to  go 
back  to  Flaxman — is  patent,  undeniable. 
Reverting  to   our  introductory  observations, 


372 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


May  31,  1867. 


one  is  at  a  loss,  at  first,  to  account  for  this  re- 
grettable tendency  in  the  destinies  of  a  noble 
art ;  but  a  little  reflection,  strengthened  by  a 
survey  of  existing  examples,  serves  to  suggest 
that  the  cause  lies  in  a  condition  of  affairs 
wh  ich  is  the  secret  of  weak  and  unsatisfactory 
results  in  so  many  other  Ijranches  of  human 
performance,  viz.,  want  of  subject,  and,  conse- 
quently, want  of  purpose — want  even  of  the 
spirit  which  in  an  educated  mind  should  give 
purpose  and  effect  to  a  comparatively  unin- 
teresting theme.  Yes,  the  bust  and  memorial 
trade  has  swallowed  up  the  whole  thought  of 
our  workers  in  the  plastic  art,  and  when 
in  the  slackness  of  business  they  attempt  the 
model  of  a  poetic  or  fancy  subject,  in  the  hope 
of  picking  up  a  commission  for  it,  life-size  or 
statuette,  it  is  done  listlessly,  weakly,  un- 
learnedly,  and  consequently  only  to  the 
deeper  degradation  of  the  producer  and  of  his 
art.  Above  all,  we  notice  in  this,  as  in  many 
previous  exhibitions  of  sculpture,  a  total 
absence  of  attempt  to  bring  the  appliances  of 
the  art  to  bear  upon  the  sister  art  of  architec- 
ture, one  of  its  most  legitimate  uses.  This 
would  be  bad  enough  at  any  time,  but  at 
a  time  when  every  architectural  design  for 
public  buildings  involves  the  introduction  of 
more  or  less  sculpturesque  aid,  the  neglect  is 
fatuous  and  deplorable. 


ELEMENTS    OP  ENGINEERING. 
Docks. — No.  7. 

IN  the  examples  previously  given  in  our 
articles  on  this  particular  branch  of  en- 
gineering relatiaig  to  the  best  form  or  profile 
to  be  adopted  in  dock  walls  we  illustrated 
two  different  shapes,  one  of  which  experience 
had  proved  to  be  a  complete  failure  ;  and  the 
other,  although  superior  to  the  defective  form, 
was  still  not  the  best  either  theoretically  or 
practically  considered.  Both  of  these  walls 
were  furnished  with  fenders  or  half  balks  of 
timber  fixed  upon  their  faces  at  intervals 
for  the  purpose  of  preventing  the  rubbing  or 
impact  of  vessels  against  them.  As  their 
name  indicates  they  are  intended  to 
defend  and  preserve  the  upper  portion  of 
the  wall,  and  are  consequently  renewed 
as  often  as  they  become  rotten  and  worn 
away.  If  a  wall  be  built  of  brick  a 
fender  is  absolutely  indispensable,  but  when 
of  stone  it  may  be  omitted,  provicled  especial 
care  be  taken  to  ensure  the  solidity  and 
strength  of  the  upper  part  of  the  wall.  The 
example  given  in  fig.  1  is  the  last  we  shall 
adduce  relating  to  wet  dock  walls,  and  it  will 
be  seen  that  it  differs  in  many  points  from  the 
two  previously  illustrated.  The  outside  row 
of  piles  are  driven  first,  and  a  wall  piece  bolted 
to  it  12in.  by  Gin.  ;  behind  the  wall  sheeting 
piles  are  driven,  and  then  the  other  two  rows 
of  bearing  piles  as  shown  in  the  figure.  The 
curve  of  the  wall  is  of  the  parabolic  form,  and 
the  back  is  concentric  with  the  face  line. 
Upon  the  tops  of  the  bearing  piles  transoms 
or  sleepers  of  half  timber  are  laid,  and  over 
these  longitudinal  balks  12in.  by  4in.  are 
bolted  down  through  them  into  the  heads  of 
the  piles.  The  whole  of  the  timber  is  the  best 
Memel,  and  a  layer  of  concrete  is  put  in  under 
the  sole  pieces.  An  essential  difference  be- 
tween this  wall  and  tliat  given  in  our  last 
article  is  that  the  thickness  of  the  latter  was 
uniform  throughout  its  whole  height,  whereas 
in  the  present  instance  it  varies,  increasing  by 
steps  or  offsets  towards  the  bottom.  Both 
theory  and  practice  demand  that  the  thickness 
of  a  wall  for  whatever  purpose  it  may  be  in- 
tended, should  increase  towards  the  base  ;  so 
that  when  this  condition  is  not  fulfilled  one  of 
two  evils  must  necessarily  result,  either  the 
section  of  the  wall  is  too  slight  and  the 
thickness  too  small  where  the  greatest  pressure 
is  brought  upon  it,  or  it  is  too  strong  on  those 
parts  where  the  pressure  is  but  of  very  little 
amount.  If  the  uniform  thickness  of  the  wall 
be  sufficiently  strong  to  resist  the  maximum 
pressure,  it  will,  of   coxirse,  be  quite  strong 


enough  at  any  other  point,  but  the  waste  of 
material  will  be  very  great  ;  and  at  the  pre- 
sent day,  although  it  is  always  right  to  be  on 
the  safe  side,  yet  such  security  is  not  allowed 
to  be  purchased,  as  in  former  times,  by  an 
enormous  waste  of  the  material  employed  in 
construction.  Not  only  science  and  the  ad- 
vanced state  of  our  knowledge  compared  with 
that  of  our  predecessors,  forbid  anything 
approaching  to  the  old  "  rule  of  thumb,"  but 
the  greatly  enhanced  price  of  materials  and  cost 
of  labour  likewise  render  it  imperative  that  all 
structures  be  built  with  a  due  regard  to 
economy  and  the  rules  of  theoretical  propor- 
tion, in  fact,  we  are  rather  prone  to  fine 
down  the  dimensions  of  our  works  too  much, 
and  sometimes  design  so  strictly  in  accord- 
ance with  theory  that  the  downfall  of  the 
structm-e  only  convinces  us  that  practice  must 
always  modify  the  abstract  laws  and  principles 
deduced  from  pure  mathematical  or  geome- 
trical reasoning. 

The  wall  represented  in  the  figure  is  con- 
structed of  brick,  although,  as  we  have  pre- 


viously mentioned,  stone  is  to  be  preferred 
when  it  can  be  procured  at  a  reasonable  cost. 
An  excellent  plan  to  render  the  upper  portion 
of  dock  walls  more  durable  when  they  are 
built  of  brick,  is  to  face  a  portion  of  it  for 
about  12ft.  from  the  top  or  under  side  of 
coping  with  large  sized  stones.  This  arrange- 
ment is  shown  in  the  cut,  where  the  stones  are 
in  alternate  courses  of  headers  and  stretchers 
which  bind  them  well  into  the  rest  of  the 
wall.  The  height  of  the  courses  should  not 
be  less  than  18in.,  nor  the  length  of  the 
stretchers  below  3ft.  Although  not  shown  in 
our  present  example,  yet  a  through  course  of 
stone  may  be  introduced  with  advantage  to 
the  strength  and  binding  of  the  wall.  In  all 
cases  the  coping  stones  should  be  large  and 
well  joggled  or  dowelled  together  witli  iron 
cramps.  Lead  dowels  are  very  frequently  used, 
but  the  preference  is  to  be  given  to  iron  where- 
ever  large  stones  are  concerned.  They  are  also 
made  of  tine  concrete  and  cement,  the  chief 
advantage  of  these  last  being  that  they  do  not 
stain  or  rust  the  stone  as  the  others  sometimes 
do,  and  thereby  spoil  its  appearance  in  an 
ornamental  point  of  view.  It  shoidd  be  kept 
in  mind  that  while  some  attention  must  be 
bestowed  upon  the  appearance  of  the  face  of 
the  wall,  yet  there  is  not  the  .slightest  neces- 
sity for  carrying  out  fiue  work  in  the  backing, 
which,  in  fact,  it  is  much  better  to  put  in 
roughly,  provided  it  be  done  substantially, 
solidly,  and  dry.  Some  years  ago  the  late  Mr. 
Walker,  an  eminent  hydraulic  engineer,  in- 
troduced from  France  the  use  of  artificial  con- 
crete, or  beton  as  it  is  termed,  as  a  substitute 
for  the  ordinary  backing  of  dock  walls ;  and 
there  is  very  little  doubt  that  it  might  be  era  . 
ployed  here  not  merely  for  bacldng,  but  also 
in  many  instances  for  facework,  Tvith  consider- 
able advantage  and  economy.  It  is  used  in 
enormous  masses  and  quantities  at  Cherbourg 
in  the  construction  of  the  new  harbour  and 
breakwater,  and  it  is  a  common  occurrence 


thereto  deposit  at  one  operation  upwards  of 
50  tons  en  onasse.  Dolphins  must  be  pro- 
vided in  all  docks  for  warping  vessels  in 
and  out,  and  mooring  posts  for  making  them 
fast  to  during  their  stay  in  their  berth.  The 
old  mooring  posts  were  nearly  universally  of 
timber  and  sometimes  of  stone,  but  now  they 
are  generally  of  cast  iron,  and  may  be  regarded 
in  the  light  of  a  short  pillar  or  column  ex- 
posed to  a  severe  transverse  strain  near  its 
fixed  end,  tending  to  break  it  off  short  at  the 
ground  line.  The  amount  of  strain  may  be 
thus  expressed.  Putting  P  for  the  full  of  the 
ship's  hawser,  L  for  the  length  of  the  post, 
and  h  for  the  distance  below  the  top  of  the 
post 'where  the  line  of  strain  is  supposed  to 
act,  then  representing  the  strain  by  S  we 
have 

S  =  P  X  ih-h). 
This  value  for  S  is  the  force  tending  to  break 
the  post  at  the  ground  line.  As  they  are 
usually  of  a  circular  form,  the  practical  point 
to  be  determined  is  their  diameter.  Suppos- 
ing the  post  to  be  solid,  calling  A  the  area  in 
square  inches,  and  C  the  safe  strain  per  square 
inch  to  be  placed  upon  the  material,  we  have 
S 

but  from  the  properties  of  a  circle 

A—   4 

where  d  is  the  diameter  and  „  a  constant 
equal  to  3'141592  ;  or,  briefly,  3-1416,  which 
is  quite  accurate  enough  for  practical  pur- 
poses. Substituting  this  value  for  A,  and  the 
value  given  above  for  S,  the  equation  be- 
comes 

'Tdj'  ^  P  X  (L— 7t) 
4  0 

and  solving  for  the  diameter  we  finally  have 

It  is  well  known  to  most  of  our  readers  that 
hollow  pillars  and  columns  are  for  the  same 
sectional  area  much  stronger  than  solid  ones; 
therefore  it  is  evident  that  posts  of  the  descrip- 
tion under  notice  can  be  economically  con- 
structed on  the  former  principle.  The  pro- 
blem, therefore,  that  will  fre(iuently  present 
itself  is  to  ascertain  the  thickness  of  a  post 
necessary  to  enable  it  to  bear  a  given  strain. 
Since  the  post  is  hollow,  the  thickness  will 
evidently  be  the  difference  between  its  internal 
and  external  diameter  divided  by  2.    Kg?®tl 


elucidates  this.  The  line  A  B  is  the  external 
diameter  of  circle,  and  C  D  the  internal.  The 
thickness  may  be  mathematically  expressed 
by  the  equation 

,  _(D-D') 

2^ 

where  A  B  =  D  and  C  D  =  D'.  The  e.t- 
pression  for  the  area  of  a  hollow  tube  or  cir- 
cular pillar  is 

A   ='r-— 

4 
and  as  from  above  we  have 

we  finally  obtain  by  substitution  and  ehmi- 
nation 


(D- 


But 


t- 


(D-D\) 


so    substituting  its  value    and  reducing  we 
finally  find 


/{ 


I  (2  X  P  (h-h)  I 
X  C        ) 


May  31,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


373 


Cast  iron  seldom  has  a  greater  strain  put  upon 
itpersquareincbthanfourtons ;  but  in  instances 
similar  to  that  under  notice,  where  the  mate- 
rial is  liable,  and  in  fact  certain,  to  be  sub- 
jected to  the  action  of  severe  jerks  and  sudden 
wrenches,  we  should  not  recommend  the  limit 
of  three  tons  to  be  exceeded,  particularly  when 
it  is  borne  in  mind  what  a  very  imcertain 
substance  cast  iron  is  to  rely  iipon.  Of  all 
other  materials  it  is  the  least  reliable  in  cases 
of  abrupt  shocks  and  concussions;  and,  there- 
fore care  should  be  t:iken  not  to  tax  its  powers 
too  severely.  The  usual  method  of  fixing  a 
mooring  post  is  represented  in  fig.  3.     It  is 


et  in  for   about  a  third  of  its  height  into  a 

itone  bed,  or  it  maj'  be  securely  fixed  into  a 

nass  of  concrete.     From  its  position    being 

rery  close  to  the  face  of  the  wall,  it  is  gene- 

I'ally  more  convenient  to  secure   it  directly 

into  the  body  of  the  wall.     If  desired,  lugs 

[an  be  cast  upon  the  lower  part,   and  bolts 

liassed  through  them  and  let  into  the  masonry  ; 

liat  they  must  never  be  depended  upon  for  the 

molding  power,  which  must  reside  in  the  re- 

'  ist&nce  offered  by  the    block  of    stone    or 

oncrete  that   surrounds  the  part  of  the  post 

mbedded  in  it.     The  two  portions  of  the  post 

bove  and  below  ground  may  be  considered  as 

svo  levers,  and  their  movements  about  the 

dcrum,   which  is  the  ground  line,  must  be 

c^ual  and  opposite.     Making  L,  as  before,  the 

ingth  of  the  post,   and  A  tlie  height  of  the 

oint  where  the  force  is  applied  above   the 

round,  putting  P  for  the  strain  exerted  bj- 

le  force  tending  to  break  it,  and  R  for  the 

-tance    of  the    masonry,  and  /t'   for  the 

-til  of  post  in  the  masonry,  we  have  for  the 

•nditions  of  equibbriimi  (P  x  h)  =  (R  x  It'), 

id  solving  for  R  we  have 


R: 


(P  X  /l\ 
"^      h'     ) 


.'e  trnst  in  time  to  witness  wrought  iron 
iper.-elLng  cast  in  every  example  of  con- 
ruction,  simple  or  compoimd,  where  the 
iture  of  the  strain  induced  partakes  of  a 
olent  or  imperative  character.  Having  laid 
itbre  our  readers  the  principal  features  in  the 
tual  construction  of  docks,  we  shall  in  our 
:xt  proceed  to  describe  the  various  methods 
r  closing  their  entrances,  and  conclude  this 
irticular  series  of  "  The  Elements  of  Engi- 
:ering "  with  a  notice  of  graving  docks  and 
itent  slips. 

♦ 

OTJK  FUTUKE  AKCHITECTURE.* 

T  is  now  some  twenty  two  years  since   our  es- 
teemed friend  Professor  Kerr  amused  and  de- 
:hted   the   greater   part    of     the    architectural 
ofession  by  the   publication  of  the   "New-leaf 
scourses."       You  will  observe  that  I  confine  my- 
If  to  the  greater  part,  for  it   must  be   confessed 
at  one   portion   of  the  profesaion   was  neither 
luaed  nor  delighted.     The  reason  was   very  ob- 
)us.       Professor,   (then    Mr.)    Kerr,    had    the 
resy    to    assert    that      architecture    was      not 
;re      constniction,      archaeology,      or       know- 
ige     of     Greek,    Koman,    or    modern    detail ; 
t  was  emphatically  a    line    art,   and   a    very 
e  art  indeed.     At  the  present  day  the  learned 
ofessor  would  have   been  understood  properly, 
L    it    was    different    in     1S45.       Then    some 
aple  could  by  no  means  understand  that  a  man 

S^t  have  all  the  modern  construction  of  a  house 
his  fingers'  ends,  and  might  take  out  quantities 
4  do  surveys  and  dilapidations,  to  say  nothing 
valuation,  and  with  all  this  yet   not  be  an   ar- 


Read  by  Mr.  Burces  at  ihe  Arclutectural  Association, 

/  24,  isur. 


chitect.  Accordingly,  Mr.  Kerr  got  some  severe 
rubs,  evidently  from  the  elder  members  of  the  pro 
fession.  The  papers  having  been  collected  and  pub- 
lished in  a  separate  form,  the  subject  appears  to 
have  dropped. 

Yet  no  subject  can  be  more  important  to  us  stu- 
dents, who  are  now  fighting  the  uphill  battle  ot 
tine  art;  architecture.  To  clothe  Professor  Kerr's 
iho.ights  in  other  words,  the  various  styles  are  to 
really  beautiful  architecture  very  nearly  what 
languages  are  to  a  poem.  How  seldom  do  we  find 
a  man  who  can  write  equally  well  in  two  languages. 
How  often  in  such  a  case  do  we  not  find  that  one 
tongue  goes  to  the  wall,  that  some  of  the 
words  are  badly  chosen,  some  of  the  sentences  un- 
graceful, and  some  of  the  expressions  siu  against 
the  itiiom  peculiar  U>  the  language ;  and  yet  ai^ 
architect  is  expected  to  design  equally  well  in  the 
Medi;cv,al  aud  Pagan  styles,  which  have  just  as 
many  dilferences  between  them  as  the  two  lan- 
guages have.  But  go  a  step  further,  and  suppose 
that  we  had  no  lixed  vernacular,  and  we  were 
obliged  to  express  ourselves  in  broken  French  or 
broken  German,  what  sort  of  things  would  our 
poems  turn  oat,  in  spite  of  any  really  poetic 
thoughts  we  might  possess  '.  Still  the  comparison 
holds  good.  We  have  no  real  vernacular  in  archi- 
tecture. Neither  of  the  two  great  styles  belongs  to 
our  own  days.  We  have  to  learn  them  painfully 
and  imperfectly  as  we  should  learn  languages.  At 
the  present  time,  indeed,  we  are  seeking  for  an  ar- 
chitectural language  suited  to  our  times,  and  we 
ought  not  to  be  disappointed  that  we  do  not  get  it 
in  a  single  year.  But  almost  every  language  can 
be  traced  back  to  a  parent  stock,  and  so  with  our 
new  architecture.  We  have  taken  m.any  points  of 
departure,  and  thrown  them  away,  one  after 
another,  until  it  must  be  confessed  that  we  have 
got  a  little  confused,  and  are  by  no  means  so  ad- 
vanced in  our  task  as  we  have  a  right  to  expect 
considering  the  pains  we  have  taken. 

The   last  century  was  consistently   working   in 
the  traditions   of    Sir    Christopher  Wren,  when, 
lo  !  people  took  to  measuring  the  Parthenon,  and 
we  had  accordingly  to  begin  almost  anew,  only  this 
time  with  Greek  art.     Um'ortunately,  after  a  few 
years  people  discovered,  very  unwillingly   it  is 
true,  that  the  climate  of  England  was  not  precisely 
identical  with  that  of   Greece  ;  that  the    broad 
surfaces  and  fiat  shallow  sculpture,  however  well 
they  might  look  beneath  the  sky  of  Athens,  were 
different  things  when  executed  in  cement  and  put 
up  in  London.     Then  we  tried  our  national  style, 
beginning  with  the  latest  and  worst  phase  or  it. 
I  need  scarcely  tell  you  how  from  Perpendicular 
we  went  to  Early  English,  and  then  to  Decorated, 
always  beginning  backwards,  until  at  last  we  came 
to  what  is  called  the  Geometrical  Decorated,  and 
we  were  going  on  tx)  all  appearance  v^ry  well  in- 
deed, until  oue   day  Mr.  Kuskin    published  his 
"  Stones  of  Venice,"  and  then  a  rush  was  made 
for  Italian  Gothic  in  architecture,  the  details  of 
which,  never  very  fine,  were  nearly  as  unsuitable 
for  our  purpose  as  those  of  Greek  architecture  it- 
self.    I  do  not  for  one  moment  wish  to  deny  the 
wonderfulmassiveness,  beauty,  and  strength  of  the 
larger  Italian  works  ;  on   the   contrary,  I  think 
them  deserving  of  the  most  careful  study,  although 
they  are  precisely  the   features  most  difficult  to 
introduce  in  these  days  of  leasehold  tenures   and 
large  fenestration  ;    but  the  details  of     ItaUan- 
Gothic  are  worse  than  useless.     For  the  most  part 
they  are  executed  in  marble,  which  requires  just 
as  diti'erent  a  treatment  to  stone  as  stone  does  to 
brick  ;  for  wh.it  do  we  see  ?     In  marble  work  the 
work  is  generally  shadow,  and  on  the  surface,  for 
the  material   is  hard.     A  system  of  rectangular 
panels  obtained,  for  marble  is  generally  supplied 
in  thin  pieces,  and  panels  are   the  readiest  way 
of  showing  off'  the  peculiar  colours  and  veinings. 
In  stone,  on  the  contrary,   the  members  rely  on 
the  mouldings,  carvings  are  often  deeply  undercut, 
aad  the  buttreisses   jut  out   like  rocks.     But    in 
brick  we  found  them  very  shallow,  and  the    iron 
tie-rods  used  to  keep  opposite  walls  in  their  places. 
The  mouldings  are  also  comparatively  few,  except 
we  go  to  those  countries  where  the  clay,  by  the 
application  of  ornament  and  superior  manipulation 
becomes  terra  cotta.      In  speaking  of  brick  con- 
struction I   have   rather  more  in  my  mind  the 
private  houses  in  Belgium  than   the   wonderful 
churches  at  Milan. 

But  to  return  to  my  subject.  Of  late  years  we 
have  actually  taken  to  tamper  with  the  old  details 
of  the  styles  we  employ.  We  chamfer  things  that 
ought  never  to  be  chamfered.  We  try  to  get  an 
appearance  of  strength  by  using  forms  which  were 
known  to  our  ancestors,  but  rejected  by  them  as 
being   ugly.      Such    is  the   Saxon   straight-sided 


arch— such  the  foliage  where  the  leaves  are  square 
it  the  end  instead  of  pointed  ;  or  we  cover  our 
buildings  with  notcliings,  an  ornament  most  spar- 
ingly used  in  the  thirteenth  century,  and  even 
when  employed  generally  placed  at  a  height.  We 
use  marble  in  juxtaposition  with  stone,  to  the  in- 
fuiite  injury  of  the  latter.  We  cusp  doorways, 
which  are  exactly  the  features  that  ought  not  to 
be  cusped  ;  and  finally,  we  cover  our  drawings 
with  such  quantities  o£  etchings  that  we  finish  by 
deceiving  ourselves  as  well  as  our  clients. 

The  last  new  invention  is  to  use  large  sash 
windows,  with  of  course  the  maximum  of  glass 
and  the  minimum  of  wood;  then  to  put  iu  a  flat 
stone  lintel,  aud  over  that  a  high  pointed  arch 
filled  iu  with  brickwork.  Now  a  window  opening 
demands  some  cutting  ui),if  the  scale  of  the  build- 
ings is  to  be  preserved,  and  as  farjis  I  am  enabled 
to  judge,  nothing  is  moro  destructive  to  the 
general  effect  of  our  modem  buildings  than 
those  enormous  sheets  of  plate-glass  in  the  win- 
dows. A  friend  of  mine  once  tried  to  deceive' 
himself  in  this  matter  by  saying  that  you  have 
only  to  suppose  all  the  lattices  thrown  back,  but 
he  was  not  sufficient  of  an  artist  to  know  that 
the  sheen  of  the  rain,  or  reflections  of  the  sky, 
which  are  sure  more  or  less  to  appear  in  any 
large  pane  of  glass  were  sufficient  to  dispel  any 
iUu.sion  of  this  description. 

Doubtless  large  sheets  of  glass  are  occasionally 
necessary,  but  why  shoidd  we  not  try  and  di- 
minish the  artistic  evil  by  putting  the  upper 
part  of  the  window  in  smaller  panes,  either  of 
wood,  or  iron,  or  of  broadish  lead. 

If  we  go  to  Hampton  Court,  wo  cannot  fail  to 
be  struck  with  the  very  uoblc  appearance  of  the 
window  sashes  in  that  part  of  the  palace  built 
by  Sir  Christopher  Wren. 

It  is,  in  fact,  our  modem  windows  which  make 
our  common  houses  so  hideous.  A  house  of 
Queen  Anne's  time,  although  it  may  not  have  a 
bit  more  ornament  than  one  built  twenty  years 
ago,  looks  ten  times  more  cheerful,  for  the  win- 
dow-boxings project  nearly  to  the  surface  cf  the 
brickwork,  and  when  painted  white,  as  I  said 
before,  impart  an  au-  of  comfort  and  cheerfulness 
to  the  whole  Ijuilding. 

I  know  that  this  mode  of  construction  is  liable 
to  communicate  fire,  and  is,  therefore,  very  pro- 
perly forbidden.  StiU  I  think  that  we  might 
attain  a  somewhat  similar  result  by  other 
means.  What  appears  to  me  as  most  objec- 
tionable is  the  thin  frame,  surmounted  by  a 
segmental  arch,  and  then  another  immense 
arch  above  it.  This,  in  conjunction  with  a 
high-pitched  roof,  some  of  the  gables  entirely 
hipped,  and  others  hipped  at  the  point  only, 
forms,  I  think,  one  of  the  most  distressing  spe- 
cimens of  modern  art  :  it  is  both  pretentious  and 

Now,  the  question  arises,  what  form  is  our 
architecture  of  the  future  likely  to  take  ?  I 
have,  as  far  as  I  have  keen  able,  advocated  two 
means  for  its  advancement,  viz.,  a  most  careful 
study  of  early  French  art,  and  the  study  of  the 
human  figure. 

As  to  early  French  art,  -I  believe  it  to 
be  more  suited  to  the  requirements  of  the 
present  day  than  any  other  phase  of  Medieval 
architecture.  We  Uve  under  different  conditions 
to  our  ancestors.  They  delighted  in  small 
pretty  IjuUdings  with  delicate  details,  which 
wo\dd  be  out  of  place  in  our  smoky  atmosphere. 
In  French  art  everything  is  upon  a  larger  scale, 
and  it  is  usually  suited  for  our  large  warehouses 
and  for  high  houses,  such  as  are  being  sown 
broadcast  in  old  London  It  is  a  curious  thing, 
but  there  is  Uttle  doubt  of  the  London  housei;  in 
the  thirteenth  century  being  very  low  as  com- 
pared with  those  of  Paris  ;  for  Mathew  Paris, 
describing  the  visit  of  Heni-j'  III.  to  St.  Louis, 
represents  the  English  court  being  amazed  at  the 
loftiness  of  the  houses  of  Paris  as  compared  with 
those  of  the  English  capital. 

It  would  be  a  work  of  supererogation  for  me 
at  the  present  time  to  go  deeply  into  the  merits 
of  the  French  architecture  of  the  thirteenth 
century,  and  the  various  reasons  for,  to  a  certain 
degree,  preferring  it  to  that  left  us  by  our 
ancestors.  I  can  only  say  that  our  whole  ha'oits 
of  life  aad  our  external  circumstances  having 
altered  from  what  they  were  in  those  ages,  we 
should  use  our  common  sense,  and  adopt  that 
style  of  architecture  most  suited  to  us,  at  the 
same  time  bringing  into  use  all  modern  improve- 
ments which  can  actually  be  proved  to  be  such, 
and  decorating  the  building  -with  sculpture  and 
painting,  relating  quite  as  much  to  our  own  times 
as  to  those  gone  by ;  for  sculptured  buildings  are 


374 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


May  31,  1867. 


but  stone  books,  and  why  should  the  last  chapters 
be  left  out  ? 

There  ig  a  window  in  Westminster  Abbey 
which  illustrates  this  ;  it  is  in  the  nave  aisle, 
and  to  the  memory  of  a  civil  engineer.  I  pass 
by  its  artistic  merits  or  demerits,  and  come  to 
the  =  iconography.  The  series  of  stones  begins 
with  the  Tower  of  Babel,  and  ends  with  the  llenai 
Bridge.  I  shoidd  state  that  the  latter  was  pointed 
out  to  me  as  a  sort  of  practical  joke  on  the  part 
of  the  stained  glass  designer ;  but  I  confess  I 
see  no  joke  at  all  in  it.  The  designer  only  did 
what  has  been  done  in  every  age  of  the  world, 
and  who  knows  i — perhaps  the  fragile  piece  of  glass 
may  be  designed  to  outlast  the  iron  of  the  bridge. 
There  are  some  people  who  view  every  applica- 
tion of^Mediffival  art  to  modern  life  as  a  joke, 
and,  in  nine  cases  out  of  ten,  to  be  discouraged. 
They  consider  Medircval  art  as  eminently  eccle 
siastical,  and  therefore  something  profoundly 
B_'riou3  and  to  be  approached  with  caution,  for- 
getting that  mankind  has  been  very  much  the 
same  in  every  age,  and  that  our  ancestors  joked 
and  laughed  just  as  much  as  we  do.  It  is  true 
that  a  very  great  part  of  our  ancient  domestic 
building.s  have  perished,  and  even  of  those  which 
have  been  spared  by  time  or  man,  none  possess 
their  original  decorations.  Consequently,  these 
people  above  mentioned  almost  refuse  to  believe 
in  any  scheme  of  secular  jiainting  and  decoration 
of  the  thirteenth  century,  still  less  what  they 
consider  as  the  reprehensible  interchange  of 
secular  and  religious  subjects,  such  as  the 
series  of  Scripture  history  iu  the  King's  Chamber 
(probably  answering  to  our  drawing-room)  at 
Westminster,  or  the  secular  series  of  the  labours 
of  the  year,  and  the  signs  of  the  Zodiac  in  eccle- 
siastical buildings,  as  at  Salisbury,  &c. 

The  fact  is,  that  with  our  ancestors  religion 
was  not  simply  a  mere  matter  of  private  devo- 
tion, or  of  an  attendance  at  church  once  in 
seven  days — they  said  their  prayer.s  iu  their 
churches,  and  therefore  had  their  churches  made 
as  beautiful  as  they  could  atford.  A  great  cathe- 
dral must  have  been  an  eucyclopajdia  of  all  the 
knowledge  of  the  time ;  indeed,  M.  Didron  tries 
to  prove  that  this  was  literally  the  case  with 
regard  to  the  sculptures  of  the  cathedral  of 
Chartres.  It  is  only  by  acting  in  a  similar 
manner  that  we  shall  ever  progress  and  have  an 
art  of  our  own,  and  I  am  the  more  disposed  to 
reiterate  this  upon  the  present  occasion  when  I 
have  the  honour  of  addressing  my  younger  fel- 
low students ;  for,  alas  !  we  are  all  students  now, 
and  there  are  no  masters  in  Israel.  Whether 
there  ever  will  be,  must  depend  upon  the  zeal  and 
earnestness  of  purpose  with  which  you  take  up 
that  banner  which  is  about  to  fall  into  your 
hands.  If  you  do  not  draw  the  figure  better,  if 
you  do  not  study  more  deeply,  and  if  you  do  not 
take  due  advantage  of  the  art-discoveries  and 
labours  of  those  who  have  been  a  little  longer  in 
the  profession,  it  will,  indeed,  be  a  bad  thing  for 
our  future  art. 

Some  men  may  do  more  and  some  may  do  less, 
but  everyone  can  do  something.  Of  course,  a 
great  deal  depends  upon  the  circumstances  in 
which  you  may  be  placed,  and  over  which  you 
may  have  no  control ;  but  I  very  much  doubt 
whether  any  circumstances  ever  hindered  the  ulti- 
mate advance  of  anyone  who  had  a  real  and  last- 
ing love  of  art. 

Various  circumstances  may  hinder  various 
men  :  thus  one  may  have  to  work  for  his  living 
immediately  after  finishing  his  apprenticeship ; 
another  may  marry  early,  and  may  have  to  go 
to  quantities  for  his  livelihood;  a  third,  seeing 
how  very  hard  is  the  struggle  for  an  art 
man  with  no  connection  may  go  into  dilapida- 
tions, and  light  and  air  cases  ;  a  fourth  may  get 
into  practice  too  early,  either  through  his  con- 
nection  or  through  accident ;  but  all  may  do 
something  to  advance  our  future  art  and  archi- 
tecture. Of  course  it  cannot  be  expected  that 
they  can  do  so  much  as  the  man  who  thoroughly 
devotes  himself  to  it,  and  who  is  neither  married 
nor  obliged  to  work  for  his  bare  living ;  but 
they  can  do  something— they  can  afford  employ- 
ment to  good  artists  in  their  buildings;  they 
have  their  anuual  holiday,  during  which  they 
can  study  more  or  less,  and  their  more  lucra- 
tive  practice  enables  them  to  purchase  art  for 
their  own  houses. 

Now  during  this  time  the  art  man,  as  your 
President  very  truly  said  upon  a  former  occa- 
sion, finds  that  he  gets  comparatively  nothing 
to  do,  and  indeed  lie  may  think  himself  com- 
paratively lucky  if  he  does  when  he  is  tole- 
rably   past    the    middle    of    liis  life.     But  these 


fallow  years  are  exactly  those  which  are  the 
most  valuable  to  him  ;  it  is  in  them  that  he 
applies  the  knowledge  gained  by  wandering  to 
and  fro  over  the  surface  of  the  earth.  That 
knowledge  may  have  but  a  small  area  to  work 
upon ;  it  may,  perhaps,  be  a  piece  of  gold- 
smith's wo:k  or  ivory  carving,  for  which  he  is 
almost  ashamed  to  charge  a  fee  at  all,  but 
which,  with  the  design  and  the  constant  super- 
intendence of  the  workman,  takes  him  as  much 
time  as  would  suffice  to  enable  his  late  fellow - 
student,  who  does  the  light  and  air,  to  make 
much  gold;  but  then,  ou  his  side,  he  "will  have 
added  another  new  and  beautiful  thing  to  the 
world,  and  he  will  have  done  something  towards 
solving  the  problem  of  our  future  art. 

I  hope  you  will  not  suppose  for  one  moment 
that  I  wish  to  detract  from  the  merits  of  the 
gentleman  who  goes  in  for  quantities,  light  and 
air,  and  dilapidations  ;  on  the  contrary,  the  world 
could  not  do  without  him  ;  and  there  is  no  doubt 
but  that  he  does  the  most  useful  as  well  as  the 
most  lucrative  part  of  the  profession  ;  and  if  he 
has  not  the  opportunity  of  becoming  an  artist,  it 
is  simply  an  application  of  the  great  law  of  com- 
pensation, which  ordains  that  one  man  shall  not 
have  everything. 

I  confess  that  the  most,  by  far  the  most,  in- 
teresting series  of  drawings  in  this  room  are  those 
of  the  sketching  class.  I  should  have  liked  them 
to  have  been  more  numerous,  and  to  have  come 
down  to  a  later  date.  When  one  is  a  pupil,  one 
often  marches  c)uickly,  so  that  the  drawing  of  1S65 
may  give  a  very  different  idea  of  a  man's  pro- 
gress to  what  drawings  a  year  later  might 
themselves  give.  The  only  defect  in  the  sketch- 
ing class  appears  to  me  that,  when  done,  the 
sketches  should  be  sent  to  some  competent  person 
to  give  a  written  opinion  upon  them  in  the  same 
way  that  a  barrister  might  be  asked  to  give  an 
opinion ;  that  that  opinion  should  be  paid  for  in 
the  same  manner  that  a  barrister's  opinion  would 
be  paid  for,  for  this  is  the  only  way  by  which  ad- 
vice is  ever  attended  to.  Before  leaving  these 
sketches  I  must  not  omit  one  of  a  design  for  the 
p^lychromy  of  a  chancel  arch,  where  the  figures 
are  very  well  done  indeed,  and  where  the  colour  is 
exceedingly  good. 

In  conclusion,  let  me  ask  you  to  devote  some 
time  to  the  drawings  of  Mr.  Thompson,  of  Glasgow. 
They  represent  buildings  in  Greek  architecture, 
but  certainly  the  best  modem  Greek  architecture 
it  has  ever  been  my  lot  to  see.  Whether  some  of 
the  edifices  are  exactly  suited  to  the  climate  of 
Edinburgh  is  another  question ;  but  the  most 
curious  thing  is  that  many  of  them,  by  a  very  few 
touches,  could  be  most  easily  translated  into 
thirteenth-century  French  art.  There  is  one  little 
drawing  of  a  villa  that  might  almost  be  taken  for 
a  copy  of  some  little  fortalice  in  the  south  of 
France ;  in  fact,  there  are  actually  two  rows  of 
these  features,  called  machicolations,  lately  so 
rabidly  proscribed  by  writers. 

Gentlemen,  I  am  sure  that  our  art  future  will 
be  safe  in  your  hands  ;  and  although  it  is  neither 
to  be  expected,  or  even  desired,  that  all  of  you 
should  devote  yourselves  exclusively  to  the  fine 
art  branch  of  the  profession,  as  I  said  before,  you 
can  all  do  something  towards  our  future  architec- 
ture, and  Mr.  Thompson's  excellent  designs  sug- 
gest to  me  a  question  which  we  might  all  ask  our- 
selves whenever  we  turn  out  a  design,  viz.,  what 
would  the  Greeks  have  thought  of  it  ?  If  answered 
unsatisfactorily,  or  in  the  negative,  would  it  not 
be  better  for  us  to  try  again  ? 

W.    BURCES. 


DESIGN  EOE  THE  NEW  LAW  COURTS. 

WE  this  week  give  as  our  principal  illustra- 
tion, Mr.  Raphael  Brandon's  proposed 
design  for  the  new  Law  Courts — Strand  view. 
Mr.  Brandon's  design  was  criticised  at  length  in 
the  BoiLDiNG  News  of  March  29,  and  in  our 
number  of  March  15,  we  gave  another  double 
page  view  of  the  same  design. 


BRISTOL     ARCHITECTURAL    AND     AR- 
.   CHtEOLOGICAL     SOCIETY. 

A  MEETING  of  this  society  was  held  on 
Tuesday,  Mr.  C.  F.  Hansom,  F.R.I.B.A., 
one  of  the  vice-presidents,  occupying  the  chair. 
Mr.  C.  J.  Phipps,  the  honorary  secretary  and 
treasurer,  presented  the  annual  report  of  the 
council,  which  stated  that  since  the  last  report 
fourteen  gentlemen  and  fourteen  ladies  had  been 
elected  as  subscribing  members.     The  society  has 


to  regret  the  loss  by  death  of  its  life  member. 
Dr.  Scandret  Harford,  and  Mr.  Harrington,  one 
of  the  student  members.  At  the  close  of  the  year 
the  society  consisted  of  seventy-four  subscribing 
members,  six  honorary  members,  and  the  artist 
members  of  the  Academy  of  Fine  Arts.  The 
following  officers  were  elected  for  the  present 
year: — The  Earl  of  Limerick,  president;  Mr. 
Hansom  and  Mr.  Ponton,  vice-presidents ;  Mr. 
C.  J.  Phipps,  honorary  secretary  and  treasurer ; 
Messrs.  Underwood,  Godwin,  Fripp,  Masters, 
W.  H.  Wills,  and  the  Reverend  W.  Barclay, 
council. 

The  Council  of  the  Royal  Institution  of  British 
Architects  having  invited  the  co-operation  of  this 
society  in  their  endeavour  to  promote  the  satis- 
factory representation  of  British  architecture  at 
the  Paris  Universal  Exhibition,  the  council  ap. 
pointed  Mr.  E.  W.  Godwin  and  Mr.  C.  J.  Phipps,  as 
their  representatives  upon  the  Institute  Com- 
mittee. A  preliminary  exhibition  of  architectural 
drawings  was  held  at  South  Kensington,  and  a 
selection  made,  which  are  now  being  exhibited  at 
Paris.  The  balance  sheet  of  the  finances  is  pre- 
sented herewith,  showing  receipts  to  the  amount 
of  £40  7s.,  and  expenditure  £34  Ss.  Sd. ;  leaving  a 
balance  to  the  credit  of  the  society  of  £5  18s.  4d. 


THE  ENLARGEMENT  OF  CHURCHES. 

THE  annual  meeting  of  the  incorporated  society 
for  promoting  the  above  objects  was  held  on 
I'riday  at  the  offices,  7,  WTiitehall;  the  Arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  the  president,  occupied  the 
chair.  From  the  forty-ninth  annual  report  it  ap- 
peared that  the  receipts  during  the  year  had  been 
£7,720.  The  total  amount  now  held  by  the  so- 
ciety in  trust  for  the  repairs  of  churches  was 
£38,524  148.  3d.  In  March,  1866,  it  was 
£31,280  7.S.  Id.  The  past  year  had  been  one  of 
great  financial  distress  in  the  country,  and  the  in' 
come  of  the  society  had  been  injuriously  affected 
thereby.  But  great  exertions  continued  to  be 
made,  and  with  considerable  success  iu  many  parts 
of  the  country,  with  the  same  object  as  that  foi 
which^this  society  had  so  long  laboured.  The 
number  of  applications  entertained  during  the 
past  year  was  133,  and  the  total  amount  granted 
was  £7,560,  being  £1,410  more  than  in  1865-66. 
And  this  sum  would  have  supplemented  local  and 
other  resources  to  the  estimated  amount  ol 
£270,321  towards  works  providing  increased 
church  accommodation  for  27,597  persons,  inclu: 
sive  of  children.  During  the  forty-nine  years  oi 
the  society's  existence  it  had  voted  a  sum  ol 
£747,788  towards  an  estimated  total  expenditui 
of  upwards  of  £6,000,000  amongst  more  thai 
5,000  parishes  and  districts ;  the  result  being  b 
provide  additional  sittings  to  the  number  of  men 
than  1,250,000,  of  which  upwards  of  1,000,00( 
were  for  the  free  use  of  the  poorer  inhabitants 
These  additional  sittings  had  been  obtained  by  the 
building  of  upwards  of  1,400  new,  and  the  en- 
largement or  re  arrangement  of  more  than  3,700 
old  churches.  The  report  was  adopted,  and  tht 
routine  business  having  been  transacted  the  pro 
ceedings  terminated. 

OBITUARY. 

It  is  with  deep  regret  that  we  learn  of  th 
death  of  Sir  Thomas  Phillips,  Q.C.,  chairman  of  th 
Society  of  Arts,  which  occurred  at  his  residenct 
Gloucester-place,  on  Sunday.  Sir  Thomas  was  i 
his  66th  year. 

Mr.  E.  H.  Baily,  R.A ,  the  eminent  sculptor,  die 
on  the  22nd  inst.,  at  the  venerable  age  of  80.  H 
was  a  native  of  Bi'istol,  the  son  of  a  ship- carver 
and  very  early  gave  indications  of  ability  in  th 
profession  iu  which  he  has  won  so  high  a  reput: 
tion.  Hebecame  a  pupil  of  Flaxman,  and  his  pn 
gress  to  fame  was  exceedingly  rapid.  He  was  spi 
cially  renowned  for  his  beautifid  and  gi-aceful  di 
lineation  of  the  female  figure ;  and  his  best  work 
perhaps,  are  "  Eve  Listening  to  the  Voice,"  a  con 
paniou  to  his  "Eve  at  the  Fountain;"  "Th 
Graces,"  "  The  Fatigued  Huntsman,"  "  The  Sleej 
iug  Nymph,"  and  a  colossal  statue  of  Sir  Robei 
Peel  for  Manchester.  Amongst  his  other  worl 
are — "  Hercules  casting  Lycus  into  thj  Sea, 
"Apollo  Discharging  his  Arrow.?,"  and  "  Mateni 
Love,"  as  well  as  statues  of  Lord  Kgremont,  S 
Astley  Cooper,  Earl  Grey  (at  Newcastle),  the  I)ul 
of  Sussex  (for  Freemasons'  Hall),  and  a  monumei 
to  Lord  Holland,  in  Westminster  Abbey,  wit 
many  others.  The  statue  of  Nelson,  which  sui 
mounts  the  lofty  column  in  Trafalgar-square, 
also  one  of  his  works.  Mr.  BaUy  was  elected  ; 
A.R.A.  in  1817,  and  an  R.A.  in  1821. 


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May  31,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


370 


OUR  WATER  SUPPLY— A  NEW  IDEA. 

IT  ^rill  readily  be  admitted  that  we  cannot 
have  too  many  new  ideas  on  a  question 
of  siiL'h  vital  importance  as  the  water  supjily 
of  the  population,  provided  always  tliat  the 
ideas    are   worth   anything   as    a    means    of 
answering    it.      Tlie    question    is    one    that 
presses  more  and  more  on   public   attention 
every  year.      Last  summer  and  autumn — an 
unusually  hot  season,  with  cholera  e])idemic 
threatening — it    will    be     remembered     that 
something  approaching  to  alarm  eidsted  among 
us  owing   to   the   friglitfuUy  polluted  state  of 
the  drinking  water  of  the  metropolis.     Num- 
bers of  the  public  wells  were  condemned  a.s 
being  totally  untit  for  use,  after  their  poison- 
ous  draughts   had   in   several  instances  pro- 
duced disease  and  death.     Great  was  the  out- 
cry and  numerous  were  the  suggestions  made 
to  remedy   a   state  of  things   which   on   all 
hands  was  felt  to  be  very  serious,  and  might 
become  still  more  so.     Chemists  issued  the 
result  of  their  analyses,  which  enjoined  on  us 
to  filter  every  drop  of  water  before  using  it, 
doctors  prescribed  gratuitously  for  the  public 
through  the  newspapers,  and  local  boards  of 
health  could  hardly  have  been  more  active 
than   they  were  in   disseminating     sanatory 
knowledge  among  the   people.     Then   came 
no  end    of  proposals  from  eminent  engineers 
touching  the  necessity  of  a  better  supply  of 
water  for  the  metropolis.     All  this  was  very 
good  and  useful  in  its  way.     But  has  any  real 
result  followed  I      The   cold  season  arrived 
bringing  witli  it  purer  w  ater  as  well  as  jiurer 
air,  fever  and  diarrhoea  disappeared,  and  "  the 
subject  dropped."    Now  that  the  dog  days  are 
again  at   hand  it  would  be  well  to   consider 
whether,  after  all  our  talk  and  experience,  we 
are  enjoying  more  wholesome  water  in  1867 
than  in   1866,   or  whether  we    are    not  in 
exactly  the    same  position   that    we    were. 
Within  the  last  few  years  there  have  been  no 
fewer  than   eight   or  nine  different  schemes 
suggested  for  giving  London  pure  drinkable 
■water.     In  1850,  Mr.  S.  C.  Homersham   pro- 
posed to  water  the   metropolis  from  the  deep 
springs  of  the  chalk.     The  estimated  cost  of 
Ms  plan  was  £.350,000,   and  the   amount  of 
supply  8,000,000  gallons   of  water.     During 
the  last  two  years  we  have  had   Mr.  H.  H. 
Fulton's  scheme  of  a  supply  from  the  River 
Severn,  but  with   no   details  as   to   cost    or 
extent   of  service.      Mr.  J.  F.  Bateman   sug- 
gests North  Wales  ;  Mr.  G.  W.  Henians,  the 
lake    district   of   Cumberland ;     yiv.    C.   F. 
Qower,  Guildford.      Mr.   Telford   MacneilFs 
rian,  again,  is  to  bring  the  supply  from  the 
Thames,   filtering  through    Bagshot    Sands  ; 
Mr.  Baily  Denton  prefers  the  higher  tributa- 
ries  of  the    Thames — a  scheme  which   met 
with  the  approval  of  Sir  John  Rennie  ;  while 
Mr.  George  Remington  would  go  to  the  rivers 
'  Dove,   Wye,   and    Derwent.     The   estimated 
rapply  from  these  various  sources  ranges  from 

§15,000,000  gallons  to  250,000,000  gallons  of 
water,  and  the  cost  from  £4,000,000  to 
.  £25,000,000.  AVe  come  now  to  the  latest 
'cheme  proposed — that  of  Mr.  Arthur  Sydney 
Ormsby,  C.E.  This  gentleman  has  recently 
'>ublished,  in  the  form  of  a  shilling  pamph- 
kt,*  a  remarkably  able  letter,  addressed  to 
the  Secretary  of  the  Royal  Commission  on 
Water  Supply,  tendering  a  solution  of  the 
Ufficulty.  In  this  letter  Mr.  Ormsby  shows 
he  impossibility  of  getting  pure  water  from 
■ny  of  the  various  sources  we  have  named, 
'iiul  propounds  a  plan  of  his  o^ti  which  he 
ills  a  new  idea,  though  it  is  really  but  a 
new  application  of  an  old  idea.  Mr.  "Ormsby 
proposes  to  deal  with  one  portion  of  our 
water  service  only — the  water  we  use  for 
Jrinking  and  for  culinary  purposes.  And 
there  is  really  no  pressing  need  for  more. 
London  is  plentifully  supplied  with  water. 
What  we  lack,  and  lack  sadly,  is  not  quantity 
b«t  quality.  We  want  the  pure  element, 
chemical  science  abimdantly  proves 
it     is     bv    contact     with    the    earth 


N'ow 

that 


*  Metchim  and  Son,  20,  Parliament-street. 


that  water  contracts  those  impurities  which 
are  injurious  to  healtli.  Under  the  best  con- 
ditions a  river  is  more  or  less  polluted. 
Recent  inquiries  have  shown  what  are  thi- 
conditions  of  the  Thames,  the  Tyne,  the  Lea, 
tlie  AVare,  the  Dee,  ami  other  rivers.  It  is  a 
fact  equally  well  established  that  the  me- 
chanical operation  of  filtering  can  never 
make  unwholesome  water  wholesome.  "  Thick 
sewage  water  can  be  filtered  so  as  to  appear 
pure  and  bright,  but,  nevertheless,  it  still  re- 
tains all  its  pernicious  ingredients."  For 
these  reasons  Mr.  Ormsby  discards  all  the 
schemes  hitherto  proposed  for  supplying  the 
metropolis  with  pure  water.  He  states  his 
conclusions  thus  : — 

1st.  That  it  is  pr.ictioally  impossible  to  obtain  a 
surticiency  of  water  absolutely  pure  and  fit  for 
(b-iiiking  and  cooking  from  tbo  earth.  • 

2ndly.  That  it  is  therefore  necessary  to  separate 
the  sources  of  supply,  and  the  classes  of  water  to 
be  supplied. 

3rdly.  That  by  a  more  perfect  conserv.ition  of 
the  Thames,  New  River,  &c.,  it  is  quite  possible  to 
obt,ain  an  ample  supply  of  water  for  all  purposes, 
except  drinlvinff  and  cookincf. 

4thly.  That  by  collectinjf  rain  water  before  it 
falls  upon  the  earth,  and  usin^  the  proper  means 
for  its  pm-itication  and  storacje,  it  can  be  dis- 
tributed in  an  almost  perfect  state  of  purity  for 
human  consumption. 

In  order  to  carry  out  his  plan  he  j^roposes 
to  construct  at  eight  points  around  London 
— as  much  as  possible  out  of  the  influence  of 
any  atmosphere  that  may  be  charged  with 
smoke  or  other  impurities — "  artificial  col- 
lectmg  grounds  or  surfaces,  covered  over  with 
a  light  and  ornamental  iron  glass  roof,  so 
designed  that  all  the  water  falling  upon  it 
may  immediately  flow  oft'  into  a  receiving 
reservoir,  and  pass  from  thence  into  a  settling, 
filtering,  storage,  and  distributing  reservoir 
with  which  the  main  supply  pipes  would  be 
connected.  The  space  underneath  this  roof 
would  be  made  available  for  market,  fruit, 
and  flower  garden,  and  for  a  winter  garden  or 
sanatorium  if  required.  The  writer  calculates 
that  from  £50  to  £20t)  per  acre  per  annum 
might  be  obtained  by  lettiug-oft' the  ground  for 
these  purposes,  which  would  no  doubt  mate- 
rially lessen  the  expenses  of  Mr.Ormsby's  pro- 
posed company  in  carrying  out  the  project — 
that  is,  if  the  ground  could  be  let  at  the  figure, 
which  we  much  doubt.  There  are  many  places 
on  the  continent  and  abroad — Brussels,  Venice, 
Buenos  Ayres,  and  British  Guiana,  among 
others — supplied  with  water  in  this  manner. 
It  is  collected  on  the  roofs  of  the  houses,  and 
preserved  in  cisterns,  and  it  is  proved  that 
the  water  is  always  pure,  well-tasted,  and 
cool.  One  very  great  complaint  against  our 
drinking  water  arises  from  the  impurity  to 
which  it  is  exposed  between  the  distributing 
reservoirs  and  the  house  cistern — from  the 
water  pipes  coming  in  contact  with  either  the 
gas-pipes,  or  the  hydro-sulphuretted  substra- 
tum of  the  streets,  and  another  is  the  im- 
purity to  which  it  is  subject  in  the  cistern 
itself.  The  statement  would  be  incredible 
were  it  made  on  less  undoubted  authority 
than  that  of  the  engineer  of  the  company 
itself — namely,  that  "  instances  have  occurred 
where  lights  being  applied  to  the  water- 
pipes  of  the  New  River  Company  the  gas 
has  ignited  as  if  the  pipe  were  a  gas-pipe." 
Is  it  not  absurd,  therefore,  exclaims  Mr. 
Ormsby,  "  to  have  health  officers,  inspectors, 
&c.,  eraplo\'ed  to  attend  to  the  sanatory  con- 
dition of  London,  if  the  very  water  that  ■v^ 
drink  is  to  remain  in  such  a  poisonous  state 
as  that  >"  The  only  remedy  for  the  evil  is  of 
course  a  total  separation  between  gas  pipes 
and  water  pipes.  This  separation  Jlr.  Orms- 
by proposes  should  be  effected  under  the 
direct  sanction  of  the  Legislature,  and  at  the 
expense  of  the  gas  and  water  comjianies.  He 
gives  several  sketches  to  show  how  this  sepa- 
ration may  be  accomplished  by  means  of 
.  arched  subways.  He  would  remedy  the 
second  complaint  by  the  adoption  of  water 
cisterns  made  of  a  non-decomposing  mate- 
rial. Apart  altogether  from  the  other  and 
perhaps  more  important  portion  of  Mr.  Orms- 


supplied,  the  (pum- 
]jer  diem,  and  the 
of    which  must  be 


by's  jjlan,  there  is  no  reason,  except  the  old 
one  of  vested  interests,  why  we  should  not 
reap  the  advantages  of  so  great  an  improve- 
ment as  is  here  suggested.  Touching  the 
major  part  of  his  scheme  Mr.  Ormsby  leaves 
us  without  any  particulars  as  to  cost  of  con- 
struction and  the  like.  His  reason  is  that 
the  size  of  the  collecting  surface  will  depend 
upon  the  numbers  to  be 
tity  of  water  per  head 
amount  of  rainfall,  all 
given  before  even  an  approximate  estimate 
can  be  arrived  at.  If  we  may  judge,  how- 
ever, from  the  plans  he  has  given,  and  the 
calculations  he  has  entered  into,  the  scheme 
is  simple,  and  would  be  inexpensive  as  com- 
pared with  other  schemes,  lie  assures  us, 
moreover,  that  a  sullicient  water  supply  for 
London  might  lie  obtained  by  his  method  in 
fifteen  months  from  the  date  of  commence- 
ment, none  of  the  other  water  companies 
being  interfered  with,  while  all  the  other  plans 
that  have  been  put  forward  may  require  from 
six  to  ten  years  before  a  drop  of  water  can 
come  into  London,  and  may  seriously  inter- 
fere with  existing  water  companies.  Mr. 
Ormsby,  who  is  e\'idently  an  enthusiastic  be- 
liever in  his  own  project,  concludes  his  letter 
in  the  following  pleasant  and  hopeful  style  :— 
"  In  all  other  schemes  the  engineering  difficul- 
ties— the  tunnels,  bridges,  aqueducts,  retaining 
walls,  reservoirs,  collecting  grounds,  catch- 
water  drains,  weirs,  overfalls,  sluice  gates, 
pumps,  siphons,  .and  steam  engines — render 
any  estimate  purely  imaginary,  and  are  abso- 
lutely enough  to  frighten  the  financial  world 
out  of  its  wits  ;  while  the  useful  and  though 
ornamental,  still  unpretending  roof  that  I 
propose  has  in  it  nothing  to  alarm  the  capital- 
ist, and  possesses  attractions  to  make  it  ex- 
tremely popular  as  the  water,  vegetable,  fruit, 
and  flower  garden  of  the  nation." 


A    CHAPTER    ON     PLASTERERS' 
LATHS  AND  PLASTERING. 

FROM  our  former  chapter  on  "Floors  and 
Flooring  Boards,"  we  turn  to  the  sub- 
ject of  Plasterers'  Laths  and  Plastering.  From 
the  age  of  willow  twigs  we  move  by  slow  de- 
grees to  that  of  riven  laths  from  heart  of  oak, 
and  the  more  ordinary  material,  reeds,  which 
in  their  turn  represent  a  distinct  period  of  his- 
tory. Oak,  as  a  material  for  lath  splitting, 
long  and  deservedly  held  its  sway,  and  it  was 
only  economy  which  led  to  the  more  frequent 
use  of  reeds  ;  but  even  then  we  find  reeds  held 
in  position  by  the  identical  laths  they  strove 
to  supplant.  With  the  drainage  of  the  waste 
lands  of  Lincolnshire  and  other  fenny  dis- 
tricts reed  growing  naturally  declined,  and 
the  harvesting  of  that  material  gradually 
proved  unprofitaljle  in  the  face  of  the  applica- 
tion of  foreign  wood  to  the  purpose  of  lath 
riving.  By  a  series  of  changes  which  al- 
most every  branch  of  trade  is  subject  to,  we 
find  that  reeds  have  become  more  scarce  and 
costly,  and  that  laths  from  foreign  wood  have 
become  more  plentiful  and  reasonable  in  price. 
At  the  present  day,  if  we  except  some  out- 
of-the-way  country  districts  where  only  old 
uiages  are  allowed  to  exist,  reeds  as  a  mate- 
rial in  the  hands  of  the  plasterer  are  whoUy 
unknown.  Fifty  years  ago  lath  splitting  may 
be  said  to  have  been  in  its  infancy  compared 
with  what  it  is  now.  They  were  split  on  the 
eastern  side  of  the  coimtry  from  Baltic  lath 
wood  or  timber,  and  on  the  western  side  from 
the  log  pine  of  Canada  and  the  hemlock 
spruce.  The  average  cost  per  bundle  of  300ft. 
run  of  lath  was  eighteenpence.  With  little 
change,  further  than  adding  an  additional  60ft. 
run  of  lath  to  each  bundle  and  reducing  the 
cost  both  of  material  and  production,  we  ai  e 
introduced  to  the  present  day.  Those  who 
are  versed  in  the  use  of  laths  know  well  the 
growing  perfection,  if  I  may  use  the  term,  of 
the  trade  of  lath  riving,  and  the  tendency  they 
possess  to  mere  splinters.  The  standard  size 
was  lin.  "n-ide  and  llin.  thick,  but  now 
we  have  them  .|/in.  or  ijin.  ■wide    and  little 


380 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


Mat  31,  1867. 


stronger  tliau  iin.      Nor    is    this  the   only 
evU  :  we  find  the  interior  of  the  bundles  are 
made  up  of  short  laths  and  splinters.      Laths 
of  this  description  are  made  in  the  coast  towns 
at  from  7d.  to  7^d.  per  bundle,  and  in  the 
inland  towns  from  8d.  to  8|d.     Not   content 
with  these  measures,  there  are  many  makers 
who,  to  meet  the  growing  demands  of  compe- 
tition, only   supjdy  :.52(»ft.  run   of  latli   to  a 
bimdle  instead  of  36()ft.     When  we  consider 
these  little   matters  it   is  strange  that  price 
should  have  so  much  to  do  wilh  the  question. 
A  bundle  of  laths  split  to  ijin.   and  purchased 
at  7d.  per  bundle  is  dearer  than  a  bimdle  pur- 
chased at  9d.  where  the  laths  are  lin.  broad. 
Not  only  do  the  narrow  laths  cover  less  space 
per  bundle  when  in  work,  but  they  requii-e 
more  labour  per  yard  than  wider  laths,  which 
is  a  serious  consideration   in  the   face  of  the 
present  cost  of  labour.     Nor  does  the  evil  end 
at  this  stage.     With  narrow  light  laths  the 
work  is  not  so  good  as  with  strong  broad  laths. 
With  inferior  laths  the   plasterer  is  bound  to 
nail  them  close  together   or  they  would  not 
carry  the  weight  of  the  rendering  ;  and  here  we 
lose  one  of  the  most  essential  elements  to  a 
good  ceiling,  viz.,  the  key  of  the  plaster.     A 
strong  lath  fixed  fin.  or  ^in.  apart  will  make 
better  work  in  every  respect,  and  will  neces- 
sitate on  the  part  of  the  plasterer  the  use  of 
good  plastic    material.      Knowmg,   as  most 
practised  architects   do,  the  growing   use  of 
these  inferior  laths,  they  have  to  counteract 
their   introduction   by  specifying  the  use  of 
lath-and-half,  which,  of  course,  are  of  a  stronger 
character,  and  in  a   great  measure  represent 
the  original  form  of  English  made  lath  before 
these  days  of  feverish  competition. 

Taking  these  matters  into  consideration  we 
are  naturally  led  to  ask,  "  What  is  the  reason 
assigned  for  this  tendency  to  make  cheap 
laths  ? "  Certainly  when  the  question  is  pro- 
perly considered  they  are  the  dearest  article 
in  the  end,  and  we  are  brought  back  in  an  in- 
direct manner  to  the  natural  cost  of  produc- 
tion— viz.,  8d.  or  Sid.  in  the  coast  towns,  and 
9d.  or  9Jd.  in  the  inland  to^\^ls,  and  we  must 
come  to  this  point  before  an  answer  can  be 
given  to  the  question.  Some  years  ago  the 
lath  makers  of  this  country  were  surprised  at 
the  introduction  of  foreign-made  laths  from 
the  Baltic  ports.  These  were  made  hj  men. 
The  Baltic  split  laths,  as  might  be  expected, 
were  clumsy  articles  when  submitted  to  the 
refined  eyes  of  English  builders,  and  an  out- 
cry was  at  the  time  raised  against  the  im- 
porters. This  was  conveyed  to  the  foreign 
makers,  and  in  their  anxiety  to  accommodate 
the  English  market  laths  were  made  which 
excelled  our  own  in  point  of  fine  splitting,  and 
then  went  forth  the  complaint  that  foreign 
made  laths  were  rubbish.  Having  worked 
out  the  two  extremes,  the  medium  ot  per- 
fection was  yet  to  be  sought.  With  a  few  years 
of  careful  training  foreign  makers  have  been 
able  to  surmount  these  difficulties,  and  the 
foreign  laths  are  now  an  article  of  settled 
commerce,  and  the  manufacture  of  them  gives 
employment  to  hundreds  of  people  who 
formerly  were  out  of  employment  during  the 
long  and  dreary  northern  winters.  As  might 
naturally  be  expected,  the  price  of  the  foreign 
laths  is  low,  and  it  is  the  useless  attempt  to 
coimteract  their  introduction  that  has  led  to 
the  common  custom  of  making  cheap  English 
laths.  What  shall  we  say  of  their  cost )  It 
is  certain,  from  the  expenses  of  freight,  &c., 
that  they  must  be  produced  for  4d.  or  4Ul. 
per  bimdle  in  Sweden  ;  they  can  be  retailed  to 
buyers  in  Hull  at  7d.  per  bundle,  and  to 
■wholesale  buyers  at  G^d.,  and  when  we  con- 
sider they  contain  the  lull  measure  of  360ft., 
and  are  broad,  strong  laths,  what  shall  we 
say  at  the  refined  and  comparatively  worthless 
make  of  the  English  cheap  laths,  further  than 
"the  making  of  them  must  be  discontinued  ?" 
If  the  cheap  make  of  English  laths  are  driven 
from  the  market,  the  tide  of  competition  will 
set  in  between  the  foreign  laths  at  a  cost  of 
6|d.  or  7d.,  and  the  good  make  of  English 
laths  at  8d.  or  8|d.  per  bmidle  ;  or  in  other 
words,   it  will  be  a  struggle  for  supremacy 


between  the   English   and  the  foreign  laths, 
the   one  having  a  clear  advantage   over  the 
other  of  15  per   cent.     Let  us  next  consider 
the  two  articles  on  their  various  merits.    Lath 
wood   as   imported   into  this  country  is  of  the 
Ijest  quality  irom  the  most  northern  ports,  St. 
Petersburg  rating    the   highest  per  standard 
fathom.     As  we  approach  the  southern  parts 
of  the  Baltic,  lath  wood  is  somewhat  inferior 
in  quality;  being  more  open  gTown,  it  is  con- 
sequently  cheaper,  and  less  costly  in  freight. 
With   the  English  made  laths  it  is  simply  a 
question  of  cost  of  wood  m  the  first  instance. 
If  laths  are  split  from  St.  Petersburg  or  even 
Riga  wood,   they   are  superior  to  the  foreign 
made  laths,  which  are  split  fi'om  Gottenburg 
wood.      Then,   again,  the   English   laths  are 
cleaner  to  the  hands  of  the  builder  than  those 
which   have  been   stowed   in  the   hold   of  a 
vessel.     In  some  instances  the  Swedish  laths 
are   found  to   have  taken  a  green  or  mouldy 
coating   on  the   outside,   which   is   a  minute 
vegetable  fungi  engendered  by  such  a  mass  of 
newly   split  wood  lying  closely    packed    to- 
gether.     The  English  laths  are    reputed   to 
have  another  advantage,  wliich  though  some 
people  would  smile  at,  still  it  is  a  cause  why 
the   sale  of  English  laths   is  kept  up ;   it  is 
that  they  are  tied  up  with  string,  whilst  the 
foreign  laths  are  bound  up  with  twigs  of  the 
Norway  spruce.     The  builder  who  is  anxious 
to  introduce  the  foreign  laths  finds  this  a  real 
difficulty.      The  architect,   or  the  proprietor 
of  the   works,    wUl   detect    such    laths,   and 
the  builder  is  bound  to  admit  they  are  foreign 
made.      The  words  "  foreign  made  ''  have  a 
grating  sound  upon  the  English  ear,  but  why 
it  should  be  so  is  somewhat  of  a  mystery,  as 
we  are  great  importers  to  foreign  markets.     If 
we  except   the  question  of  the  quality  of  the 
wood,  the  minor  objections  of  colour  and  the 
mode  of  binding  are  narrow  prejudices,  which, 
we  think,  are  destined  to  die  away.     As  laths 
are  a  thing  of  almost  constant  and  universal 
use,   it  is  natural  that  the  genius  of  invention 
should  be  turned  to  their  production.     As  far 
as  we  have  followed  the  subject,  hand  labour 
is   the  agent  in  their  production,  and  it  has 
long  been  said  that  laths  can  never  be  made 
by  the   aid  of  machinery.      We  have  a  few 
words   to  say  on  this  subject: — Contempora- 
neous with  the   growing  trade  of  lath  riving 
in  Sweden,  an  attempt  has  been  made  to  pro- 
duce sawn   laths,  cut  from   the  edge  of  lin. 
boards,  and  they   have  been  submitted  to  the 
merchants  of  this  country.     They  are  truly  a 
beautiful   lath,  the  roughness  caused  by  the 
saw   greatly   aiding  the  adhesive  qualities  of 
the   plaster.     They  are  more   level  in  work 
when  suspended  from  joist  to  joist  of  a  ceiling, 
the  key  space  is  more  regular,  and  they  require 
less  material   to  coat  them  over,  or,  to  use  a 
plasterer's  phrase,   "to    cover    them."      The 
objections  are  that   they  cannot  be  produced 
at  the  same  cost  as  the  riven  laths,  that  they 
are   liable   to  be  crossgrained,  an  evil  which 
would  cause  the  ends  to  split  in  nailing — not 
up  tlie  centre  as  with  riven  laths,  but  across 
the  corner,  renderiug  the  lath  worthless.   They 
are   also  subject  to  being  crossgrained  in  their 
length,   which   would  render  tlieni  unable  to 
carry  the   weight  of  the  ceiling,     Tliey  have 
been  tried  in  Yorkshire  by  a  large  builder 
and   found  wanting.      There    are,    however, 
some   large   contracts  made  with  the  English 
merchants  for   their  importation  this  season, 
ll^it  they  are  generally  looked  upon  as  com- 
paratively worthless.     Following  in  the  line 
of  invention  and  the  application  of  machmery, 
we   have  what  is  termed  the  "chopped  or  cut 
lath,"   ■n'hich   is    allowed    by  man)'    compe- 
tent persons   to   be  the   acme  of  perfection. 
Their  manufacture  has  been   commenced  iu 
Stockhohn,   and  the  process   is  as  follows  : — 
lin.  boards   are   jirepared  to  suitable  lengths 
and  steamed  to  a  proper  consistency,  to  enalile 
laths  to  be  shaved  or  cut  oft'  the  edges  without 
tearing  or  breaking  the  grain ;    they  are  thus 
produced  in   a  rapid  manner  by   the  aid  of 
powerful  machinery.     Before  being  tied  up  in 
the  ordinary  way  they  are  laid  out  on  heated 
floors  to  dry,  the  process  of  previously  steam- 


ing the  wood  rendering  this  step  necessary. 
The  cost  of  production  by  this  new  principle 
is  said  to  be  considerably  less  than  by  the 
old  system  of  hand  riving,  and  the  makers 
will  be  able  to  undersell  the  cheapest  make  of 
foreign  or  English  laths,  and  thus  lay  claim 
to  a  large  share  of  the  present  trade  of  hand- 
made plasterers'  laths.  W.  S. 


FAILURES  IN  CONSTEUCTION.* 

CRUSH  INC. 

MUCH  might  be  added  under  the  head  of  crusk- 
ingin  respectof  carele.saorunakiKul  masonry 
in  freestone,  wtiich  is  often  made  too  good-looking 
to  be  good  at  heart,  although  a  fair  face  is  not  to 
be  despised.  The  bed  and  the  bond  of  the  stone 
is  seldom  thoroughly  what  it  ought  to  be,  and 
when  these  are  neglected  a  soft  stone  bearing  a 
great  weight  is  apt  very  readily  to  show  its  dis- 
tress. Squareness  of  bed  (I  do  not  mean  smooth- 
ness) is  an  essential  quality  in  freestone  masonry, 
f  jr  if  the  bed  be  taperiut;,  and  wedged  up  to  bring 
the  face  to  its  proper  place,  no  dependence  can  be 
put  upon  such  work  ;  the  outer  edges,  too,  should 
be  slightly  eased  off,  instead  of  being  worked  close 
to  make  an  extremely  fine  joint ;  but  there  is  no 
space  here  for  minute  masonic  details. 

There  is   abundant   evidence   in  both   ancient 
and  modern  works  of  the  defective  mode  in  which 
the  materials  of  wiUs  are  put  together,  and  though 
this  may  be   of   comparatively  slight  importance 
when  the  walls  have  not  much  duty  beyond  that 
of  being  the  enclosures  of  buildings,  yet  when  they 
have  to  sustain   great   weights   or  thrusts   it  be- 
comes of   paramount   importance    that  their   ma- 
terials be  weU  appUed  and  united,   and  this  fact 
seems   scarcely  to   have   been  fully    appreciated 
since  the  best  days  of   the   Greeks  and  Eomans. 
The  crushing  of  the  piers  carrying  the  dome  of 
the  Pantheon  at  Paris  is  a  most  instructive  warn- 
ing under  this  head,  and,  while  deploring  the  oc- 
currence, we  cannot  but  admire   the  remarkable 
mechanical  talent  displayed  by  Rondelet  in  the  re- 
storation of  them,  and  the  book  that  was   pub- 
lished on  the  subject  is  well  worthy  of  study,  but 
the  chief  defect  that  I  wish  to  allude  to  is  the  ab- 
sence of  that  uniformity  in  the   horizontal  strata 
of  walls  which    the  word  homogeneous  most  ex- 
pressively indicates,  and  of  which  defect  the  tam- 
bour wall  under  the  dome  of  St.  Peter  at  Kome  is 
a  notable  example.      In  a  rapid  age  like  the  pre- 
sent it  is  not  likely  that  this  homogeneity  or  simi- 
larity of  material  through  the  whole  thickness  ol 
the  wall  will  be  thoroughly  attended  to.     I  will 
note  a  small  matter  that  is  slightly  connected  with 
the  point,  namely,  that  in  buildings  even  of  con- 
siderable excellence  the  water  tables  of  buttresse.^ 
often  break  away  from  the  body  of  the  buttress, 
especiaUy  when  the  bidk  of  the   work  is  of  rougb 
stone,  as  in  the  sketch  ;  this  irregular  aettlemeni 
shows  that  the  dressed  stone,  being  more  com 
pactly  laid  than  the  rough  stone,  the  two  do  no! 
harmoniously  blend,  and  that  a  more   thorougl 
bonding  is   needful,  by    using   longer   alternatt  i- 
stones  than  is  customary,  and  it  also  suggests  th^Bi, 
idea  that  buttresses  may  have  too  great  a  projec  It 
tion,  inasmuch  as  the  outer  part  may  not  catch  thi 
due  influence  of  the  weight. 

The  power  of  materials  to  resist  crushing  cai 
only  be  ascertained  by  experiment,  but  in  all  ex 
periments  the  results  have  been  so  various  tba 
we  must  take  care  to  use  the  safe  side  of  thi 
results.  We  have  heard  of  40  tons  and  evei 
greater  pressure  being  put  upon  a  stock  brick  o 
special  quality,  but  these  extreme  cases  must  no 
be  allowed  to  mislead  us.  A  trustworthy  experi 
mentaUst,  Mr.  Thomas  Cubitt,  stated  13  tons  a 
being  about  the  power  of  a  stock  brick  to  resis 
crushing,  which  is  far  more  likely ;  but  my  belie 
is  that  something  like  12  tons  per  superficial  (be 
of  brickwork,  not  per  brick,  is  the  greatest  weigh 
permissible  in  ordinary  practice. 

Some  valuable  experiments  were  made  on  Bat 
stone  in  1864  by  Messrs.  Poole  and  Son,  for  oi 
Fellow,  Mr.  Pearson,  and  the  results  were,  I  bf 
lieve,  circulated  amongst  our  members,  for  whic 
information  we  ought  to  be  gr.iteful.  The  crusl 
ing  weight  upon  a  foot  super  of  bed  varied  fro: 
185  tons  to  54  tons ;  and  what  was  called  the  fir: 
damage  appeared  with  weights  varying  from_  It 
tons  to  46  tons.  Detailed  calculations  of  weigh 
and  bearing  power  are  not  often  needed  in  tl 
usual  building  operations,  but  to  neglect  them  a 
together  is  a  most  dangerous  habit.  I  will  he 
state  my  beUef  that  a  large  number  of  buildii 


*  Coutlnued  from  page  358, 


May  31,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


381 


atones,  especially  those  of  the  calcareous  kind, 
have  a  greater  bearing  power  when  their  natural 
bed  is  placed  perpendicularly  than  when  it  is 
placed  horizontally ;  nevertheless  it  will  not  do  to 
use  them  in  that  manner  in  parts  that  are  subject 
to  atmospheric  influences,  which  is  perhaps 
almost  tantamount  to  saying  that  they  should 
not  be  used  so  at  all. 

TOWER  STAIRS. 
One  o£  the  points  connected  with  cnishing  is 
the  position  of  the  sfciirs  in  church  towers,  for 
when  one  side  of  the  tower  is  open  to  the  interior 
of  the  church  it  is  important  so  to  place  its  stair- 
case that  the  tower  shall  not  be  improperly 
weakened  by  the  hollow  space  which  the  stairs 
occasion.  In  a  lofty  tower  that  was  built  accord- 
ing to  the  nlau  shown,  you  will  observe  that  one 
side  is  open  to  the  church,  and  here  there  was  a 
lofty  arch,  springing  at  24ft.  above  the  church 
floor.  On  the  siile  next  the  stairs  a  crushing  com- 
menced, and  alarmingly  increased  after  the  roof 
was  on,  but  the  whole  was  saved  by  immediately 
bricking  up  the  stairs  solidly  from  bottom  to 
top,  showing  that  greater  bulk  was  needed  in 
that  part.  The  stairs  ought  to  have  been  put  at 
one  of  the  outer  angles  of  the  tower,  or  have  been 
kept  much  farther  from  the  inside  of  the  wall. 

STONE  STAIRS. 

It  may  appear  to  be  strange  to  state,  and  yet  it 
is  a  fact,  that  it  is  not  very  uncommon  to  see  solid 
stone  stairs,  with  open  well  hole  and  exposed 
soffit,  put  up  with  each  step  merely  lapped  over 
the  other  and  pinned  into  wall  at  one  end.  Archi- 
tects well  know  that  this  is  seldom  enough  for 
such  stairs,  but  that  to  be  safe,  each  step  miist  be 
notched  upon  the  one  below  it,  and  that  they 
often  fail  when  otherwise  executed.  It  is  all- 
important  with  stairs  of  this  kind  that  the  bottom 
step  stand  on  a  thoroughly  firm  foundation,  and 
that  the  lower  front  edge  and  the  upper  back  edge 
of  each  step  be  well  notched  the  one  to  the  other  ; 
the  best  form  of  notch,  when  the  steps  are  tri- 
angular, being  that  with  which  you  are  aU  familiar, 
but  for  rectangles  a  square  notch  is  preferable. 
Stairs  are  very  strong  when  thus  properly  notched, 
but  many  faulty  stairs  exist  even  in  good  build- 
ings from  insufficient  attention  to  the  point.  I 
suppose  that  what  I  state  should  be  vouched  for 
by  an  instance,  therefore  let  me  name  the  Railway 
Station  at  Sydenham,  where  the  stone  steps  were 
not  notched,  and  where  they  got  out  of  place,  but 
being  observed  in  time,  a  queer  remedy  was  ap- 
plied by  putting  timber  beams  under  them,  and 
wood  strings  housed  on,  with  wood  rails  and  balus- 
ters, instead  of  the  former  of  iron,  and  to  the 
lower  portion  a  wall  was  buUt  under  the  ends. 

The  stairs  of  the  Shire  Hall,  Chelmsford,  fell  in 
1850,  breaking  off,  and  leaving  the  ends  in  the 
wall ;  that  accident  was  attributed  to  the  landing 
failing  first,  yet  this  could  scarcely  have  occurred 
if  proper  construction  had  been  attended  to.  It  is 
quite  a,s  necessary  for  the  landing  as  for  the  steps 
to  be  notched  on,  and  the  landings  should  be 
joggled  together,  and  in  many  cases  it  is  wise  to 
put  an  iron  beam,  but  never  a  wooden  one  on  ac- 
count of  its  shrinkage,  which,  however  slight, 
would  slack  the  bearing. 

In  Professor  Lewis's  most  valuable  paper  on 
re-proof  materials  and  construction,  read  in  this 
-jam  in  1S65,  there  is  an  ac.;ount  of  the  fall  of 
vne  stairs  during  a  fire,  from  the  rush  of  cold 
'■'.iter  upon  heated  stone,  which  was  evidently  the 
case ;  but  as  the  detail  of  the  construction  of  the 
steps  is  not  fully  stated,  and  as  wood  landings 
which  did  not  fall  down  are  named,  I  may  be  per- 
mitted to  entertain  some  doubt  as  to  the  notch- 
ing of  those  stairs,  and  as  to  the  junction  of  the 
upper  steps  with  the  wood  landings,  for  I  am  of 
opinion  that  open  stone  stairs  should  never  finish 
sgainst  wood  landings  unless  there  be  also  an  inde- 
pendent and  unshrinking  support  for  the  upper  step, 
such  as  a  stone  or  iron  bearer,  for  it  must  be  evi- 
dent that,  if  all  is  to  be  firm,  it  must  be  impossible 
for  the  top  step,  as  for  the  bottom  one,  to  slip  in 
the  shgbtest  degree,  the  top  fixing  being  the  very 
keystone  of  the  system. 

As  I  have  alluded  to  joggles,  let  me  name  cer- 
tain law  proceedings  that  took  place  in  1844, 
relative  to  a  large  extent  of  landings  at  AYest- 
minster  Cemetery,  when  very  contradictory  evi- 
dence was  given  as  to  what  a  joggle  is ;  and  as  it  is 
important  that  architects  should  agree  in  the 
names  of  things,  I  will  observe  that  the  only  true 
joggle  is  that  in  which  a  groove  midway  along  the 
^ge  of  one  stone,  receives  a  corresponding  pro- 
jection worked  along  the  edge  of  another  stone. 
The  double  groove  joint,  whether  it  has  a  plug, 


or  be  only  run    with    lead  or  cement,  is  not  a 
joggle. 

consicE.5. 

Enormous  cornices  to  buildings  should  not  be 
used  unless  there  be  an  easy  mode  of  giving  them 
a  natural  balance — any  mode  of  tying  down  a 
cornice,  which,  without  tying  down,  would  topple 
over,  is  vicious  in  the  extreme.  There  have  lieen 
many  instances  in  which  large  cornices  have  failed 
to  keep  their  place.  Ore  near  Vauxhall  Bridge 
fell  in  1851,  and  killed  several  men:  one  in  the 
New-road,  in  18.54,  with  severe  injuries  to  work- 
men ;  one  in  Wood-street,  Cheapside,  in  1S55, 
killing  one  man.  In  1856,  one  man  was  killed  and 
others  were  injured  by  a  fall  of  cornice  from  the 
Wellington  Barracks  near  Buckingham  Gate;  in 
1805  a  cornice  in  Winchester-street. 

BRICK.    FLOOR   ARCHES. 

A  very  large  mmiber  of  failures  have  occurred 
in  brick  arches  useel  to  form  fireproof  floors,  and 
in  very  many  instances  the  fall  has  arisen  from 
injury  by  rain  or  frost,  when  they  have  been 
turned  during  a  wet  period  of  the  year  ;  such  was 
the  case  with  those  of  the  prison  at  Northleach, 
which  fell  in  November,  1S44;  with  those  of 
houses  in  Bloomsbury,  which  fell  in  January,  1850 ; 
with  those  of  the  Liverpool  Corn  Exchange  in 
1852,  and  the  fall  of  the  latter  appears  to  have 
been  accelerated  by  some  sleeper  walls,  for  floor- 
ing, being  biiUt  upon  the  arches  longitudinally 
instead  of  transversely;  but  the  main  cause  is 
stated  to  have  been  saturation  by  rain,  and  the 
injudicious  removal  of  the  centreings  while  the 
mortar  remained  unset ;  another  mishap  of  like 
kind  occurred  with  floor  arches  in  Victoria-street, 
Westminster,  in  January,  1853.  It  is  well  known 
that  arches  of  this  and  other  kinds  frequently  fail, 
from  the  centreing  being  struck  too  early,  and 
sometimes  from  the  centreing  being  too  flimsily 
constructed.  Amongst  mishaps  from  this  cause 
may  be  named  the  arches  over  Brixton  Water- 
works, which  fell  in  1S55,  killing  several  men;  a 
bridge  near  Darlington,  in  1856;  abridge  on  the 
Forest  of  Dean  Railway,  which  fell  in  1861. 

riREPROOF  FLOORS. 
As  to  fireproof  floors,  as  they  are  called,  when 
formed  of  iron  bearers  and  brick  arches,  they  have 
been  almost  conclusively  shown  to  be  not  fireproof 
by  Professor  Lewis,  in  his  admirable  paper  before 
mentioned ;  and  he  clearly  explains  that  brick 
piers  as  well  as  brick  arches  are  necessary,  if  fire- 
proof work  ■  is  to  be  accomplished ;  nevertheless, 
iron  and  brick  floors  have  been  and  are  still  so 
much  used,  that  it  will  be  interesting  to  make  a 
few  remarks  on  the  ironwork  connected  with 
them. 

CAST-IROX   BEAMS. 

Besides  the  falling  of  the  cast-iron  roof  of  the 
Brunswick  Theatre  in  1828,  killing  eighty  per- 
sons, there  have  been  other  startling  accidents 
from  the  breakage  of  cast-iron  beams  carrying 
floors  :  such  as  the  fall  of  a  factory  at  Salford,  in 
1824,  killing  eighteen  persons;  but  the  destruc- 
tion of  twenty  persons  by  the  fall  of  a  Cotton 
Mill  at  Oldham,  in  1844,  raised  an  alarm  as  to  the 
general  safety  of  cast-iron  beams,  which  were  then 
in  very  extensive  use  for  bearing  purposes,  and  it 
became  the  turning  point  in  favour  of  wrought 
iron  for  heavy  weights  or  wide  bearings.  It  was 
Mr.  Thomas  Cubitt  who,  with  great  ability, 
when  reporting  on  this  case,  urged  that  attempts 
should  be  made  to  use  wrought  in  place  of  cast 
iron  ;  his  idea  was  that  of  rolled  iron  beams — the 
boilerplate  beams,  now  so  universal,  having  then 
scarcely  come  into  use  for  buildings,  and  only  to  a 
moderate  extent  for  ships.  Ten  years  after  this 
date,  Jlr.  Fairbairn  published  his  book  on  the 
application  of  cast  and  wrought  iron,  and  in  it  he 
advocated  a  greater  use  of  wrought  in  place  of 
cast,  and  remarked  that "  for  sometime  after  1844 
we  had  little  or  no  knowledge  of  the  superior 
resisting  powers  of  wrought  iron  in  the  shape  of 
beams." 

The  Oldham  Mill  was  one  of  several  floors  on  the 
fireproof  principle,  with  cast-iron  columns  and 
cast-iron  girders,  carrying  brick  arches ;  a  part  of 
the  upper  floor  fell,  and  caused  the  floors  below  it 
to  fall  also,  so  that  the  whole  suddenly  became  a 
ruin.  The  evidence  went  to  show  that  the  beams 
were  slight, — that  their  section  was  not  good, — 
that  the  tie- rods  which  united  them  were  placed 
too  high  up,  and  moreover  that  some  of  the  cast- 
ings were  removed  from  the  sand  while  red  hot, 
and  this  last  defect  was,  no  doubt,  a  most  serious 
one  ;  and  it  is  surprising  that  any  manufacturer 
should  do  this,  although  it  effects  a  saving  to  him, 
for  it  is  not  necessary  to  be  an  ironfoimder  to 


perceive  the  folly  of  suddenly  cooling  any  hard 
material,  bo  it  iron,  glass,  or  pottery,  in  which, 
anil  such  like  materials,  it  has  from  time  im- 
memorial been  known  that  an  annealing  process 
is  absolutely  needful  if  toughness  instead  of 
brittlcness  is  to  be  obtained ;  yet,  while  archi- 
tects are  subject  to  the  neglects  of  manufac- 
turers, how  perilous  is  their  position,  the  only 
protection,  and  that  a  very  imperfect  one,  Icing 
the  testing  sy.-^tem,  by  which  some  little,  and  only 
a  little,  security  is  gained,  it  being  impossible  to 
apply  a  severe  test  without  doing  injury  to  the 
beam.  I  believe  it  would  be  well  for  architects  to 
stipulate  not  only  the  proving  force  to  be  applied 
to  each  girder,  but  also  the  number  of  hours  that 
are  to  elapse  between  the  time  of  moulding  and 
the  time  of  removing  from  the  mould,  though  it 
may  be  difficult  to  ensure  the  observance  of  the 
stipulation.  The  smallest  things  should  remain 
in  the  sand  (say)  twelve  hours,  and  larger  castings 
double  or  treble  that,  or  longer,  to  suit  the  case. 
It  will  be  seen  by  the  drawing  that  the  section  of 
the  Oldham  beam  w.as  not  of  the  form  most  ap- 
proved iu  the  present  day  for  strength,  namely, 
the  wide  inverted  x  of  a  certain  proportion,  its 
bottom  flange  was  not  wide  enough,  and  the  metal 
was  not  of  equal  thickness  all  over,  a  point  which 
is  important  during  the  period  of  coohng,  in  order 
that  crystallisation  may  go  on  at  an  equal  speed  in 
all  parts. 

A  few  out  of  the  many  otherinstances  of  failure 
in  cast-iron  beams  may  be  named — the  Cale- 
donian Distillery,  at  Edinburgh,  in  1857, 
where  four  stories  with  fireproof  floors  in 
course  of  erection  suddenly  foil  down ;  a  fire- 
proof floor  to  a  building  at  Wolverhampton, 
where  the  girders  were  A  shaped,  tied  by 
rods,  and  carrying  brick  arches  and  stone  leav- 
ing— the  evidence  was  that  the  girders  were  too 
weak,  and  were  ladly  made,  having  cold-shuts  in 
them.  A  sugar  refinery  at  Leith,  a  heavy  struc- 
ture of  eight  stories,  and  entirely  of  iron  and  brick 
fell  in  1805,  killing  four  persons  and  injuring 
others,  but  it  seemed  probable  that  the  foundation 
yielded  in  this  instance,  and  so  strained  the  iron 
work ;  an  iron  and  brick  floor  of  the  Char- 
tered Gas  Company's  Works,  at  Westminster,  in 
1805. 

BOILER-PLATE  GIRDERS. 
I  believe  it  possible  to  put  too  much  faith  in  the 
boiler-plate  girders  now  in  vogue,  for  it  is  doubt- 
ful whether  all  the  joints  and  all  the  rivets  do 
their  duty  ;  and  moreover,  if  the  rivets  be  sub- 
jected to  jar,  they  may  in  certain  positions  fail,  as 
in  some  railway  bridges.  Nevertheless  a  more 
valuable  invention  has  never  been  acqidred,  and 
we  see  the  great  capabilities  of  it  in  that  mon- 
strosity near  London  Bridge,  which,  in  an  testhetic 
aspect,  degrades  the  age  in  which  we  live. 

I  believe  the  fact  is  not  very  generally  enter- 
tained that  wrought  iron  subjected  to  continuous 
concussion  becomes  crystalline,  and  proportion- 
ately loses  its  toughness.  I  have  had  no  practical 
experience  of  this,  but  it  is  a  not  unimportant 
phenomenon,  and  should  be  understood.  Look- 
ing at  it  theoretically  it  might  be  expected  that 
any  substance  whose  nature  it  is  to  be  crystalline 
would  endeavour  to  return  to  its  natural  condition 
out  of  the  unnatural  state  that  it  has  been  made 
to  assume  by  artificial  operations,  such  as  those 
that  have  been  brought  to  bear  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  wrought  iron,  whereby  a  fibrous  structure 
has  been  enforced,  and  that  the  encouraging  pro- 
cess of  shaking  by  continuous  concussion  may 
assist  the  going  back  to  the  normal  crystalline 
habit  of  the  material.  There  seems,  also,  to  be 
some  connection  of  this  phenomenon  with  the 
polarization  of  iron  by  concussion.  At  all  events, 
as  there  does  appear  to  be  some  possibility  of 
wrought  iron  losing  a  portion  of  its  toughness 
after  it  has  been  used  in  construction,  the  item  of 
possible  failure  becomes  thus  introduced.* 


OUGANIC    AND    INORGANIC    SUB- 
STANCES IN  WATER. 

AT  a  meeting  of  the  Institution  of  Civil  En- 
gineers, held  on  the  21st  inst.,  Mr.  John 
Fowler,  the  president;  in  the  chair,  Mr.  Edward 
Byrne,  M.  Inst.  C.E.,  read  a  paper  on  •' Experi- 
ments on  thel  Removal  of  Organic  and  Inorganic 
Substances  in  Water,"  of  which  the  following  is 
an  abstract: — It  was  premised  that  the  objects  of 
these  experiments  was  to  try  how  far  the  state- 
ments generally  made  with  regard  to  the  action 
of  charcoal  in  purifying  water  might  be  depended 


*To  be  continued. 


i 


382 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


May  31,  1867. 


on.     They  were  not  undertaken  to  support  any 
theory,  but  rather  to  batiefy  the  author  himself, 
who  observed  every  precaution   to  obtain    trust- 
worthy results.     It  was   stated    that  many  sub- 
stances were  spoken  of  as  having  a  purifying  eflect 
on  water,    bvit  of  all,    charcoal  (especially  animal 
charcoal)  had  been   considered   the   most    effica- 
cious.    Though  in  works  which  treated  on  spring 
and   river   waters,   the   assertion  was   constantly 
made     that  both  vegetable   and  animal  charcoal 
(particularly  the  latter)  removed  the  organic  and 
inorganic  substances  found  in  waters,    yet  no  ex- 
periments were   given  by  which  to  judge  to  what 
extent  these  statements  were  true.     With  a  view 
to    ascertain    whether   water,  uncontamiuated  by 
either  decomposing  animal  or  sewage  matter,  but 
containing    dissolved    vegetable    matter,     would 
contain  any  nitrogenous   bodies,    some    bog-water 
was  procured  from  a   locality  that  precluded  the 
possibility  of  its  containing  any  animal  or  sewage 
matter,  the  experiments  on  which  served  to  prove 
that,  in  bog  water  at  least,  vegetable    nitrogenous 
matter  was  present.     After  some  observations  to 
the   effect  that  nitrogenous  organic  matter  might 
exist  in  water  in  an  innocuous   state,  and  that  as 
putrefactive  nitrogenous     matter  was    the    most 
hurtful  of  all  substances  that  could  exist  in  water, 
the  author  remarked  how  much  it  was  to  be  re- 
gretted  that   by  chemical    means  no  distinction 
could  be   made  between  the   nitrogenous  organic 
matter  which  existed  in  a  putrefactive,    and  that 
which  existed   in   a  non-putrefactive  state.     The 
details  of    four  sets  of    experiments  Wi  re    given, 
the  first  on  animal  charcoal,  of  which  nearly  61b. 
new,   and   freshly   burned,  and    of   the  degree  of 
fineness  used   in  sugar  refineries,   were  packed  in 
an    ordinary  stoneware    filter.      The   water  em. 
ployed    (of  which  a  complete  analysis  was  given) 
contained,  in   the   gallon,  organic   matter,    lO'Sl) 
grains;    inorganic   matter,     8S'30    grains.       The 
hardness  of   the  water   before  boiling  was  found 
to  be  50'50  deg.,  and  after  boiling,  33  deg. ;  and 
the  oxygen  required  to  oxidise  the  organic  matter 
contained    in   one   gallon    amounted    to    O'OllG 
grain.       Several  gallons  of  the  water  were  allowed 
to  percolate   slowly  through   this  charcoal,   and, 
upon  examination  afterwards,    it  was  found  that, 
of  the  inorganic  matter  which  had  originally  existed, 
52"60  grains  were  removed  from  the  first  gallon; 
but  from    each    succeeding   gallon   less  and  less ; 
80   that,    from  the   twelfth  gallon  of  water  that 
passed   through   the    charcoal,    only  8'80  grains 
of  inorganic  matter  were  removed.    Of  the  organic 
matter  4 'SO  grains   were  removed  from  the  first 
gallon  ;    but,  with  a  gradual  decrease,    the  char 
coal    ceased  to  remove    any   organic  matter  after 
the   sixth    gallon.       In    fact,    immediately   after 
wards,  it  commenced  to  give   back   a  portion  of 
the  organic  matter  removed  in  the  first  instance, 
the    quantity    returned   to    the    twelfth    gallon 
amounting   to  1'55   grain.      Thus,  of  the    13'54 
grains  of  organic  matter  removed  by  the  charcoal 
irom  the  first  six  gallons  of  water,  as  much  as  4'98 
grains   were  given   back  to  the  next  six  gallons ; 
from  which  the  author  concluded  that,   had  this 
set  of  experiments  been  carried  a  little  further,  all 
the    organic    matter  removed  at  first  by  the  char- 
coal  would  have  been  given  back   again.      The 
second  and  third  series  of  experiments  were  with 
wood  and  peat   charcoal,   which,   however,    were 
still   less    satisfactory   than    those    with   animal 
charcoal.     The  fourth  set  of  expei-iments  was  on 
animal    charcoal,   with   water   previously   treated 
with   permanganate    of  potash   slightly  in  excess. 
After    remarking  that  the  water    in  its  passage 
through  the  charcoal  was  found  to  contain  organic 
matter,  apparently  in  the  same  quantity  as  before 
treating  it  with  the  permanganate,   attention  was 
drawn   to   a   comparison  between   the   first   and 
fourth   sets    of  exj^eriments,    to  show  how  closely 
they  agreed  to  contradict  the  general  statements 
made  as   to  the  removing  power  of  charcoal,  and 
to  demonstrate  how  very  little  indeed  could  be 
done   by   this  filtering  material,   even  on  a  small 
scale,  towards    the  purification  of   water.       The 
author  then  said  that  as  the  epidemic  which  had 
so  recently   left  these  shores  might  return  again 
before  the  adoption  of  any  scheme  to  supply  the 
metropolis  with  an  abundance  of   pure  water,  he 
thought  it  would    be  well,    if  only  to   check  its 
ravages  in  ever  bo  slight  a  degree,   to  experiment 
on  various  materials  which  were  believed  to  possess 
the  power  of   removing  organic  matter ;    but  to 
obviate  false  conclusions  and  to  render  such  ex- 
periments  practically   useful  they  must  be  syste- 
matic.    In  conclusion,  he  gave  it  as  his  opinion 
that,    as   by  chemical  agency  bad  water  could  be 
purified  to  a  very  limited  extent  only,  the  public 
mind  should  more  than  ever  be  given  to  the  great 
question  of  supply :  and,  as   people  valued  their 


lives,  they  should,  above  all  things,  in  their  choice 
of  a  source,  not  be  too  much  influenced  by 
distance,  but  be  willing  to  undergo  the  necessary 
expense  of  securing  the  object  of  their  search,  not 
only  in  abundance,  but  in  the  greatest  purity. 


ARTIFICIAL  STONE  IN  INDIA. 

MR.  WALTER  M.  DUCAT,  R.E,,  Executive 
Engineer  for  Reclamations,  Bombay,  h.as 
been  conducting  some  experiments  in  making 
artificial  stone  by  Ransome's  Patent  process,  appa 
rently  with  highly  satisfactory  results.  In  a 
letter  dated  March  29,  and  addressed  to  the 
editor  of  the  Jiombay  Builder,  Mr.  Ducat  gives  an 
account  of  these  results,  and  his  method  of  work- 
ing, a  short  description  of  which  will  interest  our 
readers.  Having,  as  he  says,  on  more  than  one 
occasion  heard  failures  attributed  to  the  want  of 
lime  in  some  form  or  other  in  the  composition  of 
Ransome's  patent  stone,  the  writer  first  draws 
attention  to  the  fact  that  some  of  his  specimens 
are  entirely  devoid  of  chalk  or  lime.  The  idea, 
he  thinks,  originated  from  Mr.  Ransome  having 
recommended  the  admixture  of  chalk,  on  account 
of  its  whiteness,  with  the  sand  in  the  composition 
of  fine  stone.  Mr.  Ducat  forwards  three  spe- 
cimens of  stone — 1,  stone  made  of  six  parts  of  sand, 
one  part  of  chalk ;  2,  made  of  five  parts  of  sand, 
one  part  of  chalk,  and  one  part  brickdust ;  3, 
made  of  six  parts  sand,  and  two  parts  white 
moorum  or  clay.  The  manipulation  in  each  case 
is  very  much  the  same  ;  the  material,  when  per- 
fectly dry,  is  mixed  with  silicate  of  soda,  in  the 
proportion  of  one  gallon  of  siUcate  to  one  cubic 
foot  of  material.  This,  after  being  mixed  in 
Ransome's  mill  for  ten  minutes,  is  moulded  into 
the  form  required,  and  then  immersed  in  chloride 
of  calcium.  Mr.  Ducat  finds  that  the  best  stone 
is  obtained  by  allowing  the  solution  of  calcium 
when  cold  to  penetrate  the  mass,  which  takes 
from  twelve  to  forty  hours,  or  more,  accord- 
ing to  the  size  of  the  stone  operated  on,  and 
then  heating  the  bath  up  to  boiling  point,  or  a 
little  below,  say  200  deg.,  and  keeping  the  stone 
in  it  at  this  temperature  for  about  four  hours, 
and  then  gradually  cooling  it.  If  the  casting  is 
immersed  in  heated  calcium  at  first,  the  outer 
surface  hardens  so  rapidly  that  the  centre  is  not 
properly  acted  on,  and  the  strength  of  the  stone 
is  not  uniform.  When  the  newly-made  stone  has 
cooled  down  it  requires  to  be  washed  for  three 
days  and  three  nights,  in  running  water,  to  re- 
move the  salt,  which  is  formed  in  it  by  the 
chemical  action.  The  time  here  given  as  being 
necessary  to  allow  for  the  chemical  action,  viz., 
forty  hours  in  the  cold  l;ath  of  calcium,  and  four 
hours  more  in  the  hot  bath,  may  not  in  all  cases 
be  required,  and  is  much  larger  than  Mr.  Ran- 
some himself  allows ;  but  the  chemicals  which 
Mr.  Ducat  has  been  using  have  been  lying  by  in 
Bombay  for  upwards  of  three  years,  and  he 
supposes  they  may  during  that  time  have  slightly 
deteriorated,  which  would  perhaps  account  for 
their  slower  action.  As  the  exact  amount  of  im- 
mersion which  is  necessary  for  each  stone  must 
necessarily  depend  upon  the  size  of  the  stone, 
the  manufacturer  must  here  exercise  his  own  dis- 
cretion. As  the  sand,  chalk,  moorum,  or  other 
ingredients  which  may  be  used  are  merely  re- 
quired to  be  absorbent,  and  have  no  part  to  per- 
form in  the  chemical  action  which  takes  place  in 
the  formation  of  the  stone,  it  is  clear,  says  the 
writer,  tliat  by  the  introduction  of  the  natural 
earth  colours,  such  as  red  and  yellow  ochres,  &.c , 
we  can  produce  any  variety  and  depth  of  colour 
that  we  like,  and  this  alone  will  make  artificial 
stone  highly  prized  for  ornamental  and  string 
courses,  &c.,  in  these  days  of  polychromatic  archi 
teoture.  His  experiment  being  as  yet  incom- 
plete, Mr.  Ducat  has  not  been  ableto  report  on  the 
cost  of  construction,  crushing,  or  strength  of  the 
stone.  His  attempts  at  moulding,  he  tells  us,  are 
far  from  being  crowned  with  success  as  yet,  but 
he  has  succeeded  so  far  as  to  produce  a  good  hard 
even-grained  sandstone,  composed  of  the  cheapest 
and  commonest  materials  in  Bombay,  viz.,  sea- 
sand  and  moorum.  The  manipulation  is  neither 
difficult  nor  uncertain,  and  the  results  to  be  an- 
ticipated, in  a  pecuniary  point  of  view,  are  highly 
satisf.ictory,  wherever  much  dressing  and  fine 
jointing  are  required.  In  a  note  appended  to  Mr. 
Ducat's  communication,  the  Bombay  Builder  says  : 
'*  The  specimens  of  stone  which  we  have  before  us 
exhibit  a  hard,  even-grained  stone,  equal,  if  not 
superior,  to  most  of  our  natural  sandstones,  and 
the  moulding,  if  not  as  clean-cut  and  hard  in  all 
its  outlines  as  Mr.  Ducat  himself   seems  to  wish 


and  expect,  is  nevertheless  suEEcicntly  sharp  to 
show  what  may  be  done  with  a  little  more  prac- 
tice and  experience  in  such  ductile  material." 


^rclplogu. 


A  Roman  villa  was  unearthed  last  week  near 
Andover.  Mr.  Lookhart  and  Mr.  Kell  were  the 
lucky  finders  of  this  treasure,  in  a  field  on  And- 
over Down  Farm,  heretofore  known  as  Caatlefield. 
Fragments  of  stone  and  pottery  had  frequently 
been  found  on  the  spot  before  Messrs.  Lockhart. 
and  Kell  began  their  labours.  The  villa  which 
they  have  found  is  oblong,  65ft.  long  and  41ft. 
bro»d,  having  a  portico  on  its  western  side.  _  Six 
or  eight  massive  pillars  support  the  roof  ;  and 
numbers  of  roofing  tiles,  of  an  hexagonal  form, 
were  found.  Two  fireplaces  were  discovered,  but 
no  hypocaust  or  bath  ;  and  instead  of  a  tesselated 
pavement,  only  a  pavement  of  flints  embedded  in 
mortar  was  observed.  The  walls  were  2ft.  thick, 
regularly  built  of  flint  stones  and  mortar.  The 
wall  of  the  portico  was  3ft.  thick.  Roman  coins 
and  fragments  of  Roman  glass  and  pottery  were 
picked  up,  with  some  curious  relics  of  iron  and 
other  metal-workmanship.  The  discovery  helps 
to  support  Hoare's  suggestion,  that  Vindonum  lay 
on   this  side  of  the  present  Andover. 

Another  of  the  numerous  Saxon  graves  so  fre- 
quently met  with  at  Melton  Mowbray  has  re- 
cently been  explored  in  the  brickyard  belonging 
to  Mr.  Fetch.  The  antiquities  discovered  are  very 
interesting.  In  this  grave  no  skeleton  was  found, 
but  it  contained  a  Saxon  bucket  of  very  large 
dimensions,  a  two-edged  sword  3ft.  3in.  long,  with 
a  considerable  portion  of  its  wooden  sheath  still 
adhering  to  the  corroded  iron,  the  boss  or  umbo 
of  a  shield,  two  spear  heads,  and  a  fragment  of 
pottery.  Unfortunately  none  of  these  relics  could 
be  obtained  entire,  notwithstanding  the  utmost 
care  and  perseverance,  the  soil  being  unusually 
damp,  and  the  iron  thoroiighly  corroded.  The 
bucket,  which  is  the  most  interesting  relic,  is  in  a 
sidly  h'agmentary  state  ;  enough,  however,  re- 
mains to  form  a  tolerably  correct  idea  of  its 
general  appearance,  and  alio  to  exhibit  the 
wonderful  skill  of  our  Saxon  forefathers  in  the 
manufacture  of  metals.  The  two  upper  rims  are 
of  bronze,  and  have  been  highly  polished  on  the 
outer  side ;  one  of  them  is  beaded  by  turning  the 
bronze  over  an  iron  wire,  similar  to  the  tin  ware 
now  in  use.  The  plain  one  is  2in.,  and  the  beaded- 
one  l.i;in.  broad.  Towards  the  bottom  of  thS 
backet  are  four  iron  rims,  fin.  wide  and  l^in. 
apart,  of  a  very  elegant  moulded  pattern,  and  ex- 
cellent workmanship.  Instead  of  the  usual 
handle,  this  bucket  has  been  carried  by  two  stout 
iron  rings,  nearly  Sin.  in  diameter,  suspended 
from  iron  uprights  fastened  on  either  side  by  three 
iron  rivets,  the  heads  of  which  are  plated  with 
bronze,  and  are  exactly  the  size  of  the  small  florin 
now  in  circulation.  Eight  similar  rivets  have 
served  as  ornaments  on  the  plain  woodwork  be- 
twixt the  bronze  and  iron  rims.  This  vessel  is  of 
very  large  size,  averaging  about  1ft.  Sin.  in  dia-i 
meter,  and  would  contain  from  four  to  five  gal- 
lons. To  construct  a  similar  vessel  in  the  present 
day  without  the  aid  of  machinery,  would  require 
all  the  apphances  of  the  modern  forge  and  work- 
shop, and  a  skilled  workman  into  the  bargain. 
The  use  of  these  wonderful  vessels,  as  described 
by  the  Saxon  chronicler  Beowulf,  was  intended  to 
convey  wine  to  the  festive  boards  of  the  great  and 
powerful. 

« 

A  veiy  gratifying  comijliment  has  recently 
been  paid  to  Mr.  S.  C.  Hall,  F.S.A.,  the  projector 
and  editor  of  the  AH  Journal.  A  number  of  the 
principal  maniifacturers  and  other  inhabitants  oi 
Birmingham  have  presented  him  with  an  elegant 
dessert  service  (by  Elkington  and  Co.)  in  the  Pom- 
peiian  style  of  ornament,  the  whole  carefully 
chased,  parcel  gilt  with  figures  in  oxidised  silver 
the  dishes  of  crystal,  flashed  with  ruby,  elaboratel) 
engraved  and  cut.  The  centre  piece  stands  on  ; 
circular  plateau  bearing  an  insc  ription  which  statei 
that  the  testimonial  is  made  in  testimony  of  Mr. 
Hall's  unceasing  labours  for  the  advancement  o 
art  in  connection  with  manufactures,  extendinj 
over  a  period  of  thirty  years.  To  Mrs.  S.  C.  Hal 
was  presented  at  the  same  time  a  beautiful  camei 
brooch  mounted  in  gold,  set  with  rubies  and  pep 
dant  chain,  the  work  of  Messrs,  Randalls.  An  il 
luminated  and  hoiind  address  signed  by  the  Mayo 
of  Birmingham  on  behalf  of  the  subscribers  ac 
companied  the  testimonial. 


I 


t 


May  31,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


383 


fmiliiiiKi  liittHidciuc. 


CntTKCnES  AND  CHAPELS. 

The  parish  church  of  St.  Andrew,  Carlton 
(a  chapelry  of  Market  Bosworth),  having  under- 
gone thorough  restoration,  w.%3  reopened  last 
week.  The  work  has  been  carried  out  under  the 
superintendence  of  Messrs.  Qoddord  and  Son,  archi- 
tects, Leicester. 

The  Primitive  Methodists  have  erected  a  new 
chapel  at  Malton  at  a  cost  of  nearly  £2,000.  The 
architect  is  Mr.  John  Gibson  of  th.at  town. 

A  new  Catholic  Church  (iUl  Saints)  h.as  ju.st 
been  opened  at  Thirsk.  It  is  built  in  the  Karly 
English  style,  and  consists  of  nave  and  apsidal 
chancel.  The  material  is  brick  with  stone  facings. 
The  church,  which  wdl  accommodate  about  250 
persons,  has  cost  .£1,600,  the  architect  being  Mr. 
W.  A.  Bourne,  of  Thirsk. 

The  fovmdation  stone  of  a  new  chapel  on  the 
Milbourue  estate,  Northumberland,  was  laid  last 
week.  It  will  be  in  the  Early  Geometrical  style 
and  is  intended  to  seat  100  persons.  Mr.  Robert 
Johnson  is  the  architect,  Mr.  John  Donkiu  the 
builder. 

The  restoration  of  Blurton  Church  has  just 
been  completed  by  Mr  Barlow,  from  designs  by 
Mr.  Lynam,  architect,  of  Stoke. 

Mr.  Gilbert  Scott  arrived  in  Aberdeen  on  Mon- 
day, for  the  purpose  of  making  a  professional 
.survey  of  Oldmachar  Cathedral.  Mr.  Scott  is 
accompanied  in  his  inspection  by  Jlr.  James 
Mathews,  architect,  Aberdeen,  who  is  employed  by 
the  local  heritors  in  designing  the  repairs  which 
fall  to  be  borne  by  them . 

Leicester. — A  new  church  dedicated  to  St. 
Matthew  has  recently  been  consecrated  here.  The 
edifice  is  from  the  designs  of  Mr.  George  Gilbert 
Scott,  R.A.,  is  built  in  the  Early  English  style  of 
architecture,  prevalent  in  this  country  in  the 
thirteenth  century.  The  materials  used  are 
granite  from  Mountsorrel,  with  brick  and  free- 
stone for  the  dressings.  The  ground  plan  shows 
a  nave  vnth  aisles,  and  a  chancel  with  north  and 
south  chapels.  The  aisles  are  divided  from  the 
nave  by  arcades  of  six  arches  on  each  side,  sup- 
ported .alternately  by  cylindrical  stone  columns, 
and  chistered  columns  composed  of  brick  sur- 
rounded by  stone  shafts  ;  the  arches  above  are 
of  stone  and  moulded  red  brick.  The  roofs  of 
the  church  are  of  stained  deal ;  that  of  the  nave 
being  very  high  pitched  and  open  timbered, 
those  of  the  side  aisle  having  tie  beams  carrying 
kingposts ;  the  plaster  shown  between  the  timber 
is  stencilled.  The  roif  of  the  chancel  is  also  high 
pitched,  of  stained  deal  and  panelled. 

Newcastle.on--Tyne.— The  ceremony  of  laying 
the  foundation  stone  of  a  Methodist  New  Con- 
nexion Chapel  here,  w.is  i^erformed  on  Monday, 
the  27th  inst.  The  chapel  will  be  58ft.  Sin.  by 
26ft.  Sin.  and  23ft.  in  height  internally,  and  will 
accommodate  about  350  persons.  Mr.  S.  Oswald 
ia  the  architect,  and  the  contracts  for  the  erection 
have  been  undertaken  by  the  following  : — Mr. 
Robert  Ridley  (mason)  and  Mr.  Robert  Mattison 
penter).  The  cost  of  the  erection  of  the 
lel  with  vestrj'  and  keeper's  rooms  attached, 
Ebe  about  £700.  The  walls  are  to  be  of  stone, 
style  is  that  of  Early  English  Gothic. 


Le  opening  of  the  new  schoolhouse  in  con- 
Won  with  St,  Paul's  Congregational  Chapel,  Tin- 
lal-street,  Newcastle,  took  place  last  week.  The 
building,  which  will  accommodate  500  children, 
lias  been  carried  out  from  designs  by  Mr.  Doug- 
lass, builder,  at  a  cost  of  £1,100. 

Mr.  Wardlaugh,  the  pro]irietor  of  the  Alma 
rUeatre,  Longton,  Stafi'ordsbire,  has  commenced 
'.lie  erection  of  a  new  brick  and  stone  building  to 
lupersede  the  present  wood  erection.  Mr.  Spicer 
1  the  contractor. 

The  tenderof  Messrs.  Simm8andMarten(£9,SSS) 
jr  the  erection  of  the  Royal  Hospital  for  Incurables, 
Putney-heath,  has  been  accepted,  and  the  works 
're  commenced.  The  corner  stone  will  be  laid 
i^ith  all  due  ceremony  early  in  July. 

Nantwich  (Staffordshire). — The  sanction  of 
he  Secretary  of  State  to  borrow  the  money  re- 
luisite  for  carrying  out  the  new  set  of  plans 
Kiopted  by  the  Local  Board  of  Health  for  a 
uarket  H^U,  has  been  received  during  the  week, 
IS  also  his  approval  of  the  plan  of  proposed  in- 
reased  water  supply.     The  first-named  work  is 


estimated  to  cost  £2,500,  and  the  latter  £1,500. 
A  jiroposition  is  also  on  foot  for  substituting  blue 
brick  footpaths  for  the  existing  sttino  pavements 
which  formed  so  marked  a  peculiarity  of  this  .and 
many  other  ancient  towns. 

Sai.fokd. — The  foundation  stone  of  a  new  school 
in  connection  with  Hope  Chapel,  Liverpool-street, 
was  laid  last  week.  The  new  building  will  be  of 
brick,  with  the  facings  of  pressed  brick,  relieved 
by  some  stone  work,  .iiid  blue  bricks  in  the  string- 
courses and  arches.  The  site  is  rectangular,  mea- 
suring 81ft.  by  72ft. ;  and  the  plans,  which  are  by 
Messrs.  Paull  and  Robmson,  of  Salford,  provide  for 
an  .assembly  room,  class  rooms  in  two  iloors,  and  a 
third  story  .at  the  front  corners,  in  which  other 
classrooms  are  provided.  The  total  number  <jf 
cla.ssrooms  is  seventeen,  varying  in  size  from  19ft. 
by  15ft.  to  14ft.  by  Oft.  and  none  less  than  lift, 
high.  These  with  the  existing  infant  and  other 
classrooms,  will  afford  accommodation  for  1,000 
scholars.  There  will  also  be  separate  rooms  for 
the  superintendent  an<l  the  library.  Provision  is 
made  for  supjilying  warm  fresh  air  to  every 
apartment,  and  for  extracting  foul  air.  The  cost  of 
the  building  will  be  about  £6,000. 

Stafford. — The  new  Manchester  and  Liverpool 
District  Bank  has  been  completed.  It  is  the  most 
elaborate  piece  of  architecture  in  the  town.  The 
building  is  of  red  brick  with  HoUiugton  stonedress- 
ings,  and  the  shafts  which  support  the  capitals  in 
the  windows  and  doorways  are  of  red  Mansfield 
stone.  The  style  is  Gothic,  treated  with  considera- 
ble freedom,  and  an  almost  profuse  employment 
of  carving  and  other  ornamentation.  The  front 
is  divided  into  three  g.ables,  terminating  with  finials. 
The  whole  width  Ls  44ft.  All  the  door  and  window 
openings  inside  and  outside  have  shafts  of  red 
Mansfield  stone,  supporting  carved  capitals.  The 
upper  portion  of  the  windows  are  of  solid  stone- 
work, pierced  with  circular  openings  of  various 
sizes.  The  main  entrance  doorway  in  the  centre 
is  lofty,  wide,  and  deeply  recessed.  Double  shafts 
surmounted  by  richly  carved  capitals,  support  the 
arch,  which  is  elaborately  moulded.  An  inner 
arch,  forming  htalf  a  quatrefoil,  is  filled  with  a 
very  graceful  piece  of  floriated  ironwork.  The 
spandrels  are  pierced,  and  this  doorw.ay  is  perhaps 
the  best  feature  in  the  elevation.  The  bank  itself 
is  40ft.  6in.  long,  by  23ft.  wide.  The  room  ia  very 
lofty,  the  glass  ceiling  being  29ft.  above  the  floor. 
The  arcliitect  is  Mr.  Robert  Griffiths,  county  sur- 
veyor ;  aiid  the  work  has  been  carried  out  by  Mr. 
H.  Lovatt,  contractor,  of  Wolverhampton. 


TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 

To  OoR  Readers. — We  sh.iU  feel  obliged  to  any  of  our 
readei-3  who  will  favour  u;5  witli  brief  notes  of  works  con- 
templated or  in  progress  in  the  provinces. 

Letters  relating  to  advei-tisements  and  the  ordinary  busi- 
ness of  the  paper  should  be  addressed  to  the  Editor,  ICG, 
Fleet-street.  Advertisements  for  the  cvirreut  week  must 
reach  the  office  before  5  o'clock  p  m.  on  Thursday. 

Notice.— The  BUILDIXG  NEWS  inserts  advertise- 
ments for  "  SITUATl'J.VS  WANTED,"  ic,  at  ONE 
SHILLING  for  the  first  Twenty  four  Words. 


Received— C.  F.  and  Sons.— W.  O.  C— W.  H.  D.— 
B.  and  Sons.-E.  E.  E.-J.  N— R.  W.  E.— W.  S.— 
J.  W.  B.— H.  andP.— J.  H.— B.  audP.-J.  H.  C— .;.  K.  C. 
— S.  and  G.— W.  B.— R.  W.  E.— T.  F.  (not  in  oiu-  Une.)— 
J.  J.  W. 

J.  H.  (Torquay).  —The  drawing  h.as  been  rcturaed. 

"  An  Amei-ican  "  is  informed  that  the  Araeric-in  scieutiBc 
newspapei-s  live  to  a  great  extent  on  English  papers  ;  and 
very  frequently  articles  are  reproduced  in  English  papers 
from  American  papers,  which  in  the  first  place  were  taken 
without  acknowledgment  from  English  papers. 

Alpha. — You  should  have  sent  stamps  in  order  to  secure 
the  insertion  of  the  advertisement. 

A  Constant  Subscriber  ought  to  be  tlie  b.;st  judge  of 
what  he  should  charge.    Cert.ainly  5  per  cent,  is  not  much. 

G.  T. — The  agi'eemeut  is  not  valid  witliout  a  stiimp. 


CoiTcspoiikiice. 


CONCRETE   BUILDINGS. 

To  the  Editor  of  the  Buildino  News. 

Sir, — I  have  read  with  some  interest  the  corre- 
spondence  and  articles  that  have  appeared  from 
time  to  time  in  yours  and  other  journals  in  refer- 
ence to  concrete  buildings,  and  although  my  name 
has  been  pretty  freely  used,  I  should  scarcely 
have  ventured  to  take  part  in  the  controversy  had 
not  one  of  your  correspondents  disputed  my 
figures,  or,  to  speak  more  correctly,  made  such 
additions  to  and  explanations  of  my  statements 
as  would  make  it  appear  that  there  really  is  no 
advantage  whatever  in  the  use  of  concrete  for 


building  walls.  Now,  I  have  no  interest  whatever 
in  Mr.  Tail's  patent,  or  .any  other  patent  relating 
to  concrete  buildings  in  this  country,  but  as  I 
apprehend  your  desire  is  to  elicit  the  truth,  I  hope 
you  will  permit  me  to  reply  to  some  of  tho  ob- 
servations of  "  F.,"  from  Chester.  "  F."  does  not 
dispute  that  I  can  produce  concrete  walls  'Jin. 
thick  .at  less  than  Ss.  per  yard  super,  but  wants 
to  add  on  Is.  2d.  per  yard  for  rough  c;vst,  and 
from  2s.  6d.  to  3s.  per  yard  for  Portland  cement 
stucco,  and  then  "  fails  to  see  what  saving  is  to  be 
effected."  I  can  only  say  th.at  if  satisfied  with 
rough  cast  I  need  not  be  .at  any  expense  whatever 
for  facing  the  walls,  as  they  already  have  the 
appear.ance  of  rough  cast.  As,  however,  I  prefer 
a  neat  Portland  cement  face,  I  geni^,ally  juit  on  a 
skin  of  stucco,  for  which  at  Norwood  (not  by  any 
means  a  cheap  place  for  labour)  I  paid  last  week 
something  under  2d.  per  yard  super.  As  1  find 
it  as  well  to  be  accurate,  I  ni.ay  say  that  I  paid 
3s.  4d.  for  labour  on  24  yards  super  of  Portland 
cement  stuccoing,  finished  with  drawn  joints.  I 
gauge  the  stucco  4  parts  of  sand  to  1  part  of  cement, 
and  it  is  put  on  less  than  the  thickness  of  a  penny 
piece.  Now  sand  at  53.  per  yard,  and  Portland 
cement  at  Is.  lOd.  per  bushel,  will  give  me  the 
materials  at  less  than  2d.  per  yard  super.  As  I 
am  certainly  over  the  mark  in  putting  the  price  of 
Sin.  concrete  work  at  3s.  per  yard,  I  may  take  the 
stucco  at  3d.,  and  say  the  walls  can  be  built  and 
finished  in  Portland  cement  stucco  at  33.  3d.  per 
yard  super.  What  on  earth  "  F."  means  by  say- 
ing that  stuccoing  in  Portland  cement  will  cost 
33.  per  yard  is  more  than  I  can  understand.  "  F." 
is  equally  unfortunate  .about  his  brickwork.  He 
puts  this  down  at  3s.  6d.  per  yard  of  9in.  work. 
Now  there  are  100  bricks  in  a  yard  of  9in.  work; 
take  these  at  only  oOs.  x^er  thousand,  and  you 
have  3s.  for  your  bricks,  leaving  only  6d.  for  mor- 
tar, labour,  scaft'olding,  &c.  Now  "  Laxton's  Price 
Book  "  gives  me  over  2s.  per  yard  of  9in.  work  for 
Labour  and  mortar,  thereby  bringing  the  price  to 
03.  per  y.ard,  even  with  bricks  at  30s.  per  thousand. 
If  "  F."  will  only  undertake  to  do  me  a  lot  of  work 
at  3s.  6d.  per  yard  I  will  give  him  as  much  as  he 
can  do,  and  will  abandon  concrete  altogether,  al- 
though I  have  spent  some  thousands  of  pounds 
in  earrving  it  out  in  this  and  foreign  couhtries. — 
I  am,  &c.,  W.  E.  Newto.v,  C.E. 

66,  Chancery-lane,  May  28. 


Sir, — Your  correspondent  "  F.,"  on  the  subject 
of  concrete  buildings,  seems  to  have  forgotten 
that  the  surfaces  of  a  wall  properly  erected  in 
that  material  are  quite  level  and  smooth,  and  only 
require  about  Jin.  thick  of  cement  and  sand  plas- 
tering to  give  them  a  perfect  finish.  This  would 
be  done  for  about  Cd.  per  yard  super,  and  for 
the  same  reason  fully  half  the  cost  of  internal 
plastering  is  saved.  I  think  he  has  also  under- 
stated the  cost  of  brickwork,  as  it  cannot  be  done 
here  under  203.  per  cube  yard,  and  that  without 
any  pointing  or  other  finish.  The  result  of  my 
experience,  from  a  few  experiments  tried  with 
concrete,  is  that  good  wall  can  be  erected  for 
lis.  per  cube  y.ard,  or  2s.  9d.  per  yard  super  for 
9in.  work,  .and  that  taking  the  cost  of  Portland 
cement  at  3s.  per  bushel,  which  is  nearly  50  per 
cent,  over  the  London  price.  The  proportions 
used  were  one  cement  to  eight  of  sand  for  the 
concrete,  with  about  an  equal  bulk  of  sma'l  flat 
stones  or  broken  bricks  filled  into  the  mould,  care 
being  observed  in  doing  so  to  keep  each  piece 
separate  and  about  half  an  inch  from  the  surface. 
This  plan  effects  a  con.siderable  saving  of  cement, 
and  as  far  as  I  can  see  does  not  diminish  the 
strength  of  the  wa'l.  I  should  tell  you  that  the 
cost  of  the  sand  and  Ijroken  stones  was  2s.  6d.  per 
cubic  yard. — I  am,  &c.,  J.  F.  C. 

Dublin,  May  28. 

PENNY  WISE  AND  POUND  FOOLISH. 

Sir, — An  instance  has  just  occurred  at  AVelling- 
borough,  which  fully  verifies  the  truth  of  the 
above  well-known  adage.  A  church,  the  designs 
for  which  were  furnished  by  a  London  architec  t 
but  handed  over  to  a  local  gentleman  of  the  pro- 
fession to  superintend  and  can-y  out,  has  been 
for  some  weeks  in  course  of  erection.  Those  in- 
terested in  the  proposed  new  building  thought,  no 
doubt,  that  by  employing  a  local  architect  to  in- 
spect the  work  occasionally,  they  might  thereby 
save  the  (what  appe.ar3  to  some  unnecessary) 
expense  of  a  clerk  of  the  works.  What  is  the 
result  ?  Simply  this,  the  church  is  falling  down, 
although  a  very  small  portion  of  the  roof  timbers 
are  yet  put  on,  the  defect  being,  of  course,  where 
it  generally  does  occur,  viz.,  in  the  foundations. 


384 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


May  31,  1867. 


where  we  are  sure  the  strongest  and  most  sub- 
stantial work  ought,  to  be  put.  The  stone  bases 
(upon  which  the  pillars  intended  to  carry  the  roof 
were  set)  and  which  were  some  3£t.  square  and 
deep,  were  composed  of  small  rubble  stone,  many 
of  the  pieces  being  not  larger  than  a  goose 
egg,  and  put  together  with  common  mortar ;  in 
fact,  they  were  built  like  a  common  rubble  wall. 
One  would  fain  ask  the  question,  AVhere  was  the 
inspector  while  this  was  being  done  ?  Conse- 
quently, when  the  weight  came  on,  the  work 
began  gradually  to  sink,  and  the  stonework  split 
and  broke  in  all  possible  directions,  and  the  whole 
structure  presents  a  most  deplorable  wreck.  I 
forward  you  ijiis  brief  account  of  the  above,  hop- 
ing that  should  any  of  your  numerous  readers  be 
interested  in  any  proposed  large  or  public  build- 
ings, they  will  see  that  the  salary  of  a  clerk  of  the 
works  is  not,  as  many  people  foolishly  think, 
money  thrown  away. — I  am,  &c., 

Observer. 


[399.  ]— F.  R.S.— WouU  yon  kindly  inform  me  what  are  tlie 
necessary  qualifications  for  F.R.S.,  and  whether  any 
Academical  degree  is  required  ?  E.  P. 

[A  candidate  for  admission  into  the  Royal  Society  must 
in  the  fir.st  place  be  the  author  of  some  scientific  work  or 
paper  read  before  the  Society,  and  he  must  be  nominated 
by  at  least  six  fellows  of  the  Society.  The  entrance  fee  is 
£10,  and  the  annual  subscription  is  £4.  There  are  at  pre- 
sent, we  believe,  about  si.xty  candidates  waiting  for  ad- 
mission, but  the  Society  elects  only  fifteen  fellows  annually.] 


[400.]— CTCLOIDAL  CURVE.— Can  you  or  any  of  your 
geometrical  readei-s  explain  to  me  the  peculiarities  of  the 
cj'cloidal  curve  ?  There  is  something  so  paradoxical  in 
wliat  is  s.aid  of  it  th.at  I  cannot  understand  it.  My  own 
notion  has  always  been  that  the  nearest  way  from  one 
point  to  another  is  by  a  straight  line ;  bat  there  are  plenty 
of  jieople  who  say  no,  that  is  not  so,  and  that  descending 
bodies  pass  rapidly  from  point  to  point  througli  a  cycloidal 
curve  !  The  assertion  seems  to  me  to  need  further  proof, 
ifitbetrue;  hence  my  application.  Simpson,  JtJN. 


POPLAR  DISTRICT  BOARD  OF  WORKS.— 
ELECTION  OF  ASSISTANT  SURVEYOR, 
AND  COMPETITION  FOR  NEW  OFFICE 
DESIGN. 

Sir, — I  beg  to  enclose  you  a  report  from  a  local 
newspaper  touching  this  election,  which  will  speak 
for  itself:— "The  Board  pleasantly  occupied  more 
than  two  hours  in  the  examination  of  plans,  testi- 
monials, &c.,  of  the  various  candidates.  This  was 
a  proceeding  scarcely  worth  the  time,  considering 
that  it  had  been  resolved  by  a  majority  of  the 
members  to  elect  Mr.  Chatterton,  who  has  been 
assisting  the  assistant  surveyor  for  some  time 
past."  Perhaps  you  will  allow  me  to  ask  the 
members  of  the  Poplar  Board,  through  your 
columns,  whether  the  competition  is  to  be  decided 
in  the  same  manner,  as  I  hear  that  the  present 
assistant  surveyor,  assisted  by  the  past  assistant 
surveyor,  is  likely  to  be  a  competitor,  and  now, 
likely  enough,  we  shall  find  the  future  assistant 
surveyor  has  a  finger  in  the  pie.  If  the  members 
have  determined  to  uphold,  at  all  risks,  their 
association  of  past,  present,  and  future  assistant 
surveyors,  why  ask  for  other  designs. — I  am,  &e., 

B. 

"BLIND    BUILDERS"    NO   LONGER. 

Sir,— The  below  being  the  whole  of  tlie  tenders  received 
are  sufficiently  singular  in  their  un.animity  to  merit  notice, 
all  being  exactly  to  a  halfpenny  the  same. 

Shi-ewsbury,  M.ay  23.  S.  Poustney  Smith. 

Teudeis  received  for  the  erection  of  Parsonage,  A  tter- 
bury,  Salop.  Mr.  8.  Pountney  Smith,  architect :— Messrs. 
Bowdler  and  Darlington,  Shrewsbm-y,  £1,300;  Messrs 
EveraU.  Shrewsbury,  £1,300;  Mr.  Evans,  Yockleton, 
£1,300. 


BEBINGTON   CEMETERY  CM.\rELS,   &c. 

SlE,— I  shall  feel  obliged  if  any  of  your  readers  can  give 
any  information  respecting  the  above  competition  as  to 
tlio  number  of  competitors,  and  also  when  it  is  likely 
that  the  selection  from  the  designs  will  be  made.  If 
anyone  has  any  remarks  to  otfer  on  the  drawings  that 
have  been  sent  in,  as  to  merits  or  demerits,  for  the 
good  of  others,  they  will  confer  a  great  favour  on  me 
as  well  as  other  architects.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  there 
will  be  no  hole-and-corner  work  in  this  competition,  as  has 
been  the  case  with  others  of  late,  but  that  the  motto  system 
may  be  carried  out  in  a  fair  and  honourable  manner. — I 
amj  4:c.,  A  Constant  Subscriber. 


Intcrconinuinifiilioii. 

— ♦ — 

QUESTIONS. 

[305.1 -HOW  TO  DESTROY  FLEAS.— I  have  a  house 
infested  with  fleas ;  they  are  chiefly  underneath  the  floor. 
Could  you  or  any  of  yoiu:  readers  inform  me  of  the  best 
remedy  to  get  rid  of  them  I  should  feel  greatly  obliged. 

W.  Kino. 


[401.]  —  IRIDISCENCE.  —  What  is  the  cause  of 
iridiscence- that  singularly  beautiful  appearance  which 
is  presented  by  mother-of-pearl,  and  which  makes  that 
substance  so  very  useful  in  ornamental  art  ?  1  have  seen 
the  like  peciUiaVities  on  the  surfaces  of  soap  bubbles,  iic. 
Would  it  be  possible  to  produce  similarly  charming  efi'ects 
on  metals,  as  gold.  &c.  ?  Aj'e  the  ch.ameleon-like  changes  of 
colour  to  which  I  refer  due  to  chemical  or  mec  hanical 
causes,  or  both?  It  seems  to  me  that  the  natural  beauties 
of  mother-of-pearl  might  be  imitated  artificially  on  other 
substances  of  a  cheaper  and  more  plentiful  kind,  and  that 
decorations  might  thus  be  efl'ected  wliich  would  be  very 
good  for  a  variety  of  purposes,  and  not  so  costly  as  the  one 
named. _^__   GR."^er. 

REPLIES. 
[36(i.;|_SQUARING  DIMENSIONS.— There  is  no  shorter 
method  of  sciuaring  dimensions  than  those  mentioned  by 
W  Carter ;  and  it  is  owing  to  our  unfortunate  metrical 
system  that  we  are  compelled  to  use  twice  as  many  figures 
than  wh.at  would  be  required  in  the  same  calcuLation  if 
nuule  in  accordance  with  the  French  decimal  system.  I 
myself  always  u.se  feet  and  decimals  instead  of  feet  and 
inches  in  my  own  calculations  which  shortens  the  labour, 
but  is  open  to  the  objection  that  they  cannot  well  be 
checked  by  others  not  used  to  that  plan  of  calculating.  It 
may  however,  be  said  that  the  use  of  the  decimal  parts 
of  a  foot  instead  of  inches  is  coming  into  general  favour, 
although  it  will  be  a  long  time  before  it  becomes  a  rule. 

Apbrentice. 


WAGES  MOVEMENT. 

Tlie  carpentei'rt'  striko  at  CardttFis  at  an  eu'l. 

The  strike  in  the  building  tnide  at  Worcester  may  now 
be  said  to  be  at  an  end.  The  operatives,  with  the  exception 
of  the  masons,  resumed  work  on  Thursday  last,  and,  pend 
iug  the  settlement  of  dispute  by  arbitration,  are  to  continut- 
to  work  on  the  same  terms  as  previous  to  the  strike. 

Leeds. —The  strike  in  the  building  trade  continue;.  A 
meeting  of  masters  has  been  recently  held,  at  wliich  it, 
was  unanimously  resolved  not  to  make  any  further 
concessions.  The  men  appear  equally  determined  in  hold 
out.  Some  of  the  masters  have  succeeded  in  procuring  :i 
number  of  bricklayers  from  Thorne,  but  several  of  them 
have  been  induced  to  give  up  work  and  return  to  their 
homes  ;  whilst  the  others  have  been  so  annoyed  tliat  thv 
aid  of  tlie  police  has  been  sought  in  several  iustauces  t. 
preserve  order. 


COMPENSATION.  I 

At  the  Lord  M.ayor's  Coiu't  on  Saturday,  before  the  Kfl-  t 
corder  and  a  special  jury,  the  case  of  "the  Governors  ol  j: 
Bridewell  and  Bethlehem  Hospital  v.  the  Metropolitan  , 
Railway  Company"  was  heard.  The  question  was  in  »  ' 
spect  to  some  freehold  property  in  Liverpool-street  and  its  ^ 
.adjacent  parts  required  by  the  railway  for  their  Tower-hill  ^ 
extension  line.  The  jury  went  to  make  a  personal  insp  " 
tion  of  the  property,  and  soon  aftenvards  the  counsel  a 
other  parties  consulted  together.  Mr.  Hawkins  informed  t 
jury  that  they  had  settled  the  matter,  and  they  would  oil 
hive  to  give  a  verdict  for  £40,000.  The  learned  Record) 
presumed  the  jiU7  would  have  no  objection  to  such  a  ter£ 
mination  of  the  case.  The  jury  had  no  iiossibie  objectiw' 
and  gave  a  verdict  for  £40,000,  which  was  entered  upoatf 
proceedings. 

At  the  Lord  Mayor's  Court  on  Monday  was  heard  ' 
cose  of  Walton  v,  the  Corporation  of  London.  The  claima 
was  Mr.  Charles  Walton,  wine  merch.ant,  in  the  FarringdoE|f' 
road,  wliose  premises  were  required  for  the  Holborn-valle*- 
imurovements.  The  claim,  as  appeared  from  the  precepl 
was  just  over  £42,000,  and  w.as  made  up  of  various  iteui- 
The  jury  went  to  view  the  property,  and  on  their  retiir,^. 
the  case  was  opened  by  the  Solicitor  General,  who  calle 
witnes.ses  in  support  of  the  claim.  Mr.  Hawkins  aildres^ae  [, 
the  jury  on  behalf  of  the  Corporation,  suggesting  thi  - 
about  £-21.000  would  satisfy  the  justice  of  the  ca^e.  Th  -■. 
Common  Serjeant  went  thj-ough  the  evidence,  and  left  th  f 
question  of  compensation  to  the  jury.  After  an  abseiu 
of  half  an  hour  they  gave  a  verdict  for£2S,0lj9. 


[396.]— GREEN  COATING  ON  STONEWORK.— Can 
any  of  your  readers  infonn  me  of  a  good  plan  to  remove 
the  green  coating  from  stonework?  X  wish  to  do  it  without 
in  any  way  injuring  the  surface  of  the  stone.  A.  W. 

[39V.1  —  CRUSHING  WEIGHT  OF  COLUMNS.— 
Havethe  kindness  through  the  medium  of  .your  "Intercom- 
munication ''  to  give  me  the  formulae  for  ascertaining  the 
crushing  weight  of  a  cast-iron  column  ;  also  be  kind  enough 
to  inform  me  how  many  times  the  calculated  load  (of 
buildings)  it  is  the  practice  to  provide  for,  both  in  the  case 
of  a  cast-iron  column  aiul  a  wrought-iron  girder. 

Charles  Clarke. 


[381.]— -ARCHITECTS' CHARGES.— In  answer  to  "In- 
quirer," I  beg  to  say  the  usual  commission  for  an  architect 
is  5  per  cent,  upou  the  sum  expended  upon  all  work  under 
his  direction  and  in  accordance  with  his  drawings  and 
specification.  Whether  old  or  new  materials  are  used  in 
the  construction  of  the  work  concerns  the  buUder,  but  not 
the  architect.  If  plans  which  have  been  prepared  by  order, 
are  not  required  and  the  work  is  not  done,  the  charge  is  at 
the  rate  of  2t  per  cent,  upon  the  estimated  cost  of  the  con- 
tract Travelling  expenses  are  always  allowed,  and  the 
salary  of  the  clerk  of  the  works,  and  occasionally  other 
expenses  by  special  agreement.  A.  X. 

[382.]— GAS  METERS.— A  wet  meter  by  all  means  ;  dry 
ones  are  troublesome  to  keep  in  order,  and  there  is  an 
improved  description  of  the  former  which  obviates  all  ob- 
jections. Gas  EsoiNEER. 

[3S4  ]— LARGE  RAILWAY  CURVES.-"  J.  Street "  will 
hai-dly  accomplish  his  purpose  by  trying  to  strike  his 
curves  with  a  radius.  The  method  I  h.ave  U£cd  m  getting 
templates  cut  to  bend  rails  to  the  proper  curve,  is  to  get  a 
few  points  in  the  curve  by  ofl'setts,  draw  lines  jomiug  them, 
and  the  carpenter  can  manage  the   rest.     In  t!io  cut  let 


A  B  C  D  be  a  batten  10ft.  or  12ft.  long ;  find  the  centre 
E  F,  and  take  the  point  E  .ui  the  starting  point  of  the 
curve,  which  will  be  identical  upon  both  sides,  therefore 
the  offsetts  will  be  equal  along  E  A  and  E  B.  To  obtain 
the  first  point  in  the  curve  1,  li  let  D  be  the  distance  E  1, 
and  R  the  radius,  of  the   required  curve,  then  putting  O 

D^ 
fertile  length  of  the  offsett  I,  1,  we  have  0  =   --  ■      By 

2R 
taking  equal  distances  along  the  batten,  that  is  making 
El  —  1,2,  =  2,3,  Arc,  the  length  of  the  second  otfsett 
2i  2l  will  be  four  times  that  of  the  first;  the  length  of  the 
third  nine  times,  and  so  on  as  the  squal'e  of  the  numbers 
1,2  3,  4  &c.  Engineer. 


[3SS.]— ESTIM.ATES.— If  "  H.  S."  has  been  induced,  by 
the  acceptance  of  his  tender  and  the  instructions  he  re- 
ceived "to  proceed  with  the  work  with  all  speed,"  to  Kay 
out  any  monev  in  providing  materials  specially  to  cany 
out  the  particular  order  for  repairs,  or  has  otlierwise  in- 
cun-ed  expense  about  the  matter,  he  can  recover  the  amount 
of  his  outlay  ;  and  the  County  Court  will  probably  fui-nish 
the  most  expeditious  means  to  that  end.      A  Barrister. 


[39S.]— OAK  WINDOWS— I  am  about  to  erect  a  build- 
ing in  the  Early  English  style,  and  the  large  casement 
windows  are  to  be  made  of  oak.  Would  any  of  your  nu- 
merous readers  kindly  inform  me  wh.at  kind  of  oak  would 
hi  best  to  use  for  the  purpose,  both  as  regards  "stantiing" 
properties  and  durability?  W.  R.  T. 


[390.]— TRANSPARENT  PAPER.— Y'onr  correspondent 
"  i>.  J."  w-ill  find  tliat  when  a  sheet  of  white  paper  is 
moistened  with  benzole  it  becomes  temporarily  transparent, 
and  any  lines  may  be  traced  through  it.  In  a  few  houi-s 
the  benzole  evaporates,   and  the  paper  becomes  opacjue  as 

before.  J.  Hall. 

[394,]— FL.\XGES.— In  reply  to  394  the  L  iron  in  the 
bottom  flange  is  treated  as  a  bar  of  .area  equal  to  the  entire 
section,  but  allowance  should 
be  m.ade  for  the  difierent 
leverage  at  wliich  the  sec- 
tion from  A  to  B  acts ;  and 
aiu.  round  the  rivet  holes 
should  be  deducted  besides 
the  area  of  the  holes  to 
allow  for  the  efi'ects  of  punch- 
ing the  bottom  flange. 

O.  S.  P. 


STATUES,  MEMORIALS,  ETC. 

Mr.  William  Brodie   R.S.A.,   has   completed 
statu'fette  in  marble  of  the  late  Mr.   John  Phili] 
R.A.,  and  .also  the  model  o£  a  life  size  bust.    Th 
statuette  rejiiresents  the  artist  leaning  in  an 
attitude  with  his  right  hand  upon  a    pedestal,   0 
which  lie  a  palette  and  brushes.     The  likeness!  t 
both  statuette  and  bust  is  said  to  be  perfect. 

Preparations  have  been  made  for  the  erection  oi  ^ 
magnificent  mausoleum  over  the  grave  of  the  Is 
Baroness  Ferdinand   de  Rothschild   in  the   Jeti 
cemetry  at  East  Kam.    The  mausoleum  is  also 
tended  as  the  last  resting  place  of  other  membe 
of  the  family. 

A  monument  has  been  erected  at  Clun  in  i 
mory  of  the  Austrians  who  fell  at  the  b.attle 
Koniggratz.  It  is  of  iron,  and  consists  of  a  coloss 
cross  on  a  Gothic  pedestal  and  bears  an  appr 
priate  inscription. 


LEGAL  INTELLIGENCE. 

The  Law  of  Contracts. — The  judge  at  tl 
Rotherham  County  Court  on  Saturday  decided 
case  of  considerable   importance    to   artists  ai 
designers.      Mr.  C.  H.  Whittaker,  the  plaintiff 
the  action,  is  a  designer  and  modeller  at  Birmin 
ham,  and  sought  to  recover   from   the  defendan   i  •:■ 
(Messrs.   AVright   and   Chambers),    who   are  ir 
manufacturers  at  Rotherham,  the  sum  of  £50,  t, 
price  of  a  design  and  model  flower  stand.     In  B    c.  t 
vember  last  the  plaintiff  received  an   order  fro 
the  defendants   to  furnish  a  design  for  an  Mill 
mental  flower-stand,    and    in  February    the  c 
fendants  wrote  a  letter  to  the  plaintiff  complai 
iug  of  the  non-delivery  of  the  model  by  the  end  ■ 
January,  as  agreed  upon,  and  stating  that  if  it  c1 
not  come  to  hand  at  once  it  would  arrive  too  la 
for  the  spring  season.      The  chased  pattern  v 
forwarded   immediately,    and  the  receipt    of. 
was  acknowledged  by  the  defendants  in  a  let"  . ; 
dated  March   S,  in   which   they   expressed  th*' 
fears  that  it  had   arrived  too  late    for  the  seasi J 
and  stated  that  it  was  much  hea-vier  than  had  btiT 
previously  represented  by  the  plaintiff;  the  let.! 
concluding  with  a  request  to  forw.ard  the  invo^ 
Some  further  correspondence  took  place,  and  uM 
letter  dated  March  II,  in  acknowledgment  ot  *J 
receipt  of  the  invoice,  the  defendants  complain  : 
the    "enormous   price"  charged  for  the    desij.j 
and,  after  repeating  their  former  complaints  as  '1 
the  late  delivery  and  the  excessive  weight,  ask  1-' 
plaintiff  if  they   may  return  it,  or  transfer  it ' 
some  other  manufacturer.      The  plaintiff  repli 
the  next  day,  and  refuses  to  take  back  the  stai  ; 


May  31,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


385 


vhereupon  the  defendants,  \^T:itiug  ou  March  13, 
nsist  upon  their  right  to  rescind  the  contract. 
Whether  the  defendants  had  a  right  to  do  this 
ras,  tliB  judge  said,  the  lirst  question  he  had  to 
ry.  The  defendants  said  they  had  tlie  right,  on 
he  ground  that  the  contract  was  a  special  one, 
ontaining  three  conditions,  wliich  had  been 
Tolscn  by  the  plaintiff.  These  conditions,  which 
he  plaintiti  denied,  were  that  the  model  was  to  be 
elivered  by  the  end  of  January  ;  that  it  was  to  be 
inexpensive,"  and  that  it  was  to  be  only  one- 
iiird  the  weight  of  another  stand  then  in  do- 
jndants'  possession ;  whereas  the  defendants 
intended  that  the  model  was  not  delivered  until 
[arch  S,  the  price  w;is  "  enormous,"  and  the 
eight  of  the  stand  was  two-thirds  greater  than 
lat  of  the  old  stand.  As  to  the  condition  refer- 
ng  to  the  time  of  delivery,  the  judge  thought 
uit  the  defendants  had  been  too  late  in  insisting 
Don  it,  and  he  considered  the  word  "incx- 
msive"  was  too  rague  a  term  for  him  to 
icide  upon,  and  that  a  maximum  sum  should 
ive  been  fixed.  In  reference  to  weight,  he 
lought  there  had  been  no  definite  ;>greement  on 
At  point ;  but  even  if  there  was,  the  defendants 
3uld  not,  on  that  account,  rescind  the  contract, 
it  would  only  be  entitled  to  some  reduction  in 
e  price  as  was  clearly  laid  down  in  "  Chitty  on 
mtracts."  He,  therefore,  came  to  the  conclusion 
at  on  March  13  the  defendants  were  not  entitled 
rescind  the  contract,  nor  to  claim  any  reduc- 
■n  from  the  price.  Uis  Honour  gave  judgment 
•the  plaintiff  for  the  full  amount  claimed. 

Master  Bui  ldeks  and  the  Uniox. — j\ji  action 
8  heard  at  Birmingham  the  other  day  which, 
iough  involving  a  sum  of  only  Is.  3d.,  is  of 
isiderable  importance  to  the  operatives  of  the 
ildiug  trade.  The  defendant  (Surman),  who  is  a 
ster  builder  in  Great  Colmore  street,  was  sued 
the  plaintiti'  (Waldron)  for  a  quarter  of  a  day's 
;es,  in  lieu  of  the  same  period  of  notice.  The 
intifl',  in  examination,  said  that  he  was  "  taken 

without  any  contract  being  made  or  proposed 
either  side  ;  but  he  urged  that  the  defendant 
I  practically  adopted  the  rule  of  the  "  Union," 
paying  6.;d.  an  hour,  and  by  ceasing  work  on 
Saturday  afternoon.  He  declined,  however, 
?ve  him  the  two  hours  and  a  half  notice  ;  hence 

action. — The  judgment  was  that  according 
he  plaintiiTs  own  showing  there  was  no  agree- 
it  between  the  parties  as  to  the  terms  of  the 
agement,  and  therefore  no  claim  could  lie 
nsi  the  defendant. — Mr.  Cutler,  for  the  defen- 
t,  said  his  client,  being  an  employer  of  about 
men,   resisted  the  claim  on  principle.     There 

an  association  of  master  builders  who  agreed 
he  rules  of  the  "  union,"  but  Mr.  Surman  was 
one  of  that  association,  and  he  repudiated  the 
lion  "  altogether.— The  plaintiti'  said  it  was 
iraUy  understood  that  the  defendant  had 
ed  to  abide  by  the  rules  in  question. — The 
je  said  they  did  not  deal  with  "  understand- 
in  courts  of  law  ;  and  that,  as  there  had 
I  no  contract,  a  nonsuit  would  be  entered. 


inieral  Items. 


TO  gentlemen  in  Kidderminster  are  said  to 
invented  a  process  for  the  destruction  of  ex- 
ve  gases  in  coal  and  other  mines,  so  as  to  ren- 
tliem  safe  for  miners  to  enter. 

!  the  steeple  of  a  church  was  being  pointed  re- 

y,  the  attention  of  a  little  girl  was   attracted 

■^tte  scaffolding  put   about  it.     She  appeared 

'  -  to  comprehend  it ;  but  finally,  after  a  mo- 

3  reflection,  she  said  "It's  the  crinoline." 

International  Society  of  Fine  Arts 
I'd)  has  just  opened  its  exhibition  of  pic- 
at  25,  New  Bond-street.  There  are  a  great 
pictures,  principally  from  foreign  artists, 
lous  degrees  of  merit,  and  many  of  which 
ithy  of  the  attention  of  British  artists  and 
^sseurs. 

iired  glass  when  heated  so  as  to  be  lumi- 
•  mits  the  same  light  which,  at  ordinary 
•■'tuies,  it  absorbs;  thus,  red  glass  give.s 
•  radiates,  when  heated,  a  greenish  light,  and 
--!ass  a  red  light.  This  i)henomenon  is  due 
long  known  principle  that  the  radiating 
"f  dift'ereut  substances  is  directly  propor 
B  to  their  absorptive,  and  inverse  to  their 
■  •'e  power. 


Alum  and  plaster  of  Paris,  well  mixed  in  water 
and  used  in  the  liquid  state,  forms  a  hard  compo- 
sition, and  is  a  useful  cement. 

The  celebrated  Prussian  archaeologist,  Dr. 
Gerhard,  is  dead. 

The  Wiltshire  papers  announce  the  death  at 
Heytesbury,  in  that  county,  of  Mr.  John  Parker,  a 
well-known  auticpiarian,  at  the  age  of  S7, 

As  a  sign  of  the  times,  it  is  worthy  of  note  that 
buildei-3  in  some  parts  of  the  country  are  now  in- 
serting in  their  tenders,  a  proviso  exempting 
them  from  forfeit  in  case  they  are  prevented  from 
completing  their  work  by  strikes. 

■\Vo  may  mention  as  one  of  the  minor  events  that 
the  Poplar  Kecreation  Grounds,  situate  between 
the  High-street  and  the  Ea-t  India  Doclc-road, 
were  formally  opened  on  Monday  last  by  Sir  J. 
Thwaites.  The  grounds  occupy  about  five  acres 
in  extent,  and  wore  purchased  at  a  cost  of  £12,000, 
towards  which  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Works 
contributed  £ij,00O,  and  £1,500  has  been  realised 
by  the  sale  of  old  materials.  The  remainder  is 
borrowed,  and  twenty  years  allowed  for  its  repay- 
ment. 

It  is  reported  that  the  fortifications  and  other 
works  completed  and  in  progress  at  the  Isle  of 
Grain  for  commanding  the  approaches  to  the 
Thames  and  Medway  at  the  confluence  of  the  rivers 
have  been  so  imperfectlycoustructedthat  they  are 
falling  to  pieces.  The  original  estimate  for  the 
cost  of  the  defences  in  the  Isle  of  Grain  was 
£100,000,  but  already  a  much  larger  amount  has 
been  expended  on  the  works. 

Mr.  H.  li.  Cotton  says  : — In  your  notice  of  my 
plan  for  the  proposed  workhouse  for  the  parish  of 
St.  Martin  in-the-Fields,  you  say,  "  the  beds  must 
either  be  placed  under  the  windows  or  about  a 
foot  apart,  in  pairs."  This  is  not  so,  the  spaces  I 
have  allowed  being  1ft.  lOin.  and  3ft.  alternately, 
the  3ft.  space  being  at  the  windows  and  no  beds 
being  placed  under  them. 

The  drainage  of  that  part  of  Geddington,  Nor- 
thamptonshire, lying  on  the  south  side  of  the 
river  is  about  to  be  commenced  at  once.  Plans 
embracing  a  complete  system  of  sewers  with  pro- 
visions for  an  extension  of  the  main  and  filtering 
beds  at  a  distance  from  the  town,  have  been  pre- 
pared by  Mr.  R.  W.  Johnson,  architect.  Melton  and 
Leicester,  and  the  contract  for  the  first  portion  of 
the  works  has  been  taken  by  3Ir.  Patrick,  builder, 
of  Geddington. 

'We  have  reason  to  believe  that  the  Commis- 
sioners of  "Woods  have  determined  upon  connect- 
ing the  coal  basin  in  the  Forest  of  Dean  with  the 
Great  Western  Une.  This  extra  communication 
will  enable  the  coal-owners  of  the  district  to 
compete  in  the  London  market  with  the  pro- 
duce from  the  North,  as  it  will  efi'ect  a  saving 
of  23.  per  ton  in  the  cost  of  transit  and  deterio- 
ration. Hitherto  the  bitumen  coal  of  the  Forest 
of  Dean  has  only  been  obtainable  as  far  east- 
ward as  Reading,  in  consequence  of  the  want 
of  a  connecting  link  with  the  Great  Western  from 
the  mouth  of  the  pits. 

A  portion  of  the  pu'rlic  park  at  Southampton 
has  just  been  officially  dedicated  to  the  free  use  of 
the  jjopulation  as  a  cricket  ground.  Only  a  few 
years  ago  this  land  and  the  park  generally  were 
cultivated  as  potatoe  and  cabbage  fields,  belong- 
ing during  the  summer  six  months  to  private  in- 
dividuals. These  private  rights  the  Corporation 
some  years  ago  bought  up  from  the  proceeds  of 
a  building  estate  known  as  the  "  Marsh ; "  and 
the  public  have  now  not  only  an  ornamentally 
planted  pleasure  ground  but  a  capital  match 
ground.  Mr,  Guillaume,  surveyor  to  the  Marsh 
estate  and  the  park,  and  ilr.  Lemon,  the  Borough 
surveyor,  have  successfully  carried  into  efi'ect  this 
desirable  work.  | 

It  would  appear  that  a  representation  has  been 
made  to  the  Royal  Commissioners  who  are  con- 
ducting the  Trades'  L^nion  Inquiry,  to  the  effect 
that  in  allowing  the  evidence  to  be  published  they 
are  not  pursuing  the  usual  course  followed  imder 
lioyal  Commissions,  of  first  reporting  and  sub- 
mitting copies  of  the  evidence  taken  to  her 
Majesty,  and,  under  her  direction,  to  Parliament, 
We  are,  therefore,  not  in  a  position  to  give  more 
of  this  e%'idence  this  week. 

The  British  Association  of  Gas  Managers  in. 
tends  to  hold  its  annual  general  meeting  at  Not- 


tingham on  the  llth,  12th,  and  13th  of  June  next. 
Mr.  Thomas  Hawksley,  president  of  the  Associa- 
tion, will  take  the  chair.  Besides  a  lecture  by  Dr. 
Letheby  "  On  the  IHilisation  of  the  Residual  Pro- 
ducts of  Coal  Gas,"  the  following  list  of  papers  and 
communications  will  be  submitted  to  the  meeting : 
— "  On  the  Practical  Working  of  the  Liquor  System 
of  Purification,"  being  a  statement  of  results  in 
continuation  of  the  ]iaper  of  last  year  on  "  An  Im- 
proved Method  of  Piulfying  Coal  Gas,"  by  Mr. 
George  T.  Livesej',  South  Metropjlitan  Gas 
Works,  London  ;  '*  On  the  Purification  of  Gas 
from  Ammonia,  and  the  Utilisation  of  the  Pro- 
duct," by  Mr.  George  Anderson,  London  ;  "  Notes 
on  the  Manufacture  of  Sulphate  of  Ammonia,"  by 
Mr.  W.  Esson,  Gasworks,  Cheltenham  ;  "  On 
the  Application  of  Liquid  Hydrocarlions,  as  a 
Substitute  for  Cannel,  in  the  Manufacture  of  Gas 
of  high  illuminating  power,"  by  Mr.  !■'..  Goddard, 
Gasworks,  Ipswich;  "Some  Remarks  on  the 
Explosive  Properties  of  Fire  Damp  and  Coal  Gas, 
with  Particulars  of  E.Kperimcnta  made  in  Light- 
ing portions  of  the  Oaks  Colliery  with  Pit  Gas," 
by  Mr.  J.  Hutchinson,  Gasworks,  Barnsley  ; 
"  On  Leakage  from  Gas  Mains,"  by  Mr.  E.  S. 
Cathels,  Gasworks,  Crystal  Palace  District ; 
"  On  the  Valves  of  Gas  Purifiers,"  by  Mr.  W.  J. 
Warner,  Gasworks,  South  Shields. 


MEETINGS   FOR  THE  "WEEK. 

MON  — Koyal  United  Service  Institution. — "  Tiu'ther 
Particulars  rugiirding  Moucrieff's  Protected 
Barbetto  System,"  by  Captiiiu  A.  Moncrioif, 
S.UO 

Wed. — Geological  Society,  S. 

Thurs. — Chemical  Society,  S, 

Fai. — Aicliitectural  iVssociation.— Nomination  of  Officers 
— A  J'aper  will  be  read  by  Rev.  E.  L.  Cutte, 


IJiiteiits  for  liibciifioiis 

CONNECTED     WITH     THE     BUILDING     TKAUE. 


275S  D.  M'DERMID.  Imi'1iovement3  in  Machinery  OB 
Apparatus  for  Pasting  Wall-papers.  Dated  October 
25,  1866. 

The  patentee  in  carrying  out  this  invention  constructs 
a  box,  vessel,  or  receptacle  to  contain  the  pasta  ;  the  upper 
portion  of  the  box  is  provided  with  bearings  for  the  I'ecep- 
tiou  of  two  rollei's,  one  above  the  other,  tlie  lower  roller 
dipping  slightly  into  the  piiste  ;  the  paper  is  then  intro- 
duced between  the  two  rollers  and  tlrawu  completely 
through,  whereby  the  revolution  of  the  rollers  by  friction 
of  the  paper  will  cause  a  layer  of  jiaste  to  be  applied  to 
the  pa]iei-,  when  it  is  ready  to  be  attached  to  the  wall. 
Or  the  paper  may  be  wouud  on  a  core  or  roller,  and  set 
ill  bearings  on  the  box,  aud  may  then  be  drawn  off  over 
a  lower  roller  dipping  into  the  p;iste,  or  between  two  in- 
dependent rollers,  ai  in  the  fii"3t  instance.  taUnt  com- 
puted, 

2797  J.  HUNTER.  Ijiprovements  in  Machinery  or 
Apparatus  to  be  used  for  Excavating  and  Mining. 
Dated  October  30,  1S66. 

This  inveution  relates  to  a  certain  arrangement  of  parts 
of  apparatus  by  which  a  very  eSectivo  movement  is  ob- 
tained for  actuating  a  pick  or  picks  or  hammers  used  for 
excavating  aud  mining,  and  consists  as  follows :— A  fixed 
pistou  is  employed  wliicJi  fits  iuto  or  between  the  annular 
space  of  a  cylindrical  segment,  being  closed  around  the 
sides  of  the  piston,  sufficient  freedom  for  motion,  how- 
ever, being  left  that  when  steam  or  compiessed  aii-  is 
admitted  from  a  central  valve  to  one  or  the  other  side 
of  the  piston,  the  cylindrical  segment  is  caused  to 
revolve  or  vibrate  upon  the  fixed  piston  as  the  steam  is 
alternately  admitted  on  its  ojitposite  sides  from  the  two 
ports  in  the  centi'al  valve  through  one  of  which  the  steam 
ti-om  the  full  side  of  the  cylindrical  segment  is  exhausted 
whilst  fresh  steam  is  being  admitted  through  the  other 
port  to  the  other  side  of  the  segment,  the  porta  hoing 
opened  and  closed  by  the  rotation  of  the  segment  over  the 
central  valve.  From  what  has  been  desciibed  it  is  obvious 
that  a  very  rapid  oscillating  action  of  the  segment  is  ob- 
tained, and  to  adapt  this  for  the  cutting  or  didlodgement 
of  material  in  excavating  or  mining,  one  or  more  picks  are 
fixed  into  the  periphery  of  the  segment.  The  apparatus 
is  mounted  on  a  carriage  to  facilitate  transport  and  move- 
ment as  the  work  is  going  on.     Patent  computed. 


irabe  |teios. 


TENDERS. 

Chouch  End.— For  Mr.  Isaac  Frost's  viUa  residence  at 
Crouch  End.  Mr.  W.  P.  Griffith,  aicllitoct :— Patmau, 
£1,0S6  :  DimsdiUe,  £1,S70  (£150  less  for  burnt  clay  for  bal- 
htbt) ;  Webb  and  Soils,  £1,445  (£100  less  for  burnt  clay  for 
baUiuit). 

DuDDf.sT0.v  (BiRMLVoiiAji).— For  erection  of  new  chmch 
for  the  parish  of  St.  Matthew,  Duddeston.  Mr.  J.  Chat- 
win,  architect :— "Wilson,  £3,200  ;  Jones  (accepted),  £,3199. 


3S6 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


May  31,  1867. 


Devonshire. — For  erecting  a  new  church  at  EUacombe, 
Torquay,  Devon,  for  A.  F.  Hahburton,  Esq,  Messrs.  E. 
Habei-shoii,  Brock,  and  Webb,  architects: — ^Manley  and 
Rogers.  £4,474;  Simpson,  £4,454  ;  Hervey,  £3,950;  Jack- 
man,  £3^^0  ;  Call  and  Tetliick,  £3,694.  , 

Kent. — F«r  alterations  and  additions  tifa.  liouse,  and  for 
•  partly  §rectinj;  a  pair  of  semi- detached  hovises.at  Besley, 
•Kent,  for^.  E.--::\Iar?h,  Esq..  *lr.  Herbert  Ford,  architect. 
Quantities  supplied  by  Mr.  J.  W.  Deunison'— W.  Brass, 
£3,381 ;  Browne  and  Robinson,  £3,306  ;  Tm-ner  and  Sons, 
£3,305 ;  Piper  and  Wheeler,  £3,25tj ;  G.  S.  Pritchard, 
£3,206;  Crabb  and  Yaughan,  £3,157;  R.  JIann,  £3,077; 
W.  Heushaw,  £3.037. 

Kettekinr. — For  additions  to  school  buildings,  Ket- 
tering. Mr.  R.  W.  Jobuson,  Melton  and  Leicestt-r.  archi- 
tect ;—Margetts,  £228  ;  Hawthorn,  £215  ;  Wilson,  £214. 

Ketterino. — For  additions  to  premises  at  Kettering. 
Mr.  R.  W.  Johnson,  Melton  and  Leicester,  architect : — Mar- 
getts,  £398;  G.  Henson,  £3SS ;  Wilson,  £379  16s.  ;  Shar- 
man,  £374  10s. 

Leeds.— For  works  in  additions  to  Becca  Hall,  near 
Leeds.  Mr.  R.  AV.  Johnson,  Melton  and  Leicester,  archi 
tect : — Backhouse,  £665. 

Maryleeone. — For  new  chronic  wards  at  St.  Slarylebone 
Workhouse.  Mr.  H.  Haxon  Snell.  architect.  Quantities 
supplied : — Stephens  and  Watson,  £6,450 ;  J.  Heiuie, 
£6,287;  J.  Murtm,  £6.264;  KeUey,  Brothers.  £6.0S5 ; 
George  Sbaw,  £6,077;  G.  C.  Rigby,  £G,072;  David  King 
and  Sons,  £6,0l;0;  Goddenand  Webb,  £6,000;  E.  Brown, 
£6,000  :  B.  E.  Nightingale,  £5,785  ;  W  Henshaw,  £5,716  ; 
Crabb  and  Vaughan,  £5,598  ;  J.  Chappell,  £5.567;  W.  C. 
Wills,  £5.396:  Robert  Mann,  £5,345;  Nutt  and  Co., 
£5,313  ;  Mauley  and  Rogers  (accepted),  £5,120. 

JvORTHAMrroNSHiRE, — For  alterations  and  additions  to 
Kelmarsh  Hall.  Mr.  James  K.  Colling,  architect : — Ms^ers 
and  Sons,  £2,749  ;  Watkin  and  Son.  Northampton,  £2,175  ; 
Stanyon  and  Son,  Market  Harborough,  £1,922;  Winkles 
and  kellctt,  Leicester,  £1,S69  7s.  6d. 

Peckh.ui. — For  birilding  two  houses  at  Rye  Hill,  Peck- 
ham  Rye,  SuiTey,  for  Mr.  Preece.  Mi-.  Henry  Jarvis,  ar- 
chitect:— Tarrant,  £1.597  ;  Henshaw,  £1,524;  Thompson, 
£1,468;  Deavin,  £1,400. 

Whitechxpel. — For  repairs  and  alterations  to  German 
Protestant  Church,  Hooper- sqiiare,  Whitechapel.  Mr.  John 
W.  MoiTis,  architect :— Peters,  £210  15s. ;  Stevens,  £160  ; 
Salt,  £155  ;  W.  and  D.  Brown  (accepted),  £137. 


BATH  STONE  OF  BEST  QUALITY. 

Randell  and  Sadndees,  Quarrjonen  and  Stone  Met 
chants,  Bath.  List  of  Prices  at  the  Quarries  and  Depots, 
also  Cost  for  Transit  to  any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
furnished  on  application  to  Bath  Stone  Office,  Corsham' 
Wilts.— [-Ajjvt.J 


BANKRUPTS. 

TO   SURRENDER   IN  BASING  HALL-STREET 

Thomas  Cracknell,  jun.,  Maida-^ale,  builder,  Jime  12, 
at  12 — Jonathan  Neve  Elsey,  Battersea,  Ume  merchant. 
June  6,  at  2 — William  Faulkner,  late  of  Spencer-road, 
Homsey,  ironmonger,  June  17,  at  11 — Chai'les  Garrett, 
Banstead,  railway  contractor,  June  10,  at  11 — Richard 
Jewell,  Roman-road,  Barnsbury,  builder,  June  11,  at  11 — 
William  Everitt,  Poplar,  builder,  June  17,  at  11 — Charles 
Thorp,  Riley-street,  Bermondsey,  paper  hanging  manu- 
facturer, June  11,  at  12. 

TO  SURRENDER  IN  THE  COUNTRY. 

James  Biden,  jun.,  Southsea,  builder,  June  17,  at  noon — 
Abraham  Fletcher,  Bradford,  York-^hiro,  quarrymau,  June 
7,  at  ii.4o — Thomas  Smith  Greenway,  Wolverhampton,  car- 
penter, June  5,  at  12 — John  Hacehe.  Swansea,  cabinetmaker, 
June  5,  at  2 — Ed  ward  Heath  cote,  Manchester,  plumber,  June 
4,  at  9.30 — John  Hopper,  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  ship  carpen- 
ter, Juneo,  atll.30 — John  Morley  Peareon,  Saltbum-by-the- 
Sea,  builder,  June  6,  at  11 — David  Moor  Randies,  Beestou- 
hiU,  near  Leeds,  plasterer,  June  7,  at  12 — John  Howard 
Robinson,  Hulme,  as])halter,  June  S,  at  9.30 — Frederick 
rdusse^Rodwell,Thorrington,  Essex,  blacksmith,  June  15,  at 
11.30 — William  Spring,  Great  Grimsby,  joiner,  JimeT,  at  11 
— Samuel  Clinton,  Wednesbury.gasfittingmaker,  June  22,  at 
12 — Wilham  Thomas  Harries.  Woodside,  nearSaundei-sfoot, 
iion  and  brass  founder,  June  7,  at  10 — Charles  Hibberd, 
Sutton  JIandeville,  stonemason,  June  11,  at  12 — John 
Jones,  Briton  Fen-y,  builder,  June  7,  at  11 — Philip  Presant, 
Norwich,  bricklayer,  June  11,  at  11 — George  Turner,  Stock- 
ton, painter,  June  15,  at  11. 

PARTNERSHIPS   DISSOLVED. 

Sheldon  and  Hill,  Smethwick,  machinists— W.  and  T. 
West,  Silverstone,  Northamptonsliire,  timber  merchants — 
A.  S.,  W.,  and  P.  Dart,  Totues,  cabinetmakei-s— T.  and  J. 
Hopkinson,  Bradford,  Yorkshire,  bcilfounders— Wotton 
and  Castle,  Tavistock -mews,  buildei-s— Fidell  and  Co., 
Gainsborough,  timber  merchants — J.  and  G.  Overend,  Not- 
tingham, builders — R.  and  W.  Gardner,  Liverpool,  plumbers 
— Creighton  and  Johnson,  Newcastle-upou-Tyne,  decorators. 

DIVIDENDS. 

June  12,  W.  Langley,  Liverpool,  builder— June  7,  D. 
Sykes,  Castleford.  builder — June  17,  J.  Bailey  and  J. 
Geliiard,  Leeds,  builJers— June  17,  W.  Barker,  Leeds, 
builder— June  10,  J.  P.  Kay,  Rainton,  Yorkshire,  builder — 
June  7,  J.  Ashley,  Eriswell,  Suflblk,  blacksmith. 

NOTICES  OF  SITTINGS  FOR  LAST  EXAMINATION. 

June  28,  W.  Lurkins,  Dod-street,  Limehouse,  carpenter 
— June  19,  J.  Heatley,  Whitehaven,  plumber — June  1,  A. 
Rose,  HoUington,  Sussex,  builder — June  7,  R.  Griffin,  Hull, 
paiuter— June  11,  T.  Fleet,  Newick,  Sussex,  blacksmith 
—June  6,  A.  Jeffrey,  Harlow  Hill,  near  Harrogate,  black- 
smith— June  21.  J.  Swire,  Haslin^den,  builder -June  26, 
J.  Turner,  Cheetliam  Hill,  builtlur- June  27,  H.  Bendall, 
Freshwater,  paiuter— June  27.  C.  Salter,  Newport,  mason 
— June  11,  J.  Bumicle,  Middlesborough,  joiner — July  24, 
W.  Dixon,  Codicote,  builder— June  12,  W.  Hedley,  Cap- 
coch,  Glamorganshire,  contractor— June  13,  J.  W.  Magaees, 
Ashperton,  Herefordshire,  blacksmith. 


LATEST  PRICES   OF  IMATERIALS   USED 
IN  CONSTRUCTION. 

TniBEB,  dutv  la  per  load,  drawbfick,  la. 
Teak    load    £9    0£10  10  Ajchangel,  yellow  ..  £11 


Quebec,  red  piue . 

..  yellow  pine.. 
St.  Jolm  N.E.  yellow 
Quebec  Oak,  whit* . . 

,,      birch 

elm 


2  15 

0    0 


3  10 

3  10 


4  10 
4  0 
0  0 
6  & 
4  10 


Dantzicoak 3  10      6    0 


flr  . 


2     0 


3  10 


7  10 


Meiiiel  fir 

Riga 3    0 

Swedish 1  15 

Maats.Quebecrediiine  6    0 
.,       yeUowpiiie..     6    0 
Lathwood.D.-mtzic.fm  4  10 
St.  Petersburg  6  10 
Deals.prC..12ft.  byS 
by  9  in,,  duty 2s  per 
]o:vd,  drawback  28. 
Quebec,  white  spruce  14  10    21  10 
St.John,white8pruce  13  10    15  10 
YeUow  pine,  per  re- 
duced a. 
Canada,  1st  quality.  17    0    19  10 
2nd  do 12    0    13  10 


St,  Petersburg,  yeL 

Finland a 

Meniel 0 

Gothenburg,  yellow      8 

,,      white    8 

Gefle,  yellow 9 

Soderh.-uun    9 

Chrietiania,    per   C, 

12  ft.  by  3  by  9  in. 

yellow 16 

Deck  Pl.tnk,  Dant^ic, 

per  40  ft.  3  in 0 

PoaacE  SxoiTEpr  ton    5 
Oils,  &c. 

Seal,  p.ile per  tun  43 

Sperm  body 1 10 

Cod 40 

Whale.  Sth.  Sea,  pala  43 

Olive.  Gidlipoli 62 

Cocoanut,  Cochin, ton  59 

Palm,  fine 34 

Linseed    S8 

Rapeseed,  Eng.piile..  87 
Cottonseed 'ii 


10  £12  iO 

in 

11  « 

0 

9    0 

0 

0     0 

10 

10  10 

(1 

9    0 

0 

11    0 

I) 

10  lu 

0 

22    0 

IS 

1     -1 

u 

S     u 

0 

0    0 

0 

0    0 

0  0  0 
10  S3  0 
0    34  lo 


fi  15  0 

7  10  0 

8  15  0 

9  15  0 
7  15  0 

5  15  0 

6  0  0 
2  13  6 

10  lU  0 

16    0 
10  10 


Metals. 

Iron  :— 

Welsh  Bars  in  London     per  ton 

NailRod       

Hoops do 

Sheets,  Single      do 

Stafordshire  Bars       do 

Bars,  in  Wales     do 

Rails    do 

Foundry  Pigs,  at  Glasg.  No    1   ..      do 
Swedish  Bara  do 

Steel:— 

Swedish  Keg,  hammered      pertun 

Swedish  Faggot   do 

Copper  :— 
Sheets  Sheathing,  &  Bolta  ....per  ton 

Hammered  Bottoms       do 

Flat  Bottoms,  not  Hammered  ..      do 

Cake  .TJid  Tough  Ingot      do 

Best  Selected    do 

Fine  Foreign    do 

Yel.  Metal  Sheathing  &  Rods  ....per  lb 

Trs:- 
Elnglish  Block      per  ton 

do      Bar   do 

do      Redned  do 

B.tnca      do 

Strait      do 

Lead:— 

Pig,  English     per  ton 

, ,    Spanish  Soft     do 

Shot,  Patent     do 

Sheet  . . . '. do 

White     do 

Spelter:— 
On  the  Spot  per  ton 

Zoic:— 

English  Sheet      per  ton 

Devaux's  V.  M.  Roofing  Zinc   do  28    0    0 

*  And  5  per  cent,  discount  if  laid  upon  the  new  b 

QuicEsiLTER     per  btl  6  18    0 

BEotTLUs  OF  AJmaioiTT. 
French   per  tou         34    0    0 


9    0    0 
10    0    0 

8  10    0 


3 

net 


0    0 
12  10 


89     0 
9!i    0 


86    0    0        88    0    0 
0    0    7i       0    0    ej 


92 


22  0 
19  15 

23  0 
21  15 
30    0 

32     S 


0     0    0    nett 


23 


s 


TAIRCASE    and   JOINERY     WORKS, 
JOHN     WALDEN 

(Late  Shop  Foreman  to   Mr.  W.   SANDS,  retired), 
12,  MAIDEN  LANE.  COVENT  GARDEN. 

Estimates  on  application. 


C.  H.  DAVIES  and  CO.'S 

GEXUIXE 

SOLID    PARQUET    FLOORS 

Are  tireatly  SiiiJcrior  to  any  hitherto  Produced,  being 

of  Special   Con.strnction,    Improved   Design, 

Thoroughly  Seasoned,  and  at 

PRICES   LOWER    THAN   USUAL. 

Specimens  at  Arcliitectiiral  Museum,  '23,  Maddox-street,  W. 

AKD  AT 

Show  Rooms,  Cambridge  Hall,  Newinan-street,  London. 


THE  LIVERPOOL  and  LONDON  and 
GLOBE  INSURANCE  COMPANY. 
Offices— 1,  Dale-street,  Liverpool;  20  nud  21,  Poultry  ;  7,  Comhill, 
and  Charing  Cross,  London. 
The  invested  funds  now  amount  ti>  £^..254.334,  the  Fire  Keveuue  to 
£318.055,  and  that  of  the  Life  to  £254.307.  The  moderate  rates  of  pre- 
mium, with  a  guaranteed  fixed  bonus  for  the  life  policies  of  this  Com- 
pany, and  their  valueas  special  securities  to  third  parties  render  them 
particularly  ndvanlageous.  Whole  world  leave  is  granted  on  reason- 
able terms,  .ind  claims  are  paid  thirty  days  after  admission. 

JOHN  ATKINS,  Resident  Secretary. 


THE    SCIENTIFIC   WORLD. 
Shortly  will  be  Published,  price  Id.  weekly,  No.  1  of 

THE   SCIENTIFIC  WORLD,  a  new, 
cheap,  and  first-class  Journal,  to  be  devoted  to   Practical  Me- 
chanics and  all  other  branches  of  Popular  and  Useful  Science. 
147,  Fleet-street,  and  all  Newsagents. 


TIME  IS  MONEY.  — All  who  employ 
Workmen  should  send  Two  Stamps,  aud  by  return  of  post  they 
will  receive  samples  of  Workmen's  Time  Sheets  and  other  Forms  by 
which  time  ia  economised  and  book-keeping  facilitated. 

MiiRRiTT and  Hatcher,  Printers,  Grocer's Hall-courl,  Poultry,  E.C. 

Just  Published,  bv  Post  Two  Stamps, 

"VTERVOUS   DEBILITY  :    Its   Cause  and 

A^  Ciu-e.— A  guide  to  the  Cure  of  Nervousness.  Weakness,  Loss 
of  Appetite.  Indigestiou,  Ac.  Illustrated  with  cites  in  proof  of  the 
aiithor's  successful  treatment,  with  necessjiry  instructions,  by  which 
sufferers  uiay  obtain  a  cure.— Address,  Dr.  Smith,  8,  Burton-cresceut, 
London.  W.C, 

O  HORTHAND.  —  PITMAN'S      PHONO- 

KJ  CiR.A.PHY.  — Phonography  is  taiight  in  class  at  lOs  6d,  or  private 
iiLvtruction  given,  pt-rsonatly  or  by  post,  for  £1  Is,  the  perfect  course  o( 
Lessons.  Pitman's  Shorthand  Teacher,  podt  free  7d.  London  :  20, 
Paternoster-row,  E.C, 


"OOYAL        POLYTECHNIC.  —  "  The 

JL  V  ElBgy  of  the  Dear  Defunct"  shown  in  "  Blue  Beard's  Closet.'*  the 
new  lUuHioa  o(  Professor  Pepper  aud  Mr.  Tobiu  ;  "  The  "Tower 
of  Lomioii,"  M-ith  startling  effects  musically  trejvted  by  Mr.  George 
BuckJand  "The  Automatic  Leotard,"  Dickens's"  Carol,"  aud  other 
Entertftinmenta,  at  the  Royal  Polytechnic. 


EXCELLENT  FREEHOLD  BUILDING 
LAND  at  Jlerton,  Surrey,  to  be  LET.  Good  frontages;  dry- 
an  improving  neighbourhood;  railway  accommodation  to  all  parte  oi 
Loudon  in fr'a.siug.— Apply  to  F.  Bolt,  4,  Skinner's-place,  Siae-lancL 


riAMBERWELL.— BUILDING  LAND  to 

\_y  be  LET  for  seven  houees  to  complete  a  terrace.  Ground  rant 
moderate.  Liberal  advances  m:ide. — Apply  to  W,  Adams  Murphy, 
architect  and  surveyor,  47,  Church -street,  CamberweU. 


FREEHOLD    LAND,    most    desirably 
situated  at  Hackney,  to  be  LET  on   BUILDING    LF,,\SES. 

having  a  frontage  of  5:8ft  ,  by  a  depth  varying  from  7('ft.  to  15i}ft.-l 
Apply  to  Dr.  Lane,  No.  2,  Victoria  Park-siiuare,  N.E. 


TjiREEHOLD      BUILDING      LAND     at  | 

Kj  Kouthgate.~To  be  SOLD  or  LET  on  Building  Lea^e  a  PLOT  of 
FREEHOLD  LAND,  about  400ft.  frontage  by  25yft.  in  depth,  situate 
a  mile  aiida  half  distant  from  the  Colney  Hatch  Station.— Apply  to 
Messrs,  Debenham,  Tewson,  and  Parmer,  80,  Cheapside,  E.C. 


pRYSTAL     PALACE.  —  FIRST-CLASS 

\_J  BUILDING  LAND  to  be  LET  in  immediate  proximity  to  the 
Palace,  on  advantageous  terms.  For  particulars  apply  to  Mr.  Hart, 
Accountant's  OfBce,  Ciystal  Palace  ;  or  to  R,  R.  Banks,  Esq.,  1,  Weat^ 
minster  Chambers,  Victoria-street,  Westminster. 

MARGATE.— To  be  LET  upon  BUILD". 
ING  LEASES,  or  PLOTS  wiU  be  SOLD,  valuable  FREE- 
HOLD LAND  on  the  sea-coast,  contiguous  to  Westgate  and  Marsh 
Bays.  Excellent  brick  earth  and  chalk  on  the  estate,  Gre^it  advan- 
tages to  parties  taking  the  first  40  Plots,  Advances  made.— Apply  to 
Mr.  Charles  N.  Beazley,  architect,  96,  Guilfoid-street,  London,  W.C 


T 


THE  NORFOLK  PARK  ESTATE, 
Maidenhead.— Desirable  BUILDING  SITES  on  the  above 
estate,  comm,inding  extensive  views  of  the  beautiful  scenery  of  the 
neighbourhood,  to  be  LET  on  LEASE  for  99  years.  Cash  advanced  i' 
required. — Apply  to  Mr.  Ch.irles  Innes,  architect  6,  Whitehall. 

0    ARCHITECTS    and    BUILDER^^ 

LIME  GROYE  PARK.  PUTNEY  HILL.— Very  Desirabl 
SITES  on  this  EsUte  to  be  LET  for  buUding  resi>ectabie  private  rt=; 
deuces.  It  ia  situated  on  elevated  ground,  between  the  rallwav  stati 
and  Wimbledon  and  Putney-heaths.  There  ia  a  great  demand  j 
this  locality  for  good  villa  residences,  and  a  ready  sale  for  thern.  pi. 
particulars  apply  to  S,  Wood,  Esq.,  Architect.  10,  Craig's-court.  Loc 
don.  S.W.  :  orto  Messrs,  Baxter.  Rose,  Norton  and  Co.,  SuUciton,  ( 
Victoria-street,  Westminster,  S.W. 

ARGE    WHARF,  REGENT'S   CANAl 

BASIN,  Augustus  street.'CumbeTland  Market.  To  bi- LET, 
large  WHARF,  witi  a  frontage  of  120ft.,  good  house,  sheds,  andpowe 
ful  craue  :  ormay  be  divided  into  two.  Particulars  of  Messrs.  Knap 
13,  Duke-stieet,  Manchester-square,  W. 

LD    BUILDING    MATERIALS!^ 

THOMAS  TATUM  and  CORNELIUS  STOMN.  COl 
TRACTORS  and  BUILDING  MATERIAL  DEALERS,  No.  246,  Cit 
road,  E.C-  Established  1841.  Houses  and  buildiugs  of  every  descril 
tiou  purchased  to  any  amount  for  cash  in  town  or  country,  and  11 
grouni^^  cleared  on  the  shortest  notice. 

0    PLUMBERS,     painter's 

GLAZIERS,  PAPER  HANGERS,  and  DECORATORS.-l 
be  DISPO-SED  of  immedi.ately,  owing  to  the  recent  death  of  tl 
late  proprietor,  an  OLD  ESTABLISHED  BUSINESS  ia  tl 
.^bove  line,  situate  at  Andover,  Hants,  with  an  extensive  conaectlo 
amongst  the  surrounding  gentry,  farmeis.  and  tradespeople.  A  vei 
comfortable  residence  adjoining  the  workshops  will  be  let  with  tl 
business.  References  can  be  given  to  the  first  wholesale  houses  i 
London.  For  particuLara  apply  to  Messrs.  Gue  and  Son,  smrveyo 
and  agents,  Andover. 

BELGRAVIA. — Important  and  Extensii 
Business  Premises,  with  well-arranged  dwelling-house  of  t 
rooms,  shop,  showroom,  .lud  offices,  large  workshops,  stable,  and  ya 
with  entrance  in  the  rear  ,  the  whole  occupying  an  area  of  4.3561 
suitable  for  any  business  requiring  space,  to  bo  LET  ou  LEA? 
together  or  in  parts. — For  terms  and  card  to  view,  apply  to  Mr.  Fr 
Godwin,  auctioneer.  3,  Halkin-lerrace,  Belgiave- square,  S  W. 

H^OLBORN  VALLEY^ 
MENTS.— EXTENSIVE  LIGHT  WAREHOUSES,  YAI 
and  STABLING  t)  be  LET.  The  whole  covers  5,5n0ft.,and  aresitu 
in  Vine-street,  Liquoriwnd- street.  The  premisesare  well  lighted,  r 
.ire  within  a  abort  distance  of  the  new  improvements — Apply 
Messrs.  Debenham,  Tewaon,  and  Farmer,  80,  Cheapside,  E.C. 


0 


T 


IMPROV: 


To  builders  and  BRICKMAKERS.- 
To  be  LET  on  LEASE  for  Btirkmaking.  a  FIELD  of  1' 
TURE  LAND  of  abuut  15  acres,  coutaiuiugan  immense  qiiantily 
Brick  Earth,  suitable  for  the  macuf.-icture  of  Stock  Bricks,  aitufltei 
Brentwood,  Essex,  very  neai- to  the  railway  station.  18  miles  fr 
London.  The  field  is  bounded  by  the  line  of  railway,  and  arran 
menta  can  be  made  for  a  siding.  To  view  the  ground  apply  to  ^ 
Gentry.  West  House,  Brentwood.  For  particulars  apply  to  Mes 
Habershon,  Brock,  and  Webb,  architects  37,  Bedford-place,  Buss 
square  ;  Mr.  E.  G.  Craig,  solicitor,  Braintree,  Essex ;  or  to  Mr  Alfi 
T.  Craig,  accountant,  9,  Kiug'a-road,  Bedford-  row,  London.  W,C. 


£10,000 


TO  LEND  on  FREEHOLE 

,        .     .     _      LEASEHOLDS,  and  COPYHOLDS,  repayi 

by  Instaiinents.  Example  :  £5li0,  5  years  quarterly,  £:*!  3s.  9d.;  di 
10  yearfl,  quarterly,  £18  lis.  2d. ;  ditto,  15  years,  quarterly,  £14 1 
in  each  case  including  principal  and  int<.'rcst,  and  costs  of  fecurit; 
company  — Apply  to  British  Equitable  Assurance  Company,  No 
Queen-street-place,  Southwark  Bridge.  E.C. 


£20  000 


READY  to  be  ADVANCJ" 

,  _  .  _  .  .  „  by  the  TEMPERANCE  PER^-ANE" 
LAND  aud  BUILDING  SOCIETY,  on  Freehold  ard  Leasehold  I - 
perty,  for  any  [HTiod  of  years  not  exceeding  fifteen,  the  mortj' 
bciug  rcdeemabk'  bj- equal  monthly  instalments.  luteiest  (in  na- 
tion to  a  small  premium)  5  per  cent,  on  the  ba!ani.e  each  yea" 
Apply  to  HENRY'  J.  PHILLIPS,  Secretar 

011ices~34,  Moorgate-street,  Loudon,  E.C. 

Note, — More  than  half  a  million  pounds  sterling  havB  been  ■ 
vanced  upon  bouse  property  alone. 


FOR  Immediate  SALE,  a  large  quantity- 
common  roofing  slates,  to  bo  sold  very  cheap.— Ai  ■' 

at  once  to  G.  E.  Arnold  and  Co.,  24.  Austiu  Friars,  London.  E.C. 

MATHEMATICAL  INSTRUMENTS,! 
the  first  qu.ility,  at  moderate  prices,  with  "uany  import 
Inn".  ■.  ■  '      I  :  Illustrated    catalogues    sent     port    tree.      W  . 

STA  Nil    .        I       I-  iiiatical  Instrument   Maker  to  the  Goveinn:, 
3  ;u.        ■  1  tile,  llolboni,  W.  C,     Stanley's Tr&atlseonUf  i' 

uiati.  LI  1 1)  I  A  !  ^  iristrumeuts.  post  free,  Sa. 


GREEN  SLATES.— Green  slates  of  if 
size,  and  of  the  choicest  colour  and  quality,  can  noT* 
obtained  from  the  D0R0rHE.\  WE-il'  SLATi:  CoMP/* 
(LIMITED),  Carnarvon,  The  Charing  CrobS  Hotel,  Star  and  Gj  f 
Hotel  Richmond,  the  London  Bridge  Hotel,  and  many  other  Ii'"* 
buildiugs.  .ire  covered,  with  these  elegant  slates.  Orders  wi '« 
e.xecuted  in  regular  succession.  Apply  to  Mr,  Thomas  Ha;?' 
General  Manager,  9.  Segontium- terrace,  Carnar^^on;  or  33.  fi' 
street.  Cheapside,  London. 


June  7,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


3S7 


THE   BUILDING  NEWS. 


LONDON,  FRIDAT,  JCXE  1,  1867. 


THE  PARIS   EXHIBITION. 
Architecture. — Second  Notice. 

FROM  archajological  researches  we  turn  to 
the  architecture  of  the  present,  and  its 
condition  in  France  at  this  time.  Of  the 
drawings  submitted  there  are  two  classes,  the 
one  appealing  solely  to  the  imagination,  being 
studies  in  composition  by  young  men  for 
academy  purposes,  the  other  for  buildings 
either  actually  executed  or  prepared  mth  the 
intention  of  being  built.  Of  the  former,  it  is 
noticeable  that,  with  one  very  brilliant  excep- 
tion, they  all  affect  the  Renaissance  school, 
and  only  one  seizes  upon  a  Jledireval  mode  of 
expressing  his  thouglits.  Far  deeper  in 
thought  and  far  higher  in  imagination  than 
any  others  of  this  class  is  M.  Lameire's  project 
for  the  decoration  of  a  church  ;  it  is  a  study 
full  of  symbolism  and  conventionality,  yet  a 
most  successful  attempt  to  apply  these  ia  a 
manner  which,  though  reminiscent  of  the  past, 
is  not  discordant  with  the  present.  M. 
Lameire  evidently  believes  that  bad  dramng 
and  harsh  incongruous  colouring  are  not  essen- 
tial to  Mediaeval  expression,  and  his  drawings 
give  us  very  great  pleasure  to  look  upon — there 
are  nine  of  them,  and  all  gonrl  Tho  snlijp,'t 
is  the  decoratiou  of  a  church  dedicated  to  St. 
John,  and  his  motif  is  drawn  from  the  Apoca- 
lypse. His  church  itself  is  noteworthy  in 
many  ways ;  it  is  cruciform,  apsidal  in  the 
chancel,  and  having  nave  and  aisles,  with  a 
quaint  triforium  and  a  clerestory.  On  the 
large  vault  over  the  apse  rises  Christ  the  con- 
queror, whilst  before  and  around  him  the  sea 
of  glass  and  the  whole  Apocalj-ptic  imagery 
spreads  itself  out;  this,  too,  all  carefully 
and  well  considered,  with  a  severity  of  treat- 
ment equal  to  Mosaic  work,  and  abeauty  of 
drawing  equal  to  fresco,  exhibiting  M. 
Lameire's  great  power  as  a  draughtsman,  as 
well  as  his  great  knowledge  of  Christian 
iconography.  Nor  is  it  only  by  the  mystic 
light  of  past  symbolism  that  tliis  design  has 
been  produced,  Imt  the  present  finds  its  place 
in  it,  and  a  long  procession  of  historic  types 
links  our  day  with  the  future  and  the  past  ; 
for  a  long  chain  of  iIero\-ingians  and  Carlo- 
-idngrians,  of  thehouse=;  of  Capet  and  of  Valois, 
and  lastly  of  Bourbons  and  Napoleons,  leads 
up  the  French  nation  to  one  great  end.  In 
thi^  frieze,  M.  Lameire  adheres  to  actual 
costume,  and  the  cleverness  with  which  he 
has  grouped  these  seemingly  incompatible 
elements  in  his  composition  is  praiseworthy. 
Unfortunately,  he  cannot  draw  a  horse ;  all 
else  is  admirable,  but  his  horses  are  quadru- 
peds, and  have  only  that  quality  in  common 
with  the  rest  of  their  species.  The  altar  and 
its  ciborium  are  clever  and  good,  and  the  sum- 
mit of  his  porch  is  a  volume  of  thought  and 
.symbolism  in  itself.  M.  Lameire's  interior 
perspectives  are  the  best  we  have  seen  from 
any  French  architect,  and  we  commend  to 
serious  study  this  series  of  drawings,  both  for 
imaginative  quality  and  technical  expression. 

M.  Pascal  treats  iis  to  some  wonderfully 
impossible  things.  His  Hospice  in  the  moim- 
tains  looks  like  a  young  New  Jerusalem, 
excepting  that  it  has  a  preposterous  temple  in 
its  midst.  Both  this  and  his  "  Design  for  the 
Staircase  for  a  Royal  Palace"  are  ill-considered ; 
they  are  very  large  in  drawing,  but  very  small 
ia  value,  and  lack  everything  wliich  belongs 
to  true  architecture. 

M.  Picq  contributes  two  designs — the  one 
A  Hall  of  Fetes,"  which  is  grim  and  dark, 
and  much  more  like  a  hall  of  mystery.  It 
is  in  the  worst  style  of  Lepautre,  and  has  not 
either  in  design  or  drawing  anything  com- 
mendable, nor  is  his  "Monument  to  Don 
Pedro  IV.,  at  Lisbon,"  much  better. 
These  academy  studies  are  very  dishearten- 


» 


ing,  and  are  not  nearly  equal  to  our  own,  and 
it  is  a  matter  of  some  surprise  to  us  that  so 
much  good  training  should  produce  such  small 
result.  In  reproduction  it  seems  to  work 
atlmirably,  but  creative  invention  seems  to  be 
deadened,  and  some  change  in  the  curriculum 
of  study  is  evidently  needed.  We  scarcely 
know  how  to  class  M.  Boileau's  "  Design  for  a 
Cathedral  on  a  Pyramidal  Principle,"  for  we 
are  almost  in  doubt  if  M.  Boileau  considers 
it  as  a  serious  attempt  for  present  practical 
purposes,  or  throws  it  out  as  a  spark  of  genius 
to  inspire  the  future.  It  is  an  octagon  build- 
ing, or  rather  erection,  of  iron  columns  and 
girders,  each  series,  as  it  approaches  the  centre, 
becoming  higher  than  its  outside  neighbours, 
and  this  is  all.  A  cathedral  it  is  not,  and  can- 
not be,  at  any  rate  for  Catholic  usage,  as  it 
possesses  neither  altar  nor  choir,  neither  organ 
nor  chapels,  nor  ritualistic  arrangement  of  any 
kind,  and  for  Protestant  purposes  it  would  be 
equally  useless,  as  mortal  man  could  never  be 
heard  preach  in  it  ;  in  fact,  it  is  neither  a 
house  of  prayer  nor  preaching,  and  as  a  matter 
of  engineering  it  is  bad.  That  M.  Boileau  is 
serious  in  propounding  this  attempt  we  are  led 
to  believe  from  the  fact  that  we  have  seen 
elsewhere  similar  misfortunes  emanating  from 
him,  and  to  which  we  shall  hereafter  revert. 
M.  Louis  Charles  Boileau,  who  is,  we  pre- 
sume, a  son  of  the  preceding,  submits  a 
"  Design  for  a  Church  at  Rambouillet,"  in 
which  the  hereditary  taint  comes  out  rather 
strongly.  He  says  the  design  is  of  a  new 
character  of  construction  ;  it  simply  consists 
of  a  very  badly  mutilated  thirteenth  century 
exterior,  with  verj-  ordinary  engineering  in- 
side. M.  Boileau,  senior,  is,  we  presume,  too 
old  to  learn,  but  to  M.  Louis  Charles  we 
would  recommend  careful  perusal  and  con- 
sideration of  M.  Le  Due's  admirable  "Entre- 
tiens,"  and  after  that  course  of  study  we  shall 
be  glad  to  see  him  try  again.  M.  Deperthes 
sends  a  design  for  this  same  church  at  Ram- 
bouillet, which  is  far  superior  to  that  of  M. 
Boileau,  jun.,  and  has  much  to  commend  it, 
though  we  think  his  junction  of  his  tower  and 
spire  bad,  and  would  be  worse  in  actuality 
than  in  drawing,  and,  although  he  has  placed 
the  spire  ^\•ith  its  angles  to  the  centre  of  the 
square  faces  of  the  tower,  it  would  have  an  ugly 
effect  when  seen  diagonally,  whilst  his  nave 
and  chancel,  being  of  the  same  height,  pre- 
vents any  variety  of  line  in  his  east  end.  His 
"Design  for  the  Church  of  Sainte  Anne 
d'Auray,"  is  a  poor  example  of  the  worst  style  of 
French  fifteenth  century  work,  and  neither  in 
outline  nor  detail  has  any  redeeming  quality. 
Nor  is  M.  Truchy's  "Restoration  of  the  Abbey 
Church  of  St.  Jeandes  Vignes,  at  Soissons," 
much  better  ;  not  knowing  the  church,  we 
cannot  tell  how  much  blame  attaches  to  JI. 
Truchy. 

It  is  very  pleasant  to  turn  to  the  really  ex- 
cellent works  of  M.  Questel,  where  there  is 
much  to  admire  and  more  to  learn.  The 
Clinical  Asylum  for  Lunatics,  just  erected  at 
Paris,  is  a  model  of  its  kind,  and  its  plan  is 
well  considered — in  fact,  it  furnishes  a  basis 
for  all  future  arrangement  of  this  class  of 
building.  And  we  may  here  contrast  the 
almost  lavish  disposition  of  space  in  all  build- 
ings of  this  kind  in  France  with  the  con- 
tracted and  restricted  ground  plan  of  similar 
edifices  in  England.  In  this  design  of  M. 
Questel,  the  arrangement  has  been  considered 
to  be  of  primary  importance,  and  appear- 
ance a  secondary  consideration,  yet  the  latter 
has  not  been  neglected,  and  a  simple  but 
pleasing  efi'ect  is  obtained  by  the  management 
of  the  masses  of  his  construction  rather  than 
by  detail.  His  smaller  Hospice  at  Gisors  pre- 
sents a  similarly  weU-considered  plan,  and  we 
would  especially  draw  attention  to  the  interior 
of  his  chapel,  and  leave  the  result  of  the  con- 
trast it  affords  to  the  whitewashed  room  de- 
voted to  that  purpose  with  us  to  work  its  own 
effect  without  our  comment.  These  two  de- 
signs show  M.  Questel's  great  ability  in  plan- 
ning. His  skill  as  an  artist  is  shown  in  his 
verj'  excellent  Hotel  de  la  Prefecture  at 
Grenoble,  also  just  completed.    It  is  a  very 


able  Renaissance  treatment,  wth  much  dignity 
and  grace.  His  drawings  are  exquisite,  and  it 
is  pleasant  to  see  in  all  these  how  lovingly  the 
French  architect  sticks  to  his  building  to  the 
very  ^ast.  ,The  decoration  and  furniture  of 
;jll  th«  rooms  aie  considered  in  his"  design,  an,d 
no  pnifjinrities  of  the  upholsterer  auj.  dealer-in 
Edgware-road  ware  are  alloweil  to  intrude. 
We  much  prefer  this  design  to  that  of  M. 
Questel  for  the  Li1>rary  and  ^Museum  in  the 
same  town ;  there  is  a  want  of  unity  in  this 
latter  as  a  design.  Nor  do  we  consider  the 
arrangement  of  the  plan  so  good  as  the  other 
essays  of  M.  Questel.  Beautifully  executed 
are  all  the  geometric  drawings  which  illus- 
trate these  designs,  but  a  pupil  at  the  end  of 
his  articles  would  be  ashamed  to  turn  out 
such  perspectives.  Poor,  tame,  and  vapid, 
they  do  not  reve.al  the  character  of  the  build- 
ing as  much  as  they  caricature  it.  M.  Anger's 
Hotel  de  Ville  at  Elbeuf,  in  course  of  erection, 
is  a  large  and  important  building,  but  of  no 
very  marked  merit  or  demerit;  but  far  "away 
across  the  park,  amongst  Ijricks  and  water- 
closets,  is  another  Hotel  de  Ville — that  of 
Arras,  uhich  we  sincerely  hope  is  not  in 
course  of  erection.  It  is  a  wonderfully 
over-ornamented  design,  and  full  of  every 
kind  and  description  of  carving.  It  con- 
sists of  a  central  composition  in  each 
lateral  facade,  piled  up  with  figures  and 
pediments,  and  things  it  is  impossible 
to  give  a  name  to,  with  wing  buildings 
cut  into  two  by  columns,  and  having  two 
dormers  outvying  their  roof — all  this  in 
something  worse  than  the  most  wretched 
Flemish  work  of  the  sixteenth  century.  M. 
Esquie  sends  some  interesting  drawings  of  old 
churches  at  Valcabrere  and  Venerque,  both  in 
the  Haut  Garrone,  which  he  is  about  to  re- 
store, but  we  take  more  interest  in  his  Luna- 
tic Asylum  in  the  same  Department.  His 
plan  is  very  well  arranged,  and  his  chapel, 
with  its  division  for  the  sexes,  is  singu- 
lar. This  division  is  marked  externally 
by  large  arches,  from  between  which  springs 
a  bellcote  not  very  happily  conceived; 
but  there  is  very  much  that  is  good  in  M. 
Esquie's  design,  and  it  is  well  worthy  of  atten- 
tion. 51.  Huot  has  also  a  very  well  planned 
Lunatic  Asylum  at  Aix,  and  we  may  here  re- 
mark that  almost  all  the  designs  submitted 
are  accompanied  by  their  plans,  and  as  a  rule 
all  French  plans  are  worthy  of  study.  In  his 
chapel  M.  Huot  has  shown  the  influence  of 
local  tradition,  and  his  chapel  is  designed  in 
the  style  of  Provence.  We,  in  England, 
should  endeavour  to  im]3ress  this  idea  on  the 
general  building,  and  the  effect  would  be 
greatly  improved  thereby,  nor  need  the  cost 
be  increased.  His  school  of  design  for  the 
same  town  has  much  merit.  Turning  from 
the  eminently  practical  to  the  highly  decora- 
tive portion  of  the  profession,  we  would  point 
out  the  drawings  of  M.  Chau\in  and  M. 
Normand  ;  the  former  contributes  his  draw- 
ings for  the  decoration  of  the  Concert  Hall  of 
the  Conservatoire  Imperial  du  JIusique, 
executed  in  1 865  by  command  of  the  Minister 
of  the  Imperial  Household;  and  the  latter, 
his  designs  for  the  Pompeian  House  for 
Prince  Napoleon.  Both  are  in  the  Pompeian 
style,  but  M.  Chauvin  adapts,  whilst  M.  Nor- 
mand simply  adopts  it.  The  decoration  of 
the  concert  hall  is  a  very  fine  composition  in 
colour — intensely  deep  red  with  black  forms 
the  groundwork,  and  tlie  fine  treatment  of  the 
lower  part  of  the  orchestra,  admirably  adapted 
to  bring  the  performers  into  full  relief,  and 
his  re-introduction  of  black  in  his  frieze,  are 
both  bold  and  successful,  whilst  the  treatment 
of  his  "balcon"  fronts  in  the  hall  is  extremely 
good.  We  do  not  admire  the  strawberry  and 
cream  colour  he  has  used  in  his  ceiling  ;  it 
weakens  all  the  other  reds  and  is  not  in  unity 
of  style  ;  minor  harmonies  in  colour  are  rare 
in  Pompeian  work,  minor  contrasts  frequent, 
and  we  should  have  much  preferred  the  latter 
here.  M.  Norman's  Pompeian  house  is  pro- 
bably well  known  to  most  of  our  readers,  but 
to  those  who  have  not  seen  it  we  may  tell  them 
that  for  a  franc  they  can  now  do  so,  as  it  has 


388 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


June  7,  1867. 


Ijeett  ftnina  s'o  ucsuited  to  modem  habits  and 
requirements'that  it  has  ceasecl  to  be  a  resi- 
dence and  has  subsided  into  a  show.  It  is  well 
worthy  of  a  visit,  and  however  wrong  may 
have  been  the  original  conception  its  detail 
Fa  marveUously  carried  out.  M  Normands 
drawings  are  beautifuUy  executed  and  show  a 
ereat  pSwer  of  drawing  and  exquisite  hnish; 
as  arcliiBological  studies  they  demand  much 
consideration.  .         , 

M     Normand's  house  at  Liancourt  is  not 
worthy  of  him,  and  the  strange    mixture  o 
aU  sorts  of    feelings   and    styles  produces    a 
harsh    and    disagreeable   effect  ;    ^^.^^f^ 
T.ouis  XIII.    ornament  above    and   his  tlim 
ornament  below,  his  label  moulds  and  quoins, 
do  not  mix  well,  and  his  drawing  makes  us 
reoret  our  having  seen  it.     We  have  reserved 
until  last  M.  Henard's  very  interesting  series 
of    thirty   drawings;    twenty    ot    them    are 
devoted  to  the  illustration  of  domestic  archi- 
tecture, and  the  remaining  ten  lUustrate  the 
pubUc  monuments  intended  to  be  erected  m 
Paris       There  is  very  much  inM  Henards 
work  which  will  be  both  new  and  pleasing  to 
the    English     architect;     and    though    the 
stringency  of  the  building  regidations  of  Pans 
prevents  much  individuality  in  general  com- 
position, and  sacrifices  the  umt  to  the  effect  ot 
the  total,  yet  M.  H,5uardhas  managed  by  his 
e.xquisite  detail  to  impress  on  his  ^vork  a  stam 
of  originaUty.      His  house  for  Baron  bolonio 
Rothschild  at  Surennes  we  like  the  least  oi  al 
his  contributions,  but  even  here  his  detail  wms 
our   admiration-the  verandah   and   parapet 
of  cornice  are  very  good.     His  large  details  of 
an  "Hotel  in  Paris,"  built,  we  beheve,  near 
the  Pare   Monceaux,  are  very   exquisite  and 
fuU  of  grace,  and  as  specimens  of  detail  draw- 
ing we  have  rarely  seen  anythmg  to   equal 
them.      His  monument  to  commemorate  the 
defence  of  Paris  in  1814  has  not  and  i^robably 
never  wiU  be  buUt,  but  it  is  a  very  hne  and 
imposing  design,  and  the  arrangement  of  the 
sedant  figure?  at  the  base  and  the  pedestal 
which  supports  thebustofMarechal  Money  are 
particularly  good.    AVe  think  that  exjvggerated 
wreatliing  of  immortelles  French  architects  are 
so  fond  of  introducing  is  a  great  mistake ;  it  is 
exceedingly  ugly  in   form  and  presents    no 
beautyTn  detail-the  idea  might  be  expressed 
with  much  more  refinement.  Of  a  totally  oppo- 
site character  is  M.  Henard's  other  design-in- 
stead of  commemorating  fire  and  sword,  it  sets 
forth  the  myrtle  and  the  olive,  and  is  dedi- 
cated to  the  Alliance  of  aU  Nations     Perhaps 
in  that  good  time  comuig  when  the  lact  is 
realised  some  such  recor.l  of  it  may  be  erected  ; 
till  then  we  fear  it  would  be  premature,     ihe 
idea  is  based  on  that  of  the  Choragic  Monu- 
ment of  Lycicrates  at  Athens,  but  the  arrange- 
-lent  of  the  base  and  its  scidpture  redeem  it 
^«.V,„     ,.,^mTT,nllT^l.^ce    annearance   wuicn 


Bonthe    commonplace    appearance 

MusseiRo,...  able  hands,  have  resulted  irom 

^         ^g:^;;;SiSon?f  bo  weU-known  a  type.   M 

r;^  -cu  «a-^miam  Thomas  .-we    caimot    praise    too 

"    ,Af\  in  1*^®    „f  brass  founder,  .    ^ittention  of  English 

■WO^  'treat-cft^^.    „^""<''  stoaemi       Other  drawin<T3 

♦■Vie  le-W^*  lT^.^f)lOS*,  .^r„  ^^Mer.  jui.v.iJtner  araw  ui  3 

vJ^^ntd's    '^^  caU  *,,«'"-' •''■"-''   notofsuth- 

Ky,  ^''^  ^^iaUy  *°  *'t W-  nlarisation ; 

^^^V^ltectBesVec.^;^^  nol*^.*"  ?tic..o,.vK,..  ,v-ill  be 

a^:''^   are  oi  '^^"^^    aeuvan^  T*    i^^er^Y-'^^-  farm 

leTOT 


the  same  artists  are  represented  in  both  places, 
and  many  who  find  no  home  m  the  galleries 
of  the  Exhibition  place  their  works  before  us 
here,  and  give  us  a  more  extended  view  of  our 

^'^ortiie    fifty-eight  exhibitors  in  the  salon, 
twelve  of  them   are  those  of  whose  works  we 
l^e  already  spoken,  and  with  many  ot  them 
we  are  glad  to  make  fiuther  acquamtance,  as 
Tn    soine    instances    these  exhibits  are  bet- 
ter than  those  we  have  already  reviewed.^    M. 
Boileau,  sen.,  sends  two  of  his  extraordinary 
chmche;,  on^   of  them   qmte  as  bad  as  his 
cathedra  ,    but    the    other    much  better    in 
arrangement,  though  still  on  the  same  absurd 
engineering  principle,   and  his  son's  works  of 
a  decorative  character  here  exhibited  are  of 
much  better  quaUty  than  his  architectural  ones. 
¥hey    are    designs    for    decoration    of   two 
ilels-nne,  that  of  St.  Joseph,  m  a  church 
in  the  Jura,  and  the  other  for  that  ot   the 
Bles«l  Virgin,  at  Gentilly.     M  Boitte  we  are 
plea  el  to   meet  again,  and  a channmg  Uttle 
?keteh  of  the  Parthenon,  at  Athens  helps  us 
to   realise  still   further   that   accuracy  ot  his 
geometrical  drawing  ^ve  before  not  eel      M 
Tlpsnerthe's   "  Theatre   at   Reims      does    not 
See  his  reputation,  but  M.  Henard  shows 
that   aU  his  best  things  were  not  sent  to  the 
Champ  de  Mars;   bis  "Design  ior  a  Chateau 
ki  the  South  of  France  "  is  thoroughly  equal 
to  bis   other  productions,  and  his  plan  excel- 
ent.      M.    Huot's  project  lor  "A  Monument 
Commemorative    of  the   Emperors  \  isi    to 
AVeria"  is  more  remarkable  for  its  size  than 
its'Tiualitv,  and  in  outline  is  a  poor  and  exag- 
gerated travestie  on  M.  Henard's  one  to  com- 
?,iPmorate  the  defence  of  Pans.     M.  Joyau 
wCsedrawh^gs  of  HeliopoUs  we  havenotieed 
heie  exhibits  ?our  very  clever  sketches,  two  ot 
them  being  Athenian  subjects-the  Temple  of 
Minerva  PoUas,  and  the  Parthenon-and  the 
others    which  are  even  of  a  higher  quaUty, 
sketches  in  Cairo.     M.  Picq  goes  in  lor  more 
fesUve  haUs,  ^ith  almost    as    melancholy   a 
residt!    M.  SediUe,  whose  contribution  to  the 
other  exhibition  we  did  not  think  sufficiently 
important  to  notice,  here   comes    out   more 
sSom-ly;    his    several  drawings  for  a  side- 
board are  exquisitely    good    and   his  detad 
1    ,-  .,W,.      Of  aU  the  sketches  oi  Atheman 
rSs  we  ha-elnnonetoeqiual  those  ofM. 
TMeiTV  They  aretruth  itself ;  the  glonous  sky, 
Jnd  thJrich  ochre  yellow  of  the  masonry,  wi  h 
its  quaint  brown  stains,  are  rendered  wh 
more  than  photographic  accuracy.    M.  Thierry 
Seven  a  more  al.le  colourist than  lus  restora- 
tion of  the   Temple    of  Hercules   at  Tiv^b 
led  us  to  suppose  ;  and,  lastly,  -M.  \  auctremer 
treats  us  to  a  charming  httle  study  Irom  tha 
mysterious-lookmg      CapeUa      Palatma      at 
Palermo,  with  its  chatoyant  lustre  of  Mosaic 
and  Its  Saracenic  architecture    aU  of  which 
are  here  beautifidly  expressed.     Two   small 
sketches  from  Pisa  and   St.  Fi;ancis  d  Assisi 
complete  the  works  of  those  whose  acquamt- 
anTe   we  have  abeady  made,  and,  as  a  rule, 
tncreare  our  respect  for  them.     01  those  whom 
we  are  now   for  the  first  tune  making    te 
rcquaintance,    we   certainly  admire  most  the 
production  of  M.  Hoyeau,  whose  "Project  for 
I  Museum   and  a  Public  Promenade    is  f u 
of  <Teat  originality  and  quaint  detail.     It  is 
one°of  the  inost  hopeful  designs  we  have  seen 
and  should  lead  to  some  uiihience;  it  is  by 
h  studies  as  these  that  art  progresses,  and 


The  best  restoration  of  a  French  church  we 
have  yet  seen  is  that  of  Larchant  (Seme  et 
ilame)    by  M.  Baraban  ;  and  even  out-step- 
pin"  on  the  road  to  folly,  M.  Boileau's  produc- 
tions    is    the    e.'itraordinary    "Projet    dun 
Temple  Protestant,"  by   mgelin,  which  is  a 
strange  mixtui-e  of  Brahminism  and  Mahom- 
medanism  in  design,  and  we   rather  fear  M. 
Hu^elin  has  meant  to  be  satmcal.     His  design 
is  really  so  bad  that  we  can't  even  laugh  at  it. 
Much   else  is  there  we  should  like  to  notiee, 
but  the  absorption  of  the  Great  Exhibition  is 
so  <^reat  that  we  cannot  devote  longer  time  to 
thil    little    one;    though  we    advise    every 
architect  who  visits  Paris  to  go  and  seethe 
beautiful  dra^vings  of  the  Pa  lazzo  Vecchio  and 
the  Podesta,  at  Florence,  by  M.  Rohault  de 
Fleury    and  JI.  Tomaszkiewicz's    wonderful 
transcript    of  Raphael's  decoration,   and  the 
many  other  drawings  of  this  class  he  will  find. 
AU  who  are  not  architects  wiU  be  sure  to  find 
their  way  to  the  picture  gaUeries,  and  if  not 
hlase    from  all  they  have   undergone  at  the 
Exhibition,  mil  find  great  de  ight  therein. 

We  purpose  reviewing  the  architectural 
productions  of  other  nations  in  our  next,  and 
have  thus  digressed  in  order  to  place  before 
our  readers  the  largest  range  of  architectural 
art  m  France  they  have  ever  had  the  oppor- 
timlty  of  beholding,  and  the  like  of  which 
may  not  be  again  afforded  for  many  years  to 
come. 


■fivervw 


\T  weiy  fruitful. 


a^'^^J^!'^ 


^l. 


M  .^r\;"coTvi^^Ta've^  '^\"^as\^^.°;''TT;t,\^°°^o'  H^tefde  Ville,  at  Foix,  has  much 

wettVo  pleasing    composition, 

^fiooi    and    siiye    is   k   Douillard;s 
':t*^e-.of  Albert  le  Orand,  at  Arcued  ;    it 

*e_  ^^'  ^  am?^?      '^        3^^X3X  ^^^^-  ^,c\>i-\  '°nn  A  A  a  hirgely  responded  to  competi- 

,    1?.v^^^^  ""        Aa  sdaoo^  oi  a^    ^Uion,         F       ^-    \^^^  ^^y  extraordinary 

^^^°  '  f-nat^ie  'F^t\e^'^^'°A^*iA^Se^4«  «^y  ''^^ '^''^  we  find  in  he 

•Urfoxe  c,^^^}A  ^^^'^Ves^^^^^'^f  MteAtn^rs  a^ather  clever  arrangeinent  of  the 

X-lT^'4t:^h^^^^^^''''  Vcons  in   M.   Lenon-'s    design. 


pviboi 


PROGRESS  IN  THE    MECHANICS   OF 
BUILDING. 

BUILDING  is  one   of   those  arts    which 
ever  has  been,  and  which  so   long  as 
bricks  and  mortar  are  used  will   continue  to 
be  performed  in  the  main  by  manual  labour. 
Mechanical  appliances  there  certainly  are  tor 
aiding  man's  hand  and  arm  both  111   shaping 
and  raising  buUding  materials,  and  in  help- 
in<^  him  to  place  them  in  position.     But  man 
hike  builder,  and  he  has  not  yet  invented  a 
machine  to  take  his  place  absolutely  m  the 
•irt   of    construction.       But  we    must    tread 
wardy   and    write    charily,  for  who   knows 
what  a  day  may  bring  forth      This  is  an  m- 
ventive  age,  and  who  knows  how  soon  wc  may 
have  small  houses  moulded  and  turned  ou 
by  the  thousand,  as  bricks  are  ?     And  if  small 
ones,  why  not  large  ones  ]  It  is  but  increasing 
the  size  or  multiplying    the  power  ot     he 
machine.     Indeed,  we  have  the  germ  of  the 
idea,    if  not  the  idea  itself,  m    Mr.  TaUs 
system   of    building    houses,   >vhich  we    de- 
scribed in  the  Building  News  for  the  1    h 
May  last.     But,  pending  the  advent  ot  the 
new  patent   house-mouldmg  machme,  let  us 
glance  around  us  at  the  recent  P^ogfess  m 
those    labour-saving    machmes    which     are 
adapted  to  the  requirements   of  various  de- 
parLnents  of  the  building  art.     And  this  we 
are  enabled  to  do  from  an  instructive  visit  to 
the  conversazione   of  the  Institution  of  Cml 
Engineers,  which  was  late  7  held  imdei  the 
auspices  o'f  Mr.  John  Po^le^  ^-E-.  the  Pre- 
sident   of    the   Institute.       Here   we    found 
several  matters  well  worthy  the  attention  of 
our  readers,  both  in  a  bmldiii^  and  a  cmi 
engineering  pomt  of  view.      The  most  un- 
po?t^nt  of^hese  was  the   stone-euttmg  and 
ressin-  machinery   of  Messrs.   Hunter  f.nd 
FotherliU    Cooke.^    This    machine  depends 
for  its^effieacy  upon  the  P^cul^ar  torms  of  the 
cuttin"    tools,   which  are    simply    nw^able 
eth^   They'  are  attached    to    holders    or 
sockets,  which  are  fixed  in  the  edges  of  «>« 
blade  instead  of  the  blade  forming  the  cut 
tin.  ed-e     For  surfacing,  the  cuttmg  tools 
are  fixed  on  the  circumference  of  cylmde^ 
The  movable  tools  are  steel  bolts  the  head 
of  which  are   made  of   trumpet    iorm  jni 

hardened.  They  are  simp  y  «liPP'%'l.'^*"nh 
socket  in  a  cutting  disc,  and  wedged  muui 
a  piece  of  paper  or  shaving.  There  are  other 
forms  of  tools,  flat,  concave,  &c.,  all  adaptea 
to  the  same  holders,  and  which  are  u=ed  tor 
giving  ornamental  and  apparently  hand-tooleU 
lurfaces  to  ashlars,  quoms  sdLs,  and  the  like 
The  machine  in  which  the  work  is  aon. 


I 


June  7,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


389- 


br  these  tools  consists  of  a  table  moving  on 
V  grooves,  and  upon  which  the  block  of 
stone  to  be  operated  on  is  clamped,  or,  in  the 
case  of  large  blocks,  chained.  A  self-acting 
screw,  worked  from  the  main  shaft,  causes 
the  table  to  advance  with  the  stone  block 
upon  the  cutting  blades.  The  speed  varies 
from  Sin.  to  Oin.  per  minute,  according  to  tlie 
nature  of  the  stone  and  the  work  to  be  done. 
The  cutting  blades  are  fixed  by  means  of 
collars  to  a  shaft  over  the  table,  the  shaft 
being  connected  to  machinery  which  causes  it 
to  revolve.  In  the  collars  of  the  cutters  are 
screws,  by  wldch  the  cutters  are  adjusted  to 
their  work  according  to  the  width  of  the 
stone.  For  sawing,  the  trumpet-shaped  cut- 
ters are  used,  being  placed  on  the  edge  of  a 
metal  disc,  as  previously  described  ;  the  disc 
being  mounted  on  the  revolving  shaft  over 
the  tiible.  By  this  machine  window-sills, 
door-posts,  coping-stones,  and  a  variety  of 
other  building  details  are  made  out  of  rough 
blocks  of  slate,  which  were  formerly  thrown 
away  as  useless  for  want  of  means  to  work 
them  up.  By  slightly  altering  the  construc- 
tion of  the  machine  it  is  adapted  for  cutting 
stone  out  of  the  rock  in  the  quarry.  The 
cutting  tools,  instead  of  being  placed  in  a 
sinde  row  around  the  rim  of  a  thin  disc  or 
blade,  are  fixed  in  rows  across  the  margin  of 
:i  br,i;ul  disc,  so  .as  to  cleiir  away  a  wide  space. 
It  can  be  applied  to  cut  both  vertically  and 
horizontally,  the  machinery  being  perfectly 
portable,  and  attached  to  a  carriage  running 
upon  rails.  The  sawing  and  cutting  machines 
are  exceedingly  effective,  and  are  gradually 
jiniug  into  general  use.  A  large  circular 
iw,  with  blades  13ft.  in  diameter,  is  now 
ijeing  erected  near  Newcastle  for  the  Tyne 
Xa\ngation  Commissioners.  From  the  suc- 
cessful and  economic  working  of  the  machine 
we  inspected,  we  may  hope  to  see  our  build- 
ings improved  by  the  use  of  stone  instead  of 
bricks  and  cement. 

Mr.  Mossent's  concrete  mixer  is  another  im- 
portant step  ia  the  right  direction,  as  it  not 
only  facilitates  the  process  of  building,  but 
thoroughly  mixes  the  ingredients  of  which 
the  concrete  is  formed.  The  peculiar  value 
of  the  apparatus  lies  in  the  form  of  the  mix- 
ing vessel,  which  is  such  that  when  half-filled 
four  turns  or  changes  are  imparted  to  the  en- 
closed material  for  every  revolution  of  the 
vesseL  The  machine  consists  mainly  of  the 
mixer  and  a  supply  waggon,  which  when  in 
operation  are  supported  on  two  balks  of 
timber  over  the  .space  to  be  filled  in  with 
concrete.  Two  men  on  the  waggon  fill  a 
hopper  with  the  materials  in  the  same  time 
that  four  men  are  mixing  a  charge.  This 
'lipper  is  a  measure  of  the  dry  material,  and 
1  Ijoining  it  is  a  water  tank,  which  is  filled 
.um  a  flexible  liose.  After  a  charge  has 
liteu  shot  from  the  mixer,  it  is  turned  ^vith 
the  opening  upwards,  and  the  contents  of  the 
hopper  and  of  the  water  tank  are  transferred 
to  it.  Cement,  previously  measured  into 
bags,  is  also  added,  and  the  door  is  tightly 
closed  by  a  wedge  fastening.  The  mixing  of 
the  charge  is  then  effectively  accomplislied  in 
seven  revolutions  of  the  mixing  vessel,  when 
it  is  stopped  with  the  opening  downwards, 
and  the  contents  are  discharged  almost  instan- 
taneously. The  mixer  is  then  turned  door 
upwards,  and  the  filling  and  mixing  proceed 
89  before.  With  the  two  men  to  fill,  and  four 
to  mix,  and  a  boy  to  attend  to  the  water, 
half  a  cubic  yard  of  concrete  is  turned  out 
every  six  minutes.  We  should  add  that  the 
practical  value  of  this  machine  has  been  fully 
proved  at  the  Tyne  Pier  Works,  for  filling  in 
the  concrete  he;irting  between  the  masonry 
walls  and  other  ])arts. 

in  sinking  the  foundations  for  the  piers  of 
the  Clyde  Railway  bridge  now  in  course  of 
construction  at  Glasgow,  a  very  ingenious 
contriv.ance  has  been  introduced  for  removing 
the  soil  from  within  the  cylinders.  It  is  a 
■Jredger,  or  rather  a  digger^  which  has  been 
invented  by  l\Ir.  Mih-ov,  and  is  highly  spoken 
of  hy  Mr.  Blair,  the  engineer  of  the  works, 
it  consists  of    an  outer  octagonal  frame  of 


t 


cast  iron,  to  which  are  hinged  the  spades  or 
diggers,  which  taper  towards  the  digging 
edge.  They  have  raised  sides,  and  are  so 
shaped  that  when  they  are  drawn  together  to 
the  centre  of  the  frame — which  is  connected 
to  the  outer  frame  by  railial  arms — the  whole 
forms  an  octagonal  tray.  The  apparatus  is 
lowered  from  a  stiiging  down  to  the  bottom 
of  the  cylinder,  the  spades  hanging  vertically 
from  the  frame.  By  one  set  of  chains  the 
spades  are  f^irced  into  the  soil,  and  by  another 
set  of  chains,  attached  to  the  cutting  ends  of 
the  spade.s,  they  are  drawn  to  the  centre 
of  the  frame.  They  bring  the  soil  with 
them,  and  the  apparatus  is  then  raised 
bodily  to  the  staging,  and  nm  over  a  trolly 
or  mud  waggon.  The  spade  chains  are  then 
released,  the  soil  falls  into  the  mud  waggon, 
and  the  dredger  is  lowered  for  another  charge. 
All  the  operations  are  conducted  from  the 
staging  above,  and  the  chains,  whether  for 
lowering,  for  gripping  the  earth,  or  for  raising, 
are  easily  worked.  As  skilled  workmen  are 
not  required  to  attend  this  dredger,  the 
expenses  attending  its  working  are  compara- 
tively trifiing.  It  may  be  used  with  equal 
case  in  deep  as  in  shallow  operations,  and 
without  any  sensible  increase  in  the  cost  of 
working.  On  the  Clyde  Bridge  works,  cy- 
linders 8ft.  4ui.  in  diameter  were  simk  by 
Mr.  Milroy's  apparatus  at  the  rate  of  4ft.  per 
hour,  until  the  solid  foundation  was  reached, 
at  a  depth  of  80ft.  below  low  water  level. 
The  cylinders  are  simply  weighted  and  guided 
by  piles,  and  no  tlivergence  of  the  cylin- 
der from  the  vertical  has  ever  taken  place 
during  excavation.  The  rate  of  sinking 
cylinders  and  of  excavating,  as  seen  from  the 
above  statement,  is  therefore  higher  than  has 
yet  been  attained  by  any  other  method.  In 
fact,  Mr.  Blair  has  informed  us  that  he  found 
it  eftected  a  great  economy  both  in  time  and 
labour.  Floating  dry  docks  of  iron  are 
coming  into  use,  especially  for  foreign  sta- 
tions. 

Jlessrs.  Brotherhood  sent  to  the  conversa- 
zione a  model  of  an  ingenious  machine  for 
making  bricks  out  of  dry  earth,  and  another 
of  a  capstan  for  turning  down  screw  pUes 
and  cylinders  in  hard  ground.  A  new  me- 
thod of  ascending  steep  gradients  was  shown 
by  Messrs.  Fowler,  of  Leeds,  who  were  re- 
presented by  a  model  of  a  locomotive  work- 
ing on  a  railway  on  the  rope  system.  Fow- 
led well-known  clip  drum  is  placed  verti- 
cally in  the  centre  of  the  locomotive,  the 
boiler  of  which  is  double-barrelled  or  divided 
longitudinally.  The  rope,  which  is  of  steel 
wire,  is  fixed  at  each  end  of  the  railway, 
and  is  gripped  by  the  clip  drum  around 
which  it  is  coded.  By  this  simple  means 
Messrs.  Fowler  reasonably  hope  to  super- 
sede the  present  complicated  and  expensive 
system  of  climbing  locomotives  as  at  present 
adopted  on  the  Mont  Cenis  and  other  rail- 
ways having  steeper  gradients  than  an  ordi- 
nary locomotive  can  overcome.  In  conclu- 
sion, we  would  notice  some  elegant  and  cor- 
rect models  of  churches,  &o.,  which  were  ex- 
hibited by  Mr.  Thwaite,  of  Craven-street. 
Although  these  do  not  come  exactly  imder 
the  head  of  the  mechanics  of  building,  yet 
they  are  so  closely  related  to  the  buildiiig  art 
in  its  higher  branches  that  they  are  not  out  of 
place  here.  We  noticed  especially  models 
of  the  church  of  St.  James  the  Less,  in 
Garden-street,  Westminster,  and  of  Bowden 
parish  church,  near  Manchester.  These 
models  are  well  worthy  of  examination,  as 
they  are  most  carefully  and  delicately  exe- 
cuted, every  detail  being  brought  out  with 
sharpness  and  precision.  The  materials  of  the 
buildings  are  represented  in  their  various 
colours,  which  enables  the  beholder  to  fully 
realise  the  building  itself.  We  also  noticed 
numerous  models  of  windows,  ancient 
and  modem,  the  tracery  of  which  was 
rendered  with  fidelity  and  eft'ect.  The  whole 
of  Mr.  Thwaite's  models  are  produced 
from  cardboard  with  a  knife,  and  are  at 
once  examples  of  architectural  and  model- 
ling art. 


ELEMENTS    OF   ENGINEKRINQ. 
Docks. — Conchtding  Article, . 

THE  whole  of  the  different  methods,  and 
the  secondary  varieties  included  rmder 
them,  of  closing  the  entrances  to  docks 
whether  dry  or  wet,  may  be  classed  under 
the  two  chief  heads  of  gates  permanently  at- 
tached to  the  side  walls  of  the  entrance  and 
those  which  are  lloated  in  and  out  as  required, 
alternately  opening  or  closing  up  the  passage 
into  the  dock.  Of  the  many  kinds  of  gates 
lielonging  to  the  first  head,  those  on  the  swing 
jirinciijle  are,  taking  all  points  into  considera- 
tion, the  most  convenient,  the  most  easily 
worked,  .and  the  readiest  kept  in  repair.  The 
general  arrangement  of  this  description  of 
gate  is  shown  in  elevation  in  fig.  1.     They 


r  I  Q  .1. 


meet  at  an  angle  in  the  centre,  and  when 
open  lie  perfectly  flat  against  the  outer  sides 
ot  the  side  walls,  a  recess  in  the  masonry 
being  piu'posely  left  for  them  to  fit  into.  It 
is  hardly  necessary  to  remark  that  until  re- 
cently aU  dock  gates  were  made  of  timber, 
and  a  great  many  of  them  are  constructed  of 
that  material  at  present.  The  posts  and  up- 
rights of  the  framing  must  be  of  the  best 
timber  that  can  be  prociired  ;  and  in  this  par- 
ticular example  of  construction  no  expense 
must  be  spared  to  ensure  the  soundest  material, 
as  .any  of  inferior  character  will  rot  to  pieces 
in  an  incredibly  short  period.  All  the  work- 
manship, especially  of  the  iron  forgings  for 
straps,  bolts,  gudgeons,  and  other  works  re- 
quired to  put  the  gates  together,  must  be 
finished  with  great  accuracy  and  care,  and  the 
adjustment  of  surface  of  the  sole  piece  and 
the  bottom  of  the  gates  must  be  sufiiciently 
nice  to  prevent  the  occurrence  of  any  leakage. 
Too  much  attention  cannot  be  bestowed  upon 
the  hanging  and  the  manner  of  fixing  the 
gudgeons  upon  which  the  gates  swing.  They 
shoidd  be  let  into  the  solid  masonry  and 
securely  fixed  to  a  depth  sufiicient  to  obviate 
any  chance  of  the  gates  canting  forwards,  the 
effect  of  which  wovild  be  that,  although  they 
would  fit  tight  enough  at  the  top,  there  would 
be  a  leakage  at  the  bottom.  As  rollers  are 
always  provided  for  the  gates  to  turn  on,  if 
they  be  properly  b,alanced,  they  are  easily 
opened  and  shut  by  the  aid  of  a  small  ^vinch 
or  capstan  fixed  upon  each  side  wall.  Besides 
fulfilling  the  main  duty  of  closing  the  dock, 
the  gates  also  serve  the  subsidiary  purpose  of 
forming  a  means  of  communication  between 
the  opposite  sides  of  the  harbour.  A  foot 
bridge  is  always  constructed  upon  them  (see 
fig.  1),  which  opens  in  the  centre,  to  allow  of 
each  half  accorapan}"ing  the  corresponding 
half  of  the  gate  when  it  is  opened  and  shut. 
Iron  swing  gates  have  in  measure  begun 
to  supersede  their  wooden  predecessors, 
but  except  for  durability  their  superiority  is 
not  yet  fully  established.  They  are  con- 
siderably more  expensive,  and  do  not  appear 
to  have  afforded  that  entire  freedom  from 
leakage  which  was  expected  of  them.  In  all 
gates  sluices  must  be  made  to  allow  of  scour- 
ing out  the  docks,  as  the  mud  accumulates  on 
the  average  about  one  inch  in  a  year. 

The  second  classification  of  dock  gates  in- 
cludes all  those  capable  of  being  floated  in 
and  out  of  their  place  at  the  entrance,  and 
are  usually  termed  floating  dams  or  caissons. 
A  plan  of  one  is  shown  in  fig.  2,  and  their 
shape  is  very  analogous  to  that  of  a  canoe — 
sharp  at  both  ends.    The  operation  of  closing 


.390 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


June  7,  1867. 


tlie  entrance  with  tliem  is  very  simple,  and 
certainly  less  troublesome  and  laborious  than 
that  attending  the    manipulation    of    swing 
gates.     They  are  floated  at  liigh  tide  into  the 
recess   shovvu  in  fig.   2,   and    by   letting    in 
water  inside  them,  they  sink  in  the  grooves 
cut  for  their  extremities,  and  in  which  they 
fit   quite  watertight.     Similarly  to   open  the 
passage,  the  water  is  either  pumped  out  alto- 
gether or   run   out   at   low  tide   to  a   certain 
depth,  and  the  caisson  rises  and  is  disengaged 
from   the    grooves   and    easily   towed   away. 
The  lower  part  of  the   caisson  is  made  some- 
what narrower  than  the  upper  part,  in  order 
to  facilitate  the  removal  out  of  the  grooves  of 
the  masonry  into  which  they  fit.     They  also 
carry  bridges   on   their   tops   similar  to   the 
swing  gates.     These  caissons  are  undoubtedly 
cheaper  in  construction  than  the  gates  already 
described,    take  up   much    less   space,   and, 
moreover,   by  building  the  masonry   of  the 
entrances    of   different    docks    to    the   same 
gauge,   one  caisson   would    be   available  for 
closing  any  of  them,  so  that  if  it  were  not  re- 
quired  for   one   dock     it   would  answer  for 
another.     Some  iron  caissons  on  a  very  large 
scale  have  been  constructed  for  the  docks  at 
Chatham,  where  they  have  given  perfect  satis- 
faction.     The    first    application    of    floating 
caissons  in  England  was  made  at  the  entrance 
to  the   new  basin  at   Portsmouth   Dockyard, 
and  since  that  time  the  Government  authori- 
ties have  viewed  them  with  a  good  deal  of 
favour.     Their  great  utility  may,  however,  be 
regarded  to  consist  in  their  application  in  an 
extensive  system ;  ior  small  docks,  and  where 
the  water  space  is  limited  and  the  approaches 
are  of  contracted  aud  narrow  proportions,  they 
might  be  found  inconvenient,  and  the  use  of 
the  swing   gates  would   be  preferable.     Cais- 
sons  are,   in   fact,   nothing  more  than  small 
vessels  very  deep  in  proportion  to  their  length 
and  breadth  ;  they  have  a  strong   iron   keel, 
which  fits  into  a  groove  at  the  bottom  of  the 
recess,  and  the  framing  and  ribs  of  the  iron  are 
precisely  similar  to  those    of  an    ordinary 
vessel.       The  keel  of   those   made  for  the 
Chatham   Dockyard  is  of  solid  wrought  iron, 
Hin.  in  thickness,  and  the   framing   is  com- 
posed of  heavy  tee,  angle,  and  channel  irons, 
strengtliened    by   numerous     stiffenera,  both 
longitudinally  and  transversely.     Their   cost 
varies  from  i'.3,000  to  ^4,000. 

The  particulars  of  construction  we  have 
entered  into  in  the  present  and  preceding 
articles  apply  to  dry  as  well  as  to  wet  docks, 
and  we  shall  now"  notice  the  distinguishing 
feature  of  the  former  description.  Briefly 
a  dry  or  graving  dock  is  for  the  purpose  of 
repairing  and  constructing  vessels  in,  and  the 
object  is  naturally  to  keep  the  water  out. 
Fig.  3  represents  a  section,  from  which  it  is 


leakage  on  the  former,  provided  it  does  not 
imperil  the  security  of  the  work,  is  of  no  con- 
sequence.    The  case  is  very  different  in  the 
latter,  for,  as  the  ship  is  laid  up  high  and  dry, 
and  the  carpenters  have  to  be  about  her  con- 
tinually until   she  is  fit  to  go  to  sea,  the  effects 
of  any  leakage  and  any  accimiulation  of  water 
in  tlie  interior  of  the  dock  would  be  attended 
with  a  great  deal  of  loss,  trouble,  and  incon- 
venience.     If  the  inside   of    the   dock   were 
wet  it  would  be  impossible  to  keep  the  vessel 
in  it  dry  ;  and,  moreover,  the  men  employed 
upon  her  would  suffer  severely  by  having  to 
work  continually  in  the  wet,  and  in  aU   pro- 
bability would  be   unable   to  stand  it.     To 
ensure  the  absence  of  all  damp,  not  only  are 
the  walls  well  protected  by  three  or  four  feet 
thickness   of   ]niddle    at    the  back,   but  the 
whole  of  the   interior  of  the  dock   is   lined 
with  solid  masonry,  every  stone  of  which  is 
accurately  squared    and   finished,   so   that   a 
perfectly  close-fitting  joint  may  be  obtained. 
A  graving  dock  when  completed,  just  betore 
it  is  opened  for  use,  presents  a  very  handsome 
appearance,  and  reminds  one  forcibly  of  some 
of  the  massive  constructions  of  solid  masonry 
common  in   the  olden  times,  but  rarely  seen 
now.     If  there  is  one  part  of  a  dry  dock  that 
requires  more  attention  than  another  it  is  the 
foundations.     They  must  be  got  in  with  the 
greatest  care,  whether  piles,  concrete,  or  any 
other  system  of  founding  them  is  employed, 
and  the  building  of  the  requisite  drains  and 
culverts   to  carry   off   any    water    that  may 
accumulate   is     an   important    part   of     the 
undertaking.     Granite  is  the  stone  lyar  excd- 
lenca    to   employ  in  the  building   of   docks 
when  it   can   be  procured   at  a  reasonable^es- 
pense.     The  granite  dry  dock   at   New  York 
is  famous  for  its  siiie  and  the  perfection  of  its 
construction.     Among   others   of  importance 
are  those  of  Toulon,  Havre,  and  Brest.     The 
docks  at  Liverpool  are  built  of  blue  freestone, 
but  the   quoins,  coping,  and   other   parts   ex- 
posed to   wear   and  tear   are  of  hard  Scotch 
grey  granite.     Dry   docks   have   been   made 
double,  that  is,  to  contain  two  sliips  at  a  time, 
but  they  are  generally  made  to  hold  only  one; 
manifestly  the  latter  plan  is  the  more  conve- 
nient, for  unless  the  two  ships  could  come  in 
during  the   same   tide,    whatever   operations 
had   been   commenced  upon  the  one  berthed 
would  have   to   be   suspended   to   allow  the 
second  to  be  floated  in,   which  would  be  a 
source  of  much  annoyance  and  loss  of  time 
and  labour.     Floating  dry  docks  of  iron  are 
coming  into  use  especially  for  foreign  stations. 
We  shall  close  this  series  of  our  "  Elements 
of  Engineering "  with   a  short  description  of 
the  method  sometimes  adopted  for   obviating 
the  great  expense  attendant  upon  the  build- 
ing of  a  graving  or   dry  dock,  and  which  in 
very  bad  gromid  would  reach  to  an  enormous 
proportion.     We   allude   to  what  are   termed 
slip   docks,  or  simply   slips  ;   and  numerous 
patents  have  been  taken  out  at  different  times 
for  improvements  in  their  plan   of  construc- 
tion.    A  slip  in  its  rudest  and  most  elemen- 
tary form   is  nothing   more   than  a  piece  of 
sloping  beach,  upon  which  small  vessels  can 
be  hauled  up  either  for  the  purposes  of  repair 
or  to  shelter  them  from  the  violence  of  tem- 
pestuous seasons.     Ships  averaging  from  50 
to  200  tons  have  been   frecjuently  hauled  up 
in  this  manner,  and  the  practice  is  general  in 
all   our    small  fishing  ports.     The  cost  of  a 
slip  in  comparison  with  a  dry  dock  is  trifling, 
and  it  has  tlie  fui-ther  advantage  of  occupying 
less  space,  and  can  be  built  almost  anywhere, 
whether  the  shore   is   steep  or  flat,  which  is 
not  the   case  with  graving  docks.     Moreover, 
ships  can  be  hauled  up  during  any  state  of 
the  tide,  whereas  it  is  only  at  certain  tides 
that   a  ship  can  be   docked   and   undocked. 
The  slips  at  Cronstadt  are  the  most  remark- 
able for  their  size  and  the  excellence  of  all  the 
arrangements. 


FAILURES    IN  CONSTRUCTION.* 

WOOD  BEAMS. 

THE  breaking  down  of  beams  in  wood  floors  has 
sometimes  occurred,  and  we  had  an  instance 
of  this  in  1865,  when  a  scliool  floor  at  Westmin- 
ster fell  during  a  fete,  killing  two  persons  and  in. 
juring  ninety  more.  The  bearing  of  the  beam 
that  broke  was  stated  to  be  20ft.,  and  its  scantling 
13in.  square,  aud  the  distance  from  the  next  beam 
8ft.     It  was  of  Baltic  fir. 

From  these  data  we  gather  that  the  area  of 
floor  appertaining  to  the  beam  was  nearly  182ft. ; 
thus,  at  1601b.  per  foot  (a  full  allowance)  and 
adding  the  weight  of  the  timber,  the  whole  weight 
to  be  borne  was  31,32.';lb.,  and  taking  this,  with 
the  given  length  aud  depth  of  the  beam,  let  as 
see  what  the  breadth  should  have  been  for  carry- 
ing this  weight  without  destroying  the  resilience, 
using  the  recognised  formula  : — 


LX  W 

slo  X  ^' 


20  X  31,325      „,. 
^     510X13^    •''^"°- 


evident  that  it  partakes  somewhat  of  the 
shape  of  the  vessel  it  is  destined  to  receive. 
Wet  docks  do  not  require  to  have  the  same 
degree  of  attention  bestowed  upon  their 
watertight  walls  as  graving  docks,  for  a  little 


"  The  work  of  a  thousand   men  for  four  years, 
is  the  inscription  upon  the  great  railway  bridge 
across  the  Susquehanna  River  at  Havre  de  Grace, 
Maryland,  U.S. 


Therefore  supposing  the  beam  to  be  diesquare  and 
not  cut  uito,  the  breadth  of  l\ia.  would  have  been 
suitable  for  the  load  ;  but  it  was  13in.  broad,  and 
the  mortising  for  the  joists  certainly  would  not 
have  weakened  it  to  the  extent  of  the  difference; 
in  fact,  the  beam  was  larger  than  required  by  the 
rule  for  stifi'ness,  yet  the  beam  broke,  and  the 
evidence  of  those  "who  were  eaUed  in  to  inspect 
seems  to  have  been  that  the  tunber  was  some- 
what poor  and  knotty,  and  had  been  heated  and 
dried  by  gas  jets  underneath  it,  whereby  its  tena- 
city had  become  lessened.  Now  we  observe  no 
circumstance  that  may  not  occur  any  day  in 
any  buildmg  :  and  it  is  reaUy  a  sort  of  accident 
not  easily  guarded  agaiuat.  If  the  timber  had 
been  found  to  be  rotten  inside  it  would  have  been 
a  good  illustration  of  the  advisability  of  cutting 
whole  timber  in  half,  turning  it  inside  out,  and 
bolting  it  together,  by  which  means  you  see 
better  what  you  are  about,  though  you  get  a  more 
expensive  beam,  and  one  that  is  not  stronger. 
Confidedce  in  formula  becomes  a  Uttle  shaken  by 
these  occurrences,  not  in  their  theoretical  accu- 
racy, but  in  their  practical  applicability. 

FLITCH  GIRDERS. 
FUtch  girders  wiU  bear  a  remark  or  two.  Cast-'  ' 
iron  flitches  have,  I  suppose,  been  nearly  discon- 
tinued  ;  yet  I  know  of  a  warehouse  in  the  City  m 
which  they  have  been  recently  used,  and  where 
one  of  the  number  failed,  although  it  had  not  so 
great  a  weight  upon  it  as  the  others  that  remained 
sound.  But  whether  the  flitches  be  cast  or 
wrought,  the  proper  theory  to  be  observed  in 
constructing  these  beams  is  to  treat  the  wood  as  the 
bearing  material,  and  the  iron  as  an  assistant  only 
to  the  wood:  they  cannot  both  be  masters. 
Then,  admitting  this,  what  must  be  done  ?  If  you 
make  the  iron  and  the  wood  of  equal  depth,  all  three 
pieces  of  material  bear  upon  the  wall,  which  13  j 
contrary  to  the  .above  principle,  and,  moreover.  It  I 
has  this  bad  effect,  namely,  that  after  the  girder 
has  been  some  time  in  the  building  the  wood  is 
likely  to  shrink,  and  to  become  of  less  depth  than 
the  iron,  with  the  sure  result  that  all  the  bearing 
must  be  thrown  upon  the  edge  of  the  iron  flitch, 
however  shght  the  shrinkage  of  the  wood,  and 
however  tightly  the'iron  may  be  bound  to  the  wood, 
and  the  iron  is  likely  thus  to  become  distressed 
and  perhaps  to  break,  and  perhaps  to  crack  the 
template  on  which  it  bears.  It  seems,  then,  that 
the  flitch  should  always  be  of  less  depth  tban  the 
wood  by  (say)  an  inch,  and  if  the  sides  of  the  flitch 
could  be  roughed  so  as  to  have  a  surface  like  the 
teeth  of  a  very  coarse  file,  the  adhesion  to  the 
timber  would  be  improved.  I,  however,  consider 
that  even  the  simplest  complex  beams,  such  as 
these,  have  their  disadvantages;  the  bolts  seldom 
keep  thoroughly  up  to  their  work,  and  the  flitch 
may  be  always  on  the  move,  according  to  the  teto- 
perature,  and  therefore  may  not  comfortably  dwell 
within  its  wooden  bands,  and  I  have  no  doubt  that 
if  old  flitch  girders  were  examined  many  would  be 
found  to  be  very  like  three  independent  girders,, 
side  by  side,  rather  than  like  one  solidly  bouaa 
and  uniformly  acting  mass. 

SUSPENSION  GIRDERS. 
Girders  trussed  on  the  suspension  principle  are 
sometimes  used.  One  at  a  flour  mill,  at  Shadwell, 
failed  from  the  suspension  rod  having  squaie- 
wormed  screws,  the  thread  having  been  stripped 
oS'  by  the  weight,  which  most  likely  would  not 
have  happened  if  the  thread  had  been  of  the  pyra- 

»  Concluded  from  page  3S1. 


i 


June  7,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


391 


midal  form,  which  ia  very  far  stronger  for  resisting 
tensile  force. 

HARD  WOOD. 
The  combination  of  hard  wood,  such  as  oak,  with 
soft  wood,  such  as  fir,  is  often  needful  for  making 
good  work,  there  being  cases  in  which  the  ends  of 
timbers,  acting  against  the  sides  of  other  timbers, 
are  apt  unduly  to  compress  and  indent  the  jxirallel 
fibres,  whereby  a  trtiss  may  become  crippled.  It  is 
common  to  interpose  a  piece  of  metal,  but  this  is 
not  always  what  is  wanted ;  for  instance,  the 
trussed  girder  in  the  diagram  was  executed  wholly 
in  fir,  and  it  settled  more  than  was  agreeable,  and 
it  ought  to  have  had  the  head  of  the  wall  bracket 
of  oak,  there  being  very  considerable  pressure  upon 
the  point  of  the  diagonal,  where  the  ends  of  the 
fibres  might  indent  themselves  into  so  soft  a  wood 
as  fir.  The  heads  and  sills  to  wood  posts  in  ware- 
houses should  be  of  oak,  as  they  sometimes  become 
too  much  compressed  when  of  fir. 

BREASTSIJMMERS. 

Perhaps  it  is  needless  to  allude  to  the  insuffi- 
cient manner  in  which  breastsummers  are  fre- 
quently carried  to  support  the  fronts  of  many 
houses,  because  the  fact  is  evident  to  everyone 
here.  Yet  builders  of  the  common  sort  are  so 
reckless  in  this  respect  that  it  is  painful  to  observe 
their  confidence,  and  we  ought  to  check  the  folly 
if  ,we  can  ;  they  seem  to  think  that  their  brick 
fronts  are  airy  things,  and  that  if  the  breastsum- 
mer  touches  a  few  inches  on  the  wall  at  each  end, 
all  must  be  right.  A  comer  house,  open  on  both 
sides  for  a  shop,  is  a  most  perilous  looking  thing, 
-IS  commonly  constructed,  and  I  imagine  that, 
•a  many  of  these  buildings  become  a  little  aged, 
y  will  give  ready  evidence  of  their  deficiency 
ill  ligature  and  muscle.  The  principle  in  this  paper 
being  to  illustrate  by  facts,  I  must  quote  one 
instance  out  of  very  many.  In  1S63  two  houses 
fell  at  Penge  and  killed  two  men,  the  fall  being 
occasioned  by  the  weakness  and  bad  fixing  of  the 
breastsummers,  combined  with  wet  foundations 
and  rapid  building. 

CnniXET    STACKS. 
Chimney  stacks  for  factories  require  some  care. 
It  is  important  that  they  should   stand  indepen- 
dently of  the   surrounding    buildings,    both  on 
jccount  of  their  greater  weight,  and  on  accoimt  of 
there  being  always  some  degree  of   rock  in  them 
from  the  force   of  the   wind,  whereby  it  might 
happen  (aa  indeed  has  happened)  that  a  process  of 
jerking  against  other  brickwork  may  eventually 
jring'the  stack  down.   It  is  also  desirable  that  they 
ihould    be    built    during    the    summer    season. 
Several  stacks     have    fallen     soon    after    being 
irected.      This  was  so  with  one  at  the  Counterslip 
iugar  Works    at  Bristol  in   1S49,   at  Joynson's 
Paper  AYorks,  at  St.  Mary  Cray,  several  years  ago, 
ind  at  many  other  places,  and  generally  from  care- 
esa  design  or  bad  workmanship,  both  of  which  are 
luite  inadmissible  in  such  tall  structures.      Good 
luthorities  have   stated  that   their  height  should 
lever  be   more  than   ten   or   twelve    times    the 
vid;h   of  base   above  ground,    and  the  top  not 
rider  than  two-thirds  of  the  said  base,   and  you 
rill  not  find  that  this  gives  a  very  sturdy  propor- 
icn.     Of  course,  near  the  bottom  there  should  be 
good  spread,  and  a  general  form,  something  like 
bat  of  the  Eddystone   Lighthouse,  would  Le  far 
referable  to  many   of  the  shapes  that  are   seen, 
ttch  as  the  absurd  one  of  a  great  undercut  torus, 
itended  as  an  attempt  to   make  a  chimney  look 
ke  a  Doric  column.     Depth  of  foundation  is,  in 
lese  buildings,  particularly  needful,  and  the  tire- 
roof  lining  must  never  be  considered  as  part  of 
le  structure. 

Chimneys  that  have  got  out  of  the  upright  have 

imetimes  been  got  back  to  the  perpendicular  by 

siy  clever  treatment.      There  Ls  one  now  stand- 

^  near  the  canal,  between  Lo;idon   and   Xew 

rose,  which  leaned  over  soon  after  it  was  built, 

It  was  got  back  to  its    place   by   boring  holes 

the  mortar  joints  near  the  base  on  the  contrary 

-leto  the  lean,  and,  being  done  with  much  can. 

Jn,  it  gradually  assumed  its  perpendicularity. 

aother,  and  large  one,  in  Yorkshire,  which  had  a 

7  great  lean  and  was  likely   to  fall,  had  part  of 

oorse  of  bricks  cut  out  from  the  bottom,  slowly 

d  carefully,   and  filling  in  the   cavity,  as  the 

etation  went  on,  with  new  lime  and  earth,  and, 

len  the  cut  was   thus  complete,   the  chimney 

>duaUy  lost  its  lean,  squeezing  out  the  lime  and 

^  as  it  came  over.     Other  cases  might  be  cited, 

t  the  above  suffice. 

nrDEEPDTNiiro. 
Underpinning  is  really  an  important  subject 
ier  the  head  of  failures  ;  and  when  we  see  that 


accidents  under  this  head  may  cause  verdicts  of 
manslaughter  to  bo  recorded  against  architects,  as 
was  the  case  against  Mr.  Abraham,  after  the  noted 
fall  of  a  house  in  the  Strand,  in  1S53,  we  must  be 
awakened  to  the  necessity  of  so  arranging  the 
business  part  of  such  operations  that  the  architect 
shall  not  be  made  responsible  for  details  he  cannot 
control.  It  is  often  a  sort  of  work  that  requires  in- 
telligent watching  during  every  moment  of  its  pro- 
gress— and  this  is  not  the  architect's  business ;  and 
if  this  view  be  not  recognised  by  courts  of  law,  it 
behoves  us  to  define  the  responsibility  in  a  written 
document  between  architect  and  builder  before 
commencing  the  work.  A  very  good  letter  on  the 
subject  was  written  by  Professor  Kerr  at  the  time 
of  that  accident. 

The  underpinning  of  lofty  and  ponderous 
buildings  by  the  aid  of  gigantic  shoring  is  not 
only  too  large  a  subject  for  this  jjaper,  but  it  has 
been  too  ably  treated  of  by  others  to  need  remarks 
now.  The  works  of  Kondelet,  at  the  church  of 
St.  Genevieve,  at  Paris,  and  of  Flachat,  at  Bayeux 
Cathedral,  are  notable  examples,  besides  the  works 
at  Hereford,  Chichester,  and  other  buildings,  of 
which  no  publication  has  yet  been  made.  The 
underpinning  at  the  Custom  House  was  also  an 
extraordinary  work. 

FALL  OF  OLD   BUILDISGS. 

The  fall  of  old  buildings  scarcely  comes  within 
the  scope  of  this  paper,  because  the  failure  often 
arises  from  the  mere  decay  of  age,  yet  sometimes 
it  may  have  been  from  an  original  defect  in  the 
structure,  and  that  defect,  if  it  becomes  revealed 
to  us  by  the  fall,  teaches  us  something.  The 
records  of  failures  in  the  middle  ages,  rather  in- 
dulge in  religious  than  in  practical  explanations 
of  the  causes,  and  so  we  do  not  gain  much  prac- 
tical knowledge  from  these  examples,  such  as  the 
fall  of  the  towers  of  Winchester  Cathedral,  in  the 
twelfth  century;  of  Gloucester  Cathedral,  in 
1160  ;  of  Worcester  Cathedral,  in  1175  ;  of  Eves- 
ham, in  1215 ;  of  Dunstable  Priory,  in  1221 ;  the 
smaller  towers  of  ^Yorcester  Cathedral,  in  1222  ; 
the  tower  of  Lincoln,  in  1244  ;  of  Ely  Cathedral, 
in  1322  ;  of  Xorwich  Cathedral,  in  1361 ;  and  the 
west  front  of  Hereford  Cathedral,  in  17S6,  and 
the  central  tower  would  have  fallen  had  not  its 
impending  ruin  been  observed  and  remedied  a 
f«w  years  ago.  The  old  tower  of  Thurston  Church, 
Suffolk,feUin  1860.  Then  we  had  the  Chichester 
tower  in  1861.  The  above  small  list  of  towers 
awakens  the  thought  that  special  care  is  needed 
for  all  structures  that  are  carried  upon  piers,  in- 
stead of  upon  continuous  walls.  But  the  descrip- 
tion that  has  been  clearly  given  by  Professor 
Willis,  and  by  Mr.  BurneU  and  others,  of  the 
cause  of  failure  in  the  Chichester  tower,  would,  I 
imagine,  have  been  very  applicable  to  many  of  the 
other  cases.  The  lesson  derived  from  the  Chi- 
chester fall  seems  to  be,  that  rubble  masonry 
should  never  be  used  in  piers  carrying  towers  or 
other  heavy  work ;  it  is  a  masonry  suitable  where 
bulk  and  weight  are  main  objects,  but  it  is  inad- 
missible where  unyielding  vigour  of  pier  is  to  be 
attained ;  it  also  suggests  that  in  any  such  case  a 
soft  kind  of  stone  is  scarcely  safe,  even  if  it  be  of 
a  sound  nature  ;  and  the  stone  forming  the  facing 
at  Chichester,  though  in  some  respects  a  good 
stone,  was  not  suitable  for  a  position  where  a 
crushing  force  was  the  chief  force  in  action.  It 
was  from  near  Binstead,  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  and 
it  is  (I  am  pretty  sure)  the  only  tertiary  building 
stone  in  England  ;  but  if  we  want  a  thoroughly 
good  freestone,  we  must  get  it  out  of  the  secondary 
beds. 

The  stone  in  the  piers  of  the  French  Pantheon 
was  of  rather  weak  quality,  but  I  am  uncertain 
as  to  whether  the  pterre  d'Arcueil  and  the  pierre 
de  il'yiit  Sourls  ?rith  which  they  are  built,  are 
secondary  or  tertiary  stone,  but  that  with  which 
the  inner  and  intermediate  domes  were  formed  was 
tertiary,  from  the  quarries  of  Conilans,  about 
eighteen  miles  from  Paris,  and  for  which  latter 
purpose  i;  is  particularly  suitable.  This  stone  has 
recently  been  used  in  England  at  a  new  house 
erected  in  Kent  for  an  eminent  geologist. 


TRADES'   tnnONS'   COinilSSIOIf. 

AMONG  the  witnesses  examined  before  the 
Commission  last  week  was  Mr.  Hewitt,  an 
ironmaster,  of  New  Jersey,  United  States.  He 
said  he  had  come  over  to  this  country  partly  on 
business,  and  partly' to  inquire  into  the  state  of  the 
iron  trade  in  England,  and  its  effect  upon 
American  industry.  He  employed  4,000  men. 
The  puddleis'  wages  were  about  17s.  per  day; 
they  were  now  on  strike  for  21s.  per  day.     Trade 


unions  in  America  h.ad  very  little  efl'ect  upon  the 
trade  of  the  country,  not  being  so  powerful  as  the 
unions  in  this  country.  The  working  day  of  iron- 
workers was  about  ten  hours.  The  wjges  in 
America  can  never  fall  so  low  as  in  England, 
owing  to  the  fact  of  the  great  abundance  of  fertile 
land,  by  which,  if  a  puddler,  or  any  other  work- 
man, is  dissatisfied  with  his  rate  of  wages,  he  can, 
under  the  Homestead  Act,  obtain  possession  of  160 
acres  of  land  upon  the  sole  condition  of  cultivat- 
ing it.  Without  a  high  tarifl"  it  would  be  impos- 
sible for  America  to  compete  with  English  iron- 
masters, owing  to  the  cheap  rate  of  labour  in  this 
country.  During  his  recent  inspection  of  iron- 
works in  this  country  he  was  astonished  to  find 
that  in  large  ironworks  in  Wales  women  were  em- 
ployed at  Is.  and  Is.  3J.  per  day,  for  which  labour 
men  in  America  were  paid  6s.  and  73.  per  day  ; 
and  at  Swindon  and  in  Stafibrdshire,  where 
women  are  not  employed,  men  are  receiving  Ss. 
and  33.  Cd.  per  day  for  the  same  kind  of  labour. 
Such  a  thing  would  not  be  tolerated  in  America, 
as  there  both  masters  and  men  are  agreed  that 
labour  shall  not  be  degraded.  He  then  went  on 
to  describe  the  educational  system  in  America,  and 
the  efforts  which  were  being  made  by  large  em- 
ployers of  labour  there  to  instruct  their  workmen 
in  the  principles  of  political  and  social  economy. 
At  the  Cooper's  Institute,  in  New  York,  there  are 
2,000  workmen  availing  themselves  of  the  oppor- 
tunity thus  afforded  to  them.  Temperance  is  also 
much  on  the  increase  amongst  the  better  class  of 
workmen  in  the  United  States.  The  real  neces- 
saries of  life,  with  the  exception  of  clothing  and 
house  rent,  are  about  at  the  same  rate  as  in  Eng- 
land, so  that  the  chief  expenditure  of  the  Ameri- 
can artisan  is  upon  articles  of  dress  or  luxury. 
Labourers'  wives  generally  wear  a  silk  dress  for 
their  best  dress.  He  described  the  efforts  now 
being  made  in  the  States  to  bring  about  the  eight- 
hour  system ;  in  two  of  the  states,  Illinois  and 
Wisconsin,  it  is  now  the  law  ;  while  in  New  Yoik 
State  the  law  had  passed  the  Legislature,  but  it 
was  vetoed  b}'  the  Governor.  His  own  opinion 
was  that  the  eight-hour  movement  would  faU,  and 
that  the  old  ten  hours  per  day  would  again  be 
resorted  to.  Being  asked  with  regard  to  the  law 
of  contract  between  master  and  workman,  he  said 
there  was  no  Master  acd  Workmen's  Act  in 
America.  His  own  workmen  were  employed 
under  a  fortnight's  notice  on  either  side,  and  if  a 
workman  left  without  such  notice  he  forfeited  his 
wages  due,  a  week's  pay  being  usually  kept  in 
hand,  which  by  law  the  master  was  entitled  to. 
No  inconvenience  arose  from  this  to  the  employers. 
Such  a  thing  as  imprisoning  a  man  for  debt  or 
breach  of  contract  between  master  and  workmen 
was  quite  unknown  in  America.  Piecework  was 
not  objected  to  by  the  men,  but  there  were 
restrictions  by  the  unions  in  regard  to  apprentices. 
There  was  no  law  to  enable  masters  to  divide 
profits  with  the  workmen,  as  in  this  country,  but 
at  Troy  the  ironmoulders  had  established  a  foundry 
on  the  co-operative  principle,  which  did  not 
appear  to  be  making  any  great  progress,  the  wages 
paid  not  being  equal  to  those  paid  by  private  firms 


HOLBORN  VALLEY  IMPROVE  M:ENX. 

THE  comer  stone  of  the  Holborn  Viaduct  was 
laid  on  Monday  by  Mr.  Deputy  Fry,  Chair- 
man of  the  City  Improvements  Committee.  Con- 
sidering  the  great  public  importance  of  the  work 
the  ceremony  was  a  very  quiet  and  unimposing 
atfair.  We  have  more  than  once  had  occasion  to 
describe  the  nature  and  extent  of  this  work, 
which,  when  completed,  will  be  one  of  the  most 
splendid  improvements  ever  effected  in  the  metro- 
polis, and  refer  to  it  again  only  briefly.  The 
viaduct  will  support  a  roadway  extending  from 
the  comer  of  Hat  ton  Garden  to  the  comer  of  the 
Old  Bailey.  The  rcadway  will  be  SOft.  in  width, 
and  win  take  in  part  of  St.  Sepulchre's  Church- 
yard at  one  end  and  part  of  St.  Andrew's  Church- 
yard at  the  other.  Side  streets  will  be  formed 
connecting  the  roadway  of  the  viaduct  with  the 
lower  level  of  Farringdon-street.  Practically,  the 
viaduct  will  be  level;  technically,  the  steepest 
gradient  will  be  1  in  143.  The  most  important 
part  of  the  work  will  obviously  be  that  section 
intended  to  cross  Farringdon  street.  This  bridge 
will  be  on  three  spans,  supported  on  piers,  which, 
as  weU  as  the  abutments,  will  be  of  polished 
granite.  The  height  of  the  bridge  from  the  foot- 
ways of  Farringdon-street  will  be  16ft.,  and  from 
the  roadway  21ft.  Flights  of  steps  at  each  cor- 
ner  of  the  bridge  will  yield  communication 
between  the  upper  and  the  lower  levels,  and  these 
steps  will  be  enclosed  in  stonework,  forming  foun- 


392 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


June  7,  1867. 


datioua  for  ornamental  coatinuations  above   the 
level  of  the  viaduct,  these  structures  being  appro- 
priated for  shops  and  warehouses.     Shoe-lane  at 
its  northei  n  end  will  have  its  width  doubled,  and 
a  girder  bridge  will  span  the  thoroughfare,  which 
will  be  projected  northward  to  a  junction  with 
Farringdon-road,    so   as   to   form    a   direct   line 
of  communication  to  the  north-east  of  London, 
and  especially  to  the  new  dead  meat  market  at 
Smithfield,  the  first  stone  of  which  was  laid  on 
Wednesday.     A  similar  approach  street   will   be 
carried  from  Farringdon-road  in  a  curve  eastward 
joining  the   viaduct   at   St.   Sepulchre's  Church. 
Several  streets  will  necessarily  have  their  levels 
altered.       Beneath    the  footways  of    the  viaduct 
vaults  will  be  formed  for  the  accommodation  of 
the  houses  to  be  built  on  each  side,  and  besides 
these  vaults  will  be  subways  for  gas  and  water 
pipes  and  telegraph  wires.     The  roadway  ivill  be 
borne  on  a  series  of  arches.     The  subways  will 
average  lljft.  in  height  and  7ft.  in  width,  being 
constructed  of  brickwork,   except  where  they  will 
cross  the  Chatham  and  Dover  Railway,  at  which 
point  iron  will  be  extensively    used.       Vertical 
shafts  will  connect  the  pipes  in  the  subways  with 
those  on  the   lower  levels.     Below  the  subways 
will  be  sewers  draining  the  houses  by  the  side  of 
the  viaduct,  and  the  construction  of  all  the  sub- 
ways and  sewers  will  enable  repairs  to  be  effected 
at  any  time  without  breaking  the  surface.  Messrs. 
Hill   and    Keddell  are    the    contractors    for   the 
whole  structure,  which,  it  is  hoped,  may  be  avail- 
able for  the  purposes  of  traffic  within  two  years. 
The  foundations  have  been  laid  from  20(t.  to  30ft. 
below  the  surface.     This  depth  has  been  rendered 
necessary  by  the  nature  of  the  ground  in  the  bed 
of  the  old  Fleet  River,  but  all  such  difficulties 
have  been  overcome,  and  there  is  nothing  now  to 
prevent   the  prosecution   of  the   work   with  the 
utmost  rapidity. 


DESIGN  FOR  THE  NEW  LAW  COURTS. 

OUR  lithographic  illustration  this  week  repre- 
sents the  north-east  angle  of  Mr.  G.  E. 
Street's  proposed  design  for  the  new  Law  Courts. 
We  were  not  backward  some  time  since  in  point- 
ing out  in  detail  some  of  the  defects  of  this  noble 
design,  neither  were  we  chary  in  attributing  to  it 
many  splendid  qualifications. 


fendant  wa.s  unlawful,  and  that  judgment  would 
be  for  the  Crown  ;  but,  as  his  learned  brethren 
were  of  a  different  opinion,  judgment  would  be 
for  the  defendants.  The  result  of  this  decision 
is,  that  residents  at  Hampton  Court  are  no  longer 
exempt  from  the  execution  of  civil  process. 

Hampton  Court  Palace,  or  a  conaiderabl  e  por- 
tion of  it,  was  built  by  Cardinal  Wolsey  as  a  resi- 
dence for  himself.  In  the  year  1526  the  Cardinal 
presented  it  to  Henry  VI II.,  and  was  in  turn  re- 
warded by  the  gift  of  the  palace  at  Richmond. 
Since  that  period  Hampton  Court  has  constituted 
part  of  the  Royal  demesnes  appurtenant  to  the 
Crown  of  England.  King  George  II.  was  the  last 
English  monarch  who  ever  occupied  it,  and  since 
his  death,  embracing  a  period  of  upward  a  cen- 
tury, it  has  ceased  to  be  a  place  of  the  actual  per- 
sonal residence  of  the  Sovereign.  The  Palace, 
as  well  as  the  gardens  which  surround  it,  are  main- 
tained by  the  Crown. 


WHAT 


CONSTITUTES    A 
RESIDENCE  ? 


ROYAL 


AVERY  curious  and  interesting  case  was 
decided  on  Tuesday  by  the  Barons  of  the 
Exchequer.  Hampton  Court  Palace  is  no  longer 
an  actu.al  royai  residence,  but  is  partitioned  off 
into  seventy  dwellings,  which  are  bestowed  by  her 
Majesty  upon  impoverished  members  of  the 
nobility.  Some  time  ago  the  Sheriff  of  Middlesex 
executed  a  writ  oifim  facias  against  the  goods  of 
Lord  Henry  Gordon,  one  of  the  inmates  of  the 
Palace,  and  this  proceeding  being  deemed  a  viola- 
tion  of  the  privileges  of  the  palace,  a  special  case 
was  agreed  to  for  the  decision  of  the  higher  Court. 
Barons  Bramwell  and  Martin  held  that  her  Ma- 
jesty having  ceased  to  reside  in  Hampton  Court  all 
immunities  ceased  also.  In  delivering  his  judg- 
ment Baron  Martin  said,  he  was  disposed  to  give 
the  privilege  which  protected  the  person,  resi- 
dence, and  property  of  the  Crown  the  widest  pos- 
sible application,  and  he  would  extend  it  not  only 
to  Buckingham  P.alace,  Windsor  Castle,  Osborne 
(and  Balmoral,  if  it  were  in  England),  but  to  every 
place  where  the  Queen  actually  resided,  or  what 
was  ordinarily  understood  to  be  her  dwelling 
place.  But  when  a  palace  formerly  occupied  by 
the  Crown  ceases  to  be  entirely  a  Royal  residence, 
and  when  there  was  no  probability  of  the  Queen 
ever  going  to  live  there — and  this  was  so  in  the 
case  of  Hampton  Court — in  his  judgment  no  pri- 
vilege attached  to  it.  Her  Majesty  had  thought 
fit  to  appropriate  the  palase  to  an  entirely  dif- 
ferent purpose  from  that  of  a  Royal  residence. 
The  Lord  Chief  Baron  differed.  In  a  very  elabo- 
rate judgment,  he  said  he  was  of  opinion  that  the 
immunity  of  a  Royal  pn'ace  from  the  execution  of 
a  civil  process  was  not  lost  because  it  had  ceased  to 
he  a  Royal  residence  for  a  considerable  time  if  the 
Sovereign  had  not  abandoned  possession  of  it.  He 
thought  this  privilege  still  existed  at  Hampton 
Court,  .and  at  every  Royal  palace  in  which  the 
Sovereigns  of  this  kingdom  had  once  resided,  and 
might  come  to  reside  again,  and  which  was 
actually  in  the  occupation  of  and  kept  up  and 
maintained  at  the  expense  of  her  Majesty.  On 
that  ground  he  thought  the  intrusion  of  the   de. 


BUILDERS'  BENEVOLENT  INSTITUTION. 

A  GENERAL  meeting  of  the  friends  and  sub- 
scribers to  the  above  charitable  institution 
was  held  on  the  30th  ult.-  at  Willis's  Rooms.  The 
object  of  the  meeting  was  for  the  election  of  three 
pensioners  on  the  funds,  two  males  and  one  female. 
Mr.  Benjamin  Hannen,  president,  took  the  chair. 
The  following  gentlemen  were  present : — Messrs. 
Joseph  Bird,  James  Simpson,  B.  D.  Dove,  Henry 
Dove,  Thomas  Cozens,  John  Thorn,  Thomas  Stir- 
ling, M.  Hall,  J.  Chapman,  T.  Lambert,  Richard 
Head,  T.  G.  Smith,  J.  E.  Lawford,  C.  S.  Murray, 
R.  Richardson,  T.  Abbott,  &c. 

The  chairman,  in  opening  the  proceedings,  said 
he  found  that  the  list  contained  the  names  of  nine 
candidates,  four  men  and  five  women,  and  he 
thought  it  a  matter  of  congratulation  that  the 
state  of  the  funds  and  present  circumstances  per- 
mitted them  to  elect  one-third  of  the  number  who 
had  put  themselves  forward  for  election,  instead 
of  having  a  very  long  list  from  which  only  a  few 
could  be  successful.  They  were  anxious  on  ail 
occasions  to  elect  as  many  as  possible,  and  at  the 
present  time  he  could  say  that  if  the  funds  con- 
tinued in  the  same  position  of  prosperity  there 
would  be  another  election  in  November  next,  when 
those  who  were  unsuccessful  that  day  might  have 
the  gratification  of  obtaining  a  successful  result. 

The  poll  was  then  proceeded  with,  and  the  fol. 
lowing  were  announced  as  the  successful  candi- 
dates ; — George  Hunt  (1,459  votes),  aged  67,  of  1, 
Eton-street,  Gloucester-road,  Regent's  Park.  He 
was  formerly  a  subscriber  to  the  institution,  and 
had  been  a  carpenter  and  joiner  for  forty  years. 
Owing  to  general  debility  and  defective  sight  he 
was  not  able  to  earn  on  an  average  more  than  8s. 
a  week.  Charles  Gravett  (1,292  votes),  aged  76, 
of  17,  William-street,  Islington.  He  had  been  a 
carpenter  and  builder  for  fifty  years,  but  now 
unable  to  work  from  the  infirmities  of  old  age,  and 
was,  therefore,  solely  dependent  on  his  children. 
Ann  Walker  (-1,307  votes),  aged  67,  widow  of 
the  late  !Mark  Walker,  mason  and  builder,  of 
Monk  Bretton,  Yorkshire.  Her  distress  was  caused 
by  the  entire  failure  of  an  annuity  left  her  by  her 
husband,  which  rendered  her  dependent  on  the 
bounty  of  kind  friends.  The  others  were : — G.  N. 
Lambert,  165  votes;  R.  Burdett,  81  votes;  Mrs. 
M.  Unwin,  1,807  votes;  Mrs.  Lawrence,  3,493 
votes  ;  Mrs.  Ware,  1,417  votes;  Mrs.  Martin,  237 
votes. 

Mr.  Bird  said  that  in  looking  over  the  lists  he 
believed  that  300  of  their  supporters  had  not  been 
canvassed  or  asked  for  their  votes,  and  impressed 
upon  the  unsuccessful  candidates  the  necessity  of 
increased  exertions.  He  com  luded  by  proposing 
a  vote  of  thanks  to  the  scrutineers  for  the  per- 
formance of  their- arduous  task.  The  motion 
having  been  seconded  was  duly  carried. 

The  usual  vote  of  thanks  to  the  chairman  con- 
cluded the  proceedings. 


IMPROVEMENTS    IN  THE  CITY    OP 
LONDON. 


REPORT, 
of    works 


THE    COMMISSIONERS   OP  SEWERS 

WE  have  before  us  the  report 
executed  by  the  Commissioners  of  Sewers 
of  the  City  of  Loudon  during  the  past  year,  by 
Mr.  William  Haywood,  engineer  and  surveyor  to 
the  Commission.  From  the  report  it  appears  that 
the  total  length  of  sewer  constructed  during  the 
year  was  810ft.,  of  which  524ft.  was  on  the  line  of 
old  sewers  ;  the  total  number  of  premises  drained 
was  226.     A  large  number  of  improvements  in  the 


way  of  widening  streets,  setting  back  frontages, 
&c.,  we  observe  have  been  made,  while  other  im- 
provements are  pending.  We  are  glad  to  see 
that  the  house  known  as  No.  1,  St.  Paul's  Church- 
yard, and  situated  at  the  eastern  end  of  Ludgate 
Hill,  has  been  purchased  by  the  Commission  with 
the  view  of  widening  that  over-crowded  thorough- 
fare ;  and  we  further  learn  that  negotiations  have 
been  commenced  for  the  purpose  of  allowing  the 
railings  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral  on  iis  western 
front  to  be  lifted  and  set  back  from  the  street. 
This  would  be  an  immense  improvement,  and  we 
trust  the  Commission  will  be  able  to  obtain  the 
necessary  power  to  carry  it  out.  The  Post-office 
authorities  having  purchased  the  three  houses  in 
Newgate-street,  between  Bath-street  and  St. 
Martin's-le-Graud,  which  project  beyond  the 
general  line  of  improvement  in  that  street,  the 
Commission  is  now  negotiating  for  the  ground 
required  to  complete  the  improvement  at  that 
spot.  The  Commission,  having  at  the  request  of 
the  Corporation,  undertaken  to  carry  out  a  line  of 
improvement  in  Mansion  House  street,  notices 
were  served  upon  the  Union  Bank  of  London,  in 
respect  of  ground  upon  which  they  were  about  to 
build  in  that  street,  and  arrangements  were  ulti- 
mately made  by  which  it  will  be  thrown  into  the 
public  way.  'The  largest  portion  of  the  ground 
needed  for  vridening  the  street  is  included  in  that 
agreed  to  be  purchased  of  the  Bank.  The  con- 
tracts for  scavenging  and  dusting  were  let  for 
£22,620,  which  was  an  increase  of  £6,840  over 
the  previous  year.  The  increase  is  explained  by 
the  extra  exertions  made  by  the  contractors  to 
obtain  cleanliness.  The  cost  of  gas  lighting  for 
the  year  was  reduced  £1,500,  as  compared  with 
previous  years.  The  report  states  that  the  illu- 
minating power  and  the  chemical  purity  of  the 
gas  supplied  were  throughout  the  year  subjected 
to  the  coustaul  investigation  of  Dr.  Letheby,  gaa 
analyst.  The  price  of  the  gaa  supplied  to  private 
consumers,  which  for  some  years  previously  had 
been  4s.  6d.  per  1,000  cubic  feet,  was  reduced  on 
January  1, 1866,  to  4s.  per  1,000  cubic  feet.  The 
handsomest  drinking  fountain  in  the  city  wa£ 
erected  during  the  year  in  the  churchyard  of  St. 
Lawrence,  Jewry,  at  the  expense  of  the  parish. 
We  regret  to  notice  that  the  practice  of  selling 
diseased  meat  is  becoming  more  and  more  com- 
mon in  the  city.  Inspectors  of  slaughter-houses, 
who  are  at  the  same  time  inspectors  of  meat,  had 
occasion  to  condemn  larger  quantities  of  meat  than 
in  any  previous  ye.ar-  There  were  no  fewer  thau 
twenty  convictions  before  the  magistrates,  and  in 
one  instance  the  vendor  was  imprisoned.  These 
facts  cannot  be  too  widely  known. 


CONTRACTS. 

The  contract  for  the  new  factory  or  warehousi 
for  Mr.  Wm.  Windley,  has  been  let  to  Mr.  Arthui 
Haw,  builder,  of  Nottingham,  for  the  sum  o: 
£5,060,  exclusive  of  foundations  and  the  fire-proo: 
floors  (Dennett's  patent). 

The  contract  for  the  new  rectory  house  at  Ged 
ling,  from  designs  prepared  by  Mr.  H.  Goddard 
of  Lincoln,  has  been  let  to  Mr.  E.  J.  Thompson 
of  Derby. 

The  council  of  the  Liverpool  Architectura 
Society  has  appointed  three  architects  as  a  depu 
tation  to  meet  a  similar  number  of  maste: 
builders  to  confer  together  with  the  view  o 
furthering  the  settlement  of  the  contract  question 
it  is  expected  that  the  first  meeting  will  be  helc 
this  week. 


ORGANS. 

A  sPEClAL-service  was  held  in  the  new  church 
Stockton  road,  Sunderland,  on  the  occasion  of  thi 
opening  of  the  new  organ.  The  instrument  cos 
£450,  and  was  built  by  Messrs.  Forster  anc 
Andrews,  of  Hull.  The  design  of  the  organ  i 
chaste  and  simple,  the  front  pipes  being  of  thi 
best  (spotted)  metal,  and  diapered  in  keeping  wit) 
the  church.  The  instrument,  which  is  built  oi 
the  principles  adopted  by  Schultz,  the  great  Ger 
man  builder,  embraces  all  recent  improvements 
A  new  organ  has  been  placed  in  Queen  stree 
Congregational  Church,  Wolverhampton.  Th 
instrument  has  been  built  by  Messrs.  Bevington 
of  London,  and  cost  £450. 


It  is  proposed  to  decorate  the  interior  of  th 
Flaxman  Hall,  in  University  College,  Gowei 
street,  and  Mr.  W.  Cave  Thomas  has  been  invite 
to  furnish  a  design  for  the  work. 


^ 


I 


I 


^ 


^. 


I 


June  7,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


397 


I 


THE      LONDON      UNIVERSITY 
BUILDING. 

A  SHORT  time  since  we  called  attention  to 
the  designs  for  the   London  University 
Building,  when  we  pointed  out  their  unfitness 
for  the  intended  purpose.     On  Friday  last,  on 
the  vote   of  supply   for  £20,000  for  erecting 
the  new  building,   Mr.    Laj"ard  moved  that 
it  was  not  desirable  that  the  proposed  build- 
ing should  be  built  according  to  either  of  the 
designs  exhibited  in  the  library  ;  whereupon 
Lord  John  Jilanners,  the  Chief  Commissioner 
of   Works,  defended  in  a    spirited   manner 
what  the  Government  had  done.     He  depre- 
cated interference  on  the  part  of  the   London 
University,  or  "  any  body  external  to  them- 
selves " — meaning,  we  suppose,  the  Bi'Ildinq 
News — "  to   call  for  the  stoppage   of  works 
that  were  in  progress."    He  also  stated  that 
£9,000  had  been  expended  upon  the  building, 
that  £6,000   more  had    been  contracted  for, 
and  that  the  materials  were  on  the  spot.  Now 
this    building    is   for    public  pur|ioses,    and 
the  public  have  a  right  to  expect  that  those  in 
authority  shall  exercise  such  care  in  the  selec- 
tion of  the  design  as  shall  ensure  a  handsome 
as  well  as  a  commodious  structure.     The  First 
Commissioner  appears  to  court  the  responsi- 
bility of  the  selection,  but  upon  what  gi-ounds 
we  are  at  a  loss   to  imagine.     Mr.  Tite  ob- 
served "  it  is  to  be  regretted  that  Mr.  Penne- 
thome  should  have  departed  from  the  style 
of  Somerset   House  and   Burlington   House, 
and  taken  a  fancy  to  a  new  style,  to  which  the 
general  feeling  of  the   House  was  "opposed." 
With  Mr.  Tite's  regrets  we  mingle  our  own, 
but  cannot  help  inquiring  upon  what  grounds 
an  accomplished  designer  in  the     Classical 
style  should  have  been  selected  to  carry  out  a 
building  of  the  Italian  Gothic   type.     It  is 
no  disgrace  to  Mr.  Pennethome  that  he  should 
not  be  a  master  of  all  styles,  but  there  ap- 
pears in  this  instance  to   have  been  an  un- 
usual want  of  discretion  on  the  part  of  those 
in  authority  ;  and  it  is  not  too  much  to  say 
that  but  for  Mr.  Layard's  motion  a  building 
would   have   sprung   up   which   would   have 
caused   la,sting  annoyance   to  no    one   more 
than  the  architect  himself.     As  the  drawings 
have   disappeared  from   the    library    of  the 
House  they  will,  in  all  probability,  never  see 
the  light  again,  and  a  brief  description  of  the 
objectionable  facade   may,  therefore,  be  inter- 
esting.    The   building   consists   of    a  central 
portion  and  two  wings.     The  central  portion 
has  an   arcade  of  five  arches,  a  small  clock 
tower  in  the  centre,  and  a  very  large  buttress 
at  each   end,  surmounted   by   a   canopy  con- 
taining a  statue.     The  wings  are  divided  into 
three  bays    by  means    of    buttresses,    with 
statues  in  the  place  of  pinnacles,  and  have  at 
the  angles  a  canopied  buttress   of  less  ambi- 
iious  character  than  those  of  the  central  por- 
tion.    The  parapet  is  pierced  in  a  very  ordi- 
nary manner,   and  the  roof  is  much  orna- 
mented  by   slates   of  different  colours.     The 
best  general  description  that  can  be   given  of 
the  composition  is  that  it  is  misatisfactory, 
weak  in  some  parts,  heavy  in  others,  elegant 
in  none.     With  regard  to  the  use  of  statues  as 
pinnacles  opinions  vary.     Mr.  Scott  has  used 
them  largely  in  his  design  for  the  new  Law 
Courts  ;  but  when  statues  are  employed  they 
should  be  of  one  size,  and  it  is  improper  to 
seek  to  give  importance  to  the  central  portion 
of  a  building   by  making  the  statues  half  as 
large  again  as  those   in   the  wings.     We  can- 
not imagine  how  Mr.  Pennethorne  could  have 
fallen  into  such  an  error,  and  trust  that  when 
the  design  is  amended  it  may  be  rectified, 
together  with  several  others  of  almost  equal 
importance.     As  to  the  style  selected,  we  well 
know  that  the  First  Commissioner  of  Works 
1^  a  partiality  for  the   Italian  Gothic,  but  it 
may  be  questioned  whether  a  PaUadian  build- 
Wg  would  not  be  preferable  for  this  locality. 
ror  our  own  part  we  cannot  understand  how 
It  is  possible  to  erect  a  building  in  a  florid 
style  of  Italian  Gothic  without  being  out  of 
harmony  with  its  neighbours,  and  we  are  not 
featured  by  Mr.  Hope's  naive  remark,  that 


"nobody  witliout  the  wings  of  a  dove  would 
flv  away  and  see  the  two  separate  fronts  of 
two  distinct  buildings  at  one  and  the  same 
time."  To  us  it  seems  that  the  feat  could  be 
about  as  ditticult  with  the  wings  as  without 
them.  On  the  division  of  the  committee  a 
majority  of  six  members  supjiorted  Mr. 
Layard's  amendment  which  was,  "  Provided 
that  no  part  of  such  sum  shall  be  applied  to 
the  erection  of  any  buildin"  according  to 
either  of  the  designs  now  exhibited  in  tlie 
library."  The  designs  are  accordingly  in 
Mr.  Pennethorne's  hands  for  amendment,  and 
we  sincerely  wish  him  better  success  in  his 
next  etfort. 


THE  EARLY  DAYS  OF  CLARKSON 
STANFIELD,  R.A. 

A   LTIIOUGH   the  decease  of  this  remark- 
_/\_     able  man  and  distinguished  painter  has 
already  been  noticed  in   the  columns  of  the 
Building   News,  we  have  no  hesitation  in 
furnishing  its  readers  with  some  further  and 
more  minute  particulars  of   Stanfield's  early 
Ufe.     ilany    of    the    literary  journals    have 
fallen  into  error  in  respect  of  the  first  part  of 
the  great  artist's  career,  and  none    of  them 
seem  to  have  been  acquainted  with  several  of 
the  follo^^'ing  facts  : — Clarkson  Stanfield  was 
bom  at    Sunderland    in    1793.  "  His  father, 
James   Field   Stanfield,  was  a  member  of  a 
respectable   family    of    the    Roman  Catholic 
faith,  and  who  in  early  life — whether  heaven 
directed  or  not  we  cannot  say — had  gone  the 
way  in  which  many  others  have  preceded  and 
succeeded    him,     namely,     to    a  Provincial 
theatre    and  to    poverty.     As    an  actor    the 
elder  Stanfield  did  not   succeed  in  obtaining 
either  fame  or  fortune,  and  he  lapsed  into  the 
humble,     but    useful      position    of   a   stage 
prompter.    He  was  not  destitute  of  education, 
and  he  dabbled  in  literature  to   some  extent. 
His  greatest  success  in  this  direction  was  the 
production   of  a  warlike    and  patriotic  song 
of    the  Dibdin    class,   which   attained  some 
popularity.     The  mother  of  Clarkson  dying 
jnematurely,  and  the  second  marriage  of  his 
father   rendering  their  poor  home  less  com- 
fortable than  before,  the  youth,  after  officiat- 
ing as  call-boy  and  taking  lessons  in  dancing 
from  the   ballet-master    at     the   Sunderland 
Theatre,   determined   to  go  to  sea.     This  re- 
solution, in   company  of  his  elder  brother,  he 
speedily  put  in  force.     The  maritime  propen- 
sities of  Clarkson  Stanfield  were  not  of  a  belli- 
gerent character,  and  he  did  not,   as  has  been 
said,  join  the  Royal  Nav)',  where  in  those 
days  fighting  was  a  reality.     He  served  for  a 
considerable   time   on    board   an    Indiaman, 
where  he  was  entrusted  with  the  care  of  the 
ship's  signal  flags.      His  brother  became  the 
mate  of  a  collier.      It  would  be  unjust  to  the 
memory  of  Clarkson's   father  to  omit  stating 
that  to   his  encouragement   the  world  is  con- 
siderably indebted  for  the  development  of  his 
son's  early  displayed  talent  for  drawing  and 
sketching.      During  the  absence  of  the  latter 
at    sea    interchanges    of    letters    took  place 
whenever  practicable.     Those  from  the  parent 
teemed  with  urgent  advice  to  the  son  to  draw 
and  paint,  and  to  suffer  no   circumstances, 
however  depressing,    to    interfere    with   his 
studies.      These  persistent    and    aft'ectionate 
counsels  had  their  due  weight,  and  specimens 
of  Clarkson's  handiwork  while  at  sea,  or  ashore 
after  voyages,  frequently  reached   the  home 
and  gratified  the  heart  of  the  "  poor  player." 
Hence  the    germ   of  that  tree  which  subse- 
quently took  root,  and  grew  and   blossomed 
so  luxuriantly.     The  young  sailor  was  by  this 
time  (1814)  nearly  disenchanted  of  a  maritime 
life,  and  perhaps  this  result  was  expedited  by 
a  fall  from  the  rigging  of  the  vessel  in  which 
he  served,  and  his  narrow  escape  from  a  violent 
death  in  consequence. 

In  the  winter  of  1814-15  a  young  man, 
rueful  in  countenance,  wobegone  in  maimer, 
and  lean  as  Shakspeare's  apothecary,  en- 
gaged a  modest  lodging  at  Stepney — then  as 
mow  a  maritime  quarter  of  the  metropolis,  and 
'  the  parish  by  right  of  British  subjects  bom  at 


sea.     The  apartment  Le  tenanted  was  in  the 
house  of  a  Jlr.  John    Voung,  at  the  time  an 
officer  in  H.M.  Customs,  but  who,  singularly 
enough,  had  been  previously  one  of  the  corps 
de  ballet  at  the   old  Royalty   Theatre,  AVells- 
stroet,  St.  Georgc's-in-tlie-East.     The  melan- 
iholy-looking  lodger  was  Clarkson  Stanfield, 
and  he  communicated  the  painful  fact  to  Jlr. 
Voung  that  his  purse  was  rapidly  becoming 
as  attenuated  as  his  person,  and  that  remunera- 
tive employment  was  not  only  a  want  with 
him  but  an  absolute  necessity.     He  revealed 
his   history  to  the  er.st- while  dancer  of  the 
Royalty  Theatre,  and  exhibited  before  him  his 
own  proficiency  in  the  same  line.     He  also 
gave  him  proofs  of  his  skill  as  a  painter.     It 
was  now,  therefore,  a  question  whether  Stan- 
field should  trust  to  his  legs  or  his  arms  for  a 
livelihood.     His  destiny  vibrated  between  the 
stage  and  the  painting  room,  but  fortunately 
for  the  world  of  art  the  latter  prevailed.     His 
generous     landlord   introduced    the    dancer- 
sailor-artist  to  Mr.  Vickers,  jun.,  then  a  part- 
ner with  his  father  in  the  management  of  the 
old  Royalty  Theatre.*     The  introduction  led 
to  an  engagement  in  tlie  scenic  and  decorative 
department  of  the  establishment,  and  Stanfield 
with  a  guinea  a  week  was  comparatively  a 
happy  man.      His   happiness,   however,    was 
shortlived,  for  he  had  to  endure  first  the  con- 
tempt and  subsequently  the  bitter  enmity  of 
the  regular  scene-painter  of  the  theatre.    This 
individual,  whose  name,  on  the  old  principle 
clemortuis  nil,  &c., shall  not  be  mentioned,  was 
much  more  devoted  to  the  dram  than  the  drama, 
and  when  he  saw  that  the  young  aspirant  for 
fame  was  by  his   well-regulated    deportment 
and  ungrudging  exertions  gaining  the  marked 
respect  of  his  employers,  he  took  to  drinking 
harder  thau  ever.     'The  usual  result  followed 
— he  was  dismissed.     Soon  after  Stanfield  was 
promoted  to  the  vacant  post,  and  its  duties 
he    performed    with    vigilance   and  fidelity. 
Quite  irrespective  of  short  pay  and  long  hours, 
his  motto  was  Work,  ^York,  work.     In  short, 
it  may   be  said   that   his  engagement  at  the 
Royalty    Theatre   was   the     "  tide "    in    his 
aUairs  which  led  "  on  to  fortune."    As  hia 
circumstances  improved  he  appears  to  have 
become   impressed   by  the  force  of  the   very 
ancient  maxim,  that  "  it  is  not  good  for  man 
to  be  alone."  He  demonstrated  the  strength  of 
his  conviction  b3'marrying  (1817)  Miss  Hutch- 
inson, a  very  young  and  pretty,  though  not  a 
very  talented,  actress  of  the  Royalty  Theatre. 
From  the  Royalty,  Stanfield  migrated   to 
the  Coburg  Theatre,  then  in  the  zenith  of  its 
melo-dramatic  lame,  and  where  he  met  the 
afterwards  not  less  celebrated  David  Roberts, 
R.A.     In  company  of  Mr.  Davidge,  Clarkson 
Stanfield  went  (about  1819)  to  Edinburgh  to 
fulfil  an  engagement  in  a  minor  theatre  there. 
In  that  city  he  found  his  father  and  his  half- 
brother  William  steeped  to  the  lips  in  poverty. 
At  this  period  his  own  salarj',  if  he  could  have 
got   it,   which  he   coiUd   not  in   consequence 
of  the  failure   of  the  manager,  would    liave 
been  barely  sufficient  for  the  maintenance  of 
himself  and    wife.     He    nevertheless,    with 
filial  and  fraternal  affection,  which  cannot  be 
too  much  commended,  took   both  his  unfor- 
tunate relatives  imder  his  protection.     With 
him  they  came  to    London,   and  liis   father, 
who  subsequently  became  afflicted  with  blind- 
ness, was  kindly  lodged  and  cared  for  so  long 
as    he    lived    in    his    own  humble    cottage, 
Mount's-gardens,    AVestminster    Bridge-road. 
To  his  half-brother  he  was   equally  kind,  and 
many  other  relatives  had  to  thank  him  in  his 
upward  course  for  generously  extended  aid. 

Of  Stanfield's  subsequent  engagement  at 
Drury-lane  Theatre,  his  contributions  to  the 
Royal  Academy,  and  of  the  great  works  which 
have  made  his  fame  not  only  national  but 
European,  the  public  know  enough.  We  have 
only  endeavoured  to  string  together  some 
episodes  of  his  early  history,  which  have  not 
been  elsewhere  recorded. 

*  The  site  of  this  establishment  was  formerly  occupied  by 
a  Methodist  chapel ;  this  was  removed  to  make  way  for  the 
Royalty  Theatre,  wliich  being  burnt  down  w;i3  succeeded 
by  "the  Brunswick  Theatre,  which  fell  down,  and  the  Sailors' 
Home  at  present  covers  it 


398 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


June  7,  1867. 


THE  EIVEE  LEA. 

THE  Royal  Commissioners  appointed  to  report 
as  to  the  pollution  of  rivers — Mr.  RawUnsou, 
Mr.  Harrison,  aud  Mr.  Way — have  just  presented 
a  report  on  the  state  of  the  River  Lea,  which  was 
Belected  for  early  examination  because  it  chiefly 
supplies  with  water  the  East  London  district,  in 
which  there  was  an  outbreak  of  cholera  last 
summer.  It  appears  that  some  imfiltered  water 
was  at  that  time  used,  but  it  is  not  now  delivered 
in  that  state,  and  there  were  several  local  condi- 
tions calculated  to  produce  cholera.  The  report 
states  that  the  River  Lea  has  been  navigable  from 
time  immemorial ;  King  Alfred  is  known  to  have 
visited  Ware  by  water.  The  area  of  the  water- 
shed is  about  500  square  miles,  the  greater  por- 
tion of  it  a  natural  filter,  but  in  dry  weatlier 
the  flow  is  for  the  most  part  spring  water.  This 
river  supplies  about  half  the  population  of  Lon- 
don with  water,  and  the  limit  of  supply,  without 
the  construction  of  extensive  storage  reservoirs, 
has  been  fully  reached.  Pollution  of  the  waters 
of  the  Lea  by  sewage  is  general  throughout  its 
course.  At  Luton,  three  miles  from  its  source, 
the  depravation  begins,  and  it  goes  on  increasing 
until,  when  the  river  reaches  Ponder' s-end,  it  be- 
comes in  a  great  degree  like  an  open  common 
sewer,  and  in  the  latter  part  of  its  course  runs 
through  a  nuisance  district,  the  seat  of  trade.s  ex- 
pelled beyond  the  limits  of  the  better  parts  of  the 
metropolis.  The  Commissioners  admit  that  it  may 
not  be  possible  to  raise  the  quality  of  the  water  of 
the  lower  Lea  to  the  standard  of  the  New  River 
water,  which  is  to  a  great  extent  derived  from 
springs  flowing  direct  from  the  chalk,  and  is  most 
jealously  guarded  from  pollution  in  its  course 
along  an  aqueduct  devoted  to  no  other  purpose 
than  that  of  a  water  carrier;  but  if  proper 
measures  be  adopted  to  protect  the  Lea  from 
avoidable  pollution,  a  great  improvement  in  its 
purity  will  be  secured.  Large  expenses  have  been 
incurred  for  improving  the  water  taken  for 
domestic  supply,  and  a  fair  wholesome  water  fs 
obtained  at  Ponder's-end  by  the  East  London 
Waterworks  Company.  The  question  whether  a 
navigation  should  be  allowed  to  continue  a  con. 
duit  for  water  destined  for  the  supply  of  the  me- 
tropolis is  one  which,  say  the  Commissioners,  de- 
serves serious  consideration.  Dealing  with  the 
matter  as  they  find  practicable,  they  recommend 
the  protection  of  the  water  of  the  Lea  on  the 
system  inaugurated  by  the  Act  of  last  Session  re- 
lating to  the  Thames.  They  propose  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  good  working  conservancy  board,  on 
which  the  Government  should  be  represented  as 
well  as  the  water  companies  and  the  navigation 
and  trading  interests  and  the  city  corporation ; 
and  the  prohibition,  after  a  certain  period  allowed 
for  alteration  of  existing  arrangements,  of  the  cast- 
ing into  the  Lea  or  its  tributaries  of  any  sewage  or 
injurious  refuse,  unless  it  has  been  purified  by 
passing  over  land.  The  conservancy  board  should 
be  furnished  with  complete  powers,  and  be  respon- 
sible for  keeping  the  river  a  fit  carrier  of  pure 
water,  and  seeing  to  the  observancy  of  statutory 
prohibitions  against  the  pollution  of  water  which 
can  reach  the  river,  superintending  also  works  of 
arterial  drainage  in  the  watershed.  If  the  pre- 
sent income  prove  insufficient,  it  should  be  sup- 
plemented by  a  charge  upon  the  water  companies, 
not  exceeding  a  certain  maximum — a  course  to 
which  the  companies  will  not  object ;  and  if  neces- 
sary a  loan  from  the  Public  Works  Loan  Commis- 
sioners might  be  obtained.  Lastly,  the  Commis- 
sioners do  not  fail  to  recommend  that  it  be  ren- 
dered compulsory  upon  the  companies  (New  River 
and  East  London^  to  supply  water  upon  the 
*'  constant  system"  throughout  their  districts, 
and  upon  owners  of  houses  to  furnish  their  houses 
with  proper  arrangements  to  receive  such  supply. 


OBITUAHY. 


The  Birmingham  papers  announce  the  death  of 
Mr.  John  Hardman,  the  head  of  the  well-known 
firm  of  Hardman  and  Co.,  of  that  town.  His 
father,  says  the  Birmingham  Daily  Post,  was  one 
of  the  oldest  manufacturers  engaged  in  button 
making.  Mr.  Hardman  succeeded  to  the  business, 
then  carried  on  in  Paradise-street,  and  conducted 
it  for  some  years ;  but  he  is  better  known  as  the 
reviver  of  the  art  of  metal  working  and  glass 
painting,  according  to  true  principles.  An  acci- 
dental interview,  in  the  year  1837,  with  the  late 
Mr.  A.  W.  Pugin,  at  that  time  Professor  of  Archi- 
tecture at  Oscott  College,  resulted  in  Mr.  Hard- 
man's  entering  into  the  views  entertained  by  the 
distinguished   architect,  and   a   friendship  began 


which  terminated  only  with  the  life  of  Mr.  Pugin. 
Imbued  with  a  kindred  spirit  of  enthusiasm  to 
that  which  animated  his  famous  associate,  Mr. 
Hardman  entered  thoroughly  into  the  views  of 
Pugin,  and  was  the  medium  by  which  the  magni- 
ficent conceptions  of  the  latter  were  realised.  With 
Mr.  Hardman  it  was  a  labour  of  love — he  spared 
neither  time  nor  money  in  efi'ecting  the  end  he  so 
earnestly  desired  to  achieve.  For  that  purpose  he 
collected  together,  taught,  and  trained  skilful 
workers  in  gold,  silver,  iron,  and  brass ;  he  ex- 
perimented on  all  the  medieval  processes  of  metal 
work — saw-piercing,  beating  up,  enamelling,  stone- 
setting,  and  niello— all  of  them  arts  which  were 
practically  obsolete  at  the  period  when  he  com- 
menced his  labours.  After  many  difficulties, 
patiently  encountered,  though  at  great  costof 
time  and  money,  Mr.  Hardman  by  the  perfection 
of  his  workmanship,  realised  the  fondest  dreams 
of  his  friend  and  associate,  Mr.  Pugin.  In  stained 
glass  Mr.  Hardman  was  equally  successful,  achiev- 
ing a  high  degree  of  excellence  in  works  in  that 
material,  which  realised  all  the  solemnity  and  har- 
mony  of  colour,  peculiarity  of  design,  form,  and 
expression,  which  distinguish  the  glass  of  the 
best  medieval  artists.  In  doing  this  he  gave  our 
town  a  new  trade  ;  and  he  did  more— he  showed 
the  world  that  Birmingham,  stigmatised  for  the 
production  of  things  false,  was,  at  the  bidding  of 
an  earnest  man,  capable  of  producing  things 
honest,  truthful,  noble,  and  precious.  It  was  in 
1S45  that  Mr.  Hardman  commenced  his  establish- 
ment for  the  manufacture  of  metal  work  and 
stained  glass  in  accordance  with  true  principles, 
and  from  this  undertaking  has  emanated  the  many 
similar  works  now  so  widely  distributed  in  the 
metropolis  and  elsewhere.  When  he  commenced 
his  labours  in  his  peculiar  field  he  found  everything 
false  as  regards  principle,  and  tinsel  as  regards 
ornament ;  for  the  false  he  substituted  the  true, 
for  the  tinsel  he  substituted  the  real.  There  are 
few  cathedrals,  churches,  or  public  buildings  built 
according  to  the  true  principles  of  revived  Gothic 
architecture,  in  which  are  not  enshrined  some  ex- 
amples of  his  manufacture.  His  works  shone  re- 
splendent in  the  local  exhibition  of  1849,  and  in 
the  Mediaeval  Court  of  the  great  Exhibition  of 
1851.  They  also  form  interesting  features  in  the 
Palace  of  Westminster,  and  his  monumental 
brasses  (singularly  appropriate  in  character,  and 
excellent  in  execution)  are  to  be  found  widely 
distributed.  Mr.  Hardjnan  was  fifty-five  years  of 
age. 

The  death  is  annjunced  of  Mr.  Alexander 
Brodie,  the  Scottish  sculptor.  He  was  fast  rising 
to  a  high  place  in  his  profession.  Several  of  his 
works  are  well  known — the  latest  and  one  of  the 
best  is  a  statue  of  the  Queen  recently  erected  in 
Aberdeen.  The  deceased  gentleman,  who  was 
only  thirty-six  years  of  age,  was  brother  to  Mr.  W. 
Brodie,  the  Edinburgh  sculptor. 


§uilbing  |ittel(igcitte. 


cmmcHEa  and  chapels. 

The  foundation  stone  of  a  Chapel  of  Ease  has 
been  laid  at  Eddington,  Hungerford.  The  archi- 
tect is  Mr.  Blomfield,  of  London  ;  the  contractor, 
Mr.  Wooldridge,  of  Hungerford.  The  chapel  will 
be  83ft.  in  length,  and  built  in  the  Decorated 
style  with  brick  and  Bath  stone  dressings.  It  will 
accommodate  275  persons,  and  all  the  sittings  will 
be  free  and  unappropriated.  The  cost  is  estimated 
at  about  £2,300. 

The  foundation-stone  of  a  new  chapel,  to  be 
erected  in  Hood-street,  Monkwearmouth,  for  the 
use  of  the  United  Methodist  Free  Church  deno- 
mination, was  laid  last  week.  Mr.  John  Tillman 
is  the  architect,  Mr.  John  Hodgson  having  the 
contract  for  the  masonry  and  bricklaying,  and 
Messrs.  ElUott  and  Hud.son  for  the  joiner-work. 
The  structure  will  be  of  white  brick,  with  red  brick 
arches  and  stone  facings,  aud  will  accommodate 
350  persons,  with  a  schoolroom  added  to  hold  150, 
the  school  being  so  arranged  that  ifcan  be  made 
available  for  the  chapel.     'Total  cost  about  £900. 

The  restoration  of  the  exterior  of  the  south 
transept  of  Gloucester  Cathedral  is  now  being  car- 
ried  out  imder  the  direction  of  Mr.  G.  G.  Scott. 
Mr.  Gambier  Parry  has  been  engaged  for  many 
months  in  painting  the  chapel  of  St.  Andrew — the 
first  chapel  east  of  the  south  transept — and  the 
whole  of'  this  superb  edifice  is  being  restored  by 
Mr.  T.  Marling,  of  Gloucester,  aa  a  memorial  of  his 
wife. 


Alfohd  (Lincolnshire). — The  parish  church 
here  (a  fine  specimen  of  the  architecture  of  the 
time  of  Edward  III.),  having  been  for  a  long  time 
ia  a  very  dilapidated  state,  it  is  intended  to 
enlarge  and  restore  it.  The  cost  of  the  works  is 
estimated  at  £4,000.  They  will  be  carried  out 
under  the  direction  of  Mr.  G.  Gilbert  Scott. 
Messrs.  Hasnip  and  White,  builders,  Alford,  have, 
commenced  the  work. 

Church  Aston. — A  new  church  erected  upon 
the  site  of  the  old  church  was  opened  last  week. 
The  architect  is  Mr.  Street,  of  London,  and  the 
contractors  are  Messrs.  Treasure,  of  Shrewsbury. 
The  style  is  Gothic,  of  the  Decorated  period.  The 
building  is  rectangular  in  form,  and  consists  of 
nave,  north  aisle,  chancel,  and  chancel  aisle,  with 
bell  turret.  The  material  is  red  sandstone,  from 
a  quarry  belonging  to  Mr.  R.  M,  Leeke,  not  far 
distant.  The  dressings,  the  low  wall  which  di- 
vides the  nave  from  the  chancel,  the  font,  and  the 
pulpit,  are  all  of  white  Griushill  stone.  The  roof 
of  the  nave  is  open,  exposing  the  beams  and  the 
ceiling ;  that  of  the  chancel  is  covered  by  circular 
boarding  of  stained  wood.  The  church  is  esti. 
mated  to  seat  about  350  persons. 

Croxton  Kenial  (Leicestershire). — The  com- 
plete restoration  of  the  interesting  church  in  this 
parish  is  now  fully  commenced,  under  the  super, 
intendence  of  Mr.  G.  G.  Scott,  R.A.  The  work 
comprises  a  thorough  restoration  of  the  defective 
stonework  generally,  and  new  roofs  throughout, 
which,  together  with  all  the  elaborately  carved 
stalls  and  benches,  are  being  done  in  English  oak. 
This  church  is  especially  rich  in  ancient  architec- 
tural remains  of  historical  importance,  being 
the  reputed  burial  place  of  one  of  England's 
kings.  Mr.  J.  Fast,  of  Melton  Mowbray,  is 
the  contractor,  and  Mr.  Yeomans  is  the  clerk  of 
works. 

KiNTBURT. — The  consecration  of  Christ  Church, 
Kintbury,  Berks,  took  place  on  Tuesday  week  last 
by  the  Bishop  of  Oxford.  The  style  of  architec- 
ture is  Decorated  or  of  the  Second  Pointed  period. 
The  material  used  in  the  construction  of  the 
walls  isv  brick,  as  it  is  obtainable  in  the  locality, 
but  all  the  windows,  doorways,  weatherings, 
copings,  stringcourses,  aud  plinths  are  executed  in 
Bath  stone.  The  plan  consists  of  a  tower  entrance, 
a  nave,  chancel,  and  vestry.  The  nave  is  26ft. 
wide  and  66ft.  long,  and  will  hold  250  adults; 
the  seats  are  of  deal,  stained  and  varnished.  The 
chancel  is  29ft.  long  and  20ft.  wide.  The'  church 
has  cost  upwards  of  £3,000.  The  architect  is  Mr. 
Talbot  Bury,  of  Welbeck- street.  The  stonework 
was  entrusted  to  Mr.  Keats,  of  Newburj' ;  the 
brickwork  and  plastering  to  Mr.  Cumner,  of  Kint- 
bury ;  and  the  woodwork  to  Mr.  Cruise,  of  the 
same  place. 

TorsHAM. — A  new  Wesleyau  Chapel  was  opened 
at  Topsh.am,  Devon,  last  week.  It  is  built  in  the 
French  Gothic  style,  from  designs  by  Mr.  T.  R. 
Orwell,  architect.  North  Shields,  and  has  cost 
about  £3,000.  Mr.  Perriam,  of  Topsham,  is  the 
builder. 

Upper  Clapton. — In  noticing  the  design  for  j 
new  church  which  is  shortly  to  be  erected  at 
Upper  Clapton,  at  a  cost  of  from  £10,000  to 
£12,000,  the  Ecclesiologist  says  :— "  From  the  pho- 
tographs which  we  have  before  us,  it  wUl,  we  fear, 
be  only  another  addition  to  the  unsatisfactory 
churches  which  have  been  erected  in  the  parishes 
of  Hackney.  There  is  some  merit  about  parts, 
especially  the  proportion  of  the  tower  and  spire, 
which  remind  one  of  some  of  the  Lincolnshire 
examples  ;  but  there  is  a  striking  w.ant  of  origin- 
aUty  in  every  part.  The  upper  lights  of  the  tower 
are  in  the  style  of  the  thirteenth  century,  as  are 
also  the  piers  of  the  nave,  whereas  the  rest  of  the 
detail  is  fourteenth  century.  The  church  consists 
of  nave,  aisles,  with  gabled  roofs,  timbers  open  to 
ridge ;  tower  and  spire  at  the  end  of  the  south 
aisle  ;  the  east  end  facing  the  road.  We  particu- 
larly dislike  the  semihexagonal  apse  with  each 
side  gabled  and  crocketed.  The  whole  is  just  such 
a  church  as  any  architect's  assistant,  of  fair  abihty, 
might  design.  It  is  not  to  such  buildings  as  this 
that  we  are  to  look  for  progress  in  our  future 
architecture." 

Wolstanton.  —  A  Methodist  New  Connexion 
Chapel  is  being  erected  here  at  a  cost  of  about 
£900.  The  style  is  Italian,  and  the  exterior  front 
elevation  will  be  f.aced  with  white  pressed  bricks, 
and  HoUington  stone  dressings  for  doorways, 
windows,  cornices,  &c.  The  church  will  seat  about 
350  persons.  The  architect  is  Mr.  Ralph  Dain,  of 
Burslem,  and  the  builder,  Mr.  Trevor,  of  New- 
castle. 


June  7,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


399 


BUILDINGS. 

The  foundation  stone  of  the  new  Metropolitan 
Meat  and  Poultry  Market — which  we  have  more 
than  once  described — was  laid  on  Wednesday  by 
Mr.  H.  L.  Taylor,  chairman  of  the  Markets  Impro- 
vements Committee  of  the  Corporation  of  Lomlon. 
Tha  Corporation  have  been  empowered  by  act  of 
Parliament  to  raise  for  the  construction  of  the 
market  a  sum  of  £235,900,  and  an  additional  sum 
of  £70,000  for  making  a  new  street  connecting 
the  market  with  Victoria-street.  With  a  view  to 
the  gradual  liquidation  of  those  sums,  they  have 
been  authorised  to  impose  a  light  toll  of  a  farthing 
for  every  211b.  on  all  meat  conveyed  to  market 
by  rail  or  otherwise.  The  architect  of  the 
new  market  is  Mr.  Horace  Jones,  the  City  archi- 
tect ;  the  contractors  are  Messrs.  Browne  and 
Robinson. 

Dawley. — A  new  market  hall  has  been  erected  at 
Dawley,  in  Shropshire,  which  has  frontage  to  the 
High-street  of  80ft.  by  an  equal  depth,  and  is  roofed 
over  in  three  spans,  the  centre  being  of  narrower 
I  in  than  that  of  the  two  sides.  The  outside  is 
1  red  brick,  -ivith  stone  facings.  The  contractors 
..  i-re  Messrs.  Nevitt,  of  Ironbridge,  who  have  car- 
ried out  the  work  for  £2,140,  from  the  plans  and 
under  the  superintendence  of  the  architect,  Mr. 
Bidlake,  of  Wolverhampton. 

Leeds. — Messrs.  Beckett  and  Co.'s  new  banking 
premises.  Park-row,  which  have  been  upwards  of 
tliree   years  erecting,    are    now  completed.      The 

ilding  is  designed  in  the  Early  Pointed  Gothic 

'.  le,  is  constructed  of  red  brick,  and  the  outside 
I  iL'iug  bricks  have  been  procured  from  Mr.  Robert 
1'  nd,  of  Thir»k,  who  made  them  expressly  to  the 
iu:uension3  decided  upon  by  the  architects.  These 
bricks  are  very  thin,  of  a  peculiar  and  pleasant  red 
colour,  and  smooth  faced.  They  have  the  appear- 
ance of  being  polished,  and  are  laid  in  dark 
coloured  mortar,  carefully  jointed,  which  gives  a 
-;"hness  to  the  face  of  the  building  not  generally 

ud  in  ordinary  brick  buildings.  The  string 
-dldings,  base  course,  capitals  to  the  shafts  of 
the  windows  and  doors,  a  portion  of  the  parapet, 
and  other  parts  of  the  building  have  been  ex- 
ecuted in  stone,  the  major  part  of  which  has  been 
procured  from  Mr.  Walker's  quarry.  Mount  St. 
Michael,  about  ten  miles  beyond  Halifax.  The 
building  has  been  designed  and  erected  under  the 
Biinerintendence  of  Mr.  Gilbert  Scott,   R.A.,  and 

-srs.  Perkin  and  Son,  architects.     The  mason, 
iL-k,  carpenter,  and  joiners'  work  was  executed 

Mr.  Thomas  Whiteley.     Mr.  John  Kaberry  was 

rk  of  the  works. 

Whitley. — The  foundation  stone  of  the  Prud- 
hoe  Convalescent  Home  was  laid  on  Tuesday  last 
at  Whitley,  on  the  Northumberland  coast,  by  Lord 
Warkworth,  grandson  of  the  Duke  of  Northum- 
'  "rlind.  The  building  is  dedicated  to  the  memory 
liis  great  uncle,  the  late  Duke  of  Northumber- 
1-1,  and  will  be  connected  with  the  Newcastle 
Infirmary.  The  building  will  accommodate  fifty 
patients,  thirty  men  and  twenty  women,  and  it 
will  be  so  arranged  as  to  be  capable  of  extension 
»t  any  future  time.  The  ground,  containing  6 J 
icres,  was  bought  for  £1,500,  and  the  building 
ffill  cost  £12,746,  exclusive  of  the  engineering 
ivork,  which  is  estimated  at  £3,000  more. 


TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 

To  OcR  Readers.— We  shall  feel  obliged  to  any  of  o>ir 
coders  who  will  favour  us  with  brief  Dote3  of  works  con- 
emplated  or  in  progress  iu  the  pro\-iuce3. 

Letters  relating  to  advertisements  and  the  ordinary  busi- 
iw  of  the  paper  should  be  addresswl  to  the  Kditor,  100, 
•■leet-atreet.  Advertisements  for  the  current  week  must 
Mch  the  office  before  5  o'clock  p.m.  on  Thursday. 

Notice.— The  BUILDIXG  NEWS  inserts  advertise- 
oaats  for  ■•  SITUATIONS  WANTED,"  &c.,  at  ONE 
IHILLING  for  the  first  Twenty,  fotrr  Words. 


RrcKivEB.— T.  D.— P.  T.— J.  F.— E.  V.  M.-J.  P.  S.— 
V.  and  C.  B.— J.  G.— A.  G.  H— R.  L.-H.  O.—J.  W.  B.— 
.  J.— H.  and  P.— J.  N. 

N.  H.  T. — The  case  is  rather  complicated.  Consult  a 
iwyer. 

W.  R.  (Southampton.) — See  reply  [249]  in  lutercommu- 
HAtion. 

T-  B.— Ask  some  architectural  bookseller  for  a  catalogue. 
.''■  T.— Most  of  the  facta  in  your  letter  appeared  in  Mr. 
"•ton's  letter  last  week. 

-A  F. — There  are  some  good  points  in  your  answer  to  Mr. 
orgM'a  paper,  but  it  is  marred  and  weakened  by  sneers, 
■^  inerefore.  inadmissible. 

.  .  T    — ^*  *^  ^*^  intention  to  give  all  the  designs  for  the 
•w  Law  Courts,  with   one  or   perhaps  two  exceptions. 
"  n  "'^  Mr.  Barry's  design  will  appear. 
"R.T.  (Manchester.)— Write  Mr.  Jos.  Newton,  Presi- 

'^.  Association  of  Foremen  Engineers,  London  Coffee- 

i=e,  Ludgate-street,  London, 


Corrcsponkiifc. 

— ♦ — 

OUR   WATER    SUPPLY. 

To  the  Editor  of  the  Buildlso  News. 

Sir, — Your  journal   of   last   Friday,   May   .SI, 
contains  an  article  on  the   .above  subject,  having 
especi.al  reference    to   Mr.    Ormsby's    scheme  for 
supplying  the  metropolis  with  pure   water,  and 
our  object  in  addressing  you  is   to  call  attention 
to  the  following  statement  contained  in  it: — "  It 
is   a   fact   well  established    that   the    mechanical 
operation  of  filtering  can  never  make  miwholesome 
water  wholesome.      Thick   sewage   water  can  be 
filtered  so  as  to  appear  pure  and  bright,  but  never- 
theless it  still  retains  all  its  pernicious  ingredients." 
Now,    if,    as    you    itate,    these  are   the  only 
reasons  for   which    "Mr.    Ormsby    discards    all 
schemes    hitherto     proposed    for    supplying   the 
metropolis  with    pure  water,"  we   think   we  are 
justified  in  saying  that  he   argues  upon  false  pre- 
mises.    The  organic  matter,  which  is  the  principal 
cause  of  the   unwholesomeness  of  water  in  large 
towns,  may   be   almost  entirely   removed   by  the 
simple   process   of  filtration,   and   sewage   water 
treated  in  this  way,   so  far  from   retaining  all  its 
pernicious  ingredients,  is  found  to  be  entirely  de- 
prived of  them  and   rendertd   sufficiently  whole- 
some and  sweet  for  either   drinking    or   culinary 
purposes.      The  Commission   lately  appointed  by 
the  Lancet  for  inquiring  into  the  subject  of  water 
filters,  adopted  perhaps  the  most  severe  test  which 
could    have    been    devised   for    determining  the 
capabilities  of  various  filters  in  removing  organic 
impurities,  viz.,  that    of  passing   through  them  a 
quantity  of  water  mixed  with  milk.     The  reason 
for  adopting  this  test  was  that  chymicaUy  milk  is 
a    representative  of  all   animal   matters   usually 
found  in    drinking  waters,  and   if   a  filter  can  be 
found  which  will  remove  this,  it  may  fairly  be  in- 
ferred that  it  will   remove  all  organic    impurities. 
This  result  was  obtained  by  the  Silicated  Carbon 
Filter,  which    delivered  the    water  perfectly  free 
from  the  slightest  trace  of  any  of  the  constituents 
of  the  milk.      By  adapting  a  filter  of  this  descrip- 
tion to  the   main  service   supply  pipe,   as  is  now 
done   at   the   General    Post    Oflice,  the   London 
Hospital,  and  other  large  buildings,  water  may  be 
purified  to  any  extent,  not  only  from  visible  im- 
purities but  from  organic  substances   dissolved  in 
it. — We  are,  &c., 

The  S1LIC.4.TED  Carbon  Filter  Company. 
Works,  Church-road,  Battersea,  June  30. 


CONCRETE  BTHLDINGS. 


SiK, — It  appears  to  me  that  the  experience  oi 
Jlr.  W.  E.  Newton,  C.E.,  must  have  been  con. 
fined  to  a  very  limited  area,  or  he  would  not  hav« 
shown  himself  so  unacquainted  'with  the  cost  of 
building  materials  and  labour  as  his  letter  in  your 
issue  of  the  31st  ult.  proves  him  to  be.  With  youi 
kind  permission  I  will  reply  as  briefly  as  possible 
to  a  few  of  his  statements,  and  then  take  leave  of 
him  and  thLs  subject,  fully  satisfied  that  Portland 
cement  concrete,  however  suitable  it  may  be  in 
London  or  Paris,  is  not  the  cheapest  building 
material  for  provincial  towns  and  rural  districts. 
Mr.  Newton  considers  me  unfortunate  in  the 
prices  I  quoted  for  brickwork  ;  let  us  look  into  the 
matter.  I  can  purchase  the  bricks  used  for 
cottage  building  in  this  and  other  localities  which 
I  can  name  at  2O3.  (not  30s.)  per  thousand ;  and 
1,000  of  these  bricks  will  build  eleven  yards  of  9in. 
wall,  whilst  lime  and  sand  can  be  had  at  simi- 
larly reasonable  prices.  Mr.  Newton  can  make 
his  own  calculations  from  these  data  if  he  pleases. 
Now  to  the  concrete.  In  the  discussion  on  im- 
proved dwelUngs  for  the  working  classes,  reported 
in  the  Building  News  of  April  12,  Mr.  Newton 
instanced  some  houses  which  he  was  building  in 
Paris  and  at  Norwood,  in  which  he  calculated  the 
cost  to  be  less  than  half  what  it  would  have  been 
in  brick  or  stone ;  he  employed  un.skilled  labour 
in  Paris  at  2.W.  (23.  Id.)  per  day ;  he  burnt  the 
ballast  himself  for  less  than  2s.  per  cubic  yard, 
and  the  result  was,  he  built  his  9in.  wall  slightly 
under  3s.  per  yard  super,  his  cement  costing 
only  Is.  lOd.  per  bushel.  Now,  if  he  could 
build  for  no  less  than  that,  with  labour  at  so  low 
a  rate,  what  would  be  the  case  had  he  to  pay  3s. 
or  33.  6d.  per  day  for  it,  and  ISs.  or  143.  per 
barrel  for  his  cement,  which  is  the  price  it  is  sold 
at  here — rather  more  than  33.  I  suspect  ?  In  his 
letter  last  week  he  says  that  he  paid  but  33.  4d. 
for    labour  on   twenty-four    yards   of   Portland 


Ih 


cement  facing  to  the  outside  of  his  building,  the 
stucco  being  composed  of  four  parts  of  sand  to  one 
of  cement  (rather  le.an  stuff  for  the  job)  and  kid 
on  thinner  than  a  penny  piece.  Mr.  Newton 
must  permit  lue  to  doubt  both  these  statements ; 
it  will  take  a  more  than  ordinary  workman  to  lay 
fifty  yards  of  cement  finishing  coat  on  x  pre- 
viously floated  wall  in  a  day ;  the  wages  of  a 
plasterer  and  labourer  for  a  day  will  be  very  low  at 
Ss.,  to  say  nothing  of  profit  to  an  employer  ;  and  I 
have  had  rather  too  much  practice  in  building  not 
to  know  that  a  coat  of  cement  so  thin  and  so  weak 
cannot  be  laid  on  .a  floated  wall,  much  less  an  un- 
prepared one.  I  now  quit  the  subject  ;  I  thank 
Air.  Newton  for  his  information  and  his  kind 
ofier  of  employment,  but  am  not  in  want  of  any 
at  present ;  though,  if  he  will  send  his  brickwork 
to  Chester,  I  will  find  him  men  who  will  do  any 
amount  of  it  at  the  price  I  quoted. — I  am,  &c., 
Chester,  June  4.  F. 


OUR  FUTURE  ARCHITECTURE. 

Sib, — It  appears  to  me  that  Mr.  Surges  has 
quite  mistaken  his  vocation  when  he  places  him- 
self before  the  public  as  a  lecturer  upon  art. 
That  he  is  a  man  of  talent  and  acquirements  few 
persons  will  venture  to  deny,  but  that  he  possesses 
those  qualities  which  are  necessary  for  a  public 
teacher,  I  think  but  very  few  men  would  willingly 
assert.  He  lacks  ballast.  Like  Bottom,  the 
weaver,  he  wants  to  play  the  lion  and  "  roar  as 
gently  as  .any  sucking  dove,"  and,  like  the  Athenian 
mechanic  he,  gets  laughed  at  for  his  pains.  The 
lecture  or  paper  in  question  is  professedly  upon 
our  future  architecture,  an  all-iiuportant  and 
serious  subject,  which  is  scarcely  hinted  at,  and, 
contains  but  little  matter  beyond  an  ill-natured, 
though  covert,  sneer  at  those  members  of  the 
profession  who  have  not  led  a  similar  life  and, 
taken  up  with  the  same  pursuits  as  Mr.  Burges. 
Why  an  indirect  shaft  is  hurled  at  those  persona 
who  are  necessitated,  or  who  prefer  to  get  their 
living  by  following  the  more  practically  useful 
but  not  more  agreeable  branches  of  the  profession, 
and  seeking,  perhaps  at  an  early  age,  to  render 
themselves  independent  of  their  friends  (if  they 
have  any),  I  am  at  a  loss  to  conceive.  If  the 
"  Art  Man "  knows  and  cares  nothing  about 
"light  and  air,"  surveying,  "  modern  construction," 
and  such  little  matters,  in  the  name  of  common 
sense  let  him  leave  those  alone  who  do,  and  confine 
himself  to  the  subject  he  undertakes,  without 
unnecessary  digressions  and  a  constant  harping 
upon  the  almost  worn  out  strings  of  thirteenth 
century  French  art  and  figure  drawing.  We  have 
had  rather  more  than  enough  of  this  for  the  last 
fifteen  years,  and  if  gentlemen  will  talk  about  our 
future  art  they  ought  to  give  us  something  new, 
or  at  least  stick  to  their  subject. 

When  Mr.  G.  A.  Sala  produces  one  of  his  charm- 
ing papers,  professedly  upon  the  "  Streets  of  the 
World,"  but  really  upon  any  subject  that  happens 
to  be  floating  through  his  mind  at  the  time,  we 
forgive  him  his  digression,  and  indeed  like  it  on 
account  of  its  brilliance,  but  writers  like  Mr. 
Burges  are  but  heavy  hands  at  this  sort  of  work, 
and  give  us  ail  the  rigmarole  without  any  of  the 
wit. 

Architecture  is,  after  aU,  more  of  a  science  than 
a  fine  art.  If  the  science  is  not  basked  by  art  it  is 
bad,  but,  on  the  other  hand,  if  the  fine  art  is  not 
accompanied  by  science,  even  including  the  paltry 
one  of  "modem  construction,"  it  becomes  but  of 
little  use  in  the  hands  of  its  possessor,  and,  to 
quote  the  quoted  words  of  the  lecturer  "  he  finds 
that  he  gets  comparatively  nothing  to  do,  and  in- 
deed, he  may  think  himself  comparatively  lucky  if 
he  does  when  he  is  tolerably  past  the  middle  of 
iiis  life." — I  am,  &c.,  Nemo. 


For  some  time  past  the  Knightabridge  Barracks 
have  been  condemned  by  many  people  as  a  nui- 
sance, and  on  Monday  evening  last  the  question 
was  talked  over  in  the  House  of  Lords,  and,  as  we 
might  have  expected,  found  defenders  there.  One 
noble  lord  thought  that  the  barracks  are  of  much 
more  importance  than  the  new  Hall  of  Arts  and 
Science  is  soon  likely  to  be.  One  objection  fre- 
quently urged  against  these  barracks  is,  that  a 
considerable  portion  of  the  soldiers'  rooms  are 
over  stables.  "What  of  that,"  said  Lord  Redes- 
dale,  "  do  not  many  of  their  lordships'  servants  live 
over  stables  without  making  any  complaint  ? " 
Truly ;  but  two  blacks  won't  make  a  whit*. 
Because  "  their  lordships'  servants  "  live  in  un- 
healthy  situations  is  certainly  no  reason  why 
soldiers  should  also  do  so. 


402 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


June  7,  1867. 


ijuk  lldus. 


TENDERS. 

Bagshot.— For  Royal  Albert  Orphan  Asylum,  Collings- 
wood  Court.  Mr.  Edward  EilLs,  architect: — Ashby  aud 
Homer.  £3,270;  Perry  aud  Co.,  £3,091;  Wheeler,  £3,008; 
Hiffgs,  2,843. 

Bromley. — For  erecting  eight  houses  in  Palace-road, 
Bromley,  Keut,  for  Mr.  C.  Gordon.  Mr.  Samuel  U.  Hope, 
of  Penge.  architect.  Quantities  supplied; — Keys,  £3,515; 
Staines  and  Son,  £3,264;  Wallis,  £3,053;  Walker,  f  2,9ti0  ; 
Dearda,  £2,768 ;  Lawrence,  £2,585 ;  Farthing,  £2,524  ; 
Harrison  and  Edwards,  £2,515  ;  Hazell,  £^,500  ;  Lennerton, 
£1,820. 

Clapton. — For  roads  and  sewers  on  an  estate  at  Clapton, 
for  the  London  aud  Suburban  Land  and  Bviildjng  Company 
(Limited)  Messrs.  Hammack  and  Lambert,  surveyors:  — 
Reddin,  £13,940  ;  Pound,  £11,714  ;  Potter,  £11,260  ;"Porter, 
j6T,0-25. 

Dalston. — For  building  new  music  hall  at  Dalston.  Mr. 
Lovegrove,  architect.  Quantities  supplied  : — Scrivener 
and  White.  £764  ;  Maeers,  £750 ;  Blackmore  and  Morley, 
£742;  Webb  and  Sons.  £781;  Crocket.  £728;  Shurman, 
£718 ;  Eaton  aud  Chapman,  £710  ;  Wood  Brothers,  £098  ; 
Nutt  and  Coy,  £698  ;  Garraud,  £005  ;  Grover,  £094  ; 
Staines  and  Son,  £688;  Nightingale,  £087;  Crabb  and 
Vaughan,  £647  ;  John  High  (accepted).  £645  lOs. 

Hampton. — For  alterations  to  the  Vicarage,  Hampton, 
S.W.  Mr.  W.  Wigginton,  Comhill,  EC,  architect:— 
Dearie,  £1,159;  W.  N.  Johnson,  £1.02.''» ;  Tims,  £9S4 ; 
Harrison  and  Edwards  (too  late),  £S72  17s.  ;  Warne, 
£779  163. 

Lincoln. — For  rebuilding  Harlaston  Rectory,  Lincoln- 
flhire.  Messrs.  Goddard  and  Son,  Lincoln,  architects  : — 
W.  Huddleaton.  Lincoln,  £1,050;  Hobaon  aud  Taylor, 
Hogsthorpe,  £1,473 ;  Messrs.  Pattinson,  Ruskington, 
£1,240;  architect's  estimate,  £1,250. 

Lincoln, — For  Saint  Martin's  Parochial  Schools.  Lin- 
coln. Messrs.  Goddard  and  Son,  Lincoln,  architects  : — R. 
Young,  £998;  Kent  and  Otter,  £996  10s. ;  William  Hud- 
dleston,  £914;  J.  Chambers,  £S43  ;  Barnes  and  Wright, 
£838  10s.  ;  Otter  and  Elaey,  £823  ;  Close  and  Goodbaru 
(acceptfd),  £773  ;  Fotherby  and  Taylor,  £72S.      • 

London. — For  alterations  and  new  fronts  to  the  Tippling 
Philosopher,  for  Mr.  Wni.  Owstou.  Mr.  S.  Brookes,  archi- 
tect :— Chutter,  £418  ;  Langmeadand  Way  (accepted),  £345. 

Notts. — For  alterations  aud  additions  to  Gedling  Rectory, 
Notts.  Messrs.  Goddard  and  Son,  Lincoln,  arclutects : — 
J.  Barker,  Nottingham.  £993  ;  S.  and  W,  Pattinson,  Rus. 
kmgton,  £955 ;  William  Key,  Coulton,  £950 ;  J.  W.  Thomp- 
son. Derby,  £940;  architect's  estimate,  £950. 

NoTTiNG  Hill.— For  rebuilding  the  Elgin  Arms,  Notting 
Hill,  for  Mr.  Norden.  Messrs.  Hammack  and  Lambert, 
architects;— Newman  aud  Mann.  £4,345;  Williams  and 
Son,  £4,297  ;  Ennor,  £4,119;  Gibson,  Brothers,  £4,070; 
Dew,  £3,S50. 

Poplar.— For  Fire  Brigade  station,  at  Poplar,  for  the 
Metropolitan  Board  of  Works ;— Piper,  £2,382;  Chappell, 
£2,370  ;  Nixon,  £2,344  ;  Abraham,  £2,297  ;  Wood,  £2,293  ; 
Wilcox,  £2,260  ;  Nutt,  £2,194  ;  Henshaw,  £2,165  ;  Lathey, 
£2,162;  Mann,  £2,120;  Howard,  £2,047. 

Paddington.— For  repairs  to  St.  Marys  Hospital,  Pad- 
dington,  W.  Mr.  W.  Wigginton,  Cornhill,  E.G.,  archi- 
tect :— Rigby,  £2,411  .Ss.  ;  Warne.  2,074  123.  ;  Roper,  £2,041 ; 
Steel  and  Leggett,  £l,<i;^7  ;  Wekli,  £1,695  ;  Norton,  £1,691; 
W.  W.Johnson,  £1,645;  Nightingale,  ±1,641. 

Paddington.— For  rebuilding  the  King  and  Queen 
Tavern  at  Paddington  Green.  Mr.  John  Blore,  architect : — 
i.  and  C.  PAjison,  £2,990  ;  Ebbs  and  Son,  £2.985  ;  Stimp- 
8on,  £2,945  ;  Attkins.  £2.SI7  148.  ;  Green,  £2,740;  Bro\vn, 
£2,700;  Martin  (accepted),  2.087. 

Putney  Heath.— Royal  Hospital  for  Incurables.— The 
tender  of  Simms  and  Marten  for  £9,888  has  been  accepted, 
and  the  works  have  been  commenced.  The  comer-stone 
will  be  laid  early  in  July. 

Southampton. — For  the  erection  of  a  mansion  on  the 
Westland's  Estate,  Bassett,  Southampton,  exclusive  of  offi 
ces.  Btablea,  and  lodges.  Messrs.  Guillaunie,  Parmenter,  and 
Guillaume,  Southampton,  architects; — C.  Collier,  £4,250  ; 
John  Richards,  £3,511;  John  Lewis,  £3,102;  H.  J.  San- 
ders, £3,025;  Wm.  Gambling,  £2,990;  Thomas  Philps, 
£2,978  ;  BuU  and  Sous,  £2,972  ;  architect's  protecting  esti- 
mate, £2,900. 

Torquay.- For  erecting  a  new  church  at  Ellacombe, 
Torquay.  Devon,  for  Mr.  A.  F.  Haliburton.  Messrs.  E. 
Habershon,  Brock,  and  Webb,  architects  ;— Mauley  and 
Rogers,  £4,474  ;  Simpson,  £4,434 ;  Hervey,  £3,950;  Jack- 
man,  £3,920;  Call  aud  Pethick,  £3,094. 

Watford.— For  a  pair  of  villas  at  Watford  for  Messrs. 
Margetts  and  Wall  is.  Mr.  Frank  Tliicke,  Rosendale,  DiU- 
wich,  architect:— Messrs.  Watemian,  £878  (Including 
boundary  wall,  iic.) 

Windsor.— For  erecting  malthouse,  ale  stores,  barley 
and  malt  stores  at  Windsor,  for  Messrs.  Burge  and  Co. 
Mr.  H.  Walker,  architect.  Quantities  supplied  bv  Mr. 
Henry  Wm.  Broadbridge  :— Keyes,  £2,097 ;  Whittle, 
£1,989  ;Holli8,  £1,950;  Fish,  £1,910 ;  Sykes,  £1,790  ;  Wills, 
£1,786;  Reavell,  £1,775  lOs. ;  Sawyer,  £1,753;  Jarrett, 
£1,745;  Myers  and  Sou  (accepted),  £1,679. 


PROPERTY  SALES. 

June  4. 

At  the  Mart.— By  Messrs.  Edgley  and  Aylett. — Lease- 
hold residence,  No.  13,  Fulham-place,  Paddington,  annual 
value,  £65,  terra  92  years  from  1846,  at  £12  lOs.  per  annum 
—sold  for  £495. 

By  Mr.  J.  Scott. —Leasehold  house.  No.  2,  Westboume- 
grove  North,  Bayawater,  underlet  at  £29  per  annum,  term 
98  years  from  1847,  at  £6  per  annum — £400. 

By  Messrs.  Debenham,  Tewson,  and  Farmer. — An  annuity 
of  £100  per  annum  for  about  11  years,  secured  upon  Manor 
House,  Chelsea- £050. 


BATH  STONE  OP  BEST  QUALITY. 

Randell  and  Saundeiw,  Quarrymen  and  Stone  Mer 
chants,  Bath.  List  of  Prices  at  the  Quarries  and  Depots, 
also  Cost  for  Transit  to  any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
furnished  ou  application  to  Bath  Stone  Office,  Coraham' 
WUta.— [Advt,] 


BAITKRUPTS. 

TO   SURRENDER   IN  BASINGHALL-STREET 

Stephen  Gates,  Crawley,  builder,  June  11,  at  2— Robert 
Pearson,  Stratford,  gastitter,  June  13.  at  1— William  Henry 
Samuel,  Bow,  builder,  Jane  19,  at  12— George  S.  Tapsell. 
Knockholt,  Kent,  builder,  Jiuie  17,  at2 —Henry  Churchill, 
Deddington,  Oxfordshire,  carpenter,  June  20,  at  1 — Thomas 
Cuitis,  Aylesbury,  plumber,  June  20.  at  12 — William  Rolfe 
Golder,  Folkestone,  boatbuilder,  June  20.  at  1— Frederick 
George  Hall,  Chester-street,  Kennington.  timber  dealer, 
June  19,  at  2 — George  Higga,  Alma  terrace.  Stepney,  orna- 
mental mason,  June  20,  at  11— Henry  Thomas  Johnson, 
Spencer-street,  Battersea.  surveyor's  assistant,  June  17,  at 
11— Evan  Jones,  Totteuliam.  carpenter,  June  20,  at  1 — 
Jolm  Littlechild,  Northall,  near  Baruet,  builder,  June  19, 
at  1. 

TO  SURRENDER  IN  THE  COUNTRY. 

William  Francis  Bubbmgs,  Hull,  wheelwright,  June  14, 
at  11 — Thomas  Cook,  Northam,  builder,  June  12,  at  2 — Am- 
brose Hartley,  Seaforth.  near  Liverjiool.  bmlder,  June  13, 
at  11— Joseph  Kesterton.  Erdington,  Warwickshire,  car- 
penter, June  21,  at  10 — Henry  James  Ledger,  Hulme, 
builder,  June  IS,  at  12 — Thomas  Oweu,  Binningham, 
journeyman  brassfounder,  June  21,  at  10 — Benjamin 
Robertshaw,  Burnley,  iron  and  tinplate  worker,  June  21, 
at  12 — William  Anthony,  Litchurch,  moulder,  June  19,  at 
11 — William  Bryning,  Eastbourne,  Sussex,  decorative  ar- 
tist, June  19,  atll— Joseph  Jackson,  Litchurch,  foundry- 
man,  June  19,  at  12 — Isaiah  Ktndrick,  Walsall,  iron  dealer. 
June  21,  at  12 — Thomas  Straker  Lawson,  Newcastle-upon- 
T}^le,  joiner,  June  18,  at  12 — Samuel  Moss,  Presteigne, 
blacksmith,  June  18,  at  12 — Thomas  Noble,  South  Stockton, 
joiner,  June  17,  at  11 — James  O'Connor,  Sunderland,  iron- 
monger, June  17,  at  12 — John  Patterson,  Hull,  engineer, 
June  26,  at  12 — William  Williams,  Pontypridd,  contractor, 
June  14,  at  11. 

PARRNERSHTPS  DISSOLVED. 

Suckling  and  Leach,  America -square,  marine  surveyors 
— Peuu  aud  Matthew,  Deptford,  engineei-s — Holmes  and 
Grainge,  Bradford.  Yorkshire,  brick  makers — T.  and  J. 
Jackson,  Sheflield,  builders — Attkins  and  Carriugtou.  Sal- 
ford,  engineers— Temple  and  Emmerson,  Scarboroxigh, 
builders— B.  aud  J.  R.  Cook,  Wigan,  plumbers — Bonser 
and  Cocker.  Sheffield,  brassfounders— G.  and  H.  Illing- 
wnrth,  Bradford,  Yorkshire,  joiners— Ramsbottom  and  Co., 
Blackburn,  engineers — Crossley  and  Dawson,  Newsome, 
Yorkshire,  buildei's — Wells  aud  Robius,  Blechjiiden -street, 
Kensington,  builders. 

DrviDESDS. 

June  27,  W.  S.  Paratt,  J.  Barnard,  and  A.  Harvey,  De- 
vizes, engineers. 

DECLARATIONS   OF  DIVIDENDS. 

G.  Gardner,  Sunderland,  shipbuilder,  div.  29.  Gd. — J. 
and  C.  W.  Todd,  Jlilner-street,  Brompton,  builders,  div. 
3kl.— J.  N.  Pierce,  Bristol,  painter,  div.  Sd.— W.  V/illiams, 
Peutyn,  iron  merchants,  div.  l-19th  of  a  penny. 

NOTICES  OF  SITTINGS   FOR   LAST   EXAMINATION. 

June  21,  T.  Trenholme,  R.  Brook,  G.  Stansfield,  and  W. 
Da\ies,  Langfield.  near  Todmorden,  builders — June  26,  A, 
Middlemist,  Hull,  sewing  machine  maker — Jxme  19,  T. 
Hay,  Bishop  Wearmouth,  builder — June  29.  A.  Mawson, 
Bradford  Moor,  stone  leader— June  29,  S.  Holroyd,  Cleck- 
heaton,  joiner — June  26.  D.  S.  M'Laren,  North  Audley- 
street,  mechanical  engineer — June  20.  R.  Buckingham, 
Tavistock-terrace,  house  decorator — June  28,  D.  G.  Ward, 
Jerusalem  Coffee-house,  boilermaker — June  28,  J.  Mears, 
Wandsworth,  brickmaker — July  1,  E.  Myers,  Paris,  gas- 
meter  manufacturer — June  25,  W.  Faber,  Mount-street, 
Shoreditch,  plasterer — June  17,  J.  Uowe,  Hilliugtou  Heath, 
builder — June  27,  J.  Jarvis,  Arthur -terrace,  Dalston, 
builder — June  25,  J.  Brigga,  Great  Crosby,  near  Liverpool, 
joiner — June  25,  G.  Stirbuck,  Claughton,  Cheshire,  rail- 
way carriage  builder — June  22,  R.  Hallam,  East  Ardsley, 
Yorkshire,  contractor — July  17.  J.  Jenkins,  Tredegar, 
builder — July  3,  W.  Silver,  Wantage,  coach  builder — June 
24,  G.  Jessop,  Southampton,  builder — June  20,  J.  Harris, 
Buckfastleigh,  timber  merchant. 


LATEST   PRICES   OF   MATERIALS   USED 
IN  CONSTRUCTION, 


Timber,  dutv  la 

£9    0 
3    0 

Quebec,  red  pme 

4 

,,       yel]ow  pine.. 

2  15 

4 

St.  John  N.B.  yellow 

0    0 

IP 

Quebec  OiLk,  white.. 

6     C 

6 

..       biruh 

3  10 

4 

.,      elm    

3  10 

A 

Dantzicoak 

3  10 

(t 

2  0 

3  0 
3    0 

Riga 

» 

Swedish 

1  IB 

MaBte.QiieliecredpiDe 

6    0 

7 

,,      yellow  pine.. 

6    0 

6 

Lathwood.Dantzic.fm 

4  10 

b 

„       St.  Petersburg  6  10 

7 

Deals, pre. 12  ft.  by3 

by9iD.,duty23per 

load,  di"awback  2b. 

Quel>ec,  white  Bpruee 

14  10 

21 

St.John.whitespniL'* 

IS  10 

15 

Vellow   pine,  per  re- 

duced C. 

Canada,   lat  quality. 

17    0 

It 

2ud  do 

12    0 

13 

per  load,  drawback,  1b. 
Archangel,  yellow  ..  £11 
St,  Petersburg,  yeL..  10 

Finland  S 

Memel 0 

Gotheuburg,  yellow       8 

white    8 

Gefle,  yellow 9 

Suderhainu    9 

Christinjjlft,    per   C, 

12  ft.  by  3  by  9  in. 

yellow 16 

Deck  Pl.T.nk,  Dantzic, 

per  40  ft.  3  in 0 

PuMiCB  Stonk  pr  ton    S 
Oiu.  ic. 

Seal,  pale per  tun  42 

Sperm  body  110 

Cod 40 

Whale,  Sth.  Sea,  pale  43 

Olive.  Gallipoli 62 

Cocoanut,  Coehln.ton  69 

Palm,  fine 34 

Linseed    38 

Rapeseed,  Eng.pale..  37 
Cottouseed 23 


10  £12  10 

10  11     0 

0  9    0 

0  0     0 

10  10  10 

0  9     0 

U  11    0 

0  10  10 


Metals, 

Iron  : — 

Weleh  Bara  In  London     per  ton 

NaU  Rod       -- 

Hoops do 

Sheets,  Single do 

atafordshire  Bars do 

Bars,  in  Wales     do 

Rails    do 

Foundry  Pigs,  at  Glasg.  NO   1    ..      do 
Swedish  Bars   do 

Steel:— 

Swedish  Keg,  hammered     per  ton 

Swedish  Paggut  do 

COFFZR : — 
Sheet  &  Sheathing.  A Bolta   ....pertotl 

Hammered  Buttums       do 

Flat  Bottoms,  not  Hammered   ..       do 

Cake  aud  Tuugh  lugut      do 

Beat  9f  I..-,  tci     do 

Fine  Forel^Ti     do 

Yel.  Uetal  Bheathlng  ft  Bodi . , ,  .per  lb 


6  IS 

7  10 

8  16 
D  16 
7  15 

e  15 


10    33    0 
0    34  lo 


s 

net 


Tm;— 

EUigllfib  Block      per  ton  89    0  0  0  0    1 

do      Bar   do  90  0  0  0    I 

do       Beflned   do  92    0  0  0  0 

Banca do  92    0  0  0  0    ( 

Strait      do  87    0  0  0  0    i 

Lead:— 

Pig.  English      per  ton  22    0  0  0  0    ( 

,,    SpauishSoft     do  19  15  0  0  o 

Shot,  Patent     do  23    0  0  o  0 

3heet    do  21  15  0  0  0    ( 

WTiite     do  30    0  0  31  lo    , 

Spelter  : — 

OntheSpot  per  ton  22    6  0  22  15    ( 

Zisc : — 

English  Sheet      per  ton  2S    0  0  0  0    0 

Devaui'aV.  M.  Roofing  Zinc    do  28    0  0  0  0    0 

•  And  6  per  cent,  discount  if  laid  upon  the  new  system. 

QmcESiLTKR     per  btl  6  18  0  7  0    ( 

Reoolub  op  Antimont. 

French   per  ton  34    0  0  0  0    0 


s 


TAIRCASE    and 
JOHN 


JOINERY    WORKS, 

WALDEN 


(Late  Shop  Foreman  to  Mr.  W.  SANDS,  retired), 

12,  MAIDEN  LANE,  COVENT  GARDEN. 

Estimatea  on  application. 


0.  H.  DAVIES  and  CO.'S 

Gf;N'UIN'E 

SOLID    PARQUET    FLOORS 

Are  Greatly  Superior  to  any  hitherto  Produced,  being 

of  Special   Constmction,    Improved   Design, 

Thoroughly  Seasoned,  and  at 

PRICES   LOWER    THAN   USUAL. 

Specimens  at  Arcliitectuxal  Museum,  23,  Maddox -street,  W. 

AND  AT 

Show  Rooms,  Cambridge  Hall,  Newraan-streel,  liondon. 


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0    0    7^       U    0    8i 


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June  14,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


403 


THE   BUILDING  NEWS. 


LONDON,  FRIDAY,  JVSE  14,  lS6r. 


THE   PARIS   EXHIBITION. 

Architecture. — Third  Notice. 

IN  resuming  our  notice  of  the  architecture 
exhibited  in  Paris,  we  shall  follow  the 
order  in  which  the  countries  recur  in  tlie  offi- 
cial catalogue,  commencing  with  that  of 
France's  one  prosperous  colony. 

Algeria  unfortunately  sends  us  no  record 
of  the  many  new  buildings  and  important 
works  her  prosperity  is  creating,  but  repre- 
sents herself  to  us  only  through  the  past. 
Her  chief  architectural  contribution  is  a  model 
of  the  so-oalled  Tomb  of  the  Christian,  a  mau- 
soleum of  her  ancient  Mauritanian  kings, 
situate  some  si.xty  miles  west  of  Algiers.  It 
is  a  fine  circular  tomb,  of  a  type  common  in 
Asia  Minor  and  Etruria,  and  of  which  that  of 
the  Emperor  Atlrian  may  lie  looked  upon  as 
the  culminating  example.  This  one  is  about 
200ft.  in  diameter,  and  consists  of  an  Ionic 
engaged  columnar  wall,  crowned  with  a  gra- 
duated pyramidal  covering.  No  trace  of  the 
mode  in  which  the  apex  was  terminated  seems 
to  have  been  discovered,  and  in  the  well- 
executed  model  which  sets  forth  its  restoration 
this  is  left  plain. 

From  the  Netherlands  we  find  but  three 
architects  stepping  forward  to  represent  the 
profession,  and  of  these  two  may  be  considered 
to  be,  in  aU  things  but  by  the  accident  of  birth, 
French.     M.  Cuypers,  who  may  thus  be  said 
to  be  the  sole  representative   of  his  nation, 
contributes    his    King   William   Museum  at 
Amsterdam,  and  three  churches.     His  repre- 
sentations of  the  former  are  very  puzzling, 
for  the  geometric  drawing  shows  us  a  plai'n 
building  in  the  Flemish  style   of  the  seven- 
teenth century,  and  his  perspective  view  a 
Gothic  translation  of  the  same  design.     In 
both  of  these  the  weakest  point  is  the  treat- 
ment of  the  large  flat  space  between  the  win- 
dows of  the  ground  floor  and  the  sills  of  the 
large  dormers  which  light  its  principal  stoiy. 
So  obvious  a  position  for  sculpture  is  most  un- 
accountably neglected,  and  the  small  escut- 
cheon of  arms  pinned  up  in  the  centre  of  each 
of  these  huge  spaces  seems  more  to  demonstrate 
the  weakness  of  this  part  of  the  design  than 
to  cover  it.     The  most  interesting  portion  of 
this  series  of  drawings  are  the  details  of  the  roof- 
ing, which  are  worthy  of  study.  Of  M.  Cuypers' 
three  designs  for  churches,  decidedly  the  best 
is  that  of  his  restoration  of  Onze  Bieve  Vrowe 
Munsterkirke,  at  Eoermund,  of  which,  how- 
ever, we  are  not  quite  sure  how  much  belongs 
to  M.  Cuypers  and  how  much  is   original, 
than  which,   perhaps,  we   could  scarcely  say 
anything  more  complimentary.     It  is  a  verv 
tine  church,  of  that  Komanesque  character  pe- 
culiar to  Germany,  and  either  as  an  old  build- 
ing or  a  restoration  is  very  interesting.     The 
proposed  new  church  at  Amsterdam  is  very 
ambitious,  and  its  failure  is  quite  as  great  as 
its    intended     success;    it    is     be-pinnacled, 
crocketed,   and    cusped    beyond    endurance, 
and  has  nothing  but  labour  to  recommend  it. 
His  church  of  S.  Domenic,  at  Nymengen,  is 
very  poor,  much  worse  than  we  have  seen  for 
years  in  England,  and  is  at  least  thirty  years 
behind  our  standard.     The  fine   opportunitv 
presented  by  the  angle  of  the  street  is  cruelly 
wasted,  and  has  only  a  wretched  little  octagon 
turret  for  its  principal  element  of  compositfon. 
M.    Bouwens,   who   was    a    pupil    of   M. 
Labrouste,  and  resides  in  Paris,  sends  draw- 
ing of  a  house  erected  in  the  Pare  Monceaux, 
aad  can  therefore  be  scarcely  said  to  represent 
the  architecture   of  the   Netherlands.      His 
contribution  is  thoroughly  French,   and  not 
particularly  good  of  its  kind.     M.  Van  Soolen 
sends  a  very  well  considered  brick  and  stone 
church,  based  on  the  models  of  those  of  the 
central  district  of  France  built  in  the  thir- 


teenth century.  It  has  low  nave  arches  and 
a  high  triforium  converted  into  a  gallery,  and 
is  worthy  of  examination.  Like  most  of  its 
cogeners,  the  transepts,  choir,  and  nave  are 
all  of  the  same  height,  at '  '  outline  is  there- 
fore very  heavy.  'This  wi,  o  must  refuse  to 
consider  as  a  production  ot  le  Paj'S-Bas,  for 
we  find  that  M.  Van  SooUn  is  "Architecte 
agree  de  la  prefecture  du  Haut  Rhin,"  and 
resides  in  Paris.  Being  born  in  Amsterdam 
may  make  him  a  Netherlander,  but  he  is  a 
French  architect,  and  his  works  should  have 
been  exhibited  in  that  section. 

The  architecture,  and,  indeed,  the  beaux  arts 
generally,  of  Belgium  find   no  place  in  the 
hitherto  published  otticial  catalogue,  and  if  in 
our  remarks  we  should  misname  any  buildings 
or  architect  we  must  plead  the  extreme  diffi- 
culty of  deciphering  the   spider-like   and  in- 
volved signatures  and  writing  on  some  of  the 
drawings  and  the  great  height  at  which   they 
are  placed  as  our  excuse.     The  largest  expo- 
nent of  Belgian  architecture  is  M.  Suys,  who 
contributes  many    large  drawings,    the  first 
series  of  which  are  illustrative  of  a  design  for 
a  palace  for  the   fine  arts  at  Brussels,  and  it  is 
singular  to  remark,   in  this   instance   as  in 
our  own  National  Gallery  competition,  how 
utterly  incompetent  the  fine  arts  seem  to  pro- 
vide a  decent  home  for  themselves.     M.  Suys' 
endeavour  to  house  them  is  a  remarkably  un- 
fortunate one.     He  presents  us  with  an   ill- 
arranged,    overladen    design,    where    curved 
pediments  flank  a  huge  semicircular  aperture 
in  the  centre  of  the  composition,  and  a  similar 
arrangement,  but  kindly  varied  by   making 
the  pediments  angular,  at  each  end.     All  the 
rest  is  made    up  of  the  usual   materials  of 
Renaissance  treatment,    stuck  together  any- 
how and  anywhere.     Nor  is   his   Bourse  at 
Brussels  any  better,  and,in  his  projected  Me- 
morial to  King  Leopold  he  piles  up  the  agony 
of  ornament  to   an  excess  fearful  to  behold, 
till  the  effigy  of  the  commemorated  king  is 
quite  lost  beneath  the  folly  of  his  lo^^ng  sub- 
ject.    That  M.  Suys  is  capable  of  doing  better 
when  he  restrains  the  exuberance  of  his  fancy 
is  visible  from  his  new  baths  at  Spa,  which 
are  very  good.     Plain  and  simple  in  general 
conception,  and,  as  their  enlarged  detail  shows, 
very  good  and  pure  in  accessory  ornamenta- 
tion, they  are  very  creditable  to  M.  Suys,  and 
we  hope,  both  for  the  interests  of  art  and  his 
own  position   in  it,   M.   Suys  will  learn  the 
lesson  which  seems  to  be  inculcated  by  the  fact 
that  of  all  his  designs   exhibited  this  is  the 
only  one  executed.     M.  Hoste  sends  a  church, 
which  is   simply — nay,  we   err — it  is   elabo- 
rately horrible  ;  and  we  turn  with  even  an 
excess   of  pleasure  to  M.   Charpentier's  two 
very  welcome  designs  for  churches.     The  first 
of  these  is   that   of  SS.    Peter  and  Paul,    at 
Chatelet  (Belgium),  wliich  is  very  quiet  and 
refined.     It  is  cruciform  in  plan,  and  has   a 
tower  at  the   crossing  and  two  smaller   ones 
at  the  west  end,  all   three   slated,  and   very 
simply  treated,  producing  an  eftect  of  much 
dignity.     We  regret  that  the  three  windows 
at  the  west  end  have  their  sill  line  broken, 
and  should  have  much  preferred  two  here   to 
three,  or,  even  if  three,  to  have  had  their  sill 
line  continuous.     The  church  of  SS.  John  and 
Nicholas,  at  Brussels,  is  more   ambitious,  but 
equally  good.     If  not  yet  built  we  would  urge 
M.  Charpentier  to  reconsider  the  lantern  por- 
tion of  his  central  spire  ;  the  reduplication  of 
windows  over  one   another  at  this  point  not 
only  looks  but  is  weak,  and  a  greater  amount 
of  mass  at  the  angles  would  be  both  a  struc- 
tural and  aesthetic  improvement.     M.  Char- 
pentier shows  himself  to  be  so  able  an  artist 
that  we  feel  sure  he  will  value  our  remarks, 
and  we  congratulate  Belgium  on  possessing 
that  very  rare  continental  treasure — an  able 
and  a  truthful  exponent  of  Mediaeval  architec- 
ture.    JI.  Vanhouteyhem  sends  a  very  good 
specimen  of  a  Belgian  chateau,  with  those  odd 
looking  roimd  towers  having  pointed  roofs  at 
the  angle,  only  found  with  us   in   Scotland. 
This  is  much  better  than  many  of  the  like  kind 
we  have  seen,  and  in  this  instance  the  towers 
are  made  large  enough  to  be  useful    In  the 


stationary  coik        ^jlgium  will  be  found  seven 
drawings  illusti^  ^mg  a  church  at  Argenteuil, 
which  is  worthy  of  a  visit  from   those  who 
urge  the  introduction  of  iron  largely  into  our 
ecclesiastical  architecture.      It  is  a   horrible 
abortion  in  cast  iron  in  the  very  worst  style 
of  poor  Rickman,  and,  strange  to  say,  it   has 
only  just  been    erected.      We   had  thought 
that  such  things  no  longer  existed,  but  hope 
that  this  may  be  the  very  last  of  its  kind. 
MM.  earlier   and   Son   have   a  position,  for 
they  sign  themselves  Architects  to  the  Town 
of  Nivelles,   and   we  earnestly  hope  if  they 
should  ever  be  guilty  of  such  another  attempt 
they  ma)'  be  deposed  from   that  exalted  posi- 
tion.    Nor  are  they  the  only  oli'enders,  for  with 
a  most   portentous  flourish  of  trumpets  comes 
to  us  il.  Charles  Vincent,  Architecte  provin- 
ciale  du  Hainault,  Membrc  Correspondant  de 
la     Commission     Royale     des    Monuments, 
Laureat  de   I'Exposition  dcs   Beaux  arts   de 
Mons,  &c.,  &c.,  and,  with  all  this  fanfaronade, 
brings    the   very   worst   things  in  the  whole 
Exhibition.    His  communal  liall  for  Hainault 
and   his  proposed  restoration    of  the   clock 
tower  at   Mons  are  the  most  wretched  things 
we  have  seen  for  many  years,  and  if  so   in- 
competent a  person  can  gain  so  much  honour 
there  we  recommend  a  few  of  our  young  men 
to  emigrate  to  a  land  where  brains  are  scarce 
and  laurels  plentiful.     Altogether  the  state  of 
architecture  in  Belgium,  as    represented  by 
these  exponents,  is  not  hopeful,  and  is  very 
much  worse  than  we  had  expected  to   have 
seen.     Many  English  architects  have  already 
done  good  works  there,  and  these  ought  to 
have  incited  its  native  professors  to  outstrip 
us,  but  they  seem,  with  the  exception  of  M. 
Charpentier,  to  have  no  one  able  or  willing 
to  take  up  the  gage.     We  cannot  leave  the 
Belgian  court  without  passing  a  very  high 
eulogiuni  on  M.  GuftWs  very  exquisite   car- 
toons.    His   figure  drawing   and  drapery  are 
admirable,  and  we  would  recommend  all  stu- 
dents to  pay  particular  attention  to  them. 

From  PRU.SSI.V  we  have  several  contribu- 
tions, the  most  important  of  which  is  the  new 
TownhaU  at  Berlin,  by  M.  Waesemann.  This 
is  illustrated  by  a  large  plaster  model  of  the 
front,  and  many  drawings.  It  is  a  brick  con- 
struction, having  only  the  tracery  of  its  win- 
dows in  stone,  and  even  these  may  be  ot 
terra-cotta.  There  is  much  that  is  good  in  M. 
Waesemaun's  design,  and  yet  there  is  much 
which  is  very  harsh  and  discordant,  and  if 
Mr.  Scott  is  to  be  the  happy  man  whom  his 
country  delights  to  honour  with  the  commis- 
sion for  our  new  Law  Courts,  we  sincerely 
trust  he  will  carefully  study  this  design  and 
will  there  see  the  unpleasant  efl'ect  of  dis- 
guised roof  he  is  so  anxious  to  import,  for 
here  the  roofs  are  invisible,  being,  like  those 
of  Mr.  Scott's  design,  masked  behind  a  para- 
pet, only  M.  Waesemann  is  the  more  consist- 
ent of  the  two,  as  he  adopts  the  same  prin- 
ciple throughout.  In  the  centre  of  the  facade 
rises  a  lofty  tower,  somewhat  on  the  principle 
of  design  of  those  at  Laon,  but,  in  consequence 
of  the  retiring  of  each  successive  stage,  has 
too  telescopic  an  eft'ect  to  be  pleasing;  these  de- 
fects, and  the  exaggerated  projection  of  the 
balcony  which  runs  round  the  first  floor  of 
the  building,  mar  a  design  of  much  general 
merit.  We  cannot  applaud  M.  Waesemann's 
mode  of  treating  the  different  parts  of  the 
building  internally  in  such  very  opposite 
manners.  Thus  the  principal  entrance  is  in 
the  style  of  that  of  the  fourteenth  century 
work  of  Germany ;  the  Great  HaU,  fifteenth 
century  of  Italy  ;  and  the  Municipal  Council 
Chamber  in  that  of  Francis  I.  of  France. 
Unity  of  idea  is  the  first  element  of  grandeur 
in  art,  and  we  regret  to  see  it  wilfully  ignored. 
M.  Orth  sends  a  model  and  many  drawings 
of  his  Zion's  Church,  now  in  course  of  erection 
at  Berlin.  This  is  an  edifice  of  Renaissance 
proportions  and  outline,  served  up  with 
details  of  Romanesque,  and  the  mixture  is 
not  good  to  take,  and  the  only  good  feature  in 
it  is  his  treatment  of  the  interior  gallery. 
This  is  a  fixed  structure  of  stone  on  segmental 
arches,  which  support  it  only,  not  treating  it  as 


404 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


June  14,  1867. 


a  triforiiitn,  and  therefore  having  no  piers 
above  it  to  obstruct  the  light  and  sound.  Un- 
fortunately, this  gallery  runs  quite  round  the 
church,  even  round  the  choir,  so  that  many  of 
its  occupants  must  be  ^vrongly  placed. 

From  M.  Schmitz  we  have  some  very 
beautiful  dra^vings,  quite  models  of  line  draw- 
ing, and  nothing  in  the  Exhibition  excels, 
in  technical  execution,  his  design  for  a  church 
in  the  German  Gothic  style — a  style  not  iind- 
ing  much  favour  in  our  eyes,  but  of  course, 
from  a  German  point  of  view,  bearing  a  dif- 
ferent aspect.  His  spire  is,  we  think,  marred 
by  the  balcony  which  surrounds  it,  like  the 
gallery  of  a  minaret,  about  half-way  up.  M. 
Schmitz's  details  of  portions  of  this  are  won- 
derfully drawn,  and  his  front  elevation  of 
Cologne  Cathedral  and  drawings  of  several  of 
its  parts  are  wonderful  in  execution,  and  de- 
serving of  patient  and  careful  examination. 

The  little  kingdom  of  Wqrtemburg  sends 
a  drawing  of  a  small  bathing  establishment  on 
the  Lake  of  Constance,  of  ordinary  character, 
and  a  model  of  a  monument  to  the  memory  of 
Uhland,  by  M.  Oppel,  of  Stuttgard.  This'lat- 
ter  is  composed  of  modillions  and  cantilevers 
in  every  variety  of  contortion,  and  the  projec- 
tion of  its  cornice  counterchanges  the  plan  of 
its  base  in  a  most  impleasant  manner.  In 
the  catalogue  are  several  other  contributions 
from  this  small  State,  but  we  have  searched 
in  vain  to  find  them,  looking  for  them  even  in 
the  mouth  of  Krupp's  monster  cannon,  which 
seems  likely  enough  to  swallow  up  the  present 
and  the  future  of  these  stray  little  bits  of 
Europe. 

From  Bavahi.\  we  have  but  one  drawing, 
but  that  a  remarkably  fine  one  of  the  restora- 
tion of  Ratisbonn  Cathedral.  This  will  be 
found  in  the  Annexe  in  the  Pare,  which  con- 
tains the  other  exhibits  of  the  Beaux  Arts  of 
that  kingdom.  From  the  middle  of  the  six- 
teenth centmy  until  1S59  the  cathedral  re- 
mained incomplete,  and  a  well-intentioned  en- 
deavour was  then  made  to  complete  it  from 
the  design  of  M.  Denzinger,  the  Cathedral 
architect,  who  shows  himself  quite  worthy  of 
his  honourable  post,  and  his  drawing  is  every- 
thing which  could  be  desired.  We  sincerely 
hope  that  the  present  troublous  times  will  not 
prevent  the  conclusion  of  his  labours.  Of 
course  it  has  open-work  spires — everything  in 
Germany  seems  to  need  those  anomalous  ter- 
minations ;  but  these  are  very  good  of  their 
kind,  and  it  is  one  of  the  most  successful 
restorations  and  completions  exhibited, 
thoroughly  harmonising  with  the  old  work,  and 
seeking  only  to  do  so. 

AnsTRiA  has,  next  to  France,  the  most 
important  collection  of  architectural  drawings 
in  the  Exhibition,  and  surprises  us  by  the 
very  high  .standard  of  excellency  maintained 
throughout  the  whole  of  them.  ]\I.  Hansen 
sends  a  very  careful  restoration  of  the  Ghora- 
gic  Monument  of  Lysicrates,  with  the  tripod 
and  supporting  figures  of  its  roof  terminal 
very  pleasingly  and  probably  restored,  and  two 
designs  for  the  Houses  of  Parliament  at 
Vienna,  the  Lower  House  being  particularly 
well  composed.  His  Upper  House  is  too 
columnar  to  have  much  variety,  and  is  not 
equal  to  .the  other.  But  M.  Hansen's  chief 
works  must  be  sought  for  elsewhere,  and 
amongst  the  munitions  of  war  in  the  Ma- 
chinery Gallery  we  find  some  very  fine  photo- 
graphs and  drawings  of  his  great  Arsenal  at 
Vienna,  a  work  well  worth  examination  and 
study,  combining,  as  it  does,  tlie  idea  of  a 
military  edifice  with  the  practical  utility  of  its 
purpose.  There  is  much  that  is  very  strange 
to  our  eyes  in  this  work  of  M.  Hansen's,  but 
we  cannot  fail  to  recognise  great  thought  and 
ability  in  it.  Further  illustrations  of  this 
building  will  be  found  in  the  stall  of  M. 
Drasche,  the  terra-cotta  manirfacturer,  and 
the  biggest  brickmaker  in  the  world.  This  is 
in  the  park,  and  is  well  worthy  of  a  visit,  not 
only  for  its  immediate  contents,  but  to 
examine  the  portfolio  of  drawings  of  build- 
ings executed  with  his  materials.  To  these  we 
shaU  at  present  confine  our  attention,  re- 
serving our  notice  of   Lis  manufacture  tUl 


a  futiu'e  occasion.     The  Arsenal  is  a  building 
of   bricks    and    terra-cotta,   supplied   by  M. 
Drasche,  and  is  an  excellent  illustration  of  the 
use  of  such  materials,  all  the  details  being 
well  and  carefully  considered  with  reference 
to  this  material.     I\L   Hansen  has  executed 
many    other    buildings  in  Vienna    and    its 
neighbourhood  in  this  material,  the  drawings 
of  which  will  be  foimd  here,  and  we  advise 
English  architects  to  examine  particularly  the 
palace  of  M.  Drasche  himself.     It  is  a  very 
noble  design,  and  the  details  are  in  exquisite 
taste,   and   of  Renaissance  character.     Very 
strange   to   English   eyes   does   M.   Hansen's 
Synagogue  at  Pesth  look,  with  its  odd  East- 
ern— almost    Russian^character ;      and    his 
quaint  Greek  Church  at  Vienna  shows  that 
there  is  great  versatility  in  him  as  a  designer. 
But  perhaps  the  most  charming  of  all  his  con- 
tributions here  is  a  smaU  villa  at  Jlaun,  in 
which  he  has  been  associated  with  M.  Foster, 
and  the  details  of  which  are  most  remarkably 
elegant  and  good.     There  are  other  works  of 
both  these  gentlemen  here,  as  well  as  those  of 
others,  but  we  return  to  the  Gallery  of  the 
Exposition,  and  will  examine  the  contributions 
of  M.  Fesrtl.      The  best  of  these  is  decidedly 
his   design  for   the  Hungarian  Academy   at 
Pesth — a   design,   we  fear,  not  likely  to  be 
realised.     It   is   a  very   successful    study   of 
MedijEval   character,   based  upon  the   Hotel 
de  Ville  type  of  Belgium,  but  not  slavishly 
follo-iving  the  model,  and  his  adjunctive  build- 
ings  are   very  picturesquely   grouped.      His 
votive  church,  now  in  course   of  erection  at 
Vienna,  is  much  too  overladen  with  ornament, 
and  is  far  from  being  equal  to  his  other  work. 
Very  excellent  indeed  is  his  drawing  of  the 
Castle   of    the   Gross   Skal,  in  Bohemia,  and 
wonderfully  picturesque.  This  and  his  drawing 
for  a  royal  shooting-box  we  .strongly  recom- 
mend to  the  notice  of  our  younger  readers  as 
models  of  representation.    To  turn  from  these 
and   examine  his   design   for  a    Parliament 
house  is  very  painful.     It  is  in  the   worst 
Palladian  character,  and  M.  Fesrtl  ought  to 
have  kno^vn  better  than  to  have  exhibited  it. 
M.  Henszlmann,  of  Pesth,   gives  us  a  very 
plausible    restoration   of    that    architectural 
crux,   the   Church   of  S.  Biiuigne  at   Dijon, 
on  which  so  many  antiquaries  have  tried  their 
hands  and  been  baffled  to  make  the  descrip- 
tion accord  in  any  way  with  the  remains.   Dr. 
Henszlmann  has  succeeded  ina  greater  measure 
than  any  others  we  have  seen,  but   without 
plans   it  would  not  be  possible  to  sliow  in 
what  manner.       In   conjimction  with   MM. 
Gerster  and  Frey  he  also  exhibits  a  design  for 
the  same  Hungarian  Academy  we  have  before 
noticed.      This  is  of  a  nmch  plainer  character 
than   that   of    M.  Fesrtl,   and  is  of   a  very 
simple  early  French  character,  and  well-con- 
sidered in  plan.     MM.  Gerster  and  Frey  send 
also  a  design  for  a  bazaar  at  Pesth,  which  is  of 
ordinary  Italian  character. 

M.  Riisner  gives  us  very  beautiful  draw- 
ings, and  a  very  good  design  for  a  cathedral  at 
Diakover,  of  quaint  Lombardic  character,  well 
worthy  of  notice.  M.  Hlavka  contributes 
designs  for  a  bishop's  palace  and  a  theological 
institute  at  Czernowitz,  which  look  quite  as 
strange  as  their  name  and  his,  and  we  recom- 
mend them  to  the  sensationalists  as  a  new 
basis  for  eccentricities.  With  a  little  more 
thought  these  might  have  been  fine  designs, 
but  there  is  a  great  want  of  imity  in  them, 
and  the  subdivided  work  in  the  gables  has  no 
relationsliip  with  the  stories  beneath  them  ;  still 
there  is  much  that  is  pleasing  in  the  desigms, 
and  the  arrangement  of  the  dome  and  its 
seating  on  to  the  square  in  the  theological  col- 
lege and  the  interior  of  the  haU  in  the  bishop's 
palace  are  very  good. 

M.  Hasenauer  presents  to  us  a  very  fine 
design  for  the  western  front  of  the  Cathedral 
at  Florence.  There  are  several  other  designs 
for  this  work,  and  M.  Hasenauer's  is  in  our 
opinion  undoubtedly  the  best.  We  believe 
this  design  secured  the  second  prize,  and  it  is 
very  worthy  of  its  position  ;  the  whole 
arrangement  of  the  detail  is  excellent  and 
carries  out  fully  the  peculiar  character  of  Sta. 


Maria  del  Fiore.     We  confess  we  do  not  like 
his  gables  to  the  lean-to  roofs  of  the  aisles,  al- 
though he  has  precedents  for  these  at  Orvieto 
and  elsewhere,   and   has   fiUed  them  m  with 
mosaic  in   the  like  fashion  ;  yet  none   of  the 
other  designs  have  overcome  this  difficulty  in 
so  pleasing  a  manner.      We  do  not  think  M. 
Hasenauer  has     been   happy  in   attempting 
to    finish   Giotto's   glorious  campanile;    the 
general  form  is  too  heavy  for  so  elegant  a  sub- 
structure, and  had  Giotto  finished  his  work  we 
feel  that  his  delicate  and  loving  handiwork 
would  have  blossomed  into  exquisite  beauty 
here.    There  is  a  perceptible  German  tendency 
in  M.  Hasenauer's  work,  which  rather  mars  it 
for  this  style,  and  his  crockets   and    minor 
details  partake  of  its  hard  angular  outline  in- 
stead of  the  flowing  lines  of  those  used  in  the 
detail  of  the  building  itself,  and  we  are  con- 
vinced that  a  further  study  of  the  building 
would  persuade  M.  Hasenauer  to  our  opinion. 
By  the  same  architect  are  many  studies  for 
small  viUas  too  much  in  the  "  suburban  style" 
to  be  good  and  with  too  manifest  a  striving  to 
suit  customers  of  all  tastes  to  be  genuine  work; 
as  drawings  they  are  veiy  cleverly  executed  and 
are  worth  looking  at,  but  hung  so  badly  and 
so  high  that  it  requires  a  powerful  glass  to  see 
them.     His  Adel's  Casino  is  not  good,  but  M. 
Hasenauer  has  had  a  very  narrow  escape  from 
being  a  good  architect.   M.  Schmidt  is  worthy 
of  the  position  he  holds,  and  when  we  say  that 
we  are   saying  something,   for  is  he  not  a 
Chevalier  of  the   order  of  Francis  Joseph,  of 
that  of  St.  Gregory,  of  the  Red  Eagle  of  the 
first  class,  of  Albert  of  Saxe,    and    of   the 
House  of   Hohenzollern  ?  and  is  he   not    a 
member  of  the  academies  of  Milan,  Munich, 
and  of  LTrbino  1  and   does   he  not  hold  the 
honourable  position  of  being  the  chief  archi- 
tect to  the  Cathedral  of  St.  Stephen  at  Vienna, 
fills  the  chair  of  the  president  of  the  Society  of 
Architects  and  Engineer.?,  and  the  professorship 
at  the  Academy  of  Fine  Arts  at  Vienna  ?  and 
in  saying  that  he  is  worthy  of  all  this  we  give 
him   honest     praise.     His    contributions  are 
numerous,  and  amongst  his  best  are  his  church 
in    the   Wiesgarten  at    Vienna,   the   eastern 
end  of  which  is  e.\cellent,  but  the  hexagonal 
tower  at  the  west  end  is  rather  too  "  dodgy" 
to  please  us.      A  further  illustration  of  this 
church  will  be  found  in  M.  Drasche's  pavilion 
in  the  park,  and  where  also  will  be  seen  two 
other  churches  by  him,  that  of  St.  Vincent  de 
Paul  being  particularly  good.  These  churches 
are  further  illustrations  of  the  great  use  made 
of  terra  cotta  in  Vienna,  for  the  walls  are  all 
of  brick,  and   the   decorative  portion    of  the 
building,  as  pinnacles,  canopies,   tracery,  &c., 
is  all  manufactured  at  M.  Drasche's  works.    JI. 
Schmidt's  church  at  Funfhaus,   near  Vienna, 
pleases  us  the  least  of  his  productions,   and 
there  is  in  it  much  that  is  questionable,  and 
the  plan  is  more  suitable  for   anything  else 
than  a  chm-ch — it  is  a  media3val  study  based 
on  the  Pantheon  and  is  bad.     His  House  of 
Lords  is  a  very  eccentrically  planned  build- 
ing, being  radial,   with   the  chamber  in  the 
middle,  and  has  much  worth  noting  in  it ;  and 
his  Castle  of  Leichtenstein  particularly  good. 
M.  Ernst  sends  us  two   perspective  views  of 
the  Castle  of  Grafenegg,   which   is   a    very 
str.ange-looking  building,  restored  by  him,  or 
rather,  we  think,   altered  from  its  olden  pur- 
pose to  a  modern  residence ;  but  it  is  so  unlike 
anything  we  have  ever  seen  before  that  we  are 
at  a   loss  to  know  what  portion   is  original 
and  what  not ;  it   seems  to  us  that  the  defen- 
sive works  have  been  pierced  and  formed  into 
peaceful  galleries.     M.  Ziteck  gives  us  a  plan 
for  a  national  theatre   at   Prague  which  lias 
very  great  merit,  as  has  his   other  contribu- 
tion.    M.  Tietz  shows  us  in  what  manner  the 
Viennese  delight  to  have  their  houses  deco- 
rated, and  a  very  excellent  manner  it  is  ;  h^s 
drawings  for  these  are  particularly  good.     ^V_e 
prefer  his   decorative  designs  to  those  of  his 
more  structural  portion  of  the  art,  and  though 
his  hotel  at  Vobiau  is  by  no  means  bad  yet 
there  is  a   great  tendency  to  commonplace_  in 
his  works.      M.   Jobst's  beautiful  Indian  ink 
drawing  of  a  fifteenth  century  altar,  with  its 


June  14,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


405 


retable  and  tryptich  13  very  commendable, 
and  still  more  so  as  drawings  are  those  of 
Mil.  Banko  and  Willermaus.  These  and 
some  of  a  similar  character  we  have  before 
noticed  are  especially  worthy  the  attention  of 
the  architectural  draughtsman ;  the  broad 
well-drawn  lines  and  clearness  of  detailisatiou 
are  deserving  of  all  praise.  Altogether,  we 
consider  the  contributions  of  Austria  a  most 
valuable  illustration  of  the  history  of  modern 
architecture,  and  one  from  which  there  is 
very  much  to  be  learned.  Before  quitting  this 
court  we  must  call  the  attention  of  all  who 
visit  it  to  the  very  exquisite  illuminations  to 
a  missal  which  is  being  prepared  at  the  in- 
stance of  the  Emperor  as  a  gift  to  the  Pope. 
Onl}-  a  selection  from  its  eighty-two  folios  is 
exhibited,  but  amongst  these  we  find  as  their 
illastrators  the  names  of  Christian  Ruben, 
Furich,  Blaas,  Trenkwald,  Mayer,  and  a  host 
of  other  names  well  known  in  the  revival  of 
Christian  art.  Very  beautiful  and  full  of 
thouglit  are  Furich's  illustrations  to  the 
Festival  of  the  Nativity.  Geiger's  illustra- 
tion to  the  Epiphany  is  a  wonderful  miniature 
painting,  and  Carl  Blaas's  folio  of  the  Puriti- 
cation  exquisite.  Emler's  Corpus  Christi  is 
a  poem  of  deep  import,  and,  in  fact,  to  point 
out  all  the  beauties  of  this  exquisite  series 
would  be  to  describe  each  one.  The  orna- 
ment by  Gruner,  and  the  very  beautiful 
small  drawings  whicli  illustrate  some  of  the 
Initials  by  Madjera,  are  very  worthy  of  notice  ; 
and  it  is  with  a  desire  to  linger  longer  amidst 
this  interesting  record  of  art  life  in  Austria 
that  we  tear  ourselves  away,  .and  must  reserve 
till  our  next  issue  the  notice  of  the  other 
countries  who  thus  expose  their  strength  or 
■weakness  to  ovtr  viev,: 


THE  ART  OF  CONSTRUCTING 
OBLIQUE  ARCHES  WITH  SPIRAL 
COURSES.* 

SOME  readers  prefer  a  purely  theoretical 
treatise  upon  any  particular  subject, 
others  one  solely  practical,  and  others,  again, 
give  the  preference  to  a  work  of  a  mixed  descrip- 
tion, where  the  principles  enunciated  in  theory 
are  illustrated  by  practical  examples.  To  the 
first  of  these  three  classes  belongs  the  little 
volume  before  lis,  and  those  who  are  partial 
to  that  particular  style  and  mode  of  treating 
a  subject  will  find  the  contents  well  worthj' 
of  a  perusal.  For  our  o\vn  part  we  prefer  the 
mixed  style,  and,  moreover,  consider  it  more 
likely  to  be  of  use  to  the  student.  That  the 
author  has  given  a  series  of  formula  more  or 
less  complicated  for  determining  the  difl'erent 
data  necessary  for  calculating  all  the  propor- 
tions required  in  a  skew  bridge  there  is  not  a 
doubt,  but  at  the  same  time  we  completely 
differ  with  him  respecting  their  real  practical 
utility.  There  are  numerous  designs, 
especially  in  ironwork,  where  calculation  and 
mathematical  formula;  maj'  supersede  with 
great  advantage,  both  with  regard  to  time  and 
labour,  the  somewhat  more  usual  process  of 
geometrical  methods,  and  ascertaining  the 
various  dimensions  of  the  parts  by  scale.  But 
if  there  is  one  class  of  engineering  design 
more  than  another  that  demands  imperatively 
the  aid  of  the  draughtsman,  and  of  a  skilled 
draughtsman  too,  it  is  that  of  skew  bridges. 
For  a  beginner  to  derive  any  clear  idea  of 
what  a  skew  bridge  is,  and  what  knowledge  is 
really  demanded  in  its  construction,  he  .'hould 
at  the  commencement  lay  aside  all  calculation, 
both  arithmetical,  algebraic,  and  trigonometri- 
cal, and  take  his  tee-sqnare,drawing-board,pen- 
cO  and  scale,  and  work  out  in  detaU.  all  the  pro- 
jecting Imes,  templates,  and  curves  necessary 
for  working  the  stones  to.  He  should  make 
these  working  drawings  to  as  large  a  scale  as 
possible,  and  should  mark  out  the  templates 
either  in  wood  or  zinc,  or  some  other  suitable 
material,  himself,   so  as  to  be  certain  that  he 


'*  The  Art  of  Constructing  Oblique  Bridge3  with  Spiral 
Courses."  By  William  Dosaujson,  M.A.  London;  E. 
Md  F.  N.  Spon,  48,  Charing  Cross.    1867. 


thoroughly  understands  every  successive  step 
of  the  construction  of  the  bridge.  If  a  tyro 
works  out  certain  dimensions  by  a  given 
formula  or  equation,  he  never  really  sees  it  ; 
but  if  he  draws  them  on  paper  to  a  good  large 
scale  he  sees  the  thing  at  once,  and  what  is 
more,  does  not  forget  it.  The  scale  for  such 
drawings  should  not  be  less  than  that  of  one 
inch  to  a  foot.  It  may,  of  course,  be  as  much 
larger  as  is  convenient,  but  upon  a  smaller  one 
it  is  not  possible  to  accurately  show  the  sizes 
of  the  stones  that  will  be  required,  the  best 
way  of  arranging  the  joints,  and  many  other 
particulars  equally  necessary  and  important. 

In  mentioning  the  datji  required  for  the 
calculations  of  a  skew  bridge,  the  author 
remarks: — "  The  data  are  the  direct  span,  the 
angle  of  obliquity,  the  versed  sine  of  the  arch, 
and  the  width  of  the  pathway."  The  prac- 
tical way  of  writing  the  above  would  be,  "  The 
data  are  the  '  span  on  the  square,' "  the 
" '  angle  of  skew '  (which  is  not  the  angle  of 
obliquity),"  the  rise  of  the  arch  and  width  of 
roadway  on  the  square.  The  term  "  direct 
bridges,"  as  used  further  on,  would  be  incom- 
prehensible to  a  working  mason.  The  two 
kinds  of  bridges  are  correctly  distinguished 
;is  "  bridges  on  the  square  "  and  "  bridges  on 
the  skew,"  the  latter  being  sometimes  termed 
oblique  bridges.  Again,  the  angle  of 
obliquity  is  not  the  angle  practically  required, 
but  its  complement,  which  is  what  is  usually 
caUed  the  angle  of  skew,  and  is  the  acute 
angle  between  the  directions  of  the  roads  over 
and  imder  the  brid.£;e.     In  fis-  1  let  the  lines 


rjG.i. 


A  B  C  D  represent  the  directions  of  the  roads 
under  and  over  the  bridge,  then  the  angle  of 
skew  is  9,  and  the  angle  of  obliquity 
(90° — 8);  the  former  being  the  really  valuable 
datum,  as  from  it  and  the  span  on  the  square, 
the  skew  span  and  other  dimensions  can  be 
calculated. 

There  is  no  absolute  necessity  for  taking 
.an  imeven  number  of  voussoirs  in  diWd- 
ing  the  heading  spiral,  unless  a  keystone  be 
put  in.  We  have  built  many  skew  railway 
bridges  in  stone  w'ith  no  keystone,  and  unless 
it  be  intended  to  put  in  a  handsome  one,  it  is 
certainly  a  loss  of  time  to  readjust  the  dimen- 
sions for  the  mere  salce  of  having  an  uneven 
number  of  rings  in  the  face  of  the  bridge.  We 
fail  to  perceive  the  utility  of  the  elaborate  cal- 
culation entered  into  for  the  purpose  of  deter- 
mining the  value  of  the  angle  of  obliquity, 
which,  as  we  have  before  stated,  is  equal  to 
(90°  —  e).  The  angle  of  skew  fl  is  fixed  by 
the  plan  of  the  locality  where  the  bridge  is 
to  be  erected,  and  cannot,  as  our  author 
appears  to  imagine,  be  varied  at  pleasure. 
For  instance,  suppose  a  line  of  railway  laid 
out,  and  on  its  route  it  crosses  obliquely  a 
road  or  river  at  a  certain  angle';  provided  that 
route  be  adhered  to,  the  angle  is  determined, 
and  may  either  be  measured  with  a  protractor 
upon  the  plan,  or  more  accurately  obtained 
by  actual  observation  on  the  ground.  Deduct- 
ing it  from  90  deg.  we  can  get  the  angle  of 
obliquity,  if  desired,  without  employing  an 
abstruse"  formula  for  the  purpose.  Chapter 
II.,  on  the  stabilit}-  of  oblique  bridges,  is  of 
no  practical  utility  whatever,  being  simply  a 
mass  of  intricate  mathematical  formula  and 
formidable  algebraic  equations,  the  result  of 
which  it  would  be  impossible  to  reduce  to 
any  comprehensible  form.  They  remind  us 
strongly  of  a  similarly  numbered  chapter  in 
Mr.  Bashforth's  work  on  the  same  subject. 
All  the  terms  chosen  by  our  author  are  un- 
fortunately so  worded  that  it  is  scarcely  pos- 
sible for  a  practical  man  to  understand  their 


meaning.  It  was  some  time  before  we  our- 
selves divined  that  the  "radius  of  soflit  cylin- 
der" really  meant  "radius  of  intrados,"  that 
the  "  length  of  springing  "  meant  "  length  of 
impost,"  and  to  this  moment  we  are  not  quite 
certain  that  what  he  calls  "angle  of  skew- 
back  of  facial  screw  line "  is  identical  with 
the  "  angle  of  intrados,"  which  is  the  founda- 
tion of  nearly  all  the  calcidations  for  the  tem- 
plates and  developments.  Heading  joints, 
coursing  joints,  angle  of  twist,  twisting  rules, 
and  a  variety  of  other  terms  commonly  used 
and  understood  by  engineers  and  masons, 
either  find  no  parallel  in  the  treatise  in  ques- 
tion, or  are  replaced  by  names  conveying  no 
intelligible  meaning.  Although  a  treatise  may 
not  be  intended  to  have  any  practical  value, 
yet  there  is  little  or  no  use  in  giving 
theoretical  information,  if,  after  making  a 
calculation  according  to  a  given  formula,  one 
does  not  know  to  wluit  it  applies.  Previously 
to  commencing  the  drawings  and  calculations 
of  a  skew  bridge,  four  data  are  determined  by 
the  nature  of  the  locality,  and  other  circum- 
stances, a  priori  to  all  after  calculations. .  They 
are  the  angle  of  skew,  as  already  explained, 
the  span  on  the  square,  the  rise  of  the  arch, 
and  the  width  between  parapets,  or  simply 
the  width  of  the  bridge  on  the  square,  bearing 
in  mind  that  the  width  of  the  bridge  is  not  to 
be  confounded  with  the  square  span.  The 
span  is  measured  under  tlie  arch  ;  the  width  on 
top  of  it,  and  is  always  at  right  angles  to  the 
skew  span  or  face  line  of  the  bridge.  In  fig. 
2  is  represented  the  plan  of  a  skew  bridge,  and 


F-/0.2, 


A  B  is  the  span  on  the  square,  C  B  the  span 
on  the  skew,  and  6  the  angle  of  skew.  Of 
these  three,  two,  viz.,  the  angle  of  skew  6, 
and  the  square  span  A  B,  are  known  ;  and  to 
find  C  B,  the  skew  span,  we  may  use  the  simple 

formula  C  B  =:  Ail..      The  width    of   the 

sin.  9 
bridge  wiU  be  measured  square  to  the  line 
C  B,  and  will  be  equal  to  E  F  or  G  H  on  the 
square,  minus  t\vice  the  thickness  of  the 
parapet  walls,  measured  also  on  the  square. 
The  rise  is  determined  in  some  degree  by  the 
span,  and  is  fixed  independently  of  any  cal- 
culation. From  these  four  data  all  others 
can  be  determined  by  simple  trigonometrical 
and  algebraical  means,  which  should  always 
be  used  as  a  check  upon  the  accuracy  of  the 
drawings,  and  the  dimensions  of  the  templates 
and  stones  obtained  by  geometrical  methods. 
As  a  purely  mathematical  treatise,  Mr. 
Donaldson's  work  is  deserving  of  merit,  and 
may  be  classed  in  the  same  category  as  that  of 
Mr.  Bashibrth  ;  but  the  young  architect  and 
engineer  will  find  Mr.  Buck's  work  the  only 
one  likely  to  aff'ord  him  that  practical  and 
theoretical  information  necessary  to  enable 
him  to  construct  a  skew  bridge.  He  may  also 
peruse  with  advantage  the  concise,  but  exceed- 
ingly practical  instructions  respecting  skew 
bridges  given  in  "  Masonry  and  Stonecutting," 
in  one  of  Weale's  Rudimentary  Series. 


A   NEW  VIEW  OF   AN   ARCHITECT'S 
DUTIES. 

JIONG  "  things  not  generally  known"  it 

may  be  as  w-ell  to  record  this  thing — - 

to  wit,  that  the  Right  Honourable  the  Lords 
Commissioners  of  Her  Majesty's  Treasury,  in 
the  plenitude  of  their  collective  wisdom,  have 
decided  that  the  measuring  of  work  is  the 
duty  of  the  architect,  and  that  his  established 
remuneration  of  5  per  cent,  covers  this  duty 
and  other  extras  usually  thought  to  belong  to 
the  surveyor.  We  have  come  to  the  know- 
ledge of  this  precious  piece  of  information 


406 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


June  14  1867. 


from  the  perusal  of  a  correspondence  which 
has  just  been  published,  between  the  Office  of 
"Works  and  Mr.  E.  JI.  Barry,  having  reference 
to  that  gentleman's  professional  remuneration 
as  the  architect  employed  at  the  New  Palace 
at  Westminster.  It  may  be  worth  while  to 
tell  our  readers  by  what  strange  process  of 
reasoning  the  Lords  C!ommissioners  have 
managed  to  arrive  at  their  imheard-of  deci- 
sion. The  correspondence  opens  with  a  letter, 
dated  June  5,  1860,  from  the  Secretary  of  the 
Board  of  Works,  rerpxesting  Mr.  Barry  to 
superintend  the  completion  of  the  works  at 
the  New  Palace — "  The  rates  of  your  remu- 
neration being  the  same  as  those  paid  to  your 
late  lamented  father."  In  accepting  the  ap- 
pointment Mr.  Barry  informs  the  Chief  Com- 
missioner of  Works  that  be  is  unwilling  to 
enter  into  the  (.|uestiou  of  remuneration,  as- 
suring the  Commissioner  that  he  would 
gladly  have  rendered  his  services  gratuitously 
if  necessary  for  the  satisfaction  of  knowing 
that  the  views  of  his  late  father  respecting 
the  great  work  upon  which  his  rejmtation  will 
principally  rest  were  likely  to  be  carried 
out  in  their  integrity.  At  the  same  time, 
Mr.  Barry  says  he  feels  bound  on  public 
grounds,  and  in  justice  both  to  himself  and  to 
the  architectural  profession,  to  call  the  atten- 
tion of  the  Chief  Commissioner  to  the  fact 
that  the  remimeration  "  forced "  upon  his 
father's  acceptance — "  against  the  injustice 
of  which  he  always  protested" — was  (1)  loss 
than  is  customary  with  architects  of  standing, 
and  less  than  was  adequate  in  the  case  of  the 
New  Palace  ;  (2)  less  than  was  then  being 
paid  to  architects  employed  by  the  Govern- 
ment on  other  works  ;  and  (3)  less  than  was 
offered  by  the  Government  to  architects  of  all 
nations  in  the  public  competition  for  the  new 
Government  Ollices.  Mr.  Barry,  however, 
repeats  that  he  has  no  wish  in  any  way  to  in- 
troduce pecimiary  considerations,  and  that  he 
readily  accepts  the  proposition  conveyed  to 
him  by  the  Board  of  Works.  The  next  letter, 
dated  November  14,  1863,  is  adilressed 
by  Mr.  Barry  to  the  Fii-st  Commissioner,  and 
refers  to  settling  up.  The  architect  forwards 
his  account,  made  out  at  the  rate  of  4  per 
cent,  on  the  expenditure.  Mr.  Barry,  how- 
ever, reminds  the  Commissioner  that  the 
arrangement  agreed  upon  between  them  was 
limited  to  the  works  which  had  at  the  date  of 
appointment  received  the  sanction  of  the 
Board,  and  for  which  Parliament  had  then 
made  grants  of  money.  But  a  further  grant 
of  upwards  of  £20,000  had  been  necessary  to 
complete  the  work.  Tliis  was  an  unforeseen 
necessity  ;  and  in  consequence  of  it  Mr.  Barry, 
as  he  states,  had  been  called  upon  to  prepare 
quantities  for  lump-sum  contracts,  as  well  as 
to  settle  extras  and  omissions  upon  them ;  and 
also  to  furnish  the  Board  with  detailed  mea- 
surements of  work  that  would  have  been  done 
by  M.  Szerelmey  had  his  engagement  con- 
tinued; but  which,  in  consequence  of  the  ter- 
mination of  his  contract,  had  never  been 
executed,  and  upon  which  no  commission  had 
subsequently  been  charged.  He  acquaints 
the  Commissioner  that,  while  his  expenditure 
of  time,  money,  and  labour  in  .superintend- 
ence during  the  three  years  and  a  half  liad 
been,  owing  to  the  circumstances  stated,  much 
larger  than  is  usually  the  case  with  architects, 
his  remuneration  (alter  deducting  the  expense 
of  measurement)  had  been  little  more,  and  as 
to  some  parts  of  the  work  even  less,  than  half 
the  customary  amount.  But,  treating  the 
completion  of  his  father's  work  in  an  excep- 
tional light,  he  says  he  has  no  intention  of 
making  any  claim  against  the  Government, 
and  leaves  the  whole  matter  in  the  hands  of 
the  Chief  Commissioner,  desiring  it  to  be 
understood,  however,  that  his  acceptance  of 
an  inadequate  remuneration  should  not  be  re- 
ferred to  as  a  precedent  in  the  profession. 
Whereupon  Mr.  Cowper  writes  a  letter  to  the 
Lords  Commissioners,  enclosing  Mr.  Barry's 
communication,  and  puts  it  to  their  Lordships 
whether,  looking  at  all  the  circumstances  of 
the  case,  Mr.  Barry  be  not  fairly  entitled  to 
the  usual  commission  of  5  per  cent,  on  the 


expenditure  voted  during  the  three  years. 
Their  Lordships  don't  quite  see  it  just 
yet,  and  request  "  some  more  detailed  infor- 
mation regarding  the  lump  contracts."  Tliis 
Mr.  Barry  furnishes,  and  goes  over  the  old 
ground,  stating  his  reasons  for  accepting,  and 
the  conditions  on  which  he  accepted  the  offer 
of  the  Board  originally.  Another  appeal  to 
their  lordships  from  Mr.  Cowper  follows,  and 
at  length  the  matter  is  settled — Mr.  Barr}',  in 
his  letter  of  acknowledgment  expressing  "his 
best  thanks  to  the  First  Commissioner  for  the 
fair  and  liberal  manner  in  which  he  has 
approached  tliis  question."  The  date  of  the 
letter  closing  this  part  of  the  transaction  is 
March  29,  1864.  The  correspondence  again 
opens  in  October,  1866,  relative  to  certain 
proposed  alterations  in  the  Ladies'  Gallery  of 
the  House  of  Commons.  In  answer  to  a  com- 
munication from  the  First  Commissioner,  in 
which  it  is  stated  that  the  Board  is  of  opinion 
that  the  duty  of  measuring  the  work  devolves 
upon  the  architect,  as  his  commission  of  5  per 
cent,  on  the  outlay  covers  any  expense  he  may 
incur  in  preparing  and  making  out  the  ac- 
counts, Mr.  Barry  writes  that  he  cannot  con- 
cur in  the  opinion  of  tlie  Board,  appeals  to  the 
rules  of  the  Royal  Institute  ot  British 
Architects,  a  copy  of  which  he  encloses,  and 
urges  that  the  system  of  taking  out  quantities 
has  been  repeatedly  recognised  by  the  Board, 
and  architects  employed  in  Government  works 
have  received  their  fuU  commission  of  5  per 
cent,  for  their  services,  exclusive  of  taking 
out  quantities.  The  question  as  regards  the 
Ladies'  Gallery  is  of  so  trittinga  character  that 
Mr.  Barry  would  gladly  have  waived  it  alto- 
gether had  it  not,  as  he  truly  says,  involved 
a  question  of  principle,  to  abandon  which 
would  expose  him  to  the  charge  of  unprofes- 
sional conduct  on  the  part  of  his  brother 
architects.  This  letter  remains  unanswered  until 
March  last,  when  the  contractors  having  applied 
to  the  architect  to  have  the  work  done  mea- 
sured and  paid  for,  Mr.  Barry  addresses  a  note 
to  the  Board  of  Works  soliciting  a  reply  to 
his  former  letter.  The  First  Commissioner 
reiterates  his  opinion  on  the  disputed  point 
of  measuring,  and  informs  Mr.  Barry  that 
when  he  was  appointed  architect  to  the  New 
Palace  it  was  upon  the  understanding  that  he 
was  to  be  remunerated  at  the  same  rate  as  Sir 
C.  Barry — namely,  4  per  cent,  commission, 
"including  the  measuring."  Mr.  Barry 
reiterates  in  turn,  and  informs  the  Commis- 
sioner that  he  has  felt  it  his  duty  to  lay  the 
matter  before  the  Institute  of  British 
Architects.  Then  comes  a  communica- 
tion, dated  March  26,  from  the  aforesaid 
Institute,  enclosing  copy  of  a  resolution 
passed  by  the  council  to  the  effect  that  the 
council  do  not  feel  called  upon  to  express  an 
opinion  as  to  whether  any  private  arrange- 
ment may  justity  Tslr.  Barry  in  acceding  to 
such  a  mode  of  remuneration  on  the  present 
occasion,  but  they  state  distinctly  that  such  an 
arrangement  is  contrary  to  the  practice  of  the 
profession,  and  they  protest  against  its  being 
drawn  into  a  precedent  on  future  occasions. 
"  The  rules  for  the  remuneration  of  archi- 
tects laid  down  by  the  Institute  have  been 
generally  accepted  by  the  public,  and  are  con- 
sidered binding  on  the  profession,  and  the 
council  feel  siu'e  that  the  Board  of  Works  would 
not  wish  to  adopt  a  scale  of  remuneration  lower 
than  that  accepted  by  private  individuals." 
The  communication  is  politely  acknowledged, 
and  after  four  days'  due  deliberation  and  con- 
sideration, Mr.  Barry  receives  a  reply  from 
Lord  John  Manners.  This  is  what  his  lord- 
ship's secretary  says  : — "  I  am  directed  by," 
&c.,  "to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your 
letter  of  the  25th  ult.,  in  which  you  state  that 
you  are  prepared  to  abide  by  his  lordship's 
decision  as  far  as  it  relates  to  the  present  case 
of  the  works  that  have  lately  been  completed 
in  the  Ladies'  Gallery  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, and  I  am  at  the  same  time  to  acquaint 
you  that,  in  order  to  prevent  any  future  mis- 
understanding, your  remuneration  for  aU 
works  entrusted  to  your  superintendence  by 
this  department,  whether  at  the  Palace  at 


Westminster,  or  elsewhere,  will  be  calculated 
liy  the  Board  at  a  commission  of  6  per  cent, 
on  the  outlay,  which  commission  is,  accord- 
ing to  the  practice  of  this  department,  to  cover 
all  expenses  of  measuring  and  superintendence, 
except  the  charge  for  the  clerk  of  the  works." 
This  is  certainly  very  cool  and  very  diplo- 
matic. So  far.  Lord  Manners  has  the  best  of 
it.  The  whole  sum  in  dispute  does  not 
amount  to  £10  ;  that,  however,  is  not  the 
question,  which  is  one  of  principle.  Where 
the  principle  in  this  instance  lies  we  leave 
our  readers  to  judge  for  themselves.  We 
must  say,  after  reviewing  the  whole  corre- 
spondence, that  had  Mr.  Barry  insisted  a 
little  more  strongly  on  the  principle  of  the 
thing  than  he  seems  to  have  done  in  his 
letters,  and  been  somewhat  less  anxious  to 
"  abide  by  his  lordship's  decision,"  probably 
he  would  have  carried  his  point.  It  is  need- 
less to  say  that  our  sympathies  are  entirely 
with  the  architect,  who  is  undoubtedly  in  the 
right.  Perhaps  the  mistake  was  in  not  having 
a  specific  agreement  at  the  outset.  The  Board 
of  Works  has  gained  the  day  by  a  quibble. 
But  architects,  we  protest,  ought  not  to  be 
subjected  to  this  sort  of  dictation  and  treat- 
ment.   Neither  should  they  submit  to  it. 


MEETING      OP     ARCHITECTURAL 
SOCIETIES    AT    KETTERING. 

A  GENERAL  meeting  of  the  Architectural 
Societies  of  the  archdeaconry  of  North- 
ampton, the  county  of  Leicester,  and  the  county 
of  Bedford  was  held  at  Kettering  last  week.  The 
members  of  the  various  associated  societies  after 
visiting  the  church  held  a  meeting  in  the 
Corn  Exchange.  The  Rev.  W.  L.  Collins,  vicar 
of  Kilsby,  read  a  paper  on  Dr.  ^\^lite  Kennett, 
who  was  Bishop  of  Peterborough  some  150  years 
ago,  and  who  was  also  a  zealous  antiquarian. 

After  the  meeting  a  short  excursion  in  car- 
riages was  made  to  Rushton  and  Geddington. 
The  first  place  visited  was  Rushton  Hall,  the  seat 
of  Captain  Clarke  Thornhill.  From  the  hall  the 
excursionists  went  through  the  park  to  the 

TRIANGDLAR    LODGE, 

a  building  of  a  somewhat  marvellous  character, 
and  upon  the  peculiarities  of  which  the  Rev.  H. 
Ward  delivered  a  short  paper.  Mr.  Ward  stated 
that  although  there  were  no  traces  of  its  history 
left  behind,  it  was  clear  that  the  lodge  had  stood 
there  (Rushton  Park)  for  nearly  two  and  a  halt 
centuries.  It  was  built  by  Sir  Thomas  Tressham, 
a  man  of  very  peculiar  temperament  and  taste, 
and  was  supposed  by  many  to  have  been  used  as  a 
place  of  meeting  for  the  gunpowder  plot  conspi- 
rators, but  this  he  was  not  inclined  to  credit,  as 
he  believed  from  the  mysterious  emblems  on  the 
budcUng  that  it  was  erected  as  a  retreat  for  pri- 
vate devotion.  The  form  of  it  was  singular,  or, 
more  properly,  unusual,  for  they  had  at  Geddington 
the  cross  of  the  same  triangular  form,  and  some  of 
the  company  might  know  Lord  Radnor's  tri- 
angular house  at  Longford,  near  Salisbury.  That 
was  said  to  be  built  after  a  Danish  model,  but 
why  the  Dane  chose  that  form  he  did  not  know. 
This  building  was  evidently  so  built  as  intended 
to  symbohse  "  the  Trinity,"  as  Liveden,  from  its 
form  and  carvings.  &c.,  was  "  the  Passion."  The 
indications  of  such  an  intention  in  the  case  of  this 
building  were  numerous.  Almost  every  feature 
bore  on  the  number  three.  The  form  was  tri- 
angular, as  denoting  the  three  persons  and  in  re- 
ference to  the  equality  of  the  Godhead  in  the 
Trinity.  All  the  triangles  were  equilateral.  Next, 
each  side  of  the  budding  measured  3.3ft.  Sin. ; 
then  the  height  of  the  parapet  (28ft.  7m.)  was 
exactly  that  which  the  apex  of  a  triangle  would 
reach  with  equal  sides  of  33ft.  Sin.  He  had  little 
doubt  also,  if  he  could  have  ascertained  the  height 
of  the  centre  pinnacle,  that  it  would  just  be  com- 
prised within  a  triangle  of  exactly  the  same  size  if 
lines  were  drawn  from  the  corners  of  the  building 
to  it.  Again,  the  budding  was  of  three  stones, 
and  there  were  three  windows  in  each  story  on 
each  of  three  sides,  and  each  of  these  windows  hail 
divisions  or  compartments  of  threes.  The  shields 
of  arms  were  arranged  on  each  side  in  twice  three 
couplets  in  three  lines.  Another  point  he  stumbled 
on  was  that  each  of  the  long  Latin  inscription 
consisted  of  thirty-three  letters,  and  the  single 
words  below  them  were  three  sets  of  two  letters 
on  each  face  of  the  building  The  very  name  of 
Tressham  (or  as  he  believed  it  should  be  pro- 


June  14,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


407 


nounced  Tressam)  had  a  sound  of  three  about  it. 
The  arms  were  made  up  of  trefoils  arranged  in 
threes.  It  was  very  probable  that  his  name  and 
arms  might  have  given  to  such  a  strange  mind  as 
that  of  Sir  Thomas  a  bias  in  favotir  of  this 
doctrine,  but  that  his  purpose  in  the  building  was 
that  which  he  had  ascribed  to  him  might  be 
proved,  he  thought,  by  his  adoption  of  the  Latin 
text  over  the  door,  "  There  are  three  that  bear 
witness." 

After  paying  a  visit  to  Eushton  Church  the  ex- 
cursionists proceeded  to 


OEDDINOTON, 
a  village  a  few  miles  ofiF,  where  one  of  Queen 
Eleanor's  crosses  was  erected.  Thia  was  described 
by  Archdeacon  TroUope,  who,  referring  to  the 
cross  at  Oeddington,  saii  there  were  two  similar 
monuments  erected  to  Queen  Eleanor  by  Kdward 
I.,  one  at  Waltham  and  the  other  at  Northampton. 
Some  people  thought  that  the  one  at  Geddia^ton, 
from  its  triangular  character  and  lightness  of 
decoration,  was  the  most  elegant  of  the  three,  but 
he  thought  the  one  at  Waltham  was  more  com- 
plete in  its  form.  It  was  a  little  straight  at  the 
base,  but  it  was  elegant  above.  The  three  statues 
in  the  niches  of  the  cross  (Geddington)  were  repre- 
sentations of  the  Queen,  and  they  were  very  grace- 
fully executed.  On  each  side  of  the  base  of  the 
monument,  intermingled  with  diaper  work,  were 
shields  with  the  arms  of  t'astille  and  Leon  with 
that  of  Clare,  and  the  royal  arms  of  England  with 
that  of  Clare.  The  monument  which  was  recently 
erected  at  Charing  Cross,  not  on  the  site  of  the  old 
c.-ops,  but  in  front  of  the  Charing  Cross  Railway 
Hotel,  was  a  very  besutiful  work  of  art. 

The  company  then  entered  the  Geddington 
church,  for  a  description  of  which  they  were  in- 
debted to  the  Rev.  O.  A.  Poole.  He  said  as  they 
weot  rouad  the  exterior  they  had  ample  evidence 
that  it  was  built  during  the  transition  period  be- 
tween the  Norman  and  Early  English.  The 
arcade  w.as  Norman,  and  it  was  quite  evident  that 
the  nave  was  longer  when  it  was  a  Norman  one 
than  it  was  now.  There  was  at  least  one  arch 
more.  It  seemed  that  about  the  close  of  the 
twelfth  century,  the  time  of  the  transition  into 
the  Gothic  style,  some  part  of  the  nave  was  taken 
down  and  these  arches  were  buUt,  and,  as  far  as 
he  could  jvidge,  the  arcade  was  made  as  long  as 
the  Norman  one.  When  the  nave  was  shortened 
the  chancel  was  lengthened  ;  but  why  the  nave 
was  shortened  he  could  not  say.  The  tower  and 
sedilia  were  also  of  the  transition  period.  Above 
the  Norman  arcade  of  the  south  aisle  were  the 
remains  of  a  Saxon  arcade,  which  showed  that 
there  was  a  church  on  this  spot  long  before  the 
time  of  the  Conquest.  A  remarkable  fact  con- 
nected with  this  church  was  that  it  was  the  first 
church  that  had  pews  erected  in  it  in  England. 

Archdeacon  TroUope  said,  with  reference  to  the 
peculiarity  of  the  arcade,  that  he  believed  the 
Norman  clerestory  was  built  on  the  Saxon  arcade 
to  escape  re  consecration  of  the  church,  the  fees 
for  which  were  exceedingly  heavy  in  those  days. 
It  so,  it  was  a  very  expensive  and  very  dangerous 
experiment. 

On  Wednesday  morning  an  excursion  took  place 
to  Barton  Seagrave,  Burton  Latimer,  Irthling- 
borough,  Ringstead,  Finedon,  Higham  Ferrers, 
Stanwick,  Raunds,  Woodford,  and  Crauford, 
which  concluded  one  of  the  most  successful  meet- 
ings the  joint  societies  have  held. 


presented  by  the  widow  of  the  great  Free-trader. 
Jlr.  W.  Smith,  F.S.A.,  Deputy-chairman   of  the 
Trustees,   presented   a  portrait  of  Cardinal   Pole 
(1500-1558),  painter   unknown;     Mr.    W.   Jones 
Lloyd,  a  portrait  of  the  Right  Hon.  Henry  Pelham 
(1696-175-1),  painted  by  William   Hoare;  Mr.  J. 
W.  Everett  Green,  a  portrait,  by  Opie,  of  F.  Bar- 
tolozzi,  R.A.,  the  engr.aver   (1730-1S13) ;    Sir  W. 
C.  Trevelyan,  a  portrait  of  Thomas  Hobbes  (158S. 
1679),  by  Joseph  Michael  Wright,  the  artist;  a 
portrait  of  Thomas  Clarkson,  by  De  Breda,  R.A., 
and  one  of  Walter  Savage  Landor,  painted  by  W. 
Fisher,   were   beqviests   by   the   late   Mr.  Henry 
Crabb  Robinson,  F.S.A.     A  portrait  of  J.  H.  Mor- 
timer,   R.A.,    by    himself,   is   the    gift    of    Miss 
Twining ;  and  in  April  last  her  Majesty,  in  com- 
pliance with  an  application  addressed  to  her  by 
the   trustees,    presented    a    full-length    portrait 
of    the  Prince   Consort.     This,   we  believe,  is  a 
replica,  by  M.  Winterhalter,  of  the  last  portrait 
which  that  artist  painted  from  life  of  his  Royal 
Highness.      It  is  understood  that  the  Queen  will, 
at  some   future   time,   present  to  the  Gallery   a 
companion  portrait  of  herself.     Nearly  £600  have 
been   expended   in   additions    to    the    collection 
during  the  year.     The  following  are  among  the 
more  noteworthy  of   these  : — A  portrait   of  Ca- 
therine  Hyde,  Duchess  of  Queensberry  (Jervas), 
£120  ;  William,  Duke  of  Cumberland  (school  of 
Sir  Joshua  Reynolds),  £70 ;  Nell  Gwynn  (school 
of    Sir  Peter  Lely),   £68  5s. ;    Queen  Henrietta 
Maria  (school  of  Van  Dyck),  £50;  Patrick  Fraser 
Tytler,   the   historian    (Mrs.  Carpenter),  £42 ;  a 
marble  bust  of  the  Duke  of  Wellington  (J.  Fran- 
cis),   £52    10s. ;  also,  portraits   of    Queen  Anne, 
Simon,  Lord  Lovat  (Hogarth),  George  III.  (Allan 
Ramsay),  Sir  Robert  Walpole,  John  Gibson,  the 
sculptor,  and  others.     We   notice  as  a  matter  of 
regret  that  it  has  been  found  necessary  to  place 
some  of  the  most  valuable  pictures  in  the  Gallery, 
— including  the  Chandos  portrait  of  Shakspeare, 
and  portraits  of  Sir  Darid  Wilkie  and  Sir  Joshua 
Reynolds — in  airtight  cases  wi;h  glass  fronts  for 
their  protection.     One  of  the   most   satisfactory 
features  of  the  report  relates  to  the  evident  in- 
terest which  the  public,  and  more  particularly  the 
Easter  Monday  visitors,  take  in   the    exhiljition. 
On    this   point,    Mr.    Scharf,    the   secretary   and 
keeper,  makes  the  following  favourable  remarks  : — 
"  Nothing  could  exceed  their  decorum  and   the 
attention  which   they    manifested    towards    the 
pictures  themselves.     They   studied   the  printed 
lists,  which  were  freely  circulated  gratuitously,  as 
before,  and  in  several  instances  I  ascertained  that 
they  had  brought  with  them  the  lists  which  they 
had  taken  away  the  year  before.       It  is  gratifying 
to  see  the  interest  which  parents  take  in  pointing 
out  to  their  children  the  great  celebrities  and  the 
best  characters  of  past  times,  and   I  was  much 
pleased  to  observe  the  large  proportion  of  intelli- 
gent lads,   apparently   from    printing  and   large 
warehousing  establishments.''      The   numtier   of 
visitors  to  the  Gallery  during  the  year  1866  was 
24,666,  being  an  increase  of  8,024  over  the  pre- 
vious year.      The  conclusion  that  the  report  leads 
us  to  is  this  :  were  our  national  portraits  decently 
^Soused  they  would  be  visited  by  a  much  larger 
number,     and     confer    correspondingly    greater 
benefits.     As  it  is,  this  attractive  and  important 
collection,  like  nearly  all  our  national  collections 
of  a  like  kind,  literally  hasn't  room  to  breathe  in. 


NATIONAL  PORTRAIT  GALLERY. 

THE  tenth  annual  report  of  the  trustees  of 
the  National  Portrait  Gallery  to  the  Lords 
)f  the  Treasury  has  just  been  published.  It  cou- 
sins one  or  two  items  of  general  interest.  We 
lote,  in  the  first  place,  that  Earl  Dudley  and  Lord 
Bjlcho  have  ceased  to  be  trustees,  in  accordance 
i»ith  a  bye-law  to  the  effect  that  any  trustee 
ffho  shall  not  have  attended  any  meeting  of  the 
Board  for  the  space  of  two  years  without  assign- 
pg  any  cause,  "either  of  illness  or  of  absence 
'Tom  the  United  Kingdom,"  shall  be  held  to 
>ave  resigned  his  trusteeship — a  rule  which  the 
nost  sensitive  must  deem  fair  and  reasonable. 
n  September  last,  Mr.  Beresford  Hope,  M.P.,  and 
iSir  Coutts  Lindsay,  Bart.,  were  elected  trustees. 
iPhe  value  and  importance  of  this  national  collec- 
ion  have  been  largely  enhanced  by  the  number  of 
landsome  donations  received  since  the  last  re- 
f  rt,  and  also  by  the  numerous  valuable  purchases 
ide  by  the  trustees  themselves.  The  Gallery 
■w  contains  seventy-two  donations,  nine  of 
hich  were  received  since  July  last  year.  A  mar- 
le  bust  of  Richard  Cobden,  by  Mr.'WooIner,  was  j' 


I 


ON  ENCAUSTIC  PAINTING. 

THE  nature  and  durability  of  colours  and  the 
various  materials  used  in  painting  form  a 
subject  of  great  importance  at  this  time.  We 
have  already  pointed  out  the  tendency  to  decay  of 
English  pictures  which  have  been  executed  with- 
out chemical  knowledge  on  the  part  of  the  artists 
employed  at  the  Houses  of  Parliament.  Many  of 
the  English  pictures  at  Kensington  have  long 
been  a  source  of  great  concern  to  connoisseurs, 
owing  to  their  ill  condition.  Hardly  a  master  of 
our  own  country  is  known  to  have  troubled  him- 
self about  the  materials  in  which  he  worked. 
Pope  speaks  of  painting  as  a  means  of  conferring 
immortality  on  the  frail  flower-beauty  ;  and  some 
painters  have  mixed  their  colours  in  a  way  that 
rendered  them  tolerably  permanent.  These,  how- 
ever, form  the  exceptions.  The  rule  with 
English  paintera  is  the  reverse.  Under  these 
circumstances,  whoever  has  the  knowledge  and 
the  ability  to  throw  light  upon  the  best  methods 
employed  by  the  more  distinguished  old  painters 
whose  paintings  have  lived  through  centuries  and 
retained  their  splendour  to  the  last,  will  confer  a 
benefit  on  art  and  on  the  rising  generation  of 


artists.  On  Thureday  Last  week,  Mr.  Cave  Thomas 
delivered  a  lecture  before  the  Society  for  the 
Encouragement  of  the  Fine  Arts,  at  Conduit- 
street,  "  On  Encaustic  Painting."  He  observed 
that  paintings  executed  with  vehicles  in  which 
was  is  combined  in  cert;iin  proportions  rank  next 
to  frescoes  in  architectonic  propriety  of  effect. 
They  jiossess  in  a  great  measure  the  same  freedom 
from  gloss,  and  can  be  seen  in  any  position; 
moreover,  they  powerfully  resist  the  action  of 
acids,  atmospheric  corrosion,  and  damp.  The 
ancients,  it  would  appear,  had  three  methods  of 
encaustic  painting.  Pliny  enumerates  and  dis- 
tinguishes them  thus  : — 1st,  that  in  which  they 
used  a  stylus  and  painted  on  ivory  or  polished 
wood,  previously  coated  with  a  wax  preparation. 
The  stylus  or  stigma  served  to  draw  the  outlines, 
and  its  spatula  or  blade  end  to  clear  olf  the  fila- 
ments which  it  ploughed  up  in  the  prep.ared 
ground.  2nd,  that  in  which  colours  were  mixed 
with  wax  aud  spread  over  the  inctures  with  a 
metal  spatula,  the  various  colours  being  previously 
prepared  and  formed  into  small  cylinders  for  use. 
By  the  side  of  the  painters  stood  a  brazier,  which 
was  used  to  heat  the  spatula  with  which  the 
colours  were  smoothly  spread  after  the  outlines 
were  completed,  and  thus  the  picture  was  pro- 
ceeded with  and  finished.  3rd,  that  in  which 
painting  was  performed  by  dipping  a  brush  into 
wax  liquified  by  fire.  By  this  method  the  colour  s 
attained  considerable  hardness,  and  could  not  bo 
damaged  either  by  the  heat  of  the  sun  or  the 
deleterious  elTects  of  sea  water.  It  was  thus 
that  they  painted  their  ships  with  emblems,  which 
decorations  were  finally  smoothed  and  polished. 
This  kind  of  encaustic,  therefore,  was  styled 
"ship  painting."  Other  passages  in  Pliny  were 
also  examined,  and  the  experiment  instituted  by 
Count  Caylus  towards  the  end  of  the  last  century 
detailed.  Mr.  Thomas  also  described  several 
other  methods  of  encaustic  invented  at  various 
times  by  artists  and  amateurs,  and  concluded  by 
expressing  a  belief  that  whatever  may  be  the 
process  of  encaustic  pain ling  ultimately  adopted, 
it  will  probably  be  preferred  to  fresco  in  this 
country,  promising  as  it  does  a  somewhat  richer 
range  of  effect,  and  to  be  the  more  simple  process 
of  the  two. 


GREECE    REVIVING. 

A  CORRESPONDENT  of  the  Times  gives 
some  very  interesting  information  relative 
to  the  present  condition  and  future  prospects  of 
Greece.  The  following  will  interest  our  readers  : — ■ 
Greece,  says  this  writer,  has  effected  much  towards 
obtaining  a  fair  position  in  the  scale  of  civilisation, 
contending  all  the  while  with  many  disadvantages, 
disadvantages  wholly  unappreciable  in  this  quarter 
of  the  globe.  After  the  war  which  gave  to  Greece 
her  independence,  t'ne  whole  country  was  literally 
strewn  with  the  ruins  of  towns.  The  few  that 
escaped  the  almost  universal  destruction  were  the 
following  ; — In  the  Peloponnese — Nauplia,  Nava- 
rino,  Modon,  and  Corou ;  in  Euboea — Chalsis  and 
Charysto ;  in  continental  Greece — Vostizo  and  Le- 
panto.  The  towns  destroyed  were  the  following  : — 
In  the  Peloponnese — Tripolitza,  Argos,  Corinth, 
iEgina,  Kalavryta,  Patras,  Pyrgos,  Kyparissia, 
Nissi,  Calamata,  and  Gythium ;  in  continental 
Greece — Missolonghi;  Carvassara,  Carpenissi,  Agri- 
nium,  Amphisse,  Galaxidion,  Atalaute,  Levadia, 
Thebes,  Megares,  and  Athens  ;  in  Eubcea — Xerok- 
hori.  'These  towns  were  burnt,  demolished,  and 
sacked  principally  by  Ibrahim  Pasha,  who  also  de- 
stroyed the  fruit  of  the  land — the  vine  and  the 
olive.  Not  only  have  all  these  towns  been  re- 
Imilt,  but  with  the  following  additions: — 1.  At 
Patras  the  higher  town  has  been  restored,  aud  a 
new  and  larger  one  built  on  the  seashore.  2.  A 
new  Sparta  on  the  supposed  site  of  ancient  Sparta. 
3.  A  new  Megalopolis.  4.  Between  Calamata  and 
Coron  on  the  seashore  a  new  town  called  Petahdi. 
5.  At  the  Pirseus  the  town,  the  harbour,  and  the 
quays.  6.  Syra  and  its  harbour,  of  daily  increas- 
ing importance.  7.  At  the  southern  extremity  of 
Eubcea  a  new  town  and  harbour  in  proce-ss  of  con- 
struction, called  Othonopolis.  8.  A  little  town 
called  at  first  Amaliapolis,  now  Pelagia,  on  the 
harbour  of  Volo.  9.  A  new  town  called  Adamas, 
in  the  island  of  Milos,  founded  by  the  Sphakiotes, 
inhabitants  of  the  white  mountains  of  Crete. 
10.  Corinth  has  been  twice  rebuilt,  once  after  the 
war,  and  again  after  the  earthquake  in  1858,  at 
the  east  of  the  ancient  harbour  of  Leche.  Twl  nty- 
three  ancient  towns  have  been  rebiult  and  ten  new 
ones,  including  Athens,  have  been  founded.  Athens 
alone  contains  more  than  5,000  houses,  and  is  in- 
creasing.   Very  different  from  the  Athens  described 


40S 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


June  14,  1867. 


in  Chateaubriand's  /(iHsrary—"  squalid,  tottering, 
and  tortuous,  its  wretched  roofs  the  haunt  of 
storks,  its  State  degraded,  its  population  debased." 
To  these  towns  must  be  added  villages,  some  of 
which,  from  local  causes,  have  grown  into  small 
towns,  such  as  Philiatra,  Diruitzara,  Leonidion, 
CranidioD,  Cume,  Astacos,  and  others.  Taking  as 
a  starting  point  the  actual  population  of  the  33 
towns  rebuilt  at  180,000  inhabitants,  that  of  the 
same  towns  restored  at  25,000,  that  of  the  villages 
grown  into  small  towns  at  33,000,  we  have  a  popu- 
lation of  238,000.  Granting  a  proportion  of  eight 
inhabitants  per  house,  we  find  about  30,000  houses 
rebuilt  since  the  year  1833,  which,  calculated  at  a 
minimum  of  7,000  drachmas  per  house,  represents 
a  capital  of  210  millions.  This  sum  has  been 
earned  by  persevering  efforts  on  sea  and  land,  and 
by  the  influx  of  the  corn  trade,  as  well  as  by  the 
export  of  national  produce. 


VILLA— WORCESTER  PARE  ESTATE. 

OUR  illustration  represents  one  of  a  number  of 
villas  now  being  erected  by  the  South- 
Western  Villa  Ke.=idence  Company,  from  the 
designs  and  under  the  superintendence  of  their 
architect,  Mr.  John  Giles,  of  28,  Craven-street, 
Charing  Cross.  They  are  erected  on  the  summit 
of  the  hill  some  five  minutes'  walk  from  Worcester 
Park  Station,  one  of  the  most  charming  spots  in 
Surrey,  with  views  of  Epsom  Downs,  Sydenham, 
and  the  hills  which  skirt  the  county  on  all  sides. 
The  villa  illustrated  is  built  of  yellow  malm 
facings  vrith  red  bands  and  slate  roofs,  no  cement 
being  used,  but  a  few  Bath  stone  dressings  for 
chimney  caps,  &c.,  where  required.  It  contains 
eleven  bed  rooms  and  a  bath  room  on  the  upper 
floors,  and  the  usual  living  rooms  and  offices.  'The 
cost  is  under  £2,500,  including  "  httings "  and 
every  expense,  there  being  no  extras  of  any  kind 
in  the  contract.  The  builder  is  Mr.  Thomas 
Dobba,  of  Hackney  Wick. 


THE  INFLUENCE  OF  CONTEMPORARY 
WRITERS  ON  THE  ARCHITECTURE  OF 
THE  DAY. 

SIR  WALTER  C.  JAMES,  Bart.,  gave  an 
able  and  interesting  lectvire  on  "  The  In- 
fluence of  Contemporary  Writers  on  the  Archi- 
tecture of  the  Day,"  at  the  rooms  of  the  Archi- 
tectural Exhibition  Society,  on  Tuesday  evening. 
Mr.  M.  Digby  Wyatt,  F.S.A.,  occupied  the  chair. 
The  lecturer  dwelt  upon  the  various  influences 
which  different  writers  had  had  upon  the  revival 
of  Gothic  architecture  in  England,  and  especially 
referred  to  the  writings  of  the  elder  Pugin  and 
Mr.  Ruskin.  For  the  genius  of  both  men  he  had 
the  highest  respect,  though  he  accepted  Pugin  as 
the  truer  teacher.  Ruskin  was  a  great  critic,  but 
his  great  fault  was  overweening  self-confidence. 
Alluding  tu  Sir  Walter  Scott,  he  remarked  that 
though  he  was  not  a  good  churchman  he  knew 
more  of  architecture  and  had  a  finer  feeling  for 
the  beautiful  in  art  than  many  professed  writers 
on  the  subject.  The  lecturer  quoted  Scott's  well- 
known  lines  on  Melrose  Abbey,  and  remarked 
that  the  writings  of  the  Wizard  of  the  North  had 
contributed  in  a  great  measure  to  the  wide  popu- 
larity to  which  the  study  of  archaeology  had 
attained  in  his  time.  Sir  Walter  James  thought 
that  much  of  the  art  criticism  which  appeared 
nowadays  was  of  a  very  ephemeral  and  valueless 
character  as  compared  with  the  works  of  the  elder 
writers  on  the  subject.  But  the  fact  was,  we  had 
no  time  to  write  treatises;  we  live  in  the  hurry  and 
bustle  of  an  age  of  railroads,  and  are  content  to 
record  only  hasty  impressions.  If  we  have  not 
time  to  write  treatises — which  were  the  labours  of 
years  and  perhaps  of  a  whole  life  time— as  our 
forefathers  did,  let  us  at  all  events,  said  Sir 
Walter,  take  time  to  read  what  they  wrote. 
The  lecture  was  interspersed  with  many  excellent 
hints  to  students  and  young  architects,  particu- 
larly on  the  subject  of  the  use  of  ornament  in 
architecture. 

Mr.  Digby  Wyatt,  on  rising  to  move  a  vote  of 
thanks  to  the  lecturer,  said  he  agreed  with  much 
that  had  fallen  from  Sir  Walter  James,  particu- 
larly aa  regarded  current  criticisms,  a  great  deal  of 
which  was  «t  the  most  flimsy  and  superficial 
kind,  and  1  "**i  had  very  little  influence  in- 

deed on    '  ^*-~~of    the  day.     He    re- 

marked ^  ~^  admiration  for 

Pugin,  V  -f  keen  ob- 

servatic  "^urea 


to  enunciate  the  great  principles  of  architecture. 
For  Ruskin  his  admiration  was  much  less.  Pugin 
was  Ruskiu's  idol ;  but  though  he  was  his  idol,  he 
was  always  finding  fault  with  him.  In  his  treat 
raent  of  Pugin,  Ruskin  reminded  him  of  a  child 
who  would  one  minute  fondle  and  decorate  its 
doll,  and  the  next  would  dash  its  head- against  the 
bedpost.  What  was  good  in  Ruskin  was  Pugin's, 
and  what  was  not  Pugin's  was  Ruskiu's  own — , 
wrong  and  false,  and  sometimes  nonsense.  The 
chairman  concluded  by  proposing  a  vote  of  thanks 
to  the  lecturer  which  was  unanimously  carried. 


FRENCH    ROOFS. 


FRENCH  roofs  may  be  divided  into  two  gene- 
ral kinds— the  pointed  and  the  flat.  The 
former  are  prominent  in  the  northern  climate, 
where  they  are  essential  to  prevent  the  snow  col- 
lecting in  great  quantities.  The  latter  are  espe 
cially  used  in  the  southern  parts  for  the  accommo- 
dation of  the  inmates  of  the  houses.  From  a  prac- 
tical point  of  view,  the  pointed  roofs  are  undesire- 
able  ;  their  construction  is  no  cheaper  than  that  of 
vertical  brick  walls,  and  the  apartment  they  cover 
is  narrow  and  uncomfortable.  This  arises  from 
the  oblique  sides,  which  take  away  the  best  part 
of  the  room,  and  give  by  no  means  a  favourable 
impression.  There  is,  however,  this  advantage,  one 
additional  floor  is  obtained  beyond  the  number 
which  the  laws  for  building  houses  in  a  city  permit, 
because  the  roof  floor  is  not  coimted  in  these  laws. 
Looking  at  these  roofs  from  an  Eesthetic  point  of 
view  they  can  certainly  be  defended.  They  give 
a  favourable  appearance  to  high  houses  in  narrow 
streets,  as  well  as  to  houses  having  a  richly  orna- 
mented front.  This  especially  applies  to  houses  of 
a  light  colour,  in  which  the  eye  finds  an  agreeable 
relief  in  the  dark  roof.  On  villas  or  summer  re- 
sidences standing  atone,  so  as  to  be  visible  from  all 
sides,  the  French  roof  lacks  in  taste  and  appear- 
ance, if  it  is  not  positively  ugly.  As  a  rule  roofs 
in  general  contribute  but  little  to  the  style  and 
good  looks  of  a  structure,  those  which  are  the  least 
visible  wUl  generally  be  the  best.  The  only  ex- 
ception to  this  rule  is  the  dome,  which  being  an 
ornament  of  itself,  enhances  the  appearance  of  a 
building  on  which  it  is  judiciously  placed. 


HOUSE  DECORATIONS  OF  POMPEIL 

IN  some  things  the  walls  of  Pompeii  read  us 
lessons  which  we  should  be  the  better  for 
learning.  We  agree  with  a  recent  reviewer  that 
the  sight  of  any  house  which  has  been  allowed  to 
go  out  of  repair  in  an  English  town  is  pitiable 
enough.  The  crumbling  mortar  defiles  everything, 
and  the  walls  exhibit  wretched  strips  of  paper  with 
the  colours  f.ided  and  the  patterns  blotted  out. 
After  centuries  have  passed  away  on  centuries 
the  walls  of  Pompeian  houses  are  scarcely  less  firm 
and  beautiful  than  when  their  owners  lived  and 
moved  within  them,  unconscious  of  the  mischief 
about  to  be  done  by  the  long  slumbering  fires  of 
Vesuvius.  It  will  probably  take  many  a  year  yet  to 
convince  Englishmen  that  the  paperhanger  is  not 
the  most  fit  person  to  make  a  home  seemly  or 
beautiful,  or  that  a  genuine  artistic  ornamenta- 
tion of  walls  may  be  mthin  the  reach  of  other 
than  the  wealthiest  classes.  The  Pompeiaus, 
generally,  were  not  wealthy ;  and  some  examples 
of  the  purest  taste  are  found  in  the  houses  of  men 
whose  means  were  manifestly  not  great.  The 
beautiful  eft'ect  produced  by  their  treatment  of 
wall  surfaces  is  disputed  by  none ;  that  we  should 
still  have  but  an  imperfect  knowledge  of  the  means 
employed  to  obtain  it  is  much  to  be  regretted.  The 
receipt  for  making  the  stucco  used  by  Lhe  masons 
of  Pompeii  would  be  a  boon  to  thjo.sands  in  this 
country,  who  long  to  escape  from  the  dominance 
of  fashions  which  are  none  the  less  absurd  because 
they  are  old. 

EDINBURGH   ARCHITECTURAL    AS.^O- 
ClATION. 

AT  the  usual  fortnightly  meeting  of  the  Edin- 
'ourgh  Architectural  Association  Mr.  W.  Beattie, 
the  president,  in  the  chair,  a  paper  was  read  by 
Mr.  Thomas  Henderson,  entitled  "  The  Gothic  Re- 
vival— its  Causes  and  Efi'ects."  In  introducing 
the  subject,  Mr.  Henderson  referred  to  the  late 
distribution  of  medals  at  the  Paris  Exhibition, 
alluding  to  the  fact  that,  out  of  eight  medals,  four 
had  been  awarded  to  France,  and  none  to  Britain, 
and  asking  if,  looking  at  this  result,  we  have  any 
right  to  call  ourselves  a  fine  art  people  ?  He  then 
proceeded  to  show  that,  whatever  might  be   the 


causes  conducing  to  this  result,  when  we  looked 
back  to  our  cathedrals  and  other  old  works  of  art, 
we  did  possess  such  a  right.  He  then  proceeded  to 
investigate  thecauses  which  had  led  to  the  revi- 
val  of  the  style  of  these  old  masterpieces  in  pre- 
ference to  the  Classic  styles  which  had  been  ex- 
clusively used  since  the  decay  of  Gothic  art.  The 
causes  of  decline  were  stated  to  be  principally 
the  reformation,  the  revolution,  the  unsettled 
state  of  society,  and  the  wars  abroad.  The 
symptoms  of  revival  were  indicated  in  the  litera- 
ture of  the  country — in  the  poetry  of  Byron  and 
Wordsworth,  and  the  novels  of  Sir  Walter  Scott. 
The  efi'ects  of  this  revival  in  art  are,  among 
others,  the  return  to  Gothic  models,  the  resusci- 
tation of  many  forgotten  arts,  and  the  discovery 
of  some  new  ones.  It  might  be  allowed  that  we 
know  more  about  architecture,  as  we  certainly 
write  and  talk  more  about  it  than  any  people 
ever  did  before  us. 


I 


THE    NEW    SOUTH    KENSINGTOK 
MUSEUM. 

THE  erection  of  these  proposed  buildings  has 
been  delayed  in  its  progress  by  the  death  of 
Captain  Fowke,  and  possibly  to  some  extent  by 
that  of  one  of  his  most  able  assistants,  the  late 
Godfrey  Sykes,  who  was  more  particularly  en. 
gaged  in  the  designs  of  the  details  of  the  work. 
By  the  courtesy  of  the  authorities  we  have  been 
favoured  with  an  inspection  of  the  building  in  ita 
present  stage,  and  will  make  a  few  remarks 
thereon.  An  impression  has  prevailed  that  the 
building  would,  to  a  great  extent,  partake  of  the 
boiler  character,  intermixed  with  something  of  the 
Exhibition  of  1862.  It  is  time  this  delusion 
should  be  dissipated.  The  only  decorative  por. 
tion  complete  is  the  interior  of  a  quadrangle.  But 
this  one  effort  is  a  fine  specimen  of  what  will  be 
the  effect  of  the  whole  edifice  when  completed. 
The  materials  seem  to  be  calculated,  as  far  as 
possible,  to  resist  the  deteriorating  properties  of 
our  climate.  They  are  red  brick,  terra-cotta,  and 
stone,  blended  in  the  most  charming  and  har- 
monious^ manner.  Although  the  surfaces  are 
everywhere  decorated,  and  even  the  smallest  orna- 
ment is  a  study,  yet  the  tout  ensemble  does  not 
present  the  slightest  appearance  of  crowding  or 
confusion.  The  general  features  of  the  architec- 
ture consist  of  red  brick  pilasters  resting  on  a 
substantial  plinth,  and  rising  the  height  of  two 
stories,  supporting  a  decorated  cornice  and 
entablature.  Between  each  pilaster  are  coupled 
windows,  square  headed  on  the  ground  floor  and 
semicircular- headed  above,  connected  together  by 
balconies,  with  what  may  be  called  Venetian 
cohimns  as  balusters.  The  fa9ade8  are  finished 
with  a  third  story  of  corresponding  character  with 
the  others,  crowned  with  a  richly  decorated  cor- 
nice. The  principal  fa9ade  of  the  quadrangle  has 
a  highly  decorated  raised  centre,  in  which  an 
extremely  picturesque  effect  of  light  and  shade  is 
produced  by  a  row  of  three  arches  on  columns, 
three  of  which,  in  rear  of  each  other,  support  the 
arcade  above,  the  aofiits  of  which  are  profusely 
panelled  and  ornamented. 

The  architraves,  friezes,  cornices,  balustrades  of 
balconies,  &c.,  throughout  the  whole  of  the  work, 
are  enriched  in  an  elaborate  manner  in  terra-cotta, 
from  designs  made  by  the  late  Godfrey  Sykes, 
who  modelled  every  portion  himself.  The  designs 
are  of  the  most  original  character,  and  bear  the 
stamp  of  a  masterly  hand.  We  have  an  impres- 
sion on  our  minds  that  in  this  museum  building 
we  shall  have  the  nearest  approach  to  a  new  style 
of  architecture,  and  a  style  of  a  character  which 
is  not  composed  of  all  sorts  of  crooked  corners, 
out-of-the-way  spikes  of  roofs,  odd  windows  and 
doors  for  the  main  features,  nor  of  all  sorts  of 
chamfers  and  stoppings,  notchings  and  choppinga, 
and  the  most  awkward  and  deformed  decorations, 
for  its  details,  but  a  style  which,  while  rich  in 
decoration,  both  of  colour  and  form,  is  neither 
gaudy  nor  crowded  ;  where  each,  even  the  most 
minute  part,  though  a  thing  of  beauty  in  itself, 
and  able  to  bear  the  closest  inspection,  has  in  that 
character  only  to  perform  a  subordinate  part,  its 
chief  purpose,  and  one  which  in  every  instance  in 
the  case  before  us  it  fully  carries  out,  being  to  do 
its  share  in  contributing  to  the  realisation  of  a 
great  and  harmonious  whole.  H.  asd  P. 


Mr.  Ruskin  on  Friday  evening  delivered  a 
lecture  at  the  Royal  Institution  "  On  the  present 
state  of  Modern  Art,  with  reference  to  the  advis- 
able arrangements  of  a  National  Gallery." 


THK.    SDITTH  "WESTERN  TXLL^  RESIDEMCKS    COMPAJTc'CLOtlTED) 
WOBCESTEK    PAUK    ESTATE. 

JOHN    OILES.    AROHireCT 
SCALE,24FEETT0AN    INCH. 


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Boom  m 
Tower 


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1    f 

June  14,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


413 


THE  (X)URTS  OF  JUSTICE  COMPETI- 
TION. 

WE  promised  our  readers  to  complete  out 
criticisms  on  this  great  national  com- 
petition by  a  notice  of  some  of  the  reviews 
which  have  appeared  in  the  more  important 
newspapers  and  periodicals.  We  ])ropo3ed 
this  somewhat  singular  course  because  it  is 
only  upon  these  rare  occasions,  when  the 
country  is  about  to  expend  a  million  or  so  of 
raone)',  that  the  non-professional  journals 
honour  architecture  and  architects  with  their 
opinions  concerning  it  and  them,  and  it  is,  to 
say  the  least,  edifying  to  note  the  nature  of 
these  opinions  and  the  way  in  which  they  are 
expressed. 

As  a  rule  the  reviews  in  the  periodicals 
(under  which  term  we    include   the   weekly 
papers)   show   a     greater   knowledge  of    the 
subject  than  the  criticisms  in  the  daily  papers. 
Some  of  these  latter  are  very  curious.     Tliere 
is  one  in  the  Globe  whicli  begins  with  perhaps 
the  most   enormous  flourish   of   drums  and 
trumpets   anywhere   to  be   found.     Synopsis 
and  tabulation  are  the  watchwords   of  this 
exhaustive  critic.     He  piraphrases  the  archi- 
tects' reports   and  supplements  them  by  the 
architects'  answers  to  questions  which  he  in 
all  the  dignity  of  his  oflice,  swelled  by  synop- 
sis and  robed  with  tabulations,  has  e\-idently 
issued,  so  to   speak,  ex  cathedra.     Of  course 
alarums  and  excursions  on  such  a  scale  could 
not  fail  but  come  to  grief ;  and  tlie  history  of 
this   reviewer  was  cut   short  in  the   flower  of 
his  youth.     In  a  word,  the  law  courts   ex- 
hausted him  before  he  began  even  to  criticise. 
A  very  ditt'erent  plan  is  that  of  the  art  critic 
of  the    Tunes.     He  devotes    something    less 
than    two   columus   to    the    whole    subject. 
About   half  of  it  is   criticism,  such  as  it  is, 
and  the  other  half  is   what  may  be  called 
popular  introduction,  with  here  and  there  an 
offhand   remark  on   the   dift'erent  natures  of 
Italian  and  Gothic  architecture,  which  would 
be  regarded  as  flippant  in  a  journal  of  less 
mark.     Here,  for  instance,  is  a  dictum  uttered 
with   a  gravity  which    is   very   amusing  : — 
"The   Italian  style  of   architecture   because 
more  symmetrical  [than  the   Gothic]   is  less 
manageable,   less  easily  twisted   and  pulled 
about,  while  to  succeed  in  its  ornamentation  a 
very  rare   degree     of    genius    is    required." 
"Then,  speaking  of  the  great  building  in  ques- 
tion, the  writer,  as  might  have  been  expected, 
goes   in    strongly   for    the   tailoring  view  of 
architecture,  which  assumes  the  arrangement 
of  rooms  to  be  the  one  difficult  problem,  and 
the   fine   art  a   mere    cloak  which  is  easily 
thrown  over  it,  and  which  one  architect  can 
cut  out  just  as  well  as  another.      He   says, 
"the  question  of  its  beauty  shrinks  into  a 
corner  beside  that  of  its  convenience."    And, 
again,  "  the  enormous  difficulty  of  the  under- 
taking lies,  not  in  the  invention  of  a  beautiful, 
out  in  that  of  a  fitting  edifice."    These  are  no 
loubt  very    fine-sounding  phrases,   but   un- 
"ortunately  they    possess    nothing   else    but 
lound,  save    the    unmistakable   evidence   of 
ippropriation,  for  they  are  really  only  weak 
eiterations  of  Mr.  Williams's  fallacious  anti- 
rt  argument  which  we  dwelt  on  in  a  former 
rticle.      When,   however,    we  come   to  the 
eviewer's  notes   on  the   "  artistic  effect  "  of 
he  several  designs,  our  amusement  turns  to 
'ain.     Of  Mr.   Seddon's  great  hall,  he  says, 
it  is  sustained  by  colossal  pillars,  pillars  of 
uch  enormous    proportions   that     elephants 
nd  tigers  not  far  from  life-size  can  disport  in 
leir  capitals."    Now  the  whole  height  of  the 
irgest  capitals  in   Mr.  Seddon's  design  is  cer- 
unly  not  higher  than  an  elephant's  leg  ;  and 
i  the  animals   only  occupy  a  portion  of  the 
>tal  height  of  the   smaller  capitals,  we  may 
anfidently  assert  that  the   animals   are   not 
rger  in  proportion  than  many  of  those  to  be 
und  in  old  buildings  over  which  the  Times 
viewer,    if  he   has   any   sense  of  art  at  all, 
ould  utter  big  words  of  praise.     After  this 
ece  of  detailed   "criticism,"  we   are  natu- 
lly  prepared  for   anything,    and    we    are, 
erefore,  not  astonished  to  find  Mr.  Lock- 


wood's  overloaded  design  described  as  simple, 
compact,  and  light  ;  nor  are  we  surprised 
that  the  writer,  having  gone  out  of  his  way  to 
abuse  Mr.  Seddon's  work  for  what  it  can  be 
mathematically  proved  it  does  not  possess, 
should  again  turn  aside  and  "  feel  that  the 
leading  ornaments "  of  Mr.  Lockwood's 
design  "  are  not  overdone."  We  cannot,  how- 
ever, part  with  the  Times  without  giving  one 
more  extract  : — "  Mr.  Garling's  design  is  one 
of  the  most  symmetrical  in  the  room — after 
Mr.  Lockwood's  perhaps  the  most  compact. 
But  the  very  attempt  to  produce  compactness 
of  design  and  simplicity  of  outline  in  so  vast 
a  building  must  tend  to  reduce  its  facade  to 
the  monotony  of  the  side  of  a  street.  Mr. 
Garling  has  not  been  afraid  of  that  monotony; 
and  he  has  produced  a  design  which  is  in 
every  way  creditable  to  him,  although 
he  must  permit  us  to  say  that  when  the 
facade  of  a  palace  assumes  in  any  degree  the 
look  of  a  street  it  is  apt  to  be  flat  and  heavy." 
We  only  hope  Mr.  Garling  appreciates  this, 
and  mil  rest  satisfied  in  having  been  able  to 
produce  a  monotonous,  flat,  and  heavy  design, 
seeing  that  "  it  is  in  every  way  creditable  to 
him." 

As  the  Times  article  appeared  on  February 
11,  it  of  course  named  Mr.  Waterhouse,  the 
then  popular  favourite,  as  the  least  objection- 
able. But— and  this  was  the  shrewdest  part 
of  the  article — as  people,  or  what  Spenser 
would  eall  the  "  rascal  many,"  were  even  then 
beginning  to  delight  in  Mr.  Lockwood's  fossil 
fireworks  on  the  one  hand,  and  were  begin- 
ning to  be  mindful  of  all  that  Mr.  Scott  had 
done  for  art  on  the  other  hand,  the  wTiter 
in  the  Times  did  not  forget  to  pat  the  backs 
of  these  two  champions,  and  raise  them  so 
close  to  Mr.  Waterhouse  that  in  the  event  of 
one  of  these  becoming  the  favourite  it  might 
be  doubtful  how  far  the  arcliitectural  prophet 
of  the  Times  had  given  the  right  tip. 

Of  far  more   importance  than  any  of  the 
articles  in  the  daily  papers  are  those  which 
appeared   in  the   AtheiKmm.     The  Avriter  in 
that  journal  has  evidently  taken  considerable 
trouble  over  his  work,  and  has  devoted  very 
much   space   to   the    consideration    of    what 
ought  certainly  to  result  in  the  greatest  art 
work  of  the  age.     The  Athenceum  rejects  at 
starting  six  of  the  eleven  designs.     Of  the  re- 
maining five  the  art-critic  says,  that  any  one 
"  is  equal  to  the  occasion  in  its  serviceable  as 
well  as  in  its  artistic  aspect :  these  are  the 
works   of     Messrs.   Street,    Seddon,   Burges, 
Waterhouse,  and   Scott."     Then,   like  many 
other  modern   writers    on  architecture  who 
have  had  no  positive  architectural  education, 
the  critic  suddenly  becomes   amusing.     Mr. 
Burges's  design  is   descrilied  in  very  florid 
lines,  and  as  we  cast  our  eyes  down  them  we 
become  aware  of  such  words  as  "  picturesque 
eft'ects,"  "  exquisite,"  "  graceful,"  "  deliciously 
piquant,"  "  noble,"  "  superbly  imagined  ;"  and 
then  we  have,  "  none   of  Mr.  Burges's  rivals 
has    surpassed  him   in    strength   of  design." 
So  far  so  good  ;  but  the  ink  of  these  words 
could  scarcely  have  been  dry  before  our  critic 
thus    writes    of   this    same   design  : — "  Less 
masculine   than   Messrs.    Street  and  Seddon, 
there   is  more  of  unlicensed   freedom  in  his 
ideas  than  in  theirs."    Wliat  in  the  name  of 
common  sense  does  this  mean  ?    We  suspect 
the  critic  himself  does  not   know.     A  certain 
design   is   stronger    than,   or  at  any   rate  as 
strong  as,  any  others,  and   yet  is   less  mascu- 
line than  two  which  happen  to   be   the   most 
delicate — we    might    almost    say    the    most 
efl'eminate,  certainly  the  least  "masculine" — of 
the  eleven.     Another   instance   of  that  loose 
\vriting  whicli  seems  to  infect   critics   when- 
ever the  subject   matter  is    architecture   is 
illustrated   in  the  Atheneeum's  notice   of  Mr. 
Scott's  design  : — "  On    the  plan  the    courts 
form  a  line  exterior  to  that  of  the  ambulato- 
ries, and   are   placed  on  an  '  accommodated ' 
floor  ;  that  is,  level  with  the  bench."     That  is 
to  say,  the  floor  of  the  courts   is  so  "  accom- 
modated "  as  to  be  level  \vith  the  bench.     We 
hope  such  a  truly  unique  accommodation  will 
meet  with  the  reward  it  deserves.    Of  course, 


neither  Mr.  Scott  nor  anyone  else  has  been 
guilty  of  any  such  egregious  foil}'.  But 
whilst  noticing  these  drawbacks  we  cannot 
fail  to  recognise  very  considerable  acumen  in 
tlie  summing  up  of  the  merits  and  demerits 
of  some  of  the  designs  with  which  the 
Athemvum  favours  us.  Of  Jlr.  Scott,  it  says, 
"We  should  think  Mr.  Alloni,  who  was  Mr. 
Scott's  draughtsman,  could  single-handed  de- 
sign as  fine  a  buikling  as  this,  which  already 
owes  so  much  to  him."  Again,  "  Our  verdict 
is  decidedly  adverse  to  the  claims  of  Mr. 
Waterhouse's  designs  for  a  high  place  in  art  ; 
generally  speaking,  they  are  the  best  examples 
of  drawing-room  Gothic  we  have  seen." 
And  of  Jlr.  Burges,  "  We  commend  his 
learned,  comprehensive,  and  very  original 
plans  to  the  attention  of  all  architects  and 
lovers  of  art." 

Another  of  those  amateur  criticisms  whicli 
show  such  a  lamentable  ignorance  of  archi- 
tecture as  a  constructive  art  is  that  in  the 
April  number  of  the  Ecclesiologist.  The 
writer  almost  begins  with  a  note  of  exclama- 
tion, or  admiration,  or  whatever  !  stands  for. 
Here  is  the  sentence  :  "The  mere  criticism 
of  even  the  plainest  and  best  considered  of 
these  designs  is  simply  bewildering.  How 
much  thought  and  trouble,  what  hours  of 
labour  and  brainwork,  must  have  been  ex- 
pended even  upon  tlie  worst  !  "  Of  course, 
if  this  is  intended  for  satire  we  have  no  fault 
to  find,  but  if  the  writer  earnestly  thinks  that 
there  has  been  "thought"  or  "brainwork" 
e.xpended  on  the  worst  sufficient  to  warrant  a 
note  of  admiration,  then  we  cannot  give  him 
much  credit  for  his  perception,  and  miLst  hold 
the  article  as  the  work  of  a  very  doubtful 
authority.  We  should  have  been  inclined  to 
put  it  down  for  satire  for  the  sake  of  some 
passages  of  really  good  criticism  which  occur 
now  and  then  ;  but  unfortunately  directly  we 
turn  the  page  we  read,  "  There  is  not  one 
design  in  the  whole  series  that  does  not  ex- 
hibit much  earnestness  and  some  degree  of 
success."  A  dozen  lines  lower  down  we  find 
this  criticism  of  Mr.  Abraham's  design  :  — 
"  The  whole  is  clumsily  heavy,  and  \vith 
details  of  the  poorest  possible  description." 
And  yet  this  we  are  asked  to  believe  shows 
"  sinne  degree  of  success."  Clumsy  heaviness 
and  the  worst  possible  detail  are,  we  are  told, 
the  fruit  of  "much  earnestness."  AVhat  is 
the  editor  of  the  Ecclesiologist  doing  that  he 
allows  such  utter  nonsense  as  this  to  be 
printed  ?  Anyone  can  in  a  moment  see  the 
mistaken  kindheartedness  and  the  desire  to 
speak  truthfully  which  lie  at  the  bottom  of 
this  nonsense.  We  can  see  the  writer  wishes 
to  be  gentle  to  everyone,  but  finds,  when  he 
comes  to  take  up  his  parable,  that  blessing 
must  for  truth's  sake  turn  to  cursing.  Some 
of  this  adverse  criticism  is  remarkably  good. 
Mr.  Lockwood's  design  is  considered  "  almost 
the  worst  of  the  whole  lot."  Mr.  Garling's 
"  would  have  been  considered  fair  twenty 
years  ago."  "Mr.  Barry  seems  to  have  been 
unable  to  get  the  idea  of  St.  Paul's  out  of  his 
head."  Rlr.  Deane  everywhere  shows  "  a 
want  of  power  and  real  feeling."  On  the 
other  hand,  Mr.  Seddon  is  audacious,  mar- 
vellous, powerful,  and  bold.  How  architec- 
ture that  is  fuU  of  power,  or  how  a  marvel  of 
art  can  be  said  to  be  audacious,  is  a  question 
for  the  solution  oi  which  we  must  look  to  the 
heart  rather  than  to  the  head  of  the  critic. 
Mr.  Brandon  and  Mr.  Street,  from  whose 
designs  there  is  very  much  to  be  learnt,  come 
in  for  a  large  share  of  wdiat  the  Ecclesiologist 
might  call  "  discipline  ;  whilst  in  very 
powerful  contrast  to  these  gentlemen  Mr. 
Burges  is  exalted  to  a  pedestal  where  all  is 
"  exquisite  and  pure."  And  even  his  un- 
doubted weakness  for  excessive  machicola- 
tion is  defended  in  the  style  almost  of  a 
special  pleader.  We  doubt  very  much  whether 
such  blind  criticism  does  not  do  the  architect 
more  harm  than  good,  and  that  in  more  ways 
than  one.  As  to  whether  Mr.  Scott  designed 
his  elevation  or  plan  first,  or  whether  they 
were  thought  out  simultaneously,  matters 
little  to  us  now.    Mr.  Scott,  and  all  who  talk 


414 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


June  14.  1867. 


like  him  about  clothing  a  flan  in  a  fitting 
garment,  are  talking  nonsense  if  plan,  and 
section,  and  elevation  grow  up  in  their  minds 
simvdtaneously  and  together.  We  take  it 
they  mean  what  they  say,  and  accept  the  archi- 
tecture offered  us  for  what  the  clothes  are 
worth.  So  far  the  reviews  we  have  men- 
tioned are  manifestly  the  work  of  amateurs  ; 
when,  however,  we  come  to  the  smart  writing 
in  the  Westminster  Gazette,  we  recognise 
another  style  of  thing  altogether,  for  the 
reviews  in  that  periodical  are  evidently  either 
written  or  inspired  by  an  architect  whose  name 
there  would  be  little  difficulty  in  setting  down 
aright,  did  we  care  to  turn  our  articles  into 
advertising  mediums.  The  writer  in  the 
Gazette  has  given  us  not  a  few  trenchant 
criticisms,  but  they  are  spoilt  by  the  general 
character  of  the  articles,  which  is  distinguished, 
and  markedly  so,  by  an  unwholesome  degree 
of  acerbity.  We  can  quite  understand  the 
critic's  demand  for  an  extended  competition. 
We  have  said  from  the  commencement  that 
the  selection  of  architects  was  a  mistake  which 
was  sure  to  culminate  in  an  injustice  to  the 
public  and  the  profession.  The  majority  of 
the  competitors  must  know,  as  all  tlieir 
brethren  know,  that  by  some  means  or  other 
they  were  chosen,  to  the  exclusion  of  better 
architects  than  themselves.  But  justice  to 
the  public  is  quite  another  thing.  The  public 
cannot  be  sure  of  getting  the  best  article  for 
their  money  with  such  a  competition  as  this, 
whilst  extending  the  number  of  architects 
from  the  first  chosen  few  to  a  dozen  was  by 
the  selection  rendered-  a  mere  farce,  and  was 
eminently  characteristic  of  the  British  House 
of  Commons.  But,  whilst  we  say  this,  and 
desire  to  say  it  as  emphatically  as  we  can, 
whilst  we  have  no  hesitation  in  asserting 
that  several  of  the  competitors  have  no  earthly 
right  to  be  in  this  competition,  we  cannot  go 
so  far  as  to  endorse  the  language  used  by  the 
critic  in  the  review  under  notice.  A  few  spe- 
cimens of  the  language  will  suffice.  Thus,  of 
Mr.  Barry's  design,  one  feature  is  singled  out 
and  likened  to  a  "  bunion  on  a  foot,''  it 
"damns  it  at  once."  Of  Mr.  Scott's  every- 
thing save  the  portico  is  "  really  detestably 
bad;"  somethings  are  "simply  appalling;" 
others  "weakness  made  visible,"  whatever 
that  may  mean;  some  are  "  unconstructional 
expedients  ; "  and  in  the  windows  reigns 
"  dreary  monotony."  The  assistance  the  late 
Mv.  Pugin  rendered  the  late  Sir  Charles 
Barry  in  designing  the  Houses  of  Parliament 
is  dovetailed  into  the  review,  and  this,  taken 
"with  the  reviewer's  extravagant  laudation  of 
the  present  Mr.  Pugin  in  his  correspondence 
witli  "Philocalns"  in  the  Standard,  reveals 
pretty  cleai-ly  the  jjartisanship  of  tlie  writer. 
Now  we  have  mentioned  "  Philocalns,"  we 
may  as  well  tell  him  that  we  tliirdv  his  un- 
qualified praise,  not  to  say  puff,  of  Mr. 
Burges's  design — a  work  which  though 
possessing  many  merits  has  also  not  a  few 
crudities,  if  not  positive  errors — is  not  calcu- 
lated to  do  good  either  to  art  in  general  or 
to  the  architect  in  particular  ;  and  that  the 
fight  between  these  two  partisans  of  two  rival 
houses  was,  to  say  the  least,  imdiguified. 
Neither  Montague  nor  Capulet  in  this  case 
are  distinguished  for  an  excess  of  modesty, 
and  we  never  need  be  afraid  that  either  one 
or  the  other  wUl  let  his  light  shine  rmder  a 
bushel. 

Mr.  Fergusson — we  mention  his  name  with 
profound  respect  for  his  earnest  thought  and 
long  labour — has  honoured  this  competition 
with  a  few  remarks,  the  gist  of  which,  so  far 
as  we  can  understand  them,  seems  to  lie  that 
he  can  find  no  originality  in  anj'  of  the  de- 
signs. His  suggestion  that  originality  might 
have  had  a  chance  had  the  Pointed  arch  been 
excluded  from  the  competition  is  very 
weak,  and  most  unworthy  of  the  author  of 
the  "  Handbook  of  Architecture."  Can  Mr. 
Fergusson  be  labouring  under  the  delusion 
that  a  plain  or  one-centred  arch  is  more 
original  than  a  two,  three,  or  four  centred 
arch  ?  If  we  did  not  know  Mr.  Fergusson  to  be 
one  of  the  most  amiable  of  men,  we  should  re- 


gard such  an  attack  as  this  is  upon  the  Pointed 
arch  as  the  ebullition  of  some  blind  fury 
groimded  in  disappointment  or  rooted  in 
despair  at  the  strong  position  which  Gothic 
art  has  taken  through  the  earnest  labour  of 
the  best  men  in  the  profession,  supported  by 
the  great  literary  power  of  the  greatest  art 
critic  of  the  age. 

We  come  now  to  the  best  reviews  which 
have  appeared  on  these  designs  for  our  Law 
Courts.  The  Chronicle  and  the  Saturday  Bc- 
vicw  may  be  congratulated  for  articles  which 
exliibit  an  intimate  knowledge  of  the  subject, 
without  exhibiting  anything  to  warrant  the 
suspicion  that  the  writers  had  been  "  coached'' 
Ijy  an  interested  and  professional  hand.  Both 
reviews  agree  with  us  in  placing  Mr.  Burges's 
design  first.  And  from  men  who  really  un- 
derstand arthitecture  as  represented  in  archi- 
tectural drawings,  we  have  heard  but  one 
opinion,  and  that  not  given  grudgingly — viz., 
that  Mr.  Burges  has  produced  by  far  tlie 
greatest  work  in  this  competition.  It  is  worth 
notice,  however,  tliat  even  our  best  critics  are 
so  dazzled  by  a  fairly  thought  out  design  as 
to  become  blind  to  its  faults.  Mr.  Burges's 
work,  as  we  have  pointed  out  in  a  former 
article,  has  its  demerits — demerits  in  propor- 
tion of  parts — in  other  words,  in  excesses  of 
power,  which  show,  it  is  true,  a  certain  force, 
liut  it  is  tlie  force  which  leads  to  coarseness, 
and  mayif  unchecked develope  intoabarbarity. 
The  great  merits  for  which  Mr.  Burges  de- 
serves praise  are  those  without  which  we 
cannot  grasp  the  idea  of  a  large  building — we 
mean  simplicity,  scale,  and  rhythm ;  but 
when  we  come  to  speak  of  separate  parts — of 
piers  in  relation  to  arches,  of  scale  of  sculp- 
ture, small  full-length  statues  at  the  top,  and 
half-length  figures  of  larger  scale  at  the 
bottom — we  feel  that  the  architect  himself 
would  be  the  very  first  to  say  that  he  was 
mistaken.  These  things  we  should  not  have 
troubled  our  readers  by  reiterating,  had  not 
the  reviews  under  notice  been  as  unquaUfied 
in  their  praise  of  one  as  they  are  unqualified 
in  their  blame  of  others.  j\Ir.  Seddon,  for 
instance,  has  been  most  unjustly  treated  even 
in  the  best  reviews.  "A  grotesque  jumble  of 
spires  and  gables,"  as  the  Chronicle  calls  his 
design,  it  most  unquestionably  is  not.  We 
have  never  thouglit  very  highly  of  it;  but  it 
stands  amongst  the  very  few  which  are  worth 
thinking  about  at  all. 

We  conclude  these  notes  with  an  extract 
from  the  Solicitors'  Journal,  which  shows  how 
the  Fine  Arts  are  regarded  ?vby  one  of  the 
organs  of  that  learned  profession  for  whose 
special  benefit  the  concentration  of  our  law 
courts  has  been  devised.  The  consideration 
of  professional  convenience  "  seems  to  us  of 
such  supreme  importance  that  no  question 
whatever  ought  to  be  allowed  to  come,  even 
in  the  slightest  degree,  into  competition  with 
it ;"— "  The  Registrars  of  the  Court  of  Chan- 
cery have  with  one  dissentient  determined  to 
recommend  Mr.  Brandon's  design." 

Vox  et  prasterea  nihil. 


MR.  BARRY'S  DESIGN  FOR  THE  NEW 
LAW  COURTS. 

E  give  on  another  page  an  illustr.^tion  of 
the  Strand  view  of  Mr.  Barry's  design  for 
the  new  Law  Courts.  'Though  we  were  free  in 
our  criticisms  on  all  the  designs,  we  inteuded  from 
the  first  to  give  perspective  views  of  all  of  them, 
so  that  our  readers  might  judge  for  themselves. 


at  the  works  of  the  new  harbour  at  Brest,  denomi- 
nated  "  Port  Napoleon,"  these  artificial  blocks 
have  been  manufactured  on  a  stupendous  scale 
containing  individually  over  50  cube  yard.?  of 
materials,  and  weighing  above  120  tons.  They 
are  constructed  upon  timber  platforms  covered 
with  a  thin  coating  or  layer  of  clean  sand.  The 
first  specimens  were  provided  with  external 
grooves  for  the  purpose  of  raising  them  by  the  aid 
of  chains,  but  this  method  involved  so  much 
trouble  and  risk  that  it  was  speedily  abandoned, 
.and  another  plan  adopted.  It  consists  in  bedding 
four  rectangular  pieces  of  timber,  about  2tt.  square 
and  4iu.  thick,  within  the  block  near  the  corners, 
and  placing  them  at  a  depth  of  1ft.  above  the  bot- 
tom, that  is,  the  under  surface  of  the  timber  is 
1ft.  from  the  lower  external  surface  of  the  block. 
When  this  latter  is  completed,  four  vertical  holes 
or  slits,  5in.  by  1ft.  4in.,  are  bored  down  from  the 
top  to  the  timber  and  continued  through  it  for  the 
purpose  of  inserting  iron  suspension  pivots  to 
which  iron  lifting  rods  are  attached.  One  great 
advantage  of  this  plan  of  raising  is,  that,  when 
necessary,  as  it  sometimes  is,  the  blocks  can  be 
taken  up  again  after  they  have  been  actually 
placed  in  position,  an  operation  impossible  to 
accomplish  with  the  lifting  chains.  The  blacks 
are  composed  of  rubble  stone,  Portland  cement, 
and  sand,  the  proportions  of  the  two  latter  being 
nearly  four  to  one.  Great  care  and  attention  is 
bestowed  upon  the  manufacture,  and  the  quoins 
are  dressed  and  chamfered  in  order  to  ensure  close 
joints  and  a  good  fit  between  the  contiguous 
blocks  when  deposited.  A  large  number  of 
blocks  were  put  together  upon  the  open  strand  by 
tidal  work,  as  it  is  called,  but  so  great  a  loss  of 
time  and  material  was  incurred  by  this  trouble- 
some and  intermittent  process  of  manufacture 
that  it  became  evident  it  would  be  more  econo- 
mical to  construct  them  altogether  out  of  the 
reach  of  the  water  and  its  "destructive  influence. 
Accordingly,  a  slip  375ft.  in  length  was  prepared, 
with  an  inclination  of  1  in  16,  upon  which  were 
placed  the  movable  platforms  carrying  the  arti- 
ficial blocks.  These  latter  being  completed,  the 
platforms  are  drawn  down  the  slip  by  an  endless 
chain  arrangement,  set  in  motion  by  steam  power. 
So  soon  as  the  block  has  descended  to  the  required 
depth  it  is  seized  by  a  crane  ;  the  platform,  re- 
lieved of  the  weight,  immediately  floats  upon  the 
surface  of  the  water,  and  is  easily  drawn  up  again 
upon  the  slip.  About  thirty  blocks,  with  their 
separate  platforms,  can  be  accommodated  at  the 
same  time  upon  the  slip. 


HARBOUR   BUILDING  IN   FRANCE. 

THE  substitution  of  artificial  composite  blocks 
for  quarry-hewn  stones  has  met  with  much 
greater  favour,  and  is  much  more  extensively  em- 
ployed, in  France  and  on  the  continent  than  in 
England.  The  French  have  always  been  addicted 
to  the  use  of  concrete,  betou,  and  pierre  perdue, 
to  a  much  greater  extent  than  ourselves — in  fact, 
these  materials  form  a  very  important  item  in  the 
construction  of  aU  their  harbouv  and  marine 
works.     Recently,  says  the  Mcchciiics'  Magazine, 


^ixljiwlogij. 


A  BIMONTHLY  meeting  of  the  Leicestershire 
Architectural  and  Arch;eological  Society  was  held 
in  the  Guildhall,  Leicester,  last  week,  the 
Rev.  J.  H.  Hill  in  the  chah.  The  following 
among  other  antiquities  were  exhibited  ; — By 
Mr.  Henry  Goddard,  architect. — A  collec- 
tion of  Roman  antiquities,  found  in  the 
Friars,  Leicester,  in  the  year  1S66,  about  5ft.  below 
the  surface.  The  collection  comprised  a  bronze 
needle  and  pin,  four  bronze  styli,  three  bronze 
pins  (one  with  ornamental  head),  portion  of  bronze 
tyjula  and  a  coiu  (bronze)  of  Vespasianus.  Also 
from  the  same  locality  two  large  boar's  tusks,  each 
measuring  Sin.  in  length.  Mr.  Goddard  further 
showed  a  mediaeval  salt  cellar,  made  of  white  metal, 
found  in  Oart's-lane,  Leicester,  Sft.  below  the 
surface.  Mr.  W.  Johnson,  Saddington,  produced 
drawings  of  some  further  antiquities  recently 
fotxnd  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Cemetery,  at  Melton 
Mowbray.  Mr.  North  explained  that  daring  the 
unbareing  of  a  portion  of  the  earth  for  the  pur- 
pose of  working  the  clay  for  the  making  of  bricks 
additional  discoveries  of  interest  had  been  made, 
which  he  hoped  to  explain  at  a  future  meeting 
Spears,  a  sword,  and  the  fragments  of  a  bucket 
with  small  pieces  of  pottei-y  had  been  brought  to 
light,  and  Mr.  Johnson  had  very  kindly  made 
drawings  of  the  two  latter  objects,  which  he  then 
exhibited.  Mr.  North  produced  a  massive 
gold  finger  ring,  weighing  more  than  12  dwt., 
lately  found  in  Leicester.  On  the  bezel  is  borne 
a  female  bust  surrounded  by  an  inscription  un- 
decijiherable.  On  the  shoulders  of  the  ring  is 
the  French  motto,  in  old  English  letters,  ellc  «« 
pleit — she  pleaseth  me — round  which  are  borders 
of  forget-me  nots.  Ou  the  inside  of  the  hoop_  is 
the  "posy"  or  "reason,"  also  in  old  English 
letters  '•  god  be  my  help  at  nede."  The  f  orget-me 
not?,  and  probably  the  bust,  have  been  handsomely 


Juke  14,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


415 


enamelled,  fragmenta  of  which  still  remain.  This 
interesting  and  valuable  ring  (which  is  apparently 
of  the  fifteenth  century)  is  the  property  of  Mr. 
Loseby,  Hotel-street.  The  Rev.  J.  Fisher  comma  ■ 
nicated  somenotesupon  thedestniction  of  Heralds' 
College  in  the  Great  Fire  of  London,  and  the  pre- 
servation of  its  contents. 


ARBITRATION  IX   THE   BUILDING  TRADE 
AT  WALS.VLL. 

A  CODE  of  rules  Ikis  jiist  beeu  adopte<l  by  tlie  imiater 
builders  aud  the  opemtive  carpeutvi-s  and  joiners  of 
Walsall,  for  the  regulation  of  these  branches  of  the  build- 
ing trade.  The  miiiu  featured  of  the  airaugemout  are  as 
foUows  :— Tliu  operatives  deaired  that  the  hours  of  labour 
Bhould  be  ojV  hours  pt;r  week,  work  ceasing  at  one  o'clock 
on  Saturday  ;  and  that  the  waLiea  of  avirage  workmen 
should  be  -'7s.  per  week,  the  wages  of  aui>erior  or  inferior 
workmen  to  be  decidwi  by  the  foreman  or  employer.  The 
employers  proposed  tluit  average  workmen  dhouhi  be  paid 
at  the  rato  of  .'tjd.  pyr  hour,  and  that  work  should  cease 
at  four  o'clock  on  Saturday,  walking  lime  to  be  allowed  on 
tliat  day  t<i  men  working  at  a  greater  distance  than  four 
miles  from  the  shop.  The  arhitriti>r  has  fixed,  the  rat«  of 
wages  at  278,  Gd.  jwr  wutjk.  in  consideration  of  work  being 
ooutiuued  until  four  o'clock  on  Saturdays.  After  May  1, 
1868,  however,  the  work  was  to  ceasa  at  one  o'clock  on 
Saturday,  and  the  rate  of  wages  will  be  reduced  to  27s.  per 
week.  With  refervuco  to  o%-ertime,  the  ojyeratives  desired 
t!»at  the  fin?t  two  hours  should  be  reckoned  as  a  quarter 
ofa  day  ;  that  all  overtime  between  7.:J0  p.m.  and  0  0  a.m., 
should  be  paid  for  at  the  rate  of  time  and  a  half;  and  that 
Sundays,  Good  Fridays,  and  Christmas  IXiys  should  be 
reckoned  as  double  time.  The  employers  desinxl  the  fir*t 
2J  hours  to  be  rvckoned  as  a  quarter  ofa  day,  from  half- 
past  five  until  a  quartur  to  six  being  allowed  for  te.a  time, 
and  all  further  overtime  to  be  juid  for  by  special  arrange- 
ment. The  arbitrator  decides  *'that  no  workman  be  boimd 
to  work  overtime,  but  if  he  should  agree  to  do  so,  the  first 
21  hours  shall  be  counted  as  a  quarter  of  a  day,  and  every 
subsequent  two  hours  shall  be  counted  a.**  a  further  quarter 
ofa  day,  and  such  overtime  shall  be  paid  for  accordingly." 
A3  to  payment  of  wage.s.  the  operatives  desire*!  that  it 
should  be  commenced  at  the  works,  or  office,  not  l.kter  than 
ten  minutes  past  one  oVlock.  The  employers  proposed 
that  it  should  be  commenced  not  lat«r  than  half-past  four 
o'clock,  and  in  no  instance  at  a  public-house.  The  arbi- 
trator sanctions  the  pwposition  as  to  wages  not  being  paid 
at  a  public-hiiuse.  and  decides  that  payment  must  be  com- 
meaced  within  t^n  minutes  afterthe  hour  fixed  for  closing  on 
Saturdays.    With  reference  to  proceeding  to  work,  the  opera- 

I  tires  proposed  to  start  to  any  job  not  exceeding  three  miles 
distance  from  the  Bridge  at  six  o'clock,  the  hour  fixed  for 
the  commencement  of  work,  and  to  walk  back  in  their 
own  time,  except  on  Saturdays  ;  but  on  all  jobs  more  than 
three  miles  dislxtnt,  lodgings  and  railway  tare  to  be  paid 
by  the  employer.  The  employers  proposed  that  the  men 
should  walk  the  first  mile  from  the  shop  in  their  own  time, 
and  be  allowed  for  every  subsequent  mile  at  the  rate  of 
three  miles  per  hour,  returning  iu  their  own  time ;  and 
that  jobs  at  a  greater  distance  should  be  subject  to  special 
arrangement.  The  arbitrator  approved  the  first  part  of  the 
masters'  proposition  as  to  starting  to  and  returning  from 
WMrk,  adding  that  "on  Saturdays  each  workman  shall  leave 
1  k  at  such  a  time  as  wUl  enable  him  to  be  at  tbe  pay- 
le  at  4-15  p.m.  For  all  distances  exceeding  four  miles, 
_  sufficient  sum  for  lodgings,  time,  and  ti-avelling  expenses 
lo  and  from  the  place  of  work,  shall  be  paid  by  the  masters 
to  the  workmen."  As  to  notice  the  arbitrator  decides  that 
one  week  must  be  given,  but  in  case  of  drunkenness  or 
neglect  of  work,  any  workman  may  be  discharged  without 
notice.  Notice  of  any  contemplated  change  iu  the  rules 
i^  to  be  given  in  January,  and  shall  expire  on  May  1  fol- 
■^ing. 


'^uHbiiig  Intelligence. 


0HUBCHE3  ASD  CHAPEIS. 

ilr.  F.  R.  X.  BosweU,  of  North  Shields,  is  the 
irchitect  of  the  new  chapel  at  Topsham,  and  not 
ilr.  Orwell,  as  stated  in  our  last. 

The  parish  church  of  Sutton  in-Ashfield,  near 
■  'ttingham,  is  about  to  be  restored,  from  designs 
irepared  by  Mr.  C.  Neale,  of  Mansfield,  at  the 
atimated  cost  of  £1,100. 

Rratwood.— The  Bishop  of  Oxford  on  Saturday 
-secrated  All   Saints'  Church   here,  an  edifice 
reeled  by  his  Excellency  the  Belgian  Minister  and 
ladame  Van  de  Weyer,  as  a  memorial  to  the  late 
Ir.  Bates,  the  father  of  JIadame  Van  de  Weyer. 
he  church,  which,  with  its  commodious  parson- 
;e,  cost  nearly  £15,000,  stands  within  the  parish 
i  Bray,  on  the  border  of  Windsor  Forest.     The 
yle  of  architecture  is  Gothic,  of  the  transition 
sriod  between  the  Early  English  and  the  Deco- 
cted.    The  structure  is  in  the  form  of  a  cross, 
»ving  chancel,  nave,  and  transepts,  and  adjoining 
le  south  transept  is  a  lofty  tower,  which  at  one 
igle  is  surmounted   by  a  turret  containing  the 
rmination   of  a  winding  staircase.     The   nave 
id  transepts  have  open  timber  roofs ;  the  chancel 
18  an   oak  wainscot  ceUing.     The  pulpit  is  of 
aite  marble,  elaborately  carved.     The  altar  rails, 
e  sedUia,  the  lectern,  &c.,  are  supported  by  brass- 
irk  of   Gothic   design.     In   the  north  transept 
ere  is  an  organ,  built  by  Messrs.  Bevington.     It 
intended  that  there  shall  be  a  peal  of  five  bells 
the  tower ;  at  present  only  one  of  them,  cast 


i 


by  Messrs.  Mears,  has  been  hung.  The  architect 
is  Mr.  T.  Talbot  Bury,  of  Welbeck.street,  who  was 
the  architect  of  Xew  Lodge,  the  palatLal  residence 
built  for  his  Excellency  some  nine  years  ago ;  the 
builders  are  Messrs.  Dove,  Brothers. 

Christ  Chuuch,  Gn-sv  Hill,  Upper  Nor- 
wood.— This  church  was  consecrated  on  Saturday 
List  by  the  Bishop  of  Winchester.  The  Bishop 
referred  in  very  tiattering  terms  to  the  structure, 
and  said  he  hatl  never  seen  its  superior.  The 
building  accommodates  1,200  persons,  without 
galleries.  It  is  built  of  Kentish  rag  with  Bath 
stone  dressings.  The  internal  columns  throughout 
are  of  red  and  grey  polished  granite,  and  the  five 
windows  of  the  chancel,  which  is  apsidal  in  form, 
are  already  filled  with  stained  glass  memorial 
windows.  The  builders'  contract  was  >mder 
£7,500,  including  40ft.  of  the  tower;  the  remainder 
and  the  spire  have  yet  to  be  completed.  The 
architect  is  Mr.  John  Giles,  of  Craven-street, 
Charing  Cross.  Eleven  months  only  have  elapsed 
since  the  foundation  stone  of  the  church  was  laid. 

Low  Moor. — The  comer  sUme  of  a  new  church 
(St.  Paul's)  for  this  hamlet  was  laid  on  Monday. 
The  building  is  designed  in  the  thirteenth  century 
Gothic.  It  is  to  be  built  of  limestone,  with  dress- 
ings of  freestone.  The  aisles  are  divided  from  the 
nave  by  an  arcade  of  four  arches,  with  circular 
columns  and  moulded  capitals  and  bases.  These, 
together  with  all  the  interior  stone  work,  will  be 
executed  in  stone  from  the  neighbourhood.  The 
roof  is  to  be  of  deal  stained  and  varnished.  There 
are  open  seats  throughout,  and  accommodation  is 
provided  for  600  people,  all  in  the  body  of  the 
church.  The  seats  throughout  will  be  tree  and 
unappropriated.  The  cost  of  the  church  will  be 
about  £3,500.  Messrs.  Stevens  and  Robinson,  of 
Derby,  are  the  architects. 

Boss. — A  new  Wesleyan  Chapel  has  been  opened 
at  Ross,  Hereford.  It  is  iu  the  Gothic  style,  and 
will  accommodate  about  300  persons.  The  archi- 
tects are  Messrs.  Pearson  and  Son,  of  Ross,  the 
builders  Messrs.  Smith  and  Son,  of  Weston.  The 
cost  is  about  £1,100. 

Russell  Town. — The  corner  stone  of  a  new 
Congregational  Church,  at  Russell  Town,  Bristol, 
was  laid  last  week.  The  style  is  Gothic.  The 
front  gable  will  be  surmounted  by  a  turret  of 
stonework  supported  on  eight  pillars,  with  carved 
capitals.  The  roof  is  to  be  of  open  timber  work 
supported  on  pillars  with  octagonal  shafts  and 
massive  timber  ribs  and  arches,  the  whole  covered 
with  a  ceiling  of  wrought  and  chamfered  diagonal 
boarding,  stained  and  varnished.  The  church  will 
seat  800  persons.  The  present  cost  is  estimated 
at  £3,000,  the  whole  of  which  will  be  defrayed  by 
Mr.  William  Sommerville.  The  designs  for  the 
church  were  prepared  by  Sir.  AV.  J.  Green,  archi- 
tect, of  Portman- street,  London  ;  and  the  general 
contractors  for  its  erection  are  Messrs.  Harding 
and  Vowles,  of  Castle  Green. 

BUILDINGS. 

_  Mr.  Smith  Child,  of  Stallington  Hall,  Stone,  has 

given  £800  for  the  erection  of  a  block  of  cottages 

for  convalescents   and  incurables  in   connection 

with  the  North  Staffordshire  New  Infirmary. 

A  limited  liability  joint  stock  company  has  been 
formed  at  Bideford  for  the  erection  of  a  large 
room  for  use  on  public  occasions,  the  present 
room  at  the  Mansion  House  being  extremely  small 
and  inconvenient. 

Mr.  Charles  Burkitt,  of  Wolverhampton,  has 
commenced  Dromore  Castle,  for  the  Earl  of 
Limerick.  An  illustration  of  the  building  ap- 
peared in  the  Building  News  of  March  29. 

The  new  Promenade  Pier  at  New  Brighton, 
which  was  commenced  about  six  montlis  ago,  is 
now  nearly  half  completed.  It  runs  parallel  with 
the  ferry  pier  on  the  north  side,  at  a  distance  of 
20ft.,  and  will  be  550ft.  long,  and  from  70ft.  to 
130ft.  wide.  It  is  built  of  iron  columns  and  gir- 
ders, the  columns  being  sunk  in  the  rocks.  The 
engineer  is  Mr.  E.  Birch,  of  London,  and  the  con- 
tractor is  Mr.  J.  E.  Dowson,  also  of  London. 

Brighton. — The  site  of  ground  between  West- 
street  and  Middle-street,  proposed  for  an  arcade, 
is  to  be  appropriated  for  the  building  of  a  large 
concert  hall,  capable  of  holding  3,000  persons.  It 
is  now  in  course  of  erection,  Mr.  Horatio  N.  Goulty 
being  the  architect.  The  size  of  the  hall  is  to  be 
200ft.  long  by  46ft.  wide.  There  will  be  restau- 
rant, billiard  rooms,  &c.,  attached,  and  extensive 
wine  vaults.  Independently  of  accommodating 
3,0u0  persons,  there  is  to  be  an  orchestra  for  400 
performers  and  an  organ. 


CoLDBATH  Fields  Prison. — The  county  ma- 
gistrates of  Middlesex  continue  the  rebuilding  of 
Coldbath  Filds  Prison,  on  the  radiating  cellular 
plan.  Another  new  wing  has  just  been  finished, 
having  been  built  by  Mr.  Lovatt,  of  Wolverhamp- 
ton, and  when  tenanted  a  further  one  will  be  be- 
g>m.  The  great  garden  and  drive  up  to  the  gates 
have  been  taken  iu,  and  a  new  governor's  house 
has  been  built  right  forward  to  the  street  front, 
age. 

Fairwater. — The  erection  of  the  new  Indepen- 
dent College,  at  Fairwater,  near  Taunton,  has  been 
begun.  The  building  is  estimated  to  cost 
i;iO,500,  the  land  and  other  extras  making  a  total 
of  about  £20,000.  It  will  be  in  the  Tudor-Gothic 
style,  220ft.  in  length,  with  two  wings,  and  a 
tower  106ft.  in  height.  The  chief  schoolroom  and 
diningroom  will  be  65lt.  by  20ft.,  and  will  accom- 
modate 200  boys.  Dormitories  will  be  erected  in 
the  first  instance  for  150  boys.  Jlr.  Joseph 
James,  London,  is  the  architect ;  Mr.  Davis,  Taun- 
ton, the  builder ;  and  Mr.  Salmon  the  clerk  of  the 
works. 

Halifax. — The  Parish  Church  New  Schools 
were  opened  on  Monday.  The  building  is  in  the 
Perpendicular  style.  The  architects  are  Messrs. 
Mallinson  and  Barber,  Halifax.  The  schools  are 
built  of  stone,  and  have  cost  £5,000.  They  form 
three  sides  of  a  square.  Within  the  square  is  an 
open  paved  yard.  Internally  the  school-room  is 
130ft.  long  by  28ft.  wide  and  26ft.  high,  and 
altogether  will  accommodate  close  upon  700 
children. 

LoN'GRiDOE. — On  Saturday  afternoon  the  founda- 
tion stone  of  two  Roman  Catholic  schools  was 
laid  at  Longridge,  Preston,  by  the  Rev.  H. 
Browne,  of  Ribchester.  The  schools,  which  are 
to  be  built  one  over  the  other,  are  each  60ft.  long 
by  25ft.  wide,  with  class  rooms  16ft.  long  by  14ft. 
wide.  The  style  adopted  is  the  free  treatment  of 
Early  English.  The  whole  is  to  be  built  of  stone 
with  brick  backing  (which  latter  have  been  made 
on  the  spot).  Mr.  R.  W.  Hughes,  of  Preston,  ia 
the  architect,  and  the  present  contractor  is  Mr. 
W.  Gorst,  of  Longridge. 

New  Restaurant.  —  A  new  and  handsome 
restaurant  will  soon  be  added  to  the  number  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  Regent-street.  It  is  in 
Glasshouse-street,  two  or  three  doors  from  Regent- 
treet,  and  £10,000  has  just  been  expended  in 
decorating  and  altering  it.  Evidently  no  money 
had  beeu  spared  in  any  part,  and  some  of  the 
ornamentation  is  very  tasteful.  The  outside  ia 
plain,  the  only  thing  worthy  of  remark  being  the 
pilasters  of  the  ground  door,  which  have  incised 
ornaments  on  the  face  richly  gilt.  About  Gin, 
space  is  left  between  the  wood  frames  of  the 
large  windows  on  this  floor,  and  the  stone  lintel, 
which  being  filled  up  with  open  ironwork  forma  a 
capital  ventilator,  and  one  worthy  of  more  general 
adoption  iu  shop  windows,  &c.  The  bar  on  this 
floor,  and  the  dining-rooms  on  the  floor  above, 
are  profusely  decorated  with  looking-glasses  and 
paintings,  in  a  light  airy  style,  and  the  walls  of  the 
bdliard  and  smoking-rooms  are  covered  with  tiles 
in  rich  pattern  to  the  ceiling.  The  bUliard-room 
is  at  the  top  of  the  house.  The  kitchen  department 
is  fitted  up  with  every  modern  convenience.  We 
may  say,  in  passing,  we  think  either  architect  or 
builder  has  made  a  mistake  here  in  making  the 
centre  table  of  heart  of  oak,  which  bids  fair  to 
spUt  in  every  direction.  Lifts  are  provided 
throughout  the  establishment. 


TO  C0KEESP0NDENT3, 

To  OOR  Keadebs.— Wo  shall  feel  obliged  to  any  of  our 
reciders  who  will  favour  us  with  brief  notea  of  works  con- 
templated or  in  progress  in  the  provinces. 

Letters  relating  to  advertisements  and  the  ordinary  busi- 
ness of  the  paper  shovdd  be  addressed  to  the  Editor,  166, 
Fleet-street.  Advertisements  for  the  cm-rent  week  must 
reach  the  office  before  5  o'clock  p.m.  on  Thursday. 

Notice.— The  BCILDIXG  NEWS  inserts  advertise- 
ments for  "  SITUATIONS  WANTED,"  ic,  at  ONE 
SHILLING  for  the  first  Twenty-four  Words. 


REcErvED.— E.  W.  G.-G.  E.  W.— F.  B,  R.-C.  B.— 
A.  B.  C.-R.  C.-G.  S.— T.  M.— J.  G.— H.  E.  R.— T.  K.  M. 
— T.  K.  M.— G.  W.— E.  W.  P.— J.  H.— J.  W.  D.-J.  6. 
—J.  T.  B.— S.— T.  J.  H.— P.  aud  C— J.  F.— J.  C.— 
W.  L. 

"  A  Competitor "  should  communicate  direct  with  the 
society. 

"Ignoramus  "  should  consult  a  solicitor. 

"  Oiu-  Water  Supply  "  contains  nothing  but  what  baa 
been  said  before  in  our  pages. 


416 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


June  14,  1867. 


fcitspankiice. 


HOUSES    IN    GLASGOW. 
To  the  Editor  of  the  Building  News. 

SiK, — The  followicg  circular  has  been  sent  to 
"the  architecta  of  Glitguiv  "  during  the  past  week. 
It  will  suggest  to  you  one  of  the  many  measures 
that  are  bemg  taken  in  Glasgow  in  the  way  of 
sanitary  reform,  and  may  perhaps  be  not  unworthy 
of  either  transcription  to  your  columns  or  an 
editorial  notice. — I  am,  &c.,  T.  G. 

Glasgow,  June  6. 

QUESTIONS  SUBMITTED  BY  DB.  GAIRDN-ER  TO  THE  ARCHI" 
TECTS  OF  GLASGOW,  AS  THE  RESULT  OF  A  COKFEEENOE 
WITH  .SOME  OF  THEIR  NUMBER,  ON  THE  SUBJECT  OF 
CERTAIN  PROPOSED  ARR.4NGEMENT.S  WITH  RESPECT  TO 
HOUSE  ACCOM.MODATION,  ESPECIALLY  FOR  THE  CLASSES 
PAYING  LOW  RENTS. 

1.  In  the  laying  out  of  new  sites,  what  is  the  best  direc- 
tion of  the  streets — east  and  west,  or  north  and  south  ? 

2.  Are  meuse  lanes  essential  for  the  economical  and  pro- 
per removal  of  ashes  and  refuse,  as  well  as  for  preserving 
the  amenity  of  the  property  ? 

3.  When  there  .ire  several  tenements  Tinder  one  manage- 
ment, is  it  advisable  to  have  washing-houses  attached  to 
each  tenement,  or  one  washing-house,  and  proper  laimdry 
and  drj'ing  rooms  for  the  use  of  several  tenements? 

4.  Is  it  essential  to  have  a  water  supply  fur  each  occu- 
pancy, huivever  small?  and  is  it  possible,  when  ttere  is 
alargeexteiit  of  property  under  one  management,  to  fur- 
nish a  supply  of  hot  water,  especially  to  the  labouiing 
classes  ? 

G.  Should  the  water  supply  in  the  smallest  houses  be 
within  the  house,  or  at  tlie  lauding,  or  elsewhere  ?  and  if 
you  do  not  approve  of  a  supply  within  the  house  in  such  cases, 
what  alTangements  do  you  consider  essential  with  respect 
to  the  sink  or  jawbox,  and  waste  pipe?  Should  the  supply 
of  di-inking  water  be  taken  invariably  direct  from  the 
main? 

0.  When  waterclosets  are  to  be  fitted  up  in  tenements 
occupied  either  as  dwelling-houses  or  as  places  of  business, 
should  light  ventilation  by  means  of  windows  in  the  ex- 
ternal walls  be  considered  imperative ;  or,  if  not,  what 
substitute,  by  means  of  internal  shafts  or  otherwise,  should 
be  provided  ?  and  further,  have  you  auy  practical  sugges- 
tion to  offer  as  to  tlie  proper  disposal  of  the  refuse  ? 

7.  Is  it  possible  by  some  inexpensive  system  to  provide. 
In  connection  with  the  construction  of  the  building,  a 
means  of  supplying  fresli  air  and  abstracting  vitiated  air 
from  dwelling-houses,  especially  those  of  the  working 
classes,  without  such  system  being  liable  to  be  interfered 
with  by  the  occupant  ? 

8.  Having  regard  to  the  fact  that  between  30,000  and 
40,000  households  in  Glasgow  (comprising  about  one-third 
of  the  entire  population)  inhabit  "houses"  of  one  apart- 
ment ;  and  considering  that,  in  many  such  cases,  the 
household  consists  not  only  of  the  members  of  a  family, 
but  of  these  ivith  one  or  more  lodgeia ;  considering,  also, 
that  in  many  instances,  tenements  originally  divided  into 
"  houses  "  of  two  and  three  ap.artments  have  been  altered 
to  suit  the  convenience  of  parties  paying  low  rents,  into 
aggregates  exclusively  of  single-roomed,  houses :  consider- 
ing, further,  the  difficulty  of  accommodating  tenants  of 
this  class,  so  as  to  give  reasonable  securities  against  the 
spread  of  epidemic  disease  ;  and  the  influence,  to  a  certain 
extent  inevitable,  of  such  ilwellings  on  the  health  and  the 
habits  of  those  who  live  in  them ;  how  far  would  you  be 
disposed,  in  future,  to  encourage  or  to  discourage  the  con- 
struction of  tenements  consisting  chiefly  or  exclusively  of 
single-roomed  " houses? " 

9.  To  the  ex-tent  to  whioliyou  would  allow  of  such  houses 
bemg  built  (the  question,  however,  may  be  consiilered  .also 
as  applying  to  low-rented  houses  generally),  what  is  the 
best  mode  of  access  to  the  individual  houses"  of  a  large  tene- 
ment of  several  stories,  much  subdivided  as  above  de- 
scribed? ShoiUd  there  be  any  limit  to  the  number  of 
families  having  .access  by  one  cummon  stair?  and  if  so 
what  ought  to  be  the  limit  ?  What  improvement  have  you 
to  suggest  on  the  long,  dark,  iU-ventUated  passa-es  and 
staircases  presently  in  use?  or  are  you  favourable  to  the 
plan  of  open  galleries,  giving  separate  access  to  each  house, 
as  to  a  main  door,  or  to  the  grouping  of  two  or  three 
houses,  but  not  more,  round  a  common  access  or  entry  ? 

10.  lu  such  cases,  and  under  the  v.arious  arrangements 
that  may  be  suggested  under  query  9,  do  you  consider  the 
watercloset  system  or  the  privy  system  the  more  suit.able 
to  the  wants  of  tlie  population,  and  the  more  expedient  in 
a  sanitary  point  of  view?  If  the  former,  how  would  you 
dispose  the  waterclosets?  one  to  each  household,  to  each 
two  households,  three  households,  or  more? 

N.B.— It  is  presumed  tb.at  imder  query  No.  6  all  the  ab- 
solutely essential  requirements  of  the  watercloset  have 
been  stated  in  geneial  terms. 

11.  Should  it  be  compulsory  on  proprietors  of  estates,  in 
laying  out  then-  land  for  feuing.  to  provide  open  places  or 
squares  according  to  some  defined  rule;  for  example 
wherever  the  property  to  feu  amounts  to  five  acres,  an  open 
space  equal  (say)  to  one  acre,  to  be  provided  exclusive  of 
streets,  and  so  on  in  proDortion  to  the  extent  of  the  land 
to  be  feued?  If  your  answer  to  this  question  is  in  the 
negative  .<is  regards  the  "compulsory  "  element,  state  your 
views  as  to  the  mode  in  which  the  object  in  view  mi"ht 
bo  attained,  if  thought  desirable  otherwise. 

Sanitary  Department. 


Mr.  J.  F.  Eedfern,  the  sculptor,  has  been  ap- 
pointed to  model  eight  figures  to  represent  the 
Virtues  which  are  intended  for  the  Albert  Memo- 
rial now  in  course  of  erection  in  Hyde  Park. 
These  statues  will  be  reproduced  by  the  electro- 
type process,  and  included  in  the  canopy  of  the 
Memorial.  We  understand  they  are  to  cost  about 
£1,000  each. 


Iiitertontmimiciitiaii, 


QUESTIONS. 

[415.]  _  IMITATION"  IVORY  PHOTO-CHROMO- 
GRAPHS  — I  read  some  ehcrt  time  sincn,  but  forgot  to 
take  .1  note  of  it  at  the  time,  of  a  method  of  colouring 
miniature  photographs  intended  to  be  set  as  hrooclies  or 
lockets.  Can  any  of  your  readers  say  what  this  metliod 
ia?  B.  O.  T. 

[416.]— FOREEGNTILTNa.— Can  you  inform  me  where 
there  is  a  good  collection  of  foreign  tiles  exhibited  in  Lon- 
don? Can  you  also  point  out  the  peculiarities  of  the  two 
French  tiles  known  as  the  Courtois  and  the  lozenge  ? 

Apprentice. 

[417.]— 2INC. — Does  cement  injure  zinc?  Z. 

[We  do  not  think  cement  affects  zinc  at  all,  but  it  is  cer- 
tain that  the  lime  of  Paris  does.  When  cisterns  or  other 
zinc  constructions  are  confined  with  brickwork,  in  mortar, 
it  is  important  to  fill  them  round  with  earth,  so  as  to  pro- 
tect the  zinc  from  the  lime.] 


[■ilS.]— PAVING  STONES.-IobaeiTea  paragraph  which 
has  "gone  the  round"  of  the  press  briefly  refeiTing  to  a 
steam  machine  for  cutting  paving  atones.  Can  you  give 
me  any  particulai^  relative  to  this  cmious  invention?  Has 
it  been  tried  in  this  country?  Viator. 

["  Viator"  is  informed  that  a  short  description  of  the 
steam  machine  referred  to  was  published  in  the  Building 
News  some  months  ago.  The  apparatus  consists  of  a  sort 
of  bridge  extending  over  the  Vied  of  stone,  and  provided 
with  rails,  carrying  the  machine,  which  sets  a  heavy  steel 
hammer  in  motion,  by  which  the  material  is  broken  into 
pieces  of  the  dimensions  required,  the  strokes  being  dealt 
in  three  directions.  Tlie  invention  has  not  been  introduced 
into  this  country,  so  far  as  we  know.] 


[41P.]— SLATES.— Kindly  say  in  your  next  number,  if 
you  can,  whether  it  is  the  practice  of  managers  of  slate 
quarries  to  allow  any  number  of  slates  over  the  number 
ordered,  I  believe  it  Is  sometimes  dune;  but  ia  the  practice 
general?  J.  p. 

[We  believe  it  is.  We  have  a  trade  circular  before  ua, 
which  says  : — "As  an  allowance  of  60  slates  over  in  every 
1,000,  and  one  cwt.  in  every  ton,  is'made  to  cover  breakage, 
at  the  time  of  delivery  of  the  slates  on  the  wharf  or  ship- 
ment, or  at  the  station  for  rail,  and  as  the  purchaser  never 
pays  for  any  excess  he  may  receive  beyond  the  quantity 
invoiced,  viz.,  1,200  slates  to  the  1,000,  "and  20  cwt.  to  the 
ton,  no  abatement  or  f-irther  allowance  will  be  made  for 
any  deficiency  from  breakage  or  other  cause,  and  the  pur- 
chaser takes  his  chance  whether  he  receives  any  surplus 
above  the  1.200  slates  to  the  thoiuand,  and  20  cwt.  to  the 
ton,  or  othenvise."] 

[420.]— EXPORTING  CEMENT.— Can  you  inform  me 
which  is  the  best  and  cheapest  mode  of  conveying  cement 
on  long  voyages  ?  Alpha. 

[It  has  been  found  that  the  most  inexpensive  and  safe^^t 
mode  of  conveyance  of  Poitland  cement  on  sea  vovages  is 
by  means  of  packing  it  in  wrought-iron  tanks,  measming 
about  4ft.  each  way— a  for  more  convenient  mode  than 
that  of  using  casks.  We  remember  hearing  of  a  case  in 
which  an  engineer  had,  on  several  occasions,  sent  cement 
in  this  way  to  some  harbour  works  he  wa»  constructing 
\vithout  a  contractor  in  Soutb  Africa.  It  appears  to  have 
resisted  all  moisture  and  damp  on  the  voyage  :  and  the 
iron  tanks  had  been  sold  for  more  money  in  the  colony  than 
they  had  cost  the  engineer.] 


[421.1~ARTIFICrAL  iVORY.— I  should  be  glad  to  be 
infoiTued  how  artificial  ivory  is  made.  B.  J. 


[422.]— THE  ELLESMERE  JIEMORIAL.- Can  you.  or 
any  of  your  subscribers,  favour  me  with  the  names  of  the 
three  architects  selected  for  the  Countess  of  EUesmere's 
memorial  at  Manchester.  A  Competitor. 

[423.]-GLAZED  EARTHENWARE.— Can  anv  reader 
of  your  valuable  journal  inform  me  how  I  can  make  good 
glazed  earthenware  for  pharmaceutical  purposes,  as  the 
common  earthenware  being  glazed  with  a  composition  con- 
taining lead  renders  it  untit  for  this  purpose  ?  AS 


[424.]-WINDOWS  IN  PARTY  WALLS.-Will  some 
learned  subscriber  be  so  good  as  to  answer  my  little  query. 
A  has  property  in  a  coimtry  town,  and  wishes  to  build 
thereon,  adjoining  which  B  has  a  cottagewith  two  windows 
in  the  back  wall  which  will  greatly  inconvenience  the 
builder.  These  windows  are  not  wholly  essential  for  a 
decent  light  of  the  rooms,  as  more  are  on  the  opposite  side, 
but  B  has  legally  obtained  a  right  of  light,  as  I  think  these 
windows  liave  been  there  more  than  thirty  years.  What  dis- 
tance must  A  keep  his  building  from  B's  wall,  so  as  not  to 
incur  the  annoyance  of  pulling  down  after  bmlt  ? 

Iqnoramds. 

[425.]— PRIZE  DRAWINGS  FOR  LABOURERS'  COT- 
TAGES.— Some  three  months  ago  the  Bury  St.  Edmunds 
Agricultural  Society  advertised  for  plans,  <S:c.,  for  a  double 
cottage  for  labourers,  offering  two  prizes  for  first  and  second 
best,  the  drawings  to  be  sent  in  by  May  25,  and  the  show 
of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society  to  be  held  there  in  July 
all  drawings  sent  in  to  be  then  exhibited.  Now  I  should 
like  to  know  if  any  decision  is  to  be  published,  or  are  the 
competitoi-3  to  be  kept  in  the  dark  imtd  July?  Can  any 
of  your  correspondents  oblige  me  with  any  information  ? 

A   COMrETITOR. 

[426.]-SURVEYORS'  COMMISSION.— Supposing  I  was 
employed  by  a  builder  to  furnish  him  with  quantities  for 
contemplated  building  works  offered  to  open  competition, 
in  a  cate  where  the  same  are  not  supplied  by  the  architect 
or  his  surveyor ;  what  is  the  usxxal  commission  chargeable 


upon  the  amount  of  estimate,  in  the  event  of  the  said 
builder's  tender  not  being  accepted  for  such  quantities? 
Young  Scrvetor. 
[The  U5ual  percentage  for  the  work  mentioned  by 
"Young  Surveyor"  is  2^,  but  a  very  common  practice  is 
t(i  make  an  agreement  before  hand,  in  such  a  manner  as 
will  iuclude  the  contingency  of  the  rejection,  or  rather  non- 
acceptance  of  the  particular  estimate  sent  in.  ] 


[427.]— THE  COLLISION  OF  BODIES.— Can  you  in- 
form me  what  are  the  diti'erent  laws  which  govern  the  force 
or  results  of  impact  upon  elastic  and  non-elastic  substances? 
There  is  something  very  curious  about  the  movements  of 
bodies  in  collision,  whether  they  be  elastic  or  void  of 
elasticity.  No  doubt  billiard  players  have  observed 
strange  phenomena  in  playing,  and  they  kuow  by  experi- 
ence something  of  the  effects  of  collision.  I  doubt,  how- 
ever, if  any  of  them  can  explain  the  laws  which  must 
regulate  and  determine  the  movements  of  the  billiard  balls. 
Croquet  amateurs,  ag.itn,  have  opportunities  of  studying 
the  remarkable  consequences  of  collision ;  but  few  know 
how  to  account  for  them  on  scientific  principles. 

Inquisitor, 

[42S.]-EARTHWORK.— In  these  days  of  sanitary  im- 
provement aud  railway  extension,  and  when  the  surfece  of 
the  country  is  being  constantly  disturbed  for  the  purpose  of 
forming  cuttings  and  embankments,  or  of  putting  in  foun- 
dations for  aqueducts,  viaducts,  bridges,  aud  buildings,  it 
seems  to  me  of  the  highest  importance  that  that  branch  of 
practical  art  known  as  earthwork,  should  be  more  gene- 
rally studied  and  better  understood.  Canyon,  Sii',  or  some 
of  your  subscribers,  give  me  and  others,  who  must  stand 
in  need  of  the  information,  any  reliable  particulars  on  the 
subject?  I  am  not  awaro  that  any  of  the  railway  en^d- 
neers,  who  cannot  have  failed  in  gaining  of  late  years  a 
vast  fiind  of  knowledge  in  this  direction,  have  imparted 
any  of  it  for  the  benefit  of  the  scientific  public.  The 
geological  characteilstics  of  England.  Scotland,  aud  Wales 
are  so  extremely  varied  as  to  have  given  occasion,  in  the 
construction  of  lines  of  railway  especially,  for  the  creation 
of  every  kind  of  earthwork.  Have  any  rules  been  deduced 
from  actual  practice — that  best  of  all  teachers — for  dealing 
with  difterent  soils  and  strata,  so  as  to  ensure  stability  ?  How 
are  we  to  guard  against  settlements  and  slips?  What  are 
the  proper  angles  for  embankments,  the  best  means  of  test- 
ing the  subsoil  upon  which  they  rest,  and,  in  short,  which 
are  the  best  modes  of  constructing  earthworks  generally? 
Perhaps  1  am  asking  too  much,  but  I  am  sure  that  many 
of  your  readers  are  able,  if  they  ai'e  only  willing,  to  satisfy 
my  demands.  Clatpole. 

[429,]— CONCRETE  COTTAGES. -Can  auy  of  your 
readers  give  me  auy  information  respecting  the  company 
that  is  now  forming  for  the  purpose  of  erecting  cottages 
in  concrete.  I  hear  that  the  capital  is  to  be  raised  in  £10 
shares,  an^  that  the  fii"st  lot  of  houses  will  be  erected  some- 
where near  Brixton.       Spec. 

[430  ]— TRANSFERRING  PRINTS.— Is  there  any  way 
of  transferring  prints,  such  as  the  illustrations  of  the 
Building  New.s,  on  to  drawing  paper  so  as  they  might 
be  coloured,  I  have  tried  Rowney's  preparation  but  with- 
out success,  it  only  does  when  the  prints  have  not  dried. 
Also  which  is  the  best  method  to  glaze  water-colour  draw- 
ings. Improver, 


REPLIES. 

[369,]— SQUARING  DIMENSIONS.— I  waited  for  yoUT 
last  week's  issue,  expecting  to  see  some  one  more  comp&^ 
tent  than  myself  inquire  of  "Apprentice"  how  he  cau 
reconcile  the  first  part  with  the  last  of  hia  reply  to  the 
above.  He  fii'st  tells  us,  "there  is  no  shorter  method  of 
squaring  dimensions  than  that  mentioned  by  W.  Carter.'* 
He  afterwards  says,  "  I  alway.s  use  feet  and  decim^ 
instead  of  feet  and  inches,  as  it  shortens  the  calculation ;" 
but  admits  the  system  is  open  to  some  objection  as  it  can- 
not well  be  checked  by  others  not  used  to  that  plan  of 
calculating.  I  have  done  a  great  deal  in  squaring 
dimensions,  and  I  kuow  a  little  about  decimals,  but  I  con- 
fe>s  to  be  quite  in  a  fog  as  to  how  ''Apprentice"  worka 
his  problem  without  a  vast  waste  of  labour,  and  then  not 
aiTiving  at  a  satisfactory  result.  Perhaps  I  shall  be  better  .m 
understood  by  stating  a  simple  question— viz.,  "'  What  U 
the  cubical  contents  of  a  block  of  stone  measuring 
7ft.  lOin.  X  5ft.  4iu.  X  2ft,  Sin.?"  If  "Apprentice"  will 
kindly  work  out  this  question  by  his  system  of  decimals 
and  insert  it  in  your  "Intercommunication"  column  he 
will  confer  a  great  benefit  to  many  others  than         A.  S. 


[395.]— HOW  TO  DESTROY  FLEAS.-AUow  me  to 
inform  '*  W.  King"  that  he  can  get  rid  of  the  fleas  in  hia 
house  by  washing  the  floors  well  with  hot  water,  then 
while  the  floor  is  wet  to  get  a  pailful  of  cold  water  strongly 
mixed  with  clUoride  of  lime,  and  give  the  floor  another 
good  washing  therewith.  This  will  effectually  clear  the 
rooms  of  these  troublesome  visitors.  P. 


[401.]— IRIDESCENCE.— Under  thisheading  "Grainer," 
in  your  number  of  the  31st  ult,,  asks,  not  one  but  a  small 
aeries  of  questions.  The  cause  of  iridescence  is  the  first 
point  to  which  he  alludes,  and  it  is  rather  a  peculiar  one. 
Several  theories  have  been  propounded  upon  it  b>  scientific 
men.  Dr.  Brewster,  an  excellent  authority,  ti-aces  the 
beautiful  appearance  of  mother-of-pe;u*l  to  the  action  of 
light  upon  an  innumerable  number  of  microscopic  grooves 
on  its  surface.  These  grooves  or  lines  number  two  or  three 
thousand  to  the  inch,  and  lying  parallel  to  each  other  they 
■wind  in  aU  directions.  The  light  is  reflected fi-ora  theed^es 
of  these  lines,  aud  their  bendiugs  give  off  th^i  different 
prismatic  colours.  The  same  remark  applies  to  the  tjoap 
bubbles  of  which  "  Grainer  "  speaks.  With  regard  to  the 
practical  application  of  this  knowledge  and  these  cireuio- 
stances  to  decorative  art,  I  should  be  sorrj'  to  venture  a 
strong  opinion,  but  I  think  it  is  quite  possible  they  may. 
Certainly  similar  effects  to  those  exhibited  by  mother-of- 
pearl  have  been  produced  by  cutting  fine  lines  on  glass 
and  in  a  lesser  degree  on  metals.  There  is  much  in  the 
subject  to  interest  aud  to  incite  to  experimentation.  The 
colours  of  all  transparent  bodies  depend  much  upon  their 
thickness,  and  the  density  of  the  particles  of  which  they 
are  composed,  aud  if  the  density  l>e  changed  so  wili  *"■■ 


Juke  14,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


417 


eolour  be.  The  varj-ing  and  delicate  hues  of  the  winga 
of  certain  butterflies  orifio  entirely  fi-om  the  action  of  light 
upon  the  equidistant  and  parallel  wtria)  uiwu  their  sur- 
face*. I  am  not  suro  that  I  have  satisfled  yeur  correspond- 
ent entirely,  but  I  trust  I  may  have  gone  B*)mo  distance 
towa  rd  that  coasummation.  Ikis. 


[404.]— AIWIIE3.— The  question  of  "  Now  Style  "  may 
be  reckontxi  as  a  mci-e  matter  of  opinion.  I  have  seen  semi- 
aivhes  in  Uothio  buihliug^  aod  I  do  not  know  that  they 
detract  from  tho  appearance  and  harmony  of  the  design. 
"The  stylo"  appeal rs  to  be  a  givat  bugbear  of  our  time. 
In  criticisiug  a  design  I  have  oftou  heard  it  rcmarketl,  "but 
it  irt  nt)t  in  nccordauco  with  the  style  which  you  liavo  so- 
loctod;"  and  uuthiug  is  more  absurd,  for  so  long  aa  the 
work  is  in  harmuuy  with  its  surroundings  it  is  onough. 
■\siicu  we  select  the  stylo  of  a  particular  time  it  must  not 
be  expected  that  in  a  given  position  we  should  insert  pre- 
cisely the  same  work  as  the  great  architects  who  first  de- 
voloi>ed  that  style.  They  are  dead,  and  hundreds  of  yoara 
have  passed  over  their  era.  We  may  loam  lessons  from  the 
past,  without  being  tied  to  tho  niles  or  crotchets  of  a  p^ir- 
ticular  arcliit^ct,  a>;e,  or  country.  Wo  may  travel  the  wide 
world  over  and  shall  find  sermons  in  stones,  books  iu  run- 
umg  brooks,  and  good  iu  ever^'thing.  Thew  are  much 
grandeur  ami  many  Iwauties  iu  what  is  called  CUxssicarchi 
lecture  :  aud  since  we  cannot  invent  for  ourselves,  let  us 
combine  them  with  the  Gothic  of  our  own  times,  ;uid  then 
we  may  have  the  foundation  of  a  now  style,  and  raise  there- 
from tho  fAbrics  that  may  be  the  lasting  monuments  of  an 
enlightened  and  progressive  age.  It  will,  however,  be 
many  years  before  these  pretty  dreams  are  realised.  The 
architects  of  our  day  are  settled  into  a  kind  of  groove ;  and 
it  Would  jwrhaps  be  neither  i»rotitable  to  themselves  or 
their  art  to  venture  outride  of  it.  for  it  may  be  gr.iuted  they 
have  selected  th;it  which  they  are  tho  greatest  ;ulaptors  of. 
But  let  them  remember  that  those  who  lived  500  or  600 
years  ago  did  not  invont  all  the  pretty  things.  While  ar- 
chitects are  so  |>overty -stricken  that  they  have  to  steal  all 
they  get,  it  is  a  pity  they  confine  themselves  to  mediieval 
Enghmd  or  medieval  France,  for  they  may  find  a  country 
very  lich  at  Kome,  ;uid  if  they  will  only  put  prejudice 
aaido  and  coUtct  the  plunder  into  one  lot  with  a  stronjr 
nmack  of  •'  Engl.-md  I  love  thee  best,"'  art  may  find  itself 
very  rich  in  the  end,  and  quite  able  to  live  upon  its  fortime 
without  drawiug  upon  tho  strings  of  our  great,  great, 
great-grandfathera.  j.  H. 

[411.]— RUBBLE.— There  are  the  following  among  other 
descriptions  of  masonry : — Random  rubble,  which  is  set 
dry ;  ditto,  set  in  mortar ;  ditto,  set  with  quoins,  joints, 
and  architraves,  and  levelled  in  courses;  snecked  rubble, 
which  is  generally  set  in  courses  ;  rubble  with  ashlar  binders; 
rubble  in  alternate  courses,  with  bricks  or  %vith  tiles  ;  flint 
rabble,  whole  or  cut ;  boulder  or  pebble  rubble ;  slate 
rabble ;  herring-bone  rubble,  and  so  on. 


[412.]— DOMES.— As  a  feature  the  dome  erternally  is 

I  capable  of  very  great  variety  ;  they  may  be  of  a  num'ber 

'  of  different  forms  even  in  the  same  style.      Mr.  Samuel 

Hnggins,  in  an  interesting  p.iper  WTitten  some  years  ago, 

said :— *•  The  simple  Pointed  dome,  or  that  whose  section  is  a 

Gothic  arch  without  any  surmounting  object,    except  a 

Ltue.  eagle,  or  in  churches  a  cross,  is  a  form,  to  the  har- 

lious  reception  of  which   a  classic  pile  may  be  fully 

I'ted.     And  even  in  compositions  wherein  the  spherical 

,:  icter  of  tlie  dome  must  be  preserved  the  best  way  of 

■iig  an  elevated  curve  for  the  dome,  which  is  often  de- 

it'Ie,  is  by  forming  it  of  two  arcs  of  a  circle,  that  would 

t    at  a  faint  point  at  the  top.     These  are  firmer  tlian 

-liiptic  curve,  and  the  point,  if  needful,   may  be  got 

I  "f  by  the  pedestal  of  any  figure  that  surmounts  it."   Mr. 

:-^ns  thiidts.  as  we  do,  that  the  dome  is  most  worthily 

Uedwhenit  is  made  the  immediate  roof  of  thebuildiu". 


WAGES   MOVEMENT. 

-\t  the  late  arbitration  meetings  in  Binningbam  the 
le  of  the  trades  discountenanced  the  .\vstem  of  making 
rtime.  believing  that  it  acted  most  prejudicially  upon 
tn.  and  it  is  somewhat  suri>rising  that  a  strike  should 
J  occurred  because  the  masters  declined  to  allow  over- 
'-■  to  be  made. 

v.  le  eight-hour  movement  in  the  United  States  is  gra- 
.ily  dying  out.  An  eight-hour  law  has  been  passed  in 
.1^  State,  as  well  as  in  Illinois  and  Missouri,  but,  as  it 
-^  benefitted  nobody,  people  ai-e  beginning  to  wonder  why 
y  m.ide  such  a  fuss  about  it.  As  a  general  rule,  wherever 
■i  men  insist  on  working  only  eight  hours  a  day,  they 
-  only  paid  for  eight  hours,  so' that  they  are  mostly  slad 
go  on  working  ten  hours  as  of  yore.— ifcw  York  Letter. 
A  Spanish  engineer  who  studied  his  profession  for  many 
Ars  in  some  of  the  largest  machine  workshops  in  Lau- 
^hire.  and  is  now  manager  of  a  celebrated  ironfoundry  in 
e  north  of  Spain,  writes  to  a  Manchester  friend  :— "  Do 
n  wonder  why  we  don't  order  any  machinery  from  Eng- 
id?  The  reason  is  simply  that  machinery  to-day  is  con- 
iictcd  cheaper  andquitca^  well  in  France  asin  England, 
d  we  get  everything  from  there.  Yes,  my  friend,  don't 
I  build  castles  in  the  air  and  think,  as  many  of  your 
niirymen  do,  that  there  is  something  in  an  EngUsh'man 
.";rior  to  any  other  man.  France  and  Belgium  have 
i;;ht  you  in  the  machine  line,  and  will  surpass  you  very 
a  on  account  of  your  strikes,  disputes,  and  associations, 
'loes  not  do  to  be  too  independent ;  a  workman  must 
\vs  depend  upon  the  master." 

iARNsLEY.— There  is  no  material  alteration  in  the  posi- 
oof  affairs  with  regard  to  the  strike.  The  masters  are 
*ing  efforts  to  secure  other  men,  but  as  vet  without 
ch  success  ;  a  few  have  been  set  to  work,  but  they  were 
n  induced  to  desist  by  the  men  on  strike.  The"  union 
n  aJl'-ge  that  their  number  is  reduced  very  much,  many 
;rie  hands  having  obtained  work  elsewhere,  while  the 
irtiou  IS  contradicted  by  the  masters.  Building  opera- 
^  w,  m  many  instances,  are,  of  course,  at  a  complete 

^tc^DDERSFTELD.-The  strike  of  the  labourers  still  con- 
)'?'  ff°*^  ^^^i^Q  seems  little  prospect  of  a   settlement 

>S  effected,  aa  the  men  remain  obstinate  to  their  pur- 
ij  and  the  masters  find  little  inconvenience  from  their 
•  iQg  out.     The  demand  of  the  men  is  for  208.  a  week, 

the  employers  will  only  consent  to  give  19s. 


STATUES,  MEMORIALS,  ETC. 

A  marble  memorial  of  Bishop  Ken  has  recentl;,' 
been  erected  at  Taunton,  through  the  exertions  of 
Mr.  Kinglake  and  other  Somerset  gentlemen. 

The  Liverpool  Town  Council  have  resolved  to 
place  a  statue  of  the  Earl  of  Derby  in  St.  George's 
Hall. 

A  statue  to  the  memory  of  Henry  Clay,  the 
celebrated  American  statesman,  was  unvcUed  at 
Louisville,  Kentucky,  on  the  30th  ult. 

Among  the  British  sculptors  now  settled  in 
Rome,  writes  a  correspondent,  Mr.  John  Adams 
has  the  prospect  of  achieving  a  most  succes.st'id 
career.  His  studio  has  presented  several  works  of 
great  public  as  well  as  artistical  interest  this 
winter.  In  the  first  rank  is  to  be  placed  the  statue 
of  Mr.  Gladstone,  which  he  is  executing  for  the 
Corporation  of  Liverpool,  aud  which,  when 
finished,  is  to  stand  in  justa})osition  with  the 
statue  of  Sir  Robert  Peel  in  St.  George's  Hall. 
Mr.  Adams  is  reproducing  in  bronze  the  bust  of 
Mr.  Gladstone,  together  with  one  of  Lord 
Brougham — a  most  remarkable  work  for  unflinch- 
ing truthfulness  in  form  and  expression,  and  a 
capital  likeness  of  Mr.  R.  Cobden,  for  Mr.  Isaac 
Holden,  M.P.  for  Keithley,  in  Yorkshire,  forwhom 
he  is  also  casting  in  bronze  the  vigorous  group  of 
Orestes  and  Pylades  carrying  otF  the  statue  of 
Diana,  which  gained  him  the  honour  of  being  sent 
to  Rome  by  the  Royal  Academy. 

Memorial  to  Richard  Cobdex. — London  will 
shortly  have  its  public  memorial  to  this  distin- 
guished statesman.  The  site  chosen  is  situated  in 
Camden  Town,  at  a  spot  where  an  extensive  area 
is  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Hampstead-road, 
Everaholt- street,  Crowndale-road,  and  High-street, 
Camden  Town.  The  site  was  granted  by  the  vestry 
of  St.  Pancras.  The  foundation,  which  was  laid 
gratuitously  by  the  contractor  for  the  roads,  con- 
sists of  granite.  The  pedestal,  now  in  the  course 
of  erection,  will  be  of  Portland  stone,  8ft.  square 
at  the  base  ;  above  the  basement  it  will  be  hexagon 
in  figure,  tapering  at  intervals,  and  ornamented 
with  carvings  of  fruit,  flowers,  and  corn,  the  alti. 
tude  of  this  portion  of  the  monument  being  15ft. 
It  will  be  surmounted  by  a  marble  statue  of  the 
great  freetrader,  apparently  addressing  a  public 
meeting.  This  important  portion  of  the  work  is 
now  in  the  course  of  completion  by  the  sculptors, 
Messrs.  Wills,  of  Euston-road.  It  is  expected 
that  the  inauguration  will  take  place  in  about  six 
weeks  from  the  present  date. 


General  Items. 


LEGAL  INTELLIGENCE. 

Curious  Application  under  the  Masters 
AND  AVoRKMEx's  AcT. — An  application  was  last 
week  made  to  the  stipendiary  of  Wednesbury,  for 
an  order  for  the  discharge  of  Joseph  Clarke,  a 
workman  in  the  employ  of  Messrs.  Siddons  aud 
Sons,  hollow-ware  casters,-  Hill  Top,  from  his 
contract  with  his  employers.  The  application 
was  made  under  one  of  the  clauses  of  the  Masters 
aud  Workmen's  Act,  and  the  ground  of  it  was 
alleged  misusage  of  Clarke  by  Messrs.  Siddons,  the 
misusage  consisting  iu  their  not  finding  him  suffi- 
cient work.  It  was  stated  that  while  they  ought 
to  have  found  him  employment  enough  to  enable 
him  to  earn  £2  per  week,  he  had  not  been  able  to 
get  more  than  half  that  amount.  The  stipendiary 
asked  plaintiff's  counsel  if  he  could  show  any 
authority  in  support  of  his  view  of  the  interpre- 
tation of  the  word  "  misusage."  Counsel  admitted 
that  he  could  not,  and  the  stipendiary  accordingly 
dismissed  the  case,  remarking  that  the  applicant 
should  seek  his  remedy  against  his  employers  in 
the  County  Court. 

Sewage  Drainage.  —  An  injunction  which 
would  interfere  with  an  important  public  object, 
such  as  draining  a  town,  will  not  be  granted,  on 
the  ground  of  nuisance  to  a  private  individual 
unless  there  is  an  existing  nuisance  which  mate- 
rially diminishes  the  enjoyment  of  health  or  the 
value  of  property.  This  was  the  holding  of  Vice- 
Chancellor  Malins  in  the  case  of  Lillywhite  v. 
Trimmer,  which  was  a  suit  by  the  owner  and 
occupier  of  a  mill,  dweUinghouae,  and  premises, 
on  the  banks  of  the  Eiver  Wey,  to  restrain  the 
Local  Board  of  Health  for  the  district  of  Alton,  in 
Hampshire,  from  causing  or  permitting  a  nuisance 
to  his  premises,  or  injury  to  the  health  of  himself 
and  his  family,  by  pouring  the  sewage  of  the  dis- 
trict into  the  said  river,  and  from  diverting  the 
rainfall  and  the  spring  water  which  would  have 
flowed  into  the  river  into  their  sewers. 


The  medical  journals  record  with  regret  that  a 
decided  case  of  cholera  was  last  week  admitted 
into  the  Loudon  Hospital,  Is  it  not  time  to  be  at 
work  ?  it  is  asked. 

The  first  prize  of  £50  has  been  awarded  to  Mr, 
J.  Neale,  architect,  Bristol,  for  hia  plan  of  Town 
Hall  and  Assembly  Rooms  at  Luton. 

The  Eleanor  Cross  recently  erected  in  front  of 
Charing  Cross  Hotel  has  been  subjected  to  many 
criticisms,  and  some  of  them  not  very  favourable. 
Not  so,  however,  thinks  Archdeacon  TroUope, 
who  described  it,  before  an  architectural  excursion 
party  at  Geddington  last  week,  a.s  a  beautiful 
work  of  modern  art,  much  grander  than  its  proto- 
type, and  was  deserving  of  all  the  praise  that 
could  be  bestowed  upon  it,  and  consequently 
reflected  the  greatest  credit  on  its  architect — 
Mr.  E.  M.  Bariy, 

A  handsome  promenade  bridge  and  pier  was 
inaugurated  with  great  rejoicing  last  week  at  the 
attractive  watering  place  of  Weston-super-Mare. 
It  stretches  out  to  the  well-known  Birnbeck 
Island.  The  bridge,  which  is  1,150ft.  long  and 
■20ft.  wide,  extends  from  the  extreme  point  of 
Anchor  Head  to  Birnbeck  Island,  where  at  low 
tide  there  is  always  some  depth  of  water.  From 
the  island  the  pier  proper  runs  out  into  the  Chan- 
nel a  distance  of  250ft.  The  total  cost  of  the 
bridge  and  pier  is  £20,000. 

The  opening  of  the  extension  line  from  Sindee 
to  Nagpore  took  place  on  the  27th  February. 
Passengers  can  now  travel  from  Bombay  to  Nag- 
pore, a  distance  of  520  miles,  without  changing 
carriages.  It  was  a  general  hoUday  at  Nagpore, 
and  gentlemen  came  from  far  and  near  to  do 
honour  to  the  occasion.  There  were  many  gentle- 
men connected  with  the  Great  Indian  Peninsular 
Ivailway  present,  including  Major-General  Harry 
Rivers,  R.E.,  agent  to  the  Great  Indian  Peninsular 
Railway :  Mr.  G.  Berkley,  C.E. ;  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  Harry  Maxwell,  R.E. ;  Cantain  White, 
R.E. ;  Mr.  G.  Campbell:  Major-General  Shu- 
brick  ;  P.  Arthur,  C.E. ;  Mr.  Rushton,  &c.  This 
extension  will  be  of  incalculable  benefit  to  this 
district,  inasmuch  as  it  will  bring  Bombay  and 
Nagpore  within  forty-eight  hours  distance. 

The  streetsof  Greenwich,  says  a  morning  paper, 
like  other  macadamised  thoroughfares,  are  much 
complained  of  on  account  of  the  superabundance 
of  dust  in  dry  weather  and  of  mud  in  wet,  evils 
which  are  about  to  be  remedied  by  an  improved 
mode  of  paving,  by  which  the  small  stones  are 
united  by  a  bituminous  cement,  and  the  mac- 
adamised surface  thus  laid  ready  made,  without 
the  tedious  process  of  grinding  into  d\ist  when  the 
broken  stones  are  scattered  broadcast  over  the 
streets  in  the  slovenly  manner  heretofore  prac- 
tised. This  improvement  will  not  only  provide 
against  the  evils  so  generally  complained  of,  but 
be  much  more  economical  to  the  ratepayers,  as 
considerably  less  than  one-half  the  materials  will 
be  required,  as  proved  by  specimens  which  have 
been  subjected  to  heavy  traffic  there  for  the  last 
two  or  three  years. 

We  seem  fond  of  doing  things  in  an  awkward 
and  unreasonable  way  in  London  ;  and  when  the 
powers  that  be  have  a  chance,  they  seem  to  delight 
to  make  things  more  awkward  and  unreasonable 
than  they  were  before.  A  capital  opportunity  has 
just  occurred  in  front  of  Westminster  Palace  of 
improving  the  main  line  of  streets  from  Parlia- 
ment-street and  Westminster  Bridge  into  Victoria- 
street.  What  then,  in  the  name  of  all  that  is 
sensible,  is  the  use  of  flinging  it  away  and  making 
a  cross  street  as  is  now  being  done,  which  will  be 
to  all  intents  and  purjioses  useless  ? 

The  Bishop  of  Oxford's  Bill,  anent  the  consecra- 
tion of  churchyards,  has  been  printed.  It  provides 
that  where  adjoining  ground  is  .added  to  an  exist- 
ing churchyard,  the  bishop  may,  "at  the  church- 
yard or  in  the  church,"  sigo  an  instrument 
declaring  or  recording  the  consecration  of  such 
ground,  without  the  presence  of  the  chancellor  or 
registrar  of  the  diocess ;  and  this  instrument, 
attested  by  the  chancellor  or  a  surrogate,  and 
deposited  in  the  registry  of  the  diocess,  shall  have 
the  same  eflect  as  a  sentence  of  consecration. 
There  is  to  be  a  fee  of  5s.  to  the  registrar,  on 
deposit  of  the  instrument  of  consecration,  but  no 
fee  to  any  officer  of  the  bishop  or  of  the  diocess 
for  attendance  at  such  consecration. 


418 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


June  14,  1867. 


Messrs.  Clegg  and  Knowles,  Messrs.  MaynaU 
and  Littlewood,  Mr.  Salomans,  Messrs.  Speakmau 
and  Charlesworth,  Mr.  Waterhoiise  and  Mr.  Wor- 
thington,  have  been  invited  by  the  General  Pur- 
poses Committee  of  Manchester  to  prepare  com- 
petitive plans  for  the  new  Police  Courts  for  that 
city.  The  sum  of  £50  is  to  be  paid  to  each 
architect,  such  premiums  to  form  a  portion  of  the 
commission  to  be  ultimately  paid  to  the  successful 
competitor. 

In  his  last  report  to  the  Board  of  Trade,  Captain 
Tyler  directs  attention  to  the  practice  of  packing 
luggage  on  the  roofs  of  railway  passenger  car- 
riages. The  system,  he  says,  is  no  doubt  conve- 
nient, but  it  is  attended  with  serious  disadvantages. 
The  luggage  is  always  liable  to  be  set  on  fire  by 
burning  matters  from  the  funnel  of  the  engine  ; 
it  obstructs  the  view  of  the  guards  along  the  tops 
of  the  carriages  ;  and  it  makes  the  carriages  top- 
heavy,  and  renders  them  more  liable  to  fall  over 
in  the  event  of  their  leaving  the  rails. 

As  there  is  in  London  and  elsewhere  a  demand 
for  Staffordshire  blue  bricks,  we  beg  to  call  atten- 
tion to  those  manufactured  by  Mr.  B  H.  Eberhard, 
of  the  Old  Hill  Blue  Brick  Works,  near  Dudley. 
We  have  seen  samples  of  these  bricks,  which  look 
exceedingly  good,  and  we  believe  they  can  be 
delivered  in  London  at  a  comparatively  low 
rate.  All  who  know  Stafibrdahire  blue  bricks 
are  no  doubt  fully  aware  of  their  great  dura- 
bility. 

A  compensation  case,  "  Edwards  v.  the  Metro- 
politan  Board  of  Works,"  was  decided  yesterday 
before  Mr.  Under- Sheriff  Burchell  and  a  special 
jury.  The  amount  claimed  was  £9,000,  for  pre- 
mises at  the  corner  of  the  Middle-row,  Holborn. 
Evidence  was  given  to  show  that  the  business  of 
the  claimant  had  been  very  profitable,  and  that 
his  stock  in  trade  was  valued  at  from  £3,000  to 
£4,000.  It  was  said  the  loss  by  tender  would  be 
50  per  cent,  of  the  value.  A  verdict  for  £6,243 
was  given. 

A  great  compliment  has  just  been  paid  to  Sir 
Edwin  Landseer  by  a  lunatic.  Dr.  Cross,  the 
medical  officer  of  St.  Martin's  parish,  has  had  to 
apply  to  the  magistrate  at  Marlborough  street  for 
an  order  to  consign  a  man  named  John  Adams  to 
Hanwell  Asylum,  Adams  having  been  for  some 
time  under  the  delusion  that  the  lions  in  Trafalgar- 
square  had  got  '.ooaeand  were  under  his  bed,  growl- 
ing at  him.  Mr.  Knox,  having  satisfied  himself 
as  to  the  condition  of  the  poor  man's  miud,  gave 
the  order. 

The  plans  for  the  new  offices  of  the  Poplar 
Board  of  Works  were  received  last  week.  It 
appears  there  was  nearly  a  cart  load  of  them,  there 
being  no  less  than  forty  five  separate  competitive 
designs.  The  chairman  said  the  plans  must  be 
hung  up  for  the  inspection  of  the  members  of  the 
board  alone.  Mr.  Blott,  however,  thought  that 
the  public  should  have  an  opportunity  of  seeing 
the  plans,  as  he  did  not  think  the  board  was 
capable  of  selecting  the  best  design,  and  he 
thought  they  should  have  some  experienced  man 
to  guide  their  judgment.  It  was  decided  that  the 
exhibition  should  remain  open  in  the  boardroom 
to  the  members  for  a  week.  The  pubUc  are  not 
to  be  admitted,  as  the  board  are  desirous  that  no 
undue  influence  shall  be  used  in  the  adjudica- 
tion. 

The  Metropolitan  Board  of  Works  has  ordered 
the  following  alterations  to  be  made  in  the  names 
of  streets  in  the  metropolis  : — Southampton-road, 
Regent's  Park,  to  be  renamed  Gloucester-road ; 
Winchester  street,  Kentish-town,  to  be  renamed 
Eassett-street ;  Mary-street  and  Brook-street,  Eus- 
ton-road,  to  be  renamed  Stanhope-street ;  Regent- 
place,  Regent  square,  to  be  incorporated  with 
Compton-street ;  and  Regent  place  East,  with 
Sidmouth  street,  Gray's-Inn-road.  The  subsidiary 
names  in  St.  George's-road,  Southwark,  to  be 
abohshed.  The  subsidiary  names  in  Arthur-street, 
Waterloo  street,  Lyndhurst-road,  South-street, 
and  George-street,  Camberwell,  to  be  abolished. 
The  houses  in  all  cases  to  be  re-numbered. 


IPatntts  for  Iniieittims 

CONNECTED     WITH     THE  i  BUILDING     TKADE. 


MEETINGS   FOR  THE   WEEK. 

MoN.— Royal  United  Sendee   In3titution.—"Tlie  Dress 

and  Equipment  of  the  Arjny,"  by  Captain  A. 

Walker,  8.30. 
Wed.  —  Geological  Society,  8. 
Thurs.— Chemical  Society,  8. 
Pri.— Architectural  Association. —Election  of  Officers— 

"On    Moaaica,"  by  Pjofeanor  T.    H.    Lewis. 

7.30.  ' 


2837  W.  GEEVES.  laiPEovEMENrs  in  Saw-mills. 
Dated  November  1,  lSij6. 

This  invention  is  peculiarly  applicable  to  the  machinery 
descril>ed  in  the  specification  of  letters  patent  grantt-d  to 
tlie  present  patentee,  dated  May  17,  ItiOU  (So.  1220).  Ac- 
cui'dmg  to  the  arrangement  therein  described  the  wood  to 
be  cut  is  fed  up  to  the  saw  or  saws  in  the  saw  frames  at 
intervals ;  but  the  present  invention  consists  in  30  arranging 
such  descriptions  of  saw  mills  thiit  the  feed  may  be  cou- 
tinuous,  and  the  saws  caxised  to  cut  in  both  directions  by 
the  two  halves  of  the  teeth  of  each  saw  being  formed  or 
set  in  opposite  directions,  and  together  with  such  arrange- 
ments rotary  cutters  are  applied  at  the  side.'i  of  the  wood, 
80  that,  as  it  is  caused  to  move  continuously  up  to  the  saw 
frame  by  the  quick  rotary  motion  of  the  cuttera,  the  sides 
of  the  wood  are  "squared,"  "matched,"  "  tougued," 
' '  rabbetted,"  or  otherwise  prepared  according  to  the  nature 
of  the  rotary  cutters  which  are  for  the  time  used  in  the 
mill ;  these  operations  are  performed  before  the  wood  is 
divided  by  the  saw  or  saws  in  the  saw  frame,  tatenl  com- 
pleted. 

2S50  U.  J.  GAY.  An  Improved  Composition  for 
Coating  Walls  or  other  Surfaces  so  ah  to  Render 
THEM  Impervious  to  the  Action  of  Water  or  Moisture. 
Dated  November  3,  lyOO. 

Tills  invention  consists  in  combining  together  the  follow- 
ing ingredients,  matters,  or  substances.  The  patentee 
takes  from  140  to  150  parts  of  methylated  finish,  &0  to  GO 
parts  of  shellac,  50  to  60  parts  of  any  resinous  matters,  1  to 
3  parts  of  litharge,  and  9  to  12  parts  of  any  boiled  vegetable 
oil,  and  he  proceeds  to  lubc  these  intredients,  matters,  or 
substances  together  as  follows : — He  first  mLxes  tlie 
methylated  finish  with  the  shellac  and  resinous  matters. 
By  preference  he  vises  a  boiler  or  vessel  surrounded  by  a 
jacket,  into  which  steam  or  hot  water  Ls  admitted  ;  he  then 
mLxes  the  liMiarge  with  the  boiled  oil  in  a  separate  vessel 
of  any  convenient  size  and  form,  and  submits  them  to  the 
action  of  heat  sufficient  to  expel  or  evaporate  all  the  water 
contained  in  the  oil.  He  then  mixes  the  oil  and  litharge 
thoroughly  together  by  any  suitable  means,  and  places 
them  in  the  boiler  containing  the  dissolved  shellac  and  resin, 
and  mixes  the  whole  thoroughly  together  by  any  suitable 
moans  whilst  they  are  under  the  action  of  heat.  He  pro- 
poses, if  desirable,  tocolour  the  above  composition  with  any 
colouring  matter  capable  of  amalgamating  therewith.  The 
above  composition  when  cool  he  strains  and  places  in  air- 
tight vessels  ready  for  use.  The  composition  may  be  ap- 
plied to  the  surface  of  walla  or  other  siu-faces  by  any  or- 
dinary brush  such  as  ia  used  by  painters.  Patent  com- 
pleted. 

2850  J.  CHUBB  AND  W.  H.  CHALK.  Improvements 
IN  Iron  Safes  and  Strong  Booms,  Dated  November  3 
1866. 

The  patentee  claims,  first,  the  arranging  the  bolts  by 
which  the  door  is  secured  to  move  in  a  diagonal  or  inclined 
direction,  whereby  the  bolts  are  caused  to  hold  the  door 
frame  to  the  door,  as  described.  Second,  the  use  of  iron 
of  an  L  form  in  section  for  the  door  frames  of  safes,  in  such 
manner  that  one  limb  of  the  L  iron  ia  caused  to  overlap 
the  edges  of  the  plating  of  the  safe,  as  described.  Third, 
the  use  of  bridge  or  trough  iron  to  strengthen  tbe  duor 
frames  of  safes,  and  to  receive  the  diagonal  bolts,  as  de- 
scribed.     Patent  completed. 

2SiI2  J.  S.  GISBORNE.  Improved  Automatic  Means 
AND  Apparatus  tu  Give  Warning  of  the  Dangerous 
Existence  of  Fire  in  Warehmi-ses,  Ships,  and  other 
Structures  AND  Places.     Dated  November  3,  1S66. 

According  to  this  invention  the  fire  or  increase  of  tem- 
perature becomes  the  agent  or  inducing  cause  whereby 
electricity  ia  made  to  give  an  instantaneous  signal  or  sig- 
nals, audible  or  visible,  or  botb,  to  the  person  or  persons 
in  charge ;  or,  which  the  inventor  greatly  prefers,  to  the 
tire  police  at  the  nearest  fire-engine  station.  Patent  aban- 
doned. 

2SS9  W.  E.  GEDGE.  An  Improved  Comhination  of 
Apparatus  Fitting  Within  Every  Sort  of  Chimney, 
and  Preventing  any  Smoke  Being  Driven  Back  into 
Apartments.  (A  communication).  Dated  November  7 
1866. 

This  invention  is  carried  out  as  follows :— Two  uprights 
are  formed  (rising  from  the  hearth  of  the  fireplace)  with 
brickwork  ;  these  uprights  are  to  be  about  16in.  apart, 
and  rising  uniformly  to  a  height  of  about  3ft.,  and  pro- 
ducing a  depth  of  from  5in.  to  6in,  These  uprights  will 
be  buUt  against  and  keyed  in  the  tluck  back  wall  of  the 
chimney,  and  occupy  the  whole  width  of  the  chimney, 
except  the  width  left  between  them,  and  nin  up  to  the 
jambs  of  the  said  chimney  ;  then,  starting  from  the  above- 
mentioned  height  (one  yard)  the  inventor  continues  to  raise 
the  same  uprights  in  the  chimney  with  the  addition  of  the 
brickwork  in  front,  so  as  to  form  iu  the  body  of  the  chim- 
ney a  conduit  pipe  ;  he  then  fills  in  vrith  brick,  stone,  or 
sheet  iron  all  the  space  of  the  origiruU  chimney,  starting' 
from  the  height  of  the  shelf.  On  one  of  the  sides  will" 
however,  be  left  a  small  trap,  which  is  raised  at  will  to 
allow  of  the  sweeping.  The  opening  above  mentioned, 
having  a  height  of  some  3ft.,  Is  intended  to  receive  a  sheet- 
iron  apron  or  flap  divided  into  tliree  equal  parts  ;  a  special 
groove  must  be  made  for  each  of  these  tliree  parts,  and  a 
small  wrought  iron  or  brass  framing  is  to  beapplied  against 
the  opening ;  the  flap  or  apron  is  to  be  raised  by  means 
of  a  chain  attached  to  a  stud  or  ring  on  to  the  lower  part 
of  the  flap  or  apron,  and  another  stud  or  stop  is  placed  at 
the  base  of  the  framing.  The  chain  will  pas.'5  behind  the 
apron  and  raise  the  framing  by  means  of  two  pulleys  fixed 
in  the  top  of  the  framing,  which  it  will  raise  one  part  after 
the  other  to  create  a  draught.  The  framing  will  be  main- 
tained in  position  by  a  counter  weight  on  the  other  end 
of  the  chain.  The  dimensions  of  all  the  parts  named  will 
be  regulated  by  the  size  or  capacity  of  the  interior  of  the 
original  chimney.     Patent  abimdoned. 


irabe  Sletos. 


A  memorial  window,  the  gift  of  Lady  Haberfield,  in 
memory  of  her  late  husband.  Sir  J.  K.  Haberfield,  has 
been  placed  in  Redchft"  Church,  Bristol.  The  subject  is 
"Christ's  First  Miracle  iu  Cana."  The  artist  ia  Mr.  Bell, 
of  College  Green. 


TENDERS. 

Tenders  are  required  for  the  erection  of  a  new  church 
at  Killingworth,  a  few  miles  from  Gateshead,  from  designs 
prepared  by  Mr.  Bassett  Keeling,  of  Grays  Inn,  London 
in  which  a  featui'e  quite  new  to  this  district  is  introduced* 
namely,  Bath  stone  dressings  of  both  the  blue  and  yellow 
kinds, 

Aberdeen. — The  tenders  for  the  erection  of  the  exten- 
sive new  county  and  municipal  buildings  of  Aberdeen  have 
been  accepted  as  follows  : — Sir.  George  Donaldson,  Aber- 
deen, for  the  mason  work  ;  the  estimate  of  Mr.  James 
Coutts,  Aberdeen,  for  the  carpenter,  joiner,  smith,  and 
glazier  work  ;  tlie  estimate  of  Mr.  Ale-xander  Adam,  Aber- 
deen, for  the  slater  work  ;  the  estimate  of  Mr.  Robert  Hen- 
derson, Aberdeen,  for  the  plaster  work  ;  and  the  estimate 
of  Messrs.  Charles  Mid'Ueton  and  Sons,  Montrose,  for  tde 
plumber  and  gasfitting  work- subject  to  the  approval  of 
Government  in  so  far  as  relates  to  the  portion  of  buUdint^ 
of  which  they  have  to  pay  apart.  The  gross  amount  of  the 
estimates  accepted  is  A;4y,S41  Is.  8d.,  which  sum  does  not 
include  pamting,  furnishings,  architects' commissions,  and 
other  cuntingeucies,  which  may  amount  iu  all  to  about 
£7,000.  The  estimated  cost  of  the  buildings  given  in  in 
1865  was  £43,104.  and  the  cost  of  the  site  t;26,13lj.  The 
figures  above  given  show  that  the  work  of  the  buildings 
will  be  executed  at  about  £2,500  under  the  sum  originally 
estimated.  The  work  of  demul  ition  on  the  site,  preparatory 
to  building,  is  to  be  set  about  forthwith. 


Bayswater. — For  rebuilding  three  houses,  Alfl-ed-ter- 
race,  Bayswater.  Messrs.  R.  A.  Withall  and  A.  Evers,  ar- 
chitects. Quantities  by  Messi-s-  Pain  and  Clark  :— By- 
waters,  £4,880;  Tongue,  £4,666;  Ebbs  and  Sons,  £4  5SU; 
Webb  and  Sons,  £4,385;  Richardson,  £4,092;  Foster, 
£3,972. 

Canterbury. — For  alterations  and  additions  to  the  Com, 
and  Hop  Exchange,  Canterbury,  Jlr.  J.  G.  Hall,  archi- 
tect. Quantities  by  Messrs.  Pain  and  Clark  : — Wilson, 
£3,092  ;  Perry,  £2,800  ;  Naylur  and  Son,  £2,697  ;  Cogens 
Bros.,  £2,626;  Laucefield,  £2,595;  Gaskin  and  Goddea, 
£2,290. 

Devonshire. — For  the  erection  of  the  Chapel  of  St, 
Thomas  the  Apostle,  in  the  parish  of  Swinbridge,  county 
of  Devon,  diocese  of  Exeter.  Messrs.  Gould  and  Son.  ar- 
chitects:— Gammon,  £999:  HartnoU,  £y6S  lOs. ;  Oliver 
and  Son,  £900;  Cock,  £898  ISs. 

Devonshire. — For  the  restoration,  enlargement,  and  re- 
seating of  the  Church  of  St.  Thomas  ii  Becbet  at  Newtou 
Tracey,  county  of  Devon,  diocese  of  Exeter.  Messrs.  Gould 
and  Son),  architect's  ;^Pulsford,  £518  lOs.  Cd.  ;  Deudle, 
£4y9  23.  ;  Hookway,  £493  ;  Bale,  £368. 

Devonshire. — For  the  erection  of  a  vicarage  house 
Yarnscombe,  North  Devon.  Messrs,  Gould  and  Sou,  ar- 
chitects;— Oliver  and  Son,  £1,220;  Bowden,  Son,  and 
Cook,  £1,190;  Cook,  £1,150;  Howard,  £1,096  15s.  ;  Dendlo, 
£1,085. 

Devonshire. — For  the  erection  of  a  parocliial  school 
residence  at   Challacombe,   North  Devon,     Messrs.  Goi 
and  Son,  architects: — Pulsford,  jE378  Ta,  Cd.  :  Pile,  £377 j." 
Delve,  £318.  * 

Hanlev. — For  the  erection  of  Bedford  Cliapel,  Hanley, 
for  the  Methodist  New  Connection.  Messrs.  Scrivener  and 
Son,  of  Hauley,  architects.  Quantities  supplied : — Si 
£1,998;  Matthews,  £1,976;  Bailey,  £1,919;  Wooli 
(accepted),  £1,875. 

HoLLowAY.  — For  work  at  Blackstock  Park,  Hollow^" 
Mr.  Thomas  J.  Hill,  architect : — Sabey,  £405  ;  Corbeldid^j 
£400. 

HoLLoWAY. — For  a  house  at  Tufuell  Park  for  Mi-,  J. 
Robinson.  Mr.  George  Truefitt,  architect ; — Carter,  £3,141); 
Stimpion,  £2,992 ;  Saundera,  £2,873;  T.  Warne,  £2,600; 
Manley  and  Rogers  (accepted),  £2,590. 

HoLLOWAY,  — For  a  pair  of  houses  Tufuell  Park.  Mr. 
GeorgeTru6fitt,architect:—W.  Warne  (accepted),  £2,051 14s. 

Hackj-'Hty. — For  the  erection  of  woikshops  at  rear  of, 
and  alterations  to,  No.  47,  Elizabeth-street,  Hackney-road, 
for  J.  D.  Link,  Esq.  William  Mundy,  architect: — Larke, 
£1,482;  Read  and  Son,  £l,198;  Peters,  £l,14S  ;  F.  and 
F.  J.  Wood,  £1,010  ;  Forrest  (accepted).  £897. 

Lincoln. — For  the  erection  of  new  parochial  schools  fur 
St.  Martins  :— Young,  £998  ;  Kent  and  Otter,  £996  lOs  ; 
Huddlestou,  £914  ;  Chambers,  £843  ;  Barnes  and  Wright, 
£838  lOs. ;  Otter  and  Elsey,  £S23  ;  Close  and  Goodbarne, 
£773 ;  Fotherby  and  Taylor,  £728.  The  last  but  one  was 
accepted  on  Tuesday  last. 

London. — For  alterations  and  additions  to  the  Horse 
Shoe  Brewery  Tap  House  (Meux  and  Co.),  for  Mr.  Charles 
Best.  Messrs.  Mayhew  and  Calder,  architects.  Accepted 
tenders  :— Curtis,  general  works,  £900 ;  Comyn,  Ching, 
and  Co.,  gaafittings,  «tc,,  £216;  Anglias,  pewterer's  worlc, 
£101. 

Mile  End  Road.— For  alterations,  &.C.,  to  the  White 
Horse  public-house,  White  Horse-lane.  Mile  End  road,  for 
Mr.  H.  W.  Payne.  Messrs.  Mayhew  and  Calder,  architecta. 
Accepted  tenders  : — Elinor,  general  works,  £560  ;  Grimes, 
pewterer,  £112. 

Shoreditch. — For  alterations,  &c.,  to  the  Star  ^d 
Garter  pubUc-house,  High-street,  Shoreditch,  for  Mr. 
Radway.  Messrs,  Mayhew  and  Calder,  architects.  Tender 
accepted; — Curtis,  general  works,  £152. 

South. \LL.— For  the  erection  of  a  lavatory  aud^  covered 
way  and  paving  the  infirmary  of  schools  at  Southall. 
Henry  Saxon  Snell,  architect : — Brown,  London,  £278 ; 
Hanson,  Southall,  £248  ISs.  ;  Nightingale,  London,  £248 ; 
Gibson,  Bros.,  Southall,  £238  ;  Brovvn,  Southall,  £235. 

Southall. — For  construction  and  erection  of  a  stean 
engine,  boiler,  and  necessary  geaiing  for  working  a  pai 
of  pumps  at  Southall  Schools,  Henry  Saxon  Snell,  archi 
tect:— Shand  and  Mason,  £296;  Jennings,  £187;  Pinch 
beck,  £185  ISs.  8d.  ;  Grinsou  and  Co.,  £182  10s.  ;  Love 
lock,  Bateman,  and  Co.,  £160;  Potter  and  Sou,  £110 
Bovington,  Topham,  and  CorUiuld,  £110. 


^IK 


June  li,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


VII 


St.  Luke's.— For  works  at  Nonnan'.i  Buildings,  Sf 
Luke's.  Mr.  Thomas  J.  Ilill,  architect  : -Gadsbv,  £2,963  ' 
\Ioreland  and  Burton,  £2,947 ;  Patman,  Uros.',  £2,897 ' 
iabey,  £2,853:  KUby,  £2,79li  :  Webb  and  Sons,  £2,777: 
Uenshaw,  £2,658;  Preedy  and  Son,  £2,500  ;  Aniey,  £2,490  : 
[■en-y,  £2,338. 

The  Tifpliko  PHiLosornEE.— For  pewterer's  work.  Tip- 
pling Philosopher,  for  Sir.  William  Owston.  S.  Brookes, 
14,  Clement's  Inn,  Strand,  architect :— Hurst  and  Co. ,  £78  ; 
Heath,  £60 ;  Hoore,  £87  ISs. ;  Eicliards,  £91  168.  6d. 


PROPERTY  SALES. 

JfNE   10. 

ATTHEM.\RT.-By  F.  and  A.  Srellorsh.— Freehold  e.state. 
(nown  ns  Mendfit-lds  and  Brices.  situate  at  Haslomere, 
uiTey.  consisting  of  aliouse,  with  outbuilding,-*,  and  tiOa.  Ir. 
f  amble,  meadow,  and  Woodland  ;  also  the  leasehold  pru- 
erty,  known  as  Witley  Farm,  consifiting  of  a  cottiijje. 
uildings.  and  2,Sa.  Or.  3(ip.  of  arable,  meadow,  and  wood- 
mil— sold  for£3,S50. 
Freehold  residence,  with  greenhonse,  three  tenements, 
rcn  buililings,  and  93a.  Ir.  Itii).  of  pleasure  ground,  arable, 
oadow,  and  woodland,  situate  at  Dunafold,  Surrey— 
.',800. 

Freehold  and  copyhold,  53a.   3r.  .and  I2p.   of  Land,  with 
ttage.  situateat  Wyke,  Worplesdon,  Surrey— £1,090. 
ny    Mr.    Uobert    W.     Fuller.— Freehold    two   cottages, 
■  '  in  Jlyrtlo-road,  Sutton,  .annual  value  £45— £460. 

June  11. 
IK  Mart.— By  Messrs.  Farebrother,  Clark,  and  Co. 
Ii'dd  esklte,  known  as  Newhouse.   with   farm  resi- 

■  ..ttage,  and  423  acres  of  land,  sitn,ate  at  Etohing- 
issox.  let  at  £550  per  annum— sold  for  £17,850. 

l.ssrs.  Debonham,  Tewson,  and  Farmer.— Copyhold 
'■.  with  grounds  of  about  2  acres,  situate  on  Walton 
Near  Epsom,  Surrey- £1.350, 

I  'Id  cottage,   known   as  Tadworth   Lodge  CotUage, 

■  IS  above,  let  on  lease  at  £42  per  annum— £500, 

1  dd  residence,  known  as  Howding  Castle,  Walton- 

Tiear  Epsom,  Surrey,  with  stabling,  grounds,  and 

>out  4  acres  -  £1,500, 
■'r.  Hedges.- Leasehold  two  residences,  Nos.  52  and 
itson-road,  Kensington,  annual  value  £130,  term  99 

"l  1S61,  at  £17  per  annum— £1,470. 

't:  Gi-iLDHALL  CoKEE-HorsE. — By  Mcssrs,  E.  and 
iiley,— LeMehold  stabling.  No,  12,  Bryanstone- 
Miews  West,  Bryanstone-s^iuare,  let  .at  £50  per  an- 

rm  42  yeiirs  unexpired,  free  from  ground-rent — 

Ml-  Murrell. — Leasehold  house.  No,  23.  Spencer- 
I 'ean-street,  Commercial'ro<ad,  letat£15per  annum, 
^ea^3  from  1S13,  at  £2  lOs,  3d.  per  annum- £110, 
mild  two  residences,  Nos.  45  and  47,  Moreton-teiTace, 
-tieet,  Pimhco,  producing  £.SS  per  annum,  term 
from  1852,  at  £16  per  annum— £830, 
i:"ld  three  residences,  Nos,  12.  29,  and  33,  Moreton- 
.foresiiid,  producing  £132  per  annum,  term  similar 
,  at  £24  per  annum — £1,140, 

!"'ld  twelve  houses,  Nos.  5,  7,  9,  11,  13,  15,  17,  19, 
-  ■,  and  27,  Floriston-street.  Mile  End-road',  let  at 
-.    t.-.ach  per  annum,   term  SI    years  from   1S63,  at 
-  -d.  per  annum  each— fiom  £175  to£195  e.ach. 


LATEST   PRICES   OF   MATERIALS   USED 
IN  CONSTRUCTION. 

TniBKR,  dutv  1b  per  load,  drawback,  la. 

Teak    load    £9    O£10  10  Archangel,  yellow  ..  £11  10  413  l^^ 

St.  PettTttburg,  yel...  10  10    11     t' 

Klul;uid 8    0      9     U 

Meinel •     0       0     t* 

Ootheuburg,  yellow  S  10    JO  1*' 

.,       white    8    0      9" 

Oede,  yellow 9    0    11     <* 

Suderlmmu     9    0    10  1*' 

UhristliuilfL,    per   C, 
3  10      12  (t.  by  3  by  9  In. 

S     6      yellow Ifl    0    23    o 

Deck  Flnuk.  Dautzlc, 

per  40  ft.  3  tn 0  15 


Quebec,  red  pine 

„  yellow  pine..  2  15 
St,  John  N.B.  yollow  0  0 
ijuebec  Oak,  whit«  . .     6    5 

„       birch 3  10 

,,      elm   3  10 

Oantxtcoak  3  10 

.,       Or 2    0 

Uemnl  fir   3    0 

Kiga 3    0 

Swedinh l  15 

Mofita.Quebecredplne  6    0 
yellow  pine..     6    0 
L&thwoixl.Djuitzle.fm   4  10 
.,       St.Pet*Tsbiirg  6  W 
Dcjita,iirC..12(t.l'y3 
by  9ui.,diity'JBiier 
li'.-nl.  dntwhiick  2b. 
QuflH-c,  white  Bpruce  14  10 
St.  John,  whit«  spruce  13  10 
Yellow   pine,  per  re- 
duced C 
Cauadft,  l«t  loallty.  17    0 
3ud  do 13    0 


1     4 

PuHiCB  Stohe  pr  toa    B    0  8    0 

UlIJj.  &c. 

Seal,  pule per  trni  S!)    0  0    0 

Sperm  body HO     0  112 

Cod 40    0  0 

Whale,  Sth.Sea,  pale  40    0  0 

Oltve,  OallipoU 62    0  0 

oanut,  Cocbln.tou  55    0  0    "^ 

"1.  fln« 40     0  0    " 

Llnaeed    39  10  0     0 

Rapeaeed,  Eng.pale..  37  m  33     0 

Cottonaeed 30  10  3G  I'' 


Foreflt  Hill.^VahuMe  Freehold  BuHdlng  Land,  adjoining  a  geotla- 
inan  8  trromids   mhI  :.\r^Ti.,tg  rluu-nilng  sitea  for  vilU  reMdcncea. 

ATESSHS.  DEBENHAM,  TEWSON,  and 

niifp.iS-Jl'"?';  ";'"  .'*"''••  "'  "">  M"<.  n».r  tht  l!,„k,  on 
UUILDI.NCI  LAND.  occupyCi.K  a  dollslittul  pcltion  on  the  hrow  ot 
ll?l„  ;L  .,      ?"*'?."•  "",''  '"'"'■'"S  by  '•■■   the  choicest  iltcs  now  ,,™11. 

L  ,i  .,?■  "  ',"°.^"','  '"'"'"Bill..  ..no  o(   lailt,  And  nnothor  at  l.lOtt,. 

o  ?■  wim  *"  ''IP"'  '™'"  "'"-I'  ''OUt«g«  ol  nbout  ■iiOIt,-l'iirHcul»rm 
inouth  Anui  Tavern.  Forest  Uin  ;  .ad  of  the  Auctioneers,  80,  Che«p. 


bMc. 


Metals. 


BATH  STONE  OP  BEST  QUALITY. 

ri.L  and  Saunders,  Quarrymen  and  Stone  Mei- 
liath.  List  of  Prices  at  the  Quarries  and  Depots, 
1  for  Transit  to  any  part  of  the  United  King.lom, 
Ion  application  to  Bath  Stone  Office,  Corsham, 
,— lAuiT.] 


BANKRUPTS. 

TO  SURREXDEE   IN   BASINGHALL-STREET. 

•  Freeman  and  George  Page,  Rhyl-street,  Kentish 
ilders,  June  20,  at  1— Charles  Grimley.  Weeding- 
Iventish  Town,  plumber,  June  19,  at  12— Charles 
1.  Edinburgh-tenaee,  Kensington,  carpenter, 
at  1— John  Ladd,  British-street.  Bow,  builder' 
it  2 -William  Ross,  Great  Guildford-street.  South- 
|.enter,  June  19,  at  11— M.arch  Wiggs,  Lambeth- 
k Layer,  June  24.  at  12— John  Williams,  Gye- 
\  .luxhall-gardens,  builder,  June  24,  at  12. 

TO  SDEKENDER  IN  THE  CODNTRY. 

1.1   Carnithers,  Everton,    near   Liverpool,  joiner, 

.it  II— Josiah  Jackson.  Tranmere  Fark,   Cheshire, 

i.iue  21,  at  2— Joseph  Jones,   Frondeg,  Merioneth- 

iilder,  June  17,    at   11-Joseph   Smith,  Litchurch 

■  ■  .lune  IS,  at  11— Thomas  Warner,  Hanlev,  carpen- 

l:!,  at   11— Mlddletou  Toung,  Newtown,    Dorset 

r  ranter,    June   20.    at    11— John  Cooke,    Denton' 

line  27,  at  11— Willi.am  Common.  Iligh  Biwton' 

-rknorth.  millwright.  June  21,   at   12,30— Griffith 

Newport.    Monmouthshire,    mechanical   engineer, 

'.  at  11— Henry  Graham,    Brampton,    Derbynhire 

lime  2,".,  at  11— Walter  Raynes,  Chase  Town,  Staf- 

■ ,  blacksmith,  June  14,  at  10. 

PARTNERSHIPS  DI.sgOLVEO. 

IJ  1  and  Gardiner,  Manchester,  iron  merchants— Side- 
•WlandCo,,  Manchester,  church   furniture  mauufac- 
''  '•'■•■'.■■  O  .  S,  A,,  R,.  D.,  and  E,  Diggle,  Heywood, 
.-king  .and  Creba,  Driiry-lane,  ironmongers. 

DrvIDENDS. 

-.',  J.  Peerless,  Bromley,  builder— July  4,  D.  Jones, 

"rfl.  ironmonger— Jnne  S,  S,  R.  Freeman  and  A. 
Man.hester,  engineers- Jnly  3,  J,  Horslev,  Man- 
'  '1.  merchant— June  21,  F,  Smith,  Birmingham, 
.-■lime  20,  H,  Berry,  Lewes,  painter— July  1, 
1.   Iranmere.  engineer— June  27,  A.    E,    Han-ey, 

tm-road,   Islington,   builder— June  21,  W.  Price 

iiKison. 

BANKRUPTCIES    ANNDLLED. 

Thomp,TOn.  LiUingtonstreet,  Pimlico,  joume\Tnan 
'.  June  4— Henry  King,  Abinger-road,  Deptford, 
i.ineh— Elisha  Wright,  Budbrooke,  Northampton- 
"penter,  June  0. 


iBos  :— 
..per  ton 


3  1,1 
10    5 


7  0  0 

8  10  0 

9  10  0 
10    0  0 

8  10  0 

(15  0 

fi  1..  0 


8G    0    0        tl8    0    0 


Welsh  Bars  In  London 

Null  Rod       

Hoops do 

Sheets,  i^lngle do 

Stnfordshire  Bars      do 

B.»rs.  la  Wales     do 

Kails    do 

Foundry  Pigs,  at  Glasg.  No    1   ..  do 

Swedish  Bars  Uo 

Steel :— 

Swedish  Keg.  hammered     per  ton 

Swedish  Faggot  do 

CopPKa :— 
Sheet  h  Sheathing,  &  Bolts  ....pertoa 

Hammered  Bottoms       do 

Plat  Bottoms,  not  Hammered   . .       do 

Cake  and  Tough  Ingot      do 

Best  Selected     do 

Fine  Foreign    do 

Vel.  Met&l  Sheathing  &  Bods per  lb 

Tim  :— 
English  Block      perton 

do      Bar   do 

do      Refined  do 

Banc*      do 

Strait      do 

LkAD ; — 

Pig,  English     perton 

„    Spanish  Soft     do 

Shot.  Patent     do 

Sheet   do 

White     do 

BPELTEB  : — 

On  the  Spot  perton 

Zmc:— 

English  Sheet      perton 

Deraux'sV,  M,  Roofing  Zlno    do  28    0    0        0    0 

•  And  fi  per  cent,  discount  if  laid  upon  the  new  system 
QuiOMlLvaa     per  btl  6  18    0       7    0 

Ebqdldb  of  Autoioht. 
Frsnoh   per  ton         84    0    0       0    0 


,.''.i'",'',">',S'."'„'^"°.S!'^''"— ■"'"'''•l'"*"'''-  Builders,  and  others 

MESSRS.   DEBENHAM,  TEWSON,  and 

,.!-t  ^^'"''ER  will  SELL,  at  the  Mart,  near  the  Dank.  onTUES. 
uo/n'I".'^JJ'  »' Two.  the  remalnlns  UI,ura„f  valuat.lo  FREE- 
MOLU  LAND,  poisesslng  important  building  (ronUges  on  the  east 
el.lo  ultushey  Hill,  must  eligibly  situate  nearly  opposite  Camden 
i  ,  ih  •  'T'  ••? u<l!,\llr»'-5rove.  midway  between  tho  VMtr>-  HaU  uid 
Lyndhurst  ro.id,  Tho  land  lies  high,  and  (rom  Its  summit  there  >r» 
line  vtewsof  the  Surrey  hill.  :  It  slopes  down  (rom  the  High  Level 
Crystal  Palaco  and  South  L..n.lon  Rallw.iys  to  the  Pe.kham  road 
"hence  thero  is  oonst^.ut  omnibus  commuulcatlon  to  the  city  and 
West  end  remlerlngltw.il  luUpted  for  tho  erecti.m  ol  first  class  re- 
s.deuces.  The  and,t»xl.redeeu,ca.  Particular  olThoma.OIIy«r.Eso,. 
sollcitor.il  Old  Jewry.chambor.;.at  the  Mart;  audol  tho  auctioneers 
oiJ,  Llieajiside,  ' 


Claph«m,comn.on,-S«leofa  portion  of  the  richly  llmbore.1  estate, 
known  as  "U  Park,  comprising  the  greater  part  o(  the  eiteusly^ 
Inmtago  to  Nightingale  bine,  all  being  adapted  and  liitonded  (or 
l...use»o[,igoodclns«.  forwhichthereisBogreata  demand  in  this 
Mvourit^,  iieighbourhiiod 

MESSRS.  DEBENHAM,  TEWSON,  and 
., ,  V  .^^'^..''^'l"'"  ^^^^-  «'  ""  ""t.  '■•■"  'll«  Dank  on  TUBS. 
A  ;  "!  ''  ■,".'  ^?'':  '"  «»">enient  L0T.1.  suiUble  (or  the  erection 
..I  nrst-class  detached  or  eemi  detached   residences,  tho  great.T  por- 

Bu'li'DINn'KTfrK  o '*l!'i°^'""J''°°  ■',',","  '-"""Wo  FHEEHOLD 
BUILDING  ESTATE  (land  tax  redeemed),  known  as  Old  Pork  most 
plciisantly  situate  on  the  south  side  o(  Clapham  Common,  In  a  locality 
which  in  point  o(  public  esteem,  stands  second  to  none  within  a  llki 
distance  o(  the  city  or  West-eiiJ,  The  high  character  o(  the  surround. 
Ing  properties,  and  the  (act  o(  the  estate  being  very  richly  tl.nbered 
reliefer  It  peculiarly  eligible  [or  building  purposes.  Pnrticulsrs  with 
conditions  o(  sale,  and  plans,  had  ol  T.  0,  Bulleii.  Esq..  solicitor  7 
anas.  Bargeyard-cbamliers,  Bucklersburyiot  Messm,  Wimble  and 
T.Aylor,  architects,  2,WaUbrook  ;  and  ol  the  auctioneers.  80,  Cheap- 


n   0 

0 

0  0 

87  0 

0 

0  0 

ai  10 

0 

22  10 

19  16 

0 

0  0 

21  R 

0 

22  0 

20  10 

0 

21  10 

29  0 

0 

29  10 

22    e     0        22  15     0 


28 


OTAIRCASE    and   JOINERY    WORKS, 
•^  JOHN     WALDEN 

tLat«  Shop  Foreman  to   Mr.  W,   BANDS,  retired), 

12,  MAIDEN  LANE,  COVENT  GARDEN. 

Estlmatos  on  application. 


C.  H.  DA  VIES  and  CO.'S 

GENUINE 

SOLID    PARQUET    FLOORS 

Are  Greatly  Superior  to  any  hitherto  ProtUiced,   being 

of  Special   Construction,    Improved  Design, 

Thoroughly  Seasoned,  and  at 

PRICES   LOWER    THAN   USUAL. 

Specimens  at  Architectural  MuEeum,  113,  Maddox-street,  W. 

AND  AT 

Show  Rooms,  Cambridge  Hall,  Newra  an -.street,  London. 


SALES   BY  AUCTION. 


Courts  o(  Justice  Conceutration    (Site)    Act.— Western    Section.— 
Fourth  Sale  of  Building  Materials. 

MESSRS.  GLASIER  and  SONS  are 
favoured  with  iostructions  from  the  CoinniiBsionerB  of  her 
Majesty's  Works  and  Public  Buildings,  to  SELL  by  AUCTION  on  the 
prumtBea.  on  THURSDAY.  June  i7.  at  Twelve  for  One  o'clock,  in  Lots 
the  BUILDING  MATERIALS  of  FIVE  HOUSES.  Nos.  258.  2 5M.  and 
260,  Strand,  Nos.  1  and  2.  Clements  Inn  Foregate,  aud  the  Archway 
audCoIumns,  leading  to  Bfiswell-court.coinprisiugHbout 400.000  capital 
stock  bricks,  slates,  timber  in  roofs,  floors,  and  doors,  e.oshes  aud 
frames,  plate-glass  public  house  and  shop  fronts,  shop  dttiiigs.  marblo 
chimney-pieces,  register  aud  other  stoves,  iron  cotuums,  about  5  tons 
leiui,  stoue  paving,  gas  fittings  and  fixtures.  Mjvy  be  viewed  tbe  day 
prior  and  luuming  of  sale,  and  catalogues  obtained  at  the  office  of  her 
Majesty's  Works,  Ac,  12,  Whitehali-place ;  on  tho  preLoiMa  ;  and  of 
th«  auctioneers,  41,  Charing  Cross. 


Fanihaiii.  Surrey.— About  ten  acres  of  Freehold  Land,  occupTlng  a 
hl!u"I"^    l*«»'t'0"-  fknd    suiuiblo  for  the  erection  of    ono  or  more 

IVI KSSRS.  DEBENHAM,    TEWSON,  and 

A-  ,^-^f  ^*^.?.?"  '"^t'-'i'-t*"!  'o  «ELL.  .-vt  the  Mart,  near  the  Bank 
'J,^,"^1  ."fxT?.  ^  UESDAY.  July  y.  at  Two.  ah-,ut  ten  acres  of  FREK- 
HUL1>  LAND,  having  a  considerable  fronUge  to  the  road  near 
WavtTley  Hatch,  within  a  short  distance  of  theFarnhamSUtion.  and 
fonuiug  apart  of  the  Lodge  Hjll  EatUe.  The  property  is  suitable  for 
the  erection  of  moderate-sized  houses,  being  on  a  dry  soil  and  in  a 
neighbourhood  celebrated  for  the  purity  of  ita  atmosphere  —Par- 
ticulars in  future  adrertiaementa  ;  and  of  the  auctioneers,  ao.  Cheao- 
side.  *^     . 

Uiire3er%-ed  Sale.-Godstone.  Surrey.— CapiUI  Investment  iu  modem 
Country  Properties,  producing  rentals  of  £llo  and  £-'-'0  a  year  re- 
spectively. Ligether  with  several  acres  of  building  land 

]y|ESSRS.  DEBENHAM,  TEWSON,  and 

J-TX  FARMER  are  instructed  to  SELL,  at  the  Mart,  on  TUBS- 
DAVJuly  Hi,  at  Two.  iu  lots,  without  reserve,  a  c.ipiUI  FAMILY 
MANSION,  known  as  Tower  House,  beautifully  placed  on  elevated 
ground,  commanding  very  pretty  views,  within  a  few  minutes  of  tho 
station;  the  residence  is  surrounded  by  ornamantal.  p<irk-Iik«  lands 
of  about  nine  acres.  It  is  approached  by  a  private  road,  with  a  neat 
lodge  entrance,  tliere  is  good  st;ibliug,  and  otht-r  outbuildings  This 
property  IS  let  to  J-.hn  Stratford  Kirwan,  Esq..  on  agreement  for 
lease  at  a  rental  of  £170.  and  is  held  for  96  years  direct  from  the  froa- 
hoider  at  a  ground  rent.  Also,  a  spacious,  fully  licensed  hotel  of  orua- 
menUl  design,  oL-cupying  a  capital  situation  fronting  the  main  road, 
withiu  a  few  minutes"  walk  of  the  sUtiou,  and  in  a  central  part  of 
the  important  and  extensive  (Jodstunc  Park  Estate,  now  being 
divided  into  lots,  upon  many  of  which  first  class  residences  are  being 
erected.  This,  in  additioh  to  the  natural  advantages  of  the  country, 
will,  it  is  believed,  make  the  hotel  a  favourite  resort  for  families,  bo 
that  under  proper  management  it  will  doubtless  prove  a  great  success. 
Attached  to  til©  hotel  is  a  largo  stable  yard,  with  extensive  range  of 
stables.  lock-up.  coach-houses,  Ac. ;  and  iu  tho  rear  are  gai-dens  aud  a 
grass  paddock  covering  in  all  at>out  three  acres,  which  are  let  on 
lease  at  the  low  rental  of  £220  a  year,  aud  are  held  for  a  term  of  96 
years  at  a  low  ground  rent.  Also,  several  desirable  lots  of  building 
land,  having  frontages  to  the  main  road,  and  forming  capital  sites 
for  the  erection  of  superior  residences.  These  lots  wilt  vary  in  extent 
from  two  acres  to  Ave  acres  each.  Particulars  of  Messrs.  Nokes,  Car- 
lisle and  Francis,  solicitors.  8,  Finch-lane,  City ;  and  of  the  auc- 
tioneers, 60,  Cbeapaide. 

Egham,  8urrey.—A  first-class  Investment  in  Taluable  Freehold  Pro- 
perty.  consisting  of  enteusive  manutgcturing  premises  and  upwards 
of  3  acres  os  land,  occupying  a  couiuiaudiug  positimi  Iu  the  parish 
of  Egham,  with  a  long  frontage  to  the  river  Tliauibs. 

MESSRS.  DEBENHAM,  TEWSON,  and 
FARMER  Will  SELL,  at  tho  Mart.  ..n  TUESDAY.  July  23. 
at  Two,  the  v.-vluable  FRKEHOLD  PROPERTY  known  as  the  West 
Surrey  Chemical  Works,  situate  on  Kunnymede,  iu  the  parish  of 
Eghani,  about  equi-distance  between  Egham  and  Staines  Stations, 
the  whole  let  to  Sir.  Spice,  a  highly  responsible  tenant,  on  lease  for 
21  years,  at  a  net  rent  of  £2oo  per  annum,  and  affording  a  first- 
class  invettmeut  for  trustees  .ind  others.  Particulars  of  Messrs.  Taylor 
Hoare,  and  Taylor,  solicitors,  28,  Great  James-street,  Bedford  row  ;  aud 
of  the  auctioneers,  No.  80,  Cheapsido. 


Bromley.  Kent.— Charming  Freehold  Building  Sites  for  Gentlemen's 
Residences,  immediately  adjoining  the  Shortlands  Station,  between 
Beckenham  and  Brondey,  in  the  midst  of  one  of  the  most  popular, 
picturesque,  and  healthy  districts  near  the  Metropolis,  for  Bile,  in 
lots,  with  a  fully  registered,  indefeasible  title. 

MESSRS.  DEBENHAM,  TEWSON,  and 
FARMER  are  Instructed  by  the  Executors  under  the  will 
of  the  late  W.  A.  Wilkinson,  Esq.,  to  SELL,  at  the  Mart,  on 
TUESDAY.  June  25. at  Two,  in  lots  of  fr.^m  half  an  acre  tofive  acres 
each,  the  remaining  portion  of  the  SHORTLANDS  ESTATE,  lund- 
Lix  redeemed  and  tithe-froe,  possessing  a  registered,  indefeasible  title, 
and  affording  most  eligible  aiU'a  for  the  erection  of  first-claiss  houses 
and  moderate-sized  villas,  the  demand  for  which  in  the  neigh t>ourh'jr>d 
is  CO  great  andconstantly  increasing  that  any  building  operations 
judiciously  carried  out  upon  this  property  must  become  permanently 
lucrative.  Particulars  of  Messrs.  Burchell,  aolicitors,  6.  Broad 
Sanctuary,  Westminster ;  of  Mr.  John  Whichcord,  architect,  16,  Wat- 
brook  ;  and  of  the  auctioneers,  80,  Cheapaide. 


Ashfi^rd  Manor,  Jliddlesex.— About  82  acres  of  valuable  Freehold 
Land,  with  a  registered  indefeasible  title,  and  fronting  the  main 
road  from  Staines  to  Kingston,  about  a  mile  from  the  Sunbury  and 
Ashford  Railway  Stations,  eligible  for  building,  market  garden,  or 
accommodation  purpose*. 

MESSRS.  DEBENHAM,  TEWSON,  aud 
FARMER  will  SELL,  on  TUESDAY.  July  23.  in  lots  (unleas 
previously  sold  as  a  whole),  the  SECOND  PORTION  of  the  A.-iH- 
FORD  MANOR  ESTATE,  which  is  Freehold,  land-tax  redeemed, 
and  great  tithe  free,  affording  eligible  sites  for  tlieerection  of  superior 
residances  or  nioderat«-aized  villas  (being  sitimte  in  a  favourite  and 
healthy  locality,  within  a  mile  of  Sunbury  and  Ashford  stations  on 
the  South-WeBtem  line);  also  valuab.'e  hd  market  garden  or  accom- 
modation land.  The  sub-)^uil  is  gravel.  Each  lot  has  an  important 
frontage  to  a  capital  road  .and  there  are  numerous  good  houses  iu  tbe 
Immediate  neighbourhood.  Particulars  of  Messrs.  Coverdale  Lee, 
Cotlycr-Bristow,  aud  Withers,  solicitors,  4,  Bedford-row  ;  and  of  the 
auctioneers,  80,  Uhoapside. 


WANTED. 

^*  ne  BUILDING  NEWS  inserts  advertisements 
/or  "  SITUATIONS  WANTED,"  ttc,  at  One  Shilling 
for  the  first  Twenty-four  Words. 


TIMBER.— WANTED,  a  GENTLEMAN, 
with  about  £3.(00,  to  proceed  abroad  t.j  CUT  and  EXPORT 
some  of  the  most  valuable  WOOD  known  in  commerce.  The  capital 
will  be  under  his  own  control.— Reply,  with  referencea,  to  W.  H.,  care 
of  Measra.  Leath  and  Boss,  homceopathicchemist*,  C'St,  Paul's  Church- 
yard, London,  £.C. 


VIII 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


June  14,  1867. 


WANTED,  a First-Class  GOTHIC  STONE 
CARVER.     Good  wastes  piren— Apply  by  letter  to  J.  Gregg. 


architectural  sculptor,  D^irwen,  Lancashire^ 


aI  experienced  quantity  SURVEYOR 

J\  would  be  happy  to  do  BUSINESS  on  very  moderate  tenns. 
sirtMsctory  references  given.-Addiess,  V.  W.  T.,  24",  Penlonvillo- 
road.  

-\ir ANTED,  a  First-class  PERSPECTIVE 

VV  DRAUGHTSMAN  .md  COLOURIST.  by  an  arehitect  of 
la's'praetice  inthe  countiy.-Address,  G.  W..  Office  of  the  Eviujiso 
NovB.  

XRCHITECT'S  assistant,  of  10  years' 

/jl    experience,  artisMc.  and  fnlls  aciiuaiiited  with  office  work. 
,l.".lre5  an   ENGAGEMENT, 
Edinburgh. 


-Address,  M.    M  Leod,   C'oniley-greeu, 


A 


"CLERK    and     BOOK-KEEPER    RE- 


-Addreaa.  Mr.  Hacker, 
Rochester,  Kent. 


15,     Coveuant-plai 


St.   Marijaret's 


rpO    ARCHITECTS.  —  WANTED,    by  a 

I  CLERK  OF  WORKS,  a  RE-ENGAGEMENT.  H.as  bad 
aSien  years'  experience.  Testimonials  first-cbiss.-Address,  ,i.  Z.. 
Mrs.  Everard's,  Kintbury.  Berks. 

WANTED,  a  thorough  GENERAL  Ar- 
chitect's ASSISTANT:  good  designer,  and  well  np  in 
detail  and  constrnction.-Apply  by  letter,  sUting  age,  reference,  and 
terms,  to  Geo.  Smith,  17.  York-pLace,  Leeds.    

TlfANTEIX       a      GENTLEMAN      well 

VV       ACQUAINTED    with    MECHANICS    and    the  APPLIEp 

SCIENCES   t<i  Assist  in  Editing  a  new  cheap  ScientlBc  Paper. -Ad- 
dress ■■  Somethini;  New,"  147,  Fleet-street.         

=OERSPECTiVES      CLEVERLY      OUT- 

r  LINED  and  COLOURED  in  a  spirited  and  artistic  manner 
fSin  three  guineas,  by  an  architectural  artist  of  eiperience.-Addiess 
Artist,  8,  Eesaborough-street,  Plmlico,  London,  S.W. ^ 

^  Others. — 


CAMBERWELL.— LAND  to  be  LET  for 
the  erection  of  five  houses  on  an  estate  close  to  two  railway 
stations.  Ground  rent  moderate, -Particul.-irs  of  W.  Adams  Murphy, 
architect  and  surveyor.  47,  Church-street,  Camberwell,  b. 


TO  be  LET,  within  one  mile  from  the 
Bank  large  commodious  MANUFACTURING  PREMISES, 
with  -ate  entrance,  y.ard.  dwelling-house,  iind  Large  workshop  in- 
cluded! about  lOMt.  by  25tt..  the  whole  oe-iipying  an  area  of  over 
6.000ft.  suitable  forany  business.— Apply  to  W.  Perry,  builder.  Rope- 
maker-street,  City. 


B^ 


OW.— To  be  LET,  a   corner   PLOT   of 

LAND  for  the  erection  of  a  Public-bouse  in  this  thickly  popu- 
Sted  neighbourheod.  Ground  rent  moderate.  Well  "-orthy  'hj 
attention  of  a  speculator.  Further  par-icularj  may  be  obtained  and 
plans  seen  on  application  to  w.  Adams  Murphy,  architect  and  sur- 
veyor, 47.  Church-street.  Camberwell.  8. 


¥' 


IREEHOLD    LAND   WANTED   on  the 

SURREY  SIDE  of  the  River  Thames,  within  a  radius  of  1^ 

les  from  the  Oval  at  Keunincton.  The  .juantity  required  is  Irom 
seven  to  ten  acres,  with  early  possession.  Plans  and  particulars  to  be 
sent  to  Meesrs.  Hunt.  Stephenson,  and  Jones,  4,  Parliament-street, 
Westminster. 


TO  CONTRACTORS  and 
WANTED  a  RE-ENGAGEMENT  .ia  CONTRACTOR'S 
MANAGER  by  one  of  active  and  sober  habits,  and  of  great  experi- 
ence.    Good  reference.- A.  E..  321.  City-road. 


molBUILDERS    and   DECORATORS.  — 

I        WAWTUTi  ,   HE. ENGAGEMENT  as  CLERK.     Can  measure 


I        WANTED  a  KE-ENGAOESIENT  as  CLERK.     Can 
and  estimate.       Has    been    many    years     with    last   employer.— 
Address.  A.  B..  9.  China-terrace.  Kenmngton-road.  b. 

lO^ARCHITECTS,    &c.— WANTED   by 

the    Advertiser  a   RE-ENGAGEMENT.     A   neat   expeditious 
d^ughtsm.an.  and  served   his  articles  ;»_»_I;™?»?,^,f3"K 
i.  per  week 


rpc 


Terms 


MAKGATE.— To  be  LET  upon  BUILD- 
ING  LEASES,  or  PLOTS  will  be  SOLD,  valuable  FREE- 
HOLD L.A.ND  on  the  sea-coast.  contiguous  U)  Westgate  and  Marsh 
Bays.  Excelleut  brick  earth  and  chalk  on  the  estate.  Great  advan- 
tages to  parties  taking  the  fcat  40  Plots.  Advances  made.-Apply  to 
Mr   Charles  N.  Beazley,  arciiitect.  96,  Guiliord- street,  London,  W.C. 


I  rriHE       ENGINEERING     NEWS    will  ' 

J_  shortly  be  published.  Price  One  Penny  Weekly.  It  will  be 
devoted  to  the  Mechanical  and  other  useful  eciencea,  and  will  be  the 
cheapest  paper  of  the  kind  ever  published. 

147,  Fleet-street,  and  all  ^ew8ageDtB. 

ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  THE 
MEDI.EVAL    ANTIQUITIES   OF   DURHAM.  ' 

PERKY  and  HENMAN'S  AVORK  isnow  , 
published,  price  £1  lis.   6d.,  and  may  be  had  of  all bookaellers     ! 
or  the  publishers,  „  ,     ,      j  t      i 

Jamis  pABKEBand  Co.,  Oxford  and  London. 

ARCHITECTURE.   BUILDING,  kc. 
Just  PubUshed,  in  4to  cloth,  illuatrated  with  nearly  60  Platea  and 

250  Woodcuts,  price  a'>s.  j 

ARCHITECTURE  :  including  tlie  Arts  of  [ 
Construction.  Building.  Roots.  Arch.  Stone  Masonry.  Joinery. 
Carpentry,  Strength  of    MateriaU,  Ac.     Edited  by  Aetbuh  Abh- 

PITEl,.  F.S.A..  &c.  ,         ,  T  J.  r^ 

Edinburgh  :  A.  and  C.  Black.         London  ;  Longmans  and  Co. 

TIME  IS  MONEY.  — AU  who  employ 
Workmen  should  send  Two  St.ainps.  and  by  return  of  po^t  they 
will  receive  samples  of  Workmen's  Time  Sheeta  and  other  Forms  by 
■which  time  is  economised  and  book-keeping  f;icilitated. 

Merktit  and  Hatcher,  Printers,  Grocer's  Hall-court.  Poultry.  E.C. 

QHORT^ND.  —  PITMAN'S      PHONO- 

^O  GRAPHT.— Phonography  is  taught  in  claMat  lOa  6d,  or  private 
im^truction  given,  personally  or  by  post,  for  £1  la,  the  perfect couTBeol 
Lessons.    Pitman's  Shorthand  Teacher,  post  free  7d.    London  :jtt, 

Patemoster-row.  E.C. 


TO  ARCHITECTS  and  BUILDERS.— 
LIME  GROVE  PARK.  PUTNEY  HILL.^Very  Deairablo 
SITES  on  this  Est-ate  to  be  LET  for  building  respect.able  jinvate  resi- 
dences It  is  situated  on  elevated  ground,  between  the  railway  sUtion 
and  Wimbledon  and  Putney-heaths.  There  is  a  great  demand  m 
this  locality  for  good  villa  residences,  and  a  ready  sale  for  them,  for 
particulars  apply  to  S.  Wood.  Esq..  Architect.  10.  Craig  s-court  Lon- 
don. S.W.  ;  or  to  Messrs.  Baxter.  Rose.  Norton  and  Co.,  Solicitors,  b, 
Victoi-ia-street,  Westminster.  S.W. 


ROYAL  POLYTECHNIC.  —  "  The 
Effigy  of  ihe  De.\r  Defunct"  shown  in  "  Blue  Beard's  CloseC'the 
new  Illusion  of  Professor  Pepper  and  Mr.  Tobin :  '"rhe  Towm 
of  London."  with  startling  effects  musically  treated  by  Mr.  Georga 
Buckhind  -The  Automatic  LeoLird/'  Dickens's"  Carol,  and  other 
Entertainments,  at  the  Royal  Polytechnic. 


-Address  S.,  10.  Trinidad -pi  ace,  IsJinffton.  N^ 


TO  ARCHITECTS  and  ENGINEERS.— 
A  vouth  aged  15.  who  Ti-ritea  a  fair  hand,  and  can  do  Tracings, 
wishes  for  an  ENGAGEMENT  as  JUNIOR  in  the  office  of  an  arohi- 
teS  or  engineer  .-Address,  A.  B.,75,  Arlington-street.  Momington- 
crescent.  S.W\ ^ 

CCASIONAL   WORK  WANTED  by  an 

EXPERIENCED   DRAUGHTSMAN,    accustomed  to   design 

and  prepare  working  and  detail  draw" 


his   own  rooms    or  otlierwise. 
Office  of  BciLDisG  Nkws. 


gs  and  specifications. 
Terms  moderate.-— Address,    K.M  , 


WANTED,  a  GENTLEMAN  thorongUy 
ACQUAINTED  -"ith  ARCHITECTURE,  to  COLLECT  IN- 
FORMATION and  Write  Articles  on  Construction  and  Design.  &c.- 
for  a  Profession.al  Paper. -Address,  A.  B.  C,  166,  Fleet-street^ 


"JOINER'S     FOREMAN.— WANTED,   a 

fl  first-class  MAN  well  used  to  Gothic  Joinery,  and  Cabuiet 
work  Testijuonials  of  character  aud  abilities.— Apply.  43,  Gre.it 
Russell-street,  W.C,  Monday,  Wednesday,  and  Friday,  after  &ix,  or 
by  letter. 


WANTED,  a  CLERK,  who  can  speak 
French  and  possesses  a  knowledge  of  architectural  drawing 
by  service  in  an  architect's  or  builder's  office  —Apply,  by  letter  only, 
stating  salary  wanted  and  references.  toC.  and  Co..  5.  Rathbone-place, 
Oxford-street,  W. 


TO  BUILDERS  of  CAPITAL.— The  Owner 
of  100  acres  of  very  eligible  BUILDING  LAND  is  willing  to 
start  with  THREE  HOUSES,  to  cost  about  £3.500.  under  arrange- 
ments to  pay  for  them,  unless  sold  before,  in  three  years.  Toarespect- 
able  buUder  this  would  aUbrd  a  good  openlus  for  covering  a  la^e 
estate  where  Huperior  residences  are  much  in  request.- Apply  to  X.  X., 
Potter's,  53,  Piccadilly. 

GEO.  TODD  has  several  large  and  small 
sumsofTRUPT  MONEY  to  ADVANCE  on  FREEHOLD  and 
LK\SEHOLD  SECURITY,  at  moderate  rates  of  interest.  Apply  at 
his  City  Office.  8,  Pancras-lane.  Queen-atreet,  Cheapside,  E.C. 


TO  BUILDERS  and  MANUFAC- 
TURERS.  —  To  be  LET.  very  extensive  and  desirable 
PREMISE'^  within  three  iniles  of  the  Geneml  Post  Office,  iu  a  lead- 
in'-'  thoroughfare.  Every  accommodation  for  a  large  trade.  Steam- 
power  Foreman's  residence,  and  good  offices— For  particuhirs. 
apply  to  X.  Y.  Z.,  No.  173,  Upper-etreet.  IsUugtou. 


TO  CARPENTERS,  BUILDERS,  and 
Others  —Several  well-built  nine-roomed  CARCASES  for  SALE, 
drained  into  High  Level  Sewer,  near  St.  George's  Church.  Tufnell 
Park-road.  Holloway.— Aiiply  U 


BILIOUS  and  LIVER  COMPLAINTS, 
Indigestion.  Sick  Headache,  Lobs  of  Appetite.  Drowsinew. 
Giddiness.  Spasms,  and  all  Disorders  of  tl>«  stomach  and  Bowels  ara 
ouickly  removed  by  that  well-known  remedy.  FKAMPTON  S  PILL 
OF  HFA,LTH  They  unite  the  recommendation  of  a  mild  operation 
with  the  most  successful  effect ;  and  where  an  aperient  is  reqaired. 
nothln"  can  be  better  ad.apted.  .  _      „,  , 

Sold  byaU  Medicine  Vendors,  at  la.   l^d.  and  2a.  9d.  per  box  or 
obtained  through  any  Chemist. 


65 


NW-  LONDON  CLOTHING 

COMPANY'S  WAEEEOOMS, 
and     66,    SHOEEBITCH,    N.E. 
ROBERTS  and  CO.,  Managers. 


.  Mr.  Clarkson.  on  the  preujises. 


12s.   6d 


For  the  Bi'.ST  ANCULA  and  SCOTCH  ^^_ 
TROUSLRS.  at  the  N.  W.  L.  Clothing  Co.  3  wmsB 
rooms,  65  and  6fi.  Shoreditch.  N.E.  '* 


12s,  6d. 


■pEQUIRED,  for  a  large  work, 

JLV     tioD  of  which  will  extend  over  nearly  three  yi 


the  execu- 

... e  years,  a  competent 

CLE'rE  of  works.— Apply  by  letter,  stating  salary  required,  age. 
and  the  works  upon  wbich  engagements  have  been  carried  out,  ad- 
dressed to  A.  E.,  .'5,  Bartholomew  Villas.  Kentish  Town. 

0      ARCHITECTS'      ASSTSTAN'fS.— 

WANTED  immediately,  .an  experienced  and  rapid 
DRAUGHTSMAN';  thoroughly  acqu.ainted  with  Gothic  detftli  and 
construction.  Send  copies  of  testimonials  and  state  salary  required 
to  Mr.  G.  G.  Hoskins,  architect,  Darlington.  N.B.— Silence  a 
negative.  _^__^ 


WANTED,  by  a  "West-End  Decorator  and 
Upholsterer,  an  active  YOUNG  WAN  as  CLERK  and 
STOCK  KEEPER.  Preference  will  he  given  to  one  accustomed  to 
measure  np  and  keep  tho  cost  of  painters'  and  caritenters'  work. — 
.ifnlv  by  letter  only  to  G,  K.,  care  of  Mr.  Green.  10,  Lincoln's  Inn 
Fields.  


T^ 


T' 


^O  ARCHITECTS.— The  Advertiser  who 

has  been  He.)d  Assistant  for  some  years  in  a  large  Provincial 
Office,  and  h.is  had  much  practiuH.1  experience,  is  NOW  OPEN  to  a 
RE-ENGAGEMENT.  A  Loudon  Office  preferred.-For  terms  and  i-e- 
fereuces,  address.  X.  Y.,  5,  Crownfield-place,  Leytonstone-road,  Strat- 
ford. 


TRONMONGER'S  BUSINESS  to  be  DIS- 

JL  POSED  OF,  doing  a  first-class  furnishing  and  general  trade, 
with  workshops  attached,  situate  in  a  capital  main  thoroughfare, 
west  Relurns  upwards  of  £2.000  per  annum  at  full  prices.— Full 
particulars  to  be  had  of  Mr.  Nickerson,  auctionaer,  Ac,  1.  Copthall 
Chambers,  Bank.  ^^ 

~    0  HORTICULTURAL  and  GENERAL 

BUILDEUS—Tobe  DISPOSED  OF,  the  LEASE  and  GOOD- 
WILL of  an  old-estabUsbed  BUSINESS,  in  a  first-class  situation. 
about  four  miles  south  of  the  Bank  of  England.  The  premises  are 
large  and  very  convenient  for  carrying  on  a  large  business.  It  is  an 
opportunity  seldom  to  be  met  with.  Incoming  from  £300  to  £500.— 
Apply  at  33,  Gloucester- street.  South  Lambeth. 

01  A  AAA  TO  LEND  on  FREEHOLDS, 

cb  i  V  'UUU  LEASEHOLDS,  and  COPYHOLDS,  repayable 
by  Instalments.  Example  :  £500.  5  years  quarterly,  £;U  Ss.  9d. ;  ditto, 
10  years,  quiirterlv.  £18  lis.  2d. :  ditto.  15  years,  qu-arterly.  £14  Us  ; 
in  each  case  including  principal  and  interest,  and  costs  of  security  to 
company  —Apply  to  British  Equitable  Assurance  Company,  No.  4, 
Queen- street- place,  Southwark  Bridge.  E.C. 

£OA  AAA  READY  to  be  ADVANCED 
fC\)  yj\J\/  bv  the  TEMPERANCE  PERMANENT 
LAND  and  BUILDING  SOCIETY,  on  Freehold  and  Leasehold  Pro- 
perty, for  any  period  of  years  not  exceeding  fifteen,  tlie  mortgage 
being  redeemable  by  equal  monthly  inst:iliaents.  Interest  (in  addi- 
tion to  a  small  premium)  5  per  cent,  on  the  balance  each  yc^ir.— 
^pplyto  HENRY  J.  PHILLIPS,  Secretary. 

Offices— 34,  Moorgate-street.  London.  E.C. 

jjoTE.— More  than  half  a  million  pounds  sterling  have  been  ad- 
vanced upon  house  property  alone. 


12s.  6d. 


12s.  6d. 


12s.   6d. 


12s.   6d 


12s.   6d 


I2s.  6d, 


BOYb'  SUITS,  Every  Variety  and   Newest  SI 
the  N.  W.  L.  Clothing  Co.'s  Warerooms.  65 
Shoreditch,  N.E. ^^i 

TOU  KiS^rS^  mart  and  Uandsome  C0AT3.  WafflL 
Patterns  and  Styles.  Every  Texture  of  Material,.tfl| 
the  N-  W.  L.  Clothing  Co.'s  Warerooms.  fi5  aoa  W* 
Shoreditcb^N.  E^ , 

INTERNATIONAL  OVERCOAT,  very  GentlemMil> 
attheN.W.  L.   Clothing  Cc's  Warerooms,  66  an^ 
66,  Shoreditch.  N.E-_ 


Smart  El'^gant.  and  Durable  KENSINGTON  OJ 
at  the  N.  W.  L.  Clothing  Co.'s  Warerooms.  « 
66,  Shoreditch,  N.E 


For  THREE  VESTS.  Newest  Styles  and  P&^nl 
Good  Fitting,  at  the  N.  W.  h.  Clothing  Oo.'b  VȤ 
rooms.  65  and  6t..  Shoreditch.  N.E 

BLACK  DRbSS  TKuTTSERS.  Elegantly Finiah«li»| 
Perfect   Fit,  at  the  N.  W.  L.  Clothing  Co,V 


rooms.  65and(J6,  Shoreditch^N-E. 

PATTEPvNS"of  ABOVE  sent  Free  by  Post,  from  tt 
N.  W.  L.  Clothing  Co.'s  Warerooms,  65  and  6' 
Shoreditch,  N.E. 


OCCASIONAL  ASSISTANCE.— To  Ar- 
chitects,  Survevon«.  Builders.  Contractors,  and  others.— 
OCCASIONAL  ASSISTANCE  in  every  department  of  the  above  Pro- 
fessions or  Businesses  by  a  thoroughly  competent  and  experienced 
SURVEYOR.  Terms  strictly  moderate, — Address,  Surveyor,  Mr. 
Hersee.  123,  Chancery-lane.  E.C. 
RUPERINTENDENT  OF  WORKS.  HIGHWAYS.  STOCKPORT. 

THE  LOCAL  BOARD  of  STOCKPORT 
has  determined  to  APPOINT  a  person  to  SUPERINTEND  tlie 
OUTDOOR  WORKS  of  the  HIGHWAYS.  Salary,  £l(.iO  a  year. 
Applications  to  be  sent  to  my  ofSce  on  or  before  noon  of  June  17  inst. 
No  person  need  apply  unless  be  is  perfectly  efficient,  and  has  a  prac- 
tical knowledge  of  paWug  and  flagging. 

HENRY  COPPOCK,  Clerk  to  tho  Local  Board. 
Stockport,  June  6. 1667. 


TRON     HOUSE.— WANTED    to    PUR- 

\  CHASE,  a  Second-hand  Corrugated  Galvanised  IRON  HOUSE, 
suitable  for  a  chapel  or  dining  room,  about  4Jft.  by  20ft.,  and  about 
lUft  high  to  the  spring  of  the  roof  —Address,  atating  particulars, 
condition,  aud  price  delivered  free  at  Taunton,  to  Mr.  Thomas  Meyler. 
solicitor,  Taunton. 


MATHEMATICAL  INSTRUMENTS,  ol 
the  first  quality,  at  moderate  prices,  with  many  important 
Improvements.  Illustrated  catalogues  sent  poet  free.  W.  F. 
STANLEY,  Mathematical  Instrument  Maker  to  the  Government, 
3  and  5.  Great  Turnstile.  Holboni.  W.  C.  Stanley's  Treatise  on  Mathe- 
matical Drawing  Instruments,  post  free,  5a. 


Day  and  Gas  Light  Rc8fctor  lanafacfurer 

mHOMAS  FOX,  9..  HATTON  GARDEN 

I  (E.C.)  .    . 

These    Eeflectors  never    tamisli.    require    no  el<«n'°8.    "" 
the  most  effeetlve  and  durable  ret  presented  to  the  P"JJ^ 
N.B.— The  UBU»1  Disoount  to  Builders  and  the  Trulo. 


TO   INVENTORS  AND  PATENTEES. 


BUILDING  LAND  to  be  LET  on  LEASE, 
Facing  the  New  Finsbiiry  Park.— Apply  X.Oldis,  Homsey  Wood 
Tavern.  N. 


CRYSTAL  PALACE.  —  FIRST-CLASS 
BUILDING  LAND  to  be  LET  in  immediate  proximity  to  the 
Palace,  on  advantageous  terms.  For  paii.icidars  apply  to  Mr.  Hart, 
Accountant's  Office.  Ciystal  Palace  ;  or  to  R.  R.  Banks,  Esq.,  1,  West- 
minster Chambers,  Victoria-street,  Westminster. 


¥ 


REEHOLD    BUILDING   LAND    to  he 

SOLD  or  LET.  in  lli-st-class  positions,  at  Foresi-hill,  Dulwlch, 
Nunhead  Crystal  Palace,  and  Bromley.  Advances  made  to  respect- 
able builders. — Apply  personally  to  Mr.  A.  G.  Hennell,  architect  aud 
surveyor,  22,  Southampton-buildings,  Chancery- lane. 


NORWICH  UNION   FIRE   OFFICE.— 
The  full  benefit  of  the  REDUCTION  of  DUTY  to  Is.  td.  per 
cent,  is  given  to  insurers  effectiog  policies  with  this  Company. 

By  this  reduction  and  the  BONUS  SYSTEM  of  the  Nonvich  Union, 
the  cost  of  Insuiance  is  reduced  to  a  minimum  amount. 

Examples  of  Premiums  Reduced  by  Bonus. 


Sum  Insured.  Annual     Premium, 


411 .411 
480,156 
434,173 
506,975 


92,540 
12.000 
6.800 
B.OOO 


£     s.    c 
222    4 
61    0 
35  14 
7  10 


Reduced  Premium 
now   jiayable. 


120  19 
i6  0 
19  lt> 


The  Rates  of  Premum  are  iu  no  case  higher  than  those  charged  by 
the  other  principal  offices  giving  no  bonus  to  their  insurers. 

The  duty  paid  to  Govei-nment  for  tha  year  1863  was  £84.162  lis.  9d. ; 
th9  amount  insured  on  Farming  Stock  was  £10.203,272. 

For  proapecluaes  apply  to  the  Society's  Offices,  60,  Fleet-etreet, 
E.C.  ;  and  Snrrey-street,  Nor^rich. 


MESSRS. 

ROBERTSON,  BROOMAN,  AND  CO 

CIVIL  ENGINEERS 
AND    PATENT    AGENTS, 

(Established  1S23). 

166,  FLEET  STREET,    LONDON 

nSDEET.iKE     TO    OBTAIS     PATENTS    FOB     INTESTIO 

PROVISIONAL  PROTECTIONS 

APPLIED  FOR. 

Specifications  Drawn  and  Revised. 

DISCLAIMSRS  AND  MEMORANVUilS  OF  AITES 
TJOHS  PREPARED  AND  FiLED. 

ADVICES     ON   CASES   SUBMITTED, 
OPINIONS  AS  TO  INFRINGEMENTS,  &c.,  * 

OPPOSITIONS  CONDUCTED. 

Messrs.  Robertson,  Brooman,  and  Co 
Undertake  (upon  Commission)  Ordei 
for  all  Engineering  Constructions,  Ba: 
ways,  Locomotive,  and  otlier  Stea: 
Engines,  &c.,  &c. 


June  21,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


419 


TPIE   BUILDING  NEWS. 


LONDON,  FBIDAT,  JVNE  21,  1S67. 


THE  PAWS   EXHIBITION. 

Architecture. — Fourth  Notice. 

WE  resume  our  notice  of  the  architectural 
drawings  exhibited  in  the  Paris  Exlii- 
bition  by  an  examination  of  the  works  of  the 
architects   of    Switzerland,    a    country,   or 
rather  a  bundle  of  countries,  of  sucli  ditferent 
character,  feeling,  and  habits  that  we  cannot 
expect  to  find  in  them  any  imity  of  expression 
in  art.     Geneva,   Zurich,  St.  Gall,   Dresden, 
and   Paris  all    contribute    to  make   up   the 
exhibition  of  what  is   called  the  Swiss  Con- 
federation.    By  far  the  most  representative 
of  what  is  generally  conceived  to  be  Swiss 
architecture  are  the  designs  of  M.  Grindroz, 
of  Geneva,   for  various  chalets,  chiefly  exhi- 
bited by     photographs     from   the    buildings 
themselves ;    they  are  all    picturesque,   and 
show  great  knowledge  of  the  legitimate  use  of 
timber  in  construction  ;  and,  however  varied 
may  be  the   style   M.    Grindroz  adopts,   he 
always  adheres  to  a  truthful  expression  of  the 
material  used,  and  has  no  intention  of  making 
us  beUeve  that  weather-boarding  is  rusticated 
masonry,  or  that   his   balustrades  are   stone. 
His  chalet  for  Prince  d'Essling,   at  Bellerica, 
and  that  for  Coimt  Walewski,  in  the  Savoy, 
are  excellent  illustrations  of  this  truthfulness 
in  opposite  styles,  and  both  are  pleasing  ;  the 
lower  portion  of  these   buildings  is  in   both 
cases  of  masonry,  and  the  upper  part,  with  its 
large   balconies    and  wide  projecting   eaves, 
is  excellently  well  managed.     Of  a  kindred 
nature  are   M.   Gladbach's  plates  of    timber 
construction   in    Switzerland  ;   they   show  a 
true   and   thorough   knowledge  of  carpentry, 
aud  a  great  power  of  obtaining  effective  orna- 
mentation by  simple  means.     We  earnestly 
recommend  all  our  colonial  architects  who 
may  %'isit  Paris  to  well  and  carefully  study 
the  works  of  these  two  architects,  where  they 
wUl  find  much  to  remember  and  treasare  up 
for  future  use  on  their  return  to  those  coun- 
tries  where  timber  is  plentiful  and  labour 
scarce.     Following  in  the  same  style,  but  at  a 
considerable   distance,  ate   the  designs  by  M. 
Kumkler,  of  St.  Gall,  for  various  houses  of  a 
chalet  character  ;   his  drawings   of  Wartegg, 
the  residence  of  the  Duchess  of  Parma,  and  of 
Wamertshafen,  are  interesting,  but  his  eccle- 
siastical attempts  are  very  poor.     M.  Stadler, 
of  Zurich,  sends  a  design  for  his  Drikonigs- 
kirch,  at  Sachsonhausen,  which  is  a  very  poor 
Tendering  of  the  worst  style  of  bad  German 
work  ;  nor  is  his  competition  design  for  the 
Cathedral  at    Lille  any   better  ;    and    it    is 
gratifying  to  us  to  call  to  remembrance  the 
excellent  designs  our  oivn  coimtry  produces 
for  this  budding.      M.  Bachofen,  of  Geneva, 
contributes  a  small  photograph  of  his  syna- 
gogue in  that  town,  which  is  a  simple  Eastern 
mosque,  without  a  minaret ;  and  it  is  curious 
to  remark  in  this  as  in  those  Austrian  edifices 
for    the    same  purpose,  hosv    Judaism  runs 
to  Mahomet  for  its   architectural  inspiration 
in  Europe,  and  avoids  all  contact  with  Chris- 
tian traditions  or  Pagan  exemplars.     In  Eng- 
land a  contrary  tendency  manifests  itself,  and 
Renaissance  Italian  seems  to  be  the  prevalent 
style.      Professor    Semper     disappoints     us 
greatly ;  from  so   learned   an  author  and  so 
prolific  a  theorist    we    had  hoped  to  have 
learned  something  new,  but  regret  to  find  he 
gives  us    only   commonplace    renderings    of 
ordinary  materials.     His  design  for  a  theatre 
at  Rio  Janeiro  is  a  very  poor  medley  of  Doric 
colonnades— indeed,   colonnades   of   aU  sorts 
and  sizes,  which  break   out  virulently  every- 
where, and  are  interrupted  in  their  course  by 
Renaissance  pavilions    and  crowned  ivith  a 
neavy  pile  of  building  in  the  centre,  reducing 
them  to  insignificance  by  its  ponderous  and 
massive  character.    Nor  is  his  interior   any 


better  ;  there  is  not  a  single  new  thought  in 
the  whole  of  it — the  same  regulation  box 
fronts  and  proscenium,  and  the  ortUnary 
commonplace  arrangements  everywhere.  His 
Festbau,  or  siunmer  theatre  at  Munich,  is 
somewhat  better,  but  still  very  ordinary  ;  and 
we  may  here  remark  that  the  only  new  idea 
for  a  theatre  we  have  seen  in  the  whole  range 
of  the  many  designs  for  this  class  of  buildings 
comes  not  from  an  architect  but  from  a  musi- 
cal instrument  maker,  and  will  be  foimd  in 
the  musical  instrument  stall  of  M.  Saxe,  in 
the  French  department.  It  is  a  buihling  the 
transverse  section  of  which  is  a  perfect  circle, 
ami  the  ujiper  boxes  and  gallery — at  least 
where  a  gallery  ordinarily  is — project  over  the 
lower  boxes  instead  of  receding  from  their 
line  of  front ;  its  longitudinal  section  is  that 
of  an  exceedingly  ovoid  ellipse,  having  its 
longer  axis  incUued  at  an  angle  to  the  stage, 
and  is  \uidoubtedly  based  on  very  sound 
acoustic  principles.  This  design,  tliough  very 
poorly  represented,  is  well  worthy  of  the  at- 
tention of  architects,  and  in  the  hands  of  an 
artist  might  be  well  developed.  We  rejoice  to 
see  the  essays  of  those  well  versed  in  acoustic 
construction  placed  before  us,  and  recommend 
M.  Saxe's  design  to  the  earnest  study  of  the 
profession — of  course,  architecturally,  it  is 
very  poor,  but  the  idea  set  forth  is  excellent, 
and  only  wants  able  translation.  M.  Jager, 
who  resides  in  Paris,  sends  a  very  clever 
drawing  of  his  design  for  the  annexe  to  con- 
tain the  other  contributions  of  Switzerland 
to  the  exposition  of  its  fine  arts,  and  his 
design  for  the  screen  dividing  her  industrial 
products  from  those  of  other  nations  in  the 
building,  but  to  these  we  shall  re\  ert  when 
examining  them  in  actual  execution.  We 
conclude  our  notice  of  the  architectural  pro- 
ductions of  the  Swiss  Confederation  with  JI. 
Dorrer's  clever  design  for  a  fountain  com- 
memorative of  the  independence  of  his 
coimtry.  The  three  liberators  are  admirably 
grouped  at  the  top,  in  the  act  of  taking  their 
oath — a  very  difficult  subject  most  artistically 
treated. 

The  architectural  works  from   Spain  are 
neither  numerous  nor  good,  yet  there  is  in  some 
of  them  a  lesson  or  two  to  be  learned,  and  they 
are  interesting  in  a  comparative  \iew,  as  illus- 
trating her  art  position  in  contemporary  his- 
tory.    Decidedly  the  best  of  her  contributions 
is  that  of  M.  Cubas,  for  a  maternity  or  lying- 
in  hospital,  which  has  a  very  well-considered 
plan  well  worthy  of   study  ;    his    elevations 
exhibit  neither  want  nor  waste  of  architectui-e, 
but  are   simple  and  refined,  and  the  arrange- 
ment of  his  chapel,  with  its  galleries  screened 
oft',    is    very   good.      M.    Cubas    has    con- 
sidered his  subject  with  exemplary  care;  his 
arrangements  for  the  transmission  of  patients 
from  one   part  of  the  building  to  another  by 
means  of  tramways  are  excellent,  and  there  is 
much  to  be  learned  in  what  may  be  termed 
siu'gical  engineering  from  his  design.     Hung 
out  in  the  central  promenade,  are  two  designs 
for    churches,   which,    though   coming   from 
widely  difi'erent    regions,   present   a  notable 
similarity.     The  first  of  these  is  a  design  for  a 
parish  church,  by  M.  Ozorio,  of  Cuba  ;  the 
other  is   for  a  like  edifice,  by   M.    Ortiz  de 
Vdlajos,  of  Madrid.     Both  of  these  partake 
of  a  Romanesque   character,  are  transeptal  in 
plan,   and  are   good  ;    the  dome  of  the  latter 
and  the   external  ambidatories  of  the  former 
being  particularly  worthy  of  notice,   and  if 
these  two  widely  separated  artists  are  repre- 
sentatives of  any  school  of  art  in  Spain,  there 
is  much  more  to   be  hoped    for   from    that 
country  than  we  had   anticipated  ;    indeed, 
the  revelation  afforded  by  this  Exhibition  of 
the   state  of  the  arts  generally  in  Spain  is  a 
pleasing  surprise  to  us,  as  we  had  thought  them 
defunct  in  that  country.     M.  Monlion  sends  a 
design  for  a  building  which,  from  its  unusual 
character,  vnW  attract  some  attention ;  it  is  an 
amphitheatre   for   buUfights,  but  beyond  the, 
to  us,  singularity  of  its  purpose,  is  not  note- 
worthy.    M.  Zaricabal's  design  for  a  hospital 
is   of  no  great  merit ;  and  M.  Ruis  de  Salas' 
design  for  an  exhibition  building  for  Spanish 


America  is  chiefly  remarkable  for  its  unfitness 
for  its  purpose. 

I'Voni  PoKTuaAL  we  have  but  two  designs — 
one  for  a  monument  to  commemorate  her 
conquests,  represented  by  a  very  well  exe- 
cuted model  by  M.  P;iscea,  which  is  very 
near  being  good ;  indeed,  if  its  various  parts 
were  united  to  its  central  composition,  it 
would  be  very  good.  But  the  sculpture 
surrounding  the  base  is  detached  from  the 
main  form,  and  the  residt  is  confusion  of  out- 
line instead  of  mass.  The  other  contribution  is 
that  of  M.  da  Silva,  who  deserves  the  con- 
sideration of  all  the  profession,  having  been 
the  founder  of  the  Archajological  Museum 
aud  the  Society  of  Architects  at  Lisbon.  We 
wish  we  could  have  seen  some  more  practical 
result  of  his  labours  here,  for  his  sole  contri- 
bution is  a  project  for  the  restoration  of  the 
Church  of  Belem,  at  Lisbon.  This  is  a  singu- 
lar specimen  of  what  is  known  in  Portugal  as 
the  Einmanuelian  style,  and  was  built  about 
the  year  1500,  from  the  designs  of  Boutaca, 
an  Italian  architect,  to  commemorate  the 
return  of  Vasco  di  Gama,  and  his  opening  out 
the  sea  way  to  India,  aud  when  it  was  little 
thought  that  the  world  would  move  so  far 
round  that  people  woidd  revert  to  the  ancient 
overland  route  again.  It  is  an  extraordinary, 
over-enriched  budding,  laden  with  eccentric 
detail,  and  is  perfectly  barbaric  in  its  love  of 
finery  and  tinsel,  and,  clever  as  M.  da  Silva's 
restoration  may  be,  and  however  beautifully 
executed  his  model,  we  cannot  but  regret  that 
the  same  intelligence  should  not  have  been 
employed  in  a  more  worthy  way. 

Greece  gives  us  but  sufficient  to  make  us 
sensible  of  how  little  of  her  ancient  glory 
remains  to  her,  and  is  represented  only  by  a 
burlesque  upon  her  past  traditions  in  the  way 
of  a  quasi-Doric  palace  of  justice,  by  M. 
Katzaros,  wluch  is  very  wretched.  In  the 
catalogue  is  mentioned  a  Byzantine  church  by 
M.  Prinopoido,  which  we  regret  not  being  able 
to  find  in  the  building. 

From  Russia  we  have  a  few  drawings, 
small  in  nmuber  but  very  excellent,  and 
foremost  amongst  them  as  drawings  are  those 
setting  forth  the  restoration  of  the  Tower  of 
the  Infanta,  at  the  Alahambra,  by  MM. 
Kohlman  and  Kahau,  which  are  undoubtedly 
the  very  best  architectural  drawings  in  the 
whole  Exhibition,  and  in  point  of  "get  up"  are 
marvellous.  Artists  may  learn  much  from 
the  exquisite  way  in  which  the  highly  coloured 
decoration  of  this  world-famed  little  building 
is  represented  in  shade,  and  the  whole  series, 
which  belongs  to  the  Museum  of  the  Academy 
of  Fine  Arts,  at  St.  Petersburg,  is  well  worthy 
of  study.  M.  Bohustedt  gives  a  plan  of  the 
Narischkine  Palace,  at  St.  Petersburg,  aud  a 
large  number  of  most  beautifully  drawn  in- 
teriors, each  profusely  decorated,  in  every 
possible  variety  of  style,  to  such  an  exag- 
gerated pitch,  that  we  find  the  Tartar  without 
the  preliminary  process  of  scratching  the 
Russian.  One-half  the  labour  and  money 
well  bestowed  would  have  produced  twice  as 
much  ;  as  it  is,  vidgar  gaudiness  is  the  sole 
residt.  M.  Resanoft'  seems  to  be  an  able  archi- 
tect, and  to  study  the  national  style  of  his 
country  advantageously  ;  his  buildings  have 
a  national  character,  and  having  such,  are 
remarkably  interesting.  His  Church  of  St. 
Parskrovci,  at  Wilna,  is  an  interesting  Uttle 
building — at  least,  if  we  may  judge  from  the 
quaint  low  bell-tower,  rising  only  a  few  yards 
from  the  ground,  and  its  principal  doorway. 
Unfortimately,  his  kremliu-like  cathedral  is 
hung  too  high  to  be  distinguishable,  but  seems 
to  be  a  careful  study  in  an  almost  imknown 
art-language  ;  and  his  small  Chapel  of  St. 
Nicholas,  at  Wilna,  is  very  singular.  The 
Greek  cross-formed  plan,  and  the  dome  at  the 
crossing  which  forms  the  nucleus  of  all  this 
class  of  buildings,  is  very  favourable  to  sim- 
plicity of  outline,  and  consequently  grandeur 
of  effect,  and  the  contributions  of  Russia  are 
exceedingly  interesting.  It  is,  however,  to 
be  regretted  that  they  are  not  described  in 
French,  or  some  civilised  tongue.  Stumbling 
amongst  Russian  characters  is  very  hard  work 


420 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


June  21,  1867. 


to  the  iminitiated,  and  if  we  have  made  any 
error  in  the  names  we  must  attribute  it  to  this 
cause,  a  knowledge  of  Russian  not  forming  a 
part  of  our  education. 

From  Italy  we  have  many  drawings  of  very 
different  degrees  of  excellence.  Amongst  the 
most  striking  of  these  is  a  very  able  and 
well-represented  design,  by  M.  Balatri,  for  a 
monument  to  Pietro  Perugino,  in  the  style  of 
Sta.  Maria  del  Fiore  at  Florence,  full  of  inlaid 
detail  and  of  excellent  character.  Equally 
fine  as  drawings  are  M.  Lombardi's  illustra- 
tions of  the  Baldichino  in  Orsau  Michale,  and 
the  northern  side  door  to  the  Cathedral  at 
Florence.  As  illustrations  of  this  very 
beautiful  phase  of  architectural  art  they  are 
exquisite — indeed,  almost  equal  to  going  to  see 
the  originals.  We  have  iu  our  notice  of  the 
drawings  sent  by  Austria  referred  to  M. 
Hasenauer's  design  for  the  western  front  of 
the  Cathedral  at  Florence.  In  the  Italian 
court  are  the  designs  of  two  Italian  architects 
for  the  same,  and  it  is  interesting  to  study  the 
variations  thus  presented  to  us.  M.  Calderini 
gives  us  two  designs,  neither  of  which  is 
nearly  so  good,  and  M.  Ceppi  contributes  one 
which  is  very  nearly  equal  to  M.  Hasenauer's; 
indeed,  the  latter  is  in  some  points  better.  M. 
Ceppi  boldly  follows  the  line  of  the  roof  of 
the  aisles,  and  iu  some  minor  details  he  is,  as 
might  be  expected,  more  Italian  than  M. 
Hasenauer,  but  his  general  conception  is  not 
so  grand,  and  we  must  still  accord  the  laurel 
to  the  Tedesco  testa,  ungracious  as  it  must 
seem  to  Italy  so  to  do.  M.  Ceppi  gives  us  also 
a  design  for  the  monument  to  Count  Cavour, 
which  is  much  too  enriched  to  accord  with  the 
simple  dignity  of  that  great  regenerator  of 
modern  Italy ;  nor  does  the  modern  costume 
of  the  Count  agree  well  with  the  classic  vest- 
ments and  the  allegorical  figures  at  the  base  of 
his  monument.  A  stout  gentleman  in  a  i'rock 
coat,  perched  upon  a  pillar,  with  daylight 
visible  between  his  legs,  is  a  trying  attitude 
for  any  man,  and  Count  Cavour  does  not  seem 
happy  under  the  circumstances.  A  sedant 
figure  would  have  been  much  more  becoming, 
and  would  not  have  made  the  contrast  of  cos- 
tume so  gi-eat.  M.  Mengoni  sends  a  very  spirited 
and  able  drawing  of  the  Galleria  Vittorio 
Emmanuale  at  Milan,  which  is  unfortunately 
too  overdecorated  to  be  thoroughly  good,  but 
which  will,  nevertheless,  repay  the  trouble 
entailed  by  hunting  it  out  from  under  the 
gallery  of  the  machinery  court  of  Italy,  where, 
by  that  wonderful  systematisation  we  have 
heard  so  much  of,  but  seen  so  little,  it  will  be 
found  in  company  with  a  very  well  designed, 
but  to  English  eyes,  very  singularly  arranged, 
cemetery  for  Milan,  by  M.  CasteUi,  of  Naples  ; 
and  a  carefully  considered  theatre  by  M.  Dan- 
liaui,  of  Palermo.  M.  Solari  also  here  ex- 
hibits a  very  weak  attempt  at  a  Gothic  church, 
which  is  almost  infantine,  andhere,  too,  will  be 
found  a  photogra]ih  of  M.  Cavallari's  restora- 
tion of  the  Church  of  Randazzo,  in  Sicily,  and 
a  very  good  restoration  it  is,  thoroughly 
Sicilian  in  its  quaint  mixture  of  Norman  and 
Saracenic  art,  and  a  very  pleasing  illustration 
of  it.  M.  Cavallari  deserves  good  treatment 
from  all  architects,  for  he  readily  entertained 
■with  such  all  who  ever  visited  Palermo  some 
years  ago,  and  we  hope  that  the  recent  changes 
in  the  state  of  Italy  have  induced  his  return 
from  his  sojourn  in  the  New  World  to  the  is- 
land he  loved  so  well  and  knew  so  thoroughly. 
Whilst  in  this  portion  of  the  building  we 
would  especially  call  the  attention  of  young 
students  to  the  models  of  various  forms  of 
vaulting  and  groining  executed  by  the  pupils 
of  the  School  of  Applied  Art  and  Engineering 
at  Turin  ;  they  are  a  very  interesting  and 
useful  series,  and  we  should  be  glad  to  see 
similar  studies  prosecuted  iu  England. 

The  Ottoman  Empire  contributes  a  few 
drawings  so  evidently  the  work  of  Italian  or 
French  architects  as  to  have  no  national  ex- 
pression, and  this  completes  the  Exhibition  of 
Architectural  Drawings,  excepting  those  sent 
by  ourselves.  We  regret  that  the  United 
States  have  not  sent  any  illustration  of  the 
condition  of  architecture  in  their  country,  nor 


is  there  any  record  of  the  many  buildings 
erecting  in  Brazil  or  Montevideo  ;  indeed,  the 
whole  continent  of  America  is,  so  far  as  archi- 
tecture is  concerned,  entirely  unrepresented. 
The  architects  of  England  have  very  great 
reason  to  complain  of  the  treatment  they  have 
received  atthe  hands  of  the  British  Executive 
in  Paris.  Whilst  other  countries  have,  as  a 
rule,  associated  architecture  mth  her  sister 
arts,  England  turns  her  out  to  find  refuge 
amongst  manufactures  in  terra-cotta  or 
wiought  iron,  and  has  pushed  her  into  any  hole 
and  corner  where  nothing  else  would  fit,  and  for 
which  no  one  else  would  pay.  "Only  South 
Kensington  and  South  Kensington  alone  !  '' 
seems  to  have  been  the  war  cry  with  which, 
under  the  black  banner  of  Cole,  C.B.,  our 
enemies  have  marched  down  upon  us  and 
swept  us  from  the  field — for  almost  the  only 
visible  representation  of  English  architecture 
is  a  huge  plaster  model  of  that  last  new  folly, 
the  first  stone  of  wliich  was  laid  the  other  day 
— ^the  Hall  of  Arts  and  Sciences.  This  occupies 
a  very  prominent  space  at  the  junction  oi  four 
aisles,  and  challenges  the  whole  world  to 
regard  it  as  the  one  exemplar  of  British 
architecture.  Without  much  searching,  the 
others  cannot  be  found,  and  when  found 
cannot  be  seen.  That  we  do  not  without  a 
cause  complain  of  this  treatment  on  the  part 
of  those  who  ought  to  have  looked  after  our 
interest,  at  least  equally  witli  their  own,  is 
proved  by  the  opinion  of  others ;  and  we 
quote  the  review  of  M.  Horreau  in  the 
Journal  ilus  Travanx  Pubb'qiies  in  preference 
to  expressing  any  further  opinion  of  our  own 
on  this  act  of  injustice — -Listen  ! — "Lorsque  a 
priori  nous  parcourions  a  grands  pas  toute 
I'entendue  de  I'Exposition  pour  avoir  (pielque 
idee  de  rimmeusite  de  cette  extraordinaire 
collection  universelle,  nous  avions  bieu  aper^u, 
dans  la  section  Auglaise,  au  milieu  de  pro- 
duits  divers,  quelques  cadres  h,  examiner 
plustard,  et  qui  dans  notre  esprit  appartenaient 
aus  industries  voisines  ;  nous  avons  done  ete 
bien  surpris  quand  nous  avons  du  reconnaitre 
que  c'etait  au  miUeu  d'objets  manufactures 
en  fer  en  bois  en  pierre  factice  qu'il  nous 
fallait  chercher  les  ceuvres  des  architectes 
Anglais.  En  verite,  (juelque  restreint  qu'ait 
utu  I'espace  alfecte  i,  la  section  Anglaise,  quand 
on  voit  la  mangeailleetles  instruments  de  mort 
si  largement  pan  ages,  on  ne  conjoit  pas  que 
I'architecture  Anglaise  soit  enchevetree,  etran- 
glee,  garottee.  [Thank  you  for  that  phrase,  M. 
Horreau.]  Au  milieu  de  pierres  factices  que 
seraient  mieux  au  dehors,  qu'eUe  soit  dans 
des  espaces  si  etroits  (pie  deux  personnes  ne 
peuvent  ensemble  examiner  les  projets,  alors 
surtout  que  la  plupart  de  ces  projets  ne 
figurent  a  I'Exposition  que  par  de  petites  pho- 
tographies occupant  trils-peii  de  place.  Cette 
plainte  est  d'autant  plus  fondee  que  I'oii  voit 
encore  des  espaces  inoccupds  hors  la  grande 
batisse,  et  que  pour  obtenir  plus  de  surface 
pour  leurs  beaux-arts.  L'Autriche  la  Belgique 
et  la  Suisee  out  edifie  des  annexes  speoiales  ei 
leurs  frais  ;  pourtant  les  questions  architec- 
tiirales  qui  s'agitent  en  ce  moment  h  Londres 
sont  de  la  plus  haute  importance  au  point  de 
vue  de  Fart  et  de  la  civilization.''  There! 
We  mightadd  to  all  this  that  our  Government 
has  spent,  through  the  medium  of  that  body 
which  is  supposed  to  protect  and  foster  art, 
some  £120,01)0  sterling,  and  yet  thus  treats 
that  branch  of  it  which  Mr.  Cole  deUghts  to 
snub  in  this  manner.  Of  the  drawings  so  mal- 
treated we  shall  speak  in  our  next,  giving 
rather  the  reviews  of  other  nations  than  oiu 
own,  finding  thus  that  boon  Burns  prayed 
for  : — 

Oh,  wad  some  power  the  giftie  gie  us. 
To  see  oiirsers  as  ithers  see  us. 


PORTLAND   STONE. 

EXPERIENCE  has  proved  that  whatever 
other  stones  may  be,  the  hard,  almost 
unabsorbent,  durable  stone  derived  from  Port- 
land can  be  most  relied  upon.  In  very  few 
oases,  when  well  selected,  does  Portland  stone 
disappoint  us.     It  resists  exposure  to  the  at- 


mosphere admirably,  although  it,  of  course,  is 
sometimes  affected  in  certain  conditions,  and 
occasionally  does  not  show  signs  of  lengthy 
durability,  but  this  is  almost  always  the  re- 
sult of  improper  selection.  This  stone,  as  its 
name  indicates,  is  mainly  obtained  from  the 
peninsula  or  island  of  Portland.  Though  not 
everywhere  alike,  the  series  of  strata  when 
grouped  as  a  whole  affords  a  vertical  section  of 
about  525ft.,  which,  it  has  been  found,  is  thus 
composed:  hard  rocks  of  a  light  colour,  giving 
about  145rt ;  dark  brown  sandy  deposits, 
about  4.5ft.  ;  and  the  Kimmeridge  clay  form- 
ation the  remaining  335ft.  Between  the 
Portland  sand  and  the  stone  itself  there  is  a 
stratum  of  blue  clay,  which  receives  the  sur- 
face drainage,  and  supplies  the  fresh 
water  for  the  island  ;  next  to  which  in  an 
ascending  order  is  a  series  of  solid  beds  of 
stone  interstratified  by  layers  of  chert,  mak- 
ing up  a  total  thickness  of  75ft.*  The  thick- 
ness of  these  layers  varies;  but  all  are  fossil- 
liferous,  and  being  broken  and  shattered  are 
consequently  of  no  marketable  value.  The 
beds  of  stone  are  from  2ft.  to  5ft.  thick,  the 
cherty  beds  varying  from  6in.  to  3ft.  The 
lower  tier  of  the  Portland  stone  follows,  and 
is  locally  known  as  the  "  best "  or  "  base  " 
bed.  It  does  not  contain  the  best  stone,  but 
it  is  the  softest,  and  is  therefore  largely  used. 
It  possesses  the  finest  texture  and  the  most 
uniform  colour  of  any  bed,  and  is  eminently 
suited  for  interior  work.  For  external  pur- 
poses, liowever,  it  is  not  fitted,  being  liable  to 
rapid  decay  when  thus  used.  It  can  be  had 
in  any  reasonable  sized  blocks,  not  more  than 
5ft.  in  one  direction,  since  that  is  the  average 
thickness  of  the  bed.  Mr.  Abel,  F.R.S.,  who 
a  few  years  ago  made  an  examination  into  the 
qualities  of  Portland  stone,  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  Inspector-General  of  Fortifications, 
reported  tjiat  the  main  reason  why  the  "base 
bed  "stone  was  more  generally  uniform  in  struc- 
ture than  the  "whit-bed"  was  inconsequence 
of  the  comparative  freedom  of  the  former 
from  distinct  petrifactions,  which,  though 
they  were  found,  from  experiments  made,  to 
impart  additional  strength  to  the  stone, 
frequently  gave  rise,  by  their  existence,  to 
cavities  of  sometimes  considerable  size.  These 
cavities  not  only  serve  to  weaken  those  parti- 
cular portions  of  the  stone,  but  if  they  exist 
in  proximity  to  exposed  surfaces  of  a  block  of 
stone  they  promote  its  partial  disintegration 
by  the  action  of  frost.  The  whit-bed  is  un- 
doubtedly the  bestbed;  and  the  so-called  "  best 
bed"  is,  therefore,  a  misnomer.  The  first  is  the 
darkest  and  best,  while  the  other  bed  is  the 
lightest  and  worst.  Mr.  Abel  awards  it  the 
palm  for  strength  and  compactness.  There 
are  varieties  of  this  stone,  however,  which 
exhibit  a  greater  degree  of  porosity  than 
others.  It  contains,  unlike  the  "  best  bed," 
a  great  quantity  of  comminuted  shells,  "  the 
fragments  being  just  small  enough  to  impart 
a  light  brown  tint  to  the  stone  without  giv- 
ing it  a  speckled  appearance."  Mr.  Gray 
think;}  that  the  durability  of  this  stone,  as 
compared  to  the  base  bed,  may  be  occasioned 
by  the  quantity  of  crystallised  carbonate  of 
lime  by  which  it  is  impregnated,  derived  from 
the  contained  shells.  The  top  and  bottom  of 
the  bed  are  soft,  but  the  centre  of  the  whit- 
bed  proves  the  best  for  external  purposes. 
This  bed  is  generally  9ft.  high.  "  When  a 
block," says  Mr.  Gray,  "'  the  full  height  of  the 
bed  is  parted  in  the  centre  two  stones  are  pro- 
duced, each  of  which  has  a  hard  and  a  soft 
face,  the  hardest  being  that  part  nearest  the 
parting  joint,  and  the  softest  the  parts  next 
the  top  and  bottom  respectively."  The 
mason,  in  working  the  stone,  in  order  to 
save  labour,  selects  the  softest  part  of  the 
face  ;  and  the  consequence  is  that  there 
is  less  durability  and  uniformity  of  colour 
than  should  be  in  the  stone  used  for  external 
parts  of  a  building.  This  is  especially  the 
case  when  the  stone  is  laid  square  with  the 

*  For  this  and  some  other  iuformation  relative  to  the 
several  beds  developed  in  the  island  we  are  indebted  to 
Gr.^y'3  "Geology  of  the  Isle  of  rorthiud,"  a  beok  "" 
well  known  but  most  useful. 


June  21,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


421 


direction  of  the  bed,  and  not "  on  its  natural 
or  quarry  bed."  It  is,  however,  so  far  as 
Portland  stone  is  concerned,  questionable 
"  whether  any  advantage  -would  be  derived 
from  insisting  on  laying  the  blocks  on  the 
quarry  bed  ;  it  would  require  constant  untir- 
ing supervision  to  seciu-e  the  fulfilment  of 
such  a  condition,  and  very  few,  except  the 
practical  workman,  can  detect  in  some  blocks 
of  Portland  stone  which  way  the  bed  runs, 
iinless  by  the  ditfereuce  in  quality  between 
the  centre  of  the  layer  and  its  top  and  bottom, 
and  when  this  ditference  is  apparent  it  wouhl 
be  indeed  unwise  to  enforce  the  above  rule, 
viz.,  that  every  stone  should  be  laid  on  its 
natural  or  quarry  bed." 

The  Uoack  stone,  which  is  the  most  recent 
formation  of  the  Portland  stone,  is  celebrated 
for  its  unsurpassed  durability.  It  is  invalu- 
able for  external  work,  and  especially  for  sea- 
works.  It  is  light  coloured,  very  hard,  and 
compact,  heavy,  frequently  containing  numer- 
ous shells  and  cavities.  Some,  however,  are 
apparently  free  from  these  cavities.  Care  should 
be  taken  in  its  selection.  Some  inferior  quali- 
ties are  like  the  best  lioach,  yet  the  superior 
description  may  be  readily  distinguished  from 
the  others  by  its  darker  colour.  It  is  also 
more  siliceous  ;  and  we  are  told  that  the  cast 
of  the  Cirithiuni  Portlandicum  is  peculiar  to 
it.  On  an  average  the  bed  is  3ft.  thick. 
Blocks  of  almost  any  lateral  dimensions  may 
be  procured  from  the  quarries.  The  Roach 
■itone,  it  appears,  ^viU  not  cleave  readily  in  the 
tlirection  of  a  plane  parallel  with  the  bed  or 
line  of  deposition ;  and  so  it  is  invariably 
cleaved  in  a  direction  square  with  the  bed. 
The  fracture  is  consequently  uniform  and  re- 
■_;ular,  while  by  splitting  the  stone  witli  the 
Med,  the  fracture  woidd  not  only  be  irregular 
but  wasteful. 

Mr.  Abel  has  recommended  the  following 
^■arieties  of  Portland  stone  for  external  work, 
lid  we  give  them  in  the  order  of  what  he  re- 
_ards  as  their  relative  value  : — 1.  Stone  from 
War  Department  Quarry,  Vern Hill;  V/hitbed, 
-tone.  Admiralty  (Quarry.  2.  Whitbed  stone, 
N'ew  Maggot  Quarry,  Basebed  stone,  Admi- 
ralty Quarry,  which  may  be  considered  quite 
eq^ual  in  quality  to  Whitbed  stone  ;  Whitbed 
stone,  Inniosthay  Quarry,  which  is  particu- 
larly adapted  from  its  texture  and  uniformity 
for  ornamental  work.  3.  Two  varieties  of 
Whitbed  stone  from  Old  Maggot  Quarrj',  one 
of  which  is  superior  to  the  other  in  compact- 
ness although  it  is  less  uniform.  For  internal 
work  he  has  recommended  the  following 
varieties  for  uniformity  and  comparative 
strength,  viz.  : — Basebed  stone,  old  Maggot 
Quarry  ;  Whitbed  stone,  Independent  Quarry; 
Basebed  stone,  Waycroft  Quarry ;  Basebed 
stone,  New  ilaggot  Quarry.  These  results, 
\'-'e  may  add,  were  only  gained  after  long  and 
careful  comparative  inspection,  and  after 
many  experiments  had  been  made  as  to  the 
chemical  composition  of  the  stones,  their 
strength  and  porosity. 

A  curious  fact,  which  is  not  likely  to  be 
known  to  many  of  our  readers,  is  this.    In  the 
Island  of  Portland  there  is  what  is  known  by 
the  residents  and  quarrymen  as  the   "  Great 
Dirt  Bed."     It  consists  of  a   layer   of  black 
mould  from  12in.  to  16in.  thick,  and   accord- 
ing to  Mr.  Gray,  it  contains  silicihed   stumps 
->f  trees  and  remains  of  cycadete,  with  rounded 
■tones  of  the  size  of  an  egg.     "  If  it  is  difficult 
:o  account  for  the  solidity  of  the  Portland  beds 
luperunposed  upon  clay,  it  is  a  matter   of  no 
.ess  surprise  and  difficidty  that  the  fossil  re- 
aaius  of  plants  should  be  converted  into  a  hard 
ihceous  stone,  while  the  soil  upon  which  they 
irew  preserves  its  character  unaltered." 
An  average  specimen  of  Portland  stone  of 
ood  quality  will  weigh  from  1351b.  to  14Slb. 
0  the  cube  foot.    Analysed  it  gives  the  fol- 
owing  results  ; — Silica  1'20,  carbonate  of  lime 
5'16,  carbonate  of  magnesia   1'20,   iron  alu- 
lina  0'50,  water  and   loss  1"94.      It  contains 
lerefore  more  carbonate  of  lime  than  Bath, 
Oleaster,  or  Ketton  oolites.    It  can  support  a 
ressure     of     3,2791b.     without      crusliing. 
jndelet,  in  bis  "  L'art  de  batir  "  (tom.  iii.  p. 


74)  says  that  thepiers  which  support  the  dome 
of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral  sustain  a  pressure 
on  each  superficial  foot  of  39,000lb.  The 
price  per  foot  ordinary  block  is  is.  4d.,  and  it 
is,  therefore,  costlj>  Being  of  a  very  hard  tex- 
ture it  is,  of  course,  more  expensive  to  work. 
In  London,  the  most  notable  building  erected 
of  this  material  is  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  1675- 
1717.  The  .stone  was  obtained  from  the 
Grove  Quarries,  and  it  is  said  that  when  Sir 
Christopher  Wren  Iiad  the  stone  quarried 
he  exposed  it  to  the  weather  on  the  sea-beach 
for  three  years  before  he  suffered  it  to  be  used. 
Tlie  following  buildings  have  been  erected  in 
London  of  Portland  stone.  Our  readers  will 
be  able  to  judge  of  the  effects  of  the  atmo- 
sphere upon  this  building  material  from  the 
list. 
Chancery-lane— Union  Bank  (shafts  rod  granite), 

1S66. 
Chancery-lane  Law  Institution,  1832. 
Clielsca  Hospital  (and  brick),  1682-92. 
Christ's  Hospital,  Newgate-street  (upper  part  of 

Hall),  1825-9 
Clothworkers'  Hall,  Mincing-lano,  1858. 
Coldbath-fieMs  Prison  (the  gate),  1793. 
Custom  House,    1813  17. 
Dyer's  Hall,  College  street,  IS.'JG  7 
Cornhill,  English,  &c.,  Bank,  1857. 
Fleet- street,    Cro\vn   Life   Assurance  Buildings 

(and  other  materials),  1866. 
Fleet-street,  Legal,  &c.,  Assurance  Office,  1S38. 
General  Post  Office,  St.  Mai-tin's-le. Grand  (upper 

p.art),  1823. 9. 
Goldsmiths'  Hall,  Foster-lane,  1829-35. 
Gracechurch. street.  National   Provident  Institu- 
tion, 1862. 
Greenwich  Hospital  (not   east  end.  whicn  it  is  be- 

lieved  is  of  Roche  Abbey  stone)  1664,  1752 
Gresham-street,  Queen's  Insurance  Ofiice,  1852. 
Lincoln's  Inn,  Stone  Buildings,  1756. 
Lombard. street,  London  and  County  Bank   (Jen- 
nings' patent  faced  bricks),  1866. 
Lombard  street,  Pelican  Insur.ince  Office,  1756. 
Lothbury,  London  and  Westminster  Bank  (plinth 

of  Bramley  Hall  stone),  1838. 
Mark-lane    Chambers   (upper  part  Caen  stone), 

1857- 
Monument,  the,  1677. 
Pall.mall,  Reform  Club,  1839. 
Somerset  House,  parts  now  decaying  (also  Pur- 
beck  and  Moor  stone),  1776-92. 
Soutbwark-street,  Messrs.  Tait'smanufactoiy  (also 
red  and  yellow  Mans.field  stone  and  bricks),  1865 
Staple  Inn,  Holborn  (with  brick),  1843. 
St.  Luke's  Vestry  HaU  (and  white  Suffolk  bricks), 

1S65. 
Whitehall,  Montague  House,  1S62. 

The  following  noted  churches  have  also 
been  erected  of  Portland  stone : — 

Bethnal  Green,    St.    M.T,tthow's  Church  (brick), 

1746. 
Broad    Sanctuary,  Westminster,  St.   Margaret's 

Church  (tower  recased).  1735. 
Christ  Church,  Spitalfields.  17239. 
St.    Marylebone  New  Church,  Marylebone  road, 

1813-17. 
St.  Margaret's  Church,   Lothbury  (cleaned   down 

1858),  1690. 
St.    Mary    Woolnoth    Church,   Lombard-street, 

1716-19 
St.  Giles'  Church,  St.  GUes'.in-the-Fields,  1734. 
St.  Paul's  Chm-ch,  Covent  Garden,  1788. 
St.  Ann's  Limehouse    1712-29  (repaired  after  the 

•fire),  1850. 
St.  Pancras  New  Church,  1819-22. 
St.  George  the  Martyr  Church,  Borough,  High. 

street  (brick  dressings),  1736. 


WHY  WE  HAVE  SO  LITTLE  ART  IN  OL'R 
CHURCHES. 

THE  June  number  of  the  Ecclesiolo^iist  contains 
a  paper  with  the  above  title  from  the  pen  of 
Mr.  W.  Burges,  and  which  was  read  by  that  gen- 
tleman before  the  Waynflete  Society.  Mr.  Burges 
seta  out  by  asking  how  it  is  that  so  much  is  spent 
upon  the  outsides  of  our  churches  and  so  little 
upon  the  insides  ?  and  how  it  is  that  one  feels  so 
seldom  inclined  to  ask  for  the  key  of  a  new  church  ? 
"The  truth  is,"  he  answers,  "that  we  know  that 
there  willbevery  little  to  see  in  the  interior  beyond 
some  very  indifl'erent  stained  glass,  but  too  often 
combining  bad  drawing  with  worse  colour ; 
whereas,  in  the  ease  of  an  ancient  church,  espe- 
cially an  unrestored  one,  we  know  we  may  possi- 
bly come  upon  some  effigy  which  may  supply  us 
with  a  missing  link  in  the  history  of  costume  or 
of  art — some  moulding  or  foliage  which  may  help 
us  in  our  architectural  researches,  or  some  piece  of 
stained  glass  whichmay  almost  drive  us  to  despair 


in  attempting  to  discover  why  the  old  work  looks 
like  jewels,  and  why  the  new  work  resembles  a 
bad  kaleidoscope."  With  regard  to  painting  and 
sculpture,  Mr.  Burges  thinks  it  is  undoubtedly  the 
fact  that  the  objections  brought  against  them  by 
the  extreme  Puritan  party  have  had  a  great  deal  to 
do  in  retarding  the  progress  of  these  arts.  The  same 
objections,  however,  do  not  apply  to  stained  glass, 
and  how  is  it,  Mr.  liurges  again  ask.s,  that  though 
the  English  Church  has  been  most  liberal  in  her 
patronage,  yet,  after  thirty  years,  a  really  good 
stained  glass  window  is  the  exception  .'  "  It 
arises,  I  believe,  partly  from  a  want  of  art  educa- 
tion, and  still  more  from  the  nearly  practical  dis- 
use of  our  churches.  As  regards  the  want  of  art 
education  I  should  observe  that  the  evil  is  being 
remedied  from  day  to  day,  but  very  slowly,  and 
as  regards  ecclesiastical  art,  the  remedy  comes 
from  without,  and  not  from  within.  Why  should 
there  not  be  a  professorship  of  the  fine  arts  in  our 
universities,  and  why  should  not  our  clergy  be 
taught  the  dilt'erencc  between  good  aud  bad 
drawing  and  good  and  bad  colour '  Were  this  the 
case  1  imagine  we  should  very  soon  see  an  lesthe- 
tic  reformation  in  our  sacred  building.s,  to  say  no- 
thing of  our  secular  ones,  to  the  great  discomfort 
of  glass  stainers,  who  would  be  obliged  to  employ 
artists,  and  of  architects,  who  would  have  to  draw 
the  figure  sufficiently  to  put  their  ideas  upon 
paper.  It  is  absurd  to  expect  the  architect  of  the 
present  day,  who  is  amply  paid  by  a  small  per- 
centage upon  the  money  expended,  to  be  a  profi- 
cient in  all  the  three  great  arts  of  architecture, 
painting,  and  sculpture  ;  but  it  is  not  too  much 
if  we  expect  him  to  be  able  to  show  us,  ami  show 
the  sculptor  or  painter,  how  such  or  such  a  wall- 
surface  can  be  fiUed  up  most  advantageously,  and 
in  the  manner  most  in  harmony  with  the  sur- 
rounding lines  of  the  architecture." 

Mr.  Burges,  who  is  evidently  strongly  imbued 
with  continental  notions  as  regards  rehgious  wor- 
ship, is  of  opinion  that  Englishmen  are  careless 
about  the  interior  of  their  churches  for  the  reason 
that  they  use  them  only  once  or  twice  a  week  for 
two  or  four  hours.  He  says,  somewhat  vaguely, 
that  "  private  prayer  has  superseded  public 
prayer.  .  .  .  Were  men  to  say  their  prayers  in 
churches  instead  of  by  their  bedside,  we  should 
never  hear  that  the  largest  city  in  the  world  had 
too  many  churches,  or  that  the  city  clergy  had  no- 
thing to  do."  His  argument  is,  that  were  our 
churches  open  to  the  public  all  day  long,  they  (the 
churches)  would  be  "  more  sacred,  and  would 
inevitably  in  course  of  time  become  more  splen- 
did," because  "  the  man  of  business  would  soon 
grow  tired  of  looking  at  bare  walls  and  colourless 
windows,"  and  would  contribute  to  decorate  hia 
place  of  worship — each  after  his  own  fashion. 
One  would  give  a  piece  of  glass,  another  a  marble 
or  a  mosaic,  and  so  on.  Mr.  Burges  seems  to  use 
the  argument  of  public  prayer,  not  from  any  fer- 
vent religious  feeling  in  the  matter,  but  simply 
because  it  would  lead  to  our  churches  being  con- 
stantly open,  and  "  this  would  result  in  an  im- 
provement in  stained  glass."  He  says,  "  Now 
this  would  result  in  an  improvement  in  stained 
glass ;  the  stained  glass  manufacturers  would  have 
to-employ  better  artistic  talent ;  they  would  either 
insist  upon  the  manufacturers  giving  them  the 
right  sort  of  glass,  or,  laying  aside  their  mutual 
jealousy,  they  would  set  to  work  in  the  usual 
nineteenth  century  manner,  and,  forming  a  limited 
liability  company,  manufacture  it  for  themselves. 
For  then  it  would  be  to  their  interest  to  do  so, 
since  their  works  would  always  be  on  exhibition, 
and  always  in  juxtaposition  with  those  of  their 
rivals.  In  fact,  it  would  not  pay  them  to  do  bad 
glass  :  and  whenever  you  can  prove  to  an  Eng- 
hshman  that  a  good  thing  pays  better  than  a 
bad  one,  no  obstacles  will  ever  prevent  him  from 
producing  the  good  one.  Now  all  this  happens 
from  having  the  right  thing  (i.e.,  good  art)  in 
the  right  place  {i.e.,  in  a  place  to  which  the  pub- 
lic have  constant  access).  In  the  present  state  of 
affairs  a  bad  window  is  produced,  and  is  inserted 
in  a  church  where  it  is  seen  only  one  day  of  the 
week,  and  in  company  with  others  just  as  bad. 
I  have  taken  the  case  of  stained  glass  because  the 
employment  of  it  is  far  more  common  than  that  of 
painting  and  sculpture,  but  it  is  obvious  that 
painting  and  sculpture,  under  similar  conditions, 
might  be  expecteil  to  improve  in  like  manner." 

The  notion  of  daily  public  prayer  is  altogether 
foreign  to  English  feeling,  as  well  as  directly 
opposed  to  the  domestic  habits  and  exclusive 
tastes  of  Englishmen.  Mr.  Surges  proceeds 
to  remark  upon  another  kind  of  church 
embellishment.  "  There  is  also  another  employ- 
ment for  painters  which  very  rarely  is  used  at  the 


422 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


June  21,  1867. 


present  day.  lu  the  middle  ages,  what  are  called 
pictures,  as  we  understand  them,  were  compara- 
tively unknown  ;  all  the  small  paintings  that  have 
come  down  to  us  formed  part  of  furniture,  either 
domestic  or  sacred.  It  is  almost  impossible  for  us 
who  have  never  seen  a  perfect  specimen  to  con 
ceive  the  effect  of  a  first-class  piece  of  medijoval 
sacred  furniture,  covered  with  burnished  gilding, 
engraved  and  punched  into  patterns,  enriched 
with  paintings  by  an  arti.st  like  Giotto,  and  glit- 
tering with  mosaics  of  gilt  and  coloured  glass. 
Yet  such  were  at  one  time  the  great  dossel  of 
Westminster  Abbey,  the  sedilia,  such  the  corona- 
tion chair,  of  which  only  sufficient  remains  have 
come  down  to  our  time  to  afford  us  hints  of  what 
their  pristine  glory  must  have  been,  and  such,  I 
may  add,  might  be  our  dossels,  if  we  would  only 
insist  upon  art,  and  give  up  the  prettinesses  of  fluor 
spar  cannon  balls,  inlaid  dots  of  marble,  incised 
stone  (really  only  suitable  for  pavements  or  out- 
side works),  and  other  shams  and  vanities.  Indeed 
it  is  such  shams  and  vanities  that  have  but  too 
often  taken  the  place  of  real  art,  and  it  is  to  them 
that  we  owe  our  slow  progress.  How  often  do 
we  read  of  such  and  such  a  church  being  restored, 
and,  after  mentioning  that  the  plan  is  the  appro- 
priate one  of  the  cross,  and  that  the  columns  have 
their  capitals  carved  into  wheat  ears  and  vine 
leaves  or  passion-flowers,  the  penny-a-liner  pro- 
ceeds to  state  that  Mr.  Blank,  the  decorator,  has 
covered  the  east  end  with  an  appropriate  diaper, 
and  that  round  the  heads  of  the  windows  are  texts 
illuminated  upon  zinc.  It  is,  in  fact,  fuU  time,  if 
we  are  to  make  any  progress,  that  this  foolish  and 
objectionable  practice  should  be  put  a  stop  to. 
Inscriptions  in  letters  that  nobody  can  read  are 
neither  beautiful  nor  ornamental ;  and  very  often 
the  money  spent  on  them  would  have  gone  some 
way  in  procuring  something  much  better.  The 
popularity  of  this  species  of  so-called  decoration  is 
quite  wonderful." 

Coming  to  the  work  of  the  sculptor  we  have 
the  following  : — "  He,  as  well  as  the  modern 
painter,  can  copy  nature,  and  knows  his  anatomy ; 
but  surely  more  than  those  qualifications  is 
required  if  he  has  to  work  for  the  church.  He 
also  must  conventionalise  his  figures  if  he  ever 
expects  them  to  go  well  with  the  architecture. 
I  remember  the  time  when  mediaeval  foliage  was 
supposed  to  be  within  the  reach  of  any  clever 
common  mason,  and  if  he  were  very  intelligent  in- 
deed he  was  promoted  to  do  figures.  This  state 
of  things,  I  am  happy  to  say,  has  passed  away, 
and  a  carver  is  now  brought  up  to  this  business. 
As  to  the  sculptor,  we  are  yet  in  a  transition  state  ; 
we  have  not  been  able  to  secure  the  services  of  the 
first-class  men,  and  those  who  do  the  work  are 
hardly  as  perfect  as  they  should  be,  for  in  many 
cases  they  have  not  been  educated  for  it.  Of 
course  there  are  exceptions,  but  how  often  are  we 
disappointed,  upon  looking  into  groups  of  figures, 
to  find  the  faces  without  the  least  expression,  and 
the  attitudes  without  any  meaning — in  fact,  so 
much  chisel  work  in  stone  or  alabaster,  as  the 
case  may  be.  It  is  here,  in  my  opinion,  the  archi- 
tect should  step  in,  and  in  a  small  sketch  show 
what  he  wants.  Doubtless,  as  the  sculptor's  art 
advances,  this  will  become  more  or  less  unneces- 
sary ;  but  even  then  there  will  always  be  sundry 
lines  which,  in  the  architect's  opinion,  will  conduce 
to  the  well-being  of  his  architecture  better  than 
others. 

Living  under  very  difi'erent  circumstances  from 
those  of  our  forefathers,  it  is  evident,  says  Mr. 
Burges,  that  we  must  set  to  work  to  design  our 
buildings  in  a  different  manner  to  them  : — "  We 
are  richer  than  they  were;  we  demand  larger 
buildings.  We  can  procure  costly  materials, 
which  were  hopeless  for  them  to  procure.  We 
have  immense  mechanical  contrivances  utterly  un- 
known to  them,  and  it,  therefore,  becomes  us  to 
use  all  those  advantages,  and  if  we  did  use  them, 
and  use  them  loyally,  under  our  present  condi- 
tions, we  should  not  be  building  little  copies  of 
thirteenth-century  village  churches  with  Kentish 
rag-rubble  walls  in  the  heart  of  the  nineteenth- 
century  commercial  metropolis.  On  the  contrary, 
we  should  build  thick  and  high  walls,  of  good 
sound  stone  or  brick,  so  thick  that  they  should 
bear  vaultings  or  domes,  and  so  high  that  they 
should  overtop  the  huge  warehouses  which  sur- 
round them.  In  them  we  should  place  great 
columns  and  slabs  of  precious  marbles  brought 
from  afar  and  polished  by  that  real  slave  of  the 
lamp,  the  steam  engine.  The  domes  and  upper 
parts  of  the  walls  would  glow  with  imperishable 
mosaics  from  our  glass-houses,  and  the  same 
source  would  supply  the  gems  for  the  windows. 
The  dossel  would  shine  with  gilded  metal  and 


gems,  and  a  whole  history  would  be  carved  on  the 
stalls.  Now  all  these  things  have  been  done  in 
very  little  bits  here  and  there,  but  they  have 
never  been  collected  together,  and  we  are  there- 
fore deprived  of  seeing  how  very  glorious  is  the 
apparel  of  the  King's  daughter.  Would  not  such 
a  church  be  worth  all  the  notchings  and  cuspings 
and  tracery  and  encaustic  tiles  and  wheat- ears 
and  vine-leaves,  and  illuminated  texts  upon  zinc, 
and,  in  fact,  all  the  man-millinery  which  but  too 
often  has  taken  the  place  of  art  ?  This  is  an  idea 
of  a  town  church ;  the  Uttle  village  church  would 
remain  very  snug  as  it  was  in  the  time  of  our 
ancestors,  only  let  it  have  what  few  stained  glass 
windows  it  may  possess  the  best  of  their  kind,  and 
let  them  be  connected  with  simple  monochrome 
paintings.  The  village  church  is  not  the  place 
for  marble  slabs  or  mosaic  walls,  and  it  strikes  me 
that  the  fashion  of  lining  the  church  with  ala- 
baster, which  was  so  popular  a  few  years  ago,  is 
more  honoured  in  the  breach  than  the  observ- 
ance. 

"  Some  years  ago  I  expressed  an  opinion  that 
the  next  development  of  art  would  be  a  do- 
mestic one,  and  I  am  sorry  to  say  that  I  at 
present  see  no  reason  to  change  my  opinion.  As 
long  as  ecclesiastical  art  is  only  brought  before 
our  eyes  for  a  short  time  for  one  day  in  the  week, 
I  do  not  see  very  well  how  it  can  be  otherwise. 
On  the  contrary,  I  see  in  the  removal  of  the  city 
churches  from  their  proper  sites  where  they  ought 
to  be  in  use  all  day  long  a  most  discouraging 
symptom.  It  looks  as  if,  in  the  opinion  of  the 
heads  of  the  church,  private  devotions  should 
supersede  public,  and  as  if  public  devotion  can 
only  be  carried  on  by  means  of  seats  or  pews, 
reading  the  prayers,  dull  sermons,  and  such  sing- 
ing aa  would  never  be  tolerated  in  a  drawing- 
room  ;  any  innovation  upon  such  time  honoured 
practices  being  stigmatised  as  Popish  or  ritualistic. 
'Celui-ci  tuera  celui-la,'  said  Victor  Hugo,  re- 
ferring to  the  printed  book  and  the  cathedral ; 
the  world  is  stUl  going  on,  and  the  printed  book 
certainly  appears  to  have  the  best  of  it." 


tons  strain 


PLATE   GIRDERS.— No.   4. 

IN  giving  an  example  of  working  out  the  strength 
of  a  plate  girder,  the  simplest  mode  will  be 
to  place  it  before  the  reader  as  taken  from  an 
office  memorandum  book,  which  most  engineers 
keep  by  them  for  any  future  reference.  The  span 
being  given,  and  the  bridge  made  to  carry  a  single 
line  of  rails,  in  the  case  before  us  we  have 

ft.      in. 
Span  or  width  of  opening  27     0 

Depth  of  girders  2     3 

Width  of  tlanges  1     3 

Load  per  foot  nin,  1|  tons  on  each  girder. 
This  load  will  include  the  weight  of  locomotive 
and  the  structure  itself. 

We  must  first  find  the  strain  on  the  centre  of 
the  bottom  flange,  which  is  done  by  the  well-known 
formula 

Total  distributed  load  X  span 
8  times  the  depth  of  girder 
or  in  figures 
33-75  tons  X  27ft.  _  911-2^  =  50-625 

8   X   2-25ft.  18 

at  centre. 

Now,  as  -we  stated  in  the  first  paper,  as  imperfect 
workmanship  was  always  likely  to  occur,  it  was  be.st 
to  keep  the  strain  on  the  iron  at  4  tons  per  square 
inch  of  section,  we  divide  this  central  strain  of 
50-625  tons  X  t,  which  gives  12-656in.  sectional 
area  required  in  bottom  flanges  of  girder. 

We  next  proceed  to  build  up  the  flange  of  plates 
and  L-i™ti  of  suflicieut  thickness  to  give  this  area 
and  find 

Two  flange  plates'lSin.  X  fin.  thick  gives  11  -25 
Two  L-ironsSin.  X  3in.  x  7-16in.  thick 

gives  4-8S 

Gross  sectional  area  in  inches  and  de-  ) 

cimals  of  bottom  flange  )  16-13 

The  sectional  area  of  L-irons  will  be  found  by 
referring  to  the  table  given  in  paper  No.  3.  From 
this  gross  section  of  lO'lSin.  we  must  deduct  the 
area  lost  by  rivet  holes,  which  is  found  as  follows. 
There  are  four  rivet  holes  through  the  flange 
plates  in  transverse  section,  and  also  four  holes 
through  the  L-irons.  Multiply  the  thickness  of 
flanges  by  the  diameter  of  rivets,  and  we  have 
the  area  which  is  lost  by  one  rivet,  which  again 
multiplied  by  thenumber  of  rivets,  4,  gives  the  area 
lost  by  all  rivets  in  the  width  of  flange,  and  the 
same  with  the  |_-iroas,  thus 


Thickness  of  2  plates  is  •75in.  X  ■75in.  diameter 
across   rivet    hole  =  '5625  X  4    holes  =  2-25in. 

Thickness  of  7-16in.  L-iron  Ls-4375in.  X  ■75in. 
diameter  of  rivet  hole  =  -323  X  4  holes  =  I'Slin. 

Summary.  Gross  section  of  flange  plates  and 
L-irons  =  16-13 

Deduct  for4rivet  holes  in  flange  2-25 

Deductfor  4  rivetholeain  L-irons  1-31 


3-56 


Nett  available  section  12-57 

Thus  wesee that  a  section  of  12-656in.  is  required 
in  the  centre  of  the  bottom  flange,  which  is  ten- 
sion, and  we  have  a  nett  section  of  12-27in.  of 
plate  and  L-iron,  which  for  all  practical  purposes 
is  sutiiciently  near. 

The  strain  on  the  flanges  diminishes  from  the 
centre  of  girder  towards  the  ends  and  the  propor- 
tions of  sectional  area  may  be  thus  found.  If 
half  the  girder  be  divided  into  5  equal  parts,  and 
the  area  in  centre  being  1,  the  proportion  of  the 
other  parts  will  be  found  by  multiplying  at  the 
points  of  division  by  the  decimals  here  given 


I 1 1 1 1- 


•36 


-64 


-84 


■96 


From  the  fourth  division  to  end  it  will  be  found 
simplest  to  continue  the  same  strength  of  flange 
plate.  It  might  be  made  less,  but  if  dropped  off 
to  a  less  thickness,  a  cover  plate  will  have  to  be 
used,  and  so  there  would  be  no  saving  of  material 
This  mode  of  constructing  a  bridge  with  the  rails- 
resting  or  bearing  upon  the  transverse  girders  is 
very  commonly  done,  and  is  in  this  case  taken 
from  a  bridge  lately  erected. 


PRIZES    FOR    ART-WORKMEN. 

THE  Council  of  the  Society  of  Arts  oS'er  prizes 
for    art-workmanship,    according     to     the 
following  conditions  ; — 

I.  The  works  to  be  executed  will  be  the  property 
of  the  producers,  but  will  be  retained  for  exhibi- 
tion, in  London  and  elsewhere,  for  such  length  of 
time  as  the  council  m.ay  think  desirable. 

II.  The  exhibitors  are  required  to  state  in  each 
case  the  price  at  which  their  works  may  be  sold, 
or,  if  sold  previously  to  exhibition,  at  what  price 
they  would  be  willing  to  produce  a  copy. 

III.  The  awards  in  each  class  will  be  made,  and 
the  sums  specified  in  each  class  will  be  paid,  pro- 
vided the  works  be  considered  of  sufficient  merit  to 
deserve  the  payment;  and,  further,  in  cases  of 
extraordinary  merit  additional  awards  will  .be 
given,  accompanied  with  the  medal  of  the  society. 

IV.  Before  the  award  of  prizes  is  confirmed,  the 
candidates  must  be  prepared  to  execute  some  piece_ 
of  work  sufficient  to  satisfy  the  council  of  their 
competency. 

V.  Bona  fide  art-workmen  only  can  receive 
prizes. 

VI.  Although  great  care  will  be  taken  of  articles 
sent  for  exhibition,  the  council  will  not  be  respon- 
sible for  any  accident  or  damage  of  any  kind 
occurring  at  any  time. 

VII.  Prices  may  be  attached  to  articles  ex- 
hibited and  sales  made,  and  no  charge  will  be 
made  in  respect  of  any  such  sales. 

VIII.  -All  the  prizes  are  open  to  male  and  female 
competitors,  and  in  addition,  as  regards  painting 
on  porcelain,  cameo-cutting,  engraving  on  g  ass, 
decorative  painting,  and  wall  mosaics,  a  second  set 
of  prizes,  of  the  same  amounts,  will  be  awarded 
among  female  competitors.  If  a  female  desire  to 
compete  in  the  female  class  only,  she  must  declare 
her  intention  accordingly.  The  originals  of  the 
works  prescribed  may  be  seen  at  the  South  Ken- 
sington Museum. 

IX.  Any  producer  -will  be  at  liberty  to  exhibit, 
either  in  his  own  name  or  through  his  workmen, 
any  work  or  works  as  specimens  of  good  workman- 
ship, in  the  various  classes,  provided  that,  the  work 
or  works  be  accompanied  with  a  statement  of  the 
name  or  names  of  the  artisans  who  executed  their 
respective  portions ;  and  if  the  work  or  works  be 
sutiiciently  meritorious,  extra  prizes  will  be  given 
to  the  artisans  who  have  executed  them. 

X.  Artisans  may,  if  they  think  fit,  exhibit  works 
executed  by  them  after  other  designs  than  those 
stated  above,  in  any  of  the  classes.  Such  works 
may  contain  the  whole  or  portions  of  the  pre- 
scribed designs,  and  must  be  of  a  similar  style  a°d 
character.     Competitors  must  specify  the  class  in 


AiSd 


June  21,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


423 


which  they  exhibit.     If  the  works  be  suflSciently 
meritorious  extra  prizes  will  be  awarded. 

XI.  All  articles  for  competition  must  be  sent  in 
to  the  society's  house  on  or  before  Saturday,  the 
21st  of  December,  1867,  and  must  be  delivered 
fr«e  of  all  charges.  Each  work  sent  in  competition 
for  a  prize  must  be  marked  with  the  art  work- 
man's name,  or,  if  preferred,  with  a  cypher  accom- 
panied by  a  sealed  envelope  giving  the  name  and 
address  of  the  art-workman.  With  the  articles, 
a  description  for  insertion  in  the  catalogue  should 
be  sent.  The  works  will  be  exhibited  at  the 
Society's  House,  and  afterwards  at  the  South  Ken- 
sington Museum. 

Casts  may  be  seen  at  the  Society  of  Arts, 
Adelphi,  London,  and  the  Schools  of  Art  at  Edin- 
burgh, Dublin,  Manchester,  Glasgow,  Birmingham, 
and  Hanley  in  the  Potteries. 

Photographs  and  rough  casts  in  metal,  &c.,  may 
be  purchased  at  the  Society  of  Arts,  John  street, 
Adelphi,  at  the  prices  named. 

The  plaster  casts  of  the  examples  in  classes  2 
and  4  (except  bas-relief  4 1)  may  be  obtained  from 
Mr.  Franchi,  15,  Myddeltou-street,  Clerkenwell, 
E.C. ;  the  other  casts  from  Mr.  D.  Brucciani, 
Galleria  delle  Arti,  40,  Kuasell-street,  Covent 
Garden,  W.C. 

%•  The  council  are  happy  to  announce  that 
several  of  the  works  which  received  (irst  prizes  in 
the  competitions  of  1S63,  1S64,  1S65,  1866,  and 
1867  have  been  purchased  by  the  Department  of 
Science  and  Art,  to  be  exhibited  in  the  South 
Kensington  Museum  and  the  Art  Schools  in  the 
United  Kingdom. 

FIRST  DIVISION. 

WOBKS  TO  BE  E.\£CCrED  TROIS  PbESCRIBED  DeSIGXS. 

For  the  successful  rendering  of  the  undermeDtioned  de 
aigna  in  the  variuiis  modes  of  workmanship  according  to 
the  direcLiona  given  in  each  case. 


Class  1— Cakvi.n-g  in  M.v»ble,  Stose,  or  Wood. 

(o.)  The  Human  Figure.— One  prize  of  £15  for  the  best, 
■nd  a  second  prize  of  £7  10s.  for  the  next  best,  work  exe- 
cuted in  marble  or  stone,  after  part  of  a  frieze  of  a  chimney- 
Sace  bj  Donatello,  No.  o,7a5,  in  the  South  Kensmgton 
lueum  ;  or  a  relievo  ui  terra  cotta,  Amorini  supportiug 
U  entablatiu-e :  origiual  in  the  South  KeusLigton  Sliiseom, 
Mo.  11, MO.  Dimensions— two-thirds  the  size  of  the  cast 
(linear).  The  design  may  be  adhered  to  strictly  or  adapted 
to  any  architectaralpurpo.-e.-C'ast,  los.  ;  photograph,  is 

(6.)  Ornameut.— One  prize  of  jtlO  for  the  best,  and  a 
•eoond  prize  of  £5  for  the  next  best  work,  executed  in 
mMble,  stone,  or  wood,  after  a  tirved  chair  back  in  the 
Booth  Kensington  Musetun.  Dimensions  tobet%vo-third3 
ofthe  cast  (liuear)— Cast,  ISs.  ;  photograph,  Is. 

(r.)  Ornament.— One  prize  of  ilO  for  the   best,  and  a 

V  lecond  prize  of  £o  for  the  next  best,   work  executed  in 

■     none,  after  a  Gothic  bracket  in  the  Architectural  Museum 

Dmiensious  the  same  as  the  cast.   In  this  design  the  details 

Til  IV  be  improved   by  the  introduction   of  small  animals, 

i  tLe  human  head  may  be  changed  according  to  the  taste 

■he  art-workman— Cast,  10s.  ;  photo.-raph,  Is. 

, .;.)  -  One  prize  of  £20  for  the  best,  and  a  second  prize  of 
£ui  for  the  nest  best,  work  carved  in  wood,  after  a  panel 
:!i  carved  oak.  Original  in  South  Kensington  Museum, 
-Vo.  i74.     Dimensiona— optional  -  Photograph,  6d. 

{?. )— One  prize  of  £15  for  the  best,  and  a  second  prize  of 
£7  10s.  for  the  next  best,  work  carved  in  wood,  after  the 
entablature  of  a  chimne>-pieoe  carved  in  wood,  in  the  South 
Kensington  Museum,  No.  So,  ISM.  Dimensions— same  size 
uorigiuiiL— Photosraph.  Is. 

{/.)  Ornament.— One  prize  of  £10  for  the  best,  and  a 
Mcond  prize  of  £5  for  the  next  best,  work  caned  in  wood, 
rfter  an  Italian  pictureframe  io  the  possession  of  Henry 
vaughan,  Esq.  Dimensions -optional.  This  design  may 
be  adhered  to  strictly  or  adapted  in  such  manner  as  the 
workman  may  tbink  tit.— Photograph,  -Js, 

fo  )  urnament  carved  aod  gilt  —One  prize  of  £10  for  the 
bo«t,  and  a  second  prize  of  £3  for  the  next  best  work  exe- 
luted  m  wood,  carved  and  gilt,  after  a  console  table  in  the 
south  Kensington  Museum,  No.  6,497,  of  the  period  of 
lottis  X\  I.  The  work  to  be  carved  roughly  in  wood,  then 
lo  be  prepaied  in  the  white  by  a  gilder,  then  cut  up  or 
arved  ui  the  white  by  thecarver,  then  to  be  gilt  in  mat  and 
Jiimished  gold.  As  such  work  may  probably  be  executed  by 
swo  persons,  the  prize  will  be  apportioned  as  the  judges 
aay  determine.— Photograph,  Is. 


Cl..\s3  4 — Carvikg  in-  Ivory. 

(a.)  Human  Figure  in  the  round.— One  prize  of  £li  for 
the  best,  and  a  second  prize  of  £i  0  for  the  next  best,  work 
executed  after  an  ivory  plaque  of  Silenus  and  Amorini,  by 
Flamingo,  No.  1,05D,  in  the  South  Kensington  JIuseum. 
Dimensions— .^in.  greatest  length ;  or  after  a  relievo  in 
inarble,  the  Virgin  .-nil  Child,  No.  4,3.J3  in  the  South  Ken- 
sington Museum.  Dimensions— to  be  reduced  in  height 
by  one-thinl  (linear).- C.-ist  of  the  plaque,  2a.  ;  and  photo- 
graph of  the  \irgin  and  Child,  Is.  each. 

(0.)  Omaraeut— One  prize  of  £7  10s.  for  the  best,  and  a 
second  prize  of  £.5  for  the  next  best,  work  executed  after 
an  ivory  crozier  he.ad,  in  the  South  Kensington  Museum. 
No.  214,1865.  Dimensions- thesapieasthecast.— Cast,  Is. 

Cuss  5— Chusixg  in  Bronze. 

M  The  Human  Figure.— One  prize  of  £10  for  the  beat, 
and  a  second  prize  of  £5  for  the  next  best,  work  executed 
after  a  panel  in  low  relief,  the  Virgin  and  Child,  in  the 
South  Kensington  Museum.  No.  66,  1S66.  A  roughcasting 
in  bronze,  on  which  the  chasing  must  be  executed,  will  be 
supplied  by  the  Society  at  cost  price.- Plaster  cast,  Ss.  6d. 

(6.)  Ornament. — One  prize  of  £10  for  the  best,  and  a 
second  prize  of  i:7  lOs.  for  the  next  best,  work  executed 
after  a  silver  gilt  missal  cover,  in  the  South  Kensington 
Museum,  No.  2,639, — Photograph,  Is. 

Clas3  6,— ErcHixG  ASD  Enoeaving  on  Mctal— Niello 
Work. 
Frizes  of  the  Goldsmiths'  Company. 
Ornament,— One  prize  of  ±10  for  the  best,  and  a  second 
prize   of  £5  for  the  next  best,  work  executed   after  ara- 
besques by  Lucas  Van  Le,vden,  a,d,  152S,  No.  lS.9as  in  the 
Souih  Kensington  Museum.      To  be  engraved     he  height 
of  the  photograph,  and,  if  rouud  a  cup  or  goblet,  repeated 
80  as  to  be  not  less  than  9in.  in  length  when  stretched  out 
Photograph.  6d. 

Clas.?  7— Exasiel  Painting  os  Copper  or  Gold, 
(■>,)  The  Human  Figure,— One  prize  of  £10  for  the  best 
and  a  second  prize  of  £5  for  the  next  best,  work  executed 
after  a  panel  in  low  relief,  the  Virgin  and  Cliild  in  the 
South  Kensington  Museum,  No.  66. 1-6S.  Ground  to  bo  blue 
Dimensions— half  size  of  original.— Photograph  Is  •  cast 
3s.  6d.  '  ' 

(6.)  Omaraent,— One  prize  of  £5  for  the  best,  and  a  second 
prize  of  £3  for  the  next  best,  work  executed  after  the  b.ack 
of  a  plate,  No.  S,42S.  in  the  South  Kensington  Museum, 
Ground  to  be  blue.  Dimensions  -the  same  aa  the  photo- 
graph.—Photograph,  6d. 


^■^- — ^  second  setof  prizesofthosameamountisoffjrcd 
to  female  competitors.    Bee  conditions,  Section  VIII. 

Class  14  -^  Gem  Engraving. 
(".)  Human  Head— One  prize  of  £10  for  the  be«t.  and 
a  second  prize  of  £5  for  the  next  best,  work  executed  after 
a  cameo  portrait  of  Savonarola,  No.  7,541  in  the  South 
Kensington  Museum.  Dimensions- the  same  as  the  cast  — 
Cast,  6d. 

('■)  Full-length  Figiu-e.-Ono  prize  of  £10  for  the  best, 
and  a  second  prize  of  £5  for  the  next  best,  work  executed 
^ter  a  small  Wedgwood  medallion,  No.  5,827  in  the  South 
Kensington  Museum.  Dimensions— the  same  as  the  cast  — 
Cast,  6d. 


Class  15-DiE  Sinking. 
Human  Head.  -  One  prize  of  £10  for  the  best,  and  a 
second  prize  of  £5  for  the  next  best,  work  oieouted  after 
a  Wedgwood  Melallion  in  the  South  Kensin-tjn  Muaoum 
No.  3,470.     Photograph,  r.d. 


Class  16— Glass  Blowing. 
Ornament.— Ono  prize  of  £7  lOs.  for  the  best  and  a 
second  prize  of  £5  for  the  next  best,  work  executed  after 
an  original  m  the  South  Kensington  Museum,  No  6,7S5. 
Dimensions — As  given  in  the  n-ood  engraving.— Photo- 
graph, 6d. 


Class  2— Repousse  Work  in  ant  Metal. 
!in'v'  ^^  Human  Figure  as  a  bas-relief- One  prize  of 
-lOfor  the  be,t.  and  a  .second  prize  of  £5  for  the  next  best 
Writ  executed  after  the  MartelU  bronze  mirror  case.  No. 
■,717,  in  tlie  South  Kensington  Museum— dimensions,  ti|in 
hameter;  or  a  panel  in  low  relief,  the  Virgin  and  Child 
a  South  Kensington  Museum,  No.  (16,  1S66.  Dimensions— 
•ae-third  of  original.— Cast  of  mirror  case,  2s. ;  photograph 
».;  CiSt  of  has  relief,  Ss.  6d. 

(«.)  Ornament —One  prize  of  £5  for  the  best,  and  a 
eoond  prize  of  £3  for  the  next  best,  work  executed  after 
'  *»2za  in  silver,  date  16S3,  the  property  of  Sir  W.  C. 
xpvelyan,  Bart,,  now  in  the  South  Kensington  Museum, 
hmensions— the  same  as  the  model,— Photograph,  Is. 


■LASS  3— Hammered  Work,  in  Iron,  Bras?,  or  Copper. 

Ornament.— One  prize  of  £7  lOs.   for  the  best   and  a 

acondprizeof£3  fur  the  next   best,  work  executed  after 

tnocier    in  wrought  iron,    in  the   South    Keusinnon 

luseum.  No.  9,007.     If  the  woik  is  executed  in  bra^  or 

'PPer,  It  should  be  rendered  subject  to  the  conditions  of 

ISO  metals,  either  as  split  and  riveted  or  partly  beaten 

n  tbe  sheet,  and  the  awards  wiU  be  made  in  view  of 

se  conditions.      The  work  must  not  be  covered  with 

■-our  or  any  coating  which  masks  the  workmanship  — 

aotograph.  Is.  3d,  *^' 


Class  8 — Painting  on  Porcelain. 

(  ■.)  The  Human  Figure.  -  Ono  prize  of  £10  for  the  best, 
and  a  second  prize  of  5  for  the  next  best,  work  executed 
after  a  photograph  of  a  drawin'»  by  Raphael.  No.  20  in  the 
South  Keusingtun  Museum.  Dimensions— the  same  as  the 
photogtapii.  This  work  is  to  be  coloured  according  to  the 
taste  of  the  painter. — Photograph,  9d. 

(•.)  Ornament.— One  prize  of  £5  for  the  best,  and  a 
second  prize  of  £3  for  the  next  best,  work  executed  after 
a  photograph  of  ornament  by  Aldegrever,  No.  2,11s  in  the 
South  Kensington  Museum,  and  coloured,  according  to  the 
ta=te  of  the  painter,  with  a  gold  ground.  Dimensions- 
Double  the  size  of  the  photogiaph  (linear).  —Photograph,  6d 

N.  B.— A  second  set  of  prizes  of  the  same  amount  is  offered 
to  female  competitois.     See  conditions,  Section  VIII, 

Class  9— Decorative  Painting. 

(.1.)  Ornament,— One  pri/e  of  £5,  and  a  second  prize  of 
£3,  for  a  work  e.xecuted  after  a  photograph  of  ornament 
by  Aldegrever,  in  the  South  Kensington  Museum  No 
2,118,     Dimensions — length,  3ft,— Photograph,  Is.      ' 

((;.)  Ornament.- One  prize  of  £6,  and  a  second  prize  of 
£3,  for  a  work  executed  after  a  picture  frame,  in  the  South 
Kensington  Museum,  No,  7,S20.  Dimensions— 5ft.  by 
3ft.  11  Jin,,  outside  measure.  The  works  to  be  executed  on 
canvas,  either  with  or  without  stretchers,  in  cool  colours 
Some  lines  of  the  mouldings  may  be  gilt,— Photograph 
Is.  6d.  ' 

N.B.— A  second  set  of  prizes  ofthe  same  amount  is  offered 
to  female  competitors.    See  conditions.  Section  VIII, 

CL.ISS  10- Inlays  in  Wood  (Marquetry  or  Buhl), 
Ivory,  or  Met.4L. 
Ornament,— One  prize  of  £5  for  the  best,  and  a  second 
prize  of  £3  f.jr  the  next  best,  work  executed  after  a  guitar 
inlaid  with  ivory,  ebony,  and  mother-of-pearl.  The  orna- 
ment to  be  ofthe  same  dimensions  as  the  original  but  may 
be  applied  to  any  object.  No.  9,611  in  the  South  Kensing- 
ton Museum.  —  Photograph,  Od- 

Class  11— Cameo  Cutting, 

{  j,)  Human  Head— One  prize  of  £10  for  the  best,  and  a 
second  prize  of  £5  for  the  next  best,  work  executed  after  a 
bust  of  Clytie  in  the  British  JIuseum.  The  head  only  — 
Cast  of  the  head,  os. 

N.  B.— A  second  set  of  prizes  of  the  same  amount  is  offered 
to  female  competitors.     See  conditions,  Section  VIII. 

Class  12— ENOaAvi.vG  on  Glass. 

Ornament.— One  prize  of  £10  for  the  best,  and  a  second 
prize  of  £3  f  .)r  the  next  best,  work  executed  after  ara- 
besques by  Lucas  Van  Leydeu.  a.d.  152S,  No,  18,96Sinthe 
South  Kensington  Museum.  To  be  engraved  the  height  of 
the  engravinj  ;  and  if  round  a  glass  or  goblet,  repeated  so 
as  not  to  be  less  than  9in.  long  when  stretched  out,— Photo- 
graph, 6d. 

N.  B.  — A  second  set  of  prizes  of  the  same  amount  is  offered 
to  female  competitors.     See  conditions.  Section  VIII. 

Class  13 — Wall  Mosaics. 
Human  Head,— One  prize  of  £10  for  the  best,  and  a  se- 
cond prize  of  £7  10s,  for  the  next  best,  work  executed  after 
a  female  head  (over  the  lame  cripple)  in  the  cartoon  of  the 
"  Beautiful  Gate,"  The  dimensions  of  the  work  should  be 
regulated  by  the  size  of  the  tesserae  proposed  to  be  used, 
which  size  may  be  left  to  the  choice  of  the  artist.  Although 
desirable  it  is  not  necessary  to  execute  the  whole  subject  In 
actual  mosaic.  The  original  is  at  the  South  Kensington 
Museum,  Tesser,^  of  two  sizes  may  be  obtained  from 
Messrs.  Minton,  Stoke-upon-Trent ;  Messrs.  Maw  and  Co., 
Brosely,  Shropshire  ;  Messrs,  Powell  and  Sons,  Temple- 
street,  Wbitefiiars ;  and  Messrs.  Jesse  Rust  and  Co. 
Carlisle-street,  Lambeth. — Photograph,  Is. 


Clas-s  17, — Bookbinding, 
(".)  Bookbinding— One  prize  of  £7  lOs.  for  the  boat,  and 
a  second  prize  of  £5  for  the  next  best,  work  executed  In 
bookbinding,  after  a  specimen  in  the  South  Kensington 
Museum,  No,  16,461),  The  work  to  be  bjund  should  bo 
some  classical  author  of  the  size  given.  Dimensions— Th« 
same  as  the  photogiepk,— Photograph,  Is. 

Class  13. — Emrroiderv. 
Ornament —One  prize  of  £5  for  the  best,  and  a  uoond 
prize  of  £3  for  the  next  best,  work  exeou  ed,  either  after 
two  angels,  in  an  example  in  the  South  Kensington 
Museum,  No.  1,194,  1864,  or  an  Italian  sUk  in  the  South 
Kensmgton  Museum,  No,  7,468.  which  may  lie  adapted  to 
a  screen.  Dimensions— According  to  the  taste  of  the  «m- 
broiderer.— Photograph,  German,  6d.  ;  Italian,  Is. 

Class  19.— Illcmin.itions. 
Ornament. -One  prize  of  £5  for  the  best,  and  a  lecouJ 
prize  of  £3  for  the  next  best,  copv  made  from  an  altar 
card,  attributed  to  Giulio  Clovio.  in  thi-  South  Kensington 
Museum,  No.  2,<)5S,  or  from  a  MS.  boider,  data  1,450,  No. 
3^057,  in  the  South  Kensington  Musium.  Dimensions— 
One-half  larger  than  the  photograph  (linear).— Photo- 
graph, 2s. 


SECOND  DIVISION. 

Class  20. — Wood  Carving. 

(i.)  Human  figure  in  the  round,  in  alto  or  in  bl3-reli«£ 

Animals  or  natural  foliage  may  be  used   as  accessories 

First  prize  of  £25  and  the  Society's  SUver  MedaL     Second 

prize  of  £  1 5.    Third  prize  of  £  10. 

(■'.)  Animal  or  still-life.  Fruit,  flowers,  or  natural 
foliage  may  be  used  as  accessories.  First  prize  of  £10 
Second  prize  of  £7  10s.     Third  prize  of  £6. 

(■.)  Natural  foliage,  fruit,  or  howers,  or  conventional 
ornament,  in  which  grotesque  flgiues  or  animals  may  form 
accessories,  preference  being  given  where  the  work  is  of  an 
appUed  character  for  ordinary  decorative  purposes  as  re- 
presentmg  commercial  value.  First  prize  of  £10  Second 
prize  of  £7  lOs.  Tliird  prize  of  £5. 
By  Order, 

P.  LE  IXEYE  FOSTER,  Secretary. 


PUBLIC  PARKS,  LIVERPOOL. 

IT  appears  from  a  report  of  the  proceedings  of 
the  Liverpool   Town  Council   that   the   Im- 
provement Committee,  while  selecting  the  design 
of  Messrs.  Andre  and  Hornblower  for  the  laying 
outof  Sefton  Park,  as  the  prize  design,  considered 
that  it  did  not  altogether   meet    the  wishes  of 
either  the  committee  or  the  public.     They  accord- 
ingly  consulted  Mr.  Nesfield,  the  well  known  land- 
scape gardener,  who  made  various  suggestions  in 
regard  to  the  plans  which   have  been  adopted  as 
improvements.      The  work  will  now  be  proceeded 
with  at  once.  At  the  same  meeting  the  committee 
recommended  the   adoption   of   the  plans  of  Mr. 
Kemp  for  laying  out  the  Stanley  Park,  subject  to 
the  architectural  portions  of  the  work,  and  also  to 
such  modifleations  in  matters  of  detail  as  might  be 
hereafter  agreed  upju.      A  report  was  read  from 
Mr.   Kemp  in  reference  to  the  plans.     He  stated 
that  with   the  permission   of   the  council  he  pro- 
posed to    call  in  Mr.  Scott,   of    Liverpool,  to  take 
charge  of  the  architectural  portions  of  the  work. 
He  estimated  that  the  expense  of  laying  out  the 
park    would    be  £27,792,   and   of   the    proposed 
architectural   accompaniments    ±'13,0U0;  makiug 
together,  £40,972.     It  appeared  to  him  that  the 
park  ought  to  be  kept  in  sufficiently  good  order 
for  an  annual  outlay  of  £500  ;   and  he  considered 
that  that  might  be   reduced  £100  by  letting  the 
iifty  acres  of  pasture   land.     A  plan  of  the  pro- 
posed park  was  exhibited  in  the  Council  chamuer. 
The    recommendation     was    connrmed    by    the 
Council. 

♦ 

_  The  Imperial  Commission  of  the  Paris  Exhibi- 
tion have  placed  thirty  seats  for  the  ceremonial  of 
the  distribution  of  prizes  by  the  Emperor  on 
July  1 ,  at  the  disposal  of  the  Lord  Mayor  of  London. 


424 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


June  21,  1867. 


PORCH,  WORCESTER  LODGE,  MIDDLETOX  ROAD,  HOLLOWAT  (THREE  VIEWS).-MR,  GEORGE  TRUEFITT,  ARCHITECT. 


PORCH. 

THE  above  illustrations  represent  three  views 
of  a  porch  of  Worcester  Lodge,  Middleton- 
road,  HoUoway,  of  which  Mr.  George  Truefitt  is  the 
architect.  A  front  and  side  elevations,  with  plans 
of  ground  and  first  floor,  are  given  in  "  Villa  and 
Cottage  Architecture,"  published  by  Blackie  and 
Son,  and  noticed  in  the  Building  News  of  the 
17th  May  last.  We  need  scarcely  say  that  the 
porch  possesses  the  qualities  of  elegance  and  sim- 
plicity, and  ia  consequently  %vorthy  of  imitation. 


CHURCH    OP  ST.  JOHN    THE    BAPTIST, 
HARROW-ON- THE-HILL. 

AN  interior  view  and  plan  of  this  church  was 
given  in  the  Bdilding  News  for  Novem- 
ber 16,  1S66,  No.  619.  We  now  give  a  sheet 
of  details,  including  a  small  sketch  of  the  ex- 
tenor,  from  the  north-west,  as  the  church  will 
appear  when  complete.  The  description  accom- 
panyiug  the  previous  illustration  gives  full  parti- 
culars of  arrangement,  materials,  and  cost.  The 
details  will  otherwise  sufficiently  explain  them- 
selves. They  are  of  very  simple  character,  as 
might  be  presumed  from  the  outlay,  viz.,  £1,600 
for  450  sittings  for  adults  on  one  floor,  and 
mcluding  decorations,  gasfittings,  and  heating 
there  being  stepped  lead  flashings  to  all  gables^ 
oak  doors,  wrought  metal  work  to  special  design' 
and  throughout  the  best  workmanship  and  ma- 
terials. The  brick  arches  are  entirely  of  3in., 
44m.,  or  9in.  rings,  ungauged,  and  "only  very 
slightly  axed  for  the  smaller  arches.  Being  thus 
composed  of  single  bricks  in  each  ring,  and  the 
bncks  used  whole  and  undressed,  a  certain  quaint- 
ness  of  eflect,  simplicity  of  construction,  and  the 
utmost  economy  of  cost  are  secured.  The  heat- 
mg  IS  by  Porritt's  ground  stoves.  Messrs.  Dove 
Brothers  were  the  contractors,  and  the  architect 
was  Mr.  Bassett  Keeling. 


these  ramifying  gathering  ducts  fornj  the  scientific 
parallel  and  corollary  of  the  ducts  of  delivery 
which  spread  the  water  at  present  into  every 
house  in  the  metropolis.  These  gathering  grounds 
are  no  mere  matter  of  theory,  as  many  towns  in 
the  North,  besides  Farnham,  have  depended 
upon  the  supply  they  afford.  If  it  is  asked  where 
are  such  gathering  grounds  to  be  found  near 
London,  any  traveller  by  the  South-Western 
Railway  will  answer,  the  long  tract  of  moorland 
which  stretches  north  and  south  from  Bagshot  to 
Haslemere,  and  east  and  west  from  Farnham  to 
Woking,  a  tract  covering  an  area  of  at  present 
nearly  valueless  heath,  of  not  less  than  one 
hundred  square  mUes — a  gathering  ground  suffi- 
cient, with  proper  storage  reservoirs,  to  supply  the 
metropolis  to  the  end  of  time  with  a  water  not 
less  pure  than  that  of  the  celebrated  Bala  Lake, 

!  in  North  Wales.     It  is  well  to   know  that  if  char- 
tered water  companies  fail,  there  is  abundance  of 

I  water   of  a  far  purer  quaUty  than  it  is  possible 

{  for  them  to   supply,  which  only  awaits  the  hand 
of  the  hydraulic  engineer  to  issue  forth  into  our 

J  houses  from  the  apparently  dry  and  thirsty  desert 
at  our  doors. 

Andrew  Wtntee,  M.D. 


PURE  WATER  FOR  LONDON. 

"VTEXT  to  the  granite  rock  reservoir  of  Loch 
J.!  Katrine,  which  suppUes  perhaps  the  purest 
water  in  the  world  to  Glasgow,  the  water  from 
the  gathering  grounds  supplying  the  town  of 
tarnham,  in  Surrey,  is  the  mogt  free  from  any 
kind  of  adulteration.  These  gathering  grounds 
which  he  on  the  hill  side  near  the  town 
are  composed  of  layers  of  siliceous  sand 
covered  with  heath.  These  receive  the  rainfall 
aiid  form,  in  fact,  gigantic  filter  beds,  which  free 
the  comparatively  pure  rain  water  from  any  little 
impurity  it  may  have  contracted.  The  water  is 
gathered  in  ordinary  drain  pipes,  a  few  feet  below 
the  soil,  and  from  these  pipes  it  flows  into  deep 
storage  tanks  which  provide  against  a  season  of 
drought.  These  drainage  pipes  spread  out  in 
every  direction  like  the  roots  of  a  tree,  and  collect 
from   every  particle  of  the  large  area  of  heath  : 


THE  DUTIES  OF  BOROUGH  SURVEYORS. 

A  SPECIAL  meeting  of  the  members  of  the 
Northern  Architectural  Association  was 
convened  at  Newcastle-ou-Tyne  on  the  12th  inst., 
under  the  presidency  of  Mr.  John  Johnstone,  to 
'  consider  the  propriety  of  sending  a  deputation  to 
confer  with  the  committee  of  the  Town  CounoU  re- 
■  specting  borough  surveyors  accepting  private  prac- 
I  tice.  The  honorary  secretary  (Mr.  Thomas  Oliver) 
said  he  had  been  requested  to  convene  the  meeting 
by  a  large  number  of  the  members  of  the  Northern 
Architectural  Association,  in  consequence  of  cer- 
tain reports  which  had  been  circulated  in  the 
town.  A  conversation  ensued,  in  which  the  pre- 
sident, the  honorary  secretary,  Mr.  Thompson,  Mr. 
Gibson  Kate,  and  others  joined.  It  was  generally 
deemed  inexpedient  for  official  persons  to  under- 
take private  practice ;  and  a  committee,  consisting 
of  Mr.  John  Johnstone,  Mr.  A.  M.  Dunn,  Mr. 
Matthew  Thompson,  Mr.  Septimus  Oswald,  and 
Mr.  Thomas  Oliver,  was  appointed  to  wait  on  the 
committee  of  the  Town  Council  of  Newcastle  to 
inquire  into  the  duties  of  corporate  officials,  and  for 
the  purpose  of  presenting  a  memorial  respecting 
the  custom  and  propriety  of  borough  surveyors 
undertaking  such  practice. 


RESTORATIONS    IN    PARIS. 

VISITORS  to  Paris  this  year,  says  the  Journal 
^  of  the  Society  of  Arts,  will  find  several  in- 
teresting buildings  recently  restored  or  now  under 
hand.  The  ancient  priory  of  St.  Martin  des 
Champs,  occupied  liy  the  Conservatoire  des  Arts 
et  Metiers,  has  been  many  years  in  the  hands  of 
the  restorer,  and  is  now  approaching  completion ; 


the  priory  church  has  long  been  occupied  by 
machinery  in  motion,  but  the  apse,  which  is  very 
fine,  has  only  recently  been  restored.  The  out- 
side of  the  church,  like  most  cathedrals  and  other 
ecclesiastical  edifices  on  the  continent,  is  masked 
by  a  row  of  wretched  tenements,  which  are  now 
being  removed.  Visitors  who  are  not  acquainted 
with  Paris  must  not  omit  to  visit  the  ancient 
refectory  of  the  priory,  a  very  remarkable  build- 
ing of  the  thirteenth  century,  attributed  to  Pierre 
de  Montereau,  which  stands  parallel  to,  and  not 
far  from,  the  inner  wall  of  the  church,  and  is  now 
the  libraiy  of  the  Conservatoire ;  it  is  a  curious, 
long,  narrow  structure,  with  a  row  of  columns  up 
the  centre.  The  restorations  of  Notre  Dame  are 
now  entirely  terminated,  with  the  exception  of  a 
portion  of  the  side  chapels  and  some  subsidiary 
work.  The  whole  of  the  main  structure  is 
restored,  and  the  general  effect  is  excellent.  The 
upper  floor  of  the  beautiful  chapdle  of  St.  Louis 
was  completely  restored  and  embellished  some 
years  ago,  and  the  lower  chapel  is  now  in  the 
hands  of  the  restorers,  and  approaches  termina- 
tion. The  city  of  Paris  is  occupied  with  the 
restoration  of  the  Hotel  Carnavalet,  which  is 
destined  to  contain  the  museum  of  the  antiquities 
of  Paris.  The  opening  up  of  new  streets  not  far 
from  the  central  markets  has  laid  bare  one  of  the 
most  remarkable  monuments  in  Paris,  namely,  the 
tower  of  the  ancient  residence  of  the  Dukes  o£ 
Burgundy,  built  by  Jean  Saint  Peur,  which  is 
fortunately  in  an  excellent  state  of  preservation. 
This  will  be  a  remarkable  addition  to  the  archi- 
tectural antiquities  of  Paris,  for  it  has  been  com- 
pletely masked  for  a  long  period  by  houses,  and 
lost  to  all  but  earnest  students ;  it  is  an  admirable  ' 
specimen  of  the  Burgundian  architecture,  which 
is  seen  in  such  grand  forms  at  Dijon,  the  capital 
of  the  once  powerful  Dukes  of  Burgundy.  The 
city  of  Paris  has  also  recently  acquired  the  Hotel 
de  Sens,  occupied  in  the  middle  ages  by  the  Kings 
of  France  and  the  Archbishops  of  Sens,  and  is 
about  to  cause  it  to  be  restored. 


We  have  received  a  long  communication  which 
echoes  the  rather  vulgar  grumble  which  is  heard 
everywhere  just  now.  The  writer  attributes  the 
dullness  of  the  building  trade  in  London,  and 
particularly  in  the  West-end,  to  the  absence  of 
the  Queen.  He  says  noblemen  and  others  will 
not  have  their  houses  "done  up,"  that  house 
decorators  have  but  comparatively  little  to  do  on 
account  of  the  sleepiness  which  has  come  over 
the  aristocracy  by  the  absence  of  the  Queen.  No 
doubt  some  few  West-end  houses  are  suffering 
from  the  cause  specified,  but  the  wealth  of  the 
country  does  not  diminish  because  "  the  Court " 
is  at  Balmoral  instead  of  Buckingham  Palace.  The 
engineering  profession  is  at  the  present  moment 
in  a  very  dull  state,  but  certamly  that  is  not  the 
fault  of  the  Queen.  Is  it  not  rather  the  fault  of 
middle  class  blundering  and  cupidity,  which 
caused  such  an  awful  crash  in  banks,  firms,  railway 
companies,  &c.,  last  year  ? 


;.;ii,   Ns--.    .!-l  =  !JlV. 


I 


FA 


June  21,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


429 


THE  NEW   LAW  COURTS. 

IT  is,  we  suppose,  only  reasonable  that, 
whilst  the  decision  as  to  the  successful 
competitor  in  tliis  matter  is  unknown  and  un- 
recorded, runiour — never  a  very  reliable 
authority — should  circulate  unfounded  reports. 
We  never  e.xpected  that  the  judges  would 
make  their  award  before  the  middle  or  latter 
part  of  July  ne.\t.  Several  papers  have  not 
only  given  the  world  specimens  of  their 
prophetic  ability,  but  given  what  was  sup- 
posed authoritative  information  on  the  matter. 
The  Morning  Advertiser,  nearly  a  month 
since,  said  : — "  We  hear  with  something 
approaching  to  consternation,  that  the  choice 
of  the  judges  will  soon  be  declared,  and  that 
it  ivill  amount  to  a  national  disaster."  As  the 
Advertiser  is  reputed  for  finding  mares'  nests, 
no  one  thought  much  of  tliis  annoimcement ; 
but  when  it  was  repeated,  or  something 
like  it,  by  a  correspondent  in  the  Builder  a 
short  time  afterwards,  many  people  opened 
their  eyes  wider  than  usual.  We  need  scarcely 
say  that  there  is  not  a  word  of  truth  in  these 
reports.  No  decision  has  been  come  to,  and 
at  the  time  we  write  it  woidd  be  difficult  to 
name  what  it  will  be.  There  are  in  tliis,  as 
in  all  important  decisions  of  the  kind,  a 
variety  of  contiicting  influences  and  interests 
at  work.  The  Bar  and  Solicitors'  Committee 
who  have  been  consulted  in  the  matter  have 
sent  in  their  report,  and  as  might  have  been 
anticipated,  isdecidedlyinfavourofSlr.  Water- 
house.  Messrs.  Pownell  and  Shaw's  report, 
however,  points  immistakably  in  the  direc- 
tion of  Mr.  Barry,  and  after  liim  to  Mr.  Scott. 
These  reports,  however,  are  only  elements  in 
the  problem  wliich  has  to  be  solved.  What 
with  the  legal  opinion  pointing  in  one  direc- 
tion, and  architectivral  opinion  pointing  in 
another  direction,  the  judges  have  not  an  easy 
work  to  perform,  and  when  they  shall  have 
performed  it,  much  dissatisfaction  will  be  felt 
in  many  quarters.  Mr.  Gardner  is  daily  at 
work  analysing  the  estimates,  and  we  sup- 
pose two  or  three  weeks  wUl  elapse  before  he 
delivers  his  report  ;  and  very  soon  after 
that  we  shall,  in  all  probability,  be  in  a  posi- 
tion to  announce  the  winner  of  the  Blue 
Riljand. 


BRIDGING  THE  CHANNEL. 

PEOPLE  have  recently  become  so  familiar 
with    vast    engineering    projects    and 
achievements  that  we  need   not   be  startled 
by  the  announcement  of  anything  that  is  con- 
templated within  the  reach  of  scientific  possi- 
bility.    There  has,  for  instance,  been  more 
than  one  plan  suggested  for  uniting  England 
and  France  by  a  railway.     Not  long  ago  we 
noticed   a  project  by   Mr.   James  Chalmers, 
which  involved  the  idea  of  a  tube  placed  along 
(      the  bottom  of  the  Channel,  surrounded  and 
r      made  stable  by  rubble.     We   were  not,  .how- 
ever,   fascinated  -n-ith    Mr.    Chalmers'   plan. 
We  considered  the  difficulties  which  frowned 
upon  it  as  vast,  if  not  insuperable.     To  put  a 
railway   tinder  the  ocean  must,  we  think,  for 
j      ever  remain  a  dream.     Supposing,  however, 
I       the  engineering   obstacles  to  be  conquerable, 
'he  cost  of  such    an    undertaking   must  be 
ibidous,   and  even  if  it  were  accomplished, 
very  few,   we  opine,   would   prefer  going  to 
France  by  such  a  route.     The  tunnel  would 
>«  so   long,  and  the  air  it  contained  so  sulfo- 
nating,  that  almost  everyone  would  prefer  a 
ea  voyage  to  such  a  submarine  way.     We 
idmit   Mr.   Chalmers'   scheme  provided    for 
ine  or  two  ventilating  shafts,  but  even  with 
uch  assistance  the  journey  would  be  dreary, 
incomfortable,  and  oppressive.      Since    the 
'ublication    of    Mr.     Chalmers'    suggestion, 
nother,   that  of  boring   a  tunnel  under  the 
cean-bed,  has   been  discussed,    and    is,   we 
elieve,  now  committed  to  the  limbo  of  unful- 
Ued  suggestions.     Mr.  Hawkshaw,  who  has 
aid  particular   attention  to  the  subject,  has 
lown  that  the  geological  difliculties  in  the 
ay  are  insurmountable. 
We  are  now  favoured  with  another  project, 


equally  bold  in  conception,  and,  we  think, 
more  easy  in  execution.  Instead,  then,  ol 
the  long  talked-of  tunnel  beneath  the  Channel 
M.  Boutet,  a  French  engineer,  proposes  to  build 
a  bridge  across  it.  This  bridge,  according  to 
tlie  Moniteur,  would  be  broad  enough  for  a 
double  line  of  railway,  a  carriage  road,  and  a 
footway  for  passengers.  The  bridge  would 
rest  on  thirty-two  vertical  rectangular  iron 
piles  ;  these  piles  to  be  connected  by  means 
of  sixteen  cables  of  plaited  mre,  stretching  in 
parallel  lines  from  Shakspeare's  Cliff  to 
Cape  Blanc  Nez,  a  distance  of  about  twenty 
miles.  The  piles  would  be  a  little  less  than 
two-thirds  of  a  mile  apart.  The  question, 
then,  arises,  can  these  piles  be  planted  on  or  in 
the  bottom  of  the  sea  i  and,  secondly,  can  they, 
when  planted  there,  be  united  by  wire,  as  here 
suggested  !  There  is  but  little  doubt  that 
both  questions  can  be  triumphantly  answered 
in  the  affirmative.  It  resolves  itself  purely 
into  a  matterof  cost.  The  project  is  not  beyond 
the  reach  of  possibility.  Uniting  England 
and  France  by  railway  may  no  longer  remain 
a  magnificent  dream.  M.  Boutet  estimates 
the  cost  at  2n0,000,000f.  But  supposing  that 
it  would  cost  that,  or  twice  as  much,  England 
and  France,  united  in  the  same  great  work, 
could  accomplish  it  without  any  sensible 
inconvenience.  Here,  then,  is  a  project 
greater  than  tunnelling  the  Alps,  or  cutting 
the  Isthmus  of  Suez  ;  the  one  certainly  will 
unite  France  to  Italy  by  railway,  and  the  other 
will  unite  Europe  to  Asia  by  water  ;  but 
England  and  France,  forgetting  their  here- 
ditary hatreds  and  historical  wars,  and  min- 
gling their  mightto  bridge  the  Channel,  would 
acquire  a  new  conquest  for  civilisation  and 
give  an  additional  guarantee  for  peace. 


TRADES'  UNIONS'  COMMISSION. 

THE  evidence  of  Mr.  Mault,  of  the  Master 
Builders'  Association,  before  the  Royal 
Commission,  having  been  suspended  in  order 
to  allow  Mr.  Hewitt,  ironmaster,  of  New 
Jersey,  U.S.,  to  make  a  statement  to  the 
Commission  (which  we  gave),  was  resumed  on 
the  14th  ult.  From  the  position  which  he 
occupies,  Mr.  Matilt  is  regarded  as  a  most 
important  witness  in  the  inquiry,  and  his 
evidence  is  attracting  much  attention.  Pro- 
ceeding with  his  statement  from  the  point 
where  he  left  off,  the  witness  said  his  sixth 
point  was  that  trades'  unions  endeavour  to 
prevent  the  introduction  and  use  of  ma- 
chinery. That  is  done  more  particidarly  by 
the  masons,  the  bricklayers,  and  the  brick- 
makers.  In  connection  with  the  masons  he 
mentioned  the  case  of  Messrs.  Coulter  and 
Harpin,  a  firm  who  have  invented  stone- 
working  machinery,  which  Mr.  Mault  said 
was  admirably  adapted  for  the  purpose 
of  dressing  aU  manner  of  hard  stone.  This 
machinery  they  have  endeavoured  to  intro- 
duce into  various  parts  of  the  country,  but 
are  met  everywhere  by  the  fact  that  the 
masons  forbid  the  use  of  machinery.  Other 
cases  were  mentioned  where  employers  had 
been  threatened  with  a  strike  by  the  men  for 
attempting  to  introduce  machinery.  At 
Burnley  and  Darlington  the  masons  had  a 
direct  rule  against  its  use.  The  cost  of 
machine-worked  stone  was  stated  to  be  at 
least  35  per  cent,  less  than  the  cost  of  hand- 
worked stone,  and  in  many  cases  it  is  very 
much  superior  to  hand-worked  stone,  espe- 
cially in  the  case  of  large  stones.  The 
masons  will  allow  the  stone  to  be  sawn  on 
the  ground  where  it  is  actually  used,  but  they 
wUl  not  allow  sawn  stone  from  the  quarries  to 
be  brought  into  the  towns.  Again,  the 
bricklayers  of  ilanchester  and  Sheffield  re- 
fuse to  allow  machine-made  bricks  to  be  used 
on  any  work  they  have  to  do  with  ;  they 
insist  upon  having  hand-made  bricks.  On 
the  other  hand,  the  carpenters  and  joiners,  as 
a  rule,  are  quite  content  to  allow  machinery 
to  be  used.  It  was  further  asserted  that  the 
unions  also  endeavour  to  lay  an  embargo 
upon  the  manufactured  goods  of  each  dis- 


trict. As  an  instance  of  the  loss  which  a 
builder  is  sometimes  put  to  by  the  operation 
of  such  a  rule,  Mr.  Mault  stated  that  there  is 
a  Manchester  contractor  at  the  present  time 
engaged  in  a  large  contract  for  the  Midland 
Railway  Company.  In  that  contract  he  re- 
quires a  great  deal  of  Yorkshire  stone  to  be 
used  as  coping  iqjon  walls.  The  masons  of 
Manchester,  however,  have  a  nde,  allowing 
Yorkshire  stone  which  is  worked  upon  one 
side  to  be  brought  into  their  districts  ;  but  if 
it  is  worked  on  two  sides  it  cannot  be  brought 
in,  or  if  it  is  worked  upon  the  edge,  it  is  dis- 
allowed. The  Manchester  masons  must  work 
the  edge  of  the  stone  and  join  it,  and  work 
the  other  side  of  it  should  it  rec^uire  working. 
And  because  under  these  circumstances  this 
contractor  cannot  get  the  stone  which  he  re- 
el uires  for  coping  worked  at  the  quarries  in 
Yorksliire,  he  calcidates  that  it  ■will  cost  him 
35  per  cent,  more  to  put  that  coping  on  the 
walls  than  it  would  do  if  this  rule  did  not 
e.xist.  Other  cases  were  given  of  a  .similar 
nature,  after  which  Mr.  JIault  proceeded  to 
state  that  there  is  an  agreement  between 
brickmakers  and  bricklayers  as  to  the  use  of 
a  particular  brick.  It  is  an  understanding 
that  the  bricklayers  are  not  to  lay  bricks 
which  do  not  come  from  a  certain  locality,  or 
which  are  not  made  in  a  certain  way,  tlie 
object  being  to  encourage  the  brickmakers  of 
the  district,  and  to  give  them  work.  This 
was  rather  common  about  Lancashire,  but 
witness  did  not  think  the  practice  applied  to 
London.  He,  however,  never  read  a  code  of 
masons'  rules  in  his  life  which  did  not  include 
a  worked  stone  rule.  So  far  as  he  was  aware 
the  objection  to  use  machine-worked  stone  was 
exclusively  confined  to  the  union  men,  and 
to  districts  in  which  the  union  men  are  so 
much  in  the  majority  that  they  can  control 
the  other  men.  He  considered  that  but  for 
the  objection  of  the  union  the  patent  for 
cutting  stone  to  which  he  had  referred  would 
be  very  extensively  used,  and  he  knew  that 
architects  approved  of  it.  The  bricklayers 
themselves  have  no  objection  to  machinery ; 
it  is  solely  in  the  interests  of  the  brickmakers. 
Witness  never  knew  an  objection  made  by  a 
bricklayer  to  machine-made  bricks  as  being 
more  difficult  to  work,  or  as  being  of  worse 
quality  than  hand-made  bricks ;  he  had 
heard,  however,  that  the  bricks  which  are 
made  with  Piatt's  machines,  at  Manchester, 
are  mucli  better  than  the  hand -made  bricks. 
It  was  only  in  connection  with  the  unions  that 
the  objection  existed  to  the  use  of  machinerj-. 
Supposing  a  better  description  of  brick  was 
made  abroad  than  we  have  here,  and  that  it 
would  pay  a  buUder  to  import  that  brick,  he 
believed  that  he  would  be  practically  for- 
bidden by  the  rules  of  the  unions  to  import 
it,  because  he  could  not  use  it  when  he  got  it. 
Sir.  Mault's  next  point  was  that  trades' 
unions  endeavour  to  confine  the  performance 
of  certain  ^^  ork  to  certain  arbitrarily  defined 
classes.  Not  only  do  the  unions  confine  the 
performance  of  work  to  their  own  members, 
butthey  say  that  certain  work  shall  only  be  done 
by  certain  classes  of  persons,  and  that  other 
classes  of  persons  shall  not  under  any  circum- 
stances do  that  work,  not  because  they  cannot  do 
it,  but  because  they  do  not  belong  to  the  class 
for  doing  that  particular  kind  of  work.  In 
illustration  -nitness  quoted  a  rule  of  the 
Leeds  plasterers,  wluch  says  that  "  Providing 
any  labourer,  bricklayer,  mason,  or  the  like, 
commence  any  job  by  lathing,  or  any  other 
portion,  being  a  part  of  the  business  of  a 
plasterer,  no  member  of  this  society  ■will  be 
allowed  to  work  on  the  said  job ;  any  member 
breaking  this  rule  will  be  fined  £1,  and  one 
month  -will  be  allowed  to  pay  the  fine,  and  if 
neglected  will  be  liable  to  expulsion  from 
this  society."  The  operation  of  this  rule  was 
in  effect  "this,  that  a  man  who  is  now  a 
labourer  shall  remain  a  labourer  to  the  end  of 
the  chapter,  although  he  may  have  show^ 
special  aptitude  for  skilled  work,  and  is  lik-jy 
to  distinguish  himself  in  it.  Witnp«  ad- 
mitted that  it  would  be  right  for  fi>'e_or  six 
plasterers  to  say  in  regard  to  one  of  their  own 


430 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


June  21,  1867. 


number  who  had  imdertaken  to  do  (say) 
labourers'  work,  "We  will  all  strike  if  he 
does  it."  The  question  was  then  put,  Is  not 
that  the  principle  of  the  trades'  unions  ?  to 
which  witness  answered,  But  the  trades' 
union  goes  on  to  say,  neither  will  we  do  it 
ourselves,  nor  will  we  allow  anybody  else  to 
do  it.  In  the  one  case  they  are  voluntarily 
sacrificing  their  own  independence,  while  in 
the  other  case  they  are  compulsorily  making 
another  person  who  does  not  agree  with  them 
in  opinion  fall  into  their  particular  views. 
His  objection  to  trades'  unions  began  only 
where  compulsion  is  introduced.  He  thought 
it  right  for  any  body  of  men  to  say  "  We  will 
not  do  work  except  under  such  conditions, 
and  will  mutually  pledge  ourselves  not  to  do 
it  except  under  such  conditions,"  but  "my 
notion  is,"  said  Mr.  Mault,  "that  trades' 
unions  get  beyond  their  legitimate  sphere 
when  they  profess  to  lay  down  the  law,  not 
simply  for  themselves,  but  for  the  masters 
and  the  non-imion  men  also."  His  objection 
was  not  to  the  unions  in  themselves,  but  to 
the  unjust  and  tyrannical  manner  in  which 
he  considered  they  use  their  powers. 


DECOEATIVE   MANITFACTIJEES    OP 
JAPAN. 

JAPANESE   FURNITIJKE. 

THE  Japanese  use  veiy  little  of  what  we  call 
furniture ;  trays,  stands,  and  similar  small 
articles  take  the  place  of  tables  or  chairs.  Their 
inlaid  work — sometimes  on  a  considerable  scale, 
such  as  open  shelves  for  the  display  of  porcelain 
or  the  like — is  apparently  the  original  of  all  our 
papier  mache  manufactures  (though  the  Japanese 
material  is  wood,  not  paper),  and  is  of  singiilar 
beauty  and  excellence  in  that  Une.  Nothing  can 
be  more  brilliant  than  the  general  aspect  of  such 
a  set  of  shelves  in  black  lacquer  work,  inlaid  with 
designs,  in  coloured  mother-of-pearl,  of  birds, 
flowers,  fruit-laden  branches  of  trees,  and  so  on. 
The  principle  of  all  Japanese  decoration  is  un- 
symmetrical.  Thus  we  shall  find  ornamental 
figure-work  of  this  sort  scattered  over  the  plain 
surface  just  where  the  artist  chooses  to  place  it, 
and  without  his  feeling  at  all  bound  to  provide  a 
balance  here  for  a  saliency  there.  The  fine  sense 
of  the  people  is  evinced  in  the  fact  that  the  result- 
ing design  does  not  look  unpleasantly  ragged  or 
straggling ;  it  is  emancipated  from  systematic 
restrictions,  yet  exquisitely  in  its  place,  and  full  of 
nitid  nicety.  The  lacque  used  by  the  Japanese  is 
composed,  among  other  (and  we  believe  unascer- 
tained) ingredients,  of  the  sap  or  juice  of  the  tree 
named  Rhus  vernix,  and  the  oil  of  the  Bignonia 
tomentosa.  But  all  modern  lacquer-work  is  con- 
sidered poor  in  comparison  with  the  ancient,  the 
components  of  which  remain  more  or  less  a  secret. 
Fine  old  specimens  are  in  great  request  among 
the  natives  themselves ;  as  much  as  some  £60 
sterling  being  forthcoming  from  a  Japanese  gentle- 
man's purse,  it  is  said,  for  a  choice  lacque-box 
hardly  a  foot  square.  Even  the  modern  work, 
whether  with  gilt  and  iridescent  inlays,  or  with 
raised  figures  in  gilding,  is  often  charming  enough 
to  any  pure  taste;  it  is  only  by  habit  and  con- 
noisseurship  that  one  learns  to  slight  it  relatively 
to  the  old. 

BRONZES  AND   PORCELAIN. 

The  bronzes  are  of  all  kinds,  and  of  conspicuous 
excellence,  but  continually,  according  to  our  ob 
servation,  with  a  more  or  less  grotesque  tendency. 
Now  it  is  a  massive  and  very  taurine  bull,  to  be 
used  as  an  incense  burner ;  now  a  crayfish,  appa- 
rently serving  as  a  paper  weight ;  now  a  covered 
chafing  dish  with  dragons.  The  colour  is  some- 
times lightish,  with  golden  reflections;  sometimes 
very  deep  and  sohd,  verging  to  a  coSee  or  dense 
chocolate  tint.  Japanese  porcelain,  again,  is 
extremely  various,  and,  like  the  lacquer- work,  much 
less  perfect  now  than  in  former  epochs.  The 
white  and  blue  ware  would  seldom,  if  ever,  be 
found  to  equal  the  nobler  Chinese  specimens  from 
the  Imperial  manufactory — such  as  the  "six- 
markers  "  or  "  four-markers,"  which  illustrate 
the  period  from  about  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth 
to  that  of  the  eighteenth  century.  But  even  the 
*Minary  Japanese  china  of  the  present  day  pre- 
senw  endless  artistic  attractions  and  hints  ;  it  may 
mostly  be  distinguished  from  the  Chinese  by  its 
robust  piocision  of  lines.  One  piece  will  show  a 
group  of  Biorks  exulting  amid  the  foamy  rush  of 


shore  breakers,  the  sun  rising  amid  the  waves 
in  glowing  red,  and  raying  out  his  gilded  beams. 
Another  piece  will  have  quaintly  designed  deco- 
rative circles  scattered  over  its  surface,  some  in  gilt 
contours,  some  in  blue.  One  of  these  cucles  is 
the?  figure  of  a  swooping  stork  ;  another  of  a  tor- 
toise drawing  a  long  wake  of  water;  another  of 
larch  foliage  ;  another  of  key-like  geometric  lines. 
Or  one  handles  daintily  the  daintiest  of  manu- 
factures— a  miniature  cup  of  egg-shell  china,  with 
a  gilded  design  (say  of  a  kingfisher  on  a  spray  of 
river  grass,  his  long  beak  cutting  against  the  circle 
of  the  moon  behind  him) — the  china  being  en- 
closed in  a  wondrous  network  of  cane  or  young 
bamboo  of  the  finest  meshes,  and  so  perfectly 
adjusted  to  the  form  of  the  porcelain  that  one 
almost  refuses  to  believe  the  whole  can  be  an 
actual  combination  of  two  so  diverse  materials. 
These  are  termed  basket  cups.  Sometimes,  where 
the  patterns  of  Japanese  porcelain  are  elaborate, 
with  many  hues  often  disposed  in  compartments, 
the  colour  is  not  to  be  unreservedly  approved, 
sinning  by  harshness  of  the  stronger  tints,  which 
are  too  glaringly  and  cuttingly  opposed  to  those 
of  a  more  delicate  description.  Indeed,  with  all 
its  vigour,  and  otten  gorgeousuess,  Japanese  colour- 
ing, on  whatever  material,  is  too  frequently  charge- 
able with  harshness.  The  paper  stamped  after 
the  manner  of  stamped  leather  is,  we  beheve, 
pecuUar  to  Japan.  It  is  illusive  in  its  general 
aspect,  and  often  admirable  in  pattern  and  colour- 
ing. One  specimen  is  a  design  of  the  eyes  of  a 
peacock's  train ;  another  we  have  seen  is  a  curious 
and  not  much  distorted  reproduction,  in  fine 
burnished  coppery  tints,  of  an  old  European 
model,  giving  the  intertwined  and  crowned  mono- 
gram of  Louis  XIV.  and  Amorini  amid  the  scrolls 
of  foliage  work. 

rVORT  CAR-\TNGS  AND   ARTICLES   IX   STRAW  WORK. 

Japanese  ivory  carvings — all  of  them  small,  as 
far  as  our  observation  extends — are  of  very  va- 
rious merit ;  the  old  ones,  as  usual,  mostly  the 
best.  Really  fine  specimens  .are  surprising  for 
character,  quaintness,  and  minute  finish ;  which 
is  constantly  carried  out  in  a  form  of  curious 
completeness — the  base  of  the  figure,  as  for 
instance,  the  sole  of  the  feet,  though  flat  through 
the  necessity  of  standing  the  object  firmly  up, 
being  all  made  out  like  the  other  portions,  with 
toes,  lines  of  drapery,  &c.  We  have  before  us  an 
old  fellow  caiTyiug  a  monster  toad  on  his  shoul- 
der ;  then  a  fledgling  bird,  with  black  eyes 
inserted,  an  erected  incipient  tail,  fin-like  wings, 
and  the  most  aldermauic  obesity  of  person — you 
turn  him  up,  and  his  claws  are  carefully  incised 
on  its  abdomen.  Then  there  is  a  rabbit  with  pink 
eyes,  holding  a  truncheon,  and  climbing  a  globe, 
the  surface  of  which  is  studded  with  three  curious 
objects,  presumably  univalve  molluscs.  And 
next,  in  a  space  of  about  an  inch  square,  a  Japan- 
ese open  house  fully  made  out,  canopied  with 
trees,  and  with  five  or  six  human  figures  within 
the  dwelling,  in  the  shadow  of  its  verandah.  The 
tortoiseshell  carvings  are  equally  elaborate  in 
their  way,  with  figures,  landscapes,  &c.,  relieved 
on  rounded  surfaces  hardly  bigger  than  a  crown- 
piece.  We  say  carvings,  but  are  almost  disposed 
to  surmise  that  the  designs  are  in  fact  stamped  by 
some  great  force  of  pressure,  like  the  devices  upon 
coins.  For  articles  in  straw  work,  with  orna- 
mental designs,  the  Japanese  stand,  we  presume, 
unrivalled.  The  designs  are  sometimes  only 
decorative,  or  even  reduced  well  nigh  to  mere 
arrangements  of  colour  in  compartments ;  but 
they  are,  in  other  instances,  quite  the  high  art 
of  this  very  unpromising  material.  This  is  espe- 
cially the  case  where  single  figures,  or  occasionally 
whole  groups,  of  birds  are  given,  with  their  true 
colours,  and  a  dignity  of  arrangement  and 
draughtsmanship  strictly  analogous  to  that  which 
is  bestowed  by  the  Japanese  upon  the  like  subjects 
in  less  exceptional  methods  of  execution.  Speci- 
mens of  this  manufacture  are,  however,  so  well 
known  among  us  that  details  would  be  out  of 
place. 

PAINTINGS   IN  WATER   COLOUR. 

We  shall  mention  here  only  one  other  sort  of 
art  work — paintings  in  water-colour,  often  of  the 
full  natural  size,  adapted  to  serve  as  wall  hang- 
ings. These  are  consummate  for  delicacy,  beauty, 
and  fine  study  ;  and,  indeed,  will  bear  comparison 
with,  and  in  many  cases  would  altogether  outshine, 
elegant  European  work  of  the  same  kind. 
Flowers,  plants,  bushes,  birds,  or  small  animals 
are  the  ordinary  subject  matter  of  these  water 
colours.  Full  as  they  are  of  items,  and  grace- 
fully free  in  spirit,  they  are  at  the  same  time 
among  the  most  sober,  pure,  and   quietly    har- 


monised of  Japanese  art  work,  avoiding  for  the 
most  part  that  tendency  to  the  outre  and  over- 
charged with  which  the  genius  of  the  nation 
is  blemished.  We  speak  o^  choice  speci- 
mens, for  doubtless  many  of  a  commoner 
kind  might  be  found  less  tasteful  both  in 
style  and  in  the  selection  of  the  subject.  A 
melancholy  piece  of  news  appeared  in  our  news- 
papers towards  the  beginning  of  May — the  death- 
knell,  one  may  fear,  of  one  of  the  genuine  and 
irreplaceable  phases  of  the  world's  fine  art,  the 
Japanese.  Intercourse  with  Europe,  brief  as  its 
term  has  been,  may  already  be  traced  in  baneful 
influence  upon  many  examples  of  the  empire's  art. 
Now  comes  a  too  ominous  symptom  of  the  catas- 
trophe. "  The  Government  of  Japan,"  so  ran  the 
news,  "  has  ordered  all  its  officials  throughout  the 
empire  to  go  into  European  costume  from  and 
after  a  prefixed  date."  With  gloomy  brow  and 
forebodings  may  the  lovers  of  Japanese  art  scan 
this  sentence,  and  inwardly  mutter,  with  the 
pagan  believer  in  annihilation  of  Mr.  Swinburne's 
"  llicet," 

An  end,  an  eud,  au  end  of  all. 
— Tlie  Chronicle. 

* 

ARCHITECXHRAL    PUBLICATION 
SOCIETY. 

THE  annual  general  meeting  of  this  society  was 
held  on  Friday,  the  Slst  ult.,  at  the  rooms  of 
the  Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects,  9,  Con- 
duit-street. The  chair  having  been  taken  by  Pro- 
fessor T.  Hayter  Lewis,  the  secretary  read  the 
report  of  the  committee,  which  stated  that  during 
the  past  year  the  attention  of  the  committee  had 
been  directed  to  the  completion  of  the  pubUca- 
tions  for  the  sixteenth  year  (1863-65)  and  to  the 
furthering  of  those  for  the  seventeenth  year  (1866). 
For  the  former  period,  which  comprises,  in  one 
subscription,  three  years  combined.  Part  XVI.  of 
the  "  Dictionary  of  Architecture,"  containing  the 
letter  I,  "Impact  to  Iron,"  had  been  issued,  and 
a  series  of  six  plates  illnstrating  Jube  and  Chancel 
Screen,  Lead  Quarry  for  casement  glazing.  Timber 
Church,  Timber  House  (2),  and  Tower.  For  the 
contribution  of  the  sketches  on  which  these  illus- 
trations have  been  based,  the  society  was  indebted 
to  the  kindness  of  Messrs.  Andrew  Murray,  G.  J. 
Aitken,  C.  H.  Purday,  T.  Roger  Smith,  and  T.  H. 
Watson.  The  issue  of  this  part  completes  very 
satisfactorily  the  pubhcations  for  the  sixteenth 
year.  For  the  seventeenth  year,  ending  December, 
1S66,  the  first  part  of  the  publications  has  also 
been  issued,  containing  sixty-seven  pages  of  the 
text  of  the  dictionary,  comprising  the  completion 
of  the  letter  I,  the  whole  of  the  letter  J,  and  a 
considerable  portion  of  the  letter  K.  The  re- 
mainder of  the  letter  K  has  been  printed  off. 
Much  progress  is  being  made  with  the  letter  L, 
and  the  next  part,  completing  the  issue  for  1866, 
will  carry  the  Dictionary  far  towards  the  end  of 
the  articles  in  that  letter  at  least,  if  not  into  the 
following  one  also. 

In  moving  the  adoption  of  the  report,  the 
chairman  called  attention  to  the  favourable  pro- 
gress which  had  been  made  with  the  Dictionary. 
The  completion  of  the  letter  K  and  the  progress 
made  with  L  were  very  encouraging,  and  if  the 
subscribers  would  exert  themselves  in  the  spirit 
mentioned  in  the  report  and  make  this  valuable 
work  more  widely  known,  the  progress  to  comple- 
tion would  be  rapid.  The  Dictionary  was  so 
highly  esteemed  that  all  the  early  years  had  been 
for  some  time  out  of  print,  until  the  committee  in- 
curred a  heavy  expenditure  to  reprint  them.  This 
stock  was,  however,  limited,  and  when  once  ex- 
hausted could  not  again  be  replaced,  so  that  there 
was  every  inducement  for  all  to  whose  interest  it 
might  be  to  possess  a  work  of  reference  of  such 
authority,  to  at  once  become  subscribers  and  se- 
cure copies  before  they  became  as  scarce  as  the 
earliest  publications  of  the  society.  The  valuable 
labours  of  Mr.  Wyatt  Papworth  in  conducting  the 
literary  portion  of  the  work,  and  devoting  so  much 
time  and  care  to  this  labour  of  love,  were  made 
subject  of  warm  eulogy. 

An  animated  discussion  ensued,  in  which  Messrs. 
C.  C.  Nelson,  H.  R.  Newton,  Robert  Kerr,  Wyatt 
Papworth,  Arthur  Gates,  and  others  took  part. 
The  speakers  strongly  urged  the  committee  to  use 
all  endeavours  in  their  power  to  expedite  the  pro- 
duction of  the  text,  and  to  devise  some  scheme  by 
which  the  liberal  donation  of  iUOO  promised  by 
Mr.  T.  N.  Wyatt  might  be  applied  usefully  to  that 
end,  and  he  made  the  commencement  of  a  loan  or 
subscription  to  place  in  the  hands  of  tlie  com- 
mittee sufficient  funds  to  justify  them  in  proceed- 
ing to  conclude  arrangements  by  which  the  con- 
stant   services    of    a  respoasible     editor    might 


June  21,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


431 


be  procured,  and  other  steps  taken  to  secure 
the  completion  of  the  text  within  a  reasonable 
period. 

In  acknowledging  a  very  cordial  vote  o£  thanks, 
Mr.  Wyatt  Papworth  obser\-ed  that  no  one  more 
earnestly  desired  the  completion  of  the  work  than 
ho  himself.  He  hoped  to  be  able  to  afford  at  least 
the  same  amount  of  time  as  formerly  during  the 
ensuing  year  for  what  was  to  him  such  agreeable 
labour.  A  vote  of  thanks  to  the  chairman  termi- 
nated the  proceedings,  and  the  meeting  then 
separated. 


^uil^ing  InteHigcnce. 


CHURCHES  AND  CHAPELS. 

The  foundation  stone  of  a  new  Wesleyan  Cha- 
pel about  to  be  erected  at  ICnareaborough,  was  laid 
last  week  by  Mr.  Holden,  one  of  the  borough 
members.     It  is  estimated  to  cost  £8,000. 

A  new  Congregational  Church  is  being  erected 
at  Dalkeith,  Scotland.  It  is  in  the  Early  English 
style,  and  is  designed  by  Mr.  J.  AV.  Smith,  archi- 
tect, Edinburgh. 

Brompton  Church,  near  Northallerton,  is  about 
to  be  restored,  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Ewan 
Christian,  architect,  Whitehall-place.  The  altera- 
tions will  cost  about  £1,300. 

A  new  Free  Church  has  been  opened  in  Ar- 
broath, Scotland.  The  style  is  Gothic,  and  the 
edifice  was  designed  by  Mr.  Maclaren,  architect, 
Dnadee.  It  is  seated  for  700  persons,  the 
■■<timated  cost  being  about  £2,200. 

A  new  church  at  Chetwynd,  Shropshire,  was 
recently  consecrated  by  the  Bishop  of  Lichfield. 
The  church  is  in  the  Geometrical  Decorated  style, 
and  consists  of  a  nave  and  south  aisle  57ft.  long 
and  33ft.  wide,  and  a  chancel  31ft.  long  and  19ft. 
wide.  The  total  cost  of  the  erection  of  the 
church  has  been  about  £4,100.  Mr.  Ferrey, 
F.S..\.,  was  the  architect,  and  Mr.  Yates  the  con- 
tractor. 

On  Wednesday,  the  5th  inst.,  the  memorial 
stone  of  a  new  Congregational  Chapel,  with  schools, 
class-rooms,  and  vestries,  at  Blandford,  was  laid  by 
M.  Fisher,  Esq  ,  on  the  site  of  the  old  chapel. 
The  design  (Early  English)  is  by  Mr.  Stent,  archi- 
tect, Warminster,  and  the  contractor  is  Mr.  Wil- 
liam Walden,  builder,  Christchurch. 

Balbt. — The  ceremony  of  laying  the  comer 
stones  of  a  new  chapel  about  to  be  erected  by  the 
Wesleyan  Methodists  at  Balby,  near  Doncaster, 
took  place  last  week.  The  building  is  of  Classic 
character.  Mr.  Harold  Arnold,  of  Doncaster,  is 
the  builder,  from  the  drawings  and  specifications 
and  under  the  superintendence  of  Mr.  William 
Watson,  architect,  of  Wakefield. 

Birmingham. — On  Tuesday  the  Bishop  of  Wor- 
cester performed  the  ceremony  of  laying  the 
foundation  stone  of  St.  Laurence  Church,  Dart- 
mouth-street. The  length  of  the  church  will  be 
95ft.  6in.,  and  55ft.  Sin.  across  the  nave  and  aisles. 
It  will  be  of  brick,  with  the  tracery  of  windows 
of  Corshara  Down  Bath  stone.  Mr.  J.  A.  Chat- 
win  is  the  architect,  and  the  church  is  being 
erected  by  Mr.  Charles  Jones,  of  Belmont-row, 
whose  contract  is  £3,199. 

Bolton. — The  foundation  stone  of  St.  James's 
Church,  Waterloo- street,  was  laid  the  other  day  by 
the  vicar.  The  church  comprises  a  nave  of  four 
bays,  divided  from  the  north  and  south  side  aisles 
by  four  arches.  These  arches  will  spring  from 
moulded  and  carved  capitals  of  white  stone ;  the 
jylindrical  shafts  which  sustain  the  capitals  being 
)f  a  fine  red  stone,  obtained  from  a  quarry  near 
Liverpool.  The  style  is  Early  Decorated  Gothic. 
The  church  will  seat  on  the  ground  floor  about 
too  persons,  there  being  no  galleries.  The 
imount  of  the  contract,  which  has  been  taken  by 
tfessrs.  Warburton,  is  £4,600.  The  architect 
3  Mr.  J.  M.  Taylor,  of  Manchester. 

Bristol. — The  Guthrie  Memorial  Chapel  at 
Clifton  College  was  opened  on  Sunday.  The 
luilding  is  designed  in  the  Early  Decorated 
Jothic  style,  and  has  cost  nearly  £7,000.  The 
rchitect  is  Mr.  C.  F.  Hansom,  the  builder  being 
Ir.  James  Diment. 

Hartlepool. — The  venerable  parish  church  of 
t.  Hilda,  at  Hartlepool,  has  been  reopened,  after 
Jstoration.  St.  Hilda's  Church  is  acknowledged 
)  be  one  of  the  finest  specimens  of  mediieval 
'■ohitecture  in  the  county  palatine.  The  con- 
actor  for  the  work  was  Mr.  Graydon,  of  Durham, 
ii  the  cost  has  been  about  £2,700. 


Oakes. — A  new  Baptist  Chapel  has  been  founded 
at  Oakes,  near  Huddersfield.  The  edifice  will 
accommodate  660  persons,  exclusive  of  children, 
and  will  costabout  £4.000.  The  architect  is  Mr. 
G.  Woodhouse,  of  Bolton. 

Over. — A  new  Independent  Chapel  has  been 
erected  at  Over,  near  Chester.  It  is  in  the  Lom- 
bardic  Italian  stylo  of  architecture.  Accommoda- 
tion is  provided  for  350  persons,  and  the  total  cost 
of  the  chapel  has  been  £2,000.  The  architect  is 
Jlr.  John  Douglas,  of  Chester;  the  builder,  Mr. 
Dutton,  of  Winsford. 

Building   and    Repairino    Churches.—  The 
Incorporated  Society  for  promoting  the  Enlarge- 
ment,  Building,  and  Repairing  of  Churches  and 
Chapels  held  its  last  meeting  but  one  for  the  pre- 
sent session  at  the  society's  house,  No.  7,  White- 
hall, S.  W.,  on  Monday,  the  Lord  Bishop  of  LlandafV 
in  the  chair.     Grants  of  money  were  made  in  aid 
of  the  following  objects  : — Building  new  churches, 
Birmingham,  St.  Ann  ;  Falsgrave,  in  the  parish  of 
Scarborough;    St.     John's,     Fulham,     Middlesex 
(a    new   district)  :  Southampton,    St.     Matthew 
rebuilding  the  churches  at  Beeston,   in  the  parish 
of  Leeds,  and  South  Huish,  near    Kingsbridge, 
Devon ;  enlarging    or    otherwise   increasing   the 
accommodation  in    the   churches   at   Castlebigh, 
near    Fishguard ;    Donington,     near     Spalding ; 
Harmston,    near    Lincoln ;    Heple,    near    Hull  ; 
Metheringham,    near     Sleaford ;   jloulton,    near 
Spalding ;  Norton,  near  Presteign,  Radnor  ;  Wal- 
grave,  near  Northampton ;  and  Yatton  Keynell, 
near   Chippenham.      The   grant    formerly   made 
towards  building  a  new  church  at  Hackney  Wick 
was    increased.      The   society    likewise  accepted 
trusts    of  money  as    repair   funds  for  tho   new 
churches  at   Kidbroke,  near  Charlton,  Kent ;  St. 
Peter's,  South  Kensington  ;  Laueend,  Bucks, and 
Trinity  Church,   Southwell,   Notts.      Plans   and 
papers  for  the  next  meeting  in  July  must  be  sent 
in  on  the  1st  day  of  the  month.     The  following 
extracts  were  read,  showing   the  urgency  of  the 
present  applications  : — "  At  the  present  time  there 
are  20,00i)  inhabitants  of  St.  Matthew's,  Birming- 
ham, and  church  room  for  1,216  persons,  and  the 
district  in  which  the  new  church  is  to  be  erected 
is  the  worst  in  the  parish.     There  is  no  chance  of 
any  religious  instruction  being  provided  except  by 
the  Church  of  England."     *'  Scarborough  is  in  the 
greatest  want  of  church   accommodation.     It   is 
calculated  that  there   are  20,000  resident  inhabi- 
tants, and  the  town  is  increasing  yearly  at  the  rate 
of  200  houses,  and  during  the  season  the  popula. 
tion  is  augmented  by   many  thousands,  and  not 
withstanding  there  are   double  services   on   the 
Sunday,  many  are  turned  away  who  cannot  find 
room."     "This  is  a  new  district  to  be  taken   out 
of  St.   John's,  Walham  Green,  and  will  contain  a 
population  of  6,000.     At  present  there  is  a  tem- 
porary iron  church  that  is  filled  at  each  service, 
but  is  most  inconvenient,  especially  in  the  hot 
weather,  and  it  is  important  a  church  should  at 
once  be  buUt  to  keep  the  congregation  together." 
"  This  district    extends    over   four   square  miles, 
with  high  hills  and  bad  roads,  increasing  the  diffi- 
culties   of   the  distance   from  the   parish  church, 
but  the  want  of  free  seats  there  has  led  to   the 
alienation  of   numbers  from  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land,  and  another  church  is  greatly  desired   by 
them." 

BuiLDraas. 

Messrs.  Simpson  and  Lynam,  builders,  Notting- 
ham, have  obtained  the  contract  for  the  first 
instalment  of  the  new  Town-hall  buildings  at 
Grantham.     The  amount  is  £2,179. 

Alterations  and  additions  are  now  being  made 
to  the  residence  of  the  late  Chancellor  Raikes, 
Chester,  which  is  destined  to  be  the  palace  of  Dr. 
Jacobson,  the  newly  appointed  bishop  of  that 
diocess.  Two  wings  have  been  added  to  the  old 
mansion,  and  the  work  is  under  the  superintend- 
ence of  Mr.  BramweU,  architect,  of  Oxford.  The 
builder  is  Mr.  Hughes,  of  Alford,  the  contractor 
for  the  Grosvenor  Hotel,  who  is  also  erecting  the 
Town-hall  at  Chester. 

The  foundation  stone  of  a  new  Wesleyan 
Theological  College  at  Headingley,  near  Leeds, 
was  recently  laid  by  Mr.  Isaac  Holden,  M.P. 
The  building  is  planned  to  accommodate  sixty 
students.  It  consists  of  two  stories,  and  is 
designed  in  the  twelfth  century  Gothic  style. 

Swansea.— The  theatre  here  having  undergone 
extensive  alterations  and  improvements,  was  re- 
opened last  week.  A  new  stage  has  been  laid 
down,  the  pit  has  been  enlarged,  giving  increased 
accommodation  to  250  persons.  The  proscenium, 
boxfronts,  and  ceiling  of  the  theatre  have  been 


redecorated,  and  a  number  of  other  improvements 
have  been  effected.  The  Wurk  has  been  done 
from  the  designs  and  under  the  superintsndence 
of  Mr.  C.  J.  Phipps,  architect,  of  London  and 
Bath  The  contractors  were  Messrs.  Thomas, 
Watkins,  and  Jenkins,  and  the  decorations 
executed  by  Mr.  George  Gordon,  of  Bristol. 
U.  Hill  was  clerk  of  the  works. 


were 
Mr. 


TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 

To  OtTR  Readers.— We  shall  feel  obliged  to  any  of  our 
readei-s  who  will  favour  us  with  brief  uotea  of  worka  con- 
templated or  in  progress  in  tlio  provinces. 

Letters  relating  to  advertisements  and  the  ordiuary  busi- 
ness of  the  paper  should  be  addressed  to  the  Editor,  166, 
Fleet-street.  Advertisements  for  tho  current  week  must 
reach  the  office  before  5  o'clock  p.m.  on  Thursday. 

Notice.— Tho  HU1LD1NQ  NEWS  inserts  advertise- 
ments for  •'  SITUATIONS  WANTED,"  &c.,  at  ONE 
SHILLING  for  the  fiiat  Twenty  four  Words. 


Keceived.- J.  R.— C.  S.  M.— F.  P.— E.  A.-B.  Bros. - 
A.  W.  F.— B.  and  Son.— S  P.  F.  -D  R.  G.  B.  E.  B — 
T.  a— B.  J.  T.— G.  W.— J.  H— R.  N.  W  — W.  P.  M.— D.  G. 
— L.  and  N.— E.  W.  P.— J.  F.— J.  S.  R. 

David  Grant. — The  number  of  the  BviLDlso  Nsws  for 
February-  9,  lS(i6,  is  out  of  print. 


Cffrrcspoiibeiice. 


THE 


TRIANGULAR  LODGE, 
PARK. 


EU3HT0N 


To  the  Editor  of  the  BottDisa  News. 

Sir, — In  your  issue  of  the  1 4th  inst.  you  gave 
an  interesting  description  of  the  Triangular  Lodge 
of  Rushton  Park,  visited  by  the  architectural 
societies  in  their  recent  meeting  at  Ivettering.  Aa 
there  may  be  a  few  of  your  readers,  like  myself, 
interested  in  the  subject  of  geometrical  archi- 
tecture, may  I  ask  the  favour  if  any  of  your 
numerous  correspondents  would  furnish  a  rough 
plan  or  sketch  of  this  rather  singular  and  unique 
example,  showing  its  internal  arrangement  ?  In- 
dividually, I  do  not  think  an  equilateral  triangle 
or  any  figure  of  which  it  is  the  primary  ele- 
ment is  satisfactory  in  plan,  being  far  less  con- 
structively valuable  than  the  square  octagon  or 
any  compounded  figure  of  which  4  is  the  basis. 
This  objection  arises  chiefly  from  the  p  actical 
diffii-ulty  of  adapting  the  angles  of  a  triang  e ;  but 
aesthetically,  also,  the  awkwardness  of  triangular 
forms  on  plan  is  well  known  to  every  artist  of 
form.  The  adaptation  of  the  triangle  as  an 
element  of  design  is,  I  think,  highly  important; 
but  it  is  only  when  used  orthographically,  i.e., 
when  visibly  presented  to  the  mind,  that  it  be- 
comes permissible.  Thus  we  can  all  value  tri- 
angular gable,  the  triple  window,  or  the  trefoil,  in 
whatever  style  or  combination  they  appear ;  liut  I 
think  we  are  not  all  so  mystically  wedded  to  the 
power  of  3  as  to  mistake  its  theological  significance 
for  its  ichnographic  value. — I  am,  &c., 

G.    HUSKISSON    GuUiAUME. 

Southampton. 

[Should  any  correspondent  furnish  us  with  a 
sketch  of  this  Triangular  Lodge  we  should  be 
glad  to  give  an  engraving  of  it  in  our  pages. — 
Ed.  B.  N.] 


BLEACHING    GLUE. 
Soak  in  moderately  strong  acetic  acid  for  two  days,  dmin, 
place  on  a  sieve,  and  wash  well  with  cold  water.    Diy  on 
a  warm  plate.    This  method  ia  given  in  Dinghr^s  Jjurnal. 


WHITEWASH  ANT)  STARCH. 
The  Chemicnt  News  promises  that  a  strong  solution  of 
sulphate  of  magnesia  will  give  a  beautiful  quality  to  white- 
wash, and  a  little  of  it  u^ed  with  starch  will  add  con- 
sider.^bly  to  its  stiffness,  and  render  cotton  or  linen  garments 
to  a  certain  degree  incombustible. 


WELDING    COMPOSITION. 

For  iron  or  steel  or  both  together,  calcine  and  pulverisa 
together  100  parts  iron  or  steel  filings.  10  sal  ammoniac,  6 
borax.  5  balsam  copaiva  or  copwiba.  One  of  the  pieces  ifl 
to  be  heLited  red,  carefully  cleaned  of  scale,  the  composition 
is  to  be  spread  upon  it,  'and  the  other  piece  applied  at  a 
white  heat  and  welded  with  the  hammer. 

DRILLING  GLASS. 
To  the  old  mode  of  boring  glass  with  a  file  wet  with  oil 
of  turpentine,  a  correspondent  of  the  Chemical  .VrW,  adds 
an  amendment  from  a  German  source,  confirmed  by  hia 
experience,  to  the  effect  that  dilute  sulphuric  acid  ia  much 
more  effective,  with  less  wear  of  the  tool,  than  oil  of  tur- 
pentine. It  is  stated  that  at  Berlin,  ghiss  castings  for 
pump  barrels,  Ac,  are  drilled,  planed,  and  bored  like  iron 
ones,  and  in  the  same  lathes  and  machines,  by  the  aid  of 
sulphuric  acid. 


43? 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


June  21,  1867. 


liitcrtaiunuuucdioiL 


QUESTIONS. 


[431.]— GLAZED  PIPES  —Can  any  of  yoiir  readers  in- 
form me  how  1 5  plaze  sanitary  pipes  after  they  come  out 
of  the  kiln  warm  ? F.  P. 


[432.] -AIR  VESSELS  FOR  PUMPS.— Are  there  any 
specific  dimensions  for  air  vessels  to  be  placed  on  the  do- 
livery  and  suction  pipes  of  pumps  so  a*  to  prevent  the 
shocks  and  conpequent  breaking  of  joints  resulting  from 
the  otherwise  unequal  flowing  and  forcing  of  water  through 
the  pipes  ?  This  is  a  point  upon  which  doctors  mechanical 
seem  to  differ  widely,  but  it  is  also  one  of  great  practical 
and  pecuniarv  moment  to  those  who  like  mvself  employ 
pumps  worked  by  steam  power.  An  ana\rer  will  be  thank- 
fully received  by  Anti-concdssion. 

[433.]— PRESERVATION  OF  IRON.— Can  you  inform 
me  if  there  are  any  means  of  coating  iron— whether  wrought 
or  cast — which  is'iutended  to  be  exposed  to  the  action  of 
the  weather  with  any  substance  to  preserve  it  effectually 
from  oxidation  and  deterioration?  Iron  is  so  much  used 
now  for  out  door  aa  well  as  indoor  work  that  it  is  desirable 
to  know  how  best  to  protect  it  from  atmospheric  influences. 
All  ttie  corapo?itions  and  non-corrosive  paiuts  I  have  seen 
are  comparative  failures,  but  what  plan  do  you.  Sir,  re- 
commend ?  Pluvius. 

[434.1— "WATERCLOSF.TS.— Do  'VO"  think  that  the 
■waterclosets  in  geueral  use  in  dwelling-houses  are  as  wtll 
contrived  for  their  purpose  as  they  ought  to  be?  I  know 
that  the  defective  supply  of  water  in  many  of  the  populous 
quarters  of  the  metropolis  is  answerable  for  many  of  the 
evils  of  an  olfactory  nature  which  attend  the  use  of  water- 
closets.  My  own  impression,  nevertheless,  is  that  the  de- 
fective construction  and  unsound  pnnciples  of  the  apparatus 
itself  are  often  responsible  for  The  unsavoury  consequences 
attending  their  employment.  This  is  a  question  of  health 
as  well  as  of  domestic  comfort.  We  don't  want  to  leave 
loopholes  in  our  dwellings  for  the  admission  of  typhoid  and 
other  fevers,  if  we  can  help  it.  "To  the  pure  all  things 
are  pure,"  and  therefore  I  feel  no  hesitation  in  putting  the 
foregoing  question  to  you  and  your  readers.  N. 

[435.]— WHY  NOT  GET  PURE  METAL  ?— It  has  been 
stated,  rather  positively,  that  it  is  impossible  to  deprive 
iron  orea  of  all  their  various  impurities  in  the  operation  of 
smelting.  If  this  be  so  the  art  of  smelting  must  be  very 
imperfectly  understood,  and  lieuce  the  bad  iron  constantly 
met  with.  1  shuuld  think  that  chemiatry  and  practice 
ought,  from  their  union,  to  produce  better  results,  it 
should  be  possible  to  remove  every  trace  of  sulphur,  phos- 
phorus, and  what-not,  which  they  say  is  mixed  more  or 
less  with  iron  ores  of  every  kind,  and  to  leave  a  residuum 
of  pure  metal.  Cannot  th's  feat  be  performed?  or,  are 
there  other  reasons  for  its  non-accomplishment  ? 

Charcoal, 

[436.]— WHITEWASH —Cm  any  of  your  readers  inform 
me  of  the  preparation  of  the  new  whitewash,  said  to  be 
almost  as  durable  as  paint  and  posse3^ing  considerable 
beaaty,  invented  by  Dr.  Jacobson,  of  Hamburgh? 

Mechanical. 

[The  preparation  of  Dr.  Jacobson's  whitewash  is  rather 
tedious  and  complicated,  but  the  result  may  possibly  be 
worth  tiyiug,  i  he  inventor  dissolves  50  parts  of  glue  in 
150  parts  of  hot  water.  He  then  adds  2  parts  of  a  solution 
of  caustic  soda,  specific  gravity  1  '^4,  and  boils.  A  flocculent 
precipitate  separates,  which  may,  however,  be  disregarded. 
"Wheu  the  above  mixture  has  cooled  ho  adds  .50  parts  of 
commercial  water  glass  solution,  and  then  stirs  in  enough 
oxide  of  zinc  to  give  a  proper  consistence  for  painting.  If 
necessary  the  mixture  must  be  passed  through  a  mill  to 
make  it  smooth.  This  composition,  it  is  said,  is  well 
suited  for  either  wood,  metal,  or  brickwork.  Two  coats 
should  be  laid  on,  and  when  they  have  perfectly  dried,  a 
Bohition  containing  10  per  ceut.  of  chloride  of  ziuc  should 
be  applied.  This  will  give  a  beautiful  gloss,  and  great 
durability  to  the  composition.  Earthy  pigmeuts  not 
affected  by  alkalies  may,  of  course,  be  mixed.  The  worst 
feature  about  the  campositiou  is  that  it  cannot  be  kept, 
and  muat  be  applied  quickly.  ] 

[437.1-GLAZED  FLAT  ROOFING  TILES,  Oin.  X  4in  — 
Would  you  kindly  inform  me  in  your  next  where  the  above 
are  to  be  obtame'd  ? 

R.  KETTERiNGHAii,  BuUder,  Attleboro',  June  19. 


EEFLIES. 

[406,]— ENCAUSTIC  TILES.—"  HopefiU"  will  get  some 
useful  information  on  laying  encaustic  tiles  in  our  number 
for  February  15  this  year. 

[415.]  —  IMITATION  IVORY  PHOTO-CHROMO- 
GRAPHS.— "B  O.  T."  is  informed  that  the  photo  to  be 
coloured  must  be  printed  rather  larger  than  that  part  of 
it  which  is  intended  to  be  finished,  in  order  that  a  margiu 
be  left  to  pa^te  on  to  the  frame.  An  aperture  is  cut  in  a 
thin  piece  of  wood,  r.ither  larger  than  that  part  of  the  pho* 
tograph  to  be  coloured.  This  constitutes  the  frame,  and 
on  to  it  the  photograph  is  pasted,  by  being  damped  and  put 
on  so  that  tho  part  to  be  coloured  is  over  the  aperture.  By 
thus  placing  it  on  the  frame  damp,  when  dry  it  is  found 
to  be  stretched  quite  tight.  The  picture  must  now  be 
painted  at  the  back  with  water  colours,  but  the  colours 
must  be  laid  on  more  forcibly  than  is  usual,  as  the  last 
part  of  the  operation  renders  the  picture  pale.  When  the 
colouring  is  quite  finished  and  perfectly  dry,  the  picture 
is  heated  before  a  fire,  and  a  small  quantity  of  melted 
white  wax  applied  to  the  back  of  it  with  a  camel's  hair 
pencil.  ^  Artist. 

[4'21.]— ARTIFICIAL  iVORT.— "  B.  J."  can  make  good 
artificial  ivory  as  follows:— Take  amber  12oz..  Kourie  ^m 
3oz.,  and  dissolve  them  in  wood  spirits  or  common  alcohol ; 
then  add  to  this  7oz.  of  fine  China  clay  and  mix  them 
thoroughly  together  by  stirring,  aided  by  a  gentle  heat, 
and  the  composition  may  then  be  placed  in  dies  and  made 
into  various  forms.  It  is  stated  that  dry  collodion,  when 
mixed  with  gutta-percha  or  india-rubber,  forms  a  com- 
pound of  great  hardness  and  elasticity,  which  makes  a  very 
good  substitute  for  ivory.  A  Sdbscriber. 

[423.]  —  GLAZED  EARTHENWARE.  —  In  reply  to 
'*  AS.,"  in  last  week's  "  Intercommunication,"  Dr.  Wieder- 
hold  gives  a  recipe  for  glazing  free  from  lead,  and  it  is  a 
mixture  of  silicate  of  soda  or  pota-h  and  borate  of  lime  — 
the  ordinary  bnro-calcite  from  South  America  answers. 
The  two  have  only  to  be  mixed  together  so  as  to  form  a  thin 
paste  and  can  then  be  used  in  the  ordinary  way.  Dr. 
Wiederhold  speaks  doubtfully  of  the  value  of  the  glaze,  but 
the  process  deaervee  a  trial.  B.  A.  Srs. 


[43S,]-  IRISH  SLATES.-Cau  you  oblige  lue  with  an 
address  in  London  where  Irish  slates  can  be  bought  ?  1  see 
by  the  number  for  December  7,  lSi>6,  they  are  well  recom- 
mended. Percy  Leicesteu. 

[439.] -LENOIR'S  GAS  ENGINE.-Will  some  of  your 
readers  kindly  inform  me  in  your  "Intercommunication" 
column  where  1  can  obtain  one  of  Lenoir's  or  any  other 
gaa  engine';  \V.  E.  Williams,  Tiverton,  June  10. 


[440.]— OCTAGON  PINNACLE.— I  Phould  be  obliged  if 
some  practical  quantity  surveyor  would  kindly  inform  me 
how  to  measure  the  annexed  figure  of  an  octi^on  pinnacle 


to  obtain  the  cubical  quantity  of  s'one  required  to  work  it. 
Supposing  it  was  constnicted  of  ihree  stones  in  height,  may 
I  not  reasonably  assume  that  previous  to  working  it,  each 
stone  was  square  or  nearly  so,  and  should  I  not  therefore, 
be  right  in  taking  the  frustrum  of  a  square  p3Taraid,  and 
calculating  the  contents  thus:— IS'in.  •+■  4^in.  -f  18in.  X 
_4in.  =  412in.  X  54in.  -^  3  =  7416,  for  the  answer  in  solid 
inches  ?  Stonesiason. 


[423.] — Allow  me  to  inform  "A.  S."  that  the  following 
glaze  has  been  proposed  among  others  as  a  substitute  : — 
100  parts  of  washed  sand,  80  of  purified  potash,  10  of  nitre, 
and  20  of  slaked  lime;  all  well  mixed,  and  heated  in  a 
blacklead  crucible,  in  a  reverberatory  furnace  till  the  m.ass 
flows  into  a  clear  glass.  It  is  then  reduced  to  powder. 
The  goods  to  be  slightly  burned,  placed  under  water,  and 
sprinkled  with  the  powder.  FiLS. 


or  settlement.  The  nature  of  the  soil  to  be  worked  upon 
must,  therefore,  be  the  elementary  information  gained.  It 
must  be  remembered,  too,  that  the  adhesion  of  earth  is 
much  interfered  with  i  y  tlie  action  of  water  and  air,  and 
that  friction  is  the  great  binding  force  from  which  stability 
results.  Friction  will,  as  a  rule,  maintain  the  sides  of  a 
cutting  or  embankment  at  what  is  well  known  as  the  angle 
i^f  repose  or  the  natural  slope  of  the  earth.  The  permanent 
durability  of  earthwork  of  these  kinds  depends  on  effective 
drainage  for  the  rainfall,  and  this  (the  drainage)  is  governed 
by  the  material  used,  the  best  being  gravel,  sand,  shingle, 
shivers  of  rocks,  &:c.  In  all  cases  close  observation  of  the 
pecuUarities  of  soil,  and  of  existing  constructions  which 
have  stood  the  test  of  time,  is  better  than  mere  deductions 
from  "bookish  theory."  As  to  testing  subsoils  to  which 
"Claypole"  alludes,  by  rightstrial-pits  should  be  sunk  down 
to  the  intended  base  of  the  work.  It  is  a  more  expensive 
process  than  boring,  but  it  is  far  more  satisfactory  in  its 
results.  A  good  plan  it  would  sometimes  be  found  to  com- 
bine both  boring  and  sinking.  I  do  not  suppose  that  your 
correspondent  desires  to  know  how  best  to  perform  these 
operations,  and  indeed  it  would  involve  too  much  of 
your  space  to  tell  him.  The  "  best  modes  of  constructing 
earthworks  generally,"  as  a  very  broad  subject,  must  also 
stand  over.  May  I  suggest  that  a  series  of  papers  on  the 
question  of  earthworks  generally  might  very  profitably  be 
written  by  a  civil  engineer,  made  competent  by  experience 
for  the  duty,  and  that  your  columns,  Sir,  would  be  a  good 
vehicle  for  their  publication.  Shoveller. 


[424.]— WINDOWS  IN  PARTY  WALLS.— "Ignoramus  " 
states  a  case  of  windows  in  a  flank  wall,  not  a  party  wall. 
I  presume  that  he  intended  to  ask,  "  What  distance  must  A 
keep  the  wall  of  a  house  he  intends  to  build  away  from 
the  "  flank  "  of  his  neighbour  B  on  which  two  windows  are 
placed,  that  have  existed  over  thirty  years?  There  is  no 
specified  or  technical  distance  that  can  be  named,  but  A 
must  take  into  consideration  the  height  of  his  proposed 
wall  and  must  keep  far  enough  away  to  prevent  the  darken- 
ing of  the  rooms  lighted  by  the^vindows  in  question  to  such 
an  extent  as  to  cause  them  to  be  less  fit  than  now  for  the 
ordinary  and  usual  purposes  to  which  they  are  devoted. 
Consult  a  suiweyor  experienced  in  dilapidations,  &c. 

A.H. 

[427.]— THE  COLLISION  OF  BODIES  — "  Inquisitor," 
in  yovir  last  issue,  has  suggested  one  or  two  peculiar  points 
in  reference  to  the  above  subject,  and  it  is  (luestionable,  as 
he  lemarks,  whether  they  have  been  as  a  rule  propeily  at- 
tended to.  Billi  rd-players  produce  wonderful  results,  if 
notstriking  effects,  by  their  skilful  manipulation.  In  fact, 
the  movements  of  a  ball  appear  sometimes  to  violate  the 
laws  of  motion  under  their  cunning  hands,  and  it  may  be 
made  to  pass  round  a  hat  and  strike  a  ball  behind  into  a 
pocket.  This  action  is,  however,  governed  by  law,  as  all 
things  are.  The  numerous  particular  cases  concerning  the 
collision  of  bodies  may,  for  i^revity's  sake,  be  reduced  to 
four.  In  the  first  it  may  he  that  one  body  only  is  in  motion 
at  the  time  of  the  stroke.  In  the  second,  both  bodies  may 
be  moving  in  the  same  direction.  Thirdly,  they  may  move 
in  direct  opposition  to  each  other,  propelled  by  equal  quan- 
tities of  motion  ;  and  fourthly,  they  may  be  cairied  with 
unequal  motions  in  directions  contrary  to  each  other.  As 
the  bodies  may  be  unequal  or  equal,  each  of  th  se  divisions 
may  be  subdivided.  Now  the  quantity  of  motion  in  any 
body  is  as  the  product  arising  from  the  multiplication  of 
that  quantity  into  its  velocity.  Hence,  according  to  the 
first  proposition,  the  common  velocity  of  the  two  bodies 
will  be  just  one-half  that  of  the  moving  body  before  the 
impact  or  stroke  was  given.  In  the  second  case  let  the  sum 
of  their  motion  before  the  stroke  be  divided  by  the  sum  of 
the  bodies  themselves,  and  the  quotient  will  be  the  common 
velocity.  In  regaid  to  the  tldrd  axiom,  bodies  striking 
■with  equal  quantities  of  motion  will  lose  all  motion  at 
once.  When  two  bodies,  however,  meet  with  unequal 
quantities  of  motion,  the  difference  of  their  motions  must 
be  divided  by  the  sum  of  the  bodies,  the  i*esult  will  express 
their  common  velocity  after  tlie  blow.  Su:li  are,  in  very 
summarised  terms,  the  laws  which  govern  the  collision  of 
bodies  void  of  elasticity.  Those  relating  to  elastic  sub- 
stances are  diflerentand  would  require  more  space  to  define. 
I  trust  that  "  Inquisitor"  will  coasidei  himself,  so  far  at 
least,  aiiBwered.  Cromlech. 

[42S.]  — EARTHWORK. -Under  the  above  hearling 
"Cla>pole,"  last  week,  asked  certain  questions,  some  of 
which  possibly  it  may  be  permitted  me  to  answer.  It  is 
true,  as  your  correspondent  observed,  that  the  surface  of 
the  ground  in  this  country  is  being  continually  broken  up 
for  purposes  connected  with  building  ofone  kind  or  another. 
Earthwork  is,  therefore,  an  important  branch  of  practicil 
knowledge,  and  one  which  ought  to  be  well  understood  by 
civil  engineeiv,  architects,  and  builders.  When  we  come 
to  the  point  of  "rules"  for  the  guidance  of  those  engaged 
in  tho  construction  of  earthwork,  it  must  be  admitted, 
however,  that  diffictilties  present  themselves,  and  much 
must  be  left  to  individual  and  experienced  judgment  in 
particular  cases.  Generally  it  mny  be  said  that  earthwork 
is  of  two  distinct  kinds,  excavation  or  cutting,  and  em- 
bankment or  filling.  In  both  of  these  operations  there  is 
risk  of  sliding  or  slipping,  and  in  the  latter  of  suhsidenco 


WAGES   MOVEMENT. 

It  is  stated  that  SOD  men,  formerly  in  the  employ  of  the 
Noith-Eastern  Railway  Company,  are  still  oat  of  employ- 
ment in  consequence  of  the  late  strike. 

Dewsbury. — About  one  hundred  joiners  are  now  on 
strike  in  this  place,  for  the  purpose  of  seeking  to  reduce 
the  hours  of  work  from  52^  to  40^  hours  per  week.  This  re- 
duction is  opposed  by  the  masters  as  being  injurious  to  the 
trade,  and  also  calcidated  to  render  working  time  in  Dewa- 
bury  shorter  than  it  is  in  any  other  town  of  the  country. 


WATER   SUPPLY   AND   SANITARY 
MATTERS. 

Mr.  Samuel  Clarke,  the  sanatory  inspector  for  the  city 
of  Norwich,  declares  that  in  the  majority  of  cases  the 
dwellings  of  the  agricultural  labourers  in  Norfolk  are  the 
meanest,  uuhealthiest,  and  most  disgusting  tliat  can  pos- 
sibly be  imagined.  He  says  some  of  the  homes  of  the  poor 
are  "  nearly  equal  to  those  enjoyed  by  the  brute  creation." 

By  Dr.  Frankland's  analysis,  it  appeara  that  while  the 
water  of  Loch  Katrine,  supplied  to  Glasgow,  contained  ia 
every  100*t)iO  tons,  three  tons  of  foreign  matter,  the  same 
quantity  of  the  Thames  water  in  May  contained  from  27 
to  '29  tons  ;  of  the  New  River  water,  25  tons  ;  of  the  East 
London,  27  tons;  of  the  Kent  Company,  39  tons.  The 
traces  of  previous  sewage  contamination  were  least  in  the 
East  Londou  ;  greatest  in  the  Kent  waters.  The  waters 
were  much  purer  in  May  than  in  April,  and  this  waa  fol- 
lowed by  an  evident  improvement  in  the  health  of  th^ 
people. 

The  water  supplied  to  the  inhabitants  of  Doncaater 
TTOuld  seem  to  be  not  the  most  pellucid  or  wholesome  in 
the  world.  According  to  a  correspondent  the  source  of 
supply  is  the  Don,  "and  during  the  past  week  the  raouih 
of  the  subterranean  channel  that  condiicts  the  water  to  the 
wheel  to  be  pumped  up  into  the  town  fi>r  the  use  of  the  iu- 
habitants  was  cleaned  out,  when  the  following  amongst  other 
'  ingredients  '  were  found  in  the  water,  namely,  twenty-eight 
dogs,  eight  cats,  two  piirs,  one  sheep,  one  goat,  sundry  rats, 
and  divers  other  things  belonging  to  the  animal  and  vege- 
table kingdoms."  We  understand  that  Mr.  Lawson,  tho 
engineer  of  the  Rotherham  Waterworks,  has  visited  Dou- 
caster  recently  and  took  samples  of  the  water,  winch  will 
be  duly  tested  and  reported  upon,  as  also  some  matters  of 
importance  aiiecting  the  drainage  of  the  town. 

Paislet. -The  works  about  to  be  commenced  by  the 
Paisley  Water  Commissioners  consist  in  the  construction 
of  a  store  reservofr,  fit  to  hold  76  millions  of  rubic  feet, 
having  an  area  of  100  acres,  and  a  maximum  depth  of  36ft., 
and  a  catchment  of  1,2'20  acres,  with  an  aqueduct  of  about 
6^  miles  in  length,  thence  to  filters  to  be  constructed  above 
the  pi-esent  store  reservoir  at  Stanely,  about  two  miles 
from  the  centre  of  Paisley.  The  works  are  also  intended 
to  provide  a  supply  to  the  towns  of  Johnstone  and  Elders- 
lie.  The  designs  have  been  prepared  by  Mr.  Leslie,  C.E., 
and  the  contract  has  been  let  to  the  following  partiw— 
viz.,  store  reservoir,  Alexander  WiUon  and  Sons,  GrantOQ, 
Edinburgh;  aqueduct,  John  Pollock,  Bathgate;  cast-iron 
pipes,  D.  Y.  S** wart  and  Co.,  Glasgow. 

Malta. — Owing  to  a  drought  of  two  years  the  supply  of 
water  at  Malta  has  fallen  far  short  of  the  wants  of  tho 
population.  A  special  meeting  of  the  local  Government 
was  held  recently  tor  the  purpose  of  considering  the  report 
of  Mr.  Bateman,  C.E.,  who  had  been  despatched  to  Malta  by 
the  Secretary'  of  State  for  the  Colonies  to  ascertain  the  best 
measures  to  be  adopted  to  increase  the  supply.  Mr.  Bate- 
man recommends  the  excavation  of  wells  in  the  porous 
sandstone,  and  raising  the  water  by  steam  power.  He  is 
most  sanguine  as  to  the  result  of  the  experiment,  and  pro- 
mises an  abundant  supply  of  water  for  Valetta  and  tue 
three  cities  for  an  outlay  of  about  £14,000,  to  include  the 
cost  of  digging  the  shaft,  expense  of  machinery,  piping,  Ac. 
The  sum  asked  for  by  the  Government  for  sinking  eth 
shaft  was  voted  unanimously,  and  the  Imperial  Go^eiu- 
ment  are  prepared  to  contribute  a  fair  proportion  of  the 
cost  of  carrying  out  Mr.  Bateman's  plan. 


COMPENSATION. 

The  New  Law  Courts. — A  heavy  compensation  case. 
"Tuxford  V.  the  Royal  Commissioners  of  the  Law  Courte,' 
was  brought  to  a  conclusion  on  Satui-day.  The  claim  whb 
about  £30,000,  for  the  leasehold  premises  '2iC\  Strand,  and 
the  loss  by  removal,  the  claimiint  being  Ihf^  proprietor  of 
\he  Mark  Lane  Express.  Tlie  case  was  settled  soon  after 
the  sitting  of  the  Court  by  a  verdict  by  consent  for  £16,000, 
and  an  arrangement  was  made  as  to  the  occupation  till 
Michaelmas  and  as  to  the  machinery,  ^c. 


June  21,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


433 


STATTJES,  MEMORIALS,  ETC. 

The  utk  Lord  De.*s  of  Guild  ot  Edisbubgh.— A 
tablet  to  the  momorv  of  Dean  of  Guild  Lonmer,  who  lost 
hislif-atthe  fire  al'the  Theatre  Royal,  Eduiburgh,  two 
yeamago,  haa  boen  erected  ill  the  vestibiUe  of  St.  Gileaa 
Cathedral.     Mr.  D.  Br.vce,  Jan..  prepared  the  design. 

TiiE  LATE  Dike  of  Hamiltos.-A  monument  to  the 
momorv  of  this  nobleman  is  about  to  beerect«lon  theb^nLs 
of  the  River  Avon  at  the  eutrouee  to  Cadzow  Forest  Scot- 
land The  design  li-is  been  prepared  by  -Messrs.  lle:itn. 
Wilson,  and  Thomson,  architeota,  Glasgow.  The  structure 
is  to  be  circuLar.  in  the  Italian  style.  26ft,  high,  22fl.  in 
diameter  and  wiU  be  formed  of  poUshed  freestone  from 
Dalpatrick  Quamr.  There  are  to  be  nine  openings  in  the 
circumference,  which  will  be  divided  by  as  many  gramte 
nillars  The  roof  is  to  be  of  wood,  covered  with  lead.  In 
the  centre  of  the  monument,  a  pedest-al  is  to  be  placed, 
jurmounted  by  a  bronze  bust  of  the  Duke.  The  total  cost 
of  the  erection  is  estimated  at  £1,500. 


LEGAL  INTELLIGENCE. 

AxciEXT  Lights.— Befjre  Vice-Chancellor  Malins,  on 
Wednesdav,  the  case  of  H.arris  v.  Hilliard  came  on  for  hear- 
ing, involving  the  question  whether  the  defendants  by 
building  in  the  rear  of  the  plaintiff's  tavern  and  dining 
house,  oeing  the  Three  Tuna,  Colemau-street,  had  done 
snch  injury  a'»  to  entitle  him  to  relief.  A  question  was  also 
raised  as  to  the  appliiMtion  of  the  custom  of  Loudon  which 
permitted  building  on  an  old  foundation,  and  whether 
there  w-as  not  a  case  for  relief  (even  supposing  the  ca.-ie  of 
obstruction  of  light  failed)  in  respect  of  the  obstruction  of 
air.  There  had  been  an  abortive  attempt  at  an  arbitration. 
His  Honour,  after  deciding  that  the  custom  of  Ivondon  did 
not  apply,  said  he  waa  satisfied  that  the  plaintiff  liad  su-^- 
tained  considerable  injury.  There  must  be  a  reference  ,as 
to  damages,  in  the  terms  of  that  ordered  in  '*  Senior  f. 
Piwson,  before  Vico-ChanceUor  Wood.  As  to  the  costs, 
■  'la  whole,  considering  the  circumstances  under  which 
irbitration  went  otf,  after  much  doubt,  he  thought  the 
''ondants  mnst  p.ay  thera. 


§t\\ml  Items. 


The  death  is  announced  of  M.  Le  Bas,  member 
of  the  French  Institute,  senior  member  of  the 
Section  of  Architecture.     He  was  85  years  of  age. 

The  subscribers  and  donors  to  the  Builders' 
Benevolent  Institution  are  informed  that  perma- 
nent offices  have  been  taken  at  No.  4,  Yemon- 
place,  Bloomsbury-square,  W.C,  where  all  com- 
munications for  the  future  are  requested  to  be 
iddressed. 

The  Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects  will 
lold  their  annual  conversaziotie  on  Monday  next. 

The  following  gentlemen  have  been  elected 
^ociates  of  the  Royal  Institute  of  British  Archi- 
■.ects  : — T.  Arnold,  of  5,  Vincent  terrace,  N. ; 
lichard  Groom,  of  28,  Alwyneroad,  N. ;  G.  G. 
loskins,  of  Darlington ;  S.  E.  Williams,  of  67, 
Victoria-street,  Westminster. 

Mr.  R.  A.  Bonson  has  been  appointed  secretary 
0  the  Rivers  Pollution  Commission,  by  the  Home 
iecretary. 

The  Manx  Legislature  has  approved  of  Mr.  J. 
loode's  plan  for  a  breakwater  at  Douglas.  The 
■roposed  works  will  enclose  an  area  of  4 '2  acres, 
nd  Mr.  Coode  estimates  that  the  works  will 
5cupy  seven  years  in  construction.  He  calcu- 
.tis  the  cost  at  £179,055.  The  central  break- 
ater  will  be   1,200ft.   in  length,  and  will  cost 

129,930. 

On  Saturday  last  some  of  the  members  of  the 
rchitectural  Association  visited  the  new  Free- 
iisons'  Hall  in  Great  Queen  street,  and  minutely 
amined  the  internal  arrangements  of  the  build - 
f,  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Dudley,  the  clerk 
'-  the  works,  who,  in  the  absence  of  Mr.  Cocke- 
II,  took  considerable  care  to  show  the  members 
ery  part  of  the  building.  It  is  a  pity  that  more 
^ung  architects  do  not  avail  themselves  of  such 
ipoitunities  to  acquaint  themselves  with  practi- 
1  works  that  are  springing  up  around  them. 

The  Athen(Eum  is  sorry  to  observe  that,  probably 
om  the  excessive  use  of  the  silicate  solution  in 
linting  "The  Interview  between  Wellington  and 
lucher  after  Waterloo,"  by  Mr.  Maclise,  in  the 
Jyal  Gallery,  Westminster,  the  surface  of  that 
ible  work — the  first  executed  water. glass  pic. 
re  in  this  country — is  seriously  affected  by  an 
'pearance  like  that  which  painters  call  chilling  ; 
e  appearance  of  a  greyish  film  on  the  face  of 
e  picture  in  question   is  certainly  much  more 

fi  I  tensive  and  deeper  in  its  tint  than  was  the  case 
iiout  two  years  since.  Our  contemporary  suggests 
-  I  &t  probably  this  might  be  removed  by  washing 
I ,  th  water  or  rubbing  with  a  soft  substance,  but 
the  appearance  is  due  to  the  rising  of  an  excess 
silica  to  the  surface  of  the  painting  nothing  of 
I  s  sort  would  avail. 


The  Peel  Park  Museum  at  Salford  has  the  merit 
of  being  the  most  favourite  place  of  the  kind  in 
the  country  with  the  working  classes.  There  is  no 
other  public  institution  that  can  boast  of  such 
continuous  and  undiminished  popularity.  The 
number  of  ^n.^itors  to  the  museum  during  Whit 
week  was  S1,6S0,  a  higher  return  than  any  year 
since  IStii.  The  total  decennial  return  of  visitors 
during  Whit  week  is  nearly  a  million,  or  an 
average  of  about  15,000  a  day.  The  South  Ken- 
sington Museum  is,  perhaps,  the  costliest  national 
institution  in  the  metropolis,  and,  withal,  very 
attractive,  but,  even  with  all  the  combined 
efforts  of  extravagant  expenditure,  evening  exhi- 
bitions, and  the  finest  collections  in  the  world,  the 
yearly  number  of  \-isitors  is  not  equal  to  that 
of  the  Peel  Park  Museum,  while  only  about 
one-sixth  the  number  visit  the  Edinburgh  and 
Dublin  museums.  It  is  stUl  more  gratifying  to 
learn  that  a  million  of  visitors,  all  working  people, 
can  walk  through  this  free  museum,  filled  with 
valuable  paintings  and  fragile  objects  of  art  and 
science,  without  a  single  article  being  damaged  or 
defaced. 

The  annual  dinner  of  the  United  Society  of 
Ironmongers  will  be  eaten,  and  we  hope  heartily 
enjoyed,  on  Wednesday  next,  the  26th  inst.,  at  the 
Freemasons'  Tavern,  at  six  o'clock. 

A  commendable  step  has  been  taken  to  educate 
some  of  the  .art  workmen  of  this  country,  by 
facilitating  cheap  excursions  to  the  Paris  Exhibi- 
tion. The  first  batch  of  excursionists  have  returned 
to  town  after  spending  a  profitable  week  in  the 
French  capital,  and  have  expressed  themselves 
highly  delighted  with  the  various  arrangements 
made  both  for  their  instruction  and  comfort.  No 
doubt  such  visits  tend  materially  to  promote  the 
art  education  of  the  people,  and  assist  in  es- 
tablishing a  better  undertanding  between  rival 
nations. 

The  president,  vice-president,  council,  and 
members  of  the  Society  of  Engineers  returned 
from  their  trip  to  the  Paris  Exhibition  on  Friday 
last.  They  were  enabled,  by  the  courtesy  of 
M.  Eugene  Flachat,  president  of  the  Society 
of  Civil  Engineers  of  France,  to  inspect  the 
various  large  manufactories,  as  well  as  the  great 
public  works  now  being  carried  out  in  Paris.  The 
Society's  dinner  took  place  at  the  Trois  Frferes 
Proveneaux  ;  the  president,  Mr.  W.  H.  Le  Feuvre, 
occupying  the  chair.  A  dinner  was  also  given  in 
the  Exhibition,  by  the  members  of  the  Railway 
Congress,  assembled  at  Paris,  when  the  chair 
was  occupied  by  M.  Eugene  Flachat.  The 
chairman,  in  the  course  of  his  remarks,  made 
special  reference  to  the  Society  of  Engineers,  stat. 
ing  that  their  transactions  were  held  in  much 
regard  by  continental  engineers,  on  account  of 
the  ready  publicity  given  to  the  views  of  the 
authors  of  the  various  papers,  which,  unfortunately, 
was  not  the  case  abroad.  M.  Le  Feuvre  replied 
on  behalf  of  the  Society  of  Engineers.  The  meet- 
ing was  altogether  of  a  very  agreeable  character, 
and,  it  is  to  be  hoped,  may  not  be  the  last  of 
such  meetings  between  French  and  English  repre . 
sentatives  of  the  profession. 

The  Trades'  Union  Commissioners  have  agreed 
to  their  first  report,  which  simply  states  that  the 
Commissioners  have  held  several  meetings,  and 
they  beg  leave  to  submit  to  her  Majesty  the 
evidence  given  before  them  up  to  May  21.  The 
evidence  fills  160  pages. 

The  Rembrandt  drawings  and  etchings  ai-e  now 
on  view  at  the  Burlington  Fine  Arts  Club,  177, 
Piccadilly. 

Material  for  sculpture  and  architecture,  of  the 
finest  quality,  is  found  in  Vermont.  The  corre- 
spondent of  the  Boston  Courier  pronounces  this 
region  the  Mount  Pentelicus,  the  Paros  and  Car- 
rara of  the  New  World.  The  finest  qualities  are 
quarried  in  Brandon;  but  the  whole  Gi-een  Moun- 
tain region  teems  with  marbles  as  fit  for  artistic, 
ornamental,  and  architectural  purposes,  as  those 
of  the  Alps  or  Apennines.  The  verde  antique  of 
Europe,  which  is  wrought  into  pillars,  pilasters, 
table-tops,  &c.,  in  Germany  and  Spain,  is  less 
durable  than  the  verde  antique  or  serpentine 
which  is  found  in  Roxbury.  The  back  marble 
of  Isle  La  Motte,  in  Lake  Champlain,  is  excellent 
for  floor  tiling  and  abutments  of  bridges,  and  was 
Largely  used  in  the  construction  of  the  Victoria 
Bridge,  at  Montreal.  The  brecciated  marble  of 
Plymouth  is  highly  ornamental,  and  Professor 
Hagar  says  it  equals  in  beauty  the  artificial  mosaic 
works  of  Herculaneum  and  Pompeii.  Since  the 
recent  tariff  went  into  operation,  these  marbles 
have  been  worked  much  more  extensively  than 
before. 


The  last  information  from  Germany  says  that 
Mediaevaiism  is  "  dying  out,  shred  by  shred,"  in 
that  coimtry.  The  Gothicists  of  this  country, 
however,  need  not  fear,  as  the  statement  only 
refers,  in  this  instance,  to  the  disuse  of  Latin  in 
the  German  imiveraities. 

The  familiar  object  known  as  the  Wellington 
Clock  Tower,  .at  the  south  end  of  London  Bridge, 
has  been  pulled  down  to  make  way  for  the  traffic. 
It  was  erected  by  subscription  in  honour  of  the 
Duke  of  Wellington,  after  Ids  death  in  1852. 

The  nation,al  competition  drawings  from  the 
schools  of  art  are  now  being  exhibited  .at  South 
Kensington  Museum.  The  gold  and  silver  medals 
have  just  been  awarded  by  the  president  of  the 
Royal  Academy,  and  Messrs.  JIaclise,  Leighton, 
Horsley,  and  Redgrave.  In  the  architectural 
branch  of  the  competition,  Herbert  A.  Gribble 
won  the  gold  medal,  B.  Samoiloff  the  silver  medal, 
and  A.  Foster  the  bronze  medal. 

An  exhibition  of  fine  arts,  manufactures,  and 
industrial  products  was  opened  at  Coventry  on 
Wednesday  last.  The  exhibition  represents  the 
principal  trades  of  that  city  and  district  on  a  scale 
never  before  .attempted  in  any  locality.  Coventry 
has  for  some  time  past  been  under  a  commercial 
cloud.  Let  us  hope  that  this  exhibition  may  be 
the  turning  point  in  its  industrial  history. 


51. 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  WEEK. 

IX.— Royal  Geographical  Society.  —  The  following 
'papers  will  be  read  : — 1.  "  Visit  to  the  Russian 
Settlements  on  the  Coast  of  Manchouria,"  by 
the  Rev.  W.  V.  Lloyd.  2.  "  On  Communica- 
tior  between  India  and  China,  by  the  Line  of 
the  Burrampooter  and  Yang-tzeu-Kiang,"  by 
General  Sir  A.  Cotton.  3.  "A  Journey  to  the 
North- West  of  Pekin,"  by  Dr.  Jones  Lamprey, 
8.30. 
Royal  United  Service  Institution. — "  A  New 
Mode  of  Marine  Propulsion,"  by  Captain  U.  H. 
Simpson,  R.N.,  8.30. 
Fri.— Royal  United  Service  Institution,—"  Primitive 
"  Warfare  "  (Illustrated  by  Specimens  from  the 
Museum  of  the  Institution),  by  Colonel 
Augustus  H.  Lane  Fox,  3. 


|!itteiits  for  liibciitioiis 

CONNECTED     WITH     THE     liUILPINCi     TBADE. 


2904  "W.  E.  NEWTON'.  An  Improved  Mode  of,  as'D 
Apparatus  for  Cleassikg  the  Exterior  of  Hooses, 
Public  Buildings,  Objects  of  Art,  Ornamental  Sur- 
faces, Walls,  Carriages,  and  Othek  Articles  or  Things. 
(A  comniunication.)    Dated  Xovember  7,  180G. 

This  invention  relates  to  an  improved  mode  of,  and  ap- 
paratua  for,  cleaning  the  walls  of  public  buildings  or  pri- 
vate houses,  objects  of  art  in  stone,  marble,  or  metal  ; 
walls,  pictures,  carriages,  waggons,  and  all  objects  generally 
that  require  a  complete  cleaning,  and  cousis'ts  in  the  appli- 
cation of  steam  pressure  and  the  employment  of  different 
liquids  suitable  for  cleansing  or  for  coating  or  washing 
with  a  solution  for  siiicating  the  surface  when  desired. 
The  appai'atus  employed  for  this  purpose  consists  of  an 
injector  or  suitable  apparatus  for  raising  and  delivering  the 
cleaning  liquids,  and  also  a  st-eam  pipe  connected  with  a 
movable  generator,     talent  comptettU. 

2915  J.  T.  KERSHAW.  An  Impiioted  Ventilator. 
Dated  November  9,  1S66. 

This  invention  consists  in  the  adoption  of  a  back  or  valve 
falling  into  the  chimney  in  such  a  manner  as  to  throttle 
the  said  chimney,  and  so  prevent  it  withdrawing  from  the 
lower  part  of  the  room,  apartment,  or  shop  to  ba  venti- 
lated, or  from  the  Jower  part  of  the  room,  apartment,  or 
shop  below  or  adjoining,  aU  the  air  it  is  capable  of  carrying 
off,  and  so  compelling  the  chimney  to  withdraw  the  rest 
of  the  air  it  is  capable  of  cariying  oflF  from  the  upper  part 
of  the  room  or  apartment  or  shop  to  be  ventilated,  which 
air  is  the  hot  or  impure  air  to  be  got  rid  o£  raient  abtn- 
doiied. 

2920  S.  W.  WOODROFFE.  Improvements  in  the 
Construction  of  Privies,  Dustholes,  Commode-^,  Water- 
closets,  Ashpits,  and  Tank  Covers,  and  for  other  Simi- 
lar Purposes.     Dated  November  i),  1866. 

This  invention  consists  in  the  employment  of  one  or  more 
discs,  flaps,  doors,  or  covers  lunged  or  otherwise  attached 
to  the  underside  of  a  sent,  flap,  door,  or  cover,  above  which 
s  placed  another  seat,  flap,  door,  or  cover.  This  last-men- 
tioned seat,  flap,  door,  or  cover  iscapable  of  being  depressed 
by  hand,  or  by  the  weight  of  the  user,  or  other  weight ; 
such  upper  seat,  flap,  door,  or  cover  has  projections  on  its 
under  side  which  pass  through  slits  or  apertures  in  the 
lower  seat,  flap,  door,  or  cover,  and  press  upun  projections 
on  the  upper  side  of  the  first-rnentioned  disc  or  discs,  flaps, 
doors,  or  covers,  which  has  or  have  weights  or  equivalent 
contrivances  on  its  or  their  lower  side,  so  that  it  or  they 
shall  effectually  close  or  cover  over  an  orifice  or  orifices  at, 
to,  or  near  which,  it  or  they  is  or  are  attached  whenever 
there  is  no  pressure  upon  the  upper  seat,  flap,  door,  or 
cover.  But  when  pressure  is  applied  to  the  upper  seat, 
flap,  door,  or  cover  such  hinged  or  otherwise  attached  disc3, 
flaps,  doors,  or  covers  will  recede,  slide,  or  fall  away  fiom 
beneath  the  orifice,  leaving  the  whole  space  below  such 
orifice  open  for  the  passage  of  any  substance  or  liquid  which. 
it  may  be  desirable  to  pass  through  the  same,  and  on  the 
seat  being  relieved  of  pressure  the  discs,  flaps,  doors,  or 
covers  will  assume  such  position  that  they  shall  form  an 
airtight  closure,  and  thus  prevent  escape  of  effluvia  or 
noiioua  gas  or  vapour.     Fateut  computed. 


434 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


June  21,  18Q7. 


2935  H.  HITCHINS  and  "W.  WOOD.  Cutting  or 
Dresstng  Stone  for  Building  Purposes,  and  fob 
Moulding  or  Turning  Sa.mei'OR  Ornamental  Purposes. 
Dated  November  10, 1S66. 

The  stone  to  be  cut,  dressed,  or  moxUded  is  placed  upon 
a  travelling  or  revulviug  platform,  and  caused  by  the  aid 
of  machinery  to  slide  under  a  framework  of  wootl,  iron,  or 
other  metal,  in  which  are  fixed  cutters,  chisels,  or  picks 
used  fur  the  cutting,  dressing,  or  moulding  the  stone,  in 
order  to  bring  the  stone  in  contact  with  the  cutters,  chisels, 
or  picks  fixed  in  the  said  frame.  When  the  stoue  is  to  be 
turned,  it  is  made  to  rot;ite  on  centres  ;  a  vertical  or  curvi- 
linear motion  is  given  to  the  frame  contiiiiiine  the  cutters, 
chisels,  or  picks,  through  the  medium  of  tumblers,  cams, 
tappets,  eccentrics,  or  cranks,  all  or  either  being  put  in 
motion  by  means  of  wind,  water,  steam,  air,  compressed 
air.  galvanism,  electro-magnetism,  human,  or  other  motive 
power.  The  cutters,  chisels,  or  picks  are  tightened  or  de- 
pressed as  may  be  necessary  to  form  the  pattern  of  the 
moulding  required.     Fatent  abandoiud. 


Crak  Setos. 


TENDERS. 


Abingdon  (Berks) — For  erecting  a  new  vicarage  and 
stabling,  <fec.  Mr.  Edwin  Dolby,  architect :— Townsend  and 
Bona,  £2,965  ;  Barrett,  £2,702  143.  ;  Bowler,  £2,679  ;  Pey- 
man,  Townsend.  Sheppard,  and  Rogers,  £2,tJ23  133.  6d.  ; 
Townsend,  £2.000  ;  Dover.  £2,575  :  Jones  and  Co.,  £2,.'t50  ; 
Thomas,  £2.542  ;  King,  £2,505  5s.  Sd. ;  Selby,  £2.423  ;  Bal- 
lard, for  smith,  &,c.,  £Sj  5s.  ;  Howes,  plumber,  £257  153. 

Bournemouth.— For  n^w  house.  Mr.  Robert  W.  Edis, 
architect  :—Hapgood,  £3,574  Ss.  Gd. ;  Dunford,  £3,500; 
Dyke  (accepted),  £y,450. 

Bedford. — For  a  new  bakehouse,  flour  chambers,  ware- 
house, baker's  shop,  and  fittings  for  Mr.  Walker.  John 
Day,  architect  :-Canven,  £44T  ;  Lawson,  £409  lOs.  6d.  ; 
Richards,  £403  ISs.  6d.  ;  Haynea,  £403  Ts.  lid.  ;  Spencer 
accepted),  £379  10a. 

Felpham. — For  two  houses  at  Felpham  for  Mr.  G.  H. 
Rush.  Mr.  Arthur  Smith,  architect.  Quantities  supplied 
by  Rake  and  Ranwell :— Goble,  of  Bognor  (accepted),  £^48. 

Felpham  and  Bognor.— For  new  sluices,  &c-,  at  Fel- 
pham and  the  Bognor  Levels.  Mr.  Arthur  Smith,  engineer- 
Quantities  supplied  by  Rake  and  Ranwell: — Plews,  Lon- 
don, £4,587  lis.  ;  Coker,  Brighton,  £3,432  48.  :  Simms  and 
Marten,  of  London  and  Portsmouth,  £2,798;  Weekes,  Lon- 
don, £2,575;  Lawience,  Southsea  (accepted),  £2,500. 

GoDSTONE.— For  a  villa  for  Henry  Rose,  Esq.,  exclusive 
of  bricks,  lime  and  sand  forwalls  and  plastering.  H.  Saxon 
Snell,  architect.  Quantities  supplied  ; — Ebbs  and  Son, 
£4,170;  Sharpington  and  Cole.  £4,147 ;  Manley  and 
Rogers,  £3  945 ;  Newman  and  Mann,  £3,S8G  ;  Stimpson, 
£3,760;  Gabyer,  £3.690;  Crabb  and  Vaughan,  £3,521; 
Chappell,  £3,516;  Gibson  Brothers  (accepted),  £3,490. 

Grantham.— For  the  new  townhall,  fii-st  contract.  The 
work  includes  the  whole  of  the  prisoiis,  governor's  house, 
&c.  :— Stanley,  Close,  and  Co.,  £3,209  153.  ;  Stevensou  and 
Co.,  £2,920;  Hallidayand  Co.,  £2,760;  Paterson,  £2,700  ; 
Deimett,  £2,642  ;  Fast,  £2,580  ;  Rudd  and  Son,  £2.489  I2s. ; 
Wartnaby,  £2,480  ;  Simpson  and  Lynaiu  (accepted),  £2,179. 

HiLLiNGDON.— For  new  house  at  Hillingdon.  Mr.  Rober 
W.  Edis,  architect ; — Fassnidge  and  Son  (accepted),  £2,o5ij 

Huntingdon. — For  new  house  at  Houghton.  Jlr. 
Robert  W.  Edis,  architect : — Maile  and  Richardson,  with 
additions  (accepted),  £4,200;  Cornier,  £4,078. 

Highbury. — For  a  pair  of  semi-detached  villas  at  Col- 
lege-hiU,  Highbury,  N.  Mr.  J.  Messenger,  architect. 
Quantities  supplied  by  Mr.  J.  Glenn: — Hemmings,  £2,100; 
Stains  and  Sou,  £2.044;  W.  Warne,  1,975;  Shurrann,' 
£1,945;  Maley,  1,926;  Johnson,  £1,900;  Langmead  and 
Way,  £1,874;  Nightingale,  1,S49 ;  Elma,  £1,740;  Roy 
£1,620. 

KiNGSCLERE  (Hampshire).— For  erecting  a  amall  church 
at  Headly,  in  the  parish  of  Kingsclere.  Mr.  Edwin  Dolby,  ar- 
chitect :— Keats,  £763  153.  6d.  ;  Thomas,  £.Q05  ;  Dover 
£600  ;  Rabbitts,  £456  "s.  8d. 

Kent.— For  bailifif's  house  at  Stone,  Kent,  for  C.  White, 
Esq.  Herbert  Ford,  architect.  Quantities  supplied  by 
Mr.  J.  W.  Dennison  :— Hill,  £1,525;  Piper  and  Wheeler, 
£1,191 ;  Turaer  and  Sons,  £1,161 ;  Gumbrell,  £1,150  ;  W. 
Brass,  £1,148;  Browne  and  Robinson.  £1,130;  Pritchard, 
£1,114  ;  W.  Heushaw  (accepted),  £1,005. 

London. — For  the  erection  of  new  warehouse.  King 
Edward -street.  E.G.,  for  T.  N.  Debenham,  Esq.  Mr. 
Wimble,  architect  :—Patman  and  Fotheringham,  £5,SS5  ; 
Colls  and  Son,  £5,250;  Hill  aud  Sous,  £5,130;  Kelley, 
Brothers,  £4,y65;  Scrivener  and  White,  £4,963;  Conder, 
£4,919  ;  Newman  and  Mann,  £4,765  ;  Killby,  £4,599  ■  Mor- 
ter,  £4,443. 

Mortlake  (Surrey).— For  building  the  King's  Arms 
Hotel,  for  Messrs.  Philli))s  and  Wigau.  Mr.  R.  P.  Pope, 
architect  :—Lovatt,  £3,645  ;is.  ;  Goodall,  £3,380;  Searie! 
£3,316  153.  ;  Brown,  £3,310  ;  Bouiiug,  £3,300 ;  Adamson  and 
Son,  £3,208 ;  Wigmore,  £3,198  lOs. ;  Sharpington  and  Cole 
£8,030. 

Norwood.— For  five  pairs  of  villas,  for  the  London  and 
Suburban  Building  Society.  Mesara.  Hammack  and  Lam- 
bert, architects.  Quantities  supplied  : — Nixon,  £8,289  ; 
Newmann  and  Mann,  £8,075;  Hearle,  £7,557;  Gibson 
Brothers,  £7,477;  Mann,  £7,045;  Ennor,  £6,898;  Hedges 
£6,857  ;  Darby,  £6,745. 

RiDDLESDOwN  Park  (Surrey).— For  the  erection  of  a 
detached  residence  for  Mr.  J.  3.  Vooder  Heyde.  Mr. 
Thomas  Danby,  architect.  Quantities  supplied  by  Mr. 
Shrubsole:— Barnes,  £3,204;  Richards,  £2,776;  Garrud 
£2,612;  Wanie,  £2,600;  Nightingale,  £2.407;  Hazell 
£2,355;  Wilcox,  £2,311;  Poxoa  and  SmitU,  £2,270:  Neale, 
£2,203. 

WANTAOE.--Fornew  warehouse  and  repairs  to  house  for 
E.  Ormond,  Esq.  Mr.  J.  P.  Spencer,  Wantage,  architect  — 
Wheeler,  £341  bs.  ;  Rents,  £310  lOs.  ;  Partridge  and  Aid- 
worth  (accepted),  £280  IS*. 


BATH  STONE  OF  BEST  QUALITY. 

Randell  and  Saunders,  Quarrymen  and  Stone  Mei- 
chauts,  Bath.  List  of  Prices  at  the  Quarries  and  Depots, 
also  Cost  for  Transit  to  any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
furnished  on  application  to  Bath  Stone  Office,  Corsham, 
Wilts.— [Ad  VT.J 


BANKRUPTS. 

TO  SURRENDER   IN    BASINGHALL-STREET. 

Robert  Austin  Ellis,  Chelmondiston.  Sutfolk,  builder, 
July  2,  at  12 — James  Benjamin  Surridge,  Scarsdale-road, 
Camberwell,  house  decorator,  July  3,  at  2 — Charles  Robert 
Teague,  Old  Jewry,  ourveyor,  July  4,  at  11 — Charles  James 
Watts,  Nonvich,  engineer,  July  2,  at  11 — James  Worm,  Ire- 
land-yard, Doctor's  Commons,  builder,  July  2,atl — R.  Chid- 
ley.  Crown-street.  Solio,  proprietor  of  taw  mills,  June  27, 
at  1 — Joseph  Markwell,  Brown  low -road,  Dalstou,  builder, 
June  26,  at  1 — George  Mayston,  Waterloo-terrace,  Cam- 
biidge-heath,  gasfltter,  June  27. 

TO  SURRENDER  IN  THE  COUNTRY. 

Thomas  Aston.  Hereford,  carpenter,  July  16,  at  U— 
Robert  Glover,  Bideford,  mason,  July  3,  at  2 — Owen  Grif- 
fiths and  William  Evans.  Llandudno,  builders,  June  26,  at 
12 — George  King,  Reading,  plasterer,  June  29,  at  10 — 
William  Stoakes,  New  Church,  carpenter,  June  19,  at  11 — 
William  Wiukless,  Leicester,  builder,  July  3,  at  10 — George 
Edward  Young,  Middlesborough,  joiner,  June  28.  at  11 — 
William  Ashtou,  Lincoln,  bricklayer,  June  24,  at  11 — John 
Bower,  Llanberis,  manager  of  a  slate  coTnpany,  June  2.'i, 
at  11 — John  Edwards,  Aberdare,  builder,  June  20,  at  11 
— Robert  Howard,  Southport,  plumber,  June  26,  at  10 — 
Henry  James  Lewis,  Nettlebed,  Oxfordshire,  plumber,  July 
1,  at  12 — Samuel  Pepperdine,  sen. ,  Lincoln,  sawj-er,  June 
24,  at  11 — Henry  Sirrell,  Holmer,  Herefordshire,  black- 
smith, June  28,  at  11 — Thomas  Stringer,  Brighton,  car 
p9uter,  June  29,  at  11. 

NOTICES  OF  SITTINGS  FOR  LAST  EXAMINATION. 

July  11,  T.  Cracknell,  Maida  Vale,  builder— July  15,  J. 
Wilde,  High-street,  Forest-hill,  house  painter — August  1. 
T.  Cook,  Northam.  builder — July  9,  G.  Turner,  Stockton, 
painter— July  12,  G.  Rogers.  Forest  Hill,  contractor— July 
19,  T.  D'Arcy  M'Nally,  Water-street,  Blackfriars,  builder- 
July  9,  G.  and  R.  B.  Geldard,  Spennymoor,  blacksmitha- 
July4,  J.  Jones,  Briton  FeiTy,  builder — June  27,  J.  Beck 
Andover,  plumber— June  25,  P.  Presant,  Norwich,  brick- 
layer—July 22,  C.  Hibberd,  Sutton  Mandeville,  stone- 
mason. 

PARTNERSHIPS  DIS.SOLVED. 

Evans  and  Jones,  Liverpool,  joiners— Scott  and  Co.. 
Kingstown,  Cumberland,  brickmakere — Broadbridge  and 
Epps.  Boughton-under-the-BIean,  Kent,  builders — T.  and 
J.  Groves,  Shrewsbury,  builders— Dil worth  and  Wilson, 
Halifax,  stonemason.^. 

DECLARATIONS   OF   DIVIDENDS. 

A.  N.  Lea,  Hoole,  surveyor,  div.  lid. — A.  Goldaworthy, 
Redruth,  cabinet  maker,  div.  4s.  6d. 

DIVIDENDS. 

July  11,  R  Johnson  and  J.  Addie,  York-street,  York- 
road,  Lambeth,  slate  merchant— July  11,  A.  Collins,  Stal- 
bridge,  iromuonger — July  11,  R.  Spencer,  Freshwater, 
builder— July  5.  W.  Bayliss,  Hereford,  plumber — July  10, 
J.  H  Little,  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  plumber — July  10,  J. 
F.  Mathews,  Reigate,  surveyor -June  25,  T.  Buttress,  East 
Norton,  builder. 


LATEST   PRICES   OF   MATERIALS   USED 
IN  CONSTRUCTIOX 


TiMBES.  duty  Is 

Teak    load    £9    0£10  ] 

Qaebeo,  red  pine  ....     3    0      4] 

.,  yellovr  pine. .  3  16  4 
St.  John  N.B.  yeUow  0  0  0 
Quebec  O&k,  -white  . .     5    S      6 

„       birch S  10      4  ] 

„       elm   3  10      6 

Dontzlc  oak 3  10      6 

..       ftr  2    0      3 

Meiuel  &r   3    0      31 

Riga 3    0      3 

Swedish  1  15      2 

Maata.Quebecredpine  6    0      7 

,,       yellow  pine.  .306 

Lftthwood.Dantzic.fm  4  10      6 

St.  Peteraburj  6  10      7  1 
D8ilB,prC..12ft.  by3 
by  9  in.,  duty  2«  per 
load,  drawback  2b. 

Quebec.  wLite  spruce  14  10  21  1 

St.John,  whiteepruce  13  10  IS  1 
Yellow  pine,  p«r  re- 
duced C. 

Canada,   lat  quality.  17    0  19  1 

2Dd  do 12    0  13 


per  load,  drawback,  la. 
Archangel,  yellow  ,.  £H 
St.  Petersburg,  yeL..  10 

Finland  8 

Memel • 

Gothenburg,  yellow       8 

white    8 

Gefle.  yellow 9 

Soderbamn    9 

ChTisti^Luia,    per   C, 

12  ft.  by  3  by  9  in. 

yellow 16 

Deck  Plank,  Dantzic. 

per  40  It.  3  in 0 

Pdmice  Stonb  pr  ton    6 
Oils,  &C. 

Seal,  pale per  tun  37 

Sperm  body HO 

Cod 4') 

Whale.  Sth.  Sea.  pale  38 

OUve,  Gallipoli 62 

Coco;inut,  Cochin, ton  B5 

Palm,  fine 40 

Linseed   39 

Rapeseed,  £ng.pale..  37 
Cottonseed 30 


10  £13  lO 
10    11 
0      9 


Metals. 

Isos:— 
■Welsh  Bars  In  London     . .  , . . . .  per  ton 

Nail  Rod       - 

Hoops do 

Slieeta,  Single      do 

Stafurdshire  Bara       .   do 

Bars,  In  Wales     do 

Rails    do 

Foundry  Pigfl.  at  Glaag.  No   1   ..       do 
Swedish  Bara  do 

Steel:— 

Swedish  Keg,  hammered     per  ton 

Swedish  Faggot  do 

Coprni  :— 
Sheet  &  Sheathing.  &  Bolts  ....per  ton 

Hammered  Bottoms       do 

Flat  Bottoms,  not  Hammered   ..       do 

Cake  and  Tough  Ingot      do 

Best  Selected     do 

Fine  Foreign    do 

Yel.  MetaJ  Sheathing  *  Bodjs  ....  per  lb 

Tnr  :— 

English  Block      per  ton 

do      Bar   , do 

do      Eeflned  do 

B&Qca      ...  do 

Straits     do 

Lkxd : — 

Pig,  English per  ton 

..    Spanish  Soft     do 

Shot.  Patent do 

.''heet  do 

Whit«     dg 


0      < 

0  112     0 


36    0 
0 


6  10    0 

7  JO    0 


9  16 
7  10 
6  16 


9 

10 


6  10 
8  5 
11     0 


3 
net 


15  10    0 
IS  10    0 


83    0 
87  10 


0     0    7i        0     0     71 


»t    0 
91  0 
83  0 

0 
0 
0 

0  0 

U  0 
88  10 

0 
0 

:i  15 
19  la 

21  0 
21  0 
30  9 

0 
0 
0 
0 

« 

0  0 
1}    0 
0    0 
0  0 
3110 

0 
0 
0 
0 

0 

Spbltek  :— 

OntheSpot  per  ton  21    0    0  21    2 

Zinc  : — 

English  Sheet      per  ton  2r,  10    0  27    0    i 

Devaux'sV.  M.  Roofing  Zinc    do  28    0    0  0    0    i 

*  And  6  per  cant,  discount  11  laid  upon  the  new  syBt«in. 

QcncxjULVSJi     per  btl            6  17    0  U    0 

Beoulus  or  AimMOBT. 
French  per  ton         36    0    0       fl    0 


CONTRACTS. 


BOARD  of  WORKS  for  the  POPLAR 
DISTRICT.— To  SEWER  CONTR.\CTORS.— Notice  is  Hereby 
Given,  that  this  Boaid  will  meet  .it  the  Board-room,  on  Tuesday. 
July  2  next,  at  sir  o'clock  in  the  evening  preciselv,  to  receive 
TENDERS  for  the  CON.STRUCTION  of  1.563ft .  or  thereabouts,  o( 
5ft.  by  2ft.  *in.  BRICK :  475ft.,  or  thereabouts,  of  Jennings's  15-inch 
Pipe  ;  and  3  090ft.,  or  thereribouts,  of  Jennings's  12  inch  Pipe  Sewers, 
with  Gulleya.  Junctions.  &c..  in  Devon'a-road  BrickQetd-lane.  Bor- 
dettstreet,  Tibbctt's  Mad.  Reeves'-road,  Grace-street.  Park  street, 
and  Mai-y-street,  in  the  parish  of  Bromley,  -t.  Leonard  The  parties 
tendering  must  furnish  the  names  of  two  re3pon<<ible  persons  willing 
to  enter  into  bond  with  tbeni  in  the  aura  of  £300,  for  the  due  per- 
formance of  their  contract,  and  will  b*  required  immediately  to  pay 
down  the  sum  of  £2  on  the  acceptance  of  their  tender,  for  t'le  expense 
of  the  contract  and  bond.  A  separate  amount  for  each  street  mast  ha 
stilted  in  the  tender.  The  Board  do  not  bind  themselves  to  accept 
the  lowest  or  any  tender;  and  the  parties  oCFering  to  contract,  or 
some  one  on  their  behalf,  are  required  to  be  in  attendance  oa  the 
day.  and  at  the  hour,  above  named.  Tenders  upon  the  forms  pre- 
pared for  that  p)urpo9e.  sealed  and  endorsed  "Tender  for  Sewers," 
none  other  will  be  received,  must  be  delivered  at  my  office  on  or 
before  July  2.  at  twelve  o'clock,  noon,  after  which  time  no  tender 
will  be  received.  Plans  and  speciQcations  can  be  seen,  and  further 
particulars  and  forms  of  tender  had,  on  application  at  the  Surveyor's 
office,  any  day  imtil  July  1,  1867,  Inst.,  between  the  hours  of  ten  a.m. 
and  four  p.m. 

JOHN  LAYTON,  Jun.,  Clerk  to  the  Board. 
Offices— East  India  Dock-road.  June  20. 1867. 


T 


/CONSERVATIVE    LAND    SOCIETY.- 

Vy  NORTH  LONDON  ESTATE.  FINCHLEY.  MIDDLESEX.- 
TENDERS  are  invited  for  the  EXECUTION  of  DRAINAGE 
WOR^KSand  ROAD-MAKING  on  the  above  estate.  In  order  to  indi- 
cate approximately  the  extent  of  tbe  proposed  works,  the  following 
rough  quantities  are  stated,  but  parties  tendering  will  be  understood 
to  have  taken  out  quantities  for  themselves : — 

770ft.  of  I2in.  pipe  sewei-s)       .      j     n.  »    ■        _i,   .,1.1 

Sion.  ol    9in.  pit»  .ewer.  /     Average  depth  to  mvert,  lUt, 

No.  38  Allotment  eyea  6in.  on  12in. 

No.  15  do.  6in.  on  9iu. 

No.  11  Gulley  Cesspits,  including   gratinge  complete,  and  6iu. 

branch  drains  to  main. 
790ft,  of  3iit.  roads,  including  two  8fi.  footpaths. 
2O0ft.  of  8ft.  footpath. 
IJtOft.  of  6ft.  footpath. 
The  plan,  sections,  details,  and  specification  may  be  aeen  on  And 
after  Wednesday.  June  26, 1867.  at  the  offices  of  the  Society's  Surveyor, 
Mr.    Jamea    Wylson.    33,    Norfolk  street,     Strand,     London.    W.C. 
Tenders  to  be  sent  in  on  or  before  Friday.  July  5.  1867.  sealed,  and 
addressed    to    the    Surveyor  as    above,  and   endorsed    '   Tender  lor 
Works  at  Finchley,"     The  Committee  do  not  bind  themselvei  to 
accept  ihe  lowest  or  any  tender  submitted. 

Bv  Order  of  Uie  Board, 
V  CHARLES  LEWIS  GRUNEISEN,  Secretary. 

33,  Norfolk-street,  Strand,  London,  W-C, 

June  20.  1867.  

O    BUILDERS. —  Persons    desirous    of 

giving  TENDERS  for  the  ERECTION  of  a  PUBLICH0U3S, 
Upper  Holloway.  N..  c-tu  sec  the  plans  and  specifications  and  obtain 
quantitea  at  my  office.  Tenders  to  be  delivered  at  twelve  o'clock  at  noon, 
on  Tuesday.  July  2.     The  proprietorado  not  bind  themselves  to  accept  \ 
ihe  lowest  or  any  tender. 
20,  Guilford-street.  W.C.  M  C   W.  HOBNE,  Architect 

T^O  BUILDERS,  CONTRACTORS, 
M.\SON.S,  and  Othere.— The  Churchwardens  of  St.  Paul.  Shad- 
well.  Middlesex.  Hereby  Give  Notice  that  they  are  prepared  to  re- 
ceive TENDERS  fortho  REPAIRING  of  the  EXTEttlOR  of  the 
PARISH  CHURCH  of  St.  Paul.  ShadweU.  Parties  desirous  0* 
sending  in  tenders  for  the  works  may  inspect  the  specification  at 
the  office  of  the  Vestry  Clerk,  No.  141.  Hi^h-street,  ShadweU,  orat 
the  office  of  the  architect.  Mr.  Charles  Dunch,  district  Board  otQcea, 
While  Horse-street  Commerciat-road.  East,  The  tenders  are  to  be 
sealed  up  and  endorsed  "Tender  for  Repairing  ShadweU  Charch." 
and  are  to  be  delivered  at  the  Vestry  Clerk's  office,  High -street.  Shad- 
weU. not  later  than  twelve  o'clock  on  Monday,  July  1  next.  Tbe 
Churchwardens  do  not  oind  themselves  to  accept  the  lowest  orany 
tender,  and  the  paity  whose  tender  shall  be  accepted  will  be  required 
to  provide  two  approved  sureties,  whose  names  must  be  iue^rted  in 
the  tender  for  the  due  and  satisfactory  performance  of  the  works. 

AUGUSTIN  HELLISH,  Vestry  Clerk. 
High.etreet.  ShadweU.  E.,  June  20.  1867.  ^^___ 

WAR  DEPARTMENT  CONTRACT.-  ^ 
NOTICE  to  BUILDERS.— TENDERS  are  required  for 
the  ERECTION  of  a  GYMNASIUM,  and  COAL  YARD  at  Walaier 
Barracks,  in  theCounty  of  Kent ;  the  plana  and  sjieciflcationa  of  which 
may  be  seen  on  application  at  the  Royal  Engineer  Office,  Dova. 
Parties  desiring  to  tender  for  the  erection  of  these  works  most  leave 
their  names  at  the  Royal  Engineer  Office.  Dover,  on  or  before 
Saturday,  tbe  ■.■.4th  init,,  and  pay  the  sum  of  10a.  6d.  for  the  bill* 
of  quantities,  which  will  be  forwarded  to  each  party  as  soon  as  pre- 
pared by  the  Government  Surveyor.  The  Secretary  of  State  for  War 
does  not  bind  himself  to  accept  the  lowest  or  any  tender. 

Signed.  A.  P.  G.  ROSS. 
Colonel  Commanding  Boyal  Engineer. 
Royal  Engineer  Office,  Archcliff  Fort,  Dover, 

June  5.  1867. ___^ 

WAR  DEPARTMENT  CONTRACTS.— 
NOTICE  to  BUILDERS.— TENDERS  are  required  for 
the  ERECTION  of  an  additional  block  of  TROOP  STABLES.  wtH. 
Harness-room,  Picquet-room.  Entrance  (rates,  &c..  itc,  for  the  Mill- 
tar}'  Train.  Mill-lane,  Woolwich.  Parties  desiring  to  tender  fov  the 
execution  of  these  works  must  leave  their  namea  at  this  office  on  or 
before  July  2.  181)7.  and  pay  the  sum  of  IDs.  6d.  for  the 
bills  of  quantities,  which  will  be  forwarded  to  each  party  ps  0000  aa 
prepared.  The  Secretary  of  State  does  not  bind  himself  to  accept  the 
lowest  or  any  tender.  W.    DRISCOLL  GOSSET. 

Lieutenant -Colonel  Boyal  Engineers. 
Royal  Engineer  Office,  Woolwich , June  18,  1867. 


k 

Pn 
k 
•a: 

SI 

fa 

t 
hi 


WANTED. 

„*  TAc  BUILDING  KEVfS  inserti  adverlhementi 
/or  "  siTnATiONS  WANTED,"  (tc,  at  One  Shitting 
for  the  first  Twenty -four  Words, 


TO  ARCHITECTS  and  ENGINEERS.— 
A  youth,  aged  15.  who  writes  a  fair  hand  and  can  do  TraclBg*. 
wiabts  for  an  ENOAGEMENTfts  JUNIOR  in  the  office  of  ">  *™^' 
tect  or  engineer.- Address,  A.  B.,  75,  Arlington-street,  Momlugton- 
crescent,  3.W. 


WANTED,  by  a  Youth,  EMPLOYMENT 
in  the  omce  clan  ArchiUcL-Ailtoin,  M.  H.,6,  Jelrejn-rt«". 


June  28,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


435 


THE   BUILDING  NEWS. 


LONDON,  FRIDAY,  J  USE  25,  1S67. 


THE  PARIS  EXHIBITIOI^. 

Architecture. — Fifth  Notice. 

IjANGLAND  is  represented  by  about  fifty 
J  architects,  and  amongst  them  are  many 
of  our  men  of  note,  so  that  we  miglit  at  tlie 
first  sight  expect  to  see  a  fair  exposition  of  the 
stiite  of  architecture.  Unfortunately,  this  is 
not  so,  most  of  our  best  men  being  only  re- 
presenteil  by  some  small  photographs,  and 
many  by  a  secondar}-  work,  or  even  some 
study  for  an  unsuccessful  competition.  Con- 
spicuous, too,  by  their  absence  are  the  names 
of  Butterfield,  Pugin,  Goldie,  and  others,  who 
have  done  much  to  raise  our  position  in  the 
ranks  of  Art  ;  and,  whilst  sorry  to  lose  the 
influence  of  their  presence,  we  must  congra- 
tulate them  on  their  wisdom  in  abstaining 
from  exhibiting  their  works  to  such  a  dis- 
advantage. We  reviewed  the  English  con- 
tributions before  they  were  sent  to  Paris,  and 
shall  in  this  case  make  but  small  comment 
of  our  own,  gleaning  our  remarks  from  the 
reviews  of  others,  and  premising  them  with 
the  regret  that  so  few  plans  or  geometric 
drawings  have  been  sent.  Continental  archi- 
tects search  primarily  for  the  plan  of  the 
building  represented,  and  having  found  it 
commence  their  study  of  the  design  from  this 
point ;  and  loud  are  the  outcries  of  those  who 
have  found  us  in  our  '•  lost  corner,"  at  the 
absence  of  this  keynote  and  initial  to  their 
method  of  study.  The  first  search  of  our 
foreign  brethren  is  for  the  drawings  submitted 
in  competition  for  the  new  liaw  Courts,  and, 
great  as  is  their  disappointment  at  not  finding 
these  in  the  catalogue,  it  is  far  surpassed 
when  they  find  in  a  small  black  coffin  some 
little  photographs  without  name  or  number, 
and  hung  without  the  slightest  regard  to 
sequence — a  portion  of  one  design  being  de- 
tached from  its  other  illustrations  and  just 
fitted  in  anywhere  its  size  allows,  without 
reference  or  relationship  to  its  neighbours. 
Mr.  Scott,  it  is  true,  has  a  stall  all  to  himself, 
but  lie  is  a  favoured  individual,  and  a  sort  of 
royal  personage,  being  the  immortaliser  of 
Prince  Albert,  and  South  Kensington 
dare  not  quite  extinguish  him;  but,  as 
for  the  others,  they  are  merely  architects,  and, 
coming  of  that  long-enduring  and  patient  race, 
they  may  be  stabled  in  any  crib  and  herded 
together  in  any  fashion  or  no  fashion  at  all. 
The  reviewer  in  the  Journal  des  Trai^aux 
PuUigues  thus  refers  to  this  portion  of  our 
exposition  : — "The  new  Palais  de  Justice  will 
be  as  large  as  the  old  and  new  Louvre  at 
Paris  together,  and  is  an  affair  of  some  thirty 
millions  of  francs,  for  which  eleven  English 
architects  have  competed  together  amongst 
themselves.  Well !  this  competition  (too 
exclusively  English)  is  only  visible  in  the 
Exposition  through  some  little  photographic 
views, and  without  any  geometric  drawings  to 
enable  us  to  appreciate  the  relative  value  of 
the  designs."  This  last  sentence  is  the  burden 
of  all  the  notices  on  this  portion  of  the  Ex- 
hibition, and  serves  as  a  refrain  to  all  the 
comments ;  and,  after  remarking  on  the 
absence  of  the  designs  by  Messrs.  Abrahams, 
G  arling,  and  Street,  who  he  supposes  would 
not  allow  their  works  to  be  exhibited  because 
there  was  so  little  room,  says  of  Mr.  Barry 
that  his  design  lacks  simplicity,  and  of  Mr. 
Brandon  that  his  five  views,  both  externally 
and  internally,  are  too  reminiscent  of  churches 
and  cathedrals.  It  is  singular  to  remark  that 
Mr.  Burges's  design,  which  has  called  forth  so 
many  comments  in  England,  is  passed  over 
without  a  remark,  excepting  one  we  hope  he 
will  appreciate — he  is  coupled  with  Mr. 
Deane,  and  the  two  dismissed  in  three  short 
lines.    Mr.  Lockwood  achieves  a  greater  suc- 


cess, and  is  described  as  an  architect  of  great 
taste  and  an  able  draughtsman.  Mr.  Scott 
"  has  sixteen  views  without  a  single  geometric 
design  and  [mark  this]  it  is  impossible  for  us 
with  these  picturestjue  drawings  to  form  an 
opinion  of  it  as  a  work  of  architecture." 
Most  English  architects  nowadays  conceive 
a  pictiiresciuo  drawing  to  be  the  one  thing 
needful,  and  getting  that  somehow  or  another 
leave  the  rest  alone  to  time  and  circumstances 
to  develope  as  they  may.  "  Plenty  of  time 
to  study  the  building  when  we  have  won  the 
competition  is  the  cry."  "  Only  let  tis  have  a 
decent  perspective  and  we  are  safe ;"  and  so  in 
this  case  we  have  sL.\teen. 

Mr.  Seddon,  we  read,  "  presents  to  us,  '  un 
facheux  assemblage  de  maisons  a  pignon,' "  and 
the  rest  of  his  design  meets  with  similar  treat- 
ment; and,  finally,  even  5Ir.  Waterhouse  is,  on 
account  of  his  having  nothing  but  his  jiictur- 
esque  views,  despatched  without  further  com- 
ment. It  is  quite  impossible  to  make  a  foreign 
architect  understand  that  this  paucity  of  illus- 
tration of  so  important  a  national  undertaking 
arises  from  the  executive.  We  are  stigmatised 
as  being  "afraid  to  .show  our  plans  ;"  "  we  fear 
the  rest  of  the  world,  else  we  should  have  in- 
vited them  to  compete  for  this  '  att'aire  d'uue 
trentaine  de  millions  de  francs,'  "  and  often  as 
we  have  explained  the  fact  that  the  original 
drawings  are  yet  under  adjudicatory  inspec- 
tion in  London,  and  could  not  be  sent,  so 
often  have  we  seen  the  bland  incredulous 
smile  steal  over  the  face  and  the  shoulders 
steal  up  to  the  ears,  and  listened  to  the  in- 
quiry, "  But,  then,  why  not  photograph  your 
plans  and  geometrical  drawings  I  "  Surely, 
says  another  critic,  "  the  fair  exposition  of  the 
designs  for  this  largest  project  in  the  world 
would  have  done  more  for  the  arts  than  the 
exhibition  of  a  plaster  cast  of  a  Pisan  Pulpit 
already  known  to  every  student,  and  would 
neither  have  cost  so  much  money  nor  occupied 
so  much  space;  "  but  the  happy  man  who  made 
it  knew  not  Cole,  or  he  would  never  have 
ventured  on  such  a  remark,  and  we,  in  our 
turn,  shrug  our  shoulders  and  point  to  the 
grim  black  coffin  we  have  just  emerged  from, 
and  before  getting  quite  away  from  it  give 
this  general  criticism  of  M.  Horreau,  which  is 
too  good  to  be  traitslated  : — "  Dans  ce  grand 
concours  ii  petites  photographies,  on  remarque 
en  general  une  trojj  grande  richesse  qui  ne 
convient  pas  an  temple  de  la  justice,  et  un 
fficheux  esprit  de  reproduction  d'architecture 
passee,"  and  after  expressing  an  opinion  that 
Italian  architecture  of  the  Florentine  type 
would  have  better  suited  the  place  and  pur- 
pose, Jil.  Horreau  winds  tip  with  another 
lament  at  the  absence  of  any  geometrical  draw- 
ings. 

After  the  Law  Courts  the  object  next 
sought  for  is  Mr.  Scott's  design  for  the  Prince 
Albert  Memorial  in  Hyde  Park,  and  opinions 
vary  greatly.  "  It  is  not  a  monument  but  a 
tomb,"  says  one  ;  •"  a  tabernacle  for  an  altar," 
says  another  ;  whilst  a  third  regrets  "  that 
there  are  neither  seats,  nor  candelabra,  nor 
drinking  fountaivs  upon  its  extended  base, 
that  its  flight  of  steps,  which  are  octagonal 
in  their  last  stage,  do  not  take  that  form  in 
their  first;  "  "  that  the  four  main  arches  do 
not  extend  upwards  with  the  tympana  instead 
of  being  kept  down  by  the  horizontal  band," 
and  remarks  that  "  if  they  had  been  larger  they 
would  have  given  more  space  for  the  statue, 
which,  like  them,  is  too  small;"  "that  these 
tympana  have  no  square  base  provided  for 
the  pinnacles  which  spring  from  the  angles, 
and  which  are  thus  poised  on  a  point,  and 
that  the  central  tteche  should  be  so  equally 
subdivided  in  its  height ;  "  "  that  the  con- 
struction should  be  composed  of  too  many 
small  elements  '  soldered '  together  to  last 
long ; "  andasa_;?(iaZe  the  reviewerfeels  acutely 
for  the  Prince,  who  is  here  exposed  to  a  tho- 
rough draugbt,and  placed  in  very  reduced  cir- 
cumstances compared  to  the  rest  of  his  sur- 
roundings. There  is  much  that  is  very  ju^t 
in  all  this,  and  much  that  we  have  said  be- 
fore, and  we  are  forced  to  agree  with  his 
response  to  the  question  he  puts,  and  answers 


thus  : — "Le  monument  propos^  a  la  niemoire 
du  princeConsortserat-ilun  beaumonument  ? 
Nous  ne  le  pensons  pas  ;  la  statue,  objet  prin- 
cipal est  trop  accessoire  dans  I'ensemble  et  le 
prince  tourne  le  dos  i  une  facade  qui  est  tout 
aussi  belle  qui  les  trois  autres  facades."  In 
fact,  the  casket  is  made  of  more  importance 
than  the  jewel,  and,  like  much  of  Mr.  Scott's 
other  work,  it  may  achieve  prettLuess,  but 
has  not  attained  to  dignity. 

ilessrs.  Donaldson,  Barry,  Fergusson,  and 
Pennethorne  exhibit  their  designs  for  the 
same  competition,  which  do  not  seem  to 
attract  much  attention,  and  are  tlius  com- 
mented on:  "The  projects  of  the  competitors 
of  Mr.  Scott  shade  tlie  statue  less,  it  is  true, 
but  they  leave  much  to  be  desired  in  other 
respects.  Some  of  them  surround  it  too  much, 
and  Mr.  Fergusson  raises,  moreover,  four 
angle  pavilions,  which  are  justified  by 
nothing,  and  which  hinder  the  view  of  the 
statue,  already  too  much  masked  by  two 
advanced  pillars,  pillars  which  are  composed 
of  fagots  of  columns  of  all  colours."  We  are 
glad  to  see  a  voice  raised  against  this  said 
fayotinci,  and  the  promiscuous  huddling 
together  of  all  kinds  of  materials,  with  the 
idea  that  richness  necessarily  results  from 
costliness.  Many  a  good  detail  and  well- 
conceived  accessory  is  spoiled  by  the  ill- 
assorting  of  these  so-called  "coloured  decora- 
tions "  in  marble  shaftings  ;  and  the  utter  dis- 
regard of  all  contrast  or  harmony  of  colotir 
exhibited  in  the  haphazard  way  in  which 
they  are  allowed  to  find  their  own  places 
betrays  ignorance  in  art.  Of  the  designs  for 
the  new  National  Gallery  submitted  in  com- 
jietition,  four  are  here  represented  by  photo- 
graphs. They  are  those  of  Messrs.  Barry, 
Broderick,  Somers  Clarke,  and  Owen  Jones, 
"  which  present  to  us  all  known  species  of 
architecture — Roman,  Gothic,  or  Renaissance, 
with  more  or  less  of  columns,  of  towers  and 
domes,  and  seem  to  us,  even  after  comparison 
with  many  other  buildings  exhibited,  to  be 
almost  barbaric  in  their  attempted  decoration." 
There  is,  undoubtedly,  a  want  of  refinement 
in  our  work  which  is  unpleasant  to  a  French 
or  German  architect,  whose  spirit  is  more 
subtle  and  less  rash.  The  portion  of  our 
exhibition  which  attracts  most  continental 
attention  is  that  which  embraces  the  numerous 
designs  for  churches;  for  "  L'Angleterre  est, 
detout  le  monde  entier  le  pays  oil  Ton  con- 
struit  le  plus  d'Eglises  et  de  chapelles ;"  and 
l\Ir.  Street's  churches  at  Westminster  and 
Clifton  attract  a  good  deal  of  attention,  but 
again  comes  the  old  refrain,  "  nous  regretton 
tous  jours  I'absence  de  dessins  geometraux  a 
echelle  suffisante  pour  fair  apprecier  les 
osuvres.  II  semble  que  les  architectes  Anglaise 
ne  s'occupent  que  I'eft'et  ,  decoratif,  que  de 
presenter  de  belles  images  sans  creuser  les 
importantes  questions  d'economie  dans  les  dis- 
positions et  constructions  de  les  ccuvres." 
We  assure  our  continental  brethren  that  these 
questions  are  as  much  forced  on  the  attention 
of  English  architects  as  on  those  of  any  other 
country,  and  regret  that  we  have  not  had  the 
opportunity  of  exhibiting  to  them  many  of 
these  same  works  in  geometric  representa- 
tion, when  they  woidd  have  seen  bow  very 
well  we  construct,  and  how  very  badly  draw. 
At  present  the  converse  only  is  their  impres- 
sion, and  inasmuch  as  these  drawings  are 
mainly  the  work  of  the  professed  perspective 
draughtsman  and  the  architectural  colourist, 
we  do  not  wonder  at  it.  The  very  beautiful 
drawing  of  the  crypt  of  St.  Stephen's,  at  West- 
minster, by  Mr.  Barry,  and  the  no  less  clever 
ones  by  Mr.  Slater,  of  the  restoration  of  Sher- 
borne Minster,  attract  much  attention,  and  we 
are  sure  to  find  some  foreign  architect,  with 
his  nose  almost  adhering  to  the  glass,  minutely 
examining  these  and  Mr.  Burges's  drawings. 
But  the  photographs  from  Mr.  Burges's  draw- 
ings of  St.  Snnon  Stylites,  and  his  fountain, 
are  puzzles  they  cannot  solve.  We  have 
heard  the  former  wondered  over  and  ex- 
plained as  an  illustration  of  the  ultra  Catholic 
feeling  of  Protestant  England,  and  the  latter 
described  as  one  of  the  fountains  in  Trafalgar- 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


square  •  indeed,  these  are  some  of  the  mysterie 
of  the  Exhibition,  and  excite  almost  pamtul 
interest.     Of  the  secular  buildings,  we  cannot 
find  in  the  remarks  of  foreigners,  very  much 
Sraise.      Messrs.    Banks    and  Barry's  design 
L  the  Manchester  Exchange  is  described  as 
"  too  Roman,"  and  Mr.  E.  Barry's  hotel,  with  it. 
"unjustifiable  fleches,"  generally  condemned  a. 
being  too  much  cut  up  into  little  bits  ;  whilst 
the  Endell-.treet  Schools  meet  with  general 
commendation.     Mr.  Cockerell's  Freemasons 
Hall  i3  rather  a  puzzle,  but  all  regard  h. 
father's  drawing  for  the  sculpture  to  the  tym- 
panum  of   St.    George's   Hall  with  a  leelmg 
akin  to  veneration,  as   much  for  the  memory 
nf  a  man  everywhere  loved  as  for  its  mt  msic 
value     Mr.  Gibson's  National  and  Provmcial 
Banl.  is  described  as  "  coaKe,"  and  as  being  of 
an  "oidre  romain  dont   I'echelle    n  est    pas 
appropriee  a    I'etendue   et  a  la  fonctiou  de 
t-edifice;"  and  his  circular-headed   doorway 
underShis  circular  arch  is  generally  condemned 
as  an  instance  of  great  poverty   of  invention 
Nor  is  Mr.   Giles's   Langham  Hotel  much   o 
a  favourite.     The  extreme  disruption  ot  alt 
leading    lines    is    an    unpardonable    oftence 
in    the    eyes     of     foreign    professors.      Air 
Broderick  is  a  puzzle  to  many,  and  his  love  ot 
column  is  regarded   as   an  amiable   instinct 
and  both  in  this  and  m  bis  National   Gallery 
dramngs  he  is  considered  to  work  ma  style 
"trop   romanisc,"    though   he    would  hard  7 
know  himself  when  he  figures  as  MM.  GutU- 
bert  et  Broderick  ;  but  after  the  extraordinary 
maltreatment  of  foreign    names   m   an  Eng- 
lish architectural  newspaper  we   have   seen, 
we  certainly  think   our   continental  contem- 
poraries are  entitled  to  a  little  revenge.^    Mr 
feardmck's  beautiful  drawings  are  considered 
to  be  "rather  the  work  of  a  decorator  than 
an  architect,"  which  we  think  slightly  too 
severe;  but  Mr.    Hay  ward,  who    "moutrent 
des  hotels  qui  mauguent  d' unite,    is  by  com- 
pensatory justice  let  off  very  easily.     Que  ot 
the  most  pleasing  drawings  m  the  Exhibition 
is    that    of    Mr.    Lynn   fur  the    Parliament 
House  at  Sydney    and  attracts   very    great 
attention,  although  he,  too,  comes  m  for  blame 
for  presenting  his  design  with  "imtrop  petit 
plan   et   sans  dessins  g^ometraux,     and  also 
receives  a  very  justifiable  criticism  as  loUows  : 
— "  L'architecture     Gothique     exportee     au 
Svdney   n'a  rien  qui  nous  seduise. '     ^  et  we 
confess   it  would   be  rather  hard    upon    an 
architect  settled  in  new  diggings  if  he^had  to 
"  evolve  from  his  inner  consciousness'  a  new 
and  appropriate  style  aU  at  once  ;  nor  can  we 
endorse   the   sentiment  that    "  l'architecture 
orientate  arabe,  qui  oftVe  tant  de  ressources  a 
I'artist  et  qui  est  plus  appropride  au  climat  et 
aux  besoins  actuels,  nous   ent   paru  plus  con- 
venable  "     When  we  see  a  practical  and  uset  ul 
development  of  Arabian  architecture  m  the 
French  colony  of  Algiers  we   shaU  begin  to 
think  seriously  about  it  in  our  own,  and  had 


loudly  at  the  aftectation  of  introducing  gur- 
Z\l  nowadavs.   Mr.  Digby  AVyatt's  mterior 
court   of  the   India   Office   "  est  trop  riche  ; 
et  dans  les  angles  de  laquelle  nous  ^regretton 
de  ne  pas  rencontre  de  pans  coup  s,   and  cer- 
tainly the  introduction  of  that  ciueer-looking 
tablet  at  this  point  is   a  great  m^^take    and 
weakens   the    whole   arcade.     Mr     Thomas 
Wyatt  gets  praise  for  his  mterior  of  his  Liver- 
pool  Exchange:    "Qui  est  reniarquable  par 
sa  disposition  architecturah"     Why  some  ot 
the  drawings  here  exhibited  were  sent  w^  are 
quite  at  a  loss  to  divine,  unless  it  be  to  show 
how  badly  we  can  do  in  England  when   so 
minded.  With  all  the  apparatus  of  committee 
of  selection  and  a  South  Kensington  super- 
vision, we  certainly  think  abetter  series  might 
have  been  obtained,  and  it  is  ynih  a  leelmg 
of  disappointment  that  we  extricate  ouKelves 
from  the  labyrinthine  "jumblement     oi  aU 
sorts  of  things,  and  again  encounter     un  gros 
modele  en  piatre  que  nous  ne  pouvons  passer 
sous   silence,  encore  Men  'luil/":,  ^°^\P^' 
mentionne   au  catalogue,   appeUe  1  attention 
des  visiteurs,   mais  ne  laisse  apres   examen 
(lu'un   regret  dans  I'esprit  de  I'observateur . 
couvrir,  sans  points  d'appuis  intermediaires, 
un  immense  espacepour  abriter  les  arts  et  le» 
sciences   est   certainement    une  bonne    idee. 
Pournuoi  faut-il,  helas!  que  cette  charpente 
monumentale,     qui     prouve    les    ressources 
offertes  a  l'architecture  par  I'mdustrie   An- 
cdaise,  soit  etabUe  sur  ime  muraille  a_  ouver- 
tiires  aussi  vulgaires  que  mesquines,  nannon- 
eant  k  I'exterieur  rien  de  grandiose  interieur  '. 
Pourquoi  cet  tcUfice   destine  a  recevoir  les 
ocuvres  d'art  de  tons  pays?  n'est-il  pas  le  re- 
sultat  d'un   concours  international  ?    par  ce 
svsteme,  on  a  fedifie  de  si  beaux  edifices  et 
monuments  ?     Que  nous  pouvons  passer  sous 
silence  \  "    We  try  to,  but  in  vam,  we  groan ; 
it  is   veritablva  mausoleum  of  art,   and  we 
weep   over  it.      The  agonising  throes  ot  its 
birth   are  faithfuUy   recorded  in  a   series  ot 
small  sketches  by  Mr.  Townroe,  and  each  one 
crets    more  painful  till  the    final    result    is 
beyond  endurance.     Alas  !  we  wish  it  were  ; 
we  fear  we  shall  have  to  endure  it  lor  many  a 
year      We  believe  there  was  an  architectural 
committee   connected  with  this  scheme  ;  do 
they   know  anything  about   it  ?  or  are  they, 
like  the  celebrated   catalogue  coramittee    in 
utter  ignorance  and  utterly  ignored  till  all  is 
done '  Mr.  Cole  has  a  wonderful  way  of  doing 
without  such  encumbrances  ;  he  is  evidently 
of  poor  Pugin's  opinion,  that  "  a  committee  ot 
three  is  two  too  many,  and  that  one  is  more 
than  enough."  Listen  to  the  following  :— 

"  En  CTtneral,  nous  pensons  que  1  exposition 
des  architectes  anglais  montre  une  trop  grande 
passion  des  images  wafer  colored  et  1  esprit  de 
reproductiondesceuvresdu passe.  Que  diraient 
les  architectes  dautrefois,  dont  nousadmirons 
les  asuvres,  s'ils  voy  aient  le  plagiat  inmtelligent, 
servile  de  lour  travaux,  et  I'oubli  complet  des 


k  seriously  about  it  f  f^^- °^™' f^'V'^  .^,;\^   piincipes  d'architecture,  eux  qui,  sans  copier 
Lyniitaken^an  English  typo    GotlpM  ^^^^  ^^.^   de  belles  images. 


instead  of  au  Italian  one  we  should  have  felt 
that  he  had  at  all   events  a  logical  basis  tor 
his  stvle.      Mr.  John  Prichard's   design  for  a 
mansion  for  Don  Senor   Manuel  M.  Gonzales 
at  Jerez  de  la  Frontera,  isusually  considered  to 
be  a  "  chateau  en  espagne,"  and  one     qui  re- 
semble plus  a  un    decor  qu'a  un    projet    a 
executer;"    and  his    small    photographs    o 
Eatington  Park,  for  Evelyn  Shiriey,  are  looked 
upon  much  in  the  same  light,  though  we  con- 
fess that  the   introduction  of  the  episodes  in 
family   history— mere   display— is    to  its    a 
pleasing  conceit.     Had    the    sculpture    been 
placed  elsewhere  it  would  doubtless  have  been 
tetter,   but  in  England  good  work   ot  this 
kind  is  so  scarce  we  are  pleased  to  welcome  it 
anywhere.      Mr.     Waterhouse's     maryeUous  | 
drawings  are  the  wonder   of  all   his  loreign 
confrtrls,  and  his  design  for   the  Manchester 
Assize  Courts  attracts  very  great  atten  ion. 
We  confess  we  like  his  drawmg   better  than 
the   building.     "  We  wish  we  could  see  more 
of    unity    and    simplicity,"    says    a    foreign 
critic.     What  he  would  say  if  he  could  see 


leurs  devauciers,  sans  fair  de  belles  images, 
sont  parvenus  avec  les  ressources  si  limitees 
de  leur  epoque,  a  clever  des  Mifices  ou  tons 
les  services,  les  besoins  et  les  moyens  d  exe- 
cution etaient  si  bien,  si  harmonieusement 
ponderes  entre  eux.  Nous  ne  cesserons  de 
rappeler  que  c'est  dans  cette  ponderation 
que'est  toute  l'architecture,  et  queUe  peut 
seule  ouvrir  a  nos  contemporams  une  ere 
nouvelle  oil  ils  pourront  s'iUustrer  comme 
lours  devanciers.  Etudier  c'est  arriver  a  de- 
penser  moins  pour  faire  mieus." 

Seriously,  we  think  that  rather  too  severe, 
and  do  not  think  we  are  c^uite  so  black  as 
painted,  but  the  last  apothegm  repays  us  tor 
bearincT  the  infliction  patiently,  and  there  is 
much  that  is  very  true  in  this  critique.  Our 
own  opinion  is,  that  in  some  points  we  are 
before  our  neighbours,  and  in  many  they  are 
better  architects  than  we  are.  For  variety 
of  outUne  no  nation  equals  us  ;  indeed  we  run 
too  much  in  the  direction  of  the  so-called  pic- 


JuNE  28,  1867. 

of  our  work  which  proves  it  to  be  at  best  but 
seemint'  and  this  we  shoidd  strive  to  remedy. 
Such  a°collection  as  this  may  be  of  great  ser- 
vice to  us  if  we  carefully  note  our  own  weak- 
nesses, and  look  for  others'  strength.    We  can 
with  much  benefit   learn  trom    France  the 
quiet  repose  and  dignity  she  otiers  us  m  her 
best  works.     She  is  our  host  now,  and  we  wdl 
not  look  out  for  her  faults  ;  some  we  cannot 
help  seeing,  but  we  preferto  learn  from  her  aU 
the  good  ?he  has  to  teach  us,  and  say  no  more 
about  the  evil  we  would  avoid.     In  mediaeval 
art  we  can  learn  more  from  her  through  her 
authors  than  her  artists,  but  m  her  revival  of 
classic  forms  we  wiU    sit    reverently  at  her 
feet,  and  acknowledge  that  she  is  there  vastly 
our  superior.     With  her  the  art  is  not  mere  y 
a    rechai.fe  of    old    form   and    old    details 
but  a  living  phcenix   rismg  Irom  the  lambent 
ashes  of  thi  past.    The  refined  elegance  of  her 
detail  the  graceful  contour  ot  her  mouldmg=, 
and  the  sparing  but  appropriate  use  ol  orna- 
ment in  her  best  works,  are  all  lessons  we  can 
most   lovingly  receive   from  her.     Could  we 
temper  her  somewhat  feminine  grace  with  a 
little  of  our  rugged  vigour  we  sh""ld,  perhaps 
improve  her.     She  is  apt  to   be  a  little  too 
dcLnatVe  and  gentle,  but  m  her  best  moods 
we  love  her  vastly.     Let  us  try  to  retam  the 
vic^our  and  boldness  we  have  m  our  works 
but  to  acquire  by  a  similar  course  of  patient 
study  some  of  the  graces  which  adorn  our  art 
in  France.    Above  all  thmgs,  let  us  use  the 
pruning  knife  abundantly  on  our  works.     W  e 
are  rapidly  falUng  into  the  besettmg  sin   of 
vulgar  enrichment,  bedizening  our  works  with 
incongruities  of  every  kind,  and  effacing  the 
pure  form  of  true  art  by  loads  of  architectural 

""auS  lesson  we  may  learn  f.om  France 
is  the  more  practical  one  of  geometric  draw- 
ing    Of  this  we  are  profoundly  ignorant  in 
this  country,  and  we  do  not  hesitate  to  say  it 
would  be  lerfectly  impossible  for  us  to  mass 
together  such  a  collection  of  geometrical  draw- 
ings   as    are   exhibited  by  France.     Taking 
thim  as  merely  technical  expressions  they  are 
most  eloquent  renderings,  and  .l^^^f^feat 
tendency  to  refine  the  eye  and  nimc.  Slovenly 
drawings  beget  slovenly  work,  and  the  archi- 
tect who  will  have  his  drawings  prepared  care- 
ful y  to  a  large  scale,  like  those  ot  M.  Henard 
will  by  that  process  eliminate  many  crudiUes 
which  creep  in  from  small  scale  drawmgs     It 
is,  no  doubt,  owing  to  this  cause  that  much  of 
the  refined  elegance  of  modern  French  aichi- 
lectu^-e  is-due,  and  if  tl-  Exposition  ^v^  teach 
us  no  other  lesson  than  this  we  shaU  hail  it  as 
a  "reat  art  boon.     We  in  our  turn    co  dd 
tea'ih  her  much,   and  were   she  to  study  her 
buildin^^s  more  by  perspective  drawmg  than 
she    oe!  they  woilld'^  assume  a  bolder  aspect 
and  have  more  light  and  shade  and  more 
variety  of  outUne ;  indeed,  an  a  liance  of  oitf 
two  ciualities  would  be  of  mutual  va  ue,  and  it 
is  oui  own  fault  if  we  do  not,  by  such  a   uxU- 
position  as  this  Exhibition  bringsj^bout  le 
ciprocaUy  improve  each  other.    After  iiance, 
l?e  country   most  improving  to   e^^am.'^  ^ 
Austria,  though  in  the  tendency  of  ^er  art  « 
pression  she  much  more  ^^early  resenib  es  us 
than   does  any   other  nation      Her  habit  o^ 
drawing  in  perspective  and  the  effect  it  Jia:^ 
upon  her  art  is  much   the  same  as  our  own  , 
vet  ?here  is  a  general  repose  about  her  work 

I^d  an  absen'-ce  of  i^-.^Y^'4«Z?''£t 
novelty  and  what  is  miscaUed  "efect  t^t 
destroys  our  work  so  frequently.  There  aie 
,  tithout  doubt  some  preposterously  ov  en^dcn 
designs  in  the  Austrian  gaUery,  ^°f,  f  "'"^  ' 
.rreatly  resembles  our  own  and  she  too  may 
study  from  France  many  of  the  same  les»on3 
we  hive  to  learn.  From  the  other  counta« 
we  have  not  much  to  gam,  exceptmg  her^  ana 
there  a  line  and  now  and  then  a  P«[;i^;^i[^"j! 
these  rather  from  individuals  thau  the  colleo 
tive  efforts  of  the  nation  or  the  tendency  ot  a 
school,  and  these  we  have  pointed  out  as.  ^ 
have  passed  through  the  various  cour'^' 
those  who  will  go  anc  learn    this  Exhib  ti 


June  28,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


437 


gleanings ;  there  is  enough.  anJ  to  spare  for 
all  who  go,  and  we  sincerely  liope  the  archi- 
tects of  England  wiU  study  well  the  worth  of 
their  brethren  abroad,  and  then  we  are  certain 
that  the  influence  of  such  study  will  bear  good 
fruit  at  home.  We  now  take  leave  of  this 
portion  of  the  Exhibition,  and  in  our  next 
shall  enter  upon  the  more  practical  portion  of 
'  our  reWew,  where  we  shall  find  as  much  and 
even  more  of  value  to  point  out  and  comment 
upon. 

♦ 

USE   OF    IRON   IN    THE   CONSTRUC- 
TION  OF  TUNNELS. 

THERE  is  not  a  phase  in  the  whole  art  of 
construction  which  imdergoes  so  many 
and  such  incessant  alterations  as  the  substi- 
tution of  iron  for  its  ancient  predecessor, 
timber.  AV'e  find  wrought-iron  girder.s  sup- 
porting the  main  spans  of  the  temporary 
Blackfriars  Bridge,  and  the  same  material 
doing  important  duty  amid  the  forest  of  timber 
erected  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  out  tlie 
works  of  the  permanent  structure  in  its  imme- 
diate vicinity.  In  the  Thames  Embankment 
river  dams,  iron  piles  aredisputing  the  ground, 
we  might  almost  say  inch  by  inch,  with  the 
old  12  X  12  or  14  X  14  balks;  and  the  pri- 
mitive wooden  permanent  way  of  railways  is 
rapidly  yielding  to  the  irresistible  advance  of 
the  iron  usurper.  Recently  a  new  field  has 
been  opened  to  this  chief  of  constructive  ma- 
terials, by  applying  it  to  the  centreing,  staging, 
and  supporting  of  tunnels  during  the  progress 
of  their  execution.  Timber  is  employed  on  a 
vast  scale  in  the  temporary  works  indispensa- 
ble to  the  making  of  tunnels,  whether  they  be 
cut  through  the  solid  rock,  excavated  in  strata 
of  dift'erent  density,  or  pierced  with  hazardous 
uncertainty  beneath  a  river  or  canal.  Every 
year  it  becomes  not  only  more  expensive  but 
more  difficult,  whatever  may  be  the  price 
oB'ered,  to  obtain  timber  of  large  scantlings 
combined  with  first-rate  quality.  Bearing  in 
mind  that  timber  has  frequently  to  be  trans- 
ported in  the  log,  and  that  iron  is  five  or  six 
times  stronger  than  oak,  volume  for  volume, 
it  is  not  to  be  wondered  at  that  the  latter  must 
give  way  where  the  cost  and  difficulty  of 
transport  become  considerable.  Supposing 
that  a  country  similar  to  America  possesses 
large  resources  in  timber,  the  question  to  be 
decided  respecting  the  material  to  be  employed 
in  erecting  a  permanent  structure — a  railway 
bridge,  for  instance — is,  whether  the  cost  of 
maintenance  and  repair  of  a  wooden  bridge 
would  be  greater  than  the  interest  of  the 
difference  of  the  sum  it  would  cost  and  that 
incurred  by  building  the  same  bridge  of  iron. 
It  would  also  .be  necessary  to  take  into  con- 
sideration the  fact  that,  in  spite  of  all  repairs, 
the  timlier  bridge  must  eventually  be  replaced 
by  another  of  a  more  durable  material. 

The  nature  of  the  soil  through  which  a 
tunnel  is  excavated  wUl  manifestly  exercise 
some  influence,  although  not  to  the  extent 
usually  imagined,  upon  the  quantity  of  timber 
required  for  the  temporary  works  ;  and  it  may 
be  laid  down  as  a  ride,  with  very  few  excep- 
tions, that  the  more  humid  the  strata,  the 
greater  the  quantity  of  timbering,  shoring, 
and  strutting  necessary  to  keep  the  tunnel 
open.  It  is  impossible  to  take  out  a  tunnel 
with  any  chance  of  profit  without  laying  in 
two  lines  of  way,  one  for  the  ingress  and  the 
other  for  the  egress  of  waggons.  There  is,  of 
course,  no  necessity  for  preserving  the  ortho- 
dox six  foot  way  required  by  the  Board  of 
Trade  upon  lines  of  railway  unless  the  tunnel 
be  intended  for  a  double  line,  and  then  three 
temporary  lines  of  way  woidd  be  got  in,  but 
space  must  be  left  between  the  rails  for  the 
ij  waggons  to  clear  one  another.     If  a  tunnel  be 

I  excavated  through  a  wet  argillaceous  stratum, 

I I  it  will  require  for  every  half  mile  the  foUow- 
'i !  ing  quantity  of  timber,  a  portion  of  which 
».  may  be  round  and  some  also  square  in  section : 
', '  — About  60,000  cube  feet  of  round  beech,  oak, 

or  other  readdy  obtainable  wood  in  the  log,  in 
i    addition    to    20,000    cube    feet   of   roughly 


squared  balks.  The  uprights,  props,  and 
struts  will  absorb  over  a  quaiter  of  a  million 
cube  feet  of  squared  timber,  while  some 
20,000  cube  feet  will  be  required  for  planking 
and  sheathing  ;  without  including  the  cross 
ties  and  struts  forming  the  bracing  to  keep 
the  sheeting  or  walls  in  position.  Over 
100,000  running  feet  will  be  consumed  in  the 
laggings,  and  double  as  much  in  sleepers,  joists, 
and  centres,  besides  making  an  allowance  for 
wedges  and  packing  pieces.  Another  evil 
attendant  upon  the  enqjloyment  of  timber  for 
temporary  purposes  is  that  it  is  totally  unfit 
to  be  used  a  second  time,  at  any  rate  not  for  a 
work  upon  the  same  scale  of  magnitude.  It 
is  so  knocked  about  and  damaged  by  bolt 
holes,  scarfing,  straps,  spikes,  and  other 
injuries  that  it  is  seldom  worth  purchasing 
for  cutting  up  into  smaller  lengths.  The 
construction  of  a  tunnel  may  be  said  to  consist 
of  three  distinct  operations  —  firstly,  the 
actual  execution  ;  secondly,  the  maintaining 
and  supporting  the  .sides  and  top  of  the  space 
excavated,  and  thirdly  the  "lining,"  as  it  is 
technically  termed,  or  the  building  of  the  arch, 
invert,  and  side  walls.  Where  the  tunnel  is 
through  rock  the  lining  is  frequently  altoge- 
ther dispensed  with,  the  nature  of  the  rock 
determining  where  ihia  arrangement  is  feasi- 
ble. It  is  a  very  common  occurrence  to 
witness  a  tunnel  "  lined  "  through  a  portion  of 
its  length  where  a  fault  has  occurred  in  the 
rock  through  which  it  is  excavated. 

Similarly  to  iron  piles,  iron  centreing  would 
be  able  to  be  used  over  and  over  again,  and  it 
has  been  proposed  to  construct  them  with  this 
end  in  view.  They  would  consist  of  a  series 
of  cast  or  WTOught-iron  voussoirs  connected 
together  by  bolts,  and  capable  ol  being 
removed  one  by  one  as  the  work  progressed,  to 
allow  of  the  "introduction  of  the  masonry. 
Wrought  iron  is  preferable  to  cast,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  jerks  and  violent  shocks  the 
frame  would  be  liable  to.  All  practical  men 
are  aware  that  the  contraction  and  expansion 
of  wet  earth  will  snap  stout  props  and 
uprights  like  a  bit  of  glass,  and  the  brittleness 
of  cast  iron  would  certainly  leave  it  exposed 
to  this  contingency.  By  thus  employing  an 
iron  frame  nearly  similar  to  the  profile  of  the 
tunnel,  the  three  advantages  of  simplicity, 
economy,  and  security  would  be  ensured.  A 
disadvantage  attending  the  older  plan  is,  that 
the  excavation  must  be  considerably  larger 
than  the  ultimate  size  required,  whereas  by 
the  new  method  its  dimensions  can  be  accu- 
rately adjusted  from  the  commencement.  All 
bulging  inwards  of  the  sides  is  also  prevented, 
and  from  the  absence  of  all  strutting  and 
shoring  up,  a  clear  imincumbered  space  is 
available  for  the  transit  of  men  and  materials, 
one  of  the  first  essentials  to  rapid  construction. 


COVENTRY    INDUSTRIAL    AND     ART 
EXHIBITION. 

(From  our  Special  Correspondent.) 

THE  ancient  city  of  Coventry,  of  old  renowned 
for  its  pageants,  and  still  more  recently  for 
its  cry  of  distress,  has  shown  at  last  that  there  is 
"  strength  in  her  woe ;  "  and,  by  an  effort  almost 
spontaneous,  has  sucoeasfally  inaugurated  an  Ex- 
hibition of  Art  and  Industry.  This  Exhibition  is 
worthy  o£  note  in  an  architectural  sense,  for  it  is 
held  in  the  spacious  Market  Had  just  erected  by 
the  corporation,  and  which  is  for  the  first  time 
thrown  open  to  the  public.  The  budding,  which 
is  built  of  brick,  has  a  lofty  clock  tower,  not  yet 
finished  in  its  details,  which  is  likely  to  form  a 
feature  in  the  future  views  of  Coventry,  with  the 
three  famous  spires.  The  lesson  of  the  Exhil.i 
tion  commences  at  the  very  doors,  the  vestibule 
being  lined  with  specimens  of  old  oak  panelling, 
taken  from  some  old  building  which  formerly 
stood  in  Palace  Yard,  Coventry.  Much  of  this  is 
simply  a  broad  riband  pattern  interlacing  the 
panels,  but  there  are  some  fair  specimens  of 
tracery  which  do  credit  to  the  old  Coventry 
joiners.  There  is  a  solidity  about  their  work  at 
any  rate  which  the     elegant   ornamentation    of 


Messrs.  Holland,  of  Warwick,  which  appropriately 
adjoins  it,  does  not  pretend  to.  This  firm 
exhibits  some  fine  specimens  of  stained  glass 
windows  and  examples  of  modern  house  decora- 
tions at  the  very  eutrauco  of  the  great  hall,  which 
has  a  fine  efl'ect  from  this  point.  The  most  re- 
markable feature  of  the  Exhibition  is  the  large 
number  of  architectural  and  other  models  ex- 
hibited by  working  men.  Some  of  those  models 
are  coarse  enough,  and  deficient  in  essential  points 
of  detail,  but  others  are  minute  and  marvellous 
reproductions  of  "  poetry  in  stone."  Of  those  a 
model  of  l.ichlield  Cathedral,  in  ziuc,  by  John 
TulUey,  a  Warwick  mau,  now  residing  iu  West- 
minster, and  a  model  of  Watt's  warehouse  iu 
Manchester,  are  far  the  best  in  an  artistic  point 
of  view,  though  some  of  the  house  models  by 
agricultural  labourers  are  perhaps  the  most 
meritorious.  Wo  pass  from  these  to  the  special 
features  of  the  Exhibition,  exhibited  by  the  Skid- 
more  Company,  manufacturers  of  art  metal-work. 
This  stand  of  ecclesiastical  ornament  and  of  art- 
workmanship  occupies  the  place  of  honour  iu  the 
budding.  Hero  are  specimens  of  the  metal- 
work  for  the  National  Memorial  to  the  Prince 
Consort,  and  a  variety  of  gas  standards  for  cathe- 
drals, sacramental  plate,  and,  above  all,  specimens 
of  domestic  furniture,  which  at  least  are  remark- 
able for  novelty  of  form.  Mr.  Lea,  of  Lutter- 
worth, seems  to  have  been  educated  iu  a  similar 
school  of  art.  His  bookcase,  made  of  pitch  pine, 
and  ornamented  with  portraits  of  Wyclilf  and 
Chaucer  in  the  panels,  combines  elegance,  cheap- 
ness, and  lightness  in  a  marked  degree. 

The  numerous  bronzes  exhibited  by  Messrs. 
Elkington  and  Mason,  though  displaying  their 
well-known  excellence,  exhibit  no  new  feature. 
Not  so  the  beautiful  Alhambra  decorations  shown 
by  Mr.  W.  D.  Bromley,  M  P.,  which  are  gems  of 
art,  and  worthy  of  the  highest  place  in  the  art 
annals  of  the  Exhibition.  But  what  can  be  said 
of  the  Temple  of  Thought  of  Mr.  F.  Wilson. 
This  gentleman  put  a  "whole  scheme  of  social 
morality  "  into  a  dozen  or  so  of  travestied  pro- 
verbs ;  the  best  of  which  are,  "  Hurry  hinders 
haste,"  and  "  Work  and  prove."  These  are  por- 
tions of  a  scheme  of  phdosophy  extracted  from 
the  hues  of  the  rainbow,  and  to  be  embodied  in 
an  architectural  temple  in  some  Utopian  vUlage, 
the  model  of  which  seems  to  have  been  taken 
from  Nash's  famous  pavilion  at  Brighton.  The 
general  furniture,  shown  principally  by  Birming- 
ham firms,  does  not  pretend  to  anything  beyond 
decorative  upholstery.  Far  greater  advance^  is 
shown  in  the  kitchen  ranges,  many  of  which 
combine  some  new  features  of  increased  useful- 
ness and  greater  simplicity. 

The  Gallery  of  Art  contains  some  300  pictures, 
selected  from  the  galleries  of  Lord  Ward,  Lord 
Warwick,  Lord  Leigh,  Lord  Craven,  and  the 
neighbouring  gentry.  In  this  gallery  is  the 
famous  KenUworth  buffet,  exhibited  in  1S31,  and 
which  has  since  found  a  home  in  the  dining-room 
of  Warwick  Castle.  Taken  as  a  whole  the 
Coventry  Exhibition  is,  as  stated  by  Lord  Gran- 
ville, beyond  the  simple  category  of  a  local 
Exhibition.  It  contains  much  that  is  valueless ; 
but,  as  an  indication  of  the  industrial  life  of  the 
people,  paralysed  as  their  staple  manufacture  has 
recently  been,  it  is  creditable  and  peaceful.  The 
riband  and  other  textile  fabrics  and  the  manu- 
facture of  watches  are,  of  course,  largely  and  suc- 
cessfully represented. 


TRADES'  UNIONS'  COMMISSION. 

WE  resume  Mr.  Mault's  evidence.  AVitness 
said  his  next  point  was,  that  unions 
hamper  and  restrict  trade  by  endeavouring  to 
enforce  unreasonable  and  foolish  trade  rules. 
As  to  the  different  systems  of  reckoning  time,  for 
instance,  it  was  stated  to  be  the  feeling  of  the 
builders  of  the  country  generally,  that  it  is  very 
desirable  that  payment  by  the  hour  should  be- 
come universal.  The  men,  however,  espe- 
cially the  masons,  had  taken  "  a  most  unreason- 
able prejudice"  against  this  .system.  Payment 
by  the  hour  had  been  agreed  to  by  the  men 
in  London,  and  witness  remarked  that  the  masters 
in  the  country  would  be  very  glad  if  they  were  in 
the  same  position  as  London  masters.  But  all 
over  the  country  the  masons  very  persistently 
refuse  to  have  their  time  measured  under  any 
other  system  than  that  of  days  and  quarter  days. 
The  masters  were  put  to  the  most  unreasonable 
inconvenience  (to  say  nothing  else)  under  this 
opposition  to  the  hour  system.  One  reason  why 
the  masons  have  always  refused  arbitration  was 
because  they  objected  to  the  rule  as  to  working  by 


438 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


June  28,  1867. 


the  hour.  The  rule  is  admitted  by  the  other 
trades — the  juiners,  the  bricklayers,  and  the  plas 
terers.  The  masons  bad  also  a  very  unreasonable 
objection,  as  the  masters  considered  (it  only 
existed  however,  in  certain  parts  of  the  country), 
to  work  by  artificial  light  under  any  circum- 
stances. In  Nottingham  and  Bradford  the  men 
had  actually  struck  work  rather  than  accede  to 
it.  The  indisposition  of  the  men  to  work  over- 
time was  next  dwelt  upon.  Witness;  had 
known  a  case  in  which  they  had  refused  to  work 
on  to  clear  away  scatioldiug  from  a  market-place, 
though  they  knew  perfectly  well  that  the  sp,ace 
was  wanted,  and  that  the  master  would  very 
likely  get  into  trouljle  with  the  town  authorities 
for  not  clearing  it  away.  In  reference,  again,  to 
what  is  called  "  walking  time,"  the  men  in  many 
places  (though  not  in  Loudon)  were  declared  to  be 
most  unreasonable.  It  was  stated  that  the  masters 
all  over  the  country  acknowledged'that  when  a  man 
is  asked  to  walk  any  distance  to  his  work, 
that  walking  forms  part  of  hia  day's  labour,  and 
they  were  willing  to  take  their  share  of  the  pay- 
ment of  it,  and,  consequently,  the  usual  regulation 
in  the  country  is  that  the  men  walk  one  way  in 
their  own  time,  and  the  other  way  in  the  master's 
time.  This  rule  had  been  turned  and  twisted 
very  much  to  the  injury  of  the  masters  The 
men  had  in  many  places  interpreted  it,  that  every 
person  who  is  employed  on  any  job  that  is  at  a 
distance  from  the  head-quarters  of  the  master 
shall  be  allowed  walking  time,  whether  he  re 
quires  it  or  not.  After  citing  a  case  at  Mal- 
vern, by  way  of  illustration,  Mr.  Mault  pro- 
ceeded to  give  another  instance  of  the  way  in 
which  he  said  the  masons  interfere  with  the 
masters  in  the  conduct  of  their  business. — In  many 
districts  they  claim  to  have  a  voice  in  the  rating 
of  the  wages  of  all  men  employed.  He  quoted 
rules  of  the  Bristol  and  Sheffield  masons,  to  the 
effect  that  no  waller  or  builder  of  stone  shall  be 
paid  less  than  a  certain  amount  per  week  when 
considered  a  skilled  workman,  neither  shall  an 
employer  or  foreman  be  allowed  individually  to 
judge  a  man  as  to  his  qualilications.  But  a  meet- 
ing shall  oe  called  of  all  the  members  on  the  job, 
who,  together  with  the  employer  or  foreman, 
shall  decide  the  question.  All  members  known 
to  violate  this  rule  are  fined  at  the  discretion  of 
the  lodge."  Among  the  plasterers  there  are  also 
some  very  curious  rules,  which  had  the  effect, 
according  to  witness,  of  interfering  unduly  be- 
tween the  master  and  men.  For  instance,  the 
22nd  rule  of  the  ^Bradford  plasterers  is  as  fol- 
lows : — "That  no  member  be  allowed  to  be  at 
the  shop  or  any  job  more  than  ten  minutes  before 
the  time  to  start  work  and  not  to  leave  his  shop 
or  start  work  before  the  specified  time,  under  a 
penalty  of  Is."  Another  rule,  rule  27,  is: — "  That 
no  member  of  this  society  be  allowed  to  work  for 
any  firm  consisting  of  more  than  two  masters, 
unless  every  partner's  name  is  publicly  stated  in 
full" — that  is,  whose  names  are  not  put  up  on 
the  signboard.  Witness  was  asked  if  the  follow- 
ing was  one  of  the  rules  of  the  Bradford  Masters' 
Association : — "  Should  a  strike  of  the  workmen  of 
any  member  of  this  association  take  place,  it  is 
hereby  agreed  and  understood  that  such  workmen 
are  not  employed  by  any  member  of  this  associa- 
tion during  such  strike  ?" — He  replied;  It  may  be 
BO,  I  cannot  say  ;  all  that  we  have  to  do  with  local 
associations  is  to  give  them  support  in  connection 
with  objects  that  are  consonant  with  our  rules, 
not  theirs.  Again  asked:  Is  not  the  effect  of  your 
evidence  to  hold  the  general  association  of  ma- 
sons liable  for  these  little  acts  of  oppression  which 
go  on  in  different  parts  of  the  country,  and  re- 
specting which  not  one  word  appears  in  their 
rules  ?— Yes  ;  but  if  you  desire  it  I  can  read  evi- 
dence to  show  th.at  the  masons'  society  does 
actually  interfere  in  these  cases.  In  reference  to 
a  rule  of  the  Bury  Bronch  of  the  General  Builders' 
Association,  to  the  efl'eot  that  no  member  of  the 
branch  association  be  allowed  to  let  or  sub-let  the 
whole  or  any  portion  of  any  work  to  any  employer 
of  labour  who  is  not  a  properly  affiliated  member 
of  that  society,  it  was  stated  that  that  rule  was 
not  passed  with  the  sanction  of  witness's  associa- 
tion ;  they  had  nothing  to  do  with  it,  and  they 
should  not  support  a  strike  in  connection  with  it 
The  present  strike  at  Blackpool  was  mentioned  as 
a  case  in  point.  These  rules  were  not  transmitted 
to  the  central  committee  of  the  association,  who 
is  in  no  way  responsible  for  them.  They  afforded 
support  with  regard  to  certain  points  only,  as  on 
a  question  of  piecework  or  overtime,  or  where  the 
men  have  refused  arbitration.  The  whole  of  the 
wages  question,  the  direct  amount  to  be  paid, 
was  left  to  the  masters  of  the  place  to  deal  with, 
who,  in  the  opinion  of  the  committee,  must  know 


a  great  deal  more  of  it  than  any  one  central  au- 
thority. The  brickmakers'  rule,  which  limits  the 
size  of  bricks  to  one  standard,  he  considered, 
damaged  the  building  trade,  and  every  master 
looked  upon  it  as  tyrannical.  Any  rule  which 
prescribed  to  a  master  an  arbitrary  concession  to 
any  demand  made  upon  him  was  so,  and  the  com- 
pulsory enlistment  of  the  masters  into  the  union 
had  a  very  bad  efi'ect. 


PAINTED  DECORATIONS  IN 
CHURCHES,  &c. 

AT  the  ordinary  meeting  of  the  Architectural 
Association  at  the  house  in  Conduit  street, 
the  Rev.  Mr.  Cutts  made  some  observations  on 
painted  decorations  in  connection  with  ecclesias- 
tical architecture.  He  remarked  that  when  an 
amateur  was  asked  to  speak  on  a  professional  sub- 
ject, he  did  so  with  some  diffidence,  and  could 
only  take  the  view  of  an  amateur  or  perhaps  of  a 
critic.  In  ancient  time  the  use  of  coloured  decora- 
tions was  much  in  vogue.  In  Egypt  it  was  exten- 
sively used,  while  in  Greece  it  was  applied  not 
only  to  architecture,  but  to  the  most  magnificent 
work  of  the  sculptor's  art.  In  Rome,  too,  it  was 
made  to  contribute  to  architectural  effects ;  while 
in  Gothic  architecture,  also,  it  was  largely  intro- 
duced. In  the  opinion  of  ancient  architects, 
colour  was  essential  to  heighten  the  effects  of  build- 
ing, and  in  their  opinion,  no  building  could  be 
perfect  without  it.  Indeid,  in  the  matter  of 
decorations,  the  sister  arts  went  hand  in  hand, 
and  no  building  could  be  said  to  be  perfect  which 
did  not  contain  the  accessories  of  sculpture  and 
painting.  It  might  also  be  conceded  that  colour 
gave  effects  which  nothing  else  could  do.  A  chalk 
drawing,  for  in>tance,  or  an  engraving,  although 
careful  and  elaborate,  still  could  not  impart  the 
idea  of  colour.  So,  too,  it  was  with  a  building. 
Let  them  take,  for  instance,  a  modern  church. 
It  might  be  a  beautiful  example  of  architecture  ; 
but  contrast  it  with  a  church  built  400  years 
ago,  where  colour  had  been  judiciously  introduced, 
and  how  very  different  would  the  appearance  be. 
With  stained  glass,  appropriate  hangings,  and  rich 
furniture,  how  much  more  glorious  w.as  the  in- 
terior of  a  church  then  when  it  was  denuded  of 
those  appanages.  Let  them  imagine,  if  they  covild, 
the  Church  of  St.  Mark,  at  Venice,  church- 
wardenised.  That  church  depended  for  its  mag- 
nificent effects  very  much  upon  colour.  While 
advocating  the  introduction  of  colour  generally, 
he  did  not,  however,  recommend  the  practice  of 
copying  old  colouring.  On  the  contrary,  he 
believed  that  any  servile  imitation  would  have  an 
injurious  effect,  and  would  seriously  retard  the 
application  of  colour  to  architecture  in  our  own 
day.  If  they  were  to  put  bits  of  green  where 
they  found  green,  and  bits  of  red  where  they 
found  red,  and  so  on,  the  effects  would  be  clumsy, 
hard,  and  bizarre.  What  was  wanted  really  was 
to  get  at  the  general  system  upon  which  old 
churches  w-ere  coloured.  Colour  might  be  applied 
in  various  ways — first,  in  mere  lines  and  tints,  so 
as  to  bring  out  the  architectural  effects  ;  or,  again, 
it  might  be  applied  to  the  ornamental  features  of 
the  buildings,  especially  in  cases  where  sculptured 
work  had  not  been  introduced,  such  as  in  the  bell 
of  a  capital,  or  on  a  stringcourse.  In  this  w.ay 
colour  might  be  used  to  help  the  proportions  of  a 
building.  If  a  building  were  too  low,  it  might  be 
made  to  look  higher  by  the  introduction  of  verti 
cal  lines.  On  the  other  hand,  a  building  might 
he  spoiled  by  injudicious  colouring,  and  made  to 
look  high  where  it  ought  to  be  low,  or  low  where 
it  ought  to  look  high.  For  walls  a  tinted  slate 
colour  might  be  used,  or  a  pale  claret  colour  with 
diaper,  or  powdered  with  some  other  pattern. 
There  was,  he  thought,  much  to  'oe  done  in  this 
way  to  a  church  after  the  mason  had  performed  his 
part  of  the  work.  It  was,  he  ventured  to  assume, 
the  duty  of  the  architect  to  study  the  application 
of  colour  to  architecture.  The  study  of  old  build- 
ings showed  that  the  great  architects  and  painters 
on  glass  and  vellum  in  past  ages  were  able  to  pro- 
duce a  harmonious  effect  over  the  whole  of  the 
interior  of  their  buildings.  The  usual  founda. 
tions  for  wall  paintings  appeared  to  have  been,  so 
far  as  he  could  judge,  a  thin  coat  of  fine  plaster  of 
the  colour  of  the  vellum  or  parchment  of  which 
old  manuscripts  were  composed.  He  presumed 
that  the  same  artists  who  painted  on  glass,  and 
who  illuminated  manuscripts,  were  also  the  per- 
sons who  executed  wall  decorations,  because  he 
had  found  in  the  British  Museum  fac-similes  in 
manuscripts  of  wall  decorations  which  he  had 
found  in  country  churches, — proving,  he  thought, 
that  the  same  artist  had  executed  both.      The 


I  colouring  was  almost  always  in  distemper,  and 
the  tints  were  flat  and  noi  vivid.  It  was  only  in 
small  architectural  features  that  brilliant  colours 
were  used.  There  might  be  said  to  have  been 
two  styles  of  colouring  used  in  former  days, 
namely,  the  Norman  and  the  Tudor  ;  and  these 
were  succeeded  by  the  churchwarden  style,  which, 
however,  he  was  glad  to  say  was  rapidly  dying 
out.  In  the  Tudor  .style  there  was  the  same 
ground  colour,  with  the  open  spaces  provided 
with  fleurs-de-lis,  or  some  other  pattern  ;  paint- 
ings from  sacred  history  were  then  introduced  in 
dark  red  lines,  boldly  drawn,  with  a  few  flat  tints 
for  the  drapery.  Some  excellent  illustrations  of 
this  kind  of  decoration  were  to  be  found  in  a  httle 
detached  chapel  standing  wi  hin  the  churchyard 
of  a  church  in  Jersey.  The  paintings  were  sub- 
jects chosen  from  the  life  of  our  Lord.  So,  too, 
at  an  Early  English  chapel  of  thirteenth-century 
work  with  which  he  was  acquainted,  the  walla 
were  covered  with  masonry  pattern,  done  in 
double  lines.  In  this  case  the  floor  of  the  church 
was  paved  with  coloured  tiles,  which  had  a  very 
good  effect.  The  usual  ornamental  portions  of 
church  architecture  were,  of  course,  the  work  of 
the  architect ;  but  if  really  high  art  was  to  be 
appealed  to,  it  would  be  necessary,  as  in  ancient 
times,  to  have  accomplished  artists.  So  long,  for 
instance,  as  stained  glass  was  paid  for  by  the  yard, 
it  would  be  impossible  to  expect  any  high 
development  in  that  particular  development  of 
art.  He  might,  he  was  aware,  be  asked  whether 
they  would  be  allowed  to  carry  out  all  that  the 
cultivated  taste  desired  to  see  accomplished  in 
reference  to  coloured  decorations  and  cognate 
subjects;  and  his  answer  was,  that  he  believed 
the  architects  of  our  own  day  would  insist  upon 
directing  the  public  taste  and  feeling  in  tho»e 
matters,  and  that  eventually  the  put  lie  themselves 
would  demand  what  the  architect  would  now  fain 
accomplish,  if  allowed.  He  ventured,  therefore, 
to  recommend  young  architects  to  take  up  painted 
decoration  as  a  special  subject  of  study,  always 
remembering  that  if  they  were  commissioned  to 
adorn  a  church,  they  could  never  make  it  too 
beautiful  for  the  holy  uses  to  which  it  was  to  be 
dedicated.   ^ 

Mr.  T.  H.  Watson,  in  moving  a  vote  of  thanks, 
observed  that  the  subject  to  which  Mr.  Cutts  had 
called  attention  was  one  of  great  interest  to  archi- 
tects. There  was  much  more  to  be  done  in  the 
way  of  colouring  than  to  put  on  crude  masses  of 
colour,  for  it  seemed  to  him  that  much  of  the 
colour  now  used  could  only  be  justified  in  cases 
where  the  whole  building  was  to  be  coloured. 

Mr.  R.  P.  Spiers  thought  we  were  very  back- 
ward in  the  present  age  in  the  matter  of  colour, 
as  it  was  seldom  used  for  designs  and  draw- 
ings, the  majority  of  which  left  the  ar- 
chitect's office  without  any  colour  at  all 
Although  agreeing  with  much  that  had  fallen 
from  Mr.  Cutts,  he  could  not  think  it  inadvisable 
to  copy  old  work,  because  it  would  be  neces-ary 
for  the  student  to  have  something  to  guide  him. 
In  dealing  with  coloured  decorations  also,  it  would 
be  necessary  to  hear  in  mind  that  we  lived  in  a 
peculiar  atmosphere,  unfavourable  to  bright  colours. 
In  Eastern  countries  (in  Egypt,  for  instance), 
where  the  atmosphere  was  clear  and  dry,  the 
ancient  architects  appeared  to  have  used  three 
simple  colours,  and  yet  with  these  they  produced 
effects  which  we  could  not  hope  to  realise.  There 
were,  he  thought,  two  notable  works  at  present  in 
the  metropolis  in  which  glaring  colours  were  being 
used,  and  which,  he  feared,  when  completed, 
would  have  anything  but  a  pleasing  effect.  There 
were  in  Paris  two  or  three  modern  chambers  in 
which  coloured  decorations  have  been  introduced 
with  the  best  results,  and  there  was  also  at  Rouen 
the  church  of  Notre  Dame  de  bon  Secour,  which 
was  a  fine  illustration  of  the  judicious  application 
of  colour  to  church  architecture.  He  had  much 
pleasure  in  seconding  the  vote  of  thanks  to  the 
reverend  essayist  for  his  useful  paper. 

Mr.  W.  F.  Potter  begged  to  be  allowed  to  third 
the  vote  of  thanks,  and  fully  concurred  with  Mr. 
Cutts  in  not  recommending  the  practice  of  too 
closely  copying  old  colouring,  and  "  that  servile  mu- 
tation would  have  an  injurious  effect."  There 
were  some  gentlemen  who  went  so  far  in  their  ad- 
vocacy of  copying  ancient  art  as  to  say  we  ought 
to  imitate  the  ancients  even  in  their  bad  perspec- 
tive. This  was  tantamount  to  saying  we  -ought 
to  begin  art  afresh.  He  approved  of  progress  in 
art,  and  strongly  approved  of  the  decorations  that 
were  now  going  on  in  St.  Pauls  Cathedral.  He 
was  confident  that  all  who  visited  the  City  and 
could  spare  five  minutes  to  look  inside  the  cathe- 
dral must  have  had  their  eyes  gladdened  by  the 
mural  decorations  there  ;  and  the  only  regret  waa 


June  28,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


439 


that  the  authorities  had  taken  two  hundred  year? 
to  think  about  it.  He,  however,  recommended  that 
they  should  not  rush  into  the  opposite  extreme 
of  two  quickly  painting  their  walls,  but  should 
wait  a  year  or  so  till  the  walls  were  thoroughly 
dry.  In  the  church  of  St.  Albans,  Baldwin's  Gar- 
dens, Gray's  Inn-lane,  which  he  had  lately  visited 
the  colours  on  the  walls  presented  a  very  lu  jttled 
appearance,  apparently  arising  from  the  dampness 
of  the  walls. 

Mr.  G.  H.  Birch  said  the  efTect  to  which  the 
last  speaker  referred  was  not  owing  to  the  damp- 
ness of  the  walls  themselves,  but  throvigh  the  gene- 
ral atmosphere  of  the  locality  in  which  the  church 
was  situated,  which  could  be  obviated  by  the  build- 
ing being  better  heated. 

Mr.  Tarver  and  Mr.  C.  H.  F.  Lewes  next  offered 
a  few  remarks,  and  Mr.  T.  H.  Watson  recurring 
to  the  opinion  of  Mr.  Cutts  that  "  the  same  ar- 
tists  who  illuminated  manuscripts  were  those  who 
executed  wall  decorations,"  said  this  undoubtedly 
was  so— he  himself  having  found  original  sketches 
in  the  British  Museum. 

_  Mr.  yV.  F.  Potter  could  confirm  the  observa. 
tion  of  -Mr.  T.  H.  Watson  as  to  original  sketches 
for  mural  designs  being  in  the  Biitish  Museum. 
But  for  finding  such  original  drawings  there,  the  late 
Prince  Consort  and  his  artist,  Mr.  Merrit,  would 
have  had  some  difficulty  in  restoring  the  recently 
discovered  mural  paintings  in  Marlborough  House. 
The  President  of  the  association  (Jlr.  U.  W. 
Edis),  in  putting  the  vote  of  thanks,  said  they  were 
all  under  a  debt  of  gratitude  to  Mr.  Cutts  for 
introducing  to  the  meeting  so  interesting  a  sub 
ject.  He  highly  eulogised  his  essay,  and  the 
great  number  of  illustrations  with  which  it  was 
em  ellished.— The  llev.  E.  L.  Cutts,  M.A., 
in  returning  thanks,  said  he  did  not  take 
so  much  credit  to  himself  for  writing  his  paper 
or  preparing  his  sketches  (which  w.is  with  him 
a  work  of  love)  as  he  did  for  being  the  cause  of 
the  discussion  that  had  taken  place,  and  the 
attention  they  had  paid  him  was  a  sufficient  re- 
ward. 


PEOFESSIOXAL    PRACTICE    AND 
CHARGES    OP    ARCHITECTS. 

WE  are  in  the  habit  of  receiving  frequent 
communications  from  correspondents  re- 
lative to  the  professional  practice  and  charges  of 
architects,  and  have  reason  to  believe  some 
doubt  exists  in  the  minds  of  young  architects  and 
students  on  the  subject.  We  think  it  desirable 
under  the  circumstances  to  give  the  charges  of 
architects  from  the  printed  list  of  rules  of  the 
Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects,  for  the 
guidance  of  such  of  our  readers  as  may  be  more 
specially  interested  in  the  matter. 

NEW  BUILDINGS. 

1.  The  usual  remuneration  for  an  architect's 
service,  except  as  hereinafter  mentioned,  is  a  com- 
mission of  5  per  cent,  on  the  total  cost  of  the 
works  executed  from  his  designs  ;  besides  which 
all  travelling  and  other  incidental  expenses  in- 
curred by  the  architect  are  paid  by  the  employer, 
who  is  also  chargeable  uuder  certain  conditions,  as 
hereafter  mentioned,  for  time  occupied  in  tra- 
velling. 

2.  But  for  all  works  in  which  the  art  required 
is  of  a  high  kind,  and  the  expenditure  mainly  for 
skilled  labour  and  not  for  materials,  e.g.,  in  designs 
forthe  furniture  and  fitting.s  of  buildings,  for 
their  decoration  with  painting  or  mosaic,  for  their 
sculpture,  for  stained  glass,  and  other  like  works, 
the  architect's  charge  is  not  made  by  way  of  com- 
mission on  the  cost,  nor  does  it  depend  upon  the 
time  employed  in  making  the  design,  but  is  regu- 
lated by  special  circumstances,  and  varies  accord- 
ing to  the  skill  and  artistic  power  of  the  architect. 

3.  A  commission  of  2^  per  cent,  is  to  be  charged 
upon  such  works  as  sculpture,  stained  glass,  and 
others  of  a  similar  nature,  for  which  the  architect 
does  not  give  the  design,  but  arranges  with  the 
artists  or  with  the  tradesmen,  and  directs  the  work 
generally. 

4.  lu  works  under  £500  in  amount,  5  per  cent. 
is  not  fairly  to  be  considered  as  remunerative,  and 
in  such  cases  it  is  just  to  the  employer  as  well  as 
to  the  architect,  to  charge  by  time  or  by  a  scale, 
varying  from  10  per  cent,  for  works  under  £100^ 
to  5  per  cent,  on  amounts  above  £500. 

5.  The  commission  is  reckoned  upon  the  total 
cost  of  the  works,  valued  as  if  executed  entirely 
by  labour  and  of  new  materials  provided  by  the 
builder. 

6.  The  commission  is  to  be  charged  upon  the 


whole  value  of  the  work  executed,  with  the  addi. 
tion  of  2.(  per  cent,  upon  any  omissions. 

This  is  exc  usive  of  the  charge  for  measuring 
extras  and  omissions. 
7.  The  architect  is  entitled  during  the  progress 
of  the  building  to  payment  on  account  at  the  rate 
of  5  per  cent,  on  the  instalments  paid  to  the 
builder,  or  otherwise  to  half  the  commission,  on 
the  signing  of  the  contract,  ami  the  remainder  by 
instalments  as  above. 

TRAVELLING. 

8.  All  travelling  expenses  are  to  be  charged 
extra. 

9.  These  rules  suppose  the  work  to  bo  executed 
within  an  easy  distance  of  the  architect's  office  ; 
but  if  the  work  be  executed  at  a  considerable  or 
inconvenient  distance  from  it,  an  allowance 
beyond  the  5  per  cent,  ought  to  be  made  for  the 
time  occupied  in  travelling,  in  addition  to  the 
actual  expenses. 

EXTRA  SERVICES. 

10.  The  percentage  does  not  cover  professional 
services  in  connection  with  negotiations  for  site, 
an-angements  respecting  party  walls,  or  right  of 
lights,  nor  services  incidental  to  arrangements  con- 
sequent upon  the  failure  of  builders  whilst  carrying 
out  work  :  but  all  such  services  are  charged  for  in 
addition,  the  basis  for  charge  being  the  time  em- 
ployed. 

ALTERATIONS   IM  DESIGN. 

11.  Supposing  that  the  employer,  after  having 
agreed  to  a  design,  and  had  the  drawings  prepared, 
should  have  material  alterations  made,  .an  extra 
charge  may  be  made  according  to  the  time 
occupied. 

12.  If  the  architect  should  have  drawn  out  the 
design  complete,  with  plans,  elevations,  sections, 
and  specification,  ready  for  estimate,  the  charge  is 
half  the  usual  commission  above  named. 

13.  If  the  architect  should  have,  in  addition, 
procured  tenders  in  accordance  with  the  instruction 
of  his  employer,  the  charge  is  one-half  per  cent, 
extra  to  the  above. 


VALDATIONS,  &c. 

23.  The  following  definite  charges  are  recognised 
for  valuation  of  property  : — 

The  charge  throughout  is  1  per  cent,  on  the 
first  ,£1,000,  and  one-h.alf  per  cent,  on  ths 
remainder  up  to  £10,000.  Below  £1,000, 
and  beyond  £10,000,  by  special  arrange- 
ment. These  charges  do  not  include 
travelling  expenses,  nor  attendance  before 
juries,  arbitrators,  &c. 

24.  The  char.e  per  day  which  may  be  made  by 
architects  depends  upon  their  professional  position, 
but  the  mininuun  charge  is  three  guineas  per  day! 

25.  The  charge  for  estimating  dilai)idation3  is 
5  per  cent,  on  the  estimate,  and  in  no  case  less 
than  £2  2s. 

26.  It  is  not  desirable  that  an  architect  should 
supply  to  builders  quantities  on  which  to  form 
tenders  for  executing  his  design ;  but  in  case  of 
such  being  done  it  should  be  witb  the  concurrenco 
of  I  he  employer,  arid  the  architect  should  be  paid 
liy  him,  .and  not  by  the  builder. 


ALTERATIONS   OP   BUILDINGS. 

14.  For  works  in  the  alteration  of  premises,  the 
remuneration  may  be  increased  according  to  the 
time,  skill,  and  trouble  involved. 

DUTIES   OP   THE   ARCHITECT. 

15.  All  of  the  following  requirements  for  build- 
ings are  included  in  the  ordinary  charge  of  5  per 
cent. 

Preliminary  sketches. 

Working  drawings  and  specifications  sufficient 

for  au  estimate  and  contract. 
Detailed  drawings  and  instructions  for  execu- 
tion. 
General  superintendence  of  works  (exclusive 

of  clerk  of  works) . 
Examining  and  passing  the  accounts  (exclusive 
of  measuring  and  making  out  extras  and 
omissions). 
1(3.  No    additional    remuneration    is    due    for 
making  such  a  rough  estimate  as  may  be  obtained, 
for  instance,   by  cubing  out  the  contents.     If  a 
detailed  estimate  be  framed,  additional  remunera- 
tion is  due  from  the  employer. 

17.  An  architect  is  bound,  uuder  the  5  percent, 
charge,  to  provide  one  set  of  drawings  and  one  set 
of  tracings,  with  duplicate  specification  ;  it  being 
understood  that  the  architect  is  paid  for  the  us'e 
only  of  the  drawings  and  specification,  and  that 
they  remain  the  property  of  the  architect. 

ESTATES. 

18.  'The  charge  for  taking  a  plan  of  an  estate, 
laying  it  out,  and  arranging  for  building  upon  it, 
should  be  regulated  by  the  time,  skill,  and  trouble 
involved. 

19.  For  actually  letting  the  several  plots  (in 
ordinary  cases)  a  sum  not  exceeding  a  whole  year's 
ground  rent  may  be  charged. 

20.  For  inspecting  the  buildings  during  their 
progress  (so  far  as  may  be  necessary  to  ensure  the 
conditions  being  fulfilled)  and  finally  certifying 
for  lease,  the  charge  should  be  a  percentage  not 
exceeding  one. half  per  cent,  up  to  £5,000,  and 
above  that  by  special  arrangement. 

21.  All  the  above  foes  to  be  exclusive  of  travel- 
ling expenses,  and  time  occupied  in  traveUing,  as 
betore  mentioned. 

22.  The  charge  for  the  above  does  not  include 
the  commission  for  preparing  speciacation,  direct- 
ing, superintending,  and  certifying  the  proper 
formation  of  roads,  fences,  and  other  works 
executed  at  the  coat  of  the  employer,  nor  for  put- 
ting the  plans  on  the  leases. 


LIVERPOOL  ARCHITECTURAL  SOCIETY'S 

EXCURSION. 

THE  annual  excursion  of  the   members  of  the 
Liverpool  Architectural  and  Archajological 
Society  took  place  on  Saturday  Last,  the  destina- 
tion of  the  party  on  this  occasion  being   Hooton 
Hall   and    Church.     Mr.  J.  K.  Colling,  architect, 
London,  from  whose  designs  the  church  and  the 
new  portions  of  the  hall   were  erected,  was  in  at- 
tendance  to   exhibit  the  working  drawings  and 
point  out   the  various   additions   and  alterations 
that  had   been  made.     The    Church    of  St.  Paul, 
which  was  first  visited,  was  inspected  with  much 
interest.     It  is  a  structure  in  the  Byzautine  style 
of  ecclesiastical  architecture.     As  an  edifice  it  is 
quite  unique  in  its  conception,  while  its  execution 
does  credit  to  Messrs.  Holme  and  Nicol,  the  con- 
tractors  for   its  erection.     In  form  it  is   purely 
ecclesiastical,  consisting  of  a  nave   and   chancel 
with   transepts   supported   by  a  lantern   at   the 
point  of  their  intersection;  the  nave  being  fur- 
nished with  side  aisles,  while  the   chancel,  whose 
eastern  termination  is  a  .semicircular  apse,  is  sur- 
rounded  by   au   ambulatory.     The  wmdow   and 
door   dressings,   and   the    window   shafts,  are  of 
Stourton  stone  of  a  warmish  grey  colour,  and  the 
courses  are  of  a  dark  red  stone  from  the  Hooton 
quarries,  with  the  exception  of  a  band  or  two  of 
Stourtou  running  right  round  the  building.      The 
arch  stones  are  alternately  of  Hooton  and  Stour- 
ton     stone,    while     the    external    pillar    shafts 
are  of  Hooton  and  the  capitals  of  Stourton.     The 
capitals  of  all  the  columns  in  the  interior  are  of 
Caen   stone,  richly   designed  from    the    flowers, 
fruit,  and   foliage  of  this   country.      Numerous 
sculptured  monograms  and  inscriptions  enrich  the 
building  internally  and  externally.     After  visiting 
the  church  the  excursionists  were  shown  over  the 
mansion  of  Mr.  R.  C.  Naylor,  and  greatly  admired 
its  new   adornments.      For   these   the   architect 
was   also  Mr.  J.   K.  Colling,  of    London,   while 
Messrs.  Holme  and  Nicol,  of  Liverpool,  were  the 
contractors.     The  grand  saloon   is  a   magnificent 
apartment,    measuring   80ft.    in   length    by  2Sft. 
wide,  curresp(mdiugly   high  in   the     ceiling   and 
lighted  by  seven  ground  glass  panels  in  the  arched 
roof.     The   ceiling  is  p.melled   and    enriched   by 
foliage,   and    at   each   end  are    four   Coriothian 
columns  of   large   dimensions,  having  shafts  of 
polished  Peterhead  granite.     The  floor  is  framed 
in  oak   diagcmal   pattern,  and    tends  to    enhance 
and  complete  the  richness   of  the  general  effect. 
In  this  g.dlery  are    numerous    fine    pictures,  in- 
cluding   many  rare   gems    of    the    painting   art. 
From  the  picture  gallery  two  or  three  steps  lead 
to  the  sculpture   galleiy,    which  is  on   a    lower 
level.     It  is    200ft.  in    length,    and   of  the    same 
width  as  the  one  just  alluded  to,  while,  like  it,  the 
ceiling  is  arched  and  the  floor  of  tesselated  oak. 
In  length  it  is  divided  into  eleven    compartments 
by  projecting  columns  of  different  coloured  and 
highly-polished  marble.      The  ceihng  is  panelled, 
and  the   arches,    which,    resting    on   the  marble 
columns,  divide  it  into   compartments,  are  richly 
ornamented.     Light  is   admitted  in   a  modified 
liegree  through  ground  g  ass  in  the  ceiling,   and 
this  is  supplemented  by  a  window  in  each  of  the 
com.aitmeuts   looking     out     upon      an     Italian 
garden.      This  spacious    gallery   contains   many 
splenfUd    specimens  of    works    of    ancient   and 
modern  sculptors.      The  different  suites  of  apart- 
ments in  the  hall  are  furnished  in  the   most  gor- 
geous style,  while  the  noble  area  of  conservatory 


440 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


June  28,  1867. 


io  front  of  the  principal  drawing  room  might  vie 
in  golden  glory  and  rich  magoidcence  with  the 
fabled  garden  of  Hesperides. 

The  party  walked  from  Hooton  to  Eastham 
Ferry,  where  they  had  a  half-hour's  leisure  to 
wander  in  the  wood  or  through  the  beautiful 
gardens  and  grounds  attached  t  j  the  hotel.  The 
**  Kichmond  of  the  Mersey"  never  looked  more 
attractive,  and  the  visit  there  gave  rise  to  the 
most  pleasurable  feelings.  At  half-past  four 
o'clock  a  reclici-che  dinner  was  served  in  the  hotel 
by  Mr.  William  Hilliar,  the  lessee,  to  which  the 
company  did  ample  justice.  Covers  were  laid  for 
about  sixty  gentlemen.  Mr.  T.  J.  Kilpin,  the 
president  of  the  society,  presided,  and  Mr.  Wil- 
liam Hay  occupied  the  vice  chair. 

The  Chairman  gave  the  usual  loyal  and  pa- 
triotic toasts,  which  were  duly  honoured. 

Mr.  Joseph  Eoult  proposed  '"The  health  of  Mr. 
J.  K.  Colling,"  the  architect  of  Hooton  Church 
and  the  alterations  at  the  hall.  The  church, 
especially  in  the  iuterior,  was  a  very  successtul 
Work  of  architecture,  and  there  could  not  be  two 
feelings  with  regard  to  the  hall  The  additions 
had  been  placed  in  the  right  pusitious,  and,  with 
regard  to  the  picture  aud  statuaiy  galleries,  he 
did  not  think  the  ensemble  was  rivalled  in  any 
public  or  private  establishment  in  the  three 
kingdoms  In  Liverpool  they  had  a  specimen  of 
Jlr.  Colling's  style  in  the  Albany,  where  there 
Was  a  splendid  adaptation  of  the  rules  of  archi 
tecture  to  modern  requirements. 

Mr.  Colling  returned  thanks,  and  concluded  by 
proposing  the  toa  t  of  "  Prosperity  to  the  Liver- 
pool Architectural  and  ArchaBological  Society." 

Mr.  J.  A.  Picton,  whose  name  was  associated 
with  the  toast,  responded,  and  in  the  course  of  his 
remarks  said  tha .  all  architecture  was  a  conven- 
tional art,  but  it  was  to  nature  they  must  look 
for  the  elements  of  beauty.  If  they  worked  in 
stone,  brick,  or  plaatei-,  the  natural  forms  were 
there,  and  no  man  had  shown  better  how  to  apply 
these  forms  to  architecture  than  Mr.  Colling,  and 
the  profession  owed  him  a  debt  of  gratitude  for 
the  manner  in  which  he  had  pointed  out  the 
way.  In  regaid  to  the  association,  he  was  the 
only  man  in  the  room,  except  his  friend  Mr.  Hoult, 
who  was  present  at  its  birth,  the  hrst  meeting 
having  been  held  in  that  house,  if  not  in  that 
room,  some  twenty  years  ago.  It  was  supposed 
that  everything  great  and  good  emanated  from 
London,  and  that  if  poor  provincials  attempted 
to  get  up  anything  they  must  either  sit  under  the 
shadow  of  the  metropolis,  or  follow  iu  its  wake, 
but  they  were  glad  to  do  that,  and  the  answer 
was,  that  in  provincial  societies,  although  they 
had  the  cloth  of  frieze  and  not  of  gold,  yet  the 
frieze  had  its  uses  as  well  as  the  cloth  of  gold. 
Through  good  and  evil  report  the  society  had 
come  down  to  the  present  day,  and  had  done  a 
good  and  useful  work  by  promoting  friendship, 
goodfellowship,  and  professional  intercourse  among 
its  members.  Architecture  was  in  a  better  posi- 
tion now  than  ever.  The  wealth  and  prosperity 
of  the  country  were  increasing,  and  there  was  a 
tendency  to  expend  it  in  woiks  of  art,  and  to 
make  their  public  buildings  something  more  than 
mere  shelters  from  the  weather.  He  rejoiced  to 
Bee  the  buildings  in  their  own  town  showing  an 
advance  in  art.  Asa  member  of  the  Corporation, 
he  might  mention  that  they  were  doing  something. 
They  were  laying  out  magnificent  pai  ks,  the  pre- 
mium for  the  plans  of  »me  of  which  was  gained 
by  a  member  of  that  society,  who  was  to  carry  out 
the  scheme  at  the  cost,  including  the  price  of  the 
land,  of  about  half  a  million  of  money.  Another 
matter  which  was  to  be  brought  before  the  archi- 
tectural world  was  the  provision  of  dwellings  for 
the  Working  classes.  No  problem  was  more  diffi- 
cult of  solution,  nor  more  required  solution,  than 
a  plan  of  providing  dwellings  convenient  and  com- 
fortable, without  pauperising  the  working  classes, 
sj  that  they  might  pay  a  fair  rate  of  iaterest  and 
not  be  almshouses.  The  great  fault  of  the  London 
schemes^those  of  Miss  Burdett  Coutts,  Alderman 
Waterlow,  and  Mr.  Peabody — was  that  they  did 
not  pay  a  fair  rate  of  interest,  and  it  was  a  matter 
of  favour  and  charity  to  obtain  a  residence  in 
them,  aud  was  subversive  of  the  feeling  of  inde- 
pendence which  every  man  ought  to  possess.  To 
encourage  people  to  enter  into  competition  to  pro- 
vide dwellings  for  the  working  classes,  and  to  solve 
the  problem  to  which  he  had  referred,  the  Cor- 
poration were  offering  a  premium  for  a  scheme  of 
dwellings  which  would  provide  them  cheap  and 
Comfortable  at  a  [-rice  which  would  pay  a  fair  rate 
of  interest.  Two  hundred  guineas  were  ofiered 
for  the  solution  of  that  problem,  aud  he  would  be 
happy  U  it  should  be  solved  by  a  member  of  the 


Liverpool  Architectural  Society.  A  number  of 
other  toasts  followed,  after  which  the  party 
returned  to  Liverpool  by  one  of  the  Eastham 
Feiry  steamers,  one  and  all  highly  deUghted 
with  the  excursion. 


STATUE   OF  MR.    COBDBN  IN  SALFOED. 

ON  Wednesday  afternoon  Mr.  Noble's  statue 
of  Cotideu  was  formally  unveiled  in  the 
Peel  Park,  Salford.  The  park  already  contained 
four  other  statues  by  the  same  sculptor,  one  of 
the  Queen,  one  of  the  Prince  Consort,  one  of  the 
late  Mr.  Brotherton,  the  member  for  the  borough, 
aud  one  of  the  stitesman  after  whom  the  park  is 
named.  The  Cobden  statue  has  been  seen  and 
highly  commended  by  Mrs.  Cobden,  and  by  many 
of  Mr.  Cobden's  most  distinguished  associates. 
The  Hgure  is  colos.sal,  and  of  the  best  Campanella 
marble,  so  called  from  its  sounding  like  a  bell 
when  struck.  It  is  of  remarkably  hard  and  durable 
quality,  and  of  a  pleasing  light  grey  colour.  Mr. 
Cobden  is  represented  in  the  ordinary  dress  of  an 
English  gentleman.  The  pedestal  is  of  the  finest 
Aberdeen  granite,  from  the  quarry  of  Messrs. 
M'Donnell  and  Field,  and  is  12ft.  high.  On  the 
four  sides  of  the  plinth  are  in-scribed  these  four 
mottoes,  embodying  Mr.  Cobden's  own  leading 
piinciples  as  a  statesman — "  Repeal  of  the  Corn 
Laws,"  "  English  and  French  Treaty  of  Com- 
merce," "  Education  and  Free  Trade,"  "  Peace 
and  Nonintervention"  On  the  shaft  of  the 
pedestal  there  is  the  all-sufficient  word,  "  Cobden." 


THE  PATENT  CONCRETE  STONE  COM- 
PANY'S WORKS  AT  EAST  GREEN- 
WICH. 

THESE  works,  transplanted  from  Ipswich, 
have  already  been  described  in  the  BoiLDi.s'a 
News.  They  were  formally  opened  on  Friday 
last,  when  a  large  number  of  influential  gentle 
men  attended,  some  of  whom  "  assisted  "  in  the 
ceremony.  The  visitors  were,  for  the  greater  part, 
conveyed  from  Hungerford  in  a  special  steamer, 
under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Frederick  Ransome, 
the  managing  director  of  the  company,  and  the 
perfector  of  this  important  invention.  Amongst 
them  we  noticed  General  Willoughby,  C.  B.,  the 
Hon.  Gerald  Talbot,  Sir  P.  T.  Cantly,  K.C.B.,  Sir 
H.  Montgomery,  Sir  Arthur  Cotton,  General 
Cotton,  Colonel  Smith,  Madras  Navigation  Com- 
pany ;  Professors  Donaldson,  Ansted,  Tuson,  R. 
Kerr;  Messrs.  G.  Godwin,  F.RS.,  &e.,  G.  A.  Barry, 
Robert  Longsden ;  Dr.  Pye  Smith,  Messrs.  Chad  wick, 
Healey,  Henry  Currey,  J.  P.  Seddon,  C.  F.  Hay- 
ward,  Thomas  Page,  C.E.,  E.  C.  Woods,  C.E., 
Bryan  Donkin,  H.  O'Hagan,  W.  H.  Holland,  R  C. 
Kansome  (Mayor  of  Ipswich),  John  Walters,  M.P., 
Zerah  Colburn,  Dr.  Pearson,  George  Maule,  Wallis 
Nash,  &c. 

On  arrival  at  the  works  at  about  two  o'clock, 
the  visitors  were  conducted  by  Mr.  Ransome  to 
the  end  of  thespacious  building  farthest  removed 
from  the  river,  at  which  the  process  of  manu- 
facturing the  artiiicial  stone  is  entered  on,  and 
consists  of  drying  the  sand  or  other  material  of 
which  the  body  of  the  intended  product  is  to  con- 
sist. This  process  is  accomplished  in  a  revolving 
heated  cylinder  adjusted  on  a  slope  of  about  1  in 
90  deg.  After  being  dried  the  sand  is  shot  into 
air-tight  heated  cells,  from  which  it  is  removed  as 
need  requires  to  the  manufactory  to  be  sifted, 
mixed  in  a  pug-mill  with  the  silicate  of  soda, 
moulded  into  either  the  most  masi^ive  blocks  or 
the  most  delicate  architectural  ornaments,  as  occa- 
sion may  require,  after  which  the  moulded  work 
is  drenched  with  chloride  of  calcium,  then  boiled 
in  the  same  chemical  agent,  and,  for  the  two  final 
processes,  is  subjected  to  a  powerful  and  copious 
cold  water  bath,  and  then  dried,  when  it  is  ready 
for  use. 

Mr.  Ransome  gave  a  lucid  and  interesting  ex- 
planation of  the  rationale  of  his  process  as  he 
conducted  the  visitors  through  the  successive 
stages.  After  the  liberal  cold  collation  provided 
by  the  company  for  their  visitors,  addresses  were 
delivered  by  Professors  Donaldson  and  Ansted, 
Mr.  Godwin  and  others,  all  of  them  highly  con- 
gratulatory, upon  the  successful  culmination  of 
Mr.  Ransome's  persevering  and  meritorious  la- 
bours. 

The  visitors,  about  150  in  number,  were  con- 
veyed back  to  town  Ijy  the  special  steamer  engaged 
for  the  occasion,  and  reached  Hungerford  about 
eight  o'clock,  not  one  dissenting  from  the  opinion 


which  many  of  them  expressed,  that  their  hosts 
had  furnished  them  with  a  scienti'ic,  intellectual, 
and  social  treat  of  the  highest  order. 


ARCHITECTURE— UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE. 

ON  Saturday  last,  June  22,  the  presentation 
of  the  prizes  by  Sir  John  Lubbock  took  place 
in  the  lecture  theatre  of  the  college,  before  a 
numerous  and  fashionable  audience.  We  append 
the  list  of  the  successful  prizemen  in  architecture, 
the  Dona'dson  medallists  being  Mr.  Josiah  Rose 
and  Mr.  Thomas  Batterbury. 

Architecture.  —  Professor  T.  Hayter  Lewis, 
F.S.A.,  F.I.B.A.— Fine  Art.— Seniorclass:  Donald- 
son silver  medal  and  certificate,  Josiah  Rose,  of 
London ;  second  prize  and  certificate,  Alfred 
Henry  Paget,  of  Leicester;  third  certificate, 
R.  Lockyer  Cox,  of  London.  Construction. 
— Senior  class :  Donaldson  silver  medal  and 
certificate,  Thomas  Batterbury,  of  Hampstead  ; 
second  prize  and  certi  ;cate,  Josiah  Rose,  of 
London ;  third  certificate,  R  Lockyer  Cox,  of 
London  ;  fourth  certificate,  R.  Came.  Fine  Art. 
— Junior  class:  Prize  and  certificate,  Josiah  Rose, 
of  London  ;  second  certificate,  R.  Lockyer  Cox, 
of  Loudon  Construction. — Junior  class:  Prize 
and  certificate,  Josiah  Rose,  of  London ;  sectmd 
certilicate,  R.  Lockyer  Cox,  of  London ;  third 
certificate,  Edward  Haslehu  st. 

We  are  glad  to  hear  that  the  learned  Professor's 
classes  were  very  fully  attended  during  the  past 
session.  We  commend  them  to  the  attention  of 
those  students  who  have  not  been  through  the 
course. 


COMPETITIONS. 


Me.  Street,  to  whom  the  plans  for  the  new 
Bristol  Assize  Courts  had  been  submitted,  sent  in 
his  report  on  Wednesday  last.  Eleven  plans,  the 
production  of  six  architects,  were  adjudicated 
upon  ;  and  Mr.  Street  reports  that  the  following 
plans  are,  in  his  opinion,  entitled  to  the  premiums 
of  100,  50,  and25guineas  respectively  : — No.  1,  the 
plan  bearing  the  motto  "  Usui  civium  decori 
urbium  ;"  No.  2,  motto  "  Quis  ;"  No.  3,  motto 
"  Dos  a  dos."  We  understand  that  No.  1  plan  is 
the  production  of  Messrs.  Popes  and  Bindon ;  No. 
2,  that  of  Messrs.  Godwin  and  Crisp ;  and  No.  3, 
that  of  Messrs.  Hansom  and  Son. 

Shortly  after  the  destruction  of  the  Nottingham 
Mechanics'  Hall  by  fire,  the  trustees  and  committee 
offered  premiums  of  £50,  £30,  and  £20  for  the 
three  designs  which  they  might  consider  best 
adapted  for  the  purposes  of  a  mechanics'  institu- 
tion. Twenty. four  sets  of  drawings  were  sent  in 
on  the  Sth  inst.  The  trustees  and  committee, 
after  several  adjournments,  again  met,  and  it 
was  decided  that  each  mem'ier  should  write  on  a 
slip  of  paper  the  motto  on  the  set  of  plans  which 
he  considered  entitled  to  a  prize.  This  having 
been  done  it  was  found  that  five  competitors  only 
had  been  selected.  These  were  "  Dumspiro, 
Spero,"  '■  Hopeful,"  "  Resurgam,"  "  Trefoil,"  and 
"  UtiliUas."  A  second  voting  gave  a  considerable 
majority  in  favour  of  the  plans  of  "  Resurgam," 
and  they  were  accordingly  declared  entitled  to  the 
first  premium.  To"  Trefoil '  wa-  awarded  the  second 
premium,  and  to  "  Hopeful "  the  third.  The 
names  of  the  successful  competitors  are — 1.  Mr. 
Thomas  Simpson ;  2.  Messrs.  Clarke  and  Son ;  3. 
Mr.  R.  C.  Sutton  Some  correspondence  touch- 
ing this  matter  wUl  be  found  in  another  column. 


On  Wednesday  evening  last  the  annual  dinner 
meeting  of  the  United  Society  of  Ironmongers  was 
held  at  the  Freemasons'  Tavern.  Mr.  Benham,  of 
Chandos-street,  occupied  the  chair.  Amongst  the 
guests  of  the  evening  was  Mr.  Tidd  Pratt,  who 
gave  an  interesting  speech,  in  which  he  glanced 
at  the  history  of  benefit  societies,  and  showed  that 
the  Society  of  Ironmongers  was  one  of  the  most 
prosperous  in  existence,  and  that  its  management 
must  have  been  marked  with  great  wisdom  and 
prudence.  Such  an  endorsement  from  so  eminent 
an  authority  as  Mr.  Tidd  Pratt  elevates  this 
society  amongst  the  favoured  few.  It  is,  there- 
fore, rather  surprising  that  there  are  scarcely  200 
members,  when  there  must  be  at  least  six  times 
that  number  of  assistants  connected  with  the  iron- 
mongery trade  of  the  metropolis.  The  society 
has  nearly  £5,000  of  funded  stock ;  and,  as  Mr. 
Passmore  Edwards  said  at  the  meeting,  it  has 
from  the  first  gradua.ly  and  invariably  marched 
onwards  to  prosperity  and  power. 


EWimln'l^e.litb 


^r,mii>  Fiioir:  0^  0(|sr|(^B  mU^ 


I'V  CoVi^^sr  "C  li  De^M  Argr? 


June  28,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


445 


NATIONAL  COMPETITION  DRAW- 
INGS—SOUTH KENSINGTON. 
TO  those  who  are  curious  in  art  matters  a 
visit  at  this  time  to  the  Competitiou 
Room  of  the  South  Kensington  Museum  will 
not  be  without  interest,  as  the  drawings  for 
which  the  National  medals  have  just  been 
awarded  are  now  on  exhibition.  The  collec- 
tion, which  is  of  great  general  merit,  consists 
of  drawings  sent  from  the  local  schools  of  art 
throughout  the  country  to  compete  for  the 
National  prizes,  the  subjects  embracing  a  wide 
range  of  art.  Space  will  not  permit  of  an  ex- 
tended notice,  and  it  will  be  nece.ssary  on  the 
present  occasion  to  confine  our  remarks  to  the 
strictly  architectural  portion  of  the  display. 
Withou*,  wishing  to  be  hard  on  retiring  merit 
the  most  careless  visitor  must  observe  that 
the  exhibition  of  architectural  sub- 
jects is  very  small,  and  at  the  same 
time  largely  rewarded.  The  total 
number  of  architectural  drawings,  including 
ten  or  a  dozen  copies  of  the  same  plaster  cast, 
a  friezeenriched  with  fruit  and  leaves,  executed 
now  in  challc,  now  in  sepia,  now  in  oil,  is 
exactly  sixty-two,  twenty-nine  of  which  are 
designs  for  spandrels,  diapering,  or  panels 
suital)le  for  plasterers'  work,  for  which  the 
Plasterers  Company  offered  prizes.  The 
drawings  for  which  medals  or  prize  books  have 
been  awarded  number  about  a  score,  or  very 
nearly  one-third  of  the  total  number,  so 
that  rising  talent  can  complain  of  no  lack  of 
appreciation  at  the  hands  of  the  autho- 
rities at  South  Kensington,  and,  un- 
less we  greatly  err,  the  South  Kensington 
pupils  have  even  less  reason  to  make  a 
moan  than  their  compeers  in  the  provinces. 
Be  this  as  it  may,  there  is  verv  high  authority 
for  caring  for  those  of  one's  own  house, 
and  it  is  reasonable  to  suppose  that 
the  South  Kensington  pupils  enjoy 
advantages  lor  study  which  can  only 
be  obtained  in  the  metropolis ;  besides 
which  their  number  is  considerable,  and  some- 
body must  have  the  premiums.  The  draw- 
ings speak  for  themselves,  however,  in  one  par- 
ticular case,  that  of  the  Gold  Medallist,  Mr.  H. 
K.  Gribble,  aged  twenty,  a  South  Kensington 
pupU.  Including  a  clever  perspective  view 
they  are  designs  for  a  cathedral,  and  are 
of  exceptional  merit.  So  great  is  their 
merit  that  it  is  not  easy  to  believe  that 
a  young  man  twenty  years  old  could  have 
executed  them,  though  we  have  received  as- 
surances of  this  fact.  Of  the  amount  of  assist- 
ance in  the  design  which  Mr.  Gribble  may 
have  obtained  from  his  seniors  it  is  impossible 
to  judge.  The  design  might  be  entirely  his 
own,  or  vice  versa,  but,  as  it  stands,  it  is  very 
good,  and  well  worthy  of  the  Gold  Medal.  AVe 
hope  to  hear  more  of  Mr.  Gribble.  The  Na- 
tional Silver  Medal  fell  to  Mr.  B.  Samoiloff, 
South  Kensington  pupil,  for  a  "  Small  State 
Railway  Station."  The  exact  meaning  of  the 
title  it  is  not  easy  to  determine,  but  Mr. 
Samoiloff  is  a  foreigner,  and  excuses  must  be 
made.  By  the  coal  armour  and  "  scarves  and 
bannerets"  about  it  the  building  would  seem  to 
be  a  grand  ducal  station  for  a  mediatised  Prince. 
It  is,  however,  of  some  merit,  but  scarcely 
worthy  the  Silver  Medal.  The  National  Silver 
Medal  has  fallen  to  Miss  Anne  Baxter,  of  Ox- 
ford, age  not  given,  for  a  drawing  in  sepia  of 
I  Gothic  spandreL  Thereis  always  a  delicacy 
ibout  criticising  the  works  of  a  lady.  It  is, 
lowever,  difficult  to  conceive  on  what  grounds 
he  Silver  Medal  can  have  been  awarded  in  this 
■ase.  Among  the  copies  from  the  antique  the 
ositor  will  notice  an  extraordinary  drawing 
•f  a  Roman  liga,  by  Benjamin  Weeks,  aged 
wenty,  occupation  warehouseman.  Whatever 
lay  be  the  merits  of  the  work,  the  authorities 
,Jwarded  the  author  with  a  bronze  medal.  It 
as  no  merit  beyond  mechanical  dexterity, 
.  ,ut  of  that  it  has  a  very  large  amount,  and  is 
t  'ell  worthy  of  a  special  visit.  To  cut  out 
'  ich  a  drawing  on  tinted  paper  and 
i  ;  set  it  on  a  white  mount  is  a  practice  which 
would  be  thought  the  authorities  at  South 
ensington  would  not  have  permitted.     Next 


to  this  drawing  is  some  scroll  ornament  from 
a  cast  by  J.  'Teasdale,  of  Newcastle-on-Tyne, 
shoemaker  by  trade,  bronze  medallist  liy 
merit.  This  is  a  real  work  of  art.  The 
same  may  be  said  of  the  productions  of  two 
other  bronze  medallists — Richard  Frustone, 
of  Dudley,  tin-worker,  who  contributes  a 
copy  in  oil  of  the  stereotyped  fruit  and  leaf 
frieze ;  and  J.  Blair,  of  Edinburgh,  labourer, 
who  has  delicately  rendered  some  vine  leaves 
and  grapes.  A  bronze  medal  has  also  been 
given  to  Mr.  Arthur  Foster,  aged  seventeen, 
for  a  drawing  from  measurement  of  the 
Chapter  House,  Lincoln  Cathedral.  This 
work  is  all  very  well  for  a  lad  of  seventeen, 
and  perhaps  highly  creditable  to  him,  but  it 
is  not  to  efforts  like  this  that  the  Silver  Medal 
should  be  adjudged.  To  Mr.  A.  Sladc,  of 
Reading,  aged  sixteen,  a  bronze  medal  lias 
been  given  for  a  design  for  cemetery  chapels. 
Here,  again,  it  is  ditficult  to  believe  that  any 
lad  of  that  age  could,  without  great  assistance, 
design  such  buildings.  Mr.  M'Carthy,  of 
Cork,  aged  twenty,  sends  a  clever  design  for  a 
church,  and  Mr.  A.  Reading,  of  Birmingham, 
aged  sixteen,  sends  another.  A  design  of 
some  merit,  for  "  A  School  of  Science  and 
Art,  Museum,  Library,  &c.,"  Torquay,  by 
Mr.  H.  H.  Bridgman,  is  badly  hung,  con- 
sidering its  size,  and  the  fact  that  it  is  not 
forced  with  colour. 

Mr.  W.  L.  Bernard,  of  Bath,  has  a  quaint 
and  picturesque  design  for  a  mansion.  Miss 
Ellen  Miles,  of  Lambeth,  aged  nineteen,  ob- 
tains a  bronze  medal  for  a  design  for  a  door  to 
a  public  library.  The  valves  are  supposed  to  be 
executed  in  bronze,  but  the  design  is  not  suit- 
able for  so  expensive  a  material.  Miss  Miles 
is  a  "  designer  on  wood,"  and  the  habitual  de- 
signer on  wood  finds  great  difficulty  in  pro- 
ducing a  creditable  design  for  the  sterner 
material.  The  drawing  is  not  without  con- 
siderable merit,  and  the  doors  would  look 
well  if  carved  in  wood.  The  design  is  thus 
described  : — "  A  library  door,  to  be  executed 
in  bronze,  comprising  eight  compartments, 
illustrative  of  the  works  of  eight  poets  of  the 
Greek,  Italian,  German,  and  English  schools. 
An  allegorical  group  of  mosaic  tills  the  arch, 
representing  Faith,  Philosophy,  History,  Art, 
and  Morals.  On  each  side  of  the  figure  of 
Faith  are  the  emblems  of  the  four  Evangelists, 
and  the  dove,  as  the  symbol  of  divine  inspira- 
tion, appears  above.  Morals  holds  in  a  chain 
a  tiger,  symbolical  of  the  Passions."  The 
whole  is  clever  for  so  young  a  lady,  but  by  no 
means  adapted  for  metal.  The  ladies  seem 
to  have  much  the  best  of  it  throughout  the 
exhibition.  Sheffield  is  represented  by  Miss 
J.  H.  Bagshaw,  aged  seventeen,  who  contri- 
butes a  beautiful  acanthus  leaf.  A  leaf  and 
tendril,  suitable  for  architectural  ornament, 
by  Miss  M.  W.  Murray,  of  Limerick,  aged 
nineteen,  student  in  the  schools  for  two  years 
and  a  half,  is  very  cleverly  done  and  is  re- 
warded ;  as  is  also  a  drawing  by  Francis 
Alton,  aged  nineteen,  but  which  does  not 
possess  the  same  merit.  Amongst  the  drawings 
from  casts,  whether  in  crayon,  sepia,  or  oil, 
several  were  deficient  in  life,  being  executed 
in  a  style  that  would  be  perfectly  useless  for 
practical  purposes.  It  avails  nothing  to 
stipple  \ip  a  fuU-sized  representation  of  a 
plum  or  a  pomegranate  ;  the  effect  should  be 
given  by  a  few  bold  strokes  in  the  right 
places.  For  every  hundred  who  can  finish  a 
drawing  with  minuteness  there  are  not  ten 
who  can  produce  the  true  effect  with  a  few 
vigorous  strokes.  Drawings  should  be  j  udged 
from  a  moderate  distance,  and  that  which  then 
presents  the  best  effect  is  the  best.  Those 
which  require  a  microscopical  inspection  are 
seldom  worth  much.  Some  of  the  drawings 
exhibited  bore  a  strong  resemblance  to  the 
old-fashioned  style  of  Poonah  painting,  the 
delight  of  boarding  schools  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  present  century.  The 
secrets  of  this  art  we  were  never  able  tho- 
roughly to  penetrate,  but  we  have  been  given 
to  understand  that  more  mechanical  dexterity 
than  artistic  skill  is  necessary,  and,  to  tell  the 


truth,  we  were  not  very  keenly  bent  on  ac- 
quiring further  information  on  the  subject. 

The  exliibition  of  designs  for  manufactures 
is  interesting,  and  shows  advances  on  former 
years.  We  hope  to  be  able  to  notice  them 
more  fully  on  another  occasion. 


KOYAL  INSTITUTE   OP    BRITISH 
ARCHITECTS. 

ON  Monday  evening  the  annual  conversazione 
took  place  at  the  rooma  of  this  institution. 
The  visitors  were  imusually  numerous,  the  Royal 
Academy,  the  Royal  Society,  the  Society  o£ 
Antiquaries,  the  Royal  tleographical  Society,  and 
other  distinguished  bodies  in  the  world  of  science 
and  art  being  well  represented.  The  rooma  were 
adorned  by  a  large  and  interesting  collection  of 
pictures  and  water-colour  drawings  contributed  by 
Mr.  Tite,  Mr.  E.  Cooke,  R.A  ,  Mr.  R.  P.  Spiers, 
Mr.  Burges,  Mr.  E.  Poynter,  Mr.  John  Moore,  and 
others.  Among  the  architectural  drawings  were 
some  of  the  irrepressible  designs  for  the  new 
National  Gallerj',  about  which  the  general  opinion 
seemed  to  be  that  of  Sancho's  master  when  he  re- 
commended that  unsavoury  matters  should  be  let 
alone.  Dr.  Salviati  was  in  full  force  with  his 
glass  and  mosaics,  and  some  elegant  specimens  o£ 
furniture  and  cabinet  work,  designed  by  Mr.  Sed- 
don  and  Mr.  Eastlake,  were  exhibited  by  the 
Art  Furniture  Company  ia  Garrick-street.  Mr. 
Tite  sent  amongst  others  a  large  oil  painting  of 
the  interior  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  and  the 
celebrated  "  Raising  the  Maypole."  Miss  Phillott 
contributed  a  copy  of  an  "Annunciation,"  by 
Filippo  Lippi,  and  a  clever  twilight  sketch  of  the 
village  of  S.  Lo,  Gloucestershire.  Mr.  E. 
Poyuter  exhibited  some  of  his  watercolour  draw, 
ings,  cottages,  and  cuast  scenery  in  North  Devon, 
and  a  portion  of  Eton  cloisters.  Field  Talfourd 
sent  a  very  clever  coast  scene  in  watercolours  To 
Mr.  T.  Woolmer  the  Institute  was  indeiited  for  a 
small  sketch  by  Holman  Hunt,  the  subject  being 
from  Tennyson's  "  Golden  Prime  of  Good  Haroun 
Alraschid."  The  depiction  of  the  water  is,  how- 
ever, entirely  wrong,  inasmuch  as  there  is  a  breeze 
everywhere  excepting  where  the  boat  is  pursuing 
her  course  with  flowing  sheet  and  every  indication 
of  speed.  The  sheet-block  is  also  treated  in  a 
most  unseamanlike  way.  These  things  are 
not  the  trifles  they  may  at  first  sight  seem  to  be, 
the  want  of  a  little  technical  knowledge  frequently 
marring  the  works  of  even  the  best  artists. 
Amongst  the  furniture  exhibited  a  curious 
chiffonier  'oy  Mr.  J.  P.  Seddon,  was  particularly 
noticed.  It  was,  in  fact,  a  sort  of  cupboard  to  be 
fixed  against  the  wall  at  a  convenient  height, 
having  a  shelf  aoove.  The  doors  of  the  cupboard, 
for  such  it  was  to  all  practical  purposes,  contained 
representations  of  Abelard  and  Heloise,  and  the 
s  helves  were  adapted  for  the  display  of  choice 
pieces  of  glass  or  china.  The  chief  beauty  of  the 
piece  of  furniture  was  derived  from  the  repose  of 
the  composition,  only  two  woods  being  used,  and 
the  usual  spotty  eifect  produced  by  dabs  of  red  or 
blue  paint  entirely  avoided.  Mr.  E.  W.  Cooke, 
R.A.,  coutri  uted  two  water-colour  drawings, 
"  Interior  of  San  Marco,"  and  "  Catalan  Bay, 
Gi'Taltar,"  and  Mr.  Gilbert  Scott  exhioited  some 
of  his  designs  for  the  Law  Courts.  The  band  of 
the  Coldstream  Guards,  under  the  direction  of 
Mr.  F.  Godfrey,  played  at  intervals  during  the 
evening,  and  the  company  did  not  separate  until 
after  midnight. 


ARCHAIC    INFLUENCES    AFFECTING 
IONIAN  ART. 

ON  the  20th  inst.  Mr.  Hyde  Cla.-ke  read  a  paper 
on  this  subject  at  the  rooms  of  the  Archi- 
tectural Union,  Condiut-street.  The  paper  was 
illustrated  by  new  photographs  of  the  rock-out 
monuments  of  Central  and  Western  Asia  Minor, 
and  referred  chiefly  to  the  recent  views  of  men  of 
science  on  the  early  populations  of  Asia  Minor, 
and  the  influence  exercised  on  the  architecture, 
arts,  and  mythology  of  the  early  inhabitants  and 
the  Greeks.  Mr.  Clarke  referred  to  the  geogra- 
phical positions  of  Asia  Minor  as  a  route  of  passage 
for  migrations  from  the  east  and  the  west,  its  occu- 
pation by  populations  of  varied  origin,  and  the  dis- 
tinction between  the  settled  populations  of  the 
interior,  and  the  immigrant  populations  of  Phce- 
nicians  and  Greeks  on  the  coast. 


446 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


June  28,  1867. 


The  statement  of  Herodotus,  iu  his  Second 
Book,  as  to  the  conquests  of  Sesostris  in  Asia 
Minor,  and  the  establishment  of  monuments  of 
his  victoiies  there,  had  led  to  the  general  belief  for 
many  centuries  that  the  Egyptians  had  supplied 
the  chief  germs  of  Ionian  art.  Herodotus  cir- 
cumstantially described  the  monument  near  Niufi, 
in  the  Smyi-na  district,  which  is  still  in  existence  ; 
and  archaeologists  and  artists  have  been  so  impressed 
with  the  alleged  characteristics  as  to  make  their 
drawings  Egyptian  and  insert  hieroglyphic  de 
tails.  Lepsius  maintained  its  Egyptian  authen- 
ticity, but  Carl  Hitter  and  Kiepert  were  among 
the  first  to  question  this,  to  call  it  the  Pseudo- 
Sesostris,  and  attribute  to  it  an  As.syrian  type. 

By  the  exertions  of  himself  the  monument 
has  been  photographed  and  communicated  to  the 
academies  and  authorities  of  the  learned  world, 
and  it  is  now  evident  the  monument  is  Assyrian 
and  not  Egyptian  ;  and  so  likewise  with  regard  to 
the  other  monuments  of  the  class.  The  menu, 
ments  of  the  West  are  now  connected  with  those 
of  Boghaz  Kene,  and  Euyuk,  depicted  by  M. 
Georges  Perrotand  M.  Edmond  Guillaume,  in  the 
great  work  now  iu  course  of  pulilication  by  the 
French  Government.  Layard  and  Fergusson  do 
not  consider  these  monuments  to  be  distinctly 
Assyrian,  but  as  forming  a  class  allied  to  that  type. 
M.  Perrot  has  proposed  for  the  class  the  name 
Lyde-Phrygian,  as  expressing  the  two  countries 
of  Lydia  and  Phrygia,  in  which  as  yet  the  monu- 
ments are  chiefly  found.  Mr.  Clarke  terms  them 
Lyde- Assyrian,  with  the  purpose  of  maintaining 
the  connection  of  the  group  with  the  Assyrian 
and  expressing  that  distinguishing  characteristic. 

The  agesofthese  monuments  are  unsettled.  Some, 
as  the  Pseudo  Sesostris  and  the  Niobe,  are  un- 
doubtedly of  great  antiquity,  being  ancient  in  the 
time  of  the  Greeks  ;  but  some  of  those  at  Boghaz 
Kene  are  almost  Persian  in  character.  The 
elimination  of  the  Egyptian  element  and  the  sub- 
stitution of  Assyrian  in  the  pages  of  the  history 
of  Ionia  is  attended  with  considerable  results  of 
the  nature  already  referred  to.  Fergusson  has  al- 
ready pointedly  dwelt  on  the  derivation  of  the 
Ionic  volute  and  honeysuckle  ornament  from  Me- 
sopotamia, and  the  progress  of  discovery  now  tends 
in  the  same  direction.  The  question  remains  of 
the  ultimate  origin  of  what  is  termed  the  Assyrian 
or  Mesopotamiau  element,  and  Mr.  Clarke  refers  it 
to  an  earlier  epoch  of  civilisation,  representing 
what  has  been  termed  the  Scythian  empiie  by 
Professor  Bawlinsou,  but  which  Mr.  Clarke 
attributes  to  a  great  empire  held  by  the  Caucaso- 
Tihetan  race. 

To  the  Assyrian  or  Mesopotamian  element  Mr. 
Layard  attributes  the  distinctive  characteristics  of 
Ionian  art  as  compared  with  Hellenic  or  Doric, 
in  which  the  extraneous  or  archaic  element  is 
Egyptian.  Mr.  Clarke  considers  further  that  the 
schools  of  art  of  Asia  Minor  were  formed  by  the 
barbarian  or  Iberian  element,  receiving  and  propa- 
gating this  Caucaso-Tibetan  or  Assy lian  influence, 
while  in  Hellas,  although  there  had  been  an 
Iberian  population,  as  in  Italy,  this  population 
had  been  superseded  by  the  Hellenic.  Mr.  Clarke 
proposed  a  new  question  with  regard  to  the  cities 
alleged  to  be  founded  by  the  Amazons.  The 
names  of  these  cities,  he  stated,  were  not  only  non- 
Hellenic,  but  non  Iberian,  and  altogether  ab- 
normal. He  considered,  therefore,  they  must 
belong  to  the  pre-Iberian  period,  perhaps  that  of 
the  rock-cut  monuments.  The  foregoing  gives 
only  a  brief  sketch  of  one  leading  portion  of  the 
paper,  which  embraced  a  wide  range  of  old  and 
new  topics  connected  with  the  districts  of  Ionia 
and  Asia  Minor. 

After  the  paper  a  discussion  ensued,  in  which 
Mr.  Howarth  treated  of  the  influence  of  the  Phcc- 
nicians  and  the  Iberians,  and  Mr.  R.  P.  Spiers  de- 
scribed the  monument  near  the  Nahr  el  Kelb  or 
Dog  River  in  Syria,  the  details  and  treatment  of 
which  are  not  Egyptian,  but  like  the  Lyde. 
Assyrian  or  Assyrian. 

After  the  public  discussion  a  kind  of  con- 
versazione was  kept  up  for  some  time  by  the  art 
authorities  assembled. 


EOYAL    AECHiEOLOGICAL    SOCIETY. 

THE  annual  conference  of  this  society,  which  is 
this  year  to  be  held  at  Hull,  commences  on 
Tuesday,  J  uly  30,  lasting  every  day  up  to  andinclu- 
sive  of  Tuesday,  August  6.  On  the  first-named  day 
the  inaugural  meeting  will  be  held  at  the  Town- 
tall,  at  noon,  after  which  parties  will  be  formed 
to  visit  the  principal  objects  of  antiquarian  interest 


in  and  about  the  town.     Among  the  places  to  be 
visited  are  the  parish  church  of  Holy  Trinity  and 
St.  Mary's    Church,    Lowgate,    two   very  ancient 
places  of  worship,  the  Grammar-school,  the  Trinity- 
house,  in  which  building  there  is  a  fine  collection 
of     marine    curiosities   and   articles    brought   by 
shipmasters  from   distant   countries,   also  several 
paintings  of  ancient  sea  battles.     In  the  course  of 
the  first  day  there  will  also  be  inspected  the  oldest 
house  in  Hull,  the  King' s  Head  Inn,  High  street, 
and  Wilberforce  House,  in  the  3.ame  street.     This 
house   derives  its  name    from    the  fact   that   the 
great  William  Wilberforce,  the  anti-slavery  member 
of    Parliament,    was    born  and  reared  in  it.     This 
day's   proceedings    will   close   with    the    Mayor's 
soiree,   which  will    take   place  in  the    Town  hall. 
On  Wednesday  meetings  of  sections  will  be  held 
at  ten  o'clock  in  the  forenoon.     In  the  after  part 
of  the  day  there  will  be  excursions  to  Hedon  and 
Patrington,  where  there  are  two  fine  old  churches 
— the  finest  in  Holdernesa.     At  the  former  place 
a  paper  on   ancient  church   architecture   will   be 
read  by   Mr.    Street,   and   at   the  latter   by   Mr. 
Christian.     In    the    evening    there    will    be    a 
conversazione  in  the  Antiquarian  Museum,  which 
has  been  formed  for  the  especial  accommodation 
and  entertainment  of  the  members  of  the  institute, 
curiosities   and    antiquarian   relics    having   been 
forwarded  by    the    gentlemen    iu    Hull    aud    the 
neighbourhood.     On  Thursday,  after  the  meeting 
of   the   sections,   there   will  be   an   excursion   to 
Beverley,  where  the  fine  old  Minster  will  be  in- 
spected,   and  also  St.  Mai-y's  Church,  which  is  an 
older  structure  even   than    the    Minster.     On  the 
afternoon  of  Friday  there  will  be  an  excursion  to 
the  ruins  of  Thornton  Abl  ey,  eight  or  nine  miles 
from   Hull,   in    North    Lincolnshire.     Thornton 
Curtis  and  Barton   will  also   be   visited.     In  the 
evening  a  conversazione  will  be  held  in  the  museum 
of  the  Hull  Literary  and    Philosophical    Society. 
On  Saturday  the  excursions  will  be  to  Drifiield, 
Dane's  Dale,    near   that   town,    aud    Bridlington, 
where  the  Pi  lory  Church,  a  very  ancient  structure, 
will  be  inspected.     The  party  will  then  proceed 
to  the   bold  promontory   of  Flamborough  Head, 
where  the  remainder  of  the  day  will  be  spent.  On 
Monday   the   churches    at   Howden,   Selby,   and 
Wressel  will  be  visited.     At  ihe  last-named  place 
there  are  some  fine  old  ruins.     On  Tuesdaj',  the 
last  day  of   the  conference,   the   annual   meeting 
will  be  held,  when  the  choice  of  the  ne.\t  place  of 
meeting  will  be    made.     In    the    afternoon  there 
will  be  excursions  to  Fulton,  Meaux  Abbey,  Swine, 
aud  Skirlaugh.     The  proceedings  will  be  brought 
to  a  close  by  a  dinner  at  the  Hull  Town-hall. 


JAMAICA  -  STREET,     GLASGO'\y. 

(FROiM  OUR  OWN  COERESPONDENT.) 
"VTO  street  in  Glasgow,  not  even  Sauchiehall. 
-L 1  street,  has  more  rapidly  arisen  into  an  espe- 
cial importance  than  has  Jamaica-street,  and  to 
meet  this  there  has  been  a  corresponding  change 
in  the  character  of  its  architecture.  Houses  that 
had  been  biiilt  merely  as  residences  when 
Jamaica-street  was  a  rus  in  urhe,  and  had  after- 
wards been  converted  into  petty  business  premises 
with  low  ceilings  and  little  light,  have  fallen  before 
the  footsteps  of  "  progress,"  and  large  shops  and 
warehouses  with  ceilings  16ft.  high,  and  windows 
only  3ft.  less  in  width,  have  arisen  in  their  room. 

Among  these  are  two  buildingsof  cast  iron,  neither 
of  which,  however,  is  very  successful  in  design 
this  arising  chiefly  from  an  imperfect  perception 
of  the  properties  of  the  material.  One  of  the 
most  imposing  structures  is  a  building  called  the 
"Colosseum,"  which,  while  evincing  considerable 
powers  of  design,  is  yet  large  and  vulgar  in  its 
detail,  a  vulgarity  in  no  wise  lessened  by  a  gaudy 
polychromatic  decoration.  One  of  the  firstof  these 
warehouses  was  erected  at  the  corner  of  Howard- 
street,  and  which,  with  a  certain  cheerfulness  of 
aspect  imposed  upon  a  most  substantial  composi- 
tion, is,  perhaps,  as  purpose-like  as  any  of  its 
more  pretentious  followers.  The  principal  build- 
ing in  the  street  is  one  erected  about  two  years 
ago  by  Messrs.  J.  and  G.  Burns,  the  extensive 
shipowners.  It  is  in  the  Italian  style,  by  an 
architect  who  had  hitherto  been  known  almost 
exclusively  as  a  Goth  of  the  Goths — Mr.  Honey, 
man — and  sufficiently  proves  that  he  is  no  less  at 
home  among  the  soft  and  rounded  mouldings  of 
the  sunny  South,  than  among  the  hard  and  angular 
forms  that  are  perhaps  so  "  telUng  "  and  so  more 
fitting  in  our  murky  atmosphere.  The  street  floor 
is,  of  course,  shops,  and  is  little  removed  from,  as 


ARCHITECTURAL  ASSOCIATION. 


THE  closing  meeting  of  the  session  of  the  Archi- 
tectural Association  took  place  on  Friday  even- 
ing last,  the  president,  Mr.  Robert  W.  Edis,  iu  the 
chair.  After  the  usual  business  of  the  meeting 
Professor  Hayter  Lewis  gave  an  able  aud  iuterest- 
iug  paper  "  On  Mosaics."  The  learned  Professor 
entered  fully  into  the  description  of  the  various 
kinds  of  mosaic  decoration,  which  he  illustrated 
by  a  number  of  sketches  and  drawings  from  some 
of  the  principal  Italian  churches  ;  and,  after  refer- 
ring to  what  had  been  done  by  Messrs.  Powell  aud 
Dr.  Salviati  towards  reviving  the  art  of  mosaic 
decoration  in  our  own  time,  concluded  by  hoping 
that  at  no  distant  period  good  mosaic  work  would 
again  be  used  for  the  wall  decorations  of  our 
churches  and  public  buildings.  This  being  the 
closing  meeting  of  the  session  ISSS  C7,the  election 
of  officers  for  the  ensuing  session  took  place.  The 
following  gentlemen  were  severally  proposed  and 
elected  unanimously  : — Mr.  R.  Phene  Spiers, 
A.R.I.B.A.,  president  ;  Messrs.  E.  J.  Tarver' 
A.R.I.B.A.,  and  Lacy  AV.  Ridae,  A.R.I.B.A.,  vice- 
presidents  ;  Messrs.  Robert  W.  Edis,  F.R.I. B.A, 
G.  H.  Birch,  Ernest  C.  Lee,  J.  Tavenor  Perry, 
A.R.I.B.A.,  C.  Heuman,  jun.,  A.R.I.B.A.,  L.  C.  Rid- 
dett,  R.  Herbert  Carpenter,  A.R.LB.A.,  Rowland 
Plumbe,  A.R.I. B.A. .Henry  Jarvis,  jun.,  A.R.I.B.A., 
T.  H.  Watson,  A.R.LB  A.,  committee ;  J.  Douglass 
Mathews,  A.R.I. B.A.,  honorary  treasurer; 
Francis  'Truefitt,  honorary  solicitor ;  Messrs.  J.  A. 
Bunker  and  Charles  W.  Brookes,  auditors  ;  L.  C. 
Riddett  and  W.  Frewer,  curators  aud  librarians ; 
J.  Douglass  Mathews,  A.R.I  B.A.,  and  J.  S. 
Quilter,  A.R.I.B.A.,  honorary  secretaries  ;  and  W. 
Farthing,  registrar.  The  annual  dinner  of  the  asso- 
ciation took  place  at  the  Talbot,  Richmond,  on 
the  following  evening.  Between  forty  and  iifty 
members  were  present,  Mr.  Robert  W.  Edis  in 
the  chair. 


Shakspeare's  Rosalind  phrases  it,  "the   ordinary 
salework."  The  three  upper  floors  are  each  divided 
into  seveQ  bays ;  the  first  is   of  the   Ionic  order, 
the    columns  being    three-quarter,   and  upon  a 
stylobate,    and    the    windows    between    having 
moulded  semicircular  heads  springing  from  impost 
pilasters  ;  the  second  is   of  the  Corinthian  order, 
with  the  windows  repeated  ;  and  the  third  is  of 
the  character  of  an  attic,   having  squat  lintelled 
windows,  with  an  impost  entablature  over  recessed 
pilasters    with  acanthus  capitals.     The  whole  is 
crowned  with  an  entablature  proportioned  by  the 
height  of  the  building,  and  having  a  modilliou  cor- 
nice. The  latest  erected,  and  certainly  by  no  means 
the  least  building  in  the  street,  immediately  ad- 
joins this  on  the  north.  It  is  five  stories  high  above 
the  level  of  the  pavement,  and  has  altogether  that 
decided    business   look  about  it    which   perhaps 
might  be  better  expressed  by  "  the  largest  return 
for  the  least    outlay"  than  by  "the   cheap  and 
nasty."     It  also   professes   to  be  in   the   Italian 
styie;  but  it  is  as  if  the  softly  rounded  and  swell- 
ing daughter  of  the  old  Roman  matron  had   been 
starved   to    skin   and   bone,   and    then  sent   to 
"  Caledonia,  stern  and  wild,"  with  not  even  a  soli- 
tary scrap  of  foliage  to  hide  her  nakedness.     The 
city  of  Sanct  Mungo   is  police-ridden  by  Acta  of 
Parliament  anent  nuisances  against  the  nose,  but 
there  seems  to  be  no  remedy   at  law  for  offences 
against  the  eye. 

Of  two  such  organs,  why  respect 
The  nasal,  not  the  nobler  one  ? 

Its  shop  story  is  like  its  neighbours,  a  composi. 
tion  of  iron  and  glass,  surmounted  with  a  sign, 
board  with  a  cornice  over ;  three  of  the  upper 
stories  are  divided  into  seven  bays  by  pilasters 
with  an  entablature,  and  of  what,  for  want  of  some 
new  nomenclature  (and  begging  pardon  of  it  mean- 
while) we  must  call  the  "  Doric  "  order,  with  hn- 
telled  windows  having  an  ovolo  jamb  mould  upon 
their  rybats  ;  and  the  fourth  is  divided  into  four- 
teen, with  semicircular  arches  springing  from  a 
series  of  pilasters,  the  whole  being  terminated  by 
a  general  entablature  with  a  square  block  cornice. 
While  the  tout  ensemble  unfavourably  contrasts 
with  that  of  the  alike  dignified  and  elegant  build- 
ing by  its  side,  comparison,  if  not  obtrusive,  is 
unavoidable,  by  both  being  designed  on  the  same 
esthetic  construction. 

Not  only  has  much  property  been  rebuilt  to 
meet  the  great  business  exigencies  of  Jamaica- 
street,  but  the  stone  beneath  our  feet  as  well  .'>3 
on  each  side  of  us  has,  because  of  the  ceaseless 
roll  of  carts  and  carriages,  and  the  vast  increase 
of  pedestrian  wayfarers,  been  recently  wholly  re- 


*i!i 


June  28,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


447 


newed.  As  the  whole  breadth  of  the  street  was 
undertaken  at  once  the  roadway  tratho  was  com- 
pletely stopped ;  and  as  such  an  inconvenience 
should  occur  as  seldom  as  posj^ible,  the  master  of 
works  seemed  to  be  resolved  that  the  new  causey- 
ing should  want  for  nothing  that  might  give  it 
permanency.  First  was  laid  a  thickness  of  whin 
metal,  and  over  this  was  poured  a  coating  of 
asphalte  ;  then  was  spread  a  2in.  layer  of  sand,  and 
upon  this  were  bedded  square  dressed  blocks  of 
furnace  granite,  measuring  about  lOin.  X  5in.  X 
7in.  Over  the  whole  was  poured  liquid  lime, 
which,  finding  its  way  into  the  joints,  concreted 
the  mass.  The  footpaths  have  been  widened  by 
about  2ft.,  the  capacity  of  the  carriage-way  being 
retained,  if  not  increased,  by  a  flatter  curve  of 
section.  Argyle-streetand  Trongate — the  Oxford- 
street  of  Glasgow—  are  being  presently  proceeded 
with  in  the  same  way.  The  permanent  improve- 
ment will  be  great;  although,  meanwhile,  much  in- 
convenience is  felt  by  the  diversion  of  the  greatest 
carriage  traffic  in  the  city. 


THE   OIL   OF  ROSES. 

MR.    BLUNT,     the     British    vice  consul    at 
Adrianople,  in   his  report  to  the   Foreign 
Office  this  year,  gives  an  account  of  the  rose  fielrts 
of  the  villayetof  Adrianople,  extending  over  12,000 
acres  or  14,000   acres,  and  supplying  by  far  the 
most  important  source  of   wealth   in  the  district. 
This  is  the  season  for  picking  the  roses,  from  the 
latter  part  of  April  to  the  early  part  of  June  ;  and 
at  sunrise  the   plains  look  like  a   vast  garden  full 
of  life  and  fragrance,  with  hundreds  of  Bulgarian 
boys  and  girls   gathering  the  Howors  into  baskets 
and  sacks,  the  air  impregnated  with  the  delicious 
scent,  and  the  scene  enlivened  by  songs,  dancing, 
»nd  music.      It  is  estimated  that  the  rose  districts 
Df   Adrianople  produced  in    the   season  of    1S66 
ibout  700,000  miscals  of  attar  of  roses  ^the  miscal 
oeing  14  drachm),  the  price  averaging  rather  more 
;han  Ss.   per   miscal.      If  the   weather  is  cool  in 
ipring,   and  there   are  copious  falls  of   dew  and 
)CCasional   showers,   the    crops    prosper,    and   an 
ibimdant  yield  of  oil  is  secured.      The  season  in 
.866  was  so  favourable    that  eight  okes  of   petals 
less  than  231b.),   and  in  some  cases   seven  okes, 
ielded  a  miscal  of  oil.     If  the  weather  is  very  hot 
nd  dry,  it  takes  double  that  quantity  of  petals. 
'he    culture    of  the   rose  does    not  entail   much 
rouble  or  expense.  Land  is  cheap  and  moderately 
ixed.     In  a  favourable  season,  adonum  (40  paces 
juare),  well  cultivated,  will  produce  1,000  okes  nf 
et-als,  or    100    miscals    of   oil,    valued   at    1,500 
iastres;  the  expenses  will    be  about  540  piastres 
-management   of  the    land,   55   piastres;  tithe, 
50    piastres ;    picking,     75    piastres ;  extraction, 
30  piastres — leaving  a  nett  profit  of  960  piastres, 
■  a 'out  £S  lis.     An  average  crop  generally  gives 
lout  £>  per  donum  clear  of   all  expenses.     The 
1  is  extracted  from   the   petals   by  the  ordinary 
•ocess  of  distillation.      The  attar  is  bought  up 
r  foreign   markets,  to  which  it  passes  through 
Jnstantinople  and  Smyrna,  where  it  is  generally 
.spatched  to  undergo  the  process  of  adulteration 
Ih  sandalwood  and  other  oils.     It  is  said  that  in 
mdon  the  Adrianople  attar   finds  a  readier  sale 
leu  it  is  adulterated  than  when  it  is  genuine. 


ARCHITECTURAL    SOCIETIES. 

Architectural  Exhibition  Society.  —  On 
lesday  evening  last,  a  lecture  (in  connection  with 
■ !  Architectural  Museum)  was  delivered  at  the 
leries  of  the  society,  9,  Conduit-street,  by  Mr. 
.  ward  A.  Freeman,  M.A.,  entiiUd  '■  Notes  in 
.  rmandy."  After  a  few  introductory  remarks 
j  the  chairman,  Mr.  F.  H.  Dickinson,  the 
l;urer  commenced  by  noticing  some  striking 
]  nts  of  resemblance  between  English  and  Nor- 
in  buildings  of    early    date.     Speaking  of  the 

•  lent  Norman  Castle,  he  remarked  that  it  was 
1 1  a  great  square  keep,  and  that  the  Tower  of 
Iidon  was  the  noblest  and  greatest  example 
t  be  found.  He  then  gave  a  rapid  ac- 
<^  nt  of  most  of  the  important  church 
a  _  other  buildings  in  the  country.     Among  the 

*  ices  noticed  were  those  of  St.  Stephen,  at 
0;  Bayeux  Cathedral,  Norrey;  St.  Nicholas, 
-aen ;  Dol,   and   many    others    equally    cele- 

b  «d.  He  illustrated  his  remarks  by  a  large 
n  iberof  sketches  taken  on  the  spot.  In  conclu- 
»! ,  he  impressed  upon  his  audience  the  neces- 
"  of  understanding  the  political  history  of  a 
*>  itry  if  they  wished  thoroughly  to  master  its 
»>  itecture.     He  also  gave  it  as  his  opinion  that 


the  parish  churches  and  cathedrals  of  England 
contrasted  most  favourably  with  those  of  any  other 
country. 

Edixbcrgh  Architectdral  Association. — The 
closing  meeting  of  the  ninth  session  of  this  Associa- 
tion was  held  last  week,  Mr.  William  Beattie, 
president,  in  the  chair.  The  Secretary  and 
Treasurer  read  their  annual  reports,  from  which  it 
appeared  that  the  Association  is  in  a  very  flourish- 
ing condition.  The  president  then  delivered  his 
valedictory  address.  After  a  brief  review  of  the 
incidents  of  the  year,  and  an  allusion  to  the  rapidity 
with  which  events  follow  one  another  nowadays, 
the  subject  of  measuring  was  more  particularly 
taken  up.  The  great  discrepancy  between  the 
mode  of  measuring  practised  in  various  parts  of 
the  country,  and  by  diflerent  measurers,  were 
described,  and  the  necessity  for  some  general  and 
uniform  system  based  upon  equitable  princi[iles 
was  pointed  out.  The  present  difference  among 
surveyors  was  ascribed  to  the  fac-.  that  measuring 
is  at  present  in  a  sort  of  transition  state  between 
the  old  system  of  allowances  and  more  modern 
usages.  OiBce- bearers  for  the  ensuing  year  were 
elected  afterwards. 

OxEORD  Architectural  and  Historical 
Society. — The  annual  meeting  of  this  society  was 
held  in  the  large  Lecture-room  of  the  New 
Museum,  on  Wednesday,  June  19,  at  2.^0  p.m. 
The  President  of  Trinity  College  was  elected  Pre 
sident  of  the  Society,  and  some  new  rules,  which 
were  submitted  to  the  meeting,  were  unanimously 
carried.  The  junior  secretary  read  the  report  of 
the  society  for  the  past  year.  The  meetings  had 
not  been  so  numerous  as  usual.  Mr.  J.  H.  Parker, 
who  had  just  returned  irom  Rome,  gave  a  lecture 
upon  the  Catacombs.  He  had  been  able  to  employ 
the  magnesium  light  with  success  in  several  of  the 
chambers,  and  to  represent  therefore  accurately, 
by  means  of  photography,  the  varied  foimsand 
figures  which  appeared  in  the  painting  and  decora- 
tion. He  laid  especial  stress  upon  the  late  date  to 
which  some  of  the  Catacombs  owed  their  decora 
tions,  because,  after  they  had  ceased  to  be  used  as 
urial  places,  they  were  a  constant  resort  of  pil- 
grims down  to  the  eighth  and  ninth  centuries,  and 
at  these  periods  many  of  the  paintings  were  re- 
newed. In  some  of  the  earliest  the  construction 
of  brickwork  of  the  first  century  was  visi  le, 
made  in  the  sandpit  roads,  which  were,  therefore, 
of  earlier  date.  Some  were  as  late  as  the  fifth 
century,  and  even  in  those  which  are  of  the 
earliest  dates,  it  often  happens  that  later  inter- 
ments had  taken  place,  from  the  fact  of  the  vaults 
belonging  to  families,  and  so  used  from  generation 
to  generation.  After  the  lecture  there  was  some 
discussion  on  the  question  of  the  vestments  as  ex- 
hibited in  the  photographs,  which  were  handed 
round.  The  attendance  was  numerous,  and  a  vote 
of  thanks  to  the  lecturer  was  carried  by  acclama- 
tion. 


fitcratiut. 


The  Sewage  Qwstion.  By  Frederick  Charles 
Krepp.  London:  Longmans  and  Co.  ISO 7. 
This  book  contains  a  great  deal  of  valuable  in- 
formation on  the  sewage  question.  It  purports  to 
be  a  review  of  all  systems  and  methods  hitherto 
employed  in  various  countries  for  draining  cities 
and  utilising  sewage.  It  cannot,  however,  be  re- 
garded as  an  unbiassed  authority,  as  it  carries 
with  it  unmistakable  evidence  of  having  been 
written  to  order.  The  great  object  of  the  book  is 
not  to  show  the  absolute  necessity  of  purifying 
towns  and  fertilizing  land,  and  to  fairly  analyse 
all  methods  hitherto  adopted  or  suggested  to  se- 
cure the  desired  object,  but  to  magnify  the 
pneumuic  svstem  of  Captain  Liernur — a  system 
which  is  yet  untried,  at  all  events  in  this 
country.  Captain  Liernur  has  evidently  paid 
much  attention  to  this  question,  and  his  method 
is  an  ingenious  one,  to  say  the  least  of  it ;  but,  we 
fear,  it  is  much  too  expensive  and  complicated  even 
if  practical.  The  best  thing  for  ihe  inventor  is  not 
to  write  elaborate  essays,  or  get  them  written  for 
him,  on  the  worthlessness  of  all  sewage  systems 
which  have  been  tried,  and  then  to  show  the  vast 
advantages  of  his  own  system  over  all  others,  but, 
if  possible,  to  demonstrate  its  practicability.  A 
single  fact  would  be  worth  a  dozen  eloquent 
volumes.  Larger  volumes  than  the  one  before  us 
have  been  written  on  other  magnificent  theories 
which  have  turned  out  absolute  failures.  Possibly  it 
may  be  the  same  with  this.  At  all  events  we  must 
wait  for  the  testimony  of  facta  before  we  can 


write  dogmatically  on  the  matter.  The  writer  is 
not  satisfied  even  with  building  up  Captain 
Liernur's  plan  on  the  ruins  "of  all  the  systems 
and  methods  hitherto  employed  in  the  various 
countries,"  but  he  unnecessarily  magnifies  a  pro- 
fessional contemporary,  which  is  not  tinly  the 
youngest,  but  notoriously  a  partisan  journal,  and  is, 
therefore,  almost  powerless  for  good.  The  author 
of  the  book  is,  however,  entitleil  to  considerable 
credit,  as  he  has  given  in  a  comparatively  small 
compass  a  great  deal  of  valuable  infoi  mation. 

Ure's  l)ictw7iari)  of  Arts,  Manufactvri's,  and 
Mine'.  Sixth  Edition.  Edited  by  Professor 
Hunt,  F.R.S.  London:  Longmans,  Green, 
and  Co. 
This  dictionary  has  long  taken  its  position  amongst 
the  established  authorities  of  the  age.  It  assisted 
to  make  the  reputation'  of  the  late  Dr.  Ure,  who 
must  have  bestowed  on  it  immense  labour.  The 
edition  now  before  us  includes  the  most  reliable 
information  on  recent  discoveries  and  applications 
of  science,  including  those  relating  to  .aniline  dyes, 
paraffine  oils,  coal  cutting  machines,  &c.  There  is, 
however,  very  little  about  spectrum  analysis,  a 
discovery  which  has  attained  amazing  develop- 
ment since  the  fifth  edition  of  the  work  was  pub- 
lished. We  must  not  forget,  however,  that  the 
work  is  devoted  to  arts,  manufactures,  and  mines, 
and  does  not  profess  to  be  an  encyclopaedia  of  the 
physical  sciences.  The  editor  says  that  great 
care  has  been  taken  in  correcting  these  volumes  ; 
the  original  articles  have  been  in  nejirly  every  in- 
stance su'-mitted  to  their  authors,  and  in  many  in- 
stances subjected  to  rearrangement.  The  latest 
authorities  have  been  consul. ed  on  each  su'  ject, 
and  thus,  it  is  hoped,  the  best  information  se- 
cured. The  work,  which  is  in  three  voluuies,  is 
illustrated  by  nearly  2,000  engravings  on  wood  ; 
and  bearingthe  name  of  Longmans  and  Co.,  it  is,  as 
might  have  been  expected,  excellently  printed  on 
good  paper.  There  is  scarcely  a  Biitish  manu- 
facture of  any  importance  which  is  not  treated 
in  an  exhaustive  manner  in  its  pages. 

The     Post   OfHi-e    and    the    Ele  trie    Tdegr^ph. 

Jackson,    Walford,   and    Hudder,     Paternoater- 

row.  1S67. 
This  is  a  reprint,  in  the  form  of  a  shilling 
pamphlet,  of  a  very  able  article  which  appeared 
in  the  last  number  of  the  "  British  Quarterly 
Review."  The  writer  argues  in  detail  in  favour 
of  combining  the  postal  and  telegraphic  opera- 
tions of  the  country,  or,  in  other  words,  in  favour 
of  a  State  telegraphic  service,  and  he  bases  his 
argument  on  the  following  grounds : — There 
would  be  a  large  extension  of  the  field  of  te  e- 
graphic  operations;  a  large  extension  of  facilities 
in  the  principal  towns  already  supplied  with  the 
telegraph  ;  an  extension  of  the  hours  during  which 
operations  may  be  carried  on  ;  facilities  would  be 
given  for  the  transmission  of  money  orders  by 
telegraph,  and  lastly,  and  most  important  of  all, 
the  proposed  scheme,  it  is  confidently  believed, 
would  lead  to  the  establishment  of  a  low  and 
uniform  tarifl'  for  messages,  irrespective  of  dis- 
tance— a  tarifi',  namely,  not  to  exceed  one  shilling 
for  a  message  of  twenty  words.  The  notion  is 
not  new,  the  same  plan  having  been  advocated  by 
some  of  the  most  eminent  of  our  social  reformers 
for  several  years  past.  The  Post  Office  has  been 
the  most  successful,  and  satisfactory  of  all  the  gi  eat 
Governmental  departments  since  theiutroduuii-in 
of  Sir  Rowland  Hill's  wonderful  scheme.  Were 
our  telegraph  system  placed  under  the  same  con- 
trol the  benefit  to  the  public  would  1  e  hardly 
less  enormous.  There  can  be  no  do  ubt,  we  think, 
that  it  wdl  eventually  come  to  this — and  the 
sooner  the  better. 

The  Qnsnipi-nfi  Owie  to  Jersey.  By  J.  BertraND 
Payne,  F.R.G.S.  Adams  and  Francis,  59,  Fleet- 
street.  New  Kdition. 
An  admirable  guide  to  a  charming  place.  Avery 
common  failing  of  the  literary  cicerone  is  the  ex- 
aggerated language  which  he  employs  to  describe 
places  and  objects  which  his  particular  predilec- 
tions lead  to  suppose  are  unequalled  anywhere 
else  under  the  sun  ;  generally  speaking,  all  his 
geese  are  swans.  Mr.  Payne  shows  no  such  pre- 
judice. A  Jerseyman  himself,  he  knows  the 
tight  little  island  thoroughly,  and  describes  it 
thoroughly,  with  a  pleasant  and  instructive  pen. 
It  wa^  the  opinion  of  Sir  B.  Brodie  that  "  if  you 
want  health  for  the  body,  rest  for  the  mind,  sea 
bathing,  pure  air,  splendid  scenery,  and  all  God's 
gifts  which  go  to  make  a  terrestrial  paradise,  then 
go  to  Jersey."  Those  who  may  ne^er  ho|ie  to 
visit  that  beautiful  portion  of  the  British  dominions 
mvy  read  the  "  Gossiping  Guide"  with  profit  and 


448 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


June  28,  1867. 


pleasure.     Tliey  will  find  it  a  cheap  and  really  en- 
tertaining shilling's  worth. 

The  Tourist's' Assistant :  A  Popular  Guide  to  Water- 
ing Places  in  England  and  Wales.  By  Frask 
Foster.  John  Snow  and  Co.,  Paternoster-row. 
1867. 
We  cannot  say  much  in  favour  of  the  literary 
merits  of  Mr.  Frank  Foster's  performance.  The 
work  is  for  the  most  part  made  up  of  extracts 
from  local  handbooks,  'strung  together  here  and 
there  by  a  few  eccentric  and  uninteresting  re- 
marks. We  are  bound  to  say  that  the  extracts  are 
the  more  useful  and  important  portions  of,  and 
indeed  form  the  book.  The  compiler,  as  it 
appears  to  us,  has  accomplished  his  task  with  very 
little  trouble  to  himself,  the  credit  being  in  pro- 
portion. 


^iiilliiiig  InicKigeitce. 


CUUKCHES  AND  CHAPELS. 

The  parish  church  of  Dinedor,  Hereford,  is 
being  rebuilt  from  designs  by  Mr.  F.  R.  Kempson, 
architect,  Hereford  The  style  is  thirteenth 
century,  about  the  time,  it  is  supposed,  the  old 
church  was  erected.  The  work  is  being  carried 
out  by  Mr.  J.  Stone,  of  Fownhope,  and  the  cost 
will  be  about  £700. 

The  Methodists  in  America  intend  to  build  a 
large  monumental  church  in  Washington,  to  cost 
200,000  dollars.  Pews  will  be  set  apirt  for  the 
President  and  his  cabinet,  the  judges  of  the 
courts,  and  the  generals  of  the  army,  &c. 

The  Swedenborgians  are  erecting  a  place  of 
worship  at  Camberwell,  at  a  cost  of  £2,000. 

Edisburoh.— A  new  church  (All  Saints)  baa 
been  opened  in  Brougham  street,  as  a  chapel  of 
ease  to  St.  John's  Ejiiscopal  Church.  It  is  pro- 
vided with  sittings  for  600  persons,  and  has  cost 
about  £4,000. 

Matlock  Bridge.— The  intended  alterations  at 
the  Wesleyan  Chapel  and  schools  here  are 
to  be  proceeded  with  at  once.  The  whole  of  the 
internal  fittings  will  be  of  pitch  pine  and  red  deal. 
The  present  flat  ceiling  will  be  removed  and  the 
roof  timbers  exposed.  Mr.  H.  Shepard,  of  Mat- 
lock Bath,  is  I  he  architect,  and  Messrs.  Brown 
and  Co.,  of  Matlock  Bridge,  the  contractors  for 
the  whole  of  the  work. 

NoRTB  LoxDOS.— The  Congregationalists  have 
just  erected  a  n<:w  church  in  the  Junction-road. 
The  edifice  is  in  the  Decorated  Q  ithic  style,  and  will 
accommodate  70U  i-eraons ;  a  gallery  for  some  250 
more  persons  can  easily  t;e  added  if  necessarv. 
The  total  cost  of  the  church  thus  far,  including 
the  site,  a  large  school  room  for  400  to  500 
children,  lecture  room,  &c.,  will  be  about  £6,000. 

Nottingham.— A  new  chapel  for  the  Sweden- 
borgians was  last  week  opened  for  public  worship 
in  Bluecoat  street,  Nottingham.  It  is  a  brick 
and  stone  structure  of  Early  Pointed  character, 
with  open  timbered  roof,  and  stalls  of  stained 
deal,  and  will  seat  upwards  of  200.  Mr.  James 
Acton  is  the  builder,  and  the  works  have  been 
carried  out,  from  the  designs  of  Mr.  John  Smith 
Norris,  architect,  at  a  cost  (exclusive  of  the  site) 
of  about  £1,100. 

WiBKSwoRTH.- It  has  been  determined  to 
restore  the  parish  church  of  this  place,  and  from 
the  report  of  Mr.  Gilbert  Scott,  a  most  interesting 
fabric  it  is.  The  earlier  portions  of  the  church 
were  erected  in  the  thirteenth  century.  Mr.  Scott 
estimates  that  the  restoration  will  cost  from 
£6,500  to  £7,500,  according  to  the  degree  in 
which  his  suggestions  are  carried  out.  £3,000 
have  been  raised  towards  the  object,  and  in  all 
probability  the  required  sum  wUl  be  obtained. 

BUILDINOS. 

A  new  school  haa  been  opened  at  the  very 
ancient  village  of  Wall,  the  Elocotura  of  the 
Romans,  near  Lichfield.  The  architect  is  Mr. 
Joseph  Potter,  of  that  town. 

Baron  Ferdinand  de  Rothschild,  whose  young 
wife  died  in  childbirth  a  few  months  ago,  has 
determined  to  found  a  lying-in  hospital  to'  her 
memory.  The  projected  building  is  estimated  to 
cost  £10,000,  and  the  site,  which  will  be  on  the 
east  side  of  Southwark  Bridge-road,  is  expected  to 
cost  as  much  more. 

An  excellent  site  on  the  Mandale-road,  has  been 
purchased  for  a  cemetery  for  South  Stockton 
(on  Tees).  The  committee  has  selected  Mr.  G. 
O.  Hoskins,  of  Darlington,  as  their  architect  for 
the  chapels  and  lodges,  &c. 


On  Tuesday  last,  a  new  Temperance  Hall  and 
Reading-room,  erected  from  the  designs  of  Mr.  G. 
Hoskins,  architect,  Darlington,  were  formally 
opened  at  Seaton,  Carew.  The  style  of  the  build 
ing  is  Early  English.  The  founder  is  Edward 
Backhouse,  Esq  ,  Danker,  of  Sunderland,  who  gave 
the  site,  and  has  subscribed  nearly  the  whole  of 
the  cost. 

At  a  public  meeting  at  Bristol  a  few  days  ago, 
the  plans  of  Mr.  G.  E.  Street  for  the  restoration 
and  building  of  a  new  nave  to  the  Bristol 
Cathedral,  were  adopted,  and  measures  were  taken 
for  collecting  the  requisite  funds.  The  sum  of 
£13,0U0  has  been  subscribed  towards  the  object. 

Brighton. — A  portion  of  the  Royal  Pavilion 
Estate  of  the  Brighton  Corporation,  viz.,  the 
dome  of  the  northern  property,  has  recently  been 
converted  into  a  concert  hall.  The  dome,  which 
is  of  vast  height,  is  SOft.  diameter,  but  the  widest 
diameter  of  the  room,  which  is  circular,  is  more 
than  1 20ft.  Daylight  is  obtained  from  the  panels 
of  the  dome,  which  are  beautifully  glazed  with 
stained  glass,  and  the  room  is  at  other  times 
lighted  by  an  immense  central  chandelier  and 
numerous  bracket  lights  round  the  gallery.  An 
orchestra  is  provided  for  400  performers,  and  the 
room  is  capable  cf  seating  upwards  of  4,000  per- 
sons. An  immense  organ  is  to  be  placed  in  the 
rear  of  th  •  orchestra.  The  style  adopted  for 
decoration  is  Moorish,  very  freely  treated.  The 
contractors  are  Mr.  F.  Dury  for  decorations, 
Messrs.  Cheesman  for  carpenter's  work,  and 
Messrs.  Greene  and  Niner  for  gas  fittings  and 
chandelier.  Mr.  J.  C.  Lockwood  is  the  borough 
surveyor,  and  Mr.  C.  H  Rew  is  the  clerk  of 
works.  A  concert  was  recently  given  to  test  the 
acoustic  properties  of  the  room,  which  were  found 
to  be  good. 

Chester. — The  foundation  stone  of  the  Catholic 
Apostolic  Church,  in  Upper  Northgate-street,  was 
laid  on  the  17th  inst.  The  style  of  the  architec 
ture  is  Early  Gothic,  and  the  material  red  brick 
and  stone,  with  bands  of  blue  bricks.  The  roof, 
will  be  open  timbered  throughout,  that  to  nave  in 
single  spans  with  curved  ribs  U>  the  trusses. 
The  architect  is  Mr.  Oliver  Ayliife,  of  King  street 
Manchester,  andthe  CfmtractorMr.  Thomas  Hughes, 
of  the  Northgate.  The  present  contract  is  for  the 
nave  and  entrances  only. 


TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 

To  OoR  Readers.— We  shall  fe«l  obliged  to  any  of  onr 
readers  who  will  faTour  us  with  brief  notes  of  works  con- 
t«mplAted  or  in  progress  in  the  provinces. 

Letters  relating  to  advertisemeDta  and  the  ordinary  bufii- 
neaa  of  the  pap«r  should  be  addres^d  to  the  Editor,  166, 
Fleet-fltreet.  Advertiaementa  for  the  current  week  muat 
reach  the  office  before  5o'clo<:k  p  ra.  on  Thursday. 

Notice.— The  BUILDING  NEWS  inserts  advertise- 
menU  for  "  SITUATIONS  WANTED,"  Ac.,  at  ONE 
SHILLING  for  the  flret  Twenty  four  Words. 


RECErVED— T.  G  — H.  O.— C.  J.  R— A.  W.-E.  W.  P.— 
J,  G.— H.  C— W.  S— S.  P.— R.  H,  D— G.  S  — J.  F  — 
F.  W— J,  W.  B.-H.  S— B.  H.  E— .J.  M  — R.  F.  E.— 
O.  A.— T.  T.  B.— J.  C— R.  C.  S.— J.  H.— E.  W.  G, 


Correspanbnice. 


THE  NEW   LAW  COURTS. 
To  the  Editor  of  the  Bcildlvq  News. 

Sir, — Your  article  on  the  Courts  of  Justice 
competition  so  pointedly  refers  to  myself  that 
I  have  no  alternative  but  to  ask  you  kindly  to 
allow  me  a  portion  of  your  valuable  space  in 
order  that  I  may  make  clear  that  which  at 
present  appears  to  be  somewhat  ob.scure.  1 
was  not  the  writer  of  the  reviews  which  ap- 
peared in  the  Westminster  Gazette,  but,  as  you 
infer,  they  were  written  by  a  friend  of  mine, 
who  probably  drew  many  of  his  criticisms 
from  my  own  remarks. 

It  was  only  after  Mr.  Burges,  in  com- 
pany with  "  Philocalus,"  had  visited  and  pub- 
licly attacked  my  church  at  Peckham  that  I 
came  to  the  front,  and  in  the  columns  of  the 
Standa/rd  critically  assailed  Mr.  Burge-s's  ill- 
digested  designs  for  the  Law  Courts,  which 
aimed  at  giving  us  a  nu'lanr/e  of  dungeon 
keeps,  sham  machicolated  towers,  cathedral 
clerestories,  and  filty  other  glaring  inconsis- 
tencies, all  most  wretchedly  assorted— if  the 
purpose  of  the  building  is  to  be  taken  into 
consideration. 


Of  all  the  competitors  the  only  two  who 
honestly  aimed  at  conceiving  a  design  and 
truthfully  interpreting  to  the  best  of  their 
abilities  the  requirements  submitted  to  their 
consideration  were  Messrs.  Street  and  Water- 
house.  None  of  the  others  either  had  an  ob- 
jective point  or  .sought  to  find  any.  One 
gentleman  endeavoured  to  bring  together  all 
the  beauties  he  could  possibly  collect  from  the 
most  celebrated  works  of  Northern  Italy ; 
but  his  efforts  were  effectually  marred  by  a 
considerable  dash  of  all  the  worst  faults  that 
are  to  be  foimd  in  the  new  Foreign  OfBces. 
Another  based  his  conceptions  on  the  most 
unfitting,  heavy,  and  positively  ugly  Lom- 
bardic  style  of  architecture,  which  was  im- 
ported into  Germany  in  the  twelfth  century. 
Another,  again,  seems  to  have  had  no  ideas  at 
all,  and  has  delineated  something  on  paper 
merely  for  the  sake  of  putting  in  an  appear- 
ance, which  something,  by-the-bye,  has  the 
misfortune  of  being  a  negation  of  all  that  is 
true,  beautiful,  or  appropriate.  A  fourth  hag 
evidently  run  to  seed,  and  appears  to  put  all 
his  work  in  the  skie.?,  for  most  of  his  pr^xluc- 
tions  which  do  not  turn  out  towers  run  into 
spires,  and  very  miserable  spires  too.  In 
fact,  this  is  more  or  less  a  general  failing, 
as  the  majority  seem  to  have  designed  their 
buildings  for  celestial,  rather  than  terrestrial 
courts  of  law,  so  overheaded  and,  in  compari- 
son, underbodied,  are  their  general  outlines. 
Another  one,  who  I  willingly  believe  made 
desperate  efforts  to  break  through  the  chcvaux 
de//-tse  of  difficulties  with  which  he  had  to  con- 
tend, eventually  lost  heart  and  took  refuge  be- 
hind the  existing  and  solid  defence  of  an 
ancient  cathedral,  where,  if  he  was  not  posi- 
tively in  force,  he  hoped  at  all  events  to  induce 
an  admiring  pnbUc  and  an  applauding  press 
to  believe  that  he  was  so.  A  9i.\th,  irom 
whom  great  things  were  expected,  and  whose 
drawi)3gs  contain  much  that  is  deserving  of 
admiration,  and  are  almost  the  only  ones 
worthy  of  the  occasion,  has  given  us  a  Strand 
front  which  may  be  best  compared  to  a  house 
of  cards,  so  featureless  are  his  masses,  so  atten- 
uated and  slicy  are  his  towers.  Another  ha^ 
produced  the  most  finished,  and,  to  the  casual 
observer,  the  most  noble  and  beautiful  archi- 
tectural detail  elevation  of  the  day ;  but  tinn 
very  drawing  demonstrates  nothing  beyond 
the  fact  that  the  compiler  is  as  ignorant  of 
what  would  be  the  effect  and  result  of  his  de- 
sign as  he  is  of  the  purpose  for  which  he  has 
designed  it.  It  is  the  same  with  the  reat 
There  is  nothing  new  that  is  good,  nothing  old 
that  is  appropriate.  Critically  the  designs 
have  been  already  dissected. 

These  remarks  are  not  made  at  random,  and 
I  humbly  submit  that  they  do  not  in  any 
way  overstate  the  case.  As  far  as  the  phu» 
and  arrangements  are  concerned,  tlie  designs 
evidently  demonstrate  much  careful  thought 
and  considerable  merit;  but  in  spite  of  this 
fact,  one  cannot  help  coming  to  the  conclusion  . 
that  the  state  of  architecture  in  England  at 
the  present  time  is  not  only  not  progressive 
and  unsatisfactory,  but  is  actually  retrogres- 
sive in  comparison  to  wliat  it  was  fifteen 
or  twenty  years  back.  Then,  the  architects 
of  the  revival  had  not  lost  sight  of  their 
landmarks,  but  followed  a  principle,  which  . 
demonstrated  that  they  possessed  and  under-  • 
stood  the  grammar  of  tlieir  art. 

You  allude  in  your  article  to  the  assistance  • 
which  my  father  rendered   to  the    late  Sii 
Charles  Barry,  in  carrying  out  the  Houses  ol 
Parliament ;  and  you  mention  it  as  having 
been  "  dovetailed  into  the  review."    X  hflvt  ^  ^ 
no  objection  to  the  allusion,  but  I  have  grea:  ,; 
objections  to  the  insinuation  that  advantagt 
has  been   taken  of  the  opportunity  by  thi 
Westminster  Gazette  critic  to  smug^'le  this  im 
portant  fact   edgeways    into    pn'jlic   notise 
Dovetailing  is   quite  unnecessary  when   ihi 
fact  exists  that  the  art  architect  of  the  saM 
complete   edifice  in   the   world  died  in  mj 
lather.     The  pl.-m  of  the  Parliament  House 
was  solely  Sir  Charles  Burr/s  ;  the  elevatioi 
and    all    details    wholly    my    father's.    A! 
that  has    been    done   since   hia  decease- 


^' 


June  28,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


449 


viz.,  the  wretched  liiiish  to  the  Victoria 
Tower,  the  lamentable  north  win^^  and 
the  Vandalism  now  in  course  of^  per- 
petration between  Westminster  Bridge 
antl  the  main  Iniilding— demonstrate  more 
clearly  than  words  that  the  master  mind  is 
gone.  1  knew  Sir  I'liarles  Harry  intimately, 
and  coidd  not  be  otherwise  than  impressed 
with  the  uusparinj;  and  conscientious  pains 
with  which  he  examined  and  digested  all 
that  my  lather  proposed,  and  1  always  had 
the  highest  admiration  tor  his  knowledge  ot 
classical  architecture  ;  but  neither  by  educa- 
tion nor  feeling  was  he  what  1  unwillingly 
term  a  Gothic  architect.  I  have  no  hesitation 
in  asserting  that  all  work  done  in  the  Houses 
of  Parliament  apart  from  my  father's  designs 
is  as  devoid  of  feeling  as  the  stone  in  whicli  it 
is  chiselled.  You  will  be  pleased  to  under- 
stand that  there  is  nothing  ccpiivocal  about 
any  portion  of  this  letter.  It  is  iutendi;d  to 
be  e.tpLicit,  and  I  trust  that  it  is  so. — I  am, 
&c.,  E.  Welby  Pugin. 

Scarisbrick  Hall,  June,  1867. 


GENIUS  ADVERTISING. 

Sir, — I  have  to-day  received  a  circular 
from  a  couple  of  gentlemen  who  have  just 
established  an  office  in  the  Adelphi,  the  pro- 
posals in  which  are  so  remarkable  that  it  is 
worth  while  to  put  them  on  record. 

As  they  send  their  circular  to  me  I  presume 
I  am  not  wrong  in  supposing  that  they  mean 
it  for  an  architect's  use ;  and  it  is  in  this 
light  that  I  have  understood  it. 

This  tirm,  then, "  beg  to  intimate"  that  they 
are  prepared  to  execute  ''  in  the  best  manner  " 
every  description  of  architectural  work,  Italian 
or  Gothic,  and  either  from  drawings,  rough 
sketches — (what  on  earth  are  the  rough 
iketches  architects'  assistants  are  for  ever 
referring  to  in  their  advertisements  f) — 
'general  instructions,  or  otherwise."  They 
sill  colour  drawings,  put  figures  only  into 
Irawings — the  usual  competition  men  and 
vomen  and  prancing  horses,  I  suppose — make 
letails,  and  even,  if  they  ever  fmd  an  archi- 
ect  who  makes  his  own  drawings,  will  trace 
hem  for  him  ! 

Is  it  possible  for  them  to  offer  anything 

uore  lavishly  liberal  i     Remember,  too,  that 

t  is  all  to  be  "  in  the  best  manner."     What 

leed,   then,  have    architects   any    longer    to 

other  themselves  about   making  their  own 

rawings!     Here  is  a  firm  ready  to  do  any- 

ling  in  an}'  style,  and  certainly  better  than 

uy  of  us  can  venture  to  hope   that  we  do 

ur  work.     For  who  ever  supposes  their  own 

ork  to  be  in  the    "  best   manner,"  except 

lose  who  are  too  ignorant  to  know  anything  i 

eriously,    if  there  is    in   our   profession  a 

.•mand  for  such  services  as  these  gentlemen 

fer,  then  our  practice  seems  to  be  wofully 

I  need   of  change.     And   at  any   rate  those 

nongst  us  who  do  make  their  own  drawings 

id  designs  may  well  be  excused  if  they  feel 

mewhat   indignant  at   the  insinuations  to 

e    contrary    contained     in     Messrs.   

id  's  liberal  oilers. 

Do,  I  beseech  you,  in  the  interests  of  our 
t,  protest  against  such  an  abominable  tra- 
;stie  of  it  as  these  advertising  gentlemen 
opose  for  our  adoption.  Let  them  set  to 
)rk  and  compete  for  everything  on  their 
m  account.  They  know  how  to  do  every- 
ing  in  the  best  manner,  and  are  sure,  of 
urse,  to  succeed ;  and  then,  instead  of 
IsterLng  up  what  they  evidently  consider  a 
ry  rotten  profession,  they  wdl  have  the 
easure  of  reaping  all  the  advantages  of  the 
actical  skill  and  genius  which  they  so 
adly  advertise  !  — I  am,  &c., 

George  Edmund  Street. 
51,  RusseU- square,  W.C.,  June  20. 


Churches  "  '.  It  is  only  fair  to  say  that  the  said 
mispriQt3  occur  in  the  Ecdesiolojist.  *'  It  is 
absurd  to  expect  the  architect  of  the  present  day, 
who  ia  ampltj  paid  by  a  small  percentiige."  It 
should  of  course  be  "  who  is  simply  paid."  "The 
little  village  church  would  remaiu  very  anut,  as 
it  was  in  the  time  of  our  ancestors."  It  should 
bo  very  iiiu:k, 

I  venture  also  to  ask  you  to  allow  me  most 
distinctly  to  contradict  the  following  assertion  : 
-  ■"  Mr.  Burges  seems  to  use  the  argument 
of  public  prayer,  not  from  any  fervent  reli- 
gious feeling  on  the  matter,  but  .simply  because 
it  would  lead  to  our  churches  being  constantly 
open,  and  '  this  would  result  in  an  improvement 
in  stained  glass.'  " — -I  am,  &c., 

W.  Surges. 

15,  Buckingham-street,  Strand,  June  26. 


IJME.   SURGES    AND   THE    "ECCLE- 

SIOLOGIST." 
|3ni, — Will  you  allow  me  to  correct  the  tollow- 
I"  misprints  which  occur  in  your  extracts  from 
lecture,  "  Why  we  have  so  little  Art  in  our 


NOTTINGHAM  MECHANICS'  HALL 
COMPETITION. 

Sir, — The  competition  for  the  Mechanics'  Hall, 
at  Nottingham,  is  decided,  and  the  local  architect 
connected  with  the  administration  of  the  in- 
stitution has,  of  course,  been  successful.  Tliere 
wore  only  one  or  two  designs  of  any  merit 
sent  from  any  architect  out  of  Nottingham, 
it  being  previously  felt  by  the  profession 
that  there  would  probably  bo  a  preconcerted 
arrangement  to  give  the  work  to  the  gentleman 
who  has  obtained  the  first  premium.  Under  such 
circumstances  it  is  scarcely  necessary  to  point 
out  that  a  competition  of  this  kind  is  of  no  use, 
as,  although  perfect  fairness  may  bo  intended,  no 
person  who  has  attained  a  position  in  the  profes- 
sion will  throw  away  his  time  upon  a  competition 
which  has  such  suspicious  circumstances  attending 
it.  The  drawings  are  on  exhibition,  and  I  have 
been  over  to  examine  them.  The  successful 
design  (Mr.  Simpson's)  is  in  the  Italian  style, 
nearly  covering  the  entire  area  of  site,  which  is 
203ft.  by  106ft.,  the  greater  portion  of  the  struc- 
ture is  about  60ft.  high,  the  whole  being  faced 
with  ashlar  stone.  It  is  elaborately  treated  both 
on  the  exterior  and  interior.  It  is  estimated  by 
its  author  to  cost  not  more  than  the  amount 
allowed,  viz.,  .£S,000,  this  sum  including  architect's 
commission,  heatiug  and  lighting  apparatus,  &c., 
complete.  The  other  two  premiated  designs  are 
by  Nottingham  men,  but  are  not  quite  so  elaborate 
and  extensive  as  the  first  design,  but  if  carried 
out  properly  must  be  considered  far  above  the 
mark  with  respect  to  cost.  The  really  clever 
designs,  viz.,  those  which  possessing  merits  as 
compositions  are  brought  within  the  cost,  and  are 
therefore  feasible,  have,  of  course,  gained  no  place 
in  the  competition,  and,  in  addition  to  this,  have 
been  tremendously  derided  by  one  of  the  local 
papers,  which  is  edited  by  the  honorary  secretary 
of  the  Institvitiou,  wlio,  with  the  usual  blindness 
of  unprofessional  men  in  these  cases,  does  not 
seem  to  understand  that  if  one  competitor  starts 
with  the  intention  to  design  a  building  which 
shall  cost,  (say)  .£15,000,  his  design,  if  he  has  com- 
mon ability,  must  necessarily  be  far  superior  both 
in  arrangement  and  appearance  to  the  design  of 
a  competitor  who  aims  at  designing  a  plain  and 
economical  building  for  £8,000.  With  regard  to 
the  estimates  of  the  cost  of  the  dilFerent  designs, 
the  anomalies  are  most  amusing.  The  premiated 
design,  which  in  elaboration  is  equal  to  the  Gros- 
venor  Hutel,  and  is  shown  faced  with  ashlar  stone, 
is  estimated,  as  I  have  before  mentioned,  at 
£8,000.  Several  of  the  other  designs,  which 
cover  less  space  of  ground,  and  which  are  com- 
paratively plain  and  have  brick  walls,  are  esti- 
mated at  about  £9,000.  As  none  of  the  designs 
cover  a  smaller  area  than  18,000  superficial  feet  it 
will  be  easy  to  decide  which  of  these  estimates  is 
the  nearest  to  the  truth. 

Mr.  Simpson's  arrangement  of  the  hall  is  most 
peculiar.  Instead  of  endeavouring  to  obtain  as 
much  room  as  possible  on  the  ground  fioor  (which 
would  be  most  natural,  as  from  here  the  best  view 
of  the  platform  can  be  obtained,  and  a  good  area 
would  be  provided  for  soirees,  &c.),  he  has  ob- 
truded corridor  with  class-rooms  on  both  sides  on 
to  the  floor  of  hall,  and  extended  his  galleries  on 
each  side  over  same.  The  appearance  from  the 
galleries  is  that  of  a  huge  square  space  up  in  roof 
with  a  small  well  hole  in  the  middle,  containing 
the  ground  floor  of  hall  and  the  orchestra.  The 
absurdity  of  placing  class  rooms  which  ovight  to 
be  attached  to  the  other  part  of  building  contain- 
ing library,  &c.,  and  which  ought  to  be  quiet 
under  the  galleries  of  a  concert  room  is  manifestly 
absurd. 

It  is  not  my  intention  to  question  further  the 
good  arrangement  o£  thia  design,  as  my  int«ntion 


is  more  particularly,  without  throwing  the 
slightest  breath  of  suspicion  upon  the  connnittee, 
to  show  them  the  imbecihty  of  inuiting  competi- 
tion drawings  under  the  condition  that  their 
execution  shall  cost  about  £8,000,  when  at  the 
same  time  they  are  prepared  to  receive  designs 
which  any  person  acquaintod  with  building  would 
at  once  dismiss  as  being  impracticable  for  anything 
like  this  amount.  Many  of  the  competitors  in 
this  case  are  undoubtedly  cciual  to  Mr.  Simpson 
;is  designers,  but  through  their  own  rectitude  and 
a  belief  that  the  instructions  of  the  committee 
were  formed  to  be  adhered  to,  show  to  poor  ad- 
vantage by  the  side  of  their  showy  competitor. — I 
am,  &c., 

A  CONSCIENTIODS   COMPETITOR. 


Sir, — The  first  premium  is  awarded  to  an 
"architect  and  builder"  of  the  town  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  committee. — I  am,  &c., 

Cauoht  Nappino. 


A  CORRECTION. 


Sni, — In  the  Bdildinq  News  of  last  week,  I 
notice  with  much  surprise,  at  the  foot  of  your 
illustration  of  Mr.  Keoling's  church,  "  H.  W.  Edis, 
dect."  May  I  bog  that  you  will  kindly  correct  this 
mistake  by  allowing  me  to  state  that  I  have  had 
nothing  whatever  to  do  with  the  illustration  in 
question  ;  for  .although  an  advocate  for  sketching 
ancient  examples,  I  do  not  in  any  way  advocate, 
and  certainly  do  not  myself  indulge,  as  the  signa- 
ture to  your  illustration  would  seem  to  suggest,  in 
sketching  or  lithographing  modern  work.  The 
insertion  of  this  letter  in  your  next  will  oblige. — 
I  .am,  &c.,  Robert  W.  Kuis. 

4,  Osnaburgh-terraoe,  Regent's  Park,  N.W., 
June  24. 

[The  mistake  complained  of,  which  we  much 
regret,  was  committed  by  the  lithographers.  It 
was,  however,  detected  and  rectified  before  many 
copies  were  printed. — Ed.  B.N.] 


intcrtonuuiiniciitioii. 


QUESTIONS, 
[441.]— EARTH  CLOSETS.— I  shouM  like  to  know  Uow 
Moule'a  earth,  cloaeis  are  luade,  aud  whether  they  have  boon 
fuiuid  to  answer.  J.  E. 


[442.]— RUSTED  INSTRUMENTS.— Would  you  kindly 
inform  nie  winch  is  the  beat  way  to  clean  metal  iustrumeuis 
that  are  very  rusty  ?  W.  J .  B. 


[443.]— DRAINING  VILLA  LAND.— What  would  be 
the  be-st  system  of  drainage  for  villa  laud  of  about  eighty 
houses,  having  no  ejxsement  except  to  a  brook,  the  water 
of  which  must  not  be  polluted?  Edwaud, 

[444.]— FRETWORK  MACllINE.— Ciin  you  inform  me 
through  your  paper  where  1  can  puichiise  a  small  machine 
for  fretwork  cutting,  to  be  worked  with  the  foot,  and  its 
probable  cost  ?  Geokge  GAUUtrr, 

[445.]— VENTILATION.— I  have  a  workshop  about  15ft. 
high  aud  open  at  the  top,  contaming  smith.s'  and  other 
tiies,  which  has  given  mo  much  trouble  to  ventilate, 
although  it  is  fiu-nished  with  a  ventilator  of  the  usual  con- 
struction of  tlie  whole  length  of  the  roof.  I  have  put  in 
upen  skylights  on  the  roof  and  opened  holes  in  the  side 
walls,  but  they  have  proved  iueffectual.  I  should  bo  glad 
of  any  auggeation  from  any  of  your  readei's  on  the  subiect. 
T.  G. 

[446.]— CAST-IRON  versus  WROUGHT-IRON  BEAMS. 
— It  is  necessary  th;it  I  sliould  ut^y  some  iron  girders  for  a 
work  uow  in  progress.  Would  you  oblige  mo  by  recom- 
mending what,  I  should  use,  cast  or  wrought-iron  girders  ? 

A  Builder. 

["A  Builder"  should  bo  more  conciso  in  his  question. 
He  should  have  said  what  kind  of  works  he  is  erecting  aud 
the  length  aud  character  of  the  beams  required.  As  a  rule 
c;ist-iron  ia  of  uncertain  strengtli  from  the  nature  of  its 
constitution.  The  very  best  materials  and  workmansliip 
cannot  prevent  weak  parts.  Cast  iron  is  liable  to  rracture 
by  impact  in  a  trirtiug  degree  to  what  it  might  have  boruu 
safely  as  dead  weight.  Besides,  proving  castings  sometiiuos 
aggi'avat  8  imperfections  by  extending  them.  Castings  mny 
most  safely  be  used  when  thoy  do  not  admit  of  concussive 
action,  or  vibration  under  ajiy  shock  that  may  reach  them.] 

[447.]— SURVEYORS'  CLAIMS.— Can  any  of  your 
readers  advise  me  in  the  following  matter?  An  architect 
and  surveyor  is  employed  to  lay  out  an  estate  for  building, 
that  it  may  realise  a  Bt;ited  sum.  He  is  desired  to  send  in 
his  terms  in  writing,  which  he  does  :— five  per  cent,  on  the 
amount  the  plots  j>hall  realise,  .'uid  the  usual  commission 
on  any  works  that  may  bo  executed  thereon  for  which  he 
m  ly  furnish  drawings.  His  terms  are  (verbally)  accepted 
in  presence  of  a  third  party,  aud  ho  is  told  to  prepare  jdiius, 
&c.  The  plans  are  made,  approved  by  the  local  bo^ud,  and 
lithographed,  and  the  proprietor  commences  laying  down 
the  main  drains  aud  making  tlio  roads.  A  few  plots  of 
land  having  been  sold  a  row  of  houses  ;s  commenced  (two 
by  the  land  owner),  when,  without  any  reason,  tlie  arclii- 
tect  is  informed  that  his  services  will  not  be  required 
further.  In  addition  to  the  plans,  working  drawings,  and 
Bpecifications  for  the  row  of  houses,  he  also  prepared  draw- 
ings and  epecificatioua  for  sundry  alterationa  to  exi^tiug 


4n0 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


June  28,  1867. 


property  on  the  estate.  I  therefore  desire  to  know  : — 1 
Can  he  claim  five  per  cent,  on  the  minimum  amount  the  land 
was  to  realise  ?  2.  Can  he  claim  the  fiill  commission  on  the 
works  executed  from  his  plans,  though  not  under  his 
supervision,  and  if  not  what  part  of  the  commission  can 
he  claim?  The  work  of  taking  levels,  preparing  plans  and 
sections,  and  getting  ttiem  passed  by  the  board,  has  occu- 
pied the  greater  part  of  eighteen  months,  and  it  seems  hard 
to  be  thrown  over  just  as  the  affair  is  ready  for  work. 

A  Constant  Re:ader. 


[448.]— IMPERMEABLE  CEMENT.— Can  any  of  yonr 
readers  inform  me  how  I  can  make  a  cement  that  is  im- 
permeable to  water?  il.  M. 

[449.]— ENGRAVING  ON  GLASS.— Being  anxious  to 
B^e  what  I  can  do  in  the  way  of  engraving  on  glass,  I  should 
feel  greatly  obliged  to  any  correspondent  who  would  inform 
me  through  your  columna,  the  easiest  way  I  should  go 
about  it.  B.  N.  G. 

[450.1— ST.  MART'S.  REDCLTFFE,  BRISTOL.— On  my 
Tisit  to  Bristol  some  few  days  since,  my  attention  was  called 
to  the  restoration  of  St.  Mary's  Redclitfe.  There  appears 
to  be  some  addition  being  made  to  the  S,  \V.  buttress  of  the 
tower  at  the  western  facade.  Can  any  of  your  correspond- 
ents at  Bristol  testify  to  such  being  the  case? 

An  Arch-eologist. 

[451.] -AUTOMATIC  BLACKSMITHS.— It  has  often 
occurred  to  me  that  the  work  of  the  blackmiith  might  in 
many  instances  be  made  less  laborious  than  it  is.  by  the 
application  of  mechanical  assistance.  I  know  there  are 
steam  hammers  in  use  in  abundance  ;  but  they  are  not 
quite  the  thing  I  mean,  and  they  are  dependent  on  the 
proximity  of  steam  boilers.  Is  there  no  plan  of  enlisting 
some  other  force — in  a  small  way — to  save  the  bone  and 
muscle  of  the  village  smith?  Could  not  unskilled  labour, 
for  instance,  keep  a  hammer  in  constant  motion  by  means 
of  a  crank  or  other  agency,  and  the  skilled  worker  direct 
its  Btrikings  to  useful  purpose  ?  We  endeavour  to  economise 
physical  exertion  in  other  directions,  why  not  in  this  ? 

Longfellow,  Jun. 

[452.]— CONTOUR  LINES.- In  conducting  the  ordnance 
survey  of  Great  Britain  it  is  said  that  the  great  accuracy 
admittedly  attained,  has  arisen  from  the  employment  of 
"contour  lines."  What  are  these  exactly,  and  how  are 
they  obtained,  may  I  ask?  Tyro, 


[453.] — TIMBER. — Can  any  of  your  readers  inform  me 
as  to  the  best  rules  of  judging  of  the  probable  durability 
and  the  strength  of  timber?  A  few  hints  on  this  point 
from  a  practised  hand  would  not,  perhaps,  be  without  ad- 
vantage to  others  than  Plane  Tree. 


[454.]— PILLARS  AND  STRUTS  —WiU  you  or  some 
of  the  intelligent  subscribers  to  "  Intercommunication," 
advise  me  upon  the  points  of  difference  and  relative  merits 
of  cast  and  wrought-iron  pilhirs  and  struts?  1  should  be 
glad  of  such  information  as  would  guide  me  in  the  employ- 
ment of  the  one  or  the  other  of  these  adjuncts  to  building 
operations.  A  Bricklayer. 

[455.] -PILES  AND  PILE  DRIVING.— May  I  venture 
to  ask,  as  one  anxious  for  practical  knowledge,  how  to  cal- 
culate the  pitch  and  strength  of  screw  piles  necessary  for 
sustaining  any  particular  work,  and  how  to  get  at  the 
weight  which  each  acrew-blade  will  sustain?  Bonito. 


[40fi.]— ROCK  BASINS.— Is  there  any  exact  or  highly- 
proboble  theory  as  to  the  origin  of  the  numerous  "rock 
basins"  which  exists  in  various  parts  of  the  country?  Are 
they  natural  or  artificial  ?  Drl'Id. 


[457.]— ROYAL  ACADEMY.— I  have  been  anxiously 
waiting  for  an  answer  to  "X.  Y.  Z.'s"  question  (No. 
375),  but  none  has  yet  appeared.  Can  no  one  tell  us  what 
is  necessary  to  become  a  Royal  Academy  student?  I  shonld 
also  feel  obliged  if  you  could  inform  me  how  it  is  possible 
to  gain  admission  as  a  student  of  the  Royal  Institute  of 
British  Architects,  as  I  see  no  mention  of  students  made 
in  their  charter.  r  j^ 

[45S.]-ARCHITECTURAL  CONGRESS. -I  shall  feel 
much  obliged  if  you  will  kindly  inform  me  whether  It  has 
been  arranged,  as  was  sometime  ago  announced,  that  an 
architectural  congiess  is  to  be  held  in  Paris  next  month. 
If  it  is  to  be  held  will  you  kindly  sav  where  information 
can  likely  be  obtained  about  it.— J.  Dick  Prddie,  Cham- 
bers. 3,  South  Charlotte-street,  Edinburgh,  June. 

[The  Sooiete  Ceutrale  des  Architectes,  of  Paris,  did  intend 
to  hold  a  series  of  meetings  at  which  they  would  have 
liked  foreigners  (o  attend,  but  it  has  not  been  definitely 
arranged,  and  as  far  as  we  in  England  know  nothing  ha.s 
come  of  it.  Our  correspondent  may  apply  to  honorary 
secretary  for  foreign  correspondence  of  the  Iloyal  Institute 
of  British  Architects.] 

[459.]— ARCHITECTS'  PUPILS  AND  HOLIDAYS.— Is 
an  architect's  pupil  entitled  to  any  holidays?  The  reason 
I  ask  is,  because  I,  an  articled  pupil  to  a  Liverpool  ar- 
chitect, have  been  articled  three  years,  and  have  had  only 
five  days' hoUday  during  that  time  (three  days  of  which 
I  took  without  asking,  and  got  severely  lectured  for  it) 
There  are  many  other  pupils   in  Liverpool  in   the  same 

plight "  as  myself,  kept  at  the  board  from  9  To  ri,  and 
if  they  take  an  hour,  get  preached  to  on  the  "  impropriety 
of  breaking  their  articles."  The  Liverpool  Architectural 
Society  refuses  to  deal  with  the  question,  because  most  of 
the  members  treat  their  pupUs  .as  above. 

A  Suffered  from  want  of  Holidays. 


REPLIES. 

[432.]— AIR  VESSELS  FOR  PUMPS.-There  is  no  doubt 
whatever  on  my  mind  about  the  value  of  air  vessels  phiced. 
diBcriminatinsly,  on  the  delivery  pipes  of  pump.«,  and  of 
Tacuum  chambers  on  the  suction  pipes  They  not  oulv 
prevent  clashiugs  and  concussion,  but  positively  economise 
power.  Pumps  so  furnished  work  easier,  in  all  senses  of 
the  word,  than  those  without  them.  The  air  vessel  for  the 
rising  main  of  a  pump  should  have  a  capacity  equal  to 
about  three  or  four  times  that  of  the  pump  itself.  In  this 
case  the  water  compresses  the  air  in  the  vessel,  and  the 
reaction  of  the  air  forces  the  water  steadily  forward  or 


apward.  I  place  even  more  reliance  on  the  vacuum  cham- 
ber on  suction  pipes,  than  on  the  air-vessel  as  described,  for 
the  prevention  of  concussion.  It  (the  Vacuum  chamber) 
should  be  attached  as  near  to  the  pump  as  possible,  and 
need  only  be  composed  of  a  piece  of  pipe,  of  the  same  size 
as  the  suction,  closed  at  the  upper  end  and  standing  ver- 
tically upon  it.  This  chamber  need  not  be  more  than  2ft. 
or  3ft.  in  height,  and  it  is  especially  efficacious  when  the 
auction  pipe  is  carried  along  horizontally  for  any  distance. 
The  action  of  the  vacuum  chamber  is,  to  my  thinking, 
briefly  as  follows  : — The  water  or  other  fluid  attains  a  mo- 
mentum due  to  its  velocity,  and  is  suddenly  arrested  when 
the  bucket  ceases  to  move  upwards.  The  force  acquired 
by  the  fluid,  instead  of  doing  miscliief,  expends  itself 
harmlessly  in  the  chamber.  Aqueduct. 


[433,]— PRESERVATION  OF  IRON.— "  Pluvius  "  has 
mooted  some  points  on  this  matter  which  are  frausht  with 
interest  to  many.  The  rapid  deterioration  of  wrought  iron 
when  exposed  to  the  weather  is,  unfortunately,  a  pheno- 
menon well  known  to  most  of  us.  How  to  prevent  its  oc- 
currence is  understood  by  few.  Constantly  applied  coatings 
of  paint  and  other  nostrums  have  effects  of  a  certain  useful 
kind,  but  they  only  partially  overcome  the  evil.  Some 
time  since,  a  IVIr.  Thompson  patented  a  plan  for  covering 
the  surfaces  of  iron  and  other  perishable  metals  with  thin 
coatings  of  metal  of  a  comparatively  imperishable  kind — 
as  for  example,  gold,  silver,  platinum,  or  copper.  In  order 
to  accomplish  this  the  iron  to  be  protected  was  fir^t  coated 
with  iron,  in  the  form  of  solution.  This  was  accomplished 
by  connecting  the  article  to  be  operated  upon  to  the  nega- 
tive pole  of  a  battery  and  then  immersing  in  the  solu- 
tion. It  may  be  stated  that  the  article  had  first  to  be 
washed  with  hydrochloric  acid,  and  rinsed  with  water 
Having  coated  the  article  with  metal  of  the  same  kind  as 
itself,  and  thus  insured  that  no  crevice,  cranny,  or  fi^ssure 
was  left  for  the  attacks  of  the  enemy — moisture,  it  M"as 
again  operated  upon  chemically.  After  being  washed  in 
a  cold,  and  nearly  saturated  solution  of  ferro-cyanide  of 
potassium,  it  was  transferred  to  a  second  bath  in  which 
was  the  solution  of  the  indestructible  metal  to  constitute 
its  final  covering.  There  is  no  doubt  the  plan  was  excel- 
lent, whilst  it  ia  not  eo  costly  iu  practice  as  might  be 
imagined.  S.  R.  N. 

[434.]— WATERCLOSETS.— I  think  that  waterclosets 
could  he  built  in  an  improved  style,  and  perhaps  at  less 
expense  than  in  general.  Thus  : — 1.  Lay  the  slates  some 
2in.  apart,  for  better  ventilation,  instead  of  close  side  by 
side.  2.  Have  no  ceiling  to  help  to  enclose  the  poisonous 
gases,  which  generally  discolour  it  and  the  walls  (if  ren- 
dered). These  being  done  will  cheapen  the  construction, 
if  not  materially,  enough  to  pay  for  a  sanitary  pan  and 
trap  over  the  cesspool.  Don't  neglect  limewash,  its  cost 
ia  very  trifling.  T.  G.  L. 

[435.]— WHY  NOT  GET  PURE  METAL?— This  question 
might  be  replied  to  on  what  is  said  to  be  the  Scottish 
principle,  that  of  asking  another,  viz.,  Where  are  we  to 
get  it?  With  regard  to  iron  there  is,  us  "Charcoal"  sug- 
gests in  your  last,  much  apparent  mystery  about  the  smelt- 
ing of  iron  ores  and  the  production  of  pure  metal.  3Iy  own 
opinion  is  that  much  remains  to  be  done  in  clearing  away 
this  mystery,  which  ia  more  feigned  than  real.  The  roast- 
ing of  the  ores,  if  properly  managed,  should  free  them  from 
all  traces  of  sulphur,  ;uid  smelting  is  a  simple  process.  To 
accomplish  this  latter  they  (the  ores)  must  be  submitted 
for  three  days  to  the  action  of  carbonising  gases.  By  this 
time  it  is  prepai-ed  to  meet  the  oxygen  of  the  blast,  and  is 
in  such  an  impressionable  state  that  anything  almost  may 
be  done  with  it.  Upon  the  quantity  and  character  of  the 
fuel  employed  at  this  juncture— the  smelting  jioint — the 
nature  of  the  metal  to  be  produced  will  Jaigely  depend. 
In  order  to  obtain  good  foundry  iron  an  extra  supply  of 
coke  is  needed.  The  more  coke  used,  indeed,  the  softer  will 
be  the  resulting  iron.  If  hard  metal  be  wanted  the  fuel 
must  he  diminished  in  quantity.  In  short  if  proper  care 
be  taken  iu  respect  to  the  fuel  employed  in  smelting,  and 
there  be  a  judicious  admixture  of  chemistry  and  practical 
knowledge  on  the  part  of  the  operator,  every  variety  of 
iron,  good,  bad,  aud  indifferent,  hard  or  soft,  brittle  or 
tough,  may  be  obtained  from  the  same  furnace  and  the 
same  ores.  The  differences  consist  solely  in  the  amoimt  of 
oxygen  displaced  or  the  amount  of  carbon  introduced,  and 
these  depend  again  upon  the  fuel  and  the  care  employed. 
Ironstone. 

[439.1— GAS  ENGINES. -I  shall  be  very  happy  to  furnish 
any    of  your  numerous  rea<)ers    with   full  uarticulars   of 
Hagon's  patent  gas  engine,  the  only  one  to  be  depended  upon, 
Joseph  Hetheriniu-on,  42,  Ardwick  Green, 
Manchester. 


[439.1 — The  Lenoir  gas  engine  is  now  being  manufactured 
and  sold  by  the  company  established  for  that  purpose, 
having  offices  at  02,  Cannon -street.  I  shall  be  happy  to 
forward  full  particulars  aud  show  the  inquirer  several 
engines  that  have  been  working  for  more  than  two  years. 
Arthur  Kinder,  Secretary.  92,  Cannon-street, 
London,  June  27. 


WAGES   MOVEMENT. 

The  brickmakera  of  ReaiUng  struck  for  an  increase  of  pay 
about  a  fortnight  ago,  and  after  staying  out  of  work  about 
a  week,  they  last  week  returned  to  their  employment  at  the 
old  scale  of  payment,  viz.,  4s.  6d.  per  1,000. 

English  and  American  Mechanics.— The  New  York 
rim^-f  says:— Without  a  reference  to  the  marketing  prices 
in  England  it  would  be  difficult  to  understand  how  even 
skilled  mechanics  manage  to  make  both  ends  meet  in  pro- 
curing the  means  of  subsistence.  But  the  English  common 
labourer  of  the  class  that  usually  run  their  chances  in  the 
towns  is  the  worst  off.  He  may  sometimes,  undei-  favour- 
ing circumstances,  make  as  much  as  14s,  a  week  ;  but  the 
average  is  under  lOd.,  or  2  dollars  50  cents  in  gold.  Out  of 
tliis  he  has  of  course  to  board  himself,  and  generally  a 
glowing  family  besides.  Here  the  street  scavengers  have 
not  unfrequeiitly  turned  up  their  noses  at  2  doUai'S  a  day  ; 
and  that  sort  of  notion  of  recompense  runs  through  all  the 
gradations  of  unskilled  workmen  among  us  that  we  ean 
think  of,  not  excepting  the  coloured  population.  The 
British  workman,  however,  has  his  compensation.  If  he 
earn  9  dollars  a  week,  only  one-sixth  of  his  wages  need  go 


to  house  rent  for  really  good  accommodation.  Here,  on 
the  other  hind,  his  rental  could  barely  be  kept  down  to 
250  dollar.'; ;  which  would  at  least  run  away  with  one  full 
quarter  of  the  best  American  mechanic's  wages— supposing 
him  xo  work  every  day  in  the  year.  Then,  as  to  the  great 
staple  of  life,  the  four-pound  loaf,  good  weight,  still  sells 
in  mo^t  parts  of  England  for  from  Gd.  to  7d.  sterling.  Here, 
rich  and  poor  alike  have  to  pay  10  cents  for  a  loaf  which 
measures  and  weighs  little  more  than  an  old-fashioned 
breakfast- roll.  It  certainly  fails,  ordinarily,  to  reach  l|lb., 
so  that  the  difference  in  that  item  alone  may  be  reckoned 
at  75  per  cent,  in  favour  of  the  foreigner.  Take  potatoes. 
These  can  be  bought  in  the  British  markets  to-day  at  5 
dollars  for  a  quarter  of  a  ton,  or  1  dollar  for  lOOlhs.  The 
difference  in  the  price  of  meat  is  not  so  great  since  the 
cattle  plague  made  its  appearance  in  Great  Britain,  but 
good  mutton  can  still  be  hatl  there  by  the  carcase  a  fid  a 
pound.  The  comparison  (or  contrast,  as  the  case  might  be) 
could  be  carried  much  fiui-her,  if  we  took  clothing  into 
account.  We  have,  however,  said  enough  to  show  how  the 
British  workman  may  eke  out  a  living  on  the  wages  he 
gets,  if  there  is  only  work  t^  be  had.  His  lot  is  harder 
than  the  artisan's  or  labourer's  here,  because  he  is  more 
apt  to  be  crowded  out,  and  if  his  own  peculiar  craft  £iilB 
him  he  can  turn  to  nothing  else— as  evtryone  willing  to 
work  may  do  with  xis. 


WATER  SUPPLY  AND  SAKITAEX 
MATTERS. 

The  president  of  the  East  London  Water  Supply  Asso- 
ciation writes  to  say  that  tlie  E;ist  London  Waterworks 
Company  have  received  a  letter  from  the  Lords  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  Privy  Council  for  Trade  to  the  effect,  that  upon 
consideration  of  Captain  Tyler's  report  it  appears  to  their 
lordslups  that  the  complaint  of  the  East  Ixmdon  \Vater 
Supply  Association  is  well  founded,  and  that  in  pursuance 
of  the  12th  Section  of  the  Metropolis  Water  Supply  Act  of 
1S52,  they  give  notice  thereof  to  the  East  London  Wateiworks 
Company,  and  that  after  the  receipt  of  such  notice  the  com- 
pany are,  by  the  13th  section  of  the  same  Act.  required  within 
a  reasonable  time  to  remove  the  grounds  of  such  complaint. 
Their  lordships  also  state  that  they  will  be  glad  to  be  in- 
formed by  the  company  of  the  steps  which  they  propose  to 
take  to  remove  the  grounds  of  the  complaint. 


STATUES,   MEMORIALS,    &c. 

A  bust  of  the  late  Mr.  Phinn,  Q.C.,  has  been  presented 
to  the  town  council  of  Bath,  for  which  city  he  was  some 
time  one  of  the  representatives  in  the  House  of  Commons. 
The  bust  is  the  gift  of  Mr.  Phinn's  sifter. 

A  wealthy  citizen  of  Berlin  has  applied  to  the  municipality 
of  that  town  for  a  site  on  which  to  erect  a  statue  to  Francis 
Drake,  as  the  introducer  of  the  potato  into  Europe,  and  he 
o.lers  to  subscribe  t2,'.'-j0  towanUthe  statue. 

There  is  no  slab  or  inscription  on  the  grave  of  Bishop 
Heber  in  Trichinopoly  Church,  or  anything  to  point  out 
its  whereabouts,  and  an  effort  is  being  made  to  raise  a  sum 
of  money  for  the  erection  of  a  memoi'ial  brass  over  it. 

A  meeting  in  aid  of  the  erection  of  a  monument  to  Sir 
William  Wallace  w;ls  recently  held  in  New  York.  It  was 
announced  that  £2,000  is  still  needed  to  finish  the  national 
monument  at  Abbey  Craig,  and  it  is  proposed  that  Scotch- 
men in  America  sliall  furnish  this  sum. 


COMPENSATION. 

At  the  Lord  Mayor's  Court,  on  Saturday,  a  special  jury 
in  a  compensation  case,  "St.  Botolph  Parish  ".  the  Post- 
master Ceneral,"  gave  a  verdict  by  consent  for  £2.640  for 
same  land,  ifec,  in  Bath-street,  Newgate -street,  required  for 
the  enlargement  of  the  Post-office. 

On  Tuesday,  5Ir.  Under-Sheriff  James  Bnrchell  and  ft 
jury  were  engaged  in  a  compensation  case,  "  Kiikland  v. 
the  Royal  Commissioners,"  in  respect  to  the  business  of  an 
architect  aud  sm-veyor,  and  for  the  leasehold  interest  in 
premises  in  Carey-street.  The  wairant  recited  that  Mr, 
Kirkland  had  become  bankrupt.  The  claim  was  £8,600. 
It  wa-s  proved  that  property  in  the  neighbourhood  hid 
greatly  iucieased  in  value,  and  in  a  few  years  gone  up  fifty 
per  cent.  The  im-y,  after  deliberating  some  time,  gave  a 
verdict  for  £000. 


§mm\  Items. 


Her  Majesty  has  appointed  to-morrow  for  inau- 
gurating the  Albert  Orphan  AsyUini,  Colliugwood 
Court,  Bagshot,  Surrey,  and  also  for  laying  the 
foundation  stoue  of  a  dining-hall  and  chapel. 

Three  premiums  of  £100,  £50,  and  £25,re3pec- 
tively  are  announced  for  the  best  three  designs  for 
layingout  and  utilising  200  acres  in  Hayling  Islan/Ji 
Hampshire.  It  is  intended  to  have  a  park,  to  in- 
clude two  cricketgrounds,  with  appropriate  build- 
ings for  players  and  visitors,  to  cost  not  more  than 
£600,  and  also  an  archery  ground,  suiiiciently 
spacious  for  archery  meetings  on  a  large  scale 
with  similar  buildings  to  cost  not  more  than 
£400.  The  following  novel  and  extraordi- 
nary conditions  are  attached  to  the  com- 
petition : — "  No  premium  will  be  awarded  un- 
less designs  are  submitted  by  at  least  nine  com- 
petitors, and  any  or  either  of  the  premiums  may 
be  withheld  should  the  designs  not  be  considered 
by  the  judges  as  of  sufficient  merit."  Designs  must 
be  forwarded  on  or  before  July  29  to  Mr.  H.  K. 
Trigg,  surveyor  and  builder,  South  HayUng,  Ha- 
vant,  Hants,  who  will  furnish  all  necessary  parti- 
culars to  intending  competitors. 


June  28,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


451 


A  medical  contemporary  says  it  has  over  and 
over  again  called  attention  to  the  filthy  custom 
pursued  by  builders  of  raising  the  level  of  ground 
wherever  they  propose  to  build  houses  by  putting 
in  it  all  sorts  of  filth,  mud,  road  scrapings,  and 
other  stinking  rubbish.  We  could  point  to  pre- 
tentious squares  and  terraces  at  the  West  end 
built  on  just  the  kind  of  soil  which  generates 
fever  and  ague.  Now  we  may  again  point  to 
the  gradual  deterioration  of  the  London  soil  caused 
by  the  excavation  of  the  good  natural  gravel. 
When  any  plot  of  gravelly  ground  is  let  for  build- 
ing purposes,  the  builder  carefully  carts  away  and 
jells  every  atom  of  it,  and  fills  up,  so  far  as  need 
be,  with  any  rubbish  that  comes  to  hand.  Thus 
I  muddy  soil,  giving  out  offensive  exhalations 
inder  the  sun's  rays,  is  substituted  for  porous 
»ravel,  which  filters  away  all  moisture  and  de- 
idorises  it  as  it  goes.  Slowly,  but  siu'ely,  the 
ame  process  is  going  on  in  Hyde  Park.  We  cannot 
a  London  afford  to  lose  one  atom  of  anything 
hat  conduces  to  purity  of  air  :  and  we  ought  to 
egrudge  every  load  of  gravel  that  is  removed 
om  Hyde  Park. 

"A  Friend  of  Pat" sends  usthe  following: — Many 
isionary  schemes,  such  as  bridging  the  Channel 
ive  been  started  for  giving  us  a  closer  connection 
ith  France.  Could  nothing  tangible  be  suggested 
r  bringing  us  nearer  to  our  neglected  sister  isle 
reland),  I  think  that  to  be  a  scheme  worthy  of 
e  first  consideration,  and  might,  if  it  could  be 
'ected  tend,  very  much  to  soften  the  bitter  feel- 
;  that  exists  between  the  two  countries. 

""     Society  of  Arts  have  this  year  awarded  the 

Gold   Medal  to  Mr.  Fothergiil  Cooke,  and 

--or  Charles  Wheatstone,  F.K.S,  " fur    their 

tit  Isbours  in  the  introduction  of  the  electric 

:  V,  :<.ph." 

?be   model  town  of  Saltaire,  in  [the  beautiful 

■ 'tv  of  the  Aire,  and  which  owes  its  origin  to  the 

and  benevolence  of  Mr.  Titus  Salt  and  his 

:  ising  partners,  now  numbers  3,500  inhabi- 

iiid  there  is  not  a  solitary  public- house  in 

••3.     It  contains,  however,  a  splendid  Inde- 

■  jeut  church,  excellent  baths  and  washhouses. 

Tie  range  of  shops,   and   other  aids  to  the  reli- 

,  moral,   and  social   comfort  of  the  inhabi- 

|&     A  new  "Wesleyan  chapel  is  nearly  finished, 

I;  ranges  of  shops  are  in  course  of  erection,  as 

forty  five   almshouses,  a  dispensary,   and   a 

lol-room  to  accommodate    750   scholars.     We 

hear  that  plans  have  been  prepared   for   a 

anics'  institute,  and  it  is  hoped  that  one  of 

any  suitable  sites  in  the  neighbourhood  will 

cured  for  the  formation  of  a  people's  park. 

|r  Horatio  M'CuUoch,  R  S.A.,  the  head  of  the 
sh  school  of  landscape  painters,  died  of 
lyiiis,  on  Monday  evening,  at  St.  Colin  Villa, 
Ity,  Edinburgh.  The  deceased  artist  was 
■in  1805,  and  was  greatly  esteemed. 

ee  new  Royal  Academicians  were  elected  on 
day.  These  are  Mr.  Sidney  Cooper  (bom 
l^who  is  well  known  as  a  landscape  and  cattle 
•;  Mr.  Calderon  (horn  18.33),  who  has  earned 
./lebrity  by  his  historical  and  gc/ire  pictures ; 
-    J.  H.  Robinson  (born  1796),  engraver. 

w  w  York  twenty  drinking  fountains  are  to 

tod  by  the  Society  for  the  Prevention  of 

y   to  Animals.     They   are   of    iron,   orna- 

ly    designed    in    three   departments — the 

,  lor  the  public,  the  middle  one  for  horses, 

idle  lower  one  for  dogs. 

^)  public  parks    have   been   onened   within 

a»st  few  days.      Mr.  M.  T.  Bas.s,  M.P.,    for 

'*,  has  just  presented    a    public    recreation 

1   to  the  inhabitants  of  that  town.      The 

insists  of  six  acres,  and  is  situated  on  the 

ijf  the    Derwent,   on  the  east  side  of  the 

Mr.  Bass  purchased   the  land  from  the 

irion  of  Derby  at  a  cost  of  £3,000,  and  has 

defrayed  the  cost  of  fencing  and  levelling, 

ing  the  value  of  his  gift  to  something  like 

'.      Brighton  Park,  a  fine  piece  of  ground 

J  acquired  by  the    inhabitants    of   PortO' 

near    Edinburgh,  was  also  publicly  inau> 

■1 1  the  other  day. 

'  'pos  of  Mr.  Bright's  remarks  in  the  House 

mons  on  Thursday  as  to  the  inconvenient 

ufiiclent  accommodation  provided  for  mem- 

"»•  r.  Headlam,  we  observe  has  given  uotice  that 

JJ^pon  an  early  day  move  for  a  select  committee, 

^isider  whetherany  alterationscouldbe  made 

•^  V.atemal  arrangements  of  the  House,  so  as  to 

'    ■"  a  greater  number  of  persons  to  hear  and 

rt  in  their  proceedings."     We  are  glad  of 

!   d  trust  that  the   honourable  member  for 


Newcastle  will  J>e  able  to  carry  his  motion.  It 
is  notoriously  the  fact  that  there  is  no  public 
building  in  the  kingdom  on  which  so  much  money 
has  been  expended  or  rather  lavished  with  such 
miserable  results,  so  far,  at  least,  as  the  iuterual 
arrangements  of  the  edifice  are  concerned.  Indeed 
as  Mr.  Bright  emphatically  observed,  the  House  and 
everything  connected  with  it  was  an  utter  dis- 
grace to  the  civilisation  and  the  architecture  of  the 
age.  And  the  justness  of  the  criticism  was  amply 
borne  out  by  the  cheers  which  it  elicited  on  every 
side. 

A  process  for  renovating  old  files,  said  to 
answer  extremely  well,  is  published  in  the 
last  number  of  Dingler's  Polytechnic  Journal. 
The  files  are  first  thoroughly  cleansed  with  a 
scratch  brush  and  a  strong  eotla  solution  to  re- 
move all  grease.  They  are  then  laid  in  a  dish,  the 
ends  resting  on  wires  so  that  their  whole  surface 
is  exposed  to  the  water,  of  which  enough  is  put  in 
the  dish  to  just  cover  the  files.  One-eighth  part  of 
strong  nitric  acid  is  now  added  to  the  water,  and 
mixed  by  moving  the  dish  about.  The  files  are  to 
remain  in  this  liquid  for  25  min.  They  are  then 
to  be  rinsed  in  water,  and  again  scrubbed  with  the 
scratch  brush,  and  are  afterwards  returned  to  the 
bath,  strengthened  by  the  addition  of  another 
eighth  part  of  nitric  acid.  In  this  they  are  to  re- 
main 50  min.  They  are  now  to  be  scrubbed  once 
more,  and  are  finally  to  be  placed  in  the  bath, 
which  in  addition  to  the  two-eighths  of  nitric  acid 
has  one-sLxteenth  of  its  bulk  of  strong  sulphuric 
acid.  They  have  now  only  to  be  washed  with  water, 
dipped  in  milk  of  lime  to  remove  all  traces  of  acid, 
rinsed  again,  and  dried.  After  this  treatment  the 
files  are  said  to  be  as  good  as  new  and  to  have  a 
good  colour.  Whether  old  files  are  worth  the 
trouble  and  expense  of  the  treatment  our  readers 
must  determine  for  themselves.  The  acid,  we  may 
say,  might  be  economised  by  having  three  sepa- 
rate baths  of  the  composition  given.  They  might 
then  answer  for  a  large  number  of  files. 


patents  for  litbeittimts 

CONNECTED     Wna     THE     BUILD  IXG     TKADE. 


2942  J.  G.  TONGUE.  Improveme>T-S  in  Machikery 
FOR  CuTTiNfi  ASD  Headini:  Naius.  (A  communication.) 
Dated  November  10,  1866. 

This  invention  relates  to  cutting  and  heading  nailn  by 
macJnnery  witliout  turning  or  reversing  the  nail  plate  to 
give  the  requisite  taper  after  each  successive  cut.  The  na- 
ture of  the  invention  consists,  firstly,  in  the  combination 
of  a  pair  of  cutters  having  in  addition  to  their  clipping 
action  an  oscillating  motion  about  an  axis  perpendicular, 
or  nearl}'  so,  with  tlieir  cutting  edges,  a  direct  forward 
feeding  device,  and  apair  of  reciprocatingheaders.  Another 
portion  of  the  invention  consists  in  a  novel  combination  in 
a  nail  cutting  and  heading  machine  with  a  straight  or  direct 
nail  plate  feed  of  cutters,  nipper,  gripper,  and  headers, 
arranged  for  operation  together  on  a  frame  or  bed,  having 
an  oscillating  movement  about  an  axis  perpendicvUar  or 
nearly  so  with  the  clipping  etiges  of  the  cutters;  and  the 
said  invention  farther  consists  in  a  peculiar  arrangement 
of  the  nipper  relatively  to  the  cutters  and  headers  in  nail 
cutting  and  heading  machines,  and  operating  to  turn  the 
cut  blank  at  or  about  the  middle  of  its  length  ou  to  its 
*'  flat  "  prior  to  its  beijig  gripped  for  heading  ;  also  in  so 
operating  headers  on  opposite  sides  of  the  feed  as  that,  by 
giving  them,  in  addition  to  their  heading  action,  a  united 
osciUating  movement  in  a  crosswise  direction  relatively  to 
the  feed,  the  blanks  are  successively  acted  upon  by  the  op- 
posite headers  alternately.  The  invention  caimot  be  de- 
scrii  ed  in  detail  ^vithout  reference  to  the  drawings,  i^utent 
completed, 

2949  J.  DENLET.  Improvements  is  Ciiisisey-tops 
FOR  THE  Purpose  of  Preventing  or  CuitiNi;  the  Down 
DKAroHT  OF  Smoke,    Dated  November  10,  lSt>*>. 

The  patentee  proposes  to  place  on  the  top  of  the  ordinary 
plain  cbimnej-pot  an  open  invened  conical  cap  or  hoop 
of  metal  or  pottery- ware  sormotmted  by  another  of 
the  same  shape,  and  joined  thereto  from  its  edge  by 
vertical  wires  or  slips  of  metal.  On  the  top  of  the  upper 
one  he  places  a  circular  horizontal  flat  plate  or  disc,  raised 
by  three  or  more  vertical  wires  or  standards  from  the  edge 
of  the  hoop,  so  that,  supposing  the  wind  ■were  to  blow  up 
the  lower  hoop  or  over  it,  it  would  force  the  smoke  up  to 
the  plate,  and  thence  out  from  the  chinmey.  He  increases 
the  number  of  these  hoops  where  great  draft  is  reqmied. 
Patent  comvleted. 

2950  "W.  PIDDING.  Improvements  in  the  Manufac- 
ture OF  BRK  KS,  AND  IN  THE  APPUCATIOS  OR  USES  OF  THE 

.SAME.     Date"!  November  12,  1S06. 

This  invention  comprises  improvements  in  the  manufac- 
ture and  formation  of  hollow  or  cellular  bricks  of  any  shape 
or  size  from  clay  or  clays  used  separately  or  mixed  with 
other  matter  or  mr'terial ;  or  from  any  other  plastic  earths, 
compositions,  or  material  mixed  or  used  separately ;  such 
bricks  being  strengthened  by  internal  stays,  ribs,  or  cores 
running  entirely  or  partially  through  their  interior.  In 
some  cases  the  inventor  purposes  applying  the  principle  of 
exhausting  the  air  from  the  material  under  use,  and  by 
this  means  produces  a  greater  affinity  of  surface  or  eurf-ices. 
Also  in  the  formation  and  making  of  bricks  of  any  shape  oi 
size  in  "moulds"  from  fusible  matters  or  material  and  other 
substances ;  as  also  from  material  or  substances,  whethi^r 
used  singly  or  in  combination,  which  are  capable  of  being 
reduced  to  a  pulp.  In  these  solid  or  moulded  bricks  he 
makes  on  their  uniting  surfaces,  and  outward  surfaces 


where  required,  indentations  for  the  introduction  of  a 
metallic  bonding  or  framing  suitable  for  the  various  pur- 
poses to  which  he  purposes  applying  them.  Faicnt  aban- 
doned. 

2065  G.  WHITEHEAD.  Improvements  in  Chimney- 
toi-s  or  Cowls.     I)at*xl  November  Wi,  ISOt). 

This  improved  chimney  top  or  cowl  in  made  by  preference 
in  two  parts,  one  fitting  over  the  other.  The  inner  portion 
or  part  is  made  by  preference  of  an  octagonal  shape,  but  it 
may  be  round,  square,  or  of  any  other  shape.  For  th« 
sake,  however,  of  clearness  the  patentee  dwtcribes  it  as 
being  octagonal,  the  top  being  covered  with  a  cap,  and 
made  by  preference  somewhat  coniwd.  The  outer  part, 
which  fits  over  and  rests  ou  the  inner,  is  made  of  a  shape 
to  correspond  therewith,  and  is  open  at  top,  terminating 
in  a  sort  of  crown  or  canopy.  Ribs  are  brought  from  the 
Utp  of  the  cap  down  the  eight  comers  to  half  way  down, 
or  thereabouts,  the  top  or  cowl.  In  each  square"  fonued 
between  the  ribs,  there  ai'O  by  preference  three  apertures, 
l>referably  square,  for  the  snmke  to  escape,  wluch  can 
either  ;t8cend  or  descend  according  as  the  wind  may  affect 
the  draught.  There  are  cro&s  pieces  from  rib  to  rib,  which 
act  as  shields  to  prevent  the  action  of  the  wind  when 
blowing  down  affecting  the  draught.     Patent  completetl. 

2909  A.  SCHOLEY.  Improvements  in  Nails  ok  Fa.s- 
TENiNOS.     Dated  Nuvemljer  13,  ISOO. 

The  essential  feature  of  novelty  of  these  nails  or  fasten- 
ings consists  in  making  them  three  sided,  and  tapering 
gradually  &om  the  head  to  the  point.  Each  side,  how- 
ever, in  lieu  of  being  flat,  is  hollowed  or  grooved  the  entire 
length,  or  any  portion  thereof,  the  three  comers  or  angles 
presenting  sharp  ridges  somewhat  after  the  fashion  of  a 
bayonet.  In  hen  of  having  a  laterally  projecting  head, 
this  part  of  the  nail  or  fastening  is  produced  by  expanding 
rather  more  abruptly  the  upper  end  of  the  nail,  so  that, 
when  driven,  the  extreme  end  only  of  the  nail  will  be 
vLsible.     Patent  abauduned, 

2975  W.  W.  MARSTON.  Improvements  in  Machi- 
nery FOR  Carvin';  Wood,  Metal,  Marble,  or  other 
Material  to  the  Shaje  of  a  Paitern.  Dated  November 
13.  1806. 

The  object  of  this  invention  is  to  effect  the  carving  of 
furniture,  picture  frames,  letters,  scroll,  or  relief  work, 
countersunk  figures,  shapes,  or  designs  in  woods,  marbles, 
or  metal,  or  to  carve  busts,  medalhons,  or  other  works  of 
art  in  which  a  pattern  corresponding  to  the  article  to  bo 
produced  is  employed.  A  tracing  instrument,  is  used  to 
follow  the  pattern,  and  a  rapidly  revolving  tool  is  used  to 
effect  the  cutting  or  carving.  The  invention  relates  to  a 
bed  for  ca.rryiug  both  the  pattern  and  article  to  be  carved, 
and  having  ati  endwise  movement  at  right  angles  to  the 
plane  in  which  the  cutter  and  tracer  move  in  combination 
with  three  or  more  universally  jointed  parallel  arms  con- 
necting atone  end  to  a  stationary  frame,  and  at  the  other 
end  to  the  head  upon  which  are  mounted  the  cutter  and 
tracer.  By  this  combination  of  mechanism  the  tracer  can 
be  guided  by  hand,  so  as  to  follow  a  pattern  with  the 
gi'eatest  ease  and  accui-acy,  because  the  universally  jointed 
armsmove  with  so  little  friction,  the  same  movementdirect- 
ing  the  revolving  cutting  tool  mth  equal  accuracy  in 
effecting  the  carving.     Patent  completed. 


fabe  Sebs. 


TENDERS. 


Clapham. — For  the  erection  of  a  lecture  hall,  school,  and 
class  rooms  at  Clapham.  Mr.  John  Tarring,  26,  BucklerB- 
bury,  EC,  architect.  Quantities  supplied ; — Killby, 
£i„178;  Myers  and  Sons,  £2,050;  EUdon,  £2,030; 
Richards,  £2,021 ;  Saunders  (accepted),  £1,976. 

City. — For  taking  down  and  rebuilding  Messrs.  Hill, 
Evans,  and  Co.'s  present  warehouses  and  oflBces,  No.  34, 
Eastcheap.  and  rebuilding  the  same.  Old  materials  of 
present  building  to  be  re-used.  Mr.  R.  L.  Ronmieu,  ar- 
chitect. Quantities  by  Messrs.  Welch  and  Atkinson  : — 
Wood  and  Son,  £10,170;  Lawrence  and  Co.,  £9,740; 
Mansfield  and  Price,  £9,M7:  I  Anson,  £9,284;  Dove 
Brothers,  £8,97:.;  Piper  and  \\'heeler,  £8,880;  Longmire 
and  Hurge,  £S,o6I ;  Rigby,  £S,4SS  ;  MyeJs,  £8,487  ;  Browne 
and  Robinson,  £8.170. 

Exeter. — For  alterations  and  decoration  of  the  Wesleyan 
Slint  ChapeL  Messrs.  R.  and  W.  Best,  architects ; — Muass 
and  Sons,  £785;  Stamp,  £696;  Huxtable,  £680;  Periam 
(accepted),  £520. 

Fleetwood. — For  the  erection  of  stables,  laundry,  and 
offices  at  Stockton  House,  for  Mrs.  Cox.  Mr  B.  Fletcher^ 
architect: — Stimpson,  £1,522  10s.  ;  Walden,  £1,450;  Hart, 
£l,3-'»0;  Faiihall  and  Weeks,  £1,326;  Liming  (accepted), 
£1,054. 

Gloucester. — For  villa,  Denmark-road  Gloucester,  for 
J.  P.  Jenkins.  Esq.  Mr.  H.  James,  architect.  Quantities 
supplied  ;— Clutterbuck,  £1.170  ;  Meredith,  £1,142  ;  Sims, 
£1.11.0;  CuUis  (accepted),  £1,093. 

Kingston  Hill. — For  erecting  a  residenca  for  Mr.  J. 
Galesworthv.  Messrs.  Pennington  and  Bridgen,  archi- 
tects :— Lathey  Brothers,  £4,75:! ;  Martin,  £4,287  ;  Perry 
and  Co.  (accepted),  £4,267. 

London. — For  alterations  at  Red  Cross-square,  Cripple- 
gate.  Messrs.  John  Young  and  Son.  architects  : — Knight, 
£898  ;  Larke,  £768 ;  Newman  and  Mann,  £680  ;  Sharman, 
£655  ;  Ellis,  £650  ;  Cbessum,  £555. 

London. — For  new  buildings,  43,  Carter-lane,  Doctor's 
Commons.  Messrs.  John  Young  and  Son,  architects  ; — 
Conder,  £2,629  ;  Macey.  £2.613  ;  Brass.  £2,542  ;  Piper  and 
Wheeler,  £2,472;  Hill  and  Sons,  £2,459;  Webb  and  Sons, 
£2,345  ;  Ashby  and  Homer,  £2,323  ;  Newman  and  Mann, 
£2,295. 

London. — For  additions  to  Messrs.  Baggallay,  Westall, 
.and  Spence's  warehouse.  Love  lane,  Citv.  E.C..  Mr.  Her- 
bert Ford,  ai'chitect : — Henshaw  (accepted),  £1,304. 

Newcastle-under-Lyme. — For  the  erection  of  chapels 
and  registrars  house  at  Borough  Cemetery.  Messrs.  Bel- 
lamy and  Hardv,  Lincoln.  architects : — Newton, 
£3,224  159.  5d. ;  Gallimore,  £3,206  1  9b.  9d.  ;  Thompson, 
£2,932  99.  4d.;   Sutton  (accepted),  £2,790  16?. 


t52 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


June  28,  1867. 


PoNTRiTAS.— For  building  a  villa  midway  between  Here- 
ford and  Abergaveniiv,  for  Mr.  E.  T.  Husbands.  Mr.  J. 
H  Evins,  architect :— Foster  Brothers,  £1,06S  :  Bampaeld, 
jEP6S  ;  Bowers,  £760 ;  Maddox,  £750  ;  Thomas,  £049  ;  Bees, 
£fi48;  EvaDs,  £fi25  :  P.  and  0.  Pritchard  (accepted).  £615. 

Tamworth.— The  tender  of  Mr.  C.  Clarson.  of  Tamworth, 
for  the  erection  of  a  new  grammar  school  there,  has  been 
6cl'='Cted.     The  amount  is  £2,800. 

Twickenham.— For  alterations  and  additions  to  mansion, 
No.  "tiA,  Marine  Parade,  Brighton,  for  "W.  Budd,  Esq., 
Tunckenham  Park.  Quantities  supplied  by  Mr.  Henry 
"W  Broadbridge:-Cheeseman  and  Co.,  £3,140;  Wells, 
£2.341  ;  Kemp.  £2,300  ;  Jaixett,  £2,290;  Sawyer,  £2,219. 

Wantage  (Berks). -For  boundary  walls  and  conduit  to 
new  almshouses.  Mr.  J.  P.  Spencer,  Wantage,  architect:— 
G.  and  J.  Kent  (accepted),  £12S  17s.  ;  aichitect's  estimate, 
£132. 

Weymouth.— For  brick  tank  and  single-lift  gasholder, 
for  the  Wevmouth  Gas  Company.  Mr.  Alfred  Penny,  en- 
gineer :— Tank— Coker,  £1,335  10s. ;  Reynolds.  £1.064  ;  Wil- 
liams, £967  lOs.  ;  Seaman,  £765  lOs. ;  Dodson,  £759.  Gas- 
liolder— Porter,  £1,880  ;  Hanna,  Dorald,  and  Co.,  £1,500; 
Piggott  and  Son,  £1,440  ;  Horton,  £1,430 ;  Coulson  and 
Co.,  £1,413;  TUdesley,  £1,128. 


BATH  STONE  OF  BEST  QUALITY. 

Bandell  and  Saunders,  Quarrymen  and  Stone  Mei- 
chants,  Bath.  List  of  Px-icea  at  the  Quarries  and  Depots, 
also  Cost  for  Transit  to  any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
furnished  on  application  to  Batli  Stone  Office,  Coraiiam, 
Wilis.— [Ad  VT.] 


BANKRUPTS. 

TO  SURRENDER   IK   B.AS  INCH  ALL- STREET. 

William  John  Beer,  Plurastead,  dockyard  joiner.  July  9, 
at  11— Frederick  Barrell  Cawston,  Upper  Norwood, 
plumber.  July  4,  at  11— Tliomas  James  Rattenbury.  Bark- 
ing, builder,  July  1,  at  1— Francis  Freshwater  Briggs,  St. 
Ives.  Hunts,  engineer,  July  S,  at  2— William  Cooper,  Ca- 
terham,  builder,  July  8,  at  2— Frederick  Walter  Bowntree, 
Old  Kent  Road,  plumber,  July  10,  at  1. 

TO  SURRENDER  IN  THE  COUNTRY. 

Herbert  Charles  Downward.  Ulverston,  painter,  July  1, 
at  10— James  Eggett,  Lynn.  Norfolk,  blacksmith,  July  3. 
at  11— Henry  Metcalfe,  Manchester,  builder,  July  8,  at  11 
—  Edward  Atiberi-y  Oswin,  Liverpool,  joiner,  July  2,  at  3 
—George  Rees,  Swansea,  joiner,  July  3,  at  2 -Charles 
Watkin,  Glamford  Briggs,  painter.  July  4.  at  10— John 
James  Coates,  Edgbaston,  builder.  July  12,  at  10-George 
Fumivall  Mellor,  Bury,  joiner,  July  9,  at  12  Thomas 
Rushfoi-th,  Leeds,  plumber,  July  11.  at  12— Hugh  Thomas, 
Discard,  timber  dealer,  July  8.  at  11— David  Rogers  Wil- 
son, Rochdale,  smitlj,  July  9,  at  11. 

NOTICES  OF  SITTINGS  FOR  LAST   EXAMINATION. 

August  2,  at  1,  C.  Garrett,  Banstead,  railway  contractor 
— July  10,  R.  Jewell,  Roman-road,  Barnsbury,  builder — 
July  10,  G.  Burfield,  Lewi  sham-road,  carpenter — Jiily  12, 
S.  Gates.  Crawley,  builder— July  22,  W.  H.  Sanders,  Blox- 
wich.  lockmaker— July  23.  J.  Smith,  Litchurch,  engineer 
— June  19,  T.  Noble.  South  Stockton,  joiner— July  11,  A. 
Hartley.  Seaforth.  builder -July  22.  W.  CaiTuthers,  Liver- 
pool, joiner— July  12,  H.  J.  Ledger,  Hulme,  builder— July 
17,  J.  O'Connor,  Sunderland,  ironmonger — July  10.  F.  M. 
Rodwell,  Thon-ington,  Esses,  blacksmith— July  5.  T. 
Derbysliire.  Liverpool,  contractor — July  16.  F.  G.  Hall. 
Chester-st.,.Keunington,  timberdealer — July  17,  W.  E^eritt, 
Chrisp-street.  Poplar,  builder— July  17,  W.  H.  Samuel, 
Bow.  builder— July  23.  J.  Littlecbild,  Northall.  builder 
—July  19,  H.  Lacey,  Bradford.  Yorkshire,  sawyer— July 
17,  T.  S.  Lawson,  Newcastle-upon  Tyne,  joiner — July  19, 
H.  Jenkins,  Soughton,  near  Northrop,  engineer — July  9, 
T.  Hill,  Tiigby,  Leicestershire,  blacksmith — July  11,  Wm. 
Austin,  Margate,  plumber — July  15,  J.  Jones.  Frondeg, 
Merionethsbiie,  builder — July  19,  J.  Jackson,  Tranmere 
Park,  joiner— July  11,  D.  M.  Landles,  Beestou  Hall,  near 
Leads,  plasterer, 

'  PARTNERSHIPS  DISSOLVED. 

The  Swansea  Iron  and  Tin-plate  Company — Johnson  and 
Co.,  Peterboro',  lime  burners  Kent  and  D;iin,  Southamp- 
ton, ironmongers — T.  and  J.  Hunter,  Millora,  Cumberland, 
contractors- Jefferson  and  Co.,  Bradford,  Yorkshire,  iron- 
founders — Myers  and  Clarkson,  Idle,  stone  mei'chants. 

DECLARATION   OF  DIVIDEND. 

W.  H.  Willcnx,  Teignmouth,  builder,  div.  Sa.  2d. 

DIVIDENDS. 

July  S.  J.  Croudace,  Sunderland,  timber  merchant — 
July  is,  J.  aud  W.  Walker,  Birkenhead,  joiners. 

SCOTCH  SEQUESTRATIONS. 

James  Baird,  Hangingshaw,  near  Glasgow,  brickmakor, 
June  27,  at  12— George  Osborne,  Edinburgh,  furnishing 
ironmonger,  J\me  28,  at  2 — Robert  Whitelaw,  jun., 
Neilston,  contractor,  July  4,  at  2. 


Metals. 

Welsh  Bora  in  London     ..  ^....perton  fi  10    0 

Nail  Rod       /  1«    0 

Hoopa do  810    n 

Sheets,  Single      -       do  £  J^    2 

atafordshire  Bars       do  7  10    0 

Bars.in  Wales     do  ^  15    0 

Rails    do  6    5    0 

Foundry pVga.  at  Glasg.  No    1   ..       do  2  14    0 

Swedish  Bara  do  10    5    0 

Steel  : — 

Swedish  Keg,  hammered     per  ton  15    0    0 

Swedish  Faggot   do  10  10    0 

Copper : — 

Sheet*  Sheathing,  &  Bolts    ....perton  81     0    0 

Haturaered  Bottoms       do  til     0     0 

Flat  Bottoms,  not  Hammered   ..       do  86    0    0 

Cake  and  Tough  Ingot      do  73    0    0 

Best  Selected    do  81    0    0 

Fine  Foreign     do  83    0    0 

Yel.  Metal  Sheathing  ft  Eoda  ....  per  lb  0    0    7i 

Tnr  :~ 

EnglishBlock      perton  69    0    0 

do       Bar    do  90  0 

do      Refined  do  92    0    0 

Bancft      do  91     0    0 

Strait  B     do  86    0    0 

Lead  :— 

Pig,  Engllflh     per  ton  21  15    0 

„    Spanish  Soft     do  19  10    0 

Shot.  Patent     do  21     0    0 

Sheet   do  21    0    0 

White     do  30    0    0 

Bpeltkr: — 

On  the  Spof perton       21    0    0 

ZiKC : — 

EngUshSheet      perton  S6  10    0 

Devaux'sV.  M.EootlngZinc    do  28    0    0 

■  And  5  per  cent,  diacoimt  il  laid  upon  the  new 
QmCKBiLVBa     perbtl  6  17    0 

RE0UX03  OF   AnTIMOST. 

French   per  ton         35    0    0 


e  15 

0        3 

8    0 

0        2 

9    0 

0 

10    0 

0 

8  10 

0 

6    0 

0      s 

6  10 

0    neit 

3    5 

6 

11    0 

0 

15  10 

0 

12  10 

0 

fH    0 

0 

33     0 

0 

8i    0 

0 

0     0 

0 

S3    0 

0 

87  10 

0 

0    0     73 


0     0    0    nett 


27    0 

0      0 

system. 

0 


S' 


'TAIRCASE    and   JOINERY     WORKS, 
JOHN     WALDEN 

(Late  Shop  Foreman  to  Mr.  W.  BANDS,  retired), 

12,  MAIDEN  LANE,  COVENT  GAKDEN. 

Estimates  on  application. 


C.  H.  DA  VIES  and  CO.'S 

GENUINE 

SOLID    PARQUET    FLOORS 

Are  Greatly  Superior  to  any  bitherto  Produced,   being 

of  Special   Construction,    Improved   Design, 

Thoroughly  Seasoned,  and  at 

PRICES   liOWER    THAN   USUAL. 

Specimens  at  Architectural  Museum,  23,  Maddox -street,  W. 

ASD  AT 

Show  Rooms,  Cambridge  Hall,  Newman -street,  London. 


On  Julv  1,  will  he  ready.  Part  12,  price  2s.,  of  the 

MONUMENTA.      This    work    is  issuing 
monthly,  in  parts  at  23.,  and  contains  Designs  for  Tombs, 
WALL    MONUMENTS,    GRAVE  CRO=^SES.   HEAD9T0NES.  &c. 
London  :  James  Haggee,  67,  Fatemoster-row. 


LATEST  PRICES   OP  MATERIALS   USED 
IN  CONSTRUCTION. 


TuffBER,  dnty  Is 

Teak    load    £9    0£10 

Quebec,  red  pine  ....    S    0  4 

„       yellow  pine..     2  15  4 

St.  John  N.B.  yellow    0    0  0 

Quebec  Oak.  white  ..     6    5  6 

„       birch 3  10  4 

.,       elm    3  10  5 

Dantzico.ik 3  10  6 

„      fir 2    0  3 

Kernel  fir   S    0  8 

Riga 3    0  3 

Swedish 1  15  2 

Ma8ta.Qi]ebecredpin©  6    0  7 

,,      yellow  pine..     5    0  6 

Lathwood.Dautzic.fm  4  10  6 

„       St.  Petersburg  6  10  7 
Deal3,prC.,12ft.  byS 
by  9  in,,  dutySs  per 
load,  diiiwbibck  2b. 

Quebec,  white  spruce  14  10  21 

StJohn,  whitespruce  13  10  25 
Yellow   pine,  per  re- 
duced C. 

Canada,  Ist  quaUty.  17    0  18 

2nd  do 13    0  13 


per  load,  drawback,  la. 
Archangel,  yellow  ..  £11 
St.  Petersburg,  yeL . .  10 

Finland 8 

Memel • 

Gothenburg,  yellow       8 

„       white    8 

Gefle,  yellow 9 

Soderhamn    9 

Christiania,    per   C, 
12  ft.  by  3  by  9  in. 

yellow 16 

Deck  Plaiik,  Dantzic, 

0      per  40  ft.  3  in 0 

Pdmjce  SiosE  pr  ton    5 
O11.3,  &.C. 

Seal,  pale. . . .  per  ton  S8 

Sperm  body  110 

Cod 40 

Whale.  Sth.Sea,  pale  40 

Olive.  Gallipoli 62 

Cocoanut,  Cochin, ton  55 

Palm,  fine 40 

Linseed   39 

Rapeseed,  Eing.pale..  S7 
Oottonseed 30 


10  £12  10 
10    n    0 


0    11    0 
0    10  10 


ROYAL  POLYTECHNIC.  —  SEE  the 
PARIS  EXPOSITION  lor  ONE  SHILLING,  Professor 
Pepper's  LECTURE^  on  the  PALAIS  DE  L'EXPOSITION.  daily  at 
3  and  8.  except  Wednesday  eveuiog.  Amongst  the  other  attractions 
are,  the  "Wonderful  Leotard,"  the  great  optical  surprise,  called  "  The 
Effigy  oE  the  Dear  Defunct,"  and  the  musical  entertainments  of 
George  Buckland  Esq. 


BILIOUS  and  LIVER  COMPLAINTS, 
Indigestion,  Sick  Headache,  Losa  of  Appetite,  Drowsiness. 
Giddiness.  Spasms,  and  all  Disorders  of  the  Stomach  and  Bowels,  are 
quickly  removed  by  that  well-known  remedy,  FRAMPTON'S  PILL 
OF  HEALTH.  They  unite  the  recommendation  of  a  mild  oper.ition 
with  the  most  successful  effect;  and  where  au  aperient  is  required, 
nothing  can  be  better  adapted. 

Sold  by  all  Medicine  Vendors,  at  Is.   Ud.  and  29.  9d.  per  box   or 
obtained  through  any  Chemist. 


THE    GUARDIAN    FIRE    AND    LIFE 
ASSURANCE  COMPANY. 
Established  18-:i.     No.  11.  Lomb.-ud-3treet.  London,  E.C. 
REDUCTION  OF  FIRE  INSURANCE  DUTY. 
Subscribed  Capit-il,  Two  Millions. 
Total  Invested  Funds,  upwards  of  £".J.750,000. 
Total  Income,  uiiwards  of  £320.000. 
Notice  18  Hereby  GivcTi  that  FIRE  POLICIES  which  expire  at  MID- 
SUMMER must   be  renewed  within  Fifteen  Days  at  this  Office,  or 
with  the  Company's  Agents  throughout  the  Kingdom,  otherwise  they 
become  void. 

All  Insurances  now  have  tha  benefit  of  the  Reduced  Doty  of  Is.  6d. 
per  cent. 

For  Prospectus  and  other  information  apply  to  the  Company  s 
Agents,  or  to 

T.  TALLEMACH.  Secretary. 


T 


HE    EMPEROR     LIFE     AND     FIRE 

ASSURANCE  COMPANIES. 
Examples  of  Bonus  now  Declared. 


|cr  lajcstjr's  ,^^f  etes  latent 
TALL'S 

PATENT     AP  P"A  R  A  T  U  S 

Constructing  "Walls,  Houses, 
and  Other  Buildings. 


Sum 
Assm-ed, 


1000 
600 
500 
luO 


Age. 


Or  bonus  in  ad-  Or  cash  in  reduc 
ditiontothe  Buuitiou  of  tlie  next 
assured         !annual  prenuum. 


SO 


27 
50 
44 
66    I 


7    13 


3    14 


Or      permanent 

reduction    of 

future     annual 

premium. 


0    17 


A  Dividend  of  S  per  Cent.,  with  a  Bonus  of  1  per  Cent,  paid  to  the 
Shareholders.  _ 

THE  NEXT  BONUS  WILL  BE  DECLARED  IN  JULY.  1867. 

Claims  paid  within  14  daysafter  proof  of  death. 

Advances  made  on  Freehold  and  Leasehold  Securities. 

Fire  Insurance  at  the  usual  rates.    Duty  reduced  to  Is.  6d,  per 
Cent. 

Forms  of  Proposal  for  Assurance,  Prospectus.  &c.,  forwarded  on 
application  to 

EBENBZEE  CLARKE,  Jun..  Secretary, 
53,  Cannon-Btreet,  E.C. 


'An  ounce  of /act  ie  wortli  a  ton  of  theor;).." 


A  Pamphlet  will  be  forwarded  by  enclosing  f ou 
stamps,  givingf  fuU  information  for  Licences,  Ac. 
most  excellent  opportunity  now  presents  itself  to  a 
enterprising  man  of  business  with  capital  to  join  tb 
Patentee  in  Building  only,  who  is  refusing  ordei 
every  day.  The  P.atentee  is  now  building-  at  a  ne 
profit  of  40  per  cent.,  and  cannot  build  f;ust  enoug 
to  meet  one-twentieth  the  demand. 


The  gold  medal  of  the  Paris  Exhibition  has  ju 
been  awarded  to  His  Imperial  Majesty  i;he  EmpeT' 
Napoleon  for  his  concrete  houses  in  Paris. 

These  houses  were  all  built  with  the  Patentei 
.apparatus,  a  patent  for  which  has  been  granted 
France. 

New  .and  extensiro  Premises  have  just  been  tak- 
by  Mr.  .J.  T.all,  in 

FALSTAPP    TABD,    KENT  STBEE: 
SOTJTHWABK, 

Where  all  letters  and  orders  must  be  addressed. 


It  is  deemed  advisable  to  make  known  to  all  inte- 
rested in  building,  and  to  the  public  in  general, 
that  Mr.  J.  TALL  hits  revived  the  ancient  mode  of 
erecting  Walls.  Houses,  and  other  buildings  in  Port- 
land Cement  Concrete,  by  patenting  an  apparatus 
and  scaffokhng  for  carrying  up  the  walls  of  houses 
to  any  required  height. 

The  apparatus  is  eo  constructed  that  after  the 
house  or  houses  are  finished,  it  can  be  put  together 
to  build  walls  or  other  partitions,  of  any  length 
whatever. 

Some  of  the  advantages  in  the  Patentee's  mode  of 
building  are  as  follows  : — 

Firstly. — Half  the  cost  of  construction,  and  ten 
times  the  strength  of  brickwork. 

Secondly. — The  waUs  are  impervious  to  wet  or 
damp.  The  chimney-flues  being  round  and  smooth 
internally,  smoKy  chimneys  and  defective  draught 
will  be  effectually  prevented. 

Thirdly. — By  inserting  a  round  core  in  any  part  of 
the  wall,  a  flue  can  be  formed  for  ventilation  at  no  in- 
crease of  cost. 

Fourthly. — The  materials  for  making  the  concrete 
are  found  in  every  part  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
viz.,  hard  burnt  clay,  gravel,  stone,  crushed  slag 
from  furnaces,  smith's  clinkers,  oyster  shells,  broken 
glass,  crockery,  or  any  hard  and  durable  substance. 
Where  sandstone  or  any  flat  stone  is  to  be  found, 
walls  can  be  built  even  cheaper  than  concrete,  as  a 
labourer  can  break  the  stone  if  too  lai-ge  to  go  in  thf 
apparatus,  taking  care  to  fill  up  aU  the  space  between 
the  large  stones  with  the  broken  fragments  about6in.  ^ 
deep  in  the  apparatus  all  round  ;  then  pour  in  grout  |  , 
again,  another  layer,  and  so  on  till  the  apparatus  if 
filled  up ;  thus  a  solid  and  cheap  wall,  and,  when 
stuccoed  over,  has  a  nice  and  neat  appeai-.once. 

Fifthly.  — The  walls  being  of  one  solid  mass  sound 
is  completely  deadened. 

Sixthly.— No  bond  timber  required  for  joists. 

Seventhly. — No  spouting  or  piping  is  required  foi 
carrying  off  the  rain  water,  and  the  gutters  or  wate 
channels  are  formed  of  concrete. 

Eighthly.— The  walls  can  be  increased  in  thioknes 
every  inch,  instead  of  being  obliged  to  be  made  o 
4j,  9,  and  ISJiin.  as  in  brickwork. 

Ninthly. — The  walls  being  nearly  smooth,  requh' 
but  one  coat  of  plaster,  and  thereby  a  considerabi 
economy  is  effected. 


July  5,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


453 


THE   BUILDING  NEWS. 


LONDON,  FRIDAY,  JULY  S,  1867. 


THE  PARIS   EXHIBITION. 

Architecture. — The  Pakc. — Sixth  Notice. 

HITHERTO  we  have  considerea  archi- 
tecture as  presented  to  us  by  drawings 
only.  Tlierc  are  within  the  building  some 
few  illustrations  of  the  art  in  execution,  but 
these  will  chielly  come  under  our  review 
when  we  consider  the  materials  of  which  they 
are  composed,  as  they  are,  iu  general,  designed 
more  to  illustrate  the  capability  or  fitness  of 
the  material  e.\hibited  than  their  architectural 
character.  Some  few  of  the  screens  which 
divide  the  products  of  one  nation  from  another 
are  worthy  of  a  passing  glance,  and  of  these 
we  would  enumerate  those  of  Russia  with  its 
quaint  woodwork,  of  Wurtemburg  and  Bavaria, 
of  Italy,  and  of  Greece  ;  but  these  are  more  of 
a  decorative  than  an  architectural  quality, 
and  we  shall  find  but  little  calling  lor  our 
attention  within  the  budding.  Without  are 
numerous  edifices  of  every  people,  kindred, 
and  tongue,  all  more  or  less  translated  into 
French,  and  generally  more  so  than  less. 
These  it  woidd  be  almost  useless  to  describe 
seriatim,  as  many  of  them  are  mere  burlesques 
on  the  styles  attempted,  and  not  worthy 
of  serious  consideration  as  illustrations  of 
national  architecture  peculiar  to  the  country 
whose  name  they  bear.  Others  tliere  are 
which  have  very  much  merit,  and  these  we 
shall  notice  as  we  pass.  Entering,  then,  by  the 
Grand  Porte  we  find  on  the  right-hand  side  of 
the  Imperial  Avenue  a  collection  of  buildings 
nominally  belonging  to  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland,  but  really  belonging  to  that  im- 
perium  in  imperio  South  Kensington,  and  re- 
presenting only  its  crotchets.  Here  we  have 
naif -timber  work  of  poor  character  filled  in 
with  caricatures  in  outline  and  eccentric  par- 
getting of  so  poor  a  design  that  a  third-rate 
architect  would  scarcely  feel  flattered  by 
having  it  attributed  to  hiin.  The  only  e.xcep- 
tioas  to  this  uniformity  of  ugliness  are  a 
very  elegant  and  well  decorated  building,  in 
which  are  conducted  the'  experiments  on 
various  systems  of  electric  lighting,  and  the 
covering  to  the  boilers  which  supply  steam  to 
various  engines  in  the  building.  This  latter 
is  supported  on  very  well  modelled  columns 
of  terra-cotta,  which  cut  out  against  the  broad 
dark  shadow  of  their  roof  in  a  highly  pic- 
turesque and  satisfactory  manner.  Passing 
these  we  come  to  a  series  of  buildings  in 
execrable  taste,  both  as  regards  their  design 
in  art  and  purport,  where  the  holiest 
words  are  handed  about  without  reverence  or 
discrimination,  and  where  the  gospel  of  peace 
is  tortured  into  a  fosterer  of  religious  strife. 
"VVe  are  glad  to  turn  away  from  our  polyglot 
coimtrymen  in  this  quarter,  though  in  doing 
so  we  have  to  pass  a  wretched  travestie  of  the 
temple  of  Xochicalco,  where,  in  order  to 
harrow  our  feelings  still  more,  a  row  of  real 
sculls  are  placed  as  an  ornament  along  the 
temple,  and  under  which,  for  the  small  sum  of 
50  centimes,  you  may  experience  the  pleasure 
of  passing,  flow  a  nation  priding  itself  on  its 
good  taste  could  have  admitted  either  of  these 
exhibitions  of  its  want  sorely  puzzles  us,  yet 
of  the  two  we  think  that  by  our  countrymen 
far  the  worst.  The  Cercle  International  in 
this  vicinity  is  a  very  poor  building,  both  in- 
ternally and  externally  ;  and,  though  used 
for  all  sorts  of  purposes,  seems  to  suit  none  of 
them.  Straus's  concerts  are  drowned  by  a 
perpetuum  mobile  of  knives  and  forks,  and  a 
reverie  of  Schumann's  is  interrupted  by  reports 
of  champagne  ;  whilst,  if  we  seek  to  dine 
above,  the  concert  below  disconcerts  our  orders 
and  both  are  spoiled.  Near  this  we  find  a 
collection  of  Tunisian  minstrels,  stables,  and 
p^ces,  all  of  them  of  sham  materials,  and  no- 
thing   genuine  in  the    collection.      Nor    is 


a  Chinese  theatre,  supplied  with  French 
tumblers  and  erected  from  very  fancy  sketches, 
any  more  real,  and  we  are  filled  ■with  regret 
that  so  much  money  shoidd  have  been  spent 
in  making  such  a  very  bad  Cremome.  Mr. 
E.  T.  Smith  woidd  have  produced  a  much 
more  pleasurable  thing  for  half  the  sum,  and 
have  given  us  quite  as  good  an  idea  of 
Eastern  art.  Near  here,  too,  is  found  a 
Roumanian  Pavilion,  with  very  tipsy  turrets 
staggering  in  opposite  directions,  and  deco- 
rated externally  with  a  mixture  of  Chinese 
and  Anglo-Saxon  ornament.  All  this  is 
childish  in  the  extreme,  and  conveys  not  one 
lesson  worth  learning,  nor  gives  a  pleasure. 
Perhaps,  however,  these  things  have  already 
served  their  pur])ose — that  is,  if  they  are  paid 
for — but,  beyond  causing  the  money  of  other 
nations  to  be  expended  for  the  well-being  of  a 
few  French  workmen,  they  are  utterly  useless. 
Far  better  are  the  works  of  the  kingdom  of 
Egypt,  as  we  suppose  we  must  now  begin  to 
call  it.  Here,  though  the  works  are  small 
and  scarcely  rise  above  the  dignity  of  archi- 
tectural modelling,  they  are  very  exact  and 
good,  and  convey  to  those  who  really  study 
them  an  excellent  idea  of  what  Egyptian 
architecture  was,  as  an  art.  But  to  the 
general  public  these,  too,  are  useless,  as  the 
chief  sentiments  of  Egyptian  architecture  are 
wimting  ;  there  is  neither  mass  to  impress 
nor  mystery  to  impose,  and  the  grandeur  of 
ancient  Egypt  is  reduced  to  the  littleness  of 
her  present  condition  ;  the  small  pylon  which 
guards  the  entrance  is  outtopped  by  the 
hugeness  of  a  modern  Cairene  cafe  which 
overlooks  it.  Still  for  truthfulness  of  detail 
and  exactitude  of  modelling  Marriette  Bey 
and  his  able  assistants  deserve  our  praise,  and 
we  are  glad  to  have  the  opportunity  of  accord- 
ing it  to  them. 

iModem  Egypt  is  represented  by  a  very 
fair  imitation  of  an  okel  or  cafe,  and  the 
SalamUc  or  Viceregal  Palace.  'These  are 
worthy  of  attention  as  scenic  bits  of  the  pre- 
sent state  of  modern  Arabian  architecture  ; 
the  joinery  of  their  lattices  and  the  general 
ensemble  of  their  combinations  of  light  and 
graceful  forms  is  very  pleasing,  but  for  prac- 
tical lessons  they  are  very  useless  ;  in  the 
same  category  may  also  be  classed  the 
buildings  illustrative  of  Egypt's  stepfather, 
Turkey.  Here  we  have  a  mosque  of  small 
dimensions,  •ndth  its  light  gracefid  minaret, 
and  into  which  we  may  enter  without  the 
preliminary  process  of  divesting  ourselves 
of  our  boots,  and  where  we  find  a  very 
exact  internal  representation,  on  a  small  scale, 
of  the  disposition  of  one  of  these  picturesque 
and  scenic  buildings,  with  a  pulpit  of  truly 
Protestant  height  and  dignity,  and  a  roof 
glowing  with  colour. 

We  will  now  take  leave  of  Eastern  tradi- 
tions, and  crossing  a  path,  find  ourselves  in 
the  yet  unfinished  region  of  Italy,  whose 
chiefest  building  is,  strangely  enough,  a 
Grecian  Doric  pseudo-temple,  with  windows 
in  it,  efl'ectively  decorated  in  colour,  but  of 
very  poor  design.  Far  better  is  a  small 
pavilion,  which  is  decorated  with  some  very 
beautiful  plaques  of  coloured  Faience,  many 
of  them  of  large  dimension,  and  showing  to 
how  very  architectonic  a  purpose  this  branch 
of  decorative  art  may  be  applied.  It  is  un- 
fortunate that  this  little  budding  should  have 
been  decorated  in  imitation  of  Al/'sgraffito ; 
the  real  work  would  have  been  less  costly, 
and,  strangely  enough,  the  only  illustration 
of  this  truly  Florentine  and  very  admirable 
and  effective  mode  of  decorating  plastic  sur- 
faces is  exhibited  in  the  Palace  of  the  Beaux 
Arts  of  Switzerland.  Near  to  this  is  one  of 
the  best  bits  of  the  whole  of  the  external 
architecture  of  the  park,  nothing  more  than 
the  base  of  a  chimneystack  to  some  boUers, 
but  of  excellent  design,  and  of  which  we  will 
not  say  more  at  present,  hoping  shortly  to 
give  an  illustration  of  it,  merely  remarking 
here  that  there  are  many  wTinkles  our  archi- 
tects and  engineers  may  acquire  by  looking 
round  at  the  way  the  bases  of  the  many  smoke- 
stacks which  dot  the  grounds  are  arranged. 


This  brings  us  to  the  Porte  DesaLx,  and  com- 
pletes one  quarter  of  the  pare. 

Crossing  the  three  main  avenues  which 
give  access  to  the  biulding  at  this  point,  we 
find  ourselves  in  the  Boidevard  du  Sua,  and 
then,  by  as  strange  an  anomaly  as  that 
which  placed  the  tiuildings  of  China,  .Japan, 
and  Tunis,  in  the  Boulevard  de  I'ouest,  we 
find  those  of  Russia,  Norway,  and  the 
northern  nations  of  Europe.  Truly,  French 
systematisalion  is  here  illustrated  by  paradoxes 
and  contradictions.  Very  much  better,  and 
more  truthful,  are  the  buildings  in  this  region, 
and  in  point  of  novelties  in  timber  construc- 
tion, this  is  decidedly  the  most  fertile  and 
interesting  portion  of  the  Pare.  The  Russian 
buildings  are  all  of  them  excellent,  and,  though 
perhaps  too  ornamented  and  fantastical  as 
regards  bargeboards  and  gables,  are  well 
worthy  of  examination.  The  lovers  of  notch- 
ing and  nicking — and  Heavens  knows  they 
are  numerous  enough  nowadays  in  England  ! — 
will  find  enough  here  to  last  an  average  life- 
time, but  in  real  truthful  carpentry  there  is 
very  much  to  be  learned.  The  Russian 
stables,  and  the  charming  little  office  of  the 
Commissioners,  are  well  worth  study,  more 
especially  by  our  colonial  friends,  who  will 
here  see  that  a  log-house  may  be  made  a  very 
characteristic  and  architectural  edifice,  and  the 
manner  in  which  the  rounded  pine  logs  are 
halved  together  at  the  angles  is  very  sugges- 
tive. It  is  strange  to  encounter  here  a  point 
of  contact  between  the  ancient  Lycian  archi- 
tecture, the  forefather  of  Ionian  Greek,  and 
the  log  hut  of  the  western  settler ;  and  a  few 
steps  further  on  we  find  a  Tartar  tent,  which, 
by  simply  altering  the  embroidery  of  the 
lappels  covering  the  lacings  into  armorial 
bearings,  becomes  a  relic  of  the  middle  ages. 
The  temptation  to  digress  into  a  consideration 
of  the  parallel  steps  all  nations  take  in  the 
march  of  civilisation  is  great,  but  we  are 
obliged  to  leave  it  to  our  readers  to  follow  for 
themselves,  and  push  onward  past  the  house 
of  Gustavus  Vasa,  with  its  shingled  walls  and 
grassy  top,  to  M.  Sager's  Palace  of  the  Fine 
Arts  of  Switzerland.  Raised  on  a  broad  plat- 
form, and  highly  coloured,  this  budding  pre- 
sents an  attractive  appearance,  but  the 
pleasure  with  wliich  we  first  approach  it  is 
dispelled  when,  arriving  at  it,  we  discover 
it  to  be  a  monument  of  incongruities.  Mas- 
sive walls  support  a  wooden  trellis  girder, 
which  carries  the  roof.  Doric  columns  of 
large  diameter  carry  light  carpentry,  and 
with  a  general  air  of  seriousness  and  a  grave 
Greek  character  of  design,  we  find  the  frisky 
little  festoons  and  twisted  shields  of  sixteenth 
century  Flemish  work.  Virgil,  Solis,  and 
Diedalus  united  wil\\  a  soupcon  of  Raphael 
here  and  there  makes  as  odd  a  combination 
of  ideas  as  Switzerland  herself  presents. 
May  be  it  is  the  more  appropriate  for  being 
thus  incongruous,  and  its  very  want  of  unity 
may  be  its  homogeneity.  We  are  so  sur- 
rounded by  paradoxes  that  we  are  almost 
forced  to  believe  with  Pope  that,  "  whatever 
is,  is  right."  Right  or  wrong  this  "  discord 
misunderstood  "  does  not  make  harmony,  .and 
it  is  only  on  account  of  the  handiwork  of  the 
decoration  that  we  approach  closer  to  it. 
Here  we  have  a  good  illustration  of  AW- 
sgraffito  work,  produced  by  firstly  plastering 
the  wall  ■ivith  a  dark  cement,  and  then  skim- 
ming it  over  with  a  light  one,  and  etching 
through  tliis  former  -with  a  broad,  free  line 
until  the  latter  is  exposed.  In  a  coimtry 
so  given  to  cement  as  our  own  we  have  often 
wondered  that  this  has  not  been  more 
adopted.  Externally,  perhaps,  our  smoky 
atmosphere  woidd  reduce  it  all  to  one  dull 
grimy  hue,  but  for  halls,  staircases,  and  public 
rooms  this  affords  an  admirable  opportunity 
for  producing  a  great  effect  at  a  small  cost, 
and  we  recommend  those  of  our  profession 
who  have  not  had  an  opportunity  of  studying 
this  kind  of  work  in  Italy  to  examine  the 
illustration  of  it  here  afforded.  They  had 
better  not  enter  the  building,  for  the  pictures 
are  very  melancholy,  and,  unless  they  seek  an 
hour's  quiet  repose,  it  offers  no  internal  at- 


454 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


July  5,  1867. 


tractions.     Norway  and  Denmark  present  to 

■us  some  good  constructions  in  -n-ood,  and  the 

ho^lses  ot  the   latter  State,  raised  above  the 

ground   to   afford   a  free  ventilation,  offer  a 

good  suggestion  to  those  who  build  in  damp 

situations,  and  the  small  Tyrolean  house  oc- 
cupied as  the  office  of  the  Austrian  Commis- 
sion is  another  good   illustration   of  applied 

carpentry  ;   but  the  chiefest  attraction  of  that 

country  is  its  trophy  of  terra-cotta,  to  which 

we  shall  again  revert  in  considering  the  works 

in  that   material.     The   annexe   of  Spain  is 

heavy   in   the    extreme,    and    contrasts   nn- 

pleasantly  witli  the  light  and  elegant  Arabian- 
like structure  of  Portugal  ;  and  certainly  on 

ethnological    grounds   these    two   structures 

should   be   counterchanged.     Facing  L'Ecole 

Militaire  is  an  interesting  collection  of  French 

agricultural  buildings,  the  roofs  of  which  are 

noteworthy,  the  tiling  of  many  of  them  being 

of  a  very  peculiar  description,  and  the  inge- 
nious manner  of  breaking  joint,  and  pro- 
tecting these  joints  from  the  ingress  of  wet,  is 

worth  the  consideration  of  our  tile  makers  ; 

but  of  these  and  other  similar  inventions  we 

purpose  taking  notice  in  our  remarks  on  the 

building  materials  exhibited.     A,  to  us,  new 

variety  of  thatching  is   also   exhiljited,   it  is 

called  Chinese  thatcliing  in  France  ;  but  how 

it  acquired  tlie  appellation  we  have  not  been 

able  to  learn.     The  straw  is  cut  into  lengths 

of  about  ISin.,  laid  on  in   courses,  and   sewn 

together  with  tarred  twine,  and  seems  to  form 

a  very  effectual,  as  it  certainly  forms  a  very 

pleasing  covering.     In  this   quarter  of   the 

Pare  is  situated  a  marvellous  structure  as  yet 

erecting  by  Prussia,  of  extraordinary  Eastern 

character.     Why  this  style  has  been  by  them 

adopted  only    Count   Bisraark   knows.     Are 

there  Eastern  questions  looming  in  the  future? 
Is  the  King  of  Italy  going  to  sell  his  barren 

title  to   Jerusalem  to    tlie  lucky   William  ? 

Who  can  say  /     But  certainly  we  should  con- 
cieve  so  astute  a  nation  must  liave  a  reason 
for  an  expenditure   of  some    125,0001".  in   so 
questionable  a  style.     As  for  the  rest  of  the 
buildings   in  this  quarter,  they  are  wooden 
boxes,  forming  a  grand  collection  of  gigantic 
tea-chests,  and  present  nothing  worthy  of  re- 
mark, so  we  cross  with  infinite  pleasure  the 
Avenue  de  I'Europe  into  the  paradise  of  the 
Exposition,  the  Jardin  Reservee.     For  half  a 
franc  you  can  transport  yourself  from  dull 
material  earth  into  fairy  land,   and   where 
necromancy  certainly    must    have    been   at 
work.     A  year  ago   here  was  but  a  barren 
arid  gravel  plain,   level  as   the   desert,   and 
stony  as  a  beach  ;  and   now  we  find   undu- 
lating lawns,  huge  shady  trees,  woods,  rocks, 
and  water,   and,   more   wonderful  still,  rich 
green  verdure.      Millions   of  loads    of    soil 
must  have  been  brought,  and  thousands   of 
workmen  have  been  employed,  to   have  pro- 
duced this  result  ;  and  we  do  not  hesitate  to 
say  that  it  would  have  been  impossible  for  us 
in  England  to  have  effected  so  great  a  trans- 
formation in   so  short  a  time;  and  as  we 
wander    amidst  brilliant   beds   of   perfume- 
spreading  flowers,  or  seek  refuge  in  cool  caves, 
we  are  lost  in  wonder  at  so  great  and  speedy 
a  change,    and    almost     for   the    first    time 
acknowledge  that  "  they  manage  these  things 
better  in  France."       This   is    veritably  the 
triumph  of  the  Exhibition,  and  its  executive 
here   deserve  immitigated    praise.       Green- 
houses by  the  dozen,  of  all  sorts,  shapes,  and 
sizes,  invite  us  to  examine  the  huge  tropical 
palms  and  ferns,  or  the  quaint,  weird,  growth  1  sleepers  were 
of   cacti,   rendered    still   more   eccentric   by    rican  white  fir, 
grafting  one  odd  form   upon  an   odder  one. 
The  almost   overpowering    perfume     of    the 
roses   in   one,  and   the  voluptuous  luxury  ol 
orchid  growth  in  another,  well-nigh  make  ti? 
forget  we  are  simply  mortal  architects  seek- 
ing for   instructive  lessons  rather  than   our 
own  pleasure,  and  we  are  loth   to  begin  to 
take    life    seriously    again   and  leave  them. 
The  most  noticeable  feature  of  the  construc- 
tion of  these  houses  is  their  generally  curvi- 
linear form,  and  their  constant  covering  with 


of  wood,   about  half  an  inch  wide   and   one 
quarter  thick,  painted  green.  This  mitigates  at 
once  the  heat  of  the  sun  by  day,  and  prevents 
much  radiation  at  night.     In  other  matters, 
such  as  heating   or  ventilation,  they  do  not 
otter  to  us  much  fresh,  but  we  notice  a  very 
great    economy     of    material   in   their   con- 
struction.    As  for  works  of  architectiu'e,  the 
.Jardin  Eeservec  otters  us  but  few,  and  two 
only  call  for  any  special  remark.     These  are, 
firstly,    the  Pavilion   of    the   Empress,  and, 
secondly,   a  small  pavilion  of  terra-cotta,  Ijy 
M.  Boulangen.     The   Pavilion  de  S.  M.  Im- 
peratrice    is    a  small,    octangidar   building, 
liaving  a    slight  projection    on  its  alternate 
faces,  giving  it  a  somewhat   cruciform   figure 
in  plan  ;  its   construction  is  of  glazed  bricks, 
of  deep  blue,  light   blue,  and  butt',  in  alter- 
nate courses,  and  having  stone  dressings  re- 
lieved with  coloured  faience.     The  frieze  and 
some  other  parts  of  these  coloured  introduc- 
tions are  especially  good,  and  we  would  parti- 
cularly commend  to  the  notice  of  both  archi- 
tects and  manufacturers  the  gutter  course  ;  it 
is  well  designed  and  cleverly  executed,  and  is 
a  good  illustration  of  the  treatment  of  this 
feature   in    the  hands   of  French   architects. 
We,  in  England,  have  too  generally  an   idea 
that  a  gutter  is  a  thing  to  be  ashamed  of,  and 
strive   to   conceal  it   by  sinking  it  in  the  cy- 
matium,  or  making  a  miserable  imitation  of 
a   stone   moulding   in    cast    iron.     Here   we 
have   it  boldly  confessed   and   ably  treated, 
and  an  additional   source  of  beauty  extracted 
from  that  which  we  consider  a  defect.     The 
cast  and   beaten  leadwork   of    the   dome   is 
very  good  in  design  and  execution,  and  we 
greatly  regret  the  neglect  of  this  most  ductUe 
and  useful  metal  in  England  as  a  source  of 
ornamentation.     Iron,  which  is  more  difficult 
of  manipulation  and  easily  corroded,  we  use 
largely  in  places  where  repair  or  repainting 
is  almost  impossible  ;  but  lead,  which  requires 
no  paint,  which  does  not  oxidise,  or  at  least 
which   does  not    deteriorate  by    oxidisation, 
and  which  is  much  easier  of  manufacture,  we 
most  unaccountably  neglect.     The  ironwork 
here  used  is  wisely  placed  in  accessible  posi- 
tions, and  the  balconj'  fronts  are  of  most  ex- 
quisite workmanship. 


when  Mr.  Cubitt  introduced  the  triangular 
sleepers,  which  were  12iin.  by  6^in,  thus — 


TIMBER  USED  IN  RAILWAY  CON- 
STRUCTIONS, AND  MODES  OF  PRE- 
SERVATION. 

No.  I. 

WHEN  the  first  passenger  railway  was 
made  in  England  (the  Manchester  and 
Liverpool),  the  engmeer,  Mr.  George  Stephen- 
son, used  large  stone  blocks  in  the  cuttings, 
and  wood  sleepers  on  the  embankments, 
which  plan  was  also  afterwards  adopted  on 
the  London  and  Birmingham,  and  several 
other  railways.  It  was  soun  found  that  the 
stone  blocks  shook  the  carriages  very  much, 
and  they  were  gradually  all  removed,  and 
wood  sleepers  used  throughout  the  line.  The 
first  size  of  wood  sleeper  then  used  was  9ft. 
long  and  lOin.  by  uin.  half  roimd  in  the  sec- 
tion, thus  „ni 


In 

ter 

vE"as  used. 


.    _    by   5in.    half  round 

"  stores,"  or  blinds,  composed  of  light  pieces    sleepers   imtU  the  Line  to   Dover  was  made, 


1S38,     when  the    line    from     Manches- 
to    Crewe  was    made,    a  larger  sleeper 
12in.  by  Gin.  half  square.     These 
cut     out    of    common  Ame- 
but   they  were  most  of  them 
creosoted,  and  they  all  remain  now  as  sound 
as   when   first   laid   down.     The  sleepers  on 
the   London    and   Birmingham  were  Scotch 
fir,   Oft.   long  by    lOin.   by  5in.  half  round. 
These  were  all  prepared  with  corrosive  sub- 
limate (Kyan's  patent),  and  were  all  taken  up 
rotten  within  seven  years,  and  many  of  them 
at  the  end  of  four  or  five  years. 

AVith  the  exception  of  the  Manchester  and 
Crewe  line,  and  Mr.  Brunei's  line,  all  the 
railways  used  the   lOin, 


This  line,  and  also  the  Great  Northern,  were 
constructed  with  these  triangular  sleepers, 
and  some  of  the  other  engineers  also  tried 
them  on  the  other  lines,  but  were  not  satis- 
fied, as  there  is  always  a  tendency  when  a 
load  is  passing  over  them  of  being  wedged 
into  the  ballast,  and  after  being  packed  up 
soon  cut  through  the  packing,  as  may  be 
imagined  from  their  shape.  As  they  de- 
cayed they  were  removed,  and  that  form  of 
sleeper  is  now  abandoned. 

Some  years  ago,  several  of  our  engineers 
made  use  of  large  sleepers  12in.  by  6in., 
which  were  put  immediately  under  the  joints 
of  the  rails  ;  but  this  system  was  found  not  to 
answer,  and  instead  thereof  they  now  join  the 
ends  of  the  rails  to  each  other  with  iron  plates 
called  "fishing"  plates,  and  a  sleeper  lOin. 
by  5in.  half  square  is  placed  within  Sin.  of  the 
end  of  each  rail,  but  no  sleeper  is  put  imme- 
diately under  the  joint.  The  size  of  sleeper 
universally  adopted  in  England  now  (except 
Mr.  Brunei's  line)  are  idin.  by  5in.  half 
square,  and  lOin.  by  Sin.  half  round.  Mr. 
Brunei's  sleepers  are  longitudinals,  support- 
ing the  rails  throughout,  and  are  14in.  by  Tin. 
and  lOin.  by  lOin.  in  their  section,  but  the 
most  usual  size  is  14in.  by  "in. 

The  following  different  modes  of  preserving 
timber  were  used  on  dift'erent  railways  in 
England,  viz.,  solutions  of  corrosive  sublimate 
or  chloride  of  mercury  (Kyans  patent),  solu- 
tion of  sulphate  of  copper  (Margary's  patent), 
solution  of  sulphate  of  iron  and  muriate  of 
lime  (Payne's  patent),  all  of  which  have  in 
turn  excited  the  most,  extravagant  hopes ;  but, 
the  only  methods  which  have  stood  for  any 
time  are  Burnett's  patent  (chloride  of  zinc), 
and  Bethell's  creosoting  process. 

CREOSOTING. 

There  are  several  firms  who  have  extensive 
timber  preserving  woi-ks,  of  whom  we  may 
mention  Messrs.  Burt,  Boulton,  and  Hay- 
wood, and  Mr.  John  Bethell,  botli  of  London, 
and  Messrs.  Armstrong  and  Forster,  ol  Sunder- 
land. We  speak  of  these  companies  from 
personal  knowledge  as  having  had  great  expe- 
rience in  their  work.  No  doubt  there  are 
other  firms  equally  as  able  to  undertake  such 
contracts  and  creosote  wo;.ds  properly. 
Creosote,  now  so  extensively  used  in  preserv- 
ing wood,  is  obtained  from  coal  tar,  which, 
when  submitted  to  distillation,  is  found  to 
consist  of  65  parts  pitch,  20  of  essential  oil 
(creosote),  10  of  naphtha,  and  5  of  ammonia. 
The  preservative  properties  of  creosote  appear 
to  be  threefold.  First,  it  prevents  the  absorp- 
tion of  moisture  in  any  form  or_  under  any 
change  of  temperature ;  secondly,  it  is  noxious 
to  animal  and  vegetable  life,  thereby  repel- 
ling the  attacks  of  insects  and  preventing  the 
propagation  of  fungi  ;  thirdly,  it  arrests  the 
vegetation  or  living  principle  of  the  tree,  after 
its  separation  from  the  root,  which  is  oneol 
the  primarv  causes  of  dry  rot  and  other  species 
of  decay.  The  method  of  applying  the  creo- 
sote is  to  place  the  timber  in  an  iron  cylin- 
der, and  by  means  of  a  vacuum  pump  ex- 
tract the  air  as  completely  as  possible,  then 
fill  the  c3-linder  with  creosote,  and  by  means 
of  a  force  pump  the  oil  is  injected  at  a  tem- 
perature of  130  deg.,  and  under  a  pressing 
of  loOlb.  per  square  inch.  Timber  cannot  be 
considered  thoroughly  creosoted  with  less 
than  lOlb.  per  cubic  foot.  This  is  the  qtian- 
tity  put  into  the  North-Eastern  Railway  Com- 
pany's sleepers,  but  timber  for  the  "•'^^'^ 
Tyne  Commissioners  and  others  has-naa 
121b.  per  cubic  feet  injected.  This  is  seldom 
exceeded.       Creosotins    is    sometimes 


aone 


without  pressure,  or  onlv  steeped  in  creosote, 
or  by  brushing  it  over.    This  timber,  weneea 


July  5,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


455 


scarcel}'  say,  will  soon  decay.  It  goes  to  show 
the  necessity  of  creosoting  being  done  under 
the  superiutendeuce  of  an  inspector. 

Tlie  Sunderland  tinu  mentioned  have  sub- 
mitted to  us  a  sample  of  creosoted  American 
yellow  pine  railway  sleeper,  cut  from  the  end 
of  a  sleeper  placed  in  the  ground  on  the  Stoelv- 
ton  and  Darlington  Eailway,  August,  IH-ll, 
and  removed  March  14,  1867.  The  sleeper 
itself  is  in  a  state  of  excellent  preservation, 
being  only  slightly  indented  by  the  chairs, 
and  likely  to  last  many  more  years.  The 
piece  forwarded  to  us  is  as  sound\is  the  first 
day  it  was  laid  in  the  ground,  nearly  twenty- 
six  years,  a  period  which  would  have  rendered 
it  useless  in  one  quarter  the  time  if  laid  down 
in  its  natural  state. 

Now,  seeing  that  the  decay  of  timber  is 
gradual,  and  goes  on  from  year  to  year,  and 
the  creosoted  timber  is  unchanged  aftertwenty- 
six  years,  one  cannot  put  any  limit  to  its  dura- 
tion,* save  from  mechanical  action,  such  as 
small  based  chairs,  the  careless  and  injudicious 
manner  in  which  they  are  fastened  to  the 
sleepers  in  many  cases,  and  suffered  to  work 
loose  for  long  periods,  thereby  embedding 
themselves. 

Mr.  Thomas  Sumnierson,  now  manager  of 
the  Hope-town  Foundry,  Darlington,  and  late 
inspector  of  the  Stockton  and  Darlington 
Railway,  vouches  for  the  laying  down  and 
lemoving  of  this  sleejier,  and  further  adds, 
"  I  believe  I  may  safely  say  that  I  have  had 
now  as  large  an  experience  in  permanent  way 
as  most  men  (something  like  forty  years),  and 
have  had  to  do  with  stone  blocks,  different 
kinds  of  timber  laid  down  in  its  natural  state, 
cast-iron  sleepers— which,  by  the  way,  I  have 
seen  taken  up  after  being  down  some  seven  or 
eight  years  half  eaten  away  by  the  sulphur 
from  the  ballast— and  do  think  that  properly 
creosoted  transverse  sleepers  of  good  quality, 
chairs  with  a  good  base  and  properly  fastened^ 
a  double-headed  rail,  7.5lb.  or  80lh'  per  yard, 
seated  on  oak  cushions,  the  best  and  most 
economical  permanent  way  that  has  come 
witliin  my  experience." 

Mr.  Bethell's  process  has  been  used  on  the 
Lancashire  and  Yorkshire  Railwav,  Great 
Northern  Railwav,  London  and  North  West- 
ern, Great  Eastern  and  Taff  Vale  Railways, 
besides  on  lines  of  railway  in  Belgium,  Ger- 
many, India,  Italy,  &c. 

Creosoting,  too,  has  proved  most  effective 
against  marine  worms,  according  to  E.  H.  Von 
Baumhauer,  who  was  engaged  \v  the  Royal 
Academy  of  Sciences  at  Amsterdam  to  inves- 
tigate the  subject,  who  proved  to  the  society 
in  a  manner  incontestible  that  the  temlo  nava- 
lis  had  never  attacked  wood  that  had  been 
thoroughly  creosoted. t 

It  has  been  stated  that  creosoting  renders 
timber  brittle,  but  no  satisfactory  proof  has 
yet  been  adduced  ;  while,  on  the  other  hand, 
we  have  the  testimony  of  such  gentlemen  as 
Mr.  Ure,  the  engineer  to  the  River  Tyne  Com- 
missioners, who  gives  it  as  his  opinion  that 
there  is  no  difference  between  the  strength  of 
creosoted  and  uncreosoted  timber ;  as  for  long 
beams,^  diagonal  stays,  &c.,  he  specifies  the 
same  sizes  in  both  cases  ;  and  further,  that  in 
driving  some  long  piles  they  had  driven  them 
so  hardly  that  they  took  fire  at  the  top,  and 
yet  showed  no  signs  of  breaking.  Mr.  Ure, 
as  most  engineers  know,  has  had  very  large 
experience  in  pile  driving. 

At  Grimsby,  good  rectangular  Baltic  sleepers 
9iin.  X  4Jin.  can  be  purchased  for  23.  5d. 
each,  and  those  loin.  X  Sin.  for  23.  9d.  The 
great  defect  of  the  ordinary  Baltic  sleeper,  cut 
down  the  middle,  is  the  splitting  from  pins  ; 
and  in  practice  it  is  found  the  Scotch  fir 
sleeper  creosoted  is  the  best  for  wear,  as  it  is 
tougher  than  the  others,  and  will  stand  the 


resetting  of  the  chairs,  and  j>ins  may  be  driven 
into  it  two  or  three  times  without  splitting.* 

From  the  commencement  of  the  establish- 
ment of  railways  in  India  in  1854  down  to 
the  present  time,  timber  sleepers  have  been 
supplied  from  this  country,  and  Jlessrs.  Burt 
have  had  a  large  portion  of  them  pass  through 
their  hands.  The  sleepers  latterly  used  for 
Indian  railways,  like  those  on  our  own  lines, 
have  a  sectional  area  of  50in.,  and  the  timber 
is  of  superior  quality.  In  these  contracts  the 
minimum  quantity  of  creosote  generally  re- 
quired to  be  injected  is  about  101b.  per  cubic 
foot ;  but  with  well  seasoned  wood  it  takes  up 
more  than  that  q\iantity. 

Formerly,  in  winter  time,  creosoting  opera- 
tions were  partially  suspended,  as  it  was 
found  that  at  a  temperature  below  4i)  dcg.  the 
creosote  coagulated  to  such  an  extent  as  to 
render  it  almost  impossible  to  force  the  pre- 
servative material  into  the  tiraljer.  At  pre- 
sent, by  raising  the  temperature  to  120  deg., 
and  applying  a  pressure  of  1501b.  and  main- 
taining both,  so  as  to  keep  the  timber  all  the 
time  it  is  under  pressure  at  an  uniform  tem- 
perature, the  process  is  so  ett'ectually  carried 
out  that  failure  is  nearly  impossible.  Mr. 
Burt  states  that,  after  an  experience  of  twenty 
years,  during  which  time  he  sent  about  one 
million  and  a  half  of  sleepers  to  India  alone, 
besides  having  prepared  many  thousand  loads 
of  timber  for  other  purposes,  he  could  safely 
assert  that  the  instances  of  failure  had  been 
rare  and  isolated.  In  those  cases  where  decay 
had  taken  place,  it  has  been  found  on  inquiry 
to  be  due  to  the  operation  not  having  been 
properly  performed  As  a  collateral  proof  that 
this  mode  of  preserving  timber  is  considered 
satisfactory,  it  has  lately  been  more  exten- 
sively employed  than  any  other  method. 

Creosoted  timber  has  also  been  largely  used 
for  telegraph  poles,  mine  props,  hop  poles,  gun 
platforms,  and  the  breakwaters  and  piers  at 
Holyhead,  Portland,  Lowestoft,  Great  Grimsby, 
Leith,  Plymouth,  Wisbeach,  Southampton, 
&c.,  have  been  built  with  creosoted  timber ; 
and  in  no  case  have  the  teredo  naialin,  liinno- 
ria  terebrans,  or  any  other  marine  worms  or 
insects  been  found  to  attack  these  works,  as 
certified  to  by  the  engineers  in  whose  charge 
the  several  works  are  j^laced. 


THE  CONSTRUCTION 
HOSPITALS.t 


OF 


*  The  late  Mr.  Branel  expresslv  stated  that,  in  Wa 
opiDiou,  well  creosote.!  timbers  would  be  found  in  a  sonnd 

Hnd  serviceable  condition  at  the  expiration  of  40  years. 

See  9th  vol.  "  Institution  of  Civil  EuL'ineers'  Minutes  "  dd 
403  and  406.  '    ^^' 

t  See  "  Sur  le  Taret  at  les  moyens  de  pr^eirer  le  Boia  de 
ses  dtgita."  par  E.  H.  Von  Baumhauer.    1866. 


THE  works  on  hospitals  which  we  possess 
are  not  so  numerous  but  that  we  should 
be  glad    of    the  appearance   of   a    complete 
treatise  on  them,  more  especially  when  it  has 
been  as    carefully   compiled  as  the   one  now 
before   us.     True,   the  subject  is   not  now  so 
novel  as  it  was  when  Miss  Nightingale  pub- 
lished her  well-known  "  Notes  on  Hospitals," 
and  it  is  wonderful  how  little  our  knowledge 
of  the    ends    to   be    attained    has    increased 
since  Tenery  and  Howard  wrote  at  the  end  of 
last  century.     But  if  these  ends  have  not  in- 
creased in  number,   it  is  probable  that  in  the 
case  of  such  cities   as  the  London  of  to-day, 
the  necessity  of  attending   to   the  means  of 
attaining  them   has  become  more  imperative, 
nor  is  it   to  be   supposed  that  in  this  age  of 
invention  these  have  been  neglected.     This  is 
quite  apparent  in  reading  the  pages  of  the  pre- 
sent work,  as  we  shall  see  as  we  investigate  its 
contents.     The  work  is  divided  into  two  por- 
tions,  the    former   treating    of   the     general 
principles   on  which   hospitals,   dispensaries, 
&c.,  should   be   erected   and   conducted,    the 
latter  consisting  of  short  descriptions  of  exist- 
ing institutions  in  this   and  other  countries. 
The  first  question  discussed  by  Dr.    Oppert 
is  the   dimensions  to  be  adopted  in  erecting 
new  buildings  for  hospital  purposes,  whether 


*  See  Discussion  on  Price  Williams's  Paper  on  Permanent 
Way,  read  before  Institute  of  Civil  Engineers,  March  13, 
ISOii. 

t  "Hospitals,  Infirmaries,  and  Dispensaries  ;  their  Con- 
struction, Interior  Arrangement,  and  Management,  with 
Descriptions  of  Existing  Institutions."  By  F.  Oppert, 
M.D.,  L.K.C.P.,  Physician  to  the  City  Dispensari-,  ic. 
London ;  Churchill  and  Sons.    pp.  218. 


these  should  be  great  or  small;  but  it  is  evident 
that  in  this    country,    where    hospitals    are 
usually  supported  by  voluntary  contributions, 
a  great  deal  must  depend  on  the  funds  at  the 
disijosal    of  the    promoters    of    the   scheme. 
Suffice   it  to  say,  therefore,  that  the  general 
opinion  nowadays  is  that  the  size  of  hospitals 
should  not  be  very  great,  for  the  treatment  of 
both  medical  and  surgical  cases,  especially  of 
the   latter,   is   likely  to  be  conducted  with  a 
greater  measure  of  success  where  the  number 
of  inmates  is  small  than  where   the  patients 
are  numerous.     At  the  same  time,  it  must  be 
distinctly   understood  that   a   large  hospital, 
with   many  patients   and  ])lenty  of  room,  is 
immensely  superior  to  one,  however  small  and 
airy,   where  they  are  crowded  together.     To 
one  class   of  hospital   coming  more  and  more 
into  vogue,   we  mean  small  cottage  hospitals, 
with  six   or  eight  beds,  intended  specially  for 
villages.  Dr.  Oppert  does  not  allude,  although 
their  increasing  importance  would  certainly 
have    warranted  a  notice.     Neither  does  he 
refer  to  the  dispute  M-hich  was  carried  on  some 
years     ago   as   to  the   projiriety   of    erecting 
permanent  biuUliugs  for  hospital  purposes  at 
all.      It   was   then,    with  no  small   show   of 
reason,   contended   that,  after  a  certain  time, 
especially  in  hospitals   where  a  large  numljer 
of  wounded  would  have  to  be  treated,  as  in 
our  naval  and  military  hospitals  in  war  time, 
the  whole  building   would   become  saturated 
with  the  exhalations  of  putrid  sores,  render- 
ing it   a   very  hotbed  of  disease,  instead  of  a 
haven  of  rest  for  those  admitted.     Certain  it 
is,   too,   that  during    the  American  war  the 
wounded  treated  in  tents  recovered  better  than 
those  treated  in  huts,  and  those  in  huts  than 
those  in  hospitals.  For  civil  purposes,  however, 
large   and   solid   erections  will  doubtless  con- 
tinue to  be  employed.     Next  as  to  site,  which 
is  the    modern  bone   of    contention,    should 
hospitals  be   erected  in  town  or  in  the  coun- 
try /   is  the  question.     Both  have  advantages, 
both  have  disadvanta.oes.     In  tlie  first  place, 
patients   do  not  recover  so  -nell  in  town  as  in 
the   country,  but  it   is   highly    questionable 
whether  this   difference    is    not   more    than 
neutralised  by  the  ready  access  to  the  former. 
Thus,  in  the  case  of  the  London  Fever  Hos- 
pital,   which    is   situated  in    the    north    of 
London,   the  state   of  exhaustion    in  which 
patients    sometimes  reach  it  is   fearful,    and 
such  as  to  have  a  most  prejudicial  influence 
on   their   chances    of    recovery.       Difficulty 
of  access  will    ever   prove    an  insurmount- 
able barrier  to  the  removal  of  hospitals  to  the 
open   grounds   around   large   cities.      Nor  is 
this  removal  so  much  to  be  desired  nowadays, 
since  establishments  are  being  got  up  in  con- 
nection with  many  institutions  for  the   re- 
ception of  convale.scent  patients.      Thus  to 
Walton-on-Thames  many  hospitals  send  pa- 
tients likely  to   be   benefited  by  country  air. 
St.  George's  Hospital  will  soon  have  a'mag- 
nificent  institution   at  "Wimbledon,   St.  Bar- 
tholomew's Hospital  is  about  to  erect  a  similar 
branch  somewhere  in  the  country,  and  many 
send  patients  to  the  Margate  Sea-bathing  Infir- 
mary, Eastbourne,  and  other  sea-side  resorts. 
Dr.  Ojipert  recommends  that  hospitals  should 
not  be  erected  in  noisy  jslaces.     Now  this  may 
be  all  very  well  as  an  abstract  rule,  but  where 
hospitals   are   entirely   dependent   on   public 
charity  for  support,  it  is  a  matter  of  prime 
necessity  that  they  should  occupy  a  prominent 
position,  one  which  in  London  at  least  is  well 
nigh  incompatible  with  the  former  rule.     To 
take   a   single  illustration,   to   what  does  St. 
George's  Ho.spital  owe  its  pecuniary  success, 
compared  with,   let   us  say,   King's  College 
Hospital,   save   to    its    admirable    position  ? 
Everyone  who    knows     Hyde    Park   Corner 
knows  St.  George's  Hospital,   but  how   few 
are  aware  of  the  position  of  King's   College 
Hospital,  beyond,  it  mayjbe,  that  it  is  situated 
somewhere  in  the  vicinity  of  Lincoln's  Inn- 
fields,  and  of  the  few  wlio  know  this  much 
fewer  still  could  undertake  to  guide  a  stranger 
to  the  spot.     Drainage  is  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant auxiliaries  to  hospital  salubrity,  and 
ought  in  aU  cases  to  be  strictly  attended  to. 


458 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


July  5,  1867. 


In  this  connection  Dr.  Oppert  speaks  of  cess- 
pools, but  we  think  that  these  should  in  all 
cases  be  avoided,  for  it  is  ditficult  to  say 
how  greatly  they  may  puejudice  the  suc- 
cess of  the  institution,  and  we  have  known 
many  cases  of  fever,  of  sores  assuming  an  un- 
healthycharactcr,&e.,  which  could  be  distinctly 
traced  to  their  existence.  The  position  of  water- 
closets  is  equally  important.  We  are  of  opi- 
nion that  they  should  always  be  erected  outside 
the  proper  walls  of  the  hospital,  and  in  all 
cases  well  supplied  with  water.  One  little 
point  in  connection  with  this  should  never  be 
overlooked,  we  mean  the  necessity  of  making 
all  drains  outside  the  walls  of  the  building, 
never  allowing  them  to  traverse  it  in  any 
direction,  at  once  securing  the  patients  from 
any  escape  of  foul  air  and  the  workmen  a 
ready  access  should  the  drains  get  out  of 
order. 

The  plan  or  shape  of  a  hospital  is  a  matter 
of  considerable  importance,  and  has  already 
been  alluded  to  in  these  columns ;  it  will  now 
be  sufficient  to  say  that  as  the  prime  object 
is  the  free  access  of  air,  all  closed  or  confined 
courts  sliould  be  avoided,  and  each  portion  of 
the  building,  if  it  consists  of  more  than  one 
division,  should  be  so  arranged  as  to  have  as 
much  free  space  as  possible  on  every  side. 
Of  the  two  plans  now  considered  best,  the 
corridor  and  the  pavilion  systems,  the  latter  is 
decidedly  the  better.  It  has  been  objected 
that  it  is  more  costly  than  any  other,  but 
recent  experience  in  the  case  of  the  Chorlton 
Pauper  Hospital,  erected  by  Mr.  Wortliington, 
shows  that  the  expense  has  been  greatly 
exaggerated.  True,  the  great  French  show 
hospital,  the  Lariboisiere,  of  which  they  are 
justly  proud,  and  whichis  now  being  inspected 
by  all  the  illustrious  visitors  to  Paris,  cost  as 
much  as  £640  a  bed,  the  total  expense 
amounting  to  nearly  £400,000,  but  it  was  an 
experimental  institution  and  money  was  not 
spared.  Contrast  this  with  the  Chorlton 
Hospital,  a  most  admirable  building  by  the  way, 
which  only  cost  about  £64  a  bed.  Next,  as  to 
the  shape  of  the  wards,  some  might  consider 
this  a  secondary  consideration  in  the  plan  of 
a  hospital.  In  reality  it  is  not  so.  With  some 
buildings — say,  churches — elegance  is  the  first 
concern ;  in  hospitals  it  is  utility,  and  utility, 
too,  of  a  peculiar  kind — air,  light,  and  general 
accommodation  being  the  prime  objects  to  be 
aimed  at  in  their  construction.  We  do  not 
say  that  an  elegant  exterior  is  out  of  place  in 
a  hospital,  only  that  it  should  not  be  con- 
silered  to  the  exclusion  of  matters  of  greater 
importance.  The  wards  then,  we  would  say, 
should  be  lofty  and  well  aired,  wide  enough 
to  have  a  row  of  beds  along  either  wall  with 
a  space  of  12ft.  or  1.3ft.  between  them,  a  door 
at  one  end,  a  fireplace  at  the  other,  and  win- 
dows extending  from  near  the  roof  to  near  the 
floor,  one  between  each  bed  on  either  side  of 
the  ward.  The  latter,  for  the  sake  of  through 
ventilation,  we  consider  a  sine  gud  non.  AH 
superfluous  corners  and  projections  should 
be  avoided  in  planning  a  ward  :  they  tend  to 
prevent  the  circulation  of  air.  The  warming 
and  the  ventilation  are  after  all  the  chief 
difficulties  to  be  encountered  in  constructing 
a  hospital.  The  means  of  effecting  the  latter 
end  are  classified  into  two  groups,  the  (so- 
caUed)  natural  and  the  artificial,  the  former 
comprehending  the  doors,  windows,  and  fire- 
places, the  latter  any  auxiliaries  that  it  may  be 
deemed  advisable  to  adopt.  The  means  of 
warming  are  most  frequently,  in  our  hospitals, 
open  fireplaces,  with  in  some  cases  hot  air, 
either  free  or  in  pipes,  and  hot  water.  In  no 
case  should  a  ward  be  without  a  fireplace  ;  it 
forms  one  of  the  best  auxiliaries  to  ventilation 
which  we  possess,  and  the  cheering  influence 
of  a  blazing  fire  is  too  well  kno^vn  to  require 
anything  beyond  a  mere  allusion.  But  in 
most  cases  something  more  is  requisite,  and 
we  should  for  this  purpose  recommend  hot- 
water  pipes ;  hot  air  circulated  in  the  same 
■way  is  very  dangerous,  as  the  pipes  are  apt 
to  become  overheated.  Hot  air  introduced 
into  the  ward  in  volume  has  a  benumbing  and 
Btupifying  eft'ect,  being  also  far  too  dry  to  be 


breathed  by  people  suft'ering  from  inflam- 
matory diseases  of  the  limgs  and  air  passages — 
in  fact,  we  might  say  by  any  sick  person.  In 
winter  it  is  better  that  the  air  should  be 
slightly  elevated  in  temperature  before  being 
admitted  into  the  ward,  but  that  is  easily  ac- 
complished by  making  it  pass  over  the  hot- 
water  pipes  ;  anything  beyond  a  slight  increase 
of  heat  we  consider  prejudicial.  It  is  also 
advisable  that  apertures  for  the  ingress  of  air 
should  be  constructed,  so  that  there  shall 
be  no  excessive  draught  in  one  spot,  for  we 
have  seen  instances  where,  when  the  ward 
was  crowded,  half  the  patients  were  labour- 
ing imder  inflammation  of  the  lungs  from  it 
having  become  necessary  to  keep  the  windows 
open  even  during  inclement  weather.  The 
fact  that  such  diseases  are  most  numerous  in 
warm  weather,  when  alternations  from  heat  to 
cold  are  least  attended  to,  should  enforce  this 
precaution. 

Dr.  Oppert  enters  into  full  particulars  as  to 
ward  furniture  and  accessories  ;  but  there  we 
cannot  follow  him.  Neither  do  we  think  that 
particulars  as  to  the  management  of  hospitals 
and  dispensaries  would  greatly  interest  our 
readers,  and  these  fill  up  a  considerable  por- 
tion of  the  former  part  of  the  volume.  Turning 
to  the  second  division,  we  find  that  Dr.  Ojiport 
gives  plans  and  descriptions  of  most  of  the 
hospitals  in  Great  Britain,  but  the  latter  are 
somewhat  meagre,  while  the  former  we  cannot 
transfer  to  our  pages.  Some  of  the  most 
noticeable  are  the  Blackburn  Infirmary,  on 
the  mixed  corridor  and  pavilion  system,  as  yet 
not  completed,  but  which,  when  finished, 
promises  to  be  one  of  the  best  specimens  of 
provincial  hospitals  in  England.  Again,  in 
Bradford,  although  comparatively  speaking  a 
small  town,  there  are  two  hospitals.  One  of 
them,  devoted  to  diseases  of  the  eye  and  ear, 
is  described  as  being  remarkable  for  the 
luxury  of  its  fittings,  these  being  something 
much  superior  to  what  are  ordinarily  encoim- 
tered.  The  Chorlton  Union  Infirmary,  already 
alluded  to,  is  a  most  instructive  building,  and 
one  which  should  be  studied  by  all  engaged  in 
designing  new  hospitals  ;  it  combines  the  im- 
portant qualities  of  cheapness  and  excellence. 
The  Surrey  County  Hospital,  at  Guildford,  is 
also  one  worthy  of  notice.  It  is  not  large, 
containing  only  52  beds,  Init  it  is  constructed 
on  the  most  improved  principles,  Jlr.  Lower 
having  been  the  architect.  Everything  is  in 
accordance  with  the  most  advanced  notions  of 
sanitary  science — fireproof  floors,  on  Fox  and 
Barrett's  principle ;  lavatories,  with  Jeimings's 
lift-up  basins  (by  far  the  best) ;  porcelain 
baths,  by  Ruff'ord  and  Finch  ;  and  washing 
machinery,  by  Bradford  ;  but,  alas  !  instead  of 
proper  drainage  it  has  a  cesspool.  The  Her- 
bert Hospital,  at  Woolwich,  was  for  a  long 
time  the  sole  representative  of  the  pa-^'ilion 
plan  in  this  country,  as  it  is  even  now  one  of 
the  best  of  them  ;  but  when  such  erections 
as  the  new  Leeds  Infirmary,  and  what  St. 
Thomas's,  opposite  the  Houses  of  Parliament, 
promises  to  be,  are  making  their  appearance, 
we  may  hope  that  it  will  ere  long  be  surjiassed. 
We  cannot  follow  Dr.  Oppert  in  liis  account 
of  all  the  more  important  English  and  foreign 
hospitals  ;  suffice  it  to  say  that  every  page 
evinces  care,  and  the  compilation  of  such  a 
work,  illustrated  with  so  many  drawings,  must 
have  cost  immense  labour.  Altogether,  we 
are  highly  pleased  with  it — as  at  once  the  most 
comprehensive  and  the  most  recent  English 
work  on  the  subject.  Probably  a  few  additional 
details  as  to  expenses  would  have  added  to  its 
value  as  a  work  of  reference,  if  not  to  its 
readable  character. 


ELEMENTS  OF  ENGINEERING. 
Foundations  on  Piles. 

IT  is  worthy  of  remark  that  many  of  our 
old  bridges,  including  those  over  the 
Thames  which  settled  so  much  as  to  per- 
manently derange  the  whole  structure,  and 
render  it  necessary  to  replace  them  by  more 
modem  substitutes,  were  founded  upon  piles. 


In  fact,  that  was  the  only  method  of  founda- 
tion known  to  the  early  engineers  and  archi- 
tects. The  value  of  concrete  was  but  little 
known  and  still  less  appreciated,  and  the 
system  prevalent  in  those  days  was  that  of 
driving  down  by  the  force  of  impact  timber 
piles  and  erecting  the  superstructure  thereon. 
A  well-known  instance  of  this  occurred  in 
the  building  of  St.  Paul's.  At  a  certain  place 
the  excavators  came  upon  a  "  soft  spot,''  and 
it  was  necessary  to  drive  piles  to  the  depth  of 
40ft.  before  firm  ground  could  be  arrived  at. 
Under  the  present  system  all  this  expense 
would  have  been  saved  by  the  use  of  concrete. 
The  foundations  of  every  structure,  whether 
erected  in  connection  with  railways  or  any 
branch  of  engineering  and  architecture,  and 
the  manner  in  which  they  are  built,  deter- 
mine the  safety  of  the  superstructure.  To 
trifle  with  this  fundamental  part  of  a  build- 
ing, to  be  careless  in  the  execution  and 
negligent  in  the  working  details,  and  worse 
than  all,  to  be  guilty  of  a  false  econojny  in  the 
quantity  or  quality  of  the  materials  employed, 
is  a  ruinous  speculation.  A  railway  cutting 
may  slip,  an  embankment  sink,  but  such 
occurrences  are  comparatively  easily  repaired 
and  at  a  moderate  expense,  but  if  once  the 
foundations  of  a  viaduct  or  bridge  show  signs 
of  failing  there  is  no  cure  for  the  evil  but  to 
pull  it  do\vn  and  erect  another  in  its  place. 
The  nature  of  the  ground,  the  thickness  of 
the  various  layers  or  small  strata,  and  the 
depth  of  the  firm  ground  ultimately  arrived 
at,  are  the  points  to  which  attention  should 
principally  be  directed  in  getting  in  founda- 
tions. There  are  two  methods  of  piling  gene- 
rally used.  The  one,  and  the  more  ancient, 
consists  in  simply  forcing  down  timber  piles 
by  repeated  blows  of  an  iron  block  called  a 
monkey ;  the  other,  which  is  but  of  recent 
origin,  consists  in  screwing  iron  piles  into  the 
earth  by  imparting  a  rotary  motion  to  them 
by  means  of  levers,  which  may  be  arranged  in 
a  variety  of  ways.  Both  of  these  methods 
are  valuable  and  reliable  mider  certain  cir- 
cumstances, but  there  are  undoubted  objec- 
tions to  their  universal  employment  which 
we  will  examine  a  little  in  detail. 

The  object  to  be  attained  in  driving  down  a 
series  or  row  of  piles   upon  which  to  erect  a 
pier  or  abutment  is   to  replace  a  naturally 
loose,  movable  foimdation  by  an  artificial  one" 
based  upon  a  firm  support,  and  upon  which 
will  rest  the  superstructure.      It  is,  therefore, 
of  the  greatest  importance  that  this  artificial 
foundation  should   be  immovably  fixed,  and 
that  every  individual  member  of  it,  that  is, 
every  separate  pile,  should  penetrate  into  the 
solid  ground.      This  last  condition,  which  is^^ 
the  most  essential,  is  one  that  is   frequently^^fi^  ;- 
not  fulfilled.     In  driving  a  pile,  let  us  say  for^H^-'' 
the   sake   of  example,  through    soft    muddy 
earth,  it  goes  down  at  first  with  considerable 
velocity,   the   effect   of  each  blow  being  dis- 
tinctly   visible.      After    a    short    time    the 
rapidity  of  descent  diminishes  more  and  more, 
until  apparently'  no  eftect  follows  the  succeed- 
ing blows,  and  at  last   the   pile  refuses  to  go 
down  any  farther.     At  this  point  it  is  com- 
monly supposed   that   the  pile  is  driven  far 
enough   and   that   solid   ground  is    reached. 
Often  this  assumption   is  false,   and  serious 
results  have  happened  from   an   ignorance  of 
the   error.      Although  the  further  descent  of 
the  pile   may   be  arrested,  it  does  not  neces- 
sarily foUow  that  a  solid  foimdation  is  reached ; 
for  when  a  pile  is  of  great  length  (say  30ft.  or 
40ft ),  the  lateral  pressure  of  the  surrounding 
strata  in  the  vicinity  of  the  point  is  something 
enormous.    Manifestly,  therefore,  this  pressure 
grips  the  point   and  sides   of  the  pile  like  a 
vice,  and  by  imparting  an  apparent  immov- 
ability to  it,   produces  the  same  ett'ect  as  if  it 
had  really  reached  an   impenetrable  stratum. 
From  the  annexed  out   it   is   clear  the  pile 
might  be  wedged  up  and  retair^d  immovable, 
although   there   was  nothing  beneath  it,  the 
surrounding   lateral   pressui'e     having    once 
reached   a  certain  amount   being  sufficient  to 
keep  it  fixed.      The  same  cause  gives  rise  to 
the  vibrations  wliich  all  have  observed  in  piles 


July  5,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


'lo7 


when  superintending  their  driving  ;  for  the 
earth  becoming  more  and  more  compressed  at 


/  a  .1. 


f^/C.2. 


N/ 

v' 

I 

last  exerts  its  elastic  force,  and  after  yielding 
temporarily  to  the  force  of  the  blow  recovers 
itself,  anil  by  its  pressure  against  the  pile  im- 
parts a  vibratory  and  tremulous  motion  to  it. 
Sufficient  attention  has  never  been  bestowed 
upon  one  feature  belonging  to  founding  on 
piles  which  have  been  got  down  by  driving, 
and  which  relates  to  the  ilifferent  manner  in 
which  the  weight  is  brought  upon  the  piles 
firstly  and  lastly.  The  weight  which  drives 
them  down  is  sudden,  rapiil,  violent,  and 
conclusive;  that  which  they  have  per- 
manently to  withstand  is  gradual,  slow, 
gently  applied,  and  uniiormly  distributed. 
Now  it  is  a  well-recognised  mechanical  fact, 
that  a  weight  applied  continuously  and  unre- 
mittingly will  ultimately  produce  an  effect 
that  ten  times  the  weight  applied  in  the 
manner  described  will  fail  to  accomplish. 
Let  us  apply  this  principle  to  the  pile  in  the 
above  situation.  After  the  superstructure 
has  been  finished,  which,  so  far  as  mere  weight 
is  concerned,  may  be  twenty  times  that  of 
the  monkey  employed  in  driving  the  pile,  the 
continuity  of  its  action  begins  to  make  itself 
felt ;  the  lateral  pressures  commence  to  yield 
little  by  little,  and  the  piles,  together  with 
their  superincumbent  load,  sink  slowly  but 
appreciably.  These  remarks  apply  witli  still 
greater  force  to  a  number  of  piles  driven  close 
to  one  another;  as,  in  consequence  of  the  earth 
becoming  more  dense  and  compact  as  every 
succeeding  pUe  is  got  dowTi,  it  opposes  a  much 
greater  resistance  to  penetration,  and  there  is 
never  the  same  depth  attained  with  the  last 
half  of  them  as  with  those  first  driven. 

The  danger  attending  an  irregularity  in  the 

i-pth  to  which  a  row  of  piles  is  driven  is 

i.at  wheti  a  settlement  takes  place,  it  is  also 

-regular,  and  is  sure   to  occasion  imsightly 

racks   in  the   masonry,    if  it  does    nothing 

\\or8e.      Fig.  2  represents  a  portion  of  a  pier 

I'ounded  upon  piles,  the  left-hand  corner  one 

of  which   has  sunk,   and  the  result  is  the 

crack  shown,  which  continues  up  throughout 

the  entire  height  of  the  pier.     If  this  crack  be 

"t  such  a  size  as  to  endanger  the  safety  of  the 

jiier  the  only  remedy  is  to  pull  it  down  ;  but 

if  it  be  very  slight,  what  is  technically  termed 

a  "  thread,"  fresh  pointing  will  obliterate  the 

mere  appearance  of  it  upon  the  face  of  the 

work.     It  is  not  a  settlement,  provided  it  be 

not    an    absolute    sinking,  that    necessarily 

exposes  a  structure  to  danger  of  falling,  but 

the  irregularity  of  the  settlement  that  works 

the  evil.  In  an  arch  bridge,  for  example,  if  both 

abutments  were  to  sink  perfectly  uniformly 

.  ind   regu'arly  the   result   would   be   simply 

\  lowering   of  the  whole  bridge,  but  if  one 

ivere  to  settle  and  not  the   other  the   arch 

ivould  be  in  danger  of  breaking.     It  is  partly 

or  this  reason,  combined,  however,  with  other 

considerations   equally  important,  that  where 

he  foundations   of    a   proposed    bridge    are 

cnown  to  be  bad,  it  is  usually  designed,  in 

■aUway  work  at  least,  as  a  girder  and  not  an 

rch,  since  the  partial  settlement  of  one  abut- 

aent  would  produce  no  other  effect  upon  the 

lability  of  the  bridge  than  the  lowering  of 

ne  end  of  the  girders,  a  circumstance  of  little 

onseijuence     within    certain    limits.       Not 

'inly  in  England,  but  in  France,  Italy,  and  on 

Hhe  continent  generally,   numerous    failures 

TJave  occurred  from  this  cause,  and  in  tlie  sup- 

IjOsition  that  because  the  pile  would  not  drive 

lay  farther  a  Bobd  base  was  attained.     It  wiU 


probably  be    remarked    that  the   depth    at 
which  a  real  solid  stratum  is  to  be  obtained 
might  easily   be   ascertained  by  boring  pre- 
viously to  commencing  the  pile  driving.     To 
a  certain  extent  this  remark  is  correct ;  and  we 
regret  to   say   that   frecjuently    the    borings, 
which  would  reveal  the  true  nature  of  the 
ground,  are  either  altogether  omitted,  or  con- 
ducted in  a  manner  so  careless  and  slovenly, 
that  the  results  elicited  from  them  are  little 
better  than  worthless  for  all  practical  pur])oses. 
On  the  other  hand,  it  must  be  admitted  that  it 
is  very   difficult  to  estimate   what  the  exact 
character  of  the  ground  may  be  with  respect 
to  its  solidity  or  bearing  power  from  even  the 
most   accurate  and  most  carefully-conducted 
borings,  and  it  must,  moreover,  never  be  for- 
gotten that  all   borings  are  peculiarly  local, 
and  that  ground  which  appears  hard  and  con- 
solidated at  one  spot  might  and  does  present 
a  totally  opposite  character  at  a  distance  of 
only  a  few  feet.     A  convincing  proof  of  the 
error  of  assuming  that  a  solid  foundation  was 
obtained   at  a  certain  depth  was  afforded  by 
the  total  failure  of  several  hridgesand  viaducts 
on  the  Ligne  du  Midi,  in  France.  These  struc- 
tures were  founded  upon  piles  in  a  soft  sub- 
stratum, driven   down  to  a  depth   of    40ft., 
where  it  was  confidently  believed  a  hard  bot- 
tom was  arrived  at.     After  the  failure  took 
place  borings  were  made,  and  it  was  discovered 
that  solid   ground   was  not  reached   imtil  a 
depth  of  nearly  80ft.  had  been  sounded,  thus 
fully  demonstrating  the  reason  of  the  sinking 
of  the  various  works  along  the  line.  Although, 
so   far,  we   have   confined  our   attention    to 
clayey  and  wet  soils,  yet  the  difficulty  exists 
in   others.     To   penetrate   to  any   depth   by 
driving  into  pure   sand  is  a  simple  impossi- 
bility ;  one  might  as  well  attempt  to  drive  a 
pile  into  rock.  In  fine  gravel  the  obstacles  are 
very  nearly  similar  in  character  and  amount ; 
and,  as  a  rule,  the  difficulty  of  penetrating 
gravel  by  direct  impact  may  be  said  to  vary 
inversely  as  the  size  of  the  particles.     When 
the  principle  of  impact  fails  we   can,  under 
certain  considerations,  have  recourse  to  that  of 
rotation,  and  the  system  of  founding  upon  screw 
piles  has  met  with  much  success,  notably  so  in 
getting  in  foundations  under  water.     Perhaps 
the  most  extensive  scale  upon  which  this  prin- 
ciple has  been  carried  out  is  that  of  the  Bom- 
bay and  Baroda  line  in  India.      The  applica- 
tion,   however,     of   this    particular   method 
applies   chiefly  to  foundatious  under    water, 
which  we  shall  treat  of  at  greater  length  in  a 
subsequent  impression. 


cording  to  his  lights,  to  obtain  a  similar  repute. 
Above  the  frieze  the  room  is  lighted  by  clere- 
story windows  of  rattier  a  mean  appearance,  too 
cheap,  in  fact,  to  harmonise  with  the  surround- 
ings, which,  however,  are  by  no  means  gorgeous. 
The  circular  girders,  and  also  the  purlins,  are 
white,  the  former  relieved  by  delicate  oriiamenta- 
tiou  in  lilac,  and  also  by  gilt  patera^  the  span- 
drels being  coloured  pale  olive.  The  prevailing 
tint  of  the  ceiling  is  light  pink  or  salmon  colour 
with  stencilled  patterns  in  reil.  The  eti'ect  of 
the  whole  is  good,  but  the  extreme  thinness  of 
the  side  walla  gives  a  somewhat  temporary  cha- 
racter to  the  structure.  The  floor  is  laid  with 
common  red  and  buti'  tiles.  In  addition  to  the 
reading  room  or  libiary,  the  new  story  contains 
several  piivate  ofhces  for  the  principal  liMrarLin 
and  assistants,  and  i.-<,  besides,  well  furnished  with 
accessory  accommodation  of  lavatories,  &c.  The 
total  cost,  we  uuderstivnd,  was  between  i.'14,OijO 
and  £15  000.  The  public  having  business  at  the 
Patent  Otlice  must  appreciate  the  ditJerence  be- 
tween the  former  inadequate  arrangements  and 
the  cheerful  and  convenient  apartment  now  placed 
at  their  disposal.  In  conclusion,  we  may  add  that 
the  attendants  are  most  obliging,  not  only  know- 
ing their  duties,  but,  apparently,  taking  pleasure 
in  performing  them. 


THE  NEW  LEEDS  INFIRMARY. 


PATENT  OFFICE— NEW  LIBRARY. 

THE  inadequate  accommodation  for  readers  and 
searchers  till  very  lately  furnished  by  a 
corridor  in  this  building  only  7ft.  Gin.  in  width, 
known  as  the  "sewer,"  necessitated  tlie  erection 
of  some  room  where  daylight  should  take  the 
place  of  gaslight,  and  where  every  reader  should 
not  be  compelled  to  rise  to  allow  the  passage  of 
anyone  entering  or  leaving  the  apartm  ent,  as  was 
the  case  in  the  "  sewer."  A  new  story  was  there- 
fore  added  to  the  building,  and  the  public  can 
now  comp  ain  of  no  lack  of  accommodation  or 
reasona  le  convenience.  Mr.  Peunethorne  was 
the  architect  employed.  The  library,  which  was 
opened  about  the  middle  of  May,  is  40ft.  6in. 
long  and  49ft.  wide,  including  the  bays  at  the 
sides,  which  contain  the  books,  and  which  are 
about  10ft.  in  depth  ;  the  length  is  divided  into 
four  bays  by  iron  columns  supporting  circu  lar 
girders  of  wrought  iron.  Although  utility  rather 
than  ornament  has  been  considered,  the  room  has 
been  inexpensively  but  tastefully  decorated  in 
delicate  shades  of  colour,  relieved  by  a  little  gild- 
ing judiciously  apphed.  On  the  frieze  are  seen 
the  names  of  men  eminent  in  science  Ar- 
chimedes, Hero,  Newton,  Paul,  Kay,  Cort,  Lee, 
Perkins,  Frauklin,  Fulton,  Miller,  Hulls,  .Stephen- 
son, Trevithick,  Bnulton,  Watt,  Bacon,  Harrison. 
Hook,  Graham,  Arnold,  Earnsbaw,  Wedgwood, 
Worcester,  Papin,  Kavery,  Newcomeu,  and  Caw- 
ley  are  the  men  of  mark  who  here  find 
a  humble,  but  not  inappropriate  sort  of 
Walhalla.  In  the  temple  of  Invention  their 
names  are  inscribed  where  they  are  read  by  hun- 
dreds   emulous    of  their  fame,  each  seeking,    ac- 


THE  new  Infirmary  of  Leeds,  which  we  illus- 
trate this  week,  is  one  of  the  most  perfect 
works  of  its  kind  to  be  found  in  Europe,  and 
fully  sustains  the  well-earned  reputation  of  Mr. 
G.  Gilbert  Scott,  R.A.,  its  architect.  It  was 
planned  on  the  Pavilion  system,  after  a  very  care- 
ful inspection  of  the  mo.st  famous  hospitals  on 
the  continent,  and  embodies  all  the  most  recent 
improvements.  The  pavilions  are  arranged  after 
the  manner  of  those  at  the  celebrated  Laribois. 
si^re  hospital,  excepting  as  regards  their  further 
ends,  which  differ  from  those  of  any  existing  hos- 
pital. The  central  front,  from  which  the  pa- 
vilions diverge,  is  placed  in  the  middle,  and  from 
it  the  pavilions  extend  towards  the  front  and 
back,  and  on  the  level  of  the  latter.  The  en- 
trance is  in  the  centre  of  the  southeru  end,  which 
is  the  principal  front.  From  the  entrance  haU  a 
corridor  runs  back  nearly  as  far  as  the  central 
court,  where  it  reaches  the  main  stairc;ise,  by 
which  the  corridor  or  cloister  of  that  court  is 
reached.  This  surrounding  corridor  is  repeated, 
however,  on  the  entrance  stury,  and  from  it  are 
hydraulic  lifts  for  patients  to  each  pavilion.  By 
this  arrangement  there  is  obtained  a  second  ground 
story  Lelow  the  ground  story  of  the  hospital  itself, 
which  is  devoted  to  the  various  departments  of 
management  and  administration.  The  propor- 
tions and  general  scheme  of  works  will  be  seen  by 
reference  to  our  illustrations.  We  niay  state  that 
the  great  central  hall  is  150ft.  long  by  65ft. 
wide,  and  has  a  finely  designed  iron  and  glass 
roof  ;  and  the  galleries  are  ten  iu  number,  vary- 
ing from  liuft.  to  110ft.  in  length,  by  2Sft.  in 
width.  The  material  for  walling  is  pressed  brick, 
with  stone  dressings,  &;c.,  where  indispensable. 
The  staircases  throughout  the  building  are  of 
stone ;  the  ceilings  are  finished  with  Parian 
cement,  and  the  floors  are  of  oak.  The  foundation 
stone  of  the  Infirmary  was  laid  in  March,  1S04; 
aud,  as  our  readers  are  aware,  the  National  Ex- 
hibition of  Fine  Arts,  to  take  place  in  Leeds  ne.xt 
year,  will  be  held  iu  this  budding,  which  is  in 
every  way  admirably  adapted  for  the  purpose. 
The  wards  have  double  open  stoves  in  the  centre, 
the  smoke  being  carried  off  by  ascending  flue.^. 


THE  HALL  OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCE.S, 
SOUTH  KENSINGTON. 

THE  illustrations  (p.  45S)  show  exterior  and  in- 
terior views  of  the  Hall  of  Arts  and  Science) 
about  to  be  erected  in  honour  of  Prince  Albert  at 
South  Kensing'.ou,  which  have  laeen  officially 
forwarded  to  us.  The  design  for  the  building 
is  by  ihe  late  Colonel  Fowke,  who  has  been  as- 
sistedby  Mr.  G.  Townroe,  artist.  As  we  gave  a  de- 
scription of  the  building  on  May  24  last,  and  during 
the  same  week  the  foundation  stone  was  laid  by 
the  Queen,  there  is  no  necessity  to  enlarge  on  it 
now.  There  is,  however,  much  to  Le  said  about 
the  building,  its  origin,  purposes,  and  architec- 
tural character,  and  we  shall  probably  soon  have 
to  recur  to  the  subject. 

In  a  letter  to  the  Vail  Mall  Qazette,  Mr.  Dion 
Boucicault,  the  well  known  theatrical  manager 
and  dramatic  author,  writes  as  follows: — "  Having 


4oS 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


July  5,  1867, 


THE   HALL   OF  ARTS  AND   SCIKNCES,   SOUTH   KENSINGTON. 


VIEW  FROM   KENSINGTON   ROAD. 


''^''-'¥\j..-\-^-:---y 


1  fi 


'(^'« 


studied  with  much  interest  the  plans  of  the  Royal 
Albert  Hall,  to  which  I  am  a  subscriber,  it  ap- 
pears to  me  that,  however  admirably  adapted  it 
may  be  for  exhibitions,  its  proportions  must  ren- 
der it  unfit  for  concerts  or  for  public  speaking. 
Some  idea  of  its  vast  area  may  be  formed  by  com- 
paring it  with  other  buildings.  It  will  be  eleven 
times  the  size  of  Drury-lane  Theatre,  or  eight 
ties  thit  of  Westminster  Hall.  A  church  of  ordi- 
nary' dimensions  might  stand  on  its  floor  ;  its  steeple 
would  not  reach  the  ceiling,  which  is  to  be  138ft, 
on  the  clear  in  height.  The  hiiman  voice  cannot 
fill  such  a  space.  The  largest  auditorium  known 
is  that  of  the  Academy  of  Music  in  Philadelphia ; 
it  containsabout  750,000  cubic  feet.  A  theatre,'how- 
ever,  possesses  an  advantage  over  every  other  kind 
of  public  hall  in  this  respect ;  the  stage  is  colder 
than  the  front  of  the  house,  therefore  a  draught  of 
air  is  constantly  maintained  from  the  scene  to. 
wards  the  audience, — a  fact  of  which  the  public 
are  very  sensible  when  the  curtain  is  raised,  and  a 


\  iL.i    ui    iia,  i.MLRiui:. 

rush  of  cold  air  is  felt  coming  from  the  stage. 
This  current  carries  the  actor's  V')ice  with  it.  Bat 
with  all  this  aid  the  auditorium  of  the  Philadel- 
phia theatre  was  found  so  vast,  that  when  Mr. 
Charles  Matthews  appeared  there  ten  years  ago — 
he  was,  I  think,  one  of  the  iirst  to  teat  its  acous- 
tic qualities]  he  told  the  audience  that  'their 
splendid  theatre  was  only  wanting  in  two  things, 
each  actor  should  be  provided  with  a  speaking 
trumpet,  and  every  spectator  should  bring  a  tele- 
scope.' But  if  this  were  true  of  that  area  what 
will  be  said  of  our   new  hall,   which   will   be   six 

times  its  size? But  there  is  another 

alarming  feature  in  this  enterprise  when  cousidert^d 
from  a  mauageiial  point  of  view.  The  hall  will 
cost  some  £200,000,  the  bulk  of  which  amount 
is  to  be  raised  by  the  sale  in  perpetuity  uf  the 
boxes  and  stalls.  There  are  43  grand  tier,  and  86 
second  tier  boxes.  A  large  portion  of  these  has 
been  already  subscribed  for;  their  sale  will  realise 
±:8(i,000  ;  it    will   be  necessary  to  sell  1,000   pit 


stalls  to  reach  the  amount  required  to  meet  the 
cost  of  building,  decoration,  and  furniture — that 
is,  to  reahse  £186,000.  This  leaves  300  stalls 
unsold,  these  being,  of  course  the  worst  in  the 
hall.'  Now,  sir,  I  approach  this  place  as  the 
manager  of  a  concert — of  a  magnificent  concert  of 
course — and  I  find  that  all  the  grand  tier  is  sold, 
all  the  second  tier  is  sold,  1,000  out  of  1,300  stalls 
are  gone,  and  I  am  oilered  a  few  poor  seats  in  the 
corners  of  the  area,  together  with  two  galleries. 
If  I  should  be  demented  enough  to  give  my  con- 
cert under  such  conditions,  how  does  it  fare 
with  me  ?  The  boxholders  and  stallholders 
are  entitled  to  sell  their  holdings,  so  they 
send  all  their  choice  seats  to  Mr.  Mitchell  or 
to  Messrs.  Chappell,  and  Bond-street  under- 
sells me  and  oversells  me.  How,  then,  is  it 
possible  to  give  any  but  gratuitous  entertain- 
ments in  a  building  so  constituted  ?  But  things 
for  which  we  pay  nothing  are  usually  worth 
nothing." 


■:he  B\iJ.diDe  Nwr    Tuly.  -'  *67 


1       •  , 

,.•1  <"y'J/ 


:  tm/^ 


tf,  ■!, 


.     -  4._^-_,        ,  ay 


#-T~7- 


GROUJ^D  FLAW. 

Ref    er    ence. 
1 . Entrance  Hail-   2  .  Out  raXieiits'WaiUng  Room.    3  rhysiciajis  Room  '.   4.firi:va.-te  Roojn  -    5    Surfieoiis  Hopm.    6.  Burgeons  Pnvatf-  R™ 
"-l^ispensary.    B .  LaboraJtoiy  "vvith  CellaLr  ujider    8*Portjer6  Room .    9  .WeektyBorLcd  Room.  10 .  Seoretarys  Room.-  llLilirai^' 
12  Student's  VV  a  J  Ung  Room,  13  Assistants  Sitting  Room    14  Hoiise  Siirgeojis  Sittuxg  Room..  15  JBouee  Sur^feoii8  Bed  Room. 
!6   Accident  Kooms    17.  NurseB  Rooni.  18  Breesmg  Room    ]9  Wonisns  retinTi6  Room    20.  Men's  retLnng  Room.    2}  BajBis. 
22  Mattretjs  Room.  23. linen.   24r.Museum    25  Deebd  Houtje    26. Post  Mortem  Room.   27,  Bed  Rooms  for  Assistajits  .  28  Common 
J)imngKoom     29.Malroii's  S^ittiag  Room.  30.Ma±ron'6 Bed  Room.  31. Matrons  Stores.  32, Servants  Hall.  33.Eitchen    34.ScuJlej-v' 
35. Stores.  '36. Pantry  &larders.  37  Qmcee.  38.Tlour.  39. Bake  House.  40.  Bread.  4i:Beftr  SLMme.  42.'Wooa    43  Cellars  44.Co"'aIe 
iS.Rngine House.  46IceEoase,  47.  Corridor.  48. Op ecL Court.    t.Water  t^set.    i  Lifl. 


SCALE  OF  ^0       O       10      20      30      40      SO 


Ifasted  b7'A'hit&ic.9ai5: 3a 


a  i^bboa.LiGh- 


LEEDS  IKFIRM25cRY,_ BIRDS  EVE  VIEW.  _  G.  G.SCOTT,  Archt 


July  5,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


463 


THE  NOTTINGHAM  COMPETITION. 

A  COMPETITION  in  which  the  instruc- 
tions  are   carefully   drawn    up,  which 
expresses  the  problem  really   to  he  solved, 
and  which  is   fairly  decided,  cannot  taU  to  be 
advanti^eous  to  all  parties.      It  brings  a  great 
many  minds   to   bear   on   the  (juestion    and 
would  generally  result  in  a  satisfactory  build- 
in"  ;  whilst  in   most   cases   the  unsuccessful 
architects  would  be  satisfied  if  they  saw  them- 
selves fairly  beaten  and  the  instructions  fuUy 
carried  out  by  the  successful  competitor.    But 
to  obtain  tlus  result  it  is  essential  that  the  in- 
structions   should   express    exactly    what  is 
wanted  as  to  requirements  and  cost,  and  that 
the  decision  should  be  made  by  those  who  are 
thoroughly  acquainted  with  architecture  and 
building.     Without  wishing  to  run  do-mi  the 
taste  of   committees  we  most  unhesitatingly 
say  that  it  is  impossible  for  men  who  have 
not  given   such  subjects  close  attention    to 
tell  what  will  be  the  effect  of  a  building  from 
the  drawings,  and  much  less  what  will  be  the 
cost.    Unfortunately,  the  instructions  given  to 
competitorsdo  not  often  expresswhat  iswanted, 
and  generally  the  premimns  are  awarded  and 
the   decisions   arrived  at  liy  those   who   are 
altogether  unacquainted   with  building  ;  and 
who,   perhaps,   have   friends  competing,  and 
who    would   be    naturally    pleased  if   their 
designs  were  chosen.     The  result  is  that  the 
great    body  of  the    architectural    profession 
leave  competitions   alone,  and  those  only  as  a 
rule  compete  who  have  what  is  called  "  local 
interest,"  the  number  sometimes  being  made 
up   with  pupils,   assistants,   and  journeymen 
carpentere.     Those  architects  who  do  compete 
find  it  is  of  no  use  to  send  an  honest,  truthful 
de.siga  showing  the  best  way  to  meet  the  in- 
structions, and  then  comes  all  the  deception 
of  coloured  perspectives,   deep  shadows,  &c., 
giving  a  totally  wrong  idea  of  the  intended 
building.      ''  It  is  easy  to  cut  it  down  in  the 
working  drawing,"  the  competitor  would  say 
to  anyone  who  may  ask  a  question  as  to  the 
cost.      Competitions   managed  in   this    way 
must  result  in  dissatisfaction  to  the  public 
and  to  architects  ;    and   worse,   they  almost 
force  the  latter  to  vie   with   one   another  in 
deceiving  and  telling  falsehoods  on  paper.  As 
to  the  local  interest,  when  competitors'  names 
are  supposed  to  be  altogether  unknown,  such 
dishonesty  is  apparent.     The  late  competition 
at  Nottingham  for  a  new  Mechanics'  Institute 
is  an  instructive  example,   to  which  many  of 
the  foregoing  remarks  will  apply.      The  com- 
mittee issued  instructions  in  April  last  for  a 
building  to  contain  a  large  hall,  lecture-hall, 
library,   reading-room,  ekss  rooms,    &c.,  the 
sizes  of  wliich  were  all  given ;  the  building  to 
be  of  stone  and  brick,  and  not  to  be  stuccoed 
or  cemented,  and  all  to  be  done   for  .£S,Oi)0. 
The  bulk  of  the  building  is  so  great  that  it  is 
obvious  to   anyone  acquainted  with  building 
and  who  reads  the  instructions,  that  it  would 
have  to  be  of  the  very  plainest   description. 
In  answer  to  the  advertisement  of  the   com- 
mittee, four-and-twenty  designs  were  sent  in, 
,    and  in  a  week  or  two  the  local  papers  declared 
I   ■  not  only  the  result  but  how  it  was  arrived  at. 
I   I  "The   trustees  and  committee  having  met," 
I    1  Bays  the  Nottiyigh'xm  Jaurnal,  "  it  was  decided 
I    "  that  each  member  should  ^^Tite  on  a   slip  of 
paper  the  motto  of  the  set  of  plans  which  he 
considered  entitled  to  a  prize.     This  haying 
been  done   it  was  found  that  five   competitors 
only  had  been  selected,  namely  '  Dum  Spiro 
Spero,'  •  Hopeful,'  '  Resurgam,'  '  TrefoQ,'  and 
'  Utilitas.'     On  a  second  voting  taking  place 
the  plans   of  '  Resurgam'  had  a  considerable 
majority,  and  they  were  therefore  entitled  to 

(the  first  prenaimn  ;  the  second  was  awarded 
to  'Trefoil,'  and  the  third  to  'Hopeful.'" 
A.11  five  of  these  competitors  are  Nottingham 
gentlemen. 
We  have  just  carefully  inspected  all  the 
irawings  sent  in.  The  one  to  which  the  first 
iremium  is  awarded  (Mr.  Simpson's)  is,  as  he 
lays  in  his  report,  "  after  the  style  of  the 
ibrary  of  St.  Mark's,  at  Venice,  which  has 
een  adopted  in    some  modem  buildings." 


Yes,  so  it  has,  in  some  of  the  club-houses  in 
Pall  JIaU,  but  they  did  not  cube  at  :5d.  a  foot, 
which,  we  are  told  on  reliable   authority,  is 
the  basis  on  which  Jlr.  Simpson  has  formed 
his  estimate.     We  are  at  a  loss  to  know  how 
the  porch  with   its   six   columns  and  double 
row  of  enriched  windows  and  pilasters,  with 
the  ornamental   clock  tower,   together    with 
the  large  buildings  behind,  can  be  constructed 
for  iS.OOO.     Truly  they  can  do  things  cheaply 
in  Nottingham,  except  elections.     In  his  plan 
Mr.   Simpson  places  the  great  hall  in   front, 
with  the  chussrooms  on  either  side,  and  the  lec- 
ture room,  library,  &c.,  or  mechanics'  institute 
proper,  behind.  We  should  think  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  class  rooms  rather  scattered    and 
inconvenient,  and   also   object  to   the   small 
space   alforded    on  the  grovmd   floor   of  the 
hall  compared  with  the  galleries,  which   are 
carried  over  the  class  rooms  on  each  side.  The 
gallery  of  a  hall,   too,   forms    a   very  noisy 
ceiling  to  a  class  room. 

The  second  premiated  design  (Messrs. 
Clarke  and  Son)  is  also  a  Venetian  palace— the 
same  richness  and  disregard  of  cost,  but  no 
tower.     This  would,  perhaps,  cube  at  3id. 

The  third  premiated  design  is  j\Ir.  Sutton's. 
The  perspective  view  shows  a  colonnade  in 
front  of  four  columns,  the  whole  height  of  the 
building,  the  rest  being  comparatively  plain, 
and,  as  the  author  tells  us  that  these  columns  are 
to  be  left  for  some  future  effort,  there  might, 
perhaps,  be  a  possibility  of  carrying  out  this 
design  for  something  like  the  money.  The 
interior  looks  very  good,  but  here,  again,  we 
are  afraid  of  the  cost.  Perhaps,  however,  the 
ceiling  is  to  be  made  in  carton  pierre,  which 
we  were  once  gravely  told  by  an  architect  was 
cheaper  the  more  ornamental  it  was  made. 

With  regard  to  the  impremiated  designs 
there    are  several  which  must  be  thrown  on 
one  side  as  mere  rubbish,  as  they  are  bad  in 
drawing,  bad  in  design,  and  exhibit  no  trace 
of  thought.      The  medieval  school  is  repre- 
sented bv  two  or  three  designs  wliich  look 
like  pup'ils'  work.     One  has  two  huge  chim- 
ney stacks  for  predominating  features  in    the 
front    elevation,    with    a    porch     betw;een ; 
another  a  colossal  tower,  which  looks  like  a 
feeble  imitation  of  Mr.  Street,  at  St.  James 
the  Less,  AVestminster;  and  a  third   a   tower 
borrowed   from    Northern   Germany   in  the 
centre  of  a  gable,  which  is  very  ugly.     These 
plans  are  more  like  a  joke  than  a  real  attempt 
to  grapple  with  the  difliculties  presented.  The 
elevation  by  "  Qiiis  Cantabis,"  though  hardly 
quite  suitable  to  the  purpose,  show  some  good 
feeling.      "  Fidelity "  has  sent  in  two  very 
nicely    coloured   perspectives,    but  unfortu- 
nately there  is  none  of  the  appearance  of  a 
mechanics'  institution  about  them.     The  ex- 
terior looks    more  Uke   a    Roman   Catholic 
church,  and  the  interior  (which  is  heavy  and 
ugly)  partakes  of  the  same  ecclesiastical  cha- 
racter.    It  would  be  needless  and  tiresome  to 
go  through  all  the  merits  and  demerits  of  the 
other  designs,  but  taking  them  altogether  we 
cannot  regard  the  competition  as  satisfactory. 
Some  of  those   who   have   been  thrown   out 
have  e\-idently   lost    their   chance   through 
their  honest  endeavour  to   carry   out  the   in- 
structions of  the  committee,  and  we  have  yet 
to  see  in  what  manner  the  design  chosen  will 
be  carried   out  for  J8,000,  or  anything  like 
that  sum.     We  cannot  wonder  at  the  decision 
of  the  committee.     They   are  assured    by   a 
respectable    builder's   estimate  in   each  case 
procured    by   the   competing   architect    that 
it  can  be  carried   out,   and  they,  of  course, 
choose  what  they  consider  the  best  design. 


instead  o£  ita  being  moulded  while  in  a  soft  state, 
As  regarded  the  two-hand  rule  among  bricklayers, 
he  confessed  that   in  his  own   business  he  never 
met  with  any  case  in   which  the  rule  was  actually 
in  force,  though  he   had  often  heard  bricklayers 
speak  about  it.    Since  the  evidence  was  published 
of  one  or  two  of  the  witnesses  he   had  been  in- 
formed by  a  gentleman  at  .\8hton  that  he,  just  to 
test  the  rule,  asked  one  of  his  bricklayers  to  use 
both  his  hands,  and  the  man  at   once   told  him 
that  he  could  not,   because  if  he  did  he  would  be 
fmed  by  his  club.      A  man  in  the  employment  of 
a  contractor  near  Warrington  was   lined  lOs.  two 
years  ago  for  using  two  hands  to  set  a  brick.  _  He 
mentioned  that   merely  to   show  that  there  is  in 
some  parts  of  the   country  .an  opinion  among  the 
men  themselves  that  such  a  rule  exists,  and   that 
consequently,  so  far  as  it  goes,  it  prevents  the  men 
from  working  as  they  otherwise  would.     In  some 
cases  this  was  the  proper  way   of   working.     For 
instance,  in  thick  work,  after  the  two  faces  have 
been  got  up,  and   the  whole  of   the  inside  has  to 
be  simply   filled  in,  if  a   barrow  of   mortar   were 
tipped  down  and  spread  about  and  the  men  were 
to  pick  up  bricks  as  fast  as  they  could  with  both 
hands,  and  rub  them   well  in,  the  work  would  be 
just  as  well  done  ;  in  fact,  witness  thought  better 
done  than  if  they  were  to  put  them  in  one  by  one. 
The    same  thing  applied  to  grouted   work  alsp. 
Another  point  under  the  same    head  was  that  in 
many  parts  of  the  country  the  labourers  have  a 
"  very  foolish"  trade  rule,  that  bricks  shall  not  be 
taken  to  any  work  in   anything   except   a   hod ; 
that  however  easy  it  might  be  to  wheel  the  bricks 
in  a  wheelbarrow,  the  bricks  shall  not   be  packed 
in  a  barrow.     A  case  of   this  kind  caused  a  strike 
at  Birmingham.     A  master  was  doing  some  heavy 
work  at  the  canal  side;  he  put  some  planks  across 
from  the  boat  and  set  some  labourers  to  wheel  the 
bricks   from  the  boat  right   down  to  the  place 
where  they  were   to  be  used,   but  the  labourers 
struck  against    it,  and   insisted   that  the  bricks 
must  all  be  unloaded  in  the   ordinary   way  and 
stacked  on  the  canal  side,  and  then  carried  by  hod 
down  to  the  works. 

Witness's  next  point  was,  that  the  unions, 
being  secret,  irresponsible  organisations,  their 
actions  are  characterised  by  all  the  evils  usually, 
and  almost  inevitably,  accompanying  the  exercise 
of  secret  irresponsible  power.  In  the  first  place, 
they  levy  illegal  fines  upon  both  masters  and 
workmen.  As  regards  the  latter,  witness  remarked 
that  their  own  rules  openly  showed  that  fines 
were  imposed.  As  to  the  masters,  several  cases 
were  mentioned  where  masters  have  been  fined  m 
various  sums  for  employing  a  joiner,  instead  of  a 
bricklayer,  to  cut  some  brickwork,  and  such  hke. 
Again,  the  Bricklayers'  Union  fined  a  labourer 
who  was  seen  to  wedge  up  a  lintel  with  some  pieces 
of  slate,  and  afterwards  point  the  same,  the  entire 
operation  occupying  not  more  than  five  minutes 


TRADES'  UNIONS'  COMMISSION. 

ACCORDIXQ  to  Mr.  Mault,  whose  evidence 
we  continue,  among  the  rules  of  the  Man 
Chester  bricklayers'  trade  that  have  been  agreed 
to  between  masters  and  men  under  the  influence 
of  pressure  is  one  against  the  use  of  moulded 
bricks  on  any  work — having  the  intention  of 
giving  work  to  the  bricklayers  to  cut  the  brick 


They,  as  masters,  had  an  impression  that  there  is 
an  unwritten  law  among  trades'  unionists,  as  well 
as  a   written  law,   but,  of   course,   they    had  no 
proof  that  it  was  so.     Referrmg  to  another^  sub- 
ject,  he  stated  that  a  very  common  way  of  inter, 
fering   with  non  union   men  was  by  injuring,  or 
purloining,  or  hiding,  their  tools.     It  was  a  mode 
of  persuasion  resorted  to  to  induce  a  man  to  join 
the  union,  or  to  leave  work  where  he  is  employed. 
Mr.    Jiault's  next  point  was   that  trades'  unions 
outlaw  men,  by  putting  them  into  a  black   ist,  or 
otherwise   preventing  them  from  obtaining  a  liv- 
ing.    Many  of  the  societies  have  a  rule  forbidding 
their  members   to  work  with  expelled  members, 
as,  for  example,  the  Derby  plasterers,  who  impose 
a   fine  in  such  a  case.      He  had  no  doubt  that 
the   black   list  published  by  the  Masons'   Union, 
contained  the  names  of  nearly  3,000  men,  who,  as 
far  as  the  Masons'  Society  is  concerned,  are  to  be 
prevented  from   earning   their   Hving  until  they 
have   purged  themselves  of  the  offence  for  which 
they   were  put  into  that  document,  and  the  purg- 
ing usually  consists   in   the  payment   of  a  fine. 
Some  of  the  names  in  the  list  have  been  in  every 
edition  of  it  published  since  1841.     So  that  these 
men    have  actually  been  struggling  ever  since  to 
obtain  a  subsLstence  for  themselves  against  what 
witness  termed    the  persecution  of   the  society. 
He  denied  that  the  list  published  by  the  Masters' 
Union  was  a  black   list.      It  differed  in   several 
respects   from   the   men's   list.        All   that    the 
masters  bound  themselves  to    was  not  to  employ 
those   men  who  have   struck   against  masters  in 
the    same    town,    or     in     an     adjoining    town, 
in     reference    to     any    question,      but    imme- 
diately  that  the   strike  is  over  the  Usts   are  at 
once  done  away  with.    By  going  to  any  other  dis- 


i 


464 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


July  5,  1867. 


trict  where  the  Masters'  Union  did  not  exist,  the 
men  who  were  on  the  list  would  of  course  be  free 
to  get  employment.  'Witness's  next  point  was 
that  trades'  unions  what  they  call  ''  shelve" 
masters,  and  otherwise  injure  their  trade.  The 
word  *' shelve"  is  intended  to  mean  putting  the 
master  upon  the  shelf,  and  preventing  him  from 
carrying  on  his  work.  The  "  shelving"  amounts 
to  this,  "  that  no  unionist  shall  work  for  a  par- 
ticular master,  and  at  the  same  time  the  work 
is  pioqueted,  and  non-unionists  are  kept  ofi'  from 
it  as  much  as  possible."  Numerous  cases  were 
given  by  way  of  illustration,  and  it  was  stated 
that  other  witnesses  would  be  able  to  give  specific 
facts  uf  ruin  caused  to  masters  by  being  "  shelved." 
'Witness  had  repeatedly  heard  master  builders 
express  their  ojjinion,  that  on  account  of  the  way 
in  which  trades'  unions  domineer  over  people 
who  ought  to  be  masters,  tlie  trade  was  nut 
worth  carrying  on ;  that  the  whole  of  the  profits 
of  the  trade  were  absorbed  in  the  vain  endeavour 
to  carry  on  woik  in  a  proper  manner. 


DESIGN  FOR  DETACHED  AND  SEMI- 
DETACHED  VILLAS. 

THE  corporation  of  Great  Yarmouth  a  short  time 
since  invited  competitions  for  terraces  and 
villas.  We  have  devoted  one  page  of 
our  illustrations  this  week  to  designs  for 
detached  and  semi-detached  villas,  the  pre- 
miums for  which  were  awarded  to  Mr.  J.  S. 
Dodd,  of  Reading.  The  detached  villa  faces  the 
sea.  The  north  and  south  fronts  are  alike,  each 
room  commands  a  good  view  of  the  sea.  The  semi- 
detached villas  have  similar  elevations,  north  and 
south  ;  each  room  also  has  a  good  view  of  the  sea. 
The  entrances  are  placed  at  the  end.^,  for  privacy 
and  to  make  the  best  of  the  frontage.  The 
cost  of  the  villas  is  £1,500  for  the  detached,  and 
£900  each  for  the  semi-detached.  The  walls  to 
be  built  of  brick,  mouldings,  and  compo  ;  the 
roofs  to  be  covered  with  slates.  "We  hope 
to  give  illustrations  of  the  terraces,  for  which  Mr. 
Bottle  received  the  lirst  premium  this  day  fort- 
night. 

• 

CANADIAN  ARCHITECTS. 

IT  affords  us  pleasure  to  note  that  out  of  three 
premiums  of  one  thousand  dollars  each,  offered 
for  the  best  architectural  designs  for  the  proposed 
state  capital  of  Albany,  two  have  been  awarded 
to  Canadian  arcnitects — the  highly  favoured  gen- 
tlemen being  Augustus  Laver,  Esq.,  the  architect 
for  the  Departmental  buildings,  and  Thomas 
Fuller,  Esq.,  the  architect  for  the  Parliament  ijuild- 
ings,  Ottawa.  This  speaks  well  for  the  liberality 
of  our  neighbours  across  the  border,  who,  suffi- 
ciently freed  from  the  frequent  prejudice  against 
British  productions,  and  also  the  undue  pressure 
sometimes  brought  to  bear  in  such  cases  by  com- 
petitors and  their  friends,  have  placed  in  the 
highest  position  the  well-merited  works  of  art 
submitted  to  the  commissioners  for  selec- 
tion by  Messrs.  Laver  and  Fuller.  If  we 
remember  coirectly,  this  last  success  of  Mr. 
Laver  will  make  the  third  legislative  build- 
ing obtained  by  him  in  open  competition,  vin., 
Ottawa,  Sidney  (Australia),  and  Albany.  The  no- 
minal cost  estimated  forthe  latter  building  is  freely 
spoken  of  as  from  twelve  to  fifteen  millions  of 
dollars.  An  appropriation  was  made  during  the 
last  sitting  of  the  State  legislature  for  the  com- 
mencement  of  this  vaststructure,  which  it  is  stated 
will  equal,  if  not  exceed,  in  grandeur  of  effect  and 
architectural  beauty,  any  building  ever  erected 
in  this  continent. — Tlie  Canadian  i'reemxn,  June  6. 


THE  CONSERVATIVE   LAND  SOCIETY. 
rriHE  fifty-ninth  quarterly  report  of  the  execu- 

X_  tive  committee,  read  at  the  meeting  of  the 
members  held  at  the  offices  on  Tuesday,  the  '2nd 
inst.,  states  that  the  receipts  for  the  Midsummer 
quarter  were  £28,391,  and  for  the  three  quarters 
i;87,038,  the  grand  total  to  Midsummer  being 
41,070,6.59.  The  total  withdrawals  since  the 
formation  of  the  society  (1852)  to  Midsummer, 
1867,  are  £302,066.  The  total  sale  of  land  for  the 
same  period  is  £518,508.  The  reserve  fund  to 
Midsummer,  1867,  is  £13,348.  The  following 
estates  have  been  allotted : — Malvern  Link  (West 
'Worcestershire),  and  the  South  Loudon  estate. 
Putney,  No.  5  (East  Surrey).  The  next  allot- 
ment will  be  on  July  26,  when  the  second  portion 
of  the  East  London  estate  (Forest  Gate)  will 
be  offered.  The  proximity  to  the  station  and  to 
Wanstead  flats  of  this  building  property,  and  its 


adaptation  for  houses  to  suit  all  classes  of  the 
community,  have  rendered  the  East  London 
estate  a  popular  locaUty,  as  meeting  the  con- 
■stantly  increasing  demand  for  dwelling-houses  in 
the  eastern  suburbs.  The  report  concludes  by  re- 
minding the  buyers  of  l.aud  that  as  July  20  will  be 
the  last  day  for  sending  in  claims  for  county  votes 
it  is  requested  that  the  purchasers  on  the  society's 
estates  in  twenty-six  counties,  if  not  already  on 
the  register  for  their  respective  counties,  will 
communicate  with  the  solicitor,  in  order  that  the 
freehold  franchise  may  be  secured  to  them,  and 
each  property  duly  registered,  the  allottees  <jf  the 
Conservative  Land  Society  having  this  advantage 

—  their  electoral  privileges  are  supported  in  the 
registration  courts  free  of  charge.  Amongst  those 
present  at  the  meeting  were  "Viscount  Kanelagh 
(Chairman),  Colonel  Brownlow  Knox,  M.P  , 
Hon.  .and  Rev.  W.  Talbot,  Colonel  Meyrick,  J .  C. 
Cobbold,  Esq.,  M.P.,  J.  Goodson,  Esq.,  M  P., 
Messrs.  H.  W.  Currie,  T.  K.  Holmes,  C.  E.  New- 
comen,  N.  Winstanley,  J.  Wylson,  H.  Smith,  P. 
Edsall,  W.  Rentmore,  J.  H.  Thomson,  —  Cro.ss, 

—  Chappell,  &c.,  &c.,  &c. 


PURE  ■WATER. 


THE  facts  brought  to  light  liy  the  observations 
and  researches  of  our  most  eminent  medical 
authorities  furnish  conclusive  proof  of  the  neces- 
sity of  filtering  the  water  we  use  for  drinking 
and  for  other  domestic  purposes.  Professor 
Hannon,  of  Brussels,  has  lately  shown  that  the 
spores  of  some  species  of  fresh  water  algrc,  at 
the  period  of  their  fructification,  are  capable  of 
producing  intermittent  fever  ;  and  it  is  a  fact 
fully  established  by  chemical  science  that  other 
diseases  to  which  the  human  frame  is  liable  have 
their  origin  in  the  vegetable  organisms  which 
abound  in  water.  The  tenacity  of  these  spores 
is  said  to  be  so  great  that  even  the  temperature  of 
boiling]water  is  insufficient?  to  destroy  their  vitality. 
The  only  really  effective  disinfectant  and  purifier 
is  filtration  ;  and  it  is  generally  acknowledged  that 
the  carbon  filter  manufactured  by  the  Silicated 
Carbon  Filter  Company,  Battersea,  is  thebestforthe 
purpose.  Mere  straining  of  water  through  animal 
charcoal  is  not  sulhcieut  to  stop  the  accumula- 
tion of  vegetable  matter,  but  the  principle  of  the 
Silicated  Carbon  Filter  is  the  employment  of  a 
porous  slab  cemented  into  a  filtering  vessel,  an 
arrangement  which  efi'ectually  prevents  the 
passage  of  any  extraneous  matter.  The  main 
service  filter  can  be  adapted  to  the  supply  pipe 
of  a  brewery,  distillery,  or  manufactory  of  any 
description,  and  thus  purify  all  the  water  before 
it  enters  the  building.  These  filters  are  the  only 
ones  used  in  the  General  Post  Office,  by  the 
Admiralty,  and  by  the  Metropolitan  Free  Drink- 
ing Fountains'  Association. 


PROPOSED     ENLARGE  .\IENT   OF    THE 
HOUSE  OF   COMMONS'   CHAMBER. 

-p  EGINALD  PALGBAVE  has  written  a  letter 
JAi  on  the  present  limited  capacity  of  the 
House  of  Commons,  and  pointed  out  how  difficult 
it  is  to  increase  its  size.  He  says  there  are  only 
two  ways  of  doing  it,  either  by  extending  on  the 
west  side,  the  side  parallel  to  Westminster  Hall, 
or  on  the  north  end,  behind  the  peoples'  chair. 
He  then  shows  the  many  difficulties  in  the  way  of 
either  of  these  })lans,  and  goes  on  to  say  : — "  The 
most  satisfactory  way,  I  venture  to  suggest,  is 
that  the  Commons  should  return  to  their  ancient 
pUace  of  meeting,  the  site  of  St.  Stephen's  Chapel ; 
the  entrance-hall  that  bears  the  saint's  name,  and 
now  serves  as  a  passage.  The  attractive  features 
of  the  scheme  shall  first  be  briefly  indicated. 
Historic  associations,  noblest  among  England's 
reminiscences,  belong  to  the  former  site  of  the 
House  of  Commons.  This  site  also  offers  not  less 
certain  advantages  in  the  shape  of  material  con- 
venience, and  an  opportunity  for  obtaining  a  suit- 
able amount  of  external  grandeur.  The  assem- 
bly-room of  the  House  of  Commons  is  at  present 
entirely  submerged  in  the  palace.  This  would 
not  be  the  case  if  the  chamber  occupied  the  area 
of  St.  Stephen's  Hall.  A  porch  and  lobby, 
devoted  to  public  use,  at  the  western  end,  would 
project  into  Old  Palace-yard.  This  might  be  a 
structure  both  of  utility  and  dignity  ;  it  would 
make  conspicuous  upon  the  outer  fa9ade  one  of 
the  main  objects  of  the  building — namely,  the 
meeting  place  of  the  House  of  Commons.  The 
public  lobby  would  communicate  also  directly, 
as  in  former  times,  with  Westminster  Hall,  and 
the  plan  on  which  this  palace  is  ananged  seems 


to  lend  itself  to  the  adoption  of  St.  Stephen's 
Hall  as  the  Commons'  Chamber.  The  cloisters 
that  flank  the  northern  side  of  St.  Stephen's 
Hall  compose  picturesque  galleiies,  ready  for  use, 
as  waiting  rooms  and  means  of  access  to  the 
members.  The  great  octagonal  hall  in  the  centre 
of  the  palace  would  then  touch  the  eastern  end 
of  the  chamber,  and  might  serve,  without  altera- 
tion, as  the  members'  lobby:  around,  might  be 
grouped  the  journ.il,  and  other  offices,  and  it  is 
easy  to  point  out  ihe  many  purposes  to  which  the 
present  Commons'  chamber  might  be  converted. 
It  might  be  adapted  into  audience  rooms  for  the 
members,  and  into  a  general  reading-room  for  the 
reception  of  the  parliamentary  papers,  debates, 
and  works  of  common  reference ;  newspaper 
perusal  or  letter  writing  might  take  place  here, 
much  to  the  relief  of  the  overcrowded  library. 
Difficulties,  undoubtedly,  would  attend  this 
transposition  of  the  Commons'  chamler ;  the 
expense  would  be.  heavy.  Another  means  of 
access  to  the  committee  rooms  and  to  the  House 
of  Lords  must  be  found;  and  last,  not  least, in 
width  the  hall  must  be  increased,  by,  perhaps, 
30ft. ;  and  this  extension  is  possible  only  on  the 
south  bide,  into  a  court  now  devoted  to  the  Par- 
liamentary system  of  furnaces  and  boilers.  The 
narrowness  of  St.  Stephen's  Hall  is  the  main 
structural  difficulty.  This  might,  in  a  measure, 
be  obviated  by  adoption  of  division  lobbies  across 
each  end  of  the  chamber.  But  I  must  not  make 
longer  a  letter  kindly  permitted  to  belong.  The 
idea  of  the  return  of  the  House  of  Commons  to 
its  ancient  site  in  the  Palace  at  Westminster  may 
seem  fanciful.  But  I  think  that  I  have  sug- 
gested sufficient  motives  for  such  an  idea,  as,  at 
least,  may  justify  the  fancy."  The  Select  Com- 
mittee on  the  arrangement  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons met  on  Tuesday,  and  examined  Mr.  Barry, 
architect  of  the  New  Palace  of  Westminster.  The 
Oil?,  says  that  suggestions  for  enlarging  the  inte- 
rior of  the  chamljer  were  offered  by  Lord  Elcho 
and  Mr.  Lanyon,  and  Mr.  Barry  was  instructed  to 
consider  how  far  they  could  be  made  practicable, 
and  to  report  to  the  Committee  at  its  next  meet- 
ing, which  wdl  be  in  about  ten  days.  It  is  pro- 
posed to  make  the  House  oval  instead  of  square  ;  to 
place  the  Treasury  bench  and  the  front  Opposition 
bench  in  the  middle  of  the  chamber ;  to  set  back 
the  Speaker's  chair ;  and  to  throw  into  the  body  of 
the  chamber  the  seats  now  reserved  for  peers  and 
distinguished  "strangers." 


ROYAL  INSTITUTE  OF  THE  ARCHITECTS 
OF  IRELAND. 

THE  closing  meeting  of  the  session  1886  7  wn 
held  on  Thursday  evening  week,  when  there 
was  a  goodly  attendance  of  members  and  friends, 
amongst  whom  were  : — Fellows  :  J.  H.  Owen, 
M.A.,  T.  Drew,  S.  Symes,  J.  E.  Rogers,  J.  M'Curdy, 
W.  J.  Welland,  J.  J.  MCarthy,  R.H.  •.,  W. 
Fogerty,  F.  Franklin,  F.  V.  Clarendon,  E.  T. 
Owen,  C.  Geoghegan,  C.  D.  Astley.  Students  : 
W.  M'D.  Berminghara,  W.  Sterling,  B.  S.  Swan, 
C.  H.  Brien,  assistant  secretary.  Associates :  E. 
P.  Gribbon,  B.  T.  Patterson,  T  Earley,  W.  Dooliii, 
W.  Telford.  Members  of  Association  for  Archi- 
tectural Study  :  G.  C.  Henderson,  J.  S.  Robinson, 
W.  Mooney,  W.  Daniell,  W.  Turner. 

Mr.  Parke  Neville,  C.E.,  M.R.I.A.,  occupied  the 
chair.  The  following  gentlemen  were  balloted 
for,  and  the  scrutineers  announced  them  duly 
elected  :— As  Fellows  :  Mr.  Joseph  Maguire,  1 10, 
Graftonstreet,  Dublin;  and  Mr.  Francis  Stirratt, 
3,  Donegall-place  buildings,  Belfast.  As  Associate: 
Mr.  Robert  Tyndall  Pope,  13,  South  Fre.lerick- 
street,  Dublin.  A  touching  congratulatory 
address  was  then  read  and  presented  to  J.  H. 
Owen,  Esq.,  M.A.,  honorary  secretary  of  the 
Royal  Institute  of  Architects  in  Ireland,  for  the  ad- 
mirable manner  in  which  he  had  built  up  theinter- 
ests  of  the  society.  Mr.  Owen  replied  in  an 
equally  touching  speech.  ATe  in  England  beg  to 
congratulate  both  the  honorary  secretary  and  the 
Irish  Institute  on  their  progress,  and  heartily 
wish  them  a  long  continuance  of  the  same. 


A  correspondent  suggests  that  a  veiy  Buparior  glue  nl».' 
be  made  bv  dissolving;  tljrce  parts  of  india-rubber  in  (lliitj- 
four  parts  of  naphtha.  Heat  and  agitati.'n  will  be  reqMiri'd 
tu  reaJilyettecttbe  solution.  When  the  rubber  is  comp  e«:i> 
dissolved  add  hi.'cty-four  parts  of  finely  powdered  Bheliao. 
which  must  also  bo  heated  in  the  mi.xtuie  ui.iu  all  a  ai»- 
solved.  This  mixture  mav  bo  obtained  in  sheets  like  glue, 
by  pouring  it,  when  hot,  lipon  plates  of  metal  where  it  win 
harden.  When  required  for  use  it  may  bi  simply  heatca 
iu  a  pot  till  soft.  Two  pieces  of  wood  or  leatlier  .!•>'""' 
together  «ith  this  glue  can  scaicely  he  sundered  mtnoui 
a  fractui-o  or  tearing  of  the  pai-ts. 


July  5,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


465 


PARIS   IXTERNATIOXAL  EXHIBITION. 

THE  list  of  awards  made  to  British  exhibitors  comprises 
SS  gold  medals,  :^2;.  silver  medals,  400  bronze  medals, 
and  270  honourable  mentions.  The  following,  among  other 
names,  appear  in  the  list : — 

GOLD   MEDALS. 
Group  1. — Fene  Arts. 
Clasa  4 — Grtlnd  prize,  A.  Waterhonse. 
Group  2. 

Class  S— Application  of  drawing  an<I  modelling  to  the 
common  arts  :  Gold  medal.  Department  of  Science  and  Art, 
South  Kensington. 

CI.iss  IC — Mathematical  instruments  and  apparatus  for 
teaching  science  :  Gold  medals,  Dalluie.ver,  T.  Rosa,  R.  and 
J.  Beck,  .and  Chance  Brothers. 

Group  ;i. 

CUisses  14  .and  15— Fancy  furniture,  upholster)',  and  de- 
coration work ;  Gold  medals.  Wright  and  Mansfield,  and 
Owen  Jonei,  decorative  :irchitect. 

Class  17 — Porcelain,  earthenware,  and  other  fancy 
pottery :  Gold  medals,  Mintou  and  Co.  and  W.  Copeland 
and  Sons. 

Class  IS— Carpets,  tapestrj-,  and  other  stuft's  for  fami- 
ture:  Gold  medals,  British  India,  J.  Templeton,  and 
Brinton  and  Lewis. 

Class  24-Apparatus  and  processes  for  heating  .and  light- 
ing :  Gold  medal,  Winfield  and  Co. 

Group  0. 
Class  .53— Machines   and    apparattla   in   general:    Gold 
,  medal,  Merry  weather  and  Sons. 

Class  .'.4— Machine  tools:  Grand  prize,  Wliitworth  and 
Co.;  Gold  medals.  Sharp,  Stewart,  and  Co.  and  Shepherd. 
Hill,  and  Co  ^       • 

Class  63— Railway  ai)paratus  :  Gold  medals.  Kitson  and 
Co.,  R.  Stephens<m  and  Co.,  and  Saxby  and  Farmer. 

Class  04— Telegraphic  apparatus  .arid  processes  :  Grand 
Iffize,  Anglo-American  and  Tran.satlantic  Cable  Company  • 
Gold  medals,  W.  Hooper  and  W.  T.-Heuley. 

Class  Ot — Civil  engineering,  public  works,  and  architec- 
ture ;  Gold  medals,  Ch.ance  Brothers,  .Mintou  and  Co. 
SILVER  MED.VLS. 

Class  8 — Application  of  drawing  and  modelling  to  the 
common  arts  :  Lord  Roniilly,  Society  of  jVrts,  J.  S  and 
A.  B.  Wyon. 

Class  12— Mathematical  instruments  and  apparatus  for 
teaching  science  :  Elliott.  Ladd. 

Classes  14  and  Ij— Furniture  and  upholstery  and  deco- 
rative work  :  Dyer  and  Watts,  Gillow,  Holland,  TroUope. 

Class  115— Flint  and  other  glass,  stained  glass :  Dobson 
Hardman,  Powell-  ' 

Class  17— Porcelain,  earthenware,  and  other  fincy  pot- 
tery :  Brownfield.  Doult-in,  Wedgwood. 

Class  IS— Carpets,  taiJcstry,  and  furniture  stuffs  :  Ack- 
royd,  Henderson.  Lai>worth.  Leather  Cloth  Compauv 
Morton,  Nairn.  Patent  Woollen  Cloth,  Wilkinson,  Willis"  ' 

Class  19- Paperhangings  :  Cuthbertson. 

Class  24— Apparatus  and  processes  for  heating  and  light- 
ing: Benham.  Bowser. 

Class  37— Portable  arms :  Greener,  Lang,  Reilly  Small 
.\rms  Compan.y.  Whitworth. 

Class  38  -Travelling  and  camp  equipages  :  Cave,  Wilkes. 

Class  52— Prime  movers,  boilers,  and  engines  specially 
adapted  to  the  requirements  of  the  Exhibition :  B  Donkiu 
\\  alker  Fox,  Galloway,  Hargreaves  Hicks,  Porter.  ' 

Class  53— Machines  and  apparatus  in  general :  Marshall 
(  arrett.  Donkm,  Eades,  Gloverand  Co.,  S.  Glover,  Gwynne 
I '.  UoydL  Pooley  and  Sons,  Reading  Company,  Shand  and 
-Mason.  Tangye.  Weston. 

Class  54— .Slachine  tools  :  D.  Davies,  De  Bergen  Walker 
Tannett,  Thwaites  and  Carbutt,  Worssam.  ' 

Class  65— CivU  engineering,  public  works,  and  architec- 
ture :  Blanchard,  Blashfleld,  Chubb,  C.  V.  Cole  J  Cliff 
and  Son,Donlton,  Hobbs,  Jennings,  3law  and  Co'  Peake 
Pulham,  White  Brothers.  '  ' 

BROXZE  .MEDALS. 
Class  S— Application  of  drawing  and  modelling  to  the 
.  ..mraon  Arts  :  Aldridge  (Kensington    Museum),  Marcus 
\  ard,  Thomas  JIartm,  X.  K.  Newman,  Ortnerand  Houle' 
Itonke,  Sparkes,  ' 

Class  9— Photographic  proofs  and  apparatus  :  Blanchard 
Hnggs.  N.K.,  Cherrill,  Joubert,  .M.acfarLane,  Mavall' 
Me.agher,  T.  Ross,  Tod.  Veraou  Heath,  White,  Wortlv 

Classes  14  and  15— Furniture,  upholstery,  and  decoVatire 
work  :  Bettndge.  Clayton  and  GeU,  Cole."  Coleman  Heal 
Hunter,  lugledew.  Jackson  (Rathboue  place)  Lamb  M  ic- 
douald,  Peyton,  Rowley,  Ta.vlor,  Wedgwood,  Wertheimer 
Wyatt. 

-.  V'i*"  li^Flint  and  other  glass,  stained  glass  :  Aire  and 
-.alder,  Edmundson,  J.  Green,  Heaton,  Pellatt,  Ward  and 
aughes. 

Class  17— Porcelain,  earthenware,  and  other  fancy 
lottery  :  Gray,  Jones,  Pinder,  Price,  Primavesi. 

Class  IS— Carpets,  tapestry,  and  furniture  stuffs-  Bri- 
anma  Rubber  Company,  Deed,  Firth,  Humphries  Kohn- 
temm,  bouthweU,  Harry  Ta.vler.  Templeton,  Treloar 
Voodward  and  Grosvenor,  Palmer  Woodward 
Class  19 -Paperhangings  :  W.  Cooke,  Jeffrey,  Marsden 
1.  WooUams,  J.  Woollams. 

Class  24— Apparatus  and  processes  for  heating  and 
ghtmg  :— Adams.  Brown  and  Green,  Leoni,  Philp  Solo- 
ion,  MusgravB,  Woodcock. 

CUiss  53— Prime  movers,  boilers,  and  engines  speciaUy 
lapted  to  the  requirements  of  the  E.xhibition  :  Appleby 
tewan  Sharp. 

Class  53— Machines  and  apparatus  in  general :  Baines  N 
efries.  Electro  Magnetic  Comp.any,  Gas  Meter  Company, 
.  Green  and  Son.  Kennedy,  Marshall,  Sons,  and  Co.,  Paul, 
•val  Life  Protection  Society,  Sugg,  West  and  Gregson 
illiamson,  North  Moor  Foundrj-  Company. 
Class  54— Machine  tools :  Bass,  Clavton,  Masse.y.  Neilson 
Uarles  Powis,  PowU  and  James,  Robinson  (Rochdale), 
mtehead  (Preston). 

Class  63-RaUway  apparatus:  A.  Gordon,  lavesay 
•eece.  Spencer  (Newcastle). 

Class  65— Civil  engineering,  public  works,  and  architec- 
,  re :  Brooke,  Chatwood,  Clark's  Blinds,  Colthurst.  Ea^sie, 
]|,iUrchan,  Gotto,  Greaves,  Macdonald,  Norman  F  Ran- 
Kme,  A.  Robinson,  Sissons  and  White,  Welch  Slate  Com- 

■iClaas  93— Examplesof  dwellings  characterised  by  cheap- 
■  !»,  combined  with  the  conditions  necessary  for  health 
I  a  comfort :  Lord  Digby, 


A  correspondent  is  .angrj-  with  the  Art  Jury — or  rather  a 
section  of  it — for  the  manner  in  which  it  h.aa "meted  out  its 
awanLs.  He  writes-"Of  the  twenty-si.\  judges,  twelve 
were  Frenchmen,  and  no  less  than  eight  were  artists,  wht> 
were  also  competilore  for  the  prizes.  Is  it  surprising  that 
thirty-two  out  of  sixty-seven  medals  were  given  to  French- 
men ;  that  eight  of  these — four  grand  medals  ;md  four 
first  medals — were  voted  to  the  very  artists  who  c*.»mp<.>sed 
part  of  the  jury?  In  our  country  the  law  prohibits  a  man 
from  being  a  judge  in  his  own  case,  interpreting  the  in- 
stinctive sense  of  ;dl  persons  of  delicate  and  honourable 
feeling:  but  Messieurs  Meissonnier,  Gert'jme,  Rousseau, 
Cabauel,  Fromentin,  Bida,  Fran^ais  and  Pils  do  not  seem 
t^t  lie  ;ictiiate«l  by  ,any  such  scruples.  They  boldly  declare 
that  they  are  themselves  the  best  painters  in  the  world  ; 
vote  themselves  h.alf  of  the  grand  medals,  and  distribute 
half  of  the  others  to  their  colleagues.  In  my  opinion, 
not  one  of  the  Fnanch  artists  who  received  metials  of 
honour  is  fit  to  be  ranked  in  the  highest  class.  Thev  have 
all  very  great  technical  skill,  I  admit  ;  they  are  all 
masters  of  manipulation  ;  and  some  of  them  have  an  ex 
quisite  feeling  for  colour ;  but  not  one  of  them  has  ex- 
hibited a  fiist-class  picture — that  is,  a  picture  combining 
the  essential  qualities  of  a  great  work."  Possibly  our  lively 
neighbours  have  a  strong  belief  in  the  proverb  about 
Heaven  helping  those  that  help  themselves. 


^iiiibhtg  IntcKigciice. 


OHTTRCHES  AND  CHAPELS, 

Anew  Wesleyan  Chapel  haa  just  been  erected 
at  Cannock,  Staffordshire,  at  a  cost  of  £1,200.  It 
is  from  the  designs  of  Mr.  S.  Johnson,  architect, 
Wolverhampton,  and  is  in  the  Gothic  style.  The 
builders  are  Messrs.  Reynolds  and  Peake,  of  Can- 
nock. 

The  contract  for  the  restoration  of  the  vene- 
rable Church  of  St.  Lawrence,  Reading,  haa  been 
taken  by  Mr.  Lovatt,  builder,  Wolverhampton, 
and  the  work  will  be  proceeded  with  immediately. 
The  architect  is  Mr.  Joseph  Morris,  of  Friar-street, 
Reading. 

The  foundation  stone  of  St.  John  the  Baptist  at 
Enderby,  Leicester,  was  laid  last  week.  Mr.  Edward 
Birchall,  of  Leeds,  is  the  architect,  and  Mr.  J. 
Firn,  Leicester,  the  contractor.  The  new  church 
is  to  cost  between  £:3,000  and  £4,000.  The  stone 
to  be  principally  used  is  granite,  from  the  quarries 
on  the  estate  of  Mr.  C.  Brook,  of  Enderby  Hali. 

The  Church  of  St.  James,  atFynone,  near  Swan- 
sea, was  last  week  consecrated  by  the  Bishop  of  St. 
David.  The  church  is  in  the  Decorated  English 
style,  and  the  materials  used  in  the  construction 
are  native  stone  for  the  walling,  and  freestone 
both  inside  and  out  for  all  the  dressed  work.  The 
architect  is  Jlr.  Thomas  Nicholson,  F.I.B.A.,  and 
the  contractors  Messrs.  Thomas,  Watkins,  and 
Jenkins,  builders,  of  Swansea, 

A  new  Congregational  Chapel  is  in  course  of 
erection  at  Small  Heath,  Birmingham.  The  ar- 
chitect is  Mr.  W.  F.  Poulton,  of  Reading,  the 
builder  Mr.  Charles  Jones,  Belmont-row.  The 
total  cost,  including  land,  will  be  £3,000. 

The  chancel  roof  and  the  floor  and  seats  of  the 
beautiful  church  of  St.  Andrew,  at  Clifton  Camp- 
viUe,  Tamworth,  have  been  recently  restored 
under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Street,  architect.  The 
work  was  executed  by  Mr.  Lilley,  of  Ashby,  and 
Mr.  Radford,  of  Haunton. 

The  Church  of  St.  Mary  Bredin  has  been  re- 
built from  designs  by  Mr.  F.  Waller,  architect, 
London.  The  church  is  in  the  Early  English 
style,  viz.,  built  of  flint  with  Bath  stone  dressings 
in  the  form  of  parallelogram.  It  will  seat  about 
600  persons,  and  has  cost  £4,000.  Messrs.  Gaskin 
and  Godden  were  the  builders. 

The  lease  of  Surrey  Chapel  being  about  to  ex- 
pire, a  strong  etlort  is  being  made  to  save  the 
building,  winch  was  founded  by  the  Rev.  Row- 
land Hill,  from  extinction,  and  to  raise  £30,000  to 
enlarge  and  perpetuate  the  institutions  connected 
with  the  :....;«!.  Some  £8,000  have  been  col- 
lected. 

Newcastle-under-Ltne. — At  a  meeting  of  the 
Burial  Board,  held  on  Wednesday  week,  the  ten- 
ders for  the  erection  of  chapels,  &c.,  on  the  ceme- 
tery ground,  were  opened  and  examined.  There 
were  four  tenders,  the  amounts  being  as  follow, 
dropping  the  odd  shillings  and  pence : — Mr.  New- 
ton, Newcastle,  £3,228  :  Mr.  GaU'imore.  Newcastle, 
£3,214;  Mr.  Sutton,  Newcastle,  £2.795;  Mr. 
Thompson,  Louth,  £2,717.  Mr.  Sutton's  tender 
was  accepted.  The  contract  comprises  two  chapels 
in  one  building,  with  passage  between,  and  spire  ; 
also  house  for  registrar,  entrance  gates  with  walling 
complete,  from  the  designs  of  Messrs.  Bellamy 
and  Hardy,  Lincoln.  These  works  have  been  de- 
layed for  a  good  while  in  consequence  of  the  un- 
settled state  of  things  in  the  building  trade,  parties 
being  tinwilling  to  offer  tenders  until  lately. 


Salisbukt.— On  Thursd.ay  last  the  old  p,arish 
church  wa.s  re-consecrated  by  the  Bishop  of  Salis- 
bury after  having  undergone  alterations  of  a  very 
extensive*  character.  The  work  has  been  executed 
by  Mr.  K.  Futcher,  of  Fisherton,  under  the  di- 
rection of  Mr.  G.  I'.  Scott,  the  cost  being  about 
£4,500. 

Slingsby. — The  ancient  Norman  church  in 
the  village  of  Slingsby,  Yorkshire,  is  being  taken 
down  with  the  intention  to  rebuild  it  on  an  en- 
larged area.  The  contractoi-s  for  the  work  are 
Mr.  Bailey,  mason,  Mr.  John  Brown,  joiner,  and 
Messrs.  Hodgson,  plumber.^,  all  of  York.  In  mak- 
ing the  excavations  a  stone  coffin  has  been  raised, 
and  in  the  interior,  with  the  remains,  was  disco- 
vered a  very  ancient  gold  ring.  In  the  centre  is  a 
shield  or  circle,  which  appears  to  have  been  Idled 
in  with  white  enamel,  and  on  which  rests  worked 
in  gold  a  representation  of  a  death's  head  and  cross 
bones.  The  enamel  has  perished,  but  the  gold  is 
as  ])erfect  as  on  the  day  it  left  the  hands  of  the 
goldsmith.  On  either  side  or  shoulder  there  has 
been  purple  enamel,  which  is  still  distinctly  observ- 
able. 

Wakeeield. — The  work  of  restoring  the  parish 
church  has  now  been  going  on  for  years,  and  is 
gradually  proceeding  towards  completion.  A  me- 
morial window  to  the  Maude  family  wiU  soon  be 
ready  to  receive  stained  glass,  which  is  being 
made  by  Hardman,  of  Birmingham.  Mr.  S.  Rud- 
dock is  superintending  the  carving  of  the  cro- 
quets on  the  battlements  on  the  east  side,  and  he 
is  also  to  execute  in  alabaster  and  Caen  stone  a 
reredos.  This  will  consist  of  three  slabs  of  ala- 
baster, on  which  will  be  represented  •'  the  agony," 
"  the  scourging,"  and  "  the  mocking"  of  the  Lord 
and  :hese  wiU  be  framed  in  a  Gothic  framework  of 
Caen  stone,  on  each  pillar  of  which  will  be  shields 
representing  the  emblems  of  the  Crucifixion.  Mr. 
Kelt,  from  Mr.  Scott's  office,  has  been  examining 
the  old  screen  and  the  stalls  with  a  view  to  their 
restoration  and  completion.  At  least  £1,000  will 
be  needed  for  the  purpose. 

BUrLDINGS. 

The  old  market  house,  Dundalk,  is  about  under- 
going a  thorough  renovation  at  the  expense  of  the 
Earl  of  Roden.     The  cost,  it  is  said,  will  be  £600. 

A  Masonic  Hall  is  being  built  at  Larne,  near 
Belfast,  of  which  Mr.  AVilliam  Kelly,  of  Belfast,  is 
the  architect,  and  Messrs.  Dixon  and  Sons,  of 
Larne,  the  contractors.  The  main  walls  of  the 
building  are  to  be  of  whinstone,  white  pointed,  the 
dressings  of  white  sandstone  from  Cookstown  and 
Scrabo  quarries.  The  contractors  estimate  is  £426. 

The  contract  for  the  new  townhall  buildings  at 
Grantham,  which  we  .announced  as  being  let  to 
Messi-s.  Simpson  and  Lynam,  of  Nottingham,  has 
been  given  up  by  that  firm,  and  the  estimate  of 
5Ir.  William  Wartnaby,  builder,  Grantham,  has 
been  accepted  for  the  work. 

Bradford. — It  is  proposed  to  erect  a  Trades- 
men's Home  at  Manningham  Bradford.  There 
are  thirty  houses  included  in  the  plan,  and  the 
design  is  Gothic.  The  central  group  consists  of 
eighteen  dwellings,  with  a  reading  room  in  the 
centre,  and  the  twelve  other  houses  are  placed  in 
detached  wings  at  either  extremity.  There  will  be 
a  lawn  in  front  and  flower  gardens  to  each  of  the 
houses.  The  design  has  been  prepared  by  Messrs. 
Milnes  and  France,  arcliitects,  Bradford. 

CoLLrxGWOOD  Court. — The  contract  for  the 
building  of  the  new  dining-hall  and  chapel  of  the 
jVlbert  Asylum  here,  the  foundation  stone  of 
which  was  laid  by  the  Queen  ou  Saturday,  has 
been  given  to  Mr.  William  Higgs.  The  estimate 
is  £3,000.  The  asylum  itself,  which  was  opened 
in  1864,  was  a  private  mansion.  It  was  purchased, 
together  with  an  estate  of  200  acres,  by  a  number 
of  gentlemen  for  £3,000,  as  a  memorial  institu- 
tion to  the  late  Prince  Consort.  It  gives  a  home 
and  trade  to  about  160  children  of  both  sexes. 

Ln'ERPOOL. — A  very  extensive  building  known 
as  the  New  Caxton  Buildings  has  been  erected  for 
Messrs.  George  Philip  and  Son,  wholesale  sta- 
tioners, by  Messrs.  W.  and  J.  Hay,  .architects, 
Liverpool.  The  edifice  is  constructed  mainly  of 
red  brick,  with  Portland  stone  dressings. 

New  Residence  for  Her  ILuesty.  —  The 
Queen  is  at  present  having  a  somewhat  extensive 
occasional  residence  built  on  the  south-west  end  of 
Loch  Maick,at  Balmoral.  Her  Majesty  frequently 
drives  to  the  vicinity  of  the  Loch,  and  when  visit- 
ing the  more  distant  places  on  that  side  of  Loch 
Magar,  his  had  sometimes  to  stay  overnight  at 
"the  Hut,"  where  the  accommodation  is  limited. 
To  obviate  this  inconvenience  is  the  purpose  of  the 
building  now  in  course  of  construction.      It   will 


4^66 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


July  5,  1867. 


be  large  enough  to  accommodate  her  Majesty  and 
a  limited  suite  for  a  night,  and  will  take  two 
seasons  to  build.  Its  isolated  position  may  be 
imagined  when  it  is  known  that  it  is  about  seven 
miles  from  the  nearest  farmhouse,  and  nearly  four 
miles  from  the  nearest  habitable  dwelling. 

The  New  STA^"DARD  Theatre. — The  founda- 
tion stone  of  a  new  theatre  upon  the  site  of  the 
Standard  Theatre,  burnt  on  October  28,  1S66, 
took  place  yesterfiay  afternoon.  Mr.  John 
Douglass  has  since  then  purchased  the  freeholds 
of  some  adjoining  property,  and  thus  obtains  room 
enough  to  bui!d  a  theatre  larger  than  any  one  in 
London,  excepting  Her  Majesty's.  The  main 
buildiug  is  149ft.  long  and  90ft.  wide.  The  ex- 
treme height  of  the  auditorium  part  is  S4ft.,  and 
that  of  the  stage  94ft.,  to  give  room  for  drawing 
up  the  scenery,  which  will  nut  any  of  it  be  used 
from  the  sides.  The  stage  from  the  footlights  to 
the  back  is  61ft,,  and  the  widest  part  of  the  horse- 
shoe is  56ft.  The  lower  part  of  the  house  will  be 
the  usual  pit  and  stalls,  but  the  other  part  of  the 
house  will  differ  from  any  theatre  yet  sten  in 
London  It  will  have  three  tiers  of  boxes  in  the 
form  of  balconies  supported  upon  iron  brackets 
bolted  into  iron  pillars,  not  seen  from  the  front  of 
the  house.  These  run  up  to  the  gallery  at  the 
back  of  the  boxes,  and  so  support  it.  Each  tier  of 
the  boxes  will  be  fitted  w"ith  cushioned  chairs. 
There  will  be  92  private  boxes.  All  the  passages 
and  staircases  are  of  stone,  with  iron  rails.  The 
outlets  are  numerous,  and  the  auditorium  is 
lighted  by  five  sun  burners  above  a  ground-class 
ceiling  painted  in  oil.  Mr.  Douglass  opens  the 
theatre  in  November. 


TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 

To  Our  Readers.— We  aha.!!  feel  obliged  to  any  of  our 
readei-9  who  will  favoiu*  U3  witb  brief  notes  of  %yorka  con- 
templated or  in  progress  in  tlie  provinces. 

Lettera  relating  to  advertisements  and  the  ordinary  busi- 
ness of  the  paper  should  be  addressed  to  the  Editor,  IGG, 
Fleet-street.  Advertisements  for  the  cun-ent  week  mnat 
reach  the  office  before  5  o'cloi;k  p  m.  on  Thursday. 

Notice.— The  BUILDING  NEWS  inserts  advertise- 
ments for  "  SITUATIONS  WANTED,"  &c.,  at  ONE 
SHILLING  for  the  first  Twenty  four  Words. 


Received.— R.  W.  E.— S.  F.  P.— R.  T.— D.  R.  W.— 
J.  H. — J.  P. — H.  and  P. — "All  work  aud  no  pay." — 
"W.  R.  K.— J.  W.— E.  W.  P.— J.  L.— J.  N.— H.  and  Sod.— 
C.  J.  P.— S.  W.— J.  W.  P.-R.  C— R.G.— S.  M.-M.  C.  W. 
-G.  F,— F.  R.— J.  S,  D.— J.  H.— P.  T.— T.  C.  H.— 
B.  L.  B.-W.  E.  L.— R.  W.  E.— "W.  F. 

R.  G.  —We  have  not  a  photograph  nf  the  S  tafford  Bank. 

'*  An  Architectural  Student  "  will  find  the  information 
on  prizes,  medals,  &ic.,  fi'om  time  to  time  in  the  Building 
News. 

"Triangular  Lodge.*' — We  have  received  two  sketches  of 
thi3  singular  stractme,  and  one  of  them  will  shortly  appear 
m  our  pages. 


€ontsp0ukiia. 


GENIUS  ADVERTISING. 

To  the  Editor  of  the   Buildixq  News. 

Sm, — The  curious  circular  referred  to  by  Mr. 
Street  in  his  letter  of  the  20th  ult.,  which  appears 
in  your  current  number,  certainly  gives  much 
food  for  reflection  as  to  the  present  pusitioa  of 
the  architectural  profession,  which  is  certainly 
more  important  than  the  ''future  prospects  "  dis- 
coursed upon  in  a  recent  lecture  by  another  of  your 
correspondents.  Mr.  Street  is  probably  not 
aware  of  the  extent  to  which  the  practice  is  carried 
of  men  who,  though  utterly  ignorant  of  even  the 
rudiments  of  their  business,  so  far  as  to  be  quite  in- 
capable of  drawing  out  or  designing  the  simplest 
buildiug,  but  yet  having,  perhaps,  a  "good 
connection"  or  an  "insinuating  address'*  manage 
to  get  a  great  share  of  work.  Now,  these  pre- 
tenders  of  course  employ  their  poorer  brethren 
(perhaps  of  the  class  so  much  derided  by  Mr. 
BuT-ges  who  have  married  early  and  must  earn  a 
living),  and  the  consequence  is  that  the  designer 
having  no  responsibility  and  his  employer  no 
taste,  we  are  burdened  by  the  wretched  tawdry 
abortions  which  cumber  our  streets. 

Of  course,  when  Mr.  Street  exhibits  a  new 
design  we  all  of  us  know  that  it  has  sprung  direct 
from  his  brain  to  the  tip  of  his  peucil,  and  that 
nothing  like  it  was  ever  built  before  ;  he  can, 
therefore,  dispense  with  those  rough  sketches 
about  the  existence  of  which  he  seems  to  be  so 
incredulous,  and  our  popular  architects  show  such 
individuality  in  the  work  they  produce  that  no 
person  familiar  with  them  would  question  the 
fact  that  St.  Alban's,  Hulborn,is  Mr.  Buttertield's 
design  (up  to  last  week  I  should  have  said  West- 
minster Palace  by  Sir   C.  Barry,   but  must  now 


suspend  that  opinion  for  a  time),  that  the  new 
designs  for  altering  Bri-^tol  Cathedral  are  Mr. 
Street's ;  but  I  challenge  all  who  have  any  real 
knowledge  of  the  subject  to  deny  that  some  such 
dialogue  may  be  frequently  heard  as — 

"  Have  you  seen  Mr.  Blank's  new  church?" 
"  Oh,  yes  !     Young  So  and   So  did  it  for  him. 
Blank  has  so    much  business    to  attend  to    now 
that  he  has   quite  given   up    designing    his    own 
buildings." 

I  have  been  led  to  make  these  remarks,  Mr. 
Editor,  because  I  think  it  would  be  wrong  to 
ignore  the  fact  I  hat  these  enterprising  gentlemen 
of  the  circular  are  only  complying  with  the  abso- 
lute law  of  demand  and  supi^ly.  Let  Mr.  Street 
and  the  other  men  in  high  phices  of  the  profes 
sion  concoct  some  scheme  (and  carry  it  out)  which 
shall  prevent  "incompetents''  from  practising; 
there  will  then  be  more  chance  for  those  who 
have  learned  how  to  design  and  build,  but  who 
have  not  the  knack  to  lecture  or  bully  themselves 
into  notoriety,  and  then  these  Adelphi  heroes  will 
find  theu"  occui:)ation  gone. — I  am,  &c., 

Veritas. 

NOTTINGHAM    MECHANICS' 
INSTITUTION. 

Sir, — I  hope  this  evidence  of  the  confidence 
which  may  generally  be  placed  in  committees  who 
invite  designs  from  and  issue  instructions  to 
architects,  will  be  made  public,  and  that  some 
one  will  furnish  us  with  the  names  of  these 
honourable  gentlemen  who  state  in  their  instruc- 
tions that  '"strict  regard  will  be  had  to  the  amount 
proposed  to  be  expended,"  and  select  a  design 
which  requires  no  extraordinary  amount  of  com- 
mon sense  to  see  will  cost  twice  the  sum  they 
propose.  Before  the  designs  were  sent  in  I  wrote 
to  the  committee,  declining  to  compete,  and 
stating  that  it  was  impossible  to  carry  out  their 
instructions  for  less  than  £15,000,  which  I  proved 
by  a  careful  estimate.  This  the  honorary  secre- 
taries promised  to  bring  before  the  committee,  but 
I  have  heard  nothing  further.  I  may  have  been 
wrong  in  my  calculations,  and  as  it  is  stated  Mr. 
Simpson  is  a  builder  as  well  as  an  architect,  pos- 
sibly he  may  be  willing  to  undertake  the  work 
for  £8,000,  in  which  case  I  congratulate  the  com- 
mittee on  their  acquisition  of  an  architect  and 
builder  in  one,  with  the  hope  that  they  will  dis- 
cover their  mistake  before  they  ask  architects  to 
compete  again. — I  am,  &c., 

John  S.  Quilter. 

3,  Harley-road,  "West  Brompton,  S.W.,  July  3. 


IRON    ROOFS. 

Sir, — "When  mathematical  foi-mul£e  are  published  for 
the  guidance  of  studeats  and  practical  men,  particularly 
iu  journals  of  great  uirciilation  and  influence,  it  seems  de- 
sirable that  errors  which  may  have  escaped  notice  before 
publicatiou,  should  subsequently  be  pointed  out.  1  wish, 
therefoi-6,  to  make  a  few  observations  ou  your  valuable 
article,  No,  13,  ou  Iron  Roofs,  at  page  140  of  the  cun-ent 
volume.  In  the  fourth  line  from  the  bottom  of  the  first 
column  I  read,  "  and  two-thirda  to  (/  ,■  "  itshould  be,  "and 
two  thirds  to /(."  This  typographical  error  will  probably 
occasiou  little  difficulty,  but  that  iu  the  bottom  line  oV 
the  same  coluraa  is  more  seriovis.    It  stands  thus  ; — "On 

W  .  2  .  L      WL." 
eh  a  strain  =  —^     a   "d  ~    ~SJ       Here  it  is  assumed  that 

the  strain  on  eh  is  double  that  on  e^.  The  load  sustained 
by  the  former  is  no  doubt  twice  that  sustained  by  the 
latter,  but  as  the  augle  eAij  is  considerably  less  than  the 
angle  thf],  the  strain  upon  eh  is  not  double  that  on  ed.     It 

W  .  2  .  L'       WL' 
might  be  expressed  thus  : — -,    -7.    ~,  =   -oTj",  wherein  L  = 

length  of  the  strut  eft,  and  (V  =  length  of  the  suspending 
rod  eg.  In  treating  of  the  straius  upon  the  main  tie  in  the 
second  column,  tbo.se  on  the  parts  jy  and  ijh  are  given,  and 
then  follow  the  words,  "and  between  the  junction  of  the  bar 
de  with  its  corresponding  element  on  the  side  of  the  crass  not 
under  consideration."  Iu  this  I  apprehend  "  the  bar  (fc  " 
should  be  read  "thebar  he"  and  the  formula  for  the  strain 
should  follow  the  word  "  considei-ation ; "  it  has,  how- 
ever, been  altogether  omitted.  It  might  stand  thus : — 
5WS  "WS  UWS 
-gY   —  -^^  —  -^   =  strain    at    central    point    of  tie, 

WS  W 

wherein   ^  expresses   the    horizontal    strain  due  to    ^ 

transmitted  tlu'ough  cA,  which  is  equal  to  that  due  to 
W 
■T  through  iJg  in  consequence  of  the  angle  ehg  having  a  sine 

equal  to  twice  the  sine  of  the  angle  dif. — I  am,  <fec., 

Edward  Swansborouoh. 
6,  Great  James  street,  Bedford-iow,  July  1. 


The  annual  meeting  and  dinner  of  the  Bristol 
Master  Builders'  Association  took  place  last 
week,  when  about  forty  members  sat  down  imder 
the  chairmanship  of  Mr.  W.  Baker,  president  of 
the  association.  Mr.  Joseph  Foster  officiated  as 
vice-chairman.  The  annual  report  read  was  of  a 
very  favourable  character. 


QUESTIONS. 

[460.]— BATH  STONE.— In  some  large  buildings  recently 
ei-ected  of  B  ox  ground  stone  I  have  noticed,  where  the 
stones  are  a  great  depth  on  the  face,  a  dark  yellow  bed  in 
many  of  them.  Should  this  be  guarded  against  in  the 
cutting,  or  will  it  stand  the  weather  equally  well  with  other 
parts  uf  the  same  stone?  And  where  stones  are  the  depth 
of  (say)  2ft.  Gin.  on  the  face  is  it  easy  to  have  ihem  without 
this  dark  coloured  streak? — Inexperien'CE. 


[461.]— ANCIENT  ART.— Subscribers,  and  those  who 
vnah  to  support  the  "Intercommuuicatiou"  columns  of 
the  Building  News,  could  add  materially  to  the  interest 
of  the  journal  by  sending  in  hand  sketches  of  some  ancient 
bits  of  architecture— remnants  of  the  glories  of  the  past. 
I  mean  those  Avho  live  near  those  treasures  in  Bristol 
Coventry,  Devonshire,  Somersetshire,  Northamptonshire' 
&c. — OxE  Who  Will  Join. 


[462.]-COLOURING  PERSPECTIVES.— For  two  yeara 
I  have  been  trying  (after  my  day's  work)  to  learn  per- 
spective drawing.  After  colouring  them  over  and  over 
they  have  a  very  dull  non  etttctive  appearance,  even  after 
pasting  them  on  a  Bristol  cardboard.  I  shall  feel  tliankful 
te  be  informed,  first,  how  I  can  ret:iin  the  brilliancy. 
Secoud,  If  sepia  drawing  should  be  outlined  with  same,  or 
Indian  ink.  Third,  where  I  could  buy  coloured  pei-spectiva 
drawings  to  assist  me  in  shading,  and  the  way  of  forming 
clouds,  trees,  fuliage,  &lc. — Once  a  Hod  Boy. 


[463,]_CHURCHES  WITH  THATCHED  HOOPS.— 
Can  any  of  your  readers  inform  me  through  your  "  Inter- 
communication "  cobmiu  of  any  chxirches  with  thatched 
roofs?  There  is  one  at  Little  Melton,  Norfolk,  which  ia 
a  very  ancient  one,  with  an  open  thatched  roof  I  would 
ask  if  such  au  instance  is  not  unique? — Inquirer. 

[464.]— SOUTH  KENSINGTON  PRIZES.— In  your 
last  week's  number  you  have  an  article  ou  the  National 
Competition  drawings,  South  Keusiugton.  WiU  you  or 
one  of  your  correspondents  be  kind  enough  to  let  me  know 
what  I  must  do  to  try  for  and  obtain  one  or  more  of  the 
prizes,  and  where  I  can  obtain  a  list  of  the  prizes  for 
next  year.  — Ludovicus. 


[465.]- RETAINING  DRAWINGS.— You  will  coufer  a 
favour  on  me  individually  and  upon  the  profession  in- 
directly, if  you  will  kindly  state  iu  your  next  impression 
whether  an  architect  is  bound  to  give  up  hid  plaiis  and 
specification  to  his  client  on  the  completion  of  a  building, 
in  order  to  entitle  him  to  his  5  per  cent.  Perhaps  you 
would  also^e  kind  enough  to  mention  any  cases  that  you 
are  aware  of,  bearing  on  the  question.  I  have  been  look- 
ing every  week  for  an  answer  to  query  407  iu  your  uumber 
for  June  7,  but  none  has  appeared  up  to  th«  present.  I 
am  engaged  in  a  case  where  ray  clients  (a  public  body)  re- 
fuse to  p:iy  the  amount  of  the  balance  due  to  me  until  I 
hand  over  the  plans  and  specification  to  them,  wbicL  I 
have  declined  to  do.  The  works  have  been  completed,  and 
I  have  certified  for  the  amount  of  the  builder's  account.— 
J.  E.  Rogers,  F.R. I.A.I. 

[Our  correspondent  will  find  his  question  answered  in 
last  week's  number  of  the  Building  News  in  "Profes- 
sional practice  and  charges  of  architects."  Rule  17,  as  p\it 
fortli  by  the  Institute,  says,  "  An  architect  is  bound,  undwr 
the  5  per  cent  charge,  to  provide  one  set  of  drawings  and 
one  set  of  tracings  with  duplicate  specifications;  it:  being 
iinderstood  that  the  architect  is  paid  fur  the  ut;e  of  the 
drawings  and  specification,  and  that  they  remain  the  pro- 
pertv  of  the  arclutect."  We  cannot  call  to  mind  any  legal 
decision  on  the  point,  and  should  be  glad  if  any  corre- 
spondent would  do  so  if  he  can.] 

[46(3.]— SURVEYORS'  CHARGES.— Kindly  inform  me 
through  your  valuable  "Intercommunication"  the  usiud 
charge  for  taking  out  quantities  for  buildup  to  estimate 
from.   Also  the  usual  charge  for  measuring  of  extra  work.— 

SUKVEVOU.  

[467.]— DISSOLVING  SHELLAC— May  I  ask  through 
the  Building  News  what  is  the  best  ingredient  for  dis- 
solving white  shellac?— J.  Edw.\rds,  Cranbrook,  Kent 


{;4fiS.]_RO0FS.— I  did  not  clearly  understand  the 
formulae  in  the  elementary  engineering  papers  on  calciila- 
tiou  for  a  roof  The  roof  was  (say)  4Dft.  sp.in  with  a  rise  of 
4ft.  from  the  tie  rod  and  covered  with  the  oi'dinary  slates. 
Will  some  one  oblige  me? — Geo.  E.  Walters. 


[4(3().]_K1LN3,— Can  any  of  your  readers  inform  me  the 
newest  and  most  suitable  method  of  erecting  a  kiln  for 
drying  feathers  or  articles  of  a  like  nature  ?— J.  J. 

[470.]-RETAINING  WALLS.— In  an  article  on  "Re- 
taining Walls,"  which  appeared  in  your  journal  ofApni 
2'},  you  state  the  area   of  the  triangle   ABE  (fig.  -)  to  be 

H~  V  tan  '^.V  6 
equal  to  —      „  Could  you  oblige  by  informing 

me  how  this  expression  was  obtained  ? — J.  J. 

[471.]-GOTHIC  ARCHES.— Can  you  or  any  of  your 
correspondents  inform  me  where  I  can  obtain  a  book  that 
will  teach  me  the  method  of  striking  Gothic  and  other 
arches  used  in  masonry,  and  the  price  of  samo.— Pbeh- 

STONE.  

[472]— COST  OF  WORKS.— Will  any  of  your  readers 
kindly  inform  me  of  the  comparative  values  of  the  luHow- 
ing  items  from  actual  experience  iu  the  execution  of  oil - 
ferent  works.     For  everv   £10D  worth  of  work  done  no ff 
much  was  expended  in— labour  (man  and  hoi-so),  material 
and  transport,  plant,  superintendence,  interest  on  capital 
simk  during  progress  of  work,   profit.     I  am  awaro  tnat 
these  proportions  differ  widely   according  to  the  "^^'^''l^ ';': 
the  work,  also  as  to  the  accessibility  of  matenals.  -S:^'  "'f^ 
I  think  if  those  of  your  readers  who  kindly  coutnbute  tneii 
experience   would  mention   these   particulars  the  suoje 
would  be  found  one  of  general  interest  in  the  P^^j!^^'"' 
and  wortliy  of  discussion  iu  your  columns.— ISTERssxi. 
Reader,  Weymouth,  May  29. 


July  5,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


467 


[473.]_GABLE  OU  PARTY  WALLS— Will  tou  kindly 
oblige  bv  s'^ing  ^^  ^"  auswer  to  the  followiuij  query, 
namoly.'A  the  freeLoIder  sold  t^  B  the  leaseholder  a  house 
on  lease  for  9(5  years.  A,  haviug  vacant  givund  adjoiniug 
the  house,  is  about  to  build  and  claims  the  right  to  the  use 
of  the  wall— stating  that  the  wall  is  already  his,  and  that 
the  granting  of  the  Ituue  only  constitutes  a  tenancy  for 
a  loui;  t^rm  and  does  not  invalidate  his  right  to  uiw  the 
Will  in  erw;tiiig  ;iiiother  house.  B  douies  the  right  of  A, 
and  puts  in  a  claim  for  half  the  value  of  the  wail.  ThiJi 
question  has  be-ri  juJicd  of  the  editor  of  the  Buiiiif.r  ;  hia 
ausiver  wa3,  "The  right  of  the  wall  depends  on  tlie  cou- 
Teyauce ;  "  from  which  I  gather  no  infomiation.  I  am 
advised  to  write  to  you  as  mure  likely  to  get  an  intelligible 
answer. — A  Sl'bsckiber. 


(475.)— ARCHITECTS*  PUPILS.— In  the  case  of  an 
architect  leaving  his  pupils  to  instruct  themselves,  and 
only  hiking  in  about  ouce  or  twice  a  week,  he  being  in 
fair  procUce,  and  expecting  them  to  do  all  the  work  in  a 
proper  and  correct  manner,  can  the  pupils  obtain  redPftsS 
or  release  from  their  indentures? — One  of  THEii. 


REPLIES, 

[441  }— MOULE'S  EARTH  CLOSET— This  closet  is 
generally  made  in  the  hhape  of  a  sick  chair  fit  to  be  placed 
in  any  room  or  corridor.  The  seat  \a  perforated  and  bus 
a  good  stout  bucket  placed  under  it.  The  back  of  the  chair 
is  hollow  and  filled  with  perfectly  dried  and  fine  pulverised 
earth.  A  valve  acts  so  that  when  the  sitter  uses  the  chair 
a  quantity  of  the  earth  is  dl>k;harged.  The  closet  is  supplied 
by  the  Moule  Earth  Closet  Company. 


[442.]— RUSTED  INSTRUMENTS.— "W.  J.  B."  does 
notmention  of  what  metal,  or  of  what  particular  character 
the  inatrameots  are.  Supposing  that  he  alludes  to  eteel 
instruments,  he  may  be  assured  that  if  they  are  very 
rusty,  that  is  if  the  rust  has  eateu  into  them,  it  will  not 
be  possible  to  remove  the  stain  of  the  rust  without  the  aid 
of  acids  or  the  grindstone.  I  have  cleaned  lUsty  instruments 
by  first  removing  the  actual  rust  or  red  oxide  by  sandpaper  or 
oil  nd  emery  powder,  the  thickness  of  the  rustdetennining 
whether  the  coarser  or  finer  o^H?ratio!i  is  necessary.  In 
"setting  "  and  cieaniug  mathematical  instruments  which 
have  got  rtisty,  by  the  use  of  oil  and  emery,  there  is  always 
a  dark  brown  s  aiu  left  on  the  spota  when  the  rust  has 
eaten  in.  Aa  a  good  example  take  the  blad^^s  of  a  pair 
of  skates  which  hare  been  carelessly  thrown  in  some  cup- 
board after  the  frost  is  over,  to  lie  ther^;  until  the  re-ap- 
pearance of  winter.  By  the  use  of  the  methods  I  have 
mentioned  the  rust  can  be  effectually  remoyed,  but  to  ob- 
literate the  stains  and  to  make  the  blades  take  a  polish  they 
moat  be  grouud,  which  not  only  accomplishes  this  result 
bat  also  "  sets  "  the  edges  and  make  them  fit  for  skating. — 
One  who  Keeps  his  ows  Ixstrcments  in  Oeder. 


[443.}— DRAINING  VILLA  LAND.— The  plan  which 
appears  to  me  feasible  in  the  instance  given  by  your  cor- 
respondent is  one  I  have  followed  myself.  Although  the 
brook  canuot  be  used  as  a  common  sewer,  yet  clear  water 
may  be  run  into  it,  and  the  plan  I  should  adopt  is  as  fol- 
lows :  -  Either  one  large  or  several  smaller  cesspools  should 
be  built,  into  which  the  sewage  of  the  houses  should  be 
conducted.  The  solid  matter  and  the  particles  held  in 
mechanical  suspension  would  settle  down  to  the  bottom 
and  the  clear  liquid  might  be  run  off  by  an  overflow  pipe 
into  the  brook.  Moreover,  if  desirable,  means  might  be 
devised  by  which  this  water,  before  it  became  quite  clear, 
could  be  rendered  subservient  for  the  purposes  of  irriga- 
tion. This  is.  however,  a  point  which  would  require  pro- 
fessional assistance.— C.  £. 


[444.]— FRETWORK  MACHINE.— "George  Garrett" 
will  find  a  small  machine  fur  fretwork  cutting  at  Guuuing- 
hams,  4S0,  New  O-tfurd- street,  where  he  can  get  all  par- 
ticulars as  to  use  and  price.  Gunningham's  patent  fretwork 
cutting  machines  are  the  best  I  know  of. — Andkew  Mcir, 
Britannia  Works,  Sherborae-stie.t,  Strangeways,  Man- 
chester, July  1. 

[445.]- VENTILATION.  — WoiUd  you  allow  me  to  inform 
**  T.  G."  that  I  am  afraid  he  is  labouring  under  the  mistake 
of  supposing  that  plenty  of  air  necesa.rily  means  plenty  of 
ventilation,  whereas  there  may  be  a  great  deal  of  air  and 
no  ventilation,  and  also  good  ventilation  with  but  a 
moderate  supply  of  air.  If,  as  I  suspect,  his  workshop  is 
closeiy  surrounded  by  buildings  much  loftier  than  itself, 
he  has  no  alternative  but  to  carry  up  his  flues  higher.  The 
fact  is,  that  in  the  above  case  the  air  caimot  get  away  and 
is  perfectly  hemmed  in  and  rendered  stagnant.— Ventila- 
tor. 

[443  ]— IMPERMEABLE  CEMENT.-To  make  a  water- 
proof cement,  one  part  of  red  lead  may  be  mixed  with  five 
parts  of  ground  lime,  the  same  proportion  of  clean  sharp 
sand  together  with  some  boiled  oil,  or  whiting  may  be  used 
with  equal  advantage  instead  of  the  lime,  provided  nearly 
double  the  quantity  of  sand  be  employed — Cemest. 


[4^S.]  -A  good  cement  can  be  made  oftwo  parts  of  cement 
^oman  or  Portland),  one  part  of  ground  coal,  and  one 
"art  and  a  half  of  slaked  lime.  This  mixture  is  said  to 
form  a  very  hard  solid  cement,  which  will  be  quite  imper- 
(ious  to  moisture.  The  colour  must  necessarily  be  very 
wmbre,  but  this  will  be  no  objection  to  ito  use  for  internal 
work,  nor  a  majority  of  the  cases  in  which  such  a  cement 
Wa  required. —J.  R.  C. 


upon  the  plate  and  which  are  not  prot«ct«d  by  the  coating 
ol  wax.  The  plate  may  be  cleanctl  by  the  application  of 
a  little  warm  oil  and  the  operation  is  completed.  It  is,  of 
course,  only  practice  that  will  render  the  opei^ntor  i>erfect 
in  the  manipulation  and  in  uiidcrstaudiug  how  the  depths 
of  the  lines  can  l>e  varied  at  pleasure  according  to  the  time 
allowed  to  the  process.  \Vhen  some  lines  aie  required 
deeper  than  others  the  way  to  proceed  is  to  remove  the 
plate,  cover  over  those  lines  that  have  been  sufliciently 
etched  and  subject  the  remainder  to  a  second  corrosion. 
When  the  experiment  is  successful  the  lines  ai'e  very  clear 
and  distinct. — L.  P.  D. 

[452.]— CONTOUR  LINES.— There  can  be  no  doubt 
about  the  value  of  contour  lines  in  all  surveys  where  great 
exactitude  is  required.  They  are,  iis  the  name  implies, 
intended  to  furnish  far  mora  precise  inforiuatmn  of  tlie 
irr^;ularities  of  the  surface  of  the  gromid  than  can  be  given 
by  means  of  levels  written  in  in  fi;,'ures.  Perhaps  a  con- 
tour line  may  be  best  described  for  the  information  of 
"Tj'ro"asa  horizontal  section  of  the  earths  surface  in 
any  given  directioiL  Contour  lines  cross  each  other  at 
right  angles,  and  thus  form  squares;  the  size  of  these 
latter  being  governed  by  the  scale  to  which  the  plans  are 
to  bo  drawn.  The  closest  contour  lines  are  made  in  form- 
ing t<->wn  plottings  for  drainage  and  other  puri>ose^  ;  these 
are  of  tjft.  orSft.  pitch.  Sir  Henry  James  and  his  assist- 
ants, in  the  Ordnance  Survey,  have  carried  the  system  of 
contouring  to  the  highest  degree  of  i>erfection,  and  deserv  e 
all  praise.  Tukodolite. 

[453.]_TIMBER. — "Plane  Tree"  ought  to  know  some- 
thing about  timber,  but  perhaps  the  plain  of  his  observa- 
tion is  limited  to  "stufl"  of  the  same  grain  as  himself 
Pardon  the  jest.  At  any  rate  his  question  is  pnictical,  and 
if  he  has  access  to  such  authorities  as  Nicholson,  Tredgold, 
Kankine,  and  others.  '*  Plane  Tree"  will  find  that  much 
attention  has  been  devoted  by  those  eminent  men  to  tlie 
subject.  In  actually  judging  of  the  fitness  of  timber  for 
particuLar  purposes,  and  of  its  probable  durability  when  so 
applied,  experience  is  far  and  away  the  best  teacher. 
Without  that  to  guide  him  the  timber  buyer  vriW  make 
many  grievous  mistakes.  General  instructions  may  bd 
given  to  some  extent,  because  there  are  characteristics  com- 
mon to  all  timber.  That  which  has  grown  the  slowest  will, 
as  a  rule,  last  the  longest,  and  as  a  horsedealer  can  tell 
the  age  of  an  animal  by  his  teeth,  so  can  a  timber  pur- 
chaser reckon  by  not  less  certain  means  the  age  of  a  tree. 
The  width  of  the  annual  rings  are  the  biogiuphers  of  trees  ; 
they  tell  itd  history  ti-uthfully,  naiTOw  rings  betokening 
slow_growth,  and  xice  vtrf-ti.  Dense  woods  are  more  dur- 
able than  those  of  coarse  grain,  and  dark  coloured  timber  is 
stronger  than  light.  Woolliness  in  cutting  is  a  bad  sign, 
and  the  freshly  cut  surface  should  not  be  chalky  iu  ap- 
pearance, but  shming  and  firm.  Palpable  blemishes 
and  defects  of  course  will  be  seen  and  avoided,  I  am  not 
aware  that  more  can  be  said  imless  "  Plane  Tree  "  would 
like  to  know.more. — H  eart  of  Oak. 

[454.]— PILLARS  AND  STRUTS.— Hodgkiuson's  expe- 
riments on  the  relative  sti-eugih  of  cast  and  wrought  iron, 
together  with  those  of  Rennie,  all  of  which  are  published, 
give  the  most  perfect  information  on  this  subject.  Upon 
the  length  of  the  pillars  or  struts  to  be  used  much  depends 
in  judging  between  the  employment  of  cast  or  wrought 
iron.  Short  columns  of  hollow  cast  iron  auswer  well  for 
Buppoits  in  many  iostances,  but  iu  others,  where  more 
length  is  needed,  I  should  say  to  "  Bricklayer  "  look  out 
for  sound  forgings  of  wrought  iron. — G.  F.  A. 


[449.]— ENGRAVING    ON   GLASS.— Etching    or    en- 

ll^raving  on  glass  is  a  peculiiix  application  of  chemistry  to  a 

Hi»actical  purpose.     It  depends  altogether  upon  the  facility 

iJrith  which  the  silica  in  glass  is  attacked  by  the  vapour  of 

Pliydrofluoric  acid,  and  the   method  of  going  to  work  may 

Ijie  thus  explained.     Take  a  plate  of  glass  and  cover  it  care- 

l|ally  with  a   coating   of  wax,  technically  called  etching 

l  Toond ;  then  trace  with  a   fine-pointed  instrument  the 

peaign  to  be  engraved,  and  the  pLate  isready.     Now  procure 

■  shallow  basin  of  sheet  lead  and  put  n  it  a  little  powdeied 

uorspar  (duoride  of  calcium),  and  pour  upon  it  a  suffi- 

[  If"'  quantity  of  sulphuric  acid  to  form  a  kind  of  paste. 

'lace  the  plate  of  glass  with  the  waxed  side  downwards 

rer  the  basin,  and  apply  a  geatle  heat.     The  vapour  of 

ydrofluoric  acid  becomes  rapidly  disengaged   and  a  few 

iautes  suffice  for  it  to  bite  into  or  etch  the  lines  traced 


[455.]_PILES  AND  PILE  DRIVING.— Without  fur- 
ther data  than  that  afforded  by  "  Bonito  "  in  your  last  it  is 
difficult  to  adme.  Screw  piles  are  only  available  under 
certain  conditions,  and  the  work  they  wdl  have  to  perform 
when  in  theirplaces  depends  upon  those  conditions.  They 
are  very  serviceable  for  jetties,  piers,  lighthouses,  (kc,  and 
w^th  particular  kinds  of  subsoil.  If  your  correspondent 
will  state  the  facts  more  closely  in  regard  to  the  informa- 
tion for  which  he  asks  he  shall  have  a  closer  reply  from — 
Pile  Shoe. 

[457.]— ROYAL  ACADEMY. -Let  "R.  A."  call  at  or 
write  to  the  Royal  Academy,  where  he  can  get  a  paper  en- 
titled "Instructions  for  the  Admission  of  Students,"  and 
which  will  give  him  all  the  information  he  requires.  I  do 
not  believe  there  are  such  things  as  students  to  the  Royal 
Institute,  it  is  only  intended  fur  the  senior  members  of  the 
profession  ;  but  there  is  the  Aicbitectural  Association,  9. 
Conduit  street,  formed  for  students,  with  many  useful  and 
instructive  classes,  &.c.     Writo  the  secretarv. — Adelpui. 


[459.]— ARCHITECTS'  PUPILS  AND  HOLIDAYS.— I 
should  recommend  "A  Sufferer  from  Want  of  Holidays" 
to  refer  to  his  articles,  as  I  hope  they  contain  something 
with  reference  to  holidays.  If  not,  I  most  certainly  pity 
him,  and  can  see  nothing  to  be  done,  but  for  him  and  his 
fellow- sufferers  to  go  out  on  "  strike,"  and  not  return  until 
they  can  get  some  arrangement  made  whereby  they  have 
secured  to  them  at  least  three  or  four  weeks'  holiday  a 
year.  Before  going  to  this  extreme,  however,  recommend 
a  quiet  remonstrance.  I  am  not  articled,  but  in  my  agree 
meut  it  is  stated  that  I  am  to  have  "aU  reasonable  holi- 
days," so  that  when  I  ask  it  has  to  be  proved  an  unreason- 
able request  before  it  cau  l>e  refused.  I  am  afraid  that  the 
Liverpool  architects  would  fiud  not  quite  such  a  Iamb  as 
they  appear  to  req^uire  in  this  child,  who  signs  himself 
Adelphi.  

[451".] — I  see  in  the  "Intercommunication*'  of  your  la't 
week's  impression,  a  letter  from  an  articled  pupQ  in  this 
town,  who  complains  that  ho  is  never  allowed  anv  holidays 
and  that  many  other  pupils  here  are  iu  the  same  plight ; 
and  concludes  with  the  assertion  that  "the  Liverpool  Ar- 
chitectural Society  refuses  to  deal  with  the  question, 
because  most  of  the  members  treat  theii"  pupils  as  above.'' 
As  persons  unacqiaaiuted  with  our  society  might  suppose 
this  statement  to  be  true,  if  allowed  to  pa-s  uncontradicted, 
I  wish  to  observe  tliat  the  leading  members  of  the  Liver- 
pool Architectural  Society  are,  to  my  knowledge,  in  the 
habit  of  allowing  their  pupils  a  fortnights' holiday  annu- 
ally ;  and  that  the  Society  cannot  have  refused  to  deal  with 
the  subject,  inasmuch  as  it  baa  never  been  officially  brought 
before  them  ;  though  if  it  had  been,  I  am  imable  to  see 
upon  what  grounds  a  public  body  could  interfere  with  what 
is  in  fact  merely  a  matter  of  private  arrangement  between 
master  and  pupiL — H.  H.  Statham.  Jun.,  Honorary 
Secretary  to  the  Liverpool  Architectural  Society. 


WAGE3   MOVEMENT. 

In  Arbroath  the  w.ages  of  masons,  which  were  a  few 
^veek8  ago,  raised  from  5\d.  to  5Ad.  per  hour,  wera  last 
week  further  advanced  to  ojd.  per  hour. 

Bristol. — The  masons  engaged  at  the  New  Orphan 
Houses,  Ashley  Down,  struck  work  ou  Satunlay  The 
Ma«ous'  Society,  about  a  fortnight  ago,  expressed  their  in- 
tention by  advertisement  of  not  allowing  in  future  any 
"pointing"  work  to  be  done  by  other  thau  masons.  The 
masters  have  had  a  meeting  at  which  thoy  adoptoil  a  reso- 
lution to  the  effect  that  ttioy  resist  the  demand  for  tho 
following  rt;ason3 : — "That  it  is  entirely  at  variance  with 
the  custom  of  tho  trade  hi  this  city  front  time  immemorial, 
that  it  would  greatly  increase  tho  cost  of  the  work,  and, 
further,  that  it  is  in  opposition  to  the  rules  which  the 
Masons'  Society  h;is  laid  down,  and  which  provide  that 
six  mouths'  notice  shall  be  given  previous  to  any  altuiu- 
tion."  The  employers  have  expre,-«ed  their  williogneas  to 
submit  the  matter  in  dispute  to  arbitration. 


STAINED   GLASS. 

The  memory  of  the  late  Captain  Peploe,  of  Garustone 
Castle,  Herefonlshire,  is  to  be  perpetiuited  by  tiie  erection 
of  a  stained  glass  wind  win  Weoble/  Church,  by  Heaton, 
Bu  ler,  and  Bayno,  of  London.  The  tenantry  are  bearing 
the  e  xpense.  The  deceased  was  a  direct  desceodant  of 
Colonel  Birch,  the  celebrated  general  under  Cromwell,  who 
lies    buried  in  "SVeobley  Church. 

BrseopssTMPTON. — Messrs.  E.  audS.  Beer,  of  the  Stained 
Glass  Works,  Exeter,  have  just  fixed  a  four-light  memorial 
ndndow  in  the  parish  church.  In  the  four  divisions  are 
represented  "The  lifting  of  the  brazen  serpent  in  the 
wilderness,"  and  the  "  Crucifixion  of  our  blessed  Lord." 


LEGAL  INTELLIGENCE. 

A  Light  and  Air  Case, — In  the  Court  of  Queen's  Bench, 
on  the  20th  ult.,  another  of  these  fast  increasing  cases,  so 
troublesome  to  the  London  architect,  came  before  the  Lord 
Chief  Justice  and  a  jury.  —  PLaiutiff  (Uoyce)  complained  of 
obstruction  of  light  and  air  to  a  window  in  rear  of  the  pre- 
mises. No.  76,  Lisson-grove,  N.W.,  by  reason  of  an  erection 
made  by  the  defendant  (Hall)  in  the  rear  of  No.  77,  and  it 
was  urged  that  ihis  obstruction  interfered  with  the  candy- 
ing on  of  the  business  of  a  pawnbroker  at  his  (plaintiff's) 
premises.  Defendant  contended  that  there  was  no  ap- 
preciable damage  to  the  window  in  question. — The  sur- 
veyors who  gave  evidence  in  the  case  were,  for  the  plaintiff, 
Messrs.  Arthur  Ashpitel  and  G.  B.  Williams;  for  the  de- 
fendant, Pi-ofessor  Kerr,  Messrs.  Philip  Wilkinson,  8. 
Bannister,  and  L.  C.  Riddett.  There  was  also  much 
technical  or  trade  evidence  from  various  pawnbrokers. — 
The  Lord  Chief  Justice  told  the  jury  that  it  was  for  them 
totay  whether  any  "substantial  damage"  to  the  plaintiff's 
premises  had  been  proved. — Verdict  for  the  defendant. 

The  Smoke  Pretentigk  Act. — The  manager  of  the 
Inns  of  Court  Hotel  Company,  Holbom,  appeared  at  Bow- 
street  on  Wedne^ay,  to  auswer  a  summons  preferred 
against  him  for  nei,'lecting  to  comply  with  tlie  providionsof 
this  Act.  Mr.  Campbell  Sleigh  attended  for  the  defence, 
and  urged  that  every  means  had  btjentakcu  to  remedy  the 
alleged  evil  with  respect  to  the  only  furnace  in  use  at  the 
hotel,  and  he  called  Mr.  May,  practical  engineer,  and  other 
witnesses  to  prove  that  the  alterations  made  had  been 
effectual,  except,  perhaps,  occasionally  when  fresh  fuel  is 
applied,  and  that  there  was  really  no  smoke  to  complain  of. 
>Ir,  Sandersen,  CE-,  on  behalf  of  th;  prosecution,  stated 
that  the  alterations  were  not  in  accorduuce  with  sugges- 
tions which  he  had  made,  but  that  a  "paten'  "  had  been 
applied  which  in  some  hundreds  of  cases  within  his  expe- 
rience had  never  been  of  the  slightest  use.  The  real 
remedy  was  very  simple,  and  would  effect  a  saving  in  the 
costof  fuel  wliich  would  amply  compensate  for  its  applica- 
tion. If  the  defendant  still  persiii^d  iu  refusing  to  em- 
ploy it  the  whole  neighb  ourhood  would  be  enveloped  in  a 
cloud  of  smoke.  The  assertion  of  one  of  the  witnesses  that 
'■  there  must  be  always  smoke  when  fresh  fuel  was  puton" 
was  perfectly  fallacious.  Mr.  Vaughan  said  he  was  not 
satisfied  that  all  reasonable  and  possible  effort  had  been 
made  to  prevent  the  nuisance,  and,  as  this  was  the  second 
complainst  against  the  defendants  he  should  impose  a 
penalty  of  £10. 


^mml  Ittiiis. 


The  following  are  the  names  of  gentlemen  who 
were  elected  members  of  the  Royal  Institution 
on  July  1st  last,  W.  Pole,  Esq.,"  F.R.S,  Vice- 
President,  in  the  chair: — John  Andrew  Baumbach, 
Esq.,  Louia  J.  Crossley,  and  Jose^jh  Ince,  Esq., 
F.L.S. 

In  the  great  fire  which  broke  out  in  the  works 
of  Messrs.  Myers,  the  builders,  of  Lambeth,  a 
large  quantity  of  partly  finished  carpenter's  work, 
in  course  of  preparation  for  the  approaching 
spectacle  in  Guildhall,  in  honour  of  tlie  Sultan, 
wag  entirely  destroyed.  The  destruction  of  pro- 
perty altogether  through  this  casualty  is  esti- 
mated at  nearly  £100,0U0. 

A  correspondent  writing  from  Crete  says : — It 
is  two  centuries  since  the  Venetians  were  driven 
from  this  colony  by  the  Turks.  During  that  time 
everything  has  gone  to  ruin.  A  population  of 
a  million  has  dwindled  to  less  than  three  hundred 
thousand,  trade  has  been  stifled,  and  the  value  of 
property  deprecated.  There  are  Venetian  villages 
and  Venetian  castles  s}ill  to  be  seen  in  Crete,  but 
the  villas  are  roofless  and  the  castles  are  crum- 
bling into  heaps  of  stone.  So  it  is  with  churches 
and  drinking  fountains,  with  gardens  and  well- 
built  villages. 


468 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


July  5,  1867. 


A  morning  paper  statea  that  the  Board  of 
Works  has  charged  itself  with  the  functions 
hitherto  undertaken  by  the  Society  for  the  Pro- 
tection of  Life  from  Fire,  engaging  all  the  men 
who  were  in  its  service,  and  acquiring  the  whole 
of  the  fire-escapes,  stations,  and  plant. 

Within  thepast  month  upwards  of  one  hundred 
houses  in  Picket-place,  Koregate,  St.  Clement's 
Danes,  and  the  adjacent  courts  have  been  pulled 
down,  and  the  materials  removed  to  clear  the  site 
for  the  New  Law  Courts.  .Already  nearly  the 
whole  of  the  ground  in  the  rear  of  the  Strand  has 
been  stripped  of  its  houses.  As  many  as  two 
hundred  more  have  yet  to  be  razed,  including 
those  on  the  west  side  of  Bell-yard,  two  in  Fleet- 
street,  the  whole  of  those  on  the  south  side  of 
Carey  street,  and  in  New  Boswell-court,  and  Cle- 
ment's-lane. 

Our  readers  will  be  glad  to  learn  that  the 
American  Institute  of  Architects,  in  New  York,  is 
busy  making  a  collection  of  photographs  and 
designs  illustrative  of  the  progress  of  art  and  archi- 
tecture in  that  country,  which  is  intended  for  pre- 
sentation to  their  brethren  of  the  Royal  Institute 
of  British  Architects.  The  compliment  is  a  grace- 
ful and  substantial  one,  and  no  doubt  will  be 
duly  appreciated. 

The  Western  Daily  Press  announces  that  Mr.  F. 
J.  Brean.of  Bristol, has  just  patented  an  invention 
for  printing  in  gold  and  silver  upon  glass,  which 
our  contemporary  thinks  "  is  likely  to  effect  a  revo- 
lution in  this  beautif\il  art." 

The  new  design  for  the  University  of  London, 
though  not  free  from  faults,  is  generally  ac- 
cepted as  a  decided  im])rovement  on  Mr.  Penne- 
thorns'  former  efi'ort.  It  has  received  the  appro- 
val of  Mr.  Layard  and  others,  who  so  stoutly  ob- 
jected to  the  first  design,  and  unless  some  special 
exception  is  taken  to  the  new  elevation,  the  build- 
ing we  understand  will  be  at  once  proceeded  with. 
The  design  is  in  the  Classic  style. 

Not  in  the  city  only  but  everywhere  in  and 
around  the  metropolis  does  land  keep  increasing 
enormously  in  value.  A  plot  of  land  near  Lan- 
caater-gate,  Bayswater,  purchased  a  few  years 
since  for  £1,600,  was  sold  the  other  day  in  lots 
which  realised  the  sum  of  £21,980. 

The  drawings  for  the  proposed  contract  No.  3  of 
the  Thames  Embankment  north  are  now  com- 
pleted. They  comprise  the  formation  of  a  viaduct 
from  the  eastern  end  of  Inner  Temple  Gardens  to 
Blackfriars  Bridge,  and  will  complete  the  line  of 
embankment  between  Westminster  and  Black- 
friars-bridges.  This  contract  mil  embrace  the 
formation  of  the  roadway  for  its  own  length,  but 
the  roadway  along  the  whole  length  of  the 
embankment  cannot  be  completed  until  after  the 
construction  of  the  Metropolitan  District  Railway, 
which  for  a  considerable  distance  will  be  formed 
beneath  its  surface. 

The  Metropolitan  Board  of  Works  in  Decem- 
ber last  voted  the  sum  of  £20,000  to  be  ex- 
pended  in  local  improvements  during  the  year 
1867,  but  the  amount  voted  away  already  exceeds 
£40,000,  and  it  is  therefore  now  proposed  to 
borrow  the  sura  of  £100,000  in  order  to  meet  the 
numerous  applications  coming  in  from  all  parts 
of  the  metropolis  for  contributions  to  improve- 
ments. 

The  American  Theatre  in  Philadelphia  was  de- 
stroyed by  fire  on  the  evening  of  June  19.  The 
audience  and  players  were  got  out  in  safety,  but 
eleven  persons,  mostly  firemen,  were  killed,  and 
nine  injured  by  falling  walla.  A  few  days  before 
twenty-eight  persons  were  killed  by  a  steam 
boiler  explosion  in  the  same  city. 

The  Western  Morning  News  says  a  very  useful 
invention  has  been  introduced  to  the  pubhc, 
known  as  Lile's  patent  safety  fire. box  stove,  or 
fire  extinguishing  grate.  It  is  intended  to  pre- 
vent the  risk  of  houses  or  premises  being  set 
on  fire  at  night  by  half-extinguished  coals  or 
smouldering  embers,  and  not  the  least  of  ita  re- 
commendations is  that  it  can  be  fitted  to  any 
stove  or  grate  at  a  very  small  cost.  It  acts  upon 
the  principle  of  a  candle  extinguisher,  and  effects 
a  great  saving  in  fuel,  entirely  preventing  the 
smoke  and  unpleasant  gases  which  arise  when  fires 
are  extinguished  in  the  ordinary  manner.  In 
addition  to  these  recommendations,  the  fire-box 
also  possesses  the  important  quality  of  promoting 
cleanliness,  the  arrangement  admitting  of  the 
cinders  and  ashes  being  removed  without  dis- 
turbing the  fire,  or  causing  a  particle  of  dust  to 
arise. 


Another  Gainsborough  has  been  purchased  for 
the  National  Gallery.  It  is  the  portrait  of  Orpin, 
parish  clerk  of  Stratford-on-Avon.  The  price  is 
£325. 

Mr.  Morris  Moore  is  not  the  man  to  let  hia  Hght 
shine  under  a  bushel.  He  has  once  more  stepped 
before  the  pubUc  to  vindicate  the  claims  of 
Raphael's  Apollo  and  Marsyaa,  which  excited  con- 
siderable controversy  some  years  since.  Mr.  Moore 
has  sent  us  from  Rome  a  long  correspondence  he 
has  had  with  Joseph  Severn,  the  English  Consul 
at  Rome,  and  with  the  Earl  of  Derby.  Because 
Mr.  Severn  entertains  a  doubt  as  to  the  authen. 
ticity  of  the  picture,  and  dares  to  express  it,  Mr. 
Moore  boils  over  with  indignation,  and  throws  a 
shower  of  epithets  at  the  head  of  the  consul. 
Good  wine  needs  no  bush,  and  hard  word.%  do  not 
carry  conviction  ;  if  the  picture  be  Raphael's,  all 
the  consuls  in  the  word  cannot  make  it  other, 
wise. 

A  new  process  for  the  preservation  of  meat, 
poultry,  fish,  and  other  varieties  of  animal  food, 
has  been  introduced  by  Messrs.  Medlock  and 
Bailey,  Chemical  Works,  Wolverhampton.  It 
consists  of  a  bisulphate  of  lime  solution,  and  is 
said  by  the  patentee  and  the  manufacturers  to 
answer  it.s  purpose  completely,  without  in  any 
way  impairing  the  quality  of  the  meat. 

Elaborate  preparations  are  being  made  to  render 
the  approaching  Civic  entertainment  to  the 
Sultan  at  Guildhall  worthy  of  the  occasion.  A 
stately  reception  saloon  is  in  course  of  erection 
in  the  open  space  in  front  of  the  hall  and  leading 
to  it,  from  a  design  by  Mr.  Horace  Jones,  the 
City  architect,  and  in  other  respects,  the  hall 
itself  is  being  adapted  and  adorned.  The  saloon 
will  be  100ft.  long  by  about  60ft.  wide,  and  be 
disposed  in  two  floors,  with  a  handsome  facade, 
and  verandah  towards  King.street,  Cheapside. 
The  upper  floor  wiU  be  approached  by  four  easy 
flights  of  stairs  at  each  corner  of  the  building, 
and  supported  on  rows  of  Ionic  columns.  It  is 
intended  to  be  used  as  a  supper  room  on  the  oc. 
casion,  and  will  be  of  a  size  sufficient  to  accom- 
modate 600  guests.  The  whole  of  the  approaches 
to  it  will  be  ornamented  with  fountains,  statuettes, 
and  choice  flowers.  At  the  eastern  end  of  the 
Guildhall  a  dais  is  being  constructed,  50ft.  wide 
by  36ft.  deep,  on  the  centre  of  which  will  be  a 
throne,  with  three  canopied  seats — one  for  the 
Sultan,  another  for  the  Prince  of  Wales,  and  the 
third  for  the  Viceroy  of  Egypt. 

The  names  of  the  following  public  thoroughfares 
have  been  altered  by  order  of  the  Metropolitan 
Board  of  Works — Welhngton-terrace,  St.  John's- 
wood,  to  be  incorporated  with  Wellington-road ; 
and  Elgin-villas  with  Upper  Park-road.  Queen's- 
road,  Bermondsey,  to  be  called  Alscot-street,  and 
the  subsidiary  names  in  Upper  Grange. road  and 
Drummond.  street,  Bermondsey,  to  be  abolished. 
In  the  parish  of  St.  George's  in-the-east — Marman- 
street  to  be  called  Umberstonstreet,  Patriot  street 
to  be  called  Morgan-street,  and  Marmadukestreet 
to  be  called  Langdale -street.  The  Board  lately 
abolished  the  name  of  one  of  the  many  "  York- 
streets  "  in  the  metropolis,  that  near  Kingsland 
road,  there  being  several  in  the  N.E.  postal  district ; 
and  at  the  suggestion  of  the  vestry  of  Shoreditch 
gave  it  the  name  of  "  Hows-street,"  in  honour  of 
one  of  their  representatives  at  the  Metropolitan 
Board.  The  owners  and  occupiers  of  property  in 
the  street  are  strongly  opposed  to  the  alteration, 
and  have  asked  for  the  old  name  to  be  restored. 
The  Board  decUnes  to  accede  to  the  request,  for 
the  reasons  that  the  old  name  was  found  incon- 
venient by  the  Post  Ofiice  authorities,  and  the 
vestry  suggested  the  new  name,  which  appears  to 
the  Board  to  be  unobjectionable. 

We  are  being  constantly  reminded  that  this  is 
an  age  of  daring  enterprises  and  bold  projects. 
The  latest  great  notion  comes  to  us  from  the  other 
side  of  the  Atlantic.  Brother  Jonathan  proposes 
to  connect  by  a  bridge.  New  York  with  Long 
Island.  It  wUl,  of  course,  be  of  gigantic  propor- 
tions, so  as  not  to  interfere  with  navigation — 
namely,  130ft.  in  height.  Though  the  plans  are 
as  yet  incomplete,  we  are  told  that  a  company 
has  been  formed  with  a  capita!  of  two  million 
dollars,  in  sh.ares  of  two  hundred  dollars  each,  and 
it  would  appear  that  the  legislature  has  sanctioned 
the  scheme,  and  there  seems  every  likelihood  that 
it  will  be  proceeded  with.  The  projectors  hope 
to  make  the  thing  pay  by  charging  a  toll  for  pedes- 
trians and  vehicles,  the  nett  proceeds  of  which 
shall  not  exceed  15  per  cent,  per  annum  on  the 
amount  invested.  At  present  the  passenger 
traffic  between  the  two  places  daUy  is  something 


enormous.  Long  Island  being  the  favourite  out-of- 
town  residence  with  New  York  city  men. 

A  magnificent  painting  by  Van  Dyke,  represent- 
ing St.  Cecilia,  has  just  been  brought  to  Ught  in 
restoring  the  old  Church  of  Cachlevoch,  between 
Beele  and  Bersel  in  Belgium. 


t^rabe  Stbs. 


A3  we  expected  to  hear,  the  gold  uiedal  has  been  awarded 
to  Messrs  Clark  and  Co.,  for  the  excellence  of  their  steel 
revolving  shutters  at  the  Paris  Exhibition. 


TENDERS. 

B,\TTERSEA. — For  HOW  factoiy  and  offices  at  Batteraea, 
for  Messrs.  Moser  and  Son.  Mr.  J.  D.  Haj'ton,  architect  : 
—Brass,  £6,260  ;  Giimmon,  £6,120  ;^Rider  and  Sou,  £5,928; 
Avisa  and  Son,  £5,746;  Adanison  and  Son,  £5,700  ; 
Downs,  £5,590;  Hart,  £6,36S  ;  Coleman,  £5,229. 

Brighton.— For  alterations  and  additions  to  Mansion, 
Xo.  76  a.  Marine  Parade,  for  Mr.  W.  Bndd,  Twickenham 
Park.  Quantities  supplied  by  Mr.  Henry  W.  Broadbridge: 
—Chessman  and  Co.,  £3,140;  Wills,  £2,341;  Kemp, 
£2,300;  Jarrett,  £2,290;  Sawyer,  £2,219. 

BRinnTox. — For  proposed  North  .Aisle,  Holy  Trinity 
Church,  Hove.  Brighton :— J.  W.  Sawyer,  £1,372 ;  G. 
Cheesemau  and  Co.,  £1,350  ;  J.  Parsons,  £11,53  ;  B.  E. 
Nightingale,  1,124, 

BiDEFORD. — For  altemtions  and  additions  to  a  house  at 
Bideford,  for  the  Rev.  E.  A.  Vincent.  Mr.  Edwin  Dolby, 
architect:— First  portion— Ching  and  "West,  £265  ;  Howard 
(accepted),  £242. 

Bucks. — For  new  roofs,  reseating  and  restoring  the  nave 
and  aisles  of  the  parish  church  of  Edlesborough,  Bucks. 
Mr.  Withers,  arcliitect :— Robinson,  £1,943  16s.  4d. ;  Chap- 
pell,  £1,935. 

Cardiganshire.— For  the  rebuilding  on  same  site  thu 
parish  church,  Lampeter-pont -Stephen,  Cardigajishire. 
Mr.  Withers,  architect:— T.  Roberts,  £3,357  5s.  Sd. ;  James 
and  Co.,  £3,073;  E.  and  L.  Thomas  £2,950;  J.  and  D. 
Jones,  £2,655  ;  Davies  and  James,  £2,63S. 

Hertford. — For  two  pairs  of  semi-detached  residences. 
Mr.  Arthur  Eve  s,  architect.  Quantities  supplied  by 
Messrs.  Pain  and  Clarke  :—Grover,  £5,6S>7  ;  Gill,  £5,300; 
Webb  and  Son,  £5.253;  Andrews,  £5,124;  Tongue,  £5,000; 
Foster,  £4.794;  Warne,  £4,724. 

Hollow  A  v.'^For  publichouse  at  Upper  Holloway,  Mr. 
M  C  W.  Home,  arcliitect  :—W. Marshall,  £1,825  ;  J.  Hard- 
ing, £1,757;  W.  P.  Taylor,  £1,748  18s.  lOd. ;  J.  FumoU, 
£1.694  12s.  5d.  ;  W.  Shurmur,  £1,665  ;  B.  C.  Ravenscroft, 
£1639;  A.  R,  Lamble.  £1,623  ;  Langmeadand Co.,  £1,588; 
W.' Wame,  £1.552,  Niblett  and  Son,  £1,547  lOs.  ;  C.  O. 
Robson,  £1,544;  Blackmore  and  Morley,  £1,542;  B.  E. 
Nightingale.  £1,478;  W.  Cressell  (accepted),  £1,408;  E. 
Steddy,  £1,400. 

HoRNSEY.— For  Alexandra  Orphan agefor  Infants,  Hornsey 
Rise.  W.  G.  Habershon  and  Pite,  38,  Bloomsbury- square, 
architects  ;— Williams  and  Son — cottages,  £5,781 ;  schools. 
£3,026  ;  central  buildings,  £6,557;  earthwork,  .fee,  £2.206  ; 
total,  €17,570.  PatmanandFotheringham— cottages,  £5,742; 
schools,  £3,040 ;  central  buildings,  £6,389 ;  earthwork, 
i:c.,  £2,206;  total,  £17,377.  Cowland — cottages,  £5.198; 
schools,  £2,953  ;  central  buUdings,  £6,272  ;  earthwork,  ic, 
£2,520  ;  total,  £16,945.  Forrest — cottages,  £6,043  ;  schools, 
£3^048 ;  central  buildings,  £6,207  ;  earthwork,  tc,  £2.204; 
totkl,  £16,562.  Carter  and  Sons— cott^es.  £5,140  ;  schools, 
£2,850  ;  central  buildings,  £6,250  ;  eai'thwork,  <fec., £2,200; 
total,  £16,440.  Rider  and  Son~<:ottages,  £5,260;  schools, 
£3,770  ;  central  buildings,  £6,040  ;  earthwork,  <tc.,  £2,210; 
total,  £16,280.  JIanley  and  Rogers— cottages,  £4,820; 
schools,  £2,735  ;  central  buildings.  £6,215;  earthwork.  &c., 
£2.205;  total,  £15,975.  Moreland  and  Bui-ton— cottages, 
£4420  '  schools,  £2.486  ;  central  buildings,  £5.500  ;  earth- 
work, ic,  £2,300  ;  total,  £14,706.  Southcottand  Widgery— 
cottages  £4,327  ;  schools,  £2,436 ;  central  buildings,  £5,360; 
earthwork,  .fee,  £2,208;  total,  £14,332. 

Kent.— For  Kent  County  Lunatic  Asylum,  building  for 
400  inmates.  Quantities  by  Mr.  George  Ruck  and  Blr. 
Thomas  Ladds.  Mr.  Martin  Bulmer,  iircliitect.  The  ac- 
cepted tenders  are— Mr.  Anscomb  for  contract  No.  1 ;_  Mr. 
Butchard  for  contract  No.  2  :  Mr.  Hyles  for  contract  ^o.  3. 


J.  S,   Anacomb,  Maidstone 

P.  Stiff.  Dover 

NayUr  and  Son,  Rochester 

J.  Chappell,  Steyiiing 

Wallis       and       Clements, 

Maidstone 

Henshaw,  London 

W.  Vaughan,  Maidstone  .. 

G.  Punuott,  Tonbridge 

P.  Horaiuan,  V/olvertiamp- 

ton 


Butchard.  Gravesend 

Drury      and      Bigglestou, 

Canterbury  

J.  S.  Norton,  London    

W.  Shrubsole.  Maidstone.. 

Spencelargh,  Chatham 

Goddard     and     Sun,    Not- 
tingham  

Jukes.   Coulaon,   and  Co. 

London   

Garrett  and  Co.,  Maidstone 
Weeks  and  Son,  Maidstone 

Smyth  and  Co..  Dover 

Hollingaworth,  Strood 

Harrop     and     Soraerville, 

Birmingham 

J.  Uylee,  Maidstrone 

A,  N.  Pryer,  Maidstone 
W.  Alldrldge.  Rochester.. 

J.  Foord.  Chatham 

Cruttenden  and  Son,  Maid- 
stoD*    


0  0         - 

—  3.463    9  0 

—  3.7S8    0  0 

—  4,346    3  6 

—  4,403    0  0 

_         4,«0    0  0 


July  12,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


469 


THE   BUILDING  NEWS. 


LONDON,  FRIDAY,  JULY  12,  1867. 


ZINC. 

ZINC  is  produced  in  considerable  quanti- 
ties in  this  country.  Our  exports,  both 
of  wroui^ht  and  unwrought  zinc,  have  largely 
increased  of  late  years.  Thus  we  find  that  in 
1851  they  only  reached  23,038  cwt.  ;  but 
in  three  years  they  increased  to  nearly  three 
times  that  number  of  hundredweights.  Year 
by  year  our  exports  increased,  until  we  find 
that  in  1863  they  reached  the  highest  point, 
viz.,  106,141  cwt.  Since  that  year  they  have 
declined,  yet  in  1865  they  were  fourtiines  as 
large  as  in  1850.  The  value  of  zinc  e.\ported 
from  the  United  Kingdom  during  the  last  few 
years  may  thus  be  stated  : — 

1850 £25,338 

1851 25,483 

1852 33,665 

1853 97,328 

1854 89,673 

1855 G9,9S6 

From  this  year  the  value  largely  increased,  as 
will  be  seen  from  the  following  table  : — 

1856  ...     .  £93,395 

1857  ...     .  98,392 

1858  ....  ll(i,Sf;9 
1S59  ....  122,9011 

During  the  succeeding  years  it  fluctuated,  and 
declined  in  1865,  when  it  was  only  £94,964. 
We  find  that  during  the  year  1855,  there 
were  obtained  from  the  mines  of  Cornwall, 
Wales,  Cumberland,  and  the  Isle  of  Man,  not 
less  than  5,000  tons  of  zinc  ore,  in  the  form  of 
sulphuret  of  zinc,  or  "  black  jack,"  as  it  is 
termed,  and  '•  calamine,"  a  carbonate  of  zinc, 
which  was  valued  at  ^17,000.  "Calamine" 
is  very  abundant  in  England,  and  is  to  be 
found  priQcipaUy  in  the^Mendip  HiUs,  and 
parts  of  Somersetshire  ;  at  Holywell,  Flint- 
shire ;  at  Castleton,  Derbyshire  ;  and  iu  Cum- 
berland. 

The  specific  gravity  of  zinc  is  about  7,000. 
It  13  a  crystalline,  easily-fusible  metal,  of  a 
bluish-white  colour.  The  smelting  occupies 
about  twelve  hours.  The  carbonate  of  zinc  is 
calcined,  by  which  it  loses  about  20  per  cent, 
of  its  quantity  ;  it  is  afterwards  ground  in  a 
mUl,  and  mixed  with  powdered  coal,  to  assist 
in  smelting ;  the  mixture  is  then  placed  in 
crucibles,  and  these  are  put  in  furnaces.  The 
metal  is  drawn  out  and  run  iuto  metal  moulds. 
After  this,  it  is  sent  into  the  rolling-house, 
and  is  again  melted  and  recast  in  a  metal 
mould  to  produce  ingots  of  the  size  and  weight 
required.  The  second  melting  ensures  proper 
purity.  The  metal  is  not  malleable  when 
cold,  but  it  can,  though  not  easily,  be  broken 
by  the  hammer.  It  may  be  rolled  into  plates 
or  sheets  at  300  deg. 

_  This  metal  has  been  largely  employed  for 
pipes,  for  galvanic  batteries,  for  the  electric 
telegraph,  as  a  substitute  for  whitelead,  as  a 
constituent  of  brass  and  German  silver,  and 
last,  and  most  important  of  all,  for  roofing 
purposes.  For  roofing,  zinc  has  not,  in  this 
country  at  least,  been  much  favoured.  It  has 
been  too  readUy  beUeved  that  the  destruction 
of  zinc  roofs  is  certain  and  inevitable,  from 
atmospheric  causes.  Indeed,  Dr.  Petten- 
koifer,  in  a  report  addressed  to  the  Bavarian 
Commission  of  Railway  a  few  vears  ago,  con- 
demned the  use  of  zinc  entirely  on  this  ground. 
He  showed  that  a  zinc  roof  in  the  course  of 
27  years  is  oxidised  to  the  extent  of  8-381 
grammes,  or  about  130  gn-ains  per  square 
toot,  nearly  one-half  of  which,  he  said,  is 
removed  by  water  condensed  from  the  atmo- 
sphere. He  also  declared  that  a  coating  of 
oxide  could  never  completely  protect  the  sub- 
jacent metal  from  further  oxidation.  Mr. 
James  Edmeston,  whose  connection  with  the 
Vieille  Montagne  Zinc  Mining  Company  led 


him  to  not  only  make  inquiries  in  this  coun- 
try, but  also  to  do  the  same  abroad,  gives 
very  good  reasons  for  the  failures  which  have 
been  made  in  zinc  roofmg.  The  majority  of 
cases  where  zinc  for  roofing  purposes  luis 
failed  in  England  he  attributes  to  two  im- 
portant causes.  First,  impurity  in  the  metal, 
or  from  contact  with  iron  ;  as  the  result  of 
these  defects,  the  zinc  shows  signs  of  crumbling 
to  pieces,  black  spots  appearing,  supposed 
to  be  the  result  of  the  action  of  the  acids 
found  in  our  London  atmosphere  ;  holes,  and 
wearing  out  of  the  metal  in  a  short  time. 
Then,  secondly,  the  evils  arising  from  bad 
construction,  which  he  thus  enumerates, 
"  cracking  in  places,  soldered  joints  parting, 
drips  or  joints  failing  in  Hats,  tendency  to 
buckle,  and  to  have  an  untidy  appearance  in 
consequence,  and  general  unsoundness  of  the 
work." 

Mr.  Edmeston  made  inquiries  into  the 
faUiu-es  abroad  ;  and  one  of  them  he  discovered 
to  be  the  contact  of  iron  where  "a  little  con- 
fined damp"  existed,  which,  though  not  so 
understood,  is  nevertheless  as  damaging  as  if 
the  zinc  contained  iron.  Iron  nails,  he  tells 
us,  are  commonly  used  for  boarding  under  the 
zinc,  and  if  a  nail  head  is  in  contact  and  there 
is  damp,  in  three  months  a  hole  -ivill  be  eaten 
through  the  zinc.  It  is,  therefore,  always 
desirable  to  adopt  the  plan  that  has  been 
carried  out  in  the  best  roofs  on  the  continent, 
Yii.,  to  use  zinc  nails  for  the  boarding,  and  to 
galvanise  all  iron  work  that  it  may  be  found 
necessary  to  use.  Or  "where  iron  nails  are 
used  for  boarding  they  have  small  heads, 
and  are  hammered  well  into  tlie  wood  so  as  to 
be  buried,  and  a  little  cement  or  stopping  is 
frequently  rubbed  in  over  them."  Thus  used 
the  nails  rarely  injure  the  zinc  ;  and  as  zinc 
nails  are  not  only  dearer  than  iron  ones,  and 
as  they  require  far  more  care  in  their  employ- 
ment, they  are,  in  some  places  at  least,  more 
frequently  used.  It  is  found  to  be  desirable 
to  avoid  any  unnecessary  contact  with  lead. 
"  Impure  zinc  being  brittle  will  crack  when 
turned  up  against  the  rolls,  or  it  will  break 
oft'  entirel}-,  and  the  builder  who  saves  some- 
thing in  first  cost  is  quite  likely  to  lose  more 
in  the  end  from  waste." 

The  defects  arising  from  imperfect  con- 
struction are  due  to  ignorance.  The  great 
thing  to  be  borne  in  mind  is  to  permit  perfect 
freedom  to  the  sheets,  and  not  to  confine  them 
anywhere,  and  to  separate  as  much  as  possible 
the_lengths  of  guttering  and  any  other  por- 
tions of  a  roof  requiring  to  be  made  in  long 
pieces.  "Eaves  gutters,"  remarks  Mr.  Ed- 
meston, "  should  be  made  in  short  lengths, 
bent  in  the  direction  of  the  way  in  which  the 
sheet  has  been  rolled  and  soldered  ;  the  solder 
put  between  the  sheets,  and  one  sheet  lapping 
over  the  other  ;  they  must  not,  of  course,  be 
screwed  to  the  rafters'  feet,"  a  practice  which, 
it  appears,  causes  constant  failure  in  the  joints 
of  the  iron  eaves  gutters.  "  Wherever  a  down 
pipe  comes  there  should  be  a  stopped  end  iu 
the  gutter,  and  the  gutter  should  never  be 
continued  longer  than  possible  in  one  piece  ; 
where  it  is  laid  behind  a  parapet,  as  in  all  the 
new  and  magnificent  buildings  in  Paris,  a 
separate  piece  of  flashing  will  disconnect  it 
wholly  from  the  sheeting  on  the  roof" 

Zinc  should  never  be  used  of  less  weight 
than  No.  13  gauge,  which  weighs  20oz.  per 
foot;  No.  14  weighs  22oz. ;  No.  15,  which 
should  be  used  for  flats,  roofs,  and  gutters, 
weighs  24oz.  ;  and  No.  16,  26oz.  Mr.  Ed- 
meston considers  No.  14  ample  for  London. 
It  should  be  remembered  that  oak  boarding 
will  spoil  the  zinc,  and  that  fir  should  be  dry. 
The  boards  should  be  laid  with  an  aperture 
of  \m.  between  each  board;  if  they  are 
damp  decay  will  occur  on  the  under  side  of 
the  zinc  as  on  the  top  of  it.  "  In  forming 
laps  care  must  be  taken  to  prevent  the  water 
from  ascending  by  capillary  attraction  ;  there 
must  either  be  space  enough  to  prevent  the 
drops  thus  rising,  or  the  encl  of  one  sheet  must 
touch  altogether,  and  that  of  the  other  be  kept 
well  away."  This  is  not  only  the  best  mode, 
but  is   least  liable  to  aflbrd  opportunities  for 


— to  use  a  taUor's  phrase — "  slop-work."  A 
report  presented  to  the  Academy  of  Sciences 
in  Paris  says: — "  It  appears  from  actual  ex- 
periment that  the  oxidation  proceeds  for  about 
four  years,  gradually  diminishing  after  the 
first  three  months,  and  that  it  then  hardens 
into  a  protecting  coat  of  a  dark  grey  colour, 
preserving  the  metal  beneath  from  any  further 
deterioration It  becomes  evi- 
dent that  as  a  sheet  of  zinc  loses  little  or 
nothing  of  its  weight  or  thickness,  and  as  its 
surface  remains  hard  and  jjolished,  like 
enamel,  it  may  be  fairly  deduced  that  tlie  fol- 
lowing years  are  not  likely  to  occasion  any 
alteration  ;  and,  therefore,  that  zinc  will  be 
placed  in  the  same  condition  as  bronze,  which 
is  protected  by  its  jiaUine  for  ages."  We  may 
adil  that  the  precautions  thus  set  forth  have 
been  adopted  by  a  committee  appointed  by  the 
Central  Society  of  Architects  in  Paris. 

Mr.  James  W.  Tyler  gives  us  the  method 
wliich  he  adopts  in  laying  zinc  ;  and  as  many 
roofs  are  spoilt  for  want  of  knowledge  and 
care,  it  will  be  well  to  attend  to  Mr.  Tyler's 
advice.  He  says  : — "  After  getting  good  falls 
and  drips  I  lay  every  sheet  of  zinc  perfectly 
free  from  contraction  and  expansion,  and  in 
such  a  manner  that,  in  the  event  of  alteration 
or  cuttings  in  roofs,  the  sheets,  8ft.  by  3ft., 
can  be  taken  up  and  relaid  without  injury  to 
the  metal."  He  lays  none  but  Devaux's  pure 
VieiUe  Montagne  zinc  ;  and  says  he  refuses  the 
work  unless  the  proper  thickness  is  allowed, 
viz..  No.  13  as  the  minimum ;  and  14,  15, 
and  IC,  as  the  best  gauges  he  prefers  to  em- 
ploj'.  "Good  zinc  thus  laid"  he  considers 
to  be  "  quite  as  lasting  as  lead,  if  the  wood- 
work is  arranged  according  to  directions 
given."  The  roof  of  the  Victoria  Station, 
Pimlico,  was  laid  by  Mr.  Tyler ;  also  the 
Strand  Music  Hall,  Langham  Bazaar,  Malta 
Yard,  and  the  large  roof,  Holyhead  Harbour. 

Zinc  is,  it  is  well  known,  largely  obtained 
from  Prussia ;  and  we  find  that  nearly 
4,500,000  cwt.  of  zinc  were  obtained  in 
1857.  In  the  seven  large  smelting  establish- 
ments in  Belgium  and  Prussia,  belonging  to 
the  VieiUe  Montagne  Company,  there  are  230 
furnaces.  Fifteen  years  ago  the  quantity  of 
zinc  used  for  roofing  was  not  more  than 
5,000  tons.  Now  it  appears  23,000  tons  of 
sheet  zinc  are  annually  made  by  this  com- 
pany. For  ship  sheathing  3,500  tons  are  pro- 
duced, although  fifteen  years  ago  zinc  was  not 
employed  at  all  for  this  purpose.  Stamped 
ornaments  in  zinc  date  only  from  1852 ; 
now  there  are  1,500  tons  produced  for  this 
object.  For  ships'  sheathing  zinc  must  neces- 
sarily be  altogether  free  from  impivrity  or  it 
will  soon  decay.  But  there  can  be  no  ques- 
tion about  the  usefulness  of  this  metal  for 
building  purposes ;  and  the  fact  that  it  is 
coming  into  still  greater  use  and  is  becoming 
better  kno-mi  and  appreciated  is  evidence 
that  its  reputation  is  increasing.  AVith  care  in 
purchasing  and  laying  there  is  but  little 
doubt  that  it  will  turn  out  well.  In  Paris  it 
has  been  used  for  nearly  every  roof  formed 
for  some  years.  The  new  markets,  constructed 
of  iron  in  1856,  have  been  covered  by  it,  and 
excepting  in  one  place  where  the  workmen 
were  careless,  the  whole  of  the  zinc  is  in 
capital  condition.  In  Germany  zinc  for  roof- 
ing is  largely  used,  and  the  work  is  generally 
remarkable  for  solidity  and  closeness. 


THE  PARIS  EXHIBITION. 

Architecture. — The   Parc. — Seventh 
Notice. 

OUTSIDE  the  Jardin  Reserves  and  be- 
tween it  and  the  Exliibition  building 
are  various  annexes  belonging  to  Belgium 
and  the  Netherlands,  with  a  few  of  the 
omnipresent  France.  Few  of  these  have  any 
architectural  significance,  the  most  important 
being  the  annexe  for  the  beaux  arts  of  Bel- 
gium. Behind  this  is  a  small  Anveroise  hut, 
for  it  is  little  more,  and  near  it  some  Bel- 
gian workmen's  houses — hotel  cuhique,  as  we 
heard  some  French  cmvriers  call  it.     Of  these 


470 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


July  12,  1867. 


and  the  other  workmen's  houses  exhibited  we 
may  at  once  say  that  they  oft'er  nothing  to  oiir 
notice  worthy  of  imitation ;  the  rooms  are 
generally  badly  arranged,  frequently  having 
the  entrances  both  back  and  front  opening 
directly  into  them,  and  often  with  the  old  box 
bedstead  which  we  have  discarded,  and  which 
must  be  looked  for  as  an  archaeological 
curiosity  in  some  of  our  north  country  agri- 
cultural buildings.  Perhaps  these  Belgian 
houses  are  as  good  as  any,  and  these  are  not 
nearly  equal  to  our  ordinary  model  cottage. 
The  most  ambitious  type  of  this  class  is  the 
Metairie  Hollandaise,  situated  in  this  quarter, 
which  is  supposed  to  present  to  us  a  Dutch 
farmhouse  "all  iu  its  Simday  best."  The 
traditional  cleanliness  here,  however,  arises, 
not  from  industry,  but  from  want  ot  use,  and 
an  English  farmer  would  vehemently  scorn 
many  ot  its  arrangements.  A  iride  passage 
holds  the  cheese  presses,  dairy  implements, 
and  through  draughts  ;  on  one  side  is  the  cow- 
house, and  on  the  other  a  sitting-room,  having 
two  box  beds  and  a  cheese  cupboard  between 
them,  suggestive  of  savoury  smells  more 
powerfid  than  pleasant  ;  and,  despite  the 
charming  little  Dutchwoman,  with  her  bril- 
liant headdress  and  still  more  brilliant  smUe, 
we  would  rather  live  in  a  Hampshire  home- 
stead than  herd  with  a  Dutchman  and  his 
cows.  The  circular  building  for  the  machines 
and  manufactured  iron  of  Belgium  has  a  roof 
worthy  of  notice,  but  there  is  nothing  else  in 
this  portion  of  the  Pare  architecturally 
noteworthy,  excepting  always  some  admirable 
wrought-iron  gates  and  railing  by  M.  Roy, 
forming  a  portion  of  the  enclosure  of  the 
garden,  and  to  which  we  shall  again  revert 
when  speaking  of  this  portion  of  the  exhi- 
bited works  in  metal.  We  are  now  at  the 
Porte  Rappe,  as  it  is  generically  called,  the 
most  frequented  of  all  the  entrances,  which  in 
reality  consists  of  two  other  portes,  those  of 
St.  Dominique  and  La  Bourdonnaye,  which 
we  have  before  described.  Crossing  these  we 
are  in  the  quarter  of  the  Pare  especially 
devoted  to  the  products  of  France,  and  where 
we  have  everything,  from  a  theatre  to  a 
church,  and  from  the  sumptuous  ]\avilion  of 
the  Emperor,  to  the  narrow  amljulance  and 
the  hospital  tent  of  the  wounded  soldier.  The 
first  building  which  attracts  our  notice  is  the 
Chalet  of  the  Imperial  Commission,  a  build- 
ing of  wood  framing  and  very  red  brick.  The 
framing  is  excessive  and  more  for  show  than 
use  ;  and  the  bricks, — "Well,"  an  American 
friend  exclaims,  "  Them  air  bricks  !  most  as 
good  as  my  country's,  not  like  your'n,  a  kind 
o'  cross  twixt  Castile  soap  and  a  Bologny 
sassage  ;"  but  iinfortimately  these  are  rouged, 
for  French  bricks  generally  are  not  very  mucli 
better  than  our  own,  only  rather  smaller  in 
size,  and  such  as  are  exhibited  here  better 
made,  but  exhibitions  of  this  kind  do  not  as  a 
rule  offer  average  samples.  The  church  built 
for  the  exposition  of  articles  of  religious  art 
is  a  brick  one  of  poor  quality,  and  is  a  mix- 
ture of  all  kinds  and  conditions  of  material, 
and  can  scarcely  be  looked  upon  as  a  serious 
attempt  at  religious  architecture.  It  is  apsidal, 
with  mere  chapels  surrounding  its  chevet,  and 
two  larger  ones  at  its  western  end.  Romid  the 
exterior  are  builtin  its  surbase some  effectively 
modelled  "  stations."  Internally  the  building 
is  very  disappointing,  though  some  lew  of  its 
contents  are  noteworthy,  especially  the 
pavements  in  terra-cotta  of  MM.  Villeroy 
and  Boch,  of  Mettlach,  in  Prussia,  and 
M.  Boulenger,  of  Auneuil,  whose  beautiful 
work  in  the  reserved  garden  we  have  before 
referred  to.  Both  these  are  of  excellent 
quality,  and  we  shall  have  further  occasion  to 
revei't  to  the  works  of  these  gentlemen.  The 
pavements  in  coloured  cements  are  worthy 
of  notice,  and  M.  Bonet,  of  Rouen,  and  ^I. 
Chauvet,  of  Orleans,  exhibit  very  excellent 
specimens,  good  in  design  and  colour,  and 
seemingly  of  great  durability.  A  very 
elaborately  worked  altar,  with  super  altar  and 
retable  in  white  marble,  is  e.'diibited  by  M. 
Jacquemin,  of  Metz,  and  another  in  Senlis 
stone,  by  M.  Greber,  of  Beauvais,  of  better 


design;  but  by  far  the  finest  is  that  of  M. 
Poussielgue-Rusand,  the  hardman  of  Paris. 
It  is  in  bronze,  cast,  and  chased  with  exquisite 
care,  and  its  retable  is  enriched  with  very 
beautiful  enamels.  As  for  the  others,  they 
are  chiefly  shams,  such  as  we  should  stigma- 
tise as  "  Brummagem"  in  England — cast 
iron  painted  to  look  like  stone,  terra-cotta 
gilt  to  look  like  metal.  We  abhor  them,  nor 
do  the  dear  little  chubby  babies  modelled  in 
wax,  or  the  exquisitely  ornamented  vestments 
of  pink  satin  of  the  B.  V.  M.,  appeal  to  our 
feelings  on  religious  art.  Shams  anywhere 
are  bad  enough,  but  bad  shams  like  these 
offered  to  the  holiest  of  usages,  are  worse 
than  errors  in  taste — they  amount  to  lies. 
Surely  man's  gifts  here  should  be  the  best 
fruits  of  bis  labour,  each  an  individual  offer- 
ing, and  not  manufactured  by  the  gross,  and 
with  a  mixture  of  horror  and  disgust  we  leave 
the  budding,  reserving  its  other  contents  for 
review  under  their  specific  heads.  Near  here 
is  an  interesting  exhibition  of  hHons  apglo- 
meres,  by  MM.  Coignet  and  Son,  very  worthy 
of  great  attention,  but  which,  as  they  really 
belong  to  building  materials  rather  than  to 
architecture  as  an  art,  we  shaU  revert  to  iu  an 
immediate  number.  The  photographic  room 
of  the  contractor  for  this  specialite  is  worthy 
of  remark,  if  it  is  only  to  see  how  great  are 
the  hopes  of  its  builder,  and  offers  a  pleasant 
lounge.  The  eastern  kiosk  of  the  Emperor 
is  very  rich  and  very  poor,  enormous  labour 
and  little  art.  The  inlaying  of  the  steps  with 
cement  offers  us  a  new  idea,  its  interior  is 
marvellously  and  luxuriously  fitted  up  with 
more  than  Eastern  luxury  and  with  all  the 
delicacies  of  tliis  wonderful  season.  France 
coidd  have  given  a  better  motif  for  its  design 
without  seeking  to  translate  one  from  Algeria, 
and  scarce  a  page  in  her  voluminous  art 
history  could  be  turned  over  without  provid- 
ing a  more  fitting  suggestion  for  her  Emperor's 
halting  place. 

Of  the  aquaria,  of  the  horticulture  and  arbori- 
culture, of  the  hundreds  of  things  of  interest  we 
cannot  stay  to  speak,  but  in  asmaUbuilding  near 
the  Pavilion  of  the  Empress,  is  a  collection  of 
drawings  for  landscape  gardening,  by  many 
of  the  landscape  architects  of  France,  which 
are  worthy  of  notice.  Some  of  them  are  par- 
ticularly cleverly  drawn,  and  we  would 
specially  commend  the  works  of  M.  Georges 
Ammont ;  his  drawings  are  many  of  them 
exquisite.  Our  friend  M.  Duvillers  here 
exhibits  a  photograph  of  his  plan  for  the 
Sefton  Park,  at  Liverpool,  and  another 
remarkably  like  it  at  St.  Brisson.  A  much 
better  illustration  of  JI.  Duvillers' ability  ■n-ill 
be  foimd  on  the  other  side  of  the  Pare,  in  an 
annexe  containing  building  materials.  It  is  the 
laying  out  of  the  Isle  of  Sursenes  de  Puteaux, 
for  Baron  Rothschild,  and  is  much  more 
worthy  of  study.  In  this  said  annexe  are 
several  other  designs  for  the  same  class  of 
work,  but  in  all  we  find  the  same  tendency  to 
twisting — a  straight  line  or  a  broad  open  vista 
is  a  thing  to  be  dreaded  ;  and  of  the  incon- 
venience and  confusion  arising  from  this 
excessive  involution  no  further  illustration  is 
needed  than  the  laying  out  of  this  Pare  itself 
Many  and  many  a  weary  step  have  we  had  to 
retrace  from  this  cause,  and  man)'  and  many  a 
malediction,  "  not  loud,  but  deep,"  has  this 
circular  impediraentto  circulation  called  forth 
iu  our  hearing.  But  we  must  extricate  our- 
selves from  it  as  best  we  can,  and  bidding 
adieu  to  the  Jardin  Reservee  and  its  contents, 
we  must  reserve  those  of  the  remainder  of  the 
Pare  for  our  next  number. 


TREATISE  ON  ARCHITECTURE.* 

AS  annormced  in  the  preface,  "  The  pro- 
prietors of  the  Enci/clopceclm  Britunnica 
having  been  advised  that  the  treatises  on 
architecture  and  the  arts  connected  with  it  in 


*  "Treatise  on  Architecture,  including  the  Arts  of 
Construction,  Building,  Stone  Masonry,  Arch,  Carpentry, 
Roof,  Joinery,  and  Strength  of  Materials,"  Edited  bv 
Arthcir  A.SHPITP.L,  F.S.A.,  F.R.I,B,A.,&c.  Ediubm-gh'; 
Adam  and  Charles  Black.     isti7. 


that  work,  if  published  in  a  separate  volume, 
would  be  useful  to  those  engaged  in  the  build- 
ing trade,"  have  selected  the  most  useful  in- 
formation from  the  works  of  those  whom  they 
consider  the  best  writers  on  the  various 
subjects,  for  the  purpose  of  combining  them 
in  one  volume.  Brief  sketches  of  the  antece- 
dents of  these  writers  are  given  in  the  preface, 
which  are  almost  unnecessary,  as  we  would 
rather  judge  the  book  itself,  irrespective  of 
such  recommendations ;  nevertheless,  they  are 
useful  as  general  information.  In  these  days 
the  alliance  is  so  intimate  between  architecture 
and  general  engineering  construction  that  a 
book  of  this  kind  is  a  boon,  and  although 
many — in  fact,  most — of  the  rules  and  examples 
given  have  been  in  general  use  for  some 
years,  we  here  and  there  find  cropping  out 
new  adaptations  for  the  purposes  set  forth. 
Of  course  architecture  occupies  the  primary 
portion,  and  the  various  gradations  and  qua- 
lities of  the  art  are  briefly  touched  upon,  the 
history  of  styles  being  dealt  with  tersely 
enough  for  the  purpose,  and  we  do  not  get 
too  much  of  it,  thereby  avoiding  the  common 
fault  of  writers  of  what  are  professedly  termed 
practical  works  on  this  subject.  A  wider 
field,  however,  is  embraced,  for  with  Greek 
and  Roman  we  have  Egyptian  and  Jewish 
architecture,  with  arrangements  and  dimen- 
sions of  temples  and  other  prominent  build- 
ings useful  in  point  of  comparison,  and  yet  not 
wearying  the  reader  with  verbose  detail.  A 
new  element  also  in  a  work  of  this  kind  occurs 
in  the  instance  of  ancient  American  examples, 
in  which  a  peculiar  Idnd  of  arched  vault  is 
illustrated,  and  then,  passing  from  the  Greek 
and  Roman  styles  to  the  first  and  second 
periods  of  Pointed  architecture,  the  writers 
give  us  essays  on  the  elements  of  beauty,  on 
the  principles,  composition,  &c.,  of  architec- 
ture, which,  unfortunately  for  the  symmetry 
of  arrangement,  seem  to  strike  in  abruptly  on 
the  general  outline  of  description,  and  could, 
perhaps,  be  better  di-sposed  of  elsewhere. 
While  giving  us  the  principles  upon  which  a 
town  should  be  laid  out,  and  the  buildirgs 
arranged  so  as  to  get  effect,  admit  proper 
drainage,  and  render  future  building  opera- 
tions more  easy,  the  writer  seems  to  have  lost 
sight  of  the  fact  that  so  many  circumstances, 
monetary  and  otherwise,  as  also  the  difficulty 
of  obtaining  property  in  a  j)lace  like  London, 
wliich  he  sites  as  an  example,  must  operate 
very  much  against  his  laid-out  rules  for  the 
guidance  of  architects  and  builders.  Where 
large  tracts  of  building  property  can  be  ob- 
tained, and  the  whole  laid  out  .  to  order, 
then  the  excellent  recommendations  will 
apply.  Glancing  at  the  modern  strides  of 
London  and  modern  French  architecture,  sen- 
timent in  design  is  dealt  with  in  astyle  which 
savours  strongly  of  peculiarity.  The  new 
Houses  of  Parliament  come  in  for  a  fair  share 
of  criticism,  but  why  the  Venetian  style  may 
not  be  useil  for  the  purposes  of  a  parliamen- 
tar}'  assembly,  and  what  deteriorating  effect 
this  can  have  on  the  quality  of  our  senate,  we 
are  at  a  loss  to  conceive.  If  the  Venetians 
committed  strange  barbarities  we  are  not 
obliged  to  associate  similar  ideas  with  our 
own  people  owing  to  -a  similar  style  of  archi- 
tecture being  foimd  convenient  enough  for 
our  purposes. 

We  pass  on  to  architectural  acoustics,  to 
which  more  than  ordinary  attention  should 
be  piaid  by  the  architect,  but  which  are  too 
often  neglected.  How  often  do  we  find  that  in 
our  chivrches,  theatres,  and  other  public 
bidldings  every  arrangement  may  be  ably 
carried  out,  with  the  grand  exception  of  the 
acoustic  properties.  It  is  too  late  when  an 
ediflce  is  completed  to  attempt  remedying  such 
defects,  and  we  must  to  the  fullest  extent  en- 
dorse the  advice'of  Sir  William  Chambers,  that 
the  true  architect  shoidd  also  be  a  master  of 
the  sciences  which  contribute  to  perfect  the 
building  under  his  hands.  The  writer  ob- 
serves "  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  a  proper 
proportion  of  dimensions  has  much  to  do  with 
the  acoustic  properties  of  a  room."  We  think 
it  hao  most  to  do  with  them,  for  no  matter 


July  12,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


471 


what  the  cubical  area  of  a  room,  the  fonn  of 
construction  and  the  manner  of  arranging 
seats  for  hearers  vrUl  distribute  the  sound  in 
such  a  manner  that  the  speaker  with  a  dis- 
tinct (not  necessarily  a  stentorian)  voice  may 
be  heard  by  each  and  all  alike.  The  horse- 
shoe form' with  flattened  dome  is  generally 
considered  the  best.  Thin  boarding  boxed, 
too,  is  generally  admitted  by  those  accustomed 
to  theatrical  buildings  to  give  the  proper  re- 
sonance, provided  the  voice  comes  into  imme- 
diate contact,  and  no  audience  intervene. 
Gothic  churches  cannot  vie  in  acoustic  advan- 
tages mth  those  in  the  Byzimtine  style,  prin- 
cipally, as  the  writer  remarks,  on  account  of 
the  columniation.  Many  excellent  treatises 
and  articles  on  this  subject  are  t[Uoted,  and  a 
list  furnished  which  may  be  serviceable  to  the 
student.  A  useful  glossary  (which  we  may 
suggest  would  have  been  found  more  useiiil 
for  reference  if  placed  at  the  commencement 
of  the  treatise)  follows.  Construction  is  no- 
ticed generally,  but  when  we  come  to  building 
we  have  a  description  of  what  is  chiefly  under- 
stood by  the  term,  and  the  practical  experience 
of  a  writer  who  knows  what  work  is  and  how 
it  ought  to  be  done  is  at  once  evident.  We 
are  now  getting  fairly  into  the  practical  por- 
tion of  the  book,  and  with  stone  masonry  we 
are  inducted  into  the  qualities  of  the  various 
kinds  of  stone,  which,  however,  are  stereo- 
typed descriptions,  and  mortars  and  cements 
— all  useful.  The  resolution  of  forces,  with  a 
little  algebraical  redundance,  with  the  tables 
of  crushing  and  other  strains,  reproduced  from 
other  authors,  with  specimens  of  retaining 
walls,  resistance,  &c.,  and  the  methods  of  tak- 
ing out  quantities,  setting  out  work,  &c.,  con- 
stitute the  bulk  of  tliis  portion,  concise  and 
complete  as  it  is.  Mr.  Mitchell's  valuable  in- 
vention the  screw  pile,  used  so  largely  in  piers 
and  lighthouses,  and  the  very  excellent  mode 
of  plate  piling  used  by  Mr.  Page  in  the  West- 
minster Bridge,  areinstanced,  withdetails.  The 
arch,  which,  once  thoroughly  understood  by  ma- 
son orbricklayer,isthekeyof aU  knowledge  of 
construction,  is  widely  treated,  but  necessarily 
is  a  reprint  nearly  of  valuable  treatises  long 
since  published.  So  with  carpentry,  but  in 
that  on  roofs  more  scope  is  afforded  for  much 
new  and  valuable  matter.  We  allude  more 
particularly  to  the  iron  roofs  exemplified, 
though  we  could  have  wished  for  more 
examples,  those  given,  however,  being  excel- 
lent, as  serving  to  illustrate  the  advantages 
derived  from  the  lightness  and  strength  im- 
parted by  the  introduction  of  wrought  iron. 
Steel  having  taken  a  prominent  place  in  the 
construction  of  roofs  recently,  may  have  sug- 
gested itself  to  the  editor,  but  the"  purposes  of 
the  work  may  have  been  considered  to  be 
fully  realised  without  its  introduction. 

Perhaps  the  most  useful  and  interesting 
department  of  the  buUding  art  is  joinery,  and 
it  is  one  reqmring  a  special  apprenticeship, 
to  be  understood  sufficiently  to  properly 
qualify  the  superintendent  or  clerk  of  works. 
This  section  is  not  so  prolific  in  examples  as 
we  could  wish.  A  little  good  staircase  practice 
is  given,  and  a  few  directions  for  glueing, 
bending,  &c.— processes  which  are  better 
taught  in  actual  practice  than  by  the  aid  of 
book  lore. 

In  the  strength  of  materials,  "  a  circum- 
stance to  be  attended  to  in  every  construction 
requiring  strength"  is  touched  upon.  In 
treating  of  the  succession  of  strains,  the 
writer  alludes  to  the  disintegration  of  particles 
in  the  set  caused  by  the  tensile  strain.  This 
is  true,  and  might  act  as  a  warning  to  those 
who  put  an  extreme  load  on  material  intended 

II  to  resist  any  similar  load  that  may  be  brought 
'  npon  it,  but  which  material  has  been 
j  weakened  by  the  experiment  to  such  an 
I  extent  as  to  be  unequal  to  the  strain  it  was 
originally  calculated  to  bear.  A  second 
application  of  the  load  would  be  fatal.  The 
doctrine  of  cohesion  varies  the  effect,  but  the 
principle  remains  the  same.  In  allusion  to 
metals,  the  writer  observes  that  by  a  "  thou- 
sand circumstances  unkno^Ti  to  us "  they 
differ  materially,  and  by  a  "  curious  and  in- 


explicable fact "  the  cohesion  of  an  iron  bar 
is  greatly  increased  by  drawing  it  through  a 
smooth  hole  in  a  steel  plate  ;  but  this  is  ex- 
plainable by  the  fact  that  the  closer  the  par- 
ticles are  squeezed  together  the  denser  does 
the  section  become,  and  the  cohesion  itself 
must  operate  largely  in  resistance  to  the 
tensile  strain.  This  section  of  the  work  is 
the  most  important,  perhaps,  because  the 
most  useful.  Generally  architects  and 
builders  content  themselves  with  arbitrary 
rules,  sometimes  establisliing  thorn  for  their 
own  practice  from  experiments  hastily  con- 
ducted under  different  circumstances,  so  that 
condensed  data  such  as  are  furnished  in  this 
work,  accompanied  by  analogous  examples 
without  the  usual  algebraical  complications, 
will  tend  to  simplify  studies  in  this  direction. 
In  it  we  notice  the  writer's  severity  on  the 
theory  of  Euler  on  the  strain  on  columns,  but 
a  purely  mathematical  theory  (and  of  this  no 
greater  proof  could  be  afforded  than  the 
elaborate  experiments  on  the  form  of  tube  for 
the  Britannia  Bridge,  by  Professor  Hodgkin- 
son  and  Messrs.  Fairbaim  and  Stephenson) 
will  not  hold  water  in  the  face  of  absolute 
experiment,  and  the  difference,  not  only  in 
the  kind  but  quality,  of  material  is  so  great 
that,  though  the  principle  may  be  well  esta- 
blished by  mathematical  analysis,  the  mode  of 
its  application  alters  the  case  entirely.  This 
"  Strength  of  Materials  "  is  a  careful  digest  of 
the  leading  authorities  on  the  subject,  and, 
taking  up  the  best  information  and  tables, 
brings  down  to  practical  reasoning  all  that 
has  been  written  of  any  value.  The  only 
fault  that  we  find  is,  it  is  not  extensive 
enough,  and  in  being  limited  to  two  examples 
only  of  cast  and  wTought-iron  beams,  leav- 
ing out  the  lattice,  as  also  the]  modes  of 
junction,  &c.,  where  columns  are  used,  now 
of  such  general  use  in  all  building  operations, 
we  are  disposed  to  think  is  treating  such  an 
all-important  subject  too  abruptly.  The  im- 
pression produced  on  us  by  a  perusal  of  this 
work  is,  that  while  striving  to  bring  ^vithin 
such  a  moderate  compass  a  wide  range  of  sub- 
ject, and  while  presenting  to  the  reader  a 
great  deal  of  stereotyped,  intermixed  with 
much  new  and  practical  information,  it  bears 
evidence  of  discrimination  and  care,  and  being 
unpretentious,  will  more  readily  be  adopted. 
But,  at  the  same  time,  the  difficulty  of  con- 
densing so  much  in  one  volume  is  apparent, 
and  subjects  demanding  more  attention  are 
necessarily  passed  too  quickly  by,  and  the 
"Strength  of  Materials"  is  one  of  them. 

The  editor,  as  stated,  "  besides  revising  the 
different  treatises,  and  introducing  improve- 
ments and  additions  where  necessary,  has 
availed  himself  of  the  late  discoveries  in  the 
East  to  supplement  the  articles  on  Egyptian, 
Jewish,  and  Assyrian  architecture,  and  to  add 
a  chapter  on  Chinese  and  Indian  architecture." 

Most  of  the  plates  furnished  are  excellent 
in  arrangement  and  quality.  They  are  fifty- 
five  in  number,  and  illustrate  the  Bomanesque, 
Arabic,  and  Pointed  styles  of  architecture. 
Many  of  them  have  never  been  published 
before.  All  of  them,  inclusive  of  the  mould- 
ings and  orders,  and  very  useful  details  of 
masonry  and  carpentry,  with  diagrams  of 
statics  and  dynamics,  reflect  great  credit  on 
draughtsman  and  engraver,  every  detail  being 
minutely  shown,  and  each  plate  being  com- 
plete in  itself.  No  expense  has  been  spared 
by  the  enterprising  publishers,  and  we  can 
highly  commend  the  work  to  our  standard 
architectural  librarians. 


GOSSIP  FROM  GLASGOW. 

(From  oub  own  Correspoxdent.) 

■T^OTWITHSTANDING  that  alike  architects 
_]_  1  and  tradesmen  complain  of  "  little  doing," 
there  are  several  buildings  of  more  or  less  public 
character  being  presently  proceeded  with.  Opera  - 
tions  have  been  commenced  for  the  new  Uni- 
versity, a  building  on  which  Glasgow  architects 
will  likely  keep  their  wide-awake  eye,  from 
equally  '■  the  local  habitation  and  the  name"  of 
its  author.    A  good  deal  has  been  said  by  both  the 


profession  and  the  public  about  so  important 
a  public  work  being  designed  iu  London  ;  and  the 
high  reputation  enjoyed  by  Mr.  Scott  will  invest 
anything  from  him  with  a  peculiar  interest.  The 
building,  from  designs  by  Mr.  Burnet,  of  the 
principal  branch  office  of  the  Clydesdale  Banking 
Company,  is  about  being  completed.  The  new 
loc.ll  bea<l-ottice  of  the  Bank  of  Scotland,  designed 
by  Mr.  Rochead,  is  having  completed  its  second 
story  windows  ;  and  the  new  office  for  the  Glasgow 
Gas  Company,  by  Mr.  Melvin,  is  in  the  same  stage 
of  progress.  Old  buildings  are  being  taken  down 
that  a  theatre  and  a  circus  may  be  erected  on  their 
sites;  and  two  music-halls,  one  of  them  of  very 
large  capacity,  rapidly  approach  completion. 
Apparently,  local  arcbitect-s  are  not  readily  to  be 
found  for  places  of  public  entertainment.  The 
new  theatre  has  been  sent  to  Mr.  I'utt,  of  Sunder- 
land, aa  was  also  the  interior  of  its  predecessor. 
This  predecessor  was  designed  by  Mr.  Spence,  of 
Glasgow,  for  the  late  John  Henry  Alexander, 
proprietor  and  manager,  and  its  interior,  until 
spoiled  by  Mr.  Edmund  Glover's  rubbishy  rococo, 
was  universally  admired.  The  interior  was  burned 
out  a  few  years  ago,  and  the  old  shell  was  not 
very  artistically  refilled  by  Mr.  Pott.  But  the 
rolUng  stock  interest  is  alike  omnipotent  and 
tyrannic.  If  it  shows  little  respect  to  churches, 
it  mil  show  still  less  to  theatres,  and  the  old 
Temple  of  Tbespis  in  Dunlop-street  is  to  be 
dUapidated  and  desecrated  befure  the  smoking 
altar  of  the  Union  Railway.  For  the  circus — the 
first  stone,  Ume,  and  permanent  building  of  the 
kind  in  Glasgow — an  architect  could  be  found  no 
nearer  than  Hull,  Mr.  J.  T.  Robinson.  For  one 
of  the  music-haUs  the  veteran  Mr.  Black  was 
originally  employed,  as  was  most  natural,  he 
having  been  the  architect  for  a  similar  bouse  be- 
longing to  the  same  proprietor,  and  advertised  by 
said  proprietor  himself  as  one  of  the  best  in  the 
city.  From  some  unknown  cause,  after  the  work 
had  made  some  progress,  the  proprietor  dispensed 
with  Mr.  Black's  services,  and  gave  his  commis- 
sion to  Messrs.  Clarke  and  Bell,  in  this  case, 
however,  Glasgow  architects  as  well  as  Mr.  Black. 
From  music  to  mutton  may  be  a  descent,  but  it 
is  a  necessary  one ;  and  accordingly,  Messrs. 
Clarke  and  Bell  are  no  less  busy  with  slaughter- 
houses for  the  city  than  a  music-hall  for  Mr. 
Baylis.  The  asylum  of  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  In- 
stitution, designed  by  Messrs.  Salmon,  Son,  and 
Ritchie,  is  now  roofed,  and  is  about  as  prominent 
a  feature  in  the  landscape  seen  from  the  south- 
side  park,  as  will  be  the  LTniversity  in  that  seen 
from  the  west-end.  Of  course,  there  is  a  differ- 
ence in  size,  but  their  positions  are  relatively  the 
same.  For  another  of  the  "  public  institutions," 
the  Govan  Parish  Poor-bouse,  designed  by  Mr. 
James  Thomson,  the  schedules  are  issued.  The 
emulation  of  the  several  religious  sects  has  in 
Glasgow,  especially  smce  1S42,  always  done  much 
to  keep  the  mortar-tub  in  operation ;  and  although 
the  city  since  then  has  been  almost  wholly  re- 
churched,  new  extensions  and  missions  are  con- 
tinuaUy  on  the  move.  A  Roman  Catholic  chapel, 
from  the  pencff  of  Mr.  Goldie,  is  about  to  be 
erected  alruost  within  the  shadow  of  our  vener- 
able cathedral ;  Mr.  Angus  Kennedy  has  designed 
a  church  to  be  built  on  Paisley-road  for  the 
United  Presbyterians  ;  estimates  for  a  mission- 
church  in  connection  with  the  Kirk  of  Scotland, 
and  designed  by  Messrs.  Clarke  and  Bell,  have 
just  been  received — the  mason  work  coming  to 
about  £2,000  ;  and  a  building  for  the  Barony 
Free  Church,  by  Mr.  Honeyman,  is  just  about 
being  completed.  It  wffl  form  a  feature  in  a 
situation  architecturally  and  otherwise  interesting, 
being  on  the  west  side  of  the  irregular  quad- 
rangle which  has  the  Royal  Infirmary  (by  the 
Adelphi  Adamses)  vnth  Mossman's  fine  statue  of 
the  late  Lord  Provost  Lumsden  in  front  on  the 
north,  and  on  the  east  the  cathedral  and  the 
barony  church  of  the  Kirk  of  Scotland,  which, 
"  with  order,  taste,  and  symmetry  unblest," 
withal  rudely  fanciful,  possesses  a  borrowed 
interest  from  being  the  preaching  place  of  one 
of  Scotland's  most  popular  divines.  Dr.  Norman 
MacLeod,  the  editor  of  Good  Wo-i'ds.  The  Doctor 
is  a  chaplain  in  a  volunteer  corps,  as  well  as 
a  chaplain-in-ordinary  to  the  Queen,  and  in  his 
former  capacity  he  is  reported  to  have  told  the 
citizen-soldiers  to  be  in  no  hurry  in  repulsing 
invaders,  until  at  least  they  had  burnt  the  Barony 
kirk,  as  it  seemed  to  be  the  only  way  in  which  to 
get  quit  of  a  budding  so  hideously  ugly.  Your 
English  readers  may  be  surprised  why  so  popular 
a  clergyman  does  not  readily  get  a  more  becoming 
church.  The  reason  is  simply  that  the  present 
one  is  the  property  of  neither  the  city  nor  the 
congregation,  aa  are  most  others,  but  of  "heritors" 


473 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


July  12,  1867. 


— landed  proprietors  that  the  wisdom  of  John 
Knox  burtheued  with  the  duty  and  expense  of 
upholding  such  externals  of  religion  as  churches, 
manses  (parsonage-houses),  and  ministers'  stipends, 
and  also  schools  and  schoolmasters'  dwellings 
and  salaries.  Ko  part  of  Glasgow  is  more  assidu- 
ously visited  by  strangers  thau  is  this  quadrangle 
and  its  neighbourhood,  for,  besides  the  objects 
instanced,  there  are  the  picturesque  Kecropolis 
on  the  other  side  of  the  Molendinar  and  the 
modern  gallery  of  stained-glass  pictures  in  the 
Cathedral.  Perhaps  few  would  go  so  far  from 
their  ease  in  their  inn  in  George-square  solely  to 
see  the  largest  chimney-stalk  in  the  world  {St. 
RoUode) ;  it  is,  nevertheless,  there  for  the  look- 
ing at. 

A  wooden  bridge  is  being  thrown  across  the 
Clyde  to  accommodate  the  traffic,  while  a  bridge 
at  foot  of  Saltmarket  is  being  taken  down  and 
rebuilt.  The  Clyde  at  Glasgow  is  spanned  by 
five  bridges,  all  of  which,  even  the  one  about  to 
be  taken  down,  have  been  put  across  within 
living  men's  memory.  Two  are  suspension-bridges 
for  foot-passengers  only,  and  other  two,  of  granite, 
are  remarkably  handsome  structures,  very  wide  in 
the  roadwaj'  and  of  easy  inclination.  The  Union 
Railway,  which,  "  like  a  wounded  snake,  drags  its 
slow  length  along,"  is  busy  casting  its  bridge 
across  the  river,  and  it  certainly  promisesi  to  be 
no  adornment.  Railways  have  done  nothing 
whatever  to  beautify,  but  much  to  mar  the  appear- 
ance of  Glasgow.  The  Glasgow  Improvement 
Act,  that  gives  most  extensive  powers  for  pulling 
down  and  building  up,  forming  new  streets  and 
diverting  old  ones,  has,  as  yet,  done  little  practi- 
cally, except  levying  a  sixpence  upon  every  pound 
of  rental.  The  accomplishment  of  its  great  object 
will  do  much  to  ameliorate  Glasgow  physically, 
morally,  and  socially.  Consequent  upon  the 
anticipated  wholesale  demolition  of  the  smaller 
sort  of  houses,  joint-stock  companies  are  being 
formed  for  "  better  houses  for  the  working-classes," 
and  "  every  man  his  own  landlord." 

Some  of  our  architects  are  busy  with  large  works 
in  the  country.  Mr.  Burnet  is  just  completing  a 
large  mansionhouseforoneof  our  merchant  princes 
on  a  most  beautiful  and  commanding  situation  on 
the  western  shore  of  Lochlomond,  and  is  com- 
mencing another  in  the  same  neighbourhood  for 
the  Honourable  James  Lumsdeu,  Lord  Provost  of 
Glasgow.  Cameron  House,  also  on  the  western 
shore  of  Lochlomond,  and  designed  by  Mr.  Spence 
for  Mr.  Smollet,  a  collateral  relative  of  Eodcnck 
Random,  is  just  almost  finished.  Mr.  Burnet  has 
recently  completed  another  large  mansion-house, 
at  Cardross,  near  Dunbarton  Castle.  This  man- 
sion is  for  Mr.  Burns,  one  of  the  eminent  firm  of 
shipowners.  Mr.  Honeyman  is  putting  a  large 
addition  to  Helenslee,  Dumbarton,  the  residence 
of  Peter  Denny,  the  well  known  shipbuilder, 
while  Mr.  Rochead  is  getting  along  with  the 
Wallace  Monument,  as  well  as  the  up-hill  (it  is 
to  be  feared  in  more  senses  than  one)  nature  of 
the  work  permits. 

The  removal  term  in  Glasgow  is  the  28th  of 
May,  and  since  then  house-painters  have  had 
a  busy  time  of  it.  It  is  also  about  this  time  that 
shop  fronts  get  their  annual  coating.  Two  styles 
are  this  season  signally  dominant — the  one  being 
the  pilaster,  having  its  lower  third  painted  one 
colour  and  the  upper  two-thirds  another,  the  line 
of  junction  being  stencilled  with  a  horizontal 
ornamentation,  commonly  of  a  Greeky  character, 
and  by  the  trade  called  "  a-la-Grecq  ;  "  the  other 
being  a  dark  green,  as  if  a  wholesale  job  lot  of 
this  peculiar  pigment  had  found  its  way  to 
Glasgow  and  been  distributed  among  the  deco 
rators  "  at  an  alarming  sacrifice" — of  taxte.  Four, 
tenths  of  the  shop  fronts  are  painted  in  the  one 
style  and  four-tenths  in  the  other,  the  remaining 
two  being  independent.  Novelty  will  always 
command  imitation,  albeit  sometimes  ignorant 
and  unprincipled,  and  the  former  dominating  style 
is  doubtless  due  to  the  influence  that  is  being 
exercised  so  largely  upon  architecture  and  deco- 
rative art  in  Glasgow  by  Mr.  Alexander  Thomson  ; 
the  prevalence  of  the  other  style  I  cannot  account 
for  otherwise  than  as  above. 

The  "Postolfice  Glasgow  Directory"  for  1867-8, 
newly  published,  directs  to  the  business  chambers 
of  exactly  sixty  architects,  which,  were  there  no  re- 
membrance of  the  ranks  whence  some  of  them  have 
been  recruited,  would  be  a  goodly  sign  of  a  city 
wherein  the  most  recently  received  doctriae  is, 
"The  sole  test  of  ability  is  success."  If  it  was 
the  wise  and  witty  and  the  no  less  large-hearted 
canon  of  St.  Paul's  who  said,  "  Everybody  thinks 
that  he  can  drive  a  gig,  manage  a  farm,  or  edit  a 
newspaper,"  he  would  certainly  have  added,  "or 


be  an  architect,"  supposing,  of  course,  that  at  the 
time  he  was  from  under  the  dome  of  St.  Paul's 
Cathedral. 

Eighteen  months  ago  a  plot  of  ground  in 
Jamaica  street,  measuring  50ft.  of  frontage  and 
l*20ft.  of  depth,  was  sold  at  an  average  of  £L^t  per 
square  yard;  and  a  two  windowed  shop  of  16ft. 
frontage  and  extending  about  110ft.  back,  was  let 
a  few  months  ago  at  i;300  per  annum. 

The  schedules,  or,  as  I  believe  you  call  them, 
bills  of  quantities,  for  the  mason,  bricklayer,  car- 
penter and  joiner,  slater,  plumber,  and  plasterer 
works  of  the  Govan  parish  new  poor-house  are  now 
ready  to  be  issued.  A  charge  is  to  be  made  for 
them  to  the  parties  estimating,  a  practice  which, 
if  not  new  or  unknown,  is  at  least  uncommon  to 
Glasgow  contractors. 

Designs  for  the  Govan  parish  new  poor-house 
were  sought  for  from  a  select  competition  some 
months  ago,  and  after  a  deal  of  poor-rate  eloquence 
about  the  propriety  or  non-propriety  of  building 
for  posterity,  about  cost,  convenience,  and  more 
debatable  et-ceteras  than  I  can  specify,  the  result 
was  another  competition,  but  limited  to  the  two 
that  had  apparently  given  the  most  satisfaction 
in  the  former — Messrs.  Haig  and  Low,  and  Mr. 
J.  Thomson  ;  Mr.  Thomson  coming  in  winner.  I 
do  not  know  whether  Poor-law  guardians  read 
Shakspeare  or  not — it  would  perhaps  be  better  for 
both  themselves  and  the  poor  if  some  of  them  did 
— but  those  to  whom  have  been  committed  the 
care  of  having  built  a  new  poor-house  for  Govan 
seem  to  have  taken  a  hint  from  the  bard's  "  Lord 
Bardolph  "  : — 

When  we  mean  to  build 
We  first  survey  the  plot,  then  draw  the  model ; 
And  when  we  see  the  figure  of  the  house. 
Then  must  we  rate  the  cost  of  the  erection ; 
Which  if  we  find  outweighs  ability, 
Wh.at  do  we  then,  but  draw  anew  the  model 
In  fewer  ofiices? 

The  new  poor-house  promises  to  be  one  of  the 
chief  contracts  of  the  season. 


PLATE   GIRDERS.— No.    5. 

THE  rivets  on  each  side  of  a  joint  must  be 
equal  to  the  nett  section  of  the  plate  taken 
through  the  line  of  rivet  holes,  as  the  plates  may 
tear  through  either  side  of  the  joining  line.  In 
article  No.  4,  page  422,  the  girder  taken  for  ex- 
ample had  flanges  made  up  of  plates  15in.  by  fin. 
thick.     The  section  will  therefore  be — 

15  X  -375  =  5'625in. 
deduct  for  4  rivet  holes  l'125in. 


4'5in.  nett  section. 
We  must  then  have  rivet  area  on  each  side  a 
joint  in  one  of  these  flange  plates  to  equal  this 
nett  section  ;  and  to  arrive  at  this,  suppose  the 
wrapper  or  cover  plate  over  the  joint  to  be  \m. 
thick,  and  the  number  of  rivets  each  side  joint  to 
be  twelve  in  number  :  it  will  then  stand  thus— 
12  rivets  X  thickness  of  cover  X  diameter  of 
rivet  ;  or, 

12  X  -5  X  -75  =  4'5in., 
exactly   the   nett    section  of    the    plate    broken 
through,   or  where  joint  occurs.      The   following 
diagram  perhaps  will  explain  better. 


The  rivets  are  pitched  at  a  distance  of  4in. 
apart  from  centre  to  centre,  that  being  the  usual 
pitch  of  rivets  in  plate  girders  of  this  size.  Some- 
times, to  get  the  wrappers  of  shorter  length,  and 
thus  save  weight,  rivets  are  placed  nearer  to- 
gether, say  Sin.  from  centre  to  centre. 

After  the  draughtsman  has  completed  his  drawing 
and  placed  all  necessary  working  dimensions 
thereon,  he  draws  up  his  specification,  which,  as 
far  as  relates  to  wrought-iron  work,  runs  as  fol- 
lows : — 

Specification  fob  the  Erection  or  Wrought- 
IRON  Plate  Gibdek  Bridge. 

1.  The  information  contained  in  the  following 
■pecification  comprises  necessary  particulars  to 
admit  of  a  tender  for  the  erection  and  completion 


of  a  wrought-iron  jjlate  girder  bridge  at  (here  the 
name  of  the  place  is  inserted). 

2.  The  works  must  be  carried  out  to  agree  with 
the  accompanying  drawings  and  this  speciti cation, 
to  the  satisfaction  of  the  engineer,  who  shall  have 
power  to  reject  any  material  or  workmanship  that 
is  not  satisfactory. 

3.  Before  commencing  the  work,  all  templates 
made  as  a  guide  for  punching  or  drilling  the  holes 
of  the  various  parts  shall  be  submitted  to  the  en- 
gineer. 

4.  The  engineer  shall  have  power  to  modify  or 
alter  drawings,  and  any  increase  or  diminution  in 
the  weight  of  iron  used  shall  be  paid  for  or  de- 
ducted according  to  the  schedule  price  given 
below. 

5.  The  contractor  shall  hand  over  to  the  com- 
pany the  whole  of  the  iron  work,  &c.,  fixed  com- 
plete in  place,  in  all  respects  ready  for  the  traffic 
to  commence  running  over  it,  and  shall  keep  it  in 
thorough  repair  for  the  period  of  nine  months 
after  handing  it  over  to  the  said  company. 

6.  The  whole  of  the  wrought  iron  shall  be  of 
the  best  description;  the  plates  for  the  girders  to 
be  exact  in  size  as  shown  on  the  plans ;  the  holes 
in  the  plates  to  correspond  or  match  with  each 
other.  The  riveting  to  be  done  red-hot,  and  the 
ends  of  all  plates  planed  so  as  to  abut  truly 
against  each  other. 

7.  All  riveting  done  in  a  true  and  workmanlike 
manner,  the  rivets  to  be  made  of  the  very  best 
scrap-iron,  and  be  capable  of  bearing  a  tensile 
strain  of  twenty  tons  per  circular  inch,  and  to  be 
countersunk  where  shown  on  plans. 

8.  No  drifting  of  rivet  holes  will  be  allowed, 
but  all  holes  not  corresponding  with  each  other 
must  be  limered  out. 

9.  The  whole  of  the  ironwork  when  complete 
arid  fixed  in  place,  shall  be  painted  with  three 
coats  of  paint.  The  first  and  second  coats  while 
wet  must  be  sprinkled  with  fine  white  sharp  sand; 
and  the  third  coat  to  be  of  a  colour  sanctioned  by 
the  engineer  to  the  line. 

10.  Payments  will  be  made  (state  here  the 
terms,  retaining  5  per  cent,  of  the  whole  contract 
until  nine  mouths  after  completion  of  contract, 
as  a  guarantee  of  the  work  being  done  satis- 
factorily). 

11.  The  contractor  shall,  at  the  desire  of  the 
engineer,  subject  the  girders  or  any  of  the  plates 
separately  to  such  tests  as  he  thinks  desirable, 
the  cost  attending  same  to  be  paid  by  the  con- 
tractor. 

12.  The  company  do  not  bind  themselves  to 
accept  the  lowest  or  any  tender,  and  the  work 
must  be  finished  ready  for  use  in  (name  the 
time)  from  the  date  of  signing  this  contract 
under  a  penalty  of  (so  much  per  week)  until  it  is 
complete. 

13.  All  the  plates  to  be  of  the  best  Staffordshire 
plate  iron  or  other  approved  quality,  capable  of 
bearing  a  tensile  strain  of  fully  twenty  tons  per 
square  inch  of  sectiomal  area,  and  all  plates  not 
bearing  this  test  will  be  rejected. 

14.  The  transverse  girders  to  be  cranked,  as 
shown  on  plans,  at  ends  of  bottom  flange  so  as  to 
form  a  flush  line  with  the  bottom  flange  of  main 
girders. 

15.  The  contractor  shall  be  held  responsible  for 
all  damage  or  claims  arising  from  delays  or  ob- 
structions to  the  highway,  and  must  obtain  the 
consent  and  .approval  of  the  parish  surveyor  before 
erecting  any  staging  he  may  require  in  the  con- 
struction and  fixing  in  place  of  the  girders. 

16.  Tenders,  sealed  and  endorsed  "Tender  for 
the  Construction  of,  and  Erecting  a  Plate  iron 
Girder  Bridge  of  27ft.  span)  as  per  Drawings, 
sheets  Nos.  1,  2,  and  3)  over  London-road,"  must 
be  sent  to  the  secretary  at  his  office  not  later  than 
12  o'clock  on  Thursday,  Ist  August  next. 

Schedule  of   Prices   for   Additions  and 
Deductions. 

Wrought  iron  in  plates,  L  or  T-iron,     £    s.     d- 

with   all   contingencies,     incluoing 

workmen's  time at  per  ton. 

Bolts  .and  nuts    at  per  cwt. 


"FOR  MAN  AND  BEAST." 

THOUGH  "  The  Metropolitan  Drinking  Foun- 
tain  and  Cattle  Trough  Association''  may 
uut  boast  of  a  very  euphonious  name,  it  is  one 
of  the  most  practically  useful  societies  that  have 
sprung  up  within  recent  years.  The  report  pre- 
sented to  the  eighth  annual  meeting  of  this  asso- 
ciation, which  was  held  in  Willis's-rooms,  under 
the  presidency  of  Lord  WharncUffe,  on  Tuesday, 


July  12,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


473 


contains  some  unusually  interesting  figures,  show- 
ing the  really  great  blessings  which  the  con- 
tinually-extending  operations  of  the  society  are 
conferring  alike  on  man  and  beast.  The  more 
important  items  in  the  report  may  be  summarised 
aa  follows  : — The  association  has  now  large 
troughs  for  horses,  oxen,  and  sheep  at  Highgate- 
hill,  Maida-hill,  Kilburn,  Roehampton.  Stratford, 
Barking-road,  Plaistow,  Haverstock  hill,  Batter- 
sea-rise,  Tottenham  court-road,  Cumberland- 
market,  and  Camden-broadway.  It  is  the  inten- 
tion of  the  committee  that  every  fijuntain  in  Lon- 
don shall  have  a  dog  trough  attached  to  it,  and 
that  every  available  sight  for  a  cattle  trough  shall 
be  occupied  as  funds  are  provided.  In  undertak 
ing  to  do  this,  a  largely  increased  and  continually 
increasing  annual  charge  is  laid  upon  the  society. 
No  less  than  fifteen  new  fountains  have  been 
erected,  and  thirteen,  which  had  been  erected  by 
private  benevolence,  and  which  for  want  of  the 
necessary  supervision  had  fallen  into  such  a  state 
of  dilapidation  as  to  be  worse  than  useless,  have 
been  taken  over,  re-erected,  supplied  with  water, 
and  are  now  permanently  under  the  supervision  of 
the  society.  The  total  number  which  are  under 
the  care  of  the  association  is  one  hundred  and  ten. 
All  of  these  are  visited  and  cleaned  at  least  twice 
a  week  by  the  agents  of  the  society,  who  unstop 
pipes,  replace  cups,  and  do  any  repairs  that  may 
be  required,  so  that  none  of  them  are  at  any  time 
left  without  water  or  cups.  Between  three  and 
four  hundred  thousand  thirsty  wayfarers  are  sup- 
posed to  di-ink  at  these  fountains  every  day  ;  nor 
are  the  benefits  to  be  derived  from  them  confined 
to  even  this  vast  multitude,  for  to  great  numbers 
of  the  resident  poor  the  fountains  are  also  an  in- 
estimable boon.  The  annual  subscriptions  for 
the  year  amounted  to  £546,  and  the  donations  to 
£1,241,  besides  the  munificent  contribution  of 
£1,030,  which  was  received  just  before  the  last 
annual  meeting,  from  a  lady  in  the  country. 
-After  having  made  full  provision  for  the  efficient 
working  of  existing  structures,  the  whole  of  the 
remainder  of  this  sum  has  been  expended  in  the 
erection  of  new  fountains  and  troughs.  Notifica- 
tion had  been  received  from  the  executors  of  the 
late  Mr.  W.  J.  Hall,  of  Trinity-square,  that  a 
legacy  of  £1,000  has  been  bequeathed  to  the 
Bociety  by  that  gentleman  for  the  erection  of 
fountains.  In  1862,  the  Royal  Society  for  the 
Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Animals  made  a  grant  of 
£100  for  dog  troughs,  and  the  committee  have 
lately  received  an  intimation  from  the  same 
Bociety  that  they  have  decided  to  make  another 
grant  towards  the  erection  of  cattle  troughs.  It 
is  also  gratifying  to  know  that  in  1863  the  com- 
mittee received  a  letter  from  New  York,  solicit- 
ing advice  and  information  respecting  the  erection 
of  fountains  in  that  city,  and  twenty  fountains 
with  troughs  for  cattle  and  dogs,  on  the  plan  of 
those  of  the  association,  are  now  in  course  of 
erection  there.  In  the  words  of  the  report,  at  no 
previous  period  in  its  history  have  the  affairs  of  the 
aasociatioa  been  in  so  satisfactory  a  state. 


STRENGTH  OP  BEAMS. 

IT  is  well  known,  says  Mr.  Ashpite',  in  his 
"  Treatise  on  Architecture,"  that  the  trans- 
verse strength  of  a  beam  is  directly  as 
the  breadth  and  as  the  square  of  the  depth, 
and  inversely  as  the  length ;  and  the  varia- 
tion of  the  results  of  some  experiments  from 
this  law  can  only  have  depended  on  acci- 
dental circumstances.  If  we  wish  to  find  the 
number  of  hundredweights  that  will  break  a  beam 
of  oak  supported  at  both  ends,  supposing  them  to 
be  placed  exactly  on  the  middle,  we  may  multiply 
the  square  of  the  depth  in  inches  by  100  times 
the  breadth,  and  divide  by  the  length ;  and  we 
may  venture  in  practice  to  load  a  beam  with  at 
least  an  eighth  as  much  as  this,  or,  in  case  of 
necessity,  even  a  fourth.  And  if  the  load  be  dis- 
tributed equally  throughout  the  length  of  the 
beam,  it  will  support  twice  as  much;  but  for  a 
beam  of  fir  the  strength  is  somewhat  less  than  for 
oak.  A  cylinder  will  bear  the  same  curvature  as 
r  the  circumscribing  prism,  and  it  may  be  shown 
that  its  strength,  as  well  as  its  stiff'ness,  is  to  that 
of  the  prism  as  one-fourth  of  its  bulk  is  to  one- 
third  of  the  bulk  of  the  prism.  The  strength  of  a 
beam  supported  at  its  extremities  may  be  doubled 
by  firmly  fixing  the  ends  where  it  is  practicable, 
and  we  have  already  seen  that  the  stiffness  is 
quadrupled  ;  but  the  resilience  remains  unaltered, 
mnce  the  resistance  is  doubled,  and  the  space 
through  which  it  acts  is  reduced  to  a  half.  It  is 
therefore  obviously  of  importance  to  consider  the 


nature  of  the  resistance  that  is  required  from  the 
fabric  which  we  are  constructing.  A  floor,  con- 
sidered alone,  requires  to  be  strong ;  but  in  con- 
nection with  a  ceiling,  its  stiCfness  requires  more 
particular  attention,  in  order  that  the  ceiling  may 
remain  free  from  cracks.  A  coach  spring  requires 
resilience  for  resisting  the  relative  motions  of  the 
carriage,  and  we  obtain  this  kind  of  strength  as 
effectually  by  combining  a  number  of  separate 
plates,  as  if  we  united  them  into  a  single  mass, 
while  we  avoid  the  stiff'ness  which  would  render 
the  changes  of  motion  inconveniently  abrupt. 

In  all  calculations  respecting  stiShess,  it  is  ne- 
cessary to  be  acquainted  with  the  modulus  of 
elasticity,  which  may  be  found  for  a  variety  of 
substances  in  the  annexed  table  : — 

Heioht  or  THE  Modulus  op  Elasticity  in 
Thousands  of  Feet. 


Iron  and  steel  . 

--10,000 

Fir  wood    ... 

...10,000 

Copper      ...     . 

..  5,roo 

Elm    

...   8,000 

Brass 

..  5,000 

Beech 

...   8,000 

SUver        ...     . 

..  3,240 

Oak     

...   5,060 

Tin    

..  2,250 

Box     

...   5,050 

Crown  glass 

..  9,800 

Ice      

...      850 

LINCOLNSHIRE  DIOCESAN  ARCHI- 
TECTURAL SOCIETY. 

THE  annual  gathering  of  this  Society  took 
place  at  Grantham  last  week,  under  the 
presidency  of  the  Bishop  of  Lincoln.  The  pro- 
ceedings began  by  Divine  service  in  the  nave  of 
the  Church  of  St.  Wolfran.  Immediately  after- 
wards the  Venerable  .Archdeacon  TroUope  pro- 
ceeded to  the  western  approach  to  the  fabric,  and 
pointed  out,  in  minute  detail,  the  beauties  of  the 
tower  and  spii'e.  He  then  proceeded  to  the  east 
end  of  the  roofless  chancel,  and  referred  at  consi- 
derable length  to  the  architectural  features  of  the 
interior.  The  Church  of  St.  Wolfran  has  for  some 
time  been  undergoing  an  extensive  restoration.  In 
July,  1S65,  the  tender  for  the  work  of  Mr.  G.  E. 
Hall,  of  Nottingham,  was  accepted,  at  £9,588. 
The  magnificent  edifice  is  very  simple  in  its  plan, 
consisting  of  a  nave  and  chancel,  with  aisles  to 
each,  a  north  vestry,  north  porch,  south  porch, 
and  an  engaged  tower  at  the  west  end,  the  latter 
opening  to  the  nave  and  aisles  by  three  very  fine 
arches.  The  oldest  portions  of  the  fabric  are 
transitional,  from  the  Norman  to  the  Early  Eng- 
lish style,  and  probably  date  about  1190,  accord- 
ing to  the  opinion  of  Mr.  G.  G.  Scott.  The  pillars 
of  this  date,  he  says,  are  particularly  beautiful, 
consisting  of  four  attached  and  four  detached 
shafts,  the  latter  connected  with  the  former  by 
moulded  bands  at  half  their  height.  Early  in  the 
thirteenth  century  the  nave  was  lengthened  60ft. 
The  next  work  in  succession  of  time  is  that  which 
gives  the  church  its  leading  characteristics,  and  on 
which  its  celebrity  depends,  for  it  includes  the 
magnificent  steeple,  the  whole  of  the  west  front, 
the  greater  part  of  the  north,  and  one  bay  of  the 
south  side  of  the  church — work  of  the  latter  part  of 
the  thirteenth  and  the  early  part  of  the  fourteenth 
century.  The  excursionists  then  started  and  visited 
the  churches  at  Harlaxton  and  Denton.  Proceeding 
on  their  journey,  they  arrived  at  Eelvoir  Castle, 
and  were  shown  over  that  magnificent  seat.  The 
]>rominent  features  of  the  north-east  front  are 
Norman.  This  front  looks  upon  the  site  of  St. 
Mary's  Priory,  in  whose  consecrated  ground  were 
deposited  the  remains  of  the  founder,  Robert  de 
Todeni,  and  his  successors,  William  de  Albini  L, 
II.,  and  IV.  The  grand  entrance  is  of  Decorated 
character,  but  previous  to  the  fire  no  such  entrance 
existed.  South-west  front :  The  chapel  is  Perpen- 
dicular. There  are  many  works  of  art  here,  includ- 
ing eight  pieces  of  Gobelins  tapestry,  illustrating 
the  adventures  of  "  Dom.  Quichotte,"  from  designs 
painted  by  Coypel,  who  died  in  1737;  biLsts  by 
NoUekens,  and  Venus  couchante,  and  head  of  a 
nun  purchased  in  Italy.  Here  are  many  family 
portraits  and  pictures  by  some  of  the  following 
masters,  viz.,  Kubens,  Reynolds,  Teniers,  Gerard 
Dow,  Claude  Lorraine,  Gaspar  Poussin,  Guido, 
Murillo,  Van  Dyck,  Hans  Holbein,  Veronese,  Cor- 
reggio,  Ostade,  Durer,  Rembrandt,  &c.  In  the 
chapel  is  an  altar-[)iece,  "  The  Holy  Family,"  by 
Murillo,  which  is  insured  for  the  sum  of  3,000 
guineas.  The  great  charm  of  the  Green  or 
.Assembling  room  are  the  Seven  Sacraments,  by 
N.  Poussin.  They  cost  .t3,000.  Woolsthorpe, 
Maston,  Sedgebrooke,  and  Barrowby  churches 
were  next  examined  in  succession.  The  church  of 
St.  John,  at  Maston,  we  may  mention,  is  in  much 
need  of  restoration.  All  the  sacred  edifices  were 
described  by  Archdeacon  TroUope.    The  excur. 


sionists  returned  to  Grantham  in  the  evening,  and 
held  a  meeting  in  the  Exchange  Hall,  the  Bishop 
of  Lincoln  presiding.  Archdeacon  TroUope, 
secretary  of  the  society,  read  a  paper  on  "  The 
Proper  Treatment  of  Stained  Glass  Windows  in 
Churches,"  in  which  he  described  the  incongruous 
manner  adopted  in  many  noble  edifices,  notably 
Lincoln  Minster,  of  treating  this  method  of  adorn- 
ment. So  ridiculous  did  they  appear  in  many 
instances,  and  so  utterly  out  of  all  harmony,  that 
they  reminded  him  of  the  progress  of  the  railway 
enterprise  in  this  country,  where  the  absence  of 
proper  control  by  Government  in  directing  their 
formation  had  led  to  enormous  useless  expenditure 
and  a  very  imperfect  system.  The  example  at 
Lincoln  might,  however,  serve  as  a  warning  to 
two  of  the  finest  churches  in  the  diocese,  Grant- 
ham and  St.  Mary's,  Nottingham,  which  were 
iidmir.ibly  adapted  for  being  adorned  by  its  vnn- 
(lows  in  an  artistic  and  rational  manner.  The 
Kev.  B.  Street  read  a  paper  on  "The  Ancient 
Buildings  of  Grantham,"  in  which  he  described 
the  various  objects  interesting  to  the  antiquarian 
and  those  who  feel  a  pride  in  the  early  history  of 
the  town,  as  the  Abbey  House,  the  earliest  men- 
tioned building  in  the  town,  in  the  garden  of 
which  a  relic  of  the  ancient  residence  was  stiU 
preserved,  the  ancient  church  and  monastery  on  St. 
Peter's-hill,  Queen  Eleanor's  Cross  in  the  same 
locality,  and  the  associations  connected  with  the 
neighbourhood  of  the  present  parish  church. 
Excursions  were  made  next  day  to  the  following 
churches : — Mauthorpe,  Belton,  Syston,  Earkston, 
Honington,  Carlton,  Normanton,  Caythorpe, 
Hough,  Hougham,  Marstou,  Great  Gonerby. 


NATIONAL  FINE  ART  EXHIBITION?. 

WE  have  more  than  once  drawn  attention  to 
the   forthcoming  National  Exhibition  of 
Works  of  Art  to   be  held  at  Leeds.     Mr.  J.  B. 
Waring,  the  General  Manager  and  Chief  Commis- 
sioner of   the   Exhibition,  has  recently  issued  his 
first   report  to  the  Executive  Committee.     From 
this   able  and  interesting  document  we  make  the 
following   extracts: — In  order,  says  Mr.  Waring, 
fuUy  to   appreciate   the   great  importance  of  the 
proposed   Exhibition  at  Leeds  in  1S6S,  it  is  well 
not  to  regard  that  alone,  but  to  consider  what  has 
been  eft'ected  in  the  past,  and  what  may  be,  and 
ought  to  be,  the  result  of   such  an   Exhibition  in 
the  futuie.      If  we  compare  the  advantages  which 
the  people  of  Europe  generally  enjoy,  as  regards 
pubUc   and  local  GaUeries  of  Art,  we  cannot  fail 
to  observe  with  regret  our  own  deficiencies  in  this 
respect.     It  is  a   real  and  serious  subject  of  re- 
proach to  this  country  that,  whilst  every  town  of 
any   importance    in    the    neighbouriog    land    of 
France,  for  example,  possesses  a  public  gallery  of 
art,  in  which  painting,   sculpture,  engraving,  and 
works  of  ancient  ornamental  industry  are  more 
or  less    well    illustrated     and    arranged,      Great 
Britain  is  stiU  unable  to  boast  of  any  simUar  ad- 
vantages, any  such  marks  of,  and  aids  to,  artistic 
education  among  the  nation.      It  is  true  that  of 
late  years  museums,  of  an  archajological  character 
principally,  have  been  generally  estabUshed,  and 
that  the  Government  Department  of   Science  and 
Art  basset  in  motion  a  '•travelling"  collection  of 
works,    principally  of    a    decorative   nature,   re- 
lating to  manufacture ;  but,  as   regards   the  fine 
arts  of  painting  and  sbulpture,   it  is  not  too  much 
to  say  that,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  of  the 
chief   cities   in  the  kingdom, — and  in  these,  even 
as   yet   but   very   imperfectly — no  such  desirable 
means  of  recreation,  no  such  powerful  aid  to  in- 
struction   of   mind   and   refinement    of    feeling, 
exists  at  all  in  this  country.     On  the  other  hand, 
if  we  look   at  France,  we  find  that  the  town  of 
Boulogne,     only  thirty  miles   distant   from   our 
shores,  and  numbering  barely  30,000  inhabitants, 
possesses,    besides  a  tine   public   library  of  about 
40,000    volumes,   and   numerous    most    valuable 
illuminated  manuscripts,  an  excellent  picture  gal- 
lery, as   well  as  a  good   coUection  of  ancient  and 
modem  sculpture,   and  works  of  decorative  art. 
Dijon,  another  departmental  lown  of  about  30,000 
inhibitants,   possesses     a     pubUc     gallery     and 
museum,    containing  nearly  500  paintings  by  the 
old  masters,   which  serve  toUlustrate  the  great 
schools  of  France,  Germany,  Italy,  and  Holland, 
besides  very  valuable  examples  of  Medixval  and 
Renaissance  art.       Lyons,   one   of    the   greatest 
manufacturing  cities  of  France,  boasts  of  a  gallery 
of  paintings  by   the  ancient    masters,    amongst 
which  we  observe  the  celebrated  names  of   Pietro 
Perugino,  Palma  Vecchio,   the  Carracci,  Pousin, 
Spagnoletto,   Rubens,  Teniers,  &o  ,  works  which 


474 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


Jdly  12,  1867. 


cannot  fail  to  have  exercised  a  beneficial  eife  ct  on 
the  local  School  of  Design,  which  has  served  to 
raise  throughout  the  world  the  artistic  character 
of  the  Lyons  manufacturers'  productions.  Be 
sides  this,  nearly  every  town  possesses  some 
paintings  by  great  artists  who  belong  by  family 
or  by  birth  to  the  place  :  thus,  the  student  of  art 
who  wishes  to  obtain  a  just  idea  of  what  the 
Vernet  family  were  must  visit  the  Avignon  Gal- 
lery, in  which  is  preserved  a  complete  series  of 
works  by  various  members  of  the  family,  who 
originally  belonged  to  that  city.  The  import- 
ance and  value  of  such  public  galleries  of  art, 
from  an  educational  point  of  view,  cannot,  I 
think,  be  over-estimated ;  and  it  is  to  be  remem- 
bered that  such  galleries,  even  in  France — the 
land  par  excellence  of  Governmental  action — are 
due  almost  entirely  to  municipal  or  local  grants, 
and  to  the  liberality  of  private  persons  who  have 
bequeathed  valuable  collections  of  art  to  their 
native  towns,  mainly  with  a  view  to  the  recrea- 
tion and  improvement  of  their  poorer  and  less 
fortunate  fellow-citizens.  "  There  can  be  no 
doubt,"  remarks  a  writer  in  the  Dublin  University 
Magazine,  upon  the  Manchester  "  Art  Treasures 
Exhibition"  of  1857,  "  that  the  continent  has  a 
great  advantage  over  us  in  these  matters.  In  our 
land  the  best  treasures  are  locked  up  from  the 
great  masses  of  our  people  ;  not  from  the  poor 
alone,  but  from  the  entire  middle  class  of  society. 
.  .  .  Is  tliere  no  spell  by  which  the  doors  of 
all  these  treasure-houses  may  be  opened,  if  it  be 
only  for  a  time,  and  their  afHuent  riches  poured 
out  into  some  depository  where  the  whole  nation 
may  see  them,  and  the  national  mind  be  in- 
structed ? "  In  the  present  instance,  Mr.  Waring 
says  he  looks  forward  with  confidence  to  an  actual 
and  permanent  result  from  the  successful  con- 
clusion of  what  may  justly  be  regarded  as  a  work 
of  national  importance ;  and  that,  spurred  on  by 
the  example  placed  before  them,  incited  by  the 
liberality  and  public  spirit  evinced  by  the  owners 
of  such  valuable  and  beautiful  works  of  art,  the 
various  municipalities  of  the  land,  with  Leeds 
first  on  the  list,  will  seriously  and  earnestly  set 
to  work  to  establish  local  public  galleries  of  art, 
in  which  painting  and  sculpture  shall  hold  the 
most  prominent  places,  where  also  a  gallery  of 
County  Worthies  shall  be  formed,  and  which  can- 
not fail  to  be  of  the  very  gi-eatest  \ise  in  the 
education  the  instructiou,  and  recreation  of  the 
entire  population  of  these  islands.  As  regard.s 
the  present  Exhibition,  it  is  a  most  encouraging 
circumstance  that  no  sooner  was  the  scheme 
mooted  by  the  members  of  the  building  com- 
mittee of  the  new  Infirmary  than  it  was  warmly 
received  by  their  fellow-citizens,  and  their  pro- 
posal was  so  heartily  adopted  that  in  less  than  a 
month's  time  a  guarantee  fund  of  £110,000  was 
raised ;  thus  attbrding  the  most  indisputable 
proof  that  the  Exhibition,  so  far  as  its  promoters 
were  concerned,  should  be  no  merely  local 
gathering,  but,  so  far  as  their  public  spirit  and 
liberality  could  ensure,  it  should  be  worthy  of  the 
great  county  of  which  Leeds  is  the  commercial 
centre,  and  deserve  the  support  of  the  whole 
nation. 


ARUNDEL  SOCIETY. 

MR.  LAYARD,  M.P.,  in  the  absence  of  Lord 
Elcho,  took  the  chair  at  the  last  annual  meet- 
ing of  this  society.  In  opening  the  proceedings  he 
dwelt  on  the  favour.able  aspect  of  the  report.  The 
number  of  members  under  the  recent  reconstruc- 
tion is  likely,  in  the  course  of  the  year,  to  be 
doubled,  and  the  annual  receipts  have  now 
reached  upwards  of  £5,000.  This  growth  in  re- 
sources has  enabled  the  society  to  extend  the 
sphere  of  its  operations.  In  the  course  of  the 
present_  year  two  series  of  pubhcations  will  be 
issued,  in  place  of  one,  to  the  first  and  second 
class  of  subscribers  respectively.  These  will  in- 
elude  chromo-lithographs  from  frescoes  by  Ra- 
phael, Ghirlaudaio,  and  Razzi.  Mr.  L.ayard  has 
kindly  undertaken  to  write  for  the  society  a  de- 
scriptive notice  of  the  Brancacci  Chapel,  which 
will^  be  distributed  among  the  members,  with  the 
closing  illu.stratiou  of  that  rich  repository  of 
mural  decorations.  It  is  anticipated  that  this 
critical  notice  may  settle  certain  historic  ques- 
tions as  to  the  authorship  of  the  frescoes,  which 
have  long  been  subject  of  doubt.  The  balance 
sheet  of  the  society  shows  that  the  arrangement 
made  with  the  Department  of  Science  and  Art 
for  the  sale  of  photographs  has  lately  been 
Drought  into  successful  operation.  Among  the 
most  important  works  now  in  course  of  execution 
are    chromo-lithographio    reproductions    of   Van 


Eyck's  celebrated  picture,  "  The  Adoration  of  the 
Lamb,"  together  with  the  accessory  side  panels, 
or  painted  doors.  Also  specimen  drawings  have 
been  made  by  Signor  Mariannecci,  of  Michael 
Angelo's  "Prophets"  and  "Sibyls"  in  the  Sistine 
Chapel.  In  these  and  other  copies  Signor  Mari- 
annecci has  been  directed  by  the  council  to  tran^ 
scribe  more  literally  than  heretofore,  the  ancient 
frescoes  in  their  actual  state  of  decay.  This  in- 
struction was  given  in  consequence  of  the  dis- 
satisfaction expressed  by  many  of  the  members 
at  the  modern  aspect  imparted  to  professed  fac- 
similes of  ancient  works.  The  project,  of  which 
we  gave  notice  some  weeks  since,  to  reproduce  in 
chromo-lithography  a  selection  from  the  se- 
pulchral monuments  of  the  middle  ages,  is  in 
course  of  being  carried  in  to  effect.  As  examples  of 
the  successful  combination  of  architecture,  sculp- 
ture, and  pictorial  or  other  surface  enrichments, 
the  sepulchral  monuments  of  Italy  are  deemed  to 
be  uurivalled.  Accordingly  the  council  of  the 
Arundel  Society  have  engaged  Professor  Snauth, 
of  Stuttgard,  to  make  careful  copies  in  colours  or 
monochrome,  of  two  valuable  monuments  in  the 
Church  of  San  Giovanni  e  Paolo,  Venice.  A  fa- 
vourable specimen  of  the  Professor's  work,  to- 
gether with  other  interesting  drawings  recently 
executed,  may  be  seen  in  the  society's  rooms,  Old 
Bond -street.  In  the  prosecution  of  these  im- 
portant undertakings  the  society  will  obtain  valu- 
able assistance  through  the  accession  of  Mr.  Street 
to  the  council. 


OUR  ILLUSTRATIONS. 

OUR  illustrations  this  week  consist  of  a  double 
page  lithographic  drawing  of  a  portion  of 
the  Strand  front  of  Mr.  Scott's  design  for  the 
new  Law  Courts,  which  we  noticed  analytically  in 
the  Bdildiuo  News,  No.  630 ;  designs  for  a  cabinet 
and  bookcase,  by  Mr.  B.  Talbert.  We  have 
noticed  that  gentleman's  work  on  medieval  fur- 
niture in  another  part  of  to-day's  impression.  No 
doubt  many  of  our  readers  will  remember  that 
when  we  offered  £5  £s.  some  years  ago  for  the 
best  heading  for  the  Building  News,  and  for 
which  nearly  150  competitors  tried  their  hand, 
Mr.  Talbert  won  the  prize. 

We  also  give  this  week,  the  first  of  a  series 
of  sketches  of  the  "  Early  Architecture  of 
France,"  by  Mr.  W.  J.  WiUcox,  architect.  The 
series  will  embrace  perspective  views  of  the 
exteriors  and  interiors  of  many  of  the  finest 
churches  in  France,  besides  an  assemblage  of 
striking  detail,  remarkable  for  its  excellence  in 
design.  These  embrace  altar  ornaments,  arcading, 
apses,  base  mouldings,  capitals  and  bases,  corbels, 
chapels,  doorways,  groining,  ironwork,  mouldings, 
panels,  piscina;,  porches,  spandrels,  and  spandrel 
ornaments,  stringcourses,  towers  and  spires, 
windows,  and  various  other  features,  which  will  be 
found,  it  is  believed,  to  contain  examples  alike 
interesting  to  the  professional  man  and  the  student. 
The  sketches  will  be  drawn  on  stone  by  Mr. 
Edward  Wimbridge,  and  when  finished  they  will 
be  found  to  be  a  valuable  supplement  to  the  well- 
known  works  of  Mr.  Nesheld  ,ind  Mr.  Norman 
Shaw. 


OFFICIAL  WISDOM. 

THOUGH  the  monthly  report  issued  by  Dr. 
Whitmore,  the  medical  officer  for  Mary- 
lebone,  is  short,  it  always  contains  some  useful  in- 
formation or  valuable  suggestions.  Had  it  not 
been  for  that  officer's  prompt  action  a  short  time 
since,  in  all  prob.ability,  a  fatal  epidemic  would  have 
broken  out  in  Marylebone.  "On  a  very  recent  oc- 
casion," said  he. — "  I  had  the  opportunity  of  ob- 
serving how  greatly  sickness  and  diarrhea  are  pro- 
duced by  the  offensive  effluvia  arising  from  large 
accumulations  of  manure.  About  a  fortnight  ago, 
an  outbreak  of  cattle  plague  occurred  in  Malt- 
house  Mews,  Lisson  Grove;  adjoining  to  this  is 
Carlisle  Mews,  and  in  these  two  places  at  the 
time  of  the  outbreak,  there  were  (50  cows,  and 
from  80  to  90  horses.  These  places  were  promptly 
declared  to  be  an  infected  district,  as  directed  by 
the  orders  of  the  Privy  Council,  and  a  '  Cordon 
Sanitaire,'  so  to  speak,  was  placed  round  it . 
policemen  stationed  .at the  cUfferent  outlets  pre-' 
vented  the  removal  of  all  manure,  offal,  fodder, 
hay,  straw,  and  everything  that  might  be  sup- 
posed to  convey  infection,  and  the  result  was  that 
in  a  very  short  time  immense  heaps  of  manure 
had  accumulated.  After  the  interval  of  a  few 
day.s,  sickness  and  diarrhcea  broke  out  amongst  the 
inhabitants,  and  in  order  to  ascertain  the  extent  to 
which  it  ezistedjlcausedacarefulhouseto  house  in- 


spection to  be  made.  It  was  found  that  149  men, 
women,  and  children,  resided  in  these  mews,  and 
that  61  were  suffering  from  sickness  and  diarrhtea. 
It  was  not  until  after  an  interval  of  twelve  days, 
and  the  expenditure  of  much  time  and  trouble, 
that  I  was  enabled  to  get  the  manure  removed ; 
had  it  been  delayed  for  a  few  days  longer,  I  have 
reason  to  believe  that  fatal  consequences  would 
have  ensued.  The  regulations  issued  by  the 
Privy  Council  in  reg.ard  to  the  cattle  plague  are 
very  stringent,  especially  so,  in  preventing  the 
removal  of  any  matter  or  thing  from  a  district 
which  has  been  declared  to  be  infected.  It  is  ex- 
pressly provided  that  all  infected  manure  shall  be 
first  disinfected,  and  afterwards  destroyed,  no 
reference  whatever  being  made  to  its  removal ; 
and  even  with  regard  to  the  manure  of  horses  or 
cattle  not  infected,  the  difiiculty  of  disposing  of 
it,  if  contained  within  the  infected  circle,  is  very 
considerable.  Every  person  will  readily  allow, 
that  with  a  disease  so  intensely  contagious  and 
destructive  as  this,  the  strongest  measures  of 
precaution  are  necessary,  provided  always  that 
in  the  application  of  them  the  public  health  is 
not  endangered.  In  the  case  here  referred  to,  a 
large  number  of  jjersons  were  for  nearly  a  fort- 
night, subject  to  a  nuisance  so  intolerable  and 
nauseating,  as  to  render  it  impossible  for  many  of 
them  to  take  food  it',  their  own  houses,  and  who 
were  positively  compelled  to  take  their  meals  in 
some  neighbouring  street,  where  the  horrible 
effluvia  from  the  decomposing  animal  excreta  had 
not  penetrated." 

Dr.  AVhitmore  asks,  and  very  naturally,  that 
increased  facilities  be  given  to  the  local  autho- 
rities for  removing  manure,  offal,  &c.  We  are 
not,  like  many,  ardent  admirers  of  all  the  muni- 
cipal regulations  of  P.aris  ;  but  we  do  say,  that 
such  a  delay  occasioned  by  red  tapeism,  as  the 
one  just  mentioned,  could  not  have  taken  place  in 
that  city. 


ENGLISH  ARTISANS  AT  PARIS. 

A  LAUDABLE  effort  is  set  on  foot  by  the 
Paris  Excursion  Committee  of  the  Work- 
ing Men's  Crub  and  Institute  Union  to  turn  to 
good  account  the  visits  of  the  large  bodies  of 
English  workmen  whom  they  are  sending  to  the 
French  capital.  The  French  authorities  have 
been  induced  by  the  exertions  of  Mr.  A.  H. 
Layard,  M.P.,  to  open  specially  to  these  excursion- 
ists several  most  valuable  institutions,  as  well  as  to 
give  every  aid  in  acquiring  information.  A  prize 
fund  is  also  established  by  the  committee  for 
awards  to  the  authors  of  the  best  reports  on  certain 
specified  branches  of  industry,  including  articles 
in  stone,  iron,  wood,  cl.ay,  glass,  gold  and  silver, 
bronze,  leather,  paper,  textile  manufacture,  ma- 
chinery, printing,  books,  &c.  Towards  this 
fund  a  grant  of  £250  has  just  been  made  by  the 
Science  and  Art  Department.  The  committee 
has  issued  a  list  of  conditions  in  connection  with 
the  reports,  which  may  be  had  at  the  offices,  150, 
Strand.  Intending  excursionists  are  advised  to 
provide  themselves  with  a  note  book  before  going 
to  Paris,  and  to  record  therein,  day  by  day,  every 
novelty  in  articles  and  processes  of  manufacture 
that  comes  under  their  notice,  and  especially  any 
improvements  connected  with  their  respective 
trades.  The  questions  which  each  competitor 
should  .ask  himself  before  writing  his  report  are : 
— In  what  respect  (if  any)  is  continental  work- 
manship superior  to  English  ? — Has  machinery 
been  adopted,  and,  if  so,  with  what  advantages  ? — 
And  where  continental  workmen  successfully  com- 
pete with  English  industry  is  it  due  to  superior 
manipulative  skill,  or  to  the  adoption  of  some 
labour  saving  process,  and  more  efficient  machi- 
nery ?  The  reports  must  be  sent  in  to  the  secre- 
tary of  the  prize  fund  within  six  weeks  from  the 
date  of  the  writer's  return  from  Paris. 


In  the  House  of  Commons  on  Tuesday,  Mr. 
Locke  (in  the  absence  of  Mr.  Layard),  asked  the 
First  Commissioner  of  Works  whether  the  revised 
elevation  for  the  fayade  of  the  London  University, 
to  be  erected  in  Burlington  Gardens,  now  exhi- 
bited in  the  library,  would  be  adopted.  Lord  J. 
Manners  said  that  the  elevation  had  been  for  some 
time  in  the  library.  Some  alterations  had  been 
made  in  the  details  in  accordance  with  the  views 
of  the  hon.  member  for  Bath  (Mr.  Tite.)  He  had 
not  heard,  either  in  public  or  private,  any  hostile 
criticism  of  the  design,  and  he  presumed  be 
might  consider  that  it  met  with  the  approbation 
of  the  Building  Committee.  He  should  therefore 
instruct  Mr.  Pennethorne  to  carry  it  into  effect. 


1    I,: 


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July  12,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


483 


MEDI.EVAL   FURNITURE.* 

IT  is  curiousto  note  through  how  many  phases 
of  sigiiitication  the  word  "  Gothic,"  as 
applied  to  the  arts  of  design,  has  passed. 
There  is  little  doubt  that  it  was  first  used  as 
a  term  of  reproach.  It  next  became  popularly 
identilied  with  all  that  was  picturesque  and 
romantic  in  architecture.  It  afterwards  de- 
generated into  the  mere  watchword  of  an 
ajsthetic  clique  ;  and  there  is  too  much  reason 
to  fear  that  m  consequence  of  what  has  of  late 
years  passed  under  its  name  we  are  now  begin- 
ning to  be  rather  ashamed  of  it.  Neverthe- 
less, the  word,  in  its  best  sense,  is  a  good 
word,  and  it  is  not  because  we  find  it  daily 
misapplied  by  the  ignorant  to  those  wretched 
travesties  of  medieval  architecture  which  are 
rising  up  around  us  and  on  every  side  that 
we  should  forget  that  the  style  has  many  able 
representatives  even  in  our  ovra  time,  to  say 
nothing  of  times  ])ast,  when  Gothic  art  had  a 
glory  of  its  owm — a  glory  from  which  the  mis- 
takes of  our  own  day  can  never  fairly  dis- 
sociate it. 

Let  us  confess  that  we  opened  Mr.  Talbert's 
book  with  some  misgivings.  And  though  in 
many  instances  of  his  design  we  have  been 
agreeably  surprised  by  the  fertility  of  his  in- 
vention and  the  appreciation  of  sound,  honest 
workmanship  wluch  is  embodied  in  his  taste, 
we  cannot,  after  fairly  examining  it,  resist  the 
conviction  that  if  a  reform  is  to  be  effected  in 
the  manufactiire  and  appearance  of  our  house- 
hold furniture  (and  that  sucli  a  reform  is  needed 
there  can  be  little  doubt),  many  important 
conditions,  not  only  of  artistic  but  of  practical 
import,  must  be  kept  in  Wew,  wliich  would 
seem  to  have  been  overlooked  by  the  author 
of  this  volume.  It  is  generally  admitted 
that  extravagance  of  form  and  comple.xity  of 
detail  are  to  be  avoided  in  the  design  of  objects 
which  are  intended  for  ordinary  domestic  use  ; 
and  even  under  circumstances  which  lead  to 
an  opposite  conclusion,  care  should  be  taken 
not  to  midtiply  ornament  for  the  mere  sake 
of  elaboration.  The  metal  work  on  the  cen- 
tral compartment  of  Mr.  Talbert's  sideboard 
(plate  1)  is  an  instance  of  extraordinary  intem- 
perance in  design ;  and  a  similar  fault  may 
occasionally  be  perceived  in  the  disposal  of 
his  inlaid  decoration.  The  same  example, 
together  with  some  others,  bears  evidence  of 
a  tendency ^to  treat  woodwork  like  stone ;  and 
though  this  Ls  a  solecism  which  has  more  or 
less  prevailed  in  better  ages  of  art  than  the 
present,  we  must  remember  that  it  found  an 
apology  then  which  it  can  never  find  again. 
In  such  ages  the  habits  of  life  were  rude  and 
simple.  The  interior  of  a  modern  cottage  pre. 
sents  many  points  of  comfort,  and  even  Oj. 
luxury,  compared  with  the  rush-strewn  cham 
bers  in  which  our  ancestors  dined  and  slept. 
In  applying,  therefore,  what  Sir.  Talbert  calls 
"  Gothic  forms "  to  the  design  of  modern 
fmnituie,  due  regard  should  be  paid  not 
only  to  the  actual  requirements  of  life 
in  the  nineteenth  century,  but  also  to  the 
essential  modification  which  such  forms  mu.st 
undergo  before  they  can  with  propriety  be 
adapted  to  many  objects  which  were  never 
used  at  all  in  the  midtlle  ages. 

On  this  point,  indeed,  Mr.  Talbert  himself 
observes  in  the  preface  to  his  work  : — 
"Though  there  are  few  examples  of  the 
later  period  of  Gothic  furniture,  it  is  impossi- 
ble to  find  precedents  for  domestic  woodwork 
of  the  earlier  periods.  The  few  examples  that 
remain  may  serve  to  point  out  the  path  to  be 
taken,  but  demand  a  certain  amount  of  inven- 
tion before  they  could  either  fulfil  the  pur- 
pose or  give  the  comforts  now  necessary  to  us. 
To  those  who  desire  a  repetition  of  fifteenth 
century  work  it  is  easy  to  obtain  furniture 
corresponding  with  the  style  of  that  period  ; 
but  it  is  most  difhcvdt  to  procure  that  which 
will  be  more  in  keeping  with  the  purer  and 


earlier  styles.  I  have  endeavoured  by  this 
series  of  designs  ixnd  sketches  from  existing 
work  to  be  of  help  to  those  who  are  interested 
in  supplying  this  want;  and  as  each  modern 
Gothic  mansion  has  its  own  peculiarities  re- 
quiring a  distinct  treatment,  I  consider  that 
the  principal  use  of  the  work  is  that  it  may  be 
of  a  suggestive  nature." 

The  truth  is  that  in  the  present  day  we  do 
not  want  monumental   furniture,   i.e.,  furni- 
ture  of  which   the  features  are  derived  from 
the  rood  screens  and  church  stalls  of  a  bygone 
age.     If  we   would  replace   by  honest  design 
and  manufacture  the  giracrack  and  sha]icless 
abominations   which  are  now  made  under  the 
names  of  cabinet  work  and  upholstery,   we 
must  work  in   the   spirit   rather  than  in  the 
letter    of   mediaeval  art.       And   this   is   un- 
doubtedly a  difficult  task  to  accomplish.     For, 
so  long  iiave   the  public  been  accustomed  to 
recognise  a  certain  sense  of  luxury  and  false 
elegance    in    the    sheen    of    French   polish, 
veneered  tables,  and  in  the  twists  and  curves 
of  a  drawing-room  "  suite  "  (as  the  Tottenham 
Court-road  shopkeepers  are  sure  to  call  it), 
that  a  plain  but  well-made  article  of  solid 
wood,   designed  on    "  true   principles,"    will 
seem  commonplace  to  ninety-nine  people  out 
of  a  hundred,  compared  with  the  fashionable 
appointments   of  a  modern  house.     To  meet 
tliis     apparent     deficiency    of     "  elegance," 
designers  of  Mr.  Talbert's  school  are  too  apt 
to  indulge  their  fancies  in  quaint  combinations 
of  colour  and  material,  elaborate  carving  and 
metal    work,    rich  tapestries,    c&c,  all    very 
delightful  to  contemplate,  but  representing  in 
their   aggregate  value   an  amount  of  cost  at 
which  the   British   householder  would  stand 
aghast.     John   Bull's   taste  is  not   easily  re- 
formed  at  any  time,  but  if  it  can  be  only 
reformed     by    doubling    and     trebling     his 
upholsterer's   biU,  he  will  find  in  that  fact  a 
strong   argument  in  favour  of  his  present  con- 
victions,    ilany  of  Mr.  Talbert's  designs  are 
novel  and  picturesque  in  character.     The  bed 
and   sofas,    especially    the   one  sketched  on 
plate  10,  ingeniously  combine  the  new  doctrine 
of  his   taste  with  every  possible  requirement 
of   modern  luxury.      There  are,  also,    some 
good  specimens  of  cabinets  and  bookcases,  two 
of  which  we  engrave  in  our  issue  of  this  week. 
The   text   contains   some  sensible  remarks 
on  the  subject  of  drawing-room  furniture  : — 
"The    drawing-room   is   not   easy  to  deal 
with.     There  has"  been  little  attention  paid  to 
the     subject,     and     the     requirements     are 
directly    opposed  to   what   is   generally  con- 
sidered the  spirit  of  Gothic  design.     Massive- 
ness  for  the  dining-room  and  hall  seems  right, 
but  for   the  ladies'  room   lightness  and  grace 
ought  to  be  aimed  at,  and  to  get  these  without 
an  expression  of  feebleness  or  wanton  curva- 
ture  is  a  dilticidty.       The   framing    of    the 
woodwork  being  light,  leaves  little  scope  for 
characteristic  treatment.     But  a  good  oppor- 
tunity exists  in  the  design  and  arrangement  of 
textile  fabrics,  which  form  an  important  part 
in  the   appointments  of  a  modern  drawing- 
room.     Perhaps   manufacturers  will  some  day 
see   the   necessity  of  using  small  diapers   or 
geometrical  patterns  for  their  furniture  stuffs, 
instead    of  the   everlasting  fleurs-de-lis  and 
flowering  sinuosities  now  accepted  as  Gothic." 
We  have  much  pleasure  in  recommending 
Mr.   Talbert's  book  to  our  readers'  attention. 
His  designs  do   not,   perhaps,   represent   the 
most  refined  development  of  mediaeval  art,  but 
no  better  ones,  so   far  as  we  know,  have  yet 
been  published;  and  considering  the  efl'orts 
which   are  now  being  made  to  encourage  the 
re\'ival  of  good  taste  in  all  branches  of  manu- 
facture,  we  can  only  be  thankful  for  any  step 
which  is  taken  to  promote  so  excellent  an 
object. 

As  specimens  of  Mr.  Talbert's  work  we  give 
on  another  page  a  design  for  a  cabinet  and  a 
design  for  a  bookcase. 


*  ''Gothic  Forms  applied  to  Furniture,  Metal-work, 
&c.,  for  Interior  Purposes."  Illustrated  with  thirty  pages 
uf  geometrical  and  perspective  sketchea.  By  B.  J,  Talbekt, 
architect.  Published  by  S.  Birbeck,  bookseller,  Birmiog- 
ham. 


Mr.    William   Hawes,    Vice-President    of    the 
Society  of  Arts,  has   been   unanimously  elected 
I  Chairman  of  the  Council  for  the  current  year. 


INSTITUTION  OP  CIVIL  ENGINEERS. 

THE  Council  of  the  Institution  of  Civil  En- 
gineers fiave  awarded  the  following  pre- 
uiiums  for  papers  read  at  the  meetings  during  the 
pastsession  :  —1.  A.  Telford  raedal,  and  a  Telford 
premiimi,  in  books,  to  James  T.  Chance,  M.A., 
Assoc.  Inst.  C.  1'^,  for  liis  paper  *' On  Optical 
Apparatus  Used  in  Lighthouses."  2-  A  Telford 
medal,  and  a  Telford  premium,  ia  books  to  Ed- 
ward Byrne,  M.  Inst.  C.E.,  for  his  paper  "  Ex- 
periments on  the  Removal  of  Organic  and  In- 
org.anic  Substances  in  Water."  3.  A  Telford 
medal,  to  George  Biddell  Airy,  Astronomer  Royal, 
Hon.  M.  Inst.  C.E.,  lur  his  paper  "On the  Use  of 
the  Suspension  Bridge  with  Stiffened  Roadway  for 
Railw.vy  and  other  Bridges  of  Great  Span."  *4. 
A  Watt  medal  to  Colonel  Sir  William  Thomas 
Denison,  K.C.B.,  U.K.,  Assoc.  Inst.  C.E.,  for  his 
p.ajier  on  "The  Suez  Canal."  5.  A  W.attmedal,  and 
a  Telford  premium,  in  books,  to  John  Bourne,  for 
his  paper  on  "Ships  of  War."  *0.  A  Telford 
])remium,  in  books,  to  Captain  Henry  AVhatley 
Tyler,  Assoc.  Inst.  C.  E.,  for  his  paper  "  On  the 
Working  of  Steep  Gradients  and  sharp  Curves  on 
Railways."  *7.  A  Telford  premium,  in  books,  to 
Willi.am  Henry  Preece,  Assoc.  Inst.  C.E.,  for  his 
paper  "  On  the  Best  Means  of  Communicating  be- 
tween the  Passengers,  Guards,  and  Drivers  of 
Trains  in  Motion."  *S.  A  Telford  premium,  in 
books,  to  WUham  Alexander  Brooks,  M.  Inst. 
C^E.,  for  his  paper  on  "The  River  Tyne."  9. 
The  Manby  premium,  in  books,  to  Charles  Douglas 
Fox,  M.  Inst.,  C.E.,  for  his  paper  "On  Light 
Railways  in  Norway,  India,  and  Queensland." 


PASSIVE  STRENGTH    OP   MATERIALS. 

STIFFNESS,  or  the  power  of  resisting  flexure, 
is  measured  by  the  force  required  to  produce 
a  given  minute  change  of  form.  For  beams 
similarly  fixed,  it  is  directly  proportional  to  the 
breadth  and  the  cube  of  the  depth,  and  in- 
versely to  the  cube  of  the  length.  Thus  a  beam 
or  bar  two  yards  long  will  be  equally  stiff  with  a 
beam  one  yard,  provided  that  it  be  twice  as  deep 
or  eight  times  as  broad.  If  the  ends  of  a  beam 
can  be  firmly  fixed  by  continuing  them  to  a  suflB- 
cient  distance  and  keeping  them  down  by  a 
proper  pressure,  the  stiffness  will  be  four  times  as 
great  as  if  the  ends  were  simply  supported.  A 
hollow  substance,  of  given  weight  and  length,  ha-s 
its  stiffness  nearly  proportional  to  the  square  of 
the  diameter  ;  and  hence  arises  the  great  utUity 
of  tubes  when  stiffness  is  required,  this  property 
being  still  more  increased  by  the  expansion  of  the 
substance  than  the  ultimate  strength.  It  is 
obvious  that  there  are  a  multiplicity  of  cases  iu 
carpentry  where  stiffness  is  of  more  importance 
than  any  other  property,  since  the  utility  as  well 
as  beauty  of  the  fabric  might  often  be  destroyed 
by  too  great  a  flexibihty  of  the  materials. 

If  we  wish  to  find  how  much  a  beam  of  fir  wiU 
sink  when  it  is  loaded  in  the  middle,  we  may 
multiply  the  cube  of  the  length  in  inches  by  the 
given  weight  in  pounds,  and  divide  by  the  cube 
of  the  depth,  and  by  ten  million  times  the  breadth ; 
but,  on  account  of  the  unequal  texture  of  the 
wood,  we  must  expect  to  find  the  bending  some- 
what greater  than  this  iu  practice,  besides  that  a 
large  weight  will  often  produce  an  alteration, 
or  permanent  settling,  which  will  be  added 
to  it ;  a  beam  of  oak  will  also  sink  a  little  more 
than  a  beam  of  fir  with  the  same  weight. 

With  respect  to  torsion,  the  stiffness  of  a  cylin-' 
drical  body  varies  directly  as  the  fourth  power  of 
the  diameter,  and  inversely  in  the  simple  propor- 
tion of  the  length ;  it  does  not  appear  to  be 
changed  by  the  action  of  any  force  tending  to 
lengthen  or  to  compress  the  cylinder ;  and  it  may 
very  possibly  bear  some  simple  relation  to  the 
force  of  cohesion,  which  has  not  yet  been  fully 
ascertained  ;  but  it  appears  that,  in  an  experiment 
of  Mr.  Cavendish,  the  resistance  of  a  cyhnder  of 
copper  to  a  twisting  force,  acting  at  its  surface, 
was  about  1-lOOth  of  the  resistance  that  the  sapae 
cylinder  would  have  opposed  to  direct  extension 
or  compression. 

Alteration  is  often  an  intermediate  step  between 
a  temporary  change  and  a  complete  fracture. 
There  are  many  substances  which,  after  bending 
to  a  certain  extent,  are  no  longer  capable  of 
resummg  their  original  form ;  and  in  such  cases 
it  generally  happens  that  the  alteration  may  be 
increased  without  limit,  until  complete  fracture 
takes  place,  by  the  continued  operation  of  the 
same  force  which  has  begun  it,  or  by  a  force  a 


Hate  previously  received  Telford  medals. 


484 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


July  12,  1867. 


little  greater.  Those  substances  which  are  the 
most  capable  of  this  change  are  called  ductile  ; 
and  the  most  remarkable  are  gold  and  a  spider's 
web.  When  a  substance  has  undergone  an 
altera:iou  by  means  of  its  ductility,  its  stiffness, 
in  resisting  small  changes  on  either  side,  remains 
little  or  not  at  all  altered.  Thus,  if  the  stiffness 
of  a  spider's  web,  in  resisting  torsion,  were  suffi- 
cient at  the  commencement  of  an  experiment  to 
cause  it  to  recover  itself,  after  being  twisted  in  an 
angle  of  ten  degrees,  it  would  return  ten  degrees, 
and  not  more,  after  having  been  twisted  round  a 
thousand  times.  The  ductility  of  all  substances 
capable  of  being  annealed  is  greatly  modified  by 
the  effects  of  heat.  Hard  steel,  for  example,  is 
incomparably  less  subject  to  alteration  than  soft, 
although  in  some  cases  more  liable  to  fracture ; 
so  that  the  degree  of  hardness  requires  to  be 
proportioned  to  the  uses  for  which  each  instru- 
ment is  intended  ;  although  it  was  proved  by 
Coulomb,  and  has  since  been  confirmed  by  other 
observers,  that  the  primitive  stiffness  of  steel  in 
resisting  small  flexures  is  neither  increased  nor 
diminished  by  any  variation  in  its  temper. 

The  strength  of  a  body  is  measured  by  the 
force  required  completely  to  overcome  the  corpus- 
cular powers  concerned  in  the  aggregation  of  its 
particles,  and  it  is  jointly  proportional  to  the 
primitive  stiffness  and  to  the  toughness  of  the 
substance,  that  is,  to  the  degree  in  which  it  is 
capable  of  a  change  of  form  without  permanent 
alteration.  It  becomes,  however,  of  importance 
in  some  cases  to  consider  the  measure  of  another 
kind  of  strength,  which  has  sometimes  been  called 
resilience,  or  the  power  of  resisting  a  body  in 
motion,  and  which  is  proportional  to  the  strength 
and  the  toughness  conjointly,  that  is,  to  the 
stiffness  and  the  square  of  the  toughness.  Thus, 
if  we  double  the  length  of  a  given  beam,  we 
reduce  its  absolute  strength  to  one-half,  and  its 
stiffness  to  one-eighth ;  but  since  the  toughness, 
or  the  space  through  which  it  will  continue  to 
resist,  is  quadrupled,  the  resilience  will  be  doubled, 
and  it  would  require  a  double  weight  to  fall  from 
the  same  height,  or  the  same  weight  to  fall  from 
a  double  height,  in  order  to  overcome  its  whole 
resistance.  If  we  wish  to  determine  the  resilience 
of  a  body  from  an  experiment  on  its  strength,  we 
must  measure  the  distance  through  which  it 
recedes  or  is  bent  previously  to  its  fracture;  and 
it  may  be  shown  that  a  weight  which  is  capable 
of  breaking  it  by  pressure,  would  also  break  it  by 
impulse  if  it  moved  vrith  the  velocity  acquired  by 
fallingfrom  a  height  equal  to  half  the  deflection. 
Thus,  if  a  beam  or  bar  were  broken  by  a  weight 
of  1001b.,  after  being  bent  six  inches  without 
alteration,  it  would  also  be  broken  by  a  weight 
of  1001b.  f.alliug  from  a  height  of  three  inches, 
or  moving  in  a  horizontal  direction  with  a  velocity 
of  four  feet  in  a  second,  or  by  a  weight  of  one 
pound  falling  from  a  height  of  SOOin.  This 
substitution  of  velocity  for  quantity  of  matter  has, 
however,  one  Umit,  beyond  which  the  velocity 
must  prevail  over  the  resistance,  without  regard 
to  the  quantity  of  matter ;  and  this  limit  is  de- 
rived from  the  time  required  for  the  successive 
propagation  of  the  pressure  through  the  different 
parts  of  the  substance,  in  order  that  they  may 
participate  in  the  resistance.  Thus,  if  a  weight 
fell  on  the  end  of  a  bar  or  column  with  a  velocity 
of  100ft.  in  a  second,  and  the  substance  could 
only  be  compressed  1 -200th  of  its  length  without 
being  crushed,  it  is  obvious  that  the  pressure 
must  be  propagated  through  the  substance  with  a 
velocity  of  20,000  feet  in  a  second,  in  order  that 
It  might  resist  the  stroke ;  and,  in  general,  a  sub- 
stance will  be  crushed  or  penetrated  by  a  velocity 
exceeding  that  which  is  acquired  by  a  body  falling 
from  a  height,  which  is  to  half  that  of  the 
modulus  of  elasticity  of  the  substance,  as  the 
square  of  the  greatest  possible  change  of  length 
IS  to  the  whole  length.  From  the  consideration 
of  the  effect  of  rigidity  in  lessening  the  resilience 
of  bodies,  we  may  understand  how  a  diamond, 
which  is  capable  of  resisting  an  enormous  pressure' 
may  be  crushed  with  a  blow  of  a  small  hammer^ 
moving  with  a  moderate  velocity.  It  is  remark- 
able that,  for  the  same  substance  in  difl'erent 
forms,  the  resilience  is  in  most  cases  simply 
proportional  to  the  bulk  or  weight,  while  almost 
every  other  kind  of  resistance  is  capable  of  infinite 
variation  by  change  of  form  only.— from  Treatise 
071  Architecture,  by  Arthur  Ashpitel,  Esq. 


Among  the  recipients  of  silver  medals  at  the 
Pans  Exhibition,  may  be  mentioned  Mr.  Thos. 
Peake,  proprietor  of  the  tUeries,  Tunstall,  for 
tiles.  ' 


COMPETITIONS. 

Gateshead  Townhall. — The  Townhall  Com- 
mittee of  the  Gateshead  Council  met  at  the  Tem- 
porary Townhall,  Queen's  Head,  High-street. 
After  a  very  careful  inspection  of  the  seven  sets 
of  competitive  plans  for  the  new  hall,  they 
decided  on  recommending  Mr.  Thomas  Oliver's 
to  the  council  as  the  most  suitable  in  every 
respect ;  Messrs.  Austin  and  Johnson's,  and  Mr. 
John  Johnston's,  coming  next  in  order  of  merit. 

New  Board  of  Works'  Offices,  Popiar  — 
This  Board  met  on  Tuesday,  2nd  inst.,  when  the 
committee  of  the  whole  Board  appointed  for  that 
purpose  reported  that  of  the  forty-three  designs 
submitted  they  had  selected  ten,  and  suggested 
that  some  eminent  and  impartial  architect  should 
be  ajipointed  to  examine  the  ten  selected  plans, 
and  report  as  to  their  practicability  and  probable 
cost.  This  suggestion  was  adopted,  and  it  was 
referred  back  to  the  committee  to  appoint  an 
architect. 


luilbiiig  liilcKigeita. 


CHURCHES  AND   CHAPELS. 

St.  James's  Church,  Sutton,  Hull,  has  just  been 
restored,  at  a  cost  of  over  £2,000.  Mr.  R.  G. 
Smith,  of  Hull,  was  the  architect,  and  Messrs. 
Simpson  and  Malone,  of  the  same  place,  were  the 
contractors. 

The  reopening  of  the  parish  church  of  North 
Aston  took  place  last  week.  The  restoration  of 
the  edifice  has  been  effected  under  the  direction 
of  Mr.  G.  G.  Scott,  at  the  sole  cost  of  Mr.  Foster 
Melliar,  of  North  Aston  House. 

Christ  Church  Cathedral,  Montreal,  was  conse- 
crated on  the  18th  ult.  It  is  situated  in  St. 
Catherine- street,  and  has  been  built  to  supply  the 
place  of  the  old  cathedral  in  Notre  Dame-street, 
which  was  destroyed  by  fire  in  18.56. 

The  opening  of  new  St.  Paul's  Episcopal  Church, 
Aberdeen,  took  place  last  week.  The  church  is 
in  the  Decorated  Gothic  style,  from  designs  by 
Mr.  J.  R.  M'Kenzie,  architect,  Aberdeen.  The 
length  is  100ft.  by  50ft.  vride.  It  is  seated  to 
hold  800  persons,  and  has  cost  £4,000.  The 
builder  was  Mr.  Stewart. 

A  new  chapel  for  the  Methodist  New  Connexion 
has  been  commenced  at  Dalehall,  Burslem.  It 
is  in  the  Italian  style.  The  architects  are  Messrs. 
Scrivener  and  Son,  of  Hanley,  and  the  builder 
is  Mr.  Bowden,  of  Burslem. 

A  new  peal  of  twelve  bells  has  been  hung  in 
the  Church  of  St.  Mary  le  Tower,  Ipswich.  A 
number  of  changes  were  rung  upon  them  for  the 
first  time  on  Sunday,  at  the  conclusion  of  evening 
service,  by  a  party  of  ringers  from  St.  Bride's  and 
St.  Pancras,  London.  This  is  the  only  peal  of 
twelve  bells  in  Suffolk. 

The  foundation  stone  of  a  new  chapel  for  the 
Wesleyan  Methodists,  at  Old  Swan,  Liverpool,  was 
laid  on  Monday.  The  chapel  will  be  in  the  Gothic 
style,  freely  treated,  the  exterior  of  red  stone 
shoddy  work,  with  tooled  dressings.  It  wiU  con- 
tain 479  sittings,  and  will  cost  upwards  of  £2,000. 
The  architects  are  Messrs.  Green  and  Parslow,  of 
Dale-street,  Liverpool,  the  contractor  being  Mr. 
John  Westmoreland,  of  Islington. 

The  new  Church  of  St.  James,  Fynone,  Swansea, 
was  consecrated  and  opened  by  the  Bishop  of  St. 
David's,  on  June  21.  The  building  has  been 
erected  from  the  designs  and  under  the  superin- 
tendence of  Mr.  Nicholson,  Hereford,  the  architect 
to  the  Church  Building  Society  in  that  diocese. 
The  contractors  for  the  work  were  Messrs.  Thomas, 
Watkins,  and  Jenkins,  builders,  Swansea.  The 
church  is  in  the  Decorated  style  of  English  archi- 
tecture. The  plan  comprises  a  nave  with  north 
and  south  transepts,  chancel,  north  and  south 
chancel  chapeLs,  a  vestry,  a  porch,  and  a  tower  and 
spire  to  be  added  hereafter.  The  extreme  length 
is  120ft,  and  the  extreme  width  75ft.  The 
accommodation  is  for  600  persons.  The  aisles  are 
separated  from  the  nave  by  five  arches  on  each 
side,^  standing  upon  columns  with  carved  capitals. 
A  wide  and  lofty  arch  separates  the  nave  from  the 
chancel.  The  west  front,  the  transepts,  and  the 
chancel  are  filled  with  large  windows  of  geometri- 
cal tracery,  that  in  the  chancel  being  of  five 
lights,  and  those  in  the  transepts  of  four  lights 
each.^  A  series  of  three-light  windows  decorates 
the  aisles.  All  the  windows  are  glazed  with  thick 
cathedral  tmted  glass.  The  roofs  are  open 
timbered,  of  an  interlacing  pattern,  and  are  stained 


and  varnished.  Godwin's  tiles  are  used  for  the 
floors  throughout,  plain  in  the  body  of  the  church 
and  ornamental  in  the  chancel.  The  reredos  is  com- 
posed of  enriched  tile  work.  The  seats  are  open, 
stained,  and  varnished.  The  chancel  is  stalled 
and  is  well  elevated  above  the  nave.  The  mate- 
rials used  in  the  construction  are  native  stone  for 
the  walling,  and  freestone  both  inside  and  out  for 
the  dressed  work. 

CHnRCH  OF  St.  Peter  and  St.  Edward, 
Palace-street. — A  new  tabernacle  and  throne 
has  recently  been  erected  in  this  church,  Mr. 
Bentley,  of  Southampton-street,  Strand,  being  the 
architect,  and  Mr.  Peter  Cooke,  of  Kenninglon 
the  mason.  The  tabernacle  stands  in  advance  of 
the  face  of  the  throne,  and  is  flanked  by  but- 
tresses, diapered  and  panelled  on  the  face,  and 
slig'ntly  projecting  at  right  angles  to  the  sides  and 
front.  Between  the  two  on  the  latter  face  is 
attached  a  rich  moulding,  the  inner  members  of 
which  form  the  frame  of  the  painted  and  gilded 
door,  and  the  outer  arch  over  a  sculptured  com- 
position, in  traceried  panels,  representing  our 
Lord  in  majesty  between  two  angels  incensing. 
A  pediment  crocheted  at  the  upper  part,  with  a 
pelican  in  her  piety,  for  a  finial,  and  a  battle- 
mented  capping  terminate  this  portion  of  the 
design.  The  throne  is  a  grand  groined  canopy 
.supported  on  four  piers,  two  standing  free  and 
two  attached  to  the  east  wall  of  the  sanctuary, 
and  rising  from  the  super-altar  level.  On  the  front 
and  side  of  the  detached  piers,  buttresses  are 
arranged  with  carved  brackets,  supporting  angeU 
holding  the  sacred  symbols  and  monograms ;  and 
on  the  inner  angles  of  each  pier  are  thin  clustered 
columns,  trefoil  in  section,  having  moulded  bases 
and  caps.  In  the  midst  of  the  angels,  and  in  the 
rear  of  the  pelican,  is  the  pedestal  for  the  remon- 
strance. At  the  sides  of  the  canopy,  above  the 
richly  moulded  and  cusped  arches,  are  gablets 
dying  against  traceried  and  turreted  pinnacles, 
and  enriched  with  graceful  and  continuous 
crocheting,  and  carved  finials.  Behind  the  gablets 
rises  the  shaft  of  the  spirelet,  gradually  changing 
from  square  to  octagon  on  plan,  the  cardinal  faces 
being  panelled,  and  the  angles  having  pinnacles 
similar  to  those  of  the  canopy.  A  deep  brattish- 
ing  of  a  fleur-de-lis  pattern,  below  a  battlemented 
cornice,  forms  the  base  of  the  spiral  termination ; 
and  a  cross  of  simple  outline,  with  a  carved  annulet 
and  foliated  horns,  complete  the  design.  The 
style  is  an  adaptation  of  the  Early  English.  The 
height  from  the  level  of  the  sanctuary  floor 
to  the  top  of  the  cross  is  27ft.  The  sanctuary 
also  has  been  cleaned  and  decorated.  The  upper 
part  is  coloured  buff,  and  the  lower  part,  which 
forms  a  deep  dado,  Tyrian  purple,  which  is  finished 
by  a  continuous  guiUoche,  enclosing  alternately 
lions  and  doves  iu  dark  umber,  and  an  under 
string  of  paterse  and  I.H.S.'s  ia  black.  The  orna- 
ment was  executed,  from  full-sized  drawings  pre- 
pared by  the  architect,  by  Mr.  Fisher. 

Keksingto.x.— St.  Peter's  new  Church,  Onslow 
Gardens,  South  Kensington,  was  consecrated  on 
Saturday  last  by  the  Lord  Bishop  of  London.  It 
is  in  the  Decorated  style,  seating  1,500  persons, 
and  contains  a  nave,  chancel,  two  transepts,  and 
side  aisles,  with  tower  and  spire,  nearly  IGOft.  high. 
The  foundation  stone  w.as  laid  on  July  21, 1S66,  by 
Mrs.  Freake.  The  building  was  erected  by  Mr.  C. 
J.  Freake  (the  founder  and  patron),  the  Right 
Honourable  and  Rev.  F.  C.  E.  Byng  having  the 
appointment.  Mr.  J.  Brown  acted  as  c'erk  of 
works  and  general  foreman  for  Mr.  Freake. 

Residing.— Interesting  Discovert. — We  have 
further  on  notified  the  intended  restoration  of  St. 
Lawrence  Church,  at  this  place.  The  work  has 
since  been  begun,  and  Mr.  Joseph  Morris,  the 
architect,  has  come  upon  a  very  interesting  relic 
in  coiu-se  of  his  inspection  of  the  edifice.  In  the 
north  wall  he  found  a  piece  of  marble  showing  out 
between  the  broken  plaster  where  the  pews  had 
been  taken  down,  which  turns  out  to  be  a  fine 
specimen  of  ancient  carving: — "  It  measures  24in. 
in  i^idth  by  17in.  in  height,  and,  although  very 
much  mutilated,  is  a  relic  of  great  beauty  and 
interest.  The  subject  is  "the  adoration  of  the 
Magi."  The  Virgin  Mary  occupies  the  right  hand 
of  the  group,  and  is  represented  in  a  recumbent 
posture,  with  the  infant  Saviour  in  her  lap  ;  St. 
Joseph  is  sitting  in  a  chair  on  the  left  of  the 
panel ;  one  of  the  Magi  is  making  obeisance  and 
presenting  his  gift  to  our  Lord,  whilst  the  other 
two  stand  in  the  background  with  their  offerings 
in  their  hands.  A  seventh  figure  occupies  the 
position  at  the  right  of  the  Virgin,  with  the  hand 
upon  hershoulder,  and  this  is  probably  intended  to 
represent  St.  John  ;  the  group  is  cut  out  of  a  solid 
block,  the  top  of  which  forma  a  triple  canopy.     It 


JcLY  12,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


485 


is  difficult  to  say  of  what  architectural  feature  the 
relic  forms  a  part,  but  the  position  in  which  it 
was  found  has  evidently  no  relation  to  its  original 
destiny.  The  panel  has  been  removed,  to  prevent 
its  being  injured,  and  will  be  replaced  in  some 
suitable  part  of  the  church.  I  am  unable  to  define 
precisely  the  date  of  the  work,  but  it  is  probably 
at  lea^t  400  years  old." 

Ue.\dino. — The  entire  restoration  of  the  beauti- 
ful old  Church  of  St.  Lawrence  in  this  town  is 
contemplated,  and  the  works  have  been  since 
commenced  under  the  superintendence  of  Mr. 
Joseph  Morris,  architect,  of  Re.ading.  The  church 
is  a  fine  specimen  of  Perpendicular  architecture; 
the  proportions  of  the  tower  are  remarkably  good, 
and  from  its  advantageous  position  at  the  top  of 
Friar-street  and  facing  the  m.arket-place,  is  the 
most  attractive  architectural  feature  of  the  town. 
The  stonework  of  the  tower  is  much  decayed  and 
its  restoration  will  cost  about  .i"l,O0O.  It  is  expected 
that  at  least  £4,000  will  be  needed  properly  to 
carry  out  the  whole  work  of  restoration,  but,  as 
the  committee  has  only  a  little  more  than  half 
that  amount  yet  promised,  the  work  to  the  tower 
has  not  yet  been  commenced  ;  it  is  expected  that 
the  works  will  occupy  about  one  year.  A  curious 
piece  of  sculpture,  representing  the  Adoration  of 
the  Maji,  has  been  found  embedded  in  the  north 
wall.  The  contract  is  taken  by  Mr.  Henry  Lovatt, 
of  Wolverhampton,  who  is  now  engaged  upon  the 
new  station  at  Reading. 

S.\LiSBURY  Cathedral. — The  capstone  of  this 
cathedral  spire,  immediately  under  the  vane, 
having  been  discovered  to  be  in  a  very  decayed 
state,  workmen  are  now  engaged  in  its  repair.  At 
so  lofty  an  altitude,  upwards  of  400ft.,  a  work  of 
this  sort  is  not  an  easy  matter,  and  it  has,  there- 
fore, become  necessary,  in  order  to  enable  them 
t<i  do  it  effectually,  to  surround  that  part  of  the 
.•^pire  near  the  weather  door  with  a  strong  platform, 
from  which  a  series  of  five  others  have  been 
erected  at  certain  distances  above  one  another, 
the  last  being  at  the  summit.  The  ascent  from  the 
weather  door  to  the  top  is  accomplished  on  the 
outside  by  means  of  about  twenty-nine  iron 
handles  firmly  Sxed  in  the  spire.  Surrounded  by 
scaffolding  on  the  extreme  top,  the  spire  now 
presents  a  very  curious  appearance. 

Sheebubn  Xew  Town. — The  corner  stone  of  a 
new  school  chapel  (Wesleyan  Methodist),  was  laid 
here  on  Monday.  The  building  is  designed  in 
the  Gothic  style  of  architecture,  and  will  be  built 
of  brick,  with  stone  facings.  The  architect  is 
Jfr.  T.  A.  Page,  of  South  Shields. 

BmLDDfOS. 

A  new  harbour  of  about  seven  acres  in  extent, 
and  with  upwards  of  450  yards  of  sea  wall,  is  in 
course  of  constructionatAnstruther, Fife, Scotland. 
The  cost  will  be  about  £50,000.  The  engineers 
are  Messrs.  Stevenson,  of  Edinburgh,  Mr.  Morrison 
being  the  contractor,  and  Mr.  Gray  clerk  of  the 
works. 

The  trustees  of  the  Peabody  Fund  are  about  to 
erect  a  block  of  buildings  in  Brewer's  Green, 
Westminster,  which  will  necessitate  further 
improvements  in  the  same  quarter.  There  is  a 
condition  that  10ft.  of  the  site  along  the  whole 
front  be  thrown  into  the  public  footway. 

Edkbubgh. — The  foundation  stone  of  the  new 
city  poorhouse,  at  Craiglockhart,  about  two  miles 
from  Edinburgh,  was  laid  last  week.  The  new 
buildings  will  cover,  with  their  enclosed  airing 
courts,  an  area  of  sixteen  acres.  They  consist  of 
three  distinct  buildings,  the  main  poorhouse  in 
the  centre,  the  infirmary  to  the  east,  and  the 
lunatic  asylum  to  the  west.  There  is  a  frontage 
to  the  south  of  1,200ft.  The  style  adopted  is  the 
Scotch.  The  whole  is  treated  in  a  plain  and 
simple  way,  without  expensive  or  ornamental  de- 
tails. At  the  centre  of  the  main  poorhouse  a 
corbelled  tower,  octagonal  in  form,  rises  to  the 
height  of  105ft. ;  and  a  picturesque  and  varied 
outline  is  given  to  the  long  fronts  by  numerous 
bold  projections,  flaishing  with  crow-stepped 
gables.  The  main  poorhouse  is  designed  upon 
what  is  called  the  block  system,  now  in  general 
use  for  all  new  infirmaries  and  hospitals,  and  its 
adoption  in  the  case  of  lunatic  asylums  has  been 
frequently  advocated.  The  pa%-ilions  or  blocks  for 
the  patients  are  all  two  stories  in  height,  and  each 
contains  only  one  ward  on  each  floor.  The  wards 
for  the  ordinary  patients  are  60ft.  by  22ft.,  and 
those  for  the  fever  patients  S6ft.  by  23ft.  Thev 
are  lighted  and  ventilated  upon  both  sides,  and  a"t 
the  ends  by  a  series  of  large  windows.  The  lava- 
tories,  baths,  and  waterclosets  are  placed  at  the 
extreme  ends  of  the  pavilions,  upon  the  external 


angles — a  position  which  ensures  their  thorouLjli 
ventilation,  and,  as  they  are  cut  oU'  by  lobbies, 
prevents  any  clmnce  of  effluvium  finding  its  way 
into  the  wards.  Upon  each  side  of  the  central 
corridor  are  placed  the  day-rooms  and  dormitories 
for  the  various  classes  of  paupers.  These  are  35ft. 
long  by  ISft.  wide,  and  12ft.  ceilings,  giving  in 
the  dormitories  a  cubic  air  space  on  the  average 
of  nearly  500ft.  per  bed.  The  total  mmiber  of 
paupers  accommodated  in  the  whole  establishment 
is  1,150.  The  poorhouse  will  be  built  of  blue 
Craiglockhart  stone,  with  dressings,  &c.,  from 
Kedhall  Quarry.  The  present  contract  is  for 
£35,000,  in  addition  to  which  about  £2,000  is 
required  for  roads,  &c.  Messrs.  George  Beattie 
and  Son,  Edinburgh,  are  the  arcliitects.  The 
contractors  are  Mr.  Robert  Hutchison,  for  the 
mason  work  ;  Messrs.  Kemp,  Murr.ay,  and  Xicol- 
son,  for  the  joiner  work.  The  whole  is  to  be  com- 
pleted for  occupation  by  April  1,  ISlJi). 

The  AleXjVXDRa  Orphanage.— On  S.aturday 
the  ceremony  of  laying  the  first  stone  of  new 
buildings  to  be  erected  in  connection  with  this 
institution  at  Hornsey  Rise,  was  performed  by  the 
Duchess  of  Sutherland,  in  the  absence  of  the 
Princess  of  Wales.  These  houses  will  be  connected 
by  a  covered  way  with  the  central  building,  so 
that  the  infants  in  every  change  of  weather  will 
be  well  protected.  In  winter  it  will  be  enclosed, 
and  fo  each  house  there  will  be  a  distinct  play- 
ground. Messrs.  W.  G.  Habershon  and  Pile,  the 
architects. 


The  Lontjox  College. — On  Wednesday,  the 
Prince  of  Wales  inaugurated  the  London  College 
of  the  International  Education  Society.  The 
College,  which  is  situated  in  Spring  CJrove,  near 
Hounslow,  is  designed  in  the  thirteenth  century 
style.  It  is  built  of  yellow  brick,  with  bands  and 
patterns  of  red.  The  dressings  are  of  Bath  stone. 
The  principal  entrance  is  in  the  centre,  and  over 
it  will  rise  a  lofty  tower,  covered  with  a  pyramidal 
roof  with  rich  parapets  and  angle  pinnacles,  a  bay- 
window  of  two  stories  being  carried  up  above  the 
entrance  doorway.  The  ground  floor  is  devoted 
to  class-rooms,  reception-rooms,  &c.  The  dining- 
hall,  with  corridor  at  side,  connects  the  front 
building  with  the  offices.  The  first  floor  is  devoted 
to  the  secretary's  room,  library,  upper  part  of 
dining  halls  and  school-room.  The  second  and 
third  floors  are  devoted  to  the  boys'  dormitories, 
each  dormitory  being  distinct  and  separated  by  a 
partition  7it.  high  from  the  other.  The  portion 
of  the  building  just  completed  was  contracted  for 
by  Messrs.  Holland  and  Hannen,  Duke-street, 
Bloomsbury,  and  has  cost  £15,000,  Messrs. 
Norton  and  Masey,  24,  Old  Bond-street,  being  the 
architects.  The  exterior  of  the  building  is  orna- 
mented with  medallions  of  Homer,  Aristotle, 
Cicero,  and  Dante.  Accommodation  is  provided 
for  150  boys. 

♦ 

TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 

To  OrR  Readers.— We  shall  feel  obliged  to  any  of  our 
readei-3  who  will  favour  us  with  brief  notes  of  works  con- 
templated or  in  process  in  the  provinces. 

Letters  relating  to  advertisements  and  the  ordinary  busi- 
ness of  the  paper  should  be  addressed  to  the  Editok,  100, 
Fleet-street.  Advertisements  for  the  current  week  must 
reach  the  office  before  o  o'clock  p  m,  on  Thiu-sday. 

XoTicE.— The  BUILDING  NEWS  inserts  advertise- 
ments for  "  SITUATION'S  WANTED,"  etc.,  at  ONE 
SHILLING  for  the  first  Twenty- foiu:  Words. 


Received.— A.  J.  D.  C.^T.  A.  H.— R.  C— H.  T  — 1.  E 
—J.  A.— H.  C— B.  W.  G.— W.  Bros— M.  H  and  Co.— 
J.  W.  H— C.  L.  E.— J.  C— P.  T.—J.  R.— J.  J.  B.— T.  N. 
— L.  and  N.— J.  W.— J.  N.  G.-R.  T.— W.  H.  L.- A.  H  — 
H.  and  P  — D.  and  E— A.  Z.— P.  J.  F.— R.  P.— W  H  — 
T.  P.-W.  M.— J.  W.— W.  W.  (Bath.)-J.  H.  T.— 
W.  W.  (London.)— J.  T.  D.— W.  K. 

J.  W.  H.— Tl;e  perspective  of  residence  with  plans,  of 
which  Mr,  W.  Wilkinson  is  arclutect,  will  appear. 

Ign'oramus  must  follow  his  own  inclination  about  join- 
ing the  rifle  corps. 

II-  L0V..0R0VE.— The  Institute  of  British  Architects 
have  ni  ,-tudtnts. 


Contspon^titte. 


MR.  STREET  AND  ADVERTISING 
DRAUGHTSMEN. 

To  the  Editor  of  the  BniLDiNQ  News. 

Sir, — I  had  expected  that  the  gentlemen  in  the 
"  Adelphi,"  referred  to  in  Mr.  Street's  letter  in  a 
late  number  of  your  paper,  would  have  them- 
selves replied  to  his  attack ;  as  they  have  not 
done  so,  I  venture,  beingan  architectural  draughts 
man  myself,  not  ashamed  to  confess  that  I  get  my 
living  in  a  manner  somewhat  similar  to  these 


"  gibbeted"  unfortunates,    to   protest    against    a 
great  deal  ot  Mr.  Street's  epistle.      To  commence, 
then,  as  regards  "Genius  Advertising"   (I  do  not 
know  if  the  heading   be  his   or   no),*  it  strikes 
me   that  it  is  not  these  gentlemen  only  (I  do  not 
know  who  they  may    be)   that    advertise    their 
genius._    You  cannot  walk  about  the  streets  with- 
out seeing  the  greatest  geniuses  of  the  day  pretty 
publicly  and  continuously  advertised  ;  the  greatest 
authors,      the     greatest     artists,     the     greatest 
musicians  of  the  day,  all  advertise  themselves  and 
their  work.s  somewhat  constantly — nay,  I  am  not 
sure  that  Mr.  Street's  own  letter  may  not  be  con- 
sidered  as  a  very  pretty  advertisement  of  his  own 
originaUty  and  purity.      It  is,  no  doubt,   a  very 
deb,asing  thing  to  try  and  introduce    oneself  to 
public  notice  with  a  view  to  earning  a  living,  but 
it  is  scarcely  confined    to  the  authors  of  this  cir- 
cular.    I  cannot  but   think  a   great  de.al   of  Mr. 
Street's  virtuous  indignation  is  uncalled  for.     He 
is,  no  doubt,  as  we  all  know,  a  fine  draughtsman  ; 
but  I  fancy  even  he  can  scarcely  execute  with  his 
own    hand    all   his   own    drawings,    perspective, 
geometrical,  detail,  &c.,  and  copy   and  trace  them 
likewise.     Well,   if  he  does    not,    I    presume  he 
employs  some  one  else  to  do  part  of  this  work  for 
him  ;  and  whether  it  be  done  under  his  directions 
on  the  boards  of  an  office  in  Russell  square,  or  in 
the  Adelphi,  or  by  underlings — in  fact,  in  his  own 
house  or   elsewhere — does    not  appear   to  me    to 
make  any  vast  diS'erence.  Why,  then,  should  it  be 
such  a  wicked  thing  either  for  these  gentlemen  to 
ofter  to  trace  his   drawings  ?      I  suppose   he  does 
have  drawings   traced  occasionally,  and  some  one 
must  do  it.      To  leave  Mr.    Street  and  his  very 
exceptional  abilities   out   of  the  question — there 
are  many  architects  in  the  profession,  perhaps  as 
honest  and  conscientious  men  as  himself,  whose 
staff   of    assistants,    though    sufficient    for  their 
general  need,  does  not  suffice  for  times  of  extra- 
ordinary  pressure.      Wherein,    then,  exists    the 
dreadful  harm   of  their   enUsting  the  services   of 
those  who  are  simply  extra  assistants  pro  tern.  ? 
Mr.  Street  wonders  that  the    firm  in  question  do 
not  compete  for  everything  on  their  own  account, 
because,  as  they  prof  ess  to  do  everything  in  "the 
best  manner,"  they  would  be   sure   to  succeed; 
but    this,     though   very    well    as    a   sneer,     is, 
as   Mr.  Street   must   be    aware,    totally    unfair. 
Firstly,  competing  is  a  very  expensive  matter,  and 
the  probability  is  that  they  could  not  afford  to  do 
anything   of   the  kind;  and    secondly,    if    their 
drawings   and  designs  really   were  "  in  the  best 
manner"  it  would  probably  avail  them   little,  in 
most  competitions,   unless  they  had  "  friends  at 
court."     Does   Mr.  Street  think   really  that  com- 
petitionsare  always  decided  on  their  merits  ?  If  he 
does  I   think  he  stands  alone   in  that   innocent 
delusion.      It  appears  also  to  be  one  of  the  crimes 
in  this  circular  that  the  gentlemen  offer  to  put  in 
figures   to   perspectives,    and  that   these  figures 
should  be  men  and  women.      Really  every  archi- 
tect who  can  draw  his  own  architecture  is  not  able 
to  draw  figures  ;  and  what  they  should  be  if  not 
men  and  women  I  am   at  a  loss   to  conjecture — 
perhaps  mediaeval  angels  of  doubtful  gender.   As 
regards  prancing  horses,   of   course  I  have  not   a 
word  to  say  for   such  ill-educated   quadrupeds, 
though    I  have      seen    real    horses    prance    ere 
this  in  front  of  real  buildings,  but  not  in  Utopia, 
I  confess.     But,  it  may  be  said,  this  circular  natu- 
rally offers  to  design  as  well  as  to  draw  ;  no  doubt 
it  is  far  from  a  right  thing  that  architects  should 
have  their  buildings,  or  parts  of  them,  designed 
for  them  ;  but  after  all  it  is  better  that  an  incom- 
petent man  should  employ  some  one  to  assist  him 
than   that    he    should   inffict    upon    the   public 
monstrosities  of  ugliness.      1  fancy  also  there  are 
some  members  of  the  profession,  not  unknown  to 
fame,  who  would  be  puzzled  to  find  time  wherein 
to  design,  not  to  speak  of  drawing,  all  that  bears 
their  name,  and  who  must  often  stop  at  the  rough 
sketches  whose    existence   puzzles  Mr.  Street.      I 
suppose  his  designs  spring   ilinervalike  armed  at 
all  points  from  his  brain.       I  am  afraid  that  archi- 
tecture, like  everything  else,  must  be  more  or  less 
of  a  business  as  well  as  an  art  in  a  practical  world, 
and,  like  every  other  profession,  parts  of  it  must 
be  confided  to  underlings.      There  is  no  exception 
that  I  know  to  this  rule ;  and  I  do  not  believe  it 
ever  was  or  will  be  otherwise  ;  though  certainly  it 
has  often  struck  me,  in  perusing  your  columns, 
that  some   architects   would   have  more  time  to 
give  to  their  works   if   they   spent   less  of   it  in 
abusing  their  own  profession  and  each  other. — 

I  am,  &C.,  A    DRAOGHTSJLiN. 


*  Mr.  Street  did  not  supply  tbo  heading. 


486 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


July  12,  1867 


THE   GREAT    INDIAJf    PENINSULAR 
RAILWAY. 

Sir, — I  am  just  come  from  India,  and  beg  to 
send  you  a  few  jottiugs  from  my  journal.  The 
above  line  runs  lor  upwards  of  one  hundred  miles 
through  the  Nizam's  dominions.  It  leaves  Shola- 
poor  and  proceeds  by  Koolburga,  Nagunully, 
Shabad,  Mortoor,  Coguee,  Rahoor,  Haikattee, 
Nulwar,  Kunully,  Yedegar,  Monegall,  Chittee- 
pillie,  Indapoor,  Kuuapoor,  Lydapoor,  Chain- 
gointa,  Goodablla,  Kistna,  and  joins  the  Madras 
line  at  Roichore. 

There  are  some  heavy  works  on  this  section,  in- 
cluding the  two  great  viaducts  over  the  Coguee  and 
Kistna  rivers,  the  latter  being  about  two  miles  in 
length.  The  piers  are  of  limestone,  with  iron  tops. 
These  rivers,  when  swollen  by  the  rains,  become 
dangerous  and  rapid  currents. 

There  are  stations  at  every  fifteen  miles  apart. 
The  jungle  land  through  which  the  line  passes  is 
rich,  and  produces,  when  brought  into  cultiva- 
tion, cotton,  oil,  rice,  wheat,  cholum,  tobacco,  &c. 
The  benefits  which  this  line  will  confer  on  the 
handsome  and  hghtly  clad  native  population  of 
theae  dominions  are  incalculable.  The  value  of 
the  cotton  raised  in  the  district  is  enormous,  but 
the  people  have  no  means  of  transit,  except  the 
backs  of  the  bullocks  and  the  hard  heads  of  the 
females. 

It  requires  no  great  gift  of  prophecy  to  predict 
that  when  this  line  is  finished  the  traveller  will 
be  relieved  of  the  dak,  the  punkahwalla,  the 
chetah,  the  musqueto,  and  other  helps,  by  the 
way,  to  unpleasant  thoughts. — I  am,  &c., 

PiERSE  Arthur. 


NEW  TOWNHALL,  MANCHESTER. 

Sir, — The  authorities  in  this  matter  having 
evinced  such  a  strong  disposition  to  ensure  a 
proper  management  of  the  forthcoming  competi- 
tion, I  take  the  libei-ty  of  suggesting,  or  rather 
referring  to  a  suggestion  which  I  think  has  already 
appeared  in  your  pages.  In  the  very  satisfactory 
circular  issued  by  the  committee  (May  8),  com- 
petitors were  informed  that  the  preliminary 
designs  should  not  be  exhibited;  and  that  no 
competitor  should  be  allowed  to  see  them.  In 
Buggestiug  a  further  precaution  against  good 
points  in  one  design  becoming  known  to  the 
author  of  another,  1  do  not  by  any  means  wish  to 
imply  that  a  meniber  of  the  committee  or  body 
which  may  be  appointed  to  examine  the  designs 
would  deliberately  afford  such  information  with 
the  intention  of  doing  an  injustice;  but  that,  as 
such  a  length  of  time  must  elapse  before  the  draw- 
ings for  the  final  competition  can  be  prepared, 
opportunities  might  occur  where  such  information 
could  be  given  in  the  most  innocent  and  simple 
manner.  To  ensure,  therefore,  that  there  shall  be 
at  least  a  reasonable  resemblance  between  the 
preliminary  and  the  complete  designs,  I  would 
propose  that  the  selected  designs  before  being 
returned  to  their  respective  authors,  should  re- 
ceive the  signature  of  the  mayorand  the  seal  of  the 
corporation  ;  and  that  it  should  he  a  condition  in 
the  final  competition  that  these  preliminary 
drawings  should  accompany  the  complete  designs 
and  be  exhibited  with  them.  This,  with  an 
assurance  that  properly  qualified  and  disinterested 
professional  _  advice  shall  be  called  into  aid  the 
committee  in  their  primary  selection,  would,  I 
think,  constitute  the  arrangements  for  this  com- 
petition quite  a  model  of  uprightness  and  worthy 
of  imitation  in  time  to  come. — Yours,  &c., 

X.  Y. 

AN    OBSTRUCTIVE. 

Sir, — ^The  following  choice  specimen  of  church  warden's 
English  would  be  iimusLug  were  it  not  persisted  in  from 
a  spirit  of  vexatioua  and  objectless  opposition,  for  the  clergy- 
man in  question  has  raised  the  full  amount  required  without 
having  had  recourse  to  a  rate,  and  the  works,  which  are 
simply  the  reseating  and  furnishing  the  interior,  are  under 
the  superintendence  of  Mr.  Seddon,  as  architect,  and  few 
further  improvements  are  contemplated  bej'ond  the  sub- 
stitution of  benches  for  the  snug  high  pews  in  which  the 
*'Eaquire  "  and  his  retainers  are  now  able  to  shelter  them- 
selves from  the  observation  of  the  rest  of  the  parishioners. 
— I  am,  (tc,  J.  j_ 

TO  THE  LANDHOLDERS  AND  GENERAL  BODY  OP  PARISHIONERS 
OF  THE  PARISH  OF  LLA^'TRISSENT,  IN  THE  COUNTY  OF 
MONMOUTH. 

I,  Robert  Bateman,  Esq.,  of  Bertholey  House,  aa  church- 
warden of  this  parish,  -wish  to  bring  before  the  notice  of 
the  landholders  and  general  body  of  parishioners  that  it  is 
contemplated,  and  thw  desire  of  the  Rev.  C.  F.  Walkey, 
the  present  incumbent,  to  endeavour  to  raise  the  sum  of 
£S00,  by  levying  a  rate  of  23.  on  the  acre,  for  repairs  in  tliis 
church  and  other  improvements  which  I,  as  churchwarden, 
consider  would  be  quite  unnecessary  in  its  present  state  of 
preservation,  as  the  internal  part  requires  no  such  gi-eat 


outlay,  is  in  good  and  sound  repair,  and  is  in  every  way 
sufficient  for  tlie  service  of  the  church,  with  the  exception 
of  the  tower  and  some  other  parts  externally  that  could 
be  repaired  as  funds  fall  in  so  as  to  cause  no  great  demand 
or  outlay,  and  which  it  would  be  my  endeavour  to  meet 
by  voluntary  subscription,  the  general  support  of  the  pa- 
rishioners, and  other  sources :  and  also  that  Ifurtlierthinkit 
requisite  to  bring  before  their  notice,  and  for  their  general 
comfort,  also  for  the  protection  of  the  interior  of  the  church, 
that  a  stove  should  be  provided,  to  be  erected  in  whatever 
position,  by  general  consent,  should  most  have  the  desired 
effect  and  meet  the  wishes  of  all.  I,  therefore,  have  reason 
to  hope  that  this  statement,  that  I  have  thought  it  requisite 
to  place  before  them,  may  receive  general  support,  so  as 
to  prevent  that  excess  of  outlay  that  the  Rev.  C.  F. 
Walkey  contemplates,  and  which  I  in  my  duty  as  church- 
warden at  present  consider  quite  uncalled  for. 
Dated  December  19,  1S60. 


IRON    ROOFS. 


Sir, — In  your  article  No.  3  on  Iron  Roofs,  at  p.  220  there 
are,  as  it  seems  to  me,  some  omissions  and  inaccuracies 
which  greatly  detract  from  its  usefulness.  The  strains 
upon  the  rafter  AB  are  ourely  incomplete  until  that  pro- 
duced by  W  at  its  foot  is  taken  into  account ;  whilst  those 
ujjou  the  tie  would  likewise  be  deficient  until  the  effect  of 
this  omitted  strain  is  also  noted.  The  total  load  =  ?y  x  AB 
upon  the  rafter  will  evidently  produce  a   strain  in   the 

direction  of  its  length  =    '  and  the  struts  and  sus- 

sin.  I. 
pending  rods,  however  they  may  distribute  the  strains  upon 
the  upper  part  of  the  rafter,  cannot  diminish  the  stress  at  its 

foot,  which  is  therefore  =  -"    Again,  the  maximum 

sin.  i. 

effect  upon  the  tie  bar  will  clearly  =  (w  x  AB),  cotan:  *'. 
Consequently  in  the  summary  of  the  strains  these  ought 
to  be  found,  and  they  weie  rightly  taken  into  account  in 
your  article  No.  2,  p.  140;  but  on  referring  to  the  corre- 
sponding portion  No.  3  in  the  second  column  of  p.  220,  the 
maximum  strain  at  the  foot  of  the  rafter  is  not  noticed, 
and  the  strains  apportioned  to  the  parts  of  the  main  tie 
arc  altogether  erroneous.  The  latter  might  be  thus  ex- 
pressed :  

Strain  on  Aj  =  (w  x  AB).  cotan :  i. 
do.     on  gh  =  the  strain  last  obtained  less  the  hori- 
zontal thrust  produced  by  d<j,  that  is 

{w  X  AB  X  cotan :  i)  —  (  "^  x  cotan :  ij  = 

/_ TP^\ 

C  w  X  AB  —    ip  J  •  cotan  :  I 

And  the  strain  on  the  tie  between  the  foot  of  the  strut  eh 
and  the  corresponding  strut  ou  the  other  side  of  the  truss 
would  be 

\^w  X  AB  -   ^^- cotan:  J -(^  +  T/M^^^^^'-' 


E.  S. 


E.    "W".    FUGIN. 

Sir, — Pray,  now  that  Mr.  Pugin  has  removed  his  mask, 
and  avowed  himself  the  instigator  of  the  Reviews  in  the 
Wr-stmin.^ter  Gazette,  may  I  ask  what  importance  can  be 
attached  to  the  opinion  of  the  author  of  the  wretched 
design  for  a  church  at  Liverpool,  now  on  exhibition  at  the 
Royal  Academy.  It  has  all  the  pretence,  the  weakness, 
and  exaggeration  of  Mr.  Bassett  Keeling's  work  without 
his  spasmodic  originality.  Alas  !  that  such  men  should 
be  allowed  to  build  churches  at  all !  At  any  rate,  before 
they  take  up  the  profession  of  critic  let  them  learn  some 
modesty  and  take  heed  of  the  proverb,  "Physician,  heal 
thyself." — I  am,  <tc., 

The  Tail-tip  of  one  of  the  Competitors  for  the 
Law  Courts,  becoming  small  by  degrees  and 
beautifclly  les3,  through  vexation  at  the 
inanity  of  the  criticisms  that  have  appeared  on 
the  subject. 


RATING    OF   INSTITUTIONS. 

Sir,— You  will  perhaps  recollect  that  some  months  ago 
a  movement  was  set  on  foot  by  the  council  of  this  institute 
to  obtain  exemption  from  the  assessment  of  institutions 
like  ours  to  the  Inhabited  House  Duty,  except  for  those 
portions  actually  occupied  aa  dwellings"  I  have  now  the 
pleasureofinfoinaing  you  that  the  Lorris  of  the  Treasury 
have,  on  the  recommendation  of  the  Board  of  Inland 
Revenue,  issued  an  authority  for  the  limitation  of  tlie 
assessment  of  public  buildings  devoted  to  the  culture  of 
science,  literature,  and  art,  to  such  portion  of  the  building 
beueticially  occupied  as  a  dwelling,  when  such  portion  is 
of  the  annual  value  of  £20  or  more.— I  am,  &c., 

Edwin  Smith, Secretary, 

Birmingham  and  Midland  Institute,  July  2. 


NATIONAL  ART  PRIZES. 

Sir, — A  few  weeks  ago,  in  one  of  your  numbers,  you 
gave  a  description  of  the  architectural  drawings  forwarded 
by  the  students  of  the  National  Art  Training  Schc,ols,  and 
in  consequence  of  my  design  winning  the  gold  medal,  the 
account  you  gave  of  it  was  longer  than  that  oitli'.-  others. 
In  your  description  you  appear  to  have  doubted  it  being 
entirely  my  work,  fancying  I  must  hnvo  been  assisted  by 
my  seniors,  t^ 

I  must  now  inform  you  that  I  alone  am  the  author  of 
it,  and  |in  e.\ecuting  the  five  sheets  of  dravnng  I  spent 
nearly  every  evening  for  five  mouths;  and  being  a  perfect 
stranger  in  thecity  ofLondou,  heaven  and  the  world  knows 
the  amount  of  assistance  that  may  oe  expected  from 
seniors,  especially  in  the  ai'chitectural  profession. — I  am, 
&c.,  H.  A.  K.  Grieble. 


We  lately  alluded  to  a  bold  engineering 
attempt  to  construct  a  tunnel  under  the  Cliicago 
River,  and  we  are  sorry  now  to  record  that  the 
attempt  has  failed.  About  a  fortnight  since,  the 
works,  including  masonry,  timber,  &c.,  fell  in 
with  a  crash,  involving  immense  loss  to  the  con- 
tractors.    Fortunately  no  lives  were  lost. 


Jntertouuiuuucatioit. 


QUESTIONS, 

[476.]— VEGETATION  ON  STONE  ASHLARIXG.— May 
I  ask  what  chemical  (or  other)  process  will  kill  the  vce- 
tation  and  at  the  same  time  clean  the  face  of  stone  ash- 
laring  to  exterior  walls  ?—S.  W.  T. 


[477.]— BRASS  0RNA5IENTS.— Can  any  of  your 
readers  kindly  inform  me  how  I  can  ''senuloiu"  small 
brass  ornaments? — J  as.  Foulger. 


[478.]— ARCHITECTURAL  STUDENTS.-I  propose  at- 
tending the  architectural  course  of  lectures  at  either  the 
London  Universit-y  or^King's  College.  Would  some  one 
kindly  inform  me  which  is  the  better  imiversity  for  me 
to  attend? — X.  X.  

[479.]— OVERTIME.— Can  you  inform  me  whether  an  ar- 
chitect can  keep  his  pupils  till  S,  9,  and  10  o'clock  at  night 
at  the  Board  V  Can  the  pupil  demand  payment  for  overtime 
when  he  pays  no  premium,  and  if  so  at  what  rate?  Has 
the  master  any  power  over  him  if  he  refuses  to  work  after 
the  business  hours  of  the  oflice,  say  10  till  4. — T-Square, 


[4S0  ]— LETTERS  ON  PLANKS.  DEALS,  &c.— Will 
some  of  your  talented  correspondents  be  kind  enough  to 
give  me  the  full  particulars  of  the  meaning  of  the  letters 
painted  on  the  ends  of  planks,  deals,  and  battens;  or  in- 
form me  where  such  information  can  be  got?.^H.  W. 


[48L]— ACCOUNT  OF  MATERIALS.— WiU  you  be  kind 
enough  to  inform  me  whether  I  am  compelled  to  furnish  a 
gentleman  with  a  detailed  account  of  all  materials  used  and 
work  done  in  the  erection  of  a  newhoiue  and  offices  or  not, 
after  being  applied  to  build  the  house  and  make  my 
charge — that  is  to  say,  must  I  give  him  the  amount  of  ac- 
count on  every  particular?— A  Builder. 


[4S2.]— FILTERS  IN  PUMPS.- Is  it  possible,  and  by 
what  means,  to  filter  spring  water  in  the  well  before  pump- 
ing out  the  same  for  use  and  drinking  purposes  ? — J.  W. 


[4S3.]-BLACK  ASH  MORTAR.— "What  is  the  best 
manner  for  making  black  ash  mortar  for  red  brick  facing 
work  that  will  set  hard  and  j^e  equal  to  Dorking  lime  mor- 
tar of  the  best  quality  ? — Jons  Wade. 


[4S4.] -ARCHITECTS'  COMMISSION.— Is  an  architect 
compelled  to  give  up  the  contract  drawings  and  specifica- 
tion before  he  can  legally  recover  his  commission?  Has 
the  question  been  contested  at  law?  and  if  so,  what  was 
the  result  ?  l^Iy  client's  lawyer  has  demanded  them  and 
resists  payment  ludess  I  give  up  designs  and  specificatioo. 
— Quiz.  

REPLIES. 

[434.]— WATERCL0SET3.— There  is  no  doubt  that  well- 
constructed  waterclosets  are  of  vital  consequence  in  all 
town  habitations.  I  am  not  cei-tain  that  due  attention 
has  been  paid  to  their-  construction,  however,  even  in  the 
best-regulated  dwellings.  Although  in  this  country  more 
consideration  has  been  devoted  to  what  may  be  termed 
household  sanitation  than  in  any  other,  there  yet  remains 
a  wide  margin  for  improvement  in  the  same  direction.  The 
introduction  of  the  watercloset  was  a  great  step  towards 
the  promotion  of  comfort  and  of  health,  but  liie  all  in- 
ventions of  a  mechanical  nature  the  apparatus  itself 
demands  some  care  in  its  management.  That  kind  of  closet 
which  is  usually  adopted  in  houses  of  the  better  class  is 
fitted  with  a  pan  at  its  base.  Doubly  trapped  by  cupper 
pans,  one  at  the  bottom  of  the  receiver  and  another  at  the 
headof  soil  pipe,  and  with  aconstantly  charged  water  cistern 
above,  this  arrangement  is  not  bad.  Still  it  is,  as  "  N  " 
observes,  not  im frequently  attended  by  olfactory  an- 
noyance. In  what  ai*e  known  as  second-rate  houses  there 
are  generally  two  waterclosets,  one  upper  and  one  lower. 
These  communicate  with  each  other,  as  a  nde,  by  means 
of  the  soil-pipe,  whilst  the  upper  and  lower  cisterns  for 
flushing  them  with  water  are  also  connected.  The  service 
pipes  from  the  cisterns  to  the  closet  basins  are  fed  hy  means 
of  valves  in  water-boxes  fitted  with  air-pipes.  Nowuothing 
short  of  an  abundant  flow  of  water  will  keep  the  pipes  and 
traps  from  fouling,  and  there  is  nothing  to  prevent  foid 
air  finding  its  way  under  the  pan  at  the  back  of  the  closet 
up  into  the  cisterns.  These  cisterns  serve  also  forculiuary 
and  domestic  use  generally.  Is  it  wonderful  that  "  in- 
ternal comjdaints"  are  rife  in  families,  and  especially  in 
epidemic  seasons?  When  in  good  working  order  water- 
closets  thus  arranged  are  nut  free  from  disadvantages.  Toe 
disadvantages  are  exaggerated  by  negligence  or  carelesane^- 
The  traps  and  contlucting  pipes  then  cease  to  act,  foul  air 
escapes  through  the  sinks  and  water  pipes  into  the  nursery 
orbed-rooms,  the  water  in  the  cisterns  is  poisoned,  and 
thus  health  and  comfort  are  sacrificed.  It  would  be  a 
valuable  improvement  to  make  the  cisterns  for  domestic 
use  and  those  for  feeding  waterclosets  quite  separate  and 
independent  of  each  other.  Then,  with  ordinary  care  the 
nuisance  objected  to  so  justly  by  **  N  "  would  bo  destroyed. 

Reservoir. 


[449.]— In  replv  to  "B.  A.  G."  in  your  '*Interoom- 
munication,"  allow  me  to  inform  him  that  the  use  of  hqma 
hydrofluoric  acid  for  engraving  on  glass  is  now  very  exten- 
sive. Difficulties,  however,  have  been  experienced  m  get- 
ting a  good  dull  ground  appearance  with  the  liqiiid  acid. 
In  practice  the  engravers  here  prefer  to  use  acid  which  has 
already  acted  on  glass,  and  which,  therefore,  has  sdica  and 
alkaU  in  solution.  In  France,  it  appears,  compounds  oi 
hvdrofluoric  acid  and  alkaline  fluorides  ready  pr^>'U-ea 
have  been  used  wiili  much  success.  MM.  Tessie  de  Motay 
and  Marechal  emplov  hydrofluates  of  fluoride  of  poUissitim 
and  sofiium,  and '  hvdrofluate  of  ammonia  has  also 
come  into  use.  With'  all  these  alkaline  compaunde  31. 
Kessler  shows  that  the  dull  surface  is  given  by  the  depo- 
sition on  the  glass  of  minute  granuhu-  crystals  of  aii  ^in- 
soluble alkaUue  fluo  silicate.  Recently  M,  Kessler  naa 
proposed  to  use  a  solution  of  hvdrofluate  of  ammonia  as  an 
ink  to  write  upon  bottles,  &.c.  Such  a  solution  has  tne 
advantage  over  hydrofluoric  acid  of  being  nearly  inodorous, 


July  12,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


487 


and  it  maj  be  used  with  either  at^l  or  quUl  pens.  The 
■aggestion  of  M.  Kesiler  is  not  new  ;  it  wiid  mode  by  Ber- 
zelius  many  jeara  ago,  but  h;i3  been  forgotten. — W.  G.  P. 

[451.)— AUTOMATIC  BLACKSMITHS.— The  late  Mr. 
George  Reimie  fitted  up,  some  years  ago,  at  the  smithy  m 
Woolwich  Dockyard,  several  machines  for  raising  and 
dropping  hammers  in  rapid  snccaasion,  and  the  contrivance 
wae  known  as  the  Mechanical  Hcrcides.  Thia  was  super- 
seded by  the  8team  hammer  of  Mr.  NaamUh,  and  on  a 
smaller  scale  bv  the  Rvder  forging  machine  used  at  the 
Enfield  small  arms  facU>ry.  All  of  these,  however,  require 
■team  power  for  putting  them  in  action,  and  would  scarcely 
be  available  for  the  village  blacksmith.  Perhaps  a  modi- 
fication of  a  plan  of  forging  and  sliaping  iron  mechanically 
inTented  a  vear  or  two  ago  by  a  Mr.  Arrowsmith  (1  think 
of  Bilstou,  in  Staffordshire),  might  with  a  little  ingenuity 
be  effected,  and  so  realise  your  correspondent's  idea.  Mr. 
Arrowsmith  simply  mounted  ou  bearings  raised  above  a 
thicK  cast-iron  brtlplate  a  shaft  of  wrought  iron.  Ou  one 
end  of  the  shaft  was  a  pulley,  and  on  the  other  a  flywheel 
for  equalising  speed,  <tc.  On  the  centre  of  the  shaft  was  fixed 
a  cam,  wliich  as  it  revolved  acted  upon  the  end  of  a  lever 
working  on  a  pivot,  and  the  other  extremity  uf  which  had 
attached  to  it  a  hammer  head.  By  the^  means  the  hammer 
was  raised  and  released  at  every  revolution  of  the  shaft.  In 
Older  to  increase  the  momentum  of  the  hammer— and  thus, 
in  fact,  to  represent  the  muscle  of  the  smith — a  spiral 
spring  and  buffer  was  placed  below  the  end  of  that  end  of 
the  lever  upon  which  tho  cam  acted.  Inorder  to  modulate 
the  strokes  of  the  hammer  in  accordance  with  the  nature  of 
the  work  in  hand,  the  shaft  was  place*!  between  ' '  flippers  " 
gOTemed  by  a  tre;ulle  imder  the  contr\>l  of  the  operator. 
The  foi*ce  of  the  bluws  was  thus  augmented  or  diminished 
at  will.  When  tlie  hammer  w;is  not  wautedjto  be  in  action 
it  was  readily  disengaged  by  means  of  a  catch  whicli  held  it 
suspended  above  the  for-^aug.  The  shaft  might  be  driven 
by  means  of  a  crank  h;ujdle  and  the  strong  armsof  a  sturdy 
labourer,  by  the  jwwer  of  a  horse,  that  of  a  donkey,  or, 
better  still,  by  a  small  water-wheel  where  that  coiild  be 
conveniently  applied  and  fed,  I  see  no  reason  why  some 
such  plan  as  tlii^  might  not  be  adopted  generally  In  forges, 
and  thtis  the  blacksmiths  Iw  released  from  the  heavy  phy- 
sical sti-ain  upon  the  muscles  of  his  "  brawny  arm  "  when 
wielding  the  weighty  "sledge."  Another  notion  which 
crosses  my  mind  is  that  of  makiug  the  smith's  hammer  a 
pneumatic  tool,  and  enllstiug  the  atmosphere  itself  into 
the  service  of  the  village  VuJcan  ;  but  possibly  you  may 
allow  me  time  to  turn  it  over,  and  spare  some  other  day  to 
develope  it  in  your  columns.— J.  Newxon,  Royal  Mint. 


coimty  of  Suffolk  there  are  instances  at  Saxted,  Troston, 
the  chancel  of  Wattiafiold  Church,  &c.— J.  D.  W. 


[464.]— SOUTH  KEN'SIXGTON  PRIZES.— '*Ludovi- 
cus,"  to  compete,  must  be  a  student  of  the  Kensington 
or  the  Local  Schools  of  Art,  and  must  execute  his  drawing 
under  the  inspection  of  tho  iu;ister,  who  has  to  certify  the 
same  \mag  the  work  of  the  student.  Every  master  will 
be  served  with  a  notice  as  to  when  the  drawings  aio  to  bo 
forwanieil  to  the  museum— ;»bout  the  month  of  March  i.s 
gcneiully  the  time.  Since  the  alteration  in  ISuG,  the  prUea 
awarvled  are  gold,  silver,  and  bronze  medals,  books, 
&c.,  awartled  according  to  the  merit  of  the  di-awing.  The 
above  description  of  prizes  will  be  given  annually  until 
further  notice.— H.  K.  Gribble. 


[465.1— RETAINING  DRAWINGS.-Iu  the  Buir.Dis.; 
Nkws  last  year  (July  t>,  ISOG),  there  is  a  decision  as  to  the 
ownership  of  plans  :—"  Covmtv  Court,  Livorp  lol ;  Mr.  J, 
K.  Blair,  Judge.  Robert  F^sdiule,  Hiirtfurd  House,  Fair- 
field, suwl  Thomas  Mercer,  architect,  40,  Church-street,  for 
the  detenue  of  certain  plans,  izc,  of  which  defendant 
had  been  the  architect.  Defendant  pleaded  the  custom. 
Jlr.  Woadley,  arciiitect,  confirmed  the  custom.  Had  been 
in  practice  28  years  ;  always  retained  the  original  plans. 
They  are  simply  a  guide  to  the  architect  in  hi*^  proceedings  ; 
the  builder  is  entitle*!  to  copies,  Venlict  for  defendant, 
with  costs."  Another  ca.se  mentioned  in  the  BtHLDiN*! 
News  last  year  was  referred  to  arbitration.  A  country  sur- 
veyor retired  on  a  pension,  taking  away  all  his  plans ; 
these  were  demanded.  He  pleaded  custom.  The  decision 
was  in  his  favour  ;  a  sum  of  money  l>eing  paid  for  copies  of 
all  the  plans.  The  locality  anddate  1  canno;  call  to  mind. 
— A.Z, 


York.  It  is  circular  in  form.  160ft.  in  diameter,  and  12ft, 
deep,  built  of  brick,  and  will  hold  l.aOo.OOa  gallons  of 
water,  doubling  the  present  filtering  capabilities  of  the 
company.  The  foundation-stone  was  laid  on  Thursday  last. 
Mr,  John  Keswick  Is  the  contractor. 


[452.]— CONTOUR  LINES.— Contour  lines  are  lines  tra- 
versing all  the  points  on  thegrouud  that  are  at  a  given  constant 
height  above  the  datum  level,  or  they  may  beothern-ise  de- 
scribed as  a  horizon  tal  section  of  the  earth's  surface,  or  the  out- 
line of  an  imaginary  sheet  of  water  covering  the  ground  up 
to  a  certain  given  elevation.  On  the  Oidnance  Survey  maps 
they  are  drawn  at  each  25ft.  of  height  up  tolOOft.,  and 
certain  of  these,  called  "principal  contour  lines,"  are  de- 
termined ivith  greater  precision  than  the  others,  and  are 
at  every  oOft.  of  elevation  in  the  flatter  parts  of  the  country, 
and  at  every  100ft.  in  the  more  hilly  parts  ;  they  are  ob- 
tained by  levelling  from  bench  marks  at  the  above  heights, 
and  pqints  are  marked  by  pegs  or  othei-wise  ou  the  ridge 
and  valley  lines,  and  at  as  many  other  intermediate  places 
as  may  be  necessary.  The  points  are  then  surveyed  and 
plotted,  and  give  a  series  of  points  in  the  contour  Unes, 
and  the  courses  of  these  lines  between  the  points  so  found 
is  sketched  upon  the  plan  on  the  ground.  The  diitum 
level  is  the  ** approximate  meanwater  at  Liverpool." — 
A.  D.  J.  C.  

(454.]-PILLARS  AND  STRUTS.— Cast  iron  is  the 
better  matferial  for  pillars  with  fixed  ends,  when  the  length 
does  not  exceed  about  25  times  the  diameter  ;  wrought  iron 
when  it  exceeds  this,  but  in  either  material  if  this  length 
is  exceeded  failure  wiil  ensue  by  cross  breaking. — 
A.  D.  J.  C.  

[456.]- ROCK  BASmS.— "Druid"  inquires  if  there  is 
any  probable  cause  as  to  the  origin  of  rock  basins.  This 
question  took  my  attention  on  seeing  them  in  this  part  of 
the  country,  I  enclose  copies  of  twu  letters  I  sent  to  the 
Todmortieti  Advertiser,  which  resulted  in  an  interesting 
correspondence  by  a  gentleman  signing  himself  '*  S. ;  " 
ilso  a  discussion  on  the  subject  I  had  the  honour  to  open. 
I  regret  that  I  have  not  copies  of  the  letters  by  "  S,"  but 
in  justice  to  him  1  must  say  the  information  furnished  led 
me  to  abandon  tbti  Druidical  theory.  As  to  the  probable 
cause  of  these  sinkings  it  is  to  my  mind  still  an  open  ques- 
tion.—Wm.  Glover,  Clerk  of  Works,  Dobroyd  Castle, 
T  odmorden. 

[456.]— The  question  as  to  the  formation  of  these 
Very  curious  vestiges  of  the  long  long  past  is  one  of  a 
somewhat  archaeologii^al  nature.  It  is  not  the  less,  how- 
ever, of  much  present  interest  to  some,  at  least,  of  your 
readers,  as  I  think.  The  county  of  Cornwall  is  most  remark- 
able for  these  formations,  although  they  exist  elsewhere. 
The  idea  isnotnow  generally  entertained  thatrockb^insare 
the  work  of  men's  hands  at  all.  Perhaps  the  once  celebrated 
Dr.  Borlase  was  the  most  ingenious  as  weU  as  the  most  persis- 
tent upholder  of  the  artificial  theory  in  respect  of  rock 
basins.  He  claimed  fur  them  a  Druidical  origin,  and  in 
some  cases  traced  in  their  neighbourhood  remains  of  the 
sacred  groves  in  which  the  mysterious  orgies  of  the  Druids 
t^e'B«l''e3  were  performed.  Geologists  have  destroyed 
the  Doctor's  fanciful  notions,  and  have  observed  that  the 
true  nature  of  these  basins  may  be  discovered  bv  inspecting 
the  rocks  themselves.  On  examination  they  "will  almost 
mvanably  be  found  to  contain  distinct  grains  of  quartz 
and  fragments  of  the  other  constituents  of  granite.  The 
alternate  action  of  air  and  water  decomposes  the  sui-face  of 
this  material ;  and  once  water  effects  a  lodgment  in  a 
carity  of  the  rock  that  canity  certainly,  though  insen- 
sibly, becomes  larger.  The  sides  as  they  waste  retain 
naturally  an  even  and  rounded  or  basin-like  form,  and 
henoe  the  Key  to  the  myitery  of  rock  basins  — A\ti- 
Dboid. 

[463.1-CHURCHES  WITH    THATCHED   ROOF.S - 
Inquirer"  wiU  find  a  thatched  chui^h  roof  at  Pakefield 

«  Tillage  on  the  coast  of  Suffolk,  about  three  miles  from 

Lowestoft.  —Dot. 

[463.]— "Inquirer"  is  informed  that  several  churches 
are  eo  covered  ia  the  same  county,  while  in  the  adjoining 


[473.]— GABLE  OR  PARTY  WALLS.— It  does  not  neces- 
sarily follow  that  because  A  the  freeholder  leased  to  B  a 
house  for  06  years  that  he  leased  the  whole  of  the  structure 
yhich  would  be  necessary  to  the  house.  I  think  it  will 
be  found  that  what  was  really  leased  by  A.  B.  was  *'aU 
that  piece  or  parcel  of  land  or  ground  "  with  the  messuage, 
house,  erections,  and  buildings  thereon  ;  it  is,  therefore, 
clear  that  if  the  boundary*  of  the  land  leased  occupied  that 
jwsition  which  is  the  centre  of  the  wall  in  question,  A 
only  leased  with  the  land  half  the  wall,  retaining  the  full 
right  and  use  of  the  other  half  and  the  land  on  which  it 
stands.  Usually,  and  in  a  well-drawn  lease  the  dimensions 
of  the  parcel  of  land  demised  are  given  aud  very  frequently 
a  ground  plan  showing  the  walls,  whereof  only  those  parts 
are  coloured  which  are  intended  to  be  leased.  If  your  cor 
respondent  has  these  he  can  decide  the  question  for  him- 
self, always  beating  in  mind  that  B  has  no  legal  ownership 
in  any  part  of  a  Wiiil  which  stands  on  land  not  leased  to 
him.  He  may,  under  some  circiunstances,  have  certain 
defined  rights,  as  under  the  Building  Act,  but  no  owner- 
ship, and  under  no  circumstances  any  claim  to  be  paid  for 
the  use  of  a  wall  unless  it  stands  wholly  and  entirely  on  his 
land,  in  which  case  he  has  the  right  of  preventing  the  ad- 
joining owner,  in  the  erection  of  his  new  building,  makiug 
use  of  the  wall,  and  he  can  compel  hirn  to  erect  a  separate 
and  distinct  wall  unless  the  matter  is  mutually  arranged. 
In  the  absence  of  dimensions  or  plan  on  the  lease  I  am  of 
opinion  that  if  at  the  time  of  the  erection  of  the  house,  it 
was  intended  that  the  wall  in  dispute  should  form  a  party 
wall  then  B  has  no  claim,  but  if  it  was  erected  as  an  ex- 
ternal wall  (say  like  the  flank  wall  of  a  detached  villa)  then 
B  has  a  right  to  half  the  cost  of  erecting  the  wall  to  the 
extent  to  which  A  uses  it.  It  will  be  a  simple  matter  to 
determine  whether  the  wall  was  intended  to  divide  two 
houses  or  to  be  an  outer  wall,  the  finish  of  the  jointing  of 
the  brickwork,  the  quality  of  the  bricks,  and  the  presence 
or  absence  of  toothing,  chasing,  and  otiier  indications. — 
A.  H.  

[473.] — "Look  at  the  Conveyance  "  is  a  proper  reply; 
no  doubt  you  will  there  find  a  plan  or  the  dimensions  of  the 
plot.  This  will  decide  whether  the  whole  of  the  wall  or 
only  half  was  included. — A.Z. 


STATUES.  MEMORIALS,  ETC. 

A  monument  Is  about  to  be  erecte<l  within  the  groonda 
of  Hamilton  Palace  to  the  memory  of  the  late  Duke  of 
Hamilton.  The  building  is  to  cost  £1,500,  and  the  archi- 
tects are  Messrs,  Wilson  and  Thomson,  of  Glasgow. 

Engelbert  Korapfer,  the  celebratetl  German  traveller  of 
the  seventeenth  century,  has  had  a  monument  erected  to 
hi^  memory  in  Lemgo,  his  birthplace.  It  consist-s  of  a 
column  26ft.  high,  and  oni;imeuted  with  Gothic  arches 
and  pinnacles, 

A  memorial  tablet  of  beautiful  design,  the  work  of  Mr. 
R.  Palgrave,  enclosing  a  cast  in  "Wedgwood  ware  "of 
Mr.  Wooluer's  medallion  of  the  late  eminent  Iwtanist,  Sir 
W.  Jackson  Hooker,  is  about  to  be  erected  near  his  grave 
in  Kow  Church. 

M.  Lequesno,  a  French  sculptor,  has  just  received  a 
commission  to  execute  a  statue  of  the  Virgin  Mary  nine 
metres,  or  very  nearly  ;JOft.  high,  for  the  boll  tower  of  the 
&anctuarj-  of  Notre  Dame  de  la  Garde,  at  Marseilles.  There 
is  to  be  a  staircase  within  the  statue  leading  into  the  head 
itself,  aud  the  eves,  which  will  serve  as  windows,  through 
which  to  view  the  prospect  around,  will  measure  lOim 

Statue  of  Pe.\ce.— M.  Faustiu  Glavany,  secretary  in  the 
Turkish  diplomatic  service,  and  deputed  by  the  Sultan  to 
represent  his  Government  at  the  ArchiBological  Congress 
of  Antweri%,  has  just  published  a  project  for  a  commemora- 
tive monument  to  be  erected  at  the  entrance  of  the  canal 
of  the  Isthmus  of  Suez.  This  monument,  which  the  author 
proposes  to  call  the  Temple  of  Peace,  is  to  be  in  the  form 
of  a  pyramid,  as  characteristic  of  Egyptian  architecture. 
On  the  apex  of  the  pyramid  is  to  be  a  statue  of  Peace, 
bearing  in  one  hand  a  flambeau,  and  in  the  other  an 
olive  branch,  and  on  the  four  sides  of  the  pyramid  aud  its 
base,  inscriptions  in  Coptic,  Hebrew,  Greek,  Arab,  Latin, 
French,  Assyrian  cuneiform  character,  and  Turkish,  with 
sixteen  escutcheons,  bearing  the  names  of  maritime  nations 
or  their  sovereigns. 


WAGES   MOVEMENT. 

The  joiners'  strike  at  Dewsbury  has  come  to  an  end,  the 
masters  having  consented  to  shorten  the  week's  work  by 
half  an  hour,  aud  the  men  relinquishing  a  portion,  of  their 
demands. 

In  Scotland  the  law  afiecting  strikes  is  being  put  in  force 
with  rigour.  A  Scotch  sherifi'  has  sentenced  two  members 
of  an  Amalgamated  Shormakera"  Society  to  seven  days' 
imprisonment  for  molesting  and  obstructing  a  non-society 
man,  "  by  intimating  to  his  employers  that  unless  he  con- 
tributed to  the  fund  he  must  be  dismissed,  otherwise  the 
rest  of  the  workmen,  members  of  an  association,  would 
leave  their  employment."  The  prosecution  took  place  under 
the  6th  Geo.  IV.,  cap.  127  (an  Act  to  Repeal  the  Combina- 
tion Laws), 

At  present  there  seems  no  prospect  of  the  masons'  strike 
in  Bristol  coming  to  a  termination.  The  proposal  of  the 
masters  to  refer  the  matter  in  dispute  to  arbitration  has 
not  been  accepted. 


WATER   SUPPLY  AXD   SANITARY 

MATTERS. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Ilfracombe  Local  Board  last  week, 
the  tender  of  Mr.  Crokam  to  construct  the  reservoir  for 
i2,720  was  accepted. 

BiDEFOBD. — At  a  public  meeting  held  here  last  week, 
5Ir.  Humber,  C.E.,  gave  an  outline  of  the  proposed  plan  of 
supplying  the  town  with  water.  He  proposetl  that  the 
supply  should  be  constant,  and  the  mains  charged  night  and 
day.  From  a  carefiUly  prepared  estimate  he  was  enabled 
to  state  that  the  whole  of  the  works,  including  reservoirs, 
mains,  stopcocks,  and  hydrants,  together  with  engineering 
and  other  expenses, could  be  completed  for  an  amount  and 
under  circxmistances  most  favourable  for  the  company, 
aud  a  responsible  contractor  was  prepared  to  undeitake 
the  necessary  work  for  a  sum  below  his  estimate.  It  was 
resolved  to  form  a  cempany  in  order  to  carry  out  Mr. 
number's  plan, 

York. — Considerable  works  have  been  for  some  time 
in  progress  to  meet  the  increasing  wants  of  the  population. 
Among  other  works  in  course  of  construction  is  a  new 
filter  bed  from  plans  d&si|;ued  by  Mr.  Horusey,  land  agent. 


LEGAL  INTELLIGENCE. 

Brickkilns.  — A  suit  (Evans  v.  Smith),  to 
restrain  the  continuance  of  a  nuisance  arising 
from  the  burning  of  bricks  within  112  yards  of  a 
dwelling-house,  was  recently  heard  before  Vice- 
Chancellor  Wood.  After  hearing  the  evidence, 
that  judge  observed  that  whatever  might  have 
been  the  case  formerly,  when  there  was  consider- 
able conflicc  of  opinion  as  to  whether  the  smoke 
and  vapour  arising  from  brick  burning  were  to  be 
considered  as  prejudicial  to  health  and  comfort,  it 
was  now  clearly  settled  that  the  fumes  of  a  brick- 
kiln, if  they  reached  dwelling-houses,  were  a 
nuisance  to  the  inhabitants,  which  the  Court  of 
Chancery  would  restrain  without  requuing 
any  scientidc  evidence  upon  the  subject. 

Breach  of  Buildino  Bte-Laws. — From  a 
case  of  considerable  impoi-tance  which  came  before 
the  ^Yakefield  magistrates  this  week,  it  appeared 
that  a  IVIr.  Harrand  in  October  last  deposited  plans 
and  obtained  the  consent  of  the  borough  sur- 
veyor to  erect  two  dwelling-houses  in  Albion- 
street  ;  aud  it  was  alleged  that  he  had,  contrary 
to  the  building  bye-laws,  altered  these  houses  after 
he  began  to  build,  whereby  he  had  rendered  him- 
self liable  to  a  penalty  of  £5.  One  of  the  bye-laws 
made  it  necessary  that  every  habitable  room 
should  be  Sft.  high.  Mr,  Harrand  showed  on  his 
plan  cellars  7ft.  high,  and  it  had  been  found  on  an 
inspection  made  by  the  borough  surveyor,  that 
these  places  were  only  6ft.  9in.  high,  and  they 
had  been  further  altered  by  opening  doors  out  of 
them,  and  also  making  area-steps.  The  defence 
was  that  the  scope  of  the  general  acts  was  only  to 
secure  that  there  should  be  due  ventilation  and 
drainage,  and  the  alterations  prohibited  were  only 
such  as,  by  interfering  ■with  the  general  plan  of 
building,  would  interfere  with  drainage  and  venti- 
lation. Throwing  out  a  door  would  not  mterfere 
with  these  things ;  in  fact,  it  would  give  addi- 
tional facilities  for  ventilation,  and  such  an  altera- 
tion could  be  made.  These  places  when  completed 
would  be  7ft.  high,  and  they  were  not  intended 
for  living  rooms,  but  simply  as  washhouses,  and 
the  door  would  be  a  great  convenience.  The 
Bench  nevertheless  held  that  there  had  been  a 
breach  of  the  bye-laws,  but  they  would 
only  inflict  the  mitigated  penalty  of  53.  and 
costs. 

Cases  uxder  Metropolitan  BcrLDI^'Gs'  Act. 
— Marylebo'E  Police-Court. — On  Thursday,  the 
4th  inst,  Thomas  Williamson,  of  St.  John's 
Wood-terrace,  was  summoned  before  Mr.  Mans- 
field, for  that  he,  being  the  builder  engaged  in 
doing  certain  works  at  15,  Henry-street,  had 
neglected  to  give  to  Mr.  Alexander  Peebles,  dis- 
trict surveyor  of  the  northern  division  of  St,  Mary- 
'  lebone,  two  days'  notice  before  commencing  Buch 


488 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


July  12,  1867. 


work,  as  required  by  sec.  38.     The  surveyor  stated 
when  he  discovered  the  work  upon  the    19th  ult. 
the  ground    beneath    the    house   had    been    exca- 
vated to  the  depth  of  about  1ft.  One  party,  and  the 
external  walls,  which  are  14in.  thick  at  the  base, 
and  2ft.    3iu.   at  the  lowest  course  of  footings, 
had   been   underpinned  with  work   only    9in.  in 
thickness,  and  but   2^in.  of  that  was  under  the 
walls.     Section  9  placed   any  work  affecting  the 
construo'tion  of  an  external   or  party  wall  under 
his  supervision.      He   at   once  sent  a  notice  to 
amend,   which   was    complied  with.     Mr.  Payne, 
upon  behalf  of  the  defendant,  admitted  the  work 
had  been  done   as   described,  but  contended  that 
this  was  a  work  done  for  the  purpose  of  necessary 
repair,  not  requiring  a  notice,  for  it  did  not  affect 
the  construction    of    the  walls  until    Mr.   Peebles 
required  it  to  be  underpinned  the  whole  thickness. 
The    magistrate    was    of    opinion  that    it    did 
affect  the  construction  of  the  walls.      Mr.  Peebles 
pointed  out  that  every  building  shall  be  enclosed 
with  walls    of   a   minimum    thickness ;  the    part 
added  was   insufficient,   and  indicated   the  other 
clausesl  of   the  act  affecting  work  of  this  nature. 
Section  12  required  walls  to  be  constructed  of  such 
substances  and  of  such  thickness,  and  in   such  a 
manner,  as  are  mentioned  in  first  schedule  annexed 
hereto.      First    schedule    preUminary    clause    1 
required   every  building   shall   be  enclosed  with 
walls  constructed  of  brick,  stone,  or  other  hard  or 
incombustible    substance.      Clause  2,  no  part  of 
any  wall   shall  overhang  any  part  underneath  it. 
Clause   4,   the  thickness  of  every   wall   shall   be 
minimum  in   thickness ;  and   clause   8    required 
footings ;  the  work  when  found  had   none.     He 
made  no  complaint  of  the  work  as  amended.     Mr. 
Payne  submitted   even  were  it  a  work  of  which 
notice  should   have  been   given,   his   client   had 
erred  unintentionally  ;  and  that   also   this  was  a 
case  of  emergency  provided  for  by  section  44,  for 
the    drainage    works    and    removal    of   the    soU 
were    ordered   by   the    sanitary    inspector,    who 
caused   its   removal    from  below   the  walls,  and 
immediately  his  client   heard   the   surveyor  had 
called  he  wrote  him   a  letter  explaining  the  mis- 
take.    The  sanitary  inspector's  notice  was  dated 
the  nth  ult;  surveyor's    notice    to    amend,  19th 
ult. ;  and    defendant's   letter,   2l3t.      Defendant 
ordered  to  pay  123.  costs. 

Charles  Thomas,  of  York-place,  High-street, 
was  summoned  for  a  similar  offence  at  49, 
Cochrane  terrace.  Upon  the  25th  ult.  Mr. 
Peebles,  discovering  two  story  posts  had  been  re- 
moved and  brick  ones  substituted,  immediately 
sent  a  memorandum  to  defendant  reminding  him 
of  the  omission  to  give  notice  and  requesting  one  ; 
not  receiving  a  reply,  these  proceedings  were 
taken.  The  work  affected  the  construction  of  an 
external  wall,  and  by  section  9  was  subject  to 
supervision  ;  in  addition,  section  15  contained  re- 
quirements for  bressummer  and  story  posts, 
placing  them  under  special  survey.  Defendant's 
clerk  appeared  and  stated  it  was  "a  necessary 
repair ;  did  not  require  notice,  as  it  was  merely 
a  temporary  repair,  and  he  would  give  notice 
when  the  other  alteration  commenced  ;  and  that 
sometimes  their  customers  gave  their  own  notices. 
The  surveyor  stated,  of  the  works  which  came 
under  his  notice  about  30  per  cent,  were  dis- 
coveries, which  rendered  it  more  difficult  for  him 
to  discharge  his  duty  ;  and  he  was  afraid  he 
would  require  to  trouble  the  court  frequently. 
Mr.  Mansfield  said  the  district  surveyor  was  a 
public  officer,  responsible  for  the  safety  of  the 
buildings,  and  should  have  notice  of  works. 
Defendant  was  ordered  to  pay  123.  costs. 


§mx-i  Items. 


At  the  Chester  Quarter  Sessions  on  Monday 
last,  the  plans  of  Mr.  Robert  Griffiths,  of  Staf- 
ford, for  the  new  county  asylum  to  be 
erected  near  Macclesfield,  were  approved  of  by 
the  court. 

A  bill  which  has  passed  the  House  of  Commons, 
and  is  now  before  the  House  of  Lords,  provides 
that  after  six  months  from  the  passing  of  the 
bill,  railway  companies  shall,  in  every  passenger 
train  travelling  more  than  15  miles  without  slop- 
ing, provide  in  every  compartment  means  of 
communication  between  the  passengers  and 
guard,  and  shall  also  provide  means  of  communi- 
cation between  the  guard  and  the  driver.  A 
penalty  not  exceeding  £5  is  imposed  on  a  com- 
psuy  making    default  in  the  matter,  and  on  pas- 


sengers wantonly     or    mischievously    setting   in 
motion  the  means  of  communication. 

Mr.  J.  P.  Seddon  wishes  us  to  insert  the  follow- 
ing : — Will  you  kindly  correct  an  error  which 
occurred  in  your  kindly  and  favourable  notice  of 
the  furniture  designed  and  exhibited  by  me  at  the 
conversazione  at  the  Institute  of  Architects.  They 
were  manufactured  by  Mr.  L.  CtiUmann,  of  70, 
Grosvenor- street,  and  not  by  the  Art  Furniture 
Company.  For  Mr.  Collmann,  with  whom  my 
brother  is  connected,  and  for  them  alone,  I  have 
undertaken  to  design  such  furniture. 

Very  frequently  a  suggestion  comes  from  the 
new  world  worthy  of  adoption  in  the  old  world. 
The  last  one  of  the  kind  to  which  we  would  draw 
attention  is,  that  of  several  liberal-minded  citizens 
of  Chicago,  having  insured  the  firemen  of  that 
city  against  accident.  On  May  4  last,  three  of 
the  firemen  were  killed,  and  several  others  in- 
jured at  a  large  fire.  The  families  of  the  de- 
ceased received  7,500  dollars,  and  the  injured 
men  receive  weekly  wages. 

The  MUl  Bridge  at  Stratford-on-Avon — a  very 
ancient  structure — was  partially  destroyed  some 
time  ago,  and  on  Monday  last  the  first  stone  of  a 
new  bridge  was  laid.  The  first  mention  of  the 
old  bridge  in  the  records  of  the  Corporation  is  in 
April,  1419,  when  a  collection  was  ordered  to  be 
made  for  it.  On  March  1.3, 1673,  it  was  ordered  to 
be  rebuilt,  one  William  Bradford  agreeing  to  do 
so  for  the  moderate  sum  of  £40.  The  present 
bridge  apparently  dates  1599,  but  it  most  pro- 
bably  is  much  older. 

The  Paris  Excursion  Committee  of  the  Work- 
mg  Men's  Club  and  Institute  Union  ,have,  it 
appears,  been  so  successful  in  their  operations 
that  the  applications  made  to  them  now  greatly 
exceed  the  numbers  for  whom  they  can  pro^^de. 
Further  arrangements  are,  however,  in  progress 
with  the  railway  authorities,  and,  during  August, 
there  will  be  two  excursions  instead  of  only  one 
each  week. 

One  of  the  wooden  mitres  carved  by  Grinling 
Gibbons  over  a  prebend's  stall  in  the  Cathedial 
Church  of  Canterbury,  happening  to  become  loose, 
Jesse  White,  the  surveyor  of  that  edifice,  inquired 
of  the  Dean  whether  he  should  make  it  fast, 
"  for  perhaps,"  said  Jesse,  "  it  may  fall  on  your 
reverence's  head."  "  Well,  Jesse,"  said  the 
humorous  Cantab,  "  suppose  it  does  fall,  I  don't 
know  that  a  mitre  falling  on  my  head  would  hurt 
it." 

The  death  of  Mr.  James,  F.SA.,  of  Nether 
Edge,  a  well-known  Yorkshire  antiquary,  is  re- 
corded. He  was  the  author  of  a  "  History  of 
Bradford,"  and  the  article  on  "  Yorkshire,"  in  the 
"  Encyclopaedia  Britannica,"  as  well  as  other  use- 
ful works. 

Some  workmen  were  last  week  engaged  mak- 
ing  excavations  in  Victoria  Park,  Wavertree, 
when  they  came  upon  a  large  urn  containing 
calcined  bones.  Several  other  urns  (which  un- 
fortunately were  destroyed),  were  found,  also 
more  bones,  and  an  arrowhead  and  part  of  a  knife, 
both  of  flint.  The  urns,  which  were  found  ISft. 
below  the  sod,  are  composed  of  sunburnt  clay, 
and  belong  to  the  ancient  British  flint  age,  about 
3,000  years  ago. 

The  half  yearly  meeting  of  the  .Association  of 
Foremen  Engineers  took  place  at  the  London 
Coffee-house  on  Saturday  last,  Mr.  Joseph  New- 
ton in  the  chair.  The  report,  which  was  quite 
satisfactory,  showed  the  gradual  and  increasing 
strength  of  the  society.  On  account  of  the  great 
dulness  of  the  engineering  trades  there  had  been  a 
heavier  demand  than  usual  on  the  funds  of  the 
society  for  unemployed  members.  After  the 
report  was  considered,  Mr.  Wm.  Naylor  read  a 
paper  on  "The  Construction  of  Steam  Engine 
Boilers." 

A  correspondent  sends  us  the  following : — A 
portion  of  the  estate,  situate  at  Norbury-hill, 
near  Streatham  and  Croydon,  and  formerly  be- 
longing to  the  ancient  family  of  Hallowell  Carew, 
wa3  sold  a  few  years  ago  for  £400  per  acre.  Since 
then  the  owners  have  laid  out  about  £75  per 
acre  in  making  roads  and  sewers,  the  total  outlay 
being  about  £475  per  acre.  A  portion  of  this 
land  was  put  up  to  auction  a  short  time  ago,  and 
realised  at  the  rate  of  £2,000  per  acre. 

During  the  past  week  the  prospectus  of  the 
Nottingham  Patent  Brick  Company  (Limited)  has 
been  issued.  The  capital  is  proposed  to  be 
£50,000,  in  5,000  shares  of  £10  each.  Amongst 
the  directors   are  some   men   of    standing,    and 


Messrs.  Burgass  and  Gripper,  brickmakers,  Not- 
tingham, are  appointed  managing  directors.  The 
office  is  to  be  No.  4,  Thurland-street,  Nottingham. 

Mr.  A.  B.  Boulton,  of  39,  King  William- street. 
City,  says,  in  reference  to  the  article  on  the 
Preservation  of  Timber,  in  our  last  number,  that 
the  process  of  creosoting  referred  to  Professor 
Baumhauer,  was  prepared  by  him  at  the  works 
of  his  firm  at  Rotherhithe,  as  will  be  found  by 
reference  to  the  third,  fourth,  fifth,  and  sixth 
annual  reports  of  the  Dutch  Commission,  pub- 
lished at  Amsterdam.  He  also  says,  he  should  be 
happyjto  furnish  information  as  to  the  experience  of 
engineers  on  the  Continent,  both  as  to  creosoting 
and  the  application  of  the  sulphate  of  copper  to 
the  preservation  of  timber. 

The  reduced  amount  of  organic  matter  found 
in  the  water  supplied  to  the  parish  of  Marylebone, 
during  the  month  of  June  by  the  two  Thames 
Companies,  is,  to  some  extent,  attributable  to  the 
dry  weather,  but  it  shows  also  the  great  care 
taken  in  the  process  of  filtration,  and  the 
efficiency  of  the  means  employed.  At  no  period 
within  recollection  has  the  water  supplied  to 
this  parish  been  better  or  purer  than  it  is  now, 
and  in  the  anticipation  of  a  possible  return  of 
cholera  during  the  autumn,  a  knowledge  of  this 
fact  must  assuredly  be  both  gratifying  and 
reassuring. 

We  hear  that  the  possessors  of  art  treasures 
are  responding  to  the  appeal  made  to  them  by  the 
Council  of  the  Fine  Arts  Exhibition  to  be  held  in 
Leeds  next  year.  .After  the  Fine  Arts  Exhibition 
in  Manchester,  great  complaints  arose  that  the  art 
treasures  were  not  taken  sufficient  care  of,  and 
that  the  frames  were  in  many  instances  damaged. 
We  are  not  therefore  surprised  that  many  people 
should  raise  objections,  and  say  they  cannot  com- 
ply with  the  frequent  applications  they  receive 
for  the  loan  of  their  pictures,  &c.  Such  applica- 
tions are  received  not  merely  for  national  exhibi- 
tions, such  as  the  one  to  be  held  in  Leeds,  but  for 
local  purposes.  We  hope,  however,  that  the 
benevolent  object  in  view,  namely,  funds  for  the 
splendid  infipmary  we  illustrated  last  week,  will 
overcome  all  scruples,  and  induce  proprietors  to 
send  treasures  in  an  ungrudging  spirit. 

In  concluding  a  course  of  lectures  on  coal  gas, 
Dr.  Frankland  made  a  statement  concerning  the 
illuminating  power  of  the  gas  supplied  to  London 
as  compared  with  that  supplied  to  other  cities 
and  towns  in  Europe.  Representing  the  London 
gas  by  12,  those  of  Berlin  and  Birmingham  are 
15,  Manchester  and  Liverpool  are  22,  Inverness  is 
25,  Edinburgh,  Glasgow,  and  Greenock  are  28, 
Paisley  and  Hawicke  are  30,  and  Aberdeen  35. 
From  this  it  appears  that  the  illuminating  power 
of  London  gas  is  the  lowest  of  all,  and  that  in 
some  towns  and  cities  in  Scotland  the  gas  gives 
twice  as  much  light  as  in  London.  A  question  of 
health  as  well  as  economy  is  involved,  for  the 
more  the  Londoner  tries  to  increase  his  light,  the 
more  does  he  contaminate  his  atmosphere.  Dr. 
Frankland  says  that  London  gas  was  better  six. 
teen  years  ago  than  at  present ;  the  new  system 
of  purification  used  by  the  companies  leaves  the 
gas  weak  and  deleterious,  and  he  warns  them  to 
amend  their  practice.  If  consumers  would  only 
bear  in  mind  that  low-priced  gas  is  not  necessarily 
cheap  gas,  we  might  soon,  he  thinks,  have  a  gas 
of  not  less  illuminating  power  than  twenty  candles 
per  5  cubic  feet  per  bour,  below  which  quality  no 
gas  is  fit  for  domestic  use. 

The  employment  of  petroleum  as  a  substitute 
for  coal  in  the  generation  of  steam  has  been  offi- 
cially tried  with  great  success  in  the  United 
States.  It  would  appear  that  petroleum  is  quicker 
in  its  action,  occupies  less  room  than  coal,  and  is 
more  economical.  The  fire  can  be  kindled  and 
extinguished  with  nearly  the  same  ease  aslightmg 
and  extinguishing  a  gasburner.  The  furnaces^  of 
an  American  vessel,  originally  buUt  for  burnmg 
coal,  were  fitted  at  comparatively  small  expense 
with  burners  to  which  the  petroleum  was  led  by 
pipes  from  the  tanks  on  deck.  The_  burners,  by 
their  own  heat,  turn  the  petroleum  in  the  pipes 
into  gas,  and  in  this  form  it  is  burnt.  The  flames 
produced  are  intensely  hot,  and  the  petroleum 
burnt  on  the  trip  produced  as  much  steam  as 
twenty  times  its  bulk  in  coals— a  great  saving  of 
room  in  ocean  voyages.  The  dangerous  properties 
of  the  petroleum  appear  to  be  the  only  drawback 
to  its  use  in  this  way.  The  supply  of  petroleum 
is  now  so  much  greater  than  the  demand  that 
even  with  three-fourths  of  the  wells  in  the  pro- 
ducing regions  abandoned,  it  can  be  bought  for 
2d.  a  gallon. 


July  12,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


VII 


The  new  Trades'  Union  Bill  of  the  Home  Sec 
relaiy  proposes  to  enact  that  on  the  application  of 
the  chairman  of  the  Trades'  Unions'  Commission, 
the  Secretary  of  State  may  direct  that  the 
Trades'  Union  Commission  Act  of  the  present 
session  shall  extend  to  any  place  in  respect  of 
which  such  application  has  been  made  ;  and  the 
Commissioners  may  conduct  at  such  place  an  in- 
fjuiry  of  the  same  description  as  has  been  autho- 
rised in  the  case  of  Sheffield. 

There  is  now  on  view  at  the  Burlington  Fine 
Arts  Club,  177,  Piccadilly,  a  very  interesting 
exhibition,  consisting  of  a  collection  of  drawings 
and  of  Kembrandts,  which  all  who  have  a  taste 
for  rare  and  rich  specimens  of  art  should  see. 
There  are  five  copies  of  the  famous  100  guilder 
shown,  side  by  side.  We  may  also  mention  the 
"Deposition,"  "  Christ  He.aling  the  Sick,"  "The 
Crucifixion,"  "  Christ  before  Pilate,"  and  many 
others.  The  Burlington  Fine  Arts  Club,  says  the 
Daily  Ni'vf,  is  rendering  very  important  service  to 
art  in  forming  collections  like  this  of  Rembrandt's 
etchings  and  drawings.  The  idea  of  such  exhi- 
bitions is  of  course  borrowed  from  those  which 
have  been  on  several  occasions  so  well  carried  out 
upon  a  wider  scale,  but  it  is  one  that  admits,  as 
in  this  instance,  of  more  completeness  of  illustra- 
tion, and  a  more  deliberate  and  quiet  appreciation 
than  is  to  be  obtained  generally  in  large  exhi- 
bitions. The  Burlington  Club  is  not  to  be  con- 
fused with  the  "  Fine  Arts  Club  " — a  society 
which  has  a  similar  purpose  in  view,  but  which 
provides  for  the  social  converse  of  amateurs  by 
appointed  meetings  at  the  private  houses  of  the 
members.  The  Fine  Arts  Club  is  in  some  sense 
the  parent  society,  for  it  was  established  some 
ten  years  ago,  while  the  Burlington,  though 
numbering  nearly  as  many  members,  many  of 
whom  belong  to  both  clubs,  has  only,  we  believe, 
been  in  existence  about  two  years.  The  Fine 
Arts  Club  was  received  by  Mr.  Gladstone  on 
Tuesday  evening  last,  when  a  most  interesting 
collection  of  works  of  art  was,  as  usual,  formed 
for  the  occasion  by  Mr.  Chaffers,  especially  in 
porcelain  and  the  various  other  forms  of  ceramics 
in  which  the  eminent  ex-Chancellor  of  the  Ex- 
chequer is  so  distinguished  a  connoisseur.  The 
meeting  was  altogether  one  of  the  most  brilliant 
reunions  of  the  season,  and  was  pronounced 
amongst  the  most  interesting  that  have  ever  been 
held  by  the  society. 


MEETING   FOR    THE   WEEK. 

MoN.  —  Aeronautical    Sd^ty.  —  General  Meeting   of 
Slembers,  o. 


Hiitents  k  Inljcntions 

CONNECTED     WITH     THE     BUILDING     TEADE. 


2979  C.  M.  BATHIAS.  An  Improted  Apparatus  for 
Registering  the  Speed  of  Machinery,  or  the  Distance 
Travelled  by  Vehicles.     Datad  November  14,  ISfio. 

This  iuveution  consists  in  tiie  combinatioD  of  three  discs 
without  springs,  the  working  of  wliich  enables  one  of 
ascertaining  in  an  indefinite  manner  by  augmenting  the 
liiscs  b}'  a  series  of  three  discs  the  rotaiy  or  rectilinear 
motion  of  all  sorts  of  machines  or  vehicles.  The  first  disc, 
out  in  the  form  of  a  Maltese  cross,  has  ten  concave  sides,  on 
which  are  Inscribed  the  numbering  figures.  The  second 
ciiTies  ten  teeth,  which  catch  in  the  preceding  ;  and  the 
third  carries  a  single  tooth  on  its  circumference,  the  radius 
of  which  is  equal  to  the  concavity  of  the  sides  of  the  fii-st 
dis:.  The  second  and  third  diacs  are  solidly  jointed  to- 
gether, their  tfiickness  being  the  same  as  that  of  the  first 
disc:.  The  first  disc  is  shipped  ou  to  an  axle,  and  the  two 
others  on  another  axle  at  a  convenient  distance,  so  as  to 
allow  the  first  disc  to  catch  in  with  the  two  others.  Disc 
No.  1,  in  one  revolution,  beai-s  along  at  the  same  time  disc 
No.  2,  aud,  consequently,  disc  No.  y,  which  is  connected  to 
it ;  but  when  disc  No.  1  has  checked  off  the  ten  numbering 
figures,  it  carries  disc  No.  3,  which  ha3  but  one  tooth,  and 
h%3  only  travelled  round  one-tenth  of  a  single  figure  of  disc 
No.  1,  of  the  second  series  of  three  discs,  and  so  on.  The 
application  of  this  combination  to  a  vehicle  takes  place  by 
moans  of  discs  bearing  ratchets  or  unequal  sides,  so  calcu- 
lated that  the  sura  of  their  revolutions  correspond  with 
that  of  the  wheels  of  the  vehicle,  the  circumference  of 
which,  has  been  previously  measured.     Fateni  compUud. 

2988  J.  C.  JIORRELL.  Impkovesients  in  the  Con- 
struction OF  Dry  Closets,  and  in  Apparatus  for  Pre- 
paring Manure.     Dat^iJ  November  14,  1S60. 

For  the  purposes  of  this  invention  the  seat  of  a  closet  is 
hinged  or  movable,  in  such  manner  that,  on  a  person 
sitting  thei-eon.  the  seat  vrill  be  depressed,  and  by  means  of 
a  connecting  rod  attached  thereto,  aud  to  one  end  of  a 
lever,  motion  \\i\\  be  communicated  t->  such  lever,  and  it, 
by  its  other  end,  will,  by  another  connecting  rod 
attached  thereto,  and  to  one  eud  of  a  cranked  lever, 
give    motion    to    a    ram    or    forcer  within  a    chamber 

I  at  the  bottom  of  a  hopper,  and  by  such  means  move 
back  the  ram  or  forcer  so  as  to  permit  the  chamber 
cr  space  previously  occupied  by  the  ram  or  forcer  to  be- 
come filled  with  earth  or  other  suitable  dry  deodorising 
matter.     The  ram  or  forcer  is  also  act«d  ou  by  a  spring  or 


weight,  by  which,  when  the  seat  is  again  allowed  to  rise, 
the  forcer  or  ram  will  bo  moved  quickly,  and  drive  before 
it  the  dcixlorising  earth  or  matter.^  over  the  fresh  deposit 
which  has  been  received  into  a  suitable  movable  pail  or 
vessel  below  the  opening  in  the  seat.  The  excrement  is 
afterwards  removed  to  a  drying  house,  constructed  with 
several  drying  floors,  steam  or  hot  water  pipes  being 
arranged  below  the  sjiid  doors  for  imparting  the  requisite 
lieut  Mechanical  means  are  employed  for  mixing  the 
material  under  operation.     I'aUnt  abandoned. 

33T4  G.  F.  AND  J.  STIDOLPU  and  J.  R.  MORLEY. 
Impuovemknts  in  Shop  Fittings,  applicarle  also  to 
Book  Shelves  and  other  Articles  of  Fl'RNitcre. 
Dated  November  22,  ISOG. 

In  fitting  up  sliop  windows,  in  place  of  employing  a 
number  of  stationaiy  shelves,  as  is  now  common,  the 
l)atent«es  employ  shelves  which  are  hung  at  each  end 
upon  chains  or  bands,  and  these  chains  or  bands  are  end- 
less, and  at  the  top  and  bottom  pass  around  pulleys.  The 
shelves  aro  so  hung  that  their  weight  always  keeps  them 
horizontal,  so  tliat  the  whole  set  of  trays  when  loaded  may 
be  moved  aiound  tlie  pulleys  without  any  fear  of  dis- 
arranging the  articles  on  the  shelves.  This  arrangement 
admits  of  the  articles  to  be  displayed  being  arranged  on 
the  shelves  at  the  back  of  the  window,  and  then  when  the 
shelves  aro  loaded  they  may  be  brought  to  the  front. 
Similarly  by  drawing  the  arrangement  of  shelves  round 
the  pulleys  any  shelf,  may  be  brought  to  the  back,  and 
any  article  may  readily  be  taken  out  of  the  window. 
Fatent  compUtetl. 


(l^nibe  Sctos. 


TENDERS. 

Aberdeen. — The  contracts  for  the  erection  of  the  new 
Free  West  Church  have  been  taken  as  under: -Mason 
work  (exclusive  of  materials  of  house  to  be  removed) — 3Ir. 
Greig.  £4,930  ;  carpenter  work— Simpson  and  Gall,  £1,700  ; 
slater  woik— Mr.  Currie;  £199  10s. ;  plasterer  work— Mr. 
Morrison,  £174  9s.  Sd.  ;  plumber  work — Mr.  Thomson, 
£150.     Total,  £7,153  19s.  Sd. 

Bi.'iTHE  Ville. — For  villa  residence,  for  Mr.  J.  Newton. 
Mr.  J.  Burrell,  architect : — Juskip,  £011;  Collis  and  Hud- 
son, £595  ;  Newbon,  £560  ;  Spicer  (accepted),  £390. 

City. —'For  No.  110,  Cannon- street,  E.C.  Mr.  Philip 
B.  Lee,  architect :  -  By  waters,  £7,S43. 

Coventry.  — For  alteration  of  premi-es  in  Smithford- 
street,  for  Mr.  John  Dell.  Mr.  William  Langley,  archi- 
tect:— Wilson,  £5S9;  Knowles,  foreman  to  Mr.  Marriot, 
£515;  Worwood,  £510;  Ensor,  £547;  Hiillam  and  Co., 
£4S0  ;  Cole,  £437  ;  Liggins  (accepted),  £430. 

Clapham. — For  six  miles  of  brick  and  pipe  sewers,  venti- 
lators. guUeys,  and  side  entrances,  and  other  works  in  the 
parish  of  Clapham,  for  the  Board  of  Works  for  the  Wands- 
worth district.  Mr.  W.  R.  Lacey,  engineer.  Quantities 
supplied  bv  Mr.  D.  W.  Young : — Engineer's  estimate, 
£23.S50 ;  P'ickering  and  Co.,  £34,593  :  Stiff,  £34,000  ;  Pear- 
son, £31,400;  King  and  Co.,  £29.795;  Morton  and  Sons, 
£-.38,474  ;  Hill  and  Keddell,  £26.245  ;  Wain-vvright,  £25,800  ; 
Mon-is.  £25,000  ;  Hiscox,  t25,000;  Avis  and  Son,  £24,950; 
Hubbard,  £24,350  ;  Blackmore,  £24,344  ;  Dickinson  and 
Co.,  £23,513;  Trowsdale,  £23,000;  Wigmore,  £23,000 
Thackrah,  £22,900  ;  Harvey,  £22,797  ;  Robinson  (accepted), 
£21,200. 

FiNSBURY. — For  alterations  and  additions  to  Finsbury 
Chapel.     Mr.  WaUen  Dixon,  architect : —     


Names 


1st  2nd 

Contract.    Contract. 


Heeps 

Richards    

Anley 

Tarrant 

Mann 

Crockett    

Garrud  \. 

Gordon  

Ebbage  

Nightingale 

Earon  and  Chapman .. 
Staines  &  Son  (accepted) 
dabble  , 


£ 
259 
222 
216 
196 
183 
189 
227 
160 
203 
172 
169 
179 
235 


£ 
1,737 
1.742 
1,785 
1,734 
1,677 
1,661 
1,600 
1,590 
1,551 
1,4-^2 
1,4S5 
1,418 
1,350 


Total. 


£ 
1,996 
1,964 
1,951 
1.930 
1,860 
1.850 
1,S27 
1,756 
1,754 
1,664 
1,6 -.4 
3,597 
1,586 


Hackney. — For  alterations  and  repairs  at  the  Wesleyan 
Chapel,  Richmond-road,  Hackney.  Mr.  J.  Tarring,  26,  Buck- 
lersburv,  E.G.,  architect.  No  quantities  supplied  : — Mann, 
£620;  'Saunders,  £602;  Killby,  £560;  Roberts,  £502; 
Hill  and  Sons  (accepted),  £500. 

Hampstead. — For  alterations  and  additions  to  villa  at 
Hampstead,  for  J.  Sangster,  Esq.  Mr.  Walleu  DLxon,  archi- 
tect :— Guy,  £179 ;  Mann,  £167,  additional  works  (accepted), 
£38  =  £205. 

Hebtfoud. — For  new  sick  wards,  Hatfield  Union.  Mr. 
John  Sargeant,  surveyor.  Quantities  supplied  : — J.  T. 
Colling,  New  Barnet.  £l,2S9  17s.  Gd  ;  J.  Webb.  Hatfield, 
£1,215  15s.  6d.  ;  C.  Chapman,  Hatfield,  £1,072  5s.  9d. ;  B. 
Dunham,  Hatfield,  £1,060  12s.  lOd.  ;  J.  and  W.  Stringer, 
New  Barnet,  £907  os.  3d.  ;  W.  A.  Webb,  St.  Albans  (ac- 
cepted), £850. 

LosGTON. — For  two  cottage  residences  at  Cookshill,  for 
Joseph  Draycott,  Esq.  (exclusive  of  plumbing,  glazing, 
and  painting).  Mr.  J.  Burrell,  architect : — Collis  aud 
Hudson  (accepted],  £620. 

Notting  Hill. — For  taking  down  two  villas  in  Claren- 
don road  and  erecting  a  tavern  and  two  houses  with  shops 
and  stable  in  the  rear.  Messrs.  Bird  and  Walters,  archi- 
tects:—M'Lachlan,  £4.1^8;  BLshop,  £4,145;  E.  Brown, 
£4,083;  Williams  and  Son,  £4,027:  Cowland,  £3,990; 
Newman  and  Mann,  £3.986;  Mauley  and  Rogers,  £3,917  ; 
Kelly  Brothers  (accepted),  £3,  S91. 

SoUTHWARK. — For  new  warehouses  Southwark-street. 
S.E ,  for  Messrs.  Peter  Lawson  and  Son.  Mr.  Jolm 
Wimble,  architect :— Colls  and  Son,  £8,870 ;  Adamson 
and  Sons,  £8,554  ;  Ramsev,  £8,466  ;  Browne  and  Robinson, 
£S,3SS;  Piper  and  Wheeler,  £8,313;  Myersand  Son,  £8,270; 
Newman  and  Mann,  £8,246;  Killby,  £7,440. 


Stbeatham. — For  new  Magdalen  Hospital.  Mr.  Henry 
Currey.  architect:— Holland  and  Ilanuon,  f29,l9S  ;  Law- 
rence and  Sons,  £2S,t*S7  ;  Lucas  Brothers,  £2S,7T4  ;  Simma 
and  Marten.  £28,731  ;  Myers  and  Son,  £2S.730;  Gammon, 
£23,375  ;  Piper  and  Wheeler.  £28.227  ;  King  and  Sons, 
£2S.000  ;  Trollope  and  Sons,  £26.920  ;  Henshaw.  £26,631  ; 
Hill  and  Keddell,  £26,481  ;  Do^^^ls.  £26,393  ;  Higgs, 
£26.12S;  Hart.  £25,990;  Perry,  £'.'4,667. 

Westminsteb. — For  proposed  Alberb-buildings,  Victoria- 
street.  Westminster,  for  Mr.  John  Caslenduck.  Mr.  Philip 
B.  Leo,  architect ;— Bywaters,  £10,000. 


BATH  STONE  OP  BEST  QUALITY. 

Randell  and  Saunders,  Quarrymen  and  Stone  Mei- 
cliants,  Bath.  List  of  Prices  at  the  Quarries  and  Depots, 
also  Cost  for  Transit  to  any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
furnished  on  application  to  Bath  Stone  Offlce,  Consham, 
Wil  B. — [Ad\t.J 


BANKRUPTS. 

TO  SURRENDER   IN    BASING  HALL- STREET. 

William  Cooke,  Chippenham-terrace,  Harrow-road,  sub- 
contractor on  public  works,  July  22,  at  1 — T.  George, 
Compton-mews.  Brunswick-squaie,  smith,  July  22,  at  12 
— Sir  Samuel  Morton  Peto,  Edward  Ladd  Betts,  aud  Tho- 
mas Rus.sell  Crampton,  Great  George-street,  Westminster, 
contractors  for  constructing  public  worhe,  July  24,  at  H — 
George  Lambert,  Ipswich,  builder,  July  25,  at  11 — Diuiel 
Mackenzie,  York-place,  Howard-road,  Stoke  Newington, 
plumber— George  White,  Dunstable,  builder,  July  23, 
at  2. 

TO  SURRENDER  IN  THE  COUNTRY. 

William  and  Ephraira  Atkinson,  Dewsbury,  builders, 
July  IS — Emmerson  Boothroyd,  Hanley,  builder,  July  20 
— Alfred  Cutler,  Manchester,  ironfounder,  July  16 — 
^latthew  Conyers  Hardy,  Newcastle-upon  Tyiie,  agents  for 
timber  nierch.ants.  July  20 — James  Daniel  Mudge,  Up- 
church,  Sittingboume,  journeyman  whetjIwTight,  .hdy  20 
John  Eaton  Gray,  Tw«dedale,  St^iffordshire,  ironfounder, 
July  22,  at  11 — Robert  Hayes,  CuUompton,  labourer, 
July  20,  at  11— <(ohn  Moore,  .inn..  Blackburn,  joiner, 
July  23,  at  11 — Joseph  Hill  Weddell,  Newcastle-upon- 
Tyne,  house  agent,  July  24,  at  12 — J.  Mutlow  Williams, 
Bassalleg,  near  Newport,  land  sun'eyor,  July  19. 

NOTICES  OF  SITTINGS  FOR  LAST   EXAMINATION. 

Oct.  5,  J.  Worm,  Ireland- yard.  Doctor's-Commons, 
builder — July  2.'j,  J.  E.  Gillett,  Albert-road,  Dalston,  jour- 
neyman metal  chaser. 


LATEST  PRICES   OF  MATERIALS   USED 
IN  CONSTRUCTION. 


Timber,  duty  la 

Te.'ik    load  £9    OfiHl 

Quebec,  red  pine  ... .  304 

,,       yellow  pine..  2  15      4 

St.  John  N.E.  yellow  0    0      0 

Quebec  Oak,  white..  5    5      6 

„       birch 3  10      4 

..      elm   3  10      5 

Oantzicoak  3  10      6 


fir  . 


Uenieiar   3    0  3 

Riga 3    0  3 

Swedish 1  15  2 

MastAiQuebecredpine  6    0  7 

,,      yellow  pine.  .60  6 

Lathwood.DiLntsic.fm  4  10  5 

.,       St.  Petersburg  6  10  7 
Deal8,prC.,12ft.  by3 
by  9  in.,  duty2s  per 
load,  drawback  2s. 

Quebec,  white  spruce  14  10  21 

St-John,  whiteaprucB  13  10  16 
Yellow  pine,  per  re- 
duced C. 

Cauada,   lat  quality.  17    0  IS 

2ud  do 13    0  13 


ppr  load,  drawback,  la. 

Arcbaiigel,  yellow  . .  £11 
St.  Petersburg,  yeL..  10 

Finland  8 

Meinel • 

Gothenburg,  yellow       8 

.,       white    8 

Oefle,   yellow 9 

3'iderbani        9 

Christiiuiia,     per   C, 

12  ft.  by  3  by  9  in. 

yellow 16 

Deck  Pli^nk,  Dantzic, 

per  40  ft.  3  in 0 

PoMicB  Stone  pr  ton    6 
Oii^,  &c. 

Seal,  pale per  tun  39 

Sperm  body 110 

Cod 39 

Whale,  Sth.  Sca,  pale  40 

Olive.  Gallipoli 63 

Cocoanut,  Cochin.ton  54 

Palm,  fine 40 

Linseed    39 

Rapeseed,  Eng. pale..  39 
Cottonseed 30 


1)  £12  10 

10  H     0 

0  9    0 

0  0     0 

10  10  10 

0  9    0 

0  11     0 

0  10  10 


6  15 

7  10 

8  10 

9  15 
7  10 

5  16 

6  5 
2  14 

10    5 


15    n 
10  10 


80    0    0        82    0    0 


Metals, 

Iron :— 

Welsh  Bars  in  London      per  ton 

Xail  Eod        

Hoops do 

Sheets,  Single do 

SUif I  irdshire  Bars       do 

Bars,  iu  Wales     do 

Rails    do 

Foundry  Pigs,  at  Olasg.  Ko   1   ..      do 
Swedish  Bars  do 

Steel  : — 

Swedish  Keg,  hammered     per  ton 

Swedish  Faggot  do 

Copper  : — 
Sheet  ft  Sheathing.  A  Bolts   ....pertoa 

Haiaraered  Bottoms       do 

Flat  Bottoms,  not  Hammered   ..       do 

Cake  and  Tough  Ingot      do 

Best  Selected     do 

Aiistrntian     do 

VeL  Metal  Sheathing  &  Boda per  lb 

Tin:— 
English  Block       per  ton 

do       Bar   do 

do      Eeflned  do 

Bauca      do 

Straits     do 

Lead:— 

Pig,  English     per  ton 

,.    Spanish  Soft     do 

Shot.  Pat«ut     do 

Sheet    do 

Whit«     do 

Bpilter:— 
On  the  Spot ' per  ton 

Zmc:— 

English  Sheet      per  ton  26  10    0      27    0 

Devaux'sV.  M.BooflngZinc    do  28    0    0        0      0 

•  And  i  per  cent,  discount  it  l.-iid  upon  the  new  system. 
QuiCKsiLVKR     per  btl  6  17    0       0    0    ( 

Bbqulus  ot  Antmoht 
French  perton        28    0    0       0    0 


9 

aeit 


92 

9-1    0 
»2    0 
66  10 

0 
0 
0 
0 

0 
0 
0 

87 

0 
0 
0 
0 

0 

0    neU 
0 

!1  15 
19    6 
S3    0 
SI    0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
3 

0 
0 
0 
10 

0 

0 
0 
0 

!1    0 

0 

:i 

; 

6  Dett 

VIII 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


July  12,  1867. 


WANTED. 

WANTED,  a  MARBLE  MASON,  of 
abUityand  good  character,  aa  a  WORKING  FOREMAN. 
One  who  has  been  in  business  on  his  own  account  preferred.— Apply 
at  the  Steam  Marble  Works,  Ce  metery-road,  Sheffield. 


TM  MEDIATE      ENGAGEMENT 

X  WANTED,  as  JUNIOR  ASSISTANT,  by  a  GENERAL 
DRAUGHTSMAN.  Accustomed  to  detail,  construction,  perspective. 
and  design, — X.  Y.  Z..  Poat-office.  Walham   Green,  Fulham,  London. 

PAINTERS'  and  BUILDERS'  BOOKS 
Opened.  POSTED  UP.  Audited,  nod  Balance  Sheets  Prepared. 
by  an  efficient  Accountant ;  also  painters' work  measured  and  esti- 
mated for  on  moderate  terms.— Addreea,  V.  S.,  Poet-olfice,  Wardour- 
etreet.  Sobo. 


TO  QUANTITY  SURVEYORS' 
ASSISTANTS.— WANTED,  in  a  Provincial  omce,  athorougbly 
competent  QUANTITY  CLERK.  Permanent  engagement  intended. 
The  highest  references  retiuired. — Apply  to  "  Surveyor,"  25a,  Park- 
square,  Lee  do. 

TO  MASONS  and  WALLERS.  —  Good 
Workmen  maymeet  with  EMPLOYMENT  at  the  New  Univer- 
sity Buildings.  Gilmore  Hill,  Glasgow,  on  application  to  William 
Bradford,  Foreman  of  Works.  The  works  are  expected  to  last  from 
two  to  three  years. 

TO  BUILDERS,  CONTRACTORS,  and 
others.  —  WANTED,  a  RE-ENGAGEMENT  as  GENERAL 
FOREMAN  or  CLERK  of  WORKS ;  town  or  country.  Has  bad  great 
experience  in  building.  First-class  testimonials.  —  Address,  J.  F.; 
Office  of  BuiLDLNG  News. 


AN  experienced  DRAUGHTSMAN  mshes 
to  meet  with  an  ENGAGEMENT  far  two  or  three  days  a  week, 
to  prepare  drawings,  details,  specifications,  &c.,  or  to  do  work  at  his 
own  olfiee.  Fifteen  years'  experience.  Terma  moderate.— L.  B.,  19, 
Stone tield-street,  Islington. 


TO  BUILDERS,  BRICKMAKERS,  and 
Others —A  PARTN  ER  WANTED  with  an  Established  Builder's 
Business  and  Brickyard  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Sevenoaks,  where  a 
good  deal  of  building  is  now  going  on,  and  a  large  demand  for  bricks 
and  tiles.  It  is  necessary  that  the  party  should  have  £2.0no.— For 
further  particulars  apply  to  Messrs.  E.  E.  and  G.  Croiik,  estate  agents, 
Sevenoaks,  Kent, 


TO  BaiLDERS.-^A  very  eligible  SITE  for 
SHOPS,  at  Lewigham.  to  be  LET  on  a  BUILDING  LEASE, 
havinga  frontage  of  100ft.  to  the  high  road,  opposite  the  Black  Horse 
lun.— Apply  to  Mr.  H.  0.  Martin,  18,  Adam-street.  Adetphl. 


BUILDING  LAND  to  be  LET  on  LEASE, 
Facing  the  New  Finsbury  Park.— Apply  T.Oldis,  Homsey  Wood 
Tavern,  N. 


FREEHOLD  BUILDING  LAND  at  Wal- 
ton-on. Thames,  to  be  LET  on  LEASE,  or  SOLD,  in  large  or 
Bmall  plots-  Five  miuutes  frora  station.  Good  roads.  Saiid  and 
gravel  on  site.  Advances  made  to  builders.  Plans  and  particulars  of 
John  Giles,  architect,  28,  Craven-street,  Charing  Cross. 

CRYSTAL  PALACE.  —  FIRST-CLASS 
BUILDING  LAND  to  be  LET  in  immeiliate  proximity  to  the 
Palace,  on  advantageous  terms.  Fur  particulars  apply  to  Mr.  Hart, 
Accountant's  Office,  Ci-ystal  Palace  ;  or  to  R.  R.  Banks,  Esq.,  J,  West- 
minster Chambers,  Victoria-street,  Westminster. 

MARGATE.— To  be  LET  upon  BUILD- 
ING  LEASES,  or  PLOTS  will  be  SOLD,  valuable  FREE- 
HOLD LAND  on  the  sea-coast,  contiguous  to  Westgate  and  Marsh 
Bays.  Excellent  brick  earth  and  chalk  on  the  estate.  Great  advan- 
tages to  parties  taking  the  ftist  40  Plots.  Advances  made. — Apply  to 
Mr.  Charles  N.  Beazley,  architect,  9G,  Guilford- street,  London,  W.C. 

AMPSTEAD.  —  To    BUILDERS     and 

Others. — About  1.5  acres  of  LAND,  most  eligibly  situate  for 
Building,  having  frontages  to  two  roads,  to  be  LET  on  long  leases  in 
quciutitieB  to  suit  the  convenience  of  buildei-a. — Apply  to  Mr.  Jones 
Spyer,  o£  No.  1,  Winchester-house.  Old  Broad-street,  from  whom 
every  information  may  be  obtained. 


£20  000 


READY  to  be  ADVANCED 

^^ ,.    ^    ^      by     the     TEMPERANCE     PERMANENT 

LAND  and  BUILDING  SOCIETY,  on  Freehold  and  Leasehold  Pro- 
perty, for  any  period  of  years  not  exceeding  fifteen,  the  mortgage 
being  redeemable  by  equal  monthly  instalments.  Intert-st  lin  addi- 
tion to  a  BUiall  premium)  5  per  cent,  on  the  balance  each  year. — 
Apply  to  HENRY  J.  PHILLIPS,  Secretary. 

Offices — 34,  Moorgate-atreet.  London,  E.G. 

Note.— More  than  half  a  million  pounds  sterling  have  been  ad- 
vanced upon  housa  property  alone. 


Now  ^e.^dv,  12mo,  strongly  bound  in  cloth,  price  4a.  (postage  4d,) 

W  KALE'S  BUILDERS'  and  Con- 
tractors' PRICE  BOOK,  for  1P67.  revised  by  G,  B. 
BuaNELL,  Esq.,  CE.  This  book  is  the xiniversally  recognised  abitrator 
in  the  settlement  of  disputed  a^;coutIta, 

"Amultitudinous  variety  of  useful  information  for  builders  and 
contractors." — Building  AVtrs. 

'■  Mr.  Burnell  has  omitted  nothing  from  the  work  that  could  tend 
to  render  it  valuable  to  the  builder  or  contractor." — Mechania'  Maga- 
tine. 

"Well  done  and  reliable.  •  •  •  Mr.  Bumell  seems  to  have 
anticipated  all  objections  in  his  clearly  printed  book." — En^liak 
Meclianui. 

London  :  Lockwood  and  Co.,  7,  Stationers'  Hall-court,  EC, 


ROYAL     POLYTECHNIC.  —  SEE    the 
PARIS    EXPOSITION    for    ONE    SHILLING.      Professor 
Pepper's  LECTURES  ou  the  PALAIS  DE  L'EXPOSITION,  daily  at 

3  and  8,  except  Wednesday  evening.  Amongst  the  other  attractions 
are,  the  "Wonderful  Leotard,"  the  greJit  optical  surprise,  called  "  The 
Effigy  of  the  Dear  Defunct,"  and  the  musical  entertainments  of 
George  Buckland  Esq. 


BILIOUS  and  LIVER  COMPLAINTS, 
Indigestion,  Sick  Headache.  Loss  of  Appetite,  Drowsiness, 
Giddiness.  Spasms,  and  all  Disorders  of  the  Stomach  and  Bowels,  are 
quickly  removed  by  that  well-known  remedy,  FRAMPTON'S  PILL 
OF  HEALTH.  They  imite  the  recommendation  of  a  mild  operation 
with  the  most  successful  effect;  and  where  an  aperient  is  required, 
nothing  can  be  better  adapted. 

Sold  by  all  Medicine  Vendors,  at  Ifl.  IJd.  and  2b.  9d.  per  box   or 
obtained  through  any  Chemist. 


T 


HE    EMPEROR     LIFE     AND 

ASSURANCE  COMPANIES. 
Examples  of  Bonus  now  Declared. 


FIRE 


Assuied, 

Age. 

£ 

1000 

43 

600 

27 

600 

60 

100 

44 

60 

66 

Or  bonus   in  ad-JOr  cash  in  reduc' 

ditiontotbe  sum  tion  of  the  next 

assured  annualpremium. 


42  16 
7  13 
7      2 


r     permanent 

reduction    of 

future     .^unual 

premium. 


10  3 

17  8 

2  15 

3  14 


0      6 
0    17 


H 


T 


O    ARCHITECTS    and    BUILDERS.- 


LIME  GROVE  PARK,  PUTNEY  HILL.— Very  Desirable 
SITES  on  this  Estate  to  be  LET  for  building  respectable  private  resi- 
dences. It  is  situated  on  elevated  ground,  between  the  railway  station 
and  Wimbledon  and  Putney-heaths,  There  is  a  great  demand  in 
this  locality  for  good  villa  residences,  and  a  ready  sale  for  them.  For 
particulars  apply  to  S.  Wood,  Esq.,  Arthitect.  10,  Craig's-court.  Lon- 
don, 8.W.  ;  or  to  Messrs,  Baxter.  Rose,  Norton  and  Co.,  Solicitors,  6, 
Victoria-street,  Westminster,  S.W. 


TO  GRANITE  MERCHANTS.— A 
QUARRY  of  very  supertor  GRANITE  having  been  opened  on 
a  Railway  in  Devonshire,  the  owner  will  be  happy  to  communicate 
with  any  individual  or  company  who  shall  wish  to  avail  themselves  of 
the  adv.aKtages  presented  by  this  quarry. — Application  to  be  made  to 
the  owner.  Rev,  J,  N,  Gould.  Stoke  Rectory,  Teignmouth;  or  J.  H, 
Tozer.  Esq..  solicitor.  Teignmouth.  A  specimen  of  the  granite  will 
be  sent  on  application,  with  a  scientific  description  of  its  nature  and 
quality. 


M 


ILL-LANE,  TOOLEY-STREET,  S.E.— 

To  be  SOLD  or  LE  T  on  long  building  lease,  a  valuable  FREE- 
HOLD PROPERTY  in  Mill-lane,  Tooley-street.  S.E..  containing 
nesu-ly  4."00  superficial  feet  in  area,  with  a  frontiige  to  Mill-lane  of 
55ft..  and  an  averagedei>th  of  nearly  8i'ft. — For  full  particul.irs  and 
plan  apply  to  Robert  W.  Edis.  Esq.,  F.R.I.A.B..  architect,  4.  Osua- 
burgh  terrace.  Regent's  Park.  N.W,.  or  to  C.  T.  Lane,  Esq,,  solicitor, 
12  Clement's-lane,  Lombard-street.  E.C. 


M 


ORTGAGE  £500  to  £50,000  on  FREE- 
HOLD and  LEASEHOLD  ESTATE,  from  3  to  4-1  per  cent.  ; 
or  Purcbaae  not  objected   to. — Full  written  particulars  to  Mr.  Bull, 
Eden  House.  Eden■ro.^d,  Lower  Norwood.  Surrey. 


A  Dividend  of  6  per  Cent.,  with  a  Bonus  of  1  per  Cent,  paid  to  the 
Shareholders. 

THE  NEXT  BONUS  WILL  BE  DECLARED  IN  JQLY,  1867. 

Claims  paid  within  14  tlays  after  proof  of  death. 

Advances  made  on  Freehold  and  Leasehold  Securities. 

Fire  Insuxauce  at  the  usual  rates.    Duty  reduced  to  Is.  6d.  per 
Cent. 

Forms  of  Proposal  for  Assurance,  Prospectua,  &c„  forwarded  on 
application  to 

EBENEZER  CLARKE.  Jun.,  Secretary, 
52,  Cannon -street,  E.C. 


A 


LLIANCE      LIEE     and      FIRE 

ASSURANCE    COMPANY. 

Established  1824.    Capitil  £5,000.000. 

Chief  OtBce,  Bartholomew -lane,  London,  E.C. 

BOARD  OF   DIRECTION. 

Sir  Moses  Monteflore.  Bart..  F.R..S.,  President- 
James  Alexander,  Esq. 
Charles  G.  Baruett,  Esq, 
George  Henry  Barnett,  Esq. 
James  Fletcher.  Esq. 
William  Gladstone.  Esq. 
Right  Hon,  George  J.  Goschen,  M.P. 
Samuel  Gumey.  Esq.,  M.P. 
James  Helme.  Esq. 
Sampson  Lucas,  Esq. 
Elliot  M.ocnaghten,  Esq. 
Thomas  M. aster  man,  Esq. 
J.  M.  Montefiore,  Esq. 
Sir  Anthony  De  Roihschild,  Bart. 
Baron  L.  N.  De  Rothschild,  M.P. 
Thomas  Charles  Smith,  Esq. 

AUDITORa. 

SirT.  FoweU  Buxton,  Bart.,  M,P. 
Richard  Hoare.  Esq. 
Sir  Curtis  Miranda  Lampson,  Bart. 
House  property  of  every  dsecriptiou  msuredat  moderate  rates  o 
premium.     Life  assurances   in   various  forms  granted  on  favourable 
terms.     Liberal   commission  given  to  architects,  builders,  Bur\'eyors. 
Ac.   becoming  agents  for  the  Company.     Prospectuses,  and  all  in- 
formation m.ay  be  obtained  by  application  to 

ROBERT   LEWIS,  Secretary. 


NW-  LONDON  CLOTHING 

COMPANY'S  WAREROOMS, 

65     and     66,    SHOREDITCH,    N.E. 

KOBEBTS  and  CO.,  Managers. 


12s. 
12s. 
12s. 


6d 


6d. 


12s. 
12s. 
I2s. 
I2s. 
12s. 


6d. 


6d. 


6d. 


S' 


TAIRCASE    and  JOINERY    WORKS, 
JOHN     WALDEN 

{Late  Shop  Foreman  to   Mr.  W.  SANDS,  retired), 

12,  MAIDEN  LANE.  COVENT  GARDEN. 

Eatiniates  on  application. 


MATHEMATICAL  INSTRUMENTS,  of 
the  first  quality,  at  moderate  prices,  with  many  important 
Improvements.  Illustrated  cjitalugues  ecut  post  free,  W.  F. 
STANLEY,  Mathematical  Instrument  Maker  to  the  Government, 
3  and  5,  Great  TumsUle,  Uolbom,  W.  C.  Stanley's  Treatise  on  Mathe- 
matical Drawing  Infitruments,  poBt  free,  5s. 


C.  H 

GENUINE 

SOLID    PARQUET    FLOORS 

Are  Greatly  Supeiior  to  any  hitherto  Produced,  being 

of  Special   Construction,    Improved   Design, 

Thoroughly  Seasoned,  and  at 

PRICES   liOWER    THAN   USUAL. 

specimens  at  Arcliitectural  Museum,  l'3,  JIaddox-street,  W. 

AND  AT 

Show  Rooms,  Cambridge  Hall,  Newman-street,  London. 


CHARLES    STRUTTON, 

84,      COMMBEOIAL-ROAD,      LaMBETH. 
BASQSa  LBT  BT  TEB  DAT  OB  T£AB, 


.6d 
6d. 


For  the  BEST  ANGOLA  and  SCOTCH  TWEED 
TROUSERS,  at  the  N.  W.  L.  Clothimj  Co.'s  Ware- 
rooms,  6.5  and  66.  Shoreditch.  N.E. 


BOYa'  SUITS.  Every  Variety  and  Newest  Styles,  at 
the  N".  W,  L.  Clothing  Co.'b  Warerooms,  65  and  66 
Shoreditch,  N.E. 


TOURISTS"  Smart  and  U.-indsome  COATS.  Newest 
Patterns  and  Styles,  Every  Texture  of  Material,  at 
the  N.  W.  L.  Clothing  Co.'a  Warerooms,  65  and  66, 
Shoreditch.  N.E. 


INTERNATIONAL  OVERCOAT,  very  Geutlemanly, 
at  the  N.W.  L.  Clothing  C'o.'s  Warerooms,  65  and 
66,  Shoreditch,  N.E. 


Smart.  Elegant,  and  Durable  KENSINGTON  COATS, 
at  the  N.  W.  L.  Clothing  Co.'a  Warerooms,  65  and 
66.  Shoreditch.  N.E 


ForTHREE  VE^TS,  Newest  Styles  and  Pattema, 
Good  Fitting,  at  the  N.  W.  L.  Clothing  Co.'b  Ware- 
roniiiB.  t)S  and  66.  Shoreditch.  N.E- 


BLACK  URhSS  TROUSERS,  Elegantly  Finished  and 
Perfect   Fit.  at  the  N.  W.  L.   Clothing  Co-'a  Ware- 
65  and  66.  Shoreditch   NE. 


PATTERNS  of  ABOVE  sent  Free  by  Post,  from  the 
N.  W.  L.  Clothtng  Co.'s  Wareroomn,  65  and  66« 
Shoreditch.  N.E. 


GUN  COTTON 

COMPRESSED  CHARGES 
MINING  and*  iaUARRYING. 

A  charge  of  any  given  size  exei-ts  six  times  the  explcniTa 
force  of  gxinpowder.  ^     ..    i     _... 

Charges  are  made  of  every  diameter  required,  the  length 
varying  with  the  (Uameter.  Any  number  may  be  placed  in 
a  hole.  Each  charge  ifl  fully  equal  to  one-fifth  of  a  pound  ot 
powder. 

Per  case  (containing  600  charges  of  any  diameter)  .  36s. 
„    half  case,       „     250  „  „  .  18». 

„    quarter  case,,     125  „  ,,  .Si. 

82,  Gracechurcli  Street,  liOndon. 

Day  and  (Jas  Liaht  Reflecfor  manufacturer. 

— IHOMAS  FOX,  9  J,  HATTON  GARDEN. 


T 


^  (E.C.) 

■These    Reflectors  never    tarnish,    require    no  cleaning,    and    ll* 
the  most  effective  and  durable  yet  presented  to  the  public. 

N.B.— The  uBual  Discount  to  Builders  -md  the  Tradfl. 


HANCOCK^S  INDIA-KUBBER  HOSE, 
FOB 

WATERING  GARDENS.  LAWNS,  ftc.. 

BEST  MAKE  ONLY. 

made  in  60ft.  lengthe.    The  most  useful  sizes  for  the  .ibove  purpoiM 
are 

-|in.,   fin.,  I'm., 

and  strength  according  to  pressure  of  water. 
BBASS  HAND  BRANCHES,  -n-itli  TAPS.  SPREADERS.    JETS, 
and  ROSES,  in  great  variety;  al.0  UNION  JOINTS  to  connect  Un 
HOSE.  ,.,  ,.    ,. 

niOBtrated  Fnce  Lists  on  apphcation. 

JAMES    LYSE    H«NCOnK. 

VULCANISED  INDIA-KBBBER    WORKS. 

GOSWELL-MEWS.   4  266.  OOSWtLL-IOAD.   LONDON,   E.C. 

N  B  -HANCOCK'S    GALVANISED     IRON      HOSE-REEL   f« 

winding  up  long    lengtlu    ol    GARDEN  HOSE    i»    a  verynMlnl 

MACHINE. 


n^ 


.   lAETS,   LADDERS,   BARROWS,  &c.- 

\J    GEORGE  ELL  and  CO..   Builders  of  C.\rts,   Vans,   Wa^oni, 
Trucks  Trolleys,  Ac,  Contractors'  and  Builders'  Plant. 

LADDERS,  BARROWS,  TRESTLES,    STEPS.  PORTABLB 

SCAFFOLDS,    PICK-HELVES,    HAMMER    HAHDLES.   4c. 

Wheels  made  by  Improved  Machinery  on  the  Premises. 

A  large  Variety  of  both  Light  and  Heavy  Wheels  kept  in  Stock. 

Barrows.  Dobbin,  and  other  Carta,  intended   for  Exportation.  M* 

made  by  Machinerj-  so  as  to  be  int^rchantjeable  in  their  parts,  lor  the 

convenience  of  packing  for  shipment. 

Scaffolding,    Ladders,  Barrows,  l-restlea,  Step,  &c.,  Lent  on  HIM. 
Price  Lists  on  application. 

GEORGE    ELL    &    CO., 

EUSTON  WORKS,  366  and  368,  EUSTON  KO AD,  LONDON,  H.K. 


THE  INTERNATIONAL  PRIZE  MEDAL, 

Awarded  1862, 

ALSO  THE  DUBLIN  MEDAL,  1865. 
To    BUILDERS.    CAKPKXTEES.    and    BLINDMAKEK3. 

JAS.  AUSTIN  &  SON, 

Manufacturen  o(   tbe  above  Articles,  particularly  wish  to  direct 
the  attention  of  the  Trade  to  their  TTiTca 

IMPERIAL    PATENT    FLAX    SASH    Llfl^O'  , 

Of  which  they  are  now  nmking  four  qualities,  and  they  •'""«* 'f5°,?, 
mend  that  in  all  case,  they  should  be  purchased  in  P""'"^,'?„  S, 
PATENT  LINES  n.ade  from  Jut«,  which  Article  "»  "M™5  J^J 
STRENGTH  nor  DURABILITY  of  FLAX,  consequently  cannolgiT. 
so  much  satisfaction  to  the  Consumer.  They  also  m"',**  ^«  P^p'°^t 
attention  of  Upholstereis  and  Bhud  Makers  to  ^eir  ImproTM  raien^ 
Blind  Lines,  which  are  very  much  superior  to  anything  > 
'°They  can 'be  obtained  olaU  Ropemakers.  Ironmongers,  Merchantt, 
Factors,  and  Wholesale  Houses  in  Town  and  Coimtry, 

ESTABLISHED  1774. 

nOX   &  SON,  CHURCH  FURNITURE 

Kj  MANUFACTURERS,     „„^  ,  „„ 

^^         28  and  29.  SOUTHAMPTON-STREET    STRAND. 
PAINTED  and  STAINED  GLASS  WORKS— 13  and  44,  Maiden  lane 
liulioining  Southampton-street).  W.C.  ^tnrjn. 

WOOD  and  STONE  CARVING.  GOTHIC.   METAL,  and  MONU- 
MENTAL  WORKS, 
BELVEDEKE-KOAD.    L.IMBETH.   3.  ,u.  _„k 

CARVING.— A  gieat  reduction  effected  by  roughmgont  me  w»i 
by  machinery,  and  lit.  .hing  only  by  hand  labour. 
GUTllIC  JOINERS  'WOaK  AND  FURMrURE. 
GOTHIC    METAL   WORK    of  every  description,  both  in  ou'«  . 
Brass,  and   Iron.  oml  the 

ESTIMATES   FURNISUEu  U.  the  Clergy.  Architects,  auu 

Trade,  for  (uirrying  out  any  Ues'SS'ij  PRFMISI S. 
THE  WHOLE  OF  THE  WORK   DONE  ON  THE  P»ff '°,  S;.j 
CU.\  4  SON'S  IllustralcJ  C.iUlosi.e  for  IS66.  with  se^eralllu 
Now   Designs  of   Church  Furniture,   fainted  Ghiss,  Dscotatlon.  «.» 
Monnmanta.  forwarded  for  sis  stunps.  ,_    ^    o,  „«,!   London. 

SHOW  BOOMS— 28  and  28,  Bouthampton-rtirMt  Struia,  i/ou"" 


I 


July  19,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


489 


THE   BUILDING  NEWS. 


LONDON,  FRIDAY,  JULY  19,  1867. 


THE  PARIS  EXHIBITION— No.  VIII. 
Building  Materials. 

FROM  all  parts  of  the  world  come  huiUiiii,' 
materials  in  great  variety,  but  of  many 
of  those  .«ent  we  shall  have  nothing  to  say  ; 
for  though  interesting  enough  of  themselves, 
xs  illustrations  of  the  products  and  usages  of 
dilferent  countries,  they  are,  from  their  price 
or  nature,  nnsuited  to  our  requirements.  Our 
object  in  the  brief  survey  we  must  necessarily 
iruvke  of  this  portion  of  the  exhibition  will  be 
to  point  out  where  we  may  best  glean  addi- 
tional resources  for  our  own  work.  Examin- 
ing, firstly,  then,  the  raw  materials,  we  shall 
pass  over  the  many  varieties  of  building 
stone  e.xhibited  without  comment,  as  the 
cost  of  transport  would  preclude  their  intro- 
duction to  this  country.  Of  the  marbles  we 
.shall  speak  more  fully,  and  tind  here  the 
finest  exhibition  of  nature's  wealth  in  this 
beautil'ul  material  which  has  probably  ever 
been  brought  together,  and  the  growing  de- 
mand for  this  luxurious  material  in  our  own 
coimtry  renders  an  examination  of  it  of  par- 
ticular interest  and  use.  Following,  then,  the 
route  we  have  before  taken,  we  shall  commence 
with  France.  From  her  PjTenees  and  her 
Alpsshe  presents  us  with  many  exquisite  speci- 
mens, mostly,  however,  of  well-known  varie- 
ties ;  and  we  shaU  rather  single  out  for 
comment  her  less  known  treasures.  Re- 
markable amongst  these  are  the  granites  and 
marbles  from  the  Vosges,  contributed  by  M. 
Colin,  of  Epinal,  and  M.  Victor  Rossett,  of 
St.  Jervoise  les  Bains,  Ilaut  Savoie,  where  we 
have  granite  of  every  colour,  from  deep 
chocolate  brown  to  light  yellow,  with  every 
shade  of  red  and  pink ;  and  from  the  latter 
gentleman  a  beautifnl  specimen  of  "Pro- 
togyne,"  of  deep  blackish  green  flecked  over 
with  blotches  of  beautifully  clear  pink  of  high 
decorative  value.  The  RussVert,  from  Epinal,"i3 
a  particularly  useful  variety  of  ''Canipan,"  of 
soft  and  delicate  colouring,  partaking  of  the 
character  of  Vert  vert,  but  of  smaller  figure 
and  greater  variety  of  colour  and  tone.  The 
Russ  brun,  from  the  same  place,  is  very  rich  ; 
and,  as  its  name  imports,  of  (juiet  red  and 
brown  tones,  and  a  syenite  of  fawn  colour  and 
black  is  also  particularly  useful  in  decorative 
work ;  whilst,  for  rich  figure  and  beauty  of 
colour, _  the  "Napoleon"  marble,  from  the 
same  district,  is  hardly  to  be  surpassed ;  and 
the  bro-HTi  and  red  granites,  and  the  small 
speckled  green  and  grey  porphyries,  exhi- 
bited by  MM.  Varelle  and  Co.,  of  Servan, 
in  the  Haute  Saone,  are  well  worthy  of  in- 
troduction into  this  country.  From  Cerdet, 
near  Perpignan,  in  the  Eastern  Pyrenees,  we 
have  an  useful  bastard  statuary,  which  would 
be  acceptable  for  staircases  and  the  coarser 
kinds  of  sculpture.  Perhaps  the  most  novel 
of  all  the  decorative  marbles  e.xhibited  by 
France  is  what  is  called  the  emerald  onyx  of 
M.  Henri  Bex.  This  is  in  reality  not  an  onyx 
or  an  alabaster,  but  a  variety  of  Huor  spar, 
differing  only  from  our  beautiful  Derbysliire 
product  in  having  green  instead  of  blue  mark- 
ings, evidently  produced  by  copper.  It  is 
very  brilliant,  but  can  only  be  obtained  in 
small  pieces,  which  are  neatly  jointed  to- 
gether and  used  after  the  fashion  of  maLa- 
chite ;  but  its  price  of  500f.  per  square  metre 
will  prevent  its  being  used,  except  for  small 
inlay  purposes,  for  wliich  it  is  very  applicable. 
From  Bagneres  de  Bigorre  we  find  a  large 
collection  of  small  pieces  of  very  richly 
coloured  marble,  but  as  no  information  is 
given  as  to  the  sizes  the  varieties  can  be  ob- 
tained m,  and  nothing  but  small  picked 
specimens  exhibited,  we  cannot  say  if  they  are 
likely  to  be  very  useful.  In  mamdactured 
articles  of  marble  the  French  Exhibition  is 


exceedingly  rich  ;  and  we  would  particularly 
enimierate  those  of  M.  Lerolle,  wliose  works 
are  of  eminently  good  character  and  great 
taste  ;  and  M.  (jobert,  of  Sivres,  whose  black 
marble  chimneypiece,  with  its  plaques  of 
enamel  or  painted  porcelain,  is  ex(iui3itely 
beautiful;  whilst  a  chimneypiece  of  Griotte 
Fleure,  with  ormolu  mountings,  revives  the 
taste  and  luxury  of  the  times  of  liOuis  XV., 
by  the  able  hands  of  the  house  of  Graux- 
Marly.  ]\I.  Marchand  exhibits  his  Greek 
chimneypiece  which  won  for  him  such  un- 
qualified approbation  in  the  E.xposition  of 
\ii,  and  which  we  still  admire  as  much  as 
we  did  then.  A  beautiful  small  black 
marble  chimneyjiiece,  inlaid  with  serpen- 
tines from  the  Pyrenees,  by  MM.  Parfony 
and  Lemaire,  of  Paris,  is  an  excellent  work, 
botli  as  regards  handicraft  and  art,  as  is 
also  a  "rouge  antique"  (but  not  by  .any 
means  tlie  "  rosso  antico")  marble  chimney- 
])iece,  for  a  dining-room,  with  a  group  of 
fish  in  statuary  by  the  same  firm  ;  whilst, 
for  good,  ordinary,  commercial  work,  the 
products  of  M.  Loichmolle,  of  Paris,  are 
very  commendable.  In  the  Pare  are  some 
fine  columns  of  great  size  and  of  usual 
marbles  contributed  by  these  same  gentle- 
men, but  the  most  notable  of  the  manu- 
factured articles  in  these  materials  are  some 
granite  crosses  or  Calvaries  upwards  of  30ft. 
high,  by  M.  Yves  Hernot,  the  carving  of  which 
in  this  obdurate  material  is  particularly 
good. 

From  Algeria,  we  have,  of  course,  abund- 
ance of  her  celebrated  and  so-called  onyx  in 
every  variety  and  form,  and  tha  works  of 
M.  Viot  show  this  material  to  its  best  ad- 
vantage; its  richly  striated  portions  form 
drapei'ies  to  innmnerable  statues  in  bronze, 
and  its  clear  pellucid  veins  mounted  in 
ormolu,  constitute  it  at  once  the  richest  and 
the  most  elegant  adjuncts  this  portion  of 
nature's  realm  aifords  us.  But  Algeria  oft'ers 
to  us  other  and  even  more  useful  "marbles," 
for  by  this  term  we  embrace  all  the  earthy 
minerals  we  use  in  a  polished  form  in  large 
masses,  and  M.  Tardieu  exhibits  some  very 
fine  red  and  yellow  brocatelle,  from  the 
quarries  of  Chenoa,  near  Cherehel,  which 
will  form  a  very  agreeable  addition  to  our 
repertory,  and  which  seem  to  be  olitainable 
in  large  sizes  ;  some  magnificent  rich  green 
serpentine,  from  Gran,  is  likewise  exhibited 
by  JI.  Tardieu.  Indeed,  Algeria  seems  to  be 
our  most  hopeful  ground  for  new  marbles. 
Here  we  find  a  specimen  equal  to  the  most 
prized  Giallo  antico  procured  from  Oued- 
noukal,  near  Pliillipeville,  in  the  provmce  of 
Bone  ;  a  charming  red  and  green  marljle 
from  Bal  Taga,  and  beautiful  breccias  from 
Bildah.  We  call  the  attention  of  our  Eng- 
lish marble  merchants  and  architects  to 
these,  as  many  new  combinations  of  colour 
can  be  effected  by  their  aid,  and  a  new  charm 
be  gained  for  our  interiors. 

From  Belgiuii  we  have  a  large  collection 
of  the  marbles  she  has  been  supplying  us  with 
i'or  many  years,  but  nothing  very  new.  In- 
deed, that  country  seems  to  have  been  tho- 
roughly explored,  and  we  have  but  little  fresh 
to  look  for  from  that  quarter.  She  sends  fine 
specimens  of  her  "  Petit  Granit,"  which  is  no 
granite  at  all,  but  a  limestone,  and  in  which 
can  be  produced  some  very  fine  effects  by 
pointing,  tooling,  sanding,  or  polishing  tlie 
surface,  and  which  is  procurable  in  very  large 
size,  one  slab  being  12ft.  long.  Oft.  wide,  and 
about  1ft.  thick,  of  even  quality  and  texture. 
The  manufactiu-ed  marbles  of  Belgium  are 
chiefly  represented  by  chimneypieces  of 
rather  ordinary  design,  the  best  being  M. 
Beernaert's  Neo  Grec  chimneypiece  in  white 
marble,  and  M.  Vestrephen's,  one  in  the  same 
style,  in  black  marble.  One  of  M.  Leclerque's, 
introducing  Califomian  agate  into  black,  is 
successful  ;  but  another  of  the  same  combina- 
tion is  very  much  overdone,  and  this  over- 
enrichment  makes  itself  prominent  in  another 
chimneypiece  by  the  same  manufacturer.  It 
is  a  very  elaborate  one  in  statuary,  manufac- 
tiued  for  Mr.  Wilson,  of  Manchester,  but  one- 


half  the  labour  judiciously  applied  would 
have  made  a  much  lietter  thing  of  it,  and  we 
must  here  point  out  the  mistake  we  frequently 
see  made  in  putting  much  work  on  variegated 
marbles.  The  .sole  object  in  designing  in  such 
marbles  .should  be  to  bring  out  the  "figure"  by 
broad  treatment  and  curved  surfaces,  not  by 
carving,  or  by  small  and  multitudinous  angles, 
whii-Ii  are([uite  lost  in  the  strange  contortions 
and  odd  figures  the  vcining  of  the  material 
disjdays.  Simplicity  of  form  in  figured 
marbles,  and  sculpture  in  low  relief  in  jjlain 
ones,  shouUl  be  tlie  aim  of  the  designer,  in- 
stead of  which  we  see  the  same  design  re- 
peated in  various  marbles  without  the  slight- 
est reference  to  the  configuration  of  the  mate- 
rial, and  soft  friable  statuary  is  placed  in  the 
most  exposed  situation,  honeycombed  with 
flower  work  of  the  most  fragile  description. 
Indeed,  in  few  things  is  there  room  for  so  much 
improvement  as  in  the  designing  of  chimney- 
pieces.  Prussia  exhibits  through  the  Societi; 
Franco  Allemande  pour  I'Exploitation  des 
Carrieres  de MarbresoiueveryfineSerrancolin- 
like  marble  from  Vilmai-sur-Lnhn,  obtainable 
in  lengths  of  Kift.,  which  is  very  useful,  and 
will  make  admirable  shafts,  and  a  Plymouth- 
like  black  and  white  marble  of  good  quality 
and  size.  The  Sdesian  grey  marbles,  which 
form  the  pavilion  of  the  King  of  Prussia  on 
the  grand  gallery,  are  of  good  texture,  but 
their  colour  will  prevent  their  finding  much 
favour  in  England.  Bavaria  exhibits  a  fine 
porjjhyry  vase,  by  M.  Ackermann,  of  Weissen- 
stadt,  of  large  size,  and  if  this  material  can  be 
readily  obtained  it  will  be  very  cordially  wel- 
comed in  England.  From  Austria  we  have 
the  finest  and  most  useful  contribution  of  the 
whole  exhibition.  Tliis  is  in  a  fine  red  marble 
of  rich  but  light  tone,  procurable  in  very 
large  masses  from  the  quarries  of  M.  Gerenday, 
at  Piszke,  near  Pesth.  A  slab  is  here  exhi- 
bited ICft.  long  by  Oft.  wide,  and  showing 
its  capability  of  treatment,  a  portion  being 
left  dead  and  part  of  it  polished.  De.ail 
it  presents  a  soft  fawn  colour,  which  con- 
trasts well  with  its  richer  hue  when 
polished.  Its  figure  is  close  and  even,  and 
we  unhesitatingly  pronounce  it  the  most 
available  new  material  of  this  class  we  have 
seen.  The  quarries  of  M.  Gerenday  seem  to 
Ije  of  very  large  extent,  as  a  yield  of  2,001) 
cubic  yards  is  obtained  daily,  and  some  250 
to  300  workmen  emidoyed,  and  we  should 
be  glad  to  see  the  results  of  their  labours 
available  in  England.  Messrs.  Cloetta  and 
Schwarz,  of  Santa  Croce,  also  exliibit  a  good 
useful  grey  marble,  but  of  no  variety  of 
figure  or  colour.  The  marbles  of  Switzer- 
land are  not  very  brilliant  in  colour,  and  do 
not  present  much  variety,  but  are  obtainable 
in  large  size.s.  From  Portugal  comes  a  large 
collection  of  slabs  of  great  variety,  but  chiefly 
of  light  tones  of  colour,  very  valuaVde  for 
decorative  work,  and  apparently  obtainable 
in  large  pieces.  Unfortunately,  the  names 
of  the  (j^uarries  are  not  given,  but  they  all 
belong  to  M.  Joaquini  Antunes  dos  Santo.s,  of 
Lisbon,  and  seem  to  be  procurable  at  very 
moderate  prices.  Greece  almost  revives  her 
ancient  reputation,  and  Professor  Siegel  ex- 
hibits some  very  fine  varieties — ^one  a  noble 
"  Greek  green  "  column  from  Tinos,  and  ano- 
ther of  the  character  of  "cippolino"  from 
Karysto,  which  can  be  obtained  in  blocks 
11  metres  long,  and  which  would  be  exceed- 
ingly useful  for  columns,  and  large  wall 
linings.  Here,  too,  we  see  a  slab  of  the 
glorious  rosso  antico,  but  we  fear  it  is  only 
an  accidental  specimen.  That  luxury  is  lost 
to  us,  and  the  days  of  ancient  Rome  are  past. 
We  have  a  very  fine  red  and  white  marble  of 
large  bold  figure  from  Peskos,  and  an  exqui- 
site yellow  and  pink  marble  from  the  port  of 
Kalamitza,  obtainable  in  blocks  G  to  S  metres 
long.  Any,  or  all  of  these,  woidd  form  very 
welcome  additions  to  our  rather  restricted  list 
of  marbles,  and  we  hope  that  our  notice  may 
be  the  means  of  drawing  attention  to  them. 
From  Denmark  we  see  a  very  fine  black 
marble,  well  worth  looking  after,  and  a  deep 
rich  granite,  of  small  figure,  both  exhibited 


490 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


July  19,  1867. 


by  the  director  of  the  Minoralogical  Mtiseum 
of  CoiJenhagen ;  ami  ironi  Swedeh  comes 
a  very  surprising  exhibition  of  this  portion  of 
its  mineral  wealth,  exliibited  in  fifty  specimens, 
by  M.  Erdman,  the  Chief  of  the  Geological 
Survey  of  Sweden.  Many  of  these  are  very 
useful,  and  would  be  very  highly  appreciated 
in  this  country,  and  amongst  the  most  notable 
are  granites  from  the  Hufvudsta  quarries, 
near  Stockholm,  the  general  building  stone  of 
that  city.  It  is  of  a  fine,  clear  grey,  very  solid 
and  durable,  and  obtainable  in  almost  any 
size,  and  at  moderate  price.  The  granite  from 
the  Malmou  cjuarries,  on  the  west  coast  of 
Sweden,  is  of  a  clear  yellow  or  light  brown 
tone,  and  is  remarkably  easily  worked,  in 
which  respect  it  resembles  the  Ornsktildsvik 
granite,  which  is  dark  grey  in  its  colour,  and 
procurable  in  almost  any  sizes.  The  foregoing, 
though  capable  of  taking  a  polish,  may 
be  looked  ujion  more  as  building  stones  than 
included  under  the  general  acceptation  of  the 
term  "  marbles,"  but  their  durability,  and  the 
facility  with  which  they  can  be  exported 
to  this  country,  induces  us  to  notice  them.  Of 
the  Dalecarlian  granites,  the  most  useful  is  the 
delicately-coloured  light  red  variety,  from  the 
quarries  of  Gashvarf,  at  Elfdal.  It  is  a  por- 
phyroidal  granite,  obtainable  in  very  large 
masses,  and  receiving  a  very  high  polish,  and 
is  of  far  more  beauty  than  any  of  ova  Scotch 
granites.  Of  a  similar  character,  but  of 
deeper  colour,  harder,  and  not  procurable  in 
such  large  masses,  is  that  of  Roth,  also  near 
Elldal,  where  are  very  large  works  for  the 
manufacture  of  these  materials  and  the  por- 
phyritio  rocks  of  the  district,  which  vaiy  in 
coloiur  from  light  yellow  to  deep  blood-red, 
and  where,  also,  is  occasionally  found  a 
beautiful  clear  green  jihonolite,  only  unfor- 
tunately in  but  small  dimensions.  The  mar- 
bles proper  exhibited  by  Sweden  are  also  very 
good.  Those  from  Claestorp  are  of  a 
tine  clear  green,  like  the  best  specimens  from 
Galway  ;  and  from  Wikersvik  comes  a  beau- 
tiful flesh-coloured  marble,  very  useful  for  in- 
lay purposes,  and  a  beautiful  light  green  mar- 
ble from  Sala,  in  Westmania.  There  are 
others  of  great  variety,  but  the  finest  and 
most  varied  are  the  wonderful  conglomerates 
from  Dalelfven  near  Transtrand.  These  are 
wonderfully  Ijeautiful  and  of  infinite  variety, 
and  the  brilliant  colours  of  the  peljljles  agglo- 
merated in  the  highly  crystalliae  matrix 
which  encloses  them,  produces  an  eft'ect  of 
exceeding  richness ;  a  little  capital  and 
some  energy  woidd  convert  the  conglomerate 
beds  of  the  Swucku  and  Sulen  mountains  into 
a  fruitful  mme  of  wealth  to  Sweden  and  a 
source  of  plcasvu'e  to  all  Europe.  At  present 
it  is  only  detached  pieces  which  are  collected 
and  worked  up,  but  there  is  hardly  a  limit  to 
nature's  supply  of  tliis  beautiful  material,  and 
we  recommend  a  "  prospecting "  tour  in 
Sweden  to  anyone  interested  in  this  branch 
of  industry  and  in  search  of  a  fortune. 

Russia,  as  iLsual,  exhiljits  things  wonder- 
fully rare,  but  of  limited  commercial  value. 
Decidedly  the  most  useful  are  the  very  beau- 
tiful specimens  of  polished  granite  exhibited 
by  M.  Henri  Tallgren,  of  Helsingfors.  There 
is  a  wonderful  block  of  malachite,  7ft.  long, 
2ft.  Gin.  high,  by  2ft.  thick,  which  is  valued 
at  75,000  francs,  but  which  has  no  influence 
on  everyday  work  ;  and  there  are  some  most 
magnificent  candelabra  of  rodonite,  a  bril- 
liant crimson  jasper,  clouded  with  bluish- 
grey,  but  tliese  are  but  tours  deforce,  and  re- 
move themselves  so  far  from  the  reach  of  all 
but  emperors,  that  we  simply  admire  and  pass 
on.  From  Russia,  or  from  its  Caucasian 
region  rather,  comes  a  rival  to  the  Algerine 
onyx,  in  an  equally  fine  example  of  the  same 
material,  but  we  fear  its  distance  will  prevent 
its  being  of  much  use.  In  tlie  cabinet  of  the 
Emperor  are  some  magnificent  bits  of  marbles 
from  the  Ural  chain  of  mountains,  which,  if 
procurable  in  workable  masses,  would  be 
worth  almost  any  money,  but  these  resources 
of  Russia  are  as  yet  totally  undeveloped. 
Italy,  of  course,  exhibits  largely,  and  the 
new  acquisition    of   districts    hitherto    un- 


explored by  commerce,  bids  fair  to  open  out 
many  new  fields  for  the  marble  worker. 
Thus,  from  Benevento  come  some  very  fine 
brocateUe,  and  from  Reggio  an  excellent  green 
serpentine  ;  the  breccias  from  the  Abruzzi 
are  of  great  variety,  bidding  fair  to  find  a 
large  market ;  and  Sicily,  with  its  wonderful 
changes  effected,  by  volcanic  action,  on  its 
limestone  rocks  ofl:ers  an  inexhaustible  field 
for  research,  the  first  gleanings  from  which 
are  now  beginning  to  appear.  From  Lucca, 
Carrara,  and  Sienna,  come  well-known  varie- 
ties, and  a  few  new  ones,  but  without  in- 
formation as  to  sizes  or  prices  ;  and  Florence 
sends  a  large  exhibition  of  small  specimens 
of  the  alaliasters  and  serpentines  of  the  Ma- 
remma,  but  which,  from  the  same  causes,  are 
rendered  useless.  From  Turkey  we  derive 
many  specimens,  both  manufactured  and  in 
the  rough,  the  most  remarkable  of  which  are 
a  pale  bleached  species  of  Griotte  fleure,  very 
useful  for  panelling  with  gUt  mouldings,  or 
chimneypieces  mounted  in  ormolu,  and  the 
deep  purple  antique  porphyry  of  Brandrum. 
From  Egypt  we  receive  only  small  specimens 
of  flne  granites,  syenites,  and  porphyries,  with 
here  and  there  a  magnificent  breccia  ;  but 
there  is  nothing  to  indicate  if  these  are  fi'om 
quarries,  or  only  eroded  fragments  left  in  the 
debris  brought  down  by  the  NUe.  The  conti- 
nent of  America  sends  but  little  of  this  species 
of  her  mineral  wealth,  though  .she  has  vast 
riches  of  this  kind,  and  an  unpolished  speci- 
men uf  lapis  lazuli  from  Chib,  and  a  few  frag- 
ments from  various  portions  of  llie  United 
States,  are  all  she  has  to  show.  Japan  ex- 
hibits a  most  wonderful  marble  made  up  of 
madrepores  encased  in  marvellously  coloured 
jasper  of  great  hardness,  and  odd  and  quaint 
as  though  the  Japanese  had  made  it  them- 
selves. If  this  variety  can  be  introduced,  it 
will  be  of  great  service  to  the  makers  of  the 
smaller  articles  of  marble  work,  but  we  fear 
its  great  hardness  will  prevent  its  general 
application. 

Our  own  country  exhibits  very  little  and 
nothing  new.  From  our  colonies  we  find  a 
few  new  things,  and  some  good.  Halifax,  in 
Nova  Scotia,  sends  a  very  beautiful  green 
marble,  with  clear  yellow  markings,  from  Five 
Island  ;  and  from  the  northern  coast  of  New- 
foundland comes  a  very  good  rose-coloured 
and  white  marble,  with  some  excellent  speci- 
mens of  serpentine,  all  of  which  are  well 
worth  inquiruig  after  ;  and  distant  Natal 
sends  some  very  delicately  marked  marbles. 
From  these  remarks  it  will  be  seen  that  there 
is  much  to  be  learned  in  this  department  of 
the  Exliiliition  ;  and  we  hope  the  opportunity 
of  receiving  the  lesson  will  not  be  lost  on 
those  who  seek  to  provide  us  with  these  most 
beautiful  products  of  bounteous  Nature. 


PAINTED  DECORATIONS.— No.   X. 

I  FIND  it  is  just  sis  months  ago  that  I 
wrote  my  last  article  on  this  subject.  I 
scarcely  know  how  to  apologise  to  my  readers 
for  this  long  delay.  It  is  true  one  might  have 
avoided  mentioning  anything  about  it,  and  by 
omitting  the  numeral  imder  the  heading  have 
possibly  escaped  notice,  but  I  would  fain  hope 
tliat  the  subject  is  of  far  too  much  importance 
to  many  of  the  readers  of  this  paper  for  them 
to  forget  so  easily  the  promise  I  made  in  my 
first  article  on  Painted  Decorations.*  The 
usual  plea  of  professional  engagements  was 
open  to  me,  but  then,  again,  I  feel  that  to 
begin  a  series  of  articles  on  a  professional 
suVjject  in  a  professional  journal  is  as 
much  a  professional  engagement  as  any 
occupation  by  which  we  gain  the  insult- 
ing oft'er  of  some  paltry  premium,  or  the 
almost  equally  paltry  commission  ol  £5  per 
cent,  for  thouglit  and  labour,  which  would  be 
underpaid  at  three  times  five.  Shall  I,  then, 
plead  indisposition  ?  or  shall  I  rather  lay  the 
blame  ujron  my  editor,  and  say  that  he  is  in- 
diflerent  to  my  prosy  notes  about  TheophUus 


*  BuiLBiNO  News,  April  20,  ISCC. 


and  Henry  III.  so  long  as  exhibitions  and 
lectures  aftbrd  him  the  opportunity  of  print- 
ing sharp  criticism,  either  by  way  of  dissect- 
ing Mr.  Scott  or  mutilating  Mr.  Burges  ?  I 
am  afraid  I  have  no  better  excuse  to  ofler  than 
my  own  indisposition,  for  it  would  indeed  be 
a  rare  event  to  find  an  editor  who  would 
accept  blame  at  the  hands  of  a  contributor. 
In  the  last  article  we  left  oft"  at  the  end  of  the 
second  ]3art  of  my  subject.  I  say  "the  end," 
because,  although  in  the  sixth  article  I  in- 
cluded diapers  and  powderings  as  part  of  the 
architect's  work,  yet  in  good  work  these  things 
are  so  little  used,  and  when  used  are  always 
so  subordinate,  and  so  very  simple  in  design, 
that  practically  we  have  very  little  to  do  with 
them.  Archxologically  speaking,  one  might 
write  a  long  paper  on  the  history  and  use  ot 
diapers  and  powderings,  but  as  my  object  in 
writing  is  not  solely  archiseological,  and  as 
these  methods  of  decoration  are  just  those  to 
which  people  who  know  nothing  of  art  almost 
invariably  resort,  whenever  the  ornamenta- 
tion of  a  building  with  colour  is  in  question, 
it  will  be  better  for  us  to  content  ourselves  for 
the  present  with  a  few  good  examples.  I  need 
scarcely  add  that  flowers,  especially  the  rose, 
monograms,  stars,  and  armorial  bearings  were 
used  both  as  powderings  and  diapers  in  the 
best  times,  but  the  latter  not  so  much  on  walla 
as  on  tissues  and  furniture. 

Having    now    reviewed   the  various  pro- 
cesses  of  mural    decoration,    and    set  forth 
something    of    the    duty    of   the    architect 
— a    duty     which     every     student     should 
look    boldly    but    reverently    in    the     face 
— we  have  to  consider  the  duty  of  the  painter. 
Writing  of  the  duty   of  the  architect,  I  said 
"  it  has  been  the  fashion  some  considerable 
time  past  for  architects  to  muffle  themselves 
up  in  a  splendid  disdain  for  every  art  but 
tlieir  own."  ^  What  I  then  said  of  architects 
may  be  said  of  painters.     An  examination  of 
the  pictures  in  this  year's  exhibitions  shows 
us  very  clearly  that,  with  the  exception  of  Mr. 
Fred.  Walker  and  Mr.  Albert   Moore,  there 
is  no  one  who  gives  any   evidence  of   those 
powers  which  are   absolutely  necessary  to  a 
wall  painter,  and  even  these  artists  might  fail 
dh-ectly  they  have  to  work  with  an  architect  ; 
for,  it  may  be,  that  these  men  know  nothing 
about  architecture,  and  are  utterly  indifferent 
to  sculpture  ;  they  maj^,  or  they  may  not — no 
one  can  tell  until  the  time  comes  when  one  or 
the  other  may  have  the  opportimity  of  work- 
ing with   some  architect  who  knows  some- 
what  of  art.      "The  painter  (says  M.   Ch. 
Blanc),  when  he  wishes  to  reach  the  highest 
regions  of  his   art  -srithout  passing  its  limits, 
must  approach  equally  two  elder  artists — the 
architect  and   the   sculptor.     He   will  thus, 
doubtless,   lose  part   of  his  liberty,  but  how 
much  authority  will  he  gain  by  this  austere 
obedience  ? "      Of  course  it  is  a  necessity  of 
the  case  that  the  architect  and  the  sculptor 
rtiust  he  artists.     1   happen  to  know  of  a  case 
where  a  young  and  really  good  painter  became 
prejudiced  against  the   whole   class  of  archi- 
tects by  the   treatment  he   received  from  one 
who  stands  tolerably  high  in  the  estimation  of 
ecclesiologists.      It  was  not  sufiicient  for  thi/j 
gentleman  to  treat  the  painter  with  somewhat 
less    consideration  than  he  would  treat  the 
bricklayer,  but  he  must  needs  possess  himself 
of  the  original  sketches  with   which  he  had 
nothing  whatever  to  do,  and    endeavom'  to 
palm   them  off  as  his    own  productions.  ^  I 
need  hardly  assist  my  readers  to  draw  the  in- 
ference, for  to  say  that  such  an  architect  was 
no  artist  is  but  a  small  matter  in  such  a  case  ; 
and  if  the  noble   art   of  architecture,  which 
someone  asserts  to  be  "  the  rdtimate  polish  ol 
man,"  is  practised  no  w-a-days  after  this  fashion, 
it  can  be  scarcely  matter  for  wonder  shouKl 
the  sister  arts  remain  dissevered  ;  and  should 
painters,  who  are  worthy  of  their  high  call- 
ing, decline  to  recognise  in  the  architect  any- 
thing beyond  the  mere  man  of  business  or 
allow  him  any  authority  or  opinion  on  matters 
of  art.  With  such  mere  traders  in  architectpe 
we  have  nothing  to  do  ;  and  in  the  followmg 
remarks  on  the  duty  of  the  painter,  I  wish  it 


July  10.  I'^CT. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


491 


PAINTED    DECORATIONS. 


Dl/;PEp. 


© 


X 


P0Wx)ETll[\rG^ 


O 

OO 


@ 


(2) 


o 

OO 


o 

OO 


© 


to  be  taken  for  granted   that  painters    and 
architects  are  at  least  gentlemen  whatever  may 
be  their  shortcomings  in   special   or  general 
knowledge.     I  am   quite   conscious  that  the 
more  experience  we  have  the  more  we  become 
convinced   of  the  melancholy  fact  that  nobi- 
lity of  action  and  gentlemanly  feeling  are  rare 
gifts  with  the  professors    of   the    fine  arts. 
There  is  little  real  zeal  for  art ;  plenty  of  it 
for  anything  else.      We   can  wear   ourselves 
out  in  struggles  to  overreach  one  another,  but 
to  open  our  eyes  to  the  common  weal,  to  re- 
cognise good  honest  work,  and  have  the  cour- 
age to  speak  of  it  fair,  to  let  a  word  of  praise 
escape  us  for  anyone  but  ourselves  and  those 
witnin     the     narrow    boundaries — the    very 
narrow   boundaries — of    our    special   clique, 
would  be  evidence  of  a  weakness  and  impolicy 
unknov^Ti  to  the  art  brotherhood  of  the  nine- 
teenth century.     In  saying   this  much  I  am 
anxious  that  I  should  not  be  misunderstood 
by  anyone  fancying  that  I   have  a  hopeless 
view  of  the  present  condition  of  the  fine  arts  ; 
on  the  contrarj"-,  I  believe  too  strongly  in  the 
force  and  vitality  of  art  to  think  ever  other- 
wise than  hopefull}',  but  my  hope  is  founded 
not  in  what  the  world  calls  successful  men, 
for  these  are  mostly   little  more  than  noise 
and  wind,  but  in  the  men  of  whom  the  world 
knows    little    or  nothing,  and  from  whom, 
when  the   opportunity  comes,    we    shall,    I 
firmly  believe,    obtain   wall    paintings   and 
monumental  art   second   only  in  drawing  to 
the  best  Greek  work,    and  second  only    in 
vigour  of  composition  and  dramatic  interest 
to  the  noblest  work   of    the    Middle   Ages. 
When,  then,  this  opportunity  arrives,  what, 
we  ask,  wiU  be  the  duty  of  these  men  ?     Their 
first  and  chief  task  wiU  be  to  siibmit  them- 
selves to  the  limits  prescribed  them  or  de- 
cline the  work.      The  latter  course  is  unques- 
tionably, to   my  mind,  the  right  course  when 
the     architecture    happens    to     be      really 
bad.     I    can    conceive    few    things    in    art 
more    outrageous,     more  saddening — I   may 
say  more  revolting— than  to  see  such  archi- 
tecture as  that    of    the  Strand   Music    Hall 
made    the     framework     of     wall     painting 
such  as  Mr.  Moore   might    do.     When  the 
architecture  is  good,   it  is,  of  course,  equally 
offensive  to  see  it  ruined  by  mere   "  deco- 
rator's"   work,   or  by     paintings    which   are 
nothing  more  than  magnified  easel  pictures. 
As,  however,   one  example  is  worth  a  dozen 
precepts,  I  propose  to  quote  in  my  next  article 
a  few  cases  of  modem   waU  paintings  as  illus- 
trations of  what  is  not  the  duty  of  the  painter. 
We  will  then  proceed  to  inquire  what  the  old 
painters  thought  of  their  duty  towards  their 
brother  artists,  both  architects  and  sculptors, 


and  why  the  same  laws  which  guided  them 
and  resulted  in  such  art-unity  shoidd  not 
obtain  now-a-daya.  E.  W.  G. 


TRADES   UNIONS'  COMmSSION. 

SINCE  our    former    report,    several  witnesses 
have  been    esamiued    before    the  Commis- 
sioners.    Among  others,  Mr.  John  M'Donald,  the 
president  of   the  Glasgow   Master  Brickbuilders' 
Association.     He   appeared,  of   course,  in  the  in- 
terests of  the   masters,  and  the  gist   of   his  evi- 
dence amounted  to  this,  that  his  association  was 
entirely  a  defensive  association,  caused  by  action 
on  the  other  side.     The  design  and  object  of  this 
society  were  explained  to  be   the  formation  and 
establishment  of  certain  rules  to  be  observed  by 
the  members  in  the  payment  of  wages  to  those  in 
their  employment,  including  apprentices,  journey- 
men, and  labourers,   in  particular  fixing  tlie  rate 
of  wages  to  be  paid,  and  mutual  counsel  in  carry- 
ing on  their  business.     There  is  no  restriction  as 
to  admission.     All   who  approve  of  the  object  of 
the  association,  and  who  pay  a  certain    amount 
of  money,  and  conform  to  the  rules,  are  admitted. 
Purely  a  local  society,  it  has   no  connection  with 
the  General  Builders'   Association.      Witness  did 
not  think  that  the   trades  of   Glasgow   had   any 
connection   with   any   general   association ;  there 
the  lines    of  work  are  more  subdivided  than   in 
England,  that  is  to  say,    joiner's  work  is  done  by 
itself,  and  is  a  trade  by  itself ;  it  is  the  same  with 
masons  and  brickbuilders  and  other  trades — each 
stands  by  itself.      Being   asked   what   advantage 
there    was    in    following    out  this    course,    Mr. 
M'Donald,  speaking  on  behalf  of  his  association, 
said,  it  was  their  opinion  that  when  a  man  is  con- 
fined to  one  department  of  work  he  is  likely  to  be 
more  efficient ;  and  thatby  having  the  work  divided 
and  then  confined  to  their  own  departments,  the 
work  is  likely  to  be  done  on  more  moderate  terms. 
The  society  had  nothing  to  do  with  stone  build- 
ing.    Witness  had  been  an  employer  for  upwards 
of  sixteen  years,  and  was  a  workman  previous  to 
that   time.      He   had  had    experience   of  trailes' 
unions,   and  to  some  extent  knew  their  organisa- 
tion and  tendency.      He  was  of  opinion  that  their 
tendency  is   to  establish   a  monopoly   in   labour. 
They  act  in  that  way,  for  instance,  by  limiting  the 
number  of  apprentices  which  a  master  might  em- 
ploy.     Witness   looked    upon    this    as    a    great 
grievance,  and  considerable  eflbrts  have  been  made 
in  Glasgow  to  have  all  such   restrictions  removed. 
The  masters  regard   this   interference  as  an   un- 
warrantable encroachment  on  their  rights  as  em- 
ployers.   They  do  not  beUeve  that  a  large  number 
of  apprentices  is  desirable  or  profitable,  but  they 
hold  that  this  is  a  matter  the  settlement  of  which 
ciiclusively  belongs  to  the   employer   himself;  a 
matter  with  which  no  other  party,  much  less  the 
operatives,  has  got  anything  to  do.     One  of  the 


rules  of  the  association  reads  thus — "  Each  mem- 
ber of  the  association  shall  abide  by  and  conform 
to  such   rules,  regulations,  and  arrangements  as 
may  bo  agreed  to  at  any  general  meeting  of  the 
association.      Members  shall  not,  in  any  instance, 
nor  imder  any  pretext,   pay  more  wages  to  those 
in  their   employment,   nor  give   anything  in  lieu 
thereof,   than  8h.all    have    been  .agreed  to  by  the 
association ;  nor    shall    any    member   knowingly 
allow  his  employers,  or  any  of  them,  directly  or  in- 
directly  to  supplement  the  wages  he  pays  to  those 
in  his  employment."     Witness,  in  explanation  of 
this    rule,    said    he  did    not   know    whether   it 
amounted   to  an  attempt  to  regulate  the  rate  of 
wages.     It  was  agreeing  to  abide  by   the  wages 
fixed,  but  ho  admitted  that  if  a  member  did  not 
abide  by  the  fixed  rate,  he  was  fined  £.^.      As  re- 
gards  the  last   clause  of  the  above   rule,  witness 
further  explained  that  the  word  employer  there 
means    the    proprietor,    the    person     for    whom 
the  work  is   being  done.      When    work  is  urgent 
and   hands  scarce,    proprietors    have    frequently 
ottered,  and   som'etimes  paid  to  the  men  at  their 
work,  23.  or  3s.  per  week  above  the  rate  paid  by 
the  masters.     The  design  of  this  is  to  increase  the 
hands  ;  to  get   more  men,   that  the  work  may  be 
advanced  with  greater   speed ;  and  the  cilect  of  it 
has  been  either  to  raise  the  wages  generally,  or  to 
produce  discontent  among  the  men.      The  object 
of  the  clause  referred  to  is  to  prevent  this.    Subse- 
quently, witness   reluctantly  admitted  that   this 
was  an  attemj^t  to  regulate  the  rate  of  w.ages.     He 
was  emphatic   in  his  declaration,   however,  that 
the  object  of  the  associatien  was  defensive.     Had 
it  not  been   necessary  to  meet  an  association  al- 
ready in    existence,  this  one   would   never  have 
been  formed.      The  masters  would  have  had  no 
association  had  it   not  been  for    the  purpose  of 
self-defence.     If  the    workmen    combine  to  say, 
"  You   shall    not    pay  below  a   certain    rate    of 
wages,"  the  masters   combine  to  say,  "You  shall 
not  pay  above  it."      In  answer  to  a  question,  wit- 
ness repUed   that  one  of  the  complaints  against 
trades  unions,  on  the  part  of  the  men,  is  that  they 
tend  to  prevent  the  action  of  the  natural  laws  of 
supply  and  demand.   Being  further  asked  whether 
his  association   does  not  just  the  same  thing,  he 
said,  "just  the  same  thing,  and  I  am  for  having 
them  all  abolished.     I  should  be  glad  if  that  were 
the  result  of  this  commission."     Referring  to  the 
question  of  .apprentices  in  Glasgow,  it  was  stated 
that  seven  apprentices   is  the  number  at  present 
allowed  to  one  employer,  without  reference  to  the 
number  of   men  employed.      The  masters   insist 
that   there  shoidd  be  no  limit,   but  they   were 
obliged  to  make  the   best   terms  with  the  men, 
who  some  years  ago  restricted  the  number  to  five. 
Witness's  next   point  was,  that  the  tendency  of 
trades  unions  is  to  establish  monopoly  in  this  re- 
spect; t'jat  they  compel  each   apprentice  to   pay 
£2  as  a  fine  or  entry  money  on  joining  the  trade. 
Again,  trades  unions  h.ave  a  tendency  to  establish 
a  monopoly   in  labour,  by  requiring  each  appren- 
tice, before  his  apprenticeship  be  completed,  to  join 
the   union,  which   he  may  do  by  paying   to  the 
union  2s.  6d. ;  but  should  he  refuse  or  neglect  to 
do  this  before  the  time  be   out,  ho   is   compelled 
to  pay  a   second   fine  of  £2,  and  thus  constitute 
himself  a  member  of  the  union,  or  leave  the  dis- 
trict.    If  apprentices  are  sons  of  members  of  the 
society  they  pay  £1  only,  but  they  are  in  quite  the 
same  position   as  those  who   pay   .-62.     Another 
point  strongly   insisted    on    by   M'Donald,    was, 
that   the  tendency  of   trades  unions  is  to  deprive 
the  deserving  workman  of  the  reward  of  his  skill 
and  industry.      He   is  deprived  of  his  Uberty  of 
action,  and  subjected  to  terrorism,  should  he  not 
conform  to  the  rules  of  the  union.     In  support  of 
this,  witness  read  rule  10  of  the  Operative  Brick- 
layers' Society,  which   states  that   no  member  of 
th.at  society   shall  take   piecework,   or  make  any 
engagement  with  any  master    bricklayer,  under  a 
penalty  to  be  considered  at  the  first  meeting.     No 
employer,  moreover,    can  even  keep  a  manager  or 
a  foreman  who  is  not  required   to    be  a  member 
of  the  union.     Forbidding  piecework,  in  witness's 
opinion,  keeps  down  a  skilled  and  industrious  work- 
man.    Trades  unions  fix  in  an  arbitrary  manner 
the  time  the  men  are  to  work,  and  how  the  day  is 
to  be  divided,  without  reference   to  the  interests 
of  the  emj)loyer  or  the  injustice  of  the  matter  in- 
volved.     Formerly,  the  men    were   in  the  habit 
of    working  sixty  hours   in  the  week.     In  1804, 
the  union  resolved  to  work   to  half-past  two   on 
Saturday.     In  1S65,  they  resolved  to  stop  at  two ; 
and  in   1866,  they  resolved  to  stop  at  twelve   on 
the  Saturday.     These  resolutions  were  all  come  to 
and  fixed   (said  witness),  ivithout  the  employers 
in  any  instance  being,  consulted.     In    common 


492 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


July  19,  1867. 


with  other  masters,  he  complained  of  the  mode  of 
dividiug  the  day  int j  quarters,  which  he  held  was 
not  fair.  For  example,  workmen  must  either 
have  a  quarter  day  or  nothing.  Strictly  speaking, 
two  and  a-half  hours  would  be  a  quarter  day,  ten 
hours  being  the  full  day ;  but,  if  they  wrought  an 
hour  and  a-half,  they  would  claim  a  quarter  for  it ; 
or,  if  they  only  wrought  an  hour,  they  would  get 
nothing  for  it.  Members  of  witness's  society  do 
not  object  in  any  way  to  work  with  plasterers,  or 
carpenters,  or  other  employers,  who  are  not  mem- 
bers. The  society  does  not  interfere  with  the 
freedom  of  action  of  persons  not  members  of  it, 
except  with  regard  to  bricklayers.  jS'or  do  they 
hesitate  to  take  contracts  in  conjunction  with 
them.  As  to  arbitration,  the  masters,  it  was 
asserted,  were  not  only  in  favour  of  it,  but  have 
always  proposed  and  urged  it.  On  the  part  of 
the  men,  arbitration  has  been  at  all  times  de- 
clined positively  and  decidedly.  Touching  the 
subject  of  machine-made  bricks,  there  is  no  diffi- 
culty in  Glasgow  upon  that  point.  The  bricks  in 
use  there  are  nearly  exclusively  machine-made. 
The  Association  of  Bricklayers  have  been  trying  to 
get  the  bricks  all  made  the  same  size,  but  that  is 
all.  Witness  went  on  to  state  that  trades  unions 
tend  to  promote  a  feeling  of  antagonism  between 
employers  and  then-  workmen,  by  lessening  the 
intercourse  and  confidence  which  ought  to  exist 
between  them.  He  thought  this  was  very  appa- 
rent to  those  who  have  been  taking  part  in  these 
matters,  and  who  have  been  at  all  observant  of 
them.  It  was  a  mistake  to  suppose  that  the  rise 
in  wages  which  has  taken  place  is  the  result  of 
trades  unions  and  their  actions.  It  is  trade  that 
regulates  wages  and  not  strikes.  Strikes  fre- 
quently take  place  on  very  insufficient  grounds, 
and  frequently  the  parties  who  gain  are  large 
losers  after  all.  It  is  JI'Donald's  belief  that 
while  friendly  societies,  rightly  conducted,  may  be 
beneficial  to  working  men,  trades  unions  so-called 
are  injurious — injurious  to  the  public,  injurious 
to  the  employers,  and  injurious  to  the  men  them- 
selves ;  and  that  if  by  healthful  legislative  enact- 
ment their  action  could  be  modified  or  abolished, 
it  would  be  a  great  boon  to  the  working  men 
themselves,  as  well  as  to  the  community  at 
large. 

« 

REGULATIONS  FOR  THE  CONSTRUC- 
TION OF  STREETS,  BUILDINGS, 
DRAINS,     &c.* 

NOTICES,    PLANS,    ETC.,    OF  NEW   STnEET.S. 

EVERY  person  who  sh.all  intend  to  make  or 
lay  out  any  street,  shall  give  one  month's 
notice  to  the  Local  Board  of  such  intention,  by 
writing,  delivered  at  the  surveyor's  office,  which 
notice  shall  be  accompanied  by  a  specification 
describing  the  proposed  construction,  together 
with  a  plan  and  longitudinal  and  transverse  sec- 
tions of  the  intended  street,  drawn  to  a  scale  of 
not  less  than  lin.  to  every  44ft.  for  the  horizontal 
scale,  and  lin.  to  every  10ft.  for  the  vertical 
scale  ;  but  the  transverse  section,  which  is  intended 
to  show  more  particularly  the  detail  construction 
of  the  intended  street,  shall  be  drawn  to  a  uniform 
scale  of  jiu.  to  a  foot ;  and  such  ]ilans  and  sections 
shall  show  the  intended  length,  width,  level,  and 
construction  of  the  said  street,  and  the  provisions 
for  the  sewerage  thereof,  and  its  position  relatively 
to  the  streets  nearest  thereto,  and  the  following 
levels,  above  some  known  fixed  datum  line,  viz.  : 
— The  level  of  the  present  surface  of  ground,  the 
level  of  the  intended  new  street,  the  level  of  the 
streets  with  which  it  will  be  connected,  and  the 
level  of  the  lowest  floors  of  the  buildings  intended 
to  be  hereafter  erected  in  the  proposed  street ;  and 
every  such  plan  shall  show  thereon  the  names 
of  the  owners  of  the  laud  through  or  over  which 
the  proposed  street  is  intended  to  pass,  and  also 
the  name  and  address  of  the  person  intending  to 
lay  out  such  new  street,  and  shall  be  signecf  by 
him  or  his  duly  authorised  agent ;  and  the  level, 
width,  and  construction,  together  with  the  sewer- 
age of  every  such  street,  ivill  then  be  fixed  by  the 
Local  Board  ;  and  no  such  street  can  be  lawfully 
laid  out,  made,  or  built  upon  otherwise  than  in 
accordance  with  the  approval  of  the  Local  Board, 
and  any  person  permitting  or  sufl'ering  such  street 
to  continue  so  improperly  laid  out,  made,  or  buUt 
upon,  rendeis  himself  liable  to  a  penalty  not  ex- 
ceeding  £20  for  every  day  such  street  shall  so 
continue,  and  also  to  the  repayment  to  the  Local 
Board  of  their  expenses  of  altering  any  such  street 
or  any  building  therein,  so  as  to  make  the  same  in 


*  Issued  by  the  Local  Board  of  Health,  Kiugston-upou- 


accordance  with  the  level  and  width  so  to  be  fixed 
by  the  Local  Board  as  aforesaid. 

Every  person  who  shall  intend  to  erect,  alter,  or 
add  to  any  building,  shall  give  notice  to  the  Local 
Board  of  such  intention,  by  writing,  delivered  at 
the  surveyor's  office,  which  notice  shall  be  accom- 
panied by  detail  groand  and  basement  plans,  and 
sections  of  the  whole  of  such  intended  building, 
drawn  to  a  scale  of  not  less  than  lin.  to  every  8ft., 

showing  the  covered  area,  distinguished  by  being 
tinted,  and  the  position,  form,  and  dimensions  of 
the  several  parts  of  such  building,  and  of  the 
water-closet,  privy,  and  all  other  appurtenances, 
and  the  construction  of  the  walls  of  every  part 
thereof,  also  the  position  of  the  proposed  buildings 
and  appurtenances  in  relation  to  the  buildings  of 
the  properties  immediately  adjoining,  and  contain- 
ing sufficient  information  to  define  their  exact 
position  in  relation  to  each  other  and  to  the  street 
in  which  it  is  proposed  to  build,  and  the  position 
of  any  ditches,  sewers,  or  drains  over  or  abutting 
on  which  it  may  be  proposed  to  buUd,  together 
with  the  open  space  to  be  left  in  front  of  the 
intended  building,  and  the  back  yard  or  back  area 
extending  8ft.  from  the  main  building,  and  the 
whole  length  of  the  back  of  such  building,  the 
front  line  of  the  nearest  buildings  on  either  side 
thereof  fronting  the  same  street,  the  level  of  the 
lowest  floor  with  reference  to  the  adjoining  foot- 
path, the  size,  course,  inclination,  and  description 
of  every  intended  drain,  with  the  position,  intent, 
and  description  of  every  communication  therewith, 
and  the  position  and  level  of  the  intended  point  of 
junction  of  such  drain  with  the  public  sewer ;  and 
such  plans  and  sections  shall  be  accompanied  by  a 
de.»oriptiou  of  the  material  of  which  the  building 
is  proposed  to  be  constructed ;  of  the  intended 
mode  of  drainage  and  means  of  water  supply,  and 
a  statement  of  the  purpose  for  which  such  build- 
ing is  to  be  used,  with  such  other  particulars  as 
are  required  to  fill  up  the  form  provided  for  this 
purpose ;  and  in  default  of  such  notice,  or  if  any 
such  house,  biulding,  privy,  or  cesspool  be  begun 
or  commenced,  or  be  built,  rebuilt,  or  constnicted 
without  the  approval  of  the  Local  Board, 
or  in  any  respect  contrary   to  these  provisions  or 

of  the  various  acts  having  relation  thereto,  the 
offender  shall  be  liable  to  a  penalty  not  exceeding 
£50  ;  and  the  Local  Board  may  cause  such  house, 
privy,  or  cesspool  to  be  altered,  pulled  down,  or 
otherwise  dealt  with  as  the  case  may  require,  and 
the  expenses  incurred  by  them  in  so  doing  shall 
be  recoverable  from  the  offender  in  the  summary 
manner  provided  by  the  said  acts  or  some  or  one 
of  them. 

NOTICES,   PLANS,    ETC.,    OF    BUILDINGS, 
CHURCHES,    ETC. 

Any  person  intending  to  build  a  church,  chapel, 
school,  or  place  of  public  amusement  or  enter- 
tainment, or  any  building  for  holding  Large  num- 
bers of  people,  shall,  before  beginning  such 
building,  give  to  the  board,  in  addition  to  the 
notices,  plans,  sections  and  particulars,  herein- 
before stipulated  for  other  buildings,  a  description 
of  the  manner  proposed  for  its  construction — with 
respect  to  the  means  of  supplying  fresh  air  to  such 
building— and  in  default  thereof,  or  if  the  build- 
ing  be  erected  without  their  approval,  the  Board 
may  pull  down  or  alter  the  building  at  the  owner's 
expense,  and  such  expense  shall  be  recoverable  in 
the  manner  hereinbefore  mentioned. 

DWELLING-HOUSES. 
_  Any  building  built  or  rebuilt  (except  on  the 
site  of  a  building  used  immediately  before  the 
pulling  down  thereof  as  a  dwelling-house)  or  any 
part  thereof,  or  any  building  Imilt  before  the 
passing  of  the  Hull  Improvement  Act,  1854,  and 
not  then  used  as  a  dwelling-house,  or  any  part 
thereof,  shall  not,  without  the  previous  consent  of 
the  Local  Board,  be  used  as  a  dwelling-house, 
except  only  during  such  time  as  there  is  adjoining 
thereto  either  a  street  or  a  clear  open  space,  in  and 
to  the  fuU  extent  of  the  front  thereof,  of  not  less 
than  20ft.  in  width  ;  and  any  building  not  occu- 
pied as  a  dweUing-house  previously  to  the  passing 
of  the  Hull  Improvement  Act,  1854,  sh.all  not  be 
converted  into  a  dwelhng-house  without  previous 
notice  and  jJan  being  deposited  with,  and  approved 
by,  the  Local  Board,  precisely  as  is  required  for 
the  construction  of  ne  iv  houses  or  buildings. 

COURTS,   ETC.,  NOT  TO  BE  CONSTRUCTED  OF  A 
LESS   WIDTH    THAN    TWENTY   FEET. 

Every  court,  alley,  square,  or  inclosure  for 
houses  to  be  rebuilt,  shall  have  an  open  area,  or  be 
of  such  width  as  the  Local  Board  shall  determme 
in  each  case;  and  every  court,  alley,  square,  or 
inclosure  for  houses  to  be  built  or  constructed  on 


vacant  gj-o\md  shall  have  an  open  area,  or  be  of 
the  width  of  20ft.  at  least,  measuring  from  front 
to  front  of  the  houses  theiein  ;  and  the  same  area 
or  width  shall  extend  from  the  street  throughout 
such  court,  alley,  square,  or  enclosure,  and  be 
open  from  the  ground  upwards  ;  and  no  tunnel  or 
covered  entrance  shall  be  allowed  in  any  such 
court,  alley,  square,  or  inclosure. 

BACK   YARDS   TO   BE   EIGHT   FEET   IN   WIDTH. 

Every  house  to  be  rebuilt,  and  every  house  to 
be  built  at  the  corner  of  auy  street  or  place  shall 
have  a  back  yard  or  back  .area  thereto,  of  such 
size  as  the  Local  Board  may  deem  right  and 
determine ;  and  every  house  to  be  constructed  on 
vacant  ground  (not  being  the  corner  of  a  street  or 
place,  or  not  being  the  site  or  auy  other  house 
erected  thereon,  immediately  previously  to  such 
construction)  shall  have  a  back  yard  or  other 
vacant  ground  and  area,  at  the  back  thereof,  open 
fiom  the  ground  upwards  of  not  less  than  8ft., 
extending  from  the  main  building  for  the  whole 
length  of  such  building  ;  but  within  that  space  or 
area,  the  p.antry,  coal-house,  and  privy,  not  exceed- 
ing 9ft.  in  height,  and  not  covering  more  than  48 
superficial  feet  of  the  above  area,  may  be  buUt. 

THICKNESS   AND   MATERIALS   FOR   WALLS. 

The  external  walls  and  division  or  party  walls 
of  every  new  building,  or  of  additions  or  altera- 
tions of  any  existing  buildings,  shall  be  built  of 
brick  or  stone,  or  both,  not  less  than  9in.  in  thick- 
ness, unless  the  Local  Board  shall  otherwise  allow 
in  cases  in  which  it  may  appear  to  them  that  no 
danger  would  exist  in  the  spread  of  fire  ;  and  such 
walls  must  be  carried  up  to  the  underside  of  the 
covering  of  the  roof ;  but  if  the  external  walla 
exceed  24ft.  in  height  above  the  ordinary  surface 
of  the  flagging  or  street  adjoining  thereto,  the 
thickness  shall  be  at  least  14in.  from  the  top  of 
the  footing  up  to  the  underside  of  the  floor  next 
below  the  topmost  floor  ;  and  if  they  exceed  40ft.  in 
height,  the  thickness  shall  be  at  least  1  Sin.  from 
the  footings  to  the  underside  of  the  floor  next  but 
two  below  the  topmost  floor,  and  14in.  from 
thence  to  the  uaderside  of  the  floor  next  below 
the  topmost  floor,  provided,  however,  that  the 
walls  of  such  outbuildings  as  coal-houses,  privies, 
and  pantries,  and  not  more  than  9ft.  in  height, 
may  be  constructed  with  walls  4iin.  in  thickness. 

PARTY   WALLS. 

Every  wall  separating  two  houses,  or  built  with 
the  intention  of  forming  the  division  wall  between 
two  houses,  shall  be  deemed  a  party  wall  for  the 
purpose  of  these  regulations,  although  one  of  such 
houses  only  be  erected  in  the  first  instance ;  but 
the  owner  of  such  house  or  wall  first  erected  may, 
if  he  thinks  fit,  require  an  additional  4,^in.  wall  to 
be  erected  by  any  other  party  erecting  a  house  in 
contact  with  his  already  built ;  and  no  regulation 
or  sanction  of  the  Board  shall  release  any  party 
from  this  responsibility. 

LEVEL  OF  GROUND  FLOOR. 
The  level  of  the  ground  floor  of  every  dwelUng- 
house  to  be  erected  must  be  at  least  Gin.  above  the 
level  of  the  adjoinmg  footpath. 

HEIGHT  OF  ROOMS. 

In  any  building  to  be  erected,  every  habitable 
room,  except  rooms  in  the  roof,  shaU  ue  in  e\ery 
part  Sft.  in  height  at  the  least  from  the  floor  to 
the  ceiling,  and  evei-y  habitable  room  in  the  roof 
of  such  building  shall  be  at  the  least  Sft.  in  height 
from  the  floor  to  the  ceiling  throughout  not  less 
than  one-half  the  area  of  such  room. 

There  must  not  be  more  than  one  storey  in  any 
part  of  the  roof  of  any  house  hereafter  to  be  built. 

AREA    OF    ROOMS. 

Every  house  to  be  built  or  rebuilt  shall  have  on 
the  ground  floor  at  least  one  room  containing  an 
area,  clear  of  the  staircase,  of  not  less  than  100 
superficial  feet. 

CHIjMNEYS  OR  FLUES. 
All  partitions  between  any  chimney  or  flue  to 
be  built  or  rebuilt  shall  be  of  brick  or  stone,  and 
at  least  equal  to  half-a-brick  in  thickness,  and 
every  breast,  back,  and  partition  of  any  chimney 
or  tiue  hereafter  to  be  buUt  or  rebuilt  shall  be 
built  of  sound  materials,  and  the  joints  of  the 
work  well  filled  in  with  good  mortar  or  cement, 
and  rendered  or  stuccoed  within.  Every  chimney 
or  flue  hereafter  to  be  built  or  rebuilt,  not  being  a 
circular  chimney  or  flue  Uned  with  pipes,  shall  be 
in  every  section  of  the  same  not  less  than  14in.  by 
9in. ;  and  no  chimney  or  flue  shaU  be  constructed 
with  any  angle  therein  which  shall  be  less  obtuse 


July  19,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


493 


than  an  angle  of  UO  deg.,  except  proper  doors  or 
openings  nut  less  than  6in.  square  ba  placet!  be- 
tween every  such  angle,  and  every  projecting 
angle  in  any  chimney  or  Hue  shaU  be  rounded  oU 
4in  at  the  least,  upon  pain  of  forfeiture,  by  every 
master  builder  or  other  master  workman,  who 
Bhall  make  or  cause  to  be  made  such  chunney  or 
flue,  of  any  sum  not  less  than  £10  nor  exceed- 
ing £iiO. 

WATER-CLOSETS. 

Erery  house  to  be  built  and  to  be  rebuilt  must 
be  provided  with  a  sutlicient  water-closet  or  privy 
and  aah-pit,  lUrnished  with  proper  doors  and 
coverings,  under  a  penalty  of  £20,  and  liability  to 
repay  the  Local  Board's  expenses  of  providing  the 
same  after  the  builder's  default. 

WALLS,  P.\LI3ADES,  ETC. 
No  wall,  palisade,  fence,  or  other  erection, 
shall  be  built  over  any  sawer  of  the  Local 
Board  without  the  previous  consent,  in 
writing,  of  the  said  Board,  under  i  penalty 
for  each  offence  of  iT),  and  a  further  penalty 
of  40s.  for  every  day  during  which  the 
offence  continues  after  notice  in  writing  from  the 
surveyor  of  the  Local  Board  to  discontinue  it,  and 
the  Local  Board  may  cause  any  such  erection, 
made  without  their  consent,  to  be  altered,  pulled 
down,  or  otherwise  dealt  with  as  they  may  think 
fit,  and  the  expenses  incurred  by  them  iu  so  doing 
shall  be  repaid  to  them  by  the  person  to  whom 
the  erection  belongs,  and  be  recoverable  from  him 
as  damages. 

BOUSES  TO  BE  DEAEJED. 
The  owner  or  occupier  of  any  house  or  building 
in  any  street  sh.iU  cause  the  water  to  be  conveyed 
from  such  house  or  buildings  by  proper  drains, 
and  for  that  purpose  he  may,  with  the  sanction  of 
the  surveyor,  take  up  so  much  of  the  pavement  or 
flagging  in  any  street  as  is  requisite,  and  lay 
down  such  dr.ain3,  under  the  direction  of  the  local 
board  or  their  surveyor,  and  all  damage  thereby 
occasioned  to  the  pavement  or  flagging  of  the 
footpath  or  carriage  way  shall  be  made  good  by  or 
at  the  expense  of  such  owner  or  occupier ;  and  no 
branch  drain  shall,  without  the  surveyor's  consent, 
be  constructed  otherwise  than  with  glazed  stone- 
ware socket  pipes,  properly  jointed  and  laid 
within  a  matrix  of  puddle  6in.  in  thickness. 

DRAINS  NOT  TO  BE  CONSTRUCTED,  ETC. 
No  sewer  or  drain  shall  be  connected  with  or 
emptied  into  any  sewer  of  the  Local  Board  of 
Health,  nor  shall  any  vault,  arch,  cellar,  or  drain 
be  constructed  iu  or  under  any  street,  w'ithout  the 
written  consent  of  the  said  Local  Board,  or  their 
surveyor,  obtained  after  giving  three  days'  notice, 
in  writing,  to  such  surveyor,  describing  the  place 
and  situation  thereof ;  nor  shall  any  wall,  palisade, 
fence,  or  other  erection  be  built  over  any  sewer  of 
the  Local  Board,  without  their  sanction  ;  nor  shall 
any  opening  into  any  sewer  be  made,  except 
by  the  Board's  contractor,  employed  as  hereafter 
provided,  under  a  penalty  for  each  ofi'ence  of  £5, 
and  a  further  penaly  of  4  Us.  for  every  day  during 
which  the  offence  continues  after  notice  in  writing 
from  the  Surveyor  of  the  Local  Board  to  discon- 
tinue it ;  and  the  Local  Board  may  cause  any  such 
sewer,  made  without  their  consent,  to  be  altered, 
taken  up,  or  otherwise  dealt  with  as  they  may 
think  fit,  and  the  expenses  incurred  by  them  in  so 
doing  shall  be  repaid  to  them  by  the  person 
to  whom  the  sewer  belongs,  and  be  recoverable 
from  him,  as  damages,  in  a  summary  manner, 
as  hereinbefore  mentioned. 

STENCH    TRAPS. 

All  openings  to  sewers  must  be  provided  with 
proper  stench  traps,  to  prevent  stench  arising 
therefrom  ;  and  if  the  owner  of  any  private  drain 
fail,  for  fourteen  days  after  notice  from  the  Local 
Board,  to  make  such  provision,  the  Local  Board 
may  do  the  requisite  work,  and  recover  the 
expenses  thereof  from  him,  as  damages,  in  a  sum- 
mary manner,  as  hereinbefore  mentioned. 

OPEOTNGS   IN  FOOTPATHS. 

No  person  will  be  allowed  to  make  or  have  in  or 
upon  any  footpath  or  pavement  of  any  present  or 
future  street  any  cellar,  wmdow,  cellar  steps,  cel- 
lar door,  cellar  grate,  stepway,  or  hatchway  lead- 
ing to  or  giving  light  into  any  cellar  or  other 
place  under  ground  of  any  house  or  other  build- 
ing, without  the  consent  of  the  Local  Board. 

SIGNS. 

No  person  will  be  allowed  to  erect,  place, 
suspend,  or  have,  keep,  or  continue  any  sign,  sign- 
post, or  other  emblem  to  denote  any  trade,  occu- 
pation, or  calling,  unless  the  same  be  placed  or 


fixed  flat  against  the  front  of  the  house  or  build- 
ing,  or  to  place,  hang  up,  keep,  or  continue  any 
frame,  window-shade,  blind,  or  other  projection  of 
the  like  nature,  to  extend  further  than  the  kerb- 
stone of  the  footway,  or  of  a  less  height  than  7ft. 
(Jin.  from  the  ground,  or  of  which  window-shade 
or  blind  the  cloth  or  other  materials  shall  hang 
down  below  the  frame  thereof. 

SUN  DLINDS. 

No  person  will  be  allowed  to  make  any  pent- 
house, bow  window,  shutter  case,  or  shutter  stand, 
spout,  pail,  rail,  grate,  step,  scraper,  or  projection 


of  the  like  nature,  to  extend  beyond  (Jin.  from  the 
wall,  if  there  be  no  area,  or  if  there  be  an 
area,  then  beyond  such  area. 

PROJECTIONS. 

No  person  will  be  allowed  to  displace,  take  up, 
or  injure  the  pavement,  stones,  materials,  fences, 
or  posts  of  any  street,  without  the  written  consent 
of  the  Local  Board  or  their  surveyor,  to  be 
obtained  on  appUcation  at  the  surveyor's  office, 
under  a  pen,alty  of  £5,  and  a  further  sum  not 
exceeding  Os.  for  every  square  foot  of  the  pave- 
ment, stones,  or  other  materials  so  displaced, 
taken  up,  or  injured. 

STREET  SURFACES. 
The  labour  of  inserting  connections  into  the 
public  sewers  is  executed  by  the  Board's  con- 
tractor, at  a  charge  of  2s.  for  each  attendance,  and 
a  further  charge  of  Cd.  for  every  hour  he  shall  be 
delayed,  beyond  the  tune  appointed,  in  com- 
mencing liis  work,  except  the  same  is  occasioned 
by  his  own  neglect.  Persons  having  connections 
to  make  should  obtain  an  order  at  the  surveyor's 
oflice  the  day  before  the  work  is  required  to 
be  done,  and  should  see  that  a  time  is  fixed  for 
executing  the  work,  and  such  time  endorsed 
on  the  order. 

Printed  forms  of  specification  for  new  streets, 
and  of  notices  for  new  buildings,  may  be  obtained 
at  the  surveyor's  office. 

All  plans  submitted  to  the  Board  must  be 
drawn  in  ink,  on  proper  drawing  paper,  and  in 
accordance  with  specimen  plans,  which  may  be 
seen  at  the  surveyor's  office. 

N.B. — No  plan  furnished  to  the  Local  Board 
for  approval  can  be  carried  into  execution,  nor 
can  any  building  therein  referred  to  be  commenced 
within  the  Board's  district,  until  such  plan  shall 
have  been  approved  by  the  Local  Board. 

All  plans  shaU  be  deposited  at  the  surveyor's 
office  on  or  before  the  Monday  preceding  the 
Works  Committee  at  which  they  are  intended  to 
be  submitted.  The  Works  Committee  meet  every 
alternate  Friday. 

J.    Fox   SUARP, 

Surveyor  to  the  Local  Board. 
HuU,  May  25. 


ALABASIEB  AND  SERPENTINE.* 

AMONG  the  varieties  of  mineral  material  used 
for  art-purposes  alabaster  is  not  one  of  the 
least   important.      This  substance   is    a    hydrous 
sulphate  of  lime  in  a  peculiar   crystalline   state, 
sometimes  quite  pure,  sometimes  containiug  small 
quantities  of  carbon  or  iron.f     When  pure  it  is  of 
the  most  spotless  white,  and  in  texture  .and  colour 
is  almost  unrivalled  among  minerals.   It  is  worked 
with    the   greatest   facUity,   and    when    entirely 
sheltered  in   a  dry  chmate,  gradually  hardens   at 
the  surface,  sufficiently  to  retain  its   beauty  for   a 
very  long  time,  but  in  damp  and  variable  climates, 
or  in  the  atmosphere  of  a  smoky  town,  it  blackens 
and    spoils    almost  immediately.      The   coloured 
varieties,    generally  of   a    peculiar  tint  of    pale 
brown,  are  less  valued,  but  more  durable  in  England. 
Although  common  enough  in  many  p.art3  of  the 
world,  and  met  with  in  abundance  iu  Derbyshire, 
Wales,    Ireland,    and    elsewhere    in    the    British 
Islands,  near  Paris,  and  in  many  parts  of  Europe, 
most   blocks    of  alabaster,   in   a  state  fit  for  the 
sculptor's  use,  are  obtained  from  Italy,  and  even 
there   they  are  limited  to  a  very   few  locaUties. 
They  are  found  almost  entirely  in  the  hills  not  far 
from  the  Cecina  Valley,  a  district  remarkable  as 
the  chief  European  source  of  the  supplies  of  borax 
used  iu  the  arts.     Not  far  off  is  the  old  Etruscan 
city   of   Volterra,    whose   walls  and  surrounding 
antiquities  are  among  the  most  interesting  of  the 
many  remains  of  the   early  inhabitants  of  Italy. 
The  whole   country  to  the   south,  as  far  as  Rome, 
abounds  with   Etruscan  towns  and  burial-places, 
and  among   the   sepulchral  monuments  that  have 


»  From  the  Art  Journal  for  July, 
t  Al.ibaster  ileiiTea  ita  name  from  Alatiastron,  a  village 
in  Egypt. 


been  found  in  the  ancient  rock-tombs  and  ceme- 
teries near  these  places,  the  alabaster  of  the 
neighbourhood  is  largely  exhibited,  and,  for  the 
most  part,  admirably  preserved. 

The  finest  white  or  colourless  alabaster  is 
obtained  from  one  set  of  quarries  opened  on  the 
hill-side  in  a  valley  between  Leghorn  and  Cecina, 
through  which  runs  the  coast-hne  railw.ay  from 
l.egh<iru  to  Civita  Vecchia,  now  partly  open, 
aud  likely  to  be  open  through  from  Leghorn 
to  Rome  during  the  present  year.  Those 
who  desire  to  visit  the  quarries  must  ascend  the 
little  stream  Marmolajo,  from  the  Acquabuona 
Station  (25  miles  S.  of  Leghoru).  The  quarries 
are  about  four  miles  up.  They  are  opened  in 
the  Upper  Miocene,  or  middle  tertiary  beds, 
exposed  ou  the  slope  of  the  hills,  aud  covered  by 
yellow  sands  and  clays  of  the  Phocene,  or  newer 
tertiary  period.  The  alabaster  exists  in  rounded 
b.ocks,  varying  much  in  size,  buried,  as  it  were,  in 
fine  marly  clay,  and  accompanied  by  fetid  lime- 
stone and  occasionally  by.  serpentine.  The  ser- 
pentine appears  to  be  intrusive,  and  greatly  aff'ects 
the  rocks.  The  blocks  of  alabaster  are  from  eight 
hundred-weight  to  half  a  ton  each,  and  are  got 
from  levels  or  galleries  run  in  from  the  hill-side. 

The  very  finest  blocks  of  alabaster  are  generally 
contained  in  beds  more  or  less  regular.  Other 
beds  of  marl  of  the  same  geological  age  also  yield 
considerable  quantities  of  this  mineral  throughout 
the  district,  but  it  is  rarely  that  the  quahty  is 
good  enough  to  command  high  prices,  and  the  best 
blocks  seem  always  to  be  from  the  quarries  just 
alluded  to.  It  is  not  necessary  or  desirable  here  to 
discuss  the  geological  questions  that  hence  arise, 
though  the  vicinity  of  the  serpentine  is  highly 
suggestive,  but  it  is  useful  to  the  inquirer  to 
know  that  there  may  be  comprehensible  reasons 
for  the  absence  of  the  finer  qualities  in  places 
where  common  gj-psum  aud  inferior  alabasters 
exist  in  abundance. 

There  is  very  beautiful  brown,  yellow,  and 
variegated  alabaster  got  near  Volterra,  but  this  is  of 
comparatively  small  value  on  the  spot.  Pure 
white  translucent  samples  are  certainly  excep- 
tional. In  England  the  alabasters  are  generally  in 
veins  in  rocks  of  the  new  red  sandstone  series. 

The  works  of  .art  now  manufactured  of  alabaster 
in  Italy  are  numerous,  and  very  beautiful.  They 
include  models  and  copies  of  some  of  the  principal 
buildings  and  sculptures,  capitals  of  columns, 
vases,  tazzas,  candelabra,  and  other  ornaments.  Of 
slabs,  tables,  and  shafts  of  columns  there  are  not 
so  many,  owing  to  the  extreme  softness  of  the 
stone.  These  works  are  sculptured  at  Florence, 
Leghorn,  and  Pisa,  as  well  as  at  Volterra,  but  the 
manufacture  for  exportation  is  chiefly  at  Volterra. 
In  England  there  have  been  some  fine  works  in 
alabaster,  serving  as  screens  in  cathedral  and 
collegiate  churches. 

The  commoner  varieties  of  sulphate  of  lime  are 
burnt  to  make  plaster  of  Paris,  Parian  cement, 
and  other  compositions.  In  thk  way  they  are 
indu-ectly  subservient  to  the  purposes  of  art. 

Serpentine  is  another  mineral  very  beautiful  in 
itself,  and  very  valuable  for  certaua  .art-purposes. 
Iu  one  form  or  other  serpentine  is  found  in  many 
countries.  It  is  worked  in  Cornwall,  where  the 
Lizard  Point  receives  its  name  from  the  rich 
colours  and  variegated  outUue  of  the  stone  of 
which  it  is  made  up.  There  .are  very  beautiful 
serpentines  in  Galway  (Ireland)  and  others  m 
Anglesea  (Wales) .  The  mineral  is  found  in  Saxony, 
Bohemia,  Siberia,  and  Silesia,  besides  some  curious 
varieties  in  Canada.  Tuscany  has  been  the  most 
available  source  up  to  the  present  time,  though 
there  is  also  a  prospect  of  material  of  the  finest 
kind  from  Corsica. 

All  serpentines  are  magnesian  minerals.  They 
are  technically  hydrated  silicates  of  magnesia, 
with  iron,  manganese,  or  chrome,  and  sometimes 
alumina.  Like  talc,  so.apstone,  and  other  allied 
minerals,  they  have  a  peculiariy  unctuous  or  soapy 
f  eehng.  For  the  most  part,  they  are  coloured  only 
partially,  lea^•ing  sometimes  large  patches  of  dead 
white,  and  numerous  streaks  of  green.  Some  are 
of  extraordin.ary  beauty  and  great  v.alue,  the  best 
being  combmed  with  limestone,  and  when  tmted 
throughout,  and  of  the  nature  of  brecci.a,  they 
form  the  valuable  antique  green  marble  called 
verd-antiiue.  The  mixture  of  Umestone  gives 
hardness,  and  not  unfrequently  there  are  bright 
crimson  spots,  which  add  much  to  the  effect. 

The  Tuscan  serpentines  are  the  most  used. 
They  are  quarried  in  various  places,  but  not 
generally  on  a  large  scale.  The  mineral  does  not 
exist  in  very  large  masses,  but  in  numerous  bosses 
or  lumps,  no  two  of  which  are  precisely  alike  m 
quality.  It  is  generally  regarded  by  the  Italian 
geologists  as  an  eruptive  rock  of  the  nature  of  lava, 


494 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


July  19,  1867. 


but  the  magnesian  element  distinguishes  it  in  a 
very  marked  manner.  There  are,  however, 
several  varieties  of  texture,  hardness,  and  colour, 
even  among  the  Tuscan  serpentines.  Geologically, 
there  are  serpentines  of  almost  all  ages.* 

The  great  fault  of  most  serpentines  is  the 
extreme  prevalence  of  cracks  and  flaws,  and  the 
difficulty  of  obtaining  mth  certainty  such  blocks 
as  shall  ensure  good  slabs  of  fair  size  and  of  uni- 
form quality.  Full  .sized  shafts  of  columns  are 
especially  difficult  to  procure.  Most  of  the  varie- 
ties, also,  are  too  pale  in  colour,  and  too  streaky 
to  be  suitable,  except  for  very  special  purposes. 
When,  however,  there  is  a  certainty  of  large 
masses  of  good  quality,  few  stones  are  more  valu- 
able, though  the  art-purposes  for  which  the  stone 
is  adapted  are  rather  limited  in  number. 

There  is  a  remarkable  quarry  of  serpentine 
opened  in  the  island  of  Corsica,  not  far  from  the 
town  of  Bastia.  When  first  discovered,  it  yielded 
some  fine  samples,  which  received  honorary  men- 
tion and  medals  at  the  Paris  Universal  Exhibi- 
tion of  1S55.  Afterwards,  columns  obtained  from 
it  were  used  in  the  Louvre,  and  more  recently 
some  slabs  in  the  Imperial  box  of  the  Grand 
Opera  House  now  building.  From  stones  re- 
moved from  this  quarry,  slabs  measuring  9ft.  by 
3ft.  have  been  obtained  without  flaw.  From 
other  parts  of  the  same  mass  of  rock  close  by, 
shafts  of  columns,  and  slabs  of  even  larger  size, 
and  of  the  finest  quality,  might  be  got. 

Of  the  Irish  serpentines,  blocks  of  large  size 
may  begot,  but  the  colour  is  pale,  and  somewhat 
inferior.  Flaws  are  frequent,  both  in  it,  and  in 
the  richer  coloured,  but  more  spotty  Cornish  ser- 
pentines of  the  Lizard,  and  full-sized  shafts  are 
not  easily  to  be  obtained  fit  for  use. 

The  art-uses  of  serpentine  are  limited,  but  they 
have  hardly  been  sutficiently  considered,  owing 
to  the  uncertainty  of  the  material,  even  from  the 
same  quarry.  Fonts,  small  columns,  altar  slabs, 
and  other  church  employments  are  the  most  im- 
portant. Tazzas,  vases,  and  candelabra,  are 
frequently  manufactured.  Chimneypieces  and 
■labs  for  tables  are  common.  In  most  cases  the 
material  is  softer  than  marble ;  in  some  cases  it  is 
harder,  but  the  great  practical  difficulty  arises 
from  the  want  of  absolute  uniformity  of  texture, 
which  renders  it  diflicult  to  procure  a  perfectly 
smooth  face  by  polishing.  When  there  is  a  com- 
bination of  limestone,  this  material  assumes  much 
more  the  character  of  a  marble,  and  is  then 
capable  of  being  worked  without  difficulty. 

All  the  quarries  of  serpentine  are  small  and 
superficial,  and  from  the  nature  of  the  stone  it  is 
imlikely  that  any  great  improvement  would  be 
found  at  a  distance  from  the  surface.  Considered 
as  a  marble,  serpentine  weathers  somewhat  irregu- 
larly, and  for  this  reason  is  rather  unmanageable, 
especially  for  exposed  work.  The  extreme  depth 
of  colour  often  met  with  is  somewhat  heavy  for 
house  decoration,  and  still  more  for  delicate 
chiselling.  Perhaps  the  genius  which  has  prompted 
the  Russians  to  adapt  dark-coloured  porphyries, 
and  stones  of  irregular  and  extreme  hardness,  to 
art-purposes,  might  succeed  in  overcoming  tech- 
nical difficulties,  and  establish  a  variety  of  cameo 
work  in  serpentine,  but  we  have  not  seen  any 
attempt  in  this  du'ection.  Serpentine  is  not 
wanting  in  Siberia. 

There  are  some  other  stones  occasionally  used 
for  art-purposes,  whose  mineral  composition  is 
distinct  from  that  of  marble,  properly  so  called, 
and  which  are  interesting  from  peculiar  circum- 
stances. Of  these,  jade  is  the  most  remarkable. 
It  is  chiefly  a  silicate  of  magnesia  and  lime,  and 
therefore  fitly  comes  in  with  serpentine.  It 
differs,  however,  from  serpentine  exceedingly, 
being  perfectly  uniform  in  tint  (generally  of  pale 
sea  green),  and  of  extraordinary  hardness  and 
toughness.  It  takes  a  high  polish,  but  is  extremely 
difficult  to  work. 

Large  quantities  of  jade  are  obtained  in  India 
and  China,  whence  ornaments  of  many  kinds, 
and  sculptured  figures,  are  brought  in  abundance, 
but  there  are  few  real  and  important  indications 
of  art  employment.  From  Siberia,  enormous 
blocks  of  this  mineral  have  been  occasionally 
brought,  and  one  of  the  largest  and  most  remark, 
able  on  record  is  now  in  the  Exhibition  at  Paris 
among  the  Russian  goods.  It  ia  unusually  trans- 
lucent. 


_  *  A  very  curious  variety  of  pale  serpeutiao,  with  mark- 
ings resembling  corals,  capable  of  receiving  a  tiigh  polish, 
and  obtained  in  masses  of  some  size,  has  recently  .ittractcd 
much  attention  amontj  geologists,  as  yielding  the  most 
ancient  indications  nflife  of  any  known  rock.  The  f.iosil 
is  called  Eozoon,  and  the  first  d'i.scovory  of  it  was  in  Nova 
Scotia.    There  is  a  fine  specimen  iu  the  Paris  Exliibitiou. 


A  DESIGN  FOE  A  TERRACE   OF    FIRST- 
CLASS       EOUSES,        GREAT         YAR 
MOUTH. 

THIS  design  was  recently  selected  by  the 
Corporation  of  Great  Yarmouth  in  open 
competition,  and  is  about  to  be  carried  out.  One 
of  the  stipulations  was  that  both  north  and  south 
elevations  should  be  fronts  of  good  character,  the 
offices  not  being  conspicuous.  This  condition  has 
naturally  aft'ected  and  determined  the  nature  of 
the  internal  arrangements,  and  the  necessity  for 
it  wiU  be  seen  by  reference  to  the  small  block 
plan  of  the  locality.  The  terrace  may  be  said  to 
consist  of  two  parallel  ranges  of  buildings,  one 
occupying  the  north  and  the  other  the  south 
frontage,  with  an  intermediate  space,  part  of  which 
is  filled  up  by  the  principal  staircase,  which  thus 
forms  the  connecting  link  between  the  two,  and 
occupies  a  central  position,  the  remaining  part 
being  left  open.  By  this  means  the  whole  of  both 
frontages  are  available  for  the  various  apartments ; 
every  room  occupies  a  portion  of  and  has  a  sea 
view  from  either  north  or  south  front,  and  the 
staircases  and  all  the  subordinate  ofiices  are 
grouped  round  the  central  open  space.  It  will  be 
observed  that  the  plans  are  so  arranged  that  the 
central  areas  of  two  houses  come  together,  thus 
giving  an  open  space  of  about  250  superficial  feer. 
The  principal  entrance  is  placed  in  the  north 
front,  so  that  the  privacy  of  the  ornamental 
grounds  to  the  south  is  preserved,  and  both  din- 
ing and  dravring-rooms  overlooking  these  gi'ounds 
become  fine  saloons,  each  occupying  the  whole 
width  of  the  frontage.  Access  to  the  ornamental 
grounds  is  obtained  by  opening  casements  and 
steps  from  dining-room,  and  by  a  passage  in  base- 
ment, easily  accessible  from  all  parts  of  the  house. 
The  expenditure  was  restricted  to  £900  per  house, 
but  taking  into  consideration  the  recent  rise  both 
in  labour  and  materi.als  in  this  district  the  total 
cost  will  probably  not  fall  far  short  of  £1,000  per 
house.  The  centre  and  wing  houses  will,  of  course, 
cost  somewhat  more.  The  walling  material  will 
be  white  brick,  with  terra  cotta  dressings.  The 
roofs  will  be  covered  with  slate.  Lead  gutters 
and  expensive  decorative  features  have  been 
avoided  throughout. 


MORE  VANDALISM. 

THE  REV.  J.  C.  JACKSON,  of  Hackney, 
writes  an  indignant  remonstrance  against 
the  so  called  restorations  at  present  going  on  iu 
the  cathedrals  of  Gloucester,  Exeter,  and  Canter- 
bury. Though  Lincoln  was  the  silliest  instance  of 
destruction,  the  ruin  done  there  being  absolutely 
without  purpose  or  reason,  it  was  by  no  means 
the  most  wicked,  says  Mr.  Jackson.  The  exte- 
rior of  Lincoln  wasscraped,  and  consequently  much 
delicate  moulding  and  carving  irretrievably 
damaged ;  but  at  Gloucester  the  interior  stone- 
work has  been  re-tooled  ;  all,  or  almost  all,  of  the 
original  surface  has  been  combed  away,  besides  all 
sorts  of  unnecessarj^  destruction.  At  Exeter  some 
of  the  most  interesting  tombs  in  the  country  have 
been  simply  destroyed.  Of  the  Courtuey  tomb 
there  is  not  a  vestige  of  old  work  left,  and  the  so- 
called  restoration  is  partly  in  stucco.  The  figures 
themselves  are  perfectly  ridiculous.  More  than 
this,  the  monuments  no  longer  stand  over  the 
places  of  interment.  Happily,  at  present,  there 
have  been  few  funds  for  restoring  this  charming 
building,  or  we  might  have  to  regret  even  greater 
loss  than  in  the  case  of  Lincoln.  Where  cash  has 
been  forthcoming  it  has  been  worse  than  wasted. 
When  I  heard  of  the  proposed  restoration  of 
Bishop  Oldham's  tomb,"  says  Mr.  Jackson,  "  I 
made  a  point  of  going  down  to  Exeter  to  see  how 
things  really  stood,  and  I  was  horror-struck.  This 
fine  monument  was  thus  treated.  First,  all 
vestiges  of  old  colour,  of  which  much  remained 
in  its  original  condition,  were  removed ;  then  all 
the  stonework,  except  the  sculpture,  and,  it  is 
said,  though  I  can  scarcely  believe  it,  the  effigy 
was  re-tooled,  and,  finally,  the  whole  was  p.ainted 
up  in  oil  colours  of  the  most  distressing  crude - 
ness,  just  as  any  village  painter  might  do  it.  The 
face  has  been  aptly  compared  to  a  Guy  Fawkes." 
He  next  notices  "  how  frightfully  poor  Canter- 
bury has  suffered,  and  is,  in  fact,  still  doing.  On 
the  south  side  scarcely  any  original  work  remains. 
All  the  beautiful  Norman  work  has  been  taken 
down  and  replaced — replaced,  moreover,  by  stone, 
which,  apparently,  is  likely  to  utterly  decay 
sooner  than  the  old  half-mouldered  masonry  that 
was  taken  down.     The  cloisters  are  gradually  dis- 


appearing, scarcely  an  original  stone  being  left  ; 
the  interior,  wherever  it  has  been  touched,  has 
been  seriously  damaged  by  scraping  and  re-tool- 
ing. I  know  well  enough''  continues  Mr.  Jack- 
son, "  that  to  restore  masonry  in  the  condition 
that  the  exterior  of  this  cathedral  was  in,  is  no 
easy  matter,  but  it  would  be  far  better  to  leave 
time  to  do  its  worst,  and  simply  stop  up  the 
joints  and  crevices,  than  treat  it  as  the  surveyor 
of  Canterbury  Cathedral  has  done." 


BRICELAYER3    AND     THEIR    BEARDS. 

AT  Oldham,  on  Monday,  four  bricklayers 
were  charged  with  assaulting  a  brick- 
layer's labourer.  The  case  was  a  very  curious 
one.  While  at  work  one  day,  the  defendants  and 
others  demanded  from  complainant  one  shilling, 
because  he  had  shaved  off  his  moustache.  He 
refused  to  give  it,  and  they  then  knocked  him 
down,  assaulted  him,  and  threatened  to  throw  him 
off  the  scaft'old.  They  had  since  combined  to  get 
him  discharged.  For  the  defence,  it  was  stated 
that  there  was  a  rule  amongst  the  bricklayers  that 
anyone  going  to  work  on  a  Monday  morning  un- 
shaven, or  with  a  dirty  shirt,  should  be  fined.  On 
the  Monday  before  the  assault,  complainant  went 
unshaven,  and  on  being  spoken  to  he  said  that  he 
intended  to  let  his  moustache  grow.  Seeing  on 
the  following  Monday  that  he  had  shaved  it  off, 
defendants  thought  that  complainant  had  pre- 
viously told  a  lie  in  order  to  escape  being  cen- 
sured or  fined.  This  rule,  it  was  said,  was  kept 
up  on  account  of  the  men  having  frequently  to 
work  in  respectable  houses.  The  magistrate  said 
no  man  should  be  dictated  to  as  to  whether  he 
should  or  should  not  wear  his  moustache  in  a  free 
country.  He  had  a  right  on  that  score  to  please 
himself.  Defendants  were  fined  lOs.  each  and 
costs. 

We  quite  agree  with  the  magistrates  that 
every  man  should  do  what  he  Ukes  in  the  way  of 
wearing  beards  and  moustaches  ;  and,  on  the 
other  hand,  we  think  it  highly  creditable  to  the 
bricklayers  of  Oldham  that  they  should  have  a 
rule  enforcing  personal  cleanliness.  According  to 
the  evidence,  the  liberty  of  the  assaulted  brick- 
layer  would  not  have  been  interfered  with  had 
he  let  his  moustache  grow ;  and  he  was  persecuted 
because  it  was  thought  that  he  told  a  lie  to 
evade  the  fine.  But  to  knock  him  down  for  the 
offence,  supposing  him  to  be  guilty,  was  as  dis- 
creditable to  the  assailers  as  the  rule  alluded  to 
was  creditable  to  the  Oldham  bricklayers.  When 
will  trade  unionists  learn  to  know  the  folly  and 
criminality  of  violence  ? 


BENEVOLENT  SOCIETY  FOR  ASSIST- 
ANT ENGINEERS,  SURVEYORS,  AND 
DRAUGHTSMEN. 

A  SOCIETY  has  been  proposed  with  the 
object  of  assisting  members  of  the  various 
professions  above  noted — a  body  of  men  who 
have  as  many  or  more  vicissitudes  in  the  course 
of  following  out  their  practice  than  most  pro. 
fessional  men,  and  who  have  of  late  had  to  con- 
tend against  the  scarcity  of  employment,  caused 
chiefly  by  the  late  panic.  As  men  of  liberal 
education  and  respectable  connections,  they  have 
often  very  heavy  expenses  to  meet,  some  as  heads 
of  families,  while  others  not  so  engaged  may  have 
to  incur  heavy  expenses  in  starting  life  after  their 
pupilage,  or,  maybe,  some  near  and  dear  relative 
to  assist,  or,  through  some  unforeseen  calamity, 
may  fall  into  temporary  difficulties.  How  natural, 
then,  for  any,  who,  foUomng  out  the  same  line 
of  study,  should  make  an  effort  to  promote  a 
society  whereby  they  may  asswt  each  other  in  the 
time  of  need,  and  to  hold  out  that  help  which  is 
requisite  to  those  who  may  require  it.  To  en- 
courage this  movement  is  the  object  in 
view  while  penning  these  lines,  and  to  impress 
upon  each  individual  member  of  his  profession 
the  importance  of  assisting  all  he  can.  ^  What 
greater  reward  can  a  man  have  in  this  life  than 
the  knowledge  of  his  donation  or  subscription, 
which  in  many  cases  will  never  inconvenience 
him,  win  go  to  help  a  brother  while  out  of  a 
berth,  soothe  the  sorrow  of  a  widow,  or  children, 
or  nurse  him  when  laid  by  through  sickness. 
The  proposer,  R.  M.  Bancroft,  of  the  Great 
Northern  Railway  engineers'  staff.  King's  Cross 
Station,  will  no  doubt  be  pleased  to  correspond 
with  any  gentleman  wishing  to  assist  in  the  move- 
ment. 


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Jdly  19,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


499 


JEWISH  SYNAGOGUES. 

THE  architectural  revival  of  the  last  half 
centurj'  has  been  fully  ]iartii-ipated  by 
the  scattereil  sons  of  Israel.  At  lierliu  they 
have  lately  erected  one  of  the  handsomest 
juildinga  in  Germany,  -which  was  opened  at 
the  beginning  of  the  year.  It  is  an  adaptation 
of  the  Moorish  style,  beautifully  linished  in 
all  its  details,  and  would  well  repay  tlie 
careful  attention  of  the  architectural  student. 
At  Vienna,  Cologne,  Paris,  and  several  otlier 
places  on  tlie  continent,  the  Jews  have,  within 
the  L%st  few  years,  erected  very  beautiful 
gynagogues.  Till  lately,  the  British  Jews  have 
made  no  adeipiateattempt  to  vie  withtheir  con- 
tinent:'.! brethren  iii  tlie  erection  of  places  of 
worship,  but  they  are  now  beginning  to  show 
nioreactivity.  In  the  spring,  a  new  synagogue 
was  opened  in  the  neighboiu'hood  of  Wal- 
worth-road,  for  the  Borough  district,  with 
schools  for  boys  and  girls  attaclied  ;  and 
another  for  North  London  will  soon  be  com- 
menced at  Islington.  But  their  greatest  efforts 
are  to  be  spent  on  two  large  and  handsome 
buildings  for  the  West-End,  one  in  the  Edg- 
ware-road,  and  the  other,  as  a  substitute  for 
the  present  one  in  Great  Portland-street.  A 
competition  has  just  been  decided  for  the 
former  of  these,  and,  as  it  jiresents  several  very 
interesting  features,  we  will  offer  a  few  re- 
marks on  tliem.  A  committee  was  formed, 
and  instructions  issued  in  the  beginning  of  the 
year,  and  three  Jewish  and  three  Christian 
architects  were  in^-ited  to  compete.  Two, 
however,  declined  from  the  first,  thus  limit- 
ing the  numl)er  to  four,  who  were  Messrs.  F. 
P.  Cockerell,  H.  H.  Collins,  Davis  and  Ema- 
nuel, and  W.  Papworth.  The  site  chosen 
was  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Berkeley-street, 
and  entirely  buried  behind  the  houses,  e.xcept 
a  space  for  an  entrance  corridor  about  20ft. 
wide,  so  that  the  efforts  of  the  architects  were 
chiefly  contined  to  obtaining  a  good  interior 
effect.  Several  things  havecombined  to  make 
this  a  really  weU-fought  competition.  The 
committee  had  wisely  appointed  that  the 
successfid  arcliitect  was  to  superintend  the 
building,  and  not  merely  have  a  premium,  as 
is  so  often  the  case ;  also,  that  each  unsuc- 
cessful architect  should  have  a  sum  awarded 
him  to  meet  his  expenses  ;  and  that  a  profes- 
sional gentleman  of  acknowledged  ability 
should  be  the  arbitrator.  Mr.  P.  C.  Hard- 
wick  was  appointed  for  this  purpose.  There 
were  so  few  competitors  that  each  knew  his 
chance  was  good.  A  synagogue  is  a  building 
in  wMch  perhaps  there  is  more  scope  for 
originality  than  any  other,  as  there  is  no  ab- 
solutely fixed  precedents,  and  each  competitor 
has,  therefore,  chosen  the  style  and  arrange- 
ment he  thought  most  suitable. 

The  successful  competitors  are  Messrs. 
Davis  and  Emanuel ;  they  have  sent  in  two 
designs  in  Byzantine — one,  with  a  central 
donie,  after  Santa  Sophia,  at  Constantinople, 
which  is  labelled  design  B  ;  and  another, 
design  A,  after  the  model  of  a  Basilica.  A 
peculiarity  about  these  designs  is,  that 
though  they  are  wonderfully  pleasing  in  the 
sections  and  geometrical  drawings,  they  are 
disappointing  in  perspective.  Design  A  es- 
pecially has  a  commonplace  appearance  in 
the  view,  and  gives  one  the  impression  of 
Byzantine  ornament  applied  to  an  Italian 
hall  rather  than  a  design  really  worked  out 
in  Byzantine ;  moreover,  there  is  always  an 
unpleasant  effect  if  the  columns  which  sup- 
port a  gallery  are  stunted  and  small,  while 
those  planted  on  them,  wliich  support  the 
roof,  are  lofty  and  large.  Design  B,  by  the 
same  gentlemen,  has  a  much  more  imposing 
efiect.  The  main  idea  is  a  central  dome  sup- 
ported on  piers  with  an  aisle  all  round,  and 
two  galleries ;  but  here  we  must  say  we  think 
the  architects  have  been  guilty  of  an  absur- 
dity. In  order  to  obtain  a  view  of  the  ser\'ice 
for  occupants  of  the  upper  gallery,  it  is  neces- 
sary to  raise  the  seats  at  least  3ft.  one  behind 
the  other.  No  person  without  possessing 
strong  nerves  could  sit  in  such  a  gallery  ;  and 
this  one,  which  is  meant  for  ladies,  would  be 


practically  useless.  We  must  also  complain 
of  these  architects  for  making  their  ark  such  a 
very  literal  iniitiitioii  of  tlie  one  in  llio  new 
synagogue  at  Berlin.  The  organ  is  placed 
round  and  above  the  ark  in  the  sanctuary, 
the  reading-desk  in  the  centre  of  the  build- 
ing, and  the  committee-room  and  beadle's 
house  over  the  entrance.  This  arrangement 
is  almost  rendered  necessary  by  the  site,  and 
has  formed  the  basis  of  the  plans  of  all  the 
coniy)etitors. 

Mr.  H.  H.  Collins  has  sent  in  two  very 
elaborate  designs,  and,  like  the  other  competi- 
lor.s,  has  evidently  given  a  great  deal  of 
thought  to  this  competition.  He  has  also  sent 
in  full-size  models,  showing  a  very  comfort- 
able arrangement  for  the  seating.  Design  A 
is  in  Moorish,  and  consists  of  two  domes,  sup- 
ported on  ]iier3  with  side  aisles.  As  the  read- 
ing-desk is  generally  placed  in  the  centre  of  a 
synagogue,  this  arrangement  has  some  ad- 
vantages over  a  central  dome,  as  tlie  piers 
come  in  positions  which  do  not  obstruct  the 
light.  The  organ  and  choir  are  grouped  round 
the  sanctuary. 

Design  B  is  in  Italian,  and  consists  of  a 
central  dome,  witli  two  smaller  ones  on  the 
east  and  west  sides  and  north  and  south 
aisles.  Mr.  Collins'  designs  are  accompanied 
by  two  large  and  fine  perspectives  of  the  in- 
terior, and  a  sheet  of  diagrams,  showing  ven- 
tilation, &c. 

Mr.  WyattPapworth  sends  avery  simple  but 
pretty  and  chaste  design  in  classic — we  cannot 
call  it  either  decidedly  Greek  or  altogether 
Italian.  The  plan  is  a  parallelogram,  divided 
into  three  b.ays  by  slender  iron  columns,  with 
side  aisles.  Theceilings  of  both  nave  and  aisles 
are  slightly  arched  and  divided  into  plain 
panels,  and  above  the  columns  is  a  row  of 
clerestory  windows.  The  fault  of  this  design 
is  that  it  lacks  the  distinctive  character  and 
the  imposing  effect  of  some  of  the  otliers. 

Mr.  F.  P.  Cockerell  sends  in  two  designs — 
one  in  Moorish,  with  a  central  dome,  and  the 
other  on  the  same  principle,  with  a  tinge  of 
Byzantine. 

We  are  much  pleased  witii  these  drawings 
as  a  whole,  and  wish  tliat  in  some  of  our 
other  public  competitions  architects  could 
divest  themselves  of  tlieir  strict  adherence  to 
ancient  precedent  as  freely  as  they  have  been 
obliged  to  do  in  this.  In  a  church,  for 
instance,  most  architects'  ideas  imme- 
diately run  into  the  Middle  Pointed  style, 
into  a  bmlding  with  lofty  nave,  low  aisles, 
no  galleries  ;  and  the  only  resource  to  obtain 
novelty  is  some  ugly  stunted  spire,  or 
crude  barbarities  stuck  here  and  there  to 
get  effect.  No  plaster  is  allowed  internally, 
though  this  is  certainly  the  most  suitable  ma- 
terial to  line  the  walls  of  a  building,  and  all 
paintings,  whether  mural  or  on  glass,  must 
breathe  of  the  middle  ages,  and  of  atime  when 
people,  as  a  rule,  could  not  draw  naturally  or 
correctly.  And  what  is  the  result  >  Jlost 
unbiassed  minds  will  not  see  half  so  much 
religious  effect  in  one  of  these  cold,  unmean- 
ing, unreal  buildings  as  they  wiU  in  a  little 
village  church  witli  its  high-backed  red  cloth 
pews,  its  old  wooden  gallery,  its  debased  wood 
carvings,  and  even  its  churchwarden's  im- 
provements. 


SILICATISATION    OF    STONE. 

TO  arrest  decay  and  to  prolong  life  is  a 
subject  which  from  the  earliest  times 
has  engrossed  the  thoughts  of  mankind. 
W^hether  viewed  as  the  pliilosopher's  stone 
or  the  elixir  vitcB,  it  has  been  equally  the 
dream  of  the  alchemist  and  the  sage,  and  it  is 
no  wonder  tliat,  absorbed  as  they  were  in  their 
labours,  to  the  utter  exclusion  of  every  mun- 
dane consideration,  they  sliould  have  afforded, 
by  the  asceticism  of  their  lives,  the  austerity  of 
their  manners,  and  the  secluded  mode  of  their 
existence,  fair  grounds  for  the  belief  in  those 
superstitious  times  that  they  were  sorcerers  or 
persons  engaged  in  an  unholy  compact  with 
his  Satanic  majesty.  Witli  the  progress  of 
the  times  we  have  become  less  visionary  and 


more  material,  neither  believing  in  the  vali- 
dity of  infernal  coni])acts  nor  in  the  object  of 
search  for  which  those  compacts  were  supposed 
to  be  undertaken.  Instead  of  endeavouring 
to  j)rolong  human  life  beyond  its  divinely 
allotted  span,  we  lia\'e  turned  our  attention  to 
prolonging  tlie  life,  if  we  may  use  the  term 
wlieii  applied  to  iuaniiuate  objects,  of  the 
various  materials  of  construction  placed  at  our 
disposal.  Can  it  be  said  that  the  modern 
search  has  been  more  successful  than  the 
ancient  ?  As  might  be  naturally  expected, 
timber  was  the  first  constructive  material 
subjected  to  a  preserving  process.  Patents 
were  taken  out  for  the  various  plans  and 
methods  pro])Osed  for  accomplishing  the  pur- 
pose. The  resources  of  the  laboratory  and  the 
sldll  of  the  chemist  were  taxed  to  the  utmost 
to  furnish  solutions  and  the  means  of  applying 
them ;  sulphate  of  copper,  salts  of  iron,  the 
deadly  corrosive  sublimate,  oil  of  tar,  antl  an 
intudty  of  other  chemical  solutions  have  been 
tried  as  repeatedly  as  vainly.  The  object  of 
impregnating  timber  with  a  preserving  solu- 
tion was  not  merely  to  protect  it  against  the 
influence  of  tlie  weather  and  that  of  the  earth 
or  water  wherein  it  might  be  situated,  but  to 
defend  it  against  the  assaults  of  vermin  and 
insects.  In  some  instances  this  latter  antici- 
pation has  been  realised ;  in  others  wofully 
disappointed.  Experience  has  demonstrateil 
that  while  some  insects  abstain  from  attack- 
ing preserved  timber,  there  are  others,  on  the 
contrary,  which  make  it  the  special  object  of 
their  assaults,  and  prefer  it  to  the  timber  in 
its  natimil  state  ;  similarly  to  a  ju'ofessed 
gourmand,  who  prefers  a  highly  seasoned  dish 
to  the  plain  substantial  joints. 

As  a  proof  of  the  total  want  of  all  venera- 
tion— in  fact,  of  the  absolute  insensibility  of 
oiuselves  as  a  nation  to  the  beauty  and  attrac- 
tions of  art,  we  suffered  many  of  our  splendid 
monuments  of  ancient  glory  and  architectural 
grandeur  to  fall  into  irretrievable  decay,  and 
it  was  not  until  the  surfaces  of  modern  build- 
ings showed  symptoms  of  deterioration  that 
real  attention  was  bestowed  upon  the  means 
of  arresting  their  further  dissolution.  The 
origin  of  siliceous  compositions  for  preserving 
stone  is  undoubtedly  due  to  Fuchs,  who,  in 
1825,  published  a  treatise  upon  what  he 
termed  Wasserglass  or  soluble  glass,  which  in 
the  first  instance  appears  to  have  been  used 
for  protectmg  the  surfaces  of  paintings  against 
damp.  It  has  been  employed  for  covering 
muslin  and  other  fabrics,  with  a  view  to  render 
them  fireproof.  The  treatise  also  asserted 
that  the  Wasserglass,  by  mixing  it  with  sand 
and  a  little  clay,  would  serve  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  artificial  stone.  Manifestly  the  point 
to  be  aimed  at  in  submitting  stone  to  the 
action  of  a  siliceous  solution,  is  that  the 
latter  should  penetrate  to  a  certain  depth  into 
the  body  of  the  stone,  and  should  to  a  certain 
extent  become  absolutely  incorporated  with 
it.  Unless  this  condition  is  fulfilled  any  mere 
superficial  application  is  hopeless,  and  simply  a 
waste  of  time  and  money.  Experiment  has 
proved  that  where  a  coating  only  has  Ijeen 
laid  on,  without  any  absorption  by  the  body 
of  the  stone,  it  has  completely  peeled  oft'  like 
a  scale  under  the  effect  of  frost.*  Nothing 
more  would  be  required  to  put  this  questi  on- 
beyond  a  doubt  than  to  saw  a  stone  in  two, 
after  the  composition  had  been  laid  in  a  cer- 
tain time,  and  it  would  be  easy  to  ascertain 
its  efficacy  with  respect  to  penetration.  Sup- 
posing tliat  the  quality  of  the  solution  is 
satisfactorily  ascertained  it  is  clear  that  some 
judgment  is  required  in  its  application.  The 
jiroportion  of  silica,  or  the  strength  of  the  so- 
lution, must  depend  upon  the  nature  of  the 
stone  to  be  coated,  its  position  in  the  building, 
its  state  of  humidity,  and  its  liability  to  be 
acted  upon  by  external  influences.  There  is 
very  littb  question  but  that  it  would  be  pre- 
ferable tc  use  a  weak  solution  repeatedly  and 
for  a  long  time,  than  to  lay  on  a  strong  solu- 
tion all  £t  once.     Unfortunately,  however,  for 

*  "  La  aiicatisation  appUquer  S  la  conservation  des  mo- 
nmuents.  Reclamation  do  priorite  d'appUcatiou."  Par 
Leo.-)  DELOtiONE. 


500 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


July  19,  1867. 


thia  consideration  the  rate  of  the  times   in 
which  we  live  is  too  last  to  allow  of  any  such 
judicious  delay  in  this  or  any  other  instance. 
With  respect  to  the  success  of  the  application 
of  siliceous  compositions  it  is  difficult  to  speak 
confidently.     Between  the  years  1851-53  the 
process  of  M.  Dalemagne  was  applied  to  many 
principal  buildings  in  France,  including  the 
Church  of  Notre  Dame  at  Paris,  the  Palaces  of 
Luxembourg,  Fontainebleau,  and  Versailles, 
and   in   London,   to   the    Houses  of  Parlia- 
ment, "Westminster  Abbey,  and  some   other 
buildings.      The  evidence  here    is    conflict- 
ing.     From  the   report  in   coimection   with 
the  application  of  the  solution  to  the  Church 
of  Notre  Dame  it  would  appear  that   it  is  a 
complete  success,  the  softer  stones  having  been 
rendered  harder  and  the  hard  ones  preserved 
from  furtlier  decay.     There  is  one  clause  in 
the  report  which  it  is  not  easy  to  understand. 
It  is  stated  tliat  the  solution  presents  no  impe- 
diment to  the  free  evaporation  of  the  moist- 
ure   contained  in  the  stone,  since  the  pores 
remain  open.     This  condition  appears  to  be 
totally  incompatible  with  tlie  peculiar  function 
of  a  solution  of  the   character  under   notice. 
Unless  it  in  some  measure  fills  up  the  pores 
of  the   stone,  which   one    would   imagine  is 
its  special  duty,  what  does  it  do,  or  what  be- 
comes of  it  ?     We  confess  we  are  inclined  to 
doubt  the  accuracy  of  the  above   statement, 
more  especially  as  it  is  asserted  in  a  former 
paragraph  that  the   porosity  of  the  stones  is 
partially    destroyed.      A     common    feature 
attendant  upon  the  application   of  siKceous 
compositions  is  the  appearance  of  eftiorescences 
or   blisters  upon  the  surface.     According  to 
M.   Dalemagne  these  produce   no    injurious 
effect  upon  the  process,  nor  do  they  prevent 
the  gradual  combination  of  the  solution  with 
■  ths  stone.     Whenever  the  wind  and  rain  fail 
to  remove  them  they  may  easily  be  obliterated 
by  washing  the  walls  with  clean  water.     Their 
appearance  may  be  said  to  be  confirmatory  of 
the  existence  of  some  chemical  action  involv- 
ing a  probable  decomposition  of  some  of  the 
elements,  and  a  liberation   of   a    fixed   gas. 
With  regard  to  ourselves  we  know  perfectly 
well  that  the  aMutions  to  which  the  Houses 
of  Parliament  have  been  subject  have  not  had 
the  efiect  which  it  is  stated  has  attended  simi- 
lar operations  upon  the  more  ancient  edifice 
at  Paris.      It  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  the 
former  is  mouldering  and  crumbling  away  per- 
ceptibly before   our  eyes.      Year  after   year 
witnesses  .successive  disintegTations,  and  there 
wlU  speedily  be  scarcely  a  soimd  square  foot 
of  surface   in   the  whole   of  the  handsomest 
face  of   the  building,   the  river    front.      It 
has    been  suggested  that    the  washing   pro- 
cess is    radically  wrong,  and  that  it    woidd 
be     a  preferable    plan    to    dip   the    stones 
previously  to   setting   them.     However  cor- 
rect   or    incorrect     this  view    of    the    case 
may  he,  it  is  too  late  to  adopt  it.    We  have  to 
do   -ndth   wliat  is,   not  with  what  may   be, 
although  the  suggestion  is  not  without  value 
for   buildings  which  are  yet   in  the    future, 
such  as  the   new  Law  Courts  and  proposed 
National  Gallery.     One  useful  lesson,  at  any 
rate,  may  be  learned  from  the  miseraljle  dila- 
pidated state  into  winch  our  public  edifices  are 
falling — namely,  that  it  is   one   thing  to  con- 
struct, another  to  preser\'e. 


THE  MAEKETS  OF  THE  POOK. 

THE  Pall. Mall  Gazette  says -.—"mas  Burdett 
Covitts  has  taken  tlie  initiative  in  au  im- 
portant enterprise  for  the  benefit  of  the  i^oor  in 
one  of  the  most  destitute  districts  of  the  metro- 
polis. A  local  act,  promoted  in  her  name,  was 
quietly  passed  through  ParUament  last  session, 
the  preamble  of  which  sets  forth  that  tbe  opening 
of  a  market  for  the  sale  of  fruit,  vegetables,  fish, 
meat,  poultry,  and  other  provisions  in  a  conve- 
nient position  near  Columbia-square,  Bethual 
Green,  would  be  of  great  advantage  to  large 
numbers  of  the  labouring  classes,  and  other 
persons  resident  in  that  parish  and  its  neighbour- 
hood. And  further  it  recites  that  Miss  Burdett 
Coutts  is  willing  to  undertake  the  establishment 


of  such  a  market  at  her  own  charge,  and  to  main- 
tain it  for  the  use  of  the  public.     No  time   has 
been  lost  in  giving  effect  to   the   authority  con- 
veyed in  the  act.     A   large   piece  of  ground    has 
been  set  apart  for  the  market,  and  the  buildings 
are  already  sufficiently  advanced  to  enable  one  to 
judge  of  the  aspect  of  the  place  when  completed. 
The  market  is  enclosed  on  each  side  by  a  range  of 
Gothic   buildings  of  an   elegant  but  substantial 
character.     On  the  right  and  left  as  you  enter  is  a 
row  of  shops — twelve  on  each  side — with  a  covered 
way  in  front  and  dwelling  houses  above.     On  the 
north  side  of  the  market  is  the  market  hall,  con- 
taining twenty-four  shambles,  the  access  to  which 
is  by  a   porch,  above  which  rises  a    clock   tower, 
110ft.  high.     The  shops  are  supplied  with  every 
convenience  in  the  way  of  cellarage,  water,  gas, 
&c.,  and  the  dwellings  above  are  each  complete  in 
itself,  and  contain  comfortable  rooms,  with  wash- 
house   and    kitchen,    well  ventilated,    and    fitted 
with  every  sanitary  requirement.     The  area  of  the 
market    covers    altogether   90,000ft.     The   large 
open  squ.are  will  be  set  apart  forstalls  and  barrows 
of  all  kinds,  the  admission  fees  charged  on  dealers 
being  at  a  very  low  scale,  suited  to  the  coster- 
monger  class  who  conduct  in  so  large  a  degree  the 
commissariat  of  the   poor.     This  scheme  will  not 
only  supplement  the  house  accommodation  of  the 
adjoining  Columbia  square,  a  large  pile   of  model 
lodging-houses  biult  a  few  years  back  by    Miss 
Coutts,  and  now  tenanted  by  a   numerous  settle- 
ment of  labourers  and   artizans,  but  will  supply  a 
want  severely  felt  by  the  whole  population  of  the 
neighbourhood — the  want  of  a  convenient  market. 
The  project  will  also  incidentally  confer  another 
benefit  on  this  quarter  by  opening  up  a  new  street, 
and    otherwise    improving  the   communications. 
Although  utiUty  has  been  the  first  object  consulted 
in  the  plans  of  the  market,  and  no  efibrt  has  been 
spared  to  make  the  fittings  of  the  shops  as  perfect 
as  possible  from  a  business  point  of   view,  Miss 
Coutts  has  been  anxious  that  artistic  effect  should 
not   be   overlooked.     The  general   appearance  of 
the  buildings,  with  the  lofty  clock  tower  in   the 
centre  at  the  upper  end,  is  very  impressive.     The 
architect  is  Mr.  H.   A.  Darbishire,  who  also   fur- 
nished the  designs  of  Columbia-square.     We  ven- 
ture to  hope  that  the  noble  example  which   Miss 
Burdett  Coutts  has  set  will  be  followed,  and  that 
the  Bethnal  Green  market  will  be  the  first  of  an 
important  series  of  reforms  extending  throughout 
the  metropohs.     It  is  little  to  say  that  this  market 
will  be  the  best  in  any  part   of  Loudon.     Com- 
pared not  only  with  the  spacious  halles  of  Paris 
but  even  with  the  markets  in  second   and  third- 
rate  provincial  towns  in  England,  the  metropoU- 
tan  markets  are  one  and  all  .simply  disgraceful- 
small,  mean,    overcrowded,    and  inconvenient  in 
every  way." 


AMBER. 

AMBER  is  found  on  the  southern  shore 
of  the  Baltic,  where  it  is  cast  iqi  by  the 
action  of  the  groundswell  after  the  northern  gales. 
It  is  also  found  on  the  coast  of  Sicily,  on  the 
Adriatic,  on  the  English  coast  Norfolk  and  Suffolk, 
and  at  Cape  Sable,  Maryland.  Mining  for  amber 
in  beds  of  brown  lignite  is  carried  on  in  Prussia, 
and  it  is  found  in  excavations  all  over  Europe. 
Still  amber  continues  to  be  the  "gem  of  the  sea," 
by  which  it  is  yielded  only  after  a  storm,  and  in 
such  small  quantities  that  its  value  has  ever  re 
mained  undiminished.  , 

Amber  is  found  in  masses,  irregularly  shaped 
and  usually  of  small  size.  The  colour  is  of  all 
shades,  from  a  pale  straw  to  a  deep  orange.  It  is 
brittle,  but  can  be  easily  cut  with  a  sharp  knife  ; 
it  is  the  opinion,  and  only  an  opinion,  that  it  is 
simply  an  exuded  vegetable  juice.  Baron 
Liebig  thinks  it  probable  that ''  amlier  is  a  product 
of  the  decay  of  wax,  or  of  some  other  substance 
allied  to  the  fixed  oils."  Sir  David  Brewster  says 
that  amber  is  an  indurated  vegetable  juice.  Wood, 
leaves,  flowers,  and  fruit  have  been  found  enclosed 
in  amber,  and  recognised  as  having  belonged  to 
coniferous  trees  now  extinct. 

Sicilian  aml>er  is  usually  of  a  deeper  colour  than 
that  from  the  Baltic,  and  it  is  said  that  in  Ger- 
many an  experinced  amber  worker  can  determine 
the  locality  of  amberfrom  differences  in  its  appear- 
ance. Neither  is  it  invariably  found  in  a  hard 
state.  An  instance  is  on  record  of  a  gentleman 
having  received  from  a  friend  living  on  the  Baltic 
coast  a  piece  so  soft  as  to  take  an  impression  of 
his  seal ;  and  another  piece  is  described  as  soft 
on  one  side  and  hard  on  the  other. 

The  uses  of  amber  are  not  very  numerous.  As 
a  material  for  art  carving  nothing  can  be  more 


beautiful.  The  principal  market  is  Constantinople, 
where  it  is  made  into  pipe  mouthpieces  and  arti- 
cles of  female  adornment  in  the  shape  of  beads. 
The  Turks  and  Armenians  are  said  to  be  fine  judges 
of  amber,  and  the  bazaar  at  Stamboul,  where  the 
amber  workers  are  located,  is  fuU  of  interest  to 
the  connoisseur. 

The  only  purpose  to  which  it  is  applied  in  the 
useful  arts  is  in  the  manufacture  of  varnishes  for 
carriage  builders,  and  photographers.  That  used 
for  carriages  is  expensive,  and  is  a  long  time  in  dry- 
ing, but  it  is  the  hardest  and  most  invulnerable 
of  any  known  varrdsh. — Providence  Journal, 


INDUSTRIAL  ART. 

AN  exhibition  of  a  very  interesting  character 
at  Bermondsey  deserves  a  word  of  notice. 
The  exhibition,  which  occupies  several  of  the 
largest  rooms  of  the  school  buildings  in  Manning- 
street,  comprises  oil  paintings,  crayon  and  pencil 
drawings,  prints,  lithographs,  chromo-lithographs, 
photographs,  enamels,  floral  embroidery,  needle- 
work, lacework,  leatherwork  and  materials  used 
in  its  production,  emery  and  its  processes, 
stained  glass,  articles  of  clothing,  models  of  en- 
gines, architectural  models,  machines,  modelled 
flowers,  arms,  antiquities,  bronzes,  china,  gems 
(ancient  and  modern),  glass  (ancient  and  modem), 
pottery  (ancient  and  modern),  carvings  in  wood, 
ivory,  &c..  Oriental  curiosities,  &c.  Upwards  of 
200  competitors  from  among  the  industrial  classes 
have  sent  in  articles  for  exhibition,  the  style  and 
workmanship  of  which  are  generally  very  credit, 
able,  and  in  some  cases  marked  by  skUl  and  ex- 
cellence. Under  the  head  of  "Miscellaneous," 
many  articles  of  rare  value  are  exhibited,  among 
which  may  be  noticed  two  magnificent  oil  paint- 
ings of  the  Crucifixion  ;  an  enamel  ring  of 
Charles  II. ;  antiquities  from  London,  illustrating 
its  history  for  neaily  200  years  ;  ancient  jewel- 
lery from  the  Thames  ;  enamelled  metal  dragon, 
jewelled;  Italian  work,  Itith  century;  euameUed 
tray  of  pearls^  and  rubies,  Italian,  1 5th  century  j 
Benetien  of  engraved  crystal ;  five  necklaces,  of 
gold  and  agate,  from  tombs  of  Egypt ;  magnificent 
portrait  of  Napoleon  cut  in  onyx ;  pearl  oyster, 
from  Ceylon  ;  German  work  watchcase  of  gold, 
17th  century  ;  models  of  celebrated  guns,  &o. 
Four  silver  medals  and  money  prizes  will  be 
awarded  to  the  successful  competitors  at  the  close 
of  the  exhibition,  which  will  well  repay  a  visit, 
and  wliich  will  remain  open  until  the  26th  inst. 
at  a  nominal  charge.  The  Bishop  of  Winchester 
presided  at  the  inaugural  ceremony  wliich  took 
place  on  Wednesday  last. 


SHAM  ANTIQUITIES. 

THE  manufacture  of  sham  antiquities  would 
seem  to  be  on  the  increase  of  late  ;  and  if 
we  may  judge  from  the  readiness  with  which 
they  find  a  market  few  things  can  be  more  suc- 
cessfully counterfeited  than  a  certain  class  of 
antiquities.  The  notorious  "  Flint  Jack "  has 
found  a  couple  of  not  unworthy  successors  in 
Charles  Eaton  and  George  Henry  Smith,  two  men 
who  have  been  committed  for  trial  at  the  Ayles- 
bury Assizes.  They  are  charged  with  a  long 
series  of  frauds  by  the  sale  of  sham  antiquities, 
represented  to  have  been  dug  up  at  Windsor.  It 
appears  that  the  prisoners  have  been  successful  in 
gulhng  at  least  a  score  of  persons,  chiefly  trades- 
men in  the  district,  by  their  false  representations. 
Their  .story  was  a  very  plausible  one.  They  had 
been  employed  at  some  excavations  for  an  addi- 
tion to  the  Victoria  Brewery  at  Windsor,  and 
while  so  engaged  they  came  upon  and  broke  (of 
course)  with  their  tools  an  urn  containing  coins, 
spoons,  daggers,  and  other  articles  of  Roman  and 
Saxon  workmanship.  The  men  would  seem  to 
have  been  driving  a  brisk  tr.ade  with  daggers  and 
rings,  for  which  they  charged  the  modest  sum 
of  a  few  shiUings  each,  when  their  game  was  put 
a  stop  to  by  Mr.  Purcell,  the  secretary  of  the 
Archieological  Society,  who,  on  being  consulted,  of 
course  found  it  difficidt  to  reconcile  the  date 
with  the  characters  upon  the  supposed  antiqua- 
rian relics.  A  large  jiarcel  of  the  "antiquities" 
was  produced  in  court,  and  it  was  found  that 
they  were  all  modern  cast  brass,  covered  with 
green  oxidation  to  give  them  an  antique  appear- 
ance. 


A  new  organ,  by  Mr.  Johnson,  of  Moseley,  was 
opened  last  Sunday,  in  the  Independent  Chapel, 
Russell.street,  Wednesbury.     It  cost  about  £200 


July  19,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


501 


IKON  SLEEPERS. 

MLANGLOIS,  of  Paris,  has  introduced  so 
•  iron  sleeper  which,  according  to  the  Me- 
lianics'  Ma.jazine,  promises  to  be  ot  service. 
About  five  hundred  of  these  sleepers,  on  his  plan, 
have  been  laid  down  at  various  places  and  stations 
on  French  lines,  including  the  Chemin  de  Fer 
de  I'Ouest.  They  have  been  placed  both  on 
cun-es  and  upon  straight  pieces  of  line,  so  as  to 
test  tlieir  powers  of  endurance  and  capability  of 
maintaining  the  gauge  unaltered  under  the  two 
conditions.  Slany  of  these  sleepers  have  been 
under  service  since  1SC2,  .and  there  has  never 
been  a  necessity  to  replace  or  relay  one  of  them. 
One  advanfeigo  in  the  system  vnider  notice  is, 
that  it  is  equally  applicable  to  the  double  tee 
rail  p.s  to  the  flanged  rail,  which  is  not  the  case 
with  a  large  number  of  the  iron  sleepers  already 
invented.     In   figs.    1    and  2   is   represented  the 


F-  I  CI, 


r  J  C.2. 


application  of  the  principle  to  the  former  descrip- 
tion of  rail.  The  sleeper  consists  of  the  rolled 
plate  V,  5iin.  wide  at  the  base,  and  having  the 
same  dimension  for  the  height.  These  sleepers 
weigh  about  101b.  per  foot  run,  and  can  be  rolled 
to  the  length  suitable  for  the  particular  gauge 
they  are  required  for.  At  each  extremity  are 
provided  small  plates  of  iron  a,  lying  \ipon  the 
ballast,  and  gi^•ing  rigidity  to  the  whole  system. 
The  chairs  A  are  of  cast  iron,  and  are  hollowed  out 
.at  the  under  surface  to  sit  upon  the  rounded  top 
of  the  sleeper,  the  whole  being  bolted  together 
and  secured  by  the  nuts  and  cottars  6  and  c.  To 
fasten  the  rail  R  the  ordinary  wooden  key  is  used, 
shown  by  C  in  the  figures.  Where  a  flange  rail 
is  employed  the  arrangement  is  represented  in 
figs,  3  to  6.      That  in  figs.  3   and   4  consists  of 


filling  up  the  interior  of  the  sleeper  V  with  a 
wooden  block  F,  into  which  the  spikes  c'  c'  are 
driven,  which  serve  to  hold  down  the  rail  R'. 
For  flange  rails  the  sleeper  V  retains  the  same 
dimension  in  height  and  is  somewhat  increased 
in  width  at  the  base ;  but,  nevertheless,  is  of  a 
slightly  hghter  section,  since  it  weighs  rather 
less  per  foot  run  than  the  one  adapted  for  the 
rails  of  the  double  tee  form. 

According   to   the   disposition    represented   in 
figs.  5  and  C,  it  will   be  seen  that   the  wooden 


1^  /  C.5. 


F^  I  C  .  6. 


concerned,  nather  more  expensive  than  the  usual 
longitudinal  or  transverse  road,  but  it  more  than 
compensates  for  this  apparent  disadvantage  by  its 
great  durability. 


JirCA  EOR  DECORATIVE  PURPOSES. 

PUSCHER,  of  Nurnberg,  has  lately  suggested 
the  use  of  mica  for  various  decorative  pur- 
poses. For  one  such  application,  the  thin  plates 
are  fii-st  purified  by  treatment  with  strong  sul- 
phuric acid,  .and  then  silvered  by  the  ordinary 
process  adopted  with  looking  glass.  The  mica  thus 
.aciiuires  a  beautiful  silver  lustre,  .and  it  m.ay  easily 
be  cut  into  any  shapes  to  be  used  for  inlaying 
work.  The  flexibility  of  the  mica  will  of  course 
allow  of  its  being  applied  toround  surfaces.  When 
a  sheet  of  mica  is  heated  to  full  redness  for  a  time 
in  a  clay  muflle,  it  loses  most  of  its  flexibility,  and 
is  changed  considerably  in  appearance.  Under  re- 
flected light  it  has  a  dead  silver  white  look,  but 
viewed  by  transmitted  light  it  isseen  covered  with 
grey  spots.  This  latter  appearance  is  lost  when  two 
or  three  pieces  are  superposed,  and  the  transpa- 
rency is  lost.  The  mica  after  heating  is  also  a 
beautiful  material  for  inlaying  work.  It  should 
be  cut  into  the  sh.apes  required  before  it  is  heated. 
Another  very  pretty  eft'ect  is  obtained  by  scatter- 
ing small  fragments  of  mica  on  freshly  poured 
sheets  of  gelatine,  and  varnishing  it  with  a  d.ark- 
coloured  solution  ot  gelatine.  Finely  ground  mica 
on  coloured  gelatinealso  shows  very  pretty  cfl'ects  ; 
and  the  very  finely  ground  material  mixed  with  a 
solution  of  gum  arable  may  be  used,  Puscher  says, 
for  silver  ink. 


wedge-shaped  piece  F  in  the  former  two  figures 
is  dispensed  with,  and  its  place  supplied  by  the 
key  15,  which  tightens  the  spikes  }>  by  being 
screwed  into  holes  left  for  it  in  them,  To  give 
the  necessary  inclination  to  the  rail  the  upper 
edge  of  the  sleeper  is  bevelled,  as  shown  in  fig.  6. 
-As  is  the  case  with  all  u-on  permanent  ways 
compared  with  those  of  timber,  the  system 
of    M.   Langlois   b,  so  far  as   the  first  cost  is 


COMPETITIONS. 


In  compliance  with  a  request  made  by  several 
of  the  competing  architects,  it  has  been  deter- 
mined to  extend  the  time  at  which  drawings 
must  be  sent  in  for  the  Manchester  New  Town- 
hall,  to  Monday,  the  5th  August. 

In  a  recent  select  competition  invited  by  the 
council  of  the  West  London  Synagogue  of  British 
Jews  for  the  erection  of  a  new  synagogue  at  the 
comer  of  Upper  Berkeley-street  and  Edgware- 
road,  the  designs  of  Messrs.  Davis  and  Emanuel, 
of  32,  Moorgate-street,  City,  were  unanimously 
selected.  Five  other  gentlemen  were  invited  to  com- 
pete, three  of  whom  sent  in  designs.  The  unsuc- 
cessful coi^etitors  each  received  an  honorarium 
of  50  guineas.  The  building  is  contemplated  to 
cost  between  £12,000  .and  £15,000.  The  entrance, 
which  is  from  LTpper  Berkeley-street,  occupies  the 
frontage  of  an  ordinary  house,  and  this  will  be  the 
only  street  facade  of  the  new  building.  Mr.  P.  C. 
Hardwick  acted  as  consulting  architect  to  the 
building  committee. 

Holt  Trinity,  Dorchester.  —  The  committee 
for  erecting  a  new  church  in  the  parish  of  the 
Holy  Trinity,  Dorchester,  offer  a  premium  of  £25 
for  the  best  sot  of  plans  and  designs  for  a  church 
capable  of  containing  1,000  persons,  without 
galleries,  the  total  cost  of  which,  exclusive  of  site, 
but  inclusive  of  heating  by  hot  water,  is  not  to 
exceed  £6,000.  Each  .set  of  plans  must  be 
accompanied  by  a  satisfactory  guarantee  that  the 
church  can  be  built  for  the  sum  stated  by  the 
architect  in  his  estimate.  The  premium  will  be 
awarded  for  the  plan  finally  accepted  by  the 
committee ;  but  the  committee  will  not  be  bound 
to  accept  the  cheapest  or  any  plan.  All  plans 
must  be  drawn  on  one  uniform  scale  of  l-8in.  to 
the  foot.  Plans  of  the  site  will  be  forwarded  on 
receipt  of  a  post-ofEce  order  of  53.  The  design 
must  be  unlei  a  motto,  and  received  on  or  before 
the  14th  day  of  August  next  by,  and  all  further 
informationmay  be  obtained  of,  Mr.  M.  C,  Weston, 
soUcitor,  Dorchester. 


ARCttaiOLOGY. 


The  annual  congress  of  the  Kent  Archaiological 
Society  will  be  held  at  Dartford  on  the  25th  and 
2Gth  of  this  month. 

The  annual  meeting  of  the  Royal  Archffiological 
Institute  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  will  be 
held  at  Hull,  commencing  on  the  30th  inst.  The 
Archbishop  of  York  will  be  president.  After  the 
inaugural  meeting  in  the  Townhall,  the  objects  of 
antiquarian  interest  in  Hull  are  to  be  visited,  and 
in  the  evening  the  full  dress  soiree  will  be  given 
by  the  Mayor  of  Hull.  After  the  business  of  the 
various  sections,  the  arrangements  for  the  week 
include  excursions  to  Beverley,  Minster,  Iledon, 
Patrington,  Flamborough  Head,  the  Dane's  Dykes, 


Driflield  Church,  Malton  gravel  beds  (where  a 
stone  axe  has  just  been  found  at  a  depth  of  S'ft.), 
Howden,  Wressel  Castle,  Selby  Church,  Bridling- 
ton, .and  other  objects  of  interest  in  the  county. 
The  visitors  will  be  conducted  to  the  various 
objects  of  interest  by  gentlemen  of  the  neigh> 
bourhood,  who  will  act  as  honorary  guides. 


Juiil^ing  liitclligcita. 


CnURCHEa  AND  CHAPELS. 

A  new  Baptist  chapel  has  been  commenced  at 
Chew  Magna,  near  Bristol.  It  will  be  a  plain,  sub- 
stantial building,  built  of  local  stone,  with  free- 
stone dressings,  and  will  seat  200  persons.  The 
architect  is  Mr.  Henry  Lee,  of  Clifton,  the  con- 
tractors being  Messrs.  F.  King  anil  S.  Bozley, 
of  Chew  Magna. 

The  erection  of  the  proposed  Church  of  St. 
John,  at  Killingworth,  has  been  let  to  Messrs. 
Middlemiss  and  StaSord,  of  Morpeth,  at  £2,050. 
Mr.  Bassett  Keeling  is  the  architect. 

A  new  congregational  chapel  in  the  Gothic  style 
has  been  opened  at  Pembroke  Dock.  The 
architect  is  Mr.  R.  C.  Sutton,  of  Nottingham. 
The  building,  which  is  90ft.  long  by  60ft.  wide,  ia 
capable  of  seating  1,225  persons,  and  the  basement 
is  provided  mth  a  school-room  for  600  children. 

The  foundation  stone  of  a  new  Wesleyan 
chapel,  .at  Greengates,  near  Apperley  Bridge,  was 
laid  on  Saturday.  The  style  is  Early  Gothic,  and 
the  edifice  is  built  of  stone,  with  roof  and  fittings  of 
de<al  stained  and  varnished.  The  chapel,  which 
will  accommodate  420  persons,  is  from  designs  by 
Messrs.  Milnes  and  France,  of  Bradford  ;  the  con- 
tractor being  Mr.  Robert  Sugden,  of  Keighley. 

AcLE,  Norfolk. — A  new  Wesleyan  chapel  has 
recently  been  opened  here.  It  is  a  plain  but  sub- 
stantial building  of  a  modified  Gothic  character, 
and  contains  about  200  sittings.  Cost  about 
£300 ;  architect,  Mr.  J.  T.  Bottle,  Great  Yar- 
mouth. 

Bkompton. — A  new  church  in  Onslow  Gardens 
was  recently  consecrated  by  the  Bishop  of  Lon- 
don. It  has  a  kind  of  cathedral  in  minature 
look,  .and  is  about  140ft.  long  and  115ft.  wide 
at  the  transept ;  the  side  aisles  and  nave  are 
some  70ft.  each.  The  main  walls  are  of  Kentish 
rag,  with  an  inside  lining  of  cream-coloured 
brick ;  the  dressings  are  freestone.  The  tower 
and  spire  are  nearly  160ft.  high.  The  accommo- 
dation is  for  1,500.  Mr.  Freake  was  the  founder 
as  well  as  the  architect  and  builder.  Mr.  J. 
Brown  acted  as  clerk  to  the  works. 

Kidderminster. — The  foundation  stone  of  a 
new  Baptist  chapel  and  schools  here  was  laid  last 
week.  The  chapel  is  in  the  Gothic  style,  from 
drawings  by  Mr.  Bidlake,  architect,  Wolverhamp- 
ton. It  will  be  built  of  red  brick  .and  white 
Alveley  stone,  intermixed  with  bands  of  blue 
stone.  The  chapel  will  seat  from  750  to  800  per- 
sons. The  builders  are  Messrs.  Scholea  and 
Warington,  the  total  cost  of  the  buildings  being 
£2,000. 

Headcor.v,  Kent. — The  foundation  stone  of  a 
new  Wesleyan  chapel  was  laid  here  a  few  days 
since.  The  dimensions  of  the  building  will  be 
52ft.  by  32ft.,  the  walling  material  being  red 
brick  with  white  brick  bands  and  dressings.  The 
style  is  a  free  rendering  of  the  general  features  of 
Gothic,  ad.apted  to  the  utmost  simplicity  of  form 
and  the  most  economical  materials.  The  coat  will 
be  about  £700 ;  the  architect  is  Mr.  J.  T.  Bottle, 
of  Great  Yarmouth. 

Westminster  Abbet. — In  the  course  of  works 
now  going  on  in  Westminster  Abbey,  under  the 
direction  of  Mr.  G.  G.  Scott,  it  has  been  deemed 
advisable,  says  the  Athenaeum,  to  remove  the 
fUling-up  of  the  extreme  west  openings  of  the 
triforium  and  clerestory,  wliich  were  closed  by 
Wren  when  he  added  the  towers  to  this  church. 
The  materials  used  to  close  these  openings  com- 
prise, with  common  bricks  and  rubbish,  a  con- 
siderable number  of  carved  stone-work  fragments 
of  the  edifice  and  its  decorations.  These  were  of 
various  dates  and  characters,  and  are  now  de- 
posited with  relics  of  similar  kinds,  some  of  which 
were,  we  believe,  found  near  the  altar,  in  the 
triforium  on  the  south  side  of  the  building. 
Among  these  carvings  may  be  noted  two  frag- 
ments of  a  Norman  cap,  probably  part  of  the  Con- 
fessor's work,  Early  English  mouldings  of  extreme 
beauty  and  spirit  of  contour,  later  Decorated 
architectonic  or  decorative  carvings,  and  odds  an 


503 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


July  19,  1867. 


ends  of  Perpendicular  date.  The  greater  number 
of  the  broken  carvings  appear  to  be  in  the  De- 
based style,  if  style  it  can  be  called,  of  Queen 
Mary's  time,  and,  are  probably  fragments  of 
hastily-executed  sculptures,  that  might  have  been 
placed  in  the  abbey  during  its  brief  reversion  to 
that  Queen's  faith,  and,  after  her  sister's  accession, 
very  summarily  expelled  and  broken  up.  It  is 
hard  to  say  why  Wren  closed  the  openings  in 
question,  and  turned  them  into  what  are  called 
blind  windows ;  it  was  not  required  for  the 
security  or  stabiUty  of  the  building.  A  Jirivy  was 
placed  in  the  space  thus  enclosed  on  one  side. 

The  Incorporated  Society  for  Promoting  the 
Enlargement,  Building,  and  Repairing  of  Churches 
and  Chapels  held  its  last  meeting  for  the  present 
session  on  Monday,  at  the  society's  house, "  7, 
Whitehall,  the  Right  Hon.  the  Earl  of  Romney  in 
the  chair.  Grants  of  money,  amounting  to 
£1,465,  were  made  in  aid  of  the  following  objects  : 
— liuilding  new  churches  at  St.  Gabriel's,  Bir- 
mingham ;  St.  Nicholas,  Birmingham ;  St.  Paul, 
Old  Brentford,  Middlesex ;  St.  Colomba,  Hagger- 
stone ;  Hoylandswaine,  in  the  parish  of  Silkstone, 
near  Sheffield ;  Low  Moor,  in  the  parish  of 
Clitheroe,  Lancashire  ;  and  New  England,  in  the 
parish  of  St.  Mark,  Peterborough.  Rebuilding  the 
churches  at  Binbrook,  near  Market  Rasen,  and 
Lampeter,  Pont  Stephen,  Cardigan.  Enlarging  or 
otherwise  increasing  the  accommodation,  in  the 
churches  at  Broadwood  Kelly,  near  Winkleigh, 
Devon;  Eddlesborough,  near  Dunstable  ;  Church 
Stretton,  Salop  ;  East  Moulsey,  near  Kmgstou-on- 
Thames ;  Middle  Chiunock,  near  Ilminster ; 
Peterchurch,  near  Hereford ;  Polesworth,  near 
Tamworth ;  Poplar,  St.  Matthias ;  Princes  Ris- 
borough,  Bucks ;  Roborough,  near  Torrington, 
Devon  ;  Scarrington,  near  Nottingham ;  and  West 
Barkwith,  near  Wragby.  The  grants  formerly 
made  towards  re-seating  and  restoring  the 
churches  at  Llywell,  near  Trecastle,  Brecon,  and 
Springfield,  near  Chelmsford,  were  each  increased  ; 
£1,000  was  authorisetl  to  be  paid  for  works  com- 
pleted. The  society  likewise  accepted  the  follow- 
ing trusts,  as  repair  funds  for  Christ  Church, 
Liversedge,  York,  and  for  St.  Paul's  Church, 
Poole,  Dorset.  The  meeting  of  the  committee 
■will  be  resumed  in  November,  at  which  date  it  is 
earnestly  hoped  that  the  resources  at  their  dis- 
posal  may  be  so  augmented  as  to  justify  a  larger 
scale  of  grants  to  applicants,  many  of  whom  have 
recently  been  much  discouraged  at  the  small 
amount  of  aid  doled  out  to  them. 

BUILDINGS. 

A  new  opera  house  (Pil;e's)  is  in  course  of  erection 
in  Cincinnati.  It  will  be  five  storeys  high,  with 
a  frontage  of  170ft.  The  lower  .storey  is  divided 
into  six  large  stores.  On  the  second  floor  there 
are  100  rooms,  and  a  concert  hall  70ft.  wide 
and  128ft.  long.  The  cost  of  the  building  will 
be  more  than  1,000,000  dollars,  and  the  total 
rent  wUl  amount  to  150,000  dollars. 

It  is  resolved  to  devote  the  sum  of  £40,079, 
being  the  balance  of  the  Liverpool  Cotton  Famine 
Relief  Fund,  to  the  building  of  a  convalescent 
hospital  in  a  healthy  position  near  Liverpool, 
to  act  as  a  supplement  to  the  existing  infirmaries 
and  haspitals. 

Last  week  the  Duke  of  Cambridge  inaugurated 
the  Guards'  Institute  in  Francis  street,  Vauxhall- 
bridge-road.  The  buUding,  which  is  in  the 
Veneto-Italian  style,  is  intended  as  a  place  of 
occupation,  resort,  and  recreation  for  soldiers 
when  out  of  barracks.  It  consists  of  a  basement 
and  three  storeys,  and  embraces  coffee,  reading, 
billiard,  and  lecture  or  concert  rooms.  The  latter 
is  100ft.  in  length,  50ft.  in  breadth,  and  2Sft. 
high,  and  has  an  open  ornamental  roof  of  var- 
nished deal.  The  architect  is  Mr.  H.  A.  Darbi- 
shire;  Messrs.  Smith  and  Co.,  of  PiniUco,  being 
the  contractors. 

Bradwell,  Suffolk. — A  new  national  school- 
room has  juat  been  erected  here,  being  an  adjunct 
to  the  old  school  buildings.  The  school-room  is  a 
Gothic  building  40ft.  by  18ft.  The  walls  are 
faced  externally  with  spUt  flints,  having  stone 
dressings.  The  cost  is  about  .£300 ;  the  archi- 
tect is  Sir.  J.  T.  Bottle,  of  Great  Y'armouth. 

Edinburgh. — The  new  City  of  Glasgow  Bank, 
in  Hanover-street,  is  completed.  'The  style 
of  the  building  is  Italian,  and  it  is  furnished  with 
much  rich  ornamentation.  The  telling  room 
measures  about  50ft.  by  35ft.  The  architect 
is  Mr.  David  Bryce,  jun.,  the  contractors  being 
Mr.  John  Alexander,  Messrs.  Beattie,  and  Mr.  Wil- 
liam Baird. 


Great  Yarmouth.  —  New  Wesleyan  Day 
Schools  have  been  commenced  here.  The  build- 
ings are  of  a  Gothic  character  of  white  brick  with 
ornament.al  brick  dressings,  and  are  intended  to 
accommodate  .about  200  children.  The  cost  will 
be  about  £800 ;  architect,  Mr.  J.  T.  Bottle. 

Great  Yarmouth. — The  first  portion  of  a 
group  of  new  national  school  buildings  has  re- 
cently been  completed  here.  The  design  com- 
prises infant  school,  boys'  and  girls'  schools,  class 
rooms,  and  the  necessary  offices,  but  only  the  in- 
fant  school  has  yet  been  built.  The  cost  of  this 
portion  has  been  about  £550.  It  is  a  red  brick 
building  in  the  Gothic  style,  with  open  timbered 
roof,  and  with  covered  arcade  to  principal  front. 
The  architect  is  Mr.  J.  T.  Bottle. 

Great  Y'armouth. — A  new  drill-hall  for  the 
Great  Yarmouth  Rifle  Volunteer  Corps  is  in  pro- 
gress here,  and  is  rapidly  approaching  completion. 
The  large  hall  is  115ft.  in  length  and  60ft.  in 
width.  In  front  of  this  are  the  sergeant's  quar- 
ters, and  the  armoury  and  orderly  rooms,  with  the 
necessary  adjuncts.  The  walls  are  of  red  brick 
and  split  flints  with  brick  and  stone  dressing. 
The  walls  internally  are  faced  with  red  brick  with 
white  brick  bauds.  The  roof  is  constructed  in  one 
span  with  elliptic  ribs  and  framed  uprights  and 
principals.  The  hall  is  lighted  by  a  skylight  at 
the  apex  of  the  roof,  and  the  whole  length  of  the 
building.  The  cost  will  be  about  £1,200.  The 
architect  is  Mr.  J.  T.  Bottle,  of  Great  Yarmouth. 

International  College,  Spring  Grove. — Mr. 
E.  F.  Tremayne,  the  Secretary  of  the  International 
Education  Society  (Umited),  24,  Old  Bond-street, 
writes  to  us  as  follows  : — "  The  architects  and 
myself  will  feel  obliged  by  your  stating  that 
Messrs.  F.  Edwards  and  Sons,  of  Great  Marl- 
borough-street,  fitted  up  the  cooking  and  warm- 
ing apparatus.  The  decorations  to  ceilings  and 
walls  in  the  interior  being  executed  by  Mr.  J.  J. 
Lovegrove,  of  Spring-grove ;  that  the  grounds 
are  being  laid  out  by  Mr.  D.  Chester,  of  North- 
street,  Lisson  grove,  who  presented  the  WeUinj- 
tonia  giganlca  which  the  Prince  of  Wales 
planted  ;  the  spade  (silver  and  oak)  used  on  the 
occasion  being  supplied  by  the  Messrs.  Mappin, 
Brothers,  silversmiths.  Regent-street.  The  furni- 
ture and  fittings  are  being  supplied  by  Mr.  F. 
Moeder,  of  Tottenham  Court-road,  W." 


design  for  a  church  at  Liverpool  is  a  direct  con- 
firmation of  the  above  remark.  On  what  prin- 
ciple Mr.  Bassett  Keeling  (who  has  had  no  share 
whatever  in  the  reviews)  is  brought  into  the 
question,  I  am  at  a  loss  to  understand ;  but  I 
have  no  hesitation  in  saying  that  a  man  who 
could  draw  an  analogy  between  my  quiet  and 
somewhat  ordinary  design  for  Holy  Cross  Church, 
now  being  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  and 
Mr.  Keeling's  vivacious  and  original  conceptions, 
must  be  beneath  contempt ;  in  fact,  I  shrewdly 
suspect  that  your  correspondent  attacked  Mr. 
Keeling's  works  and  my  design,  not  on  account  of 
any  special  demerits  that  he  could  discern  therein, 
but  because  you  and  others  had  done  so  pre- 
viously ;  for  when  the  mastiff  growls,  the  curs 
and  pujipies  generally  yelp  in  chorus.  I  am  quite 
prepared  to  admit  that  the  church  in  question,  as 
shown  in  my  drawing,  has  certainly  a  somewhat 
drawn  out  and  attenuated  eU'ect,  as  though  it  had 
been  forced  in  a  hothouse ;  but,  for  all  that,  it 
demonstrates  sufficient  unity  of  conception,  pro- 
portion of  parts,  and  beauty  of  form  to  make  ita 
defence  possible  ;  and  I  am  prepared  to  defend 
it.  True,  it  partakes  rather  of  the  poplar  than  of 
the  oak,  but  still,  like  a  poplar,  it  has  a  natural 
growth  ;  and  perhaps  possesses,  by  comparison, 
some  of  the  beauty  of  that  elegant  but  not  very 
characteristic  tree. 

As  soon  as  your  correspondent  has  the  courage 
publicly  to  avow  himself,  I  shall  be  ready  to 
prove  practically  the  truth  of  what  I  have  above 
stated,  a  result  which  the  writer  who  now  signs 
himself  a  "  Tail-tip,"  &c.,  has  hitherto  shown 
himself  utterly  unable  to  accomplish  in  regard  to 
his  own  works. — I  am,  &c., 

E.  Welby  PUQIN. 

The  Grange,  Ramsgate,  July  16. 


TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 

To  Our  Readers. — We  sh<all  fool  obliged  to  any  of  our 
re.iders  wlio  will  favour  U3  with  brief  notes  of  worka  con- 
temijlated  or  in  pro^-eas  in  tlie  pro^'inces. 

Letters  relating  to  advertisements  and  the  ordinary  busi- 
ness of  tlie  paper  .^liould  be  addressed  to  the  Editok,  106, 
Fleet-street.  Advertisements  for  the  current  week  must 
reach  the  office  before  5  o'clock  p  m.  on  Tinirsday. 

NoTici;.— The  BUILDING  NEWS  inserts  advertise- 
ments for  '■  SITU.\T10NS  WANTED,"  &c.,  at  ONE 
SHILLING  for  the  first  Twenty. four  Words. 


EICEIVED.— E.  W.— G.  F.  P.— R.  E.  L.— E.  W.  C— H.  T. 
— R.  M.  E— A.  W.  T.-H.  G.  L.— E.  W.  P.— J.  P.  E  — 
S.  B.— W.  S.— B.  and  D.,  answered  by  post  — R.  P.— ,1.  P., 
next  week. — W.  W.,  cousulta  lawyer. — W.  B.  E.,  answered 
l)y  post. 

W.  L.,  Leek. —  Mr.  Lockwood's  design  for  the  New  Law 
Courts  will  be  given  in  a  week. 

J.  T.  T. — There  were  some  answers  on  plasteiing  ceilings 
[So.  371]  in  Buu.DiNO  New.s,  M.iy  10,  lSb7. 

"  Young  Architect "  has  our  thanks  fur  calling  .attention 
to  the  systematic  dishonesty  pr<actised  by  the  miserable 
journal  mentioned.  We  will  give  it  a  reeling  blow  next 
week. 

AV.  n.  T.  —  All  the  numbers  which  contain  the  articles 
on,  and  illustrations  of,  the  Law  Courts  are  in  stock. 

J.  P..  St.  Austell,  does  right.  Whenever  anyone  h.oa .any 
complaint  to  m.ake  let  him  wi'ito  to  the  editor. 


Correspondence. 


THE    LAW  COURTS    COMPETITION    AND 
THE   WESTMINSTER  GAZETTE. 

To  tlie  Editor  of  the  Buildinq  News. 

Sir, — The  melancholy  diminution  of  your  cor- 
respondent who  signs  himself  "The  Tail-tip  of 
one  of  the  Competitors  for  the  Law  Courts,"  &c., 
arises,  I  imagine,  scarcely  so  much  from  what  he 
calls  the  "  inanity,"  as  from  the  incontrovertible 
truth  of  the  criticisms  that  have  appeared  on 
the  subject.  The  force  of  such  criticisms  is  not 
to  be  refuted  by  anonymous  insolence  or  personal 
abuse.  If  "  no  importance  is  to  be  attached  to 
the  reviews  in  the  ^ycst)mnster  Gazette"  why 
should  your  correspondent  whine  so  piteously  ? 
Criticism,  however  caustic,  can  have  no  weight 
unless  supported  by  sound  argument  founded  on 
facts.     The  scurrilous  abuse  of  myself  and  my 


ADVERTISING  DRAUGHTSMEN. 

Sir, — On  perusing  Mr.  Street's  most  ungene- 
rous communication  relating  to  the  above,  it 
struck  me  that  he  was  really  doing  what  he  so 
sarcastically  ^condemned,  i.e.,  advertising— adver- 
tising his  exceptional  talent — taking  the  cheap 
opportunity  of  letting  people  know  that  he  did 
not  rely  upon  external  help  of  any  kind,  oh  !  dear, 
no  !  Now,  does  Mr.  Street  really  mean  to  tell  us 
that  he  makes  all  his  own  drawings  without  any 
aid  whatever  ?  because  his  letter  would  lead  one 
to  infer  this,  for  he  utterly  ignores  rough  sketches 
— does  not  know  what  they  are,  in  fact— a  sort  of 
thing  he  hears  about  but  never  sees — lucky  man  ? 
1  have  seen  lots  of  them,  and  undoubtedly  rough 
some  of  them  were,  too  ;  so  rough,  in  fact,  that 
there  was  some  difficulty  in  determining  which 
way  you  ought  to  look  at  them  in  order  to  gain 
the  desired  inspiration,  the  top  being  often  so  very 
much  like  the  bottom.  Why  he  should  pretend 
to  be  so  innocent  of  what  goes  on  around  him  in 
the  architectural  world,  I  do  not  know,  unless  it 
be  that  it  gives  him  the  opportunity  of  adver- 
tising that  he  is  the  architect  par  excelhyicc — who 
makes  all  his  own  drawings,  the  latter  portion  of 
the  letter  leaving  you  to  infer  he  is  obUged  to  do 
this  because  there  are  no  assistants  whose  art 
knowledge  is  sufficient  to  enable  them  satisfac- 
torily to  interpret  his  ideas. 

I  do  not  know  how  many  a  m.an  with  talents 
perhaps  not  surpassed  by  Mr.  Street  would  man- 
age to  make  a  living  were  it  not  for  the  great 
demand  there  is  in  the  profession  for  occasional 
skilled  assistance — for  talent  does  not  always 
secure  for  its  possessor  that  success  which  Mr. 
Street  would  appear  to  consider  its  inevitable 
adjunct.  I  know  many  instances  where  this  la 
far  from  being  the  case,  and  should  have  thought 
that  some  such  must  have  come  within  the  range 
(though  apparently  narrow)  of  Mr.  Street's  obser- 
vation, and  why  these  men  may  not  seek  a  market 
for  their  skill,  knowing  that  there  is  a  demand  for 
it,  without  so  seriously  disturbing  the  amour 
propre  of  Mr.  Street,  I  must  confess  I  cannot  for 
the  life  of  me  understand.  In  conclusion,  I  would 
observe  that  I  am  sorry  the  gentlemen  specially 
referred  to  in  Mr.  Street's  letter  had  not  the 
pluck  to  write  and  defend  themselves,  instead  of 
leaving  the  task  to  others. — I  am.  Sir,  yours,  &c. 
A  Draughtsman  who  does  not  Advektisb. 

July  15.     

Sir,— I  have  no  cause  to  regret  th.at  my  en- 
gagements have  prevented  me,  till  to-day,  from 
seeing  in  your  colums  the  recent  discussion  upon 
the  subject  of  architectural  circulars,  and,  in  jM-r- 
ticular,  one  lately  issued  by  my  colleague,  Mr. 
Joseph  Nash,  jun.,  and  myself.    That  subject  has 


July  19,  1867. 


THE  BUILDINa  NEWS. 


503 


been,  on  the  whole,  so  impartially  and  almost  ex- 
haustively treated,  especially  in  the  latter  of  the 
able  replies  to  Jlr.  Street's  letter,  that  I  feel 
scarcely  called  upon  to  do  more  than  leave  well 
alone,  and  thank  the  unknown  authors  of  those 
replies  for  their  views  upon  a  very  important 
question,  and  you,  ilr.  Eilitor,  for  inserting  the 
whole.  Yet  I  may,  perhaps,  be  permitted  to  say, 
that,  while  we  do  not  at  all  feel  aggrieved  by  Mr. 
Street's  letter,  as  it  obviously  bears  its  own  ;mti- 
dote,  he  must  pardon  me  for  remarking  that 
I  regret  it  as  one  more  needless  confirmation  of 
the  oft-repeated,  but  undeniably  true,  saying,  that 
there  is  more  unseemly  jealousy  and  petty  acri- 
mony in  the  architectiu-al  profession  than  in 
any  other  calling  under  the  sun.  While  enter- 
taining the  utmost  possible  respect  and  esteem  for 
Mr.  Street,  and  admiration  for  his  great  personal 
talent,  of  which  I  am  fully  aware,  and,  which  he 
himself  appears  in  his  letter  to  underrate,  I 
much  regret  the  tone  of  that  letter,  and  that  he 
should  have  adopted  in  application  to  himself 
such  an  unhappy  construction  of  the  unwittingly 
offending  circular.  For  myself,  I  venture  to 
think,  that,  had  I  the  honour  of  being  intimately 
known  by  Mr.  Street,  he  would  never  have  suf- 
fered himself  to  write  that  letter,  and  he  would 
have  been  aware  that,  during  twenty- one  years' 
ardent  devotion  to  my  profession,  I  have  even, 
as  he  suggests,  had  several  successful  opportuni. 
ties  of  engaging  in  competition,  by  which  means, 
he  appears  to  think  an  architect  must  win  his 
spurs.  I  would  respectfully  beg  of  Mr.  Street  to 
associate  mth  his  efforts  in  the  cause  of  Christian 
architecture  a  little  of  that  Christian  spirit  which 
teaches  us  to  tolerate  and  sympathise  with  all  less 
fortunate  than  ourselves  in  the  battle  of  life. 
Having  himself  found  an  open  door,  let  him  not 
shut  it  against  the  nest  comere. — I  am,  &c., 

John  Ldddell. 
York  Chambers,  Adelphi,  July  16. 


FLIMSY  SLATING. 


Sib, — Why  is  it  that  men  of  great  practice  and 
experience  are  constantly  recommending  and 
using  such  over  large  size  slates  on  roofs  now-a- 
days,  namely,  Duchess,  Ton,  Imperial,  and  Queen 
slates  ?  Now,  for  one  of  these  monster  slates 
there  are  only  two  small  nails  used  for  nailing 
them  on  to  the  roof,  which  are  of  the  worst 
possible  kind  of  nail  that  can  be  imagined.  The 
result  of  this  slop  slating  is  that  the  first  storm 
lifts  the  tail  of  one  slate,  which  acts  as  a  lever  to 
those  above  it,  and  hence  a  great  space  of  the 
roof  soon  becomes  opened  to  view.  As  a  general 
rule,  I  would  first  suggest  that  no  roofing  timber 
should  be  framed  at  a  lower  pitch  than  45  deg., 
nor  above  55  deg. ;  all  slating  battens  should  be 
3iu.  X  lin.  thick  after  the  saw.  The  slates  should 
in  no  case  be  more  than  12in.  X  6in.,  giving  3in. 
lap.  The  nails  should  be  of  the  best  vrrought 
iron  clout,  well  dipped  in  oil  prior  to  being  used, 
and,  where  practicable,  to  render  the  under 
side  of  slating  with  well- prepared  lime  and  hair 
mortar.  It  is  easily  seen  that  small  sized  slates 
are  the  safest  and  best  to  adopt  for  works  of  any 
kind. — I  am,  &c,.  New  Style. 

THE   POPULAR   GOTHIC    OBJECTIONS    TO 
CLASSIC. 

Sir, — ^\yill  you  permit  me  only  a  small  space  to  put  a 
few  questions  that  I  think  young  men  in  the  present  day 
might  well  take  into  consideration.  Classic  architecture 
cm  have  a  high  roof  as  well  as  Gothic— to  wit,  the  Queen 
Anne  houses  and  Inigo  Jones's  stone  building  in  Lincoln's 
Inu-fields.  You  w.'int,  in  the  present  day,  in  cities,  a  long 
tall  window,  and  for  modem  glazing  it  is  tmiversally  ad- 
mitted thata  square-topped  window  isthe  most  convenient. 
'=^Jf^'^  architecture  of  stone  a  square-topped  window 
can  be  constructed  on  as  thoroughly  true  principles  of 
construction  as  any  Gothic  arch.  In  brick  vou  have  the 
seisaieutal  arch.  The  pediment  is  as  legitimate  as  the  hood 
mouldmg.  There  is  nothing  in  the  architecture  of  Iniso 
Jones  or  Wren  that  is  in  any  way  unsnited  to  our  climate. 
Clanic  architecture  stands  on  bett«r  ground  than  modem 
foreign  Gothic  because  it  has  been  successfuUv  introduced 
mto  our  climate.  There  is  nothing  in  Inigo  Jones's  oma- 
moutation  unsuited  to  this  climate.  If  we  speak  of  the 
apmt  of  old  work  we  shall  get  better  political  euonomv  out 
of  the  republic  of  Plato  than  out  of  the  lath  centurv  feudal 
Darhansm.    But  we  do  not  want  the  past  ofanv  kind.— I 


am,  ia, 


A.  B.  C. 


JURORS'  AWARDS. 

Sir,— Will  you  kindly  insert  the  following  letter,  which 
M  a  copy  of  one  we  have  addressed  to  the  British  E.tecutive 
V-ommiKioners  of  the  Paris  Exhibition.— Wo  are,  &c  , 

London,  July  16.  Powis,  James,  and  Co. 

(Copy.) 

GprLEMEs,— We  consider  the  award  of  a  bronze  medal 

made  to  us  for  our  Wood  Working  Machinery,  in  Class  51, 

biX?.'''t*ff?''"'J'^''*'^'^  unworthy  of  the  position 

uitDerto  held  by  oui  firm.     It  is  not  in  accordance  with 


the  comparative  novelty  in  design,  workmanship,  and 
utility  of  the  machines  exhibited  by  tis.  Wo  applied  for 
and  occupied  our  si>ace  witb  the  full  belief  that  wo  wore 
going  to  compete  fairly  with  the  world  in  our  particuLar 
UMls  ;  but  the  result  of  awards  clearly  shows  that  there 
has  been  most  unfair  partiality,  or  w.ant  of  ability  to 
decide  the  respective  merits  on  the  part  of  the  jui-ors.  Wo 
cannot  understiuid  why  no  gold  mod.al  should  have  been 
given  for  wood  working  machinery  in  the  British  section, 
wliilst  the  Grand  Prix  and  two  gold  medals  wei-o  awanled 
for  engineeni'  tools  in  the  same  cLass  and  group  of  th-at 
section.  We  consider  that  there  have  been  greater  recent 
improvements  in  wood  working  m:ichinery  than  in  almost 
any  other  kind;  and  chiUleuge  any  practical  and  dis- 
int^restetl  jury  to  deny  our  iissertion  "that  there  is  uo  wood 
working  m.achinery  in  the  whole  Kxhibitiou  eciual  to  our 
ovm,  if  novelty,  workman.ship,  and  utility,  as  afore- 
mentioned, are  to  be  the  tests  as  originally  intended. 
Finally,  we  should  like  t*i  know  uix>u  what  principle  or 
grounds  the  jurors  made  their  .awards  in  our  clixss,  as  wo 
shall  certainly  decline  receiving  the  medal  they  have 
awarded  t<)  us. — We  are,  .fcc. 
To  the  British  Executive  Commissioners,  i:c. 


ZINC. 

SiK,— We  have  read  your  article  of  the  12th  inst.  on 
*'  Zinc,"  and  are  glad  to  see  that  you  express  a  favourable 
opinion  of  it  .as  a  material  for  covering  roofs.  We  only 
trouble  you  with  this,  as  wo  think  the  public  might  derive 
an  impression  that  Mr.  Edme.stiUi  is  the  only  architect,  .and 
th.at  Messrs,  Devaui  and  Mi'.  Tyler  are  the  only  .agents  of 
the  Vieille  Montague  Company. 

The  fiicts  are — that  both  Mr.  Edmeston  and  Messrs. 
J.  and  R.  Fisher  are  architects  of  the  Vieille  Moutagne 
Company  ;  that  Messrs.  Devaux  and  ourselves  are  the  only 
agents  for  the  Company's  roofing  zinc  ;  that  Mr.  Tyler  is 
not  an  agent  to  the  Company,  although  he  may,  and  no 
doubt  he  does,  use  the  Company's  metiil,  pm-chased 
through  Messra.  Devaux,  who  are  not  themselves  zinc 
workers  and  manufacturers,  as  we  are. — Yoru-s.  i:c. , 

F.  Brabv  and  Co. 

Fitzroy  Works,  Euston-ro.ad.  July  17. 

PS. — We  are  the  more  induced  to  trouble  you  with  the 
comuitmication,  as  our  advertisement  claiming  to  be  the 
sole  manufacturing  agents  of  the  Company  appears  on  the 
page  opposite  to  the  article  in  question.  Without  an  ex- 
planation it  would  seem  that  we  claim  a  position  to  which 
we  are  not  entitled. 


Iiitcrromuunucatioit. 


NOTICE. 
Correspondents  are  respectfully  requested  to  write  the 
questions  and  answeis  in  as  few  words  as  possible,  to  put 
titles  to  their  questions,  and  the  numbers  and  titles  to  the 
aI)s^yer3.  We  regard  "Intercomuimiicatiou"  as  peculiarly 
our  subscribers'  department.  It  was  instituted  for  their 
mutual  benefit,  and  its  value  almost  solely  depends  on  the 
interest  they  take  in  it.  We  find  there  are  more  corre- 
spondents disposed  to  ask  than  to  answer  questions,  but  if 
all  were  alike  disposed  to  give  as  to  receive  trifles  of  this 
nature  there  would  be  no  lack  of  answers.  Weare  continu- 
ally receiving  letters  in  praise  of  the  practical  value  of  this 
part  of  the  Bdilding  News. 


QUESTIONS. 
[485.]— RAISING  BUILDINGS  BODILY.— I  am  told 
that  in  some  parts  of  the  United  States— where  very  won- 
derful things  certainly  are  accomplished— they  think 
nothing  of  lifting  a  large  warehouse  bodily  and  putting  a 
new  storey  underneath  it.  Is  this  a  fact  or  a  fable?  and, 
if  the  former,  will  some  of  your  American  or  travelled 
readers  tell  us  how  it  is  done  ? — Sckptic. 


[4S6.  ]— SHARPENING  TOOLS.— Is  it  true  that  a  better 
edge  may  be  given  to  cutting  tools,  say  chisels,  plane-irons, 
(fcc. ,  by  soaking,  or,  rather,  immersing  them  in  water  before 
applying  them  to  a  hone  or  whetstone?  If  so,  should  the 
water  be  hot  or  cold,  salt  or  fresh  ?  and  why  is  the  effect 
produced  ? — Firmeb. 

[487.]— BLACK  MORTAR.— Some  weeks  since  one  of 
your  correspondents  suggested  the  use  of  coal  dust  in  order 
to  obtain  the  required  colour.  I  have  a  quantity  of  sand 
which  has  been  used  in  an  iron  foundry,  and  into  the  com- 
position of  which  both  coal  dust  and  charcoal  dust  enter. 
With  me  it  is  not  a  question  of  colour,  but  1  wish  to  know 
if  such  sand  will  make  good  strong  building  mortar,  or  if 
either  of  the  above  ingredients,  or  its  frequeut  use  in  the 
foundry,  in  any  way  render  it  unfit  for  this  purpose.  Per- 
haps some  one  will  throw  light  on  this  dark  subject  — 
C.  T.  H.  

[4SS.]— CEMENT  ON  LATH  AND  TIMBER.— T  am 
about  to  renew  the  outside  pListering  of  a  house  which  has 
been  done  in  a  lath  and  timber  framed  building,  and  the  new 
work  will  be  put  on  lath  again.  The  owner  wishes  to  have 
it  done  in  cement.  Will  you  kindly  advise  me  as  to  the 
best  mode  and  material  to  Iw  used  on  the  lath  for  the  first 
coat  to  be  followed,  with  cement. — A  Subscribep.. 


[489.]- ASSISTANT  ENGINEERS  AND  DRAUGHTS- 
MEN'S ASSOCIATION.— The  above  society,  primarily 
suggested  some  nine  months  ago  by  Mr.  R.  M.  Bancroft, 
and  which  now  seems  in  a  fair  way  of  becoming  a  reaiity, 
is,  I  think,  well  worthy  the  attention  of  all  interested,  and 
therefore  too  much  cannot  be  known  of  its  intended  forma- 
tion. I  should  like,  therefore,  to  ask  Mr.  Bancroft,  through 
3'our  columns,  how  he  intends  dealing  with  countiy  sub- 
scribers?—C.  T.,  Derby,  July  15. 

[490.]— APPLYING  GOLD  TO  MARBLE.— Will  any 
of  your  numerous  readers  kindly  inform  me  how  to  proceed 
in  applying  gold  and  flat  colour  to  various  parts  of  a 
work  in  marble? — Ax  A3L4.teur. 


[491.]— WALTRAM  ABBEY.— Can  any  correspondent, 
through  "Intercommunication,"  inform  me  when  the 
existing  outside  arch  of  Walthani  Abbey  was  erected — that 
is,  the  arch  which  formerly  divided  the  nave  from  the 
cliancel,  and  is  now  built  up  to  form  the  end  of  the  pre- 
sent church  ?— Quiz. 


[491] —  THE  NATURE  OF  THE  GROUND  FOR 
ERECTING  BUILDINGS  UPON.— Will  any  of  yournume- 
rous  correspondents  favour  mo  with  some  practiail  hints 
resiiecting  the  mode  of  procedure  in  ascertaining  the  nature 
of  the  ground  wlnjro  buildings  are  about  to  be  erected? 
I  have  always  experienced  some  difticulty  on  this  point ; 
and,  if  I  am  rightly  iuformed,  the  greatest  builders  and 
contractors  caunot  reduce  the  question  to  any  satisfactory 
rule. — Inquirer. 

[493.]-BUILDING  STONE.— Where  would  be  the  beat 
place  in  London  to  put  a  piece  of  stone  for  the  iusi>octioa 
of  arclutects  and  others  ;  and  would  there  be  anrthing  to 
pay  for  the  same ;  and  should  it  be  a  worketl  specimen  ? 
What  would  you  recommend— a  piece  of  moulded  stone  or 
a  dressed  square  piece? — Biildkk. 

[There  is  a  museum  a(  building  appliances  at  9,  Conduit- 
street,  W.,  where  "Builder"  can  exhibit  what  he  likes 
by  paying  for  the  8i>ac«  occupied.  Write  to  D.  0.  Boyd 
at  tliat  address.] 


REPLIES. 

[433.]— DRAINING  VILLA  LANDS  —I  beg  to  say  that 

"  E.  E."  is  entirely  wrong,  as  overflow  from  cesspools  must 
naturally  pollute  any  water  it  mingles  \vith.  I  have  a 
plan  by  which  good  and  eflectual  drainage  might  be  eftected 
without  polluting  the  ditch,  and  which  I  will  undertake 
to  accomplish  if  retiuired  to  do  so. — TnoM.\s  Heeden,  Con- 
tractor, 9,  Sovith-street,  CamberwelL 


[445.]— VENTILATION.— Kattray'a  patent  waterproof 
and  ventilating  casements  placed  near  the  bottom  of  iho 
building  would  let  in  air  which  would  soon  vibrate  through 
and  drive  the  light  aii*  or  gases  out  at  tho  top. — S. 


[462.]— COLOURING  PERSPECTIVES.— If  "Once  a 
Hod  Boy"  were  to  try  and  give  the  required  tint  to  his 
drawings  in  the  first  or  second  wash  instead  of  "  colouring 
them  over  and  over"  again,  he  would  find  much  greater 
brilliancy  of  efl*ect  obtained  than  by  the  latter  process.  If 
he  must  lino  in  his  drawings  with  some  kind  of  ink,  tho 
best  he  can  use  (whether  for  sepia  or  coloured  drawings)  is, 
I  think,  Prout's  brown,  price  Is.  per  bottle,  but  he  will 
find  his  drawings  w-ill  have  a  much  better  eflect  if  he  leaves 
the  original  pencil  outline,  touching  up,  of  course,  a  line 
here  and  there,  and  not  inking  them  in  at  all,  as  it  gives 
them  a  hard  and  unreal  appearance.  Why  not,  if  possible, 
sketch  a  little  from  nature  such  objects  as  clouds,  trees, 
foliage,  &c.,  instead  of  getting  into  the  habit  of  copying 
other  people's  efforts  ? — F.  T. 


[403.]— THATCHED  CHURCHES.— In  reply  to  "  In- 
quirer," he  will  find  several  churches  covered  with  tliatch 
in  the  eastern  counties,  viz.,  Long  Stanton,  Cambridge- 
shire, which  lias  very  early  lean-to  ajsle  roofs ;  Thorpe 
St.  Andiew,  near  Norwich  ;  and  Burlingham  St.  E<lmund, 
Norfolk,  which  last  is  a  good  example  of  the  collar  and 
brace  tye  roof.  This  church  also  contains  an  illuminated 
rood  sci^en  and  pulpit,  with  the  original  hour  glass  and 
stand  in  a  perfect  state  of  preservation.  In  1S36  when 
cleaning  the  w;ills,  two  fresai  paintings  were  discovered,  one 
representing  the  murder  of  Thomas  a  Becket,  the  other  St. 
Chi-istjpher. — Johx  Elus. 

[40S.] — In  reply  to  "Inquirer,"  thatched  roofe  are  by  no 
means  uncommon  in  Norfolk.  In  the  next  parish,  to 
Little  Milton,  Marlingford,  the  church  roof  is  thatched, 
and  there  are  plenty  of  others  iu  Norfolk,  such  as  the  fol- 
lowing ; — St.  Margaret,  Pastow  ;  St.  Ethelred,  Norwich  ; 
St.  Peter,  Ridlington  ;  St.  Nicholas,  Swafield ;  and  St. 
Michael,  Ormesby.  In  Lincolnshire,  St.  Margaret,  Somers- 
by ;  and  in  Suffolk,  St.  Andrew,  Garleston,  Pakefield, 
Gilesham,  and  Kirtley.  The  chancel  of  Homing  is  thatched. 
The  church  of  Rigsby,  near  Alford,  Lincoln,  which  was 
rebuUt  iu  1863,  afforded  an  example  of  the  above-named 
roof,  rmd  one  is  still  existing  at  Markby  in  the  same  neigh- 
bourhood. The  custom  of  thatching  has  probably  arisen 
from  the  ease  with  which  reeds  are  procured  in  the  great 
marshes  which  even  now  form  so  marked  a  feature  in  the 
county.  The  beams  supporting  the  chancel  roof  at  Little 
Melton  are  arranged  like  those  of  a  common  barn,  but 
those  of  the  nave  are  placed  together  in  a  way  which  is 
very  effective  in  an  architectural  point  of  view.  There  are 
faint  traces  of  painting,  too,  on  some  of  the  beams  in  the 
nave  at  Little  ilelton. — J.  J.  P. 


[4S0.]— LETTERS  ON  PLANKS,  DEALS,  &c.— Your 
correspondent  in  asking  for  full  p;irticulars  of  the  meaning 
of  the  various  marks  on  timbei-s  is  little  aware  of  the  mag- 
nitude of  his  demand,  as  it  would  fill  a  volume  to  give  but 
an  incomplete  notice.  The  letters  alluded  to  by  "H.  W." 
are  termed  brands  iu  the  trade,  and  they  serve  the  same 
purpose  as  brands  in  other  trades,  denoting  the  name  of 
the  maker  and  the  quality  of  the  materials.  This  is  a 
matter  of  no  moment  to  either  the  architect  or  the  builder, 
as  they  always  judge  from  sight  for  the  quality  of  their 
timber  ;  but  with  the  merchant,  who  very  often  has  to  buy 
from  representation,  but  more  so  with  the  importers,  who 
caimot  be  supposed  to  inspect  the  goods  before  purcliase, 
a  knowledge  of  the  brands  on  timber  is  one  of  the  leading 
re(iuiremeuts.  Timber  merchants,  generallj'  si>eaking,  do 
not  enhghten  builders  on  this  subject,  but  look  upon  them 
in  the  light  of  private  marks,  and  with  those  who  do  a 
cutting  trade  different  names  and  qualities  are  given  to 
the  goods  t  >  those  which  the  brands  implies.  The  rule  in 
the  timber  trade  is  that  the  goods  are  branded,  but  there 
are  many  exceptions,  some  shippers  simply  denoting  the 
qualities  by  a  red  chaUc  mark  on  the  side,  thus,  i.  n.  m., 
or  (i)  (ii)  (in).  The  brands  on  the  Russian  and  Finland 
goods  are  small,  and  are  simply  indentations  caused  by  the 
blow  of  a  hammer.  Those  of  the  Swedish  make  are  red 
letters  or  devices  stencilled  on  in  a  very  conspicuous  man-  • 
ner.  From  Norway  we  have  blue  letters,  and  from  Canada, 
on  the  pine  goods  the  letters  are  black.  To  understand  tho 
whole  of  the  brands  is  to  possess  more  knowledge  than  tho 
most  experienced  timber  merchants,  as  they  are  only  ac- 
quaiutei.1  with  the  goods  they  are  in  the  habit  of  buj-ing 
and  dealing  in.  When  it  is  considered  there  are  himdVeds 
of  ports  where  timber  is  shipped  from,  and  there  are  in- 
numerable makers  branding  each  quality  of  their  goods 
with  separate  marks,  it  will  be  easUy  understood  how  com- 
plicated is  the  nature  of  the  question  yoxir  correspondent 
wishes  to  be  eid.ightened  upon.  For  his  satisfaction  I  will 
offer  a  few  leading  remarks,  but  they  must  be  received  in  a 
somewhat  exceptional  manner,  as  there  are  customs  con- 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


July  19,  1867 


nected  with  the  trade  that  it  would  1»  too  tedious  to  detail 
As  an  instance,  we  w-iU  take  a  Stockholm  shiiiineut  of 
goods  We  have  E  crown  F.  for  the  first  quaUty,  JEF,  for  the 
Seconds,  and  JEFO.  for  tlie  tllilds  ;  this  wovdd  imply  they 
were  made  bv  J.  E.  Franke.  With  a  make  from  &oder- 
haum  we  should  have  the  first  quaUty  branded  BSbO,  the 
seconds  B.C.,  and  the  thirds  do  mark  at  aU  ;  in  this  case 
they  would  be  called  "  nnbrauded."  Gelio  goods  would 
be  m.arked,  first  quality,  C  crown  B,  the  second  quality 
C  +  B,  the  thirds  C  +  +  B,  and  the  fourths  C  V  B. 
Another  maker's  brand  would  be  K  AB  firsts,  ^  AS  seconds 
and  —»  for  the  thirds.  With  people  who  are  acquainted 
•with  the  marks  there  is  a  special  language  by  wluch  the 
goods  and  their  qualities  are  understood.  It  would  run 
something  after  this  style.  "  How  do  you  like  the  O  crown 
B  stock,  the  C  cross  B.  or  the  C  two  cross  B's  ?'  In  closing 
these  hasty  remarks,  I  may  say  that  1  do  not  thmk  the  in- 
formation "H.  W."  wants  the  fiUl  particulars  of  can  be 
obtained  in  a  printed  form:  it  is  one  of  those  bnuiches  of 
knowledge  that  can  only  be  acquired  by  the  old-fashioned 
principle  of  practice.— W.  S.,  Nottingham. 


WATER  SUPPLY  AND  SANITARY 

MATTERS. 

The  drainage  of  a  portion  of  the  Zuyder  Zee  is  seriously 
contemplated  in  Holland.  An  eminent  engineer  M. 
Beyerinck,  has  a  plan  for  recovering  500,000  acres  from 
the  water— that  is  the  whole  of  the  part  situated  between 
the  south  of  Keteldien  .and  the  north  of  the  Isle  of  Urk. 

We  recently  aUuded  to  the  wretched  sanitary  condition 
of  Newcastle,  which,  in  truth,  is  just  about  as  bad  as  it 
well  can  be.  Onr  remarks  are  fully  borne  out  by  a  corres- 
dent  of  a  medical  journal,  who  states  that  of  55,366  people 
or  nearly  one-half  the  population,  within  the  borough  of 
Newcastle-on-Tyne,  whose  dwellings  were  inspected  in  the 
be-imiin-  of  this  year,  one-eighth  of  these  houses  had  not, 
at°thedate  of  inspection,  the  means  of  good  ventilation. 
One-ei"hth  of  the  houses  were  without  even  water  sup- 
plv  either  from  tie  water  company  or  other  legitimate 
sources  One-fifth  of  the  houses  were  without  even  privy 
accommodation.  The  drainage  of  two-thii;ds  of  the  houses 
oulv  was  good;  and  of  the  remaining  third,  more  than 
a  third  or  an  eighth  of  the  whole  number,  were  without 
any  di-aina^e.  We  are  glad  to  hear  that  the  Corporation 
are  about  to  take  immediate  steps  to  inaugurate  a  move- 
ment for  improving  the  more  miserable  dwellings  of  the 
town. 


STAINED   GLASS. 


Parsley.— The  church  ofFai-sley,  near  Leeds,  has  been 
reopened  after  restoration.  The  whole  of  the  chancel  win- 
dows, but  more  particularly  the  three  eastern,  have  been 
filled' with  stained  glass  as  a  memorial  to  the  Bev.  Samuel 
Marsden,  who  died  at  Sydney,  Australia,  in  1838,  where 
a  memorial  has  been  raised  to  him  at  a  cost  of  £6,000. 

Guildhall.— A  stained  glass  window  has  been  erected 
in  this  hall  by  the  Haberdashers'  Company.  In  the  two 
lower  compartments  .are  representations  of  the  patron 
saintaof  the  Company  (St.  Katherine  and  St.  Nichola.s), 
with  their  appropriate  emblems.  Above  the  figure  of  St. 
Nicholas  aie  placed  the  coat  of  arms  and  sujiporters  of 
Queen  Elizabeth,  from  whom  the  Haberdashers'  Company 
derived  their  present  charter  of  incon'oration  ;  and  on  the 
corresponding  sides  are  the  arms  and  supporters  of  the 
Company,  with  the  motto  "Serve  and  Obey."  Imme- 
diately above  the  arms  of  Eliz.abeth  are  the  emblems  of 
the  Houses  of  York  and  Lancaster,  afterwards  blended  in 
the  Tudor  family,  and  here  represented  by  the  Ked  and 
White  Rise.  On  the  side  above  the  Company's  ai-ms  may 
be  seen  the  sj-mbols  of  the  Hatters  and  Hurrers  and  the 
Milliners,  which  companies  were  afterwards  merged  in  the 
Haberdashers.  The  whole  are  surmounted  by  the  beehive, 
indicating  Industry. 


according  to  the  rules  agreed  upon  last  year,  when 
the  strike  took  place  between  the  master  joiners 
and  the  men.  The  defendant,  not  being  a  master 
joiner,  objected  to  give  any  notice,  or  to  be  bound 
by  the  rules  between  masters  and  men.  It  was 
admitted  that  the  defendant  was  not  bound  by 
the  rules,  unless  he  could  prove  that  he  had  agreed 
to  abide  by  them,  which  he  could  not,  but  hecon- 
tended  that  irrespective  of  those  rules  the  plamtiff 
was  entitled  to  reasonable  notice.  The  judge  said 
he  agreed  with  that,  if  the  plaintiff  had  done  his 
duty  whilst  he  was  employed.  The  plaintiff  said 
he  had,  during  the  two  days  and  a-half  he  had  been 
employed,  fitted,  hung,  and  completed  eight  doors, 
fixed  eight  sets  of  moiUdings,  set  on  four  door 
latches,  and  pieced  two  door  casings.  Mr.  Denton, 
a  master  joiner,  was  called,  and  stated  that  he 
considered  the  plaintiff'  had  done  his  duty  by  com- 
pleting that  work  in  two  days  and  a. half.  On  the 
other  hand  the  defendant  called  Mr.  Hart,  a 
master  joiner,  and  two  other  witnesses,  who  said 
the  work  was  not  sufficient,  and  that  the  plaintiff 
ought  to  have  done  more  in  the  time.  The  judge 
said  the  weight  of  the  evidence  being  in  the 
defendant's  favour,  he  should  give  him  the 
verdict. 

Important  Qcestion  under  the  Building 
Acts. — Mr.  Bryett,  builder,  of  St.  James's-road, 
HoUoway,  was  charged  by  Mr.  John  Turner,  one 
of  the  District  Surveyors  of  Islington,  before  the 
Magistrates  of  Clerkenwell,  with  neglecting  to 
give  two  days'  notice  in  writing  before  commenc 
ing  certain  buildings  at  Cottenham-road.  Defend- 
ant gave  notice  as  to  the  houses,  but  afterwards 
made  some  additions  with  respect  to  which  no 
notice  had  been  given.  It  was  admitted,  however, 
that  these  additions  were  only  coal-sheds  with 
cisterns  ovei-  them.  It  was  contended  that  these 
additions  were  included  in  the  first  notice,  which 
was  for  "houses  and  additions,"  though  there 
might  have  been  some  slight  extension  of  the  area. 
The  surveyor  had  already  had  a  fee  of  a  guinea 
for  each  house.  It  was  also  shown  that  the  addi 
tions  were  made  previous  to  the  completion  of  the 
houses,  and  on  this  the  magistrate  dismissed  the 
summons. 


General  Items. 


' I  have 


LEGAL    INTELLIGENCE. 

A  carver  and  gUder  in  'Wardour-street  has  been 
fined  £5,  or  two  months,  for  copying,  exhibiting, 
and  selling  Mr.  Frith's  "  Railw.ay  Station,"  the 
property  of  Mr.  Graves,  of  Pall  Mall.  It  appeared 
that  Mr.  Graves  had  bought  this  well-known  pic- 
ture and  copyright  for  the  large  sum  of  £'23,000, 
includmg  the  right  of  publishing.  He  had  had  the 
picture  engraved,  copies  of  which  were  sold  for 
about  fifteen  guineas  each.  Spurious  photographs 
had  been  made  of  the  engraving,  which  could  be 
sold  for  2s.  6d.  or  5s.  each,  thus  putting  a  stop  to 
Mr.  Graves's  profits  by  the  sale  of  his  engravings, 
and  would,  rf  unchecked,  prove  a  serious  loss. 
The  defence  was  that  the  photograph  had  been 
left  with  the  defendant  by  a  gentleman  whose 
address  was  not  known,  to  be  framed,  and  that  he 
had  put  it  in  the  window  for  safety.  The  magis- 
trate, however,  was  of  opinion  that  the  photograph 
was  placed  in  the  window  for  sale,  and  that  the 
case  had  been  proved  ;  but,  believing  that  the  de. 
fendant  was  the  dupe  of  other  persons,  would  only 
impose  the  mitigated  penalty  of  £5,  or  two 
months. 

A  C.\SE  Affecttno  Joiners. — From  a  case 
which  was  decided  at  Leeds  last  week,  it  appeared 
that  a  Mr.  Stubbs,  a  coach  proprietor,  the  defend- 
ant, was  building  some  houses,  and  he  employed 
Robert  Worth,  joiner,  the  plaintiff,  and  another 
joiner  to  work  at  the  buildings.  After  the  plain- 
tiff had  been  at  work  two  days  and  a-half,  the 
defendant  discharged  liim  without  notice.  The 
plaintiff  demanded  a  day's  wages  or  a  day's  notice, 


Important   Case   to    Builders    at    Hull. — 
On   Friday,  John  Marshall,   a   Hull  builder,  was 
brought  by  summons  before  Mr.   T.  H.  Travis, 
the  Hull  Stipendary  Police   Magistrate,   charged 
with   having   committed   a   breach   of   the   Hull 
Improvement  Act,    1854.     Mr.  C.  S.  Todd,  law 
clerk  to  the  Local   Board  of  Health,  appeared  on 
behalf  of  that  body  to  prosecute.     He  said,  that 
by  the  53rd  section  of  the  Public  Health   Act, 
every  builder,  before  erecting  a  building,  should 
deposit  a  plan,  and,  if  it  was  passed,  should  build 
according  to  that   plan.     Any  persons  not  doing 
so  rendered  themselves  liable  to  a  fine  of  not  ex- 
ceeding £50  and  costs.      If  the  offence  was  con- 
tinued, a  further  penalty  of  10s.  per  day  could  be 
imposed.     In  the  present  case  the  defendant  sent 
in  a  plan  for  sixteen  houses  in  a  terrace,   when 
eight  of  this  number  had  been  erected  ;  but  the 
other  half  had  not  been  built.     There  ought  to 
have  been  a  space  of  20ft.  between  one  side  of  the 
terrace  and  the  other,  but  through  some  disagree- 
ment between  the  defendant  and  another   party, 
the  land  on  one  side  of  the  terrace  was  not  pur- 
chased, consequently  the  defendant  had  only  Sft. 
in  front  of  his  houses.     This  was  discovered  by 
the  Board's  inspector  (Mr.  W.  H.  WeUsted),  and 
proceedings  were   ordered   by  the   Works   Com- 
mittee.    The    defendant   said   that    he   intended 
carrying  out    the   regidations ;    but   could   only 
secure  part  of  the  land  owing  to  the  persons  who 
owned  the  property  subsequently  wanting  a  greater 
price  for  the  land  than  he  asked  at   first.     The 
Stipendary  said  if  the  defendant  had  not  posses- 
sion of  the  land  he  had  no  right  to  send  in  a  plan. 
Whatever   plan   was  sent   in  the  defendant  was 
bound  to  carry  out.     If  the  plan  was  not  strictly 
carried  out,  he  (Mr.   Travis)  had  a  right  to  order 
the  buildings  to  be  pulled  do\vn.     The  summons 
was  then  adjourned  for  a  month,  for  the  purpose 
of  allowing  the   defendant  to  carry  out  the  plan 
intact,  his  worship  observing  that  the  Board  had 
nothing  to  do  with  the  purchasing  of  the  land, 
and  of  course,  judging  from  the  plan  sent  in  by 
the    defendant,   were  of   opinion    that   the   land 
belonged  to  him.     He  was  willing  to  beUeve  that 
the  present  affair  was  an  accident. 


The  Emperor  Napoleon  has  just  presented  to  a 
co-operative  building  society  the  block  of  cottages 
which  he  had  built  to  serve  as  models  of  dwellings 
for  the  poor.    Ths  value  of  the  gift  is  510,000f. 


A  correspondent  writes  as  follows 
looked  forward  with  some  interest  for  a  reply  to 
the  important  statements  made  in  the  Building 
News,  on  the  2Sth  of  June  last,  regarding  the 
architecture  of  the  Westminster  Palace.  Mr.  E. 
W.  Pugin  distinctly  stated  that  '  the  plan  of  Par- 
liament House  was  wholly  Sir  Charles  Barry's; 
the  elevation  and  all  the  details  wholly  my 
father's.'  Consequently,  when  Mr.  Bright  stated, 
amid  the  cheers  of  the  House  of  Commons,  that 
the  Houses  of  ParUament  were  a  disgrace  to  the 
architecture  of  the  age,  on  account  of  its  lack  of 
accommodation,  the  blame,  if  Mr.  Pugin  is  cor- 
rect, is  entirely  due  to  Sir  Charles  Barry.  Has 
Mr.  E.  M.  Barry  nothing  to  say  to  this  charge  ? 
Does  he  intend  to  let  judgment  go  by  default  ? 
If  he  says  nothing,  I  shall  think  that  he  has 
either  nothing  to  say,  or  that  he  is  not  somuch 
disposed  to  vindicate  his  father's  reputation,  aa 
Mr.  Pugin  appears  ever  ready  and  willing  to 
remove  the  .slightest  dust  which  may  fall  on  the 
reputation  of  his  father.  This  silence  is  some- 
what ominous,  to  say  the  least  of  it." 

The  Commissioners  of  Lunacy  complain  strongly 
of  the  condition  of  Hanwell  Asylum  as  regards 
ventilation.  In  a  report  just  issued  they  say 
this  establishment  is  so  overcrowded  that  in  some 
of  the  wards  the  amount  of  air  is  less  than  300 
culic  feet  for  each  person.  The  total  number  of 
patients  is  over  1,758.  The  commissioners  re- 
commend certain  structural  changes  with  a  view 
of  remedying  the  defects  complained  of,  and 
advise  that  cubical  measurements  be  taken  of  all 
the  wards,  which  measurements  should  be  marked 
in  numerals  on  each  door.  It  appears,  also,  that 
the  medical  staff  is  wholly  insufficient  for  the 
work,  there  being  only  four  officers  to  supervise 
about  700  male  and  upwards  of  1,000  female 
lunatics. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  creditors  of  the  Scottish 
Granite  Company,  Umited,  held  at  Glasgow  on 
Tuesday,  the  liquidators  were  directed  to_  have 
the  company's  quarries  at  Mull  and  Petisbury 
works,  at  Glasgow,  put  up  to  auction  at  the  price 
of  £11,000  ;  faiUng  bidders,  the  upset  price  to  be 
reduced  to  such  as  the  liquidators  might  think 
expedient. 

The  24th  Annual  Congress  of  the  British 
Archajological  Association  will  be  held  at  Ludlow, 
commencing  on  Monday,  July  29,  Sir  C.  H.  R. 
Broughton,  Bart.,  will  preside.  The  excursions  at 
present  arranged  for  the  members  include  visits 
to  the  ancient  remains  on  the  summit  of  the 
Fetterstone  Clee  HU),  to  Bitterby,  Middleton 
Chapel,  Downton  Hall,  Ludford,  Ttiibury,  Bur- 
ford,  Aston  ancient  church  and  tumuli,  Wigmore 
Castle  and  Abbey,  Brandon  Camp,  Downton 
Castle,  Stanton  Lacy,  Diddlebury  Church,  Norton 
Camp,  Stokesay  Castle,  Oakley  Park,  and  Brom- 
field  Church  and  Abbey.  These  excursions  will 
occupy  the  whole  of  the  week,  and  on  the  follow- 
ing Monday,  after  the  regular  business  of  the 
congress  has  been  concluded,  an  excursion  has 
been  planned  to  Wroxeter,  the  ancient  Roman 
city  of  Uricouium ;  and  on  Tuesday  to  the  Valley 
of  Clun,  Clun  Castle,  and  Ofla's  Dyke.  During 
the  first  week  the  members  will  be  entertained  by 
the  president  at  Downton  Hall ;  by  the  corpora- 
tion of  Ludlow ;  by  Lord  Northwick,  at  Burford 
Park  ;  by  Mr.  Knight,  at  Downton  Castle  ;  and  by 
Lady  Mary  Clive,  at  Stokesay  Castle.  On  the 
evening  of  each  day,  after  returning  from  the 
excursions,  there  wUl  be  meetings  for  the  reading 
of  papers  and  for  discussion. 

The  sixteenth  annual  meeting  of  the  Perpetual 
Investment  and  Building  Society  wa-s  held  at 
Radley's  Hotel,  New  Bridge-street,  on  Wednesday 
week,  with  Mr.  John  Gover  in  the  chair.  The 
capital  of  the  society  is  now  nearly  a  quarter  of  a 
million,  and,  in  the  hands  of  an  experienced  and 
active  directorate,  is  profitably  employed.  The 
society  have  recently  purchased  two  large  estates, 
one  at  East  Dulwich,  and  another  at  Sutton, 
which,  in  the  hands  of  the  members,  aided  by  ad- 
vances, are  fast  being  covered  by  an  useful  and 
superior  class  of  houses.  The  business  of  the 
society  appears  to  be  very  judiciously  conducted. 
Mr.  Tresidder,  the  secretary,  in  addressing  the 
meeting  on  Wednesday  week,  said  there  was  not  a 
single  item  in  the  balance  sheet  about  which 
he  could  not  challenge  investigation.  The  trans- 
actions of  the  society  had  been  of  great  magni- 
tude, no  less  than  £1,700,000  having  been  dealt 
■ivith.  During  the  past  five  years  a  bonus  of  6  per 
cent,  has  been  paid,  which,  in  these  tunes,  it  must 
be  admitted,  is  a  very  satisfactory  result. 


July  19,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


VII 


No  decision  has  yet  been  come  to  with  regard 
to  the  (New  Law  Courts.  There  was  an  article, 
however,  in  the  rimes  of  yesterday,  which  con- 
tained nothing  beyond  an  intimation  that  the  pro- 
fessional architects,  consulted  by  the  commission, 
shrink  at  present  from  the  invidious  task  of 
making  even  a  provisional  adjudication.  Is  the 
appearance  of  this  article  a  just  indication  of  the 
dillieulty  the  commuisionera  have  in  coming  to  a 
decision,  and  a  preparatory  note  that  some  com- 
promise may  be  expected  ? 

A  grindstone  should  not  be  exposed  to  the 
weather,  as  it  not  only  injures  the  woodwork,  but 
the  sun's  rays  harden  the  stone  so  much  as, 
in  time,  to  render  it  useless.  Neither  should 
it  stand  in  the  water  in  which  it  runs,  as  the  part 
remaining  in  water  softens  so  much  that  it  wears 
unequally,  and  this  Ls  a  common  cause  of  grind- 
stones becoming  "  out  of  true." 

The  Society  of  Arta  are  about  to  affix  memorial 
tablets  at  No.  3.v,  King  street,  St.  James's,  the 
house  occupied  by  the  Emperor  of  the  French 
when  in  tlus  country:  at  141,  New  Bond-street, 
the  house  in  which  Nelson  resided  previously 
to  his  departure  for  Trafalgar ;  at  47,  Leices- 
ter-square, the  residence  of  Sir  Joshua  Rey- 
nolds ;  7,  Craven-street,  Strand,  where  Frank- 
lin lived ;  and  36,  Castle-street,  Oxford- 
street,  where  James  Barry  lived.  The  tablets 
will  bo  similar  to  that  in  front  of  Lord  Byron's 
birthplace  in  Holies-street. 

The  quaint  old  wooden-fronted  house  near  the 
palace  of  the  Bishops  of  Hereford,  where  Nell 
Gwynne  was  born  and  lived,  has  been  swept 
away.  Every  visitor  to  Hereford  used  to  call  and 
see  it,  but  it  has,  it  appears,  proved  obnoxious  to 
an  ecclesiastical  dignitary,  and  has  been,  in  conse- 
quence, entirely  demolished.  The  house  was 
pretty,  filled  in  with  quaint  old  wooden  piles,  and 
in  King  Charles's  time,  facing,  as  it  did,  a  pleasant 
bank  sloping  down  to  the  river,  it  must  have  been 
a  charming  home. 

A  correspondent  of  the  Chemical  News  ofTers  a 
suggestion  relative  to  the  extinction  of  fires 
resulting  from  burning  oil  which  may  prove  use- 
ful. Apropos  of  the  recent  terrible  conflagration 
at  the  oil  distillery  at  Hackney  Wick,  it  mentions 
that  the  effect  of  the  water  poured  upon  the 
flames  was  simply  to  extend  the  burning  surface 
by  distributing  the  fire  in  every  direction.  The 
proposal  is  that  in  such  cases  clay  or  lime  should 
be  thrown  upon  the  flames.  It  is  the  only  means 
of  extinguishing  oil  fires,  as  has  been  proved 
in  several  instances. 

Mr.  Bateman,  C.E.,  who  was  appointed  by 
the  Government  to  design  works  to  prevent  the 
injurious  effects  of  the  extraordinary  floods  in  the 
River  Shannon,  in  a  report  recently  issued,  esti- 
mates the  cost  of  the  necessary  works  at  £290,605. 
This  would  relieve  24,155  acres  from  inundation. 

A  building  society  has  been  started  at  Lichfield 
with,  apparently,  good  chances  of  success.  At  the 
first  meeting,  which  was  held  in  the  Town-hall  on 
Saturday,  it  was  announced  that  600  shares  had 
been  taken — twice  the  number  anticipated  by  the 
most  sanguine  of  the  promoters. 

Photographs  have  been  taken  of  the  National 
Exhibition  portraits,  in  illustration  of  the  oflicial 
catalogue.  The  catalogue  contains  biographical 
and  historical  notices,  together  with  an  introduc 
tion  by  Mr.  Samuel  Redgrave  to  the  exhibition 
and  the  art  of  portrait  painting  generally.  About 
eight  hundred  photographs  have  been  taken,  with 
the  consent  of  the  owners,  out  of  a  collection 
numbering  866  works.  The  entire  series  has  been 
distributed  in  eight  volumes,  and  the  cost  of  the 
whole,  bound  in  half  morocco,  is  £50.  Any  per- 
son, however,  may  select  for  himsell'  a  volume  of 
100  portraits  for  six  guineas,  or  a  packet  of  sixteen 
for  one  guinea.  A  single  photograph  can  be  pur- 
chased for  Is.  6d.  Specimens  may  be  seen  in  the 
exhibition,  or  at  the  office  of  the  Arundel  Society, 
Old  Bond-street. 


%nk  %t\sB. 


TENDERS. 

BrrHXAL  Green. — For  the  erection  nnd  completion  of 
a  new  Wesloviui  Chapel  and  Schools  in  Bonnor's  road, 
Ketimal  Green.  Messrs.  Pocock,  Corfe,  and  Parker,  ar- 
chitect. Quantities  suppUed  by  Mr.  R.  W.  Gritten:- 
CoIU  and  Sons,  £7,777  ;  Wood,  £7,731;  Clement,  £7,447: 
i^u'  ^^'2*^i  Stimpson,  £7,275;  Dove  Brothers,  £7.055; 
i^hey  Brothers,  £6,945  ;  Hedges,  i6,936  ;  Hopson,  £6,734, 

Crovdon.— For  new  i>arsonage,  Holy  Trinity,  Warring- 
S"'  ^^^  Cioydon,  for  N.  Bridges,  Esq.  Messrs  E.  Haber- 
£1  050  ^'^^  and  Webb,  architecte :— Simpson  (accepted), 


Grii.DKOBD. — For  a  new  dwelling-house  and  shop.  North- 
street,  Gnildford,  for  Mr.  G.  P.  Shepherd.  Mr.  Henry 
I'eake,  architect.  The  sliop  front  and  plate  glass  not  in- 
cluded in  this  contract.  Quantities  not  supplied  : — Pollard, 
£S10;  W.  and  T.  Smith,  £607  12s.;  Nye,  i;0S4  ;  Miison 
and  Son,  £655  10s, ;  Loe  (accept'Otl),  £647. 

HoLLowAY. — For  rebuilding  the  Old  Pied  Cnll  pnV>lic- 
honso,  llolloway-roatl,  for  Messrs.  Taylor  and  Walker. 
Mr.  Charles  Diuich,  architect.  Quantities  aupplied  by  Mr. 
G.  P.  Raggett:— Hill  and  Keddell  (accepted),  £2,4',tS. 

LoNOTON. — For  the  erection  of  schools,  ho.si)ital,  and 
nurseries  in  connection  vdih  St.  James's  parish.  Mr. 
Naden,  Birmingham,  architect : — Harlow  (accepted),  £:t,500. 

U)Si;t(>n  (St-akfoudshire). — For  the  erection  of  St. 
James's  Natioual  Schools,  Mr.  Thos,  Naden,  architect  :^ 
Spicer.  £*J.f.70;  Collis  and  Hudson,  £2,6*20;  Barlow  (ac- 
ceptwl),  £2.250. 

LiNtni.NSHiUE.— For  repairs,  alterations,  and  refitting 
the  pariah  church  of  Harmston,  Lincolnshire.  Mr.  Withers, 
archit<ict :— Huddlost*.>n,  £1.370;  Birens  and  Co.,  £1,347; 
Lt.veled,  £1,345 ;  S.  and  W.  Pattison,  £1,300  ;  Bellamy, 
il.lOS  6d.  :  Stiles.  £1,100  ;  Barker,  £1,02S. 

LiNtx)i.N.snmE. — For  repairs  and  refttting  to  the  parish 
church  of  West  Barkwith,  Lincolnshire.  Mr.  Withers, 
architect ; — Bellamy  and  Barker,  £524. 

Ix)ND()N. — For  part  restoration  of  the  offices  of  the  Lon- 
don Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel  amongst  the 
Jews.  Messrs.  E.  Haberstron,  Brock,  and  Webb,  arclii- 
t^icts :— Manley  and  Rogers,  £261 ;  J.  Warue  and  Co. ,  £260  ; 
Cole,  £255;  Morant,  £1S5. 

Norwood. — For  laundry  buildings  to  convent,  Central 
Hill,  Norwood.  Mr.  Goldie,  architect.  Quantities  sup- 
lilifd  by  Mr.  Scofield  : — Myers  and  Son,  £2.240;  Longmire 
and  Burge,  £2,110;  Simpson,  £2,065  ;  Lawrence  and  Maw, 
£1,999;  King  and  Sons,  £1,948;  Garaiuou,  £1,903;  Nigbt- 
ing.ile,  £1,839  ;  Roberts,  £1,770. 

liKfiKNT-STREET'  —  For  biulding  house  at  Air-street, 
Regent-street,  for  5Ir.  Ralph  BodiUy : — Nightingale  (ac- 
cepted, £755. 

Redhit.u — For  the  erection  of  three  houses  with  shops, 
in  the  station  road,  Redliill,  for  Mr.  W.  Lambert.  Mr. 
Regis,  jun.,  architect; — Cook,  £2,762  lOs. ;  Regis,  sen., 
£2,69S  14s. ;  Wesley,  £2,600  ;  Gagie,  £2,349. 

Stepney.— Fur  the  erection  of  additional  buildings  and 
alteration  of  the  old  buildings  at  the  Red  Coat  School  at 
Stepney  Green.  Mr.  Henry  Stock,  architect.  Quantities 
8Upi)lied  by  Messrs.  Marsland  and  Widdows  ; — Hill  and 
Keddell  (accepted),  £2.177. 

Stix'kj'ort, — For  Baptist  Chapel,  Stockport.  Messrs. 
W.  G.  Abei-stron  and  Pite,  architects :— Brown,  £6,490; 
Weatherley  and  Rymer,  £6,947  ;  Atkinson,  £5,852  ;  Eojiley, 
£5,600;  Robinson,  £5,600;  Statham  and  Sons,  £5,1S5 ; 
Hughes,  £5,121;  S.  and  W.  Pattinson,  £4,995. 

Shoreham  (Sussex.) — For  residence  for  Harry  Bridger, 
Esq.  Messrs.  Goulty  and  Gibbins,  Brighton,  architects. 
Quantities  supplied  by  Mr.  J.  Chester,  Landsdown; — Chees- 
manand  Co.,  £2,765;  Howell,  £2,643  ;  Nightingale,  £2,470; 
Sinims  and  Marten,  £2,456;  Shearbnm,  £2,400;  Bland, 
£2.352;  Chappell  (accepted),  £2,346. 

WicDNESBrRY. — For  residence  for  Henry  Mills,  Esq.,  on 
part  of  Bescott  estate,  near  Walsall.  Messrs.  William  and 
Samuel  Horton,  architects.  Messrs.  Taylor  Brothers, 
Walsall,  builders;  amount  of  contract,  £2,200. 

Woodford  Grees, — For  alterations  and  additions  to 
house  and  pair  of  viU;is,  for  Mr.  F.  Piickeridge.  Mr.  G.  R. 
Noble,  arcliitect.  Quantities  supplied  by  Messrs.  Linsdell 
and  Giffard;— Hedges,  £2,163;  Egan,  £2,077;  Perry  and 
Co..  £2,062;  Hill  and  Keddell,  £2,030;  Rivet,  £1,930; 
Eaton  and  Chapman,  £1,130. 


BATH  STONE  OF  BEST  QUALITY. 

Randell  and  Saunders,  Quarrymen  and  Stone  5Iei- 
chants,  Bath.  List  of  Prices  at  the  Quarries  and  Depots, 
also  Cost  for  Transit  to  any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
furnished  on  application  to  Bath  Stone  Office,  Corsham, 
WiJs.— {Advt.J 


BANKRUPTS. 

TO  SURRENDER   IN   BASINGHAIX-STREET. 

John  Hobley,  Ayle.sbunr',  bricklayer,  July  30,  at  1 — 
Thomas  Adams,  Bournemouth,  builder,  July  24,  at  1  — 
William  Morgan,  White  Horse  street,  Commercial-ioad 
East,  stone  mason — Edward  Watson,  York-buildings, 
Adelphi,  surveyor,  July  30,  at  12— C.  Weavers,  Palgrave, 
Suffolk,  journeyman  carpenter,  July  30,  at  12— Robert 
Wel.'^hman,  Cbristchurch,  gasfitter,  July  24,  at  1— A.  K. 
Wheeler  and  R.  Dolling,  Sherborne-place,  Blandford- 
square,  plumbers. 

TO  SURRENDER  IN  THE  COUNTRY. 

Francis  James  Ames,  Dorchester,  painter,  July  30,  at  11 
— Benjamin  Brooker,  Ipswich,  bricklayer,  August  3,  at 
11 — Thomas  Platts,  Gentleshaw,  near  Rugeley,  joiner 
July  27,  at  10 — Thomas  Rose,  Buxtou,  plumber,  July  26, 
at  11 — Benjamin  Tomkinson,  Stoke-upon-Trent,  fiint 
grinder,  July  31,  at  12 — W^iJliam  Thorn,  Brightun,  coach 
painter,  July  29,  at  11 — John  William  Taylor,  Nonvich, 
cooper,  July  27,  at  11 — Joseph  W^est,  Gomersal,  pliunber, 
August  1,  at  11 — James  BaiJey,  Hulme.  cabinetmaker, 
July  27,  at  9.30 — John  Churchill,  Brighton,  house  agent, 
July  24,  at  11 — Richard  Davies,  Neath,  engineer,  July  20, 
at  11 — Eleaziir  Dixon,  Bourton,  Berksliire,  black- 
smith. August  6,  at  10 — William  Earl,  Newby-cross,  near 
Carlisle,  joiner,  JiUy  29,  at  11 — Edward  Holloway,  Ban- 
bury, cabinet  maker,  Jiily  25,  at  10 — William  Morley,  Red 
Dial,  Cumberland,  blacksmith,  July  25,  at  11 — JoJm  Pope, 
Kingswear,  Devon,  engineer,  July  23,  at  11 — George  Smith, 
Cavendish,  smith,  July  25,  at  12 — George  Smith,  Alton, 
cabinetmaker,  July  29,  at  1  — Isaac  Thomas,  Aberdare. 
carpenter,  July  22,  at  II. 


LATEST  PRICES    OF   IVIATERTALS  USED 
IN  CONSTRUCTION. 

Metals, 

iBos:— 

Welsh  B.irB  In  London     per  toa  6  15    0  0  0    0         3 

Nail  Rod       "Jo  7  10    0  8    0    0         3 

Hoopa du  8  10    0  9  0    0 

SheeU.  Single       -        do  a  15     0  10  0     0 

Stafordahire  Bars       do  7  JO    0  8  II    0 

Bars,  in  Wale«     do  6  15    0  6  6    0        8 

Raila    do  6    5    0  6  7    8    nei  t 

Foundry PigB.  at  Glaag.  No    1   ..      do  2  14    0  3  5    8 

Swedish  Bars  do  10    E    0  10  10    0 


KwMlsh  KrR,  hrunmend     per  ton  15  o  o  15  10  0 

Swedish  FaK(;ut   do  10  ID  0  13  10  0 

COFPER  :— 

8he«t  A  ShMithlns,  A  Bolts  ....per  ton  81  0  0  fn  0  0 

Himim«irt-d  KutUiniB       do  92  0  0  !»3  0  0 

Klftt  ll.ilt.>nm,  not  HAimuored   ..do  87  0  0  S")  0  0 

Cake  mill  Toiigh  1  ugot      do  7:1  0  0  n  0  0 

Best  Selected     do  »0  0  0  8?  0 

Australian     do  8.1  0  n  87  0  0 

Vol.  JkletalBbeathiugABodB  ....per  lb  0  0  7  0  0  0 

Tiki— 

Bngllsbniock      per  ton  ri  0  0  0  0  0       i\ 

do       B.ir    do  92  0  0  0 

do       R4,>au6d   do  94  0  0  0  0 

Banca      do  92  0  0  0  0  0    nett 


Str&ltB 


do        SO  10  0      sr  0   0 


Lead:— 


Pl^,  EngltBh     per  ton  3115    0 

„    SpaniahSoft     do  ISt    5    0  0    0 

Shot.  Patent     do  13    0    0  0    0    0 

Shwt   do  21    0    0  0    0    0 

Whlt«      do  0    0  3  10    0 

BpKLTEIt  :— 

Ou  the  spot  per  ton  21    0    0  CI    2    6  un 

Zi!f  c : — 

EngliBh  Sheet      per  ton  2fi  10    0  17    0    0 

Devaux'B  V.  M.  Rooflug Zinc    ....       do  28    0    0  0     0    0 

•  And  S  per  cent,  dlacount  If  laid  upon  the  new  system. 

QuiCKBlLTBE     per  btl  6  17    0  0    0    • 

Rbqulcb  of  AsmdOBT 

French   por  ton  23    0    0  0    0 


TiMBF-R.  duty  1b  per  load,  drawb/n:k,  Ib. 

Teak    loiwt    £9    0£10 

Quebec,  red  pine 


yellow  liine..  2  16 
At.  .John  N.B.  yellow  0  0 
Quebec  Oak,  whit*)  ..66 

.,       birch 3  10 

,,      elm   S  10 

Ouutzicoak 3  10 


fir  . 


Memeiar   8    0  SI 

Riga S    0  8 

Swedish 1  15  2 

Maiits.Qaebecredpiue  6    0  7 

,,      yellowpioe..     6    0  6 

Latbwood.Dantzic.fm  4  10  5 

St.  Pettrabiirg  6  10  7  1 
Deal9,prC..12ft.  by3 
by  9  in.,  duty 2a  per 
load,  drawback  2s. 

Quebec,  white  apruce  14  10  21  ] 

St.John.whitespruce  13  10  15  ] 
Yellow  pine,  per  re- 
duced C. 

Canada,   Ist  quality.  17    0  19  ] 

and  do 12    0  13 


Archangel,  yellow..  £11 
St.  Petersburg,  yeL..  I'l 

Fiuliind  8 

Muiiiel * 

Gothenburg,  yellow       8 

„       wbit«    8 

Gefle.  yeUow 9 

Soderham        9 

Uhristuvuia,    per   C, 

12  ft.  by  3  by  9  in. 

yeUow 16 

Deck  Plank,  Oanizic, 

per  40  ft.  S  in 0 

PcuiCE  Stusb  pr  ton    6 

Oils,  &c. 
Seal,  pale.... per  tuD  39 

Sperm  body  108 

Cod ,30 

Whale.  Sth.  Sea,  pale  a3 

Olive.  G.^llipoli 63 

C'ocoannt,  Cochin, ton  54 

Palm,  fine 4ti 

Linseed    39 

KapcAeed,  Eng.  pale. .  39 
Cottonseed 36 


10  £12  10 

10  11     0 

0  9    0 

0  0    0 

10  10  10 

0  9     0 

0  n    0 

0  10  10 


WANTED. 

*,*  The  BUILDING  NEWS  inserts  advertisements 
/or  "  SITUATIONS  WANTED,"  (tc,  at  One  Shilling 


for  the  first  Twenty-four  Words. 


\    STONE   and  WOOD   CARVEB,  good 

XA,    workman,  is  ill  WANT  ot  a  JOB.— Address.  W.  T.,  PosUofflce, 
till  cAlled  for,  Birmingham. 

WANTED,   by  an  experienced    STAIR- 
CASE  HAND.  WORK  in  the  above  line.  First-class  reference 
if  reiuired.— A.  0.  Z.,  48,  Sussex-road,  Brixton. 

TO  ARCHITECTURAL  PUPILS.— An 
offi.B  ill  the  country  has  a  VACANCY  for  an  IMPROVER. 
Good  Gothic  draughtsman  preferred.— Apply.  J.  B.,  EuiiJ)i>-a  News 
Office. 

A  LONDON  MONUMENTAL  LETTER- 
CUTTER,  of  experience,  TAKES  occasional  WORK  in  the 
country  round  Surrey.  Sussex,  and  Kent.  -Adriress,  S.  H.  Gardiner, 
236,  New  Kent-road,  London,  S.E. 

TO  AKCHITECTS'  ASSISTANTS.  — 
WANTED,  a  thoroughly  qualifled  ARCHITECT'S  ASSIST- 
ANT. Must  be  a  good  draughtsman.— Apply  to  Mr.  R.  J.  Goodacra, 
architect,  5,  Friar-lane,  Leicester, 


TO  ATICHITECTS  and  Others.— A  Youth, 
who  can  draw,  trace,  and  write,  desires  EVENING  EMPLOY- 
M  ENT.  Is  willing  to  give  bia  services  where  he  can  improve  himself. 
— M.,  6,  Jcfrey's-street,  Camden  Town. 


TO  MASTER  STONEMASONS  and 
BUILDERS.-WANTED.  by  an  experienced  man.  a  SITUA- 
TION as  LETTERCUTTER.  CARVER,  and  Stjsnemaaou  in  general. 
—  Address,  Veritas,  Post-offlce,  Colchester. 


A  BRICKLAYER  is  in  WANT  of  EM- 
PLOVMENT.  Is  thoroughly  acquainted  in  all  classes  of 
buildings,  repairs,  and  jobbing,  tuck  pointing,  cutting  of  every  de8crii>- 
tion.  First-class  reference.  Age  42.— Address,  A.,  22,  Adam-street 
West,  Brj'.-uiB  ton -square. 


WANTED,  for  a  permanency,  in  a  small 
Builder's  Ann.  a  SITUATION  as  FOREMAN  or  Under  Fore- 
man. Is  willing  to  fill  up  bis  time  in  masoning  or  bricklaying.  Has 
had  got^l  experience.— Address,  W.  H.  W.,  1,  Couk'a  Cottages.  Eagle- 
place,  Kingatreet.  Old  Kent-road,  Surrey; 


TO  BUILDERS,  CONTRACTORS,  and 
others.— WANTED,  a  RE-EN'GAGEMENT  as  GENERAL 
FOREMAN,  byim'^ii  "'  great  experience  in  the  g*'neral  manage- 
ment oi  building.  Cau  get  out  workings,  drawiuga.  aud  luakcestimatei. 
Joiner  by  trade.  Good  testimonials  as  to  ability  and  general  cha- 
racter.—Address,  B.  H..  office  of  the  BnU)nJO  News. 

WANTED,  an  active  PARTNER  in  a 
well-establiahed  buildernand  cabinet  maker's  business.  He 
mual  be  a  practical  man.  capable  of  taking  the  principal  manage- 
ment, as  the  present  owner  holds  other  responsible  engagements.  A 
small  capital  will  be  required.  To  a  suitable  person  easy  terms  will 
be  offered.- Address,  office  ol  the  Bcildoio  Newb,  Boi  No.  1. 


vin 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


July  19,  1867. 


Silicated  Carbon  Main  Service  Filter  No.  30. 

This  Filter  shorni  in  eection,  consists  of  a 
metat  case  in  two  parts,  A  and  B,  fastened  by 
nuts  and  screws,  I  I.  The  water  entera  by  the 
pipe  F,  passing  first  through  tlie  coai-ser  filtering 
medium  A,  then  through  the  finer  B,  and  flow- 
ing off  pure  through  the  pipe  C-  The  coarser 
impurities  are  thus  aiTested  by  A,  and  do  not 
interfere  with  the  action  of  B ;  they  also  accumu- 
late in  the  cavity  K,  and  may  be  removed  when 
requisite,  by  allowing  the  water  to  paas  into  the 
filter  through  M.  This  is  done  in  a  few  seconds 
by  opening  the  tap  M  and  closing  F,  at  the  same 
time  shutting  the  exit  jnpe  C,  and  unscrewing 
the  nut  D.  The  water  entering  the  upper  cavity 
at  E,  will  thus  be  forced  downwards,  carrying  off 
all  impui'ities  which  have  been  aiTested  by  the 
filtering  medium  A.  These  filters  are  used  by 
the  General  Post  office,  the  London  Hospital,  the 
County  Prison,  Swansea,  and  many  Noblemen's, 
Gentlemen's,  and  other  large  Establishments. 

Prices  in  Tinned-Copper  Cases, 
£6  6s.,  £8  8s.,  £12  12s.,  £18  18s. 

"General PostOffice.  Mtdica! Dep.irtmeut, Oct. 23, 186f). 
"  This  is  to  certify  that,  having  inspected  a.ad  exAmined 
the  filtering  apparatus  erected  by  the  Silicated  Carbon 
Filter  Company  at  the  Money  Order  Office,  where  it  sup- 
plies filtered  wat<r  for  about  130  officers.  I  am.  perfectly 
eatiafied  with  its  action.  The  water  is  filtered  with  con- 
siderable rapidity,  at  the  Bame  time  that  this  ia  efficiently 
done.  I  recommend  this  system  to  Government,  and 
other  large  offices,  in  preference  to  anv  other  with  which 
I  am  acquainted.  "WALLER  LEWIS,  M.D., 

"  Medical  Officer,  G.  P.  O." 

THE     SILICATED     CARBON     FILTER 

Has  been  tested  fcy  the  "  Lancet "  Commissioners  with  water  mixed  with  milk,  which  passed  through  perfectly  bright  and  clear,— a  result  obtained  with  no 
other  filter.'   It  also  has  the  power  of  entirely  separating  lead  from  water  containing  it  in  solution. 

JVom /Ae  "  Lancet,"  JtfarcA  23, 1867.  ,  »■     -,. 

"  The  water  which  had  passed  through  the  Silicated  Carbon  Filter,  sent  in  for  esamination,  was  free  from  colour  and  opalescence,  though  before  being  sent  through  the  filtere  it 
possessed  both  to  a  marked  extent.  „,  .  ^^      ■     ^u         *      /  ci       aii    a-     \ 

"  The  water  from  the  Main  Service  Silicated  Carbon  Filter  .at  the  London  Hospital  was  free  or  very  nearly  so  from  colour.  The  organic  matter  in  the  w.iter  (after  filtration) 
(jq  ave  no  unpleasant  character  to  the  water,  and  was  perfectly  harmless." 

Effect  of  the  Silicated  Carbon  Filter  upon  Thames  Water  obtained  near  Battersea  Bridge  at  High  Water. 

UNFILTERED.  FILTERED. 

Total  Solid  contents  of  an  Imperial  Gallon  SSJ  Grains 5  7  Grains. 

Hardness  as  determined  by  Clark's  Test  9    Degrees 6     De, 

Earthy  Carlxmates  deposited  by  boiling  one  Gallon  11     Grains None. 

Organic  Matter  contained  in  an  Imperial  Gallon    3  S  Grains 0"G 

The  unfiltered  water  was  of  a  greenish  yeUow  colour,  and  during  evaporation  gave  out  a  most  offensive  odour,  the  residue  being  a  dark  brown  mass  of  oreanic  and  saline  im- 
purities. When  passed  once  through  a  Silicated  Carbon  Filter  it  became  perfectly  colourless,  sweet,  and  drinkable ;  during  the  evaporation  not  the  slightest  odour  was  perceptible 
and  the  residue  was  quite  white  and  consisted  of  little  more  than  Cldoride  of  Sodium  (Common  Salt). 


SILICATED    CARBON    FILTER    COMPANY,    BATTERSEA,   LONDON,    S.W. 


*     •     "    Mr.  Bumell  seems  to   have 
hia   clearly  printed  book." — English 


Now  ready,  ICnio,  strongly  bound  in  clnth.  price  4s.  (poi^f-ige  -W.) 

WEALE'S  BUILDERS'  and  Con- 
tractors" PRICE  BOOK,  for  19fi7,  revised  by  G.  R. 
Bt'RjTELL.  Esq.,  C.E.  This  book  ia  the  universally  recognised  abitrator 
in  the  settlement  of  disputed  accounts. 

"A  multitudinous  variety  of  useful  information  for  builders  and 
contractors."— B»i''fiji3  JVars. 

'■  Mr.  Bumell  has  omitted  nothing  from  the  work  that  could  tend 
to  render  it  valuable  to  the  builder  or  contractor." — Mechanic  i'  Mugu' 
zine. 

"Well  done  and  reliable, 
anticipated  all  objections  : 
Mechanic. 

London  :  Lockwood  and  Co.,  7,  Stationers'  Hall-court,  E.C. 

Just  Published,  price  Is.,  sewed. 

TRRIGATION        in        SPAIN, 

i      by  J.  P.  RoBEETB.  C.E. 

London  :  E.  .and  F.  N.  Sroy,  48,  Charing  Cross. 

Will  be  published,  July  25,  price  Is,, 

RE]\IARKS  on  the  DESIGNS  lor  the  NEW 
PALACE  of  JUSTICE.     By  E.  Welby  FrciK. 
Printed  and  published  by  E.  Blk;h,    Ilardres  street,  Ramsgate. 


TO  AECHITECTS  and  BUILDERS.— 
LTME  GROVE  PARK.  PUTNEY  HILL.— Very  Desinible 
SITES  on  this  Estate  to  be  LET  for  building  respectable  private  resi- 
dences. It  ia  situated  on  elevated  ground,  between  the  railway  station 
and  Wimbledon  and  Putney-heaths.  There  is  a  great  demand  in 
this  locality  for  good  villa  residences,  and  a  rea<ly  sale  for  thera.  For 
particulars  apply  to  S.  Wood.  Esq..  Architect,  10,  Craig's-court.  Lon- 
don, S.W. ;  orto  Messrs.  Baxter,  Rose,  Norton  and  Co.,  Solicitors,  6, 
Victoria-stieet,  Westminster,  S.W. 


T 


0  BUILDERS  and  Others.— To  be  LET 

.  for  99  Years,  or  FREEHOLD  SOLD.  BUILDING  LAND 
situate  about  one  mile  from  Regent's  Park  aud  two  from  the  Marble 
Arch,  between  the  end  of  Abbey-road,  St.  John's  Wood,  and  the 
Finchley-road  Station  of  North  London  Railway.  The  Metropolitan 
and  St.  John's  Wood,  and  the  Midland  Railway  stations  are  about  to 
be  placed  close  thereto.  There  is  a  mound  of  excellent  brick  earth, 
capable  of  making  from  ten  to  twenty  million  bricks  ;  and  thus  to 
deal  with  the  mound  would  much  improve  the  future  roads  on  the 
estate  as  notwithstanding  this  removal  of  surface  the  land  will  still 
have  a  good  faU  to  the  Ranelaeh  public  sewer,  running  through  the 
end  of  the  property.  Gas  and  water  mains  near  at  hand  ;  also  the 
Faddington  and  Kilbum  marts  for  breeze,  coal,  and  other  brick- 
making  and  building  materials.  Part  of  the  estate  is  already  built  on, 
and  provides  a  good  entrance  from  the  Edgware-road.  The  free- 
holder, in  place  of  many  applications  for  small  portions,  will  make 
reduced  terms  to  any  fUm  capaVjle  of  taking  a  plot  or  plots  of  between 
20  acres  and  30  acres  of  one  of  the  finest  sites  and  most  compact  lot 
of  suburban  building  hind  now  in  the  market.  To  view  a  suggested 
building  plan  (any  other  may  be  adopted) .  and  for  further  particulars, 
apply  by  letter,  luaking  an  appointment  with  R.  Booth,  surveyor,  at 
the  Lodge,  OakJands  HaU,  West  End  Park  Estate,  uear  Abbey- road 
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TO  BUILDERS  and  Other.?.— For  SALE, 
by  PRIVATE  CONTRACT,  a  respectable  old-established 
BUILDER'S  BUSINESS,  earned  on  in  the  suburbs  of  London,  which 
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offices  of  Mr.  Alfred  Smith,  auctioneer  aud  surveyor,  9b,  New  Broad- 
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£20  000 


READY  to  be  ADVANCED 


LAND  and  BUILDING  SOCIETY,  on  Freehold  and  Leasehold  Pro- 
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Note. — More  than  half  a  million  pounds  sterling  have  been  ad- 
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ROYAL  POLYTECHNIC.  —  SEE  the 
PARIS  EXPOSITION  for  ONE  SHILLING.  Professor 
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A>'D  AT 

Show  Rooms,  Cambridge  Hall,  Newman-atreet,  London. 


July  26,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


505 


THE   BUILDING  NEWS. 


LONDON,  FBWAT,  JULY  26,  186». 


THE  BRISTOL    ASSIZE  COURTS  COM- 
PETITION. 

"11  TR.  STREET'S  report  on  the  designs  sub- 
j\'|^  iiiitted  in  this  competition  has  just 
reached  us,  and  it  may  veil  form  the  basis  of 
a  few  remarks  upon  the  general  subject. 
Regarded  as  the  carefully-prepared  judgment 
of  a  referee,  the  document  before  us  is  per- 
fectly uni(|no  ;  while  considered  as  the  elalio- 
rate  statement  of  an  opinion,  it  is  certainly 
the  most  wonderful  composition  it  was  ever 
our  lot  to  examine.  To  dis])ose  of  the  last 
phrase,  first,  we  may  remark  that  the  subject 
seems  to  have  confused  the  mind  of  the 
writer  so  hopelessly  that  he  is  altogether  un- 
able to  express  himself  in  language  of  ordinary 
clearness.  AVhat,  for  example,  does  the  fol- 
lowing sentence  mean  ? — 

As  I  observe  that  no  compotitor  is  to  receive  more 
than  one  prcmiinn,  I  may  say  tliat  I  cannot  lielp 
thinking  that  the  plans  m.arkod  "  Usui  Civium," 
Ac,  and  those  marked  "  Avanti,"  are  by  the  same 
architect,  as,  also,  1  believe  are  those  mai'ked  "  Dos. 
i.Dos"  and  "Studiiim"  ;  if,  therefore,  both  these 
designs  are  placed  amongst  the  tirst  three  it  woukl 
be  necessary  to  be  provided  with  a  fourth  in  order 
of  merit,  so  as  to  be  provided  for  this  contingency. 

Mr.  Street  has  not  selected  three  of  the  four 
designs  he  here  specifies  for  premiums  ;  and, 
therefore,  it  is  impossible  to  conceive  how  it  is 
necessary  for  him  "to  be  provided  with  a 
fourth."  Does  he  imagine  that  the  Finance 
Conmiittee  \\all  send  his  report  back  to.be 
amended  ]  There  is  certainly  some  ground 
for  supposing  that  such  a  course  might  be 
politic. 

Having  achieved  this  extraordinary  exor- 
dium, Mr.  Street  proceeds  to  expound  what 
he  is  pleased  to  call  the  "  architectural 
merit  of  the  various  plans"  ;  and  here,  again, 
a  strange,  if  not  inexplicable  circumstance, 
stares  us  in  the  face.  The  opening  sentence 
reads  thus  : — "  Upon  this  head  I  have  to 
report  as  follows,  taking  the  plans  in  what 
seems  to  me  to  bo  the  order  of  their  merit." 
After  this  it  is,  of  course,  fair  to  presume  that 
the  referee  has  carefully  considered  the  case, 
and  come  to  the  conclusion  that  the  plan  he 
places  first  is  the  most  meritorious,  or,  in 
other  woids,  ought  to  get  the  first  premium. 
Yet,  strange  to  say,  the  design  placed  first  is 
that  by  "  Quis,"  and  this  Mr.  Street  has  re- 
commended, not  for  the  first,  but  for  the  second 
prize. 

Mr.  Street  next  proceeds  to  the  plans  of 
"  Usui  Civium,"  which  he  places  second  at 
the  opening  of  his  report  and  first  at  the  close, 
as  though  he  had  been  inspired  with  some  new 
idea  during  its  composition.  The  next  step  is 
to  bracket  two  designs,  marked  respectively 
"Dos-a-Dos"  and  "Studium,"  on  the  ground 
of  merit ;  and,  as  the  conditions  of  the  com- 
petition prevent  any  architect  from  receiving 
more  than  one  premium ;  and,  as  they  are  (as 
he  thinks)  by  the  same  hand,  he  places  "  Dos- 
ii-Dos"  first  for  the  third  prize,  although  the 
arrangements  are  not  first-rate,  and  in  this 
respect  not  so  good  as  "Dolphin."  It  is  very 
evident  that  Mr.  Street  has  either  found  his 
task  a  very  difficult  one,  or  been  embarrassed 
by  circumstances  not  apparent  on  the  face  of 
the  report.  The  judgment  he  pronounces  is 
neither  pLain  or  dignified  ;  and  the  means  by 
which  he  arrives  at  the  conclusion,  such  as  it 
is,  shows  that  it  is  with  considerable  difli- 
culty  he  has  at  last  made  up  his  mind  on  the 
subject. 

The  plans  are  next  dealt  with  as  regards 
convenience  of  arrangement ;  and  here,  again, 
the  order  is  1.  "Quis;"  2.  "  Usui  Civium ;  " 
then  "Do3-a-Dos,"  "Studium,"  and  so  on. 
Yet,  when  we  come  to  look  into  the  report, 
We  find  th.at  "  Quis"  is  the  best,  except  in  a 
few  particulars  ;  "Usui  Civium"  is  not 
quite  so  good  as  "  Quis,"  but  "  Studium"  is 


better  than  "Dos-a-Dos,"  so  that  clearly  as 
the  two  last-named  were  ei^ual  in  architectural 
merit,  and  "Studiiun"  is  better  than  "  Dos-a- 
Dos"  in  point  of  arrangement,  "Studium" 
ought  to  have  the  third  prize,  as  far  as  the 
two  tests  already  applied  are  concerned. 

We  next  come  to  the  (question  of  cost,  .and 
find  the  designs  aiTanged  as  follows: — 1. 
"U.sui  Civium";  2.  "Dos-a-Dos";  and  then 
ought  to  come  a  plan  by  "  Dolphin."  It  must 
not  be  supposed  that  Mr.  Street  has  carefully 
considered  tlie  plans  under  this  head ;  he 
begins  to  do  so,  but,  apparently,  weary  of  the 
task,  jumbles  them  together  in  inextricable 
confusion.  Indeed,  it  is  difiicult  to  tell  how 
far  he  has  allowed  the  three  considerations  of 
merit,  arrangement,  and  cost,  to  affect  his 
judgment.     The  following  is  the  dictum: — 

It  remains  to  sum  up  the  total  merits  of  these 
designs  so  as  to  award  the  three  first  places  in  this 
competition.  Ijooking,  then,  to  the  reiiuirements  as 
to  design,  jilan,  and  cost,  I  cannot  hesitate  in 
recorameniling  tlie  Finance  Committee  to  award  tlie 
tirst  prize  to  the  design  mai'ked  "  Usui  Civium,"  &c. 
It  is,  1  believe,  one  of  the  most  economical  designs 
submitted.  It  is,  though  not  perfectly  well-arr.auged, 
still,  very  good,  and  may  easily  lie  altered  so  as  to 
make  it  all  th.it  can  be  desired.  It  has  the  very  great 
merit  of  preserving  intact  Colston's  House,  a  point, 
as  it  seems  to  mo,  which  ought  not  to  be  overlooked 
liy  the  Fin.anee  Committee.  I  should  placo  tlio 
design  marked  "  Quis,"  second.  I  should  do  this 
in  spite  of  its  costliness.  It  is  clear  not  only  that 
the  designer  is  capable  of  making  a  very  good  eleva- 
tion, but  that  he  has  taken  the  trouble  to  study  the 
(question  of  arrangement,  and  -with  one  exception 
his  plan  would  make  .an  .admirable  working  building. 
The  cost  would  bevery  gretit  as  compared  with  that 
of  the  design  msirked  "  Usui  Civium,"  and  it  is 
mainly  on  this  account  that  I  feel  I  must  give  it 
the  second  place.  The  instructions  to  the  architects 
appear  to  me  to  leave  me  no  choice  on  this  point. 
The  third  place,  after  much  consideration,  I  should 
award  to  the  author  of  the  design  marked  "  Dos-a- 
Dos"  ;  the  arrangements  are  not  first  nate,  and  in 
this  respect  not  so  good,  I  think,  as  *'  Dolphin." 
But  in  other  respects  "Dos-iL-Dos"  is  much  supe. 
rior,  and  ought  to  bo  placed  first  of  the  two.  It 
does  not  seem  necessary  th.at  I  should  attempt  to 
place  the  others  in  their  order.  But  I  ra.ay  say  that 
on  the  whole  I  should  be  disposed  to  bracket 
"  Studium"  and  "  Dolphin  "  together  for  the  fourth 
place. 

Turning  from  Mr.  Street's  report  to  the 
plans  themselves,  we  are  afraid  we  cannot 
approve  his  judgment.  The  design  he  has 
selected  for  the  first  premium,  "Usui 
Ci\dum,"  &c.,  is  a  low,  monotonous,  and  mean- 
looking  building,  little  more  than  a  reproduc- 
tion of  the  Colston  Schools.  It  is  not  suffi- 
ciently original  to  be  objectionable,  and  no 
one  would  take  the  trouble  to  criticise  its 
composition.  If  it  is  built,  the  Bristolians 
wiU  soon  tire  of  their  toy,  and  probably  regi-et 
the  bargain.  It  is  one  of  those  thin,  meaning- 
less, every-day  sort  of  elevations,  which  might 
be  put  up  without  the  aid  of  an  architect, 
and  clearly  does  not  imply  one  iota  of  art 
knowledge  on  the  part  of  its  designer.  It  is 
no  great  compliment  that  Mr.  Street  has  paid 
the  Bristolians  in  selecting  this  design  as  the 
most  suitable  to  be  erected  in  their  city,  nor 
is  the  plan  so  remarkable  for  simplicity  or 
appropriateness  as  to  make  the  selection  in- 
evitable. Colston's  House  is  preserved,  but  we 
thought  the  Finance  Committee  and  the 
Town  Council  were  careless  on  that  point ; 
if  they  really  meant  that  this  should  be  done, 
it  ought  certainly  to  have  been  stated  as  a 
sine,  qua  non  in  the  instructions.  According 
to  Mr.  Street's  own  showing,  the  arrangement 
of  this  plan  is  not  the  best  possible,  but  he 
thinks  it  may  be  altered.  TVe  must  at  once 
enter  our  protest  against  such  an  unprofes- 
sional recommendation.  A  design  once  dravvTi 
should  not  be  altered ;  it  is  unfair  to  the  archi- 
tect who  submits  it,  and  it  is  still  more  unfair 
to  the  other   competitors.     For   example,  in 


upper  portion  of  the   building,   leaving^  the 
lower  storey  massive  and  substantial.     We  do 
not  quite  like  the  large  windows  ;  the  tracery 
is  somewhat  coarse,  and  the  circles  large,  but 
the  general  etl'ect  is   extremely   fine   and  ini-_ 
pres'sive.      This  is  the  building   to   erect  if 
Bristol  wants  something  to  be  proud  of.     The 
only  question  is  wdiether  the  city  will  go   to 
the  expense.      The  instructions   merely    say 
that  economy  of  cost   will   be   an   important 
([ucstion  alfecting   the   choice  ;   but,  with_  an 
unaccountable  vaguenes.s,   they  do  not  afford 
the  slightest  clue  to  the  figure  which  the  com- 
mittee may  consider  economical.     This  is  a 
strange  omission  for  a  finance  committee   to 
make;  moreover,  it  is  a  most  embarrassing  one 
to  the  architects.     The  author  of  the   design 
marked  "  Quis  "  can  scarcely  be  supposed   in- 
capable of  producing  a  plan  of  proportionate 
beauty  at  half  the  cost  (especially  when  it  is 
remembered  that  in  the   former  conijjetition 
for  the  same  building  he  carried  otf  all  three 
premiums  with  designs  of  much  less  costli- 
ness, preserving  the   Colston's   House).     The 
manner  in  which  he  has   handled  the  larger 
sum  proves  clearly  that  he  is  quite  competent 
to  deal  with  the  smaller,  though  the  converse 
is  by  no  means  true  of  his  competitors. 

But  as  it  is,  one  .and  all  of  the  competitors 
have  been  left  in  the  dark  as  to  what  they 
ought  to  do,  both  as  to  the  question  of  pre- 
serving the  Colston's  House  and  that  of  cost. 
The  Finance  Committee  has  acted  in  the 
matter  about  as  reasonably  as  if  it  had  com- 
missioned several  Bond-street  tailors  to  fit  the 
mayor  with  a  suit  of  clothes,  told  them  that 
cost  was  an  object,  and  left  them  to  discover 
some    intuitive  knowledge    or    "hanky 


panky  "  whether  it  was  a  dress  suit  or  a  dress- 
ing gown  that  was  needed. 

The  design  of  "  Dos-a-Dos  "  is  by  no  means 
attractive  ;  itiswh.at  mayfitly  be  called  EUza- 
beth.an,  weak  and  poor  in  conception.  The 
front  of  Colston's  House  is  the  best  part  of 
the  facade.  The  plan  is  simple  almost  to  ex- 
cess. A  long  corridor  runs  through  it,  and  in 
time  this  would  form  a  ]mblic  thoroughfare 
from  Broad-street  to  Small-street.  There  is 
nothing  particularly  noticeable  about  the  de- 
sign, and  one  wonders  on  what  principle  it 
has  obtained  a  premium. 

In  our  next  number  we  shall  have  some- 
thing to  say  concerning  the  other  designs, 
and  some  general  remarks  on  the  competition. 
Meanwhile  we  must  enter  our  protest  against 
Mr.  Street's  report  as  a  most  illogical  docu- 
ment ;  and,  after  a  careful  examination  of 
the  designs,  we  very  much  doubt  the  accuracy 
of  his  judgment. 


the  case  before  n.s,  Mr.  Street  tikes  objection 
to  the  entrances  in  the  design  by  "  Qnis"  ;  can 
they  not  be  altered  even  more  easily  than  the 
internal  arrangements  of  that  by  "  Usui 
Civium." 

The  second  premium  is  awarded  to  "  Quis," 
and  a  grand  elevation  it  is  that  the  architect  has  _ 
submitted  ;  the  style  is  pure  and  good  Gothic,  j  for 
and  the  ornament  is  well  concentrated  on  the 


THE  PARIS  EXHIBITION.— No.  IX. 

TERRA    COTTA. 

UNDER  the  heading'  of  terra  cotta  we 
propose  to  consider  all  contributions  in 
burnt  clay,  taking  the  word  in  its  wide  and 
t'eneral  sense  rather  than  in  its  restricted  and 
particular  one,  and  shall  include  in  it  every- 
thing from  the  ordinary  brick  to  the  highest 
forms  of  architectural  ceramics.  The  products 
of  this  class  exliibited  by  France  are  very 
numerous,  and  present  many  new  features  to 
us.  The  bricks  generally  are  perforated,  not 
transversely,  as  ours  most  frequently  are,  but 
longitudinally,  and,  as  a  rule,  are  much 
thinner  than  those  in  use  in  this  coimtry.  In 
the  neighbourhood  of  Paris  they  are  generally 
of  the  colour  of  a  good  specimen  of  a 
London  brick,  but  some  of  the  clays  from 
other  parts  of  France  furnish  a  very  clear  and 
bright  red  brick.  The  most  notable  bricks,  to 
our  mind,  are  the  hollow  arch  bricks  and 
springes  of  the  Societe  Avril  and  Cie,  at 
Mont  Chemin  les  Jlines  (Saone-et-Loire),  and 
a  peculiarbrick,  with  a  chevron-like  j  oggle-joint 


building  in   between  I-iron  joists,   and 
thus  forming  a  fireproof  and  straight  ceiling 


506 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


July  26,  186r. 


and  floor  of  great  rigidity  and  strength.  But 
decidedly  the  greatest  novelties  are  presented 
to  us  in  the  form  of  tiles  for  roofing  purposes. 
Very  great  ingenuity  is  displayed  in  the 
design  and  manufacture  of  some  of  these, 
and  many  are  the  modes  by  which  the  maxi- 
mum of  strength  is  endeavoured  to  be  com- 
bined with  the  minimum  of  weight.  The 
sizes  of  these  tiles  are  generally  about  9in. 
wide  by  about  16in.  long,  and  have  a  groove 
on  one  edge  and  a  tillet  on  the  other,  so  that 
they  fit  into  each  other,  and  form  a  very 
weatherproof  roof.  In  order  to  overcome  the 
difficulties  of  breaking  joints,  many  ingenious 
devices  are  adopted,  and  much  beauty  is 
added  to  the  roof,  but  which  without  the  aid 
of  drawings  it  would  be  hardly  possible  to 
xplain.  On  an  average,  13  tiles  will  cover  a 
square  meter,  and  the  cost  of  the  best  is  about 
£8  per  thousand.  Ventilation  into  the  roof 
is  obtained  by  making  some  of  the  tiles  the 
size  of  three  or  four  ordinary  tiles,  and  fitting 
movable  iron  frames,  which  may  be  glazed 
or  not,  into  these,  or  by  constructing  single 
tiles  with  a  species  of  bonnet  or  curved  tube, 
oftentimes  developed  into  an  ornament,  and 
producing  a  pleasing  effect  in  a  long  line  of 
roof.  Another  species  of  fictile  manufacture 
from  which  we  may  gleam  some  good  is  the 
manufacture  of  chimney  flues  ;  of  these  enor- 
mous quantities  are  used  in  the  rubble  walls 
of  Paris  houses,  varying  from  20in.  by  ISin., 
down  to  very  small  ones,  suitable  for  ventilat- 
ing flues.  These  are  much  better  manufac- 
tured than  anything  of  the  kind  we  have  in 
England.  They  are  made  either  to  be  built 
into  the  wall,  encased  in  masonry,  or  of  such 
a  thiclcness  as  to  form  a  structural  portion  of 
the  partition  walls.  Similar  tubes  are  also 
made  with  vertical  flanges  and  sockets,  so  as 
to  form  light  yet  sound  proof  and  fireproof 
partition  to  rooms  built  over  voids.  In  the 
manufacture  of  this  species  of  terra  cotta 
ware  France  is  undoubtedly  ahead  of  us,  and 
the  extensive  use  of  hollow  bricks,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  iron  for  floors,  divisional  walls,  and 
other  building  purposes,  is  deserving  of  care- 
ful study  by  English  architects.  Passing 
from  the  purely  structural  to  that  portion  of 
fictile  manufactui'e  which  is  more  essentially 
decorative,  we  must  notice  the  charming  por- 
tico of  M.  Boulenger,  or  AuneuU  (oise)  which 
we  have  before  slightly  alluded  to  in  oiu' 
notice  of  the  reserved  garden.  This  is  a  con- 
struction entirely  in  coloured  clays,  or,  as  we 
term  them,  encaustic,  and  consists  of  a  portico 
in  antis,  of  three  bays,  the  middle  one  being 
left  open,  and  the  side  ones  partially  enclosed 
by  a  dwarf  pluteal  wall  supporting  a  small 
shaft.  Piers,  parapet,  entablature,  and  cornice 
are  all  in  coloured  clays  of  excellent  design, 
and  good,  though  evidently  somewhat  hurried, 
manufacture.  The  side  and  back  wall.s  of  this 
charming  little  structure  are  covered  with 
tilework,  arranged  in  panels,  the  central  one 
being  of  great  beauty  and  a  triumph  of  manu- 
facture, representing  Venus  rising  from  the 
sea.  It  is  a  plaque  measuring  no  less 
than  2ft.  Sin.  wide  by  4ft.  7in.  high.  The 
figure  of  the  goddess,  and  the  shell  from 
which  she  is  issuing,  are  of  the  natural 
buff  coloiir  of  the  clay,  the  latter  being  rather 
browner  than  the  former,  and  the  general 
groundwork  blue.  The  form  is  expressed  by 
an  exquisitely  drawn  black  line  of  remarkable 
decision  and  pirrity.  The  side  panels,  and 
those  occupying  the  wing  walls,  are  panelled 
with  a  large  square  tile  about  2ft.  each  way, 
each  occupied  by  an  equally  well  drawn  head 
of  one  of  the  four  seasons  in  a  circular  medal- 
lion, having  below  them  oblong  panels  bear- 
ing the  fruits  and  emblems  proper  to  them. 
Nothing  could  be  finer  or  purer  than  these, 
and  the  remainder  of  the  work  is  of  its  kind 
equally  good,  and  we  most  heartily  commend 
M.  Boulenger  and  his  works  to  the  notice  of 
English  architects.  In  the  Palace  he  has  a 
stall  where  he  exhibits  a  retable  for  an  altar 
in  the  same  material,  and  many  other  good 
things  worthy  of  notice,  the  drawing  of  all 
being  scrupulously  exact  and  the  manufacture 
good.   Many  other  luanufactmers  of  encatwtio 


tiles  exhibit  their  products,  the  chiefs  amongst 
whom  are  MM.  Boch  Freres,  of  Mauberge, 
and  Villeroy  and  Boch,  of  Mettlack,  in 
Prussia,  being,  in  fact,  the  same  firm,  whose 
works  are  situated  just  on  the  frontiers  of  the 
two  kingdoms,  and  they  are  thus  enabled  to 
supply  130th  countries  without  any  trouble 
from  custom  house  authorities.  Their  works 
are  very  excellent,  and  are  distinguished 
chiefly  for  their  intense  hardness  and  quiet 
tones  of  colour.  Their  patterns  generally 
run  larger  than  is  the  custom  with  our  manu- 
factures in  this  ware,  and  have  many  shades 
of  greys  and  neutral  browns  we  have  not  in- 
troduced, and  a  very  pleasing  quiet  colouring 
is  produced  thereby  ;  a  rich  pattern  costs 
about  153.  per  square  metre.  For  Renais- 
sance or  Classic  floors  they  leave  nothing  to 
be  desired  ;  their  Gothic  patterns  are  too 
much  Gothic  for  English  taste,  cusped,  foiled, 
and  floriated  to  an  extent  we  have  not  in- 
dulged in  for  the  last  twenty  years ;  but  with, 
to  our  taste,  better  patterns  these  tiles  would 
be  formidable  rivals  to  our  English  manufac- 
turers. 

In  cheap  tiles  a  very  pleasing  eflect  is  pro- 
duced by  mixing  various  coloured  clays,  so  as 
to  produce  a  very  variegated  "  marbling  "  of 
black,  red,  and  butf.  Good  illustrations  of 
this  are  exhibited  by  M.  Bernard,  of  Piegiraud, 
near  Orange,  and  are  sold  from  at  Ss.  to  43.  per 
S(juare  metre.  Ascending  from  tUes  decorated 
by  clays  to  painted  ones,  we  come,  firstly,  to 
the  marvellously  fine  painted  ones  of  M. 
Yvon,  of  Sevres.  There  are  two  figures  of  his 
in  Gallery  No.  III.  which  are  perfectly  mar- 
vellous in  colour  and  drawing,  and  afl'ord 
illustrations  of  the  richest  form  of  architectoric 
decoration  ever  known.  But  one  thing  is 
wanted  to  make  them  perfect — we  allude  to 
the  disfigurement  occasioned  by  the  square 
form  of  the  various  tUes  on  which  they  are 
painted.  Careful  consideration  of  the  cartoon 
and  a  little  management  of  the  design  would 
aUow'of  the  several  pieces  on  which  such  sub- 
jects are  painted  being  arranged  to  take  the 
form  of  various  portions  of  the  subject,  and  it 
would  be  easy  to  obviate  the  difliculty  which 
arises  from  the  twisting  of  irregular  shaped 
masses  in  the  firing  by  having  each  plaque 
square  or  regular,  and  making  a  deep  incision 
in  the  clay  so  as  to  allow  of  its  being  easily 
broken  to  the  required  shape  on  completion  of 
the  painting,  letting  the  jointing  lines  form  an 
outline,  as  in  fresco  painting  and  stained  glass. 
Near  to  these  wonderful  figiu'es  are  some 
majolica  tiles  for  wall  lining,  of  excellent 
manufacture,  with  discs  of  coloured  glass  in- 
serted, offering  a  new  idea  of  large  and  varied 
application  to  those  who  will  foUow  it  up. 
The  painted  faience  friezes  of  M.  Jean 
are  very  admirable  specimens  of  decorative 
art  as  applied  to  architecture,  and  of  which 
we  have  already  seen  a  practical  illustration 
in  the  pavilion  of  the  Empress  in  the  reserved 
garden.  A  terra  cotta  of  great  hardness 
and  extremely  stonelike  texture  is  exhibited 
in  the  machinery  gallery  by  MM.  Clemendot 
and  Co.,  of  Paris,  who  also  contribute  a  spe- 
cimen of  very  fine  red  ware,  and  their  works 
are,  of  their  kind,  amongst  the  foremost  ex- 
hibited. Here  there  are  models  of  some 
singular  and  useful  tile  constructions  of 
MM.  Gilardoni  Freres,  of  Altkirck,  in 
the  Haut  Rhin.  The  most  remarkable  of 
these  consists  of  a  three-storey  building, 
erected  in  the  form  of  a  Gothic  arch, 
in  hollow  bricks,  or,  rather,  thick  tUes,  the 
lower  series  of  which  are  equivalent  to  three 
courses  in  thickness,  the  second  storey  of  two 
thicknesses,  and  the  upper  one  of  a  single 
course  of  tiles,  all  rebated  or  groved  on  the 
edge,  having  on  the  opposite  side  a  tongue 
fittmg  into  tbe  recess  thus  formed  in  its  neigh- 
bour. By  this  arrangement  great  strength  is 
obtained,  the  resistance  being  thus  propor- 
tioned to  the  thrust,  and  the  set-off  formed  by 
the  diminution,  which  takes  place  from  the 
inside,  forms  a  ledge  on  which  the  floor  joists 
rest.  For  agricultural  buildings  this  kind  of 
construction  is  admirably  adapted,  and  there 
are  other  forms  of  tile  construction,  exhibited 


by  the  same  gentleman  eminently  worthy  of 
examination.  In  the  Pare  is  a  very  fine 
trophy  of  glazed  majolica  ware,  exhibited  by 
MM.  Virelent  Freres,  consisting  of  a  triangu- 
lar baldechino  and  altar,  with  the  Blessed 
Virgin  Mary  and  infant  Christ,  and  figures  of 
Faith,  Hope,  and  Charity,  all  of  large  size  and 
good  modelling,  painted  and  coloured  after  the 
fashion  of  Lucca  dela  Robbia  ware,  whilst  the 
two  sides  not  occupied  by  the  frontal  of  the 
altar  have  reclining  figures,  painted  on  the 
flat,  of  Jesse  and  David.  This  trophy  is 
deserving  of  serious  attention,  and  marks  out 
a  grand  rule  for  this  important  material  to 
play,  showing  what  may  be  done  to  provide 
our  smoky  cities  with  an  imalterable  style  of 
decoration.  Not  far  from  this  is  an  enormous 
fountain,  with  figures  of  great  size.  The  design 
is  taken  from  the  well-known  painting  of  the 
"  Shipwreck  of  the  Medusa,  "  and  though  the 
subject  is  not  one  a  person  of  good  taste 
would  choose  for  a  pleasure-giving  decoration, 
yet  it  is  a  veritable  triumph  of  firing  and 
modelling,  and  is  produced  by  MM.  Gossin 
Frferes.  This  branch  of  industry  is  so  largely 
exhibited  by  France  that  we  have  only  space 
to  point  out  some  few  of  the  many  good  things 
she  presents,  and  have  selected  those  most 
applicable  to  architectural  uses.  Spain  sends 
a  few  tiles  reminiscent  of  her  Moorish  days, 
but  they  are  painfully  like  needlework  or  oil- 
cloth, the  surface  of  the  tile  being  formed  into 
little  square  compartments,  having  a  narrow 
raised  ridge  dividing  them,  and  into  the  spaces 
thus  formed  the  coloured  clays  or  glazes  are 
painted.  As  examples  of  manufacture  they 
are  good,  but  aU  artistic  eft'ect  is  destroyed  by 
this  mode  of  treatment.  Her  principal  ex- 
posants  are  MM.  Novella  and  Gaces,  and 
MM.  Nolla  and  Sagrera,  of  Valencia.  By 
far  the  most  important  of  the  foreign  contri- 
butors are  those  of  M.  Henri  Drasche,  of 
Vienna,  who  ably  represents  the  resources  of 
AusTKiA,  having  brickyards  and  potteries  fur 
the  manufacture  of  terra  cotta  both  in  Lower 
Austria  and  Hungary,  and  who  is,  without 
doubt,  the  largest  brick-maker  in  the  world, 
and  we  very  much  doubt  if  Pharoah,  with  all 
his  Israelites,  ever  rivalled  him.  His  (M. 
Drasche,  not  Pharoah),  annual  production  of 
bricks  alone  is  close  upon  190,000,000,  and  be 
employs  over  5,000  persons,  so  his  manufac- 
ture attains  an  almost  national  importance, 
and  we  are  glad  to  find  that  it  is  not  merely 
the  labour  of  these  persons  he  cares  for,  but 
schools,  hospitals,  infirmaries,  and  well-buOt 
houses  form  as  much  a  portion  of  his  esta- 
blishment as  do  his  kilns  and  steam  engines. 
Of  coui-se,  with  such  large  resources,  and  with 
such  a  vast  extent  of  country  at  command,  all 
kinds  of  clay  are  obtainable,  and  we  find 
bricks  of  every  variety  of  colour  and  quality, 
and  at  prices  varymg  from  35f.  to  50f.  the 
thousand.  We  fear  no  considerable  trade 
can  be  carried  on  between  Vienna  and 
London  in  bricks,  and  shall,  therefore,  dismiss 
this  portion  of  M.  Drasche's  production,  and 
confine  ourselves  to  the  examination  of  his 
works  in  terra  cotta.  These  are  by  far  the 
finest  of  pm-ely  architectural  terra  cottas  we 
have  ever  seen,  and  his  window-dressings, 
doorways,  cornices,  and  other  accessories  are 
as  varied  as  they  are  good,  and  we  are  con- 
vinced that  a  very  large  trade  could  be 
eft'ected  with  this  country  in  such  excellent 
materials.  The  carriage  from  Trieste  to  Lon- 
don is  but  small,  and  the  ability  with  which 
the  designs  of  M.  Foster,  and  others  to  whom 
we  have  referred  in  our  critiques  on  Austrian 
architecture,  have  been  carried  out,  fully 
justify  English  architects  placing  themselves 
in  the  hands  of  so  able  and  energetic  a  manu- 
facturer. Well-modelled  pilaster  caps  can  be 
obtained  from  5f.  upwards,  and  excellently 
designed  consoles  and  trusses  for  equally  small 
amounts;  whilst  in  figures  and  groups  an 
almost  endless  variety  of  subjects  and  sizes 
exists  already,  suitable  for  the  internal  or  ex- 
ternal decoration  of  every  species  of  building, 
civil,  military,  or  religious,  at  very  moderate 
prices.  The  Twelve  Apostles  are  obtainable 
at  6s.  each,  and  almost  every  kind  of  icono- 


July  26,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


507 


graphy  is  represented  ;  whilst  for  garden  deco- 
ration the  vases  in  various  coloured  clays 
leave  nothing  to  be  desired,  except  their  intro- 
duction into  this  country.  "We  are  making 
great  strides  in  this  species  of  manufacture  in 
England,  and  the  surest  way  to  hasten  them 
forward  is  to  point  out  the  course  and  progress 
of  others  ;  and  without  -wishing  to  detract 
from  the  weU-earued  honours  of  Alinton  and 
Maw,  Blanchard  or  Blashlield,  we  tell  them 
that  if  they  do  not  push  onwards  they  will 
speedily  have  to  make  way  for  others.  In- 
creased facility  of  communication  will  bring 
all  peoples  into  more  intimate  contact,  and  the 
best  products  of  any  country  will  command 
the  market  of  all.  In  majolica  tiles  and  rich- 
coloured  glazes  we  are  beyond  all  others,  and 
in  ordinary  encaustic  tiles  we  are  equal  to  the 
average  ;  but  for  modelled  terra  cotta  at  a 
moderate  price  we  are  far  behind-hand,  de- 
spite the  labours  of  South  Kensington,  and 
the  impetus  given  by  the  labours  of,  the  too- 
soon  lost,  Godfrey  Sykes.  Much  of  the  handi- 
work of  this  talented  young  artist  is  here 
seen,  and  commands  the  admiration  of  all. 
We  only  regret  that  we  have  not  hundreds 
such,  and  it  is  only  when  we  have  them  that 
we  shall  be  able  to  satisfactorily  compete  with 
continental  nations.  Scarcity  of  labour  means 
costly  production,  and  costly  production  means 
small  demand.  Let  us  increase  the  demand 
by  obtaining  our  supplies  from  abroad  at  first, 
and  we  have  no  doubt  then  but  that  our  own 
country,  whose  clays  once  produced  worthy 
rivals  of  the  famed  Samian  wares,  will  then 
be  as  successful  in  the  production  of  the 
coarser  varieties  of  ceramic  art  as  she  has 
recently  been  in  its  higher  branches.. 


DURABILITY  OP  TAHIOTTS  KINDS  OF 
STONE. 

IN  the  year  1S39,  the  Commissioners  of  Woods 
and  Foresta  instituted  a  searching  enquiry 
into  the  nature  and  durabiUty  of  the  various  kinds 
of  building  stone  principally  used  in  this  country. 
This  was  done  in  order  to  select  the  best  kind  of 
stone  for  building  the  New  Houses  of  Parhament. 
The  report  addressed  |to  the  commissioners  that 
year  was  reported  in  1S45,  and  contains  much  valu- 
able information.  Take,  for  instance,  the  follow- 
ing :— 

As  examples  of  the  degree  of  durabUity  of 
various  building  stones  in  particular  localities, 
the  following  may  be  enumerated.  Of  the  sand- 
stone buildings  which  we  examined,  we  may  notice 
the  remains  of  Eccle^tone  Abbey,  of  the  thirteenth 
century,  near  Barnard  Castle,  constructed  of  a 
stone  closely  resembling  that  of  the  Stenton 
quarry  in  the  vicinity,  as  exhibiting  the  mould- 
ings and  other  decorations,  even  to  the  dog's- 
tooth  ornament,  in  excellent  condition.  The 
circular  keep  of  Barnard,  apparently  also  built  of 
the  same  material,  is  in  fine  preservation.  Tintem 
Abbey  may  also  be  noticed  aa  a  sandstone  edifice 
that  haa  to  a  considerable  extent  resisted  decom- 
poeition ;  for  although  it  is  decayed  in  some  parts, 
it  is  nearly  perfect  in  others.  Some  portions  of 
Whitby  Abbey  are  likewise  in  a  perfect  state, 
whilst  others  are  fast  yielding  to  the  efiects  of  the 
atmosphere.  The  older  portions  of  Ripon  Cathedral 
constructed  of  sandstone,  are  in  a  fair  state  of  pre- 
servation. Rivauls  Abbey  is  another  good  ex- 
ample of  an  ancient  sandstone  building  in  a  fair 
condition.  The  Norman  keep  of  Richmond  Castle 
m  Yorkshire  aftbrds  an  instance  of  a  moderately 
hard  sandstone  which  has  well  resisted  decomposi- 
tion. 

As  examples  of  sandstone  buildings  of  more 
recent  date  in  a  good  state  of  preservation, 
we  may  mention  Hardwicke  Hall,  Haddou  Hall, 
and  all  the  buildings  of  Craigleith  Stone  in  Edin- 
burgh and  its  vicinity.  Of  sandstone  edifices  in 
an  advanced  state  of  decomposition  we  may 
enumerate  Durham  Cathedral,  the  churches  at 
Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  Carlisle  Cathedral,  Kirk- 
stall  Abbey,  and  Fountains  Abbey.  The  sandstone 
churches  of  Derby  are  also  extremely  decomposed ; 
and  the  church  of  St.  Peter  at  Shaftesbury  is  in 
such  a  state  of  decay  that  some  portions  of  the 
building  are  only  prevented  from  falling  by  means 
of  iron  ties. 

As  an  example  of  an  edifice  constructed  of  a 
calciferous  variety  of  sandstone,  we  may 
notice  Tisbury  Church,  which  is  in  unequal  condi- 


tion, the  moiUdings  and  other  enrichments  being 
in  a  perfect  state,  whilst  the  ashler,  apparently 
selected  with  less  care,  is  fast  mouldering  away. 

The  choir  of  Southwell  Church,  of  the 
twelfth  century,  may  be  mentioned  as  aflbrding 
an  instance  of  the  durability  of  a  magnesio-calci- 
ferous  sandstone,  resembling  that  of  Mansfield, 
after  long  exposure  to  the  influences  of  the  atmo- 
sphere. 

Of  buildings  constructed  of  magnesian  Ume- 
stone,  we  may  mention  the  Norman  portions 
of  Southwell  Church,  built  of  stone  similar  to  that 
of  Bolsover  Moor,  and  which  are  throughout  in  a 
perfect  state,  the  mouldings  and  carved  enrich- 
ments being  as  sharp  as  when  first  executed.  The 
keep  of  Koningsburgh  Castle,  built  of  a  magnesian 
limestone  from  the  vicinity,  Li  also  in  a  perfect 
st-vte,  although  the  joints  of  the  masom-y  are  open 
in  consequence  of  the  decomposition  and  disap- 
pearance of  the  mortar  formerly  within  them. 
The  church  at  Hemmingborough,  of  the  fifteenth 
century,  constructed  of  a  material  resembling  the 
stone  from  Huddlestone,  does  not  exhibit  any  ap- 
pearance of  decay.  Ticklull  Church,  of  the  fifteenth 
century,  built  of  a  similar  material,  is  in  a  fair 
state  of  preservation.  Huddlestone  Hall,  of  the 
sixteenth  centmy,  constructed  of  the  stone  of  the 
immediate  vicinity,  is  also  in  good  condition. 
Roche  Abbey,  of  the  thirteenth  century,  in  which 
stone  from  the  immediate  neighbourhood  has  been 
employed,  exhibits  generally  a  fair  state  of  preser- 
vation, although  some  portions  have  yielded  to  the 
effects  of  the  atmosphere. 

As  examples  of  magnesian  limestone  build- 
ings in  a  more  advanced  state  of  decay,  we 
may  notice  the  chiu-ches  at  York,  and  a  large  por- 
tion of  the  Minster,  Howdeu  Church,  Doncaster 
Old  Church,  and  others  in  that  part  of  the  country, 
many  of  which  are  so  much  decomposed  that  the 
mouldings,  carvings,  and  other  architectural  de- 
corations are  often  entirely  effaced. 

■\Ve  may  here  remark,  that,  as  far  as  our 
observations  extend,  in  proportion  as  the  stone 
employed  in  magnesian  limestone  buildings  is 
crystaUine,  so  does  it  appear  to  have  resisted  the 
decomposing  effects  of  the  atmosphere  ;  a  con- 
clusion in  accordance  with  the  opinion  of  Professor 
Daniell,  who  has  stated  to  us  that  from  the  re|ults 
of  experiments,  he  is  of  opinion  '  the  nearer  the 
magnesian  limestones  approach  to  equivalent  pro- 
portions of  carbonate  of  lime  and  carbonate  of 
magnesia,  the  more  crystalline  aud  better  they  are 
in  every  respect.' 

Of  buildings  constructed  of  oolitic  and 
other  limestones,  we  may  notice  the  church  of 
Byland  Abbey,  of  the  twelfth  century,  especially 
the  west  front,  built  of  stone  from  the  immediate 
vicinity,  as  being  in  an  almost  perfect  state  of  pre- 
servation. Sandysfoot  Castle,  near  Weymouth, 
constructed  of  Portland  ooUte  in  the  time  of 
Henry  VIII,,  is  an  example  of  that  material  in 
excellent  condition ;  a  few  decomposed  stones  used 
in  the  interior  (and  which  are  exceptions  to  this 
fact)  being  from  another  oohte  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  the  castle.  Bow  and  Arrow  Castle, 
and  the  neighbouring  ruins  of  a  church  of  the 
fourteenth  century, in  the  Island  of  Portland,  also 
afi'ord  instances  of  the  Portland  oohte  in  perfect 
condition.  The  new  church  in  the  island,  built 
in  1766,  of  the  variety  of  the  Portland  stone 
termed  roach,  is  in  an  excellent  state  throughout, 
even  to  the  preservation  of  the  marks  of  the 
chisel. 

Many  buildings  constructed  of  a  material 
similar  to  the  oohte  of  Ancaster,  such  as  Newark 
and  Grantham  Churches,  and  other'  edifices  in 
various  parts  of  Lincolnshire,  have  scarcely  yielded 
to  the  efiects  of  atmospheric  influences.  Wind- 
rush  Church,  built  of  an  oolite  from  the  neighbour- 
ing quarry,  is  in  excellent  condition,  whUst  the 
Abbey  Church  of  Bath,  constructed  of  the  oolite 
in  the  vicinity  of  that  city,  has  suffered  much  from 
decomposition ;  as  is  also  the  case  with  the  cathe- 
dral, and  the  churches  of  St.  Nicholas  and  St. 
Michael  in  Gloucester,  erected  of  a  stone  from  the 
ooUtic  rocks  of  the  neighbourhood. 

The  churches  of  Stamford,  Ketton,  CoUey 
Weston,  Kettering,  and  other  places  in  that 
part  of  the  country,  attest  the  durabiUty  of  the 
Shelley  ooUte,  termed  Barnack  Rag,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  those  portions  of  some  of  them  for 
which  the  stone  has  been  id-selected.  The  excel- 
lent condition  of  those  parts  which  remain  of 
Glastonbury  Abbey  show  the  value  of  a  shelly 
Umestone  similar  to  that  of  Doulting,  whilst  the 
stone  employed  in  Wells  Cathedral,  apparently  of 
the  same  kind,  and  not  selected  with  equal  care, 
is  in  parts  decomposed.  The  mansion,  the  church, 
and  the  remains  of  the  abbey  at  Montacute,  as  also 
many  other  buildings  in  that  vicinity,  constructed 


of  the  limestone  of  Ham  Hill,  are  in  excellent 
condition.  In  Salisbury  Cathedra),  built  of  stone 
from  Chilmark,  we  have  evidence  of  the  general 
durability  of  a  siliciferous  limestone ;  for,  although 
the  west  front  has  somewhat  yielded  to  the  effects 
of  the  atmosphere,  the  excellent  condition  of  the 
building  generally  is  most  striking. 

In  the  public  buildings  of  Oxford,  we  have 
a  marked  instance  both  of  decomposition  and 
durability  iu  the  materials  employed  ;  for  whilst  a 
shelly  oolite,  similar  to  that  of  Taynton,  wliich  is 
employed  iu  the  more  ancient  parts  of  the  cathe- 
dral, in  llcrton  College  Chapel,  &c.,  and  commonly 
for  the  pUnths,  string-courses,  and  exposed  por- 
tions of  the  other  edifices  in  that  city,  is  generally 
in  a  good  state  of  preservation,  a  calcareous  stone 
from  Heddington,  employed  in  nearly  the  whole 
of  the  colleges,  churches,  and  other  public  build- 
ings, is  in  such  a  deplorable  state  of  decay,  as  in 
some  instances  to  have  caused  all  traces  of  archi- 
tectural decoration  to  disappear,  and  the  ashler 
itself  to  be  in  many  places  deeply  disintegrated. 

In  Spofforth  Castle  we  have  a  striking 
example  of  the  unequal  decomposition  of  two 
materials,  a  magnesian  Umestone  aud  a  sandstone ; 
the  former  employed  in  the  decorateil  parts,  and 
the  latter  for  the  ashler  or  plain  facing  of  the 
walls.  .Although  the  magnesian  limestone  has 
been  equaUy  exposed  with  the  sandstone  to  the 
decomposing  effects  of  the  atmosphere,  it  has  re- 
mained as  perfect  in  form  as  when  first  employed, 
while  the  sandstone  has  suffered  considerably  from 
the  effects  of  decomposition. 

In  Chepstow  Castle,  a  magnesian  limestone 
in  fine  preservation,  and  a  red  sandstone  in 
an  advanced  state  of  decomposition,  may  be  ob- 
served, both  having  been  exposed  to  the  same  con- 
ditions as  parts  of  the  same  archways  ;  and  in 
Bristol  Cathedral  there  is  a  curious  instance  of 
the  effects  arising  from  the  intermixture  of  very 
different  materials,  a  yellow  Umestone  and  a  red 
sandstone,  which  have  been  indiscriminately  em- 
ployed both  for  the  plain  and  decorated  parts  of 
the  building  ;  not  only  is  the  appearance  in  this 
case  unsightly,  but  the  architectural  effect  of  the 
edifice  is  also  much  impaired  by  the  unequal  de- 
composition of  the  two  materials,  the  limestone 
having  suffered  much  less  from  decay  than  the 
sandstone. 

Judging,  therefore,  from  the  evidence  af- 
forded by  buildings  of  various  dates,  there  would 
appear  to  be  many  varieties  of  sandstone  and 
limestone  employed  for  building  purposes  which 
successfully  resist  the  destructive  eSects  of  atmo- 
spheric influences  ;  amongst  these  the  sandstones 
of  Stenton,  Whitby,  Tintern,  Rivaulx,  and  Crag- 
leith,  the  magnesio-calciferous  sandstones  of 
Mansfield,  the  cilciferous  sandstone  of  Tisb  ury 
the  crystalline  magnesian  limestones,  or  Dolomites 
of  Bolsover,  Huddlestone  and  Roche  Abbey,  the 
ooUtes  of  Byland,  Portland,  and  Ancaster,  the 
SheUy  ooUtes  and  limestones  of  Barnack  and 
Ham  Hill,  and  the  siUciferous  limestone  of  Chilmark 
appear  to  be  amongst  the  most  durable.  To  these, 
which  may  aU  be  considered  as  desirable  building 
materials,  we  are  inclined  to  add  the  sandstones  of 
Darley  Dale,  Humbie,  Longanuet,  and  Crowbank, 
the  magnesian  limestones  of  Robin  Hood's  Well, 
and  the  ooUte  of  Ketton,  although  some  of  them 
may  not  have  the  evidence  of  ancient  buildings  in 
their  favour."  The  Report  upon  which  we  have 
drawn  so  largely,  and  from  which  we  shall  extract 
stiU  larger  drafts,  then  ^oceeds  to  close  by  a 
preference  to  limestones  on  account  "of  theu- 
more  general  uniformity  of  tint,  their  compara- 
tively homogeneous  structure,  and  the  faciUty  and 
economy  of  their  conversion  to  building  purposes," 
of  which  it  prefers  the  crystalUne ;  on  which 
account,  and  its  combination  with  a  close  approach 
to  the  equivalent  proportions  of  carbonate  of  lime 
and  carbonate  of  magnesia,  for  uniformity  in 
structure,  faciUty  and  economy  in  conversion,  and 
for  advantage  of  colour,  the  parties  to  the  Report 
prefer  the  magnesian  limestone  or  dolomite  of 
Bolsover  Moor  and  its  neighbourhood.  The 
Report  deserves  every  commendation  ;  upon  the 
whole  it  has  been  well  done,  and  is  the  first  scieutific 
step  the  government  of  this  country  has  ever  taken 
in  respect  of  practical  architecture.  It,  moreover, 
only  cost  the  moderate  sum  of  £1,400,  including 
the  many  collections  of  specimens  deposited  in 
various  institutions  for  reference. 


DRY  EARTH. 

ON  the  subject  of  disinfectants,  Voelcker  says:— 
Porous  earth  acts  on  putrefying  animal 
and  decaying  vegetable  matters  on  the  same  prin- 
ciple as  that  on  which  the  putrefymg  powers  of 


508 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


July  26,  1867. 


charcoal  depend.  On  account  of  their  greater 
porosity  and  absorbing  properties,  wood  and  peat 
charcoal  are  superior  to  earth  as  disinfectants. 
However,  dry  earth  is  a  very  good  absorber  and 
destroyer  of  foul  smells  ;  and,  as  it  can  be  had 
anywhere  at  little  cost,  it  deserves  to  be  used 
extensively,  especially  in  the  country,  for  prevent- 
ing nuisance  and  loss  in  fertilizing  constituents, 
which  is  caused  by  the  careless  mode  in  which 
hviman  excreta  are  usually  disposed  of.  Earth 
impregnated  therewith,  like  charcoal,  has  the 
power  of  purifying  itself  on  exposure  to  the  air ; 
so  that  earth  maj'  be  iised  over  and  over  again  for 
the  disinfection  of  human  excreta.  It  is,  indeed, 
worthy  of  special  notice  that  a  mixture  of  earth 
with  night  soil,  after  having  been  kept  for  some 
time  xmder  a  shed,  confined  at  one  or  more  sides, 
and  covered  by  a  roof  to  exclude  rain,  and  be- 
come dry,  has  its  original  disinfecting  powers 
almost  completely  restored,  and  may  be  used 
again  for  absorbing  and  retaining  the  manuring 
elements  of  a  fresh  quantity  of  night-soil.  Earth 
in  this  way  may  be  used  three  or  four  times  over 
for  the  disinfection  of  human  excreta,  and  at  the 
same  time  becomes  a  valuable  vehicle  for  absorb- 
ing and  concentrating  all  the  fertilizing  consti- 
tuents which  enter  into  the  composition  of  liquid 
and  solid  excreta.  Human  urine  contains  from 
91  to  94  per  cent,  of  water,  and  faeces  not  less 
than  80  to  85  per  cent. ;  hence  the  practical  diffi- 
culty ;^of  converting  them  into  a  dry  and  portable 
manure.  Simple  evaporation  or  artificial  drying 
is  impracticable ;  because,  in  the  first  place,  it 
creates  an  intolerable  nuisance ;  and,  secondly, 
because  it  is  attended  with  the  decomposition  and 
loss  of  the  nitrogenous  and  most  valuable  manur- 
ing constituents.  These  practical  difficulties, 
which  are  experienced  in  the  conversion  of  night- 
soil  into  a  portable  manure,  may  be  completely 
obviated,  at  all  events  in  the  country,  by  the  free 
use  of  dry  earth  in  closets.  If  a  sufficient  quan- 
tity of  earth  is  employed  to  absorb  completely 
the  mixture  of  the  excreta,  the  contents  of  the 
closets  can  be  removed  periodically,  say  once  a 
month,  in  the  daytime,  with  little  or  no  incon- 
venience. They  should  be  wheeled  at  once  under 
a  roofed  shed,  and  spread  out  as  much  as  the  space 
admits,  and  left  exposed  to  the  drying  influences 
of  the  air.  According  to  the  state  of  the  weather, 
the  mixture  of  night-soil  and  earth  will  become 
sufficiently  dry  in  two  or  three  months,  when  it 
may  be  used  again  in  the  closet  like  fresh  soil, 
and  the  same  jjrocess  is  repeated  three  or  four 
times.  During  the  drying  in  the  shed  no  appre- 
ciable amount  of  fertilizing  matter  is  lost ;  and  as 
the  earth,  after  each  removal  from  the  closets, 
becomes  charged  with  an  additional  quantity  of 
manuring  matter,  a  very  useful  manure  is  finally 
produced  with  little  trouble  and  at  a  mere  trifling 
expense.  In  country  places,  where  proper  drain- 
age is  not  provided,  the  nuisance  of  open  clo.sets 
may  be  best  avoided  by  the  use  of  the  arrangements 
adapted  in  the  so-called  earth  closets. 


MODERN  ARCHITECTURE  AND 
ARCHITECTS.* 

THE  so-called  revivers  of  Gothic  architecture 
are  as  yet  mere  imitators,  however  clever 
and  well-intentioned ;  but  this  is  not  the  worst. 
Their  imitations  have  taken  a  most  unfortunate 
direction.  They  choope  the  cathedrals  for  their 
models.  The  most  ornate  style,  elaborated  for  the 
highest  objects,  is  transferred  by  them  to  mere 
secular  work  ;  aud  this,  not  so  much  by  copying 
its  beautiful  forms,  as  by  depending  on  the  piquant 
prettinesses  of  Gothic  detail,  which  they  have 
used  up  without  restraint.  They  have  gone  over 
to  France,  and  worked  the  Sainte  Chapelle  and 
Notre  Dame ;  or  they  have  explored  Italy,  and 
even  Spain,  in  search  of  novelties.  They  have 
had  to  satiate  an  ignorant  and  exacting  multitude, 
who  have  money  and  will  have  show.  There  may 
be  students  here  and  there,  whose  intelligence  and 
culture  might  direct  and  guide  the  mass ;  but 
these  are  not  the  men  to  whom  the  conduct  of 
ovir  public  buildings  is  confided.  Mere  wealth  aud 
position  are  sufficient  to  ensure  the  appointment 
of  a  committee  to  decide  on  a  public  work,  and  we 
know  the  results. 

The  popular  idea  of  Gothic  architecture  is  that 
of  a  large  symmetrical  building.  Thousands 
visit  the  English  and  foreign  cathedrals,  admire 
their  fronts,  and  wonder  at  their  interiors.  But 
how  few  are  aware,  or  take  the  pains  to  consider, 
that  these  cathedrals  were,  in  fact,  but  the  chief 
rooms— those  devoted  to  the  highest  purposes — 


*  From  the  Quarterly  Sevieic. 


in  a  vast  assemblage  of  conventual  or  monastic 
buildings  ?  Consequently,  a  mere  glimpse  at 
York,  at  Notre  Dame,  or  at  Cologne,  will  give  a 
most  imperfect  idea  of  the  true  character  and 
spirit  of  Gothic  architecture.  It  would  be  as 
reasonable  to  take  the  grand  soliloquy  of  Wolsey 
as  a  substitute  for  the  varied  incident  and  tragic 
power  of  the  whole  drama,  as  to  assume  that 
these  isolated  buildings  form  by  themselves  an 
exhibition  of  the  whole  method  of  Gothic  work. 
We  appeal  to  those  who  have  repeatedly  seen  that 
model  of  perfect  symmetry,  Cologne  Cathedral, 
whether  at  each  successive  visit  there  is  not 
a  constant  diminution  of  interest.  Is  it  not, 
after  all,  felt  to  be  infinitely  inferior  in  sustained 
eflect  to  the  homely  variety  of  Peterborough 
or  Canterbury,  where  the  limbs,  though  mutilated, 
are  still  seen  in  their  connection  with  the  head  ? 
Here  we  behold  the  essentials  of  variety,  fitness, 
and  subordination,  aud  we  feel  that  the  collection 
of  buildings  stimulates  the  imagination  and 
elevates  the  mind.  But  when  we  go  back  to  our 
imitations,  and  see  the  high  enrichment  and 
graceful  conceptions  of  Ecclesiastical  architecture 
brought  into  secidar  buildings,  the  effect  is 
merely  the  sense  of  degradation. 

AVhen  we  thus  view  these  ancient  buildings  as  a 
whole,  we  see  that  they  grew,  not  only  in  their 
plan  and  their  forms,  but  in  every  detail  and  de- 
coration. Each  part  was  made  as  it  was  wanted  ; 
every  room  had  its  proper  use,  and  that  use  was 
expressed  in  its  style.  Decoration  was  not  put  on 
by  bits  to  please  the  eye ;  but,  as  a  rule,  it  was 
distributed  according  to  the  relative  importance  of 
the  buildings.  The  whole  was  a  building,  not 
a  design,  aud  the  builders  were  true  workmen, 
who  would  have  felt  that  to  "  design  "  a  building, 
in  the  modern  sense,  was  like  designing  a  tree, 
much  as  our  fathers  cut  their  yews  and  boxes  into 
elephants  and  pin-cushions.  These  were  houses 
made  with  hands  and  heads,  not  with  drawing 
boards  and  T-squares,  bow-pens  and  hair- 
dividers.  As  in  those  works  of  literature  which 
live  the  longest,  and  take  the  strongest  hold 
on  human  sympathies,  Shakspeare  and  Scott  did 
their  work  as  craftsmen,  so  art  will  never  live 
till  sculptors  turn  their  studios  into  workshops, 
and  architects  are  content  to  be  chief  masons. 

The  simple,  sad  truth  is,  that  architecture 
in  England  is  a  dead  art.  Let  not  the  reader 
start  with  incredulity.  A  noble  poet  has  ex- 
pressed, in  language  too  familiar  to  need  repeat- 
ing, the  truth,  that  beauty  may  for  a  while  sur- 
vive death,  in  its  "  fixed  yet  tender  traits,"  but  a 
beauty  only  lighted  by 

Expression's  l.-wt  receding  ray, 

.'V  yilded  halo  lioveriug  i-ovind  decay. 

The  farewell  beam  of  feeling  past  away. 

The  ever  active  powers  of  nature  soon  sweep  with 
dissolution  the  form  that  has  lost  its  life  ;  but  in 
art  and  Uterature  the  "one  treacherous  hour" 
may  be  prolonged  into  an  age  before  we  know 
that  we  have  lost  "  the  lines  where  beauty 
lingers."  Alexandrian  grammarians  may  drawl 
out  their  dull  hexameters  in  the  dead  language  of 
Homer,  and  architects  may  reproduce  the  lifeless 
forms  of  Doric  or  Ionic,  Gothic  or  Palladiau,  with 
wondrous  unconsciousness.  The  dress  of  the 
mummy,  that  same  constant  guest  at  our  artistic 
feasts,  may  be  changed  so  often  as  to  distract  our 
attention  from  the  inexpressive  features,  till 
at  length  the  truth  is  suddenly  revealed — 

We  start,  for  scrul  is  wanting  there  ! 
To  ourselves,  we  candidly  confess,  after  years  of 
sympathy  with  the  Gothic  revival,  this  discovery 
has  come  while  studying  the  designs  exhibited  in 
New-square. 

The  works  of  our  modern  architects  are  com- 
posed in  a  foreign  language  ;  a  style  as  suitable 
for  our  Law  Courts  as  if  the  barristers  were 
to  plead  in  Greek  or  mediaeval  Latin,  or  the  judg- 
ments were  to  be  given,  as  of  old,  in  Norman 
French.  Not  only  is  the  language  foreign,  it  is  a 
heterogeneous  jargon ;  these  towers  are  literally 
towers  of  Babel.  If,  by  that  evil  fate  which  dogs 
our  national  eflbrts  at  building,  any  of  them 
should  come  to  be  erected,  and  if  workmen  from 
France  and  Flanders,  Italy  and  Spain,  with  smaU 
helps  from  almost  unknown  lands,  each  in  some 
antique  dress,  were  to  be  heard  mingUng  their 
native  tongues  in  admired  contusion,  the  result 
would  not  be  more  absurd  than  that  already  pre- 
sented to  our  eyes.  One  dialect,  perhaps,  pre- 
dominates over  the  rest,  and  this  certainly  is  not 
native.  There  was  a  time,  while  Pugin  was  in  the 
ascendant,  when,  like  an  infant  trying  his  first 
steps  with  his  mother's  aid,  our  architects  were 
content  to  lean  on  the  pure  Edwardian  Gothic. 
But  the  infant  gained  no  strength  of  his  own  ;  as 


he  grew,  he  still  wanted  go-carts  and  crutches, 
aud  he  found  comfort  aud  amusement  in  varying 
their  pattern  ;  if  they  could  not  give  him  strength, 
they  might  amuse  him  as  toys.  The  favourite  toy 
has  been  Italian  Gothic.  Its  forms  are  pic- 
turesque, aud  to  the  ignorant  public  they  offer  a 
novelty,  which  only  makes  the  more  instructed 
wonder  whether  these  artists  think  that  no  one 
has  been  in  Italy  but  themselves.  It  matters 
little  that  the  Italian  Gothic  is  essentially  a 
southern  variety,  with  shadowy  arcades,  diminu- 
tive windows,  and  a  compactness  of  plan  suited  to 
the  oppressive  brilliancy  of  a  southern  climate, 
and  to  a  town  like  Venice,  where  the  light 
is  absolutely  painful.  The  long  frontages  of  the  | 
proposed  building  seem  to  have  offered  a  special 
temptation  to  the  adoption  of  the  horizontal  lines 
peculiar  to  this  style,  together  with  a  constraint 
of  symmetry  which  is  as  much  in  place  as  if 
counsel  were  bound  to  plead  in  hexameters  or 
ottava  rima.  After  all,  Venetian  is  but  half 
Gothic,  Italian  arcading  enriched  with  Gothic 
detail,  and  the  style  is  in  its  principles  essentially 
antagonistic  to  pure  English  work.  Ours  origi- 
nates in  a  perfect  simplicity,  admits  of  any 
amount  of  enrichment,  and,  in  its  authentic 
examples,  is  never  known  to  be  anything  but 
beautiful. 


LTJRXING  PLACES  FOR  INFECTION.  * 

WHEN  the  British  Association  for  the  Advance- 
ment of  Science  met  at  Glasgow,  in  1853, 
our  late  member,  Mr.  Thomas  Dobson,  B.  A.  of  Cam- 
bridge, presented  a  report  on  the  relation  between 
explosions  in  coal  mines  and  revolving  storms.  In 
this  elaborate  comparison  of  recorded  storms  with 
recorded  explosions  in  the  years  1851,  1852,  and 
1853,  there  is  presented  a  mass  of  evidence  which 
the  most  sceptical  can  hardly  resist.  The  rational 
explanation  of  the  connection  between  these  two 
sets  of  phenomena  is  a  ready  one.  The  passage  of 
a  cyclone,  or  revolving  storm.  Is  accompanied  by  a 
sudden  fall  of  the  barometer,  indicating  a  dimin- 
ished pressure  of  the  atmosphere.  This  extends 
to  the  cavity  of  the  coal  mine,  as  it  does  to  all 
other  plaaes  over  which  the  storm  passes.  Con- 
nected with  the  mine  are,  it  may  be,  old  workings, 
blocked  ofl'  more  or  less  imperfectly,  and  natural 
cavities  or  fissures  in  the  strata,  always  giving  off 
more  or  less  of  combustible  gases.  The  atmo- 
spheric pressure  being  suddenly  diminished,  this 
oozing  of  gas  is  greatly  promoted,  and,  if  not 
counteracted  by  increased  ventilation,  an  explosive 
atmosphere  is  produced  in  the  mine,  and  waits 
only  the  contact  of  an  open  light  to  cause  the 
dread  result.  Assuming,  then,  this  principle,  as 
clearly  proved  in  the  mine  on  a  large  scale,  I  think 
it  admits  of  being  carried  usefully  into  the  con- 
sideration of  other  cases,  particularly  those  of  our 
sanitary  arrangements  in  hospitals,  private  houses, 
ships,  &c.  What  is  true  of  the  old  working  of  the 
mine  is  true  of  any  cavity  whatever,  which  is  not 
closed  hermetically  from  the  air,  be  it  a  well  or 
cess-pool,  a  vault  or  coffin,  a  roof  cavity,  floor  or 
ceiling,  a  cavity  wall,  lath  and  plaster  partition, 
shut-up  closet,  cupboard,  drawer  or  box,  or  even 
the  sewers  and  drains  in  our  towns  and  houses. 
In  every  one  of  these  instances,  a  rise  of  the  baro- 
meter will  cause  air  from  without  to  be  condensed 
into  the  interior  cavity  through  all  the  chinks  and 
crannies ;  and  on  the  fall  of  the  mercury  it  will 
ooze  out  again,  pure  and  simple,  or  foetid  and 
poisonous,  as  the  case  may  prove.  My  object  in 
this  paper  is  to  draw  attention  to  the  probable 
importance,  possibly  the  great  importance,  of 
keeping  this  idea  present  to  the  mind  of  archi- 
tects of  our  houses  and  hospitals,  and  to  all  who 
are  brought  in  contact  with  disease  of  an  infectious 
nature.  Let  us  for  a  moment  picture  to  our 
minds  a  bad  case  of  scarlet  fever,  in  a  house  where 
there  are  many  children  :  all  but  the  sick  child 
are  sent  away,  and  when  the  case  is  ended  the 
room  is  fumigated,  white-washed,  and  papered, 
ere  the  family  return  ;  but,  alas !  the  disease 
attacks  perhaps  another,  and  another,  and  we  dare 
not  say  the  issue.  AVhere  did  the  infection  lie 
hid  ?  May  it  not  have  lurked  in  some  shut-up 
cavity,  from  which  a  low  state  of  barometric  pres- 
sure caused  it  to  come  forth  ?  In  attempted  ex- 
planation of  the  spread  of  disease,  we  find  terms 
used, — "  atmospheric  influence,"  "  contagion," 
"infection,"  "epidemic,"  "zymotic,"  "cholera 
cloud,"  "  fever  cloud,"  "  typhus  wave," — all  im- 
plying that  morbific  influence  has  been  lurking 
somewhere,  and  has  shown  itself  in  locaUties  ready 
to  receive  it.     Whether,  in  such  hiding  places  as  I 

*  From  a  p.aper  read  before  the  Liverpool  Philosophical 
Society,  by  Alfred  Hiffgimion,  M.R.C.S. 


Jdly  26,   186  7. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


509 


have  pointed  out,  morbi6c  matters  maj'  gain  a 
greater  potency,  I  know  not.  I  am  simply  desirous 
that,  in  our  future  hospitals  and  dwelling-houses, 
these  possibilitiesshall  be  banished  as  far  as  may  be. 

From  these  sources  of  possible  harm  in  our 
houses,  I  turn  briefly  once  more  to  the  subject  of 
sewers  an(J  drains.  It  is  a  well-known  popular 
remark,  that  "we  shall  shortly  have  rain,  the 
drains  smell  so  bad."  Of  course,  the  atmospheric 
pressure  being  diminished,  the  noxious  effluvia 
escape  into  the  streets  and  houses  through  any 
untrapped  opening.  Nay,  even  the  trapped  open- 
ings are  not  proof  against  the  pressure,  which  is 
greater  than  a  two  or  three  inch  column  of  water 
in  the  trap.  The  only  way  of  preventing  the 
escape  of  foul  air  from  sewers  and  drains  is  by 
adopting  a  system  of  ventilation,  which  shall  even 
cause  an  in-draught  at  all  such  openings.  I  have 
already  advocated  such  a  plan  before  this  st^iety, 
May  19th,  1S45,  and  again  before  the  Health 
Section  of  the  Social  Science  Association,  at  their 
Liverpool  meeting,  1S5S.  ^ly  proposal  was.  to 
connect  the  main  trunks  of  sewers,  near  the  river 
openings,  with  the  fires  of  steam-engine  furnaces, 
thus  drawing  out  the  foul  air  and  burning  it ; 
fr«sh  air  would,  in  this  w.iy,  be  drawn  in  at  the 
untrapped  openings.  The  practice  of  connecting 
rainwater  spouts  with  the  sewers,  for  the  purpose 
of  ventilating  them,  I  believe  to  be  both  iuetJicient 
and  injurious.  Why  should  the  air  go  forty  or 
fifty  feet  up  a  spout,  rather  than  escape  at  the 
first  guUey  hole,  or  untrapped  sink-stone,  particu- 
larly the  latter,  to  which  it  is  drawn  by  all  the 
rarefying  power  of  fires  in  the  house  ?  I  thus 
consider  it  inefEcient.  Also,  it  seems  to  me 
injurious,  because  in  rain,  the  rush  of  water  down 
a,  spout  carries  air  with  it  into  the  sewer,  and  so 
causes  it  to  blow  out  elsewhere. 

At  a  subsequent  meeting  of  the  society,  April 
15th,  Mr.  Higginson  stateil  that  he  had  tried  the 
experiment  here  .lUuded  to  with  partial  success  ; 
enough  to  establish  the  principle,  but  not  on  a 
scale,  or  with  a  certainty,  sufBcient  to  warrant  its 
exhibition  to  the  society.  Dr.  Birkenhead  and 
Mr.  Davies  at  the  same  time  expressed  themselves 
as  familiar  with  the  fact  of  falling  water  carrying 
air  down  with  it,  forcibly  enough  to  be  made  of 
practical  use,  in  the  laboratory  or  elsewhere. 


BAPTIST  CHAPEL,  EEDLAND. 

THIS  building  is  being  erected  from  the  design 
of  Mr.  S.  Hancorn,  architect,  of  Stephen- 
street,  Bristol,  and  Dock-street,  Newport,  Mon- 
mouthshire. The  design  was  chosen  out  of  seve- 
ral others  submitted  in  limited  competition.  The 
builders  are  Messrs.  Marquis  and  Munro,  Old 
Market-street,  and  Mr.  Hotham  is  the  clerk  of 
works.  The  design  is  in  the  Decorated  style  of 
Gothic,  and  includes  the  chapel,  with  transepts, 
vestibule  with  two  lobbies  in  connection  there- 
with, open  porch,  chancel  with  baptistry  under- 
neath, and  organ  recess  on  one  side  of  same, 
ministers'  and  deacons'  vestries,  and  private 
entrance,  and  ladies'  vestry,  with  private  entrance. 
Underneath  the  latter  the  heating  apparatus  is 
placed.  An  end  gallery  is  also  proposed  over  the 
vestibule  and  lobbies,  with  stone  staircases  leading 
thereto.  A  tower  is  also  included  in  the  design, 
but  it  is  not  intended  at  present  to  carry  it 
higher  than  necessary  for  the  stairway  therein, 
although  every  preparation  is  made  in  re- 
gard to  foundations  for  its  future  erec- 
tion. The  principal  front  faces  White  Ladies'- 
road,  from  which  the  chapel  floor  will  be  raised 
about  3ft.  6in.,  and  attained  by  a  flight  of  broad 
easy  steps  extending  the  entire  length  of  porch 
(26ft.)  A  five-light  traceried  window  is  intended 
in  the  principal  gable,  and  three-light  traceried 
windows  to  each  transept  ;  the  chapel  will  be 
further  lighted  with  two  light  traceried  mndows, 
with  gables  over  same  at  the  side. 

The  roof  of  chapel  will  be  in  single  span,  the 
principals  being  a  combination  of  the  hammer  and 
coll.ar  beam,  and  ceiled  at  collar  beam,  forming  the 
ceilings  with  purlins  and  wind  braces  into  panels. 
The  seats,  which  have  been  well  considered  by 
the  committee  (as,  indeed,  have  all  the  fittings), 
are  proposed  to  be  low,  with  sloping  backs,  with 
hat  and  footboards  and  umbrella  stands  in  each. 
Pitch  pine  is  proposed  to  be  used  for  these.  The 
pulpit  will  be  of  oak,  and  placed  on  one  side  of  the 
chancel  arch  in  connection  with  ministers'  vestry. 
The  plates  and  doorframes  will  be  made  of  red 
deal,  and  remaining  timbers  of  yellow  deal.  The 
walls  internally  of  chapel  are  proposed  to  be 
stuccoed,  and  to  have  a  string  of  encaustic  tiles 
above  the  pews  of  appropriate  design.     The  ele- 


vations of  chapel  will  be  faced  with  Pennant 
ptoue,  in  random  range  courses,  tuck-pointed.  The 
roof  will  be  covered  with  Bangor  slate,  alternating 
^n  plain  and  ornamental  coui*ses.  Cathedral  glass 
in  patterns  with  two  tints  is  proposed  for  the 
windows.  The  floors  of  vestibule  and  lol^bies  are 
intended  to  be  paved  with  encaustic  tiles.  The 
phapel  will  be  both  heated  and  ventilated  by 
Messrs.  Haden,  of  Trowbridge.  The  contract  has 
been  taken  at  £5,652,  and  it  is  thought  the  tower 
can  be  completed  for  about  £800  additional.  The 
chapel  will  accommodate  580  persons. 


GLASS  WALLS. 


A  CORRESPONDENT  of  the  Journal  of  Kor- 
iiculture  says  : — "  The  above  contrivances 
for  more  thoroughly  ripening  fruit  have  lately 
been  introduced  by  the  inventor  of  the  cylinder 
vinery,  on  the  principle  of  which  they  have  been 
constructed.  The  glass  wall  is  placed  either  oppo- 
site walls  of  slate  made  on  purpose,  or  opposite  to 
brick  and  stone  walls  already  built,  the  fruit  trees 
being  trained  against  the  glass  wall  on  the  inside, 
so  as  to  receive  the  reflected  heat  from  the  wall 
opposite.  The  great  benefit  to  be  derived  from 
this  mode  of  growing  fruit  is  light  given  in  every 
direction  both  to  the  leaves  and  fruit.  The  mode 
to  be  pursued  in  constructing  a  wall  of  this  kind 
opposite  to  one  already  built  is  as  follows  : — I 
drive  into  the  earth,  about  3ft.  from  the  old  wall, 
square  bars  of  wood,  grooved  about  five-eighths 
of  an  inch  deep  in  the  angles,  boiled  in  creosote, 
and  thus  rendered  indestructible.  I  slip  glass 
down  the  grooves  until  the  top  of  the  bars  is 
reached.  I  then  nail  a  plate  on  the  top  of 
the  bars  to  strengthen  the  glass,  and  also  to 
admit  of  a  cover  being  placed  on  the  structure  to 
keep  oti"  spring  frosts.  I  nail  small  rafters  from 
the  glass  wall  to  the  brick  or  stone  wall.  After 
frosts  are  over  I  remove  the  covering,  when  the 
trees  are  exposed  to  dew  and  rain.  They  require 
no  watering  and  no  further  attention  than  an 
ordinary  wall.  The  result  of  this  mode  of  cul- 
ture is  the  perfection  of  growth.  I  find  the  best 
and  cheapest  covering  is  the  material  made  for 
packing  hops ;  it  is  6d.  a  square  yd.  retail.  Boiling 
in  creosote  would  render  it  indestructible.  Glass 
walls  can  be  made  on  the  same  principle.  Facing 
each  other,  and  running  north  and  south,  they 
might  be  made  10ft.  high  and  4ft.  apart,  open  at 
the  top.  The  trees  can  be  trained  on  each  wall. 
I  have  never  seen  foliage  so  healthy  and  of  such 
deep  colour  as  on  this  principle.  The  tempera- 
ture is  always  higher,  and  when  the  sun  is  out 
from  10  deg.  to  12  deg.  higher  than  the  external 
air," 


THE    GENERAL     BUILDER'S  ASSOCIA- 
TION. 

THE  annual  meeting  of  this  association  was 
held  on  May  9  last,  and  the  report  of 
which  has  only  just  reached  us.  We  find  that 
the  receipts  of  the  association  from  the  local 
societies  during  the  past  year  were  £998  4s.  6d., 
which  was  appropriated  in  the  following  man- 
ner ; — 

Balance  of  general  account  on  Sep- 
tember 1,  1866  £383     G  10 

Salaries,  three  quarters  of  a  year 306  18     0 

Rent,  rates,  and  taxes  55  15     2 

Office   expenses,    including  postage, 

."•{printing,  and  stationery   51   17  10 

Expenses  of  general  meetings  and 
committee  and  sub-committee 
meetings 75  19     6 

Deputations  and  travelling  expenses        97  14     3 

Payments  on  account  of   strikes 59     1     0 


£1030  12     7 
The  principal  rules  of  the  association  are  the 
following : — 

2.  The  association  shall  consist  of  every  local  aasociation 
of  employers  of  labour  connected  with  the  building  trades 
that  shiiU  agree  to  the  principles  of  these  rules,  aaid  shall 
subscribe  to  the  general  fund  in  accordance  with  the  follow- 
iug  scale,  that  is  to  say :— For  each  member  of  such  local 
association  who  employs  less  than 

8.   d. 

5  men   0    2  per  week. 

6  men  and  less  than   10  men  0    4        „ 

10         „  „  20   „      0    6        „ 

20  „  „  30    „      0    9 

30  „  „  W    1     0 

40  „  „  60    „      13 

60  „  „  80    16        „ 

80  „  „  100    , 19 

100  „  „  150    „      2    0 

150  „  „  200    , 2    6 

200  „  „  300   „      3    0 

300  and  above 40 


iiud  the  sums  so  subscribed  are  to  bo  remitted  to  thff 
(Cieuerat  Association  every  three  mouths,  and  used  for 
icarrying  on  the  ordinary  business  of  the  association. 

y.'lt  sliall  bo  the  duty  of  the  committee  to  generally 
^lauago  the  whole  business  of  the  jissociatiuu.  It  shaU 
(elect  the  secretarj',  and  fix  the  amount  of  his  salary,  and 
(the  other  terms  of  hi*  eng-agement.  It  shall  have  power, 
either  at  the  request  of  a  local  association  or  at  its  own  op- 
|tion,  tA>  coll.  upon  six  liays'  notice,  special  general  meetings 
of  the  .xssociation,  to  consider  any  subject  (which  subject 
only  !sh;tll  he  taken  int<j  consideration  at  such  special  meet- 
jjig).  It  shall  hold  quarterly  meetings  and  such  other 
meetiugs  as  shall  be  requisite  or  desirable.  It  shall,  at  tho 
invitation  of  a  local  association,  but  not  otherwise,  tako 
into  consideration  any  matter  arising  in  or  atlecting  the 
district  of  that  association,  and  tako  such  action  in  th© 
matter  as  It  shall  think  desiiuble ;  provided  that  such 
action,  if  it  .it  all  interferes  with  the  general  trade  or 
interests  of  the  country,  shall  not  be  taken  until  it  shall 
have  t>een  ."ipproved  by  a  special  general  meeting.  It  shall 
have  the  control  and  management  of  the  money  and  other 
propei-ty  belonging  to  the  association.  And  it  shall  t.ake 
all  necess,'iry  steps  to  cai-ry  out  the  principles  and  object* 
of  the  association. 

10.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  each  local  associatiou  affiliated 
to  this  association  to  forward  to  the  socretjiry  the  subscrip- 
tions due  every  quarter,  and  a  report  of  its  ai;aii's  every 
half  year.  It  shall,  every  quarter,  send  to  the  secretary  a 
report  of  the  state  of  the  trade  in  tlie  district.  And  imme- 
diately on  a  strike  taking  place  in  its  district,  it  shall  send 
to  the  secretary  a  list  uf  the  names  of  .'ill  men  on  strike,  to- 
gether with  the  cause  of  strike,  a  copy  of  which  list  tho 
secretai-y,  if  the  committee  so  direct,  sliall  at  onco  transmit 
to  every  other  local  jLssociation,  And,  during  the  continu- 
ance of  a  strike,  no  member  shall  take  on  or  newly  employ 
any  operative  coujiected  with  the  trade  on  strike  without 
ascertaining  the  name  of  his  last  employer,  and  enquiring; 
of  that  employer  whether  the  operative  is  on  strike.  Thtf 
local  association  also  may  request  the  advice  or  action  of 
the  general  committee  on  any  atfair  beyond  its  iniliieiiOJ 
and  control.  And  it  shall  fiuther,  by  all  means  in  its 
power,  the  success  of  the  General  Association. 

11.  Every  member  subletting  work  shall  stipulate  with 
the  sub-contractor  that  the  works  shall  bo  carried  on  in 
accordance  with  tho  rules  and  resolutions  of  the  General 
Builders'  Association,  and  of  the  local  aasociation  with 
which  the  member  is  connected,  especially  as  regards  rato.^ 
of  wages  and  the  employment  of  men  on  strike  ;  and  every 
member  taking  sub-uontracts  shall  can-y  out  such  rules  a  nil 
resolutions. 


THE  PARIS  EXHIBITION  AND  SCHOOLS 
OF  ART  AND  SCIENCE. 

THE  select  committee  appointed  to  consider 
and  report  on  the  advisability  of  making 
purchases  from  the  Paris  Exhibition  for  the 
benefit  of  the  schools  of  science  and  art  in  the 
United  Kingdom,  and  any  other  means  of  making 
that  Exhibition  useful  to  the  manufacturing  in- 
dustry of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  have  con- 
sidered the  matters  to  them  referred,  and  agreed 
to  the  following  report : — "  1.  They  are  of  opinion 
that  it  is  desirable  that  purchases  should  be  made 
at  the  Paris  Exhibition  of  objects  of  art  and 
science,  especially  of  such  as  illustrate  modern, 
scientific  inventions  and  discoveries,  and  the  appli- 
cation of  art  to  manufactures,  and  that  the  ex- 
hibition of  such  objects  in  the  museum  of  Soutbi 
Kensington,  and,  by  circulation,  in  local  museums. 
in  different  parts  of  the  United  Kingdom,  would, 
be  useful  to  the  manufacturing  industry  of  the 
country,  and  for  the  artistic  and  scientific  instruc-- 
tion  of  the  schools  in  connection  with  the  Science- 
and  Art  Department.  2.  That,  as  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal objects  of  such  purchases  should  be  to  show 
the  progress  made  by  other  nations  in  manu- 
factures, and  in  the  application  of  art  and  science- 
to  practical  purposes,  examples  of  foreign  origin 
should,  in  the  first  place,  be  secured  in  preference 
to  those  of  British  production.  3.  That  it  is  not 
desirable  that  pictures  and  modem  statuary 
scidpture  should  be  purchased.  4.  That  jcnsider- 
ing  the  importance  of  such  purchases  to  the- 
development  of  the  manufactures  and  trades  of- 
the  United  Kingdom,  they  recommend  that  a. 
Uberal  grant  be  asked  from  Parliament  for  the  ■ 
purpose  of  making  them.  They  have  not  suflicient . 
data  before  them  to  enable  them  to  suggest  the  ■ 
sum  which  might  be  advantageously  expended,, 
but  they  consider  that  under  no  circumstances  ■ 
should  it  exceed  £25,000.  5.  Lastly,  they  are  of 
opinion  that  no  objects  should  be  purchased  at  the 
Paris  Exhibition  except  such  as  shall  be  recom- 
mended by  a  commission  consisting  of  gentlemen . 
distinguished  for  their  artistic  and  scientific 
attainments,  who  should  constdt  with  the  two  art 
referees  attached  to  the  Department  of  Science 
and  Art,  and  other  competent  persons.  They 
further  think  it  desirable  that  the  referees  should 
furnish  written  reports  upon  the  objects  recom- 
mended by  them  for  purchase." 

Dr.  Lyon  Playfair,  having  been  asked  by  Lordi 
Taunton,  Chairman  of  the  Schools  Inquiry  Com- 
mission, to  state  his  opinion  on  the  relative  merits- 
of  English  and  foreign  workmen,  says,  in  a  letter- 
dated  May  15  : — "  I  have  just  returned  from  Paris,, 
where  I  acted  as  a  juror  in  one  of  the  classes  of 
the  Exhibition.  In  this  capacity  I  h.ad  no  other- 
opportunities  than  any  other  juror  of  foimiug  a* 


510 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


July  26,  186?. 


judgmeut  in  regard  to  it;  but  havii^g  liad  the 
charge  of  the  working  of  the  juries  in  the  Eshibi 
tion  of  1S51  and  1862  I  naturally  made  the 
acquaintance  of  many  eminent  men  of  different 
nations,  and  meeting  with  a  large  number  of  them 
congregated  on  the  international  juries  in  Paris,  1 
endeavoured  to  gather  their  opinions  as  to  the 
position  which  England  occupied  in  this  great  in 
dustrial  competition. 

"I  am  sorry  to  say  that,  with  very  few  exceptions, 
a  singular  accordance  of  opinion  prevailed  that  our 
country  had  shown  little  inventiveness  and  made 
but  little  progress  in  the  peaceful  arts  of  industry 
since  1862.      Deficient  representation  in  some  of 
the  industries  mii'ht  have  accounted  for  this  judg- 
ment against  us,  but    when  we  tind  thit   out    of 
ninety  classes  there  are  scarcely  a  dozen  in  which 
pre-eminence  is  unhesitatingly  awarded  to  us,  this 
plea  must   be   abandoned.      My  own   opinion  is 
worthy   only  of   the  confidence  which  might  be 
supposed    to    attach    to  my   knowledge    of   the 
chemical   arts;  but   when  I  found  some  of  our 
chief    mechanical     and    civil  engineers    lament, 
ing   the    want  of    progress  in    their   industries- 
and    pointing   to   the  wonderful  advances  which 
other    nations  are    making — when    I  found  our 
chemical,  and  even  textile,  manufacturers  utter- 
ing    similar    complaints,     I     naturally    devoted 
attention  to  elicit  their  views  as  to  the  causes.    So 
far  as  I   could   gather  them  by  conversation,  the 
one  cause  upon  which  there  was  most  unanimity  of 
conviction  is  that;  France,  Prussia,  Austria,   Bel- 
gium,  and  Switzerland  possess  good  systems  of  in- 
dustrial education  for  the  masters  and  managers  of 
factories    and    workshops,     and     that    England 
possesses   none.     A   second   cause  was  also  gene- 
rally, though   not  so   universally,  admitted,  that 
we  had  suffered   from  the  want  of  cordiality  be- 
tween the  employers  of  labour  and  workmen,  en- 
gendered by  the  numerous   strikes,  and  more  par- 
ticularly by  that  rule  of  many  trades  unions  that 
men  shall  work  upon  an  average  abUity,   without 
giving  free  scope  to   the  skill   and  ability   which 
they  may  individually  possess." 


unsatisfactorily,  as  the  screw  on  the  end  draws 
out  before  the  hole  is  completed.  In  any  case 
the  action  of  the  gimlet  is  defective  from  the 
manner  in  which  it  is  constructed.  It  is  not  a 
cutting  tool,  but  performs  its  work  by  crowding 
or  forcing  the  wood  to  one  side. 


Mr.  E.  P.  Watson,  of  New  York,  has  hit  upon 
an  invention,  the  object  of  which  is  to  produce  a 
gimlet  that  will  bore  without  spUtting,  and  cut 
as  true  a  hole  as  an  augur.  By  referring  to  the 
illustration  it  will  be  seen  that  the  tapering 
portion  is  provided  with  a  series  of  shoulders,  a, 
which  form  cutting  edges,  and  remove  chips  as 
the  screw  on  the  end  draws  in.  The  object  is  at- 
tained perfectly,  and  the  resiilt  is  a  much  better 
tool  at  Uttle  additional  cost  of  manufacture,  and 
can  be  applied  to  gimlets  already  manufactured, 
either  double  or  single  cut.  Tho  advantages  of 
this  gimlet  are  apparent. 


ST.  CLEMENT'S  SCHOOLS,  BARNSBURY. 

THESE  buildings  are  situate  in  Cumberland- 
street,  Roman-road,  Barnsbury,  near  the 
North  London  Railway,  and  give  accommodation, 
according  to  the  Government  mode  of  computa- 
tion, for  623  scholars.  Their  erection  was  under- 
taken by  the  inhabitants  of  the  new  parish  of  St. 
Clement's,  as  their  part  of  an  arrangement  made 
between  themselves  and  George  Cubitt,  Esq., 
M.P.,  who,  in  the  most  munificent  manner, 
erected  a  handsome  new  church,  of  which  Mr. 
G.  G.  Scott,  R.A.,  was  the  architect,  purchased  a 
parsonage. house,  and  endowed  the  incumbency. 
The  cost  of  the  buildings,  exclusive  of  the  site, 
was  about  £2,800.  In  raising  the  necessary  iunds 
the  parishioners  were  largely  assisted  by  the 
Bishop  of  London's  Fund,  and  they  also  received 
the  customary  grant  from  the  Committee  of  Privy 
Council  on  Education.  The  upper  floor  of  the 
building  is  occupied  by  the  girls'  school.  The 
boys'  school  is  on  the  first  floor,  while  the  lower 
floor  is  appropriated  to  the  iufants.  The  first  and 
second  floors  each  contain  a  large  L-shaped  room, 
with  desks  placed  against  the  wall  on  one  side  of 
the  room,  and  a  class-room  fitted  up  with  a 
gallery.  On  the  infants'  floor  the  space  under  the 
large  schools  is  divided  into  two  rooms,  so  that 
the  very  small  infants  should  be  separated  from 
those  who  are  more  capable  of  receiving  instruc- 
tion. The  majority  of  the  windows  are  fitted 
with  double-hung  sashes,  and  the  arched  heads 
are  made  to  open  by  falling  inwards,  so  as  to  ad- 
mit fresh  air  with  an  upward  tendency,  when  the 
temperature  renders  a  direct  current  undesirable. 
The  building  will  have  houses  of  a  very  ordinary 
character  on  both  sides  of  it,  and  this  position 
has  considerably  affected  the  kind  of  treatment 
given  to  the  facade.  The  attempt  has  been  made 
to  impart  an  architectural  character  to  a  building 
composed  of  ordinary  materials,  mthout  the  in. 
troduction  of  imnecessary  or  expensive  decora- 
tion. The  work  has  been  carried  out  by  Messrs. 
Scrivener  and  White,  of  Fitzroy-road,  N.W., 
according  to  the  designs  of  the  architect,  Mr. 
Lacy  W.  Ridge,  of  23-,  Bedford-row,  London. 


LLAlfDAPF  SCHOOLS. 

ONE  of  our  illustrations  this  week  represents 
schools  recently  built  at  Llandafi'  by  Mr. 
Thomas  Williams,  builder,  from  the  design  of  Mr. 
John  Prichard,  (architect,  for  £900.  The  schools 
consist  of  two  rooms,  one  for  boys  and  the  other 
for  girls,  with  a  class-room  in  common  to  both. 
The  dressings  are  in  Bath  stone,  slightly  relieved 
by  green  sandstone  from  Bridgend,  and  the  walls 
are  composed  of  large  river  pebbles  of  excellent 
colour,  banded  with  lines  of  Pennant  stone. 


IMPROVED  GIMLET. 

EVERY  one  who  uses  the  common  gimlet 
knows  that  it  is  almost  impossible  to  bore  a 
hole  with  it  without  splitting  the  materials. 
Besides  this,  in   hard  woods,  the   tool  works  very 


TRIANGULAR  LODGE  AT  EUSHTON. 

THE  report  of  the  proceedings  of  a  meeting  of 
architectural  societies  at  Kettering,  which 
appeared  in  the  Building  News  some  weeks  ago, 
contained  a  brief  description  of  the  Triangular 
Lodge  at  Rushton  Park.  Since  then  we  have  re- 
ceived numerous  communications  expressing  a 
desire  to  know  more  .about  this  very  remarkable 
building,  and  a  wish  that  we  should  give  an  illus- 
tration of  it  in  our  pages.  We  comply  with  the 
request  by  presenting  our  readers  this  week  with  a 
lithographic  illustration  of  the  structure,  and  a 
more  minute  description  than  we  were  formerly 
able  to  give.  This  Triangular  Lodge  is  unques- 
tionably one  of  the  greatest  architectural  curio- 
sities to  be  found  anywhere.  Indeed,  it  may  be 
described  as  unique.  It  is  situated  at  one  extre- 
mity of  the  park,  in  which  stands  Rushton 
Hall,  the  seat  of  Captain  Clarke  Thornlull,  about 
four  miles  north-east  of  Kettering.  Although 
there  are  no  traces  of  its  history  left  behind,  yet  it 
is  clear  that  the  Lodge  has  stood  for  nearly  three 
centuries.  It  was  built  by  Sir  Thomas  Tressham 
(or  Tressam),  who,  during  the  visit  made  by 
Queen  Elizabeth  to  the  Earl  of  Leicester  at 
KenUworth,  received  the  honour  of  knighthood. 
The  family  appears  to  have  come  into  possession  of 
Rushton  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VI.  It  has  been 
supposed  by  some  that  the  building  was  intended 
for  a  hunting  lodge,  from  its  lonely  situation  in 
the  forest ;  by  others,  to  have  been  used  as  a  place 
of  meeting  for  the  Gunpowder  Plot  conspirators — 
(1605) — but,  from  the  religious  emblems  and 
mysterious  inscriptions  upon  it,  and  from  the 
well-known  character  of  its  first  owner,  the  more 
probable  conjecture  is  that  the  building  was 
erected  as  a  retreat  for  private  devotion.  The 
triangular  foim  of  the  building  was  evidently  in- 
tended to  symbolise  "the  Trinity,"  as  Liveden 
House,  from  its  form  and  carvings,  was  "  the 
Passion."  Almost  every  feature  of  the  Lodge 
bears  on  the  number  3.  The  form,  as  we  have 
said,  is  triangular,  as  denoting  the  three  per- 
sons, and  in  reference  to  the  equality  of  the 
Godhead  in  the  Trinity ;  all  the  triangles  are  equi- 
lateral; while  over  the  door  is  the  Latin  text, 
"There  are  three  that  bear  witness."  Next,  each 
side  of  the  building  measures  33ft.  Sin.  Then, 
the  height   of   the  parapet  (28ft.  7in.),  is  exactly 


that  which  the  apex  of  a  triangle  would  reach 
with  equal  sides  of  33ft.  Sin.  The  Rev.  H.  Ward, 
who  read  a  paper  at  the  meeting  referred  to,  re. 
marked  that  he  had  little  doubt,  if  he  could  have 
ascertained  the  height  of  the  centre  pinnacle,  Lhat 
it  would  just  be  comprised  within  a  triangle  of 
exactly  the  same  size  if  lines  were  drawn  from  the 
corners  of  the  building  to  it.  Again,  the  building 
is  of  three  storeys,  with  three  windows  in  each 
storey  on  each  of  three  sides,  and  each  of  these 
windows  have  divisions  or  compartments  of  threes. 
The  shields  of  arms  are  arranged  on  each  side  in 
twice  three  couplets  in  three  lines.  Each  of  the 
Latin  inscriptions  consists  of  thirty-three  letters, 
and  the  single  words  below  them  are  three  sets  of 
two  letters  on  each  face  of  the  building.  The  fol- 
lowing are  the  Latin  inscriptions  on  the  frieze 
round  the  building,  each  side  having  thirty-three 
panels,  with  a  letter  in  each  : — "  Aperiatur  terra, 
et  germinet  salvatorem ;  quis  separabit  nos 
a  charitate  Christi ;  consideravi  opera  tua, 
Domine,  et  expavi."  The  arms  are  made  of  tre- 
foils arranged  in  threes ;  and  it  may  be  noted  that 
the  very  name  of  Tressham  has  a  sound  of  three 
about  it.  The  crosses  in  the  lower  windows — 
which  are  supposed  to  be  a  monogram  of  the 
initials  of  the  owner's  name — did  not  form  part  of 
the  original  design.  They  must  have  been  in- 
serted after  the  window  was  finished,  as  the 
mouldings  round  the  small  circular  openings  are 
injured  by  cutting  through.  On  the  three  sides 
of  the  exterior  are  the  following  inscriptions,  over 
the  door : — 

Tre.s-Testi. 
MoNiv.  M.  Dant. 
5i)55. 
In  the  centre  of  the  gables,  "  Visita  mentes, 
non  mihi :  3898  ;  respicite,  3509."  In  the  diflPerent 
fronts  of  the  building  we  have  these  dates — 1580, 
1593,  1595,  1620,  1640.  The  iron  ties  in  the 
three  fronts,  which  are  T.  T.  15. 93,  indicate, 
as  is  supposed,  the  date  of  the  completion  of  the 
building.  The  turret  at  the  top  bears  the  daie 
1595,  the  year  that  part  was  finished.  The  Lodge 
contains  one  room  of  hexagonal  form,  with  a  table 
corresponding  to  it  in  the  centre.  There  is  pro- 
bably also^a  vaulted  apartment  beneath.  Liveden 
House,  already  mentioned,  was  also  the  work  of 
Sir  Thomas  Tressham,  who  was  a  man  of  very 
peculiar  temperament  and  taste.  He  was  also  the 
architect  of  the  fine  old  manor  house  of  Rushton, 
with  its  extremely  curious  interior,  and  of  the 
market  house  of  Rothwell,  long  since  in  ruins. 


THE    HOUSE  OP   COMMONS. 

A  CORRE.SPONDENT,  who  is  usually  well 
i\  informed,  writes  : — There  seems  a  general 
agreement  that  the  House  is  to  be  enlarged, 
which  of  itself  involves  a  pretty  bill.  But  if  in 
addition  to  a  new  House,  and  new  dining  and 
other  rooms,  we  are  to  build  new  Government 
oflSces  for  every  department,  a  quarter  of  a  million 
will  go  a  very  little  way.  And,  after  all,  the  space 
is  limited.  The  late  Sir  C.  Barry,  who  got  the  dis- 
credit of  many  of  the  alterations  insisted  upon  by 
Commissions  and  Committees,  foresaw  the  need  of 
more  room,  and  proposed  to  enclose  New  Palace 
Yard,  and  form  a  new  quadrangle,  by  a  line  of 
buildings  continued  west  from  the  Clock  Tower, 
and  then  south  to  the  present  Law  Courts.  The 
plan  was  abandoned  on  account  of  the  expense ; 
and  it  was  certainly  objectionable,  in  shutting  out 
the  exterior  of  Westminster  Hall  from  public 
view.  Accordingly,  during  the  whole  of  the  pre- 
sent session,  workmen  have  been  employed  in  lay- 
ing the  foundations  of  a  low  wall  upon  the  site  of 
the  former  row  of  houses,  once  terminated  by  Fen- 
dall's  Hotel ;  and  an  elegant  iron  palisade  is  re.ar- 
ing  itself  upon  the  site  of  the  old  Magpie  and 
Horseshoe,  well  known  to  thirsty  witnesses  upon 
the  railway  schemes  of  1845. 


A  useful  invention  by  a  nobleman  is  not  of  so 
common  an  occurrence  as  to  be  left  unrecorded. 
For  more  reasons  than  one,  therefore,  we  gladly 
notice  the  fact  that  the  Earl  of  Caithness  (already 
favourably  known  as  an  inventor)  has  just  given 
us  a  mariners'  compass  on  a  new  and  improved 
principle.  The  new  instrument  was  tested  on 
board  the  new  steamer  "  Russia,"  on  the  Clyde, 
the  other  day,  and  the  result,  it  is  stated,  was  in 
the  highest  degree  to  show  its  great  superiority  to 
that  now  in  use.  One  of  its  chief  recommenda- 
tions is  its  simpUcity,  but  there  are  other  features, 
such  as  its  not  being  affected  by  those  influences 
that  i^roduce  motion  on  other  compasses,  the 
absence  of  the  pendulum,  &c. 


I 


k*  fli(!| 


nftre. 
ltd  tilt 
«ftl« 

ilon- 
'iile 
ipatoi 
«i  in. 
liHe 
?••  are 

iiifa 

I,  over 


imls, 


"^te  BnJdiBg  New.-B.  July.  ZS^^lSfi? 


E'/fimbr;^^p,bth 


TBm'^VlAR  LODGE  -  RV^HTON 


i«!  Building  Hevrt-   July.26''"l867 


July  26,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


515 


THE   NEW   LAW    COURTS  AND   THE 
QUARTERLY  BEVrEW. 

AFTER  tlie  daily  and  weekly  papers  and 
monthly    magazines    had    given   their 
criticisms  on  the  competitive  designs  for  the 
New  Law  Coiu-ts,  we  might  fully  expect  that 
the  quarterlies  would  follow  suit.     A  quar- 
terly reviewer  is  not  only  supposed  to  express 
his  "thoughts  more  deliberately,  but  he  enjoys 
advantages  generally  unknown  to  a  writer  in 
a  daily  or  weekly  paper.     He  not  only  has 
more  time  to  form  and  express  his  opinions, 
but  he  knows,  or  may  know,  what  others  have 
said  on  the  subject.     We  therefore  look  to 
him  for  inaturer  thoughts  and  a  riper  judg- 
ment.    The  writer  in  the  Quarterly  Hex^t'cio 
has  approached  the  subject  in  no  timid  spirit. 
He  has  grasped  the  ])eu  with  \musual  energy, 
and  distributed  condemnations  with  an  un- 
sparing hand.     It  was  said  by  some  that  the 
criticisms  which  appeared  in  our  pages  on  the 
New  Law  Courts  were  chary  in  commenda- 
tion, and  unnecessarily  severe.     The  writer  in 
the   Qxuxrierty,  however,  sees  in  those  plans 
scarcely   anything    to    admire,    and     almost 
everything  to  condemn.      He  says  ivith  truth 
that  the  vastness  of  the  undertaking,  and  the 
irretrievable  permanence  of  the  work,  justify 
any  degree  of  caution  against  an  irreparable 
mistake,  and  he  points  to  the  New  Houses  of 
Parliament,  which  occupied  so  much  public 
attention,  and  which  have  turned  out  such  a 
disastrous  failure.     To  prevent  a  similar  mis- 
take he  would  reconsider  every  intention,  and 
deliberately  measure  every  step  that  may  be 
taken.     He  objects,  in  the  fii'st  place,  to  build- 
ing a   "  palace "   at   all.     He  would   have  a 
building  more  in  harmony  with  the  commer- 
cial character  of  the  Strand.     He  would  have 
no   majestic    building,  involving   symmetry, 
balance  of  wings,  towers,  and  other  architec- 
tural features.     He  would  brush  away  with 
one  dash  of  his  pen  all  the  elevations  which 
occupied  for  nine   months   the   dreams   and 
thoughts  of  the  competitors,   and  on  which 
vere  lavished  so  many  hopes  and  so  much 
labour.     He  would  prefer  something  like  Sir 
Thomas  Gresham's  Exchange  or   the   Palais 
Koyal  in  Paris,  which  were  so  contrived  as  to 
combine  the   homeliness  of   trade   with   the 
splendour  of  the  Court.      To  produce  a  great 
vork  of  art,  which  shoxild  reflect  credit  on 
this  age  and  be  an  object  of  admiration  to 
future   generations,   appears    never   to   have 
entered  the  writer's   head.       He   says    that 
by  an  accident  the  proposed    site  seems  to 
force  on  us  the  arrangement  which  he  suggests. 
The  ground  .slopes   in  such  a  manner  from 
Carey-street   as   to   make   the  lowest   storey 
towai-ds  the  Strand  in  reality  a  basement.  On 
the  Strand  front  he  would  "  place  a  range 
of   really    noble     houses,     -nith     shops     all 
life   and    utility    along    the    street  ;    their 
upper  storeys  (which  might  contain  chambers 
and  legal  offices)  enriched  with  delicate  and 
varied  work,   and  all  crowned  with  those  pic- 
turesque gables  which  would  give  us  the  only 
sky  line  lit  for  a  London  street,  and  the  restora- 
tion of   which  is  as   essential  to  the  very 
beginning  as  to  the  completeness  of  a  revival 
of   our  street  architecture."     He  would  not 
even  have  this   line  of  houses  erected  with 
symmetry   of   form    and  detail,    but   would 
entrust  them  to  a  "  dozen  or  a  score  "  of  our 
test  Gothic  architects,  who  should  combine 
tieir  abilities,   not  to  produce  a  captivating 
pctiire,  but  an  example  of  architecture  which 
vould  prepare  the  way  for  the  transformation 
of  the  whole  of  London.     He  would  combine 
tie  grace  of  one  ^^•ith  the  dignity  of  another, 
tie  picturesqueness  of  a  third  with  the  organ- 
ising gecius  of  a  fourth,  for  the  desired  result. 
te  admits  there  was  some  feature  whereby 
tie  new  building    should    be  known   from 
a  church  or  a  theatre.      It  should  express  the 
pirpose  of  its  existence  somewhere,  and  he 
■would  have  a  noble  portal,  with  or  \vithout  a 
tower,  and  in  its  design  he  would  give  ample 
scope  for  a  full  display  of   the    resources  of 
architecture.     This  "majestic  portal  should 
be  as  grandiose  and  as  splendid  as  you  please. 


Its  whole  form  and  every  feature  should 
express  the  calm  dignity  of  English  law." 
The  suggestion,  or,  rather,  series  of  sugges- 
tions, of  this  writer,  are  so  revolutionary  in 
their  character  as  to  render  it  impossible 
to  select  either  of  the  designs  submitted.  He 
does  not  enter  into  the  comparative  merits 
and  demerits  of  these  designs,  but  woidd 
supersede  them  all  as  effectually  as  Paxton's 
design  for  the  Exhibition  of  18r)l  supplanteil 
the  various  designs  submitted  for  that  work. 
Public  expectation  has  been  directed  to  one  or 
other  of  the  competitions,  but  here  they  are  all 
disregarded,  as  equally  unfit  for  the  require- 
ments of  London.  Ha\'ing,  at  considerable 
length,  carefully  analysed  the  plans  of  the 
eleven  selected  competitors,  there  is  no  neces- 
sity that  we  should  re-state  our  opinions,  and 
we  prefer,  in  this  article,  to  indicate  the  views 
of  the  ^vriter  in  the  Quarterly. 

This  writer  does  not  confine  himself  to 
a  new  arrangement  for  the  exterior  merely. 
He  is  equally  bold  and  aggressive  iu  his  deal- 
ings with  the  interior  arrangements  of  courts. 
He  woidd  treat  the  interior  "  as  an  aggregation 
of  courts,  not  as  a  building  cut  up  into  rooms." 
He  considers  it  desirable  to  have  a  central 
hall,  and  treats  with  something  like  contempt 
the  idea  [of  excluding  the  public  from  such  a 
hall,  as  it  is  contrary  to  the  spirit  of  the  times. 
He  would  have  each  court  separate,  and,  with 
its  precincts,  forming  a  group  distinctl}* 
visible.  Each  court  should  have  a  dignity,  a 
completeness,  and  an  individuality  of  its  ovra, 
its  own  special  ante-chambers  and  ambula- 
tories; each  should  be  spacious,  well-venti- 
lated by  direct  access  to  the  open  air  and  sky, 
and  cheerful  in  all  its  aspects  and  surround- 
ings. This  should  be  secured  by  good-sized 
open  courts  or  quadrangles,  not  mere  wells,  as 
at  Westminster.  He  complains  that  the 
buildings,  as  shown  in  the  designs,  are  high 
enough  to  overshadow  the  width  of  Port- 
land-place. Judges  and  barristers  are  a  hard- 
worked  class  of  men,  and  are  well  deserving 
light  and  air,  which  are  so  essential  to  the 
health  of  eye,  and  mind,  and  nerve.  "And 
yet  these  gorgeous  palaces,  with  their  crowded 
areas  and  excessive  height,  are  worse-condi- 
tioned than  the  squalid  tenements  which  they 
supplant."  The  exaggeration  of  this  state- 
ment carries  with  it  its  own  contradiction. 
He  instances  Mr.  Street's  design,  which  has 
been  particularly  praised  for  its  provision 
of  light  and  air  ;  but  a  glance  at  the  bird's- 
eye  view  of  this  design,  as  illustrated  in  the 
BciLDlSG  New.s,  shows  that  we  look  down  on 
the  space  between  the  central  hall  and  the 
outer  shell  as  almost  entirely  occupied  by 
roofs.  The  first  obvious  objection  to  this 
is  that  the  specified  space  is  insuiiicient, 
and  we  have  no  doubt  that  each  contributor 
would  say  that  he  could  not  make  bricks 
without  straw,  and  that  he  could  not  give 
courts  and  quadrangles  when  there  only  was 
room  for  courts.  The  writer  disposes  of  this 
difficulty  with  the  greatest  ease  by  asking  for 
more  space,  which  others  have  asked  for 
before  him.  He  admits  that  as  the  question 
has  been  discussed,  architects  and  the  profes- 
sion have  come  to  this  conclusion.  It  has 
been  discovered  that  Westminster  Palace  is 
too  small  for  the  two  Houses  of  Parliament 
and  their  adjuncts,  and  he  asks,  "  is  it  to  be  en- 
dured that  a  million  sterling,  or  more,  should 
be  expended  on  twenty-four  courts  which  will 
be  so  closely  packed  as  to  make  them  so  many 
dark  and  dismal  chambers,  with  tunnels  and 
dirty  skylights,  viaducts  and  bridges,  pits, 
hydraulic  lifts,  and  other  appliances,  to  make 
seven  acres  of  land  do  the  duty  of  fourteen  ?  " 
No  doubt  if  the  competing  architects  had 
twice  as  much  space  they  could  have  obviated 
the  difficulties  here  spoken  of.  They  acted  in 
accordance  with  instructions,  and  endeavoured 
to  turn  to  the  best  account  the  room  at  their 
disposal.  A  thing  that  is  worth  doing  is 
worth  doing  well,  and  we  may  work  in  haste 
and  repent  at  leisure,  and  before  the  final 
award  is  given,  or,  at  all  events,  before  the 
foundation  of  the  building  is  laid,  it  is  well  to 
reconsider  this  all-important  question  of  an 


extended  area.  The  reviewer  proposes  to  ob- 
tain it  by  going  west,  and  appropriating  the 
small  "  Inns,"  Clare  Market,  and  Holywell- 
street.  He  would,  in  fact,  have  the  whole 
ground  from  Chancery-lane  to  Newcastle- 
street,  and  from  the  Strand  to  Carey-street, 
within  the  scope  of  the  present  scheme. 
"Give  me,"  said  Archimedes,  "a  fulcrum, 
and  I  will  lift  the  world."  Give  either  of  the 
selected  architects  space  enough  and  money, 
and  no  doubt  he  would  produce  something 
which  should  even  command  the  admiration 
of  the  Qiiartcrhj  reviewer.  That  gentleman 
does  not  shrink  from  ditficulties,  small  or 
great,  and  he  would  remove,  without  a  twinge 
of  conscience,  the  two  churches  from  their 
]iresent  obstructive  and  noisy  sites.  Temple 
Bar  is  not  surrounded  with  sufficient  histori- 
cal reminiscences  to  justify  its  continuance  or 
reproduction.  The  frontages  to  Chancery- 
lane,  Carey-street,  and  Newcastle-street, 
shoidd  be  characterized  with  a  corresponding 
simplicity  in  architectural  detail  as  the  Strand 
front,  and  the  rents  of  the  offices  along  these 
fronts,  and  especially  of  the  shops  in  the 
Strand,  would  go  some  way  to  cover  the  extra 
cost  of  the  site.  We  have  merely  indicated 
the  scope  of  the  article,  which  will  amply  re- 
pay attentive  perusal.  A  substantial  extract  in 
another  column  states  what  the  reviewer 
thinks  of  modern  English  architecture  and 
architects. 


PRESERVATION  OF  TIMBER. 
No.  IL 

IN  the  year  1838  Mr.  Bethell  took  out  his 
patent  for  preserving  timber  by  the  in- 
jection of  creosote,*  and  very  soon  after  it 
found  favour  with  some  of  our  railway  engi- 
neers, as  we  find  in  1840  this  method  was  in 
use  on  the  Eastern  Counties  Railway  (now 
Great  Eastern).  The  half-round  sleepers 
laid  do^vn  at  the  Burnt  Mill  station  were  pre- 
pared by  this  process,  and  inspected  nine 
years  after  (1849)  by  two  of  the  directors  from 
the  Midland  Great  Western  Railway  of  Ire- 
land, iu  company  with  G.  W.  Hemans,  C.E., 
in  November  of  that  year,  when  they  found, 
after  inspecting  the  sleepers  both  in  wet  and 
dry  places,  in  every  instance  the  creosoted 
timbers  were  soimd,  and  smelling  strongly  of 
oil  when  cut,  but  other  sleepers  used  in  the 
same  locality  which  had  not  been  thus  pre- 
pared, were  in  some  cases  black  with  rot,  and 
in  most  instances  considerably  decayed.  The 
same  deputation  afterwards  went  to  the 
Gravesend  and  Rochester  line,  where  creo- 
soted and  other  sleepers  had  been  laid  four 
years  previously  (1845)  on  a  very  wet  soil 
on  the  banks  of  the  Thames  and  Medway 
Canal.  Here  they  found  precisely  the  same 
results  as  they  had  witnessed  on  the  Eastern 
Counties  Railway,  the  creosoted  sleepers  being 
sound,  the  uncreosoted  rotten.t  The  depu- 
tation also  visited  the  line  from  Manchester  to 
Crewe  with  the  like  results  ;  and  after  return- 
ing home  sent  in  a  report  to  the  general  board 
strongly  recommending  the  use  of  this  prepa- 
ration i'or  all  their  timber,  which  was  adopte  d 
with  satisfactory  results.  In  1853,  M.  MoUnos 
read  a  paper  iu  France  on  the  jjreservation  of 
wood,f  wherein  ho  stated  "  the  heavy  oils 
gained  by  distillation  from  tar,  and  known 
under  the  name  of  creosote,  have  been  long 
employed  in  England  for  the  preservation  of 
timber,  and  no  one  instance  can  be  produced 
in  which  they  have  not  had  a  most  complete 
success." 

Creosote  forms  a  very  hard  compomid  with 
vegetable  albumen,  acts  as  a  most  energetic 
poison  to  all  insects,  its  very  odour  being 
sufficient  to  drive  them  away,  and,  moreover, 
as  proved  by  experiments,  does  not  deprive 
the  wood  of  its  power  of  resistance  ;  but 
much  prejudice  against  its  use  seem  to  have 
been   created  by  the  decay  of  timber  treated 

♦  See  Burt  "  On  the  Nature  and  Properties  of  Timber," 
page  19. 

t  See  paper  read  by  John  Paton  at  the  Institute  of  Civil 
Engineers,  November  27,  1S49. 

jaiemoira  of  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  Paris. 


)16 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


July  26,  1867. 


by  the  ])yrolignite  of  iron,  and  still  more  so 
by  the  niggardly  and  disgraceful  mode  in  which 
the  creos'ote  itself  has  been  used,  ^  for  in 
many  samples  we  have  seen  no  more  is  found 
in  the  timber  than  it  would  be  able  to  absorb 
by  a  very  short  immersion.  Dr.  Letheby,  in 
bearing  testimony  to  the  efficacy  of  this  mode 
of  preserving  timber,  states  that  "  the  dead 
oil  of  common  coal  tar  contains  all  the  ele- 
ments which  are  necessary  for  giving  perma- 
nent stability  to  organic  compoimds  by  check- 
ing decomposition,  by  opposing  the  process  of 
oxidation,  and  by  destroying  the  vitality  of 
the  lower  forms  of  animal  and  vegetable  life. 
If,  indeed,  the  application  of  creosote  to  tim- 
ber has  ever  failed  in  preventing  decay,  it  has 
been  because  of  the  improper  use  of  it.  In 
point  of  fact,  its  preservative  action  is  of  four 
kinds  : — 

"  1.  It  coagulutes  albuminous  substances, 
and  gives  stability  to  the  constituents  of  the 
cambium*  and  cellulose  of  the  youug  wood. 

"  2.  It  absorbs  and  appropriates  the  oxygen 
which  is  within  the  pores  of  the  wood,  and 
30  checks,  or  rather,  prevents  the  eremacausis 
of  the  ligneous  tissue. 

"  3.  It  resinifies  within  the  pores  of  the 
wood,  and  in  thus  way  shuts  out  Ijoth  air  and 
and  moisture. 

'•  4.  It  acts  as  a  positive  poison  to  the  lower 
forms  of  animal  and  vegetable  life,  and  so  pro- 
tects the  wood  from  the  attacks  of  fungi, 
acori,  and  other  parasites. 

"  No  doubt  the  action  of  the  oil  is  injurious 
to  higher  forms  of  animal  life.  It  is  even 
offensive  to  ourselves,  and  hence  the  objection 
to  its  use  in  the  interior  of  buildings.  But  I  am 
led  to  think  that  this  objection  may  be  overcome 
by  the  use  of  agents,  which,  like  nitric  acid  in 
its  action  on  the  benzole  of  the  lighter  oil  of 
coal  tar,  may  give  to  the  dead  oil  a  less  offen- 
sive if  not  a  positively  pleasant  odour.  When 
this  is  accomplished  there  can  be  no  objection 
to  its  use  in  the  interior  of  buildings,  or  for 
the  preservation  of  ships."  Messrs.  Armstrong 
and  Poster,  of  Sunderland,  who  creosoted  a 
quantity  of  pit  props  for  the  proprietors  of 
the  South  Durham  Colliery,  hold  from  Dr. 
Letheby  a  testimonial  which  states  that  "  after 
fifteen  years  they  are  to  all  apjiearances  as 
sound  as  when  first  put  down  in  the  pit." 

Mr.  BetheU,  of  King  William-street,  had, 
in  February  last,  a  piece  of  a  creosoted  sleeper 
sent  him  from  the  Lancashire  and  Yorkshire 
Railway,  which  had  borne  service  for  nine- 
teen years,  and  is  now  in  a  state  of  perfect 
preservation.  Mr.  R.  Badge,  who  forwarded 
it  to  him,  states  that  "during  a  period  of 
twenty  years,  I  have  creosoted  above  a  million 
of  sleepers,  as  well  as  large  quantities  of  tim- 
ber of  various  kinds,  and  from  my  experience 
gained  during  that  time  I  would  recommend 
that  all  timber  be  creosoted  which  is  intended 
to  be  placed  in  exposed  situations."  As  a  fur- 
ther proof  of  the  thorough  efficacy  of  this 
mode  of  preserving  timber,  we  may  state  that 
J.  Abernethy,  Esq.,  of  2,  Delahay-street, 
Westminster,  the  engineer  to  the  West  Pier 
at  Swansea,  has  recently  been  extending  the 
works  1,000ft.,  chiefly  with  creosoted  timber, 
and  also  bears  testimony,  so  lately  as  April 
last,  that  the  timber  was  not  in  any  degree 
rendered  brittle  by  the  process.  The  ground 
being  exceedingly  hard  and  trying  for  pile- 
driving,  the  result  of  a  work  of  this  descrip- 
tion affords  the  very  best  test  of  this  fact. 
Creosoted  woods  having  been  subjected,  in 
fact,  for  the  last  thirty  years,  to  various  and 
conclusive  experiments,  and  whether  im- 
mersed in  water  or  buried  in  the  earth,  have 
always  completely  resisted  the  different  de- 
structive actions  to  which  they  have  been  sub- 
mitted. We  believe,  therefore,  that  on  the 
strength  of  these  long-continued  experiments 
we  must  regard  this  method  as  the  best  pre- 
servative actually  known. 

As  in  the  previous  paper  mention  was 
made  of  sleepers  sent  out  to  India,  it  may  be 

*  Cambium,  or  "formative  fluid,"  or  "organic  mucus, '" 
or  "orgauiaable  matter,''  -all  of  which  terms  have  the 
same  origiual  significatiou,"  and  is  the  aolo  source  of  pro- 
duction of  every  tissue  found  in  plants. 


as  well  to  see  in  what  light  this  method 
is  looked  upon  there.  In  the  excerpt  minutes 
of  ]>roceedings  of  the  Institution  of  Civil 
Engineers,  Session  1862-(j3,  Mr.  B^yce  M'Mas- 
ter  gives  an  account  of  the  difficulties 
engmeers  had  in  18.58  to  obtain  sleepers  for 
the  Madras  Railway,  when,  in  July  of  that 
year,  an  establishment  was  sanctioned  for  the 
working  of  the  Salem  Jungles,  from  which  a 
large  portion  of  the  railway  was  supplied 
with  sleepers.  The  supply  of  good  timber 
was  far  short  of  the  demand,  and  wood  was 
used,  green  and  unseasoned,  to  complete  the 
laying  of  the  permanent  way.  During  the 
year  1859-60,  4G,00(.)  sleepers' were  cut  in  the 
Salem  Jungles,  and  the  following  analysis 
shows  the  waste  of  timber  and  the  great 
expenditure  that  prevailed  at  that  time,  and 
how  large  the  number  of  sleepers  which  can 
be  obtained  if  artificial  means  are  used  for  pre- 
serving those  of  a  perishable  nature  : — 

The    sleepers   here    referred    to    may   Ije 
divided  as  follows  :  — 

Good.  Bud. 

Known  to  be  good 82,000 

Known  to  be  bad 96,OOl» 

Not  known,  of  unsanc- 
tioned woods,  and  pro- 
bably rejected 46,000 

Ditto,  of   sanctioned  woods, 

allow  one-half  to  be  good  11,000 

Ditto,  of  sanctioned  woods, 
allow  one-half   to  be  bad     ...        11,000 

Total 93,000  153,000* 

It  therefore  appears  that  of  these  246,000 
sleeper.?,  about  62  per  cent,  were  practically 
useless.  In  a  communication  in  the  Times, 
dated  Calcutta,  January  8,  1863,  public  atten- 
tion was  called  to  this  matter,  as  the  follow- 
ing extract  will  show  :— "  Take  the  one  item 
of  railway  sleepers.  India  is  a  coimtry  where 
damp,  dry  rot,  and  white  ants  consume  the 
best  sleeper  in  six  years,  and  what  will  Govern- 
ment and  the  shareholders  say  to  the  cost 
of  renewing  the  sleepers,  which,  on  the  Cal- 
cutta and  Delhi  line  alone  is  estimated,  at 
present  prices,  at  £130,000  per  annum."  Jlr. 
M'Master  gives  the  four  following  valuable 
estimates,  showing  the  cost  of  one  mile  of 
single  line  of  permanent  way  in  the  Madras 
Presidency,  viz. : — 

No.  1. —  With  Cast-iron  Sleepers. 

Rails,  fishplates,  bolts  and  nuts, 

cast-iron    sleepers,    wrought- 

iron  tie-b,ars,  gibs  and  cotters, 

and       keys,      delivered       at 

Madras,  per  mile ^2,065     0  0 

Conveying  25  miles   by  carts, 

262   tons  at  6d.  per  ton  per 

mile 1G4     0  0 


Total  Cost  per  Mile  .  .  .  £2,22!)      0  0 

A'o.  2. — With  Creosoted  Sleepers  sent  from 
England. 

Rails,   chairs,   fishplates,    bolts 

and  nuts,  delivered  at  Madras, 

per  mile £1,439  15  0 

Conveying   25  miles,  by  carts, 

164  tons,  at  6d.  per  mile  .  .  .  102  10  0 

Keys  and  trenads,  native-made, 

and  carried  25  miles 47     0  0 

1,584  English  creosoted  sleepers, 

delivered    at     Madras,    each 

7s.    Id 561     0  0 

Conveying    ditto   25   miles  by 

carts 100     0  0 


Total  Cost  per  Mile  .  .  .   £2,250    5  0 
No.  3. — With  Native  Wood  Sleepers,  used  plain. 

Materials  and  carrying,  as  be- 
fore, per  mile £1,589     5  0 

1,584  plain  native  wood 
sleepers,  each  6s 475     4  0 


Total  Cost  per  Mile  .  .  .  £2,064    9  0 


*  Page  13  and  following,  "  M'Master  on  tha  Wooda  Used 
'  for  Sleepers  on  the  Madras  Railway." 


No.  4. — With  Native  Wood  sleepers,  Creosoted. 

Materials  and  carrying,  as  be- 
fore, per  mile £1,589     5  0 

1,584  native  wood  sleepers, 
creosoted,  5s.  6d.  each  ....        435  12  0 

Total  Cost  per  Mile  .  .  .  £2,024  17  0 
The  reason  of  a  less  price  being  allowed  in 
these  estimates  for  creosoted  native  sleepers 
than  for  plain  native  wood  is  that  to  ensure 
the  dm-ation  of  plain  native  sleepers  for  a 
sufficient  length  of  time,  a  high  price  must  be 
given  for  hard  woods,  whereas  common  soft 
woods  for  creosoting  might  be  obtained  at 
much  cheaper  rates.  It  would  appear  from 
the  abov  e  comparison  that  English  creosoted 
sleepers  make  the  dearest,  and  native  creosoted 
sleepers  would  make  the  cheapest  road.  Best 
Baltic  red  pine  timber  is  extensively  used  for 
^oors  of  bridges,  viaducts,  &c.,  having  been 
previously  prepared  by  creosote,  and  is  found 
to  preserve  it"  from  wet  and  damp,  and  is 
mostly  specified  for  such  works  by  our  best 
engineers  ;  and  Mr.  Brotherhood,  C.E.,  lately 
sent  out  timber  for  forty  bridges  in  Ceylon,  to 
replace  bridges  built  of  lignum  vitae,  which 
had  been  eaten  by  ants,  but  creosoting  pre- 
vented the  ravages  of  those  insects  in  India 
and  Ceylon.* 

TRICKERY   EXPOSED. 

THE  foUowinK  letter  has   been  addressed   to 
the  Editor  of  an  obscure  weekly  paper  : — 

BuiLDiNQ  News  Office,  166,  Fleet-street, 
July  24,  1867. 

To  the  Editor  of  the  "  Bcilders'  Weekly 
Reporter." 
Sni, — I   suppose  such   a  questionable   publica- 
tion as  the   one   above  mentioned  must   have  an 
editor  of  some  sort,  and   I   therefore  address  an 
obaervatic^n  or  two  to   him.      I  have  long  been 
aware  that  your  paper  habituaUy  begs,  borrows, 
or  steals  much  of  its   contents ;  but   I   have  not 
hitherto  thought  it  prudent  to  say  anything  about 
it,  as  I  did  not  wish  to   advertise   it   by  even^  re- 
buking its  editor.     I  do  not  suppose  that  one  in  a 
hundred  of  the   readers   of   the  Building  News 
knows   of    the   existence   of  your   paper.     Some 
things  stink  the  more  they  are  stirred,  and  I  have 
consequently    left  the  Builders'   Weekly  Reporter 
alone.      But  nuisances,  when    they    become    in- 
tolerable, must   be  mitigated   or  removed  ;  and  I 
therefore   give   you   notice  that  unless  you  mend 
your  ways  I  wiU  stop  your  publication  by  injunc- 
tion.    Though   insensible  to  reason   you  will  no 
doubt  cower   before  an  impending  judge's   order. 
The    Building     News,    July    5,    contamed    an 
original   review  of    Dr.    Oppert's   work  "  On  the 
Construction  of  Hospitals."     In  your  number  for 
July  15,  you  reprint  this  review,  word  for  word, 
in    leading  type,    as   a   leading    article,   without 
acknowledgment.      You  did   not   even   have  the 
common  courtesy  to  mention   at  the  foot  of  the 
article  the  title  of  the  book,  its  author,  and  pub- 
lisher, and  thereby  did  a  double  injustice,  first  to 
the   Building  News,  and  secondly  to  Dr.  Oppert. 
Had  this  been  the  first  or  fiftieth  offence  of  the 
kind,  I  should  have  passed  it  over  in  silence ;  but 
it  is  your  constant  and  unvarying   practice.     The 
very  first  "leading"  article  in  this   number,  for 
the  15th  of  July,  is  taken  without   acknowledg- 
ment from   the  Builder.     You   appropriate  other 
people's  goods   on   principle,  if  that  word  can   be 
applied  to   anything   so  disreputable.      You  dis- 
regard all   trade  regLdations   by  publishing  your 
sheet  on  the   Monday,  so  that  you  may  rifle  the 
contents  of  the  Builder,  the  Building  News,  thj 
Enqineer,  the  Mechanics'    Magazine,    and    otha- 
papers,  almost  as  soon  as  they  appear.     No  jour- 
nal that  aims  at  a  circiUation  is  dated  and   put- 
lished  on  the  Monday,  as  the  London  newsagents 
make  all  their  arrangements  for  collecting  pubL- 
cations  and  sending  off  parcels  to  the  country  the 
latter  part  of   the  week.      You  cannot  care  about 
circulation,  or  you  would  follow  the  custom  est»- 
bhshed  by  all  well-known  and  widely  circulated 
journals,  and  publish  on  Friday  or  Saturday,     -t 
you  appeared  simultaneously  with  these  journab, 
you  would   be   unable  to  appropriate  the  articlea 
that  appeared  the  same  week.     Hence  you  appear 
to  work  all  day  on  Sunday  in  collecting  material 
from  other  papers,  and  pubhsh  on  the   Mondav, 

■»  See  PriceWiUiama's  paper  on  Permanent  Way,  1866. 


July  26,  1S67. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


:.i7 


and  then  you  flaunt  your  sheet  before  the  eyes  o£ 
Advertisers  as  an  original  production.  Adver- 
tisers are  really  the  most  gullible  people  in  the 
world.  As  a  rule  they  do  not  read  the  contents 
of  the  publications  put  before  them,  and  they  are 
much  too  apt  to  believe  any  exaggerated  state- 
ments told  them.  The  readers  of  scientific 
papers  know  better,  and  do  not  buy  journals  full 
of  secondhand  information. 

Now,  Sir,  if  you  cannot  aB'ord  to  pay  for  original 
contributions,  have  the  ordinary  honesty  to  ac- 
knowledge the  sources  of  your  information. 
Poverty  is  no  disgrace.  You  need  not  be  both 
poor  and  dishonest.  You  are  at  liberty  to  appro- 
priate articles  from  the  BfiLDiNG  News  whenever 
you  like,  but  only  say  so.  Try  and  turn  over  a 
new  leaf,  if  not  in  obedience  to  a  correctly  in- 
spired motive,  for  the  sake  of  the  journalistic 
profession.  A  crust  tastes  all  the  sweeter  when 
accompanied  by  a  conscience  void  of  ofl'ence  ;  and 
1  do  not  see  why  you  should  be  debarred  from 
8uch  a  luxury.  I  know  it  is  difficult  to  abandon 
rooted  habits,  and  I  therefore  sympathise  with 
you.  Others  have  remonstrated  with  you  in  vain  ; 
but  possibly  these  remonstrances  were  not  coupled 
with  a  threatened  injunction.  An  appeal  to 
Cicsar  has  a  wonderful  ett'ecb  on  some  minds,  and 
particularly  on  those  that  are  indifterent  to  con- 
siderations of  honour,  and  susceptible  to  the 
logic  of  force. — I  am,  &c., 

J.  Passmouf,  Edwards, 
Proprietor  "Bcildixg  News." 


Juiliiing  InieKigcitcc. 


CHURCHES  AND  CHAPELS. 

The  foundation  stone  of  the  new  Methodist 
New  Connexion  Chapel  at  Shelton  was  laid  on 
Monday.  The  style  is  Early  English.  The  walls 
will  be  of  brick,  with  HoUington  stone  dressings, 
and  the  building  is  intended  to  seat  450  persons, 
and  will  cost  over  £2,000.  The  architects  are 
Messrs.  Scrivener  and  Son,  of  Hanley,  and  the 
contractor  is  Mr.  C.  Woolridge,  of  the  same  place. 

There  are  now  1,553  Roman  Catholic  chapels, 
stations,  convents,  male  communities,  colleges  and 
schools  in  England,  and  2.19  in  Scotland.  There 
are  five  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  and  the  same  number 
in  the  Isle  of  Man. 

The  parish  church  of  Leek — an  ancient 
Gothic  structure,  dedicated  to  Edward  the  Con- 
fessor, has  just  been  restored  by  Mr.  Street,  at  a 
cost  of  £3,500.  The  contractor  was  Mr.  John 
Naden,  of  Leek. 

The  restoration  of  the  parish  church  of  Wood- 
ford, Northamptonshire,  has  been  completed. 
Mr.  Fowler,  of  Louth,  was  the  architect  of  the 
chancel  restoration,  and  the  body  of  the  church 
was  under  the  supervision  of  Mr.  Slater,  archi- 
tect. The  builder  was  Mr.  Allen,  of  Irthling- 
borough.  The  parish  church  of  Hornsea  (St. 
Nicholas)  was  last  week  reopened  by  the  Arch- 
bishop of  York.  The  architect  is  Mr.  G.  G.  Scott, 
the  clerk  of  the  works  Mr.  William  Sissons,  of 
Hull.  Messrs.  Barr,  of  Hornsea,  are  the  builders  ; 
and  Mr.  Waller,  of  Hull,  the  mason.  The  entire 
coat  of  the  restoration  will  be  about  £3,000. 

A  new  Wesleyan  chape]  has  just  been  opened  at 
Fairfield,  near  Liverpool,  the  cost  of  which 
(£9,000)  has  been  def layed  by  Mr.  Leather,  mer- 
chant. 

The  church  of  St.  John,  Torquay,  now  being  re- 
built, under  the  directions  of  Mr.  Street,  was  last 
week  struck  with  lightning,  and  damage  to  the 
amount  of  £100  was  done.  Some  of  the  stones  were 
carried  a  distance  of  more  than  100  yards  south 
of  the  church,  falling  through  the  roof  of  a  shop 
on  the  strand. 

BiKiiriGHAM.— Mount  Zion  Methodist  New 
Connexion  Chapel,  in  Horsley  Fields,  was  opened 
last  week.  The  edifice  is  in  the  Anglo-Italian  style. 
The  principal  feature  of  the  chapel  is  a  handsome 
portico  of  peculiar  form,  20ft.  long,  with  circular 
ends,  supported  by  four  detached  columns  of 
Corinthian  character,  with  rich  foliated  capitals  of 
stone  work.  The  plan  was  supplied  by  Mr.  C. 
Manton,  architect,  of  Wolverhampton,  and  the 
works  have  been  carried  out  under  his  direction. 

Broadstaibs,  Kent.— The  Church  of  the  Holy 
Trinity  of  this  place  has  recently  been  considerably 
enlarged  under  the  superintendence  of  Jlr.  E. 
Smith,  of  45,  Upper  Bedford-place,  Russell.square, 
at  an  outlay  of  £1,200. 


Paris. — The  restoration  of  the  beautiful  Sainte 
Chapelle,  built  by  Pierre  de  Montereau,  by  order 
of  St.  Louis,  is  just  terminated  ;  besides  the  chajiel 
which  is  well  known  to  visitors,  there  is  another 
below,  which  has  hitherto  been  closed  ;  this  is 
now  completely  repaired,  the  walls  decorated  with 
paintings,  the  windows  filled  in  with  stained  glass, 
and  the  floor  laid  with  mortuary  stones  of  the 
fourteenth  and  fifteenth  century.  This  chapel  will 
shortly  be  added  to  the  list  of  interesting  sights 
in  Paris. 

ScNDEKLAXD. — The  Wesleyan  Methodists  intend 
erecting  two  new  chapels,  one  in  Herrington-street, 
New  Hendon,  the  other  at  Moukwe.armouth.  Mr. 
Tone  has  the  contract  for  the  erection  of  the 
former  building,  which  will  be  in  the  Italian  style, 
from  plans  prepared  by  Mr.  Tillman,  architect. 
The  chapel,  which  is  of  stone,  will  seat  about  850 
persons,  whilst  the  adjoining  schools  will  be  brick, 
and  accommod.ate  400  children.  The  buildings  to 
be  erected  at  Monkwearmouth  will  be  somewhat 
similar  to  those  in  Herrington-street,  and  the 
entire  cost  of  both  is  estimated  at  between  £6,000 
and  £7,000. 

Weston'-under.Pentard. — The  quaint  old 
Norman  church  at  this  picturesque  village  has 
recently  been  restored.  The  church  consists  of  a 
nave  and  north  aisle  of  the  early  Norman  period  ; 
the  chancel  had  been  rebuilt  at  a  later  date.  The 
tower  and  half-timbered  porch  are  in  a  still  later 
style  of  architecture.  A  new  chancel  arch  and 
screen  wall  has  been  built  of  local  red  stone,  and 
a  new  sedilia  in  the  architect  of  the  fourteenth 
century,  of  Forest  of  Dean  stone,  has  been  in- 
serted. The  architect  is  Mr.  G.  E.  Street,  and 
the  work  has  been  executed  by  Messrs.  Collins  and 
Collins,  builders,  of  Tewkesbury. 


A  Methodist  college  is  to  be  established  in  Ire- 
land. It  is  to  cost  £22,000,  of  which  sum  £ir,00U 
has  been  raised. 

Messrs.  Nelson  and  Sons,  the  publishers,  have 
purchased  a  large  range  of  buildings  at  the  corner 
of  Warwick,  lane  and  Paternoster- row  (the  ground 
rent  of  which  is  £1,600),  for  the  purpose  of  erect- 
ing new  publishing  premises. 

The  Strand  Music-Hall  has  been  an  unfortunate 
work  from  the  commencement.  Its  architecture 
called  down  almost  universal  condemnation.  As 
a  commercial  speculation  it  has  been  a  disastrous 
faQure.  The  furniture  it  contained  has  recently 
been  sold  by  public  auction,  and  the  building  it- 
self, it  is  said,  is  likely  to  be  purchased  by  the 
Jews  for  a  synagogue. 

Old  Buildings  in  London. — A  correspondent 
to  a  contemporary,  in  speaking  of  the  buildings 
which  are  now  being  removed  to  make  way  for 
the  New  Law  Courts,  says  : — I  went  down  to 
look  at  the  old  buildings  last  week,  and  found 
something  to  attract  my  notice.  The  bressummers 
were,  in  every  instance,  considerably  bent  down- 
wards. On  looking  on  some  of  the  upper  brick- 
work, I  found  it  cracked  and  bulged  over  the  place 
where  the  bressummer  showed  the  greatest  curve 
of  deflection.  The  dimensions  of  the  beam  ap- 
peared to  me  to  be  too  small  ;  in  fact,  not  more 
than  half  the  scantling  I  should  put  in  myself.  If 
to  this  is  to  be  added  the  employment  of  imper- 
fectly seasoned  balk,  the  cranky  state  of  the  old 
buildings  may  be  accounted  for  in  the  front  part. 
In  some  of  the  single  parti-walls  I  observed  a  dis- 
tribution of  glazed  bricks.  What  could  they  be 
doing  there,  scattered  up  and  down  like  plums  in 
a  slice  of  Christmas  pudding  ?  Some  of  the 
mortar  was  so  chalky,  as  if  marking  a  deficiency 
of  sand.  I  placed  several  lumps  under  my  heel, 
and  crushed  it  like  a  bit  of  whiting.  In  the  in- 
terior walls  the  work  in  several  places  seemed  to 
have  been  done  by  copper  setting  jobbers,  and 
done  abominably.  Nothing  could  look  more 
tumble-down,  deplorable,  or  disgraceful  to  the  art 
and  mystery  of  bricklaying. 


TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 

To  Opr  Readers.— We  sh.-Ul  feel  obliged  to  any  of  our 
n.'a4lera  who  will  favoiu*  us  with  brief  noted  of  worka  con- 
templated or  in  progresii  in  the  provinces. 

Letters  relating  to  ailvertisements  and  the  oriUnwy  busi- 
ness of  the  paper  shonld  be  addre.-wed  t,j  the  EDlTolt,  106, 
Fleet-street.  Advertisements  for  the  current  week  must 
reach  the  office  before  -^  o'clock  p.m.  on  Thursday. 

Notice.— The  BUILDING  NKWS  inserU  advertise- 
ments for  "  SITUATIONS  WANTED,"  ic,  at  ONE 
SlilLLINQ  forthe  first  Twenty- foiu:  Words. 


Received.— V.  .and  Son.-E.  W.  P.- R.  M.  B— J.  T.  B. 
— T.  P.— C.  W.  S.  B.— S.  and  L.— T.  G.-E.  P.  E  — B.  and 
P— I.  M.  T.-R.  T.  H.— W.  W.— P.  T.  G.— S.  T.  G.  (send 
stamps  and  the  numbers  shall  be  sent).— J.  H. — W.  R  W. 
—  E.  .1.  R  — R.  JI.  J— A.  G.  H.-A.  M.  F.— A.  H.— 
E.  S.  N.— H.  H.— J.  and  W.— J.  E.  G. 

J.  11.  R. — The  price  of  Mr   CoUing'a  "  Art  Koliago  "  is 

In  No.  445  Intercommunication  (answer)  the  name 
Kattnay  should  be  Rattray,  of  5,  MinshuU-atreet,  Man- 
chester. 

"Provincial"  is  informed  that  Willcox'a  "Sketches  of 
Early  French  Architecture"  are  not  pnblislied  in  a  separate 
volume,  but  will  ajjpear  fi-om  time  to  time  in  tbeBuiLDlxo 
New.s, 

W.  E.  G.  — Letter  reads  too  much  like  a  pufl' 

J.  J. — You  can  get  the  desiied  iufunnation  in  any 
glos.-«iry  of  architecture. 

F-\iiKR  (.Manchester). — Your  agent  is  at  fault.  You  ought 
Ut  get  your  BriLoiNG  New.s  on  Saturday  morning  at  latest. 
It  is  pubhshed  on  Friday  mornings  at  G  o'clock. 


The  first  gold  medal  given  by  her  Majesty  the 
Queen,  to  be  competed  for  annually  by  the 
students  of  the  Female  School  of  Art,  43,  Queen- 
square,  has  been  awarded  to  Miss  Alice  Manly, 
for  three  groups  of  flowers,  painted  in  tempera 
from  nature.  The  adjudicators  were  Mr.  Westma- 
cott,  R.A.,  Mr.  Cope,  R.A.,  and  Miss  Mutrie. 
Miss  Manly  is  also,  this  year,  the  successful  com- 
petitor for  a  national  silver  medal  given  by  the 
Science  and  Art  Department. 


Comsponbciice. 

— ♦ — 

THE     WEST    LONDON    SYNAGOGUE 
COMPETITION. 

To  the  Editor  of  the  Buildino  News. 

Sir, — Having  had  the  pleasure  of  inspecting 
the  designs  sent  in  for  the  above,  which  were  on 
\ie\v  at  the  Synagogue,  50,  ilargaret-street. 
Cavendish-square,  I  shall  feel  obUged  by  your  in- 
serting the  following  observations,  as  I  think  they 
will  interest  those  who  were  unable  to  see  the 
plans ;  and,  also  as  the  present  is  another  remark- 
able instance  of  the  great  uncertainty  of  competi- 
tion, and  the  unfairness  with  which  they  are 
nearly  always  decided.  This  is  most  palpable, 
even  to  an  unprofessional  eye,  in  the  competition 
under  notice  ;  and  the  only  conclusion  to  be  derived 
from  the  circumstances  is,  that  favouritism  and 
interest  decided  this,  as  it  has  previously  deter- 
mined many  other  competitions. 

Mr.  Cockerell's  design.  No.  1,  has  a  rather 
mean  elevation  in  Berkeley-street  of  a  Moorish 
character,  and  is,  I  must  say,  both  ugly  and  in- 
congruous. There  is  a  comical  protruberance  on 
the  roof,  looking  as  if  an  enormous  dumpling  had 
fallen  on  the  ridge.  This  I  found  was  to  form  a 
species  of  dome,  and  is  perforated  by  lights,  giving 
the  interior  a  very  gloomy  appearance.  Both  the 
elevations  are  meagre,  and  entirely  unfitted  for 
this  cUmate  ;  they  are  too  eastern,  and  decidedly 
plain.  The  seats  are  crowded  up  on  plan,  and  the 
pulpit  is  crammed  into  an  out-of-the-way  corner, 
where  (taking  into  consideration  the  great  inter- 
vening columns  or  piers),  it  would  be  quite  im- 
possible for  a  large  portion  of  the  congregation  to 
get  a  glimpse  of  the  minister,  even  if  they  should 
be  fortunate  enough  to  hear  him.  Another  great 
defect  is  the  want  of  sufficient  space  for  perambu- 
lation. I  do  not  think  that  either  of  these  designs 
have  had  sufficient  consideration,  and  the  efl'ect  of 
the  gloomy  colouring  made  me  feel  very  sad,  until 
I  happened  upon  a  lively  water-colour  sketch  in 
the  corner  of  one  of  them,  representing  Miss 
Miggs  hanging  out  the  washing.  At  this  1  lelt  re- 
lieved ;  and  still  more  so  when,  upon  another,  I 
discovered  a  faithful  representation  of  the  family 
water-butt  and  birch  broom. 

Being  in  a  happier  state  of  mind,  I  passed  on  to 
Mr.  Papworth's  designs,  which  were  very  good, 
but  severely  Greek,  yet  so  pure  that  I  hesitated 
to  criticise.  But  for  all  that  I  do  not  think  the 
style  appropriate.  The  designs  are  evidently  well 
considered,  though  I  fear  that  Mr.  Papworth's 
masterly  hand  has  been  too  much  fettered  in  en- 
deavouring to  fulfil  building  committee  require- 
ments. These,  as  every  professional  man  is  aware, 
are  invariably  issued  by  a  body  of  individuals 
completely  innocent  of  architectural  knowledge  ; 
and,  generally  speaking,  the  so-called  instructions, 
by  their  vagueness  and  inconsistency,  conduce  to 
the  production  of  an  abortive  design.  The  western 
elevation  is  of  solid  merit,  and  the  arrangement 
of  ground  plan  is  good ;  but  here,  also,  there  ia 
not  sufficient  room  for  perambulation,  nor  are 
there  enough  urinals.  All  the  gentlemen  have  to 
pass  up  the  length  of  the  building  to  one  spot,  to 


618 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


July  26,  18G7. 


reach  the  retirmg  room.  The  ladies'  staircase  is 
not  sufficiently  commodious,  and  I  do  not  admire 
the  appearance  of  the  flatly  curved  ceiliugj  nor 
the  construction  of  the  roof  with  iron  joists,  con- 
crete, and  asphalte. 

I  next  inspected  the  selected  designs,  those  of 
Messrs.  Davis  and  Emanuel ;  but  for  what  excel- 
lence they  were  chosen  I  am  at  a  loss  to  discover. 
The  shape  of  the  ground  plan  is  execrable,  being 
69£t.  Sin.  wide,  and  6Cft.  long.  Then,  again,  one 
of  the  principal  rules  in  synagogue  construction  Ls 
violated,  as  the  authors,  in  order  to  obtain  the  re- 
quisite number  of  seats,  place  some  eighty  odd 
sittings  between  the  reading  desk  and  the  sanc- 
tuary, where,  owing  to  the  processional  nature  of 
the  Jewish  service,  no  obstacle  should  exist  ;  and 
the  space  between  reading  desk  and  altar  is,  there- 
fore, always  (in  good  examples)  left  clear.  In  the 
internal  perspective  of  design  A,  these  seats  (al- 
though existing  in  plan)  are  not  shown,  which  1 
consider  is  calculated  to  mislead.  Everything  in 
this  design  appears  to  have  been  sacrificed  in  order 
to  produce  a  large  vestibule  or  retiring  room,  with 
urinals,  water-closets,  and  lavatories  between  the 
hall  and  the  synagogue,  thereby  placing  the  con- 
veniencies  in  the  most  objectionable  position  pos- 
sible. The  entire  synagogue  is  made  a  passage- 
way to  the  retiring  room,  and  the  vestibule,  at  the 
time  of  congregation  leaving,  would  be  converted 
into  a  species  of  crush  room,  where  evei-yone 
would  be  pushing  in  different  directions,  the 
whole  being  rendered  worse  by  a  nasty  flight  of 
four  steps  down  in  the  hall,  where  they  are  dan- 
gerous in  the  extreme.  It  was  evidently  essential 
that  the  entrance  in  Berkeley-street  should  be  the 
principal,  if  not,  indeed,  the  only  ingress  for  the 
accommodation  of  the  large  number  of  one  thou- 
sand persons  ;  and  I  should  have  thought,  seeing 
the  many  examples  that  architects  have  had  under 
their  attention  of  late  years,  that  the  rudimentary 
arrangement  of  uninterrupted  ingress  and  egress 
would  have  been  considered  by  the  authors  and 
the  committee.  It  appears  to  me,  however,  that 
this,  hke  many  other  of  the  elements  of  design, 
has  been  singularly  neglected.  There  are  only  four 
doorways  to  the  body  of  the  synagogue,  which  are 
scarcely  sufficient  for  the  speedy  clearance  of  the 
building.  The  gallery  arrangements  are  equally 
bad,  as  they  project  so  far  as  to  destroy  the  re- 
quisite acoustic  proportions,  and  the  voice  of  the 
minister  would  be  lost  beneath  them.  Again,  they 
are  arranged  as  steep  as  a  precipice,  and  the  upper 
galleries  especially  are  fearful  to  contemplate.  No 
person  sitting  in  them  could  feel  safe,  and  the 
steps  and  gangways  leading  to  seats  are  hazardous 
in  the  extreme,  having  as  many  as  three,  four,  and 
even  five  steps  down  between  front  and  back  of 
pew.  The  interiors  are  remarkable  for  want  of 
character.  That  of  "a"  has  a  flat  ceihng,  cer- 
tainly not  up  to  the  ordinary  music-hall  architec- 
ture, to  which  it  bears  some  faint  resemblance. 
Design  B  has  a  nondescript  dome,  and  no  style 
about  it  at  all,  and  very  little  originality.  The 
elevation  in  Berkeley-street  is  Moorish,  and  some- 
what resembles  Mr.  Cockerell's.  The  ground  plan 
is  noticeal;>le  for  the  extreme  fidehty  with  which 
the  pattern  of  tile  paving  is  shown,  and  the  joints 
of  the  stones  in  street  footway  are  faithfully  ren- 
dered. I  fear  that  by  the  arrangement  of  ground 
plan  and  upper  portion  of  building,  the  hght 
and  air  to  adjacent  houses  on  Berkeley-street  side 
must  be  seriously  interfered  with,  as  the  synagogue 
building  is  only  Ift.  llin.  distant  from  the  exist- 
ing buildings.  In  design  B  the  same  error  as  to 
seating  in  front  of  reading  desk  is  perpetrated. 
The  galleries  have  the  same  defect  as  in  first 
design ;  and  the  sanctuary,  in  both  instances,  bears 
too  great  resemblance  to  that  of  the  Berlin 
synagogue. 

The  most  perfect  set  of  designs,  in  my  opinion, 
are  those  of  Mr.  Collins,  who  appears,  from  the 
simplicity  and  correct  adjustment  of  his  plans, 
to  have  had  more  practical  experience  in  the  con- 
struction of  synagogues  than  the  other  competi- 
tors. A  good  feature  of  the  ground  plan  is  its 
having  a  corridor  running  the  entire  length  of 
synagogue,  and  on  each  side  thereof,  for  entrance 
and  exit  of  congregation,  and  containing  also  the 
retiring  rooms  and  conveniences.  The  side  com- 
dors  also  preserve  the  quietness  of  building,  by 
interposing  a  space  and  inner  wall  mthin  the  ex- 
ternal case  of  building.  This  arrangement  is  all 
the  more  necessary  as  the  building  is  placed  un- 
fortunately in  a  rather  noisy  locality,  bounded  ou 
one  side  by  a  mews,  and  close  at  hand  is  a  forge 
and  carriage  factory.  There  are  ten  entrances  to 
ground  floor,  four  at  each  side  and  two  at  the 
end  ;  and  the  whole  of  the  vestibule  and  entrance 
to  Berkeley,  street  is  left  perfectly  clear  from  any 


impediment.  Two  spacious  staircases  lead  to  the 
ladies'  galleries,  and  their  retiring  rooms,  lava- 
tories, &c.,  occupy  a  central  and  easily  accessible 
position.  The  arrangement  of  the  seats  are  effi- 
cient, and,  whilst  afl'ording ample  accommodation, 
are  not  crowded  together.  I  noticed  an  ingenious 
model  of  the  proposed  seating  by  the  same  archi- 
tect, with  a  neat  and  comfortable  arrangement  of 
book  desks,  with  a  separate  cupboard  under  for 
each  person.  The  seats  hang  upon  pivots,  so  as 
to  lift  up  and  lay  back,  giving  thereby  greater 
space  during  the  time  the  congregation  are 
standing. 

There  are  two  interiors,  one  very  light  and 
Classical ;  and  the  other,  Moorish,  or  rather  of  the 
Alhambra  style ;  and  this  latter,  to  my  mind, 
was  much  superior  to  any  other  in  the  room. 

It  has  been  announced  that  the  committee  had 
the  professional  advice  of  P.  C.  Hardwick,  Esq., 
iu  arbitrating  on  the  designs.  This  I  can  hardly 
credit,  as  the  choice  is  evidently  misjudged  and 
non-professional ;  and,  I  venture  to  think,  would 
have  assumed  a  diS'erent  aspect  if  the  well  known, 
just,  and  impartial  opinion  of  that  gentleman  had 
been  appealed  to. — I  am,  &c.,  Gentile. 

[We  think  our  correspondent  has  no  right  to 
assume  that  Mr.  Hardwick's  decision  was  not  con* 
scientious  and  impartial.  When  will  architects 
give  each  other  credit  for  purity  of  motive  and 
sincerity  of  purpose,  though  they  may  ditter  in 
matters  of  taste  and  opinion.  During  the  last 
week  a  gentleman  who  occupies  an  enviable  posi- 
tion in  the  profession  told  us  that  he  thought 
that  Mr.  Street  had  not  selected  the  best  design 
for  the  Bristol  Assize  Courts,  because  he  was 
jealous  of  one  of  the  competitors.  When  we 
stated  that  we  thought  that  Sir.  Street  was  incap- 
able of  being  influenced  in  such  a  matter  by  any 
such  consideration,  the  gentleman  significantly 
shrugged  his  shoulders.  Architects  must  en- 
deavour to  form  a  higher  estimate  of  each  other, 
and  then  probably  outsiders  will  form  a  higher 
estimate  of  them. — Ed.  B.  N.] 


ANCIENT    AND    MODERN    FURNITURE. 

Sm, — May  I  venture  to  suggest,  in  answer  to 
your  .article  on  "  Gothic  Furniture,"  that  the 
gentlemen  who  design  these  things  seldom  under- 
stand construction  ;  and  the  difterence  between  the 
modern  system  of  joinery  and  the  ancient  being 
so  great  that  most  of  the  workmen  and  foremen 
who  carry  out  the  work  do  all  they  can  to  mar  the 
effect,  even  if  properly  designed,  and  so  few  men 
understand  the  proper  system  of  ancient  joinery, 
that  perhaps  the  conclusions  I  have  arrived  at,  in 
restoring  a  great  deal  of  ancient  woodwork,  may 
prove  of  use  to  others  in  the  production  of  work 
of  a  simQar  character.     These  are  ; — 

First.  The  ancient  joiners  never  concealed  the 
construction,  but  made  it  part  of  the  design. 

Second.  No  glue  was  used. 

Third.  The  material  was  always  small  enough 
to  make  the  shrinking  or  swelling  of  little  con- 
sequence. 

Fourth.  Having  no  screws  and  few  nails,  pins 
were  generally  used. 

All  designers  of  Gothic  woodwork  should  bear 
this  in  mind. 

The  principles  of  modern  joinery,  as  now  prac- 
tised, are  these : — 

First.  Conceal  the  construction  as  much  as  pos- 
sible ;  hide  and  cover  everything  you  can,  till  you 
make  the  work  appear  as  if  grown  together,  and 
as  one  piece.     This  is  modern  perfection. 

Second.  Use  as  much  glue  as  you  can — iu  fact, 
if  it  is  possible,  stick  it  altogether. 

Third.  Put  the  material  in  as  wide  width."!  as 
you  can,  as  long  as  the  panels  do  not  shrink  out  of 
the  plough.     Groove  it  wdl  do. 

Fourth.  Screws  are  the  best  construction  ; 
wherever  you  can  use  one  instead  of  a  tenor, 
do  so. 

When  we  see  how  diametrically  opposed  these 
principles  are  to  each  other  we  cannot  wonder  at 
so  few  good  things  being  produced,  and  when  we 
consider  that  many  of  the  designers  of  Gothic 
furniture  are  gentlemen  who  do  not  understand 
the  simplest  constructions  in  joinery,  our  surprise 
must  be  that  there  is  anything  good  produced. 
The  two  examples  you  have  shown  in  your  last 
number  are  at  sea  in  construction,  and  a  slight 
acquaintance  with  ancient  work  would  prevent 
anyone  from  calling  them  attempts  at  early 
examples.  The  doors  in  the  centres  are  con- 
structed in  a  style  I  believe  that  belonged  exclu- 
sively to  the  Elizabethan  period,  and  are  not 
Gothic  at  all.  I  have  never  seen  a  dovetail  in 
Gothic  joinery,  and  certainly  never  seen  one  used 


in  this  way.  I  should  like  to  be  corrected  if  it 
was  used  by  them.  Again,  Gothic  joiners  always 
sloped  their  mouldings  or  finished  with  a  mason's 
mitre.  It  remained  for  a  later  age  to  let  them 
lose  themselves  before  they  intersected,  but  ignor- 
ance of  this  point  causes  many  to  mistake  this. 
Hoping  this  will  set  them  right,  I  am,  &c., 

Dobroyd  Castle,  Robert  Phillips. 

Todmorden,  July  16,  1867. 


INSTITUTION  OF  CIVIL  ENGINEERS. 

Sm, — I  am  instructed  to  forward  a  copy  of  the 
bye-laws  and  regulations  of  the  Institution  of 
Civil  Engineers,  as  amended  and  enlarged  at  a 
general  meeting  of  members,  held  here  pursuant  to 
notice,  on  Wednesday  the  26th  day  of  June  last ; 
and  I  am  particularly  to  direct  your  attention  to 
Section  IV.,  respecting  the  admission  of  students. 

With  a  view  of  increasing  the  usefulness  of  the 
Institution,  particularly  to  the  junior  members  of 
tlie  profession,  it  has  been  decided,  you  will  ob- 
serve, to  create  a  student  class,  to  take  very  much 
the  place  of  that  which  was  formerly  the  graduate 
class,  but  with  certain  modifications,  so  as  to 
avoid  the  difficulties  which  previously  arose,  and 
to  provide  those  advantages  which  experience  has 
pointed  out  to  be  desirable. 

Although  not  specifically  mentioned  in  the 
rules,  it  is  contemplated  to  grant,  under  the  con- 
trol of  the  council,  the  use  of  the  theatre  of  the 
Institution  to  the  students,  for  supplemental 
meetings,  for  the  reading  and  discussion  of  papers 
among  themselves,  and  possibly,  also,  for  the  de- 
livery to  them  of  lectures  upon  special  subjects ; 
the  object  of  such  supplemental  meetings  being 
for  the  advancement  in  scientific  and  technical 
knowledge  of  the  junior  members. 

Believing  it  to  be  of  the  highest  importance 
that  the  profession  should  not  be  divided,  but 
should  remain  one  united  body,  having  a  position 
and  an  influence  which  one  united  body  only  can 
have,  the  Council  trust  that  you  will  cordially 
unite  with  them  in  the  endeavour  so  to  extend 
and  enlarge  the  basis  of  the  Institution,  as  that 
it  shall  continue  to  embrace  within  it  all  branches 
of  engineering  and  all  classes  of  engineers. — 
I  am,  &c.,  James  Forrest,  Secretary. 

25,  Great  George-street,  Westminster,  S.W., 
July  16. 


EXTRACTS  FROM  THE  BTE-LA.W3. 

Section  II. — Cosstitution. 

1.  The  Institution  of  CivQ  Eugiiieera  shall  consist  of 
tliree  classes — viz.,  members,  associatt-s,  aud  honorary 
membei's,  with  a  class  of  students  attaclled. 

•J,  Members, — Every  candid.tte  for  admission  into  tiie 
cl.iss  of  members,  or  for  transfer  iiito  that  cjiws,  shall  come 
within  one  of  llie  following  conditions  ; — He  shall  be  more 
tUau  twenty-five  years  of  age,  shall  have  been  regularly 
educated  .as  a  civil  engineer,  according  to  the  usual  routiue 
of  pupilage,  aud  have  had  subseiiuent  employment  for  at 
Iciist  five  years  in  responsible  situations  as  resident  en- 
gineer, or  otherwise,  iu  some  of  the  branches  defined  by 
the  charter  as  constituting  the  profession  of  a  civil  en- 
gineer :  or,  he  shall  have  practised  on  his  own  account  iu 
the  profession  of  a  civil  engineer  for  at  least  five  yeai^,  and 
have  acquired  a  considerable  degree  of  eminence  in  the 
same. 

0.  Associates  shall  be  pei-sons  of  more  than  twenty-five 
years  of  age,  who  are  not  necessiirily  civil  engineers  by  pro- 
fession, but  whose  pursuits  constitute  branches  of  engineer- 
ing, or  who  are  by  their  connection  with  science  or  tlie 
arts  qualified  to  concur  with  civil  engineers  in  the  advance- 
ment of  professional  knowledge. 

4.  Honorary  members  shall  be  either  distinguished  iu- 
di\-iduals,  who  from  their  position  are  enabled  to  render 
assistiuice  in  the  prosecution  of  public  works,  or  persons 
eminent  for  science  and  experience,  in  pursuits  connected 
with  the  profession  of  a  cxvU  engineer,  but  who  are  nji 
eng<aged  in  the  practice  of  that  profession  in  Great  Bi-it;iiii 
or  Ireland. 

5.  Students  shall  be  pei-sons  not  under  eighteen  years  of 
age,  who  are,  or  have  been,  pupils  of  member  or  asso- 
ciates of  the  Institution,  and  who  have  the  object  or  inten- 
tion of  becoming  civil  engineers ;  and  such  persons  m&y 
continue  students  until  they  attain  the  age  of  twenty-six 
years,  but  not  longer. 

Section  III.— Election,  &a. 

1.  Any  person  desirous  of  being  admitted  into  the  In- 
stitution (excepting  to  the  class  of  students)  must  be  pi"o- 
posed  iind  recommeneded  according  to  theFormA.inwiiich 
the  name,  usual  lesidence,  .and  qualifications  of  the  can- 
didate shall  be  distinctly  specified.  This  form  must  be 
signed  by  at  least  four  members  and  two  associates,  cer- 
tifying a  personal  knowledge  of  the  candidate.  The  pro- 
posal of  any  foreigner  who  m.ay  be  desirous  of  joining  the 
Institution  shall  be  signed  by  at  least  one  member,  certify- 
ing personal  knowledge  of  the  candidate,  .and  by  at  least 
three  other  members  and  three  associates,  certifying  a  full 
conviction  of  his  qualifications. 

2.  The  propositi  so  made,  being  delivered  to  the  seci-fr- 
t-ixy,  shall  be  submitted  to  the  council,  who,  on  approving 
the  qualifications,  shall  determine  the  class  for  which  the 
candidate  is  to  be  presented  for  ballot. 

Section  IV. — Admission  of  Students, 

Any  person  desirous  of  being  admitted  by  the  council  as 

a  student  must  be  proposed  and  recouunended  according 

to  the  Form   A  2,  iu  which  the  luame.  usual  residence,  and 

age  of  the  candidate  must  be  distinctly  stated.    This  form 


July  26,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


519 


muBt  be-  signed  by  the  member  or  associate  of  the  Instltu- 
tioQ  umler  whom  the  candidate  is,  or  has  been,  in  the 
course  of  preparation  aud  training,  with  the  object  of  fol- 
hiwing  tlio  profession  of  a  civil  engineer,  aud  bo  ako  sub- 
scribed by  the  candidate  himself 


PLATE   QIRDEES. 

Sib,— I  take  it  for  granted  that  you  are  glad  to 
have  any  apjiarent  error  in  your  paper  pointed  out, 
and  therefore  do  not  apologise  for  saying  thatyou 
appear  to  mo  to  have  made  a  somewhat  serious 
error  in  your  article  on  plate  girders,  No.  5.  I 
have  not  seen  your  previous  articles,  but  from 
No.  5  I  gather  that  you  take  the  tensile  and 
shearing  strength  of  iron  per  square  inch  as  equal, 
and  on  this  sui>po.sition  the  area  of  the  rivets  on 
each  side  of  the  joints  should  equal  the  effective 
or  nett  section  o£  the  plate — i.e.,  in  the  tension 
flange. 

The  joint  shown  in  your  drawing  fails — if  it 
fails  at  all — either  by  the  plate  giving  across  one 
of  the  shortest  lines  of  fracture  A  B  or  A;  B5,  or 


by  the  shearing  of  the  rivets  along  C  D  or.C  U.  In 


■or 


ao_ 


the  latter  case  the  resistance  to  shearing  is  simply 
the  area  of  the  rivets  on  one  side  of  the  joint  X  by 
resistance  to  shearing  per  square  inch.  The  thick- 
ness of  the  cover-plate — provided  it  be  thick 
enough  not  to  fail  itself  by  tearing — can  have  no. 
thing  to  do  with  the  question.  The  calculation 
should  stand — Number  of  rivets  X  by  area  of  one 
rivet  X  resistance  to  shearing  per  square  inch, 
which  in  this  particular  case  is  12  X  ('75-  X  '7854) 
X  (5  tons  say),  and  not  12  X  '5  X  '75  X  (5  tons 
say)  as  you  have  it. 

If  a  second  cover  plate,  of  any  thickness  suffi- 
cient to  prevent  the  rivets  cutting  into  it,  be  put 
on  the  lower  side,  there  would  be  two  shearing 
surfaces,  E  F  and  G  H,  and  the  area  of  the  rivets 
might  be  reduced  one-half,  and  a  better  construc- 
tion be  got  also. 


ic:: 


3* 


H.  W. 

[As  regards  the  question  of  "  Cover  Plate.?,"  in 
"  Fairbau-n's  Application  of  Cast  and  Wrought 
Iron  to  Building  Purposes,"  second  edition,  page 
216,  you  wUl  find  (tig.  8U)  the  following ; — 

"  Eight  rivets  are  required  in  each  of  t"ne  lines, 
four  on  each  side  of  the  joint,  to  give  sufficient 
strength,  and  the  area  of  the  rivets  collectively 
should  be  equal  to  the  area  of  the  jointed  plates 
taken  transversely  through  one  line  of  the  rivets, 
the  area  of  the  parts  punched  out  in  that  line 
being  deducted.  These  proportions  give  the  re- 
quired security  to  the  joint,  and  afl'ord  nearly  the 
same  strength  to  a  teusUe  strain  as  the  solid 
plate,  that  is,  if  the  covering  plates  be  as  much 
thicker  as  will  give  the  same  area  of  section 
through  the  rivet  holes  as  the  imperforated  double 
plate." 

In  the  example  given  in  "  Plate  Girders,  No.  5  " 

in. 
The  sectional  area  of    cover  plate  (15" 

X  -S")   = 7'5 

Deduct  area  of  four  ^in.  rivets  =.     .     .      1'76 


Area  of  section  through  rivets .     .      5' 74 
Area  of   imperforated  flange  plate,   15" 

X  i"  = 5-625 

or  practically  the  same  as  each  other.  It  is  not 
always  practicable  to  get  two  cover  plates  (top  and 
bottom),  but  no  doubt  it  is  very  good,  and  is 
often  used,  care  being  taken  that  they  are  of 
sufficient  thickness  to  prevent  the  rivets  cutting 
them.] 

MANCHESTER  TOWNHALL  COMPETI- 
TION. 
Sir, — As  a  competitor,  I  strongly  endorse  the 
suggestion  of  your  correspondent  "  X.  Y.,"  that 
each  drawing  of  the  selected  preliminary  design 
should  receive  the  corporate  seal,  and  that  it  be  a 
condition  that  the  same  drawings  be  exhibited  in 


the  final  competition.  I  cannot  see  how  piracy — 
siih  rosn— is  to  be  prevented,  or  the  especially 
good  points  of  one  plan  transferred  or  grafted  on 
to  another.  If  it  be  necessary,  I  think  that  such 
competitors  as  choose  might  jointly  memonalise 
the  corporation  on  the  subject.  The  attempt  at 
preservation  of  the  anonymity  in  the  second  com- 
petition is  futile  as  far  as  the  corporation  are  con- 
cerned.— I  am,  &c.,  J.  H. 


PAYING  FOR  ESTIMATES. 

Sib, — Can  anyone  inform  me  on  the  following 
case  : — A  gentleman  came  to  me,  and  said  he 
wished  me  to  give  an  estimate  for  some  repairs  to 
a  house  wh'ch  he  had  bought.  The  repairs  con- 
sisted of  whitewashing,  painting,  papering,  and 
carpenters'  work  and  plasterers'  work.  Ho  did 
not  furnish  any  specification  or  writing  of  any 
kind  ;  nor  did  he  say  that  he  should  have  an  es- 
timate from  another  party.  I  had  to  measure  the 
work  and  estimate  from  it.  I  left  the  estimate  at 
the  gentleman's  house,  who  told  me  he  would  let 
me  know :  and,  without  taking  any  further 
notice,  he  gives  the  job  to  another  builder.  I  wish 
to  know,  under  these  circumstances,  whether  I 
cannot  charge  for  my  time  ;  and,  if  so,  what 
charge  is  usual ;  should  it  be  for  time  or  a  per- 
centage on  the  estimate  '!  I  do  not  complain  of 
not  having  the  job,  as  every  man  has  a  right  to 
get  whomsoever  he  pleases  to  do  his  work,  but  I 
most  decidedly  object  to  have  my  time  taken  up, 
which  might  have  been  profitably  employed.  It  is 
the  custom  with  a  great  many  to  run  about  from 
one  place  to  another  to  see  who  will  do  work 
cheapest,  and  for  all  I  know  this  man  may  have 
taken  the  paper  which  I  wrote,  specifying  what 
was  to  be  done  to  the  said  house,  and  to  get  other 
estimates  from  that. — I  am,  &c. 

Deal  on  the  Square. 


DELIVERY    OF  THE    BVILDINO   NEWS. 

Sib, — I  am  happy  that  your  publication  finds 
such  a  ready  sale,  but  I  do  not  like  being  disap- 
pointed, after  many  years'  subscribing  to  your 
journal,  as  I  was  last  week.  When  I  called  for 
my  Building  News,  the  answer  was,  "  They  have 
not  come  down  yet ;  there  is  not  sufficient  printed  ; 
wait  until  next  week."  I  called  again  to-day,  but 
no  last  week's  Building  News  to  be  had.  Now, 
Mr.  Editor,  I  shall  be  glad  if  you  will  see  to  this. 
Your  journal  is  of  great  value  to  the  profession  in 
Manchester,  and  we  do  not  like  to  be  disappointed, 
— 1  am,  &c.,  Charles  Barnett. 

Manchester,  July  25. 

[Either  the  London  or  Manchester  newsagent 
must  be  at  fault.  The  Building  News  is  pub- 
lished every  Friday  morning  at  6  o'clock,  and 
should  be  delivered  in  Manchester  on  Saturday 
morning.  We  have  recently  received  several 
complaints,  but  the  blame  does  not  rest  on  this 
office.] 

METROPOLITAN    SUBWATS- 

S]R,_I  observe  th.at  a  great  de.al  of  controversy  has  been 
waged  recently  in  reference  to  this  subject.  Can  you  ex- 
plain how  it  is  that  there  is  always  so  much  opposition 
shown  to  improvements  which  have  for  their  objects  the 
facilitation  of  traffic  through  the  streets  of  London,  and 
the  advancement  of  practical  science  ?  Surely,  the  forma- 
tion of  subwiiys  luider  the  main  thoroughfares  of  the  me- 
tropolis for  the  reception  of  gas  and  water  mains  must  con- 
tribute to  both  those  ends  1  We  all  have  had  painful  ex- 
perience of  the  evils  arising  from  the  disturbance  ofroad- 
wavs,  caused  by  the  ever-recurring  reparation  or  relayiug 
of  pipes  beneath  them.  All  these  would  be  obviated  by 
the  creation  of  a  system  of  subways,  and  yet  those  giant 
monopolists,  the  gas  and  water  companies,  oppose  their 
construction,  and  even  refuse  to  avail  themselves  of  those 
akeady  existing.  Why  is  this,  sir?  and  why  is  it  allowed 
to  liinder  the  promotion  of  public  convenience  ?—  I  am,  ifcc. , 

SUBTERRANE-VN. 


ASSISTANT    ENGINEERS    AND    DRAUGHTSMEN'S 
BENEVOLENT    ASSOCIATION. 

Sir, — When  the  aliove  institution  has  assumed  a  tingible 
shape  I  would  sugge.st  that  branches  bo  organized  through- 
out the  country.  Will  Mr.  Bancroft  please  state  what 
would  be  the  sub.scription  ;  also  the  advantages  to  be 
derived  ;  and  any  other  information  he  may  be  in  possession 
of  will  oblige  several  of  the  fraternity  in  the  country.— I 
am,  &c.,  Saml.  Bright, 

3'  Prince  of  Wales-terrace,  Rochdale-road, 
Manchester,  July  16. 


Though  an  effort  was  made  some  time  ago 
to  call  the  New  Law  Courts  "  The  Com-ts  of  Jus- 
tice," by  some  means  or  other  the  public  won't 
have  that  name.  We  suppose  the  reason  is  that 
"  Law  Courts  "  sounds  more  English  than  "  Courts 
of  Justice."  Besides,  it  is  shorter,  more  homely 
and  acceptable,  and  is  certainly  likely  to  be  more 
durable. 


Intcrroiunuinixatroit. 


QUESTIONS, 


[■lOi.]— WKIGHT  OF  LIME.— I  shall  feel  obliged  if  some 
one  will  inform  mo  what  is  tho  weight  of  a  cubic  yard  of 
atono  lime. — J.  L. 


[495.  }_PIGE0NS.— Could  uiiy  friend  iiifonn  mo  how  I 
can  legally  get  rid  of  some  pigeons  my  next-door  noiglibour 
h;ia,  to  my  groat  annoyance?  They  spoil  my  roof,  and 
bieak  my  rest  all  night.  Cjin  I  shoot  or  poiaou  them  when 
they  are  on  my  own  premises?— G.  W.  F. 


[490.1 -ESTATE  AGENCY  BUSINESS.- 1  wish  to  know 
what  are  the  usual  terms  for  transacting  house  and  estate 
agency  business.  I  am  an  arcliitect  and  surveyor  in  pro- 
vincial practice,  aud  would  like  to  incruiiHo  my  business  by 
the  above  moana,  but  I  don't  know  what  aro  the  usual 
.'hargofl,  or  whetlier  the  agent  haa  to  draw  up  tho  agreomout. 
— U.  Cowley.  

1497.1- GREENHOUSES.— Iwish  to  have  a  greenhouse 
about  lift.  X  S^t.  Could  any  of  your  numcroua  readers  tell 
nie  how  or  where  I  can  get  one  at  a  moderate  sum  ?  I 
think  1  have  seen  some  advertised  in  the  IJuiluino  News, 
naming  size  and  piice,  but  liavo  looked  in  vain. — J.  C.  M. 


[498.}— THE  "BUILDING  NEWS."— Please  inform  me 
if  the  Building  News  from  January  to  the  present  time 
can  bo  had,  I  have  ordered  them  through  my  bookaoller, 
but  the  answer  is  "out  of  print."  My  customer  is  very 
desirous  of  having  and  continuing  the  work,  if  it  is  possible 
to  oljtaiu  it  from  the  beginning  of  tho  year.— Henry  Pace, 
1j,  High-street,  Reading. 

[Our  correspondent  and  all  other  similar  inquii-era  are 
informed  that  all  the  numbers  from  January  this  year  to 
the  present  time  are  in  print.  The  London  agent  has  re- 
ported falsely.]  

[499.]_EARLy  ARCHITECTURE  OP  FRANCE.— WUl 
you  kindly  inform  mo  whether  it  is  intended  to  continue 
the  .series  "of  sketches  of  the  "  Early  Architecture  of  France,*' 
by  Mr,  WiUcos,  in  the  Buildinc  News,  or  whether  the 
one  given  in  your  number  for  July  1"J,  is  only  a  specimen ; 
and,  if  so,  where  the  series  may  ue  obtained. — R.  A.  L. 
Nunns. 

[It  is  intended  to  continue  this  series  of  sketches  in  the 
Building  News.  They  are  being  sketched  exclusively  for 
this  paper. 

[500.]  —  MICROSCOPE-PERSPECTIVE.  —  Can  some 
reader  kindly  inform  me  what  to  use  to  black  the  iusida 
of  the  tube  of  a  microscope  with,  aiid  how  to  mix  and 
apply  it.  I  am  like  "Once  a  Hod  Boy,"  trying  ray  hand 
at  perspectives,  but  find  that  when  I  have  finished  the  out- 
line that  it  requires  the  ends  of  the  lines  to  be  cleaned  ofi" 
where  they  have  been  overrun,  aud  that  it  has  got  so  dirty 
with  the  square  passing  over  it  as  to  require  cleaning  with 
india  rubber,  which,  however  lightly  applied,  takes  off  the 
sharimess  of  the  lines  so  much  that  nearly  all  of  them  want 
going  over  again.     Can  some  one  advise  me? — J.  S. 


[.^01.]  —  CONCRETE  CEILINGS  AND  FIBROUS 
SLABS.— Allow  me  to  inquire,  through  the  medium  of 
your  valuable  "  Intercommunication,"  what  is  the  nature 
of  the  economical  iron  framing  for  concrete  ceilings,  in- 
vented by  Colonel  Scott,  R.E.,  and  mentioned  in  a  long 
article  by  Edwin  Chadwick,  Esq.,  C.B.,  which  appeared 
in{the  illustrated  London  A'ews  of  July  (J?  Also  what 
woidd  be  the  approximate  cost  of  the  iron  framing,  applied 
in  ceilings  not  above  12ft.  X  1-ft-  I  should  also  be  much 
obliged  for  any  information  respecting  a  uewkiud  of  fibrous 
slab,  mentioned  in  the  article  to  which  I  have  alluded,  as 
the  invention  of  Mr.  B.  NicoU,  of  London  What  would 
be  the  cost  per  foot  super  of  this  material  2in.  thick,  aud 
whatis  the  address  of  the  inventor  ?— Cottage. 


[002.]- ADMIRALTY  SURVEYORS.— Will  you  kindly 
inform  me  through  the  medium  of  your  valuable  paper 
how  the  appointments  for  the  department  of  the  surveyor 
to  the  Admiralty  are  obtained?  If  by  examination,  what 
are  the  principal  subjects.- P.  D.,  7,  Wellington-parade, 
Gloucester.  _„_^_^ 

[503.]— ZINC  FOR  ROOFS.— As  there  haa  been  so  much 
said  the  last  two  weeks  in  the  cohimns  of  your  journal 
about  zinc  for  roofs,  I  would  like  to  be  informed  how  long 
a  roof  covered  with  sudi  material  would  last?  I  admit 
it  can  be  used,  and  plates  of  tin  I  have  seen  on  roofs  abroad, 
and  almost  every  kind  of  covering,  even  bark  of  trees,  but 
zinc  is  not  suitable  nor  elastic  enough  to  turn  into  angles 
and  over  rolls  as  lead  will  do. —A.  B. 


[504.]— CHEAP  GOTHIC— In  your  last  week's  issue 
you  reported,  in  the  column  under  the  heading  of 
"Churches  and  Chapels,"  Acle,  Norfolk— "It  is  a  plain 
but  substantial  building,  of  a  modified  Gothic  character," 
cost  £300,  &c.  The  next  report  isHeadcom,  Kent:— "The 
style  is  a  free  rendering  of  the  general  features  of  Gothic, 
adapted  to  the  utmost  simplicity  of  form  and  the  most 
economical  materials."  And.  dear  Mr.  Editor.  I  am  tempted 
to  inquire  if  this  is  not  really  acrobatic  ?  for  if  the  buildings 
alluded  to  are  not,  they  are  not  Gothic— Wee  Tip. 

[We  can  scarcely  understand  the  pun'ort  of  tliis  note. 
Does  the  writer  mean  to  say  that  wo  cannot  get  cheap 
Gothic  chapels  and  schools  ?] 


[505.]— PAYING  FOR  AGREEMENTS.— I  should  be 
obliged  if  some  "Intcrcommuuicatiun  "  contributor  woidd 
infonn  me  whether  it  is  customai-y  for  architects  or  sur- 
veyors to  charge  in  their  bills  sums  for  preparing  an  agx'ee- 
ment.— John  Thomas,  Falmouth. 


[506.]— FIXTURES.- A  dispute  has  arisen  about  some 
"fixtures"  which  are  not  specified  in  an  agieement,  but 
only  under  that  general  word.  Will  you  or  some  one 
oblige  by  giving  me  a  legal  definition  of  the  word,  or  rather, 
what  would  be  considered  "fixtures"  in  a  court  oUaw.— 
,  Compound  Householder. 


520 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


Jdly  26,  1867. 


[507.1— STUDENTS'  CLASS  AT  THE  INSTITUTION 
OB' CIVIL  ENGINEERS.— I  have  just  heard  ttuat  a  stu- 
dents' class  has  been  formtd  at  the  Institution  of  Civil  En- 
gineers. Will  you  inform  me  of  the  conditions  of  admis- 
sion?—"W.  W. 

[Our  cone.'ipondent  will  find  his  question  answered  in  a 
letter  from  the  secretary' of  the  Institution  of  Civil  En- 
gineers in  another  column  of  to-day's  Building  News.] 


[508.]— BISHOPS  AND  CHURCHES.— Could  any  one 
inform  me  whether  it  falls  within  the  specifi.ed  duties  of 
a  bishop  to  view  churches,  \icarages,  &c.,  to  ascertain 
whether  they  stand  in  need  of  repair? — Petfr. 

[It  is  certainly  the  duty  of  a  bishop  in  his  visitations  to 
view  the  state  of  the  churches,  and  when  requisite  ad- 
monish the  incumbent  to  repair  them  out  of  the  revenues 
of  the  church.  In  this  oifice  he  should  be  assisted  by  the 
archbishop.  Rural  deans  have  a  right  to  visit  every  church, 
mansion,  and  house  in  tlieir  deaneries.  ] 


[509.]— BRASS  RUBBINGS.— "Would  one  of  your  rub- 
bing and  sketching  correspondents  be  so  good  as  to  inform 
me  how  brass  ruijbings  aie taken?-  In  MEMOiiiAM 


[510.]— STRENGTH  OF  WOODS.— Would  some  one 
skilled  in  different  kinds  of  woods  inform  a  country  bump- 
kin of  the  absolute  and  relative  strength  of  the  different 
kinds  of  woods  generally  iised  in  building  in  this  couutiy  ; 
or  could  you  inform  me  where  the  subject  is  treated  scien- 
tifically? -  Country  Busipkin. 


[511.]— FOOTINGS  FOR  WALLS.— I  am  about  to  build 
a  house  on  not  a  very  firm  soil.  Can  you  inform  me  how 
wide  the  footing  should  be  and  of  what  material  it  should 
consist?    The  wall  will  be  about  SOfc.  high. — Benjamin. 

[It  will  all  depend  on  the  nature  of  the  soil.  Footings 
are  used  so  that  walls  might  thereby  have  a  bearing  upon 
a  breadth  of  ground  wider  than  the  walls  themselves.  If, 
for  instance,  the  camel's  foot  were  no  wider  than  the  horse's 
hoof  the  camel  would  have  much  greater  difficulty  in  walk- 
ing over  the  desert,  because  the  hoof  would  sink  deeper 
into  the  sand  tlian  the  other  foot.  Footings  under  walls 
answer  a  similar  purpose.  Footings,  therefore,  sliould  be 
wide  or  narrow  according  to  the  character  of  the  ground 
on  which  they  rest.  A  house  built  on  a  rock  of  course 
wants  no  footing  ;  if  upon  chalk,  upon  loose  or  hard  gravel, 
upon  sand  or  on  clay,  the  footings  should  be  expanded  in 
proportion  to  the  re-sisting  power  of  the  foundation.  If  it 
be  made  ground  it  might  be  necessary  to  cover  the  whole 
with  a  platform  of  concrete,  Concrete  is  not  only  the 
most  easily  obtained  for  such  a  purpose,  but  it  is  the 
cheapest  and  most  durable.  When  there  is  any  doubt  aa 
to  the  resisting  nature  of  the  ground  it  is  wise  t.o  make  sure 
with  a  good  footing.  If  not  actually  required  it  gives  a 
sense  of  security  in  return  for  its  cost.] 


REPLIES. 

[478.]— ARCHITECTURAL  STUDENTS.-The  lectures 
at  University  College,  London,  I  have  found  highly  prac- 
tical and  useful,  upon  subjects  that  cotdd  not  be  learnt  at 
an  office  or  from  any  b\it  expensive  books.  King'-^  College 
is  exclusive,  being  only  for  members  of  the  Established 
Church. — CuDDiE. 

[431.]- ACCOUNT  OF  MATERIALS.— "  A  Builder" 
should  put  down  in  his  account  every  item  of  materials 
reqiiircit  for  the  new  building,  and  likewise  the  number  of 
hours  of  laboiu'. — Cliddie. 


[4S5.]— RAISING  BUILDINGS  BODILY.— "  Sceptic" 
is  right  in  doubting  many  stories  from  America.  It  is  true, 
however,  that  some  houses  have  been  bodily  set  back  for 
widening  the  streets  of  New  York,  and  this  has  been  done 
by  '  fixing"  stays,  rollers,  &c.,  underneath,  and  drawing 
it  back  with  winch  pulleys,  &c.  They  are,  I  beUeve, 
generally  wooden  houses  of  a  rather  temporary  character, 
and  many  of  them  are  made  movable.  I  knew  a  man  who, 
on  leaving  New  York,  had  sold  his  house  and  not  lone  after 
met  it  rolling  down  thu  street  towards  him.  I  surmise, 
however,  there  were  not  much  bricks  and  mortar  in  it. 
I  don't  think  they  raise  houses  to  putastorey  underneath — 
they  may  just  as  well  put  it  on  the  top. — Provincial. 


[4S5.]— The  process  was  put  in  practice  on  a  very  exten- 
sive scale  some  few  years  ago,  and  very  successfully,  in 
San  Francisco.  The  city  originally  was  biult  on  a  very 
irregular  site,  and  those  who  then  travelled  through  its 
streets — like  many  of  its  occupants  at  present — were  sub- 
ject to  "ups  and  downs."  In  order  to  obviate  this  incon- 
venience the  streets  were  afterwards  "graded,"  that  is  to 
say,  some  were  cut  down  and  othei-s  filled  in,  so  as  to  pro- 
duce something  like  level  roadways.  When  the  latter 
operation  was  performed  some  of  the  houses  and  stores  were 
half  buried,  and  it  was  necessary  to  raise  them.  This  was 
accomplished  by  hydraulic  pressure  and  appliances.  In- 
deed, whole  piles  of  brick  buildings  were  thus  lifted  until 
their  front  floors  were  brought  in»  to  the  new  levels  of  the 
streets.  On«  warehouse  in  particular,  with  60ft.  frontage, 
a  depth  of  70It.,  and  comprising  three  storeys  and  a  base- 
ment, the  whole  of  massive  brickwork,  was  raised  5ft.  and 
then  underbuilt  with  stone.  In  the  first  place,  balks  of 
timber  were  inserted  through  the  base  of  the  structure  at 
certain  distances,  and  the  rams  safely  bedded  below 
them  were  connected  and  made  to  work  simultaneously. 
Literally,  therefore,  the  place  was  pumped  np  5ft.  Another 
building  with  2,000  tons  of  goods  in  it,  was,  at  the  same 
period,  raised  in  six  days  and  a  new  storey  added  to  it  at 
the  bottom. — Believer. 

[4S(;.]-SHARPENING  TOOLS.— When  the  razor  was 
more  generally  used  in  this  country-  than  it  now  is.  it  was 
a  common  practice  to  put  it  in  hot  water  immediately 
hefore  applying  it  to  the  chin.  This  was  only  a  partial  and 
perhaps  an  imaginary  good.  It  would  have  been  very 
different  had  a  little  muriatic  or  sulphm-ic  acid— say  about 
one-twentieth  in  weight  of  the  water  used— been  mixed 
with  th }  water,  and  had  the  razor  been  immersed  in  the 
mijttnre  for  half  an  hour  before  setting  it  on  a  hone.  In 
this  c;ise  the  acid  supplies,  to  a  great  extent,  the  place  of 
a  whetstone  by  slightly  corroding  the  whole  surface  of  the 
blade,  uniformly,  so  that  to  give  a  keen  edge  nothing  more 
than  a  smooth  polish  is  afterwards  essential.  This  process 
never  injures  good  blades,  but  may  improve  bad  ones  and 
there  is  no  reason  why  it  should  not  be  extended  w  all 
tools  which  are  required  to  cut  clcin  and  smoothly      If 


"Firmer"  and  others  who  mav  use  tools  in  the  workshop 
would  provide  themselves  with  acidified  baths,  such  as  I 
have  described,  and  would  at  the  dinner  hour  or  otlier  con- 
venient time  moisten  the  blades  of  their  tools  in  them, 
they  would  soon  find  the  advantage  of  the  operation.  It 
may  be  said  that  the  tools  should,  after  the  immersion,  be 
lightly  wiped  before  setting  This  plan  saves  labour,  gives 
a  finer  edge,  and  makes  the  tools  last  longer.  The  cost  of 
the  acid  is  next  to  nothing,  and  there  would  be  no  difficulty 
in  contriving  a  mode  of  suspending  the  tools  over  the  bath 
so  that  only  the  blades  are  acted  upon.  Cold  water  will 
do  very  well,  but  warm  water  is  better. — Chemicus. 


[■iST.]- BLACK  MORTAR— If  "C.  T.  H."  will  use 
good  stone  lime  to  the  sand  from  the  foimdiy  he  will  find 
it  will  make  mortar  that  will  set  hard,  if  properly  made. 
I  have  hadit  used,  thei'efore  speak  from  experience. — Clerk 
OF  Works.  

[4S7.]— The  sand  you  have  is  only  fit  for  cow  shed  and 
yard  walls.  If  used  in  dwellings  the  "soot"  in  the  sand 
would  destroy  everything. — Soot. 


[4S7.]  Its  use  in  the  foundry  is  not  objectionable.  Uu- 
les.^  the  charcoal  ashes  are  in  excess,  use  the  sand  with 
confidence.  Sand  in  mortar  is  valuable,  as  it  is  clean, 
sharji,  and  angular,  sufficient  lime  only  being  required  to 
crystallize  and  bind  the  particles  of  sand  together,  the 
usual  proportions  being  three  of  sand  and  one  of  lime.  A  fair 
test  of  the  sand  is,  does  it  feel  sharp  in  passing  tlirough  the 
hand,  or  Ls  it  smooth  and  earthy  ?  If  the  latter  pass  the 
whole  through  a  fine  screen,  rejecting  the  fine,  as  the 
charcoal  is  in  excess.  ShoiUd  this  process  leave  you  short, 
mix  up  with  the  lot  a  few  yards  of  clean  river  or  pit  sand 
(the  last  is  to  be  preferred,  it  is  in  general  sharper) ;  should 
you  use  the  foundry  sand  pure  and  simple,  a  few  months 
hence,  when  the  mortar  has  unashed.  your  report  as  to  its 
colour  will  be  interesting,  as  the  coal  ash  and  charcoal  ash 
would,  I  think,  make  a  good  black  mortar. — A.  Z. 


[487.]— "C.  H.  T.''may  rely  upon  black  sand  taken  out 
of  the  moulding  shop  of  an  iron  foundry  making  mortar 
much  harder  than  the  sand  generally  used  for  that  purpose. 
I  have  built  several  blocks  of  houses  within  the  last  three 
yeai's,  in  which  black  mortar  has  been  used,  which  has 
been  made  of  Buxton  lime  and  black  sand  from  various 
foimdries,  which  has  proved  exceedingly  hard  when 
thorouglily  dry. — W.  L.,  Bootle,  Liverpool,  July  •2-2. 


[4S3.]— CEMENT  ON  LATH  AND  TIMBER.— "T. 
Morgan,"  of  2,  Carlton-road.  Porbobello-road,  Notting-hill, 
says  that  "  this  is  really  and  tnUy  a  trade  secret  and  in 
the  po.sse5sion  of  a  very  fe-^.''  He  will,  however,  undertake 
to  do  the  work,  or  see  that  it  is  done  as  foreman  of  plas 
terei-s. 

[4SS.]— It  would  be  far  better  to  bricklay  on  flat  than  to 
relath  the  partitions.  If  the  latter  be  preferred  I  would 
recommend  lath  and  half  Memel.  The  first  coat  should 
be  2  cement,  1  of  sand  ;  floating  coat,  1  and  1 ;  last  or  set- 
ting coat,  all  cement. — Research. 


[492.]  — THE  NATURE  OF  THE  GROUND  FOR 
ERECTING  BUILDINGS  UPON. -I  would  advise  "  In- 
quirer "to  select  the  southern  declivity  of  a  hill  or  the 
north  side  of  a  valley.  The  object  thus  obtained  would 
be  warmth  and  regularity  of  temperature,  being  shaded 
from  the  uoi-th  winds.  Rocky  districts  are  the  most 
dry  and  healtliful,  but  sandstone  is  preferable  to  lime- 
stone, on  account  of  the  quality  of  the  water.  If  I  am 
mistaken,  and  the  question  is  a.s"ked  by  a  builder  or  a  con- 
tractor, I  would  advise  a  very  careful  examination  of  the 
gi-ound  by  the  old  fashioned  principle  of  digging  holes. 
Ifsandorgi-ave  is  found,  the  examination  may  advisablv 
end  at  this  stage  if  the  building  about  to  be  erected  is  o"f 
small  dimensions  ;  but  should  it  be  a  large  building  the 
question  is  so  much  greater,  and  the  test  holes  must  not  be 
relied  upon  without  sound  corroborative  evidence.  The 
lal»ours  of  the  geologist  should  here  be  taken  advantage  of 
Throughout  nearly  the  whole  of  Great  Britain  the  geo- 
logical surveyors  have  mapped  out  the  various  rocks,  and 
sectional  sheets  can  be  obtained  from  the  map  sellers  for 
any  particular  district.  The  builder  can  thus  lay  his  hand 
upon  the  site,  refer  to  the  colours,  and  get  correct  informa- 
tion ie.spectiug  the  lithological  character  of  the  district. 
It  will  possibly  transpire  that  the  district  is  coloured  as 
sand  or  limestone,  whereas  the  test  holes  imphes  the  around 
to  be  sand,  clay,  or  gravel.  ShoiUd  this  be  the  case  it  is 
clear  there  is  a  superficial  covering  over  the  native  rocks, 
and  should  deep  or  extensive  excavations  be  required  a 
sensible  allowance  should  be  made  in  the  estimate 
for  the  probability  of  the  rock  presenting  itself 
nearer  to  the  surface  than  required.  As  geologists  are 
becoming  pretty  numerous  in  every  district,  rheir  advice 
can  readily  be  obtained,  and  were  this  line  of  action 
strictly  cai-ried  out  tliere  woidd  be  less  mistakes  to  lay  to 
the  charge  of  the  bidldei-s.  I  have  known  builders,  who. 
in  the  theory  of  contracting,  have  allowed  the  ordinary 
price  of  excavating,  who  in  real  practice  have  come  upon 
the  hve  rock  before  half  the  depth  has  been  attained,  and 
they  have  had  to  resort  to  the  expensive  process  of  blastin- 
and  (luan-ying  with  the  remainder  of  the  work.  I  have 
seen  contractors  ruined  with  raUway  timnels  and  cuttings 
from  a  want  of  knowledge  in  the  nature  of  the  grouud' 
On  the  other  hand.  I  have  seen  valuable  materials  such  as 
ironstone,  cut  through  at  immense  cost,  and  unknowin-^ly 
carted  away  to  be  again  buried  in  some  embankment. 
Ihere  is  no  subject  more  closely  bound  up  with  the  builder, 
and  there  is  none  so  little  studied.  The  day  is  not  far 
distant  when  it  is  hoped  a  scientific  education  will  be  au 
Item  in  the  stock  of  every  builder.  To  furtlier  this  step 
it  might  be  wisely  suggested  that  Government  should  add 
schools  of  science  to  those  which  already  esiet  for  the  sister 
arts. — W.  S. 

'^i?"'  ]— S.^ess  your  building  is  very  heavy  this  is  a  simple 
matter.  There  are  few  districts  where  vou  cannot  get  a 
geological  section— raU way  cuttings,  'excavations]  for 
sewers,  bormgs  for  artesian  wells,  &c.  For  simple  build- 
ings smk  a  shaft  to  the  depth  of  your  contemplated  foot- 
ings, and  then  ascertain  if  you  are  working  on  made  ground 
or  a  natural  foundation;  if  the  former,  bore  imtil  you  fiud 
yourself  m  the  natural  soU.  A  proper  use  of  your*  observ- 
ing faculties  will,  in  general,  give  you  aU  the  infonnation 
that  IS  necessary,  without  shafting  or  boring  —A  Z 


WAGES   MOVEMENT. 

The  Bristol  masons' strike  is  at  an  end.  The  matter  in 
dispute  has  been  arranged  amicably  and  by  mutual  agree- 
ment between  the  employers  and  the  operatives. 

A  strike  of  joiners  has  taken  place  at  Messrs.  Day  and 
Raby's  at  Bolton.  It  is  said  that  the  reason  for  the  strike 
was  the  engagement  by  Mr.  Day  of  a  foreman  whom  tlie 
men  did  not  like— a  satisfactory  enough  reason  for  men  to 
leave  but  nob  to  strike. 


STAINED   GLASS. 


A  stained  glass  window  of  two  compartments  has  been 
placed  in  the  hospital  church  of  St.  Mary  the  Virgin,  Rye 
Hill,  Newcastle.  The  subjects  are  Oxu-  Lord  in  the  house 
of  Lazarus,  and  Martha  receiving  the  promise  from  Christ 
that  Lazarus  would  be  raised  from  the  dead.  The  window 
was  designed  and  executed  by  Mr.  G.  Bagaly,  of  Newcastle. 

In  the  chancel  of  Leek  Church  a  window  has  been 
erected  to  Mr.  John  Cruso  by  his  fellow  townsmen.  The 
subject  represented  is  the  descent  of  the  Holv  Ghost  upon 
the  Apostles  at  the  Day  of  Pentecost.  a"  stained  glass 
window  has  been  placed  in  the  tower  at  the  west  end  as  a 
memorial  to  his  late  father,  by  Mr.  George  Young.  The 
east  window  has  been  given  by  Mr.  T.  Carr  in  memory  of 
his  late  father  and  mother,  and  cost  £300.  The  subjects 
represented  are  the  Crucifixion,  the  Arraignment,  the 
Transfiguration,  tlie  Ascension,  the  Suffenng,  Raising  of 
Jairus's  Daughter,  the  Last  Supper,  the  First  Mii-acle,  and 
the  Feeding  of  the  Multitude.  In  the  upper  part  of  the 
window  is  the  figure  of  Our  Lord,  surrounded  by  the  twelve 
Apostles.  In  the  south  wall  of  the  chancel  there  is  a  win- 
dow given  by  Miss  Wood,  of  Manchester,  in  memory  of  her 
late  aunt,  Mrs.  Grosvenor.  The  subjects  on  this  are 
"Touch  me  not,"  "Feed  my  lambs,"  the  Entombment, 
and  the  Three  Marys.  A  window  over  the  organ  in  the 
aisle  at  the  south  of  the  chancel  was  purchased  for  £200, 
left  by  the  late  Mr.  Crorapton,  of  Dunwood,  and  there  are 
represented  on  it  David  and  his  Harp,  St.  Cecilia,  and 
Bishop  Audlem.  In  the  south  aisle  there  is  also  a  window 
erected  by  the  Sleigh  family,  of  Leek  and  Thoruebridge, 
"  In  memory  of  Miles  Atkinson,  for  IS  years  vicar  of  this 
parish,  D,  D. ,"  the  subject  represented  being  St.  Edward  the 
Confessor  (the  patron  saint)  with  St.  John  the  Evangelist. 
The  whole  of  the  above  windows  are  of  stained  glass,  by 
Messrs.  Clayton  and  Bell,  of  Kegent-street,  London. 


STATUES,  MEMORIALS,  ETC. 

A  subscription  to  erect  a  statue  to  the  Emperor  Maxi- 
milian has  been  organized  at  Trieste. 

A  massive  ornamental  monument,  measuringl2ft.  high  by 
3ft,  square  at  the  base,  and  table  tombstone  have  been  erected 
in  the  churoliyard  of  Kilmorack.  in  memory  of  the  late 
Mr.  D.  D.  Mackenzie,  of  Wellbank,  Beauly,  factor,  on  the 
Chisholm  estate.  The  design  and  execution  of  the  monu- 
ment 13  the  work  of  Messrs.  D.  Forsyth  and  Son,  sculptora, 
Inverness. 

The  Albert  Memorial  Museum  is  now  nearly  completed, 
as  far  as  the  first  portion  is  concerned.  It  will  contain  a 
life-size  statue  of  the  late  Prince,  and  the  architect  (Mr. 
Hayward)  has  chosen  a  place  for  it  on  the  first  landing  of 
the  grand  staircase.  The  committee  have  had  many  offers 
from  sculptors  to  execute  the  statue  on  terms  varying  from 
a  few  pounds  to  300  guineas.  Mr.  B.  Boultou,  of  Chelten- 
ham, has  sculptured  on  approval  a  small  model  of  a  statue, 
which  he  offers  to  execute  for  the  sum  of  £50. 


LEGAL  INTELLIGENCE. 

Breach  of  Building  Regulations. — A  Man- 
chester builder  has  been  fined  403.  for  having  con- 
nected a  private  drain  with  a  common  sewer  with- 
out first  obtaining  the  consent  of  the  Corporation. 
The  defendant  had  applied  to  one  of  the  officers 
of  the  Corporation  for  the  requisite  permission, 
and  was  informed  that  he  must  make  application 
through  an  authorized  contractor.  He  subse- 
quently requested  the  Corporation  to  appoint  him- 
self a  contractor,  but  without  receiving  any  reply 
he  made  the  extension  which  he  had  sought  for. 
He  now  put  in  one  of  the  building  bye-laws  to 
show  that  he  was  justified  in  what  he  had  done 
by  reason  of  his  having  received  no  reply  from 
the  Corporation  within  a  certain  time.  The 
magistrate,  however,  held  that  there  had  been  an 
infringement  of  the  act. 


§mm\  Iftms. 


The  Royal  Commissioners  of  Trades'  Unions 
met  at  their  office  in  Park  Prospect,  Westminster, 
on  Tuesday  last,  when  Mr.  Tucker  gave  evidence. 
Mr.  Applegarth  also  gave  evidence,  principally  in 
reply  to  Mr.  Mault.  The  Commissioners  will  meet 
again  on  August  1,  when  it  is  supposed  that  Mr. 
W.  Allen,  secretary  of  the  Amalgamated  Society 
of  Engineers,  will  be  examined.  A  great  deal  of 
dissatisfaction  has  been  expressed  by  the  trades' 
unions  and  by  the  press  outside  at  Mr.  Roebuck's 
miserable  policy  in  insisting  on  the  exclusion  of 
Mr.  Connolly  because  he  spoke  disrespectfully  of 
Mr.  Roebuck.  Perhaps  Mr.  Roebuck,  being  so 
thin-skinned  and  sensitive  himself,  will  be  a  little 
more  scrupulous  in  future  in  what  he  says  of 
others. 


July  26,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


521 


A  not  very  creditable  attempt  has  been  made  to 
remove  Professor  Beesly  from  his  professional 
chair  at  the  London  University  for  some  remarks 
made  at  a  trades  union  meeting  at  Exeter  Hall 
in  connection  with  the  Sheffield  outrages.  No 
doubt  the  professor  was  lirst  incorrectly  reported, 
and  then  intemperately  criticized.  The  council  of 
the  University  have  decided  to  take  no  action  in 
the  matter. 

Mr.  E.  \Velby  Pngin  has  published  in  a  pamph- 
let form,  price  one  shilling,  the  thunder  #nd 
lightning  articles  which  appeared  in  the  West- 
minster O'lzett''  on  the  New  Law  Co\irts ;  also  the 
correspondence  on  the  same  subject  between  him 
and  others  which  appeared  in  the  St'mdard  and 
Building  New.s.  By  so  doing  Mr.  Pugin  assumes 
the  responsibility  of  the  Westminster  Qazettc 
articles. 

Mr.  Robert  Stapleton,  as  First  Commoner  of 
the  Corporation,  and  Chairman  of  the  City  Lands 
Committee,  has  given  notice  of  the  following  im- 
portant motion  for  consideration  at  an  early 
Court  of  the  Common  Council ; — "  That  the  re- 
peated and  heavy  expenditure  which  takes  ])lace 
at  the  (luildhall  on  every  occasion  of  puolic  re- 
ception afl'ords  evidence  of  the  insufliciency  of  the 
accommodation  at  the  disposal  of  the  Corporation 
for  such  purposes,  while  the  space  available  for 
the  library  and  museum  has  also  been  declared 
altogether  insufficient;  that,  therefore,  it  is  de- 
sirable some  comprehensive  and  well-considered 
plan  for  providing  permanently  for  such  objects 
should  be  at  once  j^repared  and  laid  before  this 
Court,  and  that  it  bo  referred  to  such  committee 
as  the  Court  shall  direct  to  obtain  a  plan  ami  es- 
timate accordingly." 

Mr.  Thomas  Hughes,  Jf.P.,  presided,  on  Tues- 
day, at  a  distribution  of  prizes  to  the  successful 
competitors  at  a  flower  show  held  in  the  parish  of 
St.  Saviour's,  Hoxton,  during  the  week.  Mrs. 
Hughes  distributed  the  prizes,  and  Mr.  Hughes 
delivered  a  short  address  on  the  good  effects  of 
flower  cultivation,  and  advisability  of  holding 
local  horticultural  shows  during  the  summer 
season  throughout  every  district  of  the  metropolis. 

Mr.  Titus  Salt,  formeriy  M.P.  for  Bradford,  and 
the  proprietor  of  the  well-known  alpaca  manu- 
factory at  Saltaire,  has  just  made  a  very  magni- 
ficent offer  to  the  borough  of  Hull.  He  proposes 
to  give  £5,000  to  the  Saibrs'  Orphan  Institution 
connected  with  the  Port  of  Hull  Society,  on  con- 
dition that  the  institution  be  enlarged  to  give  ac- 
commodation for  100  orphans,  and  the  school  200. 

Just  now  that  our  garden  roses  are  covered 
with  aphides,  it'will  be  well  to  know  that  soap  suds 
sprinkled  over  the  trees  with  a  syringe  will  effec- 
tually destroy  the  noxious  vermin.  And  it  should 
be  borne  in  mind  that,  all  the  year  round,  soap 
suds  form  a  most  valuable  manure  for  bushes, 
shrubs,  and  flowers. 

The  Rev.  C.  J.  Elliot  Walkey,  vicar  of  Llan- 
trisseut,  IVlonmouthshire,  writes  us  in  reference  to 
the  statement  which  appeared  in  the  BniLDiNo 
News  a  fortnight  since,  saying  that  there  still  re- 
mains a  considerable  sum  to  be  obtained  before 
the  church  can  be  finished,  and  that  he  should  be 
glad  of  any  subscriptions  for  that  purpose. 

The  Town  Council  of  Lancaster  has  resolved  to 
invite  the  Committee  of  the  Royal  Archffiological 
Institute  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  to  hold 
their  annual  meeting  in  that  town  next  year. 

The  characteristics  of  an  individual  are  strik- 
ingly pourtrayed  in  little  things.  An  American 
paper,  in  describing  traits  of  inner  life  in  the  work- 
shop, alludes  to  the  moral  calibre  of  the  men  by 
the  way  they  get  tobacco  of  their  shopmates  by 
begging,  or  borrowing,  as  they  are  most  apt  to 
term  it.  One  man  will  offer  his  fellow  workman 
his  tobacco  box  from  which  to  help  himself; 
another  will  take  a  bit  from  his  box  and  hand 
It  begrudgingly  to  his  companion;  and  another 
will  deny  that  he  has  any  tobacco  about  him,  or, 
perhaps,  that  he  ever  uses  it.  One  man,  a  Jesuit 
in  nature,  if  not  in  creed,  used  to  keep  two  tobacco 
boxes,  one  he  called  "The  AVorld,"  the  other 
"  ProNidence."  When  asked  for  a  pipe  of  tobacco, 
he  would  answer,  "  I  have  not  a  bit  in  '  The 
World  ;'  "  then  calmly  go  off  tii  one  of  the  secret 
smoking  places  and  light  his  pip'i  with  a  serene 
conscience.  If  taxed  with  falsehood,  or  asked 
how  he  had  got  his  tobacco,  "  I  put  my  trust  in 
'  Providence,'  "  he  would  answer.  This  anecdote, 
though  adroitly  appropriated  by  the  Americans, 
had  its  origin  in  Cornwall  about  thirty  years 
■since,  and  has  frequently  been  repeated  by  us,  and 
raised  many  a  smile. 


Great  preparations,  we  understand,  are  being 
made  to  form  an  interesting  Museum  of  Anti- 
quities at  Hereford,  on  the  occasion  of  the  meet- 
ing of  the  Cambriiin  Archaeological  Association, 
next  month. 

Mr.  Edward  W.  Wyon  has  submitted  to  private 
view  at  his  studio,  19.\,  Stauhopo-strect,  Hamp- 
atead-road,  a  figure  of  Nausicaa,  intended  to 
illustrate  a  passage  from  the  Odyssey,  which 
describes  how — 

Forth  from  her  suowy  liauii  Xaiisicaa  throw 
The  doviuils  ball. 

Shirley  Brooks  tells  the  following  in  his  new 
story  of  "  Sooner  or  Later;" — "  A  friend  of  mine, 
a  great  contractor,  who  was  making  a  harbour 
somewhere,  fancied  he  did  not  get  work  enough 
out  of  the  men  who  went  down  in  the  diving  bell. 
He  felt  that  they  wasted  time,  but  he  could  not 
imagine  how.  So,  one  day,  when  they  were  at 
dinner,  he  went  into  the  bell ;  and  there  he  found 
seven  large  crabs,  and  on  the  baek  of  each  was 
chalked  the  name  of  a  favourite  for  the  Derby. 
The  men  had  crab  races  at  the  bottom  of  the  sea." 

A  movement  is  on  foot  to  erect  a  statue  to  King 
Robert  Bruce,  at  Dumfriesshire.  Might  we  sug- 
gest to  our  Scottish  friends  the  advisability  of 
first  completing  the  National  Wallace  monument, 
which,  they  must  confess,  has  been  rather  an  un- 
fortunate affair  altogether  ? 

Something  new  in  the  exhibition  line  is  being 
organized  in  Paris  by  M.  Constant  Cimetiore,  viz., 
a  free  exhibition  of  pictures.  The  subscription  is 
fi.\ed  at  the  sum  of  21  f.  yearly,  by  instalments, 
and  artists  may  take  as  many  subscriptions  as  they 
please,  each  conferring  the  i  ight  of  exhibiting  one 
work  of  art  during  the  whole  year,  the  artist 
being  allowed  to  change  one  picture  for  another 
when  he  pleases.  The  conditions  are— that  the 
works  exhibited  shall  be  insured  against  liabilities 
as  regards  rent,  &c. ;  that  in  case  of  injury  the 
directors  shall  repay  the  artist  two-thirds  of  the 
value  of  the  work  as  fixed  by  himself;  that  a 
register  containing  the  names  and  addresses  of 
the  artists,  with  the  numbers  and  prices  of  the 
works  exhibited,  shall  be  open  to  visitors  ;  that 
the  directors  shall  make  no  charge  for  sales  ;  that 
artists  shall  send  in  their  works  within  one  month 
of  the  opening  day,  or  of  the  date  of  their  subscrip- 
tion, or  forfeit  their  claim  to  a  place  on  the  walls  ; 
that  the  price  of  admission  shall  be  half  a  franc  on 
weekd.ays,  and  half  that  sum  on  Sundays ;  that 
the  exhibition  shall  remain  open  all  the  year 
round  ;  and  that  each  subscribing  artist  shall  have 
two  free  passes  at  his  disposal. 

A  correspondent  of  Tlie  Freeman  gives  an  ac- 
couut  of  a  curious  discovery.  He  says  that 
within  the  last  few  days,  on  the  farm  of  a  m.an 
named  Thomas  M'Garry,  residing  at  Aughamore, 
near  Granara,  in  Ireland,  there  was  discovered  a 
curious  rehc  in  the  shape  of  a  wooden  house, 
which  is  constructed  of  black  bog  oak.  It  was 
found  under  water  in  an  exhausted  bog  at  a 
considerable  depth  beneath  the  surface.  It  mea- 
sures twenty-three  by  ten,  and  consists  of  eight 
very  strong  beams  ranging  in  length  from  ten 
to  thirteen  feet,  which  are  supported  by  cross 
beams  of  great  strength,  and  firmly  jointed.  The 
side  beams  are  firmly  morticed  as  if  intended 
for  uprights.  In  the  interior  of  this  house  there 
was  a  large  trough,  which  appears  to  have  been 
scooped  out  of  one  solid  block,  and  has  a  hole 
at  one  end  as  it  wo\dd  seem  for  the  purpose  of 
letting  o9'  some  liquid  matter  ;  there  was  also  a 
cover  for  it,  and  there  was  a  flooring  consisting 
of  some  hardened  matter,  which  I  presume  was 
not  asphalte.  The  house  was  necessarily  taken 
asunder  in  the  process  of  raising,  but  M'Garry 
has  very  properly  preserved  the  parts,  which 
are  iu  good  and  sound  condition^  and  can  be  put 
together.  Of  course  it  will  be  for  antiquaries 
to  speculate  on  the  probable  age  and  purpose  of 
this  wooden  structure,  which  some  of  the  innocent 
people  in  the  locality  where  it  was  found  con- 
jecture may  have  been  intended  and  used  for 
the  purposes  of  illicit  distillation,  perhaps  centuries 
ago,  a  hypothesis  I  think  not  all  likely  tobeborne 
out  on  investigation,  as  I  am  quite  certain  it  was 
constructed  centuries  before  our  ancestors  knew 
anything  of  excise  laws.  In  fact,  it  presents  the 
same  appearance  as  any  bog  oak  I  have  ever  seen, 
and  must  have  been  submerged  for  ages.  No 
doubt,  however,  it  will  attract  the  attention  of 
some  learned  local  antiquaries,  who  perhaps  will 
give  the  public  a  profound  disquisition  about  its 
probable  use. 


The  .4 thcnaeum  speaks  in  enthusiastic  terms  of 
a  discovery  of  considerable  importance  which  has 
been  made  among  the  Arundohan  marbles  at  Ox- 
ford. This  refers  to  a  bust,  rather  larger  than 
life,  of  line  Greek  work,  representing,  and  appa- 
rently the  portrait  of,  a  lady  of  gre.at  beauty  and 
singular  dignity  of  expression.  This  sculpture, 
with  others  of  the  Arundel  and  Pomfret  bequests, 
was  rejiorted  on  by  Sir  Francis  Chantrey  as  '*  only 
fit  to  be  thrown  away  or  used  for  roail-mending." 
Thus  f;u-,  .OS  concerns  l*'nglish  knowledge  of  art. 
Nothing  can  exceed  the  exquisite  fidelity  to 
nature  with  which,  while  much  of  tlie  heroic 
character  was  preserved,  this  triumph  of  art  hius 
been  wrought.  The  flesh  was  treated  with  un- 
comproniisiug  respect  for  the  human  character; 
thus  the  commonly  received  Greek  ideal  of  the 
heroic  style,  which  was  founded  on  an  exalted 
virginity  and  somewhat  exuberant  tenqierament, 
being  essentially  youthful  and  fully  developed, 
has  been  made  to  give  way  to  a  very  noble, 
but  somewhat  unusually  literal  mode,  and  tho 
action  of  time  in  changing  it — it  would  be  hard 
to  say  reducing — the  beauty  of  the  subject's  con- 
tour most  craftily,  most  admirably  indicated. 
Thus,  the  modelling  of  the  throat  and  bosom,  tho 
cheeks,  chin,  and  forehead,  is  full  of  character, 
and,  although  intensely  lovely,  not  simply  beauti- 
ful in  the  abstract.  The  bust  cannot  well  have 
been  the  work  of  Phidias  or  his  school,  but  agrees 
more  with  that  order  in  art  which  was  practised 
by  Praxiteles,  and  admitted  more  of  simply 
human  qualities  than  the  earlier  canon  dictated. 
With  the  necessities  of  portraiture  this  rule  has, 
we  suppose,  permitted  so  much  of  individuality 
as  this  superb  relic  exhibits.  In  form  we  have  the 
figure  nearly  to  the  waist  ;  a  chiton  of  fine 
material  rests  on  the  left  shoulder,  is  fastened 
there  iu  the  usual  manner,  and  iu  front  descends 
diagonally,  leaving  one  breast  almost  entirely  bare, 
and  revealing  nearly  half  the  other ;  the  hair, 
which  is  abundant  and  richly  waved,  is  raised 
from  the  face,  gathered  behind,  and  bound  iu  that 
position  by  a  fillet  which  goes  twice  round  the 
head.  The  face  is  of  a  somewhat  long  oval,  with 
a  delicately-modelled  chin,  a  broad  forehead,  flat 
cheeks,  and  oblong  rather  than  oval  eyes.  For 
lack  of  a  better  name,  it  is  proposed  to  call 
the  bust  "Aspasia."  The  nose  is  broken  off,  the 
upper  part  of  the  head  has  been  fractured,  and 
a  small  portion  lost.  In  spite  of  these  injuries, 
the  sculpture  is  invaluable.  Mr.  Brucciani  has 
instructions  to  mould  it. 


|)irf£iits  for  liibfiitimis 

CONNECTED     WITH     THE     BUILDINQ    TBADK. 


:inss.  F.  R.  A.  GLOVER.  An  Improved  Mode  of  and 
Ari>.\EATus  roR  Raising  and  Lowering  Persons,  Goods, 
iiR  .Vrtu  i,i:s  IN  Dwelling-houses  and  other  Bl'ildings. 
Dated  November  23,  1866. 

The  patentee  claims  mounting  a  platform,  chair,  or 
receptacle  on  a  vertical  rod  or  rods,  post  or,  column  or 
columna,  in  such  a  manner  that  in  its  ascent  or  descent,  it 
will  be  made  to  gjTato  or  move  round  such  vertical  rod, 
post  or  column,  or  Ijotweou  such  columns,  so  that  it  may 
pass'over  the  successive  fliglita  of  stairs,  substanti.lUy  as 
tet  foith.     Ftitt'it  cO'i'pleleJ. 

3110.  H.  A.  DUFRENE.  Improvements  IN  Chimneys. 
(A  communication.)     D.ated  December  3,  ISCG. 

According  to  this  invention  the  grate  coutainmg  the  hra 
is  placed  in  a  hollow  metallic  casing,  wliich  is  tUled  with 
water.  This  casing  is  of  a  cylindrical  form,  leaving  tha 
front  of  the  Are  open,  and  tho  upper  part  is  open  for  tho 
jiassago  of  the  smoite.  This  kindof  j.aclcet  may  bo  placed 
in  a  fireplace  with  a  marble  mantlepieco,  or  may  bo  iso- 
lated ;  it  is  iilled  and  emptied  by  means  of  taps  Iho 
place  imder  the  grate  where  the  ashes  fall  is  cased  with 
sheet  iron,  and  clones  like  the  lower  part  of  the  casing  of 
the  grate.  A  door  made  in  tho  ashbox  allows  of  the  ashes 
bein"  removed,  and  openings  give  access  to  the  air,  which, 
after  entering,  is  heated  by  tho  lost  heat  of  the  aahes  and 
small  coal  falling  therein.     Palmt  abandoned. 

3174.  B.  J.  B.  MILES.  Improvements  in  Bench 
Vlf:ES      (.V  communication.)    D.ited  December  3,  1866. 

This  invention  relates  to  that  description  of  bench  vice 
which  runs  horizontaUy  ona  fixed  bedpLate.  Tho  bedplate  i» 
fixed  to  tho  bench  by  screws  or  otherwise,  and  is  juovided 
with  a  pivot  hole  to  receive  a  pivot  projectmg  Irom  the 
bottom  plate  uf  the  stationary  jaw  earner,  such  bottom 
pl.ato  being  provided  with  throe  slots,  each  of  which  l» 
curved  to  the  arc  of  a  cu'clo  struck  from  the  centre  ot  the 
pivot  upon  which  the  vice  turns,  one  of  such  slots  being  on 
each  sitle,  and  the  other  at  tho  back  of  the  bottom-plate  of 
the  stationary  jaw  carrier.  A  set  screw  is  provided  for 
each  slot,  such  screws  passing  through  the  slots  and  mtoine 
fixed  bedphite.  From  tho  bottom  plate  of  the  stationary 
jaw  carrier  rise  guide  phates,  which  are  connected  together 
at  tho  top  by  a  crosspiece  to  which  tho  stationary  jaw  is 
connected.  The  stationary  jaw  and  parts  connected  there- 
with .are  cast  in  one  piece  of  metal.  The  movable  jaw  ja 
provided  with  a  hollow  shank,  in  tho  interior  of  which  is  a 
screw,  which,  when  turned,  gives  motion  to  the  movable 
jaw  by  taking  into  a  nut  formed  in  a  standard  rising  from 
the  bottom-phite  of  tho  stationary  jaw  carrier.    Tho  jaws 


522 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


JuiY  26,  1867. 


are  formed  so  that  a  considerable  portion  of  them  shall 
project  beyond  a  vertical  line  drawn  down  one  side  of  the 
shank  of  the  movable  jaw,  thereby  affording  facility  for 
holding  long  articles,  such  articles  extending  down  one 
side  of  the  shank  of  the  movable  jaw.     PateJit  coinpleted. 


S^ritk  fldns. 


TENDERS. 

Bethnal  Green. — For  extensions  and  alterations  at 
Bethnal  House  Asyhun,  Bcthii:tl  Green,  Middlesex.  Messrs. 
ToUev  and  Dale,  architects  :— Hedges,  £3,2a0;  Perry, 
£3,140 ;  Johnston,  £3,035 ;  Forrest,  £'J,995 ;  Pritchard, 
£2.937;  Rivett,  £2.773  ;  Eunor,  £2,75fl;  Henshaw,  £2,680. 

Chelmsford. — For  new  schools  and  class  rooms,  New 
London-road,  Chelmsford.  Mr.  Charles  Pertwee,  archi- 
tect. Quantities  not  supplied  : — Roper,  £2,020  ;  Baker, 
£1,973  (js.  lOd. ;  Last,  £1,955;  Brown,  £1,950;  Cheat  and 
Son.  £1,950;  Thorn,  £1,925;  Gozzett  Woodham  Walter 
(accepted),  £1,910  lOs. 

City. — For  alterations  in  Finsbiuy-street.  Mr.  H.  J, 
Hamson,  architect ; — Foster,  £2,590  ;  Hennor,  £2,489  ; 
Brass,  £2,389  ;  Webb  and  Sons,  £2,3i5  ;  Pritchard,  £2,337  ; 
Mocey,  £2,293;  Browne  and  Robinson,  £2,225. 

HoLLOWAY. — For  building  house  and  tavern,  Seven 
Sisters '-road,  HoUoway,  for  Mr.  J.  Pigot.  Messre,  Finch 
HiU  and  Paralre,  architects.  Quantities  supplied  by 
Mr.  Donghney :  — Warne,  £4,250;  Hoare,  £4,057;  Wilt- 
shire and  Harold,  £3,9fiS  ISs. ;  Langmead  and  Way,  £3.740  ; 
Newman  and  Mann,  £3,590  ;  Eastou  and  Chapman, £3,513. 

Hastings.— For  new  wing.  Arc,  to  the  East  Sussex,  St. 
Leonards,  and  Hastings  Infirmary.  Mr,  W.  J.  Gant,  ar- 
uhitect.  Quantities  supplied  by  Mr,  Henry  Wm.  Broad- 
bridge  : — Simms  and  Marten,  £1,221 ;  Nightingale,£l,156  ; 
Sawyer,  £1,142  ;  Hughes.  £1,124  ;  Jones  audMoyes,  £1,083  ; 
Broadbridge,  £1,070  ;  Waiter,  £1,0G5  ;  Poxon  and  Smith, 
£1,0(55;  Gray.  £1,001  ;  Kenwood,  £1,045;  Longhurst  (ac- 
cepted), £998  ;  Sadler,  £927. 

Islington. — For  six  houses,  Cross-street,  Islington,  Mr. 
William  Smith,  architect.  Quantities  by  Messrs.  Pain  and 
Clark:— Webb  and  Sons,  £3,069;  Eaton  and  Chapman, 
£2,293;  Nightingale,  £2,833;  Sabey,  £2,810  3s.  ;  Thomp- 
son, £2,795 ;  Bishop,  £2,695 ;  Crabbe  and  Vaughan, 
£2,549  Os.  6d.  ;  Henshaw,  £2,.521  ;  Rodda,  £2,150. 

Kenti.sh  Town. — For  parsonage  house  for  the  incumbent 
of  Holy  Trinity  Chui'ch,  Kentish  To\vn.  Messrs.  Beck  and 
Lee,  architects.  Quantities  supplied  by  Messrs.  Pain  and 
Clark  :— Ashbv  and  Sons,  £3,333  ;  Conder,  £3,215  ;  Man- 
ley  and  Rogers,  £3,190;  Colls  and  Son,  £3,iS4;  Wood- 
ward, £3,168;  Foster,  £3,020;  Webb  and  Sons,  £2,879. 

MiRYLEBONE. — Tenders  for  new  sewers  in  Charlotte- 
street,  Duke-street,  and  part  of  Devonshire-street:— Wain- 
WTight,  £3,020;  Wigmore,  £2,498  10s.  ;  Higgles,  £2,423; 
Bloomfield,  £2,122 ;  Knight  and  Hanswell,  £1,990  ISs.  ; 
Robinson,  £1,780 ;  Crockett,  £1,778 ;  Thirst,  £1,679 ; 
Piggey,  £1,675;  Dickenson,  £1,660;  Thacki-ah,  £1,560; 
Harvey,  £1,392.     Parish  surveyor's  estimate,  £1,736, 

Rochester. — For  building  new  parsonage  house  for  St. 
Pater's  Church,  Rochester.  Mr.  Ewan  Christian,  archi- 
tect. Quantities  supplied  by  Messrs,  Goodman  and  Vinall : — 
J.  G,  Naylar  (accepted),  £1,479, 

Roch£,ster. — For  building  new  inn  at  Rochester,  for 
Mr.  George  Beer,  Canterbury.  Mr.  John  Green  H;ill,  Can- 
terbury, architect: — J.  G.  Naylar  (accepted),  £1,147,  after 
deductions  for  old  materials. 

Scarboro'. — For  All  Saint's  Church,  Scarboro'.  Mr.  G, 
F.  Bodley,  London,  architect: — J.  Kiiby,  £4,511  9s.  ;  W. 
Peacock,  £4,403;  B.Smith  and  Son,  £4,;i73  Os,  Id.;  Mr. 
D.  Climie,  £4,100;  Foster  and  Peyton,  £4,001;  Thomas 
Fetch.  £4,051  ;  John  Barry  (accepted),  £3,872. 

Streatham. — For  the  erection  of  two  houses  at  Streat- 
ham  for  Mr.  G.  Pratt.  Quantities  supplied.  Mr.  Henry 
Jarvis,  arclutect  : — Loat,  £2,050;  Nicholson,  £1,900; 
Mason,  £1,885;  Marsland  and  Sons,  £1.807;  TaiTant, 
£1,832;  Thompson,  £1,75S;  Higgs,  £1,657;  Henshaw, 
f  1,642. 

Soho-square- — For  new  wing  to  Hospital  for  Women. 
Soho-square.  Mr,  E.  L,  Bracebridge,  architect : — Read 
and  Sons,  £9,220;  Patman  and  Co.,  £8,090;  Wood  and 
Co.,  £7,183;  Myers  and  Sods,  £7,890;  Piper  and  Wheeler, 
£7.637;  Hill  and  Son,  £7,560;  Webb  and  Sous,  £7,157; 
Axford,  £7,087  ;  Wagstaff  and  Sons,  £6,960. 


BATH  STONE  OF  BEST  QUALITY. 

Randell  and  Saunders,  Quarrymen  and  Stone  Mei- 
chants,  Bath.  Li&t  of  Prices  at  the  Quarries  and  Depots, 
also  Cost  for  Transit  to  any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
furnished  on  application  to  Bath  Stone  Office,  Corsham, 
Wil  s.— [Advt.J 

_ -^^ 

PROPERTY  SALES. 

AttheMart.— By  Messrs.  Norton,  Trist,  and  Watney. 
Copyhold  residence,  situate  in  Lower-road,  Richmond,  let 
on  lease  at  £170  per  annum — £3,000, 

Copyhold  residence,  known  as  Verandah  Cottage,  situate 
on  the  Hill,  Richmond,  and  let  on  lease  at  £40  per  annum 
—£660. 

Copyhold  re.'iidence,  known  as  York  House,  situate  as 
above,  let  on  lease  at  £63  per  annum — £1,000. 

Freehold  seven  houses,  Nos.  1  to  7,  Riverdale-terrace, 
Lower-road,  Riclunond,  let  at  from  £26  to  £30  per  annum 
each— £400  to  £430  each. 

Freehold  plot  of  building  land,  fronting  Lower-road, 
Richmond — £220. 

Leasehold  property,  known  as  Bush  Hall  Park,  Hatfield, 
Hei-ts,  comprising  a  residence,  with  stabUng,  farm,  home- 
stead, and  park-like  land,  containing  about  35  acres,  term 
17  years  unexpired,  at  £250  per  dnnum — £500. 

Leasehold  five  houses,  one  with  shop,  Nos.  29  to  31, 
Knott-street,  and  27  and  28,  Sim-street,  Deptford,  pro- 
ducing £78  per  annum,  term  46^  years  unexpired,  at  £15 
per  annum— £260. 

Leasehold  nine  houses,  Nos.  18  to  26,  Sun-street,  Dept- 
ford, producing  £105  Os.  per  annum,  term  85^  years  unex- 
pired, at  £26  7s.  per  annum— £300. 

July  22. 

AttheMart. — By  Mr.  John  Peisley. — Freehold  farm- 
house, with  sheds  and  outbuildings,  and  20a.  Ir.  39p.  of 
garden  ground,  situate  in  the  parish  of  Acton,  Middlesex, 
let  on  lease  at  £113  4s.  2d.  per  annum— sold  for  £9,450. 


By  Messrs.  Wilkinson  and  Home.  — Absolute  rever- 
sionary interest,  on  the  death  of  a  lady  aged  48  years,  in 
one-fifth  of  the  freehold  properties  known  as  Prospect 
Lodge,  Belmont  Lodge,  and  Bel-air  Cottage,  London-ruad, 
Tunbridge  Wells,  rent  producing  £294  per  annum — £320. 

Leasehold  two  residences,  Nos,  106  and  108,  HiU-street, 
Peckham,  producing  £58  per  annum,  term  about  20  years 
unexpired,  at  £10  per  annum— £270. 

By  Messrs.  Hofman  and  Son. — Leasehold  two  houses, 
Nos.  3  and  4,  Thoraton -street,  Walworth,  producing  £39 
per  annum,  tenn  60  years  from  1850,  at  £5  28,  Sd.  per 
anniim— £205. 

Leixsehold  two  houses,  Nos.  5  and  6,  Thornton-street, 
producing  £39  per  annum,  term  61  years  fi'om  1851,  at 
£5  per  annum — £215. 

Leasehold  three  houses,  Nos.  Y  to  9,  Thornton-street, 
producing  i5S  lOs.  per  annum,  term  60  years  from  1852, 
at  £7  10s.  per  annum — £345. 

At  the  Gdildh.\ll  Coffee-house. — By  Mr.  Gairdner. 
— Leasehold  residence,  No.  113,  Gower-street,  and  stabling, 
No.  40,  Upper  Chenies-Mews,  St.  Pancras,  annual  value 
£110  per  annum,  term  17^  years  unexpired,  at  £14  per 
annum— £805. 

Freehold  house  and  shop.  No.  94,  St.  John-street, 
Clerkenwell,  and  workshops  in  the  rear,  let  on  lease  at 
£40  per  annum— £1,170. 


BANKRUPTS. 

TO  SURREN^DER  IN   BASINGHALL-STREET. 

Samuel  Clarke.  Beunerton,  Wilts,  architect.  August  0, 
at  12 — Martin  Cubitt,  MiddJeton-road.  Dalston,  builder, 
July  31,  at  11 — Henry  Newman,  Teddington.  builder, 
July  31,  at  11— T.  J.  Carr,  Douglas-road,  Canonbury, 
timber  merchant,  August  6,  at  12 — John  Kershaw  Day, 
Cloudesley-road,  Islington,  carpenter,  August  7. — William 
Forman,  Francis  -  street,  Waterloo  -  road,  contractor, 
August  5. 

TO  SURRENDER  IN  THE  COUNTRY. 

John  Bartlett.  Birmingham,  builder,  August  2,  at  10 — 
William  Fantom,  BiLstou,  carpenter,  August  6,  at  12 — 
Martin  Giles,  Bi'omsgrove,  builder,  July  31,  at  12 — George 
Wright,  Uppingham,  ironmonger.  July  30,  at  11 — Henry 
Walker,  Ulverstone.  plasterer,  August  1.  at  10 — Beuton 
Ord.  Middlesbrough,  slater,  August  5,  at  11 — Joseph 
Scrivens,  Truro,  painter,  August  3.  at  3. 


£20  000 


MARGATE.— To  be  LET  upon  BUILD- 
ING  LEASES,  or  PLOTS  will  be  SOLD,  valiiahle  FREE- 
HOLD LAND  on  the  aea-coaat,  coiitlgiiouB  to  Westgate  and  Hareh 
Bays.  Excellent  brick  earth  and  chalk  on  the  estate.  (Ire.'it  advan- 
tages to  parties  taking  the  fiiat  40  Ptota.  Advam.ea  ni.^de. — Al^ply  to 
Sir.  Charles  N.  Beazley,  arcmtect,  96,  Guilford-etreet,  London,  W.C. 

MORTGAGE,  £300  to  £50,000  on  FREE- 
HOLD or  LEASEHOLD,  at  Low  Interest.— Apply  to  Donglaa 
and  Bull,  aurveycirs,  27.  King  William-street,  Strand.  Good  property 
or  cheap  land  to  purchase  not  iibjected  to, 

READY  to  be  ADVANCED 

by  the  TEMPERANCE  PERMANENT 
LAND  and  BUILDING  SOCIETY,  on  Freehold  and  Leasehold  Pro- 
perty, for  any  period  of  yeara  not  exceeding  fifteen,  the  mortgage 
being  redeemable  by  equal  monthly  instalments.  Interest  (in  addi- 
tion to  a  small  preniiimi)  fi  per  cent,  on  the  balance  each  year.— 
Apply  to  HENRY  J.  PHILLIPS.  Secretary. 

Offices — 34,  Moorgate-street,  London.  E.C. 

Note. — More  than  half  a  million  pounds  sterling  have  been  ad- 
vanced upon  house  property  alone, 

TO  be  SOLD.— The  UPPER  PART  of  a 
PULPIT,  hexagon  on  plan,  framed  out  of  wainscot  panels, 
filled  in  with  sunk  and  moulded  tracery,  book  bra-id  supported  on 
shaft  and  cap.  seat  carried  on  cut  and  shaped  brackets  ;  and  a  READ- 
ING DESK,  framed  out  of  wainscot  richly  moulded  ;  panels  filled  in 
with  open  foliated  tracery,  forming  a  reiiding  desk  and  lectern,  all 
framed  and  put  together  in  the  best  manner  from  the  designs  of  an 
eminent  architect.  Also  a  handsome  IRON  GAS  CORONA,  by  Skid- 
more,  of  Coyentry. — May  be  seen  at  All  Saints'  Church.  Benhilton.on 
application  to  the  Churchwarden,  Mr.  Burton,  Benhllton,  Sutton,  S. 

MATHEMATICAL  INSTRUMENTS,  of 
the  first  quality,  at  moderate  prices,  with  many  important 
Improvements.  Illustrated  catalogues  sent  post  free.  W,  F. 
STANLEY.  Mathematical  Instrument  Maker  to  the  Government, 
3  and  5,  Great  Tiimstile,  Holbom.  W.  C.  Stanley's  Treatise  on  Mathe- 
matical Drawing  Instruments,  post  free,  Bb. 


LATEST  PBICES   OF   MATERIALS   USED 
IN  CONSTRUCTION. 


TiuBES.  duty  1b  per  load,  drawback,  Is. 

Archangel,  yellow  . .  £11 


2  15 
0    0 


Teak    load    £9    0£10 

Quebec,  red  pine 8    0 

,,  yellow  pine.. 
St.  John  N.B.  yellow 
Quebec  Oak,  white  ..     d     &      o 

„       biich 3  10      4 

„      elm  3  10      B 

Dantzicoak S  10      6 

„      fir 2    0      3 

Memel  fir  3    0      3 

Riga 8    0      3 

Swedish 1  15      2 

Masts.Quebecredpine  6    0      7 

..       yellow  pine..     6    0      6 
Lathwood.Dantzic.fm  4  10      6 

„       St.  Petersburg  6  10      7 
Deals,prC.,12ft.by3 
by  9  in.,  dutySa  per 
load,  drawback  28. 
Quebec,  white  spruce  14  10    21 
St.John,  whiteapruce  13  10    16 
Yellow   pine,  per  re- 
duced C. 
Canada,  lat  quality,  17    0 
2nd  do 13    0 


19  1 
13 


St.  Petersburg,  yeL . .  10 

Finland 8 

Memel 0 

Gothenburg,  yellow       8 

white    8 

Gefle,  yellow 9 

Soderham       9 

Christlania,    per   C, 

12  ft.  by  3  by  9  in. 

yellow 16 

Deck  Plank.  Dantzic, 

per  40  ft.  3  in 0 

Pdhdoe  Stonh  pr  ton    C 
Oils,  Ac. 

Seal,  pale per  tun  3fl 

Sperm  body ...108 

Cod 3.9 

WTiale,  Sth.  Sea,  pale  38 
Olive.  Gallipoli . . . . . .  G3 

Cocoanut,  Cochin, ton  54 

Palm,  fine 40 

Linseed    39 

Rapeseed,  Eng.pale..  39 
Cottonseed 36 


10  £12  10 
10    11     0 


0     0 


5 
0 
0 
39     0 


0    56 
0     4<1 


Metals, 

Iron :— 

Welsh  Bars  in  London     per  ton 

NaU  Rod        do 

Hoops do 

Sheets,  Single do 


Stafordflhire  Bars 

Bars,  in  Wales     

R.^ils    

Foundry  PigB>  at  Olaeg.  No    1    .. 
Swedish  Bars  


do 

do 


6  15 

7  10 

8  10 

9  15 
7  10 
5  15 


0      3 

or  ^* 


3 

nett 


10    5    0        10  10    0    iiett 


15    on        15  10    0      2* 
10  10    0        12  10    0      2i 


81 

0 

0 

ffi 

0 

iri 

0 

(1 

!1.-1 

I) 

K/ 

(1 

0 

H,l 

It 

72 

0 

0 

0 

I) 

83    0    0        87    0    U 


94  0  0 
92  0  0 
86  10    0 


Steel:— 

Swedish  Keg.  hammered     per  ton 

Swedish  Faggot   do 

Copper  ;— 
Sheet*  Sheathing,  &  Bolts  ....per  ton 

Hammered  Bottoms       do 

Flat  Bottoms,  not  Hammered   .,       do 

Cake  and  Tough  Ingot      do 

Beat  Selected    do 

Australian     do 

Yel.  Metal  Sheathing  &  Rods  ....  per  lb 

Tin  :— 
English  Block      per  ton 

do      Bar   do 

do      Refined  do 

Banca      — do 

Straits     do 

Lead  :— 

Pig,  English     per  ton 

,,    Spanish  Soft     do 

Shot,  Patent     do 

Sheet   do 

WTute      do 

Speltbe  : — 
On  the  Spot  per  ton 

ZiN   :— 

English  Sheet      per  ton         26  10    0      27    0 

Devaux'sV.  M.RooflngZinc    do  28    0    0        0    0 

■  And  6  per  cent.  dlBCOUOt  if  laid  npon  the  new  system. 
QmcKsiLVBB     per  btl  6  17    0       U    0    ■ 

Ekgulus  op  Antimokv 
French   perton         23    0    0       0    0) 


0    0  0) 

0  0  oy  ^ 

0    0  oj 

0     0  0*      ., 

0    0  0\ 

0    0  01    o, 


30    0    0        31  10    0      5 


21    0     0        21    2    6    nett 


POYAL     POLYTECHNIC.  —  SEE     the 

JLV  PARIS  EXPOSITION  for  ONE  SHILLING.  Professor 
Pepper's  LECTURES  on  the  PALAIS  DE  L'EXPOSITION,  daily  at 
3  aud  8,  except  Wednesday  evening.  Amongst  the  other  attnictiuns 
are.  the  ""  Wonderful  Leotard."  the  great  optica!  surprise,  called  "  The 
Efflgy  o(  the  Dear  Defunct,"  and  tlie  muslc&l  entertainments  of 
George  Buckland  Esq. 


"VTEW  DE3IGN  BOOK  of  MEDIEVAL 

X^        FURNITURE  SUITED  for  MODERN  GOTHIC  VILLAS. 
Designed  .ind  Lithographed  by  R.  Cuakles,     Price  35s.,   in  wrapper. 
The  book  contains  35  pages  and  about  70  designs  of  various  articles  of 
Furniture,  and  of  Window  Drapery,  all  coloured  by  hand. 
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THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


52a 


THE   BUILDING  NEWS. 


lONBOir,  FRIDAY,  AUGUST  2,  186J. 


THE  BRISTOL    ASSIZE  COURTS  COJI-" 
PETITION.— No.    II. 

WE  regret  to  learn  that  the  Finance  Com- 
mittee of  the  Bristol  Town  Council 
has  determined  to  recommend  that  Mr. 
Street's  report  on  the  competition  should  be 
acted  upon.  If  this  is  done,  the  old  City  of 
the  West  will  add  another  item  to  its  already 
long  list  of  follies.  Tiie  design  the  referee 
has  selected,  doubtless  with  the  most 
laudable  intentions,  and  to  the  best  of  his 
judgment,  will  produce  a  building  which 
cannot  fail  to  provoke  the  hostile  criticism  of 
everyone  who  knows  anything  of  art.  It  is  a 
weak,  meaningless  composition,  devoid  of  a 
single  e.vcellence,  and  it  vriW  be  simply  w;vste 
of  money  to  build  it.  For  the  same  or  even  a 
less  cost,  Bristol  might  have  had  a  respectable 
work,  not  of  the  charity  schoolhouse  type, 
and  not  ineffably  contemptible.  But,  from 
what  we  have  already  seen  of  Bristol  mis- 
management, we  have  no  doubt  but  that  the 
Tomi(,'ouncil  will  plunge  headlong  into  this 
new  folly ;  and,  moreover,  remain  utterly 
blind  to  the  facts  of  the  case  imtil  it  is  too 
late  to  seek  a  remedy.  We  are  not,  there- 
fore, disposed  to  waste  a  single  moment  in 
attempting  to  remove  the  scales  from  the  eyes 
of  the  committee.  We  regret  to  see  the  city 
which  was  once  so  near  the  van  of  English 
progress,  falling  rapidly  into  the  rear,  and 
allowing  itself  to  be  blinded  by  prejudice  ;  but 
we  do  not  venture  to  hope  that  it  will  recover 
its  senses  in  time  to  escape  this  fresh  pitfall. 
That  a  renowned  member  of  the  architectaral 
profession  should  have  piloted  the  Bristolians 
into  the  midst  of  this  difficulty,  is,  however,  to 
be  deplored  most  deeply.  Mr.  Street  has  cer- 
tainly done  this  ;  and,  while  we  have  nothing 
but  pity  for  the  Finance  Committee,  wlio,  of 
course,  cannot  be  expected  to  know  anything 
about  architecture,  we  cannot  overlook  the 
circumstance  that  the  gentleman  to  whom 
they  have  a])plied  for  advdce,  has  either  found 
the  task  of  selection  too  much  for  him,  or  not 
centred  upon  it  that  attention  which  it  de- 
served. Certain  it  is  that  Jlr.  Street's  report 
is  a  most  incoherent  composition.  If  his 
words  mean  anything,  they  mean  that  the 
design  which  he  has  placed  second,  is,  even  in 
his  own  estimation,  the  best ;  and  the  fact 
that  he  has  not  given  it  the  first  prize,  and  re- 
commended its  adoption,  is  utterly  incompre- 
hensible. If  Mr.  Street  had  objected  that  the 
design  of  "  Quis"  was  too  costly,  we  could 
have  imderstood  him  ;  but,  had  he  done  so, 
common  honesty  would  have  impelled  him  to 
say,  that  as  the  committee  had  not  given  the 
competitors  the  vaguest  hint  as  to  the  sum 
that  might  be  considered  economical,  it  could 
not,  on  the  score  of  costliness,  refuse  the  pre- 
niium  to  a  design  otherwise  claiming  it  legiti- 
mately. "Quis"  seems  to  have  haunted  Mr. 
Street  all  through  his  report,  and  he  certainly 
uses  it  repeatedly  as  a  standard  of  comparison, 
yet  he  cannot  make  up  his  mind  to  give  it  the 
first  prize.  Why?  We  cannot  pretend  to 
answer  the  question.  It  is  sufficiently  evi- 
dent that  the  grandeur  of  its  elevation,  and 
the  able  arrangement  of  the  plan,  both  pro- 
duced a  great  effect  upon  the  mind  of  the 
referee  ;  but,  nevertheless,  he  is  unable  to 
come  to  the  conclusion  that  it  ought  to  be 
placed  first  on  the  list,  and  awarded  the  pre- 
mium. 

_  Nor  is  Mr.  Street  more  happy  in  the  selec- 
tion of  a  design  for  the  third  prize.  "  Dos- 
A-Dos  "  and  "  Studium,  "  he  thinks  pretty 
nearly  equal,  and  the  way  in  which  he  dis- 
tmguishes  between  them  is  entirely  inexplic- 
able. The  plan  of  "  Studium"  is  better  than 
that  of  "  Dos-a-Dos,"  is  certainly  far  inferior 
la  Its  arrangement  to  the  two  plans  "  Quis  ' 


and  "  Usui  Civium  "  (note  the  order !) 
Nevertheless,  Mr.  Street  thinks  "  Dos-a-Dos  " 
must  have  the  prize,  and  "  Studium"  must 
not.  Why  ?  We  cannot  conjecture.  There 
can  be  little  doubt  but  this  cost  has  consti- 
tuted a  very  main  element  in  Mr.  Street's 
consideration.  The  jirocess  be  has  ado])ted 
h;is  been  simple.  He  lias  taken  those  of  tlie 
designs  which  he  deemed  worthy  of  the  arith- 
metical exercise,  and  cubed  them,  estimating 
per  foot,  at  an  uniform  price,  and  that  clearly 
a  very  high  one.  Proceeding  in  this  manner, 
Mr.  Street  has  come  to  the  conclusion  that 
"Usui  Civium"  will  cost  some  .£18,G00,  or 
more  than  double  what|  the  architect  says  it 
will  cost  ;  "  Quis"  i,'40,000,  whereas  it  is  esti- 
mated at  i:  I ;),  TOO  ;  and  "  Dos-u-Dos"  £18,400 
in  the  place  of  £12,000,  which  the  architect 
says  it  will  cost.  It  is  quite  clear  that  Mr. 
Street  has  gone  to  work  in  the  wildest  way  in 
this  matter,  and,  therefore  not  the  slightest 
reliance  can  be  placed  on  his  guesses  at  cost. 
But  taking  them  as  they  ore,  the  relation  in 
which  the  several  designs  stand  to  the  item 
of  cost  would  appear  to  afford  the  only  clue 
that  can  be  foimd  to  the  principle  (if  such  it 
may  be  called)  on  which  the  professional  ad- 
viser of  the  Finance  Committee  has  prose- 
cuted his  work  of  selection.  The  first  and 
last  of  the  three  premiated  designs  are  the 
cheapest,  but  even  here  "  Quis"  has  come  in 
most  awkwardly. 

It  is  estimated  at  £40,000,  and  yet  it  gets 
the  second  prize,  while  one  at  £18,000  only 
gets  the  third.  Mr.  Street  confesses  that  it  is 
mainly  because  the  cost  of  "  Quis  "  would  be 
very  great,  as  compared  with  that  of  the 
design  marked  "  Usui  Civium,"  that  he  places 
it  second  ;  but  he  is  not  prepared  to  place  it 
third.  Now,  we  cannot  avoid  the  conclusion 
that  this  is  most  unreasonable.  If  cost 
operated  so  powerfully  in  the  matter,  why  did 
not  Mr.  Street  report  concerning  "  Quis  "  that 
it  was  clearly  the  best  design,  but  much  too 
expensive,  and  so  throw  it  overboard  alto- 
gether. To  play  with  the  matter  was  simply 
absurd.  We  will  not,  we  cannot,  believe  that  in 
the  mind  of  so  accomplished  a  student  of 
architecture  as  Mr.  Street  really  is,  there  can 
exist  the  slightest  doubt  on  the  subject.  No 
one  who  has  carefully  examined  the  several 
drawings  can  fail  to  see  that  the  one  marked 
"  Quis "  is  incomparably  the  best  design. 
The  sole  question  is  one  of  cost;  and  as 
regards  that,  if  the  committee  had  intended 
to  lay  any  great  stress  on  that  point,  it  ought 
in  common  fairness  to  have  given  the  archi- 
tects some  idea  of  the  figure.  And  so  with 
respect  to  the  question  of  preserving  Colston's 
House,  there  ought  to  have  been  a  determina- 
tion. The  effect  of  these  details  having  been 
omitted  from  the  instructions  is  most  mis- 
chievous. The  architect  who  is  the  author  of 
"  Quis,"  in  the  earlier  stage  of  this  competi- 
tion, produced  designs  of  very  small  cost,  pre- 
serving Colston's  House,  and  carried  off  all 
three  prizes.  Now  he  gets  only  the  second, 
notwithstanding  Mr.  Street  thinks  so  highly 
of  his  work,  simply  because  he  has  not  chosen 
to  repeat  a  procedure  which  on  the  former 
occasion  only  got  him  the  prizes  and  not  the 
commission. 

"  StucUum "  is  a  cleverly  composed  and 
elegant  design,  extremely  well  planned  and 
grandly  wrought  out ;  the  tower  is  not  so 
good  as  the  rest  of  the  building,  but  the  mass 
as  a  whole  is  eft'ective  and  very  creditable  to 
the  designer.  This  ought  certainly  to  have 
had  a  prize.  It  is  far  better  than  "  Dos-a- 
Dos  " ;  but  Mr.  Street  probably  thought  it 
too  expensive,  as  the  estimate  he  has  given  is 
£32,000.  We  had  thought  of  noticing  some  of 
the  other  designs  at  length,  but  they  are  really 
too  insignificant  to  call  lor  description.  There 
is  nothing  to  learn  from  them  ;  both  as 
respects  ijlan  and  elevation  they  are  either 
absurdly  simple  or  simply  absurd.  The 
Bristol  Assize  Courts  competition  has  clearly 
gained  little  by  being  re-opened.  The  whole 
business  has  been  most  unsatisfactory.  In  a 
manner  impossible  to  justify,  the  adjudication 
'  made  on  the  first  trial  was  set  aside,  notwith- 


standing the  fact  that  one  competitor  carried 
off  all  the  prizes  ;  and  now  what  has  Bristol 
benefited  by  this  new  expenditure  of  funds  in 
the  shape  of  prizes?  It  has  got  a  miserably 
meaningless  tlesign  instead  of  a  good  one  ; 
and  has  not  even  the  satisfaction  of  thinking 
that  it  lias  selected  the  design  which  its  pro- 
fessional adviser  considers  to  be  the  most 
meritorious  in  an  architectural  point  of  view, 
or  even  the  best  as  to  arrangement.  If  the 
Bristolians  believe  Mr.  Street's  report  they 
must  come  to  a  contrary  conclusion.  The 
art  instructor  they  liave  invoked  to  aid  them 
in  the  choice  of  a  suitable  design  lias  clearly 
formed  liis  own  estimate  of  their  character, 
and  left  them  to  console  themselves  with 
something  which,  in  his  estimation,  ranks 
Al  for  cheapness  ;  and  very  richly  do  the 
Bristolians  deserve  to  be  thus  abandoned.  If 
they  had  made  up  their  minds  as  to  wliat 
they  really  wanted,  and  then  asked  for  it  in  a 
sensible  manner,  they  might  have  obtained 
it  without  trouble,  and  been  ani]ily  satisfied. 
Whereas,  by  a  vacillating  pnierile  policy,  they 
have  only  earned  the  derision  of  the  com- 
miuiity  at  large,  and  obtained  a  bad  bargain. 


THE  PARIS  EXHIBITION.— No.  X. 

METAL   WORK. 

VERY  numerous  are  the  works  in  metal 
exhibited,  and,  as  may  be  expected, 
these  emljrace  a  very  wide  range  of  subjects, 
but  we  are  with  regret  oljliged,  at  present,  to 
review  those  only  which  bear  directly  on 
architecture  as  an  art  or  as  a  science,  and  we 
shall  confine  our  remarks  to  these  only.  Iron, 
steel,  lead,  copper,  zinc,  and  bronze,  each  pre- 
sent themselves  in  every  variety  of  form  and 
purpose  to  our  notice,  and  each  affords  some 
new  illustration  of  its  applicability,  or 
demonstrates  the  increasing  power  of  human 
ingenuity  to  overcome  difficulties  which  have 
been  deemed  insm-mountable  hitherto.  In 
fact,  our  faith  in  the  possible  future  is  almost 
inimitably  extended  when  we  examine  some 
of  the  products  here  exposed,  and  we  recog- 
nise the  wisdom  of  the  first  Napoleon  in 
expunging  that  idle  word  "  impossible  "  from 
his  dictionary.  The  works  in  iron  divide 
themselves  readily  into  those  whose  chief 
merit  is  their  structural  use,  and  those  which 
serve  chiefly  a  decorative  purpose.  Of  the 
former  of  these  rolled  iron  is  pre-eminently 
that  which  exhibits  the  greatest  advance,  and 
we  have  in  it  a  wonderful  variety  of  good 
things.  France  and  Belgium  are  the  prin- 
cipal contributors  in. this  class,  and,  as  their 
works  are  now  becoming  so  competitive  with 
the  products  of  our  own  country,  it  behoves 
us  to  examine  them  with  close  attention,  an 
examination  which,  we  regret  to  say,  leaves  a 
lasting  impression  imfavourable  to  ourselves. 
Few  architects  who  have  had  to  design  works 
in  iron  have  escaped  the  annoyance  and 
mortification  of  finding  that  their  plans  have 
had  to  be  modified,  and  sometimes  their  con- 
struction changed  entirely,  from  the  crassi- 
tude of  the  manufacturer,  who  declines  to  do 
anything  new,  or  to  endeavour  even  to  roU  a 
long  length  of  iron,  or  one  of  deep  section ;  the 
large  demand  for  ordinary  sizes  satisfies  him, 
and  advance  he  will  not,  and  many  and  bitter 
are  the  disappointments  the  English  architect 
has  to  experience  if  he  would  advance  one 
step  beyond  the  dull  routine  of  engineering, 
when  he  essays  to  construct  in  iron.  The 
French  exposants,  and  their  Belgian  confreres, 
show  lis  now  where  to  go,  and  the  small  shed 
of  the  Compagnie  Anonyrae  des  Forges  de 
Chatillon  et  Commentary,  and  the  circular 
annexe  of  the  Belgian  Commissioners,  offer 
to  the  English  architect  many  opportunities, 
which  we  are  certain  he  will  not  be  slow  to 
avail  himself  of,  and  we  know  it  as  a  fact  that 
already  contracts  have  been  taken  by  this 
French  company  for  the  supply  of  sections 
and  sizes  of  iron  which  English  houses  had 
refused  to  supply. 

In  their  Exposition  we  see  most  wonder- 
ful triumphs  of  mechanical  skill,   and,  ai  a 


524 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


August  2,  1867. 


tour  deforce,  illustrative  of  what  can  be  done, 
there  is  a  single  rolling  of  iron  of  L  section 
170ft.  in  length,  without  weld  or  flaw.  Of 
course  this  is  only  a  curiosity  of  manufacture, 
so  enormous  a  length  would  be  of  little 
practical  use,  but  we  see  many  sections  2-5 
as  30  metres  long,  and  in  depth  varying 
from  2ft.  to  18in.,  of  great  practical  utility. 
A  further  illustration  of  the  great  range  taken 
by  this  company  is  afforded  by  the  exhibition 
of  a  portion  of  a  rolled  iron  girder  upwards  of 
3ft.  deep.  The  quality  of  the  metal  is  excel- 
lent— twisted  bars  show  its  great  toughness, 
and  fractured  portions  its  admirable  texture  ; 
and  with  the  able  assistance  of  such  an  enter- 
prising firm  as  this  to  fall  back  upon,  we  cease 
to  wonder  at  the  large  use  made  of  rolled  iron 
by  French  architects,  and  if  our  own  manu- 
facturers will  not  aid  us,  we  must  lielp  our- 
selves from  the  stores  thus  exposed  to  us.  The 
same  company  exhibits  a  corrugated  iron  for 
rooting  purposes,  with  which  the  Exhibition 
bmlding  is  itself  covered.  This  is  of  very 
great  strength,  its  section  being  more  angular, 
and  thus  presenting  greater  resistance  than  is 
obtained  by  the  ordinary  wave  form  in  use  in 
this  country.  The  width  of  each  corrugation 
is  about  Gin.,  and  a  good  illustration  of  its 
economic  application  is  exhibited  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  Pare,  opposite  TEcole  ililitaire, 
where  a  roof  is  formed  by  bending  sheets  of 
this  corrugated  metal  into  an  arch  form,  and 
simply  riveting  a  king  bolt  to  one  of  the  corru- 
gations, and  attaching  a  tie  rod  to  it  and 
the  two  extremities  of  the  arch  ;  a  roof  of 
60ft.  span  and  great  rigidity  is  thus  oljtained 
at  a  very  small  cost.  Many  other  are  the 
utilities  ofl'ered  by  this  enterprising  company 
to  the  notice  of  the  architect,  and  of  which  we 
trust  he  will  avail  himself  until  heinducesthe 
English  manufacturer  to  th'.nk  it  worth  while 
to  pay  some  attention  to  the  suggestions  and 
requisitions  of  the  profession ;  at  present  an 
engineer  wiU  be  listened  to  occasionallj',  an 
architect  never.  The  Belgian  rolled  iron  is  in 
its  way  equally  good,  but  not  exhibited  in 
such  extraordinary  lengths,  but  lengths  of 
30ft.  are  looked  upon  as  ordinary  affairs  by 
them,  and  exposed  as  such.  These  are  of 
very  fine  tough  quality,  and  admirably 
rolled,  and  are  such  as  it  is  hopeless  to  expect 
from  an  English  liouse  at  present,  and  the 
greatest  good  ihe  Exhibition  could  effect  in 
thisclass  of  its  contributions  would  be  to  cause 
the  diversion  of  trade  from  England  until  some 
of  its  wonted  enterprise  in  this  branch  of  its 
manirfacture  is  again  engendered. 

Very  excellent  are  the  specimensof  cast-steel 
girders  exhibited  by  SIM.  Petin,  Gaudet  and 
Co.,  whose  products  are  exhibited  in  a  special 
building  near  the  entrance  from  the  Pont  de 
Jena,  and  where  we  see  admirable  castings,  31 
metres  long  by  0'280  deep,  which  pre- 
sent an  evennessthroughoutperfectly  wonderful 
in  castings  of  such  enormous  length.  These 
girders  offer  a  great  advantage  over  all  others. 
Their  extreme  lightness  and  great  strength 
render  them  available  for  flooring  girders  to 
voids,  which  it  has  been  hitherto  impossible 
to  cover,  except  by  the  use  of  columns,  or  of 
constructed  beams,  of  so  deep  a  section  and  so 
great  a  weight  as  to  be  almost  useless  for 
architectural  purposes.  The  cast-iron  produc- 
tions contained  in  the  Exhibition  are  more  of 
an  ornamental  than  a  constructive  character, 
and  some  of  these  call  for  our  greatest  praise, 
more  especially  in  this  highest  branch  of  the 
moulder's  art — the  casting  of  the  human 
figure.  The  works  of  Barbezat  and  Co.  are 
very  noteworthy  for  their  excellent  quality, 
and  many  of  the  statues  and  figure  subjects, 
exhibited  by  this  firm  in  the  state  in  which 
they  have  left  the  movxlds,  are  veritable 
triumphs  of  casting,  needing  no  separation 
and  but  little  dressing  to  make  them  com- 
plete. Few  metals  run  so  fine  or  present  so 
beautiful  a  surface  as  iron  wlien  properly  cast, 
and  it  is  painful  to  reflect  upon  the  wretched, 
coarse,  grauvdar,  and  imperfect  surface  we  so 
often  see  in  this  material,  when  we  ai'e  shown 
the  very  high  development  of  it  in  the  figure 
castings  of  the  French  department.    As  an  ad- 


mirable illustration  of  its  capability,  we  would 
direct  attention  to  a  very  fine  group  of  the 
Blessed  Virgin  Mary  and  St.  John,  cast  by  M. 
Zegut,  of  Tussey  (Meuse).  This  consists  of 
two  figures,  each  larger  than  life,  cast  at 
one  single  founding  without  the  slightest  flaw  ; 
and  when  we  say  that  one  arm  of  St.  John 
hangs  down  by  his  side,  entirely  detached  in 
its  whole  length  from  the  large  mass  repre- 
senting the  two  otlier  figures,  and  that  no 
midue  shrinkage  or  cracking  of  any  kind  has 
taken  place  in  the  cooling,  we  but  indicate  tlie 
extreme  difficulty  of  the  work,  and  accord  our 
]3raise  to  the  care  which  has  overcome  it.  The 
figure  castings  of  M.  Ducel  are  also  very 
])raiseworthy  ;  but  we  cannot  give  to  their 
altar  of  cast-iron  much  commendation.  Such 
things  are  ritually  wrong ;  and,  as  a  matter 
of  feeling,  we  abhor  all  shams  in  connection 
with  such  matters.  M.  Durenne  exhibits  a 
remarkably  fine  selection  of  wonderful  works, 
from  the  large  fountain  in  the  Pare  to  fine 
tazzi  of  remarkable  thinness  and  delicacy  of 
casting.  Prussia  is  represented  by  the 
woiiderful  works,  in  oast  steel,  exhibited  by 
Krupp,  but  these  scarcely  belong  to  our  sub- 
ject ;  and  we  have  to  turn  to  tlie  exquisite 
liglit  castings  furnished  by  Lauchhammer,  of 
Berlin,  and  Coimt  Stolberg-Weruigerode,  of 
Alsenberg,  whose  works  are  of  particidarly 
excellent  character,  and  show  very  great  care 
in  the  preparation  of  the  metal ;  and  the  doors 
of  the  pavilion,  belonging  to  this  kingdom,  on 
the  gallery  in  the  machinery  department,  are 
of  very  admirable  workmanship,  by  M.  Haus- 
chUd,  of  Berlin,  from  the  designs  of  MM. 
Henicke  and  Von  der  Hude.  The  wrought- 
iron  work  exhibited  by  France  is  much  of  it 
of  very  excellent  character,  chiefly  in  the  style 
of  the  early  part  of  the  last  century,  but  with 
very  refined  detail.  For  beauty  of  design  and 
knowledge  of  the  true  effect  to  be  produced  by 
the  hammer,  there  is  nothing  in  the  Exhibi- 
tion equal  to  the  small  collection  of  excellent 
specimens  exhibited  by  M.  Baudrit,  of  Paris. 
The  repoussa(/e  of  some  of  his  work  is  very 
admirable,  and  the  surface  finish  leaves  no- 
thing to  be  desired.  A  small  three  branch 
chandelier,  attached  to  his  stall,  is  an  ex- 
quisite specimen  of  forging  in  light  work;  the 
lines  and  scrolls  are  so  cleanly  and  beautifully 
true,  and  the  composition  so  refined,  that  it  is 
a  work  of  very  high  merit.  Some  of  the 
ramps,  for  staircases  and  balcony  fronts,  here 
exhibited  are  wonderfully  clever  ;  nor  do  we 
think  it  possible  to  find  so  much  good  work  in 
so  small  a  space  in  any  other  part  of  the  Ex- 
hibition. 'Whilst  here  we  may,  in  parenthesis, 
comment  on  a  very  ingenious  arrangement  for 
dispensing  with  the  ordinary  balance  weight 
and  pulley  to  .sliding  pendants  or  chandeliers. 
It  consists  of  two  or  more  small  barrels,  en- 
closing springs  so  arranged  that  the  chain 
or  cord  by  which  the  lamp  is  suspended  sliall, 
by  passing  over  one  barrel,  wind  up  or  slack 
out  the  spring  to  the  extent  required,  the 
spring  in  the  other  barrel  resisting  it  to  an 
amount  equal  to  the  weight  of  the  object.  Of 
a  nearly  equal  degree  of  excellence  is  the 
wrought-iron  work  exhibited  in  some  gates  by 
M.  Roy  ;  indeed,  in  some  respects,  M.  Roy's 
work  is  superior  to  that  of  M.  Baudrit :  his 
fitting  and  ornamental  forging,  as  distinct 
from  repousse,  is  finer,  and  some  of  his  beat- 
ing-up  almost  as  good.  These  two  gentlemen 
exliibit  in  their  works  the  most  scrupulous 
exactitude  and  care  in  the  smallest  detail,  and 
offer  to  English  metal-workers  an  excellent 
example  they  would  do  well  to  follow.  The 
fitting  togetlier  of  all  the  parts  is  equal  to  any- 
thing done  in  machine  work,  whilst  so 
long  as  oirr  work  can  be  induced  to  hold  itself 
together  by  rivets  and  wedges  it  is  all  that  can 
be  expected  of  it.  Of  the  use  of  very  light 
sections  of  iron  by  JI.  Tronchon  and  jM. 
Carre  we  have  spoken  before,  and  can  recom- 
mend the  works  of  these  and  the  other  gen- 
tlemen we  have  named  to  the  careful  study  of 
English  metal-workers  and  architects.  Lead 
plays  a  much  more  important  part  in  French 
architecture  than  with  us,  aud  althougli  we 
have  a  few  exceptions  to  the  modern  neglect 


of  this  very  durable  and  applicable  metal  in 
England,  they  are  so  few  as  to  serve  the 
exceptional  jiurpose  of  marking  the  rule 
ratlier  than  to  indicate  a  revival  of  a  disused 
handicraft.  During  the  middle  ages,  and 
even  through  the  Tudor  and  Stuart  periods, 
it  was  well  and  ably  used,  but  of  late  it  has 
almost  disappeared  from  the  list  of  materials 
used  in  the  aH  of  architectirre  as  practised  in 
England,  and  is  confined  to  the  simply  utili- 
tarian purposes  of  building.  Of  its  applica- 
tion as  a  vehicle  for  artistic  labour  we  have 
many  excellent  examples  here,  and  MM. 
Monduit  and  Bechet  show  an  admirable 
l)eaten-up  lucarne  front,  entirely  constructed 
of  lead  work,  and  some  fine  figures  serving  as 
finials,  of  both  lead  and  copper,  with  cresting, 
hip  knobs,  and  other  architectural  accessories 
in  great  variety,  and  the  actual  process  of  pro- 
ducing these  may  be  seen  in  operation  in  the 
building.  JI.  Grades  also  has  a  very  fine 
exhibition  of  repov,sse  work  in  lead,  copper, 
and  zinc,  and  some  of  his  adjunctive  works  to 
other  exhibitors,  such  as  his  Neo-Grec  pavi- 
lion, in  Class  65,  and  his  framework  for  the 
Vieille  Montague  Zinc  Company's  exhibition 
are  admirable  specimens  of  zinc  work.  Both 
these  gentlemen  are  exhibitors  in  the  chapel 
in  the  Pare,  and  were  engaged  in  the  lead  and 
zinc  accessories  to  the  pavilion  of  the  Em- 
peror. MM.  Monduit  et  Bechet  are,  more- 
over, the  producers  of  a  very  extraordinary 
work  in  beaten  copper — the  crown  of  the  dome 
for  the  new  opera-house  now  erecting  in  Paris. 
This  is  an  exceedingly  well-executed  and  very 
badly  designed  production,  without  outline  or 
grace.  It  is  a  confused  mass  of  the  prows  of 
vessels  stuck  against  a  couple  of  circular  belts. 
Paris  may  be  eminent  as  a  seaport,  and  her 
galleys  may  bear  their  proud  prows  into  all 
sorts  of  queer  places,  but  the  last  place  in  the 
world  we  should  have  thought  of  looking  for 
them  is  the  top  of  this  very  queer  new  opera- 
house.  Apart  from  fitness,  the  thing  is 
positively  ugly,  even  when  so  near  the  eye 
that  the  richness  of  the  detail  makes  itself 
felt,  but  what  it  wiU  be  when  mast-headed  up 
there  %vith  its  two  bristling  rows  of  beaks 
merged  into  a  curled-up  hedgehog,  is  more 
than  we  dare  venture  to  predict.  We  are  glad 
to  seize  the  opportimity  of  describing  what  it 
is  before  it  goes  up  ;  hereafter,  it  will  defy  all 
specidative  ingenuity  to  make  it  out.  Sundry 
other  works  in  metal  for  this  building 
find  themselves  here,  and  though  none 
are  good,  yet  none  reach  the  adsurdity  of  this, 
which  literally  out-tops  all.  The  bronze 
capitals  by  M.  Christoiie  are  wanting  in  unity 
and  dignity,  and  are  very  meaningless,  and 
the  best,  or,  rather,  the  least  bad  of  any  por- 
tion exhibited  are  the  gates  deposited  by  the 
galvanoplastio  process  of  M.  Audry,  of  Paris. 
This  same  galvanoplastic  process  is  very  well 
illustrated  in  the  Exhibition,  and  some  full- 
size  deposits  of  portions  of  the  Trojan  Column 
at  Rome,  and  other  equally  large  objects  show 
admirably  its  monumental  application.  From 
the  other  parts  of  the  Continent  come  but 
little  architectural  metal  work,  and  the  ex- 
hibits of  our  own  coimtry  are  of  no  very 
great  art  unportance.  Of  course  the  inevit- 
able Prince  Consort  Memorial  brings  a 
drear}-  train  of  Skidmoresque  work,  with  its 
troublesome  little  curly  scrolls  and  its  little 
bits  of  meaningless  inlay — work  that  a  few 
short  years  of  London  smoke  and  English 
weather  will  reduce  to  an  undistinguishablc 
mass  of  rust  and  soot.  For  small  accessories 
this  sort  of  thing  may  be  all  very  well  if 
not  overdone,  but  for  a  semi-regal  monument 
on  a  more  than  regal  scale  it  is  totally  tm- 
fitted,  independent  of  climatic  considerations. 
Messrs.  Skidmore  and  Co.  exhibit  a  few  other 
works  of  the  usual  character,  and  many  pho- 
tographs. Messrs.  Hart  exhibit  somewhat 
largely,  and  some  of  their  works  are  very 
good,  but  we  must  award  considerable  praise 
to  Messrs.  Barnard,  Bishop,  and  Barnard,  of 
Norwich,  for  their  Sandringham  gates,  which 
are  very  well  manufactured.  "We  see  the 
same  tendency  to  small  aud  overwrought  or- 
nament here  w^hioh  was  so  painfully  apparent 


August  '2.,  1867. 


THE  BUILDma  NEWS. 


525 


in  their  gates  exhibited  in  '62,  but  the  design 
of  these"  is  better,  and  not  quite  so  mucli 
crowded.  The  repousse  work  lierc  is  most 
affectedly  coarse,  and  is  in  sucli  strange 
meaningless  places  that  it  would  have  been 
better  away  ;  still  there  is  very  much  of  great 
merit  in  the  manufiicture  of  these  gates,  and 
their  cliiefest  faults  are  those  of  design.  Into 
the  wide  world  of  beauty  opened  out  to  us 
by  works  in  metal  partaking  exclusively  of 
a  decorative  character  we  dare  not  wander. 
Barbedienne  and  his  confrWes  would  lead  us 
too  far  away  from  our  subject,  aiul  Elkington 
and  our  English  goldsmiths  would  detain  us 
too  long,  and  the  ecclesiastic;il  metal  work  of 
France  and  Spain  frighten  us  bwond  recall. 
Yet,  with  these  two  last  exceptions,  there  is 
very  much  for  the  architect  to  study  in  the 
productions  of  these  two  large  schools,  and 
the  exquisite  refinements  of  detail  in  the 
one  and  the  richness  of  the  other  are 
worthy  of  examination,  and  will  repay 
it  We  can  scarcely  compare  the 
works  in  metal  of  our  own  country  with 
others,  their  art  tendency  and  expression 
being  so  far  opposed  to  each  other,  yet  we 
regret  to  close  our  notice  with  the  impression 
that  both  as  regards  refiaement  of  detail  and 
neatness  of  execution,  French  wrought  work 
as  far  surpasses  ours  as  does  her  incontestible 
cast  work.  In  manufacturing  energy  she  has 
shown  herself  decidedly  our  superior,  and  we 
hope  in  pointing  this  out  to  those  whose 
object  it  is  to  reverse  this  picture  we  shall  be 
pointing  to  the  means  by  which  they  can 
achieve  it.  Greater  desire  to  provide  such 
works  as  architects  can  use  will  lead  to  their 
successful  production,  and  this  will  lead  to  so 
increased  a  demand  that  we  trust  an  ever  in- 
creasing improvement  will  be  the  result. 
The  whole  of  the  Continent,  and  especially 
France  and  Belgium,  are  competitors  with  us 
now,  not  only  for  our  foreign  but  our  home 
trade  ;  and  if  the  supineuess  of  the  English 
manufacturer  continues  unroused  much 
longer  that  competition  will  scarcely  exist 
and  the  fate  of  the  English  manufacturers 
will  be  like  it. 


GOSSIP  FROII  GLASGOW. 

(From    oub    own  Correspondent.) 

C(OME  weeks  ago  there  was  copied  into  the 
io  columns  of  the  BniLDrxa  News  a  series  of 
questions  submitted  by  Professor  Gairdner,  M.D., 
the  cine  sanitary  officer,  to  the  Glasgow  architects, 
and  relative  to  the  accommodatian,  arrangement, 
ventilation,  &c.,  of  houses  for  "the  working 
classes."  Since  then,  the  professor,  along  with 
Mr.  Carriek,  the  master  of  works  or  city  architect, 
and  Dr.  MacGill,  the  police  surgeon,  has  had  a 
private  meeting  with  about  a  dozen  of  the  leading 
architects  for  further  consideration  of  the  subject. 
Nothing  definite,  however,  was  agreed  to,  and  the 
meeting  was  adjourned.  With  such  a  combination 
of  "  all  the  talents,"  something  practicable  ought 
surely  to  be  the  result. 

Notwithstanding  that  the  salmon  has  been 
always  a  prominent  charge  upon  Sauct  Muugo's 
scutcheon — and  is  now  more  so  by  reason  of 
recent  innovations  upon  the  municipal  blazon — 
Glasgijw  has  had  long  to  complain  o£  a  wretched 
and  tutally  inadequate  fish  market.  This  state  of 
things  has  just  been  remedied,  and  in  a  manner 
that  leaves  little  room  for  fault  finding.  The 
bazaar  in  Great  Clyde-street,  hitherto  but  partially 
appropriated  to  the  sale  of  fish,  is  now  wholly 
devoted  to  that  purpose,  and  has  been  so  altered 
as  to  give  an  available  floor  room  of  3,230 
square  yards.  The  new  market  is  lofty,  well 
lighted,  and  well  aired ;  conveniently  situated  for 
alike  supply  and  sale ;  and,  moreover,  has  exter- 
nally a  public  building  character  about  it,  of  which, 
among  many  of  its  town  relations,  it  need  not  be 
ashamed.  Apropos,  the  town  clerk's  office  has 
issued  a  pubUc  notice  that  anyone  selling  fish 
wholesale  without  the  market  is  Uable  in  a 
penalty  of  £5. 

The  old  pictures  of  the  kings  and  queens  that 
so  long  have  hung  upon  the  walls  of  the  pretty 
Uttle  townhall  at  the  Cross  have  been  sent  to  the 
MacLellan  Rjoms  in  the  West  End.  Flaxman's 
marble  statue  of  Pitt  preceded  them  some  years 
ago.  The  equestrian  statue  of  the  Hero  of  the 
Boyne  is  stUl  in  front  of  the  townhall,  but  the 


East  Endians  would  require  a  material  guarantee 
that  it  be  not  some  day  sent  t  j  keep  company  with 
its  erstwhile  friends.  The  llacLellan  Ilooms 
(designed  by  Mr.  James  Smith,  and  built  about 
fifteen  years  ago),  were,  with  his  gallery  of  pic- 
tures, bequeathed  by  Bailie  (Alderman)  Stac- 
Lellan  to  his  native  city ;  but  his  death  having 
discvwered  a  bad  state  of  money  matters,  the 
building  and  pictures  were  bought  by  the  corpo- 
ration. Besides  the  MacLellan  (and  permanent) 
Gallery,  there  is  within  the  Koums  the  annual 
exhibition  of  the  West  of  Scotland  Aciulemy  of 
Painting,  Sculpture,  and  Architecture.  As  they 
are  uusuited  fen*  a  purpose  for  which  they  were 
never  intended — two  distinct  exhibitions — the 
Rooms  have  for  some  time  been  undergoing  an 
extensive  remodelling  from  the  designs  of  Messrs. 
Wilson  and  Thomson.  Although  over  the  en- 
trance there  is  a  bust,  by  Mossmau,  of  the  Queen 
(the  association  of  ideas  is  certaiidy  uot  obtru- 
sively obvious),  the  Rooms  contain  no  memorial, 
picture,  or  bust  of  their  well  meauing  founder — 
a  man,  moreover,  one  of  the  very  ablest  of  Gla-sgow 
citizens.  A  fine  full-length  portrait  of  him,  by 
Graham-Gilbert,  adorns  the  Trades'  Hall.  I  may 
mention  that  .admission  to  the  MacLellan  Gallery 
is  free — the  citizens  for  this  and  for  the  public 
parks  being  taxed  2d.  on  each  pound  of  rental. 

That  great  and  wealthy  proprietary,  the  Gins- 
gow  Herald  newspaper,  Hndiug  its  present  pre- 
mises much  too  limited  for  its  still  rapidly  grow- 
ing business,  has  purchased  the  property  in 
Buchanan-street  known  as  the  "Monteith  Ilooms." 
The  price  paid  is  £26,000,  or  about  £20  per  .square 
yard.  With  Buchanan-street  in  front  and  Mit- 
chell-lane behind,  a  better  site  could  not  have 
been  selected,  even  were  selection  possible. 

When  it  was  proposed  to  fill  the  windows  of  the 
cathedral  with  stained  glass,  there  was  a  good 
deal  of  angry  discussion  by  alike  press,  platform, 
and  pamphlet,  as  to  whether  the  work  should  be 
given  to  native  or  foreign  artists.  The  foreigner  got 
it.  A  meal  of  one's  own  words  may  not  be  a  nice 
thing  to  digest ;  nevertheless,  some  of  the  com- 
mittee have  had  to  swalbw  it  with  what  face  they 
may.  Of  co\ir3e,  nothing  artistic  could  come  out 
of  Glasgow,  for  there  turkey-red  is  your  only  dye, 
and  success  therein  your  only  *'  honourable  men- 
tion." Beyond  our  sapient  selves,  however,  we 
are  esteemed  otherwise ;  for  it  appears  that  our 
fellow-citizen,  Mr.  Cother,  has  received  an  award 
for  the  excellence  of  his  stained  glass  windows 
shown  in  the  Paris  Exhibition,  an  honour  similar 
to  one  achieved  by  Mr.  Cother  in  the  London  Ex- 
hibition of  1862. 

In  a  former  communication  I  mentioned  that 
the  bridge  at  foot  of  Saltmarket  was  to  be 
taken  down  and  rebuilt.  The  wooden  bridge 
which  is  to  do  duty  in  the  interval  is  now  nearly 
finished.  Its  extreme  mdth  is  30ft.,  and  length 
410ft.  The  carriage-way  is  macadamized,  and  the 
footpaths  are  asphalted.  Some  of  the  piles  on 
whiuh  it  rests  are  driven  23ft.;  others,  ISft. 
and  20ft.  The  engineers  are  Messrs.  Bell  aud 
Miller,  and  the  cost  will  be  between  £3,000  and 
£4,000. 


BRITISH    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    ASSOCIA- 
TION. 

THE  twenty-fouith  annual  congress  of  this 
association  was  inaugurated  by  a  public 
dinner  on  Monday  evening  last,  at  Ludlow.  The 
inaugural  address  was  delivered  after  the  public 
dinner,  by  Sir  Charles  H.  Rouse  Boughton,  Bart., 
the  president.  Among  those  present  were  Cap- 
tain the  Hon.  G.  H.  W.  Wiud.sor  Chve,  MP., 
Mr.  Jasper  More,  M.P.,  Mr.  J.  E.  Severue,  M.P., 
Colonel  Colvin,  C.B.,  Mr.  T.AVright,  M.A.,  F.S.A., 
Mr.  G.  R.  Wright,  F.S.A.  (hon.  curator,  &c.),  Mr. 
Gordon  M.  Hills  (treasurer),  Mr.  E.  Levien,  M.A., 
F.S.A.,  and  Mr.  E.  Roberts,  F.S.A.  (hon.  general 
secretary).  Rev.  W.  C.  Sparrow  (hon.  local  secre- 
tary), and  several  ladies. 

The  President,  after  some  introductory  re- 
marks, said  he  remembered  when,  many  years 
ago,  he  lived  at  the  Old  Priory  at  Wenlock,  very 
little  was  said  against  the  former  owner  of  the 
ruin,  who  had  pulled  portions  of  it  down  to  pro- 
vide materials  to  build  cottages  with ;  but  great 
indignation  was  expressed  against  another  indivi- 
dvial,  who  a  quarter  of  a  century  ago  committed 
dire  antiquarian  offence  by  knocking  off  a  nose 
from  one  of  the  corbels.  That  circumstance 
demonstrated  how  much  antiquarian  taste  had 
improved,  that  the  entire  destruction  of  a  ruin 
should  excite  less  indignation  in  one  generation 
than  the  abstraction  of  an  uufortun.ate  corbel's 
nose  in  this  day.     He  felt  it  would  be   presump- 


tion in  him  to  attempt  to  read  a  lecture  to  the 
higher  classes  of  the  inhabitants  of  Ludlow,  who 
had  done  so  much  in  our  days  not  only  by  the 
creation  of  waterworks,  the  amelioraticui  of  its 
drainage,  the  establi-shment  of  markets,  of  schools, 
and  of  reading  rooms  for  the  modern  wants  of  its 
iuhabitauts,  liut  who  had  largely  burdened  them- 
selves to  m.ake  their  church  what  it  now  was — ■ 
the  finest  ecclesiastical  edifice  in  Shropshire. 
But  there  were  other  members  of  society  who 
did  not  always  see  the  real  value  of  archicological 
remains,  and  who  did  an  infinity  of  mischief 
sometimes  in  knocking  off  corbels'  noses.  To  all 
such  he  would  say  that  they  were  not  marching 
with  the  iutelligence,  the  refinement,  or  the  edu- 
cation of  the  present  day,  when  they  destroyed 
or  permitted  the  destruction  of  archicological 
remains — relics  which,  once  destroyed,  no  com- 
mercial succe.ss  covdd  ever  replace.  He  then  re- 
ferred to  the  local  hi.-itorians  of  the  district,  citing 
the  names  of  men,  living  and  dead,  who  had  con- 
tributed to  illustrate  aud  elucidate  that  history 
— the  late  Mr.  Botfield,  who  so  long  represented 
Ludlow  in  Parliameut,  Messrs.  Wright,  Duke, 
Pigeon ;  Archdeacon  Owen,  Blakeney,  R.  Ander- 
son, Nightingale,  and  a  host  of  other  Shropshire 
writers.  He  might  remind  them  that  it  was  in 
that  neighbourhood — at  Berriugton,  near  Shrews- 
bury— that  an  individual  was  born  in  the  reign  of 
Edward  IV.,  who  was  still  living  in  the  time  of 
Charles  I. — that  old,  old,  very  old  man,  Thomas 
Parr.  He  proposed  to  say  nothing  to  them  that 
evening  of  all  the  ancient  remains  in  that  locality 
— the  British  earthwork,  the  Druidicai  remains, 
the  Roman  camp  and  town,  the  Norman  abbeys, 
the  Plantagenet  castles  with  which  that  part  of 
the  country  was  so  thickly  studded ;  but  he 
trusted  his  archtCological  friends  would  bear  with 
him  if  for  a  moment  he  reminded  them  of  how 
much  of  interest  lay  at  their  very  feet.  If  they 
would  learu  all  that  was  known  of  the  early 
history  of  Lude-low  aud  the  solitary  time  the 
inhabi  ants  must  have  had,  they  could  consult  no 
better  authority  than  Wright's  History.  Others 
had  chronicled  the  subsequent  feuds  in  which 
their  castle  was  engaged,  and  how  different  great 
men  were  .alternately  lords  of  the  castle  and  in- 
mates of  its  dungeons.  It  was  here,  probably, 
that  the  great  victory  of  Mortimer  Cross, 
Wrighton,  Barnet,  and  Tewkesbury,  were 
planned ;  and  here,  probably,  the  forces  were 
rallied  after  the  great  defeats  of  Ludford,  Wake- 
field, St.  Albans,  and  others.  But  it  was  not 
only  as  a  stronghold  of  war  that  Ludlow  Castle 
appealed  to  their  sympathies ;  but  after  these 
tribulations  had  passed  it  became  tlie  chosen  re- 
sidence of  royalty.  Could  those  old  walls  speak, 
how  many  a  story  of  the  courtly  revelries  of  the 
Princes  of  York  might  they  not  unfold ;  how 
much  of  misery  might  they  not  divulge  !  But 
365  years  ago  the  saddest  scene  of  all  was  pre- 
sented when  the  funeral  cortege  departed  from 
those  gates  with  the  remains  of  Prince  Arthur 
for  their  last  long  home  under  Worcester  Ca- 
thedral, after  a  short  period  of  happiness  in 
wedded  life  with  the  lovely  Katherine  of  Arra- 
gon.  Then,  again,  it  was  here  that  the  lofty  in- 
tellect of  MUton  first  drew  attention  in  his 
"  Comus,"  and  here  Butler's  satirical  pen  was 
wielded.  Passing  over  the  government  of  Sir 
Henry  Sidney  thej'  came  to  the  time  when, 
stripped  ol  its  roof,  the  old  border  rallying  place 
of  centuries,  the  castle,  became  the  nun  it  now 
was.  If  they  would  gather  something  from  these 
antiquarian  reminiscences  they  might  ask  them- 
selves how  careful  the  thought  ought  to  make 
them  when  they  reflected  who  the  men  were  that 
quietly  viewed  the  destruction  of  Ludlow  Castle, 
and  how  anxious  they  should  be  that  posterity 
should  not  pass  on  them  the  same  verdict  as  we 
did  on  those  i  efore  ns.  Those  days  which  saw  the 
ruin  of  this  fortress  were  not  the  days  of  what 
w,a8  called  a  barbarous  age,  but  were  the  days 
when  Swift  aud  Congreve  lashed  the  most  pro- 
minent of  our  national  vices  ;  they  were  the  days 
when  the  Spectator  and  the  Tatler  charmed  our 
forefathei-s  with  the  wit  of  Steele  and  Addison  ; 
the  days  when  Bolingbroke,  Pope,  Arbuthnot,  and 
others  gave  to  the  world  a  literature  which  is 
still  among  our  most  cherished  possessions.  If, 
then,  there  was  much  to  cause  them  to  mix  regret 
with  pleasure  in  viewing  Ludlow  Castle,  he  was 
glad  to  say  no  such  mingled  feelings  need  be 
entertained  with  respect  to  Ludlow  Church.  Sir 
Charles  briefly  sketched  a  history  of  the  church, 
which,  he  said,  had  gone  through  three  periods — 
a  period  of  splendour,  a  partial  eclipse,  and  a  per- 
fect reviv.al.  He  then  referred  to  other  ancient 
remains  in  the  town — the  old  town  walls  and  one 
of  the  original  gateways  still   standing,  sites  of 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


August  2,  1867. 


two  priories,  and  half-tiniberetl  gabled  house,  and 
acknowledged  the  invitations  received  from  the 
mayor  and  corporation  of  Ludlow,  Lord  North- 
wick,  Lady  Mary  Olive,  and  Mr.  Knight,  of  Down- 
ton,  to  visit  Oakley  Park,  Burtord,  Downton 
Castle,  &c.  He  should  also  himself  have  pleasure 
in  receiving  the  associat  on  at  Downton  Hall, 
though  lie  had  not  much  of  antiquarian  interest 
to  show  them,  for  they  knew  that  old  stones  must 
not  be  moved  if  they  wished  them  to  retain  their 
moss,  and  his  family  had  its  foundation  on  a  A¥ar- 
wickshire  soil.  In  conclusion,  he  announced  the 
inauguration  of  the  twenty-fourth  anniversary  of 
the  British  Archaeological  Association. 


CONTINUOUS  GIEDEES. 

IN  a  continuous  girder  we  have  only  part  of  the 
binding  action  due  to  the  load  exerted  at  the 
middle  of  the  span,  the  other  part  being  trans- 
mitted through  the  flanges  to  that  part  of  the 
girder  which  rests  on  or  is  adjacent  to  the  piers  or 
supports.  The  bending  action  is  exerted  more 
intensely  over  the  piers  than  at  the  middle  of  the 
span,  and  in  the  reverse  direction.  The  result  of 
the  bending  action  at  the  middle  of  the  span  is  to 
form  a  "couple,"  tending  to  produce  curvature 
of  the  girder  in  a  figure  which  is  convex  down- 
ward.?. Over  the  piers,  however,  the  oppo- 
site is  the  case ;  there  the  beam  is  bent 
in  a  curve,  having  the  convex  side  up- 
wards. One  result  of  this  change  in  the  direction 
of  the  forces  constituting  the  bending  couple  is, 
that  at  a  certain  distance  from  the  middle  of  the 
span  there  is  a  point  at  which  the  bending  action 
disappears :  it  gradually  decreases  from  the 
middle  of  the  span  (the  beam  being  supposed  to 
be  under  a  uniform  load  disposed  over  the  whole 
span)  to  a  point  at  which  its  value  becomes  equal 
to  nothing,  and  then  goes  on  increasing  until  it 
reaches  its  maximum  efiect  over  the  piers.  This 
result  can  only  be  realised  when  the  various  spans 
are  similarly  loaded.  Those  points  at  which  we 
have  no  bending  action  or  points  of  contrary 
flexure  are  situated  at  a  distance  from  the  ends  of 
the  beam  or  girder  of  '577  of  the  half  span,  or  about 
one  quarter  of  the  span.  At  these  points,  theo- 
retically speaking,  the  flanges  might  be  reduced 
to  nothing,  whilst  at  the  middle  and  ends  of  the 
span  the  greatest  sectional  area  woidd  be  re- 
quired. Professor  Rankine,  in  his  "Manual  of 
Civil  Engineering,"  gives  the  following  values  for 
the  bending  moments  at  the  part  of  the  girder 
at  which  the  bending  action  is  most  severe.  In  a 
uniformly  distributed  load  the   bending  moment 

w  c" 

at  the  middle  of  the  span  is  ^=  where  iv  = 

6 
load  p,  unit  of  span,  and  c  half  span.     Over  the 

w  c~ 
piers  the  binding  moment  is  ^= .     The  beud- 

3 
ing  moment  in  a  beam  simply  supported  at  the 
w  c" 

ends  is  = .     If  we  compare  this  value  with 

2 
those  framed  for  the  moments  in  the  continuous 

w  cr 

beam  we  find  that  the  sum  of  the  moments 

6 
2  vj  c^  3  rv  c^  IV  c 

and  is    equal    to  ■ i.e.,    =  . 

6  0  2 

We  have,  then,  in  the  continuous  girder,  when 
loaded  over  all  its  span,  an  advantage  over  the 
girder  simply  supported  at  the  ends,  in  transfer- 
ring a  large  part  of  the  bending  action  of  the  load 
to  those  parts  of  the  girder  over  the  piers,  and 
thus  requiring  less  sectional  area  in  the  flanges  at 
the  middle  of  the  span,  thereby  reducing  the 
■weight  of  the  girder  at  that  point,  and  also  the 
deflection  which  would  arise  from  the  straining 
action  due  to  a  bending  moment  of  the  value 
w  <? 

.     The  straining  action    in  the  flanges  over 

2 
the  piers  taking  place  in  an  opposite  direction  to 
that  in  the  flanges  at  the  middle  of  the  span,  ne- 
cessitates that  the  upper  flange  over  the  pier  be 
designed  to  withstand  the  efliects  or  tension,  whilst 
the  U'wer  flange  must  be  designed  to  resist  com- 
pression, the  reverse  being  the  case  at  the  middle 
of  the  beam.  \V.  J.  M. 


SANDSTONE   QUAREIES.  considerable   value   to   the  architect  and  budder. 

LAST  week   we  g.ave  some  information  on  the    Since  the  return  was  made,  the  facilities  for  the 
durability  of   various  kinds  of  stone,  taken  '     '  '  i    --i   -- 

from  the  report  addressed   to  the   Commissioners 
of  Woods  and  Forests.     The   following   table   is 


taken  from  the  same  report,  and  will  be  found  of 


conveyance  of  stone  have  increased,  and  so,  also, 
has  the  cost  of  labour.  The  prices  of  them  have, 
therefore,  most  probably,  in  many  instances,  been 
modified. 


A  new  organ  has  just  been  placed  in  St.  John's 
Church,  Stockcross,  Newbury,  at  a  cost  of  upwards 
of  £200,  Messrs.  Bryaon,  of  London,  being  the 
builders. 


Name  of  Quarry. 

Si 

E.Ss 

■sgs 

«.2 

lie 

!iDd  where 

Component  Parts 

Colour. 

sll 

Where  used. 

situated. 

of  Stone. 

5- 

IF 

^1 

lb.  or. 

8.  d. 

Abercarne 

Quartz  and  siliceoua 

Dark 

167  15 

1  to  10  tons. 

4Jd.,    or 

1    5 

Old    churches     and     modem 

and     New- 

grains, moderately 

bluish 

in  thick- 

5s. per 

buildings    in  vicinity;    new 

bridge,  near 

fine,    with  argillo- 

grey. 

nesses  of 

ton. 

Docks  at  Newport  and  Car- 

Ne^-port, Mon- 

siliceous      cement: 

Oft. 

diff. 

inoutlishire. 

micaceous,         and 
witli    remains     of 
fossil  plants. 

Ball  Cross. 

Siliceous  graln-s  with 
argiUo-piUceou3  ce- 

Ferrugi- 
nous 

At  Chatsworth  and  Bakewell. 

ment  ;  occasionally 

brown 

micaceous,      ferru- 

striped. 

ginous. 

aud 

zoned  in 
deeper 
tints. 

Bareadoes,  Tin 

Fine      and      coarse 

Light 

IW  12 

1   to  10  tons, 

lOd.  to 

Tinteru  Abbey. 

tern.  Mon- 

quartz,   and  other 

greyish 

thickest 

Is. 

mouthshire. 

siliceous        grains, 
with       argiUo- sili- 
ceous cement,  fer- 
ruginous spots,  and 
plates  of  mica. 

brown. 

bed  10  to 

12ft. 

Binnie,  Uphall, 

Fine  quartz    grains. 

Brownish 

UO     1 

Bands  14  to 

Is.  Id.  to 

2    9 

New    club-house    in    Prince;v 

and  iu  Linlith- 

with       argillo-sili- 

grey. 

18ft.  thick 

23.  for 

to 

etreet,  Edinburgh,  and  nu- 

gowahire. 

ceous  cement,    mi- 

(3 iu  num- 

largest 

3     3 

merous  private  houses  there 

caceous,  chiefly   in 

ber). 

blocks. 

and  in  Glasgow. 

planes  of  beds. 

Bolton's 

Moderately  fiue  sili- 

Warm 

126  11 

100ft.  cube: 

lOd.  to 

1     9 

Whitby  Abbey,  New  University 

Quarry,  Ais- 

ceous  grains,   with 

light 

top  beds 

Is. 

to 

Library  at  Cambridge,  Scar- 

laby, York- 

argillo-siliceous  ce 

brown. 

for  house 

2     1 

borough      and     BridUngton 

si  di-e. 

ment,      plates      of 
mica,  and  spots  of 
carbon    dissemina- 
ted. 

building, 
bottom 
beds  fur 
docks. 

Beds  ?>  to 
Sft.  thick. 

Piers,  Sheemess  and  St.  Ka- 
tharine's Docks,  &c. 

Bramley 
Fall  (Old 

Quartz  grains  (often 
coarse),     aud      de- 

Light 
ferrugi- 

142   ."i 

Up  to  IS 
tons. 

In  numerous   bridges,   water- 

works, &c. 

Quarry),  near 

composed     felspar. 

nous 

■ 

Leeds,  York- 

with       argillo-sili- 

brown. 

shire, 

ceous  cement.  Mica 
rare.     Small  ferru- 
ginous   spots    dis- 
seminated. 

Calvkrlev,  Tan- 

Fine  siliceous  grains. 

Variegated 

118    1 

70  or  soft. , 

4<1.  to 

1     2 

Upper  part  of  new  church  at 

bridge  Wells, 

with  a  shghtly  cal- 

browns. 

and  up- 

Od. 

to 

Tunbridge    Wells,    Catholic 

Kent. 

careous  cement. 

wards  to 
.'■jQil.     Beds 
to  'S\ii. 

1     4 

chapel,  the  Calverley  Hotel, 
new  Market  House,  and  Vic- 
toria National  School,  and 
about  100  houses,  ifcc,  ai 
Tunbridge  Wells  and  its 
vicinity. 

Craigleith, 

Fine    quartz  grains, 

Wliitish 

14.^  14 

Any  practi- 

9d. to 

1  lOi 

Used    extensively     in    public 

Craigleith 

with  a  siliceous  ce- 

grey. 

cable 

29.  6d. 

to 

buildings  iu  Edinburgh,  the 

HiU,  near 

ment,  slightly   cal- 

length and 

accord- 

3    7^ 

College      (15S0),       Registry 

Kdiubiirgh. 

careous,   occiisional 

breadth, 

mg   to 

(1774),  Coui-ts  of  Law,  Cus- 

plates of  mica. 

from  (Jin. 
to  10ft. 
thick. 

(quality 

tom  House,  Royal  Exchange, 
National  Monument,  and 
numerous  churches,  and  now 
using  for  repairs  at  Black- 
friars  Bridge. 

Crawbakk,  Bor- 

Fine  quartzose  grains 

Light    fer- 

129     2 

hit.  thick. 

Is.  for 

2     2 

A  Roman  bridge  (a.d.  140),  old 

rowstones, 

with  an  argillo-sili- 

rugi- 

Oft.  broad. 

blocks 

church  of    Kinneil,    of   the 

Linlithgow- 

ceous cement,  some- 

nou.s 

10ft.  long. 

of  not 

twelfth  century. 

shire. 

what   ferruginous  : 
disseminated  mica. 

brown. 

more 
than 
.5  cubic 
ft. 
Is.  Id. 

DuFFiELD  Bank, 

Quartz  grains  of  mo- 

Light 

132  14 

150ft.;  tliick- 

St.     Mary's    Bridge,    Reporter 

Durtield, 

derate  size,  and  de- 

brown 

est  beds 

the 

Office,     Mechanics'     I^ecture 

Derbyshire. 

composed     felspar. 

with 

about  4ft. ; 

white 

HaU,     and    Bishop    Ryder's 

withau  argillo-sili- 

dark 

half  the 

stone. 

Church,  now  building  (Der- 

ceous cement,    fer- 

bri'wn 

depth 

yd  the 

by) ;    also    Duffield    Bridge, 

ruginous  spots,  and 

and 

brown, 

brown 

and  chimney  shaft3  to  Gram- 

occasionally plates 

purplish 

halfwhito. 

stone. 

mar  School,  Bii-mingham. 

uf  mica. 

tints. 

Duke's  Quar- 
ries, Holt 

Quartz  grains,  gene- 
rally  coarse,    with 

Re<l,  va- 

144    S 

7d. 

S 

Penitentiary  at  Millbank,  and 

ried 

the  filling  in  parts  of  Water- 

StanweU 

decomposed  felspar, 

with 

loo  Bridge,  London. 

Bridge, 

and  an  argillo-sili- 

green. 

Derbyshire. 

ceous  cement;  fer- 
ruginous spots. 

brown, 

and 

grey. 

Elland  Edge, 

Fine    quartz  grains. 

Light  grey 

V.&    4 

near  Halifiix, 

with  an  argillo-sili- 

brown. 

Yorkshire. 

ceous  cement,  mi- 
caceous iu  planes  of 
beds. 

Gatherly 

Quartz  grains  of  mo- 

Cream. 

135  13 

1  to3  tons,  a'Sd.Uor 

2     1 

Aste    Hall,    near    Richmond, 

Moor,  near 

derate  size,  and  an 

bed  12ft. 

the  12 

and   Caterick    bridges    over 

RiL'hmond, 

argillo-siliceous  ce- 

deep. 

ft.ljed. 

the  Swalo.  Purse  Bridge,  over 

Yorksliire. 

ment;    ferniginous 
spots  and  plates  ol 
mica. 

the  Tees,  Skelton  C^Hle, 
Darliugton  Town  Hall, 
Lockburu  HaU,  aud  nume- 
roiis  modem  buildings. 

Gatton,  Gatton, 
SuiTey. 

Fine  siliceous  grains, 
with     a     calcareo- 

Greenish 
light 

103    1 

35     to    60ft. 

1     4 

Hampton  Court  and  Windsor 
Castle,  &c.  ;  many  churches 

cube,  from 

to 

siliceous      cement, 

brown. 

4    to   10ft. 

1     U 

in    Sun-ey ;     Townhall    and 

containing      gi'eeu 

long. 

Almshouse  EstabUshment  at 

silicate  of  iron  and 

Croydon  ;    and  several  mo- 

plates of  mica. 

dem  buildings  in  tlie  parish 

of  Gatton. 

Glammis, 

Siliceous     giv^ns     of 
moderate  size  ;  ce- 

Purple 

161     2 

Any    practi- 

0   7 

about 

Glammis    Castle    and    Inver- 

Forfarshire. 

grey. 

cable  size  ; 

to 

19s. 

quharity  Castle,  supposed  of 

ment  slightly  cal- 
careous ;     mica 

thickest 

1     0 

per 

the  tenth  century;  Cort,ichy 

bed  Oft. 

ton. 

Castle ;  and  in  modem  build- 

abundant in  planes 

ings,  Lendertis  House,  &c. 

of  beds. 

AuGCST  2,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS, 


527 


?^i 


SANDSTONES— co7U/nwet?. 


Name  of 

Quarry,  and 

where  situated. 


Component  Parts 
of  Stouo. 


Colour. 


Heddos,      near 

JCewcastle. 
Northumber- 
land. 


HOLLINOTON, 

Stftftordshirc. 


HutfBiC 
Humbio,    Lin- 
lithgowshire. 


lOSOAXSFT, 
near      Kincar- 
dine, in  Pertli- 
shire. 


MUNLOCm',  in 
Ros3-8hiro. 


Mtln'etieu),  or 

RlNOOODIE, 

uear  Dundee, 
in  Perthshire. 


Park  Spring, 

near  Leeds, 
Yorkshire. 


PtNSHER,     near 
Honchton-le 
Spring. 
Durham. 


FrOTDVKES, 

near  Dundee, 
Foriarshire. 


ScoTOATE  Head, 

Huddersfield, 
Yorkslure. 


STANrLiFF.  or 
Darley  Dale, 
near  Uakewellj 
Derbysliiro. 


Stetcton-,  near 
Barnard     Cas- 
tle, Durham. 


Whitby  Com- 
pany's 

AlSLABY,    Di 

Whitby, 
Yorkshire. 


Cuarae  quartz  grains. 'Light 
and       decomposed     brown 
felspar,     with     an     ochre, 
argillo-siliceous 
cement,       ferragi- 
uouii  spota. 


Quartz  grains  of  mo- 
derate size,  with  an 
argil lo- siliceous  ce- 
ment ;  plate?  of 
mica. 


Fine  quartz  grains, 
with  siliceous  ce- 
ment ;  slightly  cal- 
carcowa ;  mica 
chiefly  in  planes  of 
beds. 


Fino  quartz  grains, 
with  Hiliceoua  ce- 
ment, containing 
oxide  of  iron ;  3 
few  plates  of  mica. 

Fine  siliceous  grains, 
with  an  argLUo' 
siliceous  cement ; 
micaceous. 


Light 
hrown- 
isli  grey 


Pale    grey 
and 
light 
brown, 


Fine  siliceoiis  grains, 
with  a  calcareo- 
argillo-siliceoiis  ce- 
ment ;  micaceous 
in  planes  of  beds. 


Fine  quartz  grains, 
and  decomposed 
felspar,  with  an 
argillo-siliceous  ce- 
ment ;  mica  chiefly 
in  planes  of  beds. 

Coarse  quartz  grains, 
w^th  an  argillo-sili- 
ceous   cement ; 
plates  of  mica. 


Siliceous  grains  of 
moderate  size,  with 
a  calcareo-argillo 
siliceous  cement  : 
micaceous. 


Whitby    Com 
pavy's    Egton 
qcarkies, 
being  Am- 

cliffe,  Julian 
Park.        Prod 
dam.-*,  and 
Ijea^e  Ri^-'ge, 
neai-  Whitby. 

Whitby    Com- 
pany's    SSZA 
TON",  near 
Whitby. 

Whitby   Com- 
pany's    New- 
ton   Dale, 
uear  Whitby 


Quartz  grains  of  mo-  Light 

derate  size,  with  an     greenish 

argillo-siliceous  ce-     grey. 

meat :      mica 

planes  of  beds,  and 

occasional  specks  of 

carbon. 
Quartz  grains  of  mo 

derate     si^e,     and 

decomposed        fel- 
spar, with  an  argil 

lo-siliceous  cement, 

fei  ruginous    spots, 

and  plates  of  mica. 
Fine  quartz    grains. 

and       decomposed 

felspar,     with     at 

argiUo-siliceous  ce 

ment,    ferruginous 
and    some 

plates  of  mica. 
Siliceous     grains    ofLight 

moderate  size,  with 

an  argillo  siliceous 

cement ;    some 

plates  of  mica  and 

spots  of  carbon  dis- 
seminated, 


White 
140    3 
grey 
135  13 


Light    J 
ruginous 
brown. 


vanega- 
tetl. 


Purj>lish 
trrev. 


Light  fer- 
ruginous 
browu. 


Pale 
whitish 
brown. 


Purplish 
grey. 


o  o   3 

o  ° 


lb.  oz. 
ISO  II 


Beds     4     to 

12ft.  thick, 


131  11 


160    9 


ICO    0 


151     1 


134    5 


Light  fer- 
ruginous 
brown. 


Ferrugin 
ous  light 
brown. 


Pale,       t 
dark 
brown. 


a.23 

OH  i: 


■C  jO" 


PJ 


p,fc, 


30    to    ■10ft, 
square, 
nnd  Sft. 
chick. 


90  cubic  feet 
and  up- 
wards, if 
required  ; 
thickest 
bed  Sft. 


4  to  5  tons 
thickest 
beds  Sft. 


Of  largo 
size ;  beds 
21  to  Oft. 
tliick. 


Any    practi, 
cable  size. 


10    to    12ft. 
long; 
tliickest 
bed  2ft. 
4in. 

Auj  practi- 
cable size  ; 
thickest 
bed  20ft, 


Thickest 
bed    n    to 
4ft. 


Thickest  bed 
Sft.  Oin 


Of  very  large 
size. 


15    to    20ft. 
long,  2  to 
Sft.  in 
thickness. 


40  X  S.'itt. 


1-27  14 


134  13 


s.    d. 
0    e 
to 
0  10 


0  7 
to 

1  0 


1     0 
to 
1  10 


0    S 
to 


0   ,'■. 

to 
0     5). 


0  0 
to 

1  5 


Amcliffe, 
li  X  10x9 
Proddanis, 
10  X  8  X  S 
Lease 
Rigge, 
10  X  6  X  5 

24  X  9  X  3j 

Gx  4ft.  and 
13in. 

0    S| 


0  10 
to 

1  2 


0     S 


0    5.V 


0  Hi 


«.    d. 

1  8 
to 

2  0 


2  C 
to 

3  2 


1     8 

to 

3    G 


2    1 
to 

2     5 


2    1 
to 
2    5 


Where  used. 


Church  at  Heddon,  steeple, 
1764  ;  Norman  chancel :  co- 
lumns of  portico  to  tlieatro, 
and  Giey  Monument  at 
Newcastle :  and  nearly  all 
the  buildiups,  .ancient  and 
modern,  in  and  about  New- 
Giatle. 


Trontham  Hall,  Drayton  Ma- 
nor, Heath  House,  and 
various  public  and  private 
buildingB  in  Statfor<i8hire  ; 
Townhull,  Derby ;  Mear 
Hall,  Cheshire,  &c. 


Newliaton  House,  Kirkliston  ; 
Dundas  Castle ;  additions  to 
the  Iloyal  Institution  ;  front 
of  Surgeons'  Hall,  spire  of 
Tron  Chuich,  and  various 
other  public  buildings  in 
Edinburgh ;  also  in  Glasgow. 

Staadt  House,  Amsterdam  ; 
Exchange,  Edinburgh ;  Tulle 
Mare  Castle,  Perthshire;  and 
part  of  a  street  in  Perth. 

Cathedral  Church  of  Boss  at 
Fortrose,  a.d.  1124;  Inver- 
ness Old  Bridge.  Cromwell 
Court,  &c. 


Old  steeple  of  Dundee,  twelfth 
century,  well  preserved  : 
Royal  Asylum  of  Dunrlee, 
&c.  ;  Bell' Rock  Lighthouse, 
Roval  Asylum  of  Perth, 
Kinfauns  Castle,  Castle 
Himtley,  &c.,  &o. 


Commercial  buildings  at 
Leeds,  from  the  old  qu.arr}-, 
which  is  of  exactly  similar 
stone  to  that  of  this  quarry. 


Pensher  Chapel  ;  Scotch 
Church,  Sunderland  ;  Sun- 
derland Pier.  Seah.am  Har- 
bour, Victoria  Bridge  on  the 
Wear. 

Extensively  for  the  works  at 
Dundee  Harbour,  &c. 


York  Castle  ;  Bath  Hotel,  at 
Huddersfield. 


Abbey  in  Darley  Dale ;  Stan- 
cliff  HaU,  Birmingham  : 
Grammar  School.  Birming- 
ham, .and  Nottingham  Rail- 
way Station  Houses. 

The  Round  Keep  of  Barnard 
Castlo  ;  Joint  Stock  Bank, 
and  Market  House,  B.arn.ard 

Castle. 


Some  parts  of  Whitby  Abbey  ; 
New  Library  at  Cambridge: 
Baths  and  Townhall  at 
Whitby;  Cemetery  at  High- 
gate  ;  Hungerford  Market, 
i:c. 

Grosmont  Abbey  and  Bridge : 
Egton  Bridge  ;    London  and 
Birmingham    Railway  ; 
Whitby  and  Pickering  Rail- 
way. 


Parti  of  Whitby  Abbey,  and  a 
jiortion  of  the  parapet  of  old 
Blackfriars  Bridge,  London. 


Lewisham  Church. 


IRISH  ILLUMINATION,S. 

THK  la.st  uumber  of  the  ./lr(  Journai  cuutaiua 
tlie  following  observations  on  Marcus  Ward 
and  Co.'b  illuminations  : — The  revival  of  the  beau- 
tiful mediaeval  art  of  illumination  has  led  to  the 
formation  and  establishment  of  a  school  of  illumi- 
nators in  Ireland,  whope  works  may  justly  claim 
to  be  held  in  as  high  esteem  as  the  productions 
of  the  palmy  days  of  the  thirteenth  century.  A 
collection  of  some  of  their  most  choice  and  charac- 
teristic works  has  been  sent  by  Messrs.  Marcus 
Ward  and  Co.,  of  Belf.ost  (with  whom  the  revival 
of  Irish  illumination  originated,  and  who  have 
brought  it  to  its  present  high  perfection),  to  the 
Universal  Exposition,  but  the  necessity  of  keeping 
such  delicate  and  precious  objects  as  illuminations 
secured  under  gl.ass,  has  prevented  this  remark- 
able and  most  interesting  collection  from  having 
become  so  generally  known  as  otherwise  it  might 
have  been,  and,  consequently,  its  rare  merits  have 
at  present  been  by  no  means  adequately  appre- 
ciated. 

Remembering  that,  in  the  olden  time,  Ireland 
produced  illuminated  volumes  which,  while  they 
were  distinguished  by  a  style  peculiarly  their  own, 
were  second  to  none  of  the  most  famous  contem- 
poraneous works  of  the  same  order,  Mr.  Marcus 
Ward,  when  he  saw  the  practice  of  illuminating 
again  becoming  prevalent,  resolved  to  make  an 
effort  to  raLse  the  revived  art  above  the  rank  of  an 
elegant  amusement ;  and  in  so  doing,  he  aspired 
to  restore  to  Ireland  an  early  art,  and  at  the  same 
time  to  secure  for  the  country  an  honourable  and 
beneficial  industry.  In  carrjing  out  these  most 
laudable  views,  this  gentleman  has  felt  that  his 
object  could  be  attained  only  in  a  very  imperfect 
degree  unless  he  could  adapt  the  revived  art  of 
another  age  to  the  conditions  and  sentiments  of 
the  age  now  present ;  and  he  also  was  conscious 
that  his  illumination,  however  perfect  its  produc- 
tions might  become  in  his  hands,  could  not  hope 
to  attain  to  a  permanent  existence  without  being 
applied  to  uses  and  requirements  such  as  would 
create  a  definite,  systematic,  and  sustained  demand 
for  its  productions.  Accordingly,  during  the  last 
ten  years,  Mr.  Ward,  and  the  allies  whom  he  has 
associated  with  himself  in  the  working  out  of  his 
project,  have  applied  themselves,  with  excellent 
judgment,  and  untiring  zeal,  on  the  one  hand,  to 
form  a  school  of  their  own,  in  which  a  band  of 
Irish  students  might  be  trained  and  disciplined  in 
the  art  of  illumination,  under  their  personal  care 
and  direction ;  and,  on  the  other  hand,  to  adapt 
the  exquisite  old  art,  which  already  had  acquired 
a  general  popularity  (we  quote  their  own  words), 
"  in  a  practical  manner  to  the  tastes  and  wants  of 
a  utilitarian  age."  As  a  matter  of  course,  it  was 
a  point  of  primary  importance  to  infuse  the  true 
ancient  spirit  into  the  new  illuminations ;  and  at 
the  same  time  it  was  judiciously  determined  to 
render  every  modern  improvement  in  colours  and 
materiel  available,  while'the  subjects  of  the  various 
■works  and  their  illustrations,  the  figures,  the 
ornaments,  and  the  scenes  and  landscapes  intro- 
duced, would  necessarily  benefit,  in  no  slight 
degi-ee,  from  the  superior  knowledge  of  drawing 
which  is  characteristic  of  the  present  day.  In  the 
treatment  of  heraldic  subjects,  which  constitute 
such  peculiarly  appropriate  and  felicitous  ele- 
ments of  historical  illumination,  it  was  decided, 
with  the  same  sound  taste  and  good  judgment,  to 
adhere  as  closely  as  possible  to  the  practice  of 
the  best  heraldic  artists  of  the  noblest  era  of 
medi;eval  heraldry,  with  such  slight  modifications 
in  drawing,  and  such  an  association  of  more  recent 
details  with  the  earlier  figures  and  compositions, 
as  circumstances  might  render  either  desirable  or 
necessary. 

These  excellent  plans  have  been  carried  into 
effect  by  the  projectors  with  a  success  so  complete 
that  it  would  not  be  possible  for  us  to  express 
our  admiration  of  the  exhibited  evidences  of 
their  ability  in  too  decided  terms  ;  nor  is  there 
anything  stiU  to  be  accomplished  by  them  that 
we  consider  it  our  duty  to  suggest  to  Messrs. 
Marcus  Ward  and  Co.,  when  we  offer  to  them  our 
cordial  congratulations  upon  the  distinguished 
success  they  have  achieved. 

They  have  thus  been  enabled  to  create  a  new 
artistic  industry  for  Ireland,  and,  in  so  doing, 
have  introduced  a  fresh  class  of  historical  materials 
that  are  at  once  eminently  valuable,  and  of  pecu- 
liar beauty  and  interest.  Several  hundreds  of 
these  illuminated  chronicles  and  documents  have 
been  executed  by  Messrs.  Ward  and  their  artists 
for  various  members  of  the  British  Royal  Family, 
and  for  the  nobility  and  gentry  of  the  United 
Kingdom ;    and   in  many  instances  these  lUumi- 


528 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


August  2,  1867. 


nated  "works  have  attained  to  the  rank  and 
importance  of  noble  volumes  of  truly  magnificent 
splendour.  Several  specimens  have  been  selected 
fiom  the  volumes  executed  for  the  Prince  of 
Wales,  the  Earl  of  Hillsborough,  the  Dean  and 
Chapter  of  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral,  and  the 
citizens  of  Dublin  ;  and  these  works,  having  been 
considered  to  be  specially  meritorious,  are  now 
exhibited  at  Paris.  In  order,  also,  that  the  style 
of  the  designs,  and  the  quality  of  the  artistic  treat- 
ment, might  be  the  more  easily  and  also  the  more 
carefully  examined,  without  opening  the  case  in 
which  the  whole  collection  is  deposited,  duplicates 
of  some  of  the  most  characteristic  leaves  have 
beeu  executed  (as  all  the  originals  are)  on  vellum, 
and  they  are  exhibited  separately  framed  as  dis- 
tinct works.  A  most  interesting  example  of  this 
group  is  a  leaf  from  the  volume  presented  to  Sir 
B.  Guinness,  as  a  memorial  of  the  princely  and 
wise  munificence  which  prompted  him  to  under- 
take, and  to  complete,  the  restoration  of  St. 
Patrick's  Cathedral,  at  his  own  cost. 

It  is  only  necessary  for  us  to  add  that  the 
bindings  of  the  illuminated  volumes,  all  of  them 
designed  by  Mr.  Marcus  Ward,  and  executed  in 
hie  establishment,  are  thoroughly  worthy  of  the 
works  they  both  protect  and  adorn  ;  each  bmding, 
indeed,  as  its  own  proper  motto,  might  be  im- 
pressed with  the  three  significant  words  of  the 
great  Roman  poet,  Decus  et  tutaiixen. 


BUILDERS'  BENEVOLENT  INSTITUTION. 

ON  Wednesday  afternoon  the  twentieth  anunal 
meeting  of  the  subscribers  and  friends  of 
the  above  charity  was  held  at  Willis's  Rooms, 
King  street,  St.  James's,  for  the  purpose  of  re- 
ceiving the  report  for  the  past  year,  for  the  elec- 
tion of  president,  treasurer,  directors,  and  auditors 
for  the  year  ensuing,  and  for  other  matters  con- 
nected with  the  welfare  of  the  Institution.  Mr. 
Benjamin  Hannen,  president  of  the  Institution, 
occupied  the  chair. 

The  minutes  of  the  last  meeting  having  been 
read  and  confirmed,  the  balance-sheet  was  next 
received  and  passed. 

The  Secretary  then  proceeded  to  read  the  foUow- 
ing  report : — 

Tho  directors,  in  presenting  to  the  friends  and  suppoi-ters 
of  the  Builders'  Benevolent  Institution  their  report  for  the 
past  .year,  talis  leave  to  state,  that  notwithstanding  tlie 
unparalleled  monetary  depression  of  the  last  twelve 
mouths,  which  has  so  seriously  affected  all  classes  of  society, 
tho  funds  of  the  Institution  have  not  diminished,  the 
annual  subscriptions  having  increased,  which,  taking 
into  consideration  the  above-named  cause,  is  highly 
creditable  botli  to  the  feelings  and  generosity  of  all  con- 
nected with  the  building  trades. 

Since  the  hist  general  meeting  several  friends  h.ave  been 
removed  by  death,  and  the  directoi-s  have  to  announce  the 
receipt  of  the  foUowin?  bequests  in  aid  of  the  fluids 
of  the  Institution : — Firstly,  the  late  Robert  Forest, 
Esq,,  £1,000.  less  duty;  secoudl.v,  the  late  Charles 
Beachcroft,  Esq..  £50;  thirdly,  the  late  H.  Larner, 
Esq.,  £;;i  ;  fourthly,  late  Charles  Hack,  Esq.,  £200, 
less  duty ;  .and  they  take  this  opportunity  of  express 
ing  their  deep  regret  and  the  lasting  obligation  which 
is  due  to  their  memory,  together  with  a  feeling  of  giatitude 
for  the  generous  sympathy  which  prompted  those  gentle- 
men to  think  of  the  sorrows,  and  alleviate  by  their  bounty 
those  of  tlieir  Ijrethren  who  had  been  less  fortuuato  in  life 
than  themselves. 

Two  elections  of  pensioners  have  been  held,  the  first  in 
November  last,  when  three  were  elected — viz.,  two  males 
and  one  female ;  the  second  in  May,  lSli7,  when  a  Bimdar 
number  was  chosen,  making  a  total  of  four  males  and  two 
females  during  the  past  year,  and  two  deaths  have  taken 
place  during  the  .same  period,  one  man  and  one  woman, 
njaking  the  number  now  in  receipt  of  the  benefits  of  the 
charity  forty-five — twenty-three  males  .and  twenty-two 
females.  Pensionere  elected  ;-  Males — James  Webb,  elected 
November,  1S66;  I.  P.  Goff,  ditto;  George  Hunt,  Jlay, 
18G7  ;  Charles  Gravell,  ditto.  Fem.ales. — Mrs.  A.  Colbrou, 
Brighton,  November,  IS'jG  ;  Mrs.  Ann  Walker,  M.ay.  ISfiT. 
Pensioners  deceased. —  John  Noble,  elected  November, 
1862,  died  August,  1S60 ;  Mrs.  A.  Thomas,  elected  Slay, 
1850,  died  April,  1807.  £1,368  ISs.  stock  has  been  added 
to  the  relief  fund,  and  £100  4s.  8d.  to  the  build- 
ing fund,  making  an  addition  of  £1,469  2s.  Sd. 
Block  Three  per  Cent.  Consols  piirchased  during  the  p;ist 
year.  There  is  now  standing  in  the  names  of  the  trustees — 
For  the  relief  fund,  £9, 806  10s.  Id.  ;  for  the  building  fund, 
£2,832  lis.  ;  being  a  total  of  £12,039  Is.  Id.  The  directors 
again  notice  with  regret  that  there  is  still  a  targe  number  of 
builders,  carpenters,  bricklayers,  plumbers,  tfec.,  who  have 
not  yet  responded  to  the  numerous  appeals  made  to  thera 
to  become  supporters  of  a  charity  which  relieves  so  many 
of  the  trades  in  immediate  connection  with  the  building 
interest,  but  they  do  hope  that  either  of  themselves,  or 
through  tho  persuasion  of  subscribers  they  may  be  induced 
to  give  their  support  to  the  Builders'  Benevolent  Institu- 
tion. 

In  accordance  with  rule  15,  section  3,  a  special  general 
meeting  was  held  on  December  3,  at  Willis's  Rooms  8t. 
James's,  to  take  into  consideration  what  should  be  done 
with  the  £2,.'iO0and  upwardsnow  subscribed  to  the  building 
fund,  when  the  following  resolution  was  passed  : — "  That 
it  be  recommended  that  there  be  a  sub-committee  formed 
from  the  general  committee,  for  the  purpose  of  selecting 
such  sites  of  ground  as  may  be  eligible  for  the  erection  of 
almshouses  hereafter  within  a  radius  of  seven  miles  from 
Charing  Cross,  the  land  not  to  he  less  than  three  acres  in 
eituBt,  and  th«  report  of  such  sites  shall  be  laid  before  the 


general  committee  at  their  monthly  meeting  for  March. 
1867,  when  they  shall  be  empowered  to  negociate  the  pur- 
chase of  the  site  upon  whicli  they  may  determine.  Several 
meetings  of  the  said  sub-committee  have  been  held  within 
the  past  six;  months,  and  plots  of  land  viewed,  but  no  de- 
finite result  has  been  determined  on. 

The  subscribers  and  donors  are  respectfully  requested  to 
notice  that  permanent  offices  have  been  taken  in  an  eligible 
and  cenrr.'d  position  at  No.  4,  Vernon-place,  Bloomsbury- 
square,  W.C. 

The  Chairman  moved  that  the  report  be 
received,  adopted,  and  printed,  which  being 
seconded,  was  unanimously  carried. 

Mr.  Plucknett,  of  the  firm  of  Cubitt  and  Co., 
proposed  that  Mr.  W.  R.  Rogers,  his  partner,  be 
elected  president  for  the  ensuing  year. 

Mr.  G.  Bird  seconded,  and  Mr.  Rogers  was 
unanimously   elected. 

Mr.  Plucknett  was  re-elected  treasurer  to  the 
Institution,  and  the  directors  and  auditors  of  the 
past  year  were  reinstated  for  the  year  ensuing. 

The  usual  vote  of  thanks  to  the  chairman  and 
retiring  president  concluded  the  proceedings. 

♦ 

SEPTON  PARK,  LIVERPOOL. 

THE  Corporation  of  Liverpool,  being  desirous 
of  proceeding  vigorously  with  the  works  of 
Sefton  Park,  the  authors  of  the  prize  design,  M. 
Andre,  of  Paris,  and  Mr.  Lewis  Hornblower,  of 
Liverpool,  have  been  instructed  by  the  Improve- 
ment Committee  to  use  every  exertion  to  accom- 
plish their  desire.  We  have,  therefore,  given 
plans  and  views  of  a  few  of  the  proposed  buildings 
connected  therewith. 

The  area  of  the  park  is  400  acres,  and  is  thus 
appropriated : — 

a.   r.  p. 
Building  sites  (surrounding  park)...  113  0  0 

Botanical  garden 19  0  0 

Area  of  roads  and  drives 64  0  0 

Area  of  lake  14  0  0 

210  0  0 

The  190  acres  left  will  be  planted  and  laid  out 
with  carriage  drives  and  walks.  The  ground  is 
beautifully  undulating,  and  offers  great  advan- 
tages to  the  artists  that  are  to  develope  the 
design. 

The  principal  approach  to  the  Sefton  Park, 
from  Liverpool,  will  be  by  a  prolongation  of 
Croxteth-road,  which  is  a  continuation  of  Prince's 
Park-road,  leading  directly  from  Upper  Parlia- 
ment-street. At  the  point  where  Croxteth-road 
enters  the  park,  a  grand  boulevard,  75ft.  wide, 
leads  to  Otterspool,  on  the  main  Garston-road. 
This  -will  give  a  magnificent  and  direct  communi- 
cation between  the  town  of  Liverpool  and  the 
fashionable  suburb  of  Aigberth  and  Mossley  Hill. 
A  gallop  for  equestrians,  or  Rotten-row,  25ft. 
wide,  is  carried  parallel  with  the  boulevard  from 
the  principal  entrances.  It  is  proposed  to  erect 
the  octagoual  double  lodges  in  accordance  -with 
the  design  given  by  us.  All  the  lodges  will  be 
kept  in  harmony  with  this. 

The  Botanical  Gardens  are  placed  in  a  central 
position,  and  will  be  railed  off  and  kept  perfectly 
distinct  from  the  park.  Lodges,  in  accordance 
with  the  design  given  in  our  illustration,  will  be 
erected  at  each  entrance.  The  head  gardener's 
house  will  also  be  placed  in  a  convenient  site  in 
the  gardens.  EflFect  will  be  introduced  in  these 
buildings  by  the  introduction  of  stone  and 
coloured  bricks ;  and  the  roofs  will  be  covered 
«-ith  ornamental  coloured  tiles. 

In  various  parts  of  the  park,  covered  shelters 
for  equestrians  will  be  erected.  These  will  be 
constructed  of  rough  rustic  boughs,  and  the  roofs 
ornamentally  tiled.  We  give  a  shepherd's  house 
or  house  for  under  g.ardener,  and  the  cricket 
pavUion.  This  will  be  placed  in  an  excellent  posi- 
tion, overlooking  the  cricket  ground  of  12  acres 
in  extent.  The  Corporation  are  most  anxious  to 
encourage  this  manly  game,  and  every  facility 
will  be  given  to  the  public  who  wish  to  enjoy  the 
privilege  of  playing.  The  cricket  pavilion  contains 
ample  dressing-room  accommodation,  -with  large 
dining  saloon,  kitchens,  lavatories,  waterclosets, 
&c. 

Many  other  buildings  -will  be  scattered  over  the 
park,  in  various  convenient  positions.  The  build- 
ing sites  are  divided  into  290  plots,  in  sizes  vary- 
ing from  1,250  to  5,000  square  yards.  The  whojc 
will  be  offered  by  auction  to  the  public  in  a  75 
years'  lease.  The  plans  of  all  houses  erected  upon 
the  sites  must  be  submitted  to  the  Corporation, 
and  approved  by  them,  and  nothing  will  be  omit- 
ted to  render  this  park  the  most  desirable  site  for 
residences  in  the  neighbourhood.  The  views  of 
the  River   Mersey,   well  backed   by  the  hills  of 


Cheshire  and  Wales,  are  exquisite,  and  the  well- 
wooded  foregound  of  Aigburth,  Fulwood,  and 
Otterspool,  give  additional  charm  to  the  landscape. 
The  park  will  be  readily  accessible  from  Liver- 
pool by  means  of  two  lines  of  railway — the 
London  and  North-Western,  on  the  eastern  side, 
and  the  Liverpool  and  Garston,  on  the  western. 
The  soil  of  the  park  is  all  that  can  be  desired,  and 
it  is  hoped  that  the  acknowledged  .skill  of  M. 
Edouard  Andre,  as  a  landscape  gardener,  the 
designer  and  constructor  of  the  park  in  the  Bois 
de  Boulogne,  the  park  of  the  Butte  de  Chaumont, 
on  the  north- east  side  of  Paris,  and  of  the  new 
park  now  commenced  in  the  south-west  suburb  of 
that  city,  in  conjunction  with  Mr.  Hornblower, 
architect,  who  was  long  connected,  in  his  profes- 
sional capacity,  with  the  late  Sir  Joseph  Paxton, 
in  the  construction  of  the  architectural  works  in 
the  Birkenhead  Park,  will  ensure  to  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Liverpool  a  park  and  botanical  garden 
equal,  if  not  superior,  to  anything  of  the  kind  in 
the  kingdom. 


KENT  ARCH^0L03ICAL  SOCIETY. 

THE  proceedings  of  the  annual  gathering  of 
this  society  were  brought  to  a  close  on 
Friday  last.  Notwithstanding  the  heavy  fall  of 
rain  which  set  in  during  the  night,  and  continued 
until  nearly  noon,  about  100  ladies  and  gentlemen 
assembled  at  the  Bull  Inn,  Dartford  (where  car- 
riages  were  provided),  in  order  to  make  an  archfco- 
logical  tour  through  the  valley  of  the  Darenth, 
which  runs  from  Dartford  to  Sevenoaks.  The 
very  interesting  churches  of  Darenth  and  of 
LuUingstone  were  the  principal  points  of  attrac- 
tion, and  the  tourists  had  the  advantage  of  the 
description  and  explanatory  remarks  of  those 
distmguished  aroha;ologists,  Mr.  J.  H.  Parker,  the 
Rev.  T.  Hugo,  Mr.  Bloxam,  and  Mr.  Dunkin. 
The  Rev.  T.  P.  Coates,  the  incumbent  of  Darenth, 
conducted  the  party  over  the  church,  which  i-s  a 
remarkably  fine  edifice  of  the  Norman  period,  and 
it  has  the  very  unusual  arrangement  of  what  is 
called  a  santtuary  between  the  chancel  arch  and 
the  nave.  The  roof  of  the  chancel  is  groined,  but 
that  of  the  sanctuary,  which  is  of  a  loftier  pitch, 
is  open  work.  Mr.  Hugo  supposes  that  there  was 
some  kind  of  monastic  establishment,  under  the 
priory  of  Rochester,  attached  to  the  church ;  and 
that  the  sanctuary  was  the  place  of  the  monks  in 
the  sacred  edifice.  The  font  is  evidently  of  great 
antiquity.  Mr.  Bloxam  described  the  very  inte- 
resting monuments  at  LuUingstone  ;  and  the  tilt- 
yard  at  the  castle  there,  the  seat  of  Sir  Percyvall 
Hart  Dyke,  attracted  much  attention.  Sutton- 
at-Home  Church  and  the  fine  old  Elizabethan 
manor  house,  known  as  "Franks,"  at  Horton 
Kirby,  were  also  visited.  Altogether  the  trip  was 
a  most  successful  one.  An  interesting  museum 
of  ancient  articles  found  in  the  district  was 
opened  in  the  Bull  Assembly  Rooms.  Amongst 
the  exhibitors  were  Mr.  J.  B.  Monkton— specimen.^ 
of  English  silver  coinage ;  Mr.  A.  Russell — ancient 
legal  parchments  relating  to  Dartford  ;  the  Rev.  G. 
Rashleigh— a  number  of  Anglo-Saxon  ornaments 
in  gold  found  at  Southfleet;  Mr.  Ashenden — 
bones  and  pottery,  found  at  Farningham ;  the 
Society— some  remarkably  fine  armilte,  found  in 
the  bed  of  the  Medway,  and  flint  implements 
found  at  Ospringe ;  Mr.  A.  Dunkin — a  collection 
of  ancient  MSS.  and  printed  documents,  &c.  A 
white  marble  slab  2ft.  2in.  by  2ft.  4in.,  having  on 
its  surface  a  "  Calvary "  depicted  by  alabaster 
and  coloured  marbles,  was  shown  by  Mr. 
Bray.  This  slab  is  known  to  have  been  in  use 
for  more  than  100  years  in  the  Bull  Hotel 
kitchen  for  making  pastry  upon,  but  although 
there  is  at  le.ast  one  antiquarian  of  note 
resident  in  Dartford  whose  researches  have  been 
neither  few  nor  unsuccessful,  he  had  never  heard 
of  this  slab  until  now.  A  number  of  complimen- 
tary resolutions,  particularly  votes  of  thanks  to 
the  chairman  (Earl  Amherst),  the  secretary  (Mr. 
Godfrey  Faussett),  and  Mr.  F.  Hards  (the  local 
secretary),  whose  exertions  added  much  to  what- 
ever degree  of  success  attended  the  meeting,  were 
passed,  and  the  proceedings  then  terminated. 


Great  preparations  are  being  made  for  the 
ensuing  meeting  of  the  Cambrian  Society,  which 
has  fixed  to  hold  its  meeting  at  Hereford  early  in 
August.  A  museum  for  specimens  of  antiquarian 
and  archreological  interest  will  be  opened  at  the 
Shire  Hall,  to  which  the  county  gentry  of  Wales 
and  the  western  counties  of  England  wUl  contri- 
bute. 


I 


Tfae  BuiUlmg  News.Aug*  Z^'^ISS? 


SEFTON       PARK      LIVERPOOL 

ANDRE  AND    HOBNBLOWeR     ARCH^^ 


HEAD  GARDENERS    HOUSE 
CRUUNO    PLAN 
rOUB  e£D ROOMS  tr.      OVER 


PLAN      SHEWING    ARRANGEMENT     OF    FLUES 
AND  LIGHTING    OF     STAIRCA&ES 


GROUND     PLAN 
SIX    BEDROOMSA.C   OVER  Six     CELLARS  Slc    UNDER 


tODCE    TO     eOTANlCAL    GARDENS 
CROUNO    PLAN 


SHEPHERDS    HOUSE 

GROUND  FLOOR 

FOUfi   BEDROOMS  &c    OVER 


GRAND  CRICKET      PAVILLION 
GROUND   PLAN 


f       1 


T      r      r      i' 


SHELTER    FOR  HORSEMEN.  GROUND  PLAN 


Rrmted  byWiitemaai:  Batss 


E  Wunbrid^f.Uti 


The  Boiliiai  Kewi.Aug'  2 '^186'' 


UrBmns  •  for-  Prnpiwrb  •  i-iutl^iaaii  •  in  -.  ^ftim-  I'^k:  L(i.iu-r|iu0l 

messes'  ANDRE    &    HORNBLOWER,  ARCH'^? 


J^V.^a^'T^^-*  -■  '-s-^*^ 


GRAND  CRICKET      PAVILLION 


;* 


SHELTER         FOU       HORSEMEW 


SHEPHERDS         HOUSE 


?nsxed  'vftfhxreta&nSe.  B&as 


E'Wimbn<ig«;lirii" 


August  2.  1SG7 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


533 


CONCRETE   AND    BETON. 

f  TTTITII  the  accuftomecl  apathy  of  our 
VV  national  disposition  we  are  just  ten 
years  behind  our  French  neighboiu-s  in 
the  use  of  tlie  two  materials  forming  the  sub- 
ject of  our  present  article,  althougli  for  some 
time  past  they  have  successfully  undergone 
trials  and  proofs  calculated  to  convince  tlie 
most  cautious  of  their  real  value,  and  to  gain 
the  conlidence  of  all  architects  and  engineers. 
In  thus  inentioiiing  the  advantages  of  tlie 
employment  of  concrete  and  In'ton,  we  allude 
mure  particularly  to  their  extended  applica- 
tion to  large  works  of  constructit)n,  and  not 
merely  to  their  use  on  a  smaller  scale  in 
ordinary  houses  and  buildings,  a  subject 
which  has  ali'eady  been  well  ventilated  in 
our  columns.  As  it  was  in  France  that  the 
field  was  first  opened  to  these  substitutes  for 
masonry  and  brickwork,  we  shall  naturally 
expect  to  hud  there  the  most  prominent 
examples  of  their  application,  and  it  will  be 
seen  that  in  Paris  they  have  been  used  for  a 
variety  of  walls,  and  not  merely  confined  as 
many  imagine  to  the  construction  of  upright 
walls.  In  the  capital  ami  the  suburbs  there 
are  upwards  of  three  miles  of  sewers  built 
entirely  of  concrete.  To  avoid  confusion  it 
may  be  stated  that  the  difference  between 
concrete  and  beton  is  that  the  former  is  not 
necessarily  possessed  of  hydraulic  properties 
whereas  the  latter  always  is.  It  will,  of 
course,  depend  altogether  upon  the  nature  of 
the  lime  with  which  the  concrete  is  made, 
whether  it  wiU  be  a  simple  concrete  or  an 
hydraxilic  concrete,  that  is,  a  beton.  As  a  rule, 
however,  in  all  cases  where  concrete  is  used 
in  large  masses,  especially  for  foundations,  it 
is  made  with  blue  lias  or  other  limes  possessed 
of  hydraulic  properties.  It  is  worth  bearing 
in  mind  that  in  getting  in  loose  concrete  foun- 
dations it  is  an  excellent  plan  to  throw  in  a 
barrel  or  two  of  good  Portland  cement,  par- 
ticularly if  the  site  be  wet.  The  basement  of 
the  Paris  Exhibition  buUding  is  all  of  con- 
crete. The  revetement  wall  and  monumental 
staircase  of  the  Boulevard  de  I'Empereur,  a 
portion  of  the  municipal  barracks  of  La  Cite, 
the  church  of  Vesinet,  the  sa\\'mnis  of  Auber- 
villiers,  and  a  number  of  other  works,  all 
bear  witness  to  the  increasing  use  made  of 
these  valuable  adjuncts  to  the  constructive 
aits. 

Those  who  would  really  desire  to  witness 
to  what  a  pitch  of  perfection  this  particular 
description  of  construction  can  be  carried 
should  visit  the  building  at  present  in  pro- 
gress of  erection  at  the  corner  of  Rue  Jlivo- 
menil  and  Rue  de  Naples,  where  every  diffi- 
culty is  not  only  met  but  fairly  conf[uered. 
There  are  to  be  found  monolithic  foundation 
walls,  flat  cro«-n  vaults,  doors,  and  windows, 
possessing  alike  a  delicacy  of  moulding,  with 
all  the  durability  of  rock  itself.  The"  above 
examples  are  sufficient  to  dissipate  all  doubts 
respecting  the  capabilities  of  the  materials  in 
question ;  and  we  may,  therefore,  direct  oxa 
attention  to  some  of  the  especial  advantages 
enjoyed  by  them,  and  which  are  deserving 
the  notice  of  all  those  engaged  in  similar 
works.  Concrete,  in  the  most  general  accepta- 
tion of  the  term,  possesses  the  inestimable 
advantage  of  being  capable  of  application  in 
any  locality,  since  in  its  manufacture  every 
description  of  sand  and  lime  can  be  used. 
Moreover,  it  requires  no  skilled  labour  to 
make  it.  The  most  inexperienced  hand  at 
building  can  manipulate  it  without  fear  of 
damage,  and  a  very  short  time  suffices  to 
render  him  a  proficient.  Under  conditions 
so  Javourable  it  is  easy  to  perceive  what  a 
vast  field  is  open  to  its  employment  in  coun- 
tries where  stone  is  scarce  and  skilled  work- 
men still  scarcer.  As  a  corroboration  of  our 
statement,  we  may  allude  to  the  important 
4 1  works  of  hydraulic  engineering  that  have 
•  j  been  carried  out  in  Egj-pt  by  the  ignorant 
■  I  feUahs  and  labourers  "equally  unacquainted 
a  j  with  everything  relating  to  the  art  of  build- 
TT  ing.    The  best  known  system  of   manufac- 


turing concrete,  or,  as  it  may  be  appropriately 
termed,  artificial  masonry,  in  France,  and 
that  having  the  widest  application,  is  the  ]dan 
of  Coignet;  and  it  is:  to  this  that  we  shall 
more  particularly  direct  the  attention  of  our 
readers.  The  concrete  mass  is  composed  of  a 
mixture  of  a  large  quantity  of  any  sand  pro- 
curable, a  small  quantity  of  hydraulic  lime, 
and,  according  to  circumstances,  of  a  trilling 
proportion  of  cement.  This  last  shuuld, 
when  possible,  be  Portland  cement,  and  if  a 
little  overburnt  so  much  the  better.  When 
these  ingredients  have  been  mixed  together 
in  a  dr}-  state  the  whole  is  barely  moistened 
with  water,  and  subjected  in  a  special  appa- 
ratus to  a  vigorous  and  lengthened  trituration. 
This  operation  is  managed  in  a  manner  so 
that  the  whole  mass  is  reduced  to  the  con- 
sistency of  a  paste,  in  a  condition  highly 
favourable  to  its  future  agglomeration.  The 
pasty  mass  is  then  passed  iu  thin  layers  into 
a  mill,  where  it  is  effectively  incorporated  by 
the  repeated  action  of  a  ]iestle.  The  result 
of  the  mechanical  action  to  which  the  ingre- 
dients are  subjected  and  the  amount  of  com- 
pression they  undergo  is  well  demonstrated 
by  the  fact  that  to  make  one  cube  yard  of 
solid  masonry  1'7  cube  yards  of  materials  are 
required.  Sloreover,  it  will  be  at  once  appa- 
rent that  the  density  of  the  artificial  stone 
will  be  greater  than  that  of  a  natural  one,  and 
the  weight  of  a  cube  foot  is  considerably  in 
excess  of  that  of  ordinary  sandstone. 

The  proportions  in  which  the  ingredients 
are  mixed  will  naturally  affect  the  strength  of 
the  specimen  which  is  dependent  upon  the 
relative  quantities  of  lime,  or  cement,  and 
sand  in  its  composition.  Thus,  with  one 
hundred  weight  of  groimd  lime  and  half  a 
ton  of  sand  we  obtain  a  stone  capable  of 
resisting  an  ultimate  crushing  force  of  nearly 
three-quarters  of  a  ton  to  the  square  inch, 
which  is  comparatively  a  very  weak  speci- 1 
men,  and  far  inferior  to  the  natural  sand- 1 
stone.  By  altering  the  projiortions  of  sand 
to  locwt.,  keeping  that  of  the  lime  constant, 
and  adding  nearly  IJcwt.  of  cement,  we 
oljtain  a  stone  capable  of  withstanding  a 
crushing  weight  of  three  times  the  above, 
which  is  but  a  very  little  stronger  than  the 
natural  specimens.  A  very  strong  block  is 
obtained,  capable  of  resisting  four  tons  to  the 
square  inch,  by  maintaining  the  same  propor- 
tion of  lime,  increasing  that  of  the  sand  to 
IScwt,  and  that  of  the  cement  to  2Jcwt. 
There  is  an  important  difference  to  be  noticed 
between  the  manufacture  of  this  artificial 
masonry  and  that  of  ordinary  mortar.  In  the 
latter  too  much  water  is  always  used  where 
manual  labour  is  employed,  as  it  would  be  in- 
sufficient to  effect  a  thorough  incorporation 
of  the  ingredients  if  they  were  not  saturated. 
The  evU  of  too  large  a  quantity  of  water  is 
that  it  gets  between  the  atoms  of  the  lime 
and  prevents  its  binding  w-ith  the  sand. 
Consequently,  w'hen  after  a  time  it  evaporates, 
it  leaves  the  mass  in  a  porous,  friable  condi- 
tion, with  very  small  powers  of  resistance  to 
crushing.  On  the  other  hand,  when  the 
materials  are  properly  prepared,  thoroughly 
triturated,  and  reduced  to  a  due  pasty  con- 
sistency, almost  without  the  aid  of  water,  they 
constitute  a  dense,  solid,  impermeable  block, 
becoming  harder  and  harder  with  the  pro- 
gress of  time,  and  absolutely  insensible  to  the 
destructive  influences  of  frost  and  damp. 
The  mistake  committed  in  the  first  attempts 
to  manufacture  artificial  masonry  was  the 
employment  of  an  excess  of  water,  whereas 
theory  reqiures,  and  practice  has  confirmed, 
that  the  water  should  be  diminished  to  a 
quantity  as  small  as  possible,  and  that  the 
proper  incorporation  of  the  ingredients 
should  not  be  accomplished  by  its  instru- 
mentality, but  by  the  aid  of  mechanical  mix- 
ture. If  the  operation  of  mixing  in  the  mill 
is  carried  on  upon  the  masonry  itself,  the 
production  of  one  day's  work  amalgamating 
with  that  of  the  day  previous,  it  is  quite 
possible  to  raise  a  monolithic  block  of  almost 
any  dimension.  There  are,  however,  practical 
lixoits  to  this  method  of  construction,  and  lor 


many  reasons  the  manufacture  of  isolated 
blocks  is  that  more  usually  adopted.  The 
application  of  concrete  to  ornamental  work  as 
a  substitute  for  carvings  and  mouldings  is  a 
branch  of  artificial  masonry  which  we  shall 
refer  to  at  another  occasion. 


THE  IMPERIAL  HOTEL,  SOUTHAMPTON. 

THIS  imposing  structure  has  just  been  opened 
to  the  public.  Situated  close  to  the  docks 
and  terminus,  and  commanding  two  fine  frontages 
— one  possessing  extensive  views  over  the  Isle  of 
Wight,  Sijutliamptou  Water,  and  the  sylvan  border 
of  the  New  Forest — it  seems  admirably  calculated 
to  answer  the  object  of  its  en  ction.  For  passen- 
gers embarking  or  arriving  by  the  steamers  to  and 
from  the  East  and  West  India  stjitious,  France,  and 
the  Channel  Islands,  au<l  for  those  alighting  from 
the  trains,  the  position  of  this  commodioua  and 
handsomely-furnished  hotel  must  command  a 
decided  preference ;  and  from  its  two  arms  or 
frontages  extending  and  enclosing  the  .arrival  and 
departure  platforms,  passengers  from  the  trains 
can  have  their  luggage  unloaded  from  the  railway 
vans  within  the  hotel  barriers.  Perhaps  the  most 
peculiar  feature  of  its  construction,  nearly  all 
fireproof,  is  the  fact  that  it  stands  mainly  upon  a 
massive  framework  of  wrought  plate  box  girders, 
supported  upon  cast-iron  columns,  the  principal 
facades  only  being  brought  up  upon  a  massive 
stone  arcaded  basement,  open  to  an  inner  screen 
wall  on  the  longest  front,  which  arrangement 
constitutes  a  pleasing  boldness  of  elevation,  and 
lifts  the  main  floor  to  a  commanding  height. 
Two  handsome  stone  staircases,  one  in  each  arm  of 
the  building,  lead  to  spacious  corridors  traversing 
the  whole  length  of  each  front,  opening  on  one 
side  to  the  salle-a  'jyiangcr^  one  of  the  handsomest 
rooms  iu  the  provinces,  and  is  well  lit  and  venti- 
lated by  lofty  casement  windows  iu  the  main 
fronts.  This  room  is  nearly  80ft.  long,  35it.  wide, 
and  of  proportionate  height,  and  opens  into  an 
elegant  apartment,  elUptical  on  plan,  which 
occupies  the  circular  corner  of  the  two  fac;.ades, 
and  becomes  a  pleasing  climax  in  the  internal 
perspective.  There  are  various  other  apartments, 
comprising  saloons,  ladies'  coffee-room,  private 
dining-rooms,  &c.,  &c.,  the  building  containing 
nearly  100  principal  bed-rooms  in  addition  to 
nearly  an  equal  number  required  for  other  pur- 
poses. The  kitchens  occupy  that  part  of  the  fourth 
floor  which  forms  the  centre  of  the  main  fa9ade, 
and  are  immediately  imderneath  the  large  pavilion 
roof  crowning  thi^s  portion  of  the  composition, 
thereby  avoiding  the  unpleasantness  of  the  fumes 
from  the  culinary  department,  not  always  accept, 
able  to  the  olfactory  organs  of  the  fastidious 
visitor.  In  connection  with  this  department  of 
the  hotel  are  some  large  hydrauUc  lifts,  traversing 
the  entire  height  of  the  building,  the  pressure  of 
water  being  obtained  by  a  large  tank  in  the 
pavilion  roof,  suppUed  by  steam  power  from  the 
basement,  the  lavatories,  baths,  &c.,  being  also 
supplied  from  it.  The  kitchen  fittings  were  manu- 
factured and  fixed  by  Messrs.  Edwards  and  Sons, 
of  London,  and  are  complete  of  their  kind  ;  while 
the  gas  fittings  were  supplied  by  Messrs.  Ching. 
Electric  bells  are  fixed  throughout  the  building. 
Messrs.  Burroughs  and  Watts  have  fitted  the 
bilhardroom  ;  and  the  handsome  and  costly  fur- 
niture of  the  entire  establishment  was  supplied  by 
Messrs.  Blyth  and  Sons.  Exteriorly,  the  two 
facades  are  judiciously  treated  in  the  ItaUan 
style,  the  upper  portion  and  skyline  being  happily 
broken  and  relieved  by  mansard  and  pavilion 
roofs  ;  whde  each  front  is  emphasized  by  a  slight 
projecting  centre  relieved  by  pilasters.  The 
materials  are  Fareham  red  bricks  and  Bath  stone 
dressings,  the  stone  being  liberaUy  used.  A  boldly 
sculptured  tympanum,  together  with  a  massive 
blocked  cornice  and  stone  arcading,  combine  to 
form  a  successful  whole.  Messrs.  Farmer,  of 
Westminster,  having  been  entrusted  with  the  stone 
carving ;  Messrs.  T.  Shaw  and  Co.,  of  Cannon- 
street,  with  the  ironwork  ;  the  contractors  of  the 
whole  building  being  Messrs.  Holland  and  Hannen, 
of  Duke-street,  Bloomsbury.  We  hear  that  the 
directors  have  expended  a  sum  approaching 
£100,000;  and  under  the  managerial  superin- 
tendence  of  Mr.  Ferrar,  we  heartily  hope  the 
hotel  will  prove  a  commercial  success.  The  archi- 
tects who  designed  and  superintended  the  various 
works  were  John  Norton,  Esq.,  of  Old  Bond- 
street,  London ;  and  Messrs.  Guillaume,  Par- 
menter,  and  Guillaume,  of  Marland-plaoe,  South- 
ampton. 


534 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


August  2, 


1867. 


HOW  THE  PACIFIC  BAILROAD  IS  BUILT. 

THE  wonderful  rapidity  and  energy  with  which 
this  railroad  is  stretching  its  iron  trail  across 
the  plains  and  into  the  Rocky  Mountains,  are  thus 
graphically  described  by  a  correspondent  of  the 
Cincinnati  Gazette  :  — 

There  is  really  little  known  by  the  people  of 
the  character  of  the  enterprise.  JUost  think  that 
a  company  of  capitalists  are  hastily  putting  down 
a  rude  track,  over  which  cars  can  be  moved  with 
care,  for  the  purpose  of  securing  lands  and  money 
from  the  Government.  The  fact  is,  that  one  of 
the  most  complete  roads  of  which  the  country  can 
boast,  with  equipments  that  surpass  many,  is  now 
being  laid  with  a  speed  that  fails  to  impress  the 
nation,  simply  Lecause  it  is  not  believed.  But  let 
the  facts  tell  their  plain  yet  wonderful  story. 

Generals  J.   S.  and  D.    C.  Casement,  of  Ohio, 
grade   the  road,   lay  the   track,  and   put  up  the 
telegraph.     The  graders  go  first.      There  are  two 
thousand  of   them.      Their  advance   is  near   the 
Beach  Hills.      They  protect  themselves,  and  are 
digging  the   great  fortiScations  which  makes  the 
future  sure  for  us,  on  through  Indian  battle  fields, 
while  the  daily  fight  goes  on.      Of  tie  getters  and 
wood-choppers   there  are  l,.'iOO.      Their  axes  are 
resounding  in   the  Black   Hdls,    over    Laramine 
Plains,  and  in  the  passes  of  the  Kocky  Mountains. 
They    have    100,000  ties  in  these  hills  awaiting 
safeguards  for  trains  to  haul  them.      A  mile  in 
advance    of    the   trackdayers     are     the     squads 
which  place  the  ties.      There  are  three  of  these. 
First,  however,  the   engineers  set  their  levelling 
stakes  at  distances  of  100ft.  on  the  straight  lines, 
and  50ft.  on  curves.      At  each   of  these  points 
sawed  ties  are  placed  and  levelled  by  them    Then 
come  two  men  with  a  measuring  rod,  marking  off 
spaces  equal  to  the  length  of  a   rail,  and  also  the 
half  of  this  space.      These  sawed  ties  are  laid  by 
the  second  squad,  to  give  firm  support  to  the  ends 
and  middle   of   each   rail.      These  are  placed  by 
sighting  along  the  guide  ties  already  laid.      The 
third  squad  then  place  the  intermediate  ties,  and 
the  bed  is  then  ready  for  the  iron.      Now  go  back 
twenty  miles  on  the  road  and  look  at  the  immense 
construction  trains  loaded  with  ties  and  rails,  and 
all  things  needed   for  the   work.     It  is  like  the 
grand  reserve   of  an  army.      Six  miles  back  are 
other   trains    of  like   character.      These    are  the 
second  line.      Next,  near  the  terminus,  and  fol- 
lowing it,   hour  by  hour,  are  the   boarding  cars, 
and  a  construction    train,   which  answer  to  the 
actual  battie-line.     The  one  is  the  camp  ;  and  the 
other  is  the  ammunition  used  in  the  fight. 

The  boarding  cars  are  each  80ft.  long.  Some 
are  fitted  with  berths;  two  are  dining-halls;  one 
is  a  kitchen,  store-room,  and  office.  Under  the 
whole  those  men  who  prefer  fresh  air  have  swung 
hammocks.  Rifles  are  hung  overhead,  plentiful  in 
number,  loaded,  and  convenient.  The  party  pro- 
tects itself  without  attention  from  the  Govern 
ment.  The  track-laying  gang  numbers  400.  On 
the  350  miles  already  built  there  are  1,000 
track  repairers  constantly  improving  the  road-bed. 
The  boarding  cars  go  in  advance.  They  are 
pushed  to  the  extremity  of  the  track  ;  a  construe 
tion  train  then  runs  up,  unloads  its  material,  and 
starts  back  to  bring  another  from  the  second  line. 
The  boarding  train  is  then  run  back  till  it  has 
cleared  the  unloaded  material. 

Three  trucks,  each  drawn  by  two  horses,  ply 
between  the  track  layers  and  their  supplies.  The 
horses  run  outside  the  track,  pulling  with  a  long 
tow  line,  as  boats  are  moved  oncanals.  They  must 
be  out  of  the  way  of  the  workmen.  One  of  these 
trucks  takes  on  a  load  of  rails,  about  forty,  with 
the  j^roper  proportion  of  spikes  and  chairs, 
making  a  load,  when  the  horses  are  started  off  on 
a  fub  gallop  for  the  track-layers.  On  each  side 
of  these  trucks  are  ruUers  to  facilitate  running  off 
the  iron.  On  reaching  the  end  of  the  last  rail  the 
truck  is  stopped.  A  single  horse  is  attached  to 
move  it  over  each  successive  rail.  Meantime,  the 
truck  last  emptied  has  been  turned  on  its  side,  to 
allow  the  loaded  one  to  go  to  the  front.  The  two 
horses  released  are  started  back  on  a  keen  gallop 
for  another  supply.  The  third  one  moves  up  in 
like  manner,  and  thus,  through  all  the  day,  they 
are  rushing  forward  with  their  iron  load.  To  see 
them,  and  refiect  what  their  rush  and  roaring 
mean,  is  as  exciting  as  it  ever  was  to  watch  a 
battery  thunder  Into  position  at  a  needed  moment 
at  the  vital  point  in  its  line. 

The  rails  within  reach,  parties  of  five  men  stand 
on  either  side.  One  in  the  rearthrows  a  rail  upon 
the  rollers,  three  in  advance  seize  it,  and  run  out 
with  it  to  the  proper  distance.  The  chairs  have, 
meantime,  been  set  under  the  last  rails  placed. 
The  two  men   in  the  rear,  with   a   single  swing, 


force  the  end  of  the  rail  into  the  chair,  and  the 
chief  of  the  squad  calls  out  "down,"  in  a  tone 
that  equals  the  "  forward"  to  an  army.  -Every 
thirty  seconds  there  came  that  brave  "  down," 
"  down,"  on  either  side  of  the  track.  They  were 
the  pendulum  beats  of  a  mighty  era ;  they  marked 
the  time  of  the  march  and  its  regulation^  step. 
One  of  the  rear  men  drives  the  cars,  in  addition  to 
handling  the  rail.  The  horses  started  as  each  rail 
fell  into  its  place,  the  truck  roUed  on  to  the 
end  of  it ;  a  second  rail  was  projected  into  the 
wilderness,  with  the  same  precision  and  haste. 
Then  came  the  magic  "  down,"  the  car  moved  on 
again,  and  another  length  was  accomphshed.  Tvyo 
spikers  followed  each  rail,  one  party  a  little  m 
advance  of  the  other.  One  rail  was  fastened  at 
the  end  and  at  the  middle.  The  second  party 
then  drew  the  o^iposite  rail  to  the  exact  gauge, 
and  fastened  it  at  the  middle  and  the  end.  Then 
came  other  squads  of  spikers,  moving  along  with 
the  precision  of  military  drill,  each  having  a  par- 
ticular spike  to  drive,  and  no  one  iuterfermg 
with  another.  Track  liners  followed  these,  and, 
with  their  crowbars,  rectified  the  line.  The 
The  fillers  came  last.  One  party  of  these  filled 
and  packed  the  spaces  at  the  ends  and  middle 
of  the  rails;  the  other  completed  the  inter- 
mediate intervals,  and  the  job  was  left  till  the 
squads  of  track  repairers  could  come  up  and  finish 
the  ballasting.  But,  as  the  fillers  leave  it,  full 
trains  can  run  over  it  with  safety  at  twenty  miles 
an  hour. 


is  placed  between  the  two  pieces  at  the  place  to 
be  united ;  the  whole  is  put  in  the  fire  until  the 
pieces  have  attained  a  temperature  which  permits 
the  powder  to  become  fuzed,  which  htppenawheu 
the  pieees  have  attained  a  cherry  red  temperature. 
The  pieces  are  then  withdrawn  and  welded  in  the 
usual  way.  If  the  dimensions  of  the  pieces,  or 
any  other  obstacle,  hinders  their  being  put  in  the 
fire  together  they  may  be  welded  as  follows:— 
Heat  first  one  of  the  pieces  to  a  cherry  red  tem- 
perature at  the  place  were  the  soldering  or  weld- 
ing is  to  be  made,  then  place  the  composition 
and  apply  the  second  piece,  heated  this  time  to 
white  heat,  then  weld  the  whole  together.  This 
method  is  particularly  applicable  to  the  repair  of 
large  pieces. 

COMPETITION. 

The  committee  appointed  to  choose  the  designs 
for  the  memorial  of  the  Countess  of  Ellesmere 
have  selected  those  of  Mr.  C.  H.  Driver,  of  West- 
minster;  Mr.  T.Graham  Jackson,  of  Devereux- 
court,  London ;  and  Mr.  J.  Gibbs,  of  Oxford.  On 
being  submitted  to  the  arbitr.ameht  of  Mr.  G.  E- 
Street,  of  RusseUsquare,  London,  the  well  known 
architect,  that  gentleman  visited  the  locality,  and 
after  having  carefully  examined  the  drawings  and 
specifications,  has  decided  in  favour  of  Mr.  Graham 
Jackson's  design. 


A  NEW  CEMENT. 

LAST  week,  says  a  recent  impression  of  Galig- 
nani,      M.    Sorel,    communicated    to    the 
Academy  of  Sciences  a  new  cement,  being  a  basic 
hydrated  oxychloride  of  magnesium.      It  may  be 
obtained  by  slaking  magnesia  with  a  solution  of 
chloride  of  magnesium  in  a  more  or  less  concentrated 
state.     The  denser  the  solution  the  harder  it  be- 
comes on  drying.     This  magnesiau  cement  is  the 
whitest  and  hardest  of  all  those  known  to  this  day, 
and  it  can  be  moulded  like  plaster,  in  which  case 
the  cast  acquires  the  hardness  of  marble.     It  will 
take  any   colour,   and   has  been  used  by  the  in- 
ventor for  mosaics,   imitations   of   ivory,  billiard- 
balls,  &c.     The  new  cement  possesses  the  agglu- 
tinative property  in   the  highest  degree,  so  that 
solid  masses  may  be  made  with  it  at  a  very  low 
cost,  by    mixing   it  up  on  a  large  scale  with  sub- 
stances of  little  value.     One  part  of  magnesia  may 
be  incorporated  with    upwards  of    twenty  parts 
of  sand,  limestone,  and  other  inert  substances,  so 
as  to  form  hard  blocks ;  while  lime  and  other  ce- 
ments  will   hardly  admit  of  the  incorporation  of 
two  or    three  times   their   weight  of    extraneous 
matter.     By    means    of    these    artificial    blocks, 
building  may  easily  be  carried  on  in  places  where 
materials   for  the    purpose    are    scarce.     All  that 
is  required,  is  simply  to  convey  a  quantity  of  mag- 
nesia  and  chloride    of  magnesium   to  the  spot,  if 
there   be  none  to   be  had  there,  and  then  to  mix 
them  up  with  s.and,  pebbles,  or  any  other  matter 
of   the   kind  close    at    hand  ;  blocks  can  then  be 
made   of  any   shape,  and   imitating  hewn  stone. 
This  magnesian  cement  may  be  obtained  at  a  very 
low  cost,  especially  if  the  magnesia  be  extracted 
from   the  mother-ley  of  salt  works,  either  by  M. 
Balard's  process,   whereby   magnesia  and   hydro- 
chloric acid  are  obtained  at  the  same  time,  or  else 
by  decomposing   the  ley,  which  always  contains  a 
large   proportion  of  chloride    of   magnesium,    by 
means  of  quicklime,  which,  by  double  decomposi- 
tion,yield3  magnesia  and  ehloriile  of  lime,  contain- 
ing a  certain  quantity  of    chloride  of   magnesium, 
and  which,  with   the   addition   of   various   other 
cheap  substances,  may  be  used  for  whitewashing. 


SOLDERING  IRON   AND    STEEL. 

M  BERNARD  LIETAR,  of  i,  Rue  de 
•  Houblon,  Brussels,  has  just  patented  an 
improved  composition  to  be  employed  in  weld- 
ing or  soldering  iron  or  steel.  This  composition 
consists  of  1,000  parts  of  tilings  of  iron  or  steel, 
according  to  whether  the  composition  is  intended 
to  weld  or  solder  iron  or  steel ;  500  parts  of 
borate  of  soda  (borax)  ;  50  parts  of  balsam  of 
copaiba,  or  a  resinous  oil ;  and  75  parts  of  ammo- 
niacal  salt  (hydrochlorate,  carbonate,  or  other). 
A  mixture  is  made  of  the  whole,  which  is  then 
calcined  and  reduced  to  powder.  To  make  use 
of  the  powder  thus  obtained  M.  Lietar  proceeds 
as  follows: — Suppose  two  pieces  of  iron,  or  two 
pieces  of  steel,  or  even  a  piece  of  iron  and  a 
piece  of  steel,  should  be  required  to  be  soldered 
or  welded  one    to    the   other    the    composition 


guiMitg  Intelligciite. 


OHUKOHBS  AND  CHAPELS. 
EiRKESHE.U).— St.  Peter's  Church,  Birkenhead, 
having  reached  the  stage  inits  construction 
known  as  "roof  rearing,"  the  workmen  em- 
ployed were  entertained  by  the  Rev.  0. 
Fenton,  at  the  Queen's  Hotel,  on  Satur- 
d.ay  evening  last.  The  edifice  has  attracted 
interest,  from  the  fact  that  it  is  constructed  en- 
tirely of  common  brick,  the  stonework  used  being 
contined  to  the  window  tracery.  The  contractor 
for  the  works  is  Mr.  John  Hogarth,  of  Rock 
Ferry ;  the  designs  being  by  Mr.  David  Walker, 
of  Lord-street,  Liverpool. 

New    Baptist    Chapel,    Scakborough.— This 
building,   which  was   opened  on  the   2-tth  inst., 
is  designed  in  the  Geometric  Decorated  style,  and 
its  site  is  the  centre  of  Albemarle  crescent.      The 
south-east  corner  of  the  principal  front  is  occupied 
by  a  tower  and  spire  rising  to  a  height  of  lluft., 
the  windows  of  the  upper  stage  of  the  tower  Leiug 
richly  moulded,    filled   in  with    bold  tracery,  and 
surmounted  by  crocketed  canopies  rising  high  up 
the  four  faces  of  the  spire.     The  centre  portion  of 
the  fayade  consists  of  a  vestibule,  entered  by  triple 
arches  springing  from  circular  shafts,  with  moulded 
bases  and  bands,   and  richly- sculptured  capitals  : 
and   from   this    vestibule  the    entrances    to   the 
ground  and  gallery  floor  of  the  chapel  are  reached. 
Above  the   arched  vestibule  is  a   large  six-light 
window,  filled  in  with  handsome  tracery.      The 
fayade  is  flanked  by    the  gallery  staircases,  which 
are   so   treated  as   to    become    marked  and  orna- 
mental accessories  to  the  elevation.     The  materials 
used  are  Bradford  wallstones,  with  dressings  and 
spire  of  Whitiy  ashlar,  the  combination  resulting 
in  a  pleasing  contrast  of   colour  and  a  good  effect. 
Internally,  the  chapel  consists  of  a  nave  and  aisles 
divided  by  iron  columns,  and  supporting  an  open 
timbered  roof  of  ornamental  construction.      Th( 
transepts  correspond  in  height  with  the  nave,  anc 
have  each  a  large,  fivehght,  tracery  window  ;  while 
behind  the  pulpit  is  an  ornamental  baptistry  with 
an  apse  end,  the  three  two  light  windows  of  whicl 
are  tilled  in  with  memorial  windows  of  beautifu 
design.      Vestries,    with    convenient   doors,    ar. 
situated  on  each  side  of  the  baptistry,  and  a  largi 
lecture  room  is  built  on  the  ground  behind.      Ar 
organ   chapel,  a  minister's  vestry,  and  a   galler 
across  one  end  of  the  chapel,  complete  the  a^com 
modation   provided,  the  whole   having  an   air  o 
completeness,    simpUcity,     and     appropriateness 
The   accommodation  provided  is  for  750  people 
The  cost   of  the  buUding,  including  the  land,  i 
estimated  at  *5,50Q,  and  it  has  been  erected   b; 
Mr.  John  Barry,  of  Scarborough,  from  the  design 
of  Messrs.  Lockwood   and  Mawson,  architects,  c 
Bradford  and  London. 

BUiLDraos. 
The  Masonic  Hall  at  Llandudno  is  upon  the  ev 
of  completion.     The  contract  has  been  carried  or 
by  Mr.  John  Jones,  Llandudno,  in  a  very  satiafa' 


Aur;uST  2,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


535 


tory  manner.  The  tarving  was  executed  by  Mr. 
Edward  Griffiths,  of  Chester,  and  possesses  much 
merit.  The  cost  of  the  works  will  be  about 
£2,300.  Architects,  Messrs.  Lloyd,  Williamson, 
and  Underwood. 

Dr.  Grant,  Bishop  of  Southwark,  laid  the 
foundation  stone  of  a  new  Roman  Catholic 
college  at  Beaumont,  near  Windsor,  ou  Wednes- 
day week,  in  the  presence  of  a  large  number  of 
distinguished  members  of  that  communion.  It  is 
to  be  known  as  the  College  of  St.  Stanislaus. 

New  Wesleyan  Slethodist  day  and  Sunday 
schools  are  now  being  erected  at  Baptist 
Mills,  Bristol.  A  memorial  stone  was  laid  on 
Friday  last,  by  Jlr.  Hoklen,  M.P.  The  architect 
is  Sir.  Samuel  Hancorn,  ot  Bristol  and  Newport, 
Monmouthshire,  and  the  builder  Mr.  Summer- 
ville,  Stapleton-road,  Bristol. 

A  large  and  handsomely  got-up  building,  has 
been  erected  in  Argyll-street,  close  to  Regent- 
circus,  Oiford-street,  for  bazaar  purposes.  The 
Corinthian  Bazaar  is,  to  all  intents  and  purposes, 
a  resuscitation  of  the  well-known,  but  now  bygone, 
Pantheon,  in  Oxford-street.  It  is  not,  perhaps, 
as  extensive  as  the  Pantheon  was,  but  it  will  be 
found  to  be  more  comfortable  for  purchasers  of 
the  endless  variety  of  goods  exhibited  therein, 
and  for  loungers.  The  new  bazaar  will  doubt- 
less, become  a  very  well-patronized  resort.  It  is 
well  worth  a  visit. 

Fkamlisgham,  Suffolk. — A  "People's  Hall" 
Company,  has  been  formed  here  to  provide  a  haU 
for  the  general  uses  of  the  town.  For  this  pur- 
pose the  company  have  purchased  most  eligible 
premises  at  the  entrance  to  the  town  from  the 
railway,  which  they  are  about  to  alter  and  enlarge 
for  a  pubUc  hall,  with  reading  and  committee 
rooms,  library,  &c.  A  new  staircase  tower  rising 
to  a  considerable  height  above  the  buikb 
ing,  will  be  erected,  in  connection  with  the  in- 
tended additions.  The  buildings  throughout  will 
be  warmed  by  Haden  and  Sons'  apparatus. 
Mr.  Sugden,  of  Leek,  is  the  architect  to  the  com- 
pany. 

ScAKBOROUGH. — On  Thursday  week  the  Grand 
Hotel,  Scarborough,  was  opened.  The  building, 
which  has  been  nearly  four  years  in  course  of 
construction,  is  in  the  Italian  style.  Externally 
it  is  built  with  coloured  and  ornamental  bricks, 
the  latter  being  red  and  placed  round  the 
windows.  They  are  cast  bricks  of  an  unusually 
ornamental  character.  A  considerable  amount  of 
terra  cotta  is  likewise  used  in  the  stringcourse, 
besides  which  there  are  about  40,000  cubic  feet  of 
stone  used  in  the  ornamental  portion  of  the 
exterior.  The  building  consists  of  two  blocks, 
the  main  building  and  the  terrace  building,  the 
latter  occupying  the  east,  or  side  nest  to  the  sea, 
and  containing  about  50  rooms,  the  former,  or 
main  building,  being  separated  from  it  by  a  nar- 
row area,  and  containing  about  300  rooms.  The 
total  height  of  the  building  on  the  sea  side  is 
IGOft,  whilst  that  on  the  cliff  or  town  side  is  1 1 2ft. 
high.  This  inequality  of  the  height  is  caused  by 
the  building  being  erected  on  an  incline  of  the 
cliff,  which  falls  rapidly  towards  the  sands.  There 
are  eleven  storeys  on  one  side,  and  eight  on  the 
other.  There  are  seven  hoists  in  different  flats 
for  the  service  of  the  dining  and  sitting  rooms, 
&c.,  and  an  ascending  room  for  passengers.  The 
building  covers  3,996  square  yards  of  ground;  the 
total  area  of  the  several  floors  is  17,500  square 
yards.  About  6,000,000  bricks  have  been  used, 
and  50,000  cubic  feet  of  stone,  exclusive  of  that 
used  in  the  staircases  and  stone  floors.  Mr. 
Archibald  Neill,  of  Bradford,  was  the  general  con- 
tractor for  the  works.  The  engineering  works  are 
by  Sir  W.  Armstrong  and  Co.,  and  the  warming 
and  ventilating  by  Messrs.  Haden,  of  Trowbridge. 
The  kitchen  fittings,  which  are  most  elaborate 
and  complete,  have  been  plannedby  Mr.  Augustus 
Fricour,  the  manager,  and  executed  under  his 
super\Tsion  by  Messrs.  Konder  and  Co.,  of  Shef- 
field, in  the  English  department,  and  by  Messrs. 
Baudon  and  Co.,  of  Paris,  for  the  French  appara- 
tus. The  general  furnishing  of  the  house  has 
been  executed  by  Messrs.  Smee  and  Sons,  of  Lon- 
don. The  drawing  room,  one  of  the  most  splendid 
rooms  ever  seen,  is  decorated  in  a  most  chaste 
manner,  white,  gris  perle,  and  gold  being  the  pre- 
dominating colours.  The  seatings  are  in  amber 
silk  and  brocade.  White  and  gold  lower- sized 
fauteuils  and  chairs,  covered  in  gris  perle  reps, 
tufted  with  amber,  break  the  monotony  of  amber 
that  would  otherwise  prevail.  The  room  is  lit  by 
four  bronze  gas  statues,  made  by  Messrs.  Moray 
and  Sons,  Paris  and  London,  each  bearing  a  clus- 
ter of  twenty  lights,  with  crystal  pendant?,  which 


produce  the  most  brilliant  effect.  The  land  and 
sea  views  from  this  room  are  splendid.  The 
dining  room  takes  the  form  of  a  horseshoe,  and  is 
69ft.  by  53ft.  The  coll'ee  and  restaurant  rooms 
take  the  form  of  a  quatrefoil,  and  are  each  "9ft. 
by  63ft.  The  hall  is  of  a  triangular  form,  with 
two  tiers  of  corridors  running  round  and  connect- 
ing with  the  hall.  The  cost  has  been  upwards  of 
£100,000.     Mr.  C.  Brodrick  was  the  architect. 

WiNCLE,  CnEsaraE. — The  new  school  build- 
ings at  this  place,  the  gift,  with  the  site,  of  Mrs. 
T.  R.  Daintry,  of  North  Rode,  have  recently  been 
opened.  They  comprise  school  and  master's 
residence,  with  the  requisite  offices,  and  with 
yards  and  playground,  'f  he  buildings  are  erected 
of  stone,  and  the  school  is  faced  interiorly  with 
pressed  brick,  blue  and  red,  in  bands  and  pat- 
terns ;  the  porches  being  faced  with  stone  at  the 
exterior.  The  roof  is  open  timbered,  with  ven- 
tilating spirelet  on  the  top,  and  covered  with 
plain  and  ornamental  tiles,  and  the  whole  of  the 
woodwork  is  stained  and  varnished.  The  site 
offered  some  difhculties  which  have  been  satis- 
factorily overcome.  The  inequalities  of  the 
ground  have  been  formed  into  terraces  round  the 
building,  and  planted  %vith  shrubs.  The  school 
is  warmed  by  Messrs.  Haden  and  Sons*  ap- 
paratus, and  arrangement  is  made  by  which  the 
entrance  and  staircase  of  the  master's  house  can 
be  warmed  when  desired.  Mr.  Sugden,  of  Leek, 
was  the  architect. 


TO  C0ERESP0NDENT3. 

To  Our  Re.iders. — We  shall  feel  obliged  to  any  of  our 
re.'uiera  who  will  favour  us  with  brief  notes  of  works  con- 
templated or  in  progress  in  the  provinces. 

Letters  relating  to  advertisements  and  the  ordinary  busi- 
ness of  the  paper  should  be  addressed  to  the  Editor,  160, 
Fleet-street.  Advertisements  for  the  current  week  must 
reach  the  office  before  5  o'clock  p.m.  on  Thursday. 

Notice.— The  BUILDING  NEWS  inserts  advertise- 
ments for  "  SITUATIONS  WANTED,"  &c.,  at  ONE 
SHILLING  for  the  first  Twenty-four  Words. 


Reckived.— R.  W.  S.— J.  P.  C— J.  C— J.  W.-R.  D.— 
J.  W.  T.— T.  B.  H.— L.  B.-M.  H.  and  Co.— S.  and  G.— 
R.  B..  St.  Leonard's,  answered  by  letter.— G.  B.— T.  M.  S., 
numbers  sent. — G.  H.  P.,  manuscript  returned. — J.  J.  O.  C. 
— D.  R.— P.    and  Sons.— J.    and  T.  H  — M.  H.  and  Co.— 

B.  B.— L.    and  R.— E.  W.  G.— J.  J.    L.— A.  W.— A.  S.— 

C.  n.-E.  B.— R.  W.  S.andCo.-G.  H.  G.— S.  H.— J.  H.— 
E.  T.— F.  F.  M.— J.  G,— L.  W.  and  U.-G.  and  L.— 
H.  A.— J.  S. 

W.  G.  P.,  Bagshot,  Siirrey.— Consult  the  town  pump. 

H.  H.  v.,  Liverpool. — Thanks.  Weshould  be  glad  of  au 
enlarged  photogiaph  ;  also  of  house  at  Eastbourne,  etc. 

B.  B  — Cannot  commit  ourselves  to  any  particular  view 
of  the  water  question  until  the  evidence  appears. 


fcrcsponbcncf. 


ANCIENT  AND   MODERN  FUBNITUEE. 

To  the  Editor  of  the  BuiLcrao  News. 

SiE, — I  have  just  seen  a  letter  in  your  last 
week's  number  on  ancient  furniture,  by  Mr.  R. 
Phillips.  Without  pretending  to  the  knowledge 
which  Mr.  PhUlips  says  he  possesses,  I  shall  take 
the  liberty  of  examining  his  letter.  After  a 
pretty  bit  of  writing,  in  which  he  blows  his  own 
trumpet  with  great  vigour,  and  modestly  infers 
that  no  one  knows  anything  of  Gothic  construction 
but  himself,  he  proceeds,  with  great  self-com- 
placency, to  lay  down  as  original  conclusions  some 
threadbare  truisms  which  every  Gothic  pupil  has 
at  his  finger  ends.  So  far,  his  letter,  though 
amusing  as  an  instance  of  conceit,  is  harmless ; 
but  when  he,  after  some  more  self-glorification, 
says  that  the  examples  of  Gothic  cabinets  which 
you  published,  "are  all  at  sea  with  regard  to  con- 
struction," he  must  forgive  my  saying  that  his 
assertion  is  presumptuously  incorrect.  The  only 
part  which  he  instances  as  not  Gothic  in  construc- 
tion is  a  door;  but  very  curiously,  the  Sainte 
Chapelle,  at  Paris,  has  a  veiy  early  door  framed  on 
the  same  principle.  He  then  says,  dovetails  were 
not  used  in  old  woodwork,  that  the  ancients 
always  "  sloped  "  their  mouldings,  or  finished  with 
a  mason's  mitre.  With  all  due  respect  for  the 
knowledge  he  has  acijuired  as  a  mender  of  old 
furniture,  I  must  say  his  information  is  neither 
extensive  nor  correct.  In  VioUet  le  Due's  Dic- 
tionary he  will  find  plenty  of  examples  to  prove 
the  reverse  of  all  he  states.  But  let  me  say,  in 
addition  to  this,  that  our  modem  Gothic  does  not 
pretend  to  an  exact  imitation  of  old  work. 
Gothic,  to  be  a  living  style,  must  grow  and  change 
with  those  among  whom  it  has  its  being,  and  the 
fine  art  of  the  present  day  has  no  right  to  ignore 
the  improvements  in   the  mechanical  arts  which 


have  come  year  by  year  since  the  days  of  our  rude 
forefathers.  In  conclusion,  I  was  very  much 
pleased  with  the  cabinets  you  published;  they 
are  certainly  amongst  the  very  best  efforts  I 
have  seen,  both  constructively  and  artistically. — 

I  am,  &c., J.  11.  S. 

METROPOLITAN  SUBWAYS. 
Sir, — In  reply  to  your  correspondent  "  Subter- 
rancan  "  I  have  a  few  observations  to  make.  My 
impression  as  to  the  opposition  offered  by  many 
jiersuns  to  the  creation  of  subways  is,  that  fears 
are  entertained  ot  the  great  cost  of  the  operation, 
and  of  the  practice  of  what  is  knownas"  jobbery  " 
in  the  execution  of  the  work.  There  is  no  doubt 
whatever  that  the  construction  of  subways  under 
existing  thoroughfares,  even  if  carried  out  in 
rigid  accordance  with  economy,  would  be  foimd  a 
very  expensive   as  well  aa  a  tedious  proceeding. 

I I  is  a  very  difl'erent  thing  to  making  a  longitudinal 
tunnel  coincident  with  the  formation  of  a  new 
street,  as  was  done  in  regard  to  the  line  of  com- 
munication which  now  extends  from  Blackman- 
street.  Borough,  to  Blackfriars-road.  The  inter- 
ference with  existing  traffic  during  the  progress  of 
subway  making  must  necessarily  be  very  great, 
and  as  the  conduct  of  the  work  would  fall  into  the 
already  very  full  hands  of  the  Metropolitan  Board 
of  Works,  there  do  exist,  justly  or  otherwise, 
misgivings  in  many  quarters  as  to  whether  it 
would  be  managed  with  a  due  regard  to  the  pockets 
of  the  ratepayers. 

There  are,  however,  I  am  aware,  some  indi- 
viduals, and  those  of  great  practical  experience, 
too,  who  object  to  subways  in  totu,  and  who  con- 
sider that,  from  diflicuhies  in  the  way  of  ventila- 
tion, they  would  simply  become  dangerous  reser- 
voirs of  leaked-out  and  diffused  gas,  ready  to 
explode,  like  firedamp  in  a  coal  pit,  on  the  applica- 
tion of  flame.  I  do  not  share  in  the  doubts  of 
these  latter,  which  are,  however,  apparently  or 
really  participated  in  by  several  of  the  great  gas 
companies,  because  it  seems  to  me  that  such 
danger  is  purely  imaginary.  The  advantage  of 
always  having  the  joints  of  gas  and  water  mains 
amenable  to  inspection  and  repair  without  disturb- 
ing roadways  and  diverting  vehicular  traffic 
throughalmost  impassable  bye- ways,  is  a  very  great 
one.  Leakages  would  be  readily  detected  instead 
of  going  on,  as  they  now  sometimes  do,  for  months 
undiscovered,  and  adequate  ventilation  is  surely 
not  an  impossibility.  It  is  probable  that  the 
evidence  taken  during  the  present  session  of 
Parliament  before  the  select  committee  of  the 
House  of  Commons  on  subways,  and  the  report 
of  that  body,  will  throw  additional  light  on  the 
whole  question.  "  Subterranean,"  therefore,  will 
soon  be  in  possession  of  more  information  than  I 
am  prepared  to  give  upon  the  very  important  sub- 
ject to  which  his  letter  refers.  I  believe  that 
many  experiments  have  recently  been  made  in  the 
subways  of  Southwark  and  Garrickstreets,  London, 
as  well  as  in  that  of  the  Rue  Napoleon  Trois,  in 
Paris,  and  the  results  of  these  will  shortly  be 
published.  Claudius. 

"WEST  LONDON  SYNAGOGUE. 

Sir, — Whilst  perfectly  acquiescing  both  in  word 
and  spirit  mth  your  editorial  remarks,  as  appended 
to  a  letter  which  appeared  in  your  columns  of 
last  week,  permit  me  to  correct  a  mistake  which 
has  appeared  on  several  occasions  in  critiques  upon 
the  above  competition. 

Mr.  Philip  Hardwick  was  not  (I  am  informed 
on  undoubted  authority)  ever  consulted  either 
directly  or  indirectly,  nor  was  his  advice  asked  for 
or  given  with  regard  to  the  merits  of  the  designs 
submitted.  My  position  as  an  unsuccessful  com- 
petitor precludes  my  venturing  any  opinion  as  to 
what  the  result  might  have  been  had  the  com- 
mittee fulfilled  their  inferential  obligations  and 
been  guided  by  his  impartial  judgment  and  well- 
known  ability,  but  I  may  mention  that  I  should 
have  hesitated  to  compete,  even  in  a  limited 
competition,  had  I  not  reposed  full  confidence 
that  his  opinion  would  have  guided,  if  not  deter- 
mined, the  ultimate  selection.  Without  the 
slightest  anger,  but  with  some  sorrow,  I  fear  I 
must  add  this  competition  proves  no  exception  to 
the  general  rule. — I  am,  &c.         H.  H.  Collixs. 

2,  Queen-street,  E.C.,  July  31. 


THE  NEW  LAW  COURTS. 
Sir, — I  have  read  with  much  interest  the  ar- 
ticle in  the  last  Quarterhj  Revir.M  respecting  the 
Law  Courts  designs.  In  much  I  .agree  with  the 
writer,  even  more  so  than  you  did  in  your  last 
week's  review.  There  is  one  point,  however,  which 


Lza, 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


August  2,  18C7. 


I  think  deserves  mention — namely,  the  writer 
pointedly  states  that  he  had  not  read  any  review 
on  the  subject  until  he  had  finished  wiiting  his 
own.  This  may  be  so,  but  it  is  quite  certain  that 
every  word  he  has  written  ou  the  designs  them 
selves  have  been  previously  more  forcibly  set  forth 
either  by  yourself  or  Mr.  Welby  Pugin  in  your 
pages. 

I  have  heard  on  good  authority  that  the  judges 
are  anxious  to  have  the  whole  matter  reconsidered, 
and  that  we  shall  probably  have  a  fresh  competi- 
tion. Certainly  nothing  can  be  more  unsatisfac- 
tory than  the  present  one. — I  am,  &c., 

An  Admirer  of  Architecture. 


jiilcrtfliuiiuuiiciitiaii. 


QVESTIONS. 

t5l2.1— MUIR'S  VENTILATOR.— Can  some  reader  in- 
form me  whethei"  Mr.  Muir  {^vhose  address,  in  1860,  was  in 
Ducie  street,  Manchester),  fctill  manufactures  his  patent 
four-points  ventilators  ;  and,  if  eo,  wlicre  is  his  present  ad- 
dress ?  Or  the  name  and  addi-ess  of  any  other  person 
authorized  to  sell  the  same  articles. — A.  H.,31,  East  India- 
road,  E.,  July  'lb. 

[513.]— INSTITUTION  OF  CIVIL  ENGINEERS.— The 
informati-in  given  in  Mr.  Forrest's  letter  in  last  week's 
BuiLDJNO  News,  with  regard  to  the  admission  of  members, 
associates,  and  students,  did  not  in  mde  the  "fees."'  If 
you  could  supply  this  deficiency  I  shuuld  feci  obliged. — 
J.  N 

[The  following  is  the  desired  inforaiation : — Fees  on 
election ;  Admission  fee— associate,  £3  Ss.  ;  member, 
f3  38.  Biiildiujj  fund — associate,  14  4s,  ;  member,  i7  7s. 
Annual  subscription — non-resident  student,  £1  lis.  »5d  ; 
resident  fctudeut,  £2  23.  ;  non-resident  associate,  £2  123.  6d  ; 
resident  associate,  £3  33.  ;  non-resident  member,  £3  Ss. ; 
resident  member,  £4  43.] 


[614.]— CHURCH,  HOXTON-SQUARE.— Can  any  of 
your  reader.*  inform  me  who  wastiie  architect  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  Chui'ch,  Huxton-square,  N.  ? — Ecclesiolooist. 


[515.]-OBTAINING  PHOTOGRAPHS  ON  COPPER- 
PLATE:^—Can  any  of  the  scientific  readers  of  "Inter- 
communication "  inform  rae  of  the  process  employed  in  ob- 
taining pliotographs  on  copper  plates? — Inquisitor. 


[516,]— THE  NEW  LAW  COURTS.— Would  you  please 
inform  mo  the  numbers  of  the  Bliiluing  News  which  con- 
tained the  series  of  articles  on  the  New  Law  Coxirts. — 
J.  H.  J. 

[The  folIo^T^ng  are  the  numbers  which  contain  the  ar- 
ticles :— Nos.  G'i7.  629,  6:10,  631,  632,  633,  6J4,  635,  636, 
637,  63S,  639,  640,  649,  C50,  655.] 


[517.]— BRICKS  AND  WAGES  IN  LIVERPOOL.— I 
should  be  greatly  obliged  if  any  of  your  Liverpool  leaders 
would  be  kiiid  enough  to  inform  me  the  price  of  stock  or 
other  equal  brii-ks  in  that  town,  and  what  is  the  general 
charge  per  rod  for  labour  only. — J.  C. 


[518.]— MALT  KILN.— I  shall  be  obliged  if  some  one 
\vill  kindly  inform  me  of  a  material  (that  will  endure  the 
heat  and  steam)  for  plastering  the  inside  of  a  malt  kiln. — 
W.  S.  B. 


UEPLIES. 

[3SS.]— PAYING  FOR  ESTIMATES —Charge  for  your 
time;  if  not  paid,  sue  in  the  county  coui't.  You  will  re- 
cover, if  youi'  case  be  as  you  have  written.  There  are  pre- 
cedents reported  in  the  Building  News  which  you  should 
read  with  greater  attention,  and  will  enable  yoa  to  judge 
of  your  chance  of  success.  — A  Z. 


[457.]— ROYAL  ACAD1i;mV.— To  become  a  student  of 
the  Royal  Academy  it  is  necerfsai^  to  produce  from  the 
registrar,  Mr.  E\re,  by  means  of  a  letter  from  some  well- 
known  member  of  the  arcliitectural  profession,  a  printed 
form  to  be  filled  up  and  signed  by  the  aforesaid  well-known 
member  (a  Fellow  uf  the  Royal  Institute  of  British  Archi- 
tects will  do).  With  this  printed  form,  on  December  2S 
or  June  24,  must  be  sent  in  drawings,  Cirefnlly  executed, 
of  arcliitectui-jil  work,  not  necessarily  one's  own  design.  If 
approved  of,  the  applicant  will  be  admitted  as  a  "  proba 
tioner,"  and  tlien  must  work  out,  during  any  time  he  may 
like  within  the  following  three  months  after  his  admittance 
as  probationer,  in  twelve  consecutive  days  (Sundays  not 
included),  a  design  to  be  set  forth  in  plane  section  and  ele- 
vation, the  subject  of  which  is  given  in  advance.  A  wall 
drawing  from  the  cast  must  also  ba  executed  in  the  same 
time.  These  drawings,  if  accepted,  will  admit  the  proba- 
tioner to  the  privileges  of  a  student,  which  are  the  right 
to  attend  the  lectures  and  free  admission  to  the  Academy 
exhibitions  fur  a  period  of  seven  ytars.  To  compete  for 
medals  and  prizes,  the  student  must  attend  all  the  lectures 
given  in  one  session,  and  must  obtain  from  the  secretary 
or  registrar  a  certificate  of  having  done  so.  The  medals 
aiid  prizes  open  to  architectural  students  are  ; — 1.  For  a 
perspective  drawing,  and  specimens  of  sciogrupby  (on 
which  a  course  of  lectures  is  given) — medal  and  books. 
2.  For  a  measured  drawing  of  some  building  or  part  of  a 
building  (subject  given)— a  first-class  medal  and  books,  and 
second-class  medal ;  and  a  second  class  medal  in  alternate 
years.  3,  Foranarchitecturaldesigu — the  gold  medal  (value 
£20),  prize  in  books,  and  scholarsldp  of  £;6,  tenable  for  two 
yeai-s.  Ottered  every  other  year.  4.  For  an  architectural  de 
sign  to  be  executed  on  the  walls  of  the  Academy  in  one  month 
—the  travelling  studentshi])  of  £10U  for  one  year.  To  become 
a  student  of  the  Hoyal  Institute  of  Briti-^h  Architects,  the 
applicant  must  be  in  hia  articles,  and  must  produce  a 


letter  fiom  his  professor,  together  with  some  architectural 
drawings  executed  by  himself  The  privileges  of  a  student 
of  the  K.  I.  B.  A.  are.  first,  the  attendance  at  the  lectures 
given  in  the  rooms  of  the  Institute  on  alternate  Monday 
evenings ;  second,  admission  to  study  in  the  very  valuable 
library  at  all  times  wlien  it  is  open  (every  day  from  twelve 
to  five,  and  tlu'ee  evenings  a  week  from  seven  to  ten)  ;  and, 
third,  the  exclusive  right  of  competing  for  two  prizes,  first 
a  design,  and  second,  mostly  sketches  of  architectural 
details.  To  become  a  student  or  member  of  the  Archi 
tectural  Association  it  is  necessary  to  sign  a  paper  stating 
that  the  applicant,  is  engaged  in  some  way  in  the  study  of 
architecture  for  profe.shional  pm'puse.s;  to  be  regularly  pro- 
posed and  seconded  by  members  of  the  Association,  aud 
balloted  for  at  open  meeting.  The  privileges  are  the  at- 
tendance in  the  rooms  of  the  A.  A.  on  alternate  Friday 
evenings,  when  lectures  are  given  or  papers  read,  and  the 
right  of  joining  the  following  classes  :— 1.  Class  of  design, 
where  fortnightly  sketches  are  submitted  by  any  member 
and  mutually  criticised.  2.  Class  of  construction,  wliere 
questions  in  the  practical  part  of  the  profession  are  given 
out,  and  the  answers  contributed  by  the  members  andcom- 
mented  on.  3.  Tlie  figure  drawing  class,  where  students, 
on  payment  of  a  monthly  fee,  have  the  opportunity  of 
drawing  from  the  living  model,  under  the  guide  of  a  pro- 
fessor. 4.  The  water-colour  class,  during  the  months  of 
May  and  June,  when  twelve  lessons  are  given  by  Mr.  A. 
Penley,  sis  of  them  out  in  the  country  ;  fee,  three  guineas. 
There  is  also  a  lending  library,  where  members  can  take 
books  to  their  homes  to  read  them  ;  an  Architectural 
Association  sketch  book,  subscription  one  guinea.  72  plates 
of  lithographed  di-awings  a  year  from  existing  buildings  ; 
Saturday  afternoon  visits  to  buildings  of  importance  in 
construction  in  the  metropolis  ;  and  innumerable  prizes 
for  designs,  essays,  and  resumes  of  the  courses  of  the  above 
classes. — Indostry. 

[478.]  -ARCHITECTURAL  STUDENTS.—''  Cuddie  " 
is  miotaken  in  saying  that  the  lectures  at  King's  College, 
given  by  Professor  Kerr,  are  restricted  to  membei-s  of  the 
Eatablrshed  Church:  they  are  open  to  all  religions  sects, 
whetheiCliristian,  Jew,  or  Mahometan,  ou  payment  uf  the 
necessaiy  fees.  The  main  dili'crence  between  these  lectures 
aud  those  deliveied  by  Professor  Hayter  Lewis  at  Univer- 
sity College  is,  first,  that  the  latter  include  the  fine  art  as 
Well  as  tlie  constructive  element ;  and,  second,  that  Pro- 
fessor Kerr's  lectures  at  Kings  College  are  from  four  to  five 
in  the  afteruoL-n,  and  Professor  Lewis's,  at.  University  Col- 
lege, from  i-ix  to  eight  in  the  evening,  so  that  the  latter  are 
more  convenient  li>r  those  who  are  otherwise  occupied  rn 
the  daytime. — A.  K.  C. 

[4S5.]-RAISING  BUILDINGS  BODILY.— I  was  very 
sorry  to  see  you  allow  the  flippmt  answer  of  "Provincial," 
in  reply  to  the  legitimate  question  raised  by  "Sceptic," 
as  to  whether  it  was  true  the  tales  told  respecting  the 
moving  of  houses  bodily  in  America.  The  question  was 
evidently  by  a  bomt  jtdi  inquirer,  but  the  answer  to  it 
was  evidently  by  a  man  who  knew  nothing  of  the  subject 
he  was  wi-iting  upon,  and,  therefore,  1  say  I  was  sorry  to 
see  such  an  answer  in  the  "  Intercommunication  "  column, 
which  is  too  valuable  to  be  allowed  to  be  desecrated  by 
writers  who  only  wish  to  see  themselves  in  print,  aud  you 
must  excuse  me  if  I  say  I  think  you  were  a  little  to  blame. 
The  moving  of  houses  in  America  is  a  regular  business, 
carried  on  by  men  who  do  nothing  else,  and  have  all  the 
appliances  for  the  purpose,  and,  therefore,  "Sceptic"  must 
perceive  it  to  be  very  common  indeed.  It  is,  of  course, 
more  usually  frame  houses  than  brick  that  ai'e  so  treated, 
but  at  the  same  time  brick  house  moving  is  not  uncouimou. 
The  writer  of  this  has  seen  many  such,  aud  wliich  he  can 
point  out  at  New  York,  Brooklyn,  aud  elsewhere.  One 
instance  was  the  cutting  of  Canal  street  from  river  to  river. 
{Several  five  or  six  storey  warehouses,  of  bricks  and  mortal", 
with  no  more  woodwork  in  them  than  would  be  found  in 
the  same  class  in  England,  were  moved  from  10ft.  to  loft., 
to  meet  the  new  line  of  the  street.  Another  instance  was 
on  the  corner  of  Hick  and  Atlantic-streets,  Brooklyn.  A 
gentleman's  brick  mansion,  such  as  a  merchant  in  England 
would  live  in,  was  not  only  shifted  back  some  50ft.  but 
turned  right  round  to  a  right  angle,  with  its  original 
frontage.  Again,  ten  or  twelve  of  the  largest  brick  stores 
in  Chicago  were  lifted  bodily  10ft.  in  one  mass,  and  not  a 
shop  amongst  them  was  closed,  but  customer  came  in  and 
out  buying  during  the  whole  pHriod.  The  business  of  house 
movers  more  usually  consists  of  raising  frame  houses  from 
the  foundation,  and  jiutting  a  brick  storey  underneath, 
or  the  shifting  of  frame  houses  from  one  street  to  another. 
A  remarkable  instance  of  this  came  under  the  writer's 
observation.  It  wiis  on  a  street  through  which  a  line  of 
cars  ran,  viz..  Fulton-avenue,  Brooklyn,  and,  therefore,  to 
have  moved  a  house  diuing  the  day  would  have  stopped 
the  tratfic.  1  went  up  on  the  cars  at  eight  o'clock,  and 
saw  the  house  being  moved  to  the  edge  of  the  rarlvvay. 
The  cars,  I  must  remark,  ran  until  11  30  p.m.,  aud  started 
again  at  5  a.m. ;  the  writer  went  down  abi>ut  5.45  a.m.  and 
saw  the  same  house  fully  three  miles  away  from  its  original 
place  and  launched  about  00ft.  from  the  railway.  This  house 
was  a  frame  house  of  about  six  rooms,  such  as  a  respectable 
mechanic  would  live  in.  In  this  case  they  had  two  trucks 
with  a  frame  work  upon  them  to  rest  the  house  upon. 
The  house  being  moved  over  the  centre  of  the  rails,  and 
lifted  by  screwjacks  to  the  right  height,  the  trucks  then 
run  underneath  it,  and  the  house  lowered  upon  the  founda- 
tion made  for  it  on  the  trucks.  I  should  like  to  say  a 
word  upon  the  way  it  was  done  in  the  other  instances, 
but  I  have  already  trespassed  too  much  upon  your  valu- 
able space. — Thomas  Burgess,  Bristol. 


[4g5.] — So  far  from  this  being  a  rare  occurrence  in  North 
America,  I  have  seen  in  sevei-al  of  the  larger  cities  sign- 
boards to  the  following  eflect:  " ,  house  raiser  and 

remover.  In  fact,  it  is  in  many  places  quite  a  business 
of  itself.  There  is  very  little  difficulty  in  removing  the 
common  wooden  house,  when  the  outside  is  finished  with 
"clap"  or  "weather  boarding,"  or  if  it  be  "rough  c:rst," 
or  stuccoed.  In  either  case  the  frome  is  of  timber  and  rests 
upon  a  wood:!n  sill  {generally  about  12in.  square),  framed 
together  at  all  angles  and  supported  by  a  brick  or  stone 
foundation,  or  (where  there  is  no  basement  underneatli) 
on  cedar  posts.  I  have  seen  a  "rough  cast"  house  of  this 
kind  removed  half  a  mile  in  the  course  of  ten  days,  the 
wife  and  f.imily  of  the  occupant  living  and  sleeping  witliin 
it  all  the  time  ;  and  after  its  being  fixed  in  its  new  position 
and  put  to  rights  1  obtained  permission  to  inspect  it.  aud 
found  that  very  little  damage  had  been  done  to  any  part 
of  it.     But  perhaps  the  greatest  feata  in  house  raising  have 


been  performed  in  Chicago,  where,  from  the  same  rea-wn 
as  mentioned  of  San  Francisco  by  your  correspondent  last 
week,  whole  streets  of  houses  have  been  lifted  and  raised 
fully  5ft.  In  lStil,the  "Tremont  House"  of  that  city — one 
of  the  large  hotels  of  the  Continent — accommodating  about 
h\)0  boarders  and  visitors,  a  brick  building  five  storeys  in 
height  (if  my  memory  sei'ves  me),  wa^  raised  bodily  5ft. 
without  any  serious  obstruction  to  the  business  of  the  es- 
tablishment, which  was  carried  on  as  usual  The  operation 
of  raising  this  wag  performed  (as  I  undei-stood)  entirely  by 
"screwjacks,"  the  contractor  (for  it  was  let  by  contract) 
being  an  Englishman  of  the  name  of  Sollett,  a  native  of 
Yorkshire. — H.  Hadden,  Arcliitect,  Great  31alvern. 


[487.]— BLACK  MORTAR.— In  my  reply  last  week  you 
made  me  say  "unashed"for  "weathered."  The  printer's 
devil  or  some  other  fellow  has  made  noasensa  of  the  text. 
I  wished  to  say  when  the  mortar  has  been  exposed  to  the 
weather  he  should  report  as  to  its  colour.  I  will  endeavour 
to  write  clearer  in  future.  I  hope  others  wiU  take  the  hint. 
—A.  Z. 


[503.]— ZINC  FOR  ROOFS.— If  the  questioner  on  this 
subject  would  take  the  trouble  to  pay  a  visit  to  my  es- 
tablishment I  will  show  him  how  completely  and  effectually 
I  work  tlie  angles  and  rolls  of  zinc,  so  that  it  will  last  as 
long  as  ordinary  lead. — Jamics  W.  Tyler,  12,  Abingdon- 
street,  and  Wood-street,  Westmimster,  July  26. 


[503.]— Fifteen  years  ago  the  flat  of  a  Mansard  roof  was 
stripped.  The  zinc  was  No,  9,  badly  laid ;  it  had  been 
down  14  yeai-3.  Had  the  boards  been  properly  laid,  covered 
with  Croggon's  felt,  and  No.  12  zinc  used,  laid  freely  in  a 
proper  manner,  I  believe  its  duration  would  have  been 
nearer  30  years.  I  had  the  flat  covered  with  No.  12  zinc, 
and  as  I  ha-^e  described.  As  yet,  it  has  not  needed  repair. 
Much  will  depend  on  situation.  This  case  was  in  the 
suburb  of  an  iidand  provincial  town.  Cats  could  not  gain 
access  to  the  roof.  It  is  said  (is  there  any  authority  for 
the  assertion  ?)  that  the  acid  in  the  urine  of  cats  will  eat 
through  zinc.  It  seems  strange  that,  interested  as  so  many 
are  in  the  use  of  zinc,  we  have  so  few  instances  of  its 
durability.  I  for  one  have  faith  in  it  when  properly  laid 
on  flats  or  flashings,  but  i*eject  it  for  parapet  gutters. — A.Z. 


[505.]— PAYING  FOR  AGREEMENTS.— There  was  a 
case  in  point  heard  at  the  Portsmouth  County  Court  a 
short  time  since,  namely,  that  of  Rawlinson  and  Whenham. 
It  was  a  case  to  recover  for  professional  services  alle^'ed 
to  have  been  rendered  by  the  plaintitf,  who  was  an  archi- 
tect and  surveyor.  One  point  of  interi:st  had  reference  to 
an  item  for  preparing  an  "agreement."  Hia  Honour 
questioned  whether  an  architect  or  surveyor  could  prepare 
iiu  a:.,'reemeut.  The  plaintitf  said  it  was  customary,  aud 
had,  (frequently  done  so.  He  was,  however,  nonsuited.  W.  \V. 


[506.]— FIXTURES.- Fixtures  are  defined  by  the  law- 
yers as  T,ho-.e  things  which  are  fixed  to  hmse  or  land  by  a 
tenant  or  occupier,  either  for  purposes  of  domestic  comfort 
or  ornament,  or  for  the  convenience  of  trade,  more  com- 
monly knoAvn  as  house  fixtures  and  trade  fixtures.  Mr. 
J.  Chitty,  in  his  '■  Law  of  Contracts,"  has  exhausted  th^ 
subject. '  He  is  the  authority  cited  in  the  majority  of  cases, 
and  to  his  work  I  refer  you.  The  divisions  and  subdivisions 
of  things  removable  aud  things  not  removable  are  too  long 
for  quotation. — A.  Z.  

[506.]— Mr.  S.  G.  Grady,  in  his  little  work  on  the  "  Law 
of  Fixtures,"  saya  "  fixture  is  a  word  of  ambiguous  siguifi- 
cation,  or  rather  it  has  a  two-fold  siguiScatiou.  It  me  ms 
anything  annexed  to  the  freehold  of  which  by  such  anneta- 
tion,  it  becomes  part ;  it  is  used,  secondarily,  to  denote 
chattels  of  a  personal  nature  which  hav.j  been  affixed  to 
laud  aud  which  may  be  removed  at  the  will  of  the  pei-son 
who  annexed  them.  They  are  defined  to  be  such  inanimate 
things  of  a  personal  nature  as  have  become  affixed  or 
annexed  to  the  realty  ;  but  which  may  be  severed,  disunited, 
or  removed  by  the  party  who  has  assessed  them,  or  his  per- 
sonal representative,  without  the  consent  of  the  owner  of 
the  freehold."— W.W. 

[510.]— STRENGTH  OF  WOODS.— At  the  Great  Eihi- 
bition  of  1851  there  was  exhibited  a  valuable  collection  of 
woods  from  all  parts  of  the  world,  by  Mr.  W.  W.  Saunders. 
A  classified  list  was  published  at  the  time,  aud  is  deserving 
your  attention.  Barlow  and  Tredgold  have  treated  the 
subject  scientifically  in  theii-  treatise  on  carpentry.  A 
useful  stepping  stone  is  Weales  "Rudimentary  Treatise  on 
Carpentry,"  vol.  123.— A.  Z. 

[Sll.^—FOOTINGS  FOR  WALLS. —Those  who  seek  ad- 
vice should  put  their  case  clearly;  you  have  neglected  to 
do  so,  and  are  scarcely  entitled  to  a  reply.  Let  us  suppose 
a  case.  Your  loose  soil  is  a  natural  deposit,  has  only  been 
disturbed  by  the  plough  some  12in.,  is  tolerably  level,  and 
the  site  not  likely  to  oe  lowered  or  the  foundations  dis- 
turbed ;  it  may  be  sand  beneath.  Sink  your  trenches  2ft.. 
deep  aud  2ft.  wide  (unless  your  case  be  exceptional,  the 
ground  will  be  found  firm  and  solid),  fill  with  concrete, 
then  two  courses  of  llSin.  brickwork,  aud  on  this  build  youi" 
9in.  or  14in.  brickwork.  I  conclude  you  are  an  amateur, 
builduig  a  detached  cottage.  If  so,  engage  a  sni-veyor ; 
have  practical  advice  on  the  spot.  This  opinion,  very  good 
in  its  way,  might  be  very  diflerent  had  I  coiTect  data  before 
me,  and  cheap  advice  may  eventually  cost  you  dear.  A 
b;id  foundation  is  a  most  expensive  article,  a  never  ending 
source  of  expense. — A.  Z. 


WATER   SUPPLY   AND   SANITAKY 
MATTERS. 

One  of  the  greatest  requirements  of  the  town  of  Sonlt 
Malton  at  the  present  time  is  a  good  supply  of  water,  anc 
we  hear  that  at  a  public  meeting,  held  la^t  week,  a  com 
mittee  was  appointed  to  carry  out  the  desired  object. 

The  Paris  correspondent  of  the  Morntvg  Star  mlj*:- 
"The  subject  of  sanitary  reform  is  daily  assuming  a  mor 
extensive  and  interesting  chaiacter  in  this  country,  an 
more  especially  in  this  city.  Active  minds  are  beiu 
directed  towards  it,  and  speculation,  observation,  and  c> 
periment  are  causing  new  light  to  be  thrown  on  the  sub 
jeot  from  day  to  day.    Thus  it  is  that  the  French  Govern 


August  2,  1867. 


THE  BUIT.DING  NEWS. 


537 


in«ut  has  at  Last  acknowledged  that  iu  great  cities  fevers 
and  epidemics  alwuyn  haunt  tlic  viciiiityol  buryiug-gromida, 
and  that  the  time  has  now  como  to  doaway  witJi  urban 
cemeteries.  Before  the  eleventh  centwry  the  Parisians 
bui-ied  their  dead  iu  the  Iloinau  fashion,  without  the  city 
walla  ;  and  well  would  it  have  been  had  they  continued 
this  practice."  Prwivirations  will  aoon  be  made  to  bury 
the  dead  of  Paris  outaide  tlio  city  walls. 

The  Halifax  Corporation-  Waterworks  in  Luddes- 
DEN  Vallev. — The  works  iu  this  valley  have  hitherto  been 
prosecut*^  mider  immense  diflicultiea.  Situat**l  iu  the 
moorland  district  of  the  parish,  inclobcd  by  hills  of  great 
altitude,  some  seven  or  eight  miles  from  Haliflix,  and 
nearly  as  many  miles  from  a  railway,  the  material  employed 
and  the  labour  re<iiiired  are  obtiiued  with  ditficulty.  The 
mo^t  formiilihlc  dimculty  the  contraot-irs  have  had  to  con- 
tend with,  however,  has  been  in  finding  safe  geological 
measures  for  the  embankments  of  the  reservoirs.  The 
reaervi  irs  will  be  three  in  number,  fonned  by  throwing 
huge  ombdukmonts  across  the  valley,  and  the  series  w-ill 
rise  lake-like  one  above  another  fh)m  Castle  Carr. 


STATUES,  MEMORIALS,  ETC. 

Mr.  Steel  has  completed  full-sized  models  in  clav  of  the 
bas-reliefs  for  the  Scottish  national  memori;il  to  the  Prince 
Consort,  and  submitted  them  to  her  Majesty,  who  has  ap- 
proved of  the  same. 

A  monument  is  about  to  be  erected  to  the  memory  of  the 
late  Uiike  of  Hamilton,  who  died  in  1S63.  The  site  fixed 
on  is  at  the  entrance  to  Cadzow  Forest,  near  Edinburgh. 
The  monument  is  to  be  orcctt'il  on  a  rock  of  red  s;ind8tone 
on  the  b;mk  of  the  river  Avon.  It  is  designed  in  the 
Classic  style  of  aixhitecture,  the  plan  being  circular,  witli 
square  pRijections  for  pedestals  under  columus.  The  b;ise- 
meiit  will  cousidt  of  iniisonrj'  Sft.  high,  with  channels 
MTrought  on  the  joints,  having  a  moidded  biise  course  about 
2ft.  high,  and  a  cornice  at  top.  At  the  front  there  will 
be  a  flight  of  steps  leatiing  to  the  interior  of  the  monument. 
The  floor  will  be  paved  witli  stone,  and  it  is  intended  to 
fir  seats  between  the  cohimns  all  round  the  apartment. 
These  seats,  which  are  to  be  of  stone,  will  l>e  1ft.  6in.  high. 
There  are  to  be  nine  columns  placed  at  equal  distances  ; 
each  will  be  about  15ft.  high  and  19in.  diameter  at  the  fot>t, 
diminishing  to  lOin.  at  the  top.  The  shaft-s  of  these 
columns  are  to  be  of  Aberdeen  granite,  while  the  bases  and 
capitals  will  be  fonned  of  freestone.  In  the  interior  of  the 
monument,  a  pedestal  of  grey  granite.  Sft.  in  height,  and 
anrmounted  by  a  bust  of  the  late  duke,  will  be  erected. 
The  whole  structure  will  be  about  22ft.  in  diameter  outside, 
and.  from  grouml  tti  top  of  roof,  about  32ft.  high.  The 
works  are  estimated  to  cost  about  £1,500.  Messrs.  C.  H. 
WilsoQ  and  D.  Thompson,  architects,  of  Glasgow,  furnished 
the  design. 

Paisle\*.  — A  pnblic  monument  waa  inau^rated  in  the 
Paisley  Cemetery,  on  Tuesday  week,  to  the  memory  of 
Wilson,  Hardie,  and  Baird,  the  political  martyrs  of  1820. 
The  monument  is  a  handsome  obehsk  raised  on  a  pedestal, 
which  carries  the  inscriptions.  The  proportions  of  the 
monument  are  happily  chosen,  and  both  as  a  whole  and  in 
detail  the  structure  is  very  effective.  The  shaft  of  the 
obelisk  is  enriched  by  some  graceful  Greek  ornamentation. 
The  sc-.ilptor  is  Mr.  W.  Robin,  of  Paisley.  The  inaugura- 
tion took  place  in  presence  of  Provost  Blacfarlaue  and 
«  everai  leading  townsmen. 


STAINED   GLASS. 


One  of  the  five  stained  glass  windows  of  the  Glasgow- 
Cathedral,  which  cost  £'2,000,  was  maliciously  broken  by  a 
knave  called  M.arshall.  He  did  it,  he  said,  because  he  had 
an  iU-wiU  against  the  chuvch.  Perhaps  a  whipping  is  the 
best  thing  to  relieve  him  of  his  ill-will. 
^A  memori.al  window  to  the  memory  of  the  late  Lord 
Northbrook,  in  Micheldever  Church,  is  now  completed.  The 
stonework,  executed  in  Bath  stone  in  the  Decorated  style, 
conaL^tiag  of  three  lights  with  tracery,  is  by  Messrs.  New- 
man and  Son,  of  Winchester.  The  stained  "glass  represents 
the  "  Crucifixion  "and  "Good  Samaritan,"  with  the  em- 
blems of  the  Apostles,  and  is  by  Messrs.  Clayton  and  Bell. 
Mr.  John  Colsoti,  of  Winchester,  was  the  aixhitect. 

Two  stained  glass  -windows,  the  joint  gifts  of  the  Lord 
Mayor  of  York  and  Robert  Fairer,  Esq.  (the  ex-sherirtl, 
have  been  erected  in  the  Guildhall,  York.  One  of  the 
windows  is  the  first  of  a  series  of  historical  subjects,  com- 
memorating the  election  of  Constantiae  as  Roman  Emperor. 
This  window  is  by  Messrs.  Hitrdman,  of  Birminghara. 
The  other  window  represents  King  Edgar  announcing  before 
the  ecclesiastical  and  military  chiefs  his  grant  to  them  of 
iha  privilege  of  making  or  choosing  the  laws  for  themselves. 
Thi«  window  is  by  Messrs  J.  Powell  and  Sons,  of  White- 
fmrs,  London.  Both  windows  were  designed  by  J.  E. 
Doyle,  Esq.,  the  authorof  "  The  Chronicles  of  England." 


would  pay  the  costs,  under  the  Land  Clauses  Con- 
solidation '  Act.  Vice-Chanoellor  .Sir  W.  I'.ige 
Wood  gave  the  sanction  of  the  Court  to  the 
various  proposals  of  the  Governors. 

A  Disputed  Agrf.kmest. — At  the  Vice-Chan- 
cellor's  Court,  on  Tuesday,  July  30,  before  Sir  J. 
Stuart,  the  cause  of  "  Lockv.  Nokes"*  was  heard. 
This  w;is  a  bill  for  specific  performance  of  an 
•agreement  for  the  purchase  of  Nos.  13  and  14, 
Basinghall-street,  for  the  sum  of  £14,000.  In 
July,lS65,  the  premises  were  put  up  for  sale  by 
auction,  but  were  not  sold.  Shortly  after  the 
auction  a  Mr.  Kekiay  called  on  the  vendor,  and 
stated  that  he  could  get  a  purchaser.  The  pliiintifi' 
referred  him  to  Messrs.  Davidson  and  Carr.  Mr. 
Carr  subsequently  told  the  plaintili'  that  it  was 
the  Masons'  Hall  Tavern  Company  th.at  were 
desirous  of  purchasing.  It  ajipeared  from  the 
evidence  that  the  plaintifi's  solicitor  advised  him 
not  to  sell  the  propertj'  to  a  company,  but  to  re- 
quire a  responsible  person.  On  November  3  the 
defendant  Nokes  agreed  to  purchase  the  property 
for  the  sum  of  £14,000,  and  to  complete  the  pur- 
chase according  to  the  conditions  of  sale  specified, 
which  fixed  January  31,  ISGG,  as  the  time  for 
completion.  After  considerable  delay,  theplaintifl' 
filed  this  bill  for  specific  performance  of  the 
agreement.  Mr.  Karslakc,  Q.C.,  and  Mr.  Frank 
Bush  appeared  for  the  plaintift',  and  contended 
that,  on  the  evidence,  the  plaintiff  was  entitled  to 
a  decree  for  specific  performance  of  the  agree- 
ment, and  for  an  inquiry  as  to  damages.  Mr. 
Bacon,  Q.C.,  and  Mr.  Horton  Smith  contended 
that  it  was  established,  as  a  fact  known  to  the 
plaintiff,  that  the  defendant  was  a  mere  agent  for 
the  Masons'  H.-dl  Tavern  Company,  and  never  in- 
tended to  incur  a  personal  liability.  The  Vice  ■ 
Ch.anceUor  said  the  plaintifli'  was  clearly  entitled 
to  a  decree  for  specific  performance,  and  for  an 
inquiry  as  to  damages,  and  the  costs  of  the  suit. 
After  some  discussion  the  defendant  was  decreed 
to  complete  on  September  1  next. 


§t\\ml  Items. 


LEGAL  INTELLIGENCE. 

At  the  Vice-Chancellor's  Court  on  Saturday  last, 
Mr.  Macnaughten  made  an  application  on  the  part 
of  St-  Thoma.s's  Hospital,  the  new  buildings 
of  which  are  to  be  erected  at  Stangate,  on  the 
south  side  of  the  Thames.  The  Governors  had 
accepted  the  contract  of  Mr.  Parry,  his  being  the 
lowest  of  the  contracts  tendered,  for  a  sum  of 
£327,000  odd  ;  and  they  now  asked  the  sanction 
of  the  Court  to  those  payments  being  made.  It 
would  be  necessary  also  that  the  Governors 
should  set  aside  £110,000  for  the  purchase  of  the 
site,  and  there  were  other  matters  which  would 
make  the  total  amount  asked  to  be  set  aside 
£140,000.  The  Charity  Commissioners  would  be 
^QA  *»''  their  sanction  to  a  proposal  to  set  aside 
±-90,000,  which  had  been  paid  by  the  Governors 
as  a  sum  which  would  be  required  for  other  mat- 
ters m  connection  -with  the  fitting  up  the  new 
bmlding.       The  Charing  Cross  Railway  Company 


The  eighth  party  of  visitora  to  the  Intern.v 
tional  Exhibition  at  Paris,  sent  by  the  Paris 
Excursion  Committee,  left  London  on  Tuesday 
2}er  the  Newhaven  and  Calais  routes.  There  were 
in  all  about  160.  One  of  the  divisions  was  accom- 
panied by  Mr.  M.  Glazier,  the  secretary  of  the 
Prii:e  Fund  for  Artizans'  Reports,  who  has  gone  to 
Paris  to  superintend  the  arrangements  for  assist- 
ing workmen  to  acquire  information  respecting 
French  industry  and  manufactures. 

Slate  of  an  excellent  quality  is  found  iu  several 
parts  of  Pennsylvania.  A  new  deposit  of  slate 
has  recently  been  found  at  Manheim,  on  the 
Reading  and  Columbia  Railroad,  six  miles  from 
the  Pennsylvania  Central  Railway  Junction,  and 
is  now  quarried,  it  is  said,  to  the  extent  of 
30  tons  a  day. 

The  directors  of  the  London  and  County  Bank 
held  their  half  yearly  meeting  yesterday,  at  which 
the  usual  report  was  presented.  It  states  that  the 
nett  profits  for  the  half  year  amount  to  £S2,0.iS 
2s.  2d.,  which,  added  to  £14,467  lis.  6d.,  brought 
forward  from  last  account,  makes  a  total  of 
£96,525  13s.  8d.  They  have  declared  the  usual 
bonus  of  6  per  cent,  with  a  bonus  of  5  per  cent., 
together  equal  te  22  per  cent,  per  annum,  carrying 
forward  £7,081  Is.  Id.  to  profit  and  loss  new 
account.  The  balance  sheet  shows  among  liabili- 
ties a  total  of  £12,032,334  Os.  lOp.  due  to  custo- 
mers,  and  £l,397,lS410s  lOd.  due  on  acceptances; 
while  on  the  opposite  side  the  bills  discounted  and 
advances  amount  to  the  sum  of  £10,334.327  l.id., 
and  the  cash  to  £3,284,351  IGs.  7d.  The  reserve 
fund  is  stated  to  be  £380,864. 

An  American  iron  safe  maker  in  the  Paris  Ex- 
hibition has  wagered  with  an  English  manu- 
facturer, to  the  amount  of  15,000f.,  that  the 
latter  cannot  pick  the  lock  of  a  safe  now  shown 
in  the  Exhibition.  The  winner  engages  to  divide 
the  stakes  between  the  charitable  institutions  of 
Washington,  London,  and  Paris. 

French  local  papers  give  a  curious  account  of 
the  result  of  sinking  an  artesian  well  in  the  de 
partment  of  Aude,  near  Narbonne.  "When  the 
depth  of  ISOft.  had  been  attained,  a  stream  of  car- 
buretted  hydrogen  gas  rushed  up  the  tube,  which, 
being  lighted,  has  continued  to  burn  steadily  with 
a  red  flame.  Along  with  this  gas,  water  flows, 
which  is  stated  to  be  extremely  bitter  and  cold. 


At  a  meeting  of  the  Common  Council  of  the 
City  of  London,  on  Monday  last,  Mr.  Deputy  Fry 
brought  up  a  report  from  the  Improvement  Com- 
mittee, which  recommeiuled  that  the  prifessioual 
services  of  Mr.  Heywood,  the  engineer  for  the 
City,  should  be  obt;viucd  to  assist  in  carrying  to 
a  successful  conclusion  the  Holboru  Valley  Im- 
provements. This  recommendation  was  opposed 
on  the  groimd  that  Mr.  Heywood's  appointment 
would  clash  with  the  duties  of  Mr.  Horace  Jones, 
the  City  architect.  After  a  lengthened  discus- 
sion, the  reception  of  tlie  report  was  negatived  by 
a  majority  of  14. 

The  report  of  the  Improved  Industrial  Dwel- 
lings Company  (Limited),  to  be  presented  at  the 
meetuig  at  the  Mansion  House,  on  August  3, 
states  that  the  total  sidjscribed  capital  is  now 
£81,225 ;  that  six  blocks  of  buildings,  to  acco- 
modate 168  families,  are  being  ercL-ted  upon  the 
Brit.annia-street  estate,  and  that  at  Greenwich,  two 
blocks  of  buildings,  to  accommodate  40  families, 
are  also  very  near  completion  ;  but  that,  the  di- 
rectors have  been  imable  to  proceed  with  the 
erection  of  the  contemplated  buildings  at  Lam- 
beth, iu  consequence  of  a  defect  in  the  title  ad- 
duced by  the  vendors  of  land,  which  w-ill  require 
to  be  settled  by  a  court  of  law.  !'"iirther,  that  an 
agreement  has  been  entered  into  for  the  purchase 
of  a  v<aluable  freehold  estate,  comprising  nine  acres 
of  land,  at  Bethnal  Green,  at  present  partly 
covered  by  some  hundreds  of  old  dil.apid,ated 
houses  .and  cottages,  and  where  there  is  ample  op- 
portunity for  the  expenditure  of  from  £100,000 
to  £150,000,  w-ith  the  certainty  of  profitable  re- 
turns, and  of  great  benefit  to  the  district.  The 
whole  of  the  company's  dwellings,  it  is  added, 
have  been  fully  occupied  during  the  p,ast  half- 
year,  and  there  is  still  a  constant  pressure  on  the 
part  of  applicants  for  vacancies. 

The  great  tabernacle  of  the  saints  at  Salt  Lake 
City  is  now  finished.  It  is  250ft.  wide,  and 
furnishes  comfortable  sitting  room  for  10,000 
persons. 

The  Melloume  Ar<ius  says : — During  the 
month  a  party  of  Chinese,  accompanied  by  a 
European,  have  been  busily  engaged  visiting 
cemeteries  iu  the  country  districts,  exhuming  the 
bones  of  deceased  Chinamen,  for  the  purpose  of 
transmission  to  China.  The  bones,  after  exhuma- 
tion, are  carefully  counted,  to  ascertain  that  none 
are  absent,  and  are  then  tied  up  in  jiarcels, 
labelled,  and  enclosed  in  boxes  with  a  quantity  of 
written  papers,  and  a  pack  of  Chinese  playing- 
cards.  Incense  and  perfumed  papers  are  kept 
burning  daring  the  ceremony.  The  numljer  of 
skeletons  which  have  been  thus  taken  up  is  very 
great. 

Mr.  Ward  has  just  completed  another,  the  last 
but  one,  of  the  series  of  pictures  he  is  commis- 
sioned to  execute  for  the  corridor  in  the  Parlia- 
ment House.  This  represents  William  and  Mary 
receiving  the  Lords  and  Commons  in  the  Banquet- 
ing House,  Whitehall,  an  event  which  happened  a 
short  time  before  their  coronation. 

The  Steele  mentions  that  the  subscription  list 
for  the  erection  of  a  statue  to  Voltaire,  to  which 
150,000  persons  have  already  subscribed,  will  be 
closed  on  September  SO.  The  commission  to  de- 
cide on  the  character  of  the  monument  includes 
some  of  the  most  eminent  literary  men  in  France. 
Amongst  them  are  M.  de  Sainte-Beuve  and  M. 
Prosper  Mcrimee,  both  senators,  and  M.  Coquerel, 
jun. 

Jasper  is  now  procured,  to  almost  any  required 
extent,  at  St.  Gervais,  in  Savoy,  where  the  quarry 
has  a  surface  of  at  least  24,000  square  yards,  and 
a  depth  of  about  22  yards. 

Mr.  B,  J.  Talbert,  iu  answer  to  Mr.  Robert 
Phillips's  letter  in  our  last  numler,  says  : — "My 
illustrations,  which  you  published  in  the  Building 
News,  were  certainly  not  intended  as  imitations  of 
old  examples.  But  surely  Mr.  Phillips  has  not 
paid  any  great  attention  to  the  subject  of  old 
wood-work,  or  he  would  not  state  thatthe  ancients 
did  not  use  dovetail  tenons,  and  that  they  always 
'  sloped '  their  mouldings,  or  finished  with  a 
mason's  mitre,  this  being  decidedly  incorrect." 

It  is  a  remarkable  and  a  gratifying  cir- 
cumstance, saj's  the  Telegraph,  that,  in  an  open 
competition  for  a  design  so  important  as  that  of 
the  freedmen's  monument  to  Abraham  Lincoln — 
a  work  which  must  interest,  not  only  every 
American  citizen,  but  every  thoughtful  human 
being — the  successful  candidate  should  be  a 
woman.  Art,  in  all  ages  of  all  nations  that  have 
given  it  a  home,  has  been  strangely  poor  in  the 
number  of  its  female  votaries ;  and  it  is  a  fate 
reserved   for  the  new   world  to  find  a  worthy  na- 


538 


THE  BUILDINa  NEWS. 


August  2,  1867. 


tional  sculptor  in  that  sex  which,  to  their  houoxir 
among  the  peoples  of  the  earth,  Americans  delight 
to  raise,  to  shield,  and  to  respect.  Miss  Hosmer, 
indeed,  does  not  depend  for  recognition  of  her 
abilities  exclusively  on  the  country  which  is  justly 
proud  to  claim  her  as  one  of  its  children.  Her 
fame  has  extended  to  Europe,  and  the  circle  of 
admiring  friends  among  whom  she  is  even  now  an 
honoured  and  welcome  visitor,  is  not  less  distin- 
guished by  critical  judgment  than  by  generous 
readiness  to  encourage  the  eftorts  of  genius. 

"  Gentile,"  whose  letter  on  the  West  London 
Synagogue  appeared  last  week,  seuds  us  the  fol- 
lowing : — "  I  am  afraid  you  misunderstood  my 
meaning  regarding  Mr.  Hardwick's  connec- 
tion with  the  above.  I  did  not  imply  any  doubt 
as  to  the  impartiality  of  that  gentleman's  de- 
cision. I  merely  wished  to  convey  that  I  could 
scarcely  believe  his  advice  (if  asked)  had  been 
acted  upon.  In  this  opinion  I  am  now  confirmed, 
as  from  subsequent  enquiries,  I  have  ascertained 
that  Mr.  Hardwick's  opinion  relative  to  the 
merits  of  the  designs  was  not  appealed  to." 

The  following  may  be  classed  among  the  many 
cheap  modes  for  purifying  water  which  have 
from  time  to  time  been  suggested  in  our  pages  : — 
Take  a  large  sized  gartlen  pot,  and,  having 
plugged  the  aperture  in  the  bottom  with  a  piece  of 
clean  sponge,  break  up  a  few  sticks  of  charcoal 
into  small  pieces,  which  strew  over  the  bottom  to 
the  depth  of  l^in.  or  2in. ;  place  the  pot  over 
a  pitcher  or  other  clean  vessel,  and  let  all  the 
water  used  for  culinary  purposes  be  filtered 
through  it.  By  ordinary  attention  in  keeping  the 
garden  pot  constantly  dripping,  a  considera'ole 
quantity  of  water  in  a  perfectly  pure  state  may  be 
thus  be  obtained.  Fresh  charcoal  should  be  used 
every  other  day,  and  the  sponge  cleansed.  If  de- 
spatch is  required,  strew  charcoal  over  a  very  fine 
sieve  or  milk  strainer,  and  let  the  water  be  passed 
through  it ;  this  will  answer  the  same  purpose, 
but  the  water  will  not  be  quite  so  clear. 

The  following  letter  has  appeared  in  the 
Times: — Sir, — Mr.  Palgrave  proposes  to  increase 
the  usefulness  of  the  new ,  court  of  the  India 
Office,  and  to  preserve  its  decorations  by  glazing 
it.  I  venture  to  express  a  hope  this  common- 
place proposition  may  be  entertained.  At  the 
present  time,  even  in  bright,  clear  Paris,  the 
court  of  the  Beaux  Arts  Ls  being  covered  in. 
The  glazed  roofs  over  courts  at  the  Grand  Hotel, 
and  at  the  Hotel  du  Louvre,  are  thoroughly  suc- 
cessful all  the  year  round,  and  enjoyed.  The 
ventilation  is  good,  the  temperature  is  equalized, 
and  plants  and  flowers  flourish  at  all  seasons. 
If  glazed  courts  are  useful  in  Paris,  they  are  much 
more  necessary  in  London ;  and  it  is  certainly 
quite  possible  to  erect  glazed  coverings  over  courts 
without  any  damage  lo  the  architecture.  It  is 
mere  prejudice  not  to  do  so.  I  wish  architects 
would  remember  the  effects  of  the  dirt,  the  fogs, 
which  Charles  Lamb  called  '  meat,  drink,  and 
clothing,'  the  rains,  and  the  smoke  of  London, 
and  provide  against  the  discomforts  of  them. 
— I  am.  Sir,  your  obedient  servant,  Henry  Cole. 

In  the  House  of  Commons,  on  Wednesday  last, 
Sir  Harry  Verney  asked  the  Secretary  of  State 
for  the  Home  Department  whether  he  would 
endeavour  to  devise  means  for  the  preservation 
of  ancient  monuments,  many  of  them  belonging 
to  prehistoric  periods,  and  some  to  the  Roman 
occupation  of  CJreat  Britain,  which  existed  in 
different  parts  of  the  country,  and  many  of  which 
have  been  injured  and  partially  destroyed,  owing 
to  the  ignorance  of  their  value  and  want  of  care  of 
their  owners.  Mr.  Hardy  said  he  had  not  seen 
the  notice  of  the  hon.  gentleman's  question  imtil 
he  came  down  to  the  House.  It  was,  no  doubt, 
extremely  desirable  that  these  remains  should  be 
preserved,  but  he  thought  the  growing  intel- 
ligence of  the  country  was  the  best  means  on 
which  they  could  rely  for  securing  that  end. 
He  certainly  did  not  see  how  the  Home  Office 
could  be  turned  into  an  .archaeological  department. 
There  was,  too,  a  difficulty  in  the  way  of  any 
Government  interference,  arising  from  the  fact 
that  the  monuments  in  question  were  private 
property. — Mr.  Tite  obtained  leave  from  the 
House  of  Commons,  on  Wednesday  last,  to  bring 
in  a  bill  to  regulate  the  construction  and  use  of 
buildings,  and  the  formation  of  streets  and  of 
sewers,  and  of  drains  in  the  metropoUs,  and  for 
other  purposes  connected  therewith. 

A  correspondent  of  the  Pall  Mall  Qazctte,  says : — 
To  those  who  take  an  interest  in  the  art  decora- 
tion of  London  it  will  be  a  'oitter  disappointment 
when  they  come  to  inspect  the  commonplace 
vulgar  rails  with  which   the   park  is  about  to  be 


surrounded.  A  portion  has  just  been  set  up  near 
Grosvenor-gate.  They  are  admirable  in  construc- 
tion, strong,  useful,  deeply  set  in  masonry ;  in 
short,  for  those  who  "  own  no  argument  but 
force  "  they  are  irreproachable.  But  for  a  touch 
of  art,  for  the  least  symptom  of  original  thought, 
for  any  attempt  to  combine  beauty  with  use- 
fulness, you  look  at  them  in  vain. 

At  the  present  time,  it  is  said,  says  the  Pall 
Mall  Gazette,  that  painters  in  Rome  draw  far  too 
little  from  the  life,  and  especially  from  the  nude  ; 
and  this,  not  by  any  means  because  good  models 
are  scarce,  but  because  it  pays  better  to  go  on 
manufacturing  third  and  fourth  rate  sentimen- 
talities for  the  supply  of  the  market,  than  to 
undergo  the  labours  necessary  to  make  a  man  a 
true  painter  or  sculptor.  The  buyers  are  almost 
exclusively  tourists,  chiefly  American  and 
English,  the  Americans  at  present  being  by  far 
the  best  customers  to  the  dealers  in  pictures  and 
works  of  art  of  all  kinds.  They  have  plenty  of 
money,  and  about  the  same  real  knowledge  of  art 
as  our  newly-made  rich  men  in  the  north,  who 
buy  pictures,  as  they  buy  upholstery,  for  the 
furnishing  of  their  houres  in  the  approved  fashion 
of  the  day.  There  is,  perhaps,  not  a  city  in  the 
world  where  art  is  more  thoroughly  a  manufac- 
ture than  it  is  beneath  the  shadow  of  the  walls 
that  were  raised  and  painted  by  Michael  Angelo 
and  Raffaelle. 

A  correspondent  of  the  Jom-nal  of  HoriicuUu,'e 
asks  whether  sawdust,  when  used  as  a  manure, 
breeds  wire  worms,  and  whether  there  is  any  ob- 
jection to  the  use  of  such  manure  'i  He  is 
answered  as  follows  : — There  is  not  even  a  shadow 
of  truth  in  the  objection,  and  if  the  sawdust  em- 
ployed be  that  from  any  of  the  tir  tribe,  the  tur. 
pentine  in  it  is  very  obnoxious  to  insects.  We 
know  of  many  gentlemen  who  have  the  floors  of 
the  stalls  of  their  riding  horses  constantly  covered 
Sin.  or  4in.  deep  with  sawdust,  as  it  is  soft  and 
moist  for  their  feet.  They  never  use  any  other 
bedding,  and  no  farmer  that  we  ever  heard  of 
before  objected  to  purchase  the  manure.  Pro- 
fessor Johnston,  in  his  "  Lectures  on  Agricultural 
Chemistry,"  says,  "  Sawdust  decomposes  slowly 
when  ploughed  into  the  soil  in  its  dry  state,  but 
it  nevertheless  gradually  benefits  the  land,  and 
should  not,  therefore,  be  permitted  in  any  case  to 
run  to  waste." 


irah  ftebs. 


TENDERS, 

Stanoate. — For  new  St.  Thomas's*  Hospital,  Stangate. 
Mr.  Henry  Curry,  architect.  Quantitiea  by  Messrs.  Strud- 
wick  and  Co.  ; — 


MM  ,15     i 

'S_  jd  i      'y„  Ja  I  t-  i 
■a  a^  i-  ro^^  u  I  o  a 


•5|    -2 


Ashby  and  Horner 

Hill  and  KeddeU 

Piper  and  Wheeler 

Brass  

Lee  and  Sous    

Gammon  and  Son    

Thome  and  Co 

Webster 

Higgs 

Mansfield,  Price,  and  Co... 

Holland  and  Hannen 

Myers  and  Son 

Lucas  Brothers 

Perry  and  Co 


382,100 
381,050 
377,060 
367,021 
364,000! 
3ri2,G6-l 
353,745 
353,654 
349,260 
347,168 
344,252 
340,946 
339,160; 
332,748 


384,960 
J3S3,950' 
379,764 
381,617| 
371,000 
366,755 
353,745: 
353,654 
il352,909 
j350,132 
848,995 
1344,996 
■342,443 
,334,596 


I      £ 

400,400 

400,300 

395,106 

383,821) 

390,000 

395,566 

362,645 

375,306 

367,276 

364,173 

364,488 

362,540 

351,455 

356,780 


£ 
402,450 
402,150 
397,637 
397,334 
392,700 
398,276 
362,645 
375,306 
370,653 
366,918 
368,878 
h66,  370 
360,494 
'358,409 


Enfield.— For  new  stables  at  Enfield,  for  Mr.  H.  W. 
Draper.  Mr.  Thomas  J.  Hill,  architect :— Webb  and  Sons, 
£459. 

Kknt. — For  the  erection  of  a  pair  of  semi-detached  nllaa 
at  Eltham,  Kent,  for  Mr.  A.  F.  Timothy.  Messrs.  Tolley 
and  Dale,  architects: — Ritso  and  Capps,  £4,000;  Lang- 
mead,  £3,550  ;  Fawcett,  £3,550  ;  Blake,  £3,300. 

London. — For  repairs,  alterations  and  painting,  at  Lon* 
don  Mission  House,  Blomfield-street.  Fiusbury.  Mr.  E.  C- 
Robins,  arcliitect: — Laing,  £285  ;  Staines  and  Son,  £276  J 
Pritchard,  £255. 

London. — For  alterations  and  additions  ■to  a  warehoase, 
Noble-street,  City.  Mr.  Herbert  Ford,  architect : — Cole, 
£700;  Perry,  £648:  Beeton,  £640;  Gordon  and  Co.,  £588  ; 
Sabey,  £580 ;  Crabb  and  Vaughan  (accepted),  £467. 

London. — For  five  houses,  Norraau's-buil dings,  St. 
Luke's.  Mr.  Thomas  J.  Hill,  architect: — Perry  (accepted), 
£2,000. 

LoNDON.^For  alterations  to  Messrs.  Dudley,  Rolls,  and 
Co. 's  envelope  works  in  GoswelLstreet.  Mr,  J.  W.  Denui- 
son,  architect.  Quantities  eupplied  by  Mesai-s.  Franklin 
and  Andrews; — Patman  and  Fotheringham,  £6,395  ;  Brass, 
£6,235;  Rider  and  Son,  £6,044;  Downs,  £5,985;  Little, 
£5,ft7s ;  Newman  and  Mann,  £5,914  lOs.  ;  Henshaw, 
£5,883;  Myers  and  Sons,  £5,757;  Browne  and  Robinson 
(accepted),  £5,553. 


Norwood. — For  works  at  Central  Hill,  Norwood,  for 
Mr.  D.  MUler.  Mr.  Thomas  J.  Hill,  architect :— Webb 
and  Sons,  £1,424  ;  Wood  and  Co..  £1,365  ;  White,  £1.249; 
Sabey,  £1,100  ;  Anley,  £1,073  ;  Corbeldick,  £1,005  ;  Perry, 
£997. 

Paignton  (Devon). — For  the  erection  of  a  sessions' 
house,  police-station,  public  offices,  and  assembly  room, 
for  the  local  board,  Paignton,  Devon.  Quantities  supplied. 
Mr.  J.  Tarring  and  Son.  architects,  the  Lodge,  Gary  Parade, 
Torquay,  and  26,  Bucklersbuiy,  London,  E.G.  : — Perrett 
and  Sons,  Paignton,  £4,732  8s.  6d.  ;  Roberts,  London, 
£4,290  :  Stevens,  Paignton,  £4,2l6  lOs.  ;  Call  and  Pethick, 
Plymouth,  £3.975 ;  Weeks,  Paignton,  £3,779 ;  Evans 
Brothers,  Paignton,  £3,653  8s.  lOd.  ;  Bragg  and  Dyer, 
Paignton,  £3,417  15s.  ;  PiUer,  Torquay,  £3,212. 

Strand.— For  alterations  and  repairs  to  No.  7,  Adam- 
street,  Strand,  W.C.  J.  Tarring,  26,  Buculersbury,  E.C., 
architect: — Jameson  and  Hobson,  £409  lOs. ;  Clemence, 
1326;  Richards,  £307  10s. 


BATH  STONE  OF  BEST  QUALITY. 

Randell  and  Saunders,  Quarrymen  and  Stone  Mei- 
chants,  Bath.  List  of  Prices  at  the  Quarries  and  Depots, 
also  Cost  for  Transit  to  any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
furnished  on  application  to  Bath  Stone  Office,  Coi-sham, 
WiJ  8.— [Advt.J 


PROPERTY  SALES. 

July  25. 

At  the  Mart. — By  Messrs.  Debenham,  Tewson,  and 
Farmer.  Lea.^ehold  residence,  No.  41,  Cumberland-street, 
St.  George's-road,  Pimlico,  annual  value,  £65,  term  74 
years  from  1859  at  £S  per  annum — sold  for  £600. 

Leasehold  four  houses  (in  carcase),  Nos.  5  to  8,  'Rye  Hill- 
road,  Peckham  Rye,  term  99  years  from  1866  at  £10  per 
annum — £600. 

Leasehold  premises,  No.  2,  Queenhithe,  City,  let  at 
£250  per  annum,  term  17  years  unexpired  at  £100  per 
annum — £830. 

By  Mr.  Newbon. — Leasehold  five  houses,  Nos.  8,  10,  12, 
13,  and  14,  Alexandra  road.  HoUovvay,  let  at  £34  each, 
terms  99  years  from  1S59  at  £6  each  per  annum — £320  to 
£340  each. 

Leasehold  six  residences,  Nos.  1  to  6,  Stanley-terrace, 
HoUoway,  annual  vahie  £40  each,  term  similar  to  above 
at  £6  68.  per  annum — £340  each- 
Leasehold  i-esidence,  No.  163,  Heminj^ord-road,  Bams- 
biiry,  annual  value  £60,  term  about  75  years  unexpired  at 
£1  per  annum — £615. 

By  Jlessra.  Ellis  and  Son. — Leasehold  residence.  No.  8, 
Fitzroy- street,  Fitzroy-square,  annual  valae  £100,  also  a 
buildmg  in  the  rear.  No.  7,  London-mewa,  term  90  years 
from  1890  at  £14  14a.  per  annum— £470. 

Leasehold  two  residences,  Nos.  60  and  62,  Hill-street, 
Peckham,  tenn  70^  years  from  lS18at£12  per  annum — 
£400.         ^ 

At  the  Guildhall  Coffee-house. — By  Mr.  F.  Chap- 
man.— Leasehold  eight  houses,  Nos.  1  to  S,  Elizabeth- 
buildings,  Hogarth-lane,  Chiswick,  let  on  lease  at  £40  per 
annum,  term  500yeai-s  from  1800 — £610. 

July  2G. 

At  the  Mart. — By  Messrs.  Farebrother,  Lye,  and 
Wheeler. — Leasehold  four  residences,  Nos.  297,  309,  313, 
and  315,  Vauxhall  Bridge-road,  producing£263  per  annum, 
term  57  years  unexpired  at  £10  each  per  annum — £2,570. 

By  Messrs.  Norton,  Trist,  Watney,  and  Co.— Freehold 
residence,  with  stabling,  garden,  orchard,  and  cottage, 
situate  at  Hillington-end.  Uxbridge,  Middlesex  -£l,670. 

Freehold  and    copyhold  two  residences    with  gardens,  i 
situate  as  above,  producing  £75  per  annum — £l,44U. 

By  Mr.  \V.  G.  Gray. — Freehold  estate  known  as  Swig's 
Hole  Farm,  in  the  parishes  of  Horsmonden  and  Breuchley, 
Kent,  comprising  farmhouse,  oasthouse,  cottages,  budd- 
ings, and  161a.  Or.  35p.  of  land— £6,000. 

By  Mr.  A.  Booth. — Leasehold  improved  ground  rent  of 
£19  per  annum  (for  about  75  years),  secured  upon  Nos.  24 
and  25,  Stock  Orchard  Villas,  HoUoway— £305. 

Leasehold  house.  No.  9,  Malvern-terrace,  Park-road, 
Tottenham,  let  at  £22  per  annum,  term  99  years  from. 
1S62,  at  £4  15s.  per  annum^£lS5. 

By  Mr.  J.  Cayley. — Leasehold  manufactory  and  stabling, 
situate  in  Charles  street,  Albany-road,  Camberwell,  annual 
value  £200  per  annum,  term  40  yeara  unexpired  at  £6  per 
annum — £1,050. 


BANKRUPTS. 

to  surrender   in   BA3INOHALD-3TREET. 

Samuel  Cruttenden,  Battle,  plumber,  August  8.  at  2— 
Lawrence  Field,  Lower  Tottenham,  zinc  worker,  August 
8,  at  11— Jo.seph  Newton,  Oxford -terrace,  Paddington, 
builder,  Augiist  13,  at  2— -Joseph  Davis,  Fratton,  builder, 
August  15,  at  12— F.  H.  E.  Lo  Bihan,  Westminster  Cham- 
bers, engineering  draughtsman — William  May,  Charlton 
mechanical  engineer,  August  13,  at  2— William  Standing, 
Seaford,  builder,  August  14,  at  12. 

TO  SURRENDER  IN  THE  COUNTRY. 

William  Betts,  Norwich,  bricklayer,  August  8,  at  11— 
Edward  Davies,  Birmingham,  engineer,  August  9,  at  12— 
Thomas  Uove,  Marske,  Yorkshire,  joiner,  August  5,  at  11 
—Thomas  Rudkin,  Leicester,  plasterer,  August  6,  at  11  — 
G.  Shepherd,  Saint  WooUas,  Monmouthshire,  painter, 
August  6.  at  12— John  Small  Wilkes,  Darlastou.  builder, 
August  9,  at  12— Thoraas  Bailey,  Sunderland,  ii-onfoundor, 
August  13,  at  3— Henry  Dancy,  Woolston,  caipenter, 
August  14,  at  12. 

notices  of  sittings  for  last  examination. 

October  IS,  W.  W.  Redgi-ave,  Grove-street,  South 
Hacknev.  builder— October  25,  H.  J.  Dover.  Upper  Nor- 
wood, builder— November  8,  J.  E.  Gray,  Tividale,  iron- 
founder  -  September  2,  T.  L.  Jones,  Everton,  painter- 
August  30,  W.  Eddy,  Gosport,  plumber— August  19,  T. 
Aston,  Hereford,  carpenter— August  8,  H.  Perry,  Hayle, 
Cornwall,  plumber— August  3.  W.  Stoakes,  Newchurcb, 
carpenter— October  S,  W.  Cooke,  Chippeuhaui-terraue, 
Harrow-road,  sub-contractor— October  9,  Peto  and  Co., 
Great  George-street,  Westminster,  contractoi-s— October  9, 
A.  K.  Wheeler  and  R.  Dolling,  Sherborne-place.  Bland- 
ford-square,  plumbers — August  23.  J.  Moore,  Blackburn, 
builder— August  23,  T.  Rose,  Buxton,  plumber— August 
22,  R.  A.  Ellis,  Chelmondiston,  builder— August  12,  G, 
Read,  Islip,  brickmaker. 


August  9,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


539 


THE   BUILDING  NEWS. 


LOHDOK,  FRIDAT,  AUGUST  9.  1867. 


THE   PARIS   EXHIBITION.— No.  XI. 

WOOD  WOBK. 

WOOD,   as  we  have  mentioned   in   our 
notices  of  the  various  buildings  which 
stud  the   four  ijuarters   of  the   Pure,  plays  a 
most  important  part  in  the  Paris  Exhibition, 
and  the    carpentry    is   very    commendable. 
Carpentrj'  as  a  science  is  becoming  rapidly 
obsolete  in   this  country.     The  facility  with 
which  large  spaces  can  be  roofed  over  in  iron, 
and  the  great  increase  in  the  price  of  labour, 
combine  to  render  this  once  important  branch 
of  construction  less  cultivated  day   by   day, 
and  as  a  natural  consequence  the  carpenter 
becomes  less  and  less  an  intelligent  workman, 
his  work  becomes  more  slovenly,  and  a  really 
good  sound   i)iece  of    English    carpentry   is 
scarcely  to  be  found  now-a-days  out  of  a  ship- 
builder's yard,  and  but  seldom  there.  We  are, 
therefore,  glad  to  renew  our  acquaintance  with 
the  science  in  Paris,  where  it  and   the  art  of 
joinery  are  much  more  studied  than  with  us  ; 
and  we   advise  those    workmen   who    avail 
themselves  of  the  cheap   excursions  now  or- 
ganized to   well   and   carefully  examine   the 
Russian,  Swedish,  and  Austrian  buildings  in 
the  Pare.     Woods  from  all  parts  of  the  world 
are  here  exposed,  but  we  do  not  find  anything 
which  is  new  and  useful  ;  some   few  contri- 
butions of  "  fancy  woods  "  for  furnitui-e  are 
■worthy   of   being  inquired    after,    but    the 
timber  sent  from  the  Baltic,  Canada,  and  our 
other    timbi>r-producing     sources    is    all    of 
well-known  character,   but,  as  might  be  ex- 
pected, of  an  unusually   tine  quality,  and   of 
very  large  dimensions.     Amongst  the  most 
notable  improvements   in   the   conversion   of 
wood  for  building  purposes  are  the  machine- 
made  articles  in  joinery  ;  and  we  have  in  the 
Exhibition  excellent  illustrations  both  of  the 
machines  themselves  and  their  work.   Shortly 
the  steam  joiner  will  only  need  his  human 
colleague  to  fix  his  work  for  him,  and  it  is  im- 
possible to  look  upon   the  very   admirable 
doors  and  window  frames  sent  from  Vienna 
without  being  impressed  by  the  fact  of  the 
extreme  impolicy  of  setting  man's  life  to  do 
that  which  a  machine  can  do  so  much  better. 
These  products  of  the  Vienna  Joinery  Com- 
pany are  worthy  of  the  notice  of  all  engaged 
in  building  ;  they  are  admirable  in  construc- 
tion, and  extremely  moderate  in  price,  and  we 
should  hail  with  pleasure  their  large  importa- 
tion into  this  country.     They  are  not  merely 
machine  transcepts  of  good  hand  work,  bat 
are    incomparably    better    and    truer    than 
any    hand   work   used   to   be  ;   it  would  be 
but   faint    praise    to     say    better    than     it 
now  is,  for  the  rage  for  cheap   labour  and 
DO    brains    has     ruined    joinery    in     these 
latter  days,    and    the   wretched     four-panel 
door  which  haunts  us   everywhere,  with  its 
thin  panels  and  sprigged-in  mouldings,  is   a 
weary  travestie   on   the  joinery  of  that   best 
abused  portion    of   our    history — "the    last 
century,"  when  men   took  pains  with  their 
work  and  Trades'  Unions   were   not.      The 
doors  from  Vienna  remind  us  of  what  joinery 
used  to  be,  and  the  old  fashion  of  making  the 
mouldings  a  portion  of  the  framing,  fixing  the 
panels  into  them,  and  wedging  all  up  together 
with  the  styles,  is   most  welcome  to   behold 
again.     We  would  particularly  call  attention 
to  thedooi-3  framed  in  various  coloured  woods, 
where  both   construction  and  decoration  are 
so  carefully  attended   to,   and    also   to    the 
French   casements  made   by  the  same  com- 
pany.      Norway    exhibits     some     excellent 
joinery,  but  of  much  simpler  character  and 
of  a  ruder  build  than  the  Viennese.     There 
18  room  for  the  products  of  both  these  coun- 
tries in  our   own,   and   we  trust    they  will 
speedily  find  their  way.     Norway  is  already 


attempting  it,  and  we  shall  give  Austria  a 
ready  welcome.  The  woodwork  of  Belgium 
belongs  almost  more  to  the  cabinetmaker's 
than  the  joiner's  craft.  Her  wonderful  pulpit, 
which  seems  to  be  everywhere,  so  frequently 
does  it  encounter  our  view,  is  an  excellent 
piece  of  workmansliip,  and  reflects  the 
highest  credit  on  all  concerned,  and  the  figure 
carving  is  worthy  of  any  period  of  art 
history.  M.  Goyers  deserves  the  highest 
praise"  for  this  work  ;  for  although  many 
English  architects  will  doubtlessly  exclaim 
against  its  crocketting  and  cusping,  we  must 
recollect  that  the  modern  translation  of 
Gothic  takes  a  difl'erent  form  on  the  Conti- 
nent than  with  us,  and  perhaps  their  transla- 
tion is  a  more  accurate  rendering  of  it 
than  our  slangy  polyglot,  after  all.  "There  is 
such  a  thing  as  being  too  wise  in  our  own 
conceits,  and  the  drawings  for  the  New  Law 
Courts  are  rather  startling,  and  (j^uite  dis- 
abuse our  mind  of  the  hope  for  unity  we 
once  indulged  in.  Scarcely  less  beautiful  is 
the  high  altar  of  M.  Pickery,  of  Bruges,  in 
oak  and  plaster,  but  in  remarking  upon  it  we 
are  drifting  rather  into  the  region  of  sculp- 
ture, and  must  return  to  the  less  enticing 
works  of  joinery  proper.  Chiefest  in  these 
are  the  many  works  of  marquetry  which  are 
exhibited,  and  it  is  very  gratifying  to  find  them 
being  so  largely  introduced  into  our  own 
country.  From  Wirtemberg  and  Austria 
come  some  admirable  examples  ;  those  from 
the  latter  country,  exhibiting  an  inlay  of  bent 
woods,  are  of  great  beauty  of  design,  and,  con- 
sidering their  low  price,  of  wonderful  manu- 
facture. Of  the  marvellous  inlays  in  furni- 
ture we  cannot  now  speak.  Our  articles  on 
the  constructive  portions  of  architecture  have 
prolonged  themselves  too  much  to  allow  us 
here  to  indulge  in  the  luxury  of  describing 
the  many  beautiful  and  wonderful  exhibits 
of  this  class,  and  we  can  only  in  passing 
allude  to  the  marvellous  work  in  M.  Four- 
drious'  exquisite  cabinet,  and  the  charming 
pictures  in  parquet  of  M.  Leimer.  Perhaps 
on  some  future  occasion  we  may  revert  to 
these  and  their  kindred  works  ;  and  we  trust 
in  our  next  article  to  conclude  our  remarks 
on  the  works  directly  connected  with  archi- 
tecture in  the  Paris  Exhibition. 


STRENGTH    OF    STEEL    BARS    AND 
PLATES. 

THAT  steel  h  destined  to  ultimately  super- 
sede iron  in  all  the  more  important 
branches  of  construction  to  which  that 
material  is  applied,  is  as  certain  as  that  iron 
has  eft'ectually  taken  the  place  of  timber. 
Some  time  will  probably  elapse  before  the 
substitution  becomes  general,  owing  chiefly  to 
two  causes.  The  one  is  that  we  have  not  yet 
succeeded  in  producing  a  uniform  description 
of  steel ;  and  the  other  is  that  we  have  not  been 
able  to  quote  a  standard  price  lor  it  per  ton. 
When  we  purchase  iron  of  a  certain  brand  and 
of  a  certain  quality,  we  are  sure  of  what  its 
working  capabilities  are  ;  but  the  case  is  other- 
wise with  steel,  which  presents  as  great  a 
diversity  in  its  resisting  powers  as  in  the 
methods  of  its  manufacture.  It  has  been 
urged  by  those  who  are  paitizans  of  the  em- 
ployment of  iron  in  preference  to  steel,  and 
there  are  always  some  who  are  averse  to  im- 
provement and  progress,  that  steel  is  more 
liable  to  fracture  than  iron,  and  that  it  par- 
takes of  the  brittle  and  treacherous  nature  of 
cast  iron.  Let  us  examine  this  objection,  and 
test  its  validity.  Undoubtedly  there  are  some 
descriptions  of  steel  more  liable  to  fracture 
than  some  descriptions  of  iron,  but  there  are 
also  others  aft'ording  not  only  superior 
ductility  to  the  softest  iron,  but  endowed  with 
much  greater  powers  of  resistance.  The  true 
way  to  profit  by  the  diversity  presented  by 
steels  is  to  study  their  individual  peculiarities, 
to  apply  each  to  that  particular  duty  for  which 
it  is  most  appropriate,  and  not  to  be  deterred 
from  availing  ourselves  of  the  services  of  so 
valuable  an  adjunct  to   the   constructive  arts 


by  any  ill-foimded  fears  of  its  capabilities. 
Steel  similar  to  iron  presents  considerable  dif- 
ference in  the  appearance  of  its  fracture, 
which  may  be  classed  under  five  distinct 
heads — 1,  fibrous  ;  2,  granular  ;  3,  fibrous 
and  granular  ;  4,  fibrous  and  crystalline  ;  5, 
crysUiUine  and  granular.  Experience  has 
abundantly  shown  that  the  principal  distinc- 
tion between  the  appearance  of  two  fractures  is 
due — and  solely  due — to  the  manner  in  which 
the  fracture  is  produced,  and  not  caused,  as 
has  been  erroneously  supposed,  by  the  nature 
of  the  strain  to  which  the  specimen  may  have 
lieen  exposed  during  the  time  of  its  working. 
If  the  fracture  be  gradual  and  prolonged 
the  section  will  present  a  fibrous  appearance. 
If,  on  the  contrary,  it  be  sudden  and 
violent,  the  exposed  surfaces  will  have  a 
granular  aspect.  Almost  any  intermediate 
degree  of  fineness  or  coarseness  may  be  pro- 
duced by  varying  the  mode  of  determining 
the  rupture.  There  is  one  important  distinc- 
tion to  be  observed  between  the  granular  frac- 
ture of  steel  and  the  crystalline  appearance  of 
wrought  iron  when  broken  in  a  similar 
manner.  In  the  former,  there  is  a  total  ab- 
sence of  all  those  brilliant  crystals  which  are 
so  largely  distributed  over  the  surfaces  of  the 
latter  metal  when  fractured. 

At  the  Paris  Exhibition  a  gold  medal  was 
awarded  to  Mr.  Christian  Aspelin,  of  the 
Norberg  and  Fagersta  Works,  Sweden,  for  the 
excellent  quality  of  his  steel  bars  and  plates. 
A  large  number  of  these  have  been  experi- 
mented upon  by  Mr.  David  Kircaldy,  of 
Grove,  Southwa'rk-street,  with  the  view  of 
testing  their  resistance  to  a  tensile,  compres- 
sive, shearing,  and  torsive  strain.  All  trust- 
worthy experiments,  when  they  relate  to  a 
material  long  recognized,  and  whose  powers  of 
resistance  are  well  known,  are  valuable ;  and, 
therefore,  any  bearing  upon  a  comparatively 
new  material  are  of  a  double  value  in  the  eyes 
of  those  desiring  to  avail  themselves  of  its  use. 
The  experiments  commenced  by  subjecting 
twelve  hammered  bars  of  Fagersta  steel,  of 
various  degrees  of  hardness,  to  a  tensile 
strain,  the  length  of  the  bars  being  nine  times 
their  diameter.  Of  these  twelve,  nine  frac- 
tured suddenly,  and  the  remaining  three 
slowly  ;  and  we  shall  find  that  the  difl'erent 
manner  in  which  they  broke  indicates  a  con- 
siderable discrepancy  in  the  results  obtained. 
The  mean  ultimate  strain  per  square  inch  of 
the  first  nine  was  98,1481b.,  or  nearly  44  tons  ; 
while  that  of  the  latter  was  but  61,3121b.,  or 
barely  37i  tons.  At  the  same  time,  the  mean 
ratio  of  elasticity  to  rupture  was  in  the  former 
case  63  per  cent.,  and  in  the  latter  70-3. 
Looking  at  the  relative  "  contraction  of  area 
at  fracture"  and  ultimate  permanent  exten- 
sion we  find  a  wide  discrepancy.  The  fig'U-es 
for  the  mean  results  in  the  first  nine  experi- 
ments were  7-73 and  4-5  per  cent,  respectively, 
while  Ln  the  three  latter  they  were  61-52  and 
16'5  per  cent.  We  must  warn  our  readers 
against  supposing  that  the  steel  which  bears 
the  greatest  tensile  strain  is  consequently  the 
most  advantageous  to  employ.  A  steel  that 
would  stand  a  maximum  tensile  strain  would  be 
very  unfit  for  application  to  a  railway  axle,  or 
in  any  situation  where  it  would  be  subjected 
to  incessant  jar  and  vibration. 

Passing  on  to  the  experiments  upon  the 
compressive  strength  of  the  bars,  there  were 
forty-eight  tested  in  all,  in  sets  of  twelve 
the  length  of  each  twelve  being  respectively 
once,  twice,  four,  and  eight  times  the  dia- 
meter. The  influence  of  an  increase  in  length 
in  the  specimens  upon  their  ultimate  resist- 
ance is  well  illustrated  in  these  experiments. 
The  mean  ultimate  strain  per  square  inch 
of  the  twelve  bars,  the  length  of  which 
equals  the  diameter,  is  200,000lb.,  or 
about  89|  tons.  It  should  be  noticed  here 
that  every  one  of  these  bars  gave  exactly 
the  same  "ultimate  strain,  which  is  a  very 
curious  coincidence.  A  falling-otf  in  the  ulti- 
mate power  of  resistance  is  at  once  apparent 
in  the  bars  whose  length  equals  twice  their 
diameter,  since  the  corresponding  mean  figure 
per  square  inch  is  155,1321b.,  or  close  upon  70 


540 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


August  9,  1867. 


tons.  With  a  length  equal  to  four  times  the 
diameter,  the  mean  strain  was  109,4961b.,  or 
nearly  49  tons,  and  when  the  length  reaches  to 
eight  times  the  diameter  the  ultimate  resist- 
ance per  same  unit  falls  to  36-8  tons.  With- 
out going  into  elaborate  calculations,  it  is  clear 
that  putting  L  for  the  length  of  the  bar  the 

;  1 

resistance  to  compression  varies  as  — .     It  is 


also  to  be  observed  that  the  proportion  of 
length  affects  the  manner  of  fracture  or  yield- 
ing to  the  strain.     The  first  twelve  bars  all 
failed  by  bulging,  the  next  two   sets  by  dis- 
tortion or  skewing,  and  the   last   twelve   by 
buckling.      The  ultimate  permanent  depres- 
sions appear  to  follow  no  particular  law,  since 
the  minimum,  0-331  of  an  inch,  is  given  by 
the  first  twelve  bars,  and  the  ma.ximum,  0-673, 
by  the  second  series.     From  the  e.Kperiments 
upon  resistance  to  shearing,   the  strength   of 
steel  is  manifestly  inferior  in  that  respect   to 
its  tensile  resistance.     Thus  the  shearing  stress 
of  the  bars  that  bore  a  tensile  strain  of  44  tons 
and  27.Jtons  respectively,  was  only  31-6  tons 
and  20J  tons  per  square  inch.     Some  idea  of 
the  necessity  for  giving  a  large   amount   of 
extra  material  in  cases  where  a  violent  sti-ain 
of  torsion  may  occur,  may  be  gatliered  from 
the  fact  that  \vith  a  length  of  lever  eiiual  to 
12in.,  the   mean  ultimate  resistance  of  twelve 
bars  whose   length  equalled   eight  times  the 
diameter  was   barely  one  ton.     In   order  to 
investigate  the  resistance  to  transverse   strain 
the   bars  were   placed   upon    supports   20in. 
apart,  and   the  force  applied  in  the   middle. 
With  the   exception     of    one     specimen  the 
bars  were  all  fairly  broken  across,  the  mean 
breaking  weiglit  being  1.5.;,  tons.     In  addition 
to  the  trials  already   described   four  Fagersta 
steel  wire  billets  were  tested  both  for  tensile 
and   compressive  strain.     The  mean  ultimate 
stress  per  square  inch  in  the  former    case  was 
187,5091b.,  and  in  the  latter  2(J0,000lb.     It 
must  be  borne  in  mind  that  in  the  first  num- 
ber is  represented   the    ultimate   strain   per 
square  inch  of  the  fractured  area,  and  not  of 
the  original   area,   which  amounted   only   to 
49,9631bs.     The  experiments  concluded   with 
the  testing  of  nine   rolled   plates   of  various 
degrees   of    hardness.      Their    mean    tensile 
strain  per  square  inch  of  fractured  area  was 
123,0741b.,  and  their  compressive,  or  resistance 
to  bulging,  was  109,8441b.  The  mean  ultimate 
strain    per  square   inch   developed   under   a 
punching  force  was  74,217lb.,  which  is  much 
less  than  the   previous  results,  but   the   ini- 
pactive  element  in  a  punching  strain  must  be 
taken  into  account  when  instituting  a  compa- 
rison.    In  fact,  our  knowledge  of  the  actual 
force  of  impact  is  far  too  limited  to  enable  us 
to  deduce  any  rules  or  formulas  of  a  reliable 
character  respecting  its  action.     Considerable 
importance  lias  always  been   attached   to  the 
quality  of  Swedish  iron  and  steel  by  engineers 
and  architects,  and  the  results  of  "the°above 
experiments  are  excellent  proofs  of  what  their 
peculiar  system  of  manufacture  is  capable   of 
producing. 

^ 

INVENTORS  AND  INVENTIONS.* 

MR.  DIRCKS  is  deeply  impressed  with 
the  conviction— a  conviction  shared  in 
by  most  persons — that  the  present  patent  law 
of  Kngland  does  not  work  hy  any  means  so 
Bati-sfactorily  as  it  might  and  oug'lit  to  work. 
It  is  in  a  very  confused  and  anomalous 
state  indeed.  Perhaps  no  other  law  is  so 
little  understood,  or  regarding  the  result  of 
which  siniilar  diversity  of  opinion  exists  even 
among  inventors  and  patentees  themselves. 
If  proof  of  this  were  wanting  we  find  it  in 
the  late  "  Report  of  the  Patent  Law  Commis- 
sion,' a  very  voluminous  document,  particu- 
larly noteworthy  for  the  conflicting  character 
of  its  contents.  The  question,  "  Have  you 
any  reason  to   suppose  that  public  inconve- 


'  "luventorsand  Inventions."  By  HENBy  Dircks,  C  E 
&c.,  Author  of  the  "  Life  of  the  M.irtiuis  at  Worcester." 
E.  and  F.  N.  Spon,  48,  Cliaring-gross.    18S7. 


nience    is    caused    by    the   multiplicity     of 
patents  ? "    is  answered  by  twenty-four  wit- 
nesses in  the   affirmative,   and  by  eighteen 
witnesses  in  the  negative.      Again,   to    the 
question,    "Do    you    consider    that    patents 
ought  to   be  refused   on   the  ground  of  the 
trifling  and  frivolous  nature  of  the  inventions 
for  which  they  are  claimed  1 "     The  reply  is 
"  Yes "   by  eight  witnesses,   and    "  No "   by 
twenty-one  witnesses.     The  very  terms  used 
in  the  discussions  relating  to  patent  cases  in 
our  law   courts   are    constantly    being    con- 
founded and  misapplied.     For  example,  how 
frequently  is  the  question  asked,  "  What  con- 
stitutes  an  invention  ? "     How   often  do  we 
hear   a   petty  improvement   spoken  of  as  an 
invention ;    while   the   terms   discovery  and 
invention  seem  to  be  regarded  as  synonymous 
by  persons  who    certainly   ought   to    know 
better.     Then,  again,  there  can  be  no  doubt 
whatever  that  inventors   as  a  class  are  sub- 
jected to  grievous  wrongs,  and  their  interests 
demand  that  they  shall  be  properly  protected. 
To  suggest  some  such  remedial  measures  lor 
the   sake   of  inventors,  and  to   endeavour  to 
solve  some  of  the   most   striking  difficulties 
that  surround  the  question  of  patents  gene- 
rally, is  the  object  of  Mr.  Dircks,  in  the  work 
Ijefore    us.       It  is  in  three  parts— namely, 
first,  the  philosophy  of  invention,  considered 
strictly  in  relation   to  ingenious  contrivances 
tending   to   facilitate  scientific   operations,  to 
extend  manufacturing  skill,   or  to  originate 
new  soui-ces  of  industry ;  second,  the  rights 
and    wrongs    of    inventors,    particularly    as 
affected  by  the  influence  of  patent  monopoly 
legally  and  politically  examined  ;  and,  third, 
early  inventors  and  inventories  of  secret  in- 
ventions employed  from  the  thirteenth  to  the 
seventeenth  century,  in  substitution  of  letters 
patent.     Mucli  curious   information   is  con- 
tained in  this  last  part ;  the  former  may  be 
considered  the  more  important  and  practical 
portions  of  the  work.     While  we  may  not  be 
inclined  to  agree  with  Mr.  Dircks  in  every- 
thing that  he  has  advanced,  still  we  must 
admit  that  he  discusses  the  important  ques- 
tions of  patents  in  an  able,  painstaking,  and 
impartial  manner.      It  is  a    question  upon 
which,   remembering     his   lengthened   expe- 
rience as  an  engineer  and  an  inventor,  very 
few    are     better   fitted    to   pronounce.      His 
familiar  acquaintance  witli  the  whole  subject 
is  especially  well  shown  by  the  clever  manner 
in    which    he     critically    examines   several 
articles  in  the  Times  on   patent   right  mono- 
poly, and  exposes  the  foolish— we  might  say 
mischievous— statements  of  the  leading  jour- 
nal.    The  Times  has  persistently  denounced 
the  patent  monopoly  of  inventioias — it  would 
sweep  away  the  whole  system.     Its  arguments 
are  not  likely,  we  fancy,  to  affect  the   judg- 
ment of  more   practical  minds.     Mr.   Dircks 
shows,  and  he  is  supported  by   Jeremy  Ben- 
tham,    Mr.    Mill,    and   Mr.   McCuUoch,  that 
while  it   might   be  of  some  advantage  for  a 
limited  period,  to  manufacturers,  if  monopoly 
were  disallowed,  since  they  would  have  fewer 
conflicting  interests    to    contend  with,    the 
public,   on  the   other  hand,  would  gain  no- 
thing by  such  a  step.     With  these  great  eco- 
nomists,   Mr.    Dircks  believes   that  "in  new 
inventions  protection  against  imitations  is  not 
less   necessary  than   in  established  manufac- 
tures protection  against  thieves  ;  "  and   that, 
"  of  all  methods  of  exciting  and  rewarding 
industry  thi,s  (of  granting  patents  for  a  limited 
time)  is  tlie  least  burthensome,  and  the  most 
exactly  proportioned    to   the    merit   of   the 
invention."       His     objections     are    entirely 
directed  against  the  loose  manner  of  granting 
patents,  and  his  suggestions  on  this  liead  are 
well  worth  serious  consideration.      He  says, 
"A   patent  granted   to   an  inventor    differs 
widely   from   a   patent   of  nobility,  the   one 
being  disputable,  the  other  indisputable.     An 
inventor's  patent  is  granted   to  liim  on  tlie 
grounds  that  he  is  the  true  and  first  inventor, 
that   he   describes  his   invention   fully,   and 
that,  if  needful,  he  furnishes  an  exact  draw- 
ing of  his  mechanical  arrangements.     But  he 
IS  otherwise  helpless.      He  has  a   property 


without  enjoying  absolute  possession  of  it, 
and  the  next  man  he  meets,  if  richer,  may 
deprive  him  of  it,  or  attempt  to  do  so,  if  he 

chooses No  one  doubts  the  tricks  and 

chicanery  that  are  attendant  on  great  patent 
law  cases  in  our  courts  of  justice,  and  yet 
no  active  measures  are  taken  to  lessen  the 
evil.  A  fortune  has  very  often  to  be  spent  in 
law  to  realize  a  fortune  through  the  medium 
of  a  patented  invention,  which  could  not 
occur  under  any  system  with  a  semblance  of 
justice  in  it.  In  the  case  of  a  patent  trial, 
science  itself  appears  a  very  Janus  in  court, 
and  the  whole  legal  process  seems  like  a  case 
of  life  and  death  between  rival  patenties. 
All  this  mockery  of  justice  and  mere  parade 
of  scientific  knowledge  might  be  avoided  by 
some  more  judicious  mode  of  granting  patents 
in  the  first  instance.  A  committee  of  exami- 
nation would  be  one  means.  But  a  patent 
might  graduate,  and  undergo  examination,  at 
the  end  of  si.x,  nine,  or  twelve  months  (or  even 
later,  if  it  appeared  desirable  to  the  patentee) 
in  order  to  decide  its  right,  either  to  confirm 
its  acceptance,  or  its  being  decisively  annul- 

Isd And    why  not  even  require   an 

income  tax  on  their  produce,  in  return  for 
rendering  it  unnecessary  to  litigate  their 
validity  as  at  present,  and  in  liquidation  of 
the  extra  process  that  might  be  incurred. 
When  settled  thus,  after  sufficient  time  has 
been  allowed  to  all  interested  opponents,  a 
patent  certified  and  sealed  should  be  as  clearly 
evidence  of  the  right  of  an  inventor  as  are 
the  deeds  of  the  landowner  of  his  right  to 
his  possessions." 

Mr.  Dircks  would  have  a  scale  of  years 
dependent  on  the  nature  of  the  patent,  dis- 
tiiiguishing  "  the  original  novel  scheme  signi- 
ficantly and  correctly  called  inventions,  from 
the  class  flowing  from  them,  which  are  pro- 
perly designated  improvements."  To  the 
first  he  -would  give  protection  for  fourteen 
years,  to  the  other  no"t  more  than  five  years, 
which  period,  however,  might  be  extended 
should  it  appear  that  the  presumed  improve- 
ment, on  further  consideration,  was  found 
worthy  of  taking  a  place  as  an  invention. 
"The  alarmists,"  says  the  author,  "who 
would  become  destroyers  of  patent  protection 
form  a  class  which  may  well  rank  with  the 
bygone  destroyers  of  machinery.  The  patent, 
like  the  machine,  places  at  our  disposal 
labour-saving  processes,  increased  supply  at 
diminished  cost,  and  with  articles  of  con- 
sumption both  cheaper  and  better  in  quality 
than  those  pre-i-iously  known."  Mr.  Dircks' 
work  is  really  an  able  argument  in  favour  of 
patent  law  reform,  and  as  such  we  commend 
it  to  the  attention  of  all  who  are  interested 
in  the  question,  which  is  undoubtedly  one 
of  vast  public  importance.  We  may  add 
that  the  book  contains  an  excellent  portrait 
of  the  author,  the  work  itself  being  dedi- 
cated to  Mr.  Henry  Bessemer,  the  well-known 
inventor. 


MEETING    OF    THE    ARC  ECOLOGICAL 
INSTITUTE,   HULL. 

ADDRESS  BY  THE  ARCHBISHOP  OF  YORK. 

ON  Tuesday  week  the  inaugunxl  meeting  of  the 
present  anniversary  of  the  members  of  the 
Royal  Archieological  Institute  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland  was  held  ia  the  reception  room  at  the 
Townhall,  Hull.  There  was  a  very  numerous 
assemblage  of  members  and  ticket-hoklprs  a  fair 
proportioa  of  thuse  present  being  ladies.  The 
mayor  (Alderman  Loft)  presided,  and  had  ou  his 
right  and  left  Lord  Talbot  de  Malahide.his  Grace 
the  Archbishop  of  York,  the  Kight  Rev.  the  Lord 
Bishop  of  Liacoln,  the  Dean  of  York,  Archde.acon 
Long,  Rey.  Canon  Brooke  (vicar  of  the  Holy 
Trinity),  W.  Wright,  Esq.,  deputyJieutenaat  of 
the  East  Riding,  &c.,  &o. 

In  the  course  of  a  very  able  and  interesting 
address,  his  Grace  said :— In  readiog  the  trans- 
actions of  the  sister  society,  to  which  I  happen  to 
belong,  I  am  struck  with"  the  moderation  of  the 
present  race  of  archaeologists  in  fixing  the  limits  of 
their  science,  and  in  the  method  which  they  pur- 
sue within  those  limits.  Archeology  is  a  science 
of  the  remote  past,  but  this  general  description 
would  include  ethnology,  the  history  of  languages, 


August  9,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


541 


and  the  study    of    aDcient  written   records,  or 
palaeography.      Archaeology,     according     to    one 
authority,  should   be  content  to  separate  herself 
from  all  these  tempting  subjects,  aud  to  confine 
herself  to  the  study  of  the  works  of  human  skill, 
which  indicate  the  growth  and  social  condition  of 
man.     A  boundary   line   so   artificial    as    this  is 
likely  to  be  transgressed  from  time  to  time.      The 
charter,  the   chronicle,    and   the    will   are  often 
appealed  to,  although  the  object  of  the  science  is 
not  the  written  documents,  but  they  are  used  not 
so  much  for  the  written  thought  as  for  some  tangi- 
ble monument  on  which  they  may   throw  light, 
not  60  much  for  the  development   of  mind  they 
contain  as  for  their  account  of  things  produced  by 
manual  skill.     The  charter  illustrates  for  us  some 
church,  castle,  or  abbey  ;  the  will   with  its  inven- 
tory of  household  possessions  admits  us  to  the  in- 
terior of  a   dwelling  which  we  can  by  no  other 
means  reproduce,  as  it  was  upon  the  day  when  the 
possessor  left  it  never  to  return.      The  main  busi- 
ness of  archieology  is  with  the   work   of  men's 
hands.     For   my  own  part,  I  would   venture  to 
submit  that,  in   taking  for  its  materials  all   the 
materials  of  history,  archaiology  would  do  better 
still.     I  am  glad  to  see  a  department  of  history 
connected  with  this  institute.    Now  this  boundary 
is  a  very  narrow   and  artificial  one,  but  within  it 
the  archaeologist  has  learnt  to  prescribe  to  himself 
rigid   rules  of   method.       You  know  that  every 
science  consists  of  two  parts,  the  collection  of  facts, 
and  the  grouping   of  the    facts  when    collected 
under  some  idea,  or  law,  or  principle,  call  it  what 
we  will.     A  French    writer  tells   us   that  in    the 
course  of  their  history  sciences    passes  through 
three  stages — the  theological,  and  the  metaphysical 
and  the  positive.     I  prefer   to  say   that  sciences 
are  found   in  three   conditions — the    first,  where 
facts  are  scanty,  and  theory  too  active;  the  next, 
where  facts  have  been  industriously  collected,  but 
theory  has  not  been  applied  for  their  due  interpre- 
tation ;  and  the  last   or  perfect   condition,  where 
facts  have  been  abimdantly  supplied,  aud  theory 
has  been  used  with  soberness,  aud  yet  with  bold 
sagacity,  for  their  explanations.     Now  the  greatest 
peril  to  science  has  always  been  on  the   side  of 
the  tendency  to  theorize  overmuch.     The  hypo- 
thesis, too  swift  of  foot  for  the  laggard  experience, 
has  left  her  behind.     Bacon,  in  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury,   usually  has   the  credit  of  awakening   the 
world  of  science  from  a  speculative  dream  to  a 
sober  experience ;  but  the   remarks  of  Leonardo 
da  Vinci  and  others  show  that  this   was  felt  by 
other  minds.     Bacon  was  the  spokesman  for  his 
generation,  of  an  intuition  which  perhaps  no  one 
else  could  have  expressed  so  well  or  with  so  large 
a  result.     Now,   the   temptation  which  besets  all 
physical  sciences  perhaps  assails  archa;ology  with 
the  greatest  force  and  success.      Over  the  restored 
building  or  the  exhumed  relic,    the  feelings  of 
wonder,   reverence,    respect,    and    curiosity    are 
aroused  ;  who   can   wonder   that  the   theory,  or 
rather  guess,  is  prompt,  or  that  it  is  ambitious  ? 
Dr.  Stukeley  wrote   in  1740  that  the  church  at 
Driffield  was  very  old,  and  contained  an  efBgy  of 
Paulinos,  the  first  Archbishop   of  York.     I  pro- 
bably do  him  no  wrong  in  saying   that  the  only 
evidence  connecting   the  basso-rilievo  which  still 
exists  in  the  church  with  my  great  predecessor 
was  that  Paulinos  was  the  first  and  most  illustrious 
Archbishop,  and    that   there   was  no   particular 
reason  against  fixing  his  name  to  the  ecclesiastic 
with  a  crosier  whom  he  found  at  Driffield.  Stukeley 
was  a  wild  and  speculative  inquirer,  and  in  such 
hands  archeology  had  not  advanced  very   much 
beyond  the  monks  of  Meaux,  who  record  that  in 
the  reign  of  Henry  the   Second   "  the   bones  of 
Iving  Arthur  and  of   Guinevere,   his  Queen,  were 
discovered  at   Glastonbury,"    and    were    distin- 
guished by  most  unmistakatile  marks,  for  Arthur's 
thigh-bone  exceeded  by  three  fingers  the  length  of 
the  tallest  man's  thigh  bone  that  had  ever  been 
found  when  measured  down  to  the  knee.     More- 
over, the  space  between  his    eyebrows  was  of  the 
breadth  of  the  palm  of  a  man's  hand.    One  under- 
stands the  mistake  which  makes  artless  monk  and 
credulous  doctor  hasty  to  make  over  to  saint  and 
hero  the  first  great  and  worthy  thing  that  imagi- 
nation can  manage  to  connect  with  their  names. 
But  guesses  of  this  kind  are  not  archseology,  and 
It  makes  little  difference  in  our  estimate  of  them 
whether  they  happen  to  be  right  or  wrong  ;  they 
tend  to  bring  the  whole  subject  into  ridicule  and 
disrepute.     Many  people  think  to  this  day  of  a 
museum  of  antiquities  as  a  collection  of  stones  and 
potsherds  ticketed  into  dignity  by  falsehoods,  and 
divide  collectors    into    two    classes — those    who 
deceive  themselves,  and  those  who  would  deceive 
other  people.    Modern  archieologists  do  not,  upon 


the  whole,  deserve  this  harsh  estimate.  In  the 
transactions  of  both  o;ir  English  societies  there 
is  a  remarkable  caution  and  sobriety.  To  avoid 
a  groundless  theory  seems  to  have  become,  as  it 
were,  part  of  the  moral  code  of  the  archieologist. 
The  time  foi'  theories,  it  seems  to  be  admitted, 
begins  when  the  collection  of  facts  has  been  large 
and  general,  aud  as  exhaustive  as  the  subject 
seems  to  admit.  Archieology  has  passed  through 
the  same  stages  as  the  other  sciences.  Once 
astronomy  and  chemistry  were  bare  of  facts  but 
full  of  dreams.  But  she  was  born  late ;  and  her 
earlier  trips  and  stumbles  took  place  amongst  her 
grown-up  sisters,  who  make  merry  with  her 
failures,  yet  the  ridicule  has  stimulated  her 
eftbrts,  and  no  science  walks  more  firmly  or 
more  truly  aloug  the  line  of  induction.  But  ever 
and  again  the  ardent  curiosity  and  impatience  for 
symmetry  will  lead  us  again  into  hasty  generaliza- 
tions. The  theory  of  three  periods — the  stone 
age,  the  bronze  age,  and  the  iron  age — has  been 
carried  too  far;  and  in  assigning  a  place  to  any 
weapon  or  other  implement,  people  oftep  forget 
that  long  after  bronze  and  iron  were  discovered, 
stone  might  continue  to  bo  used  among  the 
poorer  and  less  civilized,  whilst  in  our  own 
country  it  is  very  probable  that  the  iron  in- 
strument preceded  the  composite  metal  bronze, 
which  was  in  use  on  the  continent.  At  present 
one  cannot  help  thinking  that  many  of  those 
who  explain  to  us  lacustrine  dwellings  of  early 
times,  and  the  buried  fliut  implements,  and  the 
inhabited  caves,  have  far  outstripped  the  facts  at 
their  disposal.  An  enormous  antiquity  has  been 
claimed  for  earthern  vessels  found  about  the  lake 
dwellings,  on  the  ground  that  the  lake  dwellings 
must  be  enormously  old,  but  an  archaeologist 
sets  them  side  by  side  with  vessels  known  to 
be  of  the  fifth  and  sixth  centuries  after  Christ, 
of  the  sort  known  as  Anglo-Saxon,  and  finds 
the  form  the  same.  Surely  this  marked  simi- 
larity of  form  is  worth  more  than  any  mere 
speculation  as  to  what  the  age  of  the  lake  dwell  ■ 
ings  ought  to  have  been.  And  this  brings  me 
to  consider  a  little  more  closely  the  work  of 
the  archaeologist,  and  to  recognize  its  dignity  and 
worth.  -Archxology  might  be  called  the  micro- 
scope of  history ;  and  we  know  that  without  the 
microscope  neither  geology  nor  physiology  could 
have  reached  its  present  exactness.  Ehrenberg 
computed  that  every  cubic  inch  of  a  stratum  of 
Tripoli  powder,  at  Bitiu,  in  Bohemia,  contains 
41,000,000,000  of  the  Gallionella  distaus,  and 
this  bit  of  stone  or  pinch  of  powder,  a  thou- 
sand times  more  populous  than  this  island  of 
men  aud  Women,  would  have  kept  its  wealth  of 
life  a  secret  only  for  the  microscope.  One  may 
say  that  without  this  instrumeat  the  science  of 
physiology  could  not  exist.  The  services  which 
archaiology  render  to  history  are  of  the  same 
kind,  and  in  the  end  they  will  probably  not  be  less. 
To  take  an  English  example,  not  foreign,  perhaps, 
to  this  moment,  when  one  finds  in  the  time  of 
Edward  III.  memorials  addressed  to  the  Kiug  by 
the  inhabitants  of  a  town,  demanding  justice 
against  some  sherifl:"  for  having  conferred  the 
enfranchisement  on  them,  saying  that  they  were 
"  maliciously  compelled  to  send  men  to  Parlia- 
ment," our  notions  receive  a  certain  shock.  It  is 
plain  that  we  have  possessed  representative  insti- 
tutions longer  than  we  have  appreciated  them. 
History  repeats  itself.  Can  it  be  that  that 
mysterious  entity,  the  compound  householder, 
wUl  hereafter  turn  round  and  revile  the  able 
leader  of  the  House  of  Commons  for  having 
maliciously  compelled  him  to  send  men  to  Parlia- 
ment, and  for  having  as  part  of  the  machinery  of 
his  measure  permitted  the  cold  shadow  of  the 
rate  collector  to  darken  his  doorway  ?  My  Lords 
and  Gentlemen,  yours  is  a  young  science  in  a 
rich  world  ;  upon  the  face  of  this  country  we  find 
marks  of  two  primeval  races,  and  the  monu 
ments  of  the  Roman  power  abound,  and  York 
itself  is  called  a  "  second  Rome."  Anglo-Saxons, 
Danes,  and  Normans,  have  written  their  names 
upon  its  page.  Almost  ninety  religious  houses 
received  those  who  sought  peace  in  flying  from 
an  unquiet  world,  instead  of  doing  battle  with 
its  trials.  Its  churches  are  marvellous  for  their 
grandeur.  Ten  or  twelve  that  are  fit  to  be 
cathedrals  might  easily  he  counted.  More  than 
one  great  national  struggle  has  steeped  the  soil  in 
blood.  These  successive  strata  of  our  social  and 
religious  development  have  been  very  imperfectly 
examined  as  yet,  and  before  a  systematic  history 
of  their  formation  is  written,  patient,  plodding, 
self-denying  observation  will  have  much  to  do 
That  much  is  being  done  at^this  moment,  we  are 
all  aware. 


On  Wednesday,  the  proceedings  were  resumed 
by  the  Historical  Section  meeting  in  the  theatre, 
of  the  Royal  Institution.  Lord  Talbot  de 
Malahide  opened  tlie  business  of  the  section.  His 
lordship  then  called  upon  Mr.  Councillor  Symons 
(Hull)  to  read  his  paper — "An  Early  Sketch  of 
the  River  Hull."  Mr.  Symons  said  : — The  name 
of  the  river  was  derived  from  the  Gaelic  "  Hoi " 
or  "  01 "  — water — as  in  some  ancient  documents 
the  word  was  spelt  Hul.  Formerly  the  river  was 
called  Saver's  Creek,  after  Lord  Sayer,  of  Sutton. 
It  had  undergone  many  alterations  in  appearance 
since  the  time  when  King  Edward  was  charmed 
with  it,  and  the  street  which  runs  parallel  with  it, 
aud  which  was  formerly  called  after  it — now  High- 
street — had  also  altered  with  the  march  of  time, 
as  far  as  appearance  goes,  for  the  worse.  The 
diversion  of  the  course  of  the  stream  to  the  east- 
ward, about  the  year  1'256,  was  alluded  to,  and 
ascribed  to  the  inundations  to  which  the  town  was 
at  one  time  subject.  The  remainder  of  the  paper 
was  devoted  to  a  sketch  of  the  rise  aud  progress  of 
the  trade  of  the  town,  more  particularly  with 
respect  to  that  portion  of  it  transacted  on  the 
river  Hull  and  in  its  immediate  vicinity.  Mr.  G.  P. 
Green,  of  London,  read  a  paper  "  On  the  Siege  of 
Hull,  164"2  ;"and  papers  were  read  by  Mr.  Tindale,  of 
Bridlington  (descriptive  of  his  collection  of  stone 
flint  implements  fovuul  by  him  on  Sir  J.  V.  B. 
Johnstone's  estates  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Brid- 
lington), and  by  Mr.  J.  Burtt,  the  secretary,  on 
the  Yorkshire  tumuli.  In  the  evening  a  meeting 
was  held  at  the  Royal  Institution,  at  which  a 
paper  was  read  "  On  the  Roman  Station  at  Slack.'' 
One  of  the  most  interesting  fe.'itures  in  the  list  of 
special  attractions  provided  fur  the  members  is  the 
temporary  Museum  of  Antiquities,  which  has 
been  arranged  in  the  long  room  of  the  Music- 
hall,  Jarratt-street.  The  bulk  of  the  articles  ex« 
hibited  are  Hint  aud  stone  implements  of  ancient 
manufacture,  the  principal  part  of  which  have 
been  collected  by  Mr.  E.  Tindale,  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Bridlington,  and  are  exhibited  by  him. 
Prominent  in  this  part  of  the  museum  is  a  por- 
trait of  Flint  Jack,  a  well-known  maker  of  spurious 
"  antiquities."  Next  to  the  fiint  implements 
are  placed  a  number  of  early  British  urns,  all  in 
good  preservation.  Here  also  are  three  huge  stones 
which  were  taken  out  of  a  tumulus  upon  an 
elevation  of  land  named  Rudda.  These  stones  are 
supposed  to  have  been  used  by  the  ancient 
Britons  for  the  purpose  of  mooring  their  "  coracles" 
to.  Mr.  W.  "Warden,  U  ull,  exhibits  a  Roman 
amphora  or  wine  holder.  The  utensil  is  in  good 
preservation,  and  has  capacity  for  holding  eighteen 
gallons.  The  collection  of  f-ronze  implements  ia 
not  so  large  as  the  one  which  precedes  it,  but 
some  excellent  specimens  are  shown.  The  museum 
is  further  enriched  by  several  specimens  of  ancient 
.carving,  and  water-colour  drawings  of  celebrated 
ruins,  painted  by  Mr.  B.  R.  Green.  The  Hudders- 
field  Arehaiological  Society  send  for  exhibition  a 
collection  of  red  tiles  from  Roman  sepulchres. 
Mr.  W.  D.  Keyworth,  the  honorary  secretary  of 
the  local  museum  committee,  contributes  a  fine 
alabaster  basso  relievo,  "  The  Taking  Down  from 
the  Cross,"  which  was  found  under  the  high  altar 
at  Walsingham  Abbey,  and  which  is  supposed  to 
be  of  the  time  of  Edward  I.  Andrew  jlarvel's 
bible,  in  good  preservation,  has  been  forwarded  by 
Mr.  S.  W.  Khke,  Hull.  On  one  of  the  silver 
clasps  is  an  anagram  on  the  name  of  the  original 

A 
owner,  "Reward  Emanuel."     Councillor  Symons 

M 
exhibits  some  specimens  of  homespun  silk,  found 
in  the  rafters  of  a  house  in  High-street,  and  which 
are  supposed  to  be  at  least  200  years  old. 

The  Architectural  Section  met  for  the  first  time 
on  Thursday,  under  the  presidency  of  Sir.  S. 
Glynn,  Bart.  Archdeacon  Trollope  read  a  paper 
on  "  Certain  Sculptures  Found  in  Lincoln  Cathe- 
dral." He  remarked  that  he  should  probably  be 
able  to  throw  more  light  upon  these  sculptures, 
through  the  circumstance  of  a  scaffolding  having 
recently  been  erected  under  them,  than  many 
previous  inquirers  had  been.  The  sculptures  in 
question  formed  a  'oand  along  the  western  front  of 
the  Cathedral,  and  they  were  attributed  to  the 
time  of  Remigius,  about  the  twelfth  century. 
The  Archdeacon  then  explained  the  circumstance 
of  some  of  the  sculptures  leing  apparently  of 
more  recent  date  than  that  which  be  ascribed  to 
them,  and  then  went  on  to  describe  s^:riatim  the 
several  sculptures,  of  which  photographs  were  ex- 
hibited. They  commenced  with  the  earliest 
scenes  described  in  the  Bible,  and  closed  with 
those  which  were  yet  to  be  enacted.  The  first 
was  "The  Expulsion  of   Addm  and  Eve  from 


542 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


August  9,  1867. 


Paradise;"  the  next  "The  Curse  of  Man" — "  By 
the  sweat  of  thy  brow  thou  shalt  eat  bread;"  No. 
3,  "The  Building  of  the  Ark;"  No.  4  was 
apparently  composed  of  two  distinct  subjects, 
both,  however,  haviug  reference  to  the  "  Tlising 
of  the  Flood  ; "  and  the  lecturer  remarked  that 
they  bore  out  the  generally  conceived  idea  that  the 
waters  rose  gradually.  No.  5  also  referred  to  the 
Flood,  in  which  subject  the  series  was  particularly 
rich.  It  depicted  "  Noah's  Family  Entering  the 
Ark,"  and  it  was  remarkable  that  the  group 
of  animals  following  them  were  not,  as  in  the 
scriptural  record,  walking  in  couples,  but  singly. 
The  right  hand  portion  of  the  stone  seemed 
to  allude  to  Noah  aud  his  fimily  after  they  had 
left  the  Ark,  and  the  patriarch  communing  with 
God.  As  to  the  meaning  of  No.  6  the  speaker  in- 
vited the  opinions  of  those  present.  He  thought 
they  alluded  to  passages  in  the  life  of  Samuel. 
No.  7,  "  Daniel  in  the  Lions'  Den."  No.  8 
apparently  began  the  New  Testament  series,  and 
referred  to  "  Our  Lord  Communing  with  a  Dis- 
ciple." Nd.  9  had  been  very  beautifully  pre- 
served :  it  depicted  "The  Lord's  Supper."  No.  10 
had  puzzled  most  writers  on  Lincoln  Cathedral. 
He  described  it  as  representative  of  "  The  Fate  of 
the  Redeemed  aud  the  Unsaved."  No.  11  repre- 
sented a  portion  of  "The  Torments  of  Hell." 
No.  1'2  is  an  interesting  continuation  of  this 
subject,  and  one  part  of  it  attempted  to  depict 
souls  issuing  out  of  the  jaws  of  Hell,  aud  being 
received  by  our  Lord — "  He  descended  into  Hell." 
No.  13  represents  "The  Saints  in  Happiness,"  and 
also  referred  to  the  different  orders  of  men.  No. 
14  also  depicted  "  Christ  Receiving  the  Souls  of 
Men." — Mr.  Freeman  (York)  would  like  to  believe 
that  the  sculpture  was  as  ancient  as  it  was  said  to 
be,  but  he  hardly  could,  for  the  representation  of 
foliage  seemed  of  more  recent  date  than  the  time 
of  William  the  Conqueror.  He  should  be  more  in- 
clined to  ascribe  the  work  to  Alexander  than 
to  Remidius.  The  English  were  not  barbarians 
when  the  Normans  came  over  to  tlfem,  and  there- 
fore he  did  not  see  what  special  instruction  they 
could  receive  from  the  Norman  bishop  alluded  to. 
— A  discussion  ensued,  during  which  several  sug- 
gestions were  ofl'ered  as  to  the  probable  meaning 
of  the  picture  No.  0,  but  they  were  disposed  of  as 
inapplicable. — The  usual  vote  of  thanks  was 
accorded  to  Archdeacon  TroUope. — Mr.  E.  Sharp 
next  read  a  paper  on  Selby  Abbey  Church  and 
other  churches  in  the  East  Riding,  the  latter  part 
of  the  subject  being  introduced  as  the  means 
of  affording  a  contrast  to  the  first  portion,  and  of 
elucidating  difficulties  which  might  arise  if  the 
subjects  were  taken  separately.  Mr.  Sharp  first 
alluded  to  the  grand  scale  on  which  Selby  Church 
was  designed.  It  was  a  conventual  church  of  the 
first  class,  but  not  lofty.  It  exhibiteil  three 
periods  of  our  national  architecture — the  Norman, 
the  Transitional,  and  the  Decorated,  or  curvilinear, 
period.  The  Transitional  period,  which  occurred 
between  1145  and  1190,  and  of  that  particular 
style  of  architecture  there  were  many  remains 
pointing  to  the  fact  that  during  these  forty-five 
years  building  was  carried  ou  with  great  rapidity. 
Mr.  Sharp  remarked  that  the  Transitional  period 
was  distinctly  marked,  and  could  be  readily 
identified  by  a  small  circular  ornament  at  the 
corner  of  the  capitals,  which  he  might  call  the 
Transitional  volute.  This  ornament  appeared  to 
cnly  have  been  in  general  use  for  about  twenty 
years,  but  examples  of  it  were  found  in  many 
countries.  He  next  alluded  to  the  great  beauty  of 
the  western  doorway  of  Selby  Church,  and 
remarked  generally  on  the  splendour  of  the  con- 
ventional foliage  of  the  Transitional  period.  The 
grand  feature,  however,  of  Selby  Abbey  Church 
was  its  choir  of  the  Curvilinear  period,  embracing 
a  seven-light  window  of  the  same  order  of  archi- 
tecture, one  of  the  finest  in  the  kingdom.  Speak- 
ing generally,  Mr.  Sharp  contended  that  in  1145 
the  Saxons  struck  out  for  themselves  a  new  order 
of  English  architecture  of  great  beauty,  aud 
in  advance  of  the  Norman  style,  which  had  been 
practised  in  France  for  many  years.  At  Bever- 
ley Minster  they  had  an  extraordinary  instance  of 
copyism.  The  whole  of  the  nave  was  not  of  the 
Lancet  period,  although  in  that  form,  for  the 
whole  building  was  of  later  date ;  it  belonged  to 
the  Curvilinear  period.  They  had  there  a  design 
continued  throughout  the  building  of  an  earlier 
date  than  was  being  practised  at  the  time  of  the 
erection  of  the  work.  The  fact,  however,  w.as 
discovered  by  the  builders  being  so  wedded  to 
thek-  own  styles  of  mouldings.  Mr.  Sharp,  in  con 
elusion,  alluded  to  the  principal  architectural 
points  of  interest  at  Biidliugton  Priory  Church, 
Howden  Chapter  House,  Trinity  Parish  Church, 
Hull,  and  the  Minster  at  Beverley. 


On  Friday  the  excursions  were  made  on  the 
other  side  of  the  Humber,  and  the  noble  Abbey 
of  Thornton,  and  the  antique  Saxon  church  at 
Barton,  formed  the  great  attractions.  At  Thorn- 
ton, the  ruins  of  the  gatehouse,  or  more  properly 
in  this  case,  guest-house,  are  singularly  pic- 
turesque. There  is  an  unusual,  but  not  excessive, 
breadth  of  walls,  notwithstanding,  the  front  face 
is  considerably  ornamented  with  many  niches 
and  sculpture  of  life-size  dimensions.  Over  the 
entrance  the  remains  of  the  sculpture  show  in  the 
upper  tier  a  martyr  with  a  crown  of  glory,  and  in 
the  lower,  the  three  figures  are  perfect,  the 
central  one  being  the  Saviour,  surmounted  by  a 
descending  dove ;  the  one  on  the  right  being  St. 
John.  At  the  back  of  the  gatehouse,  over  the 
refectory,  is  an  oriel  window,  the  recess  of  which 
formed  the  "  chapel  over  the  gate  "  for  early  mass 
for  travellers.  In  the  interior  there  are  passages 
in  the  walls,  and  guard-rooms  all  round  the  build- 
ing, with  loopholes  for  defence.  By  the  side  of 
the  altar  is  a  hagioscope  through  which  the  guards 
and  servants  could  view  the  elevation  of  the 
Host.  The  ruins  of  the  abbey  church  remain 
some  considerable  distance  in  the  rear,  and  there 
is  to  be  seen  a  vaulted  recess  between  the  chapter 
house  and  the  transept,  which  Mr.  Parker  explained 
as  being  a  sort  of  mortuary  house  in  which  the 
bodies  of  dead  priests  were  laid  whilst  prayers 
were  being  given  over  them.  The  architectural 
date  of  the  edifice  would  appear  to  be,  from  the 
evidence  of  style  and  documents  preserved,  from 
the  reign  of  Edward  III.  to  that  of  Richard  II., 
and  in  the  discussion  which  took  place  upon  it, 
Clee  Church,  in  the  neighbourhood,  and  Lincoln 
Cathedral,  were  referred  to,  eliciting  from  Mr. 
Parker  the  positive  statement  that  it  was  now 
proved  that  Lancet  Gothic  is  certainly  of  English 
origin.  St.  Hugh  built  the  quire  of  Lincoln — 
the  earliest  Gothic— in  1190  to  liOO.  Clee 
Church  was  consecrated  by  him  in  a.d.  1192,  as 
shown  by  an  inscription  still  remaining,  and  that 
church  is  in  the  same  style.  These  examples  are 
twenty  years  in  advance  of  anything  of  the  kind 
on  the  Continent. 

St.  Peter's  Church,  at  Burton,  possesses  a 
thoroughly  well  preserved  .tower  of  pre-Norman 
age.  The  arches,  if  they  may  be  so  termed,  of 
the  windows  are  formed  of  flat  lean-to  stones, 
and  the  central  pillars  of  the  double  ones  have 
that  chubby  round  balluster  form  which  charac- 
terizes the  stone  architecture  of  the  eleventh  cen- 
tury, antecedent  to  A.D.  1006,  whether  we  caU  it 
Saxon  or  Romanesques.  The  Saxon  tower  proper 
consists  of  four  storeys ;  the  lower  has  five  round 
wall  arches,  the  second  five  angulated  heads,  then 
comes  a  stringcourse  above,  which  is  a  double 
window  with  angulated  top,  then  a  stringcourse 
surrounded  by  another  double  window,  which  has 
round  arches.  The  remarkable  m.mner  in  which 
the  masonry  was  put  together  attracted  much 
notice,  and  was  more  like  the  work  of  carpenters 
than  of  masons.  Indeed,  we  know  the  Anglo- 
Saxons  were  timber  builders,  and  of  their  want 
of  knowledge  of  stone  construction  we  have  sin- 
gularly conclusive  negative  in  the  absence  of  any 
proper  word  in  their  language.  The  nearest 
approach  of  the  verb  to  build  in  Anglo-Saxon  is 
"to  timber." 

On  Saturday;  during  the  visit  of  the  institute 
to  Selby,  the  remains  of  one  of  the  abbots  was 
brought  to  light.  Mr.  E.  Sharpe,  of  London,  had 
desired  the  churchwardens  to  lay  open  the  ground 
outside  the  south  porch  for  the  purpose  of  search- 
ing for  any  remains  of  the  old  Norman  transept 
which  were  supposed  to  exist,  and  to  which  Mr. 
Sharpe  had  drawn  attention  in  one  of  the  sectional 
papers  at  Hull.  The  foundations  were  discovered, 
and  at  the  same  time  a  wooden  coffin  containing 
a  perfect  skeleton.  The  wood  was  completely 
decayed  and  black.  The  coffin  was  about  4ft. 
below  the  surface,  and  upon  it  was  laid  a  stone 
slab  of  about  5ft.  or  6ft.  long  and  some  ISin.  in 
width.  It  was  bordered  by  a  dog-tooth  moulding 
of  about  the  date  of  1220,  and  was  inscribed  length- 
wise, the  Roman  letter^  giving  the  word 
"  Alexander."  The  history  of  the  church  gave 
the  name  of  an  Abbot  Alexander,  appointed  in 
1214,  and  who  resigned  in  1221.  Mr.  Sharpe 
therefore  supposed  that  this  was  the  abbot  who 
had  built  the  work  which  partook  of  the  Lancet 
character. 

On  Monday,  the  members  visited  DrifEeld, 
Bridlington,  and  Flamborough.  On  arriving  at 
the  lirst-named  place,  the  party  was  placed  under 
the  guidance  of  Mr.  J.  Browne,  who  conducted 
them  to  the  church  of  All  Saints.  This  is  a 
building  of  grand  proportions,  the  tower  of  which 
is  a  remarkably  handsome  erection  in  the  Per- 
pendicular style,  surmounted  with  -crocketed  pin. 


nacles.  The  other  portions  of  the  structure  are 
of  the  Norman  and  Early  English  periods.  On 
the  chancel  door  there  are  fine  bold  leaved  capi- 
tals, which  were  inspected  with  considerable  in- 
terest by  the  archsologists.  At  the  east  end  o£ 
the  south  aisle,  there  was  examined  a  sculptured 
figure  in  full  pontificals,  with  crosier.  In  the 
opinion  of  Dr.  Stukely,  this  is  a  statue  of  Paulinus, 
the  first  Christian  Archbishop  of  York.  The 
church  at  Little  Driffield  was  also  visited.  It  is 
supposed  that  Aldfrid,  the  Saxon  king,  was  here 
buried.  Aldfrid  died  at  Danesdale,  in  the  year 
705.  The  tower  of  this  church  is  of  the  thir- 
teenth  century,  and  the  structure  is  embellished 
with  floriated  crosses  and  coats  of  arms.  At 
Bridlington  the  party  went  to  the  venerable 
Priory  church.  Mr.  Parker  described  several 
styles,  viz.,  the  Early  English,  the  Decorated,  and 
Perpendicular  styles,  of  which  this  church  is  com- 
posed. The  splendid  west  window  raised  by 
subscriptions,  and  the  equally  beautiful  east 
window,  given  by  Mr.  Clayton,  formerly  nf  Bles- 
singby,  were  greatly  admired.  Mr.  Parker  then 
gave  an  elaborate  description  of  the  exterior  o£ 
the  church,  and  what  it  had  been  at  different 
periods  of  time.  The  difi'erent  styles  of  architec- 
ture of  which  the  building  is  composed,  showed 
that  it,  or  part  of  it,  was  in  being  as  early  aa 
1270,  or  probably  as  early  as  1100.  The  archae- 
ologists next  visited  Flambro',  which  was  the 
birthplace  of  Sir  John  Puckering,  Kt.,  a  judge, 
one  of  the  Privy  Council,  and  keeper  of  the  great 
seal  of  England  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth. 
Here  there  are  small  remains  of  an  old  tower  or 
castle,  which  appears  to  be  of  the  Norman  style, 
though  tradition  asserts  that  it  was  erected  by 
the  Danes.  Many  of  the  archaeologists  expressed 
the  opinion  that  it  is  a  Saxon  relic.  The 
church  of  St.  Oswald  was  next  visited.  It  is  a 
stone  structure,  erected  about  the  middle  of  the 
eleventh  century.  The  chancel  is  separated  from 
the  nave  by  a  wooden  screen,  over  which  are  the 
remains  of  an  ancient  rood  loft.  The  workman- 
ship of  this  screen  was  said  to  belong  to  the  fifth- 
teenth  century,  and  is  extremely  rich. 

The  proceedings  of  the  Institute  terminated  with 
a  business  meeting  in  the  Townhall,  Hull,  the 
Mayor  in  the  chair.  There  being  no  definite  in- 
vitation to  visit  any  place  during  the  forthcoming 
year,  no  choice  was  come  to  by  the  committee, 
but  several  towns  were  mentioned  favourably, 
especially  Lancaster  and  Exeter,  and  it  is  gene- 
rally understood  that  at  one  of  these  two  placea 
the  meeting  of  1868  will  be  held. 


FAILURES  IN  CONSTRUCTION. 

AVERY  important  adjourned  discussion  took 
place  at  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Royal 
Institute  of  British  Architects,  on  a  paper  read 
before  the  Institute  some  time  ago  by  Mr.  Edwin 
Nash,  Fellow,  "  Upon  Failures  in  Construction." 
The  paper  has  already  appeared  in  our  pages.  Mr. 
Charles  Barry,  Vice  president,  was  Chairman,  and 
the  discussion  was  opened  by  Mr.  William  White, 
Fellow,  who  called  attention  to  the  failure  of  the 
nave  pillars  of  the  church  at  Lyndhurst  seven  or 
eight  years  ago.  It  was  explained  that  the  arcade 
was  supported  on  chamfered  brick  pillars,  sur- 
rounded with  small  slate  shafts.  Those  brick  pil- 
lars were  only  14in.  square,  and  some  might  say 
no  wonder  they  failed,  being  of  so  small  dimen- 
sions. But  he  had  surrounded  them  with  slate 
shafts,  which  he  knew  would  so  distribute  the 
pressure  as  to  make  them  substantial,  if  properly 
constructed.  In  the  drawing  it  would  be  seen 
that  the  pillars  were  divided  in  their  height  by  a 
band  of  stone,  connecting  the  slate  shafts  together, 
and  thus  distributing  the  pressure.  Now,  in  the 
construction,  those  slate  shafts  were  not  put  In 
when  the  weight  came  on  the  pillar,  and  therefore 
the  pillar  did  prove  unequal  to  the  weight  thrown 
upon  it ;  and  one  of  the  pillars  yielded  in  the 
beginning  of  December,  1856,  before  the  centres 
were  fully  struck.  There  was  a  crack  vertically 
upon  the  four  sides  of  the  stone  band  to  the 
whole  width  of  the  band,  showing  its  fracture 
into  four  pieces,  aud,  from  this,  the  fracture  began 
gradually  to  extend  to  the  brickwork  also.  That 
band  was  formed  of  Bath  stone,  only  6  inches 
thick.  There  was,  of  course,  great  pressure  in 
proportion  to  its  thickness  upon  the  heart  of  the 
stone,  entirely  unrelieved  in  its  outer  bearings, 
the  joints  being  kept  free  on  the  outside  to  pre- 
vent flushing.  Mr.  White  went  down  and  made 
a  further  careful  examination  of  the  work  ;  but 
he  had  already,  after  his  first  visit,  m.ade  calcula- 
tions from  such  standard  works  as  he  had  at  hand 
as  to  what  the  bearing  weight  ought  to  be — that 


August  9.  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


5i3 


'  was  to  Bay,  whether  the  pUl  irs  ought  properly  to 
.  support  the  superincumbent   weight  or  not.     He 
j  found,  on  calculation,   the  wlmle  weight    to   be 
'  carried  waa   16J  or  17  tons.     He  then  tjok  into 
account  the  pressure  of  wind  upon  the  s  '.rfaoo  of 
the    roof,     which   of    course    was    couiidera'le, 
though  there  might  be  also  to  some  small  extent 
a  counteracting  pressure  upon  the  other  side  ;  and 
he  found  that  when  constructed,  with  the  shafts, 
this  pillar  ought  to  carry   at  least  CO  or  70  tons. 
The  actual  weight  to  come  upon  it  was  only  one- 
third  of  that,  which  was  the  usually  recognized 
standard   for  safe    constructiou.       He    remarked 
that,   in   making    the  calculation,   he   consulted, 
amongst   others,    the    formula  of  Telford,    which 
gave,  as  the  bea'ing  weii^'ht  of  a  brick  pillar  l"2in. 
square,    320,0001bs.,  or  equal  to  nearly   150  tons. 
This,  again,  plainly  showed  the  failure  to  be  in 
the  stone,  not  in  the  brickwork.     The  necessity  of 
cast-iion  pillars   was   strongly  urged  upon    him. 
But  apart  from  the  objectionable  idea  of  such  a 
mode  of  dealing  with  it,  he  felt  that,   if  with  this 
construction  a  cast-iron  pillar  were  put  up  to  carry 
the  weight  to  be  caseil  with  an  ornamental  cover- 
ing of  bricks,  it  would  stultify  his  own  position  as 
:  >  the   original    construction,    if  properly  carried 
■  it;  and    this   position    he  felt  to  be  strong  and 
i^tiliable.     The  result  was,   that   each  of  these 
liaftd,  one  at  a  time,  was  taken  out.     He  used 
■lue  hard-pressed  Staffordshire  bricks,  and  a  six- 
:ioh  Portland  baud,  in  lieu  of  the  Bath,  was  iutro- 
jced  in  the  middle  of  the  pillar.     This   carried 
rverythiug  entu'ely,  without  the  slate  shafts  which 
were  put  in  afterwards.     The  best  selected   Port- 
land .vas  used  for  bands,  projecting  24in.  (i.e.,  be- 
yond slate  shafts),  and  chamfered.     Peake's  bricks 
f  ir  the  pillars,  and  the  shafts  were  bedded  top  and 
'  ttom   with   51b.   lead  and  a   thickness  of  felt. 
1  iiis  banding  had  since  been  carved,  and  every- 
thing proved  to  be  quite  satisfactory. 

Mr.  Edward  Hall,  visitor,  called  attention  to  a 
'  ;ilure  which  took  place  in  the  roof  of  the  original 
loydon  Railway  Station  at  London  Bridge,  and, 
^  far  as  he  recollected,  it  was  a  most  important 
c;i3e  of  failure,  inasmuch  as  that  roof  was  an 
illustration  of  Tredgold's  carpentry.  Last  time 
he  saw  it,  it  did  not  appear  to  be  in  use,  but  the 
tie  beam,  which  was  a  very  extraordinary  one, 
was  then  shored  up. 

Mr.  T.  Roger  Smith,  Fellow,  remarked  that  the 
roof  mentioned  as  having  been  shored  up,  was 
not  the  original  roof  of  Tredgold,  but  was  one 
which  was  put  up  about  ten  years  ago,  a  ciueen- 
post  roof,  of  which  he  had  numerous  drawings  in 
his  poasession.  It  was  a  timber  roof  of  90ft.  span, 
and  the  trusses  were  nearly  20ft.  apart ;  and  to  the 
circumstance  of  so  large  a  span  being  attempted 
in  timber  framing,  which  was  always  liable  to 
-Urmk,  added  to  the  trusses  being  so  far  apart,  he 
leheved  the  fact  of  its  failure  was  attributable. 
It  was,  however,  a  good  instance  of  a  fairly  con- 
structed roof  which  had  failed  from  having  at- 
tempted too  much.  The  roof  in  question  spans 
bat  part  of  the  South  Eastern  Railway  terminus 
-^t  London  Bridge  now  known  as  the  low-level 
idatforms.  It  is  a  timber  roof  of  a  single  span, 
and  was  erected  about  the  year  1850,  shortly  after 
ibe  fall  of  the  roof  at  the  Bricklayers'  Arms  station. 
That  roof  had  partly  rested  on  columns  inter- 
mediate between  the  external  walls,  and  one  of 
these  receiving  a  severe  shock,  which  fractured  or 
"verturned  it,  the  portion  of  roof  immediately 
supported  by  it  fell,  and  dragged  the  adjoining 
-ulumu  after  it,  and  so  on  till,  bit  after  bit,  the 
whole  had  fallen  to  the  ground.  In  consequence 
of  this  disaster  it  was  determined  to  have  no 
intermediate  supports  at  London  Bridge.  The 
clear  span  between  the  walls  is  92ft.  The  trusses 
.ire  queen  bolt  trusses ;  the  scantlings  are  as  fol- 
lows ; — 

ft.        in. 

Principals 9  X  12 

Tie-beams  (each  scarfed  at  the  cen-     9  X  15 

tre)    

Collar    9  X  12 

Braces  9X9 

Purlins 11  X    7 

Iron  queen  rods,  and  one  central 
rod  intermediate  between  them, 

circular 1| 

Iron    rod     intermediate     between 

queen  rod  and  wall,  circular 14 

■W'all].iate 6  X  12 

Trtisses  apart  (from  centre  to  cen- 
tre) 19ft.  9in. 

The  principal  rafter  is  held  down  at  its  feet  by 
two  straps,  which  also  embrace  a  timber  9ft.  X 
12in.  and  about  lift,  long,  fixed  immediately  un- 
der the  tie-beam.      This  roof  has  partially  failed  ; 


and  to  afford  support  to  it  two  stout  posts,  placed 
lOt't.  apart  (5ft.  each  side  of  the  centr.il  line),  on 
sglid  bearing.-i,  have  been  introduced  under  each 
tije-beam.  The  most  obvious  defects  of  the  roof, 
besides  the  lightness  of  the  scantlings,  as  com- 
pared with  the  span,  are,  the  extreme  distance 
apart  of  the  trusses,  the  want  of  a  greater  n\unl-or 
ot  braces  iu  the  truss,  the  unsatisfactory  placing 
of  the  purlins  with  relation  to  the  braces,  and  the 
irapei'fcctiou  of  the  mode  of  securing  the  feet  of 
the  principals  to  the  tie-beam. 

Mr.  J.  P.  Seddon,  Hon.  Sec,  said  in  Rochester 
Cathednal  he  had  noticed  the  following  curious 
circumstance.  The  triforium  of  the  nave  consisted 
of  an  outer  and  inner  series  of  small  arches,  rest- 
ing upon  columns,  between  and  connecting  which 
were  transverse  arches  thrown  across  from  column 
to  column  without  the  slightest  tie  or  abutment, 
and  the  weight  of  the  superstructure  had  di.s- 
located  them  to  a  serious  extent,  in  many  cases 
forcing  tlie  columns  to  lean  outwards,  and  the 
stability  of  the  .structuie  appeared  to  be  much 
endangered  througli  this  extraordinary  want  of 
foresight  in  the  original  construction,  and,  in  his 
opinion,  the  critical  condition  which  some  of  the 
columns  were  in  at  present  required  immediate 
attention. 

Mr.  Octavius  Hansard,  Fellow,  suggested  that 
Mr.  Seddon  might  be  able  to  give  them  some 
information  with  regard  to  the  extraordinary 
thrust  in  Yarmouth  Church,  which  had  thrown 
out  the  south  wall  of  the  south  aisle  to  the  nave 
so  much. 

Mr.  Seddon  said  that  this  had  been  caused  by 
the  decay  of  its  roof,  %vhich  he  did  not  believe 
was  the  original  one  at  all,  as  it  was  a  weak  and 
badly  constructed  roof  to  cover  so  great  a  width  ; 
for  the  spacious  aisles  of  the  church  were  no  less 
than  -loft,  and  had  but  moderate  abutments  in 
the  sliape  of  buttresses.  He  had  no  doubt  that 
the  original  roof  was  of  far  better  construction, 
with  proper  ties,  but  had  been  replaced  at  a  com- 
paratively modern  period  with  the  present. one. 
which,  though  of  oak,  had  never  been  well  con- 
structed, and  consisted  simply  of  couples  of  rafters, 
united  by  diagon.al  braces,  and  a  collar  crossing 
them  as  a  species  of  tie,  but  from  being  placed  so 
high  it  had  little  use  for  that  purpose,  and  had 
now  become  decayed,  and  the  pins  connecting  the 
timbers  loose.  It  was  a  similar  cause  which  had 
thrown  out  the  walls  of  half  the  churches  in  the 
country,  and  rendered  necessary  their  reconstruc- 
tion or  restoration  at  the  present  day. 

Mr.  Thomas  Morris,  Associate,  remarked,  that 
the  diagonal  pieces  to  which  Mr.  Seddon  alluded 
were  used  as  struts,  and  not  as  ties,  which  the 
mediajval  architects  never  used ;  they  considered 
the  walls  were  sufficiently  strong,  and  therefore 
built  the  roof  upon  them. 

Mr.  Seddon  said  that  he  could  not  agree  with 
Mr.  Morris  as  to  mediaeval  architects  not  using 
ties.  Occasional  ties  to  such  roofs  were  often  put 
across  from  wall-plate  to  wall-plate,  independently, 
as  it  were,  of  the  roofs,  but  still  to  counteract 
their  thrust,  and  in  later  times  these  had  incon- 
siderately been  wholly  or  partially  removed,  to  the 
detriment  of  the  structure.  He  (Mr.  Seddon) 
knew  of  many  such  ties  existing,  which  were 
evidently  original  from  the  character  of  their 
detail. 

Mr.  Charles  Fowler,  Jun.,  Fellow,  alluding  to 
concrete,  said  they  had  been  told  on  good  authority, 
the  result  of  careful  experiments,  that  concrete 
does  not  expand  in  setting,  but  he  would  mention 
one  or  two  instances  where  the  results  seemed  to 
have  been  deficient.  One  was  an  instance  in 
which  very  thin  concrete  was  vised  in  small  quan- 
tities to  form  the  base  for  laying  an  asphalte  floor. 
Many  present  would  recollect  the  flooring  in  the 
Byzantine  Court  at  the  Crystal  Palace,  and  the 
wavy  surface  that  it  presented.  That  floor  was 
formed  with  joists  considerably  above  the  level  of 
the  ground,  and  in  order  to  make  a  base  for  this 
ornamental  asphalte  floor,  the  space  between  the 
joists  was 'filled  in  with  concrete  to  a  little  above 
them  ;  and  as  the  work  was  done  in  a  hurry,  he 
had  no  doubt  the  floor  was  laid  before  the  con- 
crete had  properly  set,  and  the  result  was  it 
blistered.  In  another  instance  a  similar  thing 
occurred.  In  a  slate  gutter,  forming  the  upper 
member  of  a  brick  cornice,  the  two  sides  were 
grooved  into  the  bottom,  and  at  intervals  there 
were  slate  tics  dropped  in,  and  a  capping  grooved 
on  to  the  front.  The  same  method  of  construc- 
tion had  been  used  in  buildings  erected  many 
years  before,  and  had  stood  well.  In  this  instance 
an  attempt  was  made  to  give  a  fall  to  the  gutter 
by  putting  in  a  little  fine  concrete,  tapering  from 
nothiflg  to  more  than  three  inches  iu  the  thickest 


part ;  and  on  this — perh.apa  rather  too  soon — 
asphalte,  half  an  inch  thick,  was  laid  to  form  the 
bottom  of  the  gutter.  Within  a  month  or  two 
after  the  gutter  was  finished  the  concrete  wa.s 
found  to  have  expanded  with  strength  enough  to 
crack  the  slate  ties,  and  the  whole  thing  gave  way. 
To  remedy  this  the  concrete  was  taken  out,  and 
the  bottom  of  the  gutter  left  square.  The  small 
quantity  used  and  the  pure  quality  of  the  concrete 
were  perhaps  the  causes  of  the  failure.  There 
was  a  lai'ge  proportion  of  lime  in  the  concrete. 
[X  Member:  Was  there  any  cement?]  It  was 
nothing  but  a  line  concrete.  He  thought  the 
quantity  of  lime  ordinarily  used  with  concrete 
might  not  produce  expansion,  though  used  in  the 
proi>ortion  tliat  w.a3  done  in  the  cases  ho  referred 
to,  it  might  have  that  effect ;  but  in  no  case  did 
ho  think  the  use  of  concrete  for  such  purposes 
was  perfectly  safe,  unless  it  was  allowed  to  remain 
a  cousiilerable  time  before  any  superstratum  waa 
put  upon  it.  In  reply  to  inquiries,  Mr.  Fowler 
stated  he  did  not  know  what  description  of  lime 
was  used  in  the  Crystal  P.dace  floor,  but  in  the 
other  ca.se  the  ordinary  grey  lime  was  used. 

Mr.  C.  F.  Hayward,  l''ellow,  referred  to  the  use 
of  bond  timber,  which  was  most  fatal  to  all 
lermanency  in  construction.  If  any  quantity  of 
wooden  plates  and  bond  timber  were  used  iu  the 
walls  of  any  building,  it  must  eventually  tumble 
down  of  its  own  accord,  if  it  were  not  otherwise 
destroyed  from  any  of  the  other  causes,  and  in 
cases  of  fire  it  was  peculiarly  dangerous.  In  all 
buildings  of  his  own,  he  made  a  point  of  not  carry- 
ing tlie  joists  upon  plates  built,  in  the  wall,  (nit  to 
do  away  with  plates,  corbelled  out  the  walls  and 
inserted  the  joists  without  plates,  in  order  to 
avoid  having  any  of  them  in  the  building.  One 
cause  of  failure  not  touched  upon  in  the  discus- 
sion, was  the  decay  of  iron  structures  from  the 
continual  wasting  aw.ay  of  the  material.  He  had 
an  opportunity  of  noticing  the  dome  of  the  Cus- 
tom House  in  Dublin  during  its  repairs  a  few 
years  ago — which,  although  constructed  of  good 
Portland  or  similar  stone,  threatened  destruction, 
owing  to  the  rusting  away  of  the  iron  banding 
which  had  been  built  into  the  circumscribed  wall 
of  that  portion  of  the  building.  He  thought 
some  very  serious  questiims  would  one  day  arise 
with  respect  to  the  great  iron  girder  bridges  of 
railways,  when  they  began  to  get  a  little  old.  It 
seemed  to  him  before  very  long  they  would  have 
some  great  faihires  or  heavy  reconstructions  of 
these  railway  bridges,  for  it  was  perfectly  evident 
that  they  were  wasting  away,  notwithstanding  all 
the  painting — which,  indeed,  hardly  lessened  the 
evil — as  witness  the  tons  of  metal  scraped  away 
from  the  Menai  and  Conway  tubes  every  year. 
Unless  they  repaired  them  extensively  by  adding 
new  plates — unless  continual  reconstruction  was 
carried  on — he  feared  that  accidents  would  happen 
to  those  and  all  similar  large  iron  structures. 

Mr.  Joseph  Jennings,  Fellow,  said  with  reference 
to  risks  of  failure,  it  was  important  that  everybody 
should  anticipate  any  probable  causes  which  might 
occasion  failure  in  the  works  they  undertook. 
This  was  particularly  the  case  in  London, 
especially  in  connection  with  foundations.  It  was 
stated  in  the  paper  that  they  could  have  no  better 
foundation  than  chalk.  No  doubt ;  but  it  was 
seldom  they  were  able  to  build  upon  chalk,  and 
the  only  other  really  safe  foundation  was  either 
rock  or  concrete.  But  they  could  not  always  go 
to  the  expense  of  putting  in  a  concrete  foundation 
when  there  appeared  to  be  a  good  foundation 
without  it.  A  large  portion  of  the  failures  iu 
London  he  bad  seen  occurred  in  cases  where  peo- 
ple built  upon  gravel  which  appeared  good.  No 
architect  would  cut  into  and  lower  than  what  ap- 
peared a  good  foundation  ;  and  yet  he  had  seen,  iu 
very  short  intervals  of  distance,  a  great  difference 
in  the  depth  of  the  bed  of  gravel,  varying  as  much 
as  from  6ft.  to  Gin.  It  must,  therefore,  be  to  a 
great  extent  a  matter  of  judgment  what  they 
might  expect.  He  strongly  advised  people  not  to 
build  into  that  gravel  without  taking  borings  at 
moderate  diatauces,  but  not  in  the  line  of  the 
vaults,  to  ascertain  the  uniformity  of  the  thick- 
ness of  the  bed ;  and  even  then  there  would  be 
some  risk  of  failure.  Another  cause  of  failure, 
not  suthciently  mentioned,  was  from  a  layer  of 
sand  not  being  a  horizontal  layer.  He  had  known 
an  instance  where  a  wall  slid  which  had  as  much 
as  loft,  thickness  of  concrete  under  it,  theground 
having  been  taken  out,  and  the  concrete  being 
all  below  the  surface.  No  amount  of  precaution 
could  have  prevented  that.  He  had  no  doubt 
the  case  was,  there  was  a  bed  of  sand  lying  below 
the  surface  of  London  clay.  In  the  conutry  he 
met  with  another  instance  of  failure  which  arose 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


August  9,  1867 


from  the  use  of  sandstone   from  a  new  quarry, 
■which  crushed.     This   showed   the    necessity  of 
testing  stone.     The  stone,  judged  by  appearance 
only,  should  have  borne  double  the  weight  with- 
out   crushing.      Mr.  Thomas    Morris,  remarked 
that  the  ample  use  of  concrete  had  been  a  great 
advance  in  modem  foundations,  and  so  was  the 
utter    disuse  of  timber.      Concrete    had  another 
advantage,  that  in  large   wojks  it    was    not  very 
easy  to  substitute  any  other  material  for  it ;  but 
it  was  not  so  in  small   works.       Some  time  ago 
he  was  introducing  a  lofty  internal   wall  into  an 
old  building,  and   knowing   the   great  weight  of 
the  biickwork  in    his   plan,  he  prepared  a  base 
of  concrete.      He  was  piesent  when  the    trench 
was  excavated,  and  again  when  the  footings  were 
to  be  laid.     Something  occurred  which  caused  a 
doubt  in  his  mind,  and  he  insisted  upon  having 
the  trench  re-opened,  when  he  found  that,  instead 
of  conciete,  the  most  worthless  rubbish  had  been 
put  in,  and    dredged    over  with  a  little   wetted 
lime,  that  caused  a  rising  of  steam.     Now,  if  he 
had  not  happened  to  detect  this  piece  of  "  scamp- 
ing," no  doubt  the  wall  would  have  given  way  as 
soon  as  it   got  to  any  height.     He  thought  that 
was  tantamount,  on  the  pait   of  the  builder,  to 
an  attempt  to  obtain  money  under  false  pretences. 
The  accidental    suspicion    in    this   instance    had 
unquestionably    prevented    a    disagreeable    con- 
sequence ;  and   failures  possibly    occurred  as  fre- 
quently   from  a  want   of  moral  integrity  on  the 
pait  of  the  builders,  as  from  want  of  skill  on  the 
part  of  architects.     It  might    be   said   that    the 
attempt  he  had  mentioned  could  only  be  made  by 
a  person  of  no  reputation,  but  he  feared  that  such 
practices    reached  to   men   of  higher   grade.    A 
builder  of  some  eminence  had  lately  said   it  was 
the  duty  of  the  clerk  of  the  works  to  see  that 
the  work  was  well  done.     But   was  it  not    the 
builder's  duty  to  do  it  well  ?    The  man  who  could 
only  be  honest  under  the  eye  of  a  clerk  of  the 
works   surely  stood  in  no  better  moral   position 
than   one   kept    honest  by  the    vigilance  of  the 
police. 

Mr.  C.  Fowler,  Jun.,  suggested  that,  with  regard 
to  the  failure  of  the  first  tower  at  the  Crystal 
Palace,  which  had  reference  to  the  question  of 
concrete,  Mr.  Nash  might  be  able  to  give  the 
meeting  some  information.  He  believed  the  fact 
was,  the  concrete  was  considered  to  be  imperfect, 
and  after  the  tower  had  been  carried  up  two-thirds 
of  its  height,  it  was  taken  down  again,  the  founda- 


tions dug  out,  and  a  cement  foundation  laid  with 
broken  granite  stone. 

Mr.  White  asked  Mr.  Nash  whether  he  did  not 
find  that  very  thin  concrete  was  almost  fure  to  go, 
and  also  whether  concrete  made  with  fresh  lime 
was  not  sure  to  blow. 

Mr.  Nash  said  with  regard  to  the  expansion  of 
concrete  we  know  that  it  does  expand  before  it 
has  set,  but  not  afterwards.  Concrete  used  in 
little  patches  is  not  of  much  value,  and  the  plac- 
ing it  upon  a  wood  floor  with  the  intention  of  its 
keeping  a  pei  feet  surface  is  a  misapplication  of  its 
use.  The  remarks  as  to  the  advisability  of  keep- 
ing wood  bond  out  of  walls  have  little  foice, 
because  wood  bond  is  the  very  bone  and  muscle 
of  a  weak  building.  I  say  of  a  weak  building, 
where  nevertheless  it  is  the  most  objectionable, 
on  account  of  its  shrinkage  and  perishable  nature. 
What  has  been  said  about  iron  structures  is  per- 
fectly correct,  and  it  will  be  seen  that  iron  build- 
ings are  the  most  evanescent  on  the  face  of  the 
earth. 

The  meeting  then  adjourned. 


girder.     Against  the  sides  of  the  upper  flanges  c' 
of  each  girder  bear  the   upper  ends   of   incUned 
bricks  or  blocks  X  X,  the  lower  ends  of  which  rest 
upon  the  arched  and  corrugated  plate  B,  the  space 
between  the  bricks  and  the  girders  being  filled  with 
mortar  or   concrete,  and  upon  the  upper  curved 
and  corrugated  surface  of  the  plate  B  is  deposited 
a  layer  of  concrete,  filling  the  corrugations  and 
extending  an  inch  or  thereabouts  above  the  same. 
The  edges  of  the  plates  B   may  be  arranged  to 
overlap  each  other  to  a  limited  extent,  and  thus 
form  a  continuous  corrugated  arch  extending  the 
length  of  the  girders.     The  bearers  6  are  in  short 
sections,  which  may  be  readily  fitted  to  the  girder 
so  as  to  form  a  continuous  socket  and  abutment 
for  the  ends  of  the  plates  B.     In  consequence  of 
the  facUity  with  which  the  parts  composing  the 
ceiling  may  be  applied  without  the  necessity  of 
using  rivets  or   other  fastenings,  and  the   slight 
amount  of  manual  labour,   time,    and   skill    re- 
quired in  fitting  the  parts   together,  a  ceiling  of 
this  character  will  cost  one-fourth  less  than  ohose 
in  which  the  arches  are  composed  of  bricks,  at  the 
same  time  the  improved  ceiling  wUl  resist  the  ac- 
tion of  fire  quite  as  effectually  as  one  of  brick. 
In  consequence  of  the  comparatively  slight  weight 
of  the   plates  B,  compared  with  that  of  a  brick 
arch,  girders  A  much  lighter  than  those  ordinarily 
employed  may  be  used.      The  plates  B,  besides 
being  greatly  stifiened  by  their  corrugations,  are 
rendered  still  more  rigid  by  the  layer  of  concrete, 
and  by  the  shape  of  the  sockets,  which,  fitting  the 
said  corrugations  in  the  plate,  prevent  the  same 
from  being    distended   laterally  under   pressure. 
Apart  from  the  superior  lightness  and  economy  of 
a  ceiling  thus  constructed,  it  wUl  be  seen  that  the 
corrugated  arched  plates   present   a  much  more 
ornamental  appearance  than  the  usual  plain  arches. 
Plates  corrugated  differently  from  those  described 
may  be  used,  and   braces  of  cast  iron   or  other 
material    may   be  substituted  for  the  bricks  or 
blocks  X  X,  or  the  blocks  may  be  dispensed  with, 
and  the  entire  space  above  the  plates  may  be  filled 
with  concrete.     From  the  above    description  it 
will  easily  be  seen  that  this  invention  answers  all 
purposes   for  fireproof  ceilings   or    roofs.       The 
corrugated  plates  are  light,    cheap,  and   can  be 
made  as  ornamental  as  desired.     The   space  be- 
tween the  flooring  boards  and  the  layer  of  con- 
crete resting  on  the  corrugated  plates  will  insure 
the  needed  ventilation,  and  in   case  of  any  water 
being  poured  into  the  floors  it  will  fall  into  that 
space,  thence  run  out  easily  through  apertures  to 
that  effect.     This  complete  and  valuable  system 
of  ceiling  was  invented  by   Mr.   Joseph   Gilbert, 
builder    and    architect,  of    Philadelphia,  United 
States.     It  in  nowise  will  preverJ  conflagrations, 
because  there  is  no  rooms  without  wooden  shelv- 
ing, furniture,  or  the  like   combustible  matters, 
but  it  will  surely  confine  the  fire  to  the   place   or 
room  it  has  started   in,    and   the  building  itself 
will  thus  suffer  but  little  d image.     Mr.  Gilbert's 
ceiling  was  patented  on  May  14  last,  and  deserves, 
we  think,  the  attention  of  all  architects,  builders, 
and  house  owners. 


IMPROVED  FIREPROOF  CEILINGS  AND 
ROOFS. 

THE  accompanying  engraving  illustrates  an  in- 
vention by  means  of  which  the  destructive- 
ness  of  fires  will  be  much  lessened,  and  at  a  trifling 
cost.  This  invention  consists  of  a  ceiling  or  roof 
composed  of  H  girders,  corrugated  arched  plates 
resting  on  certain  socket  bearers,  the  whole  form- 
ing a  Ught,  cheap,  and  ornamental  fireproof  ceiling 
or  roof.  Fig.  1  shows  an  elevation  of  part  of  this 
improved  ceiling.  Fig.  2  is  a  detached  sectional 
view  of  the  same,  drawn  to  an  enlarged  scale. 
Fig.  3  is  a  section  on  line  1-2.  Fig.  1  and  fig.  4  is 
a  perspective  view  of  a  girder  and  sockets  C  C. 

A  A  are  two  of  a  series  of  parallel  girders  of 
ordinai-y  H  iron,  the  opposite  ends  of  which  pro- 
ject into  the  walls  of  a  building,  and  on  these 
girders  rest  the  floor  a.  On  each  of  the  lower 
flanges  c  of  each  girder,  and  against  the  vertical 
portion  h  rests  the  bearer  d.  which  has  a  corru- 
gated recess  or  socket  x  at  one  side  for  the  recep- 
tion of  one  end  of  the  corrugated  metal  plate  B, 
the  latter  being  arched,  as  shown  in  the  drawing, 
and  resting  at  its  opposite  end  in  the  socket  or 
recess  of  a  similar  bearer  d,  fitting  on  the  flange 
and  against  the  vertical   portion  of  the  adjacent 


EARLY  ARCHITECTURE  IN  FRANCE. 

ONE  of  our  lithographic  sheets  this  week 
consists  of  details  from  the  Abbaye  aui 
Hommes,  Caen  and  Bayeux  Cathedrals,  from 
sketches  by  Mr.  Willcox,  architect.  The  details 
are : — Elevation  and  section  of  piscina,  capital  in 
sacristy,  capital  in  nave,  and  corbel  to  vaulting 
shaft  in  nave  of  the  Abbaye  ;  and  capitals  in  nave 
and  ornament  in  hood  round  one  of  the  arches  in 
nave,  from  Bayeux. 


ST.  STEPHEN'S  CHURCH,  HAMPSTEAD. 

THIS  church,  which  is  to  be  erected  on  a  site 
called  "  The  Green,"  Hampstead,  is  com- 
posed of  a  nave  90ft.  long  by  26ft.  broad,  north, 
and  south  aisles  and  transepts,  and  a  capacious 
chancel,  capable  of  accommodating  a  large  choir, 
extending,  as  it  does,  under  the  tower.  This 
chancel  is  to  be  groined.  Advantage  is  taken  of 
the  fall  of  the  ground  to  construct  a  chapel 
imderneath  the  chancel,  to  be  used  for  small 
week-day  congregations.  The  church  is  to 
accommodate  about  1,000,  and  the  chapel  150  per- 
sons. The  architect  is  Mr.  S.  S.  Teulon,  of 
Craig's-court,  Charing- cross. 


The  Synagogue  of  Cologne  has  just  been  almost 
entirely  destroyed  by  fire.  The  artistic  and 
material  loss  is  very  considerable. 


mil 


The  Sujldm^  Kew3  Aug*  9"'8o7 


W^%*j^^ 


K?, 


:,  ■^JViailmitf e. hih 


S^  STEVENS  HAMPSTEAD      S.S  TEVLON   ARCH'^ 


August  9,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


549 


THE  NEW  LAW  COURTS. 

AFTER  much  time,  and,  let  us  hope, 
after  much  anxiety  and  thought,  the 
judges  appointed  to  decide  on  the  relative 
merits  ot  the  competitive  designs  for  the 
New  Law  Courts,  have  decided  in  favour  of 
Mr.  Barry  and  Jlr.  Street.  These  gentlemen 
divide  the  honours  between  them — the 
former  for  his  plans  and  the  latter  for  his 
architecture.  Not  having  the  official  report 
before  us,  we  can  say  nothing  as  to  the  parti- 
cular reasons  which  influenced  the  judges. 
After  t)ie  report  of  the  joint  committee  of 
solicitors  and  barristers,  no  one  need  be  .sur- 
prised that  Mr.  Barry's  system  of  planning 
should  be  selected  as  the  best  ;  but  art 
opinion,  though  it  regarded  Mr.  Street's  archi- 
tecture with  imich  favour,  decidedly  pointed 
in  the  direction  of  Mr.  Burges.  This  deci- 
sion must  not,  as  a  matter  of  course,  be  taken 
as  final,  as  the  ultimate  decision  rests  with 
the  Government ;  and  it  is  possible,  tliough 
not  probable,  that  the  result  arrived  at  vnU. 
be  disturbed.  No  doubt  many  wiU  ask  how 
can  two  architects  so  opposed  to  each  other  in 
education,  feeling,  opinion,  and  experience 
as  Mr.  Barry  and  Mr.  Street  work  con- 
jointly and  harmoniously  in  the  production 
of  the  most  important  architectural  structure 
of  this  generation  !  For  our  own  part,  we  see 
no  insuperable  difficulty  in  the  way,  and  par- 
ticularly in  this  instance,  when  all  the  designs 
and  plans  become  the  property  of  the  Go- 
vernment. No  one  must  suppose  for  a 
moment  that  the  exact  plan,  as  devised  by 
Mr.  Barry,  and  the  exact  a;sthetical  arrange- 
ment, as  sketched  by  Mr.  Street,  will  be 
carried  out.  If  the  Government  should  con- 
firm the  decision  of  the  judges,  in  all  pro- 
bability these  gentlemen  wiS,  as  reasonable 
men,  cuU  much  benefit  from  the  discussion 
which  has  taken  place  on  this  historic  com- 
petition, and  take  many  a  useful  hint  and  sug- 
gestion from  the  other  designs. 


THE  MANCHESTER  NEW  TOWN 
HALL. 

FOR  some  time  past  a  considerable  amount 
of  interest  has  been  felt  in  the  Man- 
chester New  Town  Hall  Competition,  and  it 
was  known  that  many  eminent  architects 
were  preparing  for  it.  One  hundred  and 
twenty-four  sets  of  designs  have  been  sent  in 
which  are  hung  in  the  Town  Hall,  Kin^! 
street  It  is  stated  that  Mr.  Scott,  Mr 
Waterhouse,  Mr.  E.  W.  Godwin,  Mr.  Welby 
Pugin,  Mr.  Salomons,  and  many  of  the  local 
celebrities,  are  amongst  the  competitors.  It 
IS,  we  believe,  the  intention  of  the  committee 
to  select  twelve  sets  of  drawings,  and  to  sub- 
mit them  to  the  coimcil  for  approval.  The 
authors  of  the  designs  so  selected  wUl  be 
paid  £300  each,  and  be  invited  to  enter  in  a 
second  competition.  So  far,  to  all  appear- 
ances, everything  has  been  done  by  the  local 
authorities  to  make  this  a  bona  Me  competi- 
tion. Let  us  hope  that  neither  interest  nor 
favouritism  will  prevail.  The  competition 
system  has  recently  been  dragged  through 
the  dirt,  and  it  is  now  in  the  power  of  Man- 
cnesterto  do  something  to  reinstate  it 


ARTIZANS      AND     LABOURERS' 
DWELLINGS    BILL. 

rpHIS  Bill  has  at  length  got  into  committee, 
J.  ana  endeavours  are  being  made  to  im- 
pr^ve  Us  details.  Before,  however,  any  m?a- 
TZ^!iitT^''^'°'^  legislation  be  passed,  the 
uT!^^  "^  superseding  the  ordinary  opera- 
tions of  commercial  life  should  be  clearly 
S?ir,''/?'^  the  extent  to  which  they  are 

cTearlv  d  fi  /"^"P"'"'"'^  '^°^^^  ^«  °>°^<^ 
sfll   ^p  r  ""'^   tlian  is   attempted    bv  this 

present  wretched  state  of  town  dwellings  of 
the  poor  ,s  largely,  though  not  wholly,  to  be 


traced  to  injudicious  attempts  for  tlie  p.ast 
tweuty-tive  years  to  mend  matters  by  build- 
ing upon  philanthropic  principles,  we  must 
confess  that  we  look  with  fear  upon  any  at- 
tempt to  do  the  same  work  by  legislative  inter- 
ference. If  there  were  any  prospect  that  the 
legislature  would  do  the  whole  work— a  work, 
be  it  remembered,  requiring  in  the  metropolis 
alone  the  expenditure  of  many  millions,  we 
might  not  hesitate.  But  no  such  thing  will 
be  attempted.  A  rate  of  3d.  in  the  pound 
will  go  a  very  little  way.  It  wiU  do  scarce 
more  than  touch  the  outside  of  the  evil,  and 
erect,  as  the  philanthropic  societies  have  done, 
a  few  buildings,  the  commercial  results  of 
which  will  only  scare  capitalists  away  from 
like  investments.  Building  for  the  poor  by 
means  of  rates  wUl,  in  all  probability,  begin 
and  end  witli  the  erection  of  .as  many  or  as 
few  buildings  as  the  vestries  will  grant  rates 
for,  and  when  these  are  seen,  as  who  expects 
them  to  be  other\vise,  to  be  unprofitable,  the 
rates  will  cease  to  be  granted,  and  the  old 
cry  of  hopelessness  wiU  be  raised  louder  than 
ever.  But,  say  the  proposers  of  compulsory 
legislation,  "  Building  for  the  working  classes 
is  profitable.''  We  gran.t  it  fully.  None  will 
advocate  the  profitable  nature  of  this  work 
more  than  we,  but  its  profitableness  depends 
very  much  upon  the  parties  who  perform  it. 
A  few  figures  will  illustrate  our  meaning. 
The  Corporation  of  the  City  of  London  has 
received  much  praise  for  its  endeavours  in 
this  way.  There  is  a  handsome  block  of 
buildings  in  a  fine  situation  in  Farringdon- 
road.  The  cost  of  these  buildings,  divided 
by  the  number  of  rooms  for  occupation, 
gives  a  cost  of  £60  per  room.  The  estimated 
value  of  the  site  in  the  same  way  gives  a 
value  of  £30  per  room.  The  Improved  In- 
dustrial Dwellings  Company,  a  commercial 
company,  whose  eighth  half-yearly  meeting 
is  reported  in  another  page,  erected  in  various 
parts  of  London  buildings  on  the  self-same 
model,  etiually  well  or  better  finished,  some 
^vithin  half-a-mUe  of  the  Corporation  Build- 
ings, and  at  the  same  time  ;  but  the  cost  of 
these  houses  was  only  £43  per  room,  and  the 
company  managed  to  get  possession  of  ground 
which  cost  them  (taking  an  average  of  various 
places)  about  £10  per  room.  Thus  we  have 
the  remarkable  contrast  of  a  commercial 
company  building  for  the  poor  at  £53  per 
room,  whilst  a  corporate  body  does  a  similar 
thing  for  £90  per  room.  What  is  the 
inevitable  result  !  The  Corporation  makes 
4  per  cent,  net  rental.  The  Company  makes 
about  double  as  much.  This  is  of  the  utmost 
moment  as  aft'ecting  the  question  of  the 
supply  of  such  dwellings.  Any  one  having 
the  example  of  the  Corporation  before  his 
eyes  declines  to  invest  his  money  in  similar 
buildings,  and  were  it  not  for  the  better 
example  shown  by  the  Company  there  would 
have  been  no  increase  beyond  the  original 
erections,  except  out  of  the  public  funds. 
The  Company  has,  however,  we  are  delighted 
to  see,  doubled  its  capital,  and  thereby 
doubled  its  usefulness,  within  the  past  year, 
and  no  doubt  will  go  on  in  an  increasing 
ratio  every  future  year,  and  become  the 
parent  of  similar  beneficent  undertakings, 
until  the  day  shall  come,  as  doubtless  it  will 
(thanks,  in  the  first  place,  to  Sir  Sidney 
Waterlow),  when  building  for  the  poor  will 
be  found  the  most  solid  form  for  investment 
of  a  vast  amount  of  capital.  We  very  much 
fear  that  any  attempt  to  do  the  same  work 
by  public  funds  will  form  a  serious  obstacle 
in  ths  way  of  so  desirable  a  result,  while  at 
the  same  time  the  attempt  itself  wUl  go  but 
a  very  little  way.  The  Corporation  of 
London  is  by  no  means  more  unbusiness- 
like than  other  public  bodies,  yet,  with  every 
desire  to  do  good,  it  has  managed  in  the  case 
cited  to  erect  a  building  which  seems  to  have 
inscribed  on  its  front,  "Let  no  one  attempt  to 
build  for  the  working  classes  unless  he  is 
prepared  to  sacrifice  the  fair  return  for  his 
outlay."  And  this  is  by  no  means  an  iso- 
lated e-xample.  fublic  bodies  are  not  con- 
skituted  to  undertake  such  operations;   and 


until  some  reason  be  shown  that  they  wiU 
wisely  [jerform  the  work,  we  shall  not  cease  to 
urge  the  propriety  of  keeping  the  poor  man's 
dwelling  from  the  domain  of  parish  and  cor- 
poration jobbery. 


MR.    STREET    ON   THE    BRISTOL 
CATHEDRAL. 

MR.  STREET'S  report  ou  the  proposed 
restoration  of  the  nave  of  Bristol 
Cathedral  is  now  before  us.  We  congratulate 
the  Committee  of  Subscribers  on  the  selection 
of  Mr.  Street  as  their  architect,  and  it  is  very 
gratifying  to  find  that  both  the  Committee 
and  Mr.  Street  are  fully  satisfied  that  what 
they  now  propose  to  do  "  will  be  felt  to  be 
worthy  the  dignity  of  the  ancient  city  and 
diocese"  of  Bristol.  Our  readers  will  better 
understand  this  if  we  state  briefly  what  it  is 
which  will  be  felt  to  be  worthy,  &g.  At  pre- 
sent, as  most  of  us  know,  the  little  and  unim- 
portant building  which,  since  the  time  of 
Henry  'VIII.,  has  served  as  a  cathedral  church 
for  the  diocese  of  Bristol,  is  not  more  than 
180ft.  long,  and  50ft.  high  inside,' and  about 
11  Oft.  across  the  transepts  from  north  to 
south,  there  being  nothing  westward  of  the 
transepts  but  the  foundations  and  some  frag- 
ments of  the  south-west  angle  of  the  nave, 
which  show  that  were  the  entire  structure 
standing  as  iudicated  by  these  remains,  the 
length  of  the  church,  including  Lady  Chapel, 
would  be  about  300ft.  It  is  proposed  to  build 
a  nave,  with  aisles,  of  the  extent  just  named, 
the  western  bays  of  the  aisles  to  be  occupied 
by  steeples,  anil  a  north  porch  alongside  the 
north  steeple.  The  cost  of  aU  this  does  not 
appear,  but  as  the  first  step  is  to  erect  the  two 
eastern  bays  of  the  nave,  and  as  Mr.  Street 
proposes  to  carry  up  the  wall  of  the  third  bay- 
to  the  line  of  the  window  sills,  that  of  the 
fourth  bay  to  some  ten  feet  above  the  ground, 
and  that  of  the  fifth  bay  and  the  western 
steeples  to  the  level  of  the  plinth,  and  as  the 
nearest  approach  to  cost  we  can  get  is  that  the 
Committee  "feel  justified  in  saying  that  with 
a  subscription  of  £20,000,  of  which  £13,000 
is  already  promised,  a  contract  might  safely  be 
entered  into  for  the  completion  of  two  bays 
and  the  other  portions"  we  have  just  men- 
tioned, we  should  not  be  very  far  wrong  in 
putting  £150,000  as  the  probable  cost  of  the 
proposed  addition.  We  hope  the  men  of 
Bristol  have  liberal  minds.  The  histories  of 
RedcUffe  Church  restoration,  and  Mr.  Street's 
church  at  Clifton,  are  sufficient  to  show  with 
what  zeal  Bristol  can  start  a  good  work,  and 
with  what  unexpected  alacrity  she  can  stop  in 
its  progress.  When  the  Dean  proposed  to 
build  two  bays  only,  and  finish  ofl"  at  once 
with  a  west  front,  we  fancy  he  measured  the 
old  city  and  diocese  very  faithfully.  When, 
too,  the  Bristol  Coqjoration  and  Mr.  Street 
together  think  £9,000  enough  to  expend  on 
Assize  Courts  that  shall  be  worthy,  &c.,  we 
are  very  much  afraid  that  Mr.  Street  is  laying 
a  very  flattering  unction  to  his  soul  in  sup- 
posing his  scheme  will  ever  be  carried  out. 
"  It  is  very  probable,"  he  says,  "  that  indivi- 
dual donors  may  come  forward  to  contribute 
important  portions  of  the  work,"  as  "  of  one 
of  the  steeples,  or  of  the  north  porch."  We 
hope  they  will,  because  it  would  be  more  than 
a  pity  to  disappoint  such  a  sanguine,  zealous, 
hard-working  church  builder  as  is  Mr.  Street. 
The  very  thought  of  his  golden  hopes  failing 
in  the  years  to  come— of  a  two-bayed  nave 
with  no  west  front,  no  steeples,  no  porch — 
tills  one  with  sympathy  for  him,  and  makes 
one  shudder  in  expectation  of  the  future 
which  is  so  very,  very  possible. 

Of  the  report  itself  ^\e  must  first  of  all  .say 
that  it  is  distinguished,  as,  indeed,  all  Mr. 
Street's  reports  are,  for  a  clearness  of  language 
only  equalled  by  perspicuity  of  argument. 
It  contains,  first,  a  masterly  sketch  of  the  his- 
tory or  archaiology  of  the  old  Abbey  church  ; 
and,  second,  a  description   of  wha  t  the  archi- 

*  It  could  bo  put  into  tha  nave  of  Westminster  Abbe;, 
and  we  ehould  have,  eveu  tbeo,  three  baya  to  spue. 


5/iO 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


August  9,  1867. 


tect  proposes  to  do.     The  arclijeological  por- 
tion sheds,  as  might  have  been  expected,  some 
new  light  on  the  subject.     The   old   Norman 
nave  and  aisles,  we  are  told,  were  only   5Gl't. 
■wide  within  the  walls,  the  length  about  lOOl't. 
AVilliam,  of  Worcester,  who  actually  saw  and 
measured  the  old  building,  says,  "  Lougitudo 
antiquaj  ecclesite,  80   gressus  ;  belfray,  2  (or 
106it.     8in.).       Latitudo    ejus    continet,    64 
gressus  (or  S5ft.  4in.)"      Taking  the   last  di- 
mensions as  outside  the  walls,  and  Mr.  Street's 
width  of  56ft.  we  have  waEs  about  15ft.  thick  ! 
or  William,   of  Worcester,   is  not  to  be  be- 
lieved.     This   alternative  is,    of  course,  the 
one  we  must  accept,  for  Mr.   Street  says  "  I 
have  stated  my  views  decidedly  because  I 
have  not  the  slightest  doubt  as  to  their  cor- 
rectness."    What  charming  freshness  !    What 
exciting  discoveries  might  we  not  enjoy  if  Mr. 
Street  coidd  be  persuaded  to  write  a  report  on 
all    our   cathedral    churches.     How  the   old 
authorities,  the  eye-witnesses,   perhaps   even 
careful  old  Gervase  himself,  would  be  silenced 
for  ever  by  the  awful  penetration  of  what  the 
ancients  would  have  called  the  godlike   man. 
This  discovery  as  to  the  width  of  the  Norman 
nave  and  aisles  is  not  the   only   one  which 
gilds  the  archKological   part   of  the   report. 
"  In  A.D.  1311,  when  Abbot  Knowles  proposed 
to  re-erect  the  choir,  it   is  probable  that  the 
whole  of  the   Norman  church  was  standing, 
with  the  single  addition  of  the   Elder  Lady 
Chapel."        So     that     the     chapel     east    of 
the  south    transept,    corresponding  in  posi- 
tion to     that   of    the  Elder    Lady     Chapel 
north,    has    neither    mouldings     nor    ma- 
sonry of  an  earlier  date  than  1311,  as  hitherto 
vainly  imagined  by  some.      It  is  somewhat 
strange  that  in  the  fourteenth  century  men 
ehould   have   been  found   who  coidd    adopt 
mouldings  of  an  earlier  style,  and  construct 
arches  "  with  such  rare  archaeological   know- 
ledge," but  then  strange  things  are   plentiful 
at    Bristol.      The    strangest    of  all  is,  that, 
according  to  Mr.  Street,  the  Norman  builders 
in  that  town  indulged  in  carving  and  jointing 
of  masonry   imknown    to   Norman   builders 
anywhere  else.      The  idea  of   the  Norman 
work  of  the  Abbey  gateway  being  rebudt  at 
a  later  period  and  repaired   is  absurd.     The 
fifteenth  centuiy  architect  "  could  not  "  have 
reconstructed  it  any  more  than  his  assistants 
could  have  reworked  the   enrichments,  says 
Mr.  Street.     There  is  a  sliglit  vagueness  about 
this  which  makes  it  scarcely  up  to  the  aver- 
age mark,  because  if  anyone  should  happen 
to  be  at  all  sceptical  he  might  just  as  easily 
believe  in  the   power  of  a   fifteenth  century 
architect's  assistant  to  copy  a  Norman  zigzag 
as  in  the  power  of  a  nineteenth  centui-y  archi- 
tect to  "  restore  "  a  nave  which  never  existed  ; 
for  whatever  may  be  said,  it  is  quite  clear 
that  Bristol  Cathedral  never  had   any   other 
nave   than  that   "  Antiqua   Ecclesia "  which 
Fitzhardinge  built  in  the  second  half  of  the 
twelfth  century.     And  this  lirings  us   to   the 
proposed   work,  which  is  to  build  a  nave  and 
aisles    founded  upon  Abbot   Knowles'  four- 
teenth century  design,  as  carried  out  in  the 
choir,  and  which  was  begun  in  the  nave,  but 
never    carried    on    to    any    extent.       Here 
also      we     are     favoured      with     a      new 
light  on  the  question  of  "  restoration."    "  In 
the  general  design,"  the  architect  writes,  "  I 
should   propose   to   follow   very    closely  the 
work  in  the  choir,  only  I  sliould  wish  to  mark, 
by  a  few  minor  alterations,  such,  e.g.,  as  the 
sections  of  mouldings,  the  design   of  window 
traceries,  and  the   character  of  the  sculpture, 
the  fact  that  this  new  nave  is  really  a  work  of 
the  nineteenth  century."     Now,  at  both  the 
east   and   west   ends   of  the   nave  are   four- 
teenth century  remains,  with  mouldings  and 
details   exactly   like  those  in  the   choir  ;  are 
these  to  be   restored  as  -far  as  these  two  bays 
are   concerned  >    According    to    Mr.  Street's 
ground  plan,  the  western   fourteenth  century 
remains,  with  their  Norman  substructure,  are 
to  be  demolished  altogether,  to  make  room  for 
one  of  his  new  western  steeples.      With  the 
demolition  of  this,  the  only  evidence  of  the 
extent  westward  of  Abbot  Knowles'  plaa  of 


reconstruction,  is  also  included  the  removal  of 
certain  domestic  buildings  possessing  remains 
of  the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth  centuries,  and 
which  Mr.   Street  has  chosen  not  to  show  on 
his  ground  plan.     So  far,  then,  the  architect's 
nineteenth  century  detail  (whatever  that  may 
mean)  will  not  be  in  danger  of  comparison 
with  the  old  detail  westward.    But  how  about 
the  east  end  ?      The  responds   of  the  eastern 
bays  and  a  portion  of  the  arches  yet  remain 
built  up  in  the  modern  buttresses  of  the  tower. 
We  here  see   the  bowtell,  the  filet,  the  ogee, 
the  hollow,  iu    beautiful  combination.      We 
have  a  base   with   mouldings,    a   pier   with 
mouldings,  and  what  is   called   a   continuous 
impost — the  mouldings  of  the  piers  being  also 
the  mouldings  of  the  arches.      We  have  the 
mouldings  and  carvings   of   the  small  over- 
delicate   caps  of    the    vaulting   shafts,    and, 
finally,  the  mouldings  of  the  ribs  of  the  vault- 
ing, the   springers   of  which   remain.     Is  all 
this  to  be  kept  or  restored  as  an  exceptional 
bay,  a  sort  of  scale  by  which  we  may  be  able 
to  measure  the   superiority  of  the  nineteenth 
century  detail ;  or  is  it   to   come   down,   and 
Mr.  Street,  his   mark,  to  be  put  in  its  place  ! 
The    plan    which    accompanies    the    report 
shows   an  entirely   different   arrangement   of 
vaidting  to   tliat  we  see  in  the   old  work,  so 
that    we   must   conclude,  especially    as    the 
architect   is  ominously  silent   about  it,   that 
this  evidence  eastward  of  a  fourteenth  century 
nave,  having  been    contemplated    and   com- 
menced,   is   to    follow    the    evidence    west- 
ward,  and  be    wiped    out    of    existence  al- 
together.    Besides  this,  the  north  side  of  the 
cloister  is  to  be  removed   7ft.  or  8ft.    further 
south,  making   the  cloister   quite   this  much 
out  of  the   square.      If  to  all  this  grumbling 
archa!ologists  may  say — you    are    obtaining 
money  imder  false   pretences ;  this  work   at 
Bristol   Cathedral  is   no   restoration  of  any- 
thing, as   we   vmderstand   the  word  ;  but,  on 
the  contrary,  every  stone  which  at  present  tells 
us  anything  of  the  history  of  the  old   nave, 
if  the  Abbey   of  St.   Augustine   is  to  be  re- 
moved, and  in  the  place  where  now  we  see  in- 
teresting  junctions   of  style,  where,  as  in  a 
book,  we  can  read  off  the  story  of  the  long, 
wearisome,    and    finally,    as    it    turned  out, 
vain  work.  Abbot  Knowles  set  himself  to  do, 
we  are   to   have   nothing  but  modern  imita- 
tions of  some  other  buildings,  which  we  are 
asked  to  swallow   under  the  name  of  "  nine- 
teenth century"  details,   and  we  are  to  read 
nothing   but  the  story  of  an  egotism  which 
choked  all   reverence.      To   such  irate  anti- 
quaries  we    would    merely    say    that   they 
know  nothing  about  the  question.     The  archi- 
tect has  a  much  deeper  knowledge  of  the  sub- 
ject than  they  can  possibly    have  ;   he   has 
studied  all   its  bearings  ;  he  has   sounded  all 
its  depths.  To  restore  all  our  ruined  churches, 
provided  only  you  were    careful   to  lose  all 
their    details,    import    your    own    favourite 
vaulting,  and    use   detached  columns  every- 
where, would  be  very  "  noble  work" — there 
can  be  no  doubt  of  it.      The  architect  has 
stated  his  "  views  decidedly,"  because  he  has 
"  not  the  slightest  doubt  as  to  their  correct- 
ness."    AVhat  business,  therefore,  have  you  to 
doubt  their    correctness  i     We     grant    you 
that  in  his  plan  he  shades  as  "  thirteenth  cen- 
tury work"  portions   which  every   antiquary 
would  assign  to  the  fourteenth  century.  Some 
early  Norman  walls  are  shown  as  of  the  four- 
teenth century,  as  also   are  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury cloisters.     The  shortening  of  the  chapter 
house  is  shown  also  to  have  been  done  in  the 
thirteenth  century,  in  spite  of  the  builder  of  the 
present  modern  wall,  of  William,  of  Worces- 
ter, and  certain  details  of  construction,  whilst 
not  a  single  bay  of  the   old  groining  in   the 
choir,  aisles,  or  transepts  is  shown  rightly.  But 
again  we  would  reply,  these  are  trifles  light  as 
air.     What  earthly   use  can   there  be  in  an 
architect   knowing,  or   caring  to   know,  the 
right  or  tlie  ^vrong  of  such  things  ?     Archaeo- 
logical societies  may  find  amusement  in  them 
for  a  summer's  afternoon,  and  ordmary  an- 
tiquaries may  show  their  patience,  their  re- 
Bearch,  theii  penetration,  and  the  value  of 


inductive  philosophy,  by  their  discourses  and 
tlieir  endeavours  to  make  clear  apparent  con- 
fusions. But  such  things  are  unworthy  the 
attention  of  giauts,  the  nature  of  whose  pene- 
trating gaze  has  been  already  instanced. 

On  what  may  be  called  the  art-criticism 
part  of  the  report  we  are  grateful  to  its  author 
for  further  instruction.  The  originality  of 
Abbot  Knowles'  design,  as  carried  out  in  the 
choir — viz.,  the  absence  of  triforiurn  and 
clerestory,  and  the  equal  height  of  choir  and 
aisles,  is  explained  at  p.  S,  as  the  result  of, 
one,  "  lack  of  funds  "  ;  two,  "  the  existence  of 
a  Norman  central  tower,"  the  destruction  of 
which  he  did  not  dare  to  contemplate,  and  the 
height  of  which  did  not  allow  of  a  clerestory 
and  steep-pitched  roof  above  it  without  thi 
entire  destruction  of  its  proportions.  But  Mr. 
Street  says,  in  p.  7,  that  Knowles  proceeded 
"  to  destroy  first  of  all  the  existing  choir  of 
the  church,  with  the  full  intention,  no  doubt,  of 
pulling  down  the  transept  and  nave  also. 
*  *  *  In  his  new  work  he  paid  no  regard 
whatever  to  the  existing  building."  The  as- 
sumption of  a  central  Norman  tower  ever 
having  been  built  any  higher  than  would  be 
sufficient  to  receive  the  ridges  of  the  roofs,  as 
at  Westminster  Abbey,  is  of  course  purely 
gratuitous,  but  a  great  Norman  tower  must 
have  existed,  or  we  should  never  have  seen 
Knowles'  design,  for  if  it  had  not  been  a 
great  tower  the  man  who  could  dare  to  take 
down  everything  to  the  ground  would  scarcely 
have  shrunk  from  taking  down  a  low  tower, 
or  allowed  it  to  dictate,  as  it  were,  the  scale 
of  his  new  constructions.  But  the  church  to 
which  Fitzhardinge  appended  this  wonder- 
fully influential  tower  was,  says  the  author  of 
the  report  before  us,  distinguished  for  nothing 
but  its  simplicity,  its  open  timber  roofs,  its 
low  walls,  and  the  absence  of  stone  groining 
This  view  of  the  origin  of  Knowles'  design 
may  be  hard  to  believe,  but  believe  it  we 
must,  for  its  author  has  no  doubt  as  to  the 
correctness  of  his  views.  At  the  same  time, 
we  commend  to  the  consideration  of  those 
interested  in  buildings  where  the  centre  and 
side  aisles  are  of  equal  height,  the  church 
of  S.  Elizabeth,  at  Marburg,  and  that  of  S. 
Nazarius,  at  Carcassonne.  That  of  S.  Eliza- 
beth, at  Marburg,  was  founded  in  1235,  and 
we  can  quite  understand  some  people 
agreeing  with  Mr.  Fergusson,  who  thus  writes 
of  it  : — "  It  is  a  small  church,  being  only 
20Sft.  in  length  by  69ft.  in  width  internally, 
and  though  the  details  are  all  of  good  Early 
French  style,  it  still  exhibits  several  German- 
isms, being  triapsal  in  plan,  and  the  three 
aisles  being  of  the  same  height.  The  latter 
must  be  considered  as  a  serious  defect,  for 
besides  the  absence  of  contrast,  either  the 
narrow  side  aisles  are  too  tall  or  the  central 
one  too  low." 

But  Mr.  Street  knows  "  of  no  English,  and 
of  scarcely  any  foreign  church,  the  design  of 
which  appears  to  have  sufficient  analogy  to 
this  to  make  it  necessary  to  refer  to  it."  'The 
work,  he  goes  on  to  say,  "must  be  judged  by 
itself,  not  by  comparison  with  the  proportions 
of  other  churches."  As  a  dictum  in  art  criti- 
cism we  commend  this  to  all  art  critics,  who 
will  be  good  enough  to  remember  that  it  ia 
one  of  those  views  about  the  correctness  of 
which  there  can  be  no  doubt. 

Of  the  proposed  new  nave  we  are  told  that 
the  general  design  is  to  be  copied  from 
Knowles'  work,  and  the  detaUs  are  to  be  of 
nineteenth  century,  "that  in  this  way  a 
grand  work  may  be  legitimately  accom- 
plished," that  to  preserve  the  old  detail  would 
be  mere  task-work  to  the  architect  (imagine 
the  sufl'erings  of  Mr.  Scott  and  all  faiihful 
restorers)  and  that  no  difference  will  be  no- 
ticed between  the  two  works.  "  There  are 
some  portions,  however,  which  wUI  require 
an  entirely  original  design."  The  old  Nor- 
man church  hail  a  north  porch,  so  the  nine- 
teenth century  church  must  also  have  one. 
The  west  front  "  was  not  intended  to  have 
steeples,"  so  the  nineteenth  century  front  must 
liave  steeples  projecting  beyond  the  old  line 
even  of  the  foiuteenth  century  sclieme.    Be- 


August  9,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


551 


t\veen  these  towers  we  are  to  have  "  a  tine 
western  doorway,  with  a  rose  window  above 
it,"  and  the  piers  of  the  nave,  besides  nume- 
rous other  original  and  purely  nineteenth 
century  inventions,  are  to  have  detached  shafts 
on  each  of  their  cardinal  sides. 

We  have  omitted  many  points  of  interest 
in  this  brief  review,  such  as  the  argument 
about  the  position  of  the  cloister  and  otiier 
equally  erudite  archaeological  notices.  We 
conclude  as  we  began,  by  congratulating 
Bristol  on  having  secured  for  its  cathedral 
restoration  an  architect  who  proves  himself 
so  eminently  fit  for  the  task,  not  only  as  an 
L>riginal  thinker  and  designer,  but  as  an 
cijually  original  antiquary. 

*  *  *  * 

As  certain  articles  on  the  Bristol  Assize 
Courts  Competition,  with  which  I  had  no- 
thing to  do,  have  been  considered  to  be  from 
my  pen,  I  beg  permission,  in  this  instance,  to 
subscribe  my  name. 

Edwaud  W.  QoDWiJf. 


BRITISH  ARCHAEOLOGICAL   ASSOCIA- 
TIOX. 

THE  members  o£  this  association  on  Tuesday 
visited  Bitterley  Church  and  Middleton 
Chapel,  ascended  Titterstone  Clee  Hill,  after 
which  they  repaired  to  the  residence  of  Sir  C.  H. 
Rouse  Boughton,  the  president,  at  D  ownton  Hall, 
where  they  were  hospitably  entertained  by  Sir 
Charles.  Mr.  Southern,  Deputy  Mayor,  in  the 
absence  of  the  president,  took  the  chair  at  the 
I  evening  meeting,  when  Mr.  Roberts  gave  an 
account  of  the  day's  excursion,  after  which 
1  Mr.  R.  Kyrke  Penson,  F.S.A.,  read  a  paper  on 
i  Ludlow  Church,  taking  Mr.  Wright  as  his  autho- 
rity for  the  fact  that,  in  1199,  the  then  existing 
Norman  church  was  taken  down  and  enlarged, 
.lud  that  the  Early  English  church,  exclusive  of 
the  side  chapels,  coincided  in  extent  with  the  pre- 
sent building. 

Mr.  T.  Wright,  M.A,  F.S.A.,  made  some  re- 
marks upon  early  churchwardens'  accounts,  the 
materials  for  which  he  had  obtained  from  corpora- 
tion records.  Church  property,  he  said,  was 
evidently  at  one  time  under  the  control  of  guilds, 
and  this  might  account  for  the  books  being  mixed 
up  with  the  corporation  records.  The  entries 
which  he  produced  extended  back  to  1540,  when 
the  expenditure  for  repairs  and  cleaning  of  the 
church  illustrated  the  manner  in  which  the  church 
service  and  ceremonies  were  performed  in  Roman 
Catholic  times.  Mending  bells  and  chimes  formed 
frequent  entries  in  1541-2-3.  A  short  discussion 
followed,  in  the  course  of  which  the  Rev.  Sir  F.  A. 
G.  Ousley  expressed  a  hope  that  further  search 
would  be  made  in  these  records  for  entries  relat- 
ing to  organs,  organ  building,  and  organ  players. 

On  Wednesday  morning  Mr.  Wright  conducted 
the  archxologists  over  the  Castle,  and  described 
the  diSerent  portions  of  this  very  interesting 
edifice.  The  party  afterwards  adjourned  to  the 
restored  church  of  Ludlow,  said  to  be  the  finest 
parish  church  in  England,  Mr.  Kyrke  Penson  act- 
ing as  guide.  In  the  evening,  Mr.  Leiren,  M.A., 
F..S.A,  read  a  paper  on  the  Barony  of  Burford. 
Rev.  J.  D.  La  Touche  next  read  an  interesting 
paper  on  Stokesay  Castle,  a  small  castle  now  dis- 
used, on  the  bank  of  the  River  Onney,  about  four 
miles  from  Ludlow. 

On  Thursday  an  excursion  was  arranged  by  road 
through  Ludford,  Woofferton,  Ashford,  &c.,  to 
Little  Hereford,  thence  to  Burford,  and  so  on  to 
Trubury.  The  6rst  halting-place  was  at  Little 
Hereford,  where  there  is  a  quaint  old  church  close 
to  the  river  Trune,  whose  brawling  voice  is  heard 
in  the  solemn  quietude  of  the  rural  churchyard. 
Mr.  Roberts,  F.S.A,  was  the  guide  to  the  party, 
and  described  the  archseological  features  of  the 
church.  The  party,  after  spending  a  short  time  at 
Little  Hereford  Church,  resumed  their  carriages, 
and  proceeded  to  Burford,  where  they  were 
courteously  received  by  Lord  Northwick  and  the 
Hon.  Miss  Rushout,  and  conducted  over  the 
mansion  and  church.  Mr.  Roberts  here  offered 
some  remarks  on  Burford  Church.  The  party 
next  wended  their  way  to  Trubury,  where  Lord 
Northwick  had  ordered  to  be  prepared  for  the 
travellers  a  most  hospitable  reception.  A  sump- 
tuous dejeuner  was  laid  out  and  duly  honoured, 
liter  which  the  party  (having  first  inspected  Tru- 
bury  Church)  accepted  the  invitation  of  the  Rev. 
Sir  F.  Gore  Ousley  to  inspect  an  oriental  collection 


at  his  residence.  The  proceedings  of  the  evening 
were  among  the  most  interesting  of  the  week.  Mr. 
Wright  presided.  The  Rev.  W.  Pirton  gave  a  de- 
scription of  a  very  ancient  originally  Saxon  church 
at  Stottesden,  near  Cleobury  Mortimer,  which  was 
illustrated  by  drawings.  The  front  was  the  finest 
specimen  in  print  of  a  Norman  front,  with  bold 
carvings  upon  it.  Some  coats  of  arms  in  the 
windows  were  referred  to  in  one  of  the  Haarlem 
MS.  In  1S40,  the  church  was  restored  (with 
cmjihasis),  when  the  beautiful  rood  screen  was 
pulled  down,  and  most  of  it  used  for  firewood, 
and  a  "  three-story  pagoda"  was  built  for  the  par- 
son and  clerk  ;  but  a  tew  fragments  of  the  original 
rood  screen  had  been  rescued,  from  which  he  hoped 
to  be  .-ible  to  restore  the  whole.  Mr.  Dillon  Croker 
read  a  paper  on  Milton's  "  Masque  of  Comus," 
which  was  performed  in  Ludlow  Castle  in  1634. 
Mr.  Cocking  read  some  interesting  remarks  on 
the  remains  of  the  Austin  Friars  at  Ludlow,  which 
were  accidentally  discovered  when  digging  on  the 
site  of  the  present  cattle  market  in  1861. 

On  Friday  the  excursion  programme  was  a  very 
lengthened  one.  The  excursionists  set  out  in 
numerous  carriages  from  Ludlow  as  early  as  nine 
o'clock,  and  did  not  return  before  seven  or  eight. 
The  first  object  visited  was  Aston  Church,  and 
some  ancient  tumuli  not  far  oS'.  SemthaU  Starkes 
Church  was  then  passed,  and  the  church  described 
by  the  Rev.  W.  Williams.  The  party  next  pro- 
ceeded to  Wigmore  Castle,  Abbey,  and  Grange. 
This  retired  and  out-of-the-world  spot  was  once, 
no  doubt,  a  place  of  some  importance.  The  Castle 
was  given  to  Mortimer,  who  came  from  Normandy 
with  the  Conquerar.  The  Priory  was  founded  by 
one  of  his  heirs,  about  1179.  Only  a  small  portion 
of  the  ancient  Castle  remains.  Edward  III.  was 
entertained  here  on  his  journey  into  Wales.  From 
Wigmore  to  Dounton  Castle,  the  seat  of  A.  Bough- 
ton  Knight,  Esq.,  was  the  next  stage.  This  is  a 
modern  residence,  built  at  the  close  of  the  last 
century.  The  scenery  around  is  very  beautiful. 
Mr.  Knight  entertained  the  party  to  luncheon, 
after  which  they  were  to  visit  other  places  on  their 
way  back  to  Ludlow. 

■The  association  brought  its  annual  congress  to  a 
close  on  Saturday,  although  a  supplementary 
gathering  takes  place  this  week  at  Wroxeter,  for 
the  purpose  of  visiting  the  excavated  remains  of 
the  ancient  Roman  city  of  Uriconium.  At  Fri 
day  night's  meeting  Mr.  G.  P.  Wright,  F.S.A., 
read  a  paper  on  "Sir  Philip  Sydney  in  his  Rela- 
tion with  Ludlow  Castle."  Mr.  Blashell  having 
made  some  remarks  on  certain  figures  carved  up- 
side down  on  the  lintel  of  Stotterdon  Church, 
various  theories  were  advanced  as  to  the  origin  of 
such  reversed  figures,  which  appeared  in  more 
places  than  one. 

Mr.  Goldsmid,  F.S.A.,  observed  that  shields 
were  reversed  in  the  case  of  the  last  of  a  family, 
and  also  as  a  mark  of  disgrace. 

The  last  excursion  (on  Saturday)  was  hardly  as 
interesting  as  those  wliich  preceded  it,  and,  more- 
over, its  enjoyment  was  somewhat  dashed  by  a 
spriuking  of  rain.  Stanton- Lacey  and  Diddlebury 
churches  were  visited,  and  at  Stokesay  Castle  the 
Rev.  J.  De  La  Touche  pointed  out  its  interesting 
features,  which  he  had  already  fully  described  in 
a  paper  read  on  Wednesday  night.  Bromfield 
church  and  abbey  were  subsequently  visited,  and 
Lady  Mary  Clive  entertained  the  party  at  Oakley 
Park.  In  the  evening,  on  the  return  of  the  party 
to  Ludlow,  short  papers  were  read  by  the  Rev. 
Prebendary,  H.  M.  Scarth,  on  "Roman  Itinera 
Connected  with  Wales,"  and  by  T.  Blashell,  Esq., 
on  "  The  Half-timbered  Houses  of  Ludlow." 

The  usual  vote  of  thanks  were  then  passed  to 
the  mayor  and  corporation  of  Ludlow,  the  enter- 
tainers of  the  archcBologists,  and  the  majority  of 
the  party  signified  their  intention  to  meet  again  at 
Uriconium. 


of  the  year ;  the   other  four   are  being   rapidly 
proceeded  with.     At  Greenwich,   two  blocks  of 
buildings,   to  accommodate  40  families,  are  also 
very   near  completion.      The   li,abilities    of    the 
company  upon  the  contracts  for  these  buildings 
amount  to   £21,500.      An   agreement   has  been 
entered  into  for  the  purchase  by  the  company  of 
a  very  valuable  freehold  estate,    comprising  nine 
acres  of  land  at  Bethnal-green,  which  is  at  present 
partly  covered   by   some   hundreds  of  old  dilapi- 
dated houses  and  cottages.     Arrangement-s  are  in 
progress  by  which  the  company  will  be  enabled  to 
lay  out  the  district  upon  an  improved  plan,  and  to 
erect  upon  part  of  the  estate  several   blocks  of 
buildings.     The  fee  simple  of  the  estate  will   be 
conveyed  to  the  company  upon  the  most  advan- 
tageous terms,  and  the  directors  trust  that  the 
requisite    capital  will   be  forthcoming  to  enable 
them  to  develope  the   proposed  undertaking  in  a 
suitable    manner;  the    neighbourhood    is     very 
crowded   and   populous,  and  there  is  ample  oppor- 
tunity for  the  expenditure  of   from  ±'100,000   to 
£150,000,  with  the  certainty  of  profitable  returns, 
and  with  great  benefit  to   the   Large   number  of 
working    people    inhabiting    the   district.      The 
directors  have  to  report  that  a  loan  of  £6,000  has 
been  granted,  and  they  expect  to  receive  a  further 
grant  of  £22,000  within  a  few  days.     The  whole 
of  the  company's  dwellings  have  been  fully  occu- 
pied during  the  past  half-year,  and  there  is  still  a 
constant  pressure  on  the   part  of  applicants  for 
vacancies.     There  is  a  sum  of  £1,350  16s.    lid. 
standing   to    the    credit  of   the    profit   and     loss 
account   after   charging   oS'    the  requisite   sums 
carried  to  the   reserve  funds.     The  directors  re- 
commend that  the  usual  dividend  at  the    rate  of 
5  per  cent,  per   annum  should  be  declared,  pay- 
able out  of  this  amount,  and  that  the  balance  be 
carried  forward.     The  chairman,  after  a  few  con- 
gratulatory remarks  upon  the  chief  features  of  the 
report,  concluded  by   moving   its  adoption.     Mr. 
Edwards,  M.P.,in  seconding  themotion,  expressed 
it  as    his    opinion  that  th«y  ought  to  get  their 
loans  from  the  government  at  a  lower  rate  of  in- 
terest than  4  per  cent.     The  motion  was  put  and 
carried  nem.  con.     Sir  John  Lubbock  moved   the 
declaration  of  a  dividend  at  the  rate  of  5  per  cent, 
per  annum  for  the  half  year  ending  June  30  last. 
The  motion  was  seconded  by  Mr.  Russell  Gurney, 
and    carried  ;  and   votes  of  thanks    having  been 
accorded  to  the    chairman,  direotoi-s,  and  oflicers, 
the  proceedings  were  brought  to  a  close. 


IMPROVED  DWELLINGS  FOR  ARTIZANS. 

THE  half-yearly  meeting  of  the  company  formed 
for  erecting  on  a  large  scale  in  various  parts 
of  the  metropolis  improved  dwellings  for  the 
working  classes,  was  held  on  Tuesday  at  the  Man- 
sion House,  Alderman  Sir  S.  Waterlow  in  the 
chair.  The  report,  which  was  taken  as  read,  states 
that  the  whole  of  the  £100  shares  had  now  been 
allotted,  and  at  the  prosent  date  £31,225  had 
been  subscribed  in  £25  shares,  making  the  total 
subscribed  capital  £81,225,  of  which  £17,450  has 
come  in  since  the  date  of  the  last  report.  Six 
blocks  of  buildings,  to  accommodate  163  families, 
are  being  erected  upon  the  Britannia- street  estate. 
Two  are  nearly  completed,  and  it  is  expected  that 
they  will  be  ready  for  occupation  before  the  end 


COMPETITION. 


PoPLAK  Board  of  Works  New  Offices. — 
The  premiums  were  awarded  at  the  meeting  of 
the  Board  on  Tuesday,  the  30th  ult.,  as  follows  :— 
Design  "Circiuus,"  by  the  Assistant  Surveyor  of 
the  Board,*  first  premium  (£50)  ;  "  Octagon,"  by 
Mr.  Arthur  Harston,  East  India-road,  Limehouse, 
second  premium  (£30)  _;  "  Gives,"  by  Mr.  A.  Wil- 
son, Bow,  third  premium  (£20).  The  whole  of 
the  plans  received  will  i  e  publicly  exhibited  for 
one  week  at  the  Board's  ofilccs,  291,  East  India 
Dock-road,  from  Friday,  the  yth  inst.,  till  Friday, 
the  16th  inst ,  and  at  the  Bow  Vestry  Hall  for  one 
week,  from  the  20th  inst.  till  the  27tb  inst. 
Admission  will  be  by  tickets,  to  be  ol.tained 
of  any  member  of  the  Board,  or  at  the  oiJices  of 

the  Board. 

♦ 

OBITUARY. 

The  well-known  ironmaster  of  Merthyr  Tydvil, 
Mr.  William  Crawshay,  expired  at  his  seat.  Caver- 
sham  House,  near  Reading,  on  Sunday  night, 
at  the  advanced  age  of  eighty-two  years. 

Mr.  Michael  O'Connor,  the  well-known  glass 
painter,  of  Bemers-street,  died  on  June  25,  aged 
66.  The  Reynell  Memorial  window  in  Chichester 
Cathedral,  the  Leeds  windows,  and  the  series 
in  the  chapel  of  the  Royal  Hospital  of  Kilmain- 
ham,  were  among  his  more  important  works,  and 
are  greatly  admired.  Mr.  O'Connor  was  a  native 
of  Dublin,  and  began  life  as  an  heraldic  paiuter. 


At  a  meeting  of  the  Gravesend  Board  of  Guar- 
dians on  Thursday,  last  week,  Mr.  Lilley  Stone 
said  that  he  had  made  a  mistake  of  £200  in  his 
tender  of  £4,225  for  the  proposed  enlargement  of 
the  workhouse,  and  he  decclined  to  accept  the 
contract  at  the  latter  sum.  The  guardiaus  re- 
fused to  allow  him  to  amend  the  contract,  and 
accepted  the  next  lowest,  that  of  Messrs.  Crook 
and  Son,   for  £4,767. 

(*  Sea  letter  signea  "B.,"  BiILDiNONBWS,  May  31,1867. 
Ed.  B.  N.] 


552 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


August  9,  1867. 


•'TRICKERY    EXPOSED." 

MR.  PASSMORE  EDWARDS,  the  proprietor 
of  our  excellent  and  well-conducted  con- 
temporary, the  Building  News,  publishes  a 
letter  in  that  journal  under  the  heading  of 
"Trickery  Exposed,"  which  waa  loudly  called 
for.  It  seema  that  there  is  another  journal  called 
the  Builders'  Weekly  Reporter.  This  is  published 
on  the  Monday,  and  Mr.  Edwards  states  that 
the  cause  for  such  a  day  of  publication  is,  that  the 
contents  of  all  the  other  professional  journals 
can  be  rifled  and  dished  up  as  original  matter  with- 
out the  slightest  compunction.  He  says  that 
the  practice  has  been  of  sxich  long  standing,  and 
has  become  intolerable  as  a  gross  injury  to  both 
proprietors  and  writers,  that  in  his  own  case  he 
threatens  an  injunction.  It  appears  that  a  well- 
written  review,  which  I  read  myself,  of  Dr. 
Oppert's  work  "  On  the  Construction  of  Hospi- 
tals," was  reprinted  in  the  Reporter  as  a  leader, 
without  the  slightest  acknowledgment  whatever. 
From  being  well  acquainted  with  the  reputation 
of  Mr.  Edwards,  for  a  wide  margin  of  liberality 
in  all  literary  proceedings,  I  feel  certain  that  his 
paper  must  have  sufiered  kng  and  persistent 
wrong  before  he  complained.  It  is  a  scandalous 
thing  for  a  proprietor  or  proprietary  to  pay  an 
educated  gentleman  to  write  special  scientific 
matter  for  them,  that  is  to  form  a  standard  of 
authoritative  opinion  hereafter,  and  then  to  iind 
that  within  a  few  days  some  unprincipled  Fagan 
springs  with  thievish  claws  upoa  it,  and  offers  it 
for  sale  elsewhere,  as  his  own  honest  production. 
*'  Better  ash  new,  ma  tears."  When  caught  and 
convicted  repeatedly  they  ought  to  be  nailed  alive 
to  the  barn  door  of  honest  journalism.  The  Trade 
Circular,  on  account  of  its  correspondence  being 
original  and  specially  written  for  it,  in  all  parts  of 
the  kingdom,  must  afford  a  peculiarly  rich  and 
tempting  "  diggins,"  weekly,  to  such  pilfering.  I 
have  not  seen  this  Reporter,  but  I  will  have  a  hunt 
through  it,  and  look  if  any  of  our  property  is 
there  without  the  name  of  the  maker.  Should  I 
find  any,  I  shall  very  likely  try  my  hand  at 
"  gibetting  pu'ates."  Fair  paragraph  news  that  is 
open  to  anyone  is  one  thing,  and  we  all  agree  to 
give  and  take  iu  that  way ;  but,  when  a  report,  or 
a  review,  written  as  original  matter,  both  to  in- 
struct the  readers  and  sustain  the  reputation  of 
the  journal,  is  reproduced  in  extenso,  and  sent  into 
the  market  from  the  "receiving-house,"  I  think 
that  no  journalist  should  lay  aside  the  "harmless, 
necessary  cat.and  nine-tails"  until  he  has  vindi- 
cated the  rights  of  his  property.  Special  journals 
spend  large  sums  yearly  in  obtaining  well-written, 
original  matter,  and,  before  they  have  had  the 
benefit  of  a  three-day  circulation,  down  swoop  the 
literary  brigands,  carrying  off  your  property,  re. 
sell  it  as  their  own,  and  grow  f.at,  shameless,  and 
insolent  on  the  ill-gotten  process.  Mr.  Edwards 
deserves  our  thanks,  for  we  are  all  as  much  con- 
cerned as  he  is,  and  we  must  write  up — "  Poachers 
will  be  prosecuted  to  conviction." — Builden' 
Trade  Circida/r. 


^uiliiiiig  littcKigciw. 


OHUBCHES  AKD  CHAPELS. 

The  great  tabernacle  of  the  Saints  at  Salt  Lake 
City  is  now  finished.  It  is  250ft.  wide,  and 
furnishes  comfortable  sitting  room  for  10,000 
persdns. 

The  new  Roman  Catholic  church  of  St.  Peter, 
at  Doucaster,  was  opened  last  week  with  great 
ceremony.  The  style  of  architecture  is  that 
known  as  the  First  Pointed,  and  it  is  very  simply 
treated.  The  material  used  in  the  work  is  brick, 
stone  being  sparingly  inti  oduced  for  the  dressing 
of  doors,  windows,  and  other  points  of  detail. 
Messrs.  M.  E.  Hadfield  and  Son,  of  Shefiield,  have 
been  the  architects,  Mr.  Rodley,  Sheffield,  being 
the  contractor,  and  Mr.  Heyball,  of  the  same 
pl^ce,  executing  the  woodwork.  The  building  has 
accommodation  for  400  people. 

The  foundation  stone  has  been  recently  laid  of 
a  Wesleyan  chapel  at  Old  Swan,  near  Liverpool. 
The  building  will  be  in  the  Gothic  style,  of  red 
sandstone,  and  will  contain  478  sittings.  It  will 
have  a  large  school  room  and  minister's  vestry  at 
the  back,  and  three  class  rooms  on  the  basement. 
The  estimate  is  £2,117  lOs. ;  this  includes  the 
cost  of  heating,  boundary  wall,  and  fittings.  The 
architects  are  Messrs.  Green  and  Parslow,  of 
Liverpool,  and  the  contractor  Mr.  John  Westmor- 
land, also  of  liiyerpool. 


A  new  Wesleyan  Methodist  chapel  and  schools 
are  now  being  erected  at  Crafthole,  near  Devon- 
port.  The  architects  are  Messrs.  Dwelley  and 
Son,  of  Plymouth,  and  the  builders  Messrs.  Jen- 
kin  and  Hosking,  of  Devonport. 

The  Roman  Catholic  church,  Fermoy,  Co. 
Cork,  has  received  considerable  additions  and  im- 
provements, under  the  superintendence  of  Jlessrs. 
Pugin  and  Ashlin,  architects,  Dublin.  The  new 
works  have  cost  £2,500.  The  builder  was  Mr. 
Newstead,  builder,  Fermoy. 

AccRiKGTON. — The  foundation  stone  of  a  new 
Catholic  church  for  Accrington  and  the  neigh- 
bouring townships  of  Church  and  Oswaldtwistle 
was  laid  ou  Monday.  The  style  is  Gothic,  of  the 
thirteenth  century.  The  church  will  have  a  nave 
and  transept  112ft.  iu  length  and  2Sft.  in  width. 
The  transept  will  Le  56ft.  iu  length,  and  24ft.  6in. 
wide,  and  the  chancel  will  be  28ft.  by  14ft.  Sin. 
There  are  two  side  chapels,  in  which  altars  will  lie 
placed,  each  chapel  being  13ft.  6in.  by  lift.  '.lin. 
The  apse  inside,  in  which  an  altar  will  be  erected, 
is  a  semicircle,  with  a  radius  of  12ft.  9iu.  The 
timber  to  be  used  will  be  Riga,  Memel,  or  Daut- 
zic,  and  the  ceiling  of  the  transept  will  be  flat. 
There  will  be  a  great  deal  of  carved  stonework 
about  the  building.  The  church  will  accommo- 
date nearly  1,000  persons.  The  stone  used  for 
the  church  will  be  supplied  from  the  local  quar- 
ries. The  architects  are  Messrs.  Wilson  and 
Nicholl,  of  London,  and  the  estimated  cost  of  the 
church  is  £6,300. 

Bow. — The  new  Baptist  ch.apel  at  Bow  was  con- 
secrated on  Tuesday.  The  erection  is  of  the 
Byzantine  order,  is  80ft.  long,  54ft.  wide,  and 
LS  fitted  with  lateral  galleries  and  an  end  gallery. 
It  is  capable  of  seating  950  persons,  and  there  is 
school  accommodation  under  the  chapel  for  800 
children.  There  are  also  ten  vestries  attached  to 
the  building.  The  pulpit  is  placed  immediately 
over  the  baptistery,  and  is  movable.  The  pews 
are  arranged  in  semicircular  order,  giving  the  ad  - 
vantage  that  each  person,  when  seated,  faces  the 
minister.  The  total  cost  ot  the  building  and 
bazaar  room  is  about  £6,500. 

St.  Andrews. — The  foundation  stone  of  a  new 
cathedral  church  at  St.  Andrews,  Scotland,  was 
laid  on  Wednesday  week,  with  full  Masonic 
honours,  by  Mr.  J.  Whyte  Melville,  Grand  Master 
Mason  of  Scotland,  in  presence  of  a  numerous 
assemblage  of  persons. 

The  Cathedral  at  Queenstows. — The  Roman 
Catholic  Bishop  of  Cloyne  intends  at  once  com- 
mencing the  new  cathedral  at  Queenstowu.  The 
church  vnll  be  upwards  of  2u0ft.  in  length,  and 
of  an  imposing  height.  The  site  is  one  of  the 
finest  iu  Europe,  being  opposite  Spike  Island,  in 
the  centre  of  the  Cove  of  Cork.  The  building  is 
to  cost  £25,000,  and  will  be  erected  from  the 
designs  of  Messrs.  Pugin  and  Ashlin,  of  Dublin. 


In  our  notice  last  week  of  the  Imperial  Hotel, 
Southampton,  we  omitted  to  notice  that  Messrs. 
Turner  and  Allen  had  supplied  and  fixed  the  two 
ornamental  cast-iron  staircases,  the  balconies,  roof, 
and  exterior  railings. 

The  contract  for  the  new  fort  which  is  about  to 
be  erected  upon  St.  Catherine's  Rock,  Tenby,  has 
just  been  let,  .and  the  first  expenditure  upon 
it  will  be  about  £20,000.  The  fort  %vill  altogether 
mount  eleven  guns,  five  of  which  will  be  Iu  case- 
mates below  the  rock. 

KiNOSLET,  Staffordshire. — The  new  endowed 
school  buildings  at  this  place  were  opened  on  the 
23rd  inst.  They  are  built  of  brick,  with  stone 
dressings  and  blue  brick  bands,  and  comprise 
boys',  girls',  and  infants'  schools,  with  class 
rooms,  and  separate  playgrounds,  with  the  re- 
quisite offices  and  residences  for  the  master  and 
mistress.  The  entrance  lobbies  to  the  schools 
afford  accommodation  for  hats  and  cloaks,  and  are 
also  provided  with  wash-hand  basins  in  recesses  in 
the  walls.  The  roofs  are  open  timbered,  con- 
structed with  collars  and  curved  braces,  and 
covered  with  plain  and  ornamental  tiles.  At  the 
intersection  of  the  roofs  is  a  tall  spirelet,  which 
acts  as  a  ventilator,  and  one  of  the  front  g.ables  is 
surmounted  by  a  bell  turret.  The  residences 
each  contain  sitting  room,  kitchen,  pantry, 
BcuUery,  and  three  bedrooms,  with  closets,  &c., 
and  separate  yard  and  out  offices.  Open  fire- 
l^laoes  are  provided  both  to  the  schools  and  class 
rooms,  but  provision  has  .also  been  made  for  the 
introduction,  hereafter,  of  the  warmiug  apparatus 
of  Me-srs.  Haden  and  Sons,  of  Trowbridge.  Fx- 
teriorly,  an  expression  of  a  domestic  character  has 


been  given  to  the  residences,  which  serves  to 
distinguish  them  readily  from  the  schools,  but, 
without  any  disturbance  of  the  unity  of  the  com. 
bined  group  of  buildings.  The  works  have  been 
carried  out  by  Messrs.  Henry  Goldstraw,  of 
Wetley  Rocks,  and  George  Tipper,  of  Kingsley. 
Mr.  Sugden,  of  Letk,  is  the  architect. 

TAirwoRTH. — The  foundation  stone  of  a  new 
grammar  school  hei  e  was  laid  by  the  Marquis  of 
Townshend  on  Wednesday.  The  Free  Grammar 
School  of  Tamworth  is  of  very  ancient  origin, 
dating  back  as  far  as  the  fourteenth  century.  The 
new  building,  the  site  of  which  is  just  outside  the 
town,  will  be  a  neat  and  substantial  erection.  The 
archi'  ect  is  Mr.  Joyce,  of  Stafford,  and  the  builder 
Mr.  Clarson,  of  Tamworth. 


TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 

To  Our  Readers.— We  shall  feel  obliged  to  any  of  our 
rea<lei-s  who  will  favour  us  with  brief  notes  of  works  con- 
templated or  in  progress  in  the  provinces, 

Lettei-s  rebating  to  advertisements  and  the  ordiaary  buei- 
neas  of  the  paper  should  bo  addressed  to  the  Ee.itor,  166, 
Fleet-street.  Advertisements  for  the  current  week  mujat 
reach  the  office  before  5  o'clock  p.m,  on  Thursday, 

Notice.— The  BUILDING  NEWS  Insei-ts  advertise- 
ments for  "  SITUATIONS  WANTED,"  Sic,  at  ONE 
SHILLING  for  the  first  Twenty-four  Words. 


Received.— J.    M.    S.— H.  J.,  Jan.— C.    K.— W,    B.— 

A.  B,  T.— C.    and   P.— R.   W.    C— J.  R.— W.   and   Son.— 

T.  v.— J.  H.— L.  and  B.— R.   A.— W.  B.— W.  S.   S.— T.  T. 

—J.  L.  C-S,  W.  and  Co.,— H.  D.  and  Co.— R.  B.— J.  R.— 

W.  and  Co.— W.  T,— •■  Subw,iys,"  by  P.  N.— "Chemical 

eology,"  by  W,  M.— B.  W,  P.- J.  N. 

F,  S.  S.,  Torquay.— The  Institute  of  British  Architects  | 
is  A  '' Royal "  Society.  Hence  the  letters  F.  R.I.B.A.  are  ] 
correct.  We  know  of  only  one  ai-chitectural  society  is  i 
BristoL 

Alpha, — The  Weales  aeries  being  written  by  differea 
persons  aie  ch.aracteriBed  by  different  degrees  of  merit. 

"An  Arohitect"  throws  no  new  light  on  Rough  Sketchd 
and  Mr,  Street,  and  his  letter  is  inadmissible. 

"  Provincial"  ts  thanked  for  his  second  letter. 

"  An  Architect "  should  find  no  more  difficulty  in  gettii 
the  Building  News  in  Dublin  than  Belfast.  There  mil 
be  some  mistake. 

J,  H.,  Huddersfield, — Next  week. 


Comspfliikiice. 


BRISTOL    ASSIZE   COURTS. 
To  the  Editor  of  the  Buildinq  News. 

Sir, — Would  it  not  have  been  as  well  for  Mr 
E.  W.  Godwin  to  have  put  his  name,  or  his  initials 
to  your  leading  article  of  Saturday  last,  because 
the  very  words  contained  in  it  were  used  by  him 
to  a  friend  of  his  before  it  appeared  in  your  paper 
And  would  not  the  insinuation  made  use  of  al 
the  end  of  one  of  the  articles  apply  to  Mr.  God- 
win as  a  favourite  with  Mr.  Waterhouse  ? 
I  am,  &o., 

July  31.  G.  Sullivan. 

[We  beg  to  inform  Mr.  Sullivan,  and  all  other 
whom  it  may  concern,  that  Mr.  E.  W.  Godwii 
did  not  write  the  .articles  on  the  Bristol  Assiz 
Courts ;  and  we  feel  sure  that  had  we  asked  hir 
to  do  so,  that,  being  a  contributor,  he  would  hav 
unhesitatingly  refused.  Our  correspondent  musi 
we  think,  misunderstand  Mr.  Godwin's  charactei 
as  he  is  certainly  mistaken  as  to  the  manner  t 
which  this  journal  is  conducted.  We  make  it  a 
absolute  condition  that  no  one  in  any  way  cor 
nected  with  a  competition  should  offer  any  ed 
torial  remarks  thereon.  And  in  order  to  secun 
if  possible,  honest  and  impartial  criticisms  in  sue 
a  matter,  the  name  of  the  writer  is  unknown  eve 
to  the  other  members  of  our  staff. — Ed.  B.N.] 


Sir, — I  have  to-day  been  taxed  with  being  tl 
author  of  the  leading  articles  in  your  issues  of  t 
day  and  of  the  26th  ult.,  on  the  Bristol  Asau 
Courts  competition.  Whatever  my  opinion  m: 
be  of  the  decision  of  the  architectural  referee, 
should  wish  it  to  be  known  through  your  colum; 
that  I  am  in  no  way  connected  with  their  authc 
ship,  nor  do  I  know  who  is  the  writer. — 1  am,  4' 
Edward  \V.  Godwin. 

197,  Albany-street,  Regent's  Park,  N.W. 
August  2. 

ANCIENT    AND   MODERN  FDRNITUBI 

Sir, — I  shall  not  attempt  to  answer  the  pc 
souaUties  contained  in  the  letter  of  "  J.  M.  ' 
The  only  argument  in  his  letCfer  is  that  of  the  dc 
in  the  Sainte  Chapelle,  Paris.  Now,  he  could  I 
have  selected  a  building  which  has  been  used  ' 
so  many  purposes  as  this,  .and  one  from  whJ 


August  9,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


553 


I  think,  most  people  would  require  strong  evi- 
denced before  taking  anything  upon  trust,  of  such 
a  movable  nature  as  a  door.  If  this  can  be  proved 
to  have  hung  in  its  present  position  for  the  620 
i"ld  years  that  the  Sainte  Chapelle  has  been 
standing,  it  is  a  remarkable  specimen  of  the  thir- 
teenth century  wooihvork  :  but  if,  as  I  think  most 
probable,  restored  since  that  time,  to  what  period 
should  we  look  for  such  restoration.  If  my 
memory  serves  me,  I  think  the  Sainte  Chapelle 
was  partially  restored  by  Charles  VIII.,  and  this 
door  was  perhaps  placed  tuere  at  that  time,  or  at 
the  time  it  was  used  for  secular  purposes.  The 
fact  of  a  door  framed  in  this  way  being  at  present 
in  the  chapel  is  not  a  convincing  proof  that  my 
assertions  are  incorrect.  My  presumption  in  stat- 
ing that  the  cabinets  are  at  sea  in  construction, 
I  think,  will  be  shared  by  many  of  your  readers, 
if  they  will  take  their  drawing  boards  and  make 
some  working  details  from  these  sketches,  and 
then  test  them  by  these  threadbare  truisms.  And 
when  gasfitters,  smiths,  tailors,  and  Unendrapers 
design  and  manufacture  Gothic  furniture,  I  can- 
not see  the  great  crime  in  criticising  their  efforts, 
even  if  I  had  been  the  mender  of  old  furniture  he, 
in  his  pride  of  place,  imagines  me  to  be.  I  will 
here  correct  a  slight  typographical  error  in  my 
last  letter;  instead  of  sloped  their  mouldings, 
read  sloped  their  mouldings.  If  this  mode  of 
construction,  and  this  treatment  of  mouldings, 
were  in  general]  use,  how  is  it  we  never  see  it  in 
our  roofs,  and  rood  screens,  and  stalb,  even 
though  fifteenth  century  work,  but  find  old  doors, 
chests,  pulpits,  &c.,  of  the  seventeenth  century 
geneniUy  constructed  in  this  way,  the  framing 
thinner,  and  the  mouldings  generally  scratched 
on  the  framing,  the  principal  member  only  show- 
ing as  it  approached  the  mils  or  stiles,  and 
generally  worked  nearly  all  on  the  face  of  the 
work.  In  Gothic  joinery  the  mouldings  gene- 
rally work  at  an  angle  of  45  with  the  face,  and 
where  they  work  more  on  the  flat,  generally 
finish  with  a  mason's  mitre,  as  they  would  other- 
wise finish  badly  on  the  splayed  or  moulded  stop 
generally  used.  I  do  not  put  the=e  forward  as 
original  conclusions,  but  it  is  to  be  seen  by  any 
one  that  will  visit  and  study  our  old  cathedrals 
and  churches  ;  and  though  having  great  respect 
for  Mr.  Talbert's  talents  as  an  artist  and  designer 
of  metal  work,  I  have  still  to  learn  that  he  is  an 
authority  in  Gothic  woodwork.  As  a  practical 
man,  my  remarks  were  mostly  of  a  technical 
character,  and  with  no  wish  to  injure  any  one,  or 
open  any  discussion. — I  am,  &c  , 

Robert  Phillips. 
Dobroyd  Castle,  Todmorden,  August  6. 


is  ornamentaL     Pins  may  be  added  as  at  A  A,  if 
required,   as  an  additional  strength  or  ornament. 


MODERX   FURNITURE. 

Sir, — ilodem  mediaeval  furniture  stands  self- 
condemned  by  its  very  name  ;  we  do  not  desire 
any  return  to  the  habits  of  the  middle  ages.  In 
its  forms  it  is  offensive — the  high  pitched  roofs, 
ciispings,  arches,  and  architectural  forms  gene- 
rally, are  misapplied  to  woodwork.  In  the  middle 
ages,  and  Renaissance,  architectural  forms  were 
applied  to  woodwork  with  good  effect,  but  this 
method  of  design  ha3  ceased.  The  furniture  of 
tae  latter  end  of  the  last  century  developed  a  class 
of  design  purely  suited  to  wood.  All  such  rude- 
ness as  showing  the  pins  at  the  joints,  vanishing 
mouldings,  and  other  peculiarities  of  early  wood- 
work, diisappeared  then  for  ever  for  civilized 
people.^  To  reproduce  such  rudeness  is  simply  to 
show  incapacity  of  appreciating  the  wants  of 
modem  times;  under  such  rudeness  development 
IS  impossible — it  is  simply  return  to  barbarism. 
The  great  fault  of  modern  furniture  of  the  ordi- 
nary  kind  suppUed  by  firstrclass  houses  is  not  any 
want  of  construction,  but  a  certain  coarseness  in 
Its  mouldings,  and  other  details,  and  also  a  gene- 
rally pretentious  character ;  if  these  faults  were 
rectified,  we  should  get  something  much  more 
suited  to  our  times  than  the  sham  medi<evalism, 
with  its  coarse  painting  and  decoration.  Can  any- 
body explain  the  extraordinary  love  of  wood  of 
the  colour  of  putty  which  the  pseudo-mediaeval 
lurniture  revels  in  ?— I  am,  &c., 

X.  V.  z. 

MODERN"  GOTHIC— THE  DOVETAIL. 
Sm,-— Oq  seeing  in  your  two  last  numbers  men- 
tion of  the  dovetail,  it  occurred  to  me  that  the 
foUowing  might  interest  some  of  your  readers. 
In  the  construction  of  modern  Gothic  carcase 
work,  from  the  fancy  box  to  the  more  massive 
piece  of  j  jiner  work,  I  nev^r  use  the  dovetail, 
but  the  fo lowing  plan,  illustrated  by  the  figure  :— 
lae  pins  are  all  cut  square  aad  equal ;  the  effect 


This  cannot  be  said  to  be  equal  in  strength  to 
the  dovetail,  as  in  the  drawer,  where  the  pull  is 
all  on  the  front,  yet  sufficiently  strong  for  all 
ordinary  carcase  work,  costs  no  more,  and  is  far 
more  pleasing  in  ellect. — 1  am,  &c., 

POPLAR   BOARD   OF   WORKS    NEW 
OFFICES   COMPETITION. 

Sir, — A  short  time  since  ten  designs  out  of 
forty-five  were  selected  by  a  committee  of  the 
Poplar  Board  of  Works,  and  referred  to  Mr. 
Sancton  Wood  to  report  upon,  but  not  in  their 
order  of  merit,  as  the  Board  reserved  to  them- 
selves the  right  of  awarding  the  premiums,  which 
they  have  now  done,  to  three  competitors  who  are 
intimately  acquainted  with  the  committee.  The 
sum  proposed  to  be  expended,  according  to  the 
instruction,  was  £5,000.  Mr.  S.  Wood  estimates 
the  first  premiated  design,  "  Circinus,"  to  cost 
£5,436;  the  second,  "Octagon,"  £6,0S0 ;  the 
third,  "  Gives,"  £6,995.  There  are,  I  understand, 
several  designs  sent  in  showing  far  greater  artistic 
merit,  at  a  less  cost  than  those  selected  for  pre- 
miums. The  following  extract  from  the  local 
paper  (East  London  Observer)  is  sufficient  to 
show  one  of  the  most  scandalous  pieces  of  jobbery 
ever  perpetrated  in  the  history  of  competitions : — 

We  maystate  that  it  was  reported  that  "Circinus"  is  no 
other  than  Mr.  Fletcher,  the  late  assiataQt-survejor  to  the 
Poplar  Board  of  Works;  "Octagon,"  Mr.  Arthur Harston, 
of  East  India-road  ;  aud  "  Gives,"  a  son  of  Mr.  A.  Wilson, 
of  Bow.  Of  course,  the  conduct  of  the  members  of  the 
Board  is  xmimpe-^chuble.  and  there  cannot  be  the  slightest 
doubt  but  that  they  exercised  their  architectural  know- 
ledge to  the  fullest  e'stent  in  the  selection  of  the  plans. 
But  the  fact  that  one  of  the  three  favourite  has  been  con- 
nected with  the  Board,  that  another  is  about  to  form  an 
alliance  with  a  member's  daughter,  and  that  the  third  is  a 
gentleman  of  considerable  local  influence,  is  so  very  re- 
markable, that  we  hasten  to  endeavour  to  remove  any 
idea  that  there  has  been  the  faintest  tinge  of  favouritism 
or  collusion  between  the  parties,  more  especially  as  tho 
committee,  to  protect  the  public  (and  themselves  from 
suspicion),  employed  a  surveyor  to  guide  them  in  their 
decision,  and  have  awarded  him  the  munilicent  sum  of 
£25  to  give  an  unbiassed  opinion  on  the  relative  merits  of 
the  plans  submitted  to  him. 

I  am,  &c.. 

Delta. 


Intertoinniuiuciitioii. 


QUESTIONS. 
[519.]— DELIVERY  OF  WATER  IN"  PIPES.— I  "(vould 
ask  to  be  infonned  the  meanins  of,   and  way  of  finding.  H 
in  the   formiJffi  underneath,   taken  from   **  Moleswoith's 
Pocket  Book,"  page  52  :— 

D    =  diameter  of  pipe,  in  inclies. 

H  =  head  of  wattr,  in  feet. 

L    =  length  of  pipe,  in  feet. 

W  =  cubic  feet  of  water  dischai^ed  per  minute. 

V    Di 
W  =  4-72        ,  ^ 


D  =  -533 


'^^ 


W^ 


I  trust  Bomoof  your  readers  can  assist  me. — Heai>. 


[520.]— OVERTIME.— I  hiive  been  expecting  to  see  a 

reply  to  Question  479,  viz.,  whether  an  architect  can 
keep  his  pupils  till  S,  9,  and  10  o'clock  at  night  at  the 
bo;ird.  Whether  the  pupil  can  demand  payment  fur  the 
time  he  ia  kept  by  the  master  when  he  pays  no  premium, 
and.  if  so,  at  what  rate  per  hour  ?  Can  the  master  have  any 
]>ower  over  his  pupil  if  he  refuses  to  work  till  that  time? 
Some  ni;tsters  do  not  care  whether  their  pupUs  have  any 
recreation  or  not,  ami  I  think  thi*  is  a  point  very  important 
to  pupils.  I  do  not  miud  working  any  reasonaijle  time 
aft^rthe  office  hours,  but  what  is  "good  for  the  goose  is 
good  for  the  gander  " — what  is  good  for  the  master  is  good 
for  the  pupiL  Will  any  of  your  correspondents  kindly 
answer  this  question. — Alpha- 


[521.]  —  ARCHITECTURAL  EMPLOYMENT  IN 
AMERICA — Amoiigat  your  numerous  readers  there  may 
be  some  who  have  visited  the  United  States  of  America. 
I  s'-JOiUd  feel  obliged  if  they  could  inform  me  if  a  competent 
architectural  assistant  could  without  difficulty  obtaiu  em- 
ployment  in  tliat  couatrj-.— Ce:«xeounead. 


[522.]— DRAWIKGS.— Can  any  of  your  readers  t«U  me 
of  a  paste  or  glue  whicli  can  be  used  with  safety  to  lay 
down  drawing  pat>tir  for  water-colour  drawings  on  another 
pai>er?  Conmtou  p:isto  c:in  bo  worked  more  bm'Xithly  aud 
suiuds  the  subsequent  wetting  bultur  than  anything  1  hava 
yet  tried ;  but  uftur  the  paper  has  been  put  at^idu  for  a 
time,  the  {»istti  is  apt  to  cause  spots  which  are  not  visible 
until  the  washes  of  colour  are  laid  on  aud  cannot  be  rume- 
died. — DuiUi^HTiiMAN. 

[Powder  dextrine  (mixed  up  as  au  ordinary  paste)  is 
much  used  by  photographic  artista  for  that  purpose,  aud 
will  answer  very  well.  J 


[523.}— SUBURBAN  VILLAGE  COMPANY— I  enclose 
a  prospectus  of  tlie  Suburban  Village  and  General  Dwellings 
Company,  iii  which  1  aud  several  others  in  tht^  neighbour- 
hood have  taken  shares  and  paid  some  instalments,  but 
have  latterly  felt  some  doubt  as  to  the  genuineness  of  the 
concern:  they  are  ;Uwaya  just  going  to  commence  opera- 
tions, but  never  do  :  there  is  always  some  very  plausible 
rea.wn  why  given,  but  the  commencing  having  been  put 
off  so  frequently  makes  us  feel  doubtfuL  If  yon  are  in 
possession  of  any  information  concerning  it,  and  will  kindly 
tell  us  in  your  next  impression,  we  should  be  very  much 
obliged. — J.  J.  

[5'24-]— FURNACE  OVEN*  BUILDING.— I shaU  be  mucli. 
obliged  if  you  or  some  one  will  give   me  a  few  hints  on 
furnace  oven  building,  or  the  title  and  publisher  of  a  book 
treating  on  the  same.— Clerk,  Dippehall-street,  Crondall, 
Faruham,  Surrey. 

[525.1— GREASING  LEATHER  BELTS  —What  is  the 
best  substance  for  greasing  leather  driving  btjlts  to  increase 
theii"  adhesion  to  the  pulleys,  and  the  approximate  quantity 
required  for  50ft.  of  4in.  beltiug,  aud  also  the  best  means 
to  applyit?— W.  P.  M. 

[526-1-PRESERVATION  OF  TIMBER.— In  your  article 
on  "Preservation  of  Timber  "  I  isaw  no  account  of  the  sea 
worm  which  infects  the  wood  iu  piers  similar  to  that  in 
tliis  place,  where  I  see  soma  of  the  piles  are  nearly  eaten 
through.— J.  WiLUAits,  Royal  Hotel,  Southend. 


[527.]— R.I  B,  A. — Is  there  a  difference  in  the  signification 
of  the  terms  PI.B.A  and  F  R.I.B.  A.,  or  is  it  a  distinction 
without  a  difference?  If  the  former,  what  is  the  exact 
difference?  are  there  two  Institutes  of  British  Architects? 
— F.S.S. 

[The  Inatituto  is  what  is  called  a  "  Royal "  society :  hence 
F.R.I.B.A.  is  correct.  There  is,  we  believe,  only  one 
Architectural  Society  in  Bristol.] 


REPLIES. 

[4S5.]— RAISING  BUILDINGS  BODILY. —As  "Sceptic" 
and  "  Provincial "  doubt  many  stories  from  America,  re- 
lative to  rioaiug  houses,  I  will  for  their  edification  mention 
that  a  few  years  ago  I  saw  some  50  houies  in  All-street, 
Newark.  New  Jersey,  U.S.,  bodily  removed  to  various 
parts  of  the  town,  to  make  way  for  the  Orange  County 
Railway.  These  houses  were  of  timber,  three  storeys  high, 
and  timber,  brick,  ho^ed,  and  had  been  built  from  thirty 
to  forty  years,  with  no  idea  of  ever  being  removed.  I  also 
saw,  iu  1S58,  a  first-class  five  storey  stone  and  brick-built 
house  in  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York  City,  raised  from  their 
level  14ft.  and  a  shop  storey  inserted  underneath.  The 
building  was  raised  by  screwjacks. — Carduff. 

[4S5.]— Out  of  four  answers  you  have  admitted  to  your 
columns  only  one  has  endeavoured  to  answer  the  question, 
viz.,  "Believer,"  who,  I  think,  might  have  made  a  more 
open  explanation.  In  the  first  place,  a  hole  is  dug  at  one 
corner  of  the  building,  and  then  all  round  the  sides  like 
trenches.  Thick  planks  are  then  placed  near  the  edge  and 
round  these  trenches.  Hydraulic  lifts  were  then  placed  at 
each  comer  ;  the  planks  were  placed  on  these  lifts,  which 
were  made  to  work  together  and  gradually,  the  building 
was  raiied  to  the  required  height.  I  do  not  know  whether 
the  building  is  undermined  altogether,  but  from  what  I 
can  understand  from  reading,  the  building  is  like  sketch. 
The  planks  extending  fron  A  to  B  and 
B  to  C  aud  so  on,  and  the  lifts  placed  at 
each  comer,  as  X  said  before,  the  planks 
resting  on  them.  I  did  not  answer  twfore, 
"  as  I  thought  some  of  your  correspondents 
-^  M^  better  up  in  such  things  than  myself 

would  be  able  to  do  so,  but  I  am  extremely 
sorry  to  see  the  ''Intercommunication"  column  used  as  it 
is. — ■Alpha. 


[503.]— ZINC  FOR  ROOFS.— I,  as  an  architect  having 
the  diiection  and  superintendence  of  works  in  Lundoii, 
have  frequently  ^nd  largely  used  zinc  for  gutters  aud  flats, 
aud  find  that  under  the  following  conditions  of  workman- 
ship it  answers  admirably;  the  extremes  of  heat  and  cold 
Lave  no  apparent  effect  upon  it.  The  cunditions  under  which 
I  use  it  are  these— first,  always  use  the  No.  14orNo.  15  gauge 
malleable  zinc,  manufactured  by  the  VieiUe  Montague  Zinc 
Company,  and  insist  upon  it  being  hud  "strictly  in  accord- 
ance with  the  directions  and  regulations  of  that  company" 
(as  prepared  by  Messrs.  Fisher  and  Edmestoo,  their  archi- 
tects) by  a  2iucworker  well  acquainted  with  the  method 
(Fox,  of  Limehouse).  Second,  I  make  a  separate  contract 
for  the  zincv\ork,  aud  so  deal  direct  with  the  ziucworker. 
Third,  I  insist  upon  the  zincworker  refusing  to  lay  his  metal 
until  the  carpenters  have  complie<i  with  all  his  directions 
as  to  falls,  drip.-?,  and  boarding  of  the  flats,  fee.  By  these 
means  1  secure  sound  work.  If  the  ziocwork  is  included 
in  the  general  building  contract,  the  builder  may  employ 
a  good  zincworker,  but,  nevertheless,  the  work  may  fail  iu 
consequence  of  the  zincworker  not  having  the  power  to 
enforce  his  regulations  upon  his  employer,  and  many  flats 
and  gutters  fail  on  account  of  the  carpenters'  work  being 
badly  designed  or  executed.  I  would  recommend  all  per- 
sons about  to  use  zinc  in  buihlings  to  obtain  the  published 
directions  and  thickness  gauge  of  the  company  I  have  men- 
tioned, and  in  designing  the  structural  portions  of  the 
work  to  be  covered,  to  adhere  strictly  to  the  regulations 
there  laid  dowir ;  consult  the  zincworker,  and  if  considered 
advisable  make  it  a  part  of  his  contract  that  he  shall  obtain 
a  certificate  frjm  the  architects  of  the  VieiUe  Montague 
Zinc  Company  before  being  paid.  I  may  mention  that  it 
is  a  rule  of  the  company  to  make  no  charge  for  such  certi- 
ficates, and  to  allow  to  all  zincworkers  who  obtain  such 
certificates  an  extjra  dlecouiit  off  the  cost  of  the  metal.— 
A.  H. 


554 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


AtTGUST  9,  1867. 


[509.]— BRASS  RUBBINGS.— In  reply  to  "In  Memo- 
moriam."  I  refer  to  three  methods— First,  usiiig  black 
paper  and  a  metallic  composition,  which  produced  a  perfect 
fac-sunile  of  the  brass.  Second,  and  the  most  usual 
metliod,  by  iLsing  double-crown  paper  or  piperhangers' 
lining  paper  and  "  heel-ball,"  a  composition  used  by  shoe- 
makers. Third,  the  easiest  and  most  expeditions  method, 
by  xisiug  thin  tissue  paper,  and  by  means  of  a  soft  pad 
covered  with  wash  leather,  rub  over  the  paper  a  thin  mix 
ture  of  blacklead  and  linseed  oil.  In  all  three  methods  the 
paper  is  kept  tight  on  the  surface  of  the  brass,  and  the  com- 
position rubbed  over  the  paper. — H.  S.  R. 


[514.]— CHURCH,  HOXTON-SQUARE.  —  "  Ecclesiolo- 
gist "  is  informed  that  Mr.  E.  Pugin  was  the  architect  of 
this  church,  which  is  known  chiedy  by  the  elegance  of  its 
nave  piera  and  the  novelty  of  its  design  and  construction. 

[515.]— OBTAINING  PHOTOGRAPHS  ON  COPPER- 
PLATES.— Allow  me  to  inform  "  Inquisitor  "  that  a  pro- 
cess for  obtaining  photographs  on  copperplates,  is,  accord- 
in  .'  to  the  process  of  Mr.  Mi  ilerli-Beckuell,  of  St.  John  the 
Baptist,  Louisiana,  as  folio  vs: — The  inventor  takes  a 
smooth  and  perfectly  clean  copper  plate  and  dips  it  for 
30  sec.  into  a  bath  composed  of  sulphate  of  copper  125 
grains,  common  salt  75  grains,  water  2oz. ,  acidulated  with 
a  few  drops  of  acid,  any  acid  whatever.  As  soon  as  with 
drawn,  the  plate  is  well  washed,  and  then  dried  with  a  soft 
clean  cloth.  The  plate  is  then  ready  for  exposure  in  a 
firame  under  a  glass  negative.  In  good  sunlight  five  or  ten 
minutes'  exposure  is  sufficient,  but  in  cloudy  weather  a 
loncer  time  is  required.  To  fix  the  picture  it  is  only 
necessary  to  dip  the  plate  into  a  solution  of  hypo  contain- 
ing a  little  chloride  of  silver.  A  bath  which  has  been  used 
for  paper  proofs  will  do,  but  it  must  be  filtered  clear. 
After  a  few  seconds'  immersion,  the  parts  of  the  picture  that 
were  reddish  whiten,  and  at  the  same  time  the  shadows 
take  a  violet  tint,  passing  away  to  black.  As  soon  as  this 
occurs  the  plate  must  be  taken  out,  well  washed,  and  dried 
over  a  spirit  lamp.  As  the  blacks  are  formed  of  a  very  fine 
powder  the  plate  must  be  varnished  to  preserve  the  picture. 
The  author  supposes  that  a  layer  of  protochloride  of  copper 
formed  in  the  bath  constitutes  the  sensitive  surface,  and 
he  thinks  that  in  the  hypo  and  chloride  of  silver  bath  the 
uuacted-on  protochloride  is  dissolved,  and  silver  is  de- 
posited on  the  bare  copper. — Photographkr, 

[518.]— MALT  KILNS.— The  best  and  most  durable 
mortar  for  malt  kilns  is  composed  of  two  parts  coal  ashes, 
one  of  stone  lime  (boQed  and  run),  with  a  good  supply  of 
cow  hair,  and  put  on  as  any  other  mortar,  on  double  deal 
laths.  A  coat  of  whitewash  every  six  months  is  a  great 
preservative.  I  have  done  several  with  this,  and  have  always 
found  them  wear  well. — Builder. 


STATUES,  MEMORIALS,  ETC. 

A  statue  of  Napoleon  I.  is  to  be  inaugurated  on  the  18th 
inst.  at  Montereau.  It  will  stand  on  the  spot  where  the 
Emperor  uttered  the  last  words,  "The  bullet  which  is  to 
kill  me  is  not  yet  cast." 

A  bust  of  Mr.  Cobden,  which  has  been  placed  in  the 
northern  transept  of  Westminster  Abbey,  was  formally  un- 
Teiled  a  day  or  two  since  in  the  presence  of  Dean  Stanley, 
of  Mrs.  Cobden,  of  Mrs.  Seltzer,  and  of  Mr.  Woolner,  the 
sciilptor.  The  bust  has  been  placed  on  that  side  of  the 
transept  which  is  adorned  by  monuments  of  Sir  Cornewall 
Lewis,  Charles  Buller,  and  Francis  Horner. 

"  Plassey  and  Pegu." — A  monument  to  tho  memory  of 
the  otBcers  and  men  of  the  Royal  Bengal  Fusiliers  who  fell 
at  the  Umbayla  Pass,  in  1803,  h.as  just  been  erected  in 
Winchester  Cathedral.  The  monument  cont<ainB  the  words, 
"Plassey  and  Pegu,"  where  the  regiment  gained  honour. 
The  names  of  the  honoured  dead  mentioned  on  the  monu- 
ment are  Lieut.  Chapman,  Ensign  Sanderson,  Surgeon 
Pile,  Corporal  Dix,  Drummer  Newhy,  and  three  of  22 
private  soldiers  who  fell  at  the  Umbayla  Pass. 


LEGAL  INTELLIGENCE. 

Art  CopyRiQHT. — At  GuilJhall.'oQ  Tuesday,  Mr. 
Alderman  Besley  was  occupied  for  five  hours  in 
hearing  summons  against  printsellers  f<ir  selling 
photograph  copies  of  valuable  prints  and  pictures 
beloDgingto  Mr.  Henry  Graves,  fine  art  publisher  in 
Pall  Mall.  The  first  set  of  summonses  were  taken 
out  against  William  Blin,  a  print-mounter,  carrying 
on  business  at  No.  7,  Holborn.  There  were  four 
summonses  against  Mr.  Blin  for  selling  photo- 
graphs of  different  pictures  at  various  dates,  the 
copyright  of  which  belonged  to  Mr.  Gnaves.  The 
defendant  was  convicted,  and  fined  £5  in  each 
case,  with  the  alternative  of  fourteen  days'  im- 
prisonment, the  commencement  of  each  to  be  at 
the  termination  of  the  preceding  term. — William 
Ellis  Gould  and  William  Mansfield  Gould,  of 
108,  London-wall,  father  and  son,  appeared  to 
answer  four  summonses  for  selling  pirated  copies 
of  the  same  engravings.  In  the  fir.^t  case  the  de- 
fendants were  fined  £5  each,  or  in  default  thirty 
days'  imprisonment ;  in  the  second,  503._  each,  or 
fourteen  days,  to  commence  at  the  eipiration  of 
the  previous  term  ;  in  the  third,  50s.  each,  or  four- 
teen days,  to  commence  at  the  expiration  of  the 
second  term  ;  in  the  fourth  case  the  summons  was 
withdrawn.  There  was  a  fifth  summons  against  Mr. 
William  Ellis  Gould  alone  for  selling  two  photo- 
graphs with  the  name  of  Mr.  Graves  on  them  as 
the  maker  and  publisher  of  them,  whereas  he  did 
not  execute  or  make  such  photographs.  The 
case  was  proved  against  him,  and  he  was  fined  £5, 
with  the  alternative  of  fourteen  days'  imprison- 
ment, to  commence  at  the  expiration  of  the  pre- 
vious terms.  —  Edwin  Yeates,  a  picture-frame 
maker,  of  22,  Goldsmith'srow,  Hackney-road,  wiS 
summoned  for  selling  three  photographs  of  Mr. 
Graves's  paintings.  He  sold  the  three  for  IBs.  6d. 
The  case  was  clearly  proved,  and  Alderman  Besley 
sentenced  him  to  pay  £5,  or  in  default  to  undergo 
thirty  days'  imprisonment.  Mr.  Graves  said  it 
occupied  one  department  of  his  establishment  to 
endeavour  to  protect  his  copyrights  from  piracy. 
Two  Hundred  Chimneys  on  Fire. — About  a 
dozen  persons,  chiefly  of  the  lower  class  of  Irish, 
were  summoned  at  Birkenhead  on  Tuesday  for 
having  their  chimneys  on  fire  on  the  night  of  the 
29th  ult.  This  was  the  first  evening  of  Mr. 
Murphy's  lecture,  and  it  being  known  that  the 
police  would  be  concentrated  about  the  Town 
Hall,  advantage  was  taken  of  the  circumstance^  by 
many  of  the  inhabitants  to  set  fire  to  their  chim- 
neys, perhaps  in  order  to  save  the  expense  of  pay- 
ing for  their  being  swept.      The  police  officer  who 


At  a  quarterly  meeting  of  the  Bristol  Town 
Council,  on  Tuesday,  the  plan  of  Me.?8r8.  Popes 
and  Bindon  for  the  New  Assize  Courts,  was 
accepted,  an  amendment  proposing  that  a  fresh 
plan,  based  upon  all  three  of  the  premiated 
plans,  should  be  prepared  being  negatived  without 
a  division. 

It  has  been  said  that  lychnoscopes  are  always 
found  in  the  south  wall  of  the  chancel.  A  corre- 
spondent pointsout,  that  at  Bradfield,  Berks,  there 
is  an  Early  English  lychnoscope  in  the  north  wall 
of  the  chancel,  with  a  carved  oak  door.  The  lych- 
noscope, as  the  word  implies,  is  a  small  door 
through  which  the  paschal  candle  burning  in  front 
of  the  high  altar  used  to  be  watched  on  the 
vigil  of  Easter.  Lychnoscopes,  although  com. 
paratively  few,  have  escaped  the  desecration  of 
the  Puritans,  are  not  so  rare  as  is  generalUy  sup- 


In  the  House  of  Commons,  on  Tuesday,  Mr. 
Beresford  Hope  asked  the  First  Commissioners 
if  it  was  intended  to  move  the  statue  of  Canning 
from  its  present  site,  and  to  reinstate  it  in  its 
former  position.  Lord  John  Manners  replied, 
that  when  the  railway  works  were  being  pro. 
ceeded  with  through  Parliament-square,  the  trees 
and  shrubs  which  grew  there  were  destroyed,  so 
that  it  became  necessary  to  consider  the  whole  of 
the  new  arrangements  for  laying  out  the  space, 
and  how  to  dispose  of  the  statue  of  Canning, 
which,  it  was  perfectly  clear,  could  not  remain 
where  it  had  been.  His  predecessor  in  office 
paid  particular  attention  to  that  subject,  and 
having  consulted  with  Mr.  Barry  in  reference  to 
it  he  came  to  the  conclusion  that  the  present  site 
of  the  statue  was  the  best  that  could  be  selected. 
A  strong  feeling,  however,  existed  among  the 
relations  and  personal  friends  of  Mr.  Canning, 
that  his  statue  ought  to  be  in  immediate  con- 
tiguity to  the  House  of  Commons.  The  matter 
was  discussed  a  few  nights  ago  in  another  place, 
and  as  that  feeUng  was  very  strongly  expressed,  he 
consulted  with  some  of  his  colleagues,  and  with  Mr. 
Barry,  but  they  had  not,  as  yet,  arrived  at  any 
final  decision  beyond  this,  that  if  the  statue  were 
to  be  again  moved,  it  should  be  placed  in  the 
centre  of  Parliament-square. 

We  understand  that  a  valuable  offer  has  just 
been  made  by  Mr.  Whitworth  to  the  authorities 
at  South  Kensington.  That  gentleman  has  offered 
to  deposit  at  the  Museum  three  original  true 
planes  and  a  measuring  machine  or  instrument  de- 
monstrating the  millionth  part  of  an  inch,  and  he 
proposes  also  to  provide  by  endowment  for  the  de- 
— o  -  -        -  ,-     -J  i.1.  i.     1,     ..    livery   of  lectures   to   explain  such  instruments, 

proved  the  case  agamst  several  said  that  about    ^^^  ^^^^^  ^^^^^  ^^^  f^^^^  ^^^  j^jg  friends  will  have 
nine  o'clock    there  were    at  least    two  hundred    ^j^    goo^j  gense  to  see  the  value  of  this  offer,  and  at 


COMPENSATION. 

TheNew  Law  CoDRTS.- A  compensation  claim  on  the 
part  of  Mr.  Edward  Robert  Kelly,  the  publisher  of  Kelly's 
"Directory,"  in  Old  Boswell-court,  for  the  business,  pre 
mises,  and  loss  by  removal,  against  the  Royal  Commis- 
sioners, came  before  Mr.  Scott  Turner  and  a  jury  on  Mon- 
day. The  claim  exceeded  £'20,000,  and  the  case  seemed  to 
have  created  much  interest.  A  special  jury  was  siunmoned, 
and  only  "one  "  attended,  and  he  took  his  seat  in  the  box 
for  more  than  an  hour  whilst  the  parties  negociated  to 
settle  the  matter  for  the  property  reqilired  for  the  New 
Palace  of  Justice.  Ai  length  Mr.  Hawkins  announced 
that  the  matter  was  settled,  and  the  solitary  geutleman 
could  give  a  verdict  for  £12,500,  if  he  felt  himself  competent 
to  give  it  alone.  (A  laugh).  The  juryman  said,  "  Oh,  yes, 
for  twice  the  amount "  (Laughter.)  The  common  jurors 
came  up  to  be  discharged,  and  the  high  bailiff  thought 
they  should  be  sworn  to  give  a  verdict.  The  suggestion 
was  acted  upon,  and  a  verdict  by  consent  was  recorded  for 
£12,500,  and  the  jurymen  received  their  fee. 

Stevens  v.  the  Royal  Commissioners. — This  was 
another  he.aTy  compensation  claim  for  the  Now  Law  Courts. 
It  was  a  claim  of  £19,729  forpremises  required  at  Bell-yard, 
and  for  loss  consequent  on  removal,  as  printer,  from  35, 
36,  and  37,  Bell-yard,  and  for  other  premises  used  as  ware- 
houses for  printing.  iS:c.,  known  as  a  ''cottage."  Mr. 
Lloyd  and  Mr.  Horace  Lloyd  appeared  for  the  claimant ; 
Mr.  Hawkins,  Q.C.,  Mr.  Day,  and  Mr.  M'Mahon  were  for 
the  Royal  Commissioners.  On  this  occasion  nine  special 
jurors  attended,  and  the  parties  consulted  to  settle  the 
matter  for  some  time.  Mi.  Hawkins  said  hi.4  learned 
friend  Mr.  Lloyd  had  been  so  pathetic  that  he  had  been 
more  liberal  than  perhaps  he  ought  to  have  been.  The 
jury  would  give  a  verdict  for  £10,000.— A  verdict  was  re- 
turned by  the  jury  for  £10,000. 


chimneys  on  fire  in  Oak-street,  St.  Anne-street, 
Edgar-street,  and  Cleveland-avenue.  The  flames 
were  so  great  that  at  one  time  he  was  afraid  the 
whole  town  would  be  on  fire.  It  was  clear  the 
chimneys  were  purposely  set  on  fire.  One  person 
succeeded  in  satisfying  the  bench  that  his  chim- 
ney was  fired  from  one  of  his  neighbours'.  The 
magistrate  said  all  the  rest  were  clear  cases.  They 
must  each  pay  a  penalty  of  53.,  and  23.  6d.  costs, 
or  go  to  gaol  for  five  days. 


§t\mu\  Items. 


Barnsley. -Nearly  fourteen  weeks  have  elapsed  since 
the  strike  in  the  building  trade  at  Bamsloy  commenced, 
and  still  no  satisf.ictory  arrangement  has  been  arrived  at, 
both  masters  and  workmen  appearing  quite  indifferent 
about  the  matter.  Meantime  great  inconvenience  is  ex- 
perienced by  those  masters  who  have  large  contracts  on 
hand,  but  who  up  to  the  present  time  have  been  unable 
to  supply  the  places  of  their  old  workmen.  Very  few  of 
the  men  who  originally  struck  work,  however,  are  in  the 
town,  having  obtained  employmeut  elsewhere. 


It  is  proposed  to  construct  at  Marseilles  a  new 
port,  at  an  expense  of  £2,400,000. 

As  showing  the  wonderful  increase  in  value 
of  property  in  the  metropolis  within  three  hun- 
dred years,  it  is  stated  that  a  plot  of  land  contain- 
ing about  40,000ft.,  purchased  ia  the  year  1566 
for  Is.  6d.  per  foot,  is  now  valued  at  £20  per  foot, 
or  £800,000  for  the  whole,  being  an  increase 
of  £2,657  per  year  on  an  original  outlay  of  £3,000. 
Messrs.  Simmons  and  Co.,  of  the  United  States, 
have  just  completed  a  fine  organ  for  the  Stone 
Church  at  Honolulu,  being  the  first  organ  ever 
sent  to  the  Sandwich  Islands.  The  native  con- 
gregation sent  1,500  dollars  in  gold  as  part  pay- 
ment. 

A  most  interesting  discovery,  says  the  Pall 
Mall  Gazette,  has  just  been  made  in  the  library  of 
the  House  of  Lords,  viz.,  of  the  original  copy  of 
the  "Sealed  Book  of  Common  Prayer,"  which 
has  been  so  long  missing.  It  is  found  in  the 
manuscript  that  the  Bishops  had  ordered  that  the 
Communion  Tables  should  stand  at  the  east  end 
of  the  chancel,  and  that  the  celebrant  should 
stand  eastward ;  but  they  subsequently  erased  the 
rubrics. 


once  accept  it. 

The  following  is  said  to  be  a  true  copy  of  a 
record  in  Winchester  Cathedral,  dated  a.d.  1182  : 
— "  To  solderynge  and  repairynge  St.  Joseph,  8d.; 
cleanynge  and  ornamenting  ye  Holy  Ghost,  6d. ; 
repairynge  ye  Virgin  Marye  before  and  behinde, 
and  makynge  a  new  ehilde,  48.  8d. ;  screwynge  a 
nose  on  ye  Devyl,  putynge  a  home  on  hys  hede, 
gluynge  abyt  on  hys  tayle,  53.  6d. ;  total,  lis.  4d." 

As  already  announced,  the  annual  meeting  of 
the  Social  Science  Association  will  be  held  in  Bel- 
fast from  the  18th  to  the  25th  inst.  Among  the 
special  questions  for  discussion  are  the  following  : 
—What  measures  are  necessary  to  secure  effi- 
ciency and  uniformity  in  the  working  of  the 
sanitary  laws  throughout  the  kingdom  ?  In  what 
form,  and  to  what  extent,  is  it  desirable  that  the 
pubhc  should  provide  means  for  the  recreation  of 
the  working  classes  ?  The  following  are  suggcited 
as  suitable  subjects  for  voluntary  papers:— Im- 
provement of  the  dwellings  of  the  labouring  class? 
Town  and  domestic  water  suppy  ?  What  legislative 
or  other  measures  can  be  adopted  to  improve  the 
relations  between  landlord  and  tenant  ra  Ireland  ? 
Should  the  Local  Government  Acts  be  extended  to 
Ireland  ?  Can  any  measures  be  taken  to  develope 
and  extend  the  manufactures  of  Ireland  ?  What 
action,  if  any,  ought  the  Government  to  take  with 
regard  to  railways  ? 

The  plans  for  the  new  bridge  across  the  Missis- 
sippi River  at  St.  Louis  have  been  accepted,  and  it 
is  to  be  commenced  without  delay.  The  new 
bridge  will  be  an  immense  structure.  It  will 
accommodate  two  double  tracks  of  rails  for  street 
cars,  besides  side  walks  for  foot  passengers,  and 
will  consist  of  three  arches,  the  central  arcU 
having  a  span  of  515ft.,  and  the  two  side  arches 
497ft.  The  central  piers  will  be  neariy  200ft.  in 
height  from  the  bed  of  the  river.  The  estimated 
cost  of  this  great  bridge  ia  6,000,000  dollars. 


August  9,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


555 


At  a  meeting  of  the  members  of  the  Temple 
Bar  Building  Society  on  Thursday  week,  Mr.  J. 
Glass,  the  chairman,  after  stating  that  the  success 
of  the  society  was  mainly  due  to  the  indefatigable 
and  Hntiring  exertions  of  Mr.  A.  Jones  (the 
founder  and  chairman),  proceeded  to  present  that 
gentleman  with  a  very  handsome  ormolu  time- 
piece, with  candelabra  to  match  ;  also  a  tea  and 
coffee  seri'ice,  &c.,  with  an  inscription  on  vellum, 
altogether  of  the  vahie  of  60  guineas.  Mr.  Jones 
thanked  the  members  for  the  very  handsome 
manner  in  which  they  liad  appreciated  his 
Bervices. 

On  Friday  last  upwards  of  sixty  of  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Society  of  Engineers  visited  the  Mill- 
wall  Docks,  now  nearly  completed,  preparations 
having  been  made  fur  their  reception  by  the 
engineers  in  charge  of  the  works.  The  Society 
had  every  facility  afforded  them  of  inspecting  the 
wrought-iron  lock  gates,  bridges,  hydraulic 
machinery,  and  other  objects  of  interest.  In  the 
evening  the  members  dined  together  at  the  Ship 
Tavern,  Greenwich,  H.  H.  Le  Feuvre,  Esq.,  presi- 
dent, in  the  chair;  Alfred  Williams,  Esq.,  and 
James  Hendry,  Esq.,  the  vice-chairmen. 

The  iron  buildings  at  South  Kensington 
Museum,  so  well  known  is  "  The  Boilers,''  are  now 
emptied  of  their  contents,  and  will  shortly  be  re- 
moved to  the  east  of  London,  on  a  site  provided 
for  a  local  museum  of  science  and  art. 

A  week  or  two  since  we  had  to  severely 
reprimand  an  obscure  journal  for  stealing  our 
articles.  Yesterday,  another  journal  of  the  same 
calibre  was  threatened  with  an  injunction.  Mr. 
Ince  applied  to  Vice-Chancellor  Malins  to  serve 
notice  on  the  publishers  of  a  weekly  journal  which 
goes  by  the  name  of  the  World  of  Science,  for  an 
injunction  to  restrain  him  from  pilfering  articles 
from  the  Popular  Science  Review,'3,  well-known  and 
respectable  periodical.  The  Vice  -  Chancellor 
granted  leave. 

Mr.  Cave,  in  reply  to  a  question  put  by  Mr. 
Hughes  in  the  House  of  Commons  on  Jlonday, 
intimated  that  the  Board  of  Trade  had  not  re- 
ported against  granting  a  charter  of  incorporation 
to  the  Society  of  Engineers  ;  but  it  was  not  expe- 
dient that  they  should  be  incorporated  under  a 
designation  so  closely  resembling  that  of  the 
Institution  of  Civil  Engineers.  No  instance  ex- 
isted of  a  Royal  charter  being  granted  to  two 
associations  for  the  same  purpose  in  the  same 
town,  and  under  names  so  closely  resembling  each 
other.  It  was  manifest  that  it  would  be  ex- 
tremely inconvenient,  and  lead  to  misapprehension 
and  confusion.  The  system  of  granting  Royal 
charters  was  very  questionable,  and  one  object  of 
passing  the  Companies'  Act,  1S62,  was  to  prevent 
the  necessity  for  them  by  substituting  a  general 
law  for  an  exceptional  privilege. 


composed  of  cast-iron  pantiles  cast  together  to  accord  with 
the  fitting  and  arrangement  of  those  of  the  roof.  They 
are,  in  fact,  p.irta  of  roofs  in  the  middle  of  each  of  which  is 
m.'ule  an  opening,  in  wliich  is  raided  a  skylight  or  "  taba- 
ti^re."  It  is  tlio  re.snlt  of  a  casting  of  pantiles  in  a  nionld 
tiiken  in  plaster  from  the  p.antilea  themselves.  For  (,lat«, 
tile,  le.'ul,  and  every  other  form  of  roof  the  invenuir  jtro- 
cee«la  in  the  8,ime  ni:uiner.  following  the  same  principle 
of  oi«3Uing  and  adopting  the  same  means.  Patent  com- 
plelcii. 

.■i'JOO.  J.  TOWAUD.  Improvements  in  MArniNERv 
FOB  THE  SlANtTF.^crunK  OF  Bricks.  Dated  December  6, 
1  SOli. 

The  patentee  claims  the  improved  arrangement  of  ma- 
chinery described  and  shown  in  the  drawings,  wherein  a 
hoUow  rotating  monlding  wheel  is  employed,  formed  with 
an  even  number  of  moulds,  recesses,  or  matrices,  the 
movable  bottoms  of  each  opposite  pairs  of  moulds  being 
connected  together  and  actuated  by  an  excentric  shaft  or 
bearing  in  the  manner  described.    Patent  comptetetl. 

3420.  A.  J.  AD.VMS.  Improvements  in  Locks  and 
Latches.     Dated  December  29,  1S66. 

This  invention  relates  t^  locks  and  lat.chefl  for  fastening 
dooi-s.  The  bolt,  by  preference,  works  pendulous  from  a 
centre,  maintaining  its  position  from  gravitation  or  a  spring ; 
the  latter  the  inventor  prefers.  This  bolt  or  catch  may  be 
acted  on  by  a  handle  and  spindle  so  arranged  that  it  may 
be  adapted  for  the  vai'ious  thicknesses  of  doors  to  which 
they  m.iy  be  applied.  In  order  to  keep  the  bolt  extended 
.IS  in  the  condition  of  a  look,  a  series  of  tumblers,  which 
may  be  varied  in  quantity  to  any  given  or  indefinite  num- 
ber, is  so  arranged  that  when  elevated  and  retained  by  a 
toothed  lever  an  opening  is  formed  in  the  tumblers  for  a  por- 
tion <'f  the  lx>it  or  catch  to  fall  in,  when  the  catch  or  lock 
will  be  in  a  condition  of  being  unfastened  :  but  this  portion 
m.ay  be  varied  in  its  sh.ape  to  suit  any  variation  of  form 
desired  in  the  series  of  tumblers ;  and,  as  additional  secu- 
rity, the  projection  on  the  key  for  actuating  the  tumblers 
may  be  transposed  at  pleasure,  the  tumblers  being  arranged 
accordingly.  Thus  the  condition  of  the  lock  as  a  secviro 
Tiistening  may  be  varied  at  the  caprice  of  owner.  Patent 
abandoned. 


k\t\\\s  fax  liibciitroiis 


CONNECTED     WITH     THB     BUILPINQ     TBADE. 


31SS.  D.  S.  CHATER.  iMPRovEsreNTs  in  Chimney 
Tops  for  the  Prevention  of  Smoky  Chimneys.  Dated 
December  4,  186G. 

This  invention  relates  to  the  application  of  a  double 
coned  surface  to  the  tops  of  chimneys  whereby  to  prevent 
down  draughts,  and  at  all  times  maintain  a  free  escape  for 
the  smoke  from  the  chimney  top.  The  inventor  applies 
this  double  coued  surface  to  revolving  cowls,  in  which  the 
smoke  emerges  in  a  horizontal  direction  ;  or  it  may  be 
to  filed  chimney  tops  in  which  the  smoke  escapes  in  a 
vertical  or  horizontal  direction.  The  escape  openings  of 
chimney  tops  are  usually  circular,  and  he  makes  the 
addition  to  be  applied  thereto  according  to  this  invention 
»l80  circular,  in  accordance  therewith,  and  somewhat 
larger  in  diameter ;  it  is,  as  before  indicated,  in  the 
form  of  a  double  cone  of  metal  or  other  material,  the 
»pei  of  the  one  cone  pointing  towards  the  centre  of 
and  juet  entering  the  orifice  of  the  chimney  top,  while 
the  other  points  in  the  opposite  direction  :  it  is  fixed 
in  position  by  three  stays  (more  or  less)  near  the 
periphery,  each  at  three  or  four  inches  in  length,  which 
will  be  somewhat  varied  according  to  the  incline  of  the 
cone,  leading  a  like  distance  between  it  and  the  mouth  of 
the  cuwl  or  chimney  pot.  In  whichever  direction  the 
wind  strikes  this  top  it  la  thrown  off  and  prevented  enter- 
ing the  chimney  ;  this  top  at  the  same  time  provides  a 
free  escajie  for  the  smoke.     Patent  abandoned. 

3199.  V.  VANDROY.  Improvements  in  Cast-Iron 
Sash  Windows  to  br  ad.\pted  to  Purlin,  Tile,  or 
Slate  Roofinp..     Dated  December  5.  1866. 

This  invention  consists  of  an  improved  system  of  cast- 
iron  sash  for  skylights  or  roof  windows  of  the  styles  known 
as  the  "  Tabatiire  "  and  the  "  Belle  Voisine,"  for  pantile, 
slate,  tile,  lead,  and  ziuc  roofing,  and  generally  for  all  the 
forms  of  material  used  to  cover  roofs.  This  system  is 
essentially  based  on  the  various  forms  to  be  given  to  the 
contours  of  sashes,  such  forms  or  shapes  being  similar  to 
the  covering  of  the  roof  on  which  they  are  to  be  placed. 
The  result  of  the  identity  of  form  of  sash  and  roof  is  an 
equal  multiplicity  of  points  of  contact,  and  an  equal 
•ecuiity  againat  leakage.    For  pantiie  roo&  the  saaheft  are 


%A  Bctos. 


TENDERS. 
Anerlf.y  (Surrey.) — Tenders  for  new  receiving  wards, 
North  Surrey  District  Schools.  Anerley.  Mr.  J.  Bemey, 
architect.  'Quantities  supplied:— C.  and  J.  Bowler, 
£2,409;  Munday  and  Hutchinson,  £2,031  123.;  Little, 
£1,930;  Simma  and  Martin,  £1,790  ;  West.  £1,734  ;  Hart. 
£l,60S ;  Nightingale.  £1,647 ;  Lose,  £1.618 ;  Jarrett, 
£l,.'t90;  Chappell.  £1,540;  Poxon  and  Smith,  £1,405; 
Holledge  (accepted),  £1,495;  Hazel,  £1,320. 

Berners-street. — For  building  workshops  for  Messrs. 
Howard  and  Son,  Berners-atreet,  Mr.  Sohofield,  surveyor. 
Quantities  supplied : — 

Contract  A 

Roberts    £1,S20 

Gammon — 

Simpson  1,230 

Cornier 1,298 

Mills ,...       1,200 

Nightingale 1,262 

Lawrence  and  Co.  1,223 
LongmireAiBurge  1,197 
Belfast  Cemetery. — For  the  excavation,  drainage, 
metalling  roads  and  walks,  boundary  walking  and  en- 
trances. Messrs.  Gay  and  Swallow,  Bradford,  architects  : — 
John  Taylor,  Stacksteads,  £12,300  ;  Kent  and  Smith,  Bel- 
fa.st.  £9,032;  Benjamin  Lupisb,  Shipley,  £9,500;  James 
Taylor,  Tranmere,  £9,399;  Monk  and  Co.,  Belfast  (ac- 
cepted), £8,700;  C.  Clifi"andCo.,  Bradford  (accejited),  for 
the  ironwork  and  gates,  £(395.  Architect's  oiiginal  esti- 
mate, £S,SJO. 

Brentford.— For  building  St.  Paul's  Church,  Brent- 
ford. Messrs.  Francis,  architects.  Quantities  supplied  by 
Mr  Joseph  Robson ;— Catts  and  Sons,  £7,780;  Adamsoa, 
£7,345;  Myers  and  Sons,  £7,277;  Gibson,  £7,000;  Dove 
Brothers,  £6,9S5  ;  Nye  (accepted),  £6,740. 

Ellksborouoh. — For  villa  at  Ellesborough,  Bucks.  Mr. 
F.  Preedy,  13.  York-place,  Baker-street,  architect.  Quan- 
tities supplied  : — 


Contract  B. 

Total. 

£4-10 

£2,-2«0 



2,087 

485 

1,715 

415 

1,713 

379 

1,641 

414 

1.637 

399 

1,596 

House. 
£1,821  0  0 
1,.529  7  8 
1,4P0  0  0 
1,465  0  0 


For  old 

materials, 

£73    0  0 

59  7  8 

39  0  0 
35  15  9 

60  0  0 

40  0  0 


Total. 

£1,748  0  0 

1,470  0  0 

1.451  0  0 

1,429  4  .1 

1,370  0  0 

1,168  0  0 


Turner  and  Sons 
Thomas  Haddon 
Jones  and  Sons... 

A.  Espley  

Chas.  Selby    1,430  0  0 

Geo.  Cooper  1,208  0  0 

Gravesend.— For  additions  to  Gravesend  Workhouse  : — 
First  contract— Nightingale,  £6,173;  Henshaw,  £5,s50  ; 
Cobham,  £5,294  ;  Sollett,  £5,270:  Naylor,  £5,145  ;  Bl.ike, 
£4,900  ;  Crooke  and  Son  (accepted),  £4,767 :  Lilleystone, 
£4  225  Second  contract — Nightingale,  £4.987  ;  Henshaw, 
£4,060  ;  Cobham,  £3,947  ;  Sollett,  £4.094  :  Naylor,  £3,850; 
Blake,  £3,700 ;  Crooke  and  Son  (accepted),  £3,627  ;  Lilley- 
stone, £3,532. 

Hanley. — For  the  erection  of  ragged  schools,  in  Bryan- 
street  :—EUi8,  £536:  Steele,  £518;  Fox,  £497  10s.  ;  Mat- 
thews (accepted),  £489  lOs. 

Hani.kv. — For  the  erection  of  earthenware  manufactory 
for  Messrs.  Ashworth.  Messrs.  R.  Scrivener  and  Sons, 
Hanley,  architects  :—Naden  and  Son,  £17,1:50;  Hilura, 
£15,440  ;  Bailey,  £13,998;  Wooldridge,  £13,997;  Steele, 
£13,985  :  Barlow,  £13,300;  Matthews,  £12,960. 

Ham.mersmith. — For  .alterations  and  repairs  to  the  Bell 
and  Anchor  Tavern,  Hammersmith.  MessTB.  Bird  and 
Walters,  architects  :—Stimpson,  £1,340;  Eyles,  £1,275; 
Whittick,  £1,224;  Newman  and  Mann,  £1,185;  Williams 
and  Son,  £l,l:)3;  McLachlan  (accepted),  £1,072. 

Kent. — For  additions  to  house  at  Chislehurst,  Kent. 
Mr.  Gloj-n,  architect.  Quantities  supplied  : — Contract  A — 
Little,  £1,. 870;  Randlo  and  Co.,  £1,770  ;  Thomas,  £1,671; 
Allen,  £1,608;  P.ivne  .and  Co.,  £1,687;  Nightingale, 
£1,350;  Wade,  £1,220.  Contract  B— Little,  £1,180;  Handle 
and  Co.,  £1,140;  Thomas,  £1,085;  Allen,  £1,030:  Payne 
and  Co.,  £1,004;  Nifhtingale,  £916;  Wade,  £813;  Wat- 
kins,  £3,631. 


KiLBuRN. — For  completing  20  houses,  Alexandra-road, 
Kilbum.  Mr.  Thom.as  J.  Hill,  architect: — Wood  and  Co., 
£11.450;  Ciishiug,  £10,220;  Colls,  .and  Son,  £10.020; 
White,  £9,120;  Eydmann,  £3,972;  Wills,  £8,874;  Anley, 
£8,140;  Henshaw,  £8,676;  Webb  and  Sons,  £8,675;  A.  S. 
Smith,  £8,65J  ;  Taylor  (too  late).  £8.501  ;  Salter,  £8,204  ; 
A.  and  J  Smith,  8,006 ;  Corbcldick,  £7,710  ;  Perry,  £7,686  ; 
Sabey,  £7,216. 

Lamiikth. — For  altering  No.  18,  Palace  New-road,  Lam- 
beth, into  public-house,  for  Messrs.  Prichard.  Mr.  T. 
UrooKs,  architect : — Contract  No.  1 — Langmead  and  Way 
(accepted),  £525. 

London.— For  repaii-s  to  St.  John's  Chapel,  for  the 
Marylobone  Vestry,  St.  John's  Wood  ; — .Spencer,  £95  ; 
Poole,  £88  ;  Itouten,  £86  10s.  ;  Brown,  £85  lOs.  ;  Smith 
(accc))tod),  £64  lOs. 

Ijondon. — For  alterations  to  Nob.  2  and  S,  Honey-lano 
Market,  City.  Jlr.  I^ewis  H.  Isaacs,  architect.  Quanti- 
ties supplieil :— Asliford,  £860  ;  Walker,  £859  15«.  ;  Bam- 
ford,  £750  ;  Prince  (accepted),  £725. 

Ia^ndon. — For  the  erection  of  a  house  and  shop,  Newing- 
ton-ca\iBow.ay,  for  Mr.  Hughes.  Mr.  Henry  Jarvis,  artjhi- 
tect : — Turner  and  Son,  £2,639;  Piper  and  Wheeler, 
£2,548  ;  .Myers  and  Sons,  £2,525  ;  Browne  .and  Robinson, 
£2.420  ;  Lawrence  .and  Baugh,  £2,349  ;  Thompson,  £2,236  ; 
Hensh,aw,  £2,205;  Iliggs,  £'2,173. 

London. — For  additions  to  No.  3  and  4  Wh<arTes, 
Regent's  Canal,  for  the  Honourable  Commissioners  of  CitT 
Sewers.  Mr.  W.  Haywood,  C.E.,  engineer.  Quautitie* 
by  Mr.  F.  Warburton  Stent :— Mowlem  and  Co.,  £2,460; 
Gammon  and  Son,  £2,331  ;  Newman  and  Mann,  £2,247  ; 
Hill  and  Keddell,  £2,229;  T.  Crook  and  Son,  £1,687. 

London. — For  erecting  five  warehouses  in  Commercial- 
street,  E.  C. ,  for  Mr.  M.  Moses.  Mr.  N.  S.  Jo.seuh,  archi- 
tect. Quantities  by  Mr.  Thomas  Pearson  : — Aiford  and 
Co.,  £9,142;  Piper  and  Wheeler,  £8,490;  Newman  and 
Mann,  £8,147;  Brass,  £7.987;  Browne  and  Uobiueon, 
1:7,980  ;  Higgs,  £7,936;  Condor,  £7.932  ;  Ashby  and  Horner, 
£7,880  ;  King  and  Son,  £7,760  ;  Hill  and   Keddell,  £7,348. 

1jf:omin.steh  Drainaok  and  Water  Supply. — The  local 
Boaril  of  Health  in  this  town  have  at  length  agreed  upon 
the  adoption  of  plans  by  Messrs.  Gotto  and  Beesley,  of 
35a,  Great  George-street,  Westminster,  for  the  drainage 
and  water  supply.  The  w.at«r  supply  will  be  derived  from 
an  artesian  well,  the  water  from  which  is  said  to  contain 
less  magnesia  than  tiie  famous  St.  Ann's  Well  at  Malvern, 
and  a  very  small  per  ceutage  of  organic  matter.  The 
drainage  will  be  on  the  irrigation  principle.  The  follow- 
ing are  the  tenders  : — Coker,  £14,162  Ss.  ;  Powell, 
£11,879  7s.  6d.:  .M.ickenzie  and  .\bell,  £11.;M9  Is.  6d.  ; 
Buybird,  £10.801  ;  R.  R.  and  W.  Miles,  £9.610  ;  King  and 
G^Rlwin  (accepted),  £9,155:  Welch  and  Son  (withdrawn), 
£8,770. — The  following  are  the  tenders  for  a  pair  of  high- 
pressure  horizontal  steam  engines  with  Ixjilers  and 
pumps:— J.  H,  Gwyn,  £1,997  :  H,audyside  and  Co.,  £1,630; 
Brydges.-ind  BrydgeJi,  £1,450  ;  J.  Watt  and  Co,  £1,3,50; 
Easton,  Amos,  and  Co.,  £1,300;  Astbury  and  Son,  £1,300  : 
Burton,  Sons,  aud  Waller,  £1,250;  Claridge,  North,  and 
Co.,  £l,2'2fi  ;  Lilleshall  and  Co.,  £1,095  :  Worcester  Engine 
Works  (accepted),  £1,080;  Fielding  and  Piatt,  £1,060; 
Mackenzie  and  Abell,  £1,050;  Birrell,  Rotheroe,  and  Co., 
£952;  Berrington,  Hopham,  and  Co.,  £900;  Ginson  and 
Co.,  £860. 

Plaistow. — For  the  erection  of  atavern  at  UptonManor, 
Plaiatow,  Essei,  for  Mr.  E.  J.  Ward.  Mr.  J.  F.  Newman, 
architect.  Quantities  supplied  :— Lugg,  £1,850  ;  Mathews, 
£1,770;  Allen,  £1,651 ;  Holgato,  £1,588:  Bunn,  £1,532; 
Wicks,  £1,555;  Henshaw,  £1,471;  Aldoua  (accepted), 
£1,460. 

Reioate. — For  additions  to  house,  Woodlands.road, 
Keigate.  Mr.  Matthews,  surveyor.  Quantities  supplied  :— 
Barnes,  £685;  Nightingale,  £679;  Penfold,  £675;  Cook, 
£626  13s.  6d.  :  Holdivorth,  £617  lOs. 

Renhold  (Bedfordshire). — For  erecting  three  pairs  of 
improved  labourers'  cott.age3  on  this  plan,  for  Miss 
Raine.  Mr.  John  D.ay,  architect :— Freshwater,  £273  per 
pair.  Each  cottage  has  a  living  room,  scullery,  and  good 
pantry  on  the  groimd  floor,  and  No.  3  bedrooms  above,  ditto 
all  private.  The  estim.ate  includes  a  barn  and  w.atercloset 
for  each  cottage,  and  an  oven  and  bakehouse  for  the  whole. 
Grates,  coppers,  sinks,  aud  all  littings  are  included  in  the 
estimate,  which  amounts  in  the  whole  to  £829,  with  well 
and  pump  included. 

St.  John's  Wood. — For  alterations  and  additions,  &c., 
at  No.  30,  Upper  Hamilton-terrace,  St.  John's  Wood. 
Messrs.  Bird  and  Walters,  architects  :- McLachlan,  £739  ; 
Ebbs  and  Sons,  £686  ;  Morsman,  £642  ;  Williams  and  Son 
(accepted),  £617. 

Upper  Norwood. — For  erecting  house  and  shop  in  the 
Aneriey-road,  Upper  Norwood,  for  Mr.  W.  H.  T.  Wright. 
Mr.  S.  H.  Hope,  of  Penge,  architect  Quantities  supplied  :— 
Wood,  £1.397  ;  Jennings,  £1,263 ;  King  and  Hipwell, 
£1,238;  Ihorpe,  £1,190;  Cressell,  £1,160. 

Wilcox-road.— For  additions,  (fee,  to  the  Friend  in 
Hand  beerhouse,  Wilcoi-road,  for  Jlr.  Hewit.  Mr.  Dan- 
gerfield,  architect  Quantities  not  supplied  :—Partnck, 
£369  ;  Nightingale,  £368  ;  Quennell,  £351  68.  6d.  '  ' 
£218. 


Wittick, 


BATH  STONE  OF  BEST  QUALITY. 
Randell  and  Saonders,  Quarrymen  and  Stone  Mer- 
chants, Bath.  List  of  Prices  at  the  Quarries  and  Depots, 
also  Cost  for  Transit  to  .any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
furnished  on  application  to  Bath  Stone  Office,  Coreham, 
Wil  s.— {Advt.J 

♦ 

PROPERTY  SALES. 

August  1. 

At  the  Mart.  By  Mr.  Newbon.— Leasehold  two  houses, 
■JfOs  13  and  19,  Hanley-ioad,  HoUoway,  term  90  years 
from  1859,  at  £12  Via.  per  .annum-sold  for  £695. 

Freehold  plot  of  building  land,  situate  at  Now  Maiden, 
Surrey— £2  0.  .     r,     >.  j 

Freehold  plot  of  building  land,  situate  in  Durham-road, 
HoUoway— £'202. 

Freehold  house.  No.  5,  Woodbine  Cottage.s,  Hlghhury- 
v<ale,  annual  value,  £32 — £350.  ... 

By  Mr  Henry  Thomson.— Leasehold  residence.  No.  4, 
Rochester-terrace,  Rochester-road,  Camden-road,  annual 
value  £60,  term  77  years  imexpired  at£5perannum— £lj50. 

Leasehold  improved  ground  rent  of  £15  per  annum  (for 
about  59  years),  secured  on  Nos.  5  to  8,  Nelson-grOT» 
Wandsworth-road— £200. 


556 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


■fiiM 


August  9,  1867. 


By  "Messrs.  Hards  and  Vaugh an.— Freehold  residence, 
■with  Btabling  and  garden,  known  as  Rosedale  House, 
Forest  Hill-£1,300. 

Freehold  ground  rent  of  £37  lOs.  per  annum,  secured 
■apon  twelve  houses,  two  with  shops,  situate  in  Church- 
street  and  Church-place,  Greenwich — £775. 

Freehold  ground  rents  of  £48  per  annum,  secured  upon 
12  residences.  Nos.  1  to  12,  Elgin-terrace,  Catford-bridgo, 
Lewisham— £1,020. 

Freehold  ground  rent  of  £2-2  per  annum,  secured  on  four 
houses  in  King's-road,  Chelsea— £375. 

Freehold  ground-rent  of  £35  per  annum,  secured  on  eight 
houses  in  Stratford  place  and  Lea-street,   Stratford— £620. 
Leasehold  ground  rent  of  £7  per  annum   for  76  years, 
Secured  upon    four    hoii.<ipa  in    Garden -street   and  Garden- 
place.  Stepney-green— £  SO. 

Freehold  ground  rent  of  £22  per  annum,  secured  upon 
four  houses  in  Stratford- pi  ace  and  River-street,  Stratford 
.£360. 

Freehold  ground  rents  of  £60  per  annum,  secured  on  19 
houses  in  Ford's-place,  Battersea  Bridge-road— £11,100. 
Leasehold  six  houses  and  shops,  Nos.  2  to  7,  Turnpin-lane, 
Church- street,  Greenwich,  producing  £150  lOs.  per  annum, 
term  63  years  from  1832,  at  £1S  per  annum-£l.310. 

Leasehold  house  and  shop.  No.  15,  Greenwich  Market, 
let  on  lease  at  £30  per  aimiuu,  term  61  years  from  1S30,  at 
£20  per  annum — £85. 

Leasehold  house  and  shop.  No.  5.  Nelson  street,  Green- 
wich, term  61  years  from  1S20,  at  £55  per  annum— £180. 

Leasehold  ten  houses,  Nos.  1  to  10,  Norfolk-place,  East 
Greenwich,  producing  £177  12s.  per  annimi,  term  85  years 
from  1S27,  at  £3S  15s.  per  annum— £l,4S5. 

At  the  Gluldhall  Coffee-house.— By  Mr.  J.  Robins. 
Leasehold  residence,  No.  114,  Denbigh- street.  Pimlico, 
annual  value  £120,  term  62  years  unexpired,  at  £10  lOs. 
per  annum — £610. 

Three  renters'  shares,  eight  Droprietors'  shares,  and  one 
personal  life  admission  to  and  in  the  Theatre  Royal  Drury 
Lane — £60  each. 

August  2. 
At  the  Mart.— By  Mefsrs.  "Priver  and  Co. — Freehold 
the  manor  and  estate  of  Evercreech,  Soruersetahire,  com- 
prising mansion,  farmhouse,  homesteads,  cottages,  common 
rights,  iSic.jinall  about  900  acres;  also  the  advowaon  to 
the  vicarage,  the  whole  producing  nearly  £2,415  per  annum 
—sold  for  £64,000. 

By  Messrs.  Norton.  Trist,  Watney,  and  Co. — Freehold 
the  Rochford  estate,  Essex.  Lot  1.  Rochford  Hall  Farm, 
with  residence,  extensive  farm  buildings,  and  407a,  3r.  23p. 
arable  and  meadow  land— £25,000. 

Lots  2  and  3.  Brick-kiln  Farm,  121a.  Ir.  17p.  and 
68a.  St.  39p.  arable  land— £9,000. 

Lot  4.  Three  enclosures  of  arable  and  meadow  land, 
27a.  2r.  17p.— £1,300. 

Lot  G.  Plot  of  meadow  land,  2a.  2r.  lOp.— £370. 
TjotV.  Plot  of  meadow  laud,  la.  3r.— £250. 
[   Lots.  Plot  of  meadow  land,  5a.  Ir.  39p.—f  660. 
Lot  9.  Plot  of  meadow  land,  10a.  3r.  7p.— £1,300. 
Lot  10.  Dwelling-house,  cottage,  (fcc— £180. 
Lot    11.  Enclosure    of   meadow     and    garden    gionnd, 
4a.  8r.  12p.— £600. 

Lot  12.  Meadow  and  warden  ground,  2a.  3r.   17p. — £700. 
Lot  13.— Plot  of  garden  ground,  "  California,"  3r.  6p.— 
£120. 

Lot  14.  Enclosure  of  meadow  and  garden  ground, 
3a.  Or.  33p.— £400. 

Lot  15.— Enclosure  of  meadow  land,  "Brush  Close," 
8a.  Or.  33p.— £1S0. 

Lot  16.— Meadow  land,  "  Workhouse  Mead,"  9a.  2r.  34p. 
—£1,240. 

Lot  17.  Great  Doggett's  Farm,  with  residence,  buildings, 
cottages,  &c.,  and  33.:>a.  Or.  21p.  arable  and  meadow  land 
—£18,000. 

Lot  18.  Little  Doggett's  Farm,  12la.  Ir.  16p.  arable  land 
—£7,500. 

Lot  20.  Part  of  Swaine's  Farm,  9Sa.  2r.  36p.  arable  and 
meadow  land— £5,000. 

Lot  21.  Enclosure  of  arable  land,  "  The  Foiu'teen  Acres," 
13a.  3r.  Sp.— £1,050. 

Lot  22.  Enclosure  of  arable  land,  "Tapes,"  Ga.  Or.  31i). 
—£260. 

Lot  23.  Enclosure  of  arable  land,  "  Sis  acres,"  6a.  Or.  30p. 
—£260. 

Lot  24.  Enclosure  of  arable  land,  "  Long  Four  Acres," 
4a.  3r.  16p.— £:00. 

Lot  25.  Enclosure  of  meadow  land,  with  cottage,  &c., 
5a.  3r.  lip.— £760. 

Lot  26.  Little  Hambridge  or  Rochford  Mill,  comprising 
water  and  ward-mills,  house,  farmyards,  &,c.,  and 
37a.  2r.  12p,    meadow  and  arable  land — f  4,500. 

Lot  27.  Coombes,  or  Blue  House  Farm,  91a.  Or.  7p. — 
£4,500. 

Lot  28.  Enclosure  of  arable  land,  "  Loog  Ten  Acres," 
9a.  2r.  24p.— £600. 

Lot  29.  Enclosure  of  arable  land,  10a.  Or.  22p.— £550. 
Lot  30.  Enclosure    of    arable    land,    "Lodge   Field," 
9a.  3r.  Ip.— £600. 

Lot  39.  Enclosure  of  arable  land,  16a.  Ir.  3p.— £600. 
Lot  33.  Sutton  Temple   Farm,    comprisihg    farmhouse 
buildings  and  353a.  Or.  33p.  of  meadow  and  arable  land. — 
£18,000. 

Lot  34.  Enclosure  of  arable  land,  35a.  Or.  19p.— £2,200. 
Lot  35.   Enclosure  of  arable  land,  la.  3r.  34p. — £150. 
Lot  36.  Enclosure  of  arable  land,  2a.  2r.  29p. — £140. 
Lot   37.  Enclosure    of    arable   land,    "  Stopit    Piece," 
2a.  3r.  6p.— £150. 

Lot  38.  Clement's  Marsh  Farm,  comprising  a  cottage, 
with  garden,  and  l97a.  2r.  31p.— £5,500. 

Lot  39.  Enclosure  of  arable  land,  "Little  Hoyles," 
9a.  Ir.  33p.— £780. 

AugTist  5. 
At  the  Mart. — By  Messrs.  Noi-ton,  Trist,  Watney,  and 
Co. — Freehold  property,   known   as    "  Coombe  Lammas,'^ 
Esher,  Surrey,  comprising  a  residence,  with  gardens,  and' 
about  22  acres  of  meadow  land — £7.500. 

Freehold  plot  of  building  land,  fronting  Anerley  Park, 
Anerley,  Surrey — £380. 
A  ditto  ditto,  frontiuij  Thicket-road,  Anerley— £500. 


Wythe,  Elizabeth-place,  Kingsland-road,  builder,  August 
20,  at  1 — William  Rose  and  Joseph  Newton,  Chislehurst, 
builders,  August  22,  at  1 — James  Starkey,  Anthony-street, 
Commercial- road  East,  builder,  August  22,  at  12. 

TO  SURRENDER  IN  THE  COUNTRY. 

W.  Borer,  Bumham  Westgate,  Norfolk,  bricklayer,  August 
22,  at  3 — W.  A.  Boorman,  Harrietsham.  Kent,  blacksmith, 
August  12.  at  3 — Lawrence  Sbiel,  Liverpool,  ironmonger, 
August  13,  at  11 — Jabez  Beddnw,  Darlaston,  screw  manu- 
facturer, August  17,  at  12 — William  Seddon,  Manchester, 
glass  and  lead  merchant,  August  19,  at  12— Benjamin 
Stone,  Eastbourne,  painter,  August  26,  at  11 — George 
Trigg,  Longton,  joiner.  Augupt  17,  at  11 — Mary  Ann  Wil- 
kinson, Mapplewell,  Yorkshire,  nail  maker,  A(igu8t  17,  at 
11— Thomas  Yeatman,  Liverpool,  paint  manufacturex', 
August  16,  at  11. 

notices  of  sittings  for  last  examination. 

November  1,  M.  Cubitt,  Middleton-road.  Dalstou,  builder 
— November  1.  H.  Newman,  Teddington,  builder — Septem- 
ber 16,  M.  Giles,  Bromsgrove,  ouilder — August  21,  .T. 
Hooper,  Shepton  Mallett,  carpenter — September  5,  R. 
Davies,  Neath,  engineer— Augiist  16,  W.  and  J.  Hall, 
Bolton,  slaters — August  21,  J.  Moon,  Plymouth,  surveyor — 
August  14,  E.  Bootliroyd,  Hanley,  builder— August  14,  T. 
Warner.  Hanley,  carpenter — October  15,  W.  Morgan, 
Wliite  Horse-street.  Commercial-road  East,  stonemason — 
October  15,  S.  Smitli,  Woolwich,  journeyman  joiner — Oc- 
tober 16,  W.  Winch,  Tiu-in -street,  Bethnal  Green-road, 
timber  merchant.— September  19.  J.  Pope,  Kingawear, 
Devonshire,  engineer— October  15,  J.  Scriveus,  Truro, 
painter — August  24,  B.  Brooker,  Ipswich,  bricklayer. 


pEYSTAL     palace.  —  FIRST-CLASS 

V-,'     BUILDING  LAND  to  be  LET  in  Immediate  proximity  to  th« 

Palace,  on  advatitagemifl  terms.  Fur  ijarticiilars  apply  to  Mr.  Hart, 
Accountant's  Office,  Cryatnl  Palace  ;  or  to  R.  R.  Banks,  Esq.,  1,  Wtet- 
minater  Chambers,  Vic-toriarstreet.  Westminflter. 

STREATHAM.— BUILDING  LAND  to 
be  LET.  at  moderate  ground  rents,  ou  the  Crook e- Ellison 
Estate.  Houses  from  £40  to  £50  per  annum  are  in  great  demand  in 
the  neiehbourhood.  A  liuiited  area  at  the  south  part  of  the  eaate. 
ne  ir  Hermitage-bridge  and  Croydon  road,  to  be  Let  for  hou^iea  of  £2S 
per  annom  value.  Plans  and  piirticulars  of  Mr.  Gilbert,  at  the  Est&ta 
Office.  Streatham  Common,  or  of  Mr.  Wales,  surveyor,  8,  Great  Balnt 
Helen3.  E,C. 

TO  BUILDERS  and  Others.— Forest  Gate 
Estate,  close  to  the  Station  —The  CONSERVATIVB  LAND 
SOCIETY  ia  prepared  to  make  ADVANCES,  on  liberal  terms,  on  tha 
East  Loudon  Est.-ite  No.  2.  Forest  Gate,  a  most  eligible  locality,  near 
Wansteail  Common.  Woodford,  and  Eppins:  Forest,  where  houBes  are 
in  great  demand — Applv  for  plans  and  particulars  at  the  Offices,  33, 
Norfolk-street,  Strand.  W.C. 

CHARLES  LEWIS  GRUNEISEN,  Secretary. 


LATEST  PKICES   OF   MATERIALS   USED 
IN  CONSTRUCTION. 

Timber,  duty  1*  per  load,  drawback,  1b. 


T  0^ 

i    i    St 


iW    LEYTON,   Close    to    tlie  Railway 

station.-  TO  BUILDERS.— Partiesdesiroua  of  TSNDERING 
(or  the  various  Works  necessary  to  COMPLETE,  ready  for  occupa- 
tion. TEN  HOUSES  on  the  Be'graTe  Estate,  may  see  the  jilauB  and 
specification  at  my  office.  5.  Crown-court.  Old  Broad  street,  between 
Eleven  and  Three  o'clock.  Tenders  to  be  delivered  on  Thursday. 
August  22.  at  Twelve  o'clock,  when  they  will  be  opened.  The  lowest 
or  any  tender  wiU  not  necessarily  be  accepted- 

JAME3  EDMESTON,  Architect. 


BRICK  FIELD  to  be  SOLD  or  LET  on 
ROYALTY,  in  full  working  order,  capable  of  doing  a  very 
extensive  trade.  It  is  water  side  premises.  Plant  and  Stock  to  be 
taken  at  a  valuation.  This  is  worthy  the  notice  of  any  gentleman 
going  into  the  brick  trade.— Full  particulars  by  applying  in  the  first 
place  to  L.  J.  Q..  Bull  Hotel,  Rochester.  Kent. 


rpc 


Teak    load  £9    0£ 

Quebec,  red  pine -...  3    0 

,.       yellow  pine..  2  15 

St.  John  N.B.  yellow  0    0 

Quebec  Oak.  white  . .  5    5 

„       birch 3  10 

elm    3  10 

Dantzic  oak 3  10 


fir  . 


Memel  fir         SO 

3  10 
t    5 

Riga 3    0 

Swedish 1  15 

2    2 

Maits.Quebec  red  pine  6    0 

■;   0 

,,       yellow  pine,.     5    0 

Lathwood.Dantzie.fm   <  10 

5     L 

„       St.  Petersburg  6  10 

7  J< 

Deals, pre. 12ft.  byS 

by  9  in.,  duty 2a  per 

load,  di-awback  2s. 

Quebec,  white  spruce  34  10 

21  10 

St.John.whitespruce  13  10 

16  JO 

Yellow  pine,  per  re- 

duced C. 

Canada,  lat  quality.  17    0 

la  11 

Snd  do 13    0 

IS    0 

Archangel,  yellow  ..  £11  10  £12  10 

St.  Petersburg,  yeL..  10  10    11  0 

Finland  8    0      9  0 

Memel f    0      0  0 

Gothenburg,  yellow       8  10    10  10 

,,       white    8    0      3  0 

Gefle,  yellow 9    0    11  » 

Soderhara       9    6    10  10 

Christiania,    per   C, 

12  ft.  by  3  by  9  in, 

yeUow 1«    0    53  0 

Deck  Plank,  Dantzic, 

per  40  ft.  3  in 0  15      1  4 

PiTMicK  Stowb  pr  ton    5    0      8  0 
Oils,  &c. 

Seal,  pale per  tun  S9    0      0  0 

Sperm  body 100     0  105  0 

Cod 3!)    0      0  0 

Whale,  Sth.  Sea,  pale  39    0      0  0 

Olive,  Gallipoli 64    0      0  0 

Gocoanut,  Cochin.ton  55  10    57    0 

Palm,  fine 40    0      0  0 

Linseed   39    0      0  0 

Rapeseed,  Eng.pale..  41     0      0  0 

Cottonseed 33    0    39  0 


0  BUILDERS,  LAND  SPECULATORS, 

.ind  Others.— To  be  SOLD,  or  LET  on  lease  for  99  years  fwith 
advan<-e9  if  required)  BUILDING  SITES,  on  estates  situate  at 
Twickenh.im,  Wimbledon,  Clapton.  Buckhurst  Hill.  Woodford. 
Wanstead,  Leytoustone,  Strafford.  West  Haiu.  Plaistow.  Upton,  near 
Forest  Gate,  Little  Ilford,  East  Ham  and  Romford,  For  plana  and 
particulars,  apply  to  Mr.  J.  Moore  Smith,  Sorveyor,  Comhlll  Cham- 
bers. 62,  CornMlI,  E.G. 


Metals. 

Inoir : — 

Welsh  Ears  In  London     per  ton 

Nail  Rod        do 

Hoops.       do 

Sheets.  Single      .-  do 

Stafordsliire  Bars       do 

Ears,  in  Wales     do 

Rails    do 

Foundry  Pigs,  at  Glaag.  No    1    ..  do 

gwedifib  RfUB  do 

Steel  : — 

Swedish  Keg.  hammered      per  ton 

Swedish  Faggot  do 

CoppEE :— 

Sheets  Sheathing,  &  Bolts   per  ton 

Hammered  Bottoms       do 

Flat  Bottoms,  uot  Hammered   ..       do 

Cake  aud  Tough  Ingot      do 

Best  Selected     do 

Australian     do 

Yel.  Metal  Sheathing  &  Bods  ....  per  lb 

Tut:— 

English  Block      per  ton 

do      Bar   do 

do      Refined  do 

Bancs       - do 

Straits    do 

LEAi>  :— 

Pig,  English     per  ton 

,,    Spauifih  Soft     do 

Shot,  Patent     do 

Sheet  do 

White     do 


MORTGAGE,  £300  to  £50,000  on  FREE- 
HOLD or  lea<*ehold  LAVDand  HOUSES.   Good  houses 

and  cneap  land  not  objected  to  purchase. — Full  particulars  addressed 
Mr.  Bull,  Eden  House,  Eden-road,  Lower  Norwood,  Surrey. 


£20  000  f 


KEADY  to  be  ADVANCED 


7  10 

8  10 

9  15 
7  10 

5  15 

6  5 
2  14 


15    0 
10  10 


8  0    0"^ 

9  0    0  ( 


?4 


10 

7  15  0^ 

6    0  II      S 

0    0  0    neit 

3    5  6      2^ 

10  10  e    nett 


the  TEMPERANCE  PERMANENT 
L.iND  and  B^IILDING  SOCIETY,  on  Freehold  and  Leasehold  Pro- 
perty, for  any  period  of  years  not  exceeding  fifteen,  the  mortgage 
being  redeemable  by  equal  monthly  instalments.  Interest  (in  addi- 
tion to  a  small  premium)  5  per  cent,  on  the  balance  each  year.— 
Apply  to  HENRY  J.  PHILLIPS,  Secretary. 

Offices— 34,  Moorgatc-street,  London.  E.C. 

Note.— Bore  than  half  a  million  pounds  eterling  have  been  ad- 
vanced upon  house  property  alone. 

ATHEMATICAL  INSTRUMENTS,  of 

the  first  qtiality,  at  moderate  prices,  with  many  important 
linprovemeuta.  Illustrated  catalogues  sent  post  free.  W.  F. 
ST\NLEY,  Mathematical  Instrument  Maker  to  the  Government, 
3  and  5,  Great  f^^ru9tile.  Holbom.  W.  C.  Stanley's  Treatise  on  Mathe- 
matical Drawing  Instruments,  post  tree.  5s. 


rf)    0     0        f3    0    f-i 


0 

m 

0 

0 

7 

0 

0 

0 

(1 

0 

(1 

n 

0 

0 

i> 

n 

0 

n 

0 

fl 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1) 

0 

23    0 

2"  15 
30    0 


Bpkltee  :— 
On  the  Spot  per  ton       21    0    0 

ZiN    :— 

English  Sheet      per  ton         26  10    0 

Devaujt'8  V.  M.  Roofing  Zinc    do  28    0    0 

•  And  5  per  cent,  discount  if  laid  upon  the  new  i 
Qdicssilvee     per  btl  6  17    0 

Kkoitlus  of  AjrrraoNT 
French   per  ton         28    0    0 


:i    2    6  net 


A 


LLIANCE      LIFE     and     EIRE 

ASSURANCE    COMPANY. 

Established  1324.    Capital  £5,000,000. 

Chief  Otfice.  Bartholomew- lane.  London,  E.C. 

nOAKD  OP   DIRECTION. 

Sir  Moses  Monteflore,  Bart..  F.B,S„  Presidant. 

James  Alexander,  Esq. 

Charles  G.  Baruett.  Esq. 

George  Henry  Bamett,  Esq. 

James  Fletcher.  Esq. 

William  Gladstone.  Esq. 

Right  Hon.  George  J.  Goschen,  U.P. 

Samuel  Gurney.  Esq.,  M.P. 

James  Helme,  Esq. 

Sampson  Lucas,  Esq. 

Elliot  Macnaghten.  Esq. 

Thomas  Masteruiau.  Esq. 

J.  M.  Montedore,  Esq. 

Sir  Anthony  De  Rothschild,  Bart. 

Baron  L.  N.  De  Rothschild.  M.P. 

Thomas  Charles  Smith,  Esq. 
AmrroRs, 

SirT.  Fowell  Buxton,  Bart.,  M.P. 

Kich.ard  Hoare.  Esq. 

Sir  Curtis  Miranda  Lampson,  Bart. 
House  proi>erty  of  every  dsecription  insured  at  moderate  rates  of 
premium.  Life  assurances  in  various  forms  granted  on  favourable 
terms,  Liber.il  commission  given  to  architects,  builders,  eorveyors, 
&c..  becoming  agents  for  the  Company  Prospectuses,  and  all  in- 
formation may  be  obtained  by  application  to 

ROBERT  LEWIS,  Secretary. 


B^ 


M^ 


BANKRUPTS. 

TO  SURRENDER   IN'    BASING  HALL-STREET. 

Alfred  William  BalL-i,  Westhnnrne  Park-road,  decorator, 
Angast  15,  at  1 — George  Godfrey,  Park  street,  Uorset- 
sOLUare,  carpenter,  August  1-5,  at  2 — Emilia  Sabbath^, 
Leicester-square,  civil  ongineer,  August  20,  at  1— Timothy 


ARGATE.— To  be  LET  upon  BUILD- 

ING  LEASES,  or  PLOTS  will  be  SOLD,  valuable  FREE- 
HOLD LAND  on  the  sea-coast,  contiguouo  to  Westgate  and  Marsh 
Bays,  Excellent  biick  earth  and  chalk  on  the  estate.  Great  advan- 
tiiges  to  p.irties  taking  the  fcat  40  Plots.  Advances  made.— Apply  to 
Mr.  Charles  N.  Beazley,  ajciJtect,  96.  GuUford  street.  London,  W.C. 

TO  ARCHITECTS  and  BUILDERS.— 
LIME  GROVK  PARK.  PUTNEY  HILL.— Very  Desirable 
SITES  on  this  Eatite  to  be  LET  for  building  respectable  private  resi- 
deuces.  It  is  situated  on  elevated  ground,  between  the  railway  station 
and  Wimblediin  and  Putney- heaths.  There  is  a  great  demand  iu 
this  locality  for  good  villa  residences,  and  a  ready  sale  for  them.  For 
particulars  apply  to  S.  Wood.  Esq.,  Architect,  10,  Ci'alg's-court.  Lon- 
don. S.W.  ;  or  to  Messrs.  Baxter,  Rose,  Korton  and  Co,,  Solicitors,  6, 
Victoria-street,  Westminster,  S.W. 


ILIOUS    and    LIVER    COMPLAINTS, 

_  ,  Indigestion,  Sick  Headache,  Loss  of  Appetite,  Drowsiness. 
Giddiness.  Spasms,  and  all  Disorders  of  the  Stomach  and  Bowelfi.aK 
quickly  removed  by  that  well-known  remedy.  FRAMPTON'S  PILL 
OF  HEALTH.  They  unite  the  recommendation  of  a  mild  operaUmi 
with  the  most  successful  effect;  and  where  au  aperient  is  required, 
□otbiug  can  be  bett«r  adapted. 

Sold  by  all  Medicine  Vendors,  at  1b.  IJd.  and  2b.  9d.  per  box  01 
obtained  through  any  Chemist. 


and  JOINERY    WORKS, 


STAIRCASE 
JOHN     WALDEN 

(Late  Shop  Foreman  to  Mr.  W.  ?AKD9,  reUied), 

12,  MAIDEN  LANE,  COTENT  UABDEIf. 

Estimates  on  appUcatiOQ. 


C.  H.  DAVIES  and  CO.'S 

GESUIXE 

SOLID    PARQUET    FLOORS 

Are  Greatly  Superior  to  .tnir  hitherto  Protluced,  being 

of  Sliiiciat   Construction,    lnipro\ed  Design, 

Thoroughly  Seasoned,  aud  at 

PRICES   LOWER   THAN   USUAL. 

Specimens  at  Architectural  Museum,  23,  Maddoi-sijeet,  W. 

Aim  AT 

Show  Rooms,  CamWdge  Hall,  Newman-street,  London. 


August  16,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


557 


THE   BUILDING  NEWS. 


LONDON,  FRIDAY,  AUGUST  10.  1S67. 


COMPETITION    FOR    NEW    OFFICES 
AND  BOARD-ROOM,  POPLAR. 

HERE  is  one  instance  more  of  n  competi- 
tion resulting  in  gross  injustice.  To 
begin  witli,  we  know  nothing  whatever  of  tlie 
competitors  except  from  the  local  public  print; 
we  never  were  at  Poplar  before  this  week ; 
and  we  have  heard  nothing  of  the  scheme 
except  from  a  young  lady  and  gentleman  who 
were  in  the  room  where  the  plans  are  exhi- 
bited, who  were  evidently  strangers,  and  who 
evidently  belonged  to  what  may  be  called  the 
high  art  section  of  society.  The  exclamations 
of  this  lady,  as  her  companion  led  her  from  one 
design  to  another,  assumed,  at  last,  a  lulling 
character  from  the  monotony  of  the  re].ieated 
echo.  Two  sharp  monosyllabic  words,  one 
savouring  strongly  of  the  other  hemisphere, 
was  the  only  criticism  which  readied  us.  At 
the  risk  of  phvgiarising,  and  at  the  still  greater 
risk  of  being  charged  with  not  taking  a  grave 
view  of  the  jirolession,  we,  too,  cannot  help 
exclaiming,  "  ^\'llat  rot  !  " 

There  are   forty-three  competitors  for  four 
prizes,   three   of  £bO,  £30,  and  £20,  and  the 
chief  prize,    £250,  or  5  per  cent,  on  £5,000. 
Out  of  these  there  are  live  designs  just  worth 
looking  at.     Of  the  rest,  some  look  like  jirac- 
tical  jokes,  and  remind  us  of  the  brown  paper 
design  sent  iu  for  Mr.  Spurgeon's  Tabernacle; 
others  are  evidently  the  efforts  of  very  young 
pupils  ;  others,  again,  look  like  the  wretched 
offspring  of  some  Government  school   of  art. 
Mortar  boys,  who  could  just  use  pencils  and 
rulers,  might   have   given  us   better  designs 
and  better  drawings  than  some,  and  we  have 
known  British  school  children  under  ten  years 
of  age  do  better   work  in  architecture  than 
that  exhibited  by  two  of  the  competitors.   The 
least    objectionable     designs    are: — 1.    "In- 
cognito " ;     2.    Two    concentric    circles ;     3. 
"Alpha'';    4.    "  Bow  Pen  "  ;    5.    "Octagon." 
"Circinus"  and  "Gives"  have  been  awarded 
the  first  and  third  premiums  respectively,  but 
on  what  grounds  we  found  it  impossible  to 
determine.     If  the  Board  wanted  any  particu- 
lar arrangement  of  their  hall,  if  Mr.  Edinger, 
or  Mr.   Anybody-else,  wanted  to  have  a  more 
than    usual     accommodation   in    respect     to 
lavatories,  &c.,  they  could  easily  have  satisfied 
themselves  through  their  surveyor,  so  that  we 
entirely  demur  to  any  plea  which  may  be  set 
up  in  favour  of  these  gentlemen  having  met 
the   wishes  of  the  committee  more  thoroughly 
than  the  others.     It  is,  of  course,  quite  another 
question  whether  a  committee  has  any  right 
to  have  any  peculiar  views.     But  we   make 
the   Poplar  Board  of  Works  a  present  of  their 
peculiarities,  and  we  will  go  so  far  as  to  grant 
that   "Circinus"     {i.e.,     Mr.    Fletcher,    late 
assistant-surveyor   to   the   Board),    knowing, 
perhaps,  more  members  of  the  committee  than 
any    other    competitor,     managed    to    give 
expression  to  the  greatest  number  of  crotcliots. 
But,  we  ask,  and  not  we  think  unreasonably, 
if  crotchets  were  to  settle  the  matter,  why  were 
not  all  the  crotchets  discussed  and  embodied 
by  the  surveyor  iu  sketch  plans  to  accompany 
the  instructions  ?     We  do  not   suppose  that 
external  appearance  had  anvthing  to  do  with 
the  decision.     No  one  would  expect  to  find  in 
a  Poplar  Board  of  Works  a  brain  capable  of 
making  the  difference   between   Westminster 
Abbeyjand  the  Strand  Musick  Hall,  and  there- 
tore  one   cannot  be  very  much   surprised  to 
find  the  only  few  modest  and  earnest  designs 
set  aside  for  stuff  about  which  it  would  be  an 
insult  to  architects  and  their  art  were  we   to 
^vrite  one  word  of  criticism.     But  then  the 
disappointed  competitors  mav  ask  what  has 
the  referee,  Mr.  Sancton  Wood,  done   for  his 
fee    of   £25  ?       We    should    certainly  have 
thought  Mr.  Wood  would  have  known  better 


than  to  have  overlooked  "  Incognito  "  and  the 
two  concentric  circles — designs  which  we  liojie 
may  grace  the  walls  of  the  next  exhibition  in 
Conduit-street,  and  not  be  allowed  to  p.ass 
with  the  Poplar  Board  of  Works  into  the  ob- 
livion which  certainly  awaits  all  such  bodies. 
We  hope  this  is  the  first  and  last  we  sliall 
hear  of  JIi'.  Sancton  Wood  as  an  architectural 
referee.  That  committees,  and  boards,  and 
town  councils  should  keep  up  their  old  cha- 
racteristics, that  the  Poplar  Board,  like  most 
other  corporate  bodie.s,  should  still  cling  to 
the  delights  of  jobbery,  are  things  which 
everyone  can  understand  ;  but  that  a  respect- 
able architect,  whose  name  has  stood  upon  the 
Royal  Institute's  books  tor  more  than  a  quar- 
ter of  a  century,  should  be  found  to  be  so 
ignorant  of  his  art  as  to  be  incapable  of  judg- 
ing between  "  Incognito  "  and  "  Circinus,"  or 
two  concentric  circles  and  "  Octagon,"  or 
"Alpha"  and '■■  Gives"  is  a  very  painful  dis- 
covery. Spiteful  people  may  assign  other 
causes  for  the  judgment,  but  we  cannot  for  a 
moment  think  that  Mr.  Sancton  Wood  has 
been  actuated  by  anything  save  the  sheerest 
ignorance  or  neglect  of  the  work  he  had  to 
do.  When  men  men  like  Mr.  Sancton  Wood 
are  called  upon  to  undertake  the  duties  of  a 
referee  in  an  architectural  competition,  the  pro- 
fession feels  at  first  that  a  great  weight  is 
taken  off  its  shoulders,  and  that  there  is  hope 
yet  for  hard  work  and  earnest  study  ;  but 
when  such  miscarriages  of  justice  take  place 
as  those  we  have  lately  had  to  report,  we 
begin  to  lose  confidence  even  in  respectability, 
and  the  last  state  of  this  much-vexed  question 
of  competition  becomes  worse  than  the  first. 


IRRIGATION  IN  FRANCE  AND  SPAIN. 

THE  demands  of  human  and  domestic 
consumption,  the  requirements  of  irri- 
gation, sewage  and  drainage,  navigation,  and 
motive  force,  comprise  the  five  purposes  to 
which  water  can  be  applied.  Indispensable 
in  .some  of  them,  it  is  manifestly  optional  in 
others.  Confining  our  attention,  in  the  pre- 
sent article,  to  its  application  to  the  purposes 
of  irrigation,  it  is  evident  that  we  must  look 
abroad  before  we  shall  discover  even  any 
attempts  made  to  utilize  so  valuable  an  aid  to 
the  ])roductions  of  the  soil.  In  all  wet 
climates  like  our  own,  we  drain,  but  we  have, 
as  a  rule,  no  irrigation  in  the  shape  of  canals, 
constructed  with  that  especial  object  in  view. 
AV^e  do  not  require  them,  and  it  is  in  those 
countries  lying  under  a  hotter  sun,  where 
the  supply  of  water  is  precarious  and  inter- 
mittent, where  a  stream,  or  river,  one  day  is 
carrying  its  contents  along  -with  all  the 
rapidity  of  a  torrent — and  the  next,  is  capable 
of  being  traversed  dry  shod — that  the  con- 
struction of  irrigating  canals  becomes  an  abso- 
lute necessity.  A  canal  may  serve  all  the 
purposes  which  we  have"  mentioned,  and  many 
do  ;  but  no  canal  that  is  used  for  the  purpose 
of  naN-igation,  much  less  for  sewage  and 
drainage  purposes,  is  fit  to  be  applied  to  the 
use  of  human  consumption.  Undoubtedly, 
numerous  large  towns,  both  at  home  and 
abroad — Dublin,  for  instance — are  supplied 
with  water  by  canals  upon  which  a  very  filthy 
description  of  traffic  is  carried ;  but  no  one 
will,  for  a  moment,  concur  in  the  propriety  of 
such  a  plan.  So  soon  as  a  canal  is  intended 
to  serve  as  a  means  of  conveying  traffic  that 
is  to  be  applied  to  the  requirements  of  navi- 
gation, it  assumes  dimensions  and  proportions 
beyond  those  demanded  for  mere  irrigation, 
and  the  expense  becomes  commensurate ly  in- 
creased. Recently,  France  has  given  much 
attention  to  what  may  be  termed  the  internal 
water  supplies  of  a  country,  and  a  complete 
system  of  canalization  has  been  devised  by 
the  Ingenieurs  des  Ponts  et  Chaussees,  in  con- 
junction with  those  of  other  departments. 
Numerous  canals  have  been  commenced,  and 
the  courses  of  the  Loire,  the  Rhone,  and  other 
principal  rivers,  submitted  to  a  searching 
examination,  in  order  to  improve  the  size, 
depth,  and  capacity  of  their  channels. 


With  the  intention  of  improving  the  pro- 
ductive qualities  of  certain  districts,  four 
canals,  some  time  ago,  were  commenced,  and 
the  works  are  drawing  near  completion.* 
Tlie  principal  of  these  is  the  Verdun  Canal, 
which  is  fifty  miles  in  length,  not  including 
any  branches.  It  starts  near  Ouinzun,  where 
ihe  foundations  of  the  river  wall  at  tlie  water- 
lake,  as  it  is  technically  termed,  were  a  source 
of  some  difficulty.  E\'eutually,  by  the  aid  of 
concrete — which  is  fast  becoming  an  almost 
universal  biulding  material — the  difficulty 
was  overcome,  and  a  sound  and  permanent 
junction  efi'ected.  At  Ginnasservis,  the  con- 
struction of  a  tunnel  was  rendered  necessary, 
which  was  more  than  once  flooded  during  the 
progress  of  the  works,  but  it  is  confidently 
hoped  that,  by  the  end  of  the  year,  the  canal, 
with  its  accompanying  branches,  will  be 
opened  throughout.  About  2  per  cent,  of  the 
earthwork  remains  to  be  excavated  ;  33  per 
cent,  of  the  tunnels,  including  shafts  and 
galleries  ;  9  per  cent,  to  be  finished  in  bridges 
and  cuh'erts  ;  10  per  cent,  in  river  walls' 
together  with  the  superstructure  at  the  water- 
lake,  and  a  small  portion  of  the  works  in  con- 
nection with  the  great  syphon.  In  addition 
to  the  purposes  of  irrigation,  it  is  intended  to 
apply  these  canals  as  sources  of  water  for 
domestic  purposes,  and  a  proposal  has  been 
made  for  a  branch  to  the  towns  of  Martigues 
and  Bouc,  in  order  to  att'ord  the  inhabitants  a 
continuous  supply.  There  is  also  some  chance 
of  the  town  of  Marseilles  applying  to  the  com- 
pany with  a  similar  object  in  view.  Some 
delay  has  occurred  in  the  progress  of  the 
works  upon  the  Siagne  Canal,  owing  to  the 
refusal  of  some  of  the  landowners  to  come  to 
terms,  and,  consequently,  compulsory  measures 
were  obliged  to  be  resorted  to.  This  canal 
has  a  branch  near  Mongirs,  running  into 
Cannes,  a  town  upon  the  Mediterranean  coast, 
and  the  service  pipes  are  already  being 
laid  in  anticipation  of  the  coming  water.  A 
partial  suspension  of  the  Lagoin  Canal  has 
occurred  in  consequence  of  financial  diffi- 
culties, which,  however,  will  be  removed  in 
sufficient  time  to  enable  the  works  to  be  ready 
for  the  next  irrigation  season  in  1868,  com- 
mencing about  the  middle  of  April.  Much 
importance  attaches  to  this  canal  in  connec- 
tion with  the  lauds  of  Pont  Long,  which  are 
being  .systematically  irrigated  through  its 
means,  although  the  full  execution  of  the  pro- 
ject cannot  be  carried  out  until  the  works  are 
completed.  The  whole  of  the  canals  include 
a  length  of  nearly  450  miles,  and  the  manner 
in  which  the  works  have  been  conducted  up 
to  the  present  affords  the  best  promise  that 
ultimate  success  will  attend  their  completion, 
both  in  an  engineering  and  financial  point  of 
view. 

Turning  our  attention  to  Spain,  we  come  to 
a  country  which  may  be  pronounced  as  one  of 
the  most  suitable  for  demonstrating  the  need 
of  irrigation,  and  <levelopiiig  to  the  fullest 
extent  its  great  utility  and  productive  in- 
fluence upon  a  jiarched  and  arid  soil.  Its 
principles  have,  in  fact,  been  understood  and 
practised  for  ages  in  that  land,  although  many 
of  the  appliances  are  of  a  very  rude  and  bar- 
barous character,  and  nearly  as  much  water 
is  lost  as  is  utilized.  Notwithstanding  that 
irrigation  has  been  used  in  Spain  for  so 
long  a  period,  it  has  lieen  so  imperfectly 
developed  that  that  coimtry  is  in  as  much 
need  of  new  canals  and  means  for  storing 
its  water  supplies  as  any  country  in  the 
world.t  As  a  proof  of  the  enormous  value 
of  a  well  devised  and  well  executed  system 
of  irrigation,  when  applied  to  a  soil  similar 
to  that  of  Spain,  it  may  be  mentioned  that 
non-irrigated  land  is  only  worth  from  93.  to 
12s.  per  acre,  when  the  same  land  effectively 
watered  wiU  rent    for  the    yearly   value    of 

*  Vide  tht?  Irrigatiou  Comp.any  of  Frunce  (Limited) 
report  presented  to  the  shareholders  at  the  general  meet- 
ing held  at  the  London  Tavern,  on  Thursday,  August  8, 
lS(i7. 

t  See  an  excellent  little  pamphlet  "  Irrigation  in 
Spain ":  being  a  paper  complied  from  information  col- 
lected during  a  residence  of  several  years  iu  that  country. 
By  J.  P.  Roberts,  C.E.  London  ;  E.  and  F.  N.  Spon, 
48,  Charing  Cross.     1S67. 


558 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


August  16,  1867. 


;£10.  The  value  of  the  land  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Madrid  depends  altogether  upon 
the  condition  of  its  irrigation.  Thus  first- 
class  non-irrigated  land,  worth  £32  per  acre, 
has  its  value  increased  to  nearly  £130  ■svhen 
properly  irrigated.  Second-class  land  rises  in 
value  from  £20  per  acre  to  £100.  Third- 
class,  from  £12  to  £75  ;  and  fourth  class, 
usually  very  poor  land,  from  £6  to  £60.  A 
serious  error  committed  by  the  earlier  con- 
structors of  the  weirs  necessary  for  damming 
up  the  water,  was  not  carrying  them  down  to 
a  good  foundation,  but  founding  them  with 
loose  blocks  of  stone,  so  that  the  water  in- 
stead of  finding  the  dam  an  obstacle  to  its 
progress,  percolated  through  it  almost  with- 
out impediment.  It  is  calculated  that,  in 
some  instances,  so  much  as  nearly  50  per  cent, 
of  the  water  was  lost  by  this  rude  and  un- 
scientific plan  of  constructing  the  foundations 
of  the  weirs.  In  all  the  v.'eirs  at  present  in 
construction  by  English  engineers  it  is  hardly 
necessary  to  add  that  this  evil  is  most  care- 
fully guarded  against.  Although  we  have 
more  to  do  with  modern  than  ancient  irriga- 
tion works,  yet  among  the  latter  the  Imperial 
Canal  deserves  a  word  of  notice.  It  was  ori- 
ginally intended  as  a  navigable  canal,  but  is 
now  only  used  for  purposes  of  irrigation.  The 
weir  near  Tudela  is  a  very  fine  example  of 
construction,  and  a  splendid  piece  of  masonry. 
Most  oithe  earliest  irrigation  work,  anterior  to 
the  time  of  this  canal,  were  built  by  the 
Moors,  who  were  excellent  hydraulic  engi- 
neers. Two  large  and  important  canals  are 
in  course  of  construction  at  present  in  the  pro- 
vinces of  Henares  and  Esla,  and  will  irrigate 
an  extensive  tract  of  country.  They  are 
under  the  superintendence  of  Mr.  Bateman, 
C.E.,  of  London,  and  of  Mr.  Higgin,  of 
Madrid  ;  and  that  running  through  the  dis- 
trict of  Henares  has  some  very  formidable  dif- 
ficulties to  contend  with  in  the  shape  of  weirs 
and  timnels.  Taking  the  concessions  granted, 
and  those  in  transiht,,  the  total  quantity  of 
land  required  for  irrigation  canals  in  Spain  at 
present  amounts  to  half  a  million  of  acres 
There  is  a  dift'erence  to  be  oljserved  in  the 
irrigation  of  Spaiu  contrasted  \vith  that  of 
other  countries.  In  France  and  in  our  own 
country  the  water  is  allowed  to  flow  over 
the  meadows,  and  the  principal  object  is  to 
manure  the  land  with  the  sediment  deposited, 
whereas  in  Spain  the  object  sought  is  simply 
to  moisten  the  ground,  and  evidently  a  much 
smaller  quantity  of  water  will  suffice  than  in 
the  former  instance.  The  absolute  quantity 
of  water  required  per  acre  perj]  minute  will, of 
course,  vary  with  the  nature  of  the  soil  and 
the  crop  to  be  raised  upon  it,  but  the  mean  of 
seven  dift'erent  quantities,  authorized  by  the 
same  number  of  recent  concessions,  is  3'2  gal- 
lons per  minute  per  acre.  We  may  conclude 
our  present  article  with  a  few  remarks  vipon 
the  granting  of  concessions  for  irrigation 
works  in  Spain.  The  term  is  ninety-five 
years,  and  the  rates  are  fixed  a  priori  for  each 
district.  Any  mills  constructed  by  the  com- 
pany remain  their  property,  and  do  not  revert 
to  the  Government.  Subsidies  not  exceeding 
£20,000,  as  a  rule,  are  granted  in  three  pay- 
ments. The  first  takes  place  upon  the 
completion  of  the  earthwork  of  the  canal  ; 
the  second,  upon  that  of  the  bridges  and 
culverts ;  the  remainder  when  all  the  works  are 
finished. 


THE   PARIS  EXHIBITION.— No.  XII. 

DE   OMXIBUS   REBUS. 

^F  all  the  other  things  pertaining  to  the 
art  and  science  of  architecture  contained 
in  this  huge  international  bazaar  we  must 
speak  but  hurriedly.  Many  are  the  useful 
notions  those  who  travel  with  their  eyes  open 
will  discover,  many  the  lessons  those  who 
go  to  learn  will  find  worth  remembering, 
and  the  only  fear  we  have  is,  that  whore 
there  is  so  much  to  distract  the  attention  it 
will  cease  to  be  attracted.  We  have  done 
our  best  to  point  out  the  chiefest  objects  of 


importance  and  interest  to  those  whom  we 
especially  study  to  direct,  but  to  indicate  all 
that  is  good  would  be  a  task  too  long  to  be 
pleasant  to  us  or  welcome  to  our  readers,  and 
extended  as  has  been  our  review  it  is  by  no 
means  exhaustive.  The  w-orkman  will  find  an 
abundant  source  of  interest  in  new  tools  of 
strange  character,  each  trade  presenting  some 
fresh  peculiarity  ;  the  contractor  will  dis- 
cover in  the  many  labour-saving  machines 
new  fields  for  enterprise,  and  the  models  of 
cheaply-constructed  scaffolding  and  hoists 
will  teach  him  much ;  and  the  professional 
director  of  both  of  these  wiU  find  a  thousand 
minor  beauties  and  utilities  our  space  has 
not  permitted  us  to  notice ;  yet,  as  a  vale- 
dictory direction  to  all  of  these,  we  would 
point  out  a  few  more  things  which  have  not 
ranged  themselves  under  the  general  heads  our 
various  notices  have  divided  themselves  into. 
In  an  article  which  recently  appeared  in  our 
columns,  we  noticed  the  great  use  of  concrete 
and  "  beton"  now  prevailing  in  Paris,  and 
we  would  urge  upon  all  who  may  visit  the 
Exhibition  to  carefullj-  study  the  works  of  M. 
Coignet,  who  has  more  than  any  other  de- 
veloped this  species  of  construction,  and  his 
small  annexe  indicates  much  future  progress. 
We  have  before  adverted  to  his  greater  works 
in  the  foundations  of  the  building  itself  and 
elsewhere  in  Paris,  as  matters  of  pure  con- 
struction, and  the  visitor  will  here  see  much 
which  will  enable  him  to  judge  of  its  artistic 
application.  Other  cementitious  substances 
are  also  well  worthy  of  note,  and  there  are 
here  exposed  cements  of  such  hardness  as  to 
retain  the  most  obdurate  pebbles,  concreting 
the  mass  thus  formed  into  a  conglomerate 
capable  of  taking  a  polish  fully  equal  to  any 
of  Dame  Nature's  attempts  in  tins  line  of 
business ;  and  we  would  especialty  direct  at- 
tention to  some  samples  of  the  Cement  Vicat, 
exhibited  in  the  machinery  gallery,  where 
some  specimens  of  paving  of  this  character 
are  shown.  Another  rile  played  by  cement 
in  France  is  its  application  to  flooring  sur- 
faces in  various  colours,  and  some  very  ex- 
cellent examples  of  this  treatment  are  shown 
by  5IM.  Fontenelle,  the  executors  of  the 
well-known  pavements  of  this  kind  in  the  S. 
Chapelle  and  S.  Denis,  wdiilst  as  exhibiting 
the  tenacity  of  the  material  we  would  point 
out  specimens  of  the  so-called  "  Portland 
cement"  of  MM.  Demarle  and  Co.,  of  Bou- 
logne, a  portion  of  which  four  inches  square 
sustains  a  weight  of  1,1601b.  in  strain.  JIany 
other  illustrations  of  the  excellent  qualities 
of  French  cement  are  exhibited,  but  we  are 
happy  to  say  chiefly  as  a  constructive  mate- 
rial, as  a  stucco  for  "  decorative  "  (?)  pur- 
poses, and  as  an  imitation  of  stone  its  use  is 
chiefly  confined  to  the  intelligent  British 
public. 

Of  a  somewhat  kindred  nature  are  the 
decorative  adjuncts  in  carton  pierre  and 
similar  substances,  of  which  there  are  many 
exhibitors.  FRANXEhas  a  special  aptitude  for 
this  class  of  production,  and  the  very  finest 
illustration  of  the  finish  it  is  capable  of 
taking  we  ever  recollect  to  have  seen  is  the 
pair  of  doors  by  MM.  Delapierre  and  Co., 
which  are  as  good  and  refined  in  design  as 
they  are  in  execution.  MM.  Kasetti  and 
Baillif  have  also  some  very  good  examples  of 
the  popular  revived  Louis  Seize  decoration, 
not,  however,  equal  to  the  work  of  MM.  De- 
lapierre, which  is,  in  truth,  too  good  for  its 
material,  inasmuch  as  the  cost  of  producing 
such  work  as  this  would  be  almost  the  same 
if  executed  in  wood.  We  must  give  the 
S.  Gobain  Company  high  praise  for  their 
admirable  glass,  sheets  of  M'hich  are  exhibited 
in  sizes  fit  for  the  windows  of  Brobdignagian 
palaces,  and  of  such  clearness  that  hundreds 
who  pass  them  by  never  notice  their  exist- 
ence. The  evenness  of  their  manufacture 
is  shown  by  a  wonderful  silvered  plate  of 
enormous  size  and  great  purity.  The  works 
in  stained  glass  strike  us  on  the  whole  as 
being  poor  ;  some  rise  to  excellence,  but  they 
are  very  few,  and  as  we  cannot  now  criticise 
them  individually,  we  must  content  ourselves 


with  the  expression  of  regret  at  finding 
such  a  general  weakness  of  design  and 
want  of  harmony  of  colour  in  this  class  of 
architectural  adjuncts.  Drawing  has  much 
improved,  and  in  few  do  we  find  the  carica- 
tures and  burlesques  of  the  reflection  of 
God's  image  in  the  human  form  once  so 
common.  Still,  in  almost  all  there  is  an  ab- 
sence of  any  character  whatever,  and  a  feeling 
that  glass  painting  is  a  trade  and  not  an  art 
is  the  most  prominent  one  we  experience  when 
we  examine  the  exhibits  in  this  class.  Per- 
haps the  greatest  improvement  in  the  deco- 
rative branch  of  glass  work  late  years  have 
produced  is  the  enlarged  application  of  mosaic 
work  of  this  material.  Dr.  Salviati  has  an 
interesting  and  admirable  collection,  and 
Russia  sends  from  her  .imperial  manufactory 
some  exqiiisite  specimens,  and  South  Kensing- 
ton, from  her  more  than  imperial  shop,  sends 
some  also. — Poor  Phidias  !  if  he  were  as  ill- 
shaped  as  his  pseudo  portrait  here  we  cease 
to  wonder  at  his  power  of  form.  Man  is  a 
continuous  antithesis,  and  this  is  a  notable 
illustration  of  the  fact. 

Of  the  other  branches  of  wall  deco- 
ration we  must  not  now  speak.  Paper- 
hangings,  Wall  painting,  and  glorious  Ta- 
pestries all  demand  attention,  but  we  must 
leave  these  subjects  to  a  possible  future,  and 
conclude  our  remarks  with  a  general  resume 
of  the  position  held  by  our  own  country  and 
our  own  art.  To  an  Englishman  the  E,xhi- 
bition  is  a  huge  sorrow.  Our  country  has  not 
put  forth  its  strength,  and  that  which  it  has 
exerted  is  so  fettered  by  the  bonds  imposed 
by  the  Commission,  which  has  strangled  it, 
that  it  labours  under  great  disadvantages 
The  best  places  are  devoured  by  the  great 
Cole  and  his  satellites,  the  rewards  appro- 
priated by  his  and  their  friends,  and  the  feel- 
ing that  it  would  be  useless  to  struggle  against 
this  Krakan-like  monster  has  beenso  univer.sal 
that  independent  men  have  declined  submit- 
ting themselves  to  its  influence.  That  this 
should  have  been  so  we  deeply  regret.  Eng- 
lish art  and  English  commerce  need  all  the 
aid  they  can  obtain  to  help  them  to  hold  their 
own  in  these  days  of  universal  competition, 
and  the  quasi  kindness  of  our  stepmother  at 
South  Kensington  is  like  such  delicate  atten- 
tions generally — of  rather  more  than  doubtful 
good. 

To  an  architect  the  Exhibition  is  one  of 
the  greatest  interest,  and  the  admirable  works 
of  our  foreign  brethren  afl"ord  us  the  greatest 
pleasure.  We  regret  we  have  not  here  been 
able  to  show  them  the  present  condition  of 
our  art  in  England.  Our  small  selection  is 
neither  choice  nor  wise  ;  and  restricted  as  it  is 
to  so  small  and  so  unflt  a  space,  we  are  tempted 
to  regret  it  exists  at  all,  and  wish  English 
architects  had,  like  English  sculptors,  declined 
to  be  misrepresented.  One  thing  it  prove.=, 
that  wdiatever  progress  we  may  make  it  cer- 
tainly IS  made  in  spite  of,  rather  than  by  the 
aid  of,  the  powers  that  be,  and  it  is  a  proof  of 
our  vitality  that  we  exist  at  all.  To  the 
archa;ologist  and  the  historian  of  art,  the 
wonderful  collection  of  works  illustrative  of 
"human  labour"  is  of  the  deepest  interest,  and 
the  glorious  enamels  and  metal  work,  the 
beautiful  illuminated  books  of  the  middle 
ages,  and  the  innumerable  other  works  which 
make  up  this  portion  of  the  collection,  all  more 
orlessbear  upon  our  art,  and  demand  closeand 
painstaking  study.  And  here  we  are  glad  to 
be  able  to  praise  the  authorities  of  South 
Kensington.  In  this  they  do  great  good. 
Their  contributions  to  this  portion  of  the 
World's  Fair  are  very  e.xcellent,  and  the  in- 
crease of  knowledge  they  have  caused  in  this 
branch  of  art  history  is  the  one  green  leaf  in 
that  crown  they  are  so  anxious  to  impose 
on  their  own  head.  May  it  flourish,  and 
— it  is  almost  hopeless  to  say  it — may  they 
be  vouchsafed  that  degree  of  knowledge  to 
learn  in  what  way  their  mission  lies.  They 
may  have  power  to  collect  and  arrange  the 
records  of  the  past,  but  the  power  to  control 
the  present  or  to  direct  the  future  is  not  theirs, 
and  their  efforts  in  this  direction  not  only  fail 


August  16,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


559 


I 


to  reach  tlie  end  they  would  attain  unto,  but  arc 
harnilul  and  obstructive.  Of  Painting  and 
Sculpture  we  dare  not  speak  ;  there  is  so 
much  that  is  ^ood  that  if  we  commenced  to 
comment  we  should  have  to  do  so  more  largely 
than  our  space  will  allow.  One  work  there 
is  whicli  combines  somewhat  of  both  arts  in 
an  architectonic  manner.  Wo  refer  to  the 
marble  mosaic  of  Baron  Tricjueti,  for  the 
mausoleum  of  Prince  Albert,  at  Frogmore. 
This  is  a  very  remarkable  piece  of  inlay, 
spoiled,  liowever,  with  too  much  labour. 
The  hatching  and  filling  overrides  all  else, 
and  quite  destroys  the  simple,  grand,  and 
monumental  etl'ect  which  should  be  patent  in 
such  works.  With  this  notice  of  the  decora- 
tion of  the  tomb  of  him  who  first  rendered 
international  exhibitions  a  success,  we  close 
our  remarks  on  this,  the  latest — we  almost 
wish  we  coidd  use  the  adjective  in  a  positive 
form  and  say  the  last.  None  have  equalled 
the  one  he  inaugurated.  Each  one  strives  to  be 
bigger — not  better — than  its  predecessor,  and 
becomes  too  encyclopajdaic  to  be  thorough. 
Special  exhibitions,  tliough  not  so  ambitious, 
would  be  of  more  real  good,  and  we  can  con- 
ceive nothing  more  conducive  to  our  own 
art  progress  tlian  an  international  exhibition 
of  architecture  and  building  appliances — it 
might  not  make  much  noise.  Emperors  would 
probably  not  get  prizes,  and  Mr.  Cole  woidd 
not  know  what  it  meant,  but  the  real  good 
which  would  arise  from  it  would  be  active 
ia  times  to  come  when  Napoleon  would  be 
but  a  name  and  Cole  would  be  no  more. 
General  exhibitions  can  never  be  conducted 
on  equal  principles.  The  knowledge  that 
they  are  but  shows  prevents  the  earnest 
worker  caring  for  them,  the  best  work  is 
eclipsed  by  the  showiest,  and,  as  a  rule,  the 
greatest  reward  obtamed  by  the  possessor  of 
the  greatest  impudence.  The  notice  of  the 
discriminating  lew  in  each  man's  particular 
walk  and  work  would  be  more  valuable  to 
the  gainer  of  it,  and  raoreconducive  to  general 
advancement  than  a  gross  of  gold  medals  or 
than  honours  by  the  hatful.  Progress  can- 
not be  made  in  a  multitude,  and  crowds  but 
breed  confusion;  and  good,  earnest,  thoughtful 
comparison  can  only  be  made  by  selection, 
and  yet,  in  spite  of  all  ourjgrowls,  we  say  to 
every  one.  Go.  Where  there  is  so  much  there 
mu^t  be  much  that  is  good,  and  we  can  only 
wish  there  had  been  less  and  better.  Still  we 
would  urge  upon  each  one  to  go  and  glean 
for  himself.  Our  aim  has  been  to  indicate 
the  reaper's  course.  The  Harvest  is  a  fruitful 
one,  and  Industry  and  Intelligence  may  briuL; 
liome  sheaves  well-eared  and  full  of  seed  for 
future  fructification. 


CONSTRUCTIVE  AND  .ESTHETIC 
DESIGN. 

LOOKING  back  from  our  present  stand- 
point, it  must  be  accounted  an  anachron- 

1  ism  that  our  predecessors  of  the  last  century — 
incapable  of  comprehending  the  spirit  of  a 
previous  age,  and  the  principles  upon  which  its 

\  architecture  was  based — should  have  been  so 
fond  of  reproducing  in  mimetic  perfection  the 
cla.ssic  temples  of  Greece  and  Italy,  and  the 
cathedrals,  castles,  halls— besides  a  thousand 
exploded  features — of  long  antecedent  periods. 
There  was  a  pretentiousness  of  scope,  if  not  of 
decoration,  in  most  of  the  pseudo-classic 
chiirches  and  houses  of  the  eighteenth  century 
quite  incompatible  with  an  age  of  enlightened 
thought  and  the  printing  press,  and  only  to  be 
s.^'is'i'ctorily  explained  by  the  existence  of  a 
fictitious  romance,  and  its  influence  on  the 
sentiment  of  the  period.  What  else,  indeed, 
could  have  induced  the  erection  of  churches 
to  imitate  the  Doric  and  Ionic  examples  of 
Greece,  such  as  the  Erechtheum,  which  the  late 
Mr.  Inwood  reproduced  in  the  modern  St. 
Pancras;  or  the  no  less  absurd  idea  of  adopting 
the  most  florid  and  extravagant  features  of  the 
Pointed  style  in  ordinary  parish  churches  / 
The  contrast  becomes  stronger  if  we  compare 


thi ;  age  of  reproduction  with  the  present  one, 
in  which  novel  effects  are  aimed  at,  and  a 
bold  and  free  eclecticism  has  taken  the  place 
of  slavish  copyism.  What,  may  it  be  asked, 
does  this  change  indicate  ?  It  would  be 
illogical  to  supjiose  it  a  mere  sport  of  fancy, 
and  that  a  return  to  the  reproductive  spirit  is 
as  reasonable  a  probability  as  the  wearing  of 
modern  crinoline,  or  the  substitution  of  false 
for  natural  hair,  after  nearly  three  centuries' 
disuse,  or  any  other  of  those  countless  freaks 
of  fashion  our  fair  friends  indulge  in.  The 
tide  of  taste,  unlike  the  tide  of  fashion,  cannot 
so  easily  be  turned  back  with  impunity  ;  and 
although  we  have  ultra-medi<Tvalists,  pre- 
Kaphaelites,  and  antiquity-loving  senti- 
mentalists, the  spirit  of  modern  improvement 
is  as  irreconcilably  opposed  to  them  as  science 
is  to  superstition.  II  we  only  turn  our  eyes 
about  us,  we  cannot  fail  to  recognise  the  indi- 
cation of  tliis  change  in  the  spirit  of  imlimited 
toleration  that  generally  prevails.  Hotels, 
insurance  oftices,  and  other  large  financial 
estaldishments  vie  with  our  ecclesiastical 
buildings  nearly  everywhere,  more  especially 
in  large  towns.  Art  is  forced  into  various 
channels  rather  than  becoming  the  exclusive 
aid  of  a  particular  sect  or  class,  and  hence  our 
feeling  for  it  is  not  restricted  to  one  set  of 
examples  or  types,  a  departure  from  whicli  is 
deemed  heterodox.  The  spirit  of  the  change 
is  not  confined  to  the  sphere  of  art  ;  it  is  seen 
in  all  the  multifarious  occupations  of  the  in- 
tellect; our  literature  and  religious  convictions 
are  considerably  modified  by  it.  By  a  slow 
but  sure  process  it  is  giving  us  principles  for 
facts — the  spirit  of  art  for  its  lifeless  forms. 
From  mere  translators  and  copyists  we  have 
become  eclectics — a  law  unto  ourselves. 

This  leads  us  to  inquire  into  the  most  appa- 
rent manifestations  such  a  spirit  has  produced 
upon  architecture.  A  better  understood  con- 
nection between  the  arts  of  construction  and 
design  is,  perhaps,  the  most  important  charac- 
teristic of  our  present  position.  It  is  not  un- 
common now  to  witness  a  decided  divergence 
in  the  conception  and  aim  of  features  once 
deemed  unalterable  or  inflexible  in  their 
treatment.  Nearly  every  modern  roof  pro- 
claims the  fact.  Hidden  altogether  beneath 
huge  parapets,  or  so  flat  as  to  be  scarcely 
visible,  the  roofs  of  our  forefathers  were 
jirobably  the  most  unobtrusive  lies  of  a  sham 
age  that  could  be  conceived,  while  their  con- 
cealment was  bought  dearly  at  the  expense  of 
construction  and  comfort.  Middle  and  con- 
cealed gutters  and  flat  pitched  roofs  were  re- 
sorted to  simply  for  the  sake  of  obtaining 
height  for  the  facades,  or  allowing  an  ortho- 
dox entablature — architrave,  frieze,  and 
cornice — to  crown  them.  An  increasing  re- 
gard for  economy  has,  I  believe,  tended 
much  to  simplify  construction,  and  bring 
about  a  more  rational  and  less  fictitious  archi- 
tecture, in  which  economy  of  material  and 
the  legitimate  value  of  each  constructive  ele- 
ment are  taken  into  accoimt.  In  marked 
contrast  to  the  concealed  roof,  our  modern 
buildings  display  that  feature  so  ostentatiously 
as  often  to  create  a  wonder  how  they  are 
utilized  internally.  But  making  due  allovv- 
aice  for  an  extravagant  license,  roofs  now-a- 
d-iys  are  really  what  they  pretend  and  ought 
to  be — sensible  coverings,  adding  to  the  height 
and  effectiveness  of  a  building.  In  noticing 
roofs,  as,  after  the  walls,  the  moat  important 
feature  of  constructive  design,  it  may  be  as 
well  to  note  that  they  are,  in  large  erections,  at 
least,  no  longer  mere  coverings,  but  in- 
teriorly an  important  accessory  in  design. 
Our  church  open-timbered  roofs  display  per- 
haps the  most  decisive  of  our  advances  in 
oosthetic  construction,  particularly  when  we 
compare  them  to  the  lath  and  plaster  waggon 
vaults  andj  ceilings  seen  even  now  here  and 
there  in  village  churches.  Nowhere  more 
than  in  our  large,  open  station  and  hall  roofs 
is  the  alliance  between  construction,  materials, 
and  design  so  palpably  manifest,  because  we 
get  conjointly  the  suminum  honum  of  material 
and  aBsthetic  excellence.  The  very  timber 
and  iron  used  in  their  construction  perform  a 


two-fold  oflice  :  they  support  the  covering,  and 
administer  to  our  sense  of  beauty. 

It  is  interesting  now  to  trace  the  steps  of 
this  roof  transformation.  A  desire  for  con- 
structive truth  in  ecclesiastical  art,  urgently 
advocated  by  Pugiu  and  his  school,  was  the 
first  impulse  whiidi  lu-lpeil  to  strip  our  church 
ceilings  of  their  lath  and  plaster  disguisement. 
Next  followed  the  abandonment  of  the  tie 
beam,  a  clumsy  expedient,  as  it  was  a  main 
stay  of  counterfeit  ceilings.  From  that  time 
till  the  present,  collars,  braces,  diagonal  ties, 
curved  and  laminateil  ribs  have  assumed  deco- 
rative as  well  as  structural  functions,  thus 
economizing  space  and  utilizing  material.  It 
may,  indeed,  be  urged  that  an  inner  ceiling  or 
double  roof  was  advantageous  in  preserving  a 
more  equable  temperature,  and  that,  there- 
fore, our  groined  and  flat  ceilings  were  not 
valueless ;  but  against  this  I  think  we  may 
put  a  counter  objection,  nameh',  that  the 
double  roof  impedes  that  free  circulation  so 
necessary  to  perfect  ventilation.  ]\foreover, 
an  excess  of  heat  under  the  roof  surface,  or 
more  than  is  required  to  produce  a  proper 
displacement  in  the  lower  and  breathing 
stratum  of  air,  can  be  obviated  by  felt  or 
other  non-conductive  material,  while  it  is 
often  easily  and  effectually  prevented  by 
boarding  the  back  of  the  rafters,  thus  allowing 
an  air  space  to  intervene.  We  thus  see  that 
these  structural  advantages  more  than  com- 
pensate for  the  loss  of  an  inner  ceiling,  while 
an  element  of  effect  is  obtained  at  compara- 
tively less  cost.  It  may  not  be  out  of  place 
to  mention  here  the  irrational  and  anomalous 
restitution  of  tie  beams  and  king-posts  of 
bedstead  likeness  in  some  recent  church  roofs 
designed  after  old  French  examples,  and 
the  no  less  freakish  notion  of  placing 
rafters  flatways  upon  the  purlins,  thereby 
losing  aU  advantage  of  the  golden  rule  that 
the  transverse  strength  of  beams  is  directly  as 
the  square  of  their  depth — notions  sadly  at 
variance  with  common  sense,  and  only  worthy 
of  a  rude  carpentry.  Enough  has  been  said 
to  show  the  alliance  aesthetically  to  be  effected 
between  timber  roof  framing  and  the  more 
permanent  materials  of  our  buildings  ;  and 
the  custom  of  staining  and  varnishing  our 
timber,  instead  of  disguising  its  nature  with 
paint,  still  further  shows  to  what  an  extent 
constructive  reality  has  been  carried  as 
synonymous  with  good  taste. 

Another  instance.  In  the  same  period  of 
quasi-constructive  taste,  the  external  and  in- 
ternal treatment  of  windows  was  sadly  sub- 
jected to  the  reigning  taste  for  mock  porticoes 
and  facades.  If  considered  at  all  in  elevation, 
they  were  only  employed  to  balance  the  sides 
of  a  composition,  or  to  give  it  an  uniformity  of 
appearance.  Every  detail  was  made  to  con- 
form, in  position,  size,  and  shape,  to  a  pedi- 
mental  and  columnar  front,  itself  a  mere  mask, 
in  which  columniation  became  paramount. 
Similarly,  the  same  subjection  of  essentials 
was  found  inside.  Under  the  idea  of  square- 
ness, light  itself  was  obstructed  by  the  inner 
projecting  jambs  or  shutter  boxings,  which 
were  invariably  brought  to  a  square  angle 
instead  of  being  freely  splayed  for  the  ample 
divergence  of  the  solar  beams.  How  difl'erent 
has  the  treatment  of  windows  become  now  ! 
Exteriorly  we  have  them  where  we  most 
desire  them ;  we  treat  them  no  longer  as  neces- 
sary evils,  but  enlarge  and  extend  them  as 
valuable  features  under  a  thousand  varied 
forms — semicircular,  segmental,  pointed,  cant 
and  trefoil-headed  ;  we  run  them  as  in  con- 
nected arcades,  and  vertically  superimpose 
them.*  G.  H.  G. 


A  correspondent  says  : — "The  Englishman's 
objection  ti)  adopt  as  the  title  for  the  proposed 
new  buildings  in  the  Strand  the  'Courts  of 
Justice,'  appears  to  arise  from  his  intuitive 
knowledge  that  he  may  obtain  therein  and 
therefrom  any  amount  of  law,  but  that  the  pro- 
portion of  justice  granted  may  be  extremely 
small,  and  by  no  means  at  his  command." 


To  be  coutiuued. 


560 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


August  16,  1867. 


AN    AECHITECTURAL    NOTICE     OF    ST. 

JOHN'S  PEIORY,  CLEKKENWELL* 

By  W.  Pettit   Geifpith,  P.S.A. 

THE  story  of  the  religious  Knights  of  St. 
John  of  Jerusalem  (as  well  as  that  of  the 
ILnights  Templars}  has  been  so  often  told,  and  is 
so  well  known,  as  to  render  are  petition  unneces- 
sary. Some  authors  have  entered  so  enthu- 
siastically into  the  exploits  of  the  Knights  as  to 
lose  sight  of  the  buildings  belonging  to  the 
Priory,  and  allude  to  them  in  a  very  cursory 
manner.  Beyond  the  mention  of  the  church  by 
old  John  Stow,  the  tailor,  in  1598,  who,  naturally 
raises  curiosity  by  his  statement  that  "  the  great 
bell  tower  was  a  most  curious  piece  of  workman- 
ship, graven,  gilt,  and  enamelled,  to  the  great 
beautifying  of  the  city,"  there  is  not  much  reli- 
able information  on  the  subject.  The  object  of 
the  present  paper  is  to  place  on  record  certain 
facts  and  data  connected  with  the  Priory  build- 
ings, the  result  of  discoveries  and  observations 
made  during  a  residence  of  many  years  on  the 
site  of  the  Priory.  The  Priory  was  founded  about 
A.D.  1100,  by  Jordan  Briset,  and  Muriell,  his  wife, 
near  "  unto  Clarke's  Well"  (now  Clerkeuwell),  in 
the  reign  of  Henry  I.  Ten  acres  of  land  were 
purchased  for  the  above  purpose  of  the  adjoining 
Priory  of  St.  Mary,  and  for  those  ten  acres  twenty 
acres  were  given  in  his  lordship  of  Willinghale,  in 
the  county  of  Kent.  The  two  principal  objects  of 
interest  connected  with  this  once  important 
religious  military  institution  are,  the  southern  en- 
trance, known  as  St.  John's  Gate,  and  the  Church. 
These  are  both  situated  in  St.  John's-square, 
which  latter,  in  old  maps,  is  called  St.  John's 
Priory.  St.  John's-square  was  the  Priory  court, 
and  bounded  by  the  ancient  buildings.  In  Robert 
Seymour's  survey,  1735,  it  is  named  "St.  John's 
court,  vvli.  St.  Jone's,  St.  John's-square." 
The  enclosure  walls  can  still  be  traced  on  the 
north,  south,  east,  and  west  sides,  and  the  modern 
dwellings  in  St.  John's-square  are  mostly  built 
upon  the  old  rubble  walls  of  the  hospital.  Frag- 
ments of  the  ancient  buildings  are  frequently 
discovered. 

The  north  boundary  comprised  the  north 
postern,  and  the  Priory  buildings  and  walls 
extending  from  the  north  postern  westward, 
towards  Red  Lion-street ;  and  from  the  north 
postern  eastward,  towards  St.  John's-street.  The 
foundations  of  the  Priory  buildings  and  walls  form 
the  foimdations  of  the  cellars  under  No.  19,  and 
the  basements  of  Nos.  21  and  22,  on  the  north 
side  of  St.  John's-square.  An  opening  was  made 
in  the  basement  wall  between  Nos.  19  and  20,  St. 
John's-square,  on  September  12,  1S51,  and  the 
wall  was  found  to  be  7ft.  thick,  and  formed  of 
squared  stone  on  the  outer  or  north  side,  and 
chalk  rubble  within.  Some  of  the  stones  had 
been  used  for  windows,  &c. ;  one  stone  was 
exactly  similar  in  nature  to  the  mantel  stone 
found  in  the  cellar  by  St.  John's  Gate,  and  was 
covered  with  black,  shining,  flinty  particles,  as  if 
it  had  been  subjected  to  fire.  This  wall  was  close 
by  the  northern  postern.  There  are  still  in 
existence,  beneath  the  houses  on  the  east  side  of 
the  above  postern,  walls  7ft.  in  thickness,  and 
containing  splayed  openings.  In  tunnelling 
beneath  No.  40,  St.  John's-square,  for  the  main 
drainage,  in  August,  1863,  solid  concrete  founda- 
tions of  Priory  buildings  had  to  be  cut  through. 
The  distance  from  the  surface  of  St.  John's-square 
to  the  bottom  of  the  concrete  was  26ft. 

^ye  are  informed  from  the  Minute  Book  of  the 
Commissioners  for  Paving,  &c.,  the  parish  of  St. 
John,  Clerkeuwell, t  that  permission  was  granted 
on  May  19,  1780,  to  Mr.  Gabriel  Gregory,  the 
proprietor  of  the  house  adjoining  (then  about  to 
be  rebuilt)  at  the  south-west  corner  of  Jerusalem- 
passage,  to  take  down  the  north  postern,  and 
thereijy  leave  the  south  entrance  to  the  above 
passage  "  open  from  the  ground  to  the  sky."  The 
north  postern  was,  therefore,  covered ;  and,  by 
the  plan  in  the  Commissioner's  book,  it  appears  to 
have  been  1 7ft.  lOin.  long  (inside  measure),  and 
10ft.  lin.  wide  at  the  south  end,  and  lOft.  9in.  at 
the  north  end,  and  enclosed  next  St.  John's-square 
by  a  light  enclosure,  with  a  gate  lOft.  7in.  high, 
and  at  the  other  (north)  end,  by  a  gate  5ft.  5in. 
wide,  and  8ft.  high.  This  was  an  outer  gate  in  the 
north  boundary  wall,  which  latter  was  3ft.  6in.  in 
thickness  at  this  part.  The  Priory  was  enclosed 
on  _^the  south  side   from   St.   John's-street  (east- 


"  Read  at  the  Charterhouse,  before  the  London  and 
Middlesex  ArchEeological  Society. 

t  The  first  meeting  of  this  Commission  was  held  on 
May  13,  1771,  Sir  George  Booth,  Bart.,  in  the  chair. 


ward)  to  towards  Red  Lion-street  (westward), 
with  St.  John's  Gate  in  the  centre.  Of  the 
southern  boundary  there  are  St.  John's  Gate,  and 
67ft.  of  wall,  extending  westward  from  the  gate, 
remaining.  Of  the  eastern  boundary.  Hollar  has 
given  a  view  as  it  appeared  in  1661.  It  portrays 
the  east  end  of  St.  John's  Church,  with  the 
hospital  gardens  and  boundary  wall,  all  of  which 
faced  St.  John-street.  Regarding  the  westward 
boundary,  there  are  remains  of  the  old  Priory  wall 
in  Ledbury-plaee,  being  also  the  west  garden  wall 
of  Bishop  Burnett's  house ;  and  in  the  west 
garden  wall  of  Dr.  Adam  Clarke's  house,  which 
adjoins  Burnett's  house  southward,  and  in  Red 
Lion  Mews  or  Yard  ; — all  these  portions  remaining 
formed  a  continuous  wall,  and  was  the  western 
boundary.  Cromwell  mentions  a  circumstance 
which  occurred  in  November,  1826,  that  seems  to 
establish  the  probability  that,  previously  to  1381, 
when  the  hospital  was  destroyed  by  Wat  Tyler,  its 
buildings  extended  southward  beyond  the  present 
gate. 

In  excavatingthe  ground  on  the  east  side  of  St- 
John's-lane,  for  the  purpose  of  making  a  new 
opening  into  the  sewer  beneath,  the  workmen  came 
to  a  wall  between  4ft.  and  5ft.  thick,  which 
crossed  the  lane  from  east  to  west ;  and,  there 
can  be  little  doubt,  both  from  its  situation  and 
strength,  formed  part  of  the  original  erection  of 
the  hospitallers.  This  idea  receives  confirmation 
also  from  the  discovery  of  a  similar  wall  in  digging 
out  the  ground  for  the  foundation  of  the  houses 
in  Albion-place  (formerly  George-court),  the  direc- 
tion of  which  appeared  to  be  north  and  south. 
Of  the  early  buildings,  which  were  of  the  semi- 
Norman  and  Early  English  style,  there  are, 
besides  the  crypt,  a  few  remains  in  the  south  wall 
of  the  present  church  next  Jerusalem-court,  and 
fragments  have  been  found  built  in  the  basement 
walls  of  St.  John's  Gate  ;  the  latter  I  exhibited  to 
the  Society  of  Antiquaries  in  1856. 

ST.  John's  gate. 

St.  John's  Gate  was  originally  built  at  the 
foundation  of  the  Priory  about  the  year  1100,  and 
was  rebuilt  by  Prior  Docwra  in  1504.  This  prior 
was  the  immediate  predecessor  cf  the  last  Supe- 
rior of  the  House,  Sir  William  Weston,  and 
retained  his  office  from  1502  to  1523.  In  Hollar's 
view  of  the  gate,  theett'ect  produced  by  the  battle- 
ments, then  complete,  is  shown  to  advantage.  In 
some  respects,  Hollar  is  not  correct,  the  windows 
on  each  side  of  the  large  central  arch,  and  window 
in  both  fronts,  are  in  one  light,  while  in  the  view 
they  are  shown  in  two  lights.  In  alluding  to  the 
great  multitude  of  prints  of  St.  John's  Gate,  which 
have  been  issued  on  the  exterior  of  the  Gentlevian^s 
Maijazine  during  the  last  115  years,  the  editor  of 
that  publication  remarked,  in  1845,  that  they 
probably,  in  all,  exceeded  ten  millions  of  copies, 
and  presented,  in  succession,  a  considerable 
variety,  arising  from  the  respective  taste  or  talent 
of  the  draughtsmen  employed,  whenever  a  fresh 
engraving  became  requisite.  Hollar's  view  of  the 
gate  is  the  earliest  extant,  and  is  the  most  pic- 
turesque, but  not  the  most  accurate.  It  gives  an 
undue  altitude  of  proportions  to  the  whole  struc- 
ture, and  to  its  parts.  In  1856,  a  view  of  the 
gate  as  restored  superseded  the  old  cut.  I  must 
now  concisely  allude  to  a  few  well-known  events 
which  have  rendered  St.  John's  Gate  immortal, 
and  will  then  return  to  the  more  immediate  sub- 
ject of  the  paper.  In  the  reign  of  James  I.,  1604, 
the  gate  was  inhabited  by  Sir  Roger  Wilbraham, 
and  afterwards,  it  was  the  residence  of  Edward 
Cave,  the  printer,  who  in  January,  1731,  first  pub- 
lished one  of  the  oldest  and  most  respectable  of 
our  monthly  periodicals,  the  Gentlevian^s  Maga- 
ziiie.  Among  the  numerous  visitors  at  that  time 
were  Goldsmith  and  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson  (Cave 
being  his  friend  and  early  patron).  Dr.  Johnson's 
pen  was  continually  at  work,  and  his  pamphlets, 
prefaces,  epitaphs,  essays,  and  biographical 
memoirs,  were  continually  published  in  the  old 
gate,  either  by  themselves,  or  in  the  Gentleman's 
Magazine.  In  1740,  and  for  more  than  two  years 
afterwards,  he  wrote  the  Parliamentary  speeches 
in  the  same  magazine,  and  these  were  followed  by 
his  life  of  Savage,  English  dictionary,  "The  Vanity 
of  Human  Wishes,"  "  The  Rambler,"  and  many 
other  literary  productions. 

The  debates  penned  by  Johnson  were  distin 
guished  from  the  reports  which  had  preceded 
them  by  a  greater  energy  of  language,  a  more 
piolished  style  of  expression,  and  a  closer  attention 
to  the  relative  bearing  of  the  arguments  advanced 
by  the  speakers  on  either  side.  They  were  written 
with  great  rapidity,  and  at  times  when  he  was 
able  to   raise  his  imagination  to  such  a  pitch  of 


fervour  as  bordered  upon  enthusiasm,  to  indulge 
which  without  interruption  his  practice  was  to 
shut  himself  up  in  a  room  assigned  to  him  at  St, 
John's  Gate.  Here,  no  one  was  suffered  to 
approach,  except  a  compositor,  or  Cave's  boy,  for 
the  manuscript  copy,  which,  as  fast  as  he  wrote  it, 
he  put  forth  at  the  door.  Boswell  says  that 
"  when  Dr.  Johnson  first  saw  St.  John's  Gate,  he 
beheld  it  with  reverence ;"  no  doubt,  referring  to 
the  edifice  itself,  with  its  chivalrous  memories, 
and  not,  as  has  been  supposed,  in  allusion  to  the 
magazine.  Johnson  himself  was  oftener  to  be 
found  at  St.  John's  Gate,  where  the  Gentleman's 
Magazine  was  published,  than  in  his  own  lodgings. 

Cave  died  in  1754.  The  Gentleman's  Magazine 
was  continued  by  David  Henry,*  his  brother-in- 
law,  and  Richard  Cave,  his  nephew.  The  latter 
died  in  1766,  when  Henry  relinquished  his  busi- 
ness of  a  printer,  and  employed,  as  his  agent  at 
St-  John's  Gate,  David  Bond,  who  was  so  con- 
tinued until  the  end  of  1778.  At  that  date  a 
considerable  share  of  the  proprietorship  of  the 
magazine  having  been  purchased  by  Mr.  Nichols, 
it  was,  for  the  next  two  years,  printed  partly  at 
St.  John's  Gate,  and  partly  in  Red  Lion-passage, 
Fleet-street.  In  1781  (just  fifty  years  from  its 
commencement),  the  magazine  entirely  left  its 
native  spot.  It  was  printed  for  nearly  forty  years 
in  Red  Lion-passage,  and  afterwards  for  thirty-six 
years  in  Parliament  street.  In  1856  the  maga- 
zine was  published  by  John,  Henry,  and  James 
Parker;  and  now  Bradbury  and  Evans  have 
undertaken  the  care  of  it.  The  walls  of  the  pre- 
sent St.  John's  Gate  are  about  3ft.  thick,  of  brick 
faced  with  stone  9in.  thick,  brought  from  Rye- 
gate.  This  stone  was  also  used  in  building 
Henry  VII.'s  Chapel,  in  1502. 

Rickman  considers  the  style  of  architecture  of 
the  gate  to  be  Perpendicular  work  of  pretty  good 
character.  On  the  ground-floor  is  a  central  arched 
entrance,  with  rooms  on  the  east  and  west  sides. 
On  the  north  front,  next  St.  John's-square,  is  a 
projecting  tower  on  each  side,  and  on  the  south 
front  is  also  a  projecting  tower  on  each  side,  and 
as  the  rooms  above-mentioned  project  beyond  the 
centre,  they  form  in  appearance  double  towers, 
which  give  an  imposing  aspect  to  the  south  front, 
and  con55titute  the  front  by  which  the  hospital  was 
approached  from  the  City.  In  Hollar's  view  of 
the  gate  is  shown  an  inner  wooden  erection  for 
carriages  and  foot  passengers,  which  was  succeeded 
by  a  billiard  room,  which  filled  all  the  upper  part 
of  the  gateway  from  the  springing  of  the  arch. 
This  was  purchased  by  St.  John's  Paving  Com-  j 
missioners  for  £62,  and  cleared  awayiu  1771, and! 
the  arch  repaired  and  restored  to  its  original  di- 1 
mensions.  Sir  WiUiam  Staines  restored  the  ma- 
soniy  for  £25. 

In  1856,  Mr.  B.  Foster,  the  occupant  of  the 
gate  at  that  time,  discovered  one  of  the  original 
stone  chimneypieces,  and  a  singular  secret  com., 
munication  from  the  groined  archway  to  the 
large  room  above.  The  chimneypiece  is  neatly 
moulded,  with  spandrils  containing  cruciform  gilt 
ornaments ;  the  opening  of  the  fireplace  is  4ft. 
6in.  by  4ft.  2in.,  and  the  stone  is  the  same  as  that 
of  which  the  gate  is  constructed.  Over  the  chimney- 
piece  is  a  relieving  arch.  The  chimneypiece  is  re- 
stored and  preserved,  and  also  the  chamber.  The 
secret  chamber  or  communication  occurs  in  the 
inner  side  wall ;  the  latter  is  3ft.  4in.  thick,  and 
the  former  is  1ft.  llin.  wide,  and  2ft.  9in.  in 
length  ;  at  the  base  of  the  chamber  or  shaft  is  an 
arched  opening  (now  filled  up)  communicating 
with  the  open  archway  beneath  the  gate,  and  the 
top  of  the  shaft  is  immediately  under  the  floor  of 
the  hall.  This  communication  may  have  been 
formed  for  the  purpose  of  entering  the  bilUard- 
room,  although  its  appearance  is  not  modern.  In 
the  room  over  the  bar  of  the  tavern,  on  the  east 
side  of  the  gate,  another  original  chimneypiece 
similar  to  the  one  above  described,  has  'oeen  laid 
open.  In  the  interior  of  the  gatehouse  remain 
several  stone  arched  doorways,  recesses,  &c.,  with 
ancient  hook-and-eye  hinges.  The  ceilings  are 
mostly  divided  into  compartments  by  large  and 
boldly  carved  oak  rib  mouldings.  On  the  south 
front  of  St.  John's  Gate  are  sculptured  five  shields 
in  foliated  panels.  The  central  panel  contains 
the  arms  of  France  and  England,  surmounted  by 
a  crown.  The  panels  on  each  side  of  the  above 
have  the  cross,  the  ensign  of  the  Priory.  On  the 
next  adjoining  panels  are  a  chevron  engrailed  be- 
tween three  roundels,  and  the  cross  in  chief 
(Docwra's  arms).  And  the  next  or  outer  panels 
have   the  chevron  and    three   roundels,  cross  in 

♦  He  possessed  the  freehold  of  St.  John's  Gate  at  hi» 
death,  in  1792 ;  he  married  Carr's  (the  architect's)  sister, 
in  1736. 


August  IG,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


561 


chief  impaling  a  bugle  honi  stringed  between 
three  goats'  heads  erased.  Beneath  the  above 
panels  was  the  following  incription  : — "tomas  X 
Docwra  X  Prior  Anno  dni  laOt— Sans  X  roro." 
The  north  front  has  three  shields  in  cinque  foiled 
headed  panels.  The  central  one  has  the  cross. 
On  the  left  hand  side  are  the  chevron  roundels 
and  cross  in  chief,  and  on  tlie  right-hand  side  the 
same,  but  with  the  cross  moline  as  an  impale, 
ment.  Beneath  the  shield  was  "Anno dni  1504." 
In  the  groining  beneath  thegatewaj  are  sculptured 
bosses  (and  moulded  ribs)  ornamented  with 
shields ;  on  two  are  the  Priory  cross,  and  on  two 
are  the  chevron,  roundels,  and  cross.  Upon  the 
centre  boss  or  keystone  is  the  Paschal  lamb. 

The  arms  of  the  Priory  were  gules,  a  cross 
argent.  The  arms  of  Docwra  were  sable,  a  chev- 
ron engrailed  argent  between  three  plates,  each 
charged  with  a  palet  or.  la  each  angle  of  the 
gateway  is  a  slender  attached  column,  with 
moulded  capital  and  base,  from  which  the  groined 
ribs  spring.  In  the  spandrils  of  the  door  head  to 
the  north-west  tower  are  the  Priory  cross  with  a 
cock  and  a  hawk,  and  Docwra's  arms,  with  a  hen 
and  a  lion.  Shields  with  the  arms  of  the  Priory 
and  of  Docwra  arc  also  very  sharply  carved  in  an 
oak  doorhead  formerly  on  the  south  side  of 
the  north-west  tower,  in  the  ground  storey 
of  the  gate.  It  was  discovered  in  1S1:J, 
when  this  part  was  converted  into  a  watch 
house,  and  then  used  iu  a  partition,  which 
was  taken  down  in  1S6G,  and  the  room  restored 
to  ita  original  proportion.  The  doorhead  is  pre- 
served in  the  gate.  The  staircases  were  con- 
structed in  the  towers  on  the  north  side  next  St. 
John's-square.  They  were  spiral,  of  solid  stone 
from  the  ground  storey  up  to  the  first  storey,  and 
of  solid  oak  from  thence  to  the  top.  The  stone 
staircase  in  the  north-west  tower  was  removed  iu 
1814  ;  the  solid  oak  steps  still  remain,  also  the 
inner  stone  Tudor-headed  doorways  leading  to  the 
floors. 

Kumerous  discoveries  have  been  brought  to 
light  during  the  last  thirty  years  through  exca- 
vating for  drains,  foundations  to  new  houses,  &o. 
Among  these  may  be  cited  the  original  pavement 
beneath  the  gate,  which  was  3ft.  lin.  below  the 
present  level.  St.  John's  Gate  had  a  narrowescape 
in  1845.  The  new  Metropolitan  Building  Act  then 
came  into  operation,  and  the  old  gate  was  con- 
demned as  being  dangerous,  and  it  was  proposed 
to  compo  it,  and  had  I  not  formed  a  committee  to 
restore  it  to  its  present  condition  the  gate  would 
have  been  destroyed.  In  1846-7  the  stonework 
was  reinstated,  the  embattlements  added  to  the 
north  front  and  partly  to  the  south  front,  and  the 
angidar  turrets  partly  rebuilt,  with  new  windows, 
4c,  under  my  superintendence,  by  public  sub- 
scription. St.  John's  Gate  has  been  at  various 
periods  spoliated  and  modernized  to  serve  tbe 
requirements  of  a  tavern.  The  projecting  tower 
in  St.  John's-lane,  on  the  east  side,  was  cut 
through  and  supportrd  by  a  cast-iron  column, 
which  has  disfigured  the  south  front.  The  origi- 
nal stone  muUions  of  the  windows  in  the  large 
room  over  the  gateway  have  been  removed,  and 
miserable  deal  muUions  substituted.  All  these 
alterations  were  effected  many  years  prior  to  the 
restorations  of  1846.  In  1865  the  freehold  was 
purchased  by  Mr.  Wickens,  the  present  occupier, 
in  whom  the  old  gate  has  found  another  friend 
anxious  to  retain  the  fabric,  as  far  as  possible,  in 
all  ita  integrity.  With  this  view,  in  1S66,  £350 
was  expended  upon  its  further  restoration.  The 
modern  staircase  on  the  west  side  was  cleared 
away,  and  the  oak  staircase  in  the  north-west 
tower  (this  staircase  winds  from  top  to  bottom 
with  solid  oak  steps  and  an  oak  newel)  was  re- 
stored ;  also  the  old  stone  doorway,  formerly  the 
entrmce  to  Cave's  printing  office,  in  the  same 
tower,  was  raised  3ft.  in  height,  the  continual 
raising  of  the  street  paving  having  shorn  this 
doorway  of  its  fair  proportions. 

Although  not  one  of  the  City  gates  the  Court  of 
Common  Council  responded  to  the  pubUc  appeals 
made  for  its  restoration,  and  more  recently  in  a 
stained  glass  window  in  GuUdhall  pourtraying 
Edward  IV.  making  four  citizens  of  London 
Knights  of  the  Bath,  is  a  representation  of  St. 
John's  Gate.  At  the  base  is  a  label  bearing  the 
following  inscription  :—"  Presented,  1866,  by 
Samuel  Wilson,  Esq.,  Alderman  of  the  Ward  of 
Bridge  Without,  Alderman  of  the  Ward  of  Castle 
Baynard  from  1831  to  1S53,  Sherifl'  of  London 
and  Middlesex  1833,  Lord  Mayor  of  London  1839." 
The  tracing  surmounting  the  whole  contains  in 
two  separate  compartments  the  arms  of  the  City 
of  London  and  those  of  the  donor.* 


*To  be  continued. 


5rfl);ro[ogi|. 


The  Rev.  Mr.  Kell,  the  Southampton  antiquary, 
states  that  upwards  of  1,800  coins  of  lioma'u 
emperors  were  dug  >ip  recently  at  the  Military 
Hospital  at  Netley,  on  Southamjiton  Water  ;  that 
more  than  half  of  them  were  Tetricuses,  senior 
and  junior;  and  that  a  great  many  belong  to 
Victorinus  and  Claudius  Gothicus.  Mr.  Kell 
thinks  this  confirms  the  opinion  that  these  em- 
perors assumed  the  sovereignty  of  Britain,  and 
that  the  head  quarters  of  Tetricus  were  at  Clausen- 
tum,  about  four  miles  from  Netley.  At  Clausen- 
tum,  at  Cadenhara  (in  the  New  Forest),  and  at 
Sholing,  three  miles  from  Netley,  Roman  coins 
have  been  found,  the  majority  of  which  have 
been  Tetricuses.  At  Farringfurd,  iu  the  Isle  of 
Wight,  the  seat  of  the  Poet  Laureate,  Tetricuses 
have  also  been  found. 

In  October  last  a  man  named  Christian,  in  the 
employ  of  Mr.  Woolstou,  builder,  while  digging 
at  the  rear  of  a  house  near  St.  George's  Church, 
Stamford,  bared  an  earthen  vessel  containing 
nearly  3,000  mediseval  silver  coins.  They  were 
claimed,  under  a  recent  Act  of  Parliament,  by  the 
Lords  of  the  Treasury,  in  whose  possession  they 
have  since  been.  On  Wednesday  week,  Christian 
received  a  letter  from  the  Treasury,  stating  that 
their  lordships  had  resolved  to  .allow  him  the 
bullion  value  of  the  coins,  .and  if  he  would  send 
an  attested  receipt  for  the  amount  the  money 
would  be  at  once  forwarded  to  him.  Christian 
will  thus  receive  £95  3s.  The  remittance  has 
been  delayed  in  consequence  of  a  claim  having 
been  madeiu  behalf  of  the  late  Marquis  of  Exeter, 
on  whose  property  the  coins  were  found. 

Leicestershire  Architectural  and  Arch.j:o- 
LOGicvL  Society. — A  meeting  was  lately  held  in 
the  Town  Library,  Guildhall,  Leicester,  the 
Rev.  J.  H.  Hill  in  the  chair.  After  the  transac- 
tion of  business  in  committee,  Mr.  Thomas  Bar- 
well,  of  Leicester,  was  elected  a  member.  The 
following  antiquities,  &c.,  were  exhibited  :— By 
the  Rev.  E.  Tower. — A  small  mortar-shaped  metal 
vessel,  3,Un.  high,  diameter  at  the  top  4iin.,  at 
bottom  3iin.)  with  cover,  recently  found  in 
Peckleton  churchyard,  in  this  county.  By  Mr. 
Henry  Goddard. — A  Roman  bowl  of  light  red- 
coloured  clay,  turned  on  a  lathe,  7in.  in  diameter, 
4in.  high.  It  was  ornamented  by  a  hand  of  tool- 
marked  impressions;  a  Roman  ampulla  or  bottle 
(with  one  handle)  Tin.  high  and  4.Un.  wide  at  its 
present  greatest  diameter ;  also  a  Roman  vase  of 
light  brownish  red  coloured  ware,  4iu.  high,  and 
2.^in.  at  its  greatest  diameter.  'These  were  all 
found  about  6ft.  below  the  surface,  in  Belgrave 
gate,  Leicester,  in  1866.  By  Mr.  J,  H.  Thomp- 
son.— A  handsome  eighteenth  century  seal  bearing 
a  coat  of  arms,  with  crest  on  separate  seal  attached 
or  detached  from  the  coat  of  arms  by  means  of  a 
spring-  By  Mr.  North. — A  key  found  on  Naseby 
battle  field,  by  John  Fitzgerald,  Esq.,  previous  to 
the  year  1827.  It  is  about  oin.  ia  length,  with 
intricately  formed  wards.  By  Major  Knight. — A 
large  photograph  (which  he  presented  to  the  so- 
ciety) of  Saxon  antiquities  found  last  year  at  Glen 
Parva,  in  this  county,  and  which  were  exhibited, 
soon  after  their  discovery,  at  a  meeting  of  this 
society. 

CUMBRIAN    ARCH.EOLOGICAL  ASSOCIATION. — The 

opening  meeting  of  the  annual  congress  of  this 
association  was  held  at  the  Shire  Hall,  Hereford, 
on  Tuesday  night.  The  Rev.  Archer  Clive  took 
the  chair,  in  the  temporary  absence  of  the  pre- 
sident. Lord  Saye  and  Sele.  He  said  theu-  object 
in  meeting  at  Hereford  was  to  trace,  as  well  as 
they  could  do,  the  vestiges  of  the  various  peoples 
that,  at  dittereut  times,  had  exercised  sway  over 
the  county.  With  regard  to  British  remains,  he 
did  not  think  they  could  point  to  anything,  as 
certainty  of  this  origin,  but  encampments.  There 
were  other  remains,  possibly  British,  besides  en 
campments,  and  especially  he  referred  to  a  small 
cromlech — a  miniature  Stonehenge,  at  Mirvage 
Point,  where  there  were  two  upright  stones,  with 
a  cross  piece  on  the  top.  The  next  race  that  had 
been  over  that  county  were  the  Romans,  but, 
except  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Kenchester,  there 
did  not  appear  to  be  many  Roman  remains  in  the 
district.  At  that  place  a  tesselated  pavement, 
and  other  evidences  of  a  Roman  villa,  had  been 
found,  but  he  was  not  aware  of  anything  having 
been  discovered  on  the  other  side  of  the  Wye. 
There  was  a  Roman  road  called  Stoney-street, 
leading  from  Kenchester  towards  Longtown,  at 
the   foot  of  the   Black  Mountains,  but  it  did  not 


reach  as  far  as  Longtown.  The  Saxons  hardly 
penetrated  so  far  as  to  settle  in  the  county.  Offa'a 
Dyke  was  pretty  nearly  the  boundary  of  their 
power,  and  he  thought  they  had  not  etfeeted  any 
permanent  settlement  to  the  west  of  it.  Domes- 
day Book  showed  that  there  was  a  mixed  popu- 
lation at  Archersfield— a  considerable  number  of 
Welsh,  and  perhaps  some  Saxon  families.  After 
referring  to  the  Norman  castles  and  churches 
erected  in  the  county,  and  the  rebellion  of  Owen 
Glendowcr,  he  spoke  of  the  grailual  disappearance 
of  the  VVel.ih  langu.age.  Round  the  Black  Moun- 
tains Welsh  was  spoken  in  Herefordshire  to  a  late 
period.  He  read  a  letter  from  Colonel  NehemiaU 
Wharton,  who  commanded  a  detachment  of  the 
l\arliamentary  army  sent  during  the  civil  war 
from  Worcester  to  take  the  city  of  Hereford.  He 
wrote  to  his  superior  officer  from  Hereford  th&t 
"many  of  the  people  speak  Welsh,"  .and  he 
described  them  as  a  stalwart  people,  "totally 
ignorant  of  the  ways  of  God,  much  addicted  to 
ilrunkenness  and  swearing,  so  that  the  very 
children  swear  stoutly."  Tbe  chairman  h.id  heard, 
when  a  boy,  from  Mr.  Scudamore,  M.P.  for  Here- 
ford many  years  ago,  that  he  could  recollect 
people  who  spoke  Welsh  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Kentchurch.  The  Welsh  language,  however,  hi  d 
gradually  receded,  and  it  was  not  now  spoken  i  n 
this  side  of  the  Black  Mountains,  but  within  25 
miles  of  Hereford  they  would  still  find  families 
who  speak  Welsh. 


PURCHASES  AT  THE  PARIS  EXHIBITION. 

THE  Commons'  select  committee  on  the  sub- 
ject of  making  purchases  from  the  Paris 
Exhibition,  whose  report  was  lately  published, 
had  the  testimony  of  several  gentlemen  of  high 
authority.  Mr.  Robinson,  of  the  Science  and  Art 
Department,  recommends  the  purchase,  for  the 
South  Kensington  Museum,  of  some  of  the 
important  typal  works  made  expressly  for  the 
Exhibition,  expressions  of  the  industrial  artofthe 
period ;  also,  for  our  schools  of  art,  some  specimens 
of  oriental  art,  in  particular  those  that  would 
teach  in  point  of  colour ;  and,  lastly,  specimens 
of  manufacture,  to  be  given  to  our  manufacturing 
towns.  He  points  out,  too,  the  importance  of  the 
prompt  acquisition  of  great  works  of  ancient  art, 
in  view  of  the  increasmg  competition  for  them. 
His  colleague,  Mr.  Redgrave,  represents  the  ne- 
cessity for  placing  before  our  artisans  objects  best 
calculated  to  educate  the  eye  and  the  hand,  that 
we  may  raise  the  power  of  the  English  artisan  to 
design  and  execute  noble  work,  and  not  be  obliged 
to  send  for  French  workmen  for  this  purpose. 
Mr.  John  Webb  says  that  the  strides  of  France 
now  are  collossal,  and,  next  to  France,  Russia  is 
improving  more  than  any  other  country  : — "  The 
French  have  so  many  examples,  which  they  can 
see  in  the  public  palaces,  of  great  State  furniture, 
from  the  time  of  Francis  I.  down  to  the  Empire 
that  their  eye  gets  accustomed  to  these  things, 
and  they  can  take  models  or  drawings,  and  have 
every  opportunity  to  bring  their  work  to  perfect- 
tion."  In  this  country,  says  Mr.  Huxley,  the 
museums  are  only  open  on  week  days,  which 
arj  not  the  holidays  of  the  working  classes.  Mr. 
Webb  is  certain  that  we  have  some  lost  ground  to 
make  up.  He  considers  that  between  the  Ex- 
hibitions  of  1851  and  1862,  this  country  made 
greater  progress,  relatively,  than  France,  but  since 
1861  France  has  made  much  greater  progress 
than  this  country.  He  never  saw  anything  like 
the  profusion  of  fine  furniture  the  Freucb  now 
exhibit.  Mr.  Cole  represented  to  the  committee 
that  this  great  assembl.Tge  o;  remarkable  things 
in  Paris  gives  us  an  opportunity  of  helping  in- 
dustrial progress  in  this  country  in  every  direc- 
tion, and  he  holds  that  £100,000  might  be  well 
invested  in  piirchase.-i,  not  merely  to  obtain  a 
supply  for  South  ICensington,  but  to  help  all  our 
large  towns,  now  so  eager  for  improvement,  to 
assist  in  elevatiug  the  thousands  now  about  to 
have  the  sufi'rage,  and  to  aid  us  in  holding  our 
own  in  the  competition  of  the  world.  Various 
purchases  are  specially  recommended  by  one  and 
another — the  Meymar  collection  of  Arabian  orna- 
ment, the  Fourdmois  walnut  wood  cabinet,  a  col- 
lection of  national  costumes,  the  Castellani  col- 
lection of  peasant  jewellery  (typal  specimens  of 
"  Democratic  art"),  of  which  last  collection  Mr. 
Cole  says  that  if  the  Government  will  not  pur- 
chase it,  he  would  go  down  on  his  knees  and  beg 
Birmingham  to  buy  it.  He  proposes  that  the 
vote  to  be  granted  should  be  laid  out  under  the 
direction  of  a  committee,  not  of  technical  men, 
for  it  only  requires  common-sense  judges,  who 
sympathise  with  the  object,  and  take  advice  as  to 


562 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


August  16,  1867. 


the  articles  to  be  purchased.  Although  many 
precious  thiuga  at  the  Paris  Exhibition  may  now 
have  been  sold,  reproductions  of  them  might  be 
secured.  Mr.  Cole  thinks  there  are  signs  that 
most  of  the  princes  of  Europe  will  come  into  a  sort 
of  bund  to  allow  each  other  to  make  reproduc- 
tions and  casts  from  the  treasures  of  any  of  their 
number.  He  mentions  that  this  last  year  a  re- 
markable work  has  been  obtained  from  Spain. 
Mr.  Robinson  went  to  Santiago,  and  obtained  a 
cast  of  the  "  Glorious  Gate  of  Santiago."  There 
were  many  difficulties ;  the  convent  and  the 
ecclesiastical  authorities  had  to  be  solicited,  but 
they  allowed  a  cast  to  be  taken,  which  has  never 
been  done  before.  "  They  said  mass  for  the  man 
who  made  it,  and  gave  him  a  testimonial  that  he 
had  done  no  damage  when  he  came  away."  In 
regard  to  the  collections  at  South  Kensington, 
Mr.  Webb  offers  to  purchase  the  whole  from  the 
nation  at  an  advance  on  what  was  given  for  them  ; 
and  Mr.  Cole  calls  attention  to  the  beneficial 
influence  of  that  institution  upon  the  taste 
and  upon  the  trade  of  the  country.  Its  specitic 
object  is  to  improve  the  industrial  manufactures 
of  the  kingdom,  by  bringing  art  principles  into 
direct  relation  with  them,  and  other  countries 
are  estaljlishing  similar  museums.  He  mentions 
that  Mr.  Whitworth  has  just  offered  to  deposit 
at  South  Kensington  three  original  true  planes, 
and  a  measuring  machine  or  instrument  de- 
monstrating the  millionth  part  of  an  inch,  and 
he  propo3e,s,  also,  to  provide  by  endowment  for 
the  delivery  of  lectures  ,to  explain  such  instru. 
ments. — Pall  Mall  Gazette. 


PROPOSED  DESIGN  FOB  THE  NEW  LAW 
COURTS. 

OUR  lithographic  illustrations  this  week  re- 
present views  of  Lockwood  and  Mawson's  pro- 
posed design  for  the  New  Law  Courts.  Having, 
on  a  preceding  occasion,  fully  noticed  this  design, 
it  is  not  necessary  to  make  any  farther  observa- 
tions on  it  now. 


FRENCH  WORKMEN  AND  THEIR  WAGES. 

A  REPORT  rendered  to  the  Foreign  Office  this 
year  by  Mr.  .lulian  Fane,  secretary  of  em- 
bassy at  Paris,  speaks  of  wages  of  skilled  artizaus 
in  various  towns  in  France  as  ranging  f  i  om  6f.  to 
lOf.  aday;  for  inferior  workmen,  from  25f.  to 
3Jf. ;  for  workwomen  in  a  clothing  establishment, 
from  2f.  to  4f.  or  5f. ;  for  cliildren,  from  If.  to  2f. 
The  Societij  of  Arts  Journal  thinks  that  the 
general  rate  of  money  wages  in  France  may  be 
said  to  have  increased  about  40  per  cent,  in  the 
last  fifteen  years,  but  the  rise  in  money  wages  has 
been  accompanied  by  a  very  considerable  rise  in 
the  price  of  the  ordinary  articles  of  consumption 
and  in  rent  of  lodgings,  so  that  the  improvement 
in  the  position  of  the  labourer,  meaning  his  power 
to  supply  himself  with  the  necessaries  and  com- 
forts of  life,  has  been  far  from  commensurate 
with  the  rise  in  the  money  value  of  his  labour. 
Still,  the  relative  proportions  in  which  money 
wages  and  the  price  of  commodities  have  risen 
leave  a  margin  in  favour  of  the  former,  and  to 
this  extent  there  has  been  a  rise  in  real  wages,  en- 
abling the  labourer  to  feed,  lodge,  and  clothe  him- 
self somewhat  better  than  he  could  fifteen  years 
ago.  This  has  been  the  natural  consequence  of 
the  rapid  development  of  industrial  enterprise 
and  the  increased  demand  for  labour ;  and  it  may 
also  have  been  affected  by  the  greater  facilities 
afforded  to  the  labourer  by  the  influence  of 
opinion,  and  recently  by  legislation,  to  claim  a 
larger  share  in  the  profits  of  production.  It  is 
difficult  to  estimate  the  relative  price  of  labour 
in  England  and  France.  The  rate  of  money 
wages  may  be  higher  in  one  country  than  in  the 
other,  but  no  just  comparison  can  be  instituted 
unless  the  quantity  and  quality  of  labour  sup- 
pUed  in  each  case  are  fairly  .appraised.  It  is  a 
■question  which  only  experts  can  decide,  and 
they  differ  upon  it.  Combinations  to  influence 
the  rate  of  wages  were  formerly  punished  in 
France  as  misdemeanours,  but  three  years  ago  a 
law  was  passed,  under  which  they  are  not  illegal 
lunless  accompanied  by  violence  (including  in- 
sults), or  menace,  or  fradulent  manceuvres,  in- 
■cludiug  false  representations.  Ample  .advantage 
liaa  been  taken  by  the  workmen  of  this  change 
in  the  law.  There  is  scarcely  a  trade  in  France 
whose  members  have  not  combined  in  the  last 
three  years  for  the  purpose  of  increasing  the 
irate    of  wages  and  diminishing   the  duration  of 


labour,  and  their  efforts  to  this  end  have  usually 
met  with  success.  The  employers,  for  the  most 
part,  assert  that  the  law  has  proved  to  them  an 
unmitigated  evil,  submitting  them  to  the 
tyrannous  coercion  of  the  employed.  Various 
forms  of  the  co-operative  system  are  in  course  of 
trial  in  France,  with  a  \'iew  to  prevent  or  lessen 
this  collision  of  interests.  The  association  of 
masons,  for  instance,  is  one  that  has  met  with 
remarkable  success ;  some  of  the  workmen  are 
shareholders,  and  others  are  eng.aged  as  ordinary 
labourers,  and  have  no  sh.are  in  the  profits, 
while  some  members  of  the  association  are 
simply  holders  of  cajiital.  In  other  establish- 
ments the  workmen  are  allowed  to  share  in  the 
profits  of  the  business  by  means  of  rewards  or 
prizes  allotted  to  them,  or  to  the  more  worthy 
among  them,  by  the  proprietors  at  the  end  of  the 
year,  or  by  facilities  for  procuring  food,  clothing, 
lodging,  and  education  for  their  children  on  ad 
vantageous  terms.  Mr.  F.ane  gives  it  as  his  judg 
ment  that  the  fault  in  the  organization  of  the 
co-operative  societies  has  been  generally  too  much 
faith  in  the  combination  of  skill  and  labour,  and 
too  little  regard  for  the  advantage  of  capital ;  and 
that  the  workman  should  aim  at  becoming,  in 
some  measure,  a  capitalist  himself,  by  the  aid  of 
societies  of  consumption  enabling  him  to  effect 
savings  in  expenditure,  before  he  seeks  to  be- 
come a  co-operator  with  the  capitalist  in  indus- 
trial enterprise. 

♦ 

PROTECTION  AGAINST  FIRE. 

THE   report  was  issued  last  week  of  the  Select 
Committee  of  the  House   of  Commons   ap- 
pointed to   inquire  into   the   existing   legislative 
provisions  for  the  protection  of  life  and    property 
.against  fires  in  the    United  Kingdom,   and  as  to 
the  best  means  to  be  adopted  for  ascertaining  the 
causes  and  preventing  the  frequency  of  fires.    The 
committee  advise  a   gener.al  building  act   for   all 
towns  and  places  in  the  United  Kingdom  governed 
by  municipal   corporations,  &c.,   similar    to   the 
Metropolitan   Buildings  Act   and   to  the  Building 
Acts  of  Liverpool,  the  suggestions  of  professional 
witnesses  as  to  the  thickness  of    walls  and  other 
details  being  taken  advantage    of  in  passing  such 
an  act.     In  .all  buUdiugs  composed  of  shops  below 
and  dwelling-houses  above,  the  committee  recom- 
mend that  the  floor  immediately  above  the  shop 
should  be  made    fireproof,  and  that  there  should 
be  a   ready  means  of   escape  from  the  roof ;  also, 
that  the  floors  of  all  large  lodging-houses  for  the 
poor  be  made  fireproof,  and  that  there   should  be 
ample  means  of  escape.     It  is  a  somewhat  singular 
fact  that  the  architects,  builders,  and  district  sur- 
veyors who  were  examined   before  the  committee, 
deposed  that  when  a  fire  takes  place  in    a   w,are- 
house,  iron  is  of  little  use  in  stopping  its  progress. 
Generally  speaking,  they  prefer  wood  well  plastered 
for  fireproof  purposes   to  iron,  and  some  of  them 
gave  a  preference  to  wooden  stairs  instead  of  stone, 
as  the  latter  crumble  vnth  the  heat.     It  seems  that 
bills  for  the  supply  of  water  by  companies  or  local 
authorities  containing   cLauses  providing  that  the 
water  need  not  be  constantly   laid  on,  have  been 
allowed  to   pass  without  investigation,  and  the 
committee  recommend   that  it   should  be  made  a 
standing  order  of  the  House  that  such  bills  shall 
be  referred  to  the  referees  to  inquire  whether  suf- 
ficient reason  exist   for  such  provisions.      Where 
it  is  proved  in  an    investigation  that   t'ae  fire  was 
caused  by  culpable  carelessness,  the  pei-son  or  per- 
sons   implicated  should   be   deemed  guilty  of  a 
punishable  offence.      As  to  fires  that  are  wilf  uUy 
caused,  on    referring  to   the  evidence  the  com- 
mittee find  that  these  are  to  be  traced  to  sever.al 
sources.    1.  To  individuals  and  organized  gangs  of 
men  who  make  a  trade  of  it  to  defraud  the  insur- 
ance companies.     2.  To  parties  who  have  been  un- 
fortunate in  business,  and  who  cannot  meet  the 
claims  made  upon  them.     3.  To  persons  in  ware- 
houses to  conceal  theft  of  goods  made  by  them  on 
the  warehouses.      4.  To  malice.     The   witnesses 
concur  in  the  belief  that  an  inquiry  made  into  all 
fires  would  reduce  the  gross  number  of  them.    The 
police,  or  fire  brigade,  should  initiate  the  inquiry 
and  report  to  an  authorized  officer,  whom  the  com- 
mittee think  should  be  the  coroner,  .anything  that 
appears  in  the  least  suspicious  ;  the  officer  should 
examine  witnesses,    or,  if  he    thinks    proper,  im- 
panel a  jury  ;  and   any  person  shown  to  be  impli- 
cated   should    be    prosecuted    at      the    Centr.al 
Criminal  Court.  The  coroner  should  be  paid  partly 
by  fees  and  partly  by  salary  out  of  the  rates.  The 
committee   specially   recommend   that   no    claim 
should  be  settled  by  any  insurance  company  with- 
out a  certificate  from  the  police  or  fire  brigade,  or 


officer  appointed  to  conduct  the  investigation  into 
the  origin  of  the  fire  ;  but  this  certificate  should 
not  debar  the  insurance  officers  from  opposing  the 
claim  if  they  think  proper. 


I 


A  GIGANTIC  TREE. 

N  travelling  from  La  Victoria,  a  small  town  in 
the  province  of  Aragua,  towards  Puerto- 
Cabello,  in  Venezeula,  the  road  leads,  in  part, 
along  the  northern  shore  of  the  Lake  of  Valencia, 
situated  in  a  longitudinal  valley  nearly  1,500ft. 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.  This  v.alley  is  of  un- 
surpassed fertiUty,  and  Humboldt,  the  great 
traveller,  calls  it  one  of  the  most  charming  realms 
he  has  ever  seen  in  all  his  travels.  In  the  middle 
of  the  road  above  mentioned,  three  miles  west  of 
Turmero,  stands  the  famous  Zamang,  an  enor- 
mous tree,  belonging  to  the  sub-order  C.iesalpineDe. 
It  is  not  so  much  en  account  of  the  height  or  the 
dimensions  of  the  trunk,  for  which  this  tree  is 
celebrated ;  but  it  is  the  size,  and  especially  the 
horizontal  diameter  of  its  head,  that  attracts  our 
attention.  Its  head  is  somewhat  of  the  shape  of 
an  open  umbrella,  and  covers  very  nearly  an  acre 
o£  ground.  In  1857,  Mr.  A.  Fendler,  an  Ameri- 
can, measured  th*  head  in  its  greatest  diameter, 
from  E.S.E.  to  W.N.W.,  most  carefully,  and 
found  it  to  be  206ft.  llin.  Fifty  years  preceding 
it  was  found  by  Humboldt  to  measure,  in  its 
greatest  diameter,  192ft.,  French  measure,  which 
is  equal  to  about  204ft.  6in.  English.  Hence,  we 
see,  that  this  extraordinary  tree  has,  within  fifty- 
seven  years,  increased  the  horizontal  diameter  of 
its  head  only  by  2.Ut.,  from  which  we  may  infer 
that  it  is  of  a  good  old  age.  The  natives  assert, 
moreover,  that  .as  far  back  as  the  discovery  of 
the  country  by  the  Spaniards,  three  and  a-half 
centuries  ago,  the  Zamang  was,  even  at  that  early 
day,  reputed  for  its  enormous  size.  At  the  time 
Mr.  Fendler  saw  it,  it  was  but  thinly  covered 
with  leaves,  and  seemed  to  lack  vigour  of  growth. 
The  natives  hold  it  in  high  veneration,  and  it 
was  against  the  law  to  break  even  the  smallest 
twig.  Besides  their  own  enormous  weight,  the 
branches  sustain  the  additional  weight  of  an 
astonishing  mass  of  succulent  heavy  epiphytes 
and  parasites,  such  as  bromeUads,  orchids,  cacti, 
mistletoes,  and  fleshy  piperaceK. 


! 


SCHOOLS  OF  ART. 

IT  is  reported  that  99  schools  of  art  are  now  in 
operation,  5  of  which  are  new  during 
the  last  year.  Upwards  of  17,000  students 
are  receiving  instruction  in  art  in  these  cen- 
tral schools,  and  the  total  numbers  t<aught  draw- 
ing in  all  central  schools,  schools  for  the  poor,  and 
night  classes,  are  over  105,000.  The  fees  received 
exceed  £18,000.  These  figures,  afterdue  allowance 
made  under  recent  minutes,  indie  ,te  some  slight 
increase  on  previous  years.  It  is  also  reported 
that  the  art  scholarships  lately  instituted  for  the 
purpose  of  making  the  .art  schools  of  the  country 
and  the  art  collections  at  South  Kensington  bear 
more  directly  on  manufactures  nnd  industries, 
have  attained  the  end  contemplated.  It  appears 
that  two  national  art  scholars  are  engagedin  carry- 
ing out  the  decorations  of  the  Kensington  Museum, 
and  two  more  are  also  now  modelling  decorations 
in  terra-cotta  for  the  Wedgwood  m-morial  in  the 
Potteries.  Students  in  the  etching  class  are  under 
the  instructi  n  of  Mr.  Lane,  A.R.A.  Thirty-nine 
art  schools  throughout  the  country,  that  is,  more 
than  one-third  of  the  total  number,  have  borrowed 
works  from  the  Kensington  Museuni  .as  aids  to 
study.  Under  recent  minutes  32  night  art  classes 
have  been  established  for  pupils  above  1 2  years  of 
age  in  parochial  schools  and  working  men's  institu- 
tions, which  number  is  after  the  rale  of  nearly  one 
night  class  for  three  towns  possessingcentral  schools 
throughout  the  country.  Schools  for  the  poor 
have  now  control  over  the  art  instruction  of  their 
pnpils,  and  assist  in  the  conduct  of  annual  e.'iami- 
natlons.  It  appears  that  560  of  such  schools  have 
already  availed  themselves  of  recent  provisions 
made  in  f  urtherence  of  national  art  education,  and 
that  80,084  children  in  these  schools  have  been 
taught  drawing  during  the  past  year.  The  num- 
ber of  prizes  awarded  to  art  schools  and  classes 
generally  has  considerably  diminished:  the  de- 
partment, it  was  underst-od,  considered  that 
prices  had  oflate  been  in  excess. 


The  fine  organ  at  St.  Mary  Redcliff  Church, 
Bristol,  has  been  removed  to  the  chancel  from 
the  west  end,  at  an  expense  of  £800. 


The  Buiidiug  We-^s  Aug     b 


wwmm'^<^^^i 


p.  ^r^  b7^VttTeaiAji&  Bass 


Pnrtian-uf-PPBjE-%-Pp|imiri'j}pro'I(am-<|iiui[f0 lockwood  &  mawson.  arc^^ 


I 


August  16,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


567 


CHEMICAL    GEOLOGY. 

DR.  PERCY  has  delivered  a  course  of 
twelve  lectures  on  this  subject,  at  the 
Museum  in  Jermyn-street,  and  the  series, 
though  necessarily  condensed  and  adapted  to 
popular  acceptation,  yet  enabled  the  lecturer 
to  interest  an  attentive  if  not  very  numerous 
audience  by  adverting  to,  and  to  some'extent 
exemplifying;,  certain  of  the  leading  pheno- 
mena of  this  the  most  Scientitic  brancli  of 
geological  inquiry.  It  is  not  with  the  order 
and  stratification  of  rocks,  or  with  their  niine- 
nilogical  characteristics,  that  this  subject  deals, 
but  it  embraces  a  contemplation  of  the  ele- 
mentary constituents  of  the  several  sub- 
stances, and  of  the  conditions  under  which 
their  respective  combinations  must  have  taken 
place.  As  the  letters  of  the  ali.habet  admit 
ot  all  the  transpositions  of  the  dictionarj',  so 
do  the  sixt}'  atomic  elements  sujiply  all  the 
forms  in  which  mineral,  lluid,  and  organic 
bodies  exist.  The  elements  are  few,  but  the 
combinations  numberless.  As  an  example  of 
the  chemist's  mode  of  reasoning,  antl  the 
force  of  his  conclusions,  let  us  take  the  rock 
'■  granite."  This  consists  of  particles  of  mica, 
felspar,  and  quartz,  varying  in  proportion, 
but  always  presenting  the  quartz  in  a  cryst.al- 
linc  form.  Now,  the  prevailing  theory  is, 
that  grardte  has  always  been  originated  by 
the  fusion  of  the  components  at  an  intense 
heat.  But  the  chemist  says  it  was  not  so, 
t'  ir  at  a  very  high  temperature  quartz  loses  its 
rystalline  character,  and  becomes  amorphous 
■r  formless.  Thus,  one  of  the  most  generally 
accepted  opinions  of  the  physico-geologist  is 
challenged  and  laid  open  to  further  investi- 
gation. 

SOicon  is  never  found  alone,  but  in  con- 
junction with  oxygen  it  becomes  silica,  and 
silica  is  everywhere.  The  number  of  mine- 
rals into  which  it  enters  is  more  than  two 
hundred.  Flint  is  the  typical  substance,  but 
it  is  also  associated  with  stones  of  great 
beauty  and  vixlue.  Silicious  clay  mixed  with 
lime  produces  excellent  bricks,  the  silicate  of 
soda  is  an  ingredient  in  soap,  and  butter  is 
supposed  to  be  conrmercially  imitated  by 
water  glass  and  train  oil.  *  W  itli  regard  to 
dolomites,  so  much  esteemed  for  building 
purposes.  Dr.  Percy  conceives  that  in  some 
at  least  there  has  been  a  secondary  action — 
that  is  to  say,  when  one  material  has  been 
first  deposited,  another  has  been  combined 
with  it  by  a  process  of  percolation  or  infiltra- 
tion. Many  very  interesting  changes  are 
thus  wrought  out  by  secondary  .action,  con- 
tinued not  merely  for  years  or  even  centuries, 
but  vast  immeasurable  epochs. 

Such  processes  have  been  experimentally 
imitated  in  the  artificial  production  of  gems, 
such  as  the  ruby  and  sapphire,  and,  in  a 
ruder  way,  by  Ransome's  patent  stove.  The 
value  of  peroxide  of  iron  as  a  cementing 
agent  was  pointed  out,  and  the  advantage  of 
mixmg  iron  borings  with  gravel  for  concrete 
suggested.  Pounded  bricks  or  burnt  clay 
always  formed  a  constituent  of  Roman  mor- 
tar. Zinc  paint,  though  possessing  less  body 
than  lead,  and  therefore  not  a  favourite 
w.th  painters,  was  recommended  on  account 
of  durability  and  other  favourable  qualities. 
The  lecturer  adverted  to  many  points  of 
great  interest,  and  we  m.ay  notice  that  upon  a 
subject  of  such  vital  import  as  the  exhaus- 
tion of  the  coal  measures  the  opinion  he  ex- 
pressed was  most  satisfactory  and  reassuring. 


THE  LATE  SIR  ROBERT  SMIRKE,  R.A. 

CONSIDERING  the  great  eminence  which 
he  attained  in  his  profession,  something 
more  i.s  due  to  the  memory  of  Sir  Robert 
Smirke,  R.A.,  than  the  brief  notice  which  ap- 
peared in  our  pages  at   the  time  of  his  death. 


•  i^*^  ■  P*'''^3''a  information,  coupled  with  that  do 
nvea  from  a  recent  application  to  Sir  R.  Malina,  to  re- 
strain the  use  of  a  label  on  bottles  containing  "  anato,"  a 
yellow  dye  \ue<l  for  colouring  butter  and  cheese,  it  seems 
possible  that  ;i3  science  advances  the  production  of  batter 
way  become  wholly  independent  of  the  dairy. 


in  April  last.    An  affectionate  tribute  by  Mr. 
Edward  Smirke,  read  before  a  recent  meeting 
of  the  Institute  of  British  Architects,  furnislu's 
us  with  many  additional  particulars  of  the  life 
and  labours  of  his  late  distinguished  brother. 
It  has  been  previously  stated  that  the   father 
of  Sir  Robert  Smirke  was  an  historical  painter 
(if  consiilerable  repute  in   his  day.     He  (the 
son)  was  born  in  the  year  178i)  ;  at  the  age  of 
fifteen,  as   we  gather   from   this   memoir,  he 
w.as,  on  the   recommendation  of  Jlr.  George 
Dance,  received  as  a  pupil  in  the  office  of  ^tr. 
(afterwards   Sii'  .John)   Soane,  who  was   then 
engaged  on  the  works  at  the  Bank  of  England. 
For  reasons  unknown,  young  Snm-ke  did  not 
remain  with   ilr.    Soane   more   than   twelve 
months.     The  same   3'ear  (July,  1796),  he  be- 
came a  student   of  the  Royal  Academy,  and 
shortly  afterwards  obtained  a  medal  from  the 
Academy   for  .architectural  drawing.     In  the 
following  year  he  received  a  like  medal  IVoin 
the  Society  of  Arts  ;  and,  in  171)9,  his  talent 
andililigence   won  for  him  the  gold  medal  of 
the  Royal  Academj'  for  design.  1  he  next  four 
orfive  years  were  spent  in  visiting  the  principal 
cities  in  Europe,  including  Athens,  where  he 
met  Lord  Elgin,  then  liusily  engaged  in  those 
researches  which  eventually  secured  to  this 
country  those    inestimable  treasures    of  art 
with  which  we  are  all  now  familiar.     It  is  not 
generally  known  that  Robert  Smirke  was  the 
author  of  an  illustrated  manual  on  infantry 
drill.     This  work  was  written   on  his  return 
home  aboutthe  year  180.5,he, along  with  his  two 
brothers,  and  father,  having  meantime  entered 
the  volunteer  force  which  was  raised  forthe  de- 
fence of  the  country  in  thosestirring  times.  The 
feet  that  "A  Review  of  a  Battalion  of  Inl'autry " 
remained  in  use  in  the  regular  forces  as  late 
as  1840,  is  no  small  proof  of  the  value  of  this 
manual.      About  this  time  also,  Mr.  Smirke 
announced  a  work  on  continental  architecture, 
the  first  part   of  which  consisted  of  coloured 
engravings  of  Italian  buildings  and  interiors. 
The  series,  however,  was  soon  discontinued. 
His  first  important  commission  was  Lowther 
Castle,   in   Westmorland,   erected   about   the 
year   1806.     From  that  date   down   to  the 
period  of  his   final  retirement   from  profes- 
sional engagements  in  184r5,  "  it  may  be  said 
with  truth,"  remarks  his  brother,  "  that  there 
never  was  any  interruption   in  his  continuous 
employment."      It  would  be  a  ditticult  task  to 
enumerateall  the  works,  public  and  private,  of 
which  Sir   Robert  Smirke  was  the   architect. 
His  earliest  employment  on  public  works  was 
in   connection  with   the  Board  of    Trade  iii 
1S07,  and  the  new  Mint  in  1809.      As  one  of 
the  architects   of  the   Board    of   Works,  he 
erected  the   General  Post  Office,   the  British 
Museum,  King's  College,  the  Custom  House, 
and   MUlbank    Penitentary.     He   completed 
one  of  the  most  magnificent  sides  of  Somerset 
House,  which  Sir  W.   Chambers  had  left  an 
imperfect  fragment.  He  designed  for  Mr.  John 
Keiuble  Covent  Garden  Theatre,  burnt  down 
iu  1856,   and  which  was  greatly  admired   by 
many  judges  ;  andjhe  was  the  restorer,  on  two 
occasions,   after  its  destruction    by  fire,    of 
grand  old  York  Minster.    Lowther,   Eastnor, 
and     Kinfauns  Castles    are    important    ex- 
amples of  his    domestic    architecture    on  a 
princely  scale.      We  must  pass  over  a  host  of 
minor  works  executed  by  this  eminent  archi- 
tect.     Apart  from  pure  design,  he  possessed 
great  original  constructive  ability,   and  archi- 
tects owe  much  to  the  late  Sir  Robert  Smirke 
on   this  score.     The   French  engineers,  it  is 
well  known,  Tised  concrete  before  it  was  iised 
in  this  coimtry  as  a  substitute  for   the  large 
baulks  of  timber  which  fifty  years  ago  was 
the  usual  mode  of  giving  stability  to  walls  in 
soft  foundations,  but  Sir  Robert  Smirke  was 
the   first  to  apply  concrete  systematically  for 
architectural  purposes  in  this  country.      It  is 
also  worthy  of  note  that  no  architect  before 
his  day  thought  of  the  use  of  cast  iron  as  a 
building   material    untU.    Sir    Robert  intro- 
duced it. 

As  regards  estimates,  another  important 
service  was  rendered  by  Sir  Robert  Smirke  to 
his  profession.     "  It  was  he  who  initiated  the 


present  system  of  taking  out  quantities,  by 
employing  surveyors  on  either  side,  in  order 
that  proper  estimates  might  be  given. 
Formerly  it  was  left  to  the  builder  only  to 
take  out  his  o\ni  quantities ;  but,  having 
surveyors  on  the  part  both  of  the  architect 
and  the  builder,  and  they  agreeing  as  to  quan- 
tities, the  matter  resolved  itself  into  the  mere 
putting  the  amount  to  those  quantities."  Sir 
Robert  was  the  recipient  of  numerous  honours 
during  his  long  and  successful  career.  In  1808, 
he  was  elected  an  associate  of  the  Royal 
Academy,  and  became  R.A.  in  1811.  In  18IU 
theOniceof  Works  was  remodelled,  and  his  ser- 
vices dispensed  with,  as  an  attached  architect, 
he  received  the  honour  of  knighthood.  In 
1853,  he  was  honoured  with  the  gold  medal 
of  the  Institute  of  British  Architects,  of  wliich 
he  was  one  of  the  original  founders,  lie  held 
the  treasurership  of  the  Royal  Academy  for  more 
than  thirty  years.  This  office  he  resigned  on 
going  to  reside  at  Cheltenham  in  1850,  .and 
subsequently  finding  that  his  declining  health 
interfered  with  the  ellirient  discharge  of  the 
duties  of  the  Royal  Academian,  Sir  Robert  re- 
signed its  honours,  that  they  might  be  con- 
ferred upon  a  younger  and  more  active  man. 
In  private  life  very  few  men  have  been  so 
highly  esteemed.  "  I  can  undertake  to  say," 
remarks  his  brother,  "that  I  do  not  recollect  a 
single  client  with  whom  he  had  important 
transactions  of  a  professional  kind  who  did 
not  in  the  result  become  his  fast  personal 
friend."  It  is  not  of  every  one  in  whatever 
profession  of  life  that  the  same  could  be  said. 
We  make  the  following  extract  from  Jlr. 
Edward  Smirke's  paper,  as  it  has  reference  to 
a  questionof  considerableinterest  to  architects. 
"  It  is  well  known  that  he  (Sir  R.  Srhirke) 
never  prepared  desigTis  for  public  works  in 
competition  with  any  of  his  professional 
brethren.  It  is  true  that,  on  two  occasions,  he 
was  invited,  at  the  instance  of  the  Govern- 
ment, to  prepare  designs.  The  Houses  of 
Parliament  may  be  cited  as  an  instance  of  thi.s, 
where  the  design  and  execution  were  eventu- 
ally intrusted  to  another  gentleman,  a  most 
distinguished  architect,  in  consequence  of  the 
subsequent  adoption  of  the  principle  of  com- 
petition by  order  of  the  House  of  Commons. 
On  such  occasions,  my  brother  withdrew 
wholly  from  the  arena,  not  in  dudgeon, 
but  for  reasons  which  will  readily  suggest 
themselves  to  those  who  may  have  themselves 
been  placed  in  the  like  position.  With  re- 
spect to  architectural  works,  founded  on 
special  votes  of  the  Commons,  it  seems  prob- 
able that  this  sort  of  c[ualified  commission 
will,  at  this  day,  be  generally  resorted  to.  In 
such  cases  it  is  not  likely  that  gentlemen  who 
occupy  the  position  in  which  Sir  Robert 
Smirke  then  stood,  will  usually  consider  the 
terms  of  such  a  conditional  engagement  ac- 
ceptable, for  their  time  would  be  too  valuable 
to  tempt  them  to  the  possible  loss  of  it.  With 
others,  and  especially  younger  practitioners, 
the  state  of  things  is  different,  and  the  in- 
vitation may  naturally  and  reasonably 
induce  them  to  embark  in  an  adventure 
that  may  perhaps  terminate  in  a  lucra- 
tive and  creditable  engagement.  This  prin- 
ciple of  competition  can,  as  we  all  know, 
plead  very  orthodox  precedents  in  the  best 
days  of  Italian  art.  We  know  that  Cosmo 
designed  to  invite  the  emulation  of  all  the 
sculptors  of  the  academy  to  provide  models  of 
statues  in  competition  for  the  Sacristy  of 
Lorenzo  ;  but  we  also  know  that  he  looked  to 
one  of  the  greatest  of  them  all,  then  eighty 
years  of  age,  to  guide  and  direct  him  iu  his 
judgment,  and  thus  the  real  difficulty  was,  iu 
that  case,  surmounted, — namely,  the  selection 
of  such  judicial  referees  as  may  at  once  secure 
the  public  from  a  lamentable  failure  of  judg- 
ment, and  obtain  for  the  competitors  a  fair, 
unbiassed  consideration  of  their  claims. 
Whether  the  former  of  these  objects  has 
always  been  practically  secured,  at  least  in 
architectural  works,  is,  I  fear,  still  open  to 
question.  It  must  be  obvious  that,  in  arclii- 
tectural  rivalry,  even  the  most  attractive 
'  designs  and  admirable  drawings  do  not  neoes- 


568 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


August  16.  1867. 


sarily  imply  competent  constructive  ability  to 
direct  and  superintend  the  execution  of  the 
work." 

The  late  Sir  Robert  Smirke  was  emphati- 
cally the  architect  of  his  own  fortune,  and 
Ms  distinguished  career  ought  to  stimulate  all 
the  younger  members  of  that  profession  of 
which  he  was  so  great  an  ornament  to  "go 
and  do  likewise." 


LOCH  KATRINE  WATEE. 

IF  we  are  to  beh'eve  Drs..  Wanklyu,  Chapman, 
and  M.  H.  Smith,  of  the  London  Institution, 
Finsbury-circus,  a  great  deal  of  what  has  been 
written  about  the  purity  of  the  Loch  Katrine 
water  has  been  pure  rDmance.  In  a  recent  letter 
to  the  Lancet  these  gentlemen  say  : — "  We  have 
recently  made  an  examiuation  of  the  Loch  Katrine 
water  as  supplied  to  Glasgow.  The  water  was 
taken  from  one  of  the  mains  in  Glasgow.  The  re- 
sult of  the  examination  is  calculated  to  surprise 
many  persons,  for  the  Loch  Katriue  water  has 
often  been  cited  as  a  model  water.  We  find  that 
1,000,000  parts  of  this  water  contain  putrescible 
organic  matter  corresponding  to  0'l-3  parts  of  am- 
monia. The  numbers  for  the  New  KiTCf  water 
which  supplies  some  parts  of  London,  are  0  09, 
and  for  the  Southwark  and  Vauxhall  Comp.any's 
water,  taken  from  the  Thames,  high  up  the  river, 
0  20.  The  Caterham  water,  and  also  a  spring  in 
the  Greensand,  near  Dorking,  contain  no  prutres- 
cible  organic  matter.  These  facts  point  to  the 
propriety  of  seeking  for  a'  supply  of  drinking 
water  from  springs,  and  not  from  rivers  and  lakes." 


RENDERING   PAINT   UNINFLAMMABLE. 

ANEW  method  of  rendering  piint  uninflam- 
mable has  been  invented  by  Mr.  J.  B. 
Harris,  of  Germantown,  Kentucky,  U.S.  The 
invention  consists  in  the  combination  with  ordi- 
nary oil  paints  of  calcined  schist,  shale,  or 
mineral  coal,  which  is  reduced  to  a  chalky  and 
pulverous  condition,  and  freed  from  all  hard  and 
gritty  particles.  The  schist,  shale,  or  coal  is 
subjected  to  heat  in  a  retort  or  kiln  till  all  the 
bituminous  and  volatile  substances  have  been 
expelled  therefrom  and  the  residuum  has  been 
reduced  to  a  friable  and  pulverous  condition  of  a 
light  grey  or  pearl  colour.  This  pulveious 
residuum  is  then  bolted  through  a  fine  sieve,  to 
free  it  from  all  hard  lumps  and  gritty  particles, 
and  is  then  mixed  with  the  paint  and  ground  in 
boiled  linseed  oil.  The  quantity  of  the  calcined 
schist  or  shale  required  to  render  the  paints  unin- 
flammable will  depend  in  some  degree  upon  the 
body  or  other  qualities  of  the  various  paints 
employed.  For  white  and  red  lead  the  following 
proportions  may  be  used : —  Tliree  parts  (by 
weight)  of  the  calcined  schist,  shale,  or  coal  to 
one  part  of  the  lead  ;  and  for  ochres  and  umbers 
four  parts  of  the  calcined  material  to  one  pa't  of 
ochre  or  umber;  for  other  paints  the  proportions 
should  be  about  the  same  as  those  last  mentioned. 
No  turpentine  is  used  as  a  dryer,  but  japan, 
litharge,  or  dryers  of  a  thin  material  should  be 
employed.  The  prepared  schist,  schale,  or  coal 
being,  as  before  stated,  of  a  light  grey  or  pearl 
colour,  may  be  added  to  any  paint  without  ma- 
terially changing  its  hue,  but  a  paint  without  this 
ingredient  may  be  used  as  a  finishing  coat  if  de 
sired.  The  chalky  calcined  residuum  m.ay  be 
produced  from  nearly  all  kinds  of  mineral  co.al, 
but  the  slightly  bituminous  schists  or  shales  found 
in  coal  mines  are  the  best.  When  this  improved 
composition  is  applied  to  wood  it  will  resist  the 
action  of  flame,  sparks,  and  live  coals,  so  that 
floors  painted  with  the  composition  will  not  be 
liable  to  take  fire  from  the  falling  upon  them  of 
burning  co.aIs.  Roofs  of  buddings  will  also  be 
protected  from  the  danger  of  being  ignited  by 
sparks  escaping  from  chimneys  or  burning  shingles 
and  other  light-burning  substances  carried  by 
the  wind  from  burning  buildings  in  the  vicinity. 


PARLIAMENTARY  NOTES. 

The  Canning  statue  was  again  the  subject  of  dis- 
cussion in  the  House  of  Commons  on  .Saturday. 
On  the  report  of  .Supply  being  brought  up,  Mr. 
Beresford  Hope  availed  himself  of  the  opportunity 
to  call  attention  to  the  proposed  removal  of  the 
statue  from  its  present  position ;  and  to  the 
general  arrangements  of  Parliament-square.  The 
honourable  member  for  Stoke  intimated  that  in 
his  opinion  the  present  site  is  a  perfectly  appro- 


priate one.  If  they  moved  back  the  statue  to  its 
old  site  they  would,  he  warned  them,  destroy  the 
perspective  effect  of  the  locality.  Colonel  Wilson 
Patten  replied  on  the  part  of  Lord  John  Manners. 
He  referred  to  objections  alleged  to  be  enter- 
tained by  Mr.  Canning's  relatives  to  the  removal 
of  the  statue  from  its  former  site,  and  explained 
that  when  a  discussion  took  place  respecting  a  site 
for  a  statue  to  the  late  Sir  R.  Peel,  the  persons 
engaged  in  the  consideration  of  the  subject 
declined  to  interfere  with  the  statue  of  Canning 
lest  it  should  be  objected  to  by  his  friends ; 
whereupon  the  late  Lord  Canning  remarked  that 
he  had  no  objection  to  the  statue  of  his  father 
being  removed.  After  some  further  discussion 
the  report  was  received. 

The  select  committee  appointed  to  consider  the 
defective  construction  of  the  House  of  Lords 
in  reference  to  hearing  e.^amined  Professor  Tyn- 
dal,  Mr.  Barry,  and  Dr.  Percy,  and  then  agreed 
to  a  report  stating  that  owing  to  the  near 
approach  of  the  close  of  the  Session  the  Commit- 
tee found  it  impossible  to  complete  the  inquiry, 
and  recommended  that  the  consideration  of  the 
subject  should  be  resumed  at  an  early  period  of 
the  next  Session. 

The  Traffic  Regulation  (Metropolis)  Bill,  was 
opposed,  on  the  order  for  its  second  reading,  on 
Wednesday,  by  Mr.  Alderman  Lawrence.  The 
objections  of  the  hon.  gentleman,  however, 
applied  chiefly  to  questions  of  detail,  and  on  the 
assurance  of  Sir  J.  Fergusson,  on  behalf  of  the 
Government,  that  these  should  be  duly  considered 
in  committee,  the  bill  was,  after  some  discussion, 
read  a  second  time.  The  order  for  reading  the 
Metropolis  Improvements  Bill  a  second  time  was 
discharged,  and  the  bill  withdrawn.  The  Hours 
of  Labour  Regulation  Bill  was  considered,  as 
amended,  read  a  third  time,  and  passed.  The 
Artisans  and  Labourers'  Dwellings  BiU,  which 
stood  for  committee,  was  withdrawn,  Mr.  M. 
Torrens  intimating  that  he  should  bring  it  in 
again  early  next  session. 


Juifoiitg  IntcKigciice. 


CHUnCHES  AND  CHAPELS. 

The  little  church  of  All  Saints,  West  Bark- 
with,  has  been  resto  red  under  the  superinten- 
dence of  Mr.  Withers.  It  now  comprises  a  nave  and 
chancel  of  equal  breadth,  viz.,  15ft.  9in.,  and  46ft. 
long,  with  a  north-eastern  vestry,  a  south-western 
porch,  and  a  western  tower.  The  east  window  is 
an  unequal  triplet  of  trefoil  headed  lancets;  the  aisle 
windows  are  small  couplets.  There  is  a  good  Third 
Pointed  tower  with  angle  oblique  buttresses  of  four 
stages,  a  good  belfry  storey,  and  a  three-light 
Third  Pointed  window  at  the  west  end.  The  total 
cost  was  about  £600. 

A  reredos  has  been  added  to  the  village  church 
of  All  Saints,  Holton,  Lincolnshire,  by  Mr. 
Withers,  at  a  cost  of  £300.  The  design  consists 
of  two  sides  of  mosaic  with  angels  in  lozenge- 
shape  figures,  and  in  the  centre  a  composition  of 
a  marble  cro3.s,  in  an  aureole  of  mosaic  Banked  by 
rich  mosaic  panels.  There  is  a  strong  Italian  feel- 
ing in  the  whole.  The  cartoons  and  stonework 
were  executed  by  Messrs.  Bell,  Redfern  and  Co., 
the  actual  mosaic  by  Salviati. 

The  commencement  of  the  new  Congregational 
Church,  West  CliS",  Whitby,  was  celebrated  on 
Monday.  The  foundation  stone  will  be  laid  on 
September  11,  by  Mr.  S.  Morley,  of  London,  who 
has  contributed  £.300  in  aid  of  the  building  fund. 
The  architect  is  Mr.  Pritchett,  of  Darlington  ;  and 
the  builder,  Mr.  R  Robinson,  of  Whitby.  The 
total  cost  of  the  building,  including  land,  wUI  be 
about  £4,000. 

A  new  Wesleyan  chapel  has  been  begun  at 
Winlaton,  near  Gateshead.  The  building  will  be 
in  the  Gothic  style,  with  a  frontage  of  60ft.,  and 
will  give  sitting  room  to  250  persons.  The  archi- 
tect is  Mr.  Thomas  March,  of  Blaydon. 

The  first  portion  of  the  contract  for  the  restora- 
tion of  the  nave,  and  other  enlargements  and 
renovations  of  Bristol  Cathedral,  has  just  been 
taken  by  Messrs.  Rogers  and  Booth,  of  Gosport, 
at  the  sum  of  £14,270. 

A  new  church  at  Leighton  Buzzard  has  just 
been  consecrated.  The  style  is  of  the  latter  end 
of  the  thirteenth  century,  with  a  French  element 
introduced.  The  extreme  length  of  the  building 
is  110ft.,  the  width  being  74ft.,  and  consists  of 


nave,  north  and  south  aisles,  chancel,  vestry, 
organ  chamber,  and  north-west  porches.  The 
materials  used  in  the  construction  are  the  local 
sandstone,  with  Bath  stone  dressings.  All  the 
columns  are  of  blue  Pennant.  The  floor  is 
laid  with  Staffordshire  squares,  and  the  sacrarium 
and  chancel  with  encaustic  tiles  manufactured  by 
Messrs.  Dering  and  Hargreaves.  The  tower  lb 
placed  at  the  north-west  corner  of  the  building, 
and,  with  the  spire,  is  110ft.  high  Messrs.  Gar. 
ridge  and  Holderstock,  of  Leighton,  were  the 
builders,  and  Mr.  J.  E.  Neate  the  architect.  The 
total  cost  was  about  £3,000. 

Easthampstead. — The  church  of  St.  Mary 
and  Michael,  Easthampstead,  has  lately  been  re- 
built. The  present  ijuildiug  comprises  a  nave 
56ft.  long  by  27ft.  broad,  a  chancel,  a  north 
aisle,  separated  by  an  arcade  of  three  from  the 
nave,  a  vestry  to  the  south  of  the  chancel,  a  short 
quasi-transept  on  the  south-eastern  side  of  the 
nave,  a  south-western  porch,  and  a  baptistry  at  the 
west  end,  the  latter  being  an  unusual  arrange- 
ment. The  architectural  style  of  the  church  is 
severe  Early  Pointed,  with  plate  tracery.  The 
east  window  has  three  trefoiled  lights,  the  middle 
one  being  lower  than  the  sides,  with  a  sexfoiled 
circle  above.  The  chancel  arch  has  triple-shafted 
piers  in  coloured  marble,  and  the  tower  arch  has 
corbelled  shafts  of  marble.  The  works,  on  the 
whole,  have  been  successfully  and  thoroughly 
carried  out  under  the  care  of  Mr.  J.  W.  Hugall. 

St.  Andrew's  (Scotland.) — In  our  last  we  noti- 
fied the  fact  that  a  new  cathedral  chiuch  (St 
Andrew)  w  as  about  to  be  erected  here.  Mr.  R. 
Anderson,  Edinburgh,  is  the  architect,  and  the 
following  are  the  principal  features  of  the  budd- 
ing. Total  length,  122ft.;  nave,  176ft.  long  and 
25ft.  broad;  aisles,  10ft.  broad;  choir  and  sanc- 
tuary, 35ft.  long  and  22ft.  broad ;  height  to  eaves 
of  nave  walls,  31ft.,  and  to  )idge  of  roof,  57ft.; 
the  tower  is  lOft.  square  at  the  base,  exclusive  of 
the  buttresses,  and  the  height  to  the  top  of  the 
spire  is  160ft.  The  stvle  of  architecture  adopted 
is  that  of  the  thirteenth  century.  Internally, 
the  nave  is  divided  from  the  aisles  by  a  row  of 
five  arcl^es  on  each  side,  and  from  the  chancel  by 
a  lofty  moulded  arch  springing  from  corbel  shafts. 
The  roofs  of  the  nave  and  chancel  have  inside 
ceilings  of  wood,  their  tranverse  section  being  a 
pointed  arch  ;  the  ties  and  king  posts  are  the  only 
constructional  parts  seen  longitudinally.  The 
ceilings  are  divided  into  panels  from  ridge  to  eaves, 
which  will  be  filled  with  appropriate  coloured  de- 
corations. The  whole  of  the  nave  and  aislesa 
will  be  seated  with  open  deal  benches  for  a  con- 
gregation of  600,  and  the  choir  will  be  furnished 
with  a  ihrone  for  the  bishop  and  stalls  for  the 
clergy  and  choir. 

BUILDLNaS. 

The  local  board  of  health  for  the  district  of 
West  Ham  are  about  to  build,  at  Stratford,  a  new 
vestry  and  contingent  offices,  at  an  outlay  of 
£12,000,  exclusive  of  site.  No  designs  have  been 
sent  in  as  yet,  but  a  plan  of  the  ground  can  be 
obtained  from  the  surveyor,  at  the  offices  of  the 
District  Board,  Stratford,  on  payment  of  5s. 

Earl  Grosvenor,  M.P.,  laid  the  foundation  stone 
of  a  new  infirmary  at  Macclesfield  on  Thursday 
week.  A  gentleman  connected  with  the  trade  of 
the  town  has  endowerl  the  building  with  a  be- 
quest of  £30,000.  The  architect  is  Mr.  Stevens, 
and  the  contractors  are  Messrs.  Mill  and  Son,  of 
Manchester. 

The  new  plans  in  reference  to  the  new  grammar  ; 
school  at   Ayr,   Scotland,  will  cost  about  £1,200. 
The  contractois   for  the  mason  work  ai'e  Messrs, 
Andrews  and  Monkton,  .and  Mr.  J.    Mitchell  for  ! 
the  joiner  work. 

A  handsome  new  bank  has  j  ust  been  completed 
at  Newcastle,  Staffordshire,  for  the  Manchester 
and  Liverpool  District  Company.  It  is  in  the 
Italian  style,  the  lower  part  of  the  facade,  which 
is  of  bold  character,  being  built  of  Hollington 
stone,  and  the  upper  part  of  bricks,  with  stone 
dressings,  and  surmounted  by  a  prominent  cor- 
nice. The  builder's  work  has  been  executed  by 
Mr.  W.  Sutton,  from  the  designs  and  under  the 
superintenrlenc8  of  Mr.  T.  Lewis,  architect,  who 
designed  the  interior  fittings,  which  have  been 
made  by  Messrs.  Edwards. 

Johnstone. — Some  months  ago,  several  archi- 
tects were  asked  to  submit  plans  to  a  committee 
of  gentlemen  in  Johnstone,  Renfrewshire,  who 
were  chosen  by  the  subscribers  to  select  the  most 
suitable  design  for  their  proposed  new  pubUc  hall. 
Mr.  Lamb,  of  Paisley,  was  the  successful  competi- 
tor, and  the  building  has  now  been  contracted  for, 


AufiiT.sT  16,  1867, 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


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and  will  be  commenced  immediately  according  to 
his  designs.  The  principal  elevation  of  the  build- 
ing faces  Ludovic-squaro,  in  a  frontage  of  50ft., 
and  it  has  an  elevation  to  Church-street  of  90ft 
The  large  games  room  will  be  the  principal 
feature  in  the  entrance  floor  of  the  building.  It 
is  Gift.  Sin.  long,  by  23ft.  Sin.  broad,  with  a  ceil- 
ing of  l"ft.  It  is  well  lighted  and  ventilated.  It 
wil!  give  ample  space  for  from  100  to  150  persons 
to  be  engaged  at  any  kind  of  in-donr  game,  from 
biUiards  down  to  dominoes.  To  the  left  of  the 
entrance  hall  is  placed  the  reading  room,  which  is 
45ft.  -lin.  long,  by  Itjft.  wide,  and  is  also  a  well- 
lighted  and  comfortable  room.  Next  it  is  the 
librai-y,  10ft.  square,  and  further  on  is  the  direc- 
tors' room,  which  is  Itjft.  long  and  lift.  4in.  wide. 
On  the  ground  floor  are  all  the  necessary  con- 
veniences, iucludirg  bath  room,  lavatories,  urinals, 
and  water  closets.  The  upper  floor  is  all  taktn 
up  as  a  public  hall,  with  the  necessary  appurten- 
ances. It  is  6'2ft.  long  and  4l3ft.  wide,  and  will  be 
seated  for  about  600  people.  The  ceiling  is  20ft. 
high,  and  the  hall  is  well  lighted  and  ventilated. 
The  elevation  to  Ludovic-sipiare  is  a  handsome 
one  in  the  modern  Italian  style,  the  walls  pierced 
with  large  Venetian  enriched  windows.  The  door- 
piece,  which  is  a  prominent  feature,  is  surmounted 
by  an  ornauieutal  balcony,  entered  from  the  upper 
entrance  hall,  from  which  speakers  can  address 
the  people  assembled  in  the  square.  The  elevation 
to  Church-street  is  plain. 

Rh.itadeh. — The  foundation  stone  of  the  new 
achools  was  laid  a  few  weeks  since.  The  struc- 
ture when  completed  will  be  a  considerable  orna- 
ment to  the  town  and  will  accommodate  120 
children.  The  architect  is  Mr.  E.  H.  Lingen 
Barker,  of  London  and  Hereford,  and  the  contrac- 
tor for  the  works  Mr.  William  Evans,  of  Khayader. 


TO  COERESPONDENTS. 

To  OoR  Readers. — We  shall  feel  obUged  to  any  of  our 
nadars  who  will  favour  ua  >vith  brief  notes  of  works  con- 
tdmplat«d  or  in  progress  in  the  provinces. 

Letters  relating  to  advertjseraents  and  the  ordinary  bi;si- 
neas  of  the  paper  should  ba  addi-essed  to  the  Editor,  166,  ^ 
Fleet-street.    Advertisements  for  the  current  week  must  ' 
nach  the  office  before  5  o'clock  p.  ra.  on  Thursday. 

Notice.— The  BUILDING  NEWS  inserts  advertise- 
ments for  ••SITUATIONS  WANTED,"  &c.,  at  ONE 
SHILLING  for  the  first  Twenty- four  Words. 


^^1 


I 


Rbcei^-ed.— J.  H.— R.  P.— R.  A.— K.  and  Sons.— B.  C. 
— D.  J.  N.— H.  H.  V.  (large  photo  )— H.  and  Co.  -T.  D.  R. 
— T.  P..  Bradford  (answered  by  letter).-J.  W.  B.  (with 
photo.)-W.  0.  L.— F.  H.  h.—f.  r.-B,  F.  O.-J.  C— J. 
— G.  R.  E.  H.  L.  B.— E.  W.  G.— E.  W.  P.— T.  B.— J.  A. 
— F.  F.  M.— J.  H.— F.  R.  and  E.  W.— W.  T.— J.  W.— 
A.  L.  W. 

"  A  Non-Competitor  "  ought  to  send  his  name  and  ad- 
dress. 

T.  P,,  Bradford.— The  proportions  of  old  stone  altars 
rt'ith  illustrations  will  appear. 

X,  Y.  Z. — We  shall  be  glad  to  receive  a  statement  of 
fact's  from  our  correspondent. 

J.  T.— We  think  your  plan  will  work  exceedingly  well. 
Why  not  make  a  model  ? 

W.  yocso.— Apply  at  the  office  in  Great  George-street, 
they  will  give  you  every  information  you  may  requii-e. 

P.,  Slielfield. — You  must  write  again  giving  full  name 
and  correct  address. 


Corresponiieiicc. 


therefore,  too  much  to  ask  you  to  reconsider  thi--, 
and  strike  out  the  clause  I  have  quoted  ? 

2.  "  The  Board  do  not  guarantee  to  carry  out 
any  design  thus  submitted."  As  the  only  prize 
in  a  competition  which  can  in  any  adequate  way 
repay  a  good  architect  is  the  work  itself,  it  strikes 
me  that  you  exclude,  by  this  clause,  all  chance  of 
obtiining  amongst  your  competitors  men  of  expe- 
rience and  of  any  professional  reputation.  More- 
over, the  two  clauses,  taken  together,  read  some 
what  like  this : — We  want  designs  for  a  budding 
to  cost  .£12,000,  but,  instead  of  paying  the  archi 
tects  the  fair,  recognized  commission,  we  will  get 
designs  by  way  of  competition,  ^\'e  will  pledge 
ourselves  to  nothing,  secure  the  drawings  of  three 
architects  for  £175,  and  our  surveyor  can  cook  the 
three  up  into  an  architectural  rechaujfc.  As 
this  cannot,  I  presume,  be  your  meaning,  why 
not  avoid  the  impression  produced  by  this  clause 
by  striking  it  out,  and  in  its  place  affirm  that  the 
first  premium  wiiJ  be  gran;ed,  under  professional 
advice,  to  the  best  design,  and  tJiat  the  architect  of 
the  best  design  will  he  euipJoyed  to  huild  your  ItaV, 
which,  of  course,  by  no  means  pledges  you  to 
build  the  design  which  you  premiate  ? 

3.  "  In  the  event  of  one  of  the  competing 
architects  being  employed  the  premium  will 
merge  in  the  commission."  This,  again,  is 
unusual,  except  in  those  cases  which  are  distin 
guished  for  what  is  called  sharp  practice.  The 
premium  is  an  honorarium  for  the  trouble  taken 
in  competing,  when  the  competition  is  decided. 
Your  architect  has  just  as  much  trouble  as  if 
there  had  been  no  competition,  so  that  by 
"merging  the  premium"  you  get  the  labour 
of  the  competition,  as  regards  the  best  man,  for 
nothing,  and,  therefore,  the  whole  labour  of  those 
in  the  profession  who  choose  to  compete  is  thought 
by  you  to  be  only  worth  £75.  This  clause  also, 
you  will,  on  consideration,  I  hope,  strike  out,  and 
so  give  yourself  a  chance  of  getting  plans  sent 
you  by  others  than  pupils  and  as,sistants. 

4.  "  Further  particulars,  &c.,  m.ay  be  obtained 
upm  payment  of  5.5."  So  that,  with  three  hun- 
dred applicants,  you  may  really  manage  to  make 
the  competitors  themselves  pay  the  premiums. 
As  the  first  is  to  merge  in  the  commission  I 
cannot  but  trust  that  you  will  amend  this  clause 
by  omitting  the  part  I  have  underlined. 

I  have  been  thus  bold  to  write  you  in  the  hope 
that  you  may  follow  the  example  of  Manchester, 
and,  by  correcting  your  terms  of  advertisement, 
give  some  confidence  to  the  profession,  and,  at  the 
same  time,  some  chance — nay,  a  certainty — of 
a  good  building  being  secured  for  your  town.  I 
may  add  that  I  know  no  one  who  would  compete 
on  your  present  terms,  and  who  could  be  regarded 
as  in  any  way  fit  to  design  such  a  building. 

That  you  may  get  plenty  of  designs  from  crude, 
half-educated  youths,  who  are  just  able  to  draw, 
is  quite  possible.  They  have  nothing  to  do,  and 
they  may  as  well  practise  drawing  and  designing 
in  competitijns  as  in  schools ;  but,  by  altering 
your  terms,  as  suggested,  you  would  get  designs 
from  men  who  have  been  in  practice  for  years, 
who  have  built  public  buildings,  and  whose  works 
are  known  to  be  more  or  less  meritorious. — I  am, 
&c.,  Edw.\ed  W.  Godwin. 

Charles  Wilson,  Esq. 


KEW  TESTET  HALL  FOR  STRATFORD. 

To  the  Editor  of  the  Buildinq  News. 

Sns, — May  f  ask  you  to  insert  the  accompanying 
letter?— I  am, &c.,  ^ 


E.  W.  Godwin. 


197,  Albany-street,  Regent's  Park,  N.W. 

Augusts,  1867. 

Sni, — I  observe  in  the  Botlding  News  this 
week  an  advertisement,  signed  by  you,  the  object 
of  which  is,  I  presume,  to  seciu-e  good  designs  for 
the  premiums  you  offer. 

Permit  me  to  make  four  remarks  on  the  terms 
of  your  advertisement.  1.  "The  premiated  de- 
signs will  become  the  property  of  the  Board." 
Ihis,  m  other  words,  means  that  you  wish  to 
secure  something  more  than  a  good  architect.  As 
the  cost  is  to  be  £12,000,  the  usual  charge  for  the 
drawings  alone,  if  you  employed  an  architect  in 
the  usual  way,  would  be  £300;  three  sets  of 
drawings,  illustrating  three  different  designs, 
would  therefore  be  valued  at  £900.  For  these 
you  offer  £175.  But  even  were  you  to  employ 
an  architect,  in  the  usual  way,  his  plans,  for 
which  you  would  pay  £300,  would  not  become 
your  property,  unless  by  special  agreement.    Is  it, 


titions  like  this,  it  will  be  very  long  before  these 
things  are  arranged  in  a  straightforward  honest 
manner. — I  am,  &c.,  Faiuplay. 

August  13. 

ANCIEKT    AND    MODERN    FURNITURE. 

SiK, — I  was  very  much  jileasedto  see  a  letter  on 
ancient  and  uKidern  furniture  by  "J.  M.  S."  in 
your  last  week's  impression,  having  read  a  letter 
by  Mr.  Phillips  in  the  previous  week's  number.  1 
could  not  help  thinking  that  Mr.  Phillips  had 
written  in  a  very  sneering  spirit  in  reference 
to  Mr.  Talbert's  designs.  To  me,  those  designs 
appeared  clothed  in  the  true  spirit  of  Cothic 
work,  divested  of  the  rudeness  of  construction 
found  in  most  of  the  old  work.  To  all  men  like 
Mr.  Talbert,  who  are  publishing  sketches  with  a 
view  of  improving  the  style  of  our  furniture,  our 
best  thanks  are  due,  .and  if  either  Mr.  Phillips  or 
any  other  gentleman  cm  ofl'er  suggestions,  by  all 
means  let  them  do  so  in  a  kind  spirit,  and  with 
the  view  of  helping  the  movement  onwards.  If 
not  encroaching  upon  your  time,  I  may  mention 
that  one  great  objection  to  Mr.  Talbert's  designs 
is  the  expense,  so  far  as  the  public  generally  are 
concerned.  At  the  same  time,  I  do  not  see  how 
that  class  of  furniture  could  be  designed  with 
a  greater  regard  to  economy  than  has  been  already 
shown,  but  it  appears  to  me  that  if  Mr.  T.dbert 
and  gentlemen  who,  like  him,  have  turned  their 
attention  to  Gothic  furniture  would  design  furni- 
ture which  could  be  produced,  in  a  great  measure, 
in  the  lathe,  they  would  be  doing  great  service. 
Take,  for  instance,  the  "  Cromwell "  chair,  with  ita 
turned  legs.  Why  not  carry  out  the  same  treat 
menfc  in  tables,  cabinets,  bookcases,  and  the  like  ? 
Such  furniture  could  be  produced  at  a  small  cost 
by  any  cabinet-maker,  thus  giving  ti-uthfulness  of 
construction,  and  at  the  same  time  lead  the  public 
on  to  an  appreciation  of  the  class  of  furniture 
which  Mr.  Talbert  and  others  have  set  before  us 
from  time  to  time.  The  fact  is,  we  want  fiu'ni- 
ture  for  the  middle  classes,  cheap,  good,  and  use- 
ful, with  a  shade  of  the  Gothic  spirit  thrown  into 
it,  if  I  may  so  express  myself. — I  am,  &c., 

Daltonian. 
Dalton,  Huddersfield,  August  7. 


POPLAR  NEW  OFFICES. 

Sir, — The  letter  of  your  correspondent  "  Delta," 
in  your  last  number,  clearly  sets  forth  this  dis- 
graceful affair  in  all  its  glaring  injustice,  and 
proves  that  your  correspondent  "  B,"  whose  letter 
appeared  in  the  number  for  May  ol,  was  a  trxie 
prophet.  It  is  no  unusual  thing  to  see  local 
genius  (!)  rewarded  with  the  first  premium,  but 
in  this  case  the  committee  throw  aside  all  reg.ard 
for  ju.stice  or  propriety,  and  we  find  the  first,  se- 
cond, and  third  premiums  awarded  to  men  of  local 
influence,  who  are  connected  by  ties  of  friendship 
or  relationship  yet  unformed  (as  we  learn)  with 
members  of  the  board.  Can  it  be  that  in  Poplar 
and  its  vicinity  only  that  true  architectural  taste 
is  fostered  ?  If  so,  happy  the  architect  whose  lot 
is  cast  in  this  place.  But  the  judgment  which 
former  experience  has  led  us  to  form  of  the  work- 
ing of  the  Poplar  board  would  suggest  that  there, 
putation  they  have  acquired  for  partial  dealing 
and  jobbery  has  lost  nothing  of  its  lustre  in  this 
new  instance.  The  architect  who  has  laboured  to 
keep  his  design  within  the  limitation  of  cost  pre- 
scribed by  the  instructions  stands  no  chance 
whatever  when  premiums  are  awarded  to  others 
whose  designs  are  estimated  to  cost  £1,900  more 
than  the  sum  therein  named.  You  have  done 
much  to  cry  down  these  abuses,  but  I  fear  that 
while  architects  are  obUged  to  enter  into  compe- 


WEST  LONDON  SYNAGOGUE. 

Sir, — The  absence  of  Mr.  Hardwick  from  Lou- 
don has  necessarily  caused  a  delay  in  replyii  g  to 
Mr.  H.  H.  CoUins's  letter  in  your  paper  ot  the 
•2nd  inst.  The  writer  there  states  that "  Mr. 
Phillip  Hardwick  was  not  (1  am  informed  on  un- 
doubted authority)  ever  consulted,  either  directly 
or  indirectly,  nor  was  his  advice  asked  or  given 
with  regard  to  the  merits  of  the  designs  sub- 
mitted." We  have  now  the  authority  of  Mr. 
Hardwick  to  state  that  he  was  consulted,  and  that 
he  did  advise  the  committee  upon  the  merits  of 
the  designs  submitted.  With  respect  to  the  latter 
part  of  the  letter,  in  which  Mr.  Collins  modestly 
denotes  what  might  have  been  the  selection  if 
Mr.  Hardwick's  advice  had  been  acted  upon,  we 
can  only  say  that  the  writer  is,  if  possilDle,  still 
move  inaccurate  than  in  his  previous  assumption. 
— We  are,  &c.,     The  Successful  Competitoks. 

32,  Moorgate-street,  August  12. 


PRESERVATION  OP  TIMBER. 

SiR^ — My  friend,  Mr.  T.  Matthews,  resident 
engineer  of  the  North  Loudon  Kailway,  having  to- 
day kindly  sent  me  your  publication  of  the  26th 
ult.,  with  special  reference  to  your  article  on  the 
above  subject,  and  having  received  in  June,  1S65, 
a  silver  medal  at  the  Cologne  Exhibition  for 
creosoted  sleepers,  I  beg  to  offer  you  in  loan,  for 
using  in  any  way  you  think  proper  in  your  well- 
known  journal,  two  printed  papers  with  the  reports 
and  awards  of  the  jury,  and  also  translations  of 
same.  The  Count  of  Westphalia's  report  is  a 
very  able,  exhaustive,  and  interesting  one,  and 
cannot  fail  to  command  your  attention. 

The  North  British  Railway  Company  have  just 
decided  to  discontinue  creosoting  their  sleepers, 
after  having  had  opinions  from  the  engineers  of 
the  leading  railways  in  the  kingdom,  the  majority 
of  these  gentlemen  having  expressed  themselves 
in  favour  of  not  creosoting,  not,  however,  per  s;, 
but  as  applied  to  railway  sleepers  for  use  in  this 
country,  where  comparatively  few  decay  from  rot, 
but  the  large  proportion  from  wear  and  tear,  such 
as  spUtting,  and  the  chairs  cutting  down  into 
them,  from  the  chair  base  being  too  limited  in 
area.  The  latter  is  being  gradually  put  an  end  to 
by  increasing  the  area,   and  if   6in.  or  9in.  were 


670 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


August  16,  1807. 


added  to  the  length  of  the  sleepers,  splitting 
•would  be  of  much  leas  frequent  occurrence.  Still, 
with  Baltic  red  pine  sleepers  at  their  present  price 
of  from  23.  2d.  to  2s  6d.  each,  and  the  cost  of 
creosoting  6d.  to  Sd.,  each  bearing  such  a  high 
proportion  to  that  price,  it  will  no  doubt  be  less 
and  less  the  practice  of  railway  companies  under 
the  present  financial  depression  to  creosote  or 
otherwise  preserve  their  sleepers.  I  speak  ojly 
of  railway  companies  in  this  country,  where  the 
improvements  in  ballasting,  which  for  some  years 
have  been  extensively  carried  on,  have  given  the 
sleepers  a  dry  bed  and  greater  freedom  frum 
"working."  In  India  and  elsewhere  abroad 
where  damp,  dry  rot,  and  insects  destroy  unpre- 
served  sleepers  so  rapidly,  I  say  by  all  means 
creosote,  and  for  all  soft  wood  timber  used  in  the 
construction  of  piers,  bridges,  and  similar  works — 1 
say,  do  the  same. — I  am,  &c,, 

James  Deas,  M.I.C.E. 
North  British  Railway  Company, 
Engineer's  Office,  Glasgow, 
August  12. 


WOOD-WORKING  MACHINERY  IN  THE    PARIS 
EXHIBITION. 

Sir,— An  official  report  of  English  Wood  Working 
MacUiueiy  has  been  published  in  the  illus.tr  >fei1  Lundou 
X-fw-  of  August  3rd,  in  which  commendation  has  been 
accorded  to  several  exhibitors  of  the  above  description  of 
machinery,  and  to  which  no  doubt  they  are  entitled. 
Without  imputing  any  motive.  I  think  justice  has  not 
beeu  dune  me  by  the  total  amission  of  my  name  from  this 
report,  as  it  is  to  me  that  the  only  silver  medal  (the  high- 
eat  prize  in  this  section)  has  been  awarded.  The  expense 
and  pains  on  my  part  of  contributing  to  the  English 
display  of  machinery  (mine  being  all  in  motion)  has,  of 
coarse,  been  very  great,  and  it  certainly  is  not  unnatural 
for  me  to  expect  to  be  at  least  mentioned  in  connection 
with  the  others  ;  and,  moreover,  it  appears  to  me  a  very 
poor  compliment  to  the  jurors  "to  make  conspicuous  by 
its  absence "  the  name  of  the  recipient  of  the  highest 
award.— I  am,  &c.  S-  Worssam. 

lioudon,  August  13. 


WROUGHT-IRON  GIRDERS  AND  JOISTS. 

Sir,— It  has  often  occurred  to  me  that  as,  in  the  present 
age.  the  employment  of  wrought-iron  girders  and  joists  is 
carried  to  such  an  extent,  that  some  one  does  not  get  np  a 
work  giving  practical  rules  fur  calculating  their  strength. 
It  is  true  there  are  works  that  treat  slightly  on  the 
matter,  but  they  are  of  no  earthly  use  to  a  man  of  plain 
education.  It  is  rather  late  in  the  day  for  a  man  .  f  forty 
years  of  age  to  go  to  school  to  learn  how  to  work  the  first 
four  rules  of  arithmetic,  by  A.  B.  0.  I  fina  that  most 
writers  on  the  subject  adopt,  to  me,  an  unknown. iari,'on, 
when  simple  multiplication,  division,  &c.,  might  be  used 
so  that  a  man  with  a  very  little  learning  might  solve  the 
dimensions  of  any  required  girder  or  joist,  without  troub- 
ling his  neighbuurs.  What  is  wanting  is  that  some  person 
would  give  plain  tables  and  rules  for  wrought  iron  girders, 
same  as  Tarnbull  has  given  in  his  valuable  ones,  for  cast- 
iron  girders,  columns,  &c. 

There  is  a  case  represented  by  "  Head,"  in  ''Intercom- 
munication." in  the  last  week's  Building  News,  which  I 
firmly  believe  that  I  would  be  able  to  learn  navigation 
before  1  could  answer  his  question.  I  look  forward  with 
great  interest  to  the  questions  and  answers  in  your  paper, 
and  in  which  so  many  useful  hints  are  from  time  to  time 
given  to  practical  men. — I  am.  &c  , 

Francis  Haksom  Luscom. 


Iiitcixouinunuaition, 


QUESTIONS. 

[528,]— MEDALS.— I  have  heard  it  frequently  asserted  that 
architects  ought,  among  the  multifarious  items  of  informa- 
tion thev  are  expected  to  possess,  to  under^itand  ancient 
medals,  or  at  least  to  study  them.  This  seems  to  me,  how- 
ever to  be  a  branch  of  knowledge  not  absolutely  essential, 
although  not  without  interest.  Perhaps  some  one  or  other 
of  your  correspomlents  may  feel  disposed  to  indicate  what 
may  be  considered  the  strongest  claims  that  ancient  medals 
have  upon  the  attention  of  architects,  sculptors,  and  others. 
—A.  C.  

[529.]— RESONANCE.— It  has  often  puzzled  me  to  un- 
derstand exactly  what  is  meant  by  resonance,  bome  say  it  is 
"  reciprocated  vibration,"  but  the  explanation  is  not 
satisfactory,  or  even  clear.  It  has  been  said  that  two 
watches  lying  upon  the  same  table  take  the  siime  rate  of 
going,  though  tney  would  not  agree  with  each  other  if 
placed  in  diilerent  depai'tments- and  this  is  attributed  to 
"  resonance."  I  must  confess  it  passes  my  comprehension. 
Can  anyone  explain  the  phenomenon  of  reciprocated  vibra- 
tion ?— Aleph.  

[530.]— SEWERAGE. — What  do  you  recommend  as  the 
best  mode  of  constructing  sewers  in  the  lower  parts  of  large 
towns,  and  where  the  sewers  are  likely  often  to  be  quite 
full  of  water,  &c.  ?  I  have  tried  Roman  cement  for  two-thirds 
of  the  height  of  the  Inverts  of  egg  shaped  drains,  but  this 
has  not  always  been  successful.  A  hint  or  two  upon  this 
subject  would  be  most  valuable.— Substratum. 


[531.]— WEIGHT  OF  ANGLE  IRONS.— Will  some  of 
your  correspondents  inform  me  where  1  can  obtain  a  table 
showing  the  weights  per  foot  run  and  sectional  areas  of 
angle  and  T-irous  used  in  the  construction  of  iron  roofa 
and  girders  for  bridge  work,  &c.  ?  I  find  that  none  of  the 
pocket  books  used  amongst  engineers  give  this  information. 
— T.  W. 


[532] -POLISH  FOR  TURNED  WORK.— I  should  be 
obliged  if  some  one  would  infoi-m  me  of  the  best  polish  for 
turned  work,  and  the  best  way  of  applying  it  when  in  the 
lathe.— J.  P.  

[533.]— SUNK  CHURCH.— There  is  on  the  hill  side 
below  Sa"wclifFe,  in  North  Lincolnshire,  a  huge  mass  of 
travertine,  of  serpentine  form,  about  40  yards  long,  and 
rising  above  the  surface  7ft.  or  Sft.  in  some  parts  of  it,  the 
water  from  which  it  was  deposited  being  now  carried  down 
by  an  under  drain.  It  has  been  called  out  of  memory 
"Siuik  Church"  or  "Sunken  Church."  According  to  a 
note  iu  Wordsworth's  "Sonnets  on  the  Duddon,"  there  is 
a  "Druidical  cijcle  about  half  a  mile  to  the  left  of  the  road 
ascending  Stoneside  from  the  vale  of  Duddon  ;  the  country 
people  call  it  'Sunken  Church.'"  Can  I  be  informed  of 
other  antiquities,  natiural  or  artificial,  bearing  this  appella- 
tion?—J.  F.  

r534.]— INCORRECT  QUANTITIES.— A  pentleman  is 
about  to  build  a  house.  Lf  he  employs  an  architect  and  he 
misrepresent  the  quantities  to  the  contractor,  is  the  gentle- 
man liable  for  the  amount  that  the  architect  may  make, 
if  he  receives  the  benefit  ?  -  A.  B. 

[535.]— DUTCH  TILES.— I  would  feel  obli:ed  if  some 
bind  subscriber  could  inform  me  where  Dutch  tUes  are 
sold  and  the  price  ;  also,  what  are  the  usual  sizes,  and  if 
they  are  decorated,  and  in  fact  as  durable  as  British  tiles? 
-B.  

530 LEAD  PIPES.— Can  anyone  inform  me  if  water 

passin''  through  lead  pipes,  from  a  deep  well  (say  4Uft. 
deep)  be  poisonous,  and,  if  so,  what  is  the  best  substitute 
for  lead?— Life. 

r537  ]_-PERIODS  OF  GOTH[C  ARCHITECTURE.— 
I  wish  some  one  verged  in  the  history  of  architecture  would 
tell  me  the  exact  periods  when  the  different  styles  of  Gothic 
architecture  began  and  ended.  For  instance,  when  did  the 
"Early  En.lish"  begin  and  end? — W.  Williams,  Llan- 
dudno.        _ 

[53S.]— BRIDGEWATER  TILES.  —  If  some  of  your 
readers  who  are  acquainted  practically  with  Major's  Patent 
An'^ular  Corrugated  Bridgewater  Tiles  would  inform  me. 
through  your  "  Intercommunication,"  in  what  their 
advantages  or  disadvantages  consist,  he  will  confera  fj.vour 

on— A   SCBSCRIBEE.  

[539.]— ART  COPYRIGHT  BILL— Can  any  of  your 
readers  inform  me  if  this  Bill  has  ever  passed  into  law,  and, 
if  so  whether  by  any  of  its  provisions  architects  have  pro- 
tection in  the  buildings  as  well  as  in  the  designs  from  which 
they  were  erected?-ScascRiBER. 

1-540.]— MOUNTING  TRACINGS.— WiU  some  of  your 
readers  inform  me,  through  your  "Intercommunication." 
the  best  method  to  mount  tracings  on  linen  or  drawing 
paper  ?  Al^-o  what  V  ind  of  paste  ia  most  suitable  for  the 
purpose?— Ignoramus. 

[541.]— ^RCHITECTS'  PUPILS.  —  Would  some  one 
kindly  inform  me  whether  an  architect  is  bound  to  take 
his  pupils  to  the  several  buildings  he  may  be  superintend- 
in:',  to  give  them  a  practical  knowledge  of  the  profession  ? 
I  happen  to  have  a  master  whose  sole  object  is  to  get  all 
the  work  he  possibly  can  out  of  me.  and  he  never  takes  the 
least  pains  to  instruct  me  ;  and  I  have  been  in  his  office 
nearly  three  years,  and  he  has  never  once  taken  me  out  to 
any  of  the  buildings,  or  taught  me  to  take  levels,  or  any- 
thin".  Is  there  no  redress?  I  am  articled  to  him,  but 
paid°no  premium.— Articled  Pupil. 

'  REPLIES. 

[4,30.]— BATH  STONE.— The  coloured  part  of  the  stone 
will  stand  the  weather  equally  wlII  with  the  rest,  and  is, 
like  all  discoloiations  in  building  stones,  due  to  the  pre- 
sence of  iron.  Bath  Box,  being  an  oolite,  contains  more 
than  one  per  cent,  of  iron  upon  an  average,  and  the  pre- 
sence of  it  in  larger  quantities  at  any  particular  spot 
gives  rise  to  the  darker  appearance  in  the  stone.  The  only 
method  of  having  stones  without  these  streaks  upon  the 
face  is  simplv  to  reject  them  for  lacework  and  put  them  in 
the  backing.— Clerk  of  Works. 


[466.]— SURVEYORS'  CHARGES.— Will  you  allow  me 
to  inform  "Surveyor"  that  the  usual  commission  for 
taking  out  quantities  for  builders  to  estimate  their  tenders 
from  is  2i  per  cent,  upon  the  cost  of  the  works.  I  would 
recommend  to  the  notice  of  "Surveyor"  a  little  book, 
"Student's  Guide  for  Measuring  and  Estimating  Artificer's 
Work,"  where  he  will  find  much  valuable  information 
upon  the  subject  he  alludes  to.— Apprentice. 

[467j_DISSOLVING  SHELLAC— By  far  the  best  sub- 
stance to  dissolve  shellac  in  is  alcohol.  As  that  substance 
is  one  of  the  chief  ingredients  of  sealing  wax,  the  experi- 
ment may  be  made  by  putting  a  small  piece  in  some  of  the 
spirit.  Sealing  was  reduced  in  this  manner  to  a  liquid 
state  is  an  excellent  material  for  putting  lines  in  various 
colours  upon  large  railway  maps  for  committee  and  par- 
liamentary purposes.— An  Engineer, 


[470.]— RETAINING  WALLS.— As  the  writer  of  the 
article  in  question,  in  the  Building  News  of  April  26.  1 
be.'  to  give  "J.  J."  the  information  he  requires.  The 
word  "  area  "  is  a  misprint  for  "prj^.->ure,"  since  the  pres- 
sure varies  as  the  area  into  the  t  aigent  of  the  angle  0. 
The  expression  is  obtained  as  follows : — In  the  triangle 
ABC  let  xV  equal  the  area  or  cubical  contents  for  the  unit 


for  the  pressure,  we  have  P  =  A  x  tan.-^.    Calling  ABth^ 

height  of  the  triangle  =  H  and  AC  the  base  =  V  we  know 

H  X  6 
that  A  =  — n —  '    But  from  the  trigonometrical  solution 

of  right-angled  triangles  we  have  &  =  H  x  tan.  J  6,  and     i 

substituting  this  value  in  the  equation  for   A,  we  have 

A  =  H2  X  tan.  ^  e  ,  ^     ,t       ■        t>        a        *        ^ 

— rt ,  and  finally,  since  P  =  A  x  tan.  r-,WB 


X  tan.  ^  dy  the  equation  given  in  the  article. 


of  length,  then  the  pressure  is  a  maximum  asali-eady  shown 
where  the  angle  ABU  equals  — .     Consequently,  putting  P 


H3 
have  P  =  "2" 

— Writer. 

[475.]_-ARCHITECTS'  PUPILS.- The  case  of  "One  of 
Them"may  be  truly  caid  to  be  "  One  of  Many."  Bothin 
the  offices  of  engineers  and  architects  the  pupils  are  left 
vei-y  much  to  themselves,  and,  in  fact,  it  all  depends  upon 
themselves  whether  they  leave  the  office  at  the  expiration 
of  their  "time"  with  a  fair  knowledge  of  tlieir  duties  or 
with  none  at  all.  At  the  same  time,  where  there  are 
regular  indentures,  in  which  the  master  promises  to  teach 
the  apprentice  his  business,  he  is  undoubtedly  bound  to  do 
so.  It  would,  however,  be  difficult  to  draw  the  line,  and 
to  dete  mine  what  con.<^titute3  "teaching  an  apprentice 
his  business,"  or  how  much  of  his  time  an  architect  is 
bound  to  devote  to  his  pupils. — S.  G. 

[476.] — VEGETATIOX.— Stones  upon  which  vegetation 
has  been  once  allowed  to  appear  will  never  look  so  clean 
and  uniformly  coloiu-ed  as  if  they  had  not  been  allowed  to 
fall  into  that  state.  The  vegetation  can  be  killed  by  the 
application  of  a  solution  of  any  of  the  ordinary  corrosive 
acids,  such  as  sulphuric  or  nitric,  and  the  stone  can  be 
cleaned  afterwards  by  scmbbing  in  the  ordinary  manner 
in  which  way  all  facework  in  sttme  is  always  cleaned  before 
me  sciffoldmg  is  taken  down.  It  is  the  last  operation  be- 
fore the  work  IS  "stripped."— Assistant. 

[47g.]_OVERTIME.— With  your  permission,  I  will  give*- 
"  r-square  "  a  little  practical  advice  touching  his  complaint,  ^ 
No  pupil  can  demand  remuneration  from  a  master,  and  f-- 
such  an  idea  would  not  be  entertained  by  any  magistrate   : 
or  court  in  the  kingdom.     There  is  also  no  absolute  nile  ; 
respecting  the  time  of  pupils,  as  the  time  varies  in  dilferent    ' 
offices,  and  in  parliamentary  time   the  pupils  in  an  en- 
gineer's office,  fur  instance,  work  night  alter  night  until  a 
late  hour.      At  the  same  time,  it  is    very   questionable 
whether  a  master  could  compel  his  pupil  to  return  to  the 
office  in  the  evening,  at  least  certainly  not  systematically, 
although  in  the  case  of  emergency   he  would  doubtless  be 
justified  in  so  doing. — M.  M. 

[482.]— FILTERS  IN  PUJIPd.— It  may  be  possible  to 
filter  water,  as  suggested  by  "J.  W.,  '  because  the  water 
could  be  pumped  up  through  a  filter  which  would  allow 
the  water  to  pass  upas  well  as  down  through  it.  tstrainera 
are  atwajs  attached  to  pumps,  and  filters  being  nothing 
else  than  very  perfect  strainers,  there  is  evidently  no  reason 
agaiu.st  the  practicability  of  the  plan,  but,  at  the  same 
tune,  I  never  heard  of  such  a  metUod.  The  filter  beds  of 
waterworks  are  arranged  to  tilter  water  something  after 
the  manner  proposed  by  "J.  W.,"  but  a  system  that  would 
pay  very  well  upon  an  extensive  scale  would  be  exceedingly 
costly  when  applied  to  insignificant  cases,  such  as  the  one  ' 
proposed. — Waterworks. 

[485.]- RAISING  BUILDINGS  BODILY. —When!  wrote 
the  reply  to  "Sceptic's  "  question  as  to  whether  it  was  true^ 
respectmg  the    tales    told  of    moving  houses    bodily    in„ 
America,  I  found  that  I  should  trespass  too  far  upon  yourU- 
•space  to  have  given  a  reply  to  his  laat  question  as  to  horf'  < 
it  was  done,  thinking  also  that  other  writers  would  hava^, 
written  more   fully  upon  that  part  of  the  subject.      A»- 
"  Alpha"  has  remarked  that  we  have,  none  of  us,  acquitted 
ourselves  properly,  and  he  has  endeavoured  to  remedy  this 
deficiency  from  his  reading,  1  will,  with  your  penuissioi^ 
give  my  experience  as  seeing  it  practised  ia  New  York  aa«A 
eiaewheie.     If  the  house  is  to  be  lifted  only  for  the  purpoas^ 
of  putting  another  storey  underneath,  they  commence  \fg^ 
knocking  three  or  four   holes  through  the  foundation  on^, 
each  side  of  the  house,  a  foot  or  two  below  the  tirst  floOTj^^' 
as  they  call  it,  but  which  would  be  our  jjarlour  or  gron 
floor.  '  These  holes  are  large  enough  to  admit   b^iulks 
timber  to  go  through  from  end  to  end   and  project   eaol 
side  Sft.  or  4ft.     The  timbei-s  are  larger  that  pass  Jrom^ 
front  to  back  ;  those  going  from  side  to  side  are  smaller,  ai 
rest  upon  the  larger  ones,  the  hoie^  in  the  foundation  bef 
cut  accordingly.     Ihese  timbers  b^ing  levelled,  and  screw-- 
jacks  placed  underneath,  the  walls  are  made  good  by  wedges 
being  driven  iu  on  top  of  the  timbers,  and  the  house  braced 
up  to  them,  when  the   remaining  i)ortiou  of  foundation 
wall  is  taken  away,  and  the  house  is  left  standing  upon  its 
new  timber  foundation,  and  this  upon  the  jacks.     'Ihe  rest 
is  simple  enough,  the  only  thing  being  to  take  proper  pre- 
cautions that  one  jack  has  no  more  strain  than  iinother, 
and  upon  this  one  point  lies  successful  house  moving  or 
lifting.     If  the  house  is  required  to  be  moved  bodily  away 
to  another  site  the  same  operations  are  observed,  excepting 
the    holes    in    the    foundation  are    lai-ge    enough   in  the 
direction  of  the  move  to  admit  of  two  baulks  of  timber,  one 
on  top  of  the  other,  with  the  sui-faces  in  contact  with  each 
other,  made  very  smooth  and  well  greased,  identically  the 
same  ^  the  ways  of  a  ship's  launch.     The  house  being 
hfted,  and  the  loundation   upon  the  new  site  beiiig  built 
to  the  same  height  as  the  old,  the  house  is  then  launched 
along  the  said  ways  of  timber  by  the  aid  of  screwjacka  to 
the  new  foundation,   care  of  course   being  taken  of  the 
jacKs,  precisely  the  same  as  iu  lifting.     When  over  the  new 
site,  the  house  can  be  raised  to  any  height  thought  proper; 
or,  by  substituting  fresh  ways  in  the  direction  to  which  the 
move  is  required,  it  can  be  turned  round  upon  its  founita- 
tion  (as  cited  in  my  former  letter),  as  was  done  in  the 
case  of  the  one  on  the  corner  of  Hick  and  Atlantic-streets, 
Brooklyn.     Apologising  for   the  length  of  my  communica- 
tion, 1  beg  the   favour  of  its  insertal.      Of  course,    these 
details  vai-y  according  to  circumstances,  but  this  is  what 
is  substantially  done  in  all  cases.- Thomas  Bdroess,  Bris- 
tol.   

[494.]_WEIGHT  op  LIME.— The  average  weight  of 
stone  lime  per  bushel  is  iOlb.,  unless  it  be  of  an  hydraulio 
character,  when  it  will  average  fully  101b.  more.— Mohtab- 

BOARD.  

[495.]— PIGEONS.— I  do  not  tldnk  it  would  be  a  eafe 
plan  for  "  G.  W.  F."  to  proceed  to  violent  means  to  relieTe 


August  16,  1867. 


^HE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


571 


iim«df  of  hia  enemies.  Let  him  try  and  get  someof  hi3 
leisbb.  >ur3  to  join  him  in  indicting  the  birds  as  a  nuisance 
Li.d  if  he  succeyda  a  magiBtrato  wiU  make  an  order  for  tneir 
-emoTal. — Law. 

[500  ]-MICROSCOPE-PERSPECTn^.-In  anf^er  to 

.1   S  "  he  may  blicken  the  inside  of  aU  tubes  of  optical 

-imment-H  with  powdered  lampblack,  mixed  with  a  weaK 

lotion  of  gum  or  shellflc.      With  resi^;t  to  h. 3  attempt* 

■    drawiug.    he   i*  evidently   making  his  hues   *<»  pnf. 

.;.h  i=»  a  3^mmoa  mistake.     If  he  will  make  them  a  little 

.m-ei  he  *vill  find  that  after  being  rnbbe*!  once  or  twice 

•h'the   india-rubber  they  wUl  come  out  sharper,     t^- 

nence    will    teacli   him  how  to  keep   his  paper  clean. 

I  rtv  imwr  is  inevitably  the  accompaniment  of  the  pro- 

I't'iona  of  all  voiing  dra.ightamen.    As  a  rule,  let  him  use 

,.  rubb<>r  as  li'ttlo  as  i>os3ibIe,  and  spread  a  sheet  of  tissue 

iiier  over  the  drawing,  only  uncovering  the   part  he  is 

v-rking  at,  and,  above  all.  never  lean  the  elbow  and  anus 

ipou  the  drawing  unless  it  be  covered. — Draughtsman. 


(502.]-.\DMIRALTY  SUR\'EYORS.— Tour  correspon- 
lent  may  rely  upon  one  fact,  that  if  there  is  one  depart- 
nent  in  the  whole  of  our  red  tape  and  inefficient  system  of 
,*oTommonlal  management  that  is  more  rytteo  than 
mother  it  is  the  Admiralty,  and  to  dream  of  obtaining  any 
ippointment  or  situation  in  connection  with  it,  unless  one 
las  good  interest,  would  turn  out  like  all  dreams,  a  miser- 
ible  delusion.— A  Competitor, 


[503.]— ZINC  FOR  ROOFS.— WiU  "A.  H."  be  so  good 

Ls  to  name  the  building  where  the  VieiUe   Montague  Zinc 

lupany  have  done  a  job  under  hia  supervision,  and  how 

myyears  since   it  was  done.      I  quite  concur  with  him 

.  it  cither  for  lead  or  auy  other  material  sound  carpentry 

rk  is  most  essential.     I  tiouhl  also  feel  obliged  to  know 

i::it  the  thickness  of  the  material  in  question  is,  and  the 

\  fight  per  foot  superficial,  and  price  for  laying  same. — 

j^EBBARCH.  

1512.}— MUIR'S    VENTILATOR.— In   answer   to    your 

>rn«pondent  512.  I  give  him  the  address — Mr.  C.   Reece, 

imber.  Ac,  Bradford.      He  is  both  maker  and  seller 

f  .Muir's  ventilators   by  right.— Wm.    Hoolt,    4,    North 

-Srook-pUce,  Bradford,  Augxist  13. 


■    [519.]— DELIVERY    OF    WATER    IN    FIPE3.— From 
he  W  equation  "Head"  will  find 
W-L 

ind  from  the  D  equation 
H 

These  &ro  plainly  eqairalent.  and  may  be  expressed  thtis : — 
W*Ij 
H  =  221)5  * 
-E  L.  G. 


D^ 


1534.]— FURNACE  OVEX  BUILDING.— If  "  CTerk  " 
■■^'ild  get  the  loan  of  Peter  Nicholson's  "Builder's  Director," 

;  buy  it,  he  will  fiudoutwhathe  requires.  As  forgetting 
..uu  on  such  matters.  I  would  say  that  any  common  xil- 
-ijje  misoQ  could  furnish  hi[n  with  the  information  he  re- 
I'lires.  as  far  as  regards  furnaces  or  coppers.  The  side  walls 
>f  an  oven  should  not  be  more  than  I2in.  high,  and  the 
urch  of  a  very  low  segment.     The  plan  should  be  oval 

thape.  — R ISEABCH . 


WATER  SUPPLY   AXD   SAXITARY 
MATTERS. 

It  is  intended,  we  believe,  by  the  Corporation  of  Halifex 

to  apply  to  Parliament  nest  session   for  increased  water 

{•owera,  the  new  supply  to  be  drawn  from  Wadsworth  Moor. 

Aberdeen'. — The  Town  Council  at  theii  last  meetin?. 

ipproved  of  a  report  by  one  of  their  committees  on  a  scheme 

r  tbe  irrigation  of  certain  sandy  meadows  with  the  sewage 

:  tlie  city.     To  carry  out   the  scheme  a   low-level  sewer 

lU  require  to  be  constructed,  from  which  the  sewage  of 

:.e  low-lying  part  will  be  pumped  up  to  a  reservoir,  the 

lantity  requiring  to  be  lifted   being  estimated  at  100.000 

iHons  per  day ;  and  tlie  committee  was  instructed  to  call 

r  tenders  for  the  construction   of  600  yards  intercepting 

-\rer  as  a  beginning.     The  pumping  lift  will  be  7ft.,  and 

.e  engineer  calculates  tbat  10,000  gallons  of  water  per 

ly.  taken  with  a  fall  of  120ft.,  will  supply  the  necessary 

jwer  to  the  turbines  and  pump.     £S.o00  is  stated  as  the 

ixibable  co5t  of  the  limited  scheme,  and  the  council,  with 

16  oft-quoted   Craigentinuy   Meadows,    at    Edinburgh— 

fii:h  rent  at  £27  Ss.  per  acre — before  them,  anticipate  it 

^  lil  be  a  remunerative  one. 

Gref..\-ock,— The  new  Gryfe  Waterworks  were  inaugu- 

aod  last  week,  and  an  abundant  supply  of  pure  water  will 

■  iusurod  for  the  future  for  this  town.    The  reservoirs,  tun- 

■-Is,  and  filters  have  been  taken  by  responsible  and  first-class 

•atract^rs  for  £67.600  ;  but   in  this  sum   there  is  nearlv 

^10.000  forfilter^,  leaving  £50.000  for  the  other  works,  which 

^«^de  two    reservoirs   with    an    a;'i^re^ate    capacitv    of 

^200,000,000  gallons,  and  a  tunnel  about  IJ  mile  Ion ^'. 

ihe  engineer  of  the  works  is  Mr.  R.  Fonnan. 


STATUES,  MEMORIALS,  ETC. 

The  long  expected  monument  to  the  Duke  of  Wellington, 
p-on  which  Mr.  A.  Stevens  has  Ix-en  engaged  f.r  seveml 
^ars,  13  now  nearly  finished,  and  in  all  probability  will  ere 
•ng  be  publicly  shown. 

Tflt;  Late  Bisnop  of  Hexham.— Durin?  last  week  a 
Qemonal  to  the  memory  of  the  late  Dr.  Hogarth.  Bishop 
lUeiiiamand  Newcastle,  was  erected  in  the  Darlington 
■joieiery.  The  memorial  is  composed  of  a  basement  of 
arfi^pnng  stone  (polished),  on  which  stands  an  obeUsk 
-  poJuhai  f;ranite,  the  plinth  being  in  colour  dark  red 
oe  base  dark  gi^y,  with  mouldings  of  Ught  gr^v.  and  a 
^  stiaft  with  a  carved  capital  of  light  grev,  surmounted 
riiQ  agut  cross.  The  monument  stands  about  31fD  hith. 
t  IS  from  the  design  of  Mr.  E.  W.  Pugin,  architect,  Lon- 
"n  and  is  estimated  to  cost  about  £aOO.  The  contractors 
ra  Aeesis.  Fneatman,  of  Darlington 


The  Carlisle  Memorial.— The  comer  stone  of  this 
memorial  at  Castle  Howard  was  laid  on  Tuesday.  The 
design  is  by  Mr.  F.  P.  Cockervll,  architect,  London.  It  is 
a  Grecian  column  standing  on  a  sc^uare  platform,  .and 
rising  from  a  flijihtof  steps  on  one  nide.  with  pyramidal 
ornaments  at  the  four  angles.  The  columu,  which  is  120ft. 
in  height,  has  a  rich  capit;U  with  a  jwudant  wreath,  and 
supports  a  metal  tripinl,  holding  an  urn.  The  stone  used 
will  be  from  the  Whitby  neighbourhootL  Tlie  cost  of  thu 
column  will  oe  over  £2  000,  and  of  the  memorial  Gothic 
ch.apel  about  £1,000  more.  The  contractor  for  the  work  of 
art  is  .Mr.  Bailey,  of  York  ;  and  the  erection  ^vill  be  under 
the  supervision  of  Mr.  John  Chick,  of  WhitwelL 


ieiicral  Items. 


LEGAL  INTELLIGENCE. 

Infraction  or  CorvRicnT. — Edwin  Gates,  a 
printseller,  cairer,  ami  gilder,  33,  Goldsmith's- 
row,  Hackneyroad,  answered  to  a  summons 
before  Mr.  Newton,  issued  at  the  instance  of 
Messrs.  Graves,  the  we.l  known  picture  dealers,  of 
Pall  Mall,  for  having  infringed  the  provisions 
of  the  Copyright  in  Works  of  Art  Act,  Soth  and 
26th  Vict.,  by  selling  four  copies  of  prints, 
respectively  called  "  The  Railway  Station," 
"Ordered  on  Foreign  Serrice,"  and  "  A  Piper  and 
a  Pair  of  Nutcrackers,"  well  knowing  the  same  to 
have  been  unlawfully  made.  He  was  fined  £3,  or 
a  month's  imprisonment. 


AMERICAN  ITEMS. 

The  State  of  North  Carolina  now  offers  for  sale 
all  her  public  swamp  lands,  amounting  to  about 
1,500,000  acres.  These  lands  are  said  to  be  very 
fertile  an'\  well  adapted  for  grazing  purposes. 
Some  of  them  have  already  been  drained,  and 
the  remainder  are  susceptible  of  drainage  at  a 
moderate  expense.  The  lands  are  sold  to  aid  in 
developing  State  resources,  and  to  support  the 
common  schools. 

The  MobUe  Tribvm  says  :— "The  State  of 
Alabama  alone  is  capable  of  supporting  15,000,000 
of  white  people.  Its  iron  is  equal  to  that  of 
Sweden ;  its  coal-beds,  in  extent  and  quality, 
surpass  those  of  Pennsylvania  ;  its  marble  rivals 
that  of  Carrara.  "With  proper  cultivation  its  soU 
can  be  made  to  feed  and  clothe  an  immense  popu- 
lation." 

The  Miiscaline  (Iowa)  Joxmml  records  the  dis- 
covery of  an  ancient  brick,  supposed  to  have  been 
made  something  more  than  ten  centuries  ago,  on 
the  bank  of  the  Cedar  River,  near  Lord's  Ferry, 
4ft.  below  the  surface  of  the  ground.  Further 
investigations  are  to  be  made,  in  the  hope  of 
finding  ancient  ruins. 

Co-operation  is  established  in  Canada,  co  ope- 
rative associations  having  been  formed  in  Mon- 
treal, Toronto,  Hamilton,  and  London  ;  and  steps 
have  been  taken  to  form  a  co-operative  society  in 
Ottawa.  The  various  trade  societies  formed  in 
New  York  are  in  a  flourishing  condition.  The 
Operative  Bricklayers'  Association  in  that  city 
has  a  membership  of  1,600,  and  a  balance  of 
4,000  dollars  in  its  treasury.  The  Painters'  Pro- 
tective Association,  in  the  same  city,  has  1,300 
members,  and  1,S00  dollars  in  cash.  At  a  recent 
meeting  this  society  voted  100  dollars  to  help  the 
caulkers  in  Chicago,  who  are  now  on  a  strike. 

Table  Rock,  at  Niagara  Falls,  was  successfully 
blown  away  from  the  main  rock  on  the  26th  inst. 
by  a  second  blast  of  powder,  which  removed 
what  a  first  blast  had  left.  Visitors  can  now 
reach  the  sheet  of  water  at  the  base  of  the  Falls 
without  danger  from  falling  rock. 

Eastern  visitors  to  Chicago  were  formerly  as- 
tonished by  the  accounts  of  the  great  feat  of 
raising  the  Fremont  House.  This  immense 
structure  was  elevated  several  feet,  to  make  it 
correspond  with  the  raised  grade  of  the  street. 
This  operation  was  carried  on  so  quietly  that  the 
boarders  and  transient  guests  of  the  hotel  were 
not  disturbed  in  the  least.  Now,  however,  a 
larger  "  raising  "  is  going  on  in  Milwaukie.  The 
greatest  wheat-elevator  in  that  city  is  to  be  raised 
some  feet.  The  elevator  is  280ft.  long,  86ft. 
wide,  and  130ft.  high.  It  was  built  on  a  marsh, 
on  piles.  Since  its  erection,  it  has  settled  over  a 
foot,  and  it  is  supposed  that  it  has  now  reached  a 
solid  foundation.  A  s  the  building  is  estimated  to 
weigh  10,000  tons,  the  task  of  raising  it  would 
seem  somewhat  difficult,  but  a  responsible  firm 
have  undertaken  it,  and  there  seems  no  reason  to 
doubt  their  success.  Four  hundred  holes  have 
been  cut  through  the  foundation,  through  which 
timbers  are  placed,  and,  under  them,  1,600 
screws  are  to  be  put,  which  vriM  easily  raise  the 
immense  structure.  The  cost  of  this  operation  is 
estimated  at  30,000  dollars. 


c^;' 


The  Corporation  of  Halifax  has  decided  to  ask 
for  tenders  for  the  re-erection  of  the  North 
Bridge  there.  The  cost  will  probably  amount  to 
some  £15,000  or  £20,000. 

The  three  first  turnpikes  established  in  Eng- 
land to  collect  tolls  were  at  Stilton,  Hunts ; 
Caxton,  Cambs;  and  Wadesmill,  Herts.  These 
were  erected  in  the  reign  of  James  II.,  and  gave 
so  much  discontent  that  many  lives  were  sacri- 
ficed in  the  riotous  attempts  to  put  them  down, 

A  curious  experiment  has  been  decided  upon 
at  Liverpool.  About  500  dwellings  are  to  be 
erected  for  working  men  at  a  rental  of  5s.  per 
week,  which  would  include  not  only  all  taxes  but 
a  free  pass  morning  and  evening  for  the  work- 
men from  a  station  to  be  established  in  connec- 
tion with  the  London  and  North  Western  Rail- 
way. 

Mr.  Welby  Pugin,  in  a  letter  addressed  to  the 
Globe,  in  which  he  condemns,  as  is  his  custom, 
almost  everybody  and  everything  connected 
with  modern  architecture,  says : — "  Take  the 
Palmerston  Buildings  for  the  City  Office  Com- 
pany, which  for  emptiness  and  flatness  of  fea. 
ture,  gaudy  show,  and  the  utter  absence  of  any 
worth  whatever,  can  only  be  compared  to  a  pe- 
trified and  enlarged  edition  of  the  waistcoat  of  a 
Whitechapel  clo'man  out  for  the  Sunday.  (It 
is  not,  however,  improbable,  that  this  front  is, 
after  all,  a  true  external  sign  of  the  internal 
condition  of  afl'airs.)  Or,  agam,  turn  to  the  new 
Government  buildings  in  Burhngton-gardens, 
and  what  do  we  find  ?  Masonry  ridiculed — in 
fact,  reduced  to  the  level  of  Tunbridge  ware. 
Coloured  stones  placed  in  juxtaposition,  as  though 
they  were  coloured  woods  ingeniously  assorted 
to  look  pretty,  not  legitimately  introduced  in 
bands  when  they  would  become  an  architectural 
feature,  but  inserted  vertically  merely  for  the 
sake  of  eftect,  to  produce  which  the  quoins  have 
had  to  be  spht,  and  thus  reduced  to  half  their 
proper  size.  This  is  contrary  to  every  principle 
of  true  construction,  and  forcibly  reminds  one  of 
the  Carpenter's  Gothic,  of  which  we  had  hoped 
we  had  seen  the  last.  In  fact,  this  building  in- 
augurates, with  all  the  appearance  of  authority, 
another  phase  of  the  decay  with  which  we  have 
long  been  threatened.  This  is  a  case  so  palpable 
and  absurd,  that  there  is  not  a  mason  in  any 
country  village  who  would  not  know  better." 

It  is  proposed  to  present  a  "substantial  testi- 
monial" to  Mr.  Robert  Thompson,  of  the  Royal 
Horticultural  Society's  Gardens,  Chiswick,  who  for 
more  than  forty  years  devoted  himself  to  the  cul- 
tivation of  horticulture  and  meteorology  with 
marked  success.  When  we  state  that  upwards  of 
2,000  pages  of  the  Society's  various  publications 
have  been  written  by  Mr.  Thompson,  the  public 
may  form  same  idea  of  the  extent  and  utility 
of  his  labours.  For  a  long  period  Mr.  Thomp- 
son has  devoted  much  attention  to  meteorology. 
The  Meteorological  Juurnal,  which  was  commenced 
in  1S26,  and  which  has  been  carried  on  by  him 
since  1S30,  gives  the  readings  of  the  barometer 
(corrected  for  temperature,  &c.,  morning,  noon, 
and  night),  of  the  ihermometer,  maximum  and 
minimum,  in  sun  and  shade,  and  of  the  hygro- 
meter ;  comparatively  with  averages  of  forty 
years  deduced  from  219,000  observations  of  the 
various  instruments.  Such  broad  averages  afford 
what  must  be  considered  as  true  means  with 
which  extremes  may  be  compared  as  regards  heat, 
pressure,  and  moisture.  Among  other  papers 
from  Sir.  Thompson's  hand,  coimected  with  this 
branch  of  science,  is  a  table  of  temperatures 
for  the  use  of  gardeners,  published  in  the  Jonma.1 
of  the  Horticuliural  Society,  which  furnishes  an 
idea  of  the  climate  of  some  900  places,  situated 
in  difl'erent  latitudes.  Subscriptions  will  be  re- 
ceived by  the  Secretary  of  the  Royal  Horticul- 
tural Society,  South  Kensington. 

Among  the  wonders  now  visible  at  the  Exhi- 
bition, there  is  an  enormous  Brazilian  topaz, 
weighing  41b.  9oz.  and  206gr.  troy.  It  was 
bought  in  a  rough  state  by  the  Neapolitan  Go- 
vernment under  the  reign  of  Ferdinand  I.,  who 
conceived  the  idea  of  getting  the  figure  of  Christ 
cut  upon  it.  Three  Neapolitan  artists  were  em- 
pl  yed  to  execute  the  work,  who  failed  to  com- 
plete it  after  twelve  years'  labour,  and  an  expen- 
diture of  £2,000.  The  cutting  was  ultimately 
accomplished  by  M.  Carriello,  who  spent  eight 
years  in  performing  his  portion  of  the  under- 
taking. 


572 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


August  16,  1867. 


M.  Cliampy,  a  lieutenant  in  the  French  navy, 
has  invented  an  ingenious  arrangement  to  enable 
persons  to  approach  the  centre  of  a  conflagra- 
tion in  order  to  suppress  it,  or  to  save  other 
persons  from  the  flames.  The  princijile  of  his  in- 
vention may  be  stated  in  a  few  words — the 
wearing  of  a  dress  continually  saturated  with 
water.  He  places  over  hi5  head  a  conical  woollen 
hood,  with  eye-pieces,  dresses  himself  in  woollen 
garments  and  gloves,  and  fastens  a  strong  belt 
round  his  waist,  from  which  depend  the  branch 
in  connection  with  a  fire-eugine,  and  a  tube  with 
a  stop-cock,  by  means  of  which  he  can  saturate 
the  conical  cap  and  all  the  rest  of  his  equipment. 
Some  faggots  saturated  with  benzine  were  set  on 
fire,  and  in  a  few  seconds  M.  Champy  put  on  his 
dress,  saturated  it  with  water,  and,  approaching 
close  to  the  burning  mass,  extinguished  the  dre 
without  difficulty. 

In  the  construction  of  the  New  Opera  House 
at  Paris,  JI.  Gamier,  the  architect,  has,  it  is  said, 
made  no  fewer  than  30,000  plans,  and  the  calcu- 
lation is  that  if  they  were  laid  end  to  end  they 
would  reach  to  Versailles  and  back.  For  the 
completion  of  the  interior  and  the  details  of  the 
building  there  still  remain  10,000  more  to  be  de- 
signed. 

A  law  has  been  enacted  in  Canada  directing 
that  the  doors  of  all  pubhc  buildings  should  open 
outwards. 

Artists  are  just  now  rejoicing  in  the  discovery 
of  a  new  paint.  Mauve,  though  it  has  for  some 
years  existed  as  a  Cijej  has  not  until  now  been 
available  for  pictures.  "Aniline,"  as  it  is  called, 
was  discovered  simultaneously  by  two  gentlemen 
of  the  Agricultural  College  at  Cirencester. 

A  remarkable  statement  was  made  at  the 
meeting  of  Sir  Sydney  Waterlow's  Company  for 
erecting  improved  dwellings  for  artizans  last 
week,  and  which  was  accidentally  omitted  from  our 
report.  Mr.  H.  Edwards,  M.P.,  the  deputy  chair- 
man of  the  company,  said,  "that  the  dcjors, 
windows,  and  other  carpenters'  work  used  in  the 
buildings  now  in  course  of  erection  were  made 
and  brought  from  Stockholm  at  a  cost  of  25  per 
per  cent,  less  than  they  could  be  produced  in  this 
country." 

An  important  discovery  of  iron  has  been  made 
in  Yorkshire.  For  some  months  past  the  search 
for  ironstones  has  been  prosecuted  on  both  sides 
of  the  Derwent,  and  for  nine  years  past  the  ad- 
venture has  ijroved  of  varying  success.  The 
company,  however,  fortified  by  the  opinions  of 
Professtjr  Phillips  and  other  geologists  and  mine- 
ralogists, have  steadily  prosecuted  their  investi- 
gation.s,  and  the  result  is  that  a  royalty  of  SOO 
acres  at  K  rkham,  in  the  East  Riding,  and  1,100 
acres  at  Welburn,  in  the  North  Kiding,  the  two 
being  separ.ated  only  by  the  navigable  river 
Derwent  and  the  York  and  Malton  Railway,  have 
been  leased  on  favourable  terms  for  a  period  of 
sixty-three  years,  as  from  the  date  of  the  first 
adventure  in  1858. 

Upon  lifting  one  of  the  flooring  deals  in  an 
old  house  about  to  be  pulled  down  and  rebuilt  at 
Linlithgow,  paintings  of  a  remarkable  and  inte- 
resting kind  were  discovered  on  the  under  side  of 
the  floor  and  across  the  oaken  joists.  The  names 
of  "Lord  Fleming,"  "Erie  Demaz,"  "Lord 
Letoun,"  "Erie  de  Argyle,"  &c.,  have  been  found 
apparently  in  connection  with  their  coats  of  arms. 
The  house,  whose  walls  are  above  4ft.  in  thick- 
ness, is  said  to  have  been  a  great  resort  of  the 
nobility  in  the  time  of  Queen  JIary  ;  and  tradi- 
tion has  it  that  each  nobleman  sat  under  his  coat 
of  arms  before  proceeding  in  a  body  to  the 
palace. 

The  Sewage  Utilization  Act  for  1867,  facilitat- 
ing the  distribution  of  town  sewage  for  agri- 
cultural purposes,  has  just  been  printed,  as 
passed  by  the  House  of  Commons.  Local  boards 
may  provide  any  works  for  receiving,  storing, 
disinfecting,  or  distributing  sewage  within  their 
respective  cUstricts,  and  in  districts  where  no 
local  boards  exist  a  special  authority  may  be 
created  for  the  purpose.  Such  boards  or  autho- 
rities may  purchase  any  requisite  lands,  and,  for 
agricultural  objects,  may  lease  land  for  a  period 
not  exceeding  seven  years,  or  may  contract  to 
share  the  produce,  or  farm  it  and  dispose  of  the 
produce.  Difl'erent  districts  may  unite  for  these 
ends.  Authorities,  under  the  Act,  may  also 
agree  to  contribute  to  any  outlay  on  the  part  of 
private  capitalists  or  public  companies  for  carry- 
iug  sewage  plans  into  execution,  and,  as  regards 
companies,  may  become  shareholders.  All  as- 
sessments under  the  Act  are  to  be  included  in 
the  poor-rates. 


The  Glasgow  Herald  understands  that,  on  the 
recent  malicious  damage  to  the  Baird  Memorial 
window  in  the  Glasgow  Cathedral  being  brought 
under  the  notice  of  the  conservators  of  that  vene- 
rable building,  the  Government  notified  their  in- 
tention of  repairing  the  broken  window,  and  also 
of  so  protecting  the  three  west  windows  that  a 
recurrence  of  the  late  mischief  may  be  prevented, 

The  Commissioners  on  Trades'  Unions  have 
held  two  sittings  since  the  1st  inst.,  and  have 
now  adjourned  until  November.  On  Tuesday 
week,  Mr.  James  Matson,  of  Glasgow,  the  secre- 
tary of  the  Operative  Joiners  of  Scotland,  was  ex- 
amined, and  Mr.  James  Proudfoot,  the  secretary 
of  the  Trades*  Council  of  Glasgow,  was  subse- 
quently heard.  Mr.  Thomas  Prowse,  a  non- 
society  mason  of  London,  gave  evidence  at  a  pre- 
vious meeting  of  the  Commissioners. 

The  Central  Exchange,  one  of  the  finest  build- 
ings in  Newcastle,  was  entirely  destroyed  by  fire 
on  Sunday.  The  damage  done  is  said  to  be 
under-estimated  at  £70,000,  a  considerable  portion 
of  which  is  covered  by  insurance.  Steam  fire- 
engines  do  not  appear  to  have  travelled  so  far 
north,  and  the  feebleness  of  the  mechanical  ap- 
pliances available  for  the  extinction  of  fires  ap- 
pears to  have  been  lamentably  conspicuous  on 
this  occasion. 

An  extensive  fire  broke  out  at  2  o'clock  yester- 
day morning  in  the  Cathedral  of  Frankfort,  and 
the  entire  sacristy,  with  some  adjacent  buildings, 
were  burnt  to  the  ground.     Three  lives  were  lost. 

The  report  of  the  Royal  Insurance  Company  to 
its  shareholders,  presented  at  the  annual  meeting 
on  the  9th  inst.,  shows  a  continuance  of  the  rapid 
advance  characteristic  of  the  company's  opera- 
tions. Its  fire  revenue,  in  1S66,  attained  the  large 
sum  of  £447,271,  being  an  increase  on  the  pre- 
ceding year  of  £32,538.  Althouf^h  from  numerous 
and  severe  fires  at  home  and  abroad,  this  branch, 
in  common  with  the  experience  of  most  of  the 
fire  ofiices  in  the  same  period,  did  not  yield  a 
profit,  yet  the  large  amount  of  undivided  profits, 
prudently  retained  from  last  meeting,  enabled  the 
directors  to  declare  the  usual  dividend  of  7s.  a 
share,  without  touching  the  reserve  fund,  a  posi- 
tion which  forms  a  striking  contrast  with  many 
kindred  institutions  in  the  past  year  of  calamity. 
The  life  branch  appears  to  have  been  very  pros- 
perous. After  paying  all  claims,  no  less  a  sum 
than  £124,165  has  been  added  in  the  single  year 
to  the  life  reserves,  the  present  amount  of  which 
has  reached  the  laige  total  of  £899,746  ;  and  at 
each  of  its  quinquennial  declarations  of  life  p  ofits 
we  believe  this  company  has  divided  one  of  the 
largest  bonuses  ever  given  by  any  simi.ar  institu- 
tion. 

"  Under  the  water-closet  system,"  says  the  Re 
gi.strar-General,  in  his  report,  "  every  house  is  put 
into  communication  with  every  other  house,  so 
that  the  zymotic  volatile  stuff"  of  disease  has  a 
chance  of  finding  its  way  from  house  to  house 
through  this  artificial  channel,  the  only  barrier 
being,  in  the  most  favourable  circumstances,  a  film 
of  a  few  inches  of  water.  This  system  is  an  im- 
provement on  that  of  cesspools ;  but  it  deprives 
houses  of  the  safeguards  of  isolation,  the  utihty 
of  which  is  evident  to  the  grossest  observation  in 
such  cases  as  the  cattle  plague.  The  chief  secu- 
rity against  the  evils  incidental  to  this  system  is 
to  be  sought  in  an  abundant  supply  of  water,  with 
a  fall  sufficient  to  carry  off  the  refuse  beyond  the 
limits  of  the  towns,  where  it  is  still  liable  to 
infect  the  rivers,  or  to  surcharge  the  air  with  im- 
purities. The  earth  is  one  of  the  best  known 
disinfectants,  and,  in  the  dry  state,  it  has  some  of 
those  physical  properties  of  water  which  led  to 
the  invention  now  so  common." 

A  correspondent  of  one  of  the  moi-ning  papers, 
after  expressing  his  regret  at  the  contemplated 
dissolution  of  the  British  Institution,  which, 
for  "  more  than  half  a  century  has  been  of  the 
greatest  service  to  art  and  its  highest  develop- 
ment in  the  sister  studies  of  pain  ing  and  sculp- 
ture," gives  the  following  particulars — ''  On  re- 
ferring to  a  carefully-compiled  handbook,  entitled 
'  Recollections  of  the  British  Institution,'  by 
Thomas  Smith,  pubhshed  in  1860,  we  find  that, 
since  the  foundation  of  the  Institution  to  the 
year  1859,  no  less  a  number  of  original  paint- 
ings by  British  artists  than  23,150  have  been  exhi- 
bited in  the  gallery,  and  that  the  sales  arising  from 
such  exhibitions,  without  any  expense  to  the 
artists,  have  amounted  to  more  than  £150,000; 
and,  on  looking  through  the  catalogues  of  these 
various  exhibitions,  many  then  comparatively  un- 
known  names  occur  in  the  early  ones  which,  in 


later  days,  became  famous  and  celebrated  all  over 
the  world.  Amongst  them  may  be  mentioned 
Beechy,  Bourgeois,  Callcott,  Copley  (father  of 
Lord  Lyndhurst),  Daniel,  Fuseli,  Howard,  Law- 
rence (a  future  president  of  the  Royal  Academy), 
Northcote,  Opie,  Reinagle,  Smirke,  Stothard, 
Bird,  Turner,  Ward,  Benjamin  ^Vest  (another 
president  of  the  Royal  Academy),  "Westall,  Shee, 
and  Eastlake  (two  other  future  presidents  of 
the  Royal  Academy),  Linnell,  Haydon,  Wilkie, 
Collins,  Etty,  Constable,  Hilton,  Martin,  Jones, 
Hayter,  Landseer,  Briggs,  Mulready,  Ross,  .Stark, 
Jackson,  Stanfield,  DanOy,  Leslie,  Uwins,  Roberts, 
Herbert,  Pickersgill,  Sic.  In  donations  to  artists, 
and  complimentary  premiums,  by  way  of  encou- 
ragement to  the  young  and  meritorious,  the 
Institution  has  given  some  £15,000;  and  in  the  t 
purchase  of  pictures  and  sculpture,  which  in  most 
instances  have  been  given  to  the  nation — as  may 
be  seen  by  a  visit  to  Greenwich  and  Chelsea 
Hospitals,  the  National  Gallery,  and  many  of  the 
metropolitan  churches — some  £13,000  in  addi- 
tion." 


^cikitts  k  liibcittroiis 

CONNECTED     T7TTH     TH  B    BUILDING    TRADE. 


3264.  T.  JONES.  Improvements  applicaule  To 
Window  Sashe.^  and  Frames.  Dated  December  12. 
ISOtl. 

This  invention  consists  in  novel airangements  for  opening 
and  closing  windows,  and  retaining  them  in  any  desired 
position,  the  object  being  to  dispense  with  weighted  saali 
lines,     i^uteiil  compleled. 

3207.  J.  ROBINSON  axd  J.  SMITH.  Improvements 
IN  Applying  Motive  Power  to  Saw  Frames.  Dated 
December  12,  ISGtj. 

This  invention  relates  to  those  saw  frames  which  ar» 
driven  by  the  direct  action  of  steam  or  air,  and  couaista, 
first,  in  so  regulating  the  motion  of  ihe  valves  of  such 
steam  or  air  cyiiuders  or  the  laps  thereof,  that  the  induc- 
tion pa.ssage  is  opened  before  the  piston  has  completed  its 
stroke,  and  the  said  fluid  therefore  opposes  the  piston  and 
acts  as  a  cushion  for  it  to  abut  against.  Second,  the  inven- 
tion consists  in  a  method  of  giving  motion  to  such  valves 
as  aforesaid.  For  this  purpose  the  inventor  employs  a  link 
connected  at  one  end  to  the  saw  frame,  and  adapted  at  the 
other  end  by  a  centre  pin  to  a  slot  within  which  the  said 
pin  can  slide.  To  this  bnk  is  jointed  another  which  is  coa- 
nected  to  an  arm  turning  upon  a  fixed  centre,  and  carrying 
the  rod  of  the  slide  valve.  As  the  saw  frame  moves  up- 
ward and  downward,  the  centre  pin  of  the  link  carried 
thereby  moves  in  the  above-mentioned  slot,  and  they  makeia 
this  centre  pin  adjustable  in  order  to  determine  the  motion 
of  the  valve,  and  thus  the  first  part  of  the  invention  may 
be  accomplished.  Third,  the  invention  consists  in  aujtiior 
method  of  giving  mution  to  the  valves  of  such  steam  and 
air  cylindei-a.     Ir'atent  ubandontd. 

3327.  W.  R.  LAKE.  An  Improved  mode  of  render 
ING  Paint  Uninfi^ammable.  (A  communication.)  Datec 
December  IS,  1SIJ6. 

The  nature  of  this  invention  consists  in  the  combinatioi 
vrith  ordinary  oil  paints  of  calcined  schist,  shale,  or  mine- 
ral coal,  which  is  reduced  to  a  chalky  and  pulverous  coudi' 
tion,  and  li'eed  torn  all  hard  and  gritty  particles,  faftffil. 
cotnpUted, 

332S.  W.  R.  LAKE.  Improvements  in  Nails  and  t^ 
Machinery  for  Manufacturing  the  same.  (A  commtt^ 
nicatiou.)    Dated  December  IS,  1S6(> 

The  first  part  of  this  invention  relates  to  an  iron  or  &t< 
nail  in  which  the  Iiead  is  left  substantially  iu  that  condi- 
tion of  softness  produced  by  hot  working,  while  the  shanfc 
is  left  in  that  condition   of   hardness,    smoothness,   ajnd 
rigidity  which   is    produced  by    rolling    it  substanti^Jj 
throughout  while  cold.      The   second  part  of  the  invi 
tion    relates  more    particularly  to    mechanism  for    pro- 
ducing these    nails    from   the    blanks,    and   consists  in 
so  arranging    and    operating   each    pair    of  a    series   Oil 
pairs  of  die  rolls,  with  reference  to  the  other  pairs 
the  s;ud   series,  that  the  nail  blank   shall  have  its  sid^ 
and  edgtjs  acted  on  alternately  without  turning  the  said 
blank  on  its  axis,  and  that  the  nail  shall  be  passed  onwaj 
by  each  pair  of  die  rolls,  and  shall  be  by  them  delivered  ft 
the  action  of  the  next  succeeding  pair,   by  which  pair  it-i 
seized  before  being  released  by  the  preceding  pair,  and  BC 
on  thiough  the  series  of  pairs  of  rolls.     Fatent  completed. 

3376.  H.  GOODFELLOW.  Biprovements  is  Machi- 
nery OK  Apparatus  fob  Grinding  Clay  and  suct 
LIKE  Substances.    Dated  December  22,  1S66. 

The  object  of  tliis  invention  is  to  grind  clay  and  strong 
marls,  so  that  a  great  deal  of  labour  now  necessary  in  tbt 
ordinary  manner  of  preparing  clay  for  the  pugging  mil 
may  be  saved.  The  object  is  also  so  to  place  the  apparatu: 
for  grinding  the  clay  that  when  in  a  proper  coniiition  tht 
material  may  fall  into  the  pug  mdl  beneath,  and  so  by  th< 
practical  combination  of  the  two,  the  finished  material  maj 
be  prepared  at  a  very  great  reduction  in  cost.  /"uWw 
CO}nplel''d, 

3369.  S.  JACOBS.  An  Ijiproved  process  for  Pre 
p.vRiNG  Wood  and  other  Materia!^  preparatory  t- 
Ornamenting  or  Graining  the  sajme.  Dated  Decembe 
•21,  ISOO. 

The  material  to  be  ornamented  or  gi-ained  is  coatei 
with  a  composition  made  of  gum  and  naphttia.  or  othe 
spirit,  in  the  proportion  of  about  one  part  of  gum  to  fivi 
parts  of  spirit.  The  iuventor  has  found  these  proportion 
answer  well  when  shellac  and  naphtha  ai-e  used.  The  com 
position  may  either  be  applied  witli  a  brush  or  rubbed  in  o 
un  as  in  polishing  ;  and  the  said  composition  miy  be  use^ 
either  nith  or  without  colouring  matter,  according  to  th 
ground  required  The  material  thus  prep;ired  may  b 
grained  in  the  ordinary  way,  then  coated  withepirit  varmsl 
and  afterwards  be  French "poUshed.    Fatent  aOandoutd. 


I 

hi 


I 


linl! 

km 


August  16,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


VII 


Improved  Stench  Trap. 


i32.    S.   BUXTON.      An 

«d  December  19,  1866.  ..   ,  V       i,;t^i,«n 

a  carryins  out  this  iuventioii,  as  applied  to  a  kitcrien 

I!  I,  the  patentee  uses  a  receiver  (winch  may  by  pre'.^[- 
e  bo  mwle  of  cartheuware)  of  cylindrical  form,  Uaymg 
.  _  ranch  tube  formed  upon  ita  lower  end  for  the  P"ri»s8 
StX  wuuoction  with  the  pipe  from  the  sink.  The  lo'™'  « 
^ie  receiver  h...  the  form  of  a  coue,  bemg  reduced  in 
(tii  J<  meter  for  the  purpo.«  of  connection  witli  the  ""'k  P'pe^ 
7   ■  I  internal  formation  of  the  upper  orilice  of  the  cuect  on 


is  adapted  (being  lined  with  a  seiit  of  copper, 

*         ^    •      -    -.^_:..l^  ...  ........:,...  ..   conical  plug 


or  other 
Sli^ElWouoii-corro»ive"material)  to  receive  .a  conical  plug 
<Z  •>  by  preference  of  copper)  whicli  tits  well  into  it,  and  w 
**  oeiatoU  to  a  wire,  which  may  be  of  non-corrosive  mate- 
Wtl  nnd  which  p;issc»  tliroiish  a  hole  in  the  cover  placed 
f  the  top  of  the  receiver.  A  Boat  (also  by  preference  of 
•cori-osivo  material)  is  placed  upon  this  wire  at  a  suit- 
1  distance  from  the  coniciil  plug  beforcnamed.  In  some 
a  he  profe'-s  to  m.ako  the  lower  portion  of  the  tloat  it- 
of  ooniciU  formation,  so  as  to  tit  into  the  metallic  seat 
ia  Qjeetiou  iiipe,  constituting,  in  fact,  a  combined  float 
plug,  the  plug  portion  lieing  "  ground  "  into  the  seat 
a  to  make  a  gooil  and  close  tit,  in  the  manner  of  Ol-dt- 
y  watei-cocka ;  or  he  sometimes  prefere  to  athx  a  couiciil 
.-corrosive  ring  on  tlie  lower  portion  of  the  float,  and 
t "  it  in  like  manner  to  the  seat.  The  branch  tube 
ing,  therefore,  been  fixed  to  a  part  of  the  sink  pipe  in 
Tauient  proximity  to  the  sink  itself,  and  the  lower  part 
;he  roceiver  connected  t  >  the  continuation  of  the  sink 
e  upon  water  or  other  fluids  or  fluid,  and  sujid  matters 
ng  admitted  down  the  sink  pipe  through  the  branch 

0  the  receiver,  the  float  is  raised,  and,  consequently, 
conical  plug.  The  admitted  contents  iu'e  thus  penuit- 
to  pass  away,  tlie  supply  ce;ising,  the  plug  descending 

lits  place,  and  stench  is  prevented.     Patenl  comvttUd, 

see.     G.     ALLIX.       IMPROVEMEXT3  IN  APPABATDS  FOR 

tamo   AND    Lowering    Window   Blinds,    Windows, 

Dated  December  21.  1860. 
Jlia  invention  relates  to  the  use  of  chain  iu  raising  and 
'■ring  window  blinds  mounted  on  lollera.  and  colwists  in 
ooustmction  and  employment  as  described,  in  combiua- 
i  with  a  chain,  of  a  slit  or  cut,  into  which  the  chain 
ars  wh  jii  left  to  itself,  so  that  the  chain  is  held  in  tlie  slit 

1  the  blind  roller  prevented  rotating  :  also  in  the  combi- 
joa  with  the  slit  or  cut  of  other  pai'ts  described,  i'oleni 
>fUud. 

i.  J.   TOUSSAIST.        I.MrROVE.MENTS  IN  THE  MANU- 
RE OE  Cement.    Dated  December  2-1,  ISCti. 
J  invention  consists  in  manufacturing  cement  by  com- 
ig  together  the  foUowiog  ingredients,  matters,  or  sub- 
9,  viz.,  freestone,  sandstone,  marble,  and  other  non- 
—jceous  stones  that  have  not  been  burnt  or  baked, 
luventor  reduces  these  to  a  flne  powder  by  any  suitaljle 
and  mixes  one  or  other,  or  several  of  them,  with 
id  of  lime  and  phuster  in  about  eciual  proportions  : 
plaster  is  to  be  baked.     In  using  the  cement,  it  is 
■  with  water  in  a  similar  manner  to  other  known 
aents.     latent  abandoi.eJ. 


Dunstable.— For  restoration  of  Priory  Ohurch,  Dun- 
stable. Mr.  G.  Somei-s  Clarke,  architect :— White,  Dvm- 
stable,  £8,000  ;  D.  King  au<l  Sons.  Ixmdon,  f  G,4'J0  ;  Myers, 
I.ambeth.  t  l),2S:i :  Uudillestouo.  Lincoln,  £5,912  ;  Garside, 
Leightou  Buzzard,  1 5,8,17  ;  Chai)pell,  Sussex,  £5,822; 
Pattinson,  Sle.aford,  £4,087. 

IIamI'siiire. — For  Hiiiton  Iloiise,  near  Cosham,  for  Mr. 
11.  \V.  Tookor.  Jlr.  Kwan  Christian,  architect ;— Long- 
mire  anil  Burge,  £0,976 ;  Stevens,  £5,453  ;  Fletcher,  £5,430  ; 
Jackson  and  Shaw,  £5,328;  Barnes,  £.5,000. 

-For  parochial  infant  schools,   St.   Mary's, 
Ir.    Edmostou,    architect :— Watts,    £1,132; 


IsLiNirroN. 
lsUn.;tou.      Mr.    Edmostou. 
Thorpe,    £1.090;  Taylor,   £984; 
Sous.  £940. 

Pll'Mstead.  —  For  the  erection  of  a  detached  family 
residence,  boundary  walU.  &c.,  for  Mr.  J.  Flagg.  Messrs. 
W  Gosling  ;uid  Son. ,  architects.  Quantities  not  supplied  : 
—Brett  and  Bradbury,  £987;  Smart  and  Piuegar,  £'JSO  ; 
Wise,  £898  ;  Vickery,  £875  ts.  ;  Lodhitter,  £704 ;  Wicks, 
£750  ;  Feun,  £0115  C.s. 

St.    Hakmons   (IUiisor.siiire).— For   the    erection    of 
national  schools  and  teacher  s  rcsideuce.    Mr 
Barker,   architect ;— W.    Evans,  £399   lis.  ; 
£395  133.  ;  J.  Edwards,  £394. 

Wadiutrst.— For  the  erection  of  farm  buildings,  Dew- 
hurst  Lodge,  Wadhurat,  Siuisex,  for  Mr.  Thomas  Gee.  Mr. 
John  Wimble,  architect ; — 


Dove,  £955 ;  Carter   and 


E.  11.  Lingen 
E.    WooUoy, 


SMI.  H.  ALLMAX. 


Xames. 

Farm 
Buildings. 

Cottages. 

Lodge. 

Total. 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

KUlby  

Mann    

7,516 

2,289 

7»4 

10,599 

7,140 

2,  .505 

831 

10,536 

Piper  and  Wheeler... 

7.310 

2,316 

820 

10,446 

Axfonl  and  Whillier 

7,259 

2,350 

789 

10,398 

Bmiss 

6.795 

760 

9,777 

Mversand  Sons 

0,476 

2,240 

842 

9,558 

Anscombe    

6,310 

2,186 

778 

6,437 

2,180 

653 

9,270 

Willicombe  and  Co. 

5,930 

2,100 

735 

8,765 

BATH  STONE  OF  BEST  QUALITZ. 
Bandell  and  Sacnders,  Quarrymen  and  Stone  Mei- 
chants,  Bath.  List  of  Prices  at  tlie  Quarries  and  Depots, 
also  Cost  for  Transit  to  any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
furnished  on  application  to  Bath  Stone  Office,  Coi-sham, 
Wilts.— [Ad  VT.J 

♦ 

PBOPEETY  SALES. 

Aur.UBT  7. 
At  THE  Mart. —By  Messrs.  Norton,  Trist,  Watney,  and 
Certain  Isiprovements  is  the    ^^^     Freehold  seven  acres  of  building  land  and  two  cot- 
)asrHUCTlON    oe  Locks  and    Keys.      Dated  December  ,       •      ^^^^^f^  i^  tjje  ,,ai-ish  of  West  Ham,  Essex— sold  for 
.  I860.  ,  ,    ,  1  £1°  510 

Th«M  improvements  relate  to  the  form  of  locks  com-  j  Leasehold  improved  rental  of  £49  per  annum,  secured 
only  called  lever  or  tumbler  locks,  and  to  the  keys  used  ,  ^  business  premises.  No.  2,  Old  Dorset-place,  Clapham- 
immith.  and  m.ay  be  detailed  as  foUows  :     Fu-st.  the  m-     ^.^.^^j   ^^^^  j,,      .^^.^  unexpired— £470. 

mtor  forms  the  levers  and  tumblers  in  a  w.ay  and  ol  such  |       p^eijoij  flve  acres   of   meadow   land,    known  as    The 
t  the   key  in    making  one   revolutioil  ,  ^^^^^       Leatherhe.ad,  Surrey-£060. 
comes  more  than  once  in  contact  with  I      p^eehold  meadow,  containing  2a.  2r.  22p.,  also  a  cottage 
10  «aid  tumbler  or  levei-s.     Second,  he  uses  sprmg  or    ^^^  garden,  situate  as  above— £400. 
ain  washers  between  the  said  levei-s  or  tumblers,  so  as  to  ^      ^  °  jiessrs  Farebrother,  Chirk,  and  Co. 


Freehold,  two  houses,  Nos.  10  and  11,  Plough-alley, 
Gro.at  Ilormitago-stroet,  Wapping,  producing  £30  per  an- 
num—  £218. 

Freehold  residence,  known  as  "  Rose  Cottage,"  Leyton- 
road,  Stratford  Now  Town— £400. 

Leasehold  two  houses  and  shops,  Noa.  S2.  Wardour-street, 
and  13,  St.  Ann's-court,  Oxford-street,  producing  £101  10s. 
per  annum,  term  15  yeai-s,  grouml  rent  £81  per  aimuin — 
£210. 

Leasehold  two  houses,  Nos.  2  .and  4,  Clyde-terrace,  Grove- 
lo.ad,  Mde-end,  term  74  years,  at  £7  per  annum— £040. 

Leiisehohl  house.  No.  17,  Beanuiont-s<iuare,  Mile  End, 
term  61  yeais,  at  £4  lOs.  per  annum — £270. 

August  9. 
At   the   Mart.— By    Messi-s.   Norton,  Trist,    Watney, 
and  Co. — Froehnld  house  and  premises,  No.  9ti,  St.  .Tohn- 
street,  Smithticld.  lot  at  £36  per  annum — sold  for  £800. 

Freehold  house  and  promises,  No.  55,  St.  John-street, 
lot  at  £21  per  aiinuni — £410. 

Freehold  house  and  shop,  No.  :i4,  John's-lane,  Smitlifleld, 
let  at  £48  per  annum— £1,100. 

Leasehold  improved  rental  of  £54  per  annum  (for  13 
yeai-s),  secured  upeu  Nos.  28  and  30,  lligll-street,  Strat- 
ford—£340. 

Freehold  plot  of  buikUng  land,  situate  at  Tunbridgo 
Wells,  Kent— £325 

By  Messis.  Winstanley  and  ITorwood.— Leasoliolil  estate, 
known  !is  "Mount  Idol,"  Bexhill.  Sussex,  comprising 
about  twenty  acres  of  laud,  with  farmhouse,  buildings,  ic, 
term  800  vcars  unexpireil— £1,990. 

Freehold  "Ingram's  Farm,"  Bexhill,  SiLssex,  comprising 
farmhoiuie,  yard,  buildings,  and  87a.  2r.  14p.  of  hind— 
£2,500. 

Freehold  "Acton's  Farm,"  Bexhill,  comprising  cottage, 
buildiugs,  and  46a.  Ir.  Ip.  of  land — .£1,050. 

Freehold  "  Lein'a  Farm,"  Westfield,  Sussex,  comprising 
f.iriu,  ccittage  buildings,  and  40a,  2r.  Sp,  of  land--£l,540. 

Freelioia.  "Buckbiiist  Fann,"  Westfield,  comprising 
cottage  buildings,  ami  2'.ia,  3r.  39p.  of  laud— tl, 020. 

By  Messrs.  Rusliwortli,  JarvLs,  and  Abbot,  freehold 
house  and  business  premises,  No,  SOa,  Dean-street,  Soho, 
let  on  lease  at  £75  per  annum — £1,360. 

Leasehold  business  premises,  Nos.  103,  165,  205,  and  217, 
Regent-street,  let  on  lease,  and  producing  £303  per  annum, 
terms  53  yoiu-s  unexpired,  at  £133  per  annum— £3,760. 

By  Mr.  F.  Lewis,  leasehold,  two  carcases,  1  and  2, 
Broadlands,  Lawrence-road,  South  Norwood,  term  97 
ye.ars,  at  £18  ISs.  per  annum — £415. 

Reveisionary  legacy  of  £450,  receivable  on  the  death 
a  Udy  aged  60  years — £200. 

By  Messi-3.  Fuller  and  Horsey,— Freehold  waterside 
premises,  situate  at  Greenwich — £10,000. 

By  Messrs.  Sedgwick  and  Son.— Freehold  39a.  2r.  6p.  of 
arable  land,  in  the  parish  of  Sarratt,  Herts— £1,340. 

Freehold  eight  cottages,  situate  at  Sanatt  Bottom, 
Herts,  producing  £43  Us.  per  annum— £400, 

At  the  Guildhall  Tavern.— By  Messrs.  B.  and  H. 
Lumle.v.— Freehold  estate  knowu  as  Marchficld  House, 
Wokingham,  Berks,  comprising  residence  and  outijiuldings, 
park,  orchard,  aad  17a.  Or.  3Sp.  of  land— £5,360. 


,blo  the  tumblers  to   work  free    one  of  .another,   and 

l>le  them  to  retain  the  position  which  may  be  given 

111  by  the  action  of  tlie  ko.v,  but  when  the  tumbleisaio 

I  liiiut  sprhigs,     Thu-d,  he  uses  in  the  construction  of  the 

I  lovers  or  tumblers,  or  other  parts  of  the  said  locks,  the 

•erial   commonly  known  as  yellow  metal  or  Muntx's 

;al.  Fourtli,  he  coats  or  electrotjiies  sheets  of  metal  with 

zinc,  copper,  brass,  or  sdver,  and  presses  the  herein 

■  eribed  tunil)lci-s  from  the  said  sheets  of  metal  so  pre- 

ared.    Fifth,  he  makes  one  or  more  of  the  said  levers  or 

imblers  longer  from  the  centre  of  rotation  to  the  stamp 

than  the  remainder  of  the  siiid  levers,  so  that,  when 

.  "stamp"  is  pressed  agaiust  the  level's,  it  will  reach 

\  longer  ones  first,    compelling  such  long  levers  to  be 

listed  for  the  passage  of  the  stamp  first  or  before  the 

Sixth,  he  forms  one  or  more   of  these  said  longer 

.  of  such  a  shape  or  confignration  that  when  they  are 

or  adjusted  by  the  key  or  picklock   to  admit  of  the 

'aawige of  the  "stamp,"  they  will  then  assume  or  occupy 

.aAh  a  position  as  to  close  or  block  tlie  keyhole.  Seventh,  he 

imploystwo  or  more  sets  of  tumblers  or  single  tumblers 

iiing  into  each  other,  so  that  the  action  of  the  one  moved 

r  le  key  or  picklock  shall  cause  the  other  or  others  to 

■  the"  keyhole,  or  otherwise  impede  the   action  of  a 

klock.     Eighth,  he  constructs  the  key  tubes  of  steel 

iu   and    soldei-s    thereto     the    "bits"    and    "bows," 

i'Ji,  he  employs  a  spring  or  pressin-e  on  the  levels,   so 

■t  they  will  remain  under  the  influence  of  friction  in  the 

ilion  into  which  the  said  level-s  may  be  moved   by  the 

or  picklock.     Tenth,  he  polishes,  scours,  or   bm-uishes 

plates  of  sheet  met.il,  and  ofw-liich  he  presses  thevarious 

It )  of  the  locks  previous  to  or  before  such  act  of  pressing 

uttiug.     Finally,  he  stamps  the  keys  in  some  instances 

;  of  the  before  specified  yellow  metal.    Patent  aba7tdoiied. 


_  Leasehold  two 

houses  and  shops,  Nos.  1  and  2,  Jones-street,  Berkeley- 
square,  producing  £115  per  annum,  term  53  years  iinex- 
pii-ed.  at  £19  .5s.  per  annum — £1,100. 

Leasehold  shop  and  premises.  No.  16,  Kenton-streot, 
Brunswick-sciuare,  let  at  £42  per  annum,  term  38  years 
unexpired,  at  £13  13s.  per  annum- £350. 

Freehold  ground  rent  of  .£9  per  annum,  secured  on  No. 
2,  Roman-road,  Old  Ford,  term  50  yeai-s- £150. 

Tr,-fl.il„-iLl  cr,-,^iin,l  rout  of  £22  per  annum,  secured  on  Nos. 


,  secured  on  Nos, 


toe  lleius. 


TENDERS. 

-Vddlestone,— For  the  erection  of  two  houses  at  Addle- 
'"HQ,  for  Mr.  "Thorn.  Mr,  Benjamin  Tabberer,  architect : — 

"vo  Brothers,  £1,3^5;  Knight,  £1,285;  Foister, 
1-1.172  14s.;  Prince,  £1,147;  Keys  (accepted),  £1,115. 

.VCTON  (Middlesex), — For  making  up  Avenue-road  and 
"or  other  works,  for  the  Acton  Local  Board.  Edward 
\Iou9on,  C,E,,  siu-veyor  to  the  Local  Board: — 'i'hom.as 
v'l  aiuwright,  £1,600 ;  Philip  Poimds,  £1,101  ;  Richard 
-ubliard,  £973 ;  Moxon  and  Mutton,  £973  ;  Wm,  Goodair, 

-5;  Uenr.v  P.arsou3,    £894  ;  J.  .and  S.  Williams,  £850; 

Im  Brewer,  £825  ;  Peter  Poi-ter.  £788;  William  Steggles 

-■ceptetl),  £780  ;  James  Pizzey,  £752. 


Freehold  ground  r — 
3  and  4,  Roman-road,  term  10  years — £37; 

Freehold  ground  rent  of  £15  per  annum 
6  to  S,  Roman-road,  term  50  years- £270. 

Freehold  ground  rent  of  £15  per  annum,  secured  on  Nos. 
10  to  12,  Roman-road,  term  50  years— £250. 

Freehold  ground  reut  of  £13  per  annum  secui-ed  on  Nos. 
13  to  15.  Roman-road,  term  £50  years— £200. 

Freehold  ground  rent  of  £13  per  annum  secured  on  Nos. 
16  to  IS,  Rom.in-ro.id,  term  £60  years— £200. 

By  Messrs.  Chinnock,  Galsworthy,  and  Chinnock,— Free- 
hold building  land,  fronting  the  Grand  Esplanade,  West 
Worthing,  Sussex— lots  1  to  16  sold  for  £7,  iOO;  lots  17  to 
25  £1,800  ;  lot  26,  £90  ;  lot  27,  £90  ;  lot  28,  £110  ;  lot  29, 
£140;  lot  30,  £180;  lot  31,  £170;  lot  32,  £170;  lot  33, 
£180;  lot  34,  150;  lot  :-i5,  £140;  lot  36,  £100;  lot  37, 
£185;  lot  38,  £285;  lot  39,  £280;  lot  40,  £285;  lot  41, 
£190  ;  lot  12,  £220. 

August  8. 

At  the  Mart,— By  Messrs,  Debenham,  Tewson,  and 
Farmer.  Freehold  plot  of  building  land,  situate  between 
Whiteoross-street  and  Golden-hme,  St.  Luke's.— £2,2  0, 

Leasehold  two  houses,  Nos.  1  and  2,  Prince  of  Wales  s- 
place,  Hampstead  road,  with  workshop  in  the  rear,  annual 
value  £5S,  term  14  yeai-s  unexpired  at  £27  per  annum — 

By  Messrs  Wood,  Langridge,  and  Co.— Freehold  resi- 
dence and  26  acres  of  land,  with  stabling,  pleasure-grounds, 
foiu-  tenements,   (fee,,  situate  at  West   Mailing,   Kent— 

£6,800.  ,        ,    , ,     ■     V 

By  Messrs  C  C.  and  T.  Moore.- Leasehold  slx  houses, 
Nos.  1  to  4,  Robert-street,  and  0  and  7,  Richardson-street, 
Mile  End,  term  34  years,  ground  rent  £9  per  annum- 
Leasehold  two  houses.  Nos,  3  .and  4,  W.alburgh-street, 
St  George's  E.Tst,  and  ground  routs  of  £6  2a,  secui-ed  upon 
Nos.  4  to  6  in  the  same  street,  term  21  years,  ground  rent 

teis'ehold  three  houses,  Nos.  10  Charles-street,  .and 
17  and  33  Vincent-street,  Commercial-road,  producing 
£56  23.  4d.'per  aimum,  term  '26  years,  ground  rent  £11— 

Leasehold  house  .and  shop,  No.  5,  Sun  Tavern  Fields,  and 
two  messuages,  No.  1  and  2,  Cowloy-streot,  St.  George's 
East,  producmg  £?1  123.  per  annum,  term  47  years,  ground 
rent,  £10  per  annum— £545.  „  a,    j 

Freehold  residence,  known  as  "  ku'k  House,  Tredcgar- 
road,  Bow,  annual  value  £65— £930. 


BANKRUPTS. 

to  surrender  in  B-\SIN0HALL-STREET. 

George  Capper,  Claiem  nt-place,  Judd-street,  Euston-road, 
railway  contractor,  August  20,  .it  1— John  Collins,  ICiug's- 
place.  High-street,  Southwark,  builder,  August  2.J,  atU— 
Abraham  Nowland.  Cobham,  builder,  August  21,  at  12— 
R.  Parker,  Gladstone-street,  B.atter3ed-park,  biulder, 
August  2S.  at  12— Felix  Wallis.  NorthHeet,  Kent,  builder, 
August  22,  at  12— Walter  Dawes,  Tabernacle  stiuare,  Fins- 
biu-y,  saw  merchant,  August  29,  at  1. 

TO  surrender  is  the  country. 

William  Geddon,  Horwich,  Lancashire,  joiner,  Auiiist 
21 — George  Lewis,  Hawardeu,  Flintshire,  brickmaker, 
August  21— James  Phillips,  Kimbolton,  mason,  August '26 
—J.  Taylor,  Wednesbury,  Stafi'oribhire,  gasfittiug  manu- 
f.icturer,  August  20— W.  Tyson,  Wavetree,  near  Liverpool, 
ioiuer,  August  20— Thomas  White,  Whitohuicli,  black- 
smith, August  24— John  Burrow,  Plymouth,  marble  m.^3on, 
August  28— Henry  Dodd,  Monks  Coppenhall,  journeyman 
plumber,  September  19— John  Moo,  Belper,  nail  manu- 
facturer, August  24— Alexander  M'Kay,  Hakin,  contractor, 
August  24. 

NOTICES  OF  SITTI.NGS  EOR  LAST  EXAMINATION. 

October  22,  J.  T,  Can-,  Douglas-road,  Canonbury,  tim- 
ber merchant-August  -27,  H,  Walker,  Ulvorstoue,  plas- 
terer -  August  27,  G.  Garnett,  Barrow-in-Furiiess,  brick- 
maker— September  20,  J-  Wigley,  Leeds,  builder— Septem- 
ber 20.  J.  and  G.  Walker,  Heckmondwike,  stonemasons- 
September  20,  T.  Dove,  Miuske,  Yorkshire,  builder— Sep- 
tember 20,  B.  Ord,  Middlesborough,  slater— September  18, 
J  Wilson,  Sheflield,  millwright— August  29,  W.  Lansley. 
Liverpool,  builder— September  6,  E,  Dixon,  Boiirton. 
Berks,  blacksmith— October  8,  P.  J.  Ames,  Dorchester, 
painter  -October  7,  J,  S,  Wilkes,  Darhaston,  buUder— 
September  17,  T.  Aberdare,  carpenter. 

partnerships  dissolved. 

Job  Richards  and  Co.,  Soho,  near  Birmingham,  iron 
manufacturers— Jenkins.  HUl,  aiidJenkms,  Birmmgham, 
iron  wire  manufacturers— J.  Moseley  and  Son.  lung- 
street  and  Bedford-street,  Covent  Garden,  tool  makers-- 
Bowdeu,  Edwards,  and  Forster,  Manchester,  joiners— J. 
M  DunlopandCo,  Mdnchester,  engineers- Catton,  Son, 
and  Be.iumont,  Berkly,  near  Uuddci-sfield.  masons— Best 
and  Corldiill,  Manchester,  plasterer.s— Wilkinson  .and 
Harker,  Leeds,  engineens- Tapp  and  Aston,  HuU,  briok- 
niakers. 

declarations  of  dividends. 

Watkiss  and  Jones,  Stansty,  near  Wrexham,  u-on  mer- 
chants, firi*  div.  ofSd.-F.  W.  Mowbray,  Leicester,  en- 
gineer, div,  Ts. 

DIVIDENDS. 

August  19,  W,  Stoakes,  Newchurch,  carpenter— August 
29,  J,  Bell,  Pem-ith,  plumber. 

bankruptcies  annulled. 
Samuel  Clarke,  Bemerton,  Wilts,  architect,  August  1-2— 
John  James  Warren,  Bristol,  builder,  August  9. 


vni 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


August  16,  1867. 


LATEST  PEICES   OP  MATERTAXS   USED 
IN  CONSTRUCTION. 

TniBKR,  duty  Is  per  load,  drawback,  1b. 


Teak    loftd  £9    0£10 

Quebec,  red  pine  ....  3    0  4 

,,       yellow  pine..  2  15  4 

St.  John  N.B.  yellow  0    0  0 

Quebec  Oak.  white..  5    5  6 

„      birch 3  10  4 

,,       elm   . 
DantziGoak  . 


fir 


3  10 
2    0 


Memel  fir 

Riga 3    u      3    D 

Swedish 115      2    2 

Maats.QuebecredpLne  6    0      7    0 
,,       yellow  pine.  .50       60 

Lathwood.Dantzic.fm   4  10      BO 
St.  Petersburg  6  10      7  10 

Deals,  prC..12  ft. byS 
by  9  in. ,  duty  2a  per 
load,  di"awback  28. 

Quebec,  white  spruce  14  10    21  10 

St.John.  whitespnice  13  10    15  10 

Yellow  pine,  per  re- 
duced C. 

Canada,  Ist  quality.  17    0    19  10 
2nd  do 12    0    13    0 


Arcl) aiigel,  yellow  ..  JEll  10 
St.  Pet^Tsburg,  yeL..  10  10 

Finland 8    0 

Memel 0    0 

Gothenburg,  yellow      8  10 

„      white   8    0 

Qefie.  yellow 9    0 

Soderhara       9    0 

Christ!  ania,    per   C, 

12  ft.  by  3  by  9  in. 

yellow 16    0 

Deck  Plank,  Dantzic, 

per  40  ft.  3  in 0  15 

Pumice  Stone  pr  ton    6    0 

Olls,  Ac. 
Seal,  pale.... per  tun  40    0 

Sperm  body ...103     0 

Cod 3^  10 

Whale.  8th.  Sea,  pale  39    0 

Olive.  Gallipoli 64    0 

Cocoanut,  Cochin,toD  6tt    0 

Palm,  fine 40    0 

Linseed    38  10 

Riipeseed,  Eug.pale..  40  10 
Cottonseed 33    0 


41     0 

lOo    0 
3i>    0 


Metals. 

Ihok:— 
Welsh  Bars  in  London     ..  .....per  ton 

NailEod       "lo 

Hoops.       'Jo 

Sheets,  Single      do 

Swfordshire  Bars do 

Bars,  in  Wales     do 

RaUs    ^o 

Foundry  Pigs,  at  Glftsg.  No   1   ..       do 
Swedish  Bars  do 

Steel  : — 

Swediflh  Keg,  hammered     per  ton 

Swedish  Faggot  do 

Copper  ; — 

Sheet  &  Sheathing,  &  Bolts  per  ton 

Hammered  Bottonia       do 

Flat  Bottoms,  not  Hammered   ..       do 

Cake  and  Tough  Ingot      do 

Beat  Selected     do 

Au3tr.Ll!iin     do 

TeL  Metal  Sheathing  St  Bodfl  ....  per  lb 

Ten  :— 

English  Block      per  ton 

do      Bar   do 

do      Bedned  do 

Banca ■ •  •  ■  ■       ^o 

Straila     «*> 

Lead:— 

Pig,  English     per  ton 

„    Spanish  Soft     do 

Shot,  Patent     do 

Sheet  do 

White     do 


7  10 

0 

8    0 

H  M 

l> 

9    0 

9  15 

1) 

10    0 

7  in 

0 

7  15 

5  15 

0 

fi    0 

0      3 


10  10    0    nett 


15  10    0      2A 


84    0 

70     0 


87    0    0 

71    0    0  !■ 


»2 

0 

0 

N4 

0 

0 

m. 

0 

I) 

87 

0 

U 

21 

15 

0 

19 

S 

l> 

B3 

0 

0 

'20 

15 

() 

0  0  0) 

0  0  f  J.  2i 

0  0  o} 

0  0  u  i      ,, 

0  0  oj'^^^t 


0     0  0\ 

0     0  of    ,^ 

0  0  or-* 

0    0  v) 

31  10  0       5 


Speltee:— 

On  the  Spot  « per  ton       21    0    0  21  2    6  net' 

Zmc  :— 

English  Sheet      per  ton          26  10    0  27  0    0      2^ 

Devaux'B  V.  M.  Roofing  Zinc   do            2fi  10    0  0  0    0       a 

*  And  5  per  cent,  discount  If  laid  upon  the  new  system. 

QuiCEBiLTEB     per  btl            6  17    0  0  0    9 

BEOULUB  of   ANTiaiOHY 

French   por  ton         28    0    0  0  0    o 


TO  BUILDERS.  — Ill  consequence  of  tlie 
Retiretnent  of  the  Builder  on  a  large  Estate,  a  SUCCESSOR 
will  be  EEQUIEED  in  the  courBO  nf  a  few  months.  He  must  have  a 
thorough  practical  kuowledge  of  his  business,  especially  as  regards 
agricultural  buildiDgs  and  the  conversion  of  timber;  he  must  prepare 
plans  and  estimates,  take  up,  me.-isure  work,  and  have  the  general 
aupervision  of  the  workmen.  Age  not  to  exceed  40,  -Application  to 
be  made  to  Messrs,  J,  and  W,  Micklehurgh,  land  agents,  Montgomery. 


A 


LLIANCE      LIFE     and      FIRE 

ASSURANCE    COMPANY. 

Established  1824.    Capital  £5,000,000. 

Chief  Office,  Bartholomew-lane,  London,  E.C. 

BOARD  OF  DlRECrioy. 

Sir  Mosea  Montefiore,  Bart.,  F.R.S.,  President. 
James  Alexander.  E^q. 
Charles  G.  Bamett.  Esq. 
George  Henry  Earnett,  Esq. 
James  Fletcher,  Esq. 
William  Gladstone,  Esq. 
Right  Hon.  George  J.  Goschen,  M.P. 
Samuel  Gurney   Esq.,  M.P. 
James  Helme,  Esq. 
Sampson  Lucas,  Esq, 
ElUot  Macnaghten,  Esq. 
Thomas  Masterman,  Esq. 
J.  M.  Montefiore,  Esq. 
Sir  Anthony  De  Rothschild.  Bart. 
Baron  L.  N.  De  Rothschild,  M.P. 
Thomas  Charles  Smith,  Esq. 

AunrroRS. 
SirT.  Fowell  Buxton,  Bart.,  M.P. 
Richard  Hoare.  Esq. 
Sir  Curtis  Miranda  Lampson,  Bart. 
House  proiierty  of  every  daecription  insured  .at  moderate  rates  of 
premium.    Life  assurances  in  various  forms  granted  on  favourable 
terms.     Liberal   commission  given  to  architects,  builders,  surveyors. 
&c.,   becoming  agents  for  the  Company.     Prospectuses,  and  all  in- 
formation may  be  ohtaiued  by  application  to 

ROBERT  LEWIS,  Secretary. 


GOUT  and  RHEUIdATISM.— The  excru- 
dating  pain  of  Gout  or  RheumatiGm  is  quickly  relieved  and 
cuivd  n  a  few  days  by  that  celebrated  medicine,  BLAIR'S  GOUT  and 
RHEUMA'ilC  PILLS. 

They  reqt-tre  no  restraint  of  diet  or  confinement  during  their  use. 
and  are  uerw  Ln  to  prevent  the  disease  attacking  any  vital  part. 

Sold  by  all   Medicine  Vendors,  at  Is.  IJd.  and  28.  9d.   per  box    or 
obtained  through  any  ChemiBt. 


GOTHIC  FORMS  APPLIED  TO  FUB 
NITITRE.  METAL  WORK.  Ac,  for  INTERIOR  PURPQgE' 
by  Mr.  B  J,  T.^lbert.  of  Londr.n.     The  above  work  habespep.al  refe 
ence  to  the  Manufacturers  of  Furniture,  Me'a!  Workers,  and  Decor 
tors,  as  suggestive  of  Work  applied  to  Buildings  erected  in  the  GothiLi 
Styles.     The  i-ketches  will  be  designs  adapte<i  to  the  moilem  reqninll 
ments  of  the  library,  dining,  drawing  and  bed  rooms,  halK  sc. ;  tbjl 
includes  wood,  metal,  and  decorative  work.     To  be  publiehed  in  ail 
monthly  parts,  price  Ss.  per  part,  containing  five  plates  and  lettetl 
press  ;  or  when  completed,  bound  up.  £1  l.'^s.  r 

Published  by  S.  Birb£ck,  Bookseller,  3,  Pershore-rcad,  Edgbastou,  I 
Birmingham.  ' 


"VTEW  DESIGN  BOOK  of  MEDI^VAI 

Xl        FURNITURE  SUITED  for  MODERN  GOTHIC  VILLAS 

Designed  •■xnd  Lithogra|ihed  by  R.  Charles,     Price  45s.,  in  wrapper 

half-bound.  50b.     The  book  contains  60  pages  and  about  20u  origiua 

designs  of  various  articles  of  Furniture,  and  of  Winduw  Draptry,  al 

coloured. 

To  be  had  at  R.  Charles 's,  30,  Newman -street.  Ox  ford- street,  Londoc 


ROYAL  POLYTECHNIC.  —  SEE  the 
PARIS  EXPOSITION  for  ONE  SHILLING.  Professoi 
Pepper's  LECTURES  on  the  PALAIS  DE  L'EXPOSITION,  daUya 
3  and  8,  Amongst  the  other  attr.ictions  are,  the  "Wonderful  Lto- 
tard."  the  great  optical  surprise,  called  *  The  Ertlgy  of  the  Dear  Dt 
funct,"  and  the  mtuical  entertainments  of  Darner  Cape.  Esq, 


ACCIDENTS    "WILL     HAPPEN 

Everyone  should  therefore  provide  against  them  I 

£1.0U0  IN  CASE  OF  DEATH, 

Or  £6 per  Week  while  Laid  up  by  Injury,  caused  by 

ACCIDENT  OF  ANY  KIND, 

May  be  secured  by  an  Annual  Payment 

OF  FROM  £3  TO  £G  58.  TO  THE 

RAILWAY  PASSENGERS'  ASSURANCE  COMPANY, 

The  oldest  established  Company  in  the  World  insuring  against 

ACCIDENTS  OF  EVERY  DESCRIPTION. 
64,  CoRNHiLL,  and  10,  Regent  Stbeet,  Londou. 

WILLIAM  J.  VIAN.  Secret.iry.  . 


s 


TAIECASE    and  JOINERY    WORKS, 
JOHN     WALDEN 

CLat«  Shop  Foreman  to  Mr.  W.  SANDS,  retired), 

12,  MAIDEN  LANE,  COVENT  QABDEN. 

Estimates  on  application. 

PARQUET     FLOORING, 
TO  ARCHITECTS  AND  BUILDERS. 

JACKSON     AND      GRAHAM 

Are  the  sole  Agents  in  England  for  the  superior  PARQUET  FLOOE 
INGS  manufactured  by  ANTON  BEMBE.  of  MAYENCE  Jinc 
COLOGNE,  for  which  a  prize  medal  was  awarded  in  the  Internal  iona 
Exliibition  of  1862.  Books  of  designs  sent  free  by  post.  No  chargt 
for  taking  plans  and  giving  estimates, 

Nos.  33.  Si.  S5,  37,  and  38,  OXFORD  STREET,  LONDON,  W. 


Silicated  Carbon  Main  Service  Filter  No.  30. 


jilMBAULT. 


This  Filter  shomi  in  section,  consirts  of  a 
metal  case  in  two  parts,  A  and  B,  fasten^id  by 
nuts  and  screws,  I  I,  The  water  enters  l>y  the 
pipe  F,  passing  first  through  tlie  coarser  filtering 
medium  A,  then  through  the  finer  B,  and  flow- 
ing off  pure  through  the  pipe  C,  The  coarser 
impurities  are  thus  aiTested  by  A,  and  do  not 
interfere  with  the  action  of  B ;  they  also  aeciimn- 
late  in  the  cavity  K,  and  may  be  removed  when 
requisite,  by  allowing  the  water  to  pass  into  tbo 
filter  through  M.  This  is  done  in  a  few  seconds 
by  opening  the  tap  M  and  closing  F,  at  the  same 
time  shutting  the  exit  pipe  C,  and  unscrewing 
•  the  nut  D.  The  water  entering  the  upper  cavity 
at  E,  will  thus  be  forced  downwards,  carrjing off 
all  impurities  which  have  been  arrested  by  the 
filtering  medium  A.  These  filters  are  used  by 
the  General  Post  office,  the  London  Hospital,  the 
(bounty  Prison.  Swansea,  and  many  Noblemen'e, 
Gentlemen's,  and  other  large  EstaV>Ushments. 

Prices  in  Tinned-Copper  Cases, 
£6  6s.,  £8  8s.,  £12  12s.,  £18  IBs. 

■'  GencT:il  Post  Office,  Medical  Department.  Oct.  28, 1860, 
'■  This  is  to  certify  that,  having  inepefted  and  esam)ne<l 
the  filtering  apparatus  erected  by  the  SiUcnted  Carbon 
Filter  Company  at  the  Money  Order  Olfice,  where  it  sup- 
plies filtered  water  for  about  130  officers  I  am  perfectly 
satisfied  with  ita  action.  The  water  is  filtered  with  con- 
siderable rapidity  at  the  same  time  that  this  is  elficiently 
done.  1  recommend  this  system  to  Government,  aud 
other  large  otiices,  in  preference  to  any  other  with  which 
lamacHiuiintetl.  '■  WALLER  LEWIS,  M.D  , 

•■  Mediciil  Officer,  G.  P.  0." 


THE     SILICATED     CARBON     FILTER 

Has  been  tested  by  the  "Lancet"  Commissioners  with  water  mixed  with,  mill;  whicli  passed  through  perfectly  bright  and  clear, — a  result  obtained  witli  no 
other  filter.    It  also  has  the  pov;er  of  entirely  separating  lead  from  water  containing  it  in  solution. 

From  the  "  L.vxcet,"  March  23,  ISOT. 

"  The  water  which  had  passed  tlirough  the  SUicated  Carbon  Filter,  sent  in  for  examination,  was  free  from  colour  and  opalescence,  though  before  being  sent  through  tlie  filters  it 
possessed  both  to  a  marked  extent. 

"  The  water  from  the  .Vnin  Service  Silicated  Carbon  Filter  at  the  London  Hospital  was  free  or  very  nearly  so  from  colour.  The  organic  matter  in  the  water  (after  filtration) 
gave  no  unpleasant  chjiracter  to  the  water,  and  w.os  perfectly  harmless." 


Eflfectjof  the  Silicated  Carbon  Filter  upon  Thames  Water  obtained  near  Battersea  Bridge  at  High  "Water. 

T'NFILTEKED.  FILTERED. 

Total  Solid  contents  of  an  Imperial  Gallon  33i  Grains 6  7  Grains. 

Il.ardnesa-aii  determined  by  Clark's  Test   9"  Degrees 8     Degl'ees. 

Earthy  Carbonates  deposited  by  boiling  one  Gallon   11     Grains None. 

Organic  Matter  contained  in  an  Imperial  Callon    8  8  Grains OS 

The  unaltered  water  was  of  a  gi-eeni.sli  yellow  colour,  and  duiing  evaporation  gave  out  a  most  ofl'ensive  odour,  the  residue  being  a  dark  brown  mass  of  oreanic  and  saline 
purities.    Wlien  passed  once  through  a  Silicated  Carbon  Filter  it  became  perfectly  colourless,  sweet,  and  diinkable ;  duiing  the  evaporation  not  the  slightest  odour  was  perceptib 
and  the  residue  was  quite  white  and  consisted  of  little  more  than  Chloride  of  Sodium  (Common  Salt). 

SILICATED    CARBON    FILTER    COMPANY,    BATTERSEA, ,   LONDON,  S.W 


August  23,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


573 


THE   BUILDING  NEWS. 


lOSDOIf,  FRIDAY,  AUGUST  23,  1867. 


CONSTRUCTIVE  AND  AESTHETIC 
DESIGN.— No.  II. 

WALLS,  like  our  roofs  and  windows, 
have  undergone  considerable  modifica- 
tion in  their  treatment.  Here,  too,  sham 
appearance  hxs  given  place  to  constructional 
design.  Instead  of  the  fictitious  dress  of 
stucco  or  corapo  jointed  to  imitate  large 
blocks  of  stone,  which  during  the  supremacy 
of  mock  architecture  concealed  the  natural 
and  available  material,  we  now  prominently 
display  the  latter,  and  make  capital  out  of 
those  very  constructive  features  we  were  wont 
most  sedulously  to  conceal.  It  is  only  when 
we  cannot  obtain  good  hard  burnt  and 
moulded  bricks,  and  the  cost  of  .«tone  pre- 
cludes its  use,  that  we  fall  back  reluctantly 
upon  compo  as  an  exterior  facing.  But  even 
when  we  do — and  we  must  not  overlook  the 
fact — we  use  it  distinctively  rather  as  a  non- 
absorbent  facing  than  as  a  counterfeit  dress. 
There  are  comparatively  few  architects  who 
use  cement  merely  as  a  cheap  way  of  obtain- 
jug  ornamental  effect.  Constructive  merit 
has  so  completely  taken  its  place  that  we  often 
Mfitness  constructive  means  obtrusively  pa- 
"taded  even  to  a  fault.  The  practinp  of  using 
cement  dressings,  such  as  weatherings  to  but- 
tresses and  copings  to  gables,  &c.,  is  fre- 
quently supei-seded  by  the  substitution  of 
brick,  even  where  stone  is  obtainable  and  de- 
ci.iedly  more  judicious.  Such  illimitable  use 
of  brick,  however,  will  speedily  correct  itself  ; 
and  the  employment  of  terra  cotta  in  lieu  of 
stone  for  weather  and  other  dressings  has 
already  assumed  a  position  in  our  buildings 
of  great  architectural  importance.  The  po- 
rosity of  bricks,  especially  those  manufac- 
tured in  some  counties,  as  in  the  soutliern 
districts  of  England,  has  led  to  the  adoption 
of  hollow  external  walls  in  those  parts — a 
plan  obviating  the  necessity  of  internal  bat- 
tening, while  it  interferes  but  slightly  with 
structural  or  aesthetic  considerations.  Walls 
thus  formed  are  built  in  two  thicknesses  of 
half  a  brick,  one  brick,  brick  and  a-lialf,  or 
two  bricks,  as  the  case  may  require,  with  au 
intervening  space  of  21in.  I  believe  these 
double  walls  will  eventually  become  general, 
as  advantages  besides  their  security  against 
the  absorption  of  moisture  from  without  will 
easily  suggest  themselves  to  the  scientific 
practitioner. 

In  connection  with  the  structural  aspect  of 
modern  walls,  perhaps  the  feature  which  above 
all  others  has  contributed  to  give  them  a  dis- 
tinctive character  is  the  ^-isible  arch  whether 
over  windows  or  doorways.  Before  the  gene- 
ral revival  of  the  medieval  style  such  open- 
ings were — in  the  absence  of  stone — spanned 
by  lintels  or  compoed  arches.  At  any  rate,  the 
arch  itself  was  rarely  seen  or  made  a  promi- 
nent feature,  and,  with  the  exception  of  that 
remnant  of  a  false  constructive  taste,  the 
finely  rubbed  skewbacked  or  gauged  arch, 
apertures  were  surrounded  externally  by 
architraves  and  entablatures,  ilr.  Bartholo- 
mew was  among  the  first  who  called  attention 
to  the  pernicious  "  French  arch,"  and  exposed 
the  structural  defect  of  such  an  arrangement 
of  bricks  misnamed  an  arch.  Of  course,  the 
horizontal  treatment  of  the  classic  styles, 
where  trabeated  forms  are  preferred,  rendered 
square-shaped  apertures  desirable,  and  the 
arch  proper — the  visble  voussoir  arch — be- 
came to  be  regarded  as  an  indirect  mechanical 
means — a  secondary  substitute  for  the  lintel. 
But  still  it  is  worth  notice,  as  showing  the 
taste  for  concealing  construction,  that  our 
pseudo-classic  forefathers  did  not  adopt  more 
generally  the  joggled  systems  of  constructing 
fiat  arches  seen  in  many  Roman  examples,  as 
in  Diocletian's  palace  at  Spalatro,  and  even  in 


a  few  English  examples,  instances  of  construc- 
tion Mr.  Bartholomew  drew  particular  atten- 
tion to  in  his  invaluable  work — a  work,  it 
must  be  admitted,  that  has  exercised  no  in- 
considerable influence  in  correcting  the 
pseudo-constructive  tendencies  of  his  day. 

These  abuses  in  construction  are  here  only 
recalled  to  remind  the  reader  of  the  wonder- 
ful change  our  present  constructive  brick 
system  has  brought  about.  Openings  are 
spanned  no  longer  by  such  sham  expedients 
— false  to  their  very  core-:— but  by  arches 
whose  merits  lie  in  their  visible  constituents. 
If  square  heads  over  our  windows  and  door- 
ways are  reciuired,  we  do  not  hesitate  to  ex- 
pose a  stone  lintel  underneath  a  semicircular 
or  pointed  arch  as  the  visible  means  of  secur- 
ing our  wooden  frames  :  indeed,  we  some- 
times glory  in  such  expediency  too  boastfully. 

Methods  we  often  used  as  palliatives  are 
now  frequently  adopted  with  a  zest  which 
would  make  the  pseudo-classicist  smile.  Who, 
for  instance,  would  have  dreamt  of  exposing 
relieving  arches  in  a  blank  wall  fifty  years 
ago  ? 

Another  distinguishing  feature  of  modern 
brick  and  stone  design  is  its  avoidance  of  un- 
broken flatness  in  wall  surfaces.  Slight 
breakings  or  projections  of  chimneys,  gable 
ends,  &c.,  are  much  more  commonly  resorted 
to  than  formerly,  when  buildings  were  erected 
on  the  simplest  quadrangular  plans.  While 
external  relief  is  obtained  by  these  projecting 
features,  manifest  advantage  is  often  gaine<l 
in  the  internal  economy  by  avoiding  alto- 
gether, or  lessening  to  a  minimum,  the  common 
and  unsightly  projections  of  chimney  breasts, 
thereby  saviiig  room  internally,  and  plea- 
singly "adding  to  otherwise  monotonous  wall 
surfaces.  A  little  difiiculty  arises  sometimes 
in  the  interruptions  these  external  projections 
give  to  cornices  and  eaves  gutters,  but  this  is 

SHAM  PARAPET  ASD  COKSICE. 


EAVES    CORNICE. 


not  insuperable.  In  buildings  of  horizontal 
character  the  most  protuberant  members  of 
the  cornice,  including  the  guttering,  can  gene- 
rally be  continued  past  such  projections  when 
these  are  slight,  the  bed  mouldings  and  under 
members  only  stopping  against  the  projecting 
work.  Chimney  projections  may  sometimes 
be  drawn  in  just  underneath  the  cornice, 
either  by  splays  or  weathered  back  by  moulded 
cappings.  In  either  case,  where  thickness  of 
wall  is  suflicient,  recesses  or  panels  formed  in 
these  projecting  features  add  considerably  to 
exterior  relief.  The  simple  necessity  of  every 
case  in  which  utility  and  effect  can  both  be 
served,  however  much  in  discordance  with 
preconceived  ideas  or  methods,  sufficiently 
sanctions  the  adoption  of  any  treatment ;  and 
( it  is  absurd  to  deny  to  a  particular  style  any 


feature  which  has  become  by  mere  usage  the 
peculiar  property  of  another. 

In  speaking  of  wall  construction  there  is 
no  portion  of  a  structure  so  generally  promi- 
nent, and  upon  which  a  successful  result  so 
much  depends,  as  the  upper  treatment  of  the 
walls.  Parapets  and  balustrades,  at  one  time 
the  crowning  features  of  facades  and  mock 
frontispieces,  were  by  common  consent  re- 
cognized as  the  only  legitimate  finishings  to 
them.  It  was  quite  in  unison  with  the  mock 
architecture  of  the  period  to  consummate  the 
work  of  deceptive  construction  by  making 
the  walls  masks,  without  any  apparent  roof  to 
carrv'.  The  concealed  gutter  was  by  far  the 
greatest  abuse  that  this  mode  of  construction 
created.  By  discarding  the  parapets,  we  have, 
on  the  other  liand,  considerably  gained,  both 


in  security  of  construction  and  appearance. 
Instead  of  a  sham  cornice,  which  really  re- 
quired the  parapet  as  a  counterpoise,  we  now 
obtain  a  bold  one  at  less  than  half  the  cost — 
one  which  is  strictly  a  reality,  forming  the 
eaves,  and  its  upper  member  serving  as 
guttering.  There  is  only  one  practical  dis- 
advantage in  the  projecting  eaves  cornice, 
but  one,  nevertheless,  that  can  be  easily  over- 
come in  some  cases  :  it  is  the  increased  depth 
of  dead  waUing  it  entails  over  the  upper 
windows  by  reason  of  the  sloped  roof  being 
continued  over  waU  and  cornice.  Sometimes, 
however,  the  necessity  of  employing  roof 
trusses  considerably  mitigates  the  difiiculty 
by  lessening  this  otherwise  lost  space  inter- 
nally ;  or  the  difiiculty  may  be  palliated  by 
a  sunk  gutter  on  the  sloped  part  of  roof  just 
over  the  wall,  thereby  allowing  the  external 
cornice  to  be  raised  to  the  required  height  to 
obtain  the  window  heads  at  a  proper  level. 
It  will  be  observt  d  that  the  difficulty  is  in 
proportion  to  the  a  gle  formed  between  the 
wall  and  rafter — the  teeper  the  pitch  of  the 
roof  the  greater  this  dead  wall  space  becomes. 
In  another  paper  we  will  briefly  bring 
under  notice  a  few  other  instances  where  the 
constructive  defection  of  the  last  century  has 
been  replaced  by  thoroughness  and  simpli- 
city, and  how  in  every  case  ajsthetic  design 
has  improved  by  the  change.  It  is  true  that 
in  the  instances  already  adduced  we  have 
onl}'  returned  to  the  works  of  our  medieval 
ancestors,  and  it  may  be  asked,  with  a  plau- 
sible show  of  reason,  in  what  have  we  ad- 
vanced >  But  there  is  an  element  in  our  modem 
art  that  must  not  be  overlooked.  The  me- 
di;eval  buQders  spontaneously  developed  from 
experience  their  constructive  excellence — 
theirs  was  the  result  of  necessity,  ours  of 
choice.  In  an  age  of  fanaticism — the  neces- 
sary reaction  of  a  sudden  change  of  thought — 
we  discarded  their  experience  and  art,  whereas 
now  we  readopt  it,  not  in  its  essence  nor  from 
necessity,  but  from  a  rational  spirit  of  eclecti- 
cism, itself  the  prescience  and  prelude  of  the 
evolution  of  an  organic  law.  G.  H.  G. 


A  FEW  WORDS  ON  SOUND  IN  ITS 
ARCHITECTURAL  RELATIONS. 

WE  are,  it  seems,  to  have  a  HaU  of  the 
Arts  and  Sciences,  intended  at  once 
to  serve  as  a  memorial  of  Albert  the  Good  ; 
but,  to  show  the  world  how  Englishmen  can 


674 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


AuGtJST  23,  1867. 


combine  the  utile  with  the  dulce,  it  is  to  be,  if 
possible,  converted  into  a  paying  speculation. 
It  cannot  but  be  gratifying  to  the  national 
mind  that  we  should  in  these  memorials  have 
so  often  accomplished  the  feat  hitherto  sup- 
posed to  be  un  tttainable — of  eating  one's  own 
cake  and  yet  having  it.  A  memorial  is  to  be 
raised,  and  money  is  subscribed  for  the  pur- 
pose. The  shape  it  is  to  take  is  undecided 
until  it  suddenly  flashes  across  the  mind  of 
some  local  genius  that  a  new  pump  or  a  set 
of  wa^h-houses  is  wanted.  The  originality  of 
the  idea  is  striking,  and  all  men  are  straight- 
way impressed  with  its  beauty.  They  have 
the  merit  of  subscribing  to  a  memorial,  but 
this  is  fui  ther  to  take  a  shape  which  will  per- 
manently lieneKt  them.  In  the  name  of  the 
prophet,  a  memorial  if  ye  will,  or  a  Hall  of  the 
Arts  and  Sciences  if  ye  will,  only  let  us  have 
no  nonsense  about  the  one  or  humbug  about 
the  other.  But  even  apart  from  such  con- 
siderations, Mr.  Dion  Boucicault  has  in  his 
letters  directed  attention  to  a  most  important 
point — will  the  Hall  when  finished  be  of  any 
use,  say,  as  a  lecture-room,  or  will  its  acoustic 
properties  be  such  as  to  render  anyone's  voice 
audible,  except  in  close  proximity  to  the 
orchestia!  JSothingis  more  common  than  to 
hear  the  acoustic  properties  of  one  hall  praised, 
those  of  another  blamed,  without  any  deh- 
nite  reasons  being  assigned  for  this  variation. 
If  one  turns  to  books  on  architecture  he  will 
learn  but  little  more,  for  it  would  seem  that 
the  acoustics  of  a  building  are  too  often  left 
to  chance,  other  matters  being  held  of  greater 
importance.  Were  it  not  so,  and  were  the 
principles  of  the  jiroduction  and  propagation 
of  sound  better  understood  among  architects, 
we  would  hear  less  of  the  failure  of  buildings 
to  fulhl  intended  ends  of  this  nature,  and  of 
the  expensive  alterations  sometimes  thus 
rendered  necessary.  Two  distinct  things  are 
hereby  understood,  a  knowledge  of  the  laws  of 
acoustics,  and  of  the  nature  of  building 
material  with  regard  to  sound.  We  take  this 
opportunity  atfuided  by  the  discussion  above 
referred  to,  and  the  publication  of  a  series  of 
lectures  delivered  by  Professor  Tyndall,* 
which  our  readers  would  do  well  to  consult 
for  an  exposition  of  the  laws  of  sound,  to  say 
a  few  wolds  on  the  application  ot  acoustics  to 
architecture. 

Much  has  of  late  years  been  done  towards 
elucidating  the  laws  of  natural  phenomena, 
especially  with  regard  to  the  co-relatiun  of 
the  physical  forces;  and  the  conversion  of 
heat,  chemical  force,  &c.,  into  motion  is  now 
well  understood.  Light  and  sound  have 
long  been  held  analogous,  but  their  exact 
similarity  could  not  be  admitted  whilst  the 
doctrine  of  particle  was  entertained  with 
regard  to  light.  When,  however,  the  wave 
theory  came  to  be  generally  received,  the 
identity  of  the  laws  regulating  the  phenomena 
of  the  two  became  readily  appreciable. 
Sound  originating  in  the  vibrations  of  some 
body  or  bodies,  such  as  the  vocal  cords,  the 
vibrations  of  which  give  rise  to  motion  of  the 
particles  of  air,  which,  being  transmitted  to 
the  ear,  causes  the  sensation  of  hearing. 
When,  for  instance,  a  tuning-fork,  a  reed,  or 
other  body  of  a  like  nature,  is  made  to 
vibrate,  or  move  alternately  backwards  and 
forwards,  its  motion  in  one  direction  must 
cause  the  particles  of  air  to  become  more 
closely  approximated  and  .so  impinge  the  one 
upon  the  other,  whilst  its  withdrawal  and 
motion  in  another  must  give  rise  to  a  corre- 
sponding recoil.  The  two,  the  condensation 
and  the  rarefaction,  constitute  a  sonoro^is 
wave,  which  thus  consists  of  a  certaui  number 
of  particles  more  closely  packed  than  ordi- 
nary, and  a  certain  number  of  particles  less 
so.  It  is  not,  however,  to  be  supposed  that 
the  particles  thus  set  in  motion  make  their 
way   direct'y  to   the   ear,   pushing  all  inter- 


"*  "Sound."  A  coui-se  of  eight  lectures  delivered  at  tht 
Royal  Institution  uf  Great  Britain,  by  J.  Tyxdall,  LL,  O 
F.il, ij, ,  I'rofedsorof  Natural  Philosophy  in  the  Royal  In 
Btitution,  and  in  the  Royal  School  ol"  Minei*.  London 
LoD^uraus  and  Co.,  p.  'i'6it. 


mediate  bodies  out  of  their  way,  but  rather 
that  the  amoimt  of  motion  among  them  is 
very  slight,  the  impulse  given  to  one  being 
immediately  transferred  to  its  neighbour,  and 
thus  propagated  from  particle  to  particle, 
just  as  when  a  number  of  billiard  balls  lying 
close  together  are  struck  at  one  extremity  of 
the  line,  the  whole  group  is  not  thereby 
moved,  the  force  being  transferred  directly  to 
the  last  ball  of  the  row,  which  is  thrown  from 
its  pi  ice  with  a  force  exactly  proportioned  to 
the  initial  impulse.  Now,  if  the  particles  are 
allowed  to  move  freely  among  themselves, 
this  will  to  a  certain  extent  be  an  advantage, 
provided  always  that  when  one  impinges 
against  another,  the  recoil  is  prompt  and 
complete.  This  last  depends  on  the  elasticity 
of  the  body,  a  word  unfortunately  employed 
with  too  many  signihcations,  and  in  this  case 
in  a  way  almost  the  reverse  of  the  idea  ordi- 
narily attached  to  it.  Tliu-f,  for  instance,  such 
substances  as  glass  are  said  to  be  highly  elastic  : 
in  ordinary  language  they  would  be  termed 
brittle.  When  a  stone  is  dropped  into  water 
the  ripple  resulting  tends  to  spread  uniformly 
in  every  direction  :  so  with  sound,  other  things 
being  equtil ;  but  as  a  rule  sounds  have  a 
tendency  to  propagate  themselves  in  one  par- 
ticular direction,  their  initial  velocity  being 
greater  in  that  than  in  any  other.  Sound, 
like  light,  tends  to  travel  in  straight  lines, 
unless  it  be  bent  or  deflected  from  its  path. 
When  it  is  so  the  laws  which  regulate  its 
divergence  are  identical  with  those  which 
govern  light,  both  as  to  reflection  and 
refraction,  for  it  is  a  curious  fact  that,  by 
a  lens  adapted  for  the  purpose,  sounds  may  be 
brought  to  a  focus  in  the  same  way  as  light 
can. 

If,  now,  we  try  to  apply  these  principles  to 
the  human  voice,  we  iiud  that  the  particles 
of  air  caused  to  vibrate  by  the  vocal  cords, 
and  projected  from  the  lungs  through  the 
mouth  and  throat,  communicate  their  impulse 
to  those  external  to  the  body.  By  these  the  vi- 
brations would  be  propagated  equally  in  every 
direction  were  it  not  for  the  original  impulse  of 
the  air  projected  from  the  chest,  which  has 
thus  acquired  a  tendency  to  move  in  one  par- 
ticular direction  ;  hence  it  is  that  one  hears  a 
speaker  far  better  when  seated  in  front  of  him, 
than  if  placed  behind  or  to  either  side.  But 
as  there  is  this  tendency  to  radiate,  the  vibra- 
tions which  ordinarily  reach  the  ear  are  compa- 
ratively scanty,  and  their  intensity  compara- 
tively small,  contrasted  with  what  they  might 
bewere  they  conflned  within  certain  limits.  We 
see  the  daily  application  of  this  fact  in  the 
speaking  tubes  now  so  extensively  employed 
both  in  public  and  private  life.  Were  the 
interiors  of  these  tubes  rough,  the  particles  of 
air  vibrating  within  them  would  have  a  cer- 
tain amount  of  their  force  wasted  on  the  pro- 
jections ;  hence  the  smoother  they  are  the  bet- 
ter. Not  only  so,  but  as  a  certain  amount  of 
velocity  is  lost  at  each  curve  where  the  parti- 
cles of  air  must  impinge  and  their  force  be 
converted  into  heat  ,and  so  lost,  it  is  of  im- 
portance that  these  tubes  should  be  as  nearly 
straight  as  possible.  Their  material,  except 
when  very  long,  may  be  made  a  matter 
of  convenience. 

We  have  seen  that,  when  confined  within  cer- 
tain limits,  sound  is  transmitted  farther,  and 
with  greater  intensity,  than  ordinary.  There  is 
another  simple  application  of  the  same  fact. 
When  aspeakerisplaced  in  the  middle  of  aroom, 
the  initial  velocity  of  the  sound  will  tend  to  its 
propagation  in  the  direction  in  which  it  is  pro- 
pelled from  the  mouth:  hence  those  situated 
behind  him  will  not  hear  as  well  .t^  those  iu 
front ;  whilst,  on  the  other  hand,  should  none 
be  placed  behind,  the  sound  which  passes  in 
that  direction  is  wasted,  and  the  assembly  will 
not  hear  as  well  as  if  the  speaker  had  some- 
thing behind  him  to  prevent  the  sound  passing 
in  that  direction.  From  this  fact  may  be 
deduced  the  importance  of  placing  pulpits  as 
near  a  wall  as  possible  ;  or,  if  the  building  be 
large,  of  placing  behind  them  some  body 
which  wdl  reflect  the  sound.  The  reflection 
I  of  sound  should   never  be  overlooked   in   the 


construction  of  halls,  theatres,  concert-rooms, 
&c.  ;  and  it  is  chiefly  to  a  neglect  of  thus  rule 
that  the  bad  acoustic  qualities  of  certain  build- 
ings are  due.  AVere  a  man  standing  in  the 
centre  of  a  semicircular  building  to  give 
utterance  to  a  note,  it  would  reach  all  portions 
of  the  wall  at  about  the  same  time,  and  be  re- 
flected back  to  an  extent  varying  with  the 
nature  of  the  materials  and  construction  of 
the  walk  AVhen  the  building  is  small,  the 
reflection  of  sound  is  of  little  moment :  it  only 
goes  to  strengthen  the  voice  ;  but  if  large, 
then  the  reflection  or  the  echo  may  come  in 
after  the  note  is  finished,  and  entirely  destroy 
the  eft'ect.  When  the  shape  of  the  room  is 
irregular,  a  great  many  echoes  will  be  pro- 
duced ;  and  even  when  it  is  regular,  sound 
may  again  and  again  be  brought  back  to  its 
starting  point  if  the  resonant  qualities  of  the 
walls  be  good.  Hence  the  tendency  to  echoes 
in  cloisters  and  empty  rooms.  This  resonance, 
which  might  prove  extremely  troublesome,  is 
generally  completely  destroyed  by  the  presence 
of  a  large  audience;  and  a  hall  iu  which  one 
could  not  make  himself  heard  for  echoes 
may  thus  become  easily  spoken  in.  But  seve- 
ral things  are  herein  included  which  should 
be  discussed  separately.  First,  then,  the 
shape.  The  shape  of  the  ancient  Roman 
theatre,  that  of  a  semicircle  with  the  seats 
rising  tier  above  tier,  was  probably  the  best 
adapted  for  hearing  ;  but  various  circum- 
stances, particularly  the  introduction  of  scenic 
illustration,  and  the  consequent  necessity  for 
diminishing  the  width  of  tlie  stage,  have  ren- 
dered a  departure  from  this  plan  necessary. 
The  horse-shoe  shape  is  that  which  is  now 
most  frequently  adopted.  Many  years  ago 
now,  Mr.  Russell  wrote  a  paper  on  the  best 
plan  of  arranging  seats  in  such  buildings,  so 
that  the  whole  audience  could  see  and  hear 
with  ease.  He  came  to  the  conclusion  that 
those  nearest  the  speaker  should  be  somewhat 
more  elevated  than  those  a  little  behind, 
whilst  those  far  back  again  should  have  their 
seats  in  a  regularly  ascending  series ;  this, 
however,  apart  from  the  shape  of  the  theatre. 
It  has  been  suggested  that  an  orchestra  should 
always  be  built  in  the  form  of  a  parabola,  so 
that  the  reflected  sounds  might  proceed  in 
straight  lines  to  the  audience.  But  as  the 
whole  orchestra  cannot  occupy  the  centre  of 
this  parabola,  and  the  reflected  sounds  cannot 
reach  the  audience  in  the  same  time  as  those 
proceeding  directly  from  the  instruments,  this 
shape  is  not  better  than  another.  In  reality, 
says  Sir  John  Herschel — and  no  one  is  better 
qualified  to  speak  on  the  subject — the  shape 
does  not  so  much  matter,  provided  it  be  of  a 
regular  outline.  All  projections,  all  retir- 
ing angles,  niches,  and  such  like,  are  to  be 
avoided. 

Sound,  though  readily  transmitted  through 
air,  is  still  more  so  through  fluids  and  solids. 
Produce  a  noise  at  one  extremity  of  a  long 
iron  rod,  so  as  to  cause  it  to  vibrate,  two 
sounds  will  reach  the  ear  at  the  other — one 
transmitted  directly  through  the  solid,  the 
other  following  the  previous  one  through  the 
air.  The  particles  of  the  iron  possess  greater 
elasticity  than  those  of  the  air,  and  transmit 
the  vibrations  rnore  rapidly.  Should  it,  how- 
ever, happen  that  the  iron  was  not  composed 
of  a  single  piece,  still  more  were  it  inter- 
rupted at  different  intervals  by  substances  of 
different  elasticities,  this  might  not  be  the 
case.  As  with  light,  which,  when  it  pases 
from  one  medium  to  another,  is  refracted,  so 
it  is  with  sound ;  and  were  the  process 
repeated  often  enough  it  might  be  entirely 
dissipated  in  this  manner.  Practical  Uluslra- 
tions  of  this  are  abundant  enough.  Sound,  as 
a  rule,  is  better  transmitted  by  night  than  by 
day,  the  reason  being  that  the  density  of  the 
atmosphere  is  then  more  uniform — no  warm 
patches  here  and  cold  patches  there,  the  air 
being  thus  rendered  of  different  densities.  All 
know  the  eft'ects  of  woollen  cloth  in  deaden- 
ing sound,  as  seen  in  a  ba;ze-covered  door. 
Feathers  are  still  better  lor  this  pur- 
pose, a  feather  bed  being  almost  imper- 
mealsle   bv   sound.     The  raticmaU  is  »impl« 


August  23,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


575 


I 


enough.       The     cloth     aad     the     feathers 
consist  of   a    great   numbsr  of    fibres,    not 
closely     approximated,    as    in    a    piece    of 
wood,  hut  loosely  applied  to  each  other  with 
layers  of  air  betn-een.     The  vibrations  might 
be"  transmitted  through  the  fibres  themselves  ; 
but  iu  passing  from  fibres  into  air,  and  back 
a"ain  into  fibre,  they  become  totally  extin- 
guished.    The   use   of  sound  boards  is   per- 
fectly familiar  to  builders,  when  it  is  desir- 
;ible   to   prevent    sounds     passing   from   one 
lloor  to  another.     Small  boards — the  smaller 
the  better,  the  more  will  they  break  up  the 
sound  waves — are  nailed  down  transversely  to 
the  joists,  and   some  pugging  material   laid 
down  over  them.     This  material  may  be  of 
various  kinds,  the  less  uniform  its  consistence 
the  better.     Hair  having  nuaUties   similar  to 
those  of  feathers,  mixed  witli  some  coherent 
material,  as  plaster,  suits  well.  Unfortunately, 
the  process  often  gives  rise  to  dry  rot,  but  this 
can  only  be  owing  to  carelessness  ;  indeed,  it 
would  be  easy  to  render  the  pugging  material 
highly  conducive   to    its   prevention.        The 
-.line  fact  seems  to  explain  the  ditl'erent  acous- 
:  10  properties  of  an  empty  room  and  one  con- 
taining   a  large  auilieuce.       The    audience 
breaks  up  the   sonorous  w'aves  ;  but  people 
being    clotlied   iu  a   non-resonant    material, 
instead  of  reflecting  them,  they  are  dispersed 
and  lost.     So  it  is  with  carpets,  and  so  it  is 
with  hangings,  only  these  not  only  disperse 
the  ponorous  waves,  but  also  prevent  the  floor 
and  walls  from  returning  the  vibrations  which 
may  reach  them.     They  are  thus  utterly  de- 
structive of  the  acoustic  properties  of  a  room. 
When    the  string  of  a  fiddle   or  wire  of  a 
piano  is  struck,  as  it  is  tightly  stretched  be- 
tween tivo  points,  it  gives  rise  to  little  or  no 
sound,  except  the  points  to  be  connected  v,-ith  a 
resonant  structure,  as  the  body  of  the  fiddle  or 
the  sound   board  of  the   piano.     The   vibra- 
tions thus  communicated  are  reinforced,  and 
the  intensity  of  the  sound  is  augmented.     So, 
to  a  certain  extent,  should  it  be  with  the  walls 
of  a  rpom.     If  not  too  large,  and  the  walls  be 
lined  with  sound,  well-seasoned  timber,  the 
sound  of  the  voice  will  be  sent  back,  and  tend 
to  reinforce  the  original  note.     Should,  how- 
ever, the  size  of  the  room  exceed    112ft.  in 
length,  the  echo  of  the  end  wall  may  come  in 
after  any  note  sounded  as  often  as  five  times 
in  a  second,  thus  producing  awful  dissonance. 
When  the  hall  is  empty  it  usually  happens 
that  the  note  is  bandied  about,  as  it  were,  long 
after  it  is  has  been  emitted,  there  being  no 
audience  to  break  it  up  and  absorb  it,  so  that 
discord  or  perfect  contusion  of  sounds  is  the 
result.      When,    however,    the    audience    is 
present,  a  certain  amount    of   resonance  is 
necessary.      For  securing  this,   as  we  have 
hinted,  wood  seems  of  all  substances  the  best 
adapted,  and  it  has  been  noticed  in  operatic 
singing  that  wooden   boxes  without  curtains 
greatly  improve  the  hearing  of  the  inmates. 
Not  only  so,  but  unpainted  wood  seems  to 
suit  better  for  this  purpose  than  painted ;  its 
particles  can  then  more  freely  influence  one 
another.   Who,  for  instance,  would  think  of 
painting  a  violin  ?      Hearing  in  the  ancient 
aad  roofless  theatres    must  have    been    ex- 
tremely difficult,  for,  from  experiments  made 
by  Ur.  Hutton,  it  would  seem  that  the  voice 
at  its  ordinary  reading-pitch  only  penetrates 
about  7ol't.  in  a  straight  line,  whilst  the  size 
of  these  theatres  in   some  cases  enormously 
exceeded  these  modest  limits.     Vitruvius  tells 
us  that  empty  jars  were  distributed  in  various 
partsof  the  buildingforstrengtheningthesound 
of  the  actors'  voices.      It  must,  however,  be 
remembered  that  the  actors  sang  rather  than 
spoke,  and  the  notes  used  in  the  one  way  are 
more  penetrating  than  in  the  other.      Still,  it 
has  been  a  vexed  question  ever  since  ancient 
architecture   came   to   be  studied,  how  these 
ve^els  acted,  and  even  now  the  matter  is  not 
easily  understood.      It  has,  however,  been  as- 
certained that  if  a  cylindrical  vessel  of  a  certain 
calibre  and  depth   be  held  near  a  vibrating 
musical  body  it  may  be  made  to  reinforce  the 
L'  liof  that  body  by  altering  the  depth  of  the 


cylinder  in  accordance  with  the  uuli;.     This, 
liowever,    does     not     explain     how    vessels 
could  be  found   to  reinforce   all  the   varied 
notes    of    the   human   voice.        If    the    hall 
be  too  large  to    retlect   the    sound    in  time 
to  reinforce  the  original  note,  an   echo  will 
be  the  result.      Slultiple  echoes  are  tolerably 
common,  and   their  rationala  admits  of  easy 
explanation.     If,    for    instance,   a    sound  be 
produced   at  a  point    opposite    a    cliff,    the 
sonorous  waves  are  propagated  imtil  they  re- 
bound  from    its    face  ;    if    another  cliti'    be 
situated  opposite,  the  reflected  wave  wUI   be 
again  thrown  back,  and   so    on,   the  sound 
diminishing  in  intensity  each  time,  part  being 
lost  in  each  retlectiou,  until  it  ultimately  dies 
away.    Most  buildings  are,  however,  too  small 
to  exhibit  this  phenomenon,  and  the  surfaces 
of  reflection  are  too  numerous  not  to  interfere 
with   the   simplicity   of  the  initial  sonorous 
wave.     The  case  of  one   echo   mentioned  by 
Sir  John  Herschcl  will  serve  to  illustrate  the 
danger  of  adopting  the  style  of  roofing  with 
open  rafters  in  very  large  buildings,  intended 
for  speaking  or  singing.      When  one  of  the 
pillars   of  the  ilenai   Suspension   Bridge  is 
struck  a  series  of  echoes  are  heard,   one  for 
every  one  of  the  transverse   beams  on  which 
the  pathway  rests,  then   one  strong  and  well 
defined  for  the  opposite  pier,  followed  by  in- 
numerable reverberations  between  the  bridge 
and  the  water.     So  in  a  large  hall  with  open 
rafters,  if  the  speaker  be  placed  at  one  end, 
his  voice  will  be  reflected  by  each  transverse 
beam,  until  it  reaches  the  opposite  wall,  which 
in  its  turn  will   throw  back  the  sound,  the 
whole  giving  rise  to  a  confused  note,  very  un- 
like that  which   issued  from   the  speaker  or 
singer.     If  the  building  be   small,  the   reso- 
nance of  the  wood,  instead  of  confusing,  will 
intensify  the  sound.     Intimately  connected 
with    this   department  of  the  subject   is  the 
phenomenon  of  whispering  galleries.  Of  these 
there  are  two  kinds,   one  (falsely  so  called) 
being  neither  more  nor  less  than  an  imperfect 
pipe  or  speaking  tube,  in  which  sounds  can 
be  heard  at  an  unusual  distance,  but  all  the 
better  the  nearer  its  origin.      This  kind  may 
be  noticed  wherever  high  walls   run  parallel 
for  any  distance  ;  the  sonorous  waves  are  pre- 
vented from  spreading,  and  hence  penetrate  an 
unu.sual  space.      Indeed,  alongside  of  a  single 
wall,  especially  if  it  be  smooth,  the  sound   of 
the  voice  will  reach  further  than  it  will  do  in 
an  open  space,  for  the  sonorous  waves  are  con- 
fined in  two  directions  by  the  ground  and  by 
the  wall.      But  in  true   wliispering  galleries 
other  conditions  have  to  be  fullUed.     Sound 
must  not  only  be  propagated  to  an  unusual 
distance,  but  be  inaudible  in  the  middle  pas- 
sage.    A  well-known  illustration  is   supplied 
by  the  dome  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedi'al ;  here,  if 
a  sound  lie  started  at  one  point,  it  is  reflected 
by  the   circular   walls   of  the   hemispherical 
dome,  and  all  the  waves  are  brought  together 
at  an  opposite  point  with  greater  force  than 
if  impelled  directly  towards  it.     One  of  the 
best  examples  of  this  kind  is  to  be  found  in 
the  Conservatoire  des  Arts   et    Metiers,    in 
Paris.     The  room  is   square,   and  the  roof  is 
elliptical.     If  two  persons  stand  iu  the  foci  of 
this  ellipse  they   can   converse  in  extremely 
low  tones,  but  thLs  does  not  prove   any  extra- 
ordinary virtue  in  such  a  form  of  roof  or  build- 
ing.    All  the  listeners  cannot   stand  in   one 
focus,  and  the  speaker  in  the  other ;  and,  as 
has    been   seen,    those    in  intermediate    or 
other  situations  obtain  no  advantage  from  the 
peculiar  arrangement.      As  was  said  before, 
any  simple  outline  will  do.     No  angles,  no 
buttresses,  no  recesses  ;  if  possible,  let  the 
walls  be  lined  with  well-seasoned  wood,  and 
covered  with  nothing  to  diminish  their  re- 
sonant   properties.      These,    in  a    moderate 
sized  building,  with  no  barricades  or  obstruc- 
tions to  the  sonorous  waves,  will  secure   its 
possessing  good  acoustic  properties.     When  a 
hall  exceeds  a  certain  size  much  maybe  done 
by  art  to   secure  hearing  for  all  it  will  hold, 
but     it    can   never  be    perfect    in  this   re- 
spect. 


DRAINAGE   OF   THE   ZUIDERZEE. 

TO  alter — many  would  say  to  deface — the 
natural  features  of  a  country,  appears  to 
be  the  principal  duty  of  the  engineer  and  the 
contractor.  If  the  course  of  a  river  is  not  con- 
ducive to  the  interests  of  mankind,  it  is 
changed  immediately  and  remorselessly. 
Should  an  isthmus  obtrude  itself  where  it  is 
not  wanted,  it  is  cut  through,  and  the  waters 
of  the  ocean  traverse  it  from  one  extremity  to 
the  other.  Nay,  more,  if  a  mountain  rears  its 
primajval  summit  in  defiance  of  all  human 
eflbrts  to  overcome  the  natural  obstruction  it 
presents  to  international  communication,  it  is 
undermined,  sapped  in  its  very  vitals,  and  an 
artificial  artery,  piercing  its  entire  system, 
supplies  that  life  blood  previously  denied  to 
those,  between  whom  it  constituted  an  almost 
impiussable  barrier.  That  a  large  portion  of 
not  merely  cultivated  but  inhabited  land  in 
every  country  is  below  the  mean  sea  level  is 
wellknown,  and  it  only  obtains  its  immunity 
from  destructive  fiooiis  either  through  the 
intervention  of  natural  or  artificial  protection. 
An  instance  of  the  former  is  to  be  found  in 
many  an  inland  sea  and  lake,  which,  sur- 
rounded by  hills,  is  completely  severed  from 
the  influence  of  external  inundations,  alihough 
the  level  of  its  surface  may  be  many  feet 
below  that  of  the  nearest  ocean.  Physical 
geography,  a  most  interesting  and  instructive, 
and,  for  "that  very  reason,  a  much  neglected 
science,  reveals  many  curious  facts  relating  to 
what  are  termed  "  depressions  "  of  land  and 
water.  It  has  been  ibund,  by  a  series  of 
accurate  levelling  operations,  that  the  C;»spian 
Sea,  with  an  area  of  2-1,000  square  miles,  and 
an  average  depth  of  300ft.,  is  nearly  S-lft. 
below  the  level  of  the  adjacent  main.  Passing 
into  Asia  Minor,  we  find  the  seas  and  lakes 
there  presenting  still  more  remarkable  depres- 
sions below  the  mean  sea  level.  Thus,  the 
Lake  of  Tiberias,  otherwise  known  as  the  Sea 
of  Galilee,  rolls  its  placid  waters  at  a  depth  of 
470ft.  beneath  the  sui-face  level  of  the  Medi- 
terranean, while  the  lethal  waves  of  the  Dead 
Sea,  well  to  and  fro  nearly  l,400ft.  below  those 
of  their  tideless  neighbour.  The  tides  of  the 
Mediterranean  are  so  very  small  and  variable, 
that,  like  the  Baltic,  it  is  often  termed  a  tide- 
less  sea. 

The  draining  of  the  Lake  of  Haarlem  un- 
doubtedly imparted  a  stimulus  to  the  labours 
of  the  inhabitants  of  those  "  depressed " 
regions,  and  demonstrated  what  could  be  done, 
iu  an  engineering  point  ul  view,  with  masses 
of  water  which  served  merely  to  hide  from 
view  and  utilization  thousands  of  acres  of 
rich  food-producing  land.  For  ages  past,  the 
flats  of  Holland  have  presented,  upon  a  large 
scale,  a  continual  scene  of  warfare  between 
the  power  of  the  elements  and  the  industry 
and  skill  of  the  human  race.  The  sea,  inces- 
sant and  irresistible  in  its  encroachments,  has 
for  centuries  endeavoured  to  engulf  a  portion 
of  that  kingdom,  and  man,  equally  persever- 
ing and  indomitable,  has  not  only  put  a  limit 
to  its  depredations,  but  has  even  succeeded  in 
driving  it  back  far  beyond  its  ancient  land- 
marks. Thus  the  war  goes  on  ;  the  sea  occa- 
sionally vindicating  its  elemental  power  by 
making  devastating  forays,  if  we  may  so  express 
it,  into  the  enemies'  country,  and  the  enemy 
retaliating  by  throwing  up  embankments  and 
entrenchments  against  the  approach  of  the 
foe.  Amsterdam  is  a  city  virtually  built 
upon  the  sea,  similarly  to  Venice  upon 
its  hundred  isles,  and  one  of  its  principal 
buildings  stands  upon  14,000  piles,  the  last 
of  which  was  driven  iu  1050.  In  earlier 
times  the  depredations  of  the  sea  were  con- 
siderably more  extensive  and  more  fatal  in 
their  consequences  than  in  modern  days, 
when  the  laws  of  science  became  more  gene- 
rally ditfused,  and  were  applied  in  practice 
by  those  who  had  combated  the  fury  of  inun- 
dations in  a  somewhat  primitive  manner.  To 
go  back  to  the  records  of  the  national  dis- 
asters of  Holland,  we  find  that  in  the  year 
840  a  frightful  hurricane   burst  the  protect- 


576 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


August  23,  186?. 


ing  banks,  inundated  the  whole  of  the  Frise 
district,  and  utterly  swept  away  2,500  dwell- 
ings. Again,  in  the  fourteenth  century,  the 
waters  engulphed  a  vast  area  of  land  contain- 
ing upwards  of  seventy  villages,  and  gave  the 
name  of  Verdronkenland  or  "  drowned  land" 
to  the  territory  submerged,  and  was  the  cause 
of  the  river  Escaut  entering  the  sea  by  a  new 
embouchure.  There  is,  however,  every  reason 
to  suppo.se  that  the  original  mouth  of  this 
river,  the  Zwjn,  was  due  to  a  previous  inun- 
dation, the  more  especially  as  it  was  of  vast 
dimensions  and  depth,  and  its  capacity  and 
accommodation  was  unquestioualjly  the  real 
source  from  which  sprung  the  important 
traffic  and  commerce  of  the  cities  of  Flanders, 
which  in  the  middle  ages  had  scarcely  a  rival 
for  wealth  and  stability.  It  was  also  by  tliis 
embouchure  that  vessels  of  war  reached  the 
.sheltering  arms  of  the  roads  of  the  hue  port  of 
Dam,  which  in  the  seventeenth  century  ex- 
tended its  protection  to  the  fleet  of  Philip 
Augustus,  numbering  some  1,800  sail.  If  it 
were  asked  where  are  those  river  mouths  and 
sea  roads  now,  the  answer  would  be,  that  their 
site  must  be  sought  for  in  that  of  the  culti- 
vated lands  and  farms  occupying  the  same 
locality.  The  Zwjn  itself  has  dwindled 
down  to  a  mere  dyke,  and  the  once  famous 
port  of  Dam  is  situated  several  miles  inland. 
The  succeeding  century  witnessed  another 
triumph  of  the  sea  in  the  destruction  of  the 
town  of  Reimersvale,  and  of  over  twenty 
villages  and  hamlets  situated  upon  the  eastern 
side  of  the  island  of  Beeweland. 

There  is  very  little  question  but  that  the 
first  idea  of  opposing  an  impediment  to  the 
encroachments  of  the  ocean  was  suggested  by 
the  ett'ect  of  the  waves  themselves,  and  the 
natural  barrier  they  oppose  after  a  time  to 
their  own  destructive  action.  Aided  by  the 
winds,  they  form  natural  embankments  or 
dunes,  as  they  are  termed,  and  the  first  efforts 
of  man  were  evidently  directed  to  extend  and 
improve  these  existing  protecting  barriers. 
These  dunes  are  continually  pushed  forward 
by  the  united  action  of  the  winds  and  waves 
towards  the  interior,  generally  presenting  a 
slope  and  a  steep  side.  The  wind  first  raises 
the  loose  sand  up  a  slope  to  a  certain  height 
imtil  it  falls  over  by  its  own  gravity,  and 
accumulates  upon  the  other  side,  where  it 
is  again  pushed  up  to  fall  a  second 
time,  and  this  operation  of  forming  small  sand 
hills  with  one  flat  and  one  steep  side  con- 
tinues for  years  until  checked  by  some  rising 
ground.  Under  favourable  circumstances  the 
annual  advance  of  these  dimes  has  been 
known  to  amount  to  so  much  as  70ft.,  and 
there  are  not  wanting  instances  where  vil- 
lages have  been  almost  buried  beneath  the 
accumulating  masses.  As  an  e.vtreme  case, 
may  be  quoted  the  rapid  advance  made  by 
dunes  near  Cape  Finisterre,  ott'  the  coast  of 
Spain,  where,  in  the  ])eriod  of  half  a  century, 
they  have  advanced  nearly  sixteen  mUes  in- 
land, being  at  an  average  rate  of  about  l,7oOft. 
per  annum.  Another  peculiarity  attending 
the  formation  of  dunes  is  that  they  sometimes 
become  completely  indui-ated,  owing  to  the 
presence  of  lime,  iron,  siUca,  and  other  salts 
and  minerals  in  the  water,  and  wdien  these 
exist  in  conjunction  with  the  roots  of  plants, 
such  as  the  Arundo  arenaria,  the  whole  mass 
becomes  of  a  consistency  at  once  solid,immov- 
able,  and  watertight,  forming  a  perfect  dam 
against  future  inundations.  By  thus  taking 
advantage  of  a  natural  barrier,  and  aiding 
nature  by  science,  an  excellent  specimen  of  a 
dam  was  constructed  in  Ziilande,  named  the 
dam  of  Weatkappel,  which  has  a  total  length 
of  live  miles,  and  retains  the  sea  at  high  water 
at  the  level  of  more  than  15ft.  over  the  ad- 
joining lands.  At  present  a  more  important 
undertaking  than  the  dramage  of  the  Lake  of 
Haarlem  is  occupying  the  attention  of  the 
Hollanders.  It  is  nothing  less  than  the  recla- 
mation of  the  land  occupied  by  the  waters  of 
the  Zuiderzee,  and  its  extent  may  be  imagined 
when  it  is  borne  in  mind  that  the  portion  in 
contemplation  of  reclamation  exceeds  half  a 


million  acres,  whereas  the  area  of  the  Lake  of 
Haarlem  was  but  forty-five  thousand  acres. 
This  magnificent  plan,  which  is  estimated 
to  cost  about  10,000,001),  is  projected  by  l\. 
Beijerinck,  and  the  particular  part  of  the 
Zuiderzee  to  be  reclaimed  is  that  lying  to  the 
south  of  Keteldiep,  in  the  direction  of  the 
island  of  Usk,  and  bearing  towards  Enk- 
huisen  upon  the  west,  so  as  to  leave  that  town 
and  its  roads  outside  the  embankment.  The 
total  length  of  the  enclosing  dam  will  exceed 
twenty-five  miles  ;  and  experienced  as  the 
Dutch  engineers  are  in  protecting  their  terri- 
tory from  its  ruthless  foe,  it  will  need  all 
their  skill  to  maintain  staunch  and  diu-able 
so  extended  a  line  of  defence. 


AN    ARCHITECTUEAL    NOTICE     OF    ST- 
JOHN'S  PRIORY,  CLEBKENWELL  * 

By  W.  Pettit   Gkiffith,  F.S.A. 


St.  John's  Priort  Church. 

THE  dedication  of  the  original  church  by 
HeracUus,  Patriarch  of  Jerasalem,  is  re- 
corded to  have  been  in  the  year  iu  which  the 
Temple  Church  was  also  dedicated,  and  by  the 
same  Patriarch.  "  In  ye  yere  of  Christ  11S5,  ye 
vj.  Ides  o£  Merche,  ye  domical  lettre  being  F,  ye 
Chyrche  of  ye  Hospitall  of  St.  John'.-s,  Jerusalem, 
was  dedicatyd  to  ye  honor  of  St.  John  Baptiste,  by 
ye  worschypfuU  fader  Arachus,  Patriarke  of  ye 
resurrection  of  Christe ;  ye  sam  dey  was  dedy- 
catyd  ye  high  altre  and  ye  altre  of  St.  John  Evan- 
gelist by  ye  sam  Patriarke."t 

The  Norman  or  circular  portion  of  the  present 
Temple  Church  formed  the  building  alluded  to 
above,  and  there  is  no  doubt  that  the  masons  en- 
gaged in  sculpturing  the  arcade  in  the  aisle  of  the 
circular  portion  of  the  Temple  Church  were  also 
employed  on  the  ornamental  capitals,  &c.,  of  St. 
Johu's  Priory  Church.  The  erection  of  the  first 
buildings  of  the  Priory  occupied  some  years.  It 
has  been  stated  that  between  the  years  1274  and 
1 2S0,  Joseph  de  Channey,  prior,  built  a  chapel,  and 
that  Wilham  de  Henley,  prior,  erected  a  cloister  be- 
tween 1280  and  1284.  In  1338  it  appears  that 
some  repairs  were  eS'ected.  The  original  church, 
of  which  part  of  the  crypt  remains,  was  semi- 
Norman  and  Early  English  ;  some  of  the  bases  re- 
main in  sUit  beneath  the  preseat  modern  floor, 
and  part  of  the  south  wall  remains,  iu  which  can 
be  traced  narrow  window  openings  aad  a  doorway 
also  beneath  the  floor,  formerly  facing  Jerusalem- 
court.  In  one  of  the  houses  in  the  court  built 
against  this  wall  can  been  seen  a  Norman  capital 
in  the  wall. 

With  the  exception  of  the  crypt,  all  the  Priory 
(including  St.  John's  Gate)  was  destroyed  in  1381 
by  the  rebels  of  Essex  and  Kent,  who  set  fire  to 
the  buildings,  causing  them  to  burn  seven  days. 

After  this  calamity,  the  Priory  was  rebuilt, 
Prior  Docwra  completing  it  in  1504.  Docwra' s 
church  was  in  the  Perpendicidar  style,  and 
grafted  upon  the  Early  English  crypt,  and  con- 
sisted of  nave,  aisles,  a  great  bell  tower,  graven, 
gilt,  and  enamelled  ;  a  choir,  with  side  chapels, 
&;c.,  and  the  remains  of  the  Early  English  crypt. 
The  present  churc'a  is  a  part  only  of  the  ancient 
choir,  and  beneath  it  is  the  crypt. 

The  crypt  comprises  a  central  avenue  IGft.  Sin. 
in  width  and  12ft.  in  height,  with  an  aisle  on  each 
side  extending  from  east  to  west,  and  is,  with  the 
aisles,  of  the  same  extent  and  length  as  the  present 
church  above.  The  west  end  of  the  crypt  is 
bricked  up  ;  it  originally  extended  westward,  which 
has  been  proved  from  time  to  time  when  excavat- 
ing for  drains,  &c. 

The  most  interesting  remaining  portions  of  the 
crypt  comprise  thfe  central  avenue  and  a  small  com- 
partment on  each  side  of  it  by  the  entrance  at 
the  east  end.  The  compartment  on  the  south 
side  is  bricked  up  and  forms  a  private  vault,  in 
which  are  deposited  the  remains  of  Simon  Michell. 
It  ia  1.3ft.  by  10ft.,  and  was  enclosed  iu  1793. 

This  system  of  allotting  portions  of  the  crypt  to 
other  families  as  well  as  Michell's  injured  its  fair 
proportions  and  lessened  its  original  size. 

The  entrance  to  the  crypt  is  at  the  east  end  by  a 
flight  of  stone  steps  beneath  a  modern  vestry. 
The  crypt  appears  to  have  been  originally   above 


*  Read  at  the  Charterhouse,  before  the  London  and 
Middlesex  Archeeological  Society.  Concluded  from  page 
561. 

t  Cotton  MS. 


ground,  and  not  subterraneous.  An  entrance  to 
it  may  be  seen  in  Hollar's  view  of  the  east  end  as 
it  appeared  in  1661,  from  St.  John's-street,  with 
the  hospital  gardens  and  boundary  wall. 

The  central  portion  of  the  crypt  consists  of 
four  severeys  or  bays  ;  two  are  simple  and  plain, 
being  semi -Norman,  and  two  (towards  the  east) 
are  Early  English,  and  very  perfect,  the  details 
and  mouldings  being  worthy  of  a  careful  examina- 
tion. The  voussoirs  of  the  arch  ribs  are  wrought 
in  a  similar  manner  to  the  voussoirs  of  the  former 
nave,  chancel  and  aisles  ;  these  are  often  dug  up 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  Priory.  The  voussoirs  are 
worked  with  great  precision,  about  5in.  long, 
are  not  arched  ;  their  shortness  enabled  them  to 
be  set  to  the  proper  cvirvature  with  apparent 
exactness  ;  while  the  frequent  occurrence  of  the 
mortar  joints  between  them  has  preserved  them 
from  fracture  by  settlement. 

The  ribs  of  the  Early  English  bays  spring  from 
triple-clustered  columns  3ft.  9i^in.  high  in  each 
angle  of  the  bays,  with  moulded  capitals  and 
ba--e3.  An  excavation  w.a3  made  in  1854,  exposing 
the  bases  to  view  ;  the  upper  moulding  is  hori- 
zontally fluted,  similar  to  some  Grecian  Ionic 
bases. 

The  central  shafts  of  the  clustered  colomns  are 
pointed,  and  the  diagonal  ribs  have  three  mould- 
ings ;  the  central  one  is  pointed,  and  the  outer  one 
rolls.  This  pointed  bowtell  occurs  frequently  in 
Semi-Norman  and  Early  English  work,  and  is 
coeval  with  the  introduction  of  the  pointed  arch. 
Suspended  from  the  keystone  of  each  arch  is  an 
iron  rmg. 

On  each  side  of  the  two  western  bays  of  the 
central  aisle  ia  a  deeply  recessed  pointed  window  ; 
the  opening  was  long  and  narrow,  3ft.  9in.  high, 
and  9in.  wide,  and  the  inner  splay  is  7ft.  7in.  by 
4ft.  2in.  wide  ;  tho  wall  is  4ft.  thick.  The  trefoil- 
headed  doorway  on  the  west  side  of  the  north 
compartment  has  the  large  iron  eyes  of  the  door 
hinges  still  remaining.  The  original  pavement  of 
the  crypt  Is  1ft.  5Un.  below  the  present  leveh 
Clay,  introduced  in  modern  times  to  prevent  the  ■ 
damp  from  rising,  lies  over  the  original  pavement, 
and  conceals  the  bases  and  part  of  the  shafts  of 
the  columns. 

On  January  23,  I860,  an  order  in  council  was 
made  relating  to  the  coffins  in  the  crypt,  viz.  : — 
"That  the  coffins  contained  in  the  public 
vaults  be  laid  down  on  the  tloor  and  covered  with 
powdered  charcoal  and  fresh  earth."  Instead  of' 
the  coffins  being  laid  on  the  floor,  in  March,  1862,' 
they  were  piled  up  from  the  floor  to  the  ceiling 
or  arch  in  the  aisles  of  the  crypt,  and  the  door- 
ways bricked  up.  In  this  manner  the  Early  Eng- 
lish trefoil-headed  doorway  was  obhterated.  The 
crypt  has  been  thus  shorn  of  its  proportions,  and 
almost  reduced  to  a  central  avenue,  which  might 
have  been  avoided  if  the  coffins  had  been  laid  on 
the  floor  as  directed  oy  the  order  in  council. 

This  crypt  in  1762  was  rendered  notorious  by 
the  detection  of  the  imposture  known  as  the  Cock 
lane  Ghost.  This  was  discovered  in  the  crypt 
upon  removing  the  coffins ;  her  remains  were  turned 
quite  black,  and  have  been  placed  in  the  north 
aisle,  and  bricked  up  with  the  rest  of  the  coffius. 

The  vaults  existing  beneath  the  house  No.  19, 
St.  John's-square  abutted  the  crypt  (formerly  un- 
der the  nave)  on  the  north  side,  next  Jerusalem- 
passage.  The  walls  are  of  considerable  thickness, 
composed  of  brick  and  stone,  and  stand  upon 
rubble  work,  and  were,  no  doubt,  appendages  to 
the  ancient  Priory.  In  a  division  wall  in  these 
vaults  was  a  doorway  of  the  Perpendicular 
period,  in  a  perfect  state,  in  January,  1861  ;  at 
that  time  the  vaults  were  converted  into  Turkish 
baths,  the  floors  paved  with  tiles,  and  the  whole 
of  the  vaults  rendered  wdth  cement,  including  the 
old  doorway,  and  thus  ignorantly  destroyed.  The 
baths  were  open  only  for  a  few  mouths,  and  then 
abandoned. 

A  bird's-eye  view  of  St.  John's  Priory,  Clerk- 
enwell,  restored,  -with  its  boundary  walls,  St. 
John's  Gate,  and  the  church,  having  its  nave, 
aisles,  transepts,  tower,  chancel,  and  chapela 
complete,  may  be  seen  iu  W.  Newton's  "  Londoa 
in  the  Olden  Time,  with  a  Pictorial  Map  of  Lon- 
don, temp.  Henry  VIIL,"  foho,  1855. 

In  the  third  of  King  Edward  VI.,  in  1549,  the 
church,  for  the  most  part,  the  body  aad  side 
aisles,  with  the  great  bell  tower,  a  most  curious 
piece  of  workmauship,  were  undermined  and  de- 
stroyed with  gunpowder,  and  the  stone  was 
employed  for  building  the  Lord  Protector's 
(Somerset)  house  in  the  Strand  and  the  porch  of 
AUhallows  Church,  Gracechurch  street.  That 
part  of  the  choir  which  remained,  with  some  side 
chapels,  was  closed  up  at  the  west  end  (next  St. 


ff 


August  23,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


577 


has  square)  and  otherwise   repaired  by    C ir- 

:  Lial  Pole,  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Mary;  and  Sir 

I'liumas   Tresham,   Kut.,   wm  made  prior,    with 

eititution  of  some  lands ;  but  it  was  acpiin  sup- 

.ressed   in   the   first  year  of    Queen    ElLzibeth. 

'.ve  years  subsequently  to  the  dissolution,  Henry 

■ranted   to   John    Dudley,    Lord  Viscount  Li^le, 

iij   Lord  High   Admiral  of  England,  as  well  in 

luideration  of   his   service    as  for   the  sum  of 

1.1,000  sterling,  the  site,  circuit,  and  precinct  of 

liij  hospital  or  priory  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem  ; 

a  y  the  lead,  bslls.  timber,  stone,  glass,  iron,  and 

her  things   of    the   church,  were  specially  re- 

■rveil  to  the  King's  Majesty. 

James  I.  granted,  by  letters  patent  dated  M.ay, 

I.  1607,  "  the  sclte  or  house  of  the  late  Hospital 

!    St.   John   of    Jerus.alem  in   England,  in  the 

junty  of  Mildlesex,  and   all  the  scite,  circuit, 

:iJ  precinct  of  the  same  house,  having  thereon 

ne  great  Mansion  Huuse  and  one  great  Chapel, 

nd  containing,    t'y    estimation,    five   acres,    to 

--M  Ulph  Freeman  and  hia  heirj  in  free  and  common 

L^ioocage." 

;J  The  choir  passed  by  various  deeds  to  as  maty 
llnrsons.  Tenth  James  I.  to  Sir  William  Cecil, 
ord  Burleigh,  son  and  heir  apparent  to  Thomas 
^rl  of  Exeter,  by  marriage  with  whose  daughter 
>  ly  Diana,  it  became  (fifth  Charles  I )  the  pro- 
rty  of  Robert  Bruce,  afterwards  Earl  of  Elgin, 
hose  son  was  created  Earl  of  Aylesbury.  It  was 
'T  used  as  the  Etrl's  private  chapel,  and 
r  many  years  was  called  Aylesuury  Chapel.  In 
uis  noble  family  the  estate  continued  until  170d, 
fhen  it  was  sold  by  them,  and  being  finally 
ough*  by  Simon  Michell,  1721,  the  chapel  was, 
y  his  instrumentality,  converted  into  a  church  for 
he  intended  parish  of  St.  John. 

"When  Michell  converted  the  remains  of  the 
ncient  building  into  the  present  church,  the 
lorth  aisle  was  used  for  part  of  a  dwelling  house, 
ad  the  upper  part  of  the  south  ais  e  as  a  library. 
In  a  newspaper  of  March  2d,  1716,  the  foUow- 
Qg  advertisement  appeared: — '"'The  remains  of 
lie  once  famous  Abbey  of  Clerkenwell,  called  of 
Bj  I  kte  Aylesbury  Chapel,  is  to  be  sold  or  let ;  where 
baaides  the  adjoining  house,  furnished  with 
11  conveniences  tor  a  Boarding  School)  is  a 
lallery  as  fi;  as  any  whatsoever  for  a  School 
toom,  that  will  hold  above  two  hundred  Scholars." 
In  1721,  Simon  Michell  purchased  the  ancient 
tructure  of  the  Aylesbury  family,  and  converted 
JO  remains  into  the  present  church  (St.  John's 
-lurch),  and  in  1723,  having  enlarged  and  re- 
■ilred  it,  built  the  present  west  front  of  brick, 
vith  etone  quoins,  which  has  since  been  compoed, 
.nd  re-roofed  the  whole,  he,  and  a  Mr.  Hutton, 
lis  trustee,  disposed  of  the  church,  vault,  vestry- 
oom,  and  adjoining  grounds,  together  with  two 
nejsuagea  fronting  St.  John'sstreet,  for  £2,950, 
:o  the  Commissioners  for  building  fifty  new 
:hurche3.  Friday,  Dacember  27,  being  St.  John's 
3ay,  the  consecration  of  the  church  took  place, 
>eing  performed  by  Edmund  (Gibson)  Lord 
bishop  of  London,  when  the  edifice  was  formally 
tyled  '•  The  Church  of  St.  John,  Clerkenwell,  iu 
he  County  of  Middlesex,"  and  was  the  second  of 
he  churches  usually  called  Queen  Anne'.s,  in 
■rder  of  the  time  of  consecration. 

The  turret  was  added  in  1S13,  and  the  clock 
'riginally  belonged  to  St.  James'  old  church. 
'he  head  of  the  beadle's  staflF  also  belonged  to 
hat  establishment,  and  was  used  in  James  the 
"cond's  time ;  it  has  the  following  inscription  : — 
Aano  Dom.  16S5.  Anno  of  Regni  Regis  Jacobi." 
"-  is  silver-headed,  and  was  made  at  "ye  charge 
f  ye  inhabitants  of  ye  east  liberty  of  St  John  of 
erusalem."  A  portable  baptismil  bowl  formerly 
upplied  the  place  of  the  font  now  in  use;  it  has 
8c  ipbural  quotation  round  its  rim,  with  the 
ame  of  the  parish  and  "  Deo  et  sacris." 
The  font  is  a  white  marble  pedestal  with  basin 
not  capacious  enough  for  total  immersion),  its 
Ute  being  probably  coeval  with  MicheU's  aitera- 
ijns  and  additions  in  1723. 
On  April  29, 1721,  Michell  sold  to  Queen  Anne's 
jmmissioners  a  dwelling  house  in  Red  Lion-street 
now  No.  59),  20ft.  wide  and  96tt.  (including 
he  garden)  in  length,  for  £650,  as  a  rectory  house 
or  the  incumbent. 

Tnis  church  thus  altered  was  repaired  in  1800, 
principally  at  the  expense  of  Philip  Booth,  of  Red 
-ion-street,  who  contributed  about  £145  towads 
he  painting,  &o  ;  and  in  1812-13  further  repairs 
?ere  effected,  and  again  in  1S25.  The  external 
arches  to  ais  es,  next  St.  John's-square,  were 
dded  in  1325,  aud  the  central  porch  was  built  in 
345. 

In  1838,  the  badly- constructed  wall,  erected 
bout  130  years  ago,  partly   enclosing  the  north 


side  of  the  church,  was  rebuilt.  Several  frag- 
ments of  the  Priory  were  found  iu  the  wall  used 
as  rub'de. 

In  1345,  this  church  was  repaired  under  my 
direction,  and  I  took  ore  to  note  the  following  : — 
Upon  removing  the  plaster  from  the  inside  of  the 
east  wall  and  central  window,  it  was  discoveed 
that  (Djow  a's)  misonry  still  existed  from  the 
ground  to  the  middle  of  the  said  window  arch,  in 
altitude  27ft.,  all  of  the  wall  above  that  having 
been  rebuilt  in  brickwork  (by  MicheiH.  This 
window  remains  in  the  same  state  as  shown  in 
Hollar's  view  next  St.  Johns-street.  It  has  still 
its  stone  mullioDS,  but  the  foils  are  gone.  In  the 
south  aisle  the  pews  against  ihe  south  wall  were 
removed,  and  it  was  found  that  Simon  Michell, 
when  he  pa  tly  rebuilt  the  chu  ch,  used  portions 
of  the  former  church  to  support  the  pews.  These 
consisted  of  ribbed  mouldings,  parts  of  shafts, 
portions  of  the  groining,  capitals  of  clustered 
columns,  coloured  and  gilt,  and  other  remains  of 
the  former  church.  The  pew  front,  No.  82,  oppo- 
site window  recess  in  south  wall  by  west  end, 
stands  upon  eight  large  clustered  capitals.  Upon 
these  capitals  was  marked  the  geometrical  system 
employed  by  the  mediaeval  architects  in  design- 
ing their  edifices,  and  which  has  been  propounded 
by  myself  during  the  last  thirty  years.  The  bulk 
of  the  shafts,  the  capitals,  the  centres  for  produc- 
ing the  large  and  small  columns,  are  all  accurately 
defined.  "There  is  no  guess  work,  the  diameter  of 
the  pier  being  determined ;  the  whole  of  the  parts 
produced  bear  a  proportion  to  each  other  and  to 
the  original  unit. 

The  floor  of  the  original  church  was  1ft.  2}in. 
below  the  present  floor.  The  south  wall  I  found 
to  have  been  built  by  Docwra  on  the  remains  al 
the  Early  English  wall,  which  latter  now  remains 
some  few  feet  above  the  floor,  and  contains  the 
narrow  splayed  openings  of  the  original  windows, 
and  a  doorway  that  opened  into  Jerusalem-court. 
These  are  not  visible  without  removing  the  pews. 
Docwra's  wall  contains  large  perpendicular  win- 
dows. The  upper  part  of  the  south  wall  was 
reouilt  by  Michell.  The  north  wall  has  been 
p.artly  rebuilt,  but  still  contains  some  of  Docwra's 
windows.  Upon  taking  down  this  wall,  built  by 
Docwra  on  the  wall  of  the  crypt,  an  angular 
capital  was  discovered  built  in  the  wall. 

This  capital  belonged  to  the  original  church, 
and  by  referring  to  the  plates  of  ornamental 
capitals  in  Billing's  Account  of  the  Temple 
Church  it  will  be  observed  that  the  resemblance 
is  striking.  As  the  Priory  and  Temple  Church 
are  of  the  same  date,  1185,  the  same  masons 
may  have  been  employed  on  both  buildings.  A 
small  gilt  capital  was  also  found  in  the  wall. 

In  the  central  east  window  is  a  coat  of  arms  (a 
chevron  between  three  combs)  in  painted  glass, 
stated  to  be  the  coat  armour  of  Tunstall,  of  Tan- 
stall,  in  Lancashire.  They  are,  however,  the  arms 
of  Prior  Botyler.  The  cast  windows  of  north  aud 
south  aisles  have  lost  their  stone  mullions.  In 
1812,  in  enlarging  the  east  window  of  the  south 
wall,  the  skeleton  of  a  child  was  found  in  the 
masonry  ;  it  was  left  undisturbed. 

The  church  was  considerably  injured  and  inter- 
fered with  by  the  erection  of  houses  on  the  south 
side,  next  Jerusalem-court,  between  1690  and 
1700.  These  contain  the  oak  wainscoting  of 
the  period.  The  south  entrance  and  windows  of 
the  church  were  unfortunately  blocked  up  by  these 
buildings,  and  many  of  our  cathedrals  and  churches 
were  formerly  wantonly  disfigured  in  this  manner. 
In  conclusion,  any  further  comments  upon  St. 
John's  Church,  as  spoliated  by  Simon  Michell,  will 
be  misspent,  as  all  real  interest  to  the  architect 
and  antiquary  ceased  the  moment  Michel!  put  his 
Classic  extinguisher  upon  the  Gothic  edifice.  Toe 
day  may  arrive  when  this  Classic  fungus  will  be 
removed,  and  Docwra's  Perpendicular  church 
reinstated  upoa  the  ancient  cry|>t. 

In  1677,  the  principal  inhabitants  of  Clerken- 
well were  Sir  James  Edwards,  Lady  Percy,  Sir 
William  Bowles,  Knt.,  Sir  Richard  Chiv  rton, 
Lady  Wright,  Sir  John  North,  Si  •  William  Palmer, 
the  Karl  of  Aylesbury,  and  others.  Bishop  Bur- 
net's  residence  is  still  to  be  seen  on  the  west 
side  of  St.  John's-square ;  it  adjoins  the  late  Dr. 
Adam  C.arke's  house.  John  Weever,  the  cele- 
brated antiquary,  also  resided  in  Clerkenwell,  and 
John  Britton,  the  author  of  the  "Cathedral  Anti- 
quities of  Great  Britain,"  &c. 

The  residence  of  James  Carr,  architect  of  St. 
James's  Church,  was  on  the  north  s-ide  of  Albe- 
marle-street  (No.  12)  set  back  from  the  houses 
contiguous.  It  was  here  that  two  noted  architects, 
Samuel  Ware,  author  of  "  Tracts  on  Vaults  and 
Bridges,"  and  Edmund  Aikin,   author  of  several 


works,  passed  their  articled  clerkships,  during 
which,  moreover,  as  regards  Ware,  he  began,  I 
have  no  doubt,  to  study  "  Arches  and  Abutment 
Piers,"  subsequently  published. 

It  WAS  natural  for  the  nobility  to  reside  in 
Clerkenwell  at  an  early  period,  when,  according 
to  Fitz  Stephen,  in  A.D.  1190,  the  monk  of  Canter- 
bury, but  native  of  London,  the  fields  and  open 
m  atlows  were  very  pleasant,  and  among  which 
the  river  waters  did  flow,  aud  the  wheels  of  the 
mills  were  turned  about  "with  a  delightful  noise." 
But  Clerkenwell  has  been  rendered  more  deeply 
interesting  and  remarkable  by  the  numerous 
celebrated  literary  characters  either  resident  in, 
or  connected  with,  the  locality— men  not  born 
great,  but  who  have,  by  their  own  indefatigable 
industry,  created  their  own  greatness. 


A  CHAPTER  OP  ACCIDENTS. 
(Pkom  a  Cobeesposdext.) 

IN  March  of  last  year,  seven  tenders,  varying 
from  £5,637  to  £2,641,  were  sent  in  for 
building  bacon  curing  works  in  the  town  of 
Cirencester.  The  lowest  tender  was  accepted, 
and  the  works  commenced  ttnder  the  super- 
intendence of  an  architect.  After  expending  a 
considerable  sum,  the  contractor  found  he  had 
made  a  mistake,  and  took  advantage  of  some 
indefinite  clause  in  the  agreement  to  claim  his 
right  to  give  up  the  contract.  The  proprietors 
consented  to  take  the  job  off  his  hands  on  con- 
dition that  he  made  no  claim  for  the  work  done. 
With  the  sum  thus  obtained  the  proprietors 
paid  off  their  architect,  and  employed  one  of 
the  other  competitors  whose  tender  was  £4,150 
(or  about  half  way  between  the  highest  and 
lowest)  to  make  modified  plans  and  to  execute 
the  works  The  principal  structure  is  the  kill- 
ing and  curing  house,  which  is  about  60ft.  wide 
outside,  and  divided  internally  by  a  wall  into 
two  rooms,  respectively  25ft.  and  29ft.  wide. 
There  are  three  floors — viz.,  cellars,  ground 
floor,  and  store  room,  all  of  good  heights.  The 
cellars  are  archetl  in  two  spaus,  abutting  on  the 
division  wall.  The  ufpar  floor  is  supported  on 
transverse  beams  resting  on  corbels,  and  the 
roof  re»ts  on  the  division  waU.  In  Januaylast 
the  Wills  were  up  to  the  height  of  the  store- 
room floor,  and  the  beams  fixed  on  the  corbels, 
when  the  division  wall  fell,  taking  with  it  the 
whole  of  the  arches  and  centering.  The  abutting 
ends  of  beams  only  fell,  leaving  the  outer  ends 
up,  which  acted  as  shores  to  the  outer  walls, 
and  prevented  their  falling  also.  The  div'aion 
wall  was  then  rebuilt,  and  the  upper  floor  and 
roof  put'  on.  New  ceaterins?  was  constructed, 
and  arches  turned  with  an  additional  half  brick 
in  thickness.  The  haunches  were  filled  up  with 
ballast.  On  easing  the  centering  of  the  smaller 
arch,  this  again  fell,  seriously  injuring  a  man 
who  was  laying  the  paving,  and  the  carpenter 
who  w.is  underneath.  The  largest  arch  did  not 
fall,  because  the  centres  were  not  touched.  The 
ballast  was,  however,  immediately  rtmoved  f  ,om 
the  haunches,  mason -y  substituted,  and  the 
paving  laid.  This  arch  has  now  fallen,  injuring 
another  carpenter  who  was  hanging  a  door 
in  the  building.  The  local  paper  reported 
the  various  accidents,  and  said  there  was  evi- 
dently blame  somewhere.  This  has  called  forth 
the  following  letter  from  the  proprietors,  which 
may  prove  mstructive  to  those  of  our  re.vlera 
who  may  be  cal.ed  on  to  huili  arches.  The  lette.- 
is  addressed  to  the  editor  of  the  Hits  'in', 
Gloucester  Stanlarl  :—"Di:a.T  Sir,— We  t!  ink  it 
right  to  our  builder  that  you  should  bj  conectlv 
informed  as  to  our  last  accident.  The  arch 
that  has  lately  fallen  is  not  the  one  last  built, 
but  one  thvt  was  injured  when  the  last  accident 
occurred,  and  which  was  then  partly  cundemai-d 
by  the  builder  and  ourselves.  But  the  fact  is, 
the  arch  is  a  wide  span — 29ft. — and,  there  being 
a  floor  over  it,  he  has  not  been  eua'iled  to  get 
sufficient  weight  on  the  haunches  to  keep  it  down  ; 
thus  they  have  risen  and  the  centres  have 
dropped,  but  the  foundations  are  good.  Now,  as 
he  could  not  get  weight  he  must  substitute  prcs. 
sure,  and  he  therefore  removed  the  concrete  and 
put  in  masonry  for  the  haunches  to  thrust 
against,  hoping  it  might  stand,  but  after  doing 
so  he  found  the  arch  was  too  much  injured  for 
the  masonry  to  answer  the  purpose,  as  it  ajtpears 
to  do  in  the  other.  The  first  fall,  we  have  no 
hesitation  in  saying,  was  caused  by  the  very 
severe  weather,  but  in  each  report  the  damage  ha< 
been  very  much  over-estimated. — Yours  trulv, 
Cole  .ind  Lewis." 


5TS 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


August  23,  1867. 


IRON    KIOSK    FOR    INDIA.-OWEN    JONES,    ARCHITECT. 


IRON    KIOSK   FOR    INDIA. 

ONE  o£  the  most  elaborate  examples  of 
ornamental  iron  work  we  have  ever  seen  is 
the  kiosk  or  smoking  lounge  which  we  have 
illustrated  in  the  above  engraving.  It  is  intended 
for  India,  and  has  been  temporarily  erected  on  a 
piece  of  land  adjoining  the  Horticultural  Gardens, 
South  Kensington,  where  it  should  be  visited  by 
all  interested  in  constructive  ironwork.  The 
kiosk  is  80ft.  in  length  and  40ft.  in  width,  and  is 
composed  entu-ely  of  cast  iron,  of  which  material 
the  structure  contains  about  ISO  tons.  The  bed 
plates  upon  which  the  columns  are  bolted  are 
extended  10ft.  under  the  flooring  of  the  building, 
by  which  arrangement  sufficient  resistance  is  pre- 
sented to  the  strain  transmitted  from  the  roof 
through  the  columns.  The  columns  in  construc- 
tion are  divided  into  two  parts  vertically, 
and  from  them  the  roof  ribs  spring  diagonally, 
and  by  their  intersections  divide  the  whole 
of  the  roof  into  equal  square  panels.  This  plan 
of  roof  arrangement,  it  will  be  seen,  is  similar 
to  that  of  St.  James's  Hall  in  appearance 
and  effect.  The  similarity,  however,  ceases  here, 
as  in  the  St.  James's  Hall  roof  the  effect  is  pro- 
duced by  external  or  surface  ornamentation, 
whilst  in  the  kiosk  it  is  really  a  structural 
ornamentation.  By  the  arrangement  of  the  ribs 
the  hipped  ends  of  the  buildings  have  the  same 
appearance  as  the  ordinary  portions  of  the  roof, 
whilst  in  most  cases  they  are  of  irregular  construc- 
tion. The  roof  is  of  arched  form  in  section,  and 
is  quite  independent  of  the  aid  of  ties,  &c.  The 
application  of  cast  iron  in  the  ribs  is  novel  and 
ingenious,  the  intersecting  ribs  being  dovetailed 
together,  the  constructive  details  in  this  respect 
being  very  perfect. 

In  this  structure  it  is  easy  to  understand  that 
the  tendency  of  the  load  on  the  roof,  acting  as 
though  concentrated  at  the  springing  of  the  upper 
ribs,  would  be  to  bend  this  point  inwards.  At  the 
same  time  the  crown  would  be  raised  under  the 
influence  of  the  transverse  strain  and  the  column 
necessarily  turned  round  on  its  base.     To  resist 


this  tendency,  and  to  prevent  these  inevitable 
results,  either  the  comiectious  at  the  crown  or  at 
the  springing  of  the  upper  ribs  would  have  to  be 
much  stronger  than  they  really  have  been  made. 
Another  alternative,  however,  remained,  and  that 
was  to  strengthen  the  connection  of  the  column 
with  its  foundation.  This  alternative  was  chosen 
as  being  perfectly  suitable,  and  as  not  interfering 
with  the  light  appearance  of  the  superstructure. 
Therefore,  the  base  of  each  column,  beneath  the 
floor  level,  is  secured  by  a  number  of  IJin.  bolts 
to  a  girder  10ft.  in  length,  which  is  immovable, 
and  unafi'ected  by  any  strain,  and  at  the  same 
time  makes  a  good  foundation  plate.  Thus  the 
building  cannot  give  way,  either  at  the  springing 
of  the  upper  ribs,  or  at  the  crown  connections, 
whilst  we  may  regard  the  ribs  as  being  perfectly 
rigid  near  the  eaves.  As  the  roof  girders  take  the 
transverse  strain,  the  only  strain  acting  on  any 
part  of  the  roof  itself  will  be  a  shearing  strain, 
which  of  course  is  amply  'provided  for.  Most  of 
our  readers  are  familiar  with  Mr.  Owen  Jones's 
works,  so  that  they  may  already  have  traced  his 
hand  in  the  design.  The  engineering  details 
were  worked  out  by  Messrs.  Ordish  and  Le 
Feuvre,  whilst  the  iron  work  was  made  by  Messrs. 
Handyside  and  Co.,  of  Derby,  who  certainly 
deserve  credit  for  the  way  in  which  so  elaborate  a 
piece  of  work  has  been  turned  out.  The  contract 
price,  we  believe,  was  £18  per  ton. 


CONVENT    OP    NOTRE     DAME,     MOUNT 
PLEASANT,  LIVERPOOL. 

ON  Tuesday,  February  5,  of  this  year,  the  new 
chapel,  an  interior  view  of  which  we  this 
week  lay  before  our  readers,  with  its  important 
additions  to  the  present  convent  of  the  Sisters  of 
Notre  Dame,  was  opened  by  the  Lord  Bishop  of 
Liverpool,  a  numerous  body  of  clergy  and  laity 
taking  part  in  the  ceremony. 

The  new  pile  of   buildings  which  front  Mount 
Pleasant,  and   form  a  striking  addition  to  the 


ecclesiastical  architecture  of  Liverpool,  comprises 
various  apartments  for  the  use  of  the  schools,  a 
spacious  open  staircase,  and  new  entrance.  The 
staircase  is,  by  the  way,  worked  in  the  "  pierre 
bleu,"  from  Namur,  which  far  surpasses  any  ma- 
terial of  the  kind  at  our  disposal  in  this  country, 
and  can  be  supplied  at  very  moderate  cost.  It 
afl'urds  access  to  the  principal  or  upper  floor, 
where  a  corridor  upwards  of  100ft.  in  length 
passes  through  the  new  wing  to  the  old  buildings 
on  either  side.  The  chapel  is  approached  from  the 
centre  of  this  corridor  through  a  richly-moulded 
doorway.  It  is  85ft.  long,  30ft.  wide,  and  40ft.  to 
the  croftTi  of  the  vaulting.  It  is  treated  purely 
as  a  conventual  chapel  in  the  severe  First  Pointed 
style.  The  vaulting  is  executed  in  stone  and 
brick,  the  springers  resting  on  stone  corbels  with 
shaftlets  of  green  Cornish  serpentine.  The 
apsis  is  semicircular,  lighted  by  five  large  single 
lancets,  which  are  filled  with  of  some  of  Messrs. 
Hardman  and  Co.'s  best  glass,  and  are  solemn  and 
efiective.  The  sanctuary  has  polished  steps  of  the 
"  pierre  bleu "  and  a  mosaic  pavement  by 
Messrs.  Maw. 

The  exterior  is  well  seen  from  Maryland-street, 
where  its  sweeping  lines  and  great  height  tell  out 
very  effectively.  The  material  is  the  local  red 
stock  brick,  but  stone  is  used  abundantly  where 
required.  A  figure  of  the  archangel  Gabriel 
in  beaten  lead  work  crowns  the  point  of  the  apse, 
and  midway  rises  from  the  ridge  to  a  height  of 
50ft.  a  fleche  of  lead  and  slate  work.  It  is  hex- 
angular  in  form,  and  holds  a  6ne  toned  bell  by 
Murphy,  of  Dublin.  A  carved  image  of  Our  Lord 
as  the  king  and  priest  is  placed  over  the  chaplain's 
doorway,  and  at  the  eastern  end  is  a  group  of 
sculpture  representing  Our  Blessed  Ladye,  with 
the  sisters  of  the  order  kneeling  around  her ;  these 
are  executed  by  Mr.  PhyfTers,  of  PimUco.  The  rest 
of  the  carving  is  by  Mr.  Earp,  of  Lambeth.  The 
architects  are  Messrs.  M.  E.  Hadfield  and  Son,  of 
Sheffield ;  Mr.  Farrel,  of  Manchester,  the  builder ; 
and  Mr.  J.  Pearson,  clerk  of  works.  The 
buildings  were  two  years  in  course  of  erec- 
tion. 


^ 


The  Building  Kewe  Aug' 23^*1867 


GoRvecRstrHi/GiiGiiai).  op  sne: 


llYvanvooii. 

HADFIELOaSON,  ARCHT"  SH  EFFI  ELD. 


U 

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'M  ^ 


August  23,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


58;? 


♦ 


ON    THE    APPLICATIOX    OF    PHOTO- 
GRAPHV    IX  ARCHITECTURE    AND 
I     ARCH.EOLOOV. 

IF  pliotograpliy  be  chiefly  familiar  as  a 
record  ol'  personal  representations,  it 
lias  its  wider  applications.  The  portrait 
jiainter  may  alt'ect  to  undervalue  it,  but  he 
ranncit  complain  of  its  competition  ;  he  ought, 
indeed,  to  I'eel  f^rateful  to  it,  tor  while  there 
are  j'ust  as  many  portraits  painted  as  of  yore, 
photo.u'raphy  has  extirpated  tlie  Lacreevys, 
anil  the  machinists,  and  scissor  cutters  of 
black  proliles.  Poor  Miss  Lacreevy  !  hers 
was  a  womlerful  exliibition,  and  Dickens  has 
not  caricatured  what  could  be  seen  exposed 
on  many  a  private  door  of  the  Strand  shojis. 
One  did  not  know  which  most  to  admire — the 
auilacity  of  the  artist,  or  tlie  ignorance  of  the 
public.  It  was  no  uncommon  thing  in  a 
miniature  of  high  finish,  whether  of  a  lady  or 
of  a  scarlet  militia  ollicer,  hung  out  as  a 
public  challenge,  to  see  the  two  eyes  out  of 
line.  Other  proofs  of  bad  dra\\-ing  .might 
have  escaped  detection,  but  here  was  one 
palpable  proof  that  the  artist  could  not  draw. 
It  is  no  small  service  to  art  to  have  exter- 
minated this  brood,  and  the  photographer,  if 
he  produces  ugly  features,  imperfect  propor- 
tions, and  distorted  attitudes,  still  preserves 
a  resemblance  to  nature,  starch  though  it  be 
m  its  constituent  parts,  aggravating  the  outer 
lilijects,  and  presenting  gigantic  fists  for  [deli- 
1.  ate  damsels.  Photographs  have  proved  of 
use  to  the  painter  and  the  sculptor  in  giving 
liim  further  materials  for  study  and  reference, 
particularly  in  the  intervals  of  sittings. 
Photography  can,  however,  only  afford  the 
jiainter  outline  and  not  colour,  and  this 
greatly  limits  the  value  of  photographic  re- 
jiresentations  of  the  chief  works  of  the  galleries 
with  which  we  are  now  so  freely  supplied.  It  is 
true,  photography  extends  the  range  of  engrav- 
ings. Wliere  outline  is  of  greater  importance, 
I  liei-e  photography  is  of  the  more  service.  This 
is  particularly  the  case  in  architecture,  where 
it  suits  the  sharp  well-cut  forms,  and  the 
minuteness  of  detail.  Such  records  become 
invaluable  for  reference  ;  they  are  compact,  and 
they  will  bear  enlargement  with  the  magnify- 
ing glass  ;  but  we  get  little  benefit  from  en- 
larging a  drawing  or  an  engraving,  because  it 
is  executed  for  a  certain  focus,  and  is  incapable 
of  expansion.  It  is  curious  to  note  how  much 
lucre  magnifying  glasses  have  come  into  use 
with  the  extension  of  photography.  Those 
which  were  reserved  for  certain  pictures  are 
iio\y  to  be  found  generally  distributed,  and 
besides  these  there  are  stereoscopes  and  many 
mstrimients  of  enlargement  of  solid  re- 
}>resentations.  Thus  where  we  had  only 
the  flat  surface  of  the  engraving,  we  now  get 
■solidity  of  form,  light  and  shade,  perspective 
I'ld  sky,  which  powerfully  contribute  to  a 
I'etter  appreciation  of  monumental  edifices. 

This  can  scarcely  fail  not  to  produce  festhetic 
effects.  In  the  last  generation,  as  in  that 
preceding,  study,  so  far  as  it  was  not  made 
from  the  actual  buildings,  and  that  was 
limited  liy  the  plate  of  residence,  was  made 
from  the  flat,  not  only  in  architecture,  but  in 
other  arts.  Study  from  the  flat  and  drawing 
irom  the  flat  produced  a  most  unfavourable 
influence  on  all  artists,  and  on  the  public 
mind.  Without  assuming  a  natural  connec- 
tion, at  all  events  there  was  a  communion  of 
effect  in  the  flatness  of  buildings  and  of  oma- 
luentations.  The  dissociation  from  nature, 
resulting  from  the  dissolution  of  the  niediceval 
schools  of  art,  had  gone  on  until  it  reached 
the  lowest  stage  of  bathos  in  the  long  reign  of 
George  the  Third.  E.xtemal  carving  and 
decoration  had  <lisappeared,  nor  was  the  sub- 
stitution of  brick  for  stone  the  sole  cause,  be- 
cause old  brick  buildings  and  old  wooden 
l>uildings  present  good  examples  of  ornamen- 
tation. Brick,  too,  had  nothing  to  do  with 
Ulterior  decadence,  and  yet  we  find  the  richly 
moulded  ceilings  and  carved  panellings  losing 
their  relief  It  is  true  that  the  use  of 
iiioulded  brick  was  limited  bv  the  brick 
luties,  but  though  this  has  been  often  referred 


to,  it  cannot  be  accepted  as  an  efficient  cause, 
because  there  were  no  brick  duties  or  excise 
attecting  plastering  or  wainscoting.  There 
were  excise  duties  on  paper  hangings,  but  all 
the  excises  then  existing  would  not  account  for 
the  prevailing  barbarism.  The  moment  a 
l)etter  era  dawned,  the  brick  duties  ceased  to 
be  deterrent,  and  we  had  an  outburst  of  ex- 
ternal ornamentation,  tliough  in  plaster.  The 
chief  cause  of  decline  must  not  be  sought  in 
fiscal  obstacles,  but  must  be  traced  up  from 
the  results  of  a  long  continued  abandonment 
of  natural  principles,  In-  which  all  art  had  be- 
come perverted.  Drawing  from  the  flat  to  the 
flat  deteriorated  the  eyes  of  all  artists,  and 
destroyed  the  public  appreciation.  The  only 
art  that  can  be  said  to  liave  survived  was 
portrait,  but  then  portrait  is  a  study  from 
nature,  a  study  from  the  life.  So,  too,  in  the 
process  of  revival,  another  school  of  nature 
arose,  that  of  landscape,  which  has  most 
likely  exercised  a  great  influence  on  the 
growth  of  a  truer  feeling.  If  we  look  back  to 
the  architect's  oflice,  ■\vith  its  academy  prize 
drawings,  and  its  dearer  or  cheaper  books  and 
engravings,  they  were  of  course  restricted  to 
the  flat,  with  which  his  own  artistic  educa- 
tion began,  for  few  were  the  artists  who 
entered  the  precincts  of  the  life  school. 
Scattered  over  tlie  country  was  an  army  of 
drawing-masters,  holding  possession  for  the 
demon  of  dulness,  and  keeping  boys  and  girls 
in  boarding  schools  to  the  copying  of  drawings. 
From  this  vicious  practice  the  schools  of  de- 
sign and  the  national  dra%ving  classes  are  not 
yet  sufficiently  emancipated.  Contrasted 
with  such  a  state  of  attairs,  the  influences  now 
at  work  must  produce  a  different  artistic  at- 
mosphere. Photographs,  and,  above  all, 
stereoscopes,  must  educate  the  eyes  of  the 
public  after  a  dift'erent  fashion.  The  practice 
of  drawing  from  models — if  not  from  nature 
— must  train  many  students  ;  and  free  carv- 
ing, and  other  exercises  of  art,  must  att'ord 
models.  At  all  events,  we  are  brought  to  a 
healthier  state,  far  from  satisfactory,  far  from 
what  we  ought  to  strive  to  attain,  but  one 
which,  in  providing  for  architecture,  better 
attendant  circumstances  ought  to  promote 
better  results. 

It  would  be  a  great  mistake  to  look  to  the 
shUling  or  half-a-crown  tarift'  of  photographs, 
or  to  regard  chiefly  their  manufacturing 
characteristics,  and  wholly  to  neglect  their 
artistic  bearings,  particularly  their  educational 
influence  for  good  or  evil.  Thomas  or  Sarah 
may  be  chiefly  affected  with  the  portraiture  of 
each  other,  the  pledge  of  an  undying  aft'ection 
enduring  till  the  avatar  of  the  next  lover,  but 
unwittingly  they  are  made  instruments  of 
training  themselves  and  others.  As  every- 
thing is  education,  so  is  the  wide  dissemina- 
tion of  other  forms  of  art.  A  life  spent  in 
Baker-street  or  Harley-street  in  the  daytime, 
with  back  or  front  parlours  to  resort  to  in  the 
evening,  was  a  Siberian  doom  which  might 
have  been  fatal  to  all  artistic  inspirations.  It 
is  a  relief  to  get  anything  better,  and  if  any 
art  is  to  be  allected  it  will  be  architecture ;  for 
architecture,  to  be  a  living  art,  must  not  be  the 
sim;ile  emanation  of  one  mind,  it  must  not  be 
an  ettbrt  of  selfishness,  but  it  must  appeal  to 
the  public  mind,  and  must  get  its  response 
from  the  public.  It  is  in  this  education  and 
appreciation  of  the  public  that  we  have  to 
seek  the  advance  of  each  art,  more  than  in  any 
special  cu'tivation  of  an  individual.  There 
were  sufl;  lent  means  of  study  in  the  last  cen- 
tury, an'  as  much  of  an  academy  as  in  this, 
and  as  much  of  zeal  and  devotion,  which 
should  have  been  all-sufficient  to  have  pro- 
duced architects,  and  yet  which  gave  us  Soane 
and  Robert  Smirke,  and  many  much  smaller 
men.  There  was  no  public  to  select  the  good 
from  the  bad ;  no  public  to  encourage  the  good 
with  more  or  less  discrimination ;  and  the  con- 
sequence was  there  was  less  emulation.  The 
name  of  an  architect  then  but  seldom  occu- 
pied the  public  attention  ;  very  dift'erent  from 
these  days  when  a  competition  for  the  Law 
Courts  will  elicit  partisanship,  and  a  yoimg 
man  -will  find  advocates  in  the  press  and  fol- 


lowers in  Parliament.  Profound  knowledge 
we  cannot  expect  from  the  inildic,  or  from 
any  great  portion  of  it,  nor  anything  ap- 
proaching to  jirofouiid  knowledge — such  never 
existed  at  Athens  or  at  Florence  ;  but  what 
we  must  seek  is  to  create  an  interest  in  the 
public  fur  art,  the  same  interest  that  is  felt  for 
the  drama — an  interest  without  critical  ap- 
preciation, but  which  will,  in  the  long  run, 
su]>iiort  what  is  genuine  and  beautiful. 

The  instruction  of  the  jiublic  is  a  duty  of 
the  architect  as  mucli  as  the  instruction  of 
himself,  for  the  good  artist  may  find  himself 
lost  f)r  want  of  apjfreciation,  and  may  fruit- 
lessly exert  himself  labouring  in  a  desert. 
It  is  tluis  that  each  efl'ort  for  popular  instruc- 
tion becoines  of  interest,  and  of  such  a  charac- 
ter is  photography,  carried  out  to  a  great 
extent  as  a  manufacture,  Ijut  propagating 
some  elements  of  art  more  valuable  than 
those  prevalent  in  the  past.  The  additions  to 
the  architect's  repertory  from  photographs  are 
very  valuable,  because  they  greatly  extend 
the  application  of  notes.  While  the  note- 
book is  a  memorandum,  often  rough  and  in- 
complete, of  use  only  to  the  owner,  the  pho- 
tograph is  a  record  which  may  be  easily  mul- 
tiplied in  every  part  of  the  world,  exceeding 
the  applications  of  more  laborious  architec- 
tural works.  The  circulation  of  the  archi- 
tectural jiublications  of  each  country  is  greatly 
restricted  by  expense  and  other  considerations, 
but  tlie  multiplication  of  photographs  is  a 
cheap  process.  There  is,  too,  this  advantage, 
that  besides  the  circulation  among  architects 
of  the  views  of  monuments  there  is  a  large 
circulation  among  the  public,  eft'ecting  a 
double  end — the  readier  provision  of  subjects 
for  architects  by  the  wider  sale,  and  the  com- 
munication to  the  public  of  an  interest  in  the 
same  objects  of  study. 

Many  of  these  sketches  are  made  by  arclii- 
tects,  and  have  the  advantage  of  being  taken 
from  suitable  points  of  views,  and  of  being 
properly  selected.  Where  an  architect  or 
competent  observer  becomes  the  photographer 
we  get  an  efficient  delineation.  There  is 
many  a  local  monument  or  country  church 
which  would  never  pay  for  a  separate  en- 
graved puljlication,  all  the  interesting  details 
of  which,  many  or  few,  can  be  preserved  in 
photograph,  and  even  the  largest  buildings 
can  be  treated  with  a  profusion  of  illustration 
beyond  tlie  most  copious  architectural  work. 


RESIDENCE    AT    NORHAM    MANOR, 
OXFORD. 

WE  give  this  week  a  view  o£  a  house,  with 
plans,  which  has  just  been  built,  with 
many  others  of  a  like  character,  on  the  above 
estate,  the  property  of  the  President  and  Fellows 
ot  St.  John's  College.  Until  within  a  few  years 
past,  Oxford,  although  possessing  attractions  of  an 
unusual  kind  as  a  place  of  residence,  unlike  other 
places  of  less  importance,  remained  without  any 
apparent  increase  in  its  house  accommodation, 
chiefly  owing  to  the  want  of  suitable  land  for 
building  purposes,  most  of  it  around  the  city 
belonging  to  the  colleges,  who  only  had  power  of 
granting  short  leases,  and  the  conservative  feeling 
of  the  "Dons"  being  averse  to  change.  Certain 
alterations,  however,  having  been  made  in  the 
University  statutes,  which  required  the  professors 
and  some  others  to  reside  in  Oxford,  the  desire  of 
families  to  live  in  the  place,  having  sons  to 
educate,  and  of  others  who  wished  to  profit  by 
the  many  advantages  offered  by  the  museums, 
galleries  of  sculpture  and  painting,  and  the 
valuable  libraries,  &c.,  further  accommodation 
became  actually  necessary,  and  the  demand  for 
houses  so  great,  that  additional  powers  were  ob- 
tained by  the  colleges  for  dealing  with  their 
land,  by  which  it  is  now  let  on  building  leases  for 
99  years,  and  a  considerable  portion  of  it  is  being 
covered  with  private  dwellings  of  a  superior  class. 
Norham  Manor,  one  of  the  estates  so  dealt  with, 
contains  about  30  acres  of  land,  which  is  laid  out 
for  detached  and  semi-detached  private  residences ; 
it  Ues  to  the  north  and  most  elevated  part  of 
Oxford,  nas  a  thick  subsoil  of  clean  gravel,  and  is 
contiguous  to  the  New  Park  recently  laid  out  by 
the  University  as  recreation  and  pleasure  grounds, 
and  is  within   ten  minutes'  walk  of  any  at  the 


684 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


August  23,  1867. 


colleges  and  halls ;  there  are  also  two  churches  in 

the  immediate  neighbourhood,  St.  Giles,  and  the 

newly  erected    Saints     Philip   and    James.     The 

terms  imder  which  the  land  is  let  are  liberal,  and 

ensure  buildings  being  erected  of  a   substantial 

character,  and  prevent  the  erection  of  any  likely 

to  deteriorate  those  on  the  abjoiuing  lots.     There 

is  one  condition  which  we  do  not  remember  to 

have  seen  on  any  other  building  estate,  but  which 

deserves  to  be  adopted,  viz.,   the   houses  of    all 

classes  are  required  to  be  built  of  sound  brick  or 

stone,  or  a  combination  of   the  two  materials,  and 

no    plaster  covering  is  allowed  on  the  face  (the 

ordinary  material  used  on  most  building   estates, 

and   which    is    made    to    cover    a    multitude  of 

defects) ;  the  consequence  is,  that  the  buildings 

are  much  sounder  and  better  in  construction,  and 

are    substantial   in   appearance.     Several  of    the 

houses  which  have  been  erected  possess  cou.sider- 

able  merit ;  the   one  selected  for  illustration  is 

designed    by    Mr.    W.    AVilkiuson,    the    architect 

having   charge  of   the   estate,    and   i^  for  George 

Mallan,  E.sq.,  of  the  well-known  firm  of   solicitors 

of  that  name  ;  it  has  all  the  conveniences  requisite 

for  a  gentleman's  residence :  it  is  built  chiefly  of 

brick  with  stone  for  heads,  sills,  and  muUions  to 

the  windows  and  doors.     The  natural  fall  of  the 

ground   enabled   the    kitchen    and   offices    to    be 

placed  upon  rather  a  lower  level  than  the  rest  of  the 

house,  at  the  same  time  giving  to  the  kitchen  the 

advantage  of  an  open  roof.     All  the  windows  are 

fitted   with    Bash^    opening    from   the    top   and 

bottom,  and  the  internal  wood  work  and  fittings 

are  carried  out  in  accordance  with  the  style  of  the 

building. 

. _© 

AECHITECTUBAL  CONGRESS   AT  PARI;. 

THE  Imperial  Central  Society  of  Architects  of 
France  have  initiated  a  series  of  con- 
ferences, the  first  of  which,  says  the  Journal  of  tiie 
Socictij  of  Arts,  took  place  a  few  diys  since.  JI. 
Baltard,  Member  of  the  Institute  of  France,  and 
President  of  the  Central  Society,  opened  the  pro- 
ceedings with  a  complimentary  reference  to  the 
attendance  of  foreign  architects,  and  invited  dis- 
cussion on  all  points  raised.  The  Cr&t  question 
brought  before  the  meeting  was,  "  What,  in  an 
tEsthetic  and  philosophical  point  of  view,  is  the 
actual  condition  of  ar  chitecture  amongst  modern 
nations,  and  what  are  its  tendencies?"  M.  A. 
Herman  t  opened  the  question,  arguing  that  the 
tendencies  of  the  age  were  eminently  scientific 
and  industrial,  and  that  such  tendencies  had  pro- 
duced an  almost  uu.versal  eclecticism,  which  had 
become  the  dominant  characteristic  of  the  archi 
tecture  of  the  nineteenth  century  ;  and  that  in- 
dustry inevitably  tended  to  raise  the  useful  above 
the  beautiful,  which  was  an  unfavourable  condi 
tion  for  the  manifestation  of  art.  At  a  second 
meeting,  held  some  days  later,  the  question  was 
discussed,  the  conference  generally  adopting  M. 
Hermant's  view.  The  second  question,  opened  by 
the  president,  M.  Baltard,  was,  ''What  are  the 
methods  of  education  at  present  in  use?"  M. 
Baltard  showed  that  in  old  times  young  architects 
■were  tiaiued  by  masters  with  whom  they  were  in 
close  and  intimate  relation,  and  that  afterwards 
.such  training  was  completed  by  special  courses  of 
study  and  competitions  in  public  schools.  The 
president  strongly  advocated  the  development  of 
artistic  study.  M.  Eoeokmann,  of  Be  lin,  ex- 
plained in  outline  the  system  adopted  in  his 
country,  and  mentioned  the  special  fact  that  no 
distinction  was  made  there  between  architecture 
and  civil  enginee  ing.  The  third  subject  of  dis- 
cussion was,  '-The  position  of  the  architect  in 
society,  taken  fronj  a  professional  point  of  view ;  " 
and  the  fourth,  "  The  influence  of  architecture  on 
the  productions  of  industry."  The  conferences 
were  altogether  four  in  number,  and  there  was  a 
generally-expressed  hope  that  the  architects  of 
various  nations  should  come  into  more  frequent 
communication.  Several  Prussians,  a  Russian, 
and  a  Portuguese  architect  present,  took  part  in 
the  proceedings,  but  no  English  name  appears. 


the  more  interesting  places  subsequently  visited,  a  number  of  years  been  undergoing  restoration. 
There  was  nothing  of  remarkable  interest  at ;  and  these  restorations  are  only  completed  within 
Clehonger,  but  at  Madely,  the  next  place  the  last  two  or  three  years.  The  restorations 
they  came    to,    there    was    a   church    with   an    have  all  been  recently  described,  and  the  famous 


CAMBRIAN  ARCH.a^OLOGICAL  ASSOCIA- 
TION. 

O'N    Tuesday  week   Sir    Stephen   R.  Glynne, 
Bart.,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  presided  at  the  evening 
meeting  at  the  Shirehall,  Hereford,  when 

Mr.  E.  A.  Freeman,  M.  A.,  gave  an  account  of  the 
excursion  of  the  day.  Clehonger  Church  was  first 
visited,  and  here  more  time  was  spent  than  the 
church  was  worth,  leaving   so  much   the   less  for 


apse,  such  as  they  found  in  most  con- 
tinental churches.  There  was  another  apsidal 
church  (Mardin)  in  the  county.  Madely  Church 
was  also  remarkable  for  its  clerestory.  The  cle- 
restory was  not  generally  in  use  until  the  f  jur- 
teenth  century,  but  here  it  had  been  introduced 
much  earlier.  There  had  also  been  a  large  aisle 
subsequently  added,  making  what  was  originally 
external  internal.  The  chancel  stood  on  the 
crypt,  which  was  vaulted  from  one  central  pillar. 
The  chancel  was  a  good  specimen  of  the  four- 
teenth  century  Decorated  work.      It  was  wider 


Hereford  screen  (now  placed  between  the  nave 
and  the  choir)  formed  a  conspicuous  object  in  the 
Exhibition  of  1S61.  The  visitors  found  the 
workmen  busy  in  erecting  an  orchestra  of  timber 
at  the  west  end  of  the  nave  for  the  Festival  of 
the  Three  Choirs,  which  took  place  this 
week.  After  some  time  spent  at  the  Cathedral 
the  party  inspected  the  fine  old  timber  houses  iu 
the  centre  of  the  town.  One  venerable  pile, 
used  as  a  market  house,  was  removed  from  the 
High  Town  only  two  or  three  years  ago,  greatly  to 
the  annoyance  of  archajologists,  but  as  greatly  to 


than  the  nave,  and  a  sort  of  squint  had  to  be  j  the  improvement  of  the  town  ;  and  the  objects 
adapted  to  the  wall  of  the  nave.  The  English  i  visited  in  the  course  of  the  afternoon  were  All 
architect,  however,  could  not  get  rid  of  his  j  Saints'  Church,  Audrey  Almshouses,  the  remains 
English  ideas,  and  made  the  east  window  larger  of  Black  Friars  Monastery,  Conyngsby  Alms, 
than  the  ot'ner  windows  in  the  apse,  which  was  houses,  St.  Peter's  Church,  St.  Ethelbert's  Well, 
not  done  in  the  continental  churches.  From  &c.  The  Venerable  Lord  Saye  and  Sele,  the 
Madely  they  went  to  Kingstone,  and  thence  to  president  for  the  year,  entertained  the  archoeolo- 
Abbey  Dore,  which  was  no  doubt  a  Cistercian  gists  to  luncheon  at  his  residence  at  three  o'clock. 
Abbey.  The  church  was  of  the  transitional  The  objects  of  interest  to  be  visited  on  Thura. 
period.  They  also  inspected  the  church  of  Thrux.  day  were  Bishop's  Charlton  or  White  Cross,  Burg- 
ton,  and  here  a  large  barrow,  recently  excavated,  hill  Church  and  Earthwork,  Credenhill  Church 
was  inspected.  He  did  not  care  for  barrows  un-  and  Camp,  Brinsop  Church  and  Moated  House, 
less  they  proved  something,  and  this  Thruxton  Mansel  Lacey  Church,  Yazor  Church,  OS'a's  Dyke 
barrow  did  not  prove  much.  Some  bits  of  iron  at  Marhampton,  Bishopstone  Church,  Kinchester 
and  remains  of  fire  had  been  found.  It  would  Church,  and  Roman  station  of  Magna  Castra. 
appear  that  in  raising  the  tumulus  the  workmen  Of  these  objects  the  great  feature  was,  of  course, 
took    advantage   of    a   natural   elevation    in  the  j  Magna    Castra,  previous   to  visiting  which   Mr. 


ground,  and  increased  it  artificially. 

The  Rev.  E.  S.  Barnwell  thought  Mr.  Freeman 
had  hardly  done  justice  to  the  Thruxton  barrow. 
There  had  been  a  stone  chamber  inside. 

Mr.  Freeman  was  not  aware  that  such  a  disco- 
very had  been  made. 

The  Rev.  Mr.  Barnwell  added  that  two  pieces 
of  iron  had  been  fonud,  which  he  took  to  be  por- 
tions of  a  horse  sliue.     He  thought  this  pointed 


Davis  had  deUvered  a  very  interesting  discourse 
upon  this  Roman  station.  He  said  that  when  the 
district  around  Hereford  became  a  portion  of 
Britannia  Secunda,  the  sites  of  three  Roman 
stations  had  been  discovered  in  the  cjunty, 
all  united  by  Roman  roads.  These  were  Magna 
Castra,  Hariconium,  and  Circutio.  Bravinium 
had  also  been  contended  for  as  another 
Roman   station  within  the   county   of  Hereford. 


to  a  later  period  than  most  of  the  tumuli  found  I  The   site  of   Bravinium  was   put   at   a  spot  near 


in  the  district, 

A  Member  subsequently  said  he  had  picked  \ip 
a  piece  of  glass,  which  some  persons  thought  was 
part  of  a  large  bottle,  but  he  had  taken  it  home 
aud  cleaned  it,  and  believed  it  to  be  very  old.  It 
had  been  enamelled. 

Mr.  E.  A.  Freeman,  M.-i,,  then  read  a  paper 
"  On  the  House  of  Godwin,"  and  stated  that  in 
the  remarlis  he  had  to  oti'er  he  had  selected  certain 
detached  passages  from  his  forthcoming  history  in 
connection  with  the  subject  under  hand — i.e.,  the 
history  of  the  liorder  district  in  the  reign  t»f 
Edward  the  Confessor.  Herefordshire,  he  said, 
consisted  of  two  parts,  one  of  which  he  might 
apeak  of  as  purely  Welsh,  and  which  was  in  the 
diocese  of  St.  David's,  and,  until  the  time  of 
Henry  VIII,,  was  considered  part  of  Wales.  The 
other  was  purely  English,  and  became  p.art  of 
England  about  the  time  of  Ofti  in  the  eighth 
century.  Although  that  was  1,100  years  ago 
that  was  a  comparatively  recent  conquest  com- 
pared with  the  greater  part  of  England,  which 
was  conquered  .at  a  time  when  the  Enghsh  were 
heathen.  The  first  English  conquest  in  the 
•Severn  Valley  in  the  sixth  century  carried  the 
English  frontier  to  the  River  Severn,  but  not 
beyond.  Herefordshire  was  a  conquest  made  by 
Christian  Englishmen,  and  therefore  was  a  con- 
quest in  which  the  Welsh  would  not  be  so  much 
disturbed.  Hereford  must  at  one  time  have  been 
a  great  border  town,  and  therefore  it  was  a  most 
important  to.vn  for  the  English  to  keep  and  for 
the  Welsh  to  take.  It  held,  in  fact,  the  same 
relative  position  to  Wales  as  at  one  time  Exeter 
did  to  Cornwall,  as  a  border  fortress.  Mr.  Free- 
man then  sketched  the  history  of  Giiffith,  King 
of  iNorth  Wales,  from  1039  down  to  1063,  when 
Harold  completed  the  conquest  of  Wale.s,  and 
quoted  copiously  from  his  forthcoming  work.  He 
explained  that  when  they  read  of  North  Wales  in 
the  early  times  it  meant  what  was  now  called 
Wales  as  opposed  to  Wales  in  Cornwall.  Griffith 
ruled  with  great  rigour,  and  fought  a  battle  near 
Upton-on-Sevem,  at  a  place  which  still  retains  its 
ancient  name  of  Khydd.  Rhydd  is  now  the  seat 
of  Sir  E.  A.  Lechmere,  M.P.  In  1046  a  recon- 
ciliation was  efl'ected  by  the  Bishop  of  Worcester 
between  Godwin  and  his  son  S.veyn,  wh.*  had 
carried  ofi"  the  Abbess  of  Leominster  aud  wanted 
to  marry  her  after  liviug  with  her  some  time. 
At  that  time  the  church  of  Leominster  was  flou- 
rishing, but  after  that  it  fell  into  decay.  The 
evening  meeting  shortly  after  ended. 

On  Wednesday  morning  the  archjeologists  met 
in  Hereford  Cathedral  at  eleven  o'clock,  to  in- 
spect that  venerable  pile.     The  cathedral  has   for 


Leintwardine,  but  he   (Mr.  Davis)   was   not  pre- 
pared to  say  that  this  was   a  fourth  Rom.an   sta- 
tion.    His  object  in  that  address  was  to  present 
such  information  as  existed  respecting  the  Roman 
station  at  Magna   Castra,   which  went    to  show 
beyond  reasonable  doubt  that  this  was  at   Kin- 
chester.     Lelaud    spoke   of   it  in   his  i'.inerary. 
Kinchester  was  described    as   some   three  miles 
from  Hereford,  and  about  a  mile  from  the  right  of 
the  Wye.     It  was   more  ancient   than  Hereford, 
and  coins  of  the  time   of  the  Csesars   had   been 
found  there  in  ploughing  the  fields.     These  coins 
the  people  of  the  country  called  dwarf's  money. 
It  had  now  been  generally  settled  that  the  Magna 
Castra   of  the   Romans    was  at  Kinchester.     Old 
R.adnor  (which  is  some  three  or  four  miles  beyond 
Kington)    had    been    spoken    of    as   the   Magna 
C.istra,  but  he  (Mr.  Davies)  thought  the  distances 
were   all   in    favour  of  Kinchester  being  the  site. 
Camden  put  the  site  of  Aricorium  at  Kinchester, 
but  Aricorium  was   now   placed    at   Bolliugtree, 
near  Ross.     He   (Mr.    Davies)   was  satisfied  that 
there  had  never   been  a  Roman  station  at  Old 
Radnor.     An   examination   of  the   Roman   road^ 
would  throw  some  light  on  the  subject  and  leave 
no   doubt  of   the    supposition   that   the  Roman 
station  of  Magna  Castra  was  at  Kinchester.     Mr. 
Davies  proceeded   to   describe  the    routes  of  the 
ditferent  Roman  roads  through  the  Principality. 
Most   of  these  ways  were  continuations  of  roads 
connecting  portions  of  roads  in  Prima  Britannia, 
or  what  they  now  called  England.     According  to 
a  plan   of  Slagna  Castra  given  by  the  antiquary 
Stukely,  who  erroneously  called  it  Aricorium,  the 
shape  of  the  city  was  an  irregular  hexagon,  and 
enclosed  twenty  one  acres.     The  date  of  the  plaa 
was  172'2,  and  the  remains  of  Roman  walls  were 
noted  on  it.     These  were  not  now  standing.     The' 
shape  indicated  on  the  Ordnance  map  was  simi- 
lar to  that  gi.-en  by  the  antiquary  Stukeley.     In 
the  year  1S40,  the  late  Dean  Merewetber  directed 
his  attention  to  the  subject  of  Magna  Castra,  and 
some  excavations  were  commenced.      These  exca- 
vations resulted  iu  the  securing  of  a  good   speci- 
men of  tesselated  pavement  and  some   other  re- 
mains.    On    an   adjoining   eminence  were  relics 
and  remains  of  entrenchments.     In  fact,  the  hill 
was  skirted  round  by  a  vallum  or  fosse.     Its  con- 
struction on   a   conical   hill  would  lead  them  to 
ascribe  it  to  British  origin,  or  it  might  have  sur- 
rounded a  place  of  Roman  retreat.     But  whether 
it  was  of  British  or  Roman  workmanship  the  pur- 
pose  of  it   was  identical,   and   the  remains  con- 
tinued  as   silent  records   of  the   history  of  past 
ages. 
The  evening's  meeting  was  confined  to  members, 


August  23,  186T. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


585 


jl;  simply  a  meeting  for  the  dispatch  o£  actual 

iness  connected  with  the  association. 

In  connection  with  the  congress  of  the  asso- 

;  ition  a   very  valuable  collection   of  objects  of 

1  ,ba!ological  interest  has  been  got  together,  and 

.  rms  a  capital  museum  at  the  Shire  Hall. 


PUBLIC  GAKDEXS  OP  PAKIS. 

rHERE  are  in  Paris,  besides  the  parks,  twelve 
gjirdens  thrown  open  to  the  public,  and  the 
■.ving  are  the  particulars  of  their  size  and  the 
•  „f  their  formation  ;— The  Garden  (or  Square, 
idopt  the  Paris   name)    of  the  Tower  of  Samt 
|\ies  measures  5,785  metres,  and  cost  141, "OOf. 
■  Square    des    Innocents,    which    contains  the 
iitain   decoi-ated  with    the   nymphs   of    Jean 
;jon,  measures  1,957  metres,  and  cost  201,5S0f., 
riich  includes   evidently  the   restoration  of  the 
untain.     The  Square  of  the  Temple  measures 
.■|-J4  metres,  and   the   cost   was  14S,5S0f.     The 
|\iare  Vintrinille,  the  first  formed  in  P.%ris,_was 
irchased  by  the  authorities  several  years  since, 
id  was  transformed  at  a  cost   of  13,500f. ;   this 
mare  is  only  778  metres  in  extent.     The  Square 
nte  Clotilde,   in   front  of  the  church   of  that 
,10,  measures  1,733  metres,  and  its  construction 
it  32,221'f.     The  Square  Louvois,   in  the  Rue 
icliolieu,  covers  1,776  metre.s,  and  the  expense  of 
'nausformation  was  ,')(),OUOf.     The   square   re- 
'ly    formed    about    the   expiatory    chapel   of 
us  XVI.  and  Marie  Antoinette  is  6,165  metres 
extent,    and    cost   lS3,000f.      The  Square  of 
lelleville    measures   12,100  metres,  and   the  ex- 
Imse  of  its  transformation   was   20,000f.     The 
l]uare   Montholon   measures   4,300   metres,  and 
|«t  185,000f.     That  of  Montrouee,  7,100  metres, 
let  101,500f.     That  of  the  Artset-Mfetiers,  in  the 
St.  M  irtin,  4.112  metres,  cost  320,000f.    The 
Irgest  of  the  new  squares  or  gardens  is  that   of 
'rtignoUes;  it   measures  15,000  metres,  and  the 
iiig   out  cost    155,000f.      The  whole  of    these 
.  iens  form,  together,  open  spaces  in  the  centre 
he  city  measuring  about  seventeen  acres,  and 
whole  expense  of  their  establishment  or  con- 
r-ion  amounts  to  about  £63,000. 


HE  PROGRESS  OF  ORGAN  BUILDING. 

TTITH  the  exception  of  the  controversy  on 
\  V  the  comparative  merits  of  certain  large 
,'-ins  and  eminent  organ  builders,  in  1S64  and 
jj,  hardly  anything  has  appeared  in  our  pages 
.  the  subject  of  organs  since  1859.  AVe,  there- 
V-',  propose  in  this  paper  to  review   generally 

progress  which  the  art  of  organ  building  has 
-de  in  England  up  to  the  present  time.  Our 
.lA  source  of  information  consists  in  the  speci- 
itions  of  new  and  enlarged  organs,  which  appear 
almost  every  number  of  our  worthy  musical 
nteraporary.  The  Clioir  and  Musical  Record. 
We  are  glad  to  be  able  to  say  that  the  grosser 
;lts  which  disfigured  organ  building  during  the 
-t  half  of  the  present  century,  have,  to  a  great 
ent,  disajipcared.  Organs  are  now  no  longer 
-imated  by  the  number  of  pipes  they  contain, 
•-hout  leg.ird  to  the  size  of  the  pipes  ;  and,  con- 
[uently,  modem  organs  do  not  oifend  our  ears 
■  an  excessive  prevalence  of  shrill  stops.  The 
ilal  department,  which  affords  the  only  means 
doubling  the  bass  in  the  octave  below,  without 

riijcing  the  good  effect  of  dispersed  harmony, 
'■.V  receives  something  like  due  attention ;  and, 
iisequently,  the  extra  keys  on  the  manuals, 
low  CC,  which  formed  a  most  imperfect  sub- 
tute  for  the  pedal  organ,  are  now  universally 
littcd.  It  is  now  usual  to  have  a  stop  of  16ft. 
ue,  on  one  manual  at  least,  in  all  but  the 
i.allest  organs.  With  the  same  exception,  it  is 
'\v  by  far  the  most  common  plan  to  make  the 
cond  manual  of  full  compass.     As  to  the  system 

tuning  most  in  use,  our  information  is  very 
I'.ited ;  but  equal  temperament,  the  only  one  at 

I  suited  to  the  wants  of  the  present  day,  seems 
be  gaining  ground. 

\Vhat,  then,  are  the  faults  that  remain  to  be 
red  !  for  it  can  hardly  be  supposed  that  our 
,'an    builders   have  already  attained  perfection. 

the  first  place,  we  fear  that  many  organs  are 

II  built  too  cheaply  ;  though  it  is  not  now  the 
e  of  the  pipes,  but  rather  their  quality,  that  is 

inted,  either  by  not  putting  a  sufficiently  Urge 
•portion  of  tin  into  the  metal  pipes,  or  by  mak- 
;  them  too  thin,  or  some  other  unwise  device, 
funds  run  short,  it  is  far  better  to  defer  any 
'P  that  can  be  spared,  than  to  put  iu  flimsy 
rk ;  for    in  the  former  way  we  do  something 


that  will  not  have  to  be  altered,  while  in  the  latter 
case  all  will  need  to  be  altered  after  a  few  years. 

Secondly,  we  observe  that  some  organ  builders 
still  hold  to  the  tradition  of  tenor  C  swells.  It 
should  be  considered,  that  although  swells  of 
short  compaes  might  be  justided  when  the  swell 
was  a  mere  echo  of  tlie  great  manual,  the  ca-se  is 
widely  different  now  that  the  swell  is  nearly  equal 
ill  power  to  the  great,  and  often  contains  a  reed 
stop,  when  the  great  has  none.  The  disadvan- 
tages of  short  swells  are  well  known  to  every 
organist  who  has  had  to  do  with  them  ;  while 
there  is  nothing  to  be  said  in  their  favour,  except 
that  they  cost  less,  and  tiike  less  room.  But  a 
choir  organ  of  full  comp.a.ss  will  neither  cost  more, 
nor  take  up  more  room,  than  a  short  swell,  and  is, 
on  the  whole,  far  preferable. 

A  third  objectionable  practice,  which  has  not 
yet  disappeared,  is  to  put  the  stop  of  16ft.  tone, 
when  there  is  only  one,  on  the  swell  manual,  not 
on  the  great.  In  reviewing  "Hopkins  and  Rirabault 
on  the  Organ,"  early  in  1 S56,  we  alleged  some  argu- 
ments in  defence  of  this  practice.  We  are  not 
ashamed  to  confess  having  changed  some  opinions 
in  the  course  of  eleven  years,  while  the  world 
around  us  has  been  making  great  progress,  for  if 
we  had  not  changed  at  all,  this  would  not  argue 
much  for  our  infallibility.  The  reasons  for  put- 
ting the  16ft.  stop  on  the  great  manual,  are,  that 
this  is  required  in  order  to  balance  the  fifteenth 
and  mixtures,  when  the  manual  is  played  full ; 
and  if  the  16ft.  tone  must  be  borrowed  by  coupling, 
there  cannot  be  such  a  contrast  between  the 
two  manuals  as  is  often  demanded.  In  short, 
since  every  manual  ought  to  be  complete  and 
weU-proportioned  in  itself,  and  the  great  ought  to 
be  more  powerful  in  its  upper  work  than  the 
swell,  a  stop  of  16ft.  tone  is  necessary  for  the 
great,  in  all  organs  large  enough  to  admit  a  stop 
of  that  kind.  The  only  other  genenal  defect  in 
new  organs,  that  we  are  aware  of,  is  that  the 
pedal  department,  though  making  progress  very 
hopefully,  is  not  yet  fully  developed.  There 
should  be  an  open  Sft.  stop,  besides  one  of  10ft. 
tone  in  every  organ  of  five  stops  or  more  on  the 
manual,  in  order  to  make  the  pedal  sufficiently 
independent  of  the  manual ;  and  every  organ  of 
ten  stops,  or  more,  on  the  manuals,  should  have 
a  twelfth  and  fifteenth  (63ft.  and  4ft.)  on  the 
pedal. 

We  conclude  with  a  few  words  to  architects  on 
the  subject  of  organ  chambers,  for  it  not  unfre- 
quently  happens  that  in  a  new  church  an  organ 
of  sufficient  power  can  hardly  be  erected  for  want 
of  room.  Of  course  the  same  thing  happens 
occasionally  in  old  churches  also,  but  our  fore- 
fathers are  not  to  be  blamed  for  it,  as  they  could 
not  have  foreseen  what  sized  organs  would  be 
required  in  these  times,  whereas  modem  archi- 
tects have  not  the  same  excuse.  It  may  be  con- 
sidered as  settled  that  a  chancel  aisle  is  the  best 
place  for  the  organ,  and  there  only  remain  the 
questions  whether  it  should  be  north  or  south, 
and  of  its  dimensions.  The  south  side  seems  pre- 
ferable on  the  whole,  because  the  organ  can  be 
easily  screened  from  the  excessive  heat  of  the  sun, 
whereas  on  the  north  side  it  is  more  exposed^  to 
damp,  and  this  can  only  be  got  rid  of  by  heating 
the  church  every  day  in  damp  weather.  But  on 
whichever  side  an  organ  chamber  is,  care  should 
be  taken  that  it  is  large  enough,  for  to  have  to 
build  a  new  organ  chamber  is  a  very  unwelcome 
addition  to  the  cost  of  the  instmment  itself. 
The  root  should  always  be  gabled,  not  a  lean-to, 
because  the  pedal  pipes  are  always  the  largest, 
and  they  must  be  placed  at  the  back  of  the  organ. 
The  height  to  the  collar  beam  should  be  not  less 
than  20ft.  The  length  of  the  chancel  aisle  should 
be  at  least  a  quarter  of  the  length  of  the  nave, 
and  its  width  about  equal  to  that  of  the  nave  aisle. 
It  should  open  both  towards  the  nave  and  chancel 
by  wide  and  lofty  arches.  In  churches  calculated 
for  less  than  300  worshippers,  the  height  of  the 
organ  chamber,  if  there  is  one,  need  not  be  more 
than  15ft.  to  the  collar  beam  ;  but  we  do  not  par- 
ticularly recommend  organs  for  such  small 
churches,  as  a  good  harmonium  wid  be  quite 
sufficient,  and  we  may  .add,  that  the  manufacture 
of  this  humbler  instrument,  also,  has  consider- 
ably improved  of  late  years.— T/ie  Ecclcsiologist. 


WMn  I'liteKiqcntf. 


We  beg  to  remind  our  readers  that  the  First 
Annual  General  Meeting  of  the  Builders  Clerks' 
Benevolent  Institution  will  take  place  at  14, 
Bedford-row,  on  Monday  next.  The  chair  will  be 
taken  by  Mr.  William  Henshaw,  at  !;  o'clock. 


OHUROHES  AND  CHAPELS. 

The  foundation  stone  of  a  new  Wesleyan  Chapel 
was  laid  in  Sunderland  on  Monday.  The  chapel 
will  be  built  of  atone,  and  will  seat  about  1,000. 
The  schools  adjoining  are  to  be  of  brick,  and  will 
accommodate  300  children.  Total  cost  about 
£3,000.  Mr.  Tillman  is  the  architect,  and  J.  C. 
Tone  the  contractor. 

The  memorial  stone  of  a  new  chapel  at  Ossett, 
(Particular  Baptist)  was  laid  last  week.  It  will 
cost  i;  1,000,  and  \vill  accommodate  300  person.-*. 
The  architect  is  Mr.  Horsfield,  of  Halifax. 

HuNStNGORE. — The  foundation  stone  of  a  new 
church  has  been  Laid  at  Hunsingore.  The  church 
will  be  in  the  Geometrical  Decorated  style,  and  will 
consist  of  a  nave,  aisle,  and  chancel,  with  apsidal 
termmation,  and  a  tower  and  spire.  The  e-^terior 
will  be  of  St.  Helens  and  Lincolnshire  stone,  the 
interior  being  lined  with  Wetherby  stone.  Mr. 
Charles  Kirk,  of  Sleaford,  is  the  architect. 

Llaudakf  Cathedral  Towers.— Wo  are  glad 
to  learn  that  the  great  and  important  undertaking 
of  the  completion  of  the  western  towers  of  this 
cathedral  has  been  actually  commenced,  as  it_  is 
the  crowning  work  of  the  restoration  of  the  entire 
structure,  and  second  to  none  that  has  been  pro- 
jected in  our  time.  It  is,  we  think,  also,  a  cause 
of  congratulation  that  the  work  still  remains 
under  the  conduct  of  so  able,  earnest,  and  con- 
scientious a  restorer  as  the  architect  from  whose 
designs  these  towers  are  now  about  to  spring, 
and  we  feel  confident  that  at  the  hands  of  Mr. 
John  Prichard  we  shall  obtain  a  work  worthy  of 
the  occasion  and  of  the  age.  The  following 
tenders  were  received,  and  Mr.  Williams's  ac- 
cepted. A  considerable  portion  of  the  previous 
works  to  the  c.ithedral,  and  numerous  other 
churches  in  the  diocese,  have  been  satisfactorily 
executed  by  Mr.  Williams.  Messrs.  Barnsley  and 
Suns,  £S,100;  Messrs.  James  and  Price,  £7,789  ; 
Thom.a3  Williams  .(of  Canton,  near  Cardiff"), 
£7,694  lOs. 

LANTEGLO.S-By.CAMELEORD      (CORNWALL).— This 

parish  church,  which  during  the  last  year  has  been 
under  restoration,  has  just  been  reopened.  The 
church  is  dedicated  to  St.  Julietta,  a  noble  lady 
martyred  at  Cajsarea  in  the  year  3o3.  The  fabric 
consists  of  chancel,  nave,  south  aisle,  north  tran- 
sept, and  tower,  of  which  the  nave  and  south  aisle 
have  been  completely  restored,  and  the  remainder 
is  in  progress.  The  plans  were  drawn  by  Mr.  J. 
P.  St.  Aubyn,  and  the  work  has  been  carried  out 
by  the  contractors,  Messrs.  Westlake  and  Cann. 
The  tower  and  north  aisle  are  of  the  Second  Period 
of  English  architecture,  while  the  remainder  of 
the  church  appears  to  have  been  rebuilt  at  the  great 
restoration  time  of  many  of  our  Cornish  churches 
— early  in  the  fifteenth  century. 

Sligo  New  C.iTnoLio  Cathedral.— Prepara- 
tions have  begun  for  the  erection  of  a  large  and 
important  structure  in  the  town  of  Sligo,  as  the 
cathedral  of  the  ancient  Catholic  See  of  Elphin. 
The  building  is,  by  special  desire,  to  be  of  Lom. 
bard  or  Norman  character,  and  consists  of  nave, 
aisles,  transepts,  semicircular  apse,  with  an  aisle 
passing  round  it,  and  apsidal  chapel  beyond,  and 
two  chapels  of  the  same  form  in  the  transepts.  A 
mas.sive  and  lofty  tower  and  spire  will  rise  at  the 
western  end  of  the  nave.  The  dimensions  are  as 
follows  :— Total  extemal  length,  219fc.  6in. ; 
ditto  internal,  211ft.;  total  external  width 
across  transepts,  121ft.  6in.  ;  ditto  mternal, 
115ft.  6in.  ;  \vidth  of  nave  and  aisles,  66ft. ; 
height  of  nave  under  vault,  61ft.  ;  height  of 
tower  and  spire,  1 76£t.  The  materials  are  to  be 
externally  the  local  blue  limestone,  and  internal  y 
the  yellow  sandstone  of  the  country,  with  a  par- 
tial use  of  the  limestone  in  columns  and  shafts, 
.and  polished  Irish  marbles  about  the  apse  and 
choir.  The  contracts  have  been  let  to  Jlr.  KiU- 
gallin,  of  Sligo,  for  the  mass  of  the  work,  and 
Jlr.  Clarence,  of  Balisodare,  for  the  cut  stone- 
work. The  designs  and  working  drawings,  &c., 
have  been  provided  by  Mr.  George  Goldie,  of 
London.     The  total  cost  will  be  about  £20,000. 

WoMBOURNE — Wombourne  Church  has  re- 
cently  been  undergoing  a  process  of  restoration 
and  enlargement,  and  £3,500  has  been  expended 
in  the  work.  The  building,  which  possesses  a 
hands(jme  spiie,  is  supposed  to  date  back  to  before 
the  fifteenth  century.  The  object  of  the  work 
Just  completed  has  been  to  restore  the  traces  of 


686 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


August  23,  1867. 


aQtiqiiity  in  the  buildiug,  as  well  as  to  incrpase 
the  accommodation  of  the  worshippers.  Mr. 
George  EJmund  Street,  A.R.A.,  was  chosen  the 
architect,  and  his  designs  have  been  carried  out 
by  Messrs.  Higham,  builders,  of  Wolverhampton, 
The  tower  and  spire  have  been  strengthened  and 
repaired,  and  here  and  there  restored.  A  nave, 
with  columns  and  archer,  a  south  aisle,  an  organ 
chami  er  and  vestry,  the  open  roofs,  and  a  chancel, 
are  all  new. 

BUILDINGS. 

Bacop. — A  new  market  hall  at  Baoup  was 
opened  on  Saturday  last.  The  building  is  a  sub- 
stantial erection  of  stone  with  iron  and  glass  roof 
supported  by  cast-ircn  columns  and  girders.  The 
internal  dimensions  of  the  market  hall  are  137ft. 
by  71ft.  The  central  part  is  laid  out  for  stalls, 
and  is  divided  into  three  spacious  aisles  or  pas- 
sages ;  around  the  interior  there  are  twenty-three 
enclosed  or  lock  up  shops,  and  in  the  basement 
there  are  also  eight  other  shops  for  the  sale  of 
fi=h,  &c.  The  t.itil  cost  h  £6,000.  The  works 
have  been  executed  for  the  local  board  of  Bacup, 
from  the  designs  and  under  the  supeiintendence 
of  Mr.  Brierley,  C.E.,  of  Blackburn,  who  is  engi- 
neer to  the  Board. 

Leicester. — The  Corporatim  of  Leicester  have 
commenced  the  erection  of  the  new  Borough  Lu- 
natic Asylum  at  Hum  erstone.  The  contract  for 
the  building,  the  pl.ins  of  which  w,  re  designed  by 
Mr  E.  L.  Stephens,  the  borough  surveyo  ■,  has 
been  entrusted  to  Messrs.  Osborne  Brothers,  of  this 
town.  The  stone  selected  liy  the  Estate  Committee 
to  be  used  in  the  erection  of  the  building  is  the 
Ketton  stone,  one  of  the  finest  kinds  of  oolite  in 
the  kingdom,  from  the  quarries  of  Mr.  Swingler. 
Mr-  Pebbles,  late  cleik  of  the  works  at  the  ue^- 
Wii^ston's  Hospital,  has  been  entruste  1  with  si- 
milar dutif^s  iu  connection  with  the  new   asylum. 

S.iNDRiNQHAM. — The  Prince  of  Wales  last  week 
paid  a  flying  visit  to  his  West  Norfolk  estate  prior 
to  his  departure  for  Germany.  New  wings  are 
now  being  added  to  S-widiiugham  Hall,  and  oom- 
modii^us  farm  premises  are  also  being  erected  for 
the  roval  home  farm.  The  terrace  running  para- 
lel  to  the  west  front  of  the  hall  is  being  enlarged 
and  improved,  and  various  matters  of  detail  are 
also  being  attended  to  with  a  view  to  the  general 
improvement  of  the  royal  estate. 

Whitlet. — The  foundation  stone  of  Christ 
Church  Schools  here  was  laid  the  other  day  by 
the  Bishop  of  Oxford.  The  buildiug  is  to  ae- 
commnd.ate  300  children,  and  there  will  be  two 
separate  houses  for  the  master  and  mistress.  Mr. 
Joseph  Morris,  of  Friar- street,  is  the  architect. 
The  building  will  be  red  brick  and  of  a  very 
simple  character,  depending  for  effect  upon  the 
boldness  of  its  outlines  rather  than  upon  elabora 
tion  of  detail.  The  cost  of  the  building  will  be 
about  £1,800.  There  will  be  three  school  rooms 
— one  for  infants,  38ft.  6in.  by  25ft, ;  one  for 
girls,  40ft,  by  20tt.  ;  and  one  for  boy/5,  33ft.  by 
20ft.  The  two  latter  may  be  thrown  together  by 
withdrawing  the  sliding  doors,  so  that  a  large 
room  upwards  of  70ft.  long  is  thus  gained  for 
lectures,  meetings,  &c.  There  will  be  class  rooms 
att.iched  to  the  oys'  and  girls'  schools,  and  large 
playgrounds  provided.  The  roof  of  the  building 
wiU  be  open,  and  every  attention  has  been  paid  to 
the  proper  ventilation  of  the  rooms.  The  con- 
tract has  been  taken  by  Mr.  H.  Higgs,  builder,  of 
Keading,  at  .t;l,C75. 


TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 

To  Our  Readers, — Wo  shall  feel  obliged  to  any  of  our 
readers  who  will  favour  us  wiih  brief  uotes  of  works  con- 
templated or  in  progress  in  the  provinces. 

Letters  relating  to  adverti3eraent.s  .and  the  ordinary  busi- 
ness of  the  paper  should  be  addressed  to  the  Editok,  166, 
Fleet-etreet,  Advei-tisements  for  the  ciurrent  weelt  muit 
reach  the  office  before  5  o'clock  p,m.  on  Thursday. 

Notice,— The  BUILDING  NEWS  inserts  advertise- 
ments for  "  SITUATIO.VS  WANTED,"  &c.,  at  ONE 
SHILLING  for  the  fii-st  Twenty  four  Words. 


Received- J,  C— A.  G.  H.— H,  andK.— T,  0.— W.  F.  P. 
—A,  P.  W.-B,  M,  B.— F,  G,  N.— 0.  N.  B,— A.  P,— R,  P, 
— H,  S,  T,— E,  W.  G.— J,  H,— H,  B,-C,  and  Co.— E,  L,  G, 
— W,  J,— A.  B.— S.  T.— A.  B.—J.  r.  S,-G.  G,— J,  B.— 
W.  T.— J,  a.  S.— E,  B. 

A  Pdpil  with  Nothing  to  Do. — You  have  no  redress, 
nor  are  you  entitled  to  ,auy.  It  is  not  ,^our  master's  faut 
that  his  busiue--s  has  fallen  otf,  and  according  to  youx  own 
stateuiout  you  had  plenty  to  do  for  tlu-ee  years, 

J,  Connor.  —We  should  say  about  £13  per  rod  for  a  large 
estimate. 

QuARRYiiAN.— Ifyou  V,  ill  let  US  Itnow  what  kind  of  stoue 
it  id  yon  wish  to  know  the  crabbing  weight  of  we  will  tell 
you  how  much  it  will  beai-. 


Comspoiibeitte. 


POPLAE    NEW    OFFICES  COMPETITION. 

To  the  Editor  of  the  Building  News. 

Sir,— In  the  last  number  of  your  publication 
you  have  unsparingly  alluded  to  my  name  with 
reference  to  the  competition  for  the  New  Offices 
for  Board  of  Works,  Poplar.  1  think  I  shall  show 
you  that  you  are  misinformed,  and  under  a  wrong 
impression,  and  had  you  made  more  calm  inquiry, 
and  been  better  acquainted  with  the  facts,  1  think 
1  should  have  been  spared  your  severe  and  ofi'en- 
sive  personal  remarks.  If  you  were  right  in  con- 
necting my  name  with  any  act  of  "gross  injus- 
tice and  jobbery,"  I  should  neither  expect  or 
ask  for  your  forbearance,  for  I  should  justly  de- 
serve your  censure.  These  are  the  circumstances 
of  the  case  as  far  as  I  am  concerned,  and  I  trust 
to  your  fairness  to  publish  this  letter.  The  Pop- 
lar Board  of  Work-  received,  I  believe,  forty-four 
designs  in  competition  for  their  new  offices  iu  re- 
sponse to  instructions  issued  by  the  Buaid  as  to 
the  accommodation  required,  with  the  sizes  of  the 
rooms,  &c.,  given.  Out  of  these  forty-four  the 
Board  selected  len  designs  which  they  considered 
best,  and  they  came  to  a  resolution  to  submit 
these  to  me  for  examination,  and  to  report  whethei- 
they  had  been  sent  iu  in  accordance  witti  the  in- 
structions issued,  and  more  especially  as  to  cost 
and  accommodation.  I  endeavoured  to  c  nfine 
myself  to  my  directions,  and  did  not  conceive  they 
authorized  me  to  award  the  premiums,  or  even  to 
recommend  the  designs  to  be  premiated,  though 
I  pointed  out  what  appeared  to  me  their  merits 
and  defects,  and  all  the  instances  of  departure  or 
c  mpliance  with  the  instructions.  You  ask,  what 
has  Mr.  Wood  done  for  his  fee.  In  reply,  I  beg 
to  say  that  1,  for  nearly  the  whole  of  a  week,  often 
early  and  late  in  the  day,  gave  to  the  subject  both 
hard  work"  and  "earnest  study,"  iu  the  hope 
of  doing  justice  to  the  Board  and  to  all  the  de- 
signs submitted  to  me,  with  a  serious  regard  for 
the  responsible  duties  entrusted  to  me.  You  re- 
proachfully ask  how  I  could  have  overlooked  the 
designs  "  Incognito  '  and  the  two  concentric 
circles,  and  also  state  your  surprise  that  a  "  re- 
spectable architect,  whose  name  has  stood  upon 
the  Royal  Institute's  books  for  more  than  a  quar- 
ter of  a  century,  should  be  found  to  be  so  ignorant 
of  his  art  as  to  be  incapable  of  judging  l.etween 
'Incognito'  and  '  Circinus,'  or  two  concentric 
circles  and  'Octagon,'  or  'Alpha'  and  'Gives,' 
is  a  very  painful  discovery.'' 

In  reply,  1  beg  to  say  that  whereas  "Incognito," 
two  Concentric  circles,  and  "  Alpha  "  were  notsub 
mitted  to  me,  and  as  I  have  never  seen  them,  I 
certainly  do  feel  that  though  my  art  knowledge  is 
not  at  fault,  it  is  true  I  am  "incapable  of  judging" 
between  tbem  and  the  others  named,  which  have 
been  premiated,  and  that  if  "spiteful  people" 
may  assign  other  causes  for  my  judgment,  I  hope 
on  reflection  that  you  at  least  will  alter  your  opi- 
nion that  I  was  actuated  by  the  "  sheerest  igno- 
rance or  neglect  of  the  work  "  I  had  to  do. 

In  justice  to  the  Board  and  to  myself  I  can  state 
that  no  member  or  officer  of  the  Board  ever  hinted 
to  me  a  preference  for  any  motto,  and  I  had  no 
interest  in  the  result,  and  did  not  know  the  motto 
or  name  of  any  one  competing,  and  none  of  the 
successful  competitors  are  in  any  way  personally 
known  to  me. — I  am,  &c.,         Sancton  Wood. 

10,  Craig's  court,  August  21. 

[We  regret  that  Mr.  Wood  should  h  'Ve  had  occa- 
sion to  write  the  above  letter.  We  see  nothing  what- 
ever to  lead  us  to  alter  the  expressions  we  used  in 
the  leading  article  of  last  week's  BtJlLDlNQ  News. 
That  Mr.  Wood  should  accept  the  oflice  of  a  pro- 
fessional judge  in  a  competition,  and  permit  him- 
self to  ignore,  through  the  act  of  the  committee, 
no  leas  than  thirty-three  out  of  forty-three  com- 
petitoi  8,  only  makes  matters  worse.  Architects 
should  not  lend  their  names  to  such  triiiing.  If 
a  committee  wants  a  professional  judge,  so  much 
the  better;  but  unless  the  judge  judge  of  the 
whole  merits  o£  the  competition,  and  the  com 
mittee  agrees  to  abide  by  his  judgment,  the  whole 
affair  resolves  itself  into  a  professional  farce,  which 
may  amuse  the  comic  mem  ers  of  the  profession, 
I'Ut  which  only  saddens  those  who  take  a  serious 
view  of  art. — Ed.  B.  N.] 


Sir, — I  quite  agree  with  your  remarks  on  the 
Poplar  New  Offices  competition,  but  think  you 
are  rather  too  hard  upon  Mr.  S.mcton  Wood  for 
the  share  he  hag  had  in  this    disgraceful  matter. 


When  the  committee  selected  ten  designs  they  re- 
commended the  Board  to  submit  them  to  the  exa- 
mination of  a  disinterested  professional  gentle- 
man to  report  on  them  in  the  order  of  their  merit. 
A  Mr.  E.  H.  Cook  moved  an  amendment"  That 
the  final  selection  of  a  plan  should  be  left  to  the 
Board,  and  the  examiner  should  only  see  which  of 
the  plans  were  fitted  for  the  purpose  of  the 
Board,  and  not  report  on  the  order  of  their  merit." 
By  the  adoption  of  this  amendment  the  Board 
were,  of  course,  free  to  do  any  amount  of  jobbery 
in  the  selection.  Mr.  Sancton  Wood  sent  in  a 
general  report,  and  I  believe  bad  nothing  what- 
ever  to  do  with  the  award.  Perhaps  Mr.  Sancton 
Wood  would  have  no  objection  to  publish  his  re- 
port, so  that  the  unsuccessful  competitors  may 
see  that  he  has  acted  impartially.  I  have  seen 
the  designs,  and  must  say,  with  the  exceptinu  of 
about  seven  or  eight,  a  greater  amount  of  rubbish 
could  not  have  been  sent  in.  Of  the  premiated 
designs,  "Cives  "  is  the  I  est,  although  the  ground 
storey  is  complelely  crushed  in  appearance  by  the 
exces.^ive  height  of  the  upper  one,  and  the  in- 
ferior offices  reminds  one  very  much  of  a  suburban 
publichouse.  "  Octagon "  looks  more  like  a 
number  .  f  private  dwellings  than  a  public  office, 
and  some  of  the  details  are  positively  hideous. 
"  Circinus  "  is  so  bad  exteiiorly  that  it  is  beneath 
criticism,  and  the  interior  perspective  only  helps  to 
show  Mr.  Fletcher's  utter  ignorance  of  architeq- 
ture.  As  a  further  proof  of  unfair  ness  1  believe  that 
the  envelopes  containing  the  names  of  the  success- 
ful competitors  have  not  yet  been  opened,  so  that 
if  this  competition  had  been  conducted  fairly 
their  names,  instead  of  being  notorious,  would  not| 
have  been  known.  Why  the  unsuccessful  coin, 
petitors  dj  not  write  to  the  Board  protesting] 
against  the  decision  I  cannot  understand, 
should  have  thought  that  architects  had  sufTeref 
enough  from  committees,  and  that  they  woul^j 
not  meekly  let  any  fuither  insults  be  heaped  upo^l 
them  without  some  resistance. — I  am,  &c  , 

Delta. 

MR.  CARLYLE'S  ATTACK  ON  OUE 
AKUHITECIUKE. 

SlB^— Really  architects  or  builders  are  called  od 
to  undertake  the  confutation  of  Mr.  Carlyle's  last 
pamphlet,  "  Shooting  Niagara  ;  and  After,"  ii3 
"  Macmillan's  Magazine."  They  are  singled  out 
therein  as  the  very  head  and  hands  of  that  "fool 
of  a  world"  which  incurs  the  philosopher's  uintt 
vial,  more  wrathful  than  all  the  previous  "  Lattei 
Day"  eight.  Though  "  servant.-,hip  on  the  no 
madio  uriaciple,  at  the  rate  of  so  many  shillings  ; 
day"  tie  declared  now  "  the  poisonous  taproot  o: 
all  mischief,"  it  is  the  architectural  results  ant 
efllorescenoe  of  this  upas  root  that  draw  forth  thi 
most  prophetic  language.  It  is  only  when  con 
templating  his  countrymen  in  their  brick  anc 
mortar  portrait  of  themselves  that  the  censo, 
loses  both  all  heart  and  all  moderation  of  iuvec 
tive,  and  joius  the  wailing  and  thunder  of  : 
Jeremiah  and  Isaiah  thus  :— "  Truly  the  state  0 
Loudon  houses  and  London  housebuilding  at  thi 
time,  who  shall  express  how  detestable  it  is,  hov 
frightful  !  For  there  lies  in  it  not  the  physica 
mischief  only,  but  the  moral  too,  which  is  fa 
more.  I  have  often  sadly  thought  of  this.  Tha 
a  fresh  human  soul  should  he  born  in  such  a  place 
born  iu  the  midst  of  a  concrete  mendacity 
taught  at.  every  moment  not  to  abhor  a  lie,  but  t 
think  a  lie  all  proper,  the  fixed  custom  and  gene 
ral  law  of  man  ;  and  to  twine  its  young  affection 
round  that  sort  of  thing  ! 

"England  needs  to  be  rebuilt  once  in  ever 
seventy  years.  Biuld  it  once  rig)dhj  and  the  ex 
pense  will  be,  say  50  per  cent,  more ;  but  it  wi 
stand  till  the  day  of  judgment.  Every  sevent 
years  we  shall  save  the  expense  of  building  a) 
England  over  again  !  Say  nine  tenths  of  the  e: 
pense,  say  three  fourths  of  it,  (allowing  for  tb 
changes  necessary  or  permissible  in  the  change  i 
things),  and  in  rigorous  arithmetic,  such  is  the  sa' 
ing  possible  to  you  ;  lying  under  your  nose  theri 
sulioiting  you  to  pick  it  up,— by  the  mere  act  ', 
behaving  like  sons  of  Adam,  not  like  scandalot 
esurient  Phantasms,  and  sons  of  Bel  and  tl 
Dragon. 

"  There  is  a  thrift  of  money,  if  you  want  money 
The  money  saving  would  (you  can  compute  i 
what  short  space  of  time)  pay  your  national  del 
for  you,  bridge  the  ocean  for  you,  wipe  away  yoi 
smoky  nuisauces,  your  muddy  ditto,  and  mal 
the  face  of  Eug  and  clean  again  ;  and  all  this 
leckonas  mere  zero  in  comparison  with  the  acooc 
panying  imp  ovement  to  your  poor  souls, — no 
'  dead  iu  ties,  asses  and  sins,'  drowned  iu  be' 
butts,  ia  gluttonies,  aiaveries,    quackeries,  but  : 


August  23,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


587 


ailed  then  to  blessed  life,  and  the  eight  of 
leaven  and  Earth,  instead  of  Payday  and  Meux 
ud  Co.'a  Entire.  O  uiy  bewildered  brothers,  what 
(jul  infernal  Circe  has  come  over  you,  and  changed 
ou  from  men,  once  really  rather  noble  of  their 
and,  into  beavers,  into  hogs  and  asses,  and 
.easts  of  the  field  or  the  slum  !  I  declare  I  had 
.'her  die  .'     .     .     .     ." 

Now,  of  course  any  of  us  builders,  scandalous 

irieot    Phantasms,  and  sons  of    Bel   and     the 

'ragon  that  we   are,  will    utterly  fail  iu  comput- 

1^-  by  aoy  extant  arithmetic  this  "  saving,"  or  in 

hit  short  space  of    time     it  would    pay     our 

iiionai  debt,  bridge  the  ocean  for  us,  &c.,  &c.  Let 

i  try.     Call   the   expense  of  one   septuageuary 

uiidiug  of  all    Eugland    in   the   present  esurient 

'kmtaamal    aud    Bel-and-the  Uragonish    manner 

')  X.     Then  the  expeuse  of  aright  or  Adamite 

:lding  of  it,  we  will  take   Mr.   Carlyle"s  word, 

lid  be   15)  x;  and  this  additional  50  x   is   to 

e  us  something  like  90  x,  or  at  least  75  x,  out  of 

Lie  100  x  otherwise  needed   every  70  years  till 

he  day  of  juugment.   We.l,  are  we  to  reckon  5  fer 

ant   interest,  or  :J  per  cent.,  or  2,  or  how  little  ? 

^t    5  per   cent,   the    50    x,    improved    yearly, 

.•ould  (as  arithmeticians  say)  have  '"produced"  in 

very   70   years,  about   1,470  x,    or    mo  e    than 

he  rebuilding  fund,  not  of  one   Eug  and,   hut  of 

.lurteen  !     Similarly,  at  3  percent.,  we  are  taught 

lat  the    propo.sed   present    expenditu  e    of    50 

i  equivalent  to  one  of  315  at  the  end  of  this  and 

•ly  70  years.      At    2  per  cent.,    our  50  still 

lats   as  ve I y  near  150,  instead  of  our  esuiient 

Uantasmal   grandsons'    100,    at   the     next    and 

■  ery    future    rebuilding.      Aud,    descending  to 

I  igioary  rates  of  an  imaginary  money-market,  at 

I'er   cent.,    Mr.   Carlylo's    50  would  still  cost 

:e  than  the  provision  of  90  at  each  period  of  re- 

r.diug;  and   at  1  per   cent.,  still   more  than  a 

lodical  75.     In  rigorous  arithmetic  such  is  the 

iug  possible;  and  so,  if  we  are  to  compute  in 

at  short  space  of  time  it  would  bridge  us  the 

-can,   &c.,   &c.,   we   shall    have    to    prefix    the 

georaic  negative   sign,  for  in   any   space   more 

lin  nothing  the   saving   will  be   negative,  and 

■re  the  wrong  way,  the  longer  the  space. 

Now,   of  course  a:l   this   is    too   obvious     by 

cker  to  be  genera  ly  thought  worth  citing  against 

.  amusing  satirist.     Every  schoolboy  can  thus 

numpbantly  show  that  behaving   like  *'  sons  of 

lei  and  the  Dragon"  is  the  right  political  economy, 

ud  the  exploded  dark  age  practice  of  "  sons  of 

idam"  totally  wrong  ;  can  have  his  laugh  at  the 

'helsea  philosopher,  aud  thank  our  stars  we  have 

■  sage,  but  "  him  they  call  Dizzy,"  to  manage 

.«.•  national  debt.     The  world — Christian  World 

T  her  newspaper  so  entitled) — is  especially  merry 

erthe  blunder.  Its  great  scandal  is,  of  course,  at 

i  hypothesis  that  in  a    limited    time,  say  50 

-.-.rs  hence,  Anglo-Christianity   shall   have   de- 

luesced    into    "aqueous    residues    of    a    vapid 

ladly.scented  character,  and  shall,  Uke  water  spi.t 

ipoB  the  ground,    trouble   nobody   considerably 

henceforth,  but  eva;  orate  at  its  leisure."  Absurd 

rophecy  !     Is   not  Christiauity   divine  ?    (and — 

aderstood — can  anything  divine  evaporate    out 

f  England  V)     Chrntlati   WorU  finds  this  hardly 

xceeded  in  absurdity  by  even  the  idea  that  we 

hould  bake  everlasting   bricks,  build  things  once 

:>r  all,  and  thus  pay  the  national  debt,  &c.    "  And 

bis  kind  of  thing  we  have  from  Thomas  Carlyle. 

das  '  alas  :  how  are  the  mighty  fallen  !" 

Verily,     Chrhtian     Wo,-ld    hath    her   reward. 

. elxMterous  philosopher  !     Why,  he  must  have 

•red  amongst    musty  records  till    he    actually 

omea  to  argue  as  if  the  nature  of  things  were  an- 

ique ;  as  if  the   modern  world  were  under  such 

Oeity  as  the  Creator  of  the  ancients — a  creator 

;ho  (according  to  Aristotle  and  the  Fathers)  had 

ot  given  to  metals,  but  only  to  plants  and  ani- 

ids,   the  faculty   of  growth  and  unlimited  self- 

eproduotion ;  so  that,  though  all  thieves  who  made 

^e    of   tools,    or   capital,   called   their    gettings 

a    Toros  Foenus,     Begetting    or    Produce    of 

i^t  capital,  the  term  was  a  mere  brigand's  mis- 

'uer ;  no  money,  or  dead  capital,  having  ever  be- 

jtten  or  produced  a  single  obolus  worth  of   any- 

aiog;  however  much  of   other  men's  labour   it 

aight  enable  its  owner  to  steal  and  call  Tokos. 

'.ir  philosopher  has  actually  ignored  in  the  above 

■aeme  of"  thrift  "the  whole  change  that  has  made 

uat  was  thieving  "improving  capital,"  and  what 

'  V  <^.'>™«  virtue.  He  has  forgotten  that  he  was  in 

'Christian  world,  not  a  Jewish,  nor  Mohammedan, 

or  even  media;val  Christian  ;  but  a  world  of  such 

'hristbns  as  would,  to  a  man,  in  any  of  the  times 

r  places  of    dark     Christendom — any    of     the 

fceen  centuries   between   Christ    and   Cah-in — 

ive  been  liable  to  either  banishment,  confisca- 

vn,  or  bodily  mutilation,  as  criminals.     In  short, 


Mr.  Oarlyle  here  appears  (doubtless  throug'-.  inad- 
vertence) as  if  rejecting — nay,  trampling  upon — 
the  most  sacred  dogma  of  his  nation's  religion  — 
namely,  the  Imuiaculate  Conception  of  her  Messiah 
the  Son  of  her  god.  For,  as  he  himself  insisted 
near  a  quarter  of  a  century  ago,  a  man's  real  reli- 
gion consists  not  in  those  numerous  things  that 
he  is  uncertain  of.  and  tries  to  believe,  however 
honestly  or  conscientiously,  but  in  those  very  few 
that  he  does  certainly  believe,  with  an  assurance 
to  stike  life  and  death,  yea.  Heaven  or  Hell,  upon. 
And  by  this  rule  it  is  plain  that  the  chief  things 
of  our  generation's,  or  Christian  world's,  religiou, 
are  by  no  means  such  as  we  hear  on  Sundays,  or 
any  biblical  dogm.vs,  but  quite  other.  The  very 
sacrcdest  doctrine,  I  say,  of  our  national  faith,  is 
this  which  Mr.  Carlyle  has  thus  appeared  to  im 
pugn;  the  sonshipand  Immaculate  Conception  of 
Tokos  or  Fosnus,  the  nineteenth  century's 
Messiah,  how  that  this  is  (in  direct  contradiction 
to  all  the  ancients  and  medixvals),  the  very  be- 
gotten Son  of  Cai)it;vl,  begotten  of  tlie  Capital  be- 
fore all  duties,  Jlammon  of  Mammon,  Wealth  of 
Wealth,  very  Cash  of  very  Cash,  begotten  not  made, 
being  of  one  substance  with  the  Principal,  whereby 
(and  ly  no  human  labourers)  all  gains  are  made. 
Unless,  therefore,  the  venerable  sage  retract  and 
explain  away  the  apparent  heresy  of  this  part  of 
his  last  essay,  I  think  he  can  expect  no  years  to 
shield  him  from  the  treatment  a  nation 
gives  to  those  attacking  the  very  most  cherished 
sanctities  of  their  faith.  E.  L.  G. 


[54S.]— ARCHITECTS'  PUPILS.— Would  any  of  yonr 
readers  kiudly  iufbrm  m«  ou  the  fullowiuii  poiut.  I  am  au 
architect  aud  surveyor'*  pupil  (uot  laud  surveyor,  &o  )  aud 
u.os  articled,  and  paid  a  Hood  prciuiiuu.  Cau  you  tell  utti 
if  1  uiu  UoLUid  (if  luy  ma-^tor  so  ehoa'^^)  to  do  auy  thiug  in 
tilt)  buMiue^  of  .-vu  )Ktus«  li^cut?  Xliui-e  l:i  no  raeutiou  of 
it  iu  tho  iudeuturcs ;  ueithor  was  it  verbally  agreed  to 
btitwoeu  us.  1  UIU  told,  tbuugh,  that  it  is  a  i^u-t  of  a  sur 
veyor'a  butiiuoss,  but  I  fail  to  see  it — Uopefdl. 

IM3.)-BR1CKW0KK.-I  shall  bo  obliged  if  any  of 
your  rcaderd  will  iuform  mu  if  it  is  practicable,  iu  takiug 
out  tho  qiiautitiea  uf  uricltwoik,  aucti  a-i  wiu.lowd  and 
doors,  to  take  the  entire  leu^^th  aud  width  of  the  opeuiug, 
or  i^  there  auy  idlowuuce  made  for  the  reveals  where  the 
work  ia  stuccoed. — t'.\UNnAM 

[550.1— COSTIN'ENTAL  JOINERY.— WiU  you,  through 
the  "  lut^rcomuiuuicatiou"  of  yoiu  valuable  paper,  inform 
uiu  ofM'huui  I  can  obtaiu particulars  aud  whjle^le  prices  of 
the  coiitiuciital  joiucry,  about  which  a  great  deal  UlW  lately 
bcou  written  in  your  paper? — .V  O.t.N'ST.vsr  dUB-sciuuEK. 

[551.1-CLE.VXISG  NEW  CARVED  OAK  WORK  —A 
young  carver  has  used  some  oxalic  acid  and  spirits  of  salts  iu 
cleauiug  new  carved  oak  work,  which  iu  uiue  or  teu  days 
1  as  turned  blacK.  1  should  he  glad  taknow  tua  best  wash 
or  method  of  getting  the  block  out. — A  Mistakj^. 

[.552  ]— COATI.no  OP  BOILEllS.— Can  any  of  your  cor- 
respondents iuform  me  where  to  obtain  the  uew  apparatus 
(I  think  electric)  for  preventing  the  coating  of  boilers,  or 
destroying  the  cuat  where  formed?  I  believe  it  was  ex- 
hibited at  the  late  Bury  St.  Edmunds  Agricultural  Show. 
Any  information  resijecting  it  will  oblige. — J.  G. 


Iiitercomimniicatioii 


QUESTIONS. 

[54-2.  ]_DR  AWING  ON  'WOOD.— Being  desirous  of 
miking  an  attempt  at  drawing  u^wu  wood,  I  should  feel 
Very  greatly  obliged  by  auy  of  your  correspotidents  iuform - 
ing  me  as  to  the  proaess,  the  paucils  to  bo  used,  and  the 
prepaiationofthd  block,  ic— A.  L. 


[543.]— PLATE  GIRDERS.— Would  you  be  kind  enongh 
to  explain  the  following  : — In  your  article  Xo.  4  ou  Plate 
Girders,  June  '2\,  you  say.  "  Load  per  fout  run,  IJ  ions  on 
each  pirder.  This  load  will  include  the  weight  of  locomo- 
tive and  the  structure  itself"  First,  how  many  girders 
were  employed  iu  carrying  the  briiige?  Oris  it  Ij  tons  per 
foot  run  fur  each  line  of  rail,  and.  therefore,  a  girder  under 
each  rail  ?  A  section  of  the  bridge  would  h^ve  been  very 
useful  in  this  Ciise.  Secoud,  would  a  Jin.  plate  not  do  for 
the  flanges  as  well  as  two  gin.  plates,  which  would  save 
labour  and  loss  of  metal  ?  Consideiuug  that  iron  is  now 
so  mutjh  used,  these  calculations  ought  to  be  well  untler- 
stocrti. — Yak. 

[In  the  example  given  at  page  422,  article  No.  4  on  Plato 
Girders,  the  bridge  consists  of  two  main  longitudinal  girders 
with  a  clear  span  or  opening  of  27ft.  The  total  length  of 
these  girdets  would  be  about  31ft.,  which  allows  ^ ft.  at 
each  end  for  restiug  on  or  building  into  the  piera  of 
masonry.  The  liue  of  rails  is  carried  on  transverse  girders, 
which  rest  ou  thi.i  bottom  flangt-s  of  the  main  girders,  and 
are  riveted  thereto.  The  transverse  gii'ders  are  placed  3ft. 
apart,  centre  to  centre,  being  lOiu.  deep,  measuring  over 
the   flange   plates.'     The  main   girders   are   each   calcu- 

<--- --8-'— ^ 


IF 


TRANSVERSE  GIRDER. 

lated  for  a  load  of  li  ton  per  foot  run.  The  reason  for 
a=iug  two  gin.  plates  in  tlaiiges  at  centre  of  main  girders, 
is  on  account  of  droppiu  ^  oflf  the  section  at  abouc  the  divi- 
sion marked  "34  (aee  diagi-am,  page  422),  where,  at  that 
length,  measuring  from  centra  of  girdei',  it  will  be  fouud 
we  can  leave  out  one  of  the  ^in.  plates,  whicli  then  gives 
a  sectional  area  at  that  point  of  about  lO^in.,  whereas  in 
the  centre  of  girder  the  sectional  area  is  I2_iin.  ] 

[544.]— COPAL  VARNISH.— How  is  one  (not  a  painter) 
to  judge  good  copal  varniah?  Should  not  all  walls  or  wood- 
work be  payed  over  previous  to  varni^liing  with  two  coats 

of  size  ? — LaJJP  BLACK. 

[345.]— GEL.\TINE. —Will  some  reader  inform  me  where 
to  purchase  and  how  to  manipulate  gelatine  in  taking 
casts  from  wood  carving? — W.  H.  I. 

[54e.]_JERUSALEM. — About  eighteen  months  since  it 
was  reported  iu  the  BriLD:NO  News  that  the  dome  over 
the  Holy  Sepulchre  was  to  be  restored.  I  shall  feel  obliged 
if  any  subscriber  win  iuform  me  what  progress  has  beeu 
made,  aud  who  the  architect  employed  is?— Jordan. 

[547,]_TIMBER  PRESERVING.  —  Yonr  interesting 
article,  and  also  Mr.  Deas*,  M.I.C.E.,  letter  ou  the  subject, 
has  been  shown  to  me.  Being  engaged  in  the  timber 
trade,  will  you  please  iuform  me  w'hy  Gennau  and  French 
railways  are  beginning  to  creosote  railway,  sleepers  at  a 
time  when  English  en  ineers  are  leaving  it  otf.'  Accord- 
ing to  Mr.  Deas,  whose  railway  amongst  others,  has  coffered 
financially,  it  must  be  partly  oa  account  of  the  present 
depression. — I  am,  tc,  Sleeper. 


[553.]— UGHT.— 1  propose  building  a  house  between 
two  other  bouses,  ouo  of  which,  ou  the  north-east  side,  has 
a  sm  11  window  looking  on  to  the  piece  of  ground  I  purpoio 
building  upon.  Could  iuiy  uf  your  roiuiera  kiudly  lulorm 
me  how  fiir  1  should  to  have  to  build  from  the  wiudo^'  so 
as  nut  to  intercept  the  light?  Height  of  window  from  tUu 
grouud  lift.,  proposed  height  of  my  building  (includiug 
roof),  30ft.— I  am,  A;o.,  G.  G.  P. 


REPLIES. 

[o37-]— PERIODS  OF  GOTHIC  ARCHITECTURE.— 
"Early  English  "  cauuot  b-'  extended  beyond  three  reigns. 
Richard,  John,  and  Henry  HI.,  and  the  first  of  th-su 
was  rather  semi-Norman.  "Middle  En.li^h,"  or  Ed- 
wardian, follows,  under  the  three  Edwards  alone — that  ia 
enough  to  remember  Mr.  Fergusion  s-iys  the  transitions 
fall  curiously  "ouihe  three  Uichanls'  reigns."  Now  it 
is  true  that  Richard  I.  saw  the  founding  of  "  Early  Eng- 
lish," aud  Richard  11.  of  "  Perpendicular  '  (as  his  Hall  of 
Westminster  testifie.s),  but  whatof  tlielutsrmediatecliange? 
Richard  ill.  comes  a  foil  ceutuiy  afterthe  last  real  chan.;e, 
and  when  the  poor  old  art.  was  running  to  seed.  It  would 
be  safer  to  begin  a  style  with  the  la=t  quarter  of  each  cen- 
tury, at  1175,  1275,  loio.  But  truly,  from  tho  former  date 
to  the  latter  there  w;i3  imiform  growth.  Those  '200 
years  include  the  whole  career  of  logical  aud  true  art,  from 
etaguaiit  Norruan  savagerv  to  stagnant  "Perpendicular 
trade-uniouism."  As  for  the  final  break  up,  the  priests 
were  the  Itali.mizers  everywhere,  aud  all  ours  were  so, 
from  1500,  with  the  sole  exception  of  WuLsey.  He  alone 
kept  the  native  art  alive  under  Henry  VIll.,  wheu  other- 
wise the  chuiches,  if  uot  all  buildiugs,  would  have  become 
pure  It;iUan.  Thauks  to  him,  the  elfect  of  the  Reforma 
tion  aud  atoppiug  of  church  building  was  to  arrest  tho 
chan  e,  aud  proluug  our  imitation  of  aacestriU  art  auother 
ceuturv.  It  would  h  ve  come  too  late  even  to  do  this  but 
for  Wolsey's  previuus  power  and  Aoglo  puriat  crotchet,  or 
had  he  falleu  ouly  a  few  ye>irs  earlier. — E.  L.  G. 

[537.] — The  general  hypothesis  is  that  the  various  etyle.* 
of  Gutbic  architectare  sprang  from  or  grew  out  of  oae 
auother,  commeuciug  with  the  rudest  and  most  prunary 
forcos,  aud  may  be  divided  int-o  two  sections— the  circular 
and  the  pointed.  The  first  style  is  the  Saxon.  The  exact 
dates  of  existing  examples  are  scarcely  to  ba  ascertained, 
but  it  is  supposed  to  have  prevailed  from  the  mission  cf 
St.  Augustine,  at  the  close  of  the  sixth,  down  to  the  middle 
of  the  eleveuth  century.  Then  came  the  Norman,  com- 
meuciug  with  the  Couvj^uest  (1000),  aud  la3ted  a  little  over 
luO  years — '.  e.,  to  tiie  latter  end  of  the  twelfth  centurj-. 
From  the  Normau  sprang  tlie  "Transition,"  a  combination 
of  Norman  and  "Early  English,"  of  which  we  have 
examples  of  the  dates  1170,  HSO,  and  even  1200.  Thu 
Saxou  aud  Normau  may  be  considered  the  first  section  of 
Gothic.  Then  comes  the  pointed  sectiou,  or  Gothic  proper, 
in  the  following  orders: — First,  "  Early  English,"  which 
took  its  rise  in  the  rei  n  of  King  John,  about  the  beginjiiug 
of  the  thirteenth  c^ntuiy,  and  continued  for  a  period  of 
about  too  years,  i.e.,  from  1200  to  1300,  a.d.  Secood, 
"  Decorated,"  a  more  elaborate  aud  finished  style  thau 
its  predecessor,  commencing  in  the  reigu  of  Edward  I.,  and 
flomishiid  for  a  period  of  IttO  years,  i.-.,  from  1300  to  14tio 
A.D.  The  first  period  of  thLs  style,  knowa  as  the  "Ed- 
wardian," which  lasted  about  sixty  years,  appear^  to  be 
the  type  from  which  our  Law  Courts  are  to  be  erected, 
provided  Mr.  Street,  as  has  been  hinted,  becnmes  the  ai  - 
chitect.  Third,  "  Perpeudicuiar,"  rising  with  the  Hovise 
of  York,  and  continuing  for  a  period  of  about  eighty  years, 
dying  out  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  (14G0  to  1540  a.d.). 
It  ia  a  remarkable  coincidence  that  wheu  England  was 
allied  to  the  spiritual  power  of  the  Pope  the  best  architec 
tare  prevailed,  aud  wheu  that  spiritual  power  was  severed 
it  decayed  and  bec^irae  like  an  old  man  iu  hij  seeoud  chdd 
hood,  when  all  sorts  of  fantastic  gambols  were  heaped  upon 
it  in  the  vain  hipe  of  keeping  it  alive,  and  that  now,  when 
Romish  ideas  arc  insinuating  iu  our  land,  Gothic  architec- 
ture is  reviving  with  it.  Pomth,  the  style  following  the 
"Perpendicular"  is  known  &2  the  "  Deba^ea "  Eliza- 
bethau  or  I'udur  Gothic,  aud  after  that  all  semblance  of  style 
appears  t<j  have  vanished  from  the  land.  1  am  afraid  of 
trespassing  too  far  on  your  kindness  to  give  the  pecuHarities 
of  each  style. — Provincial. 


[540.1— MOUNTING  TRACINGS.— I  can  recommend  to 
"  Ignuranius'  a  pi  m  which,  by  experience,  1  have  found 
very  elficacioua.  I  will  first  describe  the  method  of  mount- 
ing tracings  on  lineu.  Cut  a  piece  of  linen  to  the  size  re- 
quired, and  after  having  soaked  it  in  water  squeeze  out 
the  superfluous  moisture  and  stretch  it  very  tightly  on  au 


588 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


August  23,  1867, 


old  drawing -board  or  the  like,  securing  it  with  tacks  or 
drawing  pins.  When  thoroughly  well  stretched,  and  while 
still  damp,  apply  a  very  tliin  and  even  coating  of  paste; 
on  tbia.  without  delay,  lay  carefully  the  tracing  to  be 
mounted,  holding  it  so  that  tlie  centre  part  adheres  first, 
and  then  press  it  gently  with  the  hand,  having  previously 
laid  a  clean  sheet  of  paper  over  it  to  prevent  injury  to  the 
tracing.  When  evenly  laid,  allow  it  to  dry  without  re- 
moving jt  from  the  board,  and  it  will  be  found  to  be  as 
tightly  strained  as  possible,  ^\^len  mounting  on  drawing 
paper  the  latter  should  be  strained  on  a  board  in  the  usual 
manner  and  allowed  to  dry  thoruughly,  then  the  tracing, 
previously  pasted  ou  tlie  back  side,  should  be  laid  down  as 
before  aud  quickly  pressed.  1  can  recommend  no  better 
paste  for  the  purpose  than  that  used  by  paperhaugers, 
which  should  be  thinned  before  using.  If  this  is  difficult 
to  procure  a  good  lasting  paste  cau  be  made  in  the  usual 
manner,  a  little  alum  being  added  at  the  time  of  making. 
— R.  L.  B. 


WAGES  MOVEMENT. 

The  masons  in  the  employ  of  Mr  Wm.  Thornton,  of 
Liverpool,  have  struck  work  in  consequence  of  some  dis- 
like to  the  foreman.  Pickets  have  been  placed  near  the 
work  they  left,  and  the  matter  is  at  present  under  the  con- 
sideration of  both  the  employers'  and  the  masons"  club. 

Glasgow. — As  regards  the  strike  at  the  University  build- 
ings, no  change  has  taken  place  in  the  relative  position  uf 
the  parties  concerned.  The  original  cause  of  the  dispute, 
it  may  be  remembered,  was  the  employment  by  Mr.  Thom- 
son, the  contractor,  of  certain  non-union  men,  and  his  re- 
fusal to  dismiss  these  men  when  requested  by  the  unionists 
to  do  so.  The  immediate  result  of  the  misunderstanding 
was  that  nearly  all  the  builders  and  hewers  then  enga^jed 
on  the  works,  numbering  ISO,  threw  down  their  tools, 
leaving  on  the  ground  only  labourers,  quarrymen,  smiths, 
and  joiners.  Notwithstanding  the  unpleasantness  of  the 
position  in  which  he  was  thus  placed,  Mr.  Thomson  ad- 
hered to  his  duterminatiou  to  employ  non-unionists  if 
he  saw  fit.  In  the  absence  of  masons  employment  was 
given  to  the  labourers  and  quarrymen  in  obtaining  stone, 
and  thus  at  least  one  important  hranch  of  the  work  was 
vigorously  pushed  on.  Meanwhile,  masons  continued  to 
come  in  on  Mr.  Thomson's  terms,  but  only  7S  masons  have 
yet  come  in,  the  number  requircil  in  the  present  position 
of  the  works  being  about  25U.  Some  of  those  who  have  ac- 
cepted emplovment  are  unionists,  but  unionists  who  have 
made  up  their  mind  to  break  with  the  society.  In  all,  in- 
cluding quarrymen,  labourers,  die,  there  are  at  present 
about  350  men  engaged  on  the  buildings.  In  spite  uf  the 
formidable  obsUicle  created  by  the  st-  ke,  the  works  have 
made  satisfactory  progress. 

Washington.— A  few  weeks  since  (siiys  a  correspondent, 
writing  on  the  0th  inst.)  the  bricklayers  engaged  in  the 
Treasury  building  struck  for  the  concession  of  eight  hours 
as  a  day's  labour  on  Saturdays.  The  striking  workmen 
were  dismissed  and  their  places  filled  by  impoi-tations  from 
Philadelphia.  During  the  past  few  days  the  newly- 
employed  workmen  have  been  subjected  to  almost  ince:*- 
sant  as8;iults  by  the  persons  whose  places  they  have  taken. 
Two  or  three  battles  have  occurred.  By  order  of  the  city 
authorities,  the  bricklayers  at  the  Treasury  buildings  have 
been  instructed  to  arm  themselves,  and  a  f>peciul  police 
force  accompanies  the  workmen  to  and  fiom  their  lodgings. 


STATUES,  MEMORIALS,  ETC. 

A  RnVAL  Monument. — The  memorial  executed  by  desire 
of  her  Majesty,  for  St.  George's  Chapel,  Windsor,  to  mark 
the  estimation  in  which  she  held  her  uncle,  the  late  King 
of  the  Belgians,  is  now  fixed  ia  the  place  assigned  to  it, 
near  the  fine  group  which  records  the  death  of  his  late 
Majesty's  first  wife  (the  Princess  Charlotte).  The  monu- 
ment was  executed  at  Miss  Durant's  studio  in  Radnor- 
plice,  Hyde  Park,  at  a  cost  of  £1,600. 

A  Colossal  Gbol'P. — Robert  E.  Launitz,  the  American 
sculptor,  is  at  present  engaged  on  a  colossal  group,  intended 
to  adorn  the  new  Park  Bank  in  New  York.  The  central 
figure,  which  will  occupy  a  position  above  the  main  en- 
trance, is  emblematic  of  Justice,  and  will  be  10ft.  in  heii-ht 
The  figure  is  in  a  sitting  posture,  holding  the  balance  in 
the  left  hand,  and  the  sword  of  j  ustice  in  the  right.  O  wing 
to  its  colossal  size,  the  statue  is  being  executed  in  two 
pieces,  one  of  which  weighs,  in  the  rough,  about  fifteen 
tons.  On  either  side  of  the  grand  central  figure,  resting 
on  the  arched  pediment,  will  be  placed  supporting  statues, 
one  of  which  represents  Abundance.  The  companion  figure, 
on  the  opposite  side  of  the  central  statue,  is  emblematic  of 
the  Genius  of  Finance.  The  comer,  or  flanking  figures, 
are  two  in  number,  respresenting  respectively  Commerce, 
and  Bank  Trade,  and  Industry.  These  pieces  will  be  each 
9ft.  6in.  in  height.  The  entire  work  will  be  compoae'l  ^f 
the  finest  white  marble.  The  same  artist  has  been  selected 
by  the  Commissioners  of  the  Legislature  of  Kentucky  tj 
execute  monuments  for  the  late  governors  of  that  State, 
J.  J.  Crittenden  and  R.  P.  Letcher. 


ieiteral  |tms. 


The  Metropolitan  Board  of  Works  has  ordered 
the  following  alterations  to  be  made  in  the  names 
of  public  thoroughfares  in  the  metropolis  : — The 
names  Norfolk-street  and  Upper  Cleveland-street 
to  be  abolished,  and  the  whole  line  of  thoroughfare 
extending  from  the  north  end  of  Newman. street 
(Oxford-street)  to  the  Euston-road,  to  be  called 
Cleveland  street.  In  Islington — Queen's  Head- 
lane  to  be  Queen's  Head-street ;  Upper  John- 
street  and  Lower  John-street  to  be  called  John- 
street;  and  the  subsidiary  names  in  Richmond-road, 
Mildmay  road,  and  Thomhill  road  to  be  abolished. 
New  Millman. street,  Guilford-atreet,  to  be 
incorporated  with  Millman-street ;  Victoria-terrace, 
Camden-tovra,  to  be  incorporated  with  Rochester. 


square;  Pugh's-row,  Spitalflelds,  to  be  called 
Heneage-street ;  Cambridge-terrace,  Camberwell, 
to  be  incorporated  with  Peckhamgrove.  In  Mile 
Ead  Old  Town — Cloudesley-place  to  be  incor- 
porated with  JubUee  street ;  the  names  of  Queen- 
street,  Wellington-place,  aud  Lower  Oxford  street 
to  be  abolished,  and  the  whole  line  of  thoroughfare 
to  be  called  Oxford-street.  In  Chelsea— Kobert- 
terraee  to  be  called  Robert-street ;  Upper  Church- 
street  and  Lower  Church-street  to  be  called 
Church-street  ;  and  the  subsidiary  names  in 
Beaufort-street  to  be  abolished.  The  subsidiary 
names  in  the  following  thoroughfares  to  be 
abolished : — Glasshouse-street,  Whitechapel ;  Hyde- 
road,  Shoreditch  ;  Cranmer-road,  Lambeth  ;  and 
St.  Leonard's-road,  Bromley.  In  all  cases  the 
houses  and  premises  are  ordered  to  be  renumbered. 

A  competition  has  been  opened  to  all  architects 
for  plans  for  the  great  cathedral  which  is  to  be 
built  in  Berlin,  and  partly  on  the  site  of  the  pre- 
sent one.  The  estimate  is  not  to  exceed  £600,000, 
for  which  sum  one  may  expect  to  have  a  very 
magnificent  edifice,  especially  if  we  consider  that 
the  relative  cost  of  labour  in  Prussia  and  England 
makes  it  equivalent  to  at  least  a  million  pounds  in 
this  country. 

The  Inns  of  Court  Hotel  has  passed  into  the 
hands  of  a  new  company  by  a  decree  of  the  Court 
of  Chancery,  and  speculation  ia  rife  as  to  what 
will  be  done  with  it. 

A  memorial  window  has  been  placed  in  the 
pariah  church,  Rastrick,  near  Brighouse,  York- 
shire, in  memory  of  the  son  of  Thomas  Bradbury, 
Esq.,  Longroyde,  Brighouse.  The  window  is  com- 
posed of  two  Hghts  covered  by  a  transom,  aud 
contains  in  the  lower  division  two  subjects,  the 
"  Nativity  "  and  the  "  Presentation  in  the  Tem- 
ple," framed  by  canopies  and  rich  mosaic  borders. 
The  upper  parts  of  the  window  is  filled  by  me- 
dallions containing  angels,  with  suitable  inscrip- 
tions, and  the  base  is  formed  by  rich  mosaic 
work  under  which  is  placed  the  inscription.  The 
window  is  from  the  works  of  Messrs.  R.  B. 
Edmundson  and  Son,  Manchester. 

Patents  are  now  being  issued  at  Washington, 
U.S.,  at  the  rate  of  300  a  week.  Records  of  the 
Patent  Office  indicate  that  the  number  of  patents 
issued  during  the  present  year  will  not  fall  short 
of  20,000. 

Titian's  paintia»  of  Peter  Martyr,  and  a  number 
of  other  masterpieces  of  art,  have  been  lost  through 
a  great  fire  which  occurred  in  the  church  of  St. 
John  and  St.  Paul,  at  Venice,  last  week. 

The  excavation  of  the  ancient  Roman  city  of 
Uriconium,  near  Shrewsbury,  has  been  carried  on 
at  the  north  angle  of  what  is  known  to  archieo- 
logiats  as  "  the  enameller's  workshop ; "  and  the 
opinion  formed  some  time  ago  that  ttus  portion  of 
the  buildings  was  used  by  the  Romans  for  the 
purpose  indicated  by  the  name  bestowed  upon 
it  is  strongly  confirmed  by  the  exploration  of  the 
last  few  weeks.  A  large  number  of  miscellaneous 
articles  have  been  turned  up  by  the  workmen, 
among  which  were  fragments  of  Samian  ware 
which,  when  put  together,  formed  a  pair  of  bowls 
of  handsome  appearance.  About  a  dozen  coins  of 
various  value  and  different  dates  were  also  found, 
together  with  hair  pins,  rings  made  of  amber  aud 
of  iron,  fragments  of  engraved  glass,  &c.  These 
have  been  added  to  the  store  of  Wroxeter  anti- 
quities in  the  museum  at  Shrewsbury. 

The  old  Elizabethan  red  brick  building  in 
Doctors'  Commons,  known  as  Heralds'  College,  or 
the  College  of  Arms,  following  the  fate  of  the 
ecclesiastical  courts,  is  now  in  course  of  demolition 
to  make  way  for  the  new  street  between  the  Man- 
sion House  and  Blackfriars.  Here  was  the  Earl 
Marshal's  office,  once  an  important  court,  but  lat- 
terly of  little  consequence.  It  was  some  time 
called  the  Court  of  Honour,  and  took  cognizance 
of  words  supposed  to  reflect  on  the  nobility. 

A  length  of  2,570ft.  of  the  dam,  and  2,870ft.  of 
the  staging  of  the  Thames  Southern  Embank- 
ment is  complete,  and  in  the  construction  of  which 
about  237,000  cubic  feet  of  timber,  13,000  cubic 
yards  of  clay  puddle,  and  185  tons  of  iron  have 
been  used.  Within  the  dam,  about  2-lOft.  in  length 
of  the  river  wall  have  been  brought  to  a  level  of 
1ft.  below,  and  2,060ftof  the  wall  to  levels  varying 
from  1ft.  to  74ft.  above  Trinity  high-water  mark. 
For  the  construction  of  this  wall  about  87,000 
cubic  yards  of  earth  have  been  excavated,  30,000 
yards  filled  in,  22,000  yards  of  concrete  deposited, 
580  yards  of  brickwork  laid,  and  123,000  cubic 
feet  of  stone  bedded.  The  total  approximate  value 
of  the  work  done  is  £107,000. 


The  New  Haven  Building  Block  Company  are  1 
manufacturingpatent  bricks,  having  a  long  narrow 
slit,  or  air  chamber,  which  they  claim  will  keep 
buildings  constructed  therewith  cooler  in  summer 
and  warmer  in  winter  than  when  built  with  ordi- 
nary biicks.  The  bricks  are  of  a  mixture  of  ce-  1 
ment  and  shell  lime. 

In  parts  of  Germany,  railways  are  now  con- 
structed without  wood.  According  to  Chamhen' 
Journal,  the  rail  is  made  about  Sin.  high,  with  a 
broad  flat  base,  which  rests  on  a  well  prepared 
bed  of  ballast,  and,  when  properly  fixed,  is  further 
supported  by  a  layer  of  gravel.  Thus  con-tructed, 
the  jerky  motion  of  a  train,  occasioned  by 
numerous  cross  sleepers,  is  done  away  with ;  the 
hamme'ing  sound  becomes  a  steady  continuous 
roar,  the  longitudinal  bearing  is  distributed  over 
a  greater  distance,  and  the  need  for  repairs 
occurs  but  rarely. 

Just  before  going  to  press  last  week,  the  news 
reached  us  of  the  fate  of  Frankfort  Cathedral. 
We  have  now  the  particulars  of  the  conflagration. 
It  first  broke  out  in  a  brewery  opposite  the 
cathedial,  and  the  flames  spread  so  rapidly  that 
the  inmates  could  not  escape.  Two  women,  who 
jumped  from  the  second  storey,  were  so  severely 
injured  that  they  died  soon  after.  A  mass  of 
sparks  rose  from  the  burning  editice,  and  some  of 
them,  falling  on  the  roof  of  the  cathedral,  set 
fire  to  it.  The  celebrated  Pfarr  thurm  (parish, 
tower),  one  of  the  greatest  ornaments  of  Frank- 
fort, has  been  destroyed.  The  woodwork  was 
rapidly  consumed,  and  the  peal  of  bells  entirely 
melted ;  in  fact,  nothing  remains  except  the 
masonry.  Several  houses  adjoining  caught  fire, 
but,  fortunately,  the  flames  were  soon  estin. 
guished.  No  such  conflagration  has  taken  place  in 
Frankfort  for  half  a  century.  The  Emperor  of 
Austria  has  remitted  100,000  florins  to  the  burgo- 
master fur  the  restoration  of  the  cathedral. 

The  quantity  of  gas  made  by  the  several  metro-l 
politan   gas   companies  is    about    10,440,000,0001 
cubic  feet  per  annum  ;  the  gas  sold  may  be  takeni 
at  9,000,000,000  cubic  feet  per  annum.    The  differ-* 
ence   between  these  quantities  is  the  amount  of 
the  loss   incident  to  the   distribution  ;  in  fact,  so 
much  worse  than  pure  waste,  as  it  is  injurious  to 
health  on  being  absorbed   into  the  earth  and  eX' 
pended  in  the  air.     The  manufacture   consumes 
nearly  a  million  and  a  quarter  tons  of  coal  a  year 
the  loss  represents,  according  to  the  statement  oj 
the  opponents  of  the  gas  companies,  1,440,000,000 
cubic  feet,  which,  at  the  mean  cost  of  4s.  8d.  pel 
thousand,  is  worth  £336,000  per  annum. 

The  Theatre  Royal,  Newcastle,  has  undergo! 
very  extensive  alterations  and  improvemeni 
The  improvements,  which  have  been  under  thi 
superintendence  of  Mr.  Fritz,  of  London,  includi 
the  entire  re-decoration  of  the  house,  by  Messrs] 
King  and  Green,  of  London,  and  the  introductioi 
of  a  magnificent  sunlight,  erected  by  Messrs. 
Jones  and  Co.,  of  Covent  Garden. 

"A.  A."  writes  to  us  as  follows: — It  has  ofi 
occurred  to  me  that  a  vast  amount  of  needlea] 
suffering  might  be  removed  from  the  travellinf 
public  if  the  railway  companies  were  to  adopf 
something  to  prevent  the  sharp  and  unplf 
concussion  caused  by  the  slamming  of  the  carriagi 
doors.  I  cannot  see  why  strips  of  gutta-perchSi 
or  some  similar  substance,  could  not  be  fixed  tij 
the  rebates  of  the  door  frames  to  prevent  th' 
unpleasant  sound.  If  this  is  practicable,  and  I 
not  doubt  it,  the  railway  companies  ought  CBlj 
tainly  to  avail  themselves  of  a  remedy,  at  once  s 
simple  and  inexpensive,  for  the  benefit  of  th 
public.  The  evil  is  more  generally  felt  on  thoa 
railways  where,  like  the  North  London  and  othe 
metropolitan  lines,  the  stoppages  are  necessaril, 
frequent.  The  consideration  of  the  fact,  that  t 
nervous  and  indisposed  persons  the  continu; 
jarring  is  almost  unbearable,  should  be,  of  itael 
a  sufficient  reason  for  inducing  the  railway  con 
panics  to  do  their  duty. 

Mr.  Betts,  the  celebrated  contractor,  was  burie 
on  Wednesday  in  Southumpton  Cemetry.  He  ws 
a  native  of  Ashford,  in  Kent.  He  was  of  humbl 
origin,  and  when  he  left  his  native  place  fift 
years  ago,  he  said  he  would  never  return  to 
until  he  could  enter  it  in  his  carriage.  _  Man 
years  afterwards,  when  he  kept  his  carriage,  I 
visited  Ashford.  At  one  time  he  owned  larg 
property  in  Southampton.  He  purchased  Bevo 
Mount,  the  seat  of  the  great  Earl  of  Peterborougl 
Mr.  Bett,  was  a  Wesleyan,  and  a  munificent  su) 
porter  of  the  sect.  He  was  father  of  Mr.  Be 
the  partner  of  Sir  Morton  Peto.  He  died  at  tl 
age  of  seventy-three  years. 


August  23,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


vir 


On    the    north   side  of    Temple    Bar,    writes 

•  Observer,"  a  considerable  crack  is  visible,  extend- 

ug  from  the  soffits  or  voussoira  of  the  arch  to  the 

leilestal  upon  which  the  statue  stands.     It  is  pes. 

iblc  that   this   may  be   an    old  settlement,  and 

scaped  my  notice ;  but  if  of  recent  date  it  would 

Upear  to  threaten  danger,  an<l  the  coincidence  of 

f -^   occurring  simultaneously  with  the  removal  of 

>  many  houses  near  would  be  singular. 

Our  American  brethren    are   great   in  bridges. 

'he  very  character  of  their  country  has  taught 

hem.     Workmen  are  at  present  busily  engaged 

1  preparing  for  an  abutment  on  the  United  States 

ule  of  the  Niagara  River,   for  a  new  suspension 

ridge  which    is   to    connect   the   Canadian  and 

vMierican  shores  at  Niagara  Falls.     It  is  intended 

•r  the  accommodation  of  foot  passengers  only, 

•ul  it  will  all'ord  one  of  the  grandest  and  most 

iiposing  views  of  the  Fall.     The  bridge  will  be 

tuated   but  a  short  distance  from  the  Intema- 

onal  Hotel  on  the  American  side,  and  the  Clifton 

|[ouse  on  the  Canadian   side.     It  will    re(iuire  a 

Ipui    1,260ft.     The  width  will   be  10ft.  and  the 

■eight  above  the  water  100ft.     The  structure  will 

leon  the  usual  wire  cables,  resting  upon  wooden 


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^attnts  for  |nbciitions 

CONNBCTED     WITH     TU  •!     BUILDING     TRADE. 


3450.  L.  G.  SPEYSER.  Improveme.sts  in  Mixing 
PPAKATws  KoK  Mixing  Moktar  and  similar  Mate- 
!AUi.     Dated  Dvo«nib<»r  31,  1S6G. 

The  mixing  appamtiis  ia  constructed  in  the  fomi  of  a 
akj  in  which  Around  aa  axis  ivhich  traverses  it  are  ar- 
nged  five  cross  frames,  of  wliieh  twu  are  fixed  an<l  three 
ovable  ;  each  crost*  frame  has  four  branches,  in  cich  of 
hich  are  omplanteii  teeth  like  those  of  a  rake;  there  are 
or  teeth  iu  each  branch  of  the  moving  frames,  and  three 
eth  in  each  bnmch  of  the  fixed  frames.  The  axis  at  its 
wer  end  is  stepped  into  a  suitable  bearing,  and  near  its 
^r  end  it  turns  on  a  collar  formed  by  two  flat  bars  bent 
ound  it,  and  bolted  together  and  also  bolted  to  the  sides 
the  cask  or  vessel.  The  axis  rises  some  distance  above 
a  top  of  the  c;isk  or  vessel,  and  receives  a  bent  cross  head 
which  manual  power  is  directly  applied.  The  cask  or 
■ael  13  somewhat  longer  in  diiimeter  at  the  top  than  at 
iQ  bottom  ;  it  is  made  in  oak  and  bound  with  iron  hoops, 
t  the  bottom  of  the  cask  or  vessel  is  a  square  opening 
by  a  sliding  sheet  or  iron  door,  which  is  moved  by 
of  a  lever.      The  mortar    when  it  m  sufficiently 

is  drawn  out  of  the  vessel  by  this  door.     Other  doors 

^^^     g.proTided  to  faclitaie  the  cleaning  of  the  apparatus. 
jX^     tbnt  abandoned. 

,8i      p.  A.  D.  CAMPBELL.     An  Improved  Bench  Planing 
CtCUiNG.     (A  communication.)    Dated  January  1,  1807. 
Sua  invention  is  designed  to   effect  a  ready   means   for 
le  and  amoothiug  the  sides,  ends,   or  angles  of  wood 
other  material  by  means  of  a   certain   arrangement  of 
'.June  adapter!  for  the  purpose.     The  improvements  consists 
kthe  uaeofa  plane  having  one  or  two   cutters  projecting 
itiug  at  the  side  of  the  plane  block  (instead   of  at   the 
na),  the  plane  block  is  mounted  on   paridlel  rails  or 
us  on  which  it  may  be  moved  to  and  fro   by   hand,  tlie 
i  *ir  platform  which   supports    the   wood   whilst  under 
r.itiou  is  rendered  adjustable  vertically  by  slotted  links 
i  9crew.s,  or  other  equivalent,  and  at  the  end   thereof  a 
i'  piece  is  provided  which  is  also  adjustable   Uterally  so 
■■•suit  any  angle  to  which  the  wood  under  operation  is 
l>e  formed  or  planed.        When  the  wood  is  placed   upon 
bod,  and  the  other  stop  piece  adjusted  {and  the  bed  if 
ry)  if  the  plane  be  moved  backward  and  forwards 
wood  will  be  re<inced   to  the   desired   angle,   and   the 
smootheil.  wliich  is  particularly  useful   in  the  for- 
[Atiou  of  mitre  or  other  angiUar  joints.   i*atent  abandoned. 

'^l.  J.  HOADLY.  As  Improved  Apparatus  for 
fcivENTiNO  Wind,  Draughts,  and  Water  prom  pass- 
■  I'NDEB  Doors,  Casements,  and  similar  Places. 
ite<l  January  12,  1867. 

Tiiis  juveutiou  consists  in  the  following  apparatus : — In 
le  under   edge  of  the  door  or  casement  the  inventffr 
riua  a  groove  in  which  is  a  metal  rod  of  the  length   re- 
red.      It  is  caused  to  project  a  little  from  the  hinder 
-.e  of  the  door,  so  that,  when  the  door  frame  pushes  the 
i  forwanls  in  the  groove,  he  prefers  that  the  ro«.l  should 
ject  and  press  against  a  screw  in  the  door  frame  or 
i:'>,  so  that  by  withdrawing  the  screw,  or  screwing  it  in 
Mier,   c^jmpensjition  may  be  made  for  a  sinkiug  of  the 
■  r.  or  in  summer  time,    when  the  apparatus  may  not  be 
iuire<i.    By  means  of  a  bent  lever  attached  to  the  afore- 
"i  metal  nxl,  motion  is  given  to  a  lath  or  board  in  such  a 
'  ■'  that,  when  the  rod  is  pushed  forward  when  the  door 
-Imt,  the  board  or  lath  is  pressed  down  upon  the  floor 
1-  (•aq>et,  and  prevents  wind,  dust,  or  water  from  coming 
rideroeath.     In  the  same  manner  when  the  d(X»r  in  opened, 
ud  the  end  of  the  rod  released  from  pressure,  it  is  pushed 
't  by  a  spring  on  the  iinder  side  of  the  lever,  which  causes 
t'  lath  to  rise  so  as  to  pass  over  the  inequalities  of  the 
'T  or  other  obstacle,     it  is  preferable  to  insert  two  or 
lore  levers  so  as  to  raise  the  lath  or  board  at  diff'erent 
oinw,  but  if  the  door  be  narrow,  one  only  need  be  used. 
uttHi  aba/iiioned. 


S^mbe  %t{m. 


TENDERS. 

Alsacer. — For  thp  erection  of  a  house  for  Sir.  J.  Dud- 
n.  Messrs.  Scrivener  and  Son,  HanJey,  aichitects  : — 
arlow,  £i300;  Booth  (accepted),  £515. 


Birmingham.— For  Congregational  chapel.  Small  Heath, 
Birmingham.  Mr.  W.  F.  Poulton,  Reading,  architect  :- 
Barnsley,  £2,6'Ji»;  Hardwick.  i^.^t),') ;  Briggs,  £2,6;i0 ; 
Webb,  £2,619  ;  Pai-tridge,  £2,500  ;  Smitii,  £2,49S  ;  Mathews, 
£2.445 ;  Bennett,  £2,31)5  ;  Horsley,  £2,316  ;  Jones  (ac- 
cepted), £2,249. 

Dover.— For  Holy  Trinity  Schools.  Mr.  Clarke,  archi- 
tect. Quantities  supplied  by  Pain  and  Clarke  : — Pepper, 
£2,250;  Mackenzie,  £2,070  lOs. ;  Fagg,  £2,023;  Adcock 
(accepted),  £l,80S. 

East  Dean  (Glouci-»tershire).— For  townhall  and 
market  house,  CimJei-fonl,  for  the  Townhall  and  Market 
Company  (Limited).  Mr.  Edwin  J.  Reynolds,  architect:— 
Coleman,  £3,000;  Clutterbuck,  £2,400;  Durke  (accepted), 
£2,220. 

Hanu:v. — For  alterations  in  three  houses  in  Hope-street. 
Messrs.  Palmer,  architect;- Matthews,  £206;  Woolridge, 
£196;  Steele  (accepted),  £193. 

I^o.NDON.— For  additions  and  alterations  at  No.  12,  Wil- 
ton-crescent, S.W.,  for  Mr.  Henry  "W.  Bull.  Messrs.  E. 
HaK'rshon,  Brock,  and  Webb,  architoct.'*:--Manley  and 
IlogerM,  £533;  Bowman,  £493;  EbonUl,  £490. 

Park  Gate  (York.) — For  building  Christ  Church.  Mr. 
William  White,  architect.  Quantities  by  Mr.  y.tmuul 
Field  ;  —  Askew,  £2,951  ;  Ainsworth,  £2,S24  ;  Ripley, 
£2,S22  ;  Chadwick  (accepted),  £2,627. 

PoRTSMtiUTH. — For  liuihliug  now  lock  ward,  and  other 
ai.hlitions,  to  the  Royal  Portsmouth,  Portaea,  and  Gosjmrt 
Huspit^U.  Messrs.  Rake  and  Ranwell,  architecte.  Quaii- 
titiea  supplied; — Absalom,  £2,1*19 ;  tiimuis  and  Mart«n, 
£2,911  14s.  9t\.  :  Lawrence,  £2,  ISO  19s.  Od.  ;  Light  Brothers. 
£2,725;  Backhurst  (accepted),  £2,715.  For  incidental 
works,  itc. — Lawrence  (accepted),  £0S5. 

West  Croydon. — For  a  villa  residence  on  the  Norbuiy 
Park  estate,  M'est  Croydon.  Mr.  J.  H.  Rowley,  architeet. 
The  quantities  supplied  by  Mr.  T.  T.Green: — Piper  and 
Wheeler,  £1,969  ;  Browne  and  Robinson,  £1,942;  Killby, 
£1,895  ;  Bniss,  £1,858  ;  Bayes,  £1,S17  ;  Killby  Brothers, 
£1,811;  PenvandCo.,  £1,800;  Webb  and  Sons,  £1.741; 
Hill  .-ind  Keddell,  £1.700  ;  Tully.  £1,695  ;  Carter  and  Sous, 
£1,674  ;  Ilenshaw,  £1,560  ;  Crabb  and  Vaughan  (accepted), 
£1,4S2. 


BATH  STONE  OF  BEST  QUALITY. 

Randell  and  Saunders,  Quarrymen  and  Stone  Mei- 
chants,  Bath.  List  of  Prices  at  the  Quarries  and  DejKjts, 
also  Cost  for  Transit  to  any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
furnished  on  application  to  Bath  Stone  Office,  Corsham, 
Wilts.— {Ad  VT.J 


PROPERTY  SALES. 

August  15. 

At  the  Mart. — By  Mr.  Robins. — Copyhold  premises, 
being  No.  104,  St.  George-street,  East — sold  for  £235. 

Freehold  house  and  shop.  No.  29,  Upper -street,  Islington, 
let  on  lease  at  £42  per  annum — £1.300. 

By  Mr.  Stuart  Barker. — Leasehold  residence.  No.  2,  Glen- 
villas,  Cobden-road,  Denmark  Park,  South  Norwood,  an- 
nual value  £35,  term  90  years  xmexpiied  at  £5  5s.  per  an- 
num— £275. 

By  Mr.  Newbon. — Leasehold  house,  No.  2,  Princes-ter- 
race, Pulteney-slreet,  Barnsbury-road,  let  at  £26  per  an- 
num, term  81  years  from  1838,  at  £4  per  annum — 36245. 

LeasehoJd  house  and  shop.  No.  22.  Ueiiry-street,  Penton- 
ville,  let  at  £55  per  aiinum,  term  9S  yeai-s  from  1785,  at 
£2  10s.  per  annum— £370. 

Leasehold  hoiise,  No.  5J,  Warren-street,  Chapel-street, 
Pentonville,  let  on  lease  at  £8  per  annum,  term  78^^  yeara 
from  1802.  at  £l  per  annum — £56. 

Leasehold  house,  No.  6,  Cloudesley-road,  Pentonville, 
let  at  £24  per  annum,  tenn  60  years  from  1811,  at  £4  per 
annum — £12. 

Leasehold  houses.  Nus.  IS  and  29,  Richaid-street,  Liver- 
pool-road. Islington,  producing  £48  per  annum,  term  i\ 
^ears  unexpired,  at  £10  per  annum — £84. 

Copyhold  two  cottages,  meadow  and  garden  ground, 
dtuate  at  Pound-gate,  Buxted,  Sussex,  producing  £15  per 
annum — £190. 

Leasehold  house,  No.  9,  Penton-street,  Walworth,  let  oa 
le-ase  at  £17  per  annum,  term  94  yeai-s  from  1790,  at  £2  5s. 
per  annum— £11-5. 

Leasehold  house  and  shop.  No.  13,  Elizabeth-street, 
Hans-place.  Chelsea,  let  on  lease  at  £6S  5s.  per  annum, 
term  three  years  unexpired,  at  £6  per  amuim — £110. 

Leasehold  residence,  No.  15,  Lousdale-square,  Islington, 
let  at  £50  per  annum,  tenn  70  years  from  1S39,  at  £10  per 
annum — £425. 

Leasehold  four  houses,  Nos.  3  to  6,  Benyon-cottages, 
Hertford-road,  De  Beauvoir  square,  producing  £120  per 
annum,  term  about  33  years  unexpired,  at  £16  lOs.  per 
annum — £915. 

Leasehold  two  residences,  Nos.  5  and  6,  Northampton- 
terrace,  Islington,  producing  £95  per  annum,  term  SH^ 
years  from  1828,  at  £11  per  annum — £1.175. 

Leasehold  five  houses,  situate  in  Northampton-street, 
Essex-road,  Islington,  and  ground  and  buildm<^8  in  the 
rear,  producing  £100  per  annum,  term  89  years  from  1828, 
at  £30  12s.  6d.  per  annum — £1,725. 

By  Mr.  J.  G.  Prevost. — Freehold  house,  known  as  Water- 
loo Cottage,  Welliugton-road  South,  Bow-road,  annual 
value  £24— £235. 

Leasehold  two  houses  andsliops,  Nos.  7S  and  79,  Turner's- 
place,  Rhodeawell-road,  Stepney,  tenn  99  years  from  1S62, 
at  £10  per  annum — £460. 

Leasehold  house  and  shop.  No.  43,  JubileestreetMile 
End-road,  let  at  £40  per  annum,  term  42  years  unexpired, 
at  £4  per  annum — £315. 

Leasehold  six  hoiises,  Nos.  1  and  2,  Heniy-street,  and 
Nos.  1,  2,  5,  and  6,  James  street.  White  Horsa-lane,  Step- 
ney, tenn  99  ye;u-8  from  1807,  at  £9  10s.  per  annum — 
£285. 

Leasehold  three  houses,  Nos.  4  and  12,  Henry-street,  and 
13,  Alfred-street,  aforesaid,  term  yOg  years  from  1824,  at 
£3  per  annum— £295. 

Leasehold  five  houses,  Nos.  13  to  17,  John's  place,  Be<l- 
ford-bquare.  Mile  End,  term  34^  years  from  1864,  free  from 
ground  rent- £305. 

At  the  Guildhall  Cofkei:-hou.se. — By  Messrs.  Stanley, 
Robinson,  and  Palmer.^FreehoId  residence,  with  stablitig, 
ground.',  and  paddock  of  about  3  acres,  known  as  "The 
Elms,"  Woburn  Sands,  Bucks  -£3,000. 


Aur.usT  16. 
^  At  the  Mart.— By  Messra.  Norton,  Trist,  Watnoy,  and 
Co.— Freehold  residential  projierty,  known  as  Northaw 
PIa©6.  Northaw,  Herts,  comprising  a  residence,  with 
(^tjibling,  buildmys,  farmyard,  cutta^;e-*.  and  55a.  2r.  Op.  of 
meadow,  pasture,  and  woodland-£ll,000. 

Freehold  19a.  Or.  6p.  of  mejulow  land,  situate  ailjoininc 
above -£3.000. 

Freehold  house  and  shop,  situate  adjoining  above,  let  at 
£18  per  annum — £400. 

Freehold  Oa.  Ir.  16p.  of  woodland,  situate  as  above— 
£100. 

Freehold  Oa.  Ir.  16p.  of  meadow  land,  in  the  parisli  of 
Liugtielii,  Surrey — £55. 

Freehold  estate,  known  as  Drivers*  Farm.  Lingfiold, 
Surrey,  comprising  farmhouse,  yards,  sheds,  and  6Sa.  3r.  lip. 
of  aralile  and  ine;ulow  land — £3.840. 

Copyhold  plot  of  land  containing  about  tli roe  quarters 
of  an  acre,  situate  in  Brentfnrd,  Middlesex— £1.100. 

By  Messrs.  Cobb  —Freehold  estate,  known  as  Brodsar 
House,  Breilgar,  Kent,  c*>uiprisiug  residence,  with  .ntablitig, 
f.irmyard,  homoeteail,  cottage,  and  25a.  Ir.  IGp.  of  land— 
£4.500. 

Freehold  la.  ]r.  27p.  of  fniit  plantation,  situate  as  .alx»vo 
—£250. 

Corn  rents  in  lieu  of  tithes  amounting  to  £182  ISu.  i)6r 
annum,  charged  on  lands  in  the  parishes  of  Frampton- 
ujK>n-Severn  and  Slimhridge,  Gloucester— €;i,35n. 

By  Messrs.  Wilkinson  and  Home. — Absolute  reversionary 
interest  in  £4,100  Reduced  Three  Per  Cent.  Annuities,  ex- 
pectant on  the  death  of  a  lady  aged  7>*  years -£1,950. 

By  Mr.  Eiloart.— Freehold  and  ctipyliold  estate  known 
a-s  Blake's  Farm.  Mucli  Wymondley.  Herts,  comprising 
residence,  homestead,  buildings,  and  170  acres  of  land, 
producing£l,177  per  annum— £6,650. 


BAN^KRUPTS. 

TO  SURRENDER   IN   BASINOUALL-STREET. 

Henry  George  Copo.  Bedfordbury,  carpenter,  Septem  her 
.^,  at  11— Joseph  Chandler,  Portland -street,  sawyer,  Sep- 
tember 3,  at  12— William  Richard  Dix,  Clewer  Green, 
mason,  August  27,  at  11 — John  Thomas  Douglaiw,  Francis- 
terrace,  Hackney  Wick,  builder,  August  27,  at  1  -  John 
Gordon,  Romford,  builder,  August  27.  at  1 — JohnSimmons, 
St.  Paul's  Brickfields,  Bow  Common,  brickmaker,  Augu-st 
27,  at  1— Henry  M'Calla,  Westbourne- place,  Eaton-square, 
civil  engineer,  September  3,  at  11. 

TO  SURRENDER  IN  THE  COUNTRY. 

William  Broughton,  Leicester,  bricklayer,  September  21, 
at  10— George  Bartle,  Ruswarp,  near  Whitby,  brickmaker, 
August  29,  at  11 — William  Cooper,  Leicester,  joiner,  Sep- 
tember 21,  at  10— William  Horrox.  Leeds,  builder,  August 
29,  at  11— George  Jackson.  Penmaeumawr,  joiner,  August 
19,  at  12 — John  Lawson,  Wavertree,  near  Liveqiool,  en- 
gineer, August  30,  at  12— Edward  Beattie,  jun.,  St. 
Helen's,  architect,  September  2,  at  11— Evan  Davies,  Port- 
madoc,  joiner,  September  2,  at  11 — Robert  Gregsion,  Bar- 
row in-Furness,  builder,  August  27,  at  10— Samuel  Hallett, 
Plymouth,  builder,  September  4,  at  10— Charles  John 
Keefe.  Devonport,  builder,  September  4,  at  10— Thomas 
Morgan,  Taff^s  W«ll,  Glamorganshire,  blacksmith,  Sep- 
tember 3,  at  11 — Samuel  Marsland,  Sale,  joiner,  September 
11,  at  12 — John  Pearson,  Bepton,  Sussex,  brickmaker, 
September  2,  at  2.30— Reubens  Ros.^,  Sunderland,  painter, 
September  6.  at  12— William  Sheep,  Plymouth,  ironmonger, 
September  4,  at  10 — Joseph  Taylor,  Penn,  locksmith, 
August  31,  at  11. 

NOTICES  of  SITTINGS  FOR  LAST    EXAMINATION. 

October  2,  L.  Shiel.  Liverpool,  ironmonger — September 
25,  J.  Bartlett,  Birmingham,  builder — September  25,  J. 
Everard,  Birmingham,  ironmonger — September  18,  T. 
Bailey,  Sunderland,  ironfounder— Septemljer  5,  T.  Fidler, 
Barnsley,  Yorkshire,  paperhanper — September  10,  W.  Ear], 
Xewby  Cross,  Carlisle,  joiner— September  30,  H.  G.  Hil- 
ditch,  Wolverhampton,  cari)enter — September  17,  H. 
Dancy,  W^oolstou,  Hants,  carpentei'. 

PARTNERSHIPS  Dl.SSOLVED. 

Delany  and  Okes,  Greenwich,  engineers — Dixon  and  Co., 
Chester,  timber  merchants- H.  and  P.  Stringer,  Hull, 
painters — Hine  and  Evans,  Nottingham,  arcliitects— Doa- 
nis  and  Hayes,  West  Derby,  builders. 

DIVtDENDS. 

October  2,  R.  Walker,  Ampthill,  railway  subcontractor 
— August  29,  J.  Serjeant,  Appledore,  painter — Augimt  23, 
S.  Holroyd,  Cleckheaton.  joiner — August  30,  T.  Bartlett, 
Yateley.  builder — September  3,  C.  Grist,  Chiswell^treet, 
glass  merchant  —  September,  2,  T.  Vickerman,  Almoudbury, 
stonemason. 

scotch   SEQUESTRATION. 

Thomas  Knox,  Glasgow,  builder.  August  23,  at  12. 


LATEST   PRICES   OF   MATERIALS   USED 
IN  CONSTRUCTION. 

TiXBEE,  dutT  la  per  IoimI,  drawback,  1b. 


Teak    load  £9    0£10  ] 

Quebec,  red  pine 3    0  4  1 

,,      yellow  pine..  2  15  4 

Bt.  John  N.B.  yellow  0    0  0 

Quebec  Oak.  whlt«  . .  5    6  6 

„       birch 3  10  4  ] 

..      elm   3  10  5 

Dantzicoak 3  10  6 


fir  . 


Menielttr   3    0      31 

Ritra 3    0  3 

Swedish 1  15      2 

Maflta.Qiiel.ecfedpiii8  6    0  7 

,,      yellow  pine. .     ,10  6 

Lathwood.Dantzic.fm   4  10      5 

„       St.  Petersburg  6  10  7  3 
Deals, prC. 12  ft.  byS 
by  9  in.,  duty  28  per 
loud,  dmwbnck  28. 

Qu(.-I>i'c,  whitt  spruce  14  ^<*  21  1 

St.J-l.u.wbitt'Bpruce  13  10  16  1 
Yelluw   piue,  per  re- 
duced C. 

Cauada.  1st  (luallly.  17    0  Ifl  1 

2ud  do 13    0  13 


Archangel,  yellow  ..£11 
St.  Petersburg.  yeL . .  10 

Finland  S 

Meniel 0 

Gotbonburg,  yellow       8 

.,      white    6 

Gefle,  yellow 9 

Soderham       9 

Chrietiauia,    per   C, 

12  ft.  by  3  by  9  in. 

yellow 16 

Deck  Plank,  Dantzic, 

per  40  ft.  3  in 0 

PnucB  Stone  pr  ton    5 
Oils.  Ac. 

Seal,  pale per  tun  40 

Sperm  body 103 

Crd 3? 

Whale.  8th.  Sea,  paie  3I» 

Olive.  Oatliiioli flS 

CuL'oAuut,  Cochin.toD  5(1 

Pfilio,  fine 4*1 

LUiseed    38 

RApeneed,  Eug.psle.,  40 
Cottonseed 3^ 


10  £13  10 

10 

11 

0 

0 

i* 

0 

0 

0 

0 

10 

10  10 

0 

9 

0 

0 

11 

0 

0 

10  10 

VIII 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


August  23,  1867. 


Ketals, 


Iroh: — 

Welsb  Bars  In  London     per  ton 

N  ul  Bad       do 

Hoops do 

Sbeet.B,  Singlfl       ^  do 

B'Afordshire  Bmb       do 

Birs,  in  Waleo     do 

R^ila     do 

FoiinflrrPlgs.  at  Glasg.  No    1   ..  do 

Swedish  Bars   do 

Steel  : — 

flwediph  Keg,  huumered     per  loa 

Swedish  Faggot  do 


Copper  : — 

Rheet  ft  Shetithing,  ftBolt«   ....pertoo 

H^minered  Biittoins       do 

Flat  Bi^ttinma.  not  Hammered   ,.       do 

Cake  and  Tnngh  Ingot      do 

Best  Selected     do 

AiistraMau do 

Y  1.  Metal  Sheathing  ft  Rods per  lb 

Tin  :— 

English  Block      per  ton 

do      Bar  do 

do      Beflned  do 

BancA      - do 

BtraltB     do 

Lead:— 

Pig,  English     pta  ton 

,,    Spanish  Soft     do 

Shot.  Patent     do 

Sheet   do 

Whit*    do 


6  7  6 

7  10  0 

8  ID  0 

9  16  0 
7  If)  0 

5  15  0 

6  5  0 
2  14  0 


55    0    0 

10  10     0 


6  10 

7  15 


10     0 
7  15 


0     0     0     D«'t 
S    5    6      ^; 

]0  10    e    nelt 


15  10    0 
13  10    0 


TWO  OLD  CRANES  for  SALE.— The 
Veatry  of  the  parish  of  «t,  George.  Hanover-square,  are  willing 
tn  receive  TENDERS  for  the  ahuve,  together  r-r  Beparnte.  on  or  before 
October  1.  The  cranes  to  be  ttken  down  and  carried  aw.'iy  by  the 
purchaser.  Tenders  must  be  ejidnrsed  "Tender  for  Cranes  "  Tlie 
cranea  may  be  viewed  any  day  between  the  hours  of  Ten  and  ThiCL- 
at  the  FariBh  Wharf,  No.  1 ,  Ebury  Briiige-road. 
By  Order, 
T.  H.  SMITH,  Clerk  to  the  Veatry. 


79  0  0  f3  0  01 
g!l  0  0  92  0  01 
84    0    0        87     0     0] 


PI     0     0 

0    0    (1) 

0  0  <i  J. 
0    0    ol 

92     0     0 

94     0     0 

P2    0    0 

0     0    0") 

0   0   dj" 

87    0    0 

0   0    n\ 
!?   ?   ?  Ui 


On  the  Spot   perton        21     (p     0  ?1     13    6 

Roglish  Sheet       perton  5f»  10    0  27    0    0 

Uevaux'aV.  M.  RoofingZinc   do  I^fi  10    0  0    0    0 

"  And  0  per  cent,  discount  if  lajd  upon  the  new  syntem. 

QoicKBiLVEa     per  btl  6  17    o  u    ii    » 

BBOULtTB  or   AWTTMOKT 

French    perton  2S    0     0  0    0    o 


GOTHIC  FORMS  APPLIED  TO  FUR- 
NITURE.  METAL  WORK.  Ac,  for  INTERIOR  PURPOSES, 
by  Mr.  B.  J  Tai.bert.  «f  London.  The  above  work  hjisespeciii!  refer- 
ence to  the  Manufacturers  of  Furniture.  Me'al  Workers,  and  Decora- 
tore,  as  anggestive  of  Work  applied  to  Buildings  erected  in  the  Gothic 
Styles.  The  sketches  will  be  designs  adapted  to  the  modem  require- 
ments of  the  library,  dining,  drawing  and  bed  rooms,  halls.  «c.  ;  this 
includes  wood,  metal,  and  decorative  work.  To  be  published  in  six 
monthly  parts,  price  5s.  per  pait.  containing  five  plates  and  letter- 
press  ;  or  when  completed,  bound  up.  £1  158. 

PubliBhed  by  S.  Bibbeck,  Bookseller.  3.  Pershore-road,  Edghjwton, 
Birmingham, 


rpo  CONTRACTORS  and    GAS    ENGI- 

L  NEERS.— The  Colchetter  Gna  Company  will  shortly  have  to 
dispose  of  the  following  workingplaut,  now  used  in  the  cnuatruc  tion 
of  a  New  GasholderTank,   viz. 

1  8  horse-power  (Clayton  and  Shuttlewortlis  )'portable  engine, 
1  r.'-inch  (Owen's)  double  pump  and  gearing 
J  (>  inch  (Gwynne'fl)  centrifugal  pump. 
Mi  the  above  are  nejirly  as  good  as  new.     Several    lots  of  good  red 
planke,  and  battens,  wrout'lit  iron  ballnst,  skips,   buckets     ic  ' 
Kc  ,     Full  particularaiif  the  above  will  be  given  by  applying  to   Mr' 
A  C.  Fraser,  engineer  to  the  Colchester  Gas  Company,  Colchester. 

pRYSTAL     PALACE.  —  FIRST-CLASS 

\J  BUILDING  LAND  to  be  LET  in  Immediate  proximity  to  the 
Palace,  on  advantageous  terms.  For  particulars  apply  to  Mr  Hart 
Accountant  s  Office.  CiystiU  Palace  ;  or  to  R.  K.  Baiiks.Esq..  1  West-' 
minster  Chambers,  Victoria-street.  Westminater. 


dealn. 


A 


CLUE  to  RAILWAY  COMPENSA- 
TION for  PROPERTY  and  PERSON;  the  Value  of  EsUtes 
and  Parochial  Assessment.  A  popular  discussion  of  the  auhjec  t ' 
illustrated  by  tables  and  examples.  By  Thomas  Morris,  Architect  ' 
Second  Edition  4s.  cloth. 
London:  Simpkin,  Marshal!,  and  Co..  Stationers' Hall-court,  E.C. 

DILAPIDATIONS,   ECCLESIASTICAL 
aud  GENERAL:  their  Nature  and  th^  Principles  of    Assess- 
m"nt   Succinctly    Demonstrated.       By  Thomas    Morkis.    Architect 
3fi.  tid.  cloth 
London :  Himpkin,  Marshau..  and  Co.,  Stationers*  HaU-court,  E.C. 


T 


Just  published,  price  1b.,  by  post  Is.  Id 

RRIGATION      IN      SPAIN. 

By  J.  P.  Roberts.  C.E. 
London  r  E.  and  F.  N.  SPOtf.  4S,  Charing  Cross,  London. 


"VTEW  DESIGN  BOOK  of  MEDIAEVAL 

Ly  FURNITURE  SUITED  for  MODERN  GOTHIC  VILLUS 
Designed  .ind  Lithograiihed  by  R.  Charles.  Price  453  .  in  wrapper  ■ 
half-bound.  BOs.  The  book  contains  60  pages  and  about  -JOn  oriuinil 
deslgus  of  various  articles  of  Furniture,  and  of  Window  Drapery  all 
roloured. 
To  be  had  at  R.  CHAP.Lt>'9.  SO.  Newman-street.  Oxford  street.  London. 


A 


LLIANCE      LIFE     and      FIRE 

ASSURANCE    COMPANY'. 

Established  1824.    Capital  £5.000,000. 

Chief  Office,  Bartholomew  lane,  Loudon,  E.C. 

BOARD  OF  DUIECTIOH. 
Sir  Moses  Moutefiore.  Bart..  F.R.S..  President. 

J.iuies  Alexander,  E.-*q. 

Charles  G.  Baniett,  Esq. 

George  Henry  Bamett,  Esq. 

James  Fletcher,  Esq. 

William  Gladstone,  Esq 

Right  Hon.  George  J.  Goschen,  M.P, 

Samuel  Gurney   Esq.,  M.P. 

.Tames  Helnie.  Esq. 

tjampson  Luias,  Esq. 

Elliot  Macnaghten.  Esq. 

Thomas  Masterman,  Esq, 

J.  M.  MonteBore,  Esq. 

Sir  Anthony  De  Riir.hachild.  Birt. 

Baron  L.  N.  De  Rotlischild.  M  1' 

Thomjia  Charles  Smith,  Esq. 
AiTirroEs. 

SirT.  Fowell  Buxton,  Bart..  M  T 

Richard  Hoare,  Esq. 

Sir  Curtis  Miranda  Lampson,  E;irt. 
House  property  of  every  dsecriptiou  .usuredat  moderate  rates  of 
premium  Life  assurances  in  various  forms  granted  on  favourable 
terms.  Liberal  commission  given  to  architects,  buildera,  survevors 
&c.,  becoming  agents  for  the  Company  Prospectuses,  and  ail  in - 
lormiition  may  be  obtained  by  application  to 

ROBERT   LEWIS.  Secretary. 


B 


ILIOUS    and    LIVER    COMPLAINTS 

A"  I'm  '"'"b"''"!'.  Sick  Headache.  Loss  of  Ai)|,etite.  Urowsiiiess' 
UKlJliie-ss,  .-^iiasius.  and  ail  Disorders  of  the  Slojii^w  1.  an.l  Bi.weis  arj 
?.'i-"!','j.^^'it'*^'*^''^ '^'^^  well-known  remedy.  FUAMPTON'S  PILL 
•t'.h   .k  ;    ^^"  ,'",'""  tie  recouin.end.ition  ot  a  mjd  operation 

r.hi„„  most  successlul  .(Tea;  and  where  «u  nijerient  i,  reonired. 
nothing  can  be  better  adapted.  i  -j.™. 

.l5;'li.i^,il:"  Medicine  Vendor^  at  U.  lid.  >nd  !..  9d.  p.!  boi  ot 
obtained  tfarongb  any  Chemist. 


TTALUABLE      BUILDING      LAND,   at 

,^y«  Vauxhall  Cross,  to  be  LET  on  lease,  having  a  frontage  of 
IfiOft.  to  \auxhall  Cross  and  Wandsworth-road,  directly  facing  the 
\  auxhall  Station  of  the  South  Western  Railwdy.  and  a  situation  of 
great  traffic  to  Wandsworth.  Ciapham.  and  Brixton.  Also  to  be  let 
on  leivae.  a  very  large  warehouse  with  an  adjoining  dwelling- h^mse 
having  a  frontage  of  Ijjft.  to  Waudswortli-ro-T-d.  and  a  depth  of 
about  80ft.,  being  a  continuance  of  the  above  buildinc  frontage  Toe 
warehouse  has  four  Qrepioof  floors,  fitted  up  in  the  best  possible 
manner  for  an  extensive  business  to  be  carried  on.  and  to  which  a 
Umited  use  of  wh,irf.ige  could,  by  agreement,  be  added,  with  extra 
space  for  5t,ib!es  and  stores.  Also  to  be  let  on  lease.  No.  6f),  Bankside 
a  new  warehouse  of  four  floors,  containing  a  storeage  space  of 
nearly  lO.Owtft.  with  a  covered  carriage  entrance  to  unload 
b;ooda.  Also  to  ha  let,  .adjacent  to  the  nbove.  No.  66.  Bankside 
a  large  bouse,  just  repaired  firr  occuijatinn.  and  a  warehoiwe 
space,  with  yard  and  carriage  entrauf-e.  capable  of  separate  Ifttin" 
or  may  be  all  let  totretlier  for  a  term.  For  itarticulars  of  rents,  teiont' 
and  plans,  apply  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Phtenix  Gas  OounrAny.  No' 
,0,  Bankhide.  S.E.  <      rf« 

August  8, 1867. 


QUTTON,       SURREY.  —  BUILDING 

KJ  LAND  to  be  SOLD  or  LET  on  lease,  suitable  for  the  erection 
of  vitia  aud  other  residences.  Advances  of  money  can  be  had  as  thn 
buildinga  proceed.  Plans  and  drawings  cin  he  seen  at  the  offices  of 
Mr.  Treaidder.  16.  New  Bridge  street,  Black£riar3. 


QTREATHAM.- BUILDING    LAND   to 

KJ  be  LET,  at  moderate  ground  rents,  on  the  Crooke-EUison 
E.ttate.  Houses  from  £40  to  £50  per  annum  are  in  great  demand  in 
the  neigh  Ix-urhood.  A  limited  area  at  the  south  part  of  the  esiite 
near  Hermitiige-bridce  .ind  Cruydonroad.  to  be  Let  for  houses  of  £15 
per  ann-im  value.  Plans  and  particulars  of  Mr.  Gilbert,  at  the  Estiite 
Office.  Streatham  Common,  or  of  Mr.  Wales,  siirveyor,  8,  Great  Saint 
Helens,  E.C. 


TO  BUILDERS,  LAND  SPECULATORS, 
nn.l  others— To  be  SOLD,  or  LET  on  lease  (or  99  years  (nith 
advances  il  re<iuliedi  BUILDING  BITES,  on  eaUtes  situate  at 
Twickenham.  Wimbledon.  Ciaiit..n.  Buckhurst  Hill.  Woodford. 
W.^n3tead.  Lettonstoiie.  Stra+ford.  West  Ham.  Plaialow.  tlpton  near 
I'orcat  liatc.  Little  Ilf.ird.  E.ast  Ham  and  F.cimtord.  For  plans  and 
particulars,  apply  to  Mr.  J.  Moore  Smiih.  Surveyor.  ComhiU  Obam- 
bers,  61',  Comhill.  E,C. 


rpo    ARCHITECTS    and    BUILDERS.— 

„JLo  ^^^*^  GROVF,  PARK.  FUTXEV  HILL.-Very  Deslrrible 
SITES  on  this  Est.ite  to  be  LET  for  building  respectable  private  resi- 
dences. It  is  situated  on  elevated  ground,  lietween  the  railway  station 
and  Wimbledon  and  Putney- heaths.  There  is  a  great  demand  in 
this  locality  for  good  villa  residences,  and  a  ready  sale  for  them.  For 
particulars  apply  to  S.  Wood.  Esq.,  Architect,  10,  Ci-aig's-court,  Lou- 
don, S.W.  ;  ortoMesars.  Baxter,  Rose,  Norton  and  Co. ,  Solicitors  H 
Victoria-street,  Westminster,  S.W. 


TO  BUILDERS.— In  consequence  of  the 
Retirement  of  the  Builder  on  a  large  Estate,  a  SUCCESSOR 
will  be  RhQUIRED  in  the  course  of  a  few  moutlis.  He  must  have  a 
thorough  pr.actical  knowledge  of  his  business,  especially  as  regards 
agricultural  buildings  and  the  couveralou  ol  timber;  he  must  prepare 
plans  and  estimates,  tike  up,  measure  work,  and  huve  the  general 
supervision  of  the  workmen.  Age  not  to  exceed  40.  -Application  t> 
be  made  to  Mes&ra.  J.  aud  W.  Mlcldeburgh,  land  agents.  Montgomery. 

TOLLINGTON  PARK,  Hornsev-road.— 
To  be  LET.  FREEHOLD  Ground  on  Building  Leases  for 
SE\  EN  Houses  and  Public  Houte.  Also  Land  adjoining  at  mo- 
derate ground  rents.  Houses  from  £56  per  annum  and  upwivrda 
N.B.— Bricks  advanced  on  the  ground  if  required.  For  plans  and 
particulars,  apply  to  Mr,  C.  Marriott,  Marriott- road,  TolUngton  Park 


rpURNHAM    GREEN,  in    the   Parish  of 

i_  Chiswick.  near  to  Kew  bridge,  and  a  proposed  station  on  the 
Kensington  and  Richmond  Railway.— To  be  LET  by  Tender,  upon  a 
BuUdiug  Lease  or  Leases,  in  one  or  more  plots,  about  i2  ACRtiS  of 
FKKEHOLD  LAND,  land  tax  redeemed,  well  adapted  for  Villa  Re- 
sidences and  shops,  being  close  to  tho  high  road  leading  from  Tuni- 
ham  GreentoKew  and  Richmond,  andattheextremicy  of  two  roads 
III  the  course  of  formation,  known  as  Oxford  and  Cambridge  roads 
The  freeholderdoes  not  bind  himself  to  accept  the  highest  or  any  ten- 
der. For  particulars  and  forms  of  tender  apply  to  Messrs.  Uptons 
Johnson,  aud  Upton.  Solicitors,  20.  Au-tiu  Friars.  E  C  or  to  Messrs 
Prickett  and  Sou,  Eur\-eyor3,  &c.,  Gi.  Chancery -lane,  W.C. 


FOR  SALE.— One  of  A.  Chaplin  and  Co.'s 
C-horse  power  STATIONARY  ENGINES.     Nearly  equal  to 
new.— Apply  at  Baltic  Wharf,  Millhauk. 


BALLAST  WAGGONS.— WANTED,  to 
HIREfor  18  months.  150  ^ix  ton  Contractors' Ballast  Waggons 
hides  to  cjpen.  Apply,  stating  terms,  to  J.  A.,  143.  CiUnden  road. 
London,  N.W, 


ENFIELD.— To  be  SOLD,  .several  thousand 
leet  of  1  in.  ELM  BOARDS,  of  a  superior  qiiality.- Apply  to 
Mr.  Cashing,  Enfleld,  N. 


MORTGAGE,  £300  to  £50,000  on  FREE- 
HOLD or  leasehold  land  and  houses.  Goodhonsei 

and  cheap  land  not  objected  to  purchase.— Full  particulars  sddressed 
ilr.  Boll.  Eden  House,  Eden-road,  Lower  Norwood.  Surrev. 


s 


TAIRCASE    and 
JOHN 


JOINERY    WORKSI 
W ALDEN 


(Late  Shop  Foreman  to  Mr.  W.  SANDS,  retired), 

12,  MAIDEN  LANE,  COVENT  GARDEN, 

Estimates  on  application. 


P 


ARQUET     FLOORING 

TO  ARCHITECTS  AND  BUILDERS. 

JACKSON     AND     GRAHAM 

Are  the  sole  Agents  in  England  for  the  superior  PARQUET  FLOOE 
INGS  manufactured  by  ANTUN  BEMBE.  of  MAYES'CE  »ii, 
Cologne,  for  winch  a  prize  medal  was  awarded  in  the  Int«^rna<ioDii 
Exhibition  of  18fii.  Books  of  designs  seut  free  by  post.  No  chua 
for  taking  plans  and  giving  estimates. 

Nob.  as.  S4,  35,  37.  and  38,  OXFORD  STREET,  LONDON,  W. 


C. 


H.  DAVIES  and  CO, 

r.EXUIXE 


s 


SOLID    PARQUET    FLOOR5 

Are  Greatly  Superior  to  any  hitherto  Produced,  being 

of  Special   Conntriictioa,    Improved   Design, 

Thoroughly  Seasoned,  and  at 

PRICES   LOWER    THAN   USUAL. 

Specimens  at  Architectural  Museum,  23,  Maddox-street,  W. 

AVD  AT 

Show  Rooms,  Cambridge  Hall,  Xewman-street,  London. 


REDUCED    PRICES. 

Builders,  Carpenters,  and  others, 

Have  aubmitted  to  tlteir  notice  these  very  reduced  prices,  ths  lowr 
consistent  with  really  uBefn\  qualities. 

S-inch  Flooring  (well  prepared) lie.  fid.  per  8q«ar«. 

Latha     29b.  Od.  per  load 

Yellow  Deals,  sound  and  good 2|d.  per  foo 

Spruce  Deals  „  Z^d.       „ 

2^/-inch  Battens  „  ijd.       „ 

Seasoned   Mahogany,    plank    and    board  6d. 

A  very  large  stock,  ready  sawn  and  seasoned 

ALFRED  CARTER  &  Co., 

OLD  BETHNAL  GREEN  ROAD,  N.E. 

(End  of  EUr.abeth-street,  Hackner-road.) 


GUN  COTTON 

COMPRESSED  CHARGED 

FOR 

MINING  and  QUARRYING. 

A  charge  of  any  given  size  eierts  six  timea  the  esplom 
force  of  giuipowder. 

Charges  are  made  of  CTery  diameter  required,  the  leidl] 
Tarjing  with  the  diameter.  Any  number  may  be  piacodij 
a  hole.  Each  charge  is  fuUy  equal  to  one-fifth  of  a  pounAt  > 
powder. 

Per  c^ise  (cont,aining  500  charges  of  any  diameter)  .  SSt 

.  1« 


half  case. 


260 


,    quarter  case,,    125  „  „ 

82,  Gracechurch  Street,  Iiondon. 


m 


WINDOW    BLINDS 

W.   BITMEAD, 
11,  FREESCHOOL  STREET, 

AND 

CROSS    STREET,    HORSELTDOWN, 

SOaJTBRVti  AI?.5i. 

■WINDO"W  BLIND  MAKEH  TO 

THE  TKADE. 


CHARLES    STRUTTON, 

84,      COMMERCIAL-ROAD,      LaMBETH. 
BAROBS  LET  BY  THE  DAT  OR  YBAB. 


THE   TANNED  LEATHER  COMPANY 

ARMIT   WORKS, 
GREENFIELD,    NEAR    MANCHESTER, 

TANNERS,  CUERIEKS.  and  MANUFACTTTREKS  OF 

IMPROVED 

Tanned  Leather  Driving  Straps 
for  Machinery. 

PRIME  STRAP  AND  SOLE  BUTTS. 

Price  Lists  seut  free  hy  poet. 

WABEHOUSE— SI,  MARK-LANE,  L0NT30N,  E,C. 

MR.  H.  FERRABEE,  AGENT. 


H 


PRIZE  MEDAL,  1863. 

AI^flLTON         &         CO. 

No.  10,  GREEK  STUKET,    SOHO  SQUARE,  tONDOJff.T? 

Sole  Maiuifacturers  of 
WATKIN'S  PATENT    WIKE  BOUND.  ROUND,  and  OVA 


PAINTING  BRUSHES. 


GUJer*'  M> 


Distemper    BruBhes,    Saeh    Tools,   Stippling  BrusheB, 
(.■miners'  Tools. 

Tliesegoodn  are  mftds  of  the  best  niAterialifui'l  woikmansUip,  *n 
have  obtAin^-d  a  im^h  reputation  among  the  chief  decoratora  in  th 
kingdom.  Varoisti  and  Culour  Moimiacturei^,  Oilmen,  llercbanli 
&c.,  areeupplied  on  lowest  terms.  Price  TJ«t«  (orwiwded  on  »i 
plica  tioo. 


August  30,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


589 


HE   BUILDING  NEWS. 


LONDON,  FRIDAY,  AUGUST  30,  1867. 


HE  CONGREGATIONAL  YEAR  BOOK 

FOR  1867. 

[TTH  ETHER  the  rest  of  the  world  aJ- 
yY  vances  or  recedes,  one  "  Congrega- 
ional  Year  Book"  turns  out,  as  to  its  archi- 
ucture,  pretty  much  like  another.  If  the 
iresent  one  has  anything  to  distinguish  it,  it 
the  tendency  of  good  and  bad  alike  to  reach 
,i  general  level,  nowliere  in  excess."  E.xcep- 
unal  badness  is  perhaps  growing  slightly  less 
btr\isive  than  formerly,  but  exceptional 
owcr  meets  with  as  little  encouragement  as 
ver.  Whether  this  state  of  things  deserve 
le  name  of  improvement  or  not  may  hi;  a 
latter  of  opinion  ;  but,  to  continue  the  quota 
on : — 

**  'Tis  a  iKwr  cliraiix,  to  our  weaker  thouglit, 
This  future  middliliyuosd." 

There  is  no  design  in  the  present  volume  of 

Ijual  interest  with  that  by  Mr.  Waterhouse 
I  the    last    one.     Baltersea    Congregational 
'hurch,   by   ilr.   Fuller,   is   novel  and   pic- 
iresque  in   its  general  grouping,   and  cjuiet 
id  unpretentious   in   its    style.      The  wide 
K>f,  howevei- — that  perpetual  curse  of  chapel 
•cMtecture — though    less    prominent     than 
:ud,  is  kept  out  of  sight  by  a  not  very  satis- 
tory  expedient.     There  is  no  clerestory,  and 
hat  might  otherwise  have   been  termed  the 
sles,  return  against  the  side  walls  of  a  kind 
'  uave,  which  projects  many  feet  before  them, 
le  principal   end  of  the  chapel   is,  in  fact, 
irrowed,  on  the  common  system,  to  improve 
le  proportions  of  the  front  elevation.      Both 
le  ridge  and  the  eaves   run  through  on  an 
iiiform  level,  the  roof  being  lowered  in  pitch 
the  wide  part  of  the  building  enough   to 
■.ke  it  cover  both  nave  and  aisles  in  the  same 
ight  which  in  the  narrow  part  covered  the 
ive  alone.    The  front  and  back  gables,  there- 
iie,  are  totally  different  in  their  angles,  and 
:s  fact  alone  will  make  it  obvious  that  the 
•ultin  certain  views  cannot  be  pleasing.  All 
^-  ingenuity   which  from  time  to  time   has 
L-n  wasted  on   disguising  huge    roofs  and 
mted  walls  only  points  to  one  conclusion — 
:.it  sooner  or  later  we  must  abandon  either 
e  wide  span  or  the  steep  gable.     The  latter 
ilie  alternative  chosen  in  the  new  chapel  at 
arden-street,  Sheffield,  which,  seating    1,020 
ersons,  at  a  cost  of  about  £1,700,  must  surely 
'uch  the  utmost  limits   of  cheapness.     The 
lort-sighted  economy  which  demands  results 
ke  this  is,  in  truth,  only  folly  and   extra- 
agance  in  disguise  ;  but  tlie  design  here  pro- 
uced  may  show  that  it  is  not  lack  of  money 
lone  which   makes  the  chapel  architecture 
unerally  so  repulsive  to  persons  of  taste  and 
■ding.     There  is  a  transparent  simplicity  and 
'uesty  about  the  exterior  which  is  not  with- 
it  a  charm  of  its  own  ;  and  though  obviously 
arved  to  death,  its  wan  lineaments  have  cha- 
icter  enough  to  command  respect.  The  archi- 
■cts  are  Messrs.  Innocent  and  Brown. 
Inthe  Stratford  New  Congregational  Church, 
uilt  at  a  cost   of  £11,500,   the   shopkeeping 
imd  has  surely  reached  its  ideal.     This  must 
ideed  be  that  glorified  pattern  of  "  Taber- 
acle"  which  committees  have  been  dumbly 
riving  after  for   half  a   century,  and   have 
ever  attained  till  now.      There  is  hardly  a 
ird  of  plain  wall  about  it.     It  is  all  columns 
id    pediments,  panelling,  fluting,  and   car- 
ug;  less  like   a  building,  in   short,  than  an 
•chitectural  twelfthcake.   The  architect,  how- 
•er — Mr.  Rowland  Plumbe — displays  quite 
lility  enough  to  prove  that  he  could    have 
)ne  much  better ;  and  in  a   smaller  work  at 
orth  Bow  gives  us  a  pleasing,  if  not   very 
Vttl  design,    with    simple    Gothic    details. 
'Itenhall   Proprietary   School,  by  Mr.  Bid- 


lake,  possesses  fair  ordinary  character  in  those 
parts  of  it  which  do  not  aim  at  being  specially 
artistic  ;  and  Wyclitle  Chapel,  Hull,  is  slightly 
above  the  average  of  the  gablet  and  tracery 
style  to  which  it  belongs. 

The  highest  compliment  which  could  be 
paid  to  most  of  the  other  designs  engraved 
would  be  to  overlook  them  altogether.  Some 
of  them,  however,  are  too  astonishing  to  he 
jiassed  without  remark.  The  chapel  at  Brant- 
ford,  Canada  AVest,  may  be  pardoned  un  the 
plea  that  the  colony  is  fifty  years  behind  the 
mother  country  in  matters  of  art  ;  but  such 
an  excuse  can  hardly  serve  for  the  frightful 
erection  at  Liskeard,  Cornwall.  Let  us  hope 
that  it  stands  sulliciently  near  the  fields  to  save 
neighbouring  farmers  any  further  expense  for 
protecting  their  corn,  and  its  wild-looking 
gables  will  not  have  been  built  in  vain.  The 
peculiar  form  of  spire — apparently  strangled 
just  at  its  junction  with  the  tower — in  which 
chapel  architects  so  much  delight,  appears  at 
Penrith,  Stoke-sub-Hamdon,  IBollington,  and 
Edgeworth.  The  Decorated  style,  rejected  by 
almost  every  leading  Gothic  architect  as  feeble 
and  unsuited  to  modern  wants,  still  finds  high 
favour  among  the  Congregationalists.  The 
very  name  sheds  a  lustre  over  the  work  it  per- 
tains to.  How  can  anything  in  the  Decorated 
style  be  mean  or  poor  ?  It  is  as  absurd  as  to 
think  that  a  Pleasant-row  might  not  be  plea- 
sant, or  that  a  Paradise-street  might  prove  a 
purgatory. 

Seriously,  however,  it  is  no  matter  for  re- 
joicing to  see  a  large  and  influential  body 
patronizing  what  is  vulgar  and  commonplace, 
when  they  might  do  so  much  to  ]iromote  cul- 
ture and  honest  improvement.  The  ajipear- 
ance  of  Mr.  Waterhouse's  name  in  the  "  Year 
Book  " — almost  the  only  one  of  acknowledged 
eminence  which  has  ever  been  seen  there — 
was  a  hopeful  sign  for  the  future.  It  is  to  be 
trusted  that  some  advance  may  yet  result  from 
the  contrast  of  real  art,  however  plain,  with 
the  masquerading  finery  now  in  fashion.  Let 
the  promoters  of  chapel  building  open  their 
eyes  and  look  into  the  world  beyond  their  own 
immediate  connections.  Others  have  left  the 
childish  prettinesses  with  which  the  Gothic 
revival  began,  and  have  produced  work  with 
something  of  nobleness,  freshness,  and  strength 
about  it.  Here  and  there  a  cliurcli  or  a  town 
hall  may  be  seen  which  really  looks  as  if  it 
was  meant  to  last,  and  be  a  permanent  source 
of  pleasure  and  interest.  Why  do  we  almost 
never  see  a  chapel  of  ec^ual  merit  l  Why 
should  the  same  dreary  idea  be  repeated  over 
and  over,  not  tens  but  hundreds  of  times  ? 
Why  should  every  other  chapel  have  an  over- 
grown pinnacle  by  way  of  spire,  and  have  it  al- 
ways in  the  same  place,  at  the  side  of  the  front 
gable  /  Why  should  they  all  have  the  same 
sort  of  wiry,  starved  tracery  windows,  and  the 
same  mean,  narrow  doors  I  Why  should  they 
he  covered  with  cheap  decoration,  and  yet 
never  have  a  particle  of  detail  which  would 
be  worth  crossing  the  road  to  look  at  ?  Lastly, 
and  most  important  of  all,  why  should  their 
form  so  rarely  be  governed  by  those  internal 
rec[uirements  which  ought  to  be  the  very  basis 
and  framework  of  the  whole  design  \ 

The  rage  for  excessive  cheapness  is,  of 
course,  one  cause  of  failure.  The  idea  that  a 
religious  building  should  be  beautified  only  as 
a  sort  of  bait  to  get  people  within  its  walls 
is  another.  The  natural  party  feeling  which 
contents  itself  with  the  smallest  archi- 
tectural talents,  if  it  be  but  connected  with 
the  denomination,  is  undoubtedly  a  third. 
But  the  main  one,  probably,  is  the  want  of 
knowledge  in  the  mass  to  distinguish  good 
from  bad  ;  and  the  want  of  power,  on  the  part 
of  those  who  do  know,  to  enforce  their  opinions. 
StiU,  much  might  be  done  even  by  these 
few,  if  they  would  speak  out,  boldly  condemn- 
ing the  bad  and  upholding  the  good.  Their 
friendly  criticisms  would  perhaps  have  more 
weight  with  the  parties  concerned  than  any- 
thing that  may  be  said  by  others  whose  inte- 
rest in  the  matter  is  far  Irom  being  ec^ually 
great. 


PUGIN  VEBSUS  BARRY. 

UNTIL  a  few  months  ago  we  were  all  under 
the  belief  that  the  late  Sir  Charles 
Barry  \\  as  as  really  and  truly  the  architect  of 
Westminster  Palace  as  was  Sir  Christopher 
Wren  the  architect  of  St  Paul's,  or  Sir  AVilliam 
Chambers  the  architect  of  Somerset  House. 
Some  of  us  entertain  the  same  belief  still, 
and,  indeed,  Sir  Charles  Barry's  claim  to  be 
regarded  as  the  author  of  this  great  work  has 
never  been  disproved.  Surprising  as  it  may 
seem,  it  is  now  disputed,  however  ;  and,  what 
is  still  more  surprising,  not  only  is  the  claim 
disputed,  but  a  very  serious  charge  is  brought 
against  the  memory  and  professional  reputa- 
tion of  the  distinguished  architect  in  question. 
It  may  be  remembered  that,  about  two 
months  ago,  Mr.  E.  Welby  Pugin  made  a 
statement  in  the  Building  New.s  to  the  ell'ect 
that  his  father,  the  late  ]Mr.  A.  Welby  Pugin, 
and  not  Sir  Charles  Barry,  "  was  the  actual 
architect  of  the  Houses  of  Parliament,  that 
his  was  the  miister  mitid  wdiich  conceived,  and 
his  the  hand  which  portrayed,  their  manifold 
glories,  but  that  tiilit  alter  hnnores."  In  answer 
to  this  statement,  Mr.  E.  M.  Barry,  in  a  note 
addressed  to  the  editor  of  the  Fall  Mall 
Gazette,  reprints  a  letter,  dated  September  3 
184.5,  written  by  the  elder  Pugin,  and  giving  a 
positive  denial  to  a  rumour,  even  then  current, 
that  he  was  the  bona  Jide  architect  of  the 
original  design  for  the  Houses  of  Parliament. 
His  occupation,  as  he  himself  says,  was  to 
assist  in  carrying  out  Sir  Charles  Barry's  de- 
signs. This'letter,  which  originally  appeared 
in  the  Builder,  was  intended,  it  is  alleged,  to 
put  an  end,  once  for  all,  to  such  claims  as  are 
now  advanced.  This  does  not  satisfy  Mr.  E. 
AV.  Pugin,  who,  in  a  second  communication, 
enters  into  an  explanation  of  his  father's  letter, 
which,  he  asserts,  was  "  written  at  Sir  C. 
Barry's  solicitation,  and  for  his  own  peculiar 
advantage."  (Mr.  J.  L.  Wolfe,  a  witness  on  the 
other  side,  admits  that  the  letter  was  written 
in  concert  with  Sir  C.  Barry,  and  "  after  con- 
sultation with  me.")  "  It  refers,"  continues  Mr. 
Pugin,  "  to  one  particular  arrangement  made 
with  Sir  C.  Barry,  'with  the  approval  of  the 
Government,' for  certain  works  connected  with 
the  internal  fittings  and  decorations  of  the 
Houses.  It  has  no  reference  to  anything  my 
father  had  done  ten  years  previously.  It 
was  in  183.5  that  he  made  for  Sir  C.  Barry 
the  designs  which  obtained  the  competition." 
This,  then,  is  the  charge  against  Sir  Charles 
Barry,  that  he  got  JMr.  Pugin  to  do  a  set 
of  designs,  which  he  (Sir  Charles)  appropri- 
ated as  his  o'lVTi,  and  which  gained  the  com- 
petition ;  that,  being  unable  to  carry  out  the 
designs  himself,  he  employed  Mr.  Pugin,  who 
did  so,  and  received  40t)  guineas  for  his  labours. 
Mr.  E.  W.  Pugin  says  his  father  "  had  pre- 
viously been  engaged 'in  preparing  designs  for 
the  same  competition  lor  Mr.  Gillespie  Gra- 
ham, for  which  he  received  300  guineas  ;  and 
he  did  not  accede  to  Sir  Charles's  application 
until  he  had  obtained  Mr.  Graham's  consent. 
In  order  that  my  father's  touch  should  not  be 
detected  in  two  separate  sets  of  drawings, 
many  of  the  designs  were  redrawn  in  pencil 
by  Sir  Charles,  as  Mr.  Talbot  Bury  can 
testify."  The  (question  \vill  naturally  be  asked, 
why  did  not  so  eminent  an  architect  as  the 
late  Mr.  Pugin  compete  in  his  own  name  ? 
The  reason,  says  his  son,  was  "  that,  being  a 
Catholic,  he  was  under  the  idea  that  he  had  no 
chance  of  success.  He  all  along  abandoned 
himself  to  this  impression,  which,  rightly  or 
wrongly,  I  have  heard  him  say,  was  fostered 
by  Sir  Charles  Barry."  Mr.  E.  M.  Barry,  as 
it  seems  to  us,  satisfactorily  disposes  of  this 
point  by  stating  that  the  competition  was 
"  an  open  and  anonymous  one,  the  essence  of 
which  was  the  concealment  of  the  names  of 
the  competitors."  Mr.  Barry,  feeling  that  he 
is  necessarily  dependent  on  the  evidence  of 
others  (the  competition  drawings  having  been 
made  when  he  was  five  years  old)  brings  for- 
ward two  witnesses  intimately  acquainted 
with  the  whole  circumstances  of  the  case,  who, 
while  frankly   admitting  that   Sir  C.   Barry 


590 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


August  30,  1867. 


derived  valuable  assistance  in  carrying  out 
the  details  of  his  design  from  Mr.  Pugin,  posi- 
tively declare  that  ""it  was  not  till  after  Sir 
Charles  had  originated,  and  with  his  own  hand 
drawn  oat,  the  general  design,  both  in  plan 
and  elevation,  that  Mr.  Pugin's  assistance 
was  obtained."  Such  is  the  testimony  of  Mr. 
J.  L.  Wolfe,  and  Mr.  R.  R.  Banks,  cliief  assist- 
ants to  the  late  Sir  Charles  Barry.  Mr. 
Talbot  Bury  and  Mr.  B.  Ferrey  (the  bio- 
grapher of  Mr.  A.  Welby  Pugin)  give  similar 
testimony.  The  former  gentleman  says,  "  It 
was  not  until  Sir  Charles  Barry  had  com- 
pleted his  design  in  pencil,  including  ele- 
vations and  sections,  that  Mr.  Pugin  had 
ant/thing  to  do  with  the  work  ....  The 
dra^vings  enumerated  in  Mr.  Pugin's  diary 
were  details  prepared  for  the  purpose  of 
obtaining  tenders,  not  made  till  after  Sir 
Charles's  original  design  had  been  selected." 
Mr.  Ferrey  says,  "  On  more  than  one  occa- 
sion, when  mentioning  to  the  late  Mr.  A. 
Welby  Pugin  the  common  rumom-  that  in 
reality  he  was  the  architect  of  the  New 
Houses  of  Parliament,  I  remember  well  how 
energetically  he  denied  the  truth  of  the 
report,  bidding  me  give  it  the  most  positive 
contradiction  whenever  I  heard  it  repeated." 
These  testimonies  have  called  forth  another 
long  letter  from  Mr.  E.  W.  Pugin,  which 
appears  in  the  Pall  Mall  Gazette  of  Wed- 
nesday. After  reviewing  the  evidence  brought 
to  rebut  his  original  statement,  he  repeats 
that  statement  in  the  following  words  : — 

The  facts  of  the  case  in  the  beginning  were  sim- 
ply these  : — My  father  intended  to  be  himself  a  com- 
petitor ;  and  he  had  prepared  a  complete  set  of 
designs  for  tlie  purpose,  whicii  were  finished  and 
mounted  before  he  put  pencil  to  paper  for  either 
Mr.  G.  Graham  or  Sii"  Charles  Barry.  From  the  day 
they  were  mounted  they  appear  to  have  been  lost 
sight  of  ;  but  there  is  little  doubt  that  these  were 
the  designs  for  which  Sir  Charles  paid  400  guineas, 
and  which,  as  far  as  possiI>le,  were  engrafted  on  Sii' 
Chai'les's  ground  plan.  The  designs  thus  prepared 
were  eventually  successful,  and  my  father  was 
called  in  to  complete  the  work  which  he  had  com. 
menced. 

Mr.  Pugin  concludes  by  stating  that  his 
evidence  will  be  contained  at  length  in  a 
pamphlet  which  he  hopes  shortly  to  publish. 
And  here  the  matter  rests  for  the  present.  It 
is  with  considerable  regret  Mr.  Pugin  tells  U5 
that  "  he  finds  himself  compelled  to  enter 
into  a  statement  of  fects  which  woidd  have 
been  better  told  when  the  present  generation 
had  ceased  to  exist."  We  cannot  see  it  al- 
together in  that  light.  If  his  father  was 
the  architect  of  the  Houses  of  Parliament, 
another  ought  not  to  reap  the  reward,  and  en- 
joy the  honour.  Honour  to  whom  honour  is 
due.  Mr.  E.  W.  Pugin  has  accepted  a 
delicate,  and,  to  some  extent,  a  painful  posi- 
tion, but,  having  accepted  it,  he  is  bound 
to  make  it  good.  The  fair  fame  of  Sir 
Charles  Barry,  as  well  as  that  of  his  own 
father,  demand  that  this  matter  sliould  be 
settled  once  for  all,  beyond  the  possibility  of 
dispute.  The  general  public,  not  less  than 
the  architectural  profession,  will  wait  anxiously 
for  Mr.  Pugin's  promised  pamphlet,  in  order 
to  see  how  he  accomplishes  his  task.  As 
yet  no  one  will  say  that  he  has  proved  Ms 
case. 


QUANTITIES  AND  MEASUREMENTS.* 

IT  is  a  common  mistake,  especially  with 
beginners,  to  imagine  that  because  they 
are  capable  of  cubing,  or,  in  other  words,  of 
ascertaining  the  solid  contents  of  a  design, 
that  they  are  therefore  fully  competent  to 
take  out  quantities  and  measurements  upon 
which  a  contractor's  estimate  may  be  made. 
Those  who  have  had  tlie  opportunity  of 
examining  bills  of  quantities  must  have 
frequently  observed  how  general  this  error  is. 


♦  Quantities  and  Meaatixements.  How  to  calculate  and 
take  them  in  bricklayers',  masons',  plasterers',  plumbers', 
painters',  paperhangers",  gilders',  smiths',  carpenters',  and 
joinera' work.  With  rules  for  abstractinj;  and  hints  for 
preparing  a  bill  of  quantities.  By  Alfked  Chaelks 
Beaton,  architect  and  surveyor.  London ;  Virtue  and 
Co.,  26,  Ivy-lane,  Pateruoster-row.     lyo?. 


and  traced  its  presence  by  items  being  valued 
at  the  super  or  running  foot  instead  of  by  the 
cubic  foot,  and  rice  versa.  It  is  true  that  in 
some  few  instances  it  is  optional  witli  the 
surveyor  to  use  one  of  two  units  of  measure- 
ment, but  this  small  degree  of  latitude  is 
often  stretched  far  beyond  its  proper  limits. 
Brickwork,  for  instance,  is  frequently — not  in 
houses,  however,  but  in  engineering  struc- 
tures— estimated  like  masonry,  by  the  cube 
yard,  and  there  is  no  tpiestion  but  that  it 
would  be  a  great  improvement  if  it  were 
always  so  estimated,  and  the  absurd  measure- 
ment of  the  rod  altogether  abolished.  The 
little  volume  under  notice,  which  is  one  of 
Weale's  rudimentary  series,  is  well  calculated 
to  instruct  beginners  in  the  proper  method  of 
estimating  different  descriptions  of  work,  but 
it  is  not  altogether  free  from  what  might  be 
termed  "  old  saws,"  and  which  ought  never 
to  appear  in  a  volume  of  1867.  We  notice 
one  with  respect  to  concrete,  where  note  is  to 
be  made  of  the  "  height  it  is  thrown  from." 
This  is  a  mischievous  old  idea,  which  we 
hoped  was  thoroughly  exploded.  No  one  ever 
thinks  of  throwing  concrete  from  a  height 
except  where  unavoidable,  or  unless  they  wish 
to  separate  the  ingredients,  which  always 
occurs  in  a  greater  or  less  degree  when  the 
operation  is  so  performed.  The  concrete 
should  be  simply  wheeled  in  barrows  to  the 
site,  and,  when  laid,  thoroughly  well  punned 
and  beaten  with  good-sized  rammers.  Instead 
of  specifying,  as  was,  and  is  still,  the  custom, 
that  the  concrete  should  be  pitched  from  a 
certain  height,  the  words  should  run  "  that  it 
be  well  punned  after  laying."  The  evil  will 
thus  be  avoided,  and  greater  good  ensured. 
Clear  instructions  are  given  in  the  chapter 
upon  brickwork  especially  regarding  chimney 
breasts,  cornices,  splays,  and  other  projections 
which  constantly  puzzle  the  beginner.  There 
is,  however,  no  necessity  for  going  through 
the  tedious  process  alluded  to  for  converting 
cubic  feet  into  standard  rods.  The  calculation 
is  simply  to  divide  the  number  of  cubic  feet 
by  306  and  the  answer  is  in  rods  and  deci- 
mals. Putting  R  to  represent  the  number  of 
rods,  and  48U  for  the  number  of  cubic  feet,  we 

have,  quoting  from  our  author,  R  = — — . 

9  X  ^'^ 

4S() 
Reducing  this  fraction,  we   obtain  R  =  — 

.306 
at  once  without  first  multiplying  by  8,  then 
dividing  by  9,  and  completing  the  operation 
by  a  further  division  by  •272. 

In  alluding  to  the  measurement  of  kinf  and 
queen  posts  and  principal  rafters,  it  is  stated 
that  they  ought  to  be  calculated  by  their  mean 
lengths.  This  statement  must  be  received 
with  caution,  as  in  many  instances  it  is 
absolutely  necessary  to  take  them  out  to  their 
extreme  dimensions,  according  to  the  manner 
in  which  the  ends  have  been  cut  and 
fashioned.  As  a  general  rule,  we  would 
advise  every  one  engaged  in  taking  out 
quantities,  to  do  so  in  a  fair  and  liberal  spirit, 
and  always  in  the  case  of  any  doubt  to  give  it 
in  favour  of  the  contractor.  We  are  well 
aware  that  many  parties  pride  themselves 
upon  the  close  manner  in  which  they  can  take 
out  an  estmiate,  and  shave  down  the  measure- 
ments to  the  exact  thing,  but  they  forget  that 
true  accuracy  is  as  far  removed  from  niggard- 
liness, upon  the  one  hand,  as  from  waste  upon 
the  other.  In  the  chapter  upon  joinery,  which 
is  one  of  the  best  in  the  book,  particular  stress 
is  laid  upon  the  fact  that  a  drawing  should 
always  be  furnished  of  all  mouldings  and 
desci'iptions  of  work  not  among  the  ordinary 
run.  This  is  a  valuable  suggestion,  as  we 
have  known  much  unpleasantness  arise  from 
the  imperfect  manner  in  which  a  particular 
part  has  been  specified,  when  there  was  no 
accompanying  sketch  to  point  out  what  was 
really  intended  by  the  designer.  Latterly, 
especially  since  they  liave  been  made  by 
machinery,  it  is  not  an  imcommon  thing  to 
class  doors,  window  sashes,  and  other  similar 
items  simply  by  their  number.  Price  lists 
can  be   had   from    many    first-rate    makers. 


giviag  all  particulars,  -with  illustrations,  from 
a  common  barn  door  to  the  most  highly 
moulded  specimens  in  Belgravia.  The  last 
two  chapters  of  this  little  work  are  very 
inferior,  and  bear  no  comparison  with  those 
wliich  are  somewhat  similar  in  character,  in 
auother  of  Weales'  series,  "  Rudiments  of  the 
Art  of  Building."  Omitting  these  two,  the 
remainder  of  the  volume  will  be  very  service- 
able, as  a  text  book  for  estimating  quantities 
and  measurements. 


u 


THE   ALLUVIAL    DISTRICT   OP     ^a 
HORNSEA,  YORKSHIRE. 

IN  the  great  bay   of  Bridlington,   on  the 
romantic  coast   of  Yorkshire,  ■with  Flam- 
borough  Head  in  the  hazy  distance,  and   busy 
Bridlington   some  dozen  miles  to  the  north, 
stands   the   quiet   town  of  Hornsea,   a   place 
almost  unknown  until  recent  times.     We  will 
pass  by  the  ordinary  attractions  of  the  modern 
bathing  tov\m,  and  dwell  for  a  while   on  the 
town  and  neighbourhood   as   far  as  regards 
its  buildings   and   constructional  appliances. 
It  possesses  many    peculiarities    worthy    of 
notice,  occupying  a  pasition  in   the   alluvial 
district  of  South  Yorkshire  at  a  point  whioll] 
marks  an  ancient  estuary  or  horn  of  the  si 
now  an  iidand  lake.     Hornsea,  as  may  be 
ferred,  has  little  to  boast   of  in   its   variety 
budding  materials.     Near  the  terminus  of  tl 
Hull  and  Hornsea  Railway  the  sands  of  tl 
coast  spread  out  before  us.     To  the  north 
south,  as  the  eye  follows  the  white  fringe  of 
restless  waters,  the  land  rises  in  pleasing  un-  ■ 
dulations  to  the  height  of  50ft.   or  70ft.,  pre- 
senting a  broken  line   of  clift's  to  the  action  olJri 
the  sea.     Upon  examination  we  find  them  tm" 
be  composed  of  alluvial  drift,  closely  allied  to  , 
the  boulder  clay  formation,  a  weak  and  feeble 
bulwijrk  to  the  inroads  of  the  sea,  which,  upi»^ 
our  coasts  composed  of  tliis  and   other  ai  ' 
mentary  deposits,  is  marching  with  such  rapii 
strides  year  by  year,  and  season  by  season. 
The   action   of  rain   and  frosts   disturbs   the 
masses  of  material   composing  these  rugged 
cliffs,  and  the  high  tides  and  lashing  waves 
undermine  their  base,  causing  periodical 
slips   of  vast  extent.     Hundreds  of  tons 
thus  during  one  season  torn  from  the  pai 
earth  and  spread  out  upon  the  coast,  to  be 
solved  or  carried  in  minute  particles  to  disi 
points  of  rest  in  the  bosom  of  the  sea.     Si  ^ 
is  the  rapid  encroachment  of  the   sea  in  thif 
neighbourhood  that  towns  known   in  modern 
history — as  Auburn,  Hartburn,   and  Hyde-^, 
have   been  totally  destroyed,  their  sites  "  '^' 
forming  a  portion  of  the  German  Ocean. 
Owthorpe,  the  parish  church  is  half-way  inthi] 
sea ;  and  many  is  the  melancholy  tale,  hew, 
in  tempestuous  nights,  the  angry  sea  has  cai- 
ried  off'  the   dead.      Along  these  perishaUi 
clitts,  boulders  of  all   sizes,  claiming  kindreJ 
to  almost  every  strata  of  the   earth,   present 
themselves  to  the  passer-by,  either  as  pebble; 
on  the  strand,  or  high  up  on  the  face  of  the 
clifl's,  firmly  embedded  in  the  marl.     The^  sea 
does   not,  in   removing   these  marly  cliffs,  sc 
readily  dispose  of  the  boulders,  which  are  left 
upon  the  beach  in  countless  numbers,  varying 
from   blocks   of  many   tons   to   those  whicll 
have  been  worn  down  to  the  ordinary  pebbles, 
In  their  lithological  character  they  commenMj 
with  the  granites  and  syenites  and  work  up- 
wards in  geological  time  to  serpentine,  quar^ 
and  micaceous  slates.     With  the  sedimentMJ 
or  fossUiferous  rocks,  limestones  are  the  beai. 
represented,  a  fact  which  may  be  partly  ex- 
plained by  the  enduring  (jualities  of  the  oldei 
crystalline  limestones,  and  partly  by  the  closi 
proximity  of  the  chalk  formation.     Geologj 
has  not  taught  the    builders  in  this  district  ti 
distinguish   the  various  rocks  ;    but  practice 
and  the  experience  of  generations  have  taught 
the  workmen  to  distinguish    the  limestom 
boulders  from  those  of  other  rocks,  and  evei 
to  separate  them  again  in  point  of  quality.  A 
trade   is  done  in   this   class  of  material,  -foi 
here  Ues  the  stock  of  limestone  by  which  th- 
*  building  operations  of  the  district  are  cai'nei: 


August  30,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS, 


591 


Men  of  (juaint  aspect  are  to  be  seen  upon 

liore  followed  by  asses  whose  measured 

tf.  I  and  solitary  mien  bespeak  some  lowly 

ocpation  ;  these  are  the  stone  aatherers,  who 

ek  out  a  miserable  existence  by  collecting 

Ijrstone  boulders  on  the   shore,  and  convey- 

in'them  on  the  old  pack-horse  principle  to 

thlime  kilns  in  the  neighbourhood.     Gravel 

fo  raihvav  and   engineering  purposes  is  also 

00 toted  in  this    humble  way.     Other  groups 

m   be  seen  collecting  pebbles  for  road  mate- 

ri;  aud  as  they  deposit  them   one  by  one  in 

th  r  peculiar  wooden  scuttles  with  which  the 

ptriers  are  tilled,  we  are  led  to  attach  a  very 

to  estimate  of  their  value  of  time.     Turning 

01  attention   to   the   lime  burners,   we   are 

jt  I'k  with  the  peculiar  form  of  their  kQns, 

.    'i   are   constructed    somewhat   after   the 

Ml  of  an  ordinary  brewing  copper  with  a 

I!  iiLile  on  either  side  from  which  the  lime 

s  ked  out  as  it  falls.     Connected  witli  these 

ireinclined  orelevated  roadsbywhichthe 

isses  carry   up  their  burdens.     The  col- 

^t,. lies  are  here  broken  into  fragments, 

'logist  will  readily  detect  the  older 

\  -  iif  the  carboniferous  age  rich  with 

peculiar   fossils.      This   quality,   along 

1  lie  blue  lias  limestone,  is  justly  esteemed 

St  for  making  the  strongest  lime.   Oolitic 

-eptaria  stones  may  also  be  found  here, 

,^^the  greatest  proportion  are  chalk,  which 

poses   6l)  per  cent,   or  70  per  cent,  of  all 

limestone  collected  in  the  district. 

sin  other  parts  of  the  world  where  one 

ral  feature  reigns   supreme,  we   tind  al- 

;  everything  required  near  at  hand.     At 

Qsea,  the  boulder  clay  not  only  supplies 

lime,    but    it   furnishes   the    stone   for 

ling.     The  ancient  church,  the  boundary 

a  of  the  various  properties,  and  the  sub- 

lys  of  the  houses,  are   constructed   with 

.ders  from  the  beach,  mostly  laid  in  the 

Boman  herring-bone  fashion,  ornamented 

.  and  there  with  portions  of  brick  being 

mei  into    the  soft    mortar,  thus    filling 

le  wider  interstices  of  the  work.     Sand  is 

ined  from  the  same  source  lying  in  erratic 

1  in  the  natural  ground  or   representing 

:  particles  of  foreign  matter  washed  from 

■'  i'oulder  clay  and  spread  along  the  beach  ; 

last,  but  not  least,  the  same  place  sup- 

11  =  the  material  for  brickmaking.    It  would 

IX  jresumptuous  to   fix.  the  date  at   which 

b:  ks  were  first  used  as  a  building  material  in 

tt   district;  certain  it  is  they  were  in  use 

u  -ards  of  300  years  ago,  and  we  have  only 

xiunine  the  churches  in  this  portion  of 

vshire  for   proof.     As   a  thing  of  beauty, 

have  never  ranked  high  ;  but  as  one  of 

y,  where  squared  and  workable  stone  was 

invn,  they  seem  to  have  naturally  pre- 

l  themselves,  when   building  on  a  dur- 

'  jnn  became  a  settled  custom.     As  may 

'I'posed,  brickmaking  is  now  somewhat  a 

«  ie    trade,  but  until  recent  times  it  was 

ija  ied  out  in  a  very  primitive  form.     The 

ntiral  material  is  rude  to  commence  with, 

b<.g  highly  argillaceous   and    strongly  im- 

pi;nated  with  oxide  of  iron.     To  the  pre- 

86  e  of  this  metal  the  sombre  red  colour  of 

11  bricks  is  due,  as  also  the  easy  manner  in 

li  they  fuse  while  burning.     In  addition, 

les  of  every  kind  are  freely  intermixed 

the  material,  and  they  are  a  source  of 

taut  trouble  to  the  workmen,  and  one  of 

e'l  ,t  cost  to  the   makers,   as  the  breakage, 

«ied  by  the    explosion    of   the   limestone 

p<bles  during  burning,   is  a  serious  item  in 

tl  production  of  the  bricks.     The  best  beds 

oJ  lay  are  selected  for  making  land  drains, 

fl<  •ing,  and  facing  bricks,  &c.,  none  of  which 

pt,e8S  a  high  degree  of  finish,  owing  to  the 

'J<^3enes3    of   the  clay.     AVe    were  scarcely 

^'  'ared  to  find  these  local   clays  applied  to 

;'urpose  of  making  eaves'  spouts,  but  one 

■'-  at  least  we  noticed    which    possesses 

tine  peculiar  earthenware  gutters,   moulded 

U^ibout   3ft.    lengths    of  "half    round    and 

b^led  sections.     New  energy  has  lately  been 

iR'sed  in  the  brick  trade  of  this  district  by 

J- 1.   Wade,   Esq.,  of  the  firm   of  Richard 

W,le,  Son,  and   Co.,  timber  merchants,  of 


Hull.  His  works  are  situate  close  to  the  line 
of  railway,  on  some  good  beds  of  clay,  where 
very  superior  bricks  of  both  red  and  yellow 
colour  are  now  being  produced.  AVe  under- 
stand it  is  Mr.  Wade's  intention  to  u.;e 
machinery  in  their  manufacture,  which  can- 
not fail  to  improve  the  quality  of  the  bricks, 
aud  reduce  the  cost  of  production.        W.  S. 


S' 


SCULPTURE  AT  THE   PARIS 

EXHIBITION. 

CULPTURE  is  the  art  which  most  fre- 
_  lueutly  iu  our  day  reminds  us  of  the  say- 
iug  of  Horace  with  regard  to  poems — that  it  is  not 
enough  for  them  to  be  beautiful  ;  they  must  also 
be  interesting.  What  an  enormous  amount  of 
talent  do  we  not  see  wasted  in  sculpture  !  And 
what  an  enormous  number  of  statues  fail  to  ex- 
cite in  us  any  emotion  save  that  of  imp.atience  ! 
The  sculptor  is  an  artist  who  goes  to  work  some- 
what after  the  fashion  of  Lightfoot  iu  the  story 
— he  ties  his  hands  as  Lightfoot  tied  his  feet,  and 
yet  he  declares  to  win  the  race.  He  deliberately 
foregoes  many  of  the  most  potent  means  of  ex- 
citing human  interest.  Thus  he  rejects  all  the 
charm  of  colour,  aud  engages  to  please  us  with- 
out it.  Again,  he  insists  on  generalising  the 
nature  he  presents  to  us  ;  the  figures  he  produces 
are  more  typical  aud  less  individual  than  those  we 
iiud  iu  a  picture,  and  if  they  assume  clothing  at 
all  it  is  seldom  the  precise  costume  of  any  par- 
ticular date.  Yet  he  undertakes  to  delight  us, 
while  he  pays  little  or  no  attention  to  that  ten- 
dency of  human  kind  to  fix  its  affections  on  in- 
dividuals and  not  on  types.  Once  more,  if  a 
statue  is  not  always  in  repose,  the  range  of  move- 
ment which  is  allowed  to  it  is  Hmited ;  and 
for  the  most  part  in  sculpture  we  are  invited  to 
consider  a  ch.iracter  rather  than  an  action — a  situ- 
ation rather  than  an  event.  And  yet,  thus  dis- 
carding that  principle  in  human  nature  which 
leads  us  to  take  most  interest  in  seeing  something 
done,  even  if  it  be  but  a  dog  fight,  the  sculptor 
proposes  to  hold  us  spell-bound.  As  a  matter  of 
fact,  however,  it  is  very  rarely  he  succeeds.  The 
number  of  sculptures  we  admire  without  liking 
is  prodigious.  It  is  difficult  not  to  note  this  by 
comparison  in  the  French  Exhibition.  It  is  full 
of  sculpture,  some  very  good,  some  bad,  but  al- 
most every  piece  of  it  infinitely  better,  as  works  of 
thought  and  of  art,  than  some  other  objects  which 
I  shall  presently  refer  to.  But  people  pass  the 
sculptures  without  notice — scarcely  even  seem  to 
see  them  ;  and  they  flock  round  those  other  ob- 
jects so  that  often  one  cannot  get  near  them. 
The  objects  I  refer  to  are  lay  figures  of  men  and 
women  dressed  in  the  costume  of  diiferent  coun- 
tries, and  of  different  districts  iu  the  same 
country.  It  is  one  of  the  aims  of  the  Exhibition 
to  make  a  comparison  of  natural  costumes,  and  of 
the  people  who  wear  them.  Thus,  we  have  the 
lay  figures  here  of  a  Japanese,  and  there  of  a  Turk, 
here  of  Swedes,  Danes,  and  Norwegians,  there  of 
French  peasants — Breton,  Gascon,  Alsatian,  Nor- 
man— and  so  of  nearly  every  nation  under  the 
sun  except  the  English.  These  figures  are  not 
only  correctly  dressed,  but  their  features  are  re- 
presented wiih  tolerable  accuracy,  so  as  to  give  a 
fair  idea  of  their  ethnological  characteristics.  Some- 
times the  figures  are  single  and  doing  nothing 
Sometimes  they  are  arranged  in  groups,  and  there 
is  a  little  attempt  made  to  represent  them  as  en- 
gaged in  the  business  of  some  scene.  Now,  there 
are  few  things  in  the  Exhibitiun  more  popular 
than  these  lay  figures.  The  art  in  them  is  of  the 
lowest  kind,  but  they  never  fail  to  interest  the 
crowds,  because  they  are  life-like,  and  they  have 
the  charm  o£  individuality.  The  sculptor  says 
virtually  to  the  delighted  crowd  who  gather 
round  one  of  the  figures: — "I  will  strip  this 
figure  of  its  clothing,  and  show  it  to  you  either 
naked  or  in  ideal  drapery ;  I  will  take  away  all 
colour  from  its  flesh,  and  show  it  to  you  either 
pure  white  or  all  bronzed  :  I  will  take  away  from 
the  individuality  of  the  face  and  make  it  more 
typical;  I  will  i.ioderate  the  Uveliness  of  its  ac- 
tion ;  in  a  word,  I  will  remove  from  it  nearly  all 
the  attributes  by  which  it  commands  your  interest ; 
and  still  I  will  retain  and  enhance  your  interest 
in  it."  To  do  this  the  sculptor  must  be  a  man  of 
extraordinary  power,  and  we  need  not  wonder 
that  even  in  the  exercise  of  extraordinary  power 
he  should  often  fail  to  rouse  the  interest  of  the 
public,  especially  since  nowadays  he  has  no  such 
sentiment  as  that  of  image  worship  to  help  him 
in  his  difficult  task. 

France  aud  Italy  are  the  only  countries  that 


make  a  considerable  show  of  sculpture  in 
the  Champ  de  Mars.  England  is  almost  wholly 
unrepresented.  Our  chief  sculptors  refused  to 
lend  any  of  their  works,  deeming  that  under  the 
conditions  imposed  upon  them  they  could  not 
exhibit  with  any  advantage.  A  fine  but  some- 
what wasteil  figure  of  a  sad-hearted  girl,  which  is 
called  "  The  Song  of  the  Shirt,"  and  which  is  the 
work  of  Mr.  Marshall  Wood,  is  the  most  important 
piece  of  sculpture  we  have  to  show.  Mr.  Wool- 
ner  sends  a  terra  cotta  bust  of  Captain  Fowke, 
Mr.  Munro  sends  a  few  sketches  iu  plaster ;  Mr. 
Durham  is  represented  only  in  the  ceramic  court, 
%vhere  some  of  his  most  graceful  conceptions  are 
exhibited  on  a  very  reduced  scale  in  Parian. 
America  has  given  evidence  of  great  skill  in 
sculpture,  and  several  works  of  considerable 
merit  by  Miss  Hosmer,  Messrs.  Thompson  and 
Ward,  make  their  appearance  iu  the  Exhibition ; 
but  the  collection,  as  a  whole,  is  unimportant. 
Denmark  is  another  country  which  has  achieved 
no  mean  renown  in  sculpture,  and  some  specimens 
of  the  work  of  M.  Jerichau  (which,  however,  came 
too  late  for  mention  in  any  catalogue),  as,  for  ex- 
ample, the  group  in  which  Adam  appears  awakened 
from  his  sleep  and  astonished  at  the  sight  of  Eve 
newly  created  by  his  side,  show  that  the  art  is 
still  alive  there.  There  could  not  be  a  finer  theme 
for  a  sculptor  than  this  which  M.  Jerichau  has 
selected  for  his  principal  contribution ;  the 
group  in  which  he  has  handled  it  will  be  found 
outside  the  building,  under  the  verandah  that  goes 
round  ihe  central  garden  ;  and  Englishmen  who 
survey  it  will  be  pleased  to  think  that,  being  a 
wedding  gift  to  the  Prince  of  Wales,  it  will  find 
its  way  to  England.  Tlie  Germans,  also,  have 
shown  ambition  in  sculpture ;  but  they  do  not 
justify,  scarcely  even  attempt  to  justify,  their 
reputation.  The  ablest  work  they  show  is  a  bronze 
equestrian  statue  of  the  King  of  Prussia,  which 
has  obtained  for  M.  Drake  a  Grand  Prix.  It  is 
not  without  vigour,  .and  especially  there  are  some 
good  points  about  the  horse  ;  but  in  all  equestrian 
statues  there  is  a  tendency  to  make  such  an  over- 
whelming display  of  animal  power  that,  instead  of 
the  man  riding  the  horse,  we  seem  to  see  the  horse 
overriding  the  man.  The  very  means  which  the 
sculptor  takes  to  exalt  the  man  lowers  him  ;  for 
he  is  forgotten  iu  the  horse.  And  this  is  precisely 
what  happens  to  us  when  we  look  at  M.  Drake's 
statue  of  the  King  of  Prussia ;  we  are  interested 
in  the  horse,  not  in  the  man.  The  King  of  Prussia 
is  simply  a  mass  of  clothes  on  horseback.  Nearly 
opposite  to  this  Prussian  statue,  in  the  roadway 
leading  to  the  military  school,  are  some  specimens 
of  Belgian  handiwork,  chiefly  of  the  kind  which 
seeks  for  the  source  of  influence  in  colossal  pro- 
portions. The  most  interesting  examples  of 
statuary,  however,  which  Belgium  exhibits  are  in 
miniature — little  terra  cotta  groups  by  Leopold 
Harze,  which  I  described  at  some  length  when 
writing  about  ceramic  art.  And  we  may  say  of 
Belgian  art  generally  that  it  raises  one  of  the 
smallest  kingdoms  in  Europe  to  a  position  of  the 
first  rank.  But  still  even  Belgium  leaves  the  state- 
ment untouched  that  France  aud  Italy  are  the  only 
countries  which  make  a  considerable  show  of  sculp- 
ture in  the  Champ  de  Mars. 

Now,  the  bestsculpture  in  the  Exhibition  is 
French.  But,  lest  this  remark  should  seem  to  be 
too  sweeping,  I  hasten  to  explain  that  it  is  but 
another  way  of  saying  that  the  best  sculpture  in 
the  Exhibition  takes  the  form  of  portraiture.  In 
imaginative  sculpture  the  French  must  cede  the 
palm  to  the  Italians,  who,  on  the  other  hand,  are 
very  poor  in  portraitirre.  The  French  portraits 
are  uncommonly  good,  and  one  series  of  them 
rises  even  to  greatness.  There  is  a  series  of  six 
portraits  of  the  Fnst  Napoleon,  by  M.  Guillaume, 
for  which  he  has  obtained  one  of  the  large  gold 
medals.  In  the  first  of  these  he  appears  as  a 
youth  at  Brienne ;  in  the  next,  he  has  that 
attenuated  face  which  belongs  to  the  period  when 
he  commanded  the  French  army  in  Italy  ;  in  the 
third,  he  is  First  Consul ;  next,  he  appears  as 
Emperor  ;  once  more  he  appears  as  Emperor  iu 
the  year  1S12  ;  finally,  we  have  a  portrait  of  him 
in  his  last  days  at  St.  Helena.  The  series  is 
wonderfully  interesting.  Napoleon  had  a  beautiful 
face,  which  a  sculptor  may  well  deUght  in ;  and 
each  one  of  M.  Guillaume's  portraits  of  him  is  by 
itself  worth  looking  at.  But  all  together  are  a 
study.  No  one  who  can  take  an  intelligent  in- 
terest in  a  fine  head  but  must  like  to  follow  this 
one  of  the  great  soldier  in  its  course  from  boy- 
hood to  manhood,  from  manhood  to  the  height  of 
power,  and  then  from  power  to  adversity  ;  and 
M.  Guillaume  deserves  great  praise  for  conceiving 
this  idea,  and  for  the  way  in  which  he  has 
'  worked  it  out.     He  has,  besides,    a  full-length 


592 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


August  30,  1867. 


statue  of  Napoleon  in  classical  drapery,  which 
should  be  viewed  in  connection  with  the  six 
above-mentioned  busts.  Napoleon  is  one  of  the 
few  modern  men  whom  we  are  not  shocked  to  see 
in  classical  drapery.  We  prefer  to  see  him  in 
modern  costume,  but  when  the  artists  of  his  day, 
following  the  idea?  of  art  which  were  then  in 
vogue — the  ideas  of  David  and  his  school— in- 
sisted on  showing  him  in  classical  drapery,  we  do 
not  feel  that  the  jiicture  is  wholly  incongruous. 
With  these  achievements  of  M.  Guillaume  should 
be  compared  some  other  representations  of  the 
mighty  conqueror  which  are  to  be  found  through- 
out the  Exhibition.  Thus,  in  the  gallery  which 
we  share  with  the  United  State.?,  there  Ls  a  bronze 
statue  of  Napoleon  by  an  American  artist,  Mr. 
Thompson.  It  is,  perhaps,  a  little  hard  in  style, 
but  it  is  full  of  vigour,  with  so  much  of  intensity 
in  its  stillness  that  few  persons  can  pass  it  by  with- 
out observation.  Then,  in  the  ItaUan  Gallery, 
there  is  a  statuette  of  Napoleon  as  a  child,  by  M. 
Romanelli.  But  the  representation  which  most  of 
all  demands  notice  is  one  byM.  Vela,  called  "Tlie 
List  Days  of  Napoleon."  Crowds  of  people  collect 
round  this,  and  sometimes  one  sees  at  the  feet 
of  tlie  statue  offerings  of  flowers  and  wreaths  of 
evergreens  like  the  immortelles  that  rest  on  the 
railings  of  the  column  in  the  Place  Vendome. 
Napoleon,  in  his  rohe  de  chambre,  is  seated  in  an 
easy  chair,  that  noble  countenance  of  his  worn 
with  sickness  and  sorrow ;  a  map  is  spread  on  his 
knees,  and  he  meditates  intently  on  all  that  has 
been,  on  all  that  might  have  been.  There  is  some- 
tbing  very  good  about  the  head,  but  it  is  not 
better  than  M.  Guillaume's  bust  of  Napoleon  at 
the  same  period  of  his  hfe  ;  and  the  statue,  as  a 
whole,  is  rather  overr.ated.  The  measure  of  M. 
Vela's  power  as  an  artist  may  be  seen  in  two  other 
works  of  his  which  are  not  far  from  the  Napoleon 
statue.  A  female  figure,  which  is  supposed  to 
represent  .S  priug,  is  quite  close  to  it ;  and  a  colossal 
group  of  Columbus  and  an  American  Indian  every 
one  must  have  stopped  for  a  moment  to  look 
at,  though  probably  few,  after  looking  at  it, 
have  felt  very  eager  to  know  the  meaning  of  it. 
The  art  which  is  displayed  in  these  three  works  is 
all  of  a  piece.  In  the  Napoleon  statue  the  artist 
could  not  go  far  wrong  ;  it  would  be  difficult  to 
fail  altogether  with  such  a  subject.  He  also  de- 
serves credit  for  the  skill  with  which  he  has 
managed  the  dress,  so  that,  despite  its  homeliness, 
it  is  not  wanting  in  dignity. 

Besides  M.  Guillaume,  there  are  a  number  of 
French  sculptors  who  succeed  in  portraiture. 
Thus  M.  Carpeaux  has  a  good  deal  of  reputation 
here,  and  is  clever  in  his  way.  A  statue  which 
he  has  done  of  the  Prince  Imperial,  with  a  dog  at 
his  side,  is  very  popular.  A  still  better  and 
surer  portrait  sculptor,  however,  is  M.  Carrier 
Belleuse.  When  this  artist  attempts  to  imagine 
he  is  not  to  be  trusted — witness  his  statue  of 
Angelica  chained  to  the  rock.  But  trust  him  for 
portraiture.  M.  Crauk  is  less  certain  in  his  work. 
His  portraits  are  so  good  that  we  do  not  like  to 
say  a  word  against  them,  and  yet  so  doubtful, 
that  it  is  difficult  to  bestow  on  them  that  last 
word  jf  praise  which  means  everything.  This 
half-and-half  sort  of  success  we  must  acknow- 
ledge in  the  portraits  of  Mdlle.  Favart,  of  the 
Comedie  Francaise,  and  of  Mdlle.  Pelissier,  the 
little  daughter  of  the  Duke  of  Malakofi'.  Of  much 
the  same  character  are  the  portraits  exhibited  by 
M.  Etex.  M.  Iselin  is  much  more  firm  in  his 
seizure  of  character.  M.  Millet  seems  to  be  com- 
monplace in  dealing  with  figures  the  size  of  life, 
but  to  attain  great  power  if  he  is  allowed  to  re- 
present them  of  colossal  grandeur.  M.  Oliva  is 
not  only  able  in  his  work,  but  fine  also ;  but  his 
bust  of  the  late  Mr.  Cobden  is  neither  like  nor 
fine.  M.  Oudine  is  very  prolific  of  busts  and  me- 
dallions, and  his  portraits,  if  not  great,  are  at 
least  sufficiently  striking.  The  same  praise  may 
be  given  to  M.  Ponscarme,  who  has  a  very  able 
bust  of  Marshal  Forey,  and  many  cleverly  wrought 
medals.  The  cameo  portraits  of  M.  lieverchon 
are  more  than  clever,  they  are  beautiful ;  and 
last  of  all  in  the  way  of  portraiture,  we  come  to 
M.  Thomas,  who  has  a  large  statue  of  Mdlle. 
Mars,  which  belongs  to  the  Theatre  Francais. 
The  ability  of  this  statue  is  marked  ;  but  there  is 
little  more  to  be  said  of  it,  except  this,  that  the 
texture  of  the  dress  is  rendered  with  a  minuteness 
which  scarcely  befits  good  sculpture. 

The  Italians,  I  have  observed,  are  feeble  in  por- 
traiture, and  it  is  in  imaginative  sculpture  that 
they  excel.  And  yet,  even  in  imaginative  sculp- 
ture, they  have  not  many  works  of  importance  to 
show.  I  have  already  mentioned  Vela's  statue  of 
Napoleon  in  his  last  days,  which  is  the  most  popu- 
lar of  all  their  works.     But  a  greater  artist  than 


M.  Vela  is  M.  Dupre,  who  has  obtained  a  Grand 
Prix.  The  works  which  are  supposed  best  to  set 
forth  his  genius  are  a  great  bas-relief  placed  above 
the  doorway  of  the  Italian  picture  gallery  out- 
side, and  called  the  Triumph  of  the  Cross,  to- 
gether with  a  group  of  the  sort  commonly  known 
as  a  Pieta.  These  works  are  well  enough  ;  but 
one  fails  to  see  in  them  any  exhibition  of  original 
thinking.  One  gets  a  much  higher  idea  of  his 
power  from  a  bronze  figure  placed  rather  out  of 
the  jiath  of  visitors,  in  the  covered  way  that  goes 
round  the  central  garden.  It  is  a  figure  of  Cain, 
very  powerful,  a  good  deal  of  action  in  his  frame, 
and  a  wonderfully  vivid  expression  of  remorse  in 
his  countenance.  His  hand  is  held  up  to  his 
forehead,  but  this  is  not  the  commonplace  action 
of  holding  the  palm  of  the  hand  to  the  brow.  The 
action  is  quite  different ;  it  is  the  back  of  the 
wrist  that  is  held  to  the  brow.  Another  sculptor 
who  has  done  well  is  M.  Luccardi,  whose  group  of 
figures,  which  he  caUs  an  episode  of  the  Deluge, 
contains  much  admirable  modelling  and  some 
good  feeling.  One  of  the  most  considerable  exhi- 
bitors of  sculpture  is  M.  Magni,  but  he  has  no- 
thing to  show  which  is  so  good  as  the  well-known 
"  Reading  Girl."  I  suppose  it  is  scarcely  neces- 
sary to  say  that  these  Italian  sculptures  abound, 
like  the  French,  in  nymphs,  Bacchantes,  Cupids, 
nude  slaves,  and  personifications  of  Innocence  and 
Modesty,  and  Spring  and  Sleep.  The  Italians, 
however,  are  more  graceful  and  moderate  in  their 
rendering  of  these  ideals  than  the  French  ;  but 
perhaps  this  is  because  they  had  far  to  send,  and 
their  collection  of  sculpture  was  weeded  of  its 
monstrosities  far  more  thoroughly  than  the  French. 
Some  of  the  work  which  has  been  allowed  to  pass 
is  bad  enough.  Witness  the  contributions  of  M. 
Marcello,  who  is  the  most  abundantly  represented 
of  all  the  Italian  sculptors.  Some  of  his  portraits 
are  too  bad. — Correspondent  of  Times. 


CAKPENTERS  AND  JOINERS. 

THE   RELATIONS   OF   MASTERS   AND   ME.V. 

THE  masters  and  men  engaged  in  the  business 
of  carpenters  and  joiners  in  Liverpool  held  a 
meeting  last  week  to  take  into  consideration  a  new 
code  of  rules  for  the  regulations  of  trade  matters. 
Mr.  Grant  occupied  the  chair.  The  first  rule, 
which  provides  that  the  hours  of  work  shall  be  55 
per  week,  was  all  but  unanimously  adopted,  on 
the  motion  of  Mr.  G.  Leeves,  seconded  by  Mr. 
Biggins.  On  the  second  rule,  providing  that  the 
average  rate  of  wages  shall  be  £1  lis.  per  week  in 
summer,  and  £1  93.  in  the  four  winter  months, 
being  moved  by  Mr.  J.  Boughey,  and  seconded  by 
Mr.  E.  Boughey,  an  amendment  was  moved  by 
Mr.  Reid,  seconded  by  Mr.  Gilchrist,  and  almost 
unanimously  carried,  to  the  effect  that  the  exist- 
ing rule  of  the  operatives  which  provides  that  the 
rate  of  wages  shall  be  the  same  ad  the  year  round 
shall  be  retained.  It  was  unanimously  agreed  to 
adopt  the  third  rule  which  fixes  the  commence- 
ment of  quarter  time  at  9  o'clock  all  the  year 
roimd.  The  rule  in  the  operatives'  code  regarding 
overtime  was  substituted  for  the  fourth  rule  pro- 
posed by  the  masters,  relating  to  the  same 
matter,  the  object  in  introducing  the  amendment 
being  to  prevent  the  .system  of  working  by  the 
hour.  On  the  fifth  rule,  proposed  by  the  masters, 
which  provides  that  the  boundary  .should  be 
taken  at  a  radius  of  one  mile  and  a-half  from 
each  shop  as  a  centre,  beyond  which  walking  time 
shall  be  allowed,  considerable  discussion  arose,  but 
ultimately  it  was  carried  by  a  considerable  majority. 
The  sixth  rule  proposed,  which  related  to  country 
jobs,  was  rejected,  and  the  clause  in  the  operatives' 
code  adopted  in  its  place,  with  an  amendment  pro- 
viding that  2s.  Gd.  per  week  shall  be  paid  by  the 
masters  as  lodgiug  money  to  men  working  in  the 
country.  The  seventh  rule,  proposed  by  the 
masters,  providing  that  men  shall  be  allowed  to 
leave  jobs  out  of  the  shop  in  time  to  be  at  the  pay 
table  at  1  o'clock  on  Saturdays,  was  rejected  in 
favour  of  a  rule  providing  that  if  the  paying  of 
wages  did  not  commence  at  1  o'clock,  the  men 
should  be  paid  overtime  for  the  period  they  were 
detained.  The  eighth  rule,  proposed  by  the  masters, 
was  as  follows; — Each  employer  shall  conduct  his 
business  in  any  way  he  may  think  advantageous 
in  the  matter  of  letting  piecework,  employment  of 
society  or  non-society  men,  taking  apprentices, 
using  machinery  and  implements,  and  in  all  de- 
tails of  management  not  infringing  the  individual 
liberty  of  the  workmen.  The  adoption  of  this 
rule  was  strongly  opposed  by  Mr.  F.  Bromley,  who 
condemned  the  system  of  piecework  as  being 
highly  injurious  to  the  workmen.  Mr.  W.  Walker 
seconded    the    rejection    of     the     clause.       Mr. 


Pritchard  said  some  of  the  masters  informed  tli 
deputation  that  they  would  not  press  the  piec 
work.  They  were  sometimes  asked  for  it  by  tl 
men,  and  ail  the  society  had  to  do  was  to  bring 
little  influence  to  bear  on  those  who  took  piec' 
work.  But  in  his  (Mr.  Pritchard's)  opinion  the  B' 
ciety  would  have  to  put  such  men  in  the  grai 
before  they  abolished  the  piecework.  The  ru 
was  rejected.  The  ninth  rule  proposed,  which  pr 
vides  that  before  any  alteration  of  the  rules  I 
made,  sixth  months'  notice  shall  be  given  on  eithi 
side  ;  and  the  tenth  rule,  providing  a  court  of  a- 
bitration,  consisting  of  an  equal  number  of  ec 
ployers  and  workmen  to  settle  trade  disputes,  we 
then  agreed  to.  A  vote  of  thanks  to  the  chai 
man  brought  the  proceedings  to  a  close. 


THE  CATHEDRAL  OF  MENTZ. 

NOWHERE  are  the  various  styles  of  Christii 
architecture,  from  the  Romanesque  baaih 
to  the  Gothic  cathedral,  more  amply  represent 
or  more  closely  packed  together  than  on  the  ban 
of    the  Rhine.     The  restorations   that  are  beij 
carried  on  there,  as  in  France,  while  they  pro 
the  interest  felt  in  the  architectural  monumer 
of  the  country,  yet  leave  room  for  the  desire  th 
existing   things    might   be    more    respected,  ai 
deficiencies  supplied  with  better   understandh: 
and  with  more  feeling  for  the  general  eS'ect.     ' 
the  three  great  vaulted  basilicas  of  Spire,  Worn 
and  Mentz,  the  first  has  been  long  restored,  t 
second  threatens  ruin,  while  the  third  is  now 
the  very  midst  of  a  repair  and  decorative  proci 
that  offers   many   remarkable   points.     Germa 
was  strong,  and  Mentz  was  its  most  flourishi 
city  when,  in  97S,  the  foundation  of  the  cathed 
was  laid  by  Archbishop  Willigis,  Chancellor  of  t 
Empire,  and,  after  the  death  of  Otto  II.,  guardi 
of  his  son  Otto  III.     In  those  days  the  churcl 
were  generally  of  wood ;    but  Willigis  determiii 
that  his  basUica  should  correspond  to  the  mag 
ficence  of  the  city,  and  built  it  of  hewn  stone 
pidchro  fahulato  lapide  pretiosissiine,    as    Trit 
mius  says.     After  thirty  years  of  labour  it  t 
ready  for  consecration  in  1009.     The  candles  w 
lighted  for   the     ceremony,   when   the   buildi 
caught  fire,  and  the  flat  ceiling  and  all  the  woi 
work  were  destroyed.     Of  this  original  build 
portions  remain  in  the  eastern  choir  and  transej 
Willigis  spent  the  rest  of  his  life  in  repairing : 
building.     The  work  was  continued  by  his  s 
cessors,  and  was  sufficiently  advanced  for  Com 
to  be  crowned  there  in  1024,  though  it  was ) 
consecrated  till  November  4,  1037.      The  mass 
arcades,  with  their  aqueduct-like  arches,  and  tl 
piers,  with  the  half  pillars   to  carry  the  gird 
of  the  roof  attached  to  every  alternate  colur 
together     with     the     eastern     staircase     tun. 
originally  erected  to  facilitate  the  hoisting  of  i 
materials,  all  belong  to  this  period. 

Many  historical  recollections  of  the  next 
are  connected  with  the  cathedral.  Rudolph 
Swabia  was  crowned  there  on  August  7,  1077 1 
opposition  to  Henry  IV.  There,  also,  in  1( , 
Henry  IV.  caused  the  anti-Pope  Wigbert  to  be  ■ 
up  against  Gregory  VII.  The  next  year  J 
greater  part  of  the  town  was  devastated  by  a  J , 
which  destroyed  the  roof  of  the  cathedral,  w:  • 
out  further  damage  to  the  fabric;  but  anot'" 
fire,  in  1191,  destroyed  the  vaults,  the  upper  jt 
of  the  eastern  choir,  and  the  greater  part  of  ' 
walls  of  the  nave.  Archbishop  Sigfried  im  ■ 
diately  set  about  its  restoration.  To  this  peii 
belongs  the  greater  part  of  the  present  build ;. 
Its  style  is  the  fully  developed  Romanesque,  v '. 
occasional  use  of  the  Early  Gothic.  The  va  8 
of  the  nave  and  aisles  are  Pointed,  and  the  biS 
and  capitals  of  the  half  columns  show  tweji 
century  details.  To  this  period  the  great  po  1 
opening  on  the  market  place  belongs.  Soon  af'- 
wards,  in  1200,  the  western  choir  was  commeni . 
It  is  a  semi-hexagonal  apse,  with  a  half  do;, 
backed  by  a  transept.  To  this  age  belong  also  e 
lower  part  of  the  great  tower  and  the  two  wesin 
towers.  Whilst  the  doors,  windows,  and  galle'S 
are  aU  round  arched,  the  great  octagonal  cups 
dating  from  1237,  has  the  pointed  arch,  and  e 
pediments  of  the  transepts  have  large  and  1<1 
wheel  windows.  In  1260  the  side  walls  of  « 
nave  were  first  broken  through  for  the  purpos " 
erecting  one  of  the  lateral  chapels.  By  deg'S 
sixteen  of  them  were  built,  all  in  pure  Gothic,  e 
latest  having  been  finished  in  150(5.  The  u]'r 
part  of  the  great  tower,  and  the  pyramic^il 
crown  of  the  clock  tower,  date  from  the  sec  d 
half  of  the  fifteenth  century.  At  this  time,  ;^, 
the  great  pillar  dividing  the  triumphal  arch  of  '2 
eastern  choir  was  put  up  to  support  the  incre  d 


August  30,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


593 


m 


^' 


tm 

(,■■ 


weight.  This  pillar  is  now  the  gi-eat  stumbling- 
block  in  the  way  of  the  restorers.  jVfter  the  fire 
in  1191  the  cathedral  remained  uninjured  for  six 
centuries.  Gustavus  Adolphus  was  prevented 
from  demolishing  it  by  the  Marquis  de  Brige,  the 
ambassador  of  Louis  XIII.  It  also  escaped  un- 
scathed during  the  bombardment  of  16S9.  But 
in  a  storm  on  May  22,  1705,  a  fiaah  of  lightning 
stnick  the  great  tower,  and  reduced  the  roof 
of  the  chunih  and  adjoining  buildings  to  ashes- 
The  great  tower  and  the  two  western  towers  were 
restored  by  Neumann,  of  Wurzburg,  who,  how- 
ever, a)nsuked  the  fashion  of  the  day  by  crown- 
ing his  work  in  the  bulbous  style.  Once  more  the 
bombardment  of  1793  burnt  the  roof  of  the 
eastern  choir  and  clerestory,  and  the  church  was 
subsequently  u.sed  as  a  magazine  and  stable- 
Jean  Bon  St.  Andre,  the  P^rench  Prefect,  soon 
afterwards,  at  the  instigation  of  the  anti-ecclesi- 
astical party,  found  that  the  building  was  danger- 
ous, and  decreed  its  demolition.  But  Bishop  Col- 
mar  appealed  to  Portalis,  the  Minister  of  Worship 
to  the  First  Consul ;  and  the  cathedral  was  spared, 
to  be  restored  to  public  worship  in  1S04.  But  it 
was  again  used  as  quarters  for  6,000  fugitive 
Frenchmen  in  1S13,  and  had  to  be  reconsecrated 
on  November  12,  ISl-J.  At  this  time  MoUer 
of  Darmstadt  was  allowed  to  crown  the  bell 
tower  with  a  cupola  of  iron  and  zinc,  which 
proves  his  incapacity  to  understand  the  spirit 
of  an  ancient  work  of  art ;  and  even  the  present 
age,  which  boasts  of  its  profoimd  study  of  eccle- 
siastical art,  in  its  completion  of  the  northern 
staircase  turret,  undertaken  recently  by  order 
of  the  Dmnbauverein,  offers  only  a  fresh  instance 
o£  inability  to  solve  the  problem.  The  new 
structure  is  too  heavy,  the  profile  of  the  windows 
too  flat,  and  the  pointed  stone  roof  too  high  and 
inanimate.  But  in  spite  of  eight  hundred  years 
of  alterations  and  degradations,  the  cathedral 
is  still,  in  every  respect,  a  grand  building.  With 
its  one  great  and  four  smaller  towers  and  its 
cupola  it  overshadows  the  old  Rhenish  town, 
which  crowds  round  it,  leaving  only  one  of  its 
ends  and  part  of  one  side  open  to  a  bustling  mar- 
ket place.  Even  the  bizarre  dome  of  the  clock 
tower  has  its  own  beauty  and  harmony,  and  now 
that  the  staircase  towers  have  been  raised  so  high, 
could  not  be  replaced  by  a  lower  construction. 

In  the  interior,  the  solemnity  of  the  Roman- 
esque style,  often  made  gloomy  by  the  small 
windows,  is  relieved  by  the  light  which  shines 
through  the  high  pointed  windows  of  the  chapels 
and  penetrates  the  arcades  of  the  nave.  The 
pillars  and  walls  are  freed  from  all  adventitious 
colouring,  and  display  some  fifty  life-sized  figures 
of  archbishops,  and  monuments  of  royal  and  his- 
torical persons,  in  sandstone  or  marble,  many  of 
them  of  the  fourteenth,  fifteenth,  and  sixteenth 
centuries,  and  harmonizing  admirably  with  the 
architecture ;  and  while  the  decoration  of  the 
lower  portion  of  the  walls  has  been  entrusted  to 
the  sculptor,  the  painter  has  undertaken  to  fill 
the  higher  spaces  with  sacred  imagery.  The  task 
has  been  fulfilled  by  the  master  hand  of  Philii) 
Veit,  who,  with  his  two  friends  Overbeck  and 
Peter  Cornelius,  was  the  youth  who  undertook  to 
restore  to  art,  corrupted  by  frivolity,  and  dis- 
figured by  the  frigid  scholastism  of  academies, 
the  vigour  which  alone  can  command  respect,  and 
the  simplicity  which  made  the  great  masters  un- 
rivalled in  their  representation  of  sacred  subjects. 
The  four  mural  compartments  of  the  western  apse 
above  the  altar  represent  the  sacrifices  of  the 
lamb  by  Abel,  of  Isaac  by  Abraham,  of  the  bread 
and  wine  by  iielchizedek,  and  of  Himself,  under 
the  symbol  of  a  lamb,  by  our  Lord.  The  span- 
diels  of  the  vaulting  ribs  contain  angels  bearing 
the  lily,  the  palm,  and  sacrificial  symbols.  An 
angel  with  censer  stands  on  each  side  the  Lamb, 
and  over  the  four  sacrifices,  palm  trees  bend  their 
heads  in  token  of  victory  and  peace.  The  majesty 
of  the  compositions,  the  finished  execution  of  the 
pictures,  the  ingenuity  and  intelligence  with 
which  each  bit  of  wall  is  covered  with  its  ap- 
propriate figure,  as  if  the  building  had  been 
erected  for  the  pictures,  and  the  richness  of  the 
gold  and  colours  used  for  the  tasteful  architectural 
decorations,  render  this  apse  one  of  the  most 
magnificent  in  the  world.  The  decorations  of  the 
aisle  vaults  are  almost  as  remarkable,  but  those  of 
the  nave  and  transepts,  though  good  in  design, 
are  too  large  in  their  proportions,  too  strong  in 
colour,  and  decidedly  injured  by  the  dark  blue 
ground.  They  were  painted  without  Veit  being 
consulted.  Over  the  arches  of  the  nave,  the 
mural  compartments,  which  are  17ft.  high,  are 
filled  with  great  pictures  representing  the  principal 
scenes  of  the  Life  of  Christ,  very  beautifully  con- 
ceived.    Veit  furnished  the  cartoons ;  the  paint- 


ings were  executed  in  colours  upon  a  gold  ground 
by  his  friends  Joseph  Settegast,  Gustav  Lasinsky, 
and  Hermann.  The  execution  exhibits  great  in- 
telligence and  ingenuity  in  realizing  the  spirit 
which  animates  Veit's  sketches.  There  are 
eighteen  of  these  great  pictures,  beginning  with 
the  Annunciation,  and  ending  with  the  Cruci- 
fixion. 

The  two  remaining  mural  spaces,  one  on  each 
side  of  the  eastern  arch  of  the  nave,  were  to  have 
been  occupied  by  pictures  of  the  Burial  and  the 
iVscensiou,  while  the  triumphal  arch,  thanks  to 
the  great  pLUar  inserted  in  the  fifteenth  century, 
oflVrs  a  vast  space  for  the  principal  picture,  that 
of  the  Resurrection;  the  apse  behind  it  was 
destined  for  the  Last  Judgment.  Such  was  Veit's 
conception,  approved  by  the  committee,  and  sug- 
gested by  the  whole  architectural  arrangement. 
The  entire  cycle  of  pictures  had  been  designed  to 
follow  in  this  order.  The  work  had  advanced 
thus  far  in  ISGfi,  and  seemed  near  its  completion, 
when  the  committee  seems  for  the  first  time  to 
have  become  aware  that  the  great  pillar  inserted 
in  the  fifteenth  century  in  the  Arch  of  Triumph 
was  an  addition  to  the  original  building,  and  to 
have  begun  wondering  whether  it  might  not  be 
better  to  remove  it.  But  those  who  have  care- 
fully examined  the  venerable  building  tremble 
lest  the  imprudent  eagerness  for  embellishment 
may  prove  more  disastrous  to  its  existence  than 
the  corrosion  of  time  and  the  destructiveness  of 
war. —  The  Chronicle. 


BUILDERS   CLERKS'    BENEVOLENT 
INSTITUTION. 

A  MEETING  of  this  society  was  held  at 
14,  Bedford-row,  on  Monday  last.  As 
several  who  were  expected  did  not  attend,  it  was 
deemed  advisable  to  adjourn  the  meeting  untU 
September  23,  when  it  is  expected  there  will  be 
a  much  larger  attendance.  The  balance-sheet 
shows  a  gross  income  of  £63S,  and  the  expendi- 
ture about  £160.  The  support  received  exceeds 
what  was  anticipated,  and  considering  that  the 
Institution  was  started  at  a  very  bad  time  finan- 
cially, gives  promise  of  its  -iltimately  uttaining  a 
proud  position  amongst  our  useful  institutions. 
There  are  stUl  many  employers  and  others  who 
doubtless  only  require  asking  to  become  support- 
ers, and  taking  into  consideration  the  very  limited 
means  the  committee  have  of  personally  canvass- 
ing their  own  class,  the  support  received  from  the 
clerks  is  as  much  as  could  be  reasonably  expected. 
Many  of  them  allow  one-sided  views  and  petty 
jealousies  to  keep  them  away,  but  time  and  per- 
sonal appeal  will  doubtless  remove  these  obstacles. 
It  is  surprising,  considering  the  advantages 
such  a  society  as  this  holds  out,  that  more  do  not 
flock  to  its  assistance  or,  rather,  to  their  own 
assistance.  They  not  only  receive  as  much  and 
more  than  they  give,  but  membership  in  such  a 
matter  inspires  to  some  extent  a  sense  of  security, 
and  promotes  the  best  interests  of  society. 


NEW  METROPOLITAN   TRAFFIC  ACT. 

THE  Act  for  regulating  the  traffic  in  the  me- 
tropolis, and  for  making  provision  for  the 
greater  security  of  persons  passing  through  the 
streets,  was  issued  on  Saturday.  There  are  29 
sections  in  the  Act,  which  is  divided  into  two 
parts.  The  metropoUs  is  defined  to  mean  the 
city  of  London  and  all  places  within  the  juris- 
diction of  the  Board  of  Works.  The  "  general 
limits"  of  the  Act  mean  such  parts  of  the  me- 
tropolis as  are  enclosed  in  a  circle  of  which  the 
centre  is  Charing  Cross,  and  the  radii  are  four 
miles  ill  length,  as  measured  in  a  straight  line 
from  Chariu-  Cross.  The  expression  "  the  special 
limits"  of  the  Act  is  to  mean  such  streets  as  may 
be  declared  to  be  S'lctial  limits.  .As  to  scaven- 
gers, it  is  enacted  that  after  the  1st  of  January 
next,  between  the  hours  of  10  in  the  morning  and 
7  in  the  evening,  in  such  streets  as  may  be  nimed 
by  the  Commissioner  of  Police,  no  ashes,  &c.,  are 
to  be  removed  from  a  house,  and  no  goods  depo- 
sited or  unloaded,  under  certain  penalties,  bet\veen 
the  houi  3  mentioned.  Cattle  are  not  to  be  driven 
through  the  streets  in  the  hours  stated  without 
the  permission  of  the  Commissioner  of  Police,  and 
the  fines  not  to  exceed  10s.  each  head  of  cattle- 
Within  the  general  limits  of  this  Act  the  driver  of 
a  metropolitan  stage  carriage  shall  not  stop  such 
carriage  for  the  purpose  of  taking  up  and  setting 
down  passengers  at  any  part  of  the  street  except 
as  near  as  may  be  to  the  left  or  near  side  of  the 
roadway.    For  acting  in  contravention,  the  fine  is 


not  to  exceed  40$.  Advertisements  on  carriages, 
cScc,  are  prohibited,  except  those  approved  by  the 
Commissioner,  but  the  section  is  not  to  apply  to 
the  sale  of  newspapers.  The  Commissioner  of 
Police  may  make  "special  limita "  with  the  ap- 
proval of  the  Secretary  of  State,  and  regulations 
may  be  made  after  notice  as  to  the  route  of  vehi- 
cles, &c.,  and  for  disobedience  penalties  are  to  be 
enforced,  and  %vithin  special  limits  no  driver  of  a 
metropolitan  carriage  is  to  take  up  or  set  down. 
Certain  rules  are  to  be  enforced  as  to  the  delivery 
ofcoals  and  timber,  and  as  to  hackney  carriages. 
With  respect  to  dogs,  the  police  may  take  posses- 
sion of  any  dog  not  under  control,  and  detain  the 
same  until  claimed  and  expenses  paid.  The  Com- 
missioner may  order  dogs  to  be  muzzled,  the 
jiolice  to  send  a  letter  to  the  owner  of  any  dog 
with  a  collar  on  and  address.  The  Commissioner 
after  tliree  days  may  order  a  dog  to  be  destroyed, 
and  upon  complaint  that  a  dog  has  bitten  or 
attempted  to  bite  any  person  a  ma^'istrate  may 
order  such  dog  to  be  destroyed.  There  are  to  be 
regulations  as  to  shoeblacks  and  messengers.  Thrae 
or  more  persons  assembling  for  betting  in  a 
street  are  to  be  deemed  an  obstruction,  and  each 
liable  to  a  penalty  of  £5.  No  fare  for  a  hackney 
carriage  to  be  less  than  one  shilling.  The  Act  ia 
to  take  effect  on  the  1st  of  November  next. 


ENGINEERS'    AND    DRAUGHTSMEN'S 
BENEVOLENT    SOCIETY. 

MR.  R.  M.  BANCROFT  has  issued  a  circular 
on  the  projected  Assistant  Engineers',  Sur- 
veyors', and  Draughtsmen's  Benevolent  Society. 
He  says  : — "  The  time  seems  now  to  have  arrived 
when  something  of  a  more  decided  character  than 
newspaper  correspondence  or  editorial  encourage- 
ment is  required,  in  order  to  set  the  matter  fairly 
afloat,  and  it  has  been  suggested  that  a  meet- 
ing of  the  persons  interested  in  the  movement, 
and  particularly  of  delegates  from  as  many  as 
possible  of  the  large  engineering  offices,  should  be 
convened  on  an  early  day,  such  meeting  to  he 
presided  over  by  some  well  known  and  universally 
respected  member  of  the  profession.  The  subject 
could  then  be  fully  discussed,  and,  if  desired,  a 
committee  be  appointed  for  carrying  out  the 
wishes  of  the  meeting,  and  for  promoting  the 
general  success  of  the  movement.  I  therefore 
beg  to  inform  you  that  as  soon  as  the  necessary 
steps  have  been  taken,  and  the  time  and  place  of 
such  meeting  have  been  determined  on,  the 
invitations  will  be  issued.  In  the  meantime,  may 
I  venture  to  commend  to  your  earnest  considera- 
tion the  various  advantages  aimed  at  in^  this 
movement.  A  plan  is  proposed  for  providing  a 
fund  for  sickness,  old  age,  and  superannuation  ; 
also  a  provision  for  the  widows  and  orphans_  of 
deceased  members ;  and  a  scheme  by  which 
the  children  of  assistant  engineers,  surveyors,  and 
draughtsmen  would  be  enabled  to  obtain  a  good 
soimd  education  at  a  very  reasonable  rate.  Of 
the  many  details  involved  in  these  matters,  you 
will  easily  understand  it  is  at  present  premature 
to  speak.  What  is  first  wanted  is  to  arouse 
general  attention  to  the  question.  We  may  then 
safely  reckon  on  securing  a  good  and  infliiential 
meeting  of  those  who  are  interested,  and  if  this 
be  followed  by  a  hearty  co-operation  of  all  cop- 
cerned,  I  feel"  convinced  the  objects  can  and  will 
be  speedily  obtained.  Before,  however,  we  can,  with 
any  propriety,  ask  any  of  our  leading  engineers 
for  their  counsel  and  support,  we  ought  to  have 
some  idea  as  to  how  far  the  desire  for  such  a 
society  is  shared  in  by  assistant  engineers,  sur- 
veyors, and  draughtsmen  generally,  not  only  in 
London,  but  throughout  the  kingdom.  _  May  I, 
therefore,  further  request  you  will  lay  this  letter 
before  your  associates,  and  that  you  will  kindly 
oblige  me  with  a  line  as  eariy  as  possible,  ftating 
what  are  the  views  you  entertain  on  the  question, 
and  whether  I  may  hope  for  the  pleasure  of  your 
attendance  and  co-operation  at  the  meeting  pro- 


Any  letters  on  the  subject  may,  for  the  present, 
be  addressed  to  the  honorary  secretary  (pro.  tem.^) 
of  the  proposed  Assistant  Engineers',  Surveyors', 
and  Draughtsmen's  Benevolent  Society,  office  of 
the  BniLDiNG  News,  166,  Fleet-street,  London. 


A  small  town  called  Johanngeargerstad,  in 
Saxony,  has  been  totally  destroyed  by  fire.  35U 
houses  are  one  mass  of  niins,  only  stone  walls  to 
indicate  the  place  where  they  once  stood.  The 
town  contained  5,000  inhabitants  (many  of  whom 
have  gone  to  other  towns),  and  this  is  the  firtt 
fire  which  has  occurred  since  theplace  was  built 
200  years  ago. 


694 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


August  30,  1867. 


THE  PROPORTIONS  OF  OLD  STONE  ALTARS. 


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THE  PROPORTIONS  OF 
ALTAE3. 


OLD  STONE 


OUR  old  churches  teem  with  living  specimens 
of  thought,  which  speak  in  unmistakable 
language  of  the  piety  of  the  devoted  men  who 
reared  them ;  and  with  their  love  of  symbolism  it 
is  probable  that  the  details  of  their  works  were 
influenced  by  this  means  to  a  greater  extent  than 
we  are  apt  to  notice.  And  I  suggest  that  their 
stone  altar,  to  them  the  most  sacred  part  of  their 
holy  church,  was  not  Iniilt  at  random,  but  the 
proportions  were  thoughtfully  made  out  by  sym- 
bolic figures,  as  3, 5,  7,  &c.,  bearing  on  the  Trinity, 
the  five  wounds,  &c.,  which  I  have  attempted  to 
illustrate  by  diagrams  of  what  altars  I  have  been 
able  to  obtain. 

Fig.  1.  Shows  the  dimensions  of  front  elevation 
of  old  Altar  at  Peterchurch,  Hertfordshire. — The 
proportions  of  this  altar  bear  on  No.  3.  Having 
the  length  of  altar  slab  given  to  find  the  height, 
lay  this  length  down  as  a  base  line,  which  divide 
into  three  equal  parts  ;  erect  one  part  perpendicu- 
lar, AB,  this  gives  the  height  of  body  of  altar  that 
is,  without  the  slab.  Divide  this  height  into  three 
equal  parts,  erect  one  part  upon  the  altar  BC, 
which  form  into  a  dedicatory  cross  by  placing  a 
cross  arm  at  one-third  of  its  whole  height  from  the 
top,  the  distance  from  the  top  of  th  s  altar  to  the 
cross  arm  gives  the  thickness  of  altar  slab.  The 
distance  from  base  of  altar  at  A  to  cross  arm 
gives  the  total  height  of  altar  ;  this  length  also 
gives  the  half  of  base  of  altar,  as  shown  by  the 
dotted  semicircle. 

Fig.  2.  Altar  at  Eallintubber  Abbey,  County 
Mayo,  Ireland.— Set  otf  5f  t.6in.  on  base  Une  as  length 
of  altar,  upon  this  erect  an  equilateral  triangle,  and 
from  the  same  points  draw  a  curvilinear  triangle, 
with  half  the  length  of  one  side  of  the  triangle  as 
a  radius ;  from  A  describe  a  semicircle;  the  distance 
between  the  crown  of  this  arc  at  E  and  the  curve 
of  triangle  at  C  gives  the  height  of  altar. 

Fig.  3.  Altar  at  Urishay  Church,  Hertfordshire. 
—Given  the  length  of  altar,  7ft.  ;  erect  half  this 
length  as  a  perpendicular  as  at  AB,  divide  this 
into  seven  parts,  takmg  five  for  the  height  of 
altar. 

Fig.  4.  Altar  at  Eallintubber  Abbey,  County 
Mayo,  Ireland.— On  ■24ft.  5in.  as  a  base  line,  which 
is  the  distance  between  the  chancel  walls,  erect 
three  triangles,  as  shown  at  fig.  4,  on  the  base  line, 
and  in  the  centre  set  lift.  4!n.,  the  length  of  altar 
as^  at  AB ;  erect  these  points,  and  their  intersection 
with  the  sides  of  the  triangle  gives  the  height  of 
altar  as  at  CD.  The  distance  between  the  base 
hue  and  the  arc  of  triangle  gives  the  height  for 
platform  AE  and  BF. 


Fig.  5.  End  elevation  of  fig.  4  from  the  wall 
line  as  a  centre,  set  off  half  of  one  of  the  triangles 
of  fig.  4  ;  this  determines  the  distance  of  front  of 
altar  from  the  wall  as  at  AB.  From  A  carry  up  the 
perpendicular  to  the  height  already  found  in  fig. 
4,  as  at  AC  ;  take  this  as  a  base  Une,  on  which  erect 
a  triangle,  and  the  apex  D  gives  the  width  of  altar 
from  back  to  front.  T.  Prince. 

Bradford. 


PATENTS. 


THE  Chancellor,  the  Master  of  the  Rolls,  and 
the  late  and  the  present  Attorney-General, 
as  commissioners  of  patents,  report  that  2,124 
patents  were  passed  in  the  year  1866.  The 
amount  received  in  the  year  for  stamp  duties,  the 
fees  now  being  paid  by  means  of  stamps,  was 
£114,461.  The  receipts  included  £31,400  for  con- 
tinuing old  patents  beyond  the  first  three  years  of 
their  term  of  14  years,  and  £21,900  for  continuing 
old  patents  beyond  the  first  seven  years  of  their 
term.  The  fee  of  £50  for  continuing  a  patent 
beyond  its  third  year  is  paid  on  about  30  per  cent, 
of  the  patents  issued,  and  the  other  70  per  cent, 
become  void  at  the  end  of  three  years.  The  fur- 
ther sum  of  £100  payable  at  the  end  of  the  seventh 
year  is  paid  on  about  10  per  cent,  of  the  patents 
issued,  so  that  90  per  cent,  are  allowed  to  become 
void  at  the  end  of  the  seventh  year.  The  com- 
missioners continue  pubUshing  abstracts  or  abridg- 
ments of  aU  specifications  from  the  earliest  enrolled 
to  the  present  time.  The  new  classes  in  course  of 
preparation  relate  to  fuel,  steam-engines,  railways, 
railway  signals,  hydrauhcs,  ventilation,  rolling 
stock,  raising,  &c.,  heavy  bodies,  acids  and  alka- 
lies, agriculture,  optical,  &c.,  instruments,  roads, 
stone  and  cement,  \vriting  instruments  and  mate- 
rials, saddlery,  and  bridges.  After  the  present 
year  all  patentees  will  be  required  to  deliver  with 
the  specification  an  abridgment  of  it,  and  these 
abridgments  will  be^  published  in  quarterly 
volumes  after  the  expiration  of  the  six  months' 
protection.  The  large  amount  of  surplus  of  fees 
received  over  expenditure  provides  a  fund  from 
which  the  cost  of  a  proper  building  might  be  de- 
frayed. 

— ♦ 

OBITUARY. 

The  death  is  announced  of  M.  Paccard,  architect 
of  the  palaces  of  Fontainebleau  and  Rambouillet, 
at  Aix-les-Bains,  in  his  fifty-fourth  year. 

We  regret  to  learn  of  the  death  of  Mr.  Thomas 
Cundy,  the  architect,  which  took  place  suddenly 
at  his  residence  in  Chester-square.  Mr.  Cundy's 
principal  works  were  : — Hewell  Park,  for  the 
Earl  of    Plymoutb ;    Tottenham    Park,    for  the 


Earl  of  Ailesbury ;  Moor  Park  and  Grosvenorl 
House,  for  Earl  Grosvenor,  besides  many  others.r 
He  was  more  especially  known  as  surveyor  to  thel 
extensive  estates  of  the  Marquis  of  Westminster,! 
an  appointment  which  he  held  for  upwards 
forty  years.  Mr.  Cundy  was  bom  in  London  id 
1790,  and  was  brought  up  in  the  office  of 
father,  who  was  extensively  engaged  as  an  arch 
tect  and  builder. 

Michael   Faraday,    the    distinguished  chemiafi 
died  on  Sunday,  at  the   age  of   seventy- six.     ~ 
was  born  in  the  parish  of  Newington,  Surrey,  and 
like  many  others  who  have  illustrated  the  pages  ( 
British   history,   was  entirely  a    self-made   mani 
Although  the   late  professor  chiefly  confined  I  ' 
self  to  experimental   researches,  there  are   thea 
retical  views  thrown  out  with  regard  to  static 
duction,  atmospheric  electricity,  the  lines  of  ford 
both  representative  and  physical,   which  are  wei 
worthy  of  consideration.      His  papers  on  tbe  coJ 
servation  of  force,  and  on  the  division  of  goldanq 
other  metals,  are  amongst  his  latest  production 
His  lectures,  adapted  for  young  minds,  delivere 
at  the  Royal  Institution   during  Christmas  tim^ 
will  not  easily  be  forgotten.     Tlie  ease  with  whicbl 
he  descended  from  the   heights   of  science,  aadi 
conveyed   in  the  minds  of  his   youthful  listeneiM 
the    scientific    principles    of    "common  things/T 
was  not  the  least  of  the  many  gifts  possessed 
Dr.  Faraday.      But  it  is  in  connection  with  elecr-l 
tricity,  and  its  relations  with  almost   aU  physical,! 
chemical,  and   physiological  phenomena,  that 
fame  will  principally  depend.     His  investigatioDBl 
on  this  subject  led  him  to   the  presumption  thati 
electricity,  magnetism,  and  Hght  are  but  one  andl 
the  same  force,  varying  in  efi'ect  according  to  cir-l 
cumstanees,  but  obedient  to  laws  which  will  one| 
day  be  discovered. 


The  extensive  tract  of  land,  heretofore  occupied! 
as  market^  gardens,  extending  from  the  Spa-road,! 
Bermondsey,   to   the   Hamlet  of   Hatcham,   Old! 
Kent-road,  and  intended  for  the  site  of  the  parkl 
for  Southwark,  is  being  cleared,  levelled,  and  en-F 
closed.     The  clearing  of  the  gi'ound  previous  to) 
planting  trees  and  flowering  shrubs  will  be  a  work 
of   time.     There   will   be   four  entrances   to  the 
park ;  the  principal  one  from  Drummond-road  is 
nearly  completed.     The  pillars  are  of  stone,  with 
a  handsome  lodge  ;  the  others  are  to  be  of  a  similar 
design,  and  will  be  erected  at  the  cardinal  points 
of   the   park.     The  approaches  from  the  Lower- 
road,  from    the   Blue   Anchor-road,  Bermondsey, 
and  from  Hatcham  and  the  Old  Kent-road,  have 
been  commenced,   and  will   be  finished  simiJta 
neously  with  the  park. 


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August  30,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


599 


DESIGNS  FOR  RESIDENCES,  LODGES, 
COTTAGES,  &c.* 

MORE  air,  more  light,  and  more  space,  are 
tlie  three    requisites   to    be    complied 
with,  in  all  attemjits  at  rendering  all  modem- 
built   dwellings   superior    to    the   older    ex- 
amples, with  respect  to  the  esssential  points  of 
healtli  and  comfort.  While,  in  all  prol)ability, 
we  sliall  never  witness   the  reapijearance  iif 
the  thatched  roof  and    the  diamond-shaped 
pane,  yet  we   continually  meet  with  rooms  in 
newly-built  houses   where  it  is  impossible  to 
stand  erect,  and  with  gardens  and  yards  where 
one  could  not  swing  a  cat.   These  remarks  un- 
doubtedly apply   more    to  the  dwellings  in 
cities  and  towns  than  to  those  of  the  descrip- 
tion  illustrated  in  the  volume  before  us,  but 
still  it  will  be  universally  admitted   that   the 
latter  afford   ample    room   for   imjirovement 
equally  with    their    neighbours.      It  would, 
moreover,  be  difficult  to  lix  upon  a  spot  for  a 
mral  residence  in  the  neiglibourhood  of  a  town 
without  the  remote  contingency  of  it  becom- 
ing in  some  years  a  part  of  the  town  itself. 
But  a  few  years  ago  a  residence  at  Clapham  or 
Bri.xton  was  considered  to  be  perfectly  in  the 
country,  and  now  those  suburbs,  with  others 
lying  in  opposite    directions,    have    become 
insensibly,  as  it  were,  incorporated  with  our 
great    metropolis.     In    the    designs  he    has 
selected,  the  author  very  judiciously  makes  no 
pretence   to  high  art.     He   does  liot   aim  at 
anytliing  beyond  a    plain  and    simple  style, 
alike  suitable  to  the  purposes  for   which   the 
buildings   are   intended,   and  to  the  re(iuire- 
ments  of  economy.     There  is  no  greater  mis- 
take committed,  than  in  wasting  money  upon 
the  exterior  of  a  small  and  unpretending  cot- 
tage, which  the  nature  of  the  interior  but  too 
plainly  demonstrates  should  have  been  ex- 
pended elsewhere.    The  text  of  the  book  com- 
mences with  some  good  hints  relative  to  the 
selection  of  the  site,   the  laying  out  of  the 
approaches,  and  the  preservation  of  any  plan- 
tations in  the  vicinity.      We  concur  with  all 
the    author   mentions    respecting  the  water 
supply,  drainage,  ventilation,  and  warming  of 
the  apartments,   although  no  rules   are  laid 
down  for  effecting  the  last  result.     There  is  no 
question  but  that   our  whole  system  of  heat- 
ing only  certain  portions  of  our  houses  during 
winter  time,  is   totally  destructive   to   proper 
ventilation,  and  to  the  comfort    of    the  in- 
mates.    Without  discussing  whether  a  uni- 
formity of  temperature  is  the  most  suitable  for 
a  dwelling,   although   the  converse  might  be 
maintained    arguing     from    the    analogy   of 
nature,  yet  it  is  quite   manifest  that  even  in 
our  climate,   or,  rather,  in  our  weather,  for 
climate  we  have  none,  there  is  not  during  the 
same  day  the  same   difference  in  temperature 
as  is  to  be  found  in  the  dining-room  and  in 
the  bedroom. 

In  the  arrangement  of  farm  buildings  and 
out-offices  there  is  one  important  consideration 
to  be  kept  in  view,  and  that  is,  that  steam  and 
agricultural  machinery,  and  implements  of 
every  conceivable  description,  are  fast  over- 
coming the  prejudices  that  have  so  long  at- 
tended them,  and  at  present  form  an  indis- 
pensable adjunct  to  every  farm  of  moderate 
Mzc.  To  enable  the  farmer  to  set  in  action, 
by  steam  power,  his  chaff  cutters,  grinding  and 
bruismg  mills,  root  pulpers,  slicers,  and  other 
small  machinery,  provision  must  be  made 
either  by  strong  side  walls,  or  by  the  erection 
of  cast-iron  pillars,  to  receive  the  shafting  ne- 
cessary for  transmitting  the  motive  force. 
The  fact  that  a  farmer  has  no  place  to  put  up 
machinery  in,  is  frequently  the  cause  of  his 
bemg  compelled  to  go  without  it,  and  carry  on 
MS  operations  in  the  same  manner  as  his  fore- 
wthers,  from  sheer  inability  to  do  otherwise. 
■I  he  subject  of  foundations  is  treated  briefly, 
out  to  the  point  ;  but  we  would  suggest  that 
where  it  is  necessary  to  employ  concrete,  the 
depth  should  not  be  leas  than  1ft.,   and  that  a 

Vnt^^  ^?"^'  "^  Selected  Desisna  for  Coimti-T  Residences, 
1).S"°1';"^!!:'  ^l"?  '!«=-.  Cottages.  &c."     By  G,  A. 


1>E«(, 


arclutect,    L-iud 


I^n»«~      "-^•vi.,   nuu    agent,    and  surveyor, 
longmaus,  Green,  Reader,  and  Dyer.     1S67. 


London  ; 


wise  plan  would  be  always  to  lay  a  course   of 
slate  in  cement,  or  in   tar  and  mortar,  above 
the  footing  course.      Where  stone  can  be  had 
in  the  locality,    and  if  the   houses  are  to  be 
built  either  of  rubble   work  or  of  work    re- 
quiring  nothing  but  rough   dressing  of  the 
stones,    the    latter    will    be    found   (juite  as 
cheap,    and    preferable    to    brick    upon  the 
^^•hole,  as  the    walls    will    be   both   stronger 
and  thicker.     Tlie  construction   of  the  roofs 
of  dwellings,  although  noticed  in  the  volume, 
belongs  to   a  particular  brancli  of  carpentry, 
and  requires  special  study,  the  more  so  since 
the    introduction   of   cast    and   wrought-iron 
trusses  has  become  very  general.     A  notice  of 
the  various  timbers  and   stones  used  in   ordi- 
nary construction  concludes  the  text ;  and  in 
our  ojiinion  the  concluding  paragraph  might 
as  well  have  been  omitted.    AVe  cannot  say  we 
altogetheragree  with  the  arrangements  of  many 
of  the  designs  illustrated.  For  instance,  in  plate 
2,  it  is  by  no  means  an  agreeable  prospect  for 
those  driving  up  to  the  house  by  the  "  carriage 
sweep"  to  pass  the  kitchen,  whicli  is  placed 
curiously  enough   in  the  front   of  the  house 
upon  one  side  of  the  entrance.     The  introduc- 
tion of  a  staircase  into  tlie   scullery,  for   the 
purpose   of  leading  to  one  bedroom,  appears 
sacrificing  a  great  deal   to   obtain  very  little, 
and  it  moreover  encumbers  valuable  space  in 
the  regions  of  the  sink  and  copper.     In  plate 
6  the   difficulty  is   got   over   by  making  the 
ascent  from  the  harness  room,  a  much  better 
plan.     It  appears  rather  singular   in   plate  7 
that  there  should  be  a  door  of  communication 
between   the   drawiug-room  and   a  bedroom, 
both   upon  the   ground   floor.      Possibly  the 
word  is  a  misprint   for   breakfast-room.     The 
front  elevation  of  the  house  in  plate  8  is  the 
most  pleasing  of  all  the  illustrations,  but  the 
ground  plan  is  marred  by  the  scanty  dimen- 
sions given  to  the  library,  10'  6"  x  '7'  0",  and 
by  the  introduction  of  a  fireplace  stuck  cross- 
wise in  the  corner  of  the  room.     Plate  12  re- 
presents a  compact  and   well-arranged  little 
dwelling,  although  we  should   have"  reversed 
the  names   of  the   living-room   and  parlour, 
unless  the  former  is  to  be  regarded  solely  as  a 
kitchen,  and  the  latter   as  a  general  sitting- 
room  for  the  family.     Similarly,  in  plate    14, 
which  is  a  neat  little  design   in   the  main,  we 
should  have   preferred  putting  the    kitchen 
where  the   dining-room   is.      An    error    has 
been  introduced  here   in   calling  a  room  5'  (i" 
square  a  servants'  bedroom,  since   a  full-sized 
bed  could  not  be   got  into  it.     The  arrange- 
ment in  plate   15 — where  the  bedroom  upon 
the  ground  floor  has  no  independent  entrance 
of  its  own,  but   can   only  be   gained  access  to 
bypassing  through  the  sitting-room— is  a  very 
inconvenient  one,  and  would  be  intolerable  to 
many  people.     The  drawings  are  carefully  got 
up,  and  the  lithographs  wellexecuted.  Although 
there  are  scales  attached   to   every  plate,  still, 
had  the  principal  dimensions  which  are  given 
in  a  few  of  them  been  written  upon  them  all, 
it  woidd  have  been  a  valuable  addition  to  the 
information  contained  in  the   plans. 

As  a  specimen  of  the  general  character  of 
the  book,  we  give  as  our  lithographic  illustra- 
tions this  week  plans  and  elevations  of  a  resi- 
dence erected  near  Lavenham,  in  Suff'olk.  The 
book,  barring  the  few  deficiencies  we  have 
pointed  out,  will  be  found  a  valuable  com- 
panion to  architects  and  builders  who  may  be 
engaged,  or  who  may  be  expected  to  be  engaged, 
in  the  erection  of  country  residences. 


ON  THE  APPLICATION  OF  PHOTO- 
GRAPHY IN  ARCHITECTURE  AND 
ARCHAEOLOGY.  * 

THE  library  of  a  wealthy  architect,  with  its 
costly  folios  of  large  engravings,  appears 
a  valuable  apparatus  for  the  study  of  the  art, 
and  yet  if  we  could  but  gauge  these  profes- 
sing records  of  the  antique  or  of  monuments 
in  far  countries,  how  seldom  should  we  find 


Continued  from  page  5S3. 


them  decently  accurate.  There  are  many 
views  of  old  abbeys  and  cathedrals  of  the  last 
century  discarded  because  they  are  evident 
distortions  of  the  mediaeval  .styles,  but  the 
misfortune  is,  that  the  majoritv  of  our  works, 
old  and  new,  are  chargealjle  with  the  like  de- 
lects. 

llerewe  have  a  laborious  and  well-finished 
plate  of  a  ruined  tenii)le  and    monument  in 
Ionia.     It   is   deserving   of  admiration,    and 
cannot  fail  to  be  correct.     Tlie  process  of  pro- 
duction, if  we  knew  it,  might  make  us  more 
sceptical.     First,  as  to  the  sketcher.     Though 
trained  to  the  rule  and  compass,  he  has  never 
had  sucli  practice  in  drawing  from  nature  or 
the  round  as  would  give  him  smartness  of  eye 
and  strength  of  hand.     He  does  his  best,  and 
believes  he  draws  well,  but  no  decent  profes- 
sor in  a  school  would  pass  him.     Such  is  the 
man,  in  most  cases,  who  supplies  the  drawings 
for  our  great  works.     He  is  an  architect,   a 
]-)ainter,  or  an  amateur,  equally  defective  in 
that  very  low  department  of  art,  drawing,  but 
perhaps    he    can   put    in   some   picturesque 
touches.  Now  we  have  him  on  the  ground.  He 
has  slept  in  a  dangerous  and  feverish  place 
with  the  attendant  properties  of  the  scantiest 
population,  and  a  band  of  brigands,  his   res 
broken  by  buzzing  and  stinging  niosquitos,  in 
a  coffee-house  or  tent.     He  gets  his  breakfast 
either  according  to  his  own  fancy  or  tliat  of 
his  dragoman,  rough  and  ready,  or  frowzy  and 
nasty,    with  little  comfort    and    enjoyment, 
and  he  goes  forth  to  work,  perhaps  on  foot, 
perhaps  on  his  horse.     After  a  saunter  among 
the  varied   remains,  he  makes   up  his  mind 
what  to   begin  upon.     By  this  time  the  sun 
is  glowing  hot,  not   uncomfortable  when  on 
horseback,  jiarticularly  if  the  indraught  of  the 
daily  wind  has  already  lilown   its  first  gusts, 
but  rather  disturbing  when  the  traveller  has 
sat  down   to  his  task,   which   seat  is  chosen, 
perhaps,  not   because  it  is  the  best  point  of 
view,  but  as  the  one  owning  the  best  shade. 
You  think  this  rather  wrong,  reader,  but  the 
warning  is  not  forgotten  by  the  most   care- 
less traveller.     Alongside  of  him,  it  may  be, 
stands  the  poor  countryman  holding  his  books, 
who  asks  for  quinine,  and  has  his  fit  on  him. 
Now,  wherever  everything  external  limits  ac- 
tion, even  in  the  ablest  and  most  conscientious, 
it  must  as   mucli  do  it  with  one  who  is  un- 
knowing he   has  a  bad    eye  and  is  a  loose 
drauglitsman.     He   toils   away;  the  field  of 
labour  is  large  ;  he  dares  not  for  his  life-sake 
stop  many  days,  and  he  makes  the  most  of  his 
time,  moiling  and  broiling  away,  grudging  the 
noonday  rest,  and  liy   sundown  "fairly  worn 
out.     To  get  through  his  task  he  makes  a  suffi- 
cient sketch — he   does   not  make  a  finished 
sketch,  of  course,  for  few   people  do  or  can. 
Those    who  can  are    men    thoroughly   well 
trained,  and   they  are  few,   and  tlieir  sharp 
smart  drawings  show  in  our   architectural  ex- 
hibitions like    photographs.      Now    it    is  a 
temple  in  Nubia,  now  one  in  Greece,  now  a 
bit   of   Mooresque,   now   a  touch  of  Spanish 
Gothic.     Our  traveller  makes  a  sketch,  with 
notes  which  he  fully   understands,  and  will 
enable  him  to  reproduce  the  scene.     He    has 
nothing  of  tliis  kind,   but  the   reader  thinks 
that  in   the   tent  or  mud  hut    at  night  the 
sketch  will  be  finished  or  marked  out.     The 
first  care  is,  however,  a  good  supper  in  Turk- 
ish style,  sitting  on  the  ground,  no  chairs,  and 
after  supper  the  tired  wayfarer,  leaning  back, 
begins   smoking  the  cigarette,  the  short  pipe, 
the  chibouk  or  narghileh,  and   the  man  who 
smokes  is  done  for.     To   toucli  up  a  drawing 
by  a  dismal  lamp  is  not  an  easy  task,  with 
mosquitos  buzzing  about  one's  ears  and  snap- 
ping at  one's  fingers,  disabling  them  perhaps 
for  to-morrow's  work,  and  with  gloves  on  the 
pencil  cannot  be  used  deftly,  so  sleep  is  the 
only  shelter  against  the  noisome  fiends. 

The  traveller  gets  away  rejoicing  from  the 
famous  classic  site.  He  has  done  his  fourth 
church,  and  has  only  three  more  to  make  up 
seven,  and  has  only  a  slight  touch  of  fever, 
for  which  he  takes  preventive  quinine — 
drowsing  his  head — and  he  has  not  been  winged 
with  a  brigand's  bullet.      In  time,  the    un- 


600 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


August  30,  1867. 


finished  sketches  reach  tlie  seaport,  ^^Ile^e 
there  will  be  a  lialt,  and  where  it  is  fully  set- 
tled to  overhaul  them,  and  to  give  some  time 
to  them.  Alter  vagabondizing  for  many 
days  inland,  some  rest  is  wanted,  some  cleans- 
ing, some  doctoring,  some  setting  to  rights;  but 
there  will  be  several  days  of  work — mornings, 
however,  which  are  embargoed  by  the  Levan- 
tine twaddler,  with  his  cigarette-  and  evenings 
by  flirtations  with  pretty  and  emjity-headed 
half-castes. 

The  sketches  come  to  Europe.  They  are 
much  admired.  They  are  from  rare  subjects, 
and  very  many.  Kow,  will  our  architect  work 
at  them,  and  finish  drawing  after  drawing. 
Not  so,  he  is  busy  in  liis  letter-press,  he  is 
hunting  up  authorities,  but  perhaps  he  makes 
some  kind  of  a  larger  sketch  for  the  engraver. 
Unluckily,  his  impressions,  never  very 
straightly  defined,  have  become  hazy  :  so 
have  his  notes.  He  is  called  upon  to  pro- 
nounce a  judicial  decision  as  to  whether  this 
column  was  imperfect  or  defaced,  and  what  is 
the  meaning  of  the  scrawl  ;  he  decides 
scrupulously  and  conscientiously,  but  decides 
wrong.  He  has  got  back  into  practice  and  the 
cares  of  life ;  but  he  labours  much  in  his 
work — so  does  the  draughtsman — so  does  the 
engraver.  Some  muddle — more  doubts — do 
the  best  you  can — do  it  as  you  like — and  a 
noble  plate  is  produced,  whicli  all  must  admire, 
and  nobody  dares  to  criticize,  for  nobody  can 
tell  how  a  temple  at  Laodic;ea  ought  to  look, 
as  ne.\:t  to  nobody  has  been  there,  and  nobody 
has  a  sketch  to  pit  against  a  plate  in  which  the 
engraver  has  been  most  accurate  and  exact. 

The  very  next  traveller  who  goes  to  the 
place  finds  that  the  engraving  is  not  like  it, 
but  it  is  ten  to  one  whether  he  cares  about 
publishing  his  opinion ;  and  by  that  time, 
may  be,  he  is  in  fear  of  the  saying  De  inoHuis 
nil  nisi  bonum,  for  the  author  has  passed  away 
from  the  world.  Such  is  the  explanation  of 
the  process  by  which  very  good  men  and  great 
authorities  produce  highly-finished  engravings, 
■which  are  very  unlike  the  originals ;  and 
hence  the  cause  of  that  disappointment  and 
dissatisfaction  whicli  is  felt  by  travellers.  It 
is  no  exaggeration  to  say,  apart  from  any  ordi- 
nary misconceptions  and  slips,  that  monu- 
ments are  engraved  which  may  be  said  to 
have  no  existence  ;  limbs  where  none  have 
ever  been ;  eyes,  nose,  and  mouth  where  linea- 
ments are  wanting.  This  does  not  shadow 
forth  all  the  harm,  and  it  will  strike  any  one 
who  reads  this,  that  if  the  details  are  so  often 
wrong,  how  seldom  can  that  whole  be  given 
which  is  of  most  worth  and  most  wanted — the 
artistic  spirit  of  the  composition,  the  true  im- 
press of  style,  the  relationship  lietween  the 
building  and  its  surrounding. 

Except  so  far  as  architectural  details  are 
concerned  which  have  been  measured  and 
drawn,  the  suspicion  of  inaccuracy  attaches 
to  most  of  our  standard  books  of  ai-chitecture, 
archasology,  and  travels  in  various  European 
languages,  however  precise  they  may  profess 
to  be.  The  exponent  of  this  is  photography, 
and  the  corrective  is  photography.  Colour,  as 
has  already  been  said,  cannot  be  given,  but  light 
and  shade  are  given,  and  outline  and  detail. 
One  pointwecannot  reach  by  photography,  and 
that  is  the  artistic  relation  designed  between 
the  monument  and  its  landscape,  nor  can  a 
painting  now  aft'ect  this.  What  we  have  now 
is  either  portions  of  a  building  or  its  bleach- 
ened  sketches  of  white  marble  pillars,  but 
we  can  never  accurately  reproduce  the  poly- 
chromic  eft'ects  or  the  result  of  ornamenta- 
tion. The  temjile  standing  on  its  knoll, 
when  painted  and  gilt,  we  know  not  how, 
must  have  had  a  very  ditt'erent  eti'ect — perhaps 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  a  sacred  grove  long 
since  stricken  down  or  grubbed  out — to  what 
we  can  figure  from  a  white  stone  block  cut  out 
in  outline  against  the  sky.  Then  the  theatre 
placed  on  the  mountain  or  hillside.  True, 
as  we  sit  on  its  well-worn  seats  or,  more  com- 
monly, on  the  bank  once  covered  by  marble 
slabs  now  burnt  to  lime,  we  still  see  that 
landscape  which  greeted  the  Hellenic  eye. 
There  is  the  far-off  temple  or  mountain,  no 


less  a  shrine  of  some  great  God ;  there  the  wide- 
spread bright  blue  sea  giving  its  own  colour 
to  the  back  ground,  glittering  under  the 
gleaming  light,  and  at  eve  canopied  with  the 
kaleidoscopic  hues  of  the  ever  beauteous  sxm- 
set.  The  theatre,  however,  was  made  not  only 
to  see  from,  to  see  the  landscape,  and  to  see 
the  stage,  but  no  less  to  be  seen.  It  had  its 
colossal  architectural  frontispiece  for  daily 
display ;  but  then  at  gala  times  there  must 
have  been  streamers,  the  velum  and  many 
transient  decorations  giving  colour,  but  what 
is  no  less  life  to  the  scene  by  their  move- 
ments, when  the  performance  was  refreshed 
by  the  rise  of  the  grateful  breeze,  fanning  the 
scores  of  thousands  of  pleasure  seekers. 

Sluch  of  the  artistic  life  we  cannot  repro- 
duce, for  we  must  never  forget  that  these 
scenes  are  of  the  dead,  and  what  we  have  are 
their  remains.  All  we  can  have  is  that  fancy 
portrait  which  the  genius  and  local  inspiration 
of  a  Oockerell  or  a  Faidkener  can  give  to 
Athens  or  to  Ephesus,  setting  forth  a  scene  as 
glorious  as  that  of  yore,  but  an  estimate  of  the 
treasury  and  its  belongings,  rather  than  an 
inventory,  something  whicli  we  know  must  be 
most  untrue,  Init  a  dream  which  lest  pictures 
incidents  we  have  never  seen  performed,  but 
judge  most  plausible. 

Where  the  etfect  of  a  work  is  greatly  de- 
pendent upon  carving,  tracery,  or  ornamenta- 
tion, photography  conies  in  thoroughly. 
Such  are  the  monuments  of  Assyria  and 
Egypt,  reproduced  lor  the  archKologist  and 
architect.  Such  are  the  fruits  of  lifelong 
labour  bestowed  on  the  Saracenic  niosques 
and  palaces  of  the  east  and  west,  wherein  the 
exclusion  of  animal  form  has  led  to  a  fairylike 
revelling  in  tracery,  and  such  the  like  labours 
of  piety  and  love  on  the  Gothic  buildings  of 
the  north  and  south.  These  we  have  given 
to  us  in  masses  or  piecemeal,  in  their  whole 
or  in  such  broken  bits  as  yet  remain,  with  a 
sharpness  and  accuracy  which  permit  of  their 
microscopic  examination. 

In  the  like  case  of  India,  photography  may 
be  said  to  have  endowed  us  with  that  school 
of  art.  In  a  climate  so  unfavourable  to 
European  exertion,  wliere  native  help  can  be 
so  little  trusted,  and  in  a  laud  so  mde  that 
the  work  of  many  hands  cannot  overcome  it, 
we  had  but  imperfect  and  costly  representa- 
tions of  its  great  monuments  and  rock-cut 
temples.  Now,  by  photography  we  can  study 
calmly  what  we  dare  not  visit,  and  jilaces  so 
difficult  and  so  troublesome  of  access  as  the 
cave  temples  of  EUera  and  the  neighbourhood 
are  now  laid  before  us  in  all  their  wealth  of 
wondrous  carving.  The  labours  of  govern- 
ment, of  societies,  and  munificent  individuals 
are  year  by  year  yielding  us  large  collections 
of  these  records,  and  it  is  from  these  materials 
that  the  researches  of  Fergusson  and  of  those 
who  study  Indian  architecture,  will  give  us  a 
knowledge  of  its  powers  and  its  resources. 
Many  of  the  temples  and  monuments  of  India 
are  to  be  found  in  the  jungle,  overgrown,  like 
Cohan  and  the  cities  of  Yucatan,  by  the 
forest,  overthrown  in  the  wilderness  by  the 
trunks  and  roots  of  the  kings  of  the  woods,  or 
dragged  down  bj-  ivy  and  creepers,  and  buried 
imder  the  moimds  made  by  the  moiddering 
decay  of  many  ages. 

Hyde  Claeke. 


THE    LIONS    AT    THE    THAMES 
EMBANKMENT. 

ONCE  more  have  we  to  receive,  if  not  to 
welcome,  a  specimen  of  leonine  phy- 
siognomy. Honest  iEsop,  in  one  of  his  fables, 
makes  a  lion  hint  to  a  somewhat  vain- 
glorious fellow  that  lions  had  their  own  ideas 
of  scul)>ture  which  differed  from  those  of  men. 
AVhat  the  ideas  of  lions  were  on  the  subject  we 
have  no  means  of  knowing,  which  is  perhaps  a 
pity  ;  but  the  ideas  of  men  have  been  fully 
ascertained  of  late,  and  have  been  most  recent  ly 
exhibited  at  the  Thames  Embankment,  near 
Westminster-bridge.  As  no  human  work  can 
be  said  to  be  perfect,  it  will  not  be  invidious 


to  class  the  lions'  heads  on  the  Embankment 
among  works  that  are  not  perfect,  but  they 
differ  from  many,  inasmuch  as  they  admit  of 
great  improvement  at  small  charge.  In  a 
similar  emergency,  female  ingenuity  proved 
ec^ual  to  the  occasion,  and  a  lesson  may  with 
propriety  be  taken  even  from  so  humble  an 
individual  as  Dolly  Drumbelly.  This  honest 
woman,  a  resident  of  Pudsey,  Yorkshire,  and 
a  laundress  by  occupation  and  courtesy, 
desired  to  decorate  her  house  for  a  liltle 
Christmas  party,  being  mainly  incited  thereto 
by  a  laudable  ambition  to  emulate,  if  not 
utterly  eclipse,  her  neighbour,  Mrs.  Inkletape. 
Store  of  holly  was  provided,  twigs  of  laurel 
placed  in  advantageous  situations,  nor  was  the 
misletoe  forgotten.  Everything,  in  short, 
presaged  success,  and  lent  itself  to  decoration, 
except  one  object  which  appeared  to  defy  the 
utmost  resources  of  art.  To  be  brief,  the 
object  was  a  copper  warming  pan.  Now, 
although  the  handle  could  be  made  to  assume 
a  festive  appearance  by  being  swathed  with 
bands  of  greenery,  the  pan  rejected  such 
treatment  as  utterly  unsuitable,  and,  for  a  time, 
nearly  drove  the  artist  in  greens  crazy.  But 
what  may  not  be  accomplished  by  female 
quickness,  stimulated  by  the  thoughts  of  an 
Inkletape.  Drapery  to  the  rescue  !  No  sooner 
said  than  done,  and  the  company  who  began 
to  arrive  almost  before  the  finishing  touches 
were  given,  unanimously  pronounced  the 
warming  pan,  adorned  with  the  hostess's  best 
nightcap,  to  be  the  crowning  glory  of  the 
decorations.  Thus  do  great  minds  triumph 
over  difficulties  which  appal  the  irresolute. 
Now,  in  the  case  of  the  Embankment  lions, 
something  in  the  frill  line  is  absolutely 
required,  and  considering  all  the  circum- 
stances of  the  case,  it  may  be  doubted  if  any 
trimming  would  be  more  appropriate  than  a 
delicately  frUled  nightcap,  in  bronz  e,  of  course 
with  strings  pendant  or  volant,  as  may  bo 
preferred.  As  they  stand,  these  lions'  heads 
are  inappropriate.  The  wall  is  granite  ;  they 
should  also  have  been  of  granite.  Used  as  a 
street  gutter  spout,  the  head  of  the  noble 
beast  is  degraded ;  it  will  not  be  improved 
when  turned  of  the  sooty  black  which  all 
bronze  assumes  in  the  trying  atmosphere  of 
London. 


SOMERSETSHIRE  AECHiEOLOGICAL 
SOCIETY. 

THE  nineteenth  annual  meeting  of  this  society  J 
opened  on  Tuesday  morniug,   at  tfie  Fin©.-] 
Arts    Academy,  Queen's-road,  Clifton,   under  the  j 
presidency  of  Sir  Edward  Strachey,  Bart.,  of   Sut- 
ton   Court.      There  was   a   large    attendance    o£  I 
members  and  friends,   among  whom  were   many  , 
ladies.      The  president  having  delivered   a   brief  j 
address  of  welcome,    the  formal  business  of  the  ] 
society   was   transacted.     Major   Thomas  Austin, 
F.G.S.,  then   read    to  the   society  a    letter  and 
other  documents  of  ancient  dates  relative  to  trans-  j 
actions  connected  with  the  county  of   Somerset. 
Mr.   Badcock   read   two  short  papers   written  by  j 
the  Rev.  J.  M.  King,  of  Cutcombe,  near  Taunton. 
The  subject  of    the  first  was  the   origin   of  the ) 
name  of  Devonshire  Junket,  and  the   other  re. 
lated  to  a  superstitious  behef,  prevalent  iu  West  j 
Somerset  and  the  eastern  border  of  Devonshire,  ' 
that  turnip  seed  sown  on  Thomas  h  Becket'a  Day  j 
(believed  ^to  be  July   4),  is    sure  to   produce  an 
abundant  crop. 

Ou  leaving  the  Fine  Arts  Academy,  most  of  the 
company  proceeded  to  the  Cathedral,  over  which 
they  were  conducted  by  Mr.  E.  A.  Freeman,  in 
the  absence  of  Mr.  E.  W.  Godwin,  who  had  under- 
taken the  duty,  but  was  prevented  from  dis- 
charging it.  Mr.  Freeman  commenced  his  de- 
scription from  the  yard  adjoioiug  the  cloisters, 
and,  after  briefly  alluding  to  the  mutilations  and 
alterations  which  the  building  has  undergone 
from  time  to  time,  said  it  was  not  to  be  compared 
with  any  of  the  great  churches  or  with  any  other 
cathedral  church  in  England.  The  fact  was,  it 
was  only  the  fragment  of  a  church,  and  that  not 
the  church  of  an  Episcopal  see,  but  of  a  monastery 
founded  by  Robert  Fitzhardinge,  in  the  twelfth 
century.  Mr.  Freeman  pointed  out  evi- 
dences of  the  existence  in  former  years 
of  a  nave,  and  explained  some  of  the  differ 
ences     between    this   cathedeal    and    those    oi 


August  30,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


601 


.c^l 


Hereford  and  Wells,  giving  reasons  for  these  dif- 
ferences. AVitU  regard  to  the  destniction  of 
the  nave,  some  people,  .ind  he  ,-imong  them, 
thought  it  occurred  at  the  period  of  the  dissolu- 
tion of  the  monasteries,  while  others  were  of 
opinion  that  it  took  place  as  late  as  the  civil 
ware.  Mr.  Godwin,  however,  w.n.s  of  opinion  that 
it  was  pulled  down  by  Abbot  Elliot,  with  a  view- 
to  its  being  rebuilt.  That  was  an  entirely  new 
argument,  but  it  was  clear  that  a  nave  was  begun 
if  not  finished.  After  some  further  explanations, 
the  party  proceeded  to  the  Chapter  House,  which 
Mr.  Freeman  described  as  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  and  perfect  specimens  of  Norman  archi- 
tecture. The  Rev.  Canon  Norris,  who  accom- 
panied the  party,  gave  some  interesting  par- 
ticulars in  reference  to  the  building.  Kelerring  to 
the  Austin  canons  who  formerly  occupied  it,  he 
mentioned  incidentally  an  investigation  which  was 
made  about  four  hundred  years  ago  by  the  then 
Bishop  of  Worcester  into  their  conduct.  It  was  re- 
ported to  the  Bishop  that  they  kept  their  hunters 
anil  hounds,  and  he  sent  down  some  one  to  in- 
qxiire  into  the  matter.  The  doors  of  that 
part  of  the  building  in  which  the  animals  were  kept 
were  all  made  fixst,  and  the  messenger  returned 
and  reported  that  he  could  see  nothing  of  the  kind. 
The  suspicions  of  the  Bishop,  however,  were  not 
removed,  and  he  determined  to  investigate  the 
matter  for  himself.  Keeping  his  determination  in 
secret,  he  put  on  his  scarlet  coat,  if  huntsmen  did 
wear  scarlet  in  those  days,  and  joined  in  the  hunt. 
Subsequently,  he  aisembled  the  canon?,  and  chal- 
lenged them  with  the  fact,  and  ou  their  denying 
it  he  pointed  :o  one,  saying,  "  I  saw  you  go  over 
such  and  such  a  fence,"  and  to  another,  "  You 
came  to  grief  in  that  ditch."  The  canons  were 
thus  caught,  and  there  was  a  document  in  exist- 
ence in  which  they  made  a  promise  to  keep  no 
more  hunters  and  hounds.  With  regard  to  the 
nave,  he  rejoiced  to  say  that  by  the  nest  meeting 
of  the  society  it  would  be  rising  from  the  sod,  and 
that,  thanks  to  the  noble  spirit  of  the  citizens  of 
Bristol,  the  disgrace  which  had  attached  to  them 
for  three  centuries  was  about  to  be  wiped  out.  He 
gave  some  extremely  interesting  evidence,  includ- 
ing that  of  William  of  Worcester,  in  14S8,  to  show 
that  a  nave  was  in  existence  at  that  time,  and 
then  gave  some  particulars  of  the  steps  which  had 
been  taken  to  secure  its  rebuilding.  The  com- 
pany partook  of  sherry  and  sandwiches  in  the 
Chapter  Hou.se,  and  afterwards  the  other  parts  of 
the  building  were  described  by  Mr.  Freeman. 

A  brief  visit  was  next  paid  to  the  Mayor's  Chapel, 
and  from  thence  the  company  proceeded  to  Eed- 
cliffe  Church,  the  artistic  character  of  which  was 
described  by  Mr.  Freeman,  who  said  it  was  the 
finest  of  the  Somersetshire  churches,  and  stood 
alone  as  the  only  parish  church  in  England  which 
possessed  the  features  of  a  minster  without  having 
ever  been  one.  He  recommended  the  erection  of 
a  high  reredos  and  the  speedy  removal  of  the  old 
organ  screen  from  the  western  g  allery.  The  vicar 
(the  Rev.  H.  G.  Randall)  said  it  was  intended  to 
build  a  high  reredos,  and  the  organ  screen  would 
be  removed  as  soon  as  Hardman  had  finished  the 
new  western  window.  At  the  invitation  of  the 
vicar,  the  party  adjourned  to  Colston's  Room, 
where  they  partook  of  an  elegant  collation.  Mr. 
R.  Neville  Grenville,  M.P.,  proposed  the  health  of 
the  "  Vicar  and  Churchwardens,  and  prosperity  to 
to  the  parish  of  St.  Mary  Redclili'e,"  which  was  cor- 
dially drunk. 

An  evening  meeting  was  held  at  the  Fine  Arts 
Academy,  Sir  Edward  Strachey  presiding.  The 
Rev.  Prebendary  Scarth,  of  Bath,  read  a  short 
paper,  by  Mr.  E.  W.  Gcdwin,  on  the  Mayor's 
Chapel.  Mr.  E.  Green,  of  Holcombe,  read  a  long 
paper,  compiled  from  letters  and  scarce  documents, 
on  the  Somersetsliire  rebellion.  There  was  no 
discussion,  but  Mr.  C.  Moore,  of  Bath,  suggested 
that  Mr.  Green  should  consent  to  the  publication 
of  his  paper  in  the  society's  vo'ume  of  proceed- 
ings, and  the  chairman  supported  the  suggestion. 
Votes  of  thanks  were  passed  to  Mr.  Godwin  and 
Mr.  Green. 

The  second  day  of  the  society's  visit  to  Bristol 
was  devoted  to  the  acquisition  of  information  re- 
specting the  remains  of  mediaeval  architecture  to 
be  found  in  different  parts  of  the  city.  The  party 
met  at  the  Council  Hou.se  at  eleven  o'clock  in  the 
morning,  and  were  there  received  by  the  right 
worshipful  the  mayor  (Mr.  E.  S.  Robinson),  who 
conducted  the  party  to  the  Council  Chamber, 
where  the  civic  plate  and  muniments  were  laid  out 
for  inspection.  At  twelve  o'clock.  Sir  E.  Strachey 
(president  of  the  society)  took  the  mayor's  chair 
in  the  Council  Chamber.  The  Rev.  Prebendary 
Scarth  was  then  called  upon  to  read  a  paper  on 


"Ancient  Bristol."  He  said  it  was,  in  the  first 
place,  arranged  that  Mr.  E.  W.  Godwiu  should 
read  such  a  paper,  and  shoidd  afterwards  conduct 
the  party  over  the  city,  but  that  gentleman  had 
been  ill,  and  had  since  been  called  away  to  Ireland. 
That  gentleman  had  famished  him  with  a  vast 
amouLt  of  information  respecting  the  ancient 
history  of  the  city,  and  from  that  he  had  compiled 
a  paper.  The  paper  gave  an  exceedingly  clear  and 
succinct  sketch  of  the  history  of  the  city  in  the 
Saxon  and  Norman  periods,  pointing  out  the 
several  remains  now  in  existence  of  medijeval 
architecture.  The  paper  was  illustrated  by  two 
maps,  one  of  which  is  the  property  of  the  corpora- 
tion, and  gives  a  representation  of  the  city  as  it 
stood  in  the  period  from  1673  to  1710.  The 
mayor  proposed  a  vote  of  thanks  to  Mr.  Scarth. 
Mr.  Neville  Grenville,  M.P.,  in  seconding  the 
motion,  expressed  a  hope  that  there  would  soon  be 
a  handsome  nave  to  Bristol  Cathedral.  The  Rev. 
Prebendary  Scarth,  in  returning  thanks,  said  all 
Mr.  Godwin's  details  in  reference  to  ancient 
Bristol  had  been  so  carefully  prepared  that  they 
were  thoroughly  reliable.  Great  service  had  been 
thereby  rendered,  not  only  to  the  city,  but  to  the 
country  generally,  and  he  hoped  that  Mr.  Godwin 
would  publish  his  researches  in  a  volume.  The 
company  were  afterwards  hospita'oly  entertained 
in  the  mayor's  parlour. 

On  leaving  the  Council  House  the  party  made  a 
perambulation  of  the  city  in  illustration  of  the 
paper  which  had  been  read  by  Mr.  Scarth,  the  plan 
adopted  being  first  the  Saxon,  next  the  Norman, 
and  lastly  the  mediteval  city.  The  absence  of 
Mr.  Godwin,  with  his  great  local  knowledge,  was 
of  course  a  great  loss,  but  the  route  laid  down 
by  that  gentleman  was  adopted  by  his  substitute, 
the  Rev.  Prebendary  F.  Scarth.  Proceeding  to 
Bridge-street,  they  walked  up  Bridge  street, 
and  half-way  down  Union-street,  turning  down 
the  steps  into  the  Pithay.  From  thence  they 
made  their  way  to  St.  John's  Church,  at  the 
bottom  of  Broad-street,  where  a  brief  examina- 
tion of  the  interior  and  exterior  of  that  building 
was  made.  More  time  was  spent  in  the  inspec- 
tion of  the  crypt  under  the  church,  which  Mr. 
Freeman  pronounced  to  be  of  the  late  fifteenth 
or  the  early  sixteenth  century.  At  St.  Nicholas's 
Church  everyone  was  anxious  to  examine  the 
large  crypt,  in  which  service  is  occasionally  held. 
Mr.  Freeman  said  he  had  been  told  this  was  a 
Norman  crypt,  and  he  was  surprised  to  find  that 
it  was  of  the  fifteenth  century,  it  being  a  good 
characteristic  specimen  of  the  local  style  of  that 
period.  He  pointed  out  some  of  the  character- 
istics of  the  style,  and  remarked  that  the  crypt 
being  divided  into  two  suggested  the  idea  that 
the  original  church  was  also  of  two  bodies,  with 
two  equal  naves  side  by  side.  The  route  the 
archteologists  followed  was  Lower  Castle-street, 
the  Weir,  Merchant-street,  Fairfax-street,  and 
the  Pithay  a  second  time  to  the  Bridewell.  At 
the  last-mentioned  place  the  Norman  tower  was 
described  by  Mr.  Freeman.  Greyfriars,  St. 
James's,  and  Colston's  House,  Small-street,  were 
visited,  and  the  party  then  spent  some  time  in  St. 
Stephen's  Church,  which  Mr.  Freeman  said  in 
some  of  its  features  carried  out  the  characteristics 
of  the  Somersetshire  Perpendicular  to  perfection. 
The  pillars  and  arches  especially  were  some  of  the 
best  that  could  be  seen  anywhere,  and  the 
clerestory  windows  were  high  and  fine,  and  be- 
longed to  the  same  type  as  those  of  Bruton  Mar- 
tock  and  St.  Mary's,  Taunton.  The  chambers 
of  St.  Werburgh  and  All  Saints'  were  also  ex- 
amined, and  the  perambulation  was  brought  to  a 
close  by  a  visit  to  Canynge's  house  in  Red  cliff-street, 
now  in  the  occupation  of  Jlessrs.  Jefferies  and 
Son. 

At  the  evening  meeting,  Mr.  E.  A.  Freeman  pre- 
sided. Mr.  AV.  Stoddart,  of  the  Bristol  Natural 
History  Society,  read  a  paper  on  the  "  Geology  of 
the  Clifton  Rocks."  The  paper  was  an  able  one, 
and  was  divided  into  the  following  sections : — The 
physical  features  of  the  rocks,  the  old  red  or 
Devonian  junction,  the  lower  limestone  shale,  the 
massive  mountain  limestone,  the  upper  limestone 
shale,  and,  lastly,  the  mULstone  grit.  He  men- 
tioned that  he  had  collected  255  specimens  of 
fossils  from  the  Clifton  rocks.  The  paper  was 
illustrated  with  diagrams.  Mr.  C.  Moore  said  he 
had  followed  the  paper  with  great  interest,  and 
could  appreciate  the  labour  of  mapping  and  measur- 
ing which  Jlr.  Stoddart  had  undergone,  which  must 
have  occupied  him  a  considerable  time.  Mr.  Moore 
mentioned  one  or  two  points  upon  which  he  did  not 
agree  with  Mr.  Stoddart,  after  which  a  vote  of  thanks 
was  passed  to  the  latter.  The  Rev.  W.Hunt  then  read 
a  paper   ou   the  rise  of  the  trade  of  Bristol      He 


pointed  out  the  importance  of  liberty  and  trade  in 
conferring  happiness  upon  a  community,  and 
referring  to  the  early  trade  of  the  port  of  Br:s  ol 
spoke  of  the  large  share  the  citizens  had  in  the 
slave  traffic  at  that  time,  they  having  great  facili  y 
for  it  by  their  direct  communication  with  Irelano. 
He  traced  the  connection  between  Bristol  and 
Ireland  for  a  century  and  a  half,  until  the  time 
when  King  John  granted  .-i  charter  to  the  city, 
giving  it  the  right  to  Dublin,  and  then  alluded  to 
the  increasing  wealth  of  Bristol  since  that  period. 
He  showed  how  the  trade  was  protected  by  the 
guUd  of  merchants,  in  whom  all  corporate  autho- 
rity was  vested,  and  to  whom  we  were  much 
indebtetl  for  our  clearly-defined  municipal  rights 
.and  liberties.  He  explained  the  spirit  of  exclusion 
and  monopoly  by  which  the  guilds  were  animated, 
and  the  illegal  tolls  on  merchandise  that  were  levied 
by  both  abbot  and  lord.  These  latter,  however, 
were  eventually  successfully  resisted,  and  from  the 
time  of  John  the  foreign  trade  of  the  port  grew 
rapidly,  a  proof  of  which  was  to  be  found  in  the 
making  of  the  New  Cut  by  the  burghers.  Mr. 
Hunt  noticed  some  of  the  trades  carried  on  in  this 
port  in  ancient  times,  a  principal  one  being  the 
trade  in  wine. 

In  the  course  of  the  excavations  at  the  'West 
Dock  works,  opposite  Messrs.  Earle's  cement 
works  at  Hull,  the  navvies  have  come  upon  a  stra- 
tum of  dark  soil,  in  which  a  number  of  trees  in 
horizontal  position  were  met  with.  They  are  oak, 
in  excellent  condition,  and  remarkablj'  hard.  Be- 
sides these  interesting  remains  of  a  long  past  age 
a  large  number  of  acorna  and  hazel  nuts  were 
found,  and  some  oyster  and  mussel  shells.  The 
discovery  is  the  more  interesting  to  geologists  see- 
ing that  trees  were  found  at  a  depth  of  about  19ft. 
below  the  water  line  of  the  river.  The  wood  was 
of  a  similar  nature  to  that  found  when  the  Vic- 
toria Dock  Extension  was  in  progress,  and  goes  far 
to  prove  the  correctness  of  the  supposition  that 
Holderness  and  this  part  of  the  river  were  once 
covered  by  a  dense  forest.  The  trees  at  the  Vic- 
toria Dock  were  found  at  about  the  s.ame  depth. 
Several  eminent  geologists  have  visited  the  West 
Dock,  and  examined  the  wood  and  the  ground. 
Many  gentlemen  have  secured  pieces  of  the  oak  and 
had  fancy  articles  made  out  of  it.  The  oyster 
shells  are  characterized  as  very  much  larger  than 
those  ordinarily  seen,  but  no  remains  of  other  fish 
were  found. 


NOTICES  OF  PUBLICATIONS. 

The  Epitaphs  and  Monumental  Inscriptions  in 
Greyfriars  Churchyard,  Edirilmroh.  Collected 
by  John  Brown.  Edinburgh :  J,  Moodie  Miller, 
1867. 
Gbetfbiabs  Chukchyabd  has  been  called  the 
Westminster  Abbey  of  Scotland,  and  not  inappro- 
priately. To  no  other  sacred  resting  place  in  that 
country,  and  to  very  few  kindred  places  elsewhere, 
does  the  same  amount  of  interest  attach  as  to 
Greyfriars,  of  Edinburgh.  During  the  seventeenth 
and  eighteenth  centuries  by  far  the  largest  pro- 
portion of  the  most  distinguished  inhabitants  of 
the  northern  capital,  including  many  of  the 
most  eminent  Scotsmen,  beginning  with  George 
Buchanan,  were  interred  in  its  grounds.  Many  of 
the  monuments  erected  to  the  memories  of  these 
"  Scottish  worthies  "  have  very  great  interest  as 
architectural  and  sculptural  relics,  particularly  those 
that  date  from  the  tirst  half  of  the  seventeenth 
century.  But  "  time  con-odes  our  epitaphs,  and 
buries  our  very  tombstones,"  and  it  is  with  the 
view  of  rescuing  from  oblivion  these  memorials  of 
a  bye  gone  age,  that  this  work  has  been  compiled. 
It  is  a  beautifully  printed  and  handsomely  gotup 
volume  of  upwards  of  three  hundred  pages,  pre- 
faced by  an  introduction  from  the  pen  of  Mr. 
David  Laing,  the  learned  Scottish  antiquarian. 
This  able  and  curiously  interesting  preface  is  a 
valuable  addition  to  the  w-ork,  which,  moreover,  is 
illustrated  by  a  number  of  well-executed  engrav- 
ings of  the  principal  monuments  in  the  churchyard, 
including  the  famous  Martyrs'  Monument,  which 
forms  a  frontispiece  to  the  book.  The  inscription 
on  this  monument  states  that  "  From  May  27, 
1661,  that  the  most  noble  the  Marquis  of  Argyle 
suffered  to  the  17th  February,  16S8,  that  Mr. 
James  Renwick  suffered,  were  executed  at  Edin- 
burgh about  one  hundred  noblemen,  gentlemen, 
ministers,  and  other  noble  martyrs,  for  Jesus 
Christ ;  the  most  part  of  them  lie  here."  Grey- 
friars is  now  very  little  used,  its  narrow  homes 
being  well-nigh  fully  tenanted.  Dean,  Rosebank, 
Grange,  and  Warriston,  are  now  the  favourite 
places   of  sepulture  in  Edinburgh.     They 


are  all 


C03 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


August  30,  1867. 


pleasantly  situated,  and   beautifully  laid   out,  and 
are  models  of  suburban  cemeteries. 


H((,ndhook  for  Travellers  in  Scotland.  With 
Travelling  Maps  and  Plans.  John  Murray, 
1867.     Price  93. 

To  his  well-known   handbook  series   Mr.  Murray 
has    just  added   a   tourist's  guide  to   Scotland. 
It  will  be  suflicient,  by  way  of  general  description, 
to  say  that  the  new  volume  is  identical  in  plan 
and  principle  with  the  rest  of   the  series.     There 
exist   already   several   admirable  guide  books   to 
Scotland,  Black's  being  certainly  one  of  the    very 
best,  and  we  cannot  say  that  the  present   work 
possesses  any  superiority  above  its    predecessors. 
It  is  arranged  on   the  itinerary  or  route  plan,  and 
the  facilities  of  reference,  in  the  shape  of  maps, 
plans,  and  index,  are  abundant  and  complete.  The 
information,  however,  so  far  as  we  have  tested  it, 
is  hardly  so  accurate  as  it  ought  to  be  in  a  work 
of  such  pretensions  and  price  as  this.     We  note 
a  few  of  the  inaccuracies  and  omissions  we  have 
come  across.     The  University  of  Edinburgh  is  said 
to  be   in   South  Bridge-street,  and  immediately 
after     we     read,  "  Further    up    North    Bridge- 
street  is  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons.     Beyond 
that  is  the  Asylum  for  Blind  Men,  and  at  No.  38 
is  that  for  blind  women."     Now,  in  the  first  place, 
the  thoroughfares  referred  to  are   simply   called 
North   Bridge  and  South  Bridge ;  in  the    second 
place  the  College  of  Surgeons  is  not  in  either  of 
these  streets,  but  in  Nicholson-street,  which  is  a 
continuation  of  South  Bridge.     The  Asylum  for 
the  Blind  is,  of  course,  also  in    Nicholson-street. 
"  A  dark,  heavy  building  "  is  a  vague  and  meagre 
way  enough  of  describing  so  important  an  edilice 
as   the   University.      Again,    we     have  Douglas 
Hotel  and  Slaney's  Hotel  (in  St.  Andi-ew'a-square). 
They  are  one  and  the  same,  Slaney  being  the  pro- 
prietor.     There    is  no   hotel    called    the   Royal 
British  in  Princes-street ;  the  Royal  is  there,  the 
British  must  be  somewhere  else.     The  notice  of 
Burn's  monument  is  very  carelessly  broken  off  in 
the  middle  (p.  116.).     Apropos  of  monuments,  in 
a  work  published    in    the  present  year,  mention 
ought  to  have  been  made  of  the  statues  of  Pro- 
fessor    Wilson    and  Allan     Ramsay    iu   Princes- 
atreet-gardens.      Turning  to   Aberdeen,  we  note 
that  the  population  is   given  as   73,794.     Accord- 
ing   to  the  census   of  1851  the  population    was 
72,000  or  thereby,  and  it  is  now  estimated  to  be 
between  80,000  and  90,000.     It  will  be  rather  a 
surprise  to  his  townsmen  (as  to  everybody  else)  to 
see  the  great  painter,  the  late  John  Philip,  men- 
tioned as  "  Philip,  a  native  artist."     On  the  other 
hand,  strangers    wiU  naturally  inquire    who  was 
Bishop   Cheyne,  or  at  least  when  he  flourished. 
The  statement  that  the  Brig  O'Balgownie  is  sup' 
posed  to  have  been  built  by  Bishop  Cheyne  can 
hardly  be  regarded  by  itself  as  a  piece  of  useful  in- 
forniatioa-     The  Market    Cross  of  Aberdeen  was 
removed  to  its  present  position  not  in  1812  but  in 
1842.     At    page    289    we    read     that    Aberdeen 
"owes  much  of  its  beauty  "  to  the  abundance  of 
its  granite.     At  p.  291  it  is  said  the  city  "is  justly 
celebrated  for  the  neatness  and  regularity  of  its 
streets,  but  beyond   these  qualities  it  has  no  par- 
ticular beauty."     And  at  page  292  "the  lover  of 
street   architecture "  is    informed  that   he  "  wiU 
find  much  to  interest  him  in  Aberdeen  "—a  some- 
what loose  and  contradictory  way  of  putting  the 
matter,  to  say  the  least.  The  New  Market  here,  ad- 
mittedly one  of  the  most  remarkable  buildings  of  its 
kind  in  the  kingdom,  is  described  merely  as  "  a  very 
convenient  and  well  built  edifice  of  two  storeys 
300ft.    long   by    100ft.  broad."     However,    this 
being  the  first  edition  of  the  handbook,  which  must 
have    entailed  a    very  gi-eat  amount  of   '  .oour 
considerable  allowance  ought  to  be  mar'',;,  and  we 
look  for  greater  perfection  in    futurf   editions  of 
the  work.     It  strikes  us  as  rather  oad  and  out  of 
place  that  Mr.  Murray  should  give  us  some  sixty 
pages   of  advertisements   of    foreign  hotels  in   a 
handbook  of  Scotland.     This  species  of  informa- 
tion IS  very  useful  and  even  desnable  in  a  work 
of  this  kind,  only  we  fail  to   see   the  appropriate- 
ness of  the  thing  iu  the    present  instance.     The 
introduction,    which   treats   of  the  physical  Geo- 
graphy, geology,  industrial  resources,  antiquiSes 
&c.,  of  Scotland,  is  ably  compiled. 


The  points  chiefly  dwelt  upon  are  climate,  bath- 
ing, mineral  waters,  scenery,  and  recreations,  and 
the  usual  miscellaneous  information  in  which 
tourists  are  supposed  to  stand  in  need  is  not  want- 
ing. A  map  of  each  of  the  three  countries,  with 
engravings  of  Scarborough,  "  the  queen  of  water- 
ing places,"  Hastings,  Chf  ton,  and  of  the  Bridge  of 
Allan,  in  Scotland,  illustrate  the  work.  The  hints 
on  climate,  addressed  chiefly  to  invalids,  and  the 
tables  of  analysis  of  mineral  springs,  are  really 
useful  features  of  the  work,  which  altogether  is 
well  written,  and  appears  to  be  very  carefully  and 
accurately  compiled  as  regards  facts.  The  book  is 
decidedly  cheap  at  half-a-crown,  though  we  might 
suggest  to  the  publishers  that,  suppose  one  wants 
to^  visit  "the  watering  places  of  Scotland"  he 
might  prefer  not  to  be  obliged  to  carry  "  the 
watermg  places  of  England  and  Ireland" 
along  with  him.  Why  not  pubUsh  the  work 
in  three  separate  volumes  ?  The  less  bulk 
and  weight  it  Ls  necessary  for  the  touiist — more 
particularly  the  pedestrian  tourist— to  carry  by 
way  of  luggage  the  better,  as  everybody  knows. 


'iitelligeitce. 


OHTJRCHES  AND  CHAPELS. 

The  church  of  Kirkheaton,  near  Hexham, 
having  undergone  restoration  at  the  hands  of  Mr, 
Bodeley,  architect,  London,    was   re  -    >     ■ 

week. 

Among  the  new  works  in  contemplation  in  the 
Staffordshire  Potteries  is  a  new  Roman  Cathohc 
church,  designed  by  Mr.  E.  W.  Pugin,  and 
estimated  to  cost  £8,000.  It  wiU  be  erected  at 
Longton. 

A  new  Roman  Catholic  church  (St.  Hilda'a)  was 
opened  at  Egton.bridge,  Yorkshire,  on  Tuesday. 
It  is  built  of  stone  from  designs  by  Mr.  Sadfield, 
architect,  SheflSeld,  at  a  cost  of  £2,500.  The  new 
church  will  accommodate  between  600  and  700 
persons.  ' 

The  memorial  stone  of  a  new  English  Calvin- 
istic  chapel  has  been  laid  at  Cardiff.  It  will  be 
m  the  Doric  style,  and  beneath  will  be  two  school- 
rooms, capable  of  accommodating  600  children. 
The  chapel  itself  will  have  three  aisles,  and  three  gal- 
leriss  running  round  the  upper  part  of  the  build, 
ing,  and  accommodation  will  thus  be  provided  for 
700  persons.  The  building  is  not,  as  is  usually 
the  case,  let  out  by  contract,  but  Mr.  David  Jones 
is  appointed  for  its  erection.  The  architects  are 
Messrs.  James  and  Price 


Sunderland.— The  foundation  stone  of  a  new 
chapel  for  the  United  Methodist  Free  Church 
denomination  was  laid  in  Lister-street,  Sunder, 
laud,  this  week.  The  style  is  Gothic,  and  the 
chapel  will  be  of  coloured  brick,  with  stone 
facings.  Accommodation  will  be  provided  for  350 
persons,  and  the  total  cost  is  estimated  at  about 
£600.  Messrs.  Potts  and  Sons  are  the  architects, 
and  Mr.  Walter  Scott  is  the  contractor. 

The  Albert  Memorial  Chapel.  —  Of  the 
monuments  which  have  been  erected  in  memory 
of  his  iate  Royal  Highness  the  Prince  Consort,  few 
will  possess  so  great  an  interest  to  the  public  as 
that  now  in  course  of  completion  above  the  burial- 
place  of  the  principal  monarchs  of  Great  Britain 
at  Windsor  Castle.  Most  visitors  to  the  Palace 
are  familiar  with  Cardinal  Wolseys  Chapel,  a 
building  at  the  east  end  of  St.  George's  Chapel, 
from  which  it  is  separated  by  a  covered  way  lead- 
ing  to  the  cloisters.  It  was  originally  erected  by 
Henry  VII.  as  a  burial-place  for  himself  and  hia 
successors,  but  not  used,  and  Cardinal  Wolsey  ob- 
tained a  grant  of  it  from  Henry  VIII.,  and  he 
began  to  prepare  it  as  a  receptacle  for  his  remains ; 
but  upon  his  dl-igrace  it  again  reverted  to  the 
Crown.  Charles  I.  intended  to  fit  it  up  as  a 
mausoleum,  but  troubles  interposed,  and  after 
James  II.  had  converted  it  into  a  chapel  the 
windows  and  decorations  were  destroyed  iu  a 
popular  commotion  caused  by  the  King  entertain- 
lauus  o£  lur.  ""g  t^ie  Pope's  Nuncio.  Eventually  the  pre5ent 
•opened  last  Royal  cemetery  was  constnicted  beneath  it,  leav- 
ing  the  chapel  itself  empty  and  unoccupied.  It  is 
now  being  converted  into  a  most  interesting 
memorial  of  the  late  Prince  Consort,  and  the  de- 
corations are  being  contributed  by  and  at  the  ex- 
pense of  the  Princes  and  Princes.ses  of  the  Royal 
family.  The  gracefully-formed  roof,  with  its 
beautiful  arched  work,  has  been  coverel  with  a 
magnificent  mosaic  ceiling,  said  to  be  the  finest  in 
Europe  for  its  size.  Around  the  sides  of  the  chapel 
the  plain  glass  windows  have  been  re-filled  with 
stained  glass  depicting  events  in  the  life  of  the 
Prince.  On  the  west  wall  the  panels  are  being 
filled  with  mosaic  pictm-es  of  the  Sovereigns  and 
celebrated^  persons  whose  history  is  intertwined 
with  that^of  Windsor.  ^Vhen  finished  (thirteen 
are  already  up),  the  scenes  will  comprise  portraits 
of  Henry  III.,  Edward  III,,  Edward  IV..  Henry 
VII.,  Jane  Seymour,  Earl  of  Lincoln,  Duke  of 
Suffolk,  Henry  VI.,  Henry  VIII.,  Charles  L, 
George  III.,  James  II.,  Lord  Hastings,  Marquis  of 
Worcester,  Archbishop  Bembridge,  M.  A.  de 
Dominis,  Matthew  Wren,  Bruno  Ryves,  Beau- 
champ,      Wykeham,     Wolsey,     Dean     Unswick, 


The  first  and  second   contracts,  which    include    Bishop  Turner,  Bishop  Robinson,  Bishop  Douglas, 
the  repairs  of  .all  the  lower  portions  of  St.  Mary's    -Archbishop  Sutton,  and   oihers.      Baron  Triquiti 

<-.]        u    A_i.-i ,  ...    ^^^    is  to  cover  the  walls  beneath  the  windows   with 

marble  inlaid    work,    the    subjects   being    of   a 
scriptural  character.      Four  of   these  large  panels 


Church,  Aylesbury,  are  now  nearly  completed,  iuc 
churchwardens  and  the  committee  have  received, 
or   had   promises  suflicient,  amounting   to   about 


Where  Shall  We  Go  ?  A  Guide  to  the  Watering 
Places  of  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland. 
Edinburgh  :  A.  and  C.  Black. 
In  noticing  the  fourth  edition  of  this  popular 
guide  book  it  will  only  be  necessary  to  remark  that 
every  sea  and  inland  watering  place  of  any  im- 
portance is  briefly  described  in  alphabetical  order 


£700  to  warrant  them  in  going  on  with  the  resto 
ration  of  the  tower  and  spire,  and  a  contract  is 
being  entered  into.  The  tower,  Uke  the  other 
p.arts,  will  be  faced  with  stone,  the  spire  and  clock 
tower  will  be  leaded,  and  the  battlements  of  the 
main  and  clock  tower  will  assume  a  more  archi- 
tectural character,  according  to  the  plana  of  Mr. 
Gilbert  Scott. 

Bristol— The  tender  of  Mr.  James  P.  Stephens, 
of  York-street,  St.  Paul's,  has  been  accepted  for 
the  erection  of  the  large  school-room  and  class- 
rooms,  for  the  use  of  the  Congregationalist  body 
now  worshipping  in  the  temporary  chapel.  Pen- 
ny well-road.  The  cost  of  the  school- room  and 
class-room  is  to  be  £1,200  (including  fittings). 
The  architect  is  Mr.  Hans  Price,  of  Weston-super- 
Mare. 

CowLET  Bridge.— The  foundation  stone  of  the 
new  chapel-of-ease  was  laid  here  on  Wednesday. 
The  style  of  the  chapel  will  be  Decorated  Gothic, 
with  nave,  chancel,  and  vestry.  The  walls  will  be 
of  Westleigh  stone,  with  Ham  Hill  and  Bath  stone 
dressings.  There  will  be  accommodation  for  150 
persons,  and  the  total  cost  will  be  £1,200.  Mr. 
Hawkins,  of  London,  is  the  architect,  and  Mr.  E. 
P.  White,  of  Pimlico,  the  builder. 

Llanbadam    Fawr,  close   to  Abertstwith. 

This  noble  old  church,  formerly  a  cathedral,  is 
about  to  be  restored.  The  work  has  been,  we  are 
glad  to  learn,  placed  in  the  hands  of  Mr.  Seddon, 
as  architect,  at  the  proposal  of  Col.  Pryse,  M.P. 
The  names  of  six  architects  were  discussed  by  the 
committee,  when  Mr.  Seddon  obtamed  the  greatest 
number  of  votes.  The  Aberystwith  University 
College  is  also  in  progress  under  the  same  archi- 
tect, and  the  great  tower  of  the  building  will  soon 
be  finished  to  the  cornice  line.  Estimates  for  the 
entire  completion  of  the  e.xterior  of  the  north  I 
wing  are  in  course  of  preparation.  | 


are  at  the  present  moment  being  exhibited,  by 
permission  of  her  Majesty  the  Queen,  in  the  Paris 
Exhibition.  The  panel  contributed  by  his  Royal 
Highness  Prince  Leopold  has  for  its  subject 
David  and  Saul ;  that  by  Princess  Louise,  a  scene 
from  the  life  of  Moses ;  on  the  panel  given  by 
Prince  Arthur,  David  is  shown  with  his  harp, 
while  Princess  Beatrice  has  presented  a  picture  of 
Nathaniel.  Above  each  panel  is  a  medallion  por- 
trait of  the  contributing  Prince  or  Princess, 
sculptured  in  white  marnle.  There  are  appro- 
priate inscriptions  attached  to  each  panel.  These 
works  of  art,  upon  the  closing  of  the  Exhibition, 
wiU  be  placed  upon  the  walls  of  the  chapel. 
buildings. 
New  National  Schools  are  about  to  be  erected 
at  Smallthome,  Staflordshire. 

Mr.  Alfred  Barlow  has  obtained  the  contract  for 
alterations  and  improvements  at  Brampton  Tree 
House,  Newcastle,  Stafford.5hire,  the  residence  of 
Mr.  H.  Coghill.  The  cost  of  the  work  will 
be  £2,000. 

The  premium  offered  by  the  AVest  End  Park 
Company,  Harrogate,  for  a  plan  of  their  estate  laid 
out  in  building  sites  for  villas  and  terraces,  brought 
together,  we  hear,  some  very  excellent  designs. 
The  comp.any  had  considerable  difficulty  in  decid- 
ing, but  eventually  awarded  the  premium  to  Mr. 
J.  H.  Hirst,  F.R.I.B.A.,  architect,  Bristol. 

The  new  MiUwall  Docks  have  now  so  nearly 
approached  completion  that  it  is  expected  they 
will  be  ready  for  the  admission  of  water  by  the 
end  of  the  present  week,  and  shortly  after  for  the 
reception  of  vessels.  The  total  area  of  the  land 
purchased  by  the  MUlwall  Dock  Company  is  204 
acres ;  42  acres  will  be  the  .aiea  of  the  water  in 
the  docks,  so  that  152  will  be  avaU.able  for  wharves 
and  warehouses.  The  portions  of  the  work  already 
constructed  have  a  water  area  of  something  mora 


August  30,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


603 


than  33  acres,  and  present  about  2,600  yards  of 
wharf  frontage.  The  magnificent  graving  dock, 
which  U  also  included  in  the  work  comideted,  is 
413lt.  long,  and  has  an  entrance  65ft.  in  wiilth. 
The  docks  are  situated  to  the  south  of  the  West 
India  system,  and  will,  when  completed,  be  of  a  T 
form  in  plan.  The  lock  gates  are  each  i'iit.  wide 
by  31ft.  high,  andditi'er  in  the  details  of  their  con- 
struction from  any  that  have  hitherto  been 
erected  in  England.  They  are  "  box"  gaies,  but 
instead  of  its  being  attempted  to  make  the  "  box  " 
formed  by  each  leaf  water-tight,  as  is  usually 
done,  the  river  side  of  each  gate  is  perforated,  so 
that  the  water  flows  freely  into  or  out  of  the 
"  box."  On  each  side  of  the  river  entrance  is 
being  erected  a  capstan  to  be  worked  by  liy<lraulic 
power,  and  capable  of  exerting  on  a  hawser  a  pull 
of  five  tons  at  the  rate  of  Soft,  per  second.  Two 
smaller  hydraulic  capstans,  each  capable  of  exert- 
ing a  pull  of  three  tons  at  the  rate  of  SOft.  per 
minute,  are  also  being  erected  near  the  end  of  the 
inner  entrance  lock.  The  water  by  which  it  will 
be  worked  will  be  supplied  at  a  pressure  of  7001b. 
per  square  inch  by  a  pair  of  horizontal  engines 
placed  in  an  engine-house  near  the  graving  dock. 

New  schools  are  being  erected  at  Tyne  Dock, 
Newcastle,  at  a  cost  of  £2,500.  The  plans  have 
been  prepared  by  Mr.  Prosser,  architect  to  the 
North-Eastern  Railway  Company. 

New  York. — American  papers  tells  us  that 
'*the  building  mania  is  on  the  full  nni"  there. 
Union-square  is  nearly  transformed.  TheMaison 
Doree  is  disembowelled.  Above  the  square,  blocks 
of  handsome  stores  rise  from  the  dchris  of  mean- 
looking  places.  Tamm,any  Hall  is  being  changed 
into  a  newspaper-office.  Narrow  Church- street 
IB  almost  converted  into  wholesale  stores.  Away 
up  the  Third  Avenue  high  and  massive  blocks  rise 
like  elephants  from  green  pastures.  Stewart's 
big  house  looms  on  the  soft,  still  atmosphere  of 
Fifth  Avenue  like  a  giant  of  selfish  vanity,  glisten- 
ing with  the  tears  of  unremunerated  humanity. 

ToTLET. — On  Wednesday  week  the  corner  stone 
ol  the  Cherrytree  Orphanage  at  Brook  Hall,  Tot- 
ley,  near  Sheffield,  was  laid  by  the  mayor.  The 
building  Ls  entirely  of  blue  stone  from  the  Twenty- 
well-aick  quarries,  the  walling  being  rock-faced 
courses,  and  the  dressings  tooled.  The  architec- 
tural arrangements  are  adapted  to  the  purposes  cf 
the  building,  there  being  a  spacious  schoolroom,  a 
dining-room,  nursery,  kitchens,  dormitories,  store 
looms,  teachers'  sitting  and  bedrooms,  &c.  Messrs. 
C.  J.  Innocent  and  Brown,  of  Sheffield,  are  the 
architects,  and  the  contract,  which  is  for  £1,630, 
has  been  taken  by  Messrs.  T.  and  W.  Nelson,  of 
Wadaley  Bridge. 


TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 

To  Our  Headers. — We  shall  feel  obliged  to  any  of  our 
njaders  who  will  £ivour  us  with  brief  notes  of  works  cou- 
templated  or  in  progress  in  the  provinces. 

Ivetters  relating  to  advertisements  and  the  ordijiary  bxisi- 
ness  of  the  paper  should  be  addressed  to  the  Editor,  160, 
Fleet-atreet.  Advertisements  for  the  cxurent  week  must 
reach  the  ofl&ce  before  5  o'clock  p.m.  on  Thursday. 

Notice.— The  BUILDING  NEWS  inserts  advertise- 
ments for  "  SITOATIOXS  WANTED,"  ic,  at  ONE 
BHLLIIKG  for  the  first  Twenty- four  Words. 


Received.— Jlessrs.  P.— R.  D.  and  Co. — J.  A,  H.— 
B.  J.  F.— F.  C— H.  H.  v.— J.  E.— J.  G  — G.  H.  H.— J.  N. 
-^.  H.— W.  W.— Rev.  J.  S.— A.  H.  H— A.  P.— A.  W.  H. 

A.  D.,  Coventrj-. — We  can,  give  no  information  on  the 
s^abject.    Consult  some  local  connoisseur. 

J.  B.,  Alton.— Your  question  on  photographic  apparatus 
i«  scarcely  in  our  way. 


Comsponkiue. 


POPLAK  NEW  OFFICES  COMPETITION. 
To  the  Editor  of  the  Buildixq  News. 
SiK, — "  '  Octagon  '  looks  more  like  a  number  of 
private  dwellings  than  a  public  office,  and  some  of 
the  details  are  absolutely  hideous."  I  must 
strongly  protest  against  the  above  remarks  of 
"Delta"  ;  and,  as  for  nearly  twenty-five  years  I 
have  been  actively  employed  in  the  practice  of  my 
profession,  and  on  some  of  the  largest  works  of 
modem  times,  I  may  perhaps  not  be  thought 
unworthy  of  a  voice  in  the  matter.  Seeing  so 
much  commotion  in  the  professional  papers  with 
reference  to  this  competition,  I  felt  some  curi- 
osity to  see  the  "  exhibition,"  and,  having  done 
so,  I  can  conscientiously  assert  that  the  only 
real  design  in  the  room  is  that  against  which  the 
remarks  of  "Delta"  were  levelled,  and  I  am  at  a 


loss  to  understand  how  he  could  have  fallen  into 
such  an  error,  for,  during  a  lengthened  and  care 
ful  examination,  I  w;v.s  quite  unable  to  discover  a 
single  feature  which  would  support  his  views  ;  on 
the  contrary,  I  was  agreeably  surprised  to  find  in 
"  Octagon  "  a  most  excellent  and  well-projiortioneil 
work,  a  highly  efl'ective  skyline,  capital  jilay  of 
light  and  shade,  enrichment  sparing  but  well 
placed  and  good,  and  the  details  most  etlective, 
original,  and  jiiquant,  the  whole  evidently  the 
production  of  a  man  of  ability  and  experience. 
I  beg  to  add  that  I  am  quite  unacquainted  not 
only  with  "Octagon"  but  with  any  of  the  com- 
petitors  or  members  of  the  Board,  even  by  name, 
and  that  my  sole  object  in  this  communication  is 
to  endeavour  to  prevent  so  gross  an  act  of  injustice 
being  perpetrated  as  confounding  a  real  and  excel- 
lent work  with  the  mass  of  rubbish  by  which  it  is 
surrounded.  I  shall  feel  obliged  by  an  early 
insertion  of  this  letter. 

I  beg  to  inclose  my  card,  not,  however,  for  jmb- 
lication. — 1  am,  &c.,  V. 

Spring-gardens,  W.,  August  26. 


THE    INSTITUTION    OF    CIVIL 
ENGINEERS. 

SlE, — Some  weeks  back  you  published  an  ex- 
tract from  the  rules  of  the  Institution  of  Civil 
Engineers  respecting  the  admission  of  a  new  class 
of  students  to  the  Institute.  This  is,  no  doubt,  a 
step  in  the  right  direction,  but  there  remains  still 
much  to  be  done  if  they  are  anxious  to  make  the 
Institute  a  national  aflair,  and  prevent  other  en- 
gineering societies  springing  up  and  being  incor- 
porated. The  Institute  hxs  been  very  exclusive 
hitherto,  and  the  consequence  is  they  have  not  a 
twentieth  part  of  the  profession  as  members.  For 
instance,  one  of  their  rules  that  every  applicant  for 
admission  must  have  passed  through  a  regular 
course  of  pupilage  with  an  engineer,  keeps  out  a 
very  large  portion  of  the  profession,  because  how- 
ever talented  a  man  may  be,  and  although  he  may 
have  for  years  held  the  position  of  engineer  to 
some  public  board,  committee,  or  corporation,  yet 
the  only  way  he  could  join  would  be  as  an  "asso- 
ciate," a  class  composed  of  mathematicians,  che- 
mists, and  tradesmen  of  various  classes  connected 
with  engineering.  Of  course  this  is  not  a  position 
that  a  man  with  talents  perhaps  superior  to  many 
of  the  "  members  "  would  like  to  be  placed  in.  I 
think  to  these  circumstances  may  be  attributed 
the  rise  and  progress  of  the  new  Society  of  En- 
gineers, which  has  lately  applied  to  Government 
for  a  charter  of  incorporation,  and  which  appli- 
cation the  Institute  of  CivQ  Engineers  has  been 
opposing  with  all  its  strength.  This  seems  a  good 
deal  like  the  old  fable  of  the  dog  in  the  manger. 
If  the  Institute  wishes  to  prevent  new  societies 
springing  up,  why  do  not  they  frame  their  rules 
to  meet  the  wants  of  the  profession  ?  If  you  were 
to  draw  attention  to  this  in  your  valuable  paper  it 
might  lead  to  some  rules  being  formed  to  prevent 
the  profession  being  split  up  into  small  societies, 
as  I  have  no  doubt  that  most  of  the  members  of 
the  Society  of  Engineers  would  join  the  Institute 
if  they  were  permitted  to  do  so. — I  am,  &.C., 

ESGIXBER. 


TO  FIND    THE   CIRCUMFERENCE  OF  A 
CIRCLE  GEOMETRICALLY. 

SiK, — One  of  the  first  results  derived  from  the 
model  of  my  "  trigonometer  "  for  taking  heights 
and  distances  in  English  and  foreign  measures,  is 
the  accidental  discovery  of  a  geometrical  figure  by 
which  the  circumference  of  a  circle  may  be 
readily  obtained,  and  may  be  briefly  described 
either  with  or  without  a  diagram  : — 


Construct  an  internal  square  to  the  circle,  to 
three  of  the  sides  of  which  add  the  length  of  one 
diagonal.  The  result,  phis  one-sixteenth  of  an 
inch  to  the  foot,  equals  the  circumference  of  the 
circle.  As  this  subject  may  be  interesting  to 
some  of  your  readers,  the  insertion  in  the  columns 
of  your  journal  will  oblige. — I  am,  &c., 

Southampton.  Geo.  Guillaume. 


PROPORTION  OF  ROOMS  AND  RE- 
SONANCE. 

SiK, — A  query  in  the  "Intercommunication," 
"  Can  anyone  explain  the  phenomenon  of '  reci- 
procated vibration,'  "  really  suggests  the  only  prac- 
tical reason,  but  one  given  by  no  architects,  for 
their  traditional  proportions  of  rooms.  All  re- 
sonance is,  certainly,  "  reciprocated  vibration," 
nor  do  I  see  how  a  more  clear  or  explanatory  term 
for  it  can  be  needed.  It  is  well  known  that 
feeble  impulses  will,  if  rightly  timed  and  repeated 
times  enough,  set  great  massess  in  full  oscilla- 
tion, and  increase  it  a  I'oulrance.  A  suspension 
bridge  over  which  some  companies  of  soldiers,  not 
marching  in  order,  had  just  passed,  was  broken 
down  by  a  lighter  comp-tny  following  \vith  a 
baud  playing,  whose  master  unconsciously  re- 
gulated his  time,  and  hence  the  step  of  the  whole 
company,  by  the  bridge's  natural  vii'rations.  The 
late  I'rotessor  Cowpor,  after  making  Hammersmith 
Bridge  oscillate  with  his  arm,  expressed  a  belief, 
that  by  continuing  his  efforts,  he  alone  might  have 
brought  that  structure  down.  We  need  not, 
surely,  wonder,  if  two  watches  whose  rates  when 
apart  ditfer,  say,  by  one  second  per  hour,  are 
placed  on  one  table,  as  described  by  the  querist, 
and  the  fast  one's  pulsations,  communicated 
through  the  wood,  have  power  to  hasten  each  beat 
of  the  slower  watch  by  a  7,200th  part,  while  its 
own  beats  are  each  retarded  to  a  like  amount. 
This  requires  very  slight  force,  but  this  effect  I 
should  not  class  under  either  "  resonance  or  re- 
ciprocated \-ibration."  For  a  case  of  tliis  latter, 
if  a  large  balance  clock  and  a  small  pendulum 
one  be  regulated  very  accurately  aUke,  and  the 
small  one  wound  up,  but  not  set  going,  it  is  well 
known  the  large  powerful  clock  will,  at  a  con- 
sider,able  distance  through  woodwork,  if  not  a  wall, 
gradually  swing  its  pendulum  and  set  it  going. 

If  the  vibrations  are  more  numerous  and  quick, 
the  air  is  a  sufficient  communicator.  Proceeding 
from  these  cases  of  1,  2,  or  4  beats  per  second,  to 
20  or  50,  most  of  us  have  heard  a  loose  pane  in  a 
church  window  respond  to  that  particular  organ 
pipe  that  is  in  unison  with  it,  or,  rather,  that 
makes  2,  3,  or  4  vibrations  to  its  one ;  for  the  glass 
is  only  noticed  by  its  rattling,  that  is,  making 
certainly  fewer  than  the  16  per  second  that  the 
very  deepest  organ-pipe  (pecuhar  to  a  few  of  the 
largest  instruments)  makes.  Ascending,  now, 
from  tens  of  vibrations  per  second  to  hundreds, 
Mr.  Tomlinson,  of  King's  College,  describes  the  best 
mode  of  finding  a  set  of  harmonica  or  "  musical 
glasses,"  to  be  this; — You  go  into  a  glass  ware- 
house with  a  flute,  and  some  50  little  httle  semi- 
circles of  wire  or  card,  the  size  of  the  top  of  this 
letter  f|.  which  you  place  astride  on  the  rims  of  as 
many  goblets.  Then  sound  any  note  strongly  on  the 
flute,  and  the  glass  in  unison  declares  its  presence 
by  throwing  off  its  little  hook.  Those  glasses 
that  give  the  harmonics  to  the  flute  note — espe- 
cially the  octaves  above  and  below  it  (that  is, 
which  makes  2  vibrations  to  its  1,  and  1  to  its 
2) — also  reciprocate  audibly,  but  never  palpably 
enough  to  unhorse  their  riders. 

"  Reciprocated  vibration,"  however,  is  the  very 
root  of  the  latest  progress  in  physics,  the  prism 
an.alysis,  the  facts  of  which  (though  the  thing  it- 
self were  easUy  foreseen  at  least  thirty  years  ago), 
are  so  perfectly  marvellous,  extending  this 
phenomenon,  as  they  do,  to  the  very  hmits  at  once 
of  the  inconceivably  vast  and  minute,  that  the 
subject  is  brought  from  a  sort  of  bye-way  of 
science  into  its  very  foreground.  There  can  now 
be  no  shadow  of  doubt  that  the  very  chemical 
molecules  are  all,  as  bells  or  musical  instrument.-^, 
attuned  each  to  its  note  or  pitch,  or,  more  com- 
monly, its  dozen  or  hundred  exact  pitches  or 
rates  of  pulsation,  so  as  to  be  moved  by  the  waves 
of  those  particular  piitches,  in  the  universal  star- 
reaching  fluid,  and  not  by  any  of  its  ot'ner  waves  ; 
the  particles  of  sodium,  for  instance,  by  either 
43,185  or  43,209  pulses  in  the  time  of  light's 
travelling  an  inch,  but  not  by  intermediate 
numbers,  say,  43,190  or  43,200,  nor  by  any  rate  of 
vibration  above  or  below  these — that  is,  by  none 
slower  than,  say,  509,000,000,000,000  (509 
billions)  per  second,  nor  any  faster  than 
509,250,000,000,000— (the  two  rates  being  sepa- 
rated by  about  a  quarter  billion,  though  we  can- 
not define  each  to  within  even  10  or  20  billions 
in  these  time  measures  so  surely  as  we  can  the 
above  space  measures  to  a  singie  unit).  .Ajid  so 
again  with  the  particles  of  hydrogen ;  of  iron, 
which  can  vibrate  to  some  hundred  definite  rates, 
but  none  between  ;  of  thallium,  which  appear  to 
have  but  one  rate,  and  so  forth.  Not  that  one 
can  see,  hear,  or  test  by  thermometers  the  atoms 
thus  set   vibrating    (that  is,    heated),    but   that 


604 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


AtTGUST  30,  1867. 


nature  yields,  iu  every  mere  transparent  wedge, 
an  instrument  that  will  explore  the  inventory  of 
a  sun  ray — nay,  a  star  ray — and  detect  it  to  have 
been  robbed  of  just  the  vibrations  of  this  or  that, 
pitch,  by  the  atoms  of  this  or  that — of  sodium  or 
of  vaporous  iron — whether  here  in  a  lamp  flame, 
or  ninety  million  miles  back,  at  the  starting  of  the 
waves  eight  minutes  ago  from  the  sun,  or  unknown 
billions  further  back,  at  their  starting  un- 
known years  ago  from  the  star  or  nebula.  And 
when  that  rarest  sight  of  the  centuries,  a  tempo 
rary  star,  is  seen  away  in  the  unfathomable, 
distant  by  years  of  lightning.flight,  as  that  whose 
waves  reached  us  one  week  last  year,  Messrs. 
Huggins  and  Miller  are  thus  able  to  see,  not 
merely  that  it  had  been  a  conflagration  that  started 
the  waves — not  merely  a  world  burnt — but  a 
world  of  what  ?  Of  hydrogen,  of  just  that  gas 
chiefly  ! 

All  this  by  "reciprocated  vibration."  And 
before  returning  to  resonance,  it  suggests  another 
thing  or  two  strangely  overlooked.  The  octaves 
of  our  music  range  up  from  tens  of  vibrations  per 
second  to  a  thousand  or  two ;  but  iu  passing 
thence  to  vibrations  of  light  {i.e.,  those  wc  see  by), 
the  step  is  at  once,  as  above  said,  to  hundreds  of 
billions,  our  whole  scale  of  colours  lying  between 
the  400  billion  and  the  800  billion— that  is, 
within  one  octave — and  that  one,  as  Sir  J. 
Herschel  has  remarked,  "  about  forty-two  octaves 
above  the  middle  notes  of  the  piano."  Now,  as 
plenty  of  other  light  is  produced,  observe — but 
we  "  humans"  are  only  capable  of  seeing  by  that 
of  the  said  forty-second  octave — how  perfectly  con- 
ceivable is  it  (not  to  say  probable)  that  ever  so 
near  a  neighbour,  the  dog  or  the  cat,  may  see 
only  by  rays  of  the  forty- first  octave,  or  of  the 
f  orty-third — those  known  to  our  men  of  science  as 
**  dark  heat"  or  "  dark  actinism."  Nay,  why 
should  not  those  of  the  thirtieth  or  fiftieth 
octave,  which  none  can  prove  not  to  exist,  be  the 
only  liyhtsome  or  most  optic  nerves  are  made  to  see 
by  ?  In  fact,  it  is  pure  assumption  to  suppose  of 
any  non-human  eyes,  that  they  see  by  any  of  the 
rays  which  are  light  to  us,  or  we  see  by  any  that 
are  light  to  them. 

Another  point  shown  by  these  high  numbers  is 
that  we  need  not  marvel  at  the  "  instantaneous- 
ness"  of  any  photography.  For  even  in  a 
hundredth  of  a  second,  if  any  effect  on  ponderable 
chemicals  have  been  produced,  which  I  doubt,  in 
that  short  time,  their  particles  will  only  have 
yielded  to  the  accumulated  shock  of  billions  of 
accurately  timed  impulses — in  fact,  more  waves 
than  have  broken  on  a  sea  cliff  since  Adam's 
time  ! 

Having  answered  the  querist  about  "recipro- 
cated vibration,"  returning  to  its  grosser  variety, 
then,  as  the  medium  conveying  the  pulses  need 
not  be  solid,  so  may  the  resonant  body  be  only  a 
mass  of  air  somewhat  enclosed,  whose  note 
depends  on  the  time  a  sound  wave  takes  to  tra- 
verse its  length,  breadth,  or  depth  ;  and,  in  fact, 
every  organ  pipe  and  every  whistle  is  only  made  to 
enclose  a  column  of  air  fur  this  purpose.  Again, 
the  mass  of  air  between  two  parallel  walls  will 
yield  its  proper  note,  however  unmusical  the  ex- 
citing sound  or  noise  may  be  ;  for  it  is  merely  a 
case  of  echoing  to  and  fro,  by  the  two  walls,  as 
many  times  in  a  second  as  their  distance  is  con- 
tained in  thel,OoOft.  or  1,100ft.  (the  exact  num- 
ber depends  on  the  state  of  the  weather)  that 
sound  travels  per  second.  Hence,  when  walls  are 
parallel,  and  nearer  than  some  64ft.  (which  is 
twice  the  greatest  organ-pipe  length),  the  echoes, 
recurring  more  than  sixteen  times  a  second,  form 
a  musical  resonance  :  and  thus  a  room  has  com- 
monly two  notes  depending  on  its  length  and 
breadth.  Sometimes  a  flat  ceiled  one  may  have  a 
third,  dependent  on  the  height,  when  empty,  but 
either  carpets  or  occupants  will  prevent  resonance 
between  ceiling  and  floor.  If  the  length  and 
breadth  are  in  any  harmonic  ratio,  especially  that 
of  2  to  1,  the  two  notes  will  reinforce  each 
other,  as  also  in  a  square  room.  But  if  they  are 
in  such  ratios  as  3  or  4  to  7,  4  or  5  to  9,  &c., 
and  especially  any  surd  ratio,  as  V^2  to  1  (which 
is  among  those  recommended  by  Palladio),  the 
resonance  will  either  be  a  discord,  or  destroyed  en- 
tirely. Whether  this  latter  effect  has  been  evsr 
aimed  at  I  know  not.  But,  you  see,  the  ancients, 
or  Vitruvius,  their  reporter,  have  been  needlessly 
ridiculed  for  connecting  their  rules  about  propor- 
tioning rooms  with  the  lengths  that  strings  had 
which  gave  harmonizing  notes.  If  they  wanted 
resonance,  there  was  no  other  way  of  promoting  it 
in  rooms ;  and  this  was  the  sole  practical  reason  I 
can  see  for  preferring  one  proportion  to  another. 
Moreover,  did  not  a  "surd"  ratio  mean  originally 


that  of  two  strings  deaf  to  each  other,  or  which, 
in  building,  tended  to  make  deaf,  non-resonant 
rooms? — Iam,&c.,  E.  L.  G. 

P.S. — An  inquiry  was  made  shortly  before  this 
about  "  resonance,"  respecting  the  analogous  phe- 
nomenon with  light,  namely,  "iridescence"  ("  In- 
tercommunication" [401],  May  31.).  When  it  is 
known  that  light,  no  less  than  sound,  consists  of 
vibration,  it  will  be  readily  conceived  that  the  re- 
lation of  musical  sounds  to  mere  noises  is  the 
same  as  that  of  rainbow  colours  to  those  of 
clouds,  earths,  or  common  objects.  The  more 
equal-timed  the  pulses  of  the  vibration,  the  more 
musical  and  "  clear "  is  the  note,  or  the  more 
"clear"  and  rainbow-like  the  tint  of  light.  Now, 
in  resonance  from  walls,  any  noise  gives  rise  to  a 
musical  echo,  and  similarly,  in  iridescence,  ordi- 
nary colourless  light  is  reflected  coloured.  In 
both  cases  the  reflected  pulsations  or  waves 
become  equal-timed.  This  happens  with  sound 
when  there  are  two  reflecting  walls  as  near 
together  as  the  wave-breadth  of  some  musical 
note.  So  it  happens  with  light  when  there  are 
two  reflecting  surfaces  distant  by  only  one  or 
a  very  few  wave-breadths  of  some  kind  of  light. 
This  is  the  case  with  the  two  surfaces  of  a  very 
thin  soap  bubble,  or  those  of  the  films  formed  on 
the  glass  of  old  stable  windows  (which  I  would  re- 
commend to  the  querist's  notice  in  his  decorative 
experiments).  As  a  room  whose  smallest  dimen- 
sion exceeds  30ft.  or  40ft.  gives  no  musical  note  like 
smaller  rooms,  but  only  echoes,  so  you  can  get  no 
iridescence  (in  orcUnary  light)  from  films  of  mat- 
ter thicker  than  two  or  three  wave,',  breadths 
of  light,  that  is,  about  a  twenty-thousandth  of  an 
inch.  But  the  correspondent  who  answered 
"Grainer"  (June  14)  refers  to  another  kind 
of  iridescence,  that  of  mother-of-pearl,  arising,  as 
Sir  David  Brewster  discovered,  from  parallel 
grooves  on  its  surface,  some  thousands  in  an  inch. 
He  should  have  added  that  casts  of  the  surface  iu 
wax,  having  the  same  grooves,  exhibit  the  colours. 
These  grooves  exist  only  on  a  ground  or  sawn  sur- 
face of  the  shell,  as  they  are  the  edges  of 
the  alternate  hard  and  soft  layers  cut  through  ; 
but  the  shell's  natural  face,  being  (like  that  of 
a  pearl)  all  of  one  layer,  usually  reflects  no  colours. 
Now,  in  sound,  we  shall  find  a  kind  of  resonance 
also  when  a  noise  is  reflected  from  a  great  series 
of  equidistant  parallel  bodies,  as  square  piers, 
posts,  or  iron  railings,  and  the  note  may  be  calcu- 
lated from  the  number  of  them  in  550ft.,  the  dis- 
tance  a  sound  wave  can  go  and  return  in  a  second. 
Such  are  the  analogies  arising  from  the  marvel- 
lous mechanism  of  the  universe,  iu  which  vibra- 
tion plays  so  constant  a  part,  though  the  air 
waves  carrying  sound  and  the  ether  waves  consti- 
tuting hght  are  of  widely  different  nature,  the 
former  being  alternate  compressions  and  dilata 
tions  of  air,  but  the  latter  involving  probably  no 
motion  of  any  ether  particles  out  of  their  places, 
only  a  wagging  of  each  on  its  own  centre  ;  and 
though  the  waves  of  light  occupy  each  between  a 
thirty-thousandth  and  a  sixty-thousandth  of  an 
inch,  but  those  of  sound  from  3in.  to  30ft.  each ; 
and  the  former  travel  in  a  second  three-  quarters  of 
the  way  to  the  moon,  but  the  latter  barely  across 
the  Thames  at  Blackfriars. — E.  L.  G. 


AEBITRATIONS. 

SiK, — Every  year  boards  of  health  and  railway 
companies  take  from  individual  owners  an  immense 
amount  of  property,  the  value  of  which  is  assessed 
by  juries,  or,  more  silently,  in  what  may  be 
called  private  courts  of  arbitration.  The  com- 
parative absence  of  the  last-named  tribunals 
from  public  observation  leads  in  some  instances 
to  strange  inconsistencies  in  practice.  For 
instance,  on  the  15th  instant,  an  assesor  and  a 
jury  of  Liverpool  awarded  £18,500  for  a  property 
in  Church' street,  in  that  town,  producing  an 
aggregate  rental  of  £608,  and  occupying  an  area 
of  380  square  yards.  Nearly  at  the  same  hour, 
Mr.  Henry  A.  Hunt,  who  had  been  presiding  as 
umpire  in  a  court  of  arbitration  iu  Nottingham, 
awarded  £4,751  in  payment  for  a  property,  the 
area  of  which  is  940  square  yards,  with  214  square 
yards  of  roadway  additional,  and  the  nett  rental 
of  which,  according  to  the  evidence  of  the  local 
board,  was  £233  193.  per  annum.  Thus  whilst 
the  Liverpool  owner  obtains  from  a  jury  274 
years'  purchase  and  the  customary  10  per  cent, 
for  his  property,  I,  as  the  owner  of  the  last-named 
estate,  only  obtain  18^  years'  purchase  and  the 
conventional  10  per  cent., — that  is,  on  a  rental 
assumed  by  the  corporation  witnesses,  whilst  on  a 
fair  average  of  my  past  rental  it  is  considerably 
under  18  years'  purchase.     The  relative    condi- 


tions of  the  two  properties  are  very  similar,  in 
each  case  the  buildings  on  the  site  being  unworthy 
the  value  of  the  situation,  and  open  by  moderate 
outlay  to  prospective  improvement.  For  my 
estate,  which  Mr.  Hunt  has  given  over  to  the 
local  board  of  health  for  £4,751,  I  have  never 
intended  to  take  less  than  £8,000.  To  my  great 
annoyance  and  surprise,  I  am  debarred  from  ap- 
pealing to  another  tribunal,  save  that  of  public 
opinion.  Even  taking  rental  as  a  criterion  of  value, 
we  in  Nottingham  have  never  yet  had  an  award 
equal  to  less  than  22  years'  rental — sometimes 
over  30  years. 

This  is  a  very  important  question,  not  only  for 
owners  but  for  arbitrators  and  surveyors  generally. 
Let  them  look  to  it. — I  am.  Sir,  &c., 

Richard  Mercer. 

Nottingham,  Aug.  28. 


PILLAR    LETTER   BOXES. 

Sir, — Your  number  of  February  2,  1866, 
contains  a  letter  of  mine,  in  which  complaint  is 
made  of  the  unsafe  state  of  pillar  letter  boxes,  ia 
consequence  of  letters  adhering  to  the  shoot  in 
wet  weather.  It  will  be  interesting  to  learn  that 
since  that  time  the  pillar  letter  boxes  erected  in 
various  parts  of  the  metropolis  have  been  made 
on  a  principle  which  entirely  removes  the  former 
fault.  The  simple,  and,  at  the  same  time,  effectual 
plan  by  which  this  has  been  accomplished,  is  by 
fluting  vertically  the  surface  of  the  shoot.  Hence 
it  will  be  seen  that  the  letters  cannot  adhere, 
because  on  their  passage  the  sharp  edges  of  the 
fluted  surface  are  alone  presented  to  them. — 
I  am,  &c.  R.  L.  B. 

August  21. 


MAXCHESTER  TOWNHALL  COMPETITION. 
Sir, — In  your  last,  publication  you  comment  very  pro- 
perly on  the  prospect  of  fair  dealing  iu  the  above  competi- 
tion, in  which  remarks  every  competitor  and  the  whole 
profession  must  heartily  coincide.  That  the  resiilt  will  be 
most  satisfjictory,  there  is  no  reason  to  doubt.  The  cor- 
poration have  already  gained  the  complete  confidence  of 
competing  architects.  I  am  surprised,  therefore,  that  you 
should  ha^e  thought  fit  to  give  the  names  of  any  of  the 
gentlemen  who  have  sent  in  designs.  In  one  breath  you 
exhort  the  Manchester  corporation  to  deal  honourably  ;  iu 
another,  you  do  violence  to  your  own  sensible  expressions, 
in  publishing  information,  which  it  is  unjust  they  should 
have,  I  take  the  liberty  of  writing  to  say  competitors  are 
complaining  about  the  unfairness  of  so  doing.  I  could 
myself  send  a  tolerable  list  of  names  and  mottoes,  but  it 
would  be  manifestly  wrong  to  print  such  information. 
Though  you  only  supply  names,  it  will  be  easy  for  the  pro- 
fessional advisers  of  the  corporation  to  spot  the  drawings 
of  the  architects  whose  names  you  give.  Mr.  Scott's  name 
is  likely  to  mislead,  I  have  reiison  to  believe  it  is  not  Mr. 
Geo.  Gilbert  Scott;  many  wiUtliink  so. — I  am,  &c., 

A  NoX-COMPETITOR. 


Intertoimiuimcatioii. 


QUESTIONS. 
[554.]— POLISHING  TORTOISE-SHELLS.— I   liave   a 
very  fine  tortoise-shell,  and  wish  to  polish  it.     Could  any 
of  your  readers  infoiiii  me  how  to  mauage  it?  Also  if  the 
outside  scales  should  be  taken  off. — G.  W.  F. 


[555.]— ARCHED  WOOD  PRINCIPALS.— I  should  be 
glad  if  you  could  inform  me  whether  tbe  laminated  arched 
wood  principals,  now  iu  such  general  use,  do  or  do  not  in 
practice  exert  a  thi-ust  upon  the  walls.  For  example,  sup- 
pose a  roof  of  60ft.  span,  with  arched  principal  Sin.  X  Gin., 
forming  a  segment  of  a  circle,  with  a  rise  of  about  10ft., 
the  principals  to  be  formed  of  aii  l^in.  planks,  (iin.  wide, 
bent  roimd  on  templates  to  the  proper  curve,  and  kept 
from  separating  by  marine  glue  aucl  strong  iron  straps  or 
bolts.  The  principals  are  supposed  to  be  about  20ft.  apart, 
with  trussed  purlins  between.  Would  these  exert  any 
thrust  upon  the  walls  ?  If  so,  what  are  the  best  means  of 
preventing  this  thrust?  1  have  seen  arclied  ribs  forming 
about  a  semicircle  ;  as,  for  example,  the  roof  of  ICiug^s 
Cross  station,  London,  and  no  proviaion  against  thrust 
appears  to  have  been  considered  necessary.  I  should  be 
glad  to  know  whether  this  is  really  so,  and  whether  the 
same  would  hold  good  in  such  a  case  as  I  have  mentioned  I 
— A  Puzzled  Student. 


[55ij.]— OVERTIME.— Will  some  of  your  readers  kindly 
inform  me  if  it  is  the  practice  in  the  architectural  profes- 
sion for  salaried  draughtsmen  to  be  paid  for  overtime?  and, 
if  so,  whether  at  the  ordinary  rate  of  salary  or  above  it? 
As  unpaid  extra  work  is  t-o  me  a  common  occurrence,  I 
should  like  to  know  whether  I  caa  seek  any  remedy  or 
not. — Draughtsman. 


REPLIES. 

[530] -SEWERAGE, —Use  best  Portland  cement  with 
an  equal  quantity  of  sand,  make  good  the  inequalities  ot 
the  bed  of  the  invert,  and  till  in  the  intei'stices  between 
the  sides  of  the  sewer  aud  the  excavated  earth  with  Port- 
land cement  concrete.  The  sand  should  be  shai'i».  gritty 
and  perfectly  free  from  loamy  or  soluble  particles; 
washed  it  would  make  the  soundest  work. — A.  H. 


August  30,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


605 


[3S4.j_LARGE  RAILWAY  CURVES.— >'o  one  appeara 
to  havo  corrected  tha  wrong  answer  of  "  En- 
gineer," who  complacently  tells  the  qvierist  that 
"the  carpenter  can  do  the  rest."  He  can 
generally  do  all,  if  "Engineer"  would  let  him 
alone  :  but  certainly  not  if  he  gives  him  all  the 
points  wrong.  All  those  found  as  "  Engineer' 
describe."!  will  lie  in  a  parabola,  not  a  circle  ! 
ISnt  nothing  is  e:isicr  than  to  .strike  any  circular 
arc,  however  flat,  with  nothing  longer  than 
twice  the  [wrtion  of  arc  to  bo  struck  at  once 
IjCt  its  ends  and  middle  i»int  be  ABC.  Join 
them  by  straight  liues  BA,  BC,  continued  each 
to  double  their  length,  and  fonned  as  edges  on 
the  board  ED.  This  is  to  be  kept  pressed 
against  two  round  pins  fixed  at  AC,  and  as  i' 
Li  moved  up  and  down  the  angular  point  B 
will  describe  the  true  circular  arc.  See  Euclid 
I '  I  ''1  A  pencil  may  be  filed  as  much  in 
advance  of  that  p^^mt  as  half  the  diameter  of 
cither  of  the  pins  AC :  or  if  inserted  thu»ugh 
any  hole  in  the  line  B*  it  will  describe  any 
other  concentric  arc.  Every  carpenter  should 
know  this. — E.  L.  G. 


[400  1— CYOLOIDAL  CURVE.— As  "Simpson,  jnn.,' 
thought  the  descent  in  a  shorter  time  by  the  longer  way 
needed  "  further  proof,"  if  it !»  true,  the  proof  that  should 
havo  been  ottered  him  wa."  experiment.  He  must  learn 
the  differential  calculus  before  I.e  can  have  any  other,  and 
even  then  he  would  probably  think  expenment  the  most 
Mtisfactorv.  I^t  AB  l«  any  inclined  way  straight  and 
not  10.S  than  some  feet  long.  Draw  the  horizouu  line 
AC   and  then  AD  elevated  ii  deg.  above  it.     Bisect  AB  by 


a  perpendicular  continued  to  meet  AD  at  E,  and  from  E 
as  a  centre  strike  tlie  circular  arc  AFB.  This  (which,  if 
continual  to  C,  would  be  130  deg.)  approximates  the  shape 
of  a  cvcloid,  and  if  a  way  or  groove  be  made  as  smooth  as 
poftsible.  two  balls  being  released,  at  once  from  A,  that 
which  descends  bv  V  will  arrive  at  B  before  that  which 
rolls  on  the  inclined  plane.  Seeing  this,  perhaps  "Simp- 
eon,  jun.,"  will  t:ike  the  word  of  scientific  men,  that  the 
true  cycloid  would  be  described  ia  a  trifle  less  time  still.— 
E.  L.  G.  . 

[531.]  —  WEIGHT  OF  ANGLE  IRON'.— Take  the  or- 
dinary tables  for  flat  bar  iron,  and  in  calculating  the 
weight  take  the  whole  width  the  iron  would  be  if  it  were 
flat°    T-irou  the  same,  or  if  the  parts 

are   of  different  thicknesses,   thus: —     ^ a_^__> 

"Weight  i>er  foot  run  Sin.  x  gin.  = 
S'TSlb.  ;  2in.  x  Jin.  =  1 'OS;  total 
weight  of  the  T-iron  per  foot  run 
5-461b.,  or  nearly  oilb.  From  the 
nature  of  the  question.  I  should  say 
that  it  is  necessary    that    "T.    W."  '1^ 

should  study  the  use  of  decimal  frac- 
tions before  he  can  comprehend  the  tables.— A. 


ties  do  fairly  represent  the  work  required  to  be  done,  and  re- 
ceive any  asdoubifnl  thai  do  not  bear  the  signature  of  the 
surveyor.  If  contr-^ctors  would  be  particular  in  theso 
respects  mvith  less  would  be  heard  of  *' incorrect  quanti- 
ties."- A  Chii*. 

1537.}— PERIODS    OF    GOTHIC   ARCHITECTURE  — 
"Provincial"  has  been  very   unlucky   in   bis   authorities. 
Perhaps,  liKe   his  Transition  style,    "a  combination  of" 
that  which  had  been  and  that  which  was  to  be,  he  combines 
all  the  blunders  current  in  ISOO  on  the  matter  with  those 
to  exist  a  century  later.     1.  There  is  no  Saion  style,  unless 
we  can  resttirc  one  from  their  missal  drawings.     Tie  two 
or  tliree  bits  of  building  dcuionstrably  older  than  lOOC,  as 
Waltham  Abbey,   sho^v  that  nothing  new  was  intnxiuced 
by  that  event,  which,  iiulee<i,  preceded  all  our   refinement 
and  art  worth  the  name.     2.  There  is   no  need   to  father 
Early  English  on  the  ignoble  reign  of  John.     Ehory  Lon- 
doner has  the  Temple  Church  rotunda  at  band,  detlicated 
by  his  preileceiisor.  and  already  thorough  refined  KugHsh, 
ail  b»it  the   windows;  and  even  under   Ileurj-  II.   the  re- 
building of  Canterbury  Cathedral  was  begun  with  no  un- 
jwinted  arches,  though  ratluT  Early   French  than  leauinn 
to  our  stvle.  Iwing  bv  a  Frenchman.     But  complete  vault- 
ing is  what  make,-^  GothiciBm.     3.  The  Middle  English  was 
neither  genenilly  more  "  Decorated  "  tlian  its  predecessor, 
as  Ricknian'g  absurd  name  implied,  nor  *'a  more  clalvorate 
and  finished  style."  but  the  reverse.     At  least,    from  1300 
(when    "rroviucial"  begins  it)  genuine  elaboration  and 
finish  declinetl.     The  aims  were  more  gloss,  le^  stoue,  but 
esi)ecially   less  thought.      4.   Instead  of   its    "flourishing 
160  years,"  till  1460.  it  ran  its  full  course  under  the  three 
l-^hvartls,  or  by  1377— nay,  even  before  that  date— its  flow- 
ing tracerv.  itself  a  debasement,  had  pretty  generally  been 
fuitlur  debased  to  "  Perpendicular."     So  this  whole  style, 
and   not    "its   firat  period"   is   "known   as  E<lwardian." 
6.   "Perpendicular,  rising  with  the  House  of  York  and  con- 
tinuing  eighty   years,"  should   be  "rising  with,   or  even 
before,  the  last  Plant-igenet  (which  family  saw  the  whole 
four  styles),  and  continuing  through  his  reign  and  all  the 
I^incaster,  York,   and  Tudor  reigns,  for  200  years."    The 
manor  houses,  even  under  Elizabeth,  were  but  a  last  mimicry 
of  it,  no  new  stvle.     And  in  what  few  clmrches  were  then 
built  (as  one  or  two  that  the  fire  of  Lon<!on   has  left,  and 
one  at  Reading)  no  Italian   details  were  admitted  ;  when 
all  Roman  Catholics  had  got   beyond  St.  EusUche,  Paris, 
to  pure  Italian,  and  what  the  priests  would  have  done  here, 
may  be  seen  by  Gardiner's  chantry,  Winchester,  the  schools 
tower.  Oxford- nay,   Henry   V II. "s  tomb  50  years  before  ! 
6.  It  13  a  "coincidence"  not  at  all  remarkable,  that  En-j- 
land,  having  lieen  Protestant  only  three  centuries,  and  the 
golden  age  of  all  modern  architectures  known,  in  Europe 
or  Asia,  having  been  six  centuries   ago,   England  had  her 
best  architecture  during  one  of  the  many  ages  she  was 
Popish.     7.  It  is  wholly  false  that   "  when  th.it  spiritual 
power  was  severed  "   her  architecture  decayed  and  became 
decrepit,  for  it  had  been  decaying  more  than  two  centuries 
and  quite  decrepit  for  one  (as  also  that  of  all  countries 
where  the  s;ud  power  remained  in   full  sway).     S.   Gothic 
architecture  is  no  more  "  reviving  with  it"  than  Eg>-ptian 
architecture    is,  or  than  the  Saurians   at    Sydenham.— 
E.  L.  G.  

[540.]— MOUNTING  TRACIXGS.—Tackthe  linen  tightly 
on  a  drawing-board,  so  as  to  leave  no  crease  or  fold,  and 
paste  both  the  linen  and  back  of  the  tracing;  the  tracing 
expands  with  the  moisture  of  the  paste,  but  contracts  in 
drying  so  as  to  cause  the  disappearance  of  all  the  small 
bubbles,  izc,  which  show  when  the  tracing  is  first  mounted. 
In  laying  the  pasted  tracing  on  the  linen,  care  should  be 
taken  to  dab  it  only  with  a  clean  soft  cloth  ;  if  rubbed  the 
luies  will  smear.     Do  not  cut  off  until  perfectly  diy.— A.  H. 


may  be  cut  off  the  first  thing  next  morning.  By  cutting 
just  inside  the  edges  of  the  tracing  paper  (which  can  be 
seen  through  the  mount)  the  tracing  can  be  removed  with- 
out difficultv.  as  the  p;i8t«  holds  only  outside  the  tracing. 
If  there  ar«"re<i  lines  drawn  with  carmine  or  lake  on  the 
tracing,  they  may  run.  if  the  tracing  has  been  made  quite 
recently,  so  when  I  want  to  mount  a  tracing  immediately 
aft«ritbas  bt-en  made  I  draw  in  light  pencil  the  lines 
which  are  to  be  red.  and  put  them  in  with  red  after  the 
tracing  has  l»een  mounted.  I  may  add  that  all  colouring 
should  be  done  after  the  tracing  has  been  mounted,  as  the 
coloum  then  lie  more  evenly,  and  are  softer  and  more 
mellow  than  under  any  other  circumsUiuces.  I  fear  I  bavo 
been  rather  verUtse.  but  my  eicuse  must  bo  my  desire  to 
explain  the  method  thoroughly  to  ray  younger  brethren. 
If  desired.  I  will  in  a  future  imraber  describe  the  method 
of  mounting  drawing  paper  on  linen. — I  am,  «tc.,  C.  E., 
Torquay,  August  2S- 


[:,47.}_TIMBER  PRESERVING.— I  note  "Sleeper's" 
lemrvrks  in  your  issue  of  the  23rd  inst.,  and  must  say  that 
it  somewhat  jiirprisesme  to  learn  that  creosoted  sleepers  are 
only  U'ginning  to  be  used  on  German  and  French  railways. 
I  should  have  thought  that  their  introduction  there  had  been 
coincident,  or  nearly  so,  with  their  first  use  on  British 
railways.  It  was  in  compliance  with  the  re<)Uost  of  the 
general  committee  of  the  Intel-national  Exhibition  of  Agri- 
culture and  Timljcrat  Cologne  addressed  to  the  directorate 
of  the  Edinburgh  and  Glasgow  Railway  Company,  that  I, 
as  their  encineer.  sent  thesijecimens  referred  to  in  my  former 
letter,  and  which  the  jury  awarded  a  medal  for  the  same, 
they,  in  their  report  (a  copy  of  which  I  sent  you),  disap- 
proved of  preserving  timber  by  creosote.  I  am,  therefore, 
the  more  surprised  to  learn  that  creosoted  sleepers  should 
continue  to  be  used,  in  Germany  especially.— I  am.  tc, 
Jamf-s  Deas,  North  British  Railway  Company,  Engineer's 
Office,  Glasgow,  August  20. 


f534.}_IXCORRECT  QUANTITIES.- The  builder  can- 
not make  the  gentleman  liable  for  the  amoimt  of  the  in- 
correctness, unless  by  agreement  the  quantities  are  made, 
equally  with  the  plans  and  specification,  a  part  of  the  con- 
tract ;  but  if  the  contractor  has  paid  the  arcliitect  for  the 
quantities,  unltss  the  architect  has  expressly  stipulated 
that  he  does  not  guarantee  their  correctness,  the  architect 
iB  personally  liable  to  the  builder  for  the  amount. — H. 


[540.]— The  method  I  adopt  in  mounting  tracings,  and 
which  1  tind  very  succKSiful,  is  first  to  procure  a  surface 
and  roller,  both  of  a  somewhat  j-ielding  nature.  Upon  the 
surface  lay  gummed  paper ;  and  the  tracing  intended  to  be 
mounted  damp  at  the  back.  Take  the  tracing  and  lay  it 
uix)u  the  prepared  paper,  keeping  it  as  tight  as  possible  by 
holding  it  at  the  edges  or  comers;  then  roll  it  with  the 
roller,  commencing  in  the  centre  and  work  towards  the 
outer  edges,  laying  on  pretty  heavily,  so  as  to  take  out  the 
air  bubbles.  A  sponge  and  needle-point  pricker  will  t>e 
of  great  use  ;  the  tirst  for  washing  the  dirt  off  the  tracing 
in  mounting,  and  the  second  for  occasionally  pricking  ob- 
stinate air  bubbles.— T.  L.  P. 


[547.]— Having  been  recently  in  conversation  with  a  largo 
merchant  upon  the  svibject  of  creosoting,  I  am  in  a  position 
to  reply  to  "Sleeper's  "  question.  Tramway  sleepers  are  a 
serious  item  in  the  expenditure  of  every  railway  company. 
Decay  in  connection  therewith  is  calculated  upon  every 
five  or  six  years,  to  avoid  which  creosoting  has  been  resorte<l 
to  ;  and  there  ia  little  doubt,  where  this  principle  has  been 
fully  carried  out.  that  decay  is  re<iisted  for  double  the 
length  of  time.  As  thie  latter  measure  doubles  the  cost, 
there  is  little  or  no  advantage.  On  the  one  hand,  there  is 
the  cost  of  replacing  the  unprepared  sleepers  (say)  every 
five  or  six  years,  whereas,  with  the  creosoted  sleepers,  re- 
placing may  not  be  required  under  ten  or  twelve  years,  but 
there  is  the  loss  of  interest  upon  the  original  cost  of  the 
creosoted  sleepers  to  bear  against  it.  It  is  a  financial  fact, 
whatever  it  may  be  in  any  other  light,  that  the  benefit  of 
creosoting  is  not  felt  until  five  or  six  years  after  the  opera- 
tion is  performed,  and  the  cost  has  to  be  paid  at  the  time 
the  sleepers  are  laid  down.  With  the  directors  of  our  rail- 
ways it  is  a  question  of  spending(say)  £10.000  this  year  and 
£10.000  in  five  or  six  years,  or  spending  (say)  £20,000  this 
year  and  no  more  for  ten  or  twelve  years.  In  these  timea 
of  great  panics  and  monetary  depression,  the  former  alter- 
native is  chosen.  It  is  purely  a  financial  question,  and  the 
discontinuance  of  the  use  of  creosoted  sleepers  can  be  at- 
tributed to  no  other  cause.  Some  perrons  may  remark 
that  creosoting  does  not  double  the  cost,  or  that  by  creo- 
soting they  will  last  above  double  the  time  when  compared 
with  the  ordinary  sleepers.  But  the  best  answer  that  can 
be  given  is  the  course  our  Enslish  railway  companies  are 
taking  after  testing  both  methotls.— W.  8. 


f540.]_BRICKWORK.— In  deducting  the  quantities,  let 
"Famham"  take  out  the  opening  measured  from  the 
brickwork  or  stonework,  as  the  case  may  be.— C. 


[534.]— The  established  custom  is  that  if  a  surveyor  fur- 
nishes quantities  to  a  contractor,  and  receives  from  him 
the  usual  amount   of   commission,  the  surveyor  renders 
himself  liable  to   the  contractor  for  the  accuracy  of  ihe 
quantities  so  furnished,   and  very   properly  so,  otherwise 
contractors  would  have  no  guarantee    that   the  quantities 
had  not  been  furnished  by  incompetent  or  interested  per- 
sons, which  would  often  entail   upon  them   great   losses. 
Besides,  no  person  ought  to  assume  a  position  and  receive 
the  remuneration  of  that  position  without  its  responsibili- 
ties.    If  an  architect  furnishes  quantities  there  can  be  no 
doubt  but  that  he,  acting  as  the  agent  of  his  client,  ren- 
ders his  client  liable  to  the  contractor  for  the  accuracy  of 
the  quantities,  unless  it  can  be  shown  by  the  client  that 
his  agent,  the  architect,  was  not  employed  by  him  to  fur- 
nish i|uantities,  and  tliat  he  did  so  without  his  knowledge 
and  consent.      The   business   of   quantity  surveyors  has 
grown  up  out  of  the  system  of  esiiraating,  and  is  quite 
distinct  from  the  practice  of  the  architect ;  but  in  this  age 
of  sciambling  for  money  there  are  not  a  few  architects  who 
do  a  little  "  on  the  quiet"  in  quantities.     Sometimes  they 
have  them  taken  off  by  qualified  surveyors,  but  very  fre 
quently   by  themselves  or  an  assistant,   whose  practical 
knowledge  of  construction  (a  knowledge,  by  the  way,  quite 
necessary  U>  enable  anyone  to  take  off  quantities)  ha^  been 
acquired  in  his  employer's  office.     In  the  case  of  the  aichi- 
tet;t  t.ikiug  off  the  quantities  there   is  a  bias  in  favour  of 
"  keeping  down  the  estimate '";  in  the  other,  incompetency 
and  uncertainty.      It  cannot  be  too   strongly  urged  u|  on 
contrattors,  when  receiving  quantities  from  the  archite<t's 
cfBce,  to  ascertain  by  whom  they  were  taken  off,  that  before 
estimating  from  them  they  be  quite  Eatisfied  that  the  quanti- 


[540.]— Although  the  method  of  mounting  tracings,  de- 
scribed by  your  correspondent  "  R.  L.  B.,"  v,ill  answer  if 
very  great  care  be  taken,  I  have  found  by  a  long  experience 
that  the  following  is  much  more  simple  and  far  better : — 
Tak-?  a  ]>erfectly  clean  drawing-board  rather  larger  than 
the  tracing  to  be  mounted,  and  vrith  a  sponge  wet  the  sur- 
face thoroughly,  allowing  so  much  water  to  remain  on  it 
that  when  the'tracing  is  laid  on  it  it  may  float,  or,  rather, 
that  there  may  be  a  film  of  water  between  it  and  the  board. 
Then,  holding  the  tracing  by  the  ends  in  both  hands,  lay 
it  gently  on  the  board  with  the  inked  side  downwards, 
taking  care  that  the  centre  be  the  first  part  to  touch  the 
board,  an<l  gradually  lower  the  hands  until  the  whole 
tracing  lies  flat ;  it  will  begin  to  expand  at  once,  and  pro- 
bably some  wrinkles  will  appear.  These  and  any  air  that 
may  be  under  the  tracing  must  be  gently  rubbed  out  with 
a  well  wetted  sponge,  beginning  in  the  centre  and  working 
to  the  sides  and  ends.  In  a  few  minutes  it  will  be  foimd 
that  the  tracing  lies  perfectly  fiat  on  the  board  without  a 
wrinkle  or  air  bubble.  Then  take  the  linen  or  paper 
on  which  it  is  desired  to  mount  the  tracing,  and  having  cut 
it  abiut  an  inch  and  a-half  larger  every  way  than  the 
tracing,  paste  it  thoroughly  over  the  whole  surface,  and 
after  seeing  that  there  are  no  lumps  of  paste  or  hairs  from 
the  brush  left  \x\x>q  it,  lay  it  with  the  pasted  side  on  the 
tracing,  taking  care  that  the  centre  be  the  first  part  to 
t<tuch  it.  Again  applv  the  wet  sp-.nge,  and,  rubbing 
lightly,  get  rid  of  any  air  bubbles  that  may  be  under  the 
paper';  then  gradually  rub  harder  with  the  sponge  tmtil 
no  more  water  is  taken  up  by  it.  The  operation  may  now 
be  c<:»n8idered  complete,  but  I  generally  finish  off  with  an 
old  ivory  scale  or  ruler,  holding  it  as  flat  as  iwssiblo  with 
both  hands,  and  by  drawing  it  over  the  wliole  suiface  of 
the  paper,  squeeze  out  any  paste  and  water  the  sponge  may 
have  left.  If  the  tracing  be  wanted  in  a  hurry  the  drawing 
board  may  be  placed  on  its  end  in  a  draught,  or  in  the  sun, 
or  during  winter  opposite  (but  not  very  near)  a  fire,  and 
it  will  soon  dry,  but  I  would  recommend  that  the  mount- 
ing be  done  the  last  thing  in  the  evening,  and  the  tracing 


[540.  ]_In  taking  off  quantities  of  brickwork  no  allowance 
is  made  for  reveals  of  doors  and  windows.  The  nett  width 
and  height  of  the  opening  must  be  taken  as  the  deduction. 
It  is  oulv  in  measuring  facings  that  any  allowance  is  made 
for  reveals  when  the  widthof  one  reveal  is  taken.— A  Chip. 

[5S0  1-CONTINENTAL  JOINERY.— Y'our  correspond- 
ent will  obtain  everv  information  he  requires  respecting 
continental  joinerv,  by  addressing,  W.  S.,  care  of  Messia 
Stalhammar  and  Co.,  6S,  Salthouse-lane,  Hull.— T. 


A. 


[5=^3  ]— LIGHT.— "G.  G.  P."  must  inform  us  how  long 
the  window  has  existed,  whether  it  is  fixed  in  a  wall  im- 
mediately abutting  on  the  verge  of  the  land  he  proposes  to 
build  on,  and  if  so,  and  if  it  is  a  recent  construction, 
whether  it  h:is  been  objected  to  at  any  time  by  the  owner 
of  the  land.— L. 


STATUES,  MEMORIALS,  ETC. 

The  statue  to  David  Teniers,  the  painter,  has  just  been 
inaugurated  at  Antwerp. 

In  the  lecture  room  of  Charing  Cross  Hospital,  a  plain 
but  elegant  tablet  has  been  erected  to  the  memory  of  Dr. 
H  Llewellyn,  who  went  down  in  the  "Alabama.  '  The 
tablet  is  the  work  of  Mr.  Hall,  sculptor. 

The  STATrE  of  Lord  Clyde.- This  statue  has  just  been 
erected  on  the  grounds  of  the  Senior  United  Service  Club, 
Pall  Mall,  and  occupies  a  space  similar  to  that  of  Sir  John 
Frank  Un.  nearly  opposite.  The  granite  plinth  is  reUeved 
with  an  oblong  tablet,  which  supports  a  large  bronze  lion, 
which  is  lying  in  repose.  Upon  the  animal  is  seated  a 
female  figure,  crowned  with  a  laurel  wreath ;  the  right  arm 
gracefully  reclines  over  the  mane  of  the  animal,  and  the 
left  is  extended,  and  presents  a  branch  of  laurel,  which  m 
held  in  the  hand.  The  figure  is  draped  in  a  scale  armour 
bodice  from  which  flow  ample  robes,  and  a  sheathed  sword 
is  suspended  from  the  side.  Behirid  this  group  is  raife.J 
another  granite  plinth,  which  supports  a  circular  pede.^ial 
ofpolished  red  granite  enriched  with  bronze  mouldincs. 
and  upon  which  is  placed  the  statue  of  Lord  tlyde,  "Jith 
stands  in  a  familiar  attitude,  taken  during  the  late  Indian 
campaign.  The  whole  forms  a  most  impoeing  group, 
is  an  object  of  public  interest. 


and 


606 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


August 


WAGES   MOVEMENT. 

Tlie  London  gas  stokers,  4.000  in  number,  are  endeavour- 
ing to  obtain  a  reduction  nf  the  hours  of  labour,  from 
eighty-four  to  fifty-six  ]>er  week.  A  niettiug  on  Wednesday 
night  week  was  attended  bv  1,500  of  the  dav  workers. 

The  strike  of  masons  at  Liverpool,  which  threatened  at 
one  time  to  lead  to  a.  lock-out,  has  been  rendered  ea^y 
of  settlement  by  the  foreman  emyjloyed  resigning  his  situa- 
tion ;  and  the  strike  of  masons,  employed  at  the  work  being 
done  for  the  corporation  at  Wavertree,  is  being  depriveil 
of  effect  by  the  employment  of  non-uuiouists,  of  whom  Mr. 
Duncan  has  between  thirty  and  forty. 

Barnslet. — The  protracted  strike  in  the  building  trnde, 
which  has  been  pending  for  the  last  six  months,  is  in  a 
fair  way  of  settlement.  A  few  days  ago  the  men  forwarded 
a  letter  to  the  secretary  of  the  Masters'  Association,  de- 
siring an  interview,  and  a  meeting  of  the  master.sand  men 
took  place  last  week.  The  points  at  issue  were  fairly  dis- 
cussed, at  the  conclusion  of  which  the  masters  made  the 
following  proposition: — "That  the  masons  should  com- 
mence work  at  seven  o'clock  on  Monday  raoiniiig,  other 
mornings  at  sLx,  and  cease  work  at  one  o'clock  on  Satur- 
day, at  the  rate  of  30s.  for  the  summer  months,  and  2Ss. 
for  the  winter  months  ;  or,  to  commence  work  every  moT"n- 
ing  at  seven,  and  cease  at  four  o'clock  on  Saturdays,  and 
receive  298.  per  week  for  the  summer  months,  and  278.  for 
the  winter  months."  The  men  then  withdrew,  and  the 
proposition  is  to  be  submitted  to  a  full  meeting  of  the 
workmen  on  an  early  day. 


ieneral  Items. 


In  aooortlauce  with  the  scheme  of  the  Society  of 
Arts,  the  Birmingham  Chamber  of  Commerce  has 
selected  from  sixty  appHcants  twenty-five  artizans 
to  visit  the  Paris  Exhibition,  and  report  on  the 
branches  of  manufacture  in  which  they  are  severally 
skilled.  The  Chamber  met  on  Saturday  last,  when 
the  artizans  were  present,  and  were  addressed  by 
Mr.  J.  S.  Wright,  President  of  the  Chamber  of 
Commerce,  Mr.  Dixon,  M.P.,  and  Mr.  W.  C. 
Aitken.  The  latter  gentlemen  will  go  in  charge 
of  the  artizans  on  their  visit.  They  are  to  start 
on  the  2nd  of  next  month.  Each  will  receive 
£10  to  defray  his  expenses. 

The  act  regulating  the  consecration  of  church- 
yards has  been  issued.  Its  object  is  declared  to 
be  to  diminish  the  expense  attendant  on  the  con- 
secration of  portions  of  ground  adjoining  and 
added  to  existing  churchyards.  A  bishop  is  now 
empowered  to  sign  the  instrument  of  consecration 
without  the  presence  of  the  chancellor.  "  No  officer 
of  the  bishop  or  of  the  diocess  shall  receive  any 
fee  for  attendance  at  such  consecration,  or  any 
allowance  for  travelling  or  for  attendance."  The 
fee  to  the  registrar  for  the  deposit  of  the  instru- 
ment of  consecration  is  Hmited  to  Ss.  Conveyances 
may  be  made  in  accordance  with  the  Act  on 
School  Sites.  A  deed  of  gift  is  to  be  exempted 
from  stamp  duty,  and  matters  simplified.  I'he 
exclusive  right  of  burial  in  a  portion  of  the  laud 
added  to  a  churchyard  may  be  secured  to  the  giver 
of  the  land  in  a  form  set  forth.  There  is  a  pro- 
vision in  the  Act  to  remove  doubts  as  to  a  ch\irch 
or  chapel  being  reopened  or  enlarged,  and  it  is 
enacted  that  where  the  communion  table  has  been 
removed,  or  the  walls  of  a  church  demolished,  the 
marriages,  &c.,  are  to  be  valid  although  no  re- 
consecration  had  taken  place. 

A  new  promenade  pier,  705  yards  long,  con- 
structed at  Rhyl  by  a  company  at  a  cost  of 
about  £17,000,  was  opened  last  week. 

Sweet  od,  according  to  the  A'inericcin  ArtizaUj 
is  an  antidote  for  poison.  It  says  that  "  a  poison 
of  any  conceivable  description  and  degree  of  po  • 
tency,  which  has  been  swallowed,  intentionally  or 
by  accident,  may  be  rendered  instantly  harmless 
by  swallowing  two  gills  of  sweet  oil.  An  indivi- 
dual with  a  very  strong  constitution  should  take 
twice  the  quantity.  This  oil  will  neutralize  every 
form  of  vegetable  or  mineral  poisons  with  which 
physicians  and  chemists  are  acquainted." 

The  arrangements  for  the  forthcoming  annual 
congress  of  the  Social  Science  Association  at  Bel- 
fast on  September  IS  next,  are  now  near  comple- 
tion. Lord  Dutferin  will  preside  over  the  aspo- 
ciation,  and  deliver  his  inaugural  address  on  the 
evening  of  the  opening  day.  The  Jurisprudence 
Department  will  have  the  Hon.  Mr.  Justice 
O'Hagan  at  its  head,  with  the  Irish  Master  of  the 
Rolls  over  the  Repression  of  Crime  Section.  Dr. 
Andrews,  F.R.S.,  vice-president  of  the  Queen's 
College,  will  preside  over  the  Education  Dejiart- 
ment ;  Sir  James  Y.  Simpson,  M.D.,  of  Edinburgh, 
over  that  of  Health,  and  Sir  Robert  Kane,  F,R  S  , 
of  Dublin,  over  that  of  Economy  and  Tiadu  ;  Mr 
"William  MullioUand,  of  Belfast,  will  act  as  chair- 
man of  the  Trade  Section.  Queen's  College  has 
been  placed  at  the  service  of  the  association,  and 
the^  departmental  meetings  will  be  held  in  the 
various  rooms.     Arrangements  are  beiug  made  for 


holding  soirees;  and  excursions,  in  connection 
with  the  association,  are  being  organized  to  places 
of  interest  in  the  neighbourhood. 

The  grand  prize  of  £1,200  has  been  awarded  by 
the  Emperor  of  Russia  to  Sir  Charles  A.  Hartley, 
C.E.,  engineer  in  chief  to  the  European  Commis- 
sion of  the  Danube,  for  his  plans  for  improvements 
of  the  harbour  of  Odessa.  There  were  upwards 
of  twenty  competitors. 

By  a  telegram  received  at  the  Board  of  Trade 
on  'Tuesday,  we  learn  that  the  passage  over  Mont 
Cenis  by  railway  is  now  an  accomplished  fact,  the 
first  engine  and  train  having,  on  the  preceding 
day,  travelled  over  the  line  from  Michel  to  Susa, 
a  distance  of  48  mUes,  and  at  an  elevation  of 
6,700ft.  above  the  sea  level.  Traffic  operations 
are  expected  to  be  commenced  some  time  in  the 
month  of  October. 

The  Lords  Commissioners  of  the  Admiralty 
have  issued  a  notice  that  the  next  examination  of 
candidates  in  connection  with  the  School  of  Naval 
Architecture  will  take  place  on  Monday,  Septem- 
ber 23.  The  pupils  will  be  selected  by  competi 
tive  examination,  the  subjects  for  which,  and  the 
number  of  marks  assigned  for  each,  are  as  fol- 
lows : — Pure  mathematics,  including  arithmetic, 
mensuration,  geometry  (plain  and  descriptive), 
plane  trigonometry,  and  the  elements  of  the  dif- 
ferential and  integral  calculus,  2,500 ;  applied 
mathematics,  including  mechanics  and  hydro- 
statics, 1,000 ;  practical  shipbuilding,  including 
laying  off  (for  shipwrights'  candidates  only), 
2,500  ;  practical  marine  engineering  (for  engineer 
candidates  only),  2,500;  French,  5011 ;  elements 
of  physic  and  chemistry,  750  ;  English  grammar 
and  composition,  750 ;  geography  and  history, 
750.  No  candidate  will  be  admitted  who  does 
not  obtain  at  least  two-thirds  of  the  full  number 
of  marks  in  the  two  first-named  subjects,  and 
three-fifths  of  the  full  number  either  for  practical 
shipbuilding  or  marine  engineering. 

Dr.  Robert  Chambers  intends  to  bring  under 
the  notice  of  the  British  Association  at  Dundee, 
a  moraine  at  the  foot  of  St.  Fort  approach,  at 
that  town,  the  sui>posed  debris  of  a  great  iceberg 
that  must  have  floated  down  the  Tay  many 
thousand  years  ago. 

The  last  of  the  sixteen  great  girders  for  the 
new  viaduct  building  on  the  Scarborough  Railway, 
across  the  Derwent,  at  Hutton,  was  safely  placed 
in  position  last  week.  In  a  few  days  it  is 
expected  this  noble  structure  will  be  ready  for 
full  traffic. 

A  warm  controversy  has  been  waged  in  the 
Nottingham  papers  on  a  somewhat  novel  subject, 
— viz.,  that  of  stone  carvers  being  brought  into 
the  town  from  London  for  the  restoration  of  St. 
Mary's  Church,  under  Mr.  G.  G.  Scott.  A  local 
sculptor  complains  that  where  money  is  collected 
amongst  a  class  of  ratepayers  for  restoring  our 
churches,  employment  ought  to  be  found  for  such 
of  the  inhabitants  who  profess  to  be  church  re- 
storers. A  correspondent  also  remarks: — It  is 
too  much  the  custom  of  London  architects 
to  despise  provincial  talent,  no  matter  whether  it 
may  have  been  previously  trained  in  London  or 
not ;  and  even  with  our  local  architects,  some 
there  are  who  will  not  put  a  penny  in  the  way  of 
the  local  sculptors,  but  run  to  London  for  every 
petty  job  that  may  be  required. 

Mr.  Delane,  of  the  Times,  has  offered  through 
Mr.  Layard,  M.P.,  the  president  of  the  Paris  Ex- 
cursion Committee,  the  sum  of  £5  to  any  work- 
ing man  who  will  send  in  a  well  written  account  of 
Paris  and  its  Exhibition. 

In  speaking  of  church  bells,  a  writer  remarks 
that  bells  are  generally  reputed  to  weigh  heavier 
than  they  really  do,  especially  old  ones,  which 
it  has  been  the  fashion  to  overrate  to  an  extra- 
vagant degree.  It  is  true  that  many  of  them  are 
superior  to  those  cast  fifty  or  sixty  years  ago, 
when  bell-founding  and  all  Gothic  arts  were  at  a 
very  low  ebb  ;  but  of  late  years  the  profession  has 
much  improved,  and  there  are  new  bells  as  good 
as  the  most  ancient.  It  is  also  worthy  of  observa- 
tion, that  although  time  and  use  wUl  not  make 
those  good  that  are  essentially  bad,  yet  the  tone 
conies  out  more  freely  and  fully  after  a  bell  has 
been  fairly  used  for  a  year  or  two. 

AVhUe  removing  one  of  the  Surrey  piers,  pre- 
paratory to  the  construction  of  the  new  Black- 
t'riars  Bridge,  two  foundation  stones  of  black  slate 
were  discovered  by  the  workmen.  One  of  them 
is  evidently  a  stone  that  was  laid  with  all  pomp 
and  ceiemonial,  while  the  other  and  smaller  one 
found  near  it  was  evidently  stowed  away  on  the 
same  day,  but  prior  to  the  ceremonial,  by  some 
master  workman,  who  took  this  advantage  of  his 
opportunity  to  hand  down  his  name  to  posterity. 


The  clear  cut  inscription  on  the  first  Bays  : — "  On 
the  23rd  day  of  June,  1761,  in  the  first  year  of  the 
reign  of  King  George  III.,  the  first  stone  of  this 
the  first  pier  was  laid  by  Sir  Robert  Ladbroke, 
Knt.,  and  president  of  the  honourable  committee 
for  carrying  this  bridge  into  execution.  Robert 
Mylne,  architect ;  Joseph  Dixon,  mason."  The 
second  stone  says  : — "  On  the  23rd  day  of  June, 
1761,  in  the  first  year  of  the  reign  of  Iving  George 
III.,  the  first  stone  of  this  pier  was  laid  by  Joseph 
Dixon,  master  mason  to  this  bridge." 

The  decision  of  the  arbitrators  on  the  designs 
for  the  New  Law  Courts  has  given  much  dissatis- 
faction. One  by  one  the  organs  of  public  opinion 
are  expressing  themselves  adversely  to  the  decision. 
An  impression  gains  ground  that  msutficient  atten- 
tion was  given  to  the  matter,  that  the  spirit  and- 
intention  of  the  original  conditions  have  been  in- 
fringed by  two  competitors  being  selected  instead 
of  one.  The  Manchester  town  hall  is  pointed  at 
as  an  instance  where  two  competitions  will  be 
resorted  to,  [first  an  unlimited  one,  |and  then  'a 
limited  [number,  selected  from  the  whole ;  and 
journalists  ask  why  should  such  an  arrangement 
be  carried  out  in  Manchester  in  order  to  secure  a 
good  building,  and  not  carried  out  in  London  in 
favour  of  a  vast  historical  building,  which  will  be 
regarded  as  the  greatest  architectural  work  of  this 
generation. 


%xM  9ebs. 


TENDERS. 
Dalston  L.\nf,. — For  buUcling  four  shops  on  North  Lon- 
don Railway  Company's  land.  Mr.  E.  H.  Home,  archi- 
tect: — Bishop,  £2,979  ;  Axford,  £2.954:  Eaton  and  Chap- 
man, £2,882 ;  Preedy  and  Son,  £2,875  ;  Crabb  and  Vaughan, 
£2,586  ;  Turner  (accepted),  £2,447. 

Debbv. — For  the  erection  of  an  hotel  in  the  cattle  market, 
Derby,  exclusive  of  foundations,  cellaring,  and  stabling. 
Sir.  George  Thompson,  Boro',  surveyor: — Lockett  and 
Forrest,  £1,990;  J.  W.  Thompson,  ±1,744;  J.  Gadsby, 
£l,5lj4  ;  J.  Frj'er  (accepted),  £1,539. 

Low  Leyton. — For  finishing  ten  houses  at  Low  Leyton. 
Mr.  Edmeston,  architect : — Munday  and  Hutchinson, 
£2,700  ;  Harris,  £2,575;  Mansfield,  £2,636  ;  Msher,  £2,456; 
Cubitt,  £2,'93"  ;  Warne,  £1,030  :  Cogswell,  £1,928. 

London. — For  the  construction  of  brick  and  pipe  sewers, 
for  the  Lambeth  vestry.  Sir.  Hugh  Mcintosh,  surveyor  : — 
Girdler,  £15,104;  Munroe,  £1:),354 ;  Pearson,  £13,000; 
Crocket,  £12,900;  Blackmore,  £12,250;  Wainwright, 
£11,950:  Burton,  £11,900;  Thackrah,  £10,850;  Hitch- 
cock and  Co.,  £I0,S60;  Wigmore,  £10,520;  Mutton, 
£10.400;  Mayo,  £10,276. 

SouTHWARK.  —  For  new  warehouse,  in  Park-street. 
JIessi-3.  Newman  and  Billmg,  architects.  Quantities  sup- 
plied by  Mr.  Edsall :— Oxford  and  Whillier,  £6,095  ;  Simms 
and  Marten,  £5,985;  Downs,  £6,890;  Ashby  and  Homer, 
£6,831 ;  Little,  £6,698  ;  Perry,  £5,695  ;  Thompson,  £5,640  ; 
Greenwood,  £5,59S;  Rider,  £5,589;  Coleman,  £6,340; 
Wells,  £5,300;  Brass,  £5,247;  Browne  and  Robinson  (ac- 
cepted), £3,192. 

Tottenham. — For  church  and  schools.     Messi-s.  Smith 
and  Son,  architects.     Quantities  not  supplied : — 
.Schools  \mder 
church. 

Adams    £4,180  0  0    ...£3,366  0  0 

B.arker    3,958  0  0     ...     3,218  0  0 

Nightingale  3,957  0  0    ...     3,125  0  0 

Blackmore  and  Morley  3,583  0  0  ...  2,800  0  0 
Crabb  and  Vaughan  ...  3,400  0  0  ...  2,550  0  0 
Munday  &  Hutchinson  3,153  0  0  ...  2,403  0  0 
Palmer  2,820  0  0    ...     2,179  0  0 

« 

BATH  STONE  OF  BEST  QUALITY. 

Randell  and  Saunders,  Quarrymen  and  Stone  Mer- 
chants, Batb.  List  of  Prices  at  the  Quarries  and  Depots, 
also  Cost  for  Transit  to  any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
furnished  on  application  to  Bath  Stone  Office,  Coi-sham, 
WUts.— [Advt.] 

♦ 

BAlfKRUPTS. 

to  surrender  in  easinghall-street. 

J.  N.  Bodley,  Avenue  road,  Camberwell,  carpeuter, 
September  4,  at  1— J.  E.  Copper,  Piiuces-road,  Plumstead, 
builder,  September  6,  at  11— John  Flint,  Lewisham, 
builder,  September  6,  at  12— G.  W.  Jenkins,  Torrington- 
place,  Finchley,  builder,  September  5,  at  11— George 
Rogers,  sen.,  Queen's-row,  Cambridge-read,  Mile-end, 
builder,  September  3,  at  1— Charles  John  Smith,  Essei- 
road,  Islington,  builder,  September  3,  at  1— John  Wadson, 
Albion-road,  Hammersmith,  carpenter,  Sept.  5,  .at  1— J. 
Anstee,  Chipping  Bamet,  bricklayer,  September  10,  at  1— J. 
Frederick  Curel,  Cross-street,  Wahvorth-road,  gasfitter, 
September  12,  at  1  -Edmund  Coombs,  Gresse-stveet,  Rath- 
bone-place,  builder,  September  12,  at  11— James  Dallison, 
Westmoreland -place,  builder,  September  12,  at  11— WiUiam 
John  Elliott,  Batter-sea,  builder,  September  10.  at  11— 
Richard  Ferris,  Blenheim-passage,  Abbey  road,  St.  John's- 
wood,  plumber,  September  10,  at  12- JuliusVJoyce,  Murray- 
street,  Hoxton,  carpenter,  September  12,  at  11 — Richard 
Seed,  juiL,  Tottenham-street,  Tottenham  Court-road, 
builder,  September  12,  .at  1— Stephen  Howland  Willard,  St. 
Leonard's,  ii-onmonger,  September  12,  :it  1. 

TO  surrender  in  the  country.  _ 

Samuel  Lee,  Fowey,  ropemaker,  September  C— William 
Hebditch  Pen-y,  Crewkerno,  buUder,  September  3— John 
Shaw,  jrm.,  Manchester,  house  painter,  September  3— 
Henry  Shillinglaw,  Birkenhead,  painter,  September  4— 
Thomas  Standloy,  Northampton,  gasfitter,  September  i . 


September  6,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


607 


THE   BUILDING  NEWS. 


lOSDON,  FRIDAT,  SEPTEMBER  6,  1S67. 


IMPROVEMENTS   IN   WESTMINSTER. 

WHEN    a   considerable    portion   of   the 
most  fashionable  quarter  of  the  town, 
a  portion   owned   by    a    nobleman   of    vast 
wealth,  is  in  course  of  reconstruction,  public 
attention  is  naturally  drawn  to  the  fact.     As 
a  general  rule,  the  public  base  their  expecta- 
tions on  the  importance  of  the  work,  the  cha- 
racter of  the  proprietor,  or  the  reputation  of 
the    architect  ;    and,    either   of  these   things 
being  ascertained,  it  would  not  seem  a  very 
ditlicult   matter    to    foreshadow    with    some 
accuracy  the   nature   of  the   works.     This  is 
not,  however,  always  the  case,  and  the  build- 
ings now   being  erected   at    Grosvenor- place 
and  Grosvenor-gardens,  the  property  of  the 
-Marquess  of  Westminster,  are  proof  that  in 
architectural  atfairs  probabilities  go  for  very 
little.     In  criticizing  these  buildings,  it  must 
be   borne   in   mind    that   the   employer   was 
wealthy,     the     neighbourhood      fasliiouable, 
that  money  was  not  spared,  and  that  tenants 
were  not  wanting.     That   the   conditions,   in 
sliort,  were   lavourable   for  the   display  of,  at 
least,   the   proprieties  of  architecture,  cannot 
be  disputed  any  more  than  can  the  fact  that 
the  proprieties  put  in  but  a  small  appearance. 
To  those  who  have  not  seen  the  buildings  in 
question,  the   following  description   may   be 
interesting,  to  those  who  have  done  so  its  cor- 
rectness will  be  apparent.      Commencing  in 
Grosvenor-place,  near  St.  George's   Hospital, 
is  a  row  of  eleven  houses  in  one  block,  having 
i  projecting  bay  in  the  centre  house,  and  one 
in  each  of  the  end  houses.     There  are  four 
itoreys,  without  including  basement  or  attics, 
which  latter,  as  the  roofs  are  what  are  known 
IS  Mansard,   contain  a  great  amount  of  ac- 
wmmodation.     The  material  of  the  front  is 
IPortland  stone,  with  a  little  mixture  of  red 
Ijfansfield,  and   a  small  amount   of  polished 
;ranite  in  little  panels  under   tlie  windows. 
Che  style  is  very  difficult  to  describe.     It  is 
'.ertainly  not  Gothic,  it  cannot  be  called  Re- 
laissance,  it  has  no  claims  to  be  considered 
Jrecian,  and   has   no   affinity  to  the  Italian 
chool.      Certain   peculiarities  in   the   treat- 
aent  of  the  roofs  miglit  lead   a   casual   ob- 
erver  to  imagine   that  the  modern  French 
tyle  was  imitated,   but   the  want  of  projec- 
ion  in  the  mouldings,  the  coarseness  of    the 
arving,   and   the   redundancy   of  zinc  orna- 
aent  on  the  roof  precludes  this  idea.     Were 
t  distinguished  as  the  Hotel  Compan_y  style 
limited,''  it  would  give  a  better  idea  of  what 
•.  really  is    than   could  perhaps   any   other 
escription.     So  much  for  the  style. 
All  the   windows  are   square-headed,  wiih 
he  exception  of  those  of  the   first  floor,  and 
liis  is  a  merit.     There   is  little  to  be  gained 
y    using    segmental    windows  ;     they    are 
either  round-headed   nor    flat,    and   cannot 
ccovd  with  the  general  lines  of  the  building, 
•hether  vertical  or  horizontal.     A  continuous 
alcony  supported  by  trusses  is  in  front  of 
■^ftJM  first  floor  wijidows,  and  this  balcony  and 
rri^neae  trusses  are  absolutely  the  only  features 
f   any  prominence,  boldness,    or   character, 
iroughout  the  entire  front.     Flatness  marks 
11  the  other  details,  the  very  rustication   of 
le  ground   floor  being  fine  to  a  ridiculous 
egree.     Now,   although   we  hope    that  the 
ly  is  far  distant  when  coarseness  finds  favour 
ith  us,  and  deprecating  the  rash  and  erratic 
ights  of  undisciplined   aspiration,  our  love 
r  the   delicate  has  not   hitherto  over-mas- 
red  our  sympathy  for  the  bold,  nor  induced 
'  to  prefer  feebleness  of  design  and  execu- 
on  to  firmness  of  character  and  individuality 
both.     If  any  reader  thinks  that  the  case 
overstated,  it   is   only   necessary    that   he 
iOuld  take  the  same  pains  to  inform  him- 
If  as  the   writer  of   this   notice   has   done. 


If  he  approves  of  the  feeble  details,  without 
profile,  of  the  first  floor  windows,  of  the  non- 
descript main  cornice,  of  the  side  lights  in 
the  bays,  of  the  absence  of  suflicient  string- 
course, of  the  general  want  of  character  per- 
vading the  whole  buildings,  we  can  only  say 
that  his  views  will  be  of  exceeding  dilficult 
justification;  and,  to  our  thinking,  neither 
warranted  by  analogy  nor  borne  out  by  jirac- 
tice.  Very  little  alteration  and  no  increase 
in  expense  would,  fur  instance,  have  made 
the  string  under  tlie  second  floor  windows 
assume  the  importance  of  a  feature.  The 
breaks  are  tliere,  the  trusses  are  there  ;  the 
money  has  been  laid  out,  but  the  character- 
istic stringcourse  so  necessary  to  divide  the 
four-storeyed  elevation  inio  well-defined  hori- 
zontal spaces  is  for  all  practical  purposes 
absolutely  wanting.  No  cost  seems  to  have 
been  spared ;  but  a  smaller  expenditure 
would  have  produced  a  better  display  of 
architecture.  This  row  of  buildings  ia  so  far 
advanced  as  to  be  almost  covered  in.  The 
work  throughout  is  good,  and  the  material 
e.xoellent.  Messrs.  Holland  and  Hannen  are 
the  contractors.  These  are  the  only  works  at 
the  northern  extremity  of  the  property. 
Lower  down  the  road,  at  the  corner  of  Lower 
Grosvenor-place,  will  be  found  a  very  large 
mansion,  containing  upwards  of  forty  -win- 
dows on  the  north  front  and  twelve  on  the 
south,  without  including  minor  windows  in 
the  roof  The  style  is  the  same  as  that  of  the 
previously  described  buildings,  but  the  faults 
are  even  more  conspicuous.  It  has  in  some 
portions  a  decidedly  French  character,  but 
this  is  contradicted  in  others.  The  carving  is 
delicate  here,  and  coarse  there  ;  indeed,  the 
wing  on  the  north  front,  which  is  quite  plain, 
is  the  most  satisfactory  portion  of  the  build- 
ing. The  openings  are  well-proportioned,  and 
are  not  encumbered  with  ornament,  but  the 
bay  in  the  centre  is  open  to  the  serious  ob- 
jection of  having  a  balustraded  roof  that 
the  windows  to  which  it  should  belong  give 
no  access  ;  in  fact,  it  is  placing  a  balcony  in 
front  of  a  window  without  allowing  the 
window  to  reach  to  the  floor.  The  chimney 
tops  are  the  most  conspicuous  that  have  ever 
come  under  our  notice,  having,  in  addition  to 
other  ornaments,  a  lion's  head  at  each  corner. 
Terra  cotta  has  been  freely  employed  in  the 
decoration  of  the  cornice,  the  parapet,  chim- 
neys, &c.,  and  little  panels  of  red  Mansfield 
stone  are  to  be  seen  in  various  situations. 
The  columns  supporting  the  porch  roof  are 
of  polished  red  granite,  a  material  altogether 
too  fine  for  the  purpose,  and  according  ill 
with  the  very  peculiar  area  balusters  which 
flank  them.  The  roofs  require  little  remark. 
They  are  in  the  French  style,  but  exaggerated 
as  to  pavilions  and  ornament  generally.  A 
pavilion  is  a  good  thing,  no  doubt,  and  very 
eft'ective  ;  but  here  there  is  so  much  of  a 
good  thing  as  to  make  its  goodness  very 
questionable.  Look  in  what  direction  one 
may,  we  are  struck  with  the  eternal  roof  with 
a  big  pavilion  in  the  middle  of  the  row,  and 
a  smaller  at  each  end.  The  profuse  gilding 
of  finials  and  cresting,  and  the  enormous 
amount  of  zinc  ornament  in  the  roofs,  must 
have  cost  much  money,  and  is  in  bad  taste. 
Adjoining  this  mansion,  and  facing  the 
west,  are  three  finished  houses  of  the  same 
character,  and  at  the  end  of  the  block  at  the 
corner  of  Ebury-street  is  the  site  of  the  Bel- 
gravia  branch  of  the  National  Bank.  On 
the  north  I'ront  of  the  block  we  have  been 
describing,  and  which  is  triangular  in  shape, 
is  a  row  of  five  houses,  having  shops  on  the 
ground  floor.  The  dressings  only  are  of 
stone,  but  the  decoration  is  as  excessive  as 
in  the  other  instances.  For  all  these  build- 
ings Messrs.  TroUope  and  Co.  were  the  con- 
tractors. We  now  reach  Belgrave  Mansions 
and  Grosvenor-gardens.  The  former  consists 
of  a  block  of  ten  houses,  facing  west,  having 
shops  on  the  ground  floor.  The  materials  are 
red  brick  with  stone  dressings.  The  roofs 
are,  as  usual,  of  a  towering  character,  but  the 
cornice  is  not  bad.  It  is  to  be  regretted,  how- 
ever, that  it  should  contain  so  much  carving, 


as,  from  its  height,  the  work  can  scarcely 
be  seen,  while  the  same  amount  of  work  on 
either  the  fii-st  or  second  storey  would  have 
redeemed  them  from  absolute  poverty. 
Everything  is  of  the  most  substantial  cha- 
racter, and  money  does  not  seem  to  have  been 
spared.  Facing  Belgrave  Mansions,  and 
fronting  cast,  are  two  long  blocks  of  very 
superior  houses.  The  southernmost  block 
consists  of  nine  houses,  which  are  only  carried 
up  to  the  first  floor.  The  architecture  will 
resemble  the  block  to  the  north,  consisting  of 
nine  finished  and  six  unfinished  lofty  houses, 
both  blocks  bearing  the  name  of  Grosvenor- 
gardens.  The  style  is  the  same  pseudo- 
French  in  whicli  the  others  are  built,  and  the 
same  faults  are  displayed.  There  is  the  same 
reliance  on  gigantic  pavilions,  the  same  thin- 
ness of  detail,  and  tlie  same  overdoing  of  the 
chimneys.  The  materials  are  Portland  and 
rcil  Mansfield  stone,  and  terra  cotta.  The 
hed  mould,  trusses,  and  ornamental  frieze  of 
main  cornice  is  in  terra  cotta,  w-ith  which 
material  the  chimneys  are  profusely  decorated. 
The  arrangement  of  the  windows  is,  to  say 
the  least  of  it,  unusual,  the  second  floor 
windows  having  semicircular  heads,  while 
those  of  the  first  floor  are  square.  As  the 
former  are  considerably  the  lower,  the  effect  is 
not  good,  but  the  windows  themselves  are  not 
too  large.  The  porches  are  decorated  with 
small  columns  of  serpentine  marble.  This  is 
in  as  bad  taste  as  an  ormolu  scraper  would 
be.  The  polish  will,  however,  soon  yield  to 
the  atmosphere,  and  when  the  glitter  is  gone 
the  effect  will  be  less  disagreeable.  Archi- 
tects are  beginning  to  find  out  that  few 
buildings  will  bear  polished  granites  or 
marbles,  the  mirror-like  effect  being  destruc- 
tive to  all  repose.  Polisli  is  only  endurable 
when  mixed  with  a  due  amount  of  tooled 
work,  as  the  mat  or  frost  and  burnish  relieve 
each  other  in  jeweller's  work.  The  general 
impression  which  all  these  new  houses  convey 
is  that  they  are  bran  new,  and  that  the  people 
who  will  inhabit  them  are  bran  new  also.  In 
our  opinion  a  greater  regard  for  plainness  would 
have  given  them  a  more  respectable  look. 
There  is  an  air  of  soliil  respectability  about 
even  the  unfashionable  squares  in  the  Blooms- 
bury  quarter  that  we  look  for  in  vain  in 
many  parts  of  Belgravia.  These  things  are 
to  a  great  extent  matters  of  association,  but 
that  tliey  influence  the  educated  mind  in  all 
countries  is  no  less  true.  The  Faubourg  St. 
Germain  diflTers  internally  as  much  as  it  does 
externally  from  the  Chausee  d'Antin.  The 
plain  but  excellent  red  brick  and  white 
marble  of  Philadelphia  is,  in  reality,  hand- 
somer than  the  tinsel  ornament  amongst 
which  Shoddy  and  Petrolia  niche  themselves 
in  New  York  and  Chicago.  In  the  case  of  a 
single  house  here  and  there  the  matter  would 
be  of  a  little  importance — an  amount  of  pic- 
turesqueness  would  follow  the  display  even 
of  bad  taste  ;  but  where  buildings  are  erected 
in  large  blocks,  every  house  of  which  is  a 
counterpart  of  its  neighbour,  it  is  essential 
that  a  more  than  ordinary  amount  of  care 
and  skill  should  be  exercised.  The  import- 
ance of  the  work,  the  conspicuous  situation, 
the  ostentation  everywhere  displayed,  seem  to 
invite  rather  than  deprecate  criticism.  That 
the  houses  will  be  convenient  and  let  well, 
we  sincerely  hope,  but  something  more  than 
mere  habitableness  might  justly  be  expected 
under  the  very  peculiar  circumstances  of  the 
case.  Few  men  are  as  wealthy  as  the  land- 
lord ;  not  often  do  such  opportunities  for  the 
display  of  architectural  skill  occur,  and  few 
cities  can  boast  a  population  rich  enough  to 
become  the  tenants  of  buildings  of  such  vast 
size  and  costly  character. 


PLATE   GL.ISS  AND   ITS   MANUFAC- 
TURE. 

THE  other  day  we  visited  one  of  the 
largest  glass  factories  in  the  North  of 
England— the  oldest  manufactory  in  a  town 
renowned  for  its  glass  produce— South  Shields, 


608 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


September  6,  1867. 


and  the  only  one  in  the  district  where  phite 
glass  is  made.  Our  readers  need  hardly  to 
be  reminded  of  the  fact  that  the  banks  of  the 
Tyne  aftbrd  the  greatest  facilities  for  the 
niauufactiu'e  of  this  important  material. 
The  cheapness  of  coal  and  the  facilities  for 
shipping,  have  led  to  the  settlement  of  this 
and  other  manufactnres  on  the  banks  of  the 
Tyne,  and  while  the  iron  trade  of  the  locality 
has  latterly,  through  the  late  unfortunate 
strike  and  commercial  depression,  suffered 
considerably,  the  glass  trade  has  largely  in- 
creased. It  is  rather  curious  that  glass  for 
architectural  pm-poses  was  first  used  near  the 
scenes  of  the  most  extensive  glass  manufac- 
tories. At  Jarrow,  which  is  but  two  or  three 
miles  from  Shields,  the  Venerable  Bede  flou- 
rished in  tlie  seventh  century  ;  and  in  his 
ecclesiastical  history  he  records  the  fact  of  the 
Abbot  Benedict  bringing  over  from  beyond 
the  seas  skilled  artihcers  to  glaze  the  monas- 
tery at  Wearmouth.  This  was  in  the  year 
674  ;  and  we  are  informed  that  Bede's  church 
at  Jarrow,  which  we  foimd  had  been  beau- 
tifully restored  by  Mr.  Gilbert  Scott,  was 
always  famous  for  its  windows ;  indeed,  a 
local  tradition  informs  us  that  a  belief  once 
existed  that  it  was  never  dark  in  "  old  Jarrow 
church."  Glass,  however,  was  not  in  common 
use  in  this  country  until  after  the  close  of  the 
twelfth  century,  although  there  is  evidence 
that  even  then  it  had  become  a  trade.  The 
records  in  York  Cathedral  show  that  a  con- 
tract was  entered  into  with  a  glazier  to  glaze 
the  west  windows  of  that  building  in  1338, 
the  contract  being  performed  at  the  rate  of 
6d.  per  foot  for  white,  and  Is.  per  foot  for 
coloured  glass.  But  window  glass  was  very 
rare  in  tlie  North  up  to  1616,  when  the 
first  manufactory  was  erected  in  Newcastle- 
npon-Tyne,  by  Admiral  Sir  Robert  Maunsell. 
Crown  glass  was  subsequently  largely  made 
on  the  River  Tyne ;  but  no  crown  glass  is 
now  manufactured  since  plate  glass  has  super- 
seded the  old  processes.  The  glass  bottle 
trade  in  this  district  affords  employment  for 
large  numbers  of  men  and  boys  ;  and  we 
understand  that  the  produce  of  forty-seven 
factoi-ies  on  the  banks  of  the  Tyne,  the  Wear, 
and  the  Tees,  was,  in  1862,  nearly  four  and  a- 
half  million  dozens.  The  extensive  fluvial 
deposit  at  Jarrow  Slake,  which  is  dry  at  low 
water,  was  once  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
glass  bottles,  but  superior  materials  are  now 
employed. 

Horace  Walpole,  in  his  "  Anecdotes  of 
Painting,"  proved  that  the  manufacture  of 
window  glass  must  have  been  introduced  into 
this  country  long  before  1557,  the  date  pojou- 
larly  given  for  its  introduction.  This  he 
shows  by  a  document  dated  in  1439,  by  which 
the  Countess  of  AVarwick  stipulated  with  a 
Westminster  glazier  that  "  no  glass  from 
England  but  glass  beyond  seas "  was  to  be 
used  for  a  monument  which  she  was  erecting 
to  her  husband's  memory.  This  indicates  that 
English  glass  was  far  inferior  to  that 
made  in  foreign  countries.  In  1557,  a  supe- 
rior kind  of  window  glass  was  manufactured 
at  Crutched  Friars,  London ;  and  in  1635 
some  Venetian  workmen  were  employed  to 
improve  the  character  of  English  glass.  The 
Savoy  House,  in  the  Strand,  lays  claim  to 
the  honour  of  being  the  birthplace  of  the  first 
flint  glass  manufacture  in  this  country. 
In  16H),  James  VI.  granted  to  Lord  George 
Hay  the  right  of  introducing  the  art  of  glass- 
making  into  Scotland,  and  a  very  primitive 
manufactory  was  then  erected  at  Wemyss,  in 
Fife. 

Plate  glass  was  first  used  for  looking- 
glasses  and  coach-windows,  and  it  is  believed 
to  have  been  first  made  in  England  by  some 
workmen  brought  over  from  Venice  by  the 
Duke  of  Buckingham,  in  1670.  There  are 
records  in  existence  to  show  that  plate  glass 
of  small  dimensions  was  made  in  South 
Shields  long  before  1771,  when  the  art  of 
casting  plate  glass  by  throwing  the  molten 
materials  on  an  iron  or  copper  table,  and 
rolling  it  into  a  sheet,  was,  it  is  said,  first 
adopted.     Mr.   Swinburne,  the  head  of  the 


works  we  visited  at  Shields,  says,  that  iu  the 
early  part  of  the  seventeenth  century,  an 
article  called  brown  plate  glass  was  made  in  the 
town,  and  that  the  manufacture  was  con- 
tinned  by  the  family  who  originally  esta- 
blished it  until  about  twenty-two  years  ago, 
when  the  process  was  superseded  by  cast 
plate.  The  returns  of  the  excise  duty  show 
that  up  to  1845  more  plate  glass  was  made  in 
South  Shields  than  any  other  manufactory  in 
tlie  kingdom.  It  was  in  this  year  that  the 
glass  duty  was  abolished,  and  the  business  of 
the  firm  was  in  consequence  quadrupled. 
Prior  to  that  time  the  quantity  blown  and 
oast  in  the  manufactory  was  312,0()0ft.  per 
annum  ;  now  upwards  of  1,240,000ft.  per 
annum  can  be  produced.  The  cost  of  pro- 
duction is  infinitely  less — less  by  80  per  cent, 
in  coal — since  the  restrictive  duties  were  ab- 
rogated. Thus  it  is  tliat  the  cost  of  materials 
is  less  than  in  any  other  country ;  and  Sir 
Robert  Peel's  prophetic  words,  in  proposing 
the  abolition  of  the  duties,  are  almost 
realized,  "  If  you  leave  the  manufacture 
altogether  disburdened,  as  in  France  and 
Belgium,  then,  with  your  peculiar  advantages 
of  material,  the  command  of  alkali  and  coal, 
my  belief  is  you  wid  supply  almost  the  whole 
world."  Mr.  Swmburne,  iu  a  paper  read 
before  the  British  Association,  in  September, 
1863,  pointed  out  that  a  very  great  impedi- 
ment arose  from  the  prohibitory  duties  im- 
posed by  foreign  governments.  He  remarked 
that  "  the  English  makers  of  plate  and 
window  glass  have  represented  to  our  Govern- 
ment that  their  cost  of  labour  is  60  per  cent, 
more  than  that  of  their  foreign  rivals,  who 
are  allowed  to  import  their  produce  to  this 
country  duty  free,  whereas  the  Continental 
duties  are  prohibitory.  He  asks  no  protec- 
tion, but  desires  equal  terms  with  others,  and 
he  will  take  his  cliance  in  the  competition." 
The  English  manufacturers  of  glass,  he  adds, 
universally  complain  that  our  diplomatists 
negociated  treaties  and  settled  tariffs  without 
preconsiiltatiou  with  those  who  understand 
the  business,  and  "  they  think  that  better 
terms  might  have  been  had  if  more  informa- 
tion had  been  previously  obtained." 

It  has  been  estimated  that  the  cost  of  plate 
glass  is  now  reduced  to  about  that  of  the  com- 
mon window  glass  of  thirty  years  ago,  and  that 
the  manufacture  has  increased  from  7,000 
superficial  feet  per  week,  sold  at  from  20s.  to 
25s.  per  foot  to  140,000ft.  sold  at  2s.  and 
upwards.  Between  12,000  and  16,000  square 
feet  of  plate  glass  is  imported,  the  finest  qua- 
lities coming  from  France  and  Belgium. 
Some  Englisli  manufacturers,  stimulated  by 
the  success  which  has  attended  the  efforts  of 
foreigners  in  this  department,  have  improved 
their  plate  glass,  and  reduced  its  price — very 
necessary  steps  in  order  to  keep  pace  with 
foreign  competition.  In  Section  L  of  the 
Building  Materials  Department,  South  Ken- 
sington Museum,  will  be  found  some  speci- 
mens of  a  new  kind  of  plate  glass,  known  as 
rolled  plate,  manufactured  by  Messrs.  Hart- 
ley, in  the  Wear  Glass  Works,  Sunderland. 
It  was  invented  by  Mr.  James  Hartley,  and 
is  only  made  in  three  places  in  the  kingdom, 
the  Sunderland  works  turning  out  nearly  a 
million  feet  per  annum,  representing  a  value 
of  ^15,000.  This  glass  resembles  the  ordi- 
nary plate  descriptions  in  their  unpolished 
state,  lint,  like  the  foreign  examples,  is  much 
lighter ;  it  is  used  largely  for  roofing  and  other 
purposes  where  tran.slucency  is  required. 

The  works  at  Shields  are  very  extensive, 
and  many  of  the  buildings  are  very  old.  In 
the  yard  are  the  used  jiots,  which  are  left  out 
in  the  air  to  cool ;  these  crucibles  are  made  by 
the  firm  themselves.  In  the  first  building 
we  entered  were  the  furnaces,  in  each  of 
wliich  there  were  four  pots,  which  were  being 
filled  by  workmen,  with  masked  faces,  with 
the  materials.  The  sand  is  of  the  whitest 
description — perfectly  pure — it  having  been 
well  washed  and  passed  through  a  sieve  be- 
fore being  mixed  with  the  other  ingredients. 
Great  care  is  taken  in  the  selection  of  these 
materials.     The  following  proportions  of  in- 


gredients are  said  to  be  the  best  ; — Lynn  sand, 
well  washed  and  dried,  72(.)  parts ;  alkaUne 
salt,   containing  40   per  cent,    of    .soda,   450 
parts  ;    lime,   slaked   and    sifted,   80   parts; 
nitre,  25    parts  ;    broken    glass,   425    parts. 
These  quantities  will  yield    1,200  pounds  ol 
glass.      At    the    celebrated    glass   works    at 
St.     Gobain,    in     France,    where     the   plate 
glass     produced    is    of    the    finest    descrip- 
tion, tlie  materials  used  are  in  the  following 
proportion  : — White  sand,  100  parts ;  carbo- 
nate of  lime,  12  parts  ;  soda,  45  to  48  p.arts  ; 
fragments  of  glass   of  the  same  quality,  100 
parts  ;  oxide   of   manganese,   jth  part.     The 
broken   glass,   we  shoidd   add,  is   the   waste 
taken  from  sheets,  and  the  overflowings  from 
the  pots.     There  is  a  large  amount  of  mere 
waste,  whicli  cannot  be  used  in  consequence 
of  its  contact  with  the  ashes  of  the  furnace. 
The   ingredients  Iiaving  been   "  fritted,"    or 
partially  combined  in     small    furnaces,   are 
placed   in   the   pots.      Originally   they   were 
heated  twice ;    but  one  heating  is  now  con- 
sidered to  be  suflicient.     When  the   red   hot 
liquid  lava  is  in  a  fit  state  to  use,  the  crucible 
is  taken  out,  and  placed  on  a  carriage,  which 
runs  on  rails  to   the   casting-table.     Arrived 
here,  three  men  examine  the  liquid  glass,  and 
by  means  of  a   copper  ladle,  having   a   long 
handle,  all  the   impurities  which  have   accu- 
mulated  on  the  surface  are  removed.     The 
scene   at  this  point   is  very   interesting  and 
exciting.     The   reader  may  imagine  a  large, 
gloomy,   lofty,   substantial  shed,   lit   up   en- 
tirely by  the  reflection  from  the  liquid  glass. 
A  group  of  fifteen  or  twenty  men  surround 
the  casting  table  ;  the   cuvette — which  is  the 
name   of  the  vessel  from   which  the  glass  i- 
poured  in  the  casting — is  raised  up  by  mean^ 
of  a  crane,  the  red  hot  vessel  is  swung  round 
so  as  to  be  in  the  centre  of  the  table  ;  and  at 
a  given  signal  from  the  foreman  the  vessel  i 
tilted  up,  and  the  hot  golden  lava  streams  on 
the   t^ble.     A  very  heavy  iron  roller,  resem- 
bling a    huge     rolling-pin,   is    immediately 
passed  over  the  melted  mass,  which  assume? 
the    thickness    required.       The    passing    o 
the     iron   roller    over   the    glass    causes    ; 
beautiful  play  of  brilliant  sparkling  colours 
of  every  possible  tint.     The  plate  of  glass  i 
soon  solidified,  when  it  is  dexterously  thrus 
from  the  casting  table  into  the  oven.     Thesi 
ovens  allow   of  four   immense  plates    bein; 
put  into  them  ;   and  the  plates  remain  her 
lor  fifteen  days  ;  the  heat  is  thus  allowed  t 
decline  gradually,  so  that  by  this  slow  proces 
of  cooling  the  glass  may  be  properly  annealed 
The  value  of  each  of  these  plates  varies  o 
course  with  their  quality  and  size  ;  those  w 
saw  being  cast  were  worth  between  £20  an 
£30  each,  while  some  have  been  cast  wort 
at  least,  .£60.      When  the  sheets  are  take 
from    the   annealing   oven  they  are  sent  1 
Newcastle  to  be  ground  and  polished.     The; 
processes  have  been  carried  on  by  the  firm  i 
Newcastle  for  many  years ;   and  the   heav 
expense    of    removing    the   machinery  froi 
that  city  to   Shields  renders  it  impossible  l 
carry  on  both  establishment-^  in  one  town. 

Tlie  sheets  of  glass  are,  frequently,  an  in( 
and     a-half   in   thickness   upon   leaving  tl 
oven  ;    but  they  are  ground   to   about  on 
half   that    thickness     in    Newcastle.      Tl 
edges     are     cut     smooth     and    square    1 
means    of    a   sharp   diamond ;  and  a  gent 
rap   by    a    small    hammer    underneath   tl 
glass    is    sufficient    to     break    the     piec 
away.      When  in  the  grinding  departme 
the  plates  are  imbedded  upon  a  table  ma- 
either  of  freestone  or  wood,  the  glass  beii 
securely   cemented  by  plaster   of  Paris, 
plate   is   reversed    and  suspended    over   t 
other,  and  ground  flint  is  placed  between  t 
two  plates.    In  this  way  the  sheets  are  groui 
after  which  they  are  again  ground  with  emf 
powder.      Dr.    Lardner   thus   describes    tl 
preparation  and    process    (  "  Cabinet  Oye 
picdia,"  No.  26)  : — "  A  considerable  quant 
of  emery   is    put   into   a  vessel     contaim 
water,  and  is  stirred  about  violently  until  1' 
whole  is  mechanically  mixed  with  the  wat. 
Emery  is  absolutely  insoluble  by  such  raeai ; 


September  6,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


609 


and  if  the  mixture  were  left  at  rest  during  a 
sufficient   time   the   whole  would  subside  in 
layers;    the   coarsest  and   heaviest    particles 
sinking  first,   and    so  on  successively,  until 
the  very  finest  particles  would  range  them- 
selves as  the  upper  stratiun.     Previously  to 
this,     however,      and     while     these     finest 
grains  are    stdl    suspended    in    the    water, 
it  is  poured  off  into   a   separate  vessel,  and 
the  emer)-  is  there  allowed  to  settle.     A  fresh 
supply    of    water  is    poured    into    the  first 
vessel,  the  contents  of  which  are   again   vio- 
lently agitated  and  allowed  partially  to  sub- 
side as  before."    The  liquor  is  poured  into  a 
third  ve.s3el,  and  thus  emery  of  the  second 
legtee  of  fineness  is  produced  ;  this   opera- 
;ion    being    repeated   in     order    to     obtain 
■jowders  having  five  different  degrees  of  fine- 
less.       "  The  deposits   are  then    separately 
Iried  upon  a  stove  to  a  consistence  proper  for 
uaking  them  up  into   small  balls,  in  which 
brm  they    are    delivered  to  the   workmen. 
ji  this  further  rubbing  together,  or,  as  it  is 
•ailed,    '  smoothing,'   of  the  glass  plates,   it 
nust  be  understood  that  the  coarsest  emery 
=  first  used,  and  so  on,  substituting  powders 
■.ing  increasing  degrees  of  fineness  as  the 
ik  proceeds."  When  the  glass  is  thoroughly 
u,     it     is    delivered    to    the     polisher, 
e  polishing  is  done  by  means  of  an  elastic 
i>hion,  which,  being  wetted,  is  covered  with 
le  red  oxide   of  iron.      In    all  these  pro- 
-ic-3the  utmost  care  is  taken,  and  if  flaws 
discovered  in  the  glass,  it  has  to  be  cut  up 
.ij  small    plates.      The  risk  and  skiU   iu- 
olved  in  the  manufacture  of  plate  glass,  of 
jiu^e,    keep    up    the   price   of    the  article, 
iue  of  the  plates  made  during  the  last  few 
irs  are  of  extraordinary  size.     In  Messrs. 
'.'inson    and  Preston's  vaults,  at  Hackiu's- 
y,  Dale-street,  Liverpool,  there  is  a  window, 
mounted  by  a  half  circular  frame,  and  to 
commodate  this  a  separate  plate  lias  been 
J  for  the  upper  portion.     The   plate  be- 
'■  measures  145Mn.  by  82jin.  ;  that  above, 
-bin.  by   42|in.       The   total    superficies   is 
26ft.  8in.,  the  thickness  being  three-eighths 
f  an  inch.     Messrs.   Whitby  and  Williams 
upplied  these  enormous  plates. 

We  believe  the    social    condition  of   the 

•orkmen  engaged  in  the  plate  glass  trade  is 

luch  superior  to  what  it  was  a  few  years  ago. 

'he  old  practice  of  compelling  the  masters  to 

rovide  drink  on  the  works  has  been  aban- 

oned  in   the  manufactory  we  visited,   and 

)me  of  the  men  are  teetotallers.     This  is 

jmewhat    surprising,   considering    that  the 

attire  of  the  work  is  such  as  to  induce  the 

!>.-n  to  drink  hard.      We  are   assured,  how- 

t-r,  that  in  the  bro\\'n  flint  trade  the  master 

1  lowerless  to  prevent  intoxication ;  and  that 

■  Irink  money  were  to  be  withheld  the  whole 

.  the  men  would  strike  at  once,  and  would 

e  supported    in  their    movement    by    the 

lassmakers'  society.     Indeed,  it  is  notorious 

lat  the  trades'  imions  are  exercising  a  power 

i'er  the  master  which  the  majority  of  intelli- 

;nt  working-men  would  not  approve.     AVe 

i;lieve  that  the  wages  of    the  men  in  the 

late  glass   mantifacture  vary   from   25s.   to 

'•3.  per  week,  and  the  hours  of  labour  are 

om  three  or  four  o'clock  in  the  morning  to 

lai.  JBiTClve  (noon).     "  No  one  dies  here,  Sir,"  re- 

,  -^iiarked  the  foreman,   a  stout,   dark    fellow, 

hose  muscular   frame   indicated    extraordi- 

iry  strength  ;  and,  notwithstanding  the  in- 

ifferable  heat  of  the   place,  and   the  state 

perspiration  from  which  the  men  suffer  for 

ght  or  more  hours  a  day,  the  men  remain 

:re   for  years,   and  if  they   are   not   slaves 

drink  see  old   age.     The  majority  of  the 

en  at  work  in  the  factory  had  been  appren- 

■ed   there,     and     had     never     left    their 

tuations. 


PRESERVATION    OF    TIMBER. 
No.  III. 

LLTHOUGH  some  of  our  English  engi- 
neers, taking  a  purely  financial  view  of 
:-  question,  are  discontinuing  the  creosoting 
ocess,  it  is  at  this  time  being  taken  up  by 


the  principal  French  and  German  railway 
companies,  and  is  officially  adopted  for  all  tir 
and  beech  sleepers  in  Belgium  and  Holland. 
It  is  certain  that  the  solidity,  hardness,  and 
elasticity  of  timber  are  increased  by  the  pro- 
cess of  creosoting.  Mr.  Hemans  stated,  as  far 
back  as  ISoO,  to  the  Institution  of  Civil  En- 
gineers : — "  I  have  noticed  particularly  a  great 
degree  of  toughness  in  the  fibre  of  the  wood, 
which  was  apparently  derived  from  the  creo- 
sote." Mr.  Badge,  of  the  Lancashire  and 
Yorkshire  Railway,  in  1851,  stated,  in  a  pub- 
lished letter  to  Mr.  John  Bethell,  that  creo- 
soted  wood  seemed  to  acquire  "  the  hardness 
of  brass."  This  gentleman  now  states,  on  re- 
laying creosoted  sleepers  with  new  rails,  only 
about  one  per  cent,  are  broken.  It  is  found 
in  Holland,  as  Mr.  Waldorp,  adistingxiished 
Dutch  engineer,  atiirms,  that  beech  wood,  which 
generally  has  a  tendency  to  split,  does  not  do 
so  when  creosoted.  Recent  experiments  made 
by  Jlr.  Cudworth,  of  the  North  Eastern 
Railway,  and  by  Mr.  Crepin,  of  the  Belgian 
State  Railways,  show  in  the  most  conclusive 
manner  that  creosoted  wood  is  superior  in 
elasticity  and  hardness  to  un-creosoted  wood. 
Perhaps  we  caimot  do  better,  in  treating  a 
question  of  this  kind,  than  appeal  to  the  expe- 
rience of  men  who  are  entitled  to  speak  ■ndth 
authority.  Mr.  G.  K.  Burnell,  in  a  paper  read 
by  him  before  the  Society  of  Arts,  on  Wednes- 
day, May  30,  1860,  says  :  — 

That  creosote  is  able  to  protect  wood  against 
ordinary  decay  is  proved  by  tlie  state  of  the  sleepers 
of  some  of  our  railways,  laid  down  as  far  back  as 
1841.  but,  of  course,  this  process,  lilce  all  practical 
chemical  ones,  requires  to  be  applied  skilfully  and 
conscientiously.  Much  prejudice  ag-ainst  the  use  of 
creosote  seems,  for  instance,  to  have  been  created 
by  the  decay  of  timber  treated  by  the  pyrolignite  of 
iron,  and  still  more  by  the  shameful  manner  in 
which  the  creosote  itself  has  been  used,  for  some- 
times no  more  of  that  oil  is  to  be  found  in  the  wood 
than  the  latter  would  be  able  to  take  up  by  a  very 
temporary  immersion.  In  the  best  creosoting  works, 
the  oil  is  injected  at  a  temperatm-e  of  120  deg., 
and  under  a  pressure  of  1501b.  on  the  square  inch, 
so  that  ordinary  tir  timber  absorbs,  on  the  average, 
from  Sib.  to  lOlb.  weight  of  the  creosote  to  the 
cubic  foot.  For  all  building  or  hydrauUc  engineer- 
ing purposes,  tir  timber  thus  treated  is  far  more 
dvn-able  than  the  best  oak,  teak,  or  otner  hard 
woods  ;  and  as  the  cost  of  the  operation  is  very  small, 
it  certainlj'  should  be  resorted  to  on  all  occasions 
where  smell  is  not  objectionable.  It  may  be  here 
remarked  that  it  is  essential  to  observe  that  all  these 
methods  of  protecting  timber  depend  for  their  suc- 
cess upon  the  skilful  and  conscientious  manner  in 
which  they  are  applied.  The  pm-ity  of  the  salts,  or 
of  the  creosote  used,  the  strength  of  the  solutions, 
the  treatment  of  the  wood  before  the  injection  of 
the  preservative  materials,  and  the  manner  in  which 
those  materials  are  injected,  all  require  strict  atten 
tion,  and  they  certainly  render  it  necessary  for  the 
engineer  or  architect  either  to  resort  to  those 
establishments  which  have  a  good  reputation  to 
lose,  or  to  exercise  the  most  rigid  personal  super- 
vision. The  machinery  required  for  preparing  a 
long  stick  of  tnnber,  of  considerable  scantHng,  is  in 
itself  a  serious  matter,  for  it  is  necessary,  in  the  first 
place,  to  make  a  vacuum,  which  should  allow  the 
sapwood  to  escape,  and  to  do  this  in  cylindei-s  of  6ft. 
in  diameter,  and  from  20ft.  to  50ft.  in  length,  is  in 
itself  both  difficult  and  dangerous  ;  then  the  injec- 
tion of  the  creosote  at  a  temperature  of  120  deg., 
and  under  a  pressure  of  1501b-  on  the  square  inch 
is,  as  every  practical  man  knows,  a  dangerous  ope- 
ration, reqiiiring  very  skilful  manipulation  and  very 
costly  machinery. 

Mr.  E.  Alby,  C.E.  to  the  committee  insti- 
tuted by  the  Sardinian  Government,  in  1860, 
to  consider  the  relative  merits  of  the  different 
processes  for  preserWug  timber,  says  : — 

Creosote  is  the  only  antiseptic  which  has  the  pro- 
perty of  augmenting  the  density  of  wood,  and  thence 
its  resistance  to  mechanical  actions.  A  tir  sleeper 
of  ordinary  size  has  a  volume  of  0-70  m.c,  and 
weighs  40k.  After  its  injection  with  creosote  its 
weight  is  65k.,  and  it  has  acquired  a  density  equal 
to  that  of  oak.  This  property  admits  the  use  of 
white  wood  sleepers  under  the  joint  cushions,  and 
along  the  inclined  plane  D--  Giovi  (the  steepest  in- 
cline in  Europe),  where  sleepers  injected  with  me- 
tallic salts  were  obliged  to  he  taken  up  after  a  few 
days,  on  account  of  the  cushion  having  become 
imbedded  on  the  wood. 

The  following  extract  from  a  paper  by  Mr. 
H.  W.  Lewis,  University  of  Michigan,  will 
give  the  view  taken  of  this  subject   by  an 


American  [See  Building  News  for  January 
11,  1867.]:— 

English  engineers  dorido  American  wooden  rail- 
way bridges.  Eight  years  is  their  average  duration. 
Creosote  them,  and  they  are  good  for  double  or  treble 
that  time.  For  ordinary  railroati  purposes  they 
cost  40  dollars  per  linear  foot.  The  use  of  BotheU's 
process  would  elfect  a  great  saWng  on  such  a  line  as 
the  Grand  Trunk  Railway,  whose  wooden  bridges 
measure  9,355ft.  upon  the  Montreal  and  Portland 
division  alone.  Further  illustrations  of  the  import- 
ance of  preserving  timber  from  decay  seem  unneces- 
sar}'. 

Mr.  J.  C.  Mollis,  engineer  to  the  Govern- 
ment of  St.  Helena,  in  a  letter  dated  June  19, 
1865,  and  addressed  to  Mr.  John  Bethell, 
says  :— 

You  were  kind  enough  to  allow  to  bo  prepared 
under  my  personal  inspection,  during  my  visit  to 
England  in  1863,  a  specimen  of  creosotetl  pine  timber 
to  l^e  tried  hero,  where  the  white  ant  abounds,  and 
is  most  terribly  destructive  of  buildings,  Ac.  I 
have  great  pleasure  in  telling  you,  after  twelve 
months'  trial  of  that  specimen,  that  it  is  found  to  be 
sound  ;  you  \vill  perceive  the  relative  v.alue  of  such  a 
test  when  I  say  that  no  other  artiticially-prepared 
wood  has  yet  been  found  to  resist  the  attacks  of  the 
ant  here. 

Mr.  Harrison,  at  a  meeting  of  the  Institu- 
tion of  Civil  Engineers  in  March,  1866,  stated 
as  follows  : — 

In  his  own  experience  he  found  no  sleeper  was 
better  for  wear  than  the  ordinary  Scotch  tir  sleeper, 
creosoted.  It  was  tougher  than  others,  and  would 
$tand  the  resetting  of  the  chairs,  and  pins  might  be 
driven  into  it  two  or  thi-ee  times  without  splitting. 
The  great  defect  of  the  ordinary  Baltic  sleeper  cut 
down  the  middle  was  the  splitting  from  the  pins  ; 
but,  notwithstanding  that,  he  thought  it  was  a  mere 
question  of  wear.  There  were  creosoted  sleepers 
still  in  use  on  the  Stockton  and  Darlington  line, 
which  had  been  down   for  more  than  twenty  years. 

Mr.  R.  Badge,  of  the  Lancashire  and  York- 
shire RaUwav,  in  a  letter  dated  February  23, 
1867,  says  :— 

About  eighteen  months  ago  I  visited  that  portion 
of  our  hne  which  was  laid  with  creosoted  sleepers  in 
1S40,  and  I  am  able  to  report  that  the  whole  are  as 
fresh  and  soimd  as  when  first  laid.  During  a  period 
of  twenty  years  1  have  creosoted  above  a  milhon  of 
sleepers,  as  well  as  large  quantities  of  timber  of 
various  kinds,  and  from  my  experience  gained  during 
that  time,  I  would  recommend  that  all  timber  bo 
creosoted  which  is  intended  to  be  placed  in  exposed 
situations. 

The  following  is  the  copy  of  a  letter 
addressed  to  Messrs.  Armstrong  and  Foster, 
of  Sunderland  :— 

Hope  Town  Foundry,  Darlington, 
March  15,  1867. 

Gentlemen, — I  forwai'ded  per  rail  yesterday  a 
piece  of  creosoted  yellow  pine  timber,  cut  from  the 
end  of  a  railway  sleeper  which  was  laid  down  on  the 
Stockton  and  Darlington  Railway,  August.  1841. 
The  sleeper  is  in  a  state  of  excellent  preservation, 
save  being  slightly  indented  by  the  chairs,  and  likely 
to  last  many  more  years.  You  will  perceive  that 
the  piece  forwarded  is  as  sound  and  strong  as  the 
first  day  it  was  laid  in  the  ground,  nearly  twenty-six 
years,  a  period  which  would  have  rendered  it  useless 
in  one  quarter  the  time  if  laid  down  in  its  natural 
state. 

Now,  seeing  that  the  decay  of  timber  is  gradual, 
and  goes  on  from  year  to  year,  and  the  creosoted 
timber  is  imchanged  after  twenty. six  years,  one 
cannot  put  any  limit  to  its  duration,  save  from  me- 
chanical action,  such  as  small-based  chairs,  the 
careless  and  injudicious  manner  in  which  they  are 
fastened  to  the  sleeper  in  many  cases,  and  suffered 
to  work  loose  for  long  periods,  thereby  embedding 
themselves.  These  are  causes  which,  I  believe,  have 
never  received  a  sufficient  amount  of  attention, 
but  which  can,  in  a  great  measure,  be  remedied, 
but  which,  no  doubt,  have  often  given  a  bias  against 
creosoting.  I  believe  I  may  safely  say  that  I  have 
had  now  as  large  an  experience  in  permanent  way 
as  most  men  (something  like  forty  yeai's),  and  have 
had  to  do  with  stone  l)locks,  different  kinds  of  timber 
laid  down  in  its  natural  state,  cast-iron  sleepers, 
which,  by  the  way,  I  have  taken  up,  .after  being 
down  some  seven  or  eight  years,  half  eaten  away 
by  the  sulphur  from  the  ballast,  and  I  do  think 
that  properly  creosoted  transverse  sleepers,  of  good 
substance  and  properly  fastened,  a  double-headed 
rail,  751b.  or  801b.  per  yard,  seated  on  oak  cushions, 
the  best  and  most  economical  permanent  way  that 
has  come  within  my  experience, 
lam,  lie, 

THOIIAS  StJJIMERSON'. 

Mr.  Deas,  the  engineer  of  the  Edinburgh 
and  Glasgow  Railway,  has  sent  us  the  report  of 


610 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


September  6,  1867. 


the  Cologne  International  Agricultural  Exhi- 
bition for  1863,  which  refers  to  this  question 
of  the  preservation  of  timber.  The  report, 
which  was  drawn  up  by  tlie  Count  of  West- 
phalia, juror  of  Section  IV.,  does  not  speak 
favourably  of  the  oreosoting  process.  The 
committee,  however,  had  very  slender  evi- 
dence presented  to  it.  According  to  the 
catalogue  accompanying  the  report,  it  appears 
that  the  sleepers  examined  were  impregnated 
with  the  creosote  at  a  pressure  of  from  (JOlb. 
to  651b.  per  square  inch,  and  were  conse- 
quently inetiiciently  done,  whereas  they 
should  have  been  subjected  to  a  pressure  of 
1501b.  per  square  inch.  "We,  however,  have 
no  prejudice  for  creosoting  or  any  other 
method,  and  are  only  interested  in  the  best 
ways  to  preserve  timber.  It  is  an  important 
economical  question,  and  we  hope  shortly  to 
speak  of  other    mode-s    whereby    timber    is 

preserved. 

^> _ 

ZINC  ROOFING. 

WE  have  recently  received  several  communi- 
cations on  zinc  roofing.  The  following 
information  will  an'swer  some  of  the  enquiries 
which  are  frequently  made  on  the  subject  ; — 

Sheet  zinc  is  always  attainable  in  sheets  Sft. 
and  7ft.  long,  by  Sft.  and  2ft.  Sin.  wide,  but  it 
may  be  rolled  of  any  length  under  12ft.  For 
specially  rolled  sheets  about  a  month's  notice 
should  be  given,  and  for  lengths  over  10ft.  an 
additional  cost  of  about  £2  per  ton  is  incurred  for 
rolling. 

The  sheets  may  be  laid  in  three  ways,  viz.,  on 
boards;  or  corrugated  with  horizontal  supports 
every  2ft.,  without  boards    (see  sketch   A),   or   in 


what  is  called  Italian-formed  zinc,  in  which  a  cor- 
rugation occurs  every  lOin.,  1ft.,  or  1ft.  3in.,  and 
the  corrugation  lies  upon  a  light  rafter  or  bearer 
running  lengthwise  (see  sketch  B)  ;  in  the  two 
latter  instances  no  boards  are  required,  and  the 
Italian  forms  an  excellent  roof,  and  one  that  looks 
also  exceedingly  well.  The  strength  allowed  in 
large  roofs  for  wind  and  snow  will  be  always  suf- 
ficient, without  adding  anyttiing  for  the  zinc 
coveiing.  The  thicknesses  to  be  used  should  be 
on  boards  not  less  than  No.  14  gauge,  weighing 
21oz.  13dr.  to  the  superficial  foot,  and  without 
boards  not  less  than  No.  1.^,  weighing  24oz.,  or 
No.  16,  weighing  26oz.  3dr.  to  the  superficial  foot. 
The  zinc  in  common  use  till  within  the  last  seven 
years,  and  not  by  any  means  abandoned  yet,  is 
No.  9,  weighing  lOoz.  13dr.  the  superficial  foot, 
which  will  not  answer  even  if  well  laid,  but  laid 
in  the  ordinary  way  is  sure  to  tear  itself  to  pieces 
and  to  fail.  The  metal  should  be  laid  so  that  each 
sheet  is  quite  free  to  expand  and  coatract.  If 
engineers  and  architects  will  specify  the  description 
of  zinc,  the  gauge  and  weight  per  foot  of  the 
sheets  they  desire  to  use,  and  will  add  that  it  is 
all  to  be  laid  *'  quite  free  and  uncontiued,  without 
soldering  any  joints,"  they  will  probably  receive  a 
proper  material  and  workmanship.  Short-sighted 
workmen  will,  of  course,  object,  if  they  can,  to  do 
the  work  in  a  way  that  they  are  not  fully  used  to, 
but  it  is  quite  certain  a  neglect  of  the  precautions 
above-named  will  cause  the  work  to  fail.  In  flat 
roofs,  if  possible,  a  fall  of  6in.  on  the  ordinary 
length  of  a  sheet  should  be  obtained,  and  drips 
should  be  24iu.  deep,  to  allow  the  rolls  to  pass  well 
under  the  projecting  upper  sheet,  with  its  rounded 
edge.  The  carpeut  r  will  do  well  to  give  the  zinc- 
worker  notice  before  he  forms  his  roof,  so  that 
these  matters  maybe  pointed  out;  it  is  too  late  to 
correct  errors  if  the  zinc  worker  is  only  called  in 
when  the  carpentry  is  finished.  No  nail  should 
ever  pass  through  the  outei-  surface  of  the  sheets 
or  roll  caps  ;  none  is  needed,  for  there  are  various 
secure  modes  of  fastening  the  sheets  from  beneath. 
The  price  of  sheet  zinc  varies  with  the  price  of 
spelter;  it  has  ranged,  during  the  last  few  years, 
from  JE21  to  £28  a  ton  :  £2lS  is  an  average  price, 
and  at  this  price  zinc  roofs,  of  a  plain  character ,  may 
be  laid  as  follows  at  per  superficial  foot : — No.  14 
at  7d.,  on  boards;  No.  15,  on  boards  or  Itahan,  at 
7|d. ;  No.  16  at  84d. ;  but   these   prices  are  not 


measuring  all  the  zinc  rjsed,  but  stretching  a  line 
from  ridge  to  eaves,  and  from  side  to  side,  girting 
nothing,  and  adding  nothing  for  rolls,  caps,  welts 
&c. ;  thus,  any  one,  however  inexperienced,  may. 
by  so  easy  a  measurement  as  this,  obtain  an  esti 
mate  of  the  finished  roof  he  wishes  to  put  up. 
Flashings  and  gutters  are  to  be  added  to  the  above. 
If  the  roof  has  a  fall  of  12in.  and  upwards  in  the 
length  of  a  sheet,  no  drip  is  required,  only  a  fold 
at  the  junctions  of  the  sheets.  Lime  destroys 
zinc ;  it  will  be  well,  therefoie,  that  flashings 
should  be  pointed  in  cement.  Small  portable 
gauges  to  test  thickness,  models,  and  all  detailed 
information  are  furnished  at  once,  on  application 
to  either  of  the  architects  of  the  Vieille  Montague 
Zinc  Mining  Company,  Mr.  James  Edmeston, 
5,  Crown-court,  Old  Broad-street,  E.G.,  or  to  Mr. 
R.  G.  Fisher,  Parliament-street,  S.W.,  or  to  Mr. 
J.  AY.  Tyler,  12,  Abiugdon-street,  Westminster. 


NEW  HARBOURS,  DOCKS,  AND  BRIDGES. 

C CONTRACTS  are  about  to  be  taken  for  the 
/  removal  of  the  present  Hutchestown  Bridge, 
Glasgow,  and  the  construction  of  a  new  one.  The 
architectural  character  of  the  new  work  will  be 
entirely  different  from  that  of  the  other  bridges 
which  span  the  Clyde  at  Glasgow,  as  it  will  be 
chiefly  constructed  of  iron.  The  bridge  will  mea- 
sure 410ft.  feet  in  length  and  60ft.  in  breadth, 
and  will  comprise  three  spans — the  centre  one 
I  eing  114ft.  and  the  side  ones  being  lOSft.  wide. 
In  order  to  guard  against  the  dangerous  efiects  of 
alteration  in  the  river  beds,  which  have  been  so 
fatal  to  the  present  structure,  the  piers  and  abut- 
ments will  be  founded  on  cast-iron  cylinders,  each 
10ft.  fliameter,  going  right  through  the  alluvial 
bed  of  the  stream  to  the  hard  substratum  of  shale 
covering  the  coal  measures,  a  depth  of  about  86ft. 
below  low  water.  These  cylinders  will  be  filled 
with  hydraulic  concrete,  forming  columns  of  arti- 
ficial stone,  to  about  15ft.  from  low-water  mark, 
after  which  they  will  be  filled  in  with  solid 
masonry.  Above  the  low-water  level  the  piers 
and  abutments  will  be  built  of  white  granite,  with 
the  exception  of  the  shaft  of  the  central  piers, 
which  will  be  of  red  polished  granite,  surmounted 
by  enriched  capitals.  The  abutment  piers  will  be 
carried  up*  lift,  above  the  roadway,  forming 
massive  rectangular  towers  flanking  each  side  of 
the  entrances  to  the  bridge.  These  towers  and 
the  pedestals  of  the  piers  will  be  surmounted  by 
standards  of  a  rich  design,  bearing  each  a  cluster 
of  three  globular  gas-lamps.  The  arches  con- 
necting the  piers  will  be  of  wrought  iron,  of  a 
slightly  elliptical  form,  so  as  to  give  a  light  and 
graceful  contour,  and  yet  to  preserve  the  im- 
portant requisites  of  strength  and  rigidity.  They 
will  be  relieved  with  ornamental  cast  iron  woik. 
The  bridge  will  be  completed  in  two  years.  The 
engineers  are  Messrs.  Bell  and  Miller. 

The  directors  of  the  Furness  Railway  have 
invited  the  president  of  the  Liverpool  Chamber  of 
Commerce  to  the  celebration  of  the  opening  of 
the  Barrow  Docks,  which  will  take  place  on  the 
10th  last.  The  two  principal  docks — the  Devon- 
shire and  the  Buccleuch — comprise  30  and  33 
acres  respectively,  and  the  total  water  area  of  the 
docks  and  timber  ponds  is  105  acres.  The 
wharves  and  sidings  adjoining  the  docks  measure 
100  acres,  and  the  sites  for  the  ship  yards  and 
works  230  acres. 

The  Briti.sh  Fishery  Society,  who  are  proprietors 
of  Pultney  Town,  on  the  south  shore  of  Wick  Bay, 
are  engaged  in  the  arduous  and  important  work 
of  constructing  a  new  harbour  on  a  large  scale, 
from  the  designs  of  I\Iessrs.  Stevenson,  of  Edin- 
burgh, in  the  Bay  of  Wick.  This  important  and 
almost  national  work  has  now  been  going  on  for  some 
years,  but  owing  to  the  great  depth  of  water  in 
which  the  breakwater  is  founded  (being  about 
30ft.  at  low  water),  and  the  interruption  to  the 
work  in  consequence  of  the  heavy  seas  raised  by 
easterly  winds,  the  progress  is  slow,  being  only 
about  200ft.  per  annum.  The  contractors  are 
Messrs.  A.  and  K.  Macdonald,  of  Glasgow.  This 
great  and  diSicult  work  which,  when  completed, 
will  extend  for  a  distance  of  1,500ft.  into  the 
Bay  of  Wick,  is  proceeding  satisfactorily,  and, 
although  as  yet  only  about  half  finished,  already 
shelters  a  considerable  portion  of  the  bay.  The 
seas  in  the  Bay  of  Wick,  says  the  Scotsman,  are 
heavier  than  those  to  be  met  with  on  any  part 
of  the  east  coast  of  Scotland,  and  it  is  dou  tful 
whether  any  harbour  work  has  hitherto  been 
executed  in  a  similar  exposure;  certain  it  is  that 
the  staging  of  pine  timber  which  has  been  invaria- 
bly used  in  the  construction  of  breakwaters  of  this 


country  has  been  found  to  be  wholly  insufficient  to  ^ 
withstand  the  seas  of  Wick  Bay,  and  staging  of 
greenheart  oak— a  very  strong  timber — has  been 
sulistituted.     The  damage  done  to  the  unfinished  j 
work  during  the  three  years  since  its  commence-  I 
ment  has  not  exceeded  £300,   which  speaks  well ' 
not  only  for  the  character  of  the  work  in  course 
of  erection,  but  for  the  stability  of  the   structure 
when  completed. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Preston  town  council  last 
week,  a  report  on  certain  projected  improvements 
of  the  navigation  of  the  river,  and  the  provision 
of  more  dock  accommodation,  was  submitted. 
The  estimate  of  cost  is  from  £120,000  to  £130, 000. 
It  was  thought  that  Preston  occupied  a  very 
favourable  position  for  the  development  of  a  good 
trade.  The  consideration  of  the  matter  was 
adjourned  for  a  fortnight. 


PRICES  OP  ENGLISH  PICTURES. 

THE  following  "  Jottings  from  the  Note  Book 
of  an  Undeveloped  Collector"  are  taken 
from  a  very  entertaining  article  in  the  current 
number  of  the  Cornhill  Magazine: — "  Few  pic 
tures  of  modern  times  have  brought  larger  prices 
than  Turner's.  Three  of  his  works,  the  '  Guard 
Ship,'  for  which  he  got  £25,  'Cologne,'  and 
'  Dieppe'  (he  had  £500  for  each  of  these)  were 
purchased  in  1S48  for  £1,500  ;  but  at  Mr.  Wad- 
man's  sale  in  1854  brought  1,530  guineas,  2,000 
guineas,  and  1,850  guineas.  In  1860  hia  '  Grand 
Canal,  Venice,'  fetched  2,400  guineas,  and  '  Os- 
tend'  1,650  guineas;  Turner  had  got  400  guineas 
for  the  two.  But  the  rage  for  Turners  has,  to 
some  extent,  gone  by ;  for  whilst  Mr.  Windus  in 
1850  had  given  710  guineas  for  the  'Dawn  of 
Christianity,'  it  realized  in  1856  no  more  than 
320,  and  the  '  Glaucus  and  Scylla,"  bought  for 
700  guineas,  280.  The  largest  price,  however,  1 
believe  ever  given  for  a  Turner  was  that  obtained 
iu  the  May  of  this  year  at  Mr.  Monroe's  sale,  wher 
'  Modern  Italy'  brought  3,300  guineas. 

"  But   some  very   startling  prices   have  lately 
been  paid  for  pictures  by   English   artists.     Hol- 
man  Ifunt   received   from    Mr.    Gambart  for  his 
wellknown   picture,  the  '  Finding  the  Saviour  in 
the  Temple,'  £5,500.       True,  it  was  the  resu  t   o: 
six  yea  s'  labour.     The  modern  system  of  exhibit 
ing    single    pictures — '  admittance    one    shilling 
each' — makes   even  such  a    speculation  as  that  o 
Mr.   Gambart's    pretty    successful.      Other   pre 
RaS'aeUite  paint  ngs    bring  much   more  moderati 
sums.       Hunt's  '  Scapegoat,'  for  instance,  whicl 
figured    in    Miss     Florence     Claxton's    amusin; 
'  Choice  of  Paris,'  in  the  Portland  Ga'lery,   1860 
was   sold   at   Mr.  Windus's  sale,    1862,  for   49.' 
guineas.      The   same   sale   disposed    of    Millais' 
'  Ophelia'  for  760  guineas  ;  and  another  sale  thi 
same  year  of  bis  '  Black  Brunswicker,'  for  whiol 
Mr.  Flint  had  given  £1,000,  for  780  guineas.     Bu 
perhaps  the  most  fortunate   of   all   our    moderi 
artists  is    Frith.      Omitting    his  '  Derliy  Day,' 
may  mention    his  '  R.ailway   Station,'  for   whicl 
Mr.  Flatou  paid  8,750  guineas — the  largest  SMm 
surely,  up  to  that  time  in  modern  days  an  artis 
has  received  for  a  single  picture.    One  of  the  item 
of  the  agreement  was  that  Mr.  Frith,  though  ai 
R.A.,  was  not  to  send  his  picture  to  the  Academj 
He  was  engaged   two  years  over  it.     Even  her' 
somebody  seems  to  have  made  a  good  speculation 
for  Mr.  Graves,  to  whom  the  picture  now  belongs 
has   just  been  assuring  the   authorities   of  Mar 
borough  street    that  it   cost  him,    copyright  anc 
the  right  of  publishing  included,  £23,000.  In  186 
Mr.    Gambart   commissioned  him  to  paint  thre 
pictures,    '  Morning,'     '  Noon,'    and    '  Night   i 
London" — the  sum    to    be    paid    being    10,00 
guineas.       Before,  however,  this  commission  wa 
executed,  her    Majesty   engaged    him  to  paint 
picture  of  the  '  Ma  riage  of   the  Prince  of  Wales 
for  £3,000.      Mr.  Flatou  further   purchased  th 
copyright  of  the  picture  for  5,000  guineas. 

"  The  difference  between  the  prices  at  whic 
such  pictures  are  acquired,  and  those  they  fete 
when  brought  to  the  hammer,  is  amusing.  ■ 
Raffaelle,  declared  in  the  auction-room  to  haj 
cost  its  late  owner  1,000  guineas,  sells  for  £37 
A  Yorkshire  gentleman  bequeaths  twelve  of  b: 
pictures  to  the  National  Gallery ;  they  are  rejectee 
every  one.  The  whole  collection  is  brought  t 
the  hammer;  it  had  cost  £3,000;  it  produci 
£150 — about  the  value  of  the  frames.  Nor  is  ' 
only  iu  England  that  a  man  sells  a  horse  for 
gross  of  green  spectacles.  A  French  collector  n 
sures  his  gallery  for  3,339,500f.  It  is  sol 
some  years  afterwards,  numerous  additions  havir 
meantime  been  made  to  it,  for  535,435f.  Ai 
one  cannot  imagine  in  these  cases   that  there 


September  6,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


Gil 


any  such  possible  explanation  as  in  the  case  of  the 
Barl  of  SuU'olk's  ten  pictures — Quido'a  '  ICcce 
"Homo'  amongst  them — that  were  stolen  so 
mysteriously  from  Charlton  Park  in  October, 
1856,  and  not  recovered  till  the  early  partof  1S58, 
when  some  of  them  had  been  hangiug  in  a  small 
public-house  an^l  an  old  picture-shop,  but  failed 
to  meet  with  purchasers,  as  they  were  considered 
such  very  inferior  productions  !  Many  of  the  pic- 
tures brought  into  England  are  most  likely  re- 
exported. One  day  I  w;is  in  a  well-known  ware- 
house in  the  City,  when,  on  turning  a  corner,  I 
knocked  down  what  ill  the  imperfect  light  seomed 
to  be  a  valuable  landscape.  Knowing  tlie  art  pro- 
pensities of  some  of  the  partners,  I  was  really 
afraid  I  had  committed  some  perhaps  irreparable 
damage ;  but  a  young  man  who  came  to  my  rescue 
soon  reassured  me.  *  Never  mind,  sir,  we  have 
plenty  of  these — wo  deal  in  pictures.'  Wholesale 
of  course,  as  it  was  a  wholesale  house.  Accord 
iugly  I  was  soon  introduced  to  a  large  collection. 
On  my  pointing  to  one,  and  saying  if  I  bought  any 
I  should  buy  that,  my  friend  said,  '  We  can  do 
you  that  cheap ;  frame  and  all,  thirty  shillings.' 
Those  pictures  were  e.\ported  principally  to 
Australia.  A  story  is  told  about  the  lato  W. 
Hope,  the  wealthy  b.anker  of  Amsterdam,  and  one 
' 't  his  purchases.  Uo  had  bought  a  picture  as  a 
Kembrandtand  given  2,000  guineas  for  it.  Find- 
ing that  it  did  not  (juite  Et  the  fiame,  he  sent  for 
a  carpenter  to  case  it  a  little.  Whilst  watching 
the  oiieration  he  remarked  how  wonderfully  the 
picture  was  preserved,  considering  that  it  was 
nearly  200  years  old.  '  That  is  impossible,'  .said 
the  carpenter.  '  This  wood  is  mahogany  ;  and 
mahogany  had  not  been  introduced  into  Europe  at 
that  time.'     3Ir.  Hope  burnt  the  picture." 


THE  MONT  CENTS  EAILWAY. 

I^^CIENCE,  says  a  contemporary,  has  achieved  a 
I'JO  triumph  in  the  pass.age  of  Mont  Geuis.  A 
railway  train  has  crossed  the  mountain  barrier, 
traversing  the  ridge  from  Saint  llichel,  in  Savoy, 
I  to  S  usa,  in  Piedmont,  and  that  transit  is  a  lesson 
'  in  engineering.  It  Mr.  Fell's  locomotive  can 
climb  and  descend  steep  ascents  like  a  fly,  by 
virtue  of  a  central  wheel  working  on  a  middle 
rail,  tunnels  will  become  needless.  There  are  few 
v.;ge3  which  cannot  be  overcome,  and  the  pro- 
I  lem  of  Alpine  rail w.ay3  is  solved.  We  owe  this 
result  to  the  genius  and  perseverance  of  Mr.  Fell  ; 
who,  having  perfected  his  engine  by  experimental 
t  ips  in  Derbyshire,  has  now  made  it  available  on 
the  Alps.  Napoleon  the  First  said  than  wherever 
two  men  can  pass  a  road  is  open  to  an  army  ;  and 
Mr.  Fell  may  say  that  since  he  has  c  'nquered 
Mont  Cenis  every  practicable  pass  in  the  Alpine 
•angcs  is  at  the  service  of  the  engineer.  The  great 
tunnel  through  the  Western  Alps  is  a  monument 
"f  w.iste,  for  the  summits  can  be  crossed  at  far 
le!?s  expense.  In  consequence  of  Mr.  Fell's  suc- 
cess, the  direct  route  from  Calais  to  Brindisi  will 
be  open  in  a  month,  and  Italy  will  have  resumed 
her  place  as  the  road  to  the  East. 

The  total  length  of  line  from  St.  Michel  on  the 
French,  to  Siisa  on  the  Italian  side  of  the  pass,  is 
48  English  miles.  Halfway  in  point  of  distance 
between  St.  Michel  and  Susa  is  Lanslebourg,  the 
village  of  France  nearest  to  the  Italian  frontiers. 
St.  Michel  is  2,493  English  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  sea,  but  as  Lanslebourg  is  2,099ft.  higher, 
the  rise  between  these  two  places  are  very  gradual, 
:.nd  during  the  greatest  part  of  the  distance  horses 
conveying  carriages  are  never  out  of  a  trot.  The 
sannait  of  the  pass  is  6,3:32ft.  above  the  level 
of  the  sea.  It  is  distant  from  Lanslebourg  6  Eng- 
lish miles ;  consequently,  2,240ft.  in  height 
must  be  ascended  at  an  average  gradient  of  1  in 
14.  From  the  summit  to  Susa  the  distance  is 
17  English  miles,  and  the  difference  in  level  is 
5,l40£t.  The  average  gradient  is,  therefore,  1  in 
17,  but  as  a  length  of  nearly  three  miles  is  com- 
paratively level,  the  remaining  portion'  has  an 
uniform  gaadient  of  1  in  12.  To  a  person  coming 
from  Susa  the  rise  and  descent  would,  of  course, 
be  the  reverse  to  those  of  a  person  going  from 
Lanslebourg  to  Susa.  This  section  —the  section 
from  Lanslebourg  to  Susa — ^will  be  ready  for 
traffic  ^shortly,  and  the  opening  of  this 
l^ortion,  in  the  first  instance,  will  be  im- 
portant in  many  respects,  but  especially  as 
it  will  be  at  once  put  to  the  severest  test  the 
efficiency  of  the  Fell  system.  The  section  from 
St  Michel  to  Lanslebourg  being  that  which  suffered 
so  severely  from  the  inundations  of  last  year,  will 
not  be  ready  for  traffic  until  September,  by  which 
lime  it  is  expected  that  the  line  will  be  completed 


from  end  to  end.  When  this  is  so,  the  distance, 
which  is  now  accomplished  by  courier-diligences 
in  never  less  than  9  hours,  and  is  often  12,  13,  or 
14,  will  be  travelled  in  4^.  The  existing  traffic 
across  the  Mont  Cenis  is,  perhaps,  the  largest  road 
traffic  in  the  world.  The  average  daily  number  of 
passengers  that  have  crossed  it  in  both  directions 
since  the  commencement  of  April  this  year  has 
been  220  ;  tonnage  of  goods,  120  tons  per  diem. 
About  two-thirds  of  this  tonnage  goes  from  France 
to  Italy,  but,  on  tho  opening  of  the  railw.ay 
throughout,  it  is  expected  that,  even  allowing  for 
considerable  expansion  of  business  from  France  to 
Italy,  goods  that  now  cannot  be  sent  from  Italy 
on  account  of  the  high  rate  of  traiispcu-t,  will  be 
conveyed  to  an  extent  sufficient  to  nearly  equalize 
the  transit  in  both  directions.  The  number  of 
horses  now  engaged  in  the  conveyance  of  pas- 
sengers and  goods  across  the  Mont  (^euLs  is  a'oout 
1,200,  and  .allowing  ten  miles  a  day  for  each  horse, 
it  gives  a  d.aily  average  across  the  mountain  of 
12,000  miles. 


THE  QUESTION  OP  QUANTITIES. 

BUILDERS  are  unanimously  agreed  that  there 
are  few  tpicstions  of  similar  importance  to 
them,  in  a  trade  point  of  view,  to  the  question  as  to 
arciiitects'  bills  of  quantities,  .and  the  agreements 
which  builders  have  to  sign  for  their  contracts. 
They  hold  that  this  matter  affects  them  much 
more  than  the  consideration  of  an  hour  or  two 
less  work  a  day,  or  a  few  shillings  more  a  week. 
And  it  is,  perhaps,  not  too  much  to  say  that  there 
is  not  a  single  builder  who  so  looks  upon  the 
question  of  quantities  and  agreements  as  one  of 
paramount  importance,  who  ia  not  also  con- 
vinced that  the  present  practice  in  regard  to  both 
matters  is  most  uasatisfactory,  as  far  as  builders, 
at  letxst,  are  concerned.  The  question  has  been 
mooted,  and  the  practice  strongly  objected  to,  at 
meetings  of  the  trade  all  over  the  country  ;  and 
although  numerous  suggestions  have  been  thrown 
out  with  a  view  to  bring  about  a  more  satisfactory 
system,  nothing  beyond  loud  objections  and 
protestations  h.as  been  arrived  at.  At  the  half- 
ye.\rly  meeting  of  the  Yorkshire  branch  of  the 
General  Builders'  Association,  held  the  other  d.ay, 
the  subject  was  again  discussed.  It  was  intro- 
duced by  Mr.  Croft,  ofYork,  who  asked  whether 
any  action  had  been  taken  by  the  Association  in 
regard  to  it.  It  appeared  not ;  the  Association  for 
some  time  past  has  had  its  hands  too  full  of  the 
trades'  union  business  to  be  able  to  attend  to 
much  else.  The  subject,  however,  was  not  in- 
troduced in  vain,  since  it  afforded  an  opportunity 
to  various  speakers  to  state  their  experience  with 
regard  to  contracts.  Mr.  Neile  said  the  question 
appeared  to  him  to  be  one  of  paramount  im- 
portance, for  there  were  many  members  of  the 
trade  who  had  obtained  a  little  money  and  had 
been  stripped  of  every  farthing  they  had  made 
through  unsatisfactory  contracts  and  bills  of 
quantities.  It  was  a  practice  that  had  been  pro- 
ductive of  great  evil,  and  was  fruitful  of  danger  to 
builders,  on  whom  it  was  incumbent  to  have  the 
bills  of  quantities  specific,  and  the  contracts 
guaranteed.  He  suggested  the  appointment  of  a 
solicitor  for  every  few  towns ;  when  an  agreement 
of  any  importance  was  about  to  be  signed,  let  it 
be  sent  to  him,  and  if  the  quantities  were  not 
guaranteed,  then  let  it  be  sent  back  to  the  ar 
chitect.  Mr.  Croft  instanced  a  case  in  which  he 
had  taken  a  contract,  and  found  that  the  quan- 
tities were  wrong.  Mr.  WooUey,  of  Leeds,  re- 
marked that  under  the  present  practice  they  had 
bills  of  quantities  supplied  ly  which  they  could 
not  tell  whether  a  particvilar  item  would  cost 
them  £50  or  50d.  He  had,  the  other  day,  sat 
down  in  an  architect's  office  to  read  a  form  of 
ai^reement,  to  see  that  the  quantities  were  guaran- 
teed before  he  signed  it.  The  architect  said, 
"  You  are  the  first  builder  that  ever  sat  down  in 
my  office  to  read  a  form  of  agreement.  It  is  f, air 
to  you  and  fair  to  our  clients  that  the  quantities 
should  be  guaranteed,  and  I  hope  that  the  builders 
would  bring  their  influence  to  bear  tipou  the  ap- 
pointment of  a  surveyor  to  make  bills  of  quan- 
tities." Mr.  Beauland,  of  Bradford,  also  spoke  on 
the  question.  He  hoped  that  if  contracts  were 
sent  to  them,  and  the  quantities  were  not  specific, 
they  would  send  them  back,  saying  that  they 
could  not  sign  them  on  that  account.  He  remem- 
bered the  time  (twenty  years  ago)  when  quantities 
were  not  supplied  at  all,  and  when  nine  or  ten 
builders  would  all  go  to  an  architect's  office  and 
struggle  for  who  sh"uld  first  see  the  plans  and 
specifications.  The  fact  that  now  they  had 
quantities  supplied,  and  the  fact  that  they  could 


get  a  .seat  in  the  office  of  the  arclutect,  showed 
that  they  had  m.ade  an  ini  orovement.  In  bills  of 
quantities  that  were  supplied  by  the  London  Bur- 
veyors,  they  always  found  them  accurate,  bicause 
the  surveyors  knew  that  their  reputation  was  at 
stake.  A  suggestion  was  made  by  Mr.  Latham, 
of  Wakefield,  who  recommended  that  general 
forms  of  contract  should  be  issued  by  the  General 
Association,  so  that  they  could  le  carried  out 
in  small  localities,  where  at  present  different 
forms  were  sometimes  sent  to  those  issued  for  the 
large  towns.  Mr.  Mault  said,  .as  far  as  he  was 
able,  he  would  take  care  that  the  General  As- 
sociation did  not  lose  sight  of  tlie  question.  He 
did  not,  however,  see  the  practica  ility  of  tho 
General  Association  using  one  unvtuying  form  of 
contract,  but  he  thought  thtit  they  might  issue  a 
schedule  of  clauses  that  ought  to  be  inserted  in  all 
agreements,  and  that  each  local  association  should 
appoint  a  solicitor  to  examine  the  contracts,  as 
they  had  done  in  Birmingham.  The  clauses  that 
should  be  inserted  were  a  strike  clause,  an  ar- 
bitration clause,  and  a  clause  making  the  qu.an- 
titiea  part  of  the  contract,  and  the  local  solicitor 
should  see  that  they  were  embodied  in  every 
contract. 


WATER  SUPPLY  AND  SANITARY 
MATTERS. 

The  DR.\tNAGE  of  Se.i-Side  Pl.vces. — An  im- 
portant sanitary  reform  has  been  effected  at  West 
.St.  Leonards,  Sussex.  Hitherto,  like  most  sea- 
side places,  St.  Leonards  got  rid  of  its  sewage  by 
dbichatging  it  into  the  sea  by  nine  long  dirty  tubes 
which  greatly  disfigured  the  shore.  These  tubes 
have  now  been  removed,  and  all  the  sewage  and 
drainage  from  the  town  is  conveyed  into  a  large  re- 
servoir formed  on  the  beach  westward  of  Bopeep 
railway  station.  This  reservoir  is  so  constructed 
as  to  contain  within  it  all  the  sewage  imtil  the  pe- 
riod when  the  tide  turns  westward,  and  by  the 
strong  sea  current  of  the  ebb  tide  it  is  then  carried 
miles  away  to  sea  in  the  direction  of  Beacheyhead 
never  to  return  ;  the  reservoir  is  again  closed  be- 
fore the  tide  turns  towards  St.  Leonards  and  again 
twice  during  the  2-1  hours  receives  the  sewage  of 
the  town,  preventing  its  disoli.argo  into  the  sea, 
even  at  a  distance  from  the  town,  except- 
ing at  that  period  wheu  the  receding  tide 
sweeps  it  far  away  into  the  ocean.  The 
works  have  been  executed  under  the  direction  of 
Mr.  J.  W.  Bazalgette,  the  engineer  to  the  Metro  ■ 
po  itan  Board  of  Works,  who  designed  the   plans 

The  monthly  meeting  of  the  Cheltenham  Com- 
missioners took  place  on  Monday,  when  a  report 
from  Mr.  Batemau,  C.E.,  was  read.  It  substan- 
tially confirmed  the  scheme  of  Mr.  D.  J.  Hum- 
phries, the  borough  surveyor.  The  report  had 
been  under  the  consideration  of  the  Sewage  and 
Drainage  Committee,  who  were  unable  to  make 
any  recommendation,  tho  Board  having  rescinded 
a  resolution  adopting  their  recommendation  for 
carrying  out  the  irrigation  plans  of  the  surveyor  ; 
so  the  committee  referred  the  reiwrt  for  the  con- 
sideration of  the  Board.  Mr.  Harford  thought 
that  they  were  fast  drifting  into  the  same  posi- 
tion as  Leamington  with  a  sequestration  of  the 
rates.  Mr.  Davies  said  that  the  cases  were  not 
analogous.  Leamington  had  no  power  to  dis- 
charge sewage  into  the  stream,  whereas  such 
power  was  given  to  Cheltenham  by  the  loc  .  1  act, 
and  before  any  hijunction  could  be  obtained,  that 
point  of  law  would  have  to  be  settled.  The 
consideration  of  the  report  was  adjourned  to  the 
next  meeting,  and  it  was  ordered  to  be  printed  and 
circulated. 

By  Dr.  Frankland's  analysis  of  the  water  sup- 
plied by  the  Loudon  companies  it  appears  that 
both  the  New  River  and  the  East  London  waters 
contained  in  100,000  tons  23  tons  of  extraneous 
matter,  the  other  companies  still  more,  while  the 
West  Middlesex  water  contained  29  ton.s,  and  the 
Kent  40  tons  of  stuff  of  various  kinds.  The  pre- 
vious sewage  contamination  of  all  the  waters  at 
the  time  of  analysis  had  apparently  been  con- 
verted into  innocuous  compounds.  By  this  test 
the  East  London  waters  were  then  the  best,  tho 
Chelsea  and  the  Kent  waters  tho  worst  of  the 
eight.  The  turbidity  of  the  Southwark  water  im- 
plies some  defect  in  the  process  of  liltration. 


The  removal  of  the  huge  brick  screen  in  front 
of  Burlington  House  has  been  commenced.  What 
is  to  become  of  the  grand  Doric  c  donnade  "  bor- 
rowed from  a  palace  by  Palladio  at  \/'icenzi  ? "  it 
is  asked. 


612 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


September  fi,  1867. 


CONSTRUCTIVE  AND  ^ESTHETIC 
DESIGN.— No.    III. 

E EVERTING  to  the  subject  of  brick  and 
stone  design,  it  may  be  as  well  to 
remark  the  simplicity  and  homogeneity  oi 
materialthat  have  become  leading  characteris- 
tics of  modern  taste.  "We  have  briefly 
alluded  to  the  eclective  replacement  of  con- 
structive for  Ictitious  features — the  displace- 
ment of  counterfeits  for  realities — a  change  in 
our  mode  of  building  that  has  been  accom- 
panied by  a  growing  preference  for  simple 
over  complex  constructive  systems.  Since 
our  forefathers  of  the  middle  ages  built,  our 
experience  and  science  have  multiplied  to  an 
abnost  illimitable  extent  the  materials  and 
appliances  of  building  at  our  command,  and 
yet  we  cannot  shut  our  eyes  to  the  scientific 
lise  and  assignment  all  these  varied  aids  are 
Ibeginning  to  take  and  occupy  in  the  great 
economy  of  art.  In  one  word,  we  give  to 
each  material  and  feature  its  full  use  and  its 
unrestricted  artietic  value.  We  are  not 
ashamed  of  showing  unequivocally  that  our 
chimneys  are  chimneys,  our  roofs  coverings, 
and  our  brick  walls  brick  walls,  and  nothing 
else.  Where  a  difference  of  construction  or 
condition  is  necessary  in  the  same  structure, 
involving  distinct  materials,  we  openly  ex- 
hibit the  distinction,  without  endeavouring  to 
merge  them  by  disguises  or  to  overrate  one  Ijy 
sacrificing  another.  Hence  the  homogeneous- 
ness  of  our  architecture  is  never  obtained 
at  the  expense  of  truth,  as  formerly  it  was  ob- 
tained, but  by  the  unlimited  employment 
of  materials  according  to  their  natural  quali- 
ties and  intrinsic  merits.  We  have  already 
spoken  of  the  almost  entire  substitution 
of  brick  and  stone  in  lieu  of  cement  tor  fea- 


tures appertaining  to  our  walls,  and  it  is 
somewhat  hard  to  say  for  how  much  of  this 
change  we  are  indebted  to  constructional 
abuses,  and  how  much  to  improved  manufac- 
tures, such  as  moulded  bricks,  cast  iron,  &o. 

Taking  the  case  of  overhanging  eaves  cor- 
nices, ordinarily  we  have  a  wall  to  finish  and 
cover,  whereas  on  the  abused  parapet  and  con- 


cealed gutter  system  the  wall  was  distinct, 
carried  up  and  coped  with  stone  or  rendered 
in  cement.  In  the  last  case,  if  bricks  were 
u-'ed,  the  cement  finishing  was  absolutely  ne- 


\ 


cessary  to  prevent  tlie  natural  gravitation 
of  heavy  rainfalls  or  soakage  of  wet  into  tlu 
upper  rooms  over  the  windows — a  source  ol 
dampness  not  always  discerned,  and  verj 
often  wrongly  ascribed  to  the  overlaying  gut- 
ter. Even  with  our  present  knowledge,  when 
we  do  resort  to  copings  and  parapets,  this  evil 
is  not  always  considered.  A  slate  or  damp- 
proof  course  is  as  necessary  in  this  situation 
under  the  dripping  clouds  as  it  is  above  tin- 
footings,  for  it  must  be  remembered  we  have 
gravitation  as  well  as  capillary  attraction 
to  guard  against.  Chimney  stacks  and  all 
absorbent  masses  of  brickwork,  &c.,  rising 
above  the  roof  should  be  rendered  imper- 
vious at  a  proper  level. 

It  is  alone  in  the  eaves  cornice,  then,  over- 
laid by  the  roof,  that  we  can  safely  have  re- 
course to  bricks  and  porous  kinds  of  stone  as 
finishings  to  our  walls.  Efl'ectually  covered, 
bricivs  in  all  their  moulded  varieties  can  be  so 
arranged  as  to  produce  a  most  pleasing  effect, 
plain  and  square  members  being  obtained  by 
the  intervention  betw'een  the  moulded  ones 
of  lain  bricks.  The  in- 
terspersion  of  stone  corbels 
under  the  corona  in  lieu  of 
brick  ones  between  the 
running  members  produces 
a  cliarming  variation,  and 
with  these  substitutions  the 
variety  of  lirick  mouldings 
may  be  very  limited. 

The  intersertion  of  a  con- 
tinuous stone  member  as  the 
corona  would  often  serve  to 
mark  with  more  emphasis 
the  eaves,  particularly  when  red  brick  is  the 
material,  while  its  expense  in  most  districts 
would  not  deter  its  use.  To  sunr  up  the 
advantages  the  projecting  eaves  cornice 
possesses  over  its  delusive  rival  as  recom- 
mendations for  its  general  adoption,  we 
have — 

1st.  Its  more  adequate  fulfilment  in  throw- 
ing oft'  rain  and  snow  falls. 

2nd.  The  more  eftectual  covering  it  gives  to 
the  walls. 

3rd.  Its  simplicity  and  cheapness. 

4th.  Its  avoidance  of  a  concealed  gutter. 

5th.  Its  truth  and  homogeneity  compared 
with  its  counterfeit  rival. 

We  are  not,  like  the  Orientals,  addicted  to 
use  our  house  tops,  for  very  obvious  physical 
reasons ;  and  it  would  be  as  well  if  the  weather- 
ing and  drip  were  a  little  oftener  in  our 
mind's  eye. 

Before  leaving  the  suljject  of  wall  construc- 
tion, I  may  here  allude  to  a  plan  of  thickening 
walls  just  where  they  require  lateral  strength 
and  increased  footing  area,  namely,  the 
window  or  inter-pier  spaces.  As  window 
openings  are  generally  arranged  one  over  the 
other,  and  often  with  very  small  interspaces 
of  walling,  the  aggregate  weight  of  roof,  floors, 
and  wall  must  be  directly  thrown  upon  points 
directly  beneath  the  pier  footings  ;  and  when 
this  weight  is  not  transmitted  equally  over 
the  entire  area  of  footing  by  inverted  arches, 
au  expedient  not  always  deemed  desirable,  the 
uncertain  nature  of  these  intermittent  pres- 
sures, combined  with  possible  inequalities  in 
the  subjacent  strata,  render  a  plan  of  equa- 
lizing the  weight  and  adding  to  the  lateral 
stiffness  of  the  fenestral  spaces  and  jambs 
important.  And  the  constructional  necessity 
of  such  a  plan  is  at  once  suggestive  of,  and 
leads  to  the  adoption  of,  a  very  pleasing  mode 


walling  and  to  deepen  our  jambs  and  reveals 
Tor  effect.  If  red  bricks  be  used  for  the  wall 
intervening,  these  external  window  jambs  or 
[irojections  could  be  relieved  in  white  brick, 
the  recessed  wall  spaces  being  brought  out 
under  the  cornice  by  moulded  work  or  cor- 
bels ;    or  the  projections    might    pleasingly 


J...^ 


k^S:S$^'^-^ 


of  vertically  connecting  the  window  apertures 
seldom  adopted  in  England  but  commonly 
seen  among  our  French  neighbours.  Besides 
the  increased  footing  area  this  thickening  gives 
at  points  A  A,  which  do  not  generaily  du-ectly 
participate  in  the  superincumbent  weight,  it 
also  allows  us  to  reduce  our  interfenestral 


break  the  line  of  curves  by  continuing  up  and 
forming  gables. 

It  may  be  noticed  here  en  passant  that  the  ' 
spread  of  footings  should  be  directly  as  the 
height  of  wall  and  weight  it  has  to  sustain 
and  inversely  to  its  thickness — a  self-evident 
proposition,  though  I  suspect  often  strangely 
I  overlooked  in  the  complications  of  modern 
design,  particularly  among  those  addicted  to 
the  overbeaded  irregularities  of  the  Gothiei 
style. 

♦ 

TWICKENHAM   CHAPEL  AND  SCHOOLS.! 

FACING    the   green   in   the   pleasant    hamletl 
of  Twickenham   stands  the  Congregational| 
chapel    and     schools    which    have     liitely    heenl 
remudelfed  and  extended.     One  of  our  engraviDggi 
this  week  illustrates  these  buildings  in  their  newj 
form,    as    well  as   that  ia    which    they  appearedJ 
previous  to    the  alterations.       "  These    buildiDggi 
present,"  says  the  Congregaiinnal   Tear  Bonk,  "an J 
example  of  very  successful  planning  and  effective  ' 
grouping,  and  were  designed  with  a  view  to  malting 
avaifabfe,  as  far  as  possible,  the  old  buildings  and 
materials  ;"  and  this  object  the  architect  seems  to 
have   attained,   at   the  same  time   succeeding  in 
covering  these   old  bones  with  more  fitting  and  \ 
seemly   garments.       The    various    parts    of    the  i 
I'uildings  are  so  disposed  as  to  range  round  three 
sides   of    the    site,   embracing    a   garden    court 
opening   out   to   the    high   road.     The   materials 
employed  in  the  construction   are  yelluw  bricke, 
with  dressings  of  stone  and  red  brick.     The  roofs 
are    open   framed     tim'^tr,  ceiled     between    the  | 
rafteis,  low  the  seating  the  fluors  paved  with  tiles 
arranged  in  patterns,   the   windows   glazed   with 
cathedral     tint     quarries     of    various     hues     in 
geometrical  designs.      The  warming  is  by  means 
of  hot  water,  and  lighting  by  pendents  from  the 
roof,  the    latter   executed  by  Messrs    Peaid    and 
Jackson,   the    former  by  Mr.  J.  W.  Smith.     Mr. 
Nye,  of  Ealing,  was  the  contractor  for  the  build- 
ing works,  and  the  whole  have  been  carried  out 
under  the  superintendence   of  the  architect,  Mr. 
il.      P.     Manning,     of     Mitre-court     Chambers, 
Temple,  E.C. 

« 

The  new  Pier  Company  at  Brighton  have  com- 
menced the  rather  novel  practice  of  hiring  a  band 
to  play  sacred  music  on  the  pier  on  Sunday  even- 
ings, and  the  result  is  that  many  thousands  of 
persons  fiock  there  every  Sunday  evening,  by 
paying  twopence  each.  This,  though  regarded  as 
an  innovation  by  many,  will  be  the  means  of 
making  the  erection  of  the  pier  a  good  speculation. 
The  music,  hjwever,  for  want  cf  a  structure  or 
sounding  board  of  some  so  it  to  cover  the  band  is 
lost  to  the  mass  of  the  listeners.  The  light  from 
the  lamps  might  also  be  economized. 


Th?  BuBdin^  Nevra  Sep'  6'''  iaS7 


EWimLnd^e.litK. 


hinted  byWliHercaa^  3j-£, 


September  G,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


617 


ON  THE  APPLICATION  OF  PHOTO- 
GRAPHY IN  AUCIIITECTUIIE  AND 
ARCHAEOLOGY.* 

IN  reference  to  the   ilelineation  of   monu- 
ments, better  examples  cannot  be  found 
than   two    of  great     note    and     importance 
wliich  liave  come   under  my  own  notice,  and 
which,  having  been   dithcult  of  access,  have 
been   seldom  seen,  namely,    the  Sesostris  or 
pseudo-Sesostris,    and   the   Niobe  or  Cybele, 
both  ill  Asia  Minor.      As   good  an  engraving 
as  can  be  found  of  the  pseudo-Sesostris  is  that 
of    the    distinguished    archfeologist,    Charles 
Texier,  who  was  so   lately  in  this  conntry  to 
receive  the  gold  medal  of  the  Royal  Institute 
of  British  Architects,  which   he   has  so  well 
earned.     There  are  few  men  who  have  seen  so 
mucli  of  Asia  Minor  as  M.  Texier,  and  there 
are  few  men  who   have   described   so   much. 
There  are  many  places  in  the   interior  where 
lie  has   been   which,  in    all    likcdihood,  will 
,-idiloni  be  seen  ;  and  we  are,  therefore,  greatly 
indebted  to  him  for  the   works  whicli  lie  has 
iven   us   on  a  large   scale   for   the  learned 
A  orld,  and  in  a  cheaper  shape  for  popular  use. 
If,  therefore,  any  remarks  are  made  as  to  the 
monument  now  spoken  of,  it  is  not  by  way  of 
lessening  the  merits  of  such    a   man  ;    it  is 
rather  to  show  the  results  which  so  commonly 
liappen  under  circumstances   such  as  I  have 
already  jiortraycd.     First  of  all,  taking  up  an 
uutslde  tnlle,  the   rock  arouml   the   relief  is 
made  to  look  like  a   hard  stone.      Next,  the 
monument  is  made  five-cornered,  of  a  regular 
pyramidal  shape,  and  having  a  p_\  ramidal  top. 
The  ligure  is  well  set  on  a   long  raised   base. 
The    man  stands  U])right,   holding   a  smart 
spear  in  his  left  hand.      The  bow  in  his  right 
hand  is  a  smartly-marked  triangle.      Between 
the  spear  and  the  face  are  some  fairly-wrought 
figures  or  hieroglyphs.     The  cap  is  a   narrow 
cone  ;  the    man    has    a    straight    nose ;  the 
muscles  of  the  arms   are   fairly   drawn,  with 
the  fiuiers  marked  out.      The  man  is  clad  in 
a  short  frock,  the  hem  of  which  comes  slanting 
aC'Oss  his  thighs.      The   figure   is  a  neat  low 
relief,  on  a  flat  surface,  presenting  the  appear- 
ance of  good  Egyptian  work.      It  is  only  fair 
to  M.    Texier   to  say  that  something  of  this 
kind  is  to  be  found  in  every  book  of  travels 
where  the  monument  is  drawn.     It  is  possible 
that  in   most    cases    the     draughtsman  has 
thought   himself  called   upon    to   settle  the 
roughnesses,    wants,    losses,   and    ill-defined 
lines  of  the  monument  by   reference  to  its 
original  type  of  Egyptian,  because  there  is  no 
room  to  doubt  that   this   is  one   of  the  two 
monuments,   ■RTitten   of  at  some   length   by 
Herodotus,  which,  he    states,   illustrates  the 
northern  progress    of  Sesostris.      Herodotus 
not  only   gives  a   description  of  the   figure, 
and    says   the   dress  is   half  Ethiopian  and 
half  Egyptian,     but    he    says   that  on  the 
breast  of  the   figure,   and  passing  from   one 
shoulder    to   another,   is    the  inscription  in 
hieroglyphics,   -which  says,    "  With  my  own 
shoulders   I  conquered   this  land."     Now  it 
may  be  as  well  to  say — and  this  is  one  thing 
among  others,    which    leads    me    to    doubt 
whether  Herodotus  saw  the  monument — that 
the  breast   of  the  figure  can  never  have  had 
any  inscription  upon  it.     Herodotus  says  that 
some  who  had  seen  this  figure  and  the  other 
in  Ionia  had  held  them  to  be  that  of  Memnon, 
but  this  he  holds  out  against  stoutly.     That 
they  are  Egyptian  Herodotus  and  those  of  his 
day  strongly  believed,  though  we  can  see  that 
even  then  there  was  no  settled  knowledge  of 
the    history    of  the   monuments.      Diodorus 
Siculus  telis  a  like  tale,  and  gives  an  inscrip- 
tion.     These     things    being   so,    every    one 
thought  it  was  his  bounden  duty  to  bring  the 
whole  to  an  Egyptian  standard.     Lepsius,  who 
has  seen  so  much  in    Egypt   and    written  so 
much,  also  wrote  a  memoir  on  this  figure   to 
the  Royal  Academy  of  Berlin,   in  which  he 
lays  it  down   that   the  monument  is   that  of 
Rhamses  Sesostris.      All  this   is  well  worthy 


■  Coutiimed  from  page  600. 


of  attention,  because  it  will  show  that  the 
draughtsman  must  not  lean  on  the  writer,  but 
stick  closely  to  wliat  he  sees  before  him, 
whatever  the  greatest  writers  and  all  the  best 
authorities  may  say.  It  .seldom  happens  that 
an  architect  or  artist,  however  learned  he  may 
be,  can  have  such  close  knowledge  of  subjects, 
written  in  several  languages,  as  to  be  aide 
safely  of  himself  to  come  to  an  independent 
judgment  on  the  nuestions  that  arise.  As, 
therefore,  if  he  deals  with  them,  he  must  be 
a  blind  follower  of  the  blind,  of  the  one-eyed, 
or  of  the  seeing,  it  is  far  better  instcail  to 
keep  to  his  own  calling,  and  to  do  what  the 
writer  cannot  do — givea  true  and  lively  drawing 
of  what  he  sees,  leaving  others  to  dream. 

Having  shown   wdiat   the    Egyptian  scliool 
thought  tliey  saw  at  Ninti,  let  us  now  look  at 
another    school.     M.    Kiepert,    the     learned 
geographer  of  Asia  Minor,  saw  the  monument 
in  1S42,  and  he   was  le<l   to   doubt  its  being 
Egyptian.     He  made  his  own  drawing,  which 
may    be    seen  i'rom   his  own   hand   in   C'arl 
Ri  Iter's  Geography   of   Asia  Minor,  plate  ;i, 
with  a  few   notes  of  description  at   p.    1024, 
referring  to  his  memoir  read  before  the  Berlin 
Academy.     First,   again,  as   to  the  shape  of 
the  niche,  Kiepert,   unlike   Texier,   does  not 
make  it  five-sided,  but  four-sided  ;  the  three 
upper  sides  are  curved.      The  figure  has  quite 
a  different  cap.     This  cap  is  ornamented  with 
four  rows  of  dots,  and  in  front   is   a  large 
curved  decoration,  where   Texier  has  only  a 
projection.    The  arms  are  thickly  and  roughly 
made,  unlike  Texier's,  but  also  with  fingers.  As 
to  face,  there  are  better  eyes,  uose,  mouth,  and 
chin  than  Texier'.s,  and  the  nose  is  hooked,  in- 
stead of  straight.      The  dill'erence  as   to   the 
spear  is  this — Kiepert  has  only  a  plain  shaft 
or   pole   without   spearhead ;  Texier  gives  a 
spearhead.    As  to  the  bow,  Kiepert  makes  the 
straight  part  the  bow,  and  Texier  the  string. 
Kiepert's  bow  is  hidden  behind  the  right  arm  ; 
Texier's  string  is  shown  as  passing  under  the 
elbow.     Each  shows   at  the  lefthand   side  a 
handle,   which    each    makes  otherwise,   and 
which  Texier  calls  a  "  sagaye."     As  to  dress, 
instead  of  Texier's  short  frock,  Kiepert  clothes 
his  man    in  breeches.      Kiepert  shows  very 
nearly  the   same  hieroglyphs  or   symbols  as 
Texier,  but  he  puts  them  in  a  frame,  shield,  or 
cartouche.      We  have  now  before  us  drawings 
of  the  same  standard  monument,  by  two  men 
of  great  knowledge   and   learning,   earnestly 
wishing  to   spread   truth  and   enlighten   the 
world,  and  they  have  been  followed  in  several 
works.     Readers  may  well  ask  how  it  can  be 
that  two  truthful  men  with  eyes  in  their  heads 
can  have  seen  things  altogether  different.    How 
can  it  be  that  one  can  have  .seen  five   sides   to 
the  niche,  and  the  other  four.     To  say  nothing 
of  the  details  here  spoken  of,  Kiepert's  is  more 
of  a  sketch,  Texier's  more  of  a  finished  draw- 
ing, but  five  sides  and  four  .sides  cannot  both 
be  right.     There   is   no   need   to   think   that 
either  saw  anything  else   that   the   other   did 
not,  or  that  either  saw  one  whit  otherwise,  or 
that  Texier  or  Kiepert   went  out  of  his   way 
for  the   sake  of  falsehood.     It  is  in  the  hand- 
ling that  the  mischief  has  happened.     First  of 
all,  the  carving  is  on  the  steep  side  of  a  narrow 
dell,  hard  to  get   at  when  you  are  there  ;  and 
the   whole   is   at  most  times  overgrown  with 
bushes  and  scrub.     Part  of  the  time  would  be 
taken  up,  it  seems  from  the  drawing,  in  clear- 
ing away  the   bush.     Now,   as  the   figure  is 
quite  out  of  the  way,  as  it  is  a  long  pull  from 
the  morning's  start,  and  so  again  to  the  morn- 
ing's rest,  and  as   the   hills   have   none   but 
shepherds  on  them,  who   are   looked  upon   as 
robbers;  and  as  the  Greeks  and  Jews,  who  are 
taken   as   dragomans  or  guides,  are  afraid,  the 
traveller,  who   goes   there,  will  very  soon   be 
started   oft'  by  his  leader   without  much  time 
for  drawing.     Indeed  there  is  so  much  dislike 
to   go   there    that    Ernest   Renau   and  other 
travellers  who  have  wished  to  see  the  pseudo- 
Sesostris  have  been  led  past  and  missed  it.    It 
is  most  likely  that  Texier   and   Kiepert  made 
very  fair  sketches,  and  perhaps  the  sketch   of 
each  was   much  alike  ;   but  it  is  the  handling 
I  and  working  out  which  put  the   two  so  far 


apart,  passing  into  the  hands  of  draughtsman, 
uid  engraver,  and  even  through  tliat  of  the 
traveller  hiiiLself,  and  being  at  length  trimmed 
according  to  pattern.  In  going  through  this, 
as  M.  Texier  fully  believed  in  the  Egyptian, 
liis  engra\'ing  would  become  more  ami  more 
Egyptian,  his  niche  would  be  brought  to  its 
live-sided  pyramidal  shape  from  the  ill-defined 
top-line,  his  pole  would  make  a  spear,  and  his 
caj)  would  conform  to  his  text  in  having  an 
Egyptian  character.  The  more  M.  Texier 
wrought  up  his  authorities  wdien  he  got  home, 
the  more  was  he  streiiglliened  in  his  Egyptian 
belief.  lie  saw  the  urcuis  on  the  ca]),  and  he 
was  not  even  staggered  Viy  the  turned-up 
points  of  the  shoes.  Any  anomalies  he 
settled  by  Herodotus,  who  had  said  the  garb 
was  half  Egyptian,  half  Ethiopian.  M. 
Kiepert  dealt  in  the  like  way,  for  the  more  he 
thought  about  it  at  home,  the  more  his  mind 
was  made  up  :  the  man  was  Assyrian  and  not 
Egyptian.  His  dress  is  brought  near  to  the 
look  of  trousers  so  .as  to  be  Asiatic,  and  his 
cap  is  bedecked  witli  four  rows  of  spots  and  a 
hook  or  horn,  which  brought  it  nearer  to  that 
of  the  king^  on  the  Ya/.ili  Kaya.  As  his 
drawing  was  put  on  the  same  plates  with 
several  other  Assyrian  drawings,  it  could 
hardly  happen  otherwise  than  that  the  en- 
graver would  deal  with  all  much  alike. 

Such  were  the  materials  the  learned  world 
had  before  them  when  called  upon  to  settle 
whether  the  monument  was  Egyptian  or 
Assyrian.  Those  who  followed  Dr.  Lepsius 
dwelt  on  the  Egyptian  feeling  of  the  drawing 
of  M.  Texier;  those  who  belonged  to  the 
rising  Assyrian  school  looked  upon  the  draw- 
of  M.  Kiepert  as  showing  fully  all  they  wished 
to  lay  down.  Upon  the  settlement  of  this  it 
turned  whether  the  bounds  of  Egyptian  were 
to  be  carried  so  far  north  as  they  had  always 
been  held  to  be  since  the  time  of  Herodotus, 
or  whether,  with  the  new  light  we  had  got  as 
to  Assyrian  art,  we  were  to  carry  the  bounds 
of  Assyrian  art  forward  and  blot  out  so  much 
of  Egyptian.  There  was,  however,  in  truth, 
no  settlement  which  could  be  come  to  when 
the  drawings  were  so  unlike.  Such  is  a  fair 
picture  of  what  happens— either  what  ought  to 
be  very  clear  remains  unsettled,  or  some  man 
of  weight  lays  down  the  law  on  oue  side,  and 
he  is  followed  for  years,  and  tlie  more  so  if  he 
is  the  writer  of  a  book  which  has  a  great  sale. 
There  is  no  getting  the  world  into  a  robber's 
den  ill  Ionia,  to  sit  down  steadily  before  the 
rock,  and  say  what  it  is.  They  will  not  go 
there. 

As  in  the  course  of  my  investigations 
in  Asia  Minor  I  had  the  opportunity  of 
getting  this  monument  photographed  by  Mr. 
Svoboda,  it  may  be  as  well  to  bring  the  photo- 
graph and  the  engravings  alongside.  The 
niche  is,  then,  neither  five-sided,  nor  as  drawn 
by  M.  Kiepert.  It  is  a  very  rough  rhomboid 
leaning  towards  the  right.  The  character  of 
the  niche  is  of  some  interest,  because  it  is  like 
that  of  the  Niobe  and  of  some  inland  at 
Pterium,  &c.  The  man  does  not  stand  on  a 
pedestal  ;  there  is  nothing  of  the  kind.  The 
rock  is  not  a  hard  stone,  but  a  wormed-out 
gritty  sandstone,  never  good  in  the  beginning, 
and  always  wearing  away.  This  the  photograph 
shows  to  the  glass  as  no  engraving  can  so  well 
give  ;  and  it  is  such  a  stone  as  the  Egyptians 
would  not  shipwreck  work  and  skill  upon, 
wdien,  instead  of  lasting  for  hundreds  of  years, 
it  would  be  furrowed  and  waterworn  by  the 
next  shower.  It  was  no  cunning  school  of 
workmen  by  which  this  figure  was  wrought, 
but  by  men  careless  of  art.  As  to  tlie  cap, 
neither  gives  the  shape  right;  and  there  cannot 
have  been  four  rows  of  clots,  as  the  stone  wiU 
not  bear  such  working.  The  dress  of  neither 
drawing  is  right,  and  there  are  on  the  figure 
marks  of  boots,  but  the  figure  may  have  been 
retouched.  The  symbols  or  hieroglyphics  do 
not  stand  in  any  frame,  and  it  is  very  uncer- 
tain what  they  are,  if  anything  ;  nevertheless, 
theories  have  been  raised  upon  the  bird.  The 
spear  is  much  broken,  and  never  seems  to 
have  been  straight.  The  whole  work  is  very- 
rough,  after  allowing  for  hurt  from  weather, 


618 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


September  G,  18G7. 


mischief,  and  retouching ;  while  M.  Texier's 
text  says  it  is  rough,  and  his  drawing  shows 
it  smooth.  M.  Kiepert's  sketch,  being  sligliter, 
sets  it  in  a  truer  light.  It  is  the  photograph, 
however,  which  gives  the  most  faithful  record, 
even  to  every  bit  of  the  stone.  We  cannot 
blame  M.  Texier,  or  anyone  else,  for  not  giv- 
ing a  close  copy  of  such  outside  things  as  this; 
but  then  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  photo- 
graphy does  give  us  the  substance  as  well  as 
the  form,  and  in  art  material  has  great  in- 
fluence. ^Ye  may  look  for  a  style  of  orna- 
ment in  plaster  which  we  cannot  get  in  stone 
or  in  brick,  and  the  question  of  material  may 
sometimes  settle  that  of  style.  In  the  pseudo- 
Sesostris  we  have  a  rock  so  vermiculated  that 
the  practised  eye  of  Mr.  0.  Newton  thought 
he  saw  tokens  of  Phoenician  writing.  In  this 
photograph,  Mr.  Svoboda  has  gibbeted  in 
notoriety  a  high  Dutch  schoolmaster  and  some 
others,  who  ha\'e  scribbled  there  their  worth- 
less names.  It  may  be  enough  shortly  to 
say  that  although  we  cannot  take  M.  Kiepert's 
witness  any  more  than  that  of  M.  Texier. 
M.  Kiepert  is  right,  for  the  non-Egyptian 
character  of  the  monument  and  the  fact  of  its 
not  being  that  of  Sesostris  must  be  allowed, 
and  we  can  fairly  put  it  in  a  class  allied  to  the 
Assyrian,  which  I  have  named  Lydo-Assyrian. 
The  photograph  is  very  imlike  any  of  the 
engravings  hitlierto  given  to  the  world.  So 
far  so  good  ;  Ijut  we  have  another  risk,  and 
that  is  photographic  reproduction,  or,  rather, 
photographic  printing.  The  copy  of  the 
photograph  communicated  by  me  to  the  Revue 
Archeologique,  printed  by  a  peculiar  process 
much  patronized  in  France,  is  not  satisfactory  ; 
but  that  which  was  printed  at  Calcutta  at  the 
Government  Press,  to  accompany  my  paper  to 
the  Royal  Asiatic  Society  of  Bengal,  is  ver)' 
indistinct,  and  may  give  wrong  ideas.  This 
may  further  be  said,  the  man  who  brings  a 
photograph  to  correct  the  drawings,  sketches, 
and  engravings  of  others  is  by  no  means  wel- 
come. It  is  not  a  pleasant  thing  for  a  woman's 
looking-glass  to  go  bad  and  show  her  wrinkled 
and  pimpled,  and  it  is  not  a  pleasant  thing  lor 
the  owner  of  a  costly  plate  to  have  it  stamped 
as  a  falsehood.  Some  people,  however,  are 
not  so  much  put  out  by  truth.  A  distinguished 
numismat  of  my  acquaintance  told  me  that 
he  liked  a  pen  and  ink  sketch  of  his  fellow- 
traveller — which  was  quite  wrong,  by  the  bye 
— better  than  my  photograph. 

Hyde  Clakke. 


MANCHESTER   NEW   TOWN-HALL  COM- 
PETITION. 

THE  first  stage  of  this  important  competition 
has  now  been  passed.  According  to  the 
official  report  of  the  city  surveyor,  the  esact  num- 
ber of  competitors  was  123,  who  sent  iu  137  sets 
of  de.signs.  At  a  meeting  of  the  New  Town-hall 
Sub-Committee,  held  on  August  II,  the  mayor 
submitted  for  consideration  a  list  of  21  sets  of 
plans,  together  with  a  report  made  by  the  city 
surveyor  as  to  the  extent  with  which  the  condi- 
tions in  the  instructions  had  been  complied  with 
in  respect  of  such  plans,  it  being  stated  that  any 
other  numbers  might  be  suggested  by  any  mem- 
ber of  the  sub-committee  for  report  by  Mr.  Lyude, 
and  consideration  at  a  subsequent  meeting.  It 
was  resolved  that  the  following  numbers  be  pro. 
visionally  selected  for  the  second  competition, 
viz. ;— No.  II,  74,98,  115,  120,  129,  67,  131,  14.3, 
46,90;  and  that  the  members  of  the  sub -com- 
mittee be  requested  to  send  in  to  the  mayor, 
before  the  end  of  the  week,  the  numbers  of  any 
other  designs  which  they  may  desire  to  submit 
for  report  and  consideration  at  a  meeting  to  be 
summoned  for  Tuesday,  the  20th  ult.  At  this 
meeting  accordingly  the  city  surveyor  submitted, 
a8_ desired  by  difi'erent  members  of  the  sub  com- 
mittee, his  report  on  the  plans  numbered  2,  S,  26 
42,  43,  51,  55,  89,  118,  136, 139.  It  was  then  re- 
solfed  "  that  the  plans  sent  iu  by  architects,  and 
numbered  26,  42,  65,  and  89,  be  added  to  the 
provisional  list  for  further  consideration.  That  it 
is  expedient  to  obtain  the  assistance  of  a  compe- 
tent professional  gentleman  in  the  selection  of 
the  designs  of  which  authors  shaU  be  invited  to 
send  in  plans  for  the  final  competition.  And  that 
the  chairman  be  authorized  and  requested  to  in- 
vite Mr.   George    Godwin  (the    editor  of     the 


Builder),  to  visit  Manchester  on  Monday  or  Tues- 
day next  to  inspect  the  designs,  and  give  to  the 
sub-committee  his  advice  and  assistance  in  the 
selection  of  the  designs  which  shall  be  recom- 
mended for  approval  to  the   general  committee." 

From  the  record  of  a  third  meeting,  which  took 
place  on  August  27,  we  learn  that  Mr.  Godwin  at- 
tended, and  reported  that  he  had  carefully  ex- 
amined the  designs  of  the  New  Town^hall,  and 
having,  as  far  as  practicable,  made  himself  ac- 
quainted with  the  requirements  of  the  corpora- 
tion, for  which  it  was  desired  to  make  provision 
in  the  proposed  building.  He  submitted  for  the 
consideration  of  the  sub-committee  the  following 
designs,  sent  in  by  nine  authors,  as  possessing  in 
his  opinion  the  greatest  merit,  both  as  regards 
beauty  of  design  and  satisfactory  and  practicable 
internal  arrangements,  viz. : — Nos.  46,  55,  67,  74, 
82,  89,  98,  99,  120,  119,  134.  The  meeting  then 
re-solved  that  it  be  recommended  to  the  com- 
mittee to  apprjve  of  the  selection  suggested  by 
Mr.  Godwin,  and  to  invite  the  authors  of  such 
designs  to  send  iu  plans  and  fini-ihed  drawings  in 
fin.ai  competition  for  the  New  Town-hall ;  and, 
that  the  best  thanks  of  the  sub-committee  be  pre- 
sented to  Mr.  Godwin,  for  his  prompt  compliance 
with  their  request  to  come  to  Manchester  to 
inspect  the  designs,  and  for  the  very  satisfac- 
tory and  valuable  information  he  has  afforded 
them. 

The  Mayor  submitted  a  report  from  the  City 
Surveyor,  to  the  eiiect  that  the  author  of  the  de- 
sign No  82  had  not  complied  with  the  instructions 
in  his  arrangement  for  the  accommodation  of  the 
treasurer's  department,  which  he  had  placed  on 
the  main  floor,,  instead  of,  as  required,  on  the 
ground  floor.  The  committee  then  state  that 
they  have,  therefore,  adopted  the  recommendation 
of  the  subcommittee,  except  in  so  far  as  relates  to 
the  design  No.  82,  and  they  have,  subject  to  the 
approval  of  the  council,  selected  the  eight  authors 
of  the  designs  numbered  46,  55,  67,  74,  89,  98-99, 
119-120,  and  134,  to  send  in  plans  for  the  final 
competition.  "We  believe  we  are  correct  in  stating 
that  the  following  are  the  names  of  the  architects 
who  have  been  selected  for  the  final  competition: 
— Mr.  Alfred  Waterhouse,  London  and  Man- 
chester ;  Mr.  F.  H.  Wyatt,  Great  Russell-street, 
London  (two  designs) ;  Mr.  Cuthbert  Brodrick, 
London  and  Leeds ;  Mr.  Thomas  Worthington, 
Manchester ;  Mr.  Edward  Salomons,  Manchester  ; 
Mr.  William  Lee,  Cornhill,  London ;  Messrs. 
Speakman  and  Gharlesworth,  Manchester  (two 
designs) ;  and  Mr.  John  O.  Scott,  Charing  Cross, 
son  of  Mr.  G.  G.  Scott,  R  A.  Each  of  these 
gentlemen  will  receive  £300  on  furnishing  com- 
plete designs  for  the  second  and  final  competition. 
For  the  final  competition  no  period  has  been  fixed, 
but  it  is  believed  that  it  will  not  be  less  than  three 
months.  The  designs  will  again  be  sent  in  under 
incognito  mottoes  to  await  adjudication. 

The  following  are  such  particulars  as  are  at 
present  known  of  the  selected  designs. 


No. 


JJotto. 


Stjle.    Estimate. 
£ 

46.     St  Michael Gothic  170,000 

55.     Ring  out  the  old,  ring  in  the 

new Gothic  275,000 

67.     A  black  ball  within  a  white, 

and  a  black  ring     Gothic  198,935 

74.     Time  tryeth  truth Gothic  206,1 75 

89.     Polyanthus     Gothic  229,310 

98. )  -,,„■■,  /Gothic  246,850 

ggj  Municipal    jltalian  259;444 

119.  m         Tj  V.         1  II  I  Gothic  207,106 

J20J  Three  Hebrew  letters    ...   |  it^Uan  236;403 

134.     Aubon  droit Italian  199,888 

In  reference  to  this  matter  "A  Competitor" 
writes  to  ns  as  follows  : — "  Understanding  that 
Mr.  Godwin,  of  the  Builderj  has  recommended 
certain  of  the  plans  submitted  in  this  competition 
for  the  final  competition,  I  venture  to  suggest  that 
his  report  be  published,  in  order  that  the  other 
competitors  may  be  enabled  to  j  adge  wherein  they 
have  failed." 

Another  correspondent,  "  Not  a  Competitor," 
says : — "  The  result  was  known  last  Thursday. 
The  three  local  architects,  who  everybody  who 
knew  anything  of  the  composition  of  the  commit- 
tee was  certain  would  be  mcluded  in  the  number 
— let  their  designs  be  what  they  might — are  on 
the  list,  and  none  others  of  the  Manchester  arcbi 
tects,  viz.,  Salomons,  Worthington,  and  Speak- 
man and  Charlesworth." 


The  bonded  warehouses  recently  erected  by 
Messrs.  Dunville  and  Co.,  Belfast,  will  contain 
about  2,079,000  gallons  of  whiskey. 


f  iiiMitg  luttKigeitte. 


CHURCHES  AND   CHAPELS. 

The  restoration  of  the  beautiful  apsidal  chape 
in  Gloucester  Cathedral,  known  as  St.  Paul's 
Chapel,  is  about  to  be  at  once  commenced,  at  the 
cost  of  the  Earl  of  EUenborough.  Messrs.  Hard- 
man  are  to  supply  the  glass. 

Ekenhead  Church,  Belfast,  has  been  opened  for 
divine  worship.  The  church  and  schools  were 
erected  at  a  cost  of  £2,700,  of  which  amount 
£2,000  was  contrib-ited  by  Mrs.  Dummet,  in 
memory  of  her  brother,  the  late  Mr.  Ekenhead. 

The  Bishop  of  Rochester  has  consecrated  a  new 
church  (Holy  Trinity)  in  Barking-road.  The  church 
contains  provision  for  1,029  sittings,  which  are  to 
be  free  and  unappropriated  for  ever.  The  archi. 
tecture  is  what  may  be  termed  a  mixed  style,  and 
the  design  Ls  by  Mr.  Charles  Barry. 

Barnstaple. — When  it  was  decided  some  time 
ago  to  restore  the  church  at  Barnstaple,  Mr.  6. 
G.  Scott,  R.A  ,  was  appointed  to  superintend  the 
work.  The  Restoration  Committee  now  report 
that  the  first  portion  of  the  undertaking  is  now 
completed.  Nearly  £2,000  have  already  been 
expended  on  the  alterations  and  improvements, 
and  it  is  estimated  that  a  further  sum  of  £2,700 
will  be  required  to  carry  out  the  work  of  restora- 
tion. Barnstaple  Church,  by  reason  of  its  central 
position  and  its  great  antiquity,  has  alw  .ys  been  con- 
sidered a  most  important  and  interesting  one.  For 
more  than  five  hundred  years  it  has  been  the  prin. 
cipal  church  in  North  Devon. 

Eardislet,  Hereford. — A  hew  chapel  for  the 
Primitive  Methodists  has  just  been  opened  in 
this  village.  The  edifice,  which  is  in  the  Early 
English  style,  is  built  with  brick  and  Bath  stone 
dressings ;  open  sittings.  The  roof,  which  u 
open,  is  framed  and  braced,  with  boarding  under 
slate.  The  whole  of  the  woodwork  is  stained  and 
varnished.  The  building  is  from  a  design  by  Mr. 
J.  H.  Evins,  of  Hereford,  architect,  who  also 
superintended  the  erection  of  the  same. 

Manchester. — The  Catholic  Apostolic  Church, 
Stretford  New-road,  which  has  been  rebuilt  and 
enlarged,  was  opened  on  Sunday  last.  It  occupie-s 
the  whole  of  the  site,  on  a  portion  of  which 
stood  the  former  church,  and  has  a  frontage  of 
36ft.  to  the  Stretford-road,  and  a  depth  of  100ft. 
The  arches  to  clerestory  of  nave  are  supported  on 
columns  of  red  Mansfield  stone,  with  Bath  stone 
caps  and  bases.  The  roof  of  nave  and  chancel 
are  continuous,  giving  length  and  height  to  the 
building,  the  chancel  roof  being  distingui-^hed 
from  that  of  nave  by  trusses,  supported  on  carved 
corbels,  with  columns  of  red  Mansfield  stone. 
There  are  also  similar  columns  to  the  coupled 
windows  of  clerestory.  The  building  will  accom- 
modate 380  persons,  and  has  been  erected  in  the 
Early  Gothic  style  of  architecture,  from  the 
des'gas  of  Mr.  O.  AylifTe,  architect.  King-street, 
by  Messrs.  Ellis  and  Hinchliffe,  who  were  the 
general  contractors. 

Richmond. — The  laying  of  the  foundation  stone 
of  the  new  Catholic  Church  of  St.  Joseph  and  St. 
Francis  Xavier,  Richmond,  took  place  on  Saturday 
week.  The  site  selected  is  in  close  proximity  to 
the  old  church.  The  plan  consists  of  a  nave 
entered  from  an  extended  porch,  such  as  may  be 
seen  at  Fountains,  and  as  existed  at  Eyland,  in 
Yorkshire.  The  nave  is  flanked  by  two  aisles, 
giving  a  total  width  of  50ft.,  and  is  terminated  by 
a  chancel  of  apsidal  form,  the  total  length  being 
101ft.  There  is  a  side  porch  and  two  confessionals, 
whilst  a  sacristy,  with  a  picturesque  turret  and  an 
upper  chamber,  terminates  the  eastern  aisle.  The 
aisles  are  separated  from  the  nave  by  circular 
shafts  of  red  stone  and  pointed  arches,  with  a 
clerestory  above  of  circulart  raceried  windows. 
The  roof  is  framed  with  arched  principals  spring- 
ing from  stone  corbels.  The  plans  have  been 
prepared  by  Mr.  George  Goldie,  of  London,  the 
architect  of  the  magnificent  new  Cathode  church 
at  York ;  and  the  contractors  are  Mr.  Smith, 
mason,  and  Mr.  Naylor,  of  Richmond,  builder. 
The  cost  of  the  whole  will  be  under  £3,000. 

RipoN. — The  committee  appointed  five  years  ago 
to  carry  out  the  restoration  of  Ripon  Cathedral,  in 
accordance  with  the  recommendations  of  Mr.  G. 
G.  Scott,  have  issued  a  report,  showing  the  present 
position  of  this  important  undertaking.  5lr.  Scott 
estimated  that  £32,000  would  he  required  to  com- 
plete the  entire  restoration  necessary.  Towards 
this  sum  £28,787  has  been  promised,  and  the 
committee  earnestly  appeal  for  aid  to  enable  them 
to  complete  the  proposed  alterations. 


September  6,   IS 67. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


619 


The  Chapter  House. — The  restoration  of  the 
Chapter  House  of  Westminster  Abbey,  to  which 
public  attention  was  called  some  time  since,  is  now 
being  pushed  forward.  What  was  some  sii  months 
ago  a  crumbling  pile  has  already  been  partially 
transformed  by  the  removal  of  the  old  stone  and 
brickwork  and  the  substitution  entirely  of  new 
stone,which  is  brought  from  the  Chilmark  quarries. 
Buttresses  have  been  erected  to  give  strength  to 
the  structu'  e,  and  the  brickwork  with  which  many 
of  the  windows  were  blocked  up  when  the  ancient 
fabric  fell  into  disuse  is  being  removed  and  filled 

#in  with  glass.  The  entire  work  of  restoration, 
which  is  of  a  very  extensive  character,  is  being 
carried  out  under  the  direction  of  the  Dein  of 
We.'tminster  and  Mr.  Digby  Wyatt,  the  architect. 
Churches  in  Ireland. — A  return  has  just  been 
issued  of  all  the  new  churches  built  by  the  Eccle 
siastical  Commissioners  from  1S34  to  August  1, 
1865,  in  the  several  dioceses  in  Ireland,  specifying 
the  cost  of  each  church,  and  also  of  all  the  churches 
or  licensed  houses  of  worship  rebuilt  or  repaired 
within  the  above  period.  The  total  amount  ex 
pended  was  as  follows  :  —  Total  new  churches 
built,  £23,362  83.  7d  ;  total  churches  rebuilt, 
£271,916  is.  !)d. ;  total  churches  built  under  en- 
g.agements  of  late  Board  of  First  Frviits,  and 
completed  by  the  Ecclesiastical  Commissioners, 
£35,873  ;  total  churches  originally  contracted  for 
by  the  parishioners,  but  towards  the  comple- 
tion of  which  the  Commissioners  made  grants, 
£11,233  Cs.  Id. ;  total  churches  built  entirelyfrom 
private  funds,  but  contracted  for  by  the  Ecclesias- 

j   tical    Commissioners,    £3,159     IO3.    2d. ;     total 
I^Hl  churches  repaired,  £753,155  9s.  8d. ;  grand  total 

I    expenditure    on    churches     built    and    repaired, 
£1,103,699  198.  3d. 

BOILDINOS. 

A  meeting  of  the  committee  for  building  a 
vicarage  and  endowing  the  benefice  of  St.  Helen's, 
Abingdon,  was  held  in  the  Council  Chamber  on 
Saturday  last.  The  plans  of  Mr.  Dolby,  architect, 
of  that  town,  were  finally  decided  upon,  subject 
to  the  approval  of  the  Fcclesiastical  Commis- 
sioners, and  the  tender  of  Messrs.  Selby,  builders, 
of  Oxford,  for  £2,453,  was  accepted. 

A  new  fish  market  and  wharves  have  been  com- 
pleted at  Great  Yarmouth.  The  market  is  750ft. 
long  hy  40ft.  wide,  with  a  landing  wharf  of  the 
same  width  between  it  and  the  quay.  The 
market  is  covered  with  a  roof  resting  on  148  iron 
pillars,  the  roof  on  the  east  side  is  lighted  with 
36  skylights,  10ft.  by  6ft.  each,  the  west  front 
being  open.  The  whole  cost  of  the  works  has 
been  about  £12,000. 

Ipswich  :  New  Co;n'EXT. — A  large  convent  has 
been  commenced  in  the  environs  of  Ipswich, 
planned  with  a  view  of  afi'ording  accommodation 
as  a  place  of  education.  The  architects  are 
Messrs.  Goldie  and  Child,  of  34,  Gloucester-place 
Portmau-square,  London,  W.,  and  Mr  R.  S. 
Smith  of  Ipswich,  is  the  contractor.  Red  Suffolk 
brick,  with  a  spare  use  of  white  and  black  bricks 
and  Bath  stone  dressings,  are  the  materials.  The 
style  is  free  treatment  of  Early  Domestic  Gothic, 
with  long  shafted  windows  opening  in  sashes, 
strings,  and  buttresses,  and  other  features,  simply 
to  mark  the  points  of  thrust,  floor  lines,  &c.  The 
rooms  will  all  be  very  spacious,  light,  and  airy,  and 
the  whole  design  combines  simplicity  with  archi- 
tectural character. 

• 

A  movement  has  been  begun  to  provide  funds 
in  order  to  start  the  notorious  York-^hireman 
known  as  "Flint  Jack"  in  a  fair  way  of  life  on 
his  release  from  gaol.  Several  memoirs  of  this 
strange  individual,  whose  real  name  is  Edward 
Simpson  (of  Sleights,  Whitby),  have  already 
appeared,  and  in  a  recent  account  of  him,  M- . 
Llewellyn  Jewitt,  F.S.A.,  the  editor  of  the  Reli- 
quarj,  says  : — "  Flint  Jack  "  has  caused  some 
noise  in  the  world  of  antiquities  and  geology,  as 
tUt;  very  prince  of  fabricators  of  antiques,  flints 
of  every  form,  celts,  stone  hammers,  ancient  pot- 
tery, inscribed  stones,  fibulae,  querns,  armour,  and 
every  conceivable  and  inconceivable  thing — whose 
productions  have  taken  in  the  most  learned,  and 
are  to  be  found  in  the  cabinets  of  the  collector 
everywhere.  He  has  made  more  dupes  than  any 
other  man,  but  antiquaries  owe  him  a  debt  of 
gratitude  for  opening  their  eyes  to  deception,  and 
for  showing  them  how  a  lost  art  may  be  restored. 
"Flint  Jack"  is  new  in  Bedford  Gaol  for  two 
smill  thefts  committed  while  in  a  state  of  intoxi- 
cation. His  time  will  be  up  in  March  next,  when 
It  is  desired  to  have  a  fund  ready  to  assist  this 
clever,  remarkable,  intelligent,  and  talented  wan- 
derer, in  the  hope  that  he  will  turn  his  talents  in- 
to a  better  and  more  honourable  channel. 


TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 

To  Our  Reader-i,— We  shall  feel  obliged  to  any  of  our 
readera  who  will  favour  U3  with  brief  uoUis  of  works  con- 
t«mpLat«d  or  in  progress  in  the  provincea. 

Letters  relating  to  .ndvertisemonta  and  the  ordinary  busi- 
ness of  the  paper  sliould  be  addressed  to  the  Editou,  ItJO. 
Fleet-street.  Advertisements  for  the  current  week  must 
reach  the  oflico  before  5  o'clock  p.m.  on  Thursday. 

Notice.— The  liUII.DIXCr  NEWS  inseria  advertise- 
ments for  "SITUATIONS  WANTED,"  lie,  at  ONE 
SlIILLIXa  for  the  flrat  Twenty  foiu-  WonU. 


Re._E[ved  — n.  C— .T  1'  —1).  R.  W.— E-  W.  G.-W.  B. 
—J.  11,  F. -T.  T.— E.  W.  P.— J.  and  E  C— W.  O.  C  — 
T.  C.  H.  and  Sons.  T-  D.— O.  A.  -  J.  and  E.  0.— W.  II.  D. 
— M.  O.  T.— A.  J.— W,  H.  D.-J.  R.  T.T.J  S.  -E.D. 

W.  C.  B.'s  Iett<jr  throws  no  new  light  on  the  "  Pugiu  r. 
Biu-ry  "  controversy. 

J.  B.,  Alton. — Write  to  some  photographic  paper. 

J.  C.  E..  Durham. — We  cannot  say  withotit  sending  a 
sketch. 

"  Sun.s  Rays." — From  yoxur  statement  the  borough  sur- 
veyor is  at  fault.  Consult  a  woU  known  and  respectable 
lawyer, 

"  Hyilraulic"  wants  some  infomiation  as  to  the  consti- 
tution of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Eugineera,  Let  liim 
consult  the  letter  ftom  the  Secretary  of  the  Institution, 
wiiich  appe.ared  in  the  Building  News  on  July  26  last. 

"  Alpha," — We  will  give  the  intormntion  concerning 
schools  of  art  in  an  early  number.  You  can  get  what  you 
want  as  to  building  materials,  «fcc.,  at  the  South  Kensing- 
ton Museum. 


CoiTCspankiict. 


WHO   WAS  THE   ARCETITECT   FOR  THE 
HOUSES   OF  PARLIAMENT? 

To  the  Editor  of  the  Buildinq  News. 

Sir. — In  your  own  words,  "  Aa  yet  no  one  will 
say  that  he  has  proved  his  case,"  allow  me,  at  all 
events,  to  throw  some  light  on  the  subject,  by 
briefly  analj-ziug  in  your  columns  the  various 
letters  which  have  appeared  in  the  Pall  Mo.ll 
Gci::€it'?.  The  statements  therein  published  are 
so  antagonistic  and  so  destructive  of  their  own 
probability,  that  I  am  astonished  at  the  conclu- 
sions to  which  one  or  two  journals  have  rather 
hastily  arrived.  Setting  aside  the  possibility  of 
theditferent  stories  having  been  made  up  without 
regard  to  tnith,  which,  of  course,  is  quite  out  of 
tbe  question,  there  are  but  two  suppositions  on 
which  the  letters  can  have  been  written  : — 

First.  The  memory  of  the  witnesses  has  failed 
them  (which  I  believe  to  be  partially  correct)  ;  or. 

Second.  They  are  ignorant  of  the  real  history 
of  the  case ;  and  this  I  imagine  to  be  the  fact 
—  they  have  got  hold  of  odds  and  ends  of  the 
story,  and  notliing  more. 

Not  one  of  the  letters  goes  back  to  a  period 
before  their  author's  cognizance  of  the  competi* 
tioq.  drawings.  My  father's  drawings  were  made 
before  he  commenced  the  designs  for  Mr.  Gillesjae 
Graham,  and  therefore  before  he  supplied  Sir 
Charles  Harry  with  his. 

From  the  day  my  father's  own  original  draw- 
ings   were    mounted   by    Mr. ,  they  were 

los:  sight  of;  and  it  was  not  until  after  this  that 
my  father  was  caded  in  to  apply  his  own  eleva- 
tions to  Sir  Charles  Barry's  ground  p  an. 

Being  called  in,  what  did  he  execute  ? 

Mr.  \Volfe  says  that  "  under  Barry's  instruc- 
tions, and  from  his  designs,  Pugin  made  some  per- 
spective views  and  drawings  in  pencil  of  the  de- 
tails of  the  building."  '"  The  general  design,  in 
eluding  elevations  and  sections"  (says  Mr.  T. 
Bury),  "  having  been  previously  completed  in 
pencil  by  Barry  himself ;  "  and,  further  on,  Mr. 
Bury  implies  that  my  father's  assistance  was 
so  entirely  con  ined  to  details,  that  we  became 
impressed  with  an  idea  that  his  whole  time  was 
occupied  in  drawing  dots  and  quatref  lis,  and 
then  making  cjpies  of  them  to  enlarge  after- 
wards. 

I  will  grant  this  ;  but  what  do  these  details,  to 
which  my  father's  labours  were  confined,  in- 
clude ?  His  diaiies  and  Sir  Charles  Barry's  letters 
are  my  witnesses.  They  include  porch,  hall, 
central  lobby,  stairs,  witness-room,  king's  tower, 
entrance  hall,  court  yard  front,  water  front, 
upper  part  of  front,  turrets,  sections  of  tower, 
commons'  entrance,  speaker's  court  entrance,  in- 
terior of  library,  river  front,  land  front,  centre 
oriels,  upper  part  of  oriels,  end  towers,  I  el. 
tower,  lantern  of  bell  tower,  angle  turrets,  southl 
gables  of  Westminster  Hall,  &c.,  &c.,  &c.  But 
•'  these  were  only  drawings  for  tenders"  (ex- 
plains Mr.  T.  Bury).  I  will  grant  this  also, 
simply  remarking  that  this  means  all  the  work- 
ing  drawings    necessary     for    carrying    out    the 


design.  "But"  (continues  Mr.  Wright,  or  rather 
those  who  write  for  him),  "they  were  only  draw- 
ings of  parta  of  tbe  buildings  to  enlarged  scales." 
But  what  does  all  this  amount  to  ?  The  sum  of 
it  comes  to  this  : — that  Sir  Charles  having  com- 
pleted his  general  designs  for  the  Houses  engaged 
my  father  as  an  assistant,  superior  to  his  own 
clerks,  to  make  a  few  perspective  views  anti  some 
drawingsof  details  to  an  enlarged  scalef rom  his  u wn 
designs ;  and  then  remunerated  him  with  400 
guineas  for  work  that  any  third-rate  clerk  could  do 
as  well.  Now,  these  drawings  were  either  theori- 
ginal  productions  of  my  father,  or  they  were  not. 
If  they  were  Sir  Cbarles  Barry's,  then  he  himself 
rejected  his  own  designs,  for  Mr.  Wolfe  tells  us, 
"  most  of  these  drawings  were  set  aside."  If  they 
were  my  father's,  what  becomes  of  Mr.  Wolfe's  as- 
sertion that  they  didn't  "  exhibit  a  bingle  feature 
designed  by  Mr.  Pugin ; "  and  Mr.  M'right'a 
promt>ted  declaration  that  "  the  elevations  and 
sections  in  no  portion  of  the  building  accorded 
with  any  detail  pre])ared"  by  my  father.  We  may, 
therefore,  assume  that  these  drawings  wde  ori- 
ginal designs  of  my  father,  set  aside,  we  are  told, 
because  they  embodied  "ideas"  opposed  to 
Sir  Charles  Barry's  "  ideas ; "  and  thus  it 
comes  out,  after  all,  without  any  doubt,  that  my 
father  did  make  original  designs.  And  it  ia 
equally  evident  that,  if  most  of  them  were  re- 
jected,  soniij  of  them  were  adopted.  Out  of  his 
own  mouth,  then,  I  disprove  Mr.  Wolfe's  positive 
dec;»-ation. 

In  another  paragraph  of  his  letter,  Mr.  Wolfe 
assures  us  ihat  Mr.  Barry  "was  the  least  likely 
person  to  adopt  other  people's  ideas  of  art."  Why, 
then,  in  the  name  of  common  sense,  did  he  call  ia 
my  father,  whose  "ideas"  of  art,  we  are  told,  ia 
one  line  were  "opposed"  to  Sir  C.  Barry's,  and, 
in  another,  that  he  did  not  conceive  "  ideas"  at 
all,  but  only  made  "suggestions"  for  the  pro- 
duction of  "new  ideas*  in  Sir  C.  Barry?  In 
other  words,  my  father's  "ideas"  led  to  Sir  C. 
Barry's  "  ideas."  Can  any  one  disentangle  all 
this  ?  Mr.  Edward  Barry  would  lead  us  to  believe 
that  the  intimate  and  friendly  relations  "  un- 
troubled by  the  semblance  of  a  quarrel"  which 
existed  between  Sir  Charles  and  my  father,  were 
"never  uninterrupted;"  but  Mr.  Wolfe  more 
correctly  allows  that,  at  a  cert  an  period,  they  were 
"  not  in  communication"  with  each  other.  Thia 
was  the  period  between  1837  and  1844,  when  my 
father,  disgusted  at  being  thrown  overboard,  re- 
fused even  to  see  Sir  Charles. 

It  was  at  this  time,  Mr.  Wolfe  says,  "all  the 
more  important  changes  were  made  by  Sir 
Charles  Barry  alone." 

Has  Mr.  Wolfe  read  the  extract  from  my 
father's  diary  to  so  little  purpose  as  not  to  see 
that  his  drawings  extend  to  every  portion  of  the 
building;  that  they  were  most  numerous,  and  in- 
cluded "  compositions"  {vide  leaf  of  diary  in  ilr. 
Ferrey's  biography,  which  he  seems  to  have  for- 
gottou),  "compartments,"  and  "drawings  for 
tenders,"  i.e.,  elevations,  sections,  and  detai  s  as 
well.  Sir  Charles  doubtless  had  all  these  draw- 
ings with  him  in  the  count)  y  ;  if  not,  what  became 
of  them  ;  What  were  they  made  for  ?  Why  were 
they  not  used  ?  If  he  had  them  in  his  possession, 
Mr.  Wolfe,  at  all  events,  confesses  never  to  have 
seen  them,  for  all  the  drawings  he  saw  "  were 
made,"  he  tells  us,  "  by  Sir  Charles  alone."  What 
is  the  alternative,  then  ?  If  my  father's  drawings 
were  not  used,  they  were  all  made  for  no  earthly 
purpose;  if  they  were,  as  Mr.  Wolfe  never  saw 
them,  they  must  have  been  privately  copied  before 
being  made  use  of,  as  my  father  assured  me ;  and 
Sir  Charles,  in  acknowledging  the  receipt  of  some 
of  them,  says  to  my  father,  "  Vou  have  given  me  a 
rich  treat."  Now,  independently  <»f  the  sugges- 
tion that  people  duu't  generallj  go  into  raptures 
at  their  own  designs  mj.de  bigger,  I  have  pretty 
clearly  shown  that  they  were  my  father's  origin  •! 
designs,  and  if  they  were  used,  as  I  have  also 
clear-y  demonstrated,  then,  on  Mr.  Wolfe's  own 
testimony,  they  constituted  the  "important 
changes"  made  in  the  building  which  "deter- 
mined its  character."  So  we  inevitably  ariive  at 
this  conclusion,  that  the  original  designs  made  by 
my  father  were  so  "  important"  as  to  "  determine 
the  character"  of  the  architecture  of  the  Houses 
of  Parliament.  And  now  a  few  words  aa  to  my 
father's  Government  appointment. 

Mr.  Wolfe's  explanation  is  this — that  Sir 
Charles,  not  having  had  any  communication  with 
my  father  for  many  years,  and  having,  without 
my  father's  assistance,  worked  on  the  Houses  en- 
tirely alone,  suddenly  became  so  anxious  for  hia 
abst-nt  and  useless  "  friend,"  that  he  was  seized 
with  a  sudden  desire  to  secure  to  him  a  position 
under    Government :    Sir    Charles  and  he    bad 


620 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


September  6,  1867. 


parted  company ;  my  father  had  ceased  to  make 
drawings  for  tenders,  "  or  drawings  of  details," 
and  to  propagate  "suggestions,"  which  Sir  Charles 
might  conceive  and  biing  forth  as  "ideas."  The 
old  drawings  and  ideas  had  all  been  worked  out. 
New  suggestions  were  wanted  for  the  internal 
finishings ;  and  therefore  Sir  Charles,  unsolicited, 
recommends  and  secures  a  direct  appointment 
from  Government,  and  urgently  entreats  my 
father  to  come  and  extricate  him  from  his 
"  regular  fix." 

1  had  intended  entering  at  length  into  the 
testimony  given  by  Mr.  T.  Bury,  but  I  must 
reserve  this  for  fome  future  occasion.  It  will, 
however,  be  sufficiently  evident  to  all,  that  the 
real  truth  being  elicited  from  statements  so  con- 
tradictory and  inconsistent,  but  little  reliance  can 
be  placed  upon  the  entu-e  mass.  Let  it  be  dis- 
tinctly understood  that  I  have  no  wish  to  depre- 
ciate the  vindoubted  powers  which  belonged  to 
Sir  C.  Barry. 

I  cannot  conclude  this  letter  more  appropriately 
than  by  quoting  Sir  Charles's  own  words  to  my 
father: — *' I  am  much  flattered  by  your  hearty 
commendation  of  the  plan,  and  shall  know  where 
to  look  for  a  champion  if  I  should  hereafter  re- 
quire one."  These  lines  were  written  on  Oc- 
tober 22,  1836,  and  most  aptly  define  the  position 
of  the  two  architects. — I  am,  &c., 

21,  Savile-row.  E.  Welby  Puoin 


Sir, — Your  columns  having  been  opened  to  the 
Barry   and  Pugin  question,  it   seems  incumbent 
upon  all  who  can  aflbrd  so  much  as  a  tittle  of  evi- 
dence to  put  their  information  forward.     Great 
names  in  architecture  are  so  dilficult  to  win,  and 
Fortune  so  fully  displays  her  attribute  of  caprice 
in  this  particular    walk   of  art,  that  the  honours 
attained  in  its  pursuit  may  well  be  upheld   and 
cherished  by  its  followers  in   common.     Pardon 
me  for  premising  that  when  the  tide  of  taste  had 
strongly  set  in  favour  of  the  Gothic  style,  and  Lad 
created  a  desire  and  interest  concerning  its  exam- 
ples and    pecidiarities,    several    artists    of    merit 
entered  upon  the  work  of  illustration,  and  to  that 
class  belonged  Augustus  Pugin,  a  French  Hugue- 
not, employed  by  Nash,  and  afterwards  known  as 
a    professor    of    architectural    design    in    Great 
Russell  street.     The  profession  are  quite  familiar 
with  the  admirable  illustrations  proceeding  from 
his  studio,  but  so  far  as  my  knowledge  extends  he 
was  not  called  upon  to  design  and  superintend  the 
execution  of  any  building.  Mackenzie,  in  the  same 
way,  though  eminent  as  an  illustrator,   remained 
an    illustrator    to  the    last.     Among    the   ablest 
Gothic    delineators,    however,    was    Mr.    Edward 
Blore,  whose   exquisite  renderings  of  many  select 
specimens  secured   an  early  repute,   and  brought 
him  into  distinguished  favour  as  a  practical  archi- 
tect. To  Mr.  Blore  I  was  indebted  for  an  acquaint- 
ance with  the  style  that  enabled  me  to  be  useful  to 
Mr.  Raitsou  when  he  entered  into  the  competition 
for  the  Houses  of  Parliament,  and  obtained  one  of 
the  premiums  of  £500.     jVfter  being  assiduously 
occupied   for   months  upon    the    drawings,  there 
was  a  season  of  watchful  anxiety  about  the  result, 
but  no  intimation  came,  except  that  on  a  certain 
day  the  unsuccessful  designs  would  be  returned 
to  their  authors.     It  was  then  that,   armed  with 
Mr.  Raitsoa's  authority,  I  hastened  to  the  portal 
of  Westminster  Hall,  and  had  the  intense  gratifi- 
cation of  hearing  from  Mr.  Chaloner  that  the   set 
denoted  by  "  a  winged  orb," — a  device  chosen  in 
honour  of  my  friend's  recent  travels  in  Egypt — 
was  one  of  those  selected  and  retained. 

It  may  be  fairly  assumed,  I  think,  that  those 
who  have  gone  patiently  through  the  details  of  a 
design — have  become  familiar  with  each  item  of 
the  instructions,  and  have  studied  the  general 
embodiment  and  building  up  of  the  general  scheme 
— must  have  acquired  especial  facilities  for  judging 
the  comparative  merits  of  other  designs,  and  it 
has  been  my  endeavour  thus  to  show  reasonable 
grounds  for  my  conclusion  before  presuming  to 
declare  the  conviction  I  have  always  felt  that 
Barry  achieved  a  great  and  unquestionable  suc- 
cess. The  whole  of  the  plans,  it  may  be  recol- 
lected, were  exhibited  together  at  the  Gallery  of 
British  Artists,  iu  Suffolk-street,  and  (subduing  a 
contrary  opinion  respecting  mere  arrangement)  I 
was  impressed,  from  the  moment  of  looking  at  his 
river  perspective,  with  an  unhesitating  conscious 
ness  that  Barry  had  not  only  gained  the  front 
but  had  thoroughly  distanced  all  his  competitor.s. 
The  cause  of  victory  was  clear  and  indisputable 
— Barry's  was  the  only  conception  that  possessed 
unity  uf  form,  and  presented  a  palace  of  Parlia- 
ment as  one  unbioken  whole  !      Success  was  not 


gained  by  any  intensification ofGothic  excellencies, 
but  by  infusing  a  classical  or  Italian  element  into 
English  design — a  circumstance  that  seems  to 
stamp  the  authorsiiip  with  the  indelible  impiess 
of  Barry's  mind. 

Architects,  since  the  recent  passion  for  writing 
has  become  so  general,  are  apt  to  do  much  violence 
to  truth  and  common  sense  in  seeking  to  attach 
overmuch  importance  to  the  hand  of  the  principal, 
but  the  work  of  an  individual  does  not  go  very  far 
in  these  gigantic  competitions,  nor  is  it  necessary 
that  any  laborious  drawing  should  be  the  positive 
production  of  the  designer.  It  is  the  mind  and 
not  the  hand  that  must  permeate  the  whole  pro- 
duction, and  regulate  and  harmonize  its  every 
part.  Allowing,  therefore,  due  but  subordinate 
honour  to  draughtsmanship,  I  think  it  would  not 
be  chfficult  to  show  that  Barry's  success  was 
attributable  to  his  own  proper  artistic  sentiment, 
though  this  sentiment  was  itself  antagonistic  to 
the  style  proscribed.  It  was  a  tenet  of  the  early 
revivalists  that  ths  spirit  of  Gothic  could  only  be 
developed  by  sharp  contrasts  and  boldly-opposed 
surfaces,  while  the  tendency  of  Barry's  feeUug 
was  in  the  opposite  direction  of  breadth  and 
evenness,  as  may  be  gathered  from  the  pervading 
principle  of  his  classic  works.  I  noticed  the  germ 
of  this  application  of  a  Continental  rule  to  English 
art  in[  the  Grammar  School  at  Birmingham,  and 
saw  at  once  that  if  that  building  hal  not  been 
designed  we  might  not  have  had  its  noble  after- 
thought at  Westminster.  It  was  this  master- 
stroke of  the  artist  that  gave  superiority  and 
won  the  prize.  Nor  are  its  consequences  confined 
to  the  edilice  in  question,  for  its  fruits  are 
conspicuous  in  the  current  designs  for  the  Law 
Courts,  which  one  and  all  follow  the  example  there 
originated,  and  instead  of  allowing,  as  heretofore, 
each  portion  to  speak  separately  for  itself,  com- 
bines the  multiplicity  of  parts  in  one  involving 
generalization. 

No  architect  could  have  commenced  operations 
till  the  printed  instructions  were  issued ;  and  as 
the  influence  Mr.  Barry  enjoyed  was  regarded  as 
one  of  the  chief  reasons  for  throwing  the  work 
open,  it  can  hardly  be  supposed  that  he  waited  to 
baigain  for  an  accidental  or  fugitive  design.  Nor 
could  this  design,  any  more  than  the  rest,  have 
been  the  work  of  a  single  hand,  so  that,  were 
Barry  to  be  displaced  by  Pugin,  the  line  of  claimants 
might  not  end  with  him.  When  the  awards  were 
known,  the  Commissioners  entered  freely  into 
communication  with  the  successful  few,  and  made 
suggestions  for  the  beneficial  modification  of  their 
designs,  of  which,  also,  they  desired  some  repre- 
sentation on  a  reduced  scale.  This  was  a  task  for 
which  no  artist  could  have  been  more  suitable 
than  my  former  office  companion — the  gifted  pupil 
of  Mr.  Blore,  who  had  lately  accompanied  Mr. 
Galley  Knight  in  his  tour  to  Italy  and  Sicily 
— Mr.  George  Moore,  and  upon  my  introduction 
he  was  employed  by  Mr.  Raiton  on  these  reduced 
drawings. 

.After  the  matter  had  been  consigned  to  Mr. 
Barry's  hands  it  is  not  wonderful  that  he  should 
have  felt  considerable  anxiety  about  the  Ultimate 
treatment  of  the  parts,  and  a  desire  to  secure  the 
best  available  assistance.  I  had  the  opportunity 
of  seeing  some  preliminary  studies  for  the  bays  of 
the  river  front,  that  had  been  prepared  by  Mr. 
Moore,  and  the  last  I  heard  respecting  them  was 
that  they  had  been  handed  to  Mr.  Barry,  who 
proposed  to  work  them  out  personally.  Assuming 
this  to  have  been  a  mere  pretext  for  waiving 
further  intercourse  with  an  artist,  when  other 
arrangements  were  in  view,  it  speaks  with  com. 
parative  force  for  his  freedom  of  action  up  to  that 
time,  and  it  is  perfectly  reconcileable  with  Mr.  A. 
Welby  Pugin's  appearance  then  first  upon  the 
scene. — I  .am,  &c.,  T.  M. 

September  3. 


beautifully-scraped  arch  atones  are  pointed  with  a 
dark  mortar,  and  present  the  same  ludicro'os 
appearance  as  the  entrance  porch  groining  of  our 
Guildball  did  at  the  Belgian  reception.  The 
Early  English  capitals  are  entirely  spoilt  by  being 
scraped,  and  the  restored  carving  is  vile.  I  fear 
that  many  of  our  beautiful  village  churches  are 
being  restored  in  the  same  way,  without  profes. 
sional  advice,  in  order  to  save  the  fee. — I  am,  &c., 
September  4.  Th.  B. 

THE     NEW     CIRCLE      SQUARER. 

SiB, — Examining  Mr.  Guillaume's  diagr.am,  and 
comparing  its  lines  by  the  common  arithmetical 
rule  of  square  root,  he  would  have  found,  calling 
his  diameter  1, 


A  side  of  his  square  =  V4  = 
Two  sides  =  v'2  = 
A  diagonal  =    

To  which  sum  add     

A  sixteenth  of  an  inch  per  foot 

And  we  find  his  "  circumference  "  = 
Which  is  too  Uttle  by       

The  true  circumference  being... 
But    the    common    "  three    and 
seventh"  = 


...  0-70710678 
...  1-41421356 
...     1- 

192)3-12132034 


•01625688 

3137577-22 
-00401543 

314159265 

3-14285714 

-00126449 


Exceeds  the  truth  by  only 

The  new  discovery,  therefore,  with  Mr.  Guil- 
laume's correction,  still  errs  more  than  thrice  as 
much  on  the  wrong  side  (the  side  of  defect)  as  the 
old  popular  and  easier  rule  errs  on  the  right  side 
by  excess  ! 

The  correction  required  was  very  near  a  twelfth 
of  an  inch  per  foot,  instead  of  a  sixteenth ;  but 
this  addition,  he  will  find,  brings  him  more  iu  ex- 
cess than  the  popular  Archimedian  rule.  Strangely 
enough,  his  diagram  actually  afforded,  by  a  still 
easier  operation,  a  length  approximating  nearer 
than  the  common  one.     Thus — 


Three  times  diagonal  =  ... 
Add  a  fifth  of  one  side  = 

The  sum  =        

Falls  short  by  only   


3-00000000 
•14142136 


3-14142136 
-00017129 


3-14159265 


This  is  above   seven 
medes,   but   it  is   on 


times  nearer  than  Archi- 
the  wrong  side.  On  the 
whole,  then,  I  strongly  doubt  it  we  shall  ever  im- 
prove on  the  old  rule,  for  practical  use,  even  by 
such  real  discoveries  as  those  of  Metius  and  Mr. 
Drach.  Every  surveyor,  I  think,  should  impress 
and  retain  iu  his  head  by  a  mental  diagram  the 


HOW  OUR  CHURCHES  ARE   RESTORED. 

Sir, — Lately  I  entered  a  well-known  church  in 
Norwich,  and  noticed  a  man  sci  aping  the  ba^e 
mouldings  of  a  pier  with  an  old  jack-plane  iron, 
in  order  to  remove  the  p.aint  from  the  stone  ;  but 
instead  of  only  getting  the  paint  from  it,  his 
novel  instrument  took  at  least  one-eighth  of  an 
inch  off,  and  the  manner  in  which  he  brought  the 
moulding  from  its  jagged  state  to  a  tolerably 
smooth  surface  was  by  fiUng.  I  remonstrated 
with  one  of  the  clergy,  who  promised  me  that  it 
should  not  be  repeated ;  but  I  am  sorry  to  say 
that  a  good  deal  of  the  church  had  undergone 
this  process.  At  Waddington,  Lincolnshire,  the 
restoiation  (?)  is  being  carried  on  at  the  parish 
church  by  the  builder's  forcm.an,  and  not  under 
the  direction  of  any  architect.     The  joints  of  the 


fact  that  the  "spandrel"  outside  a  quadrant  is  to 
the  segment  within  the  quadrant,  practically  as 
3  to  4.  From  this  very  simple  ratio  would  follow 
that  the  areas  of  internal  and  external  squares 
are  to  the  circle  as  7  and  14  to  11;  and  thence 
the  Archimedian  rule,  and  all  others  needed  for 
circular  and  spherical  measurement,  all  exact  to 
about  a  2,400th  part. — I  am,  &e.,  E.  L.  O. 


A  COMPETITION  HOAX. 

Sib, — I  wish  to  dr.aw  your  attention  to  another 
competition  hoax.  An  advertisement  was  placed 
in  your  journal  offering  a  premium  of  £25  for  the 
best  design  for  a  proposed  new  church  at  Dor. 
Chester.  In  answer  to  this  appeal,  I  prepared  a 
very  carefully  studied  set  of  drawings.  A  friend 
of  mine,  who  is  quite  old  in  the  study  and  prac- 
tice of  church  architecture,  also  sent  in  an  elabo- 
rately prepared  set  of  drawings.  After  wailing 
about  a  fortnight,  the  drawings  were  returned, 
and  I  am  informed  that  the  committee  decline  to 
award  any  premium  or  to  accept  any  of  the 
drawings.  I  should  scarcely  have  thought  it 
possii  le  that  there  could  be  found  a  committee  of 
gentlemen  having  £6,000  at  their  disposal  so 
utterly  mean  as  to  withhold  a  paltry  premium  of 
£25,  after  having  caused  a  number  of  architects  to 


September  6,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


621 


throw  away  at  least  six  weeks'  labour,  as  well  as 
other  expenses,  such  as  frames,  artistic  colouring, 
&c.  Surely  the  coruraittec,  even  if  they  had 
determined  UDt  to  caiTy  out  any  of  the  designs, 
must  liave  seen  that  the  least  they  could  do,  con- 
aistently  with  honour,  would  have  been  to  award 
this  paltry  premium  of  £25,  as  it  would  scarcely 
cover  the  expenses  of  the  successful  competitor. 
—I  am,  &c.,  A  VitTlM. 

^iitcrronummiraiiffit. 

— ♦ — 
QUESTIONS. 
[557  i_A  RARE  BOOK.— Can  you  iuform  mo  whoro  the 
Beoond  volume  of  "Oikidia,  or  Nutshells,"  may  be  pro- 
curetl?  Part  the  first  is  dated — Londou  :  Printed  for  the 
autlntr,  aud  sold  by  Dilly,  in  the  Poultry.  MUCCLXXXV. 
I  am'.  &e-.  In.  Bon'omi,  the  Soaue  Museum,  No.  13,  Lin- 
coln's iun-flelds,  August  2'J. 

t55S.]-SPE0CLATIN'G  BUILDERS.— WUl  yoa  bo  so 
kind  :t3  to  give  me  yoiu-  advice  as  to  the  best  place  you 
know  of  for  a  speculatiug  builder  to  pitch  his  tent  for  a 
livin-.'.  Bt  reading  your  paper  I  have  thought  of  Yar- 
mouth. Ple.-iae  in(iuire  ;  I  will  pay  all  inquiry  fees  by 
return.  I  must  cliange,  for  this  town  is  overbuilt. — I  am 
vonr  humble  servant.  J,  P..  Birmingham,  August  29. 
*  (We  give  the  above  letter  as  a  specimen  of  others  we 
are  in  the  habit  of  receiving.  We  beg  to  infonn  "J.  P." 
who  gives  his  full  name  and  address)  and  all  other  simil.-u- 
enquirei-s  that  sending  such  lett<jrs  is  sheer  waste  of  time, 
as  wo  can  give  no  advice  in  such  mattora,  ] 


REPLIES. 

[SI.] — As  the  following  query,  proposed  by  myself  in  Juno 
of  last  year  has  as  vet  reniHinedunanswereil,  allow  mo  toshow, 
for  the  benefit  of  non  mathematical  re^iders,  how  it  may  be 
so  Ived  without  the  use  of  trigonometry,  by  a  method  1  .ic- 
nuired  sometime  since?  If  two  forces  of  12lb.  and '.'lb. 
respectively  act  upon  a  point  at  an  angle  of  60  deg,  what 
is  the  magnitude  of  their  resultant  ?  Let  P  O,  Q  O  respec 
tively  represent  in  magni- 
tude and  direction  the 
given  fol-ces  acting  at  the 
point  O.  Complete  the 
parallelogram  PRQO  aud 
\  join  OR.  OR  will  re- 
*  present  in  m.aguitudo  and 
B  direction  the  resultant 
required.  Prom  the  point 
OWraw  OA  at  right  angles  to  OP,  produce  KQ  to  B,  making 
AB  =  AQ,  and  join  OB.  Then  OQB  is  an  eiiudateriil 
triangle,  each  of  its  aides  being  =  OQ  =  9  .  ■.  QA  =  JOti 
=  4-5, -and  RQ  =  12  •.■  RA  =  16  5. 

Since  O A^  =  OQ-'  —  QA=  .  •.  OA    =  v'OU  'TS. 
And    CR==  0A« -t- RA".-.  OR   =    18-248  Ana. 
By  trigonometry,  of  course,  the  solution  cin  be  readily 
effected.— R.  L.  B. 


water  which  is  for  drinking  purposes.  Water  con- 
taining carbonic  acid  cannot  ho  paired  through  leaden 
pipes  without  tho  formation  of  white  lead,  a  notorious 
poison.  Cast-iron  pipes  are  nearly  universally  employed 
now  for  furnishing  water  supplies,  .and  "Life"  would  do 
well  to  use  them  and  abandon  all  ideas  of  leaden  ones.  It 
is  a  good  plan  to  eo.it  the  interior  of  v:i.st-iron  pipes  with 
a  preparation  of  lime  wator,  as  it  prevents  any  corrosion 
taking  liLice  »nd  exercising  a  bad  effect  upon  the  quality 
and  flavour  of  the  Wiiter. — ilYDRACl.lclAN. 


(5.59.1— SCHOOLS  OF  ART.— Will  some  of  your  readers 
be  kind  enough  t«  inform  me  where  the  local  schools  of  .art, 
in  connection  with  the  Science  and  Art  Department,  are 
situated,  and  bow  I  can  become  a  student? — Alph.v. 


I 


[i^CO  ]— IN'DIAX  IXK.— I  am  unable  to  procure  Indian 
ini,  unless  .it  a  veiy  high  price,  which  doe:*  not  nm  when 
the  colouring  is  applied  to  the  drawing  or  tracing.  Cau 
anyone  inform  me  of  a  plaii  by  which  such  inferior  ink  may 
be  rendered  serviceable  and  unaflected  by  the  application 
ofcolour?— R.  L.  B.       

J561.1— REMOVIXG  PAINT  FROM  STONE.— I  should 
feel  obliged  if  any  correspondent  would  favour  mo  with  a 
recipe  for  removing  paiut  from  stonework  without  iojuriug 
the  surface  of  the  stone.  The  p;u.nt  I  am  anxious  to  remove 
has  been  on  the  stonework  fur  many  years,  and  probably 
has  been  applied  many  times.— R.  L.  B. 


[66-:.]— POTASH  i:^  GRANITE  SAXD.-I  amjtist  in- 
formed that  potash  is  found  in  the  granite  sand  in  Corn- 
wall, and  that  it  onght  not  to  be  used  for  moi-tars.  As  I 
have  always  before  considei'ed  that  lime  aud  granite  sand 
matie  good  mortar,  I  should  feel  obliged  to  any  of  your 
numerous  readers  if  they  would  kindly  inform  me  how,  as 
a  mason,  I  am  to  detect  potash  in  the  granite  sand.  Also 
what  proportion  of  the  potash,  when  foimd  in  the  sand, 
would  be  considered  injurious  or  detrimental  to  its  being 
used  for  mixing  with  lime  or  cement  for  mortars. — A 
CORN'isn  Mason-,  Liskeard,  September  J. 

[56:i.]— PETERBOROUGH  CATHEDRAL.— WiU  any 
one  kmdly  inform  me  what  kind  of  stone  is  i\sed  in  the 
west  front  of  Peterboroiigh  Cathedral,  and  also  the  kind  of 
stone  used  in  the  construction  of  St.  Margaret's  Chiirch, 
Kiiig's  Lynn,  and  the  style  of  architecture  adopted  in  the 
latter  ? — IirrKo\*ER.         

t5ft4.]-LOSEBY  HALL  AND  BURLEIGH  HOUSE.— 

WUl  Fome  one  better  informed  than  myself  kindly  let  me 
know,  through  your  "  Intercommunication"  cohmiD,  what 
is  the  style  of  architecture  adopted  in  the  construction  of 
Loseby  Hall,  near  Leicester,  the  residence  of  Sii  F.  Fawkes ; 
also  about  the  time  of  its  erection  ;  also  the  style  adopted 
in  Burleigh  House,  near  Stamford. — Exqcirer. 

[565.] -ARCHITECTURE.— What  are  the  predominant 
features,  both  decorative  and  in  outline,  of  the  Gothic, 
Tndor,  Elizabethan,  Tudor  Gothic,  Domestic  Gothic, 
Modern  Gothic,  Italian,  Grecian,  and  continental  styles  of 
architecture?  No  doubt  others  would  be  interested  in  the 
aiuver  of  this,  and  it  would  be  esteemed  a  favour  by — A 
CouNTBT  Builder.      

[566.]— CENTROHNEAD.— "Will  you  or  soma  of  your 
readers  inform  me  how  to  set,  and  use  the  ceutrolinead. 
I  cinnot  understand  the  method  as  it  is  shown  in  "  Nichol- 
son." I  wish  for  practical  directions,  and  shall  esteem  it 
a  great  kindness,  on  the  part  of  anyone  who  will,  in  the 
"Intercommunication,"  give  me  the  desired  information. — 
3  T. 


[528.]— MEDALS.— Duringthe  ancient  days  of  Greece  and 
Rome,  medals  were  struck  in  commemoration  not  ouly 
of  warlike  events  and  the  commencement  of  new  reigns, 
but  of  the  completion  of  temples  and  other  public  build- 
ings. These  latter  were  represented  with  more  or  less 
exactitude  on  the  metal  surfaces  of  medals,  and  their  images 
have  remained  loug  after  the  original  structures  had 
perished.  Here,  then,  is  one  use  of  the  study  of  medals. 
A  higher  one  consists,  perhaps,  in  an  examination  of  the 
fine  personifications,  symbols,  and  emblems  which  are  to 
be  found  ornamenting  old  Roman  and  Greek  coins  and 
medals.  To  a  man  of  poetical  imagination  these  must  be 
intensely  interestijig,  whilst  to  the  designer  and  the  archi- 
tect they  are  practically  valuable  and  very  suggestive. 

If  I  were  not  fearful  of  trespassing  too  much  upon  your 
space,  I  might  instance  many  examples  of  this  latter  class; 
as  it  is,  one  or  two  only  sbail  be  named.  Hope  is  repre- 
sented on  a  medal  Iwfore  me  as  a  sprightly  damsel,  walking 
quicklv  and  looking  straight  before  her.  With  her  left 
hand  she  holds  up  her  garments  that  they  may  not  inter- 
fere with  the  rapidity  of  her  movements.  In  her  right 
hand  is  seen  the  bud  of  a  flower,  an  emblem,  undoubtedly, 
more  beautiful  and  expressive  of  the  feeling  sought  to  be 
depicted  than  the  convention;U  anchor,  which  is  a  symbol 
of  i^tience  rather  than  of  hope.  Again,  Abundance  is 
imaged  as  a  sedate  matron,  with  a  cornucopiaj  in  her  hands, 
from  which  she  scatters  the  fruit  over  the  ground,  and  does 
not  hold  it  up  aud  keep  its  contents  to  herself,  as  some 
sculptors  aud  architects  have  represented  her.  A  cabinet 
of  medals  well  selected  is,  in  short,  an  invaluable  adjimct 
to  an  architect's  studio,  as  it  is  to  that  of  the  painter  and 
the  sculptor.  I  trust  that  enough  has  been  said  to  convince 
"A.  C."  that  numsiinatics  and  architecture  may  well  claim 
relationship.  This  fact  will  be  more  generally  admitted 
one  day. — KoB.iXo. 

[52S.]— The  remarks  made  by  "A.  C."  upon  this  subject 
have  very  much  surprised  me.  I  certainly  had  no  idea  that 
an  architect  was  supposed  to  be  a  numismatist  as  well ;  but 
always  imagined  that  branch  of  study  to  belong  to  gentle- 
men especially  devoted  to  it.  Thus,  at  all  colleges,  mu- 
seums, and  national  coUections  of  rare  and  valuable  curio- 
sities, a  professed  numismatist  is  attached  to  the  establish- 
ment. As  an  architect,  I  should  as  soon  think  of  troubling 
my  head  about  old  coins,  unless  I  had  a  taste  that  way  and 
nothing  better  to  do,  as  of  studying  medicine  or  anything 
else  eq^ually  foreign  to  my  own  business.- N. 


[53:.l-PEUIODS  OF  GOTHIC  ARCHITECTURE.— 
It  is  quite  amusing  that  in  a  few  short  sentences  of  mine 
"  E.  L.  G."  should  have  discovered  all  the  blundera  which 
are  to  exist  in  the  year  1900.  He  saya,  "  Thoi-c  is  noSaxon 
Htvle."  Then  what  are  the  buildings  which  existed  prior 
to'  tho  Norman ?  His  statement  would  had  one  to  suppose 
there  is  no  stvle  but  Gothic  in  tho  w,orld.  but  there 
are  scores  of  styles,  and  the  Saxon  (a-s  I  hiuted)  is  a  rather 
barbarous  one. 

King  Jolm  came  to  the  throne  in  the  year  llSf>.  "t3 
have  e.\:aniples  of  "Semi-Norman,"  or  "  Transition,"  of  the 
date  r.;00.  and  I  cannot  see  why  "  E.  L.  G."  should  cavil 
at  "Early  English"  being  set  down  in  its  general  terms 
at  the  commencement  uf  the  thirteenth  century,  and  of 
course  in  the  reign  of  King  Jolm— i.fr.,  when  speaking  of  it 
as  the  sole  predominant  stylo,  and  not  intermingling  it 
witii  lots  of  half-and-half  Norman. 

It  is  rightly  enough  that  some  of  our  best  architects  are 
choosing  Early  EuglLsh  ;w  their  directing  pu&ts,  so  tospeak, 
becjuiso  it  is  the  purest  style  of  all,  but  1  cannot  see  that  at 
the  commencement  of  "  ICdwardian"  there  was  "  particu- 
larly less  thought,"  while  1  admit  there  was  greater  lavish 
thrown  away,  and  more  glass  and  less  atone,  as  "  E.  L.  G." 
asserts,  and  there  I  hold  with  him. 

Of  course  we  all  know  that  *'  Edwardian"  has  peculiari- 
ties of  its  own,  and  if  we  give  it  a  distinct  name  so  much 
the  better,  but  it  is  because  this  and  "  Decorated  "  are 
generally  classed  together  that  I  did  the  same.  But  then 
what  becomes  of  the  intervening  period  of  about  100 
years  between  Edward  III.  and  the  severe  vertical  lines  of 
Henry  VII.  and  Henry  VHl.'s  time?  To  put  the  question 
still  plainer,  what  is  the  difference  between  **  Edwardian  " 
;uid  "Decorated  ?  "  *'  E.  L.  G."  says  there  is  none,  or  that 
they  arc  one  and  tho  same,  lasting  during  the  three 
Edwards  alone,  and  followed  by  the  Perpendicular,  but  let 
him  take  the  designs  for  the  New  Law  Courts — the  "  Ed- 
wardian "  of  Mr.  Street,  and  the  "Decorated"'  of  Mr. 
Barry,  and  then  say  that  there  is  no  differeuoe  between 
them,  or  that  thev  are  types  of  one  and  the  same  period. 
In  his  former  article,  "E.  L.  G.  "  quotes  Mr,  Fergusson  asau 
authority,  and  then  immediately  contradicts  him.  But  it 
so  happens  that  Mr.  Fergussou  carries  Decorated  further 
down  than  even  I  did,  for  he  says  "  the  transitions  fall 
curiously  on  the  three  Richards'  reigns — which  is  to  say, 
that  the  third  transition  (that  between  Decorated  and 
Perpendicular),  was  from  14S3  to  14S5.  "  E.  L.  G.  "  says 
137j  !     Who  is  his  authority  ? 

If  this  is  not  the  age  of  Gothic  revivahsm,  what  is  it? 
And  if  High  Churchism  and  the  increase  of  Popery  do  not 
go  to  prove  that  "Romish  idena  are  insinuating  in  the 
land,"  what  do  th  y  prove  ?  If  one  is  too  sceptic  to  aiimit 
that  they  go  "  1x»gether,"  then  they  do  at  least  go  on  at  tho 
same  time.  And  this  i^  not  ouly  an  historical  fact,  but, 
Gothic  ha-\-ing  sprung  from  Ro'mish  woi-shippers,  is,  I 
think,  "  a  remarkable  coincidence." — Pboviscial. 


[529.]— RESONANCE.— Resonance  is  imdoubtedly  re- 
ciprocated vibration.  Galileo  may  bo  said  to  have  first 
discovered  the  phenomenon.  He  observed  that  a  heavy 
pendulum  might  be  put  in  motion  by  the  least  breath  from 
the  mouth,  provided  the  blasts  were  often  repeated  and 
made  to  keep  time  with  the  vibrations  of  the  pendulum. 
Fiom  the  same  sympathetic  communication  of  vibration 
will  two  pendulum  clocks  fixed  to  the  same  wall,  or  two 

watches  lying  upon  the   same  table,  take  the  same  rate  of    

going,  though  they   would  not  agree  with   each  othei  if  I  jq  order  to  make  a  really  good  mountin, 


f.W.J— ROYAL  ACADEMY.— 1.  Can  any  of  your  artist 
readers  inform  me  by  what  means  pictures  can  be  exhi- 
bited at  the  Royal  Academy?  2.  Can  anyone  exhibit,  or 
ia  there  a  line  drawn  I  etween  artist  and  amateur? 
3,  What  constitutes  the  degree  of  R.A,,  and  how  is  he 
elected?  4.  When  are  the  sending-in  days,  and  what 
notice  would  be  required  for  sending  in  a  picture  ? — A 
WocLD-EE  Artist. 

[1.  By  the  usual  means  of  sending  them  in.  '2.  Anyone 
cannot  exhibit,  because  any  one  has  not  the  chance,  but  it 
13  open  to  anyone  to  ti-y.  3.  The  title  of  R.A.  is  conferred 
on  an  a?sociate  (A.R.A.),  at  a  general  meeting  of  Royal 
Academicians,  and  is  the  highest  honour  they  have  it  in 
their  gift  to  bestow.  4.  Apply  to  the  Secretary  of  the 
Academy. 

t563.]-"VrHAT  IS  CUSTOMARY ?— A,  wishing  to  build 
a  house,  employs  an  arcliitect,  who  is  also  a  surveyor,  to 
prepare  plans  aud  specifications,  and  then  to  obtain  esti- 
mates from  bull'lera  for  the  work.  Owing  to  the  tenders 
far  exceeding  the  architect's  estimate,  A  determines  not  to 
build.  The  architect  thereupon  sends  in  his  bill,  in  which 
he  charges  2  per  cent,  for  taking  out  quantities  on  the 
lowest  tender.  A  never  gave  the  architect  instructions  to 
take  out  qoantities.  or  knew  that  it  had  been  done  until  he 
received  the  bill.     la  A  liable  for  this  charge ?— A  Chip. 


placed  in  separate  apartments.  The  undulations  exerted 
by  a  vibratory  body  are  themselves  capable  of  putting  in 
motion  all  bodies  whose  pulses  are  coincident  with  their 
own  aud  consequently  with  the  primary  sounding  body. 
Hence  the  vibrations  of  a  string  when  another,  tuned  in 
unison  with  it,  is  made  to  vibrate.  On  the  same  principle, 
the  resonance  or  reciprocated  vibration  of  columns  of  air 
depends.  Perhaps  3Ir.  Wheatstono,  in  conducting  a  series 
of  experiments  vrith  the  tuning-fork  and  relating  minutely 
the  results,  has  contributed  more  than  any  other  person  to 
our  knowledge  of  the  pecidiarities  of  reciprocated  vibration. 
In  Java,  the  natives  long  ago  utilized  their  own  observa- 
tions on  the  matter  by  constnicting  a  musical  instrument 
in  which  the  resonances  of  columua  of  air  were  employed 
to  augment  the  sounds  of  vibrating  metallic  plates.  Under 
each  of  these  plates  was  placed  an  upright  bamboo  contain- 
ing a  cohunn  of  air  of  the  proper  length  to  reciprocate  tho 
sound  of  such  pLite.  In  this  contrivance,  if  the  aperture 
of  the  bamboo  be  covered  with  pasteboard,  and  its  cor- 
responding plate  be  struck,  a  number  of  acute  sounds  only 
will  be  heard,  but  on  removing  the  pasteboard  an  addi- 
tional and  deep  rich  tone  ia  produced.  This  arises  solely 
from  the  resonance  of  the  column  of  air  within  the  tube. — 
Flai'to  aiiGico.  

[530.] — SEWERAGE. — Roman  cement  is  of  little  or  no 
use,  except  in  inside  work,  and  it  is  quite  a  mistake  to  use 
it  as  you  have  done.  Set  the  brickwork  in  Portland  cement 
and  it  will  last  for  ever.— Concrete. 


[540.]— MOUNTING  TRACINGS.- Allow  me  to  bear 
.estimony  to  the  excellent  plan  of  mounting  tracings  on 
lij^eu  described  by  your  correspondent  "  C.  E."  I  have 
tried  the  plan,  andhave  found  it  to  succeed  much  better,  and 
also,  I  must  admit,  t<i  require  less  care  than  the  one  ad- 
vocated by  myself  in  a  f*.)rmer  number  ;  the  only  fault  I 
have  to  find  with  the  method  is  that  the  ink.  unless  of  the 

best  quality  (which  we  all  know  is  so  difficult  to  procure), 
runs  when  in  contact  with  the  damped  surface  of  the 
drawing  board.  Perhaps  "C.  E.,"  from  his  loug  expe- 
rience, will  be  good  enough  to  say  how  this  faxUt  is  i  o  be 
remedied.  A  tracing,  recently  finished,  which  I  mounted 
on  this  plan,  actually  smsared  on  the  reverse  side  when 
rubbed  with  the  damp  sponge,  the  ink  having  penetrated 
through  the  tracing  paper.  With  the  best  Indian  inkni 
doubt  this  smearing  doesnot  occur.  I  am  inclined  to  think, 
from  my  present  knowledge,  that  in  every  case  a  flat  ruler 

hould  be  used  to  remove  all  superfluous  paste  aud  water, 

With  the  excep- 


tion of  the  slightfault  I'have  mentioned,  "  C.  E.'s"  plan  is 
admirable,  aud  well  worthy  of  general  adoption  by  archi- 
tects, buildfti's,  and  others. — R.  L.  B. 


[541.]_ARCHITECTS'  PUPILS.  —  From  what  "Ar- 
ticled Pupil"  mentions,  it  is  apparent  he  has  made  a  bad 
choice  of  a  master,  and  the  best  tiling  he  can  do  is  to  e  n- 
deavour  to  get  his  indentures  cancelled.  There  is  practi- 
cally no  recess  in  his  case,  aud  it  is  only  one  of  hundreds. 
A  pupil  cannot  dictate  to  his  m;ister,  and  compel  him  to 
teach  hini  this  and  that.  He  must  take  his  chance,  and 
endeavour  to  pick  up  as  much  of  the  business  as  he  can, 
which  in  reality  is  what  everyone  as  to  do. — OxE  Who 
Taught  Hislself. 

[544  ]— COPAL  VARNISH.— Respecting  copal  varnish 
for  walls  or  woodwork,!  would  advise  in  order  to  obtain  a 
good  face  that  two  coats  of  parchment-shred  size  be  used. — 
J.  S.  

[552.]— COATING  BOILERS.— One  effectual  way  to 
prevent  boilers  from  corroding  would  bo  to  galvanize  them 
inside  and  outside.  Joints,  nuts,  bolts,  and  screws 
shoiUd  be  treated  in  a  similar  manner. — J.  S.,  Ramsgato. 


[534.]- INCORRECT  QUANTITIES.— In  your  issue  of 
August  16,  the  above  question  was  asked,  and  in  your  is- 
sue of  August  30  two  replies  have  been  given.  Will  you 
kindly  ask  your  correspondents  if  they  have  any  legal 
authority  for  theii'  answers  to  the  question  ?  If  they  have, 
and  will  quote  them,  they  willrauch  oblige. — A  Sufferer. 


[555.]— ARCHED  WOOD   PRINCIPALS.— "  A  Puzzle<l 

Student"  may  rest  assured  that  uo  arch  can  be  constructed 
of  ^distinct  pieces  to  exert  much  less  thrust  than  a  built 
one  of  the  same  radius,  depth,  specific  gravity,  and  load, 
or  be  safe  with  any  less  provision.  The  "best"  means 
of  preventing  that  thrust  will  always  be  by  ties  following 
two  or  more  straight  lines  from  wall  to  wall,  as  little  above 
the  single  straight  line  .as  taste  will  admit.  Considering 
that  the  vaultings  of  Milan  Cathedral,  the  costliest  temple 
in  existence,  and  of  raauv  hardly  less  renowned,  have 
always  been  thus  tied,  with'bars  that  om- idealizing  painters 
[536  l—LEAD  PIPES-- Allow  me  to  tell  *'  Life,"through  of  them  commonly  omit,  it  ia  doubtful  if  architecture  ever 
the  medium  of  your  valuable  "  Intercommunication  "  made  sacrifices  to  esthetic  taste  comparable  in  cost  to 
column  that  the  nature  of  the  water  determines  whether  those  om-  engineers  now  get  made  thereto,  in  the  tremen- 
leaden  pipes  and  cisterns  may  be  used  or  not  for  holding  I  doua  buttre&sijig  substituted  for  a  few  such  ties  m  their 


622 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


September  6,  1867. 


present  railway  teimini.  The  eeraicirctilar  ribs  at  King's 
Cross,  I  believe,  were  actually  adopted  under  the  notion 
of  having  no  ihru-st,  and  begun  with  no  buttressing  pro- 
vLsions  (whence  the  extreme  clumsiness  of  that  found 
neces'.ary  over  the  east  cab  aisle),  incredible  and  impos^ible 
as  such  crass  ignnraoce  mi«ht  be  in  any  other  land.  "A 
Puzzled  Stiuleufs"  X'oofribs.  having  their  radius  50ft.,  will 
thrust  as  much  as  semicircles  of  100ft.  spau.  Why  not 
approximate  their  form  by  the  ties  to  a  pair  of  straight 
rafters,  ri-ing  somewhat  above  twice  a3  much,  and  tlu'ow 
off  the  water  without  costly  metal  covering?— E.  L.  G. 


[556.]— OVERTIME.— Why  does  not  "  Draughtsman  "  bar- 
gain by  theji'b,  and  break  otf  wholly  from  what  Mr.  Carlyle 
calh " the poionous tap rootofalJ mischief?"  Really, resolved 
tupporters,  at  all  ri&k,  of  '■  nomadic  s  Tvatit^hipat  so  many 
ehilliiigs  a  day,"  remind  one  of  the  tailoiing  fools  that  will 
throw  way,  in  attempts  to  coerce  their  masters,  ten  times 
the  cost  of  gettiDg  rid  of  their  masters  for  ever.— E.  L.  G. 


WAGES   MOVEMENT. 

A  meeting  of  boiler  makers  and  iron  shipbuilders  has 
been  held  in  Glasgow  to  form  a  new  national  association 
for  that  trade.  The  new  society  deprecjites  strikes,  will 
not  grant  any  of  its  funds  to  support  workm'iu  who  are 
out  on  strike,  and  intends  to  aflFord  a  healthy  development 
of  the  friendly  society  principle. 

Sheffield  workmen  seem  to  look  upon  outrages  as  a 
necessary  concomitant  of  a  strike.  Some  joiners  employed 
by  a  Mr.  Gomersall  a  master  builder  at  Sheffield,  have 
struck  work  through  a  misundei"standiug  respecting  over- 
time. On  Wednesday  night,  some  persons,  and  suspicion 
points  to  these  joiners,  got  into  Mr.  Gomersall'a  yard,  and 
defaced  a  large  quantity  of  dressed  stone.  Mr.  Gomersall 
believes  that  the  damage  was  done  by  the  joiners  ou  strike, 
and  offers  £20  reward  for  the  discovery  of  the  offenders. 


STAINED   GLASS. 

The  Iari,'e  eastern  window  of  Llangollen  Church  has  been 
filled  with  stained  glass  by  Messrs.  Dove  and  Davis,  of  that 
town.  It  illustrates  the  law  and  the  Gospel.  The  window 
has  been  erected  at  the  cost  of  Lieut. -Colonel  I'ottenham, 
of  Pla3  Berwvn.  as  a  memorial  to  his  mother. 

A  stained  glass  window  has  just  been  placed  in  St.  John's 
Church,  Percy  Main,  Newc.istle-on-Tyne.  The  principal 
subject  is  Our  Lord  Giving  Sight  to  the  Blind  ;  above 
which  is  on  angel  bearing  a  scroll,  with  the  text,  "Thy 
faith  hath  saved  thee,"  and  in  the  lower  part  are  the  ar- 
morial hearings  of  the  donor.  The  window  is  the  gift  of 
relatives  of  the  Rev.  Arthur  T.  Coates,  M.  A.,  and  was  de 
signed  and  executed  by  Mr.  Baguley,  of  Newcastle. 

Glasgow  Cathedral. — Government  has  commissioned 
Messrs.  W.  and  J.  J.  Kier,  glass  paintei-s,  ttj  repair  the 
great  west  window,  which  was  recently  so  much  broken 
and  otherwise  injured  bv  a  malicious  person  named  Mar- 
shall. 

Kenilworth. — The  eist  window  of  the  parish  church 
has  recently  been  filled  with  stained  glass  by  Mr.  John 
Harding,  of  Tactenhall  Lodge,  in  memory  of  his  last  sur- 
viving snn.  The  window  is  a  specimen  of  the  latest  deco- 
rative or  fourteenth  century  style,  the  aiti.sts  being  Messrs, 
Hardnian  and  Company,  of  B'iimingham.  The  subject  is 
the  Crucifixion,  which  has  been  treated  in  a  thoroughly 
conventional  manner. 

QuERNMORE.— Story  of  a  Chi-rcii  Window.— The  east 
window  of  St,  Peter's  Church,  Quernmora,  Lancaster,  has 
lately  been  filled  with  coloured  glass  under  somewhat 
singular  circumstances.  Mr.  Ganiett,  late  M.P.  for  Lan- 
caster, having  been  led  to  visit  Cannes,  in  the  South  of 
France,  for  three  successive  seasons,  assented  to  a  proposal 
made  to  him  in  the  spring  of  last  year  to  join  with  the 
chaplniu  and  another  layman  iu  providiu.-  a  coloured  win- 
dow for  the  English  church  at  Cannes,  which  was  then 
about  to  be  enlarged.  An  order  was  given  in  London,  and 
the  window  was  finished  and  sent  out  by  the  "Fairy  Vision  " 
fur  Mar?eiUes.  in  October  last.  The  ship  foundered  almost 
within  sight  of  port  on  one  of  the  dangerous  .sandbanks  off 
the  mouth  of  the  Rhone.  The  window  was  insured,  and 
an  order  was  sent  to  London  for  another,  which  in  due  time 
arrived,  and  was  fixed  in  the  church.  The  unfortunate 
"  Fairy  Vision,"  at  the  bottom  of  the  Mediterranean,  was  sold 
to  a  Greek,  who  set  to  work  to  recover  the  lost  cartro,  and 
while  Mr.  Gamett  was  at  Hy&res  in  the  spring  of  this  year 
the  window  was  fished  up  and  sold  by  auction  at  Marseilles. 
He  bought  it  and  sent  it  home,  not  much  the  worse  for 
its  five  months"  dip  in  the  sea,  and  it  is  now  in  Quernmore 
Church.  The  window  represents  the  leading  events  in  the 
gospel  history. 


LEGAL  INTELLIGENCE. 

Disputed  Contract.— At  the  Leeds  assizes, 
the  other  day,  an  action  was  brought  to  recover 
£46  19s.  6d.,  for  work  and  labour.  The  plaintiffs 
(Illing^vorth)  are  builders  in  Bradford,  and  in  May, 
1865,  they  entered  into  a  contract  with  the 
defendant  to  execute  the  woodwork  about  certain 
houses  which  he  was  then  building.  By  the 
terms  of  this  contract,  the  work  was  to  be  com- 
pleted by  the  1st  of  August  then  next,  but  it  was 
not  actually  finished  until  some  time  afterwards. 
The  contract  contained  a  provision  that  if  the 
work  was  not  completed  within  the  time  specified 
the  contractor  who  was  in  fault  should  pay  £5 
per  week  for  every  week  during  which  the  work 
remained  unfinished  after  the  specified  time,  and 
that  this  amount  might  be  deducted  by  the  em- 
ployer on  the  settlement  of  accounts  with  the 
contractor.  The  defendant  alleged  that  the 
plaintifis  had  delayed  the  work  for  at  least  four 
weeks,  and,  therefore,  claimed  to  deduct  £20 
from  their  account— the  remaining  £26  193.  6d.  to 


be  paid  into  court.  On  the  part  of  the  plaintiffs 
it  was  contended  that  the  first  contract  had  been 
set  aside  by  the  defendant,  and  that  another  con- 
tract, much  increasing  the  work  to  be  done  by 
the  plaintiS*3,  had  been  entered  into,  and  that  iu 
this  second  contract  there  was  no  limitation  as  to 
the  time  in  which  the  work  was  to  be  fini;shed. 
They  also  contended  that,  even  if  the  terms  of  the 
second  contract  were  to  be  taken  as  incorporated 
in  the  first,  the  delay  had  been  caused,  not  by 
them,  but  by  the  alterations  which  the  defendant 
had  from  time  to  time  made  in  his  plans. 
Verdict  for  the  plaintiffs  for  the  amount  claimed. 

"Extras,  Substitutions,  and  O.MissroNs." — 
An  action  was  brought  recently  by  Messrs.  Dud- 
geon, surveyors  and  measurers,  Dublin,  against 
Mr.  Deane,  a  contractor  and  laiilder,  in  Cork.  The 
latter  had  built  the  new  Provincial  Bank,  in  Cork, 
and  the  triginal  design  having  been  considerably 
departed  from  in  the  course  of  the  erection  of  the 
building,  a  dispute  arose  as  to  the  value  of  the 
"extras,  substitutions,  and  omissions."  The  bank 
employed  Mr.  Doolin  to  measure  the  woik,  but 
Mr.  Deane  would  not  agree  to  his  estimate,  and 
called  in  plaintiff.  Defendant  was  at  one  time 
during  the  course  of  negotiations  afraid  that  1  w 
proceedings  might  be  necessary  in  order  to  obtain 
his  claim  against  the  bank,  but  being  anxious  to 
avoid  this  if  possible  he  requested  plaintiff"  to  use 
his  good  offices  to  effect  an  amicable  settlement. 
Plaintiff  complied,  and  was  instrumental  in  bring- 
ing about  the  arrangement  ultimately  come  to. 
One  of  the  items  in  plaintiff's  account  was  a  sum 
of  £105  forservicesin  this  respect.  Plaintiff  claimed 
£600,  and  defendant  lodged  £200  in  court.  Plain- 
tiff and  several  builders  were  examined,  to  show 
that  the  usage  of  the  trade  was  for  the  measurer 
to  charge  not  only  for  measuring  the  work  actually 
executed,  but  also  for  valuing  work  that  formed 
partof  the  original  plan,  and  was  omitted,  although 
of  exactly  the  same  kind  as  that  executed.  The 
chief  matter  in  dispute  was  the  right  of  plaintiff 
to  calculate  his  fees  on  thi.s  principle,  and  to 
charge  for  his  good  offices  in  effecting  an  arrange- 
ment. Verdict  for  plaintiff  for  amount  claimed, 
less  £12. 


iaicral  Items, 


(S!>* 


The  Manchester  Examiner  states  that  among 
the  discoveries  made  by  the  Cambrian  Society 
during  their  recent  meeting  was  an  old  grave- 
stone, with  the  name  "  Cinderella,"  aged  20  years, 
in  Wormbridge  Churchyard. 

A  people's  park  of  twenty-six  acres  in  extent  is 
beiui,'  prepared  for  Chester  by  the  Marquis  of 
Westminster,  and  a  statue  of  the  donor  is  to 
be  placed  opposite  the  chief  entrance. 

The  Council  of  the  London  Art  Union  offer  a 
premium  of  200  guineas  for  a  series  of  not  less 
than  twenty  partly-shaded  drawings,  illustrating 
some  poetical  or  historical  work  of  a  British 
author,  or  some  series  of  events  in  British  history. 

A  terrible  fire  is  said  to  have  broken  out  in  one 
of  the  Crown  forests,  near  Ajaccio,  Corsica. 
From  the  sea  it  presents  the  spectacle  of  a  sort  of 
mountain  of  fire.  The  flames  are  devouring 
a  space  of  several  leagues.  Sailors  and  troops  are 
hastening  to  the  spot  to  afford  help. 

It  will  be  a  satisfaction  to  everybody  to  hear 
that  the  demolition  of  Middle-row,  Holborn,  has 
at  last  been  commenced.  In  a  few  weeks  we 
shall  be  able  to  announce  that  this  great  obstruc 
tion  to  the  traffic  between  the  City  and  West 
End  has  been  wholly  removed,  and  a  long-needed 
metropolitan  improvement  effected  in  that  neigh- 
bourhood. 

Buckingham  Palace  will  iu  a  few  days  be 
invaded  by  an  army  of  carpenters  and  painters. 
The  eastern  frontage,  dull  enough  in  itself,  is  so 
much  blackened  by  London  smoke  that  a  little 
cleansing  will  be  highly  desirable,  apd  if  we  are 
to  credit  rumour  the  interior  is  none  the  cleaner 
for  the  late  Eastern  visit. 

Professor  Tyndall,  Dr.  Percy,  and  Mi*.  Barry, 
a  committee  appointed  to  report  on  the  best 
means  for  improving  the  acoustic  qualities  of  the 
House  of  Lords,  have  recommended  that  they 
shall  be  permitted  to  postpone  full  consideration 
of  the  subject  until  the  beginning  of  next  session. 

The  principal  thoroughfares  of  Hyde  Park  will 
be  lighted  with  gas  during  the  coming  winter. 
The  pillars  are  already  erected,  and  the  lamps  will 
be  lighted  by  an  electric  apparatus. 


It  is  stated  that  Mr.  Walker,  the  wach maker, 
of  Cornhill,  whose  premises  were  recently  ran- 
sacked by  the  Caseley  gang,  has  received  a  letter 
from  the  convict  Ca^eley,  dated  from  his  lo  ii^peni* 
te)itii.r  in  Fremantle,  Western  Australia,  in  which 
that  worthy  announces  that  he  has  completed  the 
draft  for  a  model  of  a  safe  which  he  considers  to 
be  thoroughly  thiefproof,  and  which,  with  touch- 
ing candour,  he  begs  to  place  at  the  disposal  of 
Mr.  Walker,  as  some  compensation  for  the  injury 
he  had  formerly  suffered  at  his  hands. 

A  new  cemetery  has  just  been  opened  near 
Twickenham,  on  the  road  leading  from  thence  to 
Hanworth,  and  at  the  junction  of  a  road  to 
Hounslow.  The  ountry  around  is  very  flat,  so 
that  the  cemetery  can  be  seen  for  miles  round, 
and  the  effect  it  produces  in  the  middle  of  the 
large  field  reminds  the  traveller  of  the  celebrated 
painting  representing  the  death  of  a  camel  on  the 
desert.  The  designs  were  chosen  from  a  limited 
competition,  and  the  st^  le  may  be  called  an 
adaptation  of  Early  English,  not  overloaded  with 
ornament  nor  strikingly  original.  The  grouping 
is  picturesque,  taken  from  any  point  of  view.  Th« 
chapels  and  the  lodge  are  built  of  rusticated 
stone  (Kentish  rag),  with  Bath  stone  dressinga. 
The  contract  was  £3,0'J0,  and  was  taken  by  Mr. 
T.  Nye,  of  Ealing,  the  architect  being  Mr. 
C.  Jones. 

It  has  been  proposed  to  throw  foot  bridges  over 
the  most  crowded  boulevards  of  Paris,  and  a  plan 
for  effecting  this  is  now  under  the  consideration  of 
the  authorities.  The  author  of  it  proposes,  by 
way  of  experiment,  to  erect  a  double  foot  bridge 
near  the  Boulevard  Montmartre,  where  it  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Rue  Montmartre  and  the  Faubourg 
of  the  same  name.  The  plan  of  the  proposed 
bridge  is  nearly  in  the  form  of  the  letter  X,  that 
is  to  say,  four  flights  of  steps  are  to  lead  from  tho 
four  corners  of  the  footpaths  to  a  central  platform ; 
each  flight,  however,  is  divided  below  into  two 
branches,  which  being  semicircular,  allow  of  a 
considerable  elevation  without  overhanging  the 
roadway.  At  the  top  of  this  compound  staircase 
is  a  landing-place,  which  is  connected  with  the 
main  platform  by  means  of  another  short  flight  of 
steps.  T]ie  proposed  height  of  the  platform  ahove 
the  road  is  about  twenty  one  feet.  Executed  in 
cast  and  wrought  iron  the  estima'.e  for  this  foot 
bridge  is  50,000  francs  (£2,000). 

The  weather-cock  on  the  steeple  of  the  Kenmare 
Roman  Catholic  Church,  Ireland,  having  been 
broken  by  a  storm,  three  brothers,  by  name 
Crimmin,  undertook  to  replace  it.  The  highest 
window  of  the  spjire  being  in  the  shape  of  a  triimgle 
on  the  top,  and  projecting  from  the  main  work, 
they  got  on  this  dangerous  point,  and  erected  a 
small  scaffold  of  two  or  three  treble  deals.  From 
this  they  placed  two  ladders,  tied  out  of  each  other 
to  the  top  of  the  mason  work,  and  on  this  frail 
support  ascended  to  the  height  of  150  feet.  One 
ot  them,  named  John,  but  better  known  by  the 
cognomen  of  Garibaldi,  crept  up  the  iron  bar  on 
which  the  weather-cock  was  fixed,  and,  holding  on 
to  the  cross,  took  off  the  silent  chanticleer,  amidst 
the  wondering  gaze  of  an  admiring  multitude. 
Nest  day  he  again  ascended,  and,  taking  a  pot  of 
paint  in  his  hand,  repainted  the  cross,  and  put  up 
a  new  weather-cock. 

The  new  Master  and  Servant  Act  came  into 
operation  on  the  27th  ult.  Under  its  provisions 
neither  master  nor  man  can,  except  in  case 
of  aggravated  misconduct  or  premeditated  in- 
jury, punish  breach  of  contract  by  criminal  pro- 
cess. The  remedy  is  to  be  civil,  but  if  the 
servant  commits  wilful  or  needless  injury  he 
may  still  be  imprisoned  for  three  months,  at  the 
discretion  of  the  Bench.  The  new  law  is  wel- 
come, as  abolishing  one  of  the  last  relics  of  serf- 
age, and  will,  moreover,  put  an  end  to  casea 
of  oppression,  which,  in  remote  parts  of  the 
country,  have  not  been  infrequent.  Employers 
cannot  imprison  their  men  any  more  for  not 
obeying  an  order  to  go  to  church. 

We  have  to  announce  the  death  of  Mr.  John 
Louch,  who  for  nearly  tifty  years  had  practised  as 
an  architect  and  civil  engineer  in  DubUn. 
The  works  private  and  public  on  which  he 
was  engaged  are  very  numerous  ;  the  survey  and 
laying  out  of  Mount  Jerome  Cemetery, 
where  now  his  ashes  repose,  were  entiusted 
to  Mr.  Louch  some  thirty  years  ago.  The 
adjoining  church  was  ylso  designed  by 
him.  He  was,  moreover,  the  author  of  a  valuable 
brochure  on  ''  Ventilation,"  published  a  few  years 
ago.  Mr.  Louch  had  attained  his  seventieth  year, 
and  was  much  respected  by  his  professional 
brethren  in  the  Irish  metropolis. 


September  6,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


623 


A  CO  re.'pomieut  who  writes  us  on  tbft  Piigiu 
V.  Barry  coutroveriiy  under  the  signature  "Truth," 
but  who,  by  tlie  bye,  does  not  give  us  his  name, 
Bays  ; — "Shoidd  any  of  your  readers  require  evi 
dence  as  to  the  capacity  of  the  late  Sir  Charles 
Barry  in  Gothic  work,  they  luay  see  a  specimen 
of  his  ability  in  the  church  in  Cloiulesley-square, 
Islington,  which  was,  I  think,  built  about  the  time 
'  the  Westminster  Palace  was  designed,  and  then 
Bay  if  the}'  think  it  possible  the  two  works  could 
have  been  the  production  of  ihe  same  author." 

Attempts  are  being  made  to  save  the  Paris  Ex- 
j'ibition  building  from  the  threatened  demolition 
in  Novtmber  The  press  is  almost  unanimous  in 
favour  of  preserving  thestructufe  ami  its  annexes. 
It  were  the  merest  Vandalism,  exclaims  the  Hied', 
to  destroy  the  marvellons  products  of  so  much 
labour,  money,  an  d  successful  care  as  are  accumu- 
lated in  the  Cliamp  de  Mars.  It  is  said  that  a 
practical  plan  for  the  vitilization  of  the  palace  after 
the  close  of  the  exhibition  is  now  the  subject  of 
consideration. 

One  of  the  most  disastrous  conflagrations  ever 
known  in  Montreal  took  place  in  that  city  on 
the  ISth  ult.  A  coal  oil  store  caught  fire,  and 
600,000  gallons  of  oil  were  consumed  by  the 
flames,  involving  a  loss  of  over  150,000  dollars. 

The  Kaples  correspondent  of  the  Times,  writ- 
ing the  other  day,  s.ays,  "  Since  I  wrote,  the 
cholera  has  maintained  its  very  small  propor- 
tions in  Naples,  so  that  hopes  are  entertained 
of  rur  escaping  a  severe  attack  this  year.  With 
such  influences,  however,  as  surround  us  on  every 
8ide,  it  would  be  rash  to  say  that  the  city  is 
yet  safe.  Disinfecting  liquids  are  poured  into 
the  conduits  daily,  but  poisonous  exhalations  con- 
tinue to  fill  the  air,  and,  as  if  in  derision  of  the 
advice  of  the  municipality  to  pay  attention  to 
personal  cleanliness,  water  is  so  scarce  that  in 
BOme  quarters  it  is  almost  fought  for  as  bread 
would  be  bv  a  famj^hed  population.  There  is 
some  ground,  however,  of  hope  for  the  future,  as 
the  universal  press  of  Naples  has  now  taken  up 
the  Bubject  and  is  now  clamouring  for  water  and  a 
good  system  of  sewerage. 

As  showing  the  opposition  which  is  still  mani- 
fested by  some  classes  of  workmen  to  the  use  of 
machinery  in  their  trade,  the  Darlington  Tele^nraph 
tells  the  story  of  whit  has  happened  to  Mr.  D. 
M'Dermid,  an  upholsterer  of  that  town.  This 
gentleman  has  invented  a  machine  by  which  he 
proposes  to  save  one-third  of  the  usual  amount  of 
labour  in  paperhanging,  and  has  taken  out  a  patent 
for  it.  He  tried  to  get  it  introduced  in  London, 
but  although  the  masters  were  favourable  to  the 
design,  the  workmen  were  hostile,  and  either  pur- 
posely spoilt  the  paper,  or  refused  to  use  the  appa- 
ratus. Ho  had  been  recommended  to  the  chief  of 
one  large  paperhanging  firm,  but  he  found  that  in 
his  repeated  calls  the  gentleman  could  not  be 
communicated  with,  as  he  was  always  out.  He 
learned  some  time  afterwards,  although  he  had 
repeatedly  left  cards  for  the  principa',  that  that 
gentleman  bad  never  been  permitted  to  hear  of  his 
invention,  and  when  ultimately  he  did  so  he  stated 
that  he  could  not  adopt  it  because  of  the  hostility 
of  his  men. 

The  cornice  of  a  new  building,  now  being  erected 
by  Messrs.  Kippersly  and  White  on  the  north  side 
of  Cowcross  street,  leading  to  the  Metropolitan 
Railway  station  at  Farringdon-road,  fell  with  a 
tremendous  crush  into  the  street,  breaking  away 
the  main  supports  of  what  appeared  to  be  an 
excellent  scaffolding,  and  knocking  to  the  ground 
the  scaffold,  planking,  bricks,  mortar,  pails,  and 
workmen  emplc:)yed  thereon.  Just  at  that  moment 
a  Whitechapel  omnibus,  laden  with  passengers, 
was  passing  the  hoard  in  front  of  the  new  erection, 
and  one  of  the  pails,  filled  with  mortar,  fell  upon  the 
driver  and  stunned  him.  The  omnibus  was  par- 
tially shattered,  and  every  pane  of  glass  in  the 
windows  shivered  to  atoms.  Several  other  persons 
were  more  or  less  in j  ured,  and  one  f  oor  fellow, 
employed  as  a  mason,  hag  sustained  very  serious 
injuries. 

Mr.  G.  E.  Street,  the  architect,  in  a  letter  dated 
Venice,  August  30,  writes : — Owing  to  my  ab- 
sence from  England,  I  have  only  just  happened  to 
see  the  Times  of  August  20,  which  contains  several 
letters  on  the  sulject  of  the  designs  for  the  New 
Law  Courts.  I  observe  that  "W.EG."  charges 
me  with  havingagreed  to  some  compact  by  which 
the  successful  architect  in  this  competition  "  is  to 
give  £1,000  to  each  of  his  less  fortunate  brother 
architects."  I  beg  you  will  allow  me  to  give  the 
most  emphatic  and  unqualified  denial  i  o  this  state 
ment.  I  have  made  no  such  targain,  and  no- 
thing would  have  induced  me  to  do  so. 


The  twelfth  half-yearly  meeting  of  the  members 
of  the  London  Labourers'  Dwelling  Society  (Li- 
mited), was  hehl  on  Tiiursday  last,  Mr.  Richard 
Foster  in  the  chair.  The  directors  preseu  ed 
their  report  for  the  sis  mont'  sending  June  ."ii'th, 
which  was  received  and  atlopted,  and  the  usual  di- 
vidend at  the  late  of  5  per  cent,  per  annum,  free 
of  income-tax,  was  declare<l.  The  capital  of  the 
society  now  amounts  to  i.'30,500,  the  sinking  fund 
(for  the  redemption  of  the  leasehold  property  of  the 
society)  to  £830,  and  the  reserve  fund  (tor  the 
equalization  of  dividends  or  extraordinary  ex- 
penses), to  JL'3,9t>'2,  of  which  sum  £1,OOU  is  depo- 
sited at  interest,  in  order  to  provide  the  means  of 
purchasing  temporarily  at  par  any  shares  that  a 
member  may  from  unforeseen  circumstances  wish 
to  realize. 


IPiiknts  for  |iibciitious 

CONNECTED     WITH     TU -^     IIUILDINO     TRADK. 


SiV  J.  WEBSTER,  F.  DE.VXE.  and  W.  RUMBLE. 
Metallic  Zinc  Paint,     Dated  Jamuiry  I'J,  1S67, 

The  inventors  take  spelter,  und  melt  it  in  a  auitable 
fnniace,  and  raise  it  to  about  800  deg.F;ih.  1  hey  then  cover 
the  moltL'n  metal  i>-ith  a  flux  of  borax,  mixed  with  caustic 
of  sotla,  or  chloride  of  aramouia,  or  other  suitable  nux,  to 
prevt'Ut  the  action  of  the  atmosphere  upon  the  surface  of 
the  iiinlteu  zinc.  They  then  add  thereto  about  seven  or 
eight  per  cent,  (or  more  or  less)  of  finely  divided  iron  wire 
or  scrap,  agitating  the  whole  with  an  iron  rod  until  the 
whole  of  the  iron  or  scrap  particles  are  taken  up  by  tlio 
zinc.  They  then  add  sufficient  antimony  to  cause  the 
metal  to  run  freely  from  the  furoace.  When  the  metal 
thus  jjrepared  has  cooled  down,  it  is  next  pulverized  and 
ground,  when  it  may  be  mixed  with  any  oleaginous  matter 
or  varnish,  and  the  metallic  ziuc  paint  results.  When  the 
paint  is  intended  to  be  used  for  coating  ships'  bottoms,  or 
for  marine  purposes,  they  add  one  and  a  half  per  cent.,  or 
thereabouts,  of  vermilion  or  oxide  of  mercury.  i'u(ent 
ab<ind9ite<i. 

151.  R.  KUNSTMAXN.  Improvements  in  thi:  Means 
FOR  Mancfacturisg  Brick-s,  Tiles,  and  other  Arti- 
cles OF  Clay.     Dated  Jaausry  21.  18*57. 

This  invention  relates,  first,  to  constructing  the  framing 
of  the  grinding  machinery  in  such  a  manner  that  the  rolls 
or  cylinders  can  be  adjusted  or  removed  without  taking 
down  the  said  framing;  to  the  employment  of  adjustable 
scrapers  to  keep  the  rolls  clean  while  in  opei'atiou ;  and, 
also,  to  the  employment  of  a  friction  device  by  which 
they  are  stopped  to  prevent  the  passage  between  them  of 
stones  or  other  hard  subsUiuces  Second,  the  invention 
relates  to  the  arrangement  in  a  box  or  cylinder  of  a  series 
of  spiral  blades  of  varying  diameter,  by  whiclx  the  clay  is 
more  effectually  mixed  and  pressed  before  being  formed 
into  bricks  or  other  articles ;  and  to  the  combination  of 
tnese  blades  with  a  second  series  of  blades,  which  may  be 
caused  to  rotate  in  the  oppo-^iite  direction  to  the  fii-f^t  series ; 
also,  to  the  an-angeraent  of  the  bearings  for  the  main  axis 
or  shaft  (which  carries  the  first  series  of  spiral  blades)  out- 
side the  said  box  or  cylinder  ;  and  so  provitling  steel 
centres  at  the  end  of  the  said  shaft  to  receive  the  "  thrust" 
or  longitudinal  pressure  on  the  same.  Third,  the  inven- 
tion relates  to  constructing  the  die  which  forms  the  clay 
"  band  "  with  adjustable  zinc  side  pieces,  by  which  the 
size  and  shape  of  the  said  "  band "  is  varied  as  desired. 
Fourth,  the  invention  relates  to  the  arrangement  in  front 
of  the  eaid  die  of  a  wire,  or  series  of  wires,  by  which  the 
olay  "band"  is  divided  longitudinally  into  a  number  of 
"bands"  or  layers  Fifth,  the  invention  relates  to  con- 
structing the  wire  frame  (which  is  attached  to  an  adjust- 
able table  cari'ying  a  series  of  rollers)  so  as  to  allow  the 
number  and  distance  apart  of  the  wires  in  the  said  frame 
to  be  varied;  and  to  the  employment  of  side  plates  in 
combination  with  the  said  wii'e  frame  to  hold  the  clay 
"band"  against  the  wires  while  being  cut;  also,  to  the 
employment  of  an  adjustable  gauge,  whose  distance  from 
the  wire  frame  can  be  varied  to  fonn  bricks  or  other 
articles  of  various  sizes,  and  which  stops  tlie  clay  '  band," 
while  the  s;inie  is  being  cut,  but  which  is  adjusted  to  allow 
the  bricks  or  other  articles  when  cut  to  pass,  and  also  to 
xllow  the  table  to  bo  moved  back.  Sixth,  the  invention 
relates  to  the  employment  of  trucks  consisting  of  an  open 
framework  mounted  on  wheels  and  provided  with  a  num- 
ber of  shelves  with  slightly  rounded  edges,  upon  which 
the  bricks  or  other  articles  are  placed  to  be  dried,  the  said 
shelves  being  readily  taken  out  and  replaced  to  facilitate 
the  proper  arrangement  thereon  of  the  said  bricks  or  other 
article*.  Seventh,  the  invention  relates  to  the  construc- 
tion of  a  kiln  consisting  of  a  series  of  cells  wtiicli  are  filled 
^vith  a  number  of  the  bricks  or  other  articles  to  be  burnt, 
and  with  the  fuel  required  for  the  same,  one  after  the 
other  of  these  cells  being  lighted,  and  each  cell  as  it  is 
burnt  out  being  shut  otf  from  those  that  are  .still  burning. 
Also,  to  the  construction  of  a  circular  kiln  witli  a  fire- 
place on  one  side,  and  with  a  revolving  floor,  by  which  the 
bricks  or  other  articles  are  all  brought  nearer  to  or  further 
from  the  said  fireplace  as  requu'cd.    fateiU  abandviud. 

\Z?>.  D.  S.  CHATER.  Lmprovements  in  Chimney 
Tops  fob  the  Prevention  of  Smoky  Cuimney.s.  Dated 
January  24,  1867. 

Tliis  invention  relates  to  the  application  of  a  double 
coned  surface,  and  a  snrrovmding  cylinder,  to  the  tops  of 
chimneys,  whereby  to  prevent  down  draughts,  and  at  all 
times  maintaining  a  free  escape  for  the  smoke  from  the 
chimnej  top.  The  inventor  applies  this  double-coned  sur- 
face to  revolving  cowls,  in  which  the  smoke  emerges  in  a 
horizontal  direction,  and  also  to  fixed  chimney  tops,  fr  m 
which  the  smoke  escapes  in  a  vertical  or  horizontal  direc- 
tion,     fateul  ubit'iiioiic'l. 

215  F.  LICHTEXSTADT.  I-mprovemests  in  Portable 
or  other  Waterclosets.  (A  communication)  Dated 
January  26,  1867. 

This  invention  has  for  its  object  the  application  of  a  self 
acting  cover  to  close  the  opening  to  the  pan  ur  receptacle 
of  a  portable  or  other  water  closet   when  out  of  use,    and 
\  thus  prevent  the  ©scape  of  disagreeable  odours  into  the 


interior  of  the  room  or  chamber  in  which  the  portable  or 
other  water  chiaet  or  night  convenience  is  situated,  t'le 
cover  being  removed  from  over  the  pan  by  the  weight  of 
the  user  acting  upon  suitable  mechanism  connected  with 
the  seat  and  cover.  For  this  purpose  *ho  seat  of  the  closet 
(having  an  ordinary  opening  therein)ishingedor  jointed  to 
the  back  of  the  frame  above  the  pan,  and  when  out  of  use 
the  front  edge  of  tho  seat  rise.s  at  an  angle,  ami  when  the 
user  is  seated  thereon,  the  seat  des'-^nds  and  acts  as  a  lever 
to  remove  tho  cover  fi'orn  ovor  the  upper  surface  of  the  pan 
or  receptacle  below.     Fattiu  tibufdonml. 

273.    T     BULLIVANT.     Imi-rovkmests    is  the  Con- 

STRU<TION  OF  WlNDDW  SaSH&S  AND  Sa.SH  FrAMKS,  AND 
IN      THE      ARRANOEMENT     OF     UoLLER     BlINDS    THERETO. 

Dated   January   31,   1807. 

This  invention  has  roforonce  to  the  coustnicliou  and 
arrangement  of  sliding  sashes  and  sash  frames,  and  in  the 
adaption  of  rollor-blintla  thereto  with  the  view  of  rendering 
the  saaheaair-tight,  and  iireventing  any  rattling  or  shaking 
of  tho  samet  as  also  reatlily  removed  for  being  cleaned  or 
otherwise,  and  in  fitting  the  roller  blinds  within  tho  head 
of  the  said  sash  frames  so  as  Uj  protect  the  bhuds  from 
dust  or  dirt  when  not  in  use,  and  c<m^ists  in  forming  the 
sa^h  frames  with  vertical  metallic  grooves,  or  otherwise  in 
pulley  styles,  in  which  metallic  guides  attached  to  the 
jiulley  cords  an<l  Weights  on  each  side  of  tho  said  frames 
are  caused  to  work  in  such  manner  as  to  admit  of  the 
B;tHties  aforesnid  being  taken  out  and  replaced  when  re- 
<piired  through  tlie  medium  of  fixing  screws,  inserted 
within  tho  siish  style.  I'exible  material  being  employed 
for  covering  the  said  metallic  guides,  so  as  to  give  a 
smoother  sliding  action  to  tho  window  sashes,  and  also  to 
shut  out  the  draught.  By  these  arrangornonts,  the  inner 
beading  and  parting  bead,  together  with  the  projecting  out- 
side linings  of  the  sash  frame,  as  at  present,  aie  dispensed 
with.  A  box  or  cavity  in  connection  with  the  above  is 
formed  at  the  head  of  the  said  sa-h  frames  for  receiving  the 
roller  blind  and  sash  pulleys  aforesaid,  a  space  or  opening 
between  the  movable  head  and  front  moulding  being  left 
for  the  blind  to  pass  through  when  being  drawn  up  o  r 
down.      Patent  completed. 


ijxwk  Uclus. 


TENDERS. 
Brighton. ^For  repairs  to  stables.  Pavilion  Estate, 
Brighton,  for  the  town  council  acting  as  the  local  board  : — 
Anscombe  and  Newnham,  £043  ;  Siinmsand  Marten,  Jt;5!'4; 
Hall,  £658  ;  Lockyer,  £552 ;  Sandei-s,  £623  :  FaiT,  £508  ; 
Nightingfile,  i;442  ;  Cheeseman,  £440. 

Clapham. — For  the  erection  of  additional  vestry  at  the 
Congregational  Church,  Clapham.  Mr.  John  Tarring, 
20,  Bucklersbury,  E.C.,  architect  :— Sykes,  £290;  Saunders 
(accepted),  £"^65. 

City-road. — For  repairs  and  additions  to  the  Britannia 
public-house.  City-road,  for  Mr.  Thomas  Kean.  Mr.  James 
Harrison,  architect.  Quantities  supi^liod  : — Turner  and 
Sons,  £1,387;  Hcnshaw,  £1,360;  Browne  and  Robinson, 
£1,249;  Bishop,  £1,213;  King,  £1,178. 

Fenchdrch  STREET. — Foj  new  offices,  FencUurch-street, 
for  the  East  and  West  India  Dock  Company.  Mr.  E.  J. 
Leonard,  C.E.,  engineer.  Quantities  by  Messrs.  Parr  and 
Strong:— Hill  and  Keddell  (accei>ted). 

Gipsy  Hill  — For  erectuig  a  pair  of  houses  at  Gipsy  Hill, 
for  Mr.  E.  J.  Gordon.  Mi-.  Samuel  H.  Hope,  of  Penge, 
architect; — Cressell  (accepted),  £520. 

Ilford  (Essex  )— For  chapel,  Barking-lane,  Ilford. 
Essex.  Mr.  A.  Manning,  arclutcet : — Warner.  £1,290; 
Hearle,  £1,025  ;  J.  A.  Withers,  £SJU  ;  Hill  and  Keddell 
(accepted),  £874. 

KiNt.;sTOS.— For  an  iron  fence.  l,!)40ft.  long,  at  the 
River  Promenade,  Kingston-on-Thames.  Mr.  Charles 
Slagg,  Borough,  surveyor : —  *  Matthews,  £695  ;  Bevington, 
£692;  Deuce.  £676;  St.  Pancras  Iron  Company,  £604; 
Turner  and  Allen,  £6*5  ;  Windsor,  £557  ;  Cochrane,  Grove, 
and  Co.,  £552;  Eddiogton,  £536;  Harris,  £535;  Yatei, 
Haywood,  and  Co.,  £533;  Guilford,  £530;  Bell,  £525; 
Haywood,  £524  ;  Finney,  £516  ;  Butt,  £615  ;  Dixon.  £514  ; 
Simpson,  £485 ;  Smyth,  £455 ;  Shaw,  £458 ;  Newton, 
Chambers,  and  Co.,  £454  ;  Hill  and  Smith,  £447  ;  Morgan, 
£445  ;  Russell,  £442  ;  Brooks  and  Shoobridge,  £440  ;  Nor- 
ton, .£438  ;  Williams,  £435 ;  Hall,  £429 ;  Waddington, 
£315;  Ingram,  £310. 

"Three  tenders  very  much  higher  than  this  were  re- 
ceived, but  fur  the  credit  of  the  parties  tendering,  are 
withheld  from  publication. 

Nkw  Wandsworth  — For  works  in  building  Reforma- 
tory, with  master's  and  superintendent's  residence,  at  New 
Wandsworth,  for  Mr.  J.  Leyland.  iMr.  H.  M.  Burton, 
architect  ;^Nightiugale  (acc6i>ted)  £3,100. 

NoTTiSG  Hill. — For  constructing  brick  sewera,  and  for 
other  works  on  an  estate  adjoining  Poitobello-road,  Net- 
ting Hill,  for  the  Freehold  Securities  Company  (limited)  ; 
— Tinslcy  £1,409  Ks.  4d.  ;  Burgess,  £1,400;  Crockett, 
£l,:ir.O;  Burton,  £1,260;  Whittick,  £1,160;  J.  and  S. 
Williams.  £1,140;  Shrimpton,  £1,061;  Kyan  and  Cc, 
£1,035;  Faulkner  and  Cowley,  £9S0  78.  ;  Goodair,  £f67; 
.Moxou  and  Mutt<.m.  £'58;  Carter,  £885;  J.  Porter, 
£879-  George,  1830;  Wigmore,  £825;  Hayden,  £810; 
Brewer    and  Stegglea  £776;  P.  Porter,  £708. 

Poplar.  —  For  seed  and  jute  warehouse.  East 
India  Import  Docks,  for  the  East  and  West  India  Dock 
Company.  Mr.  E.  J.  Leonard,  C.E.,  engineer.  Quanti- 
ties bv  Messrs.  Parr  and  Strong;  -  Ilill  and  Keddell  (ac- 
cepted). 

Putney  (Surry).— For  the  constniction  of  pipe  sewers 
and  other  works  for  the  Wandsworth  Board  of  Works.  Mr. 
James  Niblett,  surveyor  :—Blackmore.  £1,660;  Brew  and 
Co,  £1,429;  Trinsley.  £1,387;  Avis  and  Son,  £1,355;  Wain- 
wright,  £1,340;  Goodyear,  £1,200;  Robinson,  £1,240; 
Striokaon,  £1,175 ;  Wigmore,  £1,099  lOs.  :  Thackerah, 
i950. 

Southampton.— For  proposed  new  main  drainage  works  : 
— Wainwright  and  Co.,  l8,400  ;  H.  I.  Sanders,  £S,'.;TO; 
.Mackenzie  and  Abel!,  £8,856  3s.  7d.  ;  Thomas  Furnes.?. 
£8,750  ;  George  Nowell,  £9.330;  W.  Sibsey.  £10,033  ;  and 
Joseph  Bull  and  Sons.  £6,908.  The  committee  accepted 
the  tender  of  Joseph  Bull  and  Sons 


624 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


September  6,  1867. 


8UTT0N"  (Surrey). — For  a  detached  villa,  for  Mr.  M. 
Augelo.  jVIessrs.  Bacon  and  Bell,  architects : — Chandler, 
£1,57";  Crabb  and  Vaiighan.  £1,395;  Gordon  and  Co., 
£1,360;  Nightingale,  £1,339;  Hazell,  £l,2;io ;  Mundy  and 
Hutchinson  (accepted),  £1,200;  Wilcox,  £1,200. 

Ti'FNELL  P-UtK. — For  the  erection  of  a  dwelling-bouse  for 
W.  C.  Parkinson,  Esq.,  at  Tufnell  Park,  N.  Mr.  John 
TaiTing,  architect,  26,  B\icldersbury,  E.G. : — Sau  nders 
(accepted)  £2,655. 

Tdnbridge  Wells. — For  a  house,  for  Mr.  John  Guy. 
Mr.  F.  Johnstone,  architect:— Axford.  £6,170;  Wiilicombe 
and  Oakley,  £6,100;  Punnett  and  Sou,  £0,074;  Simms 
and  ^larten,  £5,876. 

Waventree. — For  uew  front,  staircases,  and  gallery  to 
Independent  Chapel,  at  Waveutree.  Messrs.  W.  and  J. 
Hay,  Liverpool,  architects: — Isaac  Denton,  £1,390  ;  Wm. 
Tjsou,  £1,320;  Joseph  Robinson,  £1,2PS;  R.  Barker  and 
Son,  £1,2S5;  Westmoreland,  £1,09S  :  Nicholson  and  Ayre, 
£1,083;  Ok  ills  and  Morrison  (accepted),  £1,007. 

Westeourne  Park- — For  constructing  brick  sewers,  and 
other  works  on  an  estate  near  Westbourne  Park  station,  for 
the  Land  and  House  Investment  Society  (Limited).  Mi'. 
Josiah  Houle,  surveyor : —  Burton,  £1.030;  Burgess, 
£1,064  103. ;  Shrimpton,  £1.022  123.  lOd.  ;  Crockett,  £'/30  ; 
Brewer  and  Steggles,  £923  ;  Carter,  £983 ;  Wigmore, 
£900103.  ;  Faulkner  and  Cowley,  £8!)3  7s.  ;  George.  £890  ; 
Hay^den,  £880  ;  Kyan  and  Co.,  ±;8S0  :  Whittick.  £838  53.  ; 
Tinsley,  £821  ISs. '2d.  ;  Moxon  and  Mutton,  3E816  ;  J.  and 
L.  Williams,  £780;  P.  Porter,  £745;  Goodair,  £736;  J. 
Porter,  £72S. 

Wood  Greek  (Middlesex.)— For  erecting  shop  and  pri- 
vate house.  Mr.  J.  Tanner,  architect :  -Eaton  and  Chap- 
man, £2,289  ;  Tin-ner  aud  Sons,  £2,277  ;  Hayworth,  £2,000 ; 
Barker  (accepted),  £1,920. 

W^OLXXRHAMFTON. — For  the  building  of  St.  Jude's 
Church;  Wolverhampton.  George  Bidlake,  architect : — 
Thompson,  £4,800;  Lovatt,  £4,647  Cs.  4d.  ;  Horsman, 
£4,349;   Nelson,  £4,250. 


BATH  STONE  OF  BEST  QUALITY. 
Randell  and  Saunder.s,  Quarrymen  and  Stone  Mer- 
chants, Bath.  List  of  Prices  at  the  Quarries  aud  Depots, 
also  Cost  for  Transit  to  any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
furnished  on  application  to  Bath  Stone  Oflice,  Cox-sham, 
WDts.— [Advt.] 

♦ 

PROPERTY  SALES. 

AufiuST  28. 

At  the  AtJCTir  n  Mart. — By  Messrs.  Edwin  Fox  and 
Bousfield. — Freehold  messuage  and  shop,  No.  SS,  Farriug- 
don-street,  City,  let  on  lease  at  £80  ISs.  per  annum — sold 
for  £1,610. 

Copyhold  house  aud  shop,  situate  iu  High-street,  Mit- 
cham,  let  at  £22  per  annum — £170.  ^ 

Copyhold  beerhoiLse,  known  as  the  Welch  Harp,  situate 
adjoining  above,  let  at  £24  per  annxun — £150. 

Copyhold  residence,  wirh  baru,  malthouse,  and  other 
buildings,  and  16  acres  of  land,  situate  in  the  parish  of 
Chillington,  Sussex,  let  at  £55  per  annum — £760. 

Leasehold,  two  houses,  one  with  shop,  Nos.  1  and  64, 
Nelson-square,  Blackfriars-road,  producing  £56  per  annum, 
term  37^  years  at  £11  68.  per  annum — £405. 

Leasehold  four  houses,  Nos.  103,  105,  lOY,  aud  109, 
Carlton -street,  Kentish  Town,  let  at  £38  per  annum  each, 
term  99  years  from  1862,  at  £6per  annum  each — £315  each. 

By  Messrs.  Chinnock,  Galsworthy,  and  Chiunock. — Fiee- 
hoid  ground  rent  of  £2  Is.  per  annum,  with  reversion  In 
24  years,  secured  on  Nos.  22  and  23,  Harcourt-street,  Mary- 
lebone-road — £200. 

Freehold  ground  rent  of  £4  10s.  per  annum,  T\ith  rever- 
sion i3x  S  years,  secured  on  No.  23,  Newnham-street,  Edg- 
ware-road— £280. 

AUGU.ST  29. 

At  THE  Mart. — By  Messi-s.  Edwin  Fox  and  Bousfleld. — 
Tho  Wapping,  New  Cross,  and  Douglas-street  estates,  com- 
prising freehold  ground  rents,  amounting  to  about  £400 
per  annum,  arising  fi'om  about  119  houses;  also,  building 
land,  situate  in  the  parish  of  St.  Paul,  Wapping. 

August  30. 

By  Messrs.  Farebrother,  Lye,  and  Wheeler.— Freehold 
two  cottages,  Nos.  1  and  2,  York-road,  Limehoifee — £270. 

Freehold,  two  cottages.  Nos.  3,  York-place,  and  1,  Rail- 
way-place, Limehouse— £215. 

At  THE  Guildhall  Coffee-uouse. — By  Mr.  George 
Beckett.— Leasehold,  two  houses,  Nos.  PS  and  100,  Wirtem- 
berg-street,  Claph;im  ruad.  annual  value,  £50,  tenu  26 
years  iinexpired,  at  a  peppercorn — £480. 

Ten  £10  shares  in  the  Bedford  Hotel  Company,  Brighton, 
fully  paid  up— told  for  £10. 


BANKRUPTS. 


declarations  of  dividends. 

J.  Wilkinson.  Brymbi,  Wrexham,  ironmaster— S.  R. 
Freeman,  Manchester,  engineer,  div.  98.  Id. 

partnerships  dissolved. 

Needham  and  Haswell,  Ratby,  Leicestershire,  brick- 
makers — Cole,  Marchent,  and  Co.,  Bradford,  Yorkshire, 
ironfounders  -  H.  and  J,  Sliaw,  Eccles,  plumbers — Brouk 
Furaaces  Iron  Company,  Bilston ;  so  far  as  regards  R.  Dodd 
Godfiey  and  Co.,  Elton,  Lancashire,  iroufoiuiders — Lee  and 
Co.,  Burnt  Wood,  and  other  places,  Derbyshire,  grindstone 
manufacturers. 

DIVIDEND.S. 

September  12,  J.  W.  Pollard,  Liveii^ool,  slater— Septem- 
ber 13,  H   J.  Ledger,  Hulme,  builder. 

SCOTCH  sequestrations. 

J.  L.  Cochrane,  Glasgow,  plumber,  August  23,  at  12— R. 
Martin,  Glasgow,  contractor,  August  29,  at  12. 


TO  SURRENDEn   IN  BASINGHALL-STREET. 

John  Lake,  jun.,  Trafalgar-road,  Camberwell,  mason, 
September  11,  at  1 — John  NewTuan.  Reading,  ironmonger, 
September  10,  at  12 — Samuel  Hurst  Seager,  Hargrave 
Park-terrace,  Holloway,  carpenter  and  builder,  September 

11,  at  11— Edward  Ware,  Nursling,  builder,  September  T.', 
at  12 — Ebenezer  Woodard,  Acton,  builder,  September  17 
atlL 

TO  SURRENDER  IN  THE  COUNTRY. 

Heniy  Blight,  Plymouth,  builder,  September  18,  at  12.30 
— Robert  Davies,  Kirkdale,  Liverpool,  painter,   September 

12,  at  3 — William  Emmerson,  Leeda,  builder,  September 
12,  at  11 — William  Gamble,  Middles  bo  rough,  joiner,  Sep- 
tember 11,  at  11— George  Hailes,  Birmingham,  engineer, 
September  13,  at  12— Joseph  I'ritchard,  Arnold,  Notts, 
l)rickmaker,  October  9,  at  11— Henry  Penfold,  Mardeu, 
bricklayer,  September  11,  at  12— William  Rees,  Meithvr 
Tydfil,  builder,  September  9,  at  11— Edward  Tucker  Rudg- 
ley.  Freshwater,  Isle  of  Wight,  painter,  September  11,  ai 
12 — John  Thomas,  Penmaenmawr,  joiner,  October,  1,  at 
12-  Charles  Beutdict  Wright,  Leicester,  carpenter.  Septem- 
ber 10,  at  11 — Robert  Coates,  Husworth-upon-Tees,  brick 
aud  tile  maker,  September  16,  at  10  -.lames  Samuel  Hay- 
ward,  Liverpool,  metal  broker,  September  16,  at  3 -George 
Norman,  Leeds,  joiner,  September  23,  at  11. 

NOTICES  OF  SITTINGS   FOR  LAST  EXAMINATION. 

October  22,  G.  Shepherd,  Saint  Woollaa.  .Alonmouth- 
shire,  painter- October  21,  R.  and  J.  Whitehotisc,  West 
Biomwicli,  ironmasters — September  17,  L.  Thomas,  Aber- 
dare,  cai-penter— September  30,  \V.  Fantom,  Bilaton.  car- 
penter—September 30,  B.  Bolton,  Wolverhampton,  liinge 
maker— October  4,  W.  Seddon,  Horwich,  builder— Sep- 
tember 13,  G.  Lewis,  Enloe,  Flint,  brickmakcr. 


LATEST  PRICES    OF   MATERIALS    USED 
IN  CONSTRUCTION. 


TiMBEB,  dutv  l8  per  Ioa4,  drawback,  la. 


C.  H.  DAVIES  and  CO.'S 

GEXUIKE 

SOLID    PARQUET    FLOORS 

Are  Greatly  Superior  to  any  hitherto  Produced,  being 

of  Special   Construction.    Impmved   Deeign, 

Thoroughly  Seasoned,  aud  at 

PRICES   liOWEB    THAN   TXSUAIi. 

Specimens  at  Architectural  Museum,  23,  Maddox-street,  W, 

AND  AT 

Show  Rooms,  Cambridge  Hall,  Newman-street,  London. 


PATENT  TRACING  LINEN,  30m.  wide, 
Is.  6d.  per  yard,  or  30a  per  piece  (24  yards),  42ui.  wide,  Ss.  per 
yard  or  4r)s  per  piei^e  (24  yards).  Improved  Tracing  Paper,  asuperior 
fju.<ility.  40m.  by  Sl'in.,  6s.,  78.  6d..  and  8a,  fid.  per  (iiiire  ;  Coutinuom, 
4tiin.  wide.  lOe.  per  piece,  20  yards.  Whatman's  Drawing  Papen, 
Sketch  Blocks  and  Books.  Strong  Cartridge  Paper,  la.  3d.  per  quire, 
Best  ditto,  4s.  6d.  Quantity,  Specification,  and  other  Papers.  Pencils, 
Colours,  BruBhea,  &c. 

C.    MOODT, 
HIGH    HOLBORN,    LONDON,  W.O.  9 


257, 


Teak    load 

Quebec,  red  pine .... 

,,  yeUow  pine.. 
6t.  John  N.B.  yellow 
Quebec  Oak,  white . . 

,,       birch 

, ,       elm   

Oantzic  oak  


£9 
3 

2  1 

0    0      0    0 


0£10  1 
)      4  1 


fir  . 


Memel  fir 

Riga 

Swedish 

Maste.Quebec  red  pine 
,,       yellow  pine.. 

Lath  wood,  Dantzicfm 
,,       St.  Petersburg 

Deals. prC,  12  ft.  by  3 
by  9  in.,  duty  Ss  per 
load,  drawback  2a. 

Quebec,  white  apmce  '. 

St.John.whiteapruce  ; 

YeUow  pine,  per  re- 
duced C. 

Canada,  let  quality, 
find  do 


1  15  : 

6  0  ; 

5    0  ( 

4  10  6    0 


I  10    21  ] 
;  10    16  ] 


13    0    13    0 


Archangel,  yellow  ..fill 
St.  Petersburg,  yeL . .  10 

Finland 8 

Memel 0 

Gothenburg,  yellow      8 

,.      white    8 

Gefle,  yellow 9 

Soderham       9 

Christiania,    per   C, 

12  ft.  by  8  by  9  in. 

yellow 18 

Deck  Plank,  Dantzic, 

per  40  ft.  3  in 0 

POMiCB  Stone  pr  ton    6 

Oils,  &c. 
Seal,  pale.... per  tun  40 

Sperm  body 103 

Cod 59 

Whale,  8th.  Sea,  pale  38 

Olive,  Gallipoli 67 

Cocoanut,  Cochin.ton  56 

Palm,  fine 41 

Linseed    37 

Rapeseed.  Eng. pale..  40 
Cottonseed 33 


10  £12  1?. 

10  11     " 

0  9^ 

0  0     0 

10  Ifi  lO 

0  9     « 

0  11     " 

0  10  l*^ 


/^AKTS,    LADDERS,    BARROWS,   &c.— 

\_J     GEOPwGE  ELL  and  CO.,   Builders  of  Carts.   Vane,   WaggoM, 
Trucks,  TroUeya.  &c..  Contractors'  and  Builders'  Plant. 

LADDERS,  BARROWS,  TRESTLES,    STEPS.  PORTABLE 

SCAFFOLDS,    PICK-HELVES.    HAMMER    HAJJDLES,    4c 

WheelB  made  Dy  Improved  Machinery  on  the  Premiaea. 

A  lar^e  Variety  of  both  Light  and  Heavy  Wheels  kept  in  Stock. 

Barrows,  Dobbin,  and  other  Carts,  intended   for  Exportiitiou,  an 

made  by  Machinery  bo  as  to  be  interchangeable  in  their  parts. 

Dobbin  Carts.  £9  ;  Brick  Carts.  £14  lOs.  ;  Navie  barrows.  lOs.  6d. 

Scaffolding,    Ladders,  Barrows.  I'restles,  Step.  &c.,  Lent  on  Hire. 

Price  Lista  on  application. 

GEORGE     ELL     &    CO., 

ET78TON  WORKS.  866  and  368.  EUSTON  ROAD.  LONDON.N.lf 


Metals. 


iROS  :— 

Welsh  Bars  in  London     per  ton  6    7    6  (^10    0      8 

Nail  Bod        do  7  10    0  7  15    0^ 

Hoops do  8  10    0  9    0    0  I  oi 

Sheets,  Single       _        do             9  16    0  10    0    Of     ' 

StafordsMre  Bara       do  7  10    0  7  15    o) 

Bars,  in  Wales     do             6  16    0  6    0    0      8 

Rails    do             6    6    0  0    0    0    dpU 

Foundry  Pigs,  at  Glasg.  No   1..       do             2  15    0  8662^ 

Swedish  Bars  do  10    6    0  10  10    0    nett 

Steel : — 

Swedish  Keg,  hammered     per  ton  15    0    0  15  10    0       2 

Swedish  Faggot  do  10  10    0  13  10    0      2 

Coffer  ; — 

Sheet  4  Sheathing.  &  Bolts   ....per  ton  84    0    0  0     0    Ot 

Hammered  Bottoms       do  98    0    0  0    0    0  1 

Flat  Bottoms,  not  Hammered   ..       do  88    0    0  0    0    0 

Cake  and  Tough  Ingot      do  74    0    0  75    0    0  V   3 

Best  Selected    do  SI     0    0  83    0    0  1 

Australian     do  84     0     0  89    0    0 

Y  1.  Metal  Sheathing  4  Rods  . . .  .per  lb           0    0    7  0    0    0  J 

Tdj:— 

English  Block      per  ton  63    0    0  0    0    0  ^ 

do      Bar    do  94    0     0  0     0    "  >  SJ 

do      Eefined  do  96    0    0  0    0    0  ( 

Banca      do  84    0    0  95    0    01      .. 

Btrail do  89  10    0  90    0    oj 

Lead:— 

Pig,  English      per  ton  SI  15    0  0    0    0\ 

„    Spanish  Soft     do  IS    5    0  19  10    0  I    „, 

Shot,  Pctent     do  23    0    0  0    0    Of^ 

Sheet   do  2't  J8    0  0    0    o) 

^^it«      do  30    0    0  3110    0      5 

Bpelter  : — 

On  the  Spot  per  ton       21    0    0  21     2    6  net 

Ziisc  :— 

English  Sheet       per  ton          26  10    0  27    0    0      s' 

Devaux'aV,  M.  Roofing  Zinc    do              S6  10    0  0     0    0 

•  And  6  per  cent,  diacount  if  laid  upon  tbe  new  system. 

QtriCKSiLVKB     per  btl             6  17    0  0    0     6 

ReGULUS  of   ASTIMOH'? 

French   per  ton          28    0     0  0    0     o      2} 


BILIOUS  and  LIVER  COMPLAINTS 
Indigestion,  Sick  Headache,  Loss  of  Appetite,  Drowsiness 
Giddiness,  Spasms,  and  all  Disorders  of  the  Stomach  and  Bowels,  are 
quickly  removed  by  that  well-known  remedy,  FRAMFTON'S  PILL 
OF  HKALTH.  They  unite  the  recommendation  of  a  mild  operation 
with  the  most  successful  effect ;  and  where  an  aperient  is  required, 
nothing  can  be  better  adapted. 

Sold  by  all  Medicine  Vendors,  at  Is.  lid.  and  2a.  9d.  per  box   or 
obtained  through  any  Chemist. 


s 


TAIRCASE    and   JOINERY     WORKS, 
JOHN      WALDEN 

(Late  Shop  Foreman  to   Mr.  W.  SAXDS,  retired), 

12,  MAIDEN  LAKE,  COVEXT  GARDEN. 

Estimates  on  application. 


s 


TAINED  GLASS  and  MOSAIC,  FRESCO 

and   Other  WALL    PAINTING.       ART   FCTRNITURE    DE- 


i^OX   &  SON,  CHURCH   FURNITURE 

\_J  MANUFACTURER   . 

28  and  29,  SOUTHAMPTON-STREET,  BTRAND, 

PAINTED  and  STAINED  GLASS  WORKS    43  and  44,  Maiden-luu  ' 

(adjoining  Southamptou-atree(.  W.C. 

OOD  and  STONE  CARVING,  GOTHIC    METAL,  and  MONTT. 

MENTAL  WORKS, 

BELVEDERE-ROAD.    LAMBETH,  8. 

CARVING.— A  great  reduction  effected  by  roughing  out  the  woA 

by  machinery,  and  finishing  only  by  hand  labour. 

GOTHIC  JOINERS'  WORK  AND  FURNITURE. 

GOTHIC    METAL   WORK    of  every  description,  both  in  Silver, 

Brass,  and  Iron. 
ESTIMATES   FURNISHED  to  the  Clergy,  Aruhi        e,  aud  the 

Trade,  for  carrying  otl(t  any  Design. 

THE  WHOLE  OF  THE  WORK   DONE  ON  THE  PREMISES. 

COS  &  SON'S  Illustrated  Catalogue  for  1866,  with  several  hundred 

New  Designs  of  Church  Furniture,  Painted  Glass.  Decoration,  and 

Monuments,  forwarded  for  aii  stamps, 

SHOW  ROOMS— 28and29,  Southampton-Btreet   Strand,  London, 


PRIZE  MEDAL.  1862. 


H 


A    M    I    L   T   O    N 


SIGNED  and  rtECOKATED. 

SAUNDEBS  and  CO., 
113,    Maldeu-toad    HaveritockliUl,    N.W. 


i         C  0., 

No.  10.  GREEK  STREET,    SOHO  SQUAR.E,  LONDON,  W. 
Sole  Manufacturera  of 
C.  A.  WATKIN'S  PATENT    WIRE  BOUND,  ROUND,  and  OVAIi  ^ 

PAINTING  BRUSHES. 

Distemper  Bruahes,  Sash  Tuola.  Stippling  Brushes,  GUdera'  SDi  ' 
Grainera'  Tools, 
These  goods  are  made  of  the  best  materials  and  workmanship,  and 
have  obtained  a  high  reputation  among  the  chief  decorators  iu  ths 
kingdom.  Varnish  and  Colour  Manuiacturera,  Oilmen,  Merchant*, 
Ac.  are  supplied  on  lowest  terms.  Price  Jiista  forwarded  on  ftp- 
plication  . 


THB  TANNED  LEATHER  COMPANY, 

AKMIT   WORKS, 
GREENFIELD,     NEAR    MANCHESTER, 

TANSEES.  CUKKIEKS,  and  MASUFACTUEEES  Of 

IMPROVED 

Tanned  Leather  Driving  Straps 

for  Machinery. 

PRIME  STRAP  AND  SOLE  BUTTS. 

Price  Li&ts  sent  free  liy  post. 

WAREHOUSE— 81,  MARK-LAJs'E,  LONDON,  EC. 

MR.  H.  FERRABEE,  A6ENL 
GUN  COTTON 

COMPRESSED  CHARGES 
MINING  and*  aU ARRYING. 

A  charge  of  auy  given  size  exeita  sIk  times  the  esplosiTe 
force  of  gunpowder. 

Charges  are  made  of  every  diameter  required,  the  length 
varying  with  the  diameter.  Any  number  may  be  placed  in 
a  hole.  Each  charge  is  fully  eq,ual  to  oue-lifth  of  a  pound  ot 
powder. 

Per  case  (containing  500  charges  of  any  diameter)  .  35s. 
„    h.alfcase,      „    250  „  „  .  18a. 

,,    quarter  case,,    125  „  „  .    9i 

82,  Gracechuxch  Street,  liOndon. 

WINDOW     BLI  NDS. 

W.  BITMEAD, 
11.  FEEESCHOOL  STREET, 

AND 

CROSS    STREET,    HORSELTDOWN, 

soi;Tii>vAi;.t£. 

WINDOW  BLIND  MAJCEK  TO 
THE  TKADE. 


September   13,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


625 


THE   BUILDING  NEWS. 


LONDON,  FRIDAY,  SEPTEMBER  13,  1897. 


NORTHERN  VANDALS. 

A  LETTER  in  our  pages  describing  the 
il;unat,'e   (lone   in   the  restoration   of  a 
cliurcli  in  Norwich,  and  of  that  at  Waddini;- 
ton,  Lincolnsliire,  reminds  us  of  our  duty  once 
more  to  protest  against  this  mania  of  destruc- 
tion, which  is  the  curse  of  our  time,  not  only 
in  England,  but  even  to  a  more  distressing  ex- 
tent in  France.      In  Paris  it  may  be  said  witli 
truth  that  there  is  scarcely  an  old  stone  in  its 
original  state  remaining,  and  at  Rouen  things 
are   very   little   better.       But  it  is  to  more 
recent  instances  of  this  abominable  practice 
in  England  that  we  would  call  attention.  We 
;u-e   told   that  taste  for  high  art,  which  was 
mice  the   Englishman's  boast,  attested  from 
the  time  of  Charles  I.  almost  to  otir  own  days 
by  the  choice   collections   made  by  our  con- 
noisseurs— so  much  so  that,  in  certain  of  the 
highest  branches,  the  treasures   of  the  world 
were  well-nigh  glutting  our  market — is  sensi- 
lily  departing  from  us  ;  and  really  the  state- 
ment does  not  seem  to  be  far  from  the  truth. 
We  cannot,  at  any  rate,  shut  our  eyes  to  two 
facts  which  seem  to  be  capable  of  no  other  in- 
terpretation.    One    is    the   idiotic    disregard 
paid  to    ancient  work — no  matter  how   e.\- 
cellent    or    interesting,    how    rare   or    how 
lovely — and  the  astounding  poverty,  inconve- 
nience, and  want  of  art  exhibited  in  a  great 
proportion  of  new  work.      Our  correspondent 
"Th.  B."  attributes  the  Vandalism  committed 
in  many  of  our  village  churches  to  the  want 
of  an  architect.     But,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  has 
the  employment   of    architects,    some    even 
of  considerable   eminence,    prevented    such 
abominations   from  being  committed  ?     We 
unhesitatingly  say  no.     The  architects  have 
been  no   more  guiltless  than   clerks  of  the 
works  or  builders'  foremen.     In  fact,  not  un- 
frequently,  a  good   clerk  of  the   works   has 
done  good   service  in  sparing  where  others 
would  have  destroyed.     Restoration  is  a  mat- 
ter that   requires  such  constant  supervision, 
Mich  constant    personal   attendance    on    the 
spot,  that  no  architect  who  has  not  time  and 
opportunity  should  undertake  such  work  un- 
less a  first-rate  clerk   of   the   works  is  ap- 
pointed.    The  fact  is  that  wliether  there  have 
been  architects  or  whether  there  have  been 
none,  shameful  damage  has  been  done  almost 
wherever  restoration  has  been  taken  in  hand. 
In  no  part  of    England  has    more    serious 
damage  been  committed  than  in  the  North, 
and  a  writer  in  the   Times  some  weeks  back 
drew  attention  to  the  fact  by  the  instance  of 
the  utter  degradation   and   emasculation    of 
Oonisborough  Church,  a  place  endeared  to  the 
memory  of  Englishmen  by  its   having  been 
chosen  as  the  scene   of    one   of  Sir  Walter 
Scott's  best  novels.     Those  who  knew  Oonis- 
borough   will    remember    that    it    was     as 
Holemn  and  interesting  a  building  as  covdd 
be     seen      anywhere,     with     its      ancient 
benches     and    very   fine     Jacobean    wood- 
work, its  lychnoscope,  with  the  original  door 
and  ironwork.    All  this  is  now  no  more.    The 
lychnoscope   and  its  door  are  abolished  ;  the 
very  curious  and  puzzling  clerestory  is  stopped 
up  ;  the  Jacobean  woodwork  is  old  materials, 
now  the  property  of  the  contractors,  who,  we 
believe,  intend  selling  it.     All  the  old  stone 
of  the  interior  has  been  re-tooled.     The  same 
architect   (Mr.   Teale),   in  another  case,  had 
all  the  external  stonework  also  rechiselled.  A 
very  curious   old  tomb   was  cut  up  and  de- 
stroyed.    It  consisted  of  a  .slab  upon  four  pil- 
lars, and  was  apparently  of  the  beginning  of 
the  fifteenth  century.     It  had  no  inscription, 
but  at  the  comers  are  faint  remains  of  crosses, 
so  that  almost  without  doubt  it  was  really  an 
ancient  altar.     It  seems  incredible  that  such  a 
relic  should  be  wantonly  demolished;  but 


such  is  unhappily  the  case.  Some  otiier  old 
tombstones,  we  are  told,  shared  the  same  fate. 
The  whole  thing,  we  'oeliove,  was  k-fl  to  the 
contractors  to  do  as  they  listed,  the  architect 
being  seldom  seen  on  the  spot,  and  the  conse- 
quence has  been  a  clean  swee)).  What  was 
Duce  dignified,  solemn,  and  most  interesting 
is  now  vulgar,  glaring,  and  insipid.  The  line 
old  woodwork  ia  siipjdied  by  miserably  weak 
and  showy  deal  benches,  as  vulgar  in  taste  as 
they  are  entirely  wanting  in  feeling.  All  the 
fragments  of  old  glass  are  gone,  and,  though 
frescoes  or  tempera  wall  paintings  of  consider- 
alde  interest,  and  having  inscriptions,  covered 
the  walls,  all  have  been  destroyed,  with- 
out even  a  description  of  them  being 
kept.  The  very  inscriptions  themselves 
were  not  copied,  though  we  are  assured 
they  were  of  the  utmost  consequence.  The 
whole  walls  have  since  undergone  a  pro- 
cess of  modern  plastering  by  a  regular  Roman 
cement  man,  tlie  plaster  projecting  beyoud 
theoldstone  work  freiiuently  as  much  ashalfor 
even  three-(|Uarter3  of  an  inch.  To  show  the 
ignorant  disregard  of  archajology  exhibited  in 
the  whole  so-called  restoration,  we  cannot  do 
better  than  (luote  one  especially  foolish  ex- 
ample. Last  year  there  were  discovered  at 
the  north-east  corner  of  the  chancel,  imme- 
diately at  the  back  of  the  old  Low  Side 
window,  the  foundations  of  a  small  chamber. 
On  the  external  face  of  the  lychnoscope 
stone  corbels  projected,  which  could  scarcely 
have  been  for  any  other  purpose  than  that 
of  receiving  the  roof  timbers  of  this  cham- 
ber. These  have  all  been  done  away  with, 
and  at  the  north-east  corner  or  angle 
of  the  chancel  a  curious  stopping  of  the 
plinth  (contrived  unquestionably  to  receive 
the  chamber  wall)  has  lieen  destroyed,  and  an 
angle  buttress  built  to  match  the  south-west 
quoin.  Such  utterly  senseless  Vandalism  is 
simply  contemptible.  Surely,  in  these  days 
of  vaunted  architectural  progress  and  real 
archroological  knowledge,  such  things  ought  to 
be  impossible,  but  then,  unfortunately,  our 
church  restorers  are  lamentably  ignorant  and 
careless  of  all  such  things.  They  are,  some 
of  them,  good  ritualists,  but  as  to  art  or  his- 
torical interest  they  understand  little  about 
them  and  care  less.  They  want  churches  of 
a  particular  kind,  and  so  long  as  they  get  that 
they  are  utterly  heedless  of  the  expense  to  art 
and  history,  by  which  their  object  has  been 
gained. 

It  is  not,  however,  at  Oonisborough  alone  that 
Mr.  Teale  and  others  have  made  short  work 
of  the  archaeological  features  of  the  churches. 
At  Kirk  Sandall  he  has  recut  all  the  external 
stone  work  .Another  of  these  churches,  which 
was  one  of  the  finest  about  the  Riding,  that  at 
Dartield,  has  been  overhauled  by  Messrs. 
Pritcbett  and  Son,  of  York.  Its  renovation 
has  not  one  redeeming  feature;  all  the  old 
feeling  is  destroyed.  The  old  stone  work 
has  been  very  deeply  recut,  every  scrap 
of  tracery,  with  the  exception  of  the  heads  of 
one  or  two  windows,  has  been  knocked  out, 
and  tracery  of  a  very  dift'erent  character 
substituted.  Most  of  the  old  work  was 
well  moulded  decorated  tracery,  in  place 
whereof  we  now  have  nothing  but  weak,  wiry, 
chamfered  tracery  of  the  poorest  description. 
The  glory  of  the  church  has  departed  ;  it  now 
remains  only  as  an  example  of  treatment  to 
be  avoided.  By  the  way,  these  gentlemen 
seem  quite  prepared  to  restore  modern 
churches  as  well  as  old  if  they  only  get  a 
chance,  and  with  as  good  taste.  We  wonder 
whether  Mr.  G.  G.  Scott  has  seen  Mr.  Teale's 
idea  of  improving  ( !  ! )  his  church  of  St. 
James,  Doncaster,  and  whether  he  appreciates 
the  alteration.  AVe  think  we  never  saw  any- 
thing much  worse  than  the  new  bell  turret, 
which  appears  to  be  stuck  on  the  top  of  the 
roof  in  the  most  imcomfortable  position.  The 
management  of  the  buttresses  at  the  angles  is 
curiously  unhappy.  That  a  new  church  by 
so  clever  an  architect  as  Mr.  G.  G.  Scott  shoidd 
be  allowed  already  to  be  tampered  with  is  only 
another  proof  how  unfit  the  present  custo- 
dians of  oiu:  churches  are  for  that  part  of  their 


duty.  And,  now  the  work  is  done,  the  very 
best  and  most  sensible  thing  to  do  next  will 
be  to  pull  it  down  and  rebuild  ilr.  Scott's 
simple  bell  gable. 

But  to  return  to  the  old  work.  Bolton- 
on-Dearne  is  among  the  greatest  sufferers. 
The  chancel  screen  has  been  demolished. 
What  a  grievovis  pity  it  is  that  there  is  at  pre- 
sent no  way  of  saving  the  precious  things  that 
are  turned  out  Ijy  the  ignorance  or  prejudices 
of  arcliitects  and  others.  Unfortunately,  too, 
when  any  part  of  these  fine  old  specimens  of 
wood  worlc  is  preserved,  it  is  sure  to  be  only 
the  carving  and  tracery.  The  really  most 
noble  portions — the  moulded  timbers  and 
I'raming — are  almost  universally  destroyed  or 
utilized.  There  is  some  old  Norman  work, 
too,  in  this  church,  which  has  been  covered 
over  with  plaster  ;  and,  to  crown  all,  the  old 
font — as,  alas  !  is  the  case  in  a  tolerably  large 
number  of  instances — has  been  turned'  out  of 
the  church,  and  now  does  duty  as  a  flower  pot 
in  the  rector's  garden. 

The  bare  recital  of  such  things  is  enough  to 
make  one's  blood  boil.  We  hear  also  of  some 
wretched  cases  of  over  restoration  at  York 
and  elsewhere,  but  have  not  space  at  present 
to  go  into  them.  We  have  surely  said  enough 
to  justify  our  returning  to  this  painful  sub- 
ject, which  has  so  long  occupied  our  thoughts 
and  employed  the  jiens  ot  those  among  us 
who  can  best  api)reciate  the  value  of  genuine 
fine  art,  and  of  the  enormous  importance,  if  it 
is  to  be  of  any  use  to  us  as  a  teacher,  of  pre- 
serving all  we  have  of  it  in  its  original  state. 
It  is  astounding  that  after  aU  that  has  been 
said  and  written  upon  the  subject,  it  should 
still  be  necessary  to  warn  custodians  of 
ancient  buildings  of  their  danger  of  the  old 
material  clauses  in  the  contracts.  And  yet,  in 
the  case  at  the  head  of  this  article,  we  have 
the  evil  in  its  worst  form.  It  must  always 
be  a  grievous  folly  to  make  it  the  interest  of 
the  contractor  to  remove  as  much  as  possible. 
To  save  themselves  trouble,  they  will  fre- 
quently destroy,  and,  for  the  good  of  trade, 
allow  others  to  destroy  ;  but,  if'  they  can,  also 
put  money  into  their  pockets  by  the  de- 
struction ;  it  is  too  much  to  expect  of  most 
of  them,  unless  they  happen  to  be  lovers  of 
art,  and  at  the  same  time  unusually 
scrupidous,  that  they  will  forego  the  chance 
that  fortune  may  put  in  their  way.  We  are 
a  little  curious  to  know  what  will  be  the 
future  destination  of  the  fine  old  oak  work 
turned  out  of  Oonisborough  Church. 

In  conclusion,  we  urge  upon  the  public  the 
importance  of  their  taking  the  matter  up,  and 
that  no  instance  of  Vandalism  be  allowed  to  pass 
unnoticed.  Let  architects,  contractors,  and 
the  clergy  know  that  their  folly,  greed,  idle- 
ness, and  ignorance  are  certain  to  be  shown 
up,  and  get  the  derison  and  reprobation  they 
deserve,  and  we  shall  have  less  of  these 
miserable  enormities. 


THE  RIVERS  COMMISSION. 

THE  commissioners  appointed  by  Parlia- 
ment in  May,  1865,  to  inquire  into  the 
present  use  of  rivers  for  the  purpose  of  carry- 
ing ott'  sewage  and  refuse,  have  published 
their  third  report.  The  commissioners  are 
Messrs.  Robert  Rawlinson,  J.  Thornhill  Har- 
rison, and  J.  T.  Way.  Their  first  report  was 
on  the  Thames,  their  second  on  the  Lea,  and 
the  one  just  published  deals  with  two  of  the 
rivers  in  the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire — the 
Aire  and  Calder.  Like  the  Thames  and  Lea, 
the  Aire  and  Calder  are  navigable  streams  ; 
but,  unlike  those  rivers,  the  Yorkshire  streams 
are  polluted  "  to  the  utmost  limits  of  which 
they  are  capable,"  mostly  by  manul'acturing 
refuse  instead  of  sewage,  as  was  the  case  with 
the  former  rivers.  The  waters  of  the  Thames 
and  Lea  are  used  for  domestic  purposes  ;  but 
the  waters  of  the  two  Yorkshire  rivers  are  in 
too  foul  a  condition  to  be  largely  employed 
in  this  way. 
The  manufacturing  industry  of  the  West 
*  Riding  of  Yorkshire  has  grown  rapidly  from 


626 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


September  13,  1867. 


the  middle  of  the  last  century,  when  it  be- 
came the  seat  of  the  worsted  and  woollen 
trades.  It  has  been  stated  that  from  one- 
half  to  two-thirds  of  the  woollen  and  worsted 
trade  of  this  country  is  carried  on  there. 
The  rivers  supply  so  much  water  not  only  for 
power,  but  also  for  washing,  dyeing,  scoiiring, 
and  other  purposes,  that  local  manufacturers 
were  enabled  to  undersell  those  of  other 
places,  and  hence  the  trade  of  the  district  has 
rapidly  grown.  Then,  too,  the  range  of 
mountains,  and  the  graduated  fall  aiford  un- 
usual means  for  storing  water.  Upwards  of 
5,000  mills  and  dyeworks  have  consequently 
been  established  since  the  commencement  of 
the  present  century,  a  sufficient  indication  of 
the  natural  advantages  of  this  part  of  the 
county.  The  manufacture  of  "shoddy"  is 
largely  carried  on  in  the  West  Riding.  But 
it  is,  as  the  commissioners  affirm,  beyond  all 
doubt  that  the  pollution  of  the  Aire  and 
Calder  is  due  to  the  different  processes  in- 
cidental to  the  worsted  and  woollen  trades. 
These  streams  run  with  a  li(juid  which  has 
more  the  appearance  of  ink  than  water.  "  In 
the  higher  part  of  the  country,"  we  are  told, 
"  the  water  is  of  the  purest  description,  but 
as  it  arrives  at  any  point  where  conditions 
for  the  establishment  of  a  woollen  mill  are 
sufficiently  favourable,  so  does  the  water  com- 
mence to  deteriorate,  becoming  fouler  and 
more  foul  after  leaving  each  successive  mill," 
until  it  becomes  so  impure  as  to  render  it 
impossible  to  employ  the  water  for  domestic 
purposes,  and  the  stream  "  is  looked  upon 
and  treated  as  little  better  than  an  open 
drain."  "  The  stench  arising  from  these  rivers," 
says  a  correspondent,  "is  something  fearful — 
no  words  can  describe  the  ill-odour  which  a 
breeze  brings  to  you."  This  is  corroborated 
in  the  Commissioners'  Report,  and  it  is  stated 
as  a  certain  fact  that  very  few  persons  even  in 
the  district  possess  an  intimate  knowledge  of 
the  causes  of  this  pollution,  "  or  can  estimate 
their  individual  influence  on  the  general 
result."  The  commissioners  doubt  whether 
the  familiarity  of  the  inhabitants  of  the 
towns  with  the  condition  of  the  rivers  "  may 
not  have  rendered  them  all  but  miconscious 
of  a  state  of  visible  pollution  which  strikes  a 
stranger  from  the  non-manufacturing  districts 
with  astonishment."  Before  referring  more 
particularly  to  the  character  of  the  pollution 
from  these  manufactures,  it  may  be  well  to 
state  that  the  amount  of  solids  taken  into  the 
streams  is  enormous.  At  Leeds,  we  are  told, 
the  volume  of  sewage  passing  into  the  Aire  is 
from  eight  to  ten  million  gallons  per  day,  the 
entire  weight  of  solids  being  swept  out  there- 
with ;  and  this  is  the  case  throughout  the 
district,  wherever  main  sewers  and  drains 
exist.  Although  most  of  the  towns  have  been 
partially  sewered,  and  some  houses  drained, 
yet  "  in  no  single  instance  has  this  necessary 
work  been  thoroughly  done."  The  entire 
volume  of  the  sewage  of  such  important 
towns  as  Leeds,  Bradford,  Keighley,  Skipton, 
Todmorden,  Halifax,  Huddersiield,  Dewsbury, 
Wakeheld,  and  other  places  is  passed  direct 
into  the  rivers,  no  town  or  village  intercept- 
ing sewage. 

The  refuse  passed  into  the  two  rivers  from 
wool  washing  is    described   as  a  yellowish, 
glutinous,  stinking  liquid  ;  from  wool  dyeing, 
all  kinds  of  colours  are  sent  into  the  streams, 
that  for  dyeing  black   goods   leading   to   the 
greatest  amount  of  pollution.     The  wool  is 
washed  in  stale   urine  and  water,  and    the 
refuse  is  conveyed  into  the  rivers.    The  black 
liquor  which  is  discharged  from  the  dye-vats 
is  a  solution  of  sulphate  of  iron,  in  which  in- 
soluble dye  is  suspended.     The  commissioners 
were  so  convinced  of  the  importance  of  readily 
separating  the  black  dye-stutf  from  the  water 
that  they  took  into  consideration  every  knowTi 
means  whereby  this  might  be  done.     "  The 
problem  is,"  they  say,  "  the  separation  day  by 
day  of  the  solid  matter  in  such  form  that  it 
may  be  preserved,  if  of  any  value,  or,  if  not 
■^orth  preserving,  be  readily  burnt  or  got  rid 
of  otherwise  than    by  passing    it   into    the 


rivers."  They  made  a  number  of  experi- 
ments with  a  form  of  mechanical  filter,  which 
has  been  used  ^vith  considerable  success  in 
the  Potteries  and  in  various  manufacturing 
towns.  The  machine  is  called  Needham's 
press,  and  it  consists  of  a  number  of  narrow 
chambers  lined  with  linen  or  calico,  into 
which  the  liquid  to  be  filtered  is  driven  by  a 
small  force-pump,  the  thick  matter  being 
arrested,  and  the  liquid  passing  through  the 
bags.  The  machine  put  up  for  trial  was  but 
a  small  one  ;  and  yet  the  owner  of  the  mills 
acknowledged  that  it  would  enable  him  to 
purify  all  the  dye-refuse  produced  at  his  miU 
before  it  was  discharged  into  the  river.  The 
commissioners  are  of  opinion  that  the  solid 
refuse  from  the  machine,  being  similar  to 
damp  sawdust,  might  be  easily  burnt  with 
small  coal  under  the  furnaces.  "  There  re- 
mains," they  add,  "  after  combustion,  a  red 
powder,  which  is  almost  entirely  oxide  of 
iron.  It  forms  from  one-fifth  to  one-fourth 
the  weight  of  the  black  stuff,  and  would  un- 
doubtedly find  a  market,  either  to  be  made 
into  red  or  chocolate  paint  for  external  iron- 
work, or  to  be  used  in  the  purification  of  gas, 
or  for  conversion  into  perchloride  of  iron  for 
purposes  of  deodorization."  The  refuse  might 
also  be  used  as  a  deodorizer.  It  is  not  the 
object  of  the  commissioners  to  recommend 
this  or  any  other  means  for  the  purification  of 
the  Yorkshire  streams  ;  and  there  are  several 
means  by  which  this  may  be  done  ;  but  it  is 
their  duty  to  report  that  no  solid  refuse  of 
any  colour  should  under  any  pretence  be 
allowed  to  pass  into  the  rivers.  Tliis  they 
have,  therefore,  done,  adding  that  there  wiU  be 
no  want  of  skill  on  the  part  of  manufac- 
turers and  others  to  meet  whatever  difficul- 
ties may  arise,  if  the  law  renders  it  impera- 
tive that  the  pollution  shall  no  longer  be 
allowed. 

But  this  is  not  all.  In  the  processes  of 
fulling  and  washing  dyed  goods,  immense 
quantities  of  soap  have  to  be  used.  For- 
merly all  the  soapsuds  were  sent  into  the 
rivers  ;  but  as  it  caused  a  scum  and  froth, 
and  coated  everything  with  which  it  came  in 
contact  with  slime,  the  grease  has  been  ex- 
tracted. But  the  report  proves,  from  carefully 
prepared  statistics,  that  the  refuse  liquid  is 
not  nearly  so  cleansed  as  to  satisfy  the  re- 
quirements of  river  purification  ;  ,  and  the 
commissioners  say  that  the  entire  question 
of  dealing  with  the  soap  waste  must  be  ear- 
nestly and  intelligently  considered  by  the 
manufacturers,  and  they  do  not  doubt  that, 
"  so  large  an  economy  may  be  secured  that 
abundant  funds  will  be  forthcoming  to  deal 
with  the  other  causes  of  pollution,  such  as 
dye  and  scour  water,  till  such  time  as  these 
in  their  turn  become,  as  they  surely  will,  a 
source  of  profit,  instead  of  a  nuisance  and  a 
disgrace." 

We  win  endeavour  to  give  in  a  short  para- 
graph some  of  the  leading  points  of  one  of 
the  most  important  and  lengthy  divisions  in 
this  valualile  report.  The  town  of  Skipton  is 
situated  highest  on  the  River  Aire.  It  is 
partially  sewered  and  drained.  "  The  town 
sewage  is  discharged  into  a  stream,  the  dry 
weather  volume  of  subsoil  water  and  sewage 
being  about  200,000  gallons  per  day  ;  mixed 
and  diluted  in  Ellar  Beck  with  three  or  four 
times  this  volume  of  water  the  whole  falls 
into  the  River  Aire."  This  is  in  addition  to 
the  manufacturers'  refuse.  Need  we  be  sur- 
prised to  learn  that  the  sewage  in  dry  weather 
is  the  cause  of  great  nuisance  at  the  water- 
wheels,  and  that  the  foul  sediment  in  the 
dams  when  flushed  out  "  stinks  awful "  ! 
Workmen  have  frequently  to  leave  the  mills 
at  Keighley,  sick  in  consequence  of  the  stench 
of  the  sewage  in  dr}'  weather.  In  Bradford 
there  is  an  accumulation  of  stenches  and  filth. 
"  It  has  become  a  Yorkshire  proverb  of  com- 
parison for  any  foul  stream  to  say  of  it  that  it 
is  as  polluted  as  Bradford  Beck."  The  large 
volumes  of  inflammable  gases  given  off  from 
the  refuse  of  Bradford  Beck  have  actually 
been  ignited  ;  and  one  of  the  boyish  amuse- 


ments of  the  town  is  to  do  for  the  canal  what 
ambitious  people  have  longed  to  do  in  Lon- 
don, viz.,  "  set  the  Thames  on  fire."  We  have 
before  now  reported,  somewhat  fully,  on  the 
pollution  of  the  Aire  at  Leeds  ;  it  is  only 
needful  to  add,  on  the  authority  of  the  com- 
missioners, what  has  been  repeatedly  as- 
serted and  contradicted,  that  "  typhus  fever 
is  one  of  the  most  fatal  diseases  of  operatives, 
and  is  also  most  costly  to  the  community," 
since  labouring  men  in  the  prime  of  life  are 
cut  off  by  this  fever,  leaving  widow  and  family 
to  the  care  of  the  parish.  We  are  assured 
that  the  property  and  trade  in  Leeds  "  now 
pay  taxes,  in  the  form  of  poor's-rates  and  chari- 
ties, more  than  would  be  required  to  establish 
and  continue  preventative  measures."  Surely 
it  is  better  to  pay  sanitary  rates  than  poor's- 
rates.  The  Halifax  manufacturers  now  see 
the  evils  they  have  promoted,  and  are  very 
anxious  to  remedy  them.  In  summing  up, 
the  commissioners  say  : — "  The  towns  are 
poisoned  in  some  degree  by  their  own  sewage 
and  cesspool  matter,  and  are  taxed  to  a  consi- 
derable extent  to  remove  this  putrid  refuse  in 
a  most  barbarous  manner.  Manufacturers 
pollute  the  water  for  each  other  until  the 
streams  have  to  be  abandoned  for  all  but  the 
coarsest  purposes  of  trade,  and  clean  water 
has  to  be  purchased  from  waterworks  com- 
panies, or  must  be  sought,  at  great  cost,  , 
in  well-sinking  and  boring,  to  which  must  be 
added  the  charges  for  extra  steam  power.  In 
some  cases,  the  manufacture  and  dyeing  of 
finer  sorts  of  goods  has  been  necessarily  aban- 
doned, and  in  other  cases  extension  of  manu- 
facture is  rendered  impossible  because  there  is 
no  additional  volume  of  clean  water  to  be  ob- 
tained in  the  district."  These  facts  alone  are 
sufficient  to  condemn  the  existing  practice  of 
river  pollution. 

It  is  evident  that  water  fit  for  drinking  pur- 
poses cannot  be  plentiful.     Worse  than  that, 
it  is  actually  scarce.     "  In  dry  seasons  many 
of  the  inhabitants  of  the  West  Riding  now 
suffer  a  water  famine,  and  that  even  where 
there  is  an  abundance  of  good  and  wholesome 
water  available  if  it  were  properly  collected, 
stored,   and   distributed."     The   report  deals 
with  this  pressing  subject  in  great  detail.  The 
remedy  for  all  these  public  nuisances  is  to  be 
found  in  altering  the  law.     At  present  the 
law  relating  to  river  pollution  is  exceedingly 
defective.     Everyone  is  dissatisfied  with  the 
existing  law.      It  is  difficult  to  enforce,  on  ac- 
count of  private  rights.     An  aggrieved  pro- 
prietor can,   of  coiu-se,  take  the  matter  into 
our  London  courts  and   bring  an  action  for 
damages.     But  no  proprietor  cares  about  avail- 
ing himself  of  so  cumbrous  and  expensive  a 
remedy.     If  he  were  to  do  so,  he  might,  by  a 
slight  technical  difficulty,  lose  his  case.      Pri- 
vate attempts  have  been  found  useless.    Cases 
have  been  known  where  a  manufacturer,  sued 
for  poUutiug  running  water,  has  brought  the 
litigation  to  a  close,  not  by  ceasing  to  foul  the 
river,  but  by  simply  removing  the  discharge 
into  the  river  to  a  point  below  the  works  of 
the  complainant.     The  improvement  should 
be   of  a   permanent  character;  and  to  effect 
this  it  is  necessary  that  local  action  should  be 
supplemented   by  some  stronger  power.     It 
appears  that  there  is  plenty  of  land  suitable 
for  sewage  irrigation,  and  the  benefit  of  this 
system  should  be  secured.     But  it  is  of  para- 
mount importance  that  the  pollution  of  the 
rivers  should  be  prohibited,  and  the  practice 
of  casting  solids  into  running  waters  can  be 
readily  stopped.     The  commissioners  recom- 
mend   the    appointment    of    a    conservancy 
board,  the  duties  of  which  shoull  be  to  aid 
the  Salmon  Fisheries'  Commissioners  ;  to  pre- 
vent all  forms  of  river  pollution  ;  to  take  cog- 
nizance  of    all  existing  weirs,   miUs,  dams, 
reservoir.?,  drains,  &c.,  and  of  any  new  or  pro- 
jected works  that  may  affect  streams;  aud 
also  to  hear  appeals  in  cases  of  local  dispute 
as  to  works  of  any  character  aft'ecting  the 
free  flow  of  rivers.     They  do  not,  however, 
recommend  the  kind  of  legislation  required,  as 
they  defer  that  untU  they  have  reported  ou 


September  13,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


627 


le  condition  of  other  polluted  rivers.  Still, 
■e  hope  that  among  the  first  bills  presented  to 
arliament  next  year  will  be  a  bill  prohibiting 
le  pollution  of  these  rivers  by  thoughtless 
lanufacttirers. 

♦ • 

AUSTRIAN  TIMBER. 

3^XPERIENCE  has  long  demonstrated  that 

Jj     the  nature  of    the  fuel    employed   in 

.16  manufacture  of  iron  possesses  a  consider- 

ble  influence  upon  its  quality,  and  it^  pecu- 

ar  suitability  for  the   various  purposes  of 

)nstruction.    As  a  rule,   iron  of  a  superior 

aality  is  produced  whenever  wood  is  used  in 

8  manufacture.     In   England,  owing  to  the 

•ATcity  of  timber,  and  expenses  attending  the 

rocess    conducted    with    the  use    of  wood 

il,  coal   is  universally  employed    instead. 

a   the   Continent,  where  vast  forests   still 

ist,    their    contents    are    rendered    avail- 

ile  for  the  smelting  of  the  ore,  and  the  elimi- 

ition  of  its  precious  ingredients,  and  the  re- 

It  is,  that  those    countries   possessing   re- 

urces  so  valuable  may  well  compete  with  us 

the  manufacture  of  a  product  in  which  we 

,ve  for  ages  considered  ourselves  unrivalled. 

f  all  continental  countries,  Russia,  together 

th  that  large  tract  of  territory  included  in 

e  Scandinavian  peninsula,  is  the  most  richly 

dowed  with  woods  and  forests,  and  when 

ue  enables  it  to  open  up  its  enormous  mine- 

l  wealth,  it  will  possess  a  store  of  fuel  suffi- 

t  to  last  for  centuries,  even  supposing  that 

lants  no  young  timber  to  replace  that  cut 

wn  and  eonstuned.     Austria  is  hardly  less 

nerously  supplied  b_v  nature  in  a  similar 

..ner,  for  nearly  a  third  of  her  whole  terri- 

is  covered  with  forests.      The  eastern 

rtions  of  the  kingdom  are  particularly  rich 

timber  land,  and  in  Transylvania  the  ratio 

tween    the   wooded    area    and    the    open 

untiy   is   nearly    one-half.       In  addition, 

•Arly  a  quarter  of  Hungary  consists  of  forests, 

hich,  by  a  laxity  of  order  and  preservation, 

e  left  almost  at  the  mercy  of  the  inhabitants 

the  neighbouring  land,  who  cut  down,  both 

r   domestic    and    industri;il    consumption, 

latever  trees  take  their  fancy.     Precautions, 

wever,  are  taken   in  the    German  states, 

lere,  in  consequence  of  the  greater  develop- 

;nt  of  trade  and  manufactures,   the  forests 

i-if  greater  value,  to  preserve  the  wood,  and 

:  allow  it  to  be  destroyed  at  random.     In 

"iiemia,  where  the  regulations  are  very  strin- 

nt,  a  proprietor  is  not  permitted  to  alter 

e  system  of  culture,  or  the  management  of 

e  forest,  without  the   especial  sanction   of 

vemment.     The  Tyrol,  Styria,  and  parts  of 

rinthia  possess    splendid  forests  of  pine, 

,  oak,  beech,  and   other  trees,   which  are 

her  exported   by   the  government   or   by 

ivate  parties  who  haye  obtained  a  conce.s- 

n  from  the   State    for  cutting  down  por- 

ns  of  the  timber.     Admirable  specimens  of 

■  same  wood  are  to  be  found  in  great  abun- 
!ce  in  Istria,  Croatia,  and  the  southern 
;s  of  Dahnatia. 

A  large  proportion  of  these  forests  is  used 

the  purposes  of  fuel,  and  for  making  iron 
vlieir  native  country,  and  the  various  in- 
~trial  branches  constune  another  large  share, 
'ge  quantities  serve  for  the  manufacture 
ships  and  their  component  parts  :  for 
■5,  capstan  bars,  and  a  considerable  por- 
u  is  absorbed    in  the    making  of   casks 

holding  oil  and  foreign  merchandize, 
i^ing  the  rest,  the  precedence  for  fitness  for 
istructive  and  ornamental  purposes  must  be 

'rded  to  the  Alpine  and  Carpathian  wal- 
:  trees,  to  the  oaks  of  Sclavonia  and  Istria, 
i  to  the  elms  and  birches  of  the  district  of 

;onina.  For  exportation,  the  descriptions 
^  'icipally  sought  after  are  the  fir  and  pine  of 

■  atia,  and  large  quantities  of  these  are  ex- 
1  ted  to  France  for  shipbuilding  purposes. 

■  might  be  anticipated,  the  inhabitants  of 
;  ■  country,  although   clever  enough  at  the 

■  chet,  and  able  to  bring  do^^■n  a  tree  well, 

either  too  indolent,  or    too    careless,  to 

e  about     carrying   the    work    any    fur- 

'  I-      They    have    neither  the    skiU    nor 


the  desire  to  emerge  out  of  their  primitive 
barbarism  ;  they  are  satisfied  with  felling  the 
timber,  and  leaving  to  otliers  the  task  of  re- 
ducing the  rude  material  into  due  form,  and 
assigning  it  the  shape  and  size  necessary  to 
adapt  it  to  use.  They  may  be  said  to  be  in 
every  sense  of  the  terra  hewers  of  wood  and 
drawers  of  water.  The  average  length  of  the 
logs  is  about  25ft.,  but  there  are  also  others  of 
larger  dimensions,  which  are  exported  in  great 
abundance  from  the  forests  of  Trieste,  in 
lUyria,  and  from  the  smaller  ports  of  Dal- 
matia.  In  the  department  of  Fiume  there  are 
fifty  saws  moved  by  hydraulic  power,  and  six 
by  steam,  constantly  employed  in  cutting  up 
timber.  They  turn  out  annually  between 
two  and  three  million  planks  of  two  descrip- 
tions. The  one  are  termed  "payoles,"  and 
are  about  15ft.  in  length,  1ft.  in  breadth,  and 
nearly  the  same  dimension  in  depth  ;  the 
other  description  is  called  "  latisane,''  and  are 
of  a  smaller  dimension,  though  of  a  quality 
equally  good.  Recently,  ondng  to  the  exten- 
sion of  the  French  railway  system,  a  large  de- 
mand has  been  made  by  the  various  compa- 
nies upon  the  beech  trees  in  Croatia  for  the 
purposes  of  sleepers.  They  can  be  delivered 
on  board  at  14d.  the  sleeper,  and  are  Oft. 
in  length  by  9in.  in  depth,  by  Gin. 
in  breadth.  For  the  same  sleeper  in 
England,  we  should  pay  about  2s.  9d., 
or  perhaps  3s. 

When  once  a  source  of  profit,  whether 
it  consists  of  a  forest,  a  mine,  or  a  quarry, 
is  discovered,  the  two  next  steps,  in  order 
to  render  it  of  commercial  and  indus- 
trial value,  are  to  work  it  and  find  means  of 
transport  to  the  nearest  port.  The  last  step  is 
the  most  important,  and  frequently  an  insur- 
mountable one.  It  is,  therefore,  not  sufficient 
for  Austria,  or  any  other  country,  to  possess 
these  vast  sources  of  natural  wealth  if  she  is 
not  able  to  transport  them  to  the  sea  coast. 
Although  the  particular  portions  of  the  Aus- 
trian territory  we  have  been  describing  are 
well  pro\'ided  with  water  commimication,  yet 
it  is  so  scattered  that  it  presents  serious  im- 
pediments to  the  establishment  of  any  com- 
plete system  of  inland  navigation  tending  to 
unite  the  separate  streams  and  rivers  into  one 
grand  arterial  route  of  intercommunication. 
One  of  the  greatest  obstacles  towards  eft'ecting 
this  result  is  the  chain  of  mountains  consti- 
tuting the  barrier  between  Croatia  and  Dal- 
matia,  and,  moreover,  none  of  the  rivers  upon 
the  western  side  are  of  sufficient  size  to  serve 
for  the  purposes  of  transporting  the  timber  to 
the  sea.  Timber  is  the  most  easily  conveyed 
merchandize  by  water,  since  there  is  no  neces- 
sity for  employing  boats,  but  all  that  is 
required  is  to  make  the  logs  into  K.fts  and 
float  them  down.  The  most  important  stream 
traversing  the  districts  of  Carinthia  and 
Croatia  is  the  Lacte,  which  ultimately  de- 
bouches into  the  Danube,  and  receives  during 
its  course  many  tributaries  serving  for  the 
transport  of  timber  rafts.  From  the  region  of 
Bosnia  it  receives  the  Huna  ;  from  Croatia 
the  Kidpa  and  the  Drave.  The  former  passes 
under  the  walls  of  Carlstadt,  and  the  latter 
empties  itself  into  the  Danube.  All  the  tim- 
ber a^ri^•ing  at  Fiume  is  conveyed  along  the 
celebrated  Via  Ludovica,  at  a  considerable 
saving  of  expense.  Since  the  opening  of  the 
railway  from  Steinbruck  to  Sissek,  the  duties 
levied  upon  unsquared  timber  have  been  much 
lightened.  There  is  no  question  but  that  the 
absurd  custom  of  imposing  heavy  duties  upon 
articles  of  tratfic,  similar  to  that  of  timber,  has 
had  a  great  influence  upon  the  prosperity  of 
those  countries  where  it  exists  in  abundance. 
There  is  but  little  use  in  attempting  to  pre- 
serve a  forest  for  ever,  and  the  plan  most 
sensible  is  to  use  it  all  up  as  quickly  as  pos- 
sible in  the  most  remimerative  manner.  What 
would  be  the  use  of  the  most  extensive  forests 
to  us  now  in  these  days  of  iron  shipbuilding, 
or  in  any  one  of  those  numerous  instances 
where  iron  has  altogether  superseded  its  pre- 
decessor of  timber  i  Unquestionably,  if  we 
possessed  the  comparatively  enormous  tracts 
of    forest- covered    land    with    which    other 


coimtries  are  endowed,  we  should  long  since 
have  burnt  them  stjmding,  for  the  sake  of  the 
ground  they  occupy,  had  there  been  no  other 
means  of  getting  rid  of  them  \vith  the  requi- 
site degree  of  celerity. 


SKILLED    ASD    UNSKILLED 
LABOURERS. 

THERE  are  two  points  brought  out  in  the 
evidence  taken  by  the  Trades'  Union  Com- 
mission which  are  essential  to  a  thorough  com- 
prehension of  the  trade  union  question,  but 
which  have  not  received  the  attention  they  de- 
serve. The  first  of  these  is  the  proportion  borno 
by  the  skilled  artisans  engaged  in  various  trades 
to  the  unskilled  ones,  or  mere  labourers,  auxiUary 
to  those  artisans,  dependent  upon  the  continuance 
of  their  work,  rendered  destitute  when  they 
strike,  yet  not  members  of  the  union  nor  sup- 
ported by  its  funds.  The  second  is  the  compara- 
tively small  proportion  of  the  unionists  to  the 
whole  number  of  workmen  in  each  separate  trade 
or  industry.  Both  points  are  most  imp  rtant — 
the  one  as  showing  the  collateral  suffering  caused 
by  strikes  to  those  unconnected  with  them  and 
unable  to  prevent  them,  the  other  as  showing  how 
small  is  often  the  minority  which  by  its  organiza- 
tion is  enabled  to  control  the  majority. 

It  appears  from  the  evidence  of  Mr.  Maidt, 
secretary  to  the  General  Builders'  Association, 
that  the  entire  number  of  workmen  engaged  in 
the  building  trades  is  about  900,000,  classed  as 
follows  : — 

Carpenters  and  joiners    204,133 

Masons,  stonecutters,  &c 117,483 

Bricklayers 80,391 

Slaters  and  tilers 8,586 

Plasterers 20,821 

Painters,  plumbers,  and  glaziers     82,073 

Sawyers 36,264 

Lathmakera  2,083 

Quarrymen    27,067 

Brickmakers  and  clay  labourers     42,623 

621,524 

Labourers       218,695 

Total 840,219 

The  mere  labourers,  especially  if  we  include  the 
labourers  in  brickfields  who  knead  the  clay, 
amount  to  more  than  one-fourth  of  the  whole 
number.  But  of  the  621,000  who  may  be  con- 
sidered as  skilled  labourers  or  artisans,  it  appears 
that  only  90,500  are  union  men,  i.e.,  about  one- 
seventh,  the  proportion  varying  from  6  per  cent, 
among  the  biickmakers  to  30  per  cent,  among  the 
plasterers.  That  is  to  say,  putting  the  two  results 
together,  one  unionist  can  coerce  six  non-unionists, 
and  every  three  skilled  labourers  can,  according 
to  their  will,  deprive  one  unskilled  labourer  of 
bread.— Pa!!  ilia!!  Gazette. 

« 

THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  ORGAN'  BUILD- 
TSG  TRADE. 

A  CASUAL  glance  over  the  pages  of  weekly 
journalism  devoted  more  or  less  to  the  in- 
terests of  organ  building  and  church  musical 
intelligence,  will  suffice  to  show  the  unpre- 
cedented activity  of  the  organ  building  trade  at 
present,  and  during  the  past  few  years.  No  less 
than  one  hundred  and  seventy  accounts  of  large 
new  organs,  er  restorations  of  old  ones,  mostly  of 
considerable  size  and  importance,  have  been  re- 
corded week  by  week  in  a  period  of  little  more 
than  two  years  by  the  iluskal  Standard,  and 
among  these  are  rebuilds  of  several  cathedral 
organs  (Canterbury,  Ely,  and  Durham) ;  while 
many  are  instances  of  considerable  magnitude, 
either  new  or  restorations.  Such  are  St.  Mary  Red- 
cliffe,  Bristol ;  Wimborne  Minster  ;  Christchurch, 
Newgate  street,  and  others.  Scotland  and  Ire- 
land have  also  been  well  represented  in  the  history 
of  organ  building;  while  its  progress  "over  the 
border"  is  a  very  marked  feature.  Many  of  these 
undertakings  are  carried  out  by  organ  building 
firms  in  the  provinces,  some,  of  course,  un- 
familiar to  London  readers,  but  some  of  a  de- 
gree of  fame  which  will  at  least  admit  of  their 
competing  with  our  great  metropolitam  buildeis. 
— From  a  Correspotident. 

» 

The  foundation  stone  of  a  new  harbour  at 
Torquay  was  laid  last  week  by  Miss  Palk,  daughter 
of  Sir  Lawrence  Palk,  M.P.,  the  lord  of  the 
manor.   The  harbour  is  estimated  to  cost  £37,000. 


628 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


September  13,  1867. 


MODEL  DWELLING  HOUSES  IN  THE 
PARIS  EXHIBITION. 

WE  are  indebted  to  the  courtesy  of  our  con- 
temporary The  Farmer  for  the  privilege 
of  republishing  the  following  illustrated  paper  on 
model  dwellings  iu  the  Paris  Exhibition,  more 
particularly  on  the  arrangement  and  construction 
of  cottages  and  dwelling  houses  adapted  for  the 
labouring  classes.  As  the  author  of  the  paper 
remarks,  the  examples  given  are  in  many  respects 
worthy  of  adoption,  and  iu  all  are  certainly  very 
suggestive. 


I 


employment  of  a  hollow  wall,  thus — 
the  black  part  representing  the  hol- 
low, but  the  sides  or  separate  wall?, 
as  a  b,  are  themselves  hollow,  beini; 
made  of  hollow  bricks.  A  few  air 
holes  are  left  in  the  outside  wall  next 
the  back  court,  by  which  air  is  ad- 
mitted from  the  external  atmosphere  to  the  space 
between  the  walls ;  this  arrangement  being  said 
to  be  a  most  perfect  "  deadening  "  of  all  sound. 
The  water-closet  is  lighted  by  a  small  window, 
which  can  open  and  shut.  On  reference  to  the 
plan  in  fig.  1,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  cooking 
apparatus  is  placed  in  the  living  room.     This  is 


— ij 


Fic.  1. 


As,  comprising  some  of  the  most  suggestive 
hints — especially  in  connection  with  cheap  con- 
struction— the  "model  dwelling-house"  erected 
in  the  Park,  a  little  to  the  left  of  the  main 
avenue  leading  from  the  entrance  at  the  Bridge  of 
Jena,  will  occupy  our  attention  in  the  first  place. 
The  model  of  the  building,  if  the  term  is  indeed 
applicable  here,  inasmuch  as  the  building  is  full 
size,  has  been  erected  by  the  Paris  Co-operative 
Society  (Le    Societe   Co-operative   Immobiliere), 


found  to  be  better  than  placing  it  in  a  separate 
room  at  the  back,  as  being  more  in  accordance 
with  the  habits  and  customs  of  work-people.  The 
arrangement,  moreover,  economizes  space  and 
construction,  and  last,  not  least,  fuel — a  most 
important  consideration  where  fuel  is  dear,  and 
indeed  important  even  where  it  is  cheap,  for 
economy  in  all  departments  of  household  manage- 
ment is  or  ought  not  to  be  overlooked.  We 
translate  freely  the  words  of  a  French  author,  in 


■rpe! 
le  li 
ofay 

:Cti^|i 

tm 


degree  of  unhealthinesa  attaches  to  the  tile  floorl 
There  can  be  no  doubt  of  this  that  a  boardc 
floor  feels  more  comfortable,  and,  where  carpe! 
are  used,  infinitely  more  economical  than  tile 
stone  floors,  which  are  eminently  destructive  of 
coverings  put  upon  them.  But  this  objecl 
does  not  .^pply  in  the  generaUty  of  cases 
cottages,  where  carpets  are  not  used  ;  althougld 
does  apply  to  some.  The  chief  peculiarity  of  ffl 
cottages  of  the  Co-operative  Society  of  Paris,  no 
under  consideration,  is,  however,  iu  their  constru 
tion.  The  architect  avoids  the  use  of  solid  massi 
of  stone  or  brick  in  the  construction  of  the  wall 
and  employs  hollow  bricks,  these  being  used  i 
the  construction  of  walls  with  a  space  or  cavil 
between  them — the  thickness  of  the  wall  bein 
only  5in.  As  this  is  evidently  too  thin  to  bei 
the  weight  of  the  superstructure,  iron  columi: 
are  employed,  the  position  of  which  are  shown  i 
a  a  a  a  in  figs.  1  and  2.  The  floors  rest  upon  oi 
made  of  light  arches  of  hollow  bricks,  which  re 
upon  light  wrought-iron  beams.  By  this  mode 
construction,  the  whole  of  the  weight  is  taken  \ 
the  iron  columns  ;  the  walls  have  therefore  litt 
more  to  do  than  merely  to  protect  the  interii 
from  the  inclemencies  of  the  weather.  The 
hollow  walls  perform,  however,  other  importai 
offices — they  equalize  the  temperature  and  redu 
or  deaden  the  noise  which  may  arise  in  contiguoi 
apartments  or  in  the  streets.  They  equalize  tl 
temperature  as  follows  ; — the  space  between  tl 
hollow  walls  is  placed  in  communication  with  tl 
cellar  ;  the  air  is  thus  admitted  throughout  tl 
space  between  the  walls  from  the  cellar  to  t! 
garret.  The  air  in  the  cellar  being  cooler  : 
summer  and  warmer  in  winter  than  the  surroun 
ing  or  external  atmosphere,  the  temperature  in  tl 
interior  is  equalized.  This  system  of  wall  co 
struction  possesses  many  advantages,  not  only: 
the  direction  named  above,  but  in  the  economy 
construction — a  saving  of  not  far  from  a  thii 
being  effected  as  compared  with  our  usual  brii 
buildings — and  of  space,  the  difference  in  ti 
thickness  giving  a  large  number  of  cubic  feet 
space  additional.  It  remains  also  to  be  notio 
that  this  hollow  wall — in  itself  composed 
hoUbw  bricks — offers  easy  facilities  for  the  ven 
lation  of  the  interior  of  the  apartments,  the 
being  placed  in  direct  communication  with  ti 
external  air.  We  have  for  long  maintained  th 
the  question  of  improved  cottages  for  rural  di 
tricts  depends  more  upon  economy  in  constru 
tion  than  upon  any  other  consideration  ;  ai 
that,  if  we  are  to  witness  any  great  degree  of  pi 
gress  in  this  respect,  it  will  be  through  t' 
medium  of  improved  and  economical  constructio 
The  houses,  as  shown  in  figs.  1  and  2,  a 
designed  to  be  erected  in  rows,  or  in  blocks 
groups  of  four. 

As  regards  rural  districts,  we  have  to  note  ths 
in  various  departments  of  the  Exhibition,  the 
are  plans  of  buildings   possessing   charactcriati 


from  the  design,  and  under  the  superintendence 
of  M.  S.  Ferrand.     The  plans  annexed  %vill  show 
the  accommodation.  Fig.  1  is  the  "  ground'plan  " 
(plan  du  rez  de  chaussee),  in  which  d  is  the  cook- 
ing stove  in  the  corner  of  the  living  room  (salle  il 
manger) ;    e  the    privy  or   water-closet    (cabinet 
d'aisance),     and     /     the 
stairs    (I'escalier)    leading 
to  the  chambers  shown  in 
the   chamber    plan    (plan 
du  premiere  etage),  and  iu 
which  there  are  two.    We 
give  in  fig.  3  a  rough  type 
plan   of    the   cellar    plan 
(plan  dula  cave),  in  which 
(fig.  3)  a.  h  are  the  stairs 
leading  from  the  ground 
floor,     and    which    enter  i"-. -^ 

from  a  door  at  the  side  of  that  of  the  water- 
closet  e,  in  fig.  1  ;  c  is  the  cellar  room,  and  d  the 
place  of  deposit  (fosse  mobile)  from  the  water- 
closet  above.  Small  garrets  are  placed  above  the 
bedrooms,  in  the  hollow  part  of  the  roof,  this 
being  reached  by  a  movable  staircase  or  steps. 
The  staircase  is  lighted  partly  by  the  glass  light 
above  the  doorway,  and  partly  by  the  window  at 
the  back,  the  height  of  which  is  so  arranged  that 
it  lights  the  part  in  the  second  floor  as  well  as 
that  in  the  ground  floor.  The  isolation  between  the 
water-closet  and  the  living  room  is  effected  by  the 


Fic.  2. 

giving  his  adhesion  to  this  plan  of  having  the 
cooking  done  in  the  living  room  : — "  One  of  the 
chief  occupations  of  the  mother  of  the  family  is 
the  superintendence  of  the  fireplace,  the  cooking 
which  is  being  carried  on  at  it,  the  cradle  where 
lies  her  sleeping  infant,  and  the  table  at  which  the 
family  dines.  Each  of  those  objects  possesses  for 
her  a  lively  interest ;  she  loves  to  see  them 
reunited  in  one  place  ;  obliged  as  she  is  to  bestii\\ 
her  cares  at  the  same  time  to  one  or  another  u\ 
them,  she  finds  this  arrangement  of  vast  con 
veuience."  In  winter  the  cooking  stove  is  heatt.*' 
by  coal,  iu  summer  by  gas  or  charcoal.  And  \\  - 
may  here  note  that  the  use  of  gas  is  greatly  on  tin 
increase  for  cooking  purposes.  It  is  easily  applied, 
and  economical  where  the  price  does  not  exceed 
4s.  or  5s.  per  1,000  cubic  feet.  The  ventilation  i^ 
secured  by  means  of  the  chimney  of  the  stove  and 
the  windows,  which  can  be  opened  and  closed  at 
pleasure.  Much,  however,  is  to  be  done  yet 
before  ventilation  of  cottages  is  perfect.  All  the 
floors  of  the  ground  plan  are  laid  in  cement. 
Much  diversity  of  opinion  exists  on  the  subject  of 
flooring  of  cottages,  some  maintaining  that  timber 
or  boarded  floors  are  alone  to  be  depended  upon 
for  health,  others  holding  the  converse  of  this. 
Much  depends  upon  the  nature  of  tile  or  cemented 
floors ;  if  absorbent,  not  repellant,  of  the  water 
which  must  be  used  at  intervals  to  cleanse  them, 
there  can  be  no  dou  bt  that  a  very  considerable 


essentially  different  from  those  met  with  in  c 
country,  showing  quite  a  diflerent  mode 
arrangement,  and  this  brought  about  by  differ* 
modes  of  living.  Thus,  many  cottages  ■ 
adapted  not  for  the  dwellings  of  the  ni' 
labourers,  but  for  that  of  proprietor  farmers  « 
farm  the  small  holdings  which  are  so  often  c 
with  on  the  Cuutiueut,  the  buildings  possessing 
common  the  features  of  a  house  and  of  a  fa' 
steading  for  the  accommodation  o£  stock.   Of  t 


September  13,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


629 


MODEL    DWELT.TXCr    TTOUSES    IN    THE    PARIS    EXHIBITION. 


KITCHEN 


FOR. 

staJbs 


C^Q 


LARDER. 


FiQ.5. 

id  ia  the  "  workman's  cottage,"   as  it  is  called, 

Conquea  (Ande),    in    the    Domain   de  Vie,  of 

lich  M.  Cohimbier  is  the  architect.     In  fig.  4 

I  give  the  ground   plan,    in    which   a  ia    the 


two  cottages,  the  arrangement  of  each  cottage 
being  as  shown  iu  the  sketch  to  the  left.  In  6g.  9 
the  ground  plan  of  the  end  part  of  the  block  is 
given.     Fig.   10   ia   the  chamber  plan  of  central 


COURT      OR 
GARDEN 


COURT     OR 
GARDEN 


s 

I- 
5 


BED    ROOM 


LIVING 
ROOM 


LlVmc   ROOM 


n 


LIVING  ROOM 


[\\^r   .,  h=sB 


Fio.  6. 


'  ranee,  b  the  store-room,  c  the  kitchen,   some 

t.  square ;    d  the    bedroom,   7ft.   wide,    with 

■  ihing-closet   e,   4ft.   6in.    long  ;   d  d  the  court ; 

;  he  cow-house;   h  the   pig-stye;    i  the  water- 


-* 


tr 


OPEN     SPACE 


TWO    CEMTRA.     COTTAGES 


FT 


Fio.  7. 


1    ' 

Bed    The  same  remark  applies  to  the  so-called 

Tmrer's  cottage,  of  which  a  model  and  drawings 

t  exhibited  in  the  Prussian  Annexe,  and,  to  a 

ilified    extent,   to   the   Bavarian    cottages,   of 

:h  full. sized  erections  are  to  be 

-1  not  far  from  the  Prussian 
-  lexe.  The  Prussian  cottage  is 
i  eed  neither  more  nor  less  than 
a  innhouae,  and  gives  altogether 
»  erroneous  idea  of  what  it  is 
I  mded  to  convey. 

Q  fig.  5  we  give  the  plan  of  the 
'  king-raan's  cottages,  aa  erected 

'le  Mines  of  Blanzg,  in  which  a 

e  living  room,  6  the  bedioum, 

c  od,  and  d  fuel  store.     In  tig.  6 

'give  the  plan  of  working-men's 

<•■  -ages  erected  in  Belgium,  built 

ilrs,  the  arrangement  of  which 

sufficiently  explained  in  the 
d;rani.  As  a  contract  to  these, 
ij^ive  in  the  following  sketches 
♦^  plans  of  a  series  of  cottages  erected  at 
i  lops  Waltham,  in  England,  which  are  es- 
B  ted  in  the  Prussian  department  is  having  been 
d  gned  by  M.  Hoffmann,  of  Neustadt,  near 
Eitzic.  In  fig.  7  we  give  a  block  plan,  to  show 
t<  arrangement  of  the  six  cottages  of  which  the 
V'kia  composed.  Fig.  8  ia  the  ground  plan  of 
tl  central  part  of  the  block,  in  which  there  are 


part  of  block,  of  which  the  ground  plan  is  in  fig.  8. 
Fig.  11  chamber  plan  of  the  end  part  of  the 
block,  ground  plan  of  which  is  iu  fig.  8. 

In  his  elaborate  report  on  the  model  dwellings 
'  in  the  French  Exhibition,  Mr.  Edwin  Chadwick, 
)  C.B.,  draws  attention  to  a  very  interesting  expe- 
j  riment  made  in  the  matter  of  house  construction 
by  a  French  architect.  "  I  have  stated,"  says  Mr, 
Chadwick,  "  that  the  best  sanitary  construction 
of  a  house,  apart  from  any  question  of  cost,  would 
be  on  the  principle  of  the  Crystal  Palace,  only 
with  thick  slabs  of  opaque  glass,  and  with 
double  walls,  enclosing  (like  double  windows) 
a  still  air,  which  would  be  the  best  means  of 
meeting  external  variations  of  heat  and  cold,  and 
preventing  the  evils  of  the  absorption  of  moisture 
and  miasma.  The  chief  novelty  in  construction 
in  the  Exhibition  is  iu  the  model  dwelling  of  the 
Co-operative  Society  of  Paris,  made  by  Mr.  S. 
Ferrand,  the  architect,  to  some  extent  on  the 
principle  I  have  stated.  He  constructs  his  walls 
of  hollow  brick  in  this,  and  make  the  walls  double 
this.     The  thickness  of  the  double  wall  is   5in., 


Fig.  8. 
which,  of  course,  would  be  insufficient  for 
bearing  purposes.  But  the  wall  is  held 
together,  and  the  bearing  power  is  obtained 
on  what  I  have  termed  the  Crystal  Palace  prin- 
ciple, by  iron  column  beams,  and  cross-trees.  He 
claims  for  this  construction  the  advantages  of 
walls  which  are  thin,  aud  which,  therefore,  save 
space,  and  yet  are  warmer,  resist  changes   of  tem- 


Fu;.  9. 

peraturu  better,  and  are  better  non-conductors  of 
sound  than  the  common  biick  or  stone  bearing- 
avails,  .md  that  .at  a  lower  cost.  Of  the  hoilow 
brick  cottage  constructions,  with  hollow  brick 
flat  roofa   as   well  aa   walls,  in  England,  it  is  re- 


FiG.  10. 

pointed,  that,  as  anticipated,  they  are  warmer  in 
winter  and  cooler  in  summer  than  the  common 
construction  ;  whilst  of  ancient  hollow  floors  that 
are  warmed  by  hot  air  underneath  them,  it  is 
declared  that  the  warmth  derived  from  their  ex- 


PAREHTS 
EED    ROOM      I 


GIRLS      BED 
ROOM 


BOYS 
BEO    ROOM  [ 


Fi(i.  11. 
tended  surface  is  more  comfortable  than  that 
derived  from  any  other  mode  of  house  warming. 
The  principle  of  construction  has  been  applied 
iu  hospital  huts  in  hot  climates,  as  reported,  stic- 
cessfuUy.  The  hollow  of  the  double  wall  is  also 
applied  as  a  means  of  producing  a  current  of 
air  for  interior  ventilation,  the  success  of 
which  in  Mr.  Ferrand's  construction  I  had  no 
means  of  getting  tested.  Of  the  superior  quality 
of  the  wall  itself,  of  its  advantage  as  a  non-con- 
ductor of  heat  aud  of  sound  its  economy  of 
space,  and  of  the  general  advantage  of  this  iron- 
tied  construction  there  can  be  no  doubt.  If  it 
were  of  our  common  brick  construction,  the 
expense  of  a  dwelling  of  the  same  size,  constructed 
iu  the  cheapest  manner,  would  not  be  less  than 
i;i50.  The  improved  iron-tied,  double-wall, 
detached  dwelling,  might  be  constructed  in  Eng- 
land for  £110.  Moreover,  the  substitution  of  the 
Sin.  wall  for  the  common  brick  1 4in.  cottage  wall 
would  insure  a  gain  of  710  cubic  feet  of  space, 
which,  .as  such  space  is  now  alloted  in  cottages, 
would  serve  as  breathing  space  for  two  persons. 
Instead  of  facing  the  interior  wall  with  soft 
plaster  and  paper,  it  might  be  faced  with  a  light- 
coloured  Scott's  cement,  in  which  case,  at  no  great 
expense,  the  wall  would  be  washable,  and  its  sani- 
tary quality  would  be  neaily  as  perfect  as  if  it 
were  faced  with  an  improved  and  smooth  tile  sur- 
face. On  the  whole,  this  construction  is  emi- 
nently worthy  of  coasidenation,  as  being  an 
advance  iu  the  principle  of  construction,  and  as 
affording  the  best  promise  of  any  in  the  exhibi- 
tion in  connection  with  the  sanitary  improvement 
of  the  dwellings  of  the  general  population. 


630 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


September  13,  1867. 


JOTTINGS     IN     LONDON.— No.  I. 
(By  Oub  Roving  Correspondent.) 

I  MAY  consider  myself  a  wayfarer  in  Lon- 
don, for  I  am  only  a  new  comer,  and  may 
be  but  a  little  while  in  it ;  yet,  on  that  very 
account,  things  which  pall  on  the  frequent 
passer  of  the  streets,  changes  that  are  un- 
noticed, old  practices  that  are  lost  without 
being  thought  of,  tell  the  more  freshly  on  me. 
I  am  independent  in  more  ways  than  one.  I 
have  no  architects  to  patronize,  and  in  my 
want  of  acquaintance  with  the  profession  can 
make  my  note  without  thought  of  friend  or 
foe.  I  may  tread  innocently  on  a  great  man's 
toe,  but  I  can  ati'ord  to  acknowledge  merit  in 
the  young  and  unknown,  without  wanting  the 
authority  of  a  name,  or  fearing  to  justify  my 
opinions  by  facts.  The  growth  and  appear- 
ance of  London  in  the  present  day  are  indeed 
calculated  to  strike  a  stranger.  Paris  has,  it 
is  true,  attained  a  high  standard  of  monu- 
mental magnificence ;  but,  then,  all  Europe 
is  in  reconstruction,  its  great  cities — London, 
Paris,  Vienna,  Constantinople  ;  its  smaller 
cities — Manchester,  Liverpool,  Jlarseilles, 
Lyons,  Florence,  Nayjles,  Milan,  Brussels, 
even  Athens.  In  most  of  these  places  have  I 
seen  the  labourer  pulling  down,  and  the 
mason  building  up — ruins  on  the  one  side,  un- 
finished piles  on  the  other,  pointing  to  a 
future  in  which  the  comparison  is  to  be  made 
rather  than  in  the  present.  There  is  no  place 
BO  dead  that  will  not  live.  Venice,  already 
cleaned  and  furbished  up,  looks  forward  to 
new  works  and  additions  to  her  treasures — 
new  attributes  of  her  acknowledged  immor- 
tality. But  why  speak  of  Europe  in  these 
days  1  Is  Europe  a  world,  when  we  have  the 
world  now  accessible  to  us  ?  There  is  Asia, 
with  a  fringe  of  cities  on  its  western  border 
taking  new  shapes.  Beiroot,  with  boulevards 
and  a  carriage  road  which  conveys  improve- 
ment to  Damascus  ;  and  the  Europe  of  India, 
with  its  old  metropolises  and  new  capitals 
under  municipal  boards.  Africa  we  cannot 
leave  out.  Alexandria,  with  its  -wide  streets 
near  the  Place  of  Consuls,  threatens  the  Ai-ab 
town  on  one  side ;  and  on  the  other,  by 
its  short  railway,  creates  fresli  suburbs  in 
Ramleh,  or  the  sands.  Cairo,  the  city  of  what 
is  old,  touched  by  railway  magic,  may  pre- 
serve her  time-honoured  treasures,  but  must 
add  to  them  new  gifts.  Even  iu  the 
Esbekiyeh  I  saw  an  English  architect  building 
a  grand  hotel  for  an  hotel  company.  Algiers 
is  still  an  Arab  city,  but  an  Arab  city  set  in 
a  French  frame.  Cape  Town,  slow  and  slug- 
gish, having  parliamentary  government,  has 
now  its  railway,  and  in  its  Malay  quarter  a 
costly  mosque.  What  are  we  to  say  of 
America,  if  only  of  the  metropolis  being 
created  in  New  York  to  eclipse  the  old  world, 
which  to  its  Croton  aqueduct  has  added  a 
Central  Park  at  a  cost  of  £2,000,000.  It  is 
too  long  a  tale  for  now. 

Of  aU  these  places,  London  in  reconstruction 
is  not  the  meanest  sight.  As  a  whole,  and  in 
parts,  it  is  well  worthy  to  be  compared  with 
the  greatest  enterprises  of  the  day  ;  nor  does 
Paris  promise  more.  Paris  is  wonderful; 
never  yet  perhaps  has  the  world  seen  a  town 
in  such  finished  and  vast  magnificence.  No 
oriental  city  ever  compassed  so  much  of  what 
is  solid,  stately,  and  beautiful ;  nor  was  there 
ever  anything  in  antiquity.  Babylon  and 
Nineveh  we  may  not  put  forward,  for  they 
were  of  the  earth  that  returns  again  to  a  dusty 
mound.  Thebes  has  left  us  its  great  monu- 
ments, but  not  its  modest  mansions.  Ephesus, 
Athens,  nor  any  city  of  Greece,  rich  to  per- 
fection in  works  of  art,  ever  attained  any  real 
extent  as  a  town,  beyond  long  streets  of  sun- 
burnt brick  buildings.  Rome  in  its  highest 
glory  must  have  come  nearest,  with  its 
palaces,  its  temples,  and  its  islands,  but  there 
all  that  has  been  swept  away  in  Paris  was 
what  filled  up  the  mass  in  Rome.  Those  fancy 
pictures  of  Rome  restored,  where  all  is 
grandeiir  and  no  meanness,  are  the  types  of 
dreams  which  Paris  has  given  body  to. 

AVUl  Paris  retain  this  pre-eminence  1    If 


political  success  befriend  Austria,  Vienna  may 
push  her  hard.  Vienna  is,  after  London  and 
Paris,  that  place  which  is  most  of  ametrO' 
pohs,  as  much  so  as  Constantinople,  more  so 
than  St.  Petersburg.  It  is  the  only  metro- 
polis in  Germany.  The  destruction  of  the 
walls  and  the  construction  of  the  Ring  Strasse 
unite  the  old  monumental  Vienna  with  its 
suburbs  in  one  great  coherent  mass,  and  tliat 
Ring-street,  although  not  presenting  the  wind- 
ing length  of  the  Paris  boulevards,  has  what 
they  have  not — a  happy  symmetry.  In  some 
respects,  Constantinople  cannot  rival  Paris,  but 
then  she  has  featiues  of  her  own.  Those  old 
monumental  mosques  crowning  the  hills,  now, 
since  the  great  fires,  to  be  bound  together  by 
wide  streets,  will,  if  the  embankment  be 
carried  out  as  far  as  the  Palace  of  Dolma 
Bagcheh,  show  Stamboul  in  her  grand  propor- 
tions, stretching  along  the  Bosphorus,  which 
Seine  nor  Thames  cannot  vie  with. 

It  is  these  natural  features,  which  in  a 
monumental  aspect  will  show  their  mark. 
Hence,  should  all  Paris  be  embanked,  as  Lon- 
don will  be,  neither  embankments  nor  bridges 
possessing  the  same  cost  of  structure,  will  on 
the  Seine  present  the  like  magnificence  as  on 
the  Thames.  This  is  one  point  we  have  in 
the  comparison,  and  in  this  way  we  have  the 
account  to  make  out.  Our  currency  is  not 
the  same  as  tlie  French,  and  we  do  not  put 
down  the  same  pieces.  They  count  in  napo- 
leons, five-franc  pieces,  and  francs — we  in  sove- 
reigns, half-crowns,  and  shillings.  If  we  have 
not  a  gold  piece  so  large  as  they  we  miist  even 
tender  change. 

The  pulling  down  and  rebuilding  are  on  a 
vast  scale  in  London,  even  as  they  are  in  Paris, 
but  in  Paris  these  are  striking,  because  they 
are  more  in  the  midst,  though  there  are  mighty 
suburban  extensions.  Here,  in  the  heart  of 
London,  while  W'e  have  cut  many  wide  ways, 
yet  much  is  being  done  piecemeal.  When  is 
this  to  end  .'  When  this  ends  we  may  make 
our  account  with  Paris.  Paris  has  now  this 
great  advantage,  that  having  started  last  in 
the  race,  when  she  w'as  far  behind  London  in 
streets,  pavements,  lighting,  sewers,  watering, 
and  cleansing,  iu  shops,  and  setting  them 
forth,  she  starts  anew  and  afresh  with  all  our 
improvements,  and  has  the  better  of  us.  It  is 
just  as  if  one  goes  to-day  to  the  tailor's  and 
gets  him  a  new  suit ;  this  is  glossy,  bright, 
and  in  the  last  fashion,  whereas  his  friends, 
whose  older  garments  are  only  half  worn 
or  not  yet  worn  out,  no  longer  shine  by  his 
side. 

When  London  shall  have  more  of  her 
newer  part,  then  will  she  stride  nearer  to  her 
great  rival.  The  Thames  embankment  is  just 
one  of  those  features  which  wall  tell  in  this 
way.  The  Courts  of  Law,  however  arranged, 
and  the  Palace  of  Government,  are  other  great 
elements.  The  Bois  de  Boulogne  may  beat 
US  for  a  time,  if  we  do  not  choose  to  trim  up 
Greenwich  and  Blackheath,  and  Kew  and 
Richmond ;  but  we  must  not  be  ashamed  of 
coimting  our  docks,  to  which  we  have  added 
the  Victoria  and  MillwaU  Docks.  We  may 
not  perhaps  go  beyond  the  Halles  Centrales, 
but  the  New  Meat  Market  will  stand  by  it- 
self. The  Hotel  Dieu  wiUfrom  the  City  Isle 
overlook  the  Seine ;  so  will  a  smaller,  but  not 
less  well  contrived  hospital,  St.  Thomas's, 
arise  by  the  side  of  the  Thames  at  Lam- 
beth. 

Although  the  Holborn  Viaduct  goes  on,  and 
Middle-row  now  meets  its  doom,  there  will  be 
much  that  is  paltry  left  in  our  streets,  and 
our  streets  wiU  stiU  be  overcrowded  and  be  no 
fellows  to  the  boidevards,  but  this  very 
overcrowding,  this  well-fed  pulse  of  traflic,  is 
that  which  marks  the  full  blood  of  London. 
We  must  look  to  our  river  to  give  us  greater 
harmony.  How  much  more  than  a  boulevard 
— or  all  the  boulevards — is  the  silent  highway 
flowing  through  town  and  suburbs,  a  score 
miles  from  Kew  to  Woolwich.  Bridges,  em- 
bankments, dockyards,  docks,  arsenals,  tiers 
of  shipping,  such  as  our  Turkish  visitors  com- 
pared to  the  Bosphorus  and  Golden  Horn,  and 
did  not  claim  superiority.      The  groups  we 


have  and  those  which  will  arise — Westminst 
Palace  and  Abbey,  Lambeth,  the  Law  Cour 
Temple,  St.  Paul's,  the  Tower,  Greenwich 
not  seen  fi'om  quays,  but  from  the  bosom 
the  waters,  not  spick  and  span  new,  brand 
with  the  cjqoher  of  the  last  fleeting  sovereigi, 
but  teUing  their  time  honoured  chronicles 
history,  or  connected  with  institutions  dati 
back  from  the  infancy  of  our  nation.  T 
surface  alone  gives  no  sutticient  field  fur  d 
play,  nor  is  it  by  towering  monuments  ■■ 
take  our  measure ;  the  masts  and  fuunc 
lying  low  tell  in  our  reckoning,  but  none  t 
less  the  railways  and  channels  that  Ijurn 
underground.  This  is  what  we  are  now  woi 
ing  out — a  giant  task,  noble  in  its  fulfibnei 
but  which  in  its  progress  presents  none  t 
less  of  interest.  The  sketch  here  given  sho 
its  general  outline,  but  in  the  examination 
details  we  shall  have  no  such  grand  pictuK 
we  shall  deal  with  lesser  merits  and  soi 
blots.  In  examining  these  details  in  fatv 
numbers  I  shall  take  them  as  they  occur,  a 
make  my  notes,  large  or  small,  bit  by  bit, 
the  thought  of  the  day  may  bring  forth, 
referring  to  what  interests  one's  self,  t 
opportunity  wiU  ofl'er  of  communicating  : 
terest  to  others. 


NEW  WORKHOUSE  OP  ST.  MARTIN"! 
PARISH. 

SOME  time  since,  six  architects,  of  well-kno 
ability  in   the   profession,  were   invited 
the  Guardians    of   the    above    parish  to   subi 
designs  in  competition  for  the  erection  of   tl 
new   workhouse   at   Wimbledon,    to    which    : 
gentlemen  above  referred  to  consented,  upon  ' 
understanding  that  each  competitor  received  a 
of  fifty  guineas,  and  that  the  author  of  the  selec; 
design    be   appointed  to  carry  out   the  buildi 
The  designs,  all  of  which  seem  to  have  been  t. 
staHied  and   possessed    considerable    merit,  \i 
sent    on   June    4  last,  and  the  Guardians,    a. 
ha\ing   held    several  meetings,  extending  ovei 
period  of  three  months,  for  the  consideration: 
the  designs,  have  now  decided  in  favour  of 
design  by  Mr.  Cross.     The  selection  was  made 
the  4th  instant,  at  a  special  meeting  called  for  t 
purpose,  and  at  wliich  sixteen  of  the  Giiardi' 
were  present,  who  voted  in  the  usual  manner, 
name  of  the  competitor  receiving  the  fewest  V( 
being  eliminated  at    each  voting.     The  follow 
gentlemen  competed,  and  the  figures  represent  • 
number  of  votes  recorded  in  their  favour  at  e: 
separate  voting  of  the  Guardians. 
Mr.  Lee     .         .         .       4...  5...  0...  0..."     U 
Messrs.   Kendall  and 

Need  .  .  .  7...  7...  7...  6...4...0' 
Mr.  Marrable  .  .  4...  4...  4...  5....5...»' 
Mr.  Cross  .         .     10...11...  9...10...9...8 

Mr.  Burton        .         .       0...  0...  0...  0...0...0 
Mr.  Burton  (alterna- 
tive design)    .         .       3...  0...  0...  O...O...0' 
Mr.  Cotton         .         .       8...   7...  4...  3...0...0' 
Messrs.  Cotton  &  Bur- 
ton (joint  design)  .       8. ..10...  9...  9...9...7. 

Final  majority  for  Mr.  Cross     . 


OBITUARY. 

We  regret  to  have  to  announce  the  death  of  • 
William  Walker,  the  ancient  historical  engra-. 
who  expired  at  his  residence  in  Margaret-str , 
Cavendish- square,  on  Saturday  night.  Among  ' 
numerous  works  of  excellence  executed  by  the 
ceased  artist,  the  most  generally  known  are  ; 
engravings  of  the  "  Passing  of  the  Reform  B) 
the  "  Aberdeen  Cabinet,"  and  the  "  Literary  Pa 
at  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds."  The  last  mention 
work  must  have  possessed  peculiar  interest  to  ■ 
Walker,  who  had  married  the  daughter  of  S.  ■ 
Reynolds,  the  engraver  of  all  Sir  Joshua's  pictu  . 
One  of  bis  latest  productions.  "  The  Distinguis  1 
Men  of  Science,"  the  engraving  of  which  occuj  ■ 
him  during  six  years,  and  coat  him  nearly  £5, ' 
before  bringing  any  return,  is  one  that  must' 
famiUar  to  our  readers  as  a  remarkable  specin 
of  that  branch  of  art. 


Toulouse  Cathedi-al  is  to  be  repaired  by  mt 
of  a  lottery,  tickets  24  francs  each,  giving  ai 
vestor  the  chance  of  winning  £4,000. 


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September  13,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


635 


PROPOSED  DESIGNS   FOR  THE  KEW 
LAAV  COURTS. 

TTTE  give  this  week  a  double  page  illus- 
YV  tration  of  the  iaterior  hall  for  the 
proposed  New  Law  Courts,  as  designed  by 
Mr.  Street.  One  reason  why  we  have  given 
this  at  the  present  time  is,  that  the  plans  ot 
Mr.  Street  and  Mr.  Barry  a  short  time  since 
were  reported  to  be  selected.  It  was  said, 
and  circidated  extensively  in  the  newspapers, 
that  Mr.  Barry's  plans  and  Mr.  Street's  archi- 
tecture were  considered  to  be  the  best  lor  the 
intended  purpose.  AVe  have,  however,  heard 
no  confirmation  of  the  report,  and  are  in- 
clined to  believe  that  it  is  only  true  in  a  cer- 
tain sense.  No  doubt  it  was  the  opinion  of 
Messrs.  Shaw  and  Pownall  ;  but  has  that 
opinion  been  confinued  by  the  judges  I  At 
all  events,  it  was  given  before  the  report  of 
Mr.  Gardiner,  the  Government  surveyor,  was 
made,  and  we  can  scarcely  see  how  a  final 
adjudication  could  have  been  come  to 
without  sucli  an  important  element  of  evi- 
dence. In  fact,  notliing  is  known  for  certain 
at  the  present  moment.  Public  writers 
therefore  had  better  suspend  their  judgment 
before  they  pen  indignation  articles  and 
endeavour  to  write  up  the  designs  of  any  ol 
I  the  competing  architects.  We  are  induced 
to  think  that  the  matter  will  come  to  some- 
thing like  a  deadlock  ;  and,  if  so,  we  may 
I  look  out  for  another  competition.  At  all 
'  events,  the  Treasury  are  in  no  hurry,  and  no- 
thing wDl  be  lost  by  all  interested  exercising 
a  little  patience  over  the  matter. 


GRINLIN  GIBBONS. 

AS  illustrating  his  extraordinary  talent  as 
a  carver  in  wood,  it  is  related  of  Grinlin 
Gibbons  that  he  once  executed  a  basket  of 
flowers  and  foliage  as  a  sign  for  a  shop  in  Lud- 
gate  of  such  delicate  workmanship  that  they 
fluttered  with  every  breath  of  wind.  Whether 
the  story  be  true  or  not  is  of  little  conse- 
quence. He  has  left  behind  him  abundant 
evidence  of  his  great  genius  in  this  particular 
line,  in  which  he  stands  first,  and,  in  some  re- 
spects, alone.  Of  his  personal  history,  very 
little  is  known  of  tins  remarkable  man.  We 
know  that  he  was  born  of  Dutch  parents  in 
Spui'-alley,  in  the  Strand,  that  he  lived  for 
some  time  in  Belle  Sauvage-court,  then  on 
the  « est  side  of  Bow-street,  at  the  corner  of 
King-street,  and  died  in  the  year  1721,  and 
that  is  all  we  do  know.  The  ornamentation 
on  the  pedestal  of  Le  Sueur's  statue  of  Charles  I., 
at  Charing  Cross  (re-erected  in  1678),  and  of 
James  II.,  at  Whitehall,  erected  in  the  same 
year,  is  the  work  of  Gibbons,  who,  by  the 
way,  is  also  said  to  have  carved  the  gilt  cock  in 
front  of  the  well-known  tavern  of  that  name 
in  Fleet-street.  These,  however,  are  among 
the  minor  feats  of  his  cunning  hand — the 
lighter  ett'orts  of  his  genius.  He  owes  his 
great  reputation  to  the  marvellous  foliated 
scroll-work  with  which  he  has  enriched  so 
many  of  our  public  churches  and  private  man- 
sions. "  This  peculiar  description  of  light  in- 
terlacing scroll  work,"  remarks  Mr.  W.  G. 
Rogers,  the  eminent  carver,  of  Greek-street, 
Soho,  in  a  paper  delivered  at  a  recent  meet- 
ing of  the  Institute  of  Architects,  "  was  origi- 
nated by  Gibbons,  and  is  to  be  met  with  in  most 
of  hifl  important  works.  It  died  out  with 
him,  and  no  one  has  successfully  attempted  to 
carry  it  on  since  his  time."  In  this  paper 
Mr.  Rogers  gives  the  residt  of  an  examination 
of  a  number  of  Gibbons'  carvings  in  dift'erent 
public  buUdings  and  private  mansions  which 
he  has  visited,  with  a  view  to  their  restoration 
and  preservation.  It  is  a  fact  to  be  stated 
with  regret  that  many  of  the  most  exquisite 
examples  of  his  work  to  be  met  with  are  in 
such  an  utter  state  of  decay  that  unless  some- 
thing be  done  to  preserve  them  there  wUl 
shortly  be  nothing  left  to  bear  witness  to 
the  genius  of  Grinlin  Gibbons.  Where  his 
carvings  are  not  being  destroyed  by  the  ra- 
vages of  the  worm,  they  are  being  ruined  by 


the  hand  of  the  "  house  painter  and  deco- 
rator." Take  those  at  Cashiobury  as  an  in- 
stance.    "  Having  heard,"  says  Mr.  Rogers, 

Of  sundry  c.arviiifpi  at  Cashiobmy,  and  havius; 
obtained  perinissiou  to  sco  them,  I  found  i-ooni 
after  room  covered  with  the  finest  of  Giblions' 
work — dead  ^ame,  wild  tlowors,  scndls,  live  liirds  in 
the  softest  plumage,  masses  of  fruit  entwined  witli 
delieate  tendrils — all  as  pure  as  when  the  carver  left 
them.  1  was  well  satisfied  with  my  day's  work  of 
inspection,  presuming:  on  another  pilgrimage  to  this 
wonderful  display  of  Gibbons'  work  ;  but  it  wa-s 
not  until  November,  1860,  that  I  was  able  to  make 
a  second  visit  to  Cashiobury,  after  a  lapse  of  more 
than  thirty  years,  when  1  found  that  all  this  chaiin. 
in^^  work  had  been  covered  over,  and  loaded  with  a 
thick  brown  paint  and  heavy  varnish  ;  all  the  deli- 
cate feathering  of  the  birds  and  veining  of  the 
leafage  were  effaced,  smothered  up  and  had 
vanished  :  and  what  repairs  had  been  made,  were 
wrought  in  plaster  or  a  composition.  1  could  not 
conceal  my  mortiHcation  and  regret  at  the  groat 
mischief  which  had  been  done.  Examining  a  flower 
about  the  size  of  an  orange,  1  found  it  was  nothing 
but  a  skin  of  dust,  with  just  enough  fibre  left  to 
save  it  from  collapsing  in  the  handling. 

The  fine  ceiling  and  fittings  of  the 
chapel  of  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  "  wrought 
in  costly,  richly,  sweet-scented  cedar,"  is 
now  covered  over,  we  are  told,  "with 
a  dirty,  undrying  oil."  Over  the  marble 
chimney-piece  in  the  great  hall  at  Kirk- 
lington  Park,  near  Oxford,  is  a  panel 
five  or  six  feet  square,  in  the  best  style  of  the 
master.  It  is  nearly  in  its  virgin  state,  and 
quite  capable  of  being  recovered  and  brought 
back  from  its  present  dark  condition  to  the 
rich  golden  tone  of  the  carvings  in  the  Cedar 
Chapel  at  Chatsworth.  On  the  grand  stair- 
case, in  a  rather  dark  corner,  high  up,  is  a 
second  Gibbons  panel,  the  subject  of  which  is 
a  basket  of  flowers  and  fruit,  with  side  pen- 
dants, covering  a  space  of  about  5ft.  by  4ft. 
These  two  panels  are  the  largest  and  finest 
Mr.  Rogers  has  yet  seen.  At  Lyme  Hall, 
near  Disley,  tliere  is  a  considerable  amount  of 
Gibbons  work  scattered  over  the  rooms,  the 
great  hall  and  staircase,  and  Mr.  Rogers 
thinks  that  though  Gibbons'  name  may  not 
appear  in  the  records  of  the  great  works  at 
Chatworth,  "  nevertheless,  this  was  his  school, 
and  there  he  educated  his  workmen,  who 
partook  of  his  inspiration."  Windsor  Castle, 
St.  James's  Palace,  Hampton  Court,  Burleigh, 
and  Petworth  also  contain  fine  examples  of 
wood  work  by  the  same  master  hand  — 
in  no  better  condition,  it  is  to  Ije 
feared,  than  the  rest.  In  speaking  of 
the  metropolis,  5Ir.  Rogers  remarks  that  the 
upper .  part  of  the  reredos  at  St.  James's, 
Piccadliy,  is  a  most  marvellous  specimen.  It 
was  injured  during  the  past  century  by  a 
ladder  faUing  against  it,  and  has  been  par- 
tially mended  by  bands  of  wire.  Again,  the 
reredos  in  the  church  of  St.  Nicholas,  Ab- 
church-lane,  is  one  of  the  richest  in  any  of  the 
City  churches  Large  masses  of  festoons  and 
pendants  of  fruit  and  (lowers  cover  the  whole 
width  of  the  wall  up  to  the  cornice.  This 
has  been  painted  over  in  the  same  way  as  the 
carved  work  at  St.  James's.  The  horizontal 
bands  on  the  great  organ  in  St.  Paul's 
Cathedral  are  the  perfection  of  this  character 
of  foliated  scroU  work.  The  carving  in  St. 
Paul's,  it  is  satisfactory  to  know,  is  an  excep- 
tion to  that  in  most  other  places.  It  has  es- 
caped the  ravages  of  the  insect,  and  is  in 
excellent  condition.  As  to  the  preservation  of 
wood  carving,  the  experience  of  Mr.  Rogers 
is  valuable.  'To  that  gentleman  was  entrusted 
the  restoration  of  the  very  fine  wood  work,  by 
Gibbons,  at  Belton  House,  the  seat  of  the  Earl 
of  Brownlow : — 

The  whole  of  the  works  were  in  a  serious  state  of 
decay,  portions  being  completely  honeycombed  by 
the  worm.  In  order  to  destroy  or  prevent  any 
future  development  of  the  insect  mthin  the  wood, 
Mr.  Rogers  caused  the  whole  to  be  saturated  with  a 
strong  solution  of  corrosive  sublimate  (chloride  of 
mercui-y)  in  water.  The  coloiar  of  the  wood,  how- 
ever, suffered  so  seriously  by  the  action  of  the 
mercury  that  it  was  found  necessary  to  adopt  some 
means  of  restoring  the  original  tint.  This  was 
effected  by  ammonia  in  the  first  instance,  and  sub. 
sequently  by  a  slight  treatment  with  muriatic  .acid. 
After  this  the  interior  of  the  wood  was  injected 


with  vegetable  gum  and  gelatine,  in  order  to  fill  up 
the  worm  holes,  and  strengthen  the  fabric  of  the 
cai'viugs.  A  varnish  of  resin,  dissolved  in  spirits  of 
wine,  was  afterw.ards  spread  on  tho  surface,  and 
then  tho  dismembered  pieces  were  put  together  in 
confornnty  with  tho  photographs  t.aken  as  records 
prior  to  the  work  of  restoration  having  been  com. 
inenced. 

Twelve  years  have  elapsed  since  this  re- 
storation was  elfected,  and,  on  recent  examina- 
tion, not  a  single  worm  was  to  be  found  in 
the  carvings.  Cedar  appears  to  be  least  sus- 
ceptible to  the  ravages  of  insects,  and  lime 
wood  the  most  susceptible.  All  jiaint,  Mr. 
Rogers  considers,  is  fatal  to  the  preservation 
of  wood  carvings.  In  the  course  of  an  in- 
teresting discussion  which  followed  the  read- 
ing of  the  paper,  Mr.  Rogers,  in  answer  to  a 
question  as  to  the  best  means  of  restoring  old 
carvings  which  have  been  painted  over,  re- 
markeil  that  it  was  not  possible  to  scour  and 
wash  the  paint  olf  in  the  ordinary  way  : — 

In  order  to  remove  the  paint  it  must  be  eaten 
off  ;  and  for  that  purpose  he  made  a  trough  barge 
enough  to  hold  the  caiwing,  and  to  admit  of  its 
being  covered  over  with  sawdust,  which  would  be 
saturated  with  an  alkaline  solution  of  a  strength 
varying  according  to  the  circumstances  of  the 
carving  to  be  treated.  By  allowing  it  to  remain  in 
that  state  for  a  few  days  the  whole  of  the  paint 
would  be  eaten  off.  That  was  the  only  method  of 
treatment  he  was  awai'o  of  without  the  risk  of 
breaking.  With  reference  to  the  restoration  of 
carvings  which  had  not  been  painted,  but  had 
become  blackened,  in  such  cases  scouring  must  bo 
resorted  to  ;  but  it  required  to  be  done  by  the 
careful  hand  of  an  experienced  man.  They  knew 
that  scouring  either  with  strong  or  weak  .alkali  or 
ammonia  would  raise  the  grain  of  the  wood  ;  uer 
could  they  sandpaper  it  over,  to  get  the  raised 
grain  of  the  wood  off :  but  a  number  of  little  tools 
were  requh-ed,  the  ends  of  which  were  dipped  into 
a  little  glue,  to  which  powdered  glass  would  alEx 
itself,  and  thus  make  a  sand  paper  at  the  end  of  the 
stick.  In  that  way  the  biurs  which  were  formed 
upon  the  wood  by  moistm-e  could  be  removed  from 
the  delicate  parts  of  tho  carving  ;  but  this  likewise 
required  to  be  done  by  an  experienced  hand.  That 
w.as  the  method  ho  had  adopted  at  Chatsworth  and 
elsewhere. 

It  may  be  useful  to  add,  for  the  benefit  of 
tliose  who  feel  a  special  interest  in  Gibbons 
and  his  carvings,  that  Mr.  Rogers  purposes  to 
extend  his  inquiries,  and  he  will  be  glad,  as 
he  informs  us,  to  receive  any  information  re- 
specting the  existence  of  Gibbons'  work  in 
churches  and  private  mansions,  and  ■will  in- 
spect it,  if  at  all  within  the  range  of  his  pro- 
posed journeys. 

TECHNICAL  EDUCATION. 

FROM  every  point  ot  the  compass  we  hear  that 
England  is  gradually  being  left  behind  in  the 
application  of  the  arts  aad  sciences  to  industry, 
and  the  chief  reason  specified  is  our  great  want  of 
technical  education.  The  Paris  Exhibition  has 
taught  this  important  lesson,  and  we  are  glad  to 
see  that  many  amongst  us  are  not  slow  to  profit 
by  it.  We  see  by  a  pamphlet  that  has  been  sent 
us  by  George  Henry  and  Arthur  Nussey,  of 
Leeds,  that  it  is  proposed  that  a  technical  institu- 
tion should  be  at  once  formed  for  Leeds  and  dis- 
trict. These  gentlemen  attribute  the  growth  of 
taste  on  the  Continent  to  the  great  attention  that 
has  been  paid  to  the  scientific  improvements  re- 
lating to  various  manufactures,  and  the  sound 
system  of  technical  education  for  workpeople  and 
employers  that  has  been  establLshed  by  the 
governments  of  continental  states.  Schools  for 
the  training  of  young  manufacturers  and  .artizans 
have  been  founded  in  all  the  principal  manufac- 
turing cities.  The  sons  of  the  principal  manu- 
facturers, after  being  educated  in  one  of  these 
schools,  are  often  sent  to  England,  to  acquire 
as  much  practical  information  as  possible. 

The  following  extract  from  a  French  report 
shows  the  cause  of  superiority  of  French  designs 
and  manufactures.  Speaking  of  Lyons  silks,  the 
report  says  : — "The  manufacturers  are  obUgedto 
\-isit  England  to  buy  most  of  their  raw  material, 
which  is  sent  there  direct  from  India  and  China. 
This  superiority  is,  therefore,  principally  due  to 
the  inventive  genius  of  the  designers.  They  have 
all  been  educated  at  the  School  of  Fme  Arts,  and 
manufactories  where  they  are  taught  to  weave,  to 


636 


THE  BUILDINa  NEWS. 


September  13,  1867. 


design,  and  to  paint  flowers.  In  most  firms 
there  are  two  partners,  one  of  whom  is  an  artist 
who  has  studied  in  the  School."  The  following 
extract  from  a  report  shows  the  success  of  Mul- 
house : — "  The  Chamber  of  Commerce  has  opened 
a  museum  of  the  products  of  all  the  principal 
manufacturing  nations  m  the  world,  and  has  also 
established  a  School  of  Art,  Designing,  and 
Weaving,  in  order  to  instruct  the  workmen  and 
young  manufacturers  in  the  scientific  and  art  in- 
struction necessary  for  their  business." 

This  pamphlet  of  the  Messrs.  Nussey  contains 
a  programme  for  a  complete  school  of  art  and 
technical  education,  which  should  embrace  all  the 
trades  of  the  district,  and  be  a  centre  of  manu- 
facturing instruction  for  the  north  of  England. 
The  school  should  include  the  following  studies  : — 

Specialty  No.  1.  Mechanical  Engineering  in  all 
Branches.  Principles  and  Coi.struction  of  Ord- 
nance and  Smallarms.     Free  lectures. 

Specialty  No.  2.  Spinning,  Weaving,  Finishing, 
and  Dyeing  of  Woollen  and  Worsted  Fabrics. 
Free  lectures. 

Specialty  No.  3.  A  School  of  Weaving  and  De- 
signing.    Free  lectures. 

Specialty  No.  4.  Spinning,  Weaving,  Finishing, 
and  Designing  Linen  Fabrics.     Free  lectures. 

Specialty  No.  5.  Manufacture,  Finishing,  Dye- 
ing, and  Designing  of  Leather.     Free  lectures. 

Specialty  No.  6.  Mining,  Metallurgy,  Potteries, 
Brick  Making,  and  Stone  (Jetting.  Free  lec- 
tures. 

Specialty  No.  7.  Building,  Contracting,  and 
Furniture  Trades.     Free  lectures. 

Specialty  No.  8.  A  School  of  Art  and  Design. 
Free  lectures. 

The  "specialty"  relating  to  the  building,  con- 
tracting, and  furniture  trades  should  include  ; 
"  Mechanical  and  architectural  drawing,  modelling, 
freehand  drawing;  arrangement,  construction, 
and  decoration  of  buildings  ;  designs  for  hou.ses, 
cottages,  factories,  forges,  tanneries,  &c. ;  con- 
struction of  staircases,  window  frames,  floors, 
roofs;  building  bridges,  embankments,  walls, 
roads,  tramways,  railways,  reservoirs ;  cranes, 
scaffolding,  &c.  Designs  for  rooms,  offices, 
theatres,  public  buildings.  Measurement  of  solids 
and  hquids ;  models  of  various  shapes  of  stones  ; 
construction  of  all  sorts  of  furniture  ;  cloths  and 
woods  to  be  used  ;  nature  of  diiierent  woods  ;  de- 
signs for  furniture  ;  flower  paiutiug ;  carving  and 
gilding  ;  mixing  of  various  colours,  varnishes,  &.C.  ; 
plumbing  and  glazing ;  heating  and  ventilation ; 
flraining  and  plastering.  Best  situation  for  build- 
ings ;  study  of  eHeet ;  situation  ;  contrast  with 
surrounding  buildings  and  objects ;  gardens, 
grounds.  Bookkeepmg.  Woodworking  machi- 
nery in  all  branches ;  carving,  polishing,  and 
finishing  ;  supply  and  nature  of  various  stones, 
cements,  &c." 

It  will  be  seen,  from  what  we  have  said,  that 
the  authors  of  this  pamphlet  contemplate  a  great 
enterprize,  but  not  too  great  for  the  wealth,  the 
intelligence,  and  the  energy  of  the  Leeds  dis- 
trict. Whether  an  institution  on  so  vast  a  scale 
as  the  one  suggested  will  be  embodied  or  not  we 
of  course  cannot  say,  but  it  is  painfully  evident 
that  something  must  be  done  in  this  way  and  that 
Boon. 

Since  the  above  was  written  we  have  seen  a 
report  of  a  special  meeting  of  the  Central  Council 
of  the  Yorkshire  Union  of  Mechanics'  Institu- 
tions, over  which  Mr.  E.  Baines,  M.P.,  presided, 
■when  it  was  resolved  to  institute  an  inquiiy  into 
the  present  means  for  the  promotion  of  technical 
education  in  Yorkshire,  and  what  measures  are  re- 
quired to  extend  those  means  for  the  benefit  of 
foremen  of  manufacturing  establishments,  as  well 
as  the  more  rudimentary  scientific  education  of 
artizans.  Mr.  H.  H.  Sales  was  appointed  to  con- 
duct the  inquiry. 

♦ 

MANCHESTER     TOWN     HALL     COMPE- 
TITION. 

THIS  competition,  which  has  from  the  first  ex- 
cited considerable  interest,  has  now  pro- 
duced considerable  dissatisfaction.  We  have  re- 
ceived several  letters  on  the  subject,  one  of 
which  we  give  in  full  in  another  page.  As  we 
have  not  space  for  all  the  cori  espondence,  we  must 
content  ourselves  by  giving  portions  of  it. 
Several  correspondents  pass  uncomplimentary 
remarks  on  the  referee  from  London  whom  the 
committee  appealed  to  for  advice.  One  corre- 
spondent says,  "  The  value  of  anonymous  compe- 
tition has  been  clearly  shown  at  Manchester,  when. 
Out  of  127  competitors,  four  out  of  the  eight 
ehosen  are  Manchester  men."     No  fault  finding  is 


likely  to  alter  the  decision.  We  prefer  to  deal 
with  the  future  rather  than  the  past.  Hence  we 
make  room  for  the  following  ; — 

SiK, — Permit  us,  through  your  columns,  to 
suggest  the  publication  of  the  mottoes,  if  not  the 
names  of  the  authors,  of  the  designs  which  were 
reported  on  by  the  town  architect  in  the  above 
competition.  To  the  many  who  are  among  the 
unsuccessful  it  would  be  a  great  satisfaction  to 
know  if  they  were  included  in  the  thirty-five  who 
were  thought  worthy  of  a  careful  consideration 
by  the  committee,  and  also  if  their  designs  were 
among  the  twelve  selected  for  a  final  examination, 
and  ultimately  reduced  to  the  ten  who  are 
privileged  to  compete  again  for  the  great  prize. 
If  the  committee  would  favour  us  with  a  brief 
outline  of  the  different  stages  of  the  competition, 
and  give  the  mottoes  of  the  designs  as  they  were 
weeded  out,  they  would,  we  feel  sure,  receive 
the  thanks  of  a  hundred  and  twenty  of  our  pro- 
fessional brethren,  who,  like  ourselves,  haveburned 
the  midnight  oil  for  four  months  for  the  melan- 
choly satisfaction  of  signing  themseves,  as  we  do, 
Unsuccessful  Competitors. 

September  10,  1867. 

The  following  suggestion  is  also  worthy  of  con- 
sideration of  the  Town  Council  : — ■ 

Sir, — From  the  account  published  of  the  Man- 
chester Town-hall  competition,  I  see  that  the 
sub-committee  selected  fifteen  designs  for  the 
final  competition,  four  of  which  Mr.  Godwin  over- 
threw when  he  came  to  inspect  the  drawings. 
Would  it  not  be  well,  either  for  the  Corporation 
to  invite  the  four  architects  so  disappomted  to 
send  in  their  designs  perfected,  in  the  final  com- 
petition, without  being  paid  a  premium ;  or  for 
Mr.  Godwin  to  forthwith  publish  his  reasons  for 
his  selection,  in  order  that  the  other  competitors, 
and  the  public,  may  see  whether  he  was  justified 
in  his  decision  or  not  ?  If  something  of  this 
kind  is  not  done,  the  competitors  will  imagine 
that  the  final  decision  w.as  arrived  at  by  some  pro- 
cess similar  to  putting  the  mottoes  mto  a  hat  and 
classifying  them  according  to  the  order  in  which 
they  may  have  chanced  to  fall  out. — I  am,  &c., 

JUSTlTIi. 

The  following  circular  has  been  addressed  to  the 
competing  architects  for  the  new  Town  Hall.  In 
the  interest  of  art  education  we  hope  the  compe-- 
titers  will  consent  to  the  exhibition. 

Town   Hall,  Manchester, 

9th  September,  18G7. 
Sm, — You  will  no  doubt  have  observed  in  the 
papers  that  the  plans  or  designs  sent  in  for  the 
new  town  hall,  with  the  following  mottoes  or 
devices,  have  been  selected  for  the  second  or  final 
competition,  viz. ; — 

"  ST.  MICHAEL." 
"RING  OUT  THE  OLD,  RING  IN  THE  NEW." 

o 

"  TIME  TRYETH  TRUTH." 
"  POLYANTHUS," 
"  MUNICIPAL." 
"  (THREE  HEBREW  CHARACTERS.)" 
"  AU  BON  DROIT." 
Considerable  anxiety  having  been  expressed  on 
the  part  of  the  public  to  see  the  competing  plans, 
I  have,  at  the  request  of  the  new  Town  Hall  Com- 
mittee of   the  Council,  to   ask  you  to  inform  me 
during  the  present  week  whether  you  are  willing 
that  your   plans  should,  with   or  without   your 
name  being  attached  thereto,  be  for  fourteen  days 
publicly  exhibited. 

I  need  hardly  say  that  it  is  not  proposed  to 
exhibit  the  designs  selected  for  the  second  com- 
petition, and  unless  a  large  proportion  of  the 
architects  intimate  their  desire  to  have  the  plans 
exhibited,  no  public  exhibition  will  take  place. — 
I  am  Sir,  yours  most  obediently, 

Robert  Neill,  Mayor. 


CAVE  DISCOVERIES  AT  GIBRALTAR. 

AT  a  meeting  of  the  British  Association,  Mr. 
Busk,  F.R.S.,  read  a  paper  from  Captain 
F.  Brome  on  some  recent  discoveries  in  the  caves 
of  Gibraltar.  The  exploration  of  one  of  these 
caves  (at  one  time  a  sea  cave,  but  now  upwards 
of  700ft.  above  the  level  of  the  Mediterranean), 
resulted  in  a  discovery,  at  a  depth  of  from  Oft. 
to  3ft.,  of  a  nalagmite  floor  of  varying  thickness, 
and  subsequently  of  the  following  articles  ; — Two 
portions  of  a  human  jaw,  two  bushels  of  bones  of 
oxen,  goats,  sheep,  rabbits,  Ac,  several  bones  of 
birds  and  fish,  two  bushels  of  broken  pottery  of 
the  richest  kind  or  unwashed,  and  57  pieces 
ornamented,  CI  handles  of    pots,    stone   axes,  7 


flint  knives,  1  flint  cone,  flint  chips,  several  pieces 
of  worked  bone,  three  guerns,  a  portion  of  an 
armlet  and  anklet,  sea  shells,  and  a  few  land  shells 
and  rounded  pebbles.  In  a  small  chamber  on 
the  north  side  there  were  found  two  ancient 
swords,  both  much  injured.  On  a  subsequent 
excavation  there  was  found  a  small  enamelled 
copper-plate,  which  appeared  to  have  upon  ita 
design  of  a  bird,  with  its  bill  open,  in  the  coils 
of  a  serpent.  Upon  a  sketch  of  this  plate  being 
shown  to  Mr.  Franks,  of  the  British  Museum, 
that  gentleman,  without  giving  a  positive  opinion, 
stated  that  it  was  provable  that  both  it  and  the 
swords  belonged  to  the  eleventh  or  twelfth  cen- 
turies. In  some  of  the  other  caves  similar  dis- 
coveries have  been  made,  and  the  investigation 
was  being  prosecuted.  Captain  Brome  heldthat 
it  was  a  fact  nearly,  if  not  quite,  established 
that  the  Gibraltar  caves  were  tenanted  by  a  race 
having  uniform  habits  of  living,  and  suggested 
that  some  convulsion  h.ad  dispersed  the  human 
remains  and  articles  (which  were  all  found  in  a 
fractured  state)  round  the  sides  of  the  caves.  He 
had  found  one  of  the  caves  stretching  away  into 
others  not  formerly  known  of,  and  one  of  these 
appeared  to  sink  in  water,  thus  giving  the  hope 
that  Gibraltar  might  find  in  them  an  internal 
reservoir. 


A  PLEA  EOR  BEAUTIFUL  CHURCHES. 

THE  Bishop  of  Cork,  in  the  course  of  an  ad- 
dress at  the  opening  of  a  new  church  in  his 
diocese  the  other  day,  made  use  of  the  following 
remarks  :— I  feel  personally,  of  course,  as  bLshop, 
very  much  gratified  at  what  I  see,  and  I  am  very 
glad  that  this  pleasing  specimen  of  architecture  is 
by  one  of  our  own  communion,  and  an  architect  of 
our  0  wn  town.  The  Almighty  Creator  himself,  we 
may  say  without  irreverence,  delights  in  beauty. 
All  the  forms  of  nature  are  beautiful.  The  shape  of 
the  heavens  is  beautiful ;  the  midnight  sky  is 
beautiful ;  the  moon  walking  in  her  brightness  is 
beautiful ;  the  sun  rises  and  sets  in  beauty  ;  all 
creation  is  formed  in  beauty ;  and,  my  Christian 
friends,  there  is  no  reason  why  we  should  not  use 
beautifuf  forms  too.  What  is  architecture  ?  No- 
thing but  the  beauty  of  order,  the  beauty  of  shape, 
the  beauty  of  size,  the  beauty  of  proportion. 
What  is  music  ?  Nothing  but  the  beauty  of  sound. 
What  is  painting !  The  beauty  of  colour.  What 
is  oratory  ?  The  beauty  of  speech.  What  are  the 
higher  sciences  ?  The  beauty  of  reason.  It  is 
contrary  to  God's  design,  and  contrary  to  our 
nature,  that  we  should  not  make  use  of  those 
things  that  God  seems  to  delight  in.  Any  new 
church  erected  in  the  united  diocese  must  be  sub- 
mitted to  me  before  it  can  be  opened  for  divine 
service,  and  I  would  cut  ofl'  my  right  arm  before  I 
would  sanction  anything  that  would  lessen  the 
benefits  to  be  conferred  upon  the  people  com- 
mitted to  our  ministers'  charge  ;  but  if  we  desire 
to  have,  as  we  have,  our  houses  not  only  sufficient 
to  protect  us  from  the  weather  and  convenient, 
but  well  furnished  in  every  part,  and  beautifully 
arranged,  are  we  to  except  the  house  of  God  !  If 
we  could  build  a  house  to  God  with  stupendous 
architecture,  we  ought  to  do  so — with  the  loveliest 
shapes,  and  forms,  and  colours.  I  would  I  could 
have  all  our  churches  beautiful,  and  I  would 
I  could  have  in  them  all  beauty  of  sound.  The 
house  is  for  God's  honour  and  the  benefit  of  His 
people  ;  and  the  pleasant  sounds  uttered  in  it— 
whether  formed  by  instruments,  or  that  moat 
exquisite  of  all  instruments,  the  human  tongue- 
are  dedicated  to  the  service  of  God.  I  think  it 
exceedingly  desirable  that  we  should  have  such 
churches  as  this. 


PREPARATION  OP  WHITEWASH. 

WHITEWASH  is  one  of  the  most  valuably 
articles  in  the  world  when  properly  ap- 
phed.  It  not  only,  says  an  American  contem- 
porary, prevents  the  decay  of  wood,  but  conduces 
greatly  to  the  healthiness  of  all  buildings,  whether 
of  wood  or  stone.  Out-buildings  and  fences,  when 
not  painted,  should  be  supplied  once  or  twice 
every  year  with  a  good  coac  of  whitewash,  which 
should  be  prepared  in  the  following  way  :— Take 
a  clean  water-tight  barrel,  or  other  suitable  cask, 
and  put  into  it  h.alf  a  bushel  of  lime.  Slake  it  by 
pouring  water  over  it,  boiling  hot.  and  in  sufficient 
quantity  to  cover  it  Sin.  deep,  and  stir  it  briskly 
till  thoroughly  slaked.  When  the  slaking  has  been 
thoroughly  ettected,  dissolve  it  in  water,  and  add 
21bs.  of  sulphate  of  zinc  and  lib.  of  common  salt : 
these  will  cause  the  wash  to  harden  and  prevent 
its  cracking,  which  gives  an  unseemly  appearance 


September  13.  IS 67. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


637 


to  the  work.  If  desirable,  a  beautiful  cream 
colour  may  be  communicated  to  the  above  wash, 
by  adding  31bs.  of  yellow  ochre  ;  or  a  good  pearl 
or  lead  colour,  by  the  addition  of  lamp,  vine,  or 
ivorj'  black.  For  fawn  colour,  add  ilbs.  of  umber 
— Turkish  or  American,  the  latter  is  the  cheapest 
— lib.  of  Indian  red,  and  lib.  of  common  lamp 
black.  For  common  stone  colour,  add  41bs.  of 
raw  umber,  and  2lb.s.  of  lamp  black.  This  wa.sh 
may  be  applied  with  a  common  whitewash  brush, 
and  will  be  found  much  superior  both  in  appear- 
ance and  durability  to  the  common  whitewash. 


NEW    CEMENT     AND     BUILDING 
MATERIAL. 

IN  a  communication  to  the  French  Academy 
of  Sciences,  M.  Sorel  describes  a  new  cement, 
being  a  basic  hydrated  oxychloride  of  magnesium. 
It  is  obtained  by  slacking  magnesia  with  a  solu- 
tion of  chloride  of  magnesium  in  a  more  or  less 
concentrated  state.  The  denser  the  solution  the 
harder  it  becomes  on  drying.  This  magnesium 
cement  is  the  whitest  and  hardest  of  all  those 
known  to  this  day,  and  it  can  be  moulded  like 
plaster,  in  which  case  the  cast  acquires  the  hard- 
ness of  marble.  It  will  take  any  colour,  and  has 
been  used  by  the  inventor  for  mosaics,  imitations 
of  ivory,  billiard  balls,  etc.  The  new  cement  pos- 
sesses the  agglutinative  property  in  the  highest 
degree,  so  that  solid  masses  may  be  made  with  it 
at  a  very  low  cost,  by  mixing  it  up  on  a  large 
scale  with  substances  of  little  value.  One  part  of 
magnesia  may  be  incorporated  with  upwards  of 
twenty  parts  of  sand,  limestone,  and  other  inert 
substances,  so  as  to  form  hard  blocks  ;  while  lime 
and  other  cements  will  hardly  admit  of  the  in- 
corporation of  two  or  three  times  their  own 
weight  of  extraneous  matter.  By  means  of  these 
artilicial  blocks,  buildings  may  easily  be  carried  on 
in  places  where  materials  for  the  purpose  are 
scarce.  All  that  is  required  is  simply  to  convey 
a  quantity  of  magnesia  and  chloride  of  magnesium 
to  the  spot,  if  there  be  none  to  be  had  there,  and 
then  to  mix  them  up  with  sand,  pebbles,  or  any 
other  matter  of  the  kind  close  at  hand ;  blocks 
can  be  made  of  any  shape,  and  imitating  hewn 
stone.  This  magnesian  cement  may  be  obtained  at 
a  very  low  cost,  especially  if  the  magnesia  be  ex- 
tracted from  the  mother  ley  of  salt  works,  either 
by  M.  Balard's  process,  whereby  magnesia  and 
hydrochloric  acid  are  obtained  at  the  same  time, 
or  else  by  decomposing  the  ley,  which  always  con- 
tains a  large  proportion  of  chloride  of  magnesium, 
by  means  of  quick  lime,  which,  by  double  decom- 
position, yields  magnesia  and  chloride  of  lime  con- 
taming  a  certain  quantity  of  chloride  of  magne- 
sium, and  which,  with  the  addition  of  various 
other  cheap  substances,  may  be  used  for  white- 
washing. 

• 

GOSSIP  FROM  GLASGOW. 
(From    our   own  Correspondent.) 

IT  has  been  said  that  in  times  of  commercial 
depression,  amongst  the  first  who  suffer  are 
those  that  minister  to  not  the  necessities  but  the 
luxuries  of  life.  In  Glasgow,  however,  in  the  in- 
terval between  money  at  10  per  cent,  and  at  2, 
while  the  mercury — the  god  of  merchants—  as  in 
every  other  great  seat  of  commerce  and  manufac- 
tures, has  been  somewhat  low  in  the  mercantile 
barometer,  such  other  classics  as  Momus,  Comus, 
Apollo,  and  Melpomene,  who  have  been  spirited 
from  the  balmy  breezes  of  the  Peneus  to  the 
pestilential  vapours  of  the  Clyde  to  stir  our  slug- 
gish fancies,  have  been  decidedly  looking  up.  The 
ratimmle  of  it  is,  I  suppose,  that  when  things  are 
at  their  worst  they  are  sure  to  mend  ;  and  that, 
therefore,  the  "  coming"  of  the  good  time  is  very 
shortly  to  be  passed  into  the  past  participle.  Be 
this  as  it  may,  while  men  of  business  have  been 
dull,  men  of  pleasure  have  been  busy,  for  within 
these  very  few  months  past  no  fewer  than  four 
large  places  of  amusement  have  been  in  progress 
for  Glasgow— the  New  Theatre  Royal,  the  Prince 
of  Wales  Theatre,  Mr.  BayHs's  Music  Hall,  and 
Mr.  Hengler's  Circus. 

^our  London  readers  will  probably  be  sur- 
prised to  learn  that  the  Prince  of  Wales  is 
but  the  second  theatre  for  "  the  second  city  in  the 
empire,"  and  that  there  are  thus  onlytwo  temples 
of  the  drama  for  half  a  million  of  a  population. 
This  further  accommodation  for  Glasgow  play- 
goers embraces  a  pit  and  two  galleries.  In  the 
pit,  which  is  72ft.  9in.  by  73ft.,  the  seats  are 
arranged  circularly,  radiating  from  the  orchestra  ; 
ihe  galleries  are  upou  the  "  horse-shoe"  plan,  and 


the  lower  is  designed  for  "the  upper  ten,'*  and 
the  upper  for  "  the  lower  orders."  The  pit  will 
contain  about  2,000  people  easily,  and  the  gal- 
leries about  the  same  number.  The  proscenium 
is  33ft.  wide  and  40ft.  high  ;  the  depth,  from  the 
footlights  to  "  the  last  scene  of  all"  is  36ft., 
which,  however,  can  be  easily  increased,  if  neces. 
sary  ;  and  for  the  working  of  the  scenes  and  me- 
chanism there  is  available  a  space  of  lift,  below 
the  stage  and  50ft.  above  it.  The  ventilation  is 
etlected  by  a  sun-light  and  air  shafts.  Of  the  de- 
coration of  the  house  little  can  be  said  in  the 
meantime;  but  there  are  two  very  import int 
lu.itti'rs  in  the  planning  of  a  theatre,  for  Mr. 
.SpL'Uoe's  care  of  which  in  this,  as  in  other  similar 
buildings  from  his  pencil,  he  is  entitled  to  very 
great  credit — the  ample  means  of  exit  from  all 
piirts  of  the  house,  and  the  excellent  view  of  the 
stage  enjoyed  from  every  seat. 

Mr.  Baylis's  Music  Hall  is  planned  and  fitted  up 
in  every  way  as  a  first  class  theatre.  Its  stage  is 
-12ft.  deep  with  a  proscenium  33ft.  wide,  and 
that  below  the  stage  is  a  depth  of  30ft.  for  decend- 
ing  scenery,  &c.  In  part  of  this  space  beneath  the 
proscenium  is  a  mezzanine  floor  on  which  succes- 
sive scenes  can  be  "set"  for  the  stage,  and 
thereby  much  delay  be  avoided  in  the  actual  re- 
presentation. Another  means  for  facilitating 
movements  in  the  scenery  department  is  an 
hydraulic  scene  shifter.  The  spectatorium  con- 
sists of  an  area  and  two  galleries — the  area  being 
divided  into  boxes,  stalls,  and  pit,  and  the  lower 
gallery  being  the  dress  circle,  and  the  upper,  the 
region  of  the  Dii  Minmiim  Oenthtin — and  eighteen 
boxes  in  the  proscenium  arch,  three  tiers,  and 
three  upon  a  side.  The  galleries  and  area  boxes 
are  upon  the  "horse-shoe"  plan,  widening  to 
wards  the  proscenium.  -All  the  miscellaneous  et 
cetera  of  green-room,  dressing-rooms,  workshops, 
and  library  behind  the  curtain,  and  cloak-rooms, 
refreshment  stalls,  and  retiring  rooms  before  it  are 
ample  and  judiciously  arranged.  .As  a  safeguard 
against  panic,  there  are  four  exits  from  the  upper 
gallery,  and  five  from  the  area  and  dress  circle  ; 
and,  against  tire,  "  Extincteurs"  in  several  con- 
venient parts  of  the  building,  and  hose  attached  to 
water  mains  with  gravitation  pressure.  Besides, 
much  of  the  house  is  fire-proof,  the  staircases  being 
all  of  stone  and  the  lintels  of  the  windows  of  iron, 
while  "  red  fire"  has  had  an  especial  iron  safe 
with  a  ventilating  funnel  built  for  ir.  The  theatre 
itself  is  ventUated  by  cold-air  shafts,  three  large 
funnels  in  the  roof,  and  a  gtiilloche  grating  form- 
ing a  large  part  of  the  ornamentation  of  the  ceil- 
ing. The  ceiling  is  flat,  except  where  coned 
down  upon  an  "  orderly"  entablature,  and  (which 
is  unusual)  extends  over  the  galleries.  Another  un- 
usual feature  is,  that  this  theatre  has  windows  on 
all  sides,  and  disposed  at  regular  intervals.  In 
the  principal  staircase  there  will  be  a  very  large 
three-light  stained  glass  window  by  Ballantyne,  of 
Edinburgh,  the  subjects  being  Thalia,  Melpomene, 
and  Euterpe,  and  which,  of  course,  will  be  so  lit 
up  as  to  show  in  the  inside.  Messrs.  Clarke  and 
Bell  are  the  architects.  It  is  calculated  that  the 
house  will  contain  about  4,500  persons. 

The  new  circus  is  upon  the  site  of  an  old 
theatre — the  original  Prince  of  Wales's,  and  in 
which  Edmund  Glover  (son  of  old  Mrs.  Glover, 
of  London  celebrity)  essayed  to  oppose  ".Alex- 
ander the  Great"  in  his  patent  "Palace"  in 
Dunlop-street.  That  is  about  twenty  years  ago  ; 
and  since  Mr.  Glover  himself  became  lessee  of 
the  Theatre  Royal,  the  Prince  of  Wales's  (mean- 
while retained  by  him)  afforded  a  temporary 
"  local  habitation  and  a  name  "  to  panoramas, 
amateur  performances,  juggling  feats,  and  negro 
delineations.  The  building  itself  is  118ft.  in 
length  and  73ft.  wide.  The  "circle"  is  of  the 
standard  diameter  of  42ft.,  and  has  a  concentric 
space  beyond  it  of  about  four  feet,  which  will  be 
used  for  illuminating.  One  most  important  mat- 
ter in  the  arrangement  is  that  the  stables  are 
whoUy  detached  from  the  spectatory.  The  archi- 
tect is  Mr.  J.  T.  Robinson,  of  HuU. 

I  have  said  nothing  of  the  exterior  of  these  new 
places  of  amusement,  simply  because  there  is  no- 
thing to  say.  In  such  a  site  as  Mr.  Baylis's  build- 
ing architecture  as  a  fine  art  would  be  a  "  waste- 
ful and  ridiculous  excess ; "  the  Prince  of  Wales's 
is  upon  the  site  of  theColosseum  and  the  Milton 
Arcade,  and  retains  the  original  elevation — one  of 
the  few  instances  in  Glasgow  of  "  compo,"  and 
somewhat  of  a  profusely-ornamented  yet  ordinary 
dwelling-house  character ;  and  Mr.  Hengler's 
circus,  with  very  slight  alterations,  makes  a  second 
use  of  the  rather  poor  facade  of  the  original  Prince 
of  Wales's  Theatre  and  Messrs.  Robb's  stables. 

"  It  is  au  ill  wind  that  blows  nobody  good  "   is 


a  proverb  as  old  as  Shakspeare.  Since  I  last 
wrote  to  you  fire  ha-s  made  a  good  opening  for  an 
able  architect.  A  block  of  between  50ft.  and  (30ft. 
of  frontage  to  Buchanan  street — the  Regent- 
street  of  Glasgow — and  extending  at  that  width 
backward  into  Mitchell  street,  has  been  entirely 
cleared  of  buildings  wholly  unworthy  of  such  a 
valuable  site.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  so  good  an 
opportunity  will  fall  into  the  hands  of  those  best 
deserving  it. 

Mr.  Mossman,  of  Glasgow,  is  busy  preparing  a 
pedestal  for  a  bronze  group,  presented  to  his 
native  city  by  a  Mr.  Kennedy,  of  New  York.  The 
group  represents  a  royal  iiengal  tigress  bringing 
their  first  food — a  peacock — to  her  young  ones, 
The  figure  of  the  tigress  is  Oft.  in  height  and  9ft. 
in  length,  and  is  designed  from  a  sketch  specially 
drawn  from  life  at  the  Jardiu  du  Plantes,  Paris,  by 
Rosa  Bonheur.  The  pedestal  itself — of  polished 
red  granite — will  be  lift,  long  and  about  7ft. 
high,  and  the  site  chosen — I  think  judiciously — is 
the  lower  grounds  of  the  West- End  Park. 

There  are  four  ways  which  Agur,  the  son  of 
Jakeh,  knew  not ;  in  the  ways  of  the  Gowau 
Parochial  Board  he  might  have  found  a  fifth.  In 
the  first  place,  it  sought  plans  for  a  new  poor- 
house,  and  paid  each  of  the  six  competitors  £50 
for  his  designs  ;  it  then  had  a  competition  limited 
to  two,  but  declined  to  give  the  unsuccessful  com- 
petitor anythiug.  It  next  advertised  for  estimates 
and  got  them,  and  it  now  asks  the  contractors 
upon  what  terms  they  would  agree  to  rescind 
their  contracts.  The  amounts  of  the  accepted  esti- 
mates are : — 

Excavating  and  mason  work £16,r2t!     0  0 

Brickwork     1,412  19  2 

Carpenter  and  joiner  work 9,433  13  0 

Slaterwork  1,122     0  0 

Phuuberwork 2,665  10  0 

Plaster  work     1,133     0  7 


£31,893     2     9 

and  the  sums  sought  for  rescinding  the  contracts 

are : — 

Excavating  and  mason  work    ...  £1,600 

Brickwork  225 

Carpenter  and  joiner  work 1,200 

Slater  work     200 

Plumber  work    300 

Plaster  work   200 

£3,725 

Having,  without  design,  rambled  from  the  one 
extreme  of  the  theatre  to  the  other  of  the  work- 
house, I  will  stop  for  the  present. 


MANSFIELD  STONE. 

THE  members  of  the  Nottingham  Naturalists' 
Society  last  week  paid  a  visit  to  the  district 
of  Mansfield  Woodhouse  and  Pleasley  Vale,  under 
the  guidance  of  Mr.  William  Stevenson,  who  has 
so  indefatigably  worked  out  the  geology  and  other 
features  of  scientific  interest  in  the  northern 
portion  of  this  county.  He  is  known  as  the 
author  of  a  recent  work  on  the  "  Building  Mate- 
rials of  Nottinghamshire,"  and  being  down  in  the 
programme  of  Thursday  last  to  illustrate  in  situ 
the  various  rocks  and  other  points  of  interest,  a 
pleasant  excursion  was  looked  forward  to. 
Arriving  at  Mansfield,  the  party  proceeded  to 
that  lovely  district  "  Rock  Valley,"  to  inspect  the 
Red  Bunter  sandstone,  wherethe  justly  celebrated 
Red  MansBeld  sandstone  is  obtained.  Mr.  Steven- 
son observed,  by  way  of  illustration — that  since 
the  company  present  had  passed  through  the 
tunnel  on  the  line  of  rails  from  Nottingham  to 
Mansfield  (svhich  marked  the  highest  land  in  the 
country),  they  had  changed  from  the  basin  or 
water-shed  of  the  River  Trent  to  that  of  the  River 
Idle,  and  the  little  stream  known  as  the  River 
Maun,  which  wound  its  way  through  the  vaUey, 
was  one  of  its  tributaries.  It  was  worthy  of  note 
that  the  town  itself  had  derived  its  name  from 
the  little  river,  and  that  the  present  term  Mans- 
field was  simply  a  corruption  of  Mauns-field, 
which  might  be  understood  to  imply  "  a  culti- 
vated district  by  the  River  Maun."  The  geolo- 
gical position  of  the  strata  under  inspection  was 
pointed  out  as  the  very  lowest  of  the  New  Red 
Sandstone  system,  being  known  as  the  Bunter  or 
variegated  sandstone,  forming  the  base  of  that 
important  system.  'The  overlying  strata,  which 
might  be  found  lying  in  position  on  the  eastern 
side  of  the  town,  was  of  a  less  indurated  charac- 
ter, and  was  quarried  in  an  extensive  manner  as 
moulding  sind  for   the   ironfoundera.      Beneath 


638 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


September  13,  1867. 


them,  and  lying  to  the  west  ot  the  town,  was  the 
magnesian  Umestone,  which  they  proposed  to 
visit  in  the  course  of  the  day.  It  was  pointed 
out  that  Rock  Valley,  as  a  place  for  procuring 
building  stone,  was  very  ancient,  and  that  its  pre- 
sent appearance  and  the  distance  of  the  cliffs  on 
either  side  of  the  little  river,  was  in  a  great 
measure  attributable  to  the  industry  of  the 
quarrymen,  who  had  been  working  for  centuries 
cutting  back  the  line  of  the  clitis.  The  present 
workings  differed  somewhat  from  those  of  ancient 
times  ;  inasmuch,  as  they  procured  the  stone  from 
depths  below  the  level  of  the  river,  and  they 
brought  in  the  powerful  aid  of  machinery  to 
overcome  the  water.  The  weight  of  the  stone 
was  given  as  1491b.  to  the  cubic  foot,  and  its 
chemical  composition  to  be  grains  of  silica  ce- 
mented together  with  carbonate  of  lime  and  car- 
bonate of  magnesia,  and  the  red  colour  to  be 
imported  by  the  presence  of  iron  which  was  as 
3  to  97  of  other  matters.  The  white  Manstield 
stone,  which  is  obtained  on  the  south  side  of  the 
town,  was  the  same  stone  as  the  red,  its  geological 
ana  other  features  being  identical,  only  that  it 
contained  a  less  admixture  of  irou  and  was  con- 
sequently whiter  in  colour.  This  difference  of 
colour  was  remarked  upon  as  being  peculiai-  to 
these  rocks,  and  they  were  generally  known  as 
the  red  or  variegated  sandotones.  He  remarked 
that  in  other  districts  the  stone  was  obtained  of  a 
mixed  colour,  and  as  a  good  building  stone  was 
worthless  in  an  architectural  point  of  view ;  but 
with  the  Mansfield  sandstones  there  was  this 
peculiar  advantage — that  the  red  and  the  yellow 
stones  were  marked  at  separate  points — viz.,  on 
the  south  and  north  sides  of  the  town,  the  two 
colours  not  being  intermixed,  as  is  the  ca.«e  at 
Alton  in  Statfordshire,  and  other  stone-quarrying 
districts.  In  accordance  with  the  programme, 
the  company  proceeded  by  brake  to  Mansfield 
\yoodhouse  to  inspect  the  magnesian  limestone, 
and  in  an  old  neglected  quarry  on  the  road  side, 
Mr.  Stevenson  favoured  the  company  with  the 
following  remarks  : — "  Compared  with  the  quar. 
ries  we  have  just  visited  at  Mansfield,  we  are  now 
on  a  lower  and  older  formation — viz  ,  that  of  the 
magnesian  limestone,  which  forms  a  most  im- 
portant feature  in  the  permian  system.  To  the 
e  >6t,  and  overlying  the  limestone,  is  the  new  red 
sandstone,  antf  beneath  us  and  to  the  west  is  the 
lower  red  sandstone  of  the  permian  system, 
which  we  shall  visit  at  Pleasley  Vale.  This  stone 
is  remarkable  as  being  the  one  with  which  our 
Norman  forefathers  erected  ^he  minster  church  at 
bouthweU,  and  it  is  held  by  many  versed  in  the 
subject  that  the  stone  was  obtained  from  some 
ancient  quarries  in  an  adjoining  held.  The  lime- 
stone in  this  neighbourhood  does  not  produce 
large  blocks  of  stone,  and  those  obtained  from  the 
ancient  quarries  were  much  smaller  than  the 
blocks  of  the  present  day,  from  the  simple  fact 
that  the  old  builders  contented  themselves  with 
the  top  thin  bedded  stones.  In  Southwell 
Minster  large  stones  are  unknown.  Blocks,  such 
as  a  horse  or  mule  could  carry,  containing  from 
two  to  three  cubic  feet,  are  the  largest  that  can 
be  found  in  that  extensive  building.  The  Royal 
Commissioners,  who  visited  this  district  in 
August,  1838,  reported  so  favourably  upon  this 
quality  of  stone,  that  it  was  selected  for  the  con- 
struction of  the  Kew  Houses  of  Parliament ; 
but,  as  blocks  of  the  required  size  could  not  be 
obtained  at  Mansfield  Woodhouse,  they  were 
procured  from  Auston,  near  Rotherham.  It  is 
generally  understood  that  Mr.  Robert  Lindley's 
great  cjuariy  was  opened  at  that  time,  and  some 
idea  of  the  mass  of  material  removed  in  thirty 
years  may  be  estimated.  The  weight  of  the 
stone  is  1501b.  to  the  cubic  foot,  and  is  composed 
of  carbonate  of  lime  and  carbonate  of  magnesia 
in  about  equal  proportions  ;  the  dark  .spots  seen 
on  the  newly  fractured  stones  are  irou  or  man- 
ganese. At  Mansfield  Woodhouse  the  limestone 
la  highly  crystalUne,  in  which  state  it  is  termed 
a  true  dolomite.  In  the  neighbourhood  of  York 
the  stone  is  much  softer  and  is  less  crystalline, 
partaking  more  of  the  ordinary  chalk  lime:;tone  : 
it  is  more  easily  worked  by  the  masons,  but  is 
less  durable."  After  remarking  that  the  surface 
soil  was  simply  disintegrated  portions  of  the 
Umestone  rocks  beneath,  and  some  interesting 
dLscussions  upon  the  peculiar  "  pipe  holes "  or 
watercourses  which  penetrate  the  solid  blocks  of 
stone,  the  company  proceeded  to  Pleasley  Vale, 
Ou  arriving  at  the  stone  quarry  on  the  foot-road, 
descending  into  the  valley,  the  party  were  met 
by  the  officials  of  Win.  HoUins,  Esq.,  by  whose 
kindness  they  outained  the  privilege  of  inspecting 
the  various  points  of  interest.     The  party  here 


halted  for  a  few  minutes,  when  a  description  of 
the  rocks  was  given  in  the  following  manner  : — 
"  The  rocks  before  us  for  the  depth  of  30ft.  or 
40ft.  from  the  surface  is  composed  of  the  lower 
strata  of  the  magnesian  limestone,  below  which 
point  the  red  or  variegated  sandstone,  known  as 
the  lower  red  sandstone  of  the  permian  system  is 
seen.  It  is  rarely  that  sections  showing  two  dis- 
tinct classes  of  rocks  can  be  seen,  but  when  such 
is  the  case,  we  have  the  advantage  of  judging  of 
their  confornsability.  In  this  case  they  are  truly 
conformable,  and  as  the  section  seen  is  from  east 
to  west  or  across  the  line  of  dip,  the  manner  in 
which  one  rises  from  beneath  the  other  may  be 
seen  as  we  ascend  the  Valley.  Although  one  class 
of  stone  is  limestone  and  the  other  sand,  and 
they  possess  a  range  of  colour  from  red  to  yellow, 
they  are  both  durable  stones,  and  used  indis- 
criminately by  the  local  builders.  Further  than 
drawing  your  attention  to  the  fractured  condiiion 
of  the  limestone  compared  with  that  of  the 
sandstone,  I  shall  dwell  upon  the  lower  strata. 
In  some  parts  of  the  country  this  lower  red  or 
permian  sandstone  forms  important  rocks,  but  it 
is  remarkable  for  its  inconsistency.  In  Not- 
tinghamshire it  is  not  an  important  rock,  being 
used  in  no  other  place  than  this  valley.  At 
Annesley.  in  sinking  the  new  coal  mines,  it  was 
not  found.  Its  place  was  estimated  to  have  been 
148ft.  below  the  surface.  From  the  circumstance 
of  its  being  absent  in  some  districts.  Professor 
Sedgwick  came  to  the  conclusion  that  it  repre- 
sented a  mass  of  blown  sands  which  differed  from 
the  true  sedimentary  rocks.  This  quality  of 
stone  was  not  examined  by  the  Roy.al  Commis- 
sioners, as  its  variegated  colour  renders  it  worth- 
less forj  architectural  purposes.  Its  weight  and 
chemical  composition  have  not  been  carefully 
examined,  but  it  may  be  looked  upon  as  a  true 
sandstone,  lieing  composed  of  grains  of  quartz 
cemented  together  by  siliceous  matter. 


gmlbiitg  Intel (igciice. 


CHITBOHEa  AND   CHAPELS. 

On  Thursday,  the  5th  inst.,  the  foundation  stone 
of  a  new  English  Wesleyan  chapel  was  laid  at 
Lower  Cwmbran,  Monmouthshire,  by  Mrs.  By- 
theway,  who  officiated  in  the  absence  of  Mrs.  Green- 
way,  of  Glantorvaen  House,  Pontypool.  The  ar- 
chitect is  Mr.  Samuel  Hancorn,  of  Bristol  and  New. 
port,  Monmouthshire,  and  the  buUder  Mr.  Joseph 
Parfitt,  of  Cwmbran. 

The  foundation  stone  of  a  new  Wesleyan  chapel 
at  Key-street,  Sittingbourne,  was  laid  last  week. 
The  building  is  to  seat  150  persons.  It  will  be  a 
neat  little  structure,  fitted  of  course  more  for  the 
purpose  of  accommodating  worshippers,  than  with 
any  great  architectural  jireteusions.  There  is  to 
be  a  school-room  beneath,  40ft.  long  and  22ft. 
wide  in  the  clear,  and  the  body  of  the  chapel  will 
be  of  the  same  dimensions.  Mr.  W.  J.  Beaumont, 
of  Jlilton,  is  the  builder,  and  Mr.  Stephens,  of 
Maidstone,  the  architect.  The  chapel  will  cost 
about  £600. 

The  church  of  Stathern,  Leicestershire,  is  about  to 
undergo  further  restoration  under  Mr.  R.  W.  John- 
son, architect,  Melton  Mowbray,  Wyfordby,  Lei- 
cestershire. The  church  here  is  a  small  interest- 
ing edifice,  consisting  of  nave,  aisles  and  chancel. 
The  lower  part  of  the  tower  and  the  arcades  are 
Early  English,  and  the  remainder  Decorated.  It 
is  in  a  poor  connexion,  and  sadly  in  need  of  extra- 
neous help.  After  much  and  long  exertion,  the 
rector,  the  Rev.  W.  Oakley,  has  succeeded  in  col- 
lecting moderate  funds,  and  the  restoration  is  ex- 
pected to  be  proceeded  with  under  Mr.  Goodacre, 
architect,  Leicester. 

The  tower  of  Hereford  Cathedral  is  being  re- 
leaded,  the  old  lead  having  become  utterly  usele.-s 
through  visitors  cutting  their  initials  on  it,  a  prac- 
tice to  which  the  Dean  and  Chapter  will  for  the 
future  put  a  stop. 

Wymondham  Church,  Leicestershire,  has  re- 
cently at  different  periods  received  improvements 
and  restorations.  The  chancel  is  now  about  to 
have  a  new  roof  and  handsome  fittings  from  de, 
signs  by  Messrs.  Goddard  and  Son,  architects.  Lei 
cester.  , 

Bedfordshire. — A  new  ecclesiastical  district  is 
being  formed  near  Luton,  in  Bedfordshire,  and 
sites  have  been  given,  and  a  church  and  parsonage 
are  being  built  upon  them,   by  John  S.  Crawley, 


Esq.,  of  Stockwood,  near  Luton.  The  church  is 
very  substantial,  and  contains  a  nave,  chancel, 
chancel  aisles,  vestry,  south  poroh,  and  warming 
crypt.  The  nave  is  58ft.  long,  and  26ft.  wide  ;  the 
chancel  36ft.  by  20ft. ;  and  the  chancel  aisles  20ft. 
by  10ft,  opening  to  the  chancel  by  a  double  arcade 
on  each  side  supported  upon  polished  marble  pillars. 
The  walls  genei  ally  are  3ft.  thick  ;  that  of  the  west 
f  out,  which  is  surmounted  by  a  double  bell  cote, 
being  4ft.  thick,  and  are  faced  inside  and  outside 
with  cream-coloured  bricks,  relieved  with  bands 
of  red  Manstield  stone.  All  the  doors,  windows, 
and  arch  dressings  are  of  freestone.  The  roofa 
are  open  framed  with  pitch  pine  timber  ;  they  are  : 
boarded  with  pitch  pine  above  the  rafters,  and  co- 
vered  with  felt  and  green  Pembrokeshire  slates, 
finished  with  red  Manstield  stone  ridge  tiles.  The 
roofs  are  intended  to  show  the  raw  timber  with- 
out either  staining  or  varnishing.  All  the  seats 
are  in  pitch  pine,  unstained  but  varnished.  A 
carved  oak  screen  divides  the  chancel  from  the 
nave ;  and  the  chancel  contains  stalls  arranged 
choirwise,  a  double  sedilia,  piscina,  and  credence. 
The  east  wall  will  be  decorated  with  a  reredos  of 
enamelled  tiles,  with  a  carved  stone  bratticing 
over  the  works,  which  have  now  progressed  to 
the  level  of  the  window  heads,  and  are  being  carried 
out  from  the  designs  and  under  the  superinten- 
dence  of  Thomas  Nicholson,  F.I.B.A.,  diocesan 
architect,  Hereford.  ' 

Hat,  Herefoedshike. — The  parish  church  of 
this  place  was  re-opened  on  August  27,  after  having 
been  closed  during  a  considerable  period  for  the 
purpose  of  enlargement  and  improvement.  The 
church  was  built  forty  years  ago,  after  the  manner 
of  the  Gothic  of  the  day,  and  the  place  was  very 
defective,  being  a  parallelogram  of  about  70ft.  by 
40ft.  for  the  nave,  and  a  stunted  chancel,  24ft. 
wide,  with  a  chancel  arch  only  6ft.  wide  between 
the  two,  and  so  narrow  as  to  isolate  the  one  from 
the  other.  It  was  therefore  desirable  to  improve 
and  enlarge  the  chancel,  and  open  it  to  the  nave. 
The  former  has  been  effected  by  throwing  out 
an  apse  from  the  east  end  of  the  chancel,  and 
the  latter  by  the  erection  of  a  triple  arch,  rest, 
ing  upon  pUlars.  The  other  improvements  com. 
prise  the  addition  of  an  organ  chamber  and  ves- 
try, and  a  porch  to  the  nave.  All  the  work  haa 
been  executed  externally  out  of  native  stoney 
neatly  tooled,  with  hard  stone  dressings,  and  the 
internal  dressings  and  ashlarings  out  of  Bath 
stone.  The  roofs  are  of  open  construction, 
boarded,  varnished,  felted,  and  covered  with  green 
Pembroke  slates.  That  over  the  apse  is  carried 
upon  massive  curved  braces,  springing  from 
carved  corbels.  The  plaster  ceiling  over  the  old 
chancel  has  been  removed,  and  an  open  timber  roof 
set  up  in  place  thereof.  The  apse  and  organ 
chamber  open  from  the  chancel  through_  spa- 
cious arches  composed  of  alternate  voussoirs  of 
grey  and  white  stone.  The  arches  betweea  the 
chancel  and  the  nave  are  richly  moulded,  the 
voussoirs  being  alternated  in  grey  and  white 
stone,  and  the  pillars  and  responds  finished  with 
carved  capitals.  The  chancel  is  stalled  with  open 
benches,  and  the  floor  laid  with  encaustic  tiles.  The 
style  of  architecture  adopted  is  of  the  first  period 
of  Gothic,  treated  somewhat  after  a  continental 
type.  The  work  has  been  carried  out  from  the  de- 
signs and  under  the  superintendence  of  Thomas 
Nicholson,  of  Hereford,  the  diocesan  architect. 
An  elegant  and  costly  memorial  pulpit  has  been 
erected  in  the  church  by  R.  F.  Trumper,  Esq., 
from  the  designs  of  Mr.  Nicholson.  It  is  composed 
entirely  of  marble  and  alabaster  resting  upon  a 
Mansfield  stone  base.  It  is  octangular  in  plan, 
the  lower  portion  being  arcaded,  and  carried 
upon  polished  marble  pillars,  the  upper  portion 
being  panelled  in  quartrefoils,  filled  with  me- 
dallions of  our  Saviour  and  the  four  Evangelists. 
Mr.  Trumper  has  also  filled  the  apse  with  memo- 
morial  windows  in  painted  glass  ;  the  subjects  are 
the  "  Agony  in  the  Garden,"  "  The  CrucitixioD," 
and  "  The  Entombment." 

BUILDINGS. 

Lord  Kenlis,  son  of  the  Earl  of  Beotive,  has  un' 
dertaken  to  defray  the  entire  cost  of  restoring  the 
parish  church  of  Kirky,  Lonsdale.  The  work  will 
cost  upwards  of  £6,000. 

A  new  school-house  has  just  been  erected  at 
Hawsker-cum  Stainsacre,  Yorkshire.  The  cost  of 
the  building,  including  a  comfortable  house  for 
the  residence  of  the  teacher,  is  £'S50.  The  de- 
sign was  f  m-uished  by  Mr.  E  Smales  architect,  ana 
the  sole  contractor  for  the  erection  is  Mr.  Wood,  of 
Malton.  The  school-room  is  capable  of  accommo- 
dating upwards  of  200  peonle. 


September  13,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


The  Theatre  Royal,  Doncaster,  was  reopened  on 
Mouday  for  the  season.  The  building  has  been 
econstructed,  and  decorated  from  the  designs, 
»nd  under  the  superintendence  of,  Messrs. 
Thomas  Moore  and  Sou,  of  Sunderland,  the  archi 
teots  of  the  new  Theatre  Royal  and  Opera  House, 
Leeds.    An  entirely   new  pit  has   been  laid  down 

nearly  twice  the    size  of  the    former  one — and 

Mr.  James  Gates  has  supplied  a  new  act  drop.  Mr. 
Thomas  Wood,  of  Uoucaster,  w.a.s  the  builder,  and 
Mr.  F.  Jackson,  of  Leeds,  the  decorator. 

Mr.  Titus  Salt  on  Tuesday  laid  the  foundation 
■  jtone  of  a  block  of  buildings  intended  for  a  trades- 
men's home  at  Bradford.  In  the  tirst  instance,  it 
19  proposed  to  erect  eighteen  houses,  but  it  is 
hoped  the  number  wll  be  eventually  increased  to 
thirty,  and  of  the  latter  number  Mr.  Salt  and  Mr. 
A.lderman  Brown  have  promised  to  provide  two. 
The  coftof  the  first  eighteen  will  be  £7,500,  and 
aearly  the  whole  of  that  sum  has  been  pro- 
nised. 

Bournemouth.  —  The  Convalescent  Home, 
irected  at  Bournemouth  to  the  memory  of  the  late 
Lord  Herbert  of  Lea,  will  be  ready  for  the  recep- 
;iou  of  patients  by  the  end  of  the  present  month. 
The  home  and  buildings  have  been  formed  upon 
iliss  Nightingale's  plan.  The  cost  has  been  up 
yards  of  £5,000,  but  the  edifice,  for  convenience, 
s  everything  that  could  be  desired,  and,  with  the 
loble  statue  of  him  erected  in  the  city  of  Salis- 
lury,  will  fitly  perpetuate  his  lordship's  memory. 
Hbe  binldiuL'S  and  land  forming  the  Herbert  Me- 
aorial  Convalescent  Home  have  been  conveyed  by 
he  Memorial  Committee  to  the  governors  of  the 
lalisbury  Infirmary  in  perpetuity,  upon  the  un- 
lertakiug  that  they  be  applied  to  tho.se  purposes 
or  which  they  were  originally  intended.  Mr.  T. 
''^i,  Wyatt  is  the  architect. 

"tI  Hamilton  (Scotland.)  —  The  Combination 
'oorhouae,  erected  for  the  accommodation  of 
everal  parishes  in  this  district,  haa  just  been 
■pened.  The  building,  which  is  in  the  Eliza- 
lethan  style,  has  been  in  progress  for  upwards  of 
wo  years.  The  site  occupies  about  six  acres. 
I'here  is  accommodation  in  the  poorhouse  for  170 
nmates,  for  all  of  whom  single  teds  are  provided. 
There  are  besides  three  dormitories,  which,  if 
ound  necessary,  can  be  supplied  with  one  single 
vnd  seventeen  double  beds,  giving  additional  ac- 
■ommodation  for  thirty-four  boys  and  giils.  The 
lining-hall  and  chapel,  measuring  40ft.  by  2'2ft., 
brms  a  division  between  the  two  sexes,  and  is 
'.ouvenient  to  both.  The  ceilings  are  lofty — the 
leight  of  the  one  above  ground  floor  being 
Ift.  Sin. ;  above  upper  floor,  lift.;  and  above 
itbic  floor,  9ft. ;  while  the  cubic  feet  of  space  al- 
otted  to  each  inmate  is  slightly  above  the 
naximum  amount  allowed  by  the  board  of  super- 
ision.  The  designs  of  the  building  were  pre- 
iarcd  and  carried  out  by  Mr.  J.  Graham  Peat, 
vrchitect,  Hamilton.  The  estimated  cost  of  the 
.vork  was  £5,500,  or  at  the  rate  of  £32  73.  for 
ach  pauper  inmate. 

Leeds. — Instances  are  occurring  daily,  says  the 
^jeeds  Mercanjj  in  which  private  enterprise  is 
\jund  to  be  doing  much  in  the  way  of  following 
:p  the  efforts  of  the  corporation  to  materially  alter 
lud  improve  some  of  the  more  important  thorough- 
ares  of  Leeds.  A  great  deal  has  already  been 
lone  with  this  view,  and  the  many  large  ware- 
louses  and  other  places  of  business  which  are 
't'ing  erected  with  a  strict  regard  to  architect'iral 
aste  and  harmony  of  design,  attest  how  earnestly 
)ur  leading  manufacturers  are  entering  into  a 
)roject  which,  if  continued  to  be  carried  forward 
»ith  the  same  spirit,  must  in  a  few  years  raise 
^eeds  to  the  highest  rank  as  a  town  famous  .alike 
or  the  magnificence  of  its  private  as  its  public 
juildings.  Negociations,  we  are  given  to  under- 
itand,  have  just  been  concluded  for  the  purchase 
)f  the  vacant  stripof  ground  on  the  Wellington- 
itreet  side  of  the  new  White  Cloth  Hall.  The 
*trip  is  not  very  wide,  but  has  a  considerable 
rontage  to  the  street  named,  and  contains  alto- 
jether  about  one  thousand  square  yards.  The 
lite  is  a  most  valuable  one,  and  naturally  there  is 
I  good  deal  of  curiosity  as  to  how  it  will  be  used. 
'Ve  believe  there  is  an  intention  to  erect  a  number 
'f  warehouses  upon  the  ground,  but  nothing 
lefinite  is  known,  the  agreement  entered  into 
jrith  the  parties  concerned  being  of  a  private 
jiature. 

Paris. — The  exterior  of  the  great  new  opera- 
louse  of  Paris,  or,  to  use  its  official  designation, 
Academy  of  Music,  was  cleared  of  scafl'olding  and 
brown  open  to  public  view  previous  to  the  day  of 
he  Imperial  feh-s,  the  15th  ult.  The  ornamental 
ortionaare  not  yet  entirely  finished,  but  the  work 


presents  an  interesting  example  of  the  kind  of 
decorative  architecture  now  in  vogue  ;  the  general 
surface  of  the  building  is  relieved  by  the  introduc- 
tion of  marble  columns  and  panels,  inscriptions 
in  gold  or  coloured  marble  grounds,  and  gilt 
busts;  the  main  lines  of  the  building  and  the 
architecture,  both  of  the  front  and  side  porticoes, 
are  capped  with  bronze  ornaments,  that  which 
crowns  the  parapet  of  the  main  face  being  gilt. 
The  outline  of  the  parapet  of  the  fi-ont  of  the 
edifice  is  straight,  but  the  two  ends  are  to  be  sur- 
mounted by  bronze  groups,  which  are  represented 
at  preseut  by  painted  substitutes.  Crowds  of  ob- 
servers are  to  be  seen  every  hour  of  the  d.ay  con- 
templating the  new  monument  of  Paris,  and 
criticising  the  work  of  the  architect,  M.  Gamier. 


TO  COBRESPONDENT3. 

To  OoR  Readers.— Wo  shall  feel  obliged  to  any  of  our 
readers  who  will  favour  U3  with  brief  notes  of  works  cuu- 
templated  or  iu  progrcs-'s  in  the  proviiicea. 

Lettei-s  relating  to  advertisements  and  the  ordinary  busi- 
ness of  the  papt-i- should  be  atldres.sed  to  the  Editor,  10(5, 
Fleet-sti-eet,  Ativertisemeuts  for  the  current  week  must 
re.ach  the  office boforu  5  o'clock  p.m.  on  Thursday. 

Notice.— The  BUILDING  NEWS  inserts  advertise- 
meuts  for  '■  S1TU.\T10N.S  WANTED,"  &c.,  at  ONE 
SIIILLING  for  the  lii-st  T^vcuty  foui'  Words. 


Received.-T.  W.  B.— R.  n.— B.  W.— V.  K.— G.  H.  G. 
— E.  W.  P.-C.  M,-R.  R.— W.  M.— T.  P.— S.  L.-— T.  h,  S. 
—  E.  M.  B.— S.  H.  G.  (in  ournext.)— J.N.— G.  A.— G.  E.— 
W.  O.  C— A.  G.  U.— W.  S. 

A.  Ware. — The  drawing  of  the  five  shops  at  Shepherds' 
Bush  will  most  likely  appear. 

J.  H.  Jlbdhurat.— The  article  on  "Lightning  Con- 
ductors" win  appear. 

J.  N.— Send  the  di-awings. 


C0rrts|onkiice. 


WHO  WAS  THE  ARCHITECT  FOR  THE 
HOUSES  OP  PARLIAMENT? 

To  the  Editor  of  the  Building  News. 

Sir, — The  annexed  list,  taken  from  my  father's 
diaries,  will  give  some  idea  of  the  immense  mass 
of  designs  made  by  him  for  Sir  C.  Barry  during 
the  years  1836  and  1837.  I  wish  to  call  attention 
to  the  fact  that  they  were  done  after  the  competi- 
tion was  decided,  in  addition  to  the  numerous 
composition  drawings,  elevations,  &c.,  with  which 
he  supplied  Sir  Charles  from  Salisbury  previous 
to  the  competition.  It  would  appear  from  them 
that  not  only  were  the  original  designs  piroduced 
by  my  father,  lait  also  all  the  "important 
changes  which,"  Mr.  Wolfe  tells  us,  "  decided  the 
character  of  the  building." 

1836.  October  20. — Sent  5  drawings  to  Mr. 
Barry.     King's  staircase  ;  robing-room.  Lords,  2. 

October  28. — 6  drawings  of  north  door;  22 
drawings  of  west  front ;  5  drawings  of  interior, 
west  end  ;  large  drawings  of  wtst  front. 

November  13. — Sent  11  drawings  to  Mr.  Barry. 
Porch,  hall,  cential  lobby,  stairs,  witness-rooms  ; 
King's  Tower,  2  ;  entrance  hall,  2  ;  clock,  2. 

November  19. — Sent  8  diawings,  stained  glass  ; 
6  drawings,  stalls;  7,  throne. 

Towards  the  end  of  the  year — 

1  and  2.  Interior  of  library.  3.  Compartments; 
river  front,  2nd  time.  4.  Compartments ;  land 
front,  2nd  time.  5.  LTpper  part  of  centres,  2od 
time.  6.  Great  oriels.  7.  Upper  part  above 
ditto.  8.  End  towers.  9.  Part  above  ditto.  10. 
Upper  part  of  bell  tower.  11.  L.antern  of  ditto. 
12.  Angle  turrets.  13.  Gable,  Westminster  Hall. 
14.  Lower  part  of  great  tower.  15.  Middle  storey 
of  ditto.  16.  Upper  part  of  ditto.  Drawing  on 
vellum  of  King's  Tower.  17.  Entrance-hall  from 
water.     18.  Throne  and  end  of  House  of  Lords. 

19.  End  and  Speaker's  chair.  House  of  Commons. 

20.  Peers'  entrance-hall  and  dining-room. 
December  30. — Commons'entrance  hall;Speakers' 

dining-room,  morning  and  drawing-room ;  diito 
library — 5  drawings. 

1337.  ThefoUowing entries occurwithoutdate: — 
24  drawings  of  compartments  ;  20  ditto  east  end  ; 
6  ditto  north  door  ;  22  ditto  west  front ;  5  inte- 
rior, west  end  ;  1  large  drawing,  we.st  front ;  8 
drawings,  stained  glass  ;  0  ditto,  stalls  ;  7  throne  ; 
1  screen  under  window;  12  ornaments;  S  exte- 
riors ;  9  sections ;  6  sections ;  2  extei-ior,  river 
front ;  2  designs  for  staircases. 

January  1. — 1.  Compartment  of  new  river  front. 
(The  use  of  the  word  new  is  noteworthy.  It  indi- 
cates that  my  father  also  designed  the  "  important 
changes  "  in  the  buildings.)  2,  3.  Centre,  &c.  4, 
Centre  tower.     5.  Upper  part  of  ditto. 


In  other  places  we  find  named — 3  panels  House 
of  Lords ;  House  of  Lords'  window.^,  cartoons ; 
patterns  library  ceiling,  patterns  for  Westminster, 
tiles  for  Minton  for  Houses  of  Parliament,  fire- 
places, St.  Stephen's  Hall,  landings  of  staircases, 
smoking-room,  octagon,  Commons'  lobby,  waiting- 
room,  &c. ;  floor  of  royal  gallery,  ditto  staircase, 
wall  of  royal  gallery,  &c.,  &c.,  &c. 

It  must  be  observed  that  these  are  only  draw- 
ings specilying  certain  portions  of  the  Houses. 
There  are  uuinerous  other  entries  of  drawings  sent 
to  Mr.  Bariy  iu  rolls  of  12  and  14  each. 

If  the  letters  of  Sir  Charles  Barry,  still  in  ex- 
istence, which  ask  for,  or  acknowledge  the  receipt 
of,  designs  for  almost  everything  connected  with 
the  building,  are  considered  in  connection  with  this 
list,  the  enormous  number  of  dr.awings  my  father 
sent  to  Birmingham  for  metal-work,  every  portion 
of  which  was  designed  by  him — from  the  great 
brazen  g.ate3  down  to  the  nails  on  the  chairs ; 
the  ilesigns  necessary  for  the  whole  of  the  wood- 
work and  curving,  all  his  own — pace  Mr.  Talbot 
Bury — from  the  throne  down  to  the  most  ordi- 
nary panel ;  the  hundreds  of  cartoons  for  stained 
glass  ;  the  p.atterns  for  colour  decoration  in  every 
department ;  and,  above  and  beyond  all,  if  we 
bear  in  mind  the  destruction  of  letters,  drawings, 
and  documents  of  every  description — from  which 
unimpeachable  evidence  could  have  been  derived — 
they  all  point  to  one  inevitable  conclusion, — that 
my  father's  brain  was  the  source  from  whence 
emanated  the  architectural,  no  less  than  the 
artistic,  glories  of  the  Palace  of  Westminster. 

It  this  be  thought  incredible,  let  it  be  remem- 
bered that  his  power  of  conception,  his  facidty  of 
production,  and  his  rapidity  of  execution,  were 
absolutely  marvellous,  and  that  he  never  lost  a 
moment  of  time.  On  board  a  steamer — it  was 
here  that  he  designed  the  throne  for  the  House  of 
Lords — in  a  railway  carriage,  during  his  walks, 
his  visits,  almost  during  Ms  meals,  he  worked. 
And  should  men  think  it  even  more  incredible, 
that  while  getting  no  k-i'Oos,  he  received  only  in- 
adequate Kfpcos,  they  little  know  the  fire  of  that 
spirit  before  which  honour,  wealth,  distinction, 
fame,  alike  withered  up.  "  I  work  for  a  principle," 
he  said,  "  not  to  make  a  fortune ; "  and  towards 
his  end,  he  added,  not  without  despondency,  "  the 
object  of  my  lite  is  partly  served,  but  I  shall  die 
without  having  had  a  chance." — I  am,  &c., 

21,  Savile-row,  London.         E.  Welbt  Poom. 


MANCHESTER  NEW  TOWN  HALL 
COMPETITION. 

Sir, — Having  taken  the  trouble  to  make  an 
analysis  of  the  report  of  the  Manchester  New 
Town  Hall  competition,  as  given  in  your  impres- 
sion of  the  6th  inst.,  I  think  the  same  may  prove 
interesting  to  some  of  your  readers.  It  is  as 
follows,  viz.  : — 

Designs  provisionally  re- 
commended    by    a\ib-        Mr.  Godwin's  selection 
committee  at  meeting  on  August  27. 

of  August  14. 

Nos.  Nos.  Molto. 

14 

40  46 

67  67 

74  74 

90 

98  *98  Municipal. 

115 

120  *120  Three   Hebrew 

1'29  ...  [letters. 

131 
143 

Added  to  the  above  at  meeting  on  August  20  : — 

26 

42 

55  55 

89  89 

„  .  •  -       ,1  I     82  disqualified. 

Notprovision.allyre-  I    «99  Municipal. 

1  *1    '   ~- 


commended     by 
sub-committee. 


119  Three  Hebrew 
134  [letters. 

From  this  it  would  appear  that  the  sub-committee 
of  the  Town  Council  provisionally  recommended 
fifteen  sets  of  designs,  of  which  Mr.  Godwin  se- 
lected seven  and  rejected  eight  that  Mr.  Godwin 
selected  four  sets  of  designs  not  included  in  the 
sub-committee's  list.  Two  of  these  were  each  by  the 
same  architects  as  two  of  the  seven  designs  selected 
by  him  from  the  fifteen  provisionally  recommendi  d 
by  the  sub-committee.  As  these  designs — viz., 
Nos.  99  and  119  respectively — bore  the  same 
mottoes  as  Nos.  98  and  120,  as  well  as  consecutive 
numbers,  Mr.  Godwin  must  have  been  perfectly 
well  aware  that  in  two  instances  he  recommended 


640 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


September  13,  1867. 


P 


two  sets  of  designs  by  the  same  architect.  Of 
the  other  two  desigus,  solehj  selected  by  Mr.  God- 
win, one,  No.  82,  was  afterwards  found  to  be  dis- 
qualified ;  the  other,  No.  134,  is  believed  to  be  by 
Mr.  F.  H.  Wyatt.  (I  1  elieve  you  are  in  error  in 
stating  that  ta-n  sets  of  designs  by  ths  gentleman 
have  been  selected  ;   it  should  be  Mr.  Salomans.) 

From  the  foregoing  facta  I  draw  the  following 
inferences : — 

1st.  The  sub-committee  intended  that  at  least 
eleven  architects  should  be  selected  for  the  second 
competition. 

2nd.  The  sub-committee  did  not  in  any  case 
provisionally  select  two  seta  of  designs  by  the 
same  architect. 

3rd.  Mr.  Godwin,  in  his  report,  submitted  two 
sets  of  designs  by  the  same  architect. 

4th.  Mr.  Godwin  thus  reduced  the  number  of 
architects  selected  for  the  final  competition  from 
eleven  to  nine,  and,  by  his  recommendation  of  a 
disqualified  design,  the  number  was  further  re- 
duced to  eight. 

I  may  here  draw  attention  to  the  fact,  that,  in 
these  double  selections,  a  Gothic  and  Italian 
design,  by  the  same  architect,  have  in  each  case 
been  recommended  by  Mr.  Godwin.  I  have  long 
thought,  with  many  others,  that  excellence  in  both 
schools  could  not  be  attained  by  the  same  man, 
and  that  the  architectural  "Jack  of  all  trades" 
would  inevitably  be  "  master  of  none." 

There  can  be  little  doubt  that  the  competitors 
have  to  thank  Mr.  Godwin  for  reducing  the  selec. 
tions  for  the  final  competition  from  at  least  eleven 
to  eight  architects.  How  far  such  a  course  was 
graceful  in  the  editor  of  a  periodical  supported  in 
a  great  measure  by  the  profession,  I  leave  it  for 
architects  to  decide.  Among  the  123  who  com- 
peted, surely  more  than  eight  were  deserving  of  a 
place  in  the  final  competition.  While  the  unsuc- 
cessful have  just  grounds  for  complaint  and 
dissatisfaction,  the  fortunate  eight  have  little 
reason  for  self-congratulation,  for  the  whole  afiair 
bears  such  an  aspect  of  jobbery — six  of  the 
ten  selected  sets  of  designs  being  the  production 
of  Manchester  talent — that  being  amongst  the 
number  confers  no  credit  on  any  architect.  It  is 
possible,  after  all,  that  the  published  reports  may 
have  done  Mr.  Godwin  injustice.  It  may  not  be 
correct  that  he  attended  the  meeting  on  August 
27,  and  submitted  for  the  consideration  of  the 
sub-committee  the  sets  of  designs  ultimately 
adopted  by  the  Town  Council.  But  as  the  ques- 
tion stands  at  present,  Mr.  Godwin  owes  it  to 
himself,  as  well  as  to  a  profession  that  has  some 
claims  upon  him,  to  explain  matters  so  far  as  he 
is  concerned.—  I  am,  &c.,  K.  R. 

September  9. 


PARIS  EXHIBITION   AND   ENGLISH  ART 
SCHOOLS. 

Sir, — What  advance  has  English  art  manufac- 
turers made,  and  in  what  degree  is  that  advance,  if 
any,  to  be  credited  to  the  influence  of  our  Govern- 
ment art  schools,  are  questions  which  suggest 
themselves  to  all  visitors  to  the  Paris  International 
Exhibition,  who  are  at  all  interested  in  or  conver- 
sant with  the  vexed  subject  of  art  education  in 
this  country.  They  are  indeed  questions  asked  by 
the  South  Kensington  authorities  themselves,  not 
only  in  connection  with  this  last  and  greatest  of 
international  shows,  but  upon  all  similar  occasions 
when  any  information  is  liiely  to  be  eUcited  cal. 
culated  to  correct  past  errors,  or  to  lead  to  im- 
proved future  management  ;  and  this  fearless  in- 
vitation to  criticism,  more  than  anything  else,  is  a 
proof  of  their  earnest  and  honest  purpose,  and  a 
guarantee  of  ultimate  success.  The  anxiety  evinced 
by  the  Government  authorities  in  this  respect  has, 
however,  led  them  and  the  public  to  under-esti- 
mate  the  real  amount  of  good  being  eflfected  by 
the  teachings  of  the  art  schools,  for  that  work  can. 
not  and  will  not  be  displayed  in  the  greater  su- 
periority of  artistic  work  for  many  years  yet  to 
come.  Not  until  the  taste  of  the  lowest  stratum 
of  society  has  risen  to  the  level  of  the  highest 
wiU  the  highest  itself  mount  to  a  superior  level. 
Thus,  if  we  would  gauge  the  advance  of  art  in  this 
country  during  the  last  twenty  years,  the  measure 
of  it  will  be  found,  not  in  those  works  of  superior 
merit  which  are  before  us,  but  in  the  absence  of 
that  festering  mass  of  meretricious  art  which  a 
few  years  since  disgraced  our  markets,  and  made 
ua  the  mock  or  laughing  stock  of  continental 
critics.  The  teaching  of  our  schools  has  not 
reached  the  highest  development  of  our  national 
art,  because  it  has  wisely  concerned  itself  with 
the  lowest.  By  educating  the  masses,  it  has  made, 
we  can  scarcely  yet  say,  bad  art,  but  gross  and 
painful  abortion  impossible.    Thia  is  the  fact  that 


cannot  be  too  much  dwelt  upon,  and  it  is  a 
fact  of  so  significant  a  nature,  and  so  strongly 
in  favour  of  the  system  of  teaching  adopted  in  our 
art  schools,  that  it  is  surprising  it  should  be  so 
often  overlooked.  Let  the  authorities  of  South 
Kensington  stand  well  to  this  fact,  and  they  need 
fear  no  querulous  demands  for  evidence  of  a 
higher  influence. 

Fully  impressed,  then,  with  the  truth  of  our  po- 
sition, we  were  neither  surprised  nor  disappointed 
with  the  display  we  this  year  make  at  Paris.  Let 
us  freely  confess  that  we  do  not  stand  on  a  pre- 
eminence, but,  on  the  contrary,  still  are,  as  we 
ever  have  been,  far  in  rear  of  our  French  neigh- 
bours in  all  matters  of  art.  Let  us  even  admit 
that  our  best  works  bear  the  unmistakable  im- 
press of  French  handling.  What  then  ?  Before 
such  admissions  shall  be  at  all  humiliating  or  dis- 
heartening, it  must  be  shown  that  our  competitors 
have  during  the  past  fifteen  or  twenty  years  of 
our  schools'  teaching  made  advances,  whilst  we 
have  remained  stationary,  or  have  retrograded. 
Now  there  are  no  such  evidences  in  the  works  ex- 
hibited, nor  any  assumption  of  it.  Their  chief 
works  displayed  are  confessedly  old  friends, 
familiar  to  us  all,  and  have  been  so  for  years. 
They  are  masterpieces,  and  their  authors  can  well 
aS'ord  to  stake  their  own  and  their  country's 
reputation  upon  them.  With  these  we  have  no 
concern — we  admit  their  excellence  ;  we  do  more, 
we  confess  that  we  cannot  surpass  nor  equal  them. 
But  what  does  concern  us,  and  go  to  the  very  root 
of  the  matter,  being,  indeed,  the  lesson  which  we 
must  learn  from  the  Exhibition,  is  this — that  the 
smallest  and  most  ordinary  article  of  domestic 
furniture  is,  in  beauty  of  design,  on  a  par  with  the 
most  costly  and  recherche.  The  decorations  of  the 
Emperor's  pavilion,  or  his  services  of  plate,  are  su- 
perior only  in  richness  and  fullness  of  detail  to  the 
possessions  of  the  humblest  citizen.  It  is  this  all- 
pervading  element  of  beauty  in  common  objects 
which  gives  to  French  art,  in  its  highest  develop- 
ments, its  vitality.  It  is  this  universality  which 
educates  the  people  and  makes  the  highest  art 
possible. — 1  am,  &c. 

Birmingham.  C.  Henry  Whitaxer. 


TO    FIND  THE   CIRCUMFERENCE  OF  A 
CIRCLE   GEOMETRICALLY. 

Sib, — Overlooking  the  heading  of  "  E.  L.  G.'s" 
letter,  permit  me  to  thank  him  for  the  arithmeti- 
cal elucidation  of  my  geometrical  diagram  which 
appeared  in  your  journal  of  the  30th  ult. ;  and  as 
fie;ures  are  convincing,  I  readily  admit  the  correc- 
tion of  one-twelfth,  or  perhaps  one-thirteenth, 
instead  of  one-sixteenth  of  an  inch  to  the  foot. 

Assuming  the  ratio  of  the  diameter  to  the  cir- 
cumference to  be  as  1  to  3'1415y,  rather  than  the 
Archimedian  rule  of  1  to  3-1428,  "  E.  L.  G."  has 
approximated  very  closely,  by  adding  one-fifth  of 
the  side  of  the  square  to  three  times  its  diagonal, 
and  it  is  singular  that  the  same  diagram  should 
have  afforded  him  the  means  of  obtaining  a 
nearer  approach  to  the  generally  admitted  pro. 
portion  :  but  this,  as  he  asserts,  is  still  on  the 
side  of  deficiency. 

Applying  the  same  diagram ,  there  is,  however, 
another  solution,  which  brings  it  close  to  the 
Archimedian  test,  and,  being  a  fraction  less,  is 
nearer  the  truth — namely,  to  the  length  of  the 
four  sides  of  the  internal  square  add  one-ninth, 
which  makes  the  circumference  of  the  circle  (the 
diameter  being  1)  3'1426  instead  of  3'1428  ac- 
cording to  Archimedes. — I  am,  &c., 

Southampton.  G.  H.  Guillaume. 


ZINC  ROOFING. 


Sib, — As  there  are  one  or  two  statements  in  the 
article  on  zinc  roofing  contained  in  your  last  num- 
ber, I  shall  be  glad  if  you  will  allow  me  to  correct 
them.  The  price  of  No.  14  gauge  Vieille  Mon- 
tague zinc  is  stated  to  be  7d.  per  foot,  "  not  mea- 
suring aU  the  zinc  used,  but  stretching  a  hue  from 
ridge  to  eaves,  and  from  side  to  side,  girting 
nothing,  and  adding  nothing  for  rolls,  caps,  welts, 
&c."  I  shall  be  glad  to  have  the  name  of  a  zinc- 
worker  who  will  work  at  this  price.  In  my  expe 
rience,  I  have  found  that  the  practice  is  to  girt 
everything,  and,  in  fact,  ascertain  the  total  quan- 
tity of  zinc  used,  allowing  for  waste  in  cesspools, 
&c.  The  difference  between  this  mode  and  that  of 
merely  measuring  the  superficial  area  of  the  zinc 
is  between  30  and  40  per  cent,  in  flats  of  an  ordi- 
nary description.  The  price  charged  by  good 
Vieille  Montague  zinc-workers  per  foot  on  the 
zinc  laid  is  74d.  or  8d.  per  foot  for  14  gauge  zinc 
except  in  roofs  of  extraordinary  dimensions  ;  there^ 
fore,  if  measured,  as  directed  in  your  article,  io 


should  be  104d.  or  lid.  per  foot  super.  You  state 
that  in  flat  roofs  a  fall  of  6in.  and  drip  of  21in. 
should  be  obtained  to  every  7ft.  Thi.i  would  give 
in  a  roof  of  30ft.  a  fall  of  about  3ft.  I  should 
like  to  know  how  this  is  obtained,  whether  by  | 
merely  paring  up  or  by  means  of  trussed  rafters. 
I  can  fully  appreciate  the  advantages  of  a  good 
fall  in  a  zinc  roof,  or,  in  fact,  a  roof  of  any  de- 
scription, but  have  generally  found  that  2in.  to 
every  sheet  was  sufficient.  Care,  however,  must 
be  taken,  in  laying  zinc  on  boards  to  this  fall,  that 
the  boards  are  properly  seasoned  and  well  nailed  to 
the  bearers,  as  otherwise  they  will  be  found  to 
turn  up  at  the  edges  and  cause  the  zinc  to  hold  the 
water,  besides  forming  a  sharp  angle  to  be  worn 
through  by  the  feet. — I  am,  &c.,  C.  H. 


littcrtomuumicatioiL 


QUESTIONS, 


[5G9.]— TO  COLOUR  TRACINGS.— WUl  some  of  yont 
readers  kindly  inform  me  the  proper  way  to  colour  tracings 
so  as  to  give  them  the  uniform  and  yet  deep  colour  whidl 
most  possess?  Should  the  paint  be  laid  on  thickly  aoA 
without  much  water?— Ignoramus. 


4 

outB 


[570,]— ROLLING  MACADAMISED  ROADS.— Can  any 
one  who  has  had  practical  experience  on  the  subject  tell  me 
if  he  considers  it  economical  to  roll  newly-applied  material 
in  repairing  Macadamised  roads  iu  country  places,  and  ds? 
scribe  the  best  kind  of  roller  for  the  purpose? — C.  M.  '' 

[571.1-ARCHITECTURAL  MODELS.— Asl  am desiroOB 
of  making  some  architectural  models,  I  ehoiild  be  gi*eatly 
obliged  by  any  of  your  readers  informing  me  of  the  beflfc 
and  finest  material  to  work  in.  I  propose  to  cut  my  mod€4| 
out  of  the  solid,  and  have  tried  plaster  of  Paris,  but  findt 
it  much  too  coai-se  for  my  purpose. — Subscriber.  \ 


REPLIES.  ' 

[51-] — Surely  there  must  be  something  grossly  wrong  in 
the  statement  of  this  problem  or  the  answer  to  same  as 
worked  out  by  its  author  in  last  week's  "  Intercommunicar 
tiou  "  column.  As  I  understand  what  is  to  1j6  done,  it  B  i-T 
given  two  forces  of  respectively  121b.  and  21b.,  acting  on^  | :. 
point  at  an  angle  of  60  deg.  to  find  the  resultant.  T^ 
forces  are  shown  diagramatically  and  wrong.  If  tm 
reader  will  please  to  refer,  he  will  see  that  if  line  P  0  tip 
equal  to  l'21b.  the  line  Q  O  cannot  be  equal  to  21b..  thou^ 
the  method  adopted  by  "  R.  L.  B."  of  finding  the  results* 
is  correct,  that  is,  by  completmg  the  parallelogram  b'' 
mathematical  part  is  hardly  more  happy.  Why  he  shott 
assume  line  OQ  =  9  I  am  at  a  loss  to  conceive  ;  anyhow,  1 
seems  brought  to  the  conclusion  that  the  resultant^ 
lS'24Slb.  A  marvellous  one,  for  if  we  imagine  the  fore 
of  121b.  and  21b.  to  be  fused  into  one  and  act  to  thf 
greatest  ■possible  advantage,  that  is  in  the  same  straigi 
line,  they  would  exert  a  pressure  of  14lb.  only,  and  woui 
want  a  resultant  of  14lb.  acting  in  the  opposite  direction  to 
keep  the  point  at  rest,  and,  therefore,  as  iu  the  proposition, 
they  act  at  60  deg.,  a  still  less  resultant  would  suffice.  The 
real  answer  which,  owing  to  the  angle  chosen  in  the  problenii 
can  be  easily  worked  out  by  the  4Tth  prop.  Euclid,  BookI,| 
is  roughly  1311Mb.— W.  D. 


[51.]_Inray  reply  to  this  query  which  you  were 
enough  to  insert  last  week,  two  slight  clerical  errors  c 
which  I  shall  thank  you  to  correct,  as  follows  : — ^The  givao 
forces  should  be  12lb.  and  9ib.  in  lieu  of  12lb.  and  2lb. ;  in. 
the  last  line  but  two  for  CR^  read  OR^.  — R.  L.  B. 


[452.]— CONTOUR  LINES.— This  subject  being  an  in- 
teresting one,  a  "  Tyro  "  deserves  a  more  extended  explaiUr  ■ 
tion  than  "Theodolite"  thought  it  necessary'  to  gin^l 
There  are  two  methods  in  use  of  delineating  upon  pap^  J 
the  topographical  features  of  a  country — by  *'nachnre 
lines  "  and  by  "  contour  lines. "  The  first  and  older  system 
indicates  the  inclination  by  lines  drawn  in  the  direction  of 
the  fall  of  the  ground  and  the  amount  of  inclination  by 
greater  or  less  thickness  of  lines  or  by  bringing  them  closer 
together  or  spreading  them  out.  In  the  second  system  the 
relative  heights  of  the  various  points  are  indicated  by  con- 
tinuous lines  of  equal  level  at  certain  vertical  distances 
apart.  This  method  originated  with  and  is  more  especially 
adapted  to  the  requirements  of  military  and  civil  engineers, 
but  it  has  the  disadvantage  of  conveying  but  a  faiut  idea 
of  the  true  features  of  the  surface.  A  contoured  map  will 
be  more  readily  understood  from  the  accompanying  sketch 
of  an  island  (also  represented  by  old  method  of  nachure 
lines),  the  outside  line  is  the  water  line  (all  points  of  which 
are  of  course  in  the  same  horizontal  plane).     Now,  sutipose 


the  water  to  rise  100ft.,  another  water  line  would  be  ma<id 
parallel  to  the  former  one.  and  so  on,  by  sutcessive  stages 
of  the  water  we  should  get  a  succession  of  lines  until  tbe 
island  is  submerged  entirely— the  400ft.  line  leaving  only 
two  points.  AU  these  water  (contour)  lines  are  represented 
on  paper  as  if  we  were  looking  down  upon  the  islaud,  as  a 
geometrical  plan,  in  fact,  like  an  architectural  "plan  cf 
roofs."  Now,  the  map  being  drawn  to  scale,  nothing  is 
ea8ier  than  to  make  a  correct  section  of  the  islaud  in  any 


Septembee  13,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


641 


■:ion: — Tick  off  the  contour  lines  on  a  slip  of  paper, 
- -t  up  their  respective  heights  from  datum  Hue  (or 
r  line  of  the  island),  and  joining  the  points  set  up,  by 
.lit  lines,  a  sufficiently  accurate  surface  line  is  ob- 
.'J.    The  surface  of  the  ground,  the  planes  of  the  con- 


SECTION 


r  and  the  perpendicular  lines  forming  a  rising  series 
ight-angled  triangles,  the  perpendicular  always  100ft., 
base  found  by  scah^  antl  Iho  leu<^h  of  the  h>i>ot«nuse 
unired  or  found.  The  iiin.  ordnance  nmi»s  of  Yorkshire, 
are  contoured,  and  a  sheet  has  lately  been  published 
be  neighbourhood  of  Dorking,  Surrey,  with  cont<iur 
slOOft.  distant,  and  faint  nachure  lines  also  introiluced  : 
composite  sj-stem  is  that  adopted  by  the  French  and 
led  States  authorities.  AM  the  nachiire  lines  are  of  the 
e  thickness  in  these  maps,  but  they  are  always  separated 
1  each  other  by  one-fourth  of  the  (iistince  of  the  contour 
•ee  apart,  and  this  gives  the  proper  sh.^e  for  the  slope. 
he  South  Kensington  Museum  may  bo  seen  four  sheets 
te  Austrian  Government  survey,  every  contour  in  which 
^presented  by  a  separate  sheet  cut  out  and  mounted  one 
■  the  other  with  a  railway  cutting  and  embankment 
l|\illy  represent^?d,  although  very  minute.  A  geological 
lof  a  "valley  of  denudation,"  where  the  strata  are  quite 
lODtol,  would  present  a  series  of  contour  lines,  though 
necessaiily  equidistant.  This  might  have  given  the 
of  applying  tliem  to  ordinary  maps. — A.  S.  E.,  Bromp- 
September  9.  

»1}— WEIGHT  OF  ANGLE  IROXS.— In  article  No  3 
ite  Girders  will  be  f^Jund  an  excellent  table  giving 
.13  per  foot  run  and  sectional  areas  of  angle  and  T-irons. 

.    .lout  your  correspondents  notice  and  make  memoran- 

'I  s  of  such  things?— T.  W.  F. 

.-]-PERIODS    OF   GOTHIC    ARCHITECTURE.—  , 
';.   Fer^usson's  new   "History   of  Architecture,"  vol.  ' 
.'-,  which  I  had  not  even  seen  when   answering  this 
ry,  he  makes  the  following  arrangement  of  the  English 
ed  styles,  which  anyone  interested  can  compare  with 
;.;tea  of  "  Provincial"  and  myself,  p.  5S7  : — 

:    A.VO  WHENBEGCN.    DURATION.  REIGN'S. 

K;;rly      Pointed,  "j  q-  I*  14  years  of  Henry  II., 

Lancet,  or  Plan-  \  ™a_o  \  Richard    I.,     John, 

la^-enet  )  ^^^^-  (  Henry  III. 

1.  Pei-fccted   Point-)        ,«-  r Edward  1. 

ed.  -Decorated,"  )■  ^^1,  {  Edward  II. 

or  Edwardian   ...)  ^"^^  (.Edward  III. 


IDS 


r.  Late        Pointed, 

I    Perpendicular,  or  '  „ — ., ,   ... 

Uncastrian  3  ^^^^      (  Ewd.  IV.,  V.,  Rd.  IIL 

Fan         Vaulted,)  i  Henry  VII. 


'} 


{  Richard  II. 

-  Henry  IV.,  V.,  VI. 


Mary. 


Fan         Vaulted,)  i  Henry  VII. 

Transitional,     or(        117        }  Henry  VIII. 
Tudor  Style.  (      yeara.      j  Edward    VI., 

To  lii02    3  lElizabeth. 

Transition,  of  coiirse,  that  he  would  associate  with  the 

ilichard,  is  not  "  Provincial's  "  ''Transition  to  Perpen- 

.1,"  but  from  Perpendicular  !  which  tended  to  lose  its 

'.re  vertical  lines"   under  Henry  VII,    and  VIII.,  at 

in  all  but  poor  and   inferior  work  ;  tlie  most  dis- 

ivo  mark  of  those   reigns  being  an   eclectic  reaction 

^t  the  vertical  lines  and  return  to  curves  ;  which  Mr. 

ijan.who  treats  much  of  this  in  his  "  Window  Tracery," 

•the  return  to  Decorated."     "Provincial"  may  find 

i  lite  amusing  "  to  see  what  confusion  he  can   create 

random    "few  sentences  "  or  one  line  on  matters  he 

1st  as  much  attended  to  a=i  a  New  Zealander,  but  he 

ly  perverts  the   intention  of  these   "  Intercommuaica- 

r.jhirans.     As  well  might  the  question  uf  American 

■^  moving  be  answered   by   me,    who  never  was  there, 

!  nest  ion  of  old  styles  by  a  man  who,  instead  of  a  single 

■  L'lg,  refers  to  two  new  designs  !  Where  did  I  say  there 
L-si  thought  at  the  beginning  of  Edwardian?     Is  "after 

the  beginning  of  Edwardian?  But  wherever  a  de- 
nf  tiiought  might  begin,  I  can  well  believe  such  a  per- 
^  '*  Provincial "  cannot  see  it.  There,  for  once,  I  hold 
I  him  perfectly.  Perhaps,  too,  it  may  be  quite 
jhtly "  that  our  architects  choose  Early  English  to 
lie,  and  not  Norman  or  Perpendicular  (which  might 
B  been  decently  revived),  because,  doubtless,  it  is  right 
neceasai'V  for  the  age's  true  self- portraiture  before  men 
angels,  that  if  there  >>e  au^-thing  which  will  make  us 

■  so  Utile  more  ridiculous  than  another  thing,  the  exact 
''.  shall  be  pitched  upon.     The  nobler  a  style,  as  Mr. 

■  ill  says,  the  baser  will  it  be  when  built  by  base  people. 
"•1  heavens  I  to  think  what  is  presently  to  be  called 
riy  English."  But  why  does  "Provincial"  say  he 
is   "  there  was  more  lavish   thrown   away  "   in   Ed- 

iiao,  **  aa  'E.  L.  G.'  asserts?"  Where  did  I  a-ssertthis? 

'  which  even  he  never  blundered  into  anything  falser. 

-li  he  would  keep  his  agreements  to  himself. 
is  true  the  only  thing  1   quoted  from    "  Fergusson's 
ibook"  I  qvioted  to  contradict,  it  beingalmost  the  only 

i-^uiing  line  in  that  excellent  work.  I  never  supposed 
lUthorignorantwhen  "  Perpeudicular"began,  and  that 

transition  to  it  was  {not  any  Richard's  reign,  but)  the 
')  ve^irs  of  Edward  III.  (see  his  page  S64).  I  did  not 
:.   either,   to  liis   remark,    p.    470,    that   *'the   three 

■  .inis  by  a  singuLir  coiiicidt.'iice,  mark  three  ages  of  tran- 
:i."  though  it  would  l»e  tnicr  to  say  "three  new  btyle.>.' 
y  came  after  each  transition  was  just  complete.     But 

-  I  contradicted  was  at  p.  S44,  "  Plantagenet,  Ed- 
iian,  Lancastrian,  and  Tudor,  the  periods  of  tranaition 
■een  each  of  theee  falling,  by  a  curious  coincidence,  in 


thereigosof  the  three  Richards."  It  is  plain  the  first  of 
these  three  transitions  falls  near  no  Richard.  I  must  fur- 
fher  now  question  if  there  be  any  grounds  for  cjilliug  the 
two  years  of  Richard  III.,  a  bit  more  transitional  in  art 
than  any  other  two  in  that  whole  century,  the  steadiest 
and  least  transitional  we  ever  had. 

The  strong  '*  severe"  Pei-pendicularof  Wykeham  after  1400 
gradually  weakened.  The  nuscalletl  '' Tudor  arch,"  then 
aliciidy  common  enough  in  .secular  work,  slowly  crept  intii 
ecclesiastical,  but  never  e-xcluded  the  old  arch  at  any  time ; 
the  square  label  or  spandrils  over  doorways  grow  slowly 
more  general  fi-om  1400  to  loOO,  but  never  universal ;  and 
this  i»just;islrue  of  the  fau-vaviltiug,  which  was  mt)delle<l 
over  tombs  before  1400,  built  on  a  great  scale  at  Peter- 
lx>rough  alxMit  1430,  but  never  excluded  the  old  style  of 
vaulting,  till  vaulting  ceased  entirely  with  Wolsey.  There- 
fore, the  name  "Fan-vaulted"  will  not  do  at  all  for  the 
Tudor  period.  The  only  cliange,  I  believe,  beginning  a.i 
late  as  Richard  III.  was  that  from  Perpendicular  tracery 
and  panels,  back  to  curvilinear ;  and  this  never  descended 
to  poor  parish  work.  The  Perpendicular  proper  continued 
till  luigo  Jones. 

As  for  "Provincial's"  que-^^tions  (1.)  "  Wliat  are  the 
buildings  that  exist^l  before  the  Normans?"  As  far  as  is 
known,  they  are  all  either  lime  or  dust  under  our  feet, 
except  the  carcase  of  Waltham  and  a  bit  or  two  of  West- 
minster Abbey  finished  a  ye  ir  or  two  before  the  Conquest, 
and  just  as  Nonuan  as  an)  hing  after  it.  Of  coui-se,  our 
Romancs4|ue,  then  or  earlier,  was  distinguishable  somehow 
from  that  of  continentals.  There  wa^a  Saxon  style,  and  not 
"  a  rather  barbarous  one,"  either  for  the  time,  or  for  times 
in  general,  or  ours.  Their  writii;g  and  drawing  was  refined 
almost  to  effeminacy.  They  had  cathedrals  equal  in  mass 
to  our  grandest,  now  standing  on  the  same  foundutions. 
England  had  more  civilization  before  the  Conquest  than 
could  be  recovered  in  a  full  century  or  two  after.  And 
neither  Saxons  or  Normans  were  ever  barbarous  enough 
to  let  buildings  be  designed  by  men  paid  a  percentage  on 
the  outlay.  But  inasmuch  as  no  man  living,  if  he  saw  one 
of  the  Saxon  buildings  beside  a  French  or  a  Japanese  one 
ofe<iual  age,  could  tell  cert;iinly  which  was  which.  I  say 
"there  is  no  Saxun  style."  That  is  as  generally  admitted 
and  plain  as  that,  in  another  generation,  thanks  to  b  per 
cent,  on  the  outlay,  and  a  Royal  Institute  of  British  Archi- 
tects, there  shall  be  (except  in  photographs)  no  Early  Eng- 
lish or  Edwardian. 

{'!.)  Of  the  Street  and  Barry  disguises  for  nineteenth 
century  work,  all  one  can  say  is,  they  differ  by  one  draw- 
ing its  forms  from  several  varieties  of  Gothic,  Early  and 
Middle  French,  Venetian,  and  (in  less  degree)  Early  and 
Middle  English,  while  the  other  mimics  exclusively  Eng- 
lish and  chiefly  of  Perpendicular  times,  and  is  far  better 
designed  on  the  whole,  though  worse  in  detail. 

(;j.)  Will  I  say  these  "are  types  of  one  and  the  same 
period  ?  "  Of  course  I  will !  What  on  earth  can  be  more 
certain?  I  can  neither  conceive  their  authors  nor  anyone 
but  "Provincial"  entertaining  the  slightest  idea  of  their 
passing  on  paper,  or  in  stone,  or  as  long  as  one  stone  may 
remain  on  another,  for  types  of  any  but  one  period,  the 
period  of  percentage  designers,  of  general  masquerade,  of 
restoring  all  realities  off  the  face  of  the  land,  and  total 
ignorance  what  they  meant. 

(4.)  If  he  wants  more  authority  for  dates  I  will  give 
plenty  ;  and  (5.)  I  have  told  him  "if  this  is  not  the  age  of 
Gothic  revival,"  what  is  it.  As  for  "  Romish  ideas,"  what 
did  I  sav  about  them  ? — E.  L.  G. 


[555.]— ARCHED  WOOD  PRINCIPALS.— In  No.  G(50 
of  the  Building  Ne%vs  "A  Puzzle<l  Studeut"  wishes  to 
know  "whether  the  laminated  arched  wood  principals  do 
or  do  not  exert  a  thrust  upon  the  walls  ?  "  and  gives  an 
example.  I  think  that  any  roof  of  the  same  dimensions 
and  proportions  as  his  example  would  throw  a  great  thrust 
on  the  walls.  With  regard  to  the  arched  semicircles,  they 
are  the  invention  of  Colonel  Emy,  a  French  military  en- 
gineer, who,  in  1825,  erected  a  large  roof  65ft.  span  at 
Marac,  near  Bayonne.  The  laminated  ribs  in  this  roof  are 
kept  from  separating  by  radiating  struts  which  are  in  pairs, 
notched  so  as  to  clip  the  rib  between  them.  The  principle 
of  this  roof  is  said,  by  a  very  able  writer  on  architecture, 
to  be  exceedingly  good.  The  principals,  wall  plates,  and 
arched  ribs  form  two  triangles,  firmly  braced  together,  and 
exerting  no  thrust  on  the  walls  ;  and  the  weight  of  the 
whole  roof  being  thrown  on  the  walls  at  the  feet  of  the 
ribs,  and  not  at  the  pole  plate,  the  walls  are  not  tried  by 
the  action  of  a  heavy  roof — W.  H.  Cu.n'dy.,  j.%  Sydney- 
street,  Fulham-road,  Brompton. 

[560.]_IXDIAN  INK.  -Dissolve  a  little  gum  arable  and 
mix  it  with  the  Indian  ink  every  time  you  grind  it, — E.  H. 
HoRNE,  Broad-street. 


[56:.{.]_pETERBOROUGH  CATHEDRAL.— The  west 
front  is  of  three  periods — the  Norman  and  Early  English 
of  Bamack  stone,  the  Perpendicular  portion  of  Kbttia 
stone,  both  quarries  near  Stamford.  It  is  well  known  that 
the  churches  of  this  district  were  built  of  Barnack  stone, 
till  the  middle  or  end  of  the  fourteenth  century,  when  the 
quarries  were  worked  out.  Since  that  time,  Kettiu  and 
at  times  Ancaster  stone  has  been  used.  Barnack  stone  is 
a  shelly  oolite,  rather  coarse  grain,  ^Kettin  a  fine  beautiful 
oolite,  and,  if  good,  very  durable.  1  have  not  observed 
the  stone  of  the  west  front  of  Peterborough.  I  have 
no  doubt  it  is  Barnack  stone. — E.  M.  B.,  King's  Lynn, 
September  10. 

WAGES   MOVEMENT. 

The  Lausanne  Workmen's  Congress  has  decided  with 
regard  to  strikes  that  in  the  present  condition  of  things  it 
was  necessary-  to  maintain  w;vges  by  giving  mutual  help, 
but  that  the  end  to  be  aimed  at  was  the  suppression  of  the 
principle  of  wages  altogether.  The  congress  also  decided 
in  favour  of  the  equivalence  of  functions — that  is  to  say, 
that  the  eight  honra'  labovir  of  a  carpenter  or  shoemaker  is 
of  equal  economical  value  with  the  eight  hours'  labour  of  an 
astronomer  or  poet. 

Carlisle.— As  winter  approaches,  the  building  trade 
always  shows  signs  of  slackness,  but  this  autumn  it  is  very 
slack.  Except  a  few  small  houses,  there  is  nothing  in  pros- 
pect. The  corporation  are  about  to  extend  the  water  works, 
and  it  is  to  be  desired  that  the  works  should  be  .started 
this  winter,  so  that  the  labourers  and  bricklayers  of  the 
town  may  have  a  chance  of  employment. 

New  York.— The  N(w  York  Sun,  a  working  man'spaper, 
says  that  at  no  period  within  the  last  ten  years  have  there 
been  »o  many  tmemployed  workmen  in  New  York  ae  now 


This  fact  has  caused  the  New  York  Trade  Union  to  be  very 
cautious  aljout  "striking"  for  the  eight-hour  system. 
I'hough  their  eight-hour  law  ha.s  been  on  the  statute  book 
for  a  month,  no  efforts  have  yet  been  made  by  them  to  eu- 
fort-o  it.  In  Chicago,  where  the  men  pn^cured  a  reduction 
of  hours  only  by  submitting  to  a  proportionate  reduction  of 
pay,  a  general  wish  is  reported  to  return  to  the  old  system. 
The  men  want  ten  hours'  pay,  and  adversity  has  made 
them  willing  to  give  ten  hours'  work  for  it. 


STAINED   GLASS. 


Man<"hf>;ter.— A  series  of  staiueil  glass  windows  have 
been  put  iq>  in  the  Jews'  Synagogue,  Cheetham  Hill-road, 
Manchester.  They  consist  of  three  windows  of  two  semi- 
headed  openings  each  crowned  by  large  circles,  and  two 
smaller  windows  and  gable  lights,  all  of  which  liave  been 
presented  by  members  of  the  congregation.  The  style  of 
the  buildiiig  is  Saracenic  in  character,  and  the  windows  are 
designed  t<)  harmonize  with  the  architecture.  They  are 
comj)08wd  of  an  elaliorate  grisaille  heightened  with  yellow 
stain,  and  the  hands  and  b«irders  are  formed  of  rich  mosaic 
of  deep  effective  colours.  The  circular  openuigs  contain 
emblems  of  power  and  sovereignty,  with  suitable  texts  in 
bold  Hebrew  characters.  These  windows  are  from  the  es- 
tablishment of  Messrs.  R.  B.  Edmundson  and  Son,  of  Man- 
chester. 


STATUES,  MEMORIALS,  ETC. 

A  memorial  is  about  to  Iw  erecte<i  over  the  (at  present) 
unmarked  grave  of  the  late  Robert  Brough,  in  Manchester. 

A  statue  of  the  late  Lord  John  Scott  was  inaugurated  at 
Duuchurch,  near  Uugby,  by  his  brother  tiie  Duke  of  Buc- 
cleuch,  Last  week.  It  was  subscribed  for  by  the  tenantry, 
and  is  tlie  work  of  J.  Durham,  A.R.A. 

A  monument  to  the  memory  of  Madame  Catalini,  repre- 
sentiuR  in  white  marble  St.  Cecilia,  and  executed  by  the 
Tuscan  sculptor  Aristodemo  Costelli.  has  just  been  inaugu- 
rated in  the  Campo  Santo  of  Pisa— tlie  Westminster  Abbey 
of  Italy. 


LEGAL  INTELLIGENCE. 

Important  Proceedings  under  the  Sanitary 
Act. — Mrs.  Caroline  Smithers  appeared  to  answer 
a  summons  issued  against  her,  by  direction  o£ 
the  Board  of  Works  for  the  Poplar  district,  for 
not  having  complied  with  the  Board's  order  to 
carry  out  certain  sanitary  works  at  six  houses 
situate  at  Hunts-row,  Poplar.  Mr.  Layton,  juu., 
appeared  for  the  Board,  and  stated  that  the  pro- 
ceedings were  taken  under  the  authority  of  the 
Sanitary  Act,  and  the  regulations  of  the  Board. 
The  defendant  was  the  owner  of  six  houses  at 
Hunts-row,  Poplar,  which  had  been  duly  regis- 
tered, and  therefore  came  under  the  regulations 
of  the  Board.  The  premises  were  in  a  very  dirty 
condition,  the  roofs  were  out  of  repair,  the  ventila- 
tion was  defective,  and  the  privies  had  no  supply 
of  water.  The  houses  were  situate  in  a  very 
densely  populated  neighbourhood,  and  it  was 
absolutely  nece.isary,  not  only  for  the  inhabitants 
of  the  houses  in  <iue3tion,  but  also  of  the  neigh- 
bourhood, that  the  sanitary  works  required  to 
remedy  these  evils  should  be  carried  out.  Dr. 
Ellison,  medical  officer  of  health,  and  Mr.  Shad- 
rake,  the  san't-^ry  inspector,  proved  the  condition 
of  the  houbes,  and  that  the  works  ordered  to  be 
carried  ovit  were  absolutely  necessary.  Mr.  Ben- 
son asked  the  defendant  what  she  had  to  say. 
The  defendant  stated  she  had  not  the  means  to 
pay  for  putting  the  houses  in  repair.  She  admit- 
ted what  h  id  been  stated  was  true.  Mr.  Benson 
said  that  the  regulations  and  the  Sanitary  Act  are 
neces-sary  for  the  public  health,  but  this  being  the 
first  case  before  him,  and  seeing  that  the  defend- 
ant was  but  a  poor  woman,  he  should  only  inflict 
a  penalty  of  Ss.  and  costs,  or  seven  days'  imprison- 
ment ;  but  if  the  defendant  was  brought  before 
him  again  he  should  be  obhged  to  enfore  a  much 
heavier  penalty. 


§mm\  Items. 


A  gentleman  being  anxious  to  get  an  insight 
into  the  opinions  of  working  men  passed  the 
greater  part  of  an  evening,  not  long  since,  at  a 
public-house  resorted  to  by  artisans  on  strike. 
While  there  he  was  greatly  puzzled  by  a  toast 
which  was  given  unctuously  and  received  raptu- 
rously. It  was  the  "  Four  Eights."  He  did  not 
Uke  to  display  his  ignorance  by  asking  what  it 
meant,  so  he  waited,  and  by-and-bye  his  patience 
was  rewarded.  The  whole  company  burst  into  a 
song,  and  the  refrain  of  the  ballad  they  sang  waa 

this: 

Eight  hours'  work  and  eight  hours'  play, 
Eight  hours'  sleep  and  eight  shillings  a  day. 

These  were  the  "  Four  Eights  ;"  and  the  "  Four 
Eights,"  it  was  subscqiiently  found,  was  the  work- 
ing men's  millenium. 

In  reference  to  late  accidents  arising  from  the 
presence  of  foul  air  in  wells  and  sewers,  a  eorre- 


642 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


September  13,  1867. 


spondent  calls  attention  to  the  following  inven 
tion  : — The  apparatus  is  known  as  Galibert's 
Patent  Respiratory  Apparatus,  and  is  sold  by  the 
Patent  Inventions  Company,  45,  Little  Britain 
London,  E.G.  Its  merits  consist  in  this,  that, 
combined  with  complete  protection  to  the  eyes 
and  nostrils,  it  affords  to  the  wearer  a  portable 
supply  of  air  sufficient  for  comfortable  breathing 
for  twenty  or  thirty  minutes :  it  is  always  ready 
for  use,  and  enables  the  wearer  to  exist  and  move 
about  without  the  slightest  discomfort  for  many 
minutes  under  conditions  which  would  be  other- 
wise instantly  fatal  to  human  life ;  it  is  fireproof, 
and  can  be  used  in  the  most  dense  and  acrid 
smoke.  My  own  experience  is  confined  to  its 
use  in  chlorine,  sulphuretted  hydrogen,  carbonic 
acid,  and  sulphurous  acid  gases,  in  any  of  which 
however  strong,  it  is  possible  by  its  aid  to  exist 
for  many  minutes  with  ease.  By  its  use,  those 
accidents  in  brewers'  vats  of  which  we  so  con- 
stantly read  are  avoidable,  and  therefore  when 
they  occur  should  no  longer  be  call.-d  accidents. 

On  the  Thames  Embankment  wall  are  colossal 
blocks  of  Aberdeen,  Dartmoor,  Irish,  French,  and 
Guernsey  granite — for  almost  every  quarry  had  to 
be  ransacked — joined  with  the  neatness  of  cabinet 
work.  They  are  all  much  of  the  same  grey  hue, 
but  the  prettiest,  hardest,  and  finest  grained  of 
all  is  that  which  comes  from  Ireland. 

As  a  testimony  to  the  efficiency  of  creosoting  as 
a  means  of  preserving  timber,  we  may  mention 
that  the  Lancashire  and  Yorkshire  and  Lancashire 
Union  Hallways  are  advertising  for  40,000  creo- 
soting sleepers.  A  correspondent  says,  *'  It  is  a 
curious  thing  that  the  Scotch  lines  are  discon- 
tinuing this  kind  of  sleepers  and  the  Lancashire 
and  Yorkshire,  one  of  the  best  paying  lines,  is 
demanding  them  in  such  quantities." 

A  barrister-at  law  sends  us  the  following  : — I 
hear  on  good  authority  that  a  mean  brick  house  is 
to  be  at  once  erected  in  the  Cathedral  Close,  at 
Exeter,  from  the  design  of  a  national  schoolmaster. 
In  an  ancient  city  where  so  few  remains  of  anti- 
quity have  been  allowed  to  stand,  I  should  have 
thought  thitit  would  have  been  almost  impossible 
to  erect  a  monstrosity  imder  the  shadow  of  the 
old  cathedral. 

Eighty-seven  acres  of  land  at  Edgware  belong- 
ing to  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  have  been  sold 
to  the  Midland  Railway  Company  for  the  sum  of 
£45,000,  as  settled  by  arbitration.  Up  to  this  time 
the  hospital  has  derived  from  it  simply  an  agri- 
cultural rent. 

At  the  last  meeting  of  the  Liverpool  Town 
Council  the  recommendations  of  the  Health  Com- 
mittee to  pay  to  certain  owners  of  property  sums 
of  money  varying  Irom  £10  to  £30  for  demolition 
of  back  yards,  widening  court  entrances,  construct- 
ing trough  waterclosets,  and  for  other  court  im- 
provements, being  for  the  public  benefit  in  a  sani- 
tary point  of  view,  were  approved  and  confirmed. 

In  the  Prussian  department  of  the  Paris  Ex- 
hibition, a  first  and  second-class  railway  carriai:e 
made  at  Berlin  is  exhibited,  which  has  many  no- 
velties and  conveniences  worthy  the  attention  of 
our  railway^authorities.  The  carriage  accommo- 
dates six  first-class  and  sixteen  second-class  pas- 
sengers. The  first-class  compartment  has  a  sepa- 
rate retiring-room,  with  lavatory,  and  the  seats  can 
be  made  into  comfortable  lieds.  Each  second- 
class  compartment  has  a  retiring  room,  and  in- 
stead of  hot  water  vessels  under  the  feet,  vessels 
of  heated  sand  are  fixed  under  the  seats.  The 
lighting  is  brought  near  the  passengers  for  read- 
ing. There  is  a  passage  for  the  guard  through 
the  carriage,  and  footboards  at  both  ends  of  the 
carriage  communicating  with  the  next.  The 
price  Ls  between  £400  and  £500  per  carriage. 

The  7th  of  September  was  the  sixteenth  anni- 
versary of  the  Conservative  Land  Society,  which 
has  issued  , 27,5-25  shares  at  £50,  viz.,  £1,376,250, 
on  which  £l,093,2i;i  143.  has  been  paid.  The 
sale  of  land  has  amounted  to  £627,528  16s.  The 
society  has  been  the  means  of  enabling  thousands 
of  all  classes  of  the  community  not  only  to  obtain 
the  freehold  franchise  in  counties,  and  votes  for 
towns  and  boroughs,  but  has  also  promoted  build- 
ing operations  in  26  counties,  opened  new  roads 
and  communications,  and  given  free  sites  for 
churches. 

We  announced  last  week  that  Buckingham 
Palace  was  about  to  receive  a  thorough  renovation, 
in  which  it  stands  very  much  in  need.  Several 
ijundred  workmen  are  now  actively  engaged  in 
painting  the  exteiior  and  renovating  the  interior 
of  the  palace.  The  stone  work,  as  it  turns  out, 
is  in  many  places  quite  decayed. 


The  following  extraordinary  mode  of  advertising 
has  just  been  invented  by  a  Parisian.  He  proposes 
to  erect  along  the  Boulevards,  level  with  the  lamp- 
posts, a  number  of  lay  figures,  on  which  the 
bootmakers,  tailors,  hatters,  shirtmakers,  dress- 
makers, and  milliners  would,  in  return  for  a 
certain  sum,  have  the  right  of  showing  off  all  they 
have  of  newest  and  best  in  the  way  of  clothing. 
The  promenaders  on  the  Boulevards  could  in  this 
way  judge  at  onCe  of  the  beauty  of  the  material 
and  the  elegance  of  the  cut.  There  are  to  be,  of 
course,  both  male  and  female  figures,  the  clothes 
changed  at  least  once  a  week,  and  on  each  of  the 
articles  a  plac  ird  hung  to  give  the  name  and 
address  of  the  vendor,  while  a  high  railing  would 
enclose  and  protect  the  whole  from  the  entreprises 
of  dishonest  and  mischievous  individuals.  It  is 
supposed  that  a  cover  of  some  kind  will  shelter 
the  figures  and  their  attirement  from  rain,  unless 
this  care  be  left  to  some  umbrella  manufacturer, 
desirous  to  join  in  this  ne  plus  ultra  of  puffing. 

The  foundi:ion  stone  of  the  great  bridge  across 
the  Ohio  river  at  Louisville,  Kentucky,  has  just 
been  laid,  and  the  people  there  think  the  bridge 
will  echpse  the  suspension  bridge  at  Cincinnati. 
The  total  length  of  the  bridge  will  be  5,220ft.,  or 
nearly  one  mile.  The  graded  approaches  will  be 
2,500ft.  in  length,  and  the  superstructure,  con- 
sisting of  iron  suspension  trusses,  will  rest  on 
twenty-five  piers  and  two  abutments.  The 
longest  span  will  be  360ft.,  36ft.  longer  than  the 
longest  span  of  the  Victoria.bridge  at  Montreal. 
This  bridge  will  be  adapted  to  the  use  of  steam 
and  horse  railroads,  carriages,  and  foot  passengers. 
The  lowest  projecting  points  of  the  long  span  will 
not  be  less  than  90ft.  above  low  water,  and  52ft. 
above  the  highest  point  the  water  in  the  Ohio  was 
ever  known  to  reach. 

You  have  heard  so  much  of  mismanagement 
and  corruption  in  the  city  of  New  Y'ork,  writes  a 
correspondent  that  it  must  be  a  relief  to  be  told  of 
a  great  work  which  has  been  carried  out  with  per- 
fect success  for  the  free  benefit  of  the  public,  and 
without  the  waste  or  misuse  of  a  single  dollar. 
I  refer  to  the  Central  Park,  destined  in  a  few  years 
to  be  the  most  beautiful  park  in  the  world,  and 
already  far  superior  to  anything  of  the  kind  in 
America.  Those  who  have  only  driven  round 
have  but  a  very  poor  idea  of  its  extent ;  to  see  it 
properly  one  should  explore  it  on  foot.  It  is  full 
of  exquisite  walks  by  lakes,  or  through  miniature 
woods  and  plantations,  and  hours  or  days  even 
may  be  spent  there  (as  I  can  testify  from  expe- 
rience) without  exhausting  their  beauties.  The 
trees  .are  young  yet,  but  some  idea  of  the  efforis 
which  are  being  made  to  get  the  park  well  wooded 
may  be  gathered  from  the  fact  that  last  year 
nearly  18,000  trees  and  shrubs  were  jjlanted.  The 
park  drive  is  within  a  fraction  of  9^  milesin  length, 
there  is  a  bridle  road  5i  miles,  and  a  length  of 
walk  available  to  the  public  of  over  26  miles.  The 
cost  of  this  park  to  the  city,  including  the  pur- 
chase of  land,  has  been  little  over  10,000,000  dol- 
lars. In  the  winter  there  is  an  unrivalled  skating 
pond  open  to  the  visitors,  and  in  summer  bands  of 
music  play  popular  selections  on  one  or  two  days  a 
week. 


irabe  llihjs. 


Messrs.  Clark  and  Company,  of  Rath  bone-place,  have 
received  ordei"s  from  the  Admiralty  to  fix  their  patent  self- 
coiling  steel  shutters  to  the  plate  bending  sheds  at  the 
Dockyard,  Woolwich. 


TENDERS. 

Addinoton  (Surrey). — For  a  vicarage  and  stables.  Mr. 
Ewan  Christian,  architect: — Adamsou  and  Son,  £2,240  : 
Wells,  £;i, 102  ;  Bra-ss,  £l,9!i9 ;  Jarratt,  £1,962;  Charping- 
ton  and  Cole,  £1,915  ;  Rhodes  and  Roberts,  £1,862. 

Claph.a,m.— For  alterations  and  repairs  at  Gloucester 
Hoxise,  Lark  Hall  Rise,  Clapham.  Mr.  H.  W.  Budd,  sur- 
veyor : — Repairs,  <fec. — King  and  Son,  £731  10s. ;  Mills  and 
Son,  £725;  ColJs  and  .Son,  €(515;  McLachlan,  £5SS  10s.; 
Notley,  £550.  New  sashes— King  and  Son.  £22  15s.  ;  Mills 
and  Son,  £20;  Calls  and  Sou,  £15  lOs.  ;  McLachlan, 
£14  Ijs.  ;  Notley,  £1S. 

Chorlton. — For  farnishouses  and  homesteadiug  for  Earl 
Suffolk,  Chorlton,  near  Malmesbury,  Wilts  exclusive  of 
building  atone,  saud,  &c.  Mr.  Thos.  S.  Lonsdown,  archi- 
tect :— Claridge,  £6,577  ;  Hallam  and  Co.,  £5,950  ;  Liddiatt, 
£5,4ii5;  Smith,  £j,llS. 

Gravesend.— For  alteration  to  Prince  of  Orange  Hotel. 
Bird  and  Walters,  architects :— Kelly,  Brothei-s,  £1,^85; 
Newman  and  Mann,  £l,2S6;  Williams  and  Son?,  £1,257  ; 
Ebbs  and  Sons,  £1,195;  Blake,  £l,lyO;  Heushaw,  £l,ll7. 

Hagcer-stose.— For  Church  of  St.  Columba.  Mr,  J. 
Young,  architect ;— Perry.  £9,065  ;  Longiuire  and  Burge, 
£S,S67  ;  Fisher,  £8,700  ;  Higgs,  £8,473  ;  Hill  and  Ked.iall, 
£S,375;  Ashhy  and  Sons,  £8,140;  Eunor,  £8,133;  Piper 
and  Wheeler,  £7,990;  Hemhaw,  £7,894. 


Ha-stings. — For  the  erection  of  an  Unitarian  chape  > 
Hastings.    Mr.  G.  Beck,  architect.    Quantities  supplied 
Howell,  £T48  ;  Parks,  £730  ;  Vidler,  £717 ;  Jones  (accepted 
£710. 

Manchester. — Forthe  erection  of  two  dwelling  houses  il 
Elizabeth -street.  Bheetham.  Mr.  Herbert  E.  Tijou,  arch.) 
tect: — Neill  and  Sons,  £1,160;  Thompson.  £1,070;  po,! 
gett,  £1,053  ;  Farrell,  £1,028  ;  Heron  (accepted),  £1,0(18. 

Norton  Folgate. — For  new  buildings,  Norton  Folgatc 
Messrs.  John  Young  and  Son,  35,  King-street,  E.G.,  arch 


3 : — 

Refuge. 

Residence. 

Total. 

Ashby  and  Homer. 

.  £6,661 

...  £1,995     . 

.  £S,656 

Jackson  and  Shaw . 

.    6,667 

..     1,989     .. 

.    8,546 

Ashby  and  Sous  .... 

.     0,549 

..     1,984    .. 

.     8,533 

Jackson. 

.     6,61S 

..     1,917     .. 

.     8,435 

Conder  

.     6,184 

..     1.931     .. 

.     8.115 

Brass 

.     6,145 

..     1,952     .. 

S,097 

Webb  and  Sons  

6,012 

..     1,869     .. 

7,881 

HenaUaw  

.     5,904 

..     1,794    .. 

.     7,69S 

Hart  (.accepted)  .... 

.     5,C22 

..     1,797    .. 

.     7,419 

PuRTON. — For  additions  to  Bentham  House,  Purtor 
Wilts,  for  Mr.  W.  J.  Sadler,  exclusive  of  timber,  stoti 
brickd,  lime,  sand,  and  slate,  5lr.  T,  S.  Lonsdown  arcti 
tect  :~Liddiatt,  £420. 

Swindon. — For  business  premises.  New  Swindon,  forM 
CoUard.  Mr.  Thos.  S.  Lonsdown,  architect : — Framptoi 
£393  33.  4d.  ;  Selby,  £391 ;  Hopkins,  £349. 

Stoke-on-Trent. — Three  houses  for  Mrs,  Mellor.  Wa' 
and  Sons,  Hanley,  architects : — Bostock  and  Hancocl 
£1,220;  Wooldridge.  £1,250;  Steele,  £1,190;  Matthew 
£1,187  ;  Lidley,  £1,163  lOs. ;  Buxton,  £865;  Barlow  (ac 
cepted),  £750. 

Wbouohton.— For  Wroughton  Schools,  near  S\\iudf>i 
exclusive  of  old  materials  to  be  reused.  Mr.  Thos,  S,  Ijon 
down,  architect : — Phillips,  £545  ;  Harris,  £515  ;  EnploB 
£495. 

WoOTTON  Bassett.  — For  Boke  House,  Wootton  Basset 
exchisive  of  bricklayer,  mason,  slater,  and  plastering,  fi 
Mr.  Watts.  Mr.  Thos.  S.  Lonsdown,  architect : — Ban-flfr 
£122  193.  7d. ;  Cai-ter,  £120  10s. 

Wilts. — For  alterations  and  additions   to  Tatkenhai 
Rectory,  near  Wootton  Bassett,  Wilts.     Mr.  Thos.  S.  Lon 
down,     architect:  —  Brown,     £1.096;     Wheeler, 
Frampton,    £875;  Trine,  £860;    Barrett,  £840;    Carte 
£830;  Liddiatt,  £825. 


BATH  STONE  OF  BEST  QUALITY. 

Bandell  and  Saunders,  Qnarrymen  and  Stone  Me 
chants,  Bath.  List  of  Prices  at  tlie  Quarries  and  Depot 
also  Cost  for  Transit  to  any  part  of  the  United  Kingdott 
furnished  on  application  to  Bath  Stone  Office,  Co:  '  ' 
Wilts.— [Advt.] 

♦ 

PROPERTY  SALES. 

Sept.  |;| 

At  the  Guildhall  Coffee-uouse. — By  Messrs.  Ffltt 
Cook,  and  Fenn. — Copyhold  estate,  known  as  the  Lofil 
Farm,  situate   in  the   parish  of  Chick  St.   Osyth,   Eattl 
comprising  house,  buildings,  and  87a.   Or.   21p.   ofar^l 
meadow,  and  pasture  land — sold  for  £5,000.  ;^'i 

Freehold  estate,    known  as  Cocket  Wick  Farm,  sitnic 
as    above,     and    comprisirg    farmhouse,    buildings,    ar 
4Sla.  Or.  Ip.  of  arable,  meadow,  and  pasture  land— £17,75 

Copyhold  two  messuages  and  premises,  situate  ia  MiJ 
street,  St.  Osyth  aforesaid,  producing  £26  per  annum^£"23 

Sept.  10. 

At  the  Mart. — By  Messrs.  Hubbeid  and  Son.— FVe 
hold  residence,  known  as  Marl  House,  Bexley,  Kent,  I 
ou  lease  at  £52  10s.  per  anmim — £1,000. 

Freehold  la,  3r.  of  building  land,  situate  as  above — £80  « 

Freehold  ten  plots  of  building  land,  situate  as  aboTK 
£105  to  £170  per  plot. 

By  Messrs.  Garrard  and  Biddle. — Leasehold  six  hoi 
Nos.  1  to  6,  Sarah  Cottages,  Duncan-streer.  Hackney, ; 
dacing  £114  Ss.    per  anuum,  term  70  years   unexpir 
£17  per  annum,  and  sold  subject  to  a  mortgage  of  £477^ 
6d.— £200. 

Leasehold  two  houses  with  shops,  Nos.  4  and  5,  Rom 
terrace,  Well-street.  Sovith  Hackney,  producing  £9SJ 
annum,  term  80  years  from  1865  at  £12  per  annum — £w 

Leasehold  four  houses  and  shops,  Nos.  3  and  4,  Henf 
street,  and  11  and  12,  Cams- bull  dings,  Catherine-stn 
Limehouse,  producing  £83  4s.  per  anuum,  term  35^  yea 
from  Lady-day,  1867,  at  £21  per  annum— £340. 


I 


BAJS^CRUPTS. 

TO  SURRENDER  IN  BASINGH ALL- STREET. 

William  Bowen,  Norwich,  plumber,  September  IS,  at ' 
— W.  Oatley,  Uniun  Cottages,  Hornsey  road,  plumber.  Se 
tember  18.  at  11— William  Thomas  Wenlock.  Brightliu 
sea,  shipwright,  September  18,  at  11 — James  Bishop,  Well 
terrace,  St.  Jame.'^'s-street,  Camberwell,  stonemason,  Be 
tember  20,  at  11— Abraham  B^llott,  West-lane,  Rothe 
hithe,  dealer  in  paper  hangings,  September  20,  at  12 
Chai'les  Musto  Fisher,  Twickenham,  journtyman  carponte 
September  20.  at  12— Charles  Heiiry  Wiles  and  Willia 
Ebcnezer  Bull,  Frindsbury.  brickmakers,  September  2 
at  lii- Thomas  Webb,  Alexandra-terrace,  Victoria  Pari 
road,  gilder  and  carver,  September  20,  at  1. 

TO  SURRENDER   IN  THE  COUNTRY. 

Charles  Andrews.  Cheltenham,  builder,  S-^ptember  18- 
James  Cocks,  Bristol,  mason,  October  4 — Ch:\rle3  Moys 
Fomham  All  Saints,  Sullollt,  carpenter,  September  21- 
Samuel  Sloan,  Carlisle,  painter,  September  19 — Eli 
Warry.  Westbury-upon'frym,  Gloucestershire,  journeyma 
smith,  October  4— J.  Winter,  Gateshead,  cabinet  make 
September  IS— John  Rawstrou  Barnes.  Ho.iluigdea  an 
Accringtuu,  mechanic,  September  20,  at  12--UeDry  Owt 
Cunlitte,  Salford,  varnish  and  colour  dealer,  September  2 
at  9.30— Joseph  Rigby,  Wednesbury,  coach  axle  tree  make 
September  28,  at  12  -  Robert  Mounsey  Robson,  Liverpoo 
ironmonger,  September  23,  at  11— James  Stott,  EochdaJi 
machinist,  September  24,  at  11— Robert  Welch,  Stooktoi 
on-Tees,  brick  manufacturer,  October  1,  ac  12. 

NOTICES  OF  SITTINGS  FOR  LAST  EXAMINATIOK. 

October  2S,  W.  Forman,  Francis-street,  n'aterloo-roft' 
contractor— October  28,  J.  Wiggins,  Ham  Common,  jouine 
man  carpenter. 


September  20,  186  7. 


THE  BUILDINa  NEWS. 


64J 


THE   BUILDING   NEWS. 


LONDON,  FRIDAY,  SEPTEMBER  20,  1S67. 


ST.  MARTIX-IN-THE-FIELDS  NEW 
WORKHOUSE. 

IN  our  issue  of  May  24,  attention  was 
called  to  a  limited  competition  for  designs 
lor  a  new  workhouse  to  supersede  that  at 
|ireseut  existing  in  the  rear  of  the  National 
liallery.  The  Board  of  Guardians  invited 
4x  architects  to  send  in  drawings,  for  whicli 
tliey  undertook  to  pay  fifty  guineas  each,  the 
successful  competitor  to  he  the  architect  for 
the  building.  The  instructions  jirovided  that 
the  cost  should  be  about  £25,0(10;  and  that 
the  number  of  inmates  to  be  accommodated 
^liould  be  400,  with  other  specified  and  clearly 
set  forth  conditions.  The  architects  who 
liave  competed  are  Messrs.  Kendall  and  Mew, 
Mr.  R.  H.  Cotton,  Jlr.  Lee,  Mr.  11.  M. 
Burton,  Mr.  W.  S.  Cross,  and  Jlr.  Marrable. 
The  instructions,  it  may  bo  observed,  were  so 
ramed  as  to  lea\'e  the  competitors  as  free  as 
iissible  to  follow  the  bent  of  their  own  in- 
.iiaations,  demanding  appro.^iraate  plans 
rather  than  trammelling  the  architect  with 
■  uditions  impossible  to  fulfil.  The  result  of 
he  competition  (the  drawings  were  described 
.a  the  Building  News  of  May  24)  was  that 
,he  architects  were  invited  to  send  in  a  second 
■ct  of  designs,  which  they  accordingly  did 
iljout  the  eud  of  August.  To  the  second 
;ompetition  we  alone  refer  in  this  notice. 

Tiie  purposes  to  which  the  building  will  be 
ipplied  differ  widely  from  those  to  which 
almost  any  existing  institution  has  been  de- 
voted. The  site  of  the  present  workhouse 
baving  been  taken  up  for  the  extension  of  the 
Xational  Gallery,  and  a  fair  sum  paid  in 
jinpensation,  the  guardians  wisely  seized  the 
■i)portunity  for  efi'ecting  a  complete  change 
ill  the  management  of  a  certain  class  of  poor 
jver  whose  welfare  they  were  bound  to  watch. 
The  casual  poor  having  been  turned  over  to 
iic-ighbouring  parishes  by  arrangement,  a 
ipiota  to  one  and  a  quota  to  another,  the 
building  at  Wimbledon  will  be  an  asylum  for 
such  of  the  real  parishioners  of  St.  Martin-in- 
the-Fields  as  by  biith  and  residence  are  truly 
entitled  to  claim  as  a  riglit  the  provision 
which  a  humane  legislation  has  allotted 
them.  This  institution  is  neither  a  hospital 
nor  strictly  speaking  a  workhouse,  as  no  pro- 
vision is  made  for  the  adult  able-bodied  idler 
or  the  casual  poor.  If  it  can  be  compared  to 
anything  it  must  be  a  convalescent  hospital, 
wherein  suitable  arrangements  are  made  for 
the  accommodation  of  three  several  degrees  of 
infirmity,  the  most  infirm  being  placed  on  the 
^'round  floor,  those  somewhat  stronger  on  the 
first  ''^or,  and  the  comparatively  able-bodied 
on  the  second  floor.  It  is,  in  "short,  a  place 
where  the  more  or  less  infirm  poor  of  the 
parish  may  end  their  days  in  peace.  To  the 
honour  of  the  guardians,  it  may  be  said  that 
they  are  guardians  indeed. 

The  new  designs  are  so  altered  from  the 
original  that  any  references  to  the  latter  are 
superfluous ;  but  it  may  be  observed  that 
Messrs.  Kendall  and  Mew  have  scarcely 
altered  their  design  in  any  respect,  contenting 
themselves  with  shifting  the  block  of  build- 
ings somewhat  to  the  east,  so  as  to  allow  a 
larger  portion  of  the  land  to  be  leased,  by 
which  ari-angemen'",  it  is  e.vpected  a  consider- 
able revenue  will  accrue.  Mr.  Marrable  has 
materially  improved  his  first  plan  without 
imaking  any  extensive  alterations,  but  in  the 
plans  of  all  the  other  competitors  great 
'changes  in  arrangement  are  visible.  In  the 
design  of  Mr.  Lee  these  changes  are  most  con- 
spicuous. In  the  first  competition  his  eleva- 
tions were  of  too  ornate  a  character  to  satisfy 
the  guardians,  who,  in  fact,  were  apprehensive 
that  the  actual  cost  would  far  exceed  the 
estimate.    His  present  design,  in  the  Gothic 


style,  is  not  free  from  objection,  and  tlie  cor- 
ridor running  through  the  building  from  oasi 
to  west  is  not  likely  to  meet  the  approval  of 
the  Board.  In  this  matter  of  corridor,  Messrs. 
Ivendall  and  Mew  are  offenders  in  a  similar 
way.  A  very  long  corridor  is  olijectionable, 
as  engendering  draughts  and  destructive  of 
privacy  or  separation  of  departments.  Mr. 
Lee's  plan  places  the  chapel  on  the  first  floor, 
and,  as  tlio  instructions  jirovide  that  the 
most  infirm  inmates  shall  be  accommudated 
on  the  ground  floor,  it  is  not  easy  to  conceive 
how  they  will  be  able  to  attend  divine  ser- 
vice, as,  in  order  to  do  so,  they  must  mount  a 
(light  of  stairs.  Tliis  objection  applies  to  all 
the  plans  with  the  exception  of  that  of  Mr. 
Burton  ;  and  even  in  his  amalgamated  desigti 
— Burton  and  Cotton — the  same  defect  exists. 
Of  Mr.  Lee's  elevations  we  cannot  speak 
highly.  They  are  in  the  Gothic  style,  but 
have  none  of  the  mediaeval  spirit  which  alone 
makes  the  style  endurable.  There  is  a  com- 
mendable plainness  in  the  elevations,  but  an 
absence  of  all  Gothic  feeling. 

On  Messrs.  Kendall  and  Mew's  front  much 
praise  cannot  be  lavished,  its  great  recommen- 
dation is  its  simplicity,  but  while  it  cannot  be 
classed  as  a  work  of  art  it  foregoes  its  claim 
to  be  considered  as  a  purely  utilitarian  design 
by  a  display  of  useless  towers  and  other 
superfluous  ornament.  It  is,  however,  but 
just  to  say  that  the  variegated  brick  banding 
has  been  sparingly  and  judiciously  introduced. 
The  front,  however,  conveys  the  idea  of  a 
hospital  rather  than  sueli  an  institution  as 
the  guardians  required,  besides  which  the 
brickwork  is  yellow  and  the  instructions  re- 
quired red.  This,  however,  we  regard  lightly. 
Mr.  Llarrable's  plan  is  peculiar.  It  consists 
of  an  octangular  building  surrotmding  a  court 
having  projecting  bays  on  each  face.  Tliis 
arrangement  is  in  principle  very  convenient 
for  the  executive  department,  as  it  permits  of 
ready  communication,  easy  supervision,  and 
prompt  service.  It  is,  however,  too  much 
crowded,  and  is  unsightly  iti  the  extreme. 
The  style  is  Classical,  but  very  plain.  We 
could  not  recommend  either  plans  or  eleva- 
tions without  such  modificatiuiis  as  would 
amount  to  an  entire  remodelling.  Mr.  Cross's 
plan  is  open  to  the  objection  that  his  chapel 
is  on  the  first  floor,  and  that  many  of  his 
beds  are  immediately  against  the  windows. 
His  elevations  are  decidedly  the  best  in  the 
competition.  To  assert  that  they  are  perfect 
would  be  untrue,  but  they  contain  a  deal  of 
merit,  and  are  eminently  suited  in  character 
to  the  purposes  of  the  building.  The  style  is 
plain.  A  sort  of  Gothic  character  is  sought 
to  be  given  by  the  use  of  pointed  arches  in 
variegated  brickwork  over  the  first  floor 
windows,  but  the  lines  are  horizontal 
throughout,  and  the  roofs  are  hipped  not 
gabled.  There  is  just  sufficient  of  tower  and 
turret  to  relieve  the  long  horizontal  lines,  but 
not  too  much.  The  design,  moreover,  seems 
to  have  a  rural  air  which  none  of  the  rest 
possess. 

Mr.  Burton  sends  in  a  plan  on  the  octangu- 
lar scheme.  His  chapel  is  on  the  ground 
floor.  The  octangular  system  is  open  to 
objection,  but  Mr.  Burton  has  done  as  well 
with  it  as  might  be  expected.  A  large  num- 
ber of  inmates  would  have  a  prospect  from 
the  windows,  and  all  would  have  ready  access 
to  the  outer  air,  while  the  service  would  be 
compact,  and  this  is,  in  ofticial  eyes,  of  para- 
mount importance.  Mr.  Burton's  elevations 
are  too  much  like  town  buildings — a  sort  of 
Peabody-square — but  they  are  better  than 
those  he  sent  in  for  the  former  competition. 
In  the  amalgamated  design,  Messrs.  Burton 
and  Cotton,  the  chapel  is  on  the  first  floor. 
The  general  arrangement,  with  this  exception, 
is  satisfactory.  Mr.  Cotton's  original  plan 
was  very  good;  in  the  first  competition, 
Messrs.  Burton,  Kendall,  and  Cotton,  were 
selected  for  plan.     The  elevations  are  plain. 

The  competition  was  to  have  been  decided 
on  the  4th  inst.,  at  a  special  meeting  called 
for  that  purpose,  and  at  which  sixteen  of  the 
guardians  were  present.    It  was  on  that  occa- 


sion decided  that  Mr.  Cross  was  successful, 
l)Ut  owing  to  some  informality  in  the  proceed- 
ings, due  notice  to  attend  not  having  been 
given  in  all  cases,  the  matter  was  reconsidered 
at  a  special  meeting,  which  took  place  yester- 
day. The  result  of  the  deliberations  of  this 
second  meeting  we  do  not  at  present  know. 
Both  Mr.  Cross  and  Mr.  Burton  lia\-e  many 
partizans,  and,  on  the  wliole,  their  designs 
seem  to  meet  the  requirements  of  the  Board. 
i\lr.  Cross's  plan  admits  of  improvement,  but 
his  elevations  are  superior  to  anything  in  the 
competition.  Mr.  West,  the  clerk  to  the 
Board,  has  given  many  valualde  hints  to  the 
competing  architects,  where  his  experience  of 
administrative  detail  could  be  of  .service.  Wo 
hope  that  some  final  decision  has  been  arrived 
at,  as  much  for  the  credit  of  the  Board  of 
Guardians  as  for  the  sake  of  the  architects 
concerned. 


RAILWAY    ECONOMY. 

THE  general  depreciation  of  railway  pro- 
perty wliich  the  last  two  or  tliree  years 
liave  witnessed  is  very  signilicant,  and  shoitld 
be  very  suggestive.  It  seems  to  us  that  the 
whole  system  of  railway  management  requires 
remodelling,  if  railway  shareholders  are  ever 
to  obtain  fair  interest  for  their  invested  capital. 
There  is  too  much  ostentation,  and  too  mucli 
wasteful  expenditure  to  support  it,  in  connec- 
tion with  most  railway  directories,  to  allow  of 
the  shareholders  obtaining  anything  more 
than  the  crumbs  which  fall  from  the  tables  of 
the  potentates  whose  slaves  they  are.  Rail- 
way companies  are  really  only  organized 
bodies  of  common  carriers,  and  the  duties  of 
their  oflicers  are  of  a  very  commonplace 
character.  It  is,  therefore,  a  huge,  and,  in 
many  instances,  a  fatal  error  to  pay  railway 
managers  so  enormously  for  their  services  as 
they  are  paid.  It  is  entirely  imposdble  for 
any  railway  which  has  not  an  extraordinary 
and  exceptional  amount  of  traffic  to  yield 
profits  suflicient  to  support  the  merely  orna- 
mental and  totally  useless  grandeur  which  is 
considered  necessary  to  give  the  proper  amount 
of  dignity  to  the  Board  which  governs  it. 

Why  should  salaries  equal  in  amount — or 
nearly  so— to  those  paid  to  Her  Majesty's 
Principal  Secretaries  of  State,  be  given  to  men 
whose  cptalifications  for  office  at  the  best  need 
only  be  of  the  most  mediocre  kind,  and  whose 
actual  qualifications  are  not  unfrequently 
far  below  mediocrity  \  Are  there  not  to  lie 
found  in  the  rank  and  file  of  commercial 
life  plodding,  careful,  and  astute  people  who 
for  one-fourth  of  the  stipends  now  accorded  to 
railway  magnates  would  execute  the  functions 
of  their  offices  much  better  \  The  peculiar 
nature  of  the  work  to  be  done  in  such  cases  re- 
quires that  those  who  do  it  should  not  be  proud 
and  inaccessible,  but  practical  and  intelligent 
men.  As  aft'airs  are  conducted  at  present,  on 
most  lines  of  railway,  directors  are  seldom  or 
never  brought  into  direct  coinmimication  with 
those  who  actually  conduct  the  business  of  the 
companies  with  which  they  are  connected. 
They  have  what  are  termed  general  managers, 
and  through  the^e  alone  they  obtain  what 
little  knowledge  they  have  of  the  progress  of 
the  undertaking  wbich,it  is  charitably  assumed, 
they  govern.  The  general  manager,  as  a  rule, 
however,  is  as  much  in  the  dark  as  "the 
Board."  He  has  imder  his  control  ({)  a  host 
of  district  superintendents,  in.spector.s,  iS;c., 
who  frequently  do  not  care  one  farthing  for 
the  poor  shareholders,  or  contribute  one  jot  or 
tittle  to  the  efficient  working  of  the  line.  Too 
often,  indeed,  they  confuse  the  station  master 
by  absurd  and  unjustifiable  interferences  with 
his  duties  and  unwarrantable  assumptions  of 
official  superiority.  Knowing  their  own  prac- 
tical uselessness,  this  class  of  railway  officials 
are  in  many  instances  addicted  to  inventing 
impracticable  alterations  and  indulging  in 
small  schemes  for  the  mere  purpose  of  keeping 
their  superiors  up  to  the  knowledge  that  they 
are  still  in  existence. 

AVe  are  not  speaking  thus  plainly  of  the 
evils  of  the  present  system  of  railway  (mis)- 


644 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


September  20,  1867. 


management  without  the  full  warrant  of  posi- 
tive experience.  One  of  the  largest  and 
oldest  lines  of  railway  in  England,  the  shares 
in  wliicli  are  to  be  had  at  one-fourth  their 
original  market  price,  is  liampered  by  a  host 
of  such  persons  as  we  have  alluded  to,  and 
who  annually  pocket  profits  which  legiti- 
mately belong  to  the  shareholders.  We  have 
no  hesitation  in  asserting  that  if  station- 
masters,  properly  selected,  and  not  thrust 
into  their  positions  by  undue  influence,  were 
left  to  manage  the  traffic  of  the  particular  line 
to  which  reference  has  been  made — and  of 
other  lines  as  well — and  were  held  responsible 
when  any  accident  occurred,  the  results  would 
be  advantageous  at  once  to  the  public  who 
travel  over  it  and  to  the  company  to  whom  it 
belongs. 

If  directors  exercised  a  direct  and  per- 
sonal supervision  over  the  actual  managers  of 
the  line,  and  came  to  be  familiar  with  the 
duties  they  perform  in  their  various  depart- 
ments, yet  further  good  would  accrue.  It  is 
in  the  interests  alike  of  the  public  and  of 
shareholders  that  we  write,  and  that  we  have 
indicated  some  of  the  directions  in  which  re- 
formation is  strongly  needed.  To  make  rail- 
ways pay  they  must  be  officered  by  eilicient 
men,  and  not  by  ornamental  nonentities. 
Heasonable  salaries  should  be  paid  for  the  per- 
formance of  duties  which  do  not  demand  the 
exercise  of  extraordinary  talent ;  and  there 
certainly  is  no  necessity  for  employing  in- 
dividuals whose  sole  duty  it  is  to  sign  annually 
some  few  hundreds  of  documents  at  a  cost  of 
many  tliousands  of  pounds  a  year.  In  fact,  a 
large  importation  of  the  commercial  element 
is  needed  to  give  renewed  vitality  to  railway 
systems.  As  matters  stand,  they  are  languish- 
ing, and,  in  the  future,  are  likely  to  languish 
still  more.  In  another  paper  more  symptoms 
of  railway  weakness  will  be  indicated,  and  yet 
further  remedies  suggested  for  reducing  them, 
as  a  medical  man  would  say.  By  the  appli- 
cation of  such  remedies,  it  is  to  be  hoped  that 
a  healthier  circulation  and  a  better  tone  may 
be  given  to  the  patient. 


JOTTINGS     IN     LONDON.— No.  II. 
(By  Oor  Roving  Correspondent.) 

BASINGHALL-STREET  is  a  very  narrow 
street.  At  the  Bank  end  it  is  not  more 
than  2.5ft.  wide.  It  is  one  of  the  last  places 
where  any  one  would  think  of  putting  up  a 
large  elevation  either  in  olden  days  or  now. 
Wren  did  not.  Although  the  church  of 
St.  Michael  Bassishaw  was  thrown  back 
from  the  small  churchyard,  it  is  a  very 
modest  composition  outside,  the  boldest  fea- 
ture being  at  the  other  end,  in  Church  Alley. 
Coopers'  Hall  was  one  of  the  largest  facades, 
but  that  was  low  and  plain.  Girdlers'  Hall 
and  Weavers'  Hall  had  in  the  street  onlj- 
enriched  gateways,  though  the  interiors  were 
treated  with  some  kind  of  luxury.  Blackwell 
Hall,  the  great  woollen  mart,  produced  no 
architectural  eii'ect.  Gresham  College  is  near 
the  corner  of  the  street. 

In  this  street,  opposite  where  Blackwell  Hall 
stood,  and  where  stands  the  Tax  Office,  a  very 
large  pile  of  offices  replaces  some  old  houses, 
antl  on  them  the  architect  has  bestowed  some 
care  and  some  expense.  They  are  lofty  and 
well  lighted.  The  basement  windows  are 
enriched  with  free  carvings  of  birds  and 
foliage,  and  as  they  stand  about  four  feet 
from  the  groi;.nd,  and  are  unguarded  by  rail- 
ing or  area,  they  invite  the  attention  of  the 
street  boys.  Thus  they  will  be  early  de- 
corated, with  painted  eyes  and  beaks,  to  the 
extension  of  polychromy,  or  may  be  dis- 
membered by  some  other  worthies  liaving  a 
genius  for  dissection.  This  is  not  a  solitary 
case.  In  this  instance,  and  in  others,  there  is 
no  aesthetic  reason  for  tliis  mode  of  decora- 
tion. It  entails  expense  to  produce  what 
can  be  only  a  temporary  effect,  and  instead  of 
yielding  gratification  to  the  employer  it  must 
soon  be  an  eyesore.  The  use  to  be  made  of 
buildings  must  always  Ije  kept  in  mind  while 


laying  them  out,  and  no  mode  of  decoration 
should  be  adopted  which  is  perishable,  or 
which  in  its  wear  will  become  unsightly. 
The  fajade  is  arranged  with  two  narrow  deco- 
rated centres  for  entrance,  running  up  like 
towers,  and  marked  by  a  slight  projection. 
Tlius,  there  is  an  harmonious  composition, 
and,  were  the  street  wide  enough,  the  eft'ect 
would  be  as  good  then  as  when  it  was  first 
seen  by  the  employer  on  the  drawing  boai'd. 
It  is,  in  the  nature  of  things,  lost  in  its  en- 
tirety of  composition  and  effect.  There  was, 
however,  a  partial  chance  for  the  designer,  for 
opposite  the  left  of  his  edifice  runs  a  fair 
street  called  Guildhall-buildings  to  the  site  of 
Guildhall  Chapel  and  Blackwell  Hall,  and 
the  vista  extends  over  Guildhall-yard  and 
into  the  court  of  St.  Lawrence  Jewry 
cliirrchyard,  perhaps  some  300ft.  At  any 
rate,  the  many  thronging  into  Guildliall  see 
on  their  right  this  new  and  promising  build- 
ing, but  it  produces  no  eft'ect,  as  it  stands 
askew  to  Guildhall-buildings.  Now,  my  im- 
pression is  that  if  the  doorway  had  been 
shifted  3ft.  or  4ft.  to  the  left,  it  would  have 
made  no  real  structural  difference  to  the 
building,  but  it  would  have  made  its  merits 
seen  to  thousands,  and  given  attraction  to 
the  building.  The  author  will  say  that  such 
a  measure  would  have  sjioiled  the  symmetry 
of  his  facade,  but  what  tliSerence  would  that 
have  made  to  a  facade  which  is  too  long  and 
too  high  to  be  seen  from  the  immediate 
street.  As  to  structural  arrangements,  it 
would  have  made  no  appreciable  difference, 
for  if  some  rooms  to  the  left  were  3ft.  nar- 
rower, others  to  the  right  would  have  been 
3ft.  wider,  and  the  rent  or  letting  properties 
of  the  buildin"  would  not  be  less. 


Masks  are  a  feature  of  decoration  for  key- 
stones, which  are  of  fatal  attraction  for 
snobs  in  architecture  and  the  poor  in  spirit. 
These  heads  and  faces  yield  decoration  witli- 
out  the  trouble  of  design.  Buy  one  of  the 
artificial  stone  masks,  and  put  it  up — that  does 
the  owner  of  the  suburlian  villa,  and  pleases 
himself — like  Slaukenbergius,  at  the  Pro- 
montory of  Noses,  he  chooses  the  goodliest 
one  of  the  lot,  and  is  satisfied.  Meaning 
commonly  there  is  none,  but  when  it  comes, 
as  in  Tyburnia  and  »Pimlicovia,  to  a  dozen  or 
a  score  of  these  in  a  row,  and  all  of  the 
same  type,  it  is  simply  abominable.  AVe  can 
even  submit  to  the  lion's  head  knockers,  first 
manufactured  by  the  maker  of  the  willow 
pattern  plate,  and  now  with  it  distributed 
over  the  world.  I  have  seen  a  veritable 
Brummagem  lion's  head  knocker  on  a  door  in 
Cairo,  alongside  of  some  liits  of  wrought- 
ironwork,  which  make  a  claim  on  one's  note- 
book, and  the  Marijuis  of  Waterford  would 
have  put  in  his  museum. 


The  United  University  Club,  in  Pall  Mall, 
is  Ijeing  cleaned,  and  the  Travellers'  and 
Guards'  being  painted.  I  will  pass  by  the 
University,  but  I  must  stay  a  bit  before  the 
Travellers'.  This  is  beingr  painted,  but  why 
should  it  be  jjainted  white  ?  As  a  material 
for  preservation  any  colour  would  be  as  good 
as  white.  He  would  be  a  bold  member  of 
the  committee,  and  not  a  useless  one,  who 
would  dare  to  suggest  on  the  next  painting 
that  a  little  colour  should  be  applied  to  the 
architectural  details.  This  would  be  a 
wakener.  Yet  there  are  admirable  reasons, 
handed  down  to  us  by  our  grandams,  why  we 
should  stick  to  the  classic  and  the  legitimate, 
hold  to  white  paint,  and  put  colour  far  from 
us.  There  can  be  no  room  for  doubt  that, 
according  to  the  true  faith,  white — pure,  clear 
wliite — is  the  only  colour  for  architecture  and 
sculpture,  and  we  are  bound  to  believe  that 
the  ancients  never  painted  buildings  or 
statues,  tliongh  we  knew  that  they  did,  and 
many  of  us  have  with  our  own  eyes  seen 
witness  of  it.  To  paint  the  stucco  of  such  a 
classic  edifice  as  the  Travellers'  with  other 
than  white  lead  or  zinc  white  would  be  bar- 
barous, and  yet  as  one  thinks  fair  and  softly 
what  are  the  bounds  of  the  legdtimate,  and 


how  far  they  may  be  widened,  it  is  to  be 
found  out  that  colour  may  be  introduced  in 
the  Carlton  in  the  shape  of  polished  granite 
shafts,  and  that  it  may  be  introduced  any- 
where in  grained  doors.  If  Barry  had  had  a 
fair  chance  he  would  most  likely  have  intro- 
duced colour  in  the  Travellers'.  Ah  !  but 
that  would  be  a  sophistication  to  touch  up 
the  members  and  details.  Yes  !  yes  !  a  so- 
phistication, when  the  whole  building  is  a 
sophistication,  inside  and  out,  painted  over 
outside  to  simulate  stone  and  marble,  and 
painted  inside  to  simirlate  marble  and  wood. 


It  is  consistent  to  oppose  altogether  stacc3pL 
and  imitation  woods,  and  marble,  but  when 
stucco  and  paint  have  been  adopted,  let  ua 
get  what  pleasing  effects  we  can  out  of  them, 
as  pleasing  as  those  of  our  Italian  friends  in 
the  like  case.  Stucco  is  the  natural  surface 
for  paint,  and  so  thought  our  fathers,  as  build- 
ings in  London  formerly  told,  and  as  many  a 
rm'al  cottage  of  the  olden  days  yet  tells — co- 
loured brick  is  but  seldom  effective.  It  is  com- 
monly dismal  in  the  beginning,  and  soon 
gets  dingy.  It  is  suggestive  of  clothing  the 
naked,  taking  oft'  the  plainness  and  ugliness 
of  a  workhouse  or  a  cotton  factory.  There  is 
a  specimen,  which  is  picturesque,  and  that  is 
the  vaulted  portion  of  the  high  level  stations 
at  the  Crystal  Palace.  The  curving  surfaces 
of  the  vaults  and  the  perspective  of  the  thick 
columns  make  a  crypt  of  it  without  dis- 
malness.  It  can  always  be  pointed  and 
coloured  up,  and  will  look  clean  in  a  bright 
light. — Some  of  the  not  least  pleasing  archi- 
tectural stiidies  in  Paris  or  smaller  cities, 
where  fetes  are  celebrated,  are  the  pasteboard 
buildings,  palaces,  arches,  temples,  and  altars 
erected  for  the  day  or  days  of  the  celebra- 
tions. Tlie  scene  painter  gives  us  somethinj 
of  tlie  •kind,  but  though  his  foreground  an( 
wings  contribute  to  the  illusion,  and  give 
perspective,  it  is  but  a  flat  representation 
from  one  point  of  view.  The  decorative 
architect  gives  you  all  the  lifeUke  present- 
ment of  a  building.  The  body  is  scarcely 
wanting,  and  the  edifice  lacks  little  more  to 
the  eye  than  the  missing  shadow  of  Peter 
Schlemihl.  Here  we  seldom  get  such  pre- 
sentments, and  it  is  to  be  regretted,  for  they 
are  good  exercises  for  the  public  in  archi- 
tecture— nay,  forarchitects  themselves — as  well 
those  who  design  as  those  who  inspect.  These 
trials,  too,  often  lead  to  practical  results.  The 
chief  practitioner  we  have  is  the  City  archi- 
tect. He  can  decorate  GuildhaU  within  and 
without,  and  for  a  royal  recepton  he  can 
monumentalize  London  Bridge.  The  hall 
and  banquet  room  that  he  improvised  for  the 
Sultan  were  happy  hits.  "The  festal  hall 
created  for  the  Sultan,  at  the  India  Office,  was 
another  success  of  the  same  kind,  and  a  le^- 
timate  exercise  of  architectural  faculties.  If, 
indeed,  architects  would  make  themselves 
more  necessary  to  the  public  they  would  he 
better  appreciated :  but  arcliitects  are  very  apt 
to  think  everything  imder  a  church  or  an 
assize  haU  as  beneath  them,  and  except  in  a 
cathedral,  for  the  preparation  of  a  corona- 
tion, a  public  funeral,  or  a  music  festival, 
who  flunks  of  entrusting  decorative  arrange- 
ments to  an  architect !  These  are  handed 
over  to  the  upholsterer  and  the  decorator:  and 
the  result  is  the  upholsterers  and  decorators 
get  in  hand  a  mass  of  work  otherways,  which 
in  the  end  enables  them  to  spoil  the  work  of 
the  architect.  To  take  nothing  else,  go  into 
one  of  the  giant  hotels,  and  see  how  the 
grand  hall,  on  which  the  architect  has  relied 
for  his  fame,  is  cut  up  by  the  decorator,  the 
gasfitter,  and  the  upholsterer,  each  fighting  on 
his  own  hook. 


Congruity  and  incongruity  no  more  affect 
architects  than  they  do  Mumbo  Jumbo  or  the 
King  of  the  Mandingos.  King  Pepplo  or 
Lord  AVelUngton  will  put  on  a  footman's 
livery,  a  general's  cocked  hat,  and  dispense 
with  breeches  or  boots  ;  so  an  architect  will, 
as  was  lately  said,  lay  hold  of  any  little  bit 
of  decoration  to  be  found  in  the  market  ready 


September  20,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


645 


laJe  to  order.  The  one  who  designs  is  not 
In-ays  safe  ;  he  gets  a  jirotty  idea,  and  he 
ticks  it  on  to  the  tirst  thing  he  can,  to  tlie 
reat  bewilderment  of  int^uiring  and  admiring 
pectators.  Indeed,  it  is  not  always  easy  to 
jiow  what  a  building  is  intended  for  in 
jondon.  A  very  large  edifice,  which  has 
prung  up  since  my  time,  fairly  battled  my 
omprehension  as  to  whether  it  were  a  mo- 
astcry  or  a  hostelry  ;  at  length  1  was  told  it 
.-as  a  "distiller's.  A  coach-builder's  I  mistook 
jr  the  palace  of  the  Duke  of  Marylebone  ; 
nd  a  well-contrived  nunnery  proved  to  be 
he  Pandemonium  of  a  finance  swindle.  In 
Vinchester-street  is  a  fine  range  of  olfices, 
f  which  one  block  has  profited  by  enhanced 
Tosperity  in  achieving  decorations.  To  the 
;ft,  a  colossnl  liull's  liead  presides  over  a 
ordon  of  fruits  and  fiowers  of  more  than 
rize  proportions,  and  to  the  right  a  ram's 
ead  does  like  duty.  The  relevance  and  tit- 
ess  of  these  emblems  I  have  not  yet  been 
lile  to  see.  The  owners  of  the  property  are 
.ot  Messrs.  Bidl  and  Kam  ;  it  is  not  intended 
jr  a  general  shambles,  poultry  and  green 
larket;  nor  is  it  the  leather  market,  nor  near 
.  The  emblems  ought  to  mean  something  : 
liey  are  a  free  carving,  bold,  and  must  have 
08t  money.  The  carver  has  a  right  to  be 
roud  of  them.  The  otfices  are  for  honest  raer- 
liants,  but  it  is  possible  they  were  begun 
hen  the  sun  was  in  Aries  and  finished  when 
e  was  in  Taurus,  or  begun  in  Taurus  and 
Dded  in  Aries,  for  in  so  few  months  is  a 
reat  building  like  this  run  up.  The  bull 
oes  not  allude  to  the  Stock  Exchange,  for 
lie  house  is  not  near  enough  for  stock- 
rokers ;  besides,  the  bull  is  not  a  tossing  bull, 
he  other  beast  is  not  a  bear,  and  there  are 
lO  lame  ducks.  The  place  was  never  a 
lUblic-house  called  the  Bull  and  Ram,  nor  is 
t  likely  to  be  turned  into  an  inn.  If  we 
«uld  contrive  a  meaning  for  the  bull  and 
ams'  heads,  we  cannot  account  for  the  gar- 
dsh.  It  would  be  curious  to  know  what 
leads  will  be  put  on  the  other  blocks  if 
his  decoration  be  continued. 


HATLING. 


[T  would  be  difficult,  if  a  search  were  made 
from  John  O'Groat's  to  Laud's  End,  to  find  a 
pot  for  which  nature  has  done  so  much  and  man 
o  little  03  the  picturesque  island  o£  Hayling. 
'assessing  a  loog  extent  of  beach,  which  skirts  a 
harming  bay  and  commands  a  splendid  sea  view 
.nd  affording  bathing  which  cannot  be  excelled  on 
he  south  co;tst,  combined,  on  turning  to  the  inte- 
i'lr  of  the  island,  with  rural  scenery  of  a  pictu- 
---■qoe  and  diversified  character,  and,  to  crown  all 
rith  a  very  low  rate  of  mortality,  it  has  often 
icen  matter  for  surprise  that  some  effectual  steps 
lave  not  been  taken  to  develope  the  numerous  ad- 
■antages  which  Hayling  offers  and  to  make  it  a  po- 
>ular  seaside  resort.  It  is  true  that  many  years 
inoe  an  attempt  was  made  in  this  direction,  but 
.fter  a  few  houses,  totally  iinsuited  to  the  lo- 
'.ilitv,  had  been  erected  the  scheme  was  abandoned, 
md  the  extensive  litigation  in  which  the  late 
ord  of  the  manor  was  so  continuously  engaged 
irevented  him  turning  his  attention  to  this  im- 
jurtant  matter.  An  insuperable  obstacle  to  the 
■roper  development  of  the  resources  of  the  island 
V  IS  it3  isolation  from  the  mainland,  the  bridge  at 
jangaton,  which  was  erected  more  than  forty 
■ears  since,  being  utterly  inadequate  to  the  re- 
iuiremeuta  of  the  locality.  Of  late  years  at' 
'::ipts  have  been  made  to  give  the  island  the  ad- 
.atage  of  raUway  communication,  but  recently 
liey  were  unsuccessful.  Various  schemes  are  afoot 
rhich  are  calculated  to  benefit  the  locality.  A 
^rtion  of  the  vast  area  of  Langston  harbour  has 
^en  utilized  by  the  formation  of  extensive  oyster 
^ds,  under  the  auspices  of  "  The  South  of 
-agland  Oyster  Company,"  which  promises  to 
^  a  lucrative  concern,  while  on  the  other  side  of 
be  island  "The  Emsworth  Oyster  Farming 
-  ompany "  is  in  active  operation.  In  order 
o  facilitate  communication  between  South 
■ea  and  Portsmouth  and  Hayhng,  plans  for 
•  steam  floating  bridge  to  run  across  the 
uouth  of  Langston  harbour  have  been  prepared, 
^th  a  view  to  their  speedy  execution.  The  most 
nportant  of  the  measures  proposed  for  the  de- 
elopinent  of  Hayling  is  a  scheme  inaugurated  by 


Mr.  F.  Fuller  (who,  as  is  well  known,  has  recently 
purchased  a  large  amount  of  property  in  the  island) 
for  laying  out  200  acres  of  land,  partly  for  build- 
ing purposes  and  the  remainder  as  a  public  park 
for  purposes  of  recreation.  Impressed  with  the 
many  advantages  which  Hayling  possesses,  Mr. 
Fuller  appears  determined  that  nothing  that  a  li- 
beral but  judicious  outlay  of  capital,  combined 
with  energy  and  perseverance,  can  effect  shall  bo 
wanting  to  produce  a  successful  result.  Accordingly, 
advertisements  were  issued  oflferiug  premiums  of 
£100  and  £50  and  £25  respectively,  for  the  three 
best  designs  for  the  purpose  above  referred  to, 
the  selection  of  which  was  fixed  to  t;ike  place  on 
Saturday  last,  at  the  Royal  Hotel,  Hayling,  on 
which  occasion  tlie  architects  and  surveyors  and 
other  visitors  enjoyed  the  advantage  of  proceeding 
from  Havant  to  South  Hayling  by  means  of  the 
recently  opened  railway.  The  designs  which  had 
been  sent  in  in  answer  to  the  advertisements  had 
been  exhibited  for  some  days  previously  at  the 
assembly  room  adjoining  the  beach,  and  created 
no  small  amount  of  interest  among  the  residents 
in  the  locality  and  others  who  inspected  them. 
Thirty  four  sets  of  designs  had  been  furnished 
by  architects  and  surveyors  in  all  parts  of  the 
country.  Many  of  them  were  executed  in  a 
finistied  and  artistic  manner,  and  a  casual  visit  was 
sufficient  to  convince  that  most  of  the  competitors 
had  bestowed  a  great  deal  of  labour  upon  their 
preparation.  The  following  is  a  list  of  the  de- 
signs : — 


Mottoes  Attached 
TO  THE  Designs. 


Onward  (two  designs)  .. 

Fiat   

Houses    to    Live   in    and 
Places  fur  Recreation    . 

Xotfiing  for  Notliing 

Fair  Play  is  a  Jewel  

Dauntless 

Nil  Deeperandum  

Postiil.ata 

Spectator 

Kiuist  Macht  Gunst  

Forward  Hayling  

Vr^e  bide  our  time   

Felix 

Vigilans    

Spes  

Justice  

Excelsior  

Faith 

In  Vanura  Laboraverunt . 

Bodhyfrjd    

Woodman  spare  that  tree. 

Live  and  let  live 

Finis  Coronat  Opus  

Nemo 

Ego  Sum  

P 


Labour  is  rest 

Floreat  

llough  and  ready   

Pi:T    

Quod  Erat  Deraonstratum 

Cliaris  

Attie 


ha 

—  ^  ^  .— 

o  ^  a  ^ 

go 3  a 
< 


Proposed 
Buildiug  Plots. 


£ 

3,050 
3,375 
2,5S5 

1,370 

]',39i 

2','215 
3,767 
4.  ISO 
4,752 
3,596 
4,208 
2,213 
1,600 
3,150 
3,275 
3,03' 

14,300 
4,800 
3,433 
1,950 
1,200 
1,200 
1,614 
1,217 
2,500 

12,295 
2,31 
2,.500 
3,785 

"900 

l','340 


58 
159 

89 
210 
125 
1,59 
368 
146 


316 
492 
149 


71 

ISO 

81 

109 
614 
611 


132 
120 


143 
120 
120 
103 
91 
193 


In  accordance  with  the  public  notification,  the  com- 
petitors who  were  present,  to  the  number  of  about 
twenty,  assembled  at  the  Royal  Hotel,  at  one 
o'clock.  A  somewhat  novel  plan  had  been  ar 
ranged  for  the  selection  of  the  three  best  designs. 
It  had  beep,  announced  that  no  competitor  would 
be  allowed  to  vote  in  favour  of  his  own  design, 
but  every  competitor  would  beable  to  give  one  vote 
for  each  of  those  designs  which  he  might  consider 
entitled  respectively  to  the  tirst,  second,  and  third 
premiums.  Competitors  who  were  unable  to  attend 
in  person  were  to  be  bound  by  the  decision  of 
those  attending  the  meeting,  and  in  case  of  any 
dispute  or  an  equality  of  votes,  the  final  award 
of  the  premiums  was  to  be  made  by  Mr.  C.  J. 
Longcroft.  The  latter  gentleman  presided,  and 
before  commencing  the  business  he  introduced 
Mr.  Fuller  to  the  company,  and  explained  that 
he  (Mr.  Longcroft)  was  only  acting  as  his  agent 
and  as  umpire  between  the  two  parties.  He  stated 
that  in  the  first  place  there  ware  150  appUcations 
received  by  Mr.  Trigg  (builder  of  Hayling  Island), 
and  himself  for  the  plans,  and  ultimately  thirty- 
four  designs  were  sent  in.  No  specific  rule  had 
been  laid  down  for  competition,  but  competitors 
had  been  allowed  to  exercise  their  own  discretion, 
either  retaining  the  Manor  House  in  its  present 
form,  or  sweeping  it  away,  or  deaUng  with  it  as 
they  thought  desirable.      The  premiums  would, 


of  course,  be  ptud  after  this  meeting,  if  the  suc- 
cessful competitors  were  present,  and  if  not  the 
money  would  lie  forwarded  to  them.  There  seemed 
to  have  been  three  sets  of  designs  sent  in, and  it  ap- 
peared that  there  was  no  limit  in  the  atlvertisemeuts 
as  to  a  competitor  receiving  more  than  one  prize, 
iiutit  would  be  a  question  for  them,  supposing,  for 
instance,  that  the  same  gentleman  should,  by 
their  votes,  be  entitled  to  two  premiums,  whether 
he  should  not  t.ake  the  best  prize  and  allow  the 
other  to  go  to  someone  else.  In  proceeding  to 
a  vote  he  asked  them  to  take  into  consideration 
the  largest  amount  of  ground  rent  to  be  ob- 
tained at  the  least  cost ;  secondly,  the  best 
recreation  ground  at  the  least  cost  of  road 
making,  and  the  least  disturbance  of  the 
existing  estate  ;  thirdly,  the  least  disturbance 
of  timber  on  the  estate,  as  it  w.as  desirable  to 
retain  all  that  possibly  could  be  retained  ;  and 
fourthly,  the  best  designs  as  a  whole.  They  had 
all  seen  this  particular  property,  which  w.os  about 
to  be  laid  out,  and  he  thought  they  could  have 
but  one  opinion  that  it  was  capable  of  considerable 
improvement,  and  oU'ered  very  gre.at  advantages, 
in  respect  to  timber,  site  and  water,  and  also  the 
fine  sea  prospect,  altogether  forming  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  spots  in  this  part  of  the  country, 
and  from  the  improved  communication  between 
the  island  and  the  mainland,  and  also  the  works 
about  to  be  undertaken  on  the  beach,  from  one 
end  to  the  other,  contracts  for  which  were  about 
to  be  entered  into,  it  should  become  a  very  desir- 
able residential  property. 

Considerable  discussion  ensued  as  to  the  details 
of  the  proposed  plan  of  selection,  and  many  diffi- 
culties were  pointed  out.  There  is  a  trite  s.aying, 
"  When  doctors  difl'er,  who  shall  decide  ? "  and  the 
difficulty  is,  perhaps,  greater  in  the  case  of  archi- 
tects and  surveyors.  Ultimately,  however,  the 
question  was  settled  by  abandoning  the  proposed 
plan  and  leaving  the  selection  in  the  hands  of  Mr. 
Longcroft,  who  at  once  proceeded  to  the  Assembly 
Room,  where  he  remained  for  upwards  of  an  hour, 
with  closed  doors.  It  may  be  mentioned  that  the 
names  of  the  competitors  were  kept  secret,  as  the 
sealed  letters  accompanying  the  different  designs 
were  retained  by  Mr.  Trigg  unopened  untd  after 
the  decision  of  Mr.  Longcroft  had  been  announced. 
The  result  was  awaited  with  considerable  interest, 
and  the  competitors  gathered  round  Mr.  Longcroft 
on  his  return  from  the  Assembly  Room.  He  said 
it  wa-s  with  considerable  diffidence  that  he  gave 
his  award  on  the  plans.  He  was  addressing  men 
of  considerable  experience  in  these  matters,  and  all 
he  could  say  was  that  he  had  exercised  his  judg- 
ment to  the  best  of  his  ability.  He  had  only  this 
consolation  that  if  they  had  decided  themselves  it 
would  not  have  been  satisfactory  to  every  one  of 
them.  Therefore,  he  must  do  the  best  he  could, 
and  he  hoped  that  those  who  were  not  successful 
would  believe  [he  had  acted  fairly  and  impartially. 
As  they  were  all  aware,  the  plans  divided  them- 
selves into  three  distinct  sections.  One  set  of 
plans  left  the  JIanor  House  as  it  stood,  allowing 
the  timber  and  reads  to  remain  very  much  as  they 
were,  only  putting  additional  roads,  and,  in  fact, 
developing  nature.  The  next  series  of  p^lans 
destroyed  the  Manor  House,  but  retained  the 
general  features  of  the  estate,  with  the  timber  and 
fences  generally,  and  the  third  series  of  plans 
treated  the  entire  estate  of  200  acres  as  if  it  were 
a  plain  surface,  developing  that  plain  surface  in 
the  manner  thought  best  for  the  situation  and  size 
of  the  place.  He  thought  that,  looking  at  what 
was  likely  to  be  the  mind  of  Mr.  Fuller — although 
he  had  had  no  conversation  with  him  as  to  his  views 
on  the  plans — and  deciding  as  if  he  (Mr.  L.)  were 
going  to  find  the  money,  he  should  select  the  plan 
that  would  seem  to  answer  the  purpose  best, 
having  regard  to  cost  and  preserving  the  general 
features  of  the  estate.  Having  considered  these 
points,  he  had  come  to  the  conclusion  that 
"  Vigilans  "  was  entitled  to  the  first  prize.  The 
plan  that  he  awarded  the  second  premium  to  was 
one  of  two  plans  marked  "  Onward."  These  two 
plans  carried  out  what  he  had  referred  to,  the  first 
preserving  the  Manor  House,  and  the  timber 
generally  in  its  present  form,  and  developing 
nature,  and  the  second  doing  something  to  the 
same  extent,  but  removing  the  Manor  House.  The 
third  prize  he  awarded  to  "Spectator,"  whose  plan 
treated  the  estate  as  if  it  were  a  flat  surface. 

The  successful  competitors  then  retired  with 
Mr.  Longcroft  into  a  private  room,  and  cheques 
for  the  £100,  £50,  and  £25  were  handed  to  them. 
We  append  an  outline  of  the  main  features  of  the 
successful  designs  : — The  first  premium  of  £100 
was  awarded  to  Mr.  A.  G.  Hennell,  22,  Southamp- 
ton-buildings, Chancery-lane,  W.C.      He  has  re- 


646 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


SiPTEMBER    20,    1867. 


tained  the  Manor  House  and  existing  cottages,  as 
well  as  the  water  now  upon  the  estate,  and  has 
introduced  some  ornamental  water  in  the  wood, 
where  he  has  adopted  some  pleasant  walks  and  a 
rustic  bridge  across  the  water.  One  of  the  plots 
arranged  by  him  for  cricket  can  at  any  moment 
be  used  for  that  purpose,  being  at  present  a  beauti- 
ful level  field,  nicely  surrounded  with  trees  ol 
fine  growth.  His  archery  ground  has  an  eipial 
description.  The  buildings  for  the  cricket  and 
archery  pavilion  are  admirably  constructed,  have 
ample  accommodation  for  any  emergency,  and  are 
within  the  specified  cost  stated  in  the  circular. 
Mr.  Hennell  has  thus  divided  the  estate, — 

a.      r.    p. 
Park,  cricket  ground,  archery  ground, 

and  shrubbery    49     1   11 

Existing  cottages    2     2     2 

New  roads  and  widening    7     3     9 

Building  land 123     1     7 

Manor  House  and  ground 5    3  36 


193     3  35 


Having  thus  arranged  his  land  he  values  it  at  from 
£10  to  £15  per  acre,  and  realises  about  £1,600  per 
annum.  The  planning  of  his  houses  and  their 
elevations  are  equally  to  be  admired  for  their  excel- 
lent arrangement,  beauty,  and  little  cost. 

The  design  marked  "Onward,"  which  obtained 
the  second  prize,  was  prepared  by  Mr.  G.  R. 
Crickmay,  architect  and  surveyor,  of  Weymouth. 
A  design  prepared  by  him  was,  we  believe, 
selected  out  of  seventy-tive  competitors  and  a  pre- 
mium of  £100  awarded  to  it  for  laying  out  340 
acres  of  land  at  West  Worthing,  belonging  to  the 
West  Worthing  Investment  Company  and  the 
Hoene  Estate  Company.  Mr.  Crickmay  has  like- 
wise laid  out  land  for  building  purposes,  and  de- 
signed and  carried  out  various  buildings  on  land 
belonging  to  Sir  F.  Johnstone,  Bart.,  and  other 
proprietors  at  Weymouth,  Swanage,  &c.  The  prin- 
cipal feature  aimed  at  in  the  design  for  the  Hay- 
ling  estate  is  as  much  as  possible  to  utilize  every- 
thing at  present  on  the  ground,  and  to  consider 
the  scheme  in  its  commercial  and  picturesque 
aspect. 

The  third  premium  of  £25  was  awarded  to  Mr. 
E.  Milner,  Hill  Side,  Dulwicli  Wood,  Norwood, 
Sun  ey,  who  has  taken  up  the  estate  with  a  bold- 
ness that  neither  of  the  others  ventured  at.  He 
has  in  his  planning  totally  effaced  any  trace  of  the 
existing  natural  beauty  of  the  estate,  as  it  now 
stands,  and  has  laid  it  out  as  if  it  were  but  a 
piece  of  waste  land.  In  his  arrangement  he  has 
shown  great  taste  and  judgment  with  winding 
roads  and  paths,  in  which  a  stranger  might 
wander,  not  thinking  he  was  travelling  within  the 
space  of  193  acres.  He  has  given  archery  and 
cricket  pavilion,  both  within  the  stated  cost. 

The  first  set  of  plans  that  receivefl  honourable 
mention  are  those  prepared  and  sent  in  coiujointly 
by  Mr.  J.  T.  Metcalf,  12,  Alfred-place,  Thurloe- 
square,  Brompton,  London,  and  Mr.  Maurice 
Young,  landscape  gardener,  Godalming,  Surrey, 
with  the  motto,  "  We  bide  our  time." 

The  next  plan  that  received  honourable  mention 
is  "  Live  and  Let  Live,"  by  Mr.  F.  Whittaker,  3, 
Palace  chambers,  Westminster.  Like  the  last 
three  mentioned  plans  he  has  totally  destroyed 
the  Manor  House;  the  wood  he  retains,  dividing  it 
out,  with  a  circular  drive  in  its  centre,  with  foot- 
paths struck  out  from  its  four  quarters.  He  has 
taken  one  step  in  advance  of  the  requisitions  by 
introducing  a  croquet  ground,  and  has  arrived  at  a 
ground  rental  of  £1,260. 


DIMENSIONS    OF   BRITISH    CHURCHES. 

IN  a  communication  to  the  Times,  Mr.  Samuel 
Sandars,  writes  as  follows: — Some  two  years 
and  a-half  ago  you  admitted  into  your  columns  a 
list,  contributed  by  Mr.  E.  B.  Denison,  of  the 
dimensions  of  some  of  the  principal  English 
churches.  Having  been  at  some  pains  to  collect 
a  supplementary  catalogue,  with  the  addition  of 
several  Scotch  and  Irish  examples,  I  forward  it  to 
you,  thinking  it  may  interest  some  of  your 
readers.  I  do  not  extend  the  list  to  churches 
with  an  area  of  less  than  8,000  square  feet.  This 
limit  excludes  several  interesting  churches,  for 
example,  St.  Andrew's,  Heckington,  Lincolnshire, 
with  an  area  of  7,900  square  feet ;  St.  Mary's, 
Ottery,  Devonshire,  like  Exeter  Cathedral,  with 
transepts  formed  by  a  tower  on  either  side,  and 
also  groined  throughout,  area,  7,500  square  feet ; 
and  St.  Patrick's,  Patrington,  which  possesses 
eastern  and  western  aisles  to  the  transepts,  area, 
6,734  square  feet.     In  reference  to  the  churches 


in  the  accompanying  list,  I  may  remark  the  Glas- 
gow, Kirkwall,  and  St.  Cross,  are  vaulted  through- 
out. St.  Patrick's  is  partly  vaulted,  Hexham 
and  Milton  are  without  naves.  Malvern  has  no 
south  transept.  Austin  Friars,  London,  and  Leo- 
minster, are  the  naves  of  large  cruciform  churches. 
Melton  Mowbray  and  Faversham  have  east  and 
west  aisles  to  the  transepts,  the  former  also  pos- 
sesses a  western  porch.  St.  James,  Bury  St.  Ed- 
mund's, is  without  a  steeple  ;  the  adjoining  Nor- 
man gateway  serves  as  a  substitute.  The  tower  at 
Beccles,  Suffolk,  stands  detached  at  some  distance 
from  the  church.  St.  Cuthbert's,  Wells,  has  five 
avenues,  or  aisles,  and  Sleaford  and  St.  Martin's, 
Leicester,  have  four ;  the  addition  to  the  former 
is  recent ;  the  lofty  steeple  of  the  latter,  just  com- 
pleted, replaces  a  far  less  imposing  structure. 
Long  Melford  has  a  large,  aisled  lady  chapel, 
which  is  not  included  in  its  dimensions  as  given 
in  the  list.  The  choir  and  transepts  of  St.  John's, 
Chester,  have  been  shortened,  and  Great  Grimsby 
has  been  still  more  mutilated.  I  may  add,  that 
at  Glasgow  the  transepts  do  not  project  beyond 
the  line  of  the  walls  of  the  nave,  and  that  its 
height  and  that  of  Kirkwall  are,  relatively  to  the 
breadth  of  their  avenues,  greater  than  is  usual  in 
this  country.  In  the  latter  church  the  propor- 
tion of  the  breadth  to  the  height  is  1  to  3. 
Croydon  Church  has  been  gutted  by  fire.  As  in  Mr. 
Denison's  list  the  letter  S  denotes  a  spire ;  the 
letter  C  that  the  steeple,  whether  tower  or  spire, 
stands  in  a  central  position ;  with  no  letter  pre- 
fixed, a  tower  only  is  understood.  Perhaps  some 
of  your  readers  can  give  the  dimensions  of  the 
following  large  churches,  which  I  have  not  been 
able  to  obtain: — St.  Peter's,  Sheffield;  St.  Giles's, 
Wrexham  ;  Ashbourne,  Derbyshire  ;  St.  Helen's, 
Abingdon ;  St.  Mary's,  Shrewsbury ;  Soham, 
Cambridgeshire ;  Witney,  Oxfordshire ;  and  Ter- 
rington  St.  Clement's,  Norfolk. 


Chorch. 


Glasgow  Cathedral  

St.  Patrick'sCathedral.Dublin  i 

St.  Giles,  Edinburgh    .. 

St.  Mary,  Bury  St.  Edmund's  1 

Kilkenny  Cathedral,   Ireland  1 

Hexham  Priory,  Northumber- 
land  

Maidstone,  Kent 

St,  Mary,  Warwick 

Leominster,  Herefordshire  ... 

Austinfriars,  London 

Halifax,  York.^hire 

Brecon  Priory.  Brecknockshire  1 

St.  Jiunes,  Bury  St.  Edmimd's  I 

Malvern  Priory,  Worcester- 
shire     

Stratford-on-Avon,  Warwick- 
shire     

Kji-kwall  Cathedral,  Orkneys  1 

Faversham,  Kent    

St.  Martin's,  Leicester   ... 

Lowestoft,  Suffolk  

Laton,  Bedfordshire  

Armagh  Cathedral 

Rye,  Sussex  

Dorchester  Abbey.  Oxon 

St.  Mary's,  Leicester  

St.  Margaret's,  L^cester 

Chesterfield,  Derbyshire 

Melton  Mowbray,  Leicester- 
shire     

Lavenham,  Sutfolk 

Long  Melford,  Suffolk    

Milton  Abbey,  Dorsetshire    . 

Clu-iaL  Church,  Dublin  

St  Cuthbert's,  Wells 

Beccles,  Sulfolk    

St.  Cross,  Winchester..*. 

Croydon,  Surrey 

St.  John's,  Chester 

Nantvvich,  Cheshire    

Headon,  Yorkshii-e 

Great  St.  Mary,  Cambridge  . 

Sleaford,  Lincolnshire    

St.  Mary's,  Oxford 

Great  Grimsby,  Lincolnshire  . 


J3 

J 

J3 

8 

■Sfe 

B 

* 

ed 

s 

to 

< 

319 

a 
63 

73 

at 

85 

26,400 

20,010 

300 

67 

157 

14,600 

206 

68 

129 

—  s 

14,024 

213 

68 

— 

60 

13,706 

212 

60 

117 

44 

13,645 

150 

51 

156 

13,500 

168 

91 

— 



13,420 

ISO 

66 

107 

49, 

12,915 

123 

105 

— 

50 

12,69!) 

l.=>3 

83 

— 

12,664 

175 

66 

_ 



12,498 

198 

GO 

102 

_ 

12,138 

193 

69 

— 

— 

11,050 

177 

63 

85 

63 

11,484 

197 

68 

94 

10  f 

11, -200 

220 

45 

88 

54 

11,060 

160 

65 

1-25 

H,030 

165 

85 

85 

10.840 

182 

62 

— 

43! 

10,500 

174 

57 

100 

40 

10,400 

183 

611 

119 



10,226 

159 

60 

77 



10,210 

is:i 

69 

— 



10,142 

152 

76 

— 

— 

10,080 

180 

72 

— 

— 

9,960 

16S 

69 

109 

— 

9,717 
9,668 
9,486 
9,432 

103 
140 
153 
132 

56 
68 
62 
61 

117 
108 

41 
55 

9,36t 

220 

38 

9(1 

— 

9,30C 

160 

SO 

S4 



9,270 
9.240 
9,134 

148 
125 
130 

62 
65 
74 

115 

- 

9,0SS 

133 

71 

71 

— 

S.'.>7* 

I.; 

ilT 

50 

s  :;^i 

I,  . 
1  ij 

\  1 

1 03 

— 

8,364 
8, 19.i 

146 
168 

76 
55 

87 

48 

S,140 

144 

60 

90 

— 

,  223 
121  c. 

100 

100  c. 

SO 
174 

99 

117 

90 

154  c. 

.  163  c. 
140  c. 

.  218  c. 
.  1'20  c. 

90 
.  150  c. 


.  183 
130 
.  230  c. 

110  c. 
141 


140 
92  act 
i  —   —  c. 


150 

108  c. 

129  c. 

130 
.  144 
.  206 

—  c. 


DURHAM  AND  NORTHUMBERLAND 
ARCHITECTURAL   SOCIETY. 

THE  members  of  the  Architectural  and  Ar- 
chceological  Society  of  Durham  and  North- 
umberland held  their  fourth  and  last  meeting 
of  the  season  on  the  borders  of  Durham  and 
Yorkshire,  on  Monday  week.  Among  those 
firesent  were: — the  Revs.  W.  Greenwell  (pre- 
sident), E.  Greatorex,  Q.  R,  Bulman  (secretaries), 
T.  Rodgers,  J.  F.  Hodgson,  G.  Lloyd,  R.  G.  L. 
Blenkinsopp,  J.  B.  Dykes,  F.  Thompson,  and  P. 
Rudd  ;  and  Messrs.  Pritchett,  Dr.  Pyle,  Bowser. 


Towns,  W.  Thompson,  J.  H.  Backhouse,  Omsby, 
Sterry,  Grierson,  W.  H.  D.  Longstaffe  (Gates- 
head),  F.  Newburn  (Darlington),  &c.  Croft 
Bridge,  which  connects  the  counties  of  Durham 
and  Yorkshire  together,  was  the  first  work  ex. 
amined.  The  structure  was  built  to  replace  the 
bridge  which  was  known  as  Pountesse  Bridge, 
when  the  latter  was  de^troyed.  It  was  in  ex. 
istence  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  but  was  about 
that  period  very  extensively  repaired,  the  water 
having  done  considerable  damage  to  the  piere. 
It  was  also  greatly  widened.  It  appears  to  have 
been  'ouilt  with  sandstone,  most  probably  ob- 
tained out  of  the  bed  of  the  Tees,  over  which  it  is 
thrown.  The  bridge  consists  of  seven  strong 
arches,  all  of  which  are  in  a  wonderful  state  ol 
preservation.  It  had  been  used  as  a  military  road 
for  a  great  number  of  years.  On  it  there  is  an 
inscription  showing  the  date,  1673.  Croft  Church 
was  next  visited,  and  in  it  Mr.  Longstaffe  gave 
some  interesting  historical  information  respecting 
the  village.  The  sacred  edifice  itself  is  de^ 
dicated  to  St.  Peter.  The  architectural  pecuUari- 
ties  of  the  building  were  expatiated  upon  by  the 
Rev.  Mr.  Hodgson.  It  was  a  fine  example  of  a 
village  church,  and  the  most  remarkable  point 
about  it  was  the  extreme  size  and  splendour  of , 
the  chancel.  With  regard  to  the  architectural" 
history  of  the  fabric,  it  had  been  originally  an ' 
Eirly  English  church  without 'any  aisles.  Exami- "' 
nation,  however,  showed  that  the  north  and 
south  aisles  had  been  added  about  the  middle  of 
the  thirteenth  century.  From  1290  to  1310  the 
chancel  had  been  entirely  rebuilt  in  its  present 
dimensions,  and  than  it  no  more  beautiful  or,^^_ 
perfect  work  ot  the  kind  can  be  found.  Its  cha-  j 
racteristics  were  extreme  richness  and  delicacy. 
One  of  the  windows — the  central  one  on  the 
south — was  well  known,  in  consequence  of  au  en- 
graving of  it  having  been  published  in  Sharpe'a 
collection.  It  was  one  of  the  finest  windows  of 
its  kind  in  the  county  of  Durham.  The  sinking! 
in  of  the  tracery  was  very  beautiful.  At  the^ 
same  time  that  the  chancel  was  rebuilt,  the  whole 
of  the  windows  of  the  nave  were  made  to  corre- 
spond. ^  About  the  middle  of  the  fourteenth  cen-  ■ 
tury,  the  old  high  pitched  roof  had  been  sub-- 
stituted  for  a  fl.it  one  of  oak,  which  had  unfortu- 
nately destroyed  the  effect  of  the  east  winaow.  r 
About  the  same  period  as  this  alteration  was  made' 
the  clerestory  of  the  nave  and  the  western  tower 
had  been  erected.  The  wooden  roof  is  covered 
with  religious  symbols,  presenting  a  very  pleasing 
efl'ect.  On  the  left  side  of  the  church  are  two 
litinscopes  or  leapors  windows,  the  use  of  which, 
however,  was  totally  unknown.  There  wei 
indications  that  on  each  side  of  the  1; 
window  of  the  nave  there  had  been  formerly  two  fij 
niches,  but  these  had  been  filled  up.  About  the 
sedilia,  one  of  the  internal  seats  of  tile  right-hand 
wall,  there  was  a  deal  of  rich  carving,  and  altogether 
the  church  was  one  of  the  finest  ecclesiastii 
specimens  of  a  village  church.  On  one  side  of  the 
edifice  was  the  tomb  of  Richard  Clarvoux,  a  former 
lord  of  the  manor,  while  on  the  opposite  side  was 
the  tomb  of  one  of  the  Milbankes,  of  Halnaby. 
The  Rev.  Archdeacon  Dodgson,  of  Croft,  who  was 
present  for  a  short  time,  was  congratulated  on 
having  such  an  old  but  fine  church.  Thearchajo- 
logists  then  proceeded  by  way  of  the  Croft 
bridge,  along  the  turnpike,  for  a  distance  of  a  mUe 
and  a  half,  to  Hurworth,  where  the  village  church 
was  examined.  Above  the  entrance,  and  on  the 
tower,  were  shields  of  arms  of  the  Hurworth,  the 
Talbois,  the  Clarvoux,  and  the  Dacre  famiUes. 
Immediately  in  front  of  the  principal  entrance 
there  is  a  monument  which  distinguishes  the  last 
resting  place  of  William  Emmerson,  the  great 
mathematician,  who  was  born  at  Hurworth  on  the 
14th  of  May,  1701,  .and  died  in  the  81st  year  of 
his  age.  Two  monumental  efligies,  which  were 
lying  in  the  porch,  were  inspected.  One  of  them 
was  very  strangely  marked  and  crimped,  and  was 
much  later  than  Norton.  Mr.  Longstaft'e  believed 
it  to  be  the  effigy  of  Ralph  Fitzwilliams,  who  died 
on  All  Saints'  Day,  1316,  and  was  buried  in 
Neasham  Abbey.  The  other  figure  bore  a  shield, 
which  is  a  valuable  example  of  heraldry.  The 
only  family  Mr.  Longstaffe  could  identify  the 
effigy  with  was  one  belonging  to  Nottingham 
named  Bugg.  The  helmet  of  the  figure  seemed 
to  belong  to  the  period  of  the  reign  of  Richard  I., 
but  it  would  be  scarcely  later  than  Henry  III- 
Two  very  old  pillars  in  the  anterior  of  the  place  of 
worship  led  to  the  belief  that  there  had  been  for- 
merly a  church  on  the  same  site.  The  excursion- 
ists, after  examining  this  sacred  structure  most 
carefully,  commenced  a  four. mile  journey  across 
the  fields,  by  an  aucieut|pathway,  to  Haughton-le- 
Skerne. 


(f 


Septejibee  20,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


647 


PEESERVATION  OF  TIMBEE. 

rTE  have  recently  given  some  practical  infor- 

V      mation  on  the  preservation  of  timber.     A 

respondent  sends  us   the   follomng  report  on 

;    specimens  of  preserved   timber  exhibited  at 

t  Cologne  International  Agricultural  Exhibition 

i  1S65.    The  report  was  drawn  up  by  the  Count 

I  Westphalia,  Juror  of  Section  IV.  We  think 
i  s  desirable  to  give  the  report  in  full : — 

t  does  not  require  a  statistical  report  to  prove 

I I  the  consumption  of  timber  has  increased, 
i  ecially  in  the  last  twenty  years,  to  such  an 
I  ent  that,  in  this  period,  the  growth  of  oak  has 
1  n  less  than  the  quantity  used ;  and  since,  in  all 
)  bability,  during  the  nest  twenty  years,  the  use 

timber  will  be  yet  greater,  the  question  arises 
-■  can  this  want  be  supplied,  seeing  that  the 
«  sumption  is  always  becoming  greater  than  the 
:  ural  growth  of  those  kinds  of  wood,  which  we 
e  hitherto  considered  available,  admits  of, 
V3  is  apparent  from  the  catalogue,  there  are 
-:y  kinds  of  timber  of  small  dimensions,  which 
\'  hitherto  been  sold  as  tirewood,  which  can  now 
-mand  a  higher  price  as  pit  wood,  and  the 
.ntity  used  is  by  no  means  so  small  as  to  be 
vorthy  of  notice,  as  in  one  district  alone  the 
;e  amounts  to  between  £150,000  and  £200,000 
.ually.  But  in  so  far  as  the  timber  required  for 
5  purpose  is  generally  of  small  scantling,  the 
ply  can  be  made  up  from  these  kinds  of  wood, 
oh  the  collection  of  the  Cologne  Sline  Company 
?  brought  into  notice  as  opening  up  a  new 
r:eof  gain. 

The    case    is   entirely   different    with   railway 

jpers.     Almost   all    the  rak  and  pine  which  is 

4  for  sleepers  is  employed  for  other  purposes ; 

:ce  it  is  entirely  owing  to  them  that  theexces- 

demand  for  these   timbers  has  arisen,  so  that 

now  meet  the  question — where  and  how  shall 

get  the  timber,  or  by  what  means  can  we  find 

ihstitute  ?     To  us,  as  jurors,  it  was  less  in  our 

to  answer  this  question  directly  than  to  test 

experiments  and  trials  made  for  the  solution 

■  tbe  question  in  the  exhibited  specimens.  As 
MsTe  already  intimated,  I  confined  my  attention 
Mely  to  the  one  side  of  the  question, — what  means 
|i  we  use  to  preserve  the  timber  ?  although  the 
-  ler  side  of  the  question, — where  shall  we   get 

i  timber  ?  is  indicated  by  the  wonderful  collec- 
n  of  timbers  exhibited  by  the  Royal  Hanoveria:: 

;;U)T  of  Forests,  Herr  Burchhardt. 

.enerally  speaking,  in  this  country  we  distinguish 
0  classes  of  trera — oak,  fir,  and  pine  on  the  one 
nd,  and  all  other  native  trees  on  the  other, 
nong  the  latter,  the  beech  is  the  most  important, 
lich,  for  growth,  could  compete  with  the  oak.  if 
e  wood  were  of  equal  quality,  but,  as  is  well 
own,  the  beech  decays  very  rapidly  through  and 
rough,  especially  when  exposed  to  the  alternate 
Suence  of  wetness  and  dryness,  and  even  more 
pidly  in  the  neighbaurhood  of  the  heart,  than 
e  sapwood  of  oak  ;  and,  generally,  one  can  say, 
at  part  of  a  feUed  tree  decays  soonest  which  "is 
lest  of  sap,  and  in  oak  this  is  the  outside,  but 

-eech  the  whole  wood  is  of  uniform  texture. 

often  say  that  beech  has  no  sapwood;  it  would 

more  correct  to  say  that  beech  is  all  sapwood 
le  theory  now  maintained  is  that  timber,  impreg- 
ited  with  a  metallic  preparation,  has  all  its  pores 
opped,  and  is  thus  thoroughly  preserved  from 
ic«y.     In  this  way,  although  experiments  have 

■  J«n  made  for  several  years,  yet  none  are  so  old 
■  thoroughly  to  determine  how  much  value  can  be 

•^  on  the  various  processes. 
ihe  opinion  of  the  jurors  must  be  strictly  con- 
led  to  the  specimens  before  them  to  enable  them 
'  ;>  determine — 

lat.  The  best  process  ; 

2nd.  What  metallic  or  other  preparation  most 
loroughly  impregnates  the  timber  ; 

3rd.  What  wood,  or  kind  of  wood,  can  be  best 
;ted  upc^n. 

■  ;_  There  are  two  distinct  methods  of  impregna- 
imn,  first,  before  the  felling  of  the  tree  ;  second, 
fter  the  wood  has  been  cut  and  prepared.  The 
ret  has  the  great  disadvantage  of  causing  the 
'hole  wood  of  the  tree  to  be  so  thoroughly  pene- 

ii»ted  with  the  impregnating  matter  as  to  render 
oe  Wood  not ',  required  ,f or  the  special  purpose 
uite  useless,  it  being  very  difiicult  to  bum,  and 
:  one  did  attempt  to  do  so  the  poisonous  vapour 
aid  be  highly  dangerous. 

Several  pieces  prepared  in  this  manner  were 
xhibited  by  the  principal  forester  at  Konigsberg, 
lerr  Biermanns,  who  maintains  that  the  method 
mployed  is  quite  different  from  the  general  pro- 
ess  of  Herr  Boucheris.  The  exhibitor,  however, 
leclined  to  give  further   information   as  to  the 


process  to  the  jury,  so  I  must  confine  myself  to 
the  remark  that  the  penetration  of  the  metallic 
salt  was  very  complete,  and  the  process  may, 
perhaps,  be  worthy  of  attention  should  Herr 
Biermanns  be  pleased  to  make  his  method 
known.  The  other  specimens  exhibited  were  all 
prepared  by  the  second  method.  In  this  report  I 
must  confine  myself  to  those  specimens  only 
which  were  considered  worthy  of  note  ia  the  offi- 
cial record. 

The  KciUi-Mindener  Railway  Company  (Sec.  IV., 
No.  6),  exhibited  twelve  prepared  sleepers,  among 
which  one  beech  sleeper  appeared  to  us  to  be 
wonderfully  well  preserved.  This  sleeper  was 
impregnated  with  chloride  of  zinc,  and  had  been 
in  use  since  1S56 ;  decay  was  nowhere  visible, 
and  it  might  still  be  used  for  a  good  sleeper.  The 
jury  considered  that  it  would  be  highly  instructive 
to  show  how  much  of  the  impregnating  matter  was 
contained  in  the  wood,  and  an  analysis  found  that 
there  was  yet  three-eighths  of  the  matter  remain- 
ing. Still  more  wonderfully  the  effects  of  the 
chloride  of  zinc  were  seen  in  a  section  of  a  beech 
sleeper  exhibited  by  the  Hanoverian  Railway  and 
Telegraph  Company  (Sec.  IV.,  No.  139).  This 
sleeper  was  impregnated  with  chloride  of  zinc  in 
the  year  1S47,  laid  in  the  line  in  the  same  year, 
and  taken  out  in  the  course  of  this  summer  to  send 
to  the  Exhibition.  By  way  of  comparison,  an  o  ik 
sleeper  was  sent  in  its  natural  stae,  which  had 
been  laid  beside  the  beech  sleeper,  at  the  same 
time,  and  was  in  precisely  the  same  circum- 
stances {as  the  other.  The  prepared  beech  sleeper 
was  thoroughly  sound  and  good,  without  a  single 
trace  of  decay,  while  the  unprepared  oak  was  far 
gone  in  decay,  and  was  of  no  further  use  as  a 
sleeper.  On  analysis  by  one  of  the  jury,  the 
beech  sleeper  was  found  to  contain  in  the  midst 
of  the  wood  5.16ths  of  the  impregnating  matter. 

The  Brunswick  States  Railway  exhibited  a  most 
interesting  collection  of  prepared  and  unprepared 
timber.  The  timber  prepared  with  chloride  of 
zinc  was  much  better  preserved  than  similar  speci- 
mens of  unprepared  timber.  Among  the  former, 
in  particular,  there  was  a  beech  sleeper  which  was 
thoroughly  sound,  whilst  the  prepared  oak  and 
pine  sleepers  in  similar  circumstances  showed 
decay  in  the  heart,  the  outside  being  sound,  as 
the  impregnating  matter  had  merely  penetrated 
the  sap  and  not  the  heart.  So  that  here  the  very 
part  of  the  oak  which  naturally  decays  soonest 
was  best  preserved,  because  it  was  impregnated 
with  chloride  ot  zinc,  whUe  the  heart  of  the  same 
sleepers,  which  was  not  penetrated,  had  begun  to 
decay. 

Of  the  sleepers  which  were  preserved  by  creo- 
sote, those  exhibited  by  the  Edinburgh  and 
Glasgow  Railway  Company  were  the  most  worthy 
of  attention  '(Sec.  IV.,  No.  20).  Nominally,  the 
wood  was  Scotch  fir,  but  on  careful  examination 
we  rec  agnized  it  as  pine.  One  sleeper,  which  had 
been  in  use  about  twelve  years,  was  particularly 
well  preserved,  but  it  had  been  constantly  under 
water,  so  one  cannot  certainly  say  that  the  creosot- 
ing  was  the  cause  of  the  good  condition  of  the 
timber,  as  all  wood  lying  constantly  imder  water 
(as  was  the  case  here)  is  preserved  sound. 

On  the  other  hand,  a  second  sleeper,  which  was 
also  impregnated  with  creosote,  and  had  been  in 
use  for  fourteen  years,  showed  decided  marks  of 
decay,  but  was  much  better  preserved  than  the 
third  sleeper,  which  was  uncreosoted,  and  had 
lain  for  fifteen  years.  The  fourth,  a  new  creosoted 
sleeper,  was  most  remarkable,  as  showing  by  far 
the  deepest  penetration  of  the  creosote.  Not  only 
the  sap  wood,  as  is  usually  the  case,  but  the  very 
heart,  showed  the  impregnating  matter,  prov- 
ing the  creosoting  process  to  have  been  very  eiE- 
cient. 

The  air  is  exhausted  from  the  tank  in  which 
the  sleepers  are  placed,  and  subjected  to  the 
creosote  under  the  considerable  pressure  of  601b. 
to  651b.  per  square  inch  for  three  or  four  hours. 
Yet  even  this  sleeper  was  not  thoroughly  impreg- 
nated, for  the  heart  was  not  quite  penetrated,  nor 
was  that  portion  of  it  which  had  been  reached 
so  uniform  as  the  sapwood. 

On  the  creosoted  sleepers  of  the  Belgian  rail- 
way (Sec.  IV.,  No.  17),  we  could  come  to  no 
accurate  conclusion  as  to  the  effect  of  the 
creosote  on  preserving  the  timber,  as  the  age  of 
the  sleepers  was  wantinir. 

Among  the  previously-mentioned  sleepers  of 
the  Koln-Mindener  Railway  was  also  a  creosoted 
beech  sleeper,  in  which  the  wood  was  only  par- 
tially preserved,  as  the  creosote  had  not  pene- 
trated the  whole  of  the  timber  ;  whether  the  pro- 
cess was  not  powerful  enough,  or  whether  the 
creosote  was  not  sufficient,  we  had  not  the  means 
of  judging  from  the  specimens  before  us. 


Of  the  advantages  of  sulphate  of  copper  as  a 
means  of  preserving  timber,  the  jury  had  not  the 
means  of  judging,  since  among  the  sleepers  im- 
pregnated with  sulphate  of  copper,  some  had  not 
been  long  enough  in  use,  and  others  had  not  been 
thoroughly  impregnated. 

The  JIain-Ncckar  Railway  exhibited  a  pine 
sleeper  which  had  been  laid  in  1S39,  and  re- 
mained in  use  till  now.  The  timber  was  ex- 
tremely well  preserved,  and  nowhere  were  any 
traces  of  decay.  The  sleeper  is  said  to  have  been 
steeped  fourteen  days  in  solution  of  corrosive  sub- 
limate before  being  laid.  But  on  examination  no 
trace  of  cyaniziug  was  visible,  and  an  analysis 
was  determined  on  to  ascertain  if  there  were  any 
trace  of  mercury,  and  if  it  were  owing  to  this 
process  that  the  sleei>er  had  been  so  well  pre- 
served. Unfortunately,  this  analysis  is  not  yet 
complete,  on  which  account  I  withhold  my  opinion 
in  the  me.antime. 

The  Madgeburg-Gothen-Halle  Leipsiger  Rail- 
way exhibited  several  sleepers,  which,  however, 
afforded  us  little  material  for  forming  an  opinion. 
Among  these  were  three,  with  a  description 
attached  as  follows: — ''Three  sleepers  from  the 
Madgeburg  Leipsiger  Railway,  from  the  Salt 
Work  Branch  at  Stassfurt,  laid  in  1S57.  These 
are  moistened  by  the  refuse  of  the  salt  which  is 
lost  from  the  load  aud  by  the  rain.  The  spikes 
are  left  in  to  show  the  effect  of  the  salt  on  the 
iron.  This  preparation  would  cost  veiy  little; 
hundreds  of  sleepers  could  be  taken  out  quite  as 
well  preserved."  The  jury  paid  no  further  atten- 
tion to  these  sleepers,  as  they  saw  no  connection 
between  this  plan  and  the  object  they  had  in 
view.  Indeed,  these  sleepers  proved  neither  a  dis- 
covery, nor  even  the  finding  a  Columbus'  egg,  be- 
cause every  old  table  on  which  fish  or  meat  have 
been  salted,  proves  that  a  constant  moistening 
with  salt  water  preserves  the  wood  from  decay, 
but  as  soon  as  the  process  of  salting  is  given  up, 
the  salted  matter  is  immediately  given  out  and 
the  timber  soon  decays.  In  this  case  it  would 
have  been  importiint  to  have  known  that  these 
sleepers,  after  having  been  salted,  hau  la  u  any- 
where else  than  in  the  Salt  Work  Branch  without 
getting  fresh  salt  applied,  and  then  to  have  seen  if 
they  would  have  been  as  perfect  as  they  now  are. 
They,  indeed,  prove  nothing  but  the  fact  that  if 
sleepers  be  daily  sprinkled  with  salt  they  will  re- 
main sound,  but  the  price  paid  for  this  durability 
might  be  very  considerable.  When  one  speaks  of 
the  various  methods  of  preservation,  a  pro- 
cess which  takes  effect  by  a  single  application 
is  meant,  not  one  which  requires  renewal  every 
day. 

My  opinion,  in  so  far  as  it  is  based  on  the 
specimens  exhibited  at  Cologne,  and  in  which  my 
colleagues  concur,  is : — 

1.  That  chloride  of  zinc  is  the  only  substance 
which  thoroughly  penetrates  the  timber,  and  is  at 
the  same  time  the  best  adapted  for  its  preserva- 
tion. 

2.  That  the  process  of  impregnating  the  wood 
after  cutting  is  more  useful  aud  rational  than 
doing  so  while  the  tree  is  growing. 

3.  That  red  beech  is  the  only  wood  which  has 
been  impregnated  in  a  uniform  and  thoroa°Ii 
manner. 


THE    ilANCHESTER   TRADE    U^;ION 
COiliUSSION. 

WE  are  intensely  sorry  that  the  Manchester 
Commission  is  revealing  facts  almost  as 
shocking  as  the  Sheffield  Commission.  If  a  know- 
ledge of  a  disease  is  half  its  cure,  let  us  hope 
that  these  astounding  revelations  will  awake  trade 
unionists  to  something  like  a  sense  of  propriety 
and  improved  conduct.  We  have  not  room  to 
record  a  tithe  of  the  acts  of  violence  perpetrated 
in  Manchester,  as  brought  to  light  by  the  Com- 
mission now  sitting,  and  we  give  the  following 
merely  as  samples  of  the  rest  : — W.  A.  Atkins,  a 
master  brickmaker  in  Cheetwood  lane,  said  that 
one  night  the  roof  of  his  engine-house  was  blown 
off  by  gunpowder  because  he  made  bricks  by  ma- 
chinery. Witness  was  under  the  impression  that 
such  outrages  were  instigated  by  masters  who 
made  bricks  by  hand.  In  the  progress  ot  wit- 
ness's works  there  were  frequent  breaks  down  of 
the  machinery,  caused  by  pieces  of  iron  being  put 
in.  The  bricks  were  also  occasionally  spoilt  in 
burning.  On  subsequent  occasions  the  water  was 
let  out  of  the  boiler  for  the  purpose  of  causing  au 
explosion.  His  men,  who  were  non-union  men, 
were  occasionally  beaten,  and  witness  had  a  letter 
sent  him  warning  him  to  prepare  for  his  latter 
end,  and  containing  a  sketch  of  a  coffin.     Mr.  C. 


648 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


September  20,  186?. 


Hadfield,  building  ageut,  who  was  formerly  in 
partnership  with  the  last  witness,  said  at  one  time 
he  employed  a  kiln  burner  from  Durham,  and  an 
attempt  was  made  to  blow  him  up  by  throwing  a 
bottle  of  gunpowder  into  his  bedroom.  The  kiln 
burner  picked  up  the  bottle  before  the  fuze  had 
burnt  out,  and  threw  it  back  into  the  street, 
where  it  exploded.  One  night  in  Kovember,  as 
witness  was  going  through  Salford  with  his  part- 
ner, they  were  threatened  by  two  men,  one  of 
whom  said  they  would  shoot  him. 

John  Smethurt,  a    cotton   spinner  at  Royton, 
said  he  was,  in  1S59,  a  brickmaster  and  coal  pro- 
prietor.     Employed  non-union    men.      In  May, 
1860,  about  3,000  bricks   was  destroyed  in  wit- 
ness's yard  one  night  when  no  watch  was  kept, 
and   in  1862,  from   a  feeling  of  insecurity  with 
regard  to   his   property,  witness  gave   up   brick- 
making  altogether.     William  Connell,  a  clay  tem- 
perer,  and  a  member  of  the  Oldham  Brickmakers' 
Union,  said   he   was   secretary  to   the  union   in 
1864.      Remembered  the   union  subscribing,  in 
1862  towards  the  defence  of  the  men  charged  with 
the  murder  of  police-constable  Jump.     Witness 
had  heard  of  a  shell  being  thrown  into  the  house 
of  Isaiah  Greaves,   but  had   no  idea   who  perpe- 
trated the  outrage.     Would  swear    that   the  sole 
purpose  for  which  the  money  was   collected  from 
the  other  unions  was  to  pay  the  turn-outs,  and  the 
expenses  of  the  delegates,  and  other  matters.    The 
books  that  had  been  burned  would    have   shown 
how  the  money  had  been  spent.     William   Burn, 
secretary  of  the  Oldham  Brickmakers'  Union,  said 
the  ledger  had  been  lost.     George  Haywood,  pre- 
sident of  the  Oldham   Brickmakers'  Union,  said 
he  was  present  at  a  meeting   on  the  5th  instant, 
when  the  officers  of  this   court  brought  him   his 
summons.     He  went  out,  and  when  he  returned 
the   business   of    the    meeting   was   over.      The 
ledger  was  on  the  desk  when  witness  went  away, 
and  when   he  came  back,  but   he  did   not  know 
what  became  of  it.     Harrison  M'Donald   said   he 
was  son-in-law  of  the  late  Isaiah  Greaves,  who  was 
a    master     brickmaker    in     Oldham.        Witness 
managed  his  father-in-law'e   brickyard.      Remem- 
bered a  workman  named  Davenport  being  fined 
by  the  union,  and  withdrawing  from  the  union  in 
consequence.      Some  delegates  from  the    union 
came  to  Mr.  Greaves  and  asked   him  to  discharge 
Davenport,   but  he   would   not  do  so.     Shortly 
after   this,   in  1858,   some   clay  was  "  needled," 
and  about  14,000  bricks  destroyed.     On  the  30th 
of    October,    1859,    one  Sunday   night,    as    jMr. 
Greaves  was  going  out  of  his  room,  a  hand  grenade 
was  thrown  into  the  room   where   Mr.    Greaves 
was,  and  exploded,  injuring   Mr.  Greaves  in  the 
ieg.     The  grenade  was  made   of  iron,  and   was 
about  9in.  in  diameter,  having  nipples  and   caps 
on.     It  was  loaded  with  gunpowder,  knife-blades, 
nails,  and  scraps   of  iron,   and   had  it   exploded 
nearer  to   him  than   it  did  he  must    have   been 
blown  to  pieces.     Witness  was  not  present  at  the 
time,   but  he  saw  the  grenade  after   it  had  ex- 
ploded.    In  1863  the  top  of  Mr.  Greaves's  engine- 
house  was  blown  off  by  gimpowder.     A  can  of 
gunpowder  was  put   inside  the  cjUnder  and  ex- 
ploded by^a  fuze,  the  result  being  that  the  engine 
was  blown  up,  and  some   of  the   machinery  was 
sent  one  hundred  yards  away. 


MANCHESTER.   NE'W   TOWNHALL. 

THE  following  are  the  instructions  to  architects 
for  the  second  competition  of  the  New  To-svn 
Hall  : — 

The  instnictions  issued  for  the  preliminary  competition 
bearing  date  tl,e  12tli  of  March,  1S67,  and  signed  by  the 
lown  Clerk,  are,  so  far  as  applicable,  .ind  except  as  modi- 
fied or  altered  by  the  present  additional  instructions,  to  be 
•tnctly  adhered  to,  and  to  be  considered  as  in  all  respects 
bindmg  in  the  second  competition. 

Each  design  must  include  not  less  than  the  folloirins 
drawings,  viz. : — ■ 

Plana  of  the  basement,    ground,  first,    second    and 

third  floors ; 
Elevations  to  each  of  the  four  streets  ; 
A  finished  roof  plan  ; 

Three  sections,  and  at  least  one  perspective  view  of  the 
building,  talien  from  such  point  as  will  best  show 
the  elevations  to  Albert-square  and  Princess  street 
10  entitle  any  competing  architect  U,  receive  from  the 
Corporation  the  premium  of  £300,   the  number  of  draw- 
lugs  specified,  and  not  fewer,  must  be  delivered    finished 
complete,  and  figured  in  the  usual  manner.  ' 

The  competing  architects  are  In  no  respect  bound  by 
their  drawmgs  sent  in  for  the  first  competition,  but  are  a"t 
liberty  to  send  in  entirely  new  designs,  or  to  make  anv 
alterations  they  may  think  fit  in  their  preliminary  plans 
ihey  are  not  bound  to  send  in  more  than  on*  complete  set 
of  drawings,  but  they  may  send  in  any  further  number 
they  choose  ;  but  in  no  case  (whatever  may  be  the  number 
of  plans  sent  m)  will  the  payment  to  any  competing  archi- 
tect exceed  the  sum  of  £300.  a  aii-ui 
Each  design  must  be  accompanied  by  an  estimate  of  cost 
o  include  every  expense  in  connection  with  the  buUding 


(and  the  sunk  area  around)  except  the  finishing  of  the 
painting,  the  papering,  and  decorating. 

As  an  indication  of  the  views  of  the  Corporation,  it  is 
suggested  that  the  total  cost  should  not  exceed  two  hundred 
and  fifty  thousand  pounds  (£250,000),  a  sum  considered  to 
be  ample  for  a  building  of  the  first  class  ;  and  in  case  the 
plans  selected  cannot  be  satisfactorily  carried  out  for  that 
amount,  or  for  the  sum  named  in  the  estimate  of  the  archi- 
tect accompanying  the  competition  drawings,  the  right  of 
rejecting  such  plans,  and  selecting  those  of  .another  com- 
petitor (paying  for  the  first  selected  plana  £300  and  no 
more)  is  reserved  by  the  Corporation. 

The  plans  of  the  iinsuccessfnl  competitor  are  to  remain 
their  own  property,  but  the  Corporation  claim  the  right  of 
adopting  any  feature  or  suggestion  contained  therein  if  they 
see  fit. 

The  competing  architects  may.  if  they  desire,  aV>sorb 
small  portions  of  the  external  areas  at  the  corners  of  Prin- 
cess-street and  Lloyd-street  next  Albert-square,  for  the 
pui-pose  of  constructing  towers  or  other  architectural  fea- 
tures at  the  extremities  of  the  Albert-square  elevation. 
Provision  must  be  made  for  a  public  clock  in  the  central 
tower  next  Albert-square,  with  four  dials  prepared  for 
illumination. 

The  whole  of  the  areas  or  courtyards  in  the  interior  of 
the  building  must  have  cellars  under  them,  and  be  so  ar- 
ranged as  to  form  p.art  of  the  b.asemeni  storey.  Convenient 
means  of  approach  for  hand  carts  to  the  basement  storey 
must  be  provided,  and  especially  to  those  portions  which 
may  be  .allotted  to  the  gas  and  water  department',  and 
there  must  be  a  cart  entrance  from  lioyd-street  for  the 
delivery  of  coals,  <fec. 

The  council  chamber  must  be  placed  on  the  main  floor,  in 
the  front  half  of  the  building.  A  spacious  staircase  communi- 
cating with  every  floor  must  be  provided  at  the  Cooper-street 
end  of  the  buUding. 

The  private  rooms  required  on  the  upper  floors  for  the 
mayor  are  as  foUjws,  viz.  :-0n  the  second  floor  a  sitting- 
room  and  two  bedrooms,  with  dressing  room,  bath-room, 
and  water-closet ;  and  on  the  third  floor  three  bedrooms 
and  water-closet.  Proper  kitchen  .accommod.ation  and 
cellarage  must  be  provided  in  the  basement  for  the  mavor. 
The  attention  of  architects  is  particularly  called  to 'the 
amount  of  accommodation  required.  The  building  must 
average  four  storeys  above  ground ;  Mezzanine  floorfin  any 
part  of  the  building  are  undesirable. 

The  depth  of  the  offices  must  not  be  more  than  2oft.  from 
the  wLndo%vs,  where  the  area  of  the  room  does  not  excee  d 
5t.i  square  yards. 

The^  lavatory  and  water-closet  accommodation  for  the 
cleiks'  office  on  the  main  floor,  m.ay  be  pLaced  on  the  second- 
floor,  .and  for  the  clerks  employed  in  the  oflices  on  the 
ground  floor,  in  the  Kasement. 
The  oflices  for  the  messengers  in  connection  with  the 
treasurer's  department,  containing  about  oO  square  yards, 
may  be  in  the  basement,  in  addition  to  which  there  must  be 
m  the  basement  a  messenger's  dining-room,  containing 
about  50  square  yards. 

The  size  of  the  muniment  rooms  in  the  basement  must 
each  be  about  40  squ.are  yards. 

Accommodation  for  the  resident  head  porter  must  be  pro- 
vi.led  on  the  third  floor,  and  consist  of  a  sitting-room,  four 
bedrooms,  kitchen,  with  large  cooking  range  a  commo- 
dious scuUerj',  with  small  cooking  range,  pantrv,  and 
water-closet.  *         ■" 

On  the  same  floor,  in  connection  with  the  head  porter's 
department,  must  be  provided  with  a  dining-room,  contain- 
ing about  120  s<iuare  yards. 

In  convenient  parts'  of  the  building  proper  housemaid's 
closets  must  be  provided  for  the  use  of  the  persons  employed 
in  cleamng. 

Hoist  accommodation  must  be  provided  for  lifting  coals 
from  the  cellars  to  each  floor  of  the  building. 

Separate  staircases  must  be  provided  for  those  portions  of 
the  basement  which  are  in  connection  with  the  offices  on 
the  floors  above. 

f  be  whole  of  the  phans  must  be  delivered  at  the  Town- 
hall,  Jlanchester,  on  or  before  the  Hth  day  of  Februarv 
next.  By  Order, 

,    „  ,,      ,  .Joseph  Herox,  Town  Clerk, 

lown-h.all,  Manchester,  September  17. 


later,  as  a  place  for  signals  or  watching.  This  hut 
forms  a  very  poor  termination  to  so  noble  a  mass 
and  judging  from  the  strength  of  the  walls,  with 
other  indications,  it  seems  to  have  been  the  inten- 
tion of  the  first  builders  to  have  finished  the  tower 
with  a  spire.  It  is  proposed  to  Irestore  this  fine 
example  of  the  past,  but  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  no 
attempt  be  now  made  to  alter  the  top,  and  that 
the  good  folks  of  Dundee  will  believe  more  in 
strengthening  than  what  is  commonly  named 
restoration.  The  churches  at  the  b.ise  are  modern, 
and,  to  the  east,  exceedingly  ornate,  but  quite  out 
of  keeping  with  the  original  work.  In  the  lowest 
compartment  of  the  tower  are  a  few  sepulchral 
cross  slabs  of  very  beautiful  design. 


I 


NEW  SYSTEM  OF  WELL  SINKING. 

ANEW  system  of  well  sinking  has  been  im- 
ported  into  this  country — commendable  by 
the  facility  with  which  the  well  is  sunk,  as  well  aa 
the  cheapness  and  rapidity  of  the  operation.  Its 
inventor  accompanied  the  Northern  army  during 
the  late  American  war,  and  was  instrumental  in 
procuring  by  his  method  an  unfailing  supply  of 
water  for  the  troops.  The  well  consists  of  an  iron 
pipe  l|m.  in  diameter,  and  about  l-2ft.  lung, 
pointed  at  one  end,  and  perforated  with  holes  for 
about  16in.  from  the  pointed  end.  A  movable  iron 
clamp  is  fitted  round  the  pipe,  and  upon  the  prina- 
ple  of  pile  driving,  a  561b.  hollow  weight  is  raiseda 
and  allowed  to  drop  upon  the  clamp,  and  thus  thei 
pipe  is  driven  into  the  ground.  The  earth,  sand, 
&c.,  which  first  enters  the  pipe  through  the  hol«( 
is  pumped  out,  and  then  the  larger  pebbles  forri 
a  natural  filter  around  it.  A  well  formed  thus  re. 
ceives  no  surface  drainage,  and  the  water  yielded 
by  it  is  always  cool  and  fresh.  No  dii't  is  made  iu  i 
sinking  the  well,  no  accident  is  possible  from  foul  I 
air  or  falling  in  of  the  sides,  and  the  cost  of  smk- 
ing  a  well  15ft.  deep  is  but  £5.  Of  course,  if  rook 
is  encountered  during  the  sinking,  the  operatic) 
becomes  more  costly  and  tedious. 


COMPETITION. 


ion 


OFFICES :   SIERRA  LEONE. 

ONE  of  our  illustrations  this  week  represents 
a  building  intended  for  offices  at  Sierra 
Leone.  The  plans,  perspective  view,  and  details 
ot  porch,  are  given  to  a  sufiicient  scale.  The  pro- 
jections above  the  ground-floor  windows  are  for 
outside  sun-blinds,  and  the  lights  of  the  windows 
on  the  first-floor  are  recessed  for  the  same  pur- 
pose. The  covering  of  the  roof  Is  corrugated  iron 
and  the  woodwork  teak  throughout.  The  ma- 
sonry is  intended  to  be  of  local  stone.  The  ar- 
chitect  of  the  builduag  is  Mr.  Frederick  Jameson 
of  Adam-street,  Adelphi.  ' 


At  the  last  meeting  of  the  directors  of  the  Bed- 
fordshire Middle  Class  School  Company,  the 
premium  of  £50  for  the  second  best  design  and 
plan  at  the  stipulated  cost  of  £12,000  was  awarded 
to  Mr.  John  Day,  architect,  of  Bedford.  Twenty- 
nine  sets  of  plans  were  originally  submitted  to  the 
directors  in  competition,  of  which  number  only 
four  were  reserved  for  consideration  and  selection. 
The  building  is  to  be  erected  according  to  the 
design  of  Mr.  F.  Ack,  of  London,  and  the  work  is 
to  be  commenced  immediately.  Mr.  Huddlestone, 
of  Lincoln,  is  the  contractor.  jm 

o tI 


WATER  SUPPLY  AND  SANITARY 
MATTERS. 


DUNDEE   "OLD  STEEPLE." 

THIS  remarkable  tower,  which  we  illustrate  this 
week,  is  said  to  have  been  built  by  David,  Earl 
of  Huntingdon,  on  his  return  from  the  Crusades,  in 
consequence  of  a  vow  made  to  the  Virgin  Mary  at 
a  time  of  extreme  peril.  Disembarking  at  Dundee 
he  zealously  fulfilled  his  pledge  by  erecting  and 
endowing  a  magnificent  place  of  worship,  of  which 
no  vestige  now  remains  save  this  "  Old  Steeple  " 
•The  height  of  the  whole  is  156  feet,  being  about 
40  feet  square  at  the  base,  and  the  walls  from  six 
to  eight  feet  thick.  Pinnacles  and  parapets  richly 
carved  are  the  chief  ornamental  features,  and 
considering  the  great  age,  it  is  in  wonderful  pre- 
servation. Access  to  these  parts  is  afforded  by  a 
circular  staircase,  having  ingeniously-constructed 
masonry  at  the  top,  but  the  tower  is  finished  with 
a  substantial  hut,  which  may  have  been  built 


Thk  new  water  works  at  Selkirk  (Scotland)* 
have  cost  between  £6,000  and  £7,000.  Mr.  Leslie^ 
C.E.,  of  Edinburgh,  was  the  engineer  of  the 
works. 

The  Liverpool  Town  Council  hits  decided  to  take 
500  shares  of  £10  each  in  the  Utilization  Sewage 
Company,  which  has  been  established  to  distribute 
the  town  sewage  of  Liverpool— at  present  dis- 
charged into  the  docks— over  the  sandy  district 
between  Crosby  and  Southport.  The  first  section 
of  the  company's  works,  that  near  Crosby,  will 
cost  £20,000,  of  which  sum  £17,000  has  already 
been  contributed  by  the  general  pubUc. 

The  Preston  Town  Council  has  adopted  the 
report  of  the  Ribble  Committee  in  reference  to 
improving  the  navagation  of  that  river,  proriding 
much  additional  dock  accommodation,  and  in- 
creasing the  facilities  of  loading  and  discharging 
vessels,  the  estimated  cost  being  £150,000.  It  is 
suggested  that  this  sum  should  be  borrowed  under 
the  Harbours  and  Passage  Tolls  Act  (1861)— 
£100,000  at  3;^  per  cent.,  and  the  remaining 
£50,000  at  such  ordinary  rate  of  interest  as  the 
Public  Works  Loan  Commissioners  may  deter- 
mine. To  pay  this  off  in  the  fifty  years  .allowed 
by  the  Commissioners,  it  is  estimated  that  a  rate 
will  be  required  of  5d.  in  the  pound,  according  to 
the  present  value  and  extent  of  property  in  the 
borough.  It  is  expected  that  the  improvements 
will  be  completed  in  about  four  years. 


^ 


The  Duke  of  Cambridge  will  lay  the  foundation 
stone  of  the  New  Town-hall,  Preston,  on  Tuesday, 
October  3. 


« 


Vl'-  Euildini  Ke-vs  Sec'  20' 


^ 


SECT  ION 


ELEVATION      OF     PORCH 


SIDE     ELEVATION 


GROUND      PLAN. 


FIRST     FLOOR     PLAN 


Pfmted  by  Wail-niftIi<S--  Ba^s 


r.'A.t.'.-.-  iitt 


OftTO;  >7ipl[t[a*  1{BM M«  FREDERICK  JAMESON,  ARCH^ 


7-.;  BiiJdiDg  Ke*s  Sttt'  cO'^ 


-Ora>  \SV.:fif^mr^T^fywnT^f{r 


' 
' 


^T^y   ij-.-tf'llif^^Jii 


Jamil 


m 


/ 

■^    ■ /-N..J 


?^:ir«i  orWiiteiEaii&.^ass 


h^Hi  oE   HAHAHcr    Inbhif 


tVfc^.-.i'kt,.'-: 


September  20,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


653 


CONSTRUCTIVE  AND  .ESTHETIC 

DESIGN.— No.  IV. 

nONFINING  our  present  remarks  to  the 
^     structural  functions  nni.1  a>stlietic   treat- 
Mnt  of  brick   and   stone  design,  and   those 
eatures  which  more  properly  belong  to  and 
re  developed  out  of  it,  it  may  be  useful   to 
lOtice  briefly  the  wall  in  its  twofold  office  ol 
ustaining    weight     and    abutting    pressure. 
>riniitive   architecture,   and    that    ^^■hich    is 
:nown  as  the  Classical,  considered   the  wall 
"a  the  first  of  the  above  conditions,  as  sup- 
lorting  weight,  unles.s,   indeed,  we  except   a 
ertain  thickness  imposed  by  the  action  of  the 
•lements,    an'l,   in  primitive  ages  at    least, 
lictated  l)y  a  material   conception   and   the 
ggressive    hand   of   man.      This   thickness, 
owever,  was   chiefly  imposed   by  a  weighty 
overing,  as  the  nuissive  beam  or  entablature. 
iJterwards,   during    the    Romans    and    the 
liddle  Ages,  the  arch  and  vault  necessitated 
lie   performance   of  another  duty  ;  the  wall 
esides  vertical  support  had    to    beconie   a 
iteral  abutment.     Resistance  had  to  be  given 
J  the  thrust  as  well   as  the   weight  of  the 
ault,   and  this  was  eftected  either  by  in- 
leased  thickness    or    by  buttresses.       Tht^ 
uge  areas  the   Romans  had  to   cover,  and 
le'ir  need  of  a  scientific  timber  or  iron  roof- 
ig    ecjnal  to   our    own,    soon    led  them  to 
roin   their  vaults  and  collect  their  thrusts 
ito  available  points  for  abutment  and  sup- 
ort.      Hence,   in   one   example  at  least,  the 
asilica  of  Maxentius,  we  find  as  noble  a  spe- 
imen  of  homogeneous  constructive  masonry, 
od  with  the  walling  and  supports  minimized 


CONSTRUCTIVE    AND    .ESTHETIC   DESIGN. 


Fi  c  .-^ 


I  a.s  great  a  degree  compared  with  the  space 

)vered,  as  any  of  the  great  examples  of  the 

lediajval  builders,  but  without  that  jcsthetic 

eling  for  stability  which  led  them  to  re- 

nce  the   spans   and  thrusts  by  multiplying 

le    component  supports.      At    present,    in 

ngland  at  least,  the  adoption  of  timber  and 

on  trussing  for  our  roofs  in  place  of  stone 

lults  has  greatly  superseded  this  last  condi- 

on  of  the  wall,  the   expense   of  materials 

nding  to  economy,  and  to  a  reduction  rather 

lan  an  addition   to  its  thickness.     But,  for 

1  this,  we  are  not  altogether  justified  in  dis- 

rding  thick  walls.     Lateral  stiff'ness  is  often 

.iportant,  for  it  is  not  always  that  our  roofs 

e  so  securely  and  constructively  tied  as  to 

arrant  the  supposition  they  exert  no  thrust 

I  the  side  walls  ;    besides,  the  flatter  the 

tch  of  the  roof  the  more  necessary  the  pre- 

ution,  and  such  a  doubt  ought  to  be  satis- 

■d— apparently,  at    any    rate— particularly 

lien  direct  ties  are  absent. 


There  are  two  ordinary  methods  of  olitain- 
ing  lateral  strength,  and  both,  I  think,  defi- 
cient in  regard  to  economy  ;  the  first  is  by 
thickening  the  walls,  the  second  by  external 
buttresses.  Unless  the  first  be  obtained  by 
building  the  wall  hollow  and  filling  in  the 
interspaces,  the  thick  solid  wall  is  the  clum- 
siest, most  expensive,  and  least  constructive 
method  of  securing  transverse  strength ; 
while  the  second  plan — the  external  project- 
ing buttress — though  more  scientific  and  in 
the  Pointed  styles,  a  feature  of  some  beauty, 
requires  an  extended  area  on  plan  not  always 
obtainable  in  crowded  localities,  and,  I  may 
remark,  an  area  practically  valueless,  that  can 
seldom  be  utilized  except  as  a  nuisance. 
Having  no  need  for  such  lateral  abutments  to 
prop  expansive  vaultings  and  lofty  cleres- 
tories, we  are  wisely  dispensing  with  but- 
tresses ;  and  our  recent  church  architecture  is 
distinguished  as  much  for  their  absence  as 
the  first  attempts  at  revived  Gotliic  were  for 
their  props,  parapets,  and  pinnacles. 

Internal  buttressing,  when  that  expedient 
can  be  obtained,  is  infinitely  preferable,  as  a 
scientific  and  economical  arrangement  of  ma- 
terial, to  projecting  masses  of  work  externally, 
and  the  Roman  as  well  as  the  Middle  Age 
builder  practically  got  over  the  difficulty  of 
abutting  the  nave  vault  without  sacrifice  ot 
interior  space  by  arching  these  inner  abut- 
ments, as  in  the  case  of  the  basilica  of  Max- 
entius (fig.  1,  A),  thereby  obstructing  but 
slightly  the  continuous  passage  of  the  aisles, 
the  intersecting  vaults  or  groins  bringing  the 
weight  and  thrusts  just  to  the  proper  points 
for  support.  The  French  chevet  or  apsidal 
arrangement  (fig.  1,  C)  may  be  considered  as 
a  very  pleasing  instance  of  internal  buttress- 
ing, and  the  plan  of  the  cathedral  at  Alby, 
shown  by  Mr.  Fergusson,  in  his  Handbook,  is 
a  notable  example  of  windowless  recesses 
open  only  to  the  nave  ;  while  other  churches 
in  the  South  of  France  and  in  Italy  show 
this  constructive  arrangement  of  the  wall  as 
a  favourite  means  of  resisting  their  wide 
vaults.  The  decagonal  temple  of  Minerva 
Medica  at  Rome,  and  the  circular  baptistery  at 
Nocera  del  Pagani,  are  other  instances  of  the 
same  method  applied  to  circular  plans. 

The  flying  buttress,  with  its  usual  acces- 
sories, was  uncjuestionably  a  most  perfect 
adaptation  of  materials,  constructive  and 
icsthetic,  for  the  purpose  of  abutment,  and 
for  counteracting  externally  a  middle  vault, 
was  probably  the  best  method  that  could  be 
devised.  Repose,  constructional  and  visible, 
is  one  of  the  leading  essentials  to  architec- 
tural design  and  beauty;  and,  however  much 
that  attribute  is  conveyed  to  the  mind  in  the 


grand  pyramidal  outline  the  flying  buttress 
and  accessory  pinnacles  gives  to  the  mediaeval 

K 

!\ 

I 

i 


cathedral,  there  is  still  a  self-destructive  prin- 
ciple in  this  masterpiece  of  mediasval  statics, 
apparent  in  and  suggested  by  it,  that  cannot 
be  overlooked  in  spite  of  the  equilibriated 
mass  sustained.  Our  churches,  halls,  and 
public  rooms  do  not  require  such  extreme 
means  of  preserving  equilibrium  or  repose, 
though,  as  I  have  said,  a  certain  amount  of 
lateral  stift'ness  in  walls  is  needed,  if  not  for 
absolute  emergency,  at  least  for  apparent 
stability  ;  for  we  must  not  regard  brickwork 
or  masonry  otherwise  than  performing  func- 
tions which  demand  weight  and  mass. 

The  process  which  converted  projecting 
buttresses  into  lateral  cells  was  apparently 
simple,  and  when  this  was  done  intermediate 
walling  could  be  reduced  to  a  minimum  or 
dispensed with'altogetlier.  For  lateral  strength, 
transverse  footing  or  Inittress  area  is  quite  as 
effective  as  a  continuous  wall  thickness,  a 
principle  well  under- 
stood by  the  Gothic 
builders  in  the  trans- 
verse strength  they  gave 
_  to  their  vaulting  piers, 
ensuring  botli  rigidity 
and  beauty.  I  will  here 
introduce  to  my  readers 
a  plan  of  constructing 
walls  which  at  least 
possesses  the  merit  of  securing  lateral 
strength  and  apparent  solidity,  at  about  half 
the  thickness  and  cost  of  the  continuous 
tluck  wall,  capable  of  resisting  the  same 
force.  The  plan  I  allude  to  is  based  on  the 
cellular  or  internal  buttress  principle  above 
noticed,  which  utilized  space  and  gave  aU  the 
lateral  support  required  :  it  consists  in  alter- 
nate recessions  of  the  wall,  forming  a  species 


654 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


September  20,  1867. 


of  corrugation  (fig.  3).  The  windows  may 
occupy  eitlier  the  internal  recess  or  projection ; 
if  the  former,  the  square  reveal  or  return 
could  be  splayed  or  shafted,  an  arch  or  corbel 


table  bringing  out  the  wall  just  under  the 
cornice ;  and  a  similar  or  partial  filUng-up 
may  also  be  resorted  to  under  the  sills  if 
necessary,  Externally,  the  recesses  could  be 
treated  in  the  same  way,  arched  under  eaves 
or  brought  out  to  an  uniform  face  by  a  corbel 


7 


table  (fig.  4).      If  still  greater   abutment  is 
necessary,    hollow   buttresses   may   be    con- 
structed   on    a    similar 
.'"-'-     method,  though  of  less 
width,   and   the   cavity 
^.  ^^^.  be  filled  up,  as  shown 

"\^^         /        in  diagrams  (figs.  6  and 
7).     In   some   churches 
F"  I  a  ,1.\       I  the     continuous     aisle 

~  roofs  form  a  sufiicient 
abutment  to  the  cleres- 
tory or  nave  waU ;  but 
in  buildings  where 
height  of  ■H'alling  and 
single  spans  are  adopted 
the  above  method  ob- 
tains at  the  least  ex- 
penditure of  material 
sufficient  rigidity  of 
structure  and  pleasing 
variety  of  effect,  quite  in 
unison  with  the  Point- 
ed style.  In  our  next 
article  we  will  notice  a  few  instances  of  the 
application  of  this  economical,  constructive, 
and  highly  a-sthetic  princijile. 

G.  H.  G. 


^rcljcroiogn. 


The  Annual  Congress  o£  the  members  of  the 
Wiltshire  Arch^oKigical  Society  commenced  at 
Huugerford  on  Slonday.  The  interesting  collec- 
tion of  ancient  objects  found  in  Wiltshire  at  dif- 
ferent perioila  was  carefully  arranged  in  the  Town 
Hall,  and  the  museum  was  visited  by  a  number  of 
ladies  and  gentlemen  in  the  afternoon.  The  gene- 
ral meeting  for  receiving  the  report  of  the  secre- 
tarie.s,  and  transacting  other  business,  was  held  in 
the  Corn  Exchange,  and  was  well  attended ;  Sir 
John  Awdry,  the  president,  occupying  the  chair. 
The  Rev.  A.  C.  Smith,  Yatesbury  Rectory,  Calne, 
read  the  report,  from  which  it  appeared  that  the 
society  was  in  a  satisfactory  condition,  boih  as 
regarded  the  number  of  members  (between  300 
and  400),  and  also  the  funds,  the  balance  in  hand 
amounting  to  about  £250.  The  officers  and  com- 
mittee having  been  re-elected,  Sir  John  Awdry 
delivered  an  address  of  considerable  length,  and 
which  was  listened  to  with  much  attention.  A 
vote  of  thanks  was  presented  to  Sir  John,  after 
which  Mr.  W.  L.  Uarker  read  an  able  paper  on 
"  Hungerford,"  and  at  its  close  the  snrans  visited 
the  various  objects  in  the  town.  In  the  evening,  the 
members  dined  together,  under  Sir  John  Awdry'a 
presidency,  at  the  Bear  Hotel,  and  a  conuersadone 
was  subsequently  held  in  the  Exchange.  Mr. 
Godwin,  F.S.A.,  of  Newbury,  read  an  interesting 
paper  ;  and  a  paper  was  also  read  by  the  Rev.  A.  C. 
Smith,  on  "The  Ancient  Earthwork  Enclosures  on 
the  Downs,  supposed  to  be  British  Cattle  Pens." 
On  Tuesday  the  savans  visited  Chilton  Church, 
Bamsbury  Church  (the  mother  church  of  the 
diocese  of  Salisbury)  ;  Ramsbury  Manor  House, 
the  property  of  Sir  Robert  Burdett,  who  ceased  to 
occupy  it  20  years  ago,  although   it  is  well  fur- 


nished and  contains  a  valuable  collection  of  paint- 
ings, choice  ware,  &c.  Aldbourne  Church  was 
visited,  and  Mr.  Roberts  complimented  Mr. 
Cleather,  the  vicar,  upon  the  completeness  of  the 
recent  restoration.  The  site  of  the  hunting  box 
of  John  o'Gaunt,  on  the  downs  ,at  Upper  Upham, 
was  examined,  and  the  adjoining  cockpit  was 
also  visited.  The  excursion  was  altogether  very 
pleasant,  and  perfectly  satisfied  the  archffiologists. 
On  Wednesday,  Avington  Church  and  several  other 
places  of  interest  were  visited,  and  the  Congress 
of  186  7  closed. 

The  Bucks  Archceological  Society  held  its  annual 
meeting  on  Thursday  last  at  Wolton,  one  of  the 
seats  of  the  Duke  of  Buckingham.  An  excursion 
was  made  to  Boarstall,  Brill,  and  several  other  places 
of  historical  interest.  The  duke  presided  at  the 
business  meeting,  in  the  course  of  which  Sir  Harry 
Verney,  M.P.,  made  some  remarks  on  the  destruc- 
tion of  valuable  antiquities  through  neglect,  and 
suggested  that  these  remains  should  be  under  the 
care  of  local  authorities,  and  the  supervision  of  a 
responsible  Minister  of  the  Crown.  A  vote  of 
thanks  to  the  Duke  of  Buckingham  for  his 
hospitality,  and  also  for  his  kindness  in  presiding, 
having  been  passed,  in  acknowledging  the  compli- 
ment his  Grace  rem,arked  : — Sir  Harry  Verney 
has  alluded  to  the  destruction  of  many  monu- 
ments of  antiquity  in  various  parts  of  England. 
I  have  seen  in  Cornwall  a  great  deal  of  this  going 
on  under  the  eyes  of  persons  who,  if  their  atten- 
tion were  drawn  to  it,  would  be  the  first  to  say  it 
should  not  continue.  There  are,  close  to  Bucking- 
ham, farm  buildings  erected  in  great  part  by  my 
own  family  out  of  the  destruction  of  most  ancient 
Roman  remains.  We  discovered  very  curious 
pavements,  rooms,  and  so  on,  showing  that  if  the 
search  had  been  made  50  or  60  years  before  we 
might  have  laid  open  the  arcana,  of  a  Roman 
house,  and  all  its  domestic  arrangements,  as  per- 
fectly as  any  preserved  in  Herculaneum  and 
Pompeii.  I  have  much  more  faith  in  the  volun- 
tary efforts  of  persons  interested  in  the  preserva- 
tion of  these  relics  than  in  Government  taking 
charge  of  them.  The  first  thing  in  the  way  of 
State  interference  would  be  the  employment  of 
a  great  number  of  people  to  do  very  little.  These 
persons  would  not  do  a  great  deal  of  work  without 
many  other  good  people  to  look  after  them,  and  I 
do  not  think  that  would  be  found  extremely 
pleasing  to  the  House  of  Commons.  There  is 
another  point  of  disadvantage.  Government  have 
the  care  and  direction  of  large  museums  in  London 
and  the  neighbourhood,  national  collections  into 
which  it  is  their  duty  to  get  every  valuable  relic, 
showing  the  past  history  of  the  country,  and 
exemplifying  the  progress  of  art.  The  first  thing 
that  would  result  from  Government  care  would  be 
the  centralization  of  everything  in  London,  on  the 
plea  that  it  is  impossible  to  take  care  of  it  in  the 
country.  I  want  rather  to  see  these  old  relics 
preserved  in  their  own  localities,  and  I  really  think 
it  will  be  done  far  better  by  local  associations  call- 
ing the  attention  of  local  residents  to  them,  than 
by  any  possible  Government  provision  that  can  be 
devised.  There  are  many  things  in  our  own  county ; 
for  example,  the  curious  works  thrown  up  in  the 
civil  war,  near  Muswell  Hill,  in  front  of  these 
windows,  and  Boarstall  Tower,  which  you  have 
seen  to-day.  Their  preservation  must  depend 
upon  how  the  tower  is  occupied,  and  as  to  the 
earthworks,  or  whether  the  far.mer  is  allowed  to 
plough  over  them.  These  are  not  matters  which 
can  be  trusted  to  Government.  If  we  look  at 
what  Governments  do  in  other  countries — for 
example,  in  France — I  doubt  if  you  will  find  this 
work  better  carried  out  than  in  England. 

In  the  course  of  the  work  connected  with  the 
erection  of  a  new  clock  in  the  Sheffield  parish 
church,  it  has  been  necessary  to  cut  a  circular 
hole  on  the  south  side  of  the  tower  for  the  recep- 
tion of  one  of  the  dials.  In  doing  this  a  stone 
was  found  embedded  in  the  rubble  filling  of  the 
w,all,  measuring  llin.  by  about  12in.,  and  about 
riin.  deep.  The  face  of  this  stone  was  carved  with 
a  simple  variety  of  the  indented  chevron  mould- 
ing, and  had  evidently  formed  a  portion  of  an  arch 
in  the  Norman  church.  Judging  from  analogous 
cases,  this  stone  had  probably  been  fixed  in  the 
chancel  arch,  and  its  site  indicates  that  the  span 
of  the  arch  would  be  IClft.  The  pattern  upon 
the  stone  fixes  the  d.ate  of  the  church  as  in  the 
twelfth  century. 

A  most  important  and  interesting  discovery  of  a 
number  of  Roman  funeral  urns  has  been  made  at 
lung's  Newton,  on  the  hue  of  new  railway  now  in 
course  of  construction  to  connect  Derby  with 
Ashby.  About  30  funeral  urns,  deposited  by  threes 


and  by  fives  on  their  bases,  not  inverted,  as  was 
the  mode  of  burial  with  the  Celtic  tribes  after  the 
cremation,  have  been  discovered,  but  nothing  was 
found  except  the  urns;  neither  coin,  weapon,  or 
ornament.  The  contents  of  a  number,  unavoid. 
ably  broken  during  the  process,  were  human  bones 
which  had  been  submitted  to  the  action  of  fire  and 
a-shes.  The  urns  or  vases  were  in  every  instance 
tilled  up  with  soil,  not  a  trace  being  left  of  the 
usual  covering  adopted  by  the  Romans,  namely, 
the  skin  of  some  animal  secured  round  the  mouth 
of  the  vessel  by  a  tendon,  jjrobably  of  the  same 
animal ;  and  they  were  all  made  from  the  same 
dark  red  clay  which  is  now  in  use  in  the  neigh- 
bouritjg  pottery,  their  insides  being  quite  black. 
Some  are  of  very  rude  shape,  without  any  mark 
whatever  on  the  outside  of  them,  others  having 
the  true  Etruscan  form  so  dear  to  lovers  of  the 
classic.  In  one  instance  only  they  found  that 
true  type  of  the  Roman  mode  of  interment  for  a 
distinguished  person — the  urn  placed  within  an 
urn  ;  and  this,  the  most  beautiful  classical  shape  il. 
of  the  whole  number  was,  to  the  great  regret  o{  ^  ■- 
lovers  of  antiquity,  broken  nearly  all  to  pieces, 
the  two  urns  being  only  held  together  by  the 
damp  soil  closely  adhering  to  the  large  piece  of 
sandstone  upon  which  it  was  necessary  to  remove 
them.  This  beautiful  specimen,  as  well  as  others, 
is  now  at  Dr.  Massey's  residence  at  Melbourne,  and 
it  is  to  be  photographed. 


;- 


^uifeing  littelligem. 


CHURCHES  AND   CHAPELS. 

In  July,  1864,  the  Lord  Bishop  of  Hereford 
addressed  a  pastoral  letter  to  the  clergy  of  his 
diocese,  inviting  them  to  make  collections  in  their 
respective  churches  on  behalf  of  the  Hereford 
Diocesan  and  the  Incorporate  (Parent)  Church 
Building  Societies.  In  the  meantime,  140  p.arishes  *' 
have  complied  with  the  invitation,  the  sum  col.J 
lected  amounting  to  £448  17s.  2d.  These  figuregij 
refer  exclusively  to  the  Archdeaconry  of  Hereford, ' 
The  collections  average  £3  43.  Od.  for  each  church. 
From  87  parishes  no  response  has  been  made,  and 
this,  notwithstanding  an  earnest  appeal  from  the 
Right  Hon.  and  Ven.  the  Archdeacon  of  Hereford. 
In  these  87  parishes  are  included  some  of  the  most 
populous  and  wealthy  in  the  Archdeaconry,  and  26 
of  them  have  received  grants  from  the  societies  to, 
the  extent  of  £3,335.  _i| 

Bishop  West's  Chapel  at  the  south  end  of  B^" 
Cathedral  is  being  adorned  with  an  encaustic 
pavement  by  Minton.  A  large  monumental  slab 
embellished  with  a  folia'ed  cross  and  inscription  in 
brass  (by  Field  of  London)  ,to  the  memory  of  the 
late  Bishop  Sparke,  is  placed  in  the  centre  of  the 
floor. 

The  memorial  stone  of  a  new  Wesleyan  chapel 
at  Hereford  was  laid  last  week.  The  front  of  the 
building  will  be  built  with  Lyde  stone,  rubble 
work,  with  Bath  stone  dressings  to  the  doors, 
windows,  &c,,  the  general  character  of  the  archi- 
tecture employed  being  Early  English.  Mr. 
G.  C.  Haddon,  of  Hereford  and  Great  Malvern,  is 
the  architect ;  and  Jlessrs.  Lewis  and  Day,  of 
Hereford,  are  the  builders. 

The  memorial  stone  of  the  new  church  of  St. 
Jude,  Wolverhampton,  was  laid  last  week.  The 
church  is  in  the  style  of  the  thirteenth  century, 
and  consists  of  nave,  north  and  south  aisles,  and 
chancel,  vestry  on  south  side  of  chancel,  organ 
chamber  on  north  side  of  chancel,  and  a  tower, 
through  which  is  the  principal  entrance  at  the 
west  end  of  south  aisle.  The  height  of  the  tower 
wiU  be  about  70ft.  The  walls  are  faced  with  Codsall 
stone,  and  the  dressings  of  Boa  Ground  stone ;  the 
roof  timbers  stained  and  varnished.  The  scatings 
provide  for  812  adults.  The  design  has  been  pre- 
pared by  Mr.  Bidlake,  architect,  of  Wolverhamp- 
ton, under  whose  superintendence  the  works  will 
be  carried  out.  The  contract  has  been  taken  by 
Mr.  Nelson,  of  Dudley,  at  £4,250. 

The  church  of  Hathern,  Leicestershire,  is  under- 
going restoration.  The  works  comprise  the  re- 
arrangement of  the  interior,  with  new  benches  lo 
oak,  new  pulpit,  opening  out  the  tower  arch,  re- 
moval of  organ,  new  oak  benches  in  chancel,  new 
reredos,  encaustic  tile  paving,  heating  apparatus, 
&c.  The  works  are  being  carried  out  under  the 
superintendence  of  Mr.  R.  W.  Johnson,  architect, 
of  Melton  and  Leicester. 

All  Saints,  Chiqwell  Row.  —  Chigwell  Row 
is  a  scattered  hamlet  of  the  parish  of  Chigwell,  in 
Essex.     It  is  situated  on  very  high  ground  over- 


f 


September  20,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


655 


■king  the  valley  of  the  Thames.  The  site  of 
e  new  church,  which  was  consecrated  on  Tues- 
V.  is  within  about  a  stone's  throw  of  the  famous 
ivpole  inn,  upon  ground  recently  reclaimed  from 
f  Forest,  immediately  opposite  the  40  acres  set 
art  there  as  a  public  recreation  ground  for  those 
10  frequent  this  favourite  spot.  The  church,  ac- 
rJing  to  the  design,  comprises  a  nave  73ft.  long  by 
ft.  6in.  wide  and  50ft.  high,  ha\-ing  an  arcade  of 
ur  bai  s  and  a  lean-to  aisle  on  each  side.  Along  the 
lole  width  of  the  west  front  of  the  nave  is  an 
en  lean-to  porch  (in  fact,  a  continuation  of  the 
le  aisles  returned),  with  three  arches  on  red 
me  columns  and  richly  carved  capitals.  A  tower 
d  spu-e,  which  will  rise  to  the  height  of  about 
Oft.,  intended  to  be  built  hereafter,  are  post- 
ned  for  the  present,  as  is  the  chancel  with  its 
inseptal  aisles.  The  construction,  :is  far  as  it 
i  been  proceeded  with,  Is  exceedingly  substan- 
1,  all  the  walls  being  3ft.  thick ;  richly  moulded 
:hes  of  freestone  of  that  width,  borne  upon 
cular  columns,  with  very  richly  carved  capitals, 
pport  the  clerestory,  which  is  treated  in  some- 
it  a  novel  manner,  the  windows  of  each  bay 
::;agroupof  a  large  cusped  circular  opening 
\  two  small  lancet  windows,  one  on  each  side  of 

Internally,  two  red  JLan.sfield  columns  sup- 
rt  their  triple  rear  arches.  Above,  from  a  deep 
lulded  cornice,  springs  the  arched  boarded  ceiling 
der  the  arched  roofed  braces.  This  is  divided 
moulded  ribs,  and  is  intended  to  be  painted. 

chancel  arch  is  lofty,  and  has  rich  mouldings, 

inner  order  of  which  Ls  borne  by  bold  triple- 

t  ed  corbels.     A  very  large  and  highly  enriched 
window  forms  the  principal  feature  of  the 

f'nd.    The  style  of  the  church  is  Early  Gothic, 

t  od  with  great  breadth  and  bold  detail.     Mr. 

Ion    wa.s    the    architect    employed,  and    iMr. 

!iius  Williams,  of  Canton,  near  Cardiff,  the 
ikler. 

Deuut  (Ireland.) — Clooney  District  Church 
3  opened  for  Divine  service  on  the  2nd  inst. 
e  style  adopted  is  Early  English ;  the  designs 

by  Messrs.  Lanyon,  Lynn,  and  Lanyon ;  the 
ilder  being  Mr.  Alex.  M'Elwee,  Derry.  The 
irch  will  seat  about  400  persons,  and  the  cost 
ibout  £5,000. 

Headgate. — The  consecration  of  the  new  church 
1  burial  ground  at  Redwells  Hills,  ne.ar  Head 
;e,  took  place  on  Monday,  the  ceremony  being 
■formed  by  the  Bishop  of  Durham.  The  build- 
;  is  capable  of  holding  from  400  to  500  persons, 
i  is  built  in  the  French  Gothic  style  of  the 
rteenth  century,  and  consists  of  a  nave  and 
les,  live  bays  with  chancel,  with  south  aisle  and 
:an  chamber   on  the   north  side.     The  church 

iiighout  is  seated  with  open  benches.  The 
hitect  was  Mr.  C.  Hodgson  Fowler,  architect  to 
:  Dean  and  Chapter  of  Durham  ;    Mr.  Gradon, 

Durham,  contractor,  and  Jlr.  J.  Thornton, 
nemason,  being  entrusted  with  the  work  of 
rying  out  the  designs  of  the  architect. 
3ML1LLTH0RNE. — The  ceremony  of  !a?ing  the 
■ner  stone  of  anew  Wesleyan  chapel  in  course 
erection  at  Smallthorne.Stattordshire,  took  place 

Monday  last.  Messrs.  G.  and  J.  Moss,  of 
lallthorne,  have  contracted  to  erect  the  new 
ilding  from  the  designs  of  Mr.  George  Ford, 
rhitect,  Burslem.     The  style  of  the  erection  is  to 

Italian.  It  will  be  5t)ft.  by  33ft.,  and  its  height 
il  be  30ft.     It   will    be    so    constructed    that 

leries  may  be  introduced  when  required.  Ac- 
iimodation  will  be  afforded  for  about  300  per- 
is on  the  ground  floor.     In  front   there  will  be 

ee  bays,  with  white  brick  pilasters  and  arches, 
;  centre  being  filled  in  with  three-light  windows 

I  the  side  bays  with  two-light  windows.  The 
al  cost  of  the  land,  building,  heating  andfittings 

II  be  upwards  of  £1,000. 

St.  Denis. — The  ancient  cathedral  of  St.  Denis, 
!  venerable  stones  of  which  date  from  the 
gns  of  Dagobert,  Charlemagne,  and  St.  Louis, 
1  been  restored  to  its  primitive  condition  by  M. 
jUet  Leduc,  the  Emperor's  architect.  All  the 
ubs  which  had  been  so  unhappily  placed  in  the 
mp  crypts  under  the  chancel  have  been  replaced 
the  chapels  which  surround  the  choir  aud  in  the 
nsepts.  Amongst  them  are  several  remounting 
the  Roman  and  Byzantine  epochs  ;  the  tomb  of 
-'degonde  particularly  is  a  marvel  of  art.  This 
je  and  beautiful  building  now  resembles  a  superb 
ipusuidj  of  crowned  heads.  Unfortunately  it 
I  be  necessary  to  demolish  the  grand  portal  and 
•  two  towers  flanking  it,  which  date  from 
arlemagne,  and  which  still  bear  the  battlements 
that  time  on  their  summits.  They  are  going 
lie  reconstructed  almost  entirely,  as  they  are 
c  in  several  directions  in  consequence  of  the 
Uementa  in  the  ma=onwork  in  the  building. 


St.  John's  CHiiiicir,  Killingwortii.  —  The 
foundation  stone  of  this  church  was  laid  l.ast 
week  by  Matthew  Bell,  Esq.,  of  Woolsington,  who 
gave  the  site.  The  tower  and  spire  aud  north 
aisle  are  not  in  the  present  contract,  for  want  of 
funds.  The  accommodation  will  be  for  350 
adidts  all  free,  and  when  the  north  aisle  is  added 
there  will  be  seats  for  400.  The  church  will  be 
built  of  local  stone,  quarried  within  half  a  mile  of 
the  site,  with  bands,  bosses,  and  springes  to  nave 
arcade,  and  columns  and  voussoirs  to  chance], 
arch,  and  other  details  of  red  Carlisle  stone.  The 
style  adopted  is  Early  French  Gothic.  The  con- 
tractors arc  Messrs.  Middlemiss,  Son,  and  Staf- 
ford, of  Morpeth ;  and  the  architect,  Mr.  Bassett 
Keeling,  of  Gr.ay's  Inn. 

Stockton-on-Tees. — The  new  Wesleyan  Metho- 
dist chapel,  in  North-terrace,  Norton-road,  was 
opened  last  week.  The  chapel  (which  is  in  the 
Early  English,  of  the  period  before  it  was  deve- 
loped into  Middle  Pointed  or  Decorated)  is  7"2ft. 
in  length  (exclusive  of  buttresses)  and  50ft.  in  width, 
with  a  further  extension  at  the  back  for  an  or- 
chestra, and  in  the  basement  there  is  provision  for 
a  Sunday  school.  At  present  there  is  accommoda- 
tion for  500  sitters  on  the  ground  floor,  and  it  is 
in  contemplation  to  erect  a  gallery  at  a  future 
time.     The  cost  will  be  about  £2,700. 

De.molition  of  an  Ancient  CnnRCH. — The 
present  week  has  seen  the  destruction  of  one  of 
the  few  ancient  churches  now  remaining  in  North 
Yorkshire — the  church  of  All  Saint's,  Slingsby — 
which,  consequent  on  decay,  it  has  been  found 
necessary  entirely  to  pull  down,  although  a  partial 
restoration  was  only  at  first  contemplated.  The 
church  is  an  ancient  rectory,  and  formerly  be- 
longed to  the  patronage  of  the  abbot  and  con- 
vent of  Whitby,  a  payment  to  them  being  con- 
firmed A.D.  1263,  by  John  Thoresby,  Archbishop 
of  York.  The  old  church  contained  a  cross- 
legged  effigy  of  one  of  the  Wyvills,  who,  tradition 
and  the  Dodsworth  MSS.  say,  slew  the  famous 
snake  of  Slingsby,  which  is  reputed  to  have  been 
so  terrible,  that  the  highway  to  Malton  was  di- 
verted one  mile  to  the  south  to  miss  the  snake's 
lair.  In  the  tomb  below  the  effigy,  a  skeleton 
was  found,  the  bony  hand  of  which  wore  a 
splendid  and  massive  gold  ring,  having  the  death's 
head  and  cross-bones  picked  out  in  coloured 
enamel.  The  tomb,  the  skeleton,  and  the  effigy, 
have  been  preserved,  and  will  be  restored  to  the 
chancel  of  a  beautiful  transition  Norman  church 
which  is  to  be  reared,  on  the  old  site  of  which 
the  Hon.  Mrs.  Howard  will  lay  the  foundation 
stone  on  Tuesday  next.  It  is  curious,  that  from 
below  the  foundations  of  the  old  church,  coins  of 
the  Hanse  Towns  Federation  (twelfth  century), 
were  dug  up. 

BUILDINGS. 

New  schools  are  about  to  be  erected  atFinedon, 
Northants.  They  are  in  the  Gothic  style,  and 
will  be  of  brick  with  Bath  stone  dressings-  The 
basement  will  be  occupied  by  class  room,  lava- 
tories, &c.,  and  the  school  will  lie  over  the  same. 
Mr.  R.  W.  Johnson,  architect,  of  Melton  and  Lei- 
cester, has  prepared  the  plans  for  the  same. 

A  new  almshouse  has  just  been  completed  in 
Magdalene-street,  Taunton.  There  are  rooms  for 
thirteen  inmates,  a  spacious  dining  room,  and  a 
large  airing  ground  behind.  Messrs.  Giles  and 
Robinson,  of  London,  are  the  architects,  and  Mr. 
J.  Spiller,  Taunton,  is  the  builder.  The  estimated 
cost  is  £2,000. 

A  letter  from  Melbourne  says  : — Our  new  Post- 
office,  which  has  been  about  nine  years  in  building, 
is  finished  at  last.  It  is  a  really  mngnificeut 
structure,  and  would  be  an  ornament  to  any 
capital  in  Europe.  It  was  opened  for  the  first 
time  for  the  reception  of  the  last  European  mails. 

The  new  Tyne  Theatre  was  opened  last  Monday. 
This  theatre,  is  being  built  in  the  Westgate,  is 
calculated  to  accommodate  3,000  persons,  dis- 
tributed as  follows: — gallery,  1,100;  pit  and 
stalls,  1,000  ;  dress,  upper,  and  private  boxes,  900. 
The  frout  is  of  fire-brick,  with  bands  of  black 
bricks  and  freestone  dressings,  and  the  theatre 
generally  is  constructed  with  all  the  modern  appU- 
ances  for  comfort,  &c. 

The  schools  and  master's  residence,  built  in  con- 
nection with  St.  James'  Church,  Jer.'iey,  were 
opened  last  week  V>y  the  Bishop  of  Winchester. 
The  schools  are  built  of  Island  granite,  in  courses 
red  and  white.  The  dressings  are  of  white  granite 
fine  picked.  The  architecture  is  very  simple. 
The  effect  is  obtained  entirely  from  the  construe 
tion  and  the  colour  of  the  stones,  and  the  result 
is  very  satisfactory.     The  contract  waa  carried  out 


by  Messrs.  Benest  and  Pirouet  from  drawings  pre- 
pared by  Jlr.  C.  W.  Ramie,  architect.  The  cost 
of  the  buildings  and  site  is  above  £2,000. 

FiNEDON. — A  new  temperance  hall  is  about  to  be 
erected  at  Finedon,  Northants.  An  eligible  site, 
in  a  central  sitviation,  has  been  secured,  and  plans 
have  been  prepared  by  Mr.  R.  W.  Johnson,  archi- 
tect, of  Melton  and  Leicester.  The  plans  comprise 
a  reading  room,  clu'o  room,  and  ante  room  on  the 
ground  floor,  with  large  hall  over  the  same ;  a 
dwelling  for  the  halbkeeperis  also  attached  to  the 
main  building.  The  style  chosen  is  mixed  Italian, 
aud  as  the  building  will  be  bounded  by  a  road  on 
each  side,  it  will  form  a  prominent  object.  It 
is  intended  tliat  it  should  answer  the  purpose  of  a 
public  hall,  to  bo  used  by  all  classes. 

Leeds. — The  Mechanics'  Institute  and  School 
of  Art,  the  foundation  stone  of  which  was  laid  in 
18G5,  is  now  completed.  The  architect  of  the 
building  is  Mr.  Cuthbert  Brodrick,  the  architect 
of  the  Leeds  Town-hall,  and  oiher  important  Imild- 
ings.  The  style  of  architecture  adopted  is  the 
Italian.  The  west  and  south  fronts  are  of  stone — 
the  principal  entrance,  approached  by  a  circular 
staircase,  being  in  the  tirst  named.  The  frontage 
to  the  west  and  east  is  152ft.  in  length  ;  that  to 
the  south  and  north  120ft.  The  contractor  for 
the  building  work  is  Mr.  D.  Nichols,  Leeds;  for 
the  joiner  work  Mr.  W.  Britton,  Leeds ;  for  the 
stone  carving,  Mr.  Joseph  Holmes,  Leeds ;  and 
the  whole  is  being  carried  on  under  the  direction 
of  Mr.  J.  T.  Brown,  the  clerk  of  the  works.  The 
original  estim.ated  cost  of  the  erection  was  £20,000, 
but  it  is  thought  this  may  be  exceeded  by  £2,000. 
Including  the  sum  to  be  derived  from  the  sale  of 
the  present  institution,  the  total  amount  in  hand 
is  £14,000,  thus  leaving  a  balance  on  the  wrong 
side  of  £8,000.  Strenuous  efforts  will  be  made 
next  year  to  clear  off  this  debt. 

Martlebone. — A  new  building  for  the  recep- 
tion of  "  casuals"  was  opened  on  Wednesday,  at 
the  north  east  corner  of  Marylebone  workhouse. 
The  architect  is  Mr.  H.  Saxon  Snell.  The  appli- 
ances for  fumigation  of  clothes,  and  for  the  in- 
suring of  general  cleanliness,  appear  to  be  very 
efficient.  On  each  side  of  the  main  buildings  are 
r.anged  the  working  sheds,  where  the  "casual"  in 
the  morning  picks  oakum,  or  performs  such  other 
task  as  may  be  assigned  him.  These  sheds  are 
about  12ft.  wide  and  9ft.  high,  aud  are  well 
lighted  aud  ventilated  by  skylights.  The  total 
cost  of  the  building,  including  the  payment  of  the 
architect's  commission,  has  not  exceeded  £1,300. 
The  importance  of  this  department  of  relief  may 
be  estimated  liy  the  fact,  that  in  the  last  half-year 
no  fewer  than  11,133  casuals — men,  women,  and 
children — have  been  housed  and  fed  in  this 
parish  alone. 

Newport,  Monmouthshire — The  New  Corn 
Exchange  project,  which  has  been  for  some  time 
iu  abeyance,  is  at  length  likely  to  enter  a  practi- 
cal channel,  by  means  of  which  we  may  hope  soon 
to  see  it  an  accomplished  fact.  On  Wednesday  last,  a 
meeting  of  merchants  and  others  interested  in  the 
suliject  was  held,  when  it  was  determined  to  form 
a  limited  liability  company  to  raise  the  capital. 
Mr.  Hancorn,  architect,  was  requested  to  prepare  a 
plan  for  the  erection  of  a  building  on  a  suitable 
site  at  the  back  of  the  Steam  Packet  Inn,  in  the 
Old  Green,  and  close  to  the  market  place. 


A  Jacksonville  (U.S.)  paper  gives  an  account  o£ 
a  great  natural  curiosity.  Several  of  our  citizens, 
it  says,  returned  last  week  from  a  visit  to  the 
Great  Sunken  Lake,  situated  in  Cascade  Moun- 
tains, about  75  miles  north  east  of  Jacksonville.  It 
is  thought  to  average  2,000ft.  down  to  the  water 
■all  around.  The  walls  are  almost  perpendicular, 
running  into  the  water  and  leaving  no  beach.  The 
depth  of  the  water  is  unknown,  and  its  surface  is 
smooth  and  unruffied,  as  it  lies  so  far  beneath  the 
surface  of  the  mountain  that  the  air-currents  do 
not  affect  it.  Its  length  is  estimated  at  12  miles, 
and  its  breadth  at  10  miles.  No  living  man  ever 
has  been,  probably  never  will  be,  able  to  reach  the 
water's  edge.  It  lies  silent,  still,  and  mysterious 
in  the  bosom  of  the  everlasting  hills,  like  a  huge 
well  scooped  out  by  the  hands  of  the  giant  geuii 
of  the  mountains,  in  unknown  ages  gone  by,  and 
around  it  the  primeval  forests  watch  aud  ward  are 
keeping.  The  visiting  party  tired  a  rifle  several 
times  into  the  water  at  au  angle  of  45  deg.,  and 
were  able  to  note  several  seconds  of  time  from  the 
report  of  the  gun  until  the  ball  struck  the  water. 
This  seems  incredible,  but  it  is  vouched  for  by 
some  of  our  reliable  citizens.  The  lake  is  certainly 
a  most  remarkable  curiosity. 


656 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


Septembek  20,  1867. 


TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 

To  Our  Readers. — We  shall  feel  obliged  to  any  of  our 
readers  who  will  favour  us  with  brief  notes  of  works  con- 
templated or  in  progress  in  the  provinces. 

Letters  relating  to  advertisements  and  the  ordinary  busi- 
ness of  the  paper  should  be  addl'essed  to  the  Editor,  166, 
Fleet  street.  Advertisements  for  the  cuiTent  week  must 
reach  the  office  before  5  o'clock  p.m.  on  Thui'sday. 

Notice.— The  BUILDING  NEWS  inserts  advertise- 
ments for  "SITUATIONS  WANTED,"  Ac,  at  ONE 
SHILLING  for  the  first  Twenty.four  Words. 


Received.— F.  and  A.— H.  S.  and  L.— J.  S.  P.— 
T.  C.  E.-S.  and  Co.— W.  W.-O.  N.  S.— E.  W.— 
J.  L.— B.  C— T.  F.  M.— J.  H.-F.  B.  and  Co.— W.  A.  R  — 
J.  H.  T.— W.  H.— J.  R.—E.  W.  G.— E.  W.  P.— E.  D. 
(Abingdon), 

E.  B. — Send  the  drawing. 


Correspiibciice. 


PUGIN  V.  BARRY. 

To  the  Editor  of  the  Buildino  News. 

Sir, — With  the  remark  in  the  BuiLDiNa  News 
of     September    6,    that     Mr.     Pughi    had     not 
made  out  hia   case,  most   people    will  agree.      He 
certainly  furnished  a  string  of   probabilities,  but 
no  absolute  proof.     There  were  weak  points  in  hia 
statement  which  it  was  impossible   to   overlook  ; 
and  hia  atyle  of  writing  was   more  energetic  than 
ia  usually  employed   iu  advocating  a    thoroughly 
sound    cause.     Having    always    entertained    the 
highest  admiration    fur  the  classical  works  of  Sir 
Charles    Bairy,  and   never   having  heard   of    hia 
performances  iu   the  Gothic  atyle  in  the  Penton* 
viUe  and  Islington  districts,  I  was  inclined  to  think 
that  Mr.  Pugiu'a  claims  on  his  father's  behalf  were 
excessive.     When  I  saw  his  letter  in  the  Times  of 
September  7,  where  he  says,  "  Giants  are    not  to 
be    met    with  every   day,  and    their   youth  and 
growth,  as  well  as  theii-  middle  age,    are  generally 
known  to  those  around  them.      The  great  results 
achieved  by  my  father   were  foretold  in  hie  early 
childhood;  and  hi.s   drawings   and   hia   woiks  all 
lead  up  and  point  to   the   gre.atest  of  them  all — 
the  Palace  of  Westminster.     What,  on  the  other 
hand,  has  Sir  Charles  Barry  got  to  show  ?     Where 
is  there  one  executed  work  of  his  which  would  in- 
duce the  belief  that  he  was,  in  very  truth,  the  art 
architect  of  that  noble  pile  ?"     Now,  I  must  con- 
fess that  my  belief  in  Sir  C.  Barry  was  not  shaken 
by  learning  that  Pugiu'a  nurses  predicted  that  he 
wo-ild  achieve   greatness,  because  soothsaying  of 
that  nature  is  neither  rare  nor  rehable,  but  I  was 
certainly  struck  by  the  plain  question,   "  What,  on 
the   other  hand,    has  Sir    Charles  Barry   got  to 
show  ?"      When  Mr.    Pugin  instances  St.  Peter's 
Church,  Hattou-garden,  and  aaka  if  it  be  possible 
that  the    same    man    could    have    designed  the 
Palace  of   Westminster,  he  puts   a  question  very 
much    to    the   point,    and    one    which    can    be 
answered  by  any  one  who  takes  the  trouble  to  in- 
spect the  said   church.      I  had  previously  noticed 
from  the  Farringdon-road  a  very  ugly  church  of 
the  date    when    most  churches    were  ugly,    but, 
until  the  appearance   of   Mr.  Pugin'a   letter,  waa 
unaware  that  it  was  the  work  of  Sir  C.  Barry.    I, 
therefore,  deterniiued  to  pay  it  a  visit,  and  to  in- 
spect other  of  his  earlier  buildings,  believing  that 
the  youth  and  growth  of  giants  will  be  traced  iu 
their  works.     St.  Peter's  Church,  Hatton-gardeu, 
waa  consecrated  in   October,   1832.     The  style  ia 
Perpendicular,   of   the  worst  kind,  exhibiting  all 
the  faults  that  an  utter  absence  of  Gothic  feeling 
could    crowd     into    one     building.      That     the 
reveals  or  splaya  are  insufficient  may    be   attri- 
buted to  the  thinness  of  the  walls,  but  no  con- 
siderations of  economy  can   account  for  the  form 
of  the  window   labels,    which,   as    Ruskin    aays, 
"  are  like  windlas.sea."     In  utter  dLsgust  I  entered 
the    church,  in   hopes  that    the   interior    might 
present    some    redeeming    feature.      In    this    I 
was     disappointed.       The     very     form     of      the 

pillara    support- 


the  average  of  Gothic  works  of  that  date,  but 
they  do  not  show  a  particle  of  Gothic  feeling. 
A  tablet  bearing  the  name  of  the  architect  existed 
for  many  years  in  this  church,  but  owing  to  some 
alterations  being  made  in  opposition  to  Sir  Charles's 
advice,  he  caused  it  to  be  removed.  For  his  fame's 
sake  it  were  well  if  everything  Gothic  he  ever  did 
could  be  hidden  from  sight ;  cert;iinly  the  other 
churches  that  I  visited — St.  John's  Church,  Hollo- 
way,  consecrated  July,  1828,  cost  £11,890  7s.  8d,, 
and  St.  Paul's,  Ball's  Pond,  consecrated  October, 
1828,  cost  £10,947  lis.  6d.— can  add  to  no  archi- 
tect's reputation.  The  result  of  my  inspections, 
which  were  not  all  eSected  in  one  day,  was  a  con- 
firmation of  the  opinion  arrived  at  the  moment  I 
entered  the  first  church  and  the  latest  in  date, 
namely,  that  the  same  hand  could  not  have  designed 
buildings  of  such  opposite  character  as  Barry's 
churches  and  the  Westminster  Palace.  Know- 
ledge of  an  art  is  picked  up  frequently  enough — 
feeling,  rarely.  I  was  now  thoroughly  convinced  of 
the  justice  of  Mr.  E.  W.  Pugin's  claims,  but  I 
could  not  acknowledge  that  he  had  proved  his 
case.  The  ugly  letter  of  September  6,  1845,  was 
not  satisfactorily  explained  awiiy,  but  the  evidence 
of  the  churches  was  so  conclusive  that  my  faith 
was  not  for  a  moment  shaken.  When,  however, 
Mr.  Mares's  letter  appeared  in  the  Time?  of  the 
i6th,  the  missing  link  in  the  chain  of  testimony 
was  supplied,  and  few  will  now  be  found  to  doubt 
who  was  the  art  architect  of  the  Palace  of  West- 
minster. 

That  the  elder  Pugin  kept  Sir  Charles  Barry's 
secret  wtll  is  shown  by  the  difficulty  now  experi 
enced  in  ab.solutely  proving  his  title  to  the  fame 
which  is  his  due  ;  but  the  secrecy  which  was  bind- 
ing on  him  could  not  justly  be  transmitted  to  his 
sou.  Mr.  E.  W.  Pugin  has  an  inalienable  light, 
and  he  conceives  it  a  duty,  to  obtain  for  hia  father 
that  fame  of  which,  during  his  life,  he  was  deprived. 
The  plea  that  an  assistant  ia  in  honour  bound,  for 
the  aake  of  a  most  inadequate  compensation,  to 
conceal,  if  not  deny,  his  own  share  in  his  em 
ployer's  reputed  work  is  scarcely  decent.  The 
position  of  an  assistant  would  be  anomalous.  He 
must  be  able  to  do  the  work  as  well  as  his  em- 
ployer— in  too  many  cases  he  does  it  much  better — 
and  he  must  at  the  same  time  conceal  from  clients 
the  part  he  really  plays.  How,  under  these  cir- 
cumstances, ia  he  ever  to  rise  .''  And  without  the 
hope  of  rising  an  assistant  will  not  be  of  much 
use.  The  architectural  profession  will  be  elevated 
in  proportion  as  the  actual  authors  of  works  are 
known.  There  are  at  present  many  buildings 
which  are  known  not  to  be  the  work  of  their 
reputed  authors,  but  which,  nevertheless,  have 
brought  them  fame.  Pugin'a  case  ia  not  a  solitary 
instance ;  let  ua  hope  it  may  be  the  last. — I  am,  &c. 

J.  A.  H. 


arches  of  the  nave,  and  the 
ing  them,  ia  of  the  moat  debased  character  , 
and,  aa  to  the  woodwork,  the  roof,  galleries, 
pulpit,  reredoa,  pinnacles,  crockets,  and  panel- 
ling, are  of  the  rudest  and  moat  ignorant 
description.  I  left  the  building  s.atisfied  that 
the  man,  who  in  1830  or  thereabouts  de- 
signed thia  church,  could  by  no  possibility  have 
had  anything  advantageous  to  do  with  the  Palace 
of  Westminster.  I  thence  proceeded  to  inspect 
Holy  Trinity  Church,  Cluudealey- square,  finiahed 
early  iu  IS'^'J,  at  a  cost  of  £11,535,  where  the 
same  hand  waa  manifest.  Criticism  upon  these 
buildings  ia  thrown  away.     They  are  aa   good  as 


Sir, — I  ,am  reminded  that  I  have  notyet  answered 
Mr.  Charles  Barry's  challenge  to  refer  my 
father's  claims  to  have  been  substantially  the  de- 
signer of  the  Houses  of  Parliament  to  a  committee 
of  the  Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects.  I 
think  it  will  be  time  enough  to  answer  any  such 
challenge  when  Mr.  Barry  produces  the  seventy- 
six  letters  from  his  father  to  mine,  which,  as  I 
stated  in  the  Times,  of  the  7th  inst..  Sir  Charles 
Barry  got  from  me  under  a  promise  to  re- 
turn them  immediately,  and  he  never  did  so. 
The  Messrs.  Barry  have  quietly  passed  over  this 
statement  uncontradicted  and  unnoticed.  They 
know  better  than  I  can,  whether  these  letters  still 
exist  or  have  been  destroyed.  If  they  do  exist, 
the  Messrs.  Barry  know  that  they  are  my  pro- 
perty, and  they  are  professing  to  challenge  me  to 
a  reference  to  arbitration  while  they  are  illegally 
withholding  both  my  property  and  my  evidence. 
If,  on  the  other  hand,  the  letters  have  been  de- 
stroyed, I  believe  that  I  need  not  write  another 
word  on  the  subject,  but  leave  Sir  Charles 
Barry's  reput.ation  and  my  former  statement  to 
the  judgment  of  the  public. 

No  proof  that  I  am  likely  to  discover  now  can 
be  so  decisive  aa  the  destruction  by  !Sir  Charlea 
or  hia  family  of  all  the  letters  on  the  subject 
which  could  be  got  hold  of — first,  all  my  father  a 
letters  to  him  (as  Sir  Charles  confessed  to  me), 
and  then,  all  his  own  letters  to  my  father,  which 
he  could  get  out  of  my  hands,  under  a  promise 
— and  a  repeated  promise — to  return  them. — I 
am,  &c.,  E.  Welbt  Puqin. 

Ramsgate,  September  19. 


writer  states  that  "  the  manufactory,  though  still 
known  by  the  name  of  Coade,  the  original 
founder,  ia  now  conducted  by  Mr.  Croggon." 
From  the  description  given  of  the  material,  ifc 
may  safely  be  assumed  that  the  so-called  artificial 
stone  was  nothing  more  or  less  than  what  is  now 
called  terra  cotta.  We  are  told  that  "  some  articles 
are  first  formed  roughly  to  give  them  the  external 
shape  iu  a  mould  ;  they  are  then  polished  {sicj 
by  the  chisel  while  in  a  soft  state,  which  they  en. 
deavour  to  preserve  by  wrapping  the  'clock  care, 
fully  in  wet  cloths.  *  *  *  *  The  proceaa 
seemed  very  much  like  what  I  had  observed  in 
Mr.  Chantry's  workshops  in  modelling  the  designs 
in  clay  for  the  future  marble  to  embody.  After 
the  figure  is  completed  in  all  its  parts  it  ia  cut  into 
separate  pieces,  for  the  convenience  of  introducing 
it  to  the  oven,  and  ia  afterwards  put  together, 
firmly  cemented,  and  iron  rods  introduced  into 
the  arms  or  other  parts  that  may  require  to  be 
strengthened."  Among  the  objects  which  were 
exhibited  were  vases,  fonts,  fountains,  and  capitals 
of  pUlars  of  the  difi'erent  orders  of  every  variety  of 
size.  In  the  Architectural  Magazine  are  several 
articles  referring  to  artificial  stone  made  by  Aus- 
tin, of  the  Newroad,  and  other  makers,  and 
although  no  actual  description  of  the  material 
anywhere  transpires,  there  can  be  very  little  doubt 
that  it  waa  all  terra  cotta,  and  that  hfty  years 
ago,  under  the  name  of  artihcial  stone,  this  article 
was  extensively  used  in  London. 

Having  recently  been  informed  that  the  carya- 
tides of  St.  Pancras  Church  were  of  terra  cotta,  I 
have  examined  them  carefully,  and  find  thia  to  be 
the  case.     The  figures  are  made  in  large  segmental 
blocks,    and   neatly   joined   with   cement.     They 
have  stood  the  test  of  46  years'  exposure   to  the 
atmosphere  of  the  metropolis  most   satisfactorily 
(much    more    so    than  the   Portland   stone  with 
which  the  main  body  of  the    building  is  ashlared), 
and   they  afford  a  striking  proof  of  the  titnesa  of 
terra  cotta  for  resisting    the   corrosive   action  of 
London    smoke.     I  have   since  found,  in  Britton 
and  Pugin's  "  lUust  ations   of  the  Public  Build, 
ings    of    London,"   the  following  passages   with 
regard^to  the  terra  cotta  work    of    St.     Pancras; 
— "  The   capitals   t  J   the  columns   and  anta:,  and 
all  the  external  ornaments,   enriched   movildings, 
&c.,  are  of  terra  cotta.     *     *     *     *     Imitations 
of  Greek  tiles  in  terra  cotta  are  ranged  along  the 
coping  of  the  side  walls,  as  well  aa  round  the  cir- 
cular part  of  the  east  end.''     In  a  footnote,  refer- 
ring to  the   caryatides,   it   ia   stated   that   "  the  ' 
figures  are  of  terra  cotta.     They  were  formed  iB' ' 
pieces,  and  cemented    together  round  pillars  of  I 
cast  iron,  wuich  in  reality  support  the   entabla- 
tures."    It  is  elsewhere  stated  that  the  terra  cotta  | 
waa  made  by  Messrs.  C.  and  H.   Rossi,  and  that  i 
they  were  paid  for  the   same   £4,300.     The  total 
cost  of  the  church  is  given  as  £76,679  7s.  8d.    It 
would  be  extremely  interesting  to  find  out  soma- 
thing  more  of  Messrs.  Rossi,   as   to   where  their  ; 
woiks    were    situated,    whence    their    clay  waa  j 
obtained,  and  any  details   of  their  manufacture. 
They   seem    to   have  possessed  kilns    capable  of  | 
burning  successfully  larger  blocks   than  are  now  . 
attempted,  and  to  have  turned  out  a   material  of 
good  quaUty   at   a   comparatively  moderate  price, 
as  there   is  an   enormous  amount  of  ornamental 
work  in   St.  Pancras  Church  for   £4,300 — I  am, 
&c.,  Gilbert  R.  Redqravb.      i 


VANDALISM. 

Sir, — Your    excellent   article 
Vandalism,"   of    last  week,    has 
mention 
ubject. 


on    "  Northern 

induced  me  to 

some  other  cases  in  connection  with  the 

A  Norfolk  incumbent  of  a  small  parish, 


TERRA   COTTA. 

Sir, — I  find  in  the  Somerset  House  Gazette  for 
March  20,  1824,  an  account  of  a  visit  to  "  Coade's 
Gallery   of    Artificial   Stone   Ornaments."      The 


with  an  Early  Perpendicular  church,  having  a  rude 
Norman  round  tower,  actually  told  me  that  he  bad 
procured  an  estimate  from  a  local  budder  for  pull- 
ing it  down  and  rebuilding  it  of  the  old  materials, 
and  all  this  without  consulting  an  architect. 
Another  idea  of  his  was  to  sell  the  old  materials, 
and  to  build  altogether  a  new  church.  The 
present  church  contains  some  curious  terra-cotta 
work  in  the  south  porch,  a  fine  open  timber  roof, 
and  screen,  and  a  curious  late  pulpit,  and  many 
finely-carved  bench  ends ;  the  latter  are  most 
skilfully  brought  in  as  strengthening  pieces  to  the 
modern  square  pews.  The  local  builder,  ^m 
scraping  the  walls — the  better,  I  suppose,  to  glTe 
his  estimate — came  upon  some  fine  old  English 
black  lettering,  part  of  which  he  has  obUterated 
through  clumsiness.  At  Trunch  Church,  in  the 
same  county,  the  finely  carved  choir  seats  are 
decaying  and  dropping  out  of  their  places  for 
want  of  a  little  care.  They  are  illustrated  in  the 
view  of  that  church  in  Brandon's  "  Pansu 
Churches.'      Cley  Church,  a  most  beautiful  de- 


September  20,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


657 


rated  fabric  with  Perpendicular  porches,  also  in 

same  county,  has  suffered  in  the  parvise  o£  the 

*h  porch  from  being  used    as  a  school-room  or 

.,:ry,  in  ^^^  open  timber  roof  by  candles  being 

in"  directly  under   the  bosses  at  the  intersec- 

iBs,  many  of  which  are  charred  and  spoilt,  and  I 

a  told  that,  at  the  late  restoration  of  the  church, 

'any  trusses  were  taken  away  by  the  workmen. 

am   bound  to  say  that    the   present   rector  is 

rv  proud  of  the  beauty  of  the  church,  and  takes 

ory    care    of   it,  and    that    the  things  I  have 

entioned  took  place  before  his  time.   In  speaking 

an  incumbent  about  the  necessity  of  preserving 

I    old   work,  he   confessed  that  it  was   a  great 

mptation  to  the  clergy  "  to  make  a  clean  sweep 

the  chancel ; "  which    I  am  afraid  is  but  too 

:i  the  ca;e,  for   how   often   do  we   miss   the 

..sts'  door,  piscina  and    sedilia,  in  our   village 

arches,  all  of  which  have  been  blocked  up  and 

vered  under  a  neat  coat  of  plaster.     I  think  it 

iuld  be  a  very  desirable  thing  if  the  Institute's 

itructions  about  restorations    were  sent  to  the 

:  :;y  through  the  different  local  archaeological  and 

;itectural  societies  throughout  the  kingdom.^ 

.:A,Sic.,  ^         T«.  B. 

PPKOXIMATE  RATIOS  OF  THE  CHIEF 
GEOMETRICAL  LINES. 


Sra,— ilr.  Guillaume  has  now  given  us  an 
'proximation  to  the  circle  new  to  me,  and 
iich  certainly  appears  well  worth  a  place  among 
lose  every  designer  and  measurer  should  bear  in 
Ijid.  It  seems  that  the  cord  of  a  quadrant  is  to 
le  arc  practically  as  9  to  10.  The  error  is  some- 
liat  less  than  that  of  the  Archimedian  cir- 
Imference,  about  1  part  in  3,000,  instead  of  1  in 
liOO,  but  both  on  the  side  of  excess  in  the  curve. 
■lay  connect  themselves  with  the  still  closer  and 
■aet  useful  approximation  to  the  ratio  of  a  square's 
lagooal  and  side,  70  :  99  ;  so  that  if  either  of 
Ifise  were  assumed  time,  the  others  would 
lUow. 

i  The  70  and  99  are  the  ninth  approximation  ob- 
ined  by  the  following  very  compendious  way  of 
terpolatiug  a  mean  proportional  between  two 
imbers,  or  finding  the  ratios  most  nearly  the 
ibduplic;>te  of  a  given  ratio.  We  write  under 
eh  other  the  simplest  series  of  three  numbers 
hose  first  and  last  are  in  the  given  raiio.  Thus, 
r  the  ratio  1  :  2,  the  three  we  take  are  2,  3,  4. 
hen  form  a  second  column  of  three  thus  : — the 
PC  upper  figures  of  the  first  column  are  added  to 
rm  the  top  one  of  the  second ;  the  two  lower 
the  first  column  form  the  next ;  and  the  bottom 
;ure  is  sapplied  of  course  by  doubling  the  top. 
rom  this  second  column  you  derive  in  the  same 
ay  a  third,  and  so  on  ad  libitum.  Thus  : — 
[i  5  12  29  70  ) 

3  7  17  41  99  ^&c. 

4  10  24  6S  140  ) 

ich  middle  figure  here  approaches  nearer  to  a 
imetric  mean  between  that  above  and  that 
iuw  it ;  and  each  pair  of  figures  would  form  a 
action  nearer  and  nearer  to  the  value  of  v'2.  The 
2:17  :  24  are  worth  remembering,  because  they 
)  conveniently  fit  our  measurement  by  feet  and 
iches ;  but  the  70  :  99  :  140,  are  more  so,  be 
lose  their  error  being  little  more  than  1  part  in 
0,000  of  the  longer  line,  they  really  suffice  for 
very  conceivable  practical  purpose,  and  give  this 
ery  ready  rule  for  finding  either  of  two  lines 
hioh  are  as  the  side  and  diagonal  of  a  square, 
hen  the  other  is  given.  Whether  we  seek  the 
inger  line  or  the  shorter,  the  operation  is  the 
ime.  From  ten  times  the  given  line,  deduct  a 
•nth  of  it,  and  divide  the  remainder  by  7.  The 
lotient  will  be  either  the  line  sought  or  its 
ouble. 

If  the  ratio  whose  subduplicate  we  sought 
y  the  above  method  were  a  much  greater 
le  than  1  :  2,  the  approximations  would  be  too 
jtv  to  make  the  method  very  available.  But  it 
'  to  be  observed  now,  that  we  can,  in  all  other 
ises,  arrange  that  the  ratio  divided  shall  be  less 
lan  this  of  1  :  2,  and  this  makes  every  other  case 
lore  advantageous,  the  approximation  being 
lore  rapid.  Thus  the  next  commonest  ratio  of 
nes  in  geometry  is  that  of  1  :  »'3 ;  occurring 
•henever  we  have  angles  of  30  deg.  or  60  deg.,  or 
aything  to  do  with  the  equilateral  triangle  ;  and 
Iso  between  the  side  and  diagonal  of  a  cube.  In- 
tead  of  finding  directly  /3,  we  can  find  its  half — 
amely  73  ;  that  is,  instead  of  a  geometric  mean 
etween  1  and  3,  we  bisect  the  much  smaller  ratio 
f  3  :  4 ;  thus  :— 
;i)L  I.       or       Col.  II.  or  tripled  CoL  III. 

3  6  13  39  84 
3i           7          15           45  97 

4  8         &c.,         52         112 


Here,  after  every  alternate  column,  we  triple 
the  figures  to  avoid  a  fraction  in  the  bottom  one, 
which  of  course  must  always  be  the  top  with  a 
third  added.  Now,  of  these  figures,  the  very  first 
derived  pair  13  :  15,  are  exact  within  a  thirteen- 
hundredth  part ;  and  the  next  approximation, 
84  :  97,  or  7ft.  to  Sft.  liu.,  is  so  exceedingly  near 
that  probably  no  means  of  measurement  applied 
to  a  triangle  of  that  size  would  detect  the  error. 
This  latter  ratio  is  even  easier  to  apply  to  feet 
and  inches  than  the  former;  for  it  is  easier  to 
add  a  seventh  of  a  dimension,  and  then  a  twelfth 
of  that  seventh,  than  to  add  two  thirteenths  ;  and 
perhaps  easier  to  make  the  former  operations  and 
then  diminish  the  whole  by  a  quarter,  than  to 
diminish  at  once  by  two  fifteenths.  This  ratio, 
then,  between  the  base  and  altitude  of  an  equi- 
lateral triangle,  Sft.  lin.  to  7ft.,  should  be  re- 
membered by  all  who  measure  ancient  churches, 
as  enabling  them  to  verify  any  two  dimensions 
that  they  suspect  to  be  derived  from  a  triangula- 
tion  like  those  that  have  been  found  to  govern 
Milan  Cathedral,  Salisbury,  Westminster,  and 
others  of  the  noblest  building?.  I  fully  believe, 
with  Mr.  Scott,  that  this  pervades  all  the  best  pro- 
portioned Gothic  work. 

Taking  the  13  :  15,  however,  as  enough  for 
most  purposes,  it  follows  that  the  areas  of  an  equi- 
lateral triangle  and  square  on  the  same  base  are 
practically  as  13  to  3it ;  and  a  square,  hexagon, 
and  dodecagon,  all  on  the  same  base,  as  5,  13,  and 
56 ;  the  dodecagon  being  divisible  into  the  same 
hexagon,  six  triangles  equal  to  it,  and  six  of  the 
same  squares. 

The  next  remarkable  fact  is  that  the  two  radii 
of  an  octagon  happen  to  be  as  12  :  13,  within  a 
twelve  hundredth  part  of  either. 

The  diagonal  of  a  double  square,  or  the  line 
from  one  angle  of  a  square  to  the  middle  of  one  of 
its  further  sides,  is  important,  beca\ise  it  is  only 
by  means  of  this  measure  that  Euclid's  cutting  of 
aline  "in  extreme  and  mean  ratio"  is  effected, 
and  the  pentagon  constructed,  or  any  angle 
divided  into  five.  This  line,  being  the  hypoteause 
to  2  and  1,  i^  To  ;  but  we  approximate  it,  in  the 
above  method,  by  seeking  a  bisection  of  the  ratio 
4:5:  thus  :— 


Col.  I.      or 

4         8 

ih       9 

5'     10 

Now,  here 


II.  or  III.  IV 

17         68         144         305) 
19         76         161         341  V 
ic.        85         ISO         io.  j 
the  very  first  approximation  17  :  19 
is    nearer  than   the   Ar- 
chimedian    circle     ratio, 
and,  therefore,  practically 
enough   for   almost    any 
use.     If  we  assume  this 
ratio  in    the  length  and 
diagonal   of    the   double 
square  employed  to  draw 
a   pentagon,  we  shall  see 
it    makes  the   side   and 
diagonal  of  the  pentagon 
0 


Only  just  exceeding  the  score,  we  have  11  :  21, 
the  contents  of  a  globe  to  its  enclosing  cube,  to 
the  same  exactness. 

To  these  shoiUd  be  added  the  remarkable 
closeness  of  50  and  63  to  the  old  Delphic  altar 
problem.  If  an  artizan  has  to  make  one  object, 
(say  a  bell)  similar  to  another  and  twice  it.s 
weight,  by  increasing  every  dimension  as  50  to  63 
he  will  not  exceed  the  double  weight  by  1  in 
5,000.-1  am,  &c.,  E.  L.  G. 

MANCHESTER    TOWN    HALL 
COMPETITION. 

Sir, — Will  you  allow  me  to  make  a  few  re- 
marks in  your  journal  on  the  above  competition. 
It  is  stated  that  the  letters  received  in  answer  to 
the  mayor's  circular  are  chiefly  in  favour  of  an 
exhibition,  therefore  we  may  suppose  that  thn  un- 
successful designs  will  be  exhibited ;  but  it 
is  also  stated  that  the  selected  designs  will 
not  be  shown  until  after  the  award  h.x3  been 
made.  Will  the  public  be  satisfied  with  this  ?  I 
should  emphatically  say  no,  but  let  the  chosen 
ones  be  shown  with  those  rejected;  then  the  public 
will  be  enabled,  by  comparison,  to  judge  of  the 
superiority  of  the  selected  ones.  The  reasons 
given  for  not  showing  them  at  present  is 
frivolous,  for  what  disadvantage  could  arise 
to  those  who  have  produced  the  best  plans 
by  their  being  shown  ?  It  would  be  impossible 
for  others  to  copy  from  them  without  being  de- 
tected. It  would  be  a  source  of  great  satisfac- 
tion to  the  unsuccesstid  competitorsand  the  public 
if  the  various  stages  of  the  proceedings  were 
pubUshed,  especially  the  report  of  the  referee,  as 
it  would  then  become  known  what  were  his 
reasons  for  rejecting  eight  of  the  designs  recom- 
mended by  the  committee,  and  for  choosing  those 
which  he  subsequently  did.  It  appears  strange  to 
one,  having  but  a  small  share  of  common  sense, 
that  Mr.  Godwin  should,  amongst  others,  select 
a  plan  in  which  the  author  had  not  complied  with 
the  instructions,  but  had  placed  the  treasurer's 
depirtment  on  the  wrong  floor.  I  should  have 
supposed  the  plans  were  the  first  and  principal 
things  to  be  examined,  and  the  elevations,  &c., 
afterwards,  as  utility  in  a  matter  like  this  stands 
before  beauty ;  and  there  is  little  doubt  that  in 
that  large  number  other  plans  could  be  found  in 
which  the  instructions  had  been  carried  out.  Does 
it  not  also  appear  strange  that  architects  were 
allowed  their  discretion  in  point  of  style,  and  then 
all  Gothic  should  be  chosen  ?  But  as  Gothic  is  all 
the  rage  now,  Manchester  must  needs  follow  the 
fashion.  Then  why  was  it  not  stated  in  the 
instructions  that  Gothic  would  be  preferred  ?— I 
am,  &c.,  0>'E  OF  THE  Public,  and  a 

Lover  of  Justice. 
Halesworth,  Suffolk,  September  17. 


CoL  IV 
181 
209 
&c. 


&0 


as  34  :  55,  which  is  a  very  close  approach,  being 
the  eighth  pair-  of  numbers  in  the  series  derived  1 
from  0  and  1  by  adding  every  two  to  form  the  1 
next  (as  in  the  margin),  which  continually  2 
approach  nearer  the  '*  extreme  and  mean  3 
ratio,"  or  that  between  the  side  and  diagonal  5 
of  a  pentagon.  8 

It  is  truly  remarkable,  therefore,  what  close  13 
approximations  to  all  the  commonest  ratios  21 
occurring  in  geometrical  design  are  expressible  34 
in  numbers  below  20,  which  I  will  recapitulate,  55 
as  they  appear  all  worth  remembering.  &c. 

3  :  4.  The  ratio  of  the  spaces  between  a 
circle  and  enclosing  square,  to  those  between  the 
same  circle  and  enclosed  square ;  exact  to  1  part 
in  2,500. 

9:10.  The  ratio  of  a  side  of  the  latter  to  the 
quadrant  it  cuts  off,  within  1  part  in  3,000. 

7:11.  The  area  of  enclosed  square  to  that  of 
circle  ;  or  the  lengths  of  a  radius  and  a  quadrant, 
to  1  in  2,500. 

11  :  14.  A  circle  and  its  enclosing  square,  the 
ratio  either  of  their  areas  or  boundary  lines,  to  the 
above  degree  of  exactness. 

13  :  15.  The  base  and  altitude  of  an  equilateral 
triangle,  or  the  two  diameters  of  a  hexagon,  exact 
tol  in  1,300. 

5  :  13.  The  area?  of  a  square  and  hexagon  on 
the  same  base,  to  the  above  degree  of  exactness. 

12  :  13  :  17.  The  two  radii  of  an  octagon,  and 
that  circumscribing  its  enclosing  square,  the 
former  exact  to  1  in  1,200 ;  the  latter  only  about 
half  as  near,  but  its  use  is  superseded  by  the 
equally  easy  70  :  99. 

Lastly,  17  :  19.  The  length  and  tliagonal  of  a 
double  square  (whence  all  pentagonal  figures  are 
derived)  witUin  1  in  2,500. 


Sir, — It  appears  that  the  question  of  exhibiting 
the  unsuccessful  designs  is  to  be  decided  by  the 
competitors  themselves.  So  far  good;  but  the 
public  voice  demands  the  exhibition  of  the 
selected  ones  as  well.  The  only  reason  alleged 
against  it  is  that  a  competitor  may  appropriate,  in 
the  final  competition,  the  features  of  another's 
design ;  whereas,  to  exhibit  the  selected  ones, 
would  so  publish  and  identify  with  the  designer 
the  right  of  specific  property  in  the  details  of  his 
own  design,  that  the  competitor  would  indeed  be 
a  daring  pirate  who  should  venture  to  appropriate 
what  could  be  instantly  proved  not  to  have  origi- 
nated with  him. 

I  also  ask  for  the  publication  of  the  ofiicial 
reports,  wherein  certain  designs  selected  for  con- 
sideration are  mentioned  numerically  ;  and  for  an 
identification  of  these  numerals  with  the  names  of 
the  authors.  For  it  is  an  honour  to  the  competi- 
tors not  to  have  been  distanced  in  the  race,  and 
those  who  were  in  the  foremost  ranks  deserve  to  be 
rewarded  by  the  commendation  of  their  names. — 
I  am,  &c., 

September  11.  A  Competitor. 

Sir, — Mr.  Allom,  Barnes,  Surrey,  and  Mr.  Hib- 
bert,  19,  Fishergate,  Preston,  present  their  com- 
pliments to  the  Editor,  and  beg  to  state  that 
the  enclosures  are  copies  of  a  memorial,  &c.,  for- 
warded by  them  to  the  Mayor  and  Corporation  of 
Manchester,  and  they  hope  the  matter  involved 
will  be  considered  of  importance  suflicieut  to  war- 
rant pubUcation  in  the  Buildisg  News, 

September  17.         

19,  Fishergate,  Preston,  September  17. 

To    THE   WonSHIPFCL    THB    MiVOK    OF    MiSrilE-lTEB. 

Sir,— Mr.  Thomas  jVlIom  and  myself  have  this  day  for- 
warded to  the  town  clerk  a  memonai,  of  which  the  en- 


658 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


September  20,  1867. 


closed  is  a  copy,  We  doubt  not  that  it  may  be  taken  as 
expreasiug  tiie  wishes  of  other  coiupctitors  as  well,  and 
trusting  that  it  may  be  considered  in  a  gracious  spirit,  we 
venture  to  ask  you  to  bring  it  before  the  council. — lam. 
&c.,  James  Hibbert. 

P.S.— jVs  respects  Mr.  Allom,  I  may  refer  to  hia  high 
reputation  and  to  the  fact  that  he  was  the  second  premiated 
competitor  for  your  Assize  Courts. 

The  memorial  of  James  Hibbert  and  Thomas  Allom, 
F.R.I. B.A  ,  architects  provisionally  selected  for  the  final 
competition— under  the  mottoes,  "  lu  honoretn  frftis,"  and 
"  C<.«  Amor-'."  (with  star)— and  numbered  in  the  official 
report  26  and  42  respectively,  desires  to  show  :— 

(1.)  That  whereas  twelve  designs  may  be  selected  accord- 
ing to  the  conditions  for  the  final  competition,  eight  archi- 
tects alone  contributing  ten  designs  are  so  selected. 

(2.)  That  of  this  number,  four  are  Manchester  archi- 
tects, contributing  six  designs  of  the  selected  ten. 

(3. )  That  in  a  national  and  renowned  competition, 
wherein  the  best  architectural  ability  of  the  kingdom  is 
represented,  it  conveys  ai»  appearance,  if  not  tl  e  substance, 
of  favour,  to  award  moie  than  one  half  the  honours  aud 
prizes  to  Manchester. 

_  (4,)  And  therefore  j^our  memorialists -included  of  those 
in  the  provisional  selection— respectfully  seek  to  have  the 
present  list  extended  to  the  full  number  allowed  under  the 
terms  of  the  competition. 

(Signed)  Thomas  Allom,  F.R.I.B.A. 

J-\ME3  Hibbert. 

September  16. 


Iittemntmimtfittion. 


QUESTIONS. 

[572.]— QUEEN  ELEANOR'S  CROSS.— Can  any  of  your 
readers  inloiiu  me  in  what  work  I  can  find  a  view  of  Queen 
Eleanor's  Cross  at  Waltham. — W.  R, 

[673,J-PERSPECTIVE.— WiU  any  of  vour  correapon- 
dents  kindly  inform  me  the  method  of  putting  up  interior 
pei-spectives  from  the  ground  plan  in  parallel  and  angul.ir 
perspective  ? — .S.  B.  F. 

[574.]— THE  "LIMNER."- Will  you  or  any  of  your 
readers  kindly  inform  me  if  they  have  any  knowledge  of 
an  invention  of  G.  Bell,  Esq.  (late  of  the  Goverument 
School  of  Design),  called  the  "Limner,"  which  is  sup^wsed 
to  enable  any  person  to  sketch  landscapes,  architecture, 
painting.  Ac,  without  any  knowledge  of  the  common  rules 
of  perspective  ;  also  to  copy  drawings,  portraits,  and  pho- 
tographs?— E.  W. 

[575.]-ARCHITECTS'  PUPILS.— Could  any  of  your 
readers  iufonn  me  on  the  following  point ;— Suppose  a 
pupil  has  been  articled  four  years,  aud  still  has  a  portion  of 
his  term  to  complete,  he  is  offered  plans  to  prepare  for  a 
dwelling  house,  (tc.,  merely  for  submission  to  a  local  board 
previous  to  erection,  could  his  master  hinder  him  from 
doing  them  and  receiving  p,ay  for  the  same  ?  He  does  them 
out  of  the  office,  aud  after  otiice  hours  ;  and,  moreover,  the 
principal  would  not  get  them  even  if  the  pupil  did  not.— 

RECTI'S. 

[57r,.]— LICHFIELD  CATHEDRAL— Britton's  plan  of 
this  building  represents  the  choir  deviating  from  t))e  line 
of  the  nave.  Is  that  an  engraver's  inaccuracy,  or  does  it 
really  exiat,  as  at  St.  Denis,  and  in  a  much  greater  degree 
at  'Whitby  Abbey';  If  the  story  told  at  St.  Denis,  of  jts 
intentionally  symbolizing  our  Lord  bearing  His  head  on 
the  cross,  were  well  founded,  would  not  the  bend  be  more 
common  and  always  to  the  s,ame  side';  At  that  building 
the  choir  bends  southward,  but  at  Whitby,  the  only  other 
case  I  know,  and  in  Britton's  pl.au  of  Lichfield,  northward. 
Can  any  reader  name  other  examples  of  this';  Village 
churches  with  the  chancel  many  inches  out  of  centrality, 
but  not  out  of  parallelism,  are  common  enough  ;  and  the 
irregularities  of  two  cathedrals,  Chichester  and  Baveux 
(the  latter  perhaps  the  most  elaborate  greiit  Norman  church 
ever  built),  are  something  marvellous,  but  do  not  involve 
this  non-parallelism. — E.  L.  G, 


[577.]— METROPOLITAN  BUILDING  ACT.-WUl  any 
of  your  readers  inform  me  which  is  the  best  .and  latest 
edition  of  the  Metropolitan  Building  Act,  where  it  is  pub- 
lished, and  the  price*; — Beta. 

[578.]— DRAWBRIDGE.— Will  you  kindly  inform  me  in 
your  "Intercommunication"  column,  how  I  can  calculate 
the  weight  to  bo  lifted  bv  the  chains  in  closing  a  draw- 
bridge? I  find  by  experience  that  it  is  considerably  more 
than  the  de.ad  weight  of  the  flap.— C.  E.,  Melbourne,  'Vic- 
toria, July  27. 

[579.]- RAILWAY  WORK.— Will  some  of  vour  readers 
enlighten  a  young  engineer  as  to  the  usu.al  terms  adopted 
by  the  profession  for  the  following  services  coimected  with 
railway  work,  viz.— 1.  Surveys  and  levels.  2.  Preparation 
of  parliamentary  plan,  etc.,  and  attendance  during  progress 
of  bill  through  Parli.ament.  3.  Booking  plans,  ppeciflca- 
tions.  including  all  details  of  bridges,  &c.  4.  Superinten- 
dence of  works,  and  making  up  .accounts'; — C.  E.,  junior. 

[580  ]— ADULTERATION  OF  WHITE  LEAD.— Will 
some  of  your  coiTespondents  kiniUy  inform  me,  through 
your  "  Intercommunication  "  column,  the  best  method  of 
detecting  adidteiation  in  white  lead  without  the  aid  of  a 
chemist ;  also  if  it  can  be  detected  after  the  colour  is  made 
up,  and  how. — J.  T.  J. 

[oSl. [-LINING  FOR  MALT  STORES— WUl  vou  or  .any 
of  your  readers  oblige  by  telling  me  what  is  the  best  lining 
for  a  malt  store  or  large  bin  that  receives  the  malt  from 
the  kilns.  The  present  store  is  lined  with  match  boards 
nailed  to  bond,  about  half  an  inch  clear  of  the  14in.  brick 
wall,  aud  that  makes  a  nice  harbour  for  mice  and  weevil, 
with  which  it  is  infested.  What  is  desired  is  a  durable  and 
drj'  lining,  and  proof  against  vermin  or  insects.  Two  sides 
of  the  building  are  outside  walls.  -  J.  D.  W. 


[583.]— DEADENING  SOUND.— I  am  coutinuaUy  an- 
noyed by  my  next-door  neighbour,  who  is  very  partial  to 
playing  the  jiiano,  and  the  [larty-wall  being  thin  1  can  hear 
every  note,  if  any  of  your  readers  could  tell  me  of  any 
means  of  deadening  the  sound  they  would  have  the  thanks 
of — J.  H. 


[583,]— GAS  METERS.— As  I  am  having  the  g.as  laid  upon 
ray  premises,  I  would  take  it  as  a  very  great  favour  if  one 
or  more  of  your  readei-s  would  inform  me  what  kind  of  gas 
meter  is  considered  the  best,  a  wet  or  a  dry  one  ;  and  their 
reasons  for  recommending  either.  I  have  inquired  of  per- 
sons connected  with  our  gas  comp.any,  who  recommend 
wet :  and  also  of  various  private  individuals  who  prefer 
dry.  So  I  know  not  which  to  have. — Tnos.  Wm.  Taylor, 
Park-street,  Dyvenhoe,  Sept.  IS. 

[5S1  ]— WROUGHT-IRON  ROOF.— Some  fmrr  months 
since  1  wrote  asking  (through  the  medium  of  the  "Inter- 
communication") for  the  calculations  for  a  wrought-ir  on 
roof  (say)  40ft.  span  with  an  Sft.  rise  from  the  tie  rod,  and 
covered  with  slate  on  boarding  ;  but  I  have  not  yet  received 
a  reply  thereto.  "Would  you  be  good  enough  to  further 
my  object  by  again  inserting  the  request. — Geo.  E.  Wal- 
ters, 74,  Gopsail-street,  St.  John's-road,  N.,  Sept.  12. 

[5S5  ] -PICTURES  ON  WALLS.— Could  you  or  any  of 
your  re-adei-s  be  kind  enough  to  inform  me  of  any  method 
by  which  pictures  painted  in  oil  can  be  removed  from  a 
plastered  wall  aud  placed  upon  canvas  or  other  material, 
so  as  to  admit  of  their  being  framed.  They  have  been 
painted  some  twenty  or  thirty  years. — E.  W. 


REPLIES. 
[,^-26.]— PRESERVATION  OF  TIMBER.— The  worm  to 
which  your  correspondent  alludes  is  probably  the  7'tT  edn 
ii'ivotif,  which  commits  great  ravages  in  timber  piles  of 
bridges  and  foundations.  In  the  short  space  of  twelve 
years  these  destructive  insects  were  known  to  make  such 
havoc  in  the  fir  piles  of  a  bridge  at  Teignmouth,  that  the 
whole  bridge  fell  suddenly,  and  had  to  be  tot  illy  recon- 
structed. The  TfreUo  imu'dis  enters  the  timber  by  a 
small  hole,  and  then  perforates  it  in  every  direction,  but 
prefening  that  of  the  run  of  the  fibre.  They  commit  their 
ravages  between  low  water  mark  and  the  bott4.>m,  and  some 
have  been  found  of  the  extraordinary  length  of  3ft.  Another 
mischievous  insect  of  this  class  is  the  i</m"oria  tereiraw^f 
which  is  nearly  e{iually  fatal  to  uncreosote  d  and  unpro- 
tected timber  us  its  neighbour. — J.  L. 

[o30.]— SEWERAGE. — Sewerage  must  be,  of  course,  in 
all  cases— to  be  effective— adapted  to  the  peculiar  localities 
in  which  it  is  intended  to  apply  it.  This  condition  is,  at 
the  outset,  a  sii,e  qti-i  -non,  anil  unless  it  be  scrupulously 
observed,  all  subsequent  labour  will  be  useless  Then 
again,  the  question  arises  as  to  whether  an  entirely  new 
arrangement  of  sewers  is  to  be  constructed,  or  whether  it 
is  simply  proposed  to  modify  and  improve  upon  an  existing 
system  of  drainage.  "Sub-stratum,"  however,  refers  par- 
ticularly to  "  the  lower  parts  of  towns,"  and  these  present 
the  greatest  difficulties  to  the  sanitary  engineer.  Here 
the  levels  must  be  carefully  taken,  the  sub-soil  thoroughly 
examined,  and  the  outfall  facilities  taken  into  account. 
The  depth  at  which,  as  a  general  rule,  main  sewers  should 
be  placed,  ought  not  to  be  less  than  10ft.,  but  20ft.,  if  cir- 
cumstances permit,  will  be  far  better.  At  any  rate,  they 
should  be  kept  as  low  as  possible,  consistently  with  the 
proper  amount  of  fall  for  their  self-clearance.  As  to  the 
shape  of  sewers  to  which  your  correspondent  makes  allu- 
sion, there  exists  among  practical  men  considerable  dif- 
ference of  opinion.  The  Metropolitan  Board  of  Works  have 
adopted,  as  1  think  wisely,  the  egg  shape,  which  certainly 
seems  to  afford  the  best  section  for  securing  the  maximum 
of  scouring  force  to  the  water  passing  through  it.  In  some 
other  towns  of  England,  however,  the  circular  form  has 
been  applied,  the  argument  in  its  favour  being  that  the 
greatest  area  is  thus  obtained  at  the  lea.^t  cost  of  original 
construction.  For  very  large  sewers  it  may  be  that  the 
circular  form  is  the  best.  The  strong  claim  on  behalf  of 
the  egg-shaped  sewer,  with  the  broad  end  down,  is  that  it 
affords  facilities  to  the  workmen  employed  in  repairing  or 
cleaning  it  which  the  circular  sewer  does  not.  The  inverts 
of  sewers  should  be  built  with  the  best  hard  bricks  and 
Roman  cement,  the  bricks  being  put  together  in  quadrant 
blocks  before  being  lowered  into  the  trench.  In  the  lowest 
districts,  where  the  sewens  are  frequently  full  of  water,  they 
(the  sewers)  should  be  entirely  built  «ith  cement.  Medina 
cement  is  useful  in  extreme  cases,  as  it  sets  under  water 
quicker  than  ordinary  cement.  For  the  smallest  class  of 
sewers  vitrified  stoneware  pipes  may  be  used.  These  do 
very  well  fur  short  streets,  lanes,  avenues,  aud  the  outskirts 
generally  of  towns.  Much  more  might  bo  said  on  this 
([uestion  of  sewerage,  but  your  space  must  also  be  taken 
into  account,  and  I  close  by  saying  that  the  broad  essentials 
for  effective  house  drainage  are — that  thesewer  should  have 
a  good  fall,  and  be  laid  with  regular  inclination  from  the 
highest  to  thu.lowest  point.  When  it  is  necessary  to  change 
the  direction  this  should  be  done  by  regular  curves  and  not 
f-harp  angles  or  bends.  Impermeability  is  of  the  last  im- 
portance to  prevent  the  exudation  of  noxious  effluvia  aud 
moisture,  and  all  openings  should  be  effectually  trapped. 
No  fall  ought  to  be  less  than  one  inch  in  ten, — Drain-pipe. 

[53-2.]— POLISH,— "J.  P."  can  polish  with  fine  emery 
and  oil. — Fitter, 

[537.]-PERIODS  OF  GOTHIC  ARCHITECTURE.— 
I  will  now  merely  remark  that  what  I  first  wrote  is  an 
exact  copy  of  the  dates  given  by  H.  S,  Burn  in  his  "  Series 
of  Architectural  Designs,"  whereas  those  by  Mr.  Fergussou 
are  somewhat  different,  the  Early  English  being  28,  Deco- 
rated 23,  and  Perpendicular  85  years  earlier,  and  other 
authors  might  be  quoted  giving  different  dates  to  both, 
which  only  goes  to  prove  that  in  this  two  "opinions  dif- 
fer." I  don't  pretend  to  defend  either  the  one  or  the  other 
— the  authors  are,  I  suppose,  quite  able  to  do  that  for  them  - 
selves,  but  here  are  statements  given  by  men  of  note, 
neither  of  whom  do  agree. 

With  respect  to  the  first  difference,  Mr.  Fergusaon  gives 
no  Transition,  but  jumps  at  once  from  Romanesque  to 
Gothic.  C.  Wickes,  in  his  "  Memorials  of  English  Me- 
diaeval Churches,  says.  "  Pointed  architecture,  with  its  new 
principles  and  different  ideal  of  beauty,  would,  not  without 
a  long  aud  severe  contest,  succeed  in  supplanting  its  time- 
honoured  predecessor,  which  was  become  consecrated  by 
hallowed  associations  and  unquestioned  success  as  the  one 

ecclesiastical  style Gothic,   as  it  firet  appeared,  was 

in  no  way  fit  to  assume  the  ascendancy,  even  if  the  Norman 
architects  were  prepared  to  yield  without  a  struggle.  Ac- 
cordingly, a  series  of  buildings,  that  may  strictly  and  ap- 
propriately be  denominated  'Transitional,*  present  them- 
selves to  notice  ....  Between  the  two  extremes  almost 
every  combination  of  Norman  and  Gotnic  details  may  be 
found.  .  ,  ,  ,  An  admirable  example  of  this  early  style  of 
,  Transition  may  be  seen  in  the  circular  part  of  the  Temple 


Church,  London"  (which  "E.  L.  G."  says  la  "alrii.nly  ]„ 
come  thoroughly  refined  English,  all  but  the  wiudM,\,, '  ] 
"  also  at  St.  Cross,  where  every  pier  arch  and  vauUinL-au 
is  pointed,  but  Gothic  forms  do  not  show  themselv..-.  .-i-, 
where  in  the  building,  except  in  the  manifest  additi  ;i  i,f 
later  period.  .  .  .  Early  English  in  less  than  half  ai-ntir 
liad  become  universally  adopted,  and  lasted  about  To  \  •  .ir^ 
Mr.  Fergussou  says  97  years,  but  the  above  passage.'-  ( ..in. 
are  somewhat  abbreviated)  may  account  for  the  lir  •  .hi 
erence,  which  was  a  transition  not  from  one  GuMu.:  t 
another  but  from  the  Circular  to  the  Pointed. 

In  Decorated,  the  authority  above  quoted  comes  n-;  ir  Mi 
Fergussou.  "The  Decorated,  in  its  two  chariLt,rs  n 
'Geometrical'  and  'Complete,'  flourished  during  tlu-  n-igit 
of  the  Three  Edwards."  But,  then,  what  becomes  of  U.  ^ 
Buru's  authority,  whom  I  first  quoted?  Again,  our  pu* 
down  Perpendicular  as  having  lasted  SO  years,  another  l(j> 
another  lt>9,  and  "  E.  L.  G."  200  years! 

In  "Glossary  of  Architecture,"  page  410,  there  art.-  enu 
merated  118  examples  of  existing  Saxon  architecture  in  a 
many  different  places  and  in  23  counties,  and  they  also  ea, 
that ' '  further  research  will  doubtlessly  bring  other  example 
says,  page  041,  "They  are  all  either  lime  or  dua 
into  notice."  I  say  there  is  no  Saxon  style.  "  E.  L.  G. 
under  our  feet,  except  the  carcase  of  Waltham  and  a  hi 
or  two  of  Westminster  Abbi^y."  But  all  this  comes  quit 
naturally  from  one  who,  passing  the  present,  looks  wizar 
like  into  the  future,  and  discovers  that  in  a  few  years  mon 
"  thauks  to  the  Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects,  tber 
shall  be  no  Earlj-  English  or  Edwardian." — PROVihxiAL. 


[537.  ] — I  have  noticed  in  your  journal  the  letters  of  "  Pp 
vincial,"  in  the  latter  part  of  which  he  associates  the  Gothi 
style  with  "  Romish  ideas,"  Perhaps  it  is  well  to  state  th:j 
if  there  is  any  one  style  associated  with  the  Roman  Ohurc 
it  is  the  "  Romanesque  style."  During  its  prevalt-nce  i 
England  and  France  all  the  architects  were  monks,  who 
at  that  time,  were  almost  the  only  enlightened  member 
of  society.  When,  however,  the  Gothic  system  of  construe 
tion  was  adopted,  architecture  had  left  the  walls  cf  tb 
cloLsters  and  was  practised  by  artists  who  were  lay  men 
bers  of  the  community. — H,  Rexault-SLvsgin,  Sept.  19. 


[o42.]— DRAWING  ON  WOOD.— Allow  me  to  use  you 
columns  to  reply  to  "  A.  L."  In  the  first  place,  the  block 
must  be  got.  Put  a  little  powdered  flake  white  overth 
surface,  aud  commence  with,  a  simple  design.  Thetiencil 
must  be  very  hard  and  fine,  and  cin  be  got  at  any  artist- 
colour  shnp  on  describing  for  what  purpose  they  arc  u  .mteii 
The  tinting  aud  dark  lines  are  put  in  mth  Indi.ui  ink 
ami  this  is  a  point  where  the  beginner  must  have  patieace 
as  it  is  not  an  easy  matter  to  get  the  tints  unifiirml 
washed  in.  There  is  no  more  real  difficulty  in  drawini 
upon  wood  than  upon  paper,  except  that  it  is  more  tediom 
and  tries  the  sight  more.  — Eye  raver, 

[5G1.]  — REMOVING  PAINT,  —Your  corresp^nden 
"  R.  L.  B. "  will  never  be  able  to  clean  stone  that  has  bee: 
painted  and  repainted  for  years.  The  only  way  to  reuiov 
it  woirtd  be  to  redress  the  surface  of  the  stone,  but  tliis  h 
does  not  want  to  do.  Even  if  he  succeeded,  bytlieuseo 
turpentine  and  acids,  to  clean  the  stone  partially,  it  woul< 
always  be  permanently  discoloured,  aud  look  much  mor 
patchy  and  unsightly  than  if  it  had  been  left  alone.  St«ne 
fresh  painted,  may  be  cleaned,  because  the  paint  has  no 
become,  as  it  were,  incorporated  with  the  etone,  butj 
once  it  has  had  the  time  to  act  chemicaUy  upon  the  com 
position  of  the  stone,  the  case  is  hopeless. — Decorator. 

[562.] -POT ASH. — iSM  granites  contain  potash  and  soda 
ihe  two  ingredients  invariablylbeing  present  together, 
amounting,   in  the  older  formed  beds,  to  as  much  a;  7  pe 
cent.     I  do  not  see  any  method,  except  that  of  analysis, 
detecting  the  small  quantity  of  potash  and  soda  that 
be  found  in  sand,  supposed  to  be  the  result  of  the  diai 
gration    of  granite   containing  those  ingredients,  nor 
see  any  objection  to  using  it  for  mortar,  as  the  proportibi 
is  so  so^lL  -  Stosecutter^ 

[5G5.]  — ARCHITECTURE. —"A  Country  Builder' 
should  obtain  Parker's  sixth  edition  of  Rickraan's  "  Atteafflr 
to  Discriminate  the  Styles,  &c.,"  published  by  J.  % 
Parker,  in  1S62.— E.  L   G. 

[SCO.]— CENTROLINEAD.— "S.  T."  would  thorou|^ 
imderstand  this  very  clumsy  tool  by  referring  to  reply  ^ 
p.  605,  and  observing  that  it  is  merely  the  two  straiglr 
ed^es  E  B,  BD,  of  the  board  there  represented,  with  the 
diUon  of  a  ruler  continuing  th*i  line  B')  or  feB  towardiO 
from  the  centre  of  curvature.  As  this  instrument;li 
commonly  sold,  there  could  hartUy  be  a  ruder  espedi^ 
for  its  purpose.  It  should  not  pive  the  user  the  ti 
of  setting  the  ruler  at  equal  angles  to  the  two  armSj 
justment  almost  impossi- 
ble to  make  with  auy  ac- 
curacy, but  should  be 
self-adjusting,  thus  : — 
The  bars  BB,  being  of 
equal  length,  and  their 
joint  sliding  in  a  groove 
of  the  ruler  at  S,  they 
necessarily  keep  the  two 
arms  AA  always  equally 
inclined  to  it.  Having 
the  two  points  jq  at 
equal  distances  from  the 
centre  whence  your  lines 
are  to  diverge,  you  have 
but  to  set  one  arm  against 
one     of    them     p,     the 

fork  of    the    arms    at     q,    and    the     ruler    in    a 
with     this     and     the    centre,     and     damn    firmly 
slide     S.         Two     pins    pi>^    being      then     driven,    , 
alioutthe  mid-length  of  the  edge  of  each  arm,  you  keep  the  J 
instrument  pressed  against 
these  pins.      A  mere    T- 
square  with  a  longer  stock 
than  usual,  formed  on  the 
back  to  two  straight  eges 
inclined  only  5  or  10  deg., 
will   be    found    quite    as 
useful     as    the    common 
jointed  centrolinead.      If 
the  angle  at  the  back  be 
170  deg, .  or  the  two  edges 
inclined  10  deg,,  the  two 
bodies  against  which  you 
press  at  pp,   will  subtend 
20  deg.  at  the  centre  of  convergence,  and  in  any  case  twi  •■ 
the  angle  that  the  two  parts  of  the  back  are  incline'!  ti 


Skptember  20,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


659 


:  rhor.      Thus,   bv  bringing  rp  nearer  together,  the 
.iug  point  is  brought  nearer,  in  just  the  same  ratio. — 


I— WHAT  IS  CU.STOMARY?— In  my  opinion,  the 
vt  c.in  only  charge  the  usual  '2\  per  cent,  for  prepar- 

Uiis,  speciticatious,  and  eatim,at*?s  for  work  that  «.i* 
trrieil  out.  Xo  bonn  fiiie.  architect  would  take  out 
ties  for  builders  and  he  certainly  ha-*  no  right  to  do 
lie  exi>ens«  of  hi^emnloyer  without  his  consent  and 

r..T.ation.— Another  Chip. 


i|  — ROLLIXG     MACAUAMISED     nOAHS.  —  In 

1  to  "C.  M.,"in  your  "IntercommuDication"  column 

Uing  macadamised  roads,  I  have  had  some  experieiu-e 

rniing  roads,  and   find   rolling    binds  the  m<aterial. 

^-  it  an  even  surfiioe  and  smooth  travelling.     Inime- 

V  the  road  is  metalletl,  the  expeu.se  in   keeping  the 

;i  rei>air,  and  al.sti  in  material,  is  les.sened :  the  saving 

■es  and  vehicle.^  is  something  considerable.     The  Ijest 

.  amioubtedly,  is  that  patented  by  Amies,  Curford. 

;    1  i.rapany,  liaving  water-ball.a-t.     All  the  roads  where 

■  'vt-n  materials  are  used  are  rolled  in  Paris,  and  I  should 

I    to  see  the  s.ame  carried  out  in  London. — J.  R. 


n.l— ARCHITECTURAL    MODELS.— I    alw.ays  u-se 
J     Parian  cement  for  motlels.— Jame.s  Saxbv,  Rams^ate. 


STATUES,  MEMORIALS,  ETC. 

imauguration  of  a  statue  to  M.  Billault,  the  cele- 
i  French  minister,  h.a3  just  taken  place  at  Xant^s. 
few  days  ago  a  monument  wa.s  erected  at  Paris  in  the 
ipo  Santo,  to  the  eelebrat^jd  Catiilaui.  The  monument 
fleents  St.  Cecilia,  the  patroness  of  musicians. 
i«  l»rso  monument  to  l.uther,  at  Worms,  will  not  be 
SUrated  for  a  year.  This  composition,  by  Reitschel, 
iats  of  twelve  statues,  eight  medallion  portraits,  thirty- 
ooat«  of  arms,  and  twenty-two  bas-relie&. 


STAINED   GLASS. 

ree  »t?incd  glass  windows,  etecuted  bv  Thom.as  Baillie 
Co.,  of  Wardour-street.  have  just  been  erected  in  the 
b  aisle  of  Edenham  Church,  Lincolnshire  as  a  me- 
al to  the  late  Lord  and  Lady  Willoughbv  de  Erosbv 
a  commemoration  of  their  worth.  Thev  are  couplet 
Oira.  with  tracery  lights,  and  are  divided  in  the  centre 
one  transoms,  so  that  there  are  four  openings  in  each 


LEGAL  INTELLIGENCE, 
decision  of  gre.%t  importance,  in  connection 
I  the  sanitary  condition  of  large  cities,  was 
Q  in  the  Recorder's  Court,  Dtiblin,  last  week. 
ie  persons,  owners  of  dairy  yards  and  pig- 
»,  who  had  been  directed  by  the  police  ma- 
ates  to  abate  nuisances  arising  from  the  con- 

0  of   their  premises,    appealed  against    the 
r  so  made.     The   question   before  the  court 

»  whether  there  existed   any   right  of  appeal 
ui  T  the  Act— the  "  Public  Health  Act,  1866,"— 

■  jrdance  with  the  provisions  of  which  the 
s  had  been  made.  The  Recorder  decided 
it  the  appellants,  thus  sustaining  the  sum- 
jurisdiction  of  the  magistrates. 

■■.  Joseph  Howe,  a  master  bricklayer  at 
pool,  summoned  one  of  his  apnrentices  for 
ading  from  his  service.  On  "Tuesday  he 
i  to  be  allowed  to  withdraw  the  summons,  on 
-ound  that  the  imion  had  threatened  to  force 
.3  men  to  quit  his  employment  if  he  pro- 
■1  against  the  lad.  The  summons  was 
Jingly  withdrawn. 

.i:iCH  OF  THE  Building  Act.— Mr.  Reynolds, 
erponl  builder,  was  summoned,  the  other 
ior  a  breach  of  the  Building  Act  (42nd  Sec- 
which  provides  that  any  person  who,  havin" 
commenced  any  building  requiring  coni- 
-■e  with  the  provisions  of  the  act,  should 
ud  progress  towards  completion  of  such 
iug  for  any  period  exceeding  two  months, 
should  again  go  on  with  the  same  without 
,'  notice  to  the  building  surveyor,   shall  be 

■  to  a  fine  not  exceeding  £20.— Mr.  John- 
one   of    the    borough    building    surveyors, 

1  that  the   defendant   began  to  erect  store- 

5  at  the  rear  of  the  house  No.  84,  Pitt-street, 

ly  last,  but  as  the  building  was  not  proceeded 

■    in  conformity  with  the  plans,  the  work  was 

1  uded   for  about   three  months,  when  opera 

were    resumed    without    any  notice  being 

to  the   proper   authorities. — Mr.  Thornley, 

ippeared  for  the  defendant,  said   his  client 

uo  intention  to  evade   the  provisions  of  the 

i;ng  Act. — Mr.  Raffles  said  he  considered  the 

'  oroved,  and  would  inflict  a   mitigated  fine  of 

"■.nd  costs. 

LLL-Ti.s-G  THE  THAMES.— At 'Wandsworth,  on 
day,  Mr.  Dayman  disposed  of  two  summonses 

■  1  had  been  taken  out  by  one  of  the  officers  of 
'hames  Board  of  Conservancy,  against  Price's 
le  Company,  for  allowing  a  quantity  of  offen- 
Q.itter   to  tljw   from  their  premises  into  the 

The  defence  was  that  the  discharge  of  the 
:ve  matter  into  the  Thames  was  accidental, 
jt  wilful.     Mr.  Dayman  held  that  it  was  the 


duty  of  the  company  to  provide  against  accidents. 
He  said  th  it  jier.^ons  who  had  materials  %vhich 
would  pollute  the  river  ought  to  he  more  careful, 
and  to  mark  his  sense  of  what  he  considered  the 
company  ought  to  do  he  should  fine  them  20s.  in 
each  case,  with  costs. 


diiittral  Items. 


As  an  evidence  of  the  abundance  and  cheapness 
of  money,  we  may  observe  that  the  Temperance 
Permanent  Land  and  Building  Society,  Moor- 
gate. street,  following  the  example  of  the  great 
banking  institutions,  has  reduced  the  interest 
allowed  its  depositors  from  5  to  4  per  cent.  This 
society  may  be  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  re- 
markable of  its  kind  of  modern  times.  During  its 
existence  it  has  advanced  on  house  property  alone 
above  £300,000.  The  number  of  members  interested 
either  as  investors  or  borrowers  is  about  7,500,  and 
the  number  of  houses  erected,  completed,  or  pur- 
chased by  members,  with  the  assistance  of  the 
society,  exceeds  3,500.  In  consequence  of  the 
plethora  of  money,  the  society  has  now  large 
funds  on  hand  waiting  for  appropruvtion,  which 
ia,  of  course,  good  news  for  builders  and  others 
requiring  help  and  possessing  acceptable  secu- 
rities. 

The  Pugin  v.  Barry  controversy  still  goes  on, 
and  at  present  Mr.  Pugin  appears  to  be  getting 
the  best  of  it.  Several  letters  have  appeared  in 
the  Times  and  elsewhere,  which  no  doubt  wUl  be 
reproduced  in  the  intended  pamphlet.  The 
matter,  at  all  events,  is  not  to  be  snufTed  out  so 
easily  as  the  Pali  Mall  Gazette  imagined.  The 
controversy,  so  far  as  it  has  gone,  shows  that  Mr.  E. 
W.  Pugin  did  not  take  up  the  gauntlet  thought- 
lessly, or  without  a  vast  amount  of  data  ;  and  no 
one  can  deny  that  he  exhibits  remarkable  ability 
in  conducting  his  case.  He  is  determined  that  his 
father's  fame  shall  not,  if  possible,  suff'er  in  his 
hands,  and  if  he  is  unsuccessful  in  establishing  his 
position,  it  will  not  be  for  the  want  of  ardour,  in- 
dustry, and  eloquence.  In  to-day's  impression  of 
the  BuiLDiNQ  News  will  be  found  a  letter  from  a 
correspondent,  who,  in  the  first  place,  thought  that 
Mr.  Pugin  failed  to  prove  his  case,  and  that  Sir 
Charles  Barry  was  the  architect  of  the  Houses  of 
Parliament,  Lut  after  a  careful  examination  of 
the  churches  erected  in  London  by  Sir  Charles — 
when  he  had  apparently  every  opportunity  for 
the  display  of  his  ability — our  correspondent  has 
altered  his  opinion.  He  says  there  is  an  impass- 
able gulf  between  these  churches  and  the  Houses 
of  Parliament,  and  that  it  is  next  to  impossible  for 
them  to  have  proceeded  from  the  same  architec- 
tural brain.  We  can  only  testify  that  our  corre- 
spondent,  who  is  one  of  our  regular  contr  ibutors, 
speaks  disinterestedly  and  impartially  in  the 
matter. 

A  correspondent  says  : — I  sincerely  hope  the 
rector  of  Llantriasant,  South  Wales,  and  Mr. 
Prichard.  architect,  have  read  your  leader  of 
last  week,  which  will,  I  think,  induce  them  to 
reverse  their  intentions.  At  the  church  there 
(which  I  have  just  visited)  one  of  the  pointed 
struts  of  the  roof — which  is  a  good  specimen  of 
Decorated — having  fallen,  and  another  showing 
signs  of  weakness,  the  architect,  instead  of  re- 
pairing the  same,  or  at  least  inserting  similar 
ones,  and  thus  retaining  the  original  forms — pur- 
poses to  sweep  the  entire  roof  away  and  insert  a 
bran  new  one.  Unless  the  new  one  is  a  great  im- 
provement on  the  porch  roof  which  Mr.  Prichard 
has  erected,  it  will  scarcely  match  in  the  twentieth 
part  the  beauty  of  the  present  venerable  one. 

Mr.  John  Roddis,  of  Birmingham,  has  com- 
pleted the  last  of  a  series  of  figures,  thirty-three 
in  number,  for  the  chapel  of  St.  Andrew,  in 
Gloucester  Cathedral,  at  present  being  restored 
under  the  direction  of  Mr.  T.  Gambier  Parry  and 
Mr.  Gilbert  Scott,  R.A.  The  same  artist  has  just 
erected  a  reredos  in  St.  Luke's  Church,  Chel- 
tenham, from  a  design  by  Mr.  J.  Middleton. 

Her  Majesty  has  presented  £100  towards  the 
fund  for  the  restoration  of  St.  Machar  Cathedral, 
Aberdeen,  one  of  thi  most  interesting  reUgious 
edifices  in  Scotland. 

It  is  contemplated,  on  the  completion  of  a  new 
railroad  from  London  to  Liverpool,  to  run  express 
trains  which  will  surpass  anything  yet  realized  in 
railway  tr.U'elling  in  any  country.  The  whole  dis- 
tance between  these  stations — over  two  hundred 
mile.s — will  be  run  without  a  single  stoppage,  and 
the  time  occupied  will  be  four  and  a-half  hours, 
the  speed  being  at  the  extraordinary  rate  of 
eighty-one  miles  iu  hour. 


The  adjourned  annual  general  meeting  of  the 
Builders  Clerks'  Benevolent  Institution  will  take 
place  at  14,  Bedford-row,  W.C.,  at  half-past  seven 
o'clock  on  the  23rd  inst.,  Jlr.  Wm.  Henshaw,  pre- 
sident for  the  ensuing  year,  will  take  the  chair. 

At  Bootle,  llr.  Bell,  a  master  joiner  and  builder, 
whUe  engaged  in  overlooking  some  work  on  the 
upper  storey  of  some  new  buildings,  by  some  meau.s 
missed  his  footing  and  fell  to  the  ground.  His 
head  came  in  contact  with  the  ground  with  such 
fearful  force  that  his  skull  was  smashed  in,  and 
death  was  almost  instantaneous. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  committee  of  the  Abbot 
Orphan.age,  Newcastle,  on  Wednesday,  it  was  de. 
cided  to  accept  Mr.  Walter  Scott's  tender  for  erect- 
ing the  building.  The  tenders  amounted  to 
£4,030  for  the  building,  and  £134  lis.  7d.  for  the 
boundary  wall. 

According  to  the  Alhenwum  Mr.  Watts  pro- 
poses to  exhibit  at  the  next  Royal  Academy  ga- 
thering an  heroic-sized  bust  of  Clytie  turning  to 
the  last  r.ays  of  the  Sun.  The  bust  represents  the 
lover  of  Phcebiis  as  issuing  from  the  sunflower ; 
and  with  an  admirably  conveyed  expression  of 
languor  and  delightful  longing  for  rapture  that  is 
fleeting,  rolling  her  head  sideways  and  backwards 
on  the  neck  and  lifted  shoulder ;  the  throat  in 
front  makes  a  rich  curve  as,  with  the  action  of  the 
basking  head,  the  exuberant  shoulders  thrust  it 
forward.  The  bosom  is  uncovered.  The  arm^  are 
brought  close  to  the  sides  of  the  figure,  as  if  it 
drew  all  itself  together  in  a  final  ecstatic  sigh. 

The  importance  and  practicability  of  a  tunnel 
beneath  the  Mersey,  in  order  to  brmg  into  more 
effective  union  the  Birkenhead  and  Liverpool 
Docks,  has  been  brought  before  the  Mersey  Dock 
Board  by  Mr.  Hawkshaw,  civil  engineer.  Mr. 
Hawkshaw  thinks  that  the  best  point  for  crossing 
is  between  New  Brighton  and  Bootle,  as  the  exist- 
ing dock  lines  could  be  thus  connected  more  easily 
and  cheaply,  while  the  rock  at  New  Brighcou  offers 
certain  facilities  for  working.  Though  the  river 
is  wider  at  this  point,  Mr.  Hawkshvv  thinks  less  tun- 
nelling would  be  required  than  if  the  work  were  un- 
dertaken further  south.  He  estimates  that  the 
cost,  allowing  for  contingencies  and  excess  of 
estimates  would  be  under  one  million  sterling,  and 
that  the  importance  both  to  the  railway  interest 
and  the  Mersey  Board  of  placing  the  Liverpool 
and  Birkenhead  Docks  in  direct  communication 
with  the  most  important  lines  in  the  district  would 
fully  justify  the  expenditure. 

Messrs.  F.  Braby  and  Co.,  of  Fitzroy  Works, 
Eustouroad,  write: — In  reply  to  "C.  H.'s"  letter 
in  your  last  number,  we  beg  to  state  that  we  are 
prepared  to  cover  s:raightforward  flats  of  good  di- 
mensions with  No.  14  gauge  Vieille  Montague  zinc 
(laid  to  the  satisfaction  of  Messrs.  Fishers',  the 
company's  architects),  for  TJd.  per  squarefoot, "  not 
measuring  all  the  zinc  used,  but  stretching  a  line 
from  eaves  to  ridge,  and  from  side  to  side,  girting 
nothing,  and  adding  nothing  for  rolls,  caps,  welts, 
&c."  We  are  also  prepared  to  give  a  written 
guarantee  to  keep  such  roofs  in  repair  for  periods 
of  from  10  to  25  years,  according  to  the  gauge  and 
circumstances.  A  fall  of  about  oin.  in  the  length 
of  a  sheet  issufEcient,  but  we  do  not  think  it  ne- 
cessary to  make  a  drip  to  more  than  to  every  second 
sheet  Sft.  long,  and  as  there  are  few  flats  having  a 
length  from  ridge  to  eaves  of  more  than  16ft., 
drips  are  seldom  required. 

The  annual  meeting  of  the  General  Builders' 
Association,  which  was  to  have  been  held  on  the 
26th  inst.,  at  Harrogate,  is  postponed  to  the  10th 
of  October,  on  account  of  the  continued  presence 
of  the  secretary  at  the  inquiry  into  Trades'  Unions 
at  Manchester. 

The  authorities  of  Paris  are  said  to  have  under 
consideration  a  project  for  throwing  foot-bridges 
over  the  most  crowded  for  the  many  crowded 
thoroughfares  of  that  city.  This  is  becoming 
extremely  necessary,  especially  in  the  Boulevards. 

Mr.  Grove  publishes  a  report  which  he  has  just 
received  from  Lieutenant  Warren,  R.E.,  who  is 
conducting  the  explorations  in  Jerusalem  for  the 
Palestine  Exploration  Fund.  At  the  Dead  Sea  he 
found,  with  some  difficulty,  the  Ordnance  Survey 
Bench  mark,  which  is  in  good  preservation,  but  is 
covered  up.  The  level  of  the  sea  is  within  a 
foot  cf  what  it  was  when  Captain  Wilson 
levelled  there,  but  during  the  spring  months  it 
must  have  been  5ft.  tiin.  higher.  Lieutenant 
Warren  has  surveyed  on  the  other  side  of  Jordan 
about  400  square  miles,  which,  with  600  to  S.W. 
of  Jerusalem,  and  250  in  Jordan  Valley,  will  make 
in  all  1,250  square  miles. 


660 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


September  20,  1867. 


The  North  London  Railway,  in  making  the  ap- 
proaches to  the  terminus  in  Liverpool-street, 
removed  a  brick  wall  in  which  %va3  a  stone  with 
the  following  inscription  : — "  Thomas  Kowe,  mdes, 
cum  prajtor  esset  Londiuensis,  hunc  locum 
reipublicio  in  usum  publicie  sepultura:  communem 
suo  sumptu  dedicavit.  Anno  Domini  1569." 
This  was  one  of  the  most  memorable  of  London's 
Lord  Mayors.  The  family  of  Koe,  or  Rowe,  came 
out  of  Kent;  Sir  Thomas,  the  son  of  Thomas 
Rowe,  of  Penshurst,  was  sometime  Lord  Mayor  of 
London,  settled  at  bhacklewell,  and  died  in  1570. 
He  was  buried  at  Hackney  old  church,  where  was 
a  monument  of  him  in  the  south  aisle  until  179S, 
when  in  pulling  down  the  church  his  monument 
was  broken  and  the  fragments  of  his  figure  were 
removed  into  the  Rowe  chapel,  which  was  pre- 
served with  the  tower.  He  was  buried  in  a  most 
splendid  manner,  having  directed  by  his  will  that 
there  should  be  20  priests  to  sing  psalms,  to  these 
he  gave  23.  each ;  that  two  heralds  should  have 
two  black  gowns  worth  £2  each  or  £1  in  money, 
for  ceremonies;  that  40  black  gowns  worth  20s. 
each  be  given  to  40  "  pore  men  "  to  accompany 
his  corpse;  26s.  8d.  in  money,  or  a  black  gown  of 
that  value  "  to  a  godly  man  for  making  a  sermon." 

A  cute  Yankee  at  Dayton  has  concocted  a  new 
advertising  scheme.  He  sent  a  silk  bajloou  seve- 
ral hundred  feet  in  the  air,  when  a  patent  fuse  ex- 
ploded a  large  bag  full  of  circulars,  and  they  came 
fluttering  down  to  all  parts  of  the  city. 

A  large  portion  of  land  near  the  Lyndhurst-road 
station  m  the  New  Forrest  has  just  been  enclosed 
for  the  purpose  of  gi owing  timber.  Only  oaks 
and  beeches  are  planted  in  the  forest,  and  their 
growth  is  protected  by  t'ae  previous  planting  of 
lirs.  There  are  now  only  about  one  hundred  deer 
in  the  forest,  and  they  are  ohielly  met  with  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Fritham  and  Beaulieu  Manor, 
where  there  is  good  cover  for  them.  Foxes 
abound  in  the  forest,  and  they  keep  the  game 
from  being  too  plentiful.  Formerly  they  used  to 
feast  on  the  sick  and  weak  deer. 


patents  kx  |iibnitioits 

CONNECTED     WITH     THE     IIUILDINO     TRADE. 


277.  G.  RUSSELL.  Improvements  in  Steam  Cranes. 
Dated  February  1,  1SG7. 

Thin  iuveatiou  relates  to  steam  craues,  and  also  to 
cranes  which  ai'e  moved  by  any  other  power  whieh  swinj 
or  slow  the  load  in  a  circle  by  means  of  gearing,  aud  ha^ 
for  object  to  prevent  breakages  or  accideutd  by  arranging 
the  slewing  gear  in  such  a  manner  that,  should  the  jio  or 
other  part  of  the  crane  be  obstructed  wlute  iu  process  of 
slewing,  the  crane  may  cease  to  swing,  while,  at  the  sanio 
time,  the  engines  or  motive  power  continue  in  motion,  and 
aldo  that,  when  the  slewing  motion  is  put  in  gear  with 
The  motive  power,  the  ciane  will  start  gradually,  and  not 
hi  suddenly  jerked.    Fattnt  completed. 

297.  J.  STUBB3.  Improvements  in  Furnaces  or 
Fireplaces  for  the  i'REVENTiuN  of  Smoke.  Dated 
Februarv  2,  18ti7. 

This  invention  relates  to  a  peculiar  construction  and 
arraugemeut  of  furnaces  oi  fireplaces  applicable  to  steam 
generators,  ealt  pans,  and  other  purposes,  whereby  tho 
prevention  of  smoke  is  oaected.  According  to  this  inven- 
tion it  is  proposed  to  construct  at  the  back  ends  of  the 
firebars,  and  on  each  side  of  the  furnace,  two  aljutments 
or  projections  uf  hi'ebricks  or  fireclay  lumps,  in  oider  lo 
preveut  the  smoke  am.!  gases  from  passing  along  the  aide 
wall  of  the  fiuuace,  and  to  deflect  the  same  under  an  arch 
or  bridge,  also  built  of  firebrick  or  fii'eclay  blocks,  and 
spanning  the  space  between  the  said  abutments  or  projec- 
tions. This  ;u'ch  or  bridge  may  be  either  t-olid  ur  per- 
forated, and  the  buiming  luel  is  to  be  pushed  imder  it 
whilst  fresh  fuel  is  thrown  on  to  the  front  portion  uf  the 
;,^rate.  The  smoke  and  nnconsumed  gases  from  the  fresh 
fuel  pass  under  and  over  the  firebrick  arcli  or  bridge  wheie 
tiiey  are  ignited  and  efl'ectualiy  consumed,  i'atejit  aban- 
doned, 

30i3.  M.  COCKERELL.  Improvements  in  Locks. 
Dated  Febniary  4,  lti07. 

This  invention  is  particularly  applicable  to  those  de- 
scriptions of  locks  in  which  a  latch  or  catch  is  employed, 
3Uch  113  moitise  or  lap  door  locks.  According  to  tiie  pre- 
sent invention  tho  latch  is  thrown  back  on  one  side  by 
pressing  the  haiuUe  on  the  spindle,  and  on  the  other  side 
oy  piillmg  it.  A  convenient  arraugemeut  for  carrying  the 
invention  into  e  >ect  is  tlie  following  : — In  the  end  o:  the 
horizontal  bar  forming  the  latch  the  inventor  inserts  a 
lever  having  its  fulcnuu  at  some  fiied  point  within  the 
case,  to  allow  sufficient  room  for  the  play  of  the  horizontal 
bar,  With  a  spring  between  the  lever  and  the  frame  of  the 
case,  which  always  tends  to  keep  the  latch  or  bolt  shot. 
This  lever  abuts  against  a  sort  of  balanced  quadrant,  and 
througli  which  the  door  spindle  passes.  iJy  jjushiug  the 
spindle  in  one  direction,  or  diawing  it  iu  tliu  otlier,  the 
quadrant  presses  against  the  lever,  which  itself  di'aws 
back  the  latch,  and  on  releasing  tho  spindle  the  spring  at 
the  back  of  tho  lever  again  shoots  the  latch.  To  give 
hutlitieuci  play  to  the  handled  when  niuunted  on  tho 
spindle,  he  forms  a  socket  in  the  handle  plate,  into  which 
tiis  handle  is  tree  to  move  to  and  fro  when  pushed  or 
pulled,  or  when  the  latch  has  motion  otherwise  impaited 
o  It.     ^uUul  uOanU<JncU, 


^mk  B^tos. 


TENDERS. 

Abingdon.— For  boundary  walls  and  gates  to  the  pro- 
posed new  vicarage  erecting  at  Abingdon.  Mr.  Edwin 
Dolby,  architect  :-Selby  (brick  wall),  £224;  Cleft  (oak 
fence).  £110. 

BiRMiNunAM.—For  the  Slasonic  Hall  and  Club  Buildinga, 
in  New-street  r—Nadeu  and  Son.  £17,000  ;  H.  B.  and  N. 
Smith,  £16.950;  Uardwick  and  Son,  £15,985;  Alatthews, 
£15,SoO;  Parnell  and  Son.  £15,500;  W.  and  J.  Webb, 
£15,07a  ;  Mofiat,  £14,896.  (The  teuder  of  Mr.  Moffatt,  not 
being  in  accordance  with  the  form  of  instruction  issued, 
the  next  lowest— that  of  Messrs.  W.  and  J.  Webb -was 
accepted  by  the  directors. 

Bakkbv  Thorpe. — For  alterations  and  additions  at 
Barkby  Thorpe,  near  Leicester.  Mr.  R.  W.  Johnson,  ar- 
chitect: —Halliday  and  Cave,  £1,415;  Fast,  £1,310;  Her 
bert,  £1,19*) ;  Osborne,  £1,1S3  ;  Neale  and  Sons,  £1.122  10s. 

Claydon. — For  alterations  and  additions  to  the  Par- 
sonage House  at  Claydon,  Oxon,  the  incumbent  providing 
stone,  sand,  and  hauling.  Mr.  Edwin  Dolby,  architect  :^ 
Waller,  £307. 

Croydon.— For  villa  residence  for  Mr.  John  Moore.  Mr. 
W.  Lambert,  architect:-- -Glaskin,  £5,011;  Mansfield, 
£4,685;  Adamsou,  £4,666;  Calls  and  Son,  £4,036  ;  Francis, 
£4.5^0;  Higgs,  £4,517  ;  Webb  and  Sons,  £4,510  ;, Newman 
and  Mann,  Jt4,502. 

Exeter. — For  house  and  smithy,  at  Cowley,  near  Exeter, 
for  Mr.  Thomas  Blackall.  Mr.  Edwin  Dolby,  architect ; — 
Woodman,  £230  ;  Mitchell,  £227  ;  Stevens,  £226  ;  Godbeer 
and  Cules,  £210  lis.  lid. ;  Inch,  £207. 

FiNEDHN. — For  temperence  hall  at  Finedon,  Noithamp- 
taushire,  Mr.  R.  W.  Johnson,  architect  ; — Whitteringand 
Wallingdon,  Finedon,  £774  ;  Watkin,  Northampton,  i:900 ; 
Wilson,  Ketterin-,  £SSS  ;  Burton  and  Co..  Rothwell,  £«S6; 
Perkins,  Leicester,  £826  ;  Hendon,  Finedon,  £797. 

Finedon. — New  schools,  Finedon.  Northamptonshire, 
Mr.  R.  W.  Johnson,  architect,  Melton  and  Leicester:  — 
Watkin,  £690;  Wilson,  £695;  Barlow  and  Bntten,  £065; 
Heusen,  £060  ;  Whitteringand  WalLuigton,  £639. 

HoLBORN. — Alterations  to  the  Coach  and  Horses,  High 
Holborn.  for  Mr.  Charles  Shalless.  Mr.  H.  Roberts,  archi- 
tect and  Surveyor,  Greenwich  :  —  F.  Fenn,  £400;  S.  S. 
Josephs,  £317  ;  Messrs.  Hoare  and  Postlethwaite,  £205. 

IsLiNOTON. — For  building  a  dining  hall,  &.c  ,  at  the  Agri- 
cultural Hall,  Islington: — Carter  and  Soils,  £11,S50;  WUt- 
shire,  £11,097  :  Ferry,  £10.777  ;  William-s,  £10,G10  ;  Axford, 
£9,y84;  Shawman,  £9,863;  Webb  and  Sons,  £9,598  ;  Hill 
and  Keddell,  £9,'.;05  ;  Richardsou.  £y,150  ;  Brass.  £S,SS7. 

Kettering.  — For  works  in  addition  to  premises  at  Ket- 
tering, North  Hants.  Mr.  R.  W.  Johnson,  architect: — 
Hawthorn,  £365 ;  Wilson,  £352  lOa.  ;  Buswell  and  Heuson, 
£339. 

KETTERiNO.-For  works  at  Kettering.  Mr.  R.  W.  John- 
son, architect : — Wilson,  £451 ;  Hawthorn,  £439. 

Kincsclere. — For  alterations  and  additions  to  Wood- 
lands Parsonage,  near  Kingsclcre,  Hants.  Mr.  Edwin 
Dolby,  architect; — Rabbitts,  £175. 

London. — For  alterations  i.t  15,  Bridgewater-square,  for 
C.  Berg,  Esq.  filr.  Thomas  J.  Hill,  architect : — Moreland 
and  Burton,  £765  ;  England,  £74y  ;  Perry  (accepted),  £otiS. 

London. — For  a  manufactory,  Norman'a-buildings,  St, 
Luke's,  for  R,  Sheppard,  Esq.  Mr.  Thomas  J.  Hill,  archi- 
tect:— Moreland  and  Burton,  £3.3ft8;  Page,  £3,220;  Taylor, 
£3,150;  Anley,  £2,725  :  Perry,  £2,675  ;  Sabey,  £2,390. 

London. — For  works  in  Boundary-street,  Shoreditch,  for 
R.  C.  Nettlefield,  Esq.  ilr.  Thomas  J.  Hill,  architect:— 
Fritchard,  £275;  Brown  and  Sons  (accepted),  £198. 

London. — For  works  at  Tottenham,  for  W.  Robinson, 
Esq.  (Second  Contract).  Mr.  Thomas  J.  Hill,  architect.— 
Pattmau,  Bros,  (accepted),  £948. 

New  BuiLDiNOB  for  Leu'e.s  Union. — H.  Curry,  Esq., 
architect: — Jabea  Reynolds,  £15,152 ;  Myers  and  Sons, 
£14,077;  Keeble,£  14.365;  Howell,  £13,955;  Hart,  i;13,Sa4; 
Kirk,  £13,715;  Nightingale,  £13,484;  Sawyer,  £13.333; 
Heritage  and  Son,  £13,305;  Henshaw,  £13,301;  Higgs, 
£13,272;  Sinims  and  Martin,  £12,946;  Card  and  Sun, 
£12,875 ;  Cheeseman  and  Co.,  £12,810  ;  Peerless,  £12,552  ; 
Berry,  £11,^03  ;  Thorn  and  Co.,  £11,733  ;  Chappell, 
£11,397  ;  John  Perry,  jxm.,  £10,651. 

Public  Hall  at  Soltth  Norwood — C.  T.  Barker,  Esq., 
architect:— Carter,  £2,300;  Carter,  £2,250;  Myers,  £2,200; 
Nixon,  1.2,198  ;  Henshaw,  £2,143  ;  Higgs,  £2,065  ;  Pollard, 
£1,775. 

Roth  WELL. — For  farm  premises  at  Rothwell,  North 
Hants.  Mr.  R.  V.\  Johnson,  Melton  and  Leicester,  archi- 
tect : — Sharman,  Kettering,  £675  10s.  ;  Barlow  ami  Han- 
yon.  Harbro',  i^66S ;  Austin,  Rothwell,  £628 ;  Wilson, 
Kettering,  £019  ;  Barlow  and  Britten,  Rothwell,  £500  163. ; 
Haycock,  Rothwell,  £493  ISs. 


BATH  STONE  OF  BEST  QUALITY, 

Randell  and  SACNOEitd,  Quarrymen  and  Stone  Mei- 
cliants,  Bath.  Lidt  of  Prices  at  the  Quarries  and  Depots, 
also  Cost  for  Transit  to  any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
furnished  on  appUcation  to  Bath  Stone  Olfice,  Corsham, 
Wilts.- [Acvt.J 


PROPfiRTY  SALES. 

Sept.  11. 

At  the  Mart. — By  Messrs.  J.  and  E.  Baddeley.— Lease- 
hold three  houses,  Nos.  10,  32,  and  34,  Richard-street,  Com- 
mercial-road, producing  £63  10s.  peraunum — sold  for  £385. 

Leasehold,  two  houses,  Nos.  51  and  53,  Jane-street,  Com- 
mercial-road, producing  £44  83.  per  annum,  term  similar 
to  above,  at  £15  ISs.  per  annum — £255. 

Le;wehold  house.  No.  IS,  Walburg-street,  Cannon-street, 
St.  George's  in-the  East,  lot  at  £21  12s.  per  annum,  term 
28  years  unexpired,  at  .£7  4s.  per  annum — £135, 

Leadehold  house.  No.  24,  St.  George's  in-the-Easfc.  let  at 
£18  jicr  annum,  tarm  25  yeara  unexpired,  at  £6  12s.  3d.  per 
annum — £105. 


Leasehold  premises,  No.  10,  Alfred- terrace,  Alfred-street 
Mile  End,  let  at  £18  per  annum,  term  50  years  unexpirc 
at  £4  6s.  3d.  per  annum — £165. 

By  Messrs.  Temple  and  Moore. — Leasehold,  two  refii 
deuces,  Nos.  3  and  4,  Rose-viilaa,  Chonmert-road,  Peck 
ham,  producing  £68  per  annum,  term  77  years  unexpired 
at  £3  per  annum — £620. 

Leasehold,  four  houses,  Nos.  1  to  4,  Hannah  Cottage?, 
Norfolk-street,  Chonmert-road,  producing  £61  43.  per  an 
num,  term  expiring  in  1945,  at  £6  Ss.  per  annum  — 1480. 

Leasehold  plut  oi  land,  situate  in  rear  of  Bedlbrd-etreet 
Norfolk -street,  aforesaid,  term  about  SO  years  unexpired,  a 
a  peppercorn — £25. 

Leasehold  residence,"!  No.  2,  Belle  Vue-villas,  Nuuhead 
lane,  Peckham,  let  at  £50  per  annum,  term  46i  years  un 
expired,  at  £13  lOs.  per  anniua — £300. 

Leasehold  residence  adjoining  the  above,  being  No.  1 
Albert-villas,  let  at  £5S  per  annum,  term  and  ground-reui 
similar  to  the  above  —£390. 

Sept.  12. 

At  the  M.utT. — By  Messrs.  C.  C.  and  T.  Moore. — Fre& 
hold  business  premises,  No.  1S4,  Brick-lane,  Spitalheldf 
let  on  lease  at  £00  per  annum — sold  for  £1,000. 

Freehold  house,  No.  14,  Brown's-lane,  adjacent  to  aboTe 
let  at  £30  per  annum— £410. 

Freehold  liouse,  knowu  as  Alice -cottage,  and  8  acrOBl 
land,  situate  near  Bagshut,  Surrey — £800.  y 

Freehold  residence,  kuowu  as  Arno  Cottage,  Lutou-pliR 
Greenwich,  annual  value  £50 — £790. 

Leasehold  two  houses  Nus.  12  and  13,  South-tonace 
Grosvenor  Park,  Camberwell,  produciug  £64  per  annfln: 
terra  52  years,  at  £10  per  aunmn — £710. 

Freehold  house,  No.  7,  Sugarloaf  court,  Leadenhall-at^EJB 
City,  let  at  £27  per  annum — £700.  P' 

Freehold  house  and  shop,  No.  32,  George-row,  Bernsafi 
sey,  let  at  £21  12s.  per  annum — £300.  7 

Copyhold  house.  No.  1,  Khodeswell-road,  Stepney,  Idj 
£12  per  annum— £170.  ^ 

Leasehold  house,  No.  1,  Prospect-row,  Back-road,  il_ 
George's  East,  and  a  house,  No.  1,  Prospect-place,  in  xi^ 
producing  £32  per  annum,  term  18  years  unexpired,  ati| 
per  annum — £200. 

Leasehold  three  houses,  Nos.  7,  S,  and  41,  Essex-stiw 
Commercial- road,  producmg  £39  per  annum,  term  19  J^ 
unexpired,  at  £3  Ss.  per  annum — £155. 

Leasehold  house,  No.   24,  Morpeth  street,  Victoria 
annual  value  1.22,  term  59  years  unexpired,  at  £4  lOs. 
annum— £150. 

Leasehold  twelve  houses,  Nos.  3  to  14,  Industrious 
Beadonwell,  Kent,  producing  £l-i4  I63.  per  annum, 
99  years  from  1859,  at  X4  lOs.  per  annum — £990. 

Leasehold  19  houses,  being  Nos.  1  to  12  on  the  west 
and  Nos.  3  and  4,  on  the  east  side  of  Bere-street,  Kai 
also  Nos.  1  to  5,  Garden -xjlaoe,  in  the  rear,  prodl 
£209  19s.  per  annum,  term  26  years  unexpired,  at  £7f 
annum — i4S0. 

Lease  and  goodwill  of  the  business  premises,  Nat' 
High-street,  Whitechapel,  term  seven  yeara  unexpL 
£50  per  annum — £300. 

Leasehold  four  residences,  Nos.  9  to  12,  Coborn-tf 
Bow-Voail,  producing  i:159  per  annum,  term  50  years 
pired,  at  £62  per  annum — £1,115. 

Leasehold  two  houses,  Nos,  45  and  47,  Jane-street,  Coi' 
mercial  road,  producing  £42  18s.  per  annum,  term  99  ye: 
from  1801,  at  £4  15s.  per  annum — £250. 

At  the  London  Tavern. — By  Ms.    Fuller. — Fi 
building  land  situate  in  the  parish  of  Dorking,  Si 
Lot  1,  sold  for  £400.     Lots  2  to  15,  together,  £1,930. 
16,  £460.     Lot   17,   £230.     Lot  IS,   £l85.      Lot   19, 
Lot  20,  £210.     Lot  21,  £360.    Lot  22,  £110.    Lot  23, 
Lot  24,  £120.     Lot  25,  £175.     Lot  26,  £800. 

Sept. 

At  the  Mart. — By  Mr.  Thos.  Dracott.  -Leasehold 
and  workshops,  situate  iu  West  street,  Hackney,  pn 
£67  per  annum,  term  bU  years  unexpired,  at  £11  peij 
num— £350. 


BANKRtJPTS. 

to  surbeuder  in  basingh.all-street. 

Charles  Davis,  Selhurst,  builder,  Oct.  3,  at  11 — OmhI 

Morgan,  Albert  road,  Kdburn  park,  builder,    Sept.  'M,  T 

11 — Henry  Anthoney,  Allen  road.  South  Ho.naey, 

terer,  Sept.  27,  at  12. 

TO  surrender  in  the  country. 
William  Bellringer,  jun.,  Truro,  painter,  Sept.  28,  t 
John  -Martin,  Reading,  general  smith,  Oct.    5,  at  11—  _ 
Roberts,      Penrhyndeudraeth,      Merionethshire,     jd 
Sept.  '27.  at  11— Henry  V'^r'Qon,  Hartford,  Cheilm-e,j<tt|lii 
Sept.  28,  at  11. 

NOTICES  OF  SITTINGS  FOR  LAST  E.^AMINATiON. 

Nov.  8,  J.N.  Bodley,  Avenue  road,  Camberwell, caipl 
ter— Nov.  14,  J.  E.  Copper,  Plumstead,  builder— Dec.  ^f 
E.  Matson,  Kiugslaud  road,  mason — Nov.  8,  J.  W.  "~ 
brook,  Walbrook,  iron  merchant — Nov.  15,  G.  W.  Jffl 
Finchley,  builder — Nov.  15,  J.  Wadsou,  Hammeiiini|)l 
carpenter — Nov.  19,  J.  Austee,  Chipping  Baruet,  hriifl 
layer— Oct.  10,  S.  Marsland,  Sale,  Cheshire,  joiOKJ 
Oct.  22,  W.  Bees,  Merthyr  Tydvil,  builder— Oct.  15,  I 
Gamble,  Miki.Ue3borough,  joiner — Oct.  7,  E.  Daviesfll^tl 
Hailes,  Birmingham,  engineers — Oct.  l",  J.  MorganvVpI 
cester,  cai-penter-Oct.  16,  C.  B.  Wright,  Leicester,  (StepI 
ter-Oct.  8,  H.  Penfold,  Marden,  builder. 

PARTNERSHIPS  DISSOLVED. 

Harriaon  and  Fergusson,  Manchester,  iron  manufaotorl 
— Smeeth  and  Beai'd,  iron  merchants,  Bilston — CartofrBi 
Suus,  Upper  Holloway,  builders— Coles  aud  TatO 
Southam,  Warwickshire,  ironmongers— Dean  and  She&t 
Cliaueery  laue,  architects — Burgess  and  Gaytim,  St.  Jol 
road,  lloxoon,  house  decorators— Tne  South  Wales  In 
moufeory  Company. 

DIVIDENDS. 

Oct.  1,  G.  Hodgson,  Sunderland,  timber  nierchAD 
Sept.  28.  J.  Woiton,  Horscly  Woodhouso,  U-irbyshire,  1 
mauufacturer-Sept.  2i.  M.  Harvey,  He-ige,  Derbfji" 
blacksmith— Sept.  2?,  J.  Pickles,  Halifax,  buiWc 
Sept.  27,  a.  Butterfieid,  H.ilifax,  giis  eiigiuccr— d-'l>t-_ 
J.  Joixlan,  Darliugtoa,  house  painter— Sept.2j,  S.  il'^' 
zie,  Liverpool,  budder. 

scotch  slquestrations. 

William  and  Andrew  Murdoch  Kelly,  Gla?goff,  eUt 
Sept.  17— David  and  William  Lockerbie,  buildew,  Sept. 
I  at  11. 


September  27,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


GOl 


THE   BUILDING  NEWS. 


LONDON,  FRIDAY,  SEPTEMBER  27,  1S67. 


HAYLING    ISLAND,    AND    ITS    PRO- 
POSED  IMPROVEMENTS. 

ANOTHER  Brighton,  but  without  its  glare 
of  artifice  and  fashion  1  was  the  impres- 
sion made  upon  us  as  we  stood  the  other  day 
on  a  splendid  beach  lacing  an   expansive  sea 
near  a  great  British  citadel.      Devoid,  at  pre- 
sent,   of    stately    crescents    and    glistening 
esplanade,   the   island   of  Hayling,  compara- 
tively isolated,  and,  till  lately,  only  accessible 
by  a  ferry,  yet  possesses  on  its  southern  coast 
a.  far   firmer  beach,  of  gentle  declivity,  than 
ithat  of  its  Ijetter  known  eastern  rival — a  sort 
of  compact,  sandy  shingle,  in  which  the  foot- 
bold  of    the    seaside    promenader  is   much 
.firmer  and  infinitely  more  end\irable,  besides 
'jtfering  to  the  sea-bather  imeipialled  ad  van- 
ages.     More  than  this,   as  a  watering  place, 
'lestined,  in  a  few  years,  to  take   an   enviable 
josition,  when  some  of  its  more  fashionable 
isters  of  the  coast  have  satiated  the  pleasure- 
leeker  of  seasides,  ami  have  sunk  in  the  scale 
)f  public  favour.  South  Hayling,  from  its  bay- 
haped  coast  line,  has  charms  and  advantages 
jeculiarly  its  own.     Though  one  object  of  our 
risit  was  to  inspect  the  designs  submitted  in 
lOmpetition  for  laying   out   200  acres  of  land 
or  buLlding  and  recreation  purposes,  we  will 
lere  devote  our  attention  to  the  islantl  itself — 
ts  capabilities  and  prospects.     With  fpithead 
T  a  the  right,  bounded  in  the  distance  liy  the 
mdulateci  outline   of  the  Isle  of  Wight  and 
he  wide  expanse  of  open  sea  to  the  left,  the 
pectator  upon  Hayling  Ijeach  has  a  far  more 
■aried  prospect  than  that  presented  liy  other 
atersides,  where  a  monotonous  and  unbroken 
a  view  becomes  tiring  to  the  eye.    Although 
layling  is  insufferably   flat,  sheltered  from 
he  north  by   Portsdown   Hills,  and  the  east 
y  a  jutting  promontory,  we  found  the   air 
alubrious    and     invigorating ;     while    the 
loantiness   of  vegetation  on    its   outskirts  is 
ompensated  for  by  the  fertility  of  the  central 
lart,  judging  from  the  growth  of  timber  and 
'he    rich    foliage.     From    information    we 
Bthered  on  the  spot,    the  soil    and    subsoil 
ppear  favourable  for  building  purposes,  being 
revel  with  a   clay   subsoil.     Both  kQn  and 
lamp  bricks  are  made — the  pirice  of  brick- 
work averaging  from  £12  to  £13  per  rod.  AYe 
•ere  unable  to  obtain   the  datum  levels,  but 
■om  a  trustworthy  informant   the   rise  and 
dl  of  tide  is  considerably  less  than  at  many 
ther  places,  which  we   think  may  be  attri- 
uted  to  the  proximity  of  the  Isle  of  Wight, 
oubtless  iufiuenciug   the  flux  and  reflux  of 
le  tide.     The  price  of  land,  we  are  informed, 
icing  the  sea  is  about  £350  an  acre  ;  and, 
jmparing  this  with  land   similarly  situated 
t  Southsea,  Brighton,   Hastings,  &c.,  is  very 
iviting.     It  is  strange,  indeed,   that  the  sea 
■outage  of  Hayling,  upwards  of  four  miles  in 
■ngth,  has   scarcely  been  built  upon,  .save  a 
:w  fragments  of  crescents  and  terraces,  with 
imnionplace  Classic   exteriors,   and    a  large 
ilia  in  the  Italian  style,  the  marine  residence 
;'  O.  G.  Sandeman,    Esq.,  and  in  this  cata- 
'gue  we  must  not  forget  the  Royal  Hotel.  An 
cposed  and  unsightly  range  of  coal  vaidts, 
mking  an  imfinished  row  of  houses,  rather 
^tracts  from  the  merits   of  this   particular 
te  ;  and  if,  as  we  are  informed,  this  portion 
the  sea  Iront  is  about  to  be  purchased  by  a 
[and  Investment   Company,   the  sooner  this 
jeraish  is  removed  the  better.     Are    we  to 
jirmise  that  the  basements   of  these   inter- 
ipted  buildings    are  too  low    for    efficient 
■ainage,  or  from  a  defective  system  of  sewer- 
:e  \ 

!  Such  are  the  general  features  of  a  locality 
ill  calculated  to  enlist  the  attention  o"f 
,)italist,  architect,  and  landscape  gardener, 


and  the  competition  just  closed  may  indicate 
how  the  capabilities  of  one  portion  at  least 
have  been  dealt  with  by  the  competitors.  Of 
the  designs  suljmitted  for  laying  out  and 
utilizing  200  acres  of  land  in  the  southern 
]iart  of  the  island,  the  instructions  and  condi- 
tions appeared  in  the  Building  Ni:ws. 
Thirty-four  sets  of  designs  have  been  sent  in 
response  to  the  invitation,  and  some  of  these 
from  landscape  gardeners — at  least,  it  woidd  be 
considerate  to  suppose  so  from  the  ludicrous 
and  childishtravosties  of  buildings,  or  attempts 
at  architectural  design  displayed  in  a  few  in- 
stances. We  may  here  ask,  in  reference  to 
the  selection,  why  the  plan  of  allowing  every 
competitor  to  vote  for  those  designs  he  thought 
entitled  to  be  premiated  was  set  aside  \  and 
we  ask  this,  not  from  any  desire  to  luidor- 
value  the  decision  arrived  at,  but  simply  from 
our  inaljility  to  discover  the  aViaudonment  of  a 
mode  of  selection  approved  of  generallyasfault- 
less.  Generalizing  the  plans  sent  in,  the}'  may 
be  arranged  under  two  classes — those  which 
have  retained  the  existing  features  of  the  estate, 
preserving  the  Manor  House  and  standing 
timber  ;  and  those  which  have  supposed  a 
clean  sweep  to  be  made  of  the  property,  and 
treating  it  de  novo.  Now,  of  the  two  treat- 
ments, that  which  commenils  itself  as  the 
most  common  sense,  and  which  irnquestion- 
ably,  to  our  minds,  evinces  the  soimdest 
judgment  and  taste,  is  that  which  preserves, 
as  far  as  practicable,  the  features  of  the  estate. 
It  struck  us  forcibly,  indeed,  that  any  unneces- 
sary destruction  of  foliage  or  trees  would  be  a 
sheer  and  irreparable  blunder  in  a  neighbour- 
hood whose  outskirts  are  bereft  of  folial  shel- 
ter. Many  estates  have  l)een  relentlessly 
denuded  of  their  timber  when  judiciously-left 
clumps  and  belts  might  have  added  to  their 
marketable  value  and  attractiveness.  Uni|ues- 
tionably,  the  problem,  as  placed  before  the 
competitors  in  the  present  instance,  was  wide 
and  not  very  easy.  To  obtain  a  financial 
result  in  the  shape  of  large  ground  rent,  at  the 
same  time  keeping  up  the  rural  character 
of  the  estate,  presented  at  the  onset  a  diffi 
culty  too  aptly  surmounted  by  the  weighty 
consideration  of  return. 

We  think,  however,  that  in  the  case  of  the 
first  and  second  premiated  designs  an  excess 
of  caution  has  been  exercised,  and  neither  of 
them  would  be  the  worse  for  a  judicious — not 
ruthless — opening  up  of  the  wood  by  cutting 
more  paths  and  a  few  vistas.  We  are  sure 
also  that  if  the  curves  of  the  roads  were  made 
a  little  more  tortuous  the  beauty  of  the  drive 
would  be  greatly  increased  without  sacrificing 
utility.  There  is  no  need  to  have  sharp  or 
frequent  curves,  but  by  shifting  portions  of 
roads  to  the  north  or  south  by  so  little  as 
twenty  yards,  the  flowing  Hues  dear  to  the 
landscape  gardener  would  be  obtained  without 
appreciably  adding  to  the  cost  of  construction. 
We  make  these  remarks  because  the  plans  of 
Messrs.  Hennell  and  Crickmay  are  of  merit, 
though  they  may  be  much  improved  by  very 
trifling  alteration.  The  special  merits  seem 
to  be  these — that  the  existing  roads  are 
widened  and  improved,  and  that  few  new  ones 
are  made  ;  that  the  wood,  which  forms  the 
chief  natural  feature  of  the  estate,  is 
scarcely  meddled  with  ;  that  a  large  number 
of  sites  for  houses  are  provided,  and  that  a  class 
of  house  not  too  costly  is  contemplated.  Mr. 
Hennell  shows  about  230  houses  for  which  he 
furnishes  plans  and  elevations,  including  nine 
or  ten  of  difl'erent  styles  and  pretensions. 
These  are  very  neatly  executed,  as  is  the 
bird's  eye  view  of  the  whole  estate,  with  indi- 
cations of  its  situation  relative  to  Portsmouth 
and  other  places.  The  pavilions  for  the 
cricket  and  archery  grounds  are  tasteful. 
It  is  proposed  to  introduce  a  small  lake  near 
the  centre  of  the  wood  ;  this  would  have  a 
very  good  effect,  and  could  be  accom- 
plished without  difficulty.  The  second  pre- 
miated design,  "  Onward,"  is  the  first  of  two, 
by  jNIr.  G.  li.  Crickmay.  It  bears  a  strong 
likeness  to  that  by  j^Ir.  Hennell,  having  the 
same  merits  and  defects,  but  the  number  of 
houses  proposed  is  only  U7,  and  the  amount  of 


estimated  ground  rent  £3,375,  whereas  J[r. 
Hennell  has  about  230  houses,  whence  he 
reckons  on  clearing  a  ground  rent  of  only 
.£l,(;oO.  The  more  moderate  estimate  must 
have  gone  a  long  way  with  the  experienced 
Mr.  Longcroft,  than  whom  few  are  bettor  ac- 
(|Uaintod  with  the  value  of  land  in  the 
neighbourhood.  This  design  introduces  a 
small  lake  of  artificial  character  in  the  wood, 
and  proposes  foot  bridges  and  pictures(pie 
])a\'ilions  on  a  somewhat  extensive  scale.  A 
winter  garden  and  hotel  are  also  contemplated. 
A  well  coloured  view  is  given.  It  may  be  as 
well  to  say  here  that  all  the  competitors  have 
jirovided  the  required  archery  and  cricket 
grounds. 

The  third  ]iremiated  design,  under  the 
motto  "  Spectator,"  differs  entirely  from  the 
other  two,  and,  though  of  considerable  merit, 
from  a  strictly  laiidsca]ie  gardening  point  of 
view,  has  been  treated  as  if  it  were  for  a  span 
new  place,  without  a  tree  existing  on  it.  The 
planting  is  therefore  too  artificial,  and  the 
plan  gives  no  indication  that  a  large  and  well 
grown  wood  has  been  in  existence  for  a  long 
period.  Tlie  roads  are  much  curved,  but  the 
communication,  if  more  elegant,  is  less  con- 
venient than  that  provided  in  the  two  other 
plans.  Mr.  Llilner,  of  Norwood,  the  author 
of  this  design,  was,  we  believe,  a  pupil  of  Sir 
J.  Paxton.  Tlie  beauty  of  this  plan  for  laying 
out  the  ground  is  incontestible,  but  although 
deserving  a  premium,  it  is  not  one  which  we 
should  recommend  for  adoption.  The  figures 
of  the  estimate  are  also  against  it.  Houses 
125,  ground  rent  anticipated  .£4,180. 

Among  the  unsuccessful  jilans  we  were 
enabled  to  inspect  was  one  marked  "  Onward," 
No.  2,  by  Mr.  Crickmay,  of  AVeymouth. 
The  author  wisely  retains  the  trees,  utilizes 
the  present  roads,  forms  other  more  or 
less  "  picturesque "  roads,  proposes  the 
erection  of  an  hotel  on  the  site  of  the 
Manor  House,  forms  a  winter  garden, 
]iavilion,  and  park.  Indeed,  the  prominent 
features  of  this  design  seem  to  make  it 
almost  identical  with  the  premiated  one  by 
the  same  author.  The  plan  seems  studded 
with  detached  villas  of  decent  size,  the  central 
Manor  wood  being  simply  traversed  by  ch-- 
cuitous  walks.  The  principal  suggestion  in 
this  plan  is  that  of  throwing  the  footpath  and 
ditch  into  the  road,  and  forming  a  new  path 
within  a  reserved  belt  of  trees,  shrubs,  and 
grass,  which  thus  constitutes  an  effective 
screen  of  foliage  between  the  road  and  its 
footpath — a  good  idea  for  all  suburban  roads 
where  comfort  is  preferred  to  dust.  Follow- 
ing the  same  simple  suggestions  of  common 
sense,  "  Woodman  Spare  That  Tree "  is  con- 
ceived. A  cleverly  coloured  bird's-eye  view 
shows  the  design.  The  villas,  which  seem  to 
be  well-considered  Gothic  erections,  are 
sparsely  scattered,  and  we  think  the  author 
has  been  rather  too  sparing  of  some  of  his 
principal  sites,  the  foreground  near  the  beach 
being  left,  apparently,  for  the  growth  of  tim- 
ber. The  central  plantation,  thick  with 
foliage,  is  divided  into  (j^uarters  by  two 
straight  roads  at  right  angles,  a  fountain 
occupying  the  centre.  Altogether,  the  author 
has  studied  jiicturesque  effect  in  his  general 
disposition  of  the  estate,  devoting  about  half 
the  area  to  building,  and  the  rest  to  woodland 
scenery. 

"  Fair  Play  is  a  Jewel  "  gives  us  a  pedantic 
design  conceived  from  a  speculative  builder's 
point  of  view,  with  the  idea  U])iJermost  of  de- 
veloping the  central  space,  which  is  entirely 
swept  of  its  timber,  into  circular  cricket 
fields  and  ornamental  water,  tlie  latter  occu- 
pying the  central  position,  and  being  a  large 
(|ualrefoil-shaped  pond.  The  author  has  cer- 
tainly developed  the  geometrical  garden  style 
at  the  expense  of  shelter  and  ruraUty.  The 
north,  east,  and  west  sides  of  the  ground  are 
crowded  with  semi-detached  houses  which, 
the  author  tells  us,  are  arranged  so  that  no 
house  overlooks  the  rear  of  its  neighbours, 
while  all  command  a  view  of  park  and  sea. 
The  only  redeeming  part  of  the  plan  is  its 
provision  for  a  bye-wash  in  case  of  heavy 


(5Q2 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


September  27,  1867. 


floods ;  antl  tlie  competitors  generally  seem 
to  us  to  have  ignored  tlie  sewerage,  or  jiro- 
vided  for  it  each  after  his  own  manner. 
Stiffness  and  rectangles  seem  to  possess  the 
minds  of  some  competitors,  probably  because 
easier  of  accomplishment  than  curvilinear 
forms;  at  any  rate,  their  ideal  of  beauty  seems 
to  consist  in  straight  roads  and  crescents, 
whatever  Price  or  fiepton  may  have  said  to 
the  contrary.  It  is  of  little  use  telling  some 
men  that  a  straight  line  is  the  most  uninte- 
resting of  all  lines,  and  that  a  wave  line  is 
the  most  beautiful  because  \':iried — certainly 
the  most  appropriate  on  a  dead  Hat  where 
variety  is  more  in  unison  with  the  rural 
aspect  of  the  scenery. 

The  author  of  "  Labour's  Rest "  certainly 
seems  to  have  spared  himself  the  labour  of 
designing  anything  save  that  which  S(^uares 
and  set  squares  did  for  him,  so  simply  child- 
ish is  it ;  while  "  Nemo  "  gives  us  a  straight 
road  intersected  by  others,  a  large  pond 
dotted  with  circular  islands,  whose  submersion 
would  be  an  improvement.  His  elaborate 
report,  that  would  have  been  better  unaccom- 
panied by  the  plan,  shows  us  a  moderate 
ground  rental,  building  plots  of  respectable 
size,  besides  dealing  with  existing  features  of 
the  estate  in  detail.  "Quod  erat  demon- 
strandum "  solves  the  problem  geometrically, 
at  least,  regardless  of  the  present  features  ; 
while  "  Fiat "  indulges  in  parallelograms 
great  and  small ;  though  we  must  not  forget 
his  right-angled  triangular  archery  ground, 
the  longest  side  of  which  he  considerably 
overmeasures  in  his  report  as  l,30()ft. ;  the 
actual  available  length,  if  we  correctly  scaled 
his  drawing,  being  not  more  than  800ft. 
"  Bodhyfryd  "  is  an  overbuilt  design  of  de- 
tached villas,  appropriating  the  present  wood 
as  an  archery  ground.  The  design  for  the 
pavilion  is  poor,  of  an  Assyrian  type.  Turn- 
ing from  those  plans  which  show  the  square 
and  compass  development,  we  may  notice  one 
which  exhibits  to  an  excess  the  suburban  and 
winding  style  of  landscape,  if  we  may  so  term 
it.  Detached  villas,  crescents,  and  rows 
mingle  with  clumps  of  trees  promiscuously, 
the  centre  space  being  occupied  by  a  church. 
The  author  of  ''  Kunst  Macht  Guust,"  we 
should  imagine,  would  have  consulted  his 
interest  better  if  his  vivid  show  plan  had 
been  nnsupplemented  by  the  wretched  and 
abortive  attempts  at  greenhouse  Gothic  that 
accompany  it,  nothing  being  in  more  ridi- 
culous taste  than  the  overgrown  tinials  to  the 
gables  of  the  cricket  and  archery  buildings. 
"  Houses  to  Live  in  and  Places  for  Recrea- 
tion "  is  the  motto  of  a  plan  too  bad  to  look 
at  ;  the  mixture  of  classic  pilasters  and  em- 
battled parapet  in  the  archery  building  being 
beyond  comment.  "  Rough  and  Ready " 
shows  a  rather  more  artistic  conception,  re- 
taining the  ruralesque  character  of  the  estate 
by  avoiding  repetition  and  multiplicity  of 
parts. 

Overlooking  a  few  other  unimportant  con- 
tributions, the  plans  as  a  whole  show  a  lati- 
tude of  treatment  that  might  have  been  ex- 
pected when  we  consider  the  terms  of  the 
competition  and  the  discretionary  power  given 
to  the  candidates.  As  we  have  said,  ground 
rental  and  the  retention  of  a  rural  aspect 
were  conflicting  considerations  in  the  solu- 
tion of  the  problem,  a  remark  borne  out  by 
the  wonderful  discrepancy  the  competitors 
show  in  tlieir  estimated  yearly  rentals — the 
highest  estimate  being  £14,300,  the  lowest 
only  £900.  The  selection,  at  least,  has  fallen 
on  those  who  have  had  the  common  sense,  at 
any  rate  not  to  efface  the  natural  beauties 
that  at  present  exist — a  merit  Mr.  Longcroft 
seems  to  have  wisely  considered.  One  fea- 
ture developed  to  an  extraordinary  degree  by 
some  competitors  is,  to  our  minds,  the  least 
attractive  in  a  sea-skirt  locality  where  the 
sight  of  water  at  some  periods  of  the  year 
would  be  almost  insufterably  monotonous — 
there  is  , however,  no  reason  why  the  existing 
moat  should  not  be  made  available  i'or  the 
purpose  of  ornamental  water.  Another  re- 
mark we  must  make  is  the  defect  of  acute 


angles  in  laying  out  roads,  noticeable  in  some 
designs — a  mistake  to  be  avoided  both  I'or 
building  plots  and  in  the  landscape  arrange- 
ment of  a  i^ark. 

We  have  yet  other  jottings  tojmake,  more 
particularly  touching  this  happily  situated 
neighbourhood,  which  we  shall  reserve  for 
another  article,  simply  adding  in  conclusion 
tliat  the  means  of  communication  now 
making  Hayling  accessible  from  the  main- 
land, by  the  London  South  \Vestern  and 
South  Coast  Railways,  the  establishment  of  a 
South  of  England  Oyster  Company — already, 
we  hear,  a  successful  undertaking— are  con- 
tributing to  make  this  hitherto  deserted 
island  a  fashionable  retreat  and  suburb.  AVe 
may  here  add  that  oljligation  is  due  from 
tlie  people  of  Hayling  to  Mr.  Longcroft  and 
Mr.  Trigg  for  their  energetic  services  to 
attain  this  result. 


THE  SPRINGS  AND  WELLS  OF 
LONDON. 

A  PARAGRAPH,  copied  from  the  Paro- 
chial Critic,  to  the  effect  that  water  con- 
duits on  the  ancient  principle  of  such  contri- 
vances, ought  to  be  re-erected  throughout 
London,  has  gone  the  round  of  the  press. 
The  same  authority  contemptuously  disparages 
the  drinking  fountains  of  the  metropolis, 
which  ate  really  of  much  value.  It  is  difficult 
to  reconcile  the  two  theories  thus  advanced, 
and  it  would  certainly  be  found  impossible  to 
reduce  the  first  to  practice.  Their  propounder 
appears  to  be  oblivious  of,  or  to  have  forgotten 
that  the  method  of  obtaining  water  for  the 
use  of  the  people  of  London,  like  the  habits 
of  the  people  themselves,  have  been  revolu- 
tionized since  the  days  of  conduits. 

In  those  remote  and  primitive  times,  springs 
existed  in  many  parts  of  the  city  and  its 
suburbs,  and  limpid  streams  bubbled  from 
them  down  to  the  margin  of  the  silvery 
Thames.  The  Ijubblings  which  prevail  on 
the  banks  of  that  noble  river  now  are  of 
a  far  diiferent  kind.  Those  who  expect  to 
find  any  stream  flowing  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  Walbrook,  and  "  serving  the  heart  thereof" 
will  be  disappointed.  Where  the  Old  Borne, 
which  flowed  from  St.  Giles's,  down  to  the 
Pleete  is.  High  Holborn  may  answer.  The 
Holy  Well  in  the  Sti'and  is  by  no  means  so 
pure  a  fountain  as  it  once  was.  Clarke's  Well 
is  not  now  remarkable  for  translucent  fluid, 
and  the  same  may  be  said  of  Skinner's  Well, 
Clement's  AVell,  Fagge's  Well,  Bagnigge  Well, 
and  many  others.  The  river  of  Wells  which, 
running  under  Old  Borne  bridge,  and  Fleete 
bridge,  once  floated  "  ten  or  twelve  ships  of 
the  navy  "  at  the  same  time,  and  then  flowed 
on  to  the  Thames,  is  nowhere.  Perilous 
pond  (Peerless  Pool)  is  gone,  and,  in  short, 
the  whole  of  the  sources  wience  conduits  were 
supjjlied  are  dammed  up,  or  have  disappeared 
for  ever.  Old  fashioned  conduits  are  an 
impossibility  therefore ;  and  it  is  only  sur- 
prising that  in  the  year  1867,  when  water 
companies  are  in  full  swing,  and  artesian 
wells  have  pierced  the  chalk  seams  and  the 
green  sand  beneatli  them  in  search  of  water, 
that  any  sane  individual  should  dream  of  their 
resuscitation. 

The  immense  run  upon  the  chalk  and  sand 
springs  of  the  metropolis  has  almost  dried 
them  up  too,  and  at  any  moment  they  may 
stop  payment  altogether.  But  for  the  "  Ijaclc- 
ing  up"  of  old  Neptune  this  catastrophe 
must  have  happened  indeed  long  ago.  The 
outcrop  of  the  sand  of  the  London  basin  flows 
down  towards  the  sea,  and  is  supported  by 
its  waters,  just  as  in  the  delta  of  the  Ganges, 
the  rain  water  falling  on  tlie  sand  is  backed, 
and  kept  in  that  sand  by  the  salt  water,  ami 
whence  arises  the  popular  notion  that  sand 
removes  salt  from  water. 

The  springs  of  London  are  in  communica- 
tion with  the  sea,  through  the  medium  of  the 
RiverThames,  butthey  dependfor  their  supply 
to  the  rain  falling  on  a  small  portion  of  the 
outfall. 


With  the  sea,  through  the  medium  of  the 
river  and  our  well  water,  levels  rise  and  fall 
with  the  tide.  It  is  believed  by  some  that  by 
penetrating  through  hundreds  of  feet  of  chalk, 
fresh  supplies  of  water  may  be  obtained.  We 
believe,  on  the  contrary,  that,  so  far  as  the 
Loudon  basin  and  its  lower  strata  are  con- 
cerned, we  know  exactly  the  extent  of  their 
yield — whether  for  the  purpose  of  supplying 
water  conduits  ia  our  streets,  or  liquor  vats  iu 
our  breweries,  no  amount  of  extra  boring  or 
tapping  will  cau=e  mother  earth  to  give  up 
more  fluid  weahh  than  she  holds  in  trust  fur 
our  use. 


JOTTINGS     IN     LONDON.— No.    III. 
(By  a  Roving  Correspondent.) 

IT  is  strange  to  muse  on  the  glories  of  the 
past.  What  raptures  did  stucco  awaken; 
and  the  stuccoists  achieved  immortal  glorj'. 
There  is  not  a  pile  of  stucco  in  terrace  or  in 
block  in  the  Regent's  Park,  in  Regent-street, 
or  in  Belgrave-square,  which  does  not  figure 
among  the  monuments  of  London  on  steel 
plates,  adorned  with  the  name  of  Nash  or 
Decimus  Burton.  These  things  were  really 
received  as  the  memorials  of  a  new  era — the 
Georgian  era — and  they  were  indeed  heavenly 
after  the  dreary  brick  of  the  pig-tailed  age. 

There  are  miles  and  acres  of  this  grandiose 
work  now  in  Tyburnia,  South  Kensington, 
South  Belgravia,  and  other  places  formerly 
decorated  with  the  extinct  names  of  Bays- 
water,  Pimlico,  Brompton,  Netting  Hill,  &oJjjjO- 
Wlio  thinks  of  engraving  these  place^Hj' 
although  the  hundred  porticos  of  Burliugton- 
road  are  of  the  Ionic  order,  succeeded  by  one 
hundred  more  of  the  composite  order  at  Saxe- 
Coburg  Gate  !  It  occurs  to  nobody  to  inform 
us  in  a  description  of  London  that  the  win- 
dows of^  Alexandra-terrace  are  chastely  modu- 
lated with  rows  of  pork-pie  pediments  ott' 
the  first  floor,  and  of  cocked  hats  on  thi 
second  floor;  and  that  the  style  of  Tidbury 
square  is  Ionic  on  the  ground  floor,  surmounted' 
by  Doric  on  the  first  floor,  or  vice  versii,  for  if 
is  much  the  same  thing.  It  cannot  be  thai 
familiarity  breeds  -contempt,  for  if  all  the^i 
edifices  had  been  truly  monumental,  each  one*' 
would  assuredly  have  been  described  and  en- 
graved. I  am  inclined  to  look  upon  it  as  aai 
advance  in  taste,  not  that  I  can  say  much  ott 
that  head  :  but  the  snake  is  casting  a  skil 
Whoever  will  look  back  to  an  lUustrat( 
London  of  1825,  1830,  or  1835,  will  find  S^ 
mass  of  shams  paraded  as  monuments  and  now 
relegated  to  oblivion.  There  were,  however^, 
people  who  felt  self-satisfied  to  pay  up  for  hall 
of  a  Roman  cement  wing  of  a  Regent's  Park- 
terrace. 


Gilding  has  many  times  been  asked  for,  and 
but  little  of  it  obtained,  although  it  is  one  of  ■ 
the  most  effective  modes  of  external  decoration. 
We  have  heard  something  about  the  climate 
of  London,  but  it  was  130  years  before  the 
old  ball  and  cross  of  St.  Paul's  were  relegated 
to  the  Colosseum,  and  140  before  the  dragon 
of  Bow  fulfilled  the  prophecy  of  meeting  the 
grasshopper  of  the  Royal  Exchange  m  a 
builder's  yard,  thereby  bringing  down  on  the 
latter  building  the  doom  of  burning.  Indeed, 
the  weathercocks  of  what  used  to  be  a  forest  of 
spires,  now  thinned  down,  show  a  goodly 
array  ;  and  their  sheen,  in  a  summer's  sun  on 
a  bright  day,  is  one  of  the  features  of  the  lair 
display  from  the  waterway  or  bridges.  Gild- 
ing will  last  long  enough  in  London  at  the 
head  of  a  steeple  above  the  coal  smoke,  and  it 
will  last  long  enough  in  it.  The  introduction 
of  gilding  on  the  Houses  of  Parliament  has 
answered  well ;  it  gives  a  still  life  to  tlie  view, 
and  it  is  much  to  be  wished  that  gilding  should 
be  still  further  applied  to  that  builduig-  It's 
a[q)lication  to  the  British  Museum,  as  well  to 
the  pediment  as  the  railings,  was  a  commend- 
able deed  ;  but  not  the  least  marked  iiistancfi 
is  that  of  the  Charing  Cross  Station.  Gildinj; 
is,  indeed,  one  of  the  most  striking  means  by 
which  that  elfect  of  brilliancy  is  produced  in 


September  27,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS, 


663 


iris  in  its  street  scenes,  for  Paris  does  not 
I'jr  itsflf  so  muck  iu  prospect,  though  tliere 
e  views  from  some  of  the  approaching  rail- 
iys  and  neighbouring  hills.  Where  a  city 
13  a  waterway,  as  London,  there  gilding  tells; 
ich  is  the  case  at  Venice  when  seen  Irom  front 
•  rear,  at  morn  or  eve  ;  such  are  those  magiad 
dntings  of  Stamboul  in  the  rising  or  setting 
n,  with  the  crescents  gleaming  from  every 
ime  and  subsidiary  cupola,  heightened  at 
ndown  by  the  fliishes  of  light  from  the 
auv  casements  of  Scutari.  These  effects  in 
enice  and  Constantinople  are  greatly  de- 
•adeut  on  the  inspiration  of  the  sun,  but 
Uling  is  a  constant  sunlight,  gleaming  at 
ght  under  gas  or  moonlight,  as  even  on  a 
01  day.  

The  group  in  Trafalgar-square  of  the  Union 
.  I  and  College  of  Physicians  is  an  admired 
.  laple  of  the  Georgian  era.  These  Siamese 
ins,  thus  linked,  were  noted  for  different 
iosyncracies.  After  their  birth,  and  while 
ey  were  bran  new,  they  paired,  indeed,  well 
ough  ;  but,  as  time  went  on,  the  club 
I'ired  from  year  to  year  its  wonted  purity, 

-  the  College  advanced  to  sooty  and  grimy 
kness,  held  to  shadow  forth  the  solemn 
k  of  its  learned  members  and  its  imder- 
•rs.     Covered  with  the  unlearned  dust  of 

.IS,  it  long  dimmed  the  square.  Lately, 
me  new  light  having  broken  in  xipon  the 
■liege  folk,  they  have  beset  themselves  to 
■aning  it,  and  it  must  be  owned  it  looks 
ne  the  woi-se.  With  a  little  care  on  the 
rt  of  architects,  much  of  the  dinginess  of 
indon  might  be  spared  ;  and  this  is  worth 
iking  to,  seeing  that  stone  is  at  length  spread- 
;  mto  every  street.     The   neighbourhood  of 

-  Mansion  House  is  not  noted  for  bright- 
ss,  but  there  is  one  building  which,  what- 
er  may  be  the  plight  of  those  around,  is 
vays  clean — as  clean  as  any  building  in  Paris, 
1  far  cleaner  than  many — and  that  is  the 
ink  of  England.  Look  at  it  any  time  you 
11,  and  it  is  clean  and  clear,  and  Sir  John 
ane's  reputation  owes  as  much  to  this  as  to 
i  design.  Many  folks  know  whj-,  but  it 
'vbe  worth  telling.   As  the  Bank  managers, 

le  of  whom  live  in  the  building,  have  no 
-!i  to  be  burnt  down,  they  keep  their 
^'ines  ever  ready;  and  so  that  this  may  be 
right,  once  a  mouth  they  are  turned  out  in 
J  early  morning,  and  set  to  play.  With  a 
tie  wisdom  they  are  set  to  play  on  the  outer 
d  iimer  walls,  and  as  these  are  washed  down 
■ra  time  to  time,  so  soot  and  grime  fade 
ay,  and  the  stone  and  its  carvings  are  kept 
i-r  new. 

The  Bank  has,it  is  true,  opportunities  for  do- 
;  this  which  other  buildings  have  not,  and  that 
ses  from  its  outer  wall  being  made,  so  far 
may  be,  without  openings,  so  as  to  be  held 
linst  onslaught  from  without.  The  engine 
3e  can,  therefore,  break  few  windows, 
lere  are,  however,  other  buildings  where 
3  can  be  done  in  many  parts,  as  St.  Paul's. 
here  there  are  windows,  nothing  is  easier 
a  to  make  ready  boardings,  which  can  be 
up  on  the  cleaning  and  washing  days,  and 
ry  httle  work  will  dislodge  a  lot  of  filth, 
tilting  care  of  buildings — not  only  mending 
1  repair,  but  cleaning— is  most  needful,  for  it 
doing  little  to  heap  np  wealth  in  new 
uses  and  buildings,  if  we  do  not  make  the 
it  of  those  we  already  have  ;  yet  it  too  often 
ppens  that  we  leave  a  church  or  a  statue  to 
ik  after  itself  until  it  is  lost  in  utter  tilth. 


Those  who  like  to  see  ghosts  have  a  chance. 

tair  bit  of  old  London  has  started  back  to 

;  light,  and  we  may  see  what  our  grandsires 

*'■      At  the  corner  of  Lothbury   and   Old 

''ry — we  believe  where  the  Jews'  synagogue 

the  Jewry  once  stood — is  a  range  of  dim  and 

ly  houses,  thrown  into  one  group,    called 

:  w    Bank-buildings    till  Old    Bank-bmld- 

!  :3  were  swei)t  away,  and  now,  we  believe,  they 

:    named    Bank-buildings.      Who  was   the 

<  hitect  I  cannot  at  the  moment  find — Taylor 

'  Soane,    or  who  between  the  time  of  "the 

•ams  and   Soane— but    it  belongs  to  that 


classic  time,  a  monumental  structure  of  its 
kind.  It  is  chiefly  of  stone,  streaked  with 
long  stripes  of  stone,  and  slightly  marked  with 
meaningless  ornament,  which  may  lielong  to 
Dance.  For  a  long  time  it  has  been  little 
thought  of,  though  it  has  been  brought  out  by 
the  opening  of  Moorgate-strcet  and  Loth- 
bury, so  that  it  stands  in  what  may  be  wdled 
the  Bank  Place,  where  is  the  pleasing 
Corinthian  corner  of  the  Bank. 

Many  have  thought  it  ugly,  and  have  won- 
dered if  our  grandsires  ever  thought  better  of 
it,  for  its  bare  lines  were  marred  by  its  dusky 
coating  as  «-ell  on  stone  as  brick.  What  our 
fathers  thought  we  may  now,  for  whereas 
other  portions  have  been  doctored,  and  the 
symmetry  broken  iu  upon,  the  centre  has  now 
lately  been  cleaned  up.  It  is  bright,  fresh, 
and  spick  and  span  new,  and,  we  cannot  help 
saying,  pleasing — quite  as  much  so  as  many 
of  the  new  buddings.  Indeed,  newness,  fresh- 
ness, and  smartness  in  a  building  draw  one's 
eye  as  much  as  the  freshness  and  youth  of 
a  girl,  although  the  features  may  be  bad,  and 
the  outline  showing  a  marked  defect.  When 
the  girl  becomes  an  older  woman,  and  a  build- 
ing shows  the  wear  of  time,  then  we  see  all 
the  faults  unredeemed.  If  we  could  see  Lon- 
don with  its  new  Bank  wings  by  George 
Sampson,  Sir  Robert  Taylor,  or  Mr.  Soane,  its 
Harley-street  houses — all  fashionable,  and  with 
newly-married  couples — we  should  acknow- 
ledge a  springtide  freshness,  redeeming  our 
grandfathers  from  much  suspicion  of  diseased 
eyesight.  

Talldng  about  bygone  architecture,  the  new 
lodges  in  Hyde  Park  and  the  Park-lane  side 
belong  to  it  in  style,  and  will  belong  to  it 
in  oblivion.  After  a  protest  in  the  House  of 
Commons,  these  examples  of  the  neat  and 
simple  are  now  -staring  out  in  naked  ugliness. 

We  owe  many  things  to  revivalists  and 
ritualists.  AVho  knows,  we  may,  before  long, 
have  to  design  confessionals,  if  indignant 
fathers  do  not  forbid  the  practice.  The  Horal 
decoration  of  churches  for  old  and  fantastic 
celel)rations  has,  however,  enlisted  many  of 
the  gentler  se-v  in  the  cause  of  art  more  profit- 
ably than  in  church  embroidery,  which  too 
often  repeats  old  patterns,  without  demanding 
artisticcomposition.  The  arrangement  of  flowers 
does,  however,  awaken  the  sensibilities  of  those 
having  minds ;  and  as  flowers  have  colour,  so 
that  artistic  element  colour — too  much  for- 
gotten by  many  who  call  themselves  artists, 
I  may  say  architects — must  be  brought  into 
pla}'.  It  may  happen,  when  medieval  mum- 
mery and  the  manufacture  and  reproduction 
of  designs,  taken  up  only  because  they  are 
medireval,  shall  have  passed  away,  that  we 
may  find  art  truly  a  handmaid  of  the  church, 
and  that  in  consistent  decoration  we  shall 
make  its  various  branches  tributary  in  just 
and  becoming  homage. 


BUILDERS'    CLERKS    BENEVOLENT 
INSXITUTIOS. 

WE  have  before  us  the  first  annual  report  of 
the  committee  of  this  useful  society.  Iu 
presenting  their  report,  the  committee  remarli  that 
the  claims  that  recommend  this  Institution  to  the 
supjiort  of  the  benevolent  are  many,  but  they  can 
urge  none  more  forcible  than  the  fact  that  it 
represents  an  educated  class  who  are  engaged  in 
a  trade  where  permanency  of  employ  is  very  un- 
certain and  the  occupation  very  sedentary,  and 
who  are,  iu  many  eases,  unable  to  make  any 
adequate  provision  for  the  necessities  of  old  age, 
and  to  meet  the  requirements  of  occasional  illness, 
family  troubles,  or  loss  of  employ.  They  regret 
the  absence  of  support  of  many  employers  in  the 
trade,  but  earnestly  hope  that  as  the  principles  of 
the  Institution  (non-union  ones)  become  known, 
it  shall  number  them  amongst  its  supporters. 
The  committee  announce  that  Mr.  Wilham  Hen- 
shaw  has  consented  to  act  as  President  of  the  In- 
stitution for  the  ensuing  year,  and  they  desire  it 
to  be  known  that  the  meetings  are  held  on  the 
last  Monday  in  every  month,  at  8  o'clock,  p.m., 
in  the  Society's  offices.  If,  Bedford-row,  W.C. 


The  report  was  re.id  at  the  first  annual  g.Mieral 
meeting  of  the  Institution,  which  Wivs  held  on 
.Monday,  the  23rd  iust.,  Mr.  William  Henshaw, 
I'rebiilent,  in  the  chair.  The  balance-sheet  showed 
an  amount  to  the  relief  fund  of  £H)')  Ss.  Cd.,  and 
to  the  a.sylum  fund  11227  lis,,  making,  with 
interest  on  the  baidiiug  account,  a  total  amount 
of  .C63S  13s.  4d. — a  highly  respectable  income 
for  the  first  year  of  a  benevolent  institution, 
especially  when  the  financial  reminiscences  of  the 
past  year  are  taken  into  account,  and  shows  that 
nothing  but  great  and  unwearied  perseverance  on 
the  part  of  the  committee,  aide:!  by  the  favour- 
able countenance  of  their  employers,  could  liave 
placed  this  society  iu  such  a  prosperous  condition. 
The  disbursements  for  the  year  amount  to 
.€101  Is.  lid.,  and  the  balance  at  the  bank  and 
in  the  hands  of  collectors  to  £477  Ifs.  od.  Mr. 
E.  Couder,  in  moving  the  adoption  of  the  report, 
congratulated  the  committee  imits  highly  favour- 
able nature.  Mr.  G.  J.  I'ritchard  seconded  the 
motion,  which  was  carried  unanimously,  and  the 
report  and  balance-sheet  were  ordered  to  be 
printed  and  circulated  among  the  donors  and  sub- 
scribers. 

The  Secretary  then  read  the  list^  of  officers 
who  retired  at  this  meeting,  and  also  a  long 
list  of  Wee-presidents  and  governors,  which 
showed  to  what  an  extent  the  Institution  meets 
with  the  sympathy  and  support  of  the  trade 
generally,  concluding  with  the  officers  for  elec- 
tion- The  adoption  of  the  list  was  moved  and 
seconded,  and  carried  unanimously ;  votes  of 
thanks  to  the  officers  retiring  from  olfioe  having 
also  been  passed. 

The  Chairman  said  he  considered  that  the  present 
was  an  opportunity  not  to  be  lost  by  the  builders' 
clerks.  In  the  working  of  this  their  own  Institu- 
tion they  had  never  been  interfered  with.  They  had 
started  it  themselves,  they  had  drawn  up  their  own 
code  of  rules,  they  had  the  entire  management  of  it 
from  the  commencement,  and,  save  witii  the 
encouragement  of  their  support,  the  employers 
had  not  interfered  in  the  slightest  degree  with 
whatever  they  chose  to  do.  From  the  commence- 
ment, tho  objects  of  the  Institution  had  been  most 
ably  advocated,  and  with  what  success  he  would 
leave  the  balance-sheet  to  tell,  as  it  did  most 
effectually.  The  society  was  now  well  afloat,  and 
it  only  needed  the  personal  exertions  of  tlio  cierks 
to  keep  it  so.  He  wished  particularly  to  call  the 
.attention  of  all  present  to  Rule  5.  That  rule 
struck  him  forcibly  the  first  time  he  read  it.  It 
was  the  most  liberal  rule  he  had  ever  seen,  and 
he  admired  the  principles  of  it  exceedingly.  It 
gave  the  committee  entire  power  when  any  case 
of  urgent  distress  is  brought  to  their  notice  of  a 
builders'  clerk  or  his  fanidy,  through  accident, 
illness,  or  loss  of  employment  (except  through  his 
own  misconduct),  to  grant  from  the  funds  of  the 
Institvition  a  sum  not  exceeding  £10  ;  also,  in  the 
case  of  the  death  of  a  builder.s'  clerk  leaving  his 
family  in  destitute  circumstances,  to  grant  a  sum 
not  exceeding  £5  towards  the  expenses  of  his 
funeral,  and  a  further  gratuity  not  exceeding  £10 
towards  assisting  his  family.  Thishe  thought  the 
most  admirable  feature  iu  the  Institution,  and  it 
received  his  warmest  support-  It  was  applicable 
to  the  most  imfureseen  circumstances  that  could 
occur-  There  was  no  delay,  no  trouble,  no  unne- 
cessary obstructions  towards  its  working,  but  it 
was  quick  and  good  in  the  aid  it  atibrded,  and 
excellent  in  the  manner  in  whieb  it  was  arranged. 
It  was  not  confined  in  a  party  idea  to  those  only 
who  had  been  subscribers  to  the  Institution,  but 
with  the  true  spirit  of  Christianity  was  appli- 
cable to  all.  He  concluded  by  caliing  upon  ail 
the  builders'  clerks  to  come  forward  and  show  their 
earnest  sympathy  with  such  a  cause  by  firmly  and 
enthusiastically  supporting  the  Institution  that 
held  such  objects  in  view. 

The  Secretary  desired  to  draw  attention  to  the 
rules  generally.  He  had  found  during  his  connec- 
tion with  the  Institution — which  was  from  the 
commencement — that  a  general  misapfreheVision 
of  the  objects  of  the  Institution  existed  amongst 
the  clerks,  and  he  wished  to  do  away  with  this. 
The  society  was  pre-eminently  a  benevolent  one,  not 
a  benefit  club.  1  ts  object  was  to  assist  the  destitute 
at  a  time  when  that  as.sistance  was  most  needed  ; 
and  the  rules  had  been  very  carefully  drawn  up  to 
enable  the  committee  to  cany  out  that  object  in 
the  best  manner  possible-  Some  had  found  fault 
with  the  rules-  He  could  only  say  to  such  publicly 
what  he  had  told  many  personally,  "  come  down 
to  the  committee  meetings,  and  if  you  have  any 
complaint  to  make,  or  any  alteration  to  suggest, 
you  will  have  a  respectful  hearing,  the  question 
will  be  candidly  discussed,  and  if  room  is  found 
for  improvement  it  will  be  made." 


664 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


SeI'tkmber  27,  1867. 


After  a  cordial  vote  of  thanks  to  the  senretary 
and  treasurer,  and  the  chairman,  the  meeting 
broke  up. 

• 

HERNE'S  OAK 

WE  wonder  how  many  celebrated  oaks  there 
are  in  the  world.  In  England  alone 
there  is  a  whole  forest  of  them,  each  one  remark- 
able for  its  gigantic  size,  and  still  more  deeply  in- 
teresting on  account  of  the  historical  or  tradi- 
tional associations  which  attach  to  it.  No  tree 
lias,  properly  speaking,  a  history  except  the  oak. 
The  Winfarthing  Oak,  in  Norfolk,  for  inst.ance,  is 
believed  to  h.ave  been  called  the  "  Old  O.ak"  in 
the  time  of  William  the  Conqueror.  Indeed,  ac- 
cording to  the  opinion  of  learned  writers  on  the 
subject,  this  more  than  venerable — this  very 
ancient — tree  is  probably  fifteen  hundred  years 
old,  and  thus  seven  hundred  years  older  than  the 
Conquest.  Its  circumference  at  the  extremities 
of  the  roots  is  70ft. ;  in  the  middle  it  is  40ft.  The 
Threeshire  Oak,  near  Worksop,  was  so  situated 
that  it  covered  part  of  three  counties — York,  Not- 
tingham, and  Derby,  and  dripped  over  777  square 
yard.s.  But  even  this  tree  was  a  saphng  com- 
pared with  the  Spread  Oak  in  Worksop  Park, 
which  dripped  over  an  area  of  nearly  3,000  square 
yards,  or  more  than  half  an  acre,  and  could  have 
afibrded  shelter  to  a  regiment  of  a  thousand  horse. 
On  one  of  the  estates  of  the  Duke  of  Bedfoid 
there  is  a  tree  now  growing  called  the  Oakley  Oak, 
having  a  head  measuring  llOft.  in  diameter. 
Another,  in  Rycote  Park,  i.s  said  to  have  been  ex- 
tensive enough  to  cover  5,000  men.  The  Great 
Oak  at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  which  fpU  in 
the  summer  of  17SS — its  rushing  sound  alarming 
all  the  college — must  have  been  a  tree  of  goodly 
proportions  in  the  time  of  Alfred  the  Great.  This 
magnificent  tree  could  have  sheltered  3,000  men, 
for  it  flung  its  boughs  through  a  space  of  sixteen 
yards  on  eveiy  side  from  its  trunk.  And  in  the 
village  of  Ellerslie,  Renfrewshire,  the  native  place 
of  Wallace,  there  still  stands  the  ''Old  Oak," 
among  the  branches  of  which,  tradition  says,  that 
the  Scottish  patriot,  with  300  of  his  men,  hid  them- 
selves from  the  English.  But  more  interesting 
than  all  these,  if  the  interest  be  of  a  different  kind, 
is  Heme's  Oak,  which  Shakspeare,  in  "  The 
Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,"  has  made  immortal. 
The  identity  of  this  celebrated  tree  has  long  been 
the  subject  of  discussion.  The  result  has  not 
been  eminently  satisfactory.  It  Is  well  known 
that  there  were  two  oaks  in  Windsor  Park,  both 
locally  known  as  the  Oak  of  Heme  the  Hunter — 
that  is  to  say,  opinion  is  divided  as  to  which  of 
the  two  was  the  tree  supposed  to  be  described  by 
Shakspeare.  A  great  deal  has  been  written  by 
Shakspearian  commentators  and  others  in  favour 
of  both  trees,  and  it  appeai-s  to  us  that  the  claims 
of  both  have  been  urged  with  equal  ingenuity  and 
ability.  The  latest  writer  on  the  subject  is  Mr. 
William  Perry,  wood  carver  to  the  cjueen,  who 
has  recently  published  "A  Treatise  on  the 
Identity  of  Heme's  Oak,  showing  the  Maiden 
Tree  to  have  been  the  Real  One."''  Without  en- 
tering into  the  details  of  so  erudite  a  question,  we 
may  state  briefly  that  Mr.  Perry  is  strongly  of 
opinion  that  the  tree  which  stood  near  a  spot 
called  the  Fairies'  Dell,  in  the  Home  Park,  Wind- 
sor, and  which  fell  in  18(33,  was  the  tree,  and  not 
the  one  which  was  cut  down  in  1796.  Mr.  Perry 
argues  his  case  very  ingeniously,  and  at  the  same 
time  very  honestly,  and  we  must  say  that  he  has 
produced  better  proof  on  his  side  of  the  question 
than  the  majority,  at  least,  of  his  opponents  have 
done  on  their  side.  We  believe  the  balance  of  evi- 
dence to  bedecidedly  in  favour  of  the  oak  which  fell 
in  1S63.  Among  the  believers  in  this  tree  is  her 
Majesty,  as  was  also  George  III.,  and  Mr.  Perry 
has  executed  a  bust  of  the  great  dramatist  out  of 
the  wood  for  the  Queen.  The  neat  little  work 
before  us  contains  several  illustrations  of  the  oak 
itself,  and  also  an  engraving  of  a  casket  which  the 
author  designed  and  executed  out  of  it  for  Miss 
Burdett  Coutts,  to  whom  he  dedicates  his  book. 
In  a  statement  which  accompanies  Mr.  Perry's 
book  he  appears  to  think  that  he  finds  incontro- 
vertible evidence  that  he  is  right.  The  statement 
is  certainly  singular.  It  is  this  : — While  working 
up  a  portion  of  this  venerable  tree  into  covers  for 
the  book  under  our  notice,  looking  on  the  end  he 
observed  a  great  peculiarity.  The  annular  rings 
accumulated  in  a  healthy  and  vigorous  manner 
up  to  a  certain  point,  when  they  suddenly  ceased, 
became  almost  imperceptible,  then  increased  again 
in  size,    till    they  attained    nearly  their  former 


*  London  :  L.  Booth,  307,  Eegeut-streut,  "W.     1S67. 


width,  afterwards  gradually  diminished  tow.aril3 
the  outer  edge  of  the  tree,  where  they  finally 
became  undistinguishable.  Upon  mentioning  this 
phenomena  to  an  intelligent  gardener  of  fifty  years' 
experience,  without  informing  him  in  what  wood 
he  had  observed  it,  the  gardener  remnrked  that 
the  tree  must  have  been  struck  by  lightning,  or 
blighted  in  some  way,  so  as  to  have  stopped  its 
growth,  otherwise  such  an  appearance  would  not 
have  been  presented.  It  was  in  the  nature  of 
trees,  as  with  human  beings,  when  they  arrived 
at  maturity  they  began  to  decline,  j  ust  as  man 
does,  but  it  was  generally  a  gradual  process  ;  the 
rings  in  the  trunk  would  become  smaller  and 
smaller  by  degrees,  as  the  sap  flowed  less  and 
less  up  the  tree.  Mr.  Perry  has  since  examined 
the  wood  more  closelj',  and  from  the  healthy  part 
of  the  tree  to  the  outside  of  the  piece  he  has 
counted  164  annular  rings.  If  to  these  are  added 
20  for  the  sap  which  was  wasted  away  from  it, 
and  44  years,  which  time  at  least  it  is  known  to 
have  been  dead,  we  are  carried  back  as  far  as 
1G39  as  the  latest  time  when  the  tree  could  have 
been  scared  or  blighted.  How  much  earlier  than 
this  it  may  have  been  Mr.  Perry  is  not  in  a 
position  at  i)resent  to  prove,  but  considering  that 
the  rings  are  so  small  as  to  be  scarcely  discernible, 
and  that  some  of  the  outer  portion  of  the  tree 
had  been  wasted  away,  he  submits  that  it  is  not  a 
very  preposterous  idea  to  assTime  it  not  improb- 
able it  happened  during  Shakspeare's  time.  Re- 
ferring to  the  first  edition  of  the  "  Merry  Wives 
of  Windsor,"  published  1602,  we  find  no  mention 
made  of  Heme's  Oak,  neither  do  we  in  the  reprint 
of  1619.  The  first  mention  of  it  is  in  the  first 
folio  edition,  1623,  so  that  the  probability  is  that 
the  story  of  Heme  the  Hunter  existed  before  the 
tree  was  attached  to  it,  which,  subsequent  to 
1602,  being  blasted,  the  superstition  of  the  age 
imputed  it  to  the  evil  power  of  the  spirit  of 
Heme,  who,  according  to  the  previous  tradition, 
*'  walked  in  shape  of  a  great  stag,  with  huge  horns 
on  his  head."  We  are,  therefore,  led  to  suppose 
that  between  1602  and  the  date  of  Shakspeare's 
death,  1616,  he  perfected  the  first  sketch  of  the 
play,  by  adding  to  it  such  information  as  he 
could  gather,  and  such  improvements  as  his 
maturer  j  udgment  suggested,  and  if  we  take  the 
period  of  his  retirement  at  New  Place  as  the  prob- 
able date  when  he  calmly  set  himself  to  revise 
and  improve  his  plays,  collecting  them  together  in 
the  form  in  which  they  were  given  to  the  world  in 
1623 — say,  1610  or  1612 — we  are  thus  brought  to 
within  27  or  29  years  of  the  date  to  which  we  can 
satisfactorily  trace  the  blasting  of  Heme's  Oak  to 
have  taken  place.  This  evidence,  says  Mr.  Perry, 
is  not  sufficient  in  itself  to  identify  this  tree  with 
the  play  of  Shakspeare,  yet,  when  taken  in  connec- 
tion  with  all  the  other  points  in  favour  of  the 
tree  which  he  has  previously  advanced,  forms  a 
powerful  collateral  evidence  which  the  most 
sceptical  cannot  deny. 


THE    ANCIENT    CITY    OP    URICONITJM. 

WE  last  week  gave  a  summary  of  the  proceed- 
ings of  the  Archseological  Congress  at 
Hungerford,  in  which  mention  was  made  of 
a  paper  on  Wroxeter,  "  The  Ancient  City  of  Uri- 
conium,"  read  by  Mr.  H.  Godwin,  F.S.A.,  of  New- 
bury. The  following  is  a  more  extended  report  of 
that  interesting  paper.  Mr.  Godwin  said; — I  feel 
that  some  apology  is  due  to  the  members  of  the 
Wiltshire  Archajological  Society  for  obtruding 
upon  them  a  subject  so  foreign  to  their  ordinary 
local  researches.  I  assure  you,  gentlemen,  that  I 
should  not  have  taken  you  so  far  out  of  your 
county  had  it  not  happened  that  I  received  the 
first  intimation  of  your  proposed  meeting  when  I 
was  at  a  considera'ble  distance  from  my  own.  I 
was  actually  at  Wroxeter,  in  company  with  its 
great  explorer,  Mr.  Thomas  Wright,  and  other 
members  of  the  British  Archreological  Society, 
when  the  invitation  to  join  you  would  have  reached 
me,  had  my  erratic  movements  been  better  known. 
As  it  was  I  did  not  receive  it  until  some  days  later, 
when  I  had  extended  my  peregrinations  into 
Cheshire  and  Lancashii-e.  To  this  invitation  I  re- 
plied that  it  was  impossible  for  me  to  do  justice 
to  a  local  subject,  for  I  had  everything  to  learn 
and  nothing  to  impart  relative  to  this  portion  of 
Wilts,  and  that  it  would  be  alien  to  the  very  con- 
stitution of  your  society  to  descant  on  remote  an- 
tiquities. My  objection  was  overruled.  I  again 
declined,  remonstrated,  protested,  but  finally 
yielded.  I  put  it,  therefore,  to  you,  whether  in 
being  thus  thrust  upon  you  I  may  not  con- 
sider   myself    in    the    light    of     the    aggrieved 


party.       However,  to    compose  our    differences 
and       mutual      complaints,      will      you    allow 
me  to   suggest    that   you    should   kindly  consi- 
der my  paper  as  substituted   for  one  somewhat 
cognate,  which  might  have  been   expected   from  j 
this  society   on  the  Roman   viUa  and  tesselated  j 
pavement  discovered  at  Littlecote,  which  1  much  | 
regret  are  not  accessible  to  us.      These  ancient  re.  ' 
mains  are  to  be  seen   on  the   Watling  street  road 
about  five  miles  from  Shrewsbury.      The  waU  is 
upwards  of  20ft.  high  and  75ft.  long,  and  of  a  slender 
character  (3ft.  thick)  compared  with    the  massive 
wall  of  Silchester,  which   is  nearly  15ft.  in  thick- 
ness.    Watling  street  is  supposed  to    have   nearly 
equally  divided  the  city   east  and  west.      Three 
other  walls  which  do  not  rise   to  the  level  of  the 
ground,  enclose  these  spaces.     The   first   of  these 
enclosures  was  nearly  a  parallelogram  226ft.  long 
and  14ft.  wide.    The  walls  were  much  ornamented,  I 
and  it  was  now  paved  with  fine  mosaics  of   vario" 
and  exquisite  geometrical  design — not  so  beautiful 
as  those  of   Woodchester  or   Littlecote,    but   th 
most  extensive  yet  discovered  in  England.      Thai 
second  or  central  enclosure  was   30ft.   wide,  and 
paved  with  small  bricks  laid   in  zigzags ;   on   the 
floor  were  found  portions   of   broken  pillars,   the 
head  of  an  axe,  &c.     This  building  is   thought  to 
have  been  a  basilica,  or  public  hall.      The   third 
enclosure  was  an  open  alley,  14ft.  in  width.      Mr.  1 
Godwin  then  referred  to  the  old  wall,  which  reached  | 
a  depth  of  14ft.  below  the  surface,  and   was   con- 
nected with  a  series  of  vaulted  rooms,  in  one   of  | 
which  was  a  cpiantity  of  burnt  wheat,  as  though  it  J 
had  been  a  store   room.      To  the  south  of   theaej 
rooms  were  hypocausts,  or  chambers  of  hot  air.  IjtTi 
the  sudatorium,  or  sweating  room,  were  found  tw 
skeletons.     In  another  room  were  discovered  threa^J 
skeletons,  two  of  females  and  one  of   an   old   manT 
in  a  crouching  position.      Near  the  latter  lay  a 
heap  of   Roman  coins — 132   in  number,   ranging 
from  Claudius   to  Valens.       In   a  small  square 
chamber,  in  a  rubbish  hole,  were  found  coins,  hair 
pins,  fibuho,  needles  of  bone,  nails,  bronze  articles, 
stags'  horns,  tusks  of  wild  boars,  oyster  shells,  &c.. ' 
Some  steps  led  to  a  more  important  series   of  hy.; 
pocausts.     One  apartment  contained  a  reservoir  of  I 
water.     A  wide  gallery  ran   partially   round  the ) 
squ.are,  probably  used  as  an   ambulatory — an  im.  i 
portant  feature  in  Roman  baths.      When  it  is  re* 
membered  (remarks  Mr.  Godwin)  that  the   modej 
of  using  the  bath  embraced  the  four  gradations  of  J] 
the     laconium,    or  heated    room,   the   lavaorum  i 
or  hot   batch,  the  tepidarium  or  warm  chamber, 
and  the   frigidarium     or    cold   water  bath,   and 
concluded    with     exercise    in     the     ambulatory, 
we   are  struck   with  the     completeness    of    the 
ground   plan     of  a  public   bath   thus  laid   open 
by    these   excavations.       The    buildings  on  the 
west  side  of  the  bath  are  of  a  more  private  nature. 
From  remains  found,  one  of  these  apartments  ia 
thought  to  have  been  occupied  by  a   worker  in 
glass  and  fine  metals.     The  remains   of  what  is 
supposed  to  be  the  forum  have  been   discovered. 
It  is  worthy  of  remark  that  the  rooms  must  have 
been  lighted  from  above,  as  no  windows  are  visible 
in  the   walls.      Two   new  kinds  of  pottery  were 
discovered.      Many  curiosities  have  been  brought 
to  light,  including  artists'  pallettes,  metal  mirrors, 
combs  and  pins  of  chignons  (no   new   invention) ; 
also  an  oculist's  stamp,  used  probabiy  as  a  kind  of 
patent  or   quack  ointment  for  the   eyes,   called 
diahbanum,  prepared  by  a  physician  named  Tibe- 
rius Claudius,  probably  a  Romanized  Briton.   The 
classical  student  is  reminded  of  Horace's  journey 
to  Brundusium,  when  he  had  to  lay  by  for  a  day 
to  rest  and  doctor  his  eyes,  while  poor  old  Virgil 
took  physic.     Mr.  Godwin  here  dilated  upon  the 
uses  of  the  building  described,  illustrating  his  re- 
marks by  quotations  from  Martial,  conclutling  with 
the  following  observations  : — The  city   was  men- 
tioned by  Ptolemy,  the  geographer,  who  flourished 
A.D.  139 — 171,thatit  wasincludedin  theltinerary 
of  Antoninus,  a.d.  320,  and  that  in   one  series  of 
coins  found  in  it,  extended  from  Claudius  a.d.  61, 
to  Valens  364,  the  latter  of  which  must  have  many 
years  allowed  for  such   remote  circulation.      Uri- 
conium  was  large,  for  its    walls,   of   which  traces 
yet  remain,  formed  a  circuit  of  three  miles.     Un- 
conium  was  rich  and  flourishing,  for  it  had  pubhc 
buildings,  and  domestic   luxuries,   and  possessed 
some  of  the  newest  and  rarest  coins  both  in  silver 
and  gold.     Uriconium  was  civilized,  for  its  ruuis 
display    in   the   elegance    of  some  of  the    capi- 
tals  of    its    columns   and    statues,    and    iu  the 
beauty   of  the    designs    of    some   of    its    pave- 
ments and  frescoes,  considerable  proficiency  in  art. 
Such  was  Uriconium,  placed   upon  a  shght  emi- 
nence, sheltered  in  the  rear  by  its  guardian  Wrekin, 
its  painted  waUs,  and  glazed  and  glistening  roofs, 


September  27,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


666 


iping  gently  towards  the  Severn.  The  purple 
(1  grey  hilU  of  the  Long  My  ml,  and  Caer  Cara- 
c  formed  a  bold  panorama  in  front,  and  the 
jre  remote  mountains  of  Wales  gleamed  softly 
the  shadowy  distance.  Such  was  Uriconium, 
len  the  sun  rose  upon  it  some  1,-iOO  years 
.;  but  sudden  destruction  came  down  upon  it 
Li  a  whirlwind.  The  shouts  of  the  sons  of  Walla 
i!  Saxon  was  heard  ;  fire  and  slaughter  were  in 
L-ir  train  ;  and  the  inhabitants  fled  before  them, 
cloud  of  blue  smoke  enveloped  the  fair  city,  and 
1  the  horrors  which  ensued  ;  but  the  rootless  anil 
iirles-i  buildings,  the  fragmentary  columns,  the 
rut  wheat,  tlie  uncompleted  vessel,  the  unfinished 
lairs,  the  crouching  skeleton  of  the  old  man  and 
I  casket,  and  those  of  the  panic-striken  women, 
e  remains  of  the  child  dashed  from  the  wall, 
\  those  of  the  men  massacred  in  the  passages, 
;  woman's  abandoned  vessel  of  money,  and  the 
rious  broken  chariot  wheels,  leave  little  to  the 
igination  to  lill  up  in  the  last  act  of  the  ancient 
; -ily  which  involved  the  fate  of  the  ancient 
V  of  Uriconium. 

„A.  cordial  vote  of  thanks  was  presented  to   Mr. 

Vidwui  for  his  able  paper. 


IJHE  GOVERNMENT  AND  RAILWAYS. 

HHE  question  "  What  action,  if  any,  ought  the 
Government  to  take  with  regard  to  rail- 
re?"  formed  the  subject  of  a  very  able  .and 
borate  paper  written  by  Mr.  Edwin  Chadwick, 
i,  and  read  last  week  before  the  Trade  and 
womy  Section  of  the  Social  Science  Congress, 
ilway.s,  s.aid  Jfr.  Chadwick,  were  usually  profit- 
e,  like  common  roads.  Though  they  might  fail 
pay  good  dividends,  they  increased  the  value  of 

i  acent  property.  Uf  all  taxes,  he  contended 
.t  those  on  the  means  of  communication,  and 
exactions  beyond  the  payments  for  coustruc- 
!i  and  working  were  the  worst ;  and  that  by  the 
ititution  of  Government  security  for  that  of 
..ite  traders,  by  the  unity  of  management,  and 
relief  from  local  and  general  taxation,  share- 
ders  might  be  satisfied,  and  funds  provided  for 
•  reduction  of  fares  and  extended  accommoda- 
Q  to  the  public.  Impartial  pei'sons  had  pro- 
meed  the  report  of  the  recent  Railway  Com- 
•^ion  a  failure.  Lord  Stanley  had  not  signed 
■  report,  nor  had  Mr.  Roebuck ;  while  Mr. 
buck  and  Mr.  Rowland  Hill  had  made  inde- 
ident  reports  much  in  accordance  with  his  (Mr. 
adwick's)  views.  He  considered  the  composition 
the  Commission  objectionable.  It  assumed 
it  the  interests  of  directors  were  identical  with 
>se  of  shareholders,  which  was  a  mistake.  He 
iiplained  that  the  Commission  had  not  examined 
ortant  cases  in  which  extreme  reductions  of 
'^  hail  been  compensated  by  increase  of  traffic ; 
V  they  had  not  inquired  into  increased  value 
■n  to  land  by  making  railways,  nor  into  the 
!-lic  administration  of  railways  on  the  Continent, 
ich  Robert  Stephenson,  Mr.  Locke,  and  others 
1  cited  as  examples  to  be  followed.  After 
oting  some  questions  addressed   by  Mr.  Lowe 

■  I  Mr.  Gait  on  the  supposed  perversion  of  Parlia. 
atary  influence,  Mr.  Chadwick  observed  that 
'  ijuestion  assumed  that  the  administration  of 
'■  railway  directorates  was  generally  unexcep- 
nally  pure  and  superior,  and,  on  the  other  hand, 
verDment.al  administration  under  the  existing 
latitution  was  generally  corrupt  and  inferior, 
1  that  its  corruption  passed  legislative  skill  to 

:aedy.     This  was  consistent   with  Mr.    Lowe's 
lently  expressed  opinion  that  promotion  by  merit 

■  the  army  would  be  promotion  by  job.  "The  last 
P.eulty  had  been  resolved  in  the  French  army, 
1  was  resolvable  here.  He  (Mr.  Chadwick),  how- 
■r.  denied  the  relative  inferiority  and  greater 
ual  corruption  of  Governmental  administration. 

the  chief   Government  executive   officers,  he 

v'er  knew  nor  heard  of  one   who  lived  beyond 

modest  salary,  or  his  ostensible  private  means  ; 

i  he  did  not  believe  that  a  purer  set  of  officers 

uld  be  found  in  Europe.     There  was  already  a 

ge  amount  of  money  expended  in  contracts   to 

lich  no  reasonable  suspicion  attached.     In   the 

jaeral    railway   administration,    instances    were 

torious  of  ofiicers  who  had  depressed  and  ruined 

Iways,  with   immense    fortunes.      No  Govern- 

nt  or  piirty  in  thL^  country  could  have  existed 

ler  such  gigantic  mismanagement  as  h.as  been 

iplayed  in  the  courts  of  law  and  public  investi- 

-ions  with  regard  to  railways.     If  such  was  the 

vracter  of  our  Government,  that   it  could    not 

trusted  to  make   contracts  for  the    means  of 

ornal  communication  (as  Mr.  Lowe  supposed), 

ought  not  to  be  glorified  as  the  perfection   of 

islative  wisdom.    The  railway  property  of  Ire- 


land, on  a  liberal  estimate,  was  worth  i'l  7,750,000. 
If  the  Government  gave  .fl9,50U,000  they  would 
get  the  property  for  £634,650  per  r.nnum.  It  now 
yields  a  net  profit  of  ,t'»00,r)112,  or  a  gain  of 
£266,03-2,  added  to  which  £120,000  was  to  be 
saved  by  unity  of  management.  Tliia  would  leave 
a  prospect  of  a  total  saving  of  £3S6,032  to  com- 
pensate for  considerable  reduction  of  fares  and 
rates  for  goods.  The  Government  have  taken  the 
important  step  to  ascertain  by  a  second  Commis- 
sion the  exact  financial  condition  of  the  Irish 
railways,  with  a  view  to  a.scertain  their  actual 
v.vlue  for  a  purchase.  In  an  agricultural  country 
like  Ireland,  he  maintained  it  .as  an  administrative 
principle  that  the  extension  of  the  means  of  com- 
munication should  anticipate  the  demand,  and  that 
they  would  create  it  if  m.ade  judiciously.  The 
extension  of  conveniences  shoidd  be  made  by  the 
construction  of  light  and  cheap  horse  railways,  as 
in  the  United  States,  which  in  and  about  cities 
equal  in  extent  the  lines  for  locomotives.  Prob- 
ably the  full  extension  of  these  branches  would 
equal  in  extent  the  main  lines  now  in  existence. 
Tne  position  of  the  railways  operates  as  a  barrier 
to  these  important  and  useful  extensions,  and  pre  ■ 
vents  the  railways  being  put  on  their  proper  foot- 
ing as  public  highways.  Mr.  Chadwick  recom- 
mended the  union  of  the  postal  and  railway 
systems,  and  its  employment  for  the  distribution 
of  parcels  and  telegraphic  messages.  At  present, 
all  the  railway  stations  were  not  above  one-third  of 
the  postal  stations ;  while  the  telegraph  companies 
had  not  above  one  station  to  every  eight  or  nine 
of  the  postal  stations.  Mr.  Chadwick  showed  that 
to  a  large  extent  the  same  persons  might  be 
employed  in  delivering  letters  by  post  and  tele- 
graph messages.  In  Switzerland,  Belgium,  and 
other  places  on  the  Continent,  one  station  served 
for  the  three  purposes ;  and  in  Belgium  the 
uniform  telegraph  rate  was  only  half-a-frane.  The 
charge  for  small  parcels  in  these  countries  was 
very  light,  and  the  efi'ect  upon  trade  had  been  very 
considerable.  Business  was  often  transacted  with 
one-third  of  the  stocks  formerly  necessary.  In 
Ireland,  while  there  are  1,625  postal  stations, 
there  are  only  92  telegraph  stations.  In  Prussia, 
which  in  many  respects  was  the  best  administrated 
country  in  Europe,  the  Government  intends  to 
extend  the  telegraph  system  to  every  place  with 
1,500  inhabitants,  or  double  the  extent  of  the 
postal  service  in  Ireland.  By  a  complete  tele- 
graphic system,  he  could  state,  as  a  Commissioner 
of  Police,  the  efficiency  of  the  police  might  be 
doubled.  He  was  assured,  on  good  authority,  that 
by  a  recent  invention  of  Mr.  Donald  NicoU, 
underground  telegraphs  might  be  laid  and  main- 
tained as  cheaply  as  the  present  overground 
system.  The  objections  to  cheap  telegraphy  by 
practical  officers  were  of  the  same  sort  as  the  old 
practical  officers  made  against  postal  reform.  But 
in  Switzerland  halfpenny  posts  pay.  In  Belgium, 
telegraphy  was  commenced,  as  in  England,  by 
trading  companies.  They  were  proceeding  in  a 
poor  and  unsatisfactory  way  when  the  Government 
established  postal  telegraphy  on  the  uniform  f  lanc- 
message  principle.  This  succeeded  so  well  that  a 
uniform  half-franc  principle  has  been  adopted. 
America  was  moving  in  the  same  direction.  As  a 
whole,  it  followed  that  the  conveyance  of  tele- 
graphic me-sages,  of  letters,  of  passengers,  and  of 
goods  should  be  combined  under  one  chief  and 
responsible  public  authority.  Mr.  Chadwick 
trusted  that  in  this  respect  Ireland  would  lead  the 
way.  He  proposed  that  the  Council  of  the  Asso- 
ciation should  appoint  a  special  committee,  to 
meet  in  London,  to  support  this  reform,  and  to 
make  representations  from  time  to  time  in  further- 
ance of  the  public  interest  in  it. 


INTERNATIONAL  COINAGE. 

IN  the  Jurisprudence  Section  of  the  Social 
Science  Congress,  Professor  Leone  Levi  read 
a  paper  on  this  subject.  He  set  out  by  referring 
to  the  two  conferences  on  this  subject  held  in 
Paris  in  the  month  of  June  last,  both  conferences 
being  agreed  as  to  the  necessity  and  utUity  of 
uniformity  of  coinage  throughout  the  world,  and 
also  upon  taking  the  gold  standard  as  a  basis  of 
international  currency.  They  were  further  unani- 
mous on  the  advantage  of  the  decimal  division, 
on  the  desirability  of  having  equal  types  or  coins, 
and  upon  the  adoption  of  coin  of  the  same 
fineness  and  alloy.  As  for  the  unit,  they  made  no 
specific  recommendation  except  that  the  five  francs 
in  gold  should  be  taken  as  a  basis  of  the  coinage  of 
the  countries  entering  into  the  convention.  The 
most  important  point  to  be  considered  was,  in 
what  measure  could-  these  resolutions  be  made 


appUcablo  to  the  United  Kingdom,  or  what  steps 
should  bo  taken  to  bring  our  coinage  in  relation 
to  the  five  francs.  Three  modes  were  open  for 
consideration.  The  first  would  be  the  adoption 
of  tho  5  franc  piece,  or  of  a  gold  coin  of  the 
value  of  100  halfpence,  or  4s.  2d.  The  second 
was  to  reduce  the  sovereign  to  the  exact 
value  of  twenty- five  francs.  The  third  was  to 
adopt  the-  lOfranc  piece.  His  own  opinion  was 
quite  settleil  in  favour  of  the  last  mode.  The 
5-frano  gold  piece  would  be  too  small,  easily 
lost,  too  costly  to  produce,  much  more  subject  to 
wear  and  tear  and  diminution  in  value,  and  too 
small  for  largo  transactions  of  commerce  and 
finance.  In  his  opinion,  England  should  take  the 
ten  francs  as  a  unit,  since  it  so  happened  that  100 
of  her  ])resent  pence  were,  in  fact,  equivalent 
to  ten  francs,  the  penny  being  very  like  the  10- 
centime  piece. 

A  paper  was  read  from  Mr.  Tito  Pagbardini  on 
the  cpiestion  whether  it  was  desirable  that  there 
should  be  an  international  currency.  Ho  said 
that  public  opinion  was  now  almost  unanimous 
upon  the  subject;  and  four  of  tho  priiici[>al 
nations  of  Europe  (France,  Belgium,  Switzerland, 
and  Italy)  had  lately  given  a  practical  solution  to 
the  question  by  adopting  an  identical  coinage ; 
while  Germany  was  taking  steps  in  the  same 
direction,  and  Russia  and  America  had  declared 
their  readiness  to  adopt  the  decimal  metric  system 
of  measures,  weights,  and  coins,  as  soon  as 
England  shall  have  led  the  way.  The  field  of 
discussion  was,  therefore,  considerably  narrowed, 
for  it  now  only  remained  to  consider  on  what 
basis  other  civilized  nations  could  join  the  new 
monetary  convention.  Two  methods  alone  seemed 
worthy  of  consideration: — First,  a  transitional 
one,  which  consisted  in  each  nation  preserving  its 
own  coin  of  account — viz.,  England  her  pound 
sterling,  the  United  States  their  dollar,  Austria 
her  florin,  &c.,  but  all  agreeing  to  make  such 
slight  alterations  in  their  intrinsic  v.alue  as  should 
make  them  easily  interchangeable  with  the  coins 
of  the  decimal  metric  system,  and,  therefore,  with 
each  other.  There  were,  however,  disadvantages 
attending  that  method ;  and  the  other  method, 
which  he  proposed  on  his  sole  responsibility,  con- 
sisted in  at  once  adopting  that  absolute  inter- 
national uniformity  and  logical  application  of  the 
decimal  system  that  the  previous  method  only 
reaches  indirectly ;  nor  did  he  believe  that  its 
introduction  would  ofl'er  more  serious  difficulties, 
while  it  would  settle  once  for  all  a  most  im- 
portant international  question.  This  method 
consisted  iu  proposing  that  all  nations  wishing  to 
join  the  monetary  convention  should  adopt  as  their 
standard  coin  of  account,  or  unit,  a  gold  piece  of 
nine-tenths  fine,  equ.al  to  ten  francs  (the  French 
franc  was  ton  small  for  this  purpose,  and  the  so- 
vereign was  still  worse.)  This  coin,  named  in 
England  a  lion,  in  France  an  eagle,  in  Germany 
an  adler,  in  America  a  star,  &c.,  would  be  divided 
into  ten  parts  represented  by  silver  tokens,  each 
equal  to  a  franc,  and  declared  to  be  equal  to  lOd. 
— this  silver  coin  to  be  called  a  Briton  in  the 
United  Kingdom,  as  it  was  called  a  franc  in 
France.  This  would  leave  in  cii-culation  that 
important  British  coin,  the  penny  ;  and,  for  the 
benefit  of  the  working  classes,  who  dealt  chiefly 
iu  the  smallest  subdivisions,  the  penny  would  bo 
divided  into  ten  parts,  each  equal  to  the  French 
centime.  For  calculations  of  the  national 
revenue,  and  large  commercial,  banking,  or 
statistical  calculations,  the  Impeiial,  of  the  value 
of  ten  hons  (equivalent  to  100  francs  or  £4),  might 
be  used,  thereby  expressing  large  amounts  by 
numbers  more  easily  apprehended,  without 
deviating  from  the  simplicity  of  the  p\ire  decimal 
system.  This  method  would  abolish  at  once  all 
the  complications  of  money  tables  and  .all  their 
distressing  consequences,  all  operations  being  per- 
formed by  the  mere  displacing  of  the  decimal 
point.  It  would,  moreover,  have  the  practical 
advantage  of  leaving  all  the  present  coins  in  cir- 
culation until  in  the  course  of  time  it  should  be 
found  convenient  to  call  them  in.  Threepenny, 
fourpenny,  sixpenny,  and  shilling  pieces  would  all 
be  serviceable,  and  the  sovereign  would  pass 
current  as  twenty-five  Britons,  and  the  florin  as 
two  Britons  and  a  half,  the  latter  becoming  to 
the  new  coinage  what  the  rapidi^  disappearing 
half-crown  was  to  the  present  coinage. 


Some  workmen  engaged  in  digging  a  drain  in 
the  court  yard  of  the  Lycee  Napoleon,  Paris, 
recently  discovered  36  coins  of  the  reign  of 
Julius  Caesar,  besides  some  articles  of  jewelcry  of 
the  Roman  occupation  of  Paris. 


666 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


September  27,  1867. 


MANCHESTER    NEW   TOWN   HALL. 

ABOUT  one  hundred  of  the  competitive 
designs  dentin  for  the  new  Manchester 
Town  Hall  are  now  open  to  public  inspection 
in  the  town  liall  of  that  city.  They  will  re- 
main on  view  till  next  Wednesday  week.  It 
is  remarkable  that  the  selected  designs  are 
not  exhibited  ;  conseijuently,  there  are  no 
means  of  establisliing  a  comparison  Ijetween 
the  selected  and  rejected  designs.  What  the 
public  is  most  interested  in  is  whether  tlie 
best  designs  were  selected — -whether  the 
referee  had  done  justice  to  the  competition. 
There  is  a  wide-spread  feeling  that  justice 
has  not  been  done,  and  this  feeling  will 
deepen  now  that  the  unsuccessful  comjjetitors 
cannot  compare  their  own  designs  with  those 
which  Were  more  fortunate.  No  doubt 
this  exclusion  was  intended  to  prevent 
"  odorous  comparisons,"  as  Mrs.  Malaprop 
would  say,  and  to  shelter  the  comicil  and  the 
referee  from  a  shower  of,  it  may  be,  hostile 
criticism.  To  all  appearances,  there  is  a 
dash  of  jobbery  in  the  matter.  It  certainly 
would  have  been  a  more  intelligible  way 
to  have  exhibited  all  the  drawings  or 
none.  Here  we  have  the  play  of  "Hamlet" 
without  the  principal  character,  wliich  looks, 
to  say  the  least  of  it,  a  little  absm-d. 


THE    PUGIN    AND  BARRY  CONTRO- 
VERSY. 

THIS  controversy  is  assuming  a  definite 
shape.  Mr.  Pugin  states  that  he  "  will 
accept  Messrs.  Barry's  proposal  to  submit  the 
matter  to  any  impartial  and  authoritative 
tribimal,  provided  they  will  at  once  place  in 
his  hands  the  seventy-sis  letters  which  he 
delivered  to  Sir  C.  Barry,  under  a  promise 
that  they  should  be  returned  at  once."  This 
promise  was  never  fulfilled,  and  its  non- 
fulfilment  has  cast  an  ugly  shadow  on  the 
Messrs.  Barry's  case.  Mr.  Alfred  Barry,  in  his 
last  letter  to  the  Times,  and  which  is  repro- 
duced in  another  column  of  our  impression  to- 
day, says  :— "  We  are  perfectly  "willing  to 
submit  all  our  evidence,  to  give  any  date,  and 
to  produce  any  document  before  a  proper  tri- 
bunal." Of  course  the  seventy-six  letters  are 
included  in  this  oll'er.  If  not,  any  impartial 
and  thorough  investigation  would  be  simply 
impossible.  But  if  they  are  to  be  included, 
why  not  have  said  so  >  It  is  very  probable^ 
in  fact,  almost  certain — that  these  letters  con- 
tain much  e\adence  in  favour  of  one  side  or 
the  other.  If  they  be  forthcoming,  we  may 
expect  that  the  dispute  will  be  submitted 
to  the  C!ouncil  of  the  Institute  of  Architects 
or  some  members  of  that  body,  who  may  be 
appointed  for  the  purpose.  If,  however,  the 
letters  are  not  to  be  produced,  the  pul>lic  will 
inevitably  come  to  the  conclusion  that  they 
could  not  be  without  damaging  the  fame  of 
Sir  C.  Barry.  The  public  will  remember  the 
manner  in  which  they  were  oljtained,  the 
general  silence  in  which  Messrs.  Barry  have 
passed  them  o^■er,  and  will,  in  all  probability, 
magnify  the  importance  of  any  evidence  they 
may  contain.  Mr.  Pugin  .savs,  "give  me  the 
letters  which  were  lent"  under  a  solemn  pro- 
mise to  be  returned ;  keep  copies  of  them  if 
you  like."  If,  however,  the  Messrs.  Barry 
refuse  to  surrender  the  letters,  and  shelter 
themselves  behind  the  extraordinary  pretext 
borrowed  from  the  Pall  Mall  Ga:cUe,  which 
states  that  written  letters  belong  as  much  to 
the  writer  as  the  receiver,  then  judgment  will 
lean  to  Augustus  Pugin's  side.  People  want 
the  truth,  and  the  wliole  truth,  in  a  matter  of 
this  kind.  It  is  purely  a  question  of  historic 
truth,  and  will  be  decided  without  considera- 
tion of  personal  friendship  or  partizan  feeling. 
AVe  hope  the  next  step  in  the  controversy 
will  be  the  institution  of  an  impartial  tribunal, 
before  which  wUI  be  submitted  a/l  documents 
necessary  for  .an  elimination  of  the  truth. 


SHOPS  AND  OFFICES,  LORD-STREET, 
LIVERPOOL. 

THESE  buildings,  as  represented  in  one  of  our 
eogravings,  are  in  course  of  erection  iu 
Lord-street,  which  is  one  of  the  leading  thorough- 
fares of  Liverpool.  They  have  a  frontage  to 
Lord-street  of  92ft.,  and  run  in  depth  backwards 
about  soft.,  including  the  areas  for  fighting  tlie 
back  portions  of  the  shops,  which  are  five  in  num- 
ber, nnd  have  good  cellaring  beneath.  The  two 
spacious  entrances  to  the  passages  and  staircases 
leading  to  the  offices  above  the  shops,  occupy  a 
portion  of  the  Lord-street  frontage.  The  divisions 
of  the  ground  floor  are  marked  by  banded  pilas- 
ters of  poHshed  red  Aberdeen  granite,  with 
carved  stone  caps.  Behind  the  granite  pilasters 
iron  piers  are  inserted  the  thickness  of  the  divi- 
sion walls,  and  4ft.  in  depth,  to  insure  solid  bear- 
ings for  the  ends  of  the  wrought-iron  beams  upon 
which  the  front  is  carried.  The  iron  piers  have 
solid  stone  bases,  and  the  internal  walls  of  the 
buildings  are  built  upon  broad  hard  stone  landings, 
to  extend  the  bearing  surface.  These  precautions 
were  called  for  by  the  unequal  nature  of  the  site 
of  the  buildings,  it  being  crossed  by  the  line  of 
the  old  pool  from  which  Liverpool  is  said  to  derive 
its  name.  We  may  here  mention  tliat  in  digging 
the  foundations  for  these  buildings  the  trunks  of 
a  large  oak  tree  and  an  acacia  tree  were  found, 
which  had  been  here  embedded  in  the  silt  for 
a  period  of  500  or  600  years.  These  buildings  are 
being  erected  for  William  Earp,  Esq.,  of  East- 
bourne, by  Messrs.  Haigh  and  Co  ,  of  Liverpool, 
from  the  designs  and  under  the  direction  of  Mr. 
Henry  H.  Y.ale,  of  Centr.al  Chambers,  Liverpool. 

The  front  is  of  the  best  Cefn  stone  ;  the  shafts 
of  the  second  floor  windows  of  polished  red 
gr.anite,  with  circular  panels  of  Lizard  Serpentine 
in  several  colours.  The  whole  of  the  openings  are 
to  be  glazed  with  pohshed  plate  glass,  and  the 
principal  lines  of  the  storeys  picked  out  in  bold 
conveution.al  earring,  which  is  being  executed  by 
Mr.  Rogerson,  of  Chatsworth-street,  Liverpool, 
from  sketches  by  the  architect.  The  three  large 
circular  panels  or  pediments  above  the  level  of  the 
main  cornice  are  to  be  filled  in  with  life-size 
figure  carvings  representing  Art,  Science,  and  Com- 
merce. The  chimney  stacks  are  taken  up  boldly 
above  the  lines  of  roof,  and  formed  with  two 
c.aiupaniles,  with  ornamental  terminals  .and  pierced 
arches  beneath,  the  flues  being  brought  up  be- 
tween the  fireproof  safes  to  dry  the  walls  of  the 
latter.  The  offices  on  each  floor  are  lighted  at  the 
back  from  spacious  courtyards  above  the  glass 
roofs  at  the  rear  of  the  shops.  The  staircases  and 
landings  are  of  polished  Yorkshire  stone,  with 
moulded  nosings  and  oversailing  ballusters.  The 
old  buildines  which  these  are  to  replace  formed  a 
part  of  old  Lord-street  when  it  was  but  a  narrow 
lane,  it  having  been  widened  on  the  opposite  side  ; 
and  when  the  remainder  of  the  old  houses  are  re- 
moved (.as  they  will  shortly  be)  Lord-street  will 
contain  some  of  the  priucip.al  commercial  struc- 
tures in  the  town. 


PETROLEUM. 


AVERY  interesting  paper  on  this  subject  was 
read  a  short  time  ago  at  a  meeting  of  the 
Parisian  Society  of  Civil  Engineers  by  M.  Foucon, 
who  tells  us  that  bast  year  he  passed  six  months 
in  the  American  oil  districts  for  professional 
purposes.  The  lines  of  petroleum  wells,  s.ay3  M. 
Foucon,  generally  follow  a  N.E. — S.W.  direction, 
and  in  sinking  a  well,  a  stratum  of  soap-stone  is 
always  found  before  reaching  the  oil  ileposit. 
In  America  it  is  generally  admitted  that  the 
origin  of  petroleum  is  not  mineral,  but  organic. 
Dr.  Sterry  Hunt,  of  Montreal,  believes  that  sea- 
weeds and  gelatinous  animals  having  no  nitroge- 
nous matter  in  their  composition  were,  at  a 
period  anterior  to  that  of  the  formation  of  coal, 
accumulated  in  caverns  afterwards  closed  iq,  .and 
in  the  course  of  ages  converted  into  petroleum  by 
a  process  of  slow  distillation.  In  Europe,  geo- 
logists are  more  inclined  to  attribute  an  eruptive 
origin  to  petroleum.  M.  Berthelot,  who  has  paid 
great  attention  to  the  almost  unexplored  field  of 
chemical  synthesis,  has  obtained  in  his  laboratory 
results,  which  it  is  not  unreasonable  to  consider 
as  microscopic  imitations  of  the  worli  performed 
by  nature  on  a  large  scale  in  the  bowels  of  the 
earth,  for  the  production  of  petroleum.  M. 
Charles  Ste.  Claire  Deville  has  shown  the  exist- 
ence of  wonderful  regularity  in  the  distribution  of 
volcanic  emanations,  and  especially  the  connec- 
tion between  salt,  sulphur,  and  bitumen.  M. 
Daubr^e  having,  for  the  space  of  a  month,  sub- 


jected deal  shavings  in  contact  with  water  to  a 
high  temperature,  obtained  anthracite  and  evident 
proofs  of  a  formation  of  petroleum.  In  1861,  the 
quantity  of  petroleum  exported  from  the  United 
States  was  not  more  than  about  1,200,000  gallons; 
in  1866,  the  quantity  rose  to  67^  millions.  But 
now,  owing  to  the  low  prices,  the  production  has 
declined — a  well  not  yielding  more  than  fifteen 
barrels  a-day  does  not  pay,  and  is,  therefore,  given 
up.  For  a  similar  reason,  fewer  wells  are  sunk 
than  formerly.  At  all  events,  European  mer. 
chants  have  discovered  it  is  no  longer  their 
interest  to  get  unrefined  oU  from  America.  Such 
is  the  report  we  have  from  Galignani.  But  the 
Scientific  American  novf  douhta  the  practicaljility 
of  using  petroleum  as  a  substitute  for  coal,  or  a 
fuel .  It  considers  the  experiments  that  have  been 
made  with  the  former  article  quite  unsatisfactory 
as  regards  economy  of  burning. 


WATER  SUPPLY  AND  SANITARY 
MATTERS. 

A    contract  for  draining  the  valley  of  Mexico 
hai  been  let  to  General  G.  W.  Smith,   formerly 
of  the  Confederate  army,  who  is  promised  3,000, 0(^, . 
dollars  for  the  work. 

BRn3GEW.\TER. — At  a  committee  meeting  of  the 
town  council  held  on  Wednesday,  Mr.  Hawkesley** 
report  touching  the  watPr  supply  was  discussed. 
His  estimate  of  the  cost  of  procuring  the  watei' 
from  the  .Severn  Welia  stream,  six  miles  distaot 
from  Bridgew.ater,  was  now  altered  from  £18,000 
to  £20,000.  The  stream  is  situate  200ft.  above' 
the  level  of  the  sea,  a  sufiicient  height  to  supply ' 
the  town  by  gravitation.  The  present  population, 
of  Bridgewater  is  12,000,  but  in  Mr.  Hawkesley*Bl 
opinion  the  water  should  not  be  obtained  from ' 
any  source  that  would  not  supply  sufficient  for 
16,000  inhabitants,  which,  according  to  his  calcu- 
lation,  should  be  40,000  gallons  per  day,  and  the 
Severn  AVells  stream  would  meet  that  require- 
ment. 

Halifax. — At  a  recent  meeting  of  the  toy^ 
council  the  following  resolution  was  unanimously* 
passed  on  the  motion  of  the  mayor : —  "  That  notice 
be  given  by  the  town  clerk  of  an  intended  appli- 
cation to  be  made  in  the  ensuing  session  of  Parlia'i. 
ment  for  .an  Act  to  raise  additional  moneys  for  ' 
the  completion  of  the  present  waterworks,  and 
for  the  extension  of  the  same ;  also  for 
amending  the  powers  of  the  corporation  in  rela- 
tion  to  their  markets  and  gasworks  undert.akiag8. 
To  provide  for  the  acceptance  from  Sir  Francis. 
Crossley,  Bart.,  of  the  sum  of  £6 ,  300  for  the  main- 
tenanceof  the  People's  Park;  and  for  otherpurpoaes 
aflecting  the  improvement,  and  local  govemment 
of  the  borough ;  and  that  Mr.  Bateman,  C.E.,  be 
instructed  forthwith  to  prepare  the  necessary  plane 
of  the  waterworks  extension  for  Parliamentary  de- 
posit." Alderman  CoUinson  remarked  that  the 
sum  of  money  which  the  corpor.ation  was  about  to 
borrow  to  extend  the  waterworks  and  gasworks  ot 
the  borough  was  a  very  large  one,  but  he  believed 
that  the  improvements  which  be  would  effected 
would  amply  compensate  for  the  extra  expense 
incurred.  The  corporate  common  seal  was 
ordered  to  be  affixed  to  various  mortgages  of  the 
rates  of  the  borough  for  about  £4,000  ;  to  a 
contract  with  Messrs.  Brook  .and  Mann,  for  the 
construction  of  a  sewer  in  Pellon-lane  and  Han- 
son-lane. 

Paws. — Another  immense  reservoir,  similar  to 
the  one  at  Menilmontant,  is  about  to  be  con- 
structed on  an  eminence  at  Montrouge,  near 
the  Barriere  Saint  Jacques,  to  receive  the  waters 
of  the  valley  of  the  Yanne,  the  subject 
being  announced  for  adjudication  on  Septem- 
ber 25  at  the  Hotel  de  Yille.  It  is  estimated 
that  the  v.aUey  of  the  Yanne,  which  is  rich  in 
springs  emanating  from  the  chalk  beds,  will  fur- 
nish easily,  at  a  maximum  altitude  of  70  metres, 
100,000  tons  of  exceUent  water.  A  third  reser- 
voir, constructed  at  P.as.sy  in  1858  to  receive  spring 
water,  completes  the  triangle  by  means  of  which 
the  houses  of  Paris  m.ay  eventually  be  supplieJ 
with  water  as  high  as  the  fifth  floors. 


An  interesting  discovery  of  thirty  Roman 
funeral  urns  has  been  made  at  King's  Newton,  on 
the  line  of  new  nailwaynow  in  course  of  construc- 
tion to  connect  Derby  with  Ashby.  They  were 
deposited  by  threes  .and  by  fives  on  their  b.ises,  not 
inverted,  as  was  the  mode  of  burial  with  the 
Celtic  tribes  after  the  cremation. 


^^W 


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o 


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September  27,  1867. 


THE  BUILDTNa  NEWS. 


HARBOUR    OF    ST.    HELIER,    JERSEY. 


G71 


LcFrcTP. 


Jifoirmonl  F, 


;OREASED  HARBOUR  ACCOMMODA- 
TION FOR  JERSEY. 
{From  our  Special  Coeeesponbent.) 

"MIE  rapid  growth  and  development  of 
commerce  and  trade  in  the  island  of 
rsey,  which  the  last  twenty  years  have 
tnessed,  and  the  steadily  increasing  popula- 
>n  of  its  capital,  St.  Helier,  have  led,  or 
ther  compelled,  "  the  states"  to  take  steps 
r  the  purpose  of  augmenting  the  harbour 
ora  at  the  latter  place.  It  is  an  imfortunate 
rcumstance  for  the  islanders — so  far  as  the 
St  of  the  proposed  new  works  is  concerned 
that  in  1841,  when  some  additions  to  the 
1  harbour  were  effected,  and  when  the  Vic- 
ria  Pier  was  constructed,  none  of  the 
thorities  concerned  foresaw  the  necessity 
lich  has  now  arisen  for  extending  yet  further 
e  harbour  accommodation  of  St.  Helier. 
lose  who  were  then  entrusted  with  the 
■^ponsibility  of  the  undertaking  may  be 
rdoned,  however,  for  their  lack  of  pre- 
ience,  and  they  coidd  scarcely  have  imagined, 
dess  gifted  ivith  supernatural  powers  of 
ilgmeot,  that  in  a  quarter  of  a  centuiy  the 
nimerce  carried  on  by  means  of  the  island 
ipping  woidd  increase,  as  it  has  done,  four- 
Id,  or  that  the  number  of  inhabitants  of 
rsey  would  in  the  same  period  become  twice 
large. 

Reckoning  the  shipping  absolutely  per- 
ning  to  the  island  by  its  tonnage,  I 
d  that  at  tliis  moment  it  is  fairly  en- 
led  to  take  rank  as  the  sLxth  port  of 
•eat  Britain.  In  every  port  of  the  United 
mgdom  and  the  British  colonies  in  North 
'1  South  America,  on  the  coast  of  Africa, 
d  the  continent  of  Europe,  Jersey  vessels 
-•  to  be  found.  The  position  of  the  island 
s  no  doubt  something  to  do  with  this  fact. 
IS  the  largest  of  the  group  commonly 
own  as  the  Channel  Islands,  and  the 
)3t  southerly.  It  forms,  therefore,  an 
niirable  intermediate  shipping  depot  be- 
een  the  coasts  of  France,  Newfound- 
id,  and  the  south  and  west  coasts 
England.  The  present  population  of 
rsey  is  estimated  at  over  GO,UUU,  some 
000  being  located  in  the   township  of  St. 


Helier  ;  and  judging  of  the  futarre  by  the  light 
of  the  past,  it  is  quite  legitimate  to  predict 
that  the  island  has  not  yet  reached  its 
maximum  of  prosperity. 

Without  entering  into  the  peculiarities 
which  distinguish  the  government  of  the 
Channel  Islands,  and  which  appear  to  confer 
upon  their  inliabitants  many  privileges  which 
are  not  enjoyed  by  those  of  Great  Britain 
generally,  it  may  be  said  that  there  exists  in 
Jersey  but  one  opinion  as  to  the  absolute  ne- 
cessity for  further  harbour  accommodation  at 
that  place.  It  is  true  that  there  are  some 
persons  who  doul^t  the  advisability  of  extend- 
ing the  harbour  of  St.  Helier,  and  who  sug- 
gest other  localities  for  the  formation  of 
a  totally  new  harbour,  as,  for  example,  Bouley 
Bay,  four  and  a-half  miles  N.N.E  of  St. 
Helier,  and  which  would  involve  also  the 
construction  of  a  short  line  of  railway  to  St. 
Helier.  As  it  seems  certain,  from  the  action 
already  taken  by  the  executive,  that  St. 
Helier  wUi  be  really  the  scene  of  future 
operations  for  augmenting  the  harbour  space 
of  the  island,  it  is  scarcely  essential  for  us  to 
discuss  the  relative  advantages  of  otlier  posi- 
tions. 

During  the  early  part  of  last  year  the 
"  Committee  for  Piers  and  Harbours  of  the 
Free  States  of  Jersey"  solicited  many  eminent 
civil  engineers  of  England  and  France  to 
survey  the  Bay  of  St.  Aubin,  on  the  eastern 
side  of  which  the  town  of  St.  Helier  is 
situated,  and  to  furnish  plans  for  the  extension 
of  the  harbour.  No  less  than  thirty-seven 
gentlemen  responded  to  the  application,  and 
the  consequence  is  that  the  committee  have 
now  before  them  such  a  multiplicity  of  designs, 
drawings,  models,  and  reports,  as  willprobaidy 
furnish  themw-ith  matter  for  discussion — and, 
it  may  be,  of  contention — for  months  to  come. 
Had  each  member  of  the  judicial  body  in 
question  the  wisdom  of  Solon  and  the  en- 
gineering knowledge  of  a  Reunie  or  a 
Smeaton,  he  woidd  lind  it  a  difficult  task  to 
select  the  best  from  among  so  many  excellent 
and  highly  practical  plans  as  have  been  sent 
in  for  consideration.  It  is  not  surprising, 
therefore,  that  the  committee  have  felt  them- 
selves quite  unequal  to  the  duty  of  making  a 
final  selection,  and  have  come  to  the  determi- 


nation of  fortifying  themselves  for  the  work 
as  far  as  possible,  by  enlisting  into  their  ser- 
vice that  potent  agent,  pul)lic  opinion.  For 
one  day  in  each  of  seven  successive  weeks  the 
plans  are  to  be  open  to  public  inspection  and 
criticism. 

On  one  of  the  exhibition  days  I  took  ad- 
vantage of  the  opportunity,  and  e.\.amined  the 
designs  and  models  seriatim.  It  was  impos- 
sible to  withold  one's  extreme  admiration  from 
a  considerable  number  of  them,  and  all  bear 
witness  tothe  skilland  forethought  of  those  by 
whom  they  were  executed.  It  will  scarcely 
be  expected  that  I  should  anticipate  the 
final  decision  of  the  committee  by  recording  a 
verdict  in  favour  of  any  one  particular  plan. 
Such  a  course  would  indeed  be  somewhat  un- 
fair to  the  various  competitors.  The  names  of 
the  authors  are  openly  appended  to  the  draw- 
ings and  models,  and  this  fact  again  imposes  a 
certain  amount  of  reticence  on  those  who  are 
not  officially  invited  to  furnish  a  professional 
opinion  on  the  subject.  It  was  manifestly  im- 
possible for  tliose  who  entered  into  competi- 
tion for  the  accomplishment  of  a  work  which 
left  so  little  scope  for  variety  of  design  as  the 
extension  of  an  existing  harbour,  to  avoid 
similarity  of  features  in  their  respective  plans. 
This  circumstance  is  strikingly  apparent  to 
those  who  examine  them.  In  several  in- 
stances it  might  have  been  imagined,  at  a 
first  glance,  that  there  was  no  difference  wliat- 
ever  in  the  scliemes  proposed,  and  only  on 
a  minute  investigation  of  details  did  the 
distinctive  characteristics  of  each  become 
visible. 

It  is  somewhat  unfortunate,  too,  that — 
whether  designedly  or  by  accident  we  know 
not — some  of  the  reports  which  must  have,  in 
all  cases,  accompanied  the  harbour  plans,  were 
not  to  be  found,  whilst  others  were  at  hand. 
Much  more  satisfactory  would  it  have  been 
had  all  the  engineers'  reports  been  produced, 
or  none  at  all.  In  some  cases  proposed  devia- 
tions from  ordinary  practices  in  the  construc- 
tion of  hydrauUo  and  marine  masonry  pre- 
sented themselves,  and  these  might  have  been 
explained  or  accounted  for  had  the  projectors 
been  allowed  to  speak  for  themselves.  It 
is  pirobable  that  I  may  have  some  further 
remarks  to  offer  upon  this  point,  unless  the 


672 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


September  27,  1867. 


committee  see  lit  to  render  an  equal  amount 
of  favour  to  every  competitor.  I  am  not 
acquainted  with  the  members  of  the  com- 
mittee, and  do  not  kaow  whether  they  are 
personally  qualilied  to  act  as  arbitrators  in 
a  question  of  so  much  moment  to  the  interests 
of  the  island,  but  they  should,  at  any  rate, 
have  the  advantage  of  the  counsel  of  one 
or  two  engineers  of  eminence,  and  who  are 
perfectly  disinterested  in  the  results  of  their 
cogitations.  It  would  be  then  impossil)le  for 
any  charge  of  favouritism  to  be  laid  at  their 
doors,  and  the  public  mind  would  be  relieved 
of  all  doubt  as  to  tlie  honesty,  if  not  the  dis- 
cretion, of  their  decision. 

In  order  to  place  your  readers  in  complete 
possession  of  the  requirements  of  the  island 
authorities,  a  plan  of  the  harbour  of  St. 
Helier,  together  with  an  outline  and  general 
sketch  of  the  proposed  extension  of  the  har- 
bour accommodation,  is  subjoined. 

It  will  thence  be  seen  that  it  is  proposed  to 
enclose  an  immense  additional  area — many 
thousands  of  acres,  in  fact — and  to  utilize 
space  wliich  is  now  much  more  ornamental  to 
Jersey  than  advantageous  to  its  commerce. 

The  names  of  the  various  civil  engineers 
and  others  who  have  forwarded  designs  for  the 
new  works  will  form  a  fitting  conclusion  to 
the  present  jxaper,  which  must  be  supplemented 
by  one  or  two  others.  The  competing  par- 
ties are  Messrs.  J.  F.  Tuson  (two  plans); 
A.  Doull ;  Rene  Bonnin  ;  H.  Hooper  ;  J.  S. 
Cooke  ;  Livingston  Macaulay  ;  Captain  Good- 
ridge  ;  A.  Gilford  ;  P.  C.  Lihou  ;  A.  A. 
West ;  Murray  and  Brooks  ;  J.  C.  Wilcocks ; 
—  Tuson  ;  Burke  and  Burleigh  ;  T.  Knox  ; 
J.  A.  Clements  ;  R.  Beach  ;  A.  M.  Reudel  ;  I'\ 
W.  Shields  ;  W.  Wilson ;  W.  R.  Kinipple  ; 
J.  Plews ;  —  Abernethy ;  Le  Sueur  and 
Boyer ;  E.  R.  Jones  ;  R.  P.  Brereton ;  J.  Car- 
ter ;  J.  B.  Redman  ;  Law  and  Blores ;  J. 
Goode;  A.  Giles;  —  Elliot;  T.  Renouf; 
AY.  O.  Brown  ;  and  —  Lyster. 

The  illustration,  it  must  be  mentioned,  is  not 
intended  to  do  more  than  indicate  the  position 
of  the  harbours  at  present  in  existence.  The 
dotted  lines  give  an  idea  only  of  the  proposed 
alterations.  The  estimates  vary  in  amount 
from  ^280,000  to  £421,000,  and  the  material 
to  be  used  is  granite,  the  product  of  quarries 
in  the  Channel  Islands. 


NEW  METROPOLITAN  STREETS  ACT. 

THE  following  Act  of  Parliament  fur  regu- 
lating the  traffic  in  the  Metropolis,  and  for 
making  provision  for  the  security  of  persons 
passing  through  the  streets,  was  pasaed  on  the 
20th  of  August  last,  and  will  come  into  operation 
on  the  1st  of  November  nest  : — 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Queen's  Slost  ExceLIeiit  Majesty,  by 
aud  with  the  advice  uud  couseut  of  the  Lords  apirituul 
and  Temporal,  and  Comiaoiia,  in  this  present  Parliament 
assembled,  and  by  the  Authority  of  the  same  as  follows  ; — 

Preliminary. 

"  Metropolis "  shall  mean  the  City  of  Loudon  and  all 
Parishes  and  Places  ivituiu  tlie  Jui'isdiction  of  ttie  Metropo- 
litan Board  of  Works. 

"  Magistrate  "  shall  mean  the  Lord  Mayor  or  any  Alder- 
man sitting  alone  or  with  others  at  the  Mansion  House  or 
Guildhall,  and  ruiy  Metropolitan  I'olice  Magistrate.  "Com- 
missioner of  Police"  shall  jiifan  "the  Commissioner  of 
Police  of  the  Metropolis"  ;aid  "the  Commissioner  of  the 
Police  Force  of  the  City  of  London." 

"Street"  shall  include  any  Highway  or  other  public 
Place,  whether  a  Thoroughfare  or  not ;  and  any  of  the 
Royal  Parks,  Gardens,  and  Possessions  which  are  managed 
by  the  Commissioners  of  Her  j\I;ijesty's  Works  and  Public 
Buildings. 

The  Word  "Cattle"  shall  include  Bull,  Ox,  Cow, 
Heifer,  Calf,  Sheep,  Goats,  and  Swine,  also  Horses,  Mules, 
and  Asses,  when  lud  in  a  string  or  looi^e. 

"  Tlie  generjil  Limits  of  this  Act "  are  in  a  circle  of  Four 
Miles  from  Charing  Cross. 

PART  I. 
Prohidition  op  Scavenoerino  except  between  certain 
Hours. 
It  is  enacted  that  no  Person  shall,  after  the  Fii-st  Day  of 
January  One  thousand  eight  hundred  and  sixty  eight, 
between  the  Hours  of  Ten  in  tlie  Jlorning  and  Seven  in 
theEvening,  in  such  streets  as  may  be  named  by  the 
Commissioner  of  Police,  remove  any  Ashes,  Dust,  or  Refuse 
from  any  House  in  any  Street,  or  bo  liable  to  a  Penalty  not 
exceeding  Forty  Shillings. 

A,s  TO  THE  Deposit  of  Goods  im  Streets. 

It  is   eniicted  that   no   Goods  or  other  Articles  shall  be 

allowed  to  rest  on  any  Footway  or  other   Part    of  a  Street 

for  a  longer  time   than  may  be  absolutely  necessary   for 

loading  or  unloading  such  Gooila  or  other  Ailicles,  or  be 


liable  for  each  offence  to  a  penalty  not  exceeding  Forty 
Shilliogs. 

The  surface  of  any  space  over  which  the  Public  havH  tlie 
right  of  way  that  intervenes  in  any  Street  between  the 
footway  and  the  carriage-way  shall,  notwithstanding  any 
claim  of  any  person  by  prescription  or  otherwise  to  the 
deposit  or  exposure  for  sale  of  any  goods  or  other  articlo.'i 
on  such  BUi-face,  be  deemed  to  be  part  of  thu  footway. 

Cattle  not  to  be  Driven  trrouoh  Streets  within 
Certain  Hours. 

It  is  enacted  that  no  peraon  shall  drive  or  conduct  any 
cattle  through  any  street  between  the  hours  of  Ten  in  the 
Morning  and  Seven  in  the  Evenmg,  except  with  the  per- 
mission of  the  Commissioner  of  the  Police,  or  be  liable  to  a 
penalty  not  exceediug  Ten  SluUinga  for  each  head  of  Cattle 
so  di-iveu. 

Regulations  as  to  Stage  Carriages. 

It  is  enacted  that  the  driver  of  a  Metropolitan  Stage 
Carnage  shall  not  stop  such  carriage  for  the  purpose  of 
taking  up  or  setting  down  passengers  at  any  part  of  a 
street  except  as  near  as  may  be  to  the  left  or  near  side  of 
the  roadway,  or  be  liable  for  each  ollence  to  a  penalty  not 
exceeding  Forty  Shillings. 

Prohibition  of  Advertisement  Carriages. 

It  is  enacted  that  no  Picture,  Print,  Board,  Placard,  or 
Notice,  except  iu  such  form  and  manner  as  may  be  ap- 
pi'ovcd  of  by  the  Commissioner  of  Police,  shall,  by  way  of 
Advertisement,  be  carried  or  distributed  in  any  Street  by 
any  Person  riding  in  any  Vehicle,  or  on  Horseback,  or 
being  on  Foot,  or  be  liable  to  a  penalty  not  exceeding  Ten 
ShilliDgs. 

This  does  not  apply  to  the  Sale  of  Newspapers. 

Power  of  Commissioner  of  Police  to  make  Special 
Limits. 

It  is  enacted  that  the  Commissioner  of  Police,  with  the 
approval  of  one  of  Her  Majesty's  Principal  Secretaries  of 
State,  may  direct  that  any  Street  or  portion  of  a  Street  be 
deemed  to  be  within  the  special  limits  of  this  Act,  and 
may  take  any  Street  or  portion  of  a  Street  out  of  the 
special  limits  of  this  Act ;  Provided — 

That  an  order  made  by  the  Commissioner  shall  not  come 
into  effect  uutil  the  expiration  of  Ten  Days  from  the  date 
of  the  approval  thereot  by  tlie   Secretary  of  State: 

Notice  that  an  order  has  been  submitted  for  the  appro- 
val of  tlie  Secretary  of  State  in  respect  of  any  Street,  shall 
be  affixed  to  a  lamp-post  or  otherwise  phicarded  iu  some 
conspicuous  position  in  or  near  the  Street  to  which 
such  intended  order  relates,  and  at  the  principal  office  of 
the  l.tial  authority  having  charge  of  such  Street  and  of  the 
Metrupoiitan  Police  oud  of  the  City  Police  respectively, 
for  not  less  than  twenty- eight  days  previously  to  the  appro- 
val of  the  said  Secretary  of  State  being  given  to  the  aaid 
order : 

Tliat  a  copy  of  such  order  when  approved  by  the  Secre- 
tLiry  of  State  shall  be  published  in  the  Ljwton  Gazede,  and 
affixtd  to  a  lamp-post  or  placarded  iu  some  conspicuous 
position  iu  or  near  the  Street,  and  shall,  during  the  time 
that  the  order  is  in  force,  be  Itept  so  atiixed  or  placarded. 

Regulations. 

It  is  enacted  that  the  Commissioner  of  Police,  with  the 
approval  of  the  Secretary  uf  State,  and  the  Commissioner 
of  City  Police,  with  the  consent  of  the  Mayor  and  Alder- 
men, and  the  approval  of  the  Secretary  of  State,  may 
make  regulations  to  be  observed  by  all  persons  with 
respect  to  the  followiug  matters : — 

With  respect  to  the  route  to  be  taken  by  all  carts,  c;ir- 
riages,  or  other  vehicles,  with  power  to  prohibit  any  cart, 
carriage,  or  other  vehicle  from  coming  into  any  Street  for 
the  purpose  of  passing  to  soma  other  Street,  and  with 
respect  tu  the  line  to  be  kept  by  persons  riding  or  di'iving  : 

And  may,  with  the  like  apinoval,  alter,  vary,  or  repeal 
any  regulation  made  by  them,  and  make  new  regulations 
iu  addition  to  or  in  lieu  of  auy  existing  regulations  ;  but 
this  section  docs  not  authorize  the  Commisriioner  of  I'olice 
or  tlie  Secretary  of  State  to  limit  the  number  of  Metropo- 
lit.m  Stage  Carriages  that  may  pass  down  any  Street  in 
pursuance  of  theii"  ordinary  tiade. 

Penalty  for  Disobedience  to  Regulations. 
It  is  enacted  that  any  person  wilfuBy  disregar<.ling  any 
regulation  made  in  pursuance  of  tliis  Act  shall  incur  a 
penalty  not  exceeding  Forty  Shillings  for  each  offence  ; 
and  any  Constable  may  take  into  custody  any  person  who 
within  view  of  such  Constable  wilfully  disregards  or  re- 
fuses to  conform  to  any  such  regulation,  aud  refuses  to 
give  his  name  aud  address  to  such  Constable. 

Publication  of  Regulations. 
A  printed  copy  of  all  regulations  made  by  the  Commis- 
sioner of  Police  shall  be  huug  up  for  public  inspection  in 
such  places  within  his  district  as  the  Cunmiissioner  of 
Police  thinks  advisable ;  but  it  shall  not  be  necessary  in 
enforcing  any  regulation  to  prove  that  the  provisions  of 
this  section  have  been  comphed  with,  nor  shall  the  non- 
compliance therewith  invalidate  any  regulation. 

Regulation  of  Metropolitan  Stage  Carriages. 
It  is  enacted  that  within  the  special  limits  of  this  J^ct 
no  driver  or  conductor  of  a  Metropolitan  Stage  Carriage 
shall  take  up  or  set  down  Passengers  at  auy  place  where 
he  may  for  the  time  being  be  prohibited  by  regulation  of 
the  Commissioner  of  i'olice  from  taking  up  or  setting 
down ;  or  be  liable  fur  each,  offence  to  a  penalty  iiol 
exceeding  Forty  Shillings. 

As  to  the  Loading  and  Unloading  of  Coal  and 
Casks  in  Streets. 

It  ia  enacted  that  between  tlie  hours  of  Ten  o'clock  in 
the  I\lorniug  and  Six  in  the  Evening  no  coal  shall  be 
loaded  or  unloaded  on  or  across  any  footway,  aud  between 
the  same  hoius  no  casks,  whether  empty  or  full  (wine  or 
spirits  in  casks  excepted),  shall  be  lowered  or  drawn  up  by 
means  of  ropes,  chains,  or  other  machinery  jiassing  across 
the  footway  or  any  pai-t  thereof,  or  they  v  ill  bo  liable  for 
each  offence  to  a  penalty  not  exceediug  Forty  Shillings. 

prouibition  of  carriage  of  timber  and  other 
Large  Articles. 
It  is  enacted  that  no  person  shall,  between  the  hoiu-s 
of  Ten  in  the  Morning   and  Seven  iu  the  Evening,  except 
with  the  permission  of  the  Cummissioner  of  Police — 

Drive  or  conduct  along  any  street  any  cart,  carriage,  or 
other  vehicle  hwlen  witli  timber,  metal,  or  any  article 
which  exceeds  in  length  Soft.,   or  which  protrudes  more 


than  Sft.  Oin.  belund  the  vehicle  or  more  than  1ft,  from 
the  sides  of  the  vehicle,  nor  carry  in  any  way  along  any 
Street  any  ladder,  scaffold  pole,  or  other  article  which 
exceeds  35ft.  in  length  or  Sft.  tiin.  in  breadth,  nor  drive  or 
conduct  along  any  Street  auy  cart,  waggon,  or  oth» 
vehicle  used  for  conveying  goods  or  merchandise,  and 
drawn  by  more  than  Four  Horses,  or  be  liable  to  a  penalty 
not  exceeding  Forty  Shillings. 

No  penalty  shall  be  imposed  on  any  person  for  acting  in 
coutravention  of  tliis  section  if  such  person  prove  to 
the  Magistrate  that  the  alleged  act  was  done  on  the 
occasion  of  a  fire  or  other  sudden  emergency  with  a  view 
to  prevent  accident,  or  to  save  life  or  property. 

jVny  bye-law,  rule,  order,  or  regulatiun  maile  or  to  be 
made  within  the  City  of  London  aud  tlie  lilwrties  thereof 
that  is  inconsistent  with  this  section  shall  bo  void. 


PART  II. 
Regulations  as  to  Hackney  Carriages. 
It  is  enacted  that  during  such  portion  of  time  between 
sunset  and  suni'ise  as  maybe  fixed  by  the  Commissmuer 
of  Police  from  time  to  time  no  diiver  of  any  Hackney 
Carriage  shall  ply  for  hire  unless  the  carriage  under  his 
charge  be  provided  with  at  least  one  lamp  properly  trim- 
med and  lighted,  and  fixed  outside  the  carriage  in  such 
manner  aud  position  as  may  be  directed  by  the  Commis- 
sioner of  Police,  or  be  liable  for  each  offence  to  a  penalty 
not  exceediug  Forty  Shillings. 

The  portion  of  time  fixed  by  the  Commissioner  shall  be 
made  known  by  notice  posted  up  at  every  standing  for 
Hiickney  Carriages  in  such  position  as  may  be  directed  by 
the  said  Commissioner,  but  in  any  pruceedings  for  en- 
forcing the  foregoing  regulation  as  to  lamps  it  shall  not  bo 
necessary  to  prove  that  such  notice  was  given. 

The  Cummissioner  of  Police  may  cause  to  be  affixed  a 
plate  or  mark  in  such  position  as  he  thin&s  expedient  to 
any  Hackney  Carriage  certified  by  him  to  be  in  a  lit  condi- 
tion for  public  use,  and  may  cause  to  be  removed  such 
plate  or  mark  whenever  such  carriage  has  been  deter- 
miued  to  be  in  a  condition  unfit  for  public  use.  If  auy 
plate  or  mark  is  affixed  to  any  Hackney  Carriage  without 
authurity,  the  owner  of  the  caniage,  and  also  the  driva^, 
(unless  such  owner  or  driver  proves  that  he  was  ignori 
of  the  plate  or  mark  being  atfixed  to  the  carriage  in  coi 
travention  of  this  section),  shall  be  liable  for  each  offei 
to  a  penalty  not  exceeding  Forty  Shillings. 

For  the   purpose  of  this  Act  the   expression   *'Hac] 
Carriage  Acts"  shall  mean  the  following  Acts  :  — 

*'  An  Act  to  amend  the  laws  relating  to  Hackney  Car- 
riages, aud  to  Waggons,  Carts,  and  Drays,  used  in  the 
^letropolis  ;  aud  to  place  the  collection  of  the  duties  ou 
Hackney  Carriages  and  on  Hawkers  and  Pedlars  iu  Eng- 
land under  the  Commissioner  of  Stamps."  "  An  Act  for 
regulating  Hackney  and  Stage  Carriages  iu  and  near 
Loudon."  "An  Act  for  consoUdatiug  the  office  of  the 
Registrar  of  Metropolitan  Public  Carriages  with  the  office 
of  the  Commissioners  of  Police  of  the  Metropolis,  and 
making  other  provisions  in  regard  to  the  consohdated 
ulhces.''  "AuxVct  for  the  better  regulation  of  MetroiM- 
litan  Stage  and  Hackney  Carriages,  and  for  pi-ohibitingthe 
use  of  Advertising  Vehicles."  "  \n  Act  to  reduce  the 
duties  payable  in  respect  of  Hackney  Caniages  used  in  the 
Metropolis,  aud  to  amend  the  laws  relatiu.;  to  the  grant- 
ing of  Licences  and  payment  of  Duties  in  respect  of  Metro- 
politan Stage  and  Hackney  Carriages,  and  to  make  pro- 
vision as  to  the  charge  for  the  Hire  of  Hackney  Cairiages 
iu  cei-tam  cases." 

DOGS. 
Regulations  A3  to  Dogs. 
It  is  enacted  that  the  Police  may  take  possession  of  any 
Dog  found  in  the  Street  aud  not  under  the  control  of  aiiy 
person,  and  may  det;un  such  Dog  until  the  owner  has 
claimed  the  same,  and  paid  all  expenses  inciuTcd  byreason 
of  such  detention. 

The  Commissioner  of  Police  may  issue  a  notice  requiring 
any  Dog  while  in  the  Streets  to  be  muzzled  in  such  ft 
maimer  as  will  admit  of  the  animal  breathing  and  drink- 
ing without  obstruction  ;  aud  the  Police  may  Uike  jkhmb- 
sion  of  any  Dug  found  louse  in  the  Streets  without  audi 
muzzle,  and  may  detain  such  Dog  until  the  owner  haB 
claimed  it,  has  provided  a  proper  muzzle,  and  has  paid  bUl 
expenses  connected  with  such  detention. 

Where  any  Dog  taken  possession  uf  by  the  Police  wean  i 
collar  with  the  address  of  any  person  inscribed  thereon,  a 
letter  stating  the  fact  of  such  dog  having  been  taken 
possession  of  shall  be  sent  to  the  address  inscribed  on  the 
collar. 

The  Commissioner  of  Police  may  cau-se  any  Dog  which 
has  remained  in  the  possession  of  the  Police  for  Three 
clear  days  withtjut  the  owner  claiming  the  same,  and 
paying  all  expenses  incurred,  to  be  sold  or  destroyed.  Any 
monies  arising  from  the  sale  of  any  dogs  shall  be  applied 
iu  the  manner  in  wliich  penalties  under  this  Act  are 
applicable. 

When,  upon  complaint  that  any  Dog  has  bitten  or  at- 
tempted to  bite  any  person,  and  it  appears  to  the  Magi- 
strate that  such  Dog  ought  to  be  destroyed,  the  Magistrate 
may  dii-ect  the  Dog  to  be  destroyed,  and  any  l\>liee  Con- 
stable may  destroy  the  same  accordingly  ;  and  all  do^  de- 
tained by  the  Police  shall  be  properly  fed  and  maintained. 

SHOEBLACKS  AND  MESSENGERS. 
Shoeblacks  and  Messengers  to  be  Licenskix 

It  is  euacted  that  the  Commissioner  of  Police  maj 
license  Street  Shoeblacks  and  Commissionaires  or  Mea- 
sengei-s,  to  exercise  their  calling,  aud  appoint  places  at 
which  they  may  stand  to  exercise  their  callings,  and  direct 
the  numbers  of  each  chiss  who  may  stand  at  the  appointed 
places. 

Obstructions  at  Standings  prohibited. 

It  is  enacted  that  eveiy  Shoeblack  and  Commissionaii"e 
or  Messenger,  other  than  those  authorized  by  the  Com- 
missioner of  Police,  who  occupies  the  standings  appointetl 
by  the  said  Commissiouer,  or  who  remains  there  lUf'i' 
being  required  by  a  constable  on  duty  to  leave,  and  every 
person  molesting  any  authorized  Shoeblack,  Cumniissi-^n- 
aiie  or  Messenger  iu  the  exercise  of  hi  -  calbug,  and_ every 
person  not  being  an  authorized  Shoeblack  or  Cniumi^ou- 
aire  who  imitates  the  dress,  or  takes  the  name,  designa- 
tion, or  chai-acter,  of  any  authorized  Shoeblack  or  Com- 
missionaire, shall  be  liable  to  a  penalty  not  escetiding 
Forty  Shillings. 

It  is  enacted  that  it  is  expedient  to  amend  the  ^'^r 
ninth  and  fortieth  sections  of  tlie  Act  of  the  Session  of  tnc 
second  and    third  years  of  the  Reign   of   Her  Proeent 


.Septkmbf.r  -27,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


67. 


:v.  eliapter  forty-s<>veu :  The  Wortl  "hoMeu"  sli;ill 
ii.^tilutal  for  the  Wonls  "  usually  liolilen  "  throuj:h- 
ix:  3;;i(l  suctions. 

I'LACABD,   KTC,    3IAY  BE   AFFIXED   TO  LaMP-POST. 

1.-  Secretary  of  State  or  the  Commissioner  of  Tolice 
.  :iuse  t4i  Iw  attachetl  w  any  lamp-jtost  any  placard  or 
[lie  may  think  expedient  for  the  puriwse  of  canning 
.  ilect  the  provisions  of  this  Act. 

ritOllIBITIOX  OF  BeTTINO  IN  STIIEETS. 
^  enacted  that  any  three  or  more  persona  ajwomhled 
li.-r  in  any  part  of  a  Street  within  the  Metrot>oli«  for 
irixjseof  bettint,'  shall  be  deemed  t<»  be  obstmctiug 
-rreet,  and  each  of  such  persons  t^halt  lie  liable  to  a 
•y  not  exceediiif;  Five  Pounds;  and  within  the  City 
lidon  and  the  lilienies  thereof  any  Const^ible  of  City 
■  Force,  and  without  such  limits  any  ConsUible  of 
Motropi'litau  Police  Force,  may  take  into  custody 
lit  w.irrant,  any  person  who  may  commit  such  orteaco 
.\Tof  siicii  constable. 

i;\TEXSION-  OF  SectT.   52,  OF  2  AND  3  ViCT.   C.   47. 

'to  powei-s  vested  in  the  Commissioners  of  Police  by  the 

.  .^cond  section  of  the  Act  of  the  Session  of  the  second 

;    thint  years  of  the  Reign  of  Her  Present  Majesty, 

[.ter  forty  seven,  with   respect  to   keeping  oltlor  in  the 

r^.  m.ay  bo  exercisetl  within  the  City  and  the  liberties 

•f  b.T  the  City  Ccramissioner  of  Police  on  all  occa- 

\vheu  a  street  is  thronged  or  liable  to   be  obstructed. 

'TASTSOFTIIK  ClTYOF  LoNDOX  TO  PLACE  Dt'.ST,  V:tC., 

.  THE   Curbstone  before   Eight   o'clock    in  the 

I  -ItXINO. 

.  enacted  that  it  shall  bo  lawful  for  the  luliabitjiuts 
streets  within  the  City  of  London  or  the  Liberties 
•f  :u  may  be  named  by  an  order  of  the  Comrais- 
V'  of  Sewoi-s  to  deposit  before  Eight  o'clock  in  the 
ng  «)n  the  curbstone  in  a  box  or  barrel  all  ashes. 
..r  refuse,  so  that  the  same  may  be  removed  by  the 
;i-:er. 

Xo  Fare  to  be  less  than  One  Shilling. 
^:nacted  that  where  the  Faro  now  payable  on  hiring 
H.ickney   Can-iage  standing  on  any  stand  shall  not 
lit  t<.  One  Shilling  the  driver  shall  be  entitled  to 
-    One  Shilling. 

Penalties. 

•  enicted  that  penalties  imder  this  Act  shall  bo  reco- 

-  and  applied  ui  manner  directed  by  a  local  actp;x^sed 

session  iiolilen  in  the  second   and  third  years  of  the 

1   lif  Her   Present   Majesty,  chapter  ninety- four,  and 

kd  "An  Act  for  regulating  the  Police  iu  the  City  of 

i'U,"  and    beyond  the  limits   of  the  City  of  London 

i -e  recovered  and  applied  in  manner  directed  by  the 

-i.itiug  to  tile  -MetropoJitau  Police. 

.;   (lowera  conferred  by  this  Act  sb.all  be  deemed  to  be 

L  Idition  t*>,  and   not  in  derogation  of  any  other  powers 

a  'erred  by  any   other  Act   of  Parliament,  and  any  such 

0  r  powers  may  be  exercised  as  if  this  Act  had  not 

Construction  of  Act. 
^  Act,  so  far  as  is  consistent  with  the  tenor  thereof, 
be  construed  as  one  with   the  Acts  relating   to  the 
Iwlitau  Police  and  to  the  City  Police. 

Commencement  of  Act. 
li  Act  shall   not  come  into   operation  until  the  First 
of  Xovember,  One  Thousand    Eight  Hundred  and 
i  y  Seven. 


SMOKE  AND  STONE. 

fOW  to  get  rid  of  smoke — ■risible  smoke — from 
the  atmosphere  of  our   towns  and  cities  is 

fstion  that  has  often  been  proposed,  and  so 
i  as  manufacturing  chimneys  are  concerned,  has 
la  in  a  great  measure  sjlved.  Visible  smoke  is, 
■Doint  of  fact,  nothing  more  or  less  than  an 
aregate  of  carconaceous  orcombustive  particles, 
t ; — escaping  into  the  atmosphere — have  shirked 
t  combustive  work  they  had  to  do.  Practice 
b  shown  the  possibility  of  disposing  of  smoke 
b  ;he  adoption  of  naturally  suggested  appliances ; 
»  so  great  has  been  the  smoke  consuming  mea- 
»':  of  success  in  manufacturing  establishments, 
«Te  suitable  means  have  been  taken,  that  hopes 
be  been  entertained  of  smoke  annihilation  in 
0,  private  dwellings  also.  One  little  circum- 
B'lce,  however,  has  been  either  forgotten  or 
%>red  by  most,  if  not  all,  the  advocates  of  smoke 
*■  itiou  ;  the  circumstance,  namely,  that — smoke 

'>  smoke — the  combustion  of  pit  coal  evolves, 

■Jiast  necessarily  evolve,  a  certain  agent  that, 
"  ough  invisible,  exerts  a  most  destructive  power 
0  things  around.  A  paper  read  at  the  British 
Aiciation  on  the  decay  of  stone,  its  cause  and 
p'ention,  and  of  which  we  g,ave  an  abstract  in 
«  last  number,  places  this  matter  in  a  true  light, 
facts  specified  by  Mr.  Spiller,  although  not 

.  will  come  with  all  the  force  of  novelty  to 
"ly.  He  long  ago  came  to  the  conclusion  that 
♦'  corrosive  action  of  sulphurous  and  sulphuric 
S'  3  ID  the  atmosphere  —resulting  from  the  com- 

lon^  of  coal  fuel,  operate — in  large  towns 
■laliy — in  a  destructive  manner  upon  dolomite 
!'i|  the  numerous  classes  of  limestones  employed 
>t  lublio  buildings.  There  are  but  few  persous 
»  could  not  form  an  idea  of  the  stability  of  a 
^  built  up  of  blocks  of  tightly  impacted  Epsom 
M  Evidently  such  a  wall  would  dissolve  and 
JJi  away— exposed  to  the  action  of  such  con- 
fa  ous  moisture  as  our  watery  climate  supplies. 
p-.hen,  it  can  be  proved  that  any  of  the  stones 
et^aionly  used  for  building  are  subject  to  influ- 


ences whereby  their  material — wholly  or  in  part 
— is  convertible  into  l-^psoin  salt,  then  tlie  succeed- 
ing stage  of  dissolution  will  be  a  matter  too  plain 
for  comment.  Unquestionably  this  often  happens. 
It  happens  in  respect  to  our  Houses  of  Parliament ; 
the  stone  of  which  edifice,  holding  magnesia  .as  a 
constituent,  and  this  latter  coming  into  contact 
witli  atmospheric  sulphuric  acid,  union  between 
the  two  ensues,  and  Epsom  salt  is  tlie  result. 
Whence  comes  the  sulphuric  acid  or  oil  of  vitriol 
■with  which  the  atmosphere  of  English  towns  and 
cities  is  laden  ?  It  comes  from  coal  combustion,  as 
chemists  have  all  along  known,  but  as  Jlr.  Spiller 
— for  the  first  time,  perhaps — has  made  evident  to 
the  public.  The  presence  of  sulphur  in  coal  is  a 
well  recognised  fact ;  but  what  becomes  of  the 
sulphur  after  burning,  is  a  question  that  has  been 
slurred  over ;  as  if  thereby  the  evil  consequences 
of  its  evolution  cotdd  be  mitigated  or  evaded. 
Evasion  there  cannot  be.  Laws  of  nature  are 
inexorable  ;  and  the  law  with  which  we  have  now 
to  deal  is  one.  Every  pound  of  sulphur  burnt — 
no  matter  where  or  how — yields  a  gas  th.it, 
whether  evolved  amidst  visible  smoke  or  inrisiiile 
products,  changes  inevitably  to  oil  of  vitriol,  under 
the  combined  action  of  air  and  water ;  the  quantity 
of  oil  of  vitriol  being  nearly  three  times  the  weight 
of  the  sulphur  originally  consumed.  Knowing, 
then,  the  average  amount  of  coal  consumption  iu 
any  specified  locality,  and  the  aver.age  quantity  of 
sulphur  in  such  coal,  it  is  easy  to  demonstrate  by 
an  unerring  calculation,  the  corresponding  amount 
of  sulphuric  acid  that  combustion  ultimately  lets 
loose.  According  to  Mr.  Spiller,  even  the  best 
sort  of  coke  and  coal  usually  contains  about  1  per 
cent,  of  sulphur ;  whence  it  follows  that  every 
ton  of  such  combustible  burnt  generates  about 
701b.  of  oil  of  vitriol  of  commercial  strength. 
Here  in  London  the  better  sorts  of  coal  are  mostly 
employed,  still  the  1  per  cent,  complement  of 
sulphur  on  the  quantity  used  can  be  demonstrated 
to  yield  an  acid  product  that  is  enormous.  In 
certain  manufacturing  localities — Manchester,  for 
example — the  coal  and  coke  mostly  used  hold 
sulphur  to  the  amount  of  "2  per  cent.  Manchester 
consumes  about  two  million  tons  of  coal  yearly, 
from  which  datum  it  is  easy  to  .arrive  at  the  cer- 
tainty that  Manchester  primes  its  local  atmosphere 
with  no  less  than  120  tons  of  sulphuric  acid  daily. 
Well  might  the  speaker  remark  this  was  a  very 
fearful  thing  if  fully  seen.  The  first  shower  that 
came  brought  down  the  acid.  It  lay  under  the 
cornices  of  the  buildings,  and  then  it  commenced 
to  seize  on  the  stone,  especially  if  there  were  any 
iron  in  it ;  and  in  this  way  began  the  disintegration. 
What  will  surprise  many  who  have  casually  turned 
their  attention  to  the  smoke-abolishing  problem, 
is  the  opinion  held  by  Mr.  Spiller,  that  the  mere 
obviation  of  black  smoke — smoke,  that  is  to  say, 
iu  the  ordinary  acceptation  of  the  term — woulcl 
intensify  the  objectionable  acid  reaction.  He  looks 
upon  the  fuliginous  carbon,  smoke-deposited,  as 
being  rather  a  protection  than  otherwise  against 
the  corrosive  action  of  oil  of  vitriol  simultaneously 
evolved.  Be  this  as  it  may,  there  can  be  no  doubt 
that  any  consideration  of  the  best  means  of  abat- 
ing the  deleterious  action  of  smoke  that  stops 
short  with  a  means  of  consuming  visible  black 
smoke  only,  taking  no  cognisance  of  invisible  acid 
products,  fails  to  attain  the  limit  of  innocuity 
which  circumstances  require,  and  whicli  probably 
will  some  day  be  achieved.  We  should  have  been 
gratified  if  Mr.  Spiller,  in  the  course  of  his  remarks, 
had  expressed  some  opinion  as  to  the  practicability 
or  impracticability  of  collecting  the  sulphuric  acid 
evolved — or  rather  produced — by  coal  combus- 
tion ;  and,  whilst  abating  what  now  is  a  nuLsauce, 
turning  the  redeemed  acid  to  commercial  account. 
Oil  of  vitriol  constitutes  the  starting  point  for  at 
least  nine-tenths  of  the  chemical  arts.  It  is  not 
over  much  to  affirm  that,  either  directly  or  in- 
directly, sulphuric  acid  is  concerned  in  the  well- 
being — nay,  the  very  existence — of  ninety-nine 
hundredths  of  all  chemical  manufactures.  For 
sulphuric  acid  there  is  no  fluctuating  market.  A 
ready  sale  is  commanded  for  all  now  manufactured, 
and  if  double  or  treble  the  existing  quantity 
could  be  economically  produced  it  would  be  made 
readily  available. 

Coming  to  the  mode  of  specific  manufacture, 
every  jjound  of  English  oil  of  ■ritriol  made  and 
sold  is  produced  either  by  the  burning  of  sulphur 
in  the  first  instance,  or  something  holding  sulphur. 
Now,  after  listening  to  Mr.  Spiller's  exposition, 
the  first  question  to  present  itself  to  a  speculative 
mind  will  prob.ably  be  the  following,  viz  : — 
Whether,  instead  of  burning  sulphur,  or  minerals 
containing  sulphur,  iu  factories  specially  arranged, 
with  the  object  of  coUeciing  an  invisible  product 
of  combustion  and  changing  it  into  oil  of  -ritriol, 


it  may  not  lie  jvissible,  tlirough  the  adoption  of 
some  mechanical  device — and  none  else  is  needed, 
the  chemical  conditions  being  jilain  enough — to 
vitilize  the  v.-ust  amount  of  sulphurous  fumes  to 
which  coal  combtistion  gives  rise.  It  would  be  a 
graud  solution  of  the  smoke  difficulty  if  at  some 
future  period — the  sooner  the  better — some  clever 
engineer  should  devise  a  means  for  intercepting 
the  smoke  of  cities  and  towns,  turning  it  into  oil 
of  vitriol. — Eutjinccr. 


OBITUARY. 

Henry  Thomas  Kv.M.b,  historical  engraver  to  her 
Majesty,  died  on  Saturday,  the  14th  inst.,  at  his 
house  at  Cookham.  Mr.  Kyall  beg.an  hU  career  as 
an  engr.aver  by  the  production  of  Lodge's  Por- 
traits, the  work  by  which  he  is  best  known, 
perhaps.  Subsequently,  lie  engraved  Sir  William 
Ross's  mini.ature  portraits  of  the  Queen  and 
Prince  Albert,  .also  Sir  (Jeorge  H.ayter's  Corona- 
tion picture,  and  Leslie's  picture  of  the  Princess 
Royal's  christening.  These  semi-public  commis- 
sions procured  for  him  the  title  of  Historical  En- 
graver to  her  Majesty. 

Mollinger,  the  distinguished  Dutch  landscape 
painter,  died  on  the  14th  inst.  Although  it  is 
only  about  three  years  since  he  first  exhibited  in  the 
Royal  Scottish  Academy,  his  works  have  attaineil 
a  large  amount  of  popularity,  and  generally  form 
one  of  the  chief  attractions  in  the  landscape  de- 
partment of  the  exhibition.  In  the  International 
Exhibition  of  ISG'2  his  works  were  among  the  best 
and  most  characteristic  of  those  exhibited  by  the 
modern  Dutch  school,  and  were  ■warmly  eulogized 
by  Palgrave,  iu  his  celebrated  handbook,  ilollinger 
died  at  the  early  age  of  thirty-four. 

M.  Heiser,  the  architect  of  the  Austrian  Depart- 
ment in  the  French  Exhibition,  has  just  died.  He 
was  only  forty-four  years  of  age,  and  received  the 
Legion  of  Honour  at  the  hands  of  his  Majesty 
only  in  July  last. 


Juilbiiig  liitclligcitce. 


CHURCHES  AND   CHAPELS. 

Holy  Trinity  Cluircb,  Trinity-square,  Borough, 
has  been  restored  under  the  direction  of  Mr. 
Sayer,  of  Great  Dover  street.  The  church  was  re- 
opened on  Sunday  last. 

The  church  of  Amberley  has  been  entirely 
restored  at  the  cost  of  Lady  Lindsay.  The  work 
was  carried  out  from  the  designs  and  under  the 
superintendence  of  Mr.  Thomas  Nicholson, 
diocesau  architect  of  Hereford. 

The  church  of  St.  John  the  Evaugelist,  Mil- 
borne  Port,  near  Sherborne.  Dorsetshire,  has  just 
been  enlarged.  It  is  one  of  the  smallest  and  oldest 
churches  in  England,  having  been  buUt  in  the 
Saxon  times.  It  is  estimated  that  at  least  100,000 
services  have  been  performed  in  the  church. 

"P.  Q.  P.  V."  writes: — A  little  while  ago  you 
kindly  allowed  me  to  call  attention  to  the  7an- 
dali.smthat  had  been  perpetrated  at  Conisborough. 
May  I  now  beg  for  a  Uttle  space  to  expose  another 
instance  of  irreparable  mischief  that  is  being  done 
under  the  pretence  of  restoration  ?  The  little 
village  of  Darton,  near  Barnsley,  possesses  a 
splendid  old  church.  This  church  is  a  very  fine 
example  of  Late  Perpendicular  work,  and  consists 
of  nave,  aisles,  chancel,  and  chancel  aisles.  It  is 
all  built  of  ashlar,  from  a  local  qu.arry,  and  is  iu 
xs  perfect  condition,  as  far  as  the  stonework  goes, 
as  it  was  the  day  it  was  built.  There  i  ■,  not  a  bad 
stone  in  the  whole  building.  Now,  at  the  present 
time,  some  half-dozen  men  and  boys  are  engaged 
in  roughly  recutting — bolstering — the  whole  of 
the  internal  stonework,  so  that  the  interior  of  the 
church  is  entirely  nineteenth,  instead  of  fifteenth, 
century  work.  All  the  mouldings  now,  instead  of 
being  sharp  and  bold,  are  irregular,  flat,  and  weak 
in  the  extreme.  There  is  no  excuse  for  this,  as 
the  whitewash  comes  off  very  easily  indeed. 
Here,  Sir,  is  another  fine  church  ruined,  and  no 
one  seems  to  care  a  straw.  If  the  present  rage 
continues  unchecked  we  shall  soon  have  no  old 
buildings  in  the  land.  Cannot  some  protecting 
hand  be  thrown  out  before  it  is  too  late  i  The 
arcliitect  in  charge  of  this  church  is  Mr.  Perkins, 
of  Leeds,  and  I  will  fain  hojie  .all  this  mischief  is 
being  done  without  his  knowledge. 

Eadex-Eaden. — The  new  English  church  (All 
S.aints)  just  erected  .at  this  famous  resort  was  con- 
secrated by  the  Archbishop  of  Armagh  on  the  14th 


674 


TJiE  JiUlLDlNG  NEWS. 


SiiPIKMBER   27,    18G7. 


inst.  The  cliureh  was  ilcsis'it'fl  I'y  Mr.  Tliomas 
AV'yatb,  who  furuislied  all  the  drawings  gratia. 
It  is  a  perfect  model  of  au  old  Englsh  church, 
with  spire  and  belfry. 

HEWOKTn. — The  foundation  stone  of  a  new 
church  (the  Holy  Trinity)  was  laid  here  last  week. 
It  will  be  in  the  Early  English  style,  with  nave, 
chancel,  tower,  and  spire.  There  are  to  be  no 
side  aisles,  as  the  interior  wiU  be  sheltered  by  one 
roof  of  .Soft.  6in.  span,  which  will  be  the  breadth 
of  the  church,  and  its  length  is  to  be  114ft-  It  is 
to  seat  .300  adults  and  150  children,  and  will  cost 
upwards  of  £5,000.  The  architect  is  Mr.  G.  F. 
Jones,  of  York,  the  contractors  being  Mr.  Joseph 
Keswick,  mason,  and  Mr.  John  Holmes,  carpenter, 
both  of  York. 

WoLVEUHAMi'TON-,— The  foundation  stone  of  St. 
Jude's  has  just  been  laid.  The  edifice  is  to  be  in 
the  style  of  the  thirteenth  eentuiy,  and  to  con- 
sist of  nave,  north  and  south  aisles,  and  chancel 
vestry  on  south  sidi  of  the  chancel,  organ  chamber 
on  north  side  of  the  chancel,  and  a  tower  (through 
which  is  the  principal  entrance)  at  the  west  end 
of  south  aisle.  The  contract  has  been  taken  by 
Mr.  ^■elson,  of  Dudley,  at  £4,250. 

BUILDINGS. 

It  is  intended  to  erect  a  Masonic  Hall  and 
Club  in  New-street,  Birniiugham,  and  a  limited 
liability  company  has  been  formed  for  carrying 
out  this  object.  A  tender  for  the  erection  of  the 
building  for  £15,070  has  been  accepted. 

The  magistracy  of  Berlin  has  asked  the  Town 
Council  for  a  further  grant  of  £30,000  for  the 
building  expenses  of  the  town  hall  there.  It  has 
already  cost  the  small  sum  of  £283,000. 

In  describing  the  opening  of  Colston  Hall, 
which  took  place  the  other  evening,  with  an 
audience  of  over  3,000  persons,  the  Western 
Daily  Press  says: — "With  a  vivid  remembrance 
of  the  Town  Hall,  Birmingham ;  St.  George's 
Hall,  Liverpool ;  the  Free  Trade  Hall,  Manches- 
ter ;  and  St.  James's  and  Exeter  Halls  in  London, 
we  may,  without  vanity,  accord  to  our  own  city  a 
distinguished  pre-eminence  over  all  of  them.  Col- 
ston Hall  may  not  be  cajiable  of  holding  so  many 
people  as  many  places  in  ingland,  but  for  chaste 
and  effective  elegance  of  architecture  there  is  not 
a  public  room  in  the  country  to  surpass  it.  This 
was  the  general  verdict  last  night."  We  are  glad 
that  the  Bristolians  are  so  thoroughly  satisfied. 
The  architect  of  the  new  hall  is  Mr.  John  Foster, 
of  Bristol. 

The  Queen's  Theatre  (late  St.  Martin's  Hall)  is 
in  a  very  forward  state,  nearly  all  the  heavy  work 
being  done,  and  a  week  or  two  will  see  it  in  the 
hands  of  the  decorators.  In  size  it  will  be  quite 
as  large  as  the  Adelphi. 

Bala.— The  Welsh  Calvinistic  Methodist  Col- 
lege  at  Bala  was  opened  on  the  5th  and  Gth  inst. 
The  building  is  situate  on  the  road  to  Festiniog, 
about  half  a  mile  from  Bala,  on  rising  ground,  and 
forms  a  prominent  feature  in  the  landscape.  The 
style  is  Gothic,  and  the  front  is  composed  of  a 
main  building  with  ceutre  tower  and  two  wings, 
the  latter  being  the  residences  for  the  principals. 
The  building  is  de.5igned  to  accommodate  60 
students.  The  walling  is  of  green  porphyry,  and 
the  dressings  of  a  flesh-coloured  limestone  from 
Egarth  on  the  Denbigh,  Ruthin  and  Corwen 
Railway.  The  total  cost,  including  entrance 
lodge,  fence  walls,  &c.,  is  £7,000.  The  architect 
is  Mr.  W.  H.  Spaull,  of  Owestry.  The  builder 
is  Mr.  W.  Morris,  Rhyl. 


TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 

NOTICE.— On  and  .'ifter  the  11th  October  next,  the 
•'BQILDING  NEW.S"  will  bo  PubUsbed  at  tbo  Now 
Office,  .■11,  TAVISTOCK  STREET,  COVENT  GARDEN, 
W.C. 


To  OcjE  Readers.— We  shall  feel  obUged  to  any  of  our 
readers  who  will  favour  U3  with  brief  notes  of  works  con- 
templated or  in  progi-es-s  in  the  provinces. 

Letters  rel.iting  to  advertisements  and  the  ordinary  busi- 
ness of  the  paper  should  bo  addressed  to  the  Editou,  1013, 
Fleet-street.  Advertisemeuts  for  the  cun-eut  week  must 
re.acli  the  ollice before  5  o'clock  p.m.  on  Thursday. 

Notice.— The  BUILDING  NEWS  inserts  advertise- 
ments for  "  SITUATIONS  WANTED,"  &c.,  at  ONE 
SHILLING  for  the  fii-st  Twenty.foiur  Words. 


Received.— Rev.  J.  C.  J.— A.  G.  H.— E.  L.— J.  R.  K.— 
SI,  F.  and  Co.— W.  H.  S.— J.  W.  B.— .1.  T.— E.  W.  P.— 
A.  C— C.  W.— F.  F.  M.— T.  E.  J.— G.  H.  G.— R  M.  B.— 
.1.  P.  P.— F.  L.  S.— W.  J.  E.— F.  L.  S.  (next  week).— 
K.  .audCo.-"A  Chip."— T.  H.— H.  and  K.— M.  and  C— 
J.  C.  J.— E.  W.  P.— F.  F.  M.— A.  B.— S.  U.  H. 

W  N.  has  not  put  bis  question  on  "  Non-conducting  " 
sufficiently  clear.     Perhaps  he  will  try  again. 

A.  H.  will  find  his  question  answered  on  July  5,  18G7, 
No.  Co-'. 


CwTespnkiice. 


;the  new  palace  at  Westminster. 

To  the  Editor  of  the  Building  News. 

Sib, — I  see  that  Mr.  E.  Pugia  baa  returued  to 
your  columns  after  his  uusuccessful  enterprises  in 
the  Pall  Mall  Gazette  and  the  Times.  We  should 
have  thought  it  better  to  carry  on  the  controversy 
in  the  architectural  papers  only,  because  there  it 
would  have  been  better  understood.  May  I  ask 
you  to  do  me  the  favour  to  insert  the  accompany- 
ing letter,  written  originally  to  the  Times,  as 
showing  the  line  which  Sir  C.  Barry's  representa- 
tives believe  to  be  the  only  one  by  which  the 
"  whole  truth  and  nothmg  but  the  truth  "  can  be 
elicited  ? — I  am,  &c.  Alfred  Barry. 


pcrMus" 


controversies,    iinfiniwlicd    works,    and     livinj; 
slmiild  remaiu  in  Mr.  E.  PugLu's  haiuU. 

1  therefore  challeuge  him  to  do  what  has  been  already 
three  times  suggested -to  bi-ing  hia  charge3  before  an  im- 
luLitial  tribunal,  such  as  the  Council  of  th«  Inatitiite  of 
iiritish  Arcliitects,  or  (if  a  siBgle  arbiter  be  pref^jric'l)  tlni 
President  of  that  distinguijjhed  body.  If  lie  declines  the 
challenge,  lie  ■will  deserve  no  further  notice,  but  m»Bi 
l)e  content  to  sit  clowu  under  the  imputation  of  liavifig 
brought  a  charge  of  a  most  injurious  nature,  which  he  is 
unable  to  substantiate,  aud  unwilling  to  submit  to  the  test 
of  examination. 

1  think,  Sir,  that  you  will  agree  with  me  that  if  the  chal- 
lenge be  not  accepted  he  must  "  for  ever  hold  hia  peace." 
I  am,  Sir,  your  obedient  servant, 
Alfred  BAraiv. 

P.S.  I  have  to  apologiso  to  you  for  mtroduclng  a  fresh 
party  into  this  discussion.  I  have  been  requested  towrito, 
because  all  my  father's  diaries,  &c.,  havebeen  placed  iuniy 
hands. 


BARRY 


PUGIN. 


The  latest  American  papers  inform  us  that  the 
new  aerial  railway  over  New  York  is  to  be  sup- 
ported upon  wrought-irou  columns,  1ft.  diameter 
and  14ft.  high,  secured  in  blocks  of  iron.  Streets 
are  to  be  spaimed  with  ornamental  bridges.  The 
motive  force  is  to  be  supplied  by  engines  of 
30-hor.se  power,  placed  in  vaults  beneath  the  streets 
at  intervals  of  half  a  mile.  These  are  to  work  an 
endless  chain  of  wire  rope  revolving  over  large 
drums,  extending  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  each 
way  from  the  engines,  and  returning  by  an  iron 
tube  placed  beneath  the  pavement.  The  carriages 
are  to  be  of  a  peculiar  construction,  capable  of 
being  stopped  at  any  moment  by  the  conductor, 
with  the  application  of  a  lever.  The  stations  are 
placed  at  equal  distances  from  each  other,  and 
waiting-rooms  are  to  be  on  a  second  floor  of  build- 
ings adjoining.  The  railway  passengers  ascend 
and  descend  by  staircases.  It  is  said  that  the 
mayor  of  New  York  has  some  doubts  as  to  the 
legality  and  powers  of  the  company,  and  has  not 
Banctioued  the  works. 


To  the  Editor  of  the  Times. 
Sir, — It  ia  quite  time  that  this  controversy  was  brought 
to  an  issue.     This  can  be  done  only  in  one  way — by  refer- 
ence to  some  impartial  and  authoi'itative  tribunal. 

Correapoudence  in  newspapers,  where  statements  aud 
evidence  cannot  be  tested  and  cross-examined  at  the  time  of 
their  production,  can  lead  to  no  satisfactory  result,  espe- 
cially with  an  antagonist  who.  when  the  controversy  has 
been  worked  out  in  one  newspaper,  and  the  newspaper  lias 
•summed  up  against  him,  immediately  opens  ground  in 
another. 

If  you  will  grant  me  a  short  space,  I  will  sliovp  why  3uch 
a  reference  is  absolutely  necessary.  IHr.  Pugin  rests  his 
case  as  to  the  competitive  designs  simply  on  a  diary  of  his 
father's.  The  only  witness  he  ventured  to  call  (in  his  firet 
letter  to  the  i^tii/  Atall  G-tZKtte),  Mr.  Talbot  13ury,  has  con- 
tradicted lum  so  llatly  ;uid  conclusively  that,  till  that  con- 
tradiction be  answered,  it  is  absolutely  fatid.  I  demand 
that  this  diary  bo  produced  and  scrutinized  before  it  be  ad- 
niitied  in  evideucti.  I  pledge  mysflf  to  prove,  before  any 
propertribuual.  that,  where  dates  are  all-important,  he  has 
either  misdated  or  misquoted  it,  that  he  has  given  in  dif- 
ferent lettera  dates  for  entries  in  it  wholly  inconsistent 
with  each  other,  and  that  he  has,  on  its  authority,  made 
statements  as  to  Sir  C.  Barry's  movements  which  can  he 
pi'uved,  from  docmueats  in  my  i)os3ession,  to  be  absolutely 
incorrect. 

He  rests  -his  case,  as  to  the  drawings  subsequent  to  the 
competition,  on  certain  letters  of  my  father's  to  Mr.  A.  W. 
Pugin.  I  demand  that  these  letters  be  laid  in  their  en- 
tirety, not  iu  garbled  quotations  (which  may  be  skilfully 
arranged  to  give  colour  to  auythiug),  before  a  proper 
tribimal.  Even  as  they  stand  tbey  will  not  maintain  Ids 
claim  for  a  moment ;  let  them  be  read  as  a  whole,  and  they 
will  show  exactly  what  vi'e  have  all  along  stated  to  be  the 
case. 

The  witnesses  brought  forward  on  our  side  are  men  of 
char-icter  aud  reputation.  He  has  produced  only  one  wit- 
ness, unknown  to  fame.  It  is  necessary  that  her  antece- 
dents be  exammed,  and  ber  credibility  tested  by  cross- 
e3:a7niuation. 

We  are  perfectly  ready  to  submit  all  our  evidences  to  the 
same  ti:'st — to  give  any  date,  aud  pioduce  any  document 
before  the  proper  tribunal. 

Hitherto,  1  observe  that  Mr.  E.  Pugin  has  dec'ared  him- 
self full.\-  able  to  prove  his  case.  But  his  la^t  letter  shows 
that  he  feels  the  insecurity  of  his  ground,  aud  prepares  his 
retreat  by  reference  to  the  letters  which  he  states  that  he 
lent  Sir  Charles  in  ISiji),  and  that  whicii  he  i-hooses  to  sup- 
pose that  they  contain.  On  the  main  point  1  will  simply 
quote  the  editorial  notice  of  the  Pall  Mull  Gazefte  :~ 

"  Is  Mr.  I'ugiu  not  aware  that  the  letters  were  not  his 
own  to  lend,  and  that  the  joint  ownershipofallletters  rests, 
by  law,  with  the  vn-iter  and  the  receiver  ?  Pugin  might,  of 
course,  have  bequeathed  his  half  of  the  owuersldp  of  the 
letters  to  his  sun,  but,  eveu  iu  this  case,  Sir  C.  Barry  would 
have  been  equ;ilty  entitled  to  their  custody." 

As  to  what  paa.«ed  at  the  interview,  we  have  at  present 
only  Mr.  E.  Pugin'fi  unsupported  assertions.  He  said  no 
word  while  my  father  was  alive  and  able  to  answer  for  him- 
self; nor  have  we  any  memorandum  on  the  subject.  But 
it  happens  that  we  have  written  evidence,  which  we  will 
pritduce,  that  in  the  montli  of  Kebruary,  ItitJO,  Sir  Charles 
BaiTy  had  been  appealed  to  for  his  tescimony  to  bar  an  ex- 
traordinary peciuiiaiy  claim  of  Mr.  E.  Pugiu's  on  one  of 
the  firms  engaged  in  ornamental  work  at  the  New  Palace. 
This  may  possibly  throw  some  light  ou  Mr.  Pugiu's  object 
in  making  application  to  Sir  Charles  at  that  very  time  ;  it 
will  certainly  show  why  Sii-  Charles  was  unwilling  that  lot- 
tora  of  the  most  confidential  kind,  referiing  to  "ciuTeut  , 


Sir, — Whatever  may  be  thought  of  the  letters 
of  Mr.  Pugin  and  Mr.  Crace,  quoted  in  the  Iktilder 
of  September  H,  it  is  evident  that  at  the  time 
they  were  written  they  did  not  affect  the  convic- 
tions of  people  generally.  On  September  27,  1845, 
a  correspondent  wrote  thus  to  that  journal. 
— *'  The  statements  made  in  your  columns  of  Mr. 
Pugin  and  Mr.  Crace  were  ingeniously  framed  ao 
as  to  let  it  be  iuferred  that  Mr.  Barry  makes  the 
designs  of  all  the  ornaments,  both  for  the  carved 
and  painted  decorations,  Mr.  Pugin  being  his 
draughtsman  for  the  carved  work,  and  Mr.  Grace 
for  the  painted  work.  Sir.  John  Grace's  declara- 
tion that  he  drew  with  his  own  hand  the  sketches 
of  Mr.  Barry,  is  calculated  to  excite  some  ap- 
prehensions for  the  execution  of  the  painted  de- 
corations amongst  those  who  are  conversant  with 
Mr.  Grace's  powers  of  delineatiun ;  and  though 
it  is  possible  that  Mr.  Crace  may  have  takea 
lessons  in  drawing  lately,  so  that  his  performances 
may  no  longer  ehclt  the  laughter  of  the  foreign 
artists,  as  they  used  to  do,  still  the  ditierence 
between  Pugin  and  Crace  is  rather  too  great  for 
their  performances  to  be  on  a  level.  If  Mr.  Barry 
finds  it  necessaiy  to  engage  such  valuable  assist- 
ance as  Mr.  Pugin's  for  the  carved  work,  when 
the  feeling  and  skill  of  the  carver  would  supply 
some  aeficieucy,  how  much  more  important  is  it 
to  have  the  working  drawings  for  the  painters  made 
by  masterly  draughtsmen."  If  Mr.  Crace  really 
"drew  out  Mr.  Barry's  sketches  full  size  with  hM'M, 
own  hands,  and  directed  the  execution  of  the^|S*_ 
under  Mr.  Barry's  immediate  instructions,"  how^K 
is  it  true  that  ''Messrs.  Crace  have  both  the 
honour  and  profit  accruing  from  the  painted  de- 
corations of  the  House  of  Lords,  which  are  beiqff 
executed  by  foreign  and  English  artists  fromc 
signs  furnished  by  Mr.  Pugin,  and  under  his  dl^ 
rections."  This  statement  ajipeared  in  a  numl^ 
ot"  the  same  journal  iu  the  S2.me  year,  which  T 
details  Sir  C.  Barry's  answer  to  certain  art! 
who  called  on  him  for  employment.  He  is  ! 
scribed  as  bowing  them  out  with  the  remark,  thi 
Mr.  Crace  was  employed  by  Mr.  Pugin,  and  m 
was  not  accountable  for  Mr.  Pughi's  acts. 

These  extracts,  most  people   will   think,  veiyl 
plainly  indicate  Mr.  Pugin's  real  position  as  regards  3 
"the  iuternal  fittings  and  decorations  of  the  Houso;" 
and  although  they  in  no  way  alfect  the  question  of 
the  original  competition  designs,  they  have  a  mea- 1 
sure  of  importance  of  their  own  now  that  efforts  [ 
are  being  made  to  deprive  him  even  of   this  com-JL 
paratively  poor  merit.     I  never  saw  Mr.  Pugin  in /J 
my  life,  aud  have  no  interest  one  way  or  the  other 
in  the  present  discussion ;   but  in  common  with 
many  others  I  am    disgusted  at  the  present  at- 
tempts to  generalize  Mr.  Pugin's  artistic  labours 
as  "assistance,"  as  though  he  were  only  a  kind  of 
superior  foreman.      It  is  rather    too  absurd   for 
behef  that  a  man  like  Sir  G.  Barry,  who    was  con- 
stantly writing — as  we  have  seen  in  the  Times  of 
September  7 — to  Mr.   Pugin  for  designs  of  every 
kind  for  the  internal  fittings  and  decorations  of  the 
Houses,  should  nevertheless  at  that  very  time  be 
making  "large  detail  drawings"  huuseU"  fur  wood 
carvings,  and  sending   sketches  for  decorations  to 
another  person — not  Mr.  Pugin — to  be  drawn  out 
full  size,  when  Mr.  Pugin  was  actually  holding  an 
official  appointment    under  Government  for  tho 
very  purpose  of  doing  what  he  is  here  denied  ever 
to  have  done  at  aU.     At  the  time  of  Mr.  Pugm's 
death,  the  more  important  question  of  his  claim  to 
be  considered,  at  least,  joint-architect  with  Sir  0. 
Barry,  was  then  alluded  to  in  the  Builder.    "Froui 
some  statements  which  have  been  made,  it  would  be 
inferred  that  he  should  divide  with  the  ostensi!je 
architect  the  whole   merit    or    otherwise    of  the 
work;  and  one  writer  goes  even  further  still."  Mr. 
Talbot   Bury  also,  in  his  notice  of  Mr.  Pugi",  saj?.^ 
that  "  Pugin  rendered  assistance  to  two  architects, 
who  at  this  time   were  preparing  designs  for  the 


September  27,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


675 


J,f  Houses  of  rarliament,"  forgetting,  I  imagine, 
h  statement  in  the  Pall  iUill  Gazette  of  August 
2  ast,  that  his  drawings  were  not  made  till  after 
S  Charles'  original  design  had  been  selected. 
I'.A  same  gentleman  also  says  that  *'  Mr.  Pugin 
B'Wed  him,  at  the  Millbank  \Vorks,  large  detail 
dwings  prepared  by  Sir  C  Barry  himself,"  when 
t-  whole  body  of  witnesses  have  been  impressing 
oi3  that  Mr.  l^ugin  was  expressly  engaged  to  do 
•'  :tail  drawings  "  only. 

'  take  this  means  of  calling  Mr.  Welby  Piigin's 
a'ntiontothe  above  e.'itracts,  which  bear  upon 
ich  that  he  has  advanced,  .and  at  the  same  time 
elain  the  garbled  q\iotation,  and  nullify  the 
aurd  conclusions,  given  us  in  the  liuilder. — I 
8  4o.,  W.  E.  G.UNE,  C.E. 

iognor,  September  2-J. 


iET  AXD  TECHNICAL  EDUCATION. 

ilR, — The  want  of  technical  education   having 
\  n  acknowledged  on  all  sides,  we  have  only  now 
I  consider  where  the  want  is  most  felt,  and  how 
I  an  best  be  supplied.     We  do  not  possess  any 
I  ular  means  of  ditl'using  art  and  technical  know- 
"  ;p  through  all  classes,  and  in  such   a   manner 
lieauty  of  form  aud  finish  rules  in  our  articles 
iramon    use.     If    our  domestic  articles  are 
tic  and  beautiful  we  may  be  certaiu  that  our 
iments   and   buildings  will    have   the   same 
tic  finish.     We  appear  to  require  an   English 
r  of  style  and  design,  and  we  have  no  distinct 
■  jol  of  architecture,  sculpture,  and  ornament. 
;  1  proof  of  this  we  have  endeavoured  to   make 
1  ;lish  ladies    into   Roman    matrons  with  very 
_  success.     Our  mistakes  in  statuary  must  be 
lOuted  to  the  same  reason.     Eoman  togas  do 
iijUow  the  natural  rotundity  of   the   British 
Ljman.     Our  designs  have  nothing  to   distin- 
l  sh  them  frcm  those  of  continental  nations.  Our 
lie  should  be   known   and   so  copied   by  other 
1  ions.      We   have    a   standard   style   for   ma- 
I  nes,  engines,   machine   tools,  and  shipbuilding 
i  t  all  foreigners  copy,  and  as  long  as  they  copy 
1  we  must  have  the  advantage.     Let  the  British 
1  aufacturers  of  textile  fabrics  endeavour  to  take 
same  position,  and  then  what  foreign  compe- 
a  have  we   to   fear,   with  the  best  supply  of 
.  J,  coal,  and  raw  material,   and  the  finest  ship- 
j  g  in  the  world  to  carry  our  goods  to  the   most 
ctant  countries? 
t  does  not  appear  necessary  to  visit  France  for 
•cms  in  cloths,  paper  hangings,  &c.,  when  we 
lid  design  them  ourselves.     The  French   have 
y  an  educated  taste  ;  the  country  has   nothing 
itself  to  produce  rehned  taste.     The  manufac- 
ing  districts  of  the   North  of  England  are  far 
re  beautiful  than  those  of  France,  for  it  would 
difficult  to  tJnd  any  continental  manufacturing 
y   (e.\cept   Lyons,   where    the  most  exquisite 
>ric3  are  produced)  to   compare  in  beauty   of 
uatiou    to    Halifax,    Huddersfleld,     Sheffield, 
dmorden,  Skipton,  or   the  valleys   intersected 
ihe  Lancashire  and  Yorkshire,  or  the  London 
1  North  Western  Railways,   where  the   great 
Ik  of  our  manufacturing  industry  is  carried  on. 
I  the  taste  and  appreciation  of  beauty  is  national 
re  ;  aud  is   not  taste   as  capable  of  being  im- 
wed  by  cultivation  as  a  naturally  fine  voice  ? 
en  in  architecture   we   have   not    found  any 
ler  entirely  suitable  to  either  the   climate   or 
■tea  of  the   country.     The  Tudor  may  be   con- 
ered  as  the  only  one  that  has  been  a  success  iu 
s  country.     Most  people,  native   and  foreign, 
mowledge  that  an  old  Tudor  haU  is  one  of  the 
Bt  beautiful  objects  in  the  world.     And   why  > 
cause  it  agrees  with  the  surrounding  scenery, 
d  the  tastes  of  the  people.     This  can  only  be  a 
irk  of  time,  but  we  must  commence  somewhere, 
d  no    doubt  we  shall  succeed.;  for  it  is  well 
own  that  the  earliest  Greek  statues  had  neither 
as  nor  legs,  and  no  doubt  resembled  theginger- 
ead  men  that  delight  the  chUdren.     To  accom- 
sU  this   everyone   should   try  to  obtain   some 
ial  of  beauty,   something  connected   with  the 
storj',  romance,  or  poetry  of  the  country,  some 
itiment  taken  from  the  actions  and  thoughts  of 
bygone  age,  but   still  embodying  some   prin- 
lie  applicable  to  the  present  day.     Every  tree, 
itue,  fountain,  picture,  has  a  certain  influence ; 
we  should  endeavour  to  increase  the  number  of 
ch  objects  in  our  towns.   We  have  many  admir- 
'le  sites  for  fountains  and  stjtues  in  our  towns 
we  only  had  the   objects.     One   might  go  on 
ultiplying  instances  for  ever  if  only  people  were 
cent    upon   the  general  improvement    of  the 
asses.     When  once  people  see  the  necessity  of 
ese  things  we  shall  lind  many  willing  scholars. 
I  am,  &c.,  Arthur  Nussey. 

4,  Park-lane,  Leeds. 


THE  CIRCIT.UFERENCE  AND  AREA  OF 
A  CIRCLE  QEOMEfRICALLY. 

Sib, — As  your  correspondent  "E.  L.  G."  has 
favoured  xis  with  some  highly  interesting  ratios 
relating  to  the  circle  and  square,  permit  me 
through  your  columns  to  submit  one  more 
diagram  bearing  upon  this  subject. 

The  diagram  is  composed  of  three  of  the  prin 
cipal  geometrical  figures,  the  circle,  square,  and 
triangle,  the  combination  of  which  affords  the 
means  of  the  solution  of  many  valuable  problems  ; 
aud  among  them  the  nearest  approximation  to 
the  circumference  of  a  circle  prob.ably  hitherto 
discovered,  as  described  below.  To  tlie  length  of 
two  sides  of  the  internal  square  add  two  siiles  of 
the  equilateral  triangle,  and  the  result  ecpials  the 
circumference  of  the  enclosing  circle  near  enough 
for  all  practical  purposes,  but,  for  strict  accuracy, 
deduct  therefrom  one  thousandth  part. 


\ 

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\ 

\ 

\ 

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s 

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0 

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y 

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^^^— ^  \ 

-^ 





wliat  is  wanted  is  a  conspicuous  placard,  wliicli 
ought  to  be  placed  on  the  outside  railing.  First, 
however,  let  the  burying  ground  be  cle.ared  of 
all  the  lilth  aud  rubbish  which  have  been  shot  into 
it,  and  let  the  place  be  rendered  somewhat  decent 
for  decency's  sake.  I  should  say  that  Clerken- 
well  churchyard  is  the  best  neglected  churchyard 
in  the  metropolis.  This  is  saying  a  great  deal. — I 
am,  &c., 

Old  JIohtalitv. 


To  find  the  area  of  a  circle  : — To  the  length  of 
one  side  of  the  square  add  one  side  of  the  triangle, 
and  the  product  multiplied  by  half  the  diameter 
equals  the  superficial  area  of  the  circle. — I  am,  &,c 

Southampton.  Geo.  Guilladme. 


CIRCUMFERENCE  OF  A  CIRCLE. 

StR, — A  good  method  of  approximating  geome 
trically  to  the  ciroumfer- 
ence  of  a  circle  whose 
diameter  is  given,  will  be 
found  in  "  Gregory's  Ma- 
thematics for  Practical 
Men,  Prob.  18,  '  Practical 
Geometry.'  " 

Let  A  C  and  B  D  be 
two  diameters  at  right 
angles  to  each  other.  Pro- 
duce A  C  to  F,  making 
C  F  equal  to  three.fourths  of  the  radius  E  C. 
Erect  the  perpendicular  A  t  and  draw  the  straight 
line  F  B  e ;  then  A  e  is  nearly  equal  to  a  quad- 
rant of  the  circle.  This  method  gives  us  the 
Archimedean  ratio  of  22  :  7.  For 
Ae        A  F       11 


NORTHERN  VANDALS. 

Sii!, — A  friend  has  shown  us  iu  your  issue  of  .•» 
week  or  two  back,  an  article  with  the  above  head- 
ing, in  which  you  soundly  abuse  us  for  destruc- 
tion we  have  perpetrated  in  Darfield  Cluirch. 
We,  therefore,  write  to  inform  your  readers  that 
we  have  never  had  anything  to  do  with  any  works 
whatever  at  Dartield  Church  ;  and,  further,  that 
such  destructions  as  you  allege  are  utterly  opposed 
to  our  feelings  and  practice. — We  are,  &c., 

PUITCUETT    AND  SON. 

York  and  Darlington,  September  2U. 
[We  willingly  give  insertion  to  this  letter,  and, 
at  the  same  time,  beg  to  express  our  sorrow  that 
we  should  have  associated  the  names  of  Messrs. 
Pritchett  aud  Son  with  an  act  of  Vandalism.  Our 
informant,  who  on  all  other  occasions  has  been 
found  to  bereUable,  was,  in  this  instauco,  mistaken. 
Ed.  B.  N] 

TERRA  COTTA. 

Sir, — Mr.  Redgrave's  letter  on  Coade's  Artificial 
Stone  reminds  me  that  I  met  with  a  considerable 
quantity  of  it  in  a  church  which  1  was  employed 
to  restore.  It  had  been  executed  about  6U  years, 
had  stood  well,  and  was  a  fair  imitation  of  a  white 
and  very  fine-grained  stone — so  much  so,  that 
had  I  not  been  struck  by  the  circumstance  that 
the  "  tool  marks  "  upon  the  moulded  work  ran  in 
a  difierent  direction  from  that  which  ihey  must 
have  taken  if  done  by  a  mason,  I  might  not  have 
easily  detected  the  nature  of  the  manufacture. 
It  was  terra  cotta,  of  course,  and  I  now  see  that  it 
might  be  executed  by  dragging  a  notched  tool 
over  the  wet  surface,  producing  what  is  probably 
meant  by  the  ''  polished  '  surface  mentioned. 
This  was  not  a  bad  sample  of  the  kind  of  mistake 
which  manufacturers  of  imitation  articles  are  often 
led  into.  If  the  material  had  been  left,  as  it  came, 
smooth  from  the  motild,  it  would  have  been  a 
much  better  imitation  of  wrought  stone  than  it 
was  after  being  laboriously  marked  or  tooled. 

Thos.  Blasuill. 

10,  Old  Jewry  Chambers,  E.G. 


and   if     we 


BE: 


BE       E  F        7 
call    the    diameter 


'  units," 
and  the  circumference  =  4  A  e  = 


then 
0-2 


This  will  be  found  in  practice  to  be  both  sim- 
pler and  more  accurate  than  the  method  given  by 
Mr.  Guillaume.  E.  W.  T. 

CHURCHYARD   DESECRATION. 

Sir, — Will  you  aUow  me  to  call  the  attention  of 
the  Incumbent,  or  whoever  may  be  the  person 
responsible,  to  the  very  disgraceful  condition  of 
the  burying  ground  in  Clerkeuwell-green  ?  A  por- 
tion of  the  railing  has  been  torn  down  to  afford  an 
entrance  to  the  juvenile  population  of  the  neigh- 
bourhood, who  have  turned  the  sacred  place  into 
a  playground,  evidently  much  to  their  own  satis- 
faction. A  dozen  ragamuffins  may  be  seen  at  any 
hour  of  the  day  playing  at  leap-frog  over  the  tomb- 
stones, which  are  being  defaced  and  mutilated  in 
a  most  shameful  manner.  How  such  things  at  e 
tolerated  close  to  a  public  thoroughfare,  aud  within 
a  stone's  throw  of  Clerkenwell  Sessions-house, 
where  there  is  generally  plenty  of  policemen,  is 
unaccountable.  For  many  mouths  past  this  sort 
of  thing  has  been  allowed  to  go  on  without  let  or 
hindrance.  It  is  true,  that  some  time  ago,  by  way 
of  warning,  several  small  handbills  were  stuck  up 
— where  do  you  think  ? — on  the  very  tombstones  ! 
This,  in  itself,  was  a  piece  of  stupid  desecration ;  and 
I  observed  the  bills— they  might  easily  have  been 
mistaken  for  quack  advertisements — -were  all  care- 
fully removed  a  few  days  afterwards.     Of  course, 


LLANTRI3SANT,  SOUTH  WALES. 

Sir, — A  correspondent  in  your  last  impression 
has  associated  my  name  with  what  reads  very  like 
an  act  of  Vandalism  contemplated  in  the  repairing 
of  the  church  roof  of  Llautiissaut,  iu  the  county 
of  Glamorgan.  I  have  not  had  the  honour  of 
being  consulted  on  the  subject ;  had  I,  I  shotdd 
have  been  governed  by  a  rule  I  have  established  in 
connection  with  church-roof  restorations,  namely — 
Preserve  an  old  roof,  if  possible  ;  failing  this,  make 
a  close  copy  of  the  original ;  but  if  funds  should 
hopelessly  fail,  then  put  the  most  appropriate  roof 
under  the  circumstances.  Apart  from  the  archjeo- 
lo<'ical,  I  have  reason  to  take  a  lively  interest  in 
what  may  befal  this  church,  as  some  of  my  fore- 
fathers rest  within  its  altar  rails,  and  I  think  I  see 
my  way  to  prevent  the  mischief  which  your  in- 
cautious correspondent  so  justly  complains  of. — I 
am,  &c.,  Jjto-  Pkiciiabd. 

Llandaff,  September  24. 


BEDFORDSHIRE    JIIDDLE    CLASS 
SCHOOLS  COMPEiri'ION. 

Sir, — In  your  paper  of  last  week  we  see  a 
notice  of  this  competition  which  is  not  quite  cor- 
rect. As  our  design  was  one  of  the  four  reserved 
for  consideration  and  selection,  we  send  you  a  copy 
of  a  letter  we  have  received  from  the  secretary. — 
We  are,  &c.,  Mayhew  and  Caldeb. 


BEDFORDSHIRE    MIDDLE    CLASS    SCHOOL 
COMPASy  (LIMITED.) 

Bedford,  Beds,  September  10,  1S67. 
Mes3rd.  JIayhew  and  Calder. 

Gentlemen-,— The  directors    received  four  designs  for 
tlleix  consideration ;  those  of 

Mr.  F.  reck,  of  15,  Fiirnival's  Inn.  Loudon; 
51r.  John  Usher,  of  Higliatrcet.  Bedford ; 
Mr.  John  Dajf,  of  Gwyn-stlet,  Bedford  ;  and 
Your  own. 
They  .select<?d  Mr.  Peck's  design  as  the  most  suitable  for 
the  school  buildiuga.    They  felt  a  difficulty  ;u  to  the  cla.ms 
of  Mr.  Usher  and  Mr.  Day  for  the  premium  of  £6U  for  the 


676 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


September  27,  1867. 


Jeaign  and  place  the  best  of  those  rejected,  and,  therefore, 
p;iid  them  t;ach  a  premium  of  £50.  Your  design  they 
considered  the  fourth  in  merit. 

I  beg  to  express  the  thauks  of  the  directors  for  the  time 
and  trouble  bestowed  by  yuu  upon  tho  design  and  plana 
you  submitted,  and 

I  remain,  Gentlemen,  your  obedient  servant, 
Thos.  W.  Tdrnley,  Secretary. 


RENAISSANCE  At^D  GOTHIC. 

Sir, — There  is  no  one  more  one-sided  than  the  genuine 
Gothic  architect  ;  he  mil  not  see  anything  except  through 
his  own  spectacles.  The  sixteenth  century  Renaissance 
architects  did  not  care  to  show  their  construction,  but  iu 
the  present  age  we  do  care  to  show  it — dilFereut  times, 
difl'erent  ideas.  There  is  nothing,  however,  in  the  Renais- 
sance style  to  prevent  the  couatniction  being  distinctly 
visible,  the  outside  bearing  witness  to  the  inside  ;  the 
square  arched  window  with  its  pediment  may  just  as  easily 
be  made  to  show  its  construction  as  not.  The  Renaissance 
architect  did  not  ilesire  to  do  it,  J)ut  there  is  no  reason 
why  we  should  not  ;  there  is  nothing  in  the  style  to  prevent 
it.  — I  am,  &c.,  A.  B.  C. 

MANCHESTER  NEW  TOWN  HALL. 

Sir, — Bo  not  both  your  correspondents  on  page  657 
strangely  mistake  the  Manchester  Corporation's  reasons  for 
not  exhibiting  at  present  the  sketch  designs  that  they  desire 
to  liave  finished?  I  should  think  the  sole  reason  was 
because  they  are  not  the  Coi-poration'a  to  exhibit.  If  "the 
public  voice  demands"  the  exhibition  of  them,  as  the  letter 
of  "  A  Competitor"  says,  surely  this  voice  must  address 
itself  to  the  proprietoi^  of  the  things  it  wants  exliibited. 
The  Manchester  Council  has  no  more  ownership  in  them 
than  the  Tycoon  has.  As  for  the  Cori>oration'8  liberal  offer 
to  exhibit  gratuitously  the  rejected  sketches,  if  I  were 
theij-  authors  I  should  vote  for  keeping  them  till  the  ordered 
ones  are  tiuished,  and  then,  but  not  earlier,  opening  an 
exhibition  of  them  in  Manchester,  which,  at  the  same  time 
witli  the  Coi'iwration'e  exliibition,  would,  I  doubt  not,  pay 
its  expenses.  For  I  assume  that,  of  course,  all  the  premiated 
designs  mil  be  submitted  to  public  criticism  for  jis  long  a 
time  as  po.qsible  between  their  reception  iu  February  and 
the  final  selection.  Exhibitions  "after  the  award  lias  been 
made  "  would  be  a  mere  farce  :  and  I  cannot  doubt  your 
correspondent  from  Halesworth  has  been  misinformed  about 
the  intention  on  this  point. — I  am,  &c., 

September  24.  A  Looker-On. 


THE  HOUSES  OF  PARLIAMENT. 
Sir, — Can  any  of  your  readers  infoi-m  me  what  are  the 
Gothic  works  designed  by  Sir  Charles  Uany  besides  those 
jiamed  by  your  correspondent  "  J.  A.  H."  iii  your  columns 
of  last  week.  It  is  clear  from  Mr.  Pugin's  statement  that 
High  Clere  can  no  more  be  included  in  this  categoi-y  tliau 
it  can  be  considered  the  type  of  the  Parliament  Houses. 
If  there  are  no  executed  works  of  Sir  Charles  Barry's 
which  can  in  any  way  lead  to  the  supposition  that  he  w"a3 
the  art  architect  of  the  Houses,  there  will,  doubtless,  exist 
sufficient  of  his  compositions  and  drawings  to  prove  the 
case  in  one  way  or  the  other.  — I  am,  A:c.. 

W.  COLLINGRIDCE   B.\RNETT. 

Edinburgh,  September  26. 


Iiittrcainnnniication. 


QUESTIONS. 
[5S6.]— ARCS  OF  DIFFERENT  RADII. -Having  a 
small  rod  of  spring  steel,  I  want  to  form  with  it  arcs  of 
different  radii.  Could  you  or  any  of  your  readers  kindly 
infonn  mo  if  there  is  any  rulo  or  formula  by  which  (given 
the  length  of  tlie  rod  A  B   and  the  radius  of  the  reriuirtd 


(T 

2 

---1 ^^  V 

are  both  in  inches)  I  can  find  tlio  length  of  the  chord  x  y 
and  the  height  zt  Any  information  with  regard  to  the 
above  would  greatly  oblige.— Youre,  ic,  A  Pdzzle. 


[587.] -TRANSFERRING  PRINTS.— Can  .any  one  in- 
form me  of  how  to  transfer  a  print  on  to  drawing  p.aper  ? 
I  have  once  seen  an  instance  of  tliis,  but  never  have  got 
the  desh-ed  information. — A.  X. 


[.W8.]— BOX  GIRDERS.— Can  any  of  your  numerous 
correspondents  kindly  inform  me  what  ought  to  be  the 
sectmnalarea  of  a  box  girder,  .and  of  what  thickness  the 
iron  .should  be  to  sustain  a  weight  of  50  tons  when  loaded? 
The  span  of  the  girder  is  13ft.,  and  it  has  to  carry  ISin 
brickwork.— E.  E.  C. 


[5J?9.]-PENCIL  DRAWINGS. -What  is  the  best  means 
ofkeepmg  from  injuiy- by  rubbing  or  otherwise— pencil 
drawings,  without  discolouring  the  paper  or  deteriorating 
from  the  sharpness  and  brilliancy  of  the  pencil  marks  ?  I 
have  rather  a  "foggy"  idea  .about  applications  of  .alum, 
wliiteofegg,  or  isinglass,  but  do  not  know  whether  they 
are  the  most  satisfactory  preservatives,  or  how  to  apply 
them. — Seeker. 


16S0.]— VOUSSOIRS.— Has  the  number  of  its  voussoirs 
any  influence  upon  the  strength  of  an  arch  or  not?  Ex- 
ample—is au  arch  formed  of  (say)  twenty  voussoirs  or  .arch 
stones-mvolving,  of  course,  double  th.at  number  of  joints 
—any  strongeroi-  weaker  or  of  the  same  strength  as  an  .arch 
having  but  (say)  ten  or  fewer  voiLssoirs,  Ijoth  arches  being 
of  the  same  span,  height,  &c.— Inquirer. 


[591.]— WATER  COLOURS.— What  do  water  colour 
artists  use  to  give  that  depth  of  tone  and  gloss  to  the  colours 
of  their  works,  which,  when  tiuished,  most  of  tlxern  seem 
to  bear,  appearing  nearly  like  oil  paintings?  Is  it  some 
prep.ar.atiou  of  gum  which  deepens  and  also  gives  a  bril- 
liancy, applied  iu  the  manner  of  a  wash  ? — Seekeu. 


[592.] — OX  GALL. — Would  some  of  your  numerous  cor- 
respondents kindly  inform  me  how  to  prepare  ox  g.all  so  as 
to  be  able  to  keep  it  fit  for  use,  as  it  is  very  inconvenient 
to  h.ave  to  send  out  for  it  every  time  it  is  required? — 
J.  F.  G.  

[593.]— BLASTING  POWDER.— I  have  heard  that  there 
is  a  blasting  powder  made,  which,  when  ignited  does  not 
make  any  report.  Will  you  please  say  if  you  have  heard 
or  know  anything  of  it,  and  oblige  your  constant  subscriber, 
Frank  L.  Scott,  Nethertou,  near  Highfield. 


REPLIES. 

[322.]— CIRCLE.— Having,  iu  your  issue  of  March  29, 
put  a  query,  but  having  not  received  a  true  .answer,  I  then 
gave  it,  but  as  you  did  not  insert  my  explanation  I  left  otf 
further  communication  on  the  subject.  But  seeing  the 
circle  again  introduced  by  G.  H.  Guillaume,  and  replied  to 
by  "  E.  L.  G.,"  please  insert  a  few  figures  for  me. 

And,  first,  the  true  proportion  between  the  diameter  and 
circumference  of  a  cii-cle  is  as  7  :  22,  together  with  a  supple- 
ment of  1  ;  3. 
Then 


:3|^. 


1 

791  ■ 


Vi 


10 
113  ' 


16 


■141592,  &c. 


3-141;.9 


&c. 


The  true  proportion  thus  far  is  easily  foxmd  geometrically, 
which  I  may  show  hereafter,  if  approved  of  by  your  readers. 
To  progress  nearer  truth, 

365  -)-  56  =  411  X  10  =  4110. 
Then 


US'-*  reduced  and 
4110 


21 
55 -re. 

ilio" 


=  3715447  diameter  =  11672421  circumference. 
Quotient  314159:!0535.S9 
true  to  12  decimal  places. 
The  underneath   di.ameter  and  circumference  foiuid  by 
the  same  rule  will  give  a  quotient  true  to  36  decimal 
pLaces : — 


this         less 

this 

Scheme 

3_5_5 

I 
3  this  less         1 

1               ^"^ 
""l07  9i 

1 

1        ^^7 

304                   1 
184    35- 

to  be 

iu 

reduced. 

ISJ    34-r 
35  r 

Circumference    359023615fi80170363547. 


Diameter  1142SO7i;G2-t4448O3:i305. 


Quotient    3-141592053aS'J7932-384ti26433832795028S4. 

Remainder   ...     10780091243043232970 

William  Butler. 


[52S.1— MEDALS.— I  think  that  the  answers  which  have 
been  given  to  the  question  of  "  A,  C."  on  this  subject  are 
not  by  any  means  exhaustive  of  it.  There  is  no  doubt  in 
my  mind  that  architects,  and  even  buildei-s,  might  derive 
many  valuable  hints  from  an  examination  of  the  ancient 
medals  and  coins  exliibited  in  the  British  Museum.  It  is 
scarcely  necessary  tliat  members  of  those  professions  should 
make  medals  a  distinct  study,  but  I  feel  confident  they 
would  be  gainers  in  many  ways  by  paying  some  attention 
to  them  and  at  the  saras  time  to  old"  Roman  and  Greek 
coins.  Michael  Angelo  and  Rubens  possessed  cabinets  of 
medals  and  coins,  to  which  they  no  doubt  often  referred 
with  advantage.  The  representations  of  many  ancient 
edifices  are  to  be  found  in  very  perfect  preservation  on 
medals  in  the  national  establishment  above  named.  The 
coins  of  Tarsus,  again,  are  remarkable  for  a  kind  of  per- 
spective in  the  figures.  On  others  are  to  be  found  temples, 
triumphal  arches,  fountains,  aqueducts,  circuses,  palaces, 
columns,  obelisks,  baths,  pliaroses,  a mplii theatres,  sea- 
ports, harbom-3,  and  the  like,  and  most  of  these  have  been 
admirably  drawn  and  eugiaved.  To  those  who  question 
the  uaefuhiess  of  a  knowledge  of  ancient  medals  and  coins, 
to  the  architect  I  would  say,  pay  a  visit  of  inspection  to 
the  department  of  the  BritisU  Museum  devoted  to  tlieii- 
preservation,  and  get  rid  of  your  scepticism  on  the  point. — 
Pecunia. 

[537.]-PERIODS  OF  GOTHIC  ARCHITECTURE.— 
Thanks  to  "  M.  Renaidt-Mangin "  for  treating  the  last 
letter  of  "Provincial,"  for  which  time  failed  me.  M. 
Viollet-le-Duc,  the  only  learned  architect  living,  has  made 
it  very  probable  that  the  great  cat  hed  rah  building  move- 
ment, and  the  resultingrointt;dstyle,8prungof  anti-clerical 
sentiment,  employed  lay  architects,  and  Wiis,  in  fact,  the 
Protestantism  of  its  day  !  But,  however  that  might  be, 
before  " Provincial "  pointed  out  the  wonderful  '"coinci- 
dence" of  its  being  "invented  by  Romish  worshippers," 
he  should  at  least  have  told  us  what  style  yet  among  us  was 
not  invented  by  them.  The  Saxon  and  Norman,  aa  "  M. 
Renault-Mangin"  says,  were  pre-emiuently  monkish  ;  and 
the  Renaissance— the  choice  of  all  modern  Popes  and  Mr. 
ypurgeon — arose  and  spread  with  and  by  the  Jesuits,  who, 
at  lejLst,  profess  to  be  "Romish  worshippers." 

It  is  a  curious  pendant  to  the  late  Augustus  Pugin's  life, 
that  Pointed  Gothic  shovild  now  be  precisely  the  only  style 
whose  origin  any  inquiier  has  thought  traceable  to  a  Pro- 
testant spirit ! 


As  for  the  dates,  when  I  said  "Provincial"  had  bd 
nnhicky  in  his  authorities,  it  was  in  the  vain  hope  - 
awakening  him  to  the  ludicrous  absurdity  of  making  it 
modern  author-quoting  question.  The  sole  authorities 
it  are  old  Eughsh  buildings  and  their  dating  documents 
things  of  which  "Provincial"  showed  he  ha<i  just  a.s  mu 
personal  knowledge,  love,  or  care,  as  of  Hindoo  building! 
Another  such  oracle  or  two  would  totally  subvert  the  d^ 
sign  of  these  columns  ;  which  I  take  to  be,  that  a  que 
should  elicit  a  reply,  if  possible,  from  some  one  having: 
personal  acquaintance  with  the  matter  ;  but  if,  iu  a  we-' 
or  two,  this  do  not  happen,  then  some  reader  really  i 
terested  iu  it,  to  refer  to,  or  quote  at  length  aij\  ]Kissa 
thought  to  bear  on  it,  in  a  named  and  not  auti(iuatL'i  bun 
but  in  no  case  a  hadi  to  be  served  up  of  we  know  n-'t  wb 
by  we  know  not  whom.  Supposing,  however,  tins  L, 
been  a  matter  for  book  quoting  (as  a  question  of  Kussiii 
styles  might  be),  and  that  the  books  named  were  "auth 
rities,"  what  earthly  reason  should  we  have,  after  seeir' 
what  "  Provincial "  thinks  quoting  (as  from  "  Mr.  Fergii , 
■eplies),  fur  supposing  R.  S.  Bum  ww 


anything-  the  least  resembling  his  "exact  copy?"  If 
did  date  "  Peri)endicular"  from  1460  (with  a  4  for  a  3) 
was  simply  a  careless  scribbler  ;  but  I  know  not  who  w 
think  the  fact  wortli  inquiring  into.  For,  why  shoB 
"  Provincial "  know  any  better  whether  he  is  quoting 
misquoting  Mr.  Bum,  than  when  he  thinks  himself  co| 
ing  and  "  agreeing  with  "  me  ?  or  than  when  he  says  t 
Oxford  '*  Glossary "'  gives  118  examples  of  Saxon  archit 
ture,"  the  fact  being  that  it  tells  him  no  works,  besidest 
bits  I  named,  are  "  really  known  "  (emphasizing  the  woi 
I  think,  with  capitals)  to  date  before  the  Conquest?  (Ai 
some  of  these  lis  examples,  as  those  of  St,  Alban's  Abbe 
are  positively  known  to  date  after  it !) 

As  for  how  long  Perpendicular  lasted,  he  should  notrf 
at  my  "200  years,"  but  add  that  Mr.  J.  H.  Parker  ( 
authority,  if  anybody  is),  makes  it  280.  In  his  1) 
edition  of  "  Rickman,"  he  begins  that  style  with  "1 
ington  Church,  Wilts,  founded  by  Bishop  WiUianji; 
Edington,  in  1302,  and  consecrated  in  1301  ;"  and  adds 
the  final  table,  "This  style  used  in  additions  and  rebiuj 
ing,  but  often  much  debased,  as  late  as  IG.'JOor  1640.  £ 
ington  Church,  indeed,  is  only  semi -Perpendicular,  butt 
commencement  of  remodelling  Winchester  nave,  by  t 
same  bishop,  who  died  in  1300.  are  :is  fully  Perpendicifl 
as  anything  ever  built.  On  the  other  hand,  Wren  carrii 
on  the  style  in  three  or  four  of  his  London  churches  afl 
the  fire.  So  there  you  have  .a  round  three  centorie 
though  for  little  more  than  half  that  time  was  it  a  bram 
of  real  Gothic— that  is,  vaulted  architecture.  The  sat 
author  divides  the  previous  periods  precisely  as  I  do,  givi 
three  reigns  to  the  pure  Karly  EngUsh,  but  calling  Tran 
tional  or  semi-NoiTuan.  not  the  first  of  these,  but  £ 
whole  reign  of  Henry  II.,  which  is  undoubtedly  righi^  J 
St.  Cross  dates  from  Stephen's  reign ;  and  the  Teinj 
Rotunda,  the  last  thing  with  a  vestige  of  Normanism, 
least  in  Southern  England,  was  dedicated  in  1185,  not 
Richard's  reign,  as  I  stated.  Strictly,  the  whole  career 
real  Gothic  in  England,  was  from  the  first  fully  vault 
building,  St.  Cross,  to  the  last,  Wolsey's  Chapel,  orii 
House  of  Commons  cloisters.  Nothing  but  the  profound* 
ignorance  of  what  any  real  architecture  means  cob 
prompt  the  remark  that  in  the  Transition  "  almost  eva 
combination  of  Norman  and  Gothic  detail?  may  be  found. 
^Vhe^e  may  pointed  niche  or  doorheads  be  found  in  wa3 
bearing  a  round  vault?  There  were  never  two  sty] 
either  to  "  struggle  for  ascendancy"  or  combine,  but  ti 
only  style  known  was  rectified  and  developed  into  anotiu 
And  this,  like  all  true  growth,  by  rigorous  law  and  ti 
hereuce  to  consistent  principles.  There  were 
creatures  as  modern  architects  or  modistes  ' '  de  nou  veaute 
concerned. — E.  L.  G.     

[502.]— POTASH.— The  question  is  not  one  ofqnani 
but  turns  solely  on  whether  quick  lime  is  capable  of 
posing  the  gi'anite  sand,  so  as  to  set  its  alkali  free, 
soluble  matter,  much  or  little,  would  spoil  mortar,  butH 
potash  or  soda  in  any  natural  stone  or  pulverized  stoneiB 
so  combined  as  to  be  insoluble,  and  I  never  heard  of  qllK 
lime  disengaging  them. — E.  L.  G. 

[566.]— CENTROLINEAD.- Thefollowingdiagramdwi 
an  easy  way  of  finding  the  angle  of  the  stock  or  gnidiJ 
part  of  a  centrolineatl.  Let  Pi  —  P2  be  the  points  or  |l 
against  which  the  centrolinead  works,  chosen  at  will,  U 


/ 


equidistant  from  the  horizontal  line.  Let  V  P  ho  tl 
vanishing  point.  Draw  lines  from  PI  —  P2,  to  V  P,  an 
prolong  one  of  them,  as  at  A.  The  new  angle  forme 
A,  VP,  P2  will  be  the  angle  of  the  stock  of  centrolmea. 
It  will  be  observed  that  the  two  angles  are  always  6<|ik 
to  two  right  angles,  i.e.,  if  the  first  were  20iu.  the  secoD 
would  be  lOOiu.- W.  J.  E. 


[57'2.]— QUEEN"  ELEANOR'S  CROSS.— "W.  R."  wi 
find  geometrical  elevation,  with  plans  and  details,  of  Quee 
Eleanor's  Cross,  at  Waltham,  in  Nicholson's  *'Pructicj 
Builder,"  Vol   III.,  plates  85  and  86.— J.  0. 


[572.]— "W.  R."will  find  a  view  of  Waltham  Cross  n 
stored,  in  vol.  3,  No  113,  of  the  Het)'-yM-iijtizi''e,  pubiishe 
January  3,  1S34,  and  in  vol  22,  No.  t'l.  of  the  S'lurdu 
Mitu'tziw.  published  March  11,  1843,  a  view  of  the  Cro: 
previous  to  its  restoration.  Vol.  22  of  the  S<tturd'iy  M-nj' 
zine  also  contains  views  and  an  historical  account  of  a 
Qneeu  Eleanor's  crosses.  The  second  vol.  of  the  Mirroj 
published  between  1820  and  1830,  contains  a  view  of  tb 
Cross.— C.  S. 

[572.]— "W.  R."  can  find  a  view  of  Queen  Eleanor 
Cross,  at  Waltham,  as  restored  by  W.  B.  Clark,  togetbe 
with  details,  in  "  A  Theoretical  and  Pnictical  Treatise  n 
the  Five  Orders  of  Architecture,  with  the  Opinions  of  Si 
W.  Chambers  and  other  Erament  Architects,  both  Ancien 


September  27,  IS 67. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


1  Mixlerii.     Published  by  Thos.   Kelly,  17,  Pateniosler- 

.  1.SJ4-:.."' 

'<.  -Tlio  price  of  book  is  not  stated.    I  bought  the  one 
.f  At  :\  e^ecoud-hand  bookshop  a  short  time  biucti  for 

-W.  N. 

:^]._DRAVrBRIDGE.— Multiply  the  weight  of  the  flap 

I  ][>'.  <iistaiioo  of  its  centra  of  gravity  fmm  the  hinge,  and 

I,'  l,v  the  shortet-t  distance  from  .^aid  hinge  to  the  sus- 

iiiig  chain.     This  will  give   the   j-iill  necessary,  which 

K«  anything  above   half  the  flap's  weight.     *'C.  E." 

makethe  jmll  whatever  ho  pleases  above  that  limit 

■  Tking  this  jiroportion.     As  the  intended  pull  is  to  the 

,lit-,  so  is  the  ili>tance  between  the  hinge  and  centre  of 

.  ity  to  another  dist^ince.     Draw  a  circle  round  the  hinge 

I  Ills  eecond  distance,  and  let  the  chain  be  attached  where 

,  like,  but   touch   the  circle  without  cutting  it.     The 

i-Iace  of  .ittaclmientisalwjivs  attwo-thirJs  of  the  flap's 

■h.  anil  then  the  le.ist  possible  pull  is  three  qiiart«?rsof 

Might— namely,  when  tlio  chain  aiVcnds  vertically  toa 

ilo.     With    cliains  jvissing  over   piUIeys,   more   fon.*e 

'   ilways  bo  reouireil  than   for  a  iKiscuIe  bridge,  iude- 

;  litly  of  the  dillerence  of  friction.  — E.  L.  G. 


-1.1— I'lNI^'G  FOK  MALT  STORES.— If  "J.  D.  W." 

-  a  thorough  goo<l  job  made  of  his  stores  I  would   ad- 

liiiii  to  have  the  walls  and  Hoore  asphaltetl,  which  will 

lit  the  damp  coming  through,  and  make  it  difficult 

a  Ui«  mice.— Sem.\j. 


«S.]— GAS  METERS.— In  selecting  a  meter,  the  position 
lid  be  considered.  If  it  be  placed  where  it  will  be  ex- 
xl  to  the  frost  in  winter,  a  dry  meter  is  preferable,  but 
I  rather  a  warm  place,  a  wet  meter  should  be  used. 
lor  any  circumstances,  but  exposure  to  frost,  I  would 
tthe  preference  to  the  we*  metei,  as  I  find  its  action 
a  regular.  The  nsual  objection  made  by  constuuers  to 
wet  mut€r  >s  the  trouble  of  keeping  the  water  to  its 
m  line,  but  this  is  alwavs  attended  to  by  the  eas  com- 
r.— T.  Hope. 

34.]— WROUGHT-IRONROOP.— The  usual  constmc- 
ofa  roof  of  40ft.  span  is  shown  in  the  annexed  dia- 

B,  where  the  thick  lines  are  iu  eompresstjon  and  the 
Used  iu  teosjpu : — 


B 


The   load    on    thef:iicwt.  ironwork 
roof  per  square  of-'.  ^  t^ 


in   boarding 
slates 
add  for  wind 


covering     will    be  ( 36 

SO  cwt.,  or  2J  tons. 


foaiDg  the  trusses  to  bo  placed  6ft.  apart,  the  area  of 
ing  supported  by  each  will  be  43ft.  X  6ft.  =  25S 
m  feet,  say  2 J  stiuares. 

5        5         25 
Oftd  on  each  truss,  orL=-x-=:    7-  =  6i  tons. 

L       AB  _  25       43      1 

2  ^  BD  ~  S   ^     2  '^  S"  "^  ^  ^ 


4e8t  strain  on  rafter  : 


ining  the  iron  in  compression  at  4  tons  per  square  inch 

S-4 
section  of  rafter  =  -r-  =  2  1  sq.  in.  eflfective 
4  ^ 

add 1*0  bearing  of  pins. 

3'1  sq.  in. 

ii  aection,  in  the  form  of  T-iron,  the  dimensions  will 
IS.  X  7-I6in.  top,  4in.  x  iin.  depth. 

...  ,.         ,        L         AD        25        20 

est  strain  on  tie- rod  =  i;>'^=-gx-^   =    1S 


;ung  the  iron  in  tension  .it  5  tons  per  square  inch,  we 
156  sq.  in.,  say  rod  Ifin.  dia- 


7S 
n  of  tie- rod  =  -r- 


L  "5 

!ionk)ngbolt=  4jj-  =  4-3-^  =  41  tons. 

-f  N  =  the  number  of  spaces  formed  on  the  rafters  by 
:jtersection  of  ties  and  struts  =:  G  in  this  case. 

4'1 
onofkingbolt  =   j-  =  "S  sq.  in.  ;  rod  Iin.  diameter. 

Strain  on  minor  bolts  =  ^   =  ^  =  1  ton. 

I"  of  minor  bolts  =  -21  sq.  in. ;  rod  Sin.  diameter 
.....                        3    L  1 

ist  stram  on  struts  =  -:;•  j;  x    ^ — 

2  N        Em. a 

3  25         1 

=  2^21"     6  ~  "'*  **'"'• 

r'>  a  =  the  angle  of  inclination  of  the  strut  =  37  de" 
13  case. 

26 
■-ection  of  stmts  =  —  =  -65  sq.  in.  effective 

add  .  .  I'OO  pius  and  cutting 

1  '65  sq.  in, 

iTU  of  T-iion  the  dimensions  are  2;in.  by  2\in.  by  |in. 
'»  section  of  rafters  and  tie-i-nds  may  be  decfease<i 
"'^ij^^ntreof  the  truss,  without  interfering  with 
reiigtb.  but  I  would  not  lecomiueud  it.— F.  Hce. 


e  „^?n  j^J^^""^""  erected  aroimd  the  Wellington 
=  ue,  atHyde  Park  Corner,  to  enable  of  certain  altera- 
fiiuU'  w  I        '^'"'  ''^"'^"i  ^  necessary,  in  the  Field- 


WAGE3  MOVEMENT. 

Street  L*BorRERS.— The  labourers  in  the  employ  of 
Me&^rs.  Mowlem,  Burt,  and  Freemuu,  the  contractors, 
having  struck  for  an  incre.iso  of  wages,  the  firm,  on  Wed- 
nesday nioining.  as  an  experiment,  tried  an  engine  on  a 
piece  of  street  paving  iu  the  New  Keut-ro.id.  The  engine 
was  maiiufactureil  by  JU^srs.  Aveliug  and  Porter,  of 
Rochester,  for  the  coriKuatiou  of  Liverpool,  with  a  nominal 
power  of  12  horses.  The  engine  weighs  2S  tons,  .ind  the 
experiment,  iu  utilizing  labour  and  oxi>ense  in  set- 
ting and  fixing  the  stones,  was  very  successful.  Tiie 
engine  cin  also  bo  used  as  a  traction  engine,  having  drawn 
40  tons  on  a  fair  ro,-ul. 

The  Gas  Stoker.s. — Another  meeting  of  the  gas  stokers 
W-.13  held  on  Weduesilay,  Mr.  George  Hawk  in  tlie  chair. 
M  r.  Holder,  the  secret.iry,  miwirted  that  they  had  not  as  yet 
obtained  favounible  replies  from  the  conip-inies.  MTiat  they 
waiite<l  was,  that  inst<yul  of  two  there  should  be  three  setj^of 
men,  who  should  work  eight  hours  \>er  day,  which  would, 
including  four  lioura  for  Sunday  labour,  make  sixty  houi-s 
Iter  week,  Th.it  theyconsidere<l  to  Iw  a  re;isonable  re^iucst. 
but  the  companies  li:id  as  yet  refuse*!  all  concessions,  and 
would  not  even  receive  a  de)>utiition  from  the  men  on  the 
subject,  so  tbat  there  was  nothing  left  for  the  men  but  to 
IKTsevere  in  their  agitation,  Mr.  U|>sall  then  moved  a 
resolution  pledging  the  men  to  persevere  iu  their  demand 
for  sixty  hours  |ter  week  instead  of  ninety.  The  resolution 
luaving  been  seconded,  was  put  to  the  meeting  and  carried 
unanimously. 


STAINED   GLASS. 

Gi.AsTO.VEi-Rv.— .\  Stained  glass  window  has  just  been 
placed  in  the  south  tiansept  of  St.  John's  Church,  Glaston- 
bury, Somerset.  The  principal  subjects  are  fuU-length 
figures  of  Noah,  Moses,  Eli.ts,  and  St.  John  the  Baptist, 
beneath  which  are  some  important  events  in  the  history 
of  each— Noah  building  the  Ark,  the  passage  through  the 
Red  Sea,  Eli.is  prsacliing  to  Ahab,  .and  St.  John  baptising 
our  Lord.  The  tracery  portion  of  the  window  is  occupied 
with  a  represent,ation  of  our  Lord  in  Glory,  beneath  which 
are  four  angels  with  crowns  and  scrolls.  '  The  window  is 
thepiftof  J.  J.  Bocke,  Esq.,  one  of  the  churchwardens, 
and  was  designed  and  executed  by  Messrs.  Clavton  and 
Bell. 


LEGAL  INTELLIGENCE. 

Important  to  Builders.— A  legal  decision  of 
some  importance  to  builders  has  just  been  given 
by  Mr.  Binsdale,  of  Warwick,  in  the  case  of 
"Wildigg  and  Brown  v.  Leach."  la  the  year 
IStii,  the  plaintiffs,  who  are  house  .agents  at  Leam- 
ington, were  employed  by  the  defendant  to  pro- 
cure a  tenant  for  the  defendant's  house  and 
premises  in  Leamington,  called  Spotland  Villa. 
They  introduced  to  him  Mr.  John  "Wackrill,  who 
took  the  premises  under  a  written  agreement  bear- 
ing date  July  16,  lSt34.  The  tenancy  was  to  be 
from  August  12,  1864,  to  March  25,  IS60,  and  for 
three  years  next  ensuing  the  latter  date,  and 
defendant  paid  to  the  plaintiffs  the  sum  of  £i  10s. 
as  their  commission  on  such  letting.  On  settling 
the  terms  of  the  agreement,  Mr.  ^Yackrill  appears 
to  have  required  the  insertion  of  a  clause  giving 
him  the  option  during  the  continuance  of  the 
tenancy  of  purchasing  the  premises  for  the  sum 
of  £7011,  to  which  the  defendant  reluctantly 
assented,  and  on  which  Mr,  ^Yaokrill  has  elected 
to  purchase  the  property,  whereupon  the  plaintiffs, 
relying  upon  an  alleged  custom  in  their  business, 
claim  the  sum  of  £1 7  10s,  as  their  commission  on 
a  sale,  at  the  same  time  giving  him  credit  for  the 
sum  of  £i  lOs,,  the  commission  on  the  letting 
previously  paid  to  the  defendant.  In  giving  his 
decision,  the  judge  said — There  is  no  question  that 
if,  in  the  language  of  Chitty,  there  be  an  un- 
variable  certain  and  general  usage  or  custom  of 
any  particular  trade,  persons  contracting  with 
members  of  such  trade  upon  a  matter  to  which 
such  usage  or  custom  has  reference,  are  bound  by 
it,  whether  they  have  such  knowledge  or  not ;  but 
it  is  incumbent  on  the  plaintiffs  relying  upon  such 
a  custom  to  prove  its  evidence  to  the  satisfaction 
of  the  Court  clearly  and  undisputedly.  That  the 
plaintiffs  in  this  case  have  failed  to  do.  I  there- 
fore direct  judgment  to  be  entered  for  the  de. 
fendant,  Mr.  Overend  appHed  for  costs,  which 
were  allowed  by  the  Court. 

The  BuiLDrxG  Byeuiws. — A  number  of  owners 
of  property  at  Oldham  were  summoned  the  other 
day  for  not  complying  with  the  byelaws  referring 
to  the  construction  of  buildings.  The  town 
clerk  stated  that  in  some  cases  it  appeared  that 
parties  had  erred  in  ignorance  of  the  law,  but  in 
others  there  wa,s  a  disposition  to  set  the 
regulations  of  the  corporation  at  defiance  : 
and  whilst  in  the  one  case  it  might  be  suffi- 
cient for  the  bench  to  inflict  nominal  penalties, 
yet  in  the  other  it  would  be  necessary  to  make  it 
felt  that  the  byelaws  must  be  complied  with. 
Several  cases  were  then  heard,  there  being  among 
the  defendants  an  .alderman  and  a  town  councillor. 
The  present  being  the  first  proceedings  taken  before 
the  bench,  the  whole  of  the  cases  were  withdrawn 
upon  the  parties  paying  costs,  and  undertaking  to 
comply  with  the  regulations  of  the  corporation. 


§mxii\  Stems. 


The  Royal  Commission  appointed  to  enquire 
into  the  pollution  of  rivers,  &e,,  will  resume  its 
sittings  next  month.  The  Commissioners  will 
proceed,  in  the  first  instance,  to  Lancaster  and 
Blackburn,  and  will  then  extend  their  enquiry  into 
North  and  South  Wales. 

Messrs.  Bracher  and  Sons,  contractors,  of  Great 
Ormond-street,  are  constructing  a  timber  viaduct 
in  the  Great  Northern  goods  yard  at  King's 
Cross,  and  will  span  the  Regent's  Canal  with  a 
wrought-iron  j.late  girder  bridge.  This  aiTange- 
inent  will  enable  the  Imperial  G.-us  Works  Com- 
liauy  to  run  their  eoal  waggons  straight  into  their 
own  works,  thereby  cau.iing  a  saving  of  both 
time  and  money. 

The  quaint  old  house,  once  the  residence  of  the 
poet  Dryden,  in  Fetter-lane,  will  this  day  be  sold 
by  auction.  A  portion  of  the  premises  escaped 
the  great  fire  of  London. 

The  Athenwiim  is  very  severe  on  the  new  Clyde 
statue  by  Baron  Marochetti,  which  has  been  placed 
in  the  garden  of  the  United  Service  Club,  Water- 
loo-place. "The  group  in  bronze,"  remarks  our 
contemporary,  "is  intended  to  commemorate  Lord 
Clyde.  It  may  serve  this  purpose  so  long  .as  we 
continue  ignorant  of  the  art  of  sculpture,  but  it 
will  certainly  degrade  the  reputation  of  the  artist, 
and  signalize  his  low  opinion  of  English  taste." 
The  writer,  after  examining  the  various  parts  of 
the  work,  some  of  which  he  considers  "  beneath 
serious  criticism,"  concludes,  "truly  and  briefly,  it 
is  the  worst  of  amateur  workmanship  in  London. 
The  miserable  lion  sets  at  rest  the  question  of  the 
authorship  of  the  Nelson  Uons,"  The  Atli^nfEiim 
is  not  far  wrong.  For  the  most  unsatisfactory 
productions  Baron  Marochetti  has  received  higher 
sums  than  have  been  paid  to  any  other  sculptor. 

It  is  said  that  a  committee  has  been  formed  at 
Berlin  for  the  arrangement  of  a  plan  for  a  uni- 
versal exhibition  to  be  held  in  that  city  in  the 
year  1S72. 

The  directors  of  the  Underground  Railway  have 
effected  important  alterations  with  a  view  to  puri- 
fying the  atmosphere  in  their  tunnels,  the  vitiated 
state  of  which  has  recently  been  the  subject  of 
much  complaint.  The  gkoss  has  been  removed 
from  the  various  skylights,  and  these  have  been 
converted  into  open  areas.  The  result  is  a  great 
improvement ;  the  air  is  not  so  dense  or  dangerous 
to  the  lungs  of  delicate  persons,  and  the  smell 
occasioned  by  the  products  of  combustion  is  not 
so  offensive. 

In  St,  Louis  preparations  are  being  made  to 
build  two  suspension  bridges  across  the  Mississippi. 
These  bridges  are  to  be  elevated  at  least  50ft. 
above  high-water  mark,  and  will  be  2,000ft.  long, 
while  both  railways  and  ordinary  roads  will  pass 
over  them.  In  Brooklyn,  borings  are  now  being 
made  to  find  firm  ground  for  the  abutments  of  the 
bridge  that  is  to  cross  the  East  river  from  that 
city  to  New  York,  This  bridge  will,  it  is  said,  ter- 
minate at  Franklin-square,  in  the  heart  of  the 
business  portion  of  New  York,  and  it  is  to  be 
erected  high  enough  to  permit  large  vessels  to  pass 
beneath  it  without  interfering  with  their  masts. 
No  work,  beyond  the  borings  mentioned  above, 
has  yet  been  done  upon  the  proposed  bridge. 
Another  company  is  also  being  organized  in  New 
York  for  the  purpose  of  bridging  the  East  River 
at  a  point  near  Sixty-fifth  street,  New  York. 
These  proposed  suspension  bridges  wHl  be  enor- 
mous structures,  from  SO  to  100ft.  wide  erected 
at  least  100ft.  above  the  water  level,  and  having  a 
span  of  IjSOOft,.  stretching  entirely  across  East 
River. 

A  most  destructive  fire  has  .almost  entirely  de- 
stroyed the  thriving  town  of  Enos,  It  broke  out 
on  the  evening  of  the  23rd  ult,,  and  burnt  for  15 
hours,  consuming  the  whole  of  the  better  part  of 
the  town,  four  churches,  the  mudir's  konak,  and  a 
vast  number  of  shops  and  stores.  The  value  of 
the  property  sacrificed  is  estimated  at  30,000,000  of 
piastres,  and  the  distress  created  amongst  the 
population  is  necess.arily  very  great. 

There  is  not,  in  the  whole  of  Switzerland,  a  toll 
gate.  The  Government  forbid.^  by  law  anything 
which  may  tend  to  interrupt  or  interfere  with 
travel  in  or  between  the  difl'erent  cantons.  The 
magnificent  public  roads  which  one  finds  every- 
where throughout  the  countrj'  are  kept  in  oidcr 
at  the  expense  of  the  cantons  through  which  they 
ruD,  the  federal  authorities  having  each  paid, 
however,  at  the  construction,  one  half  of  the 
expense. 


678 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


September  27,  1867. 


The  estimate  of  Messrs.  J.  Cresswell  and  Sons 
has  been  accepted  for  the  erection  of  the  new 
Birmingham  and  Midland  Bank.  The  work  has 
already  been  commenced,  under  the  superintend- 
ence of  Mr.  Edward  Holmes.  The  site  secured  by 
the  directors  is,  imquestionably,  the  finest  in 
Birmingham,  situate,  as  it  is,  opposite  the  Ex- 
change-buildings in  Stephenson-place,  imme- 
diately adjacent  to  the  Central  Railway  Station, 
and  occupying,  as  it  does,  the  central  position  of 
New  street.  The  two  principal  fronts  will  be 
erected  in  Portland  stone,  being  its  first  introduc- 
tion, as  a  building  stone,  into  Birmingham.  The 
columns  and  bases  of  portico  will  be  in  polished 
granite. 

A  remarkable  engineering  feat  is  being  performed 
just  now  at  the  antipodes.  English  engineers  have 
nearly  completed  a  railway  tunnel  through  a  vol- 
canic range  in  New  Zealand.  The  plains  of  the 
Canterbury  settlement,  in  the  southern  of  the  two 
great  islands  of  New  Zealand,  are  divided  from 
the  port  of  Lyttleton  by  almost  impracticable 
hills,  and  in  May,  1861,  the  local  Government  ac- 
cepted an  ofier  to  complete  a  line  of  railway 
from  Lyttleton  to  Christchurch  in  five 
years,  the  cost  of  the  tunnel,  2,838  yards 
long,  and  called  the  Moorehouse  tunnel,  being 
fixed  at  £195,000.  The  works  were  at  first 
carried  on  under  great  disadvantages,  on  account 
of  the  Otago  gold  fever  and  other  causes.  This 
tunnel  aSbrds,  it  is  believed,  the  first  instance 
where  a  complete  section  of  an  extinct  volcano 
has  been  opened  out.  The  rock  in  the  tunnel  is  a 
series  of  lava  streams  and  beds  of  tufa,  intersected 
by  vertical  dykes  of  phonolite. 

An  examination  of  persons  desirous  of  obtaining 
a  certificate  of  competency  to  perform  the  duties 
of  district  surveyors  will  take  place  at  the  rooms 
of  the  Institute  of  Architects,  9,  Conduit-street, 
on  Friday,  October  25  next,  at  10   o'clock. 

A  Connecticut  Yankee  has  cleared  his  house  of 
rats  by  catching  one  and  dipping  him  in  red  paint. 
He  then  let  him  loose,  and  other  rats,  not  liking 
his  looks,  left  immediately. 

A  correspondent  says  : — Mr.  Train's  tramways, 
which  were  so  ignominiously  driven  out  of  London, 
have  proved  a  great  success  in  Copenhagen.  Theii- 
starting  point  is  St.  Anna  Pladz,  near  the  Kon- 
gen's  Nytorf,  whence  they  branch  off  in  three  dif- 
ferent directious,  through  the  principal  streets  to 
the  neighbouring  suburbs.  In  one  direction,  that 
of  the  Fredericksborg  Alee,  the  tramway  extends 
to  a  distance  of  four  mdes.  The  whole  arrange- 
ments are  similar  to  what  they  were  in  London. 
The  identical  carriages  which  ran  between  West- 
minster and  Victoria  are  indeed  now  in  use  in 
Copenhagen.  The  fares  are  very  reasonable,  and 
the  tramway  system  is  assuredly  very  convenient. 
From  all  that  I  could  learn  no  accidents  had  oc- 
curred during  the  four  or  five  years  the  carriages 
have  been  running,  whilst  the  ordinary  traffic  of 
the  streets  was  not  in  the  least  interfered  with. 
The  number  of  passengers  using  the  tramways  in- 
creases every  year.  In  1864  there  were  959,890 
passengers;  in  1865,  1,5-34,448;  in  1S66, 
2,3/4,834.  This  return,  which  I  obtained  from 
an  official  source,  appears  very  large  for  a  city  of 
only  about  160,000  inhabitants,  but  I  believe  it 
to  be  quite  correct.  Perhaps  we  were  too  hasty 
in  condemning  the  plan. 

The  Executive  Committee  of  the  National  Ex- 
hibition of  Works  of  Art,  to  be  held  at  Leeds  in 
1868,  have  been  honoured  by  notifications  that  the 
Emperor  of  the  French  and  the  King  of  Holland 
win  permit  their  names  to  be  added  to  that  of  her 
Majesty  the  Queen  as  patrons  of  the  undertaking. 
Contributions  of  a  very  important  character  con- 
tinue to  be  made  to  the  Executive  Committee, 
not  only  by  the  heads  of  public  ofiice-s,  national 
institutions,  civic  corporations,  learned  societie.s, 
and  colleges,  but  by  the  possessors  of  some  of  the 
finest  collections  of  works  of  art  in  the  kingdom. 

A  curious  discovery  of  a  mine  of  amber  has 
been  made  at  Grassey  Gully,  near  Rokewood, 
Australii.  A  professional  mineralogist,  of  Ballarat, 
thus  reports  on  the  substance  found: — "The 
rednous  substance  left  with  me  for  examination 
is  undoubtedly  amber,  and  has  not,  previously,  to 
my  knowledge,  been  found  in  this  colony,  making, 
therefore,  another  addition  to  our  colonial  minerals. 
The  colour  of  the  said  substance  is  brown,  streaked 
yellowish  white,  transparent,  couchoidal  fracture, 
lustre  waxy.  Specific  gravity,  M.  Acquires 
resinous  electricity  by  friction ;  contains  empyreu- 
matic  oil  and  .succinic  acid,  and  corresponds  in  all 
other  respects  with  the  brown  amber  of  Europe." 
Some  men  arc  now  at  work  at  the  mine,  and  others 
prospecting  for  the  same  material  in  the  vicinity. 


k\m\s  for  luliiittiuiis 


CONNECTED     WITH     TH  E     BUILDING     TRADE. 


328.  D.  BARR  and  J.  BLOXHAM.  Impeovei; 
Window  and  Shctter  Fastenings.  Dated  February  0, 
1S67. 

One  of  these  improved  f.istening^  is  made  of  brass  or 
any  other  raetiil,  and  is  very  similar  in  shape  to  the  ordi 
nary  butt  hinge.  Tho  lower  flap  is  screwed  to  the  frame 
of  the  \ipper  window  sash  in  a  vertical  positiou,  and  the 
upper  flap,  which  is  made  thicker  at  the  eod,  and  shaped 
iu  the  form  of  a  stop,  is  left  free,  and  fits  in  a  recess  or 
groove,  and  does  not  therefore  impede  the  action  of  tlie 
Aviudow.  Its  own  weight  causM  it  to  fall  down  on  tlie 
bottom  sash  as  soon  as  the  window  is  closed.  In  this  wav 
both  siishes  are  securely  fastened  until  the  stop  is  rcmowJ 
again  from  its  position,     ii'uwiv,  abandoned. 

329.  J.  FOXLEY.  Improvements  in  Ericics.  Dated 
February  6.  1S07. 

This  invention  consists,  essentially,  in  forming  clay 
bricks  with  dovetailed  recesses  in  them,  in  which  recessci 
pieces  of  wood  are  inserted,  whereby  wood  or  other  work 
can  be  readily  alhxed  to  structures  formed  of  such  bricks 
by  means  of  nails  or  screws,     talent  ubmuiuued. 

330.  F.  C.  LEADER.  iMPROvEiiENTS  in  Venetian 
Blinds.     Dated  Februaiy  7,  1S67. 

This  invention  relates  to  a  mode  or  metliod  of  adjusting 
with  ease  and  certainty  the  laths  of  Venetian  blinds  to 
any  desired  angle,  and  of  maintaining  them  at  auy  angle 
when  so  adjusted.  In  carrying  out  tliis  invention  ilie 
patentee  causes  the  top  bar  of  the  blind  to  hang  whilst  in 
its  normal  position  at  a  considerable  angle,  either  liy 
weigldng  the  same  on  one  side,  or  bv  hanging  it  eccen- 
trically, or  by  attachiug  a  spring  to  cue  side  which  shall 
always  have  a  tendency  to  keep  it  at  an  angle.  In  the 
lower  side  or  edge  of  this  bar  or  rod  a  cord  is  attache  1, 
provided  with  as  many  notches  or  loops  as  there  aiii  anghs 
uf  adjustment  desired  ;  or  a  single  notch  or  loop  may  be 
provided  iu  combination  with  one  or  more  hooks  fixed  as 
may  be  required,  the  object  b«ing  to  ensure  the  bUud  pre- 
senting a  certain  amouut  of  opening  or  angle,  according 
to  the  particular  notch  or  hook  engaged.  FaUnt  cau.- 
pleltJ. 

3S3.  G.  H.  KIDD.    Improvements  in  Apparatus  for 

REGULATING  THE    SUPPLT    OF   WaTER     TO     CiSTERNS,    AND 

FOR    Preventing   the     Bursting     of    Water   Pii-es. 
Dated  February  11,  1^07. 

This  invention  has  for  its  object — First,  to  diminish  the 
pressure  in  pipes  used  for  the  supply  of  water  to  cisterns  ; 
and,  secondly,  to  prevent  the  bursting  of  auch  pipes  by 
frost.  To  effect  these  objects  the  pateuteo  places  a  stop- 
cock on  tne  supply  pipe,  as  near  the  main  as  jTOssible,  and 
close  to  it,  but  further  from  the  mam  a  tap  ;  and 
he  connects  this  tap  and  cock  with  the  cistern,  so 
that  they  are  opened  and  closed  as  the  water  iu 
the  cistern  rises  ami  falls.  He  proposes  to  establish  this 
connection  in  a  twofold  manner  :— First,  lie  makes  use  of 
a  small  regulating  tank  near  the  main,  and  into  this  tank 
he  conducts  the  overflow  pipe  from  the  cistern,  and 
places  iu  it  a  t'oat  in  connection  with  the  stopcock  on  the 
supply  pipe.  By  this  means  the  overflow  is  used  to  fill 
the  regulating  tank  and  cut  off  the  pressure  at  a  point 
near  the  main.  To  effect  the  second  object — that  is  to 
say,  prevent  the  bursting  of  the  pipes  by  freezing  tiie 
water  allowed  to  remain  therein,  he  places  another  float 
in  the  same  tank  connected  with  the  tap  on  the  supply 
pipe,  or  a  branch  of  the  same,  and  so  arranged  that,  after 
the  overflow  water  in  the  tank  has,  as  above-described,  cut 
off  the  supply  from  the  main,  it  will  open  the  tap,  and  so 
permit  all  the  water  lying  in  the  supply  pipes  to  run  off, 
and  ensure  their  being  empty,  except  when  m  actual  use. 
In  order  to  open  the  stopcock  for  a  renewed  supply  to  the 
cistern,  the  regulating  tank  may  be  emptied  by  means  of  a 
valve  in  the  bottom,  which  may  be  opened  by  hand,  or 
rendered  self-acting  by  means  of  a  float  placed  iu  the 
cistern.  He  further  proposes  to  connect  this  tloat  with 
the  water-closet  valve  or  other  valve  iu  the  cistern,  so 
that,  if  the  overflow  pipe  should  become  at  any  time  ob- 
structed, the  valve  will  be  opened  so  as  to  prevent  flooding 
over  the  aides  of  the  cistern,  and  the  valve  thrown  on  a 
hook  or  catch,  so  that  it  cannot  be  used  till  replaced,  and 
thus  notice  will  be  given  of  the  obstruction  iu  the  o\  er- 
tlow  pipe.  Secondly,  the  stopcock  and  tap  »m  the  supply 
pipe,  as  above -described,  may  be  connected  with  a  float 
or  floats  in  the  cistern  by  means  of  connecting  roils,  wires 
or  chains,  cranks  and  levers,  weights,  and  counter- 
weights, in  such  manner  that  the  rising  and  falling  of  the 
water  in  the  cistern  will  be  open,  and  close  them  without 
the  intervention  of  a  regulating  tank,  but  with  a  like 
effect.     Patait  completed. 

423,  J.  CAPPER.  An  Improved  Consiruction  of 
Chimney  Tup  or  Cap.    Dated  February  15,  1S67. 

The  object  of  this  invention  is  to  protect  the  flues  of 
chimneys  at  their  upper  terminations  from  wind  and  rain, 
and  to  induce  an  upward  current  in  the  said  flues  at  all 
times.  For  this  purpose  the  inventor  constructs  a  chimney 
top  in  such  a  manner  that  the  smoke  or  air  from  the  ffue 
has  first  to  ascend  and  then  to  descend  in  the  said  chimney 
top  before  it  can  esciipe  into  the  atmosphere.  The  part  of 
a  chimney  pot  constructed  according  to  this  invention, 
which  sei'v'es  as  a  continuation  of  the  flue,  and  is  attached 
to  the  chimney,  is  made  of  a  cylindrical  or  other  shape. 
Over  and  downwards  around  that  part  a  cap  open  only  at 
its  lower  end  is  placed.  The  said  cap  is  supported  by 
brackets,  or  otherwise,  and  being  larger  iu  horizontal 
section  than  the  part  to  be  attached  to  the  chimney,  an 
annular  or  other  space  is  formed  between  the  two ;  it  is 
through  such  spacti  the  smoke  or  air  must  escape  down- 
wards into  the  atmosphere.  A  door  can  be  made  in  the  top 
of  the  cap  to  facilitate  sweeping  or  cleaning,  futeut 
ubaudon':d. 


ink  llctos. 

TENDERS. 

Bl'kslem. — For  th6  erection  of  three  houses  at  Bleak 
Hill,  Bursleni.  Mr.  Ralph  Dain,  Burslem,  architect  :— 
Trevor,  £2,lSj  106.;  Whalley,  £2,076;  Woolridgo,  £1,03S  ; 
Blackhuret,  £1,960;  Bennett  and  Brindloy,  £1,920;  Mat- 
thews (accepted),  £1,826  68. 


CLAPHAil  Pabk. — For  house,  stables  and  lodge  at  Cl.ir 
bam  Park.     Mr,  Notley,  architect :—  ®  '  1 

House.  Stahles.        Lodje 

CoUs £4,700    £620    £020 

JIacey  4,696    .596    ,.,",',    291 

Turner  and  Sous  ...    4,424    600    ....  [    213 

M-Laglan 4,319    606    ....'      213 

Hart 4,310    682    ....."    193 

Newman  and  Mann    4,055    .......    578    ...  '    24'' 

Myers   4,096    679    ...".    196 

Webb  and  Sons 4.097    550    200 

Browne  &  Robinson    4,067     534    I83 

E.vFiELD. — For  alterations  and  additions  for  Mr.  B.  Mei 
calf.  Mr.  F.  Gushing,  surveyor ; — Fairhead,  £424 ;  ijaye 
£418  ;  Rivett,  £393  ;  Saunders,  £338 ;  Gardner  (accepted 
£330  lOs. 

Hertford. — For  building  new  workhouse  _at  Hertfonl 
F.  Feck,  15,  Fumival's-inn,  London,  architect: — M.  Chai^ 
pel,  £10,500;  Pattinsonand  Co.,  £8,200;  J.  S.  GlaaicooS 
£8,.'j00  ;  Mosou  and  Mutton,  £8,400 ;  Ekins  and  Soni' 
£8,373  ;  W.  Smith,  £8,155 ;  Savage,  £7,868  ;  H,  Nonii 
£7,847;  J.  Perry,  jun.,  £7,777;  W.  Huddlestone.  £7  71) 
D.  Bland,  £7,685  ;  W.  Henshaw  (accepted),  £7,320.    ' 

Isle  of  Wight.— For  cottages  at  Bonchurch,  Isle  . 
Wight,  for  Mrs.  May.  Messrs.  G.  Habershon  and  Pite,  3 
chitects  :— Pritchard,  Sandown,  £l,2fl0  ;  Tharle,  Ventui 
£1,282;  Lale,  Ventnor,  £1,260;  Poxon  and  Smith,  Lo 
don,  £1,210;  Newnham,  Ventnor,  £1,200;  Beavis  and  So; 
Ventnor,  £1,200;  Loe,  Ryde,  £1,170;  Moses  and  Wallde 
Ventnor  (accepted),  £1,150  ;  Parsons  and  Saunders,  Ryd 
£1,120  ;  Denham,  Ryde,  £992. 

Lambeth. — For  restorations,  after  fire,  t/i  sawing  mil] 
Belvedere-road,  Lambeth,  for  Messrs.  Meredith  Brothers; 
B.  C.  Nightingale  (accepted). 

London, — For  a<lditions  and  alterations  at  50,  We.^ 
bourne-grove,  for  Mr.  C.  Staft'ord.  Messrs.  Newman  ai 
Mann,  arcliitects.  Quantities  not  supplied : — Ware  ai 
Jouel,  £685 ;  Phillips,  £578 ;  Wicke,  £545 ;  French  (s 
cepted),  £537. 

London. — For  New  Bemer's  Hall,  for  the  Agricultui 
Hall  Company.  Mr.  Charles  Bird,  C.E.  Quantities  au 
plied  by  Mr.  Gritten  : — Ax  ford  and  WheBier,  £4,54 
Perry  and  Son,  £4,515 ;  Patman  and  Fotheringhara,  £4,41 
Webb  and  Son,  £4,333  ;  Sharman,  £4,300  ;  Bras«,  £4,W 
Hill  and  Keddell,  £3,965.  . 

London  — For  the  New  London  Pottery,  Lambeth,  } 
Messrs.  J.  W.  Stiff  and  Son.  Mr.  John  Taylor,  archite 
Qitantities  by  Messrs.  Birdseye  and  Stoner: — Webst 
£9,090  ;  Lathev  Brothers,  £8,2:4  ;  Killby,  £8,223  ;  Holla 
and  Hannen,  £8,109;  Rider  and  Son,  £7,880;  Clemen 
£7,729;  E.  B.  Gammon  and  Son,  £7,531;  W.  Hig 
£7,500  :  Hill  and  Keddell  (accepted),  £7,494. 

Non.s. — For  Congregational  Church,  Eastwood,  Not 
Messi-3.  Bidlakft  and  Ta\t.  architects  : — Thompson,  £2,19 
Trere  and  Sons,  £1,934  ;  Wright,  £1,832 ;  T.  and  E.  Hubf 
£1,.823. 

TuANMERE. — For  the  erection  of  new  schools  at  Tr 
mere,  Cheshire,  in  connection  with  the  Birkenhead  Uni 
Workhouse.  Mr.  T.  Layland,  architect.  Quantities  61 
plied  by  Mr.  W.  Longson :— Aldis,  £9,298 ;  Dob» 
£9,104 ;  Cameron,  £S,SS7 ;  Burroughs  and  Son,  £8,71 
Kirkbam,  £3,750  ;  Chuck,  £8,600  ;  Harkness  and  Dempsl 
£S,626  ;  Jones  and  Co.,  £8,237  ;  Roberts,  £S,1S1 ;  Cm 
bell,  £8,123;  Boniface,  £8,100;  Forde,  £8.006;  Roh 
and  Robinson,  £S,04S;  Hogarth,  £7,087;  Callie,  £7,9. 
Ridehaigh,  £7,775;  Blakely,  £7,683;  Anderson,  £7,6- 
Mullholland,  £7,535;  Roberts,  £7,438;  M'Conni 
£7,360  ;  Corris  (accepted),  £7,360. 

Ventnor. — For  schools  at  Ventnor,  for  Rev.  A.  B.  Pe 
Messrs.  G.  Habershon  and  Pite,  architects: — Pritche 
£498;  Tharle,  £464;  Lale,  £450;  Newnham,  £450;  1 
sons  and  Saundei-s,  £424 ;  Poxon  and  Smith,  £420  ;  I 
£412;  Beavis  and  Son,  £375;  Moses  and  Wall 
(accepted),  £365;  Denham,  £363. 

WoRrLE-sDoN  (Surrey). — For  finishing  residence  at  '^ 
plesdon,  Surrey  (from  carcase).  Mr.  Henry  Peak,  an 
tect,  Guildford.  Quantities  not  supplied  ;  — Jl-ison,  £7. 
Beagley,  £715  ;  Nye,  £659  ;  West  (accepted),  £575, 

West  Ham. — For  new  receiving  wards  at  the  Imliut.. 
Schools,  Forest-lane.  Mr.  John  Hudson,  architect] 
Worskett,  £4,860;  Adams,  £4,750;  Shawman,  £4,f 
Sheffield,  £4,637  ;  GaiTud,  £4,617  ;  Smart  and  Co.,  £4,' 
Knight,  £4,283  :  Hall,  £4,369 ;  Shaw,  £4.:;G9 ;  Jobnsi 
£4,300 ;  Abrahams,  £4,295 ;  Tanatt,  £4,l!'7 ;  Ri' 
£4,133;  Lockeby,  £4,077  ;  Langmead,  £3,500  ;  Poxon  : 
Co.,  £3,900;  Blackmere,  £3,952;  Nutt  and  Co.,  £3,9 
Morter,  £3,738  ;  Hill  and  Keddell,  £3,694 ;  HenaU, 
£3,087  ;  Webb  and  Sons,  £3,684  ;  Goshawk,  £3,520. 


ft 

,4jH^ 


BATH  STONE  OF  BEST  QnALITT. 
Bandell  and  Sadndees,  Quarrymen  and  Stone  J- 
chants,  Bath.  List  of  Prices  at  the  Quai-ries  and  Dop, 
also  Cost  for  Transit  to  any  part  of  the  United  Kingd . 
furnishetl  on  application  to  Bath  Stone  Office,  Coish , 
Wilts.— [Ad  VT.] 

« 

BAITKRUPTS. 

TO  SURRESDER  IX  BASINOHAIX-STREET. 

James  Beazley,  Little  Stanhope-street,  Mavfair,  bnii , 
October  9.  at  11— Abraham  Hargreaves,  Thornton  He., 
builder,  October  3,  at  1— Hebron  Haizelden,  Lewisn . 
bricklaver,  October  10,  at  12- Hugh  Moore,  Eiut  Wickc  . 
Kent,  bricklayer,  October  10,  at  12. 

TO  SURRENDER  IN  THE  COCXTBT. 

James  Applebv,  Wednesfleld,  hinge  manufecturer,  Se^'- 
bor  30,  at  12-"j.ame3  Coward,  Kendal,  carpeuter,  o»p. 
ber  30,  at  11— John  Dickson,  Cadoxton  Lodge,  near  fte  , 
railway  contractor,  October  2,  at  11— WiUiara  and  J.i  _ 
Allen,'Tipton,  ironfoimders,  October  4,  at  1-— J<;""_,. 
ham,  Crossbills,  Yorkshire,  glazier,  October  ^,  at  -  ■ 
liam  Coo,  Leeds,  .ioiner,  October  10,  at  12- William  uc-- 
.Middlesboroush,  'joiner.  October  9,  at  H— J^""?"  ,  i 
St.  Helen's,  painter  and  papeihanger,  October  »,  ^^ 
John  Nelson,  Liveqiool,  joiner,  October  4,  at  11  "" 
Roberta,  Tr.uimcre,  joiner,  October  11,  at  2. 

NOTICES  OF  SITTINGS  FOR  LAST  EXAMISATIOX. 

November  22,   J.   Dallison,  Westmoreland-place,  in- 
road, huUder-November  22,  J.  Joyce,  Murray^', 
ton,  carpenter-November  22,  E.  Coombe,  Oraeoe-ai 


October  4,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


679 


^HE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


LONDON,  FRIDAY,  OCTOBER  4,  1867. 

;anchester  town  hall.— exhi- 
bition OF  THE  REJECTED. 

")ERIIAPS    one   of  the  most  unpleasant 
positions    an    amiable    and    withal    a 
Ingry  man  can  find  himself  placed  in,  is  that 
'  presenting   himself  a  guest   at  a  coimtry 
)use  after  a  long  ride   from  town  and   a 
ngthy    invitation    for   tJie  dinner    of    the 
ason,  and,  witli  this  double  provocation  of 
9  appetite,  to  tind  he  has  mistaken  the  date, 
id  arrived  "  the  day  after  the  fare."      The 
)use  is  yet  in  confusion,  the  host' bilious,  the 
)Ste8s  weary,  and  the  daughters  still  furious 
at  "  that  odious  girl "  monopolized  the  prize 
i.re.      An  air  of   general  dilapidation  is 
My  impressed  on  the  servants,  from  the 
ijagrous   butler  down  to  the   eruptive  but- 
DS ;    and   although   a   bechamel   of  turbot, 
gged  hare,  and  a  rechnuffe  of  sundries,  are 
;ry  good  things  in  their  way,  yet  the  thought 
the   dishes  that  are  gone  haunts  him  like 
inquo's  ghost  did  another  notable  banquet, 
d  the  semblance  of  dis-ease  is  too  great  to 
covered  decently,  even  by  a  dress  coat  and 
iliteness.     This  is  bad  enough,  but  when  he 
id3  that  the  eontret<-mps  arises  not  from  his 
under,   but   from   the  greed  of   the  hosts 
emselves,  other  feelings  beside  disappoint- 
eut  rise,  and  he   feels  he  has  a  legitimate 
ason   for  a  growl.     It  is  with  some  such 
nsations  as  these  that  we  find  ourselves  in 
anchester,  and  are  ushered  in  to  behold  the 
lies  of  that  feast  the  mayor  and  a  few  of  his 
ends  and  fellow  countrymen  have  enjoyed 
•  themselves,  but  of  which  they  had  not  the 
urtesy  to  offer  us  a  taste — the  twelve  best 
shes  are  gone — those  three  hundred  guinea 
Ms.    Bah  !  we  dare  say  they   were,  greasy 
d  gross,  suitable  for  northern  aldermanic 
urmands,  who  cliiefly  prize  a  dish  because 
!'  weU  buttered,  and   because  they  know- 
cook,  and  so  we  determine  to  make  the 
at  of  what  is  left ;   and,  dropping  all  meta- 
lOr,  apply  oureelres  to  the   e.xamination  of 
-r  ninety-seven  designs  for  the  Manchester 
■  n    HaU   which    have     the     honour     of 
mg  rejected  and  exhiluted   as    such.     We 
visedly  say  honour,  for  when  such  names 
AUom,  Audsley,  E.  W.  Godwin,  Lamb,  E. 
/>\v  Pugin,   Talbert,   Roger    Smith,   and 
Acr  good  men  appear,  it  is  an  honour  to  the 
it  to  find  themselves  for  once  ranked  wdth 
em  on  equal  terms.     AVhether  the  honour 
having  succeeded   against  such   an  array 
art  is   greater    depends   entirely  on  the 
janer    and    the    means    by    which    that 
Jtory  was  won,  and  of  these  we  have  no  evi- 
nce here.    That  which  is  concealed  is  gene- 
lly  suspected  of  being  unworthy  of  exposure; 
d  the  conduct  of  the  committee  is,  by  their 
m  act,  thus  called   into   question.     To  say 
•least  of  it,  the   motive   is   cowardly,  and 
lilst  the  successful  competitors  are  made  to 
[lear  as  men   who   can  neither  trust  them- 
res    or    their    fellow    victors,  they,    like 
'Hiric  conquerors,  are  licensed  to  spoil  the 
iais  and  bear  away  their  treasures.  This  is 
uoble,  but  Brutus  was  an  honourable  man, 
so,  ot  course,  we  can  say  no  less  of  these  ; 
•ve  think  if  these  gentlemen  woidd  merit 
"  ilm  as  well  as  wear  it  they  would  repudiate 
stigma  thus  imprinted  on  their  character 
■leir  friends,  and  boldly  and  fearlessly  es- 
'■i  their  designs.     One  hundred  and  thirty- 
designs  were  submitted  ;  of  these  twelve 
ve  been  abstracted  by  the  committee,   and 
--riti-:even  removed  by  theirauthorsin  spleen 
1  dudgeon  ;  and  we   can  neither  commend 
:  caution  of  the  committee  or  the   craven- 
irtedness  of  those  who  thus  tacitly  acknow- 
Ige  the  justice  of  their  defeat  by  withdraw- 
;  the  result  of  their  labours  from  the  ordeal 
the  public  gaze.     Of  the  ninetv-seven  left 


us,  there  are  some  of  remarkable  merit,  and, 
of  course,  a  large  proportion  of  very  bad 
ones.  Conspicuous  among  the  good  ones  are 
the  very  bright  and  charming  drawings  of  Mr. 
Allom,  wlio  presents  tis  with  some  exquisite 
examples  of  his  able  and  fertile  pencil.  The 
very  clerk  of  the  town  council,  who  wrote 
Mr.  Allom's  name  on  them,  by  a  happy  slip 
of  the  pen,  inscribed  his  sorrow  in  good 
German,  and  instead  of  dubbing  that  gentle- 
man "  Arch,"  laments,  as  we  do,  "  Ach."  Ad- 
miring visitors  have  added  notes  of  admiration 
to  liis  blundering  inspiration,  and  we,  too,  say 
— Alas  !  Surely,  such  a  designasthisisworthy 
to  replace  one  of  the  iluplicate  alternating 
designs  selected,  and  it  would  be  an  act  of  cour- 
tesy and  grace  to  award  another  lealiet  from  the 
palm  branch  to  Mr.  AUom.  Mr.  AUom'sde- 
sign  is  founded  on  French  fourteenth  century 
tradition,  and  has  a  Rouenesque  air  about  it, 
with  its  richly  dormered  story  and  quaint 
Burgundiau  forms,  which  is  highly  artistic. 
Perhaps  there  is  too  great  a  similarity  between 
his  central  composition  in  Albert-square  and 
that  in  Princess-street — the  same  three  arches 
with  the  same  bay  window  over,  the  same 
flanking  turrets,  and  the  terminal  of  the  cen- 
tral one  only  varied.  That  in  Albert-square 
is  capped  by  an  ogee  octangular  dome,  remind- 
ing us  very  mucli  of  Oxford  ;  but  no  words 
can  paint  Mr.  Allom's  beauty,  and  none  but 
his  own  pencil  give  his  crisp  sparkle.  His 
plan  is  not  so  commendable,  and  presents 
many  crudities  and  faults  more  mature  con- 
sideration would  have  removed,  and  we  can- 
not but  regret,  for  the  sake  of  art,  that  he  has 
been  debarred  from  gi\'ing  this  to  it.  Great 
beauty  of  drawing,  in  an  utterly  opposite  ex- 
treme, is  exhibited  in  the  excellent  contribu- 
tion of  Messrs.  Audsley,  of  Liverpool.  As 
line  drawings,  nothing  can  be  more  perfect  ; 
and  their  plans  are  very  good — perhaps  suffer- 
ing from  want  of  better  means  of  intercom- 
mimication  in  some  of  their  parts,  but  still 
good.  Their  design  wants  more  wall-space  ; 
it  is  too  much  cut  up  into  windows,  with 
deeply-splayed  and  many-columned  jambs, 
and  their  central  tower  to  the  Albert-square 
front  spoiled  by  over-corbelling  of  angle  tur- 
rets, a  fault  very  prevalent  at  this  present  day, 
and  one  W'hich  mars  many  excellent  composi- 
tions. Mr.  Burges  has  a  good  deal  of  this 
responsibility  on  his  shoulders  ;  he  has  made 
many  ugly  things  look  passable,  and  others 
think  their  ingenuity  et^ual  to  his. 

Me-srs.  Godwin  and  Crisp,  who  have  almost 
a  specialite  for  town  halls,  send  a  very  well  con- 
sidered and  careful  study,  good  in  plan, 
and  dignified  in  treatment,  quite  worthy 
in  all  respects  of  being  added  to  that 
limited  liability  company  who  now  have 
the  matter  in  hand.  Their  central  tower 
is  placed  in  the  middle  of  the  AJbert- 
square  facjade,  and  is  of  a  truly  civic 
character,  apeing  neither  church  nor  castle,  as 
do  too  many  of  them.  The  eccentric  detached 
staircases  at  the  angles  rather  mar  this  de- 
sign than  otherwise  ;  and,  though  highly  pic- 
turesque as  "  bits,"  do  not  in  any  way  aid  the 
general  composition ;  a  much  more  eft'ective 
manner  of  masking  the  acute  angles  of  the  site 
is  presented  in  another  design,  of  which  we 
shall  hereafter  have  to  speak.  The  general 
composition  is  of  bays  of  four-light  windows, 
with  solid  tracery  heads,  giving  square-headed 
apertures  to  the  actual  w'indow  lights, 
having  shallow-gabled  and  crocketted  labels  or 
canopies  over  them,  and  divided  from  each 
other  by  niches  containing  statues.  Above 
these  is  a  plain  parapet,  from  which  the  line 
of  the  face  sets  back,  and  which  would  hide 
much  of  the  superstructure.  The  top  stage 
has  its  dormer  lights  too  high  for  mass,  and 
too  detached  from  the  roof  for  general  effect ; 
but  these  are  minor  matters,  which  the  great 
taste  displayed  by  its  authors  would  be  sure 
to  have  corrected  on  a  revision  of  their  de- 
sign. The  elevation  to  Cooper-street  is  a 
charming  little  composition,  and  the  design  is 
generally  excellent.  If  the  lucky  twelve  are 
so  much  better — that  they  could  be  so  easily 
selected — they  must,   indeed,  be  good.     Mr. 


Lamb's  design  is  a  glorious  bit  of  scene  paint- 
ing— an  architectural  vision — too  good  for 
dull  practical  reality.  It  is  a  mine  of  inven- 
tion, and  his  one  drawing  of  the  Albert-square 
front  shows  brains  and  thought  enough  lor  a 
score  of  the  average  range  of  designs.  It  is  a 
poet's  palace  rather  than  the  municipal  hall  of 
Cottonopolis ;  and  could  such  a  structure  be 
luiilt,  that  undying  one — Macaulay's  New 
Zealander — would  trust  his  spirit  to  a 
psychopult,  and  be  propelled  from  the  ruins 
of  London  Bridge  to  where  on  earth  it  stood, 
there  to  revel  amongst  the  most  picturesque 
remains  Old  Time  hiis  left  of  all  his  fore- 
fatliers'  works.  Its  plan  is  highly  ingenious, 
and  woidil  create  a  thousand  j)ictures  which 
the  spirit  of  old  Front  would  haunt,  because 
no  where  else  could  it  find  so  congenial  a  spot. 
It  is  decidedly  the  most  artistic  design  in  the 
whole  collection — too  much  so  to  be  grand  or 
dignified,  but  too  good  to  be  merely  pretty\ 
Mr.  Lamb's  exuberant  fancy  has  run  some- 
what away  with  him  ;  and,  though  in  a  draw- 
ing it  is  marvellously  clever  and  dodgy,  in  a 
building  it  would  be  too  broken  up  to  be 
elfective. 

Mr.  Pritchard,  of  Llandaff,  sends  a  design 
which  presents  avariety  in  planning  not  much 
worked  upon.  The  town  hall  itself  is  here 
brought  to  the  front,  recessed  only  from 
Alljert-square  by  an  open  loggia  of  four 
arches,  which  are  flanked  by  two  small  towers 
having  entrances  in  their  base.  Of  course,  as 
may  be  anticipated,  there  is  much  figure 
sculpture  in  the  spandrils  and  in  the  frieze 
above  them.  The  acute  angles  formed  by  the 
site  are  here  replaced  by  octagonal  pavilions 
of  rather  a  bold  design,  and  the  general  com- 
position is  marred  by  eruptive  little  round 
turrets,  which  jut  out  everywhere  with  no 
particular  reason  and  a  remarkable  want  of 
beauty.  His  main  tower  is  placed  in  Princess- 
street,  and  is  of  bold  character,  square  in 
general  plan,  but  with,  of  course,  the  inevit- 
able circular  something,  and  breaking  into  an 
octagon  at  the  top,  with  four  more  of  these  pet 
little  excrescences,  which,  indeed,  abound 
everywhere,  and  give  the  design  very  much 
the  ett'ect  of  a  "  set  piece  "  of  fireworks  before 
it  is  lighted.  Jlr.  Pritchard's  plan  is  good, 
and  well  worthy  the  notice  of  the  lucky  ones, 
who  may  be  prowling  about  seeking  what  to 
devoiu-. 

Mr.  E.  Welby  Pugin  sends  a  design  which 
belies  its  motto.  It  is  not  "  Eii  avant;  "  it  is 
veritably  a  retrograde  movement,  turning 
backwards  to  a  period  of  which  we  have 
heard  a  good  deal  lately.  Badly  drawn,  it 
is  unworthy  of  Mr.  Pugin's  name  and  ability, 
or  his  father's  motto. 

One  of  the  very  best  designs  exhibited  is  by 
Mr.  Robinson,  of  London,  who  sends  an  excel- 
lent plan,  and  a  very  simple  dignified  design, 
most  admirably  drawn.  The  central  tower  is 
in  Albert-square.  Square  and  simple  in 
form,  its  machicolated  parapet  not  overdone, 
and  its  general  effect  substantial  without 
being  heavy,  and  just  sufficiently  high  to 
give  dignity  without  crushing  the  composi 
tion;  but  the  chiefest  merit  in  Mr.  Robinson's 
design  is  his  admirable  treatment  of  his  angle 
buildings.  These  are  formed  into  arcades  in 
their  lower  story,  serving  as  carriage  ap- 
proaches, and  are  very  skilfully  and  broadly 
conceived,  and  by  this  treatment  the  awkward- 
ness of  the  acute  angles  of  this  portion  of  the 
site  is  most  admirably  hidden.  The  main 
body  of  the  building  is  simply  and  cleverly 
treated,  and  here  again  we  utter  the  burden 
of  our  song — if  the  twelve  chosen  were  so 
much  better  than  this  as  to  have  been  so  easily 
selected,  how  very  good  they  must  be. 

Mr.  Roger  Smith  sends  two  designs,  or, 
rather,  two  slight  modifications  of  the  same 
design,  the  variations  principidly  consisting  of 
the  necessary  changes  effected  by  making  the 
main  lines  oi'  the  side  fronts  in  the  one  case  take 
the  line  of  the  street,  and  in  the  other  range 
at  right  angles  to  the  principal  front.  His 
design  has  much  that  is  good  in  it,  but  more 
that  is  strange,  and  the  influence  of  Indian 
works  is  verv  manifest  here  ;  indeed,  it  seems 


680 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


October  4,  1867. 


to  be  thoroughly  based  on  eastern  ideas,  partly- 
received  through  the  medium  of  Spain,  and 
partly  through  Hindostan.  The  iinest  portion 
of  the  composition  is  the  circular  and  domed 
building  at  the  Cooper-street  end,  which  is 
thoroughly  Indian  in  its  character.  The 
Albert-square  front  has  a  lofty  plain  tower  in 
its  centre,  having  at  its  base  an  enriched 
portico  of  narrow  arches,  placed  between 
wider  ones,  a  feature  not  pleasing  in  itself, 
and  not  made  the  best  of.  There  is  a  certain 
air  of  dignity  about  the  design  which  always 
will  result  from  wall-space,  but  the  design 
might  easily  have  been  made  much  more  of, 
and  has  in  it  greater  elements  of  successful 
composition  than  have  been  drawn  out  of  if 
Mr.  Talbert  sends  one  of  the  cleverest  of 
his  very  clever  sketches.  It  is  a  pity  he  did 
not  more  consider  his  plan,  but  his  tower  is  by 
far  the  best  designed  one  in  the  whole  room, 
and  although  his  design  bears  a  very  great  like- 
ness to  that  he  submitted  for  the  Exchange  here 
in  the  bmlding  up  of  its  various  parts,  it  is  very 
welcome.  It  is  full  of  invention  and  thought, 
and  is  one  of  the  most  progressive  studies  we 
have  seen  ;  quiet,  yet  quaint,  it  is  thoroughly 
artistic,  yet  not  extravagant,  and  married  to 
a  well  thought-out  plan  it  would  be  a  most 
successful  composition. 

Mr.  Turner's  design  is  a  very  excellent  one, 
and  worthy  of  note,  especially  as  regards 
plan.  His  tower  is  rather  spoiled  by  the 
composition  of  the  base,  which  lacks  dignity. 
His  angle  pavilions  are  well  composed  of  small 
parts,  leaving  plenty  of  wall-space  as  a  foil. 
The  general  arrangement  of  the  body  of  his 
design  is  bold  and  dignified,  and  the  composi- 
tion of  his  circular  end  to  Cooper-street,  with 
the  ventilating  shaft,  which  forms  its  centre, 
is  very  excellent.  Altogether,  Mr.  Turner's 
plans  please  us  greatly  ;  and  the  ingenious 
manner  in  which  the  irregularity  of  the  site 
has  been  treated  shows  Mr.  Turner  possesses 
an  even  greater  talent  for  arrangement  than 
design.  These  exhaust  the  eminently  good 
designs.  There  are  in  some  of  the  others 
many  good  points  worthy  of  commendation. 
Mr.  Lowe,  of  Manchester,  for  instance,  has  one 
of  the  best  plans  in  the  room,  but  his  eleva- 
tions are  simply  horrilile ;  and  it  is  evident, 
from  the  position  he  now  finds  himself  placed 
in,  that  he  lias  not  such  trusty  friends  in  the 
town  council  as  he  had  on  the  Exchange 
Committee,  where  he  carried  off  the  third 
premium.  In  a  design  marked  "  Civis," 
there  are  many  excellent  points.  The  com- 
position of  its  octagonal  angle  to  Princess 
and  Lloyd-streets  is  highly  artistic,  and  the 
bestowal  of  more  time  and  thought  upon  it 
would  have  rendered  this  design  a  good  one. 
His  drawings  are  confessedly  "imfinished," 
and  his  design  is  open  to  the  same  com- 
ment. "  Carpere  Promtius  Quam  Imitari" 
has  a  very  boldly  drawn  inspiration  from  the 
Palazzo  Vecchio  of  Florence,  of  simple  and 
pleasing  character,  but  too  imitative  to  be 
worthy  of  the  name  of  a  design.  Mr.  Atkins, 
of  Cork,  sends  also  aa  able  design,  too  much 
troubled  with  echaguettes,  where  sentinels 
would  never  watch,  and  battlements  none 
need  defend,  even  in  these  Fenian  days  ;  and 
Mr.  Hibberd  one  which  quite  shows  his  un- 
selfishness in  asking  tliat  the  other  designs 
should  be  chosen  to  replace  the  "  alternative 
designs"  of  those  lucky  ones  whom  the  com- 
mittee have  doubly  favoured.  Of  the  rest,  we 
can't  say  much.  The  insufficiency  of  such 
designs  as  Messrs.  Medland  and  Maberly  is 
too  prominent  to  need  much  criticism.  The 
same  may  be  said  of  the  designs  of 
Messrs.  Blackwell,  Son,  and  Booth.  Mr. 
Empson,  of  Birmingham,  and  Mr.  Fripp, 
of  Bristol,  have  done  better  things  than  the 
designs  sent  in  for  this  competition.  They, 
like  Mr.  Pugin,  have  taken  a  retrograde  step. 
Most,  if  not  all,  of  these  are  Gothic  designs ; 
of  the  Italian  ones  we  prefer  not  to  speak. 
It  is  curious  to  note  that  in  this  competition 
it  seems  to  have  been  a  foregone  conclusion, 
whilst  the  committee  made  no  ostensible 
sign,  that  it  was  to  be  Gothic.  How  these 
"tips"  get  promulgated   is  to  us  a  mystery. 


In  the  last  Manchester  competition  the  office 
was  received  that  Italian  or  Classic  was  to 
win,  and  so  it  did.  Then,  at  least,  a  respect- 
able opposition  was  made  l)y  the  Gothicists, 
but  all  our  best  Italian  men  are  here  con- 
spicuous by  their  absence,  and  it  is  only  a 
parody  on  Rennaisance  art  which  here 
obtrudes  itself.  And  so  ends  this  last_/saseo 
for  the  present.  Of  the  selected  ones,  we 
cannot  now  speak,  but  we  shall  anxiously 
watch  the  result  of  the  second  competition, 
and  trust  that  the  original  designs  will 
then  be  submitted  with  their  elaborated  suc- 
cessors. Then  we  may  see  what  we  scarce 
have  hoped  for,  yet  tiust  to  find,  that  justice 
has  for  once  been  done.  Even  yet  some  doubt 
seems  to  exist  if  the  second  competition  will 
be  on  the  basis  of  the  first,  for  an  ably  writ- 
ten letter,  to  which  we  shall  again  advert, 
reaches  us  whilst  we  write,  raging,  by  solid 
reasons,  a  change  of  site,  or,  rather,  an  extension 
of  it,  removing  many  of  the  difficulties  which 
have  marred  the  best,  and  renders  foolish  the 
inferior,  designs  sent  in.  In  each  case  we 
think  it  would  be  but  fair  to  allow  such  of  the 
original  comjjetitors  who  so  choose  again  to 
send  in  and  show  how  they  can  fight  wdien 
untrammelled  by  the  shackles  it  has  imposed, 
if,  indeed,  they  are  not  already  too  disgusted 
with  the  last  of  its  mismanaged  race — the 
Manchester  Town  Hall  competition. 


OXFORD,    AND     THE    ART    OF    THE 
FUTURE. 

IF  any  inquirer  into  the  present  state  of 
architecture  in  the  country  wishes  to  see 
gathered  together  into  one  spot  all  the  materials 
for  forming  a  just  estimate  of  where  we  stand, 
he  cannot  do  better  than  spend  a  day  or  two 
in  Oxford.  Such  a  visit  could  hardly  fail 
also  to  be  of  great  use  to  many  of  our  younger 
architects,  if  they  have  the  power  of  learning 
the  lessons  which  they  may  read  there  as  in 
a  cyclopaedia.  In  no  place,  probably,  is  there 
such  an  assemblage  of  work  illustrating  the 
Gothic  revival  from  its  beginning  to  the 
present  time.  In  reviewing  the  series,  the 
thoughtful  man  cannot  fail  to  find  much  to 
interest  him,  much  to  please  him,  but  also 
very  much  to  cause  him  great  misgivings  as  to 
the  future,  though  the  remedies  for  what 
annoys  or  discourages  are  plainly  suggested 
by  what  is  to  be  seen  in  and  outside  the 
glorious  old  city.  Outside  the  city  the  archi- 
tects have  a  rare  chance  of  throwing  oflf 
their  bookish  ecclesiasticism,  which  has  so 
terribly  stopped  any  art  progress  in  most 
places.  There  is  springing  up  quite  a  town 
in  the  Gothic  style.  Such  an  opportunity 
has  rarely,  if  ever,  been  offered  to  us.  It 
will  be  an  evil  sign  if  the  opportunity  is 
thrown  away.  We  have  always  held  that 
it  was  to  civil  and  domestic  architecture  in 
particular  that  we  were  to  look  as  the  most 
probable  spur  to  originality  and  real  life,  and, 
with  life  and  originalitj',  true  and  healthy 
progress.  If  we  have  been  right  in  this,  the 
experiment  which  is  being  tried  at  Oxford 
will  not  be  without  its  fruit — whether  bitter 
or  sweet,  depends  upon  the  common  sense, 
genius,  and  powers  of  the  architects.  The 
spread  of  ritualism  in  its  present  phase,  as 
imitative  of  the  Latin  church,  with  its  level- 
ling stereotyping  character,  threatens  to  en- 
danger still  further  than  has  ever  been  the 
case  in  past  times,  the  life  and  progress  of  art, 
if,  as  has  been  so  much  the  case,  the  Gothic 
architects  are  to  be  simply  or  mainly  eccle- 
siastical. "We  do  not  mean  that  religion  has 
not  always  supplied  the  highest  motive  for 
the  artist,  but  when  one  special  phase  of 
Christianity,  and  that  the  straitest  and  reallj' 
most  disregardful  of  art  as  such,  employs  the 
artist  to  the  exclusion  of  all  other  forms  of 
thought,  the  result  can  only  be  a  cramped, 
uniform,  dull  monotony.  When  added  to  this 
we  find  the  most  fashionable  architects  for 
the  extreme  school  absolutely  ignoring  all 
art  but  that  of  a  particular  date  and  style, 
and    though    some    of    them    possessing    a 


desire  for  originality,  but  an  utter  in- 
ability to  accomplish  it,  we  cannot  but 
feel  sure  that  from  ecclesiastical  architectur.; 
alone,  and  more  especially  architecture  fitted 
to  the  modern  ritualistic  uniformity,  we 
have  nothing  to  hope  in  development  of  style 
or  advancement  of  art. 

This  Gothic  suburb  of  Oxford  is  a  great 
fact,  and  a  great  opportunity  in  many  ways. 
Not  the  least  will  he  the  adaptation  of  the 
interiors,  in  furniture  and  fittings,  to  the 
common  sense  and  comfort  of  the  present  day. 
We  hope  that  in  all  this  cost  will  be  con- 
sidered. To  produce  good  Gothic  furniture, 
comfortable,  handy,  and  strong,  at  a  reason- 
aiile  price,  is  one  of  the  great  desiderata  of  the 
day.  Now,  such  an  opportunity  as  is  offered 
at  Oxford  for  so  large  a  sale  of  such 
things,  if  they  come  up  to  the  wants  and  re- 
quirements of  the  times,  should  not  be  lost. 
It  will  surely  be  worth  the  attention  of  some 
of  our  best  architects.  If  the  occasion  is  lost 
if,  after  all,  mere  scholastic  mediae valism 
without  regard  to  the  altered  times  and  cir 
oumstances,  is  to  prevail,  as  was  exhibited  h 
certain  instances  which  we  saw  when  last  upoi 
the  spot,  our  hopes  will  be  worse  than  disap 
pointed.  If  architects  show  that  they,  at  aiii 
rate,  are  unable  to  solve  the  problem  of  suit 
ing  the  old  style  to  modern  requirements,  th- 
whole  thing  will  help  to  retard  the  progres 
of  the  art  rather  than  advance  it.  As  in  th 
case  of  the  Houses  of  Parliament,  the  eye 
of  the  multitudes  will  be  shut  to  great  ani 
undoubted  merit,  and  directed  only  to  th 
discomforts  and  inconveniences  which  fore 
themselves  upon  the  attention.  We  are  gla 
to  see  that  there  is  some  use  of  sculpture 
through  the  use  of  which,  as  much  as  of  anj 
thing  else,  if  properly  and  truly  treated,  w 
look  for  advance,  but  we  doubt  whether  th 
rather  commonplace  custom  of  putting  u 
the  figure  of  some  saint  or  celebrity  m 
niche,  as  a  sign,  as  it  were,  of  each  house,  wil 
be  of  much  value. 

The  same  amount  of  money  as  is  require 
for  such  adornment  would  be  far  better  spei 
upon  the  fireplaces,  doorways,  or  other  pri 
minent  features,  where  more  scope  for  cleve 
ness  of  composition  and  variety  would  1 
given.  The  weakest  point  in  the  matter  • 
sculpture  in  the  Law  Court  drawings  was  th 
sort  of  thing  on  a  large  scale — the  singl 
figures  and  groups  of  figures  stuck  in  and  c 
without  any  special  reference  to  architectur 
composition  or  construction.  One  successfi 
doorway,  staircase,  or  mantelpiece,  is  worth 
whole  race  of  figuresof  saintsorcelebrities.wl 
always  look  as  if  they  w-ere  wondering  wh 
they  were  to  do  next,  or  how  long  they  were 
stand  there  in  such  uncomfortable  positions. 

Of  the  ecclesiastical  works,  of  which  there 
now  a  very  important  series,  much  of  wLic 
however,  has  been  already  noticed  in  all  t! 
architectural  journals,  we  will  pick  out  t\ 
instances  which  mark  most  strongly  the  mc 
advanced  architectural  art  of  the  present  At 
and  bring  out  in  strongest  contrast  the  diffi 
ences  between  the  schools  likely  to  exert  t. 
greatest  influence  in  times  to  come.  The  coi 
parison  is  not  quite  fair,  because  in  one  i 
stance  the  architect  had  only  to  transform 
very  tasteless  and  imecclesiastical  buildi 
into  one  worthy  of  its  sacred  uses  and  of  t 
learned  body  to  whom  it  belongs;  in  the  otl 
case,  the  architect  had  full  scope  for  his  powe 
the  chirrch  being  entirely  new.  We  refer 
Mr.  Stre(;t's  church  in  St.  Giles',  and  J 
Burges'  decoration  of  AVorcester  Coll(: 
Chapel.  We  may  say  at  starting  that  tht- 
is  much  that  is  admirable  in  both  ot  th>| 
works,  though,  in  om-  opinion,  the  degree  i 
merit  is  very  different. 

The  first  point  that  strikes  one  upon  loc 
ing  at  the  exterior  of  the  church  in  St.  Gil, 
is  that  the  lines  are  good,  that  there  is,  at  a' 
rate,  nothing  commonplace  or  vulgar,  thou., 
at  the  same  time,  there  is  a  studied  sever' 
and  stiffness  not  quite  amounting  to  uglii  1 1 
but  to  most  eyes,  at  least,  not  altogether  plc" 
ing.  We  cannot,  however,  help,  admuiug  ^^ 
<  truth  and  reality  with  which  the  materials  ^ 


October  4,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


681 


,  ,1,  nor  the  real  dignity  of  tlie  whole  build- 

_',    Tills  13  true  also,  though   in  a  less  de- 

■  in  the  interior  of  the  church.     There  is, 

•0,  a  good   deal    of   novelty   of  treatment, 

(ough  by  no  means  always  satisfactory.     We 

irticularly    dislike    the   iaclinaiidn   of    the 

isternmost  walls   of  the  nave,  apparently  for 

'me  ritualistic  oi  symbolical  reason.      That 

thing  somewhat  similar  was  done  at  Canter- 

iry  Cathedral  we,  of  course,  all  know  ;  but 

fhat  may  be  impressive  and  magnihcent  in  a 

'orious  edihee,  such  as  Canterbury,  and  under 

ih  artists  as  raised  such  a  struciure,  may  be 

ate  another  thing  in  a  plain   parish  church, 

id  in  the  hands  of  au  architect  whose  weak 

lint  is   want  of  art  knowledge   and  power. 

1  the  present  instance,  we   believe  that  none 

it  a  symbolical   purpose  is  satisfied,  and  feel 

.re  that  all  who  care  for  anything  else  must 

ok  upon  the  novelty  as  a  positive  eyesore. 

If  this  were  an  isolated  case  it  would  not 

I  of  iiuich  consequence,  but  Mr.  Street  has 

late  shown  entire  impatience  of  precedent. 

is  by  no  means  an  unwholesome  sign  of  the 

nes;  but  stid  we  cannot  help   wishing  that 

.  a  powers  in  invention  and  art   treatment 

rfe  equal  to    his    aspirations.       We  have 

idy   noticed,   with   great   misgivings,  his 

lOjcd  alteration  of  the  details  and  plan  of 

nave  of  Bristol  Cathedral,  though  abun- 

i  data  e.\ist3  for  rebuilding  it  just  as  it  was 

,   ij^inally  projected — ail  e.Kcept  the  west  front 

to  make  way  for  the  alterations  of  plan  in 

lich  he  will  have  to  destroy  interesting  old 

rtk,  for  which  his  western  steeple  will  be  a 

lOr  exchange. 

If  by  novelty  of  detail  anything  like  some 
the  carving  of  St.  Giles'  Church  is  meant, 
'  are  quite  sure  that  the  so-called  servile 
:k-work  of  restoring   the  nave,    mouldings 
d  all,  will  be  far  better  for  Bristol  than  such 
bstitution  as  is  proposed.     The  ironwork  of 
e  doors,  &c.,  in  this  church  is  well  executed, 
le  patterns  are  original,  but  lerribly  angular 
d  ungraceful.     The  other  metal  work  we 
ither  like  for  execution  or  pattern.     Almost 
e  whole  appears  to  be — or  certainly  might 
— machine   stamped,   the  only   attempt  at 
uaiueut,  barring  the  mere  shape  and  pattern, 
ing  liue.s,  spots,  and  notches,  the  file,  drill, 
d  machine  having  taken  the  place  of  the 
miner,  punch,  and  chisel.      In  fact,  there 
nears  to   be   no    hammered   work   at    all. 
!  -11  we  come  to  the  detail  of  the  stone  work, 
ii  in  the  nave  and  in  the  chancel  is  objec- 
uable,  for  different  reasons.     The  reredos  is 
infuUy  severe,  consisting  of  little  else  than 
night  lines  in  all  directions,  resulting  in  a 
ffness  most  unpleasing.     The  capitals  of  the 
liars  in  the  nave  are  on  the  vulgarly  and 
arsely  profuse.        The    execution  of  the 
John's  eagle  in    the    cap  of  the  north- 
tern  pier,    which    supports   one    of    the 
lutes  at  the  corner,  is  noticeably  bad.     The 
)ilal  of  the  extreme  south-eastern  pillar  is 
rthy  of  the  most  meretricious  and  coarsest 
ving  of  the  beginning  of  last  century,  and 
Has  one  may  see  in  some  of  the  over-deco- 
1  new  buildings  in  London.     Nor  when  we 
:ito  another  point  of  artistic  taste  are  we  bet- 
satisfied.    Of  all  the  colouring,  one  can  say 
lung  hut  that  it  is  severe  and  rather  un- 
aruon :  we  cannot  discover  either  taste  or 
'ver  in  any  of  it.     From  these  remarks 
iviU  be  seen  that  we  admire  Mr.  Street's 
Htructive  ability  and  general  good  taste  and 
hng  far  more  tlian  his  art.    This  we  believe 
be  his  weak  point — the  lack  of  art  know- 
-'e — and  an  especial  reason  of  his  not  pro- 
!cg  far  better  things  than  he  has  hitherto 
le.     If  we   wanted  one   decisive   proof  of 
;  truth  of  our  opinion,  we  need  seek  no  fur- 
r  than  in  his   treatment  of  rubble  walls, 
me  who  could  leave  rough  nuhewn  stone 
'i  unplastered  and  bare  has  still  to  learn 
'  ludinients  of  civilized  art. 
'ust  when  Mr.    Street's   powers   seem   to 
him,   those  of    Mr.    Burges   come    out 
strongest.      No  one  who  enters  the  Wor- 
■'■r  Coliege  Chapel,  however  much  he  may 
•fas  to  the  advisableness  of  .such  decora- 


tion, or  its  appropriateness  to  the  building 
which  has  received  it,  can  doubt  that  all  he 
sees  is  the  work  of  a  true  artist,  and  one, 
moreover,  who  thoroughly  knows  how  to  carry 
into  execution  all  tliat  his  mind  or  ta'ste 
suggests.  To  form  a  fair  estimate  of  what 
has  been  accomplished,  we  ought  to  recollect 
the  bare  walls,  and  the  white  staring  baldness 
id'  the  place  before  it  was  put  into  Mr.  Burgos' 
hands.  We  .shall  then  appreciate  more  fully  the 
roalamount  ofgenius  which  iisdecorationmust 
have  required.  Without  jjrofessiug  to  under- 
stand or  approve  of  every  part,  wc  must 
acknowledge  that  the  whole  undertaking  has 
been  a  great  success.  What  we  like  least  is 
the  entrance  or  quasi  ante-chapel,  wdiich  is  too 
directly  imitated  from  the  Pompeian  wall 
paintings.  We  think,  too,  that  the  metal 
work,  though  right  in  principle,  is  not  carried 
out  so  successfully  as  much  that  we  have  seen 
from  the  same  hands.  We  are  very  glad  to 
see  that  Mr.  Burges  is  not  afraid  of  t-asi  metal, 
and  have  no  doubt  that  in  future  work  of  the 
same  kind  he  will  teach  those  who  work 
under  his  direction  the  value  of  real  chasing 
and  chiselling,  and  correct  their  modern 
notions  as  to  this  essential  point.  The  only 
valid  argument  against  cast  metal  is,  that  it 
requires  first-rate  art  for  its  modelling  and 
artistic  powers  for  its  finish.  These  are  just 
tlie  points  which,  by  drawing  and  dissection, 
Mr.  Burges  can  supply. 

For  a  wonder,  tlie  glass  in  this  chapel  is 
almost  wholly  satisfactory — a  wonderful  con- 
trast to  that  in  the  church  in  St.  Giles.  We 
think,  however,  that  some  points,  especially 
the  patterns  of  certain  dresses,  are  needlessly 
bold,  not  to  say  a  little  coarse.  We  should 
like,  too,  the  faces  to  be  brighter  and  more 
translucent,  as  we  find  in  such  glass  as  was  fixed 
at  Little  AVickham,  and  others  of  a  similar 
character.  If  we  are  to  point  out  what  strikes 
us  as  most  successful,  we  should  certainly 
instance  for  beautiful  pavement  Opits 
vermiculatum,  and,  above  all,  the  most  satis- 
factory stalls.  We  have  never  seen  wood- 
work which  more  entirely  pleased  us  in  every 
way.  Rlr.  Burges  is  fortunate  in  having  his 
designs  so  admirably  carried  out  as  has  been 
the  case  in  this  instance. 

Knowing  fully  that  there  is  abundant  pre- 
cedent in  all  ages  for  the  sort  of  thing,  we 
still  cannot  bring  ourselves  to  like  the  imitation 
inlaid  marble  all  round  the  chapel  above  the 
stalls.  Really,  in  a  case  of  such  richness, 
this  inlaying  ought  to  have  been  real ;  the 
small  additional  expense  would  surely  not 
have  been  refused.  It  can,  however,  be  done 
at  any  time,  if  thought  advisable.  Upon  the 
whole,  we  are  unable  to  point  to  any  work  in 
modern  time  which  contains  more  originality 
or  so  much  artistic  talent  as  is  here  exhibited. 

J.  C.  J. 


WILLIAM  HENRY  LEEDS,  AilCHITEC- 

TURAL  CRITIC. 

By    Hyde    Clarke. 

WILLIAM  HENRY  LEEDS,  in  his  own 
name — and  as  "  Candidus  " — filled,  in 
his  own  time — and  that  was  a  long  one — some 
space  in  the  architectural  press,  but  I  find 
that,  as  yet,  no  notice  of  his  labours  has 
appeared.  I'  am,  therefore,  unwillingly 
driven  to  make  some  record  of  him,  although 
having  imperfect  means  of  doing  so,  bat  with 
the  hope  that,  a  beginning  being  made,  others 
may  be  led  to  fill  up  this  incomplete  sketcli. 
His  intimate  friend  and  executor,  Jlr.  E.  B. 
Lamb,  contemplates  the  publication  of  his 
miscellaneous  works,  and  of  a  selection  from 
his  manuscript  writings ;  but  Mr.  Lamb  tells 
me  these  are  so  many  that  the  task  will  take 
long  in  execution. 

There  can,  therefore,  be  no  harm  in  the  step 
now  taken.  I  made  Leeds's  acquaintance 
about  thirty  years  agn,  when  we  both  joined 
the  Civil  Enijineers  and  Architects'  Journal, 
in  its  first  volume.  Leeds  was  there  a  little 
before  me,   busy,    in   those   days,   with  his 


"Ralph  Redivivus,"  and  from  that  time  we 
were  very  closel}'  associated  until  the  death  of 
the  first  proprietor  and  editor,  William  Lax- 
ton,  and  again  on  various  occasions ;  and  it 
was  about  twelve  years  ago  I  introduced 
Leeds  to  the  Building  News,  to  which  he 
was,  almost  to  the  time  of  his  death,  a  contri- 
butor. The  BuiLDiNc.  News  is,  therefore, 
a  work  with  which  Leeds's  name  is  connected. 

Although  I  knew  him  so  long,  there  are 
many  things  in  his  career  that  I  have  forgot- 
ten, or  with  wdiich  I  am  unable  to  deal,  and  I 
can  give  but  a  meagre  sketch  of  his  doings  ; 
nor  can  Mr.  Lamb  help  me  much.  It  is  not 
easy  now  to  find  men  wdio  knew  his  earlier 
labours.  Loudon,  Elmes,  Laxton,  and  most 
of  those  who  took  part  in  the  architectural 
periodicals  of  that  day,  have  passed  away,  for 
as  then  Ruskiii  W'as  not.  He  gained  the 
Newdigate  in  the  next  year  afcer  Leeds  joined 
the  Journal,  and  Leeds  was  already  a  writer  of 
st.anding.  Mr.  George  Godwin  will  be  found 
as  an  occaaional  contributor  to  the  earlier 
volumes,  and  is  one  of  the  few  survivors. 

Leeds,  as  observed,  just  preceded  ine  in  the 
architectural  department  of  the  Joxirnal ;  but 
I  soon  divided  it  with  lain,  for,  notwithstand- 
ing his  greater  attainments,  his  addiction  to 
Italian  was  so  fierce  that  Classic  and  Gothic 
fell  to  my  share,  as  he  could  not  be  restrained 
from  attacking  every  work  that  appeared  out- 
side his  pale.  It  not  unnaturally  followed 
that  I  became  the  architectural  editor,  and 
Leeds  the  contributor  ;  and  I  find — what  I  had 
forgotten — that  I  also  had  the  greater  share 
with  him  in  the  translations  from  modern 
languages  on  architectural  subjects. 

The  pertinacity  of  Leeds  is  well  known, 
and  his  fierce  disposition  ;  and  it  might  be 
supposed  that  our  early  acquaintance  was  not 
cordial,  and  never  ripened  into  friendship  or 
esteem,  as  Leeds  was  thought  not  to  be  the 
man  to  bear  a  rival  near  his  throne.  That  was 
not,  however,  his  true  disposition,  and  he  was 
a  man  thoroughly  independent  and  sincere  in 
his  opinions.  If  we  agreed  to  diffi--r  on  many 
pouits — and  he  knew  I  was  his  adversary  on 
many — he  recognized  many  grounds  for  sym- 
pathy. We  were  both  enthusiastically  en- 
gaged in  the  promotion  of  art,  had  studied  it 
in  its  foreign  as  well  as  its  home  aspects,  and 
were  equally  ardent  in  searching  its  records 
m  ancient  and  modern  languages.  He  was 
also  a  brother  linguist  and  philologist.  He 
greatly  contributed,  by  his  intimate  know- 
ledge and  learning,  to  the  formation  of  my 
opinions — then  of  very  early  growth — and  I 
believe  that  I  was  not  without  influence  in 
modifying  his  on  several  questions. 

There  are  many  readers  of  this  publication 
who  knew  Leeds,  in  his  advanced  life,  as 
an  old  bore,  and  avoided  him  accordingly. 
What  was  the  impression  made  upon  me 
by  him,  when  I  first  knew  him,  may  be  seen 
from  a  review  of  "  The  Studies  and  Examples 
of  the  Modern  Srhool  of  English  Architec- 
ture," in  the  Journal.  Spealdng  of  Mr.  Leeds, 
as  the  editor  of  this  series,  1  said  : — "  We 
know  no  man,  who,  in  the  merit  of  his  pre- 
vious works,  the  soundness  and  liberality  of 
his  judgment,  or  extent  of  learning  and  in- 
formation, is  better  qualified  for  conducting 
such  an  arduous  work.  In  the  last  edition  of 
'  The  Public  Buildings  of  London,'  Mr. 
Leeds  has  earned  his  qualifications  ;  and 
equally  in  translations  from  foreign  languages, 
and  in  commentaries  on  other  works,  he  has 
proved  himself,  without  pretension,  to  be  one 
of  the  best  architectural  critics  of  the  day." 
The  opinion  thus  expressed  is  one  yet  held  by 
me,  and  all  his  subsequent  labours  tended  to 
strengthen  me  in  it.  He  had,  indeed,  great 
endowments  ;  and  in  the  application  of  them 
he  exercised  a  very  considerable  influence 
over  public  opinion  in  his  day.  It  is  under 
these  circumstances  that  bis  name  is  now 
brought  forward. 

William  Henry  Leedsdied  on  the  1st  of  May 
last  year,  but  he  had  so  long  survived  his 
relations  and  contemporaries  that  the  place 
and  time  of  liis  birth  are  now  somewhat  un- 


682 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


October  4,  1867, 


certain.  He  was  a  Norfolk  man,  supposed  to 
have  hepn  born  in  Norwicli,  and  about  the 
year  1784  or  \S5,  being  81  or  82  at  the  time  of 
his  death.  Of  his  early  life  I  can  say  nothing. 
Mr.  Lamb  states  that  just  before  we  knew  him, 
Leeds  had  retired  from  the  business  of  Bald- 
win and  C'radock,  the  booksellers.  He  had  a 
limited  income,  sufficient  for  his  purposes, 
and  he  thenceforward  devoted  himself  to 
architecture  ;  and  the  small  amount  he  derived 
from  his  writings  he  applied  to  the  main- 
tenance of  that  considerable  library  of  archi- 
tecture and  philology  which  was  this  year 
sold,  and  which  he  had  increased  to  three 
thousand  volumes. 

His  brother  (a  clergyman)  and  a  sister  died, 
and  Leeds  was  left  pretty  much  to  himself  and 
Ms  favourite  pursuit,  deriving  from  their  in- 
heritances a  small  addition  to  his  property. 
For  many  years  he  occupied  part  of  No.  26, 
Charlotte-street,  Portland-place,  and  his 
abode  was  that  of  a  bookworm,  with  books  all 
around,  and  in  a  dusty  state,  none  being  al- 
lowed to  be  touched  except  by  himself.  His 
books,  however,  were  read,  and  he  did  not 
pride  himself  on  uncut  volumes.  In  early 
years  he  bouglit  many  works  on  languages,  but 
of  later  years  they  were  chiefly  costly  books 
on  architecture  in  whatever  tongue  pub- 
lished. 

He  was  ever  seeking  something  new  in 
art,  or  something  unknown,  and  it  was  to 
this  purpose  he  turned  his  attainments  as  a 
linguist.  I  can  say  nothing  of  his  schooling, 
but  he  was  a  lil^eral  Latinist,  keeping  up  his 
classical  associations.  As  a  linguist  he  was 
thoroughly  acquainted  with  the  European 
languages,  except  that  he  was  not  familiar 
with  Dutch,  and  thereby  he  lost  a  source 
of  information  as  to  the  seventeenth  and 
eighteenth  centuries.  He  made  up  for  that, 
however,  liy  an  acquaintance  with  Russian, 
which  he  kept  up  solely  for  what  architectural 
information  he  could  glean  from  original 
sources.  Thus  it  was  he  drew  attention  to 
the  progress  of  the  St.  Isaac's  Church.  "What 
little  was  published  in  the  Scandinavian 
languages  he  also  read. 

It  was  but  seldom,  however,  he  limited 
himself  to  a  mere  technical  study  of  a  lan- 
guage, but  wherever  there  was  a  literature  he 
made  himself  familiar  with  it.  At  one  period 
he  had  extended  his  studies  to  other  lan- 
guages for  philological  purposes ;  but,  although 
he  had  made  himself  acquainted  with  the 
German  writers  on  philology,  then  not  so  well 
known,  he  did  not  follow  up  the  subject,  and 
consequently  he  did  not  exhibit  on  this  head 
his  usual  decision  and  independence  of  judg- 
ment. 

Had  he. not  had  the  ill-luck  to  be  an  En- 
glishman, Leeds'  attainments  as  a  linguist 
would  have  gained  admiration  for  him  ;  but, 
in  common  with  many  of  his  countrymen,  he 
got  no  credit  for  prolciency,  which  would 
have  made  the  literary  reputation  of  a  Ger- 
man or  favourite  foreigner. 

Necessarily,  his  time  was  chiefly  devoted  to 
French,  German,  and  Italian,  and  he  went  to 
great  trouble  and  expense  to  possess  himself 
of  any  architectural  work  or  periodical,  and, 
if  he  could  not  do  better,  would  borrow  it.  He 
was  an  accomplished  German  scholar — an 
endowment,  which,  in  his  hands,  became  of 
great  puldic  service.  It  is  not  to  be  expected 
that  every  architect  should  possess  the  qualifi- 
cations of  Leeds,  or  have  the  leisure  to  em- 
ploy them  as  he  did,  and  he  therefore  ma- 
terially helped  the  profession,  by  making  its 
members  acquainted  with  every  act  and 
thought  of  the  Germans  at  a  time  when 
Berlin  and  Munich  flourished  as  schools  of 
revival  for  Classic  and  Gothic  architecture, 
and  when  the  principles  of  art  and  of  art 
criticism  were  earnestly  debated  in  Germany, 
nothing  having  escaped  his  attention  ;  and  he 
was  very  happy  in  giving  the  salient  points, 
mtliout  the  tedium  of  the  longwindedness  of 
his  authorities.  There  was  scarcely  a /nscicii/iis 
of  "  Candidus"  without  some  contribution 
of  this  kind,  not  merely  communicating  the 


observations  of  the  Germans,  but  illustrating 
them  with  his  own  remarks.  Occasionally, 
it  was  by  way  of  a  review  of  a  German  book, 
which  first  became  known  to  English  readers 
in  this  shape.  His  contributions  to  the 
Foreign  Quarterly  Review  were  of  great  value 
in  this  way.  Leeds  was  fond  of  the  German 
language,  or,  rather,  it  may  be  suspected,  fond 
of  his  knowledge  of  it  ;  but  he  was  discriminat- 
ing in  his  adoption  of  German  technology,  and 
was  uninfluenced  by  transcendentalism.  There 
was  no  dreaminess  about  him.  He  hated 
humbug. 

French  and  Italian  periodicals  and  writings 
afl'orded  him  less  material,  but  he  went  througli 
a  long  course  of  reading  each  month,  the  re- 
sult of  which  he  gave  forth  in  a  compressed 
shape  in  his  communications.  His  Italian 
reading  was  mostly  bestowed  on  the  older 
literature  of  architecture,  with  which  he  had 
made  himself  fully  familiar. 

Indeed,  standard  authorities,  old  and  new, 
he  constantly  perused,  never  neglecting  those 
of  his  own  country.  He  was  not  like  some 
men — and  particularly  those  addicted  to  High 
Dutch  studies — so  fond  of  their  foreign  achieve- 
ments as  to  hold  up  foreigners  as  standards, 
and  to  depreciate  everything  of  home  growth. 
His  widely-gleaned  knowledge  made  him 
catholic  in  his  sympathies,  without  destroying 
his  nationality.  Indeed,  he  laboured  for 
these  ends — to  instruct  his  own  country- 
men in  art,  and  to  advance  English  archi- 
tects. 

He  had  been  at  this  work  of  public  teach- 
ing before  my  acquaintance  with  him,  and  for 
nearly  thirty  years  more  he  kept  on  with  it. 
Hence  maj'  be  conceived  the  great  benefit 
which  he  conferred  by  increasing  our  stores  of 
knowledge,  altogether  apart  from  his  own 
observations,  founded  on  so  solid  and  so  wide 
a  basis.  Many  a  man  who  has  since  distin- 
guished himself,  and  worked  out  his  own  inde- 
pendent course  of  study,  was,  indeed,  in- 
fluenced by  these  labours  of  Leeds,  and 
directed  to  congenial  channels  of  research. 

At  a  period  when  hmndrum  and  inanity 
too  much  prevailed,  and  before  those  newer  and 
more  zealous  apostles  appeared — and  I  pur- 
posely exclude  Pugin  for  the  time — Leeds 
brought  to  the  treatment  of  his  subjects  the 
matured  language  of  a  scholar,  fortified  by  a 
sound  knowledge  of  his  own  mother  tongue, 
and  by  all  the  help  of  illustration  which  his 
knowledge  of  the  literature  of  Europe  could 
sup]ily.  Thus  attention  was  given  to  his 
writings  even  by  the  adversaries  he  provoked  ; 
nothing  passed  unnoticed,  and  more  than  one 
controversy  followed  on  a  brief  paragraph. 
The  professor  of  architecture,  Cockerell,  and 
many  another,  was  driven  to  defence ;  and  few 
gained  more  from  the  venture  than  exposure 
to  a  running  tire,  in  which  the  chance  shot 
of  the  paragraph  led  to  the  skirmish  of 
pamphleteering. 

Leeds's  style,  as  has  been  fortokened,  was 
founded  on  a  thorough  study  ot  English 
literature  and  proficiency  in  writing,  which 
was  exhibited  in  facility  of  versification,  and  in 
the  composition  of  several  dramas  still  in 
manuscript.  He  had  the  preparation  for 
general  literature,  and  the  ambition  to  engage 
iuit,  but  circumstances  restrained  his  exer- 
cises to  one  channel.  His  foi-eign  studies,  of 
covtrse,  impressed  his  style.  To  a  great  degree, 
his  style  was  based  on  the  scholarly  or  classi- 
cal style  of  the  last  century,  but  aifected  by 
those  influences  which,  in  our  own  time, 
have  so  much  modified  English  literature. 
He  had  the  in-evailing  tendency  towards  old 
English  or  Anglo-Saxon  diction,  and  to  which 
his  High  Dutch  studies  gave  him  also  a 
bent,  but  the  necessities  of  his  subject  drove 
him  into  technological  exceptions,  and  he  was 
not  without  a  fondness  for  illustrative  scraps 
from  his  copious  stores  of  languages.  A  word 
of  Latin,  High  Dutch,  French,  or  Italian,  is 
an  alloy  by  which  his  anonymous  writings 
can  often  be  known.  What  was  his  reason 
for  doing  this  it  is  hard  to  say,  as  he  was 
thoroughly  English.     It   may  have   been  to 


draw  the  attention  of  the  groundlings,  an 
not  for  his  own  display. 

Everything  hewrote  was  carefully  elabora:  • 
and  polished.  He  wrote  little,  but  that  lit 
was  thoroughly  thought  over,  and  wrought  o 
sometimes  rewritten,  and,  when  the  pro, 
reached  him,  a  severe  restraint  on  his  corrt' 
tions  would  hardly  withhold  him  from  anient 
ment.  In  all  his  works,  nevertheless,  w 
find  a  polish,  a  finish,  and  a  sparkle,  whic 
were  freely  inspired  in  his  first  sketch,  an 
only  modified  by  improvements  of  the  sato 
character.  It  was  not  that  his  first  sketf 
wanted  finish  or  polish ;  it  was  only  tli; 
whilst  still  in  his  hands  his  ready  genii 
found  other  means  of  enhancing  it. 

From  the  veiy  course  of  his  labours,  h 
attention  was  turned  to  terminology,  and  1 
contributed  many  useful  words  to  our  voc; 
bulary,  gave  currency  to  the  use  of  some,  an 
suggested  others.  These  were  chiefly  i 
Greek  root,  for  conformity  with  existir 
technology.  His  contributions  to  the  Fein 
Cyclopcedia  of  tabular  statements  of  buildin 
led  him  naturally  to  such  details  of  classi 
cation.  Such  were  the  qualifications  whii 
William  Henry  Leeds  possessed,  and  we  m; 
bestow  a  little  attention  on  the  way  in  whi( 
he  applied  them. 


THE    DECAY    OF    STONE— ITS    CAUS: 
AND  PREVENTION.* 

By  Mr.  John  Spiller,  P.C.S.,  Woolwich. 

FOR  several  years  past  I  have  been  occupied 
intervals  in  studying  the  causes  of  the  dec, 
of  stoae,  and  in  experimenting  with  such  chea 
cal    reagents     as    appeared     to     offer    any    p' 
mise   of     being    usefully   applied    as   means 
prevention.     At   an  early  stage    of  the    iuvestij 
tion  I  arrived  at  the  conclusion  that  the  corrosi 
action  of  sulphurous  and   sulphuric   acid   in  t 
atmosphere,   resulting  from   the   combustion 
coal  fuel,  operates   in  large  towns  especially  in 
destructive  manner  upon  dolomite  and  the  nun 
reus  class    of  limestones  commonly  employed 
public  buildings.     This  chemical  action,  aided 
doubt  by  the   simultaneous   attack  of    carboi 
acid   and   moisture,   and    in   the  winter    seas 
further  supplemented  by  the  disintegrating  effei 
of  frost,  must,  I  conceive,  furnish  a  sufficient'! 
planation  of  all  the  facts  observed.     I  would  I 
remark   that   Dr.  Angus   Smith,  Mr.  Spenoe,(i 
others  have  already  directed  attention  to  the^' 
mense  scale  of  production  of  these  sulphur  i  ' 
and  have  even  quoted  statistical  data  showingjf 
extent  or  degree  of  pollution  of  the  air  from^ 
cause  in   the    manufacturing  districts    of 
shire.     When  it  is  known  that  the   best  cla 
coal  and   coke   contains  usually   1   per 
sulphur,  and  that  this  proportion  reaches  a  1 
equivalent  when   stated  in  the   form  of  thol 
oxidised     product — hydrated    sulphuric  acid-| 
follows  that   a   ton   of  coal  of  this  high  qu 
necessarily  evolves  during  its  combustion  : 
701b.  of  oil  of  vitriol.     Here,  then,  la  the 
of  the  sulphates  which  we  find  invariably  pres^, 
in  the  loosened  crust  of  decayed  stones,  wheti' 
of    calcareous  or   magnesian    character.      I  h; 
tested  numerous  samples  of  dolomite,  Caen,  Ba, 
and  Portland  stone  fresh  from  the  quarrj',  and 
no   instance   found   more  than  a  trace  of  reat 
formed   sulphate,    whereas   scrapings  taken  fr^ 
the  decayed  portions   ot  the   stone  of  the  K' 
Palace  of  Westminster  are  bitter  to  the  taste' 
consequence  of  the   comparatively  large  amoi  • 
of    sulphate   of    magnesia  formed  during  ai' 
years'  exposure  to  the  sulphurous  gases  occun :: 
in  a  metropolitan  atmosphere.     Caen  stone  fn 
several    buildings   and   localities,  Portland  sto, 
and  even  old  faces  of  chalk  cliff  in  the  neighbo- 
hood  of  Woolwich,  were  in  like  manner  found  J 
contain  appreciable  quantities  of  the  sulphate-' 
lime,   having   undoubtedly   a   similar  origin,  i- 
close   examination  into  the  circumstances  atte  ■ 
ing   the  decay  of  stone  at  the  Houses   of   Par- 
ment  invariably  shows  an  increased   liability' 
corrosion  under  tlie  projecting  eaves  audmoi- 
ings,   and  at  such  sheltered   parts  of  the  stj 
surfaces   as    are    usually   covered   with  soot  i' 
dust,    and   are   in   a    position  to    retain    for   * 
longest   period   the   moisture   absorbed  durin|* 
season  of  rain.     The  plain  ashlars  are  through  ' 
*  British  Association,  Section  B. 


October  4,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


683 


iTj  much  less    affected     than   the    buttressea, 

ibles,  and  other  elaborately  carved   and   highly 

•namental  portions  o£    the  work,  which  afipear 

.  be  more  assailable  by  reason  of  their  relatively 

'■ater  superficies.      In  many  places  the  disinte- 

ited   stone  exhibits  white  crystals  of  the  sul- 

ii.ite  of   magnesia,  which  alternately  dissolving 

111  re-crystallizing  in  the  pores  of  the  stone  may 

^  conceived  to  exert  a  disruptive  action  suiUcient 

I  accocmt   for   the    scaling   and  fracture  of  the 

ilomite,  which  has  been  so  often   made  the  suti- 

t  of  complaint  and  regret.     With  the  view  of 

.iTComing  some  of  these  diUiculties,  I  sul>mitted 

plan  to  the  Royal  Commissioners  charged  with 

iquiring  into  the  decay  of  stone  at  Westminster, 

I  May,  18GI,  which  consisted  in  the  application 

1  tbo  cleaned  surfaces  of  the  stone  of  an  aqueous 

.lutiou   of  superphosphate   of    lime — a  salt  re- 

.  irkabltf  for  its  action  in  hardening  the  surfaces 

chalk.     Caen  stone,  or  other  calcareous  build- 

;  stone  to  which   it   may  be   applied   either  by 

;-ihing  or  immersion,  and  which  acts  upon  the 

iibonate  of  lime  in  the  stone,  giving  rise  to  the 

rmatiou  of  Bijiieker's  salt   (crystallized   diphos- 

,>te    of    lime— 2  CaO,  HO  PO-5  +  4  Aq.)      My 

igestion  received  a  practical  trial  in  a  competi- 

•11,  to  whicli  five  other  candidates  were  admitted 

lie  right  hon.  the  First  Commissioner  of  Her 

ijaty's  W^orks  in  April   1864  ;  and  in  regard  to 

work  executed   on   that   occasion  u|)ou  three 

of    the     Westminster    Palace,    I    fearlessly 

t  the   Government   report.       In   the   mean- 

another  promising  scheme   for  the    treat 

of  the  decayed  stone,  especially  applicable 

iolomite,   has   been   submitted   by  me  to  the 

of  the   First   Commissioner,  but  this  new 

lal  has   not   yet    been  selected  for  trial.     It 

.t3  in  the  employment  of  baryta  conjointly 

the  hardening  salt,  so  that  a  base  may  be  pre- 

)d  which  is  endowed  with  the  power  of  destroy- 

he  soluble  sulphate  of  magnesia  in  the  pores 

■  ,e  stone,  forming  with  it  the  remarkably  iu- 

ble  sulphate  of  baryta,  and  at  the  same  time 

jing  the  magnesia  in  one  of  its  most  difficult 

ible  combinations.      On   a   recent  ocoasion  I 

appUed  this  process  on  a  small  scale  to  some 

stone  facings  at  St.  John's  Church,  Wool- 

jlh,  which  were  badly  decayed.     With  reference 

4Jthe  applicatim   of  the   superphosphate  to  de- 

"  "  Caen  stone,  I  am  able   to   refer   to   sever  d 

ful  examples  of  its  use.     In  the  year  1862 

plied    the   process    upon   some   almshouses 

ling   ^;art  of   Northtleet   College,    where   the 

toy  has   been   completely  stopped.     In  1864  I 

,ted    upon   a   window   and    buttress   of    St. 

's  Church,  Woolwich  ;  and  in  the  following 

the  fa9ade   of  the   Grand   Hotel,  Brighton, 

treated  by   my  process.      With  respect   to 

,nd   stone,  the    earliest     experiments   were 

at  the  Army  Clothing  Establishment,  Wool- 

where  in    1S61  some  decayed   window  sils 

treated,   and  with  perfect  success.     I  have 

interesting  results  to  record   in    connection 

the   treatment    of    Portland   stone,    which 

to  illustrate   the   increased   hardness   and 

gth,  and  the  diminished  rate  and  capacity  of 

iter  absorption   attending   the   employment  of 

■■;  superphosphate.      Small   cubes   of  Portland 

jae,    each    I'^in.    dimension,  were  treated  with 

le  phosphate  solution,  and  left  to  dry  in  the  air ; 

lese  were  then  su  jected  to  gradually  increasing 

ressure,  until  crushed  between  plates  of  lead  in 

le  American  testing  machine  at  tne  Royal  Gun 

ctory,  and  the   breaking  weights  of   two  pre- 

i^ly  similar   cubes  of  the  native  stone  were  at 

-e  same  time  carefully  determined.     The  results 

■•re  as  follows  :— 

Crushing  weight. 

I.  Stone  in  original  condition 3,6501b. 

11.  „  „  S.SOOlb. 

Mean S,7251b. 

III.  Stone  treated  with  superphosphate  5,.'J751b. 
IV.  „  .,  S.oOOlb. 

Mean 5,4371b. 

hus  acquring  an  increased  strength  amounting 
Imost  to  50  per  cent.  The  relative  hardness  of 
he  stone  before  and  after  treatment  could  be 
eadily  ascertained  by  mutual  friction  of  their 
urfaces,  and  also  ly  scratching  with  a  pointed  in- 
trument  of  copper,  which  metal  proved  to  possess 

degree  of  hardness  intermediate  between  the 
■jinal  and  treated  Portland  stones. 

The  porosity  of  the  stone,  as  indicated  by  the 
mount  of  water  absorbed  in  equal  intervals  of 
une,  proved  to  be  greatly  diminished  in  the  case 
f  the  treated  cubes.  On  this  point  several  ex- 
-riments   were     made,    the    stone    being    first 

■ighed  in  the  air-dried  condition,  and  then  im- 
lersed  in   distilled  water  at   the   temperature  of 


60  deg.  Fah.  for  the  several   periods  named,  and 
the  increase  of  weight  in  each  case  noted  : — 
"  WHIT  BED,"  PORTLAND. 

Origin  il      Treated 
stone.  stone. 

Grs.  Grs. 

Weight  of  cube  (dri-)   1,421    ...    1,420 

Water  at>8orbed  in  5  min.  „,       70    ,,.  7 

„  ,,  15  min.  ...       91    ...  8 

„  „  SO  iiiiu.    ...        91     ...         12 

,,  1  hr.  SO  min.  02    ...         25 

"  BASE  BED,"  PORTLAND. 

Weight  of  cube  (dry)  1,291     ...  1,355 

Water  absorbed  iH  .'»  loin.  ...      120    ...  20 

15  min.    ...      122     ...  38 

„          ■  ,,            30  min.    ...      124     ...  30 

„           „             Ihr.  aOmin.  126    ...  "S 

These  results  have  been  further  controlled  by 
other  experiments,  in  which  the  same  b  ock  was 
used  in  the  original  condition,  and  again  after 
treatment  with  the  superphosphate.  It  wid  be 
noticed  th,at  the  advantage  of  the  process  is  most 
clearly  apparent  in  the  case  of  the  denser  and 
more  compact  variety  of  Portland  known  as 
the  "whit  bed,"  which  alone  is  employed  for 
external  bidlding  purposes  ;  the  other,  the  "  base 
bed,"  is  softer,  only  fit  for  internal  decoration, 
and  its  texture  is  so  porous  that  in  becoming 
saturated  it  absorbs  10  per  cent,  of  water. 
Samples  of  Mans  li  eld  dolomite  absorbed  an 
amount  of  water  varying  in  different  specimens 
from  6  to  8  per  cent.  After  treatment  by  my 
process,  the  degree  of  absorptlm  was  reduced  one- 
half  and  the  results  were  even  more  favourable 
in  the  ase  of  Caen  stone.  The  cost  o£  materials 
employed  in  the  treatment  of  stone  according  ti 
this  plan  is  very  trifling,  and  bears  but  a  small 
proportion  to  the  cost  of  labour  necessarily  ex- 
pended upon  the  cleaning  and  preliminary  prepa- 
ration of  the  stone  before  the  solution  can  be 
applied.  One  gallon  of  solution  will  cover  about 
30'ift.  superficial,  when  two  coatings  are  applied 
upon  Caen  or  Portland  stone.  The  superphos- 
phate employed  must  not  contain  any  appre- 
ciable amoimt  of  sulphuric  acid  and  the  specitic 
gravity  of  the  solution,  when  diluted  for  use, 
should  be  about  1,100. 

In  the  discussion  which  followed,  the  President 
said  he  was  sure  the  section  would  agree  in  ex- 
pressing their  best  thanks  to  Mr.  Spiller  for  his 
interesting  communication  on  a  subject  of  so 
very  great  importance,  which  all  of  them  appre- 
ciated, whether  they  were  chemists  or  not.  The 
destruction  of  suctt  magnincent  buildings  as  the 
Houses  of  Parliament  had  been  naturally  looked 
upon  as  a  most  serious  question,  and  they  had 
looked  forward  with  the  greatest  possible  interest 
to  the  results  of  these  experiments  so  as  to  pre- 
vent further  decay.  Mr.  Spillers  account  of  the 
results  of  his  process  was  thei  efore  peculiarly  in- 
teresting to  us,  and  the  observations  he  had  made 
were  of  considerable  value,  inasmuch  as  they 
afforded  some  explanation  of  the  cause  of  the 
decay.  They  could  see  what  was  peculiar  in  the 
decay,  and  it  showed  them  how  important  it  was 
to  bear  that  in  mind  when  they  were  makin,' 
arrangements  such  as  those  in  connection  with 
the  Houses  of  Parliament.  At  the  time  when 
the  erection  of  these  buildings  was  commenced 
immense  care  was  bestowed  in  the  selection  of 
the  stone,  and  the  peculiar  maguesian  limestone 
was  selected  because  it  was  found  that  all  the 
buildings  erected  of  it  in  the  middle  ages  were  in 
an  entire  state  of  preservation.  However,  it  had 
been  seen  that  these  were  not  exposed  to  the  at- 
mosphere of  large  towns  and  other  influences  pe- 
culiar to  such  populous  places,  so  that  when  the 
same  stone  was  built  in  London  it  was  found  not 
to  serve  the  same  end.  He  was  satisfied  that  the 
crystallization  of  the  soluble  salt  on  the  pores  of 
the  stones  subjected  to  wet  and  dry  weather  was 
a  great  cause  of  the  disintegration  of  the  stone  ; 
but  the  results  obtained  by  the  application  of  Mr. 
Spider's  preparation,  as  illustrated  by  the  several 
instances  shown  them  that  day,  were  of  great 
importance,  and  he  thought  there  was  little  doubt 
but  that  the  process  would  meet  with  general 
approbation. 

Mr.  Liveing,  in  a  few  remarks,  corroborated 
Mr.  Spiller,  from  his  expeiimeuts  on  the  stones 
of  his  own  house,  which  were  of  Castleton  free- 
stone, whilst  the  wrought  parts  were  in  fine 
oolite. 

Mr.  Spence  said,  as  Mr.  Spiller  had  done  him 
the  honour  of  mentioning  his  name,  he  would 
take  the  opportunity  of  saying  that  he  thought  it 
was  the  presence  of  sulijhur  amongst  smoke  that 
had  the  influence  on  the  stones.  In  London  they 
used  a  larger  quantity  of  coal  than  in  other 
cities,  but  then  it  was  of  a  better  quality  than  in 
other  towns.     In  Manchester  they  used  coal  with 


2  per  cent,  of  sulphur,  and  as  they  consumed  in 
that  city  2,000,000  of  tons  per  year,  they  put 
daily  120  tons  of  sulphurous  acid  into  the  atmo- 
sphere. This  was  rather  a  fearful  thing  did  they 
see  it  fully.  Then  the  first  shower  that  came 
brought  down  the  acid,  it  l.ay  under  the  cornices 
of  the  buildings,  and  he  had  no  doubt  the  acid 
then  commenced  to  seize  ou  the  stone,  especially 
if  there  were  any  iron  in  it,  and  so  began  tbo 
disintegration.  This  was  dotie,  and  the  influence 
spread  abroad.  In  speaking  of  the  emi.-sion  of 
sulphuric  acid  from  smoke,  he  had,  it  was  known, 
some  peculiar  opinions,  and  these  he  had  pub- 
lished. He  did  not  think  the  acid  came  mostly 
from  the  black  smoke  which  was  the  subject  of 
the  prosecutions.  He  thought  that  when  the 
black  smoke  was  cleared  aw.ay  they  would  have 
the  acid  stronger  than  at  present — that  the  in- 
visible smoke  was  by  far  the  most  mischievous, 
as  there  was  still  as  much  sulphuric  acid,  and 
that,  too,  in  a  more  concentrated  form,  for  the 
carbon  was  all  consumed.  He  hoped  they  would 
yet  be  able — but  the  time  was  )  erhaps  distant — 
to  carry  off  the  acid  in  the  town's  atmosphere, 
and  he  thought  they  would  never  be  right  till 
they  got  it  carried  aw,ay  so  far  that  it  would 
never  come  near  them. 

Dr.  Gilbert  asked  Mr.  Spiller  whether  he  h.ad 
got — or  thought  it  would  be  diilicult  to  get — rid 
of  all  the  sulphates  in  his  preparation  ;  and  ou 
being  answered  that  he  had  not  got  a  preparat  on 
without  them,  Dr.  Gilbert  remarked  that  a 
Frenchman  had  made  a  discovery  which  might 
do  away  with  the  difficulty. 

Professor  Ansted,  who  had  been  engaged  in 
another  section  till  nearly  this  stage  of  the  pro- 
ceedings, but  had  ever  taken  a  deep  interest  in 
this  subject,  then  made  some  remarks  as  to  the 
preservatiim  of  stone.  He  Hrst  referred  to  the 
different  characteristics  of  stones,  even  before 
brought  from  the  quarry,  and  then  spoke  as  to 
the  manner  in  which  the  softer  classes  were  dis- 
integrated by  the  atmosphere  of  different  places, 
such  as  Oxford  and  London.  There  should,  he 
held,  be  a  careful  selection  of  stones  for  building 
purposes,  and  his  opinion  was  that,  were  they  to 
be  preserved,  the  appliance  of  any  material  for 
that  purpose  would  be  made  when  the  stones 
were  taken  from  the  quarry,  that  v?hen  decay 
once  got  in  it  could  not  be  removed  from  a  house 
— though  the  same  means  were  sufficient  on  a 
stone  in  a  la'ooratory — hut  that  the  stones  then 
cracked  and  broke  up  time  after  time,  so  th  it 
perhaps  preservation  was  impossible,  and  it  might 
be  well  to  give  up  the  attempt,  save  on  the  stones 
of  new  buildings. 

Mr.  Spiller  replied,  and  held  that  the  opposite 
of  Professor  Ansted's  views  had  been  seen  from 
the  trial  for  six  years  of  buildings  in  London. 
They  had  given  results  which  removed  from  his 
experiments  any  appearance  of  a  simple  labora- 
tory experiment,  and  indeed  yielded  them  real 
practical  benetits. 

Mr.  Ansell  suggested  that  the  best  mode  of 
getting  the  preparation  put  on  the  stone  might  be 
to  enclose  it  in  a  chamber  from  which  the  atmo- 
sphere was  excluded,  and  then  introduce  fluc- 
sUicio  acid  into  the  stone  in  a  gaseous  state. 

The  President,  then,  in  a  few  closing  remarks, 
expressed  his  opinion  that  the  subject  was  of  so 
veiy  great  importauce  that  it  could  not  be  too 
often  considered.  No  doubt  many  of  the  methods 
suggested  yet  admitted  of  considerable  improve- 
ment ;  but  one  of  the  advantages  of  these  dis- 
cussions was  exemplified  by  the  suggestion  just 
made,  and  there  was  no  doubt  that  the  idea 
might  be  turned  to  some  account.  A  stone  might 
be  treated  by  a  preparation  in  the  same  way  as 
timber  was  made  impervious  to  water. 


TRADES'    UNIONS,    AND    HOW  TO  PUT 
AN  END  TO  STRIKES. 

AT  the  recent  meeting  of  the  Social  Science 
Congress,  Mr.  H.  Rathbone  read  a  paper 
on  "  The  Moral  to  be  drawn  from  Trade  Outrages 
at  Sheffield,  and  the  Limits  of  Personal  Freedom." 
After  some  introductory  remaiks,  he  said  he 
tiiought  a  close  examination  of  the  evidence 
would  prove  that  the  practice  of  committing  trade 
outrages  was  on  the  decline,  and  though  it  was 
not  extinct  unhappily  in  other  places  than  in 
S^heffield,  still  the  improvement  was  grp,at  and 
undeniable.  What  were  the  reasons  that  had 
caused  SheSield  to  be  in  this  respect  far  behind 
most  other  parts  of  the  country  ?  The  Sheffield 
trades  were  highly  paid,  because  they  required 
special  physical  aptitudes,  and  they  had  a  special 


684 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


October  4,  1867. 


tendency  to  develop  the  animal  in  proportion   to 
the  intellectual  nature.     Another  cause  might  be 
the  extremely  exhausting  character  ofsome  of  the 
labour  iu    Sheffield,  which  led  to  an  inordinate 
amount   of   drinking,   and   the   very    unhealthy 
character  of  some  of  the  trades,    especially  those 
involving  dry  grinding,  which  destroyed  life  at  a 
very  early  age,  and    produced  great  recklessness 
with    regard   to    life.     Another  reason  might  be 
glanced  at — viz.,  the  fact  that  the   peculiar  con- 
dition of  many  of  the  Sheffield  trades  rendered  it 
not  uncommon  for  a  workman  to  become  an  em- 
ploye •,  and   to  lapse   back  into   the  state  of  the 
workman    with   comparative    ease.     This  caused 
the  existence  of  a  large  number  of  straggling,  and 
therefore  squeezable  employers,    who    prevented 
an  effective  combination  of  the    masters  to  resist 
the  tyranny  of  their  workmen.     Among  the  Man- 
chester bnekmakers  many  of  the  same  conditions 
existed.     On  the   other    hand,  they    found    very 
powerful    unions,  such    as    the    stonemasons  and 
engineers,  where  outrages    were  scarcely  ever,  if 
ever,  heard   of.      The  real    remedy   against    the 
tyranny  of  a  union  lay,  he  beUeved,  in  the  forma- 
tion of  a  free   labour  union,  as  had  been  done  at 
Stavely,  for  in  opinions,  as  in  war,  an  organized 
army  would  have  the  best  of  it  as  against  a  dis- 
organized mob   of  two   or  three   times   its   size. 
They  could  not  expect  working  men  to  forego  the 
advantages  of  uniting  in  societies,  and  instead  of 
inveighing  against   trades'    unions    themselves,  it 
would  be  more  profitable  to  induce  those  unions 
to  take  an  intelligent  view  of  the  interests  of  those 
they    represented.      The   great  eiror   in  arguing 
about  unions   was   to    lump   those  societies   to- 
gether, as  if  what  was  true  of  one  society  must  be 
more  or  less  true  of  all,  and  this  was  an  injustice 
which  ii  appeared  to  him  the  unionists  themselves 
were  not   careful  enough  to   protest   against,  and 
indeed  rather  favoured  by  accepting  a  solidaiity 
of  interests  which   could  not  exist.     As  regarded 
the  building  societies,  he  believed  their  action  was 
more  prej  udicial  to  the  interests  of  the  country  than 
that  of  almost  any  other  trade  society.   To  sum  up, 
the   moral  he  thought  to    be   derived    from  the 
Trades'  Union  Inquiry  seemed  to  him  to  be  that 
— 1st.  When  trade  outrages  occur  iu   a  trade,  the 
union  should  be  held  responsible  as  the  authorized 
expression  of  the  public  feeling  of  the  trade.  2nd. 
The  great  object   of  all  should   be  to  clear  away 
all  the  sentimental  cobwebs  which  obscured   the 
question.     It  should    be  understood   that  labour 
was  only  a   commodity — that  employer  and  em- 
ployed stood  in  relation  to  each  other  merely  as  a 
buyer  and  seller  of  that  commodity.     He  did  not 
doubt  that  the  good  sense  of   the  leaders  of  the 
working   classes    would  step    in    to    prevent  the 
danger  that  now  threatened  them  of  sinking  in  the 
scale  of  nations  as  an  industrial  people. 

Mr.  David  Smith  next  read  a  paper  "  On  Trade 
Societies,"  in  which  he  held  that  lock-outs  and 
stikes  were  evils  deplorable  in  their  consequences 
to  the  surrounding  community,  bringing  sutlering 
on  those  not  directly  connected  with  the  matter 
under  dispute,  and  it  indulged  iu  they  ought  to  be 
made  criminal,  and  the  trade  society  ordering  such 
ought  to  be  made  amenable,  and,  if  possible, 
be  made  to  indemnify  the  sutferers.  In  the  second 
place,  he  considered  th  .t  trade  societies  ought  to 
be  incorporated,  properly  legalized,  and  a  constitu- 
tion given  them  by  Act  of  Parliament,  and  sim- 
ply registered  under  it  as  a  trade  society,  in  the 
same  way  as  some  of  them  were  registered  as 
"  friendly  societies  "  iit  the  present  time.  Dis- 
putes between  euqjloyers  and  the  workmen  should 
be  referred  to  arbitration,  the  award  of  the  arbi- 
trators to  be  hnal  and  binding,  and  no  appeal  to  be 
allowed  from  their  decision. 

Mr.  Rathbone  then  read  a  paper  contributed  by 
Mr.  Tito  Pagliardini,  on  "How  to  Put  an  End  to 
Strikes."  The  wiiter  stated  the  disastrous  extent 
to  which  strikes  and  lock-outs  had  been  and  were 
still  being  carried,  inflicting  eq\uil  injury  on  mas- 
ters and  workmen,  and  on  the  public,  proved  that 
the  time  had  come  when  it  behoved  all  thinking 
and  practical  men  to  reconsider  the  mutual  rela- 
tions and  duties  of  capital  and  labour.  Those 
long  and  bitter  contests,  while  causing  a  lament- 
able stagnation  in  public  and  private  work.5,  and 
great  misery  to  the  working  classes,  generally 
ended  like  a  protracted  and  disastrous  campaign, 
leaving  the  iield  of  battle  strewn  to  no  purpose 
with  the  victims  of  a  useless  and  ruthless  struggle. 
^Vs  long  as  the  workman  had  no  direct  interest  in 
1  he  success  of  the  enterprise  he  was  engaged  in, 
he  naturally  looked  upon  his  employer  as  a  milch 
cow  whom  he  must  turn  to  the  best  account ;  and 
whilst  his  employer's  aim  was  to  extract  from  him 
tlie  maiLimum  of  work  for  a  minimum  of  pay,  the 


workman's  aim  was  to  lengthen  out  his  work,  that 
it  might  last  longer,  and  to  strike  f  ■  'r  an  increase  of 
wages,  or  for  its  equivalent,  a  limitation  of  time. 
The  legality  of  strikes  afforded  no  room  for  doubt ; 
and  since  the  strong  arm  of  the  law  could  only  in- 
terfere when  the  tyranny  of  the  unions  assumed 
the  form  of  open  intimidation  or  violence,  it  was 
decidedly  high  time  to  seek  for  some  equitable 
adjustment  of  those  seemingly  opposed  interests 
The  writer  stated  that  the  regenerating  principle 
he  should  wish  to  see  introduced  into  the  field 
of  production  was  that  of  the  association  of  mas- 
ters, managers,  and  men  (capital,  talent,  and 
labour),  so  that  each  might  participate  in  a  fair 
degree  in  the  advantages  of  any  work  which  was 
the  result  of  their  combined  concurrence. 


HALF-TIMBERED  HOUSES,  HOLBORN. 

IT  is  only  a  few  days  since  judgment  was 
passed  on  Middle-row,  Holborn,  and  all 
the  houses  composing  it  have  already  passed 
away.  Nothing  is  to  be  seen  of  them  at  the  pre- 
sent moment  but  a  prodigious  pile  of  bricks — so 
rapidly  do  transformations  take  place  in  London. 
Very  near  where  Middle-row  stood  there  is  a  block 
of  antique  and  picturesque  houses,  which  every- 
body who  ever  passed  that  way  must  have  noticed 
at  one  time  or  another.  These  old  tenements,  as 
represented  in  one  of  our  lithographic  illustra- 
tions to-day,  are  pretty  much  in  the  same  condi- 
tion as  when  they  were  built  (about  the  year 
1600),  with  the  exception  of  the  shops  below, 
which  are  quite  modern.  Mr.  S.  J.  Paul,  to  whom 
we  are  indebted  for  the  sketch,  has,  therefore,  in 
order  to  maintain  the  antique  appearance  of  these 
gable  houses,  sketched  them  when  the  shops  were 
closed  and  the  shutters  were  up.  The  artist 
has  aimed  more  at  giving  the  architectural  fea- 
tures cf  the  houses  than  representing  their  grimy 
and  blacked  colour. 

When  the  great  fire  of  London  raged  in  1666, 
these  houses  had  a  very  narrow  escape,  the 
fire  coming  to  the  end  of  Chancery  lane,  and 
it  was  surprising  that  these  half-timbered  con- 
structions were  not  embraced  by  that  vast  con- 
flagration. There  are  not  many  such  houses  left 
in  London,  and,  in  all  probability,  these  also  will 
soon  perish  before  the  modern  desire  for  "  improve- 
ment." We  have,  therefore,  given  a  sketch  of 
them  in  the  Boilding  Kews. 


ECONOMY  OF  FUEL  AJfD  PREVENTION 

OF  smoe:e. 

MR.  L.  E.  FLETCHER,  the  Chief  Engineer  of 
the  Manchester  Association  for  the  Preven- 
tion of  Boiler  Explosions,  in  his  last  monthly  re- 
port, says  that  the  present  high  price  of  fuel,  and 
the  amount  of  public  attention  now  directed 
towards  the  abatement  of  the  smoke  nuisance, 
render  economy  of  fuel  and  smoke  prevention 
matters  of  considerable  interest.  I  may,  there- 
fore, venture  to  mention  to  the  members  of  this 
association  that  a  number  of  Lancashire  and 
Cheshire  coal-owners,  wlio  have  formed  themselves 
into  a  society  called  the  South  Lancashire  and 
Cheshire  Coal  Association,  have  for  some  time 
past  been  carrying  on,  at  considerable  expense,  a 
most  elaborate  series  of  experiments  bearing 
directly  on  these  subjects,  the  objects  of  these  ex- 
periments being,  in  the  first  place,  to  test  the 
economic  efficiency  of  the  coals  of  this  district ; 
and,  in  the  second,  to  a.scertain  the  mosi.  ecnomi- 
cal  form  of  boiler,  the  best  mode  of  firing, 
whether  mechanically  or  by  hand,  so  as  to  evapo- 
rate the  greatest  amount  of  water  with  a  given 
quantity  of  coal,  ^\^thout  the  production  of  smoke 
These  experiments,  which  have  been  con<lucted  on 
a  large  scale,  and  have  already  occupied  upwards 
of  eighteen  months,  have  entailed  considerable  ex- 
pense, which  has  been  borne  by  the  South  Lanca- 
shire and  Cheshire  Coal  Association,  while  they 
have  been  conducted  under  the  joint  sunerinteud- 
ence  of  the  late  Dr.  Richardson,  of  Newcastle, 
and  myself,  and  are  not  yet  completed,  but 
are  still  in  daUy  progress.  I  trust  at  some  future 
time,  by  the  permission  of  the  Coal  Association,  to 
be  permitted  to  pubUsh  some  of  the  details  of  the 
trials  iu  this  association's  monthly  reports  for  the 
benefit  of  our  members,  while  1  may  venture  to 
state,  in  the  meantime,  that,  as  far  as  these  trials 
have  hitherto  progressed,  they  have  clearly  shown 
that  the  formation  of  smoke  may  be  entirely  pre- 
vented without  any  diminution  of  the  evaporative 
efficiency  of  the  coal,  by  careful  firing  alone ; 
while  it  has  been  found,  in  addition,  that  the  coals  ' 


raised  in  this  district  will  realize  as  high  an 
economy  and  efficiency  as  the  best  north  country 
and  Welsh  coals,  and  that  without  the  production 
of  smoke.  I  hope  to  refer  to  this  subject  again  on 
a  future  occasion.  Economy  of  fuel,  as  well  a- 
smoke  prevention,  is  becoming  of  daily  increasint 
importance,  and  is  a  matter  on  which  1  am  most 
desirous  of  rendering  our  members  every  assiat 
ance. 


NEW  CATHEDRAL   CHURCH, 
ANDREW. 


ST. 


WE  have  already  given  a  description  of  tin 
new  Cathedral  Church  at  St.  Andrew'.* 
Scotland,  which  forms  one  of  our  illustrations  thi.- 
week.  The  foundation  stone  was  laid  two  montlu 
since  with  full  masonic  honours,  by  Mr.  J.  Whyti 
Melville,  Grand  Master  M  ason  of  Scotland.  Mr.  E 
Anderson,  Edinburgh,  is  the  architect,  and  th< 
following  are  the  principal  features  of  the  build 
ing  :— Total  length,  122ft.;  nave,  176ft.  lonj 
and  25ft.  broad;  aisles,  10ft.  broad;  choir  ant 
sanctuaiy,  35ft.  long  and  22ft.  broad  ;  height  t' 
eaves  of  nave  walls,  31ft. ;  and  to  ridge  of  roof 
57ft.;  the  tower  is  10ft.  square  at  the  base,  ex 
elusive  of  the  buttresses,  and  the  height  to  th( 
top  of  the  spire  is  160ft.  The  style  of  arohi 
tecture  adopted  is  that  of  the  thirteenth  century 
Internally,  the  navels  divided  from  the  aisles  b; 
a  row  of  five  arches  on  each  side,  and  from  th' 
chancel  by  a  lofty  moulded  arch  springing  fron 
corbel  shafts.  'The  roofs  of  the  nave  and  chance 
have  inside  ceilings  of  wood,  their  transverS' 
section  being  a  pointed  arch  ;  the  ties  and  kiuj 
posts  are  the  only  constructional  parts  seei 
longitudinally.  The  ceilings  are  divided  int 
panels  from  ridge  to  eaves,  which  will  be  fillet 
with  appropriate  coloured  decorations.  Th 
whole  of  the  nave  and  aisles  will  be  seated  will 
open  deal  benches  for  a  congregation  of  600,  ant 
the  choir  will  be  furnished  with  a  throne  for  th 
bishop  and  stalls  for  the  clergy  and  choir. 


WATER  SUPPLY  AND  SANITARY 
MATTERS. 

Plans  and  specifications,  as  prepared  by  Messri 
Gotto  and  Beesley,  of  the  proposed  new  drainag 
works  at  Chatham,  the  estimated  cost  of  which  i 
£3,000,  and  £10  per  annum  to  keep  them  in  re 
pair,  have  been  adopted,  and  the  lot^al  board  mee 
to  receive  tenders  on  the  1  Sth  inst. 

A  special  meeting  of  the  Town  Council  an 
Local  Board  of  Health,  Warwick,  was  held  las 
week.  A  report  was  received  on  the  sewage  queg 
tion  from  the  sewage  sub-committee,  stating  tha 
a  tender  had  been  sent  in  by  Mr.  J.  H.  Clarke  t 
execute  the  work  on  No.  5  contract  for  the  sui 
of  £2,353.  The  contract  includes  engine-housi 
chimney,  &c.     Mr.  Clarke's  tender  was  accepted. 

Bridgewater. — A  meeting  of  ratepayers  wa 
held  week  finally  to  determine  the  long-vexe 
question  of  the  water  supply.  The  mayor  prt 
sided.  The  meeting,  says  a  local  report,  laste 
three  hour.?,  and  was  of  an  uproarious  char.icter 
Alderman  Smith  moved  and  Mr.  Hay  ward  secondt' 
— "  That,  in  the  opinion  of  this  meeting,  it  is  nt 
desirable  that  the  corporation  should  be  the  pre 
moters  of  waterworks  for  Bridgewater."  Mr.  F.  J 
Thompson  moved,  and  Mr  J.  Hurman  seconded  a: 
an  amendment — "  That  the  report  of  the  counc 
which  has  now  been  read  (recommending  the  ado( 
tion  of  Mr.  Hawkesley's  plan)  he  approved,  and  tha 
the  council  be  directed  forthwith  to  apply  for  th 
requisite  powe  8  to  procure  the  supply  of  wate 
for  Bri  Igewater."  The  Mayor  declared  the  origin; 
motion  carried,  and  thus  the  whole  scheme  wi 
be  upset. 

» 

The  London  Review  learns  that  a  number  of  ir 
fluential  gentlemen,  having  formed  themselve 
into  a  company,  intend  to  apply  to  Parliamec 
early  next  session  for  powers  to  enable  thera  t 
purchase  land  in  and  around  the  Seven  Dials,  wit 
a  view  to  pull  down  the  wretched  hovels,  whici 
by  their  ill  drainage  and  ill-ventilation,  endange 
the  health  of  that  part  of  the  metropolis,  and  t 
replace  them  with  lodging-houses  built  on  a  ne\ 
principle.  Leicester-square  is  also  to  be  the  seen 
of  an  improvement.  'The  mutilated  effigy,  whic 
is  now  so  conspicuous,  is  to  lie  removed,  andftjur 
tains  erected  on  its  site,  while  a  light  elegant  rai 
ing  is  to  fence  a  series  of  prettily-arranged  flowei 
beds  and  grass-plots.  We  are  very  much  afraid  a 
this  is  too  good  to  be  true. 


$ 


It-  Bxulding  'Hrwt.  Oc'  i'-^  '86' 


lirinil- (Ijiiirrli  -iif  >;! iKira,  ^>^t"  .^torpins',  ^^rnflHmi.  _ robert  anderson,  arch^ 


October  4,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


689 


CONSTRUCTIVE  AND  ESTHETIC 
DESICxN.— No.    V. 

WE   have  seen  that  the  wall  is  subjected 
to  two  pressures — vertical  and  trans- 
verse.     To   the   first    helongs    its    condition 
imder  the  primitive  beam  construction,  while 
the  consideration  of  botli  pressures  is  needed 
to  its  present  performance  in  building.     It 
may  here  be  remarked,  that  some  writers  have- 
thoughtlessly   put  cross-strain  before  vertical 
pressure,  as  the  progressive  order  of  construc- 
tive design,   not   considering  that  the  earliest 
system,  while  combining  both  these  effects  ot 
gravitiition,    still     virtually    indicated    only 
simple   repose   or   vertical  compression,  par- 
tii'ularly  if  we  consider  the  megalithic  beams 
'rown     across    comparatively    sni.iU    inter- 
liunns  and  openings,  making  the  proportion 
.if  the  bearing  to  the  supports  hardly  percep- 
tible.      In  respect   to   horizontal    coverings. 
indeed,  cross-strain  preceded  compression,  but 
in  respect  of  walls  and  supports,  the  contrary 
^  the  case.     The  arch   and  abutments  con- 
ituted  a  combination   of  compression   and 
Toss-strain  ;  a  modem  suspension  bridge  or  a 
iTell  trussed  roof,  a  combination  of  both  these 
jlth  tension — the  third    and   last    force    to 
yhich   materials   are    subject  in  statical  and 
Ivnamical   design.     The  application  of  this 
-t   force  to  construction   has   already  been 
ale,  and  on  it — in  logical  and  restbetic  cor- 
^ition  to  the  others — will  depend  the  archi- 
tiire  of  the  future.     It  may  be  as  well  to 
ir  in  mind  that  whenever  we  load  a  beam, 
:   push   a   wall,   we  bring  these  three  forces 
ato  simultaneous    operation,    irrespectively 
f  the  material — a  fact  valuable,  inasmuch  as 
ilictates  weight  and  thickness  for  our  walls, 
■illness  and   stiffness  for  our  roofs  of  stone, 
iinber,  and  iron.     Hence  the  lintel,  arch,  and 


:">!_ 


COMPfieSSIOM 


T  E  ^  ^  to  N 


^y 


ie  constitute  three   proximate  principles  of 

onatructive   design,    capable  of  separate  use 

-1(1  combination,   and,  curiously  to  mark,  in 

i.tirmation  of  a  great  law  of  progress,  each 

-cessive   one  being   suggested  by  its  prede- 

-ior,  as  evidenced  in  following  diagrams: — 


13  more  than  probable,  I  think,  that  the 
"le-span  hntel,  by  weakness  or  fracture, 
'on  suggested  the  raking  struts  which  the 
"■■ruvian  and  Mexican  constructions  confirm, 
"1  many  wooden  originals  indicate  ;  that 
■'S,  in  turn,  gave  the  idea  of  the  arch,  while 
le  arch  requiring  abutment  or  tie  suggested 
tt'-i  developed  the  perfect  truss  in   which  the 


CONSTRUCTIVJE   AND   iESTHETIC    DESIGNS. 


peculiarities  of  aU  three  modes  are  combined. 
At  any  rate,  there  is  such  a  natural  sequence 
of  cause  and  effect  in  them  that  no  one  will 
dispute  the  steps  of  the  transformation  being 
consequential.  The  economy  of  material  in 
the  truss  is  self  e^-ident,  and  when  we  imagine 
the  substitution  of  an  indirect  for  a  direct 
tie,  the  mechanical  efi'ort  of  a  continuous 
arched  rib  or  an  arrangement  of  ties  and 
braces  in  a  curvilinear  form,  as  we  occa- 
sionally see  in  some  of  our  churches  large 
single  span  roofs,  we  arrive  at  the  most  perfect 
example  of  constructive  design  possible — the 
summuin  botium  of  esthetic  excellence — in 
short,  the  combination  of  arch  and  truss.  But 
more  of  this  in  a  future  article. 

AVe  have  remarked  on  the  importance  of 
lateral  base  to  the  wall,  obtained  in  the 
manner  of  buttresses ;  or  by  a  cellular  arrange- 
ment where  mere  thickness  is  expensive  or 
unattainable  ;  and  that  the  external  buttress, 
in  some  localities,  at  least,  is  obstructive,  and 
the  intermediate  spaces  inutile  to  a  fault.  The 
deep  solid  buttresses  commonly  seem  round 
continental  churches,  as  those  at  Avignon,  to 
the  Lady  Chapel  of  Rouen  Cathedral,  and 
elsewhere,  frequently,  indeed,  become  the 
restlings  of  shops  and  tenements  whose  pic- 
turesqueness  atones  for  the  otherwise  lost 
spaces  under  the  windows;  and  in  other 
cases,  these  spaces  have  been  enclosed  and 
utilized  as  an  afterthought,  by  being  converted 
into  lateral  chapels,  as  at  Amiens.  In  apsidal 
terminations,  I  admit  there  is  a  depth  and 
grandeur  in  these  masses  of  projecting 
masonry ;  but  even  this  does  not  sanction 
their  entire  protrusion  externally  when  they 
could  have  fulfilled  their  office  equally  as  well 
within.      It  is  true  the  lower  stages  could  be 


perforated  with  arched  apertures,  but  the 
effect  of  this  detracts  from  the  solidity  neces- 
sary to  an  external  base  ;  and  whatever  be 
done  to  diminish,  the  visible  Imttress  should 
never  dwindle  into  a  mere  narrow  strip  or  flat 
pier,  as  are  often  seen  in  some  starved  imita- 
tions of  Gothic,  being  far  better  to  omit  these 
adjuncts  altogether.  A  buttress,  like  every 
other  feature,  should  look  exactly  what  it  is 
meant  to  be,  and  nothing  else  or  less — a  truth 
which  our  Classic  and  Gothic  revivalists  lost 
sight  of  when  they  made  their  features  only 
just  large  enough — the  unreal  and  apparent 
substitutes  of  what  they  once  were. 

The  lower  projecting  portions  of  buttresses, 
with  sloped  set-ofis,  suggest  the  aisle  roof, 
and  in  cases  where  a  continuous  passage-way 
cannot  be  made  from  a  deficiency  of  buttress 
depth,  the  cells  might — in  our  churches — be 
devoted  to  monumental  purposes,  or  simply 
become  accessory  to  internal  relief,  for  exces- 
sive lateral  abutment,  as  I  have  said,  is  not 
needed  for  our  modern  roof  systems.  The 
multum  in  parvo  principle  is,  as  a  rule,  the 
primary  consideration  in  churches  and  public 
buildings,  and  I  will  here  indicate  a  few  ways 
of  accomplishing  this  in  resjiect  to  our  sustain- 
ing walls  and  abutments.  In  designing  our 
walls  and  roofs  it  is  well  to  bear  in  mind  that 
well-known,  though  practically  neglected, 
theorem,  the  "  composition  and  resolution  of 
forces,"  for  by  the  aid  of  a  simple  parallelo- 
gram, the  proportions  of  the  forces  to  be 
dealt  with  can  be  sectionally  laid  down  and 
adjusted.  The  weight  and  thrust  of  wall  and 
roof  conjointly  determine  the  inclination  of 
the  diagonal  residtant,  as  well  as  the  magni- 
tudes of  the  component  forces ;  and  it  is 
easy  to   see  that  the  inner  or  base  triangle 


690 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


October  4,  1867. 


B  primarily  determines  the  economy  of 
material,  comprising,  as  it  does,  the  most 
eflective  portion  of  the  abutment,  i.e.,  the 
hase  ;  while  that  portion  within  the  tri- 
angle A  is  comparatiFely  of  little  direct 
use  except  as  an  assistant  weight,  for 
we  can  imagine  it  removed  without  ma- 
terially lessening  the  stability  of  the 
buttress.'  It  may  be  also  easily  perceived 
how  a  weight  applied  asapinnacle  or  parapet, 
and  acting  by  its  gravity,  can  further  assist  in 
changing  the  resultant  of  the  forces  by  re- 
ducing its  obliquity  more  and  more  to  the 
perpendicular  within  the  body  of  the  but- 
tress, an  expedient  well  understood  by  the 
medicBval  architect,  and  by  that  consummate 
master  of  static  design,  AVren,  who,  by  the 
external  peristyle  above  the  foot  of  the  sup- 
porting cone  of  St.  Paul's  dome,  lessened  the 
outward  thrust  by  gravitating  the  mass,  aud 
added  at  the  same  time  a  beautiful  feature  to 
his  noble  design.  Perhaps  the  arched  and 
pinnacled  buttresses  of  Strasbourg  Cathedral 
(tig.  3)  present  one  of  the  finest  and  most 
artistically  managed  instances  of  this  dynamic 
piincii)le — in  some  cases  too  adroitly  handled. 
The  above  means  of  proportioning  the 
magnitudes  of  masses  intended  to  counteract 
forces,  if  properly  studied,  will  lead  us  so  to 
adapt  our  niaterial  to  the  best  advantage, 
always  allowing,  however,  a  margin  for  static 
rest  and  ajsthetic  repose,  for,  if  we  did  not, 
the  slightest  disturbing  cause  would  tend  to 
unbalance  the  composition.  Limiting  our 
attention  to  the  practical  methods  of  obtain- 
ing transverse  strength,  the  walls  and  coun- 
terforts for  our  churches  and  large  rooms  can 
be  constructed  on  any  of  the  plans  sketched 
(fig.  2),  where  it  will  be  seen  how 
easily  and  effectively  they  apply  to  both  the 
Pointed  and  Classical  styles.  In  either  case, 
the  weight  of  roof  could  be  thrown  upon  the 
inner  side  of  wall,  and  thereby  materially 
help  to  perpendicularize  the  pre-ssure.  In  c 
and  d  the  same  result  could  be  obtained,  but 
witho  t  the  effect,  at  a  saving  of  about  one- 
third  of  the  ordinary  solid  built  wall. 

The  buttress  principle,  valuable  in  econo- 
mizing material,  is  applicable  in  a  variety  of 
ways,  and  is  capable  of  a  far  wider  treatment 
than  generally  bestowed  upon  it.  In  wide 
buildings,  where  a  single  span  roof  is  objec- 
tionable internally,  it,  suggests  the  basilican 
arrangement  of  central  vista  and  side  aisles 
with  or  without  the  clerestory  and  triple  roof 
externally — a  plan  infinitely  more  satisfyinc 
and  artistic  for  churches  and  chapel  interiors 
than  wide  .spans  and  lonmess  of  height. 
Although  the  three  divisions  are  embraced 
under  one  covering,  three  distinct  trusses  can 
be  adopted,  thereby  obviating  a  straight 
tie  at  level  of  eaves,  simplifying  and  econo- 
mizing construction  and '  height.  Although 
the  tendency  of  modern  construction  is  to- 
wards the  development  of  mechanical  in- 
genuity and  wide  spans,  by  the  employment 
of  scientific  combination  of  arch  and  tie,  yet 
I  believe  this  tendency  will  correct  itself.' 


STREETS  AND    THOROUGHFARES.* 

THE  wear  and  tear  of  an  ordinary  macadamized 
road  and,  consequently,  its  cost  of  mainte- 
nance, are  very  great.  The  explanation  appears 
from  experiments  which  show  that  a  cubic  yard 
of  macadamized  stone,  when  well  pressed  down 
in  a  bov  with  a  capacity  of  27  cubic  feet,  contams 
11  cubic  feet  of  vacuities ;  and  that  a  roadway 
covered  with  12in.  of  metal,  before  it  is  con- 
solidated into  a  smooth  and  useful  surface,  has  a 
large  portion  of  its  stones  crushed  into  small 
particles,  and  that  more  than  one-third  of  its 
dimensions  consists  of  mud  and  sand.  When 
heavy  rains  occur,  combined  with  heavy  tialHc, 
disintegration  of  the  stones  in  such  a  roadway 
takes  place,  and  quantities  of  mud  are  generated 
m  proportion  to  the  amount  of  traffic.  In  the 
new  mode  of  constructing  a  roadway  which  I 
propose,  the  vacuities  in  the  metal  are  tilled  with 
cement   grout,   which,  when  hardened,   forms  a 

V  1  By  J"»EPH  JIiTCHELL,  P.R.S.E.,  F.G.S.,  C,E.    Read 
Mlore  tb»  Bntuh  AsiocUtion.     Section  G. 


concrete,  binding  together  the  macadamized 
stones  into   a   mass    impervious    to  water,  and, 

unlike  asphalte,  unaffected  by  heat,  while  at  the 
s  ime  time  it  preserves  entire  the  original  size  and 
dimensions  of  the  stone. 

Again,  every  one  must  have  noticed  the  tear 
and  wear  of  the  causeway  stones  in  an  ordinary 
street  pavement,  and  the  irregularities  of  the 
surface  of  the  streets,  after  six  or  twelve  months' 
traffic.  Granite  and  other  stones  of  the  hardest 
quality  appear  to  give  way  under  the  weight  of 
the  traffic.  The  explanation  of  this  waste  may 
be  found  in  the  ordinary  mode  of  constructing 
street  pavement.  The  stones  are  laid  on  a  bed  of 
loose  sand  some  2in.  or  3in.  deep  above  the  soil, 
and  are  then  beauen  down  into  an  approximately 
even,  but  really  irregular,  surface.  'They  are  laid 
three-fourths  of  an  inch  to  one  and  a  half  inch 
apart,  and  the  intervals  between  them  are  filled 
up  with  sand,  which  is  soon  reduced  to  mud. 
Thus,  each  stone  is  insulated,  and  made  to  rest 
on  a  yielding  surface.  In  a  street  so  constructed, 
the  ends  of  the  causeway  stones  are  found,  after 
twelve  months'  traffic,  to  be  worn  down  from  one- 
half  to  three-quarters  of  an  inch.  This  arises 
from  the  percussion  of  the  wheels  of  carts  and 
carriages  falling  from  the  centre  of  one  stone  on 
to  the  joint  of  the  two  adjoining,  which,  being  on 
a  yielding  surface,  and  the  wheels  striking  on  the 
ends,  sink  a  little  from  the  pressure.  When  a 
stone  has  sunk  bodily  from  half  an  inch  to  an 
inch,  or  when  a  little  hollow  occurs  in  the  pave- 
ment of  the  street,  it  will  commonly  be  found 
that  the  adjoining  stones  are  much  worn,  the 
hollow  on  the  surface  increasing  the  force  and 
effect  of  the  percussion  of  the  wheels.  The 
greater  the  hollow  the  greater  is  the  tear  and 
and  wear  from  the  strokes  of  the  wheels.  The 
source  of  waste  is  seen  to  be  the  yielding  surface 
on  which  the  stones  are  laid  To  prevent  their 
tear  and  wear,  what  was  wanted  seemed  to  be  a 
rigid  and  perfectly  regular  surface,  by  which  also 
the  traction  might  be  greatly  improved. 

These  defects  in  the  constructi  'Q  of  causeway 
have  long  been  noticed,  and  the  only  remedy 
hitherto  used,  and  which  has  been  in  very  general 
use,  but  which  has  always  failed,  has  been  to  lay 
a  body  of  Ume  concrete  6in.  deep  below  the 
stones,  and  to  (ill  with  lime  grout  the  joints  or 
intervals  between  them.  The  lime,  it  has  been 
found,  has  never  consolidated,  owing  to  the 
stones  being  beaten  down  when  it  is  half  set,  and 
to  the  tremor  subsequently  caused  by  the  traffic. 
Thus,  on  the  best  paved  streets,  after  heavy  rain 
or  watering,  much  mud  is  generated  from  the  wet 
unconsolidated  lime'  and  sand.  Where  there  is 
much  traffic  this  mud  on  the  surface,  in  drying, 
proves  Slippery  and  dangerous,  aud  many  serious 
accidents  occur  in  consequence.  The  irregulari- 
ties of  the  surface,  and  consequent  mud,  are  in- 
creased by  2in.  of  sand  being  placed  between  the 
bed  of  lime  concrete  and  the  bottom  of  the 
paving  stones.  In  the  new  mode  of  con-tructing 
street  pavement  which  I  have  proposed  there  is 
first  laid  down  a  bed  of  cement  concrete  Sin. 
deep  (gravel  may  be  used  instead  of  macadamized 
stone  where  abundant  and  cheaper),  and  to  the 
requisite  convexity  in  the  cross  section.  This 
concrete  quickly  consolidates  and  entirely  ex- 
cludes moisture  or  water  from  below.  On  this 
foundation  the  paving  stones,  oin.  deep  and  .Oin. 
wide  (a  width  of  Sin  gives  a  better  hold  to  the 
horses'  feet  than  a  width  of  4in.  or  44iu.,  which 
are  the  (;ommon  sizes),  are  built,  and,  when 
brought  to  a  perfect  form,  the  joints  are  filled 
with  cement  grout.  When  the  whole  is  con- 
solidated it  forms  a  surface  perfectly  immovable 
by  traffic  and  impervious  to  moisture.  The  wear 
aud  tear  of  the  stone  arises  from  the  attrition  of 
the  traffic  only.  If  the  causeway  be  well  made 
there  should  be  no  irregvdarities  on  the  surface. 
Where  such  irregularities  exist  they  are  due  to 
defective  workmanship. 

Three  experiments  have  been  made  to  test  the 
merits  of  the  new  or  concrete  road,  and  two  to 
test  the  merits  of  the  new  form  of  causeway.  The 
first  trial  road  and  pavement  were  laid  down  in 
Inverness  early  in  1S65.  They  have  been  under 
tr  ffic  for  upwards  of  two  years,  being  passed  over 
by  the  whole  goods  traffic  of  the  Highland  Rail- 
w.iy.  The  road  is  now  perfectly  sound,  and  it  has 
required  no  repairs;  whereas  the  macadamized 
roadw.ay  adjoining  it  has  constantly  required 
repairs,  and  is  now  full  of  irregularities  and  rats. 
The  second  trial  new  road  was  laid  in  London.  As 
it  was  important  that  this  plan  of  road-making 
should  be  subjected  to  the  test  of  severe  traffic  on 
some  of  the  London  thoroughfares,  I  applied  to, 
and  obtained   permission   from,   the   Right   Hon. 


Wm.  Cowper,  Chief  Commissioner  of  Works  to 
lay  down  100  yards  of  it  in  length  by  S.ift.  in 
width,  on  the  Mall  in  St.  James's  Park,  at  the 
foot  of  the  Green  Park.  The  whole  traffic  be- 
tween  the  district  of  Regent-street,  Piccadilly, 
Pall  Mall,  Buckingham  Gate,  and  the  Victoria 
station  passes  along  this  route,  which  is,  apparently 
subjected  to  as  heavy  traffic  as  any  thoroughfare 
in  London.  Subsequently  this  road  proved  a 
failure,  the  surface  breaking  up  under  the  traffic. 
My  explanation  of  the  failure,  which  was  very 
puzzling  at  tirst,  is  as  follows  : — The  roadway  at 
each  end  of  the  experiment  was  macadamized  at 
the  time  the  experiment  was  made,  and  the  con- 
tractor's men,  who  were  crushing  the  macadamized 
road  with  a  heavy  roller  of  three  to  four  tons 
weight,  were  inadvertently  permitted  by  the  per- 
son in  charge  to  pass  their  heavy  roller  from  end 
to  end  continuously  over  the  experimental  road 
before  it  had  properly  consolidated.  The  crystal- 
line structure  of  the  cement  was  injured  by  this, 
and,  in  consequence,  the  surface  yielded  to  the 
incessant  cab  traffic  and  the  month  of  continuous 
rain  to  which  it  was  immediately  thereafter 
exposed.  The  surface  was  repaired  by  the  trustees 
by  a  coating  of  2in.  of  macadamised  stone,  which 
was  rapidly  ground  down  on  the  hard  concrete  by 
passing  vehicles.  As  the  bottom  was  entire  and 
consolidated,  had  a  coating  of  2in.  or  Sin  of  new 
concrete  been  laid  down,  with  the  required  time 
to  consolidate, it  would  have  answered  a  1  the  pur- 
poses cimtemplated  ;  but  the  surveyor  deemed  it 
his  duty  to  remove  the  concrete  surface  entirely, 
which  was  only  done  at  great  trouble  by  means  of 
levers  and  iron  crowbars.  The  experiment  was 
certainly  a  failure ;  but,  in  attempts  of  realizing 
new  conceptions,  it  is  in  the  nature  of  things  that 
there  must  be  repeated  failures  before  success  is 
reached. 

The  third   experiment  was  made  in  Edinburgh, 
and  has  in   my  opinion  proved  very  satisfactory 
and  successfuU      A  length  of    150ft.   of  concrete 
road  by  45ft  in  breadth,  and  a  similar   extent  of 
street  pavement,  were  laid  down  last  summer  at 
George  IV.  Bridge,  where  the  traffic  is  heavy  and 
continuous.     One  half  the  street  was   laid   down 
with  concrete  at  a  time,  and  the  traffic  was  rigidly 
kept  off  that  portion  for  a  month.     The  other  hall 
was  then    laid   down.      The    whole  roadway  has 
since    t'een    under    traffic    for    twelve     months 
and    has   proved    perfectly   sound    and    immov- 
able, not  a  stone  turning  up  all  that  time.     Aftei 
the     road     had     consuiidated,     and     had     beer 
under  traffic  during  the  winter,  it   was  observed 
that  some  small  hollows  had  shown  themselves  a(, 
the  joinings  along  the  centre  of  the  roadway,  aad 
arose  from  our  inexperience  in  laying  down 
concrete,  and  will  in  future  be   avoided.     Tha 
hollows  were  cut  out,  and  made  up  with  new  col 
Crete,  and  opened  for  traffic  in    a   week.      Thl 
result  has  been  that  the  surface  is  now  perfect™ 
smooth  and  regular.     The  street  pavement  on  i' 
south  end  of  the  concrete  road  was  then  laid  dowd 
on    a   bed  of   cement  concrete  Sin.   deep.     Tha 
cement  concrete  was  permitted  to  consolidate  foj 
about  ten  days,  aud  thereafter  the  pavement  war 
buUt  on  it  with  cement  mortar ;  and  when  th*' 
stones  were  regularly  set  the  joints  were  filled  u) 
with  cement  grout.     This  pavement  has  also  beei  __ 
perfectly  successful,  the  water  running  off  it  ^^^P 
from  a  foot  pavement,  leaving  no  mud ;  and  th  mm' 
only  wearing   of  the  surface  is  from  the  attritioi 
of  the  traffic.     It  has  been  stated  that  the  noise  o 
vehicles   on  the    pavement  is  greater  than  on  th 
ordinary  pavement.     I  do  not  consider  it  greater 
the  blows  arising  from  the  irregularities  on  th 
ordinary  pavement  are  noisy,  as  well  asdestructiv 
to  the  road  and  to  carriages ;  but  the  noise  on  th 
concrete  pavement,  though  not  greater,  is  differeni 
it  having  more  of  a  ringing  sound,  like  tbat  on 
street  bound  up  with  frost.     In  point  of  wear  an 
tear,  and  freedom  from  mud  and  dust,  this  stree 
pavement  has  many  undoubted  advantages  ove 
that  now  in  common  use,  particularly  where  thei 
is  heavy  traffic ;  but  I  anticipate  that  a  road  cot 
sisting  of  a  good  body  of  concrete  should  supei 
sede  even  this  species  of  street  pavement. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  a  report  mad 
by  me  to  Mr.  Wdliam  Duncan,  secretary  to  th 
Edinburgh  road  trustees: — 

The  concrete  road  cost  Gs.  Sd.,  and  the  paved  road  17e 
per  square  yard."  A  sura  of  Is.  8d.  per  square  yiird  was  il 
curred  for  e.^cavating  and  removing  the  materi.ala  of  tl 
old  ro.ad,  and  for  watching  ;  but  I  i^culate  that  the  vah 
of  the  old  niaterial  would  go  to  meet  these  oullaya  Tl 
small  experiment  that  has  been  marie.  ho.vever,  ia  not 
good  criterion  of  the  cost.  In  a  work  on  a  lar^e  Wile  tl 
cost  ought  to  be  less.  The  adT.antages  offered  bv  this  moi 
of  construction  ou  a  road  under  iie.ivy  tratlic,  us  far  as  oi 
experience  has  gone  are,  first,  diminished  teai-  aud  wear 
the  general  siirface  is  apparently  not  worn  in  twel 
months  more  than  one-eighth  of  an  inch  ;  eecondlj",  ««!' 


October  4,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


G91 


rior  cleanliness — the  road  is  almost  wholly  free  from  mwd 
aud  dust ;  thiriiiy,  dimiuiahed  cost  aud  annoyance  from 
repaii-s,  Tlie  road  has  requiro<l  little  or  no  repaii"s  for 
twelve  months.  It  requires  no  scraping  or  watering,  and 
its  maintenanco  is  almost  nominal,  while  the  a\atiu?s. 
scrapings,  and  waterings  of  a  macadamiiied  road  imder 
similar  tmflic  in  Edinburgh  cannot  be  done  under  Is.  to 
1^,  Gil.  per  square  y.-utl,  besides  the  great  inconvenience 
:iud  discomfort  they  cause  to  tlie  public.  The  origin.alcost 
of  a  maciidami^ed  road,  flin.  deep,  which,  before  it  is  con- 
sclidated,  is  crashed  into  6in.  of  available  material,  is 
about  2s.  per  square  yard,  or  say  somewhat  Ie?s  than  one- 
third  of  the  couctote  road.  In  London,  where  the  metal 
i.H  "iOs.  the  cubic  yard,  instead  of  lis.,  jis  in  Edinburgh,  and 
whew  the  cement  is  chejiper,  the  cost  of  a  road  of  yiu.  of 
metal  will  nearly  amount  to  the  cost  of  a  concrete  road. 
It  thus  appears  that  the  cost  of  a  concrete  road  will  be 
proportionally  loss,  aud  its  advantages  proportionally 
greater,  in  London  aud  towns  similarly  situated,  than  ijr 
t  Edinburgh.  The  cost  of  the  concrete,  wliich  is  17s.  per 
square  yard,  is  higher  than  it  should  be,  as  the  stone  Wiis 
iiucuri-d  from  Aberdeen  insr.ead  of  the  neighbourhood  of 
(.limburgh,  and  gravel  would  have  served  for  the  concrete 
"If to  11  quite  :i3  well  a-s  t!ie  more  expensive  macadamized 
'■•ue.  in  conchision,  I  consider  that  the  experiment 
Aliich,  tlu'ough  the  tiljerality  and  public  spirit  of  the  road 
.  I  uslees.  1  liavo  been  permitted  to  make  ou  this  important 
subject,  has  been  successftll — the  road  having  sustained  the 
traffic  on  George  IV.  bridge  without  a  stone  being  moved 
for  twelve  months,  and  tliat  it  only  requires  further  e.^- 
perieuce  in  the  manipulation  ,and  L-iying  down  of  the  con- 
crete to  accomplisli  all  that  I  anticipated  from  this  new 
mode  of  road-making. 

Since  the  date  of  this  report,  Messrs.  AVylie  and 
Slight,  engineers  in  Kdinburgh,  have  been  good 
enough  to  make  experiments,  which  show  that  the 
new  ro.ad  possesses  another  advantage  over  the  old. 
It  was  natural  to  anticipate  that,  from  the  superior 
evenness  and  solidity  of  the  new  road,  the  traction 
would  be  less  upon  it  than  on  common  roads,  and 
these  gentlemen  have  found  that  the  traction  ou 
the  concrete  road  of  a  waggon  2  tons  in  weight, 
.gainst  a  gradient  of  1  in  SO,  was  701b. ;  while,  on 
common  macadamized  road  of  the  same  grade, 
ot  aud  muddy,  was  IJOlb  ,  or  double  that  ou  the 
'ucrete  road.  On  a  road  with  wheel  tracks 
through  new  metal  it  was  3401b.,  and  on  a  road 
newly  covered  with  metal  5601b.  The  gradients 
of  these  several  roads  were  1  in  SO. 

The  experiments  are  to  be  further  prosecuted, 
as  the  dynamometer  got  injured,  and  I  have  every 
■  >nfidence  that  they  will  establish  the  very  great 
tperiority  of  the  new  road  as  regards  traction — a 
circumstance  affecting  the  preservation  of  horses 
and  carriages  and  the  comfort  of  travelling.  Many 
experiments  will  yet  have  to  be  made  before  the 
merits  of  the  new  roatl  and  pavement  can  be  held 
to  have  been  conclusively  tested.  In  particular,  it 
'\  ill  be  necessary  to  have  an  experiment  on  a  large 
-ale  before  the  cost  of  construction  and  main- 
tenance of  the  new  road  can  fairly  be  put  in  com- 
parison with  the  cost  of  construction  and  main- 
tenance of  the  roads  now  in  use.  But,  in  the 
meantime,  as  far  as  my  experience  has  gone,  I  feel 
entitled  to  sum  up  the  advantige  of  the  new 
roadway  over  the  old  in  the  four  following  propo- 
-itions,  viz. : — First,  the  tear  aud  wear  are  less  on 
the  new  road  than  on  the  old  ;  second,  the  cost 
and  annoyance  of  repairs  are  less ;  third,  the  mud 
and  dust  are  a  minimum  quantity,  and  there 
is  superior  cleanliness ;  fourth,  the  traction  is  less, 
as  has  already  been  proved. 

It  must  be  observed,  however,  that  the  entire 
ffficiency  of  this  mode  of  roadmaking  depends  ou 
the  (juality  of  cement,  which  should  be  the  best 
Portland  cement,  tested  to  bear  a  t.nsile  strain  of 
oOOlb.  to  6001b.  on  a  bar  l^in.  square.  Time,  after 
the  road  is  made,  is  a  great  element  of  efficiency, 
as  the  hardness  of  the  concrete  gradually  doubles 
in  the  course  of  twelve  months  ;  but  further  ex- 
periments are  necessary  to  determine  the  precise 
time  the  road  should  be  left  for  consolidation  be- 
fore it  is  opened  for  tratHc ;  a  month  I  found  t]^uite 
sufKcient  in  Edinburgh. 


vision  of  dwelling-houses,  making  and  keeping  in 
repair  of  roads  and  streets,  effecting  public  im- 
provements and  directing  private  improvements, 
water  supply,  public  and,  where  necessary,  pri- 
v.ate  lighting,  estiiblishment  a'  d  superintendence 
of  markets,  supervisitm  of  food,  providing  baths 
and  wash  houses,  and  public  recreation  grounds 
and  burial  grounds.  To  accomplish  these  objects, 
an  entire  reconstruction  and  consolidation  of 
existing  statutes  was  essential,  and  all  powers  re- 
garding public  health  intrusted  to  boards  of 
guardians,  &c.,  sh<ndd  be  abrogated.  A  general 
system  was  required,  under  which  it  would  be 
impossible  that  defects  should  be  unrecognized, 
and  no  stejis  taken  to  ])rovide  a  remedy.  A 
Ministry  of  Health,  the  chief  having  a  seat  in  Par- 
liament, to  which  he  would  be  responsible,  and  a 
Board  (engineering  and  medical),  directing  local 
works,  .and  to  which  every  medical  officer  of  health 
would  be  responsible,  acting  also  aa  a  court  of 
appeal  in  the  cases  to  be  hereafter  noted  would 
give  intelligent  action  to  sanitary  legislation 
throughout  all  the  districts  of  the  kingdom. 
Medical  officers  of  health  whose  whole  time  should 
be  devoted  to  the  duties  of  their  office,  nominated 
by  the  Health  Ministry,  but  with  salaries  paid  by 
the  districts  to  which  they  were  respectively  ap- 
pointed— would  form  part  of  the  Ministry  of  Public 
Health,  furnish  reports  to  it  of  the  sanitary  con- 
dition of  their  districts,  and  thus  secure  the  objects 
coutempl.ated  by  the  Sanitary  Act,  1866.  There  were 
other  matte rsconnected  with  medical  jurisprudence 
which  would  be  taken  cognizance  of  by  the  Health 
Ministry,  the  officers  of  health  being  the  recognized 
authority  to  examine  into  and  give  evidence 
respecting  any  case  of  death  which  demanded 
medical  inquiry.  The  pressing  difficulty  was  to 
reconcile  effective,  vigorous,  and  coercive  central 
action  witli  local  independence.  What  was  at 
present  required  in  order  to  secure  efficiency  and 
uniformity  in  the  working  of  the  sanitary  law 
throughout  the  kingdom,  was  iheir  consolidation 
and  the  adoption  of  means  to  enforce  them. 


SANITARY  LEGISLATION. 

ASUGGESTI 7E  paper  on  the  important  sub- 
ject of  health  legislation  was  read  the  other 
day  at  one  of  the  sections  of  the  Social  Science 
Congress.  The  writer,  Mr.  \V.  H.  Mitchell,  as- 
sumed 1st,  that  a  uniform  system  of  health  legis- 
lation should  apply  to  all  parts  of  England  and 
Wales ;  2nd,  that  this  system  should  be  com- 
pulsory;  3rd,  that  a  central  body  (Ministry  of 
Public  Health)  should  be  established  iu  all  oases 
to  direct  local  action,  and  to  act  as  a  court  of  ap 
peal ;  4th,  that  all  local  power  should  be  vested 
in  one  local  authority  ;  5th,  that  the  whole  of  the 
kingdom  should  be  divided  into  districts,  each  dis- 
trict under  the  control  of  one  local  authority ; 
6th,  that  each  local  authority  should  have  attached 
to  it  a  medical  officer  of  health.  The  objects  of 
health  legislation  should  comprise  the  prevention 
and  removal  of  nuisances,  the  regulation  and  super- 


^niMug  |ntclligeiite. 


OHimOHES  AND   CHAPELS. 

The  parish  church  of  Heytesbury,  in  Wiltshire, 
has  been  restored  at  an  expense  of  £6  000.  In 
restoring  it,  many  architectural  beauties  have  been 
brought  to  light  ;  the  church  is  a  cruciform  in 
structure,  chiefly  of  Early  English  architecture. 
On  the  14th  ult.,  the  church  of  All  Saints, 
Baden-Baden,  was  solemnly  opened  by  the  Arch- 
bishop of  Armagh.  Towards  the  erection  of  the 
church  the  Prince  of  Wales  has  given  l,000f. ;  M. 
Benazet,  keeper  of  the  "  hell,".  2,000f. ;  the  King 
of  Holland,  lOOf.  The  Queen  of  Prussia  has  also 
contributed  liberally;  and  the  Crown  Princess 
prom  sea  a  fount.  A  stained  glass  window,  from 
the  designs  of  Lady  Loftus,  has  been  given  by 
her  husband.  The  site  was  the  gift  of  tlie  town, 
and  also  a  sum  of  2,000  florins. 

A  new  Wesleyan  chapel  is  being  built  at  Blyth. 
The  Classical  style  has  been  adopted,  and  the 
building  will  be  65ft.  long  by  51ft.  wide,  with  a 
central  projection  of  Oft.  at  either  end.  The  con- 
tract for  the  whole  of  the  works  has  been  let  to 
Mr.  Wm.  Middleton,  of  Blyth  ;  and  Mr.  F.  R. 
N.  Haswell,  of  North  Shields,  is  the  architect. 

Anew  Independent  chapel  has  ju.st  been  erected 
at  Holyhead.  It  is  one  of  the  neatest  in  the  prin- 
cipality. It  measures  46ft.  by  37.Ut.  Mr.  Thomas, 
of  Glandor,  is  the  architect. 

The  foundation  stone  of  a  New  Primitive  Me- 
thodist chapel  was  laid  in  Clifford-street,  Hereford, 
last  week.  The  architect  is  Mr.  T.  Davies,  of 
Hereford  ;  and  the  contractor,  Mr.  CoUey,  also  of 
Hereford. 

The  Roman  Catholic  church.  South  Parade, 
Bath,  was  completed  on  Tuesday  with  the  excep- 
tion of  fixing  the  cross  on  the  spire.  The  height 
of  the  tower  and  spire  to  the  summit  of  the  cross 
will  be  23uft.,  making  it  the  most  lofty  edifice  in 
the  city. 

Camberwell, — The  land  on  which  Christ 
Church  stands  being  required  by  the  South  Metro- 
politan Gas  Company,  the  site  and  building  have 
been  purchased  for  the  sum  of  £6,000.  The 
foundation  stone  of  a  new  church  to  be  erected  in 
the  Old  Kent-road  was  laid  last  week.  It  will  be 
a  brick  structure,  with  dressings  of  yellow  and  blue 
Bath  stone,  the  style  being  Early  French  Gothic. 
1  Mr.  Bassett  Keeling,  of  Gray's  Inn,  is  the  architect. 


EniNBUUGH. — Hope  Park  United  Presbyterian 
Church  was  opened  last  week.  Messrs.  Peddie 
and  Kinnear  are  the  architects,  and  the  style  they 
have  adopted  for  the  structure  may  bo  de- 
scribed as  the  Lombardo- Venetian.  Internally  the 
'  hurch  consists  of  a  nave  about  73ft.  in  length 
and  3i)ft.  wide.  On  eithorside  is  a  transept  about 
52ft.  in  width,  divided  into  three  portions  by  iron 
columns  whicli  rise  from  the  floor  to  the  roof,  and 
supporting  the  roof  through  the  intervention  of 
an  arched  timber  frame  resting  upon  the  columns, 
the  space  between  the  columns  corresponding  with 
the  three  gables  outside.  There  is  accommoda- 
tion for  1,050  sitters,  and  the  whole  cost  is  esti- 
mated at  about  ■•£6,500.  Messrs.  W.  and  D. 
M'Gregor,  masons,  were  the  contractors. 

Ireland. — Anew  Catholic  church  is  to  be  erected 
at  Monkstown,  Co.  Cork.  The  expense  will 
bo  about  £2,500,  The  designs  have  been  sup- 
plied by  Messrs.  Pugin  and  Ashlin. — A  new  Pres- 
byterian church  at  Magherafelt,  Co.  London- 
derry, was  opened  for  service  on  the  22nd.  ult. 
The  buikling  will  accommodate  about  400.  The 
cost  will  be  £1,600.— The  Wesleyan  Methodist 
chapel  for  some  time  in  course  of  erection 
between  Passage  and  Glenbrook,  Cork,  has  been 
opened.  It  is  in  the  Gothic  style,  and  is 
built  of  brown  stone,  with  limestone  dressings. 
Mr.  R.  Walker,  jun.,  was  the  architect  and  con- 
tractor. 

Lincoln  Cathedral. — The  Dean  and  Chapter 
of  Lincoln,  .says  the  'limes,  have  undertaken  the 
restoration  of  the  beautiful  woodvork  of  the 
choir  of  their  cathedral,  considered  by  Pugin  to 
be  unrivalled  both  for  variety  of  design  and  for 
accuracy  of  workmanship.  One  portion  on  the 
south  side  is  completed,  and  the  change  effected 
by  the  removal  of  the  ugly  high  pew  fronts  that 
had  been  added  to  the  old  stalls  and  benches  is 
marvellous,  and  makes  one  anxious  to  see  the 
improvement  carried  on  through  the  whole  choir. 
The  work  has  been  entrusted  to  Messrs.  Rattee 
and  Kctt,  of  Cambridge,  who  have  done  their 
part  so  well  that  it  requires  a  most  practised  eye 
to  distinguish  the  new  carving  from  the  old.  The 
present  Chapter  has  entirely  suspended  the  scraping 
of  the  exterior  stonework,  which  caused  such 
severe  animadversion  sometime  since,  and  has  em- 
ployed the  funds  at  his  disposal  in  a  more  legiti- 
mate manner,  in  the  careful  rebuilding  of  the  pin. 
naclea  of  the  western  towers,  which  had  become  so 
decayed  as  to  be  in  danger  of  falling.  The  tesse- 
lated  Roman  pavement,  discovered  some  years 
since  in  the  cloister,  and  which  had  been  almost 
destroyed  by  damp,  is  being  removed  to  a  place  of 
greater  safety,  and  the  hideous  red  brick  shed 
which  covered  it  is  about  to  be  pnlled  down. 

Sparkerook. — Christ  Church  was  consecrated 
on  Tuesday  by  the  Bishop  of  Worcester.  It  is 
constructed  of  Hampstead  stone,  with  Bath  stone 
dressings,  and  in  the  Early  English  Decorated 
style.  The  dimensions  of  the  nave  are  104ft.  by 
56ft.,  and  of  the  chancel  28ft.  by  20ft.,  and  there 
are  north  and  south  aisles.  The  capitals  of  the 
pillars  of  the  have  have  been  richly  carved.  The 
roof  is  of  open  timber,  and  the  distance  from  the 
floor  is  about  50ft.  Open  benches  have  been 
erected  on  the  floor,  and  provision  has  been  made 
for  the  erection  of  a  west  gallery  in  the  event  of 
further  aecommodatiou  being  required  for  the  con- 
gregation, and  the  church  will  at  present  accommo- 
date about  890  persons.  The  architects  were 
Messrs.  Medland,Maberly  and  Medland,  of  London 
and  Gloucester  ;  and  the  work  was  executed  by 
Messrs.  Briggsand  Son,  of  Birmingham.  The  es- 
timated cost  of  the  building  is  about  £8,000. 

BUILDINGS. 

It  is  announced  that  a  gentleman  well  known  in 
the  commercial  circles  has  recently  invested,  in 
the  names  of  trustees,  the  princely  sum  of 
£250,000,  for  the  purpose  of  founding  a  convales- 
cent hospital  in  the  metropolis.  The  plans  for 
the  building  have  been  entrusted  to  Mr.  Dale,  of 
New  Inn. 

The  opening  of  the  new  national  schools  at 
Newnham,  Gloucestershire,  was  celebrated  last 
week.  The  schools  were  designed  by  Messrs. 
Medland  and  Maberly,  of  Gloucester ;  and  built  by 
Mr.  James  Coleman,  of  ChaxhUl. 

The  new  Theatre  Royal,  Leeds,  which  has  been 
designed  by  Messrs.  Thomas  More  and  Sons,  ar- 
chitects, Sunderland,  was  opened  on  Monday.  The 
front  of  the  building  is  in  the  Italian  style,  .and 
the  house  will  accoinmodateabout  2,500  persons, 
and  has  cast  from  £1.5,000  to  £20,000.  The  new 
theatre  at  Doncaster,  mentioned  by  us  a  fort- 
night ago,  is  by  the  same  architects. 


692 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


October  4,  1867. 


A  building  rf  six  stor'  ys  hasbeen  erected  at  127, 
Aldersgate-fctreet,  partly  on  the  site  of  the  old 
candle  factory.  The  owners  of  the  building  are 
Messrs.  Tubbs  and  Lewis,  and  the  occupiers  will 
be  a  firm  of  wholesale  druggists  of  long  standing, 
The  architect  was  Mr.  AV.  Smith.  Copthall-court, 
and  the  builder  Mr.  Henshaw.  The  premises.  No. 
125,  Aldersgate-street,  belonging  to  the  same  land- 
lords, have  been  adapted  so  as  to  give  additional 
accommodation  to  the  same  firm.  This  work  has 
been  carried  out  by  Messrs.  Sewell  and  Sou.  A 
six-storey  warehou.se  has  been  erected  on  the  site 
of  three  old  houses  at  the  back,  by  the  same  ar- 
chitect, and  for  the  same  owners  (Messrs.  Tubbs 
and  Lewis). 

A  grammar  school,  at  Brewocd,  eight  miles  from 
Wolverhampton,  was  opened  on  Friday  last.  The 
plans  were  prepared  by  the  late  Mr.  Edward  Banks, 
architect,  but  were  carried  out  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Mr,  Bedlake,  his  successor.  Neither  the 
first  architect  nor  the  builder,  the  late  Mr. 
J.  P.  Palmer,  lived  to  see  the  building  completed. 

EiEMiNOHAii. — The  town  council  intend  enlarg- 
ing the  lunatic  asylum  to  admit  ninety  patients 
of  each  sex,  making  the  total  accommodation  for 
810  patients.  The  estimate'd  cost  of  the  proposed 
extension  is  about  ±'10,000,  or  £50  per  patient. 
The  asylum  was  built  alout  seventeen  years 
ago,  at  a  cost  of  £74,000,  including  laud  for  the 
accommodation  of  300  patients. 

Bradford. — The  suggestion  as  to  the  placing  of 
the  new  town  hall  on  the  Bowling-green  site,  finds 
increasing  favour  with  the  people  of  Bradford,  and 
a  lithographed  plan  has  been  prepared  and  exten- 
sively circulated,  showing  the  adv.Tntage3  of  the 
site  over  that  advocated  by  the  committee  of  the 
town  council. 

Faikwater. — On  Tuesday,  the  Rev.  David 
Thomas,  of  Highbury  Chapel,  Bristol,  laid  the 
foundation  stone  of  a  new  college  at  Fairwater, 
about  a  mile  from  Taunton.  The  new  collega 
will  accommodate  200  pupils,  althouLjh  dormitories 
will  be  arranged  in  the  first  instance  for  150  only. 
The  style  of  the  new  building  will  be  Tudor  Gothic, 
and  it  is  estimated  to  cost  £10,500.  The  cost  of 
the  land,  £6,000  ;  Httiugs  and  extras  (including  the 
alteration  of  Fairwater  House,  as  a  residence  for 
the  master) .  will  make  the  total  expenditure  nearly 
£20,000.  The  college  front  will  extend  220ft., 
with  a  tower  in  the  centre  106ft.  in  height.  The 
principal  school-room  and  dining-hall,  each  60ft.  by 
20ft.,  will  occupy  nearly  the  whole  space  on  the 
ground  floor  on  each  side.  There  will  i  e  extensive 
playground.?,  a  bathing  place,  and  all  the  modern 
appliances  for  warming,  ventilation,  &c.  The  ar- 
chitect is  Mr.  Joseph  James,  of  London ;  the 
builder,  Mr.  H.  DavLs,  Taunton. 

Ireland. — The  erection  of  new  premises  in 
College  green,  Dublin,  at  corner  of  Foster-place, 
for  the  London  and  Liverpool  and  Globe  Insurance 
Companies  has  been  commenced  by  the  contractors 
Messrs.  Cockburn  and  Sons.  The  cost  will  be 
£6,300. — New  offices  and  residences  are  being 
built  at  Valentia,  Co.  Kerry,  for  the  Atlantic 
Telegraph  Company,  at  a  cost  of  14,700.  Messrs. 
Ryan  and  Son,  of  Limerick,  are  the  contractors. — 
The  restoration  and  new  chauntry  at  Fore,  Co. 
Westmeath,  for  Lady  Rosa  Greville,  are  nearing 
completion.  The  architects  are  the  Messrs.  Pugin 
and  Ashlin  ;  and  Messrs  Sibthorpe  and  Son,  of 
Great  Brunswick-street,  are  executing  the  con- 
tract. 

Wolverhampton. — New  infectious  wards  have 
been  erected  at  the  Union  workhouse  for  the  ac- 
commodation of  two  classes  of  patients.  The 
building  consists  of  two  males  and  two  female 
wards,  each  30  ft.  by  20ft.,  and  12ft.  high,  pro- 
viding accommodation  for  seven  beds  in  each  ward, 
with  an  allowance  of  1,030  cubic  feet  for  each  bed. 
A  separate  stone  .staircase  is  provided  for  each  pair 
of  wards,  and  on  ihe  ground  floor  is  a  kitchen, 
with  nurses'  room  above.  The  wards  are  lighted 
and  ventilated  by  sash  windows  on  each  side,  and 
also  by  air  bricks  in  the  lower  and  upper  parts  of 
the  walls,  covered  with  perforated  zinc,  and  each 
having  a  sliding  shutter.  In  each  ward  is  fixed 
one  of  Galton's  patent  ventil.ating  warm  air  grates, 
provided-  by  Messrs.  Kennard,  of  Upper  Thames- 
street,  London.  Proper  lavatories,  baths,  and 
waterclosets  are  attached  to  each  ward,  and  on  the 
outside  are  four  airing  yards  having  the  access  to 
each  arranged  so  that  no  communication  takes 
place  betwixt  the  difierent  classes  of  patients 
The  whole  of  the  works  have  been  carried  out  by 
Mr.  S.  Thompson,  builder,  at  an  expense  of  £7S0, 
from  plans  and  under  the  superintendence  of  Mr. 
J.   R.  Veall,  architect. 


TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 

NOTICE.— On  and  after  the  11th  October  next,  the 
"BUILDING  NEWS"  will  be  Pablisbed  at  the  New 
Offices  SI,  TAVISTOCK  STREET,  COVENT  GARDEN, 
W.C. 

To  Our  Readers.— We  shall  feel  obliged  to  any  of  our 
readers  who  ^vill  favoiu:  us  with  brief  notes  of  works  con- 
templated or  in  progress  in  the  provinces. 

Letters  relating  to  advertisements  and  the  ordinary  busi- 
ness of  the  paper  should  be  addressed  to  the  Editor,  166, 
Fleet-street,  Advertisements  for  the  ciUTent  week  must 
reach  the  office  before  5  o'clock  p,  m.  on  Thursday. 

Notice.— The  BUILDING  NEWS  inserts  advertise- 
ments for  "  SITUATIONS  WA-NTED,"  iic,  at  ONE 
SHILLING  for  the  first  Twenty  four  Words. 

Received.— G.  T.— R.  S.,  New  Zeal.and. -D.  R,  W.— 
G.  A.  C— W.  O.  C— C.  L.— T.  M.— B.  W.  P.— J.  A.  M  — 
a.  W.  H.— T.  E,S.-G.  G,  S.-E.  W.  P.-J.  N.— W.  R.  H,, 
send  the  sketch —G.  B.— G.  H.  G.— J.  L.— W.  D.  G.— 
T.  M.— A.  C— T.  G.— W.  O.  L.— J.  C— S.  M. 


Corrcspiikiice. 


produced  without  admitting  that  the  correspond- 
ence with  my  father  regarding  the  Houses  of 
Parliament,  which  extended  over  a  period  of 
seventeen  years,  has  been  destroyed,  and  that 
for  the  purpose  of  concealing  the  actual  facts. — 
I  am,  &c.,  E.  Welbt  Pogih. 

The  Grange,  Ramsgate,  September  30. 


PUGIN  11.  BARRY. 

To  the  Editor  of  the  BuiLDWa  News. 

Sir, — As  both  yourself  and  the  Timvs  have  per 
mitted  a  third  Barry  to  enter  the  lists  against 
me,  I  trust  to  your  impartiality  to  allow  me  a  few 
final  words  in  answer  to  his  extraordinary  state- 
ment and  challenge. 

He  asks,  in  a  tone  unbefitting  his  cloth,  on  the 
authority  of  an  anonymous  writer,  if  I  do  not 
know  that  his  father's  letters  t  j  mine  belong  by 
law  as  much  to  Sir  Charles  Barry  as  to  my  father 
or  me  ;  and  implies — nay,  asserts — that  he  did 
quite  right  to  get  them  from  me  under  any  pre. 
text,  as  also  to  break  his  promise  to  return  them. 

I  answer  that  I  know  nothing  of  the  kind.  On 
the  contrary,  I  am  assured  by  those  who  have 
much  more  legal  experience  than  either  I  or  Dr. 
Alfred  Barry,  that  the  receiver  of  letters  has  the 
entire  right  to  keep  them,  and  has  never  been 
restrained  by  injunction  from  making  any  buna 
Jide  use  of  them,  either  to  defend  a  claim,  or  to 
vindicate  his  reputation,  as  is  done  every  day, 
though  he  has  not  such  a  "  literary  ownership  "  as 
will  enable  him  to  publish  them  if  the  sender  or 
his  executors  re-'use  to  allow  it,  which  in  this 
instance  would  only  be  equivalent  to  the  Barrys 
admitting  that  they  are  fatal  to  their  case. 

But  suppose  they  are  joint  property  ;  does  the 
Rev.  Alfred  Barry,  D.D.,  mean  to  teach  his 
pupils  and  the  world  the  d'Ctrine  that  one  joint 
owner  may  lawfully  or  honestly — not  to  say 
honourably — and  with  any  chance  of  ever  being 
believed  again,  borrow  the  joint  property,  under 
a  solemn  and  repeated  promise  to  restore  it  imme- 
diately, and  theu  either  destroy  or  keep  it  for  his 
own  exclusive  use  ? 

He  says  I  did  not  venture  to  make  this  claim 
during  his  father's  lifetime.  It  suits  htm  to  for- 
get that  I  showed  the  direct  contrary  in  my  first 
letter  in  the  Times  of  the  7th.  I  have  said  else- 
where that  I  do  not  claim  for  my  father  the 
making  of  the  ground  plan  of  the  building,  and 
therefore  it  is  to  no  purpose  to  offer  to  dispute  that. 

Notwithstanding  his  ostentatious  demand  that 
every  document  should  be  referred  to  a  committee 
of  architects,  and  saying  tliat  he  writes  because 
he  has  his  father's  diaries,  &c.,  Dr.  Alfred  Barry, 
like  his  brothers,  carefully  avoids  either  confessing 
or  denying  whether  the  "  &c."  includes  the  76 
letters  in  question.  And  then  he  accuses  me  of 
wanting  to  garble  the  evidence — aprettyaccusation, 
truly,  from  the  sou  of  the  man  who  has  undoubtedly 
destroyed  one  half  of  the  correspondence  between 
Sir  Charles  Barry  .and  my  father  (which,  accord- 
ing to  the  law  of  the  Barrys,  w.is  as  much  my 
father's  property  as  his),  and  of  whom  it  is  not 
yet  denied  that  he  destroyed  the  other  half,  but 
quite  certain  that  he  broke  his  promise  to  restore 
it,  and  that  his  sons  mean  to  do  likewise  if 
they  can. 

If  the  Barrys  were  unable  to  defend  their  case 
by  fair  argument,  drawu  from  facts,  they  surely 
could  have  given  their  instructii  ns  of  "  no  case 
for  the  defendant ;  blacken  the  plaintifTs  and  his 
witness's  characters;"  and  have  had  the  part  of 
the  Old  Bailey  lawyer  played  with  greater 
decency,  if  not  so  eft'ectively,  by  another  than 
their  rev.  brother.  But  in  the  midst  of  all  this 
uncertainty  one  thing  is  evident — viz.,  that  if  my 
father's  letters  have  been  destroy  ed,  the  pro- 
mised life  of  Sir  Charles  Barry — should  it  contain 


SIR  CHARLES  BARRY'S  'WORKS. 

Sir, — In  reply  to  Mr.  C.  Barnett,  I  believe  the 
Gothic  wo'ks  of  Sir  C.  Barry,  in  addition  to  those 
mentioned  in  my  letter  of  September  20,  were 
these  :— St,  Peter's,  River-lane,  Islington  ;  Hurst- 
pierpoint,  Sussex— the  latter  in  the  Middle 
Pointed  style  ;  a  Unitarian  chapel  at  Manchester, 
First  P- inted,  completed  1S40;  the  parish  church 
of  Stoke  Newingtou ;  a  church  at  Highgate, 
the  name  of  which  I  forget;  and  King  Ed- 
ward's Grammar  School,  Birmingham,  in  the  Per- 
pendicular style,  commenced  1832,  completed 
1837.  It  is  worth  while  carefully  to  note  a  passage 
in  the  paper  read  before  the  Institute,  by  Mr. 
M.  Digby  Wyatt,  May,  1860,  to  this  effect:— 
"  The  study  bestowed  by  Barry  upon  the  working 
out  of  this  building  (the  schools),  and  conse- 
quently on  the  Tudor  style  generally,  be  found  of 
the  greatest  possible  service  to  him,  when  sub- 
sequently (?)  called  upon  for  the  Houses  of 
Parliament  competition.  It  was  about  the  period 
of  the  completion  of  the  Birmingham  Schools  that  ^ 
Barry  Ijecame  acquainted  with  Welby  Pugin,  | 
whose  talents  he  greatly  admired."  It  was 
1835  that  Pugin  was  employed  iiy  Sir  Charles  on  | 
the  competition,  and  anyone  who  examines  the! 
Gothic  works  above  named  wUl  perceive  ths'l 
source  whence  the  supposed  architect  of  tte| 
Houses  drew  his  insp  ration.  If  positive  proof  i 
absent  we  must  fall  back  upon  analogous  reason^ 
ing. — lam,  &c.,  J-  A.  H. 

HAYLING-  COMPETITION. 

Sir, — In  the  article  on  the  Hayling  competition! 
in  your  paper  of  the  27th  ult.,  you  say—'-  Wemaf  I 
here  ask,  in  reference  to  the  selection,  why  thel 
plan  of  allowing  every  competitor  to  vote  for  thosel 
designs  he  thought  entitled  to  be  premiated  wasl 
set  aside  ?  and  we  ask  this,  not  from  any  desire  t«l 
undervalue  the  decision  arrived  at,  but  simplyl 
from  our  inability  to  discover  the  abandonment  ot\ 
a  mode  of  selection  approved  of  generally  as  f»ult.| 
less." 

The  objections  raised  at  the  meeting  of  thel 
competitors,  and  in  consequence  of  which  it  waal 
unanimously  voted  that  the  decision  should  "— 
left  to  Mr.  Longcroft,  were  as  follows: — 

1st.  That  there  were,  in  some  cases,  two  or  IB« 
designs  sent  in  under  different   mottoes,  but  ey 
dently  prepared  by  the  same  competitor,  in  whia 
case  to  give  him  a  vote  for  each  would  be  unfair  tsl 
the  others.  ^1 

2nd.  That  there  was  no  possible  means  to  p*! 
vent   collusijn  among  the  competitors   so   that 
few,   by   combining    together,   could   divide  the| 
premiums  among  themselves. 

3rd.  Each  competitor    being   entitled  to   voU^-l 
however  rough  or  absurd  his  plans  might  be,  thetf 
could  be   no   restriction   to   the   manufacture  "' 
votes  by  sending  a  number  of  designs  and  havi 
nominees  to  represent  them. 

4th.  As  a  competitor  could  not  vote  for  hin      __^ 
every  vote  he  gave  to  a  good  design  would  damage  i . 
the  chance  of  his  own,  and  it  would  therefore  be 
for  his  interest  to  vote  for  those  which  he  might 
consider  the  most  unlikely  to  be  voted  for  by  others. 

1  think  you  will  agree  with  the  decision  of 
the  meeting  that  these  reasons  were  sutficitnt  to 
prove  that  the  scheme,  though  evidently  proposed 
in  the  most  impartial  spirit,  was  bad  in  principle, 
as  opening  so  many  ways  to  unfairness,  and  that  it 
could  not  be  depended  on  to  secure  the  award  to 
the  best  designs. — I  am,  &c., 

A.  G.  Hennell. 

22,  Southampton-buUdings,  Chancery-lane, 
W.C,  September  30. 


your  readers.     -    — j    --^ —    .- 

J     designs  were   selected  by  a  sub-committee  oi  the 

any  other  correspondence  whatsoever — cannot  be  <  council  on   the   14th   of  August,  and  that  four 


THE   MANCSESTER   NEW  TOWN   EALIi 
COMPETITION. 

Sir, — Some  three  weeks  ago  you  gave  inser- 
tion to  a  letter  of  mine  containing  an 
analysis  of  the  published  reports  of  the  Man- 
chester New  Town  Hall  Competition.  Having 
this  week  visited  the  exhibition  or  the  designs,  it 
has  occurred  to  me  that  some  further  information 
on  the  subject  may  prove  interesting  to  many  of 
I   may  repeat  that  eleven  sets  of 


OCTOBEK   4,    1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


693 


set8  were  added  to  the  list  on  the  20th  of  August. 
I  give  the  numbei-s  o£  the  dfteen,  as  follows,  dis- 
tinguUliiug   those  premiated,  exhibited,  and   not 

exliibitiJ,  viz.  : — 

Selected  August  14. 

14.  Not  exhibited. 
46.  Premiated. 
,  ,        67.  Ditto. 
t|        74.  Ditto. 

90.  Messrs.  Hayley  and  Dawes,  Manchester 
(Exhibited). 

9S.  Premiated. 
115.  Messrs.  Blackwell,  Son,  and  Booth,  Man- 
chester (Exhibited). 
120.  Premiated. 
129.  Not  exhibited. 
131.  Ditto. 
143.  Ditto. 

Added  August  20. 

26.  J.  Hibbert,  Preston  (Exhibited). 
42.  Thos.  Allom,  Surrey  (Exhibited). 
65.  Premiated. 
89.  Ditto. 

The  design  recommended  by  Mr.  Godwin,  but 
fouud  to  be  disqualiaed,  is  also  exhibited,  viz , 
No.  S2,  by  Mr.  John  Robinson,  of  London.  It 
will  thus  be  seen  that  four  sets  of  drawings,  the 
n.'lei^ii'jn  of  the  sub-committee,  and  one  set 
selected  by  Mr.  Godwin,  are  amongst  the  designs 
eihi  ited.  It  is  much  to  be  regretted  that  Mr. 
ii  ibiuson'a  very  defective  plans  caused  his  exclu- 
'.iin  from  the  dnal  competition;  his  most  artistic 
and  beautiful  drawings  are  not  surpassed  by  any 
ia  the  exhibition.  Another  fact  learned  from  the 
exhibitiiin  is  that  of  the  fifteen  sets  of  designs 
selected  by  the  sub-committee,  sis  at  least  were 
by  Manchester  architects.  I  say  "  at  least,"  for 
u  four  sets  of  the  eight  rejected  are  not  ex- 
hibited, it  is  just  possible  that  more  than  six  may 
have  been  by  Manchester  men. 

It  was  fondly  hoped  by  many  that  the  Man- 
chester Town  Hall  competition  would  have 
opened  a  new  era  in  these  affairs ;  but,  alas  ! 
"  Ho[)e  told  a  flattering  tale  !  "  It  seems  to  be 
impossible  for  an  architectural  competition  to  be 
anything  but  a  "  delusion  and  a  snare ;"  and 
Ptinch's  advice  to  people  about  to  marry  may  be 
judiciously  given  to  architects  about  to  compete 
—"Don't!" — I  am,  &c.,  B.  B. 


Sir, — I  o'lserve  that  some  of  the  additional 
provisoes  of  the  "  final  instructions"  are  identical 
with  certain  specific  features  of  my  plan  inter 
oJtffl.  "  The  spacious  staircase  at  the  Cooper-street 
end,"  important  externally  and  internally  in  my 
design,  "convenient  means  of  approach  for 
hand  carts  to  the  basement,"  "cart  entrance  in 
Lloyd-street,"  "separate  staircases  to  parts  of 
basement  in  connection  with  offices  above,"  and 
even  to  the  provisions  of  "housemaids'  rooms" 
and  "lifts  for  coal." — I  am,  <ic., 

James  Hibbert. 

19,  Fishergate,  Preston,  September  2S. 

[We  have,  as  it  might  have  been  supposed, 
received  a  great  many  letters  on  this  competition, 
and  they  all  join  in  a  general  chorus  of  condemna- 
tion of  the  local  council  and  the  London  referee. 
\Ve  recollect  no  instance  wherein  so  much  iil-feel- 
ing— we  may  say,  exasperation — has  been  pro- 
duced. The  letters  we  have  received  come  from 
competitors  and  disinterested  lookers-on.  All  the 
letters  agree  on  two  points,  viz.,  that  all  the 
designs  should  have  been  exhibited,  or  none ;  and 
that  the  referee  committed  an  unpardonable  blun- 
der in  not  selecting  twelve  competitors  for  the 
Srat  competition,  as  originally  arranged  by  the 
town  council.  We  have  seen  copies  of  indignant 
protests  sent  into  the  council,  which  ought,  by 
right,  to  be  made  public.  If  they  were  published, 
town  councils  would,  no  doubt,  be  more  cautious 
in  future  in  the  selection  of  referees  in  such 
mattera.— Ed.  B.  N.] 


phenomena  observed.  He  considers  that  in  the 
whispering  galleryof  St.  Paul's,  for  example,  the 
wave  of  sound  is  conducted  along  the  wall,  and 
that  the  louder  sound  heard  at  a  point  exactly 
opposite  the  speaker  is  due  to  the  coincidence  at 
that  point  of  two  streams  of  sound  which  have 
travelled  along  the  wall  in  opposite  directions 
Consult,  for  a  further  account,  Weales'  rudi- 
mentary treatise  on  "Acoustics,"  page  27,  and 
Mr.  Scott  Russell's  lecture  reported  in  BuiLDlNU 
News  of  November  and  December,  1858. — I  am, 
&c.,  T.  EOGER  Smith. 


DAETON  CHURCH  EESTOKATION. 

SiK,  — ■  Being  personally  referred  to  by 
"  P.  Q  P.  y.,"  in  your  last  week's  publication,  as 
the  architect  in  charge  of  the  above  restoration, 
I  trust  to  your  indulgence  for  a  word  ia  reply,  and 
to  assert,  as  I  am  happy  in  being  able  to  do,  the 
most  unqualilied  contradiction  of  the  unfounded 
censures  contained  in  your  correspondent's  com- 
munication. Itisscarcely  possible  that  "P.  Q  P.  V." 
can  have  seen  for  himself  the  work  of  restoration 
now  in  progress  at  Darton,  or  that  fiom  personal 
observation  he  can  be  at  all  acquainted  with  the 
structure. 

The  exterior  walls,  which  originally  presented 
a  face  of  sandstone  ashlar,  have  su'  sequently 
received  successive  coatings  of  lime  and  colour- 
wash, and  at  a  later  period  have  been  further 
covered  with  a  thick  plaster  of  lime  and  hair.  This 
excrescence  is  now  being  removed  as  far  as  the 
resources  will  admit ;  but  every  care  is  taken,  not 
only  to  assimilate  the  random  chisel  marks  to  the 
earlier  type,  but  also,  in  repairing  the  mouldings 
— occasionally  found  to  be  mutilated  —to  follow  as 
closely  as  possible  the  outlines  of  the  original. 
What,  then,  can  have  inspired  the  gratuitous  im 
putations  of  "  P.  Q.  P.  V."  it  is  not  easy  to  imagine. 
In  his  appreciation  of  the  purity  and  beauty  of  the 
church,  I  am  happy  in  agreeing  with  your  corre- 
spondent ;  and  I  can  assure  him  that,  whether 
the  restoration  can  be  effected  as  completely  as 
could  be  desired  or  not,  the  work  will  be  directed 
by  a  scrupulous  regard  for  the  preservation  of  the 
primary  style  and  character  of  the  church. — I  am, 
&c.,  William  Perkin,  F.E.I.B.A. 

Leeds,  October  1. 


ZINC    EOOFING-. 


SOUND. 

Sra, — In  the  article  on  "  Sound,"  in  your  issue 
01  August  23,  you  refer  to  the  whispering  galleries, 
and  repeat  the  explanation — to  be  found  in  many 
of  the  older  books  on  physical  science — of  their 
phenomena  by  the  supposed  reflection  of  the 
«'U"d.  It  may  interest  your  readers,  however, 
if  you  permit  me  space  in  your  columns,  to  remind 
them  that  a  second  solution  has  been  suggested  by 
Mr.  Scott  Kusaell  and  others,  and  one  which  seems 
">    several   particulars    better    to    fit    with    the 


chievoua  urchins  who  were  so  energetically  pelt- 
ing the  trees  hard  by,  to  bring  down  the  hoi-se 
chesnuts  and  acorns,  were  only  to  take  it  into 
their  heads  to  do  the  same  by  this  beautiful  reo- 
tion,  the  only  relief  left  for  its  industrious  carving 
would  be  the  nearest  policeman.  Five  minutes' 
carrouade,  such  as  I  saw  against  the  trees,  would 
leave  it — though  not,  alas  !  without  a  shaft — • 
crocket-less  and  linial-less.  Pursued  by  this 
diro  foreboding,  I  walked  on    into    Oxford-street, 

but     upon     reaching 's,     the    famous 

confectioners,  a  bright  idea  seized  me.  These 
astute  tradesmen  protect  their  perishable  goods 
with  a  glass  shade  ;  and,  if  so,  why  can't  this  be 
done  to  iho  valuable  erection  in  Hyde  Park  ?  This 
valuable  idea  I  hasten  to  present  to  the  Govern- 
ment through  you,  that  there  may  be  no  excuse 
for  delay  upon  this  point.  Let  them  do  this,  and 
at  the  same  time  insure  in  the  Pla;e  Glass  Assur- 
ance Company,  and  we  shall  be  safe ;  the  shade 
will  prevent  our  getting  to  the  water,  but  that 
was  evidently  svich  a  minor  consideration  in  the 
design  that  it  can't  matter  much. — I  am,  &c., 

H.  P.  Eailino. 


Sir, — In  consequence  of  absence  from  England, 
the  letter  of  "  C.  H.,"  in  your  journal  of  the 
13th,  escaped  my  obsereatiou  till  now.  There 
is  no  mistake  in  the  statements  published  by  you 
as  to  the  cost  of  zinc  roofs  of  a  plain  character. 
At  £26  per  ton,  the  price  assumed,  one  ton  of 
No.  14  Vieille  Montague  zinc  will  cover  about 
1,300ft.  of  finished  work;  and  this,  at  7d.  per 
foot,  without  taking  into  account  special  dis- 
counts, allows  23.  4d.  per  foot  for  labour  and 
profit.  Flashings  and  gutters  must  not  be  in- 
cluded in  the  surface  measurement  at  this  p  ice 
If  the  work  is  small  or  difficult,  cutting  the  metal 
to  waste,  or  if  the  carpentery  is  not  arranged 
to  allow  the  8ft.  sheets  to  drop  properly  into 
place,  the  cost  is,  of  course,  increased,  and  the 
roof  probably  spoilt  as  well.  There  is  no  diffi- 
culty in  getting  a  good  fall,  but  "  C.  H."  must 
not  suppose  that  this  can  be  done  where  the  joists 
of  the  flat  or  roof  are  made  to  do  duty  as  ceiling 
joists  as  well.  To  arrange  the  roof  otherwise  is 
quite  easy  and  costs  no  more.  Twenty  per  cent,  is 
sufficient  to  allow  foi  loss  of  zinc  in  rolls  and  laps, 
in  taking  the  surface  measurement  of  a  properly 
formed  zinc  roof,  but  ill-considered  carpentery  may 
make  it  as  much  as  "  C.  H."  thinks  it  should  be. 
— I  am,  &c.,  J.  E. 

October  1. 

A  SUGGESTION ! 

Sir, — I  remember  riding  past  the  north  side  of 
Hyde  Park  about  six  months  ago,  and  seeing  a 
hoarding  a  hundred  yards  west  of  the  Marble 
Arch.  'The  answer  I  had  to  my  inquiries  was  that 
this  was  to  be  another  statue  of  the  Prince  Con- 
sort. This,  of  course,  did  not  surprise  me  ;  but  I 
certainly  was  astonished  this  morning  at  the  won- 
derful woik  of  art  that  I  find  has  been  erected 
there.  Why,  Mr.  Editor,  this  small  drinking 
fountain  (for  such  it  turns  out  to  be)  in  th; 
space  of  6ft.  base  and  30ft.  in  height,  contains 
all  the  resources  of  modern  Gothic  art  I  You 
can  there  see  flying  buttresses,  diapers,  circles 
with  heads  looking  out  of  them,  crockets, 
columned  shafts,  and  I  know  not  what  besides ;  and 
the  awful  thought  occurred  to  me  that  if  the  mis- 


CIRCLE-SQUARING   AGAIN. 

Sin,— The  mothort  copied  by  "  E.  W.  T."  is,  of  oonrse, 
far  moro  accurate  than  Mr.  Gmllaume's  first,  as  I  showed, 
and  nearly  as  true  ii-s  i  is  second,  which  would  give  us  the 
strai;^htencd  quadrant  by  joining  AB,  dividili;^  tbia  line 
into  threo  and  three,  and  prolonging  it  one-ninth.  But, 
surely,  the  demon  of  quadrature  is  like  that  one  in  the 
Gospel.  After  leaving  JVIr.  Guillaurao,  and  walking  through 
di'>  places  in  that  gentleman's  second  letter,  he  returns 
and  makes  his  hist  state  far  worse  than  the  first !  Does 
he  suppose  an  error  of  only  "a  thousandth  part"  (an 
eighth  of  an  inch  in  10ft  )  "near  enough  for  all  practical 
purposes?"  Why,  it  will  not  be  so  with  even  this  correc- 
tion, whioli  he  says  ia  "for  strict  accuracy!"  Call  his 
diameter  unity — 

A  side  of  bis  triangle    =     '866023 
A  side  of  his  square  =     '707107 


Their  sum 1'573132 

2 


Doubled 3146264 

A  thousandth  deducted  3146 


3'143nS 


This  is  much  further  from  314159  than  either  the  Archi- 
mediau  3  14JS57  or  his  first  attempt ! 

As  for  Mr.  William  Butler  s  .arithmetical  puzzle,  we  need 
not  attempt  to  uiulerstand  a  method  which,  as  soon  as  be 
gets  beyond  the  well-known  113:355,  leads  him  to  entirely 
wrong  results.  If  the  two  numbers  he  gives  us,  of  seven 
and  eight  digits,  yield  a  quotient  no  truer  than 
3  14159'.i6535S9,  as  he  states,  they  are  wrong  ;  because  their 
product  would  have  14  figure:-,  and  the  best  pair  of  numbers 
whose  product  has  but  14  figures  are  bound  to  give  a  quo- 
tient correct  to  at  least  14,  including  tiie  integer.  Thus, 
7  and  22,  whose  product  has  three  figures,  give  a  quotient 
with  three  figures  correct.  But  the  113  and  355  of  Metius 
are  remarkable  for  this,  that  though  their  product  has  but 
5  figures,  their  quotient  is  true  to  seven.  Mr.  Butler  will 
find  that  the  followiijg  seven  and  seven  figures,  1725033  : 
5419351,  are  about  40  times  nearer  than  he  states  his  seven 
and  eight  figures  to  be  ! 

Agam,  he  gives  us  two  rows  of  21  figm-es  apiece,  whose 
product  would  be  41,  and  only  says  their  quotient  is  true 
to  37  figures  ;  whereas  they  are  a  false  approximation  un- 
less giving  at  least  41  figures  correct. 

The  following  approximations,  nearer  than  113  :  355,  he 
skips  over  imdiscovered — 

33102: 103993    = 3141,592,633,01 

or  too  Uttle  by       '000,000.000,53 

33215:104348    = 3  141,59'2,653,92 

or  too  much  by      000,000,000,33 

66317:208341     = 3  141,592,653,467 

or  too  little  by       '000,000,000,123 

96532:312689    =    3'141,59'2,653,619 

too  much  by  '000,000,000,029 

265381  :  833719    =    3141,5B2,e53,581 

too  Utile  by  '000,000,000,008 

304913:1146408= 3141,592,663,691,4 

too  much  by  000,000,000,001,6 

136U120  :  4272943  = 3141,69'2,653,589,39 

too  little  by  '000,000,000,000,40 

17^5033:541  351  = 3  141,592,653,589,816 

too  much  by  000,000,000,000,022 

The  method  of  obtaining  these  is  treated  in  most  works  on 
algebra,  under  the  head  of  "  Continued  Fractions." — I 
am,  &c.,  E.  L.  G. 

September  30. 

P.a. — Mr.  Butler  -will  find  each  successive  pair  of  the 
above  numbers  consist  of  the  previous  pair  (or  some  multi- 
ple of  it)  plus  the  last  pair  but  one.  Thus,  the  lirst  pair 
being  1 :  3,  and  the  next  being  7  :  22,  the  tbirf  is  the  former 
pair  plus  15  times  the  latter,  making  106  :  333.  The  fourth 
IS  the  second  and  only  once  tliis  third,  making  113:355. 
The  fifth  is  the  third  ,idded  to  292  times  this  fourth— so 
gi-eatly  does  the  fourth  exceed  the  third  in  accuracy.  Thus 
the  multipliers  for  those  three  steps  are  15,  1,  292  ;  and 
those  for  the  succeeding  steps  are  1,  1,  1,  2,  1,  3,  1.  Thus 
it  is  probable  that  there  may  be  millions  of  steps  before  so 
large  a  multiplier  as  202  occurs  again. 


MEETING   FOR    THE   WEEK. 

M  ON.— Society  of  Engineers.— Adjourned  discussion  on 
Mr.  Pendred'e  paper  on  "  Water  Tube  Boilers;" 
and,  should  time  permit,  a  paper  will  be  read 
by  Ewing  Matheson,  on  "  The  Quality  of  Iron 
as  at  Present  Used."  7.30. 


694 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


October  4,  1867. 


liittrfonunimiciitioiT. 


QUESTIONS. 

[694.]— POULTRY  FARM.— I  Mn  about  establishing  a 
poultry  farm.  Can  any  of  your  coi respondents  inforru  me 
where  one  is  to  be  seeu  in  working,  of  the  best  books  on 
the  subject,  and  what  is  the  proper  number  of  fowls  to 
calculate  for  per  acre? — Rooster. 


[595.]— AQUARIUM. —1  have  an  order  for  an  aquarium 
24ft.  long,  12ft,  wide,  and  Sft.  deep.  I  propose  to  enclose 
the  glass  in  an  iron  frame  and  bars  (with  indianibber  to 
make  watertight),  making  the  squares  of  gl^iss  (ift.  by  Sft. 
■Will  you  or  any  of  your  correspondents  iuform  me  what 
the  greatest  pressure  will  be  on  the  glass  when  filled  with 
water,  and  what  thickness  of  glass  will  be  required  to  with- 
stand that  pressure  ? — Pike. 

[596.]— BATH  AND  HE.\TING  FURNACE.-Will  any 
of  your  readers  oblige  by  naming  the  manufacturer's  name 
of  a  certam  bath  which  combines  both  bath  and  heating 
furnace  in  one  and  the  same  article  ;  and  not,  as  generally, 
the  heating  part  of  the  apparatus  separate  and  detached 
from  the  bath.— H.  R,  i3. 


[597.]— FISH  POXD.— Wm  you  kindly  inform  me  in 
your  "Intercommunication"  the  best  w.ay  of  making  a 
lake  or  fish  poud  in  a  Bower  gardeu?  Thirty  yards  and 
twenty  yards  is  about  the  size  of  the  pond  required.  What 
I  want  to  know  most  is,  how  to  make  it  hold  the  water  — 
R.  H.,  for  F.  B.  C. 

[598.]— DESCENDING  STOVE.— Being  about  to  have 
a  descending  stove  placed  in  a  shop.  I  should  be  glad  if  you 
or  any  of  your  readers  would  infonn  me  of  the  best  plan 
for  suspending  the  iron  flue  from  wood  joist  and  floor,  not 
ceiled,  giving  about  12in.  clearance  from  top  of  flue  to 
bottom  of  joist,  suspended  so  as  to  cause  the  least  danger 
from  fire  at  any  time  through  overheating,  or  any  of  the 
ironwork  coming  in  contact  with  the  wood.  Al.so  the 
means  to  be  ailopted  for  making  the  stove  draw  well  at 
the  time  of  kindling  the  fire, — W.  N. 

[599.]— RETAINING  WALLS.  -I  shall  be  glad  to  receive 
information  ou  the  strength  of  brickwork  to  resist  hori- 
zontal pressure,  .as  in  retaining  walls,  and  the  result  of 
experiments  with  the  face  of  the  wall  vertical,  and  with 
an  assumed  batter;  whether  the  work  was  set  in  mortar  or 
cement,  and,  in  the  latter  case,  the  result  of  the  tests  for 
tenacity  per  square  inch  of  the  cements  used.  — F.  Hope. 


REPLIES. 

[516.]— REMOVAL  OF  OLD  PAINT  FROM  STONE.— 
I  would  inform  "R.  L.  B."  that  I  have  at  the  present 
moment  a  very  richly  and  elaborately-can'ed  stone  screen 
of  the  Decorative  period,  which  was  taken  down  in  the 
restoration  of  Yattou  Keynell  Church,  and  am  now  clean- 
ing the  old  paint  off.  It  has  been  painted  many  time.-^,  so 
many,  indeed,  that  the  finest  portions  of  the  tracery  are 
completely  buried  or  smothered  with  the  old  paint.  It 
must  have  been  painted  for  ages. 

My  method  is  as  follows,  and  I  have  proved  its  efficacy 
by  20  years'  experience  :— Have  a  wooden  trough  made  large 
enough  to  take  the  portions  you  wish  to  clean,  so  that  you 
can  get  in  three  or  four  pieces  at  once,  say  Cft.  x  2ft.  6in'  >: 
6in.  deep(thesize  Inowhavein  work),  Makeastrongsolution 
of  American  potash,  which  can  lie  imrchasedfrom  any  respect- 
able wholesale  drysalter  ^ask  for  the  very  strongest),  which 
is  about  four  times  stronger  than  the  common  American 
potash  of  commerce.  Fill  your  trough,  and  immeree  your 
stones  ;  let  them  lay  24  hours,  take  them  out  and  put  more 
stones  in ;  then  with  flue  wire  brush  and  small  scratch 
brush  the  whole  of  the  paint  will  come  ofi'  like  dead 
putty  or  paste.  Scratch  and  wash  it  as  you  want.  The 
removal  of  the  paint  is  very  rapid,  and  it  leaves  the  stone 
perfectly  clean  and  of  its  pure  natural  colour.  The  whole 
of  the  carving  is  as  pure  and  fresh  as  if  uewlv  carved. 

The  stone  in  this  screen  is  Bath,  and  size'about  12ft.  x 
Sft.  The  price  of  the  potash  which  I  have  had  from  Chip- 
penham is  about  lOs.  per  cwt.,  and  I  have  only  required 
about  icwt.  Trusting  this  will  set  "  R.  L.  B."  and  aU 
other  simDar  inquirers  all  right,  and  if  they  wish  any 
further  particulars  I  shall  be  happv  to  supply  it,  if  in  my 
power.— I  am,  &c.,  Edw.  Ho-vey,  Clerk  of  Works  for  G  E 
Street,  A.R.A.,  restoration  of  Tatton  Kevnell  Church 
near  Chippenham,  Wilts,  Sept.  25. 


[566.]— CENTROLINE AD. -Whoever  attempts  to  set 
one  by  the  directions  of  "  W.  G.  E."  will  find  his  lines 
radiate  not  from  VP,  but  from  the  centre  of  the  circle  that 
passes  through  VP,  PI,  and  P2.  To  make  them  radiate 
from  VP,  the  stock  must  have  its  p.arts,  as  I  said  last  week 
only  half  as  much  inclined.  If  one  arm  be  set,  as  in  his 
figure,  to  the  line  VP,  P2,  the  other  must  be  set  to  the 
dotted  horizontal  line:  and  on  his  supposition  of  the 
"first  angle  "  being  20  deg.,  that  of  the  centrolincad  must 
beiro,  not  "leodeg."- See  Euclid  iij.  22.  I  do  not  ven- 
ture to  give  a  corrected  copy  of  liis  inexcusably  careless 
figure,  because  the  engraver  altered  my  jirevious"  one.  It 
is  essential,  as  I  said,  for  the  two  arms  to  be  equally  in- 
clined to  the  blade.  If  they  are  not  so,  but  as  the  engraver 
drew  them,  the  lines  will  not  radiate  from  any  single  point 
but  be  like  the  steps  of  a  winding  stair. '-E."  L.  G. 

"  But  the  two  pins  need  never  be  equidistant  from  the 
horizon,  as  m  "  W,  J.  E.'s  "  figure.  That  would  be  hit-hly 
inconvenient  in  most  drawings. 

[572.]-QUEEN  ELEANOR'S  CROSS,  WALTHAM - 
I  beg  t«  refer  "W.  R.  G."  to  "Mrs.  Markham's  History 
of  England,  '  page  130.— Alfred  D.  Peehv,  Argylecham- 
bers,  Colmore-row,  Birmingham,  September  28. 

[.574,]-THE  "LIMNER."— By  the  aid  of  the  "Limner' 
I  am  enabled  to  copy  perspectives  accurately,  and  for  copy- 
ing any  large  drawings  I  find  it  invaluable.  "E  W  "  will 
And  It  a  cheap  and  very  useful  instrument,  and  he  cannot 
do  better  than  try  it.— Excelsior. 

[586,]-ARC9  OF  DIFFERENT  RADII.-No  arc  of 
a  circle  can  be  formed  by  the  bending  of  a  rod  as  described 
Its  curvature  will  vary  at  every  point,  forming  what  is 
cal  ed  the  elastic  curve,  whose  formula;  are  very  difficult 
and  have  exercised  the  highest  skill  of  BernouiUi  and  other 
lirst-rate  mathematicians. — E.  L,  G. 


[5S6.]  -  Assuming  the  length  of  the  rod  o  6  to  be  equal 
to  the  length  of  the  required  arc,  then  the  chord  x  y  and 
versin  2  may  be  found  in  the  following  way  : — Let  L  =  the 
length  of  the  arc,  R  =  the  radius,  and  c  —  the  angle  con- 
tained by  half  the  arc,  then,  as  ^L  is  to  c,  so  is  the  circmn- 
180  L 

ference  to  360  deg.    . '.  0  ^   

2R(31416) 
Chord  X  y  —  2  R.  sin.  c ;  versin  2  =^  R  —  R,  cos.  c. 
For   an    example,    take   L   =    lOin.,    R    =    5in.,    then 
ISOO 

e  =  =  57  deg.  17  min.  44  sec. 

31  416 

The  chord  a:  J/  =  10       sin.  c  =  8 '4147  inches. 
Veisin  s  =  5  —  5  cos.  c  =  2 '2985  inches. 
F.  Hope. 


[588.]— BOX  GIRDERS.— The   calculation  for   the  sec- 
tional area  is  as  follows  : — Let  W  =  the   weight  50  tons, 
L  =  the  span  13ft. ,  D  =  the  depth  of  girder  1ft.  ;  then, 
WL        50  X  13 

the  strain  in  centre  =  m  =  81  '2  tons. 

8D  S 

Straining  the  iron  at  5  tons  per  square  inch,  we  have  the 
81-2 

section  =  =  16'24sq.  in.  efiective. 

6 
Add  for  rivets     3'00 

19"24  sq.  in. 
Apairof  angle  irons3jin.,  byS^in., by  7-16in.  =    5'748q.in. 
Two  plates  ISin.  wide  by  fin.  tluck =  13'50sq.  in. 

The  required  section  =  ly24sq.  in. 

This  is  the  section  of  each  member  or  boora,  top  and  bot- 
tom, in  the  centre,  the  second  ^in.  plate  need  only  extend 
4ft.  on  each  side  of  the  centre,  thus  reducing  the  section 
to  the  pair  of  angle  irons  and  one  gin.  plate,  at  each  end 
of  the  girder.  The  web  plates  should  be  fin.  thick. — F 
Hope. 

[589.]-PENCIL  DRAWINGS  —loz.  of  gum  arable  to 
a  quart  of  water,  and  some  prepared  ox  gall  dissolved  with 
it  to  ensure  its  laying  equally.  A  few  drops  of  otto  of  roses, 
or  some  essential  oil.  or  a  small  quantity  of  musk,  will 
effectually  prevent  the  mLxture  from  growing  moiddy  or 
becoming  olfensive.  It  should  be  spread  over  the  drawing, 
rather  than  washed,  with  a  fiat  camel's  hair  brush  in  tin, 
preventing,  as  far  as  possible,  the  brush  from  touching 
the  drawing,  but  allowing  the  solution  to  float  before  it 
over  the  whole  surface  of  the  paper,  which  should  be  laid 
inclined  on  a  desk  during  the  process. — Excel.sior. 


[589.] — Among  other  means  of  keeping  pencil  drawing 
fi-ora  injury  I  think  "blue  milk  "  should  not  be  lost  sight 
of,  for  though  it  dulls  the  gloss  (giving  the  drawings  more 
the  appearance  of  lithographic  prints),  yet  it  is  an  excel- 
lent preservative.  I  have  a  small  pencil  drawing  so  treated 
(the  trial  plan  of  Stockton  New  Wesleyan  Chapel,  drawn 
to  the  scale  of  l-16in.  ^vith  a  very  tine  pointed  H  B.  pencil 
in  September,  1865,  in  view  of  which  the  committee  deter- 
mined choice  of  style,  &c.),  and  which  has  borne  knocking 
about  since  then  among  other  books  and  papera,  and  is  as 
good  as  new.  One  done  at  the  same  time  and  not  co.ated 
with  anything  was  soon  nearly  obliterated.  Ipour  the  blue 
milk  over,  as  this  method  does  not  disturb  the  marks. 
"Gum  water,"  or  gum  arable  dissolved  in  hot  water  and 
left  to  cool,  is  used  where  it  is  desirable  to  leave  more 
brightness  or  "  shine."  This  may  be  carefully  laid  on  with 
a  broad  flat  brush. — G.  M. 


[589.]— If  isinglass  is  used,  put  J  oz.  into  cold  water,  letit 
stoep  one  minute  ;  pour  oft"  the  cold  water,  and  pour  on  an 
old  wine  gill  (about  thirteen  tablespoonfuls)  of  bo'ling 
water.  Stir  the  whole,  when  the  isingla.ss  will  immediately 
melt,  and  use  while  the  solution  is  yet  limpid.  Lay  on 
with  a  fiat  camel  hair  brush  of  suitable  size,  carefully 
avoiding  air  bubbles  in  the  manipulation.  It  may  be 
necessary  to  strain  the  liquid  through  fine  clean  muslin 
while  hot.  The  water  used — also  the  vessels — should  be 
quite  clean.  A  few  experiments  should  be  made,  as  to 
time  of  using,  &c.,  before  tiding  to  coat  anything  of  im- 
portance.— S.  M. 

[591.]— 'WATER  COLOURS.- A  thin  solution  of  gum 
arable  laid  on  where  depth  is  required  in  a  wash.  "Seeker" 
will  do  well  to  read  "A  System  of  Water  Colour  Painting," 
by  Aaron   Penley,  published    by   Winsor  and  Newton,  °of 

Rathbone-place.    The  price  of  this  work  is  one  shilling. 

Excelsior. 

[592.]— OX  GALL. — I  have  for  years  prepared  my  own 
ox  gall  by  placing  a  little  fresh  gall  from  the  butcher,  in 
an  old  bear's  grease  pot  (clean)  in  the  kitchen  oven,  and 
allowing  it  to  remain  until  it  becomes  dry  and  crisp.  1 
then  put  a  few  drops  of  water  into  it,  just  sidBcient  to 
cause  the  dried  gall  to  soften  ;  I  then  again  put  it  into  the 
oven  for  a  minute  or  so  to  sUghtly  evaporate,  when  it  is 
ready  for  use,  and  quite  equal  to  that  sold  at  the  shops 
and  will  keep  good  for  years.  The  preparation  by  me  wasi 
in  the  firat  instance,  compulsory,  being  unable'to  obtain 
any  in  the  town,  and  so  pleased  was  I  with  the  result  of 
my  experiment  that  I  have  not  purchased  any  since.— Lin- 
coln. 


STAINED   GLASS. 

This  week  the  handsome  stained  glass  window, which  w.is 
recently  subscribed  for  by  the  inhabitants  as  a  memorial 
of  the  rector,  has  been  inserted  in  the  parish  church  of 
Newbury.  The  stained  glass  windows  Uberally  presented 
by  the  people  of  the  town  and  neighbourhood  as  a  testi- 
monial to  theu-  late  rural  dean,  the  present  vicar  of  Speen 
(Rev.  H.  W.  Majendie),  and  W.  Chatteris,  Esq.,  are  also 
fi  -  ed,  and  they  add  greatly  to  the  appearance  of  the  western 
extremity  of  the  church. 


STATUES,  MEMORIALS,  ETC. 

The  first  of  the  statues  to  be  placed  in  the  vacant  niches 
in  the  west  front  of  Salisbiirv  Cathedral  has  been  fixed. 
It  IS  the  statue  of  Christ  holding  a  globe,  and  is  7ft.  high. 

f 'Sl^  P^^^^^^^^l  ^o""  l^he  statue  of  Edmund  Burke,  in  front 
of  Old  Trinity,  Dublin,  stUl  remains  vacant.  It  is  said 
that  want  of  fimda  to  pay  its  coat  keeps  the  statue  itself  in 
London. 


A  group  of  sculpture  executed  in  Paris,  from  designs  bv 
Rosa  Bonheur,  representing  a  tigress  bringinj^  food  Uj  her 
ctibs,  and  presented  to  ihe  city  of  Glasgow  by  M,  Kennedy, 
of  New  York,  was  formally  inaugurated  last  week.  The' 
site  is  in  the  lower  level  of  the  West-end  park. 

The  pinnacle  or  cope  stone  has,  at  last,  been  placed  on 
the  national  Wallace  Monument,  near  Stirling.  A  great 
deal  remains  yet,  howevei,  to  be  done  in  the  shape  of  tur- 
retting  and  other  details.  The  warden's  house  has  yet  U> 
be  built,  and  will  not  be  commenced  this  season. 

At  a  recent  meeting  of  the  committee  entrusted  with  the 
erection  of  the  monument  to  the  late  William  Smith 
O'Biieu,  it  was  resolved  that  the  friends  and  admirers  of 
that  gentleman  should  be  earnestly  called  on  to  proWdy 
a  sum  of  £400,  which  is  still  required  to  pay  for  the  statue 
which  Ikh  been  finished  for  some  time  in  the  etud'o  of 
Mr.  Thomas  Farrel,  R.H.A.,  Dublin.  The  statue  is  exe- 
cuted in  Carrara  marble,  and  is  considered  a  verj'  perfect 
likeness. 


§£iimil  Items. 


We  regret  to  observe  the  death  of  Jlr.  Charles 
Fowler,  J. P.,  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Institute  of 
British  Architects.  Mr.  Fowler  died  at  his  resi- 
dence, Western  House,  Great  Marlow,  on  the  26th 
ult.,  of  chronic  bronchitis.  He  was  75  years  of  age. 

We  have  just  seen  a  very  fine  photograph  of  the 
Victoria  Tower,  as  taken  by  Mr.  Stephen  Ayling, 
of  483,  Oxford-street.  It  is  the  largest  photograph 
we  ever  saw,  and  reflects  great  credit  on  the 
photographer. 

Mr.  Lemon,  the  author  of  the  plan  bearing  the 
motto  "  Experience,"  which  has  obtained  the  pre- 
mium of  £150,  attended  the  meeting  of  the  Gene- 
ral Purposes  Committee  on  Tuesday.  The  result 
will  be  made  known  at  the  next  monthly  sitting 
of  the  Local  Board. 

We  learn  that  for  the  future  the  monthly  meet- 
ings, on  the  first  Saturday  evening  in  each  mouth, 
of  the  London  Association  of  Foremen  Engineer^ 
are  to  take  place  at  the  George  Hotel,  Aldermatt 
bury,  London.  The  first  meeting  of  the  sessioi) 
will  be  held  to-morrow  (Saturday),  at  8  p.i 
Mr.  Joseph  Newton,  in  the  chair. 

The  tin  mines  in  Cornwall  have  been  worked 
for  about  3,000  years.  They  are  now  yielding 
3,500  Ions  per  annum.  The  Spanish  tin  mind 
have  been  known  nearly  as  long  as  the  CorniBl 
one?. 

Mr.  Gascoyne,  builder,  of   Leamington,  was  laat 
week  invited  by  a  number  of  his  friends  to  a  cont 
pUmentary  dinner  at  the  Crown  Hotel,  on  the  oc- 
casion of  his  retirement  from  the  chairmanship  t 
the  Local  Board  of  Health. 

Messrs.     Longman    announce   that  they     wil 
shortly  publish  a  pamphlet  entitled  "  Who 
the  Art  Architect  of  the  Houses    of  Parliament,' 
by  E.  Welby  Pugin. 

Artizans  visiting  the  Paris  Exhibition  should  1 
cautioned  against  accepting  the  invitations  o 
touters  for  lodgings,  who  haunt  the  railway  sta- 
tions and  other  places  to  offer  their  services  to  un 
wary  Britons,  many  of  whom  have  been  thus  vio 
timized.  If  a  workman  going  to  Paris  has  noi 
already  made  in  London  his  arrangement  foi 
lodgings,  by  correspondence  with  Mr.  Hjdgsoi 
Pratt,  Vice-President  of  Mr.  Layard's  com' 
mittee,  265,  Strand,  London,  or  thiougl 
Mr.  Cook,  the  well-known  excursion  manager, 
he  should  immediately,  when  he  arrives  id 
Paris,  proceed  by  a  cab,  which  coits  2  francs 
to  the  workman's  lodging-house,  in  Avenue  Rapp. 
close  to  the  Exhibition.  If  this  house  be  full,  ther 
let  him  go  to  the  Biitish  Workman's  Hall  in  th( 
Exhibition,  and  ask  for  M.  HoussouUer,  and  he 
win  escape  all  fleecing. 

On  Tuesday  week  a  meeting  of  the  Durban 
workhouse  committee  was  held  to  consider  th( 
best  means  of  obtaining  plans  for  certain  proposed 
alterations  and  additions  to  the  Durham  uuioi 
workhouse.  It  was  resolved  to  advertise  for  plans, 
and  to  give  two  premiums  of  £40  and  £20  for  thi 
two  best. 

A  new  public  park  in  Brechin  was  opened  bj 
Earl  Dalhousie,  ou  Saturday  last.  The  movemeni 
was  stai  ted  about  two  years  n  go  by  Mr.  Carder 
Mitchell  leaving  £200  of  a  legacy  for  some  orna. 
mental  purpose  ;  then  the  town  council  got  a  fei 
of  8.5  ac  es  of  the  Coldbame  feus  on  the  Brechii 
Castle  estate.  Lord  Daihousie  gave  the  ground  a' 
a  low  rent  .and  feu,  besides  contributing  £100  ti 
the  fund  for  ornamentati-m  ;  and  subscription! 
were  got  at  home  and  abroad  to  the  amount  o: 
nearly  £1,300.  Curators  were  then  appointed 
and  the  park  was  beautifully  laid  out  witi 
flowera  and  shrubs,  and  furnished  with  a  nici 
lodge  and  pavilion. 


I 


OCTOBFR   4,    1867, 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


695 


■it 

.(6 
lens 


Blowing  down  the  chimuey  is  a  very  poor  way  of 
ixtinguishing  a  lamp.  Itreiiuiresa  good  degree 
f  dexterity  aud  a  cousiderable  amount  of 
ireath.  Itehou'd  never  be  resorted  to  except  the 
ibject  be  to  blow  up  the  lamp.  The  easiest  way 
•f  extinguishing  a  lamp  happens  to  be  the  safest ; 
uru  the  mck  down  pretty  low  and  give  a  slight 
lufl'at  the  bottom  of  the  chimney. 

The  Commis-sioners  of  Works  has  given  iustruc- 
ions  th.it  the  whole  of  the  footpaths  ou  Primrose- 
liU  shall  be  lighted  with  gas,  and  men  are  now 
>\isy  in  laying  down  the  pipes.  On  the  top  of  the 
lill  there  will  be  a  large  ornamental  column  sur- 
aounted  by  four  lamps. 

A  new  fashionable  watering  place  is  about  to  be 
ormed  at  Boldnor,  at  the  south-west  corner  of 
*e  Isle  of  Wight.  About  100  men  will  shortly 
'  Bet  to  work  making  roads  and  laying  out  the 
(V  jrfounds  for  tlie  erection  of  villas.  It  is  proposed  to 
flim  an  esplanade  and  pier. 

Messrs  Jlitchell   Brothers,  of   Manchester-road, 

Isdford,  have  just  erected  a  mill  chimney 
^the  height  of  100  yards  from  the  ground  line, 
ibd  110  from  the  foundation.  It  is  the  highest 
lllmney  in  Yorkshire,  aud  from  the  top  of  it,  when 
in  atmosphere  is  clear,  the  town  of  Leeds  can  be 
jfetinctly  seen. 

The   new  railing  now  being  placed  round  Hyde 

?»rk  is   considerably   thicker   than  the   old  one. 

is  fitted  into   very  solid  blocks  of  stone.     It  is 

inded  to  move  the  gates  farther  back  into  the 

'k,  which  will  considerably  widen  Park-lane, 
other  improvements  for  the  public  convenience 
also  being  carried  out. 

A  subterranean  chapel  in  the  cathedral  of  Milan, 
which  the  visitor  is  admitted  by  the  payment 
a  few  francs,  reveals  some  of  the  hidden  trea 
s  of  the  church.  It  contains  the  tomb  of  St. 
larles,  one  of  their  archbishops,  whose  memory 
liey  perpetuate  in  silver  and  gold  and  precious 
itones.  The  chapel  is  entirely  lined  with  silver, 
jhich  is  finished  in  various  bas  reliefs,  illustrative 
if  events  in  the  life  of  the  saint.  The  body  is 
imbalmed  and  inclosed  in  a  silver  coffin,  which 
WIS  the  gift  of  Phillip  IV.  of  Spain.  As  we  stood 
a  front  of  this  shrine,  the  |>riest  in  attendance 
X)uched  some  secret  spring,  by  which  the  outer 
»ffin  gradually  descended,  and  revealed  through 
i  case  of  rock  crystal  the  wasted  face  and  the  pon- 
tifical robes  of  him  who  ha.d  for  years  slept  in 
Qiatgorgeous  but  gloomy  state.  A  cross  of  erne- 
fdds,  diamonds,  and  rubies  was  suspended  in  the 
Wffin,  and  precious  jewels  glittered  amid  the  folds 
it  the  rich  embroidered  rol)e3.  Mass  is  said  for 
ibis  saint  every  morning  at  9  o'clock,  although  he 
Jiedial584. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Darlington  Board  of  Guar- 
^Ds  held  last  week,  the  question  of  the  purchase 
it  land,  for  a  site  for  the  new  workhouse  was  dis- 
SQBsed.  The  committee  appointed  to  inquire 
mto  the  subject  recommimded  that  3J  acres  of 
jtnd,  at  a  cost  of  f  1,050,  ishould  be  purchased  of 
the  Ecclesiastical  Commissiioners,  at  the  east  part 
of  Darlington,  in  the  neigrabourhood  of  Bank  Top. 
rhifl  recommendation  of  the  committee  was  con- 
firmed. It  was  also  agreed  after  some  dis- 
eussion  that  the  building  should  be  constructed 
to  accommodate  250  inmates,  as  recommended 
Sy  the  committee.  A  proposition  that  the 
aumber  should  be   300    was   lost.      The   present 


mis 


,mber  of  inmates  was  about  100.  It  was  also 
eed    that    premiums  of    £40,    £30,    and    £20 

lould  be  offered  for  the  best  plan  of  a  new  work- 
house, if  the  architect  cif  the  premium  plan  be 
selected  to  carry  out  the  work  ;  in  that  case  he  is  to 
forego  the  premium,  only   having  his  commission. 

Some  time  ago  there  was  a  town's  meeting  in 
Biierly  Hill  to  protest  against  the  price  of  gas 
.supplied  by  the  local  company.  The  townspeople 
wished  a  reduction  from  4s.  7d.  to  Ss.  9d.  per  1,000, 
and  urged  as  an  argument  in  favour  of  such  reduc- 
tion, the  prices  paid  by  towns  adjoining,  and  in 
the  district,  but  the  directors  of  the  company  re- 
fused to  yield  to  such  a  reduction.  At  the  last 
moment,  arbitration  was  ottered  by  a  gentleman 
well  known  in  the  district,  and  accepted  on  the 
one  part  by  the  gas  company.  The  inhabitants, 
however,  declined  the  profi'ered  mediation,  and  the 
consequence  is  that  nearly  the  whole  of  the  hou.?es 
in  Bricrley  HUl,  Quarry  Bank,  Brockmoor  and 
Hart's  HUl  are  lit  up  without  the  aid  of  gas. 
Shopkeepers  use  lamps,  which  they  say  are  satis 
factory  and  cost  less  than  gas,  whilst  ordinary 
houses  use  candles  or  lamps,  according  to  taste. 
The  movement  has  been  very  complete.  The  di- 
rectors of  the  company  have  intimated  that  as  the 
demand  for  gas  becomes  less  the  price  must   ad- 


vance, but  the  inhabitants  intend  keeping  up  the 
opposition  throughout  the  winter  unless  their 
wishes  are  attended  to. 

A  grand  tumulus,  on  a  piece  of  original  wold  un- 
touched by  the  plough,  has  been  opened  by  the 
Rev.  Canon  Greenwell,  of  Durham.  It  proved  to 
contain  about  twenty-four  burials,  of  which  the 
remarkable  depositioa  of  seventeen  has  been  traced. 
The  bodies,  many  of  them,  had  been  disturbed,  but 
a  sort  of  rude  order  had  regidated  their  re. inter- 
ment, the  bones  having  been  placed  in  position, 
but  in  many  cases  wrong  end  first,  causing  a  most 
heterogeneous  mixture.  A  large  number  of  pecu- 
liar features,  as  regards  pottery,  im]jlements,  and 
burial  were  found,  and  several  of  the  bodies  were 
associated  with  the  remains  of  the  red  deer,  the 
ox,  and  other  animals — the  animal  bones  split  for 
the  marrow.  Some  of  the  articles  were  as  fresh 
as  on  the  day  of  interment,  3000  years  ago. 

Few  persona  know  the  origin  and  history  of  the 
once  famous  btit  now  defunct  Hinigerford  Market. 
It  took  its  origin  from  the  following  incident, 
which  we  find  in  an  interesting  paper  on  Hunger- 
ford,  read  by  Mr.  W.  L.  Barker,  at  a  recent  meet- 
ing of  archajologists  in  Wiltshire  ; — The  gr  eatness 
of  the  Hungerford  family  ceased  with  Sir  Edward 
Hungerford,  who,  by  his  excessive  extravagance, 
squandered  a  princely  fortune,  and  died  a  poor 
Knight  of  Windsor,  in  the  year  1711,  at  the 
advanced  age  of  115.  He  is  said,  on  one  occasion, 
to  have  given  500  guineas  for  a  wig  in  which 
to  figure  at  a  Court  ball  The  town  house  of  the 
Hungerford  family  was  destmyed  by  fire  during 
his  life,  and  ou  its  site  lately  stood  Hungerford 
Market,  with  a  bust  of  Sir  Edward  under  a  niche 
in  the  wall.  The  circumstance  is  mentioned  in 
Pepy's  Diary:  "April  26,  1669.  A  great  fire 
happened  in  Durham-yard  last  night,  burning  the 
house  of  one  Lady  Hungerford,  who  was  to  come 
to  town  to  it  this  night ;  and  so  the  house 
is  burned,  new  furnished,  by  carelessness  of  the 
girl,  sent  to  take  off  a  candle  from  a  bunch  of 
candles,  which  she  did  by  burning  it  oft',  and 
left  the  rest,  as  is  supposed,  on  fire.  The  King 
aud  Court  were  here,  it  seems,  and  stopped  the 
fire  by  blowing  up  the  next  house."  Sir  Edward 
obtained  permission  to  hold  a  market  three  days  a 
week  on  the  site  of  his  former  mansion,  and  tliis 
was  the  origin  of  the  Hungerford  Market. 

In  a  sensible   article   on   the   dangers   of   the 
streets,  the  Lancet  remarks  : — The  authorities  of 
Paris  are  said  to  have  under   consideration  a   pro- 
ject   for   throwing   foot  bridges    over    the    most 
crowded  thoroughfares  of  that  city,  iu  consequence 
of  the  great  ri>k  attending  a  passage    across    the 
streams  of  vehicles,  of  which  a  great  number   are 
in  the  charge  of  careless  or  incompetent  drivers. 
The  Figaro  says  that  every  day  from  8  to  15  per- 
sons are  knocked  down  or  run  over  by  vehicles   in 
Paris ;  what  proportion  of  these  are  killed   is  not 
stated.     In  London  the  "dangers  of  the  streets" 
are  patent  to  everj'body,  and   the   loss  of  life   by 
accidents  from  vehicles  amounts   in   a   year   to    a 
very  startling  total.  Looking  through  the  Registrar- 
General's  weekly  returns,  we  find  that  since  la-t 
February  111  deaths  have  been  registered  as  caused 
by  horses  or  carriages  in  the  streets,  giving  for  the 
last  thirty  weeks    an    average    of  nearly  4  deaths 
per   week.     In  one  week  10  deaths  were  recorded, 
and    of    these    6  were  of  persons    over   fifty  five 
years  of  age,  and   2   were   of  children  under   ten 
yeais   of  age.     The  numbers    receiving  anything 
short  of  fatal  injury  are  not  recorded.     To  child- 
hood  and    feeble    age    the    passage  ot  our  over- 
crowded streets  is  full  of  peril,  and  it  is  not  credit- 
able to  the  humanity  or  the  public  spirit   of  the 
metropolitan   authorities   that  suggestions  which 
have  often  been  made   for   erecting    light    foot- 
bridges at   the   most  difficult  crossings   have  not 
been  adopted  long  ago.     Are  the  Boulevards  Mont- 
martre,    Capucines,  and    Italiens   more    thronged 
with   vehicles   going  in   all   sorts   of    distracting 
directions    than    the     Oxford-street    Circus,    the 
junction    of    Fleet-street   and    Ludgate-hill,    the 
open  space  hard    by  the    Bank    and   the  Mansion 
House,    the    confluence    of    Cannon-street,    King 
William-street,   Gracechurch-street,  and  London- 
bridge,  or  other  well-known   places  of   excessive 
traffic  ?      One  of   these  days  some  peer,  perhaps 
Sydney  Smith's  bishop,  or  other  person  of  high 
station,  may  get  knocked   down  and  killed  by  a 
dashing  "Hansom,"  or  one  of  those  terrible  Pick- 
ford's  vans,  and  then  possibly  the  authorities  will 
be  so  shocked  that  something  will  be  done.     But  a 
hundred  or  two  of  children  and  old  people, — mere 
nobodies  !     It  is  their  lot  to  die,  and  what  does  it 
matter  to  metropolitan  or  local  "  boards  "  whether 
they  are   crushed   beneath  the  Juggernaut  of  the 
streets  or  not .' 


I^ateiits  for  |nbentions 

CONNECTED     WITU     THE     IIUILIUNG     TR.^DE. 


4."l\     J.      CAUTKR.       iMi'nnvEMENTs     is     Open  ing, 

■LOdlKG,      AND     Si;<.'l'[llNO  WiNDOWy,    DoORS,    AND     S^UT- 

it:i:.s,  tic     Dated  Fobnmry  10,  1867. 

TliU  iiiveutiou  haa  roferouoo  to  a  former  patent,  dated 
1  lt!i  Juuo,  lS;i(i  (No.  1610),  and  consiata  iu  employing  a 
.sli:ift,  the  upper  part  cif  whicli  is  screwed  or  has  a  screw 
r>rmtjd  on  it,  for  raising,  and  lowering  tho  uppur  hJiah, 
simtlor,  door,  or  port  eliutter,  the  lower  part  of  the  shaft 
boing  plain,  aud  which  passes  down  through  a  trouser  or 
tube  screwed  on  the  outaido  for  raising  aud  lowering  tha 
under  sa^h,  shutters,  door,  or  port  uhutter,  tho  troiiser  or 
tube  being  only  lialf  tlio  length  or  tliereabouta  of  tlie  solid 
Ht.:rowed  shaft ;  ita  length  being  sulficiont  to  raise  the  under 
Mash,  shutter,  door,  or  port  shutter.  By  lliia  arrangement, 
lither  of  the  said  shutters,  door^,  or  port  shutters  may 
be  raised  or  lowered,  or  secured  iu  auy  position  of  their 
iiiottun,  the  ends  of  the  screwed  shafc  and  the  trousor 
p;ui3iug  down  through  the  fraiuing  into  a  wall  box,  their 
lower  ends  being  provided  with  bevil  wheels  which  are 
actuated  by  a  handle  aa  in  the  invention  referred  to  above. 
It  id  to  be  understood  that  tho  screwed  part  of  the  shaft 
and  the  trouser  or  tube  passes  through  or  into  correspond- 
ing screwed  lugs  attached  to  the  framing  of  the  sash, 
sliutter,  door,  or  port  shutter,  so  that,  according  as  tho 
Burews  are  revolved  the  s,i3li,  shutter,  door,  or  i>ort 
shutter  moves  upwards  aud  downwards.   Patent  completed. 

43lj.    E.    STEV^'ENS.         Improvements    in    Means    or 

Al'PARATL'S     EMPLOYF.D    TO     SECL'RE    COAL    PLATKS,    TRAP 

Doous.  AND  oTHiiR  SIMILAR  ARTICLES.      Dated  February 
10,  isor. 

In  performing  this  invention,  »  fixed  ear,  lug,  or  bolt, 
and  a  sliding  bolt,  are  employed;  the  sliding  bolt  is  guided 
iu  suitable  guide,  cast  on  or  affixed  to  tho  article  to  be  se- 
cured. Ou  this  sHdiug  bolt  one  or  mjre  Ings,  pins,  or  teeth 
are  formed  or  fixed,  which  are  acted  upon  by  a  weighted 
lever,  or  by  a  lever  acted  ou  by  a  spring.  Jfaterit  covipieted, 

444.  C.  WEXNER.  Certain  Improvements  in  Appa- 
ratus FOR  Preventing  Down  Draught  in  Chimneys, 
etc.     Dated  February  19,  1S07. 

This  invention  consists  in  the  use  and  applicatiou  of  a 
curved  '*  hood"  or  "  cowl,"  into  which  the  upper  portion 
of  the  chimney  pot  or  funnel  is  made  to  project,  such  hood 
or  cowl  being  open  at  the  exit  end,  aud  turning  with  the 
wind  on  a  vertical  shaft,  and  has  an  opening  iu  the  back 
or  long  curve  of  a  smaller  sectional  area  than  the  area  of 
the  exit  end  of  the  cowl,  aud  into  this  back  opening  a 
horizontal  fuuuel  or  couicil  tube  is  fitted  in  order  to  catch 
tho  wiud.  by  this  arr.augemeni.  the  air  passed  from  the 
small  openiug  in  tlie  back  of  tho  hood  or  cowl  over  the 
top  of,  aud  at  right  angles  to  the  chimney  or  air  shaft 
through  tho  said  hood  or  cowl  of  larger  sectional  area,  ex- 
panding at  tho  same  time,  aud  causing  a  gieat  upward 
draught  n  tho  chimney  or  ventilating  shaft.  To  preveut 
any  back  current,  the  hood  or  cowl  is  made  of  sutficient 
length  to  allow  the  current  of  air  which  irjsues  from  the 
small  opening  iu  the  sliape  of  a  cone  to  touch  the  sides  of 
the  cowl  before  passing  into  the  open  air,  so  that  no  air 
current  can  enter  through  the  front  opening,  i^utent  com- 
pUttd. 


%xi)ii  lelus. 


TENDER3. 

Brixton  -For  house  and  shop  in  the  Briiton-road,  for 
Mr  F  Hr.tol,h,son.  Mr.  Charles  H.  D  Driver,  arch,  eet 
Quantities  supplied  by  Mr  T^  Nixon  :-Thon3p«m  £l,b35, 
Nixon,  £1,550  ;  Manley  and  Rogers,  il,4i2  Perry,  £1,3.0  , 
Taylor  £1,243  ;  Nutt  and  Co.  (accepted),  £1,10>). 

CROYDON-.-  For  carcassing  only,  two  houses  at  Thnmton 
Heath  Mr  J.  Bemey,  aroUitect :— HaU,  £1,4!>3,  t>oghtm- 
Se  £1,232;  Cnibb  and  V.aughan,  £1.190j  Lose,  £1,102; 
Brett  and  Bradbury,  £1,14S  ;  George,  Xl,12i. 

City. -For  Dulling  down  and  rebuilding  the  court  and 
olHcea  otthe  Coopers'  Company,  Basinghall-street.  Mr. 
Seo  Barnes  Williams,  arclutect  to  the  company  :--Cole- 
i-'X'in.'i-  Mv*>r<i  £4  867-  Ashbv  ?nd  bon,  £4,b.^4  , 
toss,!!;--!;  Arb;and'Horner,^£4!750;  Ruler,  £4,060; 
Browne  aud  Robiuson  (accepted),  £4,627. 

Kensinoton  —For  a  terrace  often  houses  at  Kensington 
for  Mr  S  UUman.  Mr.  John  Dale,  architect.  Quantities 
lupp  ed  by  Mr.  Shrubsole:-Macey,  £16,490;  Johnson 
£14  990-  Carter  and  Sons,  £14.170;  Cowlaud  £1.3,240, 
Butt  and  SO".  "^,075:  Parsons,  f  ^.O^S  V N'Sh'^n 
£12,742;  Wilcox,  £12,696;  Nutt  and  Co.,  il2,013  Mun 
day  and  Hutchinson,  £12.400;  Thome  aud  Co.,  £11.945 
Grover,  £11,000  3s.;  CockrcU,  £11,57d;  Pearse,  £11,500, 
Baxter,  £9,078. 

NEWCASTLE-DPON-SyNE.-Por  tile  Albert  Memorial  Or- 
uhanaiie.     Messrs.  Austin  and  Johnson,  architects  :— 
*  ^  Boundary 

Main        Walls,  Gates, 
Building,     and  Drains.       Total. 

H    Hudspeth  £4,605  16  0   £771     2  0  £5,576  17     0 

Thos.  Howard 4,790  10  0      709  15  0      6,560    5    0 


T.  Forsyth  4,678  0  0 

.r.  Gibson 4,043  0  0 

R.  Yeaman  4,500  0  0 

Edward  Brewis 4,506  0  0 

Robert  WhichcUo...  4,494  0  0 

William  Gibson 4,3:i4  5  1 

W.   Scott  (accepted)  3,030  0  3 


-1,350 


706  14  0 
780  0  0 
624  0  0 
048  0  0 
760  13  0 
634  11  7      3,664  11  10 


5,190 
6,142 


5,004   I.S 


Tottenham.— For  Congreg.ational  church  and  schools 
Messrs.  Smith  and  Son,  architects,  Quantities  by  Mr 
ShrubsoleaudMr.  Paice;— 

Entire  Works. 

Adams £4,189    ... 

Gordon  and  Co 4,0S.t     .. 

Barker    3,928     ... 

Nightingale  ....•.■.•■ ?•»='     - 

Blackmore  and  Morley  3,583    ... 

Cr.abb  snd  Vaughan 3,400    ... 

JIunday  and  Hutchinson ...    3,153    ... 

Palmer  (accepted), 2,820    ... 


Church  only. 
£6,365 
3,087 
3,378 
3,125 
2,800 
2,650 
2,403 
2,179 


696 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


October  4,  1867. 


BATH  STONE  OF  BEST  QUALITY. 

Ranbell  and  Sadnders,  Qiiarrymen  and  Stone  Mer- 
oliants,  Bath.  List  of  Prices  at  the  Qu.arrie3  and  Depots, 
also  Cost  for  Transit  to  any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
furnished  on  application  to  Bath  Stone  Office,  Coi-sham 
WiJts.— [Advt.J 


BANKRUPTS. 

TO  SURRENDER  IN  BASINGHALL-STREET. 

F.  Barlow,  Strand,  dealer  in  building  materials.  October 
16,  at  12— Fredericli  William  Etheridge.  Brighton,  builder, 
October  16,  atl2— Heury  Gent,  East  Croydon,  builder,  Oc- 
tober 17,  at  11 -James  Hicks,  Lower  Xoi-wood,  builder, 
October  16,  at  12— C.  Rowe,  Heacham,  Norfollc,  jobbing 
carpenter,  October  16,  at  12— Thomas  Baird  Steven,  St. 
Johu's-place,  Nottinghill,  contractor  for  buildings,  October 
16,  at  1 — Joseph  Hopping,  Barnes,  gasfitter,  October  22, 
at  12  Samuel  Penfold,  Great  Dover-street,  Borough, 
builder,  October  15,  at  11. 

TO  SURRENDER  IN  THE  CODNTRT. 

W.  Brovm,  Jlaryport.  Cumberland,  joiner,  October  7 — 
Heniy  Ellwood,  Whitehaven,  painter,  October  9— Jabez  H. 
Forahaw,  Barrow  in-Fumess,  joiner,  October  10— John 
Greenfield,  South  Stocltton,  Yorkshire,  brick  manufacturer, 
October  9 — Henry  Stevens,  Eastbourne,  Iniilder.  October 
9— F.  G.  Taylor,  Manchester,  master  painter,  October  S— 
Edward  Whiteside,  Kirkham,  Lancashire,  joiner,  October 
10— John  Beddoe,  Westbromich,  builder,  October  11,  at 
12— David  CouneU.  Bradford,  plumlier,  October  14,  at  11 
— Thomas  Davies,  Birmingham,  caroenter,  October  11,  at 
10— Richard  Pawley,  St.  Mary  Cluirch,  Devon,  mason,  Oc- 
tober 12,  at  11— Edward  Eggleston  Wordsworth,  Hull,  paper 
and  paperhanger,  October  14,  at  11. 

NOTICES  OF  SITTINGS  FOR  LAST  EXA3IINAT10N. 
November  8,  G.  Noi-man,  Leeds,  joiner — November  1 , 
R.  M.  Robsou,  Liverpool,  ironmonger — October  11,  C 
Moyse,  Fornh.am  All  Saints,  Suffolk,  carpenter-October 
16,  R.  Ross,  Sunderland,  painter — October  23,  W.  Cooper, 
Leicester,  joiner— October  23,  W.  Broughton,  Leicester, 
bricklayer. 

PARTNERSHIPS  DISSOLVED. 

Taylor  and  Wilkinson  Leeds,  aichiteots— Raybould,  Gell, 
and  Winmill,  Bristol,  window  gla33  m  erchants— Hobbs, 
Hart,  and  Co. ,  Cheapside,  and  Arlington  street,  Lslingtou, 
lock  manufacturers  -Jones  and  Pollard.  Manchester, 
joiners— Dalrymple  and  Finlay,  Tackley  and  Kirtliington, 
O.Nfordshire,  builders- Tomliu  and  Leander,  Manchester, 
engineers— P.  Boetiua  and  J.  Eichhorn,  Delahay-atreet, 
Westminster,  civil  engineers— A.  and  P.  Parkes  and  Co., 
Birmingham,  edge  tool  manufacturers. 

DIVIDEND. 

October  IS,  S.  Proctor,  Chesterton,  builder. 


LATEST   PRICES    OP   MATERIALS   USED 
IN  CONSTRUCTION. 


Tedk    load 

£9    0 
3    0 

no 

Quebec,  red  pine  .... 

4 

„       yellow  pine. . 

2  15 

4 

et.  John  K.B.  yellow 

0    0 

n 

Quebec  Oak,  white  . . 

6    S 

li 

,,       birch 

3  10 

4 

.,       elm    

3  10 

fi 

Dantzic  oak  

3  10 

fi 

..       fir 

2    0 

3 

3    0 
3    0 

2    0 
6     0 

3 
3 

Swedish 

MaatB.Quebec  red  pine 

7 

,,       yellow  pine.. 

S     0 

fi 

Lath  wood.  Dantzic.fm 

4  10 

fi 

„       St.  Petersburg  8  10 

7 

Deal8.prC..12ft,.  hy3 

by  9  in.,  duty  23  per 

load,  di-.iwb;ick  28. 

Quebec,  white  apruce 

13    0 

11 

Bt.John,  white  spruce  13  10 

If) 

Yellow   pine,  per  re- 

duced C. 

Canada,  1st  quality. 

17    0 

IR 

2nd  do 

11  10 

12 

per  load,  drawback.  Is. 
10  Archangei,  yellow  ..  £11  10 
St.  Petersburg,  yeL..  10  10 

Finland 8    0 

Memel 0    0 

Gothenburg,  yellow      8  10 

whit«    8    0 

Gefle,  yellow 9    0 

Soderham       9    0 

Christiania.    per  C, 

12  ft.  by  S  by  9  in. 

yellow 16    0 

Deck  Plank.  Dantzic, 

per  4U  ft.  3  in 0  15 

PuwiCK  Stone  pr  ton     6     \) 
OiLa,  &c. 

Se.il,  pale per  tnn  41     0 

Sperm  body  luS    0 

foil    3d  10 

Whale.  Sth.  Sea,  pale  38  1>) 

Olive,  Gallipoli 08    0 

Cocoanut.  Cochin.ton  56  1» 

Palm,  fine 4J    o 

Linseed    3^     0 

Rapeseed,  Eng. pale..  4"    0 
Cottonseed 34    0 


£13    0 
11    0 


0    0 
39     0 


57  10 

4-::  10 


.  per  ton 


6     7 

B 

6  10 

0 

7  10 

0 

7  16 

"^ 

8  ID 

0 

9    0 

0 

9  16 

0 

10    0 

n 

7  10 

0 

7  16 

0 

5  15 

0 

6    0 

0 

6    5 

0 

0    0 

0 

2  16 

II 

S    5 

B 

10    5 

0 

10  10 

0 

15    0 

0 

15  10 

0 

10  10 

0 

12  10 

0 

ej  0 

0 

0    0 

on 

93    0 

« 

0    0 

0 

74    0    0        76    0    0  t 
PI     0    0        83    0 


Metals. 

Iron:— 
Welsh  Bars  In  London 

Nail  Rod       , 

HoopB do 

Sheets,  Single      ^  do 

Stftfordshire  Bars       do 

Bars,  in  Walea     do 

Rails     do 

Foundry  Pigs,  at  Glasg.  No    1    ..  do 

Swedish  Bars   do 

Steel  :^ 

Swedish  Keg,  hammered      per  ton 

Swedish  Faggot   do 

Coffee  : — 

Sheet  4  Sheathing,  &  Bolts   ....per  ton 

Hammered  Bottoms       do 

Flat  Bottoms,  not  H.^mmered   ..      do 

Cake  and  Tough  Ingot     do 

Best  Selected    do 

Australian    do 

Y  1.  MeUlSheathingABods'.'.'.'.perlb 
Tdt:— 
EngUsh  Block      per  ton 

do      Bar   do 

do       Eefined   do 

Banca      do 

etraitfl     do 

Pig,  EngUsh     pet  ton 

,,    Spanish  Soft     do 

Shot,  Patent     do 

Sheet   do 

White     :;;      do 

Spelter:— 
On.the  Spot  per  ton 

Zdjc:— 

EngUsh  Sheet      per  ton         26  10    0  27    0    0 

Devanx'sV.  M.  Roofing  Zinc    do  26  10    0  0     0    0 

•  And  0  per  cent,  discount  U  laid  npon  the  new  system^ 

QpiOTSiLVEa     perbtl  6  17    0  0    0    0 

Rboulub  of  AvrmcurT 

^"°<''*    perton         28    0    0  fl    0    o 


21  15 
19  15 


•  16    0 
)    0    0 


0    0 
19  10 


21    0    0        21    2     6  net 


In  the  Press, 

WHO  WAS  THE  ART  ARCHITECT  of 
the  WESTMINSTER  PALACE?  A  Statement  of  Facts, 
from  1835  to  1862,  founded  upon  tlie  correspondence  of  the  late  Sir 
Ch.trle8  Barry  and  the  diaries  of  Augustus  Welby  Pugin. 

London  :  Longmans,  Geeen.  and  Co.,  Paternoster-row. 


GOTHIC  EORMS  APPLIED  TO  FUR- 
NITUKE.  METAL  WORK,  &c.,  for  INTERIOR  PURPOSES. 
by  Mr.  B.  J  Talbert.  of  London.  The  above  work  hasespecial  refer- 
ence to  the  Manufacturers  of  Furniture,  MeMl  Workers,  and  Decnra- 
toi-3,  as  suggestive  of  Work  applied  to  Bnildings  erected  in  the  Gothic 
Styles.  The  sketches  will  be  designs  adapted  to  the  modem  require- 
ments of  the  library,  dining,  drawing  and  bed  rooms,  halls,  «c. ;  tbia 
includes  wood,  metal,  and  decorative  work.  To  be  published  in  six 
monthly  p.irts,  price  5s.  per  p:irt,  containing  five  pUttes  and  letter- 
l>resa  ;  or  when  completed,  bound  up,  £1  IPs. 
Published  by  S.  Birbeck,  Bookseller,  3,  Pershore-road,  Edgbastun, 
Bixiuiugb  am. 

"VTEW  DESIGN  BOOK  of  MEDIEVAL 

JJl  FURNITURE  SUITED  for  MODERN  GOTHIC  VILLAS. 
Designed  and  Lithographed  by  R.  Charles  Price  453..  in  wrapper  ; 
half-bonnd,  50s.  The  bfiok  contains  60  pages  and  about  20u  original 
designs  of  various  articles  of  Furniture,  and  of  Window  Drapery,  all 
coloured. 

To  be  had  at  R.  Chasles's,  30,  Newman-street,  Oxford-street,  London. 


BILIOUS  and  LIVER  COMPLAINTS, 
Indigestion,  Sick  Headache.  Loss  of  Appetite,  Drowsiness, 
'Ji'ldinesa.  Spasms,  and  all  Disorders  of  the  Stomach  and  Bowels  are 
■luickly  removed  by  that  well-known  remedy.  FRaMpTON'S  PILL 
UF  HEALTH.  They  unite  the  recommendation  of  a  mild  operation 
wiih  the  most  successful  effect  ;  and  where  an  aperient  ia  required, 
nothing  can  be  be'ter  adapted. 

Sold  by  all  Medicine  Vendors,  at  Is.  lid.  and  2b.  9d-  per  box  or 
obtained  through  any  Chemist. 


C.  H.  DAVIES  and  CO.'S 

GE.\UI>fE 

SOLID    PARQUET    FLOORS 

Are  Greatly  Supeiior  to  any  hitherto  Produced,  being 

of  Special   Construction,    Improved   Design, 

Thoroughly  Seasoned,  and  at 

PRICES   LOWER    THAN   USUAL. 

Specimens  at  Arcliitectural  Museum,  23,  Maddox -street,  W. 

AXD  AT 

Show  Rooms,  Cambridge  Hall,  Newraan-street,  London. 


QTAIRCASE    and  JOINERY    WORKS, 
*^  JOHN     WALDEN 

(Late  Shop  Foreman  to  Mr.  W.  SANDS,  retired), 

13,  MAIDEN  LANE,  COVENT  GAEDEN. 

Estimates  on  application. 


PRIZE  EHCAUSTIC  TILES. 

T&  R.  BOOTE  ai-e  awarded  by  the  Jurors 
•     of  both  Class  10  and  35  of  the  INTERNATIONAL  EXHIBI- 
TION a  Prize  Medal  for  their  Encaustic  Tiles. 

Foe  Admirable  Treatment  akd  Good  De&iqn. 

For  New  Processes  of  Mai,-ijvacture  of  Encaustic  Tn,ES. 

T.  &  Fv.  BOOTE  by  their  Patent  Process  are  making  Encaustic  and 

PLAIN   FLOORING   TILES  of  the  hardest  textxire  and  the    finest 

colours  (equal  to  enamel  tints)  which  can  be  inlaid  any  depth,  thereby 

ensnring  durahUity.  and  at  a  much  cheaper  rate  than  hitherto  charged. 

FOR  CHURCHES.  ENTRANCE  HALLS,  &c.,  ic. 

White  Glaze  1  iles  both  for  in  and  outdoor  purposes,  which  will  re- 

sifet  the  severest  weather. 

Designs  ajid  Estimates  supplied  without  charge,  and  experienced 
pavers  nent  out  to  suit  purchasers. 

Address— T.  Si  R.  BOOTE,  Wa  erloo  Potteries,  Burslem. 

UNDER  THE  PATRONAGE  OF  H.M.  THE  QUEEN. 

THE  LONDON  PARQUETRY  WORKS, 
— The  first  Establishment  founded  in  England  (in  1842)  for  the 
exclusive  manuf.acture  of  Solid  and  Plated  PARQUET  FLOORS  and 
BORDERS.  CEILINGS,  and  WALL  DECORATIONS;  and  Sole 
P.itentees  of  the  only  system  adapted  to  the  English  clim.-ite.  whereby 
the  evils  of  dry  rot,  shrinkage,  and  warping  {so  common  to  work 
manufactured  in  foreign  climates),  are  effecit;au,y  PRE\'jLNr£D.— For 
designs, estimates,  and  list  of  nearly  300  floors.  &c.  apply  to  THE 
LONDON  PARQUETRY  WORKS.  Grove-lane.  C.mberweU,  S.;  or  to 
their  Sole  Agents.  Messrs.  Gillow  and  Co.,  176.  Oxf  ird-street. 


FIRST  CLASS  MEDALS  TO  MAW  &  Co..  EXHIBITION  OF 
1862;  DUBLIN  1865;  AND  OPORTO. 

TMPERISHABLE  TESSELATED  PAVE- 

J_  MENTS,  combining  a  highly  decorative  and  economical  substitute 
for  ordinary  floors,  and  thetr  perishable  coverings.  UAW  A  CO  'S 
Pattern-book,  the  work  of  the  lirst  designers  of  the  day.  foi-warded, 
together  with  special  designs  and  estimates  for  every  kind  of  floor 
and  wall  tiling. 

Specimens  may  be  seen  also  at  Maw  and  Co.'e  Manchester  Agents, 
T.  DALE  and  SON.  50  John  Dalton-street;  and  London  Ajtenta.  W  B 
SIMPSON   and  SONS.  456.  WestSti-and. 

BENTHALL    WORKS.    BROSELEY. 


PARIS  EXHIBITION,  1867. 
In  Class  65,  a  SILVEK  MfeDAL  has  been  awarded 

PEAKE'S       TEEEO-METALLIO       TILES 

PIPES,    &c. 
I^OTICE  is  hereby  most  respectfullv  given 

J_l  that  the  LONDON  DEPOT  for  this  WARE  ia  REMOVED  to 
No.  21  WHARF,  Macclesfield-street  North,  City-ro.ad  Basin  N  • 
Secondly,  that  the  trade  term.  "  Tebbo-Metallic,"  is  the  exclusive 
right  of  the  ProprieUir  ;  and.  thirdly,  that  the  "  Reports  of  the 
j0BtES."  page  581.  of  the  Great  Exhibition,  note  the  grant  of  a  First- 
class  Medal,  and  rank  the  Manufactories,  known  ao  long  as  "The 
Tileries/-  Tunstall,  Staffordshire,  as  the  first  of  the  kind  in  the  world 


WRIGHT'S  TAR  PAVEMENT. 

ESTABLISHED  1839. 

THE  BEST  &  CHEAPEST  PAVEMENT 
extant  fnr  ROADS  FOOTPATHS.  RAILWAY  PLATFORMS 
ILAYGIIUUNDS,  and  YARDS.  Extensively  used  by  the  W.^r 
DEPARTMENT  and  BOARD  of  ADMfRALTY.  Specimens  may  \>t 
seen  at  Woolwich,  at  the  Royal  Arsenal.  Burracks,  and  Cadet  College  ■ 
Quadrangle.  Somerset  House ;  Fountain  Gardens ;  KcuBinyton 
Ga'-dens:  Platforms  of  the  Great  Northern  and  Great  Eastern  Kail- 
W3>.  Christ  B  Hospital  Schools;  Royal  Masonic  Soh  ols ;  Model 
Lodging  Houses.  Columbia-sijuare,  an!  Green  Man's-lane,  Islington  ■ 
the  R«v.  C.  H.  Spurgfton'fl  Tabernacle,  &e..  Ac.  ' 

„    ^  ASPHATiTE, 

For  Ba*ement«,  Floors,  Ac    Arches  made  Waterprool. 
Apply  to  W.  WRIGHT,  82,  Bucklersbnry,  B.C. 


A  SPHALTE— TRINIDAD— SEYSSEL 

XX  —MINERAL  TAR. 

THOMAS  HARRISON  and  CO.  have  now  a  regular  snonl- 
ROCHE  ASPHALTE  and  MASTIC  MINERAL  TAR  fro'o  rVs, 
and  can  undeitake  to  execute  any  work  in  Aaphalte  of  tbe  very  fa" 
Seyssell  quaUty.  as  well  aa  Trinidad  and  British  Aaphaitee  on  • 
most  re<«*onab!e  terms,  '        ' 

PREPARED  /  '"^^    every    description  of    Bmijjnto,    Eaelway  ai. 

\     AtjRicui-TUBAL  Work. 
TEMPERED  (  ^'^^  every  purijose,  situation,  and  Export  to  m 
\    Clijiate, 
Bendered  to  uniform  consistency  by  Steam  Power. 
The  trade  supplied  on  advjmtageous  tei-ms ;  and   estimates  giyeti 
Works  of  any  magnitude  ;  also  for 
LAYING  TAR  PAVEMENT. 

THOMAS  HARRISON  &  Co. 

ASPHALTE.     WHITING.     AND     PAINT    W0BK8— 

Cambridge  Heath  Wharl.  Haikney, 
Sunderland  Wharf.  Rotherhithe, 
City  Oifices,  4,  New  London-Htreet,  E.O. 
(Opposite  tiie  Blackwall  Railway), 


POLONCEAU  &  SEYSSEL  ASPHALTE. 


For  covering  Flat  Eoofs,  Paving,  and  Flooring  of  every  descriptJt 
especially  in  pla^-es  subject  to  damp  and  vermin. 

This  Asphalte  ianow  extensively  used  for  Paving  STABLES  { 
shown  above),  the  absence  of  Jointa  preventing  the  generation 
ammonia. 

For  Estimates  aud  Prices,  Ac,  apply  to 

JOHN    PILKINaTON, 

15,  FISH  STREET  HILL,  LONDON,  E.O. 
Country  Builders  jupplied  with  Asphalte  in  bulk  for  covering  Floe 
ingB,  Bam  Floors,  ftc.  with  instructionB  to  lay  it  down. 


MESSRS.    POWELL, 

THE     GLASS    WORKS, 
WHITEFEIAES,       LONDOW,      E.G. 

(between      the       TE5IPLE      AKTD       BLACKFRIARS       ERIDGl 

ESTABLISHED  17C<f^SILVER  MEDAL,  PAEI->  EXHIBITIOM 

WINDOW  DEPARTMENT 

Simple  Diaper  Work  for  the  Side  Windows  of  Churches,  4e.  per  Iw 

Tracery  for  the  same,  5a.  per  foot. 

This  glass  has  been  much  admired  at  Paris,  where  it  is  combln 

with  coloured  borders  and  medallions. 

The  same  combined  with  Plain  Cathedral  Glass,  2s.  6d.  and  Ss.  6d- 

ThicK  Oinamentil  Glaas  for  Skylights. 

Wall  Decorations  in  Opaque  Glass,  a  revival  of  an  old  art. 

Painted  Windows  executed  from  the  best  desi^s. 

Old  Windows  Restored. 


PARIS    EXHIBITION. 

and        HUGHES 


MEDAL, 

WARD 

Tf  STAINED      GXjASS     PAINTERS,      ECCLESIASTICS 

DECORATORS.  &c.,(>7.  Frith-street,  Soho-aquare.  London 

Soho  Plate  and  (xeneral  Glass  Warehoxisi 

26,     SOHO     SQUARE,     W. 
And  GEORGE  YABO.   CROWN  STREET,  SOHO,   W.C. 
At  the  above   Extensive  Establishment  the  following  descriptic 
of  Glass  can  be  procured  wholesale  : — 

PLATE  GLASS.  Polished,  Silvered,  Obscured,  and  Bough. 
PATENT  PLATE  GLASS  ofaU  qntlitics  and  substancce. 
COLOURED.  ORNAMHNTAL,  and  STAINED  GLASS. 
CROWN,  SHEET,  and  HORTICULTURAL  GLASS. 
HARTLEY'S  ROLLED  ROUGH  PLATE,  &c,  &c. 


GLASS. 

WH.  JACKSON  supplies  BRITIS 
,  PLATE.  PATENT  PLATE.  ROLLED  PLATE,  CRQV 
SHEET.  HORTICULTURAL.  ORNAMENTAL.  COLOURKD.  PE 
TOGPiAPHIC.  and  every  description  ol  GLASS,  of  the  be3t  duj 
facture,  at  the  lowest  terms. 

Lists   of    prices  and  estimates    torvarded  on   application  it  f 
Warehouse,  315.  Oxford  Stree  i.  W. 


PLAIN   AND   0R»A1MENTAL   WINDOW   6LASS 

WBELL  haviiijT  made  an  extensive  add 
«  tion  to  his  Premises,  is  enabled  to  supply  eviry  des'-ript 
of  Painted,  Stained,  Embossed,  and  Enamelled  Glass  (.d)  <if  which  i 
be  seen  in  Pro^'re^s),  Also  he  i8  now  prepared  to  Biijl'l^  CEITISH* 
PATENT  PLATE,  CROWN,  SHEET,  COLOUKKD,  GROU> 
FLUTED.  CAST,  and  ROLLISD  PLATE,  FOREIGN  GLASS, 
Designs  and  Estimates  on  appUcation  to 

W.  BELL,  GLASS  PAJNTER.   43.  HIGH  STREET, 

CAM  PEN  TOWN. 

GLASS,  SASHES,  &c.,  deUvered  carriage  free. 

PATENT  TRACING  LINEN,  30m.  wid 
Is.  6d.  per  yard,  or  SPa  per  piece  (24  yards).  42in.  wide.  Cs.  i 
yard,  or  408  per  piece  (24  yardsi.  Improved  Tracing  Paper,  asuper 
quality.  4<'in.  by  3'  in..  Gs.,  Ts.  Gd..  and  83.  i-d.  per  quire  ;  Coutiiino 
40in.  wide.  10a.  per  piece,  20  .fards.  Whatman's  Drawing  Pape 
Sketch  Blocks  and  Books.  StrfCg  Cartridse  Paper,  Is.  3d-  per  qui 
Best  ditto,  -Is.  6d.  Quantity,  Spt«ificatiou,  and  other  Papers.  Peat 
Colouis,  Brushes,  &c. 

C.    ilOODY, 

257,    HIGH    HOLI;ORN,    LONDON,    W.C. 


ENAMEL    VARNISHES,     of     Snperi 
Quality,  that  dry  well,  lojk  well,  and  wear  well,  from  Ss. 
gallon. 

Samples  and  prices  eent  free  on  application  to  W.  NAYLC 
Vamiah  Manufacturer.  4a.  J ameti- street,  Oxford-street,  London.  A 
Manufacturer  of  Oak  Stains. 

Light        49.  per  gallon. 

Middle  Tint 5s.         „ 

Dark  Oak Ga.         „ 


THE  INTERNATIONAL  PRIZE  MEDAL, 

Awarded  1862, 

also  the  dublin  medal,  186.s. 

To    BUILDERS,    CAKFENlEKa,     and    BLINDMAKEE3 

JAS.  AUSTIN  &  SON, 

Manufacturers  of    the  above   Articles,   particularly  wishtodiMi 
the  attention  of  liie  Trade  to  their 

IMPERIAL    PATENT    FLAX    SASH   LINES, 

Of  which  they  are  now  making  four  qualitiee,  and  they  strongly  reco 
mend  that  in  ail  cjists  they  shoul'l  be  purchased  in  prtifereuce  to  I 
PATENT  LINES  made  from  Juto,  which  Article  haa  ueither  t 
STRENGTH  nor  DURABILITY  of  FLAX,  couye^uently  caiinot  gl 
id  much  satisfaction  to  ihe  Cnjusum.ir.  They  also  invite  the  parUco. 
attention  of  Uphoistereis  and  Blind  Makers  to  their  ^"iP^*""*"  fj? 
Blind  Lines,  which  are  very  much  superior  to  anything  ywt  oflw 
to  the  trade.  ^ 

They  can  be  obtained  of  all  Roper  aakera,  IronmongeWi  mUUmB 
Factors,  and  Wholesale  Houses  In  Tswn  and  Conntry. 
ESTABLISHED  1774. 


October  11,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


697 


THE   BUILDING  NEWS. 


lOHDOS,  FSISAT,  OCTOBER  11,  1867. 


W       MANCHESTER   TOWN    HALL. 

[N  our  last  week's  comment  on  the  designs 
submitted   for  the   New  Town  Hall  at 
[  '.uchester  we  very  briefly  adverted  to  a  letter 
.Pressed    to    the    mayor    and    corporation, 
,ing  the  reconsideration  of  the  site.     This 
.;er  is  addressed  to  them  by  a  member  of 
AC  town  council,   Mr.  John    King,  and  con- 
lins  such  very  sensible  suggestions,  that  we 
re  surprised  to  find  this  is  not  the  first  time 
hey  have  been  made  to  them.     Their  pur- 
ort  is  not   only  to   enlarge  the  site  for  the 
uilding,  but  to  give  it  a  more  regular  shape 
lan  it    at    present  possesses,  and  by  thus 
ing  open  out  important  thoroughfares  and 
id  increased  means  of  access  to  that  which 
intended  to  be  the   central   point   of  the 
1- — Albert-square.     We  should  have  hardly 
lUght  that  a  mayor  and  corporation  could 
so  blind  as  not  to  see  the  advantage  of  such 
extension,   if  the  painful   fact  were  not 
;ly  intruded  upon  us  that  the  first  step  into 
■rporate  body  is  veritably  "  a  leap  in  the 
:k,"  and    from  which  it  requires  almost 
■erhaman  energy  to  escape  ^\-ith  daylight, 
lowing  this,  we  are   not   surprised  to  find 
.t   the     Corporation    of    Manchester  have 
.•.l)erately  chosen  an    irregular    three-cor- 
.:ed  bit  of  land,  incapable  of  extension  as 
le  growing  exigencies  of  the   city  require, 
id    are  presenting    themselves,  like    their 
:uan  prisoners,  "  manacled  and  ironed,"  to 
hitects  with  the  earnest  request  that  they 
'1  give  them  that  freedom  of  space,  light, 
I  air  they  have   thus  wilfully    excluded 
nxselves  from.     Mr.  King's  suggestion  is  to 
■olve   Lloyd-street,   and  substitute   a  new 
le  from  Oxford-street  into  the  square,  obtain- 
1"  by  this  means  a  thoroughfare  of  immense 
uue,  and  avoiding  much  serpentine  progress 
3w  necessary  to  get  at  what  is  meant  to  be 
le  heart  of  the  city.     He  enters  into  an  ela- 
oiate — and,  seemingly,  a  very  fair — estimate 
. ;  fthe  cost,  but  not  being  sufficiently  acquainted 
!  ith  the  price  of  land  in  Cottonopolis,  we 
umot  follow  him  into  this  part  of  the  sub- 
ct ;  but  this  we   can  say,  that  any  price 
hich  may  be  paid  now  will  be  much  less 
lan   in  that  by  no   means  distant  period, 
hen  the  proposed  Town  HaU  will,  like  the 
"•>ent  one,  be  found  too  small  for  its  re- 
irements.      A  mere  cursory  glance  at  the 
-ns  will  show  how  many  difficulties  archi- 
ls have  found  in  endeavouring  to  make 
:e  best  of  a  bad  job  the  to«-n  council  have 
lought  good  to  give  them.     Long  flights  of 
epslead  to  rooms  of  daily  use,  office  has  to  be 
iled  on  office,   or  dug   down  deep  into  the 
irth,  and  their  occupants  need  be  angels  or 
\jlodytes  to  use   them  with  comfort ;   and 
t  we  learn,  from  Mr.   King's  letter,  that 
"en  in  last  autumn  he  urged  the  question  of 
le  reconsideration  of  the  site,  not  only  per- 
inally,  but  by  the  presentation  of  a  memorial 
gned  by  so  numerous  and  important  a  por- 
■n  of  the  commimity  that  it  represented  an 
•essment  of  £120,0(:m1,   being   one-tenth   of 
le  total  assessment  of  the  entire  city.     This 
unphlet  also  lets  us  behind  the  "scenes  a 
ttle,  and  shows  how  from  time  to  time  the 
tv  surveyor  clipped  a  bit  of  first  one  street 
id   then  another,  and  destroyed  now  this 
"iityard,  and  then  that,  to   squeeze  out  the 
ea^and  squeeze  in  the   accommodation  to 
ut  the  existing  demands  ;  and  even  when  all 
done,  not  one  of  the  plans  exhibited  show 
ivthing  like  sufficient  areas  for  light  and  air 
so  gloomy  a  climate,  and  none  that  can 
ve  any  hope  for  future  extension  or  modifi- 
tion.    The  town  council  even  now  have  to 
•:ide  on  plans  submitted  in  a  "  close  "  com- 
tition  for  new  Police  Courts  elsewhere  ;  and 
e  would,  in  the  name  of  architecture  and 


common  sense,  urge  them  to  read  Mr.  King's 
letter,  and  well  consider  it,  and  comply  with 
his  demand.  Then,  all  the  municipal  buildings 
may  be  united  in  one  mass,  a  fine  building  be 
obtained,  suited  not  for  the  present  only,  but 
the  future  of  the  city ;  and  in  such  case  we 
would  urge  that  the  competition  which  has 
so  far  been  a  failure  may  be  again  re-opened 
and  conducted  on  a  better  basis.  We  are 
told,  in  ilr.  King's  letter,  that  Mr.  Walters, 
a  local  architect  of  much  ability,  was  called 
in  by  the  city  surveyor  to  show  how  the  best 
might  be  made  of  the  land  before  the  designs 
were  advertized  for;  and  rumours  have 
reached  us  that  these  plans  have  been  seen 
by  some  of  the  successful  competitors.  How 
far  this  may  be  the  case  we  do  not  know,  but 
we  trust  that  should  the  competition  be  con- 
tinued on  as  at  present  arranged,  5Ir.  Walter's 
plan  win  be  exhibited,  not  only  with  the 
tiual  drawings,  but  also  with  those  selected 
from  amongst  the  present  competitors.  We 
shall  then  see  how  much  some  of  them  are 
indebted  to  this  private  plan,  of  which  we 
now  hear  officially  for  the  first  time,  and  how 
much  they  have  culled  from  the  plans  of 
their  successful  brethren  now  exhibited  for 
their  behoof.  We  would,  however,  earnestly 
beg  the  council  to  pause.  It  is  not  too  late 
to  rectify  an  error  and  do  a  wise  work  which 
would  gloriously  distinguish  the  Manchester 
Corporation  from  too  many  of  their  municipal 
brethren. 


WILLIAM  HENRY  LEEDS,  AJKCHITEC- 
TURAL  CRITIC* 
Bt    Hyde    Clabke. 

IT  will  have  been  already,  to  some  degree, 
understood  what  were  the  leanings  of 
Leeds.  He  was  a  decided  votary  of  Italian, 
and  in  so  far  indisposed  towards  the  Classical 
and  the  Gothic  styles.  It  was  commonly 
thought  that  he  was  utterly  prejudiced 
against  the  latter  two,  but  this  was  by  no 
means  so.  He,  together  with  many  of  the 
advanced  men  of  his  day,  had  arrived  at  the 
conviction  that  the  imperfect  copying  of 
classical  temples  wasunsuited  to  modern  days 
and  to  rnodern  purposes  ;  and  he  thought 
that  Italian,  being  an  architecture  of  habita- 
tions, whether  for  palaces  or  small  buildings, 
was  that  which  we  could  best  adapt.  Italian 
has  everything  in  it  which  we  require,  even 
to  windows  and  chimney  pots,  which  Greek 
and  Roman  temples  do  not  yield  us.  As  to 
Gothic,  he  did  not  deny  its  possession  of  some 
characteristics,  but  his  school  held  that 
Gothic  had  been  surpassed  in  these  by 
Italian  ;  therefore,  he  thought  he  was  follow- 
ing the  tendencies  of  the  age  in  promoting  the 
development  of  Italian — not  the  copying  of 
Italian,  but  its  legitimate  development  in 
adaptation  to  the  wants  of  the  present  time, 
without  presenting  purely  national  Italian 
details  or  allusions.  An  Anglo-Italian  school 
was  looked  forward  to  which  should  be  a 
modification  of  Italian  as  strictly  as  PaUa- 
dian.  This  is  a  result  which  will  probably  be 
attained,  but  the  error  of  too  many  men  of  the 
past — or,  rather,  their  want  of  judgment — lay 
in  their  objections  of  the  medijeval  styles  as  in- 
capable of  formative  action ;  or  it  may  be  that 
some,  as  Leeds  liimself  reprobated,  con- 
sidered it  desirable  to  check  the  sprouting  and 
new  growth  of  Gothic  as  likely  to  choke  the 
coining  np  of  Italian.  Gothic  was  to  be  weeded 
up  as  an  opposition  crop,  as  stools  of  the  older 
harvest  not  wanted  now.  This,  -with  our  pre- 
sent knowledge,  is  an  open  error,  because, 
firstly,  Italian  is  not  enough  of  itself  to 
awaken  the  needful  strength  of  feeling  for  art, 
while  Gothic  has  shown  itself  most  efficient 
for  this  end,  and  we  owe  much  more  to  the 
progress  of  Gothic  than  to  the  progress  of 
Italian  in  furnishing  us  with  the  elements  of 
art.  How  far,  having  these  elements  restored 
to  us,  we  shall  succeed  in  breathing  into  them 
a  new  spirit,  and  giving  birth  to  a  new  style 


*  Contmaed  from  page  6S2. 


of  art,  remains  to  be  seen.  We  want  the 
beauties  of  Classic,  Gothic,  Italian,  Indian, 
and  Oriental,  so  applied  in  subservience  to 
our  wants — so  adapted  to  iron,  glass,  and  gas, 
and  so  impressed  with  the  character  of  being 
English,  as  to  furnish  forth  a  style  which  shall 
be  a  record  of  our  day. 

As  yet  we  have  been  rather  mustering  the 
materials  and  getting  together  our  stores  than 
duing  any  tiling  efi'ective  in  the  construction  of 
monuments,  and  our  progress  in  art,  small  as 
it  may  look  in  the  latter  aspect,  is  really 
great.  We  are  getting  together  the-materials 
for  a  campaign  in  art,  and  that  is  our  success. 
Those  of  us  wlio  laboured  a  generation  ago 
were  too  eager ;  like  doctrinaires,  who  upset  a 
government,  we  expected  a  new  one  was  to  be 
carried  out  before  the  men  and  means  had 
been  created.  Wlien  Leeds  and  those  of  his 
day  had  shown  the  inanity  of  Ionic  temples 
in  post-offices  and  banks,  and  raised  the  hopes 
of  tlie  young  and  rising  men  of  the  day,  they 
thought  they  should  have  an  early  harvest, 
but  everything  had  to  be  fresh  created  from 
utter  destruction.  In  the  decline  of  art  whole 
trades  had  perished,  and  had  to  be  restored. 
It  was  no  longer  possible,  without  great  ex- 
pense, to  produce  the  lower  decorations  of  the 
decline  of  the  last  centur}'.  Free  plasterer's 
work,  carving,  and  panelling,  had  become  al- 
most extinct.  It  has  taken  a  generation  to 
raise  fresh  men,  but  we  can  now  with  satis- 
faction review  the  array.  It  is  enough  to 
name  the  decorators,  wood-carvers,  stone- 
carvers,  glass  painters,  plasterers,  who  con- 
tribute to  the  better  finish  of  the  buildings  of 
this  day.  There  is  hardly  a  provincial  city 
which  is  not  better  supplied  with  architectural 
aid  than  the  metropolis  itself  a  generation  ago. 
Leeds,  Pugin,  Ruskin,  Fergusson,  Layard, 
Beresford  Hope,  each  in  his  way,  thought  he 
had  only  to  demand  art ;  and,  because  he  met 
a  ready  response,  believed  he  had  secured  it, 
but  he  had  only  engaged  in  a  great  labour,need- 
ing  the  sedulous  exertions  of  years.  If  any 
man  has  been  disappointed  it  is  because  he 
has  asked  too  much,  because  he  undervalued 
our  decline  in  art,  and  because  he  did  not 
sufficiently  estimate  time,  in  its  relation  to 
the  production  of  lasting  ett'ects  in  art,  as  well 
as  in  all  that  is  human.  So  far  as  we  have 
creative  power,  what  we  create  with  a  breath 
dies  with  a  breatli,  and  though  our  power  to 
produce  what  is  lasting  is  limited  to  narrow 
bounds,  stiU  it  is  only  by  long  labour  we  can 
establish  anything  which  shall  for  its  short 
span  be  permanent.  If  volition  is  the 
possession  of  taste — could  of  itself  give  us 
monuments — we  should  have  had  them  ;  but 
how  many  a  man  is  there  of  the  past  day, 
who,  having  laboured  conscientiously,  now 
feels  that  his  architectural  productions  have 
not  answered  to  his  own  aspirations.  Bril- 
liant as  was  the  career  of  Barry,  it  may  be 
doubted  whether  he  was  satisfied  in  reviewing 
its  results,  compared  with  the  ambitious 
dreams  of  his  early  manhood. 

Leeds  expected  much  from  Italian,  and  was 
ever  disappointed  in  tlie  end.  When  Pall 
Mall  had  risen,  to  show  a  line  of  imitative 
palazzi,  he  believed  that  Italian  was  safe  ; 
yet  he  found  that  he  did  not  get  beyond  the 
imitations  of  Palladio  or  Scamozzi,  and  that 
the  wings  of  the  fledglings  never  reached 
a  higher  flight.  If  architecture  had  been  left 
to  the  Italian  style,  it  may  be  questioned 
whether  the  present  progress  of  that  style 
would  have  been  attained,  and  whether  that 
progress  is  not  greatly  owing  to  the  concurrent 
study  of  the  medieval  examples.  It  was 
neither  from  iUiberality  or  want  of  power  of 
adequate  appreciation  of  the  other  styles  that 
Leeds  was  an  ItaUanist.  He  bestowed  a  great 
deal  of  attention  on  the  monuments  of 
antiquity  and  their  classification,  as  may  be 
seen  in  the  "  Penny  Cyclopedia; "  and  as  he  had 
adequate  knowledge  of  their  construction  and 
their  merits,  he  never  depreciated  them. 
What  he  denied  was  that  it  was  right  to  copy 
them  for  other  distinct  purposes,  or  to  adapt 
them  to  modern  uses  with  incompatible 
adjuncts. 


698 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


October  11,  1867. 


As  to  Gothic,  lie  denied  none  of  tlie  artistic 
beauties  of  its  great  monuments,  but  he 
thought  for  domestic  purposes  it  was  sur- 
passed by  Italian.  Leeds  believed  and  affirmed 
that  Gothic  architecture  possessed  more  forms 
and  rules  of  art  than  Grecian.  He  said  Gre- 
cian, because,  with  him,  the  true  model  of 
classic  art  was  Grecian.  The  assertion  here 
given  as  to  the  superiority  of  Gothic  comes 
out  in  the  Civil  Engineers  and  Architects' 
Journal,  vol.  iii.,  p.  373,  but  it  was  not  a 
solitary  expression.  He  had  been  i[Uoting  an 
article  from  the  British  Critic,  No.  52 — 
an  essay  on  modern  churches — -and  where  the 
writer  affirmed  "  there  cannot  l)e  a  greater 
mistake  than  the  idea  that  Grecian  architec- 
ture required  greater  attention  to  study  and 
rules  than  Gothic.  Gothic  architecture  aj^pears 
less  formal  and  less  regular  than  its  ancient 
rival  only  because  it  embraces  more  elements 
of  calculation — because  it  has  more  forms 
and  rules  of  art."  "  This  dictum,"  says  Leeds, 
is  "  True,  most  true  ; "  and  he  goes  on  to  de- 
clare that  a  person  may  go  through  the  whole 
of  Grecian  architecture — may  learn  all  the 
live  orders,  secundum  artein — in  less  time  than 
he  can  make  himself  aci|uainted  with  the 
varieties  of  Gothic  doors  or  windows,  or  any 
other  single  feature  belonging  to  that  style.  He 
carefully  distinguishes,  however,  as  to  what  he 
means  by  Gothic,  for  he  says  carpenters' 
Gothic,  or  even  the  Jemmy  Wyatt  Gothic,  is 
a  different  matter ;  that,  says  he,  is  regular 
enough — all  done  by  ride,  without  any  study, 
and  therefore  regularly  bad,  or,  at  least, 
insipid. 

To  those  who  remember  Leeds's  passages  of 
arms  with  Pugin  it  will  appear  stiU.  more 
strange  to  find  Leeds  in  the  character  of  a  de- 
fender of  Gothic  architecture  ;  and  yet  it 
is  thoroughly  genuine.  It  was  provoked  by 
some  remarks  of  Professor  Cockerell  at  the 
Royal  Academy,  when  delivering  his  academic 
course  on  architecture.  A  sharp  remark  of 
Leeds's  (as  "  Candidus")  brought  out  a  cliam- 
pion  imder  the  signature  of  "  S.  L."  and  the 
inspiration  of  the  Professor.  "  Candidus,"  in 
defending  and  enlarging  his  original  observa- 
tions, first  of  all  vindicated  the  right  of 
criticizing  public  men  and  their  works,  aad 
particularly  the  propriety  of  critici.dng  the 
productions  of  living  architects.  "Candidus" 
says  his  impression  of  the  Professor's  lecture 
was  that  Professor  Cockerell  was  so  far  unfa- 
vourable to  Gothic  architecture  as  to  dis- 
courage it  most  decidedly  in  his  day.  He  had 
expressed  a  decent,  "  for-good-manners'-sake  " 
admiration  of  it,  and  no  more,  as  he  might 
have  done  for  any  other  bygone  and  worn  out 
school  of  art,  as  for  Egyptian  or  Byzantine 
architecture.  He  accused  Cockerell  of  being 
an  enthusiastic  devotee  in  his  rapturous  re- 
verence for  the  sublime  Sir  Christopher 
Wren,  who,  "  Candidus  "  affirmed,  had  been 
guilty  of  Temple  Bar  and  sundry  other  pieces 
of  veritable  architectural  bathos.  He  held 
Cockerell  to  be  evidently  ill-disposed  towards 
the  practical  application  or  adoption  of  Gothic 
in  his  day. 

Leeds  considered  the  chair  of  architecture 
at  the  Royal  Academy — then  the  only  one 
in  England — ought  not  to  be  confined  to  the 
advocacy  of  one  style  of  art  and  the  suppres- 
sion of  another ;  and  he  boldly  challenged 
Cockerell  and  his  squire  in  vindication  of  the 
catholicity  of  art  and  the  claims  of  Gothic, 
not  only  to  past  glory,  but  to  living  adapt- 
abilit}'.  This  argument,  in  the  Civil  Engineers 
and  Architects'  Journal,  vol.  iv.,  p.  155,  will 
show  not  only  Leeds's  views,  but  what  was 
necessary,  in  1841,  to  be  said  to  a  pub- 
lic authority  on  a  matter  in  which,  in  a  (|uar- 
ter  of  a  century,  no  one  could  be  found  who 
would  dare  to  raise  a  contest.  The  Professor's 
representative  had  said  that  midlioned  win- 
dows do  not  accord  very  well  witli  plate  glass, 
but  are  more  suitable  for  casements  with  small 
panes  than  for  the  large  squares  now  in 
use.  To  this  Leeds  responds  that  small  panes 
do  not  at  all  disfigure  Gothic  windows,  and  do 
not  produce  tlie  same  mean  and  paltry  effect 
they  would  do  in  others,  but  he  says  they  are 


by  no  means  indispensable  to  propriety  of 
character,  and  that,  if  well  designed  in  other 
respects,  the  windows  lose  nothing  by  each 
compartment  being  ftUed  with  single  plates 
of  glass.  He  vindicates  the  use  of  plates 
as  giving  more  light,  and  this,  he  declares,  is 
in  keeping  with  what  is  equally  beautiful  in 
the  same  style — viz.,  an  open  screen  with 
unglazed  compartments. 

Not  contented  with  thusexposingpharisaism 
in  its  denouncement  of  Gothic  as  being  inap- 
plicable because  of  so  slight  a  difference  as 
the  windows  being  glazed  with  large  plates 
instead  of  diminutive  panes,  he  declares  that 
it  is  not  possible  for  us  to  reconcile  ourselves 
to  the  infinitely  greater  departure  from  the 
genius  of  Grecian  arcliitecture,  liy  introducing, 
as  we  most  freely  do,  into  that  style,  features 
not  only  unknown  to  it,  but  absolutely  at 
variance  with  it.  He  instances  not  only 
windows,  cliimneys,  balustrades,  attics,  but 
succesive  tiers  of  windows,  and  windows 
throughout  ;  windows  also  within  porticos. 
He  calls  the  Professor's  attention  to  the  semi- 
Gothic  or  Gothicly  glazedwindows  of  St.  Paul's 
Cathedral.  The  representative  of  Cockerell, 
blatant  in  the  superciliousness  of  classicism, 
had  jjroclaimed  that  when  modern  architects 
design  in  the  Gothic  style  their  object  is  imi- 
tation, but  when  they  employ  Grecian  or 
Roman  their  aim  is  invention.  This  aroused 
all  Leeds's  ire,  and  he  afiirms  that  it  is  most 
palpable  and  notorious  that  all  our  Anglo- 
Grecian  architecture  betrays  utter  want  of  in- 
vention. ''Invention,  forsooth !  "was  hisiudig- 
nant  exclamation;  "then  invention  must  consist 
iu  making  facsimiles  of  Grecian  columns,  and 
poking  plenty  of  sash  windows  between  them, 
or  in  showing  ugly  chimneys,  garret  windows, 
and  skylights  over  Grecian  entablatures." 
Leeds  severely  stigmatized  the  course  of 
Cockerell  as  calculated  to  revive  the  preju- 
dices of  the  last  and  previous  century.  His 
own  objections  were  chiefly  against  the  over- 
strained claims  put  forward  on  behalf  of 
Gothic — or,  as  it  then  began  to  be  called. 
Christian — architecture.  While  unwilling  to 
allow  Gothic  architecture  to  be  decried  or 
suppressed,  he  resisted,  on  the  principles  of 
the  catholicity  of  art,  all  attempts  to  place  it 
on  the  throne  of  absolute  supremacy,  in  place 
of  its  deposed  classical  rival.  This  was  the 
motive  of  a  warfare  carried  on  by  him,  not 
against  Gothic  architecture  as  believed,  but 
against  those  who  wished  to  suppress  other 
styles  for  Gothic,  and  jiarticularly  against 
those  who  attempted  to  set  up  an  idol  of  the 
past  by  imposing  on  us  as  all-sufficient  stereo- 
type copies  of  the  works  of  the  thirteenth 
century.  In  this  respect,  he  set  himself 
against  copying  in  Gothic,  as  he  did  against 
the  copyist  in  other  styles  ;  or  he  demanded  in 
the  same  degree  inventions  in  Gothic,  and 
applauded  it.  He  maintained  the  appro- 
priateness of  Gothic  at  Windsor,  and  also  iu 
the  new  Houses  of  Parliament.  Consistency 
would  not  necessarily  drive  him  to  countenance 
mouker}'  in  our  streets  and  to  reproduce  the 
crudities  and  oddities  of  olden  days. 


PROPOSED  EXTENSION  OF  THE  HAR- 
BOUR OF  ST.  HELIER,  JERSEY. 

(From    our   Special    Coekespondent.) 

JUST  as  I  prepared  the  readers  of  the  Build- 
ing New.s  to  expect*  so  it  has  happened. 
The  Committee  for  Piers  and  Harbours  of  the 
Free  States  of  Jersey  are  enveloped  in  a 
mental  fog,  as  dense  as  those  material  ones 
which  occasionally  make  the  approach  to  the 
island  extremely  difficult  and  dangerous,  if 
not  whoUy  impossible.  They  cannot  see  their 
way  to  a  decision  as  to  the  merits  of  the  plans 
sent  in  for  the  new  harbour.  Many  weeks 
have  now  elapsed  since  the  designs  and  models 
of  the  thirty-seven  competitors  were  first  dis- 
played for  inspection,  in  the  rooms  of  the 
Working  Men's  Association  at  St.  Helier,  and 
the  premiums  offered  for  the  three  best  are 


*  Seo  BuiLDiNO  News,  No.  C64, 


not  awarded,  nor  apparently  likely  to  be  so 
fur  some  time  to  come.  Indeed,  it  will,  as  I 
think,  become  a  necessity  for  some  indepeii' 
dentjui'oror  jurors  to  step  in  and  cut  the 
loiot  the  Committee  can't  untie.  It  is  true 
that  the  ditficulties  of  this  body  are  consider- 
ably enhanced  by  the  fact  that  the  estimates 
which  accompany  the  plans  are  one  and  all 
larger  in  amount  than  was  originally  expected, 
or  than  the  present  financial  position  of  the 
island  would  warrant  them  in  accepting.  It 
is  the  old  story  in  regard  to  architectural  and 
engineering  works,  repeated — the  old  problem 
to  be  solved,  namely,  "  how  to  get  the  best 
thing  at  the  least  cost."  For  my  own  part,  I 
I  am  not  quite  certain  that  the  whole  cost  of' 
tlie  proposed  improvements  should  fall  uponl 
the  inhabitants  of  Jersey  alone.  In  the  year 
lS46-'47-'48  and  '49,  the  British  Government' 
purchased  in  the  beautiful  bay  of  St.  Catherine, 
situated  some  fivemiles  north-east  of  St.  HeUer, 
landed  property  to  the  extent  of  280  acres, 
and  at  a  cost  of  about  £70,000.  This  was 
preparatory  to  the  formation  there  of  a 
harbour  of  refuge  and  fortifications,  as  it  was 
said.  Afterwards,  half  a  million  of  nionev 
was  granted  from  the  English  Exchequer,  foi 
the  realization  of  the  plan,  and  this  amount 
was  actually  expended  in  constructing  tht 
first  instalment  of  the  harbour,  a  stone  pier  o! 
great  length.  It  was  then  discovered  thai 
tlie  site  chosen  was  in  every  way  ineligibh 
for  the  purpose,  and  the  whole  thing  wa; 
abandoned.  Thus  it  may  be  said  £atiO,UO( 
were  literally  cast  into  the  sea. 

There  is  no  chance  ,of  any  sum  of  monej 
expended  judiciously  upon  the  harbour  of  St 
Helier  being  thus  wasted  ;    and  if  so  nmcl 
was  spent  uselessly  at  St.  Catherine's  Bay 
why  not  expend  a  little  usefully  on  the  Bay  o 
St.   Aubin  ?     A  sulwidy  of  JfilOO.OOO  Ironi 
England  would  marvellously  assist  the  authori 
ties  qf  Jersey  in  deciding  as  to  whose  desigi 
should  be  adopted  for  extending  the  harbou 
of  St.   Helier,  and  in  putting  the  favourei 
scheme  into  execution.     I  advance  this  sug 
gestion  on  my  own  responsibility,  and  am  no 
at  all  aware  whether  a  similar  idea  may  hav 
crossed  the  minds  of  the  members  of  the  com 
mittee.      Bj'  the  way,  as  I  have  before  fm 
nished  you  with  a  list  of  the  civU  engiueei 
and  others  who  have  entered  into  competitioi 
for  the  works  in  question,  it  may  not  be  im 
proper  to  give  you  also  the  names  or  titles  c 
the  gentlemen  who  form  the  Piers  and  flai 
hours  Committee,  and  who  sit  iu  judgment  o 
the  plans.     They  are  as  follows  : — Jurats  L 
tiaUais,   Bisson,    De  Quetteville,   Le   Baill} 
the  Dean   of  Jersey,   and  the  Rector  of  S 
Mary's;    the  Constables  of  St.  Helier',s,  S 
Martin's,   and    St.  Brelade's ;    and   Deputii 
Hemery,  Godfrey,  sen.,  and  Godfrey,  jun.   N 
doubt  these  are  all  honorable  men,  but  as  t 
their  fitness  for  their  present  task  it  is  not  fc 
me  to  say  more  than  that  none  of  them  ai 
civil  engineers  or  architects.    It  is,  at  any  rat' 
highly  essential  that  their  deliberations  shoul 
not  be  much  longer  protracted.     It  may  ni 
be  possible  for  much  to  be  done  in  regard  t 
the  actual   construction  of  the  new  harbor 
this  side  of  the  spring  of  1868,  but  prepari 
tions  for  an  active  campaign  after  then  coul 
be  far   advanced  during  the  coming  winte 
Every  year  witnesses  increased  iutercomi.imi 
cation  between  Jersey  and  England,  and  henc 
the  urgency  of  increased  facilities  for  its  ai 
commodation.     The  number  of  visitors  wL 
disembarked  at  St.  HeUer's  this  year  from  tl 
1st  of  j\Iay  to  the  30th  of  September  was  r 
less  than   22,000.     As   arrangements  are  i 
present,  a  large  proportion   of  this  numbe 
both  on  their  arrival  and  departure,  were  con 
pelled  to  submit  themselves  to  the  aunoyani 
and  the  danger  of  transits  from  the  steame 
to  the  harbour,  and  vice  versa,  in  small  boat 
The  importance  of  completing  with  all  spec 
a  low- water  landing-jilace,  and  a  breakwafc 
for  its  protection  from  the  heavy  seas  whi( 
sometimes   sweep  the  bay  of  St.  Aubm, 
manifest.     This,  indeed,  would  not  only  1 
advantageous  in  respect  of  what  may  be  term* 
the  pleasui'e  traffic  of  the  island,  hvt  wou 


OCTOBKR   11,    1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


G99 


rtainly  tend  to  increase  its  trade  and  coni- 

■rce.     Vessels  of  all  kinds  might  tlu-n  ride 

perfect  security  otf  the  town,  whilst  the 

ipowners  of  all  nations  would  use  the  port 

■  more  frequently  than  they  do  at  present. 
Having  ellected  the  primary  works  just  re- 
red  to,  the  interior  arrangements  might  be 
lered  upon  with  all  due  detiheratiou  and 
n\  These,  of  course,  should  include  wet 
d  graving  docks  for  the  reception  and 
lair  of  vessels,  if  not  of  a  patent  slipway  as 
11.  It  is  only  reasonable  to  suppose  that,  if 
;h  accommodation  existed,  it  would  be 
,'ely  used— by  English  shipowners,  at  least. 
uv  are  well  aware,  at  present,  that  labour — 
d  that,   too,   of    an   excellent   quality,   so 

■  as  .shipbuilding  is  concerned — is  one-half 
,\per  in  Jer.sey  than  at  home;  but,  un- 
imately  for  them,  it  is  not  available.  The 
nig  of  at  least  50  per  cent,  in  the  item  of 

ur  alone   (to   say   nothing   of    materials, 
ch  also — and  especially  this  is  true  of  tim- 
,re  very  much  cheaper  than  in  England), 
amply  repay  the  cost  of  either  saLliug 
•ing  their  vessels  to  St.  Helier. 
'haps   some  time  may  elapse   before   a 
illustration  presents  itself  of  the  inoon- 
ice  of  the  existing  harbour  of  St.  Helier 
,e  shipbuilders    of   Jersey    than   exists 
moment.       There  are   lying  within 
very  excellent  specimens  of  what  those 
imen  can   accomplish   in   the  shape  of 
'-built  vessels.     They   are  both  of  the 
known  as  barques,  and  were  launched,  or 
ipted   to   be   launched,   in   the   J3ay    of 
.ttbin,  on  the  same  day — August  31  last. 
«f  these  is  named  the  "  Coeur  de  Lion  ; " 
lines  are   admirable,   and   her    tonnage 
"  register.      She  was  built  for  the  Jersey 
ibuilding  Company,  by  Mr.   Daniel   Le 
mte.      The     other    is    the     "  William 
ig,"  o\^^led  and  built  by   Mr.  William 
She   has  a  tonnage   equal  to  7s8 
T,  but  is  far  less  symmetrical  than  her 
ship.     Both   vessel.s   are   being  masted 
d  rigged  alongside  the  harbour  jetties.     As 
ere  is  no   such  thing  as  a   wet   or   lloat- 

fi  dock  to  receive  them,  they  are  both 
^high  and  dry  at  every  low  tide.  The 
■sining  to  wdiich  they  are  thus  subjected  has 
t,  apparently,  done  either  any  injury  ;  but 
juestion  much  if  twelve  months'  voyaging 
all  weathers  would  test  their  strength  and 
irability  more  than  the  cruel  ordeal  to 
lich  they  are,  twice  every  twenty-four 
iiu's,  submitted. 

V  plan  for  the  inclosure  of  the  Bay  of  St. 

in,   the   reclamation   of    three  thousand 

res  of  valuable  land,  the  formation  of  a  har- 

ur  and   railroad   connecting   the  towns  of 

Helier  and  St.  Aubin,  and  the  profitable 

■lication  of    the  sewage   of    both  towns, 

lich  was  some  years  since  proposed  Ijy  Mr. 

loraas  Hayley,  of  Jersey,  is  again  attracting 

me  attention. 


BRISTOL  CATHEDRAL,  ETC. 

To  the  Editor  of   the    BurLDiNO    News. 

■'•R) — The  Rev.  J.  C.  Jackson,  who  writes 
you  with  his  views  about  Oxford  and  the 
ture  of  art,   may  just   as  well — if  he  ever 
•   time  between  sermons  and  criticisms — 
•n  something  about  his   facts    before  he 
tacks  me  again.     He  is  so  good  as  to  say, 
I  at   "we    have    noticed    with    great    mis- 
mgs"    the    works    at   Bristol    Cathedral. 
Iisse  misgivings    arise  from   the  fact  that 
have,  so  he  asserts,  made  a  plan  in  order 
execute    which    I    shall    have     "to    de- 
wy interesting   old   work  for  which"    my 
^vestem  steejdes  will  be  a  poor  exchange." 
,tty  one  who  is  well  acquainted  with  Bristol 
,  Uthedral  must  know  how  absurd  this  state- 
'  |ent  is ;  but,  as  Mr.  Jackson's  object  is  to 
mage  me  with  people  who  are  ignorant  of 
e  facls,  it  is  necessary  that  I  should  correct 
m. 

ihere  was  formerly  a  small  chapel  or 
'tory  attached  to  a  house  at  the  south- 
.t  angle  of  the  old  (Norman)    cathedral 


nave.  In  the  fourteenth  century  this  chapel 
was  half  destroyed  by  the  erection  of  a  small 
portion  of  a  now  nave,  wdiich  occupies  the 
northern  half  of  the  chapel  area  ;  and,  if  the 
works  of  this  nave  had  ever  been  carried  on, 
the  wdiole  chapel  would,  no  doubt,  have  been 
destroyed,  inasmuch  as  the  south-w'est  angle 
buttresses  would  haveoccujiied  thewestern  half 
of  its  area,  wdiilst  the  lirst  buttress  from  the 
west  would  have  come  just  in  front  of  the 
east  window  of  this  oratory,  and  would  have 
etfectually  blocked  it  up  ;  so  that,  wdiether  I 
try  to  build  exactly  what  the  fourteenth 
century  architects  intended  to  build,  or 
whether  I  build  two  western  steeples,  the 
only  interesting  feature  in  this  chapel  must 
equally  be  destroyed  or  removed. 

The  only  old  features  besides  this  east 
window  are  two  recesses  in  the  soutli  wall, 
one  of  them  a  piscina,  and  one  probably  a 
sedilia.  They  are  very  rude,  and  I  much 
doubt  wdiether  their  arches  are  original. 
Really,  cou'ervative  as  I  am,  and  always  have 
been,  of  old  work,  there  is  something  so 
grotesquely  absurd  in  the  assertion  that  we 
may  not  build  western  steeples  to  a  cathedral, 
because  in  so  doing  we  shall  have  to  disturb 
the  small  remains  of  this  old  oratory,  that 
one  hardly  knows  wdiat  to  think  of  the  man 
who  makes  it !  And  most  people  will  join 
with  me  in  wondering  how  Mr.  Jackson  can 
know  that  my  steeples  will  be  a  "  poor  ex- 
change "  lor  this  old  fragment,  without  hav- 
ing ever  seen  my  design  for  them  !  Surely,  a 
clergyman  might  know  better  than  to  write  in 
this  vmscrupidous  style,  when  his  ignorance 
of  what  I  am  going  to  build  is  only  equalled 
by  his  ignorance  of  the  "  interesting  "  old 
building  he  pretends  to  be  auxioxis  to  pre- 
serve. 

The  truth  is,  that  Mr.  Jackson's  letter 
shows  great  recklessness  as  to  the  truth  of  the 
assertion  he  makes,  and  a  complete  ignorance 
of  art.  Is  it  possible  to  conceive  a  more 
hopeless  state  of  muddle  than  that  of  his 
brain  when  he  says  that  ''  anyone  who  could 
have  rough  imhewn  stone  walls,  unplastered 
and  bare,  has  still  to  learn  the  rudiments  of 
civilized  art?"  His  first  instructions  to  a 
beginner  would  evidently  be,  "  Pray  plaster 
your  walls,"  because  if  you  do  so,  you  will 
probably  design  your  windows,  doorways, 
mouldings,  and  everything  else  in  a  "  civil- 
ized "  way.  In  fact,  from  Mr.  Jackson's  point 
of  view,  the  love  of  uncoloured  jilaster  is  the 
real  test  of  the  possession  of  artistic  power. 
And  those  men  wdio,  like  the  mediasval 
architects  in  England,  as  well  as  evei-ywhere 
else,  first  of  aU  build  their  walls,  and  trust 
to  see  them  plastered  afterwards,  only  when 
and  where  they  are  to  be  decorated  with 
paintings  of  real  value  and  interest,  are  mere 
charlatans,  entirely  lacking  in  "  art  know- 
ledge." Mr.  Jackson's  criticisms  are,  in  fact, 
only  the  expressions  of  his  own  likes  and  dis- 
likes, and  such  as  depend  entirely  for  their 
value  on  the  artistic  knowledge  of  the  man 
who  makes  them.  He  is  welcome,  as  far  as  I 
am  concerned,  if  he  can  find  the  opportunity 
to  indulge  himself  in  making  them  ;  and  the 
thing  that  strikes  one  most  forcibly  is  the 
possible  and  probable  weakness  of  the  cause 
which  requires  so  much  unscrupulous  writing 
for  its  support. 

I  cannot  conclude  without  saying  how 
much  I  admire  Mr.  Jackson's  skill  in  the 
discovery  of  a  ritualistic  meaning  in  the 
planning  of  the  eastern  bay  of  the  nave  of 
SS.  Philip  and  James,  Oxford.  It  places  him 
almost  on  a  level  with  Dr.  Cumming  and 
other  critics,  who  see  deep  into  mill-stones. 
Humbler  mortals,  wdio  understand  something 
about  such  small  matters  as  the  construction 
of  groining,  and  the  thrust  of  arches,  might 
have  told  Mr.  Jackson  that  I  had  planned  my 
nave  so  as  to  make  the  nave,  arcade,  and  the 
central  tower  support  each  other.  But  what 
a  prosaic  explanation  this  would  be  ;  and 
how  much  more  fresh  and  far-seeing  is  it  not 
for  this  committee-man,  of  what  used  once  to 
be  the  ritualizing  and  high  chiu-ch  Ecclesio- 


logical  Society,  to  detect  in  this  able  manner 
— and,  having  detected,  to  expose — the  Popish 
character  of  my  work.  The  committee  of 
the  society  will  doubtless  feel  grateful  to  him 
for  the  acumen  he  so  unexpectedly  (no  doubt) 
dis])lay8  in  this  new  branch  of  artistic  criti- 
cism ! — I  am,  &c. 

OuoRGE  Edi[und  Street. 
01,  Russell-square,  London,  Oct.  7. 


THE    STRATrORD    NEW    TOWN    HALL 
COMPETITION. 

WE  had  folly  expected  to  have  given  this 
week  a  notice  of  this  competition,  but 
the  designs  were,  to  all  .ippearances,  no  sooner 
exhibited  than  they  were  disposed.  Wo  sent  a 
special  correspondent  on  Tuesday  last  to  see  the 
designs,  with  a  view  to  noticing  them,  but  they 
had  vanished.  Tliey  were  exliibited  for  a  short 
time  at  the  board-room  of  the  West  Ham  Gas 
Works.  Out  of  thirty-two  designs,  only  twelve 
were  exhibited,  the  others,  we  suppose,  not 
beiug  deemed  worthy  of  exhibition.  Of  tliis,  how- 
ever, we  cannot  speak.  i\  o  duubt  their  autlior.s 
consider  themselves  slighted  ;  and,  as  a  rule,  it  is 
mvich  better  to  exhibit  all,  if  there  be  sufficient 
room  for  the  purpose,  as  dissatisfaction  is  sure  to 
be  produced  if  there  be  the  appearance  of  par- 
tiality. 

The  site  of  the  proposed  building  is  at  the 
corner  of  High-street  and  West  Ham  lane,  Broad- 
way, Stratford,  and  the  amount  proposed  to  be  ex- 
pended on  the  building  is  £12,000.  The  premiums 
offered  for  the  best"  design  were  £100,  £50,  and 
£25  ;  the  first  design  to  merge  into  the  commis- 
sion, and  the  premiated  designs  to  become  the 
property  of  the  Board.  Not  beiug  able  to  see  the 
desigtis,  we  are  obliged,  in  this  instance,  to  quote 
from  the  Stralforil  and  West  Ham  Reformer. 
That  paper  says  ; — As  the  time  for  the  selection 
drew  near  it  really  appeared  that  the  Board  had 
determined  to  premiate  the  best  designs,  irre- 
spective of  any  extraneous  considerations.  Re- 
membering the  disgraceful  favouritism  of  the 
Poplar  Board,  in  awarding  the  first  premium  to 
their  own  servant,  one  almost  admired  Mr.  Mee- 
sou,  the  chairman  of  the  Board,  when  he  recounted 
the  labour  which  had  been  expended  in  keeping 
the  names  of  the  competitors  from  the  unwdling 
ears  of  the  members.  The  competitors,  however, 
must  have  been  sadly  disappointed  when  they 
learned  that  the  surveyor  of  the  Board — by 
whom  the  conditions  of  the  competition  had  been 
drawn  up — had  been  allowed  to  send  ia  designs ; 
and  we  opine  that  each  and  every  one  of  them 
will  register  a  vow  never  to  enter  another  pariah 
competition,  if  the  rumour  is  correct  that  the 
committee  have  recommended  that  the  first  pre- 
mium should  be  awarded  to  the  surveyor  of  the 
Board.  It  is  likewise  stated  that  the  third  pre- 
mium has  been  awarded  to  a  gentleman  who  held 
that  office  but  a  few  weeks  since. 

Thia  fact  beiug  admitted,  those  unacquainted 
with  parochial  boards  will  be  surprised  to  hear 
that  such  a  proceeding  should  be  perpetrated ; 
and  even  those  having  no  confidence  in  the  con- 
science of  corporations  may  well  be  startled 
to  find  that  a  public  board,  not  satisfied  with 
obtaining  gratiutously  the  services  of  a  number  of 
gentlemen,  have  put  aside  a  number  of  talented 
designs,  and  conferred  the  first  piemiums  (sub- 
scribed by  the  competitors  themselves)  on  an 
officer  of  the  Boaid. 

We  are  far  from  declaring,  however,  that, 
putting  aside  the  question  of  cost,  the  first 
premiated  design  is  the  worst  in  the  collection  we 
have  viewed.  The  plans  have  been  well  studied, 
and  prepared  with  considerable  care.  One  point, 
however,  in  the  first-floor  plan,  goes  far  to 
convince  us  of  the  correctness  of  the  rumour 
before  alluded  to.  We  refer  to  the  fact  that 
a  magistrate's  court  room  has  been  provided,  and 
in  the  basement  we  notice  the  necessary  prisoners' 
cells.  We  find  no  mention  of  this  in  the  instruc- 
tions to  architects,  although  we  are  aware  the  mat- 
ter has  been  talked  of  amongst  the  members  of 
the  Board  since  the  instructions  were  issued.  The 
ground  plan  shows  an  entrance  to  a  largo  hall 
in  High-street,  and  another  at  the  end  of  the 
huilding.  A  corridor  connects  these  two  halls, 
and  a  staircase  leads  from  each  to  the  first  floor. 
Both  the  board-rooms  are  placed  on  the  ground 
floor,  and  the  offices  of  the  Local  Board  occupy 
the  whole  of  the  frontage,  thrusting  the  vestry- 
room  and  offices  to  the  inferior  parts  of  the 
building.     A  roadway,  10ft.  in  width,  is  shown  at 


700 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


October  11,  1867. 


the  side  of  the  building  in  West  Ham-lane,  as 
directed  by  the  instructions,  but  the  staircase 
from  the  adjoining  hall  running  across  the  front 
of  it  at  a  height  of  7ft.  would  render  it  useless. 
The  interior  of  the  grand  hall  is  shown  with  red 
granite  columns,  supporting  a  circular  roof.  The 
whole  of  the  room  is  profusely  decorated ;  sta- 
tuary is  shown  in  niches  betwixt  the  windows, 
and  the  panels  of  the  ceiling,  &c.,  are  frescoed. 
The  elevation  and  perspective  view  do  not  claim 
our  admir.ation  as  being  good  practical  working 
drawings.  Every  manner  of  ornament  is  freely 
used  without  any  very  satisfactory  re.sult.  A  square 
tower  is  placed  over  the  hall  in  High. street,  and 
on  the  parapet  of  each  face  a  group  of  statuary  is 
placed.  Similar  groups  are  also  freely  distributed 
over  all  the  prominent  angles  of  the  building. 
Red  granite  shafts,  with  stone  caps,  and  useless 
balconies  are  amongst  the  prominent  features  of 
the  elevations.  The  row  of  vases  or  urns  on  the 
parapet  next  West  Ham-lane  do  not  improve  its 
appearance.  In  our  opinion,  the  building  will 
cost  at  least  £20,000,  if  it  is  carried  out  as  shown 
in  the  drawings. 

"  Adsum"  has  placed  both  the  board-rooms  up- 
stairs, and  has  given  much  better  entrance  to  the 
large  hall  than  some  oi  the  competitors.  The  de- 
corations of  the  large  hall  and  board-room  are 
sufficient,  and  not  too  elaborate.  This  architect 
also  has  fallen  into  the  error  of  decorating  the 
front  of  the  building  with  statuary. 

"  Industria  "  (3rd  premiated  design)  shows  a 
very  respectable  ground  plan,  and  the  architect 
appears  to  have  had  good  grasp  of  the  subject. 
Thoroughly  understanding  the  proposed  uses  of 
the  building,  he  has  arranged  the  different  offices 
in  a  very  clear  and  simple  manner.  The  style  of 
the  exterior  design  is  about  the  worst  exhibited, 
and  has  become  familiarized  to  us  in  the  form  of 
main  drainage  pumping  stations.  The  alternative 
design,  with  the  extra  portico,  is  also  very  com- 
monplace. The  ground  plan,  with  the  motto 
"Proportion,"  is  the  very  reverse  of  the  one  last 
commented  in  the  straight  flight  of  stairs  to  the 
first-floor,  which  would  be  very  objectionable  and 
dangerous.  The  style  of  the  building  is  Italian, 
and  the  materials  brick  and  stone  or  terra  cotta, 
the  roof  being  covered  with  Italian  tiles.  The 
design  has  a  workable  look,  but  would  be  more 
suited  to  a  warehouse  than  a  town  hall. 

"  Immunis  Mali." — The  plans  of  this  design 
are  very  mediocre  and  the  elevations  plain,  not  to 
say  ugly.  The  style  is  Italian,  and  the  square 
tower  reminds  us  of  an  unfinished  Catholic 
church.  AVe  pass  over  the  bad  drawing  and  design 
of  "Nil  Desperandum,"  and  come  to  "Circle," 
and  here  we  stay  for  a  long  look,  and  wonder  why 
on  earth  the  architect  has  not  obtained  a  pre- 
mium. The  plans  are  good,  and  the  interior 
views  are  well  drawn  and  designed.  Two  eleva- 
tions are  submitted — one  Gothic  and  one  Italian  ; 
both  represent  a  brick  and  stone  building,  with 
variegated  bands  of  the  same  material.  The 
design  has  been  most  artistically  treated,  and  the 
whole  has  a  real  and  tasteful  appearance,  which 
is  altogether  apart  from  the  effect  obtained  by  the 
over-colouring.  "Spero"  and  "Emulation"  send 
sensible  designs,  though  the  elevation  of  "  Spero" 
IS  capable  of  improvement.  The  drawings  marked 
with  a  Crest  are  very  inferior.  If  it  were  worth 
while  to  say  anything  about  them,  we  should 
commence  by  advising  the  architect  to  select  a 
more  pronounceable  motto.  "  Des  Volente," 
sends  a  carefully  prepared  set  of  drawings,  show- 
ing an  Italian  building,  of  free  design.  The  archi- 
tect evidently  understands  what  he  draws,  but 
the  arrangement  of  some  of  the  groundfloor 
offices  is  not  to  be  commended.  The  remainder 
of  the  plans  call  for  no  particular  comment ;  and, 
whilst  anxiously  waiting  for  the  report  of  the 
committee,  we  can  excuse  them  giving  an 
honest  (?)  opinion  in  favour  of  the  plans  bearing 
the  mottoes  "  Civis"  and  "Adsum,"  but  what 
claim  "  Industria"  has  to  be  ranked  with  them  we 
fail  to  discover. 


HOUSES,  HEALTH  AND  LONGEVITY. 

ONE  of  the  most  important  addresses  called 
forth  by  the  recent  Social  Science  Congress 
was  one  on  health,  delivered  by  Sir  James  Y. 
Simpson,  Bart.,  the  celebrated  physician  and  dis- 
coverer of  chloroform.  Sir  James  began  by  remark- 
ing that  public  health  might  be  defined  as  public 
wealth.  It  was  important  to  attend  to  because,  in 
relation  to  disease,  prevention  was  much  better 
than  cure.  At  the  outset  he  referred  in  some 
detail  to  the  great  evils  which  arise  from  the  over- 
crowding of  dwellings  in  great  cities  and  towns. 


Nature  has  every  where  provided  a  bountiful  supply 
of  that  most  essential  requisite  for  healthy  life — 
pure  air.  Man  everywhere  endeavoured  to  con- 
tract this  supply,  and  to  putrify  and  corrupt  it  by 
the  internal  arrangement  of  his  dwellings.  Out- 
side his  dwellings  also  there  was  an  entire  disregard 
of  the  laws  of  health  in  the  manner  in  which 
manure  and  sewage  is  allowed  to  collect  in  rural 
and  other  districts.  He  humorously  referred  tn 
the  way  in  which  foul  matter  is  allowed  to  collect 
in  the  inferior  class  of  Irish  hovels,  in  consequence 
of  pigs  and  other  animals  being  allowed  to  occupy 
them  with  the  immates.  Some  years  ago  a 
doctor  visiting  an  Irish  family  located  in  the  upper 
.'torey  of  a  large  house  in  Edinburgh  noticed  an 
immense  pig,  and  asked  a  man  in  the  room  how  it 
had  been  got  upstairs.  "  Faith,  your  honour,"  the 
man  replied,  "  she  never  was  below."  In  the 
country  districts  worst  off  in  these  respects  the 
people  were  better  oft*  than  in  the  towns,  and 
human  lite  more  jjrolonged  in  the  former  than  in 
the  latter.  In  cities,  besides  the  confiuement  of 
the  smaller  streets,  lanes,  and  alleys,  there  was  an 
enormous  evil  influence  arising  from  the  foul  and 
pestilential  exhalation  of  refuse  matter,  gaslights, 
manufactures,  &c.,  &c.  Pigs  and  other  such  ani- 
mals had,  however,  long  since  been  banished  from 
human  habitations  in  Edinburgh,  as  he  maintained 
they  ought  to  be  from  the  abodes  of  men  every- 
where else.  Cow  byres,  and  even  stables  for 
horses,  ought  to  be  banished  out  of  every  town. 
In  Westminster  there  are  1,000  houses  vitiating 
the  air  required  for  30,000  human  beings.  In 
Edinburgh  still  they  had  splendid  house  fronts  and 
confined  scpiaresand  spaces  behind  them,  in  which 
the  air  was  poisoned  by  offensive  exhalations.  A 
splendid  problem  for  modern  science  to  solve,  and 
statesmen  to  carry  out  was,  what  was  to  be  done 
with  the  vast  amount  of  their  sewage  matter.  For  it, 
as  for  everything  else,  there  was  a  natural  use, 
and  he  believed  the  time  was  coming  when  we 
shall  not  toss  so  much  of  it  into  the  sea  as  we  do. 
The  true  use  to  make  of  it  is  to  return  it  to  the 
soil.  The  value  of  each  human  being  was  cal- 
culated at  10s.  a-year,  which  gave  £70,000  worth  of 
sewage  wasted  every  year  in  Belfast.  Every  year 
we  have  an  amount  of  deaths  produced  by  bad 
sewage  and  other  such  causes  equal  to  the  whole 
population.  We  have  various  kinds  of  hos- 
pitals, medical,  surgical,  obstetrical,  &c.  There 
are  as  yet,  unfortunately,  no  means  of  making  a 
general  comparison  of  the  comparative  eflicacy 
and  cost  of  hospital  and  home  treatment. 
Materials  of  the  kind  have  been  provided  with 
respect  to  the  obstetrical  hospitals.  In  the  great 
Rotunda  Hospital  in  Dublin,  than  which  there 
was  not  a  better  in  the  world,  the  cost  of  each 
patient  was  about  30s.  It  was  found  that  the  cost 
of  treating  the  same  class  at  home  was  about  10s. 
Now  the  pecuniary  loss  in  hospital  treatment  was 
a  matter  of  small  moment.  The  French  Govern- 
ment issued  a  commission  of  inquiry  which  col- 
lected statistics  on  this  subject  of  nearly  a  million 
cases  from  all  the  hospitals  of  Russia,  Prussia, 
Sweden,  Denmark,  Great  Britain,  Germany, 
Switzerland,  and  900,000  cases  of  poor  patients 
confined  in  their  miserable  hovels.  Now  the  hos- 
pitals afforded  by  far  the  greater  advantage  in 
respect  of  medical  advice,  &c.  Yet  the  conclusion 
afforded  was  most  startling.  The  report  stated 
that  of  women  delivered  in  hospitals  one  in  thirty 
die,  whilst  of  the  same  class  of  poor  women  con- 
fined in  their  miserable  homes  only  one  in  212  die. 
It  had  been  found  the  same  all  over  Europe.  With 
respect  to  surgical  and  medical  hospitals,  the  col- 
lection of  patients  and  the  exhalations  proceeding 
from  them  and  their  wounds  and  diseases  into 
comparatively  small  si)aces  could  not  but  be  per- 
nicious. One  patient  labouring  under  a  con- 
tagious disease  often  caused  the  spread  of  it 
through  the  hospital.  In  the  hospital  with  which 
he  was  connected,  after  a  case  of  cancer  had  come 
in,  it  was  often  found  necessary  to  stop  operating 
for  a  week  or  ten  days,  because  it  was  found  that 
after  the  arrival  of  and  partial  treatment  of  such 
cases,  all  the  other  cuts  and  dressing,  the  sores 
began  to  go  wrong.  The  man  treated  in  a  sur- 
gical hospital  was  exposed  to  more  chances  of 
death  than  the  soldier  on  the  field  of  battle.  In 
cases  of  amputation,  the  mortality  had  been  found 
far  higher  than  any  one  thought  a  few  year.s  ago, 
different  statistics  giving  it  at  one  in  three  and 
one  in  two.  Was  it  the  same  in  private  and  in 
country  practice  ?  We  have  no  data  as  to  this, 
and  Government  or  some  other  power  should 
provide  them.  But  the  impression  of  medical  men 
was,  that  the  private  practitioner  found  no  such 
mortahty  .after  his  operations.  An  old  medical 
friend  of  his  in   London,  who  highly  approved  of 


bleeding,  used  to  say  that  the  way  in  which  op 
rations  were  bungled  in  the  country  was  th' 
means  of  saving  the  lives  of  the  patients  by  tb 
IJood-letting  that  was  caused.  The  great  objec 
in  hospitals  was  to  increase  the  amount  of  pmj 
air  for  each  patient.  The  Surgeon- General  of  tl! 
United  States  Army  reported  that  during  tl' 
war  he  had  found  hospitals  of  planking  far  bettc 
than  permanent  buildings,  and  tents  the  be 
of  all  for  the  treatment  of  wounded  men.  1, 
medical  hospitals  the  diseases  treated  were  fat 
to  an  extreme  degree.  In  consumption,  which  w; 
not  benefited  by  hospital  treatment,  one  patiei 
died  out  of  every  six  or  eight.  The  learned  get 
tleman  gave  statistics  of  the  yearly  mortality  t 
inflammation  of  the  lungs,  bronchitis,  and  varioi 
other  disea.ses.  In  Edinburgh,  in  1S48,  whei 
from  the  crowded  state  of  the  hospitals,  tents  ha 
to  be  erected,  the  mortality  in  the  tents  was  onl 
one-half  of  that  in  the  hospitals.  Any  one  wh 
went  into  an  empty  room  which  had  been  shut  u 
for  a  few  days  would  find  it  smelling  must 
in  consequence  of  the  decomposition  of  sma 
material  particles.  Everything,  in  fact,  w^ 
secondary  to  pure  air.  Mr.  Hepworth  Dixon, : 
an  account  of  the  settlement  of  the  sect  calk 
Shakers,  at  Mount  Lebanon,  in  America,  mei 
tioned  some  interesting  facts.  The  marrie 
women  there  lived  as  nuns,  and  the  men  as  monk 
They  had  no  doctors  among  them,  and  took  clo; 
and  scientific  care  of  their  ventilation.  Evei 
budding  was  provided  with  shafts,  fans,  flapper 
and  vents.  Stoves  were  so  delicately  adjusted  ; 
to  keep  the  temperature  in  winter  within  one  d 
gree  of  warmth.  The  elderess  or  queen  of  tl 
community  told  him  that  they  had  had  only  or 
case  of  fever  during  thirty-six  years.  The  he: 
elder  said  good  food  and  sweet  air  were  their  on) 
medicines,  and  said  to  him  "  Is  it  not  strange  th; 
you  wise  people  of  the  world  keep  a  set  of  me 
called  doctors,  who  lie  in  wait  for  you  unt 
by  some  mistake  of  habit,  you  fall  sick,  .and  tht 
come  in  and  poison  you  with  drugs  ? "  How  we 
our  hospitals  to  be  improved  ?  They  should  1 
given  up,  or  greatly  altered.  It  was  now  an  in 
portant  point  of  dispute  how  many  cubic  feet 
air  were  required  by  each  individual  per  day.  I 
had  ^of ten  thought  that  if  their  hospitals,  froi 
being  crowded  palaces,  with  a  layer  of  sick  c 
each  flat,  were  changed  into  villages  or  cottage 
with  one,  or,  at  least,  two  patients  in  each  room, 
great  saving  of  human  life  would  be  effected.  Tl 
village  shoidd  be  so  constructed  of  iron  or  wo( 
as  to  be  movable,  so  that  it  could  be  placed  whe 
required,  and,  in  case  of  epidemics,  the  accomm 
dation  could  be  easily  increased.  He  would  pa 
to  another  subject — namely,  the  dreadful  mc 
tality  amongst  children.  Having  given  statistic 
of  this  mortality,  he  attributed  it  to  the  iguoranc 
on  the  part  of  mothers  and  nurses,  of  hygien 
laws.  One  great  requisite  for  infant  childre 
was  pure  air,  but  it  was  essential  that  the  a 
should  be  warm.  Cold  air  was  most  destructiv 
Nurses  would  insist  on  shutting  windov 
and  other  apertures  which  ought  to  be  le 
open.  In  Belgium,  where  children  had  to  1 
brought  out  for  baptism  when  a  fortnig: 
old,  one  half  more  died  in  winter  than  in  sumJi; 
Want  of  clothing  of  the  head  and  arms  of  tl 
child  was  also  mischievous.  Like  all  other  you: 
animals,  the  heat-producing  power  of  the  chi 
was  much  less  than  that  of  the  adult.  For  h 
own  part,  p.assing  from  the  children  to^  tl 
mothers,  he  would  be  much  disposed,  sometime 
to  cut  off  a  portion  of  the  ladies'  skirts  in  onl 
to  clothe  then-  necks  and  arms.  Children  shou 
never  be  allowed  to  sleep  in  the  cold.  He  w 
sorry  to  say  that  he  had  often  known  lady  mothe 
to  carry  dirty  dogs  in  their  arm.s,  and  yet  not  I 
willing  to  carry  the  children  that  God  had  givi 
them.  What  a  shame,  too,  to  put  childrc 
into  cold  baths — little  creatures  that  shou 
be  always  warm.  In  a  Highland  regiment 
which  that  practice  prevailed  amongst  the  wiv 
of  the  men — hardening,  it  was  called — enouf 
of  the  children  did  not  hve  to  make  pipers  for  tl 
regiment.  The  mother's  milk,  which  God  mad 
was  better  for  the  infant  than  any  human  conip 
sition.  He  then  alluded  to  the  mortality  causi 
by  the  criminal  starving  by  mothers  of  the 
illegitimate  children.  It  was  recorded_  of  tl 
foundling  hospitals  which  formerly  existed 
Ireland  that,  from  1791  to  1796,  the  numb 
of  children  admitted  into  them  was  i2,6S6,_at 
that  of  these  135  walked  alive  out  of  the  hospital 
and  the  rest  were  carried  out  in  the  dead  car 
The  learned  gentleman  referred  to  the  greatermo 
tality  amongst  unmarried  than  amongst  marru 
men.     He  did  not  know  how  to  cure  this;  but 


October  11,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


fOl 


^e  desolate,  deserted  adult  foundlings  did  not 

ni  that  it  was  better  to  perpetrate  matrimony 

.11  suicide,  they  would  rind  themselves  Bguring 

the  next  Act  of  Parliament  for  the  protection 

public   life.     He  then  referred  to  the  famous 

iuer's   invaluable   discovery   of    cowpock.     It 

J  80,000  lived  every  year.    Government  ought 

:  e  able  to  stamp  out  the  smallpox  as  well  as  the 

.epligue;    but  improved  regularity  was  still 

Jed  for  this.     In  Scotland  the  infected  were 

evented  from  going  into  public  vehicles.  Having 

ferred  to  some  of  the  absurd  prejudices  whicli 

'.  been  entertained  against  cowpock,  and  to  the 

igonism  which   it  even  still  encounters   from 

.',  he  said   that   Jenner's   discovery   was  the 

us  of  saving  a  number  of  lives  equal  to  the 

le  population   of  the  United  Kingdom  every 

YDtytive   years.     He   received   £30,000.     Had 

jilain  a   hundred  thousand   men  in  battle  he 

)uld  probably   have  got  much  more,  and  been 

»de  a  duke.     The   French   erected   a   statue  to 

■n  at  Boulogne.     A   few  years  since   one  was 

ted,  by  subscription,  in  Trafalgar-square ;   it 

:  been  since  removed,  with  the  sanction  of  the 

.ie  of    Commons,    to   make  room   for    some 

■.hose   6ghting  Xapiers.     He  trusted  that  the 

ormed  Parliament  would  have  better  judgment. 


^lUtESCENCE  IN  BREACH  OF  C0V:E- 
.  iXX  IN  RESTRAINT  OF  BUILDING. 

•em  V.  llacdermot,  L.  C,  15  ,W.  R.,  265; 
;  L.  K.  Ch.  72  ;  Peek  v.  Matthews,  V.  C.  W., 
,1  \V.  R.,  6S9,  3L.  R.  Eq.  515. 

T  will  be  useful  to  compare  the  effect  of  these 
two  decisions  on  the   above  point,  which  to 
irietors  of  houses  on  a  building  estate  may  be 
-■)me   practical  importance.      In   Western   v. 
lermot  the  plaintiff  and  defendant   held  the 
ios  occupied  by  them  under  conveyances  made 
;t  one  hundred  years  ago,  by  which  their  re- 
•.ive  predecessors  in   title  became  the  owners 
. ''.joining  plots  of  some  ground  which  had  been 
1  out  for  building  purposes,  according  to  a  plan 
jject  to  perpetual  rentcharges,  and  to  covenants 
h  the  grantor,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  and  there- 
in   effect    with  each   other,   so   far  as  the 
-nants  could  run   with  the   land,   or,  if  this 
'.Id  not  betLe  case,  so  far  as  the  respective  assigns 
.  notice  of  the  same  that  there   should  be   no 
i  nor  buildings  in  the  gardens,  as  shown  in  the 
;,  above  Sft.  in  height.     The   defendant   had 
-atly  commenced  the  erection  of  a  bow  of  the 
.•  height  as  his  house,  and  about  Sft.  deep,  and, 
■.;swer  to  the  plaintiff's  suit  to  restrain  such  a 
-ition  of  the  covenant,  relied   among  other  de- 
:^i  on   some  trees  above  the   specilied   height 
-^  in  the   plaintiiTs  own  garden,  and  on  his 
.ug  acquiesced  in  some  breaches  of  covenant  of 
similar   nature,  entered    into    by   the    former 
oer  of  the  fee  in  the  above   conveyances  with 
pect  to  some  land  opposite  the  row  of  houses 
question. 

In  Peek  i'.  Matthews  the  plaintiff  and  defend- 

.,  also  owners  of  adjoining  houses,  had  at  the 

pectire  times  of  their  purchasingthesites— being 

tions  of  some   ground  laid   out  for  building, 

ited  a   deed    of   covenant,    in   which    tht-y 

cnanted   with  all   the  persons   executing  the 

d,  being  the  present  or  future   purchasers   of 

ler  plots  on  the  same   building   estate,  not  to 

ild  upon  certain  portions  of  the  plots  purchased 

them,  which  were  to  be  enclosed  with  a  dwarf 

!.     It  appeared  that  before  the  defendant  pur- 

-ed  his  plot  and  executed  the  deed,  breaches  of 

•nants,  by  the   erection  of  a   wall   and   some 

U  for  gardening,  had  been  committed  by  other 

"les  to  the   deed,  and  the  defendant,  who  had 

'.  a  similar  wall,  and  against  whom  the  plaintiff 

;ght  a   mandatory  injunction,   relied  on  this 

defence  to  the  suit.     The   well-known  case  of 

■  Duke  of  Bedford  v.  the  Trustees  of  the  British 

i»eum,  2  My.  &  K.  552,  was  of  course  cited  by 

counsel  for  the  defendants  in  both   suits,  the 

uiiff  in  that  case  having  in  vain  attempted  to 

e  a  covenant  entered  into  by  the   builder  of 

atague  House  in  1675,  the  object  of  which  had 

n  to  secure  an  open  space   in   the   vicinity  of 

-".hampton  House,  the  then   residence   of  the 

li'ord  family,  after  the  house  itself  had   been 

ied  down,   and   his  predecessors   in  title   had 

■wed  the  adjoining  land  to   be   covered   with 

-lings,  Montague  House  having  been  converted 

>  the  British  Museum,  and  the  whole  character 

'.he  neighbourhood  having  been  changed.    Lord 

•^Imsford,  however,  thought  this  inapplicable  to 

case  before  him,  on  account  of  the  consent  by 

Dukes  of  Bedford  to  the  alteration  in  the  state 


of  the  property  which  it  was  the  sole  object  of  the 
covenant  to  prevent,  and  that  passive  acquiescence 
in  one  breach  of  covenant  would  not  be  cotf- 
sidered  as  a  waiver  of  the  right  for  all  future  time 
to  complain  of  any  other  breach,  even  supposing, 
which  was  a  matter  for  consideration,  that  it  was 
not  necessary  to  show  "substantial  injury"  in 
order  to  require  the  interposition  of  the  Court, 
lu  Peek  V.  Matthew.s,  on  the  other  hand,  the  Vice- 
Chancellor,  con.*idering  the  object  of  the  covenant 
to  be  simply  to  secure  to  the  neighbourhood  the 
l;enelit  of  uniformity  in  the  appearance  of  the 
houses  in  question,  held  that  anyone  seeking  to 
enforce  such  a  covenant  must  himself  be  vigilant 
in  his  efforts  to  secure  its  observance.  When  once 
the  common  scheme  had  been  broken  up  without 
resistance,  the  power  to  enforce  it,  as  was  held  in 
the  Duke  of  Bedford's  case,  was  gone,  and  there- 
fore it  became  immaterial  that  the  defendant  had 
entered  into  the  covenants  after  the  other  breaches 
had  been  committed,  such  covenants  by  him  being, 
under  the  circumstances,  as  all  parties  must  ba 
taken  to  have  known,  nugatory. 

Read  in  connection  with  this  case  the  dicta  of 
Lord  Chelmsford  seem  to  require  some  explana- 
tion, but  in  estimating  their  force  the  following 
circumstances  present  in  Western  v.  Macdermot 
must  be  remembered — 1.  The  object  of  the 
covenant  was  to  secure  light  and  air  to,  as  well  as 
uniformity  in,  the  houses.  2.  The  breaches 
acquiesced  in  did  not  affect  either  in  any  appreci- 
able degree.  3.  The  breach  of  covenant  com- 
plained of  caused  a  substantial  injury  to  the  plain- 
tiff. Such  being  the  facts  of  the  case,  the  Lord 
Chancellor  held  that  the  plaintiff  might  sue  alone, 
and  that  he  was  not  estopped  by  reason  of  breaches 
of  the  covenant,  which  he  was  seeking  to  enforce, 
having  been  permitted  by  himself  and  other  per- 
sons entitled  to  the  benefit  of  the  covenant.  If, 
however,  the  only  ground  of  complaint  had  been 
that  the  defendant  was  destroying  the  uniformity 
of  the  terrace,  it  seems  to  us  that  all  the  persons 
who  could  enforce  the  covenant  would  be  equally 
affected  and  have  an  equal  right  to  sue,  and  East- 
wood V.  Lever,  12  W.  K.  195,  may  in  that  case  be 
applicable,  so  that  all  would  be  necessary  parties 
to  the  suit.  On  the  same  hypothesis  Peek  r. 
Matthews  may  be  looked  upon  as  an  authority 
that  acquiescence  in  a  breach  of  one  covenant 
would  prevent  the  enforcement  of  another,  if  both 
covenants  were  only  intended  to  secure  uniformity, 
and  the  breach  of  the  one  had  destroyed  this 
effectually. — Solicitors'  Juunial. 


ARE  OUR  FEET  PROPERLY  CLOTHED? 

IT  is  somewhat  surprising  that,  says  the  Scien- 
tific Amcricayx,  with  all  our  boasted  improve- 
ments, we  have  not  as  yet  produced  a  proper 
covering  for  the  feet.  Barbarous  people,  if  their 
cUmate  admits,  go  with  bare  feet,  or  wear  sandals 
covering  only  the  sole,  or  slippers  with  just  enough 
of  upper  to  retain  the  sole  on  the  feet.  We,  how- 
ever, encase  the  whole  foot,  and  a  portion  of  the 
leg,  in  a  material  almost  impervious  to  air  and 
moisture,  and  generally  uncomfortably  hard  and 
rigid.  The  colour  and  polish  of  our  boots  are 
directly  calcidated  to  attract  the  sun's  rays  ;  and 
the  enamel  on  patent  leather,  and  the  blacking  on 
ordinary  calf  skin,  tends  to  harden  and  solidify 
the  substance,  closing  the  pores  and  making  air- 
tight cases  for  a  portion  of  the  body,  which 
exudes  more  perspiration  than  any  other,  and  is 
subjected  to  greater  strain.  Our  boots  in  summer 
parboil  our  feet  in  a_  warm  bath,  and  in  winter 
freeze  them  in  an  icy  envelope.  It  is  doubtful  if 
wet  feet  are,  in  themselves,  very  conducive  to  dis- 
ease, some  medical  men  to  the  contrary  notwith- 
standing ;  but  cramped  confinement  of  the  feet,  in 
an  icy  cold  envelope,  generated  by  perspiration 
and  chilled  by  the  external  atmosphere,  thus 
shutting  the  prisoned  feet  up  almost  air-tight,  is 
as  unhealthy  as  it  is  uncomfortable.  For  hot 
weather  there  is  hardly  any  shoe  so  agreeable  as 
that  introduced  within  the  past  three  or  four 
years,  known  as  the  army  shoe,  and  extensively 
used  by  base- ball  players.  It  is  of  heavy  canvas 
and  unblacked  leather.  It  is  cool  and  remarkably 
easy  to  the  feet.  The  texture  of  the  canvas  allows 
the  escape  of  the  perspiration,  and  the  colour  of 
the  shoe  does  not  attract  the  heat  of  the  sun.  It 
would  seem  that  the  plan  of  covering  other  por- 
tions of  our  bodies  with  material  pervious  to  air 
might  advantageously  be  extended  to  our  feet. 
There  is  no  natural  reason  why  our  feet  should  be 
so  much  less  sensitive  than  oiir  hands.  They  be- 
come indurated  and  deprived  of  their  natural 
activity  by  long,  close  confinement.    The  people 


of  warm  climates,  who  use  their  toes  as  we  do  our 
lingers,  and  the  bare-footed  school-boy,  who  picks 
up  and  throws  pebbles  with  his  feet,  show  that 
the  foot  of  the  civilized  adult  in  our  climate  is  a 
much  abused  member.  A  more  flexible  and 
porous  material  for  our  boots  and  shoes  might 
save  us  from  many  of  these  terrible  annoyances, 
which,  in  the  form  of  corns  and  bunions,  make 
our  pilgrimage  one  of  pain. 


WATER   SUPPLY    AND    SANITARY 
M.iTTERS. 

The  drain  at  the  eastern  end  of  the  Esplanade, 
Exeter,  which  is  to  relieve  the  town  of  its  sewage, 
is  almost  completed  by  the  local  contractors, 
Messrs.  Turner  and  Lawrence.  Its  effect  will  be 
to  carry  the  contents  of  the  drains  below  low- 
water  mark.  Of  course  it  would  be  premature  to 
express  any  opinion  on  what  may  be  the  result  of 
this  proceeding,  whether  the  sea  will  immediately 
absorb  the  sewage,  or  will  wash  it  back  to  the 
infinite  annoyance  of  the  promenaders  on  the 
Esplanade.     "Time,  which  "  tries  all,"  will  show. 

Alloa. — The  construction  of  new  waterworks, 
at  a  cost  of  £3,000,  has  just  been  brought  to  a 
successful  completion.  Messrs.  Chalmers  and 
Mackenzie,  Dunfermline,  were  the  contractors, 
and  they  have  done  their  work  expeditiously  and 
well,  considering  the  unfavourable  weather  they 
had  long  to  contend  with. 

Jedburgh. — A  short  time  ago  the  waterworks  a 
the  distributing  reservoir  at  the  top  of  the  town  was 
suspended,  owing  to  an  action  of  interdict  having 
been  raised.  The  magistrates,  however,  deter- 
mined to  make  the  delay  as  short  as  possible 
seeing  that  winter  was  near  at  hand,  and  they 
resolved  that,  instead  of  cutting  any  further 
down  for  a  foundation  on  the  side  next  the  pro- 
perty of  the  party  who  had  commenced  the  ac- 
tion, a  foundation  should  be  made  by  laying  down 
concrete.  This  has  been  done  very  successfully. 
The  concrete  was  laid  down  to  the  depth  of  5ft , 
and  a  capital  foundation  has  been  got,  so  that 
the  work  is  being  carried  on  now  without  inter- 
ruption. 

Saxit.vht  Facts. — Some  results  of  the  works 
of  drainage,  sewerage,  water  supply,  and  cleansing, 
which  within  the  last  few  years  have  been  accom- 
plished in  various  towns  in  Euglaud  may  be 
stated  in  figures  that  cannot  be  too  well  known. 
In  Cardiff'  the  monstrous  mortality  of  332  per 
1,000  per  annum  has  been  brought  down  to  22^6, 
and  in  Newport  the  ratio  of  31^S  per  1,000  has 
given  place  to  21  6 — reductions  of  32  per  cent., 
or,  allowing  for  cholera  and  dysentery,  23  per 
cent.  In  Salisbury,  Croydon,  Macclesfield,  and 
Merthyr,  the  mortality  has  been  reduced  by  a 
fifth.  In  Ely  the  reduction — the  saving  of  life — 
has  amounted  to  14  per  cent,  per  annum ;  in  Bad- 
bury  to  nearly  a.s  much.  Dover  has  only  saved 
7  per  cent.,  but  its  death  rate  was  previously 
moderate  for  an  tmreformed  tovra.  In  Leicester, 
the  total  reduction  is  but  4.V  per  cent.,  but  the 
fatality  of  typhoid  fever  is  little  more  than  half 
what  it  was.  So  also  the  reduction  of  the  general 
rate  of  mortality  is  not  strikingly  great  at  Chel- 
tenham, but  its  former  rate,  194  per  1,000,  was 
not  high  ;  and  its  death  rate  by  typhoid  fever, 
only  8  per  10,000  before,  has  been  reduced  below 
5  per  10,000.  In  Bristol  the  full  completion  of 
the  works  has  been  too  recent  for  an  estimate  of 
their  results,  but  typhoid  fever  has  lost  about  a 
third  of  its  fatality,  and  in  so  large  a  town  im- 
portant savings  of  life  result  from  even  small  per- 
cental reductions  of  mortality.  The  death  rate 
by  typhoid  fever  has  fallen  in  Salisbury  to  a 
fourth  of  what  it  was  ;  in  Croydon  and  Stratford- 
on-Avon  to  about  a  third  ;  in  Banbury,  Warwick, 
Ely,  Penrith.  Macclesfield,  Ashby-de-la-Zouch, 
about  half.  The  improvement  in  the  cholera  rate 
at  each  successive  epidemic  in  the  towns  reported 
by  Dr.  Buchanan,  from  whose  report  to  the 
medical  officer  of  the  Privy  Council  these  state- 
ments are  compiled,  is  equally  striking.  It  is  also 
shown  that  the  drying  of  the  soil,  which  has  in 
most  cases  accompanied  the  laying  of  main  sewers 
in  the  improved  towns,  appears  to  have  led  to  the 
diminution  of  the  mortality  from  consumption — a 
diminution  approaching  50  per  cent,  in  Salisbury 
Hud  Ely  ;  exceeding  40  per  cent,  in  Rugby  and 
Banbury  ;  amounting  to  about  a  third  in  Worthing, 
Leicester,  Newport,  and  Macclesfield,  a  fourth  in 
Cheltenham,  a  fifth  at  Dover  and  Warwick,  a 
sixth  at  Bristol,  Cardiff,  and  Croydon,  a  tenth  at 
Merthyr.  Only  one-fifth  of  the  towns  here 
reported  on  have  appointed  a  medical  officer  o 


702 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


October  11,  1867. 


health,  and  Bristol,  with  apparent  timidity,  only 
recognizes  him  as  a  "  medical  inspector;"  but  in 
various  towns  the  medical  practitioners  have  given 
their  fellow-townsmen  valuable  unpaid  services  iu 
the  work  of  stopping  the  waste  of  life.  Mr.  Simon 
in  presenting  in  hi.s  report  of  this  year  these  and 
similar  statements  relating  to  25  English  towns, 
with  an  aggregate  population  exceeding  000,0011. 
observes  that  medical  science  could  not  from  the 
first  regard  these  great  popular  experiments  in  the 
management  of  the  public  health  as  of  doubtful 
promise,  but  to  the  popular  mind  they  had  to  he 
judged  by  their  actual  fruits.  The  splendid 
results  which  have  already  been  secured  m.ay 
serve  not  only  to  confute  persons  who  have 
despaired  of  any  great  preventability  of  disease, 
but  also  to  justify  in  the  public  eye,  and  to 
encourage  in  their  noble  labour,  those  who  for 
years  have  been  spending  their  powers  in  this  good 
work. 


ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  COMPETITIONS. 
No.  I. 

COMPETITIONS  have  recently  been  suffi- 
ciently dragged  through  the  mud  ;  in  fact, 
we  can  call  to  mind  only  a  few  that  have  given 
anything  like  satisfaction.  Considering  that  they 
leave  so  much  discontent  and  indignation  behind 
them,  it  is  marvellous  that  men  will  enter  into 
competitions  at  all.  But  some  how  or  other, 
every  competition  that  is  advertised  brings  up  a 
fresh  crop  of  candidates.  With  the  hope  of  im- 
pressing corporations  and  committees  with  a  sense 
of  duty,  and  bringing  about,  if  possible,  an  im- 
proved state  of  things,  we  intend  to  give,  occa- 
sionally, specimens  of  compositions,  by  present- 
ing illustrations  of  successful  designs  by  the  side 
of  one  of  the  unsuccessful  ones,  and  so  leave  our 
readers  to  judge  of  the  taste  and  wisdom  displayed 
by  deciding  bodies.  We  give  this  week  litho- 
graphic illustrations  of  the  Retford  town  hall  com- 
petition. The  accepted  design  we  have  repro- 
duced from  the  Illustrated  London  News,  which 
was  engraved  after  the  building  was  erected. 
On  the  same  sheet  we  give  an  engraving 
of  a  rejected  design  for  the  same  work.  No 
doubt  the  corporate  authorities  of  Retford 
are  satisfied  with  their  selection,  but  we 
scarcely  think  that  public  opinion  will  endorse 
their  decision.  The  contrast  is  so  striking  between 
these  two  designs  that  there  is  no  necessity  for  us 
to  point  out  their  characteristic  qualities  to  pro- 
fessional men.  The  two  buildings  could  be  erected 
for  about  the  same  cost.  If  the  corporation  of 
Retford  acted  conscientiously,  we  can  only  say 
that  it  is  a  very  great  pity  that  they  did  not  call 
in  some  professional  man  of  undoubted  ability 
and  honour  to  advise  them  in  the  matter,  and 
then  the  responsibility  would  have  rested  on  him. 
They  had  an  opportunity  of  having  a  hall  erected 
which  would  have  reflected  credit  on  their  town, 
and,  no  doubt,  would  have  been  admired  by  ten 
or  twelve  generations  of  its  population  ;  for  we 
cannot  suppose  that  iu  the  good  time  that  is  said 
to  be  coming,  that  the  people  will  be  so  indifferent 
to  beauty,  and  be  so  absorbed  in  money  getting 
as  the  majority  of  those  who  now  live.  Let  us 
hope,  at  all  events,  that  this  step  of  publishing 
rejected  by  the  side  of  accepted  designs  will  evoke 
a  spirit  of  caution,  if  it  does  not  assist  to  put  the 
system  of  competition  on  a  much  sounder  basis 
than  the  one  on  which  it  now  rests. 


STABLES  FOR  THE  EARL  OF   ZETLAND. 

AN  example  of  what  may  be  achieved  by  good 
judgment  and  an  impartial  selection  of 
modern  improvements  to  render  buildings  both 
appropriate  and  ornamental,  which  have  hitherto 
been  regarded  by  architects  as  unworthy  of  much 
aUention,  has  recently  been  set  down  by  the  erec- 
tion of  some  handsome  stables  for  the  Earl  of 
Zetland,  in  Swallow-street,  Regent-street.  The  in- 
ternal arrangements  are  adapted  to  ensure  comfort, 
security,  light,  ventilation,  freedom  from  damp, 
and  possess,  indeed,  all  possible  desiderata. 
The  floors  are  covered  with  Pyrimont  Seyssel 
asphalte,  which  gives  a  hard,  level,  and  durable 
surface,  unbroken  by  a  single  crevice  capable 
of  lodging  dirt  or  moisture.  The  stalls  are  all 
fitted  by  Mr.  James  Barton  with  his  revolv- 
ing water  troughs,  and  other  strong  yet  neat  and 
tasteful  appointments.  The  building  itself,  which 
is  a  specimen  of  excellent  workmanship,  has  been 
erected  by  Messrs.  Lucas  Brothers. 


PLASTER  AND  WALL  PAINTING. 

THE  last  number  of  the  Ecdesiologist  has  a 
suggestive  article  on  "  Church  Restoration 
md  Wall  Painting  "  which  will  repay  perusal,  as- 
may  be  seen  from  the  following  observations.  The 
vritersays: — In  no  single  point  has  the  strange 
want  of  art  exhibited  in  most  of  the  works  of  our 
present  architects  been  more  unhappily  shown 
than  in  their  treatment  of  walls.  Where  orna- 
ment has  been  tried,  it  has  more  frequently  than 
otherwise  been  almost  worse  than  nothing,  but 
usually  nothing  has  been  done  but  leaving  the 
stone  dressing  bare  and  plastering  the  rubble. 
Any  one  iu  his  common  senses  must  know  that 
that  sort  of  thing  would  not  last.  In  a  domestic 
building  we  should,  as  a  matter  of  plain  civiliza- 
tion, cover  up  the  bare  plaster  with  paper  or  paint 
it ;  and  of  course  iu  churches  too,  if  ifii  do  not 
whitewash  or  colourwash,  our  .successors  will  as 
soon  as  the  plaster  gets  dingy.  We  may  be  as 
certain  of  this  as  if  we  saw  it  done,  and  architects 
are  beginning  to  see  it ;  and  how  do  they  propose 
to  remedy  it !  Certain  fashionable,  but  sadly  in- 
artistic architects,  have  now  voted  plaster  a  bore 
altogether.  Now,  there  never  was  a  time  since 
architecture  was  really  an  art  of  civilized  beings 
that  the  roughness  of  walls  was  not  disguised  by 
some  sort  of  gesso  or  plaster.  To  leave  rough- 
hewn  stone  inside  a  building  of  the  plainest  cha- 
racter without  any  covering  is  a  simple  barbarism 
worthy  of  savages.  But  there  seems  to  be  grow- 
ing up  a  school  that  looks  upon  this  unfeelingness 
for,  one  might  say,  the  mere  proprieties  of  life  as  a 
godly  severity, — as  a  sort  of  matter  of  faith. 
Make  your  houses  look  pleasant  and  human,  but 
beware  of  anything  like  a  comfortable  look  about 
your  churches.  Use  the  choicest  of  materials, 
porphyry,  polished  granite,  serpentine,  and  a.labas- 
ter,  put  rich  colour  here  and  there,  and  enrich 
with  much  gold,  and  then  finish  up  by  a  common 
brick  wall  and  rough  rubble.  It  is  so  honest,  we 
are  told. 

Nothing  to  us  shows  a  greater  deficiency  of  art 
power  than  such  a  stupid  adherence  to  the  letter 
of  a  good  text.  This  perpetual  preaching  about 
truth  wearies  us.  Real  artists  of  all  times  have 
been  careful  observers  of  the  truth,  they  have  not 
deceived  us,  but  they  have  not  always  been  talk- 
ing about  it.  If  anything  ofiended  their  sight,  they 
have  never  scrupled  to  disguise  it,  not,  indeed,  in 
such  a  way  as  to  make  you  suppose  it  something 
else,  but  to  keep  it  out  of  one's  sight.  It  would 
be  just  as  good  sense  to  find  fault  with  our  skin  for 
covering  up  the  muscles  and  veins  which  would 
shock  and  pain  us,  as  it  is  to  object  to  plaster 
rough  walls.  There  cannot  be  a  question  that 
plaster  in  such  cases  is  the  right  thing.  The 
medieval  architects  put  a  slight  gesso  coating  even 
over  the  stone  work.  But  then  what  are  we  to  do 
with  the  pilaster  ?  There  is  the  rub,  a  question 
which  these  would-be  artists  have  not  been  able 
to  answer.  And  we  must  admit  that  a  good  and 
satisfactory  treatment  of  it  is  one  of  the  most 
difficult  problems  the  architect  has  to  solve.  But 
most  will  not  look  at  the  question  from  this  point 
of  view — they  prefer  the  easier  method  of  cut- 
ting it  altogether.  It  is  for  this  reason  that  we 
deplore  the  astonishing  neglect  with  whicli  so- 
called  restorers  have  treated  the  walls  of  old 
buildings.  With  the  colour  bursting  through  the 
successive  coats  of  whitewash,  sometimes,  as 
in  the  case  of  Conisborough  and  many  other 
churches,  where  pictures  and  decorations  have 
been  actually  and  successfully  laid  bare,  the  only 
result  has  been  for  these  people  to  sneer  at  them 
and  have  them  covered  up.  "  They  are  unmean- 
ing lines,"  or  they  are  bad  art,  or  they  are  so  much 
faded.  Now,  prima,  facie  one  would  expect  as 
good,  or  nearly  as  good,  art  in  the  painting  and 
decoration  as  in  the  sculpture  and  architecture — 
and  when  we  know,  from  tiie  illuminated  books 
which  we  possess  of  Engli-sh  execution,  not  only 
that  the  English  could  paint  and  draw,  but  also 
that  they  could  do  these  things  far  better  than 
almost  any  of  their  contemporaries,  it  must  re- 
quire a  great  amount  of  credulity  to  believe  that 
though  they  invariably  coloured  their  walls,  and, 
in  fact,  their  whole  architecture,  woodwork  and 
all,  they  usually  made  a  mess  of  it,  and,  iu  fact, 
that,  though  we  have  made  little  or  no  progress 
in  such  matters  ourselves,  and  are  driven  to  all 
sorts  of  unworthy  shifts  to  cover  our  inability,  it 
is  of  little  use  our  taking  pains  to  see  what  these 
great  men  did.  We  happen  to  know  what  they 
could  do  iu  their  choicest  work ;  for  a  few  speci- 
mens, such  as  the  splendid  paintings  in  the  chap- 
ter-house at  Westminster,  and  a  few  fragments  of 
wall   decorations   of    St.   Stephen's   Chapel,   still 


remain — having  never  been  defaced  or  covered 
with  whitewash.  Though  there  is  little  likelihood 
jf  getting  such  fine  art  in  most  country  churches 
we  are  quite  certain  that  there  is  none,  be  it  nevei 
50  homely  and  out  of  the  way,  but  will  be  highlj, 
instructive  to  the  patient  and  intelligent  observer 
It  is  not  always  in  the  first  coat  of  colour  and  best 
preserved  that  we  get  the  best  work  ;  as  the  build 
ings  underwent  alteration  according  to  the  fashior 
of  the  day  and  the  taste  of  the  neighbourhood,  si. 
did  the  coloured  work.  It  is  not  an  unfrequeni 
thing  to  find  three  or  four  different  coats  of  wall 
painting  done  one  over  the  other  ;  and,  as  Mt 
might  expect,  the  lowest  and  earliest  by  far  thf 
best:  and  not  only  so,  not  only  is  it  good  of  itf 
kind,  but  really,  if  we  were  not  so  ambitious,  thf 
very  thing  for  our  time  ;  ju.st  the  sort  of  thing  tc 
suit  an  ordinary  church,  and  to  give  hints  to  an 
artist  to  improve  thereon.  Some  of  the  ordinarj 
patterns  of  the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth  cen 
turies  would  be  especially  applicable  to  our  wants 


CONSTRUCTION  OF  ICE  HOUSES. 

A  CORRESPONDENT  in  an  American  papei 
says: — In  the  year  1819  I  became  acquaintec 
with  two  modes  of  keeping  ice  on  an  estate  in  Bal 
timore  County,  which  I  consider  the  two  extreme.s 
A  description  of  each,  I  think,  with  a  little  reflec 
tion,  will  show  any  of  your  readers  what  is  wantec 
to  keep  ice  from  year  to  year.  No.  1  was  buUi 
about  the  time  of  the  revolutionary  war,  and  was 
said  to  be  the  first  in  the  state.  It  was  constructec 
on  the  principle  of  keeping  ice  as  warm  as  pos.sible 
or,  in  other  words,  excluding  all  atmospheric  air 
The  entrance  to  it  was  through  a  passage  20ft.  oi 
25ft.  long,  heavy  stone  wall,  arched  over,  with  dooi 
at  each  end.  The  house  was  circular,  in  shape  of  f 
lime  kiln,  14ft.  diameter,  tapering  some  little  t( 
the  bottom.  In  the  centre  was  a  stationary  laddei 
reaching  to  the  door  to  pass  up  and  down  in  get 
ting  out  the  ice.  This  ladder  had  sixteen  step: 
and  door  Cft.  ;  the  arch  commenced  from  the  tO[ 
of  the  door.  In  filling  the  house,  rye  straw  wai 
placed  round  the  sides,  and  the  ice  broke  line 
Larger  pieces  were  placed  in  the  dooi'way  as  thej 
filled  ^t,  to  keep  the  ice  broken  up  until  the  house 
was  filled  to  the  crown.  The  inner  door  was  thei 
closed  and  the  passage  filled,  the  front  well  closec 
with  straw.  The  passage  and  house  were  covered 
with  soil  Zit.  or  4ft.  thick.  This  made  a  large 
mound  covered  with  grass,  with  nothing  to  \y 
seen  but  the  door. 

No  2  was  a  simple  hole  or  pit  dug  in  the  grounc 
the  soil  from  which  formed  the  sides,  tapering  tc 
the  bottom.  At  the  surface  it  was  15ft.  square.  A 
to  depth  we  could  not  tell,  as  it  had  never  beei 
known  to  be  without  ice  since  it  was  made.  Thi 
covering  was  a  shed  roof,  composed  of  straw  a 
least  1ft.  thick,  which  was  supported  by  a  post  a 
each  corner  2ft  from  the  ground,  extending  ovei 
the  sides  of  the  soil,  and  down  as  low  as  the  sur 
face  of  the  pit.  This  space  of  2ft.  was  .always  kep 
open,  and  being  4ft.  or  5ft.  outside  of  the  ice,  it  ex 
eluded  all  infiuence  of  the  rays  of  the  sun.  Oi 
filling  the  house,  straw  was  laid  on  the  sides,  thi 
ice  broken  .as  in  No.  1,  the  ice  rounded  up  a 
much  as  possible,  and  then  covered  with  ryi 
straw  to  the  thickness  of  2  ft. 

The  sequel  of  these  two  modes  :  No.  1  nevei 
was  known  to  keep  ice  after  the  month  of  July- 
No.  2  never  was  known  to  be  empty.  I  have  not 
been  particular  in  giving  the  exact  dimensions  o 
each,  but  sufficiently  so,  I  think,  to  give  tothecom 
monest  understanding  what  is  wanted  in  a  struc 
ture  or  house  for  keeping  ice.  The  soil  where  No 
1  was  located  was  limestone,  stiff  red  clay,  elevatec 
position.  No.  2,  location  elevated  ;  soil  limestont 
and  stiH'  red  clay,  containing  a  large  quantity  ol 
small  gravel  from  lin,  to  2in.  or  3in.  diameter.  It 
keep  ice  well,  there  are  four  things  wanted.  First 
perfect  drainage  ;  second,  a  thick  covering  of  a  non 
conductor,  such  as  rye  straw,  on  the  surface  of  thi 
ice,  at  least  2ft.  thick ;  third,  perfect  circulation  o: 
air ;  fourth,  perfect  shade.  .As  to  the  shape  o 
mode  of  structure,  the  owner  can  please  his  owi 
fancy. 


One  of  the  most  discouraging  signs  of  the  timei 
is,  that  land  in  Ireland  is  gradually  going  out  o 
cultivation,  whatever  the  Times  and  the  Lore 
Lieutenant  m>ay  s.ay  notwithstanding.  The  receni 
returns  of  the  Registrar-General  sufficiently  prov£ 
this.  Something,  therefore,  must  be  done  besides 
a  sweeping  condemnation  of  Feninnism  and 
punishment  of  Fenians  if  a  new  era  of  prosperity 
is  to  be  opened  up  for  that  country. 


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October  11,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


707 


SAUNTERINGS  IN  SOUTHWARK- 
STREET. 

A  N  impartial  observer,  a  "looker-on  in 
J^  Vienna,"  if  called  on  to  choose  a  field 
for  the  display  of  collective  architectural 
talent,  would  unhesitatingly  select  South- 
wark-street.  The  fabula  rasa  produced  by  the 
demolition  of  obsolete  buildings,  and  the  con- 
struction of  tlie  noble  thoroughfare  from 
Black  friars  Bridge  to  the  Borough  has  offered 
a  "fair  occasion"  for  various  architects  to 
show  their  metal.  That  the  metal  should 
have,  in  all  cases,  the  genuine  ring  is  scarcely 
to  be  expected.  There  is  alloy  in  all  of  the 
specimens,  and  pure  pinchbeck,  if  the  term  be 
allowable,  in  too  many.  Asmodeus  did  not 
accompany  us  ;  nothing  beyond  the  general 
appearance  of  the  elevations  can  therefore  be 
described  in  these  notes.  Crossing  Blackfriars, 
and  passing  under  the  railway  bridge,  leaving 
the  quaint  old  almshouses  of  good  Charles 
Hopton  on  the  left,  the  first  building  en- 
countered is  the  immense  store  of  Messrs. 
Tait  and  Co.,  army  contractors.  This  building 
was  illustrated  in  the  BurLDrsG  News,  No. 
589,  and  will  therefore  be  but  cursorily 
noticed  at  present.  The  architect  was  Mr. 
R.  P.  Pope.  It  is  distinguished  by  a  liberal 
use  of  colour,  and  even  gilding,  but  the  effect 
a  peculiar.  Over  the  ground  and  first-floor 
irindows  are  about  eight  courses  of  pseudo- 
•eticulated  glazed  red  and  green  bricks,  and 
t  is  needless  to  say  that  the  contrast  is  too 
•iolent    for    a    building   of   otherwise  sober 


■     ■!       (,ll'|i|l,'Jl 

|'l||||:ll! 

MlMIiJJIi' 

I|lll'.|'[ 

'-\"m-' 

olour.  Again,  the  use  of  black — or,  rather, 
rtiBcially  blackened — brick  in  the  form  of 
ibels  to  windows  and  doors  is  most  objec- 
lonable.  In  the  present  instance  it  makes 
lie  building  appear  as  if  in  mourning,  and 
ae  too  free  introduction  of  black  tiles  in  the 
■ieze  of  the  cornice  heightens  tlie  indications 
f  woe.     What  connection  there  can  be  be- 


I 


Fig.  2. 

'f^^.  ^'^  army  contractor's  establishment  and 
family  mourning  depot  we  cannot  see.  It  is 
ue  that  a  pursuit  of  reputation  in  the  career 
arms  may  occasionally  be  effectively 
lecked,  but  from  the  time  when  the 
enetians  furnished  supplies  to  the  Crusaders 
the  days  of  Cloncurry— or,  for  that  matter, 
this  year  of  grace — army  contractors  have 
i(-  little  occasion  to  make  a  moan.  Why 
en,  this  "  suit  of  sables  i "   From  the  south- 


east a  good  view  is  obtained  of  the  tnwir  nvcr 
the  staircase,  and  from  this  point  the  building 
is  seen  to  the  greatest  advantage,  the  inanage- 
mont  of  the  tower  being  really  artistic.  The 
material  is,  for  the  most  part,  yellow  brick, 
with  a  little  red  Wansficld  stone  in  the  form 


of  dressing.  There  is,  however,  an  unreason- 
able mixture  of  noble  with  mean  material. 
Common  yellow  bricks,  Mansfield  stone, 
glazed  bricks,  gilding,  white  stone — either 
Portland,  white  Mansfield,  or  some  simi- 
lar stone — encaustic  tiles,  polished  granite 
shafts,  elaborately  carved  caps,  and  a 
ilismal  bordering  of  black  brick,  a  border- 
ing such  as  the  well-dowered  widow  orders  to 
be  put  on  her  writing  paper  (see  fig.  1),  which 
shows  one  of  the  window  heads. 

The  next  building  on  the  same  side  of  the 


disarmed  were  it  not  that  a  display  of  festivity, 
in  the  guise  of  carving,  has  been  attempted 
over  the  first-floor  windows.  Carving,  if 
attem])ted,  should  be  good  of  its  kind.  This 
is  bad  of  its  kind.  Ill-designed  and  coarsely 
executed,  it  disfigures  a  building  which  should 


certainly  not  court  attention.  The  joint- 
ing of  the  basement  window  heads  is  what 
we  have  ever  protested  against.  A  joint 
in  the  centre  of  a  segmental  or  circular 
arch  is  neither  conformable  to  Tccoudite 
theory  nor  rule  of  thumb  practice.  The 
balcony  over  the  entrance  door,  not  yet  fixed, 
may  do  something  for  the  building,  but  the 


street  is  the  warehoase  of  Messrs.  Causton  and 
Sons,  stationers.  The  utilitarian  character  of 
this  building  is  so  plainly  indicated  by  its 
external  appearance  that  criticism  would  be 


trusses  already  in  place  are  of  very  uncouth 
form.  The  frontage  is  about  108  feet.  Mr. 
Saunders,  Finsbury  Pavement,  is  the  archi- 
tect. On  the  same  side  of  the  way  a  ware- 
hoiise  is  in  course  of  erection  for  Messrs. 
Lawson  and  Co.,  seed  merchants ;  Jlr.  J. 
AVimble,  No.  2,  Walbrook,  being  architect. 
So  little  progress  has  been  made  that  beyond 
recording  the  fact  that  the  first-floor  joists  are 
laid,  nothing  need  be  said  at  present.  Imme- 
diately opposite,  and  in  an  unfinished  state,  is 
a  warehouse  for  ilessrs.  Waite,  Bamett,  and 
Co.,  also  seed  merchants  ;  Mr.  Edis,  architect. 
It  is  of  yellow  brick,  and  very  plain  in  its 
present  state,  as  the  ornamentation  is  to  be  in 
stucco.  The  third-floor  joists  are  not  yet  laid, 
so  that  it  is  not  easy  to  say  what  will  be  its 
appearance  when  finished.  It  has  a  frontage 
of  about  65ft.,  and  a  lieight  of  50ft.,  enough 
for  the  display  of  a  good  deal  of  architectural 
skill.     The  contractors  are  Messrs.  Sandon 


708 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


October  11,  1867. 


Brothers.  Separated  from  tliis  buikling  by  a 
vacant  lot  is  a  row  of  five  warehouses,  the 
architect  being  Mr.  Edis.  AVe  illustrate  por- 
tions of  this  building  in  detail.  Fig.  2  is  part 
of  the  main  cornice ;  figs.  3  and  4  the  second 
and  third-floor  windows.  The  material  is 
yellow  brick,  with  slight  mixture  of  red  ;  no 
black  brick  whatever  is  introduced.  Coloured 
tUes  are  used  in  the  cornice  and  elsewhere,  but 
neither  profusely  nor  injudiciously.  In  many 
of  the  buildings  in  this  street  coloured  ami 
glazed  tiles  are  used  without  knowledge  or 
discretion ;  and  when  protest  is  made  against 
them  it  must  not  be  understood  that  Jlr. 
Edis's  treatment  comes  within  our  ana- 
thema. 

These  warehouses  are  luiilt  npon  a  piece  of 
groimd  which  runs  to  a  point  at  the  eastern 
extremity,  as  a  narrow  street  joins  the  main 
thoroughfare  at  an  acute  angle.  This  splendid 
opportunity  for  making  the  end  of  the  build- 
ing circidar,  and  surmounting  it  with  a  tower, 
was  not  to  be  neglected.  The  main  cornice 
is,  however,  carried  round  the  tower  in  its 
entirety,  which  is  always  a  mistake,  and  in 
this  instance  a  most  egregious  one.  The  very 
small  height  given  to  the  tower,  nine  or  ten 
courses  of  brick,  and  the  exigencies  of  its  own 
cornice,  reduce  the  tower  pur  ei  simple  almost 
to  zero.  This  portion  of  the  building  is  also 
open  to  the  more  serious  objection  of  nsing 
arched  openings  on  a  circular  plan.  Unless  of 
very  small  span  it  is  impossible  that  arches 
can  stand  on  a  circular  plan  without  artificial 
aid.  They  may,  indeed,  stick  together  by 
means  of  good  cement  and  good  luck,  but  the 
principle  is  wrong,  and  sooner  or  later  the 
fatal  error  in  construction  will  show  its  re- 
sults. Fig.  5  will  give  some  idea  of  the 
tower.  The  caps  to  the  pilasters  on  the 
ground-floor  bear  a  striking  resemblance  to 
fiddle  heads,  and  are  singularly  destitute  of 
grace  or  invention.  The  arrangement  of  the 
coloured  bi-ickwork,  on  the  other  hand,  ex- 
hibits much  judgment.  The  colours  of  the 
tiles  in  the  frieze  of  the  main  cornice  are  ad- 
mirable. One  great  point  seems  to  have  been 
over-looked — namely,  the  junction  of  the  ex- 
ternal woodwork  with  the  brick  or  stone- 
work. Anything  worse  than  the  way  in  which 
the  brickand  stonework  is  connected  with — or, 
rather,  separated  from  the  door  frames  and 
window  sUls — can  scarcely  be  described. 
Nearly  opposite,  on  the  north  side,  is  a  very 
large  building,  111ft.  frontage,  occupied  by 
Messrs.  MiUingtou  and  Hutton,  Mr.  Josephs, 
Bucklersbury,  being  the  architect.  With  the 
exception  of  the  ground-floor  the  whole  is  of 
yellow  brick.  It  is  perfectly  plain,  the  dress- 
ings to  windows  being  in  simple  moulded 
brick  of  the  same  colour  as  the  rest.  Imme- 
diately opposite  is  the  establishment  of  Messrs. 
Easton,  Amos,  and  Co.,  built  about  1865,  by 
Mr.  D.  Wyatt.  This  is  a  very  pleasing  work. 
The  conditions  were  no  doubt  favourable  ;  its 
great  length,  12()ft.,  and  low  elevation,  with 
the  comparatively  few  windows  reqidred, 
rendered  its  treatment  an  easy  task.  It  has 
breadth,  and  conse(j^ueutly  repose.  The  ma- 
terial is  red  brick,  the  basement  is  of  black 
brick,  not  artificially  blackened,  and  contrasts 
well  with  the  rest.  Almost  adjoining  is  the 
gigantic  hop  warehouse  of  Messrs.  Wigans  and 
Cosiers.  This  extraordinary  building,  more 
quaint  than  handsome,  is  by  Mr.  ft.  P.  Pope, 
and  was  illustrated  in  the  Building  News, 
No.  520.  It  is  of  yellow  brick,  with 
stone  sills,  lintels,  and  .springing  stones,  re- 
lieved here  and  there  by  a  little  black  and  red 
brick.  The  cornice,  which  is  entirely  of  brick, 
has  little  projection.  It  is,  however,  adorned 
with  coloured  tiles  of  strongly  contrasting 
hues— a  great  mistake  in  a  cornice.  The  best 
feature  in  the  buUding,  a  window  in  the 
eastern  portion,  was  illustrated  in  the  Build- 
INO  Niiws,  No.  534.  As  in  Mr.  Tait's  ware- 
hoiise,  there  is  in  this  too  free  a  use  of  black 
brick,  in  the  form  of  bordering.  Spots  of  black 
can  be  introduced  with  advantage,  but  a  black 
binding  never.  The  next  building  that  is 
arrived  at  is  a  block  ofwarehouses  occupied  by 
Messrs.  Levy  Brothers,  and  Messrs.  Brock- 


sopp,  Sons,  and  Co.      It  fills  the  entire  space 
between  Bridge-street  and  Southwark-square, 
thus  presenting  three  sides  to  the  view.     It 
is  of  yellow  brick,  with  red  and  black  bricks 
ill  the  window  heads,  and  is  of  no  particular 
character  or  merit.      There  is  some  variety 
given  by  the  use  of  red  and  white  Mansfield 
stone,  and  there  are  some  gay  tUes  in  the  cor- 
nice, where  they  look  out  of  place.     The  pro- 
fuse use  of  black  bricks  may  be  observed.  Mr. 
Josephs  was  the  architect.   Immediately  oppo- 
site, on  the  north  side  of  the  street,  will    be 
seen  two  substantial  warehouses,  with  scarcely 
a  particle  of  mere  ornament.     The  lintels  and 
sills  are   stone,  as  is  also  the  lower  storey  ;  all 
the  rest  is  yellow  brick.     With  the  exception 
of  the   lower  storey,  there  is   nothing  in  this 
Ijuilding  that  the    most  captious  coidd  find 
fault  with.     Segmental  headed  openings,  with 
architrave  turned  down  on  the  cap,  may  be  of 
common  use,  but   they  are   not  architecture. 
An   architrave,   in  connection  with  pilasters 
or  columns,  is  a  horizontal  feature  simply,  as 
much  as  a  skirting  or  plinth  can  possibly  be. 
The  details  of  this  building  are  worthy  of  all 
praise.     .Sufficient,  but  not  excessive  openings, 
are  provided.      Strength   of    construction   is 
manifest,  and,  above  all,  there  is  no  ornament. 
Anj'one  may  see  at  a  glance  that  it  is  a  ware- 
house and   nothing   else ;  Messrs.  Tillot   and 
Chamberlain,  architects.     Fig.  6  shows  part  of 
the  main  cornice.      The  adjoining  houses  on 
the  north  side  do  not  call  for  any   particular 
notice.     They  are  rather  pretentious,  and  deal 
in  festoons,  swear  by  a  lofty  gilded  cresting, 
and,  in  spite  of  the  example  of  Victoria-street, 
Westminster,  put  much  faith  in  little  balls  on 
the  balconies,  or,    rather,  window   sills.     All 
this  is  so  much  rubbish.     Next  these  highly 
decorated   edifices,  and   close  to  the  railway 
bridge,  is   a  very  peculiar  structure.    It  pur- 
ports to  be  a  couple  of  warehouses,  built  so  as 
to  resemble   a  single  one.      This  is  the  worst 
thing  in  the  whole  street.     It  has  loops  and  a 
crane  as   a  warehouse  must  have,  but  it  will 
scarcely  be  credited  that  the  fitness  of  things 
has  been  so  violated  that   the  crane  positively 
interferes   with    the   Corinthian    cap   of   the 
pilasters.     The    crane    or    derrick  necessary 
for  the  piu'poses  of  commerce  in  juxtaposition 
with  a   Corinthian   cap  and  "  swags"  of  friut 
and  flowers  !     The  cornice,  where  some  fancy 
might  liave  been  displayed,  is  very  pilain  and 
very  ugly.     Nothing  calls  for  notice  until  Cal- 
vert's buildings,  on  the  south  side  of  the  street, 
are  reached.      These  premises  are,  we  believe, 
occupied  by  the  Hop  Planters'  Company,  and 
were  erected  by   Mr.  E.  1' Anson..     That  por- 
tion which  is  purely  a  warehouse  is  remarkaLile. 
The  lower   storey  is   of  stone,   all   the   rest 
being  of  red  brick,  with  the  exception  of  bands 
of  stone  corresponding  with   the   heads  and 
sills  of  the   windows.     The  lower  storey  is 
perfectly    plain,    being     neither    chamfered, 
moulded,  notched,  nor  incised.      The  window 
and  door  openings  are  of  an  elegant  elliptic 
form.     Above  this  are  four  storeys,  the  two 
lower  being  of  very  small  height.     The  sills 
do  not  project  from  the  face  of  the  building. 
The  cornice  is  the  least  satisfactory  portion  of 
the  work.      Of    the   adjoining  building — an 
older  work,  by  the  same  architect — it  will  be 
sutficient  to  say  that  it  is  an  ordinary  Italian 
design,  neither  particularly  good  nor  specially 
bad,   but   entirely  without   originality.     We 
now   come   to   the  great   work   which  sheds 
lustre   over    the   entire    Borough — the    Hop 
Exchange.     This  work,   a  portion  of  which 
only  has  been  undertaken,  is  not  yet  complete, 
but   it  is   so   far  advanced  as   to  show  that 
no  amount  of  finishing  can  redeem  it  from  the 
charge  of  absolute  hideousness.     We  have,  in 
our  time,  seen  some  rare  specimens  of  archi- 
tecture.    Chicago,  St.  Louis,  and  New  York 
are  not  unknown  to  us,  but  they  contain  no- 
thing that  can  compare  with  theHopExchange. 
Conceive  a  huge   building,    170ft.    or   1801t. 
in  length,  and  nearly  ItnTft.  in  height,  nine 
storeys  above  ground,  without  a  break  of  any 
kind,  unless  the  half-brick  projection  of  the 
centre  can  be  called  a  break,  with  three  tiers 
of  monotonous  circular-headed  windows,  each 


so  lofty — and,  consequently,  attenuated — as  to 
light  two  floors.  Add  to  this  that  these 
windows  have  no  dressing  whatever,  and  a 
faint  idea  may  be  formed  of  the  ugliness 
of  this  building.  It  is  almost  useless  to 
attempt  a  description.  The  principal  entrance 
is  a  part  of  the  segmental-headed  arcade  that 
forms  the  lower  storey,  or,  rather,  the  two 
lower  storeys.  This  is  enriched  with  elabo- 
rately carved  caps  and  keystones,  the  hop 
plant  being  freely  introduced,  and  with  good 
effect.  This  entrance  is  remarkably  ill-con- 
ceived. It  is  not  a  portico,  as  it  does  not  pro- 
ject; and  it  is  not  a  vestibide  nor  a  lobby,  as 
it  is  open  to  the  weather.  It  is  adorned  with 
columns  and  pilasters  of  red  Devonshire 
marble,  and  is  profusely  enriched  with 
carving.  Indeed,  in  this  portion  of  the  buUd- 
ing no  money  seems  to  have  been  spared.  It 
is,  however,  a  great  mistake  to  concentrate  de- 
coration which  should  be  evenly  distributed. 
The  cornice  is  coarse  beyond  description,  and 
the  shelf-like  balcony,  supported  by  the  frail- 
est of  iron  brackets,  wiU  not  improve  the 
appearance  of  the  front.  The  great  hall.  Soft, 
long,  50ft.  wide,  and  75ft.  high,  is  formed  by 
piling  four  arcades  one  on  the  other  ;  the 
ffect,  therefore,  is  monotonous.  Three  tiers  of 
balconies,  of  precisely  the  same  pattern,  do 
not  show  much  inventive  power.  The  only 
good  word  to  be  said  for  the  building  is  that 
the  caps  of  the  iron  columns  to  lower  storeys 
are  of  good  design.  This  building  was  esti- 
mated to  cost  about  £80,000,  Mr.  Moore,  of 
Walbrook,  being  the  architect.  This  finishes 
South  wark-street. 

No  allusion  has  been  made  to  a  very  elegant 
little  work  by  Mr.  Ernest  Bates,  because 
we  intend  to  give  an  illustration  of  it  in 
a  week  or  two.  In  Southwark-street  the 
student  will  see  much  both  to  admire  and 
avoid.  He  will  not  fall  in  love  with  the 
parti-ooloured  reticulated  brickwork  which  he 
will  see  on  all  hands,  nor  will  he  fail  to 
perceive  the  incongruity  of  luxurious  carved 
caps  in  connection  with  the  loops  and  cranes 
of  commerce  and  the  swinging  bales  of  trade. 
He  \vill  appreciate  at  their  fuU  worth  the 
works  of  Messrs.  Tillot  and  Chamberlain,  Mr. 
Ernest  Bates,  Mr.  I' Anson,  Mr.  Edis,  and  Mr. 
D.  Wyatt.  He  will  see  that  a  warehouse 
which  fulfils  its  purposes,  so  far  from  being  an 
ugly  building,  is  about  as  good  a  building 
as  can  be  seen.  Here  he  will  judge  of 
the  effect  of  incised  and  delicate  work 
generally.  The  influence  of  colour  and  gild-  1 
ing  can  be  estimated,  .and,  in  presence  of  thesej 
examples,  are  not  likely  to  be  over-rated, 
few  hours  spent  in  this  street,  while  iti 
wiU  not  give  a  very  high  notion  of  the  talent  I 
of  the  profession,  will  correct  many  errors,  and  ] 
aflbrd  food  for  profitable  meditation. 


COMPETITIONS. 

At  the   monthly  meeting  of   the   Winchester! 
Local  Board,  held  on  the  3rd  inst.,  Jlr.  Kewman,  I 
the  surveyor,  instructed  by  the  General  Purposes  • 
Committee,  tendered   his   report,    recomQiending 
that  the   premiums  offered   for   designs   for  the 
main  drainage  of  the  city  be  awarded  as  follows, 
viz. : — the  first  premium  of  £150  to  plan  No.  7,  by 
Mr.  James  Lemon  ;  the  second  premium  of  £100 
to  plan  No.  3,  by  Mr.  Whitaker,  of  Parhament- 
street,   London;  and    the   third   of  £50    to   plan 
No.  11,  by  Mr.  W.  Ru3.s,  formerly  of  Winchester. 
After  some  discussion  the  report  was  adopted  by 
the  Board. 

The  West  Ham  (Stratford)  Town  Hall  Com- 
petition.— The  West  Ham  local  board  have 
awarded  the  first  premium  of  £100  to  the  plaus 
marked  "  Civis,"  the  joint  design  of  Mr.  Lewis 
Angell  and  Mr.  John  Giles,  of  Craven-street. 
The  .secoud  premium  of  £50  is  awarded  to  Mr. 
G.  A.  Wilson,  of  Leadeah.aU-street,  foi  desigQ 
marked  "Adsum."  The  third  premium  of  £25 
is  awarded  to  Mr.  H.  S.  Legg,  of  Bedford  row,  for 
the  design  "  Industria." 


The  construction  of  the  Thames  Embankment 
has  necessitated  the  demolition  of  Buckiugham 
Watergate,  one  of  the  finest  pieces  of  architecture 
designed  by  luigo  Jones. 


October  11,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


709 


Jiitlbiitg  |iitcl[rgciice. 


CHUBCHES  AND   CHAPEM. 

Another  chapel  has  been  built  in  Wrexham, 
and  local  report  says  it  is  a  very  fine  one.  It  is 
in  the  Romanesque  style,  and  built  from  the  de- 
signs and  under  the  superintendence  of  Jlessrs. 
W.  and  0.  jVudsley,  architects,  Liverpool,  by 
Messrs.  Thomas  and  Son,  builders,  Menai  Bridge. 
The  glass  was  manufactured  by  Messrs.  Kdmund- 
son  and  Son,  of  Manchester,  and  the  carving  was 
done  by  Mr.  Stirling,  of  Liverpool. 

The  foundation  stone  of  St.  Luke's  Church,  Lei- 
cester, which  is  in  course  of  erection,  was  laid 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Leicester  Church  Exten- 
sioD  Association,  by  W.  Perry  Herrick,  Esq.,  on  the 
27th  ult.  The  church  is  to  be  built  of  brick  and 
stone  in  the  Late  Pointed  style,  and  will  contain 
upwards  of  SOO  sittings,  which  will  be  placed  on 
the  free  and  open  system.  The  architects  of  the 
building  are  Messrs.  Hardy  .and  Bellamy,  of  Lin- 
coln; the  contractor  is  Mr.  J.'Firn,  and  the  whole 
of  the  works  are  being  carried  out  under  the  su- 
perintendence of  Mr.  S.  Davies,  the  clerk  of  the 
works. 

It  is  proposed  at  once  to  build  two  new  churches 
at  Coventry,  for  which   plans  have  been  obtained, 
to  contain  about  650  sittings  each,  at  an  estimated 
-t  of  about  £7,000 — one  to  be  in  the  neighbour- 
■'•d  of  Gitefordand  Far  Gosford-street,  h.aving  at- 
tached to  it  a  district  t,aken  from  St.   Michael's 
and  St.  Peter's  parishes ;  the  other  near  the  Stoney 
Stanton-road,   with    a    district    taken   from  the 
parishes  of  Holy  Trinity  and  St.   Peter,  including 
uUo  Red-lane,  now  in   the   parish  of   St.   Mich.ael, 
.   be   called  All  Saints.      Subscriptions   to  the 
Li^mnt  of  £5,200  have  already  been    promised. 
Measures  have  been  taken  for  the   erection  of    a 
uew  church  at  Landport,   Portsmouth.      A   com- 
mittee has  been   formed,  and   subscriptions  pro- 
mised. 

The  church  of  Aufir.xy,  France,  has  just  been 
partly  destroyed  by  lightning,  which  struck  the 
ipire  and  set  fire  to  the  woodwork  of  the  belfry, 
riio  entire  clock  tower  and  roof  were  burnt,  and 
he  two  bells,  one  of  which  weighed  'Ih  tons, 
!ntirely  melted.  The  church  is  one  of  the  oldest 
n  Normandy. 

The  Bishop  of  Oxford  on  Tuesday  took  a  pro- 
ninent  part  in  the  services  associated  with  the 
■eopeuing  of  the  parish  church  of  St.  Nicholas,  at 
S'ewbury,  the  building  having  been  closed  for  more 
ban  eighteen  months  for  entire  restoration,  carried 
lut  at  a  cost  of  between  £8,000  and  £9,000,  under 
he  superintendence  of  Mr.  H.  Woodyer,  architect, 

I  Grafham,  Guildford. 

The  foundation  stone  of  a  new  Wesleyan  chapel 
.  13  just  been  laid  at  AVaterloo,  Blyth,  near  Neff- 
i!'tle-on-Tyne.  It  will  be  in  the  Classical  style  ; 
ud  Mr.  F.  R.  N.  Haswell,  of  North  Shields,  is  the 
rchitect,  and  Mr.  Myddleton,  of  Blyth,  the  con- 
.ractor. 

The  church  at  Egloshayle,  Cornwall,  has  just 
llMll  restored  at  a  cost  of  £1,400,  and  in  a  few 
Ill-will  be  completed  the  restoration  of  Philleigh 
Ibuich,  at  a  cost  of  £1,040.  Two  other  churches 
■a  the  county  are  uudei going  great  alterations 
lod  repairs. 

I  Bromley,  Kent. — The  foundation  stone  of  a 
llsw  church  dedicated  to  St.  Mary  the  Virgin,  was 
laid  on  the  5th  inst.,  by  Miss  Wilkinson,  of  Short- 
lands.  The  site  is  one  of  great  beauty,  and  the 
Ihurch  will  be  a  conspicuous  object  for  many  miles 
louud.  The  land  has  been  given,  and  the  building 
Irill  be  erected  at  the  sole  cost  of  the  Wilkinson 
lamily.  The  style  of  architecture  is  Gothic  of  the 
Ihirteenth  century,  and  the  church  will  comprise 
I'  nave,  side  aisle,  transepts,  chancel,  and  organ 
Ihamber,  together  with  a  lofty  tower  and  spire  at 
Hhe  north-west  angle.      The   material  employed 

II  Kentish  rag  stone,  with  dressings  of  Bath  stone ; 
Hue  roof  is  framed  with  open  timbers  covered 
jl'ith  boarding,  and  the  seatings  will  accommodate 
1,00  worshippers.     The  design  has  been  |)rep.ared 

y  Mr.  WMchcord,  I'.S.A.,  architect,  under  whose 
upermteudence  the  works  are  being  carried  out. 
lessrs.  Dove,  brothers,  are  the  builders. 

St.  Silas,  near  Bristol. — The  newly  erected 
l>urch  of  St.  Silas,  in  St.  Philip's,  near  Bristol, 
•as  consecrated  a  few  days  since  by  the  bishop  of 
le  diocese.     The  church  contains  7S0  .sittings,  of 

hich  551  are  free  and  unappropriated  for  ever, 
t  cost  about  £5,000;  its  style  is  Gothic.  Thewalls 
re  of    Pennant  stone,  with  liberal  dressings  of 


freestone,  which  have  been  inserted  at  rather  short 
distances  from  each  other  in  the  form  of  bands, 
and  which  run  in  p.ar,allel  lines  round  the  churcli. 
The  interior  does  not  present  the  neat  appearance 
th.it  could  be  desired,  for  on  accoiuit  of  tlie  lack  of 
funds  it  has  not  been  found  possible  even  to 
''point"  the  stonework.  It  certainly  does  not 
accord  with  the  popular  idea  of  comfort  to  be 
obliged,  whilst  in  church,  if  seated  next  the  wall, 
to  bring  one's  broadcloth  in  contact  with  rough 
undressed  Pennant  stonework,  with  the  proba- 
bility of  rubbing  otV  sundry  bits  of  mortar  at  every 
movement,  and,  for  the  sake  of  decency,  it  is  de- 
sirable that  something  be  done  to  remedy  this 
thing  without  del.ay.  The  present  idea  is  to 
plaster  the  walls  as  far  up  as  the  window  sills,  as 
soon  as  the  means  are  forthcoming,  and  afterwards 
to  "  point "  the  upper  portion  of  the  stonework. 
The  exterior  of  the  building  is  already  pointed. 
The  church  has  been  erected  from  designs  by 
Messrs.  Popes  and  Bindon,  architects,  of  Broad- 
street.  The  mason's  work  was  executed  by  Mr. 
Thorn,  of  Clifton  ;  the  carpenter's  work,  by  Mr. 
G.  Humphries,  of  Stapleton-road ;  the  plastering, 
by  Mr.  Bevan,  of  Bedminster ;  the  smith's  work, 
by  Mr.  Williams,  of  St.  Michael's-hill,  and  Mr. 
Leman,  of  Frogmore-street ;  the  phimber's  work, 
by  Jlr.  Tuckey,  of  Milk-street :  the  gasfitter's 
work,  by  Messrs.  Hale  and  Son,  of  Narrow  Wine- 
street  ;  and  the  glazier's  work,  by  Messrs.  Gay,  of 
Stapleton-road.  The  heating  apparatus  was  sup- 
plied by  Messrs.  Hayden,  of  Trowbridge. 

Sydenham. — The  Grove  Congregational  church, 
which  has  recently  been  opened,  has  a  nave,  side 
aisles,  and  chancel,  the  extreme  length  being  101ft., 
and  the  width  51ft.  The  walls  are  built  chiefiy  of 
Bath  stone,  with  grey  Reigate,  red  Mansfield,  and 
Peterhead  granite,  used  sparingly  for  relief,  in 
shafts,  string  courses  and  arches.  The  nave  and 
chancel  arches  are  also  of  Bath  stone.  The  church 
will  seat  about  650  persons.  Dissenters,  as  we 
have  lately  had  occasion  to  remark,  have  a  weak- 
ness for  Flamboyant  and  Perpendicular  excesses — 
the  Gothic  run-to-seed  types ;  but  the  .architect  in 
this  instance,  Mr.  James  Hine,  F.R.I. B.A.,  of  Ply- 
mouth, has  studied  simplicity  rather  than  com- 
plexity of  outline  and  detail.  The  church  is  ex- 
cellent for  it3  acoustics.  Over  the  west  porch  is 
a  figure,  lifesize,  of  the  good  Shepherd,  an  unusual 
feature  in  Nonconformist  chvirches.  The  chancel 
windows  are  filled  with  stained  glass  by  Heaton, 
Butler,  and  Bayne. 

The  New  Roman  Catholic  Cathedral. — 
Shortly  after  the  death  of  the  late  Cardinal  Wise- 
man, many  of  the  leading  Catholic  noblemen  .and 
gentlemen  in  the  metropolis  met  together  to  de- 
vise a  fitting  memorial  to  the  memory  of  the  de- 
ceased prelate.  On  that  occasion  it  was  almost 
unanimously  determined  that,  as  the  diocese  over 
which  the  Cardinal  had  presided  did  not  possess  a 
church  worthy  of  the  Roman  Catholic  diocese  of 
England,  it  would  be  a  fitting  monument  to  his 
memory  to  erect  a  large  and  substantial  cathedral. 
Since  that  time  subsciiptions  have  come  in  from 
all  parts  of  the  world,  and  a  handsome  sum  is 
now  understood  to  be  in  hand  or  promised.  A 
site  has  just  been  obtained,  which  is  in  every 
respect  most  eligible.  It  is  close  to  the  Victoria 
Railway  Station,  not  far  from  Westminster 
Abbey,  and  bordering  on  that  new  quarter  which 
is  springing  into  existence  round  Buckingham 
Palace.  The  whole  architectural  profession  will 
be  called  upon,  it  is  thought,  to  compete  for  the 
designs ;  but  it  is  just  possible  that  the  competi- 
tion will  be  restricted  to  Roman  Catholic  ar- 
chitects alone.  It  is  intended  to  make  the  new 
cathedral  by  far  the  most  imposing  Roman 
Catholic  edifice  in  England ;  and  should  the 
original  desitin  be  carried  out,  clergymen  speaking 
most  of  the  European  languages,  will  be  stationed 
there  for  the  purpos' "i  iitaring  confessions  and 
preaching  to  foreigners  in  their  native  tongue. 

buildings. 

The  London  Orphan  Asylum  committee  have 
purchased  land  at  Watford,  whereon  to  build  a 
new  asylum.     The  total  cost  will  be  £65,000. 

The  north  Surrey  district  school  authorities 
have  commenced  their  new  infirmary,  at  Anerley, 
near  the  Crystal  Palace.  The  building  will  be  of 
brick,  with  a  little  Portland  stone  relief. 

The  Trinity  House  authorities  of  London  have 
resolved  to  erect  a  lighthouse  on  the  Durham 
coast,  at  Whitburn,  near  Sunderland.  The  re- 
quisite plans  and  sections  are  in  course  of  prepara- 
tion, and  the  erection  of  the  lighthouse  will  be 
commenced  early  in  the  spring. 


The  Preston  new  town  hall  was  opened  amid 
public  rejoicings  on  Thursday  last  week.  The  ar- 
chitecture is  Gothic  of  the  early  part  of  the 
fourteenth  century.  The  ground-lloor  contains  a 
fine  exchange  room  50ft.  by  4i1ft.  Over  the  ex- 
change room  there  is  a  great  hall  for  the  holding 
of  public  meetings,  &c.  All  the  windows  are 
filled  in  with  richly  stained  quarry  gl.ass.  The  en- 
tire cost  of  the  town  hall  will  be  about  .€70,000. 
Jlr.  G.  G.  Scott  was  the  architect. 

On  the  30th  ult ,  the  foundation  stone  was  laid 
of  the  new  national  schools  at  Fownhojie,  Here- 
fordshire. They  will  be  built  with  stone  of  the 
district,  random  ranged,  with  freestone  dressings, 
and  the  roofs  will  bo  covered  with  green  Pembroke 
slates.  The  elevations  will  be  handsome  and  eflec- 
tive.  The  architecture  cmployedj.will  be  Gothic. 
The  design  has  leen  prepared  by  T.  Nichol- 
son, the  diocesan  architect,  and  the  buildings  will 
bo  erected  by  Mr.  Ford,  of  I'ownhope,  under 
the  architect's  superintendence. 

On  the  1st  inst,,  P.  B.  Hall,  Esq.,  of  Lombard- 
street  .and  Elliskcr  House,  Richmond,  laid  the 
memori.al  stone  of  a  now  Wesley.an  school  and 
chapel,  which  has  just  been  commenced  in  the 
Kew-road.  The  building  consists  of  a  school -room 
4Sft.  by  30ft.,  which  is  entered  by  a  porch  in  the 
centre  of  one  side,  and  h.as  two  large  classrooms 
attached,  over  which  a  g.allery  is  formed.  Thereof 
will  be  open  stained  and  varnished,  and  slated  with 
slates  of  two  colours  in  diamond  works  and  bands. 
The  exterior  is  of  picked  stocks  with  Bath  stone 
dressings  and  tracery.  These  buildings  are  Early 
Gothic  in  style,  and  when  completed  will  be  used 
as  a  chapel.  Space  is  left  in  front  of  the  site  for 
a  large  chapel,  and  when  this  is  added  the  build- 
ings just  described  will  be  used  as  a  school  on  the 
Government  model.  Mr.  E.  Hook,  of  Craven-street, 
is  the  architect,  and  Mr.  Hookham,  of  Kentish- 
town,  the  builder.  The  building  contract  sum 
amounts  to  £1,120. 

New  Dock. — A  special  general  meeting  of  the 
Maryport  board  of  trustees  has  been  held  to  re- 
ceive the  report  and  plans  of  Mr.  Hawkshaw,  the 
civil  engineer  engaged  to  advise  the  trustees  on 
the  subject  of  increased  dock  accommodation. 
Mr.  Hawkshaw,  C.E.,  visited  Maryport,  and  made 
a  professional  investigation.  There  were,  he  re- 
ported, three  modes  which  presented  themselves 
for  increasing  the  dock  accommodation  at  Mary- 
port, viz.  : — First,  the  enlargement  of  the  pre- 
sent Elizabeth  dock,  by  extending  it  in  a  south- 
westerly direction ;  second,  the  construction  of  a 
new  dock  on  the  northern  side  of  the  harbour, 
northward  of  the  present  north  pier ;  third,  the 
construction  of  a  new  dock  on  the  southern  side 
of  the  harbour,  to  the  north-west  of  the  Elizabeth 
dock  and  basin.  As  regarded  these  three  schemes, 
Mr.  Hawkshaw  spe.aks  most  favourably  of  the 
new  dock  on  the  southern  side  of  the  present 
harbour,  to  the  north-west  of  the  Elizabeth 
dock  and  basin.  H  e  was  of  opinion  th.at  the  dock 
and  basin,  and  works  connected  therewith,  could 
be  constructed  for  £85,000.  As  this  estimate, 
however,  does  not  include  parliamentary  expenses, 
Mr.  Hawkshaw  thinks  it  desirable  to  fix  the  capi- 
tal for  the  new  undertaking  at  £100,000.  Another 
meeting  of  the  Board  will  be  held  to  resume  the 
consideration  of  the  matter. 

Newnham,  Gloucestershire. — The  Seven  Bank 
Hotel,  Newnham,  Gloucestershire,  is  nearly  com- 
plete. It  is  situated  on  the  bank  of  the  Severn, 
and  commands  some  most  beautiful  views  of  the 
river  and  surroimding  hills.  The  works  were 
commenced  in  the  autumn  of  last  year,  and  though 
retarded  by  the  inclemency  of  the  winter,  will  not 
be  much  after  the  appointed  time  of  completion. 
The  hotel  consists  of  good  entrance  hall,  bar,  por- 
ters' rooms,  coffee  room  40ft.  by  20ft.,  smoking 
room,  commercial  room,  sittiug  rooms,  .and  a  very 
spacious  billiard  room.  The  upper  storeys  are 
appropriated  as  bed-rooms.  The  kitchen  arr.ange- 
ments  are  very  complete,  as  are  the  b.aths. 
The  corridors  mil  be  Laid  with  encaustic  tiles 
on  brick  arches.  The  works  are  executed  by  Mr. 
Coleman,  of  Chaxhill,  Gloucestershire,  and  the 
architects  are  Messrs.  Medlaud,  Maberly,  and  Med- 
land,  of  Gloucester. 


On  Thursday  evening  last,  a  meeting  of  the 
friends  of  Dr.  Gray,  Bishop  of  Capetown,  was  held 
at  St.  John's  Schoolroom,  under  the  presidency 
of  Mr.  J.  G.  Talbot,  when  a  beautiful  crozier,  de- 
signed by  Butterfield,  and  executed  by  Messrs. 
Peard  and  Jackson,  of  High  Holborn,  was  pre- 
sented to  the  Bishop  on  the  occasion  of  his  attain- 
ing his  fifty-ninth  year. 


710 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


October  11,  18  67. 


TO  COREESPONDENTS. 

NOTICE. —  On  ami  after  this  diy,  OCTOBER  11,  the 
"  BUILDING  NEWS "  will  be  PubUsbed  at  the  New 
Offlc6=,  31,  TAVISTOCK  STREET,  COVENT  GARDEN 
W.C.  

To  OtJR  Reajiees.— Wo  shall  feel  obliged  to  any  of  our 
readers  who  wUl  favour  us  with  brief  notes  of  works  con- 
templated or  in  progress  in  the  provinces. 

Letters  relating  to  advertisements  and  the  ordinary  busi- 
ness of  the  paper  should  be  addi-essed  to  the  Editor,  106, 
Fleet-street.  Advertisements  for  the  cun'ent  week  must 
reach  the  office  before  5  o'clock  p.m.  on  Thur-sday. 

Notice.— The  BUILDING  NEWS  Inserts  advertise- 
ments for  "  SITUATIONS  WANTED,"  &c.,  at  ONE 
SHILLING  for  the  first  Twenty-four  Words. 


Receited.-T.  M.  and  Son.— C.  J.  M,— J.  A.  H.— J.  W. 
— T  Bros,  and  H.— S.  W.  and  S.— S.  A.- J.  A.  H.— I.  H. 
and  Co.— O.  N.  S.— W.  F.  P.  M  — H.  and  C— B.  B.— 
E  W.  P.— W.  B.  and  Co.— 11.  II.  and  Co- 6.  P.— K.  and 
B.— J.  N.— W.  W.,  We  will  enquire.— W.  B.— L.  JI. 

Foreign  Tiling.—"  Apprentice  "  cannot  do  better  than 
visit  the  department  of  the  South  Kensington  Museum 
where  building  contrivances  are  exhibited.  He  will  there 
find  a  vei-y  large  and  important  collection  of  tiles.  The 
tUe  Courtois  (so  named  after  its  inventor)  is  very  simple, 
and  dUlers  from  the  lozenge  tile,  in  that  the  latter  gives 
more  scope  for  ornament,  is  strengthened  by  a  slight  rib 
along  its  centre,  and  is  much  lighter. 


Corrcsponkitce. 


CLOYNE   UEW  CATHOLIC   CATHEDRAL. 
To  the  Editor  of  the  Buildinq  News. 
Sir, — An  announcement  lias  been  very  generally 
made  through  the  pre.ss,  that  the  de.signing  of  the 
new  Catholic  Cathedral  for  the  diocese  of  Cloyne, 
about  to  lie  erected  at  a  large  cost,  and  on  a  pro- 
portionally large    scale,  in  the  city  of  Queenstown, 
Ireland,  has  been  entrusted  to  Messrs.  Pugin  and 
Ashlin,  of  Dublin.      As  many  members   of    the 
profession  are   aware   that   it   was   originally  in- 
tended there  should  be  a  competition  for  this  im- 
portant  work,  we   think   it  necessary  to  inform 
them   and  those   interested  in   the    question   of 
architectural   competitions,  how   it  has   occurred 
that  Messrs.  Pugin  and  Ashliu  have  now  acquired 
the   work   without    the   test   of    a    competition. 
Early  in  this  year  we  received  a  circular  from  the 
Reverend  Dr.  Kice,  the  secretary  of  the  Building 
Committee,  inviting  a   competition  for   the   pro- 
posed new  cathedral  between  Messrs.  Pugin  and 
Ashlin,   Mr.   J.  J.    McCarthy,   and   Mr.    George 
Goldie.     This  circular  contained  the  terms  of  the 
competition,   and  also   requested   the    intending 
competitors  to  visit  Queenstown   for  the  purpose 
of    receiving   further   instructions.      "We   accord- 
ingly visited  Queenstown  in  a  few  days,  and  saw 
the  Right  Rev.  Dr.  Keane,  the  bishop  of  the  dio- 
cese, and  the  Very  Rev.  Dr.  Rice.     We  expressed 
our  satisfaction  with  the  general  fairness   of  the 
conditions   for   the  competition   proposed  by  the 
committee,  but  as   one   of  these  conditions   was 
that  the  successful  competitor  should  give  secu- 
rity that   his   design    could   be   executed   for  the 
stipulated  sum  of  £25,000,  we  thought  that  on 
the   other   hand  the   other  competing  architects 
should  have  some  guarantee  that  the  committee 
would  uot,  as   has  too  frequently  occurred,  select 
a   design,   the    execution   of  which   would   ulti- 
mately far  exceed  the  proposed  outlay.     Further- 
more, being  aware  that  Messrs.  Pugin  and  Ashliu 
had  powerful  family  connections  and  other  influen- 
ces over-the  general  committee,  we  considered  that 
a  perfectly  impartial  sub-committee  of   selection 
should  be  formed  in  the  way  to  which  we  shall 
hereafter  refer.     We  meniioned   all   this  in  con 
versation   to   the   Bishop  and  Dr.  Rice,  and  they 
highly  approved  of  our  proposals.     His   lordship 
Biid,     moreover,    that    what   we   advised    would 
ensure    not    only   fair  play   for  the    competing 
architects,  but  would  secure  the  committee  from 
being  involved  in    a   scheme   which    would  far 
exceed  their  resources,  and   he  mentioned   a   case 
of  the  kind  which  occurred  some  time  ago  in  the 
city  of  Cork.     Finally,  the    Bishop  and   Dr.  Rice 
suggested     that    we   should     put    our   terms  in 
writing,    and   invite    Messrs.   Pugin   and   Ashlin 
to   joiu  us  in   requesting  their  adoption  on  the 
part  of  the  committee.      The  Bishop  said  further 
that   if  Messrs.  Pugin  and  Ashlin    refused  to  join 
us  in  asking  such  reasonable  conditions,  it  would 
produce   a  very  bad   impression   on  his   lordship, 
and   also  on  the  committee,  in  their  regard  ;  but 
in    such   case   he    might   say  for  certain   that  the 
request  of  two  out  of  the  three  proposed  compe- 


titors  would   be    quite   suflicient   to   secure   the 
adoption  by  the  committee  of  the  conditions  we 
proposed.      We  accordingly   drew  up  the   condi- 
tions of  competition,  a  copy  of  which  we  enclose, 
and    having    signed    them    ourselves,    forwarded 
them   to  Messrs.   Pugin   and  Ashlin,  requesting 
their  signature.     This,  however,  they  declined  to 
append,  and  as  the  bishops  and  Dr.  Eice  advised, 
we  forwarded  the  conditions  to   the   committee, 
requesting  their  adoption.  The  committee  declined 
to  adopt  them,  but  drew  up  a  new  set  of  conditions, 
substantially  the  same  as  the  lirst,  e-KCept  that  it 
was  provided  that  each  of  the  unsuccessful  com- 
petitors should  be   paid   £200   instead  of  £75  as 
originally  provided.     After  mature  cousideiation, 
we  decided,  under  the  circumstances  mentioned 
above,  that  our  safest  course  was  to  adhere  to  our 
original  conditions,  and  to  ask  Messrs.  Pugin  and 
Ashlin  again  to  join  us  in  requesting  their  adop- 
tion by  the  committee.     Messrs.  Pugiu  and  Ash- 
lin agaiu  declined,  adding  that  they  had  addressed 
their  reasons  for  so  acting  several   months   pre- 
viously  to   the  committee.     We  then  once  more 
requested  the  committee  to  adopt  our  conditions, 
urging  that  we   saw   no   other   course  by  which 
fair  play  in    judging   of  the  merits  of  the  designs 
could  be  ensured.     The  only  assurance  we  could 
get  on   that    point  was   that   the   co  mmittee  had 
passed  a  resolution  that  fair  play  should  be  shown. 
The  fact,  however,  of  their  refusing  to  accede  to 
conditions  which  the    Bishop  and  Dr.  Eice  (and, 
we  think,  all  impartial    people)  consider  fair  and 
reasonable,  joined  with  the  persistent  refusal  of 
Messrs,  Pugin  and   Ashlin  to  associate  themselves 
with  us  in  our  endeavours  on  behalf  of  fair  play, 
left  us  far  from  satisfied  that  a  simple  resolution 
on  the   part  of  the  committee   was   a  sufficient 
guarantee  that  justice    would    be   done    in   the 
matter.     In  reply  to  our  second   application,  the 
committee,  through  their  honorary  secretary,  in- 
vited  us    either   to    accept  their  conditions  or  to 
decline  the  competition.     In  reply,  we  expressed 
our  unwillingness  to  decline  so  important  a  com- 
petition,  and  repeated   our   hope   that  the  com- 
mittee would,  after   all,  adopt  our  terms.     With 
this  the  correspondence  ended,  for  the  newspapers 
very  shortly   announced  that  Messrs.  Pugin  and 
Ashliu  were  appointed  the  architects  of  the  new 
cathedral.     From  this  simple  statement  of  facts, 
we  think  our  professional  brethren  and  those  who 
take  an  interest  in  such  subjects,  will  be  enabled 
to  appreciate    the    exact  value  of  the  chances  of 
fair   play  that   existed   in  the   Cloyne   Cathedral 
Competition  as  proposed  by  the  committee. — We 
are,  &c.  J.  J.  McCaktht,  R.H.A.,  M.I.I.A. 

Geo.  Goldie,  M.R.I.B.A. 


tioued  in  the  fifth  resolution  of  the  committee  meeting  of 
the  20th  January,  18ti7. 

7.  That  in  the  event  of  the  plans  considered  first  in  order 
of  merit  being  rejected  as  above  described,  the  architect  of 
the  second  plan  in  order  of  merit  shall  be  directed  to  pro- 
ceed as  mentioned  in  condition  4.  And  in  the  event  of 
such  second  plan  being  rejected  for  the  same  cause  as  the 
first,  then  the  plan  considered  thii-d  in  order  of  merit  shall 
be  advertised  for  tenders  in  the  same  way  as  the  two  others, 
and  if  it  be  foimd  impossible  to  have  the  cathedral  built 
according  to  it  for  £25,000,  said  plan  and  its  architect" 
shall  be  rejected  without  compensation,  as  in  the  two  pre- 
ceding cases- 

8.  That  each  of  the  competing  architects  shall  furnish 
with  his  plans  a  map  and  section  of  the  site  to  the  same 
scale  as  the  plans,  sections,  and  elevations,  showing  the 
position  of  the  cathedral  by  a  block  plan, 

9.  That  the  part  of  resolution  5,  of  the  committee  meet- 
ing of  January  20,  IS'iT,  beginning  with  the  word  "  leas" 
and  ending  with  the  word  "  candidates  "  be  omitted,  and 
the  following  substituted  for  it,  "  less  the  sum  of  £200, 
which  £200,  \vith  £200  more,  will  be  divided  as  follows  :— 
£00  to  the  unsuccessful  competitors,  £50  each  to  the  two 
architects  of  the  sub-committee  of  selection,''  who  shall  be 
requii-ed  to  report  to  the  general  committee  and  to  the 
sub-committee  of  selection  whether  the  supplemental  draw- 
ings and  specifications  required  by  clause  4  are  in  strict 
accordance  with,  and  are  merely  illustrative  of,  the  original 
designs. 

10.  That  the  architect  who  shall  be  deemed  by  the  sub- 
committee of  selection  the  successful  competitor  shall  pre- 
pare working  plans  and  specifications  upon  which  estimates 
can  be  made.  That  these  plans  and  specifications  shall  be 
advertised  for  tenders,  and  that  if  no  competent  buUder 
(who  will  give  solvent  security  to  the  amount  of  £10,000) 
can  be  found  to  undertake  the  work  for  £25,000,  then  the 
plans  of  the  so-called  successful  competitor  are  to  be  re- 
jected, and  their  author  is  to  receive  no  compensation 
whatever ;  and  the  bishop  and  building  committee  do 
fur-ther  guarantee  that  they  will  uot  engage  under  any  cir- 
cumstances whatever  aforesaid  architect  in  the  designing 
or  erecting  of  Cloyne  Cathedral. 

1 1.  That  the  competition  plans  and  specification  be  lodged 
in  the  hands  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Rice  before  the  1st  day  of 
January,  18GS,  and  that  the  award  of  the  committee  of 
selection  be  communicated  to  the  competitors  before  the 
expiration  of  six  weeks  from  that  date. 

12.  That  the  committee  will  furnish  the  three  competing 
architects  with  a  map  and  levels  of  the  sit«  of  the  prupoaed 
cathedral  at  as  early  a  date  as  possible. 

13.  That  the  architect's  plans,  sections,  and  elevations  be 
drawn  to  .an  uniform  scale  of  Sft.  to  lin.,  and  that  Indian 
ink  only  shall  be  used  for  the  drawings  of  plans,  elevations, 
and  sections.     The  perspectives  only  may  be  coloiu-ed. 

14.  That  the  specification  referred  to  by  the  first  resolu- 
tion of  Januaiy  20, 1807,  be  only  general,  stating  the  quah- 
ties  of  the  several  materials  to  be  u.sed  in  the  different  parts 
of  the  work,  and  descriptive  of  the  arrangement  of  the  plan 
and  the  geuer.al  method  of  construction  to  be  adopted  iu 

:arryin^  it  into  efl'ect. 


The  following  are  the  conditions  of  competition 

referred  to  : — 

We.  two  of  the  architects  competing  for  the  new  Catho- 
lic Cathedral  of  Cloyne,  to  be  erected  in  Queenstown, 
request  that  the  following  conditions  be  added  to  those 
stated  in  the  Rev.  Dr.  Rice's  cii-cular  of  January  21,  1807: — 

1.  That  a  committee  of  seven  for  examining  the  plans 
and  deciding  on  their  merits  be  constituted  and  appointed 
iu  the  following  manner: — The  bishop  and  administrator 
of  Queenstown  piirish  to  be  ex-otficio  members ;  three 
members  to  be  appointed  by  the  competing  architects  one 
bv  each,  and  two  architects  of  eminence  not  coimected 
with  the  competition  to  be  appointed  by  the  general  com- 
mittee. 

2.  That  the  committee  so  constituted  shall  examine  tlie 
plans  and  specifications  and  arrange  them  in  theii-  order 
of  merit  as  to  their  beauty,  commodiousness,  and  cheap- 
ness. 

3.  That  all  the  plans  and  specifications  shall  remain  in 
the  hands  of  the  bishop  and  administrator  of  Queenstown 
parish  till  the  expiration  of  twelve  calendar  montlis  after 
the  actual  commencement  of  the  building,  and  th.at  they 
are  not  to  be  retiu'ued  to  the  architects  on  any  pretext 
whatever  until  the  expiration  of  the  time  named. 

4.  That  the  architects'  securities  required  by  the  resolu- 
tion No.  1  be  obtained  in  the  following  manner: — The 
architect  whose  competition,  plans,  and  specification  are 
deemed  by  the  committee  of  selection  first  iu  order  of 
meiit,  shall  furnish  all  supplemental  drawings  and  speci- 
fications that  may  be  necessary  to  enable  luilders  to 
prepare  tenders.  Such  supplemental  drawings  and  speci- 
fications not  to  introduce  any  alterations  or  deviations 
from  the  original  plans,  but  are  to  be  merely  ihnstrative 
of  them. 

5.  That  a  sub-committee  of  selection  be  appointed,  to 
consist  of  the  Bishop  of  Cloyne  the  Administriitor  of 
Queenstown  parish,  three  gentlemen  not  belonging  to  the 
architectural  profession  (one  to  be  named  by  each  competi- 
tor), and  two  architects  of  eminence,  to  bo  selected  by  the 
five  foregoing  members.  That  the  successful  competitor 
shall  be  the  gentleman  who-'^e  plans  shall,  in  the  opinion 
of  the  foregoing  subcommittee  of  selection,  guarantee  the 
most  beautiful,  commodious,  and  cheapest  bmlding. 

G.  That  the  plans  and  specifications  so  prepared  he 
advertised  for  tenders  from  competent  builders  ;  and  if  no 
respectable  buQders  (with  two  solveut  and  approved  se- 
curities for  the  amount  of  £5,000)  will  imdertako  to  build 
the  cathedr-al  according  to  said  plans  and  specifications  for 
the  sum  of  £25,000,  the  said  plans  and  specifications  are 
to  be  entirely  rejected  and  the  architect  of  them  to  be  dis- 
missed from  all  further  share  in  the  competition,  or  in  the 
erection  of  the  cathedral,  and  is  to  receive  no  compensation 
whatever,  and  is  to  have  no  share  of  the  smn  of  £150  men- 


MR.  WELBY  PUGIN  AND  THE  MANCHES- 
TER TOWN  HALL  COMPETITION. 

Sir, — If  your  estimate  of  my  design  for  the 
Manchester  Town  Hall  can  scarcely  be  contideredj 
flattering,  it  is,  in  one  respect,  perfectly  true, 
motto  "  En  avant "  is  scarcely  misapplied,  88,1 
although  I  fully  intended  to  make  a  veritaV" 
•'  retrograde  movement,"  it  was  in  order 
advance  in  a  right  direction,  from  a  starting  poia 
of  fifteen  years  back.  I  have,  on  several  occasion 
stated  my  belief  that  from  that  period  our  publi 
buildings  have  been  degenerating.  Extraneoij 
importations,  crotchets,  and  eccentricities  haw 
been  long  taking  the  place  of  a  natural,  legilifl 
mate  development  of  true  principles.  Where  wq 
formerly  worked  out  with  care  a  building,  expn 
sive  of  its  purpose  and  satisfjing  its  requirementf 
we  now  go  out  of  our  way  to  produce  somelhll^ 
that  will  mainly  set  people  wondering.  All  truil 
is  sacrificed  for  a  sensation.  Simpliciiy 
departed,  and  nothing  now  goes  down  that  is  no 
manipulated  into  fantastic  forms  and  covered  witi 
useless  features.  This  depraved  taste  is  no' 
confined  to  a'chitecture,  but  is  as  painfully 
marked  in  other  false  developments  of  art,  as 
e.  (/.,  in  the  meretricious  Mexico-Chiuese  fashion  o 
modern  female  costume.  Nor  is  it  confined  ti 
England.  What  is,  at  present,  only  buddinj 
in  this  country,  has  long  blossomed  and  is  nov 
running  to  seed  in  France.  In  that  countr 
architecture  is  positively  rioting  in  every  kim 
of  monstrosity.  Look  at  the  Grand  Opera,  Cham 
her  of  Commerce,  and  modern  churches"— thei 
halting  distorted  forms,  and  distracting  ornamen 
tation.  Can  they,  for  a  moment,  be  set  agains 
the  simple  lines  of  the  Madeleine,  or  even  th 
debased  style  of  St.  Eustache,  or  the  buildings  o 
twenty  years  back  ?  The  Grand  Opera,  whos 
every  line,  as  it  were,  screums  at  the  beholder 
the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  with  its  hideoui 
many-eyed  cupola ;  the  Haussman  churches,  lik 
gigantic  skeletons  festooned  with  flowers,  or  bodie 
broken  out  all  over  into  blotches.  What  a  degra 
dation  of  intellect  and  art  I  Or,  agaiu,  take  an 
of  the  modern  Gothic  churches,  and  set  them  Bid 
by  side  with  the  grave  simplicity  of  Notre  Uami 
The  same  false  taste  and  perverse  development ; 
evident  in  all.  To  a  less  glaring  extent,  bt 
rapid  y  tending  to  the  same  goal,  follows  tb 
architecture  of  the  day  with  ourselves.  Compa' 
Newgate  with    Reading    Gaol  and  many  otb' 


October  11,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


711 


oi  our  m".Iern  prisons.  The  latter  are  German 
toys.  Newgate  speaks  for  itself.  It  ia  grand  in 
its  gloom  and  its  aspect  of  despair.  Or  take 
the  churches  of  some  fifteen  or  twenty  years  back, 
at  Camberwell,  Millbank,  and  Oakley-square, 
without  naming  many  examples  of  civil  architec- 
ture. .They  contrast  strikingly  with  similar  works 
uf  the  present  hour.  Therefore  it  is  thiit  1  revert 
to  a  period  when  the  revival  held  out  such 
glorious  hopes,  and  nature  guided  where  now 
caprice  dictates.  All  beauty  rests  on  the  laws 
'of  nature,  and  simplicity  is  its  greatest  charm. 
Nature  is  the  basis  of  true  art.  The  human  form 
is  her  highest  work.  Slan.  amidst  all  the  varieties 
of  race,  remains  true  to  his  original  type.  Xature 
tiever  departs  from  her  model,  2xcept  to  produce  a 
malformation  or  a  monster.  A  man  with  a  thinl 
eje  or  a  sixth  finger,  or  any  other  additional 
feature,  is  simply  regarded  with  aversion.  What 
we  abhor  iu  nature  we  are  just  now  rampantly 
generating  in  art,  with  conceited  self-gratulations 
on  our  own  ingenuity.  Our  buildings  are  rapidly 
developing  into  monsters.  Vi'e  are  mistaking  our 
rocation.  Instead  of  developing  principles  we  are 
only  multiplying  features  and  patronizing  abor- 
tions ;  and  it  appears  we  have  to  learn  afresh  the 
value  of  a  straight  line  or  an  unbroken  curve.  We 
irould  be  more  creative  than  nature  herself.  We 
ire  being  trained  down  instead  of  trained  up.  Just 

■  a  whole  nation,  both  in  mind  and  fcody  may 
■•-her  sink  or  rise,  according  to  the  culture  it  re- 
ives, so  may  the  whole  range  of  the  various  arts 

degraded  or  ennobled,  according  to  our  trcat- 
•  nt  of  the  principles  on  which  they  are  founded. 
-  we  seek  to  add  to  what  was  in  the  beginning, 
-lead  of  legitimately  developing  it,  we  only  suc- 
t'd  in  producing  a  monster  in  the  end.  We  must 
vert,  then,  to  nature  and  its  principles,  and 
velnpe  them  from  the   point  to   which  we  had 

■  rived  some  fifteen  years  back,  for  at  present  we 
:•■  only  vitiating  public   taste,    increasing     the 

inand  for  monstrosities,  and  wasting  alike  both 
)d  materbl   and  vast  sums  of  money.     It  was 

;  hopes  of  crushing  this  ver  rongeur,  which  is  now 
pping  the  architecture  of  the  day  in  every  style, 

hat  I  ventured  to  speak  without  reserve  on  the 

lesigns  for  the  Law  Courts,  iu  which  I  traced  its 

:.-sidiou3  advances ;  but  I  by  no  means  plead 
iilty  to  a  desire  of  "  turning  backward  to  a  period 

:  architecture  of  which  we  have  heard  a  good 
-il  lately."      These  words  would  seem  to  imply 

-it  you  are  under  an  impression  that  my  design 
r  the  Alanchester  Town  Hall  approaches  the 
vie  of  the  Houses  of  Parliament,  of  which,  how- 

ver,  with  all  their  faults,   it  cannot  be  predicted 

bat  they    betray  any  trace  of  the  dry  rot    of  un- 

ituralness.  That  building  is  one  sui  geiieris.  It 
inds  alone,  and  has  no  rival  of  its  kind.  But 
ich  as  I  value  the  principles  of  which,  by  the 
iity  of  its  conception,  and  the  perfection  of  its 

■stalls,  it  is  the  exponent,  I  am  very  far  from 
■usidering  it  a  type  or  model  of  the  style  we  re- 
lire.     I   will  not  dispute,   although   I   dissent 

ijm,  what  you  say  about  my  design  being 
badly  drawn."     Allow  me  to  remind  you  that  a 

rawing  is  not  necessarily  bad  because  it  is  slight 
A  sketchy ;  and  to  ask  the  favour  of  its  admis- 
■a  amongst  your  illustrations  at  an  early  date, 
:ien,  more  fully  to  set  forth  what  I  intended,  I 
ul  add  a  detail  of  one  of  the  compartments. — I 

^>,  ic.,  E.  Welby  Pcgk. 


PUGIN  V.  BAERT. 


Sk,— The  tone  of  Mr.  E.  W.  Pugin's  letter  is 
ich  as  to  preclude  my  taking  any  notice  of  it  in 
ietail.  I  cannot  regret  its  appearance,  for  it 
hows  clearly  the  character  of  my  antagonist,  and 
'  shows,  moreover,  how  uneasy  he   is  in  his  pre- 

ut  position.  As  your  readers  may  (in  conse- 
uence  of  Mr.  E.  Pugin's  peculiar  method  of  con- 
roversy),  be  imperfectly  acquainted  with  the  real 
ositiou  of  the  question,  I  will  place  it  before  them 
1  few  words.  Mr.  E.  Pugin  has  asserted  over 
nd  over  again  in  his  published  letters  that  he  can 
rove  his  case  from  materials   and  witnesses  now 

ithcoming.      We  have  challenged  him  to  do  so 

tore  iiny  tribiinal,  where  his  statements  and 
•  idences  can  be  fairly  tested.       If  he  refuses,  the 

urld  will  understand  his  refusal.  He  evades  the 
lialienge  now  by  requiring  certain  letters,  which 
estates  that  he  lent  to  Sir  Charles  Barry  in  ISSO, 
nd  which  he  also  asserts  that  Sir  Charles  pro- 
used  to  return.  It  will  be  time  to  comment  on 
he  conduct  of  both  parties  when  the  facts  are  es- 
ioluhed.  At  present  the  whole  story  rests  on 
he  unsupported  assertion  of  Mr.  E.  Pugin,  in  re- 
"^  to  a  private  interview— an  assertion  made 
even  years  after  my  father's  death,  when  any 
-itementa  on  the  subject  are  beyond  the  reach  ot 


direct  contradiction.  Let  him  bring  this  point, 
also,  before  the  same  tribunal.  We  will  state 
then  what  documents  we  have,  and  will  produce 
any  paper  or  answer  any  question  which  the  court 
of  arbitration  may  think  tit.  There,  and  there 
only,  are  we  called  upon  to  meet  him. — I  am,  &c., 
Alfred  Barry. 


MANCHESTER     TOWN     HALL    COMIPE- 
TIXION. 

Sir, — As  one  of  the  unselected,  but  non- 
exhibiting  competitors,  permit  me  to  say  that  my 
drawings  were  removed — not  "  in  spleen  or  dud- 
geon," or  from  "  cravenheartedness"  —  but 
simply  because  the  selected  designs  were  to  Lc 
withheld.  In  objecting  to  an  exhibition  of  the  un- 
selected designs  by  themselves,  I  suggested  to  tlie 
mayor,  "  that  when  the  complete  drawings  of  the 
selected  competitors  are  being  exhibited,  that 
those  of  the  unselected,  so  many  of  them  at  least 
as  their  author  may  choose  to  return  for  that  pur- 
pose, should  be  exhibited  at  the  same  time."  1 
thiak  you  will  agree  with  me  that  this  would  have 
been  the  better  course.  Being  led  to  trespass  on 
your  space  so  far,  I  am  tempted  to  refer  to  a 
peculiarity  of  treatment  to  which  my  drawings 
were  subjected.  Competitors  being  restricted  to  a 
certain  size  for  their  stretching  frames  (34in. 
long  and  'ii^'Q-  Iiigli),  I  concluded  that  the  Hrai- 
tation  was  adopted  merely  with  a  view  to  econo- 
mize hanging  space,  so  arranged  the  whole  of  my 
drawings  on  three  boards  of  the  required  size ;  the 
greater  dimensions,  however,  being  the  height.  In 
this  way  the  two  jilans  were  mounted  on  the  out- 
side boards,  the  unoccupied  corners  on  the  upper 
part  being  tilled  by  a  small  block  plan  on  one,  and 
Cooper-street  elevation  on  the  other ;  while  on  one 
side,  and  the  lower  part  of  each,  was  pasted  down, 
in  slips,  a  printed  explanation  of  the  design.  The 
principal  entrance — or  Albert-square  side  of  the 
building — formed  the  base  of  the  plan,  and  the 
whole  read  in  this  way.  On  the  centre  board  were 
placed  the  two  principal  elevations,  the  one  over 
the  other;  and  the  three  boards  were  hinged  to- 
gether, so  as  to  prevent  separation  as  much  as 
possible,  and  for  convenience  in  hanging,  &c. 

On  opening  my  drawings  I  find  (though  re- 
turned to  me  as  described  above),  thatmy  arrange- 
ment of  them  has  been  anything  but  appreciated, 
the  boards  having  been  unhinged  and  each  hung 
separately.  But  how  ?  Not  as  the  drawing, 
writing,  and  printing  would  suggest,  nor  upside 
down  exactly,  but  sideways,  the  lesser  dimension 
of  the  board  being  made  the  height,  and  the 
elevation  reading  the  opposite  way  from  the  plans. 
The  plans,  in  fact,  might  just  as  well  have  been 
turned  upside  down,  and  the  elevations  would  have 
been  quite  as  intelligible  with  their  face  to  the 
wall.  As  there  could  not  have  been  much  diffi- 
culty, if  any,  in  placing  these  drawings  at  the  end 
by  themselves,  if  they  would  not  fit  iu  with  others 
in  military  order,  I  suppose  their  disarrangement 
must  be  attributed  to  the  red  tapeism,  or  ig- 
norance, or  something  else,  of  the  official  entrusted 
with  the  hanging. 

Being  anxious  to  learn  in  what  particulars  I  had 
failed  to  comply  with  the  instructions  of  the  com- 
mittee, and  whether  my  arrangement  of  the  draw- 
ings was  looked  upon  as  an  important  violation, 
sufficient  to  place  them  "out  of  court"  inten- 
tionally— as  they  were  practically  by  the  way  they 
were  hung — I  wrote  in  succession  to  the  mayor, 
the  town  clerk,  and  the  city  surveyor,  requesting 
to  be  furnished  with  '*a  copy  of  that  portion  of 
the  report  referring  to  my  design,  if  considered 
worthy  of  notice  at  all."  At  last  I  received  a 
reply  stating  "  that  the  committee  decline  to  give 
their  reasons  why  any  particular  design  has  been 
excluded." 

The  accompanying  photographs  are  taken  from 
the  stretching  frames  as  returned.  The  position 
on  each  board  of  the  distinguishing  number  in  it- 
self indicates  the  mode  of  hanging  adopted,  not 
to  mention  the  new  screw  holes  for  rings  on  the 
corresponding  long  side  of  each  board  where  none 
were  before. — I  am,  &c.,  No.  SVI. 


THE  STRATFORD  COMPETITIOIf. 

Sir, — Will  you  permit  me  to  say  a  few  words 
on  this  subject,  as  it  is,  I  fear,  only  another  added 
to  the  long  catalogue  of  the  genus  "  hanky 
panky,"  which  will  require  to  le  dealt  with  by 
your  powerful  pen.  IJeing  a  competitor,  I  went 
on  the  Ist  inst.  to  Stratford  to  ask  to  be  allowed 
to  see  the  drawings.  I  was  informed  that  thirty- 
two  designs  had  been  received,  and  that  they 
were  hung  up  in  the  large  room  at  the  office  of 
the  Gas  Works,  there  not  being  a  room  of  suf- 


ficient size  for  the  purpose  at  the  present  vestry 
hall,  for  the  inspection  of  the  ratepayers  of  the 
district.  Quite  right  and  satisfactory.  I  ob- 
tained permission  to  view  them.  But  what  was 
my  surprise  on  entering  the  room  to  see  only 
twelve  designs  on  the  walls.  Were  there  not 
thirty-two  received  ?  Where  then  are  the 
twenty ,'  Echo  answered,  "  Where."  It  ap- 
peared, however,  |ou  inquiry,  that  the  committee 
had  made  a  preliminary  selection  of  these  twelve. 
Quite  proper,  and  according  to  the  recognised 
course  of  proceeding.  And  equally,  of  course, 
these  twelve  were  selected  for  their  superior 
merit.  It  is  not  for  me,  an  interested  party,  to 
offer  an  opinion  on  this  question.  You,  Sir,  will 
very  shortly  tell  us  all  about  that.  But,  though  I 
say  nothing,  this  I  will  say ;  Are  the  ratepayers  all 
men  of  business  !  Axe  they  all  men  of  judgment ! 
Are  they  all  honourable  men  !  Of  course  tbey 
are.  And  the  members  of  the  vestry  board,  they 
are  also  honourable  men,  and  sure  to  be  the  best 
judges  of  what  they  want,  and  to  select  it,  too, 
without  partiality,  and  quite  regardless  of  any 
personal  feelings.  But,  Sir,  do  suggest  to  the 
ratepayers  the  desirableness  of  just  giving  a 
cursory  glance  at  the  other  twenty.  It  might  be 
satisfactory  to  them ;  and,  I  am  sure,  would  be 
felt  as  an  act  of  graceful  condescension  by  the 
twenty  gentlemen  who  have  devoted  six  weeks  of 
their  time,  and  I  know  not  how  much  of  their 
money,  to  the  preparation  of  those  twenty  designs. 
— I  am,  &c.,  ViGlLiKS. 

Sm, — I  am  induced  to  trouble  you  with  a  few 
words  with  reference  to  the  above  competition,  as 
I  understand  that  the  surveyor  to  the  local  board 
is  a  competitor.  As  a  general  rule,  it  ia  consi- 
dered, to  a  certain  extent,  unfair  for  a  sur- 
veyor paid  by  a  board  to  compete  for  works 
proposed  by  them,  as  the  great  amount  of 
interest  he  posseses  among  the  members 
gives  very  great  advantages  over  other  com- 
petitors ;  a  few  hints  have  only  to  be  thrown  out 
as  to  his  motto,  and  the  result  can  be  guessed.  In 
the  recent  farce  of  a  competition  for  new  offices, 
at  Poplar,  the  board  of  works  there  selected  a 
most  hideous  design,  only  because  they  believed 
it  was  by  their  late  surveyor ;  so  ugly  is  it  that  the 
Bl'ildisg  News  has  hop'ed  it  will  not  be  perpe- 
trated. Competitions  are  nearly  always  swindles, 
but  if  the  members  of  the  board  of  health  will 
only  act  with  the  same  amount  of  impartiality  as 
their  chairman  appears  determined  to  do,  merit 
alone  will  win,  the  race,  and  in  the  architect 
tural  profession  the  Stratford  town  hall 
competition  will  be  considered  a  model  one. 
Having  had  great  experience  in  these 
matters,  I  beg  to  offer  one  or  two  sugges- 
tions. The  designs  should  be  publicly  exhibited 
both  before  and  after  the  award,  professional  as- 
sistance should  be  obtained  in  selecting  designs 
and  the  report,  st  iling  the  reason  of  selection  pub- 
lished, so  that  the  competitors  can  be  satisfied 
there  has  been  no  jobbery.  As  the  majority  of 
the  competing  architects  have  spent  a  great  amount 
of  time  and  money  in  preparing  their  drawings 
they  hope  to  obtain  Faikplay. 

[Since  the  above  letter  was  written  the  award 
has  been  made,  and  is  recorded  in  another  column. 
Ed.  B.  N.]      

THE  IMPROVEMENTS  IN  WEST  LONDON. 

Sir, — -Your  issue  of  this  date  notices  an  an- 
nouncement iu  the  London  licvieic  of  a  project 
for  "  reforming"  the  musty  and  degrading  vi- 
cinity of  Seven  Dials,  by  the  removal  of  a  large 
number  of  the  old  houses  therein,  and  replacing 
them  "  by  lodgiug  houses,  to  be  built  on  a  new 
principle."  Thirty-three  years  ago  I  suggested 
in  one  of  the  journals  of  that  date  (the  Weeihj 
Chronicle)  a  considerable  improvement  of  a  paying 
kind  that  could  be  made — by  running  a  new  line 
of  street — commencing  at  the  north-east  comer 
of  Newport-street,  and  thence  directly  through  to 
Crown-street,  removing  all  the  houses  on  the  east 
side  of  that  street,  and  constructing  throughout, 
from  St.  Martin's-lane  to  Oxford-street,  a  suitable 
style  of  buildings  for  business  purposes.  By  this 
means  a  good  wide  street  leading  direct  from 
Charing-cross  to  Tottenham-court-road  (even  to 
Hampstead),  would  be  opened,  a  va.«t  improve- 
ment in  the  carriage  and  foot-way  be  effected, 
the  property  on  both  sides  of  the  whole  line  of 
New-street  become  much  more  valuable,  the  en- 
tire neighbourhood  be  greatly  benefited,  while 
the  present  difficulty  to  pedestrians  and  carriages 
of  all  kinds,  of  getting  from  the  east  end  of  Ox- 
ford street  to  West  Strand,  would  be  obviated,  and 
the  public  would  hail  with  satisfaction  so  im- 


712 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


October  11,  1867. 


portant  an  addition  to  the  improvements  in  West 
London.  And  I  venture  to  predict  that  this  pro- 
ject would  be  well  worth  being  taken  up  by  a 
"  Limited  Company,"  as  the  whole  of  the  property 
throughout  the  line  designated  is  now  most  cer- 
tainly of  very  inferior  value. 

I  beg  to  enclose  my  card. — I  am,  &c., 

October  4.  Civis. 


THE  SEWAGE   OF  TOWNS. 

Sib, — Permit  me  to  occupy  a  small  space  in 
your  valuable  columns  with  a  few  remarks  on  this 
important  subject.  First,  I  beg  leave  to  introduce 
two  new  distinctive  words  which  are  more  eupho- 
nious than  the  terms  now  used,  and  will  lie  conve- 
nient in  discussions — aquine,  signifying  the  liquid 
portion ;  and  cloacine,  the  sohd  portion  of  the  refuse 
of  towns.  Secondly,  I  submit,  as  the  result  of 
much  thought  and  observation,  that  in  dealing 
with  the  refuse  of  towns,  aquine  should  be  dis- 
posed of  separately  as  valueless,  and  even  dele- 
terious. Thirdly,  I  hold  that  without  an  admix- 
ture of  decayed  vegetable  matter,  cloacine  and 
sand  or  clay  will  not  makj  good  earth.  For  what 
is  earth  ?  Is  not  the  best  earth  or  mould  a  com- 
pound, with  a  large  proportion  of  decayed  vegetable 
matter  ?  As  I  write,  leaves  are  falling,  and  will 
in  due  time  become  incorporated  mth  the  soil  on 
which  they  fall.  It  seems  to  me  that  in  consis- 
tency earth  is  a  disinfectant ;  this  point  has  often 
been  overlooked,  and  should  be  remembered.  On  a 
future  occasion  I  shall  have  the  honour  of  submit- 
ting a  simple  and  effective  mode  of  dealing  with 
aquine  and  cloacine  respectively. — I  am,  &c., 

September,  2.  A.  J. 


other  giving  workmen  acces.s  to  the  roofs,  &c. — all  being 
thus  strictly  consistent  with  Mr.  Prichard's  avowed  prin- 
ciple of  making  exteriors  suggestive  of  interiors.  From 
these  facts  your  readers  may  .judge  for  themselves  whether 
in  such  frontages  a  feature  so  common  ia  French  architec- 
ture has  been  too  frequently  introduced.  As  to  the  "  cir- 
cvilar  somethings  "  iu  the  Princess-street  tower,  I,  amateur 
as  I  am,  was  at  no  loss  to  understand  its  meaning,  and 
have  already  disposed  of  it  as  the  porter's  staircase. 
Neither  could  1  see  the  relationship  between  the  pinnacles 
which  reconcile  the  square  of  the  tower  mtb  the  octagon, 
and  the  turrets  whose  number  is  so  much  exaggerated  by 
the  writer.  As  a  friend  of  Mr.  Prich.ard  and  a  lover  of 
art,  I  cannot  but  regret  that  a  notice  of  this  kind  was  not 
written  in  a  more  fair  and  impartial  spirit.  Nothing  is 
more  calculated  to  mislead  public  taste  than  a  criticism 
influenced  even  in  the  least  degi'ee  by  prejudice.  The 
moment  a  ci-itic  ceases  to  regard  all  his  subjects  from  the 
same  point  of  view,  or,  whilst  smoothing  over  faults  in 
one  case,  endeavours  in  another  to  make  the  most  of  them, 
his  work  becomes  not  only  v.alueless,  but  positively  mis- 
chievous.— I  am.  Sir,  &c. ,  A  Law  Student. 
Inner  Temple,  Oct.  9. 


street,  answer  the  contemplated  purjiose  ?  And  why  form 
another  museum,  when  South  Kensington  Museum  contains 
so  many  valuable  facilities  for  young  architects  ?] 

[006.]— STAININ'G  OAK.— Can  any  of  your  readers  in- 
form me  of  a  liquid  that  will  stain  oak  dark,  almost  black, 
to  match  some  very  old  panels? — A  Joiner. 

[607.] — GUM,  ifec. — Can  any  kind  reader  inform  me  how 
the  gum,  used  on  postage  stamps  and  envelopes,  is  made, 
as  I  require  the  use  of  a  gum  similar  in  effect?  Can  any 
reader  also  oblige  with  a  description  of  Delcommanie. — 

WOOLWICK. 


ZINC    ROOFING. 

f?iK, — In  reference  to  my  letter  in  this  week's  i.ssue  of 
your  joiu'ual,  allow  me  to  point  out  that  "  '2s.  4d.  profit  " 
should  have  been  2id.  It  is,  I  suppose,  a  misprint.— I  am, 
fcc,  Ja3.  Edmeston. 

October  5. 


DARTON    CHURCH    EESTORATION. 

Sir, — I  was  in  hopes  IVIr.  Perkin  would  have 
been  able  to  say  say  the  gross  vandalism  now  being 
perpetrated  at  Darton  Church' was  all  done  without 
his  knowledge  or  consent.  As  he  has  thought  fit 
to  write  a  letter  in  which  he  both  indignantly 
denies  and  then  in  substance  admits  the -accuracy 
of  my  statements, perhaps  you  will  kindly  allow  me 
to  say  a  few  more  words  ere  the  subject  is  closed. 
He  says  "  The  greatest  care  is  taken  to  assimi- 
late the  random  chisel  marks  to  the  earliest 
type."  Was  more  absurd  nonsense  ever  jienned. 
I  repeat  that  the  whole  of  the  interior  stone- 
work has  been  very  rudely  recut,  and  not  even 
one  original  tool  mark  can  be  found.  Mr.  Perkin's 
letter  serves  to  show  how  little  architects  in 
general  know  about  church  restoration,  and  I 
wish  to  Heaven  such  men  would  let  our  grand 
old  churches  alone.  Darton  Church  is  a  pecu- 
liarly fine  one,  and  now  it  is  irretrievably  ruined. 
No  amount  of  letter  writing  can  restore  its  olden 
beauty  ;  but  what  need  is  there  for  other  churches 
to  be  sacrificed  too?  Allow  me  also  to  inform 
Mr.  Perkin  that  all  my  statements  were  written 
after  a  most  careful  personal  inspection,  and  their 
truth  will  be  evident  to  all  who  can  pay  the  church 
a  visit. — I  am,  &c.,  P.  Q  .P.  V. 


RATIO  OF  THE  DIAMETER   TO   THE   CIRCUMFE- 
RENCE OF  A  CIRCLE. 

Sir, — It  was  my  intention  this  week  to  reply  to  the 
remarks  of  "  E.  L.  G.,"  respecting  my  last  geometrical  dia- 
gram, but  finrling  that  an  able  letter,  treating  on  the  above 
subject,  has  lately  appeared  in  the  Mechanics'  Mmiuzirte, 
upsetting  the  existing  theory  and  rather  supporting  my 
position,  I  will  defer  my  reply  for  the  present.  The  author 
of  the  letter  alluded  to  (Mr.  Harvey)  appe.ars  to  have  de- 
voted great  study  and  research  to  this  subject,  and  pro- 
poses to  write  a  series  of  letters  in  confinnation  of  his 
views.  Although  I  cannot  go  so  far  as  he  does  in  iiis  pre- 
liminary assertion,  yet  from  my  own  investigations  I 
believe  the  Archimedian  ratio  of  7  to  2;^  is  rather  below  the 
truth  and  not  in  excess  of  it,  as  most  modem  mathema- 
ticians insist ;  <rnd,  I  may  add,  one  mathematical  writer  of 
authority  has  hinted  the  probability  that,  although  the 
exact  numerical  ratio  cannot  be  obtained,  a  geometrical 
quadrature  is  possible. — I  am,  &c.,        Geo.  Gdilhume. 


IntcrcomminiicatiaiL 


QVESTI0N8. 

[GOO.]— FLOW  OF  WATER.— Will  <iny  reader  kLndly 
inform  me,  through  the  medium  of  the  ' '  Intercommuaica- 
tiou  "  column,  the  best  formulie  for  calculating  the  dis- 
charge of  water  in  gallons  of  a  stream  whose  dimensions 
are  4ft.  i>iu.  wide,  ^in.  deep,  and  tiowa  at  the  rate  95ft.  in 
47  seconds? — Querist. 

[601.]— THE  STAINING  OF  STONE  BY  CEMENT.— 
Having  been  much  vexed  by  finding  some  beautiful  blue 
sandstone  steps  stained  by  the  contact  of  cement  both  in 
the  beds  and  joints,  and  also  where  tiles  had  been  laid 
touching  them.  I  should  be  glad  to  know  the  cause,  and 
means  of  avoiding  such  for  the  future,  and  the  method 
of  removing  the  stains  already  made,  which,  extend  some 
inches  along  the  surface  of  the  steps. — J.  S. 

[602.] -COMMISSION  FOR  SPECIAL  MATERIALS.- 
Cau  an  architect  claim  his  commission  on  the  cost  of  special 
matftrials  or  apparatus  (say  a  system  of  warming  and  vt;nti- 
lation)  he  may  with  the  consent  of  the  building  committee 
have  introduced  in  a  building,  that  may  not,  when  in  iise, 
carry  out  the  expectations  formed  of  it,  provided,  that 
before  introducing  it,  he  made  inquiry  aud  obtained  nume- 
rous testimonials  as  to  its  use  and  efficiency  in  other  similar 
buildings?  As  the  committee  in  question  refuse  to  pay, 
an  answer  to  tbis  will  oblige.— A  YooNO  Archithct. 


REPLIES.  ! 

|;574.]_THE  "LIMNER."-InanBwer to  "E.  W.,"Imay 
say  that  the  price  is  two  shillings  fur  the  "Limner,"  and  > 
another  two  shillinj^s  for  the  stand  and  wires  to  complete 
the  instrument.  The  stand  and  wires  are  used  for  stilt- 
life  pictures,  landscapes,  ttc.  They  are  very  roughly  made; 
at  least,  mine  are. — Woolwich. 

[aSG.]- ARCS  OF  DIFFERENT  RADII. -As  the  elastic  , 
cuive  can  only  rudely  approximate  to  a  circular  arc  (and 
that  only  when  of  slight  curvature,  aud  made  by  a  rod 
well  tapered  to  the  ends,  like  an  archer's  bow),  "  F.  Hope's" 
elaborate  use  of  trigonometrical  tables  (to  minutes  and 
seconds!)  is  a  perfectly  useless  refinement.  The  question 
can  only  be  understood  as  applying  to  the  relation  between 
the  depth  of  cvirve  z,  and  the  radius  of  a  circular  arc  that 
might  have  the  same  chord  and  depth.  The  two  curves 
can  only  be  confounded  when  z  is  so  small  that  the  differ- 
ence between  u  b  and  x  ?/  would  be  inappreciable  ;  and 
the  practical  rule  is  then  simply  tills — As  twice  the  radius 
ia  to  half  'i  b  ov  x  y,  so  Is  the  said  half-length  to  z.  Or  if 
2  is  giveu  to  find  the  radius,  as  a  ia  to  a  quarter  .ry,  so  Ih 
half  J-?/ to  the  radius.  See  Euclid  III.  yl,  and  VI.  8,— 
E.  L.  G.  

[5S8.]— BOX  GIRDERS.]— I  am  much  obliged  to  "F. 
Hope"  for  kindly  answering  my  question  on  box  girders. 
I  had  worked  out  the  girder,  but  by  a  ditierent  formula 
from  that  which  "F  Hope"  employs,  and  did  not  make 
the  sectional  area  come  to  quite  so  much.  The  formula  I 
used  is  as  follows :  -  Let  W  =  breaking  weight  in  centre  in 
tons,  C  =  a  constant  for  wrought  iron,  A  =  sectional  area, 
D  =  deiJth  of  gii'der  Ip    Inches,  L  =  span,  also  in  incliea, 

CAD 
Then  we  have  the  equation  W  =    ^r-*  from  which   we 


deduce  the  following  equation,  A 


MR.  PRICHARD'S  DESIGN  FOR  THE  MANCHESTER 
TOWN  HALL  COMPETITION, 

Sir, — I  have  been  stnick  by  the  obviously  partial  spirit 
in  which  your  reviewer  has  criticized  some  of  the  rejected 
designs  for  the  Manchester  Town  Hall.  As  a  friend  of  Mr. 
Prichard's,  and  as  being  familiar  with  liis  design,  which 
greatly  interested  me.  I  could  not  but  observe  the  un- 
generous spirit  in  which  it  was  reviewed  in  comparison 
with  those  that  preceded  ii.  Although  it  imavoidably 
holds  a  prominent  position  among  the  "eminently  good" 
designs,  yet  the  faint  praise  bestowed  upon  it  is  entirely 
marred  by  sarcastic  allusions  to  such  minor  details  as  the 
"eruptive  little  round  turrets."  Had  I  not  seen  the 
drawings,  I  should  certainly  have  depicted  to  myself,  from 
the  reviewer's  description,  a  building  bristling  with  these 
objectionable  features 

Now,  the  facts  are  these.  In  the  Albert-square  front, 
328ft.  long,  there  are  two  of  these  turrets,  each  contain- 
ing a  private  staircase  for  the  housemaids,  and  therefore 
not  without  their  use.  In  the  Princess-street  front,  39oft. 
long,  there  are  also  two— one  for  the  use  of  the  porter,  the 


[603.]— CHICHESTER  CATHEDRAL.  —I  Bhall  be 
obliged  if  you  will  inform  me  how  it  was  that  the  spire  of 
Chichester  Cathedral  fell  down  ;  was  the  stone  placed 
l>edway?— R.  W. 

[it  is  believed  that  the  spire  would  have  been  preserved 
had  care  been  taken  by  underpinning — a  principle  which 
has  admirably  succeeded  in  many  caseq  in  France.  The 
stone  was  a  shelly  limestone  from  the  Isle  of  Wight,  nearly 
a  pure  carbonate  of  lime,  but  of  a  very  light,  porous,  and 
absorbent  character,  the  specific  gravity  of  the  stone 
being  only  1815.  Mr.  Tliompsom  some  years  ago  made 
experiments  as  to  the  crusliing  weight  of  this  stone,  and 
found  that,  when  laid  in  its  bed,  it  crushed  with  a  weight 
varying  from  46tilb.  to  ^ii561b.  per  square  inch;  bnt,  wlien 
placed  vertically  to  the  bed,  it  sustainetl  a  weight  of  SGOlb, 
to  1,0701b.  per  square  inch  before  it  cnished.  Iu  the  first 
instance  the  stone  crumbled  into  powder,  but  when  placed 
vertically  it  split  diagonally.  Mr.  Thompson  thus  ac- 
counted for  the  increased  strength  of  the  stone,  when  placed 
vertically  : — Tlie  layers  of  shells  formed  long,  flat,  and 
thin  arches  on  its  bed  ;  but  when  reversed  the  layers 
became  either  laminated  columns  or  narrow  lancet  arches. 
We  believe  the  piers  were  only  cased  with  the  stone  laid 
in  its  bed,  and  the  interior  was  found  to  be  a  mass  of 
nibble  stone,  filled  in  with  mortar  in  large  lumps,  some 
of  it  in  a  crumbling  state.  Hence  the  catastrophe.  We 
need  hardly  say  how  many  lessons  it  taught  arcliitects  and 
builders.  The  atone  was  placed  bedway,  but  in  the  very 
weakest  way.]  

[604. ]~W ARMING  ROOMS.  —  Can  you  inform  me 
whether  there  is  any  other  way  by  which  a  room  may  be 
warmed,  besides  the  iron  piping  usually  used.  We  have 
a  stove  rather  more  than  half  down  the  room  (rather  a  long 
one),  and  the  smoke  is  conveyed  back  again  to  the  chimney 
by  the  iron  piping.  I  would  hke  to  know  whether  there 
is  anything  more  durable  and  cheaper  than  the  piping. — 
Pinto. 


[005.]— AN  ARCHITECTS'  CLUB.— Could  not  a  kind  of 
club  or  institute  be  formed  among  the  architects'  assL'jtants 
and  pupils,  where  they  could  meet  for  mutual  improve- 
ment and  instruction?  Architect3  themselves  have  an  in- 
stitute and  association,  aud  I  do  not  see  why  one  cannot  be 
formed  among  their  staff.  It  would  have  to  be  formed  in 
such  a  way  that  the  pupil  who  has  no  salary  might  become 
a  member  as  well  as  the  head  draughtsman  in  an  otfice. 
If  it  succeeded  (as  I  feel  sure  it  would),  a  kind  of  museum 
might  be  foi-med  consisting  of  all  building  appliances,  and 
the  different  modes  of  construction.  A  company  might  be 
formed  similar  to  that  of  the  Institute.  1  think  we  (the 
assistants  and  pupils)  ought  to  make  a  move  aud  try  what 
we  can  do  ;  it  is  for  our  own  benefit,  and  if  we  help  our- 
selves others  will  help  Tis.  I  would  suggest  that  a  com- 
mittee be  fonned  at  once,  and  if  you,  sir,  will  allow  those 
willing  to  form  that  committee  to  address  themselves  to 
you,  and  then  announce  them,  we  might  get  in  agood  working 
condition.  I  do  not  think  the  subscription  should  be  more 
than  5s.  a  year,  as  it  would  then  place  it  ^vithin  the  reach  of 
all.  As  Crosby  Hall,  Bishopsgate-street,  is  now  advertised 
to  let,  we  might  secure  it.^ALPHA. 
'     [Does  not  the  Architectural  Association  at  9,  Conduit- 


WL 

nyi"    In  this  case 


will  =  100  tons  breaking  weight  in  centre,    L  =  span, 
IJGin.,  C  =  75,  being  a  constant  for  ^vrought  iron,  D  = 

100  X  156 
depth  12in.,  A  =  '  "i  x~i'>     ~  ■^'*  ^"^^  mches  sectional 

area. 

In  the  sectional  area  thus  arrived  at  and  the  sectional 
area '' E.  Hope"  obtains  (which  he  calls  effective)  there  is 
only  a  difference  of  224  square  inches,  but  then  he  adds 
3  00  square  inches  for  rivets,  and  this  is  what  I  do  nut 
quite  understaud. 

You.  in  article  No  4  on  Plate  Girders,  given  in  the 
Building  New.s  of  June  21,  obtain  your  sectional  area  by 
the  same  formula  as  that  which  "  F.  Hope  "  employs,  but 
you  do  not  add  for  rivets. 

It  is  only  in  the  building  up  of  the  girder  that  you  make 
any  difference  for  rivets,  and  then  you  make  the  plates  of 
such  a  thickness  as  to  give  sufficient  sectional  area  in  order 
that  you  may  deduct  the  strength  lost  by  the  use  of  rivets, 
and  still  be  able  to  leave  the  sectional  area  after  such  de- 
duction as  nearly  as  possible  equal  to  that  whicli  you  had 
obtained  by  the  formula.  If  "  F.  Hope,"  or  any  uf  your 
correspondents,  could  answer  my  queries  I  should  feel 
obhged,  and  also  if  they  could  point  out  any  errors  (if  any) 
in  the  formula  I  have  used,  wliich  is  that  given  iu  your 
journal  of  January  22,  1S5S.— E.  E.  C. 

[591.]— WATER  COLOURS.- In  reply  to  "Seeker,"  he 
can  make  coloured  drawings  look  like  oil  paintings  by  the 
following  method : — 1  oz.  of  Canada  balsam  and  2  oz.  of 
spirits  of  turpentine.  Mix.  Before  the  composition  is  ap- 
pUed  the  drawing  should  be  sized  with  a  solution  of  isin- 
glass ;  wash,  and,  when  dry,  apply  with  a  camel  hair  or 
sable  brush.  "  Seeker"  had  better  try  it  on  a  small  draw- 
ing fi,rst  to  see  if  it  will  answer  his  purpose. — Woolwich. 

[594.]_P0ULTRY  FARM.— In  reply  to  "Rooster,"  I 
would  advise  him  to  see  the  one  at  Bromley,  Kent,  the 
property  of  a  company,  whose  manager,  Mr.  Geo.  Kennedy 
Geyelin,  has  published  a  work  entitled,  "Poultry  Breed- 
ing in  a  Commercial  Point  of  View  ;  "  which  maybe  had 
through  any  stationer  for  2s.  6d. — E.  H. 


[595.]_AQUARIUM.— Every  one  ought  to  know,  in  his 
national  weights  and  measures,  the  average  pressure  of 
the  atmosphere,  and  what  depth  of  water  it  takes  to  equal 
that  pressure — 33  English  feet  to  press  15  of  ourlba.  per 
square  inch.  At  8ft.  deep,  therefore,  we  have  not  S.-jIb. 
per  square  inch,  nor  at  the  plates'  centre  of  pressure— a 
third  of  their  height -quite  'li^lh.  Load  a  strip  of  your 
glass,  above  6ft.  long,  with  2^1b.  per  square  inch,  and 
separate  the  bearings  till  it  breaks,  and  you  will  learn  the 
necessary  proximity  of  mullions  at  the  weakest  horizontal 
line,  2ft.  8in.  from  the  bottom,  whether  they  may  be  6,  4, 
3,  or  only  2ft.  apart.  But  whatever  their  number,  as  several 
adjoining  panes,  when  separate,  require  to  be  about  halfas 
thick  again  as  if  they  were  all  one  piece,  to  resist  the  same 
pressure,  the  constructor  will  certainly  save  quantity  of 
glass  (if  not  cost)  by  having  the  plates  12ft.  by  Sft.,  and 
strengthening  their  lower  half  by  some  external  tracery, 
crowded  most  at  the  height  of  2ft.  Sin. ,  while  only  the  bars 
dividing  the  plates  need  rise  to  their  top.  Two  or  three 
external  transoms,  at  intervals  increasing  upwards,  would 
be  the  simplest  treatment. — H  L.  G. 


WAGES   MOVEMEITT. 

The  building  trade  strike  at  Barnsley,  which  commenced 
on  May  1  last,  aud  luis,  therefore,  lasted  for  five  months, 
has  at  length  come  to  an  end,  the  masters  and  men  having 
met  and  mutually  agreed  upon  the  terms  of  compromise. 

Trade  is  slackening  iu  Dundee,  and  the  wages  of  masons 
are  being  reduced  in  that  town.  Some  employers  are  pay- 
ing off  hands  by  the  score. 


October  11,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


713 


STAINED   GLASS. 

A  stained  glass  wiiulow,  in  memory  of  Mr.  Richard  Free- 
man, ft  biiihiyr  wlio  eiecnted  a  great  deal  of  tlio  work 
iat«iy  carried  on  there,  h:i3  been  placed  in  Ely  Cathwlral. 
The  "subject  represented  in  the  window  is  the  purchjise  of 
tlje  Cave  of  Machpelah, 

W.  Holland,  of  Warwick,  has  recently  designed  and  ese- 
cuted  ill  St.  Giles's  Church,  WUleuhaU,  Statlbrdshire,  two 
ai-morial  \vindo\v8  contaiuing  the  arms  of  the  Duke  of 
Sutherland,  the  Earl  of  IJehfieM,  —  Giifard,  Ksq.,  and 
the  Kev.  C.  Lane,  with  grisaille  groundwork.  The  north 
transept  window  is  filled  in  with  arms  of  Richard  Wilke,s, 
fM\ ,  M.D. ,  witli  wreaths  and  motto  in  tnicory,  an  augel 
bearing  a  scroll  and  inscription  at  foot.  The  north  side 
liiaiicel  window  contains  the  subject  of  Christ  Blessing 
Little  Cliildivn.  with  ornamental  groundwork,  and  au 
:iiigol  in  tracery  bearing  the  arms  of  tlie  vicar. 
Aston  Old  Chi'kch,  Birminghasi. — Mr.  llolland  ha.s 
list  executed  for  this  church  a  memorial  window  contain- 
u^  subjtHHs  of  Our  Saviour  Visiting  the  Sick,  and  Our 
- 1\  lour  Healing  all  Diseases,  under  rich  canopies,  with 
■u'el  in  tracery. 

I1a-^i:i  i-v  Cnruc;!!,  Nr:.\R  Warwick.— The  chancel  of  tjiis 
iiin-li  has  recently  been  partly  restored  and  eidurtjed  by 
Imihliiigup  the  east  wall.  Mr.  Kibler,  of  Wellesbourne, 
Ls  the  contractor,  and  the  new  stiuiework  has  been  filled 
■  with  st.ained  gl.v.s,  e.\cciited  by  Mr.  llollimd.  in  memory 
f  the  late  rector,  containing  three  openings,  autl  a  subject 
':  medallions  in  each,  of  the  Annunciation,  Nativity,  and 
;iii:iIixiou,  augels  and  ornament  filling  up  the  other  por- 
,118  of  the  work.  New  commauilment  tablets  have  been 
I'laced  on  either  side. 
NiDi>Cui'Rcil.  NEAR  Uaurooate. — This  chuTcb  h.aa  been 
,f  rebuilt,  and  will  be  opened  on  the  loth  inst.  The  stained 
IB  has  been  e.vecuted  by  W.  Holland,  consisting  of  e.ast 
_dow,  coutAining  three  openings,  twomed;illious  in  each, 
llaining  the  Angel  Appearing  to  the  Shepherds,  the 
|Uvity,  Christ  Disputing  with  the  Doctors,  the  Baptism, 
aafixion,  and  .\scension,  upon  rich  groundwork  of  tlie 
laud  passion  tlower;  and  in  tracery,  the  lamb,  pelican, 
\  with  rich  ornaments.  The  west  window  is  composed 
Tometriciil  grisaille  glass  with  emblems  of  the  Evange- 


STATUES,  MEMORIALS,  ETC. 

L  memorial  of  the  late  Lord  Feversh.am  is  to  be  erected 
|the  market-jilaco  of  Helinsley.     The  memorial  will  take 
I  fonii  of  ,a  cross,   from  designs  by  Jlessrs.  Banks  .and 
,  of  Westminster.     .\lKiut  £ljOo"  has  been  subscribed 
Inwards  the  necessary  expenditure. 

On  the  proposition  of  the  Prefect  of  the  Tarn,  the 
I  >miicil-General  of  that  department  has  decided  that  a 
Itetneshall  be  erected  at  Castres  to  the  memory  of  Mar- 
I  Jul  Soult,  and  hits  voted  u  sum  of  l"2,000f  towards  its  exe- 
lintloii. 

The  long  t.alked  of  monument  to  the  famous  navigator, 
GKltftin  Cook,  who  perished  at  Kealakekua  Bay,  is  about 
Wig  erected.  The  plan  has  been  drawn,  the  contract 
Wied,  and  Ml'.  Holland  is  on  his  way  to  Hawaii  to  execute 
W  work. 

||rhe  statue  of  .\ndrew  Jlarvell,  at  the  Hull  Town  H.an, 

nsented  to  the   town   by   Mr.    Councillor   Winship,    has 

Sen  placed  on  its  pedest.al,  at  the  head  of  the  staircase,  in 

I  Jie  new  Town  Hall,  and  ia  now  the  most  attractive  orna- 

lioeiit  in  the  building. 

A  "Smith  O'Brien  Memorial  Committee"  have  addressed 
IklMter  to  the  Dublin  corporation,  asking  for  permission 
llVtteot  a  statue  in  marble,  which  has  been  executed  by 
IKr.  Thomas  FaiTell,  on  a  site  in  the  city,  and  sugge.sting 
I'lhat  a  spot  on  the  south  side  of  Carlisle  Bridge,  corre- 
I^ODding  with  that  on  the  north  already  allotted  for  the 
iMtue  to  Daniel  O'Connell,  would  be  the  most  appropriate. 
||he  corijoration  take  time  to  consider  the  matter. 

On  Friday  a  bronze  statue  of  the  late  Prince  Consort 
v.u  placed  on  a  pedestal  of  rude  mason  work,  consisting 
!  liusB  blocks  of  granite,  about  50  yards  west  from  the 
w;tisk  erected  by  the  tenantry,  .and  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
'■^t  from  Balmoral.  The  statue,  which  is  by  Theed,  is  a 
rikiug  likeness  of  the  lamented  Prince,  and  as  a  work 
•  lit  is  thought  to  possess  gi-eat  merit.  He  is  represented 
■  :\l  the  right  hand  on  the  head  of  a  large  shaggy  stag- 
I  iind  by  his  side,  with  a  rifle  in  the  left,  and  with  the 
Mat  towards  Balmoral. 


LEGAL  INTELLIGENCE. 

A  C.iSE  UNDEll  THE  BuiLDING  AcT. — On  AVed- 
mesday  last,  Mr.  J,irvis,  district  surveyor  of  Cam. 
berwell,  took  out  two  summonses  against  a  Mr. 
John  Barriagton,  the  proprietor  and  builder  of  a 
'•  circus,"  erected  at  Peckham.  The  one  summons 
was  for  not  having  given  him  the  two  days  notice' 
required  previous  to  commencing  the  work  ;  the 
other  for  having  the  enclosure  of  wood  and  the 
roof  of  canvas.  It  was  urged  by  the  defendant 
that  as  the  erection  complained  of  was  simply  a 
large  gallery  for  1,600  people,  lined  at  the  back 
with  wood,  and  sheltered  at  the  top  by  a  covering 
of  canvas,  it  was  no  more  than  a  large  booth,  and, 
therefore,  he  considered  it  was  exempt  from  the 
operation  of  the  Building  Act.  After  having 
heard  the  case,  the  magistrEite  decided  that  the 
circus  was  a  building,  and  fined  the  defendant  £10 
penalty,  remarking  that  if  the  defendant  was  dis- 
satisfied he  could  appeal  to  a  superior  court.  No 
order  was  made  upon  the  summons  for  irregular 
construction,  as  it  was  ascertained  bv  the  surveyor 
that  the  defendant  bad  made  application  to  the 
Metropolitan  Board  for  their  approval  of  the  plan 
•md  construction  of  the  biulding,  and  that  they 
would  consider  it  on  Friday  next. 


The  Saiurdaii  Renieio,  a  week  or  two  since,  had 
an  article  on  Bristol  Cathedral,  in  which  Mr.  K. 
W.  Godwin  was  pulled  over  the  coals  for  his  letter 
on  the  subject  in  the  Building  News.  '•  Of  Mr. 
E.  W.  Godwin's  cap.acities  as  an  architect,"  says 
the  reviewer,  "  wo  know  nothing,  but  he  is  well 
known  as  a  careful  and  well-informed  local  anti- 
quary." It  so  happens  that  on  several  occasions 
the  HaUirday  Ret'icw  has  spoken  well  of  some  of 
Mr.  Godwin's  works.  It  did  so  in  1S61,  when 
speaking  of  the  Northampton  Town  Hall ;  and  in 
18(i3  it  stated  that  it  was  an  example  which  might 
advantageously  be  followed.  In  1S65  it  noticed, 
in  an  equally  favourable  spirit,  Mr.  Godwin's 
Congleton  Town  Hall,  and  it  has  on  several  other 
occasions  spoken  of  the  same  architect.  The  for- 
getfulness  or  the  ignorance  of  the  reviewer  on  a 
recent  occasion  is,  therefore,  a  little  surprising. 
The  same  writer  says  that  Mr.  Godwin  attacked 
Mr.  Street  with  "merciless  bitterness."  This  is 
not  true  ;  but  even  if  it  were  so,  when  the  Sninr- 
day  Review  condemns  such  a  style  of  writing,  it 
reminds  one  of  Satan  rebuking  Sin. 

We  h.ave  to  notice  this  week  the  death  of  Mr. 
H.  M.  Wood,  architect,  of  Nottingham,  at  the  age 
of  82  years.  The  greater  portion  of  his  life  w.as 
spent  in  the  town  as  a  tr.ade  surveyor.  Mr.  M.  0. 
Tarbottom  succeeded  him  in  that  office. 

The  Highways  Committee  of  the  parish  of  St. 
Mary,  Islington,  after  fully  considering  the  respec- 
tive testimonials  of  about  40  candidates  for  the 
appointment  of  an  extra  assistant  highway  sur- 
veyor, have  recommended  to  the  vestry  Mr.  John 
A.  Clements,  C.E.,  which  appointment  the  vestry 
in  full  approved  of  last  Friday  evening,  the  4th 
inst.  The  parish  is  divided  into  two  districts,  the 
Upper-street  and  the  HoUoway-road  forming  the 
division,  Mr.  Cormack,  the  present  assistant, 
taking  the  eastern,  and  Mr.  Clements  the  western. 
Mr.  George  Pratt  is  the  chief  surveyor. 
_  A  correspondent  in  Notes  and  Queries  gives  a 
list  of  the  following  churches  in  which  leaden 
fonts  are  to  be  found  :—  Bruudall,  near  Norwich  ; 
Long  Whellington  and  Clewer,  Berks ;  Warehamj 
Dorset ;  Brookland,  Kent ;  Great  Plumstead', 
Norfolk  ;  Pitcombe,  Somerset ;  Climbridge  and 
SistoD,  Gloucestershire ;  Clifton,  near  Dorchester ; 
Waltonon-the-Hill,  Surrey ;  .and  Barnetby-le 
Wold,  Lincoln.  That  at  Brundall  has  figures 
outside,  and  is  painted  over  in  imitation  of  oak. 
One  would  have  supposed  that  a  stone  colour 
would  have  suggested  itself  as  more  appropriate. 
That  at  Barnetby-le-Wold  is  a  circular  leaden 
font  of  the  Late  Norinau  period,  and  was  brought 
to  light  by  the  Rev.  B.  Street,  who  found  it  in 
an  obscure  corner  of  the  church,  where  it  had 
long  been  used  for  the  purpose  of  containing  lime 
washes,  &c.  It  is  adorned  externally  with  three 
bands  of  scroll  work  cast  in  relief.  Its  height  is 
1ft.  7jin.,  and  its  internal  diameter  a  little  more 
than  '2ft.  A  list  of  fonts  of  other  materials  than 
stone  is  to  be  found  in  the  "  H,andbook  of  English 
Ecclesiology"  for  1847. 

His  Majesty  the  King  of  Italy,  in  order  to  sig- 
nalize the  formal  opening  of  the  Victor  Em- 
manuel Gallery,  which  has  been  erected  at  Milan 
by  an  English  company,  has  graciously  conferred 
the  order  of  St.  Maurice  and  St.  Lazarus  on  the 
undermentioned  gentlemen : — Commanders — Mr. 
Albert  ar.aut,  M.P.,  Chairman  of  the  city  of  Milan 
Improvements  Company;  and  Mr.  William 
Drake.  Officers  : — Colonel  Neville,  director  ; 
Signer  M.  Montecclii,  director;  Mr.  M.  Digby 
Wyatt,  director  ;  Mr.  Alfred  Lowe,  representative 
of  Mr.  A.  Grant,  M.P.,  at  the  inauguration  of  the 
gallery,  has  received  the  grade  of  Chevalier. 

On  Tuesday  morning,  about  twelve  o'clock,  a 
frightful  accident  (similar  to  the  late  Blackfriars- 
bridge  accident)  occurred  at  Messrs.  Fabricotti's 
Carrara  marble  wharf,  Grosvenor-wharf,  Pimlico, 
which,  unfortunately,  has  resulted  in  the  death 
of  two  men,  and  serious  injury  to  another.  It 
appeared  th.at  James  Lambert,  James  Bright,  and 
another,  were  at  work  on  a  traveller  shifting  a 
block  of  marble  of  an  immense  weight,  when  the 
framework  suddenly  gave  way,  and  the  ponderous 
traveller,  with  the  unfortunate  men,  were  pre- 
cipitated to  tbe  ground,  a  depth  of  about  28ft., 
Bright  and  Lambert  falling  beneath  the  debris. 

Some  mural  paintings  have  been  discovered  in 
St.  Thomas'  Church,  Salisbury.  The  part  of  the 
church  where  the  paintings  have  been  discovered 
was  built  in  the  reign  of  Edward  IV. 


A  great  effort  is  being  made  in  Ireland  to  pre- 
serve the  Dublin  Exhibition  Palace  building  for 
the  benefit  of  the  public.  The  late.st  proposal  is 
that  it  be  purchased  by  the  Government,  or,  at 
least,  that  a  grant  bo  given  for  the  purpose  of 
establishiug  in  the  building  a  museum  such  as  that 
at  South  Keusiugtun,  where  the  best  specimens  of 
art  manufacture  may  bo  exhibited  at  the  Imperial 
expense. 

A  new  town  hall  and  two  public  parks  have  been 
opened  at  Leeds. 

The  Coventry  I'lxhibition  will  close  on  the  21st 
inst.,  when  the  prizes  will  be  distril)uted.  The 
exhibition  has  been  most  successful,  and  has  been 
visited  by  nearly  100,000  persons.  It  was  opened 
on  the  loth  of  June  last. 

Mr.  John  Piggot,  in  the  Ka.s-t  Anjlian,  draws 
the  attention  of  church  architects  to  the  fact  that 
the  tower  of  All  Saint.s'  Church,  Maldon,  Essex,  ia 
triangular;  he  .asks  if  it  is  unique,  and  whether 
any  other  examples  of  triangular  towers  now 
destroyed  are  known  to  have  existed  formerly. 

A  terrible  calamity  h.as  befallen  the  village  of 
Lozzo,  in  the  Alps  of  the  Tyrol.  A  week  back  a 
fire  broke  out  in  the  main  .street  of  that  town, 
and  the  houses,  built  of  wood,  lent  fuel  to  the 
flames.  In  the  space  of  three  hours  tht;  greater 
part  of  the  village  was  reduced  to  ruina — tho 
parish  church  and  bell-tower,  and  the  communal 
hall  being  among  the  buildings  burnt  down.  Au 
elderly  couple  .and  a  young  woman  fell  victims  to 
the  fire.  A  hundred  and  sixty  houses  have  been 
destroyed,  and  130  families  deprived  of  the  means 
of  shelter.  The  loss  of  property  is  estimated  at 
l,500,000f. 

The  coining  of  guineas  has  certainly  not  ceased 
in  this  country.  Since  the  wearing  of  them  as 
ornaments  has  become  f.ashionable,  thousands 
have  sprung  into  existence.  In  passing  a  jewel- 
ler's shop  in  the  city  of  London  two  or  three 
days  since,  we  counted  about  two  dozen  guineas, 
all  of  which  were  stated  to  be  in  "  a  good  state  of 
preservation."  And  so  they  were,  as  they  all  ap- 
peared as  if  they  were  coined  the  d.ay  before.  If 
there  be  a  dem<and  for  flint  hatchets  some  "Jack 
Flint"  manufactures  them  after  the  ancient 
stamp,  and  sells  them  to  credulous  purchasers. 
If  guineas  are  wanted,  there  is  an  unlimited  sup- 
ply at  the  rate  of  £1  Ss.  6d.  each,  or  half-guineas 
at  15s.  each.  Query,  is  it  lawful  to  mint  guineas 
to  sell  as  ornaments. 

It  was  stated  on  S.aturday  last,  at  a  meeting  of 
the  central  committee  for  the  erection  of  a  statue 
to  Mr.  Peabody,  tbat  more  than  £3,000  was  sub- 
scribed. It  was  decided  by  the  unanimous  vote 
of  the  meeting  to  entrust  thework  to  Mr.  Story, 
the  American  sculptor.  Mr.  Peabody  will  give 
sittings  in  Rome,  and  it  is  hoped  that  the  statue, 
which  is  to  be  made  of  bronze,  may  be  ready 
within  eighteen  months.  The  Corporation  have 
been  memorialized  to  grant  a  site  near  the  Royal 
Exchange. 

It  .appears  that  Irishmen  are  determined  to  rely 
more  and  more  on  the  Government.  Almost  simul- 
taneously with  the  demand  for  the  purchase  of 
the  railway.^  of  Ireland  comes  a  desire  that  the 
Government  should  buy  the  Winter  Palace,  Dub- 
lin, which  has  proved  a  financial  failure.  The 
Directors  of  the  Palace  ask  the  Government  to 
purchase  their  building  and  gardens  for  the  pur- 
pose of  concentrating  there  a  variety  of  public 
institutions  and  objects — a  permanent  exhibition 
of  the  manufactures  of  Ireland  and  her  raw  mate- 
rials, a  permanent  exhibition  of  agricidtural  and 
horticultural  implements,  and  a  museum  of 
"  practical  education."  They  .also  suggest  that 
the  building  for  the  Queen's  University  might  be 
erected  on  the  same  site,  and  all  the  scientific  in- 
stitutions, exhibitions,  and  collections  brought 
into  proximity  with  it.  The  Duke  of  Leiuster  is 
chairman  of  the  committee  by  whom  this  project 
is  preferred,  .and  Lord  Talbot  de  Malahide,  Sir 
Benjamin  Lee  Guinness,  M.P.,  and  Mr.  Jonathan 
Pim,  M.P.,  support  it. 

A  short  time  ago  a  farmer,  in  remoTing  a  fence 
upon  the  lands  of  Drumlohan,  county  of  AVater- 
ford,  came  upon  an  artificially  constructed  cham- 
ber. The  earth  was  rernoveii  from  the  top  and 
interior  of  the  cave,  when  a  number  of  Ogham 
monuments  were  revealed,  in  fine  preservation. 
The  chamber  is  constructed  of  upright  pillar 
stones,  filled  between  with  rubble  masonry,  and 
the  roof  is  formed  of  lintels  of  stone.  Upon  these 
pillars  and  lintels  the  inscriptions  are  found,  some 
of  the  stones  having  as  many  as  three  lines  of 
characters. 


714 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


October  11,  1867. 


We  have  received  a  long  letter  from  Mr.  J.  C. 
Timmins,  of  50,  Albany-street,  Regent's-park,  and 
also  a  copy  of  a  letter  which  Mr.  Timmins  ad- 
dressed to  the  Builder,  complaining  of  misstate- 
ments which  had  been  made  in  that  journal  in 
reference  to  the  employment  of  a  surveyor  to  es- 
timate the  quantities  for  Hertford  Union  Work- 
house. This  letter  was  not  inserted.  We,  also, 
must  decline  to  insert  it,  as  we  are  not  re- 
sponsible for  the  misstatements.  To  all  .appear- 
ances, Mr.  Timmins  has  met  with  unjust  treat- 
ment, and  has  a  good  cause  of  complaint.  We 
can  only  say,  that  had  this  journal  in  any  way 
misrepresented  him,  we  should  have  embraced 
the  first  opportunity  to  undo  any  wrong  we  had 
unintentionally  done  him. 

Sir  Thomas  Winnington,  writing  in  'Noies  and 
Queries,  mentions  that  in  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral, 
Dublin,  and  in  the  new  collegiate  Church  of  St. 
Michael,  Tenbury,  are  wells  of  pure  cold  water. 
Another  correspondent  mentions  that  a  similar 
well  is  to  be  found  under  one  of  the  central  pillars 
in  Carlisle  Cathedral,  but  that  he  has  heard  that 
the  present  Dean  "  has  had  it  covered  over,  for 
fear  of  it  or  the  water  affecting  the  music." 

Land  and  Water  gives  the  following  instruc- 
tions on  how  to  send  flowers  by  post ; — Get  a  tin 
canister  (those  used  for  mustard  by  the  dealers 
will  do  nicely),  then  cut  the  bottom  off,  for  it 
must  be  open  at  both  ends.  Tie  your  flowers 
firmly  together,  and  place  a  layer  of  damp  moss 
all  round  them;  put  them  in  the  body  of  the 
canister,  let  them  be  firmly  fixed  in  by  means  of 
the  moss,  and  they  will  travel  very  nicely.  They 
can  be  sent  by  post  this  way  if  you  get  a  case  or 
canister  made  with  two  removable  ends,  and  have 
a  small  cylinder  fixed  in  one  of  them  to  hold  the 
stem  of  the  bouquet.  Cover  the  canister  with 
paper,  seal,  address,  and  post  it. 

A  correspondent  of  the  Manchester  Guardian 
pertinently  asks  what  has  been  done  by  the  Man- 
chester municipal  authorities  to  prevent  or  provide 
in  any  measure  against  the  recurrence  of  another 
flood,  such  as  occurred  last  year,  which  caused  so 
much  loss  of  property  and  suffering  to  thousands 
living  in  Lower  Broughton,  parts  of  Salford  and 
Manchester  ?  The  only  answer  to  repeated  en- 
quiries is  that  the  Corporation  of  Manchester  and 
Salford  are  waiting  for  some  gentleman's  report 
upon  the  subject.  There  is  surely  engineering 
skill  in  this  country  to  devise  a  practicable  and 
efficient  plan  to  prevent  the  recurrence  of  such 
disastrous  inundations.  The  expense  to  be  incurred 
is  only  a  secondary  question.  If  the  municipal 
authorities  of  Manchester  are  justified  in  offering 
large  premiums  to  architects  for  the  best  designs 
for  a  new  town  hall,  to  complete  which  over 
£250,000  of  public  money  will  be  spent,  it  is  also 
within  their  province  to  call  for  plans,  &c.,  for  the 
best  scheme  to  prevent  the  rivers  Irwell,  Medlock, 
and  Irk  from  overflowing  their  banks,  and  spending, 
say,  as  much  money  as  a  town  hall  is  to  cost.  He 
suggests  the  formation  of  an  association  with  the 
view  of  bringing  the  matter  more  immediately 
before  the  notice  of  the  Corporation,  and  taking 
such  further  steps  as  may  be  deemed  necessary. 

The  Descret  Neivs  has  an  account  of  the  dedica- 
tion of  a  Mormon  meeting  house  in  one  of  the 
towns  of  Utah.  The  proceedings  were  under  the 
auspices  of  Erigham  Young,  but  the  "  dedicatory 
prayer"  was  delivered  by  Elder  Taylor.  This 
prayer  was  a  very  remarkable  production.  It 
began  at  the  base  of  the  building  and  went  to  the 
top  of  the  steeple,  mentioning  every  item  between 
these  points,  and  calling  for  blessings  upon  each 
separately  : — "  Bless,  we  pray  Thee,  the  house,  in 
all  its  parts,  that  is  built  or  rests  upon  this  ground  ; 
bless  the  foundation  stones  thereof,  and  all  of 
the  stone  wall  that  composes  the  foundation ; 
together  with  the  lime,  the  sand,  and  clay  of  which 
the  mortar  is  composed  that  bind  it  together ; 
bless  also  the  columns,  and  their  bases  and  caps, 
that  are  placed  in  the  foundation,  or  basement,  to 
support  the  building.  Bless  also  the  beams,  the 
joists,  the  columns,  the  flooring,  the  lintels,  and 
all  the  woodwork  pertaining  thereto  ;  including 
the  beams  and  binders  that  compose  or  sustain 
the  tower.  Bless  also  the  plates,  the  rafters,  and 
beams  that  sustain  the  roof,  and  all  the  ties  and 
fastenings  thereof  ;  together  with  the  sheeting  and 
the  shingles  ;  the  tin,  zinc,  or  otlier  material  used 
upon  the  roof  or  tower  ;  the  ball  and  vane  that 
rests  upon  the  top  of  the  tower  ;  the  bell  and  its 
fastenings,  and  everything  pertaining  thereto. 
Bless  also  the  door  frames  and  their  casings,  and 
the  doors  thereof,  together  with  the  hinges,  locks, 
and  fastenings.  We  ask  Thee  also  to  bless  the 
windows,  and  their   frames  and  casings  ;  and  the 


sash,  the  glass,  and  the  putty  wherewith  they  are 
fastened."  These  are  only  about  half  the  things 
specified  by  Elder  Taylor. 

A  correspondent  of  the  Hampshire  Advertis  er 
states  that  in  the  recent  removal  of  one 
of  the  screens  of  the  chancel  arches  of  the 
Abbey  Church  of  Romsey,  two  stone  lamps  of 
curious  form  were  discovered,  which  have  given 
rise  to  much  speculation  as  to  their  origin  anduse. 
That  they  are  of  very  ancient  date  is  certain,  inas- 
muchas  the  rubble-work  in  which  they  are  imbedded 
was  built  against  some  of  the  original  and  very 
earliest  painting  upon  the  stonework  of  the  piers, 
stiU  visible  on  the  first  arch  of  the  south  side, 
One  of  the  lamps  resembles  a  rather  large  brick, 
lOin.  long,  5in.  wide,  and  4Un.  deep,  with  a  thick 
handle  like  half  a  ring  on  one  edge.  In  the  upper 
side  are  two  round  cavities,  3.1iin.  in  width  and 
2m.  in  depth,  and  at  the  bottom  of  each  is  a 
small  hole  big  enough  to  insert  one's  thumb. 
The  other  is  more  elegant,  and  consists  of  four 
such  cylindrical  cavities  arranged  not  in  a  square 
but  a  lozenge  form,  and  the  exterior  so  cut  as  to 
conform  to  the  outline  of  the  sockets.  In  all 
these  cup-like  indentations  are  fragments  of 
charred  wicks,  and  a  carbonized  substance  that 
burns  with  a  brilliant  flame,  evidently  tallow  700 
years  old. 


Yakuts  for  |iibcittioiis 

CONNECTED     WITH     THE    liUILDmO    TRADE. 


452.  H.  Y.  D.  SCOTT.  Improvements  in  Constrtjct^ 
iNG  THE  Floors  and  Roofs  of  Houses  and  other 
liuiLDi.VGS.     Dated  February  19,  1SS7. 

The  object  of  this  invention  is  to  constract  fireproof 
5oor3  androofsof  houses  and  other  buildings  in  concrete  in 
a  more  economical  manner  than  has  heretofore  been  ac- 
complished. Ttie  patentee  proposes  to  dispense  with  the 
use  of  the  ordinary  joists,  and  to  make  use  of  wrought 
iron  tie  rods  extending  from  wall  to  wall  (or,  when  the 
space  to  be  covered  is  of  large  extent  or  span,  from  girder 
to  girder)  placed  at  intervals  of  tea  or  twenty  feet  apart 
to  assist  in  carrying  the  weight  of  the  concrete,  the  thick- 
ness of  which  will  increase  with  the  increase  in  width  of 
the  span  to  be  covered.  These  girders  will  form  part  of 
t!ie  main  supports  of  the  floor  for  large  spans,  while  the 
tie  rods  will  hold  together  the  mass  of  conci-ete  between 
the  girders.    Paten:  compleUd. 

459.  R.  MORELAND,  Jun.  iMPROVEaiENTs  in  the 
Construction  of  Floors  for  Buildings.  Dated  Feb- 
ruary 20,  1SG7. 

For  the  purposes  of  this  invention  a  number  of  curved 
or  bow  and  string  wrought-iron  lattice  girder  joists  are 
laid  at  distances  apart  upon  wronght-iron  girders,  sup- 
ported upon  the  walls  of  the  building,  or  otherwise. 
A  number  of  laths  of  wood  or  other  material  are 
then  laid  on  the  upper  or  curved  surface  of  the  lattice 
joists,  passing  from  joist  to  joist.  The^e  latlis  are  not  laid 
close  together,  but  with  spaces  between  them  of  about 
one*half  the  thickness  of  the  laths  ;  concrete  or  brick- 
work, or  other  material,  is  then  laid  on  these  laths,  and 
brought  to  a  flat  surface,  and  the  floor  joists  are  then  laid 
on  or  embedded  in  the  concrete,  and  then  boarded  in  the 
usual  way.  The  ceiling  joists  are  secui-ed  to  the  lower  or 
horizontal  bars  of  the  lattice  joists,  and  the  laths  secured 
and  plastered  in  the  usual  way.  The  Jattice  joists  are  con- 
veniently constructed  as  follows  : — A  bar  of  angle  iron  of 
the  required  length  is  bent  to  the  curve  of  the  top  of  the 
joist,  and  is  rivettedat  its  end  to  two  straight  angle  ii'ous  ; 
vertical  bars  are  rivetted  at  intervals  to  connect  the  curved 
and  the  straight  angle  irons.  A  bar  or  bai-s  of  flat  iron 
i?  or  are  employed  to  connect  diagonally  the  several  vertical 
birs.  The  formation  of  the  girders  may  be  varied  by 
rivetting  a  curved  piec<j  of  angle  iron  on  either  side  of  an 
ordinary  joist  or  giidar.  The  advantages  secured  by  this 
construction  are  the  air  space  between  the  ceiling  and  the 
undei-side  of  the  concrete,  whereby  the  floor  is  rendered 
more  impernous  to  sound,  and  the  retention  of  air  in  the 
tpuce  hindera  fire  from  rapidly  penetrating  the  construc- 
tion. The  lattice  joists  torra  a  permanent  centreing  to  the 
irches  above  them,  and  the  arches  have  uo  thrust  while 
Uiey  are  supported,     i'aicnt  abaudontd. 

61S.  E.  WELLS  and  W.  PRTOR.  Istprovements  in 
Rising  or  Adjustable  Brackets  for  Supportino 
Shelves.     Dated  March  5,  lSli7.  • 

This  invention  consists  in  making  the  said  brackets  in 
the  manner  hereinafter  described,  whereby  the  bracket 
arm  is  made  to  fix  itself  at  tlie  angle  to  whlcli  it  has  been 
raised,  and.  when  required,  the  said  bracket  arm  can  be 
raised  or  lowered  into  any  of  the  angles  contained  in  a 
semicircle.  For  constructing  rising  or  adjustable  brackets 
according  to  this  invention,  the  inventors  make  the  jointed 
end  of  the  bracket  arm  of  a  cii'cnlar  form,  and  they  make 
on  the  periphery  or  edge  of  the  s^^id  jointed  end  a  series  of 
ratchet  teeth.  At  the  top  of  the  knuckle  plate  a  station- 
ary portion  of  the  bracket  a  small  plate  or  click  Ls  jointed, 
tlie  s:ud  pall  or  click  being  so  arranged  that,  when  in  its 
normal  position,  its  lower  end  drops  into  or  engages  with 
ratchet  teeth  on  the  jointed  end  of  the  bracket  arm,  and 
fixes  the  said  arm.  On  lifting  the  arm,  the  pall  or  click 
works  over  the  said  teeth  witliout  obstiucting  the  motion 
of  the  arm,  but  in  loosing  the  said  arm  the  pall  or  click 
drops  into  the  ratchet  teeth  brought  under  it,  and  thus 
fixes  the  bracket  arm.  When  it  is  wished  to  lower  the 
bracket  arm,  the  projecting  end  of  the  pall  or  click  i? 
passed  so  as  to  liberate  its  lower  end  from  the  ratchet 
teeth.  Having  adjusted  the  bracket  arm,  the  pall  or 
click  is  permitted  to  re-engage  with  the  ratchet  teeth,  and 
fix  the  bracket  arm  in  its  adjusted  position  by 
raising  the  bracket  arm  or  pressing  the  pall  or  click 
from  the  ratchet  teeth,  the    bracket   arm  can  be  raised 


or  depressed  respectively  into  a  vertical  or  nearly  vertical  1 
plane,  or  into  any  angle  between  these  positions.  By  this  ( 
means  the  bracket  arm  otfers  no  obstruction  to  the  clean-' 
ing  or  arranging  of  the  window  in  which  the  brackets  are  ! 
fixed.     Patent  abandoned. 

553.  T.  HYATT.  An  Improved  Mode  oa  IIaniter  of 
Securing  Door  and  other  Knobs  to  their  Spindles, 
Dated  February  2S,  1367. 

This  invention  consists  in  providing  a  metaJ  collar  which, 
instead  of  being  circular  in  shape,  is  sq^uare-ahaped,  aad 
which,  therefore,  fits  the  square-shaped  spindle  upon 
which  it  slides  with  such  exactness  that  it  cannot  be 
turned  round.  Attached  to  the  said  collar  is  a  circular 
neck,  which,  when  the  spindle  is  properly  adjusted,  b 
caused  to  go  over  the  neck  of  the  adjustable  knob  em- 
ployed, and  a  pin  or  screw  being  passed  through  both,  the 
knob  is  securely  attached  to  its  spindle.    Patent  abandoned. 


ijxuk  B^tos. 


TENDERS. 

Brighton. — For  erecting  a  pnblic-house  at  Kortli  rnad, 
Brighton.  Messrs.  Goulty  and  Gibbins,  .oiThitects : — HalJ, 
£G67  ;  Lockyer  (accepted),  £567. 

Bagshot  (Surrey.) — For  residence  for  the  Rev.  J.  C 
Lacera.  Messrs.  Walfonl  .and  Doukin,  architects ; — Robert 
(accepted),  £1,5S0. 

CoLNE\-  Hatch. — For  erecting  a  new  school  at  Cromweli- 
road,  for  the  Rev.  Robert  Morris.  Messrs.  E.  Habershon, 
Brock,  and  Webb,  architects:— Woodliall  (accepted),  £531 

Dessiark  Hill.— For  rebuilding  two  houses  and  shops 
Mr.  Rawlings.  architect  :—McLacklan,  £2,722  ;  Cooper  ant 
CuUum,  £2,448  ;  Taylor,  £2,193. 

East  Sheen  (SuRREV.)-For  a  villa  residence  for  Mr.  F 
Walford.  Messrs,  Lee  Brothers  and  Pain,  .architects  ;- 
Adamson  and  Sons,  £1,015;  Avi.ss  and  Sons,  £1,897  ;  Bow 
ling,  £1,S6S. 

LONDOK.— For  gas  fittings  at  St.  Matthew's  Churcii 
New  Kent-road.  Mr.  Henry  Jarvis,  architect :— Bassing 
ham,  £190 ;  Lawson,  £18t>  14s. ;  Comyn,  Ching.  and  Co. 
£1711 ;  Stevens  and  Son,  £173  15s.  ;  South,  £156 ;  Biggs 
£153  10s. 

London  —For  rebuilding  No.  19,  Cheapside.  Mr.  J.  1 
JIarsh  architect:— Beeton,  £1,636;  Ashby  and  Hornei 
£1,550;  Kiddle,  £1..550;  liing  and  Sons,  £1,497:  Bras- 
£1,470  :  Wood  and  Mimn,  £1,468;  Saunders,  £1,454  ;  Hex 
shaw,  £1,425. 

London.— For  a  pair  of  villa  residences  in  Homsey-lam 
Messrs  Lander  .and  Beddells,  architects.  Qtiantitiej  suj 
plied :— Carter  and  Sons.  £2,277;  M.anley  and  Roger 
£2  "ii.-  Axford,  £2,204  ;  Williams  and  Son,  £2,193;  Mam 
£2]!00;'  Hawks,  £2,0S0  ;  Sale,  £1,960;  Glover,  £l,92:j. 

Mush-ell  Hill.— For  a  pair  of  villa  residences.  Messr 
Lander  and  Beddells,  architects.  Qa.antities  supplied  :- 
Read  and  Son,  £2,098 :  Lemon,  £2,015 ;  Manley  an 
Ro-^ers,  £1,9SS  ;  Axford,  £1,976 ;  WiUiamsand  Son,  £l,9i( 
Outhwaite,  £1,896:  Earle,  £1,835;  Palmer,  £1,817 ;  Mam 
£1,745  ;  Grover,  £1,737  ;  Sale,  £1,540. 

Newcastle-on-Tyne.— Messrs.  Austin  and  Johnson  say- 
Please  allow  us  to  draw  vour  attention  to  two  errors  in  tl 
statement  of  tenders  for  the  Abbot  Memorial  Orphanage  :- 
1  "Albert"  is  printed  instead  of  "Abbot."  2.  Lowes 
tender  (W.  Scott's)  is  £4,030,  not  £3.030. 

Portsmouth.— For  constructmg,  erecting,  completini 
and  setting  to  work  two  steam  engines,  with  boiler 
pumps,  and  all  other  app.aratu3  re^iuisite  for  the  purpos 
of  lifting  sewage  at  the  proposed  works  at  Eastney,  f( 
the  Plymouth  Local  Government  Board.  Mr.  J.  J 
6re.atorex,  C.E.,  engineer :— Simpson  and  Co.,  Londoi 
£6  757-  G  W.aUesand  Co.,  Stroud,  £5,S:J0  ;  R.  Morelan 
and  Son,  London,  £5,600;  H.amilton,  Woods,  and  Co 
Manchester,  £5,000 ;  .\.  Grant,  Landport,  £4,556  (Easto 
and  Amos  would  make  the  most  complicated  portions  . 
the  machinery):  Burrell,  Rotheror,  and  Co..  Londoi 
£4  49'^-  Routledge  and  Onimaney,  Manchester,  £4,150 
Middleton  and  Co.,  Southwark,  £3,S50 ;  Watt  and  Co 
London.  £3,S5D  ;  Smyth  and  Co.,  Dover,  £3,760  ;  Silvestt 
and  Hopkins,  Newcastle-imder-Lyne,  £3,750;  I.  Hon 
Westminster,  £3,500;  Chiridge,  North,  and  Co.,  Bilsto: 
£3  "30-  Onnerod,  Brierson,  .and  Co.,  M,anchester,  £3,140 
Gr'insoi  and  Co.,  Leicester,  £3,095  ;  Coupe,  Wlgau,  £2,940 
J  Clayton,  Preston  (accepted),  £2,823;  The  Ablx-ystm 
JliUwright  Company,  Leeds,  £2,440 ;  Jackson  and  Wa' 
kins,  London,  £2,400. 

Sussex  —For  erecting  a  villa  residence,  Keyne.?,  Susse: 
for  Mr  W.  J.  Smith.  Messrs.  Goulty  and  Gibbins,  arch 
tects:— HaU,  £1,165;  Lockyer,  £1.048  10s.  ;  Simms  an 
Marten,  £996  12s.  6d.  ;  Nightingale  (accepted),  £973. 

Swinton    (rj.iNCASHiRE).— For   church,    Swintoa,  ne;i 
Manchester.    Mr.  G.  E.  Street,  architect  :— 
Upper  part 
Church.        of  Tower.  Total 

High.am    £17,417      £3,.350    0  0     £20,767    0 

EUis  4;  Hinchlifle  ...     16,705        2,615  10  0        19/"1» 

Southern  16,250        2,710    0  0        18,960    0 

Clay  15,995        2,629    0  0        18,624    0 

Xeiu'^dSons    15,017        2,700    0  0        17,77(    0 

Bowden,      Edwards,  ,-  „.n    n 

andci 13,430        2,510    0  0        15,940    0 

Horsman 13,086        2,56S    6  6        la,6o4    6 

Tonstall.— For  miking  roads,  paths,  di-jiining,  and  by 
inc  out  ground  for  the  new  cemetery  at  Tuustall.  Mr 
Ralph  Dain,  Burslem,  architect  :—Fi.ayne,  Eirmmghani 
£S02  3s.  Sd.  ;  Smith,  Newcastle  (accepted),  £943;  nercc 
Hanlev,  £1,227  Os.  IJd. ;  Miller,  Milton,  £1,242  128.  M. 
Lee,  Stafford,  £1,033. 


BATH  STONE  OF  BEST  QUALITY. 
Randell  and  Saunders,  Quarrymen  and  Stone  Mel 
chants,  Bath.  List  of  Prices  at  the  Qu.arrira  »nd  uepoi* 
also  Cost  for  Tnansit  to  any  part  of  the  United  Kmea""" 
furnished  on  application  to  Bath  Stone  OBice,  Corsnau 
Wilts.— [AD\-r.J 


October  18,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


715 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


LONDON,  FRIDAY,  OCTOBER  IS,  1867. 


BRITISH  INSTITUTION. 

THERE  are  few  persons,  who  are  lovers  of 
the  fine  arts,  tliat  are  not  sorr}'  that 
there  seems  every  probability  of  the  British 
Jastitutiou  dying  out.  That  it  required  some 
alteration  and  amendment,  so  as  to  keep  pace 
with  the  times,  few  will  deny,  but  even  as  it 
has  been  in  past  years  its  loss  wUl  be  much 
felt  In  these  days  of  impatience  of  real 
study,  wliich  is  exhibited  in  so  much  that  is 
connected  with  art,  music  and  kindred  sub- 
jects, we  shall  be  sorry  that  so  prevailing  an 
opportunity  of  seeing  the  masterpieces  of 
ancient  painting,  and  of  studying  the  more 
aehooled  and  disciplined  labours  of  those  who 

Se  gone  before  us,  should  be   lost  to  our 
lents  and  amateurs.      There  never  was  a 
^me  when  it  was  more  necessary  to  the  pro- 

fsa  of  tine  art,  to  study  attentively  the  best 
rks  of  times  gone  by.     Nothing  is  so  likely 
correct  the  license  and  refusal  of  all  control 
l^ch  is    seriously  threatening    our  future 
Vancement  in  every  healthy  sense  of  the 
ird.     From  this  it  will  be  seen  that  we  con- 
ler  the  real  value  of  this  Institution  of  late 
consisted  in  its  exhibition  of  the  paint- 
of  the    old  masters.     Since  the  Royal 
Leademy   has  advanced    to   its  present  im- 
irtance,   there  can  be  no  particular  advan- 
;e  in  holding  a  similar  exhibition  upon  a 
'e  so  small  as  to  bear  no  comparison  with 
more  successful  rival.     What  we  want  is  to 
ffljiarge  the  scope   of  the  Institution.     The 
addition  of  engravings  and  etchings  would  be 
of  immense  value  and  interest,  as  Mr.  C.  S. 
Eobinson    has    suggested  ;    and    better   stUl 
would  be  his  exhibition  of  original  drawings. 
The  taste  for  which  he  complains  has  been  of 
~  "e  years  going  out  of  fashion,  though,  tipon 
;her  questionable    grounds.     It  is   seldom 
lat  a  collection,  such  as  was  formed  by  Mr. 
Woodburn,  realizes  its  fuU  value.    There  were 
too  many  drawings  to  come  into  the  market 
at  the  same  time,   and  besides  there  was  a 
very  considerable  proportion  of  undesirable 
drawings,  either  being  copies  or  poor  speci- 
mens ;  occasionally,  similar  collections  of  the 
most  popular  description  fail  for  the  same 
reason.     However  this  may  be,  an  annual  ex- 
hibition of  fine  specimens   of  the  drawings 
of  the  deceased  masters  would  do  more  than 
anything  to  revive  and  keep  alive  the  interest 
of  the  public  in  these  most  useful  works — by 
which  we  read  so  much  of  the  history  of  the 
way  the  great  painters    reached    their  pre- 
eminence.     It  appears  that  there  has  been  a 
private  exhibition   of  such  things  among  the 
members  of  the  Burlington  Arts  Club  ;  but, 
necessarily,   only  a    few  priv-ileged    persons 
could  see  them,  and  then  they  had  not  the 
advantage  of  comparing  them  with  the  paint- 
ings by  the  same  hands.      Mr.  Robinson  sug- 
gests that  a  junction   should  take  place  be- 
tween this  society  and  the  British  Institution, 
and  that  jointly  they  should  hire  or  buy  some 
building,  either  the"  old  rooms  at  Pall  Mall, 
where  they  could  build  additional  rooms  for 
the  enlarged  exhibition,  or  some  other  con- 
venient building,  which  could  probably  be 
done,  if  the  two  societies  can  see  their  way  to 
ainalgamation.     There  is  no  doubt  that  if  the 
thing  can  be  done,  the  public  will  be  great 
gamers,  and  one  would  think  that  the  new 
blood  and  fresh  interests  would  help  to  en- 
liven the  older  society.      We  should  be  verv 
sorry  to  hear  of  the  re'moval  of  the  Institution 
from  London,  as  was  suggested  by  Mr.    War- 
ing, but  wisely,  as  we  think,  declined  bv  the 
committee.      If  such  an  institute  cannot  be 
kept  up  in  London  there  is  little  hope  for  its 
permanence  in  any  other  place ;  and,  after  aU, 
in  no  other  place  is  it  likelv  to  be  visited  by 
80  many  who  wiU  really  profit  by  the  lessons 


to  be  derived  from  it.  We  doubt  the  ad- 
vantage of  mixing  up  other  art  subjects,  ex- 
cept perhaps  sculpture  and  illuminated  MSB, 
it  would  vastly  increase  the  expenses,  if 
anything  like  a  loan  collection  of  articles  of 
vertu  were  added  to  that  of  the  paintings  and 
drawings.  There  is  every  reason  to  fear  in 
such  a  case  that  the  exhibition  would  inter- 
fere seriously  with  the  loan  collection  at 
South  Kensington.  There  is  scarcely  room 
for  two  collections  of  this  kind  in  Loudon. 
One  woidd  be  sure  to  sutler.  Probably,  in 
jioint  of  number  of  visitors,  the  South  Ken- 
sington collection,  though  it  is  most  likely 
that  it  might  command  the  better  s|)ecimen3. 
If,  \\'ithout  making  tlie  aims  of  the  united 
society  too  heterogeneous,  their  amalgamation 
could  be  accomplished,  we  liave  little  doubt 
that  the  result  would  be  successful.  We  doubt, 
too,  if  any  harm  would  be  done  by  the  govern- 
ing body  becoming  a  little  less  exclusiveh' 
aristocratic.  Art  collecting  is  now  much 
more  common  than  it  Wiis  when  the  original 
society  was  founded,  and  if  the  revived  In- 
stitution is  to  hope  for  permanence,  it  should, 
by  its  members,  properly  represent  the  art- 
collecting  body  in  its  altered  state.  To  do 
this  the  number  of  members  must,  one  would 
think,  be  considerably  increased.  The  united 
societies  must,  in  fact,  appeal  to  the  public. 

As  a  comprehensive  art  institution,  taking 
in  a  large  proportion  of  the  wealthier  lovers 
of  art,  it  could  scarcely  faQ  of  success.  It  is 
very  diificidt  to  believe  that  the  metropolis 
is  unable  to  support  so  valuable  and  so  inte- 
resting an  object.  The  interest  that  is  taken 
in  the  matter  is  shown  by  the  continued  cor- 
respondence upon  the  subject,  and  the  many 
valuable  suggestions  which  the  discussion 
has  produced.  The  only  danger  of  enlarging 
the  extent  of  the  societies  would  be  in  the 
lowering  of  its  aims — but  this  is  by  no  means 
a  necessary  consequence.  L^nless  the  acknow- 
ledged connoisseurs  and  wealthy  collectors 
desert  the  societies  altogether,  the  admixture 
of  a  new  element  ■iriU  be  advantageous.  The 
main  difficidty  will  be  in  providing  fimds  for 
the  erection  or  procuring  of  a  building  of 
sufficient  size,  and  in  a  fitting  place  for  the 
exhibition  of  such  collections  as  the  joint 
societies  can  put  together.  There  is  no  doubt 
that  this  will  be  a  matter  of  some  dilficultj'. 
Neither  the  Burlington  Fine  Art  Club  nor 
the  British  Institution  are  at  present  over- 
rich.  The  former  is  quite  small,  and  the 
funds  at  the  disposal  of  the  latter  are  said  to 
be  low,  so  that  extension  seems  the  only 
possible  solution  of  the  difficulty,  and  we 
do  not  despair  that  under  proper  and  energe- 
tic management  such  extension  will  be  ac- 
complished. Anything  short  of  the  entire 
collapse  which  is  threatened  would  be  con- 
siderable gain ;  and  we  wdll  not  believe  that 
there  is  so  little  energy  in  those  who  are  the 
leaders  in  such  matters  that  they  will  allow 
this  Institution,  which  is  of  such  immense 
advantage  to  art,  and  which  has  always 
aft'orded  so  much  pleasure  to  all  art  lovers,  to 
die  away  without  leaving  no  stone  unturned 
to  prevent  so  disastrous  a  conclusion. 

Everything  that  so  accomplished  an  artist 
and  so  clever  a  man  as  Mr.  George  Scharf 
says  or  writes  is  well  worth  considering  ;  but 
we  should  far  prefer  continuing  the  Exhibi- 
tion of  Old  Masters  as  a  private  undertaking 
to  making  it,  as  he  recommends,  a  new  de- 
partment of  the  National  Gallery.  Although 
the  New  National  Gallery  will  be  im- 
mensely larger  than  the  present,  we  do 
not  imagine  that  it  would  be  at  all  wise 
to  devote  any  part  of  it  to  any  but  the 
national  pictures.  It  wiU  not  be  many 
years  before  all  vacant  space  wUl  be  filled 
— we  shall  in  the  course  of  years  be  no 
better  able  to  afford  room  for  a  loan  collection 
of  pictures  by  the  old  masters  than  we  are 
now  for  the  exhibition  of  the  Royal  Aca- 
demy. Perhaps,  however,  we  misunderstand 
Mr.  Scharfs  meaning.  If  he  thinks  that  a 
mere  loan  collection  of  pictures,  seldom  if 
ever  changed,  and  not  opened  at  special 
times  with  a  fresh  selection,  will  be  in  any 


degree  an  equivalent  to  tlie  exliibition  of  tlie 
old  society,  we  do  not  agree  with  him.  That 
such  a  permanent  loan  collection  of  master- 
pieces, if  on  a  very  limited  scale,  might  be  a 
good  thing  in  its  way,  as  connected  witli  the 
national  pictures,  lliere  is  no  doubt,  but  it 
would  not  supply  the  ]jlace  of  the  British 
Institution.  Some  of  those  lower  motives 
which  he  deprecates,  such  as  the  pride  of 
possessors,  and  even  to  some  extent  their 
interest  cannot  safely  be  ignored,  art  never 
has  lived,  and  most  probably  never  will,  upon 
its  o«Ti  merits  alone.  If  we  waited  for  col- 
lectors who  amassed  their  art  treasures  simply 
for  the  love  of  art,  without  reference  to 
fishion,  personal  glorification,  or  plain  money 
value,  there  would  be  few  collectors ;  nor 
can  it  be  doubted  for  a  moment  that  any  art 
society  which  ignored  all  these  natural  things, 
disagreeable  as  they  are  to  the  generous 
minds,  would  have  a  short  life.  We  are 
quite  sure,  also,  that  to  be  successful  the 
exhibitions  must  be  as  heretofore  periodical ; 
when  people  know  that  they  can  go  to  a 
place  when  they  will,  a  large  proportion  do 
not  go  at  all.  If  a  far  more  attractive  collec- 
tion of  modern  ])ictures  than  is  now  shown  at 
the  Royal  Academy  were  open  tlirough  the 
3'ear,  the  number  of  visitors  would  be  far  less 
than  at  present.  The  exhibitions  must  be 
fresh  each  year,  and  only  open  for  a  limited 
period.  Mr.  Scharfs  suggestion  is  well  worth 
the  consideration  of  the  trustees  of  the  Na- 
tional Gallery  ;  but  its  adoption  would  not 
concern  the  other  institution.  We  have  no 
doubt  that  with  an  e.xteuded  basis  and  more  in- 
teresting— because  more  various — exhibitions, 
the  renewed  society  might,  if  properly 
managed,  still  stand  upon  its  own  ground 
without  connection  with  the  State. 


PAINTED  DECORATIONS.— No.  XL 

IN  fulfilment  of  the  promise  with  which  I 
concluded  my  last  article,  I  propose  to 
cite  a  few  cases  of  modern  wall  painting, 
valuable  maiuly  as  illustrations  of  what  is 
not  the  duty  of  the  painter.  We  have  close 
at  hand  some  very  notable  e.icamples  of  the 
struggles  of  the  nineteenth  century  in  this 
particular  branch  of  art.  The  Houses  of 
Parliament  contain  a  very  sad  record  of  how- 
not-to-do-it ;  the  east  end  of  All  Saints' 
Church,  Margaret-street,  has  a  warning  for 
us ;  the  South  Kensington  Museum  is  amu- 
sing as  usual  ;  and  our  last  new  theatre  is 
distinguishable  from  all  other  theatres  by  an 
attempt  to  reconcile  the  painter  and  the 
architect,  in  the  persons  of  Mr.  Albert  Jloore 
and  Mr.  C.  J.  Phipps — an  attempt  which, 
owing  to  causes  I  shall  hereafter  mention,  has 
unfortunately  been  in  vain.  01  the  Houses 
of  Parliament,  it  is  almost  enough  to  say  that 
as  the  artists  employed  were  men  who  had 
passed  their  days  in  working  primarily  for  a 
living,  or,  to  use  other  words,  in  painting 
easel  pictures,  no  sane  person  could  expect 
that  their  wall  decorations  would  be  other 
than  easel  pictures  magnified.  That  men  like 
Messrs.  AVard,  Herbert,  &c.,  should  be  sud- 
denly changed  by  a  Royal  Commission  was 
not  in  the  nature  of  things.  They  had 
always  painted  pictures  which  were,  so  to 
speak,  independent  objects,  isolated  by  their 
frames  from  everything  on  the  earth — sepa- 
rate existences  having  nothing  whatever  to 
do  with  the  building  in  which  they  might 
chance  to  hang — having  no  local  habitation, 
and  not  even  a  name,  except  to  the  very 
limited  world  of  the  sale  room.  When  men's 
lives  are  spent  upon  such  narrow  work,  it  is 
not  surprising  that  their  grasp  of  art  should 
fail  to  be  large  and  monumental ;  nor  can  we 
wonder  that  they  shoidd  be  blind  to  the  in- 
ter-dependence of  the  arts,  and  thus  fail  to 
see  that  the  primary  object  of  all  wall  paint- 
ing is  not  the  exhibition  of  paintings — for 
that  we  go  to  the  Royal  Academy  and  Pall 
ilall — but  the  decoration  of  a  wall  and  the 
addition  of  the  glory  of  colour  to  the 
glory     of    architectural    form.     But,    apart 


716 


THE  BUILDIJNG  JNEWS. 


UCTOBER   18,  1867. 


from  all  this,  the  spaces  devoted  to  the 
paintings  are  totally  unfitted  for  such  ex- 
pensive decoration  ;  gloomy  recesses  in  gloomy 
corridors,  with  a  gloomy  climate,  and  gloomy 
costume  bustling  to  and  fro  are  scarcely  the 
conditions  required  for  the  development  of 
wall  painting.  The  fact  is  the  "  Palace  at 
Westminster,"  wlioever  designed  it — Barry  or 
Pugin,  or  both — is  eminently  unsiiited,  as  is 
all  panelled  perpendicular  architecture  for 
high  class  painted  decoration.  Noble  paint- 
ing can  only  be  suited  to  noble  arcliitecture. 
Tlie  architecture  of  the  "Westminster  Palace, 
like  the  architecture  from  whicli  it  is  copied, 
is  anything  but  noble.  The  .seeds  of  art 
estrangement  were  sown  wlren  architects  began 
to  interfere  with  wliat  had  been  the  province 
of  the  painter,  and  to  substitute  for  the  broad 
wall  masses  of  earlier  days  narrow  weak 
reiterations  of  muUioned  and.  transomed 
panel.  We  see  in  the  glass  paintings  how 
certain  of  the  artists  were  not  to  be  con- 
trolled, for  though  deprived  of  wall  space 
they  spread  their  pictures  regardless  of  in- 
terruption by  muUiou  or  architectural  frame- 
work all  across  the  window.  This  contrari- 
ness met  with  its  reward  ;  yet,  strange  to  say, 
the  warning  hand  was  not  seen,  and  onr 
leading  Gothic  revivalist  literally  revelled  in 
the  littlenesses  of  architecture,  ignorant  to 
the  end  of  the  largeness  of  his  art,  or,  at  any 
rate,  incapable  of  grasping  the  wideness  of  its 
scope. 

The  east  end  of  All  Saints'  Church,  Mar- 
garet-street, is  another  instance  of  a  union  of 
the  arts  without  affinity.  Mr.  Biitterdeld 
stands  pretty  much  in  the  same  relation  with 
fourteenth  century  Gothic  as  the  late  Mr. 
Pugin  did  witli  hfteeuth  century.  But  the 
hardworking  student,  the  good  arohreologist, 
the  devout  churchman,  is  not  necessarily  the 
artist.  The  architectural  composition  of  tlie 
east  wall  above-mentioned  was  purposely  de- 
signed to  receive  paintings.  I  wonder  whether 
there  would  have  been  any  difference  if  it  had 
been  designed  to  receive  sculpture  >  Were 
the  subjects  of  the  paintings  settled  before 
these  arcades  were  executed  ?  If  so,  was  it 
by  the  mutual  consent  of  architect  and 
painter  ?  If  not,  to  whom  do  we  owe  the 
awkward  posing  of  the  chief  figure  i  Who- 
ever is  to  blame  for  this  it  was  certainly  not 
the  duty  of  the  painter  to  adopt  a  system  of 
colouring  which  makes  the  panels  of  the 
arcaile  look  like  dim  recesses.  Tlie  oifice  of 
the  painter  is  certainly  not  to  exaggerate 
features  in  the  architecture  which  by  exagge- 
ration would  bear  tlie  appearance  of  false 
construction.  1  know  that  this  sort  of  thing 
is  done  every  day,  but  that  is  no  justilication ; 
rather  the  contrary,  considering  the  condition 
of  art  knowledge  amongst  us.  But  even 
had  the  scale  of  colour  been  much  lighter 
than  it  is,  and  liad  all  cavernous  etl'eot  been 
avoided,  the  roimded  and  somewhat  squat 
figures  swatlied  in  innumerable  yards  of 
Academy  drapery,  would  still  have  been  out 
of  all  harmony  with  the  building.  AVe  had 
no  style  of  our  own  :  the  artist  had  to  seek  or 
select  one,  and  had  he  oared  for  the  architect 
or  the  architecture,  as  one  artist  should  care 
for  another,  he  would  have  directed  his  atten- 
tion neither  to  Giotto  nor  to  Ralfaelle,  but  to 
such  MSS.  as  the  Arundel  Psalter,  and  that 
now  so  well  known  by  its  otUcial  title  of 
2  B  VII. 

At  South  Kensington  Museum  the  ar- 
tist's work  is  executed  in  mosaic  by  Sal- 
viati.  Rust,  Minton,  and  otliers.  Of  the 
mosaics,  as  works  of  inlay,  I  do  not  propose  to 
say  anything,  nor  of  the  choice  of  subject. 
Indeed,  it  is  a  question  whether  we  have  any 
riglit  to  regard  them  as  wall  decoration  in 
any  sense,  for  the  first  impression  produced 
upon  my  mind  was  that  the  mosaics  were 
part  of  the  museum,  and  not  decorations  of 
the  museum  building.  If  they  were  to  be 
taken  merely  as  specimens  of  the  work  of 
different  manufacturers  fitted  into  the  arcade 
of  the  building  like  so  many  specimens  of 
paper  hangings,  then  of  course  I  should  have 
nothing  to   say.      But   they  go  further ;  the 


artists  who  have  undertaken  to  supply  the 
cartoons  have  thus  shown  us  what  they  would 
do,  and  how  they  would  treat  the  figure,  were 
they  called  on  to  decorate  our  walls  with 
figures  in  mosaic  ;  and  although  it  would  be 
manifestly  unfair  to  treat  these  several  works 
as  one  decoration,  it  is  quite  open  to  archi- 
tects to  judge  how  far  their  art  would  suffer, 
or  how  far  it  would  be  enhanced  by  union 
with  the  work  of  any  one  of  the  gentlemen 
here  represented.  In  all  we  see  a  fond 
clinging  to  the  model  rather  than  to  the 
colour.  A  gold  background,  beyond  which 
conventionalism  can  no  further  go,  is  not 
enough  to  restrain  the  painter  from  aiming  at 
a  realism  which  is  utterly  destructive  of  his 
work  as  architectural  decoration.  Some,  too, 
are  not  content  with  making  the  figure  as 
realistic  as  possible,  but  must  needs  add 
accessories.  Thus,  in  the  Hogarth  panel,  we 
have  the  inevitable  dog  and  a  piece  of  furni- 
ture ;  with  Phidias  a  distant  view  of  the 
Parthenon ;  with  ]\I.  Angelo  a  dome  and 
some  steps  ;  with  Ratt'aelle  a  scaffold  and  the 
cast-iron  ribs  of  a  railway  station  roof ;  and 
with  Ghiberti  a  furnace  and  a  few  other  tiny 
kickshaws.  Giorgione,  N.  Pisano,  and  Cima- 
bue  are  the  best  of  the  series  ;  but  the  best 
of  these,  wherever  it  might  be  placed,  would 
fail  to  unite  itself  with  the  architecture. 
Why  ?  Because  it  is,  so  to  speak,  cut  out  from 
the  ivall  by  the  over  dexterous  use  of  wliat  is 
called  chiaroscuro,  and  has  all  the  appearance 
of  a  painted  statue  in  suspenswa.  Whereas, 
if  this  was  what  was  to  be  desired,  the 
sculptor,  not  the  painter,  would  have  been  the 
best  servant.  Before  leaving  the  subject,  I 
would  ask  how  it  is  that  Gimabue,  who  lived 
in  the  second  half  of  the  thirteenth  century, 
is  represented  wearing  the  cote-hardie  and  the 
rest  of  the  foppish  costume  of  the  middle  of 
the  fourteenth  century  ?  Fancy  Sir  Joshua 
Reynolds  or  Dr.  Johnson  in  the  height  of 
the  Parisian  costume  of  1867  !  This  would 
he  taking  a  license  which  is  certainly  not  the 
duty  of  the  painter. 

I  approach  now  a  somewhat  delicate  ques- 
tion. It  is  clear  something  lias  gone  wrong  at 
the  Queen's  Theatre.  When  I  first  heard  that 
Mr.  Albert  Moore  had  been  commissioned  to 
execute  the  chief  decoration — a  subject  over 
the  proscenium,  containing  fifteen  figures 
rather  larger  than  life-size — I,  in  common 
with  many  othei/,  rejoiced  that  such  an  oppor- 
tunity had  at  last  occurred  to  one  who  seemed 
so  eminently  (qualified  for  the  task,  and  I 
looked  forward  to  the  opening  of  this  theatre 
full  of  hopeful  expectancy  that  here,  at  last, 
we  should  see  a  fair  result  of  the  union 
of  architecture  and  painting ;  but,  unfor- 
tunately, we  see  nothing  of  the  kind.  So  far 
as  the  form  and  construction  of  the  house  are 
concerned,  we  have  little  ground  of  complaint. 
Two  of  the  great  problems  which  all  tlieatre 
architects  are  called  on  to  work  out — viz.,  that 
everyone  should  both  see  and  hear  well — are 
admirably  solved.  The  shape  of  the  house 
and  its  proportions  are  also  equally  praise- 
worthy. So  far,  the  architect  has  done  his 
duty.  It  is  only  when  we  come  to  consider 
the  point  where  the  constructive  work  ends 
and  the  fine  art  begins  that  we  become  con- 
scious of  lack  of  duty  somewhere.  As  it  is  no 
secret  that  I  advised  Mr.  Pliipps  to  give 
Mr.  Moore  the  commission  for  the  space  over 
the  proscenium,  I  may,  perhaps,  be  allowed  to 
add  that  I  also  advised  him  to  consult  the 
painter  generally  as  to  the  rest  of  the  colour 
and  decorations  throughout  the  house.  The 
first  half  of  my  advice  was  taken  and  fol- 
lowed— the  second  half  was  taken  tentatively 
but  not  followed.  To  be  plain,  the  architect 
recognized  at  once  the  strong  desirability 
,  of  doing  nothing  which  should  be  in  any  way 
out  of  harmony  with  the  chief  art  work,  and 
obtained  from  Mr.  Moore  such  complete  sug- 
gestions and  sketches  as  enabled  him  to  pro- 
duce a  large  drawing  showing  the  house  with 
all  its  decorations.  This  not  only  fuUy  satis- 
fied the  painter,  but  met  with  the  approval  of 
certain  architects  and  painters  to  whom  it  was 
shown,  and  even,  as  Mr.  Phipps  told  me,  of  the 


proprietor  himself.  So  far,  all  seemed  pros- 
perous. Mr.  Moore  had  made  his  design  for 
his  figure  subject  before  the  design  for  the 
general  decorations  was  begun  ;  he  was  now- 
engaged  working  it  out,  whilst  the  scheme  for 
the  general  decorations  stood  for  some  time  in 
abeyance.  Here,  I  take  it,  is  the  first  derelic- 
tion of  duty  on  the  part  of  the  painter.  He 
should  have  had  sufficient  interest  in  the 
theatre  as  a  mliole  to  have  seen  that  the  entire, 
scheme  of  decoration  was  settled  and  signed 
before  he  accepted  the  commission  to  paint  its 
leading  feature.  But  this,  perhaps,  is  not 
so  much  the  fault  of  the  individual  as  of  the 
class,  and  is  to  be  traced  to  the  miserable 
isolation  of  painters  caused  by  the  pernicious 
custom  of  easel  painting.  Mr.  Moore's  sin 
was  a  sin  of  omission — of  forgetfulness  of  the 
maxim  that  self-preservation  is  the  first  law 
of  nature.  The  sins  of  everybody  else  con- 
cected  with  the  matter  are  direct  sins  of  com- 
mission. A  new  element  in  the  case  now  ap- 
pears, in  the  shape  olthe  management.  I  need 
scarcely  go  on.  We  all  know  what  must  happen 
when  theatrical  managers,  &c.,  have  a  voice  oq 
questions  of  art.  Of  course  such  a  scheme  for 
the  general  decoration  of  a  theatre  as  would 
be  produced  by  Mr.  Moore,  or  any  other  artist 
worthy  of  the  name,  could  neither  be  appre- 
ciated nor  even  apprehended.  The  tenant  of 
the  theatre,  like  the  tenant  of  the  private 
house,  says,  I  must  have  a  voice  in  the  paper- 
hangings,  colour  of  paint,  &c.  (not  a  parallel 
case,  I  know,  but  the  lessee  thinks  it  is) ;  and 
so  he  has  his  voice,  and  he  might  have  painted 
it,  as  is  the  fashion  in  some  place,  sky- 
blue  or  pea-green,  with  perfect  impunity — I 
presume  without  any  interference  from  the 
owner  or  the  architect,  for  I  cannot  suppose 
that  it  would  be  other  than  an  injustice  to  Mr. 
Phipps  to  saddle  him  with  either  tlie  design  or 
the  approval  of  the  design  of  these  "  decora- 
tions." And  yet  the  architect  must  either 
have  approved  or  disapproved.  If,  as  I  would 
fain  hope,  he  disapproved,  how  do  they  exist  ? 
What  sort  of  authority  and  what  sort  of  con- 
tracts are  we  drifting  to  if  a  building  can  be 
ruined  whilst  it  is  in  the  hands  of  the  archi- 
tect? If  he  approved,  then  his  best  friends 
will  trust  that  Mr.  Phipps  may  not  have 
another  opportunity  of  approving.  But  then, 
some  of  my  readers  may  ask,  "  Is  the  building 
ruined  ?  Are  not  the  general  decorations 
quite  appropriate,"  &c.,  &c.,  and  "  Is  not  Mr. 
Moore's  work  unsuited,  inappropriate,  &c.,  &c. 
Is  not  Sir.  Moore's  scale  of  colour  too  weak  for 
a  picture  in  such  a  position,  and  are  not  his 
outlines  too  delicate  for  niiy  general  scheme  / " 
To  all  this,  unhesitatingly  and  decidedly,  No. 
That  people  may  think  so  is  quite  p.issible, 
because  now,  unfortunately,  Mr.  Moore's  work 
appears,  by  contrast ivith  its sunvii>ulinr/s,hoth. 
pale  and  weak ;  but  whose  fault  is  this  I  Cer- 
tainly not  the  painter'.s,  except  so  far  as  I  have 
already  noted.  Had  the  painter's  scheme  beea 
adhered  to  by  the  architect,  in  default  of  the 
architect  not  having  a  scheme  of  his  own,  the 
t^ueen's  Theatre  would  have  been  a  success. 
No  one  would  have  felt  want  of  colour  or 
strength  of  line  in  the  chief  decoration,  sim- 
ply because  all  the  rest  of  the  house  would 
have  been  in  right  subordination  to  the  prin- 
cipal feature.  'Tender  tones  of  grey  and  white 
and  red  would  have  occupied  the  place  of 
violent  blues  and  scarlets,  and  delicate  pen- 
cillings  and  pleasing  patterns  would  hav3 
made  the  house  look  light  and  spacious,  and 
classic,  where  now  coarse  imitation  Renais- 
sance scrolls,  and  offensive  ovev-prononce 
patterns  swamp,  with  their  barbarism,  the  ex- 
quisite Greek  refinement  of  the  only  work  of 
art  our  theatres  possess.  To  Mr.  Moore  we 
must,  I  am  sure,  be  thankful  for  this  his  latest 
and  noblest  achievement.  In  delicacy  of 
colour  (which  can  now  only  properly  be  seen 
with  the  glass),  in  loveliness  of  composition, 
in  power  of  drawing,  and  in  its  thorough  grasp 
of  the  spirit  of  a  wall  decoration,  this  paint- 
ing stands  alone  amongst  all  modern  wall 
paintings.  It  is  archaic,  yet  neither  formal 
nor  stiff  ;  graceful,  ;/et  in  .subjection ;  monu- 
mental, yet  animated  and  uaturah       It  shows 


October  18,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


717 


1  most  masterly  knowledge  of  naked  forms 
ind  drapery,  and  witnesses  to  its  author's 
-pirit  of  invention  and  his  sense  of  the  beau- 
tiful and  the  tit.  All  this  only  makes  me  de- 
plore more  deeply  than  ever  the  miscarriage 
of  a  scheme  of  decoration  which,  however 
much  it  might  have  been  criticized,  and  how- 
ever much  unappreciated  at  present,  would 
have  held  its  own,  and  would  eventually  have 
done  good  service  to  the  art  progress  of  the 
nineteenth  century,  by  refining  some  of  that 
lump  called  the  English  mind,  fast  approach- 
ing that  state  when  even  "the  concord  of  sweet 
sounds"'  produces  no  effect.  Tiie  question 
whether  Mr.  Moore  is  right  in  adhering  so 
rigiflly  to  the  Greek  method  is  one  which  is 
far  too  important  to  be  discussed  in  the  tinal 
paragraph  of  an  article  ;  but  this  much  we 
may  be  quite  sure  of — that  until  the  nine- 
teenth century  can  ])roduce  some  distinctive 
art  of  its  own,  the  single  artist,  be  he  archi- 
tect, painter,  or  sculptor,  who  seeks  a  founda- 
tion for  his  work,  either  in  Greek  purity  or 
thirteenth  century  common  sense,  is  doing 
more  for  us  than  a  whole  army  of  artists  who 
seek  to  immortalize  the  swallow-tail  coat  and 
all  the  other  elegancies  of  drawing-room  life, 
be  their  technical  skill  what  it  may. 

Edward  W.  Godwin. 


WILLIAM  HENRY  LEEDS,  ARCHITEC- 
TURAL CRITIC 
By    Hyde    Clarke. 

HAVING  so  far  given  a  short  sketch  of 
what  may  be  called  the  architectural 
pohtics  of  Mr.  Leeds,  we  may  now  turn  to 
some  personal  details;  and,  first,  as  to  his 
publications  and  writings.  About  1S3S  he 
edited  the  second  edition  of  Pugin  and 
Britton's  "  Public  Buildings  of  London,"  and 
in  which  he  found  scope  for  considerable  im- 
Movements  and  additions,  and  for  applying 
his  own  standards  of  architectural  criticisms. 
The  elder— or,  as  ought  now  to  be  said,  when 
three  of  the  family  have  distinguished  them- 
selves in  the  career  of  art,  the  eldest — Pugin, 
was  the  artistic  originator,  and  it  was  John 
Britton  who  had  charge  of  the  text.  Old, 
honest,  zealous  John  Britton,  wa.s  likewise 
more  of  an  artist  than  a  critic.  His  day  had 
then  passed,  but  he  was  not  pleased  with  such 
a  successor  to  his  labours  as  Leeds. 

Leeds  had  the  opportunity  of  dealing  with 
Buckingham  Palace,  the  Post  Office,  the  Corn 
Exchange,  and  the  Travellers'  Club.  He  re- 
cast the  whole  work,  removing  extraneous 
digressions,  and  bits  of  bookmaking,  and 
ropplying  matter  of  professional  interest. 
His  introduction  to  the  section  on  theatres 
gives  much  information  on  that  subject,  with 
tables  of  comparisons  of  the  continental 
theatres.  This  was  a  favourite  subject  with 
Leeds,  and  he  was  always  anxious  to  have  a 
chance  of  sharing  in  the  plan  of  a  theatre. 
The  work  was  well  received,  and  sold  ;  but 
gradually,  and  the  encouragement  not  being 
so  prompt,  Leeds  lost  the  opportunity 
he  had  desired  of  continuing  the  work  anil 
producing  another  series  on  Provincial  Archi- 
tecture. Although  he  was  much  confined 
to  London  he  never  looked  at  architecture  as 
a  simply  metropolitan  attribute,  but  devoted 
attention  particularly  to  provincial  buildings, 
regarding  the  works  in  the  provinces  of 
provincial  architects  and  of  London  archi- 
tects as  affording  important  examples  of  pro- 
gress. In  the  present  day  it  is  still  more  to 
be  regretted  that  we  have  no  work  on  our 
provincial  buildings.  Churches  of  course 
offer  themselves  for  such  a  series,  but  our 
baronial  mansions  and  chief  examples  of  villas 
would  form  part  of  it;  the  town  halls,  now 
becoming  important,  constitute  a  class,  and 
the  same  may  be  said  of  markets.  The 
metropolis  is  not  self-suflicing  witli  us,  even  if 
™  the  ordinary  classes  of  city  buildings,  we 
had  not  schools  of  architects  in  Dublin,  Liver- 
pool, Manchester,  Edinburgh,  Glasgow,  and  so 


Continued  from  page  69S. 


many  of  our  great  cities.  Then,  too,  there 
are  places  like  Oxford  and  Cambridge,  and  the 
watering  places,  which  are  the  common  exer- 
cising ground  for  architectural  J^pirations. 

A  plan  of  Jlr.  Wcale's  and  Mr.  Leeds's, 
arising  out  of  the  new  edition  of  Loudon,  was 
a  series  of  architectural  monographs,  to  be 
called  "Studies  and  Examples  of  the  Modern 
School  of  English  Architecture."  This  was 
one  of  Weale's  grand  plans,  but  which, 
though  so  well  devised,  from  the  apathy  of 
architects,  was  allowed  to  expire.  The  oppor- 
tunity was  an  admirable  one.  "Wealo  was  a 
man  of  enterprize  and  public  spirit,  and 
Leeds,  as  an  editor,  one  of  great  attain- 
ments and  sterling  industry.  'They  stiu-ted 
well,  too,  for  they  succeeded  in  getting  Sir 
Charles  Barry  to  give  the  first  example  and 
to  appear  as  the  author.  The  subject  was  the 
"  Traveller.?'  Club,"  published  in  1839,  and 
in  the  end  the  high-sounding  title  is  lost  in  a 
smallvolume,  which  depicts  that  club.  Leeds 
accompanied  it  by  an  "  Essay  on  the  Pre- 
sent State  of  oiir  Architectural  Studv,  and 
the  Revival  of  the  Italian  Style.""  This 
Wiis  the  frontispiece  to  the  great  project, 
and  it  is  to  be  feared  it  gave  a  reason  to  the 
architects  of  that  day  not  to  support  the  work, 
though  it  is  by  no  means  certain  that  they 
would  have  displayed  any  liberality.  Leeds' 
observations  in  the  style  of  reproof  became 
those  of  prophecy  as  to  the  fate  of  his  own 
work.  He  advocated  the  then  detestable 
heresy  that  the  laity — the  public — should 
not  only  be  allowed  but  invited  to  take  an 
interest  in  architectural  matters,  and  to  ex- 
press their  opinions  upon  them.  It  is  true 
there  were  lay  writers  upon  art,  and 
patrons  who  were  tolerated  in  publishing  ex- 
pensive books  on  architecture,  but  the  papal 
authorities  of  architecture  never  abandoned 
the  dogma  that  architecture  was  a  mystery 
far  beyond  the  vulgar  kiu.  This  Leeds  de- 
nied, and  many  respectable  men  looked  upon 
him  with  horror,  as  scarcely  less  impious  than 
Benjamin  Hay  den,  or  George  Pioggo,  who  had 
sacreligiously  made  game  of  the  cocked  hat  of 
the  president  of  the  Royal  Academy.  As 
yet  there  was  not  that  band  of  ardent  votaries, 
choice  scholars,  and  able  ■ivriters,  who  have 
made  art  a  thing  of  the  day,  as  the  theatre 
was,  and  as  politics  are.  In  those  times  there 
was  a  great  love  of  tufthunting,  and  it  seemed 
natural  a  mild  earl  should  preside  over  the 
Institute,  for  it  dignified  it ;  but  it  was  not 
conceived  that  Beresford  Hope  should  sit  in 
that  chair,  as  a  real  president,  and  expound 
the  mysteries. 

Leeds  told  a  great  deal  too  much  truth  in 
defending  the  necessity  of  calling  in  the 
public.  He  said  naturally  that  the  profession 
being  narrow,  architects  did  not  take  that  en- 
lightened view  that  they  ought,  but  that 
another  disadvantage  was,  for  their  judges 
they  coidd  scarcely  look  to  any  but  their  pro- 
fessional brethren,  perhaps  rivals,  whose 
praises  would  hardly  ever  be  very  enthusiastic, 
and  who  would  seldom  be  disposed  to  approve 
individually  of  what  was  either  contrary  to 
their  own  practice,  or  calculated  to  render 
manifest  their  own  inferiority.  Certain  it  is, 
said  he,  that  the  most  jiromislng  talent  in  a 
young  aspirant  is  seldom  cordially  hailed,  or 
in  any  way  assisted  by  those  around  him  in 
the  profession  ;  neither  does  that  of  the  more 
advanced  architect  receive  their  applause 
until  he  has  terminated,  or  is  about  to  ter- 
minate his  career,  his  contemporaries  punc- 
tiliously waiting  till  he  shall  first  have  said 
his  valcte.  It  is  consolatory  to  think  that 
much  of  this  belongs  to  the  past,  and  there  is 
a  higher  professional  standard  among  archi- 
tects, and  a  better  appreciation  of  art  by  the 
public;  still  there  wants  more  zeal  and 
liberality  in  the  field  of  architects,  for  the 
architectural  press  may  still  be  looked  upon 
r;ither  as  leaders  of  professional  opinion  than 
as  its  exponents,  and  many  admirable  efi'orts 
fail,  as  of  old,  for  want  of  timely  professional 
support.  No  other  architect  could  be  got  to 
follow  Barry  in  these  "  Studies,"  nor  did  the 
public  come  forward  otherwise  than  slowly, 


and  in  their  own  good  time,  causing  a  lock- 
up of  capital,  which  but  generally  rendered 
architectural  publications  one  of  the  heaviest 
enterprizes  of  the  day.  This  was  why  Mr. 
Weale,  who  began  with  architecture,  devoted 
more  and  more  of  his  energies  to  engineering. 

There  is  no  independent  work  of  Leeds 
from  183!)  for  some  years.  In  1846,  liis 
friend,  Mr.  E.  B.  Lamb,  having  published 
"Studies  of  Ancient  Domestic  Architecture," 
Leeds  contributed  to  it  "  Observations  on  the 
Application  of  Ancient  Architecture  to  tlie 
Pictorial  Composition  of  Modern  Edifices."  This 
is  another  instanceof  Leeds'  co-o])eration  in  the 
ap]>lication  of  the  medi;cval  styles.  On  the 
foundation  of  AVeale's  "  Rudimentary  Series," 
another  of  ^yeale's  large  projects,  Leeds  con- 
tributed to  it  "The  Onlers of  Architecture  in 
ISoO."  It  was  in  the  same  year  tliat  he  con- 
trilmted  to  another  enterprize  of  the  pub- 
lisher, "  Weale's  London,"  in  preparation  for 
the  Great  E.xhibition.  This  was  one  of 
Weale's  mishaps.  His  idea  was  a  good  one — 
a  scientific  guide  for  the  Wsitor  to  London 
dm-ing  the  Exhibition  year — and  he  chose 
able  contributors  ;  but,  as  he  was  confident 
in  his  plan,  and  would  edit  it  himself,  he  pro- 
duced a  strange  work.  It  contains  most 
valuable  matter,  some  parts  repeated,  some 
essentials  left  out,  and  was  everything  but 
a  guidebook  for  the  \nsitor,  AVeale  find- 
ing at  the  end  that  he  had  overrun  his  space 
without  accomplishing  its  object.  As  it  is 
easy  of  reference,  it  is  still  as  a  work  in 
"Bohn's  Series,"  one  of  the  most  useful 
books  in  London.  Leeds'  contributionsto  other 
works  were  very  numerous.  In  the  "  Penny 
Cyclopedia,"  Mr.  Knight  and  Jlr.  Ramsay  in- 
form me  that  he  wrote  only  the  biograjihies 
of  architects,  with  perhaps  one  or  two  of  en- 
giueers,  but  I  am  confident  Leeds  told  me 
he  gave  to  Professor  Long  all  the  architectural 
details  and  tables  of  the  geographical  por- 
tion, which  are  evidently  from  his  hand. 

The  same  authorities  say  he  commenced 
wi'iting  the  accomit  of  the  Public  Improve- 
ments in  the  "  Companion  to  the  Almanac"  in 
1S38,  and  continued  to  do  so  until  ISuC. 
This  was  a  most  useful  annual  register  of 
architecture,  in  wliich  Leeds  took  great  in- 
terest ;  and,  though  it  was  on  a  small  scale, 
it  gave  valuable  details  on  the  progress  of 
architecture  in  London  and  the  country.  The 
few  sketches  afforded  useful  records,  and 
Leeds's  observations  maintained  the  literary 
character  of  the  publication. 

Leeds  was  a  contributor  to  that  useful 
periodical  Loudon's  Architectural  Ilagazinc 
until  it  was  discontinued,  and  so  in  succes- 
sion to  architectural  periodical  literature.  He 
wrote  in  Fraser's  Magazine  from  time  to 
time,  but  a  more  acceptable  channel  was  the 
liritish  and  Foreign  Quarterly  lieriew,  to 
which,  besides  articles,  he  communicated 
notices  of  foreign  books  on  architecture,  in 
all  languages.  He  was,  also,  an  occasional 
contributor  to  the  Athena:ii,rfi.  Mr.  Lamb 
thinks  he  wrote  for  the  Westminster  Review. 
Of  that  I  have  no  knowledge,  and  the  present 
editor  can  give  me  no  information.  In  the 
later  years  of  his  career  the  establishment  of 
the  BriLDiXG  News  afforded  him  the  oppor- 
tunity of  giving  to  a  newer  generation  of 
architects  the  benefits  of  an  experience, 
strengthened  by  his  intimate  knowledge  of  the 
labours  of  their  predecessors  and  contem- 
poraries. The  architectural  room  of  the  Royal 
Academy,  and  afterwards  the  architectural 
exliibitions,  gave  him  periodical  occasions  for 
the  exercise  of  liis  knowledge.  He  continually 
strove  against  the  neglect  of  architecture  by 
the  authorities  of  the  Royal  Academy,  and 
was  one  of  the  first  advocates  of  a  distinct 
architectural  exhibition.  The  various  great 
and  minor  competitions  necessarily  engaged 
his  pen,  and  he  wrote  much  on  the  evils  of 
competitions.  In  18-11,  he  advocated  select 
competition  as  one  remedy  for  the  then 
abuses,  abuses  which  have  multiplied  instead 
of  dimini-^hed. 

Although  Leeds  naturally  looked  to  a  le- 
ward  for  his  labours,  his  contributions  were 


718 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


October  18,  1867. 


not  limited  liy  that  consideration,  and  wlieii- 
ever  he  was  of  opinion  there  was  a  call  for  his 
exertions,  he  was  ever  ready  to  take  iip  the 
public  cause.  His  literary  remuneration  was 
not  very  considerable,  and  came  back  as  a  con- 
trilnition  to  the  cause  of  learning  in  the  ac- 
cumulation of  his  library.  The  library,  as 
sold  this  year,  extended  to  3,000  volumes,Jand 
its  catalogue  is  to  some  degree  a  catalogue  of 
Leeds'  mind  and  his  attainments.  The  sale 
lasted  for  four  days.  This  library  occupied 
much  of  his  time  and  attention,  and  it  alforded 
him  a  solace  for  the  amusements  of  society, 
which  had  little  attraction  for  him.  An  im- 
pediment in  his  speech  deprived  hira  of  the 
eloquent  utterance  of  his  ready  command  of 
language,  and  made  him  shy  before  stranger.s. 
This  gave  him  a  reserve,  and  threw  him  b:jok 
more  on  the  independence  of  his  own  cha- 
racter. In  early  life  he  had  been  something 
of  a  dandy,  but  in  older  years  having  less 
care  for  appearance,  and  an  inveterate  habit  of 
snulf-takiug,  he  had,  with  his  older  fashions, 
an  air  of  oddity,  which  repelled  rather  than 
attracted  new  accpiaintances.  As  he  cared 
more  for  the  cause  of  art  than  for  personal 
popularity,  this  comparative  isolation  pro- 
duced little  elfect  upon  him.  If  his  censures 
were  sometimes  bitter,  he  had  a  ready  admira- 
tion for  all  that  was  new,  young,  and  aspiring. 
His  censures  fell  more  heavily  on  the  old 
and  intractable :  his  praises  were  bestowed 
most  encouragingly  on  the  young  and  promis- 
ing. Whether  he  ever  practised  as  an  archi- 
tect his  surviving  friends  do  not  know,  but  he 
occasionally  contributed  to  the  Ro3'al  Academy 
and  exhibitions.  One  of  tliese  subjects  was 
1076  in  the  Koyal  Academy  Exhibition  for 
1S38,  "Study  for  the  Facade  of  a  Public 
Building,  by  W.  H.  Leeds."  It  was  an  Ionic 
tetrastyle  in  antis,  between  two  open  screen 
wings  of  the  same  order.  The  drawing  was 
small,  but  there  were  several  novelties  in  the 
details. 

His  chief  works  are  : — "Illustrations  of  the 
Public  Buildings  of  London,  with  Historical 
and  Descriptive  Accounts  of  each  Edifice," 
by  Pugin  and  Britton.  Second  edition,  greatly 
enlarged  by  W.  H.  Leeds.  In  2  vols.  Lon- 
don: Weale,  1838.  "Studies  and  Examples 
of  the  Modern  School  of  English  Architecture. 
Tlie  Travellers'  Club,"  by  Charles  Barry, 
architect.  Accompanied  by  "An  Essay  on  the 
Present  State  of  Architectural  Studv,  and 
the  Revival  of  the  Italian  Style,"  by  W.  H. 
Leeds.  London:  Weale,  1839.  "Studies  of 
Ancient  Domestic  Architecture,"  by  E.  B. 
Lamb  ;  with  "  Observations  on  the  Applica- 
tion of  Ancient  Architecture  to  the  Pictorial 
Composition  of  Modern  Edifices,"  by  W.  H. 
Leeds.  London  :  Weale,  1846.  "The  Orders 
of  Architecture."  London  :  Weale,  1850. 
Htde  Clarke. 


BUILDERS'  CONTEACTS. 

MR.  T.  J.  KILPIN,  the  president  of  the  Li- 
verpool Architectural  Society,  deUvered 
his  annual  address  on  Wednesday  week.  He 
touched  ou  a  variety  of  topics,  including  the  ad- 
vantages of  holidays  to  architects,  labourers' 
dwellings  in  Liverpool,  and  what  had  recently 
been  done  there  to  improve  them,  and  builders' 
contracts.  On  the  last-mentioned  question  he 
said: — the  great  majority  of  contractors  are  reason- 
able and  fair-dealing  men,  anxious  to  keep  on  good 
terms  with  the  architect  and  to  co-operate  with 
him  in  bringing  any  business  they  may  be  en- 
gaged in  together  to  a  just  settlement  and  amic- 
able conclusion.  But  a  general  feeUng  is  gaining 
ground  amongst  respectable  contractors  that  they 
are  hardly  and  unfairly  dealt  with  ;  that,  though 
there  may  be  a  few  fraudulent  contractors,  there 
is  a  much  greater  number  of  xinreaaonable  and 
arbitrary  architects  ;  that  the  bills  of  quantities 
supplied  from  the  architects'  office  are  very  often 
erroneous  and  defective,  and  that  in  consequence 
they  are  often  obliged  to  supply  a  greater  amount 
of  materials  and  labour  than  they  had  estimated 
for ;  that,  being  bound  to  execute  the  work  within 
a  given  and  often  a  short  space  of  time,  they  are 
sometimes  obliged  to  wait  for  detail  drawings, 
without  which  the  work  cannot  be  executed  at 
all ;    and  that,  notwithstanding  this   and   many 


other  '  unforeseen  obstacles,  the  penalties  for  a 
uon- completion  of  the  work  in  time  are  often  un- 
justly exacted,  and  the  chance  of  redress  pre- 
vented by  an  arbitrary  clause  in  the  contract,  that 
all  matters  of  dispute  that  may  arise  are  to  be  left 
to  the  architect's  sole  decision.  In  addition  to 
all  this,  they  have  often  to  contend,  when  the 
contract  and  price  are  fixed,  with  the  demands 
of  the  men  for  higher  wages  and  diminished  hours 
of  work,  and,  like  the  flying  fish  who  escapes 
from  his  pursuers  in  the  waters  beneath  only  to 
be  seized  on  by  the  sea-gull  hoveriug  above,  so,  if 
they  emerge  for  a  moment  from  the  troubled 
waters  of  strife,  agitated  by  the  demands  of 
trades'  unions,  they  are  pounced  upon  by  some 
albatross  of  an  architect,  who  does  his  best  to 
complete  the  work  of  persecution  and  plunder. 
To  prevent  or  remedy  these  evils,  the  Master 
Builders'  Association  has  been  formed,  with  a 
committee  appointed,  from  which  a  deputation 
from  this  society  has  had  during  the  recess  se- 
veral interviews  with  a  view  to  draw  up,  if  pos- 
sible, a  form  of  contract  which  shall  be  just, 
equitable,  and  binding  on  the  employer,  the  ar- 
chitect, and  the  contractor.  There  has  been  no 
great  difierence  of  opinion  between  us  as  to  the 
propriety  of  extension  of  time  from  unforeseen 
circumstances,  the  necessity  and  justice  of  fur- 
nishing correct  quantities  or  ample  detail  draw- 
ings, the  duty  of  granting  proper  certificates,  and 
the  legal  obligation  of  the  employer  immediately 
to  pay  them,  and  various  ol  her  points  ;  but  the 
main  difficulty  has  been  to  devise  how  the  ar- 
bitrary power  of  the  architect  can  be  Umited 
without  impairing  his  efficiency.  The  builders 
wish  that  an  umpiie  should  be  appointed  and 
named  in  the  contract,  to  whom  all  matters  of 
disagreement  that  may  arise  during  the  progress 
of  the  works  shaU  be  referred.  But  this  we  con- 
sider to  be  quite  inadmissable,  and  that  it  is  a 
matter  of  absolute  necessity  that  the  architect 
must  have  full  authority  while  buildings  are  being 
carried  on,  and  that  with  regard  to  an  arbitrator, 
the  utmost  that  we  could  venture  to  suggest  to 
the  society  was,  that  if  the  builder  or  employer 
should  be  dissatisfied  with  the  final  certificate  of 
the  architect,  the  matter  might  be  referred  to  a 
third  party.  This,  we  consider,  would  aftbrd 
ample  security  to  the  contractor  against  any  in- 
justice that  he  might  think  he  met  with  from  the 
architect,  who,  with  the  prospect  before  him  of 
having  all  his  "  faults  observed,  set  in  a  note  book, 
conned,  and  learned  by  heart,"  and,  finally,  in- 
quired into,  would  be  very  cautious  not  to  lower 
his  dignity,  or  have  his  final  decision  reversed  by 
any  abuse  of  his  authority,  or  requiring  anything 
to  be  done  that  either  contractor  or  employer 
could  reasonably  object  to.  We  are  to  have 
another  interview  on  the  subject,  which  I  hope 
will  result  in  an  amicable  arrangement. 


NORTHERN  ARCHITECTURAL   ASSO- 
CIATION. 

rnHE  quarterly  meeting  of  the  members  of  this 
I  association  was  held  on  the  8th  inst.,  at  the 
Old  Castle,  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  Mr.  John  Green 
in  the  chair.  The  election  of  officers  was  by 
ballot,  with  the  result  following  : — President,  Mr. 
John  Green  ;  vice-president,  Mr.  Matthew  Thomp- 
son ;  honorary  treasurer,  Mr.  K.  J.  Johnson ; 
honorary  secretary,  Mr.  Thomas  Oliver  ;  honorary 
solicitor,  Mr.  G.  W.  Hodge ;  committee,  Messrs. 
M.  Greener,  A.  M.  Dunn,  John  Johnston,  F. 
Charlton,  and  William  Peachy. 

The  secretary  brought  under  notice  a  recom- 
mendation of  the  committee  to  the  eSect  that  the 
Association  present  a  respectful  memorial  to  the 
Board  of  Guardians  of  the  Durham  Union  with 
reference  to  the  extension  of  the  workhoi'se,  and 
suggesting  that  it  should  be  a  condition  of  compe- 
tition that  whoever  should  obtain  the  first  pre- 
mium (the  guardians  having  advertised  for  de- 
signs) should  be  the  architect  to  carry  out  the 
work.  He  (the  secretary)  had  written  an  un- 
official letter  to  the  clerk  to  the  guardians,  asking 
if  the  usual  condition,  as  mentioned  in  the 
memorial,  was  to  be  adopted ;  and  he  had  re- 
ceived a  reply  to  the  effect  that  the  guardians  had 
come  to  no  such  resolution.  It  would  (added  the 
secretary)  be  a  great  waste  of  time  for  a  person  to 
compete,  and  only  get  the  premium  for  his 
trouble. 

Mr.  Thompson  thought  the  Association  should 
take  some  steps,  as  architects  did  not  compete 
for  a  mere  premium,  but  for  the  sake  of  the 
commission,  and  the  honour  of  carrying  out  the 
building.  The  secretary  suggested  the  advisability 
of  the  guardians  agreeing  to  a  condition  that  the 
architect  who  obtained  the  premium  should  have 


charge  of  the  erection  of  the  building,  provided,  as 
was  suggested  by  Messrs.  Peachey  and  Thompson, 
that  the  architect  did  not  object.  The  secre. 
tary  then  read  the  competition  advertisement. 
Mr.  Green  thought  it  a  very  honourable  adver- 
tisement, while  Mr.  Thompson  saw  nothing  very 
objectionable  in  it.  He  would  not  compete  him- 
self for  the  mere  premium  were  it  six  times  its 
amount.  The  secretary  had  seen  fairer  ad- 
vertisements— those  in  which  it  was  stated  that 
the  successful  competing  architect  would  be  em- 
ployed. Mr.  Green  observed  that,  however  un- 
reasonable the  conditions,  competitions  always 
attracted  a  number  of  architects,  and  among  them 

good  names. 

♦ • 

PHOTO-SCULPTURE. 

THE  small  figures  of  General  Grant,  Admiral 
Farragut,  Peter  Cooper,  and  others,  which 
have  been  exhibited  in  the  Broadway  windows  for 
a  few  weeks  past,  are  the  first  experiments  in  the 
new  and  wonderful  art  of  photo-sculpture.  This 
invention  has  lately  been  introduced  in  New 
York,  and  it  marks  a  new  era  in  the  art  of 
jihotography.  It  was  a  natural  step  from  the 
daguerreotype  of  twenty  years  ago  to  the  ambro- 
type,  and  the  transition  from  the  ambrotype  to 
the  photograph  was  equally  easy ;  but  photo- 
graphy has  made  more  rapid  advances  than  any 
style  of  sun-picture  which  preceded  it,  and  now  it 
assflmes  a  new  phase.  Photo-sculpture  is  the  pro- 
duct of  the  photograph  and  the  pantagraph,  re- 
producing the  exact  forms  of  natural  objects  In 
all  their  fulness  and  completeness  of  proportion. 
The  impression  printed  upon  the  sensitive  plate  in 
the  camera  is  transferred  in  all  its  details  to 
plastic  clay,  and  may  then  be  re-cast  and  redupli- 
cated in  plaster,  parian,  or  bronze.  The  process 
is  described  as  follows: — The  operating  room 
chfiers  from  others  of  its  kind  in  the  fact  that  it  is 
circular,  with  an  arched  glass  roof  overhead.  In 
the  centre  of  this  rotunda  there  is  a  raised  cir- 
cular platform,  upon  which  the  sitter  is  placed. 
His  seat  is  in  the  exact  centre  of  the  room,  which 
is  ascertained  and  assured  by  a  plumb  line  falling 
from  the  centre  of  the  cupola  above.  If  this  hue 
could  descend  to  the  surface  of  the  platform,  it 
would  tbuch  a  point  from  which  radiate  twenty- 
four  hues  marked  in  black,  pointing  to  the 
centres  of  twenty-four  cameras,  set  at  equa- 
distances  from  each  other  in  the  circular 
wall.  In  an  instant,  twenty-four  little  doors 
are  opened,  and  in  a  few  moments  the  figure 
of  the  subject  is  printed  upon  as  many  plates. 
The  doors  then  are  closed  simultaneously,  and 
the  sitter  descends  from  his  perch.  So  far  as 
he  is  concerned,  there  is  nothing  more  to  be  done. 
But  twenty-four  pictures  of  his  figure  have  been 
taken,  and  each  of  these  gives  a  profile  view  of  one 
part  of  the  entire  circumference  of  his  body,  each 
diflfering  from  the  other.  The  work  of  the  pan- 
tagraph now  begins.  There  are  twenty-four  dif- 
ferent profiles  of  thesubject,all  of  small  dimensions, 
and  it  is  desired  to  have  a  statue  the  full  sizeof  life. 
At  once  the  little  pictures,  by  means  common  in 
photography,  are  increased  to  the  required  dimen- 
sions. Each  of  these  is  fastened  to  the  wall,  and 
numbered  from  one  to  twenty-four.  On  a  table 
near  them  is  a  mass  of  soft  clay,  which  is 
fashioned  somewhat  in  the  shape  of  the  statue  to 
be  made.  Holding  in  his  hand  one  end  of  the 
pantagraph,  the  operator  begins  to  follow  the  out- 
lines of  the  profile  of  the  picture  number  one,  by 
means  of  the  machinery  of  the  instrument,  so  that 
precisely  the  same  outhne  is  marked,  or  rather 
cut,  in  the  soft  clay ;  and  as  the  operator  goes  on 
from  one  to  twenty-four,  following  the  outline  o£ 
the  profile  in  each,  he  makes  the  circuit  of  the 
entire  mass  of  clay,  and  produces  an  exact  jac 
simile  of  the  model.  It  is  impossible  to  imagine 
the  limits  to  the  use  of  this  art,  for  it  may  be 
appUed  to  every  form  of  architectural  and  monu- 
mental ornament  and  mechanical  design,  as  well 
as  to  the  modelling  of  the  human  figure.  It  has 
been  contended  that  it  will  be  an  injury  to  art, 
and  that  the  sculptor  may  close  his  studio  or  seek 
another  channel  for  his  genius  ;  but  what  proved 
true  of  the  daguerreotype,  the  ambrotype,  and  the 
photograph  in  their  relation  to  portrait  painting, 
will  be  doubly  true  of  photo-sculpture  in  its  rela- 
tion to  the  plastic  art.  It  may  spoil  the  market 
for  bad  artists,  but  it  will  be  an  invaluable  assist- 
ance to  men  of  real  genius. — The  American. 


A  twenty  minutes'  sand  glass  has  been  attached 
to  the  1  ulpit  of  the  Chapel  Royal  in  the  Savoy  for 
the  guidance  of  the  preachers,  an  example  very 
worthy  of  imitation   in  many   Loudon   cliurches. 


OcroBER  18,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


719 


I 


^•TIQCARIAN   DISCOVERIES    AT  GUIS, 
BOKOUaH  ABBEY. 

^CRING  the  past  mouth,  Captain  Chaloner, 
/  R.N.,  the  proprietor  of  the  Guisborough 
ite,  iu  Yorkshire,  and  of  the  remains  of  this 
autiful  abbey,  has  been  employing  a  number  of 
>rkmen  in  clearing  away  the  accumulation  of 
Masii  that  covers  the  foundations  and  floors  of 
Llase  interesting  remains,  and  the  discoveries 
1st  have  already  been  made  in  the  choir  of  the 
urch,  which  since  the  dissolution  in  1540  had 
•11  entirely  buried,  are  of  great  historical  in- 
ost.  Tesaclated  pavements,  heraldic  tiles, 
nted  glass,  monuments,  sepulchral  slabs, 
luldings,  coins,  and  other  relics,  have  been  dis- 
cred  about  3ft.  beneath  the  present  sward, 
ii'h  did  not  correspond  with  the  original  floor 
the  abbey  church.  At  the  time  of  the  lle- 
mation,  Guisborough  was  one  of  the  wealthiest, 
it  magnificent,  and  extensive  monastic  institu- 
:i  in  the  kingdom.  Walter  de  Hemmingford, 
I  was  a  canon  of  this  monastery,  and  one  of 
choicest  historians  of  the  fourteenth  century, 
H  us,  that  in  1289  this  monastery,  with  all  its 
iks,  plate,  and  vestments,  was  destroyed  by 
A  new  church  was  erected  shortly  after  by 
princely  grants  and  donations  of  the  neigh- 
ring  nobility  ;  and  it  is  among  the  ruins  that 
V  remain  that  the  excavations  have  just  been 
!e.  At  the  Reformation,  the  work  of  destruc- 
i  commenced,  and  the  recent  discoveries  show 
■ea  of  the  fierce  passion,  religious  rancour,  and 
iton  destruction  which  then  took  place, 
lerally,  little  more  than  the  timbera  and  lead 
he  roofs,  the  glass  in  the  windows,  and  in- 
i?.l  fittings,  were  removed ;  but  at  Guis- 
".gh  it  would  appear  that  the  tower  and  other 
lings,  with  the  exception  of  the  east  end,  im- 
uately  after  the  e.vpulsi  on  of  the  monks,  were 
_>wu  down,  and  falling  with  great  force  on  the 
eiaent,  in  many  places  crushed  the  monu- 
Otel  slabs  and  shrine  work  of  the  tombs. 
•  wanton  destruction  that  took  place  at  this 
1^  may  be  accounted  for,  from  the  fact  that 
ig  Henry  VIII.,  in  1541,  granted  a  lease  to 
Thomas  Leigh  "  of  the  buildings,  with  the 
1  and  precincts  of  the  priory,  as  the  King 
aid  henceforth  command,  to  be  then  de- 
lished  and  carried  away."  Sis  years  after- 
ds,  King  Edward  VI.  granted  the  site  to  Sir 
imas  Chaloner,  ambassador  to  Charles  V.,  and 
twards  to  King  Ferdinand  of  Spain.  For 
ly  years  after  the  Reformation  these  monastic 
Idings  were  converted  into  a  stone  quarry,  for 
use  of  the  adjacent  town  and  country,  .and 
second  Sir  Thomas  Chaloner  used  some  of  the 
terials  to  build  his  mansion.  The  choir  of 
i  abbey  was  larger  than  any  other  monastic  in- 
ution  in  Yorkshire,  as  appears  by  the  plans  in 
ii's  and  Paley's  "Parallels."  The  present 
nations  were  commenced  by  cutting  a  trench 
-s  the  church  at  about  '200ft.  from  the  east 
low,  in  aline  with  the  outer  wall,  and  a  large 
■.vay,  with  the  remains  of  Early  English 
r-i  in  Purbeck  marble,  were  discovered. 
:ie  heraldic  tiles  discovered  in  this  portion  of 
church  were  of  great  beauty.  On  some  were 
arms  of  England  and  France — the  latter  seme 
? ;  others  had  two  chevrons.  A  lion  rampant 
^aed  the  figure  of  a  bell,  appearing  above  and 
each  side  of  the  shield ;  a  fess  between  six 
•  crosslets  or,  or  three  cross  crosslets  on  a 
I ;  on  a  shield  two  bars  embattled  ;  on  a  shield 
)  bars  in  chief,  three  roundlets — a  lion  rampant, 
one  fragment,  which  had  apparently  borne 
r  shields  of  very  exquisite  desian,  can  be 
;ed  a  shield  cheque,  and  on  the  other  a  bird, 
merous  other  tiles  of  beautiful  design,  some 
fly  English,  others  of  a  later  date,  were  disco- 
ed.  About  170ft.  from  the  east  window  the 
rkmen  came  upon  what  appeared  to  be  portions 
the  central  tower,  just  in  the  state  in  which  it 
1  fallen.  Under  the  solid  masonry,  which  had 
'  thrown  down  in  great  masses,  there  were 
'•  large  monumental  slabs  6in.  thick  and  9ft. 
■  long,  and  4ft.  Sin.  broad  ;  at  a  depth  of  5ft. 
m  the  surface  the  skeleton  of  a  man  was  found 
the  remains  of  an  oak  coffin.  This  skeleton 
a  measured  by  Dr.  Merrywether,  of  Guisbo- 
igh,  and  was  6ft.  Sin.  Two  circular  bronze 
ckles,  Uke  those  displayed  in  the  heraldry  of  the 
irteenth  century,  were  found.  Apparently,  they 
I  been  used  to  fasten  the  materials  in  which  the 
ly  had  been  swathed.  On  the  centre  slab  was 
s  inscription,  in  fine  black  letters,  deeply  cut, 
■ibout  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth  century  :— 
■it.  Pax  Etema  Tecum  Victore  Superna."  Under 
3  slab  was  a  stone  coffin  much  broken  by  the 


fa)l  of  the  masonry  from  above.  In  this  coffin 
was  a  bronze  buckle  simUar  to  the  one  just 
described,  but  of  a  stouter  material.  In  the  same 
coffin,  on  the  feet  of  the  skeleton,  were  a  pair  of 
sandals,  which  may  have  belonged  to  a  canon  who 
had  been  buried  in  his  vestments,  of  which  there 
were  also  some  remains.  The  third  slab  had  had 
a  brass  plate,  the  studs  of  which  alone  remained. 
In  the  debris  above  were  found  portions  of  a 
shrine,  carved  in  fine  white  Caen  stone,  the  finials 
and  tracery,  much  of  which  was  painted  in  bright 
colours  and  in  gold,  and  all  i^f  exquisite  workman- 
ship. In  the  spandrels  of  an  arch  forming  part  of 
this  shrine  was  the  figure  of  an  angel  drawing 
a  man  out  of  fire  with  a  chain.  Other  remains  of 
considerable  interest  have  been  found,  consisting 
of  ci)ins,  portions  of  the  lead,  silver,  and  iron 
fused  together  in  the  great  fire  of  1289  ;  at  which 
time,  Hemmingford  tells  us,  all  tlio  chalices, 
images,  books,  and  plate  were  destroyeil,  and  in  a 
soluble  state  had  made  their  way  through  the 
more  ancient  floor.  Among  other  interesting 
antiquities  that  have  been  discovered  are  the 
remains  of  a  figure  in  chain  mail,  part  of  a  figure 
in  plate  armour  of  the  early  part  of  the  fifteenth 
century,  .and,  from  the  arms  on  the  breast,  appears 
to  be  one  of  the  Latimer  family ;  bosses  from  the 
roof,  rich  in  gold  and  colour ;  large  quantities 
of  coloured  glass,  pottery,  remains  of  alabaster 
tombs,  &c. 

♦ 

LEICESTERSHIRE  ARCHITECTURAL 
AND  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

AMOXG  other  specimens,  iStc,  exhibited  at  the 
meeting  of  this  society  on  the  30tb  ult.,  was 
a  very  fine  example  of  modern  glass  mosaic  by  Sal- 
viati,  of  London  and  Venice,  the  artist  and  maker 
of  the  beautiful  reredos  lately  erected  in  West- 
minster. Mr.  North  communicated  some  remarks 
to  the  meeting,  through  the  chairman,  upon  the 
curious  and  interesting  vessel  lately  found  in 
Peckleton  churchyard,  and  exhibited  by  the  Rev. 
E.  Tower,  before  this  society,  at  the  meeting  in 
July  last.  The  vessel  had  been  described  to  Mr. 
Tower  as  a  chrismatory,  which  had  formerly  divi- 
sions in  it  for  the  several  sacred  oils  used  in  the 
Roman  ritual.  Mr.  North's  opinion,  which  was 
also  confirmed  by  that  of  the  Very  Rev.  Canon 
Rock,  one  of  the  most  learned  ecclesiologists  in 
the  country,  was  that  the  vessel  was  not  what  is 
usually  styled  a  chrismatory — i.e.,  a  receptacle  for 
the  three  bottles  of  oils  which  each  church  in  pre- 
Reformation  times  was  retpiired  to  possess,  but  was 
made  as  a  receptacle  for  a  large  quantity  of  the 
oil  after  consecration  on  Maunday  Thursday,  and 
from  which  the  smaller  chrismatory  in  frequent 
use  would  be  supplied  ;  one,  for  instance,  which  a 
rural  dean  would  keep,  that  he  might  be  able  to 
distribute  its  contents  to  the  parish  priests  of  his 
district.  Mr.  Wing,  Melton  Mowbray,  read  a 
paper  on  the  restoration  of  Melton  Church,  which 
was  a  candid  critique  upon  the  proceedings  of  the 
committee. 


THE  NEW  QUEEN'S  THEATRE, 
LONG  ACRE. 

THE  large  building  in  Long  Acre,  nearly  facing 
Bow-street,  so  long  kno^vn  to  choral  societies 
and  the  public  as  St.  Martin's  Hall,  will  be  re- 
opened ou  the  24th  as  an  elegant  and  commodious 
theatre,  under  the  experienced  lesseeship  of  Mr. 
Alfred  Wigan.  The  building  has  been  completely 
gutted,  from  basement  to  i  oof,  only  the  outside 
walls  and  covering  remaining,  so  that  it  is,  de 
facto,  a  new  theatre,  and  one  which  will  in  every 
way  sustain  the  reputation  of  the  architect,  Mr. 
C.  J.  Phipps,  F.S.A.,  who  has  already  erected 
theatres  at  the  following  provincial  towns — Bath, 
Nottingham,  South  Shields,  Brighton,  Swansea, 
and  Bristol. 

The  entrances  of  the  new  theatre  are  numerous, 
and  conveniently  situated  separate  streets.  The 
principal  entrance,  leading  to  the  stalls  and  two 
tiers  of  boxes,  is  in  Long  Acre,  through  a  loggia, 
opening  by  swing  doors  into  a  grand  vestibule 
(part  of  the  origin.al  hall),  42ft.  by  22ft.,  imme- 
diately facing  which  is  the  grand  staircase,  which 
is  one  of  the  finest  in  London — a  double  flight  of 
stairs,  6ft.  wide,  leading  to  the  boxes.  The  stalls 
have  a  separate  approach  by  a  few  steps,  and  an 
incline  under  the  pit,  without  ascending  the  stair 
case.  The  entrances  to  pit  and  gallery  are  in 
Wilson-street;  where,  also,  at  some  distance  apart, 
is  the  royal  entrance,  opening  immediately  upon  a 
private  stau-case  to  the  royal  box  on  the  grand 
tier,  and  forming,  also,  on  ordinary  occasions,  an 
exit   way  from  the   stalls,  level  with  the  street. 


This  feature  requires  especial  notice,  as  Wilson- 
street,  being  out  of  the  traffic  of  the  main  streets 
adjoining,  will  be  admirably  adapted  for  carriages 
taking  up,  and  greatly  facilit.ate  the  speedy  exit  of 
a  large  audience.  The  entrance  to  the  stage  is  in 
Charles-street. 

The  plan  of  the  auditorium  is  original.  Each 
tier  recedes,  so  that  two  balconies  are  formed. 
The  plan  of  the  front  of  the  dress  circle  tier  may 
lie  described  .as  three  parts  of  an  egg  ;  the  ujiper 
box  tier  similar,  but  larger  in  radius  ;  while  the 
gallei-y  tier  resolves  itself  into  a  complete  circle, 
carried  round  over  the  proscenium,  and  forming, 
as  it  were,  a  cornice.  The  two  front  rows  of  this 
tier  are  appropriated  to  ami>bitheatre  stalls,  while 
the  gallery  ranges  behind  them.  The  audience  in 
the  amjihitheatre  do  not  occupj'  more  than  to  the 
half  circle,  the  rem;uning  part,  where  it  would,  of 
course,  be  difficult  to  see,  is  occupied  by  a  hand- 
some circular  frieze,  taking  the  same  line  as  the 
circle  of  the  gallery,  crowned  with  a  cornice. 
Upon  this  frieze  is  a  wall  painting,  which  deserves 
an  extended  notice  hereafter. 

The  better  to  judge  of  the  size  of  the  new 
house,  we  append  a  table  giving  the  dimensions  of 
some  of  the  principal  London  theatres: — 


Her  M.TJesty's  .. 
Covent  G-ariien.. 

Drury-lane    

Lyceum 

H.tymarket  

Olympic 

i'riiicesa'a  

Britannia 

Adelplii 

New  Surrey  


Tlie    Queen''?, 
Acre    


Long 


U   O 

a  a  o 

■5*2 


ft.  in. 
SS  0 
81  0 
48  0 

4«  0 


58  0 
"46  0 
t40  0 

68  0 
♦44  e 
t47  6 
!.W  0 


ft  in 
M  0 
03  0 
.51  0 
38  5 
■.a  0 
33  0 

.16  0 
31  0 

44  0 
02  0 
38  0 
43  0 

45  0 


ft  in  ft  in 


ftiu 


1  0 
05  0 
00  0 


37  01  — 
50  043  0 
32  Ol  — 
32  0  35  0 
32  0  28  0 
27  0  29  0 
26  0  30  0 
35  0  37  0  47  9 
35  0:38  0  44  9 


30  0  29  6150  0 


S    «> 

s  O     Ml  _j 

if  3  I  =5  ^ 


3  a  I--  ; 


ft  in  ft  in 

35  0]  — 
CO  0  90  0 
48  0   — 

48  0  58  0 

—   62  0 
60  ol  — 
55  0*7  0 


60  0|70  0 
50  0:55  0 


The  computation  of  the  seating  accommodation 
is  as  follows  : — 


Phce. 


TliestaUs 

Dress  circle 

18  private  bo.\es 

Upper  bose3    

Arapliitheatre    ... 

Pit 

Gallery 


.  Distance 


ft.  in. 
3  0 
2    9 


19 

14    1 


2    0 
1  lOJ 


Width  of  se.1t. 


2  i  (armchairs) 
21         do. 

21 

0 
IS 
10 


110 
230 
64 
230 
100 
640 
010 


Seating 1981 

Standing 236 


Total.. 


,  2220 


In  the  decorations  the  absence  is  noticeable  of 
all  raised  .plaster  ornaments,  which  have  hitherto 
only  served  as  a  harbour  for  dirt  in  our  theatres, 
except  the  constructional  mouldings,  which  pre- 
sent on  the  box  fronts  a  singularly  subtle  and 
delicate  contour,  leaving  a  flat  space  between,  for 
pjinted  decoration,  as  at  Her  Majesty's  Theatre. 
The  main  feature  of  the  ornamentition,  however, 
is  a  painting  on  the  frieze  above  the  proscenium, 
30ft.  long  and  7ft.  deep,  by  Mr.  Albert  Moore, 
whose  delicate  representations  of  Greek  figures 
and  colouring  in  this  and  last  year's  exhibitions  of 
the  Royal  Academy  were  so  much  admired  and 
sought  after.  This  painting,  which  is  in  a  flat 
medium,  like  fresco,  represents  a  group  o  f  life-size 
Greek  figures,  in  various  attitudes,  listening  to, 
and  watching,  with  delight  and  rapture,  the  re- 
presentation of  a  play  which  is  being  enacted. 

The  decorations  h.ave  been  executed  by  Messrs. 
Green  and  King,  of  Baker-street,  Portman-square. 
The  ceiling  consists  of  a  semicircle,  prolonged 
horizontally  over  the  greater  p.art  of  the  audi- 
torium, and  beyond  this  a  flat  portion  raking  up 
over  the  gallery.  The  latter  is  panelled  out  into 
squares,  lozenges,  and  circles,  which  are  treated  iu 
such  a  manner  as  to  enhance  the  brilliancy  of  the 
former,  which  is  divided  by  radiating  ornaments 
iuto  ten  compartments,  enriched  with  brilliant 
arbesques,  and  with  medallions,  containing  musi- 
cal instruments  and  other  devices,  upon  a  soft 
neutral  ground.  Beneath  the  semicircle,  and 
above  the  proscenium,  is  a  deep  frieze,  on  which  is 


*  To  grand  tier  box  front. 
t  Gallery  tier 


t  To  upper  bos  front. 


720 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


OCTOBEE    18,    1867. 


PLANS    OF    THE    NEW    QUEEN'S    THEATRE,    LONG   ACRE. 


A.  Acting  Manager. 

B.  Refreshment  Saloon. 

C  C  C.  Gentlemen's  Dressing  Rooms. 

D  D.  Ladies'  Dressing  Rooms. 

E.  Lift. 

F  F.  Proscenium  Stairs. 

G  G  G.  Private  Boxes. 

H.  Gallery  Stairs. 


UPPER   CIRCLE   PLAN. 


A.  Treasurer. 

B.  Ladies'  Room. 

C.  Saloon. 
D. 

E.  Gallery  Stairs. 

F  F.  Proscenium  Stairs. 

G  G  G.  Private  Boxes, 


DRESS    CIRCLE    PLAN. 


A. 

Royal  Entrance. 

B. 

Pit  Entrance.                  ^ 

C. 

Gallery  Entrance. 

D. 

Box  and  Upper  Circle  Entrance 

E. 

Refreshment  Room. 

PF. 

Proscenium  Staira. 

G. 

Stage. 

H. 

Stalls. 

PIT    AND   LEVEL   OP    STAGE    PLAN. 


painted  the  figure  subject  before  alluded  to,  and 
below  thia  again  an  entablature,  which,  continued 
in  a  circle  round  the  whole  house,  forms  the  gal- 
lery front,  and  is  enriched  with  a  bold  anthemion 
and  other  ornaments.  The  lower  bos  fronts  are 
painted  with  brilliant  arbesques  and  borders,  and 
are  further  embellished  with  gold  mouldings  and 
delicate  amber  satin  curtains,  resters,  and  Vandyke 


valances,  which  contrast  admirably  both  with  the 
pale  sage  green  and  gold  box  linings,  and  with  the 
ebony  seats  and  cerise-coloured  cushions.  The 
proscenium  is  richly  decorated  with  gold  and 
colours  to  harmonize  with  the  other  portion. 

The  lighting  is  effected  by  a  powerful  sun 
burner,  manufactured  by  the  patentees,  Messrs. 
Strode  and  Co.,  of  Loudon,  placed  in  the  centre  of 


the  ceiling,  but  not  hanging  more  than  18in. 
below  it.  There  is  a  large  ventilating  shaft,  6tt. 
iu  diameter,  immediately  above  the  sun  burner 
.■parried  through  the  roof,  in  the  centre  of  which  is 
another  flue,  specially  to  take  off  the  combustion 
from  the  gas.  By  the  management  of  the  Ught- 
ing,  and  the  receding  of  the  upper  fronts,  as 
liefore  mentioned,  objectionable  shadows  under 
the  boxes  are  obviated.  In  the  ceiling  of  each 
tier  are  a  series  of  ventilators,  each  communicat- 
ing with  an  extracting  flue  in  the  roof.  Tbe  same 
firm  has  also  fitted  up  the  float-light.  Thia  float, 
which  is  of  novel  construction,  demands  special 
notice.  Its  first  introduction  into  England  waa 
in  the  theatre  built  by  the  same  architect  last 
year  at  Brighton,  where  it  has  proved  in  every  way 
successful.  It  consists  simply  of  the  argaud 
burners  reversed,  with  the  lights  burning  down- 
wards, all  the  combustion  being  taken  away 
through  a  large  iron  cyUnder  underneath  to  a  flue 
at  the  back  of  the  proscenium.  A  joint  on  each 
burner  is  so  contrived  that  if  any  one  of  the  glasses 
breaks  it  falls,  and  so  shuts  off"  the  gas  iu  that 
burner.  This  plan  combines  safety  also,  as  not  a 
particle  of  heat  escapes  into  the  house,  and  a 
gauze  handkerchief  might  be  placed  on  the  top  o£ 
the  burner  without  ignition.  It  also  removes  the 
unpleasant  vapour  screen  between  the  audience 
and  the  stage,  which  is  the  necessary  result  of  the 
old  method.  By  an  ingenioiis  contrivance,  also, 
the  mediums  or  coloured  glasses,  required  now  so 
often  in  special  effects,  are  worked  on  a  frame  in 
front  of  the  lights,  by  means  of  levers — very  much 
on  the  principle  of  a  switch  on  railways,  and  can 
be  changed  from  white  to  red,  green,  or  any  other 
coloured  required,  in  an  instant.  The  stage  is 
separated  from  the  audience  by  a  solid  brick  wall, 
carried  on  an  arch  over  the  proscenium  opening  up 
to  the  roof,  and  behind  the  proscenium  are  stone 
staircases  on  either  side,  leading  from  the  base- 
ment to  the  roof,  with  communications  on  every 
level.  The  drop  curtain,  painted  by  Mr.  W.  Tel- 
bin,  will  be  iu  harmony  with  the  decorations  of 
the  house,  and  will  represent  a  Greek  temple, 
painted  on  a  medallion,  set  in  a  frame  of  lace,  and 
fringed  with  amber  drapery. 

The  difficulty  of  arranging  satisfactorily  for  the 
multifarious  requirements  behind  the  scenes  is 
evident  from  the  lack  of  width  between  the  walls ; 
more,  however,  could  not  have  been  made  of  the 
av.ailable  space,  and  the  lack  of  width  is  amply 
compensated  by  the  great  height  over  the  stage,  it 
being  practicable  to  take  up  a  large  scene  30ft, 
out  of  sight.  The  depth  below  the  stage  is  also 
amply  sufficient  for  all  mechanical  effects ;  while 
the  construction  of  the  stage  itself  is  of  the  most 
elaborate  description,  the  whole  being  made  to 
slide  away  like  a  shutter.  The  transverse  joiste 
are  laid  in  iron  stirrups,  fitting  like  saddles  upon 
the  longitudinal  beams,  and  by  a  simple  and  ex- 
peditious contrivance  the  joints  can  be  all  pushed 
back,  thus  forming  one  enormous  opening  in  the 
stage  for  the  rise  of  castles,  bridges,  or  other 
mechanical  effects.  The  stage  and  machinery 
have  been  constructed  uuder  the  immediate  direc- 
tion of  the  architect,  by  his  chief  clerk  of  works, 
Mr.  G.  R.  Tasker.  There  are  two  tiers  of  flies, 
9ft.  6in.  wide,  the  upper  or  working  flies  being 
about  30ft.  above  the  stage,  and  the  lower  20ft. 
On  these  last  are  arranged  two  dressing-rooms,  on 
either  side  approached  by  staircases  at  back  of 
stage,  opening  on  which  are  four  tiers  of  other 
dressing-rooms.  Under  the  stalls  are  placed  the 
green,  room,  and  a  large  room  for  the  ballet,  with 
two  small  dressing.rooms,  approached  by  the  stair- 
cases in  proscenium  before  mentioned.  The 
painting  gallery  is  at  back  of  stage,  on  a  level  with 
the  first  tier  of  flies,  having  two  frames,  36ft. 
wide,  which  can  be  made  available  for  ascensions 
of  figures,  scenery,  &c.  On  thj  mezzanine  floor 
are  spacious  property  rooms,  and  over  the 
proscenium  and  part  of  auditory  ceUing  a  large 
and  convenient  room  for  the  wardrobe.  Other 
rooms  connected  with  the  working  of  the  theatre 
— such  as  treasury,  manager's  room,  housekeeper's 
residence,  and  tailors'  shops — are  in  that  part  of 
the  building  over  the  grand  entrance  in  Long 
Acre. 

It  only  remains  for  us  to  mention  that  the 
works  have  been  carried  out  by  Mr.  Samuel  Simp- 
son, contractor  of  Tottenham  Court-road;  the 
gasworks,  except  as  before  mentioned,  by  Messrs. 
Jones  and  Co.,  of  Bow.street ;  the  stall  and  dress 
circle  seats  by  Wadman  Brothers,  of  Bath  ;  and 
those  in  the  private  boxes  by  Mr.  Church,  of  Bath; 
while  the  whole  of  the  works,  in  every  depart, 
ment,  have  been  executed  from  the  designs,  and 
tmder  the  immediate  direction  of  Mr.  C.  J.  PbipP'> 
F.S.A.,  of  9,  Adam-street,  Adelphi. 


^ 


The  BuildiD^  News,  Octne'"  1667 


J^uthpran  C|jijurr!j 

"norlh  :^ipW 


FrOf" 


SCALE    24-   F^    TO    I    INCH. 


Zxthc  ^Vlntabait  S:6>«e  Si^SaQiaa)  LimdiTC 


October  IS,  1SG7. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


725 


CONSTRUCTIVE  AND  .ESTHETIC 
DESIGN.— No.    VI. 

"FOLLOWING  the  wall  in  the  order  of  con- 
^  structive  development ,  we  will  notice 
le  arch  and  vault,  and  its  position  in  modern 
rchitecture.  It  was  this  constructive — ami, 
1  some  extent  destructive — feature  tluit 
emanded  wall  thickness  and  the  more  econo- 
lical  substitute  of  the  buttress,  while  it  led 
a  more  beautiful,  though  complex,  system  of 
I'^i'^n,  in  which  horizontality  and  rectangu- 
irity  became  subordinated  to  vertical,  pyra- 
lidal  and  curvilinear  forms,  the  distin- 
uishinj;  elements  in  nearly  all  Renaissance 
lid  modern  buildings.  The  form  of  the  arch 
;  traceal)le  to  an  early  period.  Sir  Gardner 
\'ilkiiison*  has  proved  the  existence  of 
.ched  forms  in  the  Egyptian  tombs  1540  B.C. ; 
vaulted  roof  of  a  tomb  at  Thebes  belongs  to 
le  time  of  Amenoph  I.f  The  remains  at 
.bydos  show  an  approximation  to  the  arch 
)rm,  the  horizontal  courses  being  cut  to  a 
irve.  Mr.  Hoskins,  in  his  "Travels  in 
ihiopia,"  mentions  pointed  and  semicircular 
ae  arches  to  the  porches  of  the  pyramids 
Nubia,  and  attributes  the  latest  of  them  to 
late  not  more  recent  than  the  age  of 
.lubyses.  At  Saccara,  and  near  the  pyramids 
Gizeh,  several  stone  arches  have  been 
ught  to  light — -one  of  the  better  examples 
eing  given  by  Mr.  Fergusson,t  and  the 
ime  author,  not  without  reason,  contends  that 
le  arch  was  used  as  early  as  the  time  of  the 
rramids  of  the  fourth  dynasty.  The  Assy- 
ins  as  early  at  least  as  the  eighth  century 
.  used  both  the  round  and  pointed  arch 
raits  in  drains  and  chambers  beneath  their 

,(%_ 


i 


■  daces,  as  at  Nimroud  and  Khorsabad, 
Ijcording  to  the  researches  of  Layard  ;  while 
|is  roofs  of  the  Lycian  tombs  of  the  fifth  cen- 
B.c.  indicate  pointed  arches.  The 
eral  application,  however,  of  this  con- 
nctive  expedient  was  left  to  the  Etrurians 
lad  Romans,  the  Cloaca  Maxima  at  Rome, 
Inilt  under  the  Tarquins,  presenting  us  with 
lis  oldest  vault  perhaps  in  Europe,  composed 
|tthrec  rims.  In  the  last  article  I  hinted  a 
'probable  conjecture  of  the  origin  of  the 
borne   out  by  some  of  the  earliest  ex- 


rifi.3 


ir.plos,  and  from  analogy.  It  is  quite  cer- 
liii  that  its  earliest  use  was  limited  to  posi- 
ons  which  gave  ample  abutments,  for  we 
id  all  these  vaulted  tombs  ami  chambers,  as 
:  it  of  Atreus  at  Mycence,  at  Delos,  &c.,  sub- 
nunean,  or  else  imbedded  in  rock  or 
iisonry,  and  many  of  them  constructed,  not 

•  "Manners  and  Customs  of  the  Egyptians,"  "Egypt 

A  Thebes  ;"  also,  Belzoai's  plates. 

t  Of    the   Great    Eighteenth    Dynasty,     according    to 

'ouology  of  Manetho.     See   Mr.    Fergiisson's  elaborate 
i'Jadii  on  Egyptian   Chronology  in    his  Principles  of 

■uty  in  Art. 

;  Handbook,  p.  252,  Vol.  1. 


with  radiating  joints  like  a  true  arch,  but  with 
horizontal  layers  which  could  exert  little  or 
no  thrust.  "The  Pelasgians  seem  to  have 
preferred  these   thrustlers,  horizontally  con- 


structed arches,  and  they  are  so  indeed  by  all 
oriental  nations.  The  Jaina  temples  of  India, 
erected  by  a  kindred  race,  show  a  decided  pre- 
ference for  this  mode  of  constructing  their 
domes,  as  well  pointed  out  by  Mr.  Fergusson 
in  his  Indian  studies — a  mode  of  construc- 
tion, moreover,  which  naturally  suggested  the 
horizontal  decoration  of  the  domes  of  the  East, 
the  ornaments  being  disposed  in  concentric 
lines.  Indeed,  the  bulbous  pointed  domes, 
and  that  clever  static  system  of  pendentives, 
so  beautifully  developed  at  Delhi,  and,  above 
all,  in  that  scientifically  arranged  marvel  of 
Eastern  construction — the  toml)  of  Mahomet 
at  Beejapore — (figs.  1,  2),  indicate  to  us  a 
plan  of  covering,  yet,  I  think,  very  inade- 
quately adopted  in  covering  our  square  build- 
ings and  compartments.  The  bracketting 
expedient  (fig.  3),  so  characteristic  of  Indian 
and  Persian  construction,  is  also  another 
very  effective  method  of  combining  rigi- 
dity and  beauty,  and  impro\'ing  the  rectan- 
gular   lines  of    a  building — tlie    Alhambra 


Palace,  in  Leicester-square,  being,  perhaps, 
the  only  well-known  instance  of  its  modern, 
though  overdone,  adoption.  But  the  trefoil- 
shaped  arch  (figs.  4  and  5),  suggested  by  the 
pendentive  dome,  is  a  mode  of  arch  construc- 


tion that  seems  to  me  to  have  been  singiilarly 
neglected,  except  as  an  ornamental  feature  in 
Gothic  arcadiiig,  ]iauel-work,  &c.  The  cele- 
brated mosque  of  Cordova,  in  Spain,  and  other 
Moorish  examples,  show  a  less  liniid  adoption 
of  this  principle  of  arch  buildiujj  than  we  do. 
Witne.s3  their  horse-shoe  and  cinquefoil 
arches. 

Constructionally  and  iosthetioally  this  form 
of  archhasmany  advantages  over  its  European 
rival — the  simple  curved  and  radiating  vault 
and  dome.  The  springing  arcs,  forming  in- 
ternal ]irojecting  masses  of  work,  help  to 
counterbalance  the  tendency  of  the  upper 
vault  to  spread,  while  the  apparent  weight  of 
these  lower  portions  or  cornices  considerably 
lessen  that  visible  appeai'ance  of  unsat'ety  so 
powerfully  impressed  upon  the  mind  when 
viewing  a  wide-spreading  vault  or  arch,  lu 
the  dome  at  Beejapore,  as  seen  by  diagram, 
this  is  effected  by  the  octagon  pendentives 
formed  by  the  intersecting  arches,  which  re- 
duce the  square  plan  to  an  inner  octagon, 
counteracting  by  its  weight  the  spreading 
tendency  of  the  circular  dome,  whose  inner 
curve  or  intrados  is  also  within  the  inner  line 
of  wall.  Why  Mr.  Fergusson  supposes  an 
arch  or  vault,  constructed  on  the  same  prin- 
ciple, incapable  of  standing,  I  am  at  a  loss  to 
see.  It  is  only  necessary  to  adjust  the  arch 
so  that  its  drift,  together  with  its  weight,  and 
that  of  the  overhanging  cornice,  should  lie 
brought  withm  the  thickness  of  wall,  so  that 
the  pendentive  should  not  topple  inwards.  It 
is,  of  course,  impossible  for  any  dome  to  col- 
lapse, and  therefore,  in  the  case  of  this  great 
Indian  dome,  the  expanding  thrust  had  simply 
to  be  counterbalanced  by  a  sufficient  mass 
of  overhanging  masonry  internally.  Extra 
steadiment  is  afforded  also  by  the  octangular 
turrets  at  angles,  while  the  tlirusts  of  the 
intersecting  arches  forming  the  pendentives 
are  resolved  into  forces  acting  in  the  direction 
of  the  radii  of  the  octagon. 

Such  a  self-poised  vault  as  I  have  described 
might  be  crossed  or  groined  by  others,  the 
wall  pendentives  being  built  solidly  to  such  a 
height  as  would  ensure  the  stability  of  the 


principal  vault.  In  both  cases,  of  course,  the 
lower  arcs,  or  the  springing  of  the  pendentives, 
must  be  formed  of  horizontally-laid  stones 
tailed  into  wall,  so  tliat  the  lateial  spread  of 
the  upper  curve  may  be  converted  into  nearly 
simple  weight  at  the  abutments.  The  con- 
tinuous wall  pendentive  for  a  cylindrical 
vault  might  be  made  to  assume  the  appear- 
ance of  a  cornice,  the  curved  soffit  dying  into 
the  wall  face  or  finished  with  a  necking.  Of 
course  such  a  mode  of  vaulting  does  not  pos- 
sess the  elegance  of  the  Gothic  pendentive  or 
groined  vaulting  of  the  mediioval  builder, 
which  nevertheless  required  at  every  spring- 
ing a  lateral  support. 

The  domical  system  of  vaidting  practised 
by  the  Byzantine  architects,  as  seen  in  Greek 
churches  and  Turkish  mosques,  though  cha- 
racterized by  Mr.  Hope  as  a  congeries  of 
globes  growing  out  of  one  another,  is  yet 
highly  suggestive  of  pleasing  combinations. 
Tlie   Roman    cross  vault   may  have  for  ua 


726 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


October  18,  1867. 


a  superiority  ;  but  I  tliink  liemisplierical  sec- 
tions is  a  branch  of  stereographic  art  too  much 
lost  sight  of.  We  shoukl  bear  in  mind  that  a 
hemisphere  can  be  cut  so  as  to  fit  any 
base  whose  points  can  be  bounded  by  a  circle 
from  a  square  to  a  triangular  or  polygonal 
plan,  and  that  the  vertical  planes  or  wall 
boundaries  of  such  pilans  meeting  the  surface 
of  the  sphere  woidd  invariably  be  semicircu- 
lar. Thus  an  unequal-sided  octagon  gives  a 
iisefid  plan  for  trauseptal  buildings,  and 
a  pleasing  variety  of  wall  arches  and  pen- 
dentives,  While  the  dome  may  be  entirely 
carried  on  eight  angle  piers,  and  the  sections 
of  it  fitted  with  small  lateral  semi-domes 
or  barrel  vaults.  A  right-angled  triangle,  its 
longest  side  being  the  diameter  of  the  circum- 
scribing circle  or  dome,  is  a  plan  useful  to 
bring  an  octagon  to  a  square  gromid  plan,  as 
seen  in  St.  Paul's,  where  the  aisles  meet  the 
dome.  A  covering  to  an  octagon  or  hexagonal 
plan  of  much  beauty  and  variety  and  curva- 
ture can  be  produced  by  making  a  hemi- 
spherical dome  spring  out  of  the  frustrum  of  a 
lower  and  larger  one,  thus  forming  a  pen- 
dentive  dome  of  a  similar 
section  to  the  self-poised 
trefoil  arch  described  above. 
The  constructional  peculi- 
arity of  the  dome — that, 
provided  its  base  is  immo- 
vable, it  cannot  fall  in- 
wards, gives  the  dome  a 
decided  advantage  over  the 
arch  and  vault ;  for  it  may 
easily  be  seen  that  the 
lower  dome  can  Vie  trun- 
cated anywhere,  the  upper 
one  merely  resting  as  a 
dead  weight  upon  it,  and  rather  assisting 
than  otherwise  to  consolidate  and  strengthen 
the  under  dome,  this  remark  applying  in 
greater  force  when  the  upper  dome  is  seated 
high  on  the  crown  of  the  lower,  and  where  its 


tendency  to    spread    is    better  counteracted 
by  the  gravitating  portion  of  the  latter. 

It  may  be  remembered  that  the  most 
irregular  plan,  or  polygon,  so  long  as  its  angles 
touch  a  circle,  can  be  domed,  and,  on  the 
whole,  the  sections  of  a  sphere  may,  con- 
versely, assist  us  in  planning  some  of  our 
buildings  and  compartments. 

G.  H.  G. 


THE    GENERAL    BUILDERS' 
ASSOCIATION. 

THIS  association  hag  just  held  a  very  success- 
ful lialf  yearly  meeting  at  Harrogate. 
Trades'  unions  are  somewhat  at  a  discount  just 
now,  and  we  expect  that  masters'  associations  will 
be  correspondingly  buoyant  and  hopefnl.  Mr. 
Thomas  WhUley,  of  Leeds,  the  president,  occupied 
the  chair;  and  among  those  present  were  gentle- 
men from  the  following  local  associations  : — Bath, 
Birmingham,  Blackburn,  Bradford,  Bristol,  Burn- 
ley, Cheshire  and  South  Lancashire,  Darlington, 
Dewsbury,  Huddersfied,  Leeds,  Manchester, 
North  Staffordshire,  Preston,  Sheffield  and  Rother- 
ham,  Stockton,  Wakefield,  Wigau,  and  York. 
Apologies  for  non-attendance  were  received  from 
Barrow-in-Furness,  Bolton,  Inverness,  Malvern, 
and  Wolverhampton. 

The  report,  which  was  read  by  the  indefatigable 
secretary,  said  : — The  most  important  business 
that  hiw  engaged  the  attention  of  the  association 
during  the  p.ast  half  year  has  been  the  considera- 
tion of  the  organization  and  working  of  trades' 
unions.  Special  circumstances,  too  well  known  to 
require  any  further  allusion,  drew  public  attention 
to  the  unions,  and  a  Royal  Commission  was 
appointed,  with  supplementary  examiners  for 
particulai-  localities,  to  inquire  into  the  subject. 
The  conmiittee  cannot  but  congratulate  the  mem- 


bers generally  upon  the  fact  that  it  is  mainly,  if 
not  solely,  due  to  the  circumstance  that  the  build- 
ing trade  was  organized  and  represented  by  this 
association,  that  the  inquiry  has  brought  to  Ught 
the  actual  condition  of  the  labour  question.  The 
building  trades  were  put  into  the  front  of  the 
inquiry,  and  had  it  not  been  for  the  fact  that  the 
existence  of  this  association  enabled  us  to  accept 
the  responsibility  of  our  position  in  reference  t(j 
the  whole  inquiry,  we  believe  that  that  inquiry 
would  not  have  had  the  effect  of  eUciting  the  whole 
truth. 

In  reference  to  the  contract  question,  you 
appointed  a  Special  Committee.  In  addition  to 
their  general  report,  which  is  appended,  we  beg  to 
further  report  that  our  attention  having  been 
called  to  the  facts  connected  with  the  contract  for 
a  public  building  in  a  locaUty  where  we  have  a 
branch  association,  we  thought  that  they^  were 
such  as  afforded  a  good  opportunity  for  getting  an 
authoritative  judgment  upon  some  points  at  pre- 
sent in  an  unsettled  and  unsatisfactory  position. 
This  opinion  was  so  largely  shared  by  branch 
associations  in  all  parts  of  the  kingdom,  that  they 
had  separately  guaranteed  a  considerable  portion 
of  the  estimated  cost  of  bringing  the  case  to  trial. 
Under  these  circumstances  we  felt  that  it  was 
the  duty  of  the  General  Association  to  reUeve 
branch  associations  of  the  guarantees  they  had 
given,  and  take  the  responsibiUty  upon  itself. 
The  case  has,  however,  been  settled  without  trial 
under  advice  contained  in  the  accompanying 
papers.  The  gentlemen  more  immediately  con- 
cerned have  returned  you  thanks  for  the  public 
spirit  displayed  in  your  offer  of  assistance.  Some 
portions  of  the  correspondence,  as  emanating  from 
disinterested  and  very  able  advisers,  we  especiaUy 
recommend  to  the  attention  of  all  builders. 

The  report  o£  the  auditors,  together  with  a 
statement  of  accounts,  showed  that  during  the 
year  ending  September  1,  £1,193  17s.  3d.  had 
been  received,  and  £1,338  6s.  lOd.  expended, 
leaving  a  balance  then  due  to  the  secretary  of 
£Ui  93.  Id. 


LUTHERAN  CHURCH,  NORTH  SHIELDS. 

THE  large  increase  of  Norwegian,  Swedish,  and 
Danish  shipping  frequenting  the  Tyne,  led 
to  vigorous  efforts  on  the  part  of  the  Lutheran 
Jlissionary  Society  in  Norway  to  obtain  a  church 
in  a  favourable  locality  for  the  use  of  the  crews. 
Through  the  active  exertion  of  the  pastor,  the  Rev. 
Mr.  Meyer,  with  the  co-operation  of  the  Nor- 
wegian and  Swedish  Consul  at  Newcastle-upon- 
Tyne,  funds  have  been  raised,  and  the  building  (of 
which  we  give  an  ilhrstration),  will  shortly  be 
erected.  It  is  intended  to  circulate  the  htho- 
graphs  among  the  crews  of  vessels  leaving  Nor- 
wegian and  Swedish  piorts,  who  will  be  enabled, 
by  means  of  the  sketch  plan  of  site,  to  find  their 
way  to  the  church.  The  library  will  serve  the 
purpose  of  a  sacristy.  The  benches  will  all  be 
open  and  free,  and  a  small  gallery  at  the 
west  end  is  provided  for  organ,  &c.,  ac- 
cess to  which  is  obtained  by  circular  stair. 
In  the  basement  will  be  a  chamber  for  a  gill 
stove.  The  root  will  be  covered  with  West- 
moreland slates,  and  bearded  internally,  the  centre 
part  over  the  collar  beam  being  waggon  headed  in 
form,  and  brought  down  to  wall  plate,  with  a  sharp 
curve  of  much  smaller  diameter.  'The  great  ad- 
vantage attending  the  use  of  internally  boarded 
roofs  is,  that  it  jirevents  echo  in  any  moderately 
sized  building,  and  is  a  great  aid  to  warming  and 
ventilation. 


THE  CONSERVATIVE  LAND  SOCIETY. 

THE  Sixtieth  Quarterly  Report  of  the  Board 
at  the  meeting  held  at  the  offices  in  Norfolk- 
street,  Strand,  on  Tuesday,  the  loth  in.st.,  states 
the  receipts  for  the  fifteenth  financial  year  ending 
September  30,  were  £n6,yS3  Os.  lid.,  and  the 
grand  totals  to  Michaelmas,  1867,  £1,100,603  7s.  9d. 
The  shares  issued  were  27,783  at  £50  each,  mak- 
ing £1,389,150  ;  and  the  total  withdrawals  since 
the  formation  of  the  Society  (1852)  to  Michaelmas. 
1867,  £306,749  Os.  2d.  The  total  sale  of  land 
for  the  same  period  was  .£537,050  19s.  6d.  The 
Reserve  Fund  to  Michaelmas  was  £13,348  3s.  Od. 
The  second  portion  of  the  East  London  Estate 
was  allotted  on  August  2,  and  building  operations 
are  in  active  progress  thereon.  Additional  por- 
tions of  the  Forest  Gate  Estate  will  be  offered  in 
due  course,  the  continued  demolition  of  houses, 
owing  to  the  extension  of  the  metropohtau  rail 
way  system,  rendering  the  opening  up  of  new  dis- 


tricts within  an  easy  distance  of  town  absolutely 
necessary.  Eolingbroke  Park,  with  its  mansions 
and  grounds,  its  extensive  frontage  to  Wands- 
worth Common  on  the  one  side,  and  frontage  to 
Battersea  Rise  on  the  other,  the  whole  being  close 
to  Clapham  Junction  and  New  Wandsworth 
Stations,  had  been  acquired  for  the  Society.  Mr. 
Perse  Stace,  public  accountant,  and  Mr.  Newnham 
Winstanley  for  the  Board,  and  Mr.  W.  H.  Ciemow, 
and  Mr.  Jas.  Goad  are  the  four  auditors  to  report 
as  to  the  accounts  and  balance  sheets  for  the  finan- 
cial year  ending  September  30,  1867,  to  be  pre- 
sented at  the  annual  meeting  early  in  December 
next.  The  Executive  Committee,  in  conclusion, 
congratulated  the  members  on  the  happy  auspices 
under  which  the  sixteenth  year  of  the  Conserva- 
tive Land  Society  had  commenced.  There  were 
present  at  the  meeting  Viscount  Ranelagh,  chair- 
man ;  Ed.  Brownlow  Knox,  M.P.,  Hon.  and  Rev. 
W.  Talbot,  Major  Jervis,  M.P.,  Mr.  Currie,  Mr. 
T.  K.  Holms,  Mr.  Newconan,  Mr.  Winstanley, 
Mr.  Goad,  Mr.  Stewardson,  Mr.  Rentmore. 


NEW   THEATRES. 

The    New  Effinghaji  Theatre.  — New  thea- 
tres are   now  the   order    of  the  day,   and,  how- 
ever stagnant    all    other    branches    of     tracUng 
enterprise     may    be,    the    providers    of    public 
amusements   show  no  symptonLS  of   fatigue  and 
faintheartedness.      Whitechapel  has  long  boasted 
of  one  large  and  elegant  theatre — the  Pavilion — 
and  it  now  has  another,  the  Effingham,  koowafor 
some  years  as  a  "  saloon,"  and  for  the  last  fifteen 
or  twenty  years  as  a  large  and  well-conducted  local 
theatre.     This  house  and  some  adjoining  build- 
ings have  been  pulled  down,  and  a  new  theatr^ 
called  "  The  East  London,"  has  been  erected  in 
their  stead,  capable,  it  is  estimated,  of  accommo- 
dating   4,000   persons.      The   new   East   London! 
Theatre  is  one  of  the  prettiest  at  present  to  bei 
found  in  East  London.     It  possesses  a  large  stage. ' 
A  new  drop-scene  has  been  painted  for  the  theatre 
'oy  Mr.  J.  Gates,  foimerly  of  the  Lyceum  Theatre. 
The  front  of  the  pit  is  devoted  to  stalls.      Theres  I 
are  two  tiers  of  boxes.     Those  nearest  the  stagB'.f 
are  fitted  up  for  the  accommodation  of  private  par-Tj 
ties.     The  centre  of  the  first  row  of  boxes  is  the- 
dress  circle,  or  rather  the  half  circle.     The  archi- 
tect was  Mr.  Hudson,   and   the  builders  Messrs. 
Palmer  and  Sons. 

Bristol. — Bristol  New  Theatre  was  opened  to  ] 
the   public   on  Monday   last.      The   theatre  ha? 
taken  about  six   moi:ths  in   building,  and  now 
that  it  is  up  it  Ls  a  credit  to  all  who   have   been 
concerned  in  its  erection.     The  stalls  will  seat  40 
persons;    dress   chcle,   250;    private  boxes,   64;  I 
upper  boxes  and   amphitheatre,    300 ;  pit,   800 ; 
gallery  700.     Total,  2,154.     In    addition   to   thia 
there  will  be  standing  room  for  several  huuilreda  ! 
more.      The  Park  Row  Theatre  will  accommodate  j 
about  550  persons  more  than  the  old  theatre  in 
Ivingstreet,  which  will  seat  750   in    the    boxes, 
320  in  the  pit,  and  530  in  the  gallery.      The  de-  j 
corations  of  the  theatre  have    been   designed  by 
Mr.  George  Gordon,  of  the  Bristol  Theatre,  and 
are    Greco-Italian    in   character.      The   principal  j 
feature  in  the  decorations  is  a  large   painting  onrf 
the  frieze  above  the  proscenium  30ft.   long,  and^ 
7ft  deep.     It  is  by  Mr.  Henry  Holiday,  of  London  J 
and  represents  Apollo  and  the  Muses,  the  figurcM 
.  being  rather  larger  than  life  size.     The    theatre  i3.J 
lighted  by  means  of  one  of  Strode's  patent  sun- 
hghts  fixed  in  the  centre  of  the    ceiling.      By  an, I 
ingenious  invention  of  the  lessee  (Mr.  Chute)  thel 
float  lights  may   be  instantaneously  changed  fol 
any    particular    colour    that    may    be    required.  J 
These  changes  are  effected  by  means   of  cofoured  1 
gbsses  which   revolve    on    cylinders   around   the  | 
lii'hts.     Great  pains  have  been  taken   to  prev-snt  ] 
the  building  taking  fire.      All  the  walls  dividing 
the  annexes,  corridors,  and  lobbies,   are   built  of 
iire-proof  materials.      Over  the  pi  oscenium  arch  a 
solid  brick  wall  is  carried  up  through  thereof,  cut- 
ting off  all  connection  between  the  two  parts  of  the 
building.     On  the  stage,  hydrants  ire  placed,  with 
hose  always  fixed  in  readiness,  and  water  at  high 
pressure.       So    ample    are   the   means   of   egress 
that  are  provided  that  in  case  of  any  occurrence  of 
an  alarming  character  the  house  might  be  cleared 
in  five  minutes.      The   plans  are   by    Mr.   C.   J. 
Phipps,  of  London  and  Bath.      The  builders  are 
Messrs.  Davis  and  Son.     The  plumber's  work  was 
executed  by  Messrs.   Osborne    and    Son,    <>f  Ked- 
cliff  street;    the     painting     and      plastering    by 
Mr.    Cowtm,    of    Milk  street,    and     the    paper- 
hanging  by  Messrs.  Champion  and  Sons.      ^Ihe 
clerk  of  the  works  was  Mr.  G.  R.  Tasker. 


October  18,  1867 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


727 


AATER   SUrPLY    AND    SANITARY 
JtATTEKS. 

important  sanitan-  reform  has  lately  been 
,  .-jil  out  at  St.  Leonard's-on-Sea.  Hitherto, 
li  most  seaside  places,  St.  Leonard's  got  rid  of 
i(  sewage  by  discharging  it  into  the  sea,  from 
u  pipes  fixed  along  the  beach,  polluting  both  it 
a  the  sea,  into  which  the  refuse  from  the  town 
'I  supposed  to  run.  All  these  "  long  dirty 
have  been  removed.  An  intercepting 
,..  ;  Las  been  constructed,  which  commences  at 
tJSt.  Leonard's  archway,  the  boundary  between 
E  tings  and  St.  Leonard's  proper,  or  West  St. 
1  laiS's,  which  carries  away  all  the  sewage 
u  1  it  reaches  the  western  extremity  of  the 
ti  1.  It  is  then  received  into  the  reservoir,  and 
K  schargcd  twice  in  the  twenty.four  hours,  and 
b  the  strong  current  of  the  ebb-tide  is  carried 
n  3  away  to  sea  in  the  direction  of  Beachy-head. 
T  'e  plans,  which  are  found  to  answer  perfectly, 
» ■  designed  for  West  St.  Leonard's  by  Mr.  J. 
V  Bazalgette,  the  engineer  to  the  Metropolitan 
B  d  of  Works. 

BEBTON. — At  a  public  meeting  of   the  in- 

h  tants  of  Liberton,  Stenhouse,  and  Greenend, 

o:  aturd.iy  last,  a  committee  was  appointed  with 

1,  T  to  raise  further  funds  and  to  take  estimates 

.:■  works   to   be  erected  for  the  purpose  of 

iog  the  neighbourhood  with  water. 

rzATiox  OF  TDE   Dublin   SEW.iCE. — It  is 

■  n  the  authority  of  the  Irish  Times,  that  it 

■<  mplated  to  form  a  company  to  utilize  the 

of  the  Litfey   at  a  distance   of  five  miles 

:'.e  city.     The   names   of  many  highly  iu- 

.  .1  persons  have   been  communicated   who 

adertaken  to  act  as  members  of  the   board, 

purpose  of  carrying  so  desirable  an  object 

iucessful  issue. 


^uilbing  |iitcl(igciice. 


OUUKCHES  A>'D   CHAPELS. 
3  ancient  parish  church  of  St.  Bartholomew, 
It  nchester,  is  about  to  be  rebuilt  and  made  a 

Sg  place  for  the  remains  of  Alfred  the  Great 
lis  Queen  Alswitha.     The  remains  are  to   be 

A  jed  in  two  mortuary  chests,  with  felt  crown, 

•  aitable  inscriptions. 

ree  costly  churches  are  now  being  erected  in 
'..  U.S. ;  one  is  Catholic,  one  Unitarian,  and 
;nitarian  Congregationalist.  The  Unitarians 
■.ting  two  others,  and  the  Episcopahans  are 
idding  two  more,  not  specially  expensive, 
parish  church  of  Hinton,  Waldrist,  which 
t-n  beautifully  restored  in  accordance  with 
.33  of  J.  W.  Heyall,  architect,  was  reopened 
iae  service  on  Saturday  last, 
corner  stone  of  a  Roman  Catholic  cathedral 
;J  at  Boston,  U.S.,  on  the  15th  ult.,  which 
fi  to  be  the  largest  and  finest  religious 
.re  in  New  England. 

Luke's  Church,  Lyneombe,  Bath,  has  just 
built,  the  total  outlay  being  upwards  of 
'.  There  still  remains  a  debt  of  £455,  and 
-'h  the  church  is  quite  finished  it  cannot  be 
.  itfcd  until  this  is  cleared  off. 
Thursday  last  the  foundation  stone  of  a  new 
:  was  laid  at  Llanbrynmair,  North  Wales, 
it  of  the  church  will  be  about  £900,  Mr. 
Harrison,  of  Montgomery,  being  the  con- 
r.  and  Mr.  David  Walker,  of  Lord- street, 
■«)1,  the  architect,  from  whose  designs,  and 
whose  superintendence,  the  works  are  being 
1  out. 

w  church,  constructed  of  iron  and  zinc,  has 

■■  irected  in  St.  John's-road,  Angelroad,  Brix- 

*tnd  will  be  opened   for   divine   senice  this 

Tuesday  morning,  the  Earl  of  Carnarvon  laid 
iudation  stone  of  a  new  church  at  Southamp- 
'iicated  to  St.  Matthew,  and  intended  to  be 
is   a  memorial  to   the  late  Bishop  of  Ro- 

;r. 

new  church  of  St.  Bartholomew,  situated  at 
•  1,  Flintshire,  on  land  which,  a  century  since, 
"lerthewatersof  theestuary  of  the  River  Dee, 
naecrated  on  Tuesday  by  the  Lord  Bishop  of 
=aph,  in  whose  diocese  it  is.  The  church 
'lilt  by  contributions,  about  £2,000  to 
'  in  cash  being  contributed,  of  which  the 
Dee  Company  subscribed  £1,250. 
'bury  Chapel,  which  has  been  closed  three 
-<  for  alterations  and  repairs,  was  re-opened 


on  Sunday,  the  13th  inst.  The  pulpit  h.-us  been 
brought  forward  several  feet,  and  a  lecture  or 
school-room  50ft.  long  and  1/ft.  wide,  with  two 
vestrie.1  at  one  end,  has  been  formed  the  whole 
length  of  the  Chapel-frontage,  with  a  wide  gallery 
over,  in  which  the  new  organ  is  placed.  An 
entirely  new  arrangement  for  heating  and  light- 
ing the  spacious  building,  which  has  two  gal- 
leries, and  will  seat  about  2,000  persons,  has  been 
adopted.  The  ceiling  has  been  newly  decorated, 
and  the  whole  of  the  internal  woodwork,  pewing, 
&c.,  painted  and  grained.  The  contract  has  been 
executed  by  Slessrs.  Staines  and  Son,  of  Great 
St.  Helen's,  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  W.  Allen 
Dixon,  architect,  of  Kentish  To\vn. 

A  Wesleyan  school-chapel,  in  thePrinco  of  Wales'- 
road,  Haverstock-hill,  is  approaching  completion. 
It  consists  of  a  large  room,  which  will,  for  the  pre- 
sent, be  used  as  a  chapel,  two  class-rooms  over 
which  an  end  gallery  is  formed,  and  a  kitchen. 
These  will  alternately  become  school  premises  when 
the  large  chapel  contemplated  is  built.  The  site 
is  the  property  of  the  Tailors'  Benevolent  Institu- 
tion, the  trustees  of  which  have  approved  plans  for 
the  chapel  and  school  buildings  with  which  the 
ground  is  to  be  covered.  These  now  in  progress 
are  only  an  instalment.  Mr.  E.  Hoole,  of  Craven 
street,  is  the  architect  ;  and  Mr.  Hodson,  of  the 
Adelphi,  the  builder. 

OnthelOth  inst.,  Dr.  Clampton,  the  newly  con- 
secrated Bishop  of  Rochester,  laid  the  foundation 
stone  of  a  new  church  of  the  district  of  St. 
Andrew's,  Plaistow.  The  church  is  cruciform  in 
shape,  with  semicircular  apse.  It  will  consist  of 
nave,  north  and  south  aisles,  south  transept,  and 
north  chapel  (which  may  be  used  for  week-day  ser- 
vices) ;  the  vestry  is  in  two  parts,  for  clergy  and 
choir.  The  extreme  length  is  156ft.  ;  there  is  a 
central  tower  and  south  porch.  The  western  en- 
trance has  double  doors,  with  carved  and  moulded 
capitals,  and  richly  f oh'ated  carvings.  The  building 
is  highly  substantial  in  character,  of  faced  Kentish 
ragstone  inside  and  out,  with  Bath  stone  dressings. 
Mr.  J.  Brooks,  of  Serle-street,  Lincoln's  Inn,  is  the 
architect ;  Messrs.  Perry  and  Co.,  of  Stratford,  the 
builders ;  and  Mr.  J.  Sharp,  the  clerk  of  works. 

BiRMlNOHAM. — The  first  stone  of  the  phurch  of 
St.  Gabriel,  in  Barn-street,  being  the  second  church 
erected  by  aid  of  the  Eyland  fund,  was  laid  ,last 
Thursday  week.  The  first  church,  it  may  be  re- 
membered, was  commenced  in  .Dartmouth-street, 
in  June  last,  and  the  first  stone  of  a  third  church 
was  laid  on  Tuesday  last  in  the  parish  of  St. 
Stephens,  by  Mr.  Frederick  Elkington.  The  church 
is  to  be  built  of  brick,  and  is  to  accommodate  600 
adults.  The  contract  is  £3,110.  Mr.  Chatwin  is 
the  architect,  and  Messrs.  AVilson  and  ^Son  are  the 
builders. 

BUILDINGS. 

A  fine  new  hotel  is  to  be  opened  to-day  at 
Torquay.  The  hotel  is  situated  at  the  corner  of 
the  avenue  leading  to  the  abbey  and  Miss  Burdett 
Coutts'  residence.  It  is  in  the  modem  ItaUan 
style  of  architecture,  and  will  be  built  from  the 
designs  of  Mr.  Edward  Appleton,  F.I.B.A.  It  is 
said  to  be  a  weU  arranged  and  very  convenient 
hotel. 

About  a  fortnight  ago  the  large  arch  leading 
into  Crown-court,  Old  Broad-street,  near  the 
church  of  St.  Peter  le  Poer,  gave  signs  of  weakness, 
but  was  underpinned  and  restored. 

The  site  of  Winchester  House  has  been  cleared, 
and  the  foundations  are  being  put  in  at  a  great 
depth.  The  excavations  have  exhibited  numerous 
layers  of  old  foundations  and  deposits. 

Anew  school  has  just  been  opened  at  Newton 
Bromswold,  Northamptonshire.  It  is  from  the 
design  of  Mr.  W.  M'Carthy,  of  20,  Cockspur-street, 
London,  and  is  in  the  First  Pointed  style.  The 
builder  was  Mr.  John  Boddington,  of  Welling- 
borough. 

The  Cutlers'  Hall,  SHEmELD. — The  new 
wing  of  the  Cutlers'  Hall  is  fast  approaching  com- 
pletion, and  will  be  ready  for  occupation  in  ample 
time  for  the  forthcoming  feast,  which  will  take 
place  on  the  31st  inst.  The  new  hall  is  one  of 
the  finest  in  the  West  Riding,  and  in  its  general 
appearance  bears  some  resemblance  to  the  Victoria 
Hall  at  Leeds.  It  will  accommodate  about  350 
persons  at  dinner,  which  is  about  twice  as  many 
as  could  be  accommodated  in  the  old  hall,  in 
which  the  cutlers'  feasts  have  always  been  in- 
conveniently crowded.  Messrs.  Flocton  and 
Abbott  are  the  architects  of  the  new  premises  ; 
'  the  decorations  have  been  executed  by  Messrs.   J. 


and  J.  Rodgers ;  the  ornamental  plastering  by 
Mr.  C.  Green,  Sheffield ;  and  the  chandeliers  liave 
been  supplied  by  Messrs.  Chabrie  Frires,  Rue  des 
Martyns,  Paris. 

The  New  Hop  and  Malt  Exchange  —The 
new  Hop  and  Malt  Exchange,  South  watkstreet,  was 
opened  for  the  transaction  of  business  on  Wednes- 
day morning  at  ten  o'clock.  In  the  immediate 
neighbourhood  of  hop  warehouses  and  otfices,  and 
close  to  London  Bridge,  the  site  for  the  exchange 
was  admirably  chosen.  It  is  an  imposing  building, 
and  the  interior  is  well  adapted  for  the  transac- 
tion of  the  large  business  connected  with  the  hop 
and  malt  trades  which  have  been  up  to  the  pre- 
sent time  unprovided  with  a  public  exchang"". 
The  exchange  room  is  a  noble  hall,  80ft.  long  bj- 
50ft.  wide,  and  75ft.  high  to  the  cornice,  from 
which  springs  a  glazed  roof,  the  crown  of  which 
is  115ft.  from  the  floor.  The  apartment  is 
splendidly  lighted,  and  the  accommodation  for 
carrying  on  sales  is  such  as  to  expedite  the  work 
of  buyer  and  seller.  Around  the  walls  three  tiers 
of  cast-iron  galleries  extend,  and  adjacent  to  each 
are  offices  and  show  rooms  in  abundance.  A 
refreshment  room  and  a  subscription  room  are 
close  to  the  exchange  room,  and,  scattered  over 
the  building,  are  upwards  of  1,000  ofiBces  and 
warehouses,  capable  of  storing  50,000  bales  of 
hop.s.  The  total  cost  of  the  exchange  will  be 
about  £50,000.  The  stands  in  the  exchange 
room  are  nearly  all  engaged  by  eminent  firms, 
but  the  continuance  of  Weyhill  fair  prevented 
much  business  on  Wednesday.  Hops,  however,  were 
being  rapidly  stored  in  the  warehouses,  and  con- 
signments, the  insurances  on  which  amount  to 
about  £40,000,  are  now  in  store.  Messrs.  Framp- 
ton  and  Williamson  have  done  the  carving  con- 
nected with  the  building. 


TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 

NOTICE.-The  "BUILDING  NEWS"ia  now  Pub- 
lished at  the  NEW  OFFICES,  31,  TAVISTOCK  STREET, 
COVEST  G.4EDEX,  W.C. 


To  Our  Re.\ders. — We  shall  feel  obliged  to  any  of  our 
rb.ider3  who  will  favour  U3  with  brief  notes  of  workB  con- 
templated or  in  progress  in  the  provinces. 

Letters  relating  to  advertisements  and  the  ordinary  busi- 
ness of  the  paper  should  be  addressed  to  the  EDITOR, 
31,  TAVISTOCK  STREET,  COVENT  GARDEN",  W.C. 

Advertisements  for  the  current  week  muat  reach  the 
office  before  5  o'clock  p.m.  on  Thursday. 

Notice.— The  BUILDING  NEWS  inserts  advertise- 
ments for  "  SITUATIONS  WANTED,"  tc,  at  ONE 
SHILLING  for  the  first  Twenty-four  Words. 


Receuxd.- R.  JI.— B.  H.  and  B.— R.  C.  and  Co.,  the 
letter  was  forwarded.^E.  W.  J. — J.  F.  and  Son. — 
A.  G.  H.  G.  Sons  and  Co.— R.  D.  N.  H.— C,  with  drawing 
of  tomb,— J.  D.  W.— L.  S.-J.  U.  T.— W.  J.— T.  F.— 
H-  and  Co.,  Liverpool,  with  photograph  of  Compton 
House. — S.  and  W. — .J,  F.  D.,  Liveri^ool,  with  photograph 
of  Accrington  Market, —E.  Y.— A,  W.— P.  R. 

J.  C.  L.  H. — There  is  no  such  work  published. 

C.  P.  E,  — You  are  quite  right  about  the  fanciful  letter- 
ing on  the  lithograph  last  week.  We  had  spoken  to  the 
eng^.^ver  about  it  before.     It  will  not  occiu"  again. 

W.  B.  H. — As  a  rule  we  do  not  iilustrats  unsuccessful 
designs. 


fcrcspaiibeiite. 


PUGIN  1).  BARRY. 

To  the  Editor  of  the  Buildinq  News. 

Sm, — It  appears  to  me  that  up  to  the  present 
time  the  Messrs.  Barry  have  carefully  evaded  Mr. 
E.  W.  Pugin's  request  that  certain  letters  which 
were  lent  to  Sir  Charles  in  1860,  should  be 
returned  to  him,  and  also  that  he  should  be 
informed  as  to  whether  they  are  destroyed  or  not. 
Mr.  Alfred  Barry  now  says  that  when  the 
matter  is  before  the  court  of  arbitration  they  will 
state  what  documents  they  have,  and  produce  any 
paper,  or  answer  any  question,  which  the  court 
may  think  fit.  Mr.  E.  W.  Pugin  states  that  these 
letters  contain  the  main  part  of  his  evidence,  and 
wants  to  know  whether  they  are  or  are  not 
destroyed.  It  seems  to  me  that  the  Messrs. 
Barry  want  to  have  it  all  their  own  way,  and  wish 
to  dra-g  Mr.  Pugin  into  court  while  they  have 
destroyed  his  main  evidence — according  to  his 
showing.  I  cannot  see  how  this  matter  can  be 
settled  until  the  Messrs.  Barry  distinctly  state 
what  has  been  done  with  these  said  letters.  It 
is   very  certain  that  the  ilessrs.  Barry  have  each 


7^8 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


OCTOBEE   18,    1867. 


and  all  taken  this  matter  very  much  to  heart ;  and 
whatever  they  may  say  to  the  contrary,  some 
people  will  not  be  satisfied  until  it  is  properly 
settled ;  so  I  should  advise  them  to  remove  this 
only — as  far  as  I  can  see — obstacle  in  the  way  of 
a  final  settlement. — I  am,  &c., 

Abelphi. 

Sir,— On  September  23  the  Rev.  Alfred  Barry 
addressed  the  Times,  saying  that  he  had  been  re- 
quested to  write,  because  all  Sir  Charles's  letters, 
diaries,  &c.,  have  been  jilaced  in  his  hands.  I  accord- 
ingly applieJ  to  him  through  my  solicitor  for  the 
seventy-six  letters  I  lent  Sir  Charles  jn  February, 
1860,  and  he  referred  me  back  to  his  brother,  Mr. 
E.  M.  Barry,  because  the  papers  are  in  his  hands.  My 
solicitor  then  applied  to  Mr.  E.  M.  Barry  for  the 
letters,  and  from  him  he  can  obtain  no  reply.  This 
evasive  shuffling  has  been  carried  on  for  the  space 
of  two  mouths,  and  now  Dr.  Alfred  Barry,  after 
reducing  the  discussion  to  the  level  of  a  personal 
squabble  by  accusing  me  of  giving  garbled  quota 
tions,  misdating,  misquoting,  and  inventing,  and 
suggesting  doubts  as  to  the  character  of  an  irre- 
proachable lady,  finally  caps  his  extraordinary 
personalities  by  a  CiimmiiDication  of  which  this  is 
the  sum  and  substance  :—  "  If  you  can  prove  that 
you  gave  the  letters  to  Sir  Charles  Barry,  we  will 
admit  the  fact ;  if  you  cannot,  we  will"  deny  it." 
I  think  that  few  confessions  have  ever  equalled 
the  eSrontery  of  this.  It  has  been  reserved  for  a 
doctor  of  divinity  to  defend  a  dishonourable  act  as 
a  preparation  for  admitting  or  denying  it  to  have 
taken  place  according  to  the  evidence  on  which  it 
rests. 

Now,  why  have  not  these  gentlemen  the  manli- 
ness to  come  forward  and  say  at  once,  plainly  and 
distinctly,  whether  they  have  the  letters  in  their 
possession  or  not  ?  Why  this  fencing  and  subter- 
fuge ?  Especially,  why  insinuate  that  I  depend 
on  these  letters  lor  proof  of  my  claim  ?  I  state 
openly  and  fearlessly,  in  the  most  solemn  way  pos- 
sible, in  the  presence  of  God,  that  I  did  deliver 
those  letters  into  the  hands  of  Sir  C'harles  Barry, 
receiving  from  him  an  undertaking  to  return 
them ;  but  if  his  sons  im.agiue  that  I  depend  on 
them  for  anything  more  than  corroborative  evi- 
dence of  a  narrative  which  I  am  able  to  prove 
without  them,  they  may  undeceive  themselves  at 
once.  They  may  cease  to  draw  attention  away 
from  the  disgrace  attaching  to  their  own  reticence, 
no  less  than  to  their  father's  violation  of  his  pledged 
word,  to  what  they  are  pleased  to  call  my  "  un- 
easiness." They  little  know  me  or  the  unhesitating 
determination  with  which  I  am  pursuing  my 
course.  I  neither  falter  nor  fear,  and  to  prove  it 
--although  claiming  the  letters  on  the  grounds  of 
right  and  justice — I  willingly  once  again  accept 
their  challenge,  without  waitiug  for  the  production 
of  the  letters,  and  I  give  them  the  benefit  of  their 
unspeakable  meanness  and  evasion.  If  they 
simply  wished  to  discover  the  truth,  they  wouid 
long  ago  have  given  a  plain,  straightforward 
answer,  and  met  me  by  a  fearless  confession  or 
denial,  instead  of  shifting  their  ground  and  shirk- 
ing the  question  hy  special  pleading.  The  fact  of 
their  havmg  the  letters  or  not  can  in  no  way  be 
changed  by  my  possession  or  want  of  evidence, 
unless  they  intend  to  use  either  fact  according  to 
the  result  of  the  evidence  produced.  They  might 
have  spared  themselves  the  suspicion  of  this  dis- 
honour, had  they  the  manliness  to  speak  the  truth. 
—I  am,  &c.,  E.  Welbt  Pugin. 

21,  Savile-row,  October  16. 

P.S.— In  answer  to  Mr.  Alfred  Barry's  state- 
rnent  that  "  Sir  C.  Barry  had  been  appealed  to  for 
his  testimony  to  bar  a  pecuniary  claim  of  mine  on 
one  of  the  firms  engaged  in  the  work  at  the  New 
Palace,"  I  take  this  opportunity  of  saying  that  we 
have  his  written  .statement  proving  that  the  know- 
ledge of  our  having  a  claim  at  all  emanated  from 
himself,  and  promising  that  the  account  which 
established  it  should  be  delivered  by  him  in  per- 
son as  soon  as  it  was  prepared. 


EETFORD  TOWN  HALL. 
Sir, — "Comparisons  are  odious,"  and  I  venture 
to  add,  in  the  interests  of  friendly  feeling,  not 
desirable ;  but,  as  Mr.  E.  W.  Godwin  has  courted 
it  in  this  case  with  questionable  taste,  I  will,  with 
your  permission,  contribute  a  little  information  on 
the  facts.  Next  to  winning,  I  think  it  most 
honourable  to  be  "well  licked."  I  was  one  of 
the  competitors,  and  I  went  to  see  the  designs ; 
and  1  thought  at  the  time,  that  all  things  con- 
sidered. Messrs.  Pearson  and  Bellamy's  design  was 
decidedly  the  best.  The  elevations  were  only 
roughly  in  pencil,  and  unlhiislicd,  but  the  plan,  the 


scheme,  the  professional  assistance  that  the  corpo- 
ration required  was  well  matured,  the  various 
rooms  and  buildings  were  skilfully  disposed  and 
adapted  to  the  real  wants  and  requirements  of  the 
case.  I  had  occasion  to  inspect  this  building  a 
few  weeks  ago,  and  I  was  agreeably  surprised  with 
the  elevation,  which  is  very  superior  to  the  un- 
fairly comparative  drawing  with  which  you  have 
illustrated  it.  There  are  many  points  of  excel- 
lence, and  it  suits  its  situation  admirably,  and  I 
certainly  think  better  than  any  other  design  would 
have  done  among  those  submitted. 

Most  people  admire  Mr.  Godwin's  Northampton 
Town  Hall ;  his  Congleton  building  is  a  parody 
upon  it ;  and  the  Ketford  design  a  somewhat  im- 
proved edition  of  that  at  Congleton.  I  fear  Mr. 
Godwin  does  not  see  the  difference  between  an 
architect  and  a  mere  designer  of  stone  fronts  and 
details.  With  the  one  exception  of  his  lesser  hall, 
I  thought  his  plan  a  decided  failure,  inconve- 
niently arranged,  and  utterly  unworthy  the  front 
wall — a  complete  misconception  of  the  require- 
ments of  the  case,  and  prostitution  of  the  archi- 
tect to  the  designs  of  front  walls.  The  question 
of  suitability  of  style  to  this  plan  and  purpose  is 
purely  a  matter  of  taste.  As  a  mere  matter  of 
caprice  and  fancy,  I  should  have  preferred  seeing 
Mr.  Godwin's  front  in  the  market-place  to  either 
Mr.  Bellamy's  or  my  own. 

Architects  regard  these  questions  too  much  from 
their  personal  or  professional  point  of  view,  and  I 
consider  them  very  unfit  judges  of  a  competition. 
To  a  corporation,  not  a  private  individual,  it  is  in- 
finitely more  important  to  obtain  a  convenient  and 
suitable  building,  practically  meeting  the  require- 
ments of  the  case,  and  suiting  its  individual  site 
and  the  spirit  of  the  place  than  an  elevation  of 
the  highest  art,  according  to  any  one's  notions, 
clothing  an  ill-contrived  and  inconvenient  interior. 
I  enclose  an  extract  from  one  of  the  local  prints  of 
the  day.  The  design  numbered  7,  was  the  one 
selected  and  executed;  No.  6  is  Mr.  Godwin's, 
and  No.  5  my  own.  Messrs.  Pearson  and  Bellamy 
completely  avoided  the  great  and  f.atal  error  that 
I  made,  of  running  a  road  through  the  Corn  Ex- 
change. The  site  was  an  awkward  one  to  deal 
with,  and  required  to  be  nearly  covered. — I  am, 
&c.,  Thos.  Chas.  Sorbt. 

27,  Brunswick-square,  E.C.,  Oct.  13. 


THE  MANCHESTER   TOWN  HALL  COM- 
PETITION. 

[The  following  letter  has  appeared  in  the  Man- 
chester Ouardian]. 

Sir, — I  crave  a  last  word  in  your  columns 
touching  the  memorial  addressed  by  Mr.  Allom 
and  myself  to  the  Corporation,  wherein  is  set 
forth:— 

1.  That  whereas  twelve  ileaigna  may  be  selected  accorjing 
to  ihe  conditions  for  the  final  competition,  eight  architects 
alone,  contributing  ten  designs,  are  so  selected. 

2.  That  of  this  number  tour  are  Manchester  architects, 
coutributiiig  six  de^ign3  of  the  selected  ten. 

3.  That  in  a  national  and  renowned  competition,  where- 
in the  best  architectural  ability  of  tlie  kingdom  is  repre- 
sented, it  conveys  an  appearance,  if  not  the  substance,  of 
favour,  to  award  more  than  one-half  the  honours  and 
prizes  to  Manchester. 

4.  And,  therefore,  yoiu-  memorialists— mcluded  of  those 
in  the  provisional  selection— respectfully  seek  to  have  the 
present  list  esteuded  to  the  full  number  allowed  under  the 
terms  of  the  competition. 

For  an  answer  to  this  the  memorialists  are 
solely  indebted  to  the  pubhc  press,  through  the 
medium  of  which  a  curt  communication  is  re- 
ported, that  the  General  Purposes  Committee 
decline  any  discussion  or  correspondence  on  the 
subject  of  their  selection.  They  are  right.  They 
have  nothing  to  say  in  justification.  The  facts 
stated  in  the  memorial  are  undeniable,  and  the 
third  paragraph  is  only  too  mildly  expressed. 
The  propriety  of  the  concluding  plea  uas  been  en- 
dorsed by  such  journals  as  the  Athenaeum  and 
the  Building  News.     More  need  not  be  said. 

It  is  right,  however,  to  be  known,  that  while 
the  selected  designs  are  very  careiuUy  withheld 
from  pubhc  inspection,  on  the  alleged  ground 
that  the  architects  might  copy  from  each  other  in 
the  final  competition,  the  Corporation  are  so 
little  impressed  with  the  merits  and  conve- 
nience of  some,  at  least,  of  the  chosen  plans, 
as  to  announce  in  their  instructions  for  the 
seciond  competition,  that  "the  competing  ar- 
chite.ts  are  in  no  respect  bound  by  their  draw- 
ings, sent  in  for  the  first  com  petition,  but  are  at 
Hberty  to  send  in  entirely  new  designs,  or  to  make 
any  alterations  they  may  think  fit  in  their  pre- 
liminary plans."  And  thereafter  follow  the  new 
stipulations  and  provisos,  not  contained  in  the 
original  instructions.  These  "  final  instructions" 
ai-e  a  caution  to  unsuccessful  competitors.      They 


r=1 


embody  whatever  is  excellent  in  all  the  exhibitel 
plans,  obtained  and  appropriated  without  pa'' 
ment.  I,  for  one,  feel  quite  Uattered  in  a  measuil 
at  the  liberal  call  for  certain  features  which  c. 
plans  possess,  and  make  my  best  bow  accorc 
ingly- — Very  obediently  yours, 

James  Hibbeet, 
19,  Fiahergate,  Preston,  October. 


FASHIONABLE  v.  COMMON  SENSE 
ARCHITECTURE. 

Sir, — It  is  a  curious  comment   on   our  prese:! 
architectural  position   that   principle  and   beau, 
are  in    high   quarters  set  aside  for  ugliness  a^ 
crudity.   Mr.  Wel'oy  Pugin,  in  his  letter  last  wetl 
has  well  stated  that  where   we  once   studied  aj 
worked  out  with  care  a  building,  we  now  go  oj 
of  our  way  to  produce  a  sensation ;  and  he  alludes' 
the  same  mischievous  habit  in  what  he  aptly  ca 
the  "Mexico. Chinese"  fashion   of  modern  fern; 
dress.     Perhaps  our  church  building  is   most 
fected  with  this  fashion  furore.     Of  course  thi 
will  always  be  fashionable  architects,  like  fashii 
able  milliners,  readily  patronized  and  sought  af' 
by  people  who  put  implicit  faith   in   the  opinio 
and  taste   of  other  people.     There    is   too  mt 
following,  and  too  little  consulting,  just  now,  i. 
it  needs  only  for  a  well-to-do  architect  to  introdis 
a  foreign  phase  of  art,  or  a  continental  brick  st;, 
as  we  import  the   fashions   from   abroad,  andi 
will  find  an  increasing  demand  for  hisimportati. 
Clergj'men,  who  but  a   few  years  ago  prefer! 
nothing  but  stone  simplicity,  now  will  have  not!' 
but  mixtures  of  brick  and  tile ;  and  from  Eng  i 
Pointed,  with  all  its  finish  and  detail,  straight 
go  to  the  card-board  tracery  and  imstudied  d. 
of  a   crude   continental  Gothic.     That   we  le 
profited  by  adoj^ting  a  simple  continental  Poird 
style  for  our  point  du  defait,  in  preference  to   - 
own  late  Gothic,  cannot  be  doubted,  though  I  f. 
our  Early  Pointed  style  aftbrded  us  all  the  mate  ., 
if  not  the  freshness,  we  required.     Unfortunatyj 
we  have  not  stopped  at  the  beauties  of  our  adojd 
models,  but  are  copying  their   defects  ;  indeedn 
enthusiastic  worship  of  a  new  idea  speedily  hla 
to  a  blind  infatuation  in  which  the  distinctions- 
tween  good  and  b.ad  is  lost.     The   employmenol 
the  most   perishable  materials,  as   red   brick « 
labels  and  other  exposed  features,  in  lieu  of  sM 
for  stone  exteriors  is  an  anomaly  and  an  absuity 
only   equalled   by   some   of    the   ultra-ritualj« 
practices  of  the   present  day.     Decent  chanU, 
uncased  Scudamore  organs,  the  abandoumenol 
galleries,  a  well  appointed  choir  and   respect^y* 
conducted  ritual,  are  decided  advances  in  the  iht 
direction,  but  when  to  these   are   superadded  I- 
cesses   now  deemed  ridiculous    because    unsud 
to  our  progressive  thought,  and  features  that 
the  common  sense  of  an  advanced  knowledgi 
sadly  fall  in  arrear   not  only  of  our  own  age  it' 
of  that  from  which  we  seek  to  draw  our  iuir»- 
tion.     The  able  remarks  published   in  the  Bm>- 
ING  News  on  ''Plaster  and  Wail  Painting" 
give   us  a   case  in  point.     Mere   antiquity,  i  ; 
affected  adherence   to  truth,  is  quite  euougl  'o* 
some    professors    of    art  ;    they    even    dencice 
plastering,  and  prefer  to   leave   their  walls  rgh 
rubble  interiorly,  not  considering   that  a  so  oi 
gesso   or   plastering — always  resorted   to   bj'bt' 
mediieval   architects — is     a    refinement    cod  OC 
sense    and  Nature  both  dictate.     So  utterly  »<' 
are  the  followers  of  fashion,  that   imperfectii 
accounted  a  beauty,  and  antiquity  is   confou.< 
with  reason  !     The  only   hope   for  the  futu  oi 
art,  the  development  of  principles  on  the  has  <\i 
common    sense,   is    the    self-condemnation  n" 
failure  that  await  this  intemperate  indulgen  ' 
excesses. — I  am,  &c.,  G.  H.  • 


WHY    MUST    WE    HAVE    MATHEMATICi 
HERETICS' 
Sib,— While  Mr.   Giullaume,   .and  his  coadjutor  ^th 
Mechanics' M.\0AZINE,  are  deferring  the  "upsettii'* 
existing  mathematics,  we  may  perhaps  draw  a  les   ^ 
two  of  various  kinds  from  this  cl;iss  of  geniuses,    i*} 
however,    it  would   be  ili-uatured  to  leave  them   W, 
without  an  attempt  at  saving  their  pains,  hopelass  iW' 
may  proveibially  be.      Of  course,   they  are  far  tot  all 
ever  to  devote  an  hour  to  the  rudiments  of  the  scieniflK 
•are  to  upset,  but  there  are  other  ways  in  v.hich  th"*W 
facts  may  be  brought  face  to  face.   They  might  learfip 
any  sea  captain  that  every  figure  employed  in  com  W?^ 
his  ship's  dally  place,   whether   by  dead  'reckoning  ^' 
servatiou,  is  taken  out  of  the  table  of  sines  and  ts;  "* 
or  else,  iu  the  latter  case,  from  the  almanack.   ,Nei  a* 
alm;Lnack  maker  will  tell  them  every  figure  iu  his  co  i|' 
or  in  tliose  of  the  piibUc  almanacks  wheace  he  cc  'a 
them,  depended  on  the  same  tables.     Now  any  of  =* 
counts  usu. illy  prefixed  to   these  tables,  staring  hoO' 
were  CiUculated,   will  show  that  every  sine  and  tau:'t 
them  depends  on  the  circumference  whose  diamei  i^ 
being  taken  at  3  141532663590  (these  arc,  aocordin"' 


October  18,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


729 


Herecliul.  the  utmost  exwut  of  decimals  yet  emplu.ved  ; 

>iigh  industriously  idle  Dutclimea  riTalk--i  each  other, 

ituriesago,  in  canriiis  on  this  coraputiitioa  to  36,  100, 

:ind  S(irae  of  our  countrjiueu  lately  to  400  aud  000 

< :)    Ah  error  in  the  third  of  the  above  decimals 

,..],  of  course,  affect  every  wngle  line  of  the  tables,  and 

(inch  way  that  every-  arc  or  ant;iilar  measure  arrived  at 

their  use,  would  differ  from  Iho  truth,  iu  the  very  ratio 

it  the  assumed  circiiiiiference  differe<i  from  the  tnie. 

•.  Gailla'ini^  l^*"^  ""i™*^^^'  I  believe,  that  the  ratio  of 

32  is  1 :  3142S+,  au<i  that  this  exceeds  3*141()  by  above 

irt  in  2500.    Well,  then,  if  the  7:22  were,  ashe  now 

b  oa,  **  rather  below   the  truth,"  every  Jirc  found  by 

'<ae  tables  would  bo  too  little  by  at  least  1  iu  2.'i00.     Jiut 

.jy  position  of  heavenly  bixlies  predicted  iu  all  almanacks 

ixxa  reckoned,  and  would,  therefore,  Iw  attained  by  the 

thaod  other  IxKlies  sooner  by  1  in  2000  than   the  time 

'<ltcte(l-     That   is  to  say,  any  iKXsition  pretlicted  a  year 

■'ore  hand  would   be  attained  sorae  3J   hours  too  soon  ; 

Itfverrthiiig  in  this  year's  Nautical  Almanack,  having 

•Q  published  in  1S61,  would  be  now  occurring  21   hours 

ly— la^^t  iivnth'-eclipse,  of  course,  included. 

jiu  U'>».  ■  '  '      -iious.here  we  have  two  more  (assuming 

Guill.i  ■:!     -  .iLCount    of  Mr.  Harvey   to  bo  correct), 

[    w    -Mi.    -Saiith.    the     Liverpool   Dock  director. 

.Mr.  IVters  of  Brighton,  of  this  long  procession  and 

of  nirirtyrs  to  !.omething,  who  c«,intiuuo  in  every  age 

(»«»ttiiig  the  existing  theory "  of  the   very   first  thing 

aact  science   that  their  schooling  tu    "the  three  R's" 

not  biipiK'ued  to  raich.     Of  course,  the  droll  expression 

our  new  qtiadrator's  secoud  letter    (Sept.    l,"*)    about 

■omiui;  the  ratio  of  the  diameter  to  the  circumference 

jioas  1  to  ;V14159  rather  than  the  Archime*!!.^!!  rule  of 

)  S*142S."  should  have  warned  us  of  this ;  but  I  assumed 

poaaihility  of  his  EuEilish  being  awkwanl.     So  truly. 

rerer,  did  he  mean  this,  that  we  see  him  now  prepared 

x-wame"  the  reverse  of  the  above,  that  it  is  "rather" 

^  than  3'1416 — nay,  even  exceeds  the  former— so  that 

:m«le8  (whom  he  seems  to  imagine  to  have  fixed  it  at 

i  of  between  this  limit  and  71 :  223,  or  between 

1  3-140S)  was  quite  wide  of  the  mark  ;  and,  of 

iDOt  simply  "  most  modem  mathematicians,"  but 

w  last  21  centuries  wrong  with  him. 

Thow  strangely  unlucky  it  this  particular  theorem 

fArchimedes !     Xo  other  mathematical  fact,  none 

ightly  aUtve  or  below  it,   seems  questioned.     His 

f  next  discoveries,  the  equality  of  surfjure  between 

',  cylinder,  or  the  ratio  of  their  solidities,   we 

attacked:  nor  anything  in  Euclid;    nor  the 

atiou  table  of  P\-thagoras.     These  same  venerable 

1  figures  maintain  their  ground  for  thf.  vexation 

,  wid  nobody  wants  a  23  or  31  introduced  among 

IU  age  to  age.     Why  must  only   one  theorem  in 

i  tcience.  only  tlus  circumferential  ratio,  resemble 

'"'  ■"^T'^ft  nothing  else  but  the  Bible?      Like  the 

!  y.  It  has  one  constant  succession  of  Colensos 

'hough  in  neithercaseusuallyD.  u.  or  bishops) 

■^:i3  written.     Here,  in  our  day,  is  the  "exist- 

.].set  by  Mr.  James  Smith   with  hi5  3-12D,  by 

:h  his  32,  and  about  to  be  upset  (happily  not 

ij.  i.L'iNG  News,   but   sdas  for  the  poor  Mtchtnic^' 

:.ne  !)  with  some  other  figure.     Really,   considering 

lie  "existing  theory"  is,  like  all  other  mathematics, 

.u-ome  iu  some  way  of  that  plaguy  old  Pvthagorean 

e,  1  think  our  upsetters  are  most  half  hearted  in  not 

J  back  to  the  root  of  the  eviL     Out  upon  such  nibbling 

—  '  T':' ■    --lavement  to  an  old  formulais  unworthy 

bad  as  Mr.    Pugin's  ptirist  objections 

'  f  the  Jay,  and  youi   other   critic's  to 

! -ci.  Ill  particular.    Such  austere  andstraight- 

v.ould  do  well  to  consider  this  reputed  line 

i   "st: — "Let  us  drink  wine,  and  let  us  break 

-i>me  old  roof  of  heaven   into  new    shapes." 

■  >ur  reasons.      If  a  mediieval   emperor  was 
1  ticam,  how  much  more,  let  me  tell  Jlr.  Pugin, 

.  ai  nitectural  genius   t>e  above  such    rules  as   his 

■  S  about  "decorating  construction  and  not  construct- 

TXiration,"  and  the  like. 

•  1     -..-  i3on  of  this  immunitr  enjoyed  by  the  multi- 

!'■  and  other  mathematics,   higher  and  lower, 

:itinual   upsetting  that  poor  Archimedes  his 

..i-zx^uv^  gete,  I   take   to  be  this— We  all  of  us,  Guil- 

■^  and  Harveys  included,   are  at  school  put  through 

Lid  table,  and  its  applications  lo  the   "  four  rules  of 

iietic."  and  apparently  even  to  that  of  extracting  the 

;  root,  to  judge  by  our  never  hearing  of  that  rule 

upeet,  aud  even  Mr.  Guillaume  remarkmg  on  my  use 

that  "figures  are  convincing"  (p.  640).     But  we  are 

I  put  llirough  even  the  first  book  of  Euclid,  or  when 

■.^  none  are  usually  made  to  apply  its  47th  proposition 

■'  -   above  seemingly    generally  taught    i-ule   of 

!"  ascertaining,  to  four  or  five  decimals,  the 

s  of  two  jwlygons,  inscribed  and  circumscribed 

>  ircle.     All  of  us  might,  as  soon  as  arriving  at 

stages   in   geometry  and  arithmetic  (which 

iched  about  the  same  time)  Ije  just  as  well 

"  .  k  as  on  any  of  the  hackneyed  sums;  the 

-tance,  that  is  always  to  be  planted  30ft.  from 

'ij;h,  or  Vice  versa.      Findings  to  0  decimals, 

i  in.scribed  or  circumscribed  hexagon,  thence 

!'>decagon3,  thence  of  two  polygons  of  24  sides, 

■  f  4S.  96,  and  192,  would  be  enough.     Were 
■""■i  exercise  regularly  imposed,  no  circle-squarers 

i  ,TOR-  up  among  us.     They  are  simply  martyrs  to  free 
twu-mongering. 

whole  iiibe  are  but  a  fruit  of  this  branch  of  "free 

a  branch  that,  be  assured,  a  reformed  Parliament 

■■rvNiMilop.     Compulsory,  and  therefore  regulated, 

whether  we  thiiik  it  English  or  un-English,  is 

depend  on  it,  "our  future  masters"  will  not 

Toilucing  ;  and  then  we  shall  produce  no  more 

■  rsthan  Germany  or  America  does.     We  know 

y  there  must  always  be  heresies  in  religion. 

-  in  mathematics  are  quite  a  gratuitous  and 

'j'lwe  product. 

•^.  let  DO  one  think  this  applies  also  to  physical  science. 
'  ^^*f^^:  You  cotild  not,  for  instance,  bv  any  uni- 
ty of  drill  and  text  books,  from  the  unive'rsity  down 
ifn  *™®  «bool,  secure  the  present  (Lvellian)  geology 
Qp&ettmg:  because  it  happens  to  be  "not  science  at 
1  '-ree<l,  a  mere  system  of  dogma  received  bv  faith. 
•=  ■  -rr.tnd  evii  lurking  in  this  introduction  of  phy- 
-.•^-.'cca  mto  school  and  general  teaching,  instead  of 
^iSi^''  *^^^  ^  they  can.     They  come  to  be 

?    , ;  ^  ^^^  half-educated  mind,  with  science  pro- 
^  called. 

?,f  look  at  it,  the  error  of  our  GuiUaumes  (in  thinking 
•Jematical  ratio  can  have  its  ' '  existing  theory  "  ui>set) 


is  fundamentally  the  same  error  with  th.it  of  Colenso  and 
his  class,  but  inverted  in  its  action.  Both  circle-wiuarers 
aud  Colensoites  lack  the  notion  of  the  great  gulf  fixed  be- 
tween exact  science,  and  what  are  miscalled  physical 
sciences- now  mostly  not  even  theories.  The  Guillaume 
eort  of  men,  because  whatever  they  have  learnt  under  the 
name  of  science  is  of  the  latter  kind,  think  science  projwr 
is  no  surer.  But  the  Bishop  of  Natal,  because  all  the 
science  he  learnt  in  youth  wan  of  the  exact  kind,  enabling 
him  to  writ*  school  arithmetics  and  algebras,  when  he 
meets  with  books  like  Lyell's,  makes  ju^t  the  converse 
blunder  to  the  above,  and  takes  whatever  is  labelled 
*'  science,"  just  as  he  would  have  taken,  if  living  400 
years  figo,  the  Pt*ileni;ut!  ivstmiicnuy,  and  joine<i  the  outcry 
of  which  Pascal  speaks,  just  before  telescoiwa  wore  invented, 
*' IjiK)k  at  these  ridiculou;;  old  Hebrew  Scriptures,  talking 
of  the  stiirs  as  innumerable,  when  wo  know  they  have  all 
been  catalogued  ages  ago,  and  are  only  a  thousand  and 
twenty-two  !"  Just  as  your  new  squarer  thinks  the  ratio 
of  the  circumference  no  better  known  than  the  length  of 
the  year,  this  episcopal  charlatan  thinks  a  fossil's  ago  must 
be  as  sure  as  anything  in  his  algebra  fwok,  or  pounds, 
shiUings  and  pence  tables  :  in  which  ho  is  so  perfect  as  to 
know  how  to  retain  as  many  of  e;ich  as  he  gets,  whether 
from  the  i>eople  he  serves,  or  disserves  after  engaging  to 
serve — whether  extorted  as  legal  pay  for  what  he  refuses  to 
do,  or  given  him  in  charity  for  being  a  "  victim  of  bigotiy," 
and  to  take  care  none  of  either  goes  to  help  his  fellow- 
victim  (?)  Mr.  Heath,  out  of  prison. — I  am,  &c., 

E.  L.G. 


SQUARING    THE    CIRCLE. 

Sir, — To  square  the  circle  and  to  circle  the  square  geo. 
metrically,  draw  the  cord  A  E  equal  to  half  the  railius 
and  the  perpendicular  E  7  ;  make  7  F  equal  to  7  D.  Then 
will  F  be  the  determining  point.  Draw  F  B  and  F  G,  then 
will  F  B  be  the  side  of  the  equal  s<^iuare,  and  G  B  equal  to 
y  circumference.  Bisect  G  B  at  H,  draw  H  I  aud  I B,  then 
will  1  B  equal  half  the  dLogonal  of  the  equal  square. 
Finally,  draw  D  F  to  any  length  you  please,  and  it  will 


determine  the  point  F,  oa  any  circnmference  struck  fi-om 
the  same  centre. 

To  circle  the  square,  let  A  B  be  the  side  of  a  square, 
then  will  B  K  be  the  radius  of  the  equal  circle. 

Note. — This  gives  the  proportion  of  7:22,  and  will  serve 
for  any  other  proportion  ;  the  only  difference  is  in  finding 
the  point  F. 

I  may  show  how  to  approximate  to  113:355  in  my  next. 
—  I  am.  &c.,  William  Bctler. 

Tower  Lodge,  123,  Strand-road,  Sandymount. 
October  15. 


|nitrtommuiuc;iiioiL 


QUESTIONS. 

[60S.1-QUERIES.— 1.  Are  there  any  manufacturers'pat 
tern  sheets  published  giving  sections  of  rolled  iron,  and 
weight  per  foot  lineal? — 2.  What  is  the  best  and  most  re- 
liable work  on  the  strength  of  c;ist  iron,  by  which  it  would 
be  possible  to  a.scertaiu  the  breaking  weight  of  any  de- 
scription of  rolled  iron?  The  more  simple  the  calculation 
the  better. — 3.  Can  any  of  _vour  readers  give  a  ready  method 
of  finding  the  external  diameter  of  a  lead  pipe,  the  internal 
diameter,  and  the  weight  per  yard  or  per  foot  lineal  being 
given? — 1-  Is  there  any  iustniment  made  fur  taking  the 
thickness  of  metals  in  inches  and  decimals  of  an  inch,  or 
gauges  of  any  description  for  sheet  lead  and  zinc  ;  if  so 
where  are  they  to  be  obtained?— 5.  It  being  stated  as  an 
objection  to  the  use  of  tubular  girders  that  they  are  liable 
to  internal  corrosion  where  it  is  not  possible  to  obtain  ac- 
cess for  pointing  or  other  prese:vative,  what  would  be 
the  objection  to  filling  up  the  interior  with  grout,  com- 
posed of  lime  and  sand,  iron  buried  in  mortar  being  always 
free  from  rust? — 2. 


[610.}— COSTING  FLOORING  BOARDS.— In  pur- 
cha^^ing  flooring  boards  from  timber  merchants  I  have  been 
in  the  habit  of  inspecting  wuml  previous  to  its  conversion, 
when  a  price  per  standard  has  been  quoted.  I  have 
naturally  inquired  "  What  would  prepared  flooring  cost 
per  square  from  these  goods?  "  ami  with  scarcely  a  minute's 
consideration  the  merchant  is  prepared  with  an  answer. 
There  is  evidently  some  ready  system  of  mental  calculation, 
and  if  any  of  your  numerous  readers  cuuld  enlighten  me 
on  the  subject  I  should  be  veiy  pleased. — A  Builder. 


r611.]-ESTIMATING  CARPENTER'S  WORK  FROM 
HEWN  AND  CONVERTED  TIMBER.— As  the  modem 
custom  of  supplying  quantities  to  buildei-s  is  to  give  all 
timbers  ftM-  carpenter's  works  reduced  to  the  cube,  it  has 
often  struck  me  as  being  a  questionable  system.  Wood 
that  is  obtainable  from  converted  timber,  i.e.,  deals  and 
battens,  will  cost  somewhat  leas  per  cube  than  wood  of 
special  sizes,  which  can  only  be  obtained  from  hewn  tim- 
ber. Could  any  of  your  numerous  readers  inform  me  the 
reason  of  this  growing  system  being  adopted.  Is  it  not 
ignorance  on  the  part  of  the  quantity  sui-veyors,  or  is  it  an 
advantage  or  a  disadvantage  to  the  contractors? — An 
Estimator.  

tin2.]— APPRENTICESHIP.— I  have  an  apprentice  who 
was  bound  to  me  after  he  was  22  yeai-s  of  age.  Have  I  got 
the  ^ame  legal  claim  on  him  as  if  he  was  under  age  when. 
bouud?—  G.  T.  

[013.]— BLACK  BRICKS.— What  L3  the  best  description 
of  unglazed  black  cutters;  will  they  cut  easily,  and  will 
the  colour  hold,   or  by  running  disfigure  the  face  of  the 


wort  after  the  first  shower  of  rain?  If  The  black  bricks 
are  not  apjilicablo.  what  is  the  best  substitute  or  imitation, 
aud  how  should  the  colour  be  fixed?  What  is  the  proper 
recij>o  for  goo<i  deep  coloured  black  mortar  for  bedding 
brickwork  in  lieu  of  stopping  or  jwinting  with  black  only? 

IG14.]— MEASUREMENT  OF  WASTE.— "Mcasm-e  the 
cuttings  and  waste  to  liips  and  valleys  by  the  foot  nin," 
so  wiy  all  writers  on  the  measurement  of  the  carjieuterj  of 
hip  and  valley  roofs.  Wliat  width  is  generally  allowed  for 
waste?  Tlie  waste,  I  suppose,  means  the  cuttings  to  nifters, 
purlins,  Arc.  ?  Is  the  allowance  the  same  in  roofs  of  stiff 
aa  iu  those  of  flatter  pitch  ?— T.  H.  L. 


REPLIES, 

[fiCO.l—CENTROLINEAD.  — In    .inswer   to    "S.    T.,"  I 
give  the  following  simple  method,  which  I  always  use: — 
Fiml    two  lines,  A    B  = 
C   D,    converging    to    the 

Vi>.    one  alKive  and   one ,, B 

below  the  horizontal  line       ___-— ^'"^'~' 
(this   m.-iy  cJisily  be  done 

by     proi>ortional     lines.) 

Draw  a  line  A  C,  cross- 
ing these  at  any  convenient  __ 
.ingle.  Set  one  arm  and 
the  ruling  edge  of  the  cen- 
trolinead  to  angle  CAB, 
the  other  to  angle  A  C  D 
(as  shown),  the  pins  being  fixed  .at  AC.  This  "clumsy 
instniment"  (?)  will  te  found  to  work  quite  accurately-. — 
W.  Penstone. 

[573.]— PERSPECTIVE.— By  paraUel  perspective  I  take 
your  correspondent.  "  S.  B.  F."  to  mean  what  is  other- 
wise called  "isometrical  perspective,"  which  differs  from 
angular  perspective  in  liaving  no  T.inishiug  iwints.  It 
wovild,  of  course,  be  impossible  tote;ich  a  person  perspec- 
tive in  your  columns  of  "Intercommunication,"  but  the 
principles  may  he  briefly  laid  down.  The  basis  of  i)anillel 
V>er.'^pective  is  that  all  lines,  or  the  extremities  of  all  Unes, 
are  either  situated  in.  or  parallel  to  three  primary  axes, 
which  make  equal  angles  with  one  another.  Hence  the 
term  "  isometrical,"  signifying,  iu  its  derivation,  from  two 
Greek  words,  "eq^ual  measure."  This  common  angle  is 
00  deg.  ;  aud  when  the  axes,  of  which  one  is  perpendicular, 
and  the  other  two  consequently  at  an  angle  of  30  deg.  with 
the  horizon,  are  laid  down,  the  "  putting,"  as  it  is  cilled, 
of  a  drawing  into  isometric,  is  comparatively  an  easy  task. 
Of  ordinary  perspective  there  are  two  descriptions— viz., 
aerial  and  linear  perspective— the  latter  of  which  1  pr^umo 
is  that  alluded  toby  "S.  B.  F."  Theoretically,  this  de- 
smption  of  delineation  is  the  representation  on  u  jilane 
surface  of  objects  of  certain  form  and  position,  as  they 
would  appear  to  the  eye,  supposing  that  to  be  in  any  given 
position.  It  virtually  may  be  considered  as  making  a  sec- 
tion of  a  cone,  of  which  the  base  and  the  vortex  are  known. 
The  eye  is  the  vortex,  the  base  is  the  collection  of  objects 
to  be  represented,  and  the  cutting  plane  is  the  intended 
picture  or  representation.  In  the  case  alluded  to  it  would 
be  necessary  for  "S.  B.  F."  either  to  put  his  plan  into 
perspective  first,  or  to  make  an  orthographic  projection  of 
his  interior.  He  cannot  project  aperspectivedrawing  rrom 
an  orthographic  plan,  although,  by  a  great  deal  of  labour, 
he  might  put  it  into  perspective.  He  will  find  the  follow- 
ing books  of  use  to  him:—"  Descriptive  Geometry,"  by  Mr. 
Heather,  one  of  Weale's  series ;  and  an  excellent  little 
shilling  work  on  perspective,  by  Aaron  Penley,  with  prac- 
tical examples  worked  out. — L.  S. 


[575.]— ARCHITECTS'  PUPILS.  —  It  would  depend 
upon  the  nature  of  your  agi'eement,  and  whether  you  .ire 
an  indoor  or  outdoor  pupil  It  is  to  be  hi>ped  that,  if  the 
latter,  no  master  would  interfere  with  the  manner  iu  which 
a  pupil  chooses  to  employ  his  leisure  time,  more  es|>ee:ally 
if  that  employment  were  calculated  to  b^^neftt  him.  If, 
however,  the  pupil's  work  clashes  with  that  of  his  master, 
there  is  no  que.'.tiou  but  that  the  latter  could  put  a  stop  to 
it.  The  fact  of  the  matter  is,  that  no  pupil  is  a  free  agent, 
and  this  appears  to  be  lost  sight  of,  judging  from  Iho 
numerous  applications  made  to  the  "  Intercommunication" 
upon  the  matter. — AppitEXTicE. 


[579.]— RAILWAY  WORK.— WiU  you  allow  me  to  in- 
form "C.  E.  Junior"  that  there  are  no  recviguized  terms 
for  young  engineers  for  the  services  he  alludes  to.  An  en- 
gineer to  whom  is  entrusted  the  getting  up  of  a  line  of  rail- 
way, receives  so  much  per  mile  for  the  parliamentary  part 
of  the  work  ;  and  then,  again,  so  much  per  mile  lor  the  con- 
tract work.  He  employs  his  assistants,  and  they  receive 
from  £2  to  £.G  per  week,  according  to  their  capabilities, 
with  all  travelling  and  professional  expenses.  A  lioi-ufioe 
engineer  \vlll  be  allowed  at  least  three  guineas  jier  diem 
for  attendance  in  any  court  of  justice,  but  the  amount  ho 
would  receive  for  attending  before  committees  wuuld  de- 
pend upon  the  value  of  his  jiosition  and  name  ;ls  a  witness. 
In  the  present  state  of  the  profession,  it  is  ridiculous  for  a 
young  engineer  to  talk  about  terms.  Let  him  take  what 
he  can  get  and  be  thankful— C.  E.  Senior. 


[5S0.]— ADULTERATION  OF  WHITE  LEAD.— White 
leixd,  which  when  pure  is  a  carbonate,  chemically  repre- 
sented by  the  formula  P(,0,  CO-,  which  possess  two  dis- 
tinguishing characteristics -namely,  great  specific  gravity 
and  complete  insolubility  in  water.  Tlie  on^Iiuary  white 
lead  of  commerce  always  contains  a  certain  proportion  of 
the  protoxide  of  litharge  PtO,  which  is  soluble  iu  water, 
and  its  jiurity  may  evidently  be  tested,  either  by  compar- 
ing the  weight  of  a  known  volume  of  it  with  that  of  the 
pure  carbonate,  or  by  immersing  it  for  some  time  iu  water. 
—ANALYST. 


[582.]— DEADENING  SOUND.— A  partial  remedy  for 
the  eiiil  that  "J.  H."  complains  of  may  be  obtained  by 
padding  the  wall  next  to  his  neighbour  with  a  good 
lining  of  list,  hoi-se  hair,  cork,  or  even  oakum,  but  it  is 
for  him  to  consider  whether  the  remedy  would  not 
be  worse  than  the  evil.  The  real  cure  is  thick  wallf. 
but  thick  walls  do  not  belong  to  the  present  generation . 
—P.  N.  

[5Si.]— WROUGHT-IRON  ROOFS.- Let  the  diagram  re- 
present one  half  of  a  roof  truss  of  -lOft.  Kpan  and  sft.  depth  ; 
assume  the  trusses  to  be  10ft.  apart,  and  the  greatest  load 


730 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


October  18,  1867. 


6l)lb.  per  foot  siipei-.  iui-liuliiig  the  effect  of  vviml  auJ  other 
o  -CAsional  forces.  Tlie  Jeugth  of  the  raftera  A  B  will  ha 
-  /2n!i -Ts- =  21-:>ft..  aud  the  weight  upon  it  will  = 
21  :.  X  10  X  t;0  =  l'2y001b.  The  augle  which  the  rafter 
makes  with  the  horizon  may  be  found  trigouometrically 
thus  : — As  the  sum  of  the  two  sides  A  h,  h  B  of  the  tri- 
angle is  to  theii' difference,  so  is  the  tangent  of  half  the 
sum  of  the  opposite  angles  A  and  B  to  the  taugent  fif  half 
their  difference.  This  will  give  the  angle  at  A  =  '21°  48'. 
lu  like  manner  the  angle  which  the  strut  e /i  makes  with 
the  horizon  will  be  found  to  be  =  3S'^  40',  assuming  that 
the  tie  is  equally  divided.  Now,  calling  the  weight  W  = 
IL'OOO,  and  considering  it  to  lie  equally  distributed  over  the 
leugth  of  the  rafter,  the  eqviivalent  loads  on  the  several 
parts  will  be  as  follow  ; — 

W 

At  A  a  load  =  -  =  2100  =  Wi 

i; 

W 

At  d       „       =  -   =  4J00  =  Wii 

w 

At  «       „       =  -   =  4300  =  Will 

w 

At  B       „       =   -  =  2U0  =  W.v 

0 

Following  Generally  tlie  notation  of  your  article  on  iron 

roofs,   at  p.  220,  but  with   some  modilications,  on  which  I 

have  already  addressed  you  (see  pp.  460  aud  480),  the  strain 

in  compression  produced  on  the  shoe  of  the  rafter  by  the 

load  Wi  wiU  be  =     ^±-  =  -_?1^^ ,  and  working  this 

sin.  A        am.  21'^  4S' 
out  we  have — 

Log.       2150         =  333243S5 
—  Log.  sin.  21"  48'  =  9  ■5098043 

Log.       5780         =  3-7020342 

Whence  the  strain  at  the  point  A  =  -  =  57891b. 

sin.  A 

call  this (Si) 

The  strain   in  tension  on  the  bar  A  ff  due   to   the 
load  Wi  will  be  Wi  X  cotau  A. 

Log.        2150         =      3-33243S5 
+  Log.  cotan2l^48'=  10-3979:10 

Log.         5375         =    37304095 
Wlieuce  the  strain  on  A  3  =  Wi  x  cotau  A  =  53751b.     (S2) 
The  strain  on  the  rafter  produced  by  the  load  Wii 

at  the  point  d  =    -^Jl—=  ^^ =  57S91b.  (S3) 

2  sin,  A     2  sin.  21*=  48' 
The  strain  on  the  strut  d  g  produced  by  the  same 

load  Wilis  aimilai- aud  =  578!'lb.^. (S') 

The  horizontal  strain  on  the  tie  A  g  due  to  the 

load  Wii  is  =  ^'  x  cotan  A  =  53751b (S5) 

We   come   now  to  the  secondary  truss  A  e  /i ;  tliis, 
in,  addition  to  its  load  Wm,  at  the  point  e,  haa 
Wii 

also  to  sustain tranfimitted  through  the  bar 

2 

y  c,  its  total  load   therefore     at  «  =    Win   + 

Wii 

.  -  -  -  =  6450,  and  tlud  will   be   supported  by  the 

bars  e  A,  eh  in  the  following  proportions  : — 
Tha     load     carried     by     e    A     will     be      = 

f  W..I  ■^Iji\~L=  (4300  +  «»»)  X  L  = 
21501b,  And  the  load  supported  by  e  H  will  be 
=    /Wu,  +  ^^1\   ^^  =    /4300  +  i^'JO^   ^    2^ 

=  430011)^  The  strains  produced  upou  the  seve- 
ral bars  e  A,  c  h,  and  A  h  by  these  loads  will  be 
found  in  the  same  manner  as  those  in  the  ter- 
tiai'y  truss  A  li  g. 

ThusstrainoneTwillbe  =  i^^  =     __-^^0 

sin.  A         sin.  21'-' 48' 
=  57S91b (S,) 

Strain  on  fit  wUl  be  =    ^^^^    = iiOq_    ^ 

sin.   h      sin.  38"  40' 
*iSS21b.    _ _ (S7) 

Strain  on  A  {/  will  be  =  load  on  e  A  X  cotan  A  = 
2150  X  cotan  21"' 48' =  53751b (S8) 

The  strain  on  g  h  produced  by  the  load  on  e  ft  is 
equal  and  opposite  to__that  on  A  5/  by  the  load  on 
6  A.  The_load  on  e  A  l->  supported  by  half  the 
king  Iwit  B  h,  and  is  a  tensile  strain  upon  it  = 
43001b.,  aud  this  mxist  be  added  to  the  original 
load  Wiv  on  B  to  obtain  tlie  entire  load  at  that 
point :  Wiv  +  4300  =  04501b.  =  totiil  load  at  B. 
The  strains  exerted  on  the  bars  AB,  ATh  bv  this 
load  are  to  be  found  by  the  method  ali-eady  ex- 

plainsd.      Thus    strain  on  A  B    ==     .°^-.     = 
sm.  A 

6450       _  iK„^.o,. 

■: — .,.,„— ^'  =  l<3bSlb /Sq\ 

sin.  21°  48  ^^•' 

Strain  on  A  ft  =  load  on  aTB  x  cotan  A  =  6450  x 

cotan  21"4S'  =:  lt31201b (gjr) 

Summing  up  the  strains  to  obtain  the*  totalstresses  on 
the  bars,  we  have — 

lb. 

For  the  rafter— Strain  on  B  «  =  (S?)  =  173GS 

do.    on  7^=  (99)  +  (S'-) =  23157 

do.     onUA  =  (S.->  +  (S&)  +  (S3)  =  28940 
do.     on    A  =  {«.)  +  (S6)  +  (S3)  + 

(Si)  =  34735 

Forthe  struts—    do.     on   e  h  —  (iii) =    6882 

do.     on  uu  =  (Si) =    5789 

For  the  ties—       do.    on  A  y  =  (S2)  +  (S5)  +  (Ss)  + 

_  (Si  ) =32251 

do.     on  jf  A  =  32251  —  (S  ) =  26876 

do.     on    h^  =26876— ^») =21501 

do.     on  e  f/  =  load  on  dg =    2150 

do.     onB'h  =  load  on  Vu    =    4300 


It  must  be  remembered  that  B  A  will  have  to  sustain  an 
additional  aud  equal  load  due  to  the  other  half  of  the 
truss  not  now  under  consideration. 

Having  thus  determined  the  stresses  upon  the  various 
parts  of  the  truss,  it  only  remains  to  compute  the  sectional 
area  required  by  each  bar  to  resist  those  strains,  which  may 
he  done  by  the  method  given  in  your  article.  No  4,  on  Iron 
Roofs,  at  p.  252.  Thus  tlie  strain  on  the  foot  of  the  raftei 
being  =  347351b.,  and  assuming  that  the  ix-on  to  be  used 
can  safely  resist  a  pressure  of  4  tons  =  SlHJOlb.  per  inch  of 
section,  the  area  of  a  section  through  that  part  of  the  rafter 

will  =  ."-    '   :^  =  3S7Ln.     In.  like  manner  the  scantlings  of 

8960 
the  other  parts  of  the  rafter  may  be  calculated,  but  in  the 
case  of  so  small  a  roof  as  the  one  under  examination,  it  is 
usual  to  make  the  whole  rafter  of  one  x>iece  of  iron,   and 
supposing  the  T-form  to  be  adopted, 

the  upper  table  may  be  3iin.  by  ^^in.    =  l'75in. 

and  the  flange  may  be  3.|in.'by9-16th  in.  =  211in, 

Together 3'S6in.  area. 

By  the  same  method  it  will  be  found  that  T  iiou  having  a 
sectional  area  of  ■7Sin.,  will  be  sufficient  for  the  strut  t  h, 
and  that  a  sectional  area  of  'ijOin.  will  give  strength  enough 
for  the  strut  d  y. 

The  greatest  tensile  strain  upon  the  main  tie  at  A  y 
being  32251,  and  taking  the  safe  tension  at  5  tons  ;= 
112001b.  per  inch  of  section,  tlie  area  of  section  necessary  to 

32-251 

11200 

=  l'9in,,  the  diameter  of  the  tie 


resist  the  strain  must  be 


:  2SSiu.  ;  and  if  the  tit 


be  of  round  iron  V  1. 

•7854 

in  that  part.  This  diameter  may  he  reduced  between  9 
aud  A,  .Ls  shown  by  the  diminished  sti-ain  on  that  p:ut,  its 
thickness  being  computed  as  above.  The  diameters  of  the 
bars  e  u  and  B  li  calculated  in  the  same  way  will  be  found 
to  be  Ain.  aud  lin.  respectively. 

It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  all  the  above  are  the  nett 
sectional  areas  of  the  bars  ;  therefore,  where  those  areas 
are  decreased  by  rivet  or  bolt  holes,  or  other  causes,  the 
loss  of  strength  must  be  compensated  either  by  additional 
pieces,  as  packing  pieces,  or  by  increasing  the  dimensions 
of  the  bars  themselves. — E.  Swanhbouough,  6,  Great 
James-street^  Bedford-row. 


[588.]— BOX  GIRDERS.— There  is  an  error  in  working 
out  the  result  of  sectional  ai-ea  as  stated  by  '"E.  E.  C." 
Instead  of  14  square  inches,  it  should  be  17*33  square 
inches.  This  latter  is  1  09  square  inches  in  excess  of  my 
result,  owing  to  the  fact  that  in  the  formula  used  by 
"  E.  E.  C."  tlie  constant  75  iissumes  the  breaking  strain 
of  the  iron  at  18*75  tons  per  square  inch,  or  a  safe  strain 
under  the  load  of  one-fourth  of  this  or  4*6875  tons  per 
square  inch,  whilst  I  a.ssume  a  safe  strain  of  5  tons  per 
square  inch  ;  this  accounts  for  the  difference  in  the  results. 
The  section  I  call  effective  is  ihe  breaking  area  or  the  sec- 
tion of  plates  and  angle  irons  of  boom  taken  along  the  line 
of  fracture.  Of  course  it  will  be  necessary  to  add  to  tliis 
all  section  required  to  be  cut  away  for  rivets,  to  make  the 
complete  or  gross  section  of  the  boom.— F.  Hope. 

[600.]  —  FLOW  OF  WATER.  —  The  only  formula 
"Querist"  would  seem  to  require  is  that  there  sre  10 
gallons  in  a  cubic  foot. — E.  Ij.  G. 

[605.]— AN  AKCHITECTS'  CLUB.— In  your  impression 
of  last  week  there  appeared  a  suggestion  for  the  establish- 
ment of  a  club  for  aixhitects.  1  am  sure  that  something 
of  the  sort  would  be  greatly  appreciated  by  the  younger 
membei^ofthe  profession.  Truly,  we  have  the  Kensing- 
ton Museum  library,  but  for  the  generality  of  students  it 
is  altogether  impossible  to  attend  because  of  its  inconve- 
nient position.  Again,  there  is  the  Ai"chitectural  Asso- 
ciatiou,  mth  its  lecture  classes  for  study  in  design,  con- 
struction and  the  figure,  all  very  well  in  their  way,  but 
what  can  we  say  about  the  library.  We  ask,  is  it  a 
library?  They  tell  us  "Yes."  We  natui-ally  ask  wliere 
is  the  library  ?  We  are  pointed  to  a  cupboard,  the  dimen- 
sions of  which  do  not  exceed  7ft.  square,  and  that  is  half 
filled  with  old  papers,  the  other  portion  being  entirely 
devoted  to  works  of  art,  and  the  student  can  mostly  change 
his  book  once  a  week,  provided  he  is  not  particular  about 
getting  the  one  he  wants,  that  being  altogether  impossible 
iifter  the  fii*st  week  of  the  session,  .and  between  the  session 
it  is  closed  to  all.  This  is  the  state  of  the  only  circulating 
architectural  library  founded  by  the  Association  to  aid 
the  coming  architectural  generation  in  attaining  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  their  profession  and  advancement  Jn  art.  It 
is  not  so  much  a  museum  we  want  as  a  library,  in  a 
centnd  position,  where,  after  business  hours,  members 
could  change  their  books,  aud  so  be  constantly  supplied 
with  materials  for  their  improvement.  If  this  were  taken 
in  hand  by  that  energetic  body,  the  Royal  Institute  of 
British  Ai'chitects,  I  believe  we  should  soon  have  plenty  of 
subscribei-s  who  would  be  only  too  glad  to  give  their  one 
or  two  guineas  per  annum,  and  such  a  club  (if  such  it  may 
be  called)  would  be  a  great  blessing  to  both  the  old  and 
young  in  art.  Could  not  our  late  presiilent  help  ua  in  this 
instead  of  trying  to  press  us  into  the  artists'  riile  corps. — 
A  Member  of  the  H.  H. 

[606.]— STAINING  OAK.— "A  Joiner"  can  stain  oak 
dark,  almost  black,  by  means  of  bichromate  of  potash, 
diluted  witli  water. — J.  H.,  Sydenham. 

[607.]— GUM,  <fcc. — The  gum  used  on  postage  stamps  is 
made  from  starch  on  a  hu'ge  scale,  and  sold  at  photographic 
shops  by  the  name  of  Dextriue  (so  called  from  its  action 
on  polarized  light,  differing  from  that  of  sugar  by  turning 
the  poles  of  the  ray  to  the  right  instead  of  left). — E.  L.  G. 


STATUES,  MEMORIALS,  ETC. 

A  statue  of  the  poet  Camoens  was  last  week  inaiigurated 
at  Lisbon  by  the  King  and  Queen.  There  was  a  State  ball 
in  the  evening,  aud  the  city  was  illuminated. 

A  very  elegant  and  carefully- designed  montiment  of 
white  marble  has  been  erected  in  the  Glasgow  Necropolis, 
to  the  memory  of  the  late  Mr.  Graham  Gilbert.  It  hixs 
been  executed  by  Mr.  W.  Brodie,  R.S.A.,  tlie  eminent 
sculptor,  from  the  designs  of  Messi-s.  Heath,  Wilson,  aud 
D.  Thompson  ;  aud  the  sculptor  has  executed  a  profile  por- 
trait of  the  late  distinguished  artist  in  the  pediment  of  the 
monument. 


A  monument  has  been  erected  to  the  late  Bishop  (,i 
Tuam  (Lord  Piunket).  It  was  executed  by  Mr.  Alexandt  t 
Ballantine,  of  Dublin,  in  Cumberland  red  sand.>itone  auil 
is  a  fac  siniile  of  the  Ancient  Cross  of  Clonmacuoise.  * 

Colossal  statues  of  the  Virgin,  St.  Patrick,  and  St.  Aj 
bert,  are  to  be  placed  on  top  of  the  west  gable  of  th 
Roman  Catholic  Cathedral  at  Thurles  (Ireland).  Th. 
liave  been  executed  in  Portland  stone,  by  Messrs.  Eari 
anil  Powell,  of  Dublin. 

On  Tuesday  last  her  Majesty  unveiled  the  statue  of  the 
late  Prince  Consort,  erected  to  the  east  of  Balmoral  Castle 
ou  the  south  side  of  the  Dee,  and  almost  directly  opposite 
the  church  of  Crathie.  His  Royal  Highness  is  represented 
in  bronze  as  a  highland  chief  in  full  costume,  somethiuj 
similar  in  many  respects  to  the  well-known  painting  bv 
John  Phillip.  The  pedestal  is  a  rough  natural  caim  (li 
huge  granite  boulders,  lOift.  in  height.  On  this  the  figui, 
13,ift.  high  stands.  The  left  leg  is  slightly  ailvance<i,  ami 
resting  on  the  edge.  A  favoured  staghound  is  leanin,; 
against  the  right  knee,  and  the  right  hand  is  placed  on  th.. 
dog's  head.  The  left  hand  grasps  a  ritle  near  the  muzzle. 
The  statue  is,  in  fact,  a  reproduction  of  the  marble  ytatu*- 
by  the  same  artist  at  the  foot  of  the  grand  staircase  in  Bal- 
moral Castle. 


STAINED    GLASS. 

The  window  to  the  memory  of  the  late  Rev.  J.  J.  Cole- 
is  now  in  its  place  in  St.  Bai'uabas'  Church,  Bristol.  It  L 
the  south  window  in  the  chancel,  and  contains  thret 
medidlion  groups  on  a  rich  mosaic  groim.d.  The  window  i: 
the  work  of  Mr.  J.  Bell,  of  this  city. 


LEGAL  INTELLIGENCE. 

lMroKT;i>-T  Decision  uxder  the  Metropolitaj 
BniEDiNG  Act  as  to  Railway  Exemptions, — Mr 
G.  B,    Steward   was    summoned    by  Mr,   N.  E 
Jennings,  District  Surveyor  of  Central  Lambeth  aD< 
part  of  Battersea,  before  Mr.  Elliot,  at  the  Lambetl 
Police  Com-t,  for  having  erected  a  building  enclosei 
with     wood,    contrary    to    the   first   schedtile  o 
the    act,  on    laud  belonging  to  the  London  ani 
South-Western  Kailway  Company,  at  Nine  Kims 
Mr,  Walter   Taylor,  of  29,   John-street,  Bedford 
row,  solicitor  for  the  district  surveyor,  conteude 
that   the    case   was    not   within    the    exemptio 
clauses.   Mr,  Steward  was  an  annual  tenant  of  tb 
railway  company,  holding  under  an  agreement,  a 
a  rental,  and   such  agreement  contained  a   claus 
that  the   company  should  have   the  right  of  pu 
chasing   the   office  agreed  by  Mr.    Steward  to  b 
erectf  d  on  the  land  ;  and  if   they  declined  to  pu: 
ehase,  Mr,  Steward  was  to  remove  the  same  at  h 
own  cost.      It  could  not,  therefore,  be  contende 
that  the  buildine;  belonged  to  the  company,  for 
was  not  likely  they  would  have  agreed  to  purchac 
what  was  already   their  own.      The  mere  fact  i 
their  having  the  reversion  as  freeholders,  and  i 
the  actual   possession,  was  not   sufficient  to  ml 
stitute  them  the  owners  of  the  building,  accoK 
ing  to  the  Act  of   Parliament.      That  one  of  tB 
exemption   clauses   was  conjunctive,  and   that' 
bring   the  case   within   that   clause   it  must   \ 
shown   that   the   building  both   belonged  to  tl 
company,  and  was  used   by  them  for  the  purposi 
of  the  railway.      He  thought  he  had  shown  thi 
the  building  did  not  belong  to  the  company.     S 
should  show  that  it  was  not  used  for  the  purposes' 
the  railway,  as  it  was  used  by  Mr,  Steward  in  h 
business  of   a  hay  salesman.      It  was  part  of  tl 
purposes  of  the  company  to  carry  hay,  but  not  * 
the  profit  of  third  parties,  as  in  this  case.     As  M 
Steward  was  a  tenant,  aud  not  an  agent  or  repr 
sentative  of   the  company,  and  used  the  office  ft 
his  own  profit  and   advantage,   the  case  was  D 
within  the  exemption.     Mr.  Jennings  being  swor 
stated  the  buUding  was  not  within  the  other  &  py 
emption   clause,   as   it  was   only  16ft.   from  "'jW^ 
next  building,  and  proved  the  above  facts.     M  D 
Crombie,  of  the  Law  Clerk's  Office  of  the  Lond( 
and   South-Western  Railway,   for  Mr.    Stewar 
argued — first,   that    Mr.    Steward    was   not   tl 
builder,  as  when   he   stated  to   the  district  si 
veyorthat  he  was  building  the  office  in  questio 
he  meant   he  was   employing  some  one  to  buil 
That  this  was  not  a  building,  as  it  was  not  at  .' 
substantial  or  worthy  of  the  name  of  a  buildln, 
that  it  was   constructed   away  from  the  spot  ai 
completed,   leaving  a  space  for  the   fire-place  i 
one  side,  and  then  brought  to  the  spot.     It  w 
consequently  movable,  and  of  a  temporary  natui 
That  being  7Sft,  from  the  ground  or  building 
an  adjoining  owner,  and  28ft,  from  a  public  wa 
it  came   within  the  second  exemption.     That  t 
railway  company  were  the   owners,  as  when  t 
building  was  once  erected  it  became  a  fixture  ai 
a  part  of  the  freehold  ;  that  it  was  used  for  t 
purposes  of  the  railway,  being  for  the  receipt  ai 
dispatch  of  hay,  &c,,  by  the  railway ;  and  that  th 
had  terminated   the  agreement   and  bought  t 
office  from  Mr.  Steward.      Mr.  Elliot  agreed  wi 
Mr.  Taylor   that  the  buildmg   did   not  belong 
the  railway   company,   they  having  demised  _t 
land    to    Steward,    with   a  coveaant    to  buii 


October  18,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


i.n 


i 
f 


leither  was  it  within  the  other  exemption.  That 
t  was  not  used  for  purposes  of  the  railway,  being 
;„r  Jir.  Steward's  business  as  a  hay  salesman  ;  but 
Mr.  Steward  not  being  the  builder,  the  summons, 
,-  against  him,  must  be  dismissed.  A  summons 
trnist  be  tvken  out  against  the  builder,  upon  which 
he  would  make  an  order.  As  to  the  company 
having  purchased  the  building  since  the  summons 
had  been  biken  out,  he  thought  that  would  have 
to  be  settled  with  the  Board  of  Works. 


General  Items. 


There  is  a  screw  loose  with  regard  to  the 
Master  and  Servants'  Act.  Some  magistrates  say 
that  the  jurisiliction  to  enforce  the  payment  of 
vages  is   taken   away,  whilst  others  say  it  is  not 

1.  Some  establishment-s  keep  a  poet.  Why  does 
ii.it  the  Government  keep  a  literary  man  to  draw 
lip  Acts  of  Tarliament  with  precision  ? 

As  an  evidence  of  the  fluctuating  value  of  City 
of  London  property,  we  may  instance  the  price 
of  a  plot  of  land  in  King  WillLim-street,  which 
has  just  sold  .for  £20,000.  Last  year  £35,000 
were  offered  and  refused  for  the  same  plot. 

"  Eagle  Eye,"  in  a  letter,  says : — Sir, — Will  you 
kindly  allow  me  to  make  my  annual  protest 
i.;:;inst  the  imperfect  lighting  of  our  streets,  more 
specially  the  great  crossings,  such  as  at  the  Man- 
'"'U    House,    Charing-cross,    Circus,     Piccadilly, 

,■.  Why  not  adopt  the  "  sun"  principle,  now  so 
.\11  established  in  our  large  public  buildings,  to 
Lie  lighting  up  of  our  streets  ?  Not  only  the 
ifety,  but  the  pockets,  of  the  public  would  be 
liereby   benefited.     The  garotter  and  thief  love 

•tUght. 

An  American   paper   announces  the  death   of 

F.lias  Howe,  jun.,  the  inventor  of  the  sewing  ma. 

:hine,  on  the  3rd  ult.,  in  the  midst  of  his  family 

lud  friends,  at  Bridgeport,  Connecticut.     His  fu- 

leral  took  place  on  Sunday,  the  6th  inst.,  at  Cam- 

jridgeport,  Massachusetts.     Elias  Howe  was  born 

a  1S19,  at  Spencer,  in  Massachusetts.      It  was 

Ikt  Boston,  In  the  shop   of  Ari   Davis,  where  he 

lint  thought  of  the  sewing  machine.      It  was  four 

ers  from  the  time  that   his  curiosity  was  first 

diened,  to  his  application  of  his  mind  to  that 

dch   afterwards  proved  the  great  object  of  his 

Poverty  for  some   time  prevented   the  de- 

Igilopment  of  his  ideas,  but,  in  1844,  he  succeeded 

Iji  convincing  a  friend   with  some  means  of  the 

IJIaBibility  of  his  conception.     In  April,   1845,  he 

liewed  a  seam  with  his   machine,  and  by  May  of 

■die  eame  year  he  had  completed  his  work. 

Some  time  next  week  the  contracts  for  the  re- 
lltoration  of  Sutton  in  Ash6eld  Church,  from  the 
IrfBce  of  Mr.  C.  J.  Neale,  of  Mansfield,  will  be 
llJTertised  for.  We  learn  that  it  is  proposed  to 
l^nd  about  £1,000. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  the  conditions 
|g|E  contract   drawn  up   by  a  Durham  architect, 
■■rming  an  agreement  to   be  entered  into  by  the 
Imccesslul  contractor,   for    sundry  alterations    to 
remises  in  that  city: — "  In  addition  to  the  sum 
■f  £5  per  week  penalty  for  delay,   as  hereinbefore 
■t.itecl,  the  contractor  will  be  required  to  deposit 
!iesum  of  £50  with  the  architect,  when  the  con- 
ract  is   entered  into,  as  a  guarantee  that  he  will 
iiish  the  whole  of  the  work  contracted  for  with- 
'i  the  time   specified,  and  should  the  contractor 
'ill  to  complete  the  work,   according    to    plans, 
■  I leciti cation,  conditions,  and  details,  on  or  before 
:ie  time  hereinbefore  stated,"  February  2S,  1S6S, 
the  aforesaid  sum  of  £50  will  be  forfeited  and 
'•come  the   property  of   the  proprietors,  in   ad- 
iition  to  the  penalty  for  delay,  as   stated  in  the 
■:oond  clause  of  these  conditions.     Should   the 
s-ork  be  finished  within  the  specified  time  accord- 
ing to  the  satisfaction  of  the  architect,  the   said 
sum  of  £50  will  be  repaid  t<j  the  contractor." 

It  is  reported  that  the  Board  of  Arbitration  and 
Conciliation  for  the  lace  trade  of  Nottingham  and 
listrict  is  now  organized.  It  is  proposed,  in  a 
^Uort  time,  to  hold  a  meeting  for  the  purpose  of 
'freeing  upon  a  code  of  rules  for  the  future 
juidauce  of  the  board. 

The  death  of  Seurre,  the  French  sculptor,  is  an- 
nounced. The  deceased  artist  was  a  member  of 
the  institute  since  1S52.  His  best  known  pro- 
luctions  are  the  statue  of  Moliere  on  the  Foim- 
lin.  Rue  Richelieu,  and  that  of  Napoleon  I.,  in 
;he  overcoat  and  Uttlethree- cornered  hat,  recently 
cmoved  from  the  column  in  the  Place  Vendome. 


The  work  01  d' nii^lit:  ii  of  buildings  between 
Doctor's  Commons  and  Cannon-street,  for  the  for- 
mation of  the  new  street  leading  from  Blackfriars 
to  the  Poultry,  progre.-ises  rapidly.  Old  Fish-street, 
Bread-street-hill,  Wardrobe  terrace,  Rutland- 
place,  lOarlstreet,  .and  the  intersecting  courts  and 
lanes  are  a  heap  of  ruins,  and  workmen  are  actively 
engaged  in  removing  the  foundations,  filling  in 
preparatory  to  p.aving,  and  marking  out  the  boun- 
d.aries  of  the  new  street,  the  south-west  portion  of 
which,  from  Cannon-street  to  Earl  street,  it  is  ex- 
pected will  be  opened  for  traffic  early  in  the  en 
suing  year. 

The  work  of  demolition  necessary  for  making 
the  new  street  from  Maudlin-lane  to  Park-row, 
Bristol,  is  being  carried  on  in  good  earnest.  Op- 
posite the  King  David  Inn,  the  houses  of  Lower 
St.  Michael's  Hill  are  rapidly  being  pulled  to 
pieces,  and  the  materials  carted  away. 

We  believe  there  is  some  likelihood  of  Liverpool 
becoming  the  depository  of  a  very  valuable  collec- 
tion of  paintings,  and  that  the  Fine  Arts  Gallery 
may  be  well  stocked  as  soon  as  completed.  The  late 
Mr.  Gower  died  possessed  of  a  collection  of  woi  ks  of 
art  valued  at  about  £30,000,  and  among  his  papers 
has  been  found  a  document  referring  to  the  paint- 
ings dated  as  far  back  as  1857,  wherein  he  leaves  di 
rections  for  them  to  be  in  the  first  place  offered  to 
Liverpool ;  if  refused,  then  to  Edinburgh,  then  to 
Newcastle,  to  Bristol,  to  Nismes  (in  France),  to 
Bordeaux,  and,  last  of  all,  toJMarseiUes. 

Immense  works  have  just  been  commenced  in 
the  south  of  France  for  rendering  the  Rhone  na- 
vigable from  Aries  to  the  sea.  First  of  all,  large 
sandbanks,  which  stretch  over  a  distance  of  more 
than  three  miles,  and  now  permanently  block  up 
the  river,  have  to  be  removed.  Then  the  canal  St. 
Louis  must  be  carried  along  about  two  miles  further, 
a  lock  erected  at  its  mouth,  while  a  bassin  and  port 
have  to  be  constructed  at  other  points.  The  cost 
of  this  undertaking  is  valued  at  8,000,000  of  francs. 
In  the  same  province  they  had  also  begun  draining 
the  marshes  and  improving  the  state  of  the  Car- 
margue — a  sort  of  island  formed  by  the  two  branches 
of  the  Rhone. 

The  French  Government  contemplate  a  new  and 
vast  project  which  will  greatly  benetit  the  nation. 
It  is  proposed  to  enlarge  the_Caual  du  Midi,  better 
known  perhaps  as  the  Canal  des  Deux  Mers.  At 
present  it  is  not  suitable  for  large  vessels  on  ac- 
count of  its  want  of  size  and  depth,  and  it  has  up- 
wards of  fifty  locks  in  its  course  of  150  miles.  In 
order  to  fill  the  canal,  the  innumerable  streams  of 
the  Pyrenees  and  the  hills  of  Auvergne  are  to  be 
collected  and  imprisoned  in  vast  reservoirs,  whence 
the  water  can  be  discharged  as  occasion  requires  at 
different  points.  The  result  of  this  enterprise,  says 
the  E(;/o  de  la,  Dojvioi'i-?,  will  be  that  the  French 
fleet  will  no  longer  be  compelled  to  pass  beneath 
the  guns  of  the  fort  of  Gibraltar. 

The  executive  committee  of  the  National  Exhi- 
bition of  Works  of  .Art,  to  be  held  at  Leeds  in  1868, 
have  placed  the  entire  designs  for  decoration  of  the 
budding  in  the  hands  of  Professor  Lewis,  of 
University  College,  London,  who  is'now  engaged 
in  carrying  out  the  scheme  originally  proposed 
by  Mr.  J.  B.  Waring,  chief  commissioner. 

With  regard  to  the  want  of  facilities  for  obtain- 
ing a  technical  education,  the  Mining  Journal 
points  out  that  the  Royal  School  of  Mines  now 
oS'ers  all  the  ailvantages  which  could  be  desired. 
The  full  three  years'  course  can  be  taken  for  less 
than  £20  per  year  ;  the  first  and  second  years'  lec- 
tures are  equally  suited  to  all  students,  whatever 
branch  of  industry  they  may  be  connected  with  ; 
and  the  students  have  in  the  Royal  College  of  Che- 
mistry, which  has  become  the  property  of  the 
Government,  the  gratituous  use  of  all  the  larger 
and  more  expensive  instruments  of  the  labora- 
tory, and  the  necessary  reagents,  gas,  and  fuel  are 
likewise  supplied.  The  professors  are  all  men  of 
the  highest  position — Dr.  Frankland,  chemistry ; 
Dr.  Tyndall,  physics  ;  and  Professor  Willis,  applied 
mechanics,  for  example — and  it  is  suggested  that 
by  the  addition  of  a  fourth  or  "  Industrial  Divi- 
sion," in  the  third  year's  course,  embracing  che- 
mistry (inorganic  and  organic),  assaying  and  applied 
mechanics,  the  wants  of  aU  classes  would  be 
thoroughly  supplied,  and  the  prosperity  of  the  in- 
stitution  as  a  technical  school  secured. 


MON. 


MEETING   FOR    THE   WEEK. 

-  Sciciet)'   of   Engineers. — Discussion   on    "The 
Qviaiity  of  Irou   as   at  Preseut  Used.'  by  Mr. 
E.  Jlatbeson  ;    aud,  '"Ou  SlecUauicai  Saws, 
by  Mr.  S.  W.  Worssam,  jun. 


irabc  Bebs. 


TENDERS. 
BiBMiNCiUM.— For  shops,  corner  of  Dale  End  and  Albort- 
dtroot,  for  Mr.  Ituxac  Horlon.  Jlr.  Thunias  IMevins.  aichi- 
tect.  Quautititis  supplied  by  the  arcbit«ct  on  the  upp'iint- 
iiRMit  of  tlio  buiUlei-a  : — Barnsley  and  Sons,  £t'i,9SS  ;  Hard- 
wick  .uul  Son,  SHi,i'jr)  ;  \V.  and  J.  Wobb,  £6,320  ;  Jcflery 
and  Tritcbard.  £t>,'2.s5  ;  Cresswell  and  Soub.  £0.200;  W. 
MatthowH.  £6.108;  Briggs  andSon,  £6,1?0;  W.  Partridge, 
£6,150;  W.  and  B.  N.  Smith,  i5,990;  Horaley  Brothers, 
£5,777  ;  Chirles  Joues  (accepted),  £5,571. 

Briohtos. — For  ero'iting  six  firat-class  houses  at  Hove. 
Mr.  T.  Simjjson.  architect.  Quantities  suppliei  r—Tiraras 
.ind  ^lartin,  Londoj,  £'i,577  ;  Nightin-^'ale,  liundon,  £9,467  ; 
Chcfsnian  and  Co.,  Brighton.  £i,SOO  ;  J.  W.  Sawyer.  Dul- 
widi.  £S.!)96;  D.  Bhiud.  Blackheath,  £8.945  ;  Lon;,'liun>t, 
Wurtliing.  £8,SiiO;  Hazell.  Crovdon.  £8,450;  Chappell, 
Steyuiny,  £8,185  ;  Hall,  Brlgbton,  £S,050. 

City.-  For  orectinpr  houso  and  premises,  I^oiidon  Bridge, 
for  Mr.  Toby.  Mr.  H.  Curry,  architect.  Quantities  sup- 
plied by  Meiwr*  Stnidwick  and  Co.  :— Bayley.  £3,324  : 
Coleman.  £2,989 ;  Newman  aud  Mann,  £2,896 ;  Hart, 
£2,8.(0  ;  Downs  (acccpteii),  £2,787. 

C1.AP11AM. — For  bouses  and  shops,  after  deducting  the 
old  materials.  Mr,  R.  P.  Notlev.  architect : — Newman 
and  Mann.  £8,815;  Ilart.  £8,000;  Turner  and  Son. 
£8,575  ;  Colls  and  Son,  £8.370  ;  MacLaughlau,  £8,366  ; 
Browne  and  Robinson,  £8,215  ;  Adarason  aud  Son,  £8,030  ; 
Webb  aud  Sou,  £7,797  ;  Myers  and  Sous,  £7,758. 

NoTTiso  Hill. — For  building  the  new  school  ball  of 
the  Nottiug  Hill  and  Bayswater  Proprietary  School,  Mr. 
John  Crawlev,  architect: — William  Bird,  Kensington  (ac- 
cepted), £1,932. 

TuNSTALL. — The  burial  board  have  accepted  the  tender 
of  Messrs.  S.  and  J.  Smith,  of  Hanloy  and  Newcastle,  for 
forming  the  ground  and  drainage  of  the  new  cemetery,  at 
a  cost  of  £943. 


BATH  STONE  OF  BEST  QUALITY. 

Randell  and  Saunders,  Quarrymen  and  Stone  Mei- 
chantj?,  Bath.  LLst  of  Prices  at  the  Quarries  and  Depots, 
also  Cost  for  Tran.sit  to  any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
furnished  on  application  to  Bath  Stone  Office,  Corsbam, 
Wilts.— [Ai>\T.J 


BAIfKRUPTS. 

TO  SURRENDER  IN  BASINGHALL-STREET. 

A.  Brown.  Fugglestone  St.  Peter,  near  Salisbury,  builder, 
October  24,  at  1— John  Hopkins.  Norman-road,  New  Wim  - 
bledon.  carpenter,  October  24,  at  1 — I.  May,  sen.,  Upmirster 
Hill,  near  Romford,  carpenter,  October  29,  at  12— John 
Rule,  Kingston -upon -Thames,  builder,  Optober  29,  at  1 — 
Ricluird  Walker,  New  Wimlsor , Berkshire,  builder,  October 
29,  at  12— John  Jordan,  Meaian-road,  Lower  Clapton, 
builder,  October  30,  at  11. 

TO  "SURRENDER  IN  THE  COUNTRY. 

Jacob  Brough.  Carlisle,  builder,  October  28- Henry 
Cheshire,  Rugeley,  builder.  October  25— W.  Dungay,  Den- 
ver, Norfolk,  carpenter.  October  26— G.  W.  Myers.  Jarrow, 
journeyman  mason,  October  22 — S.  Williams,  Eitst  Dean, 
Gloucesteishire,  stnnemason,  October  24 — Henry  Butler, 
Southwell,  plumber.  October  23,  at  12— William.  Dolphin, 
Brompton,  near  Chesterfield,  mason,  November  4,  at  11 — 
John  Neill,  Chorltun-on-Medlock,  joiner,  November  5,  at. 
9-30. 


LATEST  PRICES   OF   MATERIALS   USED 
IN  CONSTRUCTION. 


Timber,  duty  1b  p 

Teak    load    £9    0£10  1 

Quebec,  red  pine  ....     30      4  ] 

,,  yellow  piue..  2  15  4 
St.  John  N.B.  yellow  0  0  0 
Quebec  Oak,  wbit«  ..55      51 

„       birch 3  10      4  1 

elm   3  10      6 

O&ntzic  oak  . . 


fir  . 


2     0 

Memelfir   3    0 

Riga 3    0 

Swedish 2    0 

Masts.Quebecredpine   6    0 
.,       yellow  pine..     5    0 
Lathwood.Dantzic.fni   4  10 
St.  Petereburg  6  10 
Deal8,prC.,12ft.  by3 
by  Sin.,  diitySsper 
load,  drawback  28. 
Quebec,  white  spruce  33    0 
St.John,  white  spruce  13  10 
Yellow  pine,  per  re- 
duced C. 
Cftimda,   Ist  quality.  17    0 
Snd  do 11  10 


load,  drawback.  1b. 
Archangel,  yellow ..  £11 
St.  Petersburg,  yeL..  30 

Finland 8 

Memel 0 

Gothenburg,  yellow       8 

,,       white    8 

Gefle,  yellow 9 

Soderham       9 

Christi.'Uiia,    per  C, 

12  ft.  by  3  by  9  in. 

yellow 16 

Deck  Plank,  Dantzic, 

per  40  ft.  3  in 0 

pDsucB  Stohb  pr  ton    6 

On^,  &c. 
Sejil,  pale.... per  tun  33 

Sperm  body   KiO 

Cod 3S 

Whale,  8th,  Sea,  pale  S8 

Olive,  Gallipoll 70 

Cocoanut,  Cocbin.ton  56 

Palm,  fine 42 

Linseed    33 

Rapeseed.  Eng.pale..  40 
Cottonseed 34 


10  £!3 
10    21 


0    11    0 
0    10  10 


23 
1 


Metals. 

Wet  Bh  Bara  in  London     per  ton 

N/iU  Rod       do 

H^npa do 

rihevts,  Single      -       do 

Strtfi-rdshire  B&TB       do 

Bars,  in  Wales     do 

Raila    do 

Foundry  Pigs,  at  GLasg.  No    1    ..       do 

Swedish  Bars  do 

Stkkl:— 

Swedish  Keg,  hammered     per  t«n 

Swedish  Faggot  do 

Coffek: — 

Sheet  A  Sheathing.  A  Bolts  p«rton 

Hammered  BotUims       do 

Flat  Bottoms,  not  Hivmmered   . .       do 

Cake  and  Tough  Ingot      do 

Beftt  Selected     do 

Aiistratinn     do 

Y  1.  Metal  Sheathing  &  Kods  ....  per  lb 


6  7  6 

7  10  0 

8  10  0 

9  35  0 
7  10  0 
6  15  0 
6    5  0 

!  15  0 


6  10 

7  15 


10    0 
7  15 


of 


0 
6 

10  5  d     10  10  e 


0  0 
5 


8 

nett 

net. 


35    0    0 
10  10    0 


15  10    0 
12  10    0 


84    0 

ya  0 


732 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


October  18,  1867. 


Englifih  Block      per  ton  96    0    0  0    0 

do      Bar    do  ST    0    0  0    0 

do       Beflned    do  94    0    0  0    0 

Banca do  SU    0    0  S5    0 

Straits     do  8'J  10    0  9iJ    0 

Lead : — 

Pig,  EngUsh     per  ton  21  15    0  0    0 

„    SpaniBhSoft     do  19  15    0  19  10 

Shot.  Patent     do  23    0    0  0    0 

Sheet    do  2i>  15    0  0    0 

■White      do  S<^    0    0  31  10 

Bpzltkr  :— 

OntheSpot per  ton  21    0    0  21    2 

Zisc  :— 

English  Sheet       per  ton  26  10     0  27     n 

Devaui's  V.  M.  Roofing  ZiDc    do  2(1  10     0  0     0 

•  And  B  per  cent,  discount  ii  laid  upon  the  new  eysteto 

QoiCKSiiVKE     perbtl  6  17    0  0    0 

Ekgolcs  of  Antimoft 

French    per  ton  28    0     0  0    0 


TO  BUILDERS,  MASONS,  and  STONE 
MKRCH ANTS.— The  PREMISES,  Lease.  Goodwill.  Stock-in- 
Tiade.  and  Plant  of  an  old-establiahed  Businesu  in  Southwark  to  he 
DISPOSED  OF  by  Private  Contract.  —  For  particulars  apply  to  Messrs. 
Buckton  and  Cu.,  74,  King  William -street,  E,C 

TO  BUILDERS  and  CARPENTERS.— 
SIX  well-built  nnfiniahed  HOUSES  for  SALE.  Lease  99 
years.  Price  £500,  which  can  remain  if  required.  12  minutes  by  rail 
from  Fenchiirch -street  station. — Rolwrts  and  Co.,  between  the 
hours  of  Ten  and  One,  3.  Bond-court  House,  Walbrook,      No  agents. 

CARCASES.— ForSALEtlireefer  9-roomed 
houses  at  Camberwell.  greater  portion  may  remain  on  mort- 
gage if  repnired.  When  finished  will  let  at  £5:^  lOs, — Apply  to  Mr. 
Toy,  surveyor,  ti,  0.>l ford-terrace,  Bellefleld-roLid,  Eri.'tton,  opposite 
Brixton  Station. 

/CRYSTAL      PALACE.  —  FIRST-CLASS 

V-/  BUILDING  LAND  to  be  LET  in  immediateproximity  to  the 
Palace,  on  advautageons  terms.  For  particulars  apply  to  Mr.  H.Tj-t, 
Accountant's  Office,  Ciyatal  Palace  :  or  to  R.  R.  Banks.Eaq.,  1,  West- 
minster Cbambera,  Victoria-street.  "Westminster. 


TO  BUILDERS,  CARPENTERS,  and 
Others.— TO  BE  SOLD,  several  substantially  built,  nine- 
roomed  CARCASES,  drained  into  the  Main  High  Level  Sewer  ; 
almost  adjoining  a  new  church,  just  conseL-rated  ;  close  to  an  omnibus 
route  to  the  City  and  West  End,  and  in  a  capital  situation  both 
for  letting  and  selling, — Apply  to  Mr.  Clarkson,  38,  Great  James- 
street,  Bedford-row. 

"TTALUABLE    FREEHOLD    BUILDING 

V  LAND,  Exeter.  Devnn,  to  be  SOLD,  or  LET  on  Building 
Lease  for  such  a  term  of  years  iis  may  lie  /igreed  upon,  all  those  exten- 
Bive  CORNER  PREMISES  oivupicd  until  recently  as  the  "City 
Prison,"  forming  the  most  valuable  building  site  in  the  important 
city  of  Exeter,  having  a  frontage  of  Hi6ft.  towards  Queen-street,  aud 
57ft.  towards  Northernhay-stieet.  The  premises  h.^ve  an  area  of 
about  31,0i'0  square  feet,  and  are  situate  opposite  the  London  and 
South-'Westeni  Railway  Station.  General  Post-office,  Albert  Memorial 
Museum,  and  the  principal  eutran^e  to  that  delightful  promenade, 
Northenhay.  and  in  close  proximity  to  the  Exo'er  Cathedral,  public 
markets,  and  all  the  principal  buildings.  The  site  commands  some 
of  the  roost  extensive  and  beautiful  views  in  Devon,  so  well  known 
for  its  salubrity,  and  forms  a  most  desirable  site  for  the  erection  either 
of  a  firet-class  hotel  or  public  nr  buiine.'^s  premises  of  any  kind.  There 
are  a  very  large  quantity  of  bnihline  materials  on  the  site,  which  the 
lessee  may  use  in  the  new  hiiilJings,— For  further  particulars  apply 
In  Mr.  George  Packiam,  architect  and  surveyor,  25,  Queen-street, 
Exeter. 


£20  000 


READY  to  be   ADVANCED 

by  theTEMPEPANCEPERMANENTLAND 
.nnd  BUILDING  SOCIETY,  on  J>ceh<ild  and  Leasehold  Property,  for 
auv  peiiod  of  years  not  exrrdiug  fifteen,  tlie  mortgage  being  redeem- 
able by  equal  monthly  lustaluunls.  Interest  (in  addition  to  a  small 
premium)  5  per  cent,  on  the  balance  each  year —Apply  to 

HENRY  J.  PHILLIPS,  Secretary. 
Offices — 114,  Moorgate- street.  Loudon.  EC. 

Note.— More  than   half  a  miUion  poimdfl   sterling  have  been  ad- 
^arv  ■Di^'^"^"  property  alone. 

^^Md«vo^^^„,         -^    _gg^^  ^^  ^50,000  on  FREE- 

MnTiTGAGE,  .  LDL.INP  ami  houses, 

tr,  r,r  l.F.A=EHI-' uurLliiisc.— Full  i«irtk-i 
*•?     J  „nt  oHected  to      ■  1,  Lower  Norwood.  Sutler. 

.  — «n  lanQ  i"^'^     '  T:^pnroatkPO  — 
Eden  House.  Eden  ™  ^ 

"R      .C^  ^BRIDAL  ot  EELMOr.  I.    ,j;;"bu;"    'iiio.   d.aily   at  4  .n.id  ;i. 
XV,..'i\x'Sn?toem.  -.Vrf  "f jl'e«  -n'l  ^B,,  --"tltu.  Scenenr.  de. 


cheap 
Mr.  Bull, 


LURLEY,  or 

hn    Millard  will  read 


with   the  newest 


p„ed'a  ''■"■"K  lUUBtrated  «'''' ^fpounor ;  M^v  to  with 
Tl,e.read.T,gwiUO  M'-^^*"  treaeopio  Effe^        t»  IJ.    H.  Pep,.. 

and  most  "'"S  joint  inventon).     '^  The  wh.        „,,   comhiniug 

rTjuTTTSH  PLATE  GLAS-^^  c,. 
-OATENT  and  BRlTlbti^J        ,  ,  e;.  B»;u'-  , 

GWBWa«honM^ ^  ^„fr    gOul.  Wide, 


IHr^^^^?=-^- 


Best  ditto. 
Colours.  Brushes. 


P„,rHnb.I.O«.   W.O. 


Will  be  jniblislied  in  Decemlier  next,  cloth  lettered,  price  48.  ' 

ATCHLEY'S     NEW    BUILDERS'    PRICE    BOOK 

FOR  1868. 

Containing  a  complete  Li-st  of  the  present  Prices  of  Builders'  Materials  and  Laboxir,  with  most  useful  aud  importani 
Tables  aud  Memorauda  for  preparing  Estimates,  &c. ,  for  the  use  of  ! 

ARCHITECTS,  ENGINEERS,  CONTRACTORS,  BUILDERS,  &c. 

Tliese   calculations  have  beeu  carefully  made  by   the  aid   of  a  staff  of  practical  men   on  each  subject.       i 

To  ivliioh  is  added  , 

"THE     UNION     OF     TRUE     CONSTRUCTION     WITH     GOOD     TASTE."   I 

By  AN  ARCHITECT. 

Treating  of  the  following  subjects  :   Brickwork,  Stonework,  "Woodwork  and  Furniture,  Slates  and  Tiles,  Leadwork 

tZinc,  Metalwork,  Plaster,  Glass,  Painting,  Staining,  iic. 

London  :    ATCHLEY  &  CO..  ARCHITECTURAL  and  ENGINEERING  PUBLISHERS,  I 

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BOOKSELLERS  SUPPLIED  WITH  SHOW-CARDS  AND  PROSPECTUS  UPON   APPLICATION  TO  ATCHLEY  AND  CO. 


Now  ready,  much  enlarged,  with  19  plates  (several  entirely  new)  aud  numerous  woodcuts,  400  pp.,  price  18s.,  cloth, 

(postage  1  Od. ). 

BARLOW  ON  THE  STRENGTH  OF  MATERIALS,  Revised  by  the  Author's  son 
P.  W.  Barlow,  F.R.S..  Mem.  Inst.  C.E.,  and  "W.  H.  Barlow,  F.R.S.,  Mem.  of  CouncU  lust.  C.E.  With  niini 
rous  important  additions.  Arranged  and  edited  by  William  Humber,  Assoc.  Instit.  C.E.,  author  of  *'Recordfl 
Modern  Engineering,"  "  Cast  and  Wrought  Iron  Bridge  Consti-uction."  &c. 

London:  Lockwood  and  Co.,  7,  Stationers'  Hall-court,  E.C. 


PROFESSOR  RANKINE'S  WORKS. 

Second  Edition,  post  8vo,  cloth,  i)rice  9s,. 

USEFUL  RULES  and  TABLES  for 
Architects,  Bnilders.  Carpenters,  Coachbuildera,  Engravers, 
Eugineera,  Founders,  Mechanics,  Shiphnildera,  Surveyors,  Wheel- 
wrights, 4c.  In  this  second  edition  some  rules  have  been  added  ;  and 
in  particular  the  comparisons  of  Fren.-h  and  British  measures,  and 
the  dimensions  of  the  eart.h  have  heen  brought  into  conformity  with 
the  results  obtained  by  Captain  Clarke,  R.E.,  and  published  at  the 
British  Ordnance  Survey  Office. 

"Will  he  valued  by  engmeers  and  engineering  students  every 
where." — Engineering. 

Third  Edition,  price  123.  6d,,  hound, 

APPLIED    MECHANICS  ;     Comprising 

Principles  of  Statics,  Cinem.itica.  ,iud  Dynamics,  and  Theory  of 
Structures,  Mechanism,  and  Machines.  With  numerous  illustrations. 

Fifth  Edition,  price  I63.,  bound, 

CIVIL     ENGINEERING  ;     Comprising 

Engineering.  Surveys,  Earthwork,  Foundations.  Masonry,  Carpentry, 
Metalwork.  Roads,  Railways,  Canals,  Rivers,  Waterworks,  Harbours, 
&c.     With  numerous  tables  and  illustrations. 

"  Surpassi^B  in  merit  every  existing  work  of  the  kind.  .  ,  .  As  a 
manual  it  is  umivalled.  The  hook  is  an  honour  to  the  author.  "— 
Enginetr. 


THE 


Third  Edition,  price  12s.  6d.,  bound, 

STEAM     ENGINE,     and 


other 


PRIME  MOVERS.     With  numerous  tables  and  illusti-ations, 
London :  Charlej  GniiTis  aud  Co.,  Stationers'  Hall  Court. 


GOTHIC  FORMS  APPLIED  TO  EUR- 
NITURE,  METAL  WORK,  iic.  for  INTERIOR  PURPOSES, 
by  Mr.  B.  J,  Talbert,  of  Loudon.  The  .ibove  work  has  especial  refer- 
ence to  the  Manufacturers  of  Furniture.  Melal  Workers,  and  Decora- 
tors, as  suggestive  of  Work  applied  to  Buildings  erected  in  the  Gothic 
Styles.  The  sketches  will  he  designs  adapted  to  the  modern  require- 
ments of  the  library,  diuiug,  drawing  and  bed  rooms,  halls,  sc, ;  this 
includes  wood,  metal,  and  decorative  work.  To  be  published  ii»  six 
monthly  parts,  price  5s.  per  p.'LVt,  containing  five  plates  aud  letter- 
jjress  ;  or  when  completed,  bomid  np,  £1  15b. 

Published  by  S.  Buibeck,  Bookseller,  3,  Perahore-road,  Edgbaston, 
Birmingham. 


N^ 


EW  DESIGN  BOOK  of  MEDIiEVAL 

.        FURNITURE  SUITED  for  MODERN  GOTHIC  VILLAS. 

Designed  and  Lithographed  by  R.  CuARLka.     Price  45s..  in  wrapper  ; 

half-hound,  6Us.     The  bnok  contains  W)  pages  aud  about  lIOu  original 

designs  of  various  articles  of  Furniture,  and  of  Window  Drapery,  all 

coloured. 

To  be  had  at  R.  Chakles's,  30,  Newm.'Ui-street,  Oxford-street,  London. 


B 


ILIOUS    aud    LIVER    COMPLAINTS, 

Indigestion,  Sick  Headache,  Loss  of  Appetite,  Drowsiness, 
Giddiness,  Sp.isma,  aud  all  Disorders  of  the  Stomach  and  Bowels  are 
.luickly  removed  by  that  well-known  remedy,  FRaMPTON'S  PILL 
OF  HEAiTH.  They  unite  the  recommendation  of  a  mild  operafiuu 
wiHi  the  moat  successful  eflect  ;  and  where  an  aperient  is  required, 
nothing  can  be  bettei- adapted. 

Sold  by  all  Medicine  Vendors,  at  Is.   lid.  and  2b.  9d.  per  box  or 
obtained  through  any  Chemist. 


s 


and   JOINERY    WORKS, 
W  A  L  D  E  N 


HIGS    BOLBOEK 


-- ^T^^^TUTE  lor  r  AlNT^t'l^ooit^'     s^p.o  Bi.^ 


At 


e  effert  prodo':' 


-Stephens:.  »7iS?a't'„,",;ie, I'fi^  ^ 


.^-J^rSi^^'Si'iiSu^;^'— "' 


'^rS;!S'^.-^-^'''" 


,  tj^ve  tinies 


°^?"'"«i'EPUE»<B.Cbcml.t,  18.  St.  Martin 
Btomiotd-Btreel,  B. 


.-HcGiand,  E.C.,l»t«M. 


TAIRCASE 

JOHN 

(Late  Shop  Foreman  to  Mr.  W.  SANDS,  retired), 

12,  MAIDEN  LANE,  COVENT  GARDEN. 

Estimates  on  application. 

C.  H.  DAVIES  and  CO.'S 

GENUINE 

SOLID    PARQUET    FLOORS 

Are  Greatly  Superior  to  any  hitherto  Produced,  being 

of  Special  Con-stniction,    Improved   Design, 
It  Thoroughly  Seasoned,  and  at 

Specu'RICES   LOWER    THAN   TTSTJAL. 

nens  at  Architectural  Museum,  23,  Maddox -street,  W. 

ShO'V\  AND  AT 

-"■  Rooms,  Cambridge  Hall,  Newman-street,  London. 

^lESSRS.    POWELL, 

WI   THE     GLASS    WORKS, 
^._wrx<ITEFKIAKS,       LONDOw,      E.C. 

ESTAEL.1    .j.j^j^       TEMPI.i:       AND       P.LAfKl  RIAF-.'^       BRIDGE). 
.    BED  1700— SILVER  MEDAL.  PARI  a  EXHIBITION. 
Simple  Diair  WINDOW  DEPARTMENT, 

-    „i-v£s\^t>r^  *ov  the  Side  Windows  oi  Churches,  4s.  per  foot. 
■T.     niniired        Tracery  for  the  same,  Ss.  per  loot. 
'"  Tl     same  c<J  l>ffn  much  admired  at  Paris,  where  it  is  combined 
^'^®  orders  and  medallions. 

Wall  DeVined  with  Phtiu  Cathedral  Glass,  2s.  6d.  and  Ss.  6d, 
ru-UjUcK  Ornamental  Glass  for  Skylights. 

lions  in  Opaque  Glass,  a  revival  of  an  old  art. 
Windows  executed  Irom  the  be&t  designs. 
Old  Windows  Bestoied, 


I  (BF,T\\ 


UNDER  THE  PATRONAGE  OF  H.M.  THE  QtJEEN. 

THE  LONDON  PARQUETRY  WORKi 
— The  first  Establishment  founded  in   England  (in  1842)  for  t 
exclusive  mannfaeture  of   Solid  and  Plated  PARQUET  FLOORS  a 
BORDERS,    CEILINGS,    and    WALL    DECORATIONS;   and  81 
Patentees  of  the  only  system  adapted  to  the  Englifih  climate,  where 
the  evils  of  dry  eot,  shrikkage,  and  warping  (so  common  to  wo  | 
m.^nufactured  in  foreijfn  climates),  are  effectcaij,t  pre\'zstzd.— ifc 
designs.estimates,  ai)d  list  of  nearly  300   floors.  Ac,   apply  to  1^ 
LONDON  PARQUETRY  WORKS.  Grove-lane.  Cmberwell,  S^  0 
their  Sole  Agents,  Meaara.  Gillow  and  Co.,  176,  Oxf  ird-street. 


JIEDAL,     PARIS     EXHIBITION. 

WARD        and        HUGHK 
STAINED      GLASS      PAINTERS.      ECCLESIASTia 
DECORATORS.  Ac,  67,  Frith-Btreet,  Soho-square,  London. 


Soh-o  Plate  and  General  Glass  Warehou 

26,     B  0  H  O     SQUARE,     W. 
And  GEORGE  YARD.   CROWN  STREET.  SOHO,  W.a 
At  the  above   Extensive  Establishment  the  following  deaolpl 
of  Glass  can  be  procured  wholesale : — 

PLATE  GLASS.  Pohshed.  Silvered,  Obscured,  and  Roogb, 
PATENT  PLATE  GLASS  ofaU  qualities  and  substances. 
COLOURED.  ORNAMENTAL,  and  STAINED  GLASS, 
CROWN,  SHEET,  and  HORTICULTURAL  GLASS. 
HARTLEY'S  ROLLED  ROUGH  PLATE,  Ac.,  Ac. 


H. 


Q.  T      A     S   g 

JACKSON    supplies    BRITIS 


VV  •  PLATE.  PATENT  PLATE,  ROLLED  PLATE.  CBOI] 
6HEET,  HORTICULTURAL.  ORNAMENTAL,  COLOURED,  1 
TOGRAPHIC.  and  every  description  of  GLASS,  of  the  beat  a 
facture,  at  the  lowest  terms. 

Lists   of    prices  and  estimates    lorwarded  on   applicatioa  %i  \ 
Warehouse.  315,  Oxford  Street.  W. 


PLAIN   AND   ORNAMENTAL   WINDOW   GLASS^ 

WBELL  having  made  an  extensive  ad» 
«  tion  to  his  Premises,  is  enabled  to  supply  every  deaoript^ 
of  Painted,  Stained,  Einhossed,  and  Enamelled  Glass  (all  of  which  '. 
he  Been  in  Progress).  Also  he  is  now  prepared  to  supply  BRlTISHi 
PATENT  PLATE,  CROWN,  SHEET.  COLOURED,  GROnS 
FLUTED.  CAST,  and  ROLLED  PLATE,  FOREIGN  GLASS,  | 
Designs  and  Estimates  on  appLication  to 

W.  BELL,  GLASS  PAINTER.  4S.  HIGH  STREET, 

CAMDEN  TOWN. 

GLASS,  SASHES,  Ac,  delivered  carriage  ftee. 


ENAMEL    VARNISHES,     of     Sureri 
Quality,  that  dry  well,  look  well,  and  wear  well,  from  Ss. 
yallon. 

Samples  and  prices  sent  free  on  application  to  W.  NAYL' 
Varnish  Manufacturer,  -U.  James-street,  Oiford-etreet,  London.  / 
Manufacturer  of  Oak  Stains. 

Light         4fl.  pergallon. 

Middle  Tint Ss. 

Dark  Oak 68. 


SCHOOL  FX7BNITUBE. 

BANKS'S   PATENT  SCHOOL    DESK 
convertible  into  a  comfortable  seat  or  table,   from    38.  jwr 
Illustrated  Catalogues  of  the  above,  and  all  other  kinds  of  sch 
fittings. 

SIDEBOTHAM,  BANKS,  &  CO., 

CHURCH  and  SCHOOL  FURNITURE  MANUFACTURERS 

PARSONAGE  WORKS.    4.    ALBERT    STREET    MANCHE3TJ 

London  Agent— Mr.    D.   O.    BOYD, 

Musenm  of  Building  Appliances,  23,  Maddock-street,  Hanover 

Square,  where  Samples  can  be  seen. 


LADDERS   AND    SCAFFOLDING, 

uf  every  DESCIUrTION,  for  SALE,  or  HIKE,  at 

H.  MATTHEWS', 
325,  EUSTON-ROAD,  ST.  PANCBAS. 
pLOSET  PANS  AND  DRAIN  PIPES  i 


POTTERY  PRICES. 
-PowerfQl  Screw  Jacks  for  Hlw. 


THE  IKTERNATIONAL  PRIZE  MEDAL, 

Awarded  1862, 

ALSO  THE  DUBLIN  MEDAL,  1S65. 

To    BtllLDEKS,    CARPENTERS,     and    BLINDMAKBK8 

JAS.  AUSTIN  &  SON, 

Mannfactuiera  of    the  above  Articlea,   particularly  wish  to  dire 
the  attention  of  the  TraJe  to  their  ,»Tnn 

IMPERIAL    PATENT   thAX   SASH   LINES, 

01  which  they  are  now  making  four  qualities,  and  they  strongly «« 
mend  that  in  all  cases  they  should  be  purchased  in  prelewnMlOj 
PATENT  LINES  made  from  Jute,  whivh  Arti^^le  has  neitnw  ' 
STRENGTH  nor  DURABILITY  of  FLAX,  consequently cannolg 
so  much  satisfaction  to  ihe  Conamner.  Tbey  't^so invite thepBTncu 
attenUon  of  Upholsterers  and  Blind  Makers  t*  their  I™P"^  fi!; 
Blind  Lines,  which  are  vei7  much  superior  to  anything  yeiw 
to  the  trade.  «f«-hMi 

They  can  be  obtained  of  all  RyDemjikera.  Ironmonger*,  mww» 
Factors,  and  Wholesale  Houses  In  Town  and  Country. 
GSTABLISHED  1774. 


October  25,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


733 


THE   BUILDING  NEWS. 


LOUDON,  FRIDAY,  OCTOBER  -25,  1S67. 


LONDON  ORPHAN  ASYLUM,  WAT- 
FORD, HERTS. 

A     LIMITED  imnibLT  of  arcliitects  haviiif; 
j\_     been  invited  to  send  in  designs  for  the 
above-named  builJinL,'s,  tlie  d^a^vinrJs  are  now 
to  be  seen  at  No.  8,    Old   JewTT,  E.C. ;    tlie 
exhibition  has  been  open  to  the  public  within 
the  last  lew  days.      Tlie    instructions,   which 
are  precise,  recpure  accommodation   for  (;i)i) 
children,  viz.,  200  girls,  and  400  boys.     The 
accommodation  is  what  might  be  expected  in 
an    institution     of     this  "nature.      Chapel, 
dining  hall,  two   school  rooms,   one   for  250 
senior  boys,  and   one  for  150  jimior ;  play- 
ground, and  covered  spaces  for  exercise  in  wet 
weather ;  dormitory  to  contain   not  less  than 
650   cubic   feet   of  air   for   each    cliild,   and 
swimming-bath    about   50  x  25ft.      For  the 
girls,  a  school  room  for   2(10  is   required,   a 
work  room,  and  a  music  room  wdth  separate 
and  well-ventilated  compartments,  so  as  to 
admit  of  eight  girls  practising  simultaneouslv. 
In  addition  to  these  above-named  rooms,  the 
necessary  administrative  apartments,  such  as 
officers'  rooms,  board  rooms,  reception  rooms, 
iatirmary,  kitchens,  &c.,  have  to  be  pro\-ided 
for.      It  was,   moreover,   wisely  determined 
that  the  400  boys  should  be  housed  in  separate 
but  adjoining  divisions  of  50  boys  each,  with 
distinct   supervision.      The  cost,  exclusive  of 
fittings,  not  to  exceed  £65,000,  and  no  canvass- 
ing or  solicitation  of  any  member  of  the  Board 
of  Managers  on  any  account  to  be  permitted. 
The  premiums,  three  in  number,  are    respec- 
tively £250,£150,and£10O.    The  Boardis  inno 
hurry  to  award  the  premiums,  and  the  result 
I'f  its  deliberations  will  not  be  laiown  for  some 
weeks.     Such  information,  as  a  careful  and  by 
no  means  brief  inspection  enables  us  to  give, 
we     lay    before    our    readers.      The    land 
I  ^n  which  the  asylum  wiU  be  built  is  situated 
at  Watford,   about   300  yards   south  of  the 
sUtiou   of  the    London   and   North- Western 
Railway.     The   total   area    is  about  36  acres, 
-'I    acres   of    which   will  be  devoted  to   tlie 
asylum,  the  remainder  being  laid  out  in  build- 
ing  plots. 

Including  an  alternative  design,  by  Mr.  Col- 
her,  26,  Philpot-lane,  City,  eight  sets  of  draw- 
ings are  exhibited.  To  his  designs,  whether 
Italian  or  Gothic,  we  can  give  but  partial  ap- 
proval. The  Italian  elevation  is  spoilt  by  the 
introduction  of  what  should  be  string-courses, 
liut  which  are  eveiy  whit  as  important  as  the 
main  cornice,  and  for  this  there  is  the  less  excuse, 
as  they  are  made  to  resemble  pseudo-balconies. 
A  blank  balcony  is  an  abomination,  and  in 
this  instance  they  add  many  hundreds  to  the 
cost.  On  the  principal  front  there  is  a  run  of 
,sham  balcony  for  270ft.,  and  on  the  return 
front  for  about  the  same  length.  This  is,  how- 
ever, the  only  attempt  at  decoration  which  the 
elevations  exhibit,  and  if  it  were  omitted  they 
would  be  plain  certainly,  but  by  no  means 
offensive.  The  Gotliic  design  is  the  best 
arranged,  but  the  use  of  large  pointed  win- 
dows of  three  and  even  four  lights  in  the  top 
j  storey  is  to  be  condemned.  It  is  not  Gothic 
practice.  The  plan  seems  to  meet  the  require- 
iments  fairly,  but  the  architect  must  have 
1  queer  notions  about  music,  when  he  provides 
tor  the  eight  simultaneous  piano  players  little 
boxes  only  5ft.  s(|uare.  There  is,  also,  a 
I  superabrmdance  of  light  in  the  dormitories, 
and  consequently  a  number  of  beds  placed 
'against  windows— at  all  times  a  most  objec- 
tionable arrangement,  unless  the  windows  are 
at  a  great  height  from  the  floor.  In  an  hos- 
pital or  infirmary  the  wards  should  be  light 
and  cheerful,  but  in  a  dormitory,  for  people 
I  who  are  well,  an  excess  of  light  is  a  positive 
I'l^^nce.  Are  we  not  accustomed  to  let  down 
ne  blinds,  draw  the  curtains,  and  close  the 
:autters,  if  we  are  so  fortunate  as  to  have  any, 


expressly  to  exclude  the  light  ?  The  material 
lor  the  Italian  design  is  yellow  brick,  with  red 
lirick  archivolts.  There  is  no  rustication,  and 
the  elevations  are  of  commendable  plainness. 
The  Gothic  design  shows  elevations  of  red 
brick,  with  stone  dressings.  The  central 
tower,  which  contains  a  tank  in  the  upper 
storey,  is  not  in  the  Gothic  style,  nor,  indeed, 
in  any  other.  It  is,  however,  excessively 
ugly.  Neither  of  tliose  designs,  although  they 
have  certain  good  jioints,  are  of  sulhcient 
merit  to  warrant  their  adoption  liy  the  Board 
of  Jlanagers. 

The  next  set  of  drawings  is  by  Jlessrs.  J. 
and  J.  Belcher,  F.Il.I.li.A.,  5,  Adelaide- 
place,  London  Bridge.  This  persjiective  view 
is  uncommonly  baelly  coloured,  and  not  par- 
ticularly well  drawn.  The  circular  winclow 
to  the  recess  in  dining  hall  is  as  bad  as 
anything  we  have  seen  for  a  long  time. 
Perspective  is  not  diilicult,  but,  to  be  pleasing, 
it  must  be  correct.  The  pen  and  ink  eleva- 
tions are  well  done.  The  central  portion  of 
the  principal  front,  about  160ft.  in  length, 
containing  the  entrance  and  inner  halls, 
Ijoard  room,  waiting  and  reception  rooms, 
library,  &c.,  is  of  stone — all  the  rest  of  the 
building,  excepting  the  chapel,  being  of  red 
brick,  with  stone  dressings.  The  eilect  is  not 
harmonious.  The  style  assumes  to  be  Gothic, 
but  of  what  date  or  country  it  is  impos- 
sible to  say  with  any  accuracy.  There  is 
some  savour  of  French  Gothic,  as  rendered 
by  Mr.  Burges,  with  a  sonpcon  of  Hamp- 
ton Court.  The  interior  of  the  chapel 
is,  however,  very  pretty,  though  a  tritle 
too  fine.  What  do  the  children  want  with 
Minton's  tiles  all  over  the  place?  In  the 
central  portion  of  the  building,  where  the 
Board  meets,  and  where  the  visitors  are  re- 
ceived, the  nse  of  Minton's  tiles  seems  some- 
what excessive,  as  the  area  of  hall,  vesti- 
bule, and  corridor,  covered  by  this  expen- 
sive material,  is  about  3,500  superficial 
feet.  The  accommodation  which  this  plan 
furnishes  is  good.  The  play  rooms,  107ft.  by 
40ft.,  are  excellent.  The  dining  haU  is  on 
the  principal  or  first  floor,  the  ground  storey 
being  14ft.  high.  With  the  exception  of  an 
excrescence  at  the  northern  end,  taking  the 
form  of  a  circular  window  of  bad  proijortions, 
the  dining  hall  is  a  handsome  room.  On  this 
floor  are  the  school  rooms,  one  dormitory  60ft. 
by  4oft.,  kitchen,  music  rooms,  &c.,  tlie 
latter  12ft.  by  14ft.,  which  is  a  reasonable 
space  for  a  pupil  practising  simultaneously 
■with  seven  others.  The  general  arrangement 
of  the  building  is  compact,  and,  though 
symmetrical,  seems  perfectly  convenient. 

Mr.  T.  H.  Watson,  M.R.t.B.A.,  9,  Notting- 
ham-place, exhibits  a  weU-drawn  and  beauti- 
fully-tinted design  in  the  Gothic  style,  pre- 
valent in  France  during  the  13th  century. 
The  material — except  for  the  dining  hall, 
where  Corsham  stone  is  used — is  yellow  brick 
with  a'very  modest  amount  of  stone  dressing. 
The  plan  is  irregular,  but  great  picturesque- 
ness  is  produced,  and  abimdance  of  light  and 
air  obtained.  As  in  most  of  the  other  designs, 
the  dining  hall  is  the  principal  feature.  It  is 
lOOft.  by  50ft.,  and  is  placed  on  the  first  or 
principal  floor,  and  has  attached  to  it  a  water 
tower  about  110ft.  in  height.  The  general 
arrangement  is  sufficiently  open  without  be- 
ing ditt'use.  The  infirmary  is  placed  in  front 
of  the  main  building.  In  the  other  desigms 
the  infirmary  will,  for  the  most  part,  be  found 
at  the  rear.  The  extensive  corridor  by  which 
the  chapel  and  infirmary  are  approached  give 
much  character  to  the  desigm.  The  elevations 
are  plain  but  handsome,  and  the  dormitories 
are  not  spoiled  by  having  as  much  glass  as  a 
gTeenhouse.  The  music  room  is  decidedly 
objectionable,  being  22ft.  by  17ft.,  containing 
eight  compartments  6ft.  by  4ft.  each,  to  hold  a 
piano  and  simidtaneous  practitioner.  These 
pens  are  formed  by  glass  partitions,  as  at  the 
Merchant  Seamen's  Schools,  Snaresbroolc.  It 
is  stated  that  ventilation  is  provided  for,  but 
it  would  appear  that  acoustics  have  been  neg- 
lected. With  this  exception  the  plan  appears 
to  be  an  extremely  good  one. 


Mr.  Henry  Dawson,  16,  Finsbury-place,  ex- 
hibits two  block  plans,  each  showing  possible 
extensions.  The  plan  is  rather  dilliise,  and 
the  chapel,  which  is  at  a  considerable  distance 
from  the  main  building,  is  not  apiu'oachcd  by 
a  covered  way.  In  this  plan  a  lliorough  sys- 
tem of  subdivision  has  been  carried  out,  the 
building  being  divided  into  groups  of  apart- 
ments, each  to  receive  fifty  boys.  This  ar- 
rangement is  especially  desirable  in  the  dormi- 
tories, where  the  sub-matron's  room  is  placed 
between  two  dormitories,  each  containing 
twenty-five  beds.  Each  group  has  its  sepa- 
rate day  room,  stairs,  &c.,  and  is  completely 
self-contained.  The  chapel  is  becomingly 
])lain,  the  interior  being  of  yellow  brick, 
with  a  few  red  and  black  bauds.  The  material 
of  which  all  the  buildings  are  constructed  is 
yellow  luick,  with  the  usual  amount  of  red 
and  black  which  goes  to  constitute  the 
Victorian  style.  The  elevations  are  plain,  but 
have  no  other  merit  whatever.  The  hipping 
of  the  roof  of  central  building,  containing  the 
administrative  offices,  is  most  oljjectioiiable, 
besides  being  purely  gratuitous.  The  merits 
of  this  plan  are  its  openness  and  distribution, 
though  the  former  has,  jierhaiis,  been  carried 
to  the  utmost  limits  compatible  with  conveni- 
ence. This  is  the  most  that  can  be  said  in 
favour  of  the  jdan.  The  elevations  are  such 
as  we  should  be  very  sorry  to  see  carried  out. 
lilr.  G.  Somers  Clarke  contributes  a  well- 
coloured  perspective  view  of  a  building  in  no 
recogmized  style.  Its  roofs,  for  the  most  part, 
and  horizontal  lines  generally  ally  it  to  the 
Italian  style,  while  the  details  of  the  windows, 
if  anything,  are  debased  Flemish  Gothic. 
The  senseless  decoration  under  the  sills  of 
ground-floor  windows  is  not  what  might  be 
expected  of  so  eminent  an  architect  as  Mr. 
Clarke.  When  we  describe  it  as  a  band  of 
delicate  carving,  such  as  is  often  seen  in  a  rood 
screen  or  Gothic  cornice,  we  think  our  opinion 
will  be  shared  by  our  readers.  Blameworthy 
as  this  feature  is,  it  is  matched  by  the  south- 
western tower,  whose  roof  and  turrets  are 
almost  ludicrous ;  it  must  be  seen  to  be 
appreciated.  From  the  top  of  the  tower  rises 
a  lofty  roof,  with  a  little  romid  turret  at  each 
angle.  There  is  neither  parapet  nor  cornice, 
this  notable  device  in  slate  and  lead  being 
plumped  down  on  the  square  head  of  the 
tower,  without  the  intervention  of  even  a 
corbel.  The  building  is  of  extreme  length, 
about  625ft.  frontage,  and  is  three  storeys 
high.  The  dining  hall  is  on  the  ground-floor, 
ami  the  arrangements  appear  to  be  good,  each 
group  of  fifty  boys  having  its  separate  day- 
room,  &c.  The  arrangement  of  the  dormi- 
tories is  not  so  good  as  sho-mi  in  Jlr.  Dawson's 
plan,  a  large  room  to  contain  fifty  beds  being 
substituted  for  two  containing  twenty-five 
each.  A  capital  library,  54ft.  by  20ft.,  is  pro- 
vided, and  a  dining  hall  little  less  gorgeous 
than  the  Guildhall.  "  Why  should  the  orphans 
reqidre  a  roof  to  their  dining  hall  nearly  as 
elaborate  as  that  which  Mr.  Lockwood  de- 
signed for  his  central  hall  of  the  New  Law 
Courts  ?  All  excessive  decoration  in  charit- 
aljle  institutions  is  out  of  place,  as  the  money 
which  is  thus  thrown  away  might  do  good  in 
affording  permanent  support  to  an  increased 
number  of  children.  The  covered  space  pro- 
vided in  the  girls'  playground  for  exercise  in 
wet  weather  should  be  increased. 

Mr.  Fred.  H.  WiQiams  has  sent  a  set  of 
drawings  of  which  we  will  say  nothing. 

Jlr.  Fred.  Peck,  15,  Furnival's  Inn,  ex- 
hibits a  Gothic  design  of  considerable  merit, 
the  chapel  and  tower  being  particularly  pleas- 
ing. The  plan  ditt'ers  from  most  of  the  others 
in  having  a  long  front,  430ft.  to  the  north, 
the  front  to  the  west  being  about  540ft.  This 
we  regard  as  an  objection.  The  plan  has, 
however,  many  good  points.  There  is  an 
excellent  covered  playground  for  250  senior 
bovs,  100ft.  by  37ft.,  and  another  for  150 
junior  boys,  56ft.  by  37ft.  The  day  rooms 
are  capacious,  33ft.  by  37ft.,  and  well  situated. 
The  interior  of  the  chapel  is  origdnal  and 
effective,  mthout  being  excessively  costly. 
The  music  room  provides  separate  compart- 


734 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


OCTOBEB  25,  1867. 


ments,  Oft.  by  7ft.  (jin.  The  arrangement  of 
the  infirmary  seems  to  be  very  good,  a  fever 
ward  being  detaclied.  The  material  is  red 
brick  with  stone  dressings,  a  little  black  brick 
being  here  and  there  iutroduceil,  but  not  in 
large  quantities.  This  set  of  drawings  is  well 
worth  seeing. 

Mr.  E.  0.  Robins,  13,   Southampton-street, 
Strand,  is  the  author  of  a  very  peculiar  plan. 
It  consists  of  twelve  distinct  buildings  of  simi- 
lar character,  placed  on  three  sides  of  a  square, 
the  connection   being  made   by   means   of  a 
corridor.      The   advantages  of  this   plan  are 
that  each   group   of  fifty  children  is  isolated, 
and  that  the  building  can  be  extended  almost 
indefinitely.     Mr.  Eobins  styles  this  the  ''pa- 
vilion" system.      We  are  not  prepared  to  go 
deeply  into  its  merits,  but  we  are  certain  that 
it  must  be  a  very  expensive  one.     Each  "  pa- 
vilion "  has  its  four  walls  as   comjilete  as  if  it 
stood  alone  on  Salisbury  Plain.     When  to  this 
method  of  construction  an  expensive  style   of 
elevation  is  added,  the  cost  must  be  excessive. 
There  is  no  doubt  that  in  their  estimates  the 
architects    have   kept  somewhere  near    the 
limit  of  £65,000,  but  it  is   impossible  to  be- 
lieve that   a   plain  design    like   that   of  Mr. 
Dawson,  and  that  of  Mr.  T.  H.  Watson,  will 
not  cost  less  than   Mr.   Clarke's    or   Messrs. 
Belcher's.     This  is,  however,  a  matter  for  the 
consideration  of  the   surveyor   to    the  Board. 
Mr.  Robins'  design  is  in  the  Gothic  style,  with 
a  strong  resemblance  to  Mr.  E.  B.  Lamb's  pe- 
culiar treatment,  and  this   we   regard  as   no 
light  commendation.     It  would  be  well,  how- 
ever, if  the  "  pavilions  "  were  deprived  of  their 
large  pointed-iieaded  windows  in  the   upper 
storey,  as  they  make  the  whole  institution  ap- 
pear like  a  lot  of  chapels   with   school  rooms 
beneath  dotted  about  a  field.     There   can   be 
no  possible  grouping,  and,  as  the  pavilions  are 
all  aUke,  a  most  disagreeable  and  monotonous 
effect  would  be  produced.     The  chapel  islight 
in  construction — perhaps  too  light — and  has  a 
temporary  rather  than  a  permanent  character. 
The  usual  accommodation  is  provided  as  in 
the  other  designs,  and  calls  for  no  especial  no- 
tice ;  the  play  room,  however,  is  too  narrow, 
being  only  17ft.  in  width.      'The   chapel  and 
master's  house  are  detached.     It  will  be  seen 
that  only  seven  architects  have  eventually  re- 
sponded to  the  invitation  of  the  Board,  though 
a  much  larger  number  originally  entered  into 
the  competition.     Regarded  as  a  whole,  there 
is  great    room    for  improvement,   and  there 
is  not  a  single  design  which  could   be  recom- 
mended in  its  entirety.  If  Mr.Dawson's  plan  is 
not  too  diffuse,  it  seems  to  answer  the  require- 
ments of  the  Board,  but  his  elevations  are  bad. 
Of  the  elevations,  the  best  is  that  of  Jlr.  Wat- 
son, which  is  simple   without  being  poverty- 
stricken — appropriate,  in  short,  to  the  purposes 
of  the  building.     The  result   of  the  competi- 
tion will  not  be  made  known  until  the  middle 
of  November,  the  Board  being  determined  to 
act  with  deliberation. 


HAYLING 


ITS    PROS- 


ISLAND    AND 
PECTS. 

A  RECENT  visit  to   a  comparatively  un- 
known spot  on  the    southern    coast  of 
Hampshire  so  favourably   impressed  us  with 
its  happy  position,  fine  sea  frontage,  and  bath- 
ing facilities,  that  we  promised  to  resume  our 
notes  on  the  place  and  its  prospects  ;   and  in 
doing  so  we  will  here  submit  a  few  suggestions 
calculated  to  improve  the  locality  and  its  rail- 
way communications.  Till  quite  lately  a  ferry 
was   the    only    access     to    the    island    from 
Portsmouth,  whereas  now — thanks  to  private 
enterprise — a  railway  connects  it  to  Havant, 
where     the     Brighton     and     South-Western 
systems  unite.     Within  two  hours  of  London, 
and  about  half  that  time  of  Soutliampton,  on 
one  side,   and   Brighton   on    the    other,    its 
favourable  position  is   incontestible,  outstrip- 
ping, in  this  respect,   its  isolated  rival,   the 
Isle  of  Wight,  a  charming  view  of  which  it 
also  commands.    In  sight  of  these  advantages, 
and  considering  the  present  depressed  condi- 


tion of  railway  property,  it  is  clear  an  oppor- 
tunity is  now  open  to  improve  the  revenue  of 
one  company  at  least  in  this  direction.  Rail- 
way companies  are  too  often  blind  to  one 
great  resource  in  improving  their  position  and 
receipts,  namely,  the  encouragement  of  the 
erection  of  houses  in  the  vicinity  of  their 
stations — at  once  a  source  of  revenue  to  the 
shareholders  by  the  traffic  thus  derived,  and 
a  judicious  disposal  of  their  surplus  land. 
Voluntarily  or  compulsorily  purchased,  such 
waste  land  unnecessary  for  the  purpose  of  the 
line,  may  thus  be  made  a  valuable  resource, 
as  the  director-s  of  the  London,  Brighton,  and 
South  Coast  Railway  Company  have  lately 
found  out,  having  realized  by  auction,  and 
rendered  available  for  building  purposes,  as 
much  surplus  land  as  has  produced  them  up- 
wards of  £100,000;  and,  we  may  add,  a  sum 
small  in  comparison  with  that  derivable  from 
traffic  created  by  the  erection  of  buildings  upon 
such  land.  We  may  exemplify  these  remarks 
by  what  has  been  already  done  by  the  same 
company  in  connecting  the  watering-place  of 
Eastbourne  to  the  parent  line,  another  very 
desirable  means  of  improving  railway  receipts 
and  developing  at  the  same  time  desirable 
residential  districts  ;  and  we  are  at  a  loss  to 
discover  the  explanation  of  that  miserable 
blindness  to  their  best  interests  some  com- 
panies evince  in  this  direction.  By  the  con- 
nection of  Eastburne  to  the  main  line,  the 
above-named  company  have  created,  we  be- 
lieve, a  revenue  of  about  £50,000  a  year,  a 
sum  derived  mainly  from  that  place  alone. 

Hay  ling  and  the  South-Western  Railway 
Company  offer  a  precisely  parallel  case.  On 
reference  to  any  railway  map  our  readers  will 
see  that  the  Brighton  Railway  possesses  ex- 
clusively the  most  important  watering-places 
on  the  south  coast ;  but  it  is  quite  evident, 
and  it  is  a  point  well  worth  the  attention  of 
the  South-Western  Company,  that  the 
Brighton  Railway  Company  are  not  interested 
in  developing  Hayling,  l)ecau?e  they  will  only 
get  at  the  best  a  share  of  the  traffic  from  the 
junction  of  the  two  lines  at  Havant,  whereas 
to  aU  the  other  places  on  the  coast  they  get  the 
whole.  It  is  alone,  then,  to  the  interest  of  the 
South-Western  Company  to  use  their  best 
energies  to  the  development  of  the  Hayling 
Railway  and  South  Hayling  as  a  watering- 
place — a  measure  that  would  unmistakably 
realize  to  the  shareholder  a  greatly  increased 
dividend,  besides  developing  a  locality  that, 
in  spite  of  existing  drawbacks,  must  become 
in  a  few  years  immeasurably  superior  to 
Brighton  from  its  more  sheltered  position, 
varied  scenery,  and  sea  bathing  qualities.  At 
present,  indeed,  the  South-Western,  or  par- 
ticularly the  direct  Portsmouth  portion  of  it, 
is  essentially  a  pleasirre  line,  destitute  of  any 
great  source  of  revenue  or  attraction  such  as 
its  rival  possesses  at  Brighton,  and  if  that 
territorial  jealousy  which  has  retarded  so 
many  improvements  were  to  give  place  to  a 
liberal  policy,  this  desideratum  would  be  sup- 
plied, and  we  might  predict  for  Hayling  all 
that  its  most  ardent  admirers  could  desire. 
Next  to  the  liberal  working  of  the  Hayling 
Railway  by  the  parent  companies  another, 
though  minor,  essential  is  necessary :  we  mean 
the  establishment  of  a  steam  floating  bridge 
from  Cumberland  Fort,  connecting  HayUug 
with  Southsea  and  Portsmouth. 

The  present  open  boat  ferry,  necessarily  re- 
stricted to  the  conveyance  of  passengers  and 
light  luggage,  is  quite  insufficient  as  a  com- 
munication at  tliis  important  point  of  Hay- 
ling— carriages,  cattle,  and  merchandize, 
having  to  take  the  circuitous  route  through 
Havant.  Various  designs  for  a  bridge  of  the 
above  description  have,  we  understand,  been 
prepared,  and  we  believe  one  of  these  has 
already  received  the  sanction  of  the  Admiralty 
and  War  Department,  and  will  probably  be 
carried  out  forthwith. 

To  meet  this  accommodation,  the  extension 
of  Hayling  Railway,  from  the  existing  ter- 
minus westward  to  the  ferry  is  contemplated 
— a  line  that  will,  in  course  of  time,  be  ex- 
tended   across    Langston    harbour,    through 


.Southsea  to  Portsmouth,  eft'ecting  a  union  of 
the  islands   of   Portsea  and   Hayling.      Con- 
nected, as  we  have  pointed  out,  by   an  effi- 
ciently-worked railway  and    steam  floating 
bridge   to  the   mainland,  the   future  of  this 
rural  waterside  cannot  fail  to  be  a  bright  one ; 
for,  as  we  have  remarked,  it  possesses  all  those 
elements  that  combine  to  make  an  attractive 
and  fashionable  retreat.      Besides  its  fine  sea- 
bathing, with  the  other  advantages  referred 
to  in  our  former  article,  its  very  position  is 
favourable.      Insular,  though  not  to  such  an 
extent  as  to  remove  it  from  easy  access  to  the 
world   of   life  without ;   sheltered  from  the 
north,   east,   and  west,   while  it   enjoys   the 
exliilarating  air  and  aspect  of  the  south  ;  its 
roads  and  lanes  fringed  with  foliage — a  fea- 
ture of  which   other  coast-bound  places  are 
destitute ;     an    abundance     of     fresh    water 
springs  ;  and  a  beautiful  turf  gallop  of  four 
miles  along  the  sea,  render  Hayling  just  that 
happy  locality  where  business-worn  life  may 
be   restored,   and   the   invalid  and   pleasure- 
seeker  find  equal  benefit.     Field  sports  the 
island  attbrds  the  means  of  enjoying,  for  game 
is  in  abundance,  and    the   Hambledon   fox- 
hounds, and  other  packs,  meet  in  the  neigh- 
liourhood  ;     while   the  race  course,  recently 
formed,  is  considered  nearly  equal  to  that  of 
Goodwood.    We  cannot  omit  to  notice,  briefly, 
among  the  inducements  of   Hayling — which 
we   have  here  had  merely  time  to  outline,   • 
rather  than  fill  up— the  wonderful  oyster  cul- 
ture   being    carried    on    by    the    South    of 
England  Oyster  Company   (Limited).      The 
oystei-s  laid  down    by  this    company    have 
amount     of     spat,    un- 
years.      We    imderstand 
of    eighteen     acres    of 
to    6ft.    in    depth,    are 
crowded    with  young    oysterlings  ;    and    in 
making  excavations  for  new  beds  some  time 
since,  the  remains  of  a  skeleton,  interred  with 
knees  drawn  up  to  the  chin,  and  surrounded 
with   remnants   of  these  molluscs,  were   dis- 
covered.    Shall  we  aver,  with  the  natives  of 
this  island,  this  discovery  to   have  been  the 
remains  of  the  first  oyster-taster  !     The  creeks 
and  indented  coast-line  east  and  west  of  Hay- 
ling    certainly  favour  artificial  aids   for  the 
breeding  of    this  species   of  bivalve,  which, 
from  time  immemorial,  seems  to  have  thriven 
in  Langston,  Emsworth,  and   Chichester  har- 
bours ;  and  we   certainly   believe  water-side 
bipeds  wiU  find  the  splendid  bay  of  South 
Hayling  ecjually  inviting. 

We  found  the  island  not  altogether  desti- 
tute of  antiquities.  South  Hayling  Church 
— now  being  substantially  restored  under  Mr. 
Street — we  hope  to  revert  to  in  a  future 
article ;  while  Warblington  and  a  few  surround- 
ing churches  repay  the  trouble  of  a  visit. 
Hotel-lUie  house  accommodation  is  sadly  de- 
ficient, the  want  daily  increasing.  We  are, 
therefore,  glad  to  find  that  a  contract  has  been 
entered  into  for  the  erection  of  a  hotel  at  West 
Town,  Hayling,  near  the  railway  station,  from 
the  designs  of  Mr.  F.  Whitaker  ;  and  that 
some  land  in  the  same  part  has  been  plotted 
for  building  operations.  We  may  add,  a 
great  inducement  to  build  here  is  the  fact 
that  the  local  rates  and  taxes  do  not  exceed 
23.  in  the  pound. 


yielded    a    prolific 
exampled    of    late 
an     enclosed    area 
water,     from     5ft. 


JOTTINGS     IN     LONDON.— No.    III. 
(By  A  Roving  Correspondent.) 

I  MADE  some  remarks  the  other  week 
about  two  heads  on  the  large  unfinished 
Vilock  of  chambers  in  Great  Winchester-street. 
The  heads  were  those  of  a  bull  and  a  ram, 
each  presiding  over  a  cordon  of  flowers,  and 
I  wondered  what  the  other  heads  would  be, 
as  I  had  then  only  seen  one  side  of  the  build- 
ing. I  now  learn  from  the  other  side  that  the 
corresponding  pair  are  an  elephant  and  a  bon 
— emblematologv  beyond  comprehension.  It 
is  well  worth  while  making  these  remai'ks, 
because  the  buUding  shows  much  study,  ana 
possesses  great  merits.  It  is  a  building  wmcli 
we  could  not  have  got  a  quarter  of  a  century 


October  25,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


735 


igo.      For  appropriateness  of  applicatiuu   to 
its  purposes  it  is  mucii  to  be  coiumendeJ;  the 
rooms  are  well  lighted,  while,  with  wide  win- 
low  space,  the  solidity  of  the  building  and 
solidity  of  appearance  are  unimpaired.     So  far 
IS  situation   will  allow  the   owner  ought  to 
make  his  account  of  it,  and  get  good  rents,  as 
it   will  always    look   well,    and  wear    well, 
md,   so  far  as  can  be  judged,  the  money  is 
:horoughly  well  laid   out.     There  is  enough 
jmamentation,  and  not  too  much.   The  money 
for  that,  too,  is  well  spent,  and  neither  archi- 
tect nor  assistants  have   spared  pains.     Each 
detail   is  separately  designed  and  distinctly 
larved  in  free  carving.     Even  the  small  door- 
ways   in   London   Wall  are    studies.      Such 
jeing  the  case,  and   it  being  evident  that  the 
irchitect  is  au  artist  and  a  man  of  mind,  and, 
t  must  be,  a  man  of  conscience,  one   pauses 
Jmost  in  dismay,  for  there  is  not  a  feature  of 
imamentatioa  which  is  at  all  appropriate  and 
)efitting — nothing  which  has  any  relation  to  its 
listory,  situation,  or  application.    Then  comes 
I  hesitation,  and  the  thought  is  self-born   in 
loubt,  that  all  this  design,  so  far  as  it  is  art, 
nay  not   be  the   mere  reproduction  of  some 
Italian  palazzo  one  has  forgotten,  or  the  out- 
urning  of  the  architect's  note  book  from  his 
«ntinental  tour.  Copying,  indeed,  there  must 
)e,  for  it  is  Italian  and  Renaissance  in  character 
ind  type,  and  what  there  is  of  original  after 
lU,  who   knows.     One   would  like  to  think 
itherwise,  to  believe  in  the  original  in  art,  to 
hink  that  we  have  still  artists  among  us,  and 
hat   we  may    witness    the    newly-blooming 
ruits  of  design,  as  Italians  did  before  lis  in 
he  middle  ages.     Why  not  ?     Must  we  copy 
julls    and  rams,   and  elephants  and   lions  i 
3as  this  city  no  annals — has  our  country  no 
'istory  !   Nay,  that  very  site  is  historical;  and, 
:rely,  some  matter  of  reference  might  have 
L-n  found  beyond  the   beasts  referred  to,  or 
.ring  heads  of  nobodies,  from  Italy  or  France, 
jking  out  of  the  wall  like  Peeping  Tom  of 
jventry.     All  that  is  on  this    building  is 
i/oningless,  and  such  is  the  doom  of  archi- 
-ts,    unless    the     Ijuilding   belongs  to   the 
-vernmeut  or  a  Queen's  tradesman,  as  then 
he  coat  of  arms  and  lion  and  unicorn  can  be 
;ot ;  or  in  the  case  of  a  town  hall,  for  there 
re  the  town  arms,   supporters,  and  motto. 
Vere  we  a  people  without  a  history,  and  with- 
ut  a  name,  we  might  bear  to  have  foisted 
.pon   us  the  worn-out  pageantry  of  Greece 
r  Rome  ;  but   with   the  greatest  empire  the 
rorld  has  yet  seen,  and  \vith  the  foremost  race 
n  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific,  it  is 
tiange  we  should  want  subjects  of  allusion 
las  India  no  emblems,  Australia  no  kangaroo, 
laada   no  beaver,  the  States  no   stars  and 
-iipes,  but  we  must  even  copy  or  beg  saori- 
icial  bull's  heads  ;   and  we,  who  sacritice  no 
luUs,  but  butcher  them  honestly,  must  be  con- 
lemned    to    see  their  naked  skulls  with  gar- 
auds  on  warehouses  or  on  churches  ! 

T-iic  sight  of  the  buildings  of  the  east  end 
■r  the  west  end  is  a  sorrowful  one  in  this — that 
fe  can  only  see  poverty  of  thought,  and,  in 
hat,  trace  out  poverty  of  knowledge.  Tliese 
■rchitects  use  the  religious  and  conventional 
mblems  of  Greece  or  Rome,  not  because  they 
:now  anything  of  Greek  or  Roman  history, 
■r  have  any  feeling  as  scholars,  but  because 
hey  can  copy  them  otf  engra\ings  of  tireek 
nd  I.uman  history.  They  are,  in  truth,  as 
nnocent  as  of  English  history.  You  may 
ravel,  indeed,  through  London  from  east  to 
fest  without  knomng  that  you  are  in  an 
^ugliih  country,  beyond  seeing  the  aforesaid 
ion  and  unicorn,  and  their  belongings.  Some 
architects  and  artists  devote  themselves,  as 
hey  call  it,  to  their  art,  which  is  ahnost 
mother  name  for  laziness  and  avoidance  of 
We  studies  which  are  needful  to  make  a  man 
professor  of  liberal  knowledge.  The  canon 
f-nch  Vitruvius,  so  many  centuries  since,  laid 
•cwn  as  to  the  iutellectual  qualifications  of 
rjiitects,  holds  good  now,  but  few  observe  it. 
he  study  of  hnglish  history  would  be  a 
eat  a-sistance  to  the  architect,  and  a  strong 
'trective  of  unmeaning  elaboration.  The 
V  is  now  full  of  heads,  masques,  festoons, 


and  shields,  which  might  belong  to  Florence, 
Timbuctoo,  Teheran,  'Tehuantepec,  or  Moscow; 
and  what  we  say  as  to  London  is  as  applicable 
to  Liverpool  or  Manchester.  One  consequence 
of  this  absence  of  congruity  is  a  want  of  local 
colouring  in  our  English  cities.  WeaU  know 
Venice  with  its  lion  of  St  Maik,  and  Con- 
stantinople with  its  crescents  :  but  London 
wears  the  cast-olf  ornaments  of  Bologna, 
Florence,  Parma,  and  the  pro\'incial  cities  of 
Italy. 

Before  the  time  the  electric  telegraph  came 
into  the  world  nearly  thirty  years  ago,  other 
modes  of  telegraphing  were  beuig  investigated. 
Professor  Wheatstone  ,and  Mr.  Hyde  Clarke 
were  occupied  in  experiments  on  the  trans- 
mission of  sound.  The  former,  it  is  said,  had 
invented  an  acoustic  chair,  in  which  a  person 
could  sit  and  hear  .sounds  from  a  distance  at 
his  will,  a  far  remote  conversation,  or  a  band 
playing  a  long  way  oil' ;  and  the  latter  gave 
a  plan  for  diffusing  the  soimd  of  organs  and 
instruments,  and  enabling  a  small  organ  to 
till  a  large  church,  or  the  organ  of  the  mother 
church  to  play  in  all  the  distant  chiuches.  A 
sketch  was  published,  too,  of  one  of  those  in- 
ventions for  laying  music  on  to  the  houses,  as 
gas  and  water  were  then  laid  on,  and  as  tele- 
graphy is  now.  By  establishing  colossal  in- 
struments as  reservoirs  of  sound,  and  by  tak- 
ing advantage  of  the  acoustic  properties  of 
communication,  it  was  said  the  philosophers 
proposed  to  provide  that  the  ratepayers,  by 
touching  a  tap,  should  in  their  own  drawing- 
rooms  be  provided  with  opera  selections 
or  dance  music  for  their  parties,  and  on  Sun- 
day evenings  with  a  full  oratorio  or  choral  ser- 
vice. Whether  there  ever  was  such  a  com- 
pany this  deponent  sayeth  not,  but  such  a 
scheme  is  not  perhaps  beyond  the  compass  of 
science,  or  the  powers  of  Professor  Wheat- 
stone,  if  he  were  supplied  -ivith  sufficient 
fimds  for  experiment  and  practice;  and,  by-the- 
by,  we  may  say  that  acoustics  is  a  neglected 
science,  as  we  know  in  more  ways  than  one, 
— theatres,  concert  rooms,  and  meeting  rooms, 
for  instance.  If  the- want  of  sound  be  one 
form  ot  evil,  its  superabundance  is  another. 
Now,  I  am  not  a  shareholder  in  the  Limited 
Company  for  supplying  music  to  inhabited 
houses,  but  I  am  a  customer  without  having 
given  an  order.  Here,  in  my  apartment,  in  a 
first-class  house,  erected  by  an  eminent 
builder,  whose  fame  has  extended  beyond  a 
span,  I  am,  willy  nilly,  enjoying  the  full 
piano  practice  of  my  fair  and  accomplished 
neighbour  next  door.  Not  a  note  is  lost. 
I  own  she  is  a  good  performer,  and  her  selec- 
tions ot  pieces  to  be  admired,  but  it  is  I  who 
just  now  am  not  in  tune.  I  am  rather  a  ful- 
getty  person ;  my  thoughts  are  disposed  to 
wander,  and  for  the  life  of  me  I  do  not  know 
whether  to  listen  to  and  admire  her  playing, 
or  whether  to  gather  up  my  scattered  thoughts, 
and  go  on  with  my  self-imposed  task ;  or,  shall 
I  give  this  up,  and  betake  myself  to  the 
weighty  tome  lying  by  my  side,  demanding 
equal  attention,  and  to  which  opera  airs  are 
alike  inimical.  If  I  had  the  range  of  the 
house,  I  might  resort  to  some  other  room.  I 
believe  I  should  be  safe  in  bed,  as  the  mat- 
tresses do  not  propagate  the  sound,  but  then 
I  must  give  up  my  pursuits.  Here  the  piano, 
which  is  in  the  next  house,  on  the  upper  door, 
is  playing  distinctly  over  my  head.  Not  a 
note  do  I  lose :  each  is  sharp,  distinct,  or 
mellow — unchanged,  unimpaired  in  the  trans- 
mission. 

The  architect  and  builder  deserve  great 
praise  for  this.  The  transmission  is  perfect  ; 
and  one  thing  alone  have  they  forgotten,  and 
is  wanting,  and  that  is  the  means  of  shutting 
off  the  supply  of  sound  at  wiU.  In  the  case 
of  the  company  referred  to,  you  could  turn 
off  the  tap  in  the  drawing-room  and 
modify  the  sound,  or  tell  the  maid  to 
shut  off  the  main  service  in  the  hall.  Here 
the  designers  have  made  no  such  provision. 
In  Paris  you  are  generally  so  well  cared  for 
that  if  you  have  only  a  floor  you  are  safe 


from  sounds  lateral,  supernal,  or  infernal. 
The  floors  are  well  tilled  in,  so  that  if  a  ball 
is  given  overhead  you  sufTer  but  little  ;  yet,  in 
English  houses,  there  is  rarely  a  provision  of 
this  kind,  although  it  is  generally  needful,  as 
much  as  a  provision  for  stopping  lateral 
sound,  which  is  so  wofully  neglected.  Piano 
pr.ictice  is  a  well-known  nuisance  in  London 
houses.  There  is  no  reason  why  bedrooms 
should  not  be  secured  from  the  noise  of  the 
day  apartments,  where  there  is  an  invalid, 
a  child,  or  some  one  who  wishes  to  lie  a-bed 
when  others  are  up,  and  the  girls  want  to 
practise  on  the  piano.  We  have  not,  say  what 
we  will,  as  much  privacy  as  we  boast  of,  par- 
ticularly in  comparison  ^rith  many  foreign 
neighbours,  and  privacy  is  one  part  of  home 
comfort  and  independence. 

The  music  of  my  neighbour  is  very  agree- 
able, and  I  triLst  she  is  so  too,  thoush  I  have 
never  seen  her,  but  her  music  could  never 
come  into  my  house,  like  trickling  water,  if  the 
persons  concerned  in  the  building  had  not 
made  adequate  provisions.  It  comes  in  by 
vibrations  communicated  to  the  timber  in  my 
house  along  the  flooring  of  her  room,  and  there 
must  be  a  communication  of  timber  through 
the  party  wall,  notwithstanding  the  district 
surveyor.  The  thought  has  forced  itself  into 
my  mind  that  where  music  comes  another 
element  may  come,  and  that  is  fire.  If  music 
can  leak,  flame  wilL  There  caimot  be  much 
doubt  of  some  defect  about  the  skirting,  and 
it  is  quite  possible  a  wood  brick  or  chock  is 
in  communication ;  if  so,  my  few  books, 
manuscripts,  and  title  deeds,  maybe  in  danger. 
Until  time  or  architects  alter  these  arrange- 
ments, I  recommend  all  persons  taking  a 
house  on  lease  for  years,  or  apartments,  &c., 
for  a  short  time,  to  ascertain  under  what  pro- 
fessor the  ladies  on  each  side  have  learned 
music,  and  to  get  a  guarantee  that  no  un- 
qualified daughter  from  school  or  female 
visitor  shall  be  let  into  his  neighbours' 
houses  so  long  as  he  chooses  to  remain  in  his 

O^Tl. 


A  new  street  is  being  cut  through  Bucklers- 
bury.  I  may  give  our  architectural  friends 
a  hint  that  if  they  want  subjects  for  orna- 
mentations for  the  offices  to  be  set  up  there, 
they  can  use  Sir  Thom.os  More  and  Erasmus, 
for  the  latter  dwelt  there  in  More's  house. 
The  "Encomium  Moriai"  alone  will  give 
abundance  of  subjects,  and  the  Holbeinesque 
illustrations  of  the  old  editions  wiU  yield  most 
ugly  masques. 

*■ 

MEMORIAL    TABLETS. 

WE  have  more  than  once  called  attention  to 
the  subject  of  putting  up  memorial  tab- 
lets on  houses  in  which  remarkable  men  lived,  or 
where  remarkable  events  took  place  in  Loudon. 
The  Council  of  the  Society  of  Arts  liave  taken 
the  matter  in  hand,  and  have  prepai  ed  an  alpha- 
betical list,  a  portion  of  which  appears  below. 
Other  parts  will  follow.  The  Council  request  the 
assistance  of  members  of  the  Society  and  others 
in  completing  and  correcting  this  list,  especLUly 
with  reference  to  dates  and  the  insertion  of  other 
names.  We  willingly  give  currency  to  their 
desire,  and  should  feel  obliged  by  any  of  our 
readers  sending  us  any  reliable  data  on  the  matter. 
While  the  Council  intend  to  proceed  with  this 
work  they  desire  to  see  it  carried  on  by  others, 
either  by  corporate  bodies  or  individuals.  The 
metropolis  is  rich  in  historical  associations  ;  every 
street  has  some  interesting  biographical  story  to 
tell,  and  when  it  is  told  on  tablets  all  who  run 
may  read. 

•"  Eldon,  Join,  Earl  of,  Lord  Chancellor  (b.  1751— d. 
1838) ;  a  templar,  Cursitor-street  (No.  9?),  Chancery- 
lane,  was  what  he  called  his  first  lodge,  and  from  here,  in 
early  Ufe,  ho  told  his  secretary  he  had  often  ran  down  to 
Fleet-market  with  tid.  to  buy  sprats  for  supper.  He  hved 
in  No.  0,  Bedford-square,  from  1804  to  1S15,  and  here  oc- 
curred the  memorable  interview  between  him  and  the 
I'riuce  Re^'ent,  afterwards  George  IV.  The  latter  was 
determined  to  have  hia  friend  Jekyll,  the  great  wit,  ap- 
p  >:uted  to  the  vacant  office  of  Master-in-ClKincery;  this 
L.»rd  Eidou  rejected.  To  accompHsh  his  purpose  the 
I'l-iuce  walked  straight  into  the  Ltird  Chancellor's  bed- 
room, when  iU  in  bed,  and  requested  him  to  do  as  he 
wished ;  on  being  at  once  refused,  he  stated  his  intention 
of  staying  where  he  was  till  the  apiwintment  w,.6  made, 
the  prince  pitying  the  chancellor  because  ho  would  never 


736 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


October  25,  1867. 


see  lus  wife  again.  He  "built  the  house  at  the  corner  of 
Uamiltou-place,  Piccadilly,  which  was  his  last  Louilou 
residence.  A  portrait  of  him  hauga  at  Merchant  Taylor's 
Hall,  and  another  in  the  gallery  at  the  Privy-garden, 
WhitehaU, 

Elizabeth,  Queen  (b.  1533— d.  1603);  dined  at  the 
"King's  Head,"  No.  53,  Fenchurch-street,  otf  pork  and 
peas,  after  atteni.ling  service  at  All-Hal  lows -Staining,  Feu- 
church-street,  on  her  release  from  the  Tower.  The  metal 
dish  and  cover  she  is  said  tu  have  used  are  still  preserved  ; 
lived,  when  a  girl  of  thirteen,  in  the  same  house,  in 
Chelsea,  with  Queen  Katharine  Parr  and  her  second 
husband,  Thomas  Seymour,  the  Lord  Admiral,  afterwards 
beheaded;  also  lived  in  Durham  House,  Strand,  which 
was  granted  to  her  by  Edward  VL  ;  opened  the  Royid 
Exchange  in  person,  January  23rd,  1570,  and  on  that  occa- 
sion dined  at  Sir  Thomas  Gresham's  house  iu  Bishopsgate  • 
street ;  was  present  at  the  house-warming  iu  Sir  Robert 
Cecil's  house  (Salisbury  House),  on  December  (5th,  lOUi  : 
she  died  at  Richmond,  and  her  body  was  brought  with 
great  pomp,  by  water,  to  Whitehall,  was  buried,  and  there 
is  a  monument  to  her  memory  in  Westminster  Abbey. 
The  statue  of  her  over  the  Fleet-street  doorway  of  St. 
DuDstan's-in-the  East  is  the  only  known  relic  of  any  uf 
tlie  old  City  gates,  and  stood  iu  the  west  front  of  Ludgate. 
Temple  Bar  not  being  a  City  gate,  but  only  a  bar  to  mark 
the  liberties  of  the  City. 

Empson,  Henry  VII  Emisaary,  lived  iu  Walbrook,  "  in 
a  fair  house  with  doors,"  leading  into  the  garden  of  the 
Prior  of  TortingLon,  now  Salter's  Garden. 

Ei-skine,  Thom^xs,  Lord,  Lord  Chancellor  (b.  1750— d. 
1S23) ;  he  commenced  life  as  a  sailor,  then  became  a  soldier 
for  three  yeai-s,  and  then  studied  the  law  ;  student  at  Lin- 
coln's inn;  lived  at  No.  3G,  Lincoln's  Inn-fields,  in  1S05. 
A  stituo  of  him  stands  in  Lincoln's-iun  Hall. 

Ethelbert,  King  of  Kent  (b.  010) ;  founded  St.  Paul's 
Cathedi-al. 

Etty,  William,  R.A.  (b.  17S7— d.  1849);  painter;  lived 
at  No.  14,  Buckingham  street,  Strand,  fi'om  iS20  to  within 
a  few  months  of  his  death, 

Eugene.  Prince  (b.  1063— d.  1736);  stayed  at  Leicester 
House,  when  on  a  secret  mission  to  England  for  the  puqwso 
of  preventing  peace  between  England  and  Franc». 

Evelyn,  John  (b.  1020— <1.  ITUO)  ;  was  a  templar  ;  lived 
about  nine  doors  up  on  the  east  side  of  Dover-street,  Picca- 
dilly ;  lodged  at  the  "Thiee  Feathei-s,"  in  Russell  street, 
Cov'ent-gardeu  ;  took  a  house  in  Villiers-streot  (No. — ?), 
York-buildtugs,  Strand,  in  order  to  educate  his  daughters  ; 
was  taken  prisoner  iu  Exeter  Chapel,  Strand,  for  attendmg 
service  on  Christmas  day. 

Fairfax,  Sir  Thomas,  afterwards  Lord  (b.  1611— d.  1671); 
the  Parliamentary  general ;  married  at  the  parish  church, 
Hackney;  lived  in  Great  Queen-street  (No.—?),  Lincoln's 
Inu-fields;  also  in  York  House,  Strand,  which  was  given  to 
him  by  Cromwell. 

Faitliorne,  William  (d.  1691);  engraver  ;  lived  at  the 
signof  the  "Ship"  inthe  Strand,  next  to  the  "Drake," 
withovit  Temple-bar;  died  in  Printing  House-square, 
Blackfriars,  and  was  bui-ied  at  St.  Anne's,  Blackfriars. 

Fanshawe,  Sir  Richai'd  (b.  16US— d.  1066);  lived  in 
BosweU-court,  Fleet-street ;  also  on  the  north  side  of 
Lincoln's  Inn-fields, 

Farnaby,  Thomas  (d.  1647)  ;  Bchoolra;ister ;  kept  his 
school  in  Gol-lsmith's-alley,  or  Oolilsmith's- rents,  Cripple- 
gate.  He  is  described  by  Wood  ;ls  the  chief  grammarian, 
rhotorician,  poet,  Latinist,  and  Grecian  of  his  time.  "His 
school  was  so  much  frequented,  that  more  churchmen  and 
statesmen  issued  thence  than  from  any  school  taught  by 
one  man  in  England  " 

Fergiisou,  James  (b.  inO— d.  1770) ;  the  astronomer  ; 
lived  at  No.  4,  Bolt-court  Fleet-street,  where  he  died. 
Buried  at  the  churchyard  of  St.  Marylebone. 

Feversham,  Lewis  de  Dmas,  Earl  of  (b.  1709).  He  com- 
manded  iving's  James  the  Second's  troops  at  the  battle  of 
Sedgemoor.  Lived  in  St.  James's-square  (No.  —'!),  and 
was  buried  in  St.  Mary-leSavoy. 

Ffolkes,  Richard  (temp.  Charles  H.)  ;  lived  in  Newport- 
street  (No.-?),  Long  acie. 

Fielding,  Sir  John  (d.  17S0)  ;  one  of  the  originators  of 
the  Magdalen  Hospital,  St.  George'a-fields,  and  the  Marino 
Society  ;  lived  iu  Bow-stieet(No.  — ?),  and  waa  buried  at 
St.  LilJte's,  Chelsea. 

Fielding,  Henry  (b.  1707— d.  1754) ;  di-amatist  and 
novelist;  lived  in  Bow-street  (No.  — ''.)■ 

Finett,  Sir  John  (circ.  1056);  author  of  Fmetti  Philo- 
xenis— some  Choice  Obsen-ations  touching  the  Reception, 
Precedeuce,  &c.,  of  Foreign  Ambassadors  in  England;" 
lived  in  Su  Martins-lane  (No.  — ?),  Charing -cross. 

Fisher,  Kitty,  the  celebrated  courtezan;  lived  in  Car- 
rington  street,  May-fiiir  (No.  — ? ),  about  1779. 

Fitz-Alwyn,  Henry,  fiist  Lord  Mayor,  and  mayor  for 
upwards  of  "24  years,  aud  a  goldsmith  of  the  guild  ;  lived 
"  in  a  very  fair  house  "  on  the  nurth  side  of  the  church  of 
St.  Swithin.  London  Stone,  Cannon-Street ;  he  was  com- 
monly called  Henry  Fitz  Alwyn  of  London  Stone. 

Fitzroy,  George,  Duke  of  Northumberland  (b.  1665 — d. 
1710;;  lived  in  St.  James's-square. 

Flatman,  Thomas  (b.  10^3— d.  1088);  poet  and  minia- 
ture painter;  lived  and  i-lied  in  Three  Leg  alley  (No. — '■)> 
(now  Pemberton-row),  Fetter-lane  ;  he  was  buried  in  St. 
Bride's,  Fleet-street. 

Flaxmau,  John  (b.  1755— d.  1S2C);  sculptor;  lived  iu 
New-street,  Coveutgarden  (No.  — ?),  fiom  1771  to  177'2  ; 
from  17S1  to  17^7  at  No.  27,  Warden r- street,  Oxford- 
street;  and  also  at  No.  7,  Buckingham-street,  Fitzroy- 
square,  from  1790  to  lus  death  ;  buried  in  the  burial- 
ground  attached  to  St.  Giles-in-the-fields. 

Fleetwood  (temp.  Queen  Elizalteth)  ;  Recorder  of  Lou- 
don ;  Uved  in  Bacon  House,  otf  Cheapside. 

Fleetwood,  Charles  (b-  10U2) ;  Lord  Deputy  ;  lived  lu 
Walliiigt'iu'd  House;  was  Oliver  Cromwell's  son-in-law; 
biuied  in  Bunhill  fields  burial  giound. 

Florio,  John,  author  of  the  well-known  dictionary  that 
bears  his  name;  lived  iu  Shoe-lane  (No.  — ?),  Fleet  street. 
Ford,  Parson  (b.  1731)  ;  died  at  the  "Hummums,"  in 
Covtsnt-garden,  formerly  a  bagnio,  now  an  hotel ;  it  w;i3 
really  i.elieved,  for  a  long  time,  that  his  ghost  appeared  to 
a  waiter  in  the  cellar  of  this  house. 

Foster,  iMrs.  Milton's  grand-daughter;  kept  a  chandler's 
shop  iu  Pelliam-atreet,  Spitalflelds. 

Fox,  Charled  James  (b.  1749- d.  1806);  the  statesman  ; 
lived  in  Albeuiarle-street,  *' on  the  left  hand  a  little  way 
up  as  you  go  to  St.  Jamea's-street  ;  "  also  for  a  short  time 
in  Arlington- street ;  Godolphin  House,  in  the  stable-yard 
of  St.  James's  Palace  (pulled  down  to  erect  Statford 
House),  wiiA  his  last  London  residence.  He  is  buiied, 
aud  has  a  monument  to  hia  memory,  in  Weatniinster 
Abbey. 


Fox,  George  (b.  1624— d.  1691),  the  founder  of  the 
Quakers  ;  preaclied  iu  a  cUapel  up  a  narrow  court  opposite 
the  old  fashioned  gate  leading  to  St.  Edmund-the-Martyr. 
Died  in  the  house  of  Henry  Goldney,  in  Gracecliurch- 
street  (No. — ?).  He  is  buried  in  Bunhill-tields  burial- 
ground,  but  no  monument  has  been  erected  to  his  memory. 

Fox,  Stephen,  2nd  Lord  Holland  (1774)  ;  built  and  hved 
in  the  mansion  in  the  centre  of  the  Albany,  Piccadilly, 
and  sold  it  to  the  1st  Viscount  Melbourne. 

Fox,  Henry  Richard  Vassal,  Lord  Holland  (b.  1773— d. 
1840),  the  famous  Wliig;  lived  at  Holland  House,  Ken- 
sington. "He  c.iUed  on  Lord  Lansdowue  a  little  before 
his  death  and  showed  him  his  epitaph  of  Iiis  owu  com- 
posing;  Here  lies  Henry  Vassal  Fox,  Lord  Holland,  itc, 
who  was  drowned  wlule  sittmg  in  his  elbow  chair."  He 
died  atHoUimd  House,  in  his  elbow  chair,  of  water  in  tlie 
chest.  There  is  a  monument  to  him  in  Westminster 
Abbey. 

Francis,  Sir  Philip  (b.  1740— d.  1818);  one  of  those  to 
whom  the  letters  of  Junius  were  ascribed;  was  educated 
at  St  Paul's  School,  and  lived  in  14,  St.  James's-square. 
Lady  Fiancis  lent  this  house  to  Queen  Caroline,  who  lived 
here  during  the  first  proceedings  of  her  trial. 

Fraukhn,  Benjamin  (b.  1700— d.  1790)  ;  printer,  philo- 
sopher, and  statesman.  He  worked  iu  Palmer's  printing 
uthce  as  a  common  journeyman  printer,  and  assisted  iu 
setting  the  type  fur  the  second  edition  of  "  Woolaston's 
Hehgion  of  Natui'e,"  and  "continued,"  he  says,  "at 
Palmer's  nearly  a  year ; "  during  this  time  he  lodged  in 
Little  Britain,  next  to  a  bookseller  of  the  name  of  Wil- 
cox ;  he  also  lived  at  7,  Craven-street,  Strand,  and  Wiis 
employed  as  a  journeyman  pi-inter  at  Watt's  office,  in 
Duke-street,  Lincoln's  inn  fields,  opposite  the  Roman 
Catholic  Chapel. 

Frederick,  Sii  John  (d.  1757) ;  hia  mansion  was  in  Fre- 
derick-place (No.  — ?),  Old  Jewry,  which  derives  its  name 
from  liim.  This  house  waa  used  after  his  death,  till  170S, 
as  the  London  Excise  Office. 

Fuller,  Thomas  (b.  1008— d.  1001);  author  of  "The 
Worthies;"  lived  in  cbyrabers  in  Sion  College,  London- 
wall  while  collecting  materials  for  his  "  Church  History  ;  " 
his  book  is  dated  from  here.  He  was  also  lecturer  at  the 
Savoy. 

FuseU,  Henry,  R.A.  (b.  1741— d.  1825);  lived  at  No.  13, 
Berners-street,  Oxford  street  ;  also  at  No.  100,  St. 
Martin'a-lane,  from  1784  to  1785  ;  and  at  72,  Queen  Anne- 
stx'eet  East,  Cavendish -sqiuire  (now  Foley-placa),  between 
1788  and  1792.     He  was  buried  in  St.  PaiU's  Cathadral. 

Gainsborough,  Thomas  (b.  1727— d.  1788),  the  artist; 
lived  in  the  western  wing  of  Schomberg  Houae  from  1777 
to  1783. 

Gait,  John  (b.  1779— d.  1839).  the  novelist;  lived  at  34, 
Tavistock-place,  Tavistock  square. 

Gardiner,  Stephen,  Bishop  of  Winchester  (1555),  lived  at 
Winchester  House,  Southwark,  in  great  style,  having  a 
number  of  young  gentlemen  of  family  as  pages,  whose 
education  he  superintended.  He  used  the  Lady  Chapel,  at 
St.  Saviour's,  Southwark,  as  a  cousistorial  couit. 

Garraway,  Thomas  (ciic.  1050) ;  founder  of  Garraway's 
Cotiee-house  in  Exchange-alley,  and  was  the  first  who 
retailed  tea  in  leaf  and  in  drink,  and  may  almost  be  con- 
sidered the  founder  of  the  present  system  of  tea-drinking. 

GaiTick,  David  (b.  1710— d.  1779),  actor;  was  Uving  in 
1745  in  King-street,  Covent  Garden,  in  his  lodgings  at  Mr. 
West's,  cabinet  maker  ;  also  in  Mansfield-street,  Good- 
man's-fields-street,  during  the  term  of  his  first  engage- 
ment in  London  ;  also  in  2l,  Southampton-street,  Strand, 
befure  he  removed  to  No.  5,  the  Terrace,  Adelphi,  in  1772. 
In  this  house  he  died.  He  frequented  the  Bedford  CoSee 
House,  xmder  the  Piazza  in  Covent  Garden  ;  and  also  St. 
James's  Cofiee  House,  St.  James's  street  (no  longer 
standing).  He  made  his  first  appearance  on  a  London 
stage  in  Goodman's  Fields  Theatre,  as  Richard  III.  He  is 
buned,  and  a  monument  erected  to  hia  memory,  in  West- 
minster Abbey. 

Garth,  Sii"  Samuel  (b.  1665 -d.  1718),  author  of  the 
"  Dispensary  ;''  lived  on  the  east  side  of  the  Haymarket, 
the  sixth  door  from  the  top,  from  1099_  to  1703.  He  was 
one  of  the  thirty  nine  members  of  the  Kit  Kat  Club, 

Gay,  John  (b.  1088— d.  1732),  poet;  his  "Beggai-'s 
Opera"  was  first  produced  at  Lincoln's  Inn-fields,  and 
played  62  nights  in  one  season.  He  was  buried,  and  a 
monument  elected  to  his  memory,  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

George,  Prince  of  Denmark  (b,  1653— d.  1708),  Queen 
Anne's  husband;  was  Lord  High  Admiral  from  1702  to 
1708,  one  of  tlie  exceptions  to  the  rule  that  this  office  has 
been  held  in  commission  since  the  Revolution  of  10S8. 
He  was  married  iu  St.  James's  Chapel,  St.  James's  Palace, 
and  died  in  Kensingtun  Palace. 

Gerarde,  John  (b.  1545— d.  1007),  the  herbalist ;  lived  in 
Holborn  ;  used  to  collect  specimens,  particularly  water 
violets,  in  St.  George's  Fields,  also  in  MUe  End,  White- 
chapel.     He  makes  tbe  earliest  mention  of  Piccadilly. 

Gibbon,  Edward  (b  1737— d.  1794),  the  historian.  He 
was  educated  at  Westminster  School;  was  a  member  at 
Almack's  Club;  afterwards  JI.P.  for  Liskeard;  lived  in 
No.  7,  Bentinck- street,  Manchester- square,  where  ho 
wrote  a  large  portion  of  "The  Decline  and  Fall  of  the 
Roman  Empu*e,"  and  the  wliole  of  his  Defence  of  hia 
noble  history.  He  also  resided  at  No  76,  the  coroer  of 
Little  St.  James'-street,  where  he  ilied.  Tiiis  spot  is  now 
part  of  the  site  of  the  Conservative  Club. 

Gibbons,  Grinling  (b.  104S— d.  1721),  carver  in  wood  ; 
was  born,  it  is  said,  in  Craven  street,  Strand,  then  called 
Spur  alley,  but  this  is  very  doubtful  He  lived  iu  Belle 
Sauvage-court  (No.  — ? ),  Ludgate-hill,  and  also  iu  a 
house  about  the  midille  and  east  aide  of  Bow  street, 
Covent  Garden,  where  he  died.  This  house  was  tlistin- 
guished  by  the  sign  of  "The  King's  Arms."  He  lies 
buried  in  St.  Paul's.  Covent  Garden. 

Gifibrd,  William  (b.  1755— d.  1S2G),  editor  of  "Ben 
Jocson"  and  the  "Quarterly  Review,"  and  author  of 
the  "Baviad  and  Maviad,"  &c.  ;  lived  and  died  at  No.  0, 
James'-street,  Buckingham-gate.  At  the  shop  of  Wright, 
the  bookseller,  in  Piccadilly,  Gifibrd  assaulted  Peter 
Pindar,  and  got  the  better  of  him  in  the  struggle.  He 
lies  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

Godfrey,  Sir  Edmundsbury  (b.  167S),  the  famous  Pro- 
testant martyr;  Bved  in  Greeu's-lane  (No. — ?),  Strand. 
He  was  awuod  merchant  here,  and  had  his  wharf  at  the 
bottom  of  Hartshorne-street,  Cliaring  Cross,  now  called 
Northumberland-street.  He  is  said  to  have  been  mur- 
dered at  Somerset  House,  Oct.  17th,  1778,  and  Ms  body 
taken  and  thrown  into  a  ditch  near  l*rimrose  Hill.  There 
is  a  monument  to  him  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

Godn-in,  Mary  Wolstoncraft  (b.  175i>— d.  1797),  authoress 
of  the  "  Vhidicatiou  of  the  Rights  of  Women."  She  was 
the  first  wife  of   William  Godwin,   aud  mother  of  Mrs. 


Shelley.  She  hved  at  the  "Polygon,"'  Somer's  Town, 
wliere  she  died,  and  lies  buried  at  St.  Pancras-in  the 
Fields. 

Godwin,  William  (b.  1751— d.  1S36),  author  of  "Caleb 
Williams;"  lived  at  the  "  Polygon,"  Somer's  Town,  wliich 
is  now  surrounded  by  Clarendon  square.  He  kept  a  book, 
seller's  shop  for  several  years,  at  41 ,  Skinner  street, 
Holborn,  and  lies  buried  with  his  two  wivea  at  St.  Pancras 
in  the  Fields. 


GLASGOW    ARCHITECTURAL    SOCIETY. 

THE  annual  general  meeting  of  this  society  waa 
held  on  Monday  evening,  within  Carrick'8 
Royal  Hotel,  George-square,  John  Honeyman, 
jun.,  Esq.,  architect,  president,  in  the  chair.  Mr, 
MacLean,  the  secretary,  read  the  annual  report 
and  treasurer's  statement,  which  showed  the  atfairs 
ot  the  society  to  be  iu  a  satisfactory  condition. 
The  report  aud  abstract  of  the  treasurer's  statement 
were  directed  to  be  printed  and  circulated  among 
the  members.  The  following  gentlemen  were 
elected  to  be  the  office  bearers  for  the  next  year, 
viz.; — President — John Honeyman,  jun.,  Esq.,  ar. 
chitect.  Vice-presidents — Horatio  K.  Bromhead, 
Esq.,  architect ;  John  Mossman,  Esq.,  sculptor. 
Hon.  Secretary — William  MacLean,  Esq.,  88,  West 
Regent-street.  Hon,  Treasurer — James  Howatt, 
Esq.,  measurer.  Councillors — Jas.  Salmon,  Esq., 
architect;  A.  Carlton,  Esq.,  painter;  James 
Boucher,  Esq.,  architect  ;  William  Clarke,  Esq., 
architect;  Alexander  Marshall,  Esq.,  wright ;  John 
Gordon,  Esq.,  architect ;  Alexander  "Thomson,  Esq., 
architect ;  John  J.  Stevenson,  Esq.,  architect ; 
John  Hay,  Esq.,  ventilating  engineer ;  Dariel 
Cottier,  Esq.,  glass  painter  ;  W,  Leiper,  Esq.,  ar- 
chitect ;  John  M'Donald,  Esq.,  builder  ;  Campbell 
Douglass,  Esq.,  architect ;  Walter  Macfarlane,  Esq,, 
ironfounder — l,ate  vice-presidents. 

At  the  annual  supper  which  took  place  in  the 
evening,  Mr.  Honej'man  again  presided.  In  giving 
the  toast  of  the  evening,  the  Glasgow  Architec- 
tural Society,  he  made  the  follovring  observations  on 

THE  LAW  COURTS. 
The  designs  for  the  law  courts  oifered  a  most 
interesting  and  instructive  field  for  the  contem- 
plation ot  the  student.  The  vast  extent  of  the 
project  ^and  the  multiplicity  of  its  detail  required 
the  grasp  of  a  master-mind  to  grapple  with  the 
mere  arrangement  of  the  plan  ;  and  it  is  pecuharly 
interesting  to  observe  how  the  various  difficulties 
have  been  met  by  so  many  well-known  men. 
Still  more  interesting,  however,  and  still  more  in- 
structive is  it  to  observe  their  treatment  of  the 
whole  as  artists.  I  may  not  now  attempt  any  dis- 
criminative criticism,  but  let  us  pause  a  moment 
over  these  magnificent  drawings,  the  latest  works 
of  men  who  are  generally  regarded  as  the  most 
eminent  in  their  profession.  I  may  say  at  once 
that  I  cannot  accept  them  as  the  best  productions 
of  these  men,  for  I  do  not  believe  in  a  m,an  doing 
his  beat  in  a  competition.  But  may  we  not  at 
least  take  them  as  a  fair  index  of  the  exact  posi- 
tion of  our  art  in  England  at  the  present  day  ?  and 
if  so,  I  would  ask,  are  you  perfectly  satisfied  with 
them  ?  Do  you  think  they  are  in  advance  of  any- 
thing that  h,a3  gone  before,  otherwise  than  in  tbeir 
extent  and  the  execution  of  the  drawings,  for  that 
is  the  important  point.  Do  they  show  any  signs 
of  healthy  vigorous  vitality,  or  even  of  feeble  hope- 
ful vitality  ?  Any  indication  that  our  art  lives, 
and  that  its  roots  have  at  last  struck  down  into 
what  is  best  and  noblest  in  our  national  idiosyn- 
cracy?  For  myself,  I  shall  confess  that  I  am  dis- 
posed to  take  r.ather  a  desponding  view  of  the  pre- 
sent position  and  prospects  of  our  art.  I  had 
hoped  for  better  things  from  the  revival  of  Gottiic 
architecture  than  we  have  yet  seen.  My  expecta- 
tions, perhaps,  have  been  unreasonable,  or  their 
realization  m.ay  only  be  deferred ;  but  if  thia  revival 
is  to  lead  us  to  nothing  better,  I  fear  there  may 
be  too  much  truth  in  what  a  distinguished  pre- 
decessor in  this  chair  affirmed,  that  Gothic  archi- 
tecture was  but  a  fashion — the  rage  of  the  day — 
doomed  soon  to  pass  on  to  obUvion  or  conteapt, 
like  the  patches  and  periwigs  of  the  past,  or  the 
crinolines  and  chignons  of  the  present ;  and,  ii  so, 
gentlemen,  what  next  ?  That  is  the  question.  In 
this  boasted  .age  of  progress  are  we  to  be  for  eter 
retrogressive  iu  our  art  ?  With  the  treasures  of 
past  ages  daily  more  fully  unfolded  to  us,  with  iU 
the  appliances  of  modern  science  at  our  back,  and 
all  the  wealth  of  the  richest  country  iu  the  world, 
are  we  never  to  emerge  from  the  servility  ol 
copyism,  or  venture  beyond  the  confines  of  ex- 
periment .'  Our  art  I  fear  is  more  influenced  hj 
other  characteristics  of  the  age  than  that  of  pro- 
gress. This  is  not  an  age  of  progress  merely.  _  I' 
is  an  age  of  indifference,  of  scepticism,  of  inlidehty 
— an  age  of  unrest,  of  baste,  or  selbshuess — and 
it  is  impossible  but  that  our  art  should  be  affected 


October  25,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


737 


,•  these  evil  influence3,  even   if  progress  be   ad- 

itted.     The  architecture  of  the  day,  indeed,  is  a 

TV  embodiment  of  latitudinariansm,  its  professors 

nv'  very  much  whatever  is  right  in  their   own 

^.s,  without  reference  to  any  recognized  canon — 

ithout  faith,  without  control.      We  cannot  even 

noDg  ourselves  agree  as  to    the  orthodox  archi- 

^tural  creed,  and  therefore  we  are   powerless    to 

,  rt  others  towards  the  true  and    the  bea\itiful, 

beautiful  because  the  true.     How   often,  too, 

^  our  art  lend  itself  to  the  mere  expression  of 

iiry  and  bustle,  and  selfish  jostling.      What   a 

lilt  of  repose  there  is,  for  example,  about  any  of 

r  >e  great  law  court  designs.       How   approi)riate 

ins  the  filling  in    of   the   foreground  with   the 

r  restless  ru.-^li  and  crowd  of  Temple  Ear.     The 

wanders  over  the  whole  expanse   of   clustered 

its  and  statues,  of  towers   and  pinnacles,   and 

ket  fringed   gables,   and   mediicval  monsters, 

i  t'eels,  I  fancy,  much  like  the  bewildered  dove 

N'oah  on  her  first  voyage  of  discovery.    Haste, 

V>ed,  in  many  shapes,  is  one  of  our  worst  enemies. 

(immou  with  our   fellows  we  are  not   exempt 

ni  the  snare  of  liasting  to  be  rich  ;   and,  practi- 

ily,  there  is   no  work  for   those   who   refuse  to 

ilie  h.iste.     We  must  make  haste,  and  the  ten- 

t.  y  of  this  is  to  convert  us  into  mere  traders  in 

-art  which  wc  can  hardly  call  our  own.  There 

:  ither  patience  nor  pay  for  the  artist,  and   he 

4  give  place  to  a  man  of  great  business  capacity 

can  supply  architecture  in  any  style  and  to  any 

^^__jit  on  demand.     Now,  obviously  the   effect  of 

"'^'i  state  of  matters  would  be  bad  enough,  if  we 

a  a  fair  start  on  the  true  path,    and  in  our  pre- 

it  perplexity  it  is   pernicious   iu   the   extreme. 

the    one    case    it  is   probable    that    some 

lid  be  found  who  preferred  eminence   to  opu- 

f,  but  while  the  foundations  of  our   architec- 

il  faith  remain  so  unsettled,  the  temptations  to 

;terent  course  are  almost  irresistible;  and   all 

.  ur  be  to  the  few  who,  thoroughly  peisuaded 

eir  own  minds,  work  perseveriugly  on  iu  that 

ii    which  to  them   seems   the  path  of   truth. 

L3,  that  they  are  not  pressing  on  side  by  side ; 

I  that  it  must  be  said    of  even    the    best  that 

.;■  paths  lie  in  exactly  opposite  directions.     Let 

it  be  imagined  from  what  I   have   now   said 

1  I  ignore  the   existence   of   much  that  is   ad- 

ible  in  the  art  of  the  present,  and  particularly 

these  law   court  designs.     By  no   means.      I 

re  now  purposely   directed  attention   only   to 

)  shady  side  of  the  picture.     It  is  the  side  least 

active,  and  least  likely  to  be   thrust  upon  our 

;  but  not  the  least  instructive ;  not  certainly 

3  least  worthy  the  study  of  him  who  wishes  to 

ike  sure  of  his  footing  and   seeks   to   eliminate 

I  density  or  the  power  of  the  various  obstacles 

lich  imperil  his  falieriug  progress. 

]The  remainder  of  the   gentleman's  speech  was 

mpied  in  discussing  local  matters,  and  particu- 

the  sanitary   condition   of    Lllasgow,   which 

B  proved  to  be  at  a  very  low  ebb  indeed.   Profes- 

Qardiner  and  other  gentlemen  spoke  at   oon- 

Hftble  length  on  local  matters.] 


ica 

irsL 


C         INSTRUCTION  IN  AET. 

wTE  are  frequently  receiving  letters,  and 
31  particularly  for  our  "  Intercommunication" 
JArtment,  asking  for  information  regarding 
truction  in  art  as  afforded  at  the  National  Art 
lining  School,  South  Kensington.  The  follow- 
"■  be  pretty  exhaustive  on  the  subject : — 

Bpector  general  for  art,  Richard  Redgrave, 
Ii. ;  head-master,  Richard  liiu'chett ;  deputy 
Id-tuaster,  U.  W.  Herman. 

ISechanical  and  architectural  drawing,  H.  B.  Ha- 

IpB;  geometry  and  perspective,  E.  S.  Burchett; 

lilting,  freehand  drawing  of  ornament,  &c.,  the 

lue  and  anatomy,   and   ornamental  design,  R. 

liehett,  R.  W.  Herman,  W.  Denby,  R.  CoUinson, 

II  C.   P.   Slocombe ;    modelling,   F.  M.  Miller. 

"Inale  classes — Lady  superintendent,  Miss  Tru- 

1; ;  female  teachers,  Mrs.  S.  E.  Casablanca  and 

■iChannon;  matron,  Mrs.  Garrett;  attendant, 

Abel. 

The  courses  of  instruction  pursued  in  the 
'ol  have  for  their  object  the  systematic  train- 
of  teachers,  male  and  female,  in  the  practice  of 
and  in  the  knowledge  of  its  scientific  principles, 
h  the  view  of  (|ualifying  them  to  impart  to 
era  a  careful  art- education,  and  to  develop  its 
>iicatiou  to  the  common  uses  of  life,  and  its 
ition  to  the  requirements  of  trade  and  manu. 
^rt^^*  ^P'^'^'^'  courses  are  arranged  in  order  to 
>hiy  schoolmasters  of  parochial  and  other 
'Jols  to  teach  elementary  drawing  as  a  part  of 
'Oral  education  concurrently  with  writing. 


2.  The  instruction  comprehends  the  follomng 
subjects  : — Freehand,  architecture,  and  mechanical 
drawing;  practical  geometry  and  perspective; 
painting  in  oil,  temjiera,  and  water  colours ; 
modelling,  moulding,  and  casting.  The  classes  for 
drawing,  painting,  and  modelling  include  .archi- 
tectural and  otlu-r  ornament,  llowt-rs,  objects  of 
still-life,  &c.,  the  figure  from  the  antique  and 
the  life,  and  tlie  study  of  anatomy  eis  applicable  to 
art. 

3.  The  annual  sessions,  each  lasting  five  months, 
commence  on  March  1  and  October  1,  and  end  on 
the  last  day  of  Febru.ary  and  the  last  day  of  July, 
respectively.  The  inontlis  of  August  and  Seji- 
teniber,  one  week  at  Christmas,  and  one  week  at 
Easter  or  Whitsuntide,  are  vacations.  The  classes 
meet  every  day,  except  Saturdaj*.  Hours  of  study 
— Day  10  to  3 ;  evening,  7  to  9. 

4.  In  connection  with  the  Training  School,  and 
open  to  the  public,  separate  classes  are  established 
for  male  and  female  students  ;  the  studies  com- 
prising drawing,  painting,  and  modelling,  .o-s 
applied  to  ornament,  the  6gure,  landscape,  and 
still-life. 

Fee3  for  classes  studying  for  five  whole  days,  incUidiiig 
eveliiligs ; — 

.£5  for  the  seaaion  of  five  montiis. 
£4  for  three  mouths. 
£a  for  two  months. 
For  three  whole  days,  including  evenings :— - 

£4  for  the  session  of  five  months. 
£:l  for  three  mouths. 
£'2  for  two  mouths. 
For  the  half  d<iy,  morning  or  afternoon  : — 

£4  for  the  session  of  five  months, 
£:J  for  three  mouths. 
£2  for  two  mouths. 
To  all  the-fe  ci;is.scs  there  is  au  entrance  fee  of  10s. 
Evening  Classes. — Male  School.    £2  per  session, 

.\vtisan  Class.     lOs.  per  session.      Ss. 

per  mouth. 
Female  School.     £1  per  session,  three 
evenings  a  week. 

5.  Classes  for  schoolmasters,  schoolmistresses, 
and  pupil-teachers  meet  on  two  evenings  in  each 
week.  Fee  5s.  for  the  session.  Similar  classes  are 
formed  at  the  Spitalfields,  St.  Martin's,  and 
Lambeth  district  schools. 

6.  The  morning  classes  for  practical  geometry 
and  perspective,  and  also  for  drawing  from  models, 
are  open  to  all  students,  but  they  may  be  attended 
independently  of  the  general  course,  on  payment 
of  a  fee  of  £1  per  session  for  either  class. 

7.  With  the  view  to  meet  the  applications  of 
parents,  young  persons  at  home  tor  the  Christ- 
mas and  Midsummer  vacations  can  attend  the 
drawing  classes  at  South  Kensington,  from 
December  15  to  February  14,  or  from  June  15  to 
July  31,  on  a  payment  of  £1.  Hours  of  attendance, 
daily,  exoejit  Saturday,  from  10  to  12.30,  or  from 
1  to  3, 

8.  Students  properly  qualified  have  full  access 
to  the  collections  of  the  museum  and  library, 
either  for  consultation  or  copying,  as  well  as  to  all 
the  school  lectures  of  the  Department.  The 
public  also  are  admitted  to  the  same  privileges  on 
payment  of  small  admissson  fees — for  which  see 
the  prospectuses  of  the  museum  and  library, 

9.  A  register  of  the  student's  attendance  is  kept, 
and  may  be  considtedby  parents  and  guardians. 

Lectures  at  South  Kensington. 

Lecturer  on  Anatomy,  John  Marshall,  F.R.S., 
F.R.C.S.  A  course  of  twelve  lectures  on  anatomy 
as  applicable  to  the  arts  is  given  iu  each  session. 
The  spring  course  may  be  attended  by  ladies.  Fee 
for  the  course,  6s. ;  for  a  single  lecture.  Is. 

Lecturer  on  Botany,  Christopher  Dresser,  Ph.D., 
(Jeua).  The  course  of  lectures  on  botany  may  be 
attended  separately  on  payment  of  a  fee  of  6s.  for 
the  course. 

Other  lectures  are  delivered  occasionally,  which 
will  be  duly  auuounced. 

Metropolitan  district  schools  of  art  are  now  est,a- 
blished  at  the  following  places : — Entrance  fee, 
2s. ;  fees,  2s.  ;  and  3s.  per  month.  These  schools 
are  open  in  the  evening  from  7  to  9. 

1 .  The  Female  School  of  Art,  43,  Queen-square, 
Bloomsbury,  W.C,  (removed  from  37,  Gower- 
street). 

2.  Sjiitalfields,  12,  White  Lion-street,  Norton 
Folgate. 

3.  St.  Thomas'  Ch.aterhouse,  Goswell-street. 

4.  Rotherhithe  Grammar  School,  Deptford- 
road. 

5.  St.  Martin's-in-the-fields,  Castle-street,  Long- 
acre. 

6.  Lambeth,  St,  Oswald's-place,  Upper  Kenning- 
ton-lane. 

7.  St.  George's-in-the-East,  Cannon-street-road. 

8.  St.  Mary's,  Hide. place,  Vincent-square,  West- 
minster, 

9.  West  London,  204,  Great  Portland-street, 


At  the  Bloomsbury,  Spitalfields,  Charterhouse, 
Westminster,  Lambeth,  and  West  London  schools, 
there  are  female  classes.  Applicntions  for  admis- 
sion, prospectuses,  or  anj-  other  information,  to  be 
m;ide  at  the  schools  in  each  district. 

There  is  an  annual  examination  for  prizes  in  all 
the  schools  and  a  national  competition, 

RULES  OP  TUE  ART  TRAINING  SCHOOL  RELATING 
TO  FEES  ONLY. 

Studtints  entering  for  a  session  after  its  commeueemont 
will  bo  allowed  a  proportionate  reduction  of  the  next 
ses.sion's  fees,  if  they  coutinue  students  of  the  school,  but 
no  reduction  for  less  thau  one  mouth  will  be  allowed, 
tlius  :— 

Whole  Dav,  Includino  the  Evening.    IIours  10  to  3, 

AND  7  TO  9. 

Students  eutoiing  for  five  months,  or  the  whole  session, 

£5  day  and  evening.  £  a. 

Students  fn"™"'*"')       /•  and  have  at  their  o™/- 4     0 

eiitoiiii"         *•  ^^^'  [.£'  '  "!'*'"^"*  ■"■  right   to  ;it- T  3     0 

whou"!  "  Jflioii  Imvy  j       i  tfud  ou  tho  following"!  2     0 

V  1  J  to  rmi.   )      \  sefiaiou  at  a  feo  of —      1, 1 
TnnicK  Whoi.k  Days.     IIouks  10  to  :^,  and  7  to  9. 
Stuiiouta  eutoring  for  five  iiioulhs  or  tho  wliole  session  £4. 

£,  s. 
4  {  months  of  \       /  and  have  at  Ibeir  own  fS    4 


students  lUr,'™""'"'')       (and  have  .at  their  own/- 3    4 

entering   l^  «!'"    ,'"'»■  l£4^  "I'*',™  •;,"='''  »°  ."'^J  ?  ,o 

wii.,11     1-1  *"""  '""'*  J      J  tend  on  the  followiugj  1  12 

Jll   to  run.    }       I  session  at  a  fee  of—     lo  18 

MoftNlNci  on  AlTERNOON.      HouRS  10  TO  12.30,  OR  1  TO  3. 

students  entering  for  five  months  or  the  wholo  session  £4. 

£  s. 

Students  )Uf,"'°*'"'"*')       pnJ.haveattheirownj-S    4 

,.t  ri,       lAj  ^h^      '^ed-  f  ,..,  }  option  a  right  to  at- }  2    S 

>>0  nn     i'A  "ion  liave  f  *"'")  tend  on  tho  foUowiugl  1  12 

J  1 1,  to   run    )       I  session  .at  a  fee  of—     lo  10 

Evening.    Hohbr  7  to  9. 

Students  entering  for  live  months  or  the  whole  session  £2. 

£  a. 

Students ")  i  (  "•»""'»  "^ )  ( ^°;'.  ''"^^ "*  "f '.■■  » V  (]'^l 
enterinir    Vj  ""=       *"«'  Ipo!  option  a  right  to   at-)  1     4 

wh'n  i-J  "'''"  '''''^■''  1  1  '"'"'  ""  "'"  fuUowingl  0  16 
^       )  1\     to  niu     J       V  eeasion  at  a  fee  of —      1. 0    8 

The  summer  session  commences  ou  >Iarcli  1,  and  ends  on 
the  liiat  d.'iy  of  July.  The  winter  session  commences  ou 
October  1,  and  ends  on  the  laat  day  of  Fcbniary. 

The  schools  are  open  free  for  the  inspection 
of  the  pulalio  every  Saturday,  from  2  till  9  p.m. 
Entrance  through  the  museum.  For  further  in- 
formation inquire  of  the  attendant  at  the  entrance 
to  the  schools. 

DRINKING  FOUNTAIN. 

THE  beautiful  fountain  presented  by  the  Earl  of 
Dudley  to  the  inhabitants  of  that  town  was  for- 
mally inaugarated  Last  week.  The  fountain  consists 
of  a  quadrilateral,  pierced  by  arches  in  one  direc- 
tion, and  in  the  other  supported  by  semicircular 
projections,  bearing  two  dolphins  on  the  outside. 
Immediately  above  these  latter  are  the  upper 
basins,  supported  by  two  large  fronts  of  sea-horses, 
the  whole  surmounted  by  a  pyramidal  roof,  cul- 
minating iu  an  allegoiical  group,  representing 
Industry  iu  general  and  Industry  in  particular. 
The  former  figure  is  a  girl,  with  a  spinning  .appa- 
ratus, and  the  latter  is  an  engineer.  The  chief 
feature  of  the  structure  is  the  arched  and  domed 
part  of  its  centre.  The  dome  itself  is  perforated 
by  two  windows,  glazed  in  a  coloured  glass,  thus 
providing  light  to  the  central  jet  which  starts  from 
a  series  of  three  marble  tazzas,  one  superposed 
to  the  other.  On  the  two  sides  corresponding 
to  the  exterior  send  circular  projections,  are  niches 
occupied  by  figures  representing  an  agriculturist 
and  a  miner,  iu  allusion  to  the  characteristics  of 
the  county.  The  corners  of  the  quadrilateral 
.are  ornamented  with  festoons  of  fruits,  while  the 
keystones  are  decorated  with  the  heads  of  a  river 
god  and  a  water  nymph.  The  spandrils  of  the 
arches  are  enriched  by  genii  bearing  scrolls  with 
appropriate  mottoes.  The  legend,  subdivided 
into  four  parts  is  (Numbers  xxi,  17) — 

Spring  up,  O  well ; 

Sing  ye  unto  it. 
The  princes  have  digged  the' well, 

Tho  nobles  of  the  people  have  digged  it. 

There  are  two  streams  of  water  supplied  to 
ladles  from  boldly-conceived  lions'  heads;  two  large 
basins,  for  the  use  of  cattle,  and  four  smaller  ones 
near  the  ground  for  the  accommodation  of  dogs 
and  other  small  animals.  The  cattle  troughs  are 
supplied  from  the  mouths  of  the  dolphins  pre- 
viously mentioned.  The  height  of  the  fountain  is 
2Sft.  Mr.  Forsyth  was  the  sculptsr,  and  the  cost 
was  about  £3,000. 


It  is  stated  that  the  tariff'  for  messages  of  ten 
words,  per  Atlantic  cable,  to  America,  is  about  to 
be  reduced  from  £10  to  £Ci ;  the  charge  per  word 
for  more  than  ten  words  being  Ts.  Cd.  Five  words, 
not  exceeding  twenty-five  letters  in  length,  will 
be  allowed  for  name  and  address  of  sender  and  re- 
ceiver of  message  in  each  case ;  and  extra  charges 
for  code  messages  are  to  cease. 


738 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


October  25,  1867. 


ANCIEKT    TOMB    OR    ALTAR    DESTROYED    AT    CONISBOROUGH. 


;^  ^ J  A._.^.^.^  ■  1/ e  fj v-      sJ/:--^*" '•''-^■^^^— S 


Tig.  1. 


The  continued  wholesale  robbery  of  my  works 
by  the  editors  of  some  of  the  minor  periodicals  hag 
reached  a  point  that  necessitates  legal  proceedings 
to  check  it. 

The  English  Mechani  and  the  World  officience 
are,  I  am  told,  owned  by  the  same  person.  Their 
imprints  show  that  they  are  printed  and  published 
Ijy  the  same  parties. — Arnold  J.  Cooley.  Oc- 
tober 7,  1867. 


Pig.  2. 


Fi8.  3. 


ANCIENT  TOMB  OR  ALTAR  DESTROYED 
AT  CONISBOROUGH. 

WE  give  this  week  illustrations  of  the  very 
curious  and  interesting  tomb  or  stone 
altar  which  was  destroyed  among  other  objects  of 
interest  at  the  spoiling  of  Oonisborough  Church. 
The  drawing  was  fortunately  taken  before  the 
destruction.  It  had  no  inscription,  but  there 
were  faint  marks  of  crosses  at  the  corners,  so  that 
the  slab  was  very  possibly  an  ancient  altar.  If  it 
had  been  a  tomb,  one  would  have  expected  some 
inscription.  Whether  tomb  or  altar,  its  demolition 
was  a  senseless  act  of  vandalism,  though  unfor- 
tunately not  without  frequent  precedent  of  late 
among  the  northern  so-called  church  restorations. 
We  give  three  views  of  the  tomb  or  altar.  The 
first  represents  the  top,  which  had  an  incised 
pattern  nearly  defaced  ;  the  second  is  an  eleva- 
tion ;  and  the  third  a  perspective  of  the  same. 


FIVE    SHOPS,  SHEPHERD'S   BUSH. 

THESE  five  shops  are  situated  in  the  high 
road,  and  are  b\'ilt  of  brick  and  stone  at 
the  cost  of  only  .£2,,S00,  and  everything  is  done 
in  the  best  mannner,  and  of  the  best  materials  of 
their  several  kinds,  the  chief  aim  in  the  design 
being  to  get  effect  and  strength  into  as  little 
money  as  possible  by  using  only  such  materials 
as  are  common  and  good,  such  as  good  timber, 
bricks,  mortar,  and  stone.  All  the  breastsummers 
over  the  shop  fronts  are  exposed  to  view,  and 
stained  with  Swinhourn's  best  stain,  and  var- 
nished. All  the  bolts  are  showing,  as  in  detail, 
properly  japanned,  to  preserve  them  from  rust ; 
a  flap  of  lead  runs  along  on  top  of  the  beam  to 
preserve  the  edges  from  the  effects  of  the  mortar  ; 
these  beams  are  all  well  seasoned  and  sound,  as 
can  be  seen.  The  shop  fronts  will  be  made  to 
match  the  breastsummer,  both  in  material  and 
staii;ing.  The  plan  of  showing  the  breastsummer 
is  cheaper  than  the  usual  way  of  casing  it,  and 
is  by  far  the  better  method.  The  casing  is,  in 
general,  only  a  dodge  to  hide  the  worst  of 
material — or  to  make  as  much  as  possible  of  a 
too  small  quantity   of  good — and  if  this  be  the 


case,  it  is  in  the  end  far  the  most  expensive  treat- 
ment. The  beam  will  be  sure  to  bend  bow 
shape,  which  not  only  spoils  the  design  in  effect, 
but  tends  considerably  to  make  the  building 
unsafe.  There  are  two  stringcourses  of  red  bricks, 
as  seen  in  the  drawing.  All  the  arches  over 
windows  are  of  red  moulded  bricks.  The  roofs 
are  flat  on  top,  slated  front  and  back  with  purple 
and  blue  slates.  The  dormers  in  front  are  also 
slated,  and  have  their  purlins  and  plates  project- 
ing to  carry  overhanging  portion  of  the  roof ;  all 
this  woodwork  is  stained.  The  rafters  in  main 
roof  project,  and  are  shown  under  the  guttering ; 
this  guttering  runs  from  dormer  to  dormer,  and 
the  water  is  taken,  by  means  of  a  lead  gutter  laid 
between  the  floor  joist,  to  the  back  of  house,  and 
down  the  downpipes  into  drain.  All  the  mould- 
ings, except  those  done  in  stone,  are  done  in 
moulded  bricks.  In  front  of  these  shops  there 
will  be  tile  paving — done  in  9in.  square  Stafford- 
shire tile — laid  on  concrete  and  in  cement.  The 
whole  of  the  works  have  been  carried  out  well  and 
carefully. 


NEW  STEAM  ROAD  ROLLER. 

ANEW  steam  roller  has  been  made  by  Messrs. 
Moreland   and  Son,  of   Old-street,  and  is 
designed  in    accordance   with    a  recent  patent  of 
Mr.    D.  Thomson.      It  consists   externally  of  a 
square  wrought-iron  casing  of  great  strength  and 
rigidity,   which  is    nearly   balanced   on  a    large 
central  roUer,   with  the  engine   on   one  side  and 
the  boiler  on  the  other.     On   the   boiler  side  are 
two   leading  wheels,  which  take  only  a  small  por- 
tion of  the   load,   and  serve   for   steering.     The 
boUer  is  vertical,  on  the  Field  principle,  and  the 
engine  works  direct  on  the  large  roller,  by  means 
of  two  pitch  chains,  without  any  intervention  of 
gearing.       The     dimensions     are: — Diameter   of 
roller,  7ft.  6in. ;  length,  6ft. ;   length  of  external 
casing,  18ft.  6in. ;  width,  8ft. ;  height  above  road- 
way, Sft. ;  diameter  of  steering  wheels,  .5ft.  6in. ; 
width,  1ft.  2in.      The  machine  was  shown  turn- 
ing at  right  angles  into  roads,  and  is  quite  manage- 
able even  in  a  crowded   street.      When   at  work, 
it  is  not  turned  round  at  the  end  of  its  course, 
but  goes  backwards    and   forwards   with    equal 
facility.      The  vertical  boiler  is  said  to  be  a  great 
source   of  safety,    as   horizontal    boilers,     when 
mounted  on  such  a  machine,  and   working  on  in- 
clined roads,  cause  the  water  to   leave  the  upper 
end,  and  give  rise  to  considerable   danger  of  ex- 
plosion of  the  boiler.     The  explosion   of  the  Paris 
roUer  may  be  attributed  to  this.     The  machine  is 
supported  on  springs,  and  this,  together  with  the 
great   strength  of  the  case,  and  absence  of  gear- 
ing, secures   in  an  unusual  degree  the  durability 
of  the  roller.     The  diameter  of   the  boiler  is  4ft. 
Sin. ;  height,   10ft.  6in. ;  two'cylinders   llin.  dia- 
meter,^lft.  6iu.  stroke.     Five   strokes  of   the  en- 
gine make   one   revolution   of  the   roUer.      The 
pressure  of  steam  is   1001b.   per  square  inch,  and 
the  gross  weight  25.^  tons — 21^  tons  on  roller,  and 
i  tons  on  steering  wheels. 


LITERARY   THEFT. 

(From  the  AtliciCBum). 

AS  an  illustroation  of  the  unscrupulous  way  the 
editors  of  certain  periodicals  obtain  "  matter  " 
for  their  pages,  I  will  mention  a  case  or  two  out  of 
an  immen.se  number  of  others  I  could  furnish,  in 
which  myself  and  immediate  friends  are  suilerers. 

In  The  World  of  Science  for  September  28, 
appears  a  long  paper  on  "  Porter,"  which  is  there 
printed  as  an  original  article  by  the  editor,  or  one 
of  his  staff.  The  sume  article  appears  in  The 
English  Mechanic  ctnd  Miri'or  of  Science  and  Art 
of  the  same  date,  where  it  is  likewise  given  as  an 
editorial  or  an  original  article.  In  Public  Opinion 
of  the  5th  inst.  this  article  is  reproduced,  preceded 
by  the  words  English  Mechanic,  indicating  it  to 
be  an  original  paper  taken  from  tliat  ])eriodical. 

Now  the  article  on  "  Porter  "  alluded  to  is  stolen 
verbatim  et  literatim  from  my  CyclopEcdia,  pub- 
lished by  the  firm  of  Messrs.  Churchill  and  Sons, 
of  New  Burlington-street.  It  was  originally 
written  for  the  third  edition  of  that  work,  and  is 
repeated  in  the  fourth  edition. 


CORROSION    OF   MARBLE. 

MARBLE  is  supposed  by  many  to  be  ever- 
lasting. This,  however,  is  not  the  case,  as 
may  be  seen  in  Salisbury  Cathedral,  and  many 
other  places.  "J.  H.  B.,"  in  the  last  number  of 
Notes  and  Queries,  says:— The  intelligent  head 
verger  at  Salisbury  Cathedral  recently  pointed 
out  to  me  that  all  the  marble  in  that  church  is 
corroded  in  a  peculiar  and  uniform  manner. 
Vertical  surfaces,  and  horizontal  surfaces  turned 
tow.ards  the  ground,  are  invariably  corroded  after 
a  few  years ;  but  horizontal  surfaces  turned 
towards  the  roof  invariably  escape  corrosion.  In 
a  monument  of  black  and  white  marble  of  the  last 
century,  it  will  be  found  that  the  white  inscrip- 
tion tablet  has  lost  all  its  polish,  the  side  pillars 
the  same,  and  the  under  part  of  the  moulding 
also,  but  that  the  upper  part  of  the  mouldings  is 
as  highly  polished  as  when  they  came  from  the 
mason's  hand.  The  same  phenomenon  is  observ- 
able in  the  Purbeck  bases  ;  though,  of  course,  the 
polish  of  the  upper  surface  is  less  perfect  than  in 
the  other  instance  I  have  named.  Can  any 
explanation  be  given  of  this  curious  fact  ? 

In  Durham  Cathedral,  the  Frosteriey  marble 
shafts  of  the  Nine  Altars'  transept  were  all  re- 
polished  from  floor  to  roof,  some  five  years  ago, 
at  an  expense  of  several  thousand  pounds ;  but 
they  are  already  losing  their  fine  surface,  and  in 
a  few  years  the  expensive  work  carried  out  will  be 
all  undone.  My  own  idea,  and  that  of  some  old 
servants  of  the  cathedral  there,  is,  that  this  cor- 
rosion of  the  marble  arises  from  some  pollution  of 
the  air  by  the  coke  stoves  which  are  kept  burning 
night  and  day  in  the  cathedral  of  Durham  during 
seven  or  eight  months  of  the  year.  S.ilisbury 
Cathedral  ako,  until  recently,  was  warmed  by 
open  braziers.  Is  it  possible  that  carbonic  acid 
can  so  affect  marble,  and  that  the  peculiar  action 
I  have  stated  arises  from  an  upward  current. 
Or  is  chlorine  one  of  the  products  of  combustion 
when  coke  or  charcoal  are  used  as  fuel  ?  The 
question  is  one  of  very  great  importance,  and  1 
hope  it  may  find  attention  at  the  hands  of  some 
of  your  scientific  readers. 


I 


October  Sj,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


743 


CHURCH  DESTRUCTION. 

EHE  writer  of  the  following  letter  has  sent 
us   his    niime,    which    is    a    sufficient 
narantee  for  the    general  accuracy    of  his 
;atements : — 
"  I  beg  to  call  your  attention  to  the  wanton 
istruction  of  Beighton  Church,  near  Shef- 
,1(1,  a  most  interesting   thirteentli   century 
iiilding.     1  have  called  attentioii  in  a  local 
aper  to  the  ciuestion,  ami  I  now  make  an  ap- 
eal  to  you,  who  have  done  so  much  to  ward 
tr  the  "hand    of    destruction  from  our   old 
liurches.      I  have  made  several  special  jour- 
eys  to  Beighton  Church,  for  the  purpose  of 
liking  sketches  before  its  final  destruction, 
,ich  I  look  upon  as  the  most  fatal  act  of  re- 
ration  (0  on  record — at  any  rate,  in  these 
iitts.     If  the  architects   of  Sheffield  let  this 
hutch  be  further  sacrificed  it  will  redound  to 
heir  shame.     Let  them,  one  and  all,  send  the 
ector  a  respectful  protest,  and  he  will  surely 
ae  how  his  present   adviser  has    led    him 
stray.     If  the  rector  will  call   in  Scott,   of 
,ondon,  or  any  one  of  the  best  Sheffield  men 
-Hadtield,  Webster,  Fawcett,  and  others — 
■vl  they  do  not  at  once  tell  him  he  is  com- 
tting  sacrilege,  I  will  pay  their  fees,  what- 
ver  they  may  be.     To-day  the  men  have 
a  employed  in  trying,  vainly,  almost,  to  de- 
lish  an  old  chapel  or  chantry  attached  to 
•  chancel.     It  would  make  you  cry  to  see 
havoc.     Let  me  add  one  more  challenge  : 
Mr.   Rawlinson,  of  Chesterfield,  the  archi- 
i  (.')  employed,  will  stop  the  works  for  one 
■A,  and,  during  that  time,  will  let  his  plans 
submitted   to  any    good  authority — i.  c, 
jtt,  Street,  Burges,  Pugin,   Slater,  or  the 
amittee  of   any  archx'ological    society — I 
'-\  pay  .£10  if  he  is  not  told  they  are  rubbish 
iipared  with  the  place  he  is  pulling  down. 
)uc  men  cannot  earn  fame  by  good  deeds, 
I  have,   Nero-like,  to  do  but  bad  ones  to 
like  an  ill  fame."    I  am,  Sir,  yours  respect- 
lUy,  Tombstone.    October  22. 


LONDON  BARRICADES. 

^NE  HUNDRED  AND  FIFTY-SEVEN 

_/    barricades  in  the  London  streets  !    Four 

ersons  killed  last  week  !     A    great    number 

■  Mmded  !     Though    slightly  sensational    in 

:  in,  this  is  a  fair  epitome  of  the  statements 

L.ide  in  a  very  plain  and  business-like  manner 

t  l,«t  week's  meeting  of  the  Metropolitan  Board 

f  Works.    The  architect  of  the  Board  had  pre- 

sred  a  plan,   showing  the  position   of   the 

hole  157,  and   official  testimony  was  pro- 

uced  to  vouch  for  the  number  of  deaths  and 

•oundiugs  caused  by  the  overcrowded  traffic 

•  our  main  streets,  to  whicli  these  obstruo- 

ns  so  largely  contribute.      The   barricades, 

1  the  shape  of  gates  and  bars,  maintained  by 

rivate  owners  of  property  for  their  supposed 

rivate  advantage,  are  all  around  us.     In  the 

lish  of  St.  Paucras,  there  are  29  ;  in  West- 

"USter,  there  are  20  ;  in  Marylebone,  8  ;  in 

'addington,   S  ;    in   Clerkenwell,  3  ;    in   the 

lolborn  and  Strand  districts,  7  ;  in  Shoreditch, 

;  in  Whitechapel,    2 ;   in    Poplar,    7 ;    in 

lackuey,  8  ;  in  Lambeth,  .3  ;  in  Camljerwell, 

-  ;  in  Southwark,  2  ;  in   Bermondsey,  2  ;   in 

't.  George  the  JIartyr,  2  ;  in   Greenwich,  6  ; 

I  Plumstead,  10  ;  inWoolwicli,  I) ;  in  Chelsea, 

■,  in   Kensington,  6  ;  and  in   Hampstead,  3. 

'rom  this  list  it  wiU  be  seen   that    they    are 

ot  only  in  the  more   roomy   suburban  dis- 

ncts,  where,  thougli  looked  upon  with  very 

real  disfavour,  something  might  perchance 

e  urged  for  a  limited  toleration  but  in  the 

ery  heart  of  London.     We  will  take  one  dis- 

rict  as  an  example  of  the  obstruction  caused. 

rom  King's-cross  on  the  east,  to  Edgware- 

oad  on  the  west,  is  the  magnificent  thorough- 

ire  of  the  Euston  and    Marylebone   roads. 

northward  are  the   principal  passenger  and 

oods  stations  of  the  most  important  railways 

1  the  kingdom,  and  the  traffic  to  and  from 

ttese  alone  is  most  enormous,  not  to  mention 

Kiffic   of  other  kinds.     There  are  many  fine 

voad  streets,  communicating  directly  with 


Holbom  and  O.^ford  street,  but  in  the  whole 
listance  of  three  miles,  very  few  of  these  are 
jpeu  for  heavy  traific,  and  the  light  traffic  is 
permitted,  as  will  be  seen,  merely  upon  suf- 
ferance. Let  us  walk  along  the  road.  Pass- 
ing several  short  streets  of  no  account,  we 
come  to  Judd-strect,  a  good  wide  tliorough- 
fare,  but  only  as  far  down  as  Bruuswick- 
sijvuvre  and  the  Foundling  Hospital.  Judd- 
street  must  therefore  be  dismis.sed  as  a  direct 
route.  Next  we  come  to  an  opening  leading 
into  Burton-crescent,  unnecessai'ily  narrowed 
by  a  gatekeeper's  lodge  and  some  low  sho|is, 
and  we  notice  the  first  bar,  where  a  traveller 
in  a  cab  is  waiting  wliile  a  woman  comes  out 
of  the  lodge,  willing  her  Iiands  from  the  soil  of 
her  householil  work,  and  unlocks  the  gate  lor 
him.  Nay,  never  chafe,  my  friend  in  the  cab, 
but  employ  your  enforced  leisure  in  glancing 
up  at  yonder  lioard  over  the  lodge,  where  you 
will  find  cause  to  be  grateful  to  "the  Commis- 
sioners "  by  whose  "  order  "  it  is  that  you  are 
graciously  allowed  to  pass  at  all,  but  by  whose 
like  order,  carts,  drays,  waggons,  &c.,  are  ex- 
cluded. AV'e  go  from  hence  till  we  come  to 
the  region  where  the  great  Bedford  estate 
abuts  upon  the  road.  Here,  every  street 
leading  southward  is  guarded  by  gates  and 
posts  ornamented  with  the  ducal  coronet  and 
gold  laced  beadles,  who  in.habit  small  lodges 
surmounted  by  the  armorial  bearings  of  the 
Duke  of  Bedford,  and  the  following  gracious  in- 
scription, which  we  transcribe  with  due  re- 
verence:— "  By  permission  of  his  grace  theDuke 
of  Bedford,  and  dm'ing  his  grace's  pleasure, 
gentlemen's  carriages  of  every  description, 
hackney  coaches,  cabriolets,  and  persons  on 
horseback,  may  pass  this  gate  from  7  o'clock 
in  the  morning  till  1 1  o'clock  at  night.  Empty 
hackney  coaches,  empty  cabs,  and  carts,  drays, 
waggons,  trucks,  cattle,  and  horses  at  exercise 
will  not  be  permitted  to  pass.  — Bedford  office, 
Bloomsbury,  .July,  1833." 

By  this  notice  one  of  the  straightest  and 
best  thoroughfares  in  London,  namely,  from 
the  pedestal  of  the  Cobden  .statue  in  Camden 
Town,  through  Seymour-street,  by  St.  Pancras 
church,  and  liussell-si  juare,  direct  into  Holborn, 
is  stopped  "during  his  grace's  pleasure."  Gen- 
tlemen's carriages,  and  the  like,  having  some 
affinity  with  his  grace's  nobility  or  that  of  his 
tenants  in  the  st^uares,  are  graciously  per- 
mitted to  pass  "  between  the  hours  of  7  in  the 
morning  and  11  at  night,"  but  carts,  drays, 
and  vehicles  of  labour  must  go  round  by 
Tottenham-court-road.  Every  thoroughfare 
by  which  the  journey  through  this  estate 
might  be  facilitated  is  stopped  in  like  manner. 
In  Oakley-square,  north  of  these,  where  the 
treedom  of  traffic  would  be  a  great  public 
advantage,  and  where  the  intimation  of  "his 
grace's  pleasure  "  is  affixed  in  like  terms,  we 
notice  that  at  this  present  writing  the  roadway 
is  green  with  grass.  This  is  worth  reflecting 
on.  One  London  thoroughfare  overgrown 
■with  grass  at  a  nobleman's  pleasure,  and 
others  so  crowded  that  lives  are  constantly 
destroj'ed,  and  limbs  imperilled  and  broken. 
Return  we,  however,  to  the  Euston-road. 
Gower-street  is  blocked  by  a  bar  opposite  the 
Hospital  and  the  University  CoUege.  Surely, 
this  is  not  necessary.  The  quiet  of  the 
hospital  might  be  secured  by  some  non- 
resonant  paving,  and  the  relief  afforded  to 
traffic  would  help  to  diminish  the  number  of 
accidents  brought  there  for  treatment.  Pass- 
ing on,  we  thread  our  way  with  some  difficulty 
across  the  stream  of  vehicles  in  Tottenham- 
court-road,  and  going  by  a  few  inconsiderable, 
short  streets,  we  observe  that  Cleveland-street 
being  narrow  and  confined,  has  been  left  un- 
barred. Great  Portland-street  is  open  into 
Oxford- street.  Then  comes  another  district 
of  bars  and  beadles,  comprehending  Portland- 
crescent,  Harley-street,  Devonshire-place,  and 
Wimpole-street,  each  of  which  would  aft'ord 
good  communication  with  Oxford- street,  but 
is  closed  except  to  carriages,  cabs,  and  the  like, 
by  order  of  Her  Majesty's  Commissioners  of 
Works.  High-street,  Marylebone,  being  very 
crooked,  narrow,  and  leading  nowhere,  is  left 
free  and  open.    We  then  pass  to  the  Edgware- 


road,  and  excepting  several  short  streets,  each 
leading  into  a  laliyrinth,  and  some  of  which 
have  bars  in  their  course,  the  only  available 
thoroughfares  are  Baker-street  and  Gloucester- 
place. 

Now,  all  this  obstruction  is  not  only  ve.xa- 
tiousund  intolerable,  but  unnecessary'.  We  be- 
lieve it  is  supi^osed  to  secure  the  quietude  and 
aristocratic  rejioseof  the  inhabitants.  Even  if  it 
did,  we  should  con-^ider  it  indef'eusilile.  No 
one  has  a  right  to  live  in  the  heart  of  a  great 
city  and  endeavour  to  create  the  solitude  of  a 
desert  round  about  hiui  for  his  own  private 
convenience.  The  exclusion  of  the  traffic 
from  nortli  to  soutli  not  only  increases  that  of 
the  tlionmghfares  open  in  the  same  direction, 
l)Ut  enhances  that  from  east  to  west,  which  must 
pass  much  greater  distances  along  the  route  in 
order  to  reacli  the  north  and  south  lines  left 
o]jen  to  them.  It  seems  a  monstrous  absurdity 
that  enormous  sums  should  be  expended,  as 
the)-  have  been,  to  ojien  new  streets,  for  improv- 
ing the  linos  of  traMlc,  while  these  private  bars 
should  be  allowed  to  stand.  The  deaths  from 
street  vehicles  in  l8.j.j  were  232,  but  in  1866 
they  were  only  20."),  and  the  decrease  is  attri- 
buted to  the  im]5rovements  in  street  communi- 
cation. We  can  only  say  the  improvement 
has  been  very  small,  ami  the  decrease  of  deaths 
on  a  corresponding  scale.  The  non-fat,al  acci- 
dents are  aliout  1,700  per  annum,  besides  a 
large  number  unreported,  the  great  bulk  of 
killed  and  wounded  being  run  over  by  heavv 
vehicles.  A  sacrifice  of  the  health  or  life  of 
five  or  six  individuals  per  day  to  the  Jugger- 
naut of  London  trafiic,  be  it  remembered, 
chiefly  of  that  sort  which  is  excluded  from 
passing  out  of  the  way  through  the  barri- 
caded streets. 

In  the  suburbs,  likewise,  the  system  should 
not  be  permitted  to  grow  up.  Every  man 
who  builils  streets  upon  his  estate  should  lie 
compelled  to  open  them  throughout  for  ])ublic 
trafiic.  A  gentleman  from  Kensington  re- 
marked that  that  parish  refused  to  adopt  any 
street  with  a  bar  across  it.  We  are  glad  to 
hear  it,  and  wish  other  parishes  would  do 
the  same,  but  we  rather  doubt  their  power, 
for  the  returns  show  six  bars  as  ali-eady  exist- 
ing in  that  district,  and  the  IMetropolis 
Management  Act  compels  parishes  to  adopt  all 
roads  which  were  in  a  fit  and  proper  state  as 
to  repair  at  the  date  of  the  Act.  The  parish 
of  St.  Marylebone  has  expended  £2,000  only 
two  yeai'S  ago  in  the  endeavour  to  get  one  gate 
removed,  and  failed,  so  strong  is  the  reverence 
of  our  law  for  private  rights,  even  when  they 
are  contrary  to  public  advantage.  But  it  can- 
not be  allowed  to  remain  so,  for  not  only  are 
these  nuisances  and  obstructions  allowed  to 
exist,  but  the  parishes  are  actually  compelled 
to  repair,  to  light,  to  water,  and  to  watch  the 
streets  through  which  they  have  not  yet  the 
free  right  to  pass.  To  such  glaring  incon- 
sistency it  is  only  necessary  that  public  atten- 
tion should  be  called,  and  we  are  sure  that 
every  one — except,  perhaps,  the  few  who  fancy 
they  have  a  personal  interest  in  maintaining 
them — will  wish  success  to  the  Board  of  Works 
in  their  proposed  Parliamentary  crusade 
against  them,  and  join  heartily  in  the  cry  of 
"  down  with  the  barricades." 


THE  REGENT'S  CANAL  DOCE!. 

FOR  some  years  past,  says  the  ^ftxlianirs' 
Ma;ia.:iif^,  it  has  been  felt  that  the  dock 
accommodation  of  the  Regent's  Canal  Company 
at  Limebouse  is  totally  uuetiual  to  the  require- 
ments of  the  shippiu'^  interest  there.  It  has 
therefore  been  necessary  to  enlarge  this  dock,  and 
the  extensive  and  important  works  for  this  purpose 
were  commenced  in  M.ay  last,  and  are  being 
carried  out  according  tu  plans  jirepared  by  Mr. 
Edwin  Thomas.  M.I.C.E  ,the  company's  engineer. 
The  foundation  stone  was  laid  by  the  chairman 
of  the  company,  William  Parker,  Esq.,  in  the 
presence  of  the  directors  and  officials,  with  the 
ceremony  usual  upon  such  occasions.  The  works 
consist  o£  a  ship  entrance  lock,  350ft.  long  by  60ft. 
7in.  wide  at  coping  level,  the  outer  gate  .sill  being 
fixed  at  2Sft.  below  Trinity  high-water  mark. 
The  lock  wiU  be  fitted  with'  three  pairs  of  wrought 


744 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


October  25,  1867. 


iron  gates,  by  which  arrangement  provision  is 
made  for  dividing  the  large  chamber  if  reqviired 
into  two  compartments  of  120ft.  and  230ft.  long. 
A  wrought- iron  swing  bridge,  with  25ft.  clear 
roadway  and  12Sfb.  Tin.  long,  is  to  he  provided 
across  the  lock  at  Narrow-street.  The  sluices,  six 
in  number,  for  filling  and  emptying  the  lock 
chambers,  will  be  7ft.  high  and  4£t.  wide,  and  will 
be  fixed  in  spacious  chambers  constructed  in  the 
walls  of  the  lock.  Ready  access  to  the  sluices 
will  thus  be  afforded  in  case  of'repairs  being 
needed.  Ten  of  the  discharging  culverts  will  be 
constructed  at  an  angle  of  45  deg.  to  the  face  of 
the  wall,  and  pointing  towards  the  outer  end  of 
the  lock,  and  four  at  au  angle  of  63  deg.  pointing 
in  an  opposite  direction,  for  the  purpose  of 
preventing  any  deposit  accumulating  at  the  upper 
end  of  the  lock  chambers.  A  wharf,  extending 
from  the  west  side  of  the  Limehouse  Cut  entrance 
to  the  new  ship  entrance  lock,  is  to  be  constructed 
on  the  bank  of  the  river  Thames,  and  the  bed  of 
the  river  opposite  thereto  deepened  to  about  2ijft. 
below  Trinity  high- water  mark.  A  similar  jetty 
is  to  be  made  on  the  east  side  of. the  lock,  and  will 
extend  into  the  river  56ft.  from  the  face  of  wharf 
wall.  The  water  area  of  the  dock  is  to  be  en 
larged,  exclusive  of  the  new  entrance,  51,605 
superficial  feet,  and  will  afford  additional  ac- 
commodation for  vessels,  with  an  aggregate 
amount  of  cargo,  of  about  32,000  tons.  The 
increase  in  quay  space  will  be  S30ft.  in  the  dock 
and  220ft.  on  the  river.  The  estimated  cost, 
inclusive  of  land,  is  £200,000.  The  following 
quantities  of  materials,  &c.,  will  be  required  in 
these  works  :— There  will  be  200,000  cubic 
yards  of  excavation,  nearly  all  of  which  will  have 
to  be  removed  from  the  works ;  twelve  milhons 
of  bricks,  3,050  tons  of  Btamley  Pall  stone,  1,010 
tons  of  Cornish  granite  from  the  De  Lank 
Quarries,  and  10,0(5o  yards  o£  concrete  will  be 
used. 


Julfciiig  lirteKigeiite. 


CHURCHES  AND    CHAPELS. 

The  foundation  stone  of  a  new  United  Pre.sby- 
terian  church  was  laid  at  Frenchie,  N.B.,  last 
week,  by  Mr.  Thomas  Lumsden,  a  well-known 
local  manufacturer. 

A  church  is  to  be  built  in  Castle-terraccj 
Edinburgh,  for  the  accommodation  of  the  congre- 
gation of  the  late  St.  George's  Church  in  Lothian- 
road,  demolished  by  the  Caledonian  Railway  Com- 
pany. It  is  to  be  in  the  Palladian  style,  and  will 
have  au  external  length  of  125ft. ;  breadth  7Sft.  , 
height  from  the  floor  to  the  centre  of  the  ceiling; 
32£t.  The  cost  will  be  about  £18,000,  and  the 
building  will  accommodate  1,250  sitters.  The 
architect  is  Mr.  David  Bryce,  R.S.A.  The  con- 
tractors are  : — For  the  mason  and  carpenter's 
work,  J.  "Watherston  and  Son ;  plumber's  work, 
Mr.  Beattie ;  plaster  work,  Mr.  Annan  ;  slater's 
work,  Mr.  Anderson.  A  Gothic  design  of  some 
merit  was,  in  the  first  instance,  prepared  by  the 
architect,  but,  for  "  various  reasons,"  was  aban- 
doned. 

Frifield  Chapel,  Knowie,  was  reopened  for  pub- 
lic worship  last  week.  It  is  a  neat  building,  the 
exterior  being  of  galvanized  iron,  and  interior  of 
stained  deal.  It  is  lighted  by  means  of  two  large 
gaseliers,  and  the  sitting  accommodation  consists 
of  chairs,  which  are  fastened  together  in  rows. 
The  chapel  has  been  erected  by  Mr.  Lysaght, 
of  the  Galvanized  Ironworks,  Temple  Backs,  at  a 
cost  of  about  £600. 

The  church  of  St.  Martin,  Leicester,  was  re- 
opened last  week  for  public  worship.  The  whole 
of  the  main  fabric  has  now  been,  we  believe,  re- 
built or  restored. 

It  is  expected  that  the  restoration  of  Chichester 
Cathedral  will  be  completed  about  the  middle  of 
next  month. 

On  Thursday  week  the  Archbishop  of  York 
consecrated  a  new  church  at  Marske,  Yorkshire, 
dedicated  to  St.  Mark.  The  style  of  architecture  , 
is  Early  French.  There  ia  a  tower  91ft.  in  height 
at  the  south-east  angle  of  the  building.  The 
exterior  is  of  freestone,  with  slated  roof;  the 
interior  of  red  brick,  faced  with  freestone,  and  the 
roof  of  red  pine.  The  columns  are  of  Dunn 
House  stone,  and  the  capitals  and  bases  are  richly 
carved.  At  the  east  end  of  the  budding  there  is  a 
large  stained  glass  window,  divided  into  three 
compartments,  the  centre  compartment  represent- 
ing the  Crucifixion  and  the  Transfiguration  ;  the 
Bides  represent  Christ  blessing  little  children,  and 


the  Last  Supper.  This  window  has  been  pre- 
sented by  subscription  in  memory  of  the  late 
Countess  of  Zetland.  The  length  of  the  building 
is  lOSfc.  east  to  west;  S5ft.  width  of  nave  and 
ai.sle  ;  the  chancel  is37£t.  high,  and  the  nave  44ft., 
and  computed  to  seat  comfortably  720  people. 
The  whole  cost  of  the  erection  and  fitting  up 
is  about  £6,000,  towards  which  Lord  Zetland,  with 
munificent  liberality,  has  subscribed  £5,000.  Mr. 
Joseph  Pease,  of  Darlington,  presented  a  clock  for 
the  tower.     Mr.  F.  P.  Cockerell  is  the  architect. 

The  restoration  of  the  great  cupola  of  the 
Church  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre  at  Jerusalem  is 
proceeding  rapidly.  The  two  French  and  Russian 
architects  act  together  in  perfect  accord,  and  the 
Turkish  authorities  have  given  every  assistance  in 
the  removal  of  the  old  masonry  which  encum- 
bered the  approaches  to  the  venerable  edifice.  It 
is  expected  that  the  church  will  be  complete^ 
restored  in  time  for  the  Easter  festival  of  1S6S. 

The  project  for  the  restoration  and  completion 
of  St.  Philip's  Church,  Maidstone,  is  progres.sing 
favourably.  The  additions  will  include  north  and 
south  transepts,  a  tower  and  spire  facing  the  town, 
and  a  stone  porch.  The  west  end  will  be 
strengthened  by  buttresses  and  pinnacles,  and  a 
chastely -designed  window  will  be  placed  at  the 
end.  'The  present  belfry  will  be  removed,  and  the 
pulpit  replaced  by  a  new  one.  The  roof,  also,  is 
to  be  renovated,  the  architect  reporting  that, 
through  faults  of  construction,  it  is  gradually  de- 
caying, and  cannot  last  more  than  a  few  years. 
Provision  will  be  made  for  200  free  seats.  The 
cost  of  the  alterations  and  additions  will  be  about 
£2,300. 

St.  Mary  Magdalene  Church,  Liverpool,  has 
recently  undergone  alterations,  and  was  re-opened 
on  Sunday  morning  last.  The  church  was  built 
in  1859,  but,  owing  to  insuflicient  funds  and  a 
desire  to  make  the  most  of  the  limited  space, 
serious  defects  existed,  which  have  now  been 
remedied. 

Mr.  Cazenove  laid  the  foundation  stone  on 
Tuesday  last  of  a  new  church  for  the  district  of 
Kennington.  It  is  designed  to  reUeve  the  parish 
of  St.  Mark,  which  contains  an  enormous  popula- 
tion, with  but  one  church.  The  new  building 
will  be  dedicated  to  St.  John,  and  an  ecclesias- 
tical district  will  be  assigned  to  it  by  the  Com- 
missioners. 

The  neighbourhood  of  Reading  has  lately  been 
infested  by  a  gang  of  tiiieves,  who  prowl  about  at 
night  and  strip  the  churches  of  the  copper  wire  by 
which  the  stained  glass  windows  are  protected. 
B'jth  the  churches  in  Wokingham  were  robbed  in 
this  manner  a  few  nights  ago;  and  we  have  been 
informed  of  several  other  attempts  of  a  similar 
kind.  Churchwardens  who  cannot  afford  the 
trouble  and  expense  of  having  their  churches 
watched  at  night  are  advised  to  lose  no  time  in 
substituting  galvanized  iron  for  copper  wire,  as 
the  former  possesses  no  value  in  the  eyes  of  these 
gentry. 

On  Tuesday  morning  last  the  Devon  House  of 
Mercy,  at  Bovey  Tracey,  in  connection  with  the 
Clewer  Sisterhood,  was  opened.  The  Earl  of 
Devon  presided  at  the  luncheon.  Mr  Woodyear 
is  the  architect  of  the  new  buildings. 

The  restorations  of  Chichester  Cathedral 
having  been  nearly  completed  at  a  cost  of  £50,000, 
the  building  wiU  be  reopened  on  the  14th  of  next 
month. 

A  new  church  is  in  course  of  erection  in  the 
Old  Kent-road,  near  the  Half  Way  House; 
Messrs.  Dove  are  the  contractors.  The  amount 
of  the  contract  is  £4,754,  with  another  £1,000  if 
a  tower  is  erected  during  the  progress  of  the  rest 
of  the  work. 

The  tender  of  Messrs.  Wilson  and  Son,  con- 
tractors, of  Soho  Hill,  Handsworth,  has  been 
accepted  for  the  erection  of  a  church  at  Slack 
Heath,  Rowley  Regis.  The  amount  of  the  con- 
tract is  £5,000,  and  Mr.  W.  J.  Hopkins,  of  \Vor- 
cester,  is  the  architect. 

A  new  church,  to  be  called  the  Church  of  St 
Augustine,  has  just  been  erected  by  "Brother 
Cyprian,"  on  premises  attached  to  St.  Augustine's 
Home,  Montpelier,  near  Bristol.  The  church  wUl 
accommodate  500  persons.  It  is  built  of  iron, 
and  is  109ft.  long,  41ft.  wide,  and  31ft.  in  height, 
and  consists  of  a  nave,  chancel,  and  two  aisles, 
the  latter  separated  from  the  nave  by  rows  of 
octagonal  pillars.  The  dimensions  of  the  chancel 
are  35ft.  by  21ft.  The  high  altar  is  of  Caen 
stone,  the  supporting  pillars  of  Aberdeen  granite, 
with  carved  caps  and  bases  of  white  marble.  The 
pulpit  is  made  of  oak ;  Messrs.  Tupper  and  Co.,  of 


Moorgate- street,  were  the  builders.  The  masona' 
work  was  executed  by  Mr.  Kingstone,  and  the 
carpenters'  work  by  Mr.  Grigg,  of  Bristol.  The 
paintings  over  the  altar  and  the  general  decora- 
tions are  by  Mr.  Ridley,  of  ICingsdown.  The 
church  is  to  be  heated  by  steam. 

The  foundation  stone  of  the  Stowell  Memorial 
Church  was  laid  on  Saturday  by  the  Bishop  of 
Manchesfer.  The  side  is  at  the  end  of  Cross- 
lane,  Manchester,  not  far  from  Christ  Church, 
where  Canon  Stowell  laboured  for  so  many 
years,  and  it  is  expected  that  sufficient  money 
will  be  raised  to  build  a  parsonage  as  well  as  a 
church. 

BUILDINGS. 

The  Town  Hall  at  Kinross,  N.B.,  is  to  be 
enlarged.  About  £300  has  been  subscribed,  and  a 
sub-committee  appointed  to  consider  plans  and  re. 
port  to  a  future  meeting. 

Five  new  cottage  houses  have  been  built  in 
Vincent-square,  in  replacement  of  old  brick-heaps. 
They  are  in  Italian  builder's  style,  rather  heavy. 

Coopers'  Hall,  Basinghall  street,  ia  being 
rapidly  demohshed.  It  has  three  frontages.  This 
was  formerly  well  known  as  the  place  where  the 
lottery  tickets  were  drawn  by  Bluecoat  boys.  It 
will,  in  its  reconstruction,  afford  a  very  large 
block  of  chambers. 

In  Paternoster-row,  at  the  corner  of  Ivy -lane,  a 
very  large  site  is  being  excavated  for  foundations. 
The  opening  shows  a  dangerous  relic  of  olden 
times — the  back  of  a  dweUing-house  entirely  of 
boarding,  and  standing  since  two  hundred  years. 
There  is  no  reason  why  provision  should  not  be  ' 
made  for  the  reconstruction  of  such  exceptions  to . 
building  acts. 

After  various  attempts  to  enlarge  the  present- 
workhouse  belonging  to  the  Aston  Union,  by  thej 
erection  of  new  schools  and  other  buildings,  the] 
project   was,   by   the   advice    of    the  Poor  Law' 
Board,  aljandoned.  and  a  new  site  has  been  pur- 
chased in  Luckcock's-lane,  near  the  Gravelly-hill  ■( 
Railway  Station,    containing  about  ten  acres  of  1 
land.     Upon  this   it   is   intended,   ultimately,  to  • 
erect  a^  new  workhouse,  with  schools,  infirmary,  : 
&c.,  complete.     For  the  present,  only  a  portion  oj 
the   schools   are  erected.      The   work    has   been 
entrusted  to  Mr.  Yeoville  Thomason,  of  Bennett'a- 
hill.     The  cost  of  the  whole,  including  engineers' 
work  for  the  water  supply,  boundary  walls,  roads, . 
and  approaches,   was  estimated  at   the   sum    o£ 
£8,500.      The   present   outlay  has  been   limited 
to  £5,200.     The  works  have  been  ably  carried  out 
by  Messrs.  Jeffrey  and  Pritchard,  under  the  super- 
intendence of  the  architect. 

The  foundation  stone  of  a  new  Mechanics'  In- 
stitution  was   laid   at  Crook,  near   Durham,   on  , 
Wednesday,  the  16th  inst.   Mr.  James  D.  Thomg 
son,  of  Bishop  Auckland,  is  the  architect  o£  i' 
proposed  building. 

The  Bristol  city  authorities  speak  about  build- 
ing a  hospital  for  infectious  diseases.  A  piece  o£. 
land  has  been  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  city, 
should  it  be  determined  to  erect  the  hospital. 

Emmanuel  Schools,  St.  Philip's,  Bristol,  were 
opened  last  week.  The  building  is  Gothic,  of 
Pennant  stone,  with  freestone  dressings.  There 
are  separate  staircases  for  boys  and  girls,  and 
great  attention  has  been  paid  to  the  ventilation  of 
the  building.  The  architects  were  Messrs.  Popes 
and  Bendon,  and  the  builders  Messrs.  J.  J.  Foster. 
The  cost  is  about  £2,300. 

A  masonic  hall — the  only  one  in  Wales — ^has 
just  been  erected  at  Llandudno,  and  it  is  intended 
to  celebrate  the  event  hy  a  grand  opening 
ceremony  on  the  25th  of  this  month,  to  which 
the  whole  of  the  brethren  in  the  North  Wales 
and  Salop  province  have  been  invited. 

A  new  branch  ofSce  of  the  Clydesdale  Banking 
Company  has  just  been  erected  in  West  George- 
street,  Glasgow.  Its  architectural  features  are  of 
considerable  merit.  The  front  is  adorned  by  rich 
carved  work  from  the  chisel  oi  Mr.  Charles 
Grassby,  a  local  artist,  and  is  very  satisfactory  both 
in  design  and  execution.  Mr.  John  Burnet,  ot 
Glasgow,  was  the  architect. 

The  Royal  Engineer  Works  Department  in 
Woolwich  Arsenal  have  received  final  orders  from 
the  Secretary  of  State  for  War  to  select  a  site  and 
commence  the  erection  forthwith  of  the  long- 
desired  infirmary  demanded  by  the  Medical 
Department  of  the  Arsenal,  so  that  it  may  be  ready 
for  use,  in  case  of  need,  within  six  months. 

Newcastle-on-Tyne. — The  foundation  stone  of 
the  new  wing  of  the  Ragged  and  Industrial  School 
was  laid  on  Wednesday,  the  9th  inst.     The  exten- 


October  25,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


745 


)n  will  consist  of  a  large  and  commodious  boys 
( ool-room,    with    class-room,   store-room,    and 

•  rk-rooms  on  the  ground-floor,  and  a  large  boys' 
cmitory   and   reading-room    above.       The    new 

•  ig  will  correspond  in  its  style  o£  building  with 
j  existing  premises.  Every  care  has  been  taken 
tmake  it  dry,  warm,  cleanly,  and  well  ven- 
4  tod.  A  I;iyer  of  slates  set  in  cement  is  car- 
il  all  round  the  foundation,  to  prevent  the 
("op  from  rising ;  and  the  walls  of  the  school- 
1  m,  class-room,  dormitoi-y,  and  reading-room, 
:  built  in  the  inside  of  buff-coloured  glazed 
l;ks,  to  a  height  of  5ft.  from  the  floor,  and 
(  ve  this  height  tliey  will  he  faced  with  Parian 
c  jent,  80  that  no  paint,  whitewash,  or  other 
aorbent  m.aterial  will  appear  to  view,  and  the 
T  >le  of  the  walls  can  be  washed  down  more  fre- 
c  ntly,  with  advantage  to  the  health  and  clean- 
1  83  of  the  inmates.  The  ventilation  will  be 
■  -acting,  with  ailditional  resources  when  re- 
c  led ;  it  is  de.-iigned  on  the  "  throagh  and 
1  )Ugh"  principle,  with  openings  opposite,  and 
(  windows  are  also  arranged  on  the  same  plan. 

0  re  will  be  a  large  cubic  quantity  of  air  to  each 
J  on,  and  abundance  of  light.  The  warming  is 
( rely  by  open  fireplaces,  which  also  assist  in  ven- 
t  ing  the  rooms.  Xew  latrines  are  provided 
f  the  boys,  and  will  be  thoroughly  ventilated  on 
t  same  principle  as  the  rooms   and  dormitories. 

1  •eased  accommodation  will  be  provided  for 
t  reen  50  and  60  inmates,  and  about  100  day 
» lars  in  atidition.  The  drawings  have  been 
a  e  by  Mr.  Thomas  Oliver,  under  whose  su- 
f  atendence  the  works  are  now  being  carried 
.0  Mr.  Henry  Andrews  is  the  clerk  of  the 
nis;  and  Mr.  William  Gibson,  of  the  Red 
£  \es,  is  the  sole  contractor.  The  total  cost  it 
ii  :pected,  will  not  exceed  £2,000. 

'antage,  Berks. — The  demolition  of  two  of 
II  blocks  of  old  almshouses  has  been  going  on 
h  for  some  time  past,  viz.,  those  in  Newbury- 
d  it  and  Mill-street ;  and  the  governors  of  the 
ol  ities  intend  to  erect  a  block  of  new  ones  on 
tl  latter  site  as  soon  as  possible.  The  buildings 
«  consist  of  separate  houses,  for  the  accom- 
E  ation  of  eight  old  people,  and  will  be  from 
ti  lesigns  and  under  the  superintendence  of  Mr. 
Spencer,  architect  and  surveyor,  Wantage. 


TO  COEEESPONDENTS. 

)TICE.-Tlio  "BUILDIN-G  NEWS  "is  now  Pub- 
Kil  at  the  NEW  OFFICES,  31,  TAVISTOCK  STREET, 
0  iNT  GARDEN,  W.C. 


OoR  RE.VDERS.— Wo  shall  feel  obliged  to  any  of  our 
l»  ra  who  will  favour  ua  with  brief  notes  of  works  con- 
to  lated  or  in  progrees  in  the  provinces. 

ten  relating  to  advertisements  and  the  ordinary  bnsi- 
■I  rf  the  paper  should  bo  ai:Idre.s.^ed  to  the  EDITOR 
•I  AVI3T0CK  STREET,  COVEXT  GARDEN,  W.C.    ' 

'ertutementa  for  the  current  week  must  reach  the 
■  before  5  o'clock  p.m.  on  Thursday. 

nra.— The  BUILDING  NEWS  inserts  advertise- 
*i  for  "SITUATIONS  WANTED,"  &c.,  at  ONE 
»  JJNG  for  the  aist  Twenty-four  Words 


UVED.-J.  J.— W.  H.  T— R.  D.  W.— E.  W.,  send  the 
»r  ng  and  you  idiall  know. — J.  T.  P.— G.  T  S  — G  v.— 
*■  «■  L— J.  2.— J.  P.  S.— F.  R.  J.  B.  A— J.  L.— 
il.  -T.  K.  C,  next  week.— J.  T.  R.— G.  W.  G.— J.  W.  A., 
"<  H  no  necessity  for  the  alteration. — J.  C.  J.— 51.  G.— 

-Ii.  B.,  the  sketch  will  appe.ir  in  an  early  number. 

V  Scott. — Write  to  some  photographic  paper,  or  ask 

I'Uotographer. 


CoiTcspoiikiTce. 


PUGIN  i>.  BAEEY. 
To  the  Editor  of  the  BoiLDDja  News. 

'•— ^'ith  regard  to  the  letters  that  Mr.  Pugin 

"  ts  he  gave  to  Sir  C.  Barrj',  the  Messrs.  Barry 

'oe  to  give  information  except  before  a  proper 

""'  nal ;  but  Mr.  Pugin   says  that  Sir  C.  Barry 

!», him  "an  undertaking"  to  return  them.     It 

■;  arable  that  he  should  state  whether  this  was 

»jtten  undertaking,  and,  if  so,  he  should  pub- 

^,i  copy  of  it.     If  not,  he  ought  to  explain  how 

"Jsthat  with  the  purpose  of  following  up  the 

™5r,  which  he  has  evidently  had  from  the  first, 

"«,irted  with  them  without  such  a  written  under- 

■Jg,  and  why  he  has  suffered  the  matter   to  re- 

■w  "*"'''  '^'"^"^  "^'^  decease  of  the  only  man  who 

fairly  be   expected   to  be   In   a  position  to 

'rhis  peremptory   demands.      It  is  easy  to 


conceive  that  the  sons,  after  this  lapse  of  time, 
should,  under  the  cu-cumstances,  hesitate  to  be 
cross-questioned  in  a  newspaper  correspondence, 
and  should  wish  to  reserve  the  documents  and 
evidence  upon  which  they  alone  can  depend  to  es- 
tablish their  father's  reputation,  till  all  that  exists 
can  be  laid  before  a  body  capable  of  deciding  wh.at 
must  now  be  a  dilUcult  (|uestion.  Mr.  Pugin's 
coarse  and  opprobrious  language  should  in  the  in- 
terim bo  dropped  ;  and,  Sir,  1  venture  to  think  it 
should  find  no  longer  a  place  iu  your  journal. 
WTiy,  in  conclusion,  I  would  ask,  does  not  Mr. 
Pugin  state  whether  he  will  accept  the  Messrs. 
Barry's  challenge  to  Lay  the  matter  before  the 
Royal  Institute  of  Architects. — I  am,  &c., 
London,  October  19.  F.K.I.B.A. 

[We  cannot  insert  .any  more  letters  on  this  s\ilv 
ject.  It  is  not  a  question  of  nisi  prius  or  special 
pleading.  Mr.  E.  W.  Pugin  solemnly  declares 
that  he  lent  the  late  Sir  C.  Barry  seventy-six 
letters,  under  the  distinct  promise  that  they 
should  be  returned.  The  Messrs.  Barry  do  not 
deny  that  the  letters  were  lent,  but  they  virtually 
admit  it,  by  pleading,  .as  an  excuse  for  their  non- 
production,  that  WTitten  letters  are  the  joint  pro- 
perty of  the  writer  and  the  receiver.  They  as 
good  as  say  to  Mr.  Pugin,  "Yes,  you  lent  the 
letters,  but  they  were  written  by  our  father  to 
yovir  father,  and  you  have  no  more  right  to  them 
than  we  have."  Mr.  Pugin  says  they  contain  im- 
portant admissions  on  the  matter  in  dispute  ;  that 
they  should  have  been  returned  long  since ;  and 
that  their  non-production  is  not  only  a  \'iolation 
of  faith,  but  a  tacit  admission  that,  if  brought  into 
court,  they  would  weaken  the  architectural 
claims  of  Sir  C.  Barry.  When  the  Messrs.  Barry 
say  they  know  nothing  of  the  letters,  then 
"  F.R.I. B.A.,"  or  anyone  else,  may  doubt  the  so- 
lemn declar.ation  of  Mr.  Pugin.  We  would 
strongly  advise  the  Messrs.  Barry  to  say  at  once 
whether  they  have  the  letters.  And  if  they 
have  them,  either  to  give  them  up  or  copiss  of 
them.  No  one  can  arbitrate  without  the  letter.s, 
if  they  be  iu  existence.  Let  them  be  forth- 
coming, and  we  see  no  reason  why  three  or  five 
gentlemen  selected  from  the  Institute  of  Archi- 
tects may  not  without  further  delay  take  the 
matter  iu  hand,  and  give  a  decisive  judgment.] — 
Ed.  B.  N.] 

EETFORD  TOWN  HALL. 

Sir, — Mr.  Sorby's  letter,  both  as  to  its  matter 
and  its  logic,  not  to  say  its  English,  may  be  left 
for  the  amusement  of  your  readers.  It  is  the  old 
question  of  art  architects,  or  artists  versus  sur- 
veyors ;  and  the  question  will  remain  open  until  we 
get  a  Royal  Society  or  University  to  recognize  only 
the  former. — I  am,  &c., 

EdW/VRD  W.  Godwis. 

19",  Albany-street,  October  21. 


Sir, — Everyone  that  takes  an  interest  in 
architecture — that  is,  every  cultured  man — will 
thank  you  for  your  plan  of  publishing  in  your 
journal  drawings  of  the  designs  which  have  been 
successful  and  unsuccessful  in  archite,;tural  com- 
petitions. Satire  is  often  most  telling  when  most 
devoid  of  animus.  In  your  case  there  was  pro- 
bably no  satirical  intention ;  you  simply  bid  the 
public  "look  on  this  picture  and  on  that," 
when  you  published  side  by  side  a  rejected 
and  the  accepted  design  for  Retford  Town  Hall ; 
and  yet  the  comparison  involved  an  admirable, 
though  unconsciou.s,  practical  satire  upon  either 
the  local  iufluence,  or  the  art  incapacity,  which 
too  often  decide  iu  our  architectural  competi- 
tions. Such  satire  will  do  great  good.  It  will 
hang  in  terrorem  over  municipal  ignorance  of  art, 
and  will  deter  men  from  the  exercise  of  influence 
or  of  jobbery.  Future  town  councillors  will 
know  that  the  art  public  and  art  critic  will  have 
an  opportunity  of  comparing  the  design  they 
select  with  a  design  which  they  reject ;  and  they 
wiU  dread  the  ridicule  which  will  attend,  in  future 
decisions,  which  should  resemble  some  of  those 
which  have  disgraced  the  past.  Incompetent 
architects  may  also  dread  a  success  which  gibbets 
them  before  the  profession  and  the  public.  Satire 
will  thus  do  its  proper  work,  and  will  discharge 
an  oflice  for  which  mere  argument  is  incompetent. 
Your  satire  is  surely  not  ill-natured,  since  it  con- 
sists merely  in  placing  facts  in  contrast,  I  trust, 
Sir,  that  you  will  proceed,  although  you  must,  no 
doubt,  lay  to  your  account  that  you  will  excite  a 
certain  amount  of  animosity  on  the  part  of  archi- 
tects who  are  not  artists,  and  on  the  part  of  muni- 
cipal authorities  who  are  incompetent  to  sit  in 
judgment  upon  architecture.      You   will,  on  the 


other  hand,  deserve  the  gratitude  of  all  true  archi- 
tects, and  of  that  portion  of  the  art  public  which 
interests  itself  in  the  selection  of  good  and 
beautiful  designs  for  the  English  public  buildings 
of  the  future. 

One  specimen  of  the  animosity  to  which  I  allude 
is  shown  by  a  letter  which  appealed  in  your 
columns  last  week,  signed  Thomas  CUiarles  Sorby. 
Few  of  your  readers  will  be  able  to  repress  a  smile 
at  the  spectacle  of  an  architect  who  feels  a  sense 
of  enjoyment  in  being  "  well  licked"  by  such  a 
design  as  that  which  was  selected  at  Retford. 
That  design  appears  to  be  composed  of  builder's 
Italian,  surmounted  'oy  a  Chinese  hat ;  and  to  pre- 
sent a  pleasing  compound  of  the  front  of  a  shawl 
shop,  crowned  by  the  turret  of  a  niilway  station. 
Mr.  Sorby  only  claims  for  it  good  inner  accommo- 
dation, but  it  m.ay  fairly  be  considered  an  open 
question  whether  the  design  of  Messrs.  Godwin 
and  Crisp  was  not  as  well  thought  out  in  the  in- 
terior ;i3  w.as  possible,  consistently  with  the  re- 
quirements made  known  to  the  architects  ;  while 
it  will,  I  think,  be  admitted  by  the  profession  and 
the  public  that  their  design  would  have  been  an 
ornament  to  Retford,  and  a  credit  to  our  archi- 
tecture. Mr.  Sorby  speaks  sneeringly  of  "  stone 
fronts  and  details,"  and  peems  to  think  that  he  is 
the  best  architect  who  produces  the  worst  eleva- 
tion. The  sympathy  is,  in  short,  wholly  with  the 
builder,  and  not  with  the  architect.  The  Town 
Hall  of  England  is  the  Rath-haus  of  Germany, 
and  the  Hotel  de  Ville  of  France  and  Belgium. 
Surely,  the  stone  fronts  and  details  of  many  of 
these  are  of  a  beauty  which  must  cause  severe 
annoyance  to  Mr.  Sorby.  It  is  not  an  unfair  de- 
duction from  that  gentleman's  strictures  to 
imagine  that  he  has  no  sense  or  care  for  archi- 
tecture as  an  art,  and  values  a  building  merely  on 
account  of  the  accommodation  which  its  interior 
may  aftbrd.  It  would,  indeed,  be  disastrous  if 
such  doctrines  found  wide  acceptance,  more  es- 
pecially in  the  present  condition  of  English  archi- 
tecture. A  few  gifted  and  earnest  men  are  striving, 
and  with  some  success,  to  elevate  the  character  ot 
our  national  architecture,  and  to  give  to  the  work 
of  the  nineteenth  century  a  distinctive  character 
and  value.  The  architecture  of  the  future  must  be 
based  upon  a  profound  study  of  the  art  of  the 
past. 

We  shall  not,  I  trust,  be  dragged  back  iuto 
Georgian  sympathy  with  builders  preferred  to  do 
the  work  of  architects.  Competition  ought  to 
secure  for,  at  least,  our  public  buildings,  good  and 
even  high  class  art  designs.  The  taste,  however, 
of  those  who  have  to  decide  upon  designs  re- 
quires to  be  educated  ;  and  it  is,  also,  good  for 
architects  to  know  that  going  into  a  competition 
will  involve  competitive  publicity  for  their  de- 
signs. This  service  to  art.  Sir,  your  present  plan 
tends  to  render  ;  and  I  trust  you  will  continue  to 
publish  in  juxtaposition  drawings  of  such  designs 
as  the  one  which  lost,  and  the  one  which  gained, 
the  Retford  competition.  Mr.  Sorby,  by  the  way, 
is  rather  inconsistent.  After  stating  that  archi- 
tects are  so  warped  by  either  personal  or  profes- 
sional points  of  view,  that  they  are  "  very  unfit 
judges  of  a  competition,"  he,  proclaiming  himself 
an  architect,  proceeds  to  sit  iu  judgment  upon  the 
Retford  competitors.  One  is  tempted  to  ask 
whether  it  be  a  personal  or  a  professional  point  of 
view  which  impels  Mr.  Sorby  to  declare  the  suc- 
cessful design  to  be  "  better  than  any  other  de- 
sign" submitted  to  the  art  critics  who  have  se- 
cured for  Retford  such  a  noble  monument  of  archi- 
tecture. I  need  not,  however,  further  allude  to 
Mr.  Sorby.  The  question  at  issue  is  so  large  that 
we  need  not  concern  ourselves  further  with  an  in- 
dividual. The  vital  point  is,  whether  competi- 
tions shall  secure  for  us  public  buildings  of  art, 
worth,  and  beauty,  or  whether  aldermen  and 
builders  shall  inflict  upon  us  edifices  which  are 
eyesores  to  the  critic  and  reproaches  to  the  art  of 
the  nation.  You,  Sir,  are  labouring  to  get  the 
question  settled  for  us  in  the  right  way.  May  the 
decision  at  Retford  render  a  similar  decision  in 
any  future  case  impossible. — I  am,  &c., 

London,  October  21.  W. 


THE  MANCHESTEE   TOWN  HALL  COM- 
PETITION. 

3iB, — As  your  correspondent  who  first  pointed 
out  the  injustice  of  the  scheme  of  this  competi- 
tion, I  might  indulge  in  a  little  self-glorification 
as  to  having  proved  a  true  prophet,  and  some  of 
my  friends  who  then  thought  me  wrong  have  now 
acknowledged  th,at  I  was  right.  Mr.  Hibbert 
seems  hurt  that  the  selected  eight  are  now  allowed 
by  the  corporation  to  alter  their  plaus,  and  adopt 
the  arrangement  of  the  plans   by  himself  or  any 


746 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


October  26,  1867. 


other  of  the  uuaucoessful  competitors  which  those 
gentlemen  have,  with  all  the  simplicity  of  Mr. 
Vt-rdant  Green,  permitted  to  be  exhi'>ited  for  the 
jjurpose.  The  disappointed,  who  have  burnt  their 
lingers,  will  perhaps  fight  shy  of  such  alluring 
offers  until  next  time.  That  next  time  may  not 
be  so  far  off,  as  other  committees  can  hardly  fail 
to  t)rofitby  the  dodge  of  the  Manchester  Corpora- 
tion, who  have,  at  the  expense  of  the  profession, 
learnt  what  iustructions  to  give  to  those  they  are 
now  employing,  for  the  first  time  on  fair  terms ; 
and  the  profession,  as  eels,  like  being  skinned,  but 
eels  only  enjoy  the  heat  once  in  their  lifetime 
— architects  over  and  over  again,  and  there  are 
always  freah  victims  to  crowd  to  the  sacrifice. 
But  if  moths  will  singe  their  wings  the  cruelty  of 
those  who  hold  the  candle  to  them  on  purpose  is 
none  the  less,  and  wreckers  are,  in  my  opinion, 
far  more  reputable  members  of  society  than  these 
committees.  A  word  of  warning,  in  conclusion, 
to  the  few  who  dislike  being  done,  as  undoubtedly 
the  body  of  competitors  in  this  case  have  been. 
When  asked  to  compete,  as  I  was  in  the  case  of 
the  Liverpool  Exchange  (another  affair  nicely 
cooked  from  the  beginning),  shall  answer  thus  : — I 
shall  have  no  objection  to  throw  £20ii  with  any 
number  of  architects  into  the  Bristol  Channel,  if 
the  commitiee  will  choose  one  by  lot  and  give  him 
the  commission,  but  I  object  to  lose  my  time  and 
my  temperas   well  as  my  money. — I  am,  &o., 

Tail-tip. 


CLOYNE  CATHEDEAL  COMPETITION. 

Sib, — A  brief  recapitulation  of  facts,  without 
any  comment  on  our  part,  will  be  a  suffirient 
answer  to  the  lengthy  communication  from  Messrs. 
McCarthy  and  Goldie  on  the  above  subject,  which 
appeared  in  your  joiu'nal  of  the  11th  inst.  Three 
gentlemen  are  invited  to  enter  a  competition  on 
certain  stated  conditions.  Two  of  the  gentlemen 
thus  invited,  without  consulting  the  third,  coalesce 
for  the  purpose  of  effecting  a  total  alteration  of  the 
terms  of  the  said  competition.  They  endeavour 
to  impose  upon  the  committee  a  set  of  amended 
conditions,  drawn  up  and  signed  by  themselves, 
and  then  send  them  to  the  third  competitor  for 
signature,  having,  however,  previously  done  their 
utmost  to  secure  two  things  : — 

1st.  That  their  "amended  conditions"  should 
be  binding  on  the  third  competitor,  whether  he 
signed  them  or  not. 

2nd.  That  his  refusal  to  sign  would  make  a 
bad  impression  on  the  committee. 

The  third  competitor,  fiist,  not  recognizing  the 
right  of  the  other  two  gentlemen  to  interfere  in 
the  manner  they  had  done,  and,  second,  seeing 
no  reason  for  departing  from  the  original  condi- 
tions, which  he  had  already  unreservedly  accepted, 
refuses  to  sign.  At  last,  after  repeated  but  in- 
effectual efforts  on  the  part  of  the  coalition  to 
force  their  "  amended  conditions  "  upon  the  com- 
mittee, and  obtain  the  signature  of  the  third  com- 
petitor thereto,  the  committee  finally  desire  the 
two  dissatisfied  competitors  either  to  accept  or 
decline  the  competition  on  the  original  terms, 
with  a  minor  alteration.  The  two  still  attempt 
to  enforce  their  amendments,  and  thereupon  the 
third  competitor  is  absolutely  chosen. 

It  is  the  old  story  of  the  "  biter  bit,"  or  "too 
clever  by  h.ilf." — We  are,  &c., 

PUGIN   AND  AsHLIN. 

90,  Stephen's  Green,  Dublin. 


MR.    BUTIERFIELD    AND    ACOUSTICS. 

Sir, — On  Sunday  evening  last,  I  went  to 
St.  Alliau's  Church,  Baidwin's-g.ardens,  Gray's 
lun-road.  You  are  aware  that  the  ritwal- 
istic,  and,  I  may  say,  Itomauistic  practices 
at  this  church  have  recently  made  it  no- 
torious. I  am  candid  enough  to  admit  that  I 
went  there  more  from  a  feeling  of  curiosity  than 
from  any  other  motive.  I  won't  say  that  I  was 
very  much  instructed  with  what  I  heard,  for  I 
was  near  the  door,  and  I  could  scarcely  hear  a 
!*ingle  syllable  distinctly.  I  admired  Mr.  Butter- 
field's  architecture.  I  looked  with  childlike  cu- 
riosity at  the  quaint  and  mystical  paintings  over 
the  altar.  I  scrutinized  the  font  which  was  near 
me,  and  I  must  say,  I  w.as  instructed  more  by 
what  I  saw  than  by  what  I  heard.  Now,  Sir, 
good  architecture  in  a  place  of  worship  may  be  a 
very  good  thing,  but  if  it  can  only  be  obtained  at 
the  expense  of  hearing,  then  it  is  a  bad  thing. 
Mr.  Spurgeon,  on  one  occasion,  said  that  Gothic 
architecture  was  the  devil's  architecture,  I  ecause 
it  prevented  the  preacher's  voice  from  being  heard. 
Now,  I  don't  see  why  a  modern  Gothic  church 
may  not  be  built  so  that  people  may  hear  iu  it  as 


well  as  in  Mr.  Spurgeon's  Tabernacle,  where  the 
voice  of  the  preacher  may  be  heard  distinctly  in 
every  corner.  This  cannot  be  done  at  St.  Alban's, 
and  Mr.  Butterfield  has,  I  think,  something  to 
answer  for  iu  the  production  of  such  a  building. 
Unless  some  improvement  be  made,  many  people 
will  go  to  this  church  generation  after  genera 
tion  and  not  be  able  to  hear  the  lessons  read  or 
the  sermon.  A  friend  who  went  with  me 
managed  to  get  much  nearer  the  pulpit  than 
I  did.  He  saicl  he  could  hear  pretty  well,  and  that 
I  did  not  lose  anything  by  being  unable  to  catch  the 
preacher's  words.  It  is  the  same,  or,  I  may  say, 
worse  with  the  singing,  and  particularly  if  the 
time  be  quick.  There  appears  to  be  a  ceaseless 
conflict  between  the  sound  and  its  echo  which  is 
destructive  of  all  harmony.  This  is  tantalizing 
and  vexatious,  and  a  heavy  responsibility  rests 
on  the  architect.  Most  probably,  Mr.  Butter- 
field,  wrapping  himself  up  in  monastic  stoicism, 
may  smile  or  sneer  at  my  words,  but  they  are 
true  nevertheless ;  and  I  hope  that  in  all  future 
churches  he  may  build,  that  he  will  pay  some 
attention  to  the  principles  of  acoustics. — I  am,  &c., 
London,  October  22.  Leonard  Foster. 


WILLIAM  HENRY  LEEDS. 

Sir, — Mr.  Lamb  writes  to  me  as  follows  : — "  In 
your  interesting  account  of  my  old  friend  Leeds, 
in  the  last  number  of  the  Building  News,  I  am 
obliged  to  call  your  attention  to  an  error  relative 
to  my '  Studies  of  Ancient  Domestic  Architectui  e.' 
My  long  intimacy  with  Leeds  has  led  you,  as  well 
as  others,  into  the  mistake  of  supposing  that  he 
contributed  the  '  Observations '  to  that  work. 
This,  however,  is  not  the  fact,  and  for  whatever 
faults  those  observations  may  contain  I  am  en- 
tirely responsible.  To  Leeds  I  am  indebted  for 
several  valuable  suggestions,  and  for  the  correction 
of  the  press.  I  shall  feel  greatly  obliged  by  your 
correcting  this  error  in  the  next  number  of  the 
BoiLDiNG  News. — Yours  faithfully,  E.  Lamb." 
In  complying  with  Mr.  Lamb's  request  I  may 
observe  that  the  error  originated  in  the  entry  in 
Weale's  catalogue,  where  the  "Observations"  are 
stated  to  be  by  W.  H.  Leeds. — I  am,  Ac, 

Htde  Clarke. 

32,  St  George's-square,  October  19. 


FRIENDLY  SOCIETIES. 

Sir, — It  is  not  generally  known  that  on  August 
17,  1867,  the  Earl  of  Lichfield  presented  to  the 
House  of  Lords  a  Bill  to  amend  the  law  relating 
to  Friendly  Societies,  and  that  on  August  19  the 
following  order  w.as  made  by  the  House  of  Lords: — 

Ordered  by  the  Lords  Spiritual  and  Temporal 
in  Parliament  assembled  that  there  be  laid  before 
this  house ; — Return  from  the  trustees  or  secretary 
of  every  friendly  society  legally  established  in 
England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland,  having  paid  col- 
lectors or  agents,  of  the  names,  residences,  title, 
business,  or  occupation  of  the  patrons,  presidents, 
trustees,  committee,  directors,  collectors,  and 
agents  of  every  such  society  on  the  1st  January, 
1867,  with  the  n.ame  of  the  place  at  which,  by  the 
rules,  such  society  is  established,  and  the  places 
at  which  the  several  collectors  and  agents  reside, 
together  with  the  salaries,  allowances,  and  emolu- 
ments of  each  paid  officer,  collector,  and  agent  for 
the  year  ending  31st  December,  1866,  with 
the  number  of  members  of  each  such  society, 
and  the  amount  of  the  funds  on  the  lat 
January,  1867,  and  also  the  amount  of  contri- 
butions received  and  the  expenses  of  management, 
under  distinct  heads,  in  the  year  ending  31st  De- 
cember, 1866. — Ordered  to  be  laid  beforj  the 
House  — I  am,  &c.,  John  Tidd  Pratt. 

Friendly  Societies  Office,  23,  Abingdon-atreet, 
Westminster,  S.W.,  October  21. 


CONCRETE    BUILDINGS. 

Sir, — As  there  has  been  a  great  deal  of  corre- 
spondence on  the  superiority  of  concrete  buildings 
both  as  regards  durability  and  cheapness,  I  beg 
to  lay  before  you  an  example  of  the  difference  in 
cost  of  brickwork  and  concrete  walls  only  of  a  pair 
of  cottages  ;  for  instance,  say  they  have  a  frontage 
of  Sift.,  the  depth  from  front  to  back  26ft.,  and 
the  outbuildings  15ft.  square,  the  cost  of  this  in 
concrete  would   be  £177  123.,  thus. 

Tail's  patent  app.aratus  .     .    £111     12s. 

Royalty,  H  rooms  at  5s..     .  3     10 

Concrete  walls  of  9in.  work, 
500  superficial  yards  at 
23.  6d 62     10 


£177    12 


If  carried  up  In  brickwork  there  would  he 
about  11  rods,  say,  at  13  guineas,  this  wouid 
amount  to  £143,  giving  a  difference  in  favour  of 
brickwork  of  £34  123.  This  is  taking  the  concrete 
at  Mr.  Tail's  price,  which  is  a  very  low  one,  and  I 
believe  in  his  method  some  of  the  walls  would 
have  to  be  carried  up  thicker  than  I  have  taken 
them,  on  account  of  the  chimneys.  No  doubt 
buildings  of  this  description  could  be  carried  up 
in  concrete  at  half  the  cost  of  brickwork,  but  Mr. 
Tall,  in  his  letters,  does  not  reckon  the  royalty  oi 
the  cost  of  his  apparatus,  which  brings  the  price  of 
the  building  far  beyond  that  of  brickwork.  It| 
remains  yet  to  be  proved  whether  these  thin  walls 
of  concrete  are  in  any  way  superior  to  brickwork, 
— I  am,  &c.,  An  Old  Brick, 


THE  STRATFORD  COMPETITION. 

Sir, — The  "West  Ham  Local  Board  have  j  uet  distiDguisheu 
themselves  in  a  manner  that  should  be  more  widely  koowi 
than  it  has  become.  Having  determined  that  a  town  ball 
containing  all  the  offices  requisite  for  the  transaction  o 
local  public  business,  should  be  built,  the  Hoard  invitei 
competition  by  architects  fur  plans,  &c.,  the  conditions  of  th, 
competition  being  drawn  up  by  the  surveyor.  More  th.n 
thirty  designs  were  sent  in,  a  selection  from  among  then 
was  made  by  a  committee,  and  the  specially  honoure< 
drawings  were  placed  in  the  board-room  of  the  gasworka 
The  adjudicators  lost  no  time  in  deciding  which  of  the  de- 
signs should  receive  their  approval  It  was,  perhaps,  onl; 
to  be  expected  that  the  butchers,  the  bakers,  the  candle 
stick  makers,  and  others  who  compose  the  Board — all  un 
professional  men — would  take  counsel  of  their  profesaiooa 
adviser,  and  as  this  seems  to  have  been  done,  the  survey! 
not  only  drafted  the  conditions  of  the  competition, 
himself  entered  the  lists,  tiikiug  c.\re  to  place  his  name,  fl 
well  ;i3  a  motto,  on  the  design,  to  which  was  awarded  £]3 
premium,  and  the  honour  of  being  adopted  for  buildin|^ 

Two  members  of  the  lJo.ard  were  bold  enough  to  chaUai^ 
the  fairness  and  the  wisdom  of  the  decision;  butaatf 
adoption  of  the  surveyor's  work  is  understood  to  get  rid  t 
the  payment  of  architect's  commission,  you  will  readO 
perceive  the  great  crime  they  have  committed  in  impugnidl 
the  wisdom  of  their  colleagues  and  .-uivocating  the  "mmf 
cess,-iry  "  expenditure  of  public  money.     It  is  desirable^ 
professional  men  should  know  what  amount  of  trust  tU 
may  place  in  a  body,  sucli  as  that  by  which  we  in  Stratf^ 
are  luifiirtunately  governed. — I  am,  (fee,  " 

Stratfoi-d,  October  23. 


Sir,— From  the  published  report  of  the  proceedings rfll 
Board  with  respect  to  the  town  hall  plans,  it  appears  ti^ 
most  of  the  members,  Lf  not  all,  were  fully  aware  that  th( 
marked  "  Civis  "  were  the  production  of  their  surveyor,' 

Thii  knowledge  of  the  name  of  the  author  ought  at  om 
to  preclude  the  Board  from  awarding  him  the  premium,g 
one  of  the  conditions  of  the  competition  was  that  "a 
competitor  communicating  his  motto,  directly  or  indirafltj 
to  any  member  of  the  Bctrd,  will  be  disciualihed  firom  39 
ceiving  a  premium." 

As  the  Board  seem  all  along  to  have  intended  apiiom|i 
their  surveyor  to  erect  the  new  town   hall,  what  couIa| 
their  object   in   putting  a   number  of  architects  to  tlw  r 
peuse  of  competing?     I,  for  one,  should  not  have  sent 
a  design  had  I  not  have  received  an  assurance,  through  I 
friend  of  a  member  of  the  Board,  that  they  had  no  partia^ 
for  any  particular  architect,  and  that  every  competitorll 
an  equal  chance  of  success.  ^ 

As  the   Board,   by  the  selection  of  their  own  surveyor 
design,  have  saved  the  architect's  commission,  they  cngl 
at  least  to  pay  each  competitor  an  honorarium  to  cover  tl 
expense  of  preparing  his  designs,  to  which  he  has  been 
uselessly  put.— I  am,  etc.,  A  CoMrETiroR. 

***  We  have  received  other  letters  on  the  matter,  ; 
burdened  with  the  game  complaint,  and  protestiug  again 
the  palpable  injustice  that  has  been  perpetrated. 


THE  PROBLEM  OF  THE  CIRCLE. 

Sir, — "E.   L.   G's"  scholastic,  and  apparently  chtlei,^ 
defence  of  a   very  doubtful   problem  in   mathematiw, 
which  only  an  approximative  exactness  has  tieen  attaine! 
proves  him  to  be  a  very  unwilling  convert  to  any  new  ail 
more  definite  solution  of  it.      His  anxiety  to  place  tbJ 
theorem  among  the  admitted  truths  of  "exact*'  science  J 
no  greater  than  that  of   others    to  do  the  s.ame  thio^ 
"  E.  L.  G."  need  not  feai  the  practical  alteration  that  l 
ratio  would  require  in  nautical  reckoning,  as  tlio  increaft'fl 
distance  it   would  create  round  the  globe  itself  would  n<'.« 
exceed  thirty  miles.      "  E.  L.  G.'s"  remarks  are  not  on 
directed   against  me,  but   also  ag.ainit   Mr    Harvey,  wl 
has   undertaken   to  demonstrate,    both  geometrically  ai 
numerically,  the  exact  ratio  of  the  diameter  to  the  circui 
ference  in  contradistinctiou  to  the  generally  received  latii 
and,  judging  from  the  diagrams  in  his  two  first  letteis 
the  .»trcA"ii  c,.'  ilfio..zi.,r,  there  does  not  appear  to  lie  ai 
defect  in  his  reasoning,  as  "  E.   L   G."  can  satisfy  himae 
"  E.  L.  G."  would  do  well,  on  this  debatable  ground,  n 
to  claim  too  much   exactness  for    school  or  "  regulatet 
teaching  ;  at  :my  rate,  not  to  stigmatize  those  who  oB 
eeometrical  proof  for  decimal  fractions  as  "  mathematic 
heretics ;  "  for  he  may  rest  assured  no  amount  of  rae 
school  exercise  can  rectify,  and  no  immediate  uulearuu 
can  be  expected  from  dogmatic  orthodoxy.— I  am,  &c., 

Geo.  GuitnAUME. 


ZINC  ROOFING. 

Sib,— I  was  rather  surprised  hast  week  at  finding  tl 
name  of  your  contributor  on  the  above  subject  '"  •* '" 
of  Mr  J.ames  Bdmestou,  the  architect  of  the  ViolUe  ilo 
tague  Zinc  Companv,  the  more  so  that  no  one  is  in  a  iiM 
position  than  he  to"  know  th:it  the  statements  put  fonva, 
by  him  are  calcuKated  to  mislead  the  public,  and,  in  tl 
end,  injuriously  affect  the  business  of  the  company. 

In  his  first  article  on  the  subject,  contained  in  yojr  ll 
pression  of  the  0th  ult,  he  states  that,  for  zinc  roo's  M 
plain  character,  of  No.  14  gauge,  laid  on  boards,  the  P" 
should  be  7d.  per  foot  super,  "not  measuring  .ill  tnez' 
used,  but  stretching  a  line  from  ridge  to  eaves,  gin-' 
nothing,  and  adding  nothing  for  rolls,  caps,  welts,  4c. 


)CTOBER   25,    1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


747 


my  reply,  contained  in  your  issuo  of  the  13th  ult.,  I 
i-iieated  to  beeuppIiyU  with  the  name  of  a  zinc-worker 
V  would  work  for  me  at  that  price.  To  ttus  qnustiuii  I 
hi  received  no  roply,  althuugh  Mr.  Edmestou  Ciiunot  fail 
tw  acquainttjd  with  ail  the  ziuc-workers  l;^■ho  vmo  his 
cpany's  iiuc.  I  also  stated  that  I  had  found  it  usu;U  to 
a.  everytliiug,  and.  in  fact,  ascertain  the  tvtalqtiantity  of 
s  used,  and  that  the  difference  botwLxt  tlie  two  niixies  of 
laurtsment  was  between  oO  per  cent,  and  40  pur  cent., 
t' price  per  foot  super  on  the  zinc  used  being  usually  T^d. 
od. 

I  reply  to  this,  Mr.  Ediueston  writes,  reiterating  hia  fiiat 
rsDients  as  to  the  prices,  but,  to  a  cortiiin  extent,  quali- 
f  gthem  by  ativtingthat,  unless  the  work  is  of  such  plain 
o^ncteras  to  alluw  the  Sft.  sbectsto  ilrup  into  their  place, 
t  price  must  be  increased.  Hub  Mr,  Edmestou,  with  all 
trroat  exi>erienco  iu  zinc- work,  ever  laid  a  roof  where  no 

0  ing  was  required,  where  the  gutters  and  levels  might 
t  ihtaiued  exactly  in  position  to  suit  his  Sft,  sheets, 
c  'here  neither  chimney-stacks  nor  lantern-lights  cropped 
(J  0  prevent  the  sheets  being  simply  dropped  into  their 
pas? 

lere  are  many  other  points  in  Mr.  Edmestou's  com- 
'riication  1  shoiUii  like  to  remark  upon,  but  I  fear  to 
t  >ws  too  much  on  your  space  ;  but  I  trust  you  will  allow 

1  he  insertion  of  the  fallowing  example,  in  which  I  have 
t  xi  tlie  whole  cost  of  the  zinc  ami  tlic  j>roIit  on  its  work- 
i  I  will  first  premise  that  my  information  as  to  cost  of 
1  ig,  &.C.,  is  obtained  from  a  zinc  worker  of  many  yeaiV 
I  iing  and  undoubted  lionesty,  who  has  laid  zinc  botli 
i  uglaud  and  ou  the  coatineut.  on  the  system  introduced 
i  this  country  by  Mr.  James  Eilmeaton. 

will  commence  by  accepting  3Ir.  Ednieston's  proposed 

] )  for  zinc  per  ton — £20,  though  the  actual  price  at  the 

I  gnt  time  is  £'J0  10s.     In  a  roof  of  the  plainest  possible 

e  BCter,  s;iy  thirty-four  sheets  long  and  two  deep  (each 

t  Sfl.    X   3ft.),   giving  a  dimension,  when  finished,  of 

Tin.    X    loft.  2in.,  there  would  be,  according  to  Mr. 

-ton's   proposed  mode  of  moiusurement,  1495  superti- 

!.t-t,  which,  computed  at  7d.  per  foot,  as  he  directs, 

I  :imount  to  £43  123. 

■  quantity  of  zinc  actually  used  iu  covering  this  flat, 
I.  jg  no  account  of  flashings  or  gutters,  would  bo — 

6S  sheets,  Sft.  x  3ft I,(>;i2ft.  Oiu. 

Roll  caps  17i;       0 

Welts 4U     ;; 


Intcrfommuiiiratioii 


QUESTIONS. 

[015] -REDUCING  TIMBER  TO  THE  STANDARD 
— Some  few  month.s  ago  this  subject  wns  touched  upon  in 
your  columns,  but  it  w;is  not  treated  in  that  explicit  man- 
ner which  would  enable  tlio  ordinary  run  of  lnuldera  to 
clearly  nwister  the  dillicult  points.  I  should  be  glad  if  some 
of  your  able  correspondents  would  work  out  the  following 
figures  iu  the  most  intelligent  manner; — 

14     21 1 

10    20 


10 

111 

K4 

IS 

20 

17 

10 

1.1 

10 

12 

14 

11 

14 

10 

14 

V 

200 

+  9  fourths,  rod  deals. 


£3  2s.  ITitl. 


Cd.       £20  178.  3d. 


Intkrested. 


[61G.]— ILLUMINATED  DRAWINGS.— I  am  executing 
an  illuminated  drawing,  but  am  at  a  loss  to  know  how  to 
do  the  gilding,  having  liad  no  experience  in  it.  I  will 
esteem  it  a  favour  if  any  of  your  readers  will  kindly  in- 
form me  of  the  >>est  meaua  of  applying  it  in  very  sm;LU 
portions. — Ignorasius. 


l,So7       3 

t  d  to  77  sheets,  9ft.   superficial,   the  cost  of  which, 
«  mifig  the  price  per  ton  to  be  £20,  would  be  £2!)  lis.  Sd, 

1  cost  of  labour,  lOa.  per  square 9    5     8 

1 0,    solder,    clips,     nails,     charcoal,    <toc., 

persquare  1  17      0 


£40  14     4 

1  would  leave  £2  17s.  pd.  to  the  zinc-worker  for  profit, 
•  of  meu'a  tools,  cartage  of  material  to  job,  foreman's 
«  iional  superintendence,  rent  of  premises,  &c. 

king  all  these  matters  into  consideration,  and  also  the 
g  t  risk  of  bad  debts  incurred  by  all  the  minor  trades 
a  idant  on  building  operations,  I  have  detetmined  that  I 
»  Id  rather  remain  an  architect  than  accept  the  whole  of 
I  line-working  iu  the  country  on  Mr.  Edmeston's  (terms, 
I  am  confident  the  more  work  I  did  the  more  would  bo 
n  08S. — I  am,  &;c,,  C.  II. 


1  SQUARE  THE  CIRCLE  IN  THE   PROPORTION 

OF    113:355    GEOMETRICALLY. 

[•.,— Make  OE  equal  to  half  the  radius,  through  E  dra^' 
,  make  50. S  equal  to  50.G,  draw  K7,  take  0.7  from 


C  it  1,  then  will  1  be  the  measuring  unit  which  will  divide 
t  diameter  into  112  equal  parts,  liisect  7-8  at  ^0,  then 
1  56  —  jO  be  the  radius,  to  which  add  8  =  iS,  then 
i  te  the  outer  semi-circumference,  and  with  the  same 

I  Ufl  and  4S  iis  a  centre  cut,  the  outer  circumference  at 
]  hen  will  F  be  the  determining  point.  Lastly,  draw 
J 'for  a  determining  line;   then  draw  F113  and  FSS-J  ; 

I I  will  F113   be   the  side  of  the    equal    square,    and 

*  —  113  be  one-fourth  of  the  circumference. 

T  completing  this,  see  my  diagram  October  IS. 

WiLLr..iM  Butler. 

OTE.— 112and  15  each  squared  and  added  will  equal 
(square  of  113,  and  56  -H  15  =  71  x  5  =  355.  To  pro- 
c  ftirther  with  this  approximation  is  of  no  practical  use, 
Jitinay  be  done  thus— To  35.')  -H  56  =  411  x  10  =  4110, 

*  I  let  I  of  tlie  mea.suring  unit  be  p\it  for  a  base,  and  4110 
I,  fora  hypotenuse,  on  which  set  on   1  and  3  times  the 

i*8anngunit.  Draw  perpendiculai-s  to  the  base,  which 
»  Bhow  what  is  to  be  added  to  the  113  and  355,  thongh 
'  ^isily  tobe  seen. 


STAINED    GLASS. 

i^^jy  "Mostly  and  handsome  stained  glass  window  has 
■  oeen  placed  in  the  parish  clnirch  of  Wapley,  Glouces- 
ro,  to  the  memory  of  the  late  Sir  William  Codrington, 

^  r.  Holland,  of  Warwick,  has  just  inserted  in  Ascot  Old 

rcu,  a  memorial   window,    containing  representations 

JUT  Saviour  Visiting  the  Sick,  and  Our  Saviour  Healing 

m  uiBeases,  under    rich  canopies,    with   angel  in    tra- 


[617.1-BRICKS  IN  CESSPOOL.— Will  any  reader  of 
the  BuiLDiNO  News  kindly  infomi  me  of  the  best  method 
of  ascertaining  the  number  of  bricks  required  to  stem  and 
dome  over  a  round  cesspool?  It  is.  ofcour.se.  easy  enough 
to  get  the  sides,  but  the  dorao  is  to  me  a  ditticulty.  I  give 
the  following  ;is  an  example  :— 7ft.  diameter  iu  clear ;  10ft. 
deep  in  all;  sides  rise  perpendicular  for  9ft.  high;  the 
dome  commences  at  that  point,  and  rises  a  foot  so  iia  to  bo 
level  with  the  surface  in  the  centre;  an  aperture  IGin.  dia- 
meter is  left  for  a  manhole  ;  sides  and  dome  in  one  brick 
in  mortar. — Alpha. 


[61S.]— QUALIFICATIONS  FOR  A  SURVEYOR.— 
Some  time  ago,  iu  the  Building  1>!e\vs,  we  were  informed 
that  the  "  only  qualification  for  a  surveyor  wjis  to  take 
out  an  appraiser's  lireuce,"  which  much  surprised  mc,  as 
I  know  several  siurveyors  who  have  not  this  licence.  Now, 
I  should  feel  obliged  if  some  of  your  readeis  will  throw 
some  light  upon  the  subject,  through  the  valuable  medium 
of  the  "Intercommunication"  column.  First,  I  wish  to 
know  whether  it  is  usual  for  surveyors  to  take  out  an 
appraiser's  licence,  especially  when  practising  in  that  par- 
ticular branch  known  as  dilapidation  ;  and,  second,  is  it 
absolutely  necessary  that  he  should  take  out  such  a  licence, 
and  is  he  subject  to  any  fine  for  having  made  an  estimate 
of  dilapidation  to  house  property  if  he  has  not  a  licence, 
just  as  an  appraiser  would  be  for  valuing  furnitui'e,  iic  — 
OxE  Interested. 

[619.]— COMPETITIVE  DRAWINGS.— Would  anyone 
kindly  itiform  me  if  there  are  prizes  for  competitive  draw- 
ings or  designs  offered  tliis  season  by  any  of  the  architec- 
tui-al  societies  or  by  the  Society  of  Arts,  &c.,  wherein  a 
young  Scotch  architect,  unconnected  with  any  society  or 
school  of  art.  would  be  allowed  to  compete?  If  any, 
where  I  can  get  particulai-s.  And  if  the  Architectural  In- 
stitute of  Scotland  have  ofiered  or  intend  oflering  prizes 
this  year.— W.  D. 


[620.] -ROYAL  ACADEMY  STUDENTSHIP.— Can  you 
inform  an  old  subscriber  if  a  set  of  (say  six)  architectural 
drawings  of  a  design,  executed  by  myself,  would  do  to 
send  u>  the  Royal  Academy  as  specimen's  to  obtain  permis- 
sion to  become  a  candidate  for  a  studentship?- Alpha. 

[We  should  say  that  it  would  depend  ou  the  uatiue  of 
the  lUawings.  ] 

[021  ]— VERY  SHARP  PRACTICE.— A  pei-son  called 
at  my  office  and  wished  pencil  sketches  of  plans  and  ele- 
vations for  a  villa,  stating  that  he  requii-td  to  show  them 
to  the  proprietor  of  the  ground  to  see  whetlier  he  would 
be  allowud  to  build  such  bouses  ou  it.  A  trille  was  charged 
at  the  time  for  them  as  a  perquisite  to  the  young  man  who 
made  them.  Afterwards  1  le;imed  he  had  got  them  tinted 
over  by  some  person  to  preserve  the  lines,  and  has  built 
and  furnished  the  houses  from  them.  Could  you,  or  any  of 
your  numerous  readei-s,  inform  me  if  I  have  any  hold  on 
him  for  the  usual  areliitects'  fees,  or  any  claim  against  him 
whatever  further  than  the  few  shillings  he  paid  at  the 
time  he  got  the  sketches,  ray  idea  being,  that  if  he  were 
allowed  to  build,  he  would  return  and  get  a  regular  set  of 
plans  and  specifications  prepared,  and  proceed  with  his 
building  iu  the  usual  way.  A  direct  answer  will  oblige 
a  constant  reader  and  an— Architect. 

[Tliis  is  a  decided  case  of  fraud,  but  whether  "Archi- 
tect "  would  be  able,  without  documentary  evidence,  to 
sustain  his  case  in  a  court  of  law  is  anntlior  thing.  Was 
anything  said  in  writing,  or  if  not  vms  there  a  third  party 
present  who  can  testif>  to  the  conversation?  If  not,  "  Ar- 
chitect" had  better  pocket  the  ofience,  and  studiously 
avoid  "  a  jjcrsou  "  in  future.] 


[622.]— CISTERNS.— What  are  the  usual  and  proper 
gauges  of  wrought  iron  of  which  cistema  are  consti  ucted 
for  ordinary  house  use,  holding  (say)  from  50  to  300  gal- 
lons ?-H.  S.  

[023.]-GILT  PICTURE  FRAMES.— Could  anyone  in- 
form me  of  any  means  to  restore  gilt  picture  fi'ames  with- 
out entirely  re-gilding  them?— H.  D. 


[624.]— n^LUMINATIONS.— Could  vou,  or  any  of  your 
readers,  inform  me  of  any, means  to  increa-^e  the  brilliancy 
of  ordinary  water  colours  in  the  above  work  ?  1  find  they 
want  hotly  as  well,  and  by  using  Chinese  white  much  of 
the  sharpness  is  destroyed.  Perhaps  there  may  be  some 
colours  specially  prepared  for  this  work  of  which  I  have 
not  heard.- Isolated. 


[025.]— MODERN  LIGHTS.— I  have  a  workroom  built 
on  my  yard  or  garden  gromid  with  skylights  in  zinc  Itat 
roof.  Parties  adjoining  have  pulled  down  old  buildings 
ana  built  up  a  factory  to  a  great  height  on  my  workroom 
wall— on  the  whole  thickness  of  my  workroom  wall— all 
along  lo  house,  except  just  a  recess  that  falls  buck  to 
about  5ft.  only,  which  recess  hixa  several  windows,  some 
only  a  foot  from  my  house,  theivby  shutting  out  my  fi-eshair, 
and  talking  awuy  some  of  my  liglit,  and  let  in  annoyance. 
Is  it  right  that,  bec;iUbo  my  house  has  been  bviiltonlylO 
or  15  years,  and  not  20,  that  for  light  and  air  1  have  no 
remedy. — A  Lka.seholdi:u. 


f020.]-LETTERS  ON  PLANKS  AND  DEALS.— Some 
lime  since  a  question  (No.  -ISI))  was  ju-ked  as  to  the  marks 
on  planks,  deals,  and  battens,  which  was  replied  to  by 
"  W.  S.,"  of  Nottingh.im,  witli  some  useful  inforn)ati(>n. 
The  subject  i^  interesting  and  very  useful,  audi  should 
be  glad  if  *'  W.  S.,"  or  any  other  of  your  correspondents, 
would  supplement  tho  information  already  given,  by 
giving  some  of  the  marks  of  the  goods  which  are  shipped 
to  this  country  iu  the  largest  numbers;  in  fact,  some  of 
tho  more  general  marks,  and  if  there  are  markrt  whiuli 
distinguish  yellow  from  white.  Do  tliree  crowns  repre- 
sent crown  deals  of  the  best  quality  in  a  similar  manner 
that  crown  Memo!  represents  best  Memel  timber?  Is 
there  any  book  which  gives  a  description  of  the  qualities 
of  the  timber  and  deals,  itc,  exjjortcd  from  tho  various 
Baltic  ports,  with  the  peculiarities  and  sizes  of  each,  and 
tliek-  relative  ipmlities,  with  rules  for  juilging  ljy  their 
appearance  ?  1  saw  something  of  that  sort  some  yeax"s  since 
iu  a  magaziue  article,  but  have  forgotten  the  name  of  tliy 
book. — Wooden  HEAD. 


[027.]- GREENWICH  HOSPITAL.— Would  you  kindly 
consent  to  decide  in  your  next  number  a  small  controvei-sy, 
that  is  to  say,  who  designed  respectively  tho  river  front  of 
Greenwich  Hospital  and  St).  John's  Church,  Westmiuatur, 
and  obhgo  youi-s— T.   H.  F.  J. 

[Sir  Christopher  Wren  was  the  architect  of  Greenwich 
Hospital,]       

REPLIES, 

[560.]— CENTROLINEAD.— Such  a  mode  of  setting  as 
'  W.  Peustoue's"  may  perhaps  work  '*  accurately  "  enough 
for  the  showboards  of  architects,  whoso  present  perspective 
is  well  characterized  by  Ruskiu'a  remark  that  lie  knows 
not  one  in  England  capable  of  so  much  as  putting  a  simple 
pointed  arch  into  correct  pei"spective.  Tlie  querist  will 
observe,  however,  that,  as  tho  fork  of  the  instrument 
always  describes  a  circular  aic,  lines  ruled  by  the  blade 
can  never  radiate  from  a  single  point  unless  the  blade  bo 
perpendicular  to  this  ai'c,  which  it  cannot  be  whou  making 
unequal  angles  with  the  two  arms.  *'  W.  Peustoue's"  way 
of  setting  will  do  if  vou  take  care  that  A  C  crosses  not  "at 
any  convenient  angle,"  but  at  equal  angles  to  AB  and  CD. 
If  it  be  vertical,  A  and  C  must  bo  equidistant  from  the 
horizon,  wliich  the  guiding  pins  c;in  hardly  ever  be.  But 
perhnps  this  is  as  good  a  way  of  setting  as  any,  if  we  place 
the  line  CD  as  low  as  possible,  make  AB  accurately  cor- 
respond with  it,  on  the  other  side  the  horizon,  lut  C  bo 
the  lower  pin,  and  then  find  a  place  for  the  upper  by  tlio 
intersection  of  an  arc  struck  from  A  with  radius  AC,  and 
one  struck  from  B  with  radius  BC.  Of  com-se  AC  umst 
be  chosen  less  than  half  the  length  of  one  arm. — E.  h.  G, 


[509.]— TO  COLOUR  TRACINGS— May  I  infonn  •' Ig- 
noramus"  that  it  would  be  impos^ble  to  px'oducea  unifonu 
colouring  by  the  use  of  little  A\ater  and  much  colour  ixa  he 
proposes.  Let  him  proceed  as  follows  : — In  the  tii-st  place, 
if  there  is  any  fear  of  any  ink  lines  lauming,  he  mu&t  lay 
on  the  wash  on  the  reverse  side  of  the  tracing  papei".  I 
always  do  so  myself,  but  the  practice  is  not  univei-sal 
among  draughtsmen.  Let  him  place  the  ti-acing  paper  in 
an  inclined  position ;  mix  a  wash  of  the  colour,  and  wait 
until  the  solution  has  settled,  so  that  he  takes  up  nothing 
but  tho  clearest  part  of  it,  whicli  should  be  done  from  the 
top.  and  the  brush  should  never  be  allowed  to  touch  the 
bottom  of  the  saucer,  or  whatever  vessel  the  colour  may 
be  mixed  in.  Use  as  large  a  brush  as  possible,  and  the 
great  secret  is  to  keep  it  full  of  the  colour",  and  lay  on  the 
wash  as  quickly  as  possible.  If  the  brush  once  get-s  dry, 
a  hard  line  or  edging  of  colour  appears,  which  no  elJorts  cau 
affcerwanU  get  rul  of  The  first  mixing  can,  ofcouise,  be 
made  light  or  heavy  accordingly  as  is  required,  but  when 
the  wash  is  wanted  to  be  deep,  a  preferable  plan  is  to  wait 
until  the  first  Wiish  is  dry,  and  then  lay  on  another.  By 
placing  the  sheet  in  an  inclined  position,  the  colour  rtms 
much  more  freely  than  when  it  is  flat.  If '•Ignoramus  " 
will  attend  to  these  practical  instructions,  he  will,  after 
a  httle  practice  aud  patience,  be  enabled  to  lay  on  a  wash 
of  any  depth,  and  perfectly  uniform  throughout  it*  whole 
surface.  He  had  better  fii-dt  try  a  small  sized  sheet,  and 
then  proceed  to  larger  ones. — A  Practical  Draughtsman. 


[573.]-PERSPECTIVE.— The  demand  of  "S.  B.  F."to 
be  taught  this  science  I  suppose  wa.s  a  joke,  suggested  by 
that  of  "xV  Country  Builder "  to  be  taught  all  styles  of 
architecture.  Of  course  the  books  named  by  "  L.  S.."  or 
any  others  on  it,  will  give  tho  information  asked  ;  but 
"parallel  perspective"  has  nothing  to  do  with  wliat 
"L.  S."  describes,  as  called  (in  tho  jargon  of  Britibh 
architects)  "isoroetrical  perspective."  By  "parallel  per- 
spective "  everyone  else,  including  the  querist,  means,  I 
suppose,  that  on  a  plane  paiallel  to  some  of  the  chief  walls 
of  the, object  represented,  lines  in  the  direction  of  those 
waUs  have  then  no  vanishing  point,  and  that  of  the  lines 
perpendicular  to  them  is  uithin  the  picture,  usvially  near 
its  centre.  It  is  convenient  to;  use  two  other  vanishing 
points,  those  of  horizoutal  lines  inclined  45  deg.  to  tho 
walls,  even  when  no  such  lines  occur;  as  we  are  thus 
enabled  to  lay  down  any  horizontal  square,  by  its  diago- 
nals. Parallel  perspective  is  the  most  pleasing  for  all  in- 
teriors without  exception,  and  often  for  grouped  exteriors 
of  two  or  more  buildings  that  stand  parallel ;  but  fur  every 
exterior  of  a  single  building,  angular  pei-spective  must  bo 
used,  j.f.,  the  picture  plane  be  so  inclined  to  the  walls 
that  all  lines,  except  vertical  ones,  may  have  vani-shing 
points.  Every  set  of  parallel  lines  have  their  vanishing 
point  (if  any)  at  the  place  where  a  parallel  to  them  from 
the  spectator's  eye  meets  the  picture  plane.  Hence  they 
h.ive  no  vanishing  poiut  when  (and  only  when)  the  picture 
plane  is  parallel  to  them,  and  this  is  the  case  with  vertical 
lines,  only  because  we  make  it  a  rule  for  all  pictui'es  to  bo 
on  planes,  supposed  vertical.  But  photography,  by  tilting 
up  its  camera,  has  given  us  some  of  its  beat  productions 


748 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


October  25,  1867. 


with  the  representations  of  the  vertical  lines  converging 
to  a  vaiiishiuj;  point.  There  is  a  stereogram  of  Salisbury 
Bpire  thiis  taken  that  is  quite  unintelligible  till  you  put 
it  in  tiie  stereoscope,  and,  sitting  with  your  back  to  a  ^viu- 
dow,  look  up  toward  the  centre  of  the  ceiling,  when  the 
eject  is  marvellous. 

"  Isometrical"  iliawiiig  has  no  more  to  do  with  any  sort 
of  perspective  than  a  common  plan  or  elevation  h;is.  It 
is,  like  them,  an  "orthographic"  projection,  '.€.,  one  made 
by  carrying  all  points  of  the  object,  in  parallel  lines,  to 
a  plane  perpendicular  to  them  all.  It  Ikis,  of  course,  no 
vanishing  points,  all  lines  that  are  actually  parallel  being 
represented  so,  and  the  nearest  and  most  "tlistant  lines,  if 
parallel,  being  measured  by  the  same  scale.  The  name 
lefers,  however,  not  to  this  equality  (which  is  common  to 
every  orthographic  drawing)  but  to  the  equal  foreshorten- 
ing of  lines  in  three  directions,  tliose  of  the  object's  length, 
breadth,  and  height :  to  effect  which  the  drawing  plane  is 
inclined  equally,  namely  35  deg.  IG  mm.  (approximately) 
to  each  of  them. 

There  are  in  no  sense  "two  descriptions"  of  perspective 
— "aerial  and  linear."'  The  former  merely  means  taking 
].roper  account  of  the  air.  in  shading  and  colouring;  and 
the  latter,  matliematically  light  outlining,  which  is  the 
same  whether  there  be  air  or  no  air.  "  L.  S."  might  as 
well  say  there  are  two  kinds  of  tailoring,  one  called  cutting 
the  other  sewing. — E.  L.  G. 

[5S4.]— WROUGHT-IRON  ROOFS.— I  observe  that  your 
printer  has  not  corrected  an  error  which  I  pointed  out  on 
the  proof  slip  (Iron  Roofs,  p.  730,  middle  col.),  in  the  posi- 

Jills- 


with  gallic  add  and  water  two  or  three  times,  allowing 
it  to  dry  between  every  coat.  The  staining  with  the  iron 
solution  may  also  be  repeated.  Eaw  linseed  oil  will  stay 
the  darkening  process  at  any  stage. — W.  S. 


tion  of  the  radical  sign  in  the  formiila 


he  has  printed 


y/'_2;SS 


"S54 


,  and  which 


thus  indicating  the  extraction  of 


the  square  root  of  the  numerator  only,  Instead  of  that  of 
the  entire  fraction.— Yours  tnUy,  Edwjd.  Sw.«;seorocob, 

_^  t5S8.]— BOX  GIRDERS.— I  am   very  much  ohliged  to 
F.  Hope"  for  kindly  pointing  out  my  error  iu  working 
out  the  formula  for  bos  girders. — E.  E."  C. 


[OOO.l-FLOW  OF  WATEK.— In  answer  to  "Querist,' 
I  think  the  following  will  give  him  what  he  requires  :— 
95ft.  Oin. 
4     G  width  of  stream. 


9  deptli  of  stream. 


'■0  cubic  feet. 


[60S.1-QUEEIES.-1.  Apply  to  any  of  the  firms  who 
advertise  the  articles  in  the  Building  News.  —  ^.  You 
surely  cannot  be  ignorant  enough  to  suppose  that  rolled 
iron  is  cast.— 3.  Tho  best  w.ay  to  test  lead  pipe  i.=  to  cut  off 
a  foot  and  weigh  it. — 4.  For  lead  gauges  Feun,  tool  maker, 
Newgate-street;  for  zinc  gauges,  Mr.  Edmeston  or  Mr. 
Fisher,  architects  of  the  Vielle  Montague  Zinc  Company. 

[OOS.] — The  specific  gravity  of  lead  being  set  down  as 
11'35,  a  cubic  foot  will  weigh  11300  oz.,  a  convenient  num- 
ber for  reduction  by  the  ratio  113  :  355,  making  four  cv- 
liudrical  feet  =  35500  oz.,  and  one  cylindriail  foot  = 
S,S75  oz  Hence,  as  144  :  the  square  of  vour  pipe's  bore  in 
inches,  :  ;  SS75  :  the  ounces  of  lead  that  wiu  fill  a  foot  of 
it.  Add  these  to  its  own  w^eight,  and  as  SS75  ;  the  sura 
;  :  1-44  :  the  square  of  the  outer  diameter.  Extract  tlie 
root  of  this,  and  it  will  differ  fiom  the  given  bore  by  twice 
the  thickness  reciuired. — E.  L.  G. 


[60S.]  — "Z."  will  fiud  in  the  sheets  of  sections  of  rolled 
iiou  manuf.ictured  by  Macuaught,  Robertson,  and  Co., 
41,  New  P.ark-street,  Southwark  (among  othei-s),  many 
with  the  weight  per  foot  given.  —H.  ti.  P. 


1920 
40 


1900  gallons,  which  will  p.ass  a 
point  in  47  seconds —H.  H.,  Bournemouth. 


[COO.]— The  gallons  in  a  cubic  foot  are  about  0  23,  I 
have  to  apologise  for  writing  10,  the  number  of  pounds  in  a 
gallon.— E.  L.  G. 


[600.] — The  correct  quantity  of  water  isG-644  imperial  gal- 
lons to  acubic  foot  (supposing  the  w.ater  to  be  distilled  and  at 
the  temperature  of  62  deg  Fah.  and  barometer  SOiu).  For 
all  ordinary  purposes  of  calculation,  6  gallons  and  5  pints 
is  near  enough.— Hy.  Soargill,  3,  Cotton-ro.ad,  Poplar. 


[0115.1— AN  ARCHITECTS'  CLUB.— "A  Member  of  the 
H.H.,"in  his  letter  last  week,  says,  in  reference  to  our 
library  at  the  Architectural  Association  "between  the 
sessiouit  is  closed  to  aU."  He  is  Labouring  under  a  mis- 
take, for  during  this  recess  one  of  the  librarians  has  been 
in  attendance  on  the  last — I  believe  Uist^-Friday  in  each 
montli  in  order  that  members  may  be  able  to  change  their 
books.  The  writer  callsthe  Royal  Institute  "  that  energetic 
body. "  If  it  is  ■  ■  energetic,"  how  is  it  th,at  the  Association 
has,  over  and  over  again,  asked  for  their  old  books,  aud 
asked— I  believe— in  vain?  If  am.on  asked  me  why  I  wore 
a  silver  watch,  I  should  say  because  I  ,am  waiting  until 
I  get  a  gold  one ;  and  so  we  say  to  those  who  grumble  at 
the  smallness  of  our  library.  We  have  .asked  for  presents 
in  books  and  money  towards  it,  and  if,  as  the  writer  says, 
there  are  "plenty"  who  would  give  "their-  one  or  two 
guineas  per  annum  "  tow.-irds  an  architects'  club,  why  do 
not  these  "plenty"  come  fonvard  and  aid  tls  with  our 
library?  If  they  would  we  should  soon  have  a  good  one, 
aud  the  "  cii]  board,  rft.  square,"  would  grow  into  m.any 
shelves  full  of  handsomely  boimd  books.  I  think  that  onr 
oft-repeated  and  unavailing  petitions  do  not  at  .all  favour 
the  supposition  that  the  profession  is  verj'  anxious  to  have 
a  large  cirouhatmg  library.  I  can't  see,  however,  why  our 
late  president  should  not  help  us  with  an  .architects'"  club 
.as  well  as  try  "  to  press  us  into  tho  artists'  rifle  coriM."  In 
a  letter  of  hast  year  I  proposed  th.at  "  a  proper  building 
for  architects "  should  be  erected,  to  contain  within  its 
w;alls  the  museum,  tho  institute,  the  association,  a  large 
circulating  liluary,  to  which  we  may  now  add  an  architects' 
club.  1  trust  that  "A  Member  of  the  U.H."  will  h.ave 
sufficient  intiuence  with  "that  energetic  body,"  the  In- 
stitute, to  pei-suade  them  to  show  then-  energy  in  the  shape 
of  handsome  don.ations,  legacies,  &c.,  to  what  is  so  much 
needed— "a  proper  building  for  architects."- Adelphi. 


[610.]— COSTING  FLOORING  BOARDS— The  ready 
system  "A  Builder"  alludes  to  is  the  following;- A 
st.andard  of  boards,  deals,  or  battens  wiU  make  nearly  20 
squ.ares  of  lin.  fiooring.  This  can  be  readily  fixed  to 
memory ;  but  I  give  it  in  detail.  1131ft.  6iu.  lineal  of 
3x7  deal  is  one  st.and,ard  ;  multiplied  by  3  gives  the  lineal 
feet  of  1  -I-  7  boards  when  sawn.  The  result  divided  by 
172  (which  is  one  square  of  flooring)  gives  19  squaies  2 
quarters  40ft.,  or  19j  squares. 
Example—  1131    6 

3 

172  )3394    6 

19  2  40 
Now,  as  this  discrepancy  only  influences  the  cost  of  a 
squ,are  of  flooring  IJd.  or  2d.,  it  is  not  noticed  ;  aud  to  aid 
mental  calculation  we  say,  one  stand.ard  produces  20  square 
of  lin.  flooi-ing.  By  the  same  rule,  one  stand.ard  produces  10 
square  of  2in.  flooring,  12}  square  of  Ifin.,  15  square  of 
l^iu.,  and  17j  squareof  l^in.  tiupposhig  a  timber  merchant 
informs  you  that  such  a  sample  of  goods  are  £7  15s.  per 
standard,  that  is  equal  to  Vs.  Sd.  per  square.  The  estimate 
is  made  thus;  — 

■^  s.  d. 

Vrood,  first  cost  per  square    7  y 

Sawing  two  cut  deals ".,  1  4 

Phaning,  Id.  per  12ft.  run 1  2 

10    3 

or  in  other  words  7s.  9d.  aud  23.  Gd. 

With  other  thicknesses  an  addition  of  one-qu.arter,  one- 
half  or  three-quarters  is  made  to  the  first  cost,  and  the 
consequent  cost  of  preparing  is  added  I  give  you  an  illus- 
tration in  l^in.  boards;— 

Wood,  first  cost  per  square 7    9 

Add  one-half  3  lOrV 

S.awing  one  cut  deal  1    o' 

Planing,  lid.  per  12ft.  run 1     9 


14    4i 


[COG.]-STAINING  OAK. -In  staining  oak  no  better 
system  is  known  than  unaided  nature  is  pursuing  in  the 
bogs  of  Ireland  and  the  fen  lands  of  Lincolnshire,  for  there 
we  find  entire  trees  which  have  .absorbed  a  beautiful  black 
Btam  which  wo  should  be  glad  to  emidate.  The  chemist 
informs  us  that  oak  is  remaik.ahle  for  the  qu<antity  of 
gallic  .acid  it  n,aturally  secretes,  and  that  iron  is  found 
in  strong  solution  in  these  vegetable  deposits,  held  in  a 
fluid  state  by  this  and  other  .allied  acids  of  reputed  astrin- 
gency.  The  gallic  acid  in  the  wood  combining  with  iron 
in  a  state  of  solubility  produces  a  most  powerful  .and  hast- 
ing stain  for  oak  and  other  woods.  Gallic  .acid  may  be  pur- 
chiised  from  any  chemist;  and  in  the  process  of  staining 
wash  the  wood  over  with  a  solution  of  acid  and  water  of 
any  required  strength,  and  allow  it  to  thoroughly  dry.  To 
complete  the  process  wash  with  a  solution  of  iron  in  the 
form  of  "tincture  of  steel"  or  a  decoction  of  "  vuiegar  .and 
iron  filings,"  and  a  deep  and  beautiful  stain  will  be  the 
result.     If  a  positive  black  is  required,  wash  the  wood  over 


or  in  other  words  Us.  7^.  and  2s.  9d. 

If  foreign-sawn  boards  are  used  it  is  evident  that  the  cost 
of  sawing  (as  charged  above)  is  saved,  but  there  is  a  rule 
amongst  the  proprietors  of  sawing  and  planing  mills  to 
charge  double  price  for  planing  foreign  bo.ards.  This  was 
necessary  when  foreign-sawn  boards  were  first  introduced, 
.as  they  were  roughly  sawn  and  baiUy  manufactured.  The 
double  cost  of  planing  is  still  charged,  .although  the  boards 
of  the  present  day  are  siiwn  as  clean  .and  regul.ar  as  if  done 
by  oui-  own  machinery.  I  need  only  say  that  a  good 
buyer  can  often  break  through  this  arrangement  if  he  pur- 
ch.a3es  his  flooring  I  oards  by  the  standard. 

I  may  just  remark  that  a  square  of  fiooring,  as  sold  by 
the  timber  merchants,  will  not  produce  a  s<iuaro  of  floorin<' 
in  the  hands  of  the  builder  ;  every  board  is  sold  as  being 
the  full  width,  but  they  lose  from  ^  to  J  in  preparing,  to 
cover  which  an  allowance  of  4d.  per  square  shoiUd  be  made 
on  the  lin.  boards  and  7d.  on  on  the  liin.  This  loss  is 
sometimes  covered  by  the  timber  merchants  selling  ISOft. 
liueal  of  Tin.  boards  to  the  square  instead  of  172ft. 

With  tongued  .and  grooved  bo,anls  the  above  diff'erence 
must  be  doubled,  and  the  ordinary  9d.  per  square  charged 
extra  for  preparing.— W.  Stevenson,  timber  .agent,  Not- 
tingham, 

[Oil.]— ESTIMATING  CARPENTER'S  WORK  FROJE 
HEWN  AND  CONVERTED  TIMBER.— In  reply  to  "An 
Estimator,"  I  am  of  opinion  that  the  question  is  not  clearly 
undei-stood  by  surveyors  and  contr.actors.  The  system  of 
cubing  all  timbers  .and  scai)ilings,  irrespective  of  size,  is 
.adopted  for  the  sake  of  brevity.  In  the  rough  dnaft,  qu.an- 
tities,  all  scantlings,  i'C,  are  carried  out  according  to  their 
superficial  square  inches  in  the  end  section.  Take  tho  fol- 
lowing instance : — 

Item,  200ft.  lineal  of  3  -l-  4  rafters.    This  con-  'i 
tains  12  superficial  inches  on  the  end,  and  ,-2400 

woidd  be  carried  out  as  12  times  200 ) 

Item,    soft    of  5  -^  7  purlins.     This,    on  the  i 
s.ame  principle,   would  be  cariTied  out  .as  ^3010 
35  times  SG 1 


144  )5410 


This  divided  by  144,  tho  superficial  square  inches  on  the 
end  of  a  cube  of  timber  produces  37  cube  6  inches  and'^,' 
Or  it  may  be  reduced  by  the  shorter  method  of  squaring 
the  length  by  the  condensed  width  and  dividing  by  12.  Now, 
as  the  former  size  could  be  more  re.ldily  produced  than  the 
latter,  a  ditlcrence  might  possibly  .arise  in  tho  cost.  That 
being  the  case,  a  sulflcient  reason  is  advanced  for  keeping 


the  two  classes  of  timber  sep.arate  in  the  bills  of  quanta 
ties,  in  one  instance  as  scantlings  or  quarterings  reduced 
to  the  3  -h  11,  in  the  others  to  the  ordinarv  cube  If  tti) 
latter  plan  was  .adopted,  the  above  2400  "would  requir 
dividing  by  33.  The  superficial  square  inches  in  the  enJ 
of  a  3  -1-  11  deal  and  instead  of  one  item  of  S7  cube  C  inchel 
of  timber,  we  should  have  : — 
Item,  72ft.   9in.   lineal  of  3  -H  11  deal,   including  I 

salving  and  lalxjur 

Item,  20  cube  11  inches,  in  scantling  sawn  from 

timber,  including  sawing  and  labour  

This  is  clearly  more  trouble  to  the  surveyor,  and  if  .odopt,^. 
would  render  it  imperative  on  his  part  to  be  well  acquainte 
with  the  various  sizes  of  converted  timber. 

For  the  sake  of  argument  we  will  suppose  that  the  quan 
titles  are  ])laced  in  the  hands  of  the  contractor  in  the  latt 
form.  The  first  step  is  to  compare  the  cost  of  the  W 
descriptions  of  timljer  ; — 

£    8.  I 

r  First  cost  of  de.als  per  standard 9    o 

Scantlings  \  Cartage  and  labourage 5 

fi'om  sawn  -s  Sawing  (averaging  2  rips  in  3  -t-  11)  16 

deals.       I  L.abour  aud  nails  .3  10 

^Trade  profit  (5  per  cent.) 13 

14    5  ' 

or  43d.  per  foot  lineal  of  3  -h  11,  equal  to  Is.  .SJil.  per  cub 
"First  cost  of  timber  per  load  of  50 

cubic  feet  3    6 

Scantlings    Cartage  and  labourage ,  2 

Sawing  (averaging  4  cuts  one  way, 

fromhewn^     including  slabbing)    6 

I  Labour  .and  nails    1    s 

timbe/3.      Waste  by  gait  of  saws  l-12th  10 

I  Waste  iu  slabs,  ibc.  (say)  l-12th 10 

LTrade  profit  (5  per  cent.) G 

C  10 

or  equal  to  23.  7d.  per  cube. 

As  converted  timber  or  deals  in  their  first  cost  bear  tl 
above  proportions  to  hewn  timber,  it  is  clear  from  tli 
analysis  th.at  scantlings  which  can  only  be  obtained  fnii 
hewn  timber  are  50  per  cent,  more  costly  than  those  o 
taiu.able  from  convei  ted  timber.  If  the  s.awing,  waste  li 
gait  of  saws,  and  slabs,  be  reduced  one-half  (a  computatii 
which  might  probably  cover  the  cost  of  large  scantlings 
the  result  woidd  still  show  an  excess  in  cost  amounting  1 
33  per  cent. 

In  making  these  calculations  it  must  not  be  overlookt 
that  the  waste  by  the  saws  in  cutting  scantlings  from  hev 
timljer  has  to  be  borne  by  the  builder,  whereas  in  conveitt 
timber  the  loss  lays  with  the  foreign  makers. — W.  Stevf 
SON,  timber  agent,  Nottingham. 


[Gil.] — The  reason  for  not  estimating  carpenter's  1 
in  quantities  at  per  foot  run  of  batten  or  deal,  ^ 
the  si^ntlings  happen  to  coincide  with  those  special  a 
numbers  is,  first,  for  greater  uniformity  of  practice;  8 
for  the  readier  ascertainment  of  the  laboiu-  on  a  (^ 
quantity  of  material ;  thh-d,  that  where  battens  or  6 
are  not  specially  mentioned  in  the  specification,  most  a 
tccts  insist  upon  the  scantlings  being  cut  out  of  til 
of  a  more  vigorous  growth  aud  larger  fibre.  I  should, 
ever,  like  to  hear  the  opinions  of  some  of  your  readei 
to  whether  Large  timber,  cut  into  scantlings  or  pla 
deals  and  battens  (which  we  know  are  cut  from  snu 
trees),  are  the  best,  strongest,  and  most  durable  for  i 
joists,  roof  r.afters,  &c.  It  must  be  borne  in  mind,  i 
ever,  that  few  deals  are  over  12ft.  long,  or  battens  ^ 
than  22ft.,  .and  that  this  liinitto  their  size  precludeat' 
of  them  for  many  purpo:  3S. — A.  H. 


[614.J-MEASUREMENT  OF  WASTE.-"  T.  H.  L." 
haially  have  read  with  care.    I  am  not  aw.are  of  sncli]| 
item  as  ".allowance  for  waste  "  in   measurement  of  c 
ter's  work  to  hips  and  valleys      It  is  to  bo  found  in  shtti| 
tiling,  ami  such-Iilce  work,    but  not  for  rafters,  pa 
&c.,  these  being  taken  .as  they  appear.     Waste  wouldl 
be  so  great  in  steep  .as  iu  flatter-pitched  roofs. — H.  S.  ES 


Su(!(icstions. 


COATING  IRON  AND  STEEL.— The  following  is  J 
easy    method   of  frivins  iron  and    steel    a    firm    coati 
of  copper: — The  plate   or  article,  of  iion  or  steel,  iriutl 
it    is    desired    to    coat,    must    first    of  all    be    perftci^ 
cleansed.     It   must  then    be  brushed   over  with  a  aol^ 
tion  of  protochloride  of  tin,  in  dilute  hydrochloric  ) 
The  author  makes  his  solution  by  dissolving  one  part  of  tH 
chloride  of  tin  in  two  parts  of  water,  to  wliich  he  adds  twl 
parts  of  commercial  hydrochloric  acid.     Directly  after  thf 
solution  is  applied,   another  of  ammoniacal  sulphate_  • 
copper  is  bnished  over.     The  latter  is  made  by  di83<dvill 
one  part  of  sulphate  of  copper  in  sixteen  parts  of  watafl 
and  adding  gradually  sufficiently  strong  ammonia  to  form 
clear  dark  blue  solution.     The  coating  of  copper  deposite 
in  this  way  is  said  to  be  so  firmly  adherent  that  it  may  1 
polisheti  with  chalk  without  any  fear  of  its  being  detacbe* 
A  coating  of  copper  can  be  obtained  on  ziuc  by  merely  osii 
the  ammoniacal  solution  of  copper,  and  without  the  pr 
liuiinary  use  of  the  chloride  of  tin  solution.    The  coating' 
copper  given  by  this  process  must  be  excessively  thin,  au 
■would  only  be  available  for  decorative   purposes.     But  if 
answers,  it   is  clear  that  an  iron  ship  can  be  coppered  : 
e;i3ily  as  she  can  be  painted. 

PETROLEUM  OIL.— That  very  industrious  technic; 
chemist  Dr.  R.  Wagner  tells  us  that  the  disagreeable  odo' 
of  petroleum  oil  am  be  taken  away  by  treating  the  oil  wit 
a  solution  of  plumbate  of  soda.  This  is  only  a  solatiou  < 
oxide  of  lead  in  caustic  soda,  and  will  certainly  remove  a 
such  odour  as  sulphur  compounds  might  communicate  t 
the  oil. 

CEMENT  FOR  KNIFE  HANDLES.— 1.  Lay  a  piece  < 
alum  on  a  stove,  and  when  melted  mil  the  knife  sbaii 
iu  it,  and  immediately  thiiist  it  firmly  into  the  liandle. 
will  soon  be  ready  for  use.  2.  Fine  brickdust  jjtirred  ini 
melted  resin,  aud  used  hot,  will  fix  knife  and  fork  handjt 
very  firmly.     3.  Mix  equal  parts  of  wood  ashes  and  con 


October  25,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


749 


:i  salt  with  water  enough  to  make  a  mortar.  Fill  the 
M>Ue  ^Tith  this,  and  then  drive  in  the  shank  and  let 
,lry. 

.V  USEFUL  CEMENT  FOR  GLASS,  WOOD,  &c.— Take 

pait  of  giitta-iwrclia,  2  parts  of  common  pitch  ;  melt  in 

,  lead  ladle  and  mijc  well  toj^ether  ;  do  not  let  it  catch  Ilro. 

Tien  rc^iuircd  fur  u^o  heat  slightly,  ;md  take  on  a  knife 

-r  go  much  as  re<iuiic<i.     Stick  hits  along  tlie  pieces  to  bo 

ntcd,  h.lTing  previously  heated  at  the  fire  the  parts; 

:i,  witL  a  bent  hot  wire,  run  the  cement  along,  and 

:k  with  finger  and  wire  like  soldering,  and  get   all 

.'th.     ^^^len  cool  the  job  is  finished.    It  is  an  old 

.,ipt,  but  not  sufficiently  u>ed. 


STATUES,  MEMORIALS,  ETC. 

ijt.oommittee  li;is  been  formed  at  Nancy  with  the  object 
ing  a  statue  to  the  painter  Jaciiues  CalJot,  who  was 
that  city  in  iyj3 

momuneut  to  l^rince  Schwarzenberg,  at  Vienna,  was 
t'ile*!  by  the  Emperor  on  Sunday  last,  Herr  Hassnell, 
^oulptor,  has  r»iceived  the  Order  of  Leopold. 


LEGAL  INTELLIGENCE. 

The  grinding  money  question  came  up  last  week 
.-in  action  at  the  Bloamsbury  County  Court, 
.-linst  Mr.  Warren,  a  master  builder,  of  Parker- 
reet,  Drury-lane.  The  claimants  were  two  car- 
nters,  and,  upon  proving  the  custom  of  the 
ide,  they  obtained  a  verdict,  with  costs  for  two 
d  a-h.alf  hours. 

Mr.  Jarvis,  the  district  surveyor  of  Camber. 
''.,  opposes  concrete  wall  building  to  the  ex- 
;  of  his  power,  and  has  prevented  cottages  be- 
<  erected  on  that  plan,  several  times.  He  re- 
5  upon  "  Clause  I.,  1st  Schedule,  Preliminary," 
cause  mention  is  made  of  "other  hard  and  in- 
mbustible  substances,"  which  are  required  to, 
d  "  shall  be  properly  bonded  and  solidly  put 
jether," 

Irkegvlaritt  under  the  Building  Act.— On 
turday,  Mr.  Henry  Smith,  builder,  of  Reginald- 
ul,  New-cross,  was  summoned  before  Jlr.  Traill, 
the  instance  of  Mr.  ^yhichcord,  district  surveyor, 
■constructing  a  building  known  as  Brunswick - 
•iSe,_  Briinswickstreet,  Deptford,  without 
;  giving  notice,  and  also  for  irregularities  in 
■  said  buUding.  The  defendant  did  not  ap- 
ir,  and  it  was  stated  that  since  the  building 
s  finished,  it  had  passed  out  of  his  (defendant's) 
uds,  but  that  if  an  order  was  made,  what  was 
[uired  would  be  done.  The  omission  of  giving 
':ee  was  proved,  and  for  this  a  fine  of  20s.  and 
:3  was  imposed  ;  an  order  also  being  made  to 
nedy  the  defects  set  forth  in  the  form  of  sum- 
•as. 

The   Projection   from  Building  in  Slade's- 

iCE. — Mr.    T.  C.    King,  auctioneer  and  house- 

■nt.  of   Slade's-place,  High-street,  appeared  be- 

■  Mr.  Trad],  on   Saturd.ay,  to  answer,  on  com- 

nt  of   Mr.   Whichcord,  district   surveyor,    for 

ting  a  building  without  notice.     It  will  be  re- 

i^bered  th.it  the  case   came  before  the  magis- 

te  in  June,  1865,  on  the  complaint  of  theGreen- 

.h  District  Board  of  Works,  on  the  ground  that 

.at  w.is  now  complaiaed  of  as  a  building  was  a 

ejection  from  the  regular  line  of  frontage.     An 

ler  was  then  made  for  its  removal,  but  this  had 

been  done.     Mr.   Whichcord   had  not  taken 

coedings   under  the  Metropolis  Buildings  Act 

ul  the   tarpaulm   covering  which  formed  the 

it  was  made   fast  to  the  side  walls,  one  front, 

.ich  is  open  during  the  day,  being  enclosed  by 

liters  at  night.       After  considerable    discus- 

u  as  to  what  constituted  a  building,  Mr.   Traill 

.1  th.at,  at  all  events,  the  defendant  would  have 

jljtain  the  sanction  of  the  MetropoUtan  Board 

\\ork3   to   the   erection  remaining  as  a  projec- 

s  and  the  defendant  then  said   he   was  about 

uoviug  to  more  spacious  premises  at  the  Broad- 

y  entrance  to   High-street,  and  he   undertook 

It  the  projection  or   building    complained  of 

>uld  be  removed  by  the  following  Thursday. 

1  order  for  its  removal  by  the  time  stated  was 

n  made. 


.V  memorial  has  been  signed  by  some  of  the 
•Img  City  merchants  and  bankers,  and  presented 
the  Lord  Mayor  elect,  requesting  him  to  take 
ne  steps  to  prevent  the  necessity  of  closmg  the 
let  thoroughfares  on  the  9th  of  Xovember  next. 
.\lderman  Allen  is  wise  he  wUl  signalize  his 
i.)oralty  by  the  discontinuance  of  the  ludicrous 
"nauts  of  a  procession  which  was  probablv  once 
lameuUl  but  has  Inug  .since  ceased  to  le  useful 
:t:pt  to  the  pickpockets  of  the  metropolis.  The 
•i^ance  is  to  be  shortened  not  destroyed. 


General  Items. 


The  Builders'  Benevolent  Institution  hold  their 
Twentieth  Annual  I'estival  on  Thursday,  the  31st 
inst.,  at  Willis's  Rooms,  St.  James's-street,  under 
the  chairmanship  of  Mr.  W.  R.  Rogers,  the  presi- 
dent of  the  Institution. 

A  conversazione  of  the  Associated  Arts  Insti- 
tute will  bo  held  at  9,  Conduit-street,  to-morrow 
(Saturday  evening)  at  9  o'clock. 

The  St.  Olave's  Board  of  Works  have  under 
consideration  the  plan  of  Mr.  Barlow  for  making  a 
way  under  the  'Thames,  from  Horselydown  to 
the  opposite  shore,  for  omnibuses  and  other 
traffic. 

It  is  announced  that  the  Home  Secretary  is 
about  to  appoint  several — probably  more  than  a 
dozen — sub-inspectors  of  factories  under  the  act 
of  last  session. 

According  to  Echoes  of  the  Chibs,  it  is  proposed, 
if  the  consent  of  the  members  can  be  obtained,  to 
omit  the  betlroom  floor  of  the  building  for  the 
Junior  Carlton  Club,  which  is  gradually  becoming 
conspicuous  on  the  northern  side  of  Pall  Mall. 
Should  this  floor  be  retained,  the  building  will  be 
12ft.  higher  than  the  Reform  Club  (at  present  the 
highest  building  in  Pull  Mall) ;  if,  however,  it  is 
abandoned,  it  will  still  exceed  the  Reform  Club 
by  2ft. 

The  secretary  of  the  Sun  Fire  Insurance  Office 
stated  to  the  Commons'  Select  Committee  of  Last 
session  on  fires,  that  carelessness  in  using  lucifer 
matches  causes  to  that  oflice  a  loss  of  £10,000  a 
year. 

The  annual  meeting  of  the  architectural  society 
of  the  archdeaconry  of  Northampton  was  held  at 
Northampton  on  Monday  last  week.  A  report 
of  the  proceedings  of  the  society  was  read  by  the 
secretary  (the  Rev.  N.  F.  Lightfoot),  which,  on 
the  whole,  received  very  favourably  the  position 
and  prospects  of  the  society.  Plans  for  new 
churches  at  New  England,  near  Peterborough, 
and  at  Kettering  (by  Mr.  Street),  had  been  sub- 
mitted for  the  approval  of  the  committee,  and 
many  other  important  works  had  been  commenced 
and  were  in  progress  under  the  auspices  of  the 
society.  The  financial  affairs  of  the  society  were 
in  a  satisfactory  condition,  although  the  balance  in 
hand  was  considerably  less  than  that  of  last  year, 
in  consequence  of  many  members'  subscriptions 
being  in  arrear. 

On  Monday  last,  Miss  Bulmer,  of  Holmer,  gave 
a  supper  to  the  whole  of  the  workmen  now  em- 
ployed in  building  her  mansion  at  Ailstone  Hill. 
Miss  Bulmer's  mansion  is  being  built  by  Messrs. 
Collins  and  Cullis,  of  Tewkesbury,  and  is  in  a 
very  forward  state. 

We  hear  on  good  authority  that  the  legislative 
dignitaries  of  Jersey  have  it  under  serious  con- 
sideratiou  to  cause  the  erection  of  a  lighthouse  on 
one  of  the  group  of  rocks  known  as  the  Corbicres, 
andsituated  off  the  south-western  end  of  the  island. 
It  is  only  remarkable  that  this  highly  essential 
work  has  not  been  accomplished  long  since.  The 
westof  Jersey,  whichUterallyaboimds  in  rocks,  have 
no  more  dangerous  point  than  that  which  is  the 
site  of  these  same  Corbiores.  It  is  the  terror  of  all 
shipmasters,  and  is  answerable  for  a  long  list  of 
maritime  disasters.  Let  us  hope  that  a  favourable 
view  may  be  taken  of  the  Corbicres  lighthouse 
question  by  those  whose  duty  and  whose  interest 
it  is  to  lessen  the  risks  and  perils  which  environ 
all  who  approach  the  island  of  Jersey  by  night. 

The  Abyssinian  churches  are  generally  built  on 
the  summits  of  hills  in  the  midst  of  cypress 
groves.  They  are  roimd,  with  conical  roofs,  and 
divided,  after  the  Jewish  model,  into  three  parts. 
The  outer  court  is  open  ;  the  second,  which  is 
closed,  is  used  for  public  worship  ;  the  third 
and  innermost  enclosure  corresponding  to  the 
Jewish  Holy  of  Holies.  This  is  only  entered  by 
the  priest,  and  contains  the  tabot  or  ark  in  which 
the  sacred  books  and  vessels  are  kept.  The  ex- 
terior of  this  enclosure  is  painted  with  sacred  sub- 
jects (by  native  artists),  of  great  amusement 
to  Europeans. 

The  Athencexim,  speaking  of  the  various  mo- 
tives that  induce  Englishmen  to  visit  Paris,  says 
the  admiration  of  the  English-speaking  guide  to 
the  Cathedral  of  Notre  Dame  for  the  Emperor  is 
immen.=e.  He  says  Napoleon  111.  has  done  more 
for  the  cathedral  than  any  monarch  since  Clovis — 
he  has  so  arranged  the  streets  that,  at  the  next  re- 


volution, ho  can  blow  down  everyone  in  that  quar- 
ter without  hurting  the  church — the  guide's  test 
of  a  true  s;iviour  of  society. 

The  authorities  of  Paris  have  accepted  a  tender 
for  the  construction  of  an  experimental  iron 
bridge  for  foot  p^visengers,  for  the  junction  of  four 
streets.  The  experiment  of  relieving  crowded 
streets  by  such  means  is  to  be  tried,  at  first,  at  the 
spot  where  the  Rue  de  Madrid  and  Rue  Rochet 
cross  each  other. 

A  short  time  since  we  gave  a  description  of 
a  project  for  bridaing  the  Channel  between 
England  and  France.  We  now  hear  that  M. 
Boulet,  the  inventor  and  an  engineer,  is  getting  up 
a  company  for  the  purpose  of  making  experiments 
on  a  large  scale,  aud  half  the  capital  required  has 
already  been  subscribed.  The  bridge  is  to  be  con- 
structed in  metal,  .and  supported  upon  piles 
carried  down  to  the  bottom  of  the  Channel, 
the  enormoiLs  weight  to  be  alleviated  by  a  series 
of  gigantic  buoys.  The  wish  of  the  inventor 
is  now  to  construct  a  large  model  across  some 
river  or  other,  all  the  proportions  being  carefully 
observed. 

The  inhabitants  of  Maidstone  and  its  vicinity 
have  just  presented  an  address  to  E.  L.  Betts, 
Esq.,  the  well-known  contractor,  on  the  occasion 
of  his  departure  from  Preston  Hall.  Amongst 
numerous  signatures  are  several  peers  and  gentle- 
men of  position,  who  express  to  Mr.  Betts  their 
"  deep  regret  at  the  circumstances  connected  with 
the  cause  of  your  departure,  and  their  deepest 
sympathy  with  you  under  misfortunes  so  rarely 
paralleled,  and  so  equally  unmerited.  During  a 
period  of  nineteen  years  you  have  often  been  the 
originator,  and  alw.ays  the  promoter,  of  every 
measure  that  woidd  tend  to  advance  the  science 
of  agriculture,  and  elevate  the  character  of  the 
labouring  poor.  By  you  schools  have  been 
erected,  reading  rooms  opened,  old  charities  have 
been  sustained,  and  new  ones  established ;  your 
aims  have  been  directed  to  the  relief  of  the  sick, 
and  the  support  of  the  needy.  What  you  and 
Mrs.  Betts  efl'ected  in  the  parish  of  Aylesf ord  alone 
entitles  you  to  the  gratitude  of  its  inhabitants, 
leaving  marks  in  strong  characters  not  easily 
efi'aced."  Mr.  E.  L.  Betts,  replying  from  Betch- 
worth,  feeUngly  thanked  them  for  their  kindness, 
and  expressed  a  hope  that  ere  long  he  would  again 
become  a  re.sideut  of  his  native  county,  to  which 
he  was  bound  by  so  many  ties. 

Mr.  J.  T.  Dexter,  corresponding  secretary  of  the 
P.aris  Excursion  Committee,  in  a  letter  says  : — I 
have  had  little  leisure  to  examine  for  myself  the 
vast  resources  within  the  building  in  the  Champ 
de  Mars.  But  the  testimony  of  men  whom  I  am 
bound  to  regard  as  qualified  to  pronounce  upon 
such  matters  Is  given  with  all  but  unanimous 
consent  to  the  veidict  that,  judged  by  their  work, 
the  French  artizans  are  outstripping  our  own 
more  free  aud  hardy  workmen,  not  alone  in  taste 
and  delicate  manipulation,  but  also  in  solid  work- 
manship and  skill.  To  mark  thL^  concUtion,  and 
to  ascertain  the  causes  which  have  conduced  to 
it,  is  nothing  less  than  our  duty. 

Mdlle.  Pauline  Lucca  has  been  singing  at 
Frankfort.  The  proceeds  of  the  concert  iu  which 
she  took  part  are  to  be  devoted  to  the  rebuilding 
of  the  Frankfort  Cathedral. 

On  Saturday  last,  the  Rev.  W.  Dundas,  and 
about  sixty  persons,  consisting  of  a  few  friends  and 
the  workmen  who  have  been  employed  by  him  iu 
the  erection  of  Saint  Augustine's  Church,  Mont- 
pelier,  dined  together  at  the  Old  England  Tavern, 
Bristol.  Mr.  Dundas  occupied  the  chair,  and  was 
supported  by  several  clergymen.  Mr.  Dundas's 
health  was  drank  with  the  greatest  enthusiasm,  and 
a  very  pleasant  evening  was  spent. 

It  m.ay  be  as  well  to  record  that  after  the  1st  of 
January  next,  between  10  o'clock  in  the  morning 
and  7  in  the  evening,  the  removal  of  ashes,  dust, 
or  refuse  from  any  house  in  any  street  in  the  me- 
tropolis, as  named  by  the  police  commissioner, 
will  be  prohibited  imder  the  New  Traffic  Act. 

The  works  at  the  Holbom  Valley  are  being 
pushed  forward  with  energy,  and  probably  in  little 
more  than  a  year  hence  the  ordinary  street  traffic 
will  be  conveyed  along  the  viaduct  now  in  course 
of  erection,  though  the  whole  improvement  in  all 
its  parts  can  hardly  be  completed  in  less  than  two 
years  from  this  time. 

In  1823  the  city  of  Paris  sold  its  yearly  crop  of 
mud  for  £3,000 ;  in  1831  the  renters  paid  for  it 
£5,600,  and  £20,000  in  1845.  The  price  has  now 
reached  .£2  i,O0u.  This  mud,  when  kept  for  some 
time  in  rotting  tanks,  is  sold  as  manure  at  the 
rate  of  from  3f.  to  5f.  per  cubic  metre. 


750 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


October  25,  1867. 


A  stained  glass  window  has  been  erected  to  the 
memory  of  the  late  rector  in  the  restored  east 
wall  of  Haseley  Church,  near  Warwick,  by  Mr. 
Holland,  of  that  town.  It  is  divided  into  three 
compartments,  with  subjects  in  medallions  in  each, 
of  the  Annunciation,  Nativity,  and  Crucifixion, 
with  angels  and  suitable  ornamental  work  filling 
up  the  other  portions. 

The  newly  macadamized  roads  in  Liverpool  are 
now  rolled  by  a  traction  engine,  having  two  side 
wheels,  each  2ft.  6in.  wide  by  5ft.  diameter,  and 
one  driving  wheel  2ft.  6in.  wide  by  7ft.  dianieter. 
The  weight  upon  the  wheels  is  30  tons,  which  is 
aulficient  to  consolidate  the  macadam  by  passing 
once  or  twice  over  it.  This  is  a  great  improvement 
on  the  old  system. 

An  interestmg  and  satisfactory  trial  of  a  novel 
combined  steam  and  hydraulic  steam  crane  took 
place  on  Tuesday,  at  Liverpool.  The  crane  is 
invented  by  Mr.  A.  C.  Brown,  C.E.,  of  the  firm  of 
Brown,  Wilson,  and  Co.,  by  whom  it  was  con- 
structed. The  advantages  claimed  by  the  patentee 
are  the  direct  utilization  of  the  elastic  force  of 
steam,  governed  by  the  inelasticity  of  water;  the 
high  working  gpeed  of  load  with  low  speed  of  ma- 
chinery ;  the  total  absence  of  all  cog  wheels  or 
revolving  parts  ;  lastly,  est.  erne  portability,  com- 
bined with  great  power  and  speed,  and  without 
noise.  It  can  raise  30  cwt.  at  a  speed  of  800ft. 
per  minute,  and  it  has,  at  the  Hamburg  Docks, 
where  sixteen  have  been  at  work,  raised  as  many 
as  ninety  parcels  of  1  ton  each  per  hour,  or  900 
tons  per  day  of  ten  hours  with  a  consumption  of 
coal  equal  to  4  cwt.  The  crane  is  the  first  of  its 
kind  in  Liverpool,  and  has  been  supplied  to  the 
Bridgewater  Trust,  the  engineers  and  other  officers 
of  which  express  themselves  as  highly  pleased 
with  its  performance. 

The  Executive  Committee  of  the  National  Ex- 
hibition of  Works  of  Art  to  be  held  at  Leeds  in 
18ii8,  have  received  the  most  encouraging  assur- 
ances of  support  in  their  efforts  to  bring  together 
a  collection  of  sculpture  in  marble  worthy  of  the 
English  school.  Several :of  our  most  distinguished 
soidptors  have  evinced  a  warm  interest  in  the  ex- 
hibition, while  many  well-known  patrons  of  art 
have  promised  examples  from  their  collections. 
Henry  li.  Sandbach,  Esq.,  has  oftered  in  the  most 
lioeral  manner,  Gibson's  famous  chef  d'(Buvre, 
"  The  Hunter,"  together  with  the  "  Aurora,"  by 
the  same  eminent  sculptor,  the  "  Xymph  Preparing 
for  the  Bath,"  by  Wyatt,  and  the  "  Shepherdess 
and  Faun,"  by  Spence.  W.  R.  Sandbach,  Esq., 
will  lend  "  The  Angel's  WMsper,"  by  Spence ; 
and  Sir  F.  Crossley,  Bart.,  F.  Bennoch,  Esq.,  H. 
Barnard,  Esq.,  J.  Kainey,  Esq.,  James  Kitson, 
Esq.,  and  Arthur  Lupton,  Esq.,  wUI  also  contri- 
bute. 

A  new  thoroughfare,  being  an  extension  of 
Serle-street,  Lincoln's  Inn-iields,  intersecting  the 
site  of  the  New  Law  Courts,  and  lear '  '-jj  into  the 
Strand  through  Picket-place,  is  in  course  of  for- 
mation. To  affect  this  it  has  been  necessary  to  pull 
down  several  houses  in  Carey-street  between  Hem- 
lock and  New  courts  and  the  premises  in  the  rear. 
The  buildings  in  Star,  Crown,  and  Robmhood  courts 
have  already  been  removed,  and  in  order  to  com- 
plete a  direct  and  continuous  communication  for 
carriage  traffic  from  Holboru  to  the  Strand,  the 
houses  in  Great  Turnstile  wUl  be  puUed  down  and 
the  thoroughfare  w^r'ened.  By  the  opening  of 
thisim;  )rtant thoroughfare  the  necessity  of  widen- 
ing Chancery-lane  will  be  obviated.  A  large  por- 
tion of  the  intended  site  for  the  New  Law  Courts, 
between  Boswell-court,  Carey-street,  and  Bell- 
yard,  Fleet-street,  has  been  cleared ;  but  it  is 
stated  that  building  operations  will  not  be  com- 
menced until  the  spring  of  the  ensuing  year. 


lintunl  ^ii 


CO' 

— ♦ — 

SINCE  we  opened  "  Intercommunication"  a 
variety  of  questions  appertaining  to  the 
price  of  books,  apparatus,  machines,  and  many 
other  matters,  have  reached  us.  These  questiins, 
which  are  evidently  asked  by  young  men,  stu- 
dents, and  others,  while  not  sufficiently  important 
for  the  "  Intercommunication"  department,  ought 
not  to  be  altogether  disregarded.  We  have,  there- 
fore, determined  to  open  another  column,  under 
the  title  of  "  JIutual  Aid,"  where  qutstious  of 
minor  importance  may  be  answered.  Tlie  ques- 
tions will  not  be  numbered,  as  in  "Intercommu- 
nication," and  the  less  space  they  occiqiy  the 
better.     Judging  from  the   inquiries  which  have 


hitherto  reached  us,  we  should  say,  as  "  Inter- 
communication" is  chiefly  characterized  by  pro- 
fessional matters,  "Mutual  Aid"  should  be  de- 
voted principally  to  trade  matters.  "Mutual 
Aid,"  like  '■  Intercommunication,"  will  depend 
almost  entirely  on  what  our  correspondents  make 
it.  The  following  may  be  looked  upon  as  samples 
of  the  questions  asked  ;— 

Could  you  please  inform  me  of  a  work  on  botany,  with 
good  illu.stmtions,  suitable  for  the  assistance  of  a  carver, 
and  price  ? — J.  T.  P. 

Will  "L.  S.,"  who  T\Tote  in  the  last  number  of  the 
Building  New.s,  inform  me  of  auy  particular  place  where 
I  can  obtain  the  sliilling  work  on  perspective,  by  Aaron 
Peuley.  It  is  named  in  an  answer  by  "  i,.  S." — A.  Brown. 
Darlington,  October  21. 

What  eahiry  might  a  young  architect,  of  five  years'  ex- 
perience, and  average  abilities,  expect  to  get  as  an  assistant 
in  London  or  in  EtUuburgh  ? — W.  D. 

Could  you  recommend  me  good  books  to  study  on  con- 
struction and  on  building  materials  ? — G.  T. 

I  should  feel  obhged  if  some  one  could  inform  me  of  an 
inexpensive  apparatus  for  taking  portraits — but  particularly 
of  buildings— on  glass.  If  the  necessary  articles  were 
enumerated,  and  the  probable  price,  I  should  take  it  as  a 
great  favour. — A  Regular  Reader. 

I  should  like  to  obtain  a  second-hand  copy  of  "  Ure's 
Dictionary  of  the  Arts."— J.  T. 

I  have  a  good  gaselier,  the  stem  of  which  is  4ft.  long, 
with  glass  pendants,  I  should  be  glad  to  e.xchange  for  a  copy 
of  Culliug's  "Art  Foliage  "  in  tolerable  condition.— W.  W. 

GOLD  PAINT.— I  should  be  obUged  if  any  ono  would 
inform  me  of  the  cheapest  and  best  gold  paint'.— Isouted. 

EARTH  CLOSET.— Will  some  one  inform  me  of  the  price 
of  Moule's  e.irth  closets. — W.  W. 

TURNING  LATHE.— I  want  a  turning  lathe,  and  should 
like  to  exchange  for  it  a  small  mahogany  bookcase. — Mr. 
Roberts,  Jun. 

STAINING  GLASS.— What  is  the  best  and  cheapest 
elementary  book  on  stained  gtiss. — Gothic. 


S^rabe  Stetos. 


TENDERS. 

DcLWicH. — For  Dalwich  Station  on  London  and  Sutton 
Junction  Line.  3rlr.  Chas.  Barry,  architect : — Waterson, 
i;4,990  ;  Brackerand  Son,  £4,600  ;  Patrick  and  Son,  £4,550  ; 
Simms  and  Marten,  £4,397  ;  Chappell,  £4,25S  ;  Winship, 
£4,250;  Jackson  and  Shaw,  £4,028;  Sawyer,  £3,991; 
Perry  and  Co.,  £3,975  ;  Rutt  and  Co.,  £3,931 :  Myera  and 
Sons,  £3,839 ;  Bull  and  Son,  £3,832. 

LoKDOX.— For  erecting  the  new  school  hall,  Mr.  John 
Crawley,  architect :— Bird  (accepted)  £l,930. 

■  London.— For  alteration  and  addition  to  130,  Old  Kent- 
ro.d,  for  Mr.  T.  Couldeiy  :— Linsdall,  £3S2  ;  Randall, £364; 
Whittick  (accepted)  £314. 

London. — For  stabling  at  Southside  House,  Holloway, 
Mr.  J.  W.  Dennison,  architect: — Mann,  £C87;  Crabb  and 
Vaughau,  £659. 

London. — For  thi-ee  houses  and  a  Baptist  Chapel  at 
South  Kensington.  Messrs.  C.  G.  Searle  and  Son,  archi- 
tects:— 

Houses.  Chapels, 

Foiley t5,S00  £7,550 

P.atman  <fc  Fotheringhani  6,4SS  0,798 

Gammon  fc  Sons .'i,481  6,359 

Sims  &,  Marten 5,173  6,002 

Hedges 5,276 6^455 

CoDs  (fa  Son 5,1.'UU  6,427 

Perry  <fe  Co 5,'2:0  6,'325 

Dove  Brothers 5,320  6,273 

Ennor 5,084  6,4i0 

Higgs 5,i«J3  C,2o5 

London.— For  alterations  and  additions  to  offices  and 
^^arehouses,  CanDon-atreet,  City,  for  the  India-rubher 
Company  (Limited).  Mr.  James  K.  Colling,  ai'chitect. 
Quantities  not  supplied  : — Myei-s  and  Sons,  £1,997  ;  Brown, 
tl,SOO  ;  Patman  and  Fotberiiighara,  £1,S00  ;  Kirk,  £1,734  '; 
Duve  Brothers,  £l,6S5;  Langmead  and  Way,  £1,050  ■ 
Phillips,  £1,540 

Luton. — For  Luton  Com  Exchange.  Messrs.  Messenger 
aud  Giuidy,  ;uclutects: — Isighiingale.  £3,21*5  ;  Thomas  and 
Sou,  £3,:ii'0  ;  Pattiuson,  ±3,000;  Nutt  aud  Co.,  £2,'J4S  ; 
3I;inley  and  Rogers,  £2,y00  ;  Simms  and  Marten,  X2.750  ; 
Dennett  aud  Co.,  £2,625  ;  Rogers  and  Son  (accepted), 
2,533;  Smart  Brothers,  £2.529. 

PoRTsaiouTH. — For  the  erection  of  engine  and  boiler 
houses,  <S:c.,  for  the  sewage  pxmiping  works  at  E;tstney,  for 
the  Corporation.  Quantities  supplied.  J.  E.  Greanrex, 
borough  engineer,  architect : — Simms  and  Marten,  £2,9^0  ; 
Bull  aud  Suns,  £3,SSI ;  Frederick  Furuiss,  £3.^75;  Bur- 
bidge,  £3,703  13s. ;  W.  R.  aud  C.  Kight  (accepted),  £3,593  ; 
Stevens,  £3,423. 

Rowley  Regis. — For  the  erection  of  a  new  church,  Bhuk 
Heath,  Rowley  Regis.  Mr.  W.  J.  Hopkins,  architect, 
Worce.ster  : — J.  Wilson  and  Son,  Soho  Hill,  Handawoilh 
(accepted),  £r.,00l>. 

South  Haylin^.— For  the  erection  of  the  West  Town 
Hotel,  South  Hayling,  Hants.  Mr.  F.  Whitaker,  3,  West- 
minster Chambers,  Victoria-street,  architect.  Quantii-iea 
supplied: -Fish,  £2,054;  Perry,  £2,050;  Welch,  £1,«lO  ; 
Lathey  Brothers,  £1.595  ;  Trigg,  £1,575;  Stredder,  £1,31:2  ; 
H.  Tyler(:iccepted),  £S45. 

WooL-STANTON. — Fot  villa  residence,  at  Woolstanton,  for 
Mr.  Thomas  Hassels.  Mr.  Kalph  Dain,  Burslem,  archi- 
tect :—Mattliew.s.  £743  16.^.;  Woolrich,  £670;  Bennett 
and  Briudluy,  £635;  Bowden,  £582  ;  Collis  and  Hudson, 
£580;  Beech,  £573;  Biackhurst  (accepted),  £572. 


BATH  STONE  OF  BEST  QUALITY. 

Randell  and  Saunders,  Quarrymen  and  Stone  Mf 
chants,  Bath.  List  of  Prices  at  the  Quarries  and  Deix>i 
also  Cost  for  Transit  to  any  part  of  the  United  Kingdoi 
furnished  on  application  to  Bath  Stone  Office,  Carsha' 
Wilts.— [Advt.] 


PROPERTY  SALES. 

Oct.  16 

At   the    Mart.— By  Mr.    H.    So wdon.— Freehold  p 

plots  of  building  land,  situate  at  Norwood,  Surrey— st 

for  £2S2. 

Oct.  17 

At  the  Mart.— By  Mr.  Ward.— Leasehold  house,  > 
3,  Vine-place,  Bond-street,  Vauxliall,  annual  value  £27 1 
per  annum,\,6rm  70  years  from  1847,  at  £4  10s.  per  aam 
-£180. 

Leasehold  two  houses,  Nos.  21  and  22,  ChuTch-Btrt 
Kennington,  producing  £44  IGs.  per  annum,  term  78  ye; 
from  1845,  at  £6  per  annum — £335. 

Leasehold  improved  ground  rents,  amounting  to  £70] 
annum  for  S2  yeai-s,  secured  upon  houses  at  Kenningt 
and  Camberwell — £1,075. 

By  Mr.  Newbou. — Freehold  ground  rents,  amounting 
£'-i2  per  annnm,  secured  on  Nos.  14  to  17,  Grafton-terra 
Maitland  Park,  Haverstock  Hill.— £705. 

Leasehold  house,  1^0.  66,  Carl  ton -street,  Kentish  Tow 
annual  value  £32,  term  83  years,  ground  rent  £9— £280. 

Leasehold  residence,  No.  1,  Stanley-road,  and  hou 
builder's  yard,  workshop,  and  stable  in  the  rear,  Nos.  1  a 
2,  Alexander  road.  Upper  Holloway,  term  99  years  fr< 
1S59,  at  £10  10s.  per  annum— £1,290. 

Leasehold  residence.  No  20,  Oxford  road,  HaUifo 
street,  Essex-road,  Islington,  annual  value  £50,  tei 
78  years,  ground  rent  £6  10s.  per  annum— £445. 

By  Messrs.  Hards  and  Vaughan.  -  Freehold  eeta 
situate  at  Sidcup,  Kent,  consisting  of  a  residence,  w 
stable,  garden,  and  seven  acres  of  building  ground — £3,3 

Leasehold  house  and  shop.  No.  4,  Frederick 's-pla 
Lewisham,  let  on  lease  at  £50  per  annum,  term  Gyjye 
from  1S41,  at  £0  10s.  per  annum— £715. 

Leasehold  house,  shop,  and  premises.  No.  5,  Fredericl 
place,  Lewisham,  let  at  £55  per  annum,  term  SO  years  fr 
1841,  at  £8  peraunum— £720. 

Leasehold  residence,  known  as  Rose  Cottage,  Lady  Wt 
Lewisham,  let  at  £24  per  annum,  term  99  years  from  18 
at  £4  per  annum— £220. 

Leasehold  two  residences  and  plot  of  land,  Nos.  1  a 
2,  Creed  place,  Maize  Hill,  Greenwich,  producing  £55 
annum,  term  45  years  unexpired,  at  £9  4s.  i>er  annun 
£550. 

At  the  Guildhall  Coffee-house. — By  Mr.  Mareh 
Freehold  estate  known  as  Verulam  Hill  Farm,  St.  .Vlba 
Herts,  comprising  house,  buildings,  and  50  acres  of  land 
£4,590. 

Fc^ehold  ground  rents,  amounting  to  £S0  2s.  per 
num,  secured  upon  eight  houses  and  plot  of  land  at  P( 
ham — £2,650. 

Freehold  1 J  acres  of  gardens  and  premises,  situate  in: 
of  above— £1,010. 

Freehold  residence  known  as  Clifton  House,  East 
wich,  let  at  £60  per  annum— £1,060. 

Freehold  residence  known  as  Malmesbury  House,  E 
DiUwich,  with  buildings  and  2  j  acres  of  land,  let  at  £ 
per  annum — £2,700. 

Freehold  7a.  3r.  31p.  of  building  land,  fronting  Pi 
Rye— £6,300. 

Oct. 

At  the  Mart.— By  Mr.  Robert  Reid. — Freehold  _ 
rents  amounting  to  £71  per  annum,  secured  on  proj 
in  High  street,  Rickmansworth,   Herts— £1,485. 

Leasehold  residence  known  as  Arlington  Villa,  43, 
ley-road,  St.  John's-wood,  term  70  years  unexpired,  at 
per  annum — £1,850. 

Leasehold  house  and  shop.  No.   35.  Devonsbire-i 
Portland -place,  term  16^  years  unexpired,  at  £7  per 
—£600. 

By    Messrs,     Debenham,    Storr,    and    Sons.^ 
ground  rent  of  £12  i>er  annum,  secured  upon  Nos.  6 
Hamilton- grove -road,  Gipsy  Hill,  Norwood,  £240. 

Leasehold  ground  rents  of  £50  per  annum  (for  85  yi 
secured  upon  six  residences  in  King  Henrj's-road,  Adel 
ruad,  Hampatead — £945. 

Leasehold  residence,  No.  210,  New  Cross-road,  Dei 
let  at  £67  per  annum,  term  43  years  unexpired,  at  £7 
annum — £700. 

Leasehold  two  residences,  situat*  at  West  Hill,  8; 
ham,  let  at  £70  each  per  annum,  term  84  years  uneX] 
at  £24  30s.  per  annum — £840  each- 
Leasehold  house.  No.  2a,  Holland-street,  Church- 
Kensington,  let  at  £32  per  annum,   term  76  years 
pired,  at  £6  per  annum— £285. 


I 


BAKERUPTS, 

to  surrender  IX  basinoha_ll-steeet. 

William  Collin,  Putney  Common,  timber  dealer,  Octol 
31,  at  11 — John  Curtis,  New  Wimbledou,  Surrey,  buildi 
October  31,  at  12  -  William  Davies,  Lennox-road,  Stro 
Green-lane,  Islington,  builder,  October  31,  at  11— Jol 
Rider,  Comptou-street,  Goswell-road,  and  Clt:a8by  Villi 
ToUington  Pfirk,  timber  bender,  October  31,  at  1— Josi, 
Archer,  Sliru bland- road,  Dalston,  builder,  November 
at  11— Hvde  Bateuiau,  Coleman-street- buildings,  survey* 
and  Radnor  Works,  King's-road,  Chelsea,  engineer,  Novel 
ber  4,  at  1— E.  Scally,  Fitu'-rents.  Hoxton  Old  Tow 
■stonemason,  Novt^raber  7,  at  1 — P'rederick  Springall,  Ei 
Ham,  buildei,  November  4,  at  11— William  Townsend,£ 
Mary  Cray,  Kent,  builder,  November  4,  at  12. 

TO  SURRENDER  IN  THE  COUNTRY. 

John  Adams,  Hereford  and  jVlIcnsmore,  Herefordshii 
brickmaker,  Novemlier  ] — John  Best,  jun.,  Seaforlh,  Lii 
cashire,  joiner,  October  31  -H.  Butler,  Southwell,  Nottu: 
hamsliire,  plumber,  October  23— Henry  David  Ciea!,  Foi 
land,  Dorsetshire,  bricklayer,  OctoVjur  30— Richard  Jod« 
Llandudno,  plasterer,  Octoi^er  '28— Vincent  Lock,  AU 
near  Langi>ort,  timber  feller,  Oetober  2S. 


November  1,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


751 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 

I  ^ 

'm  LONDON,  FRIDAY,  XOVEMBER  !,  1S6I. 


I 


,,THE  PROPOSED   NEW  LAW  COURTS. 

A  BROAD,  the  unsettled  aspect  of  what  is 
A      called  the  political    horizon    at  home, 
3e    equally   unsettled    state    of    the  money 
market,  and  the  no  less  unsettled  state  of  Ire- 
land, are   conditions  not   altogether  the  most 
favourable  to  the  study  of  tlie  arts  of  peace. 
The  competition  for  that  great  national  work 
whicli  occupied  so  niucli  attention  durin;^  tlie 
past  summer,    seems  to   have  quietly  drifted 
away  from  us,  and  to  have  become  already  a 
thing  of  the  past.      It  is  perhaps  just  as  well 
that  it  should   be  so.      No  one  who  took  tlie 
trouble  to  examine  carefully  the  very  limited 
number  of  designs  which  so  inadequately  re- 
:esented  the  position  of   Euglisli    art    and 
iglish  architects,  and  no   one    who,  know- 
ig  nothing  of  plans,  will  yet   calmly   read 
le  reports  of  the    Commission  now   before 
can    fail,   we     should   think,    to  arrive 
any    other    conclusion     than    that    em- 
idied  in    the     sixth    paragraph  of   Messrs. 
Shaw  and  Pownall's   report,   in  which  tliey 
express   it,    as  their    decided  "opinion,  that 
it    is   impossible    properly   to   provide"  the 
accommodation  required  on  the  proposed  site. 
This  report   is  dated   May  13,  1867,  and  may 
be  taken  as  the  lirst  indication  of  a  desire  on 
the  part  of  the  authorities  to  treat  the  whole 
luatler  as  the  National   Gallery  competition 
was  treated,   and  shelve  the   (question   until 
Buch  time  as  the  mistake  of  limited  competi- 
tions for  national  works   shall  be  fully   re- 
cognized.     One  word,  by   the  way,  on   this 
question   of  limited    competition.     We  liave 
Heard  it  argued   that  it  is  the   kindest  thing 
you  can  do  to  the  profession  to  limit  all  com- 
petitions to  a  few  men  (not  exceeding,  we  sup- 
pose, in  any  case,  twelve).     The  fortunate  few 
aay  to  their  less  fortunate  brethren,  "  What 
is  the  use  of  your  spending  so  much  time  and 
money  out  of  pocket  in  preparing  drawings, 
the  mere  size  of  which  compel  you  at  start- 
ing to  rent  extra  othces,  when  you  know,  or 
ought  to   know,  that   there  are   only  twelve 
men  in  Great  Britain  really  able  to  enter  the 
lists — viz.,   Messrs.  Abrahams,  E.   M.  Barry, 
Irandon,  Burges,  Deane,  Garling,  Lockwood, 
iddon.   Street,  Scott,  AVaterhouse,  and  Gib- 
son ;   and  that   all   others  would   lose  both 
their  money  and  their  temper  in  a  vain  and 
vexatious    combat."      We   quite     admit  the 
truth  and  common  sense  of  all  this,  only,  in 
the   first  place,  there  is  no    necessity   for  a 
quantity  of  large  drawings   in   order  to  find 
out  the   best  architect.     In  the  second  place, 
we  do   not    know    that    the    twelve    archi- 
tects just  named  are  the  only  men  capable  of 
designing  a  large  building.     AVhat  is  wanted, 
in  order  to  bring  into  light  the  art  power  of 
the  nations,  is  not  a  competition,  limited  in 
the  immber  of  competitors,  but  limited  in  the 
<^uantity  of  manual  labour  required  to  show 
forth  not  so  much  the  design  as  the  know- 
ledge of  the  designer.     One  plan,  one  eleva- 
tion, and  one  section,  are  quite  sutHcient  ma- 
terial to  enable  any  capable  judge  to  form  an 
opinion  as  to  tlie  relative  powers  of  the  com- 
petitors, whilst   an   incapable,  judge   is   only 
confused   and  rendered  more  hopelessly  in- 
ethcient  by  a  number  of  drawings.     To  talk, 
therefore,  of  expense  and  time  in  preparing  a 
competitive    design    is  very   Like  condoning 
one  of  the    greatest  evils  of  competitions  ; 
and  when  an  architect  makes  this  a  reason 
for  limiting  the   number  of  competitors  he 
tacitly    accepts    the     deplorable    conditions 
which    beset   the   very   important    question, 
conditions  that  are  a  disgrace  to  a  profession 
which  has  allowed  itself  to  be  so  permeated 
with  desire  for  gain  that  it  seems  to  be  losing 
all  sense  of  honour  and  manliness.     Had  the 
selected   architects   been    less    hungry   for 


JISI 

We< 

■^^  SOI 


popidaiity  and  pence  we  might  ha\e 
taken  an  immense  stride  towards  the  re- 
form of  the  whole  question  of  architec- 
tural competition.  Had  any  such  thing  as 
brotlierhood  in  art  existed,  an  attempt  would 
have  been  made  to  reduce  the  conditions  to 
the  very  simplest  and  easiest,  so  simple  and 
easy  that  every  man  in  the  profession  might 
have  had  his  chance,  and  wdiether  he  had  or 
had  not  a  good  balance  at  his  banker,  might 
not  necessarily  liave  sulfcred.  Some  of  the 
twelve  we  believe  would  not  risk  (if  they 
could  possibly  lielp  it)  the  fall  of  their  repu- 
tation by  entering  the  lists  with  any  stranger 
knight ;  but  the  great  cliampions  of  art,  who 
have  written  and  done  so  much  for  arts'  sake, 
whose  chiefest  care  is  to  see  the  country  once 
again  possessed  by  the  good  spirit  of  art,  who 
long,  ere  they  die,  to  behold  England  the 
nursing  mother  of  a  living  nalicmal  architec- 
ture,— these  we  did  think  might  have  re- 
membered that  England  and  its  art  plough- 
land  had  other  labourers  beside  themselves, 
younger  perhaps,  but  filled  with  as  much 
zeal  for  their  work,  as  much  hope  for  the 
future,  and  quite  as  strongly  rooted  in  the 
principles  of  their  art  as  tlie  greatest  of  the 
favoured  ones.  It  surely  cannot  be  that  the 
professions  of  these  men,  upon  wliose  words, 
in  books  and  papers,  from  cbair  and  platform, 
the  young  architect  has  iondly  liung,  hoping 
much  and  believing  more,  that  these  out- 
bursts of  indignation,  those  challenges  in  the 
cause  of  art  and  truth,  those  lively  meetings 
and  exciting  discussions,  were  all  so  much 
clap -trap.  It  seems  hard  to  be  obliged  to 
lielieve  it  was  so.  It  seems  hard  to  have  to 
tell  the  young  architects  of  this  generation 
that  the  men  in  whom  they  trustej,  as  leaders 
of  their  cause,  have  failed  them  in  their  need 
and  kept  them  back  from  every  chance  of 
winning  their  spurs. 

It  was  on  May  13th,  Messrs.  Shaw  and  Pow- 
naU  reported  that  the  site  is  insufficient  for  the 
purpose.     This  was  no  new  discovery.     Four 
months  before,  we  wrote*  "the  site  appear  to 
us  to  have  two  great  defects — first,  a  deficiency 
of  area  when  compared  with  the  requirements 
of  the  Commissioners,  and  with  the  amount  of 
light  necessary  for  the  pro])er  illumination  of 
the  internal  courts,"   &c.,   &c.     IMessrs.  Shaw 
and    PownaU   start  by  condemning  the  site, 
and  require  an  enlarged  area — first,  in  order  to 
obtain  suflicient  light  and  air  for  the  several 
internal   coiu'ts  ;  second,    "  as  facilitating  the 
placing    the   courts   and   some   of  the   more 
frequented  and  important  offices  on   a  lower 
level  than  has  been  found  practicable  in  any 
of    the   present  designs,"     and   they  further 
consider  this  change  in  "  level  important  both 
as  regards  the  convenience  of  the  judges  as 
well  as  of  the  numerous  persons  attending  the 
courts  and   offices."    To   this  the  joint  Com- 
mittee of  Bar  and  Solicitors,  in  their  report, 
dated  Jime  5th,  1867,  dissent  as  far  as   con- 
cerns the  convenience  of  the  profession,  and 
persist   in  claiming  the   floor   above   Carey- 
street  as  the  best  level  for  courts.     But  this 
dissent  is  valueless  unless  the  Committee   of 
Bar  and  Solicitors  are  prepared  to   add  that 
light  and  air  have  nothing  to  do  with  the  "con- 
venience of  the  profession."      The   light   and 
air  question,  which  is  the  great  question,  the 
professional  committee  has  preferred  to  avoid 
altogether.      But  it  is  quite  clear  that,  luiless 
the  business  of  the  country  is  to  be  carried  on 
in  tubes,  wliich  jieople  may  dignify  by  calling 
rooms   with    "  powerful    artificial  means   for 
eft'ecting  ventilation,"  it  is  simply  impossible 
to  provide  upon  the  proposed  site  the  pro- 
posed accommodation,  ^^'ith  the    exception  of 
the      huge — the      insurmountable — objection 
aft'orded  by  the  limited  area  of  the  site,  the 
reports  which,  by  the  way,  are   "  formed   en- 
tirely without  reference  to  the  relative  merit 
of  the  designs  as  architectural  compositions,"  are 
clearly  in  favour  of  Mr.  Waterhouse  and  Mr. 
E.  M.  Barry.     The  Bar  and  Solicitors  have 
such  a  strong  opinion  of  Mr.  Waterhouse's 
plan  that,  but  for  Messrs.  Shaw  and  PownaU, 

\  *  See  SciLDiKG  News  for  January  11th. 


it  could  not  have  failed  to  stand  liigh  in  the 
estimation  of  the  final   court  of  appoah     On 
the  other  hand,  few  reports  could  have  been 
more  laudatory  of  Mr.  E.  M.    Bariy  than  is 
that  of  Messrs.  Shaw  and  PownaU.     In   the 
opinion  of  these  gentlemen,  Jlr.  E.  M.  Barr3''s 
plan  "offers    the   greatest  advantages"   in — 
1,    the    arrangement    of    courts   and  judges' 
rooms  ;     2,     the     aU     important     question 
of    light    and     air  ;     3,    the     scarcely     less 
imijortant  desideratum,  quiet ;  4,  the  relative 
position  of  departments  ;  5,  the  accesses  and 
staircases  to   ofiices,   general   communication 
and    intercommunication  ;    0,   separation    of 
tralfic  ;    7,  spare  rooms ;    and  8,  arrangement 
of  water-closets,  &c.     Notliing  could  bo  more 
cnni])letely  in  favour  of  Mr.  Barry  than  this. 
Now  tlie  only  distinctive   praise  awarded  to 
Mr.     Waterhouse     by     Messrs.     Shaw    and 
PownaU  is  coucerniug  the  arrangement  of  the 
Registry  of  Judgments.     Mr.  Lockwood  gets 
k-Si!os-  for  his  central  hall ;  Mr.  Burges  for  re- 
freshments, lunacy,  and  registries  generally ; 
Mr.  Scott  for  some  thirteen  departments,  in- 
cluding the     Taxing    Master's,   Accountant- 
General's,  Record,  and  the  group  of  ecclesias- 
tical  courts   generally  ;    and   so   on.     But  it 
may  be  remarked  in  this  report  that  not  only 
is  Mr.  Waterhouse  kept  in  the  back-ground, 
but  even  that  back-ground  is  made  more  dark 
than  it  need  have  been  by  the  condemnation 
of  many  of  the  chief  features  of  his  j)lan  im- 
jdied  in  the   excessive  praise  given  to  those 
plans  which  are  utterly  opposed  to  his.  Thus, 
as  to  the  floor  level  of  the  courts,  the  sur- 
veyors "are  of  opinion  tliat  Mr.  Seddon's  de- 
sign oft'ers  the  greatest  advantages."    As  to  the 
position  of  courts,  and  the  relative  position  of 
courts,  "all  the  designs  sufficiently  conform 
to   the   instructions."     The    instructions    in- 
dicated the  relative  positions  of  the  two  great 
groups  of  courts  to  be  as  foUows  : — 
Courts  of  Chancery,  nortli  side  ; 
Courts  of  Common  Law,  south  side. 
The  Exchequer  Clourts,  we  need  scarcely  say, 
belong  to  the  courts  of  common  law.     In  Mr. 
Barry's  ydau  tliey  are  placed  on  the  north  side. 
Surely,  the  relative  position  of  the  courts  was 
as  important  as  the  level  of  their  floors.     But 
here  Mr.  Barry  would  have  suffered  Ijy  com- 
parison, and   Ml'.    Waterhouse     would   have 
gained.     Again,   in  the    entrances  and  stair- 
cases for  mere  spectators,  the  instructions  were 
very  particular,,  and  conveyed  tlie  inqjression 
that  a  separate  staircase  to  each  court,  with  en- 
trance direct  from  the  street,  was  almost  a  sine 
qua  non.     Some  competitors  met  this  require- 
ment :  l\Ir.  Barry  did  not,  but  only  provided 
one  staircase  to  a  group  of  courts.     To  whom, 
therefore,   does  Jlesssrs.  Shaw  and  PownaU 
give   the  preference  for  the  solution  of  this 
important  problem  ?     We  cannot  tell  :  it  is 
not   mentioned  in  the    report.     Indeed,  the 
more  we  examine  these  reports,  the  less  confi- 
dence do  we  feel  in  them.     Mr.  Waterhouse 
has   his  merit,  and  so,  also,  has  Mr.   Barry. 
Both,  too,  have  their  demerits,  and  that  in  no 
sma'U  proportion.     We  therefore  hesitate  to 
endorse  reports  which,  on  the  one  hand,  can 
discover  hardly  a  fault,  or,  on  the  other  hand, 
is  bUnd  to  every  excellence.     Moreover,  these 
reports  are  at  issue  on  almost  every  point — on 
the  question  of  court-level  markedly  so — the 
Bar  and  Solicitors'  resolution  in  favour  of  the 
first  floor  above  Carey-street  being  endorsed  by 
the  MetropoUtan  and  Provincial  Law  Associa- 
tion. And  it  is  not  improbable  that  both  Messr.s. 
Barry  and  Waterhouse   may  have  to  regret 
the  excess  of  favour  with  which  tliey  have 
been  regarded  by  the  authors  of  these  docu- 
ments.    If  the  judges  pronounce  in  favour  of 
the  first,  what  becomes  of  the  opinion  of  the 
professional  men  for  whose  use  so  much  of  the 
building  is  provided,  and  wdio  ought  to  be  the 
fair  judges  of  what  they  want  (     If  they  pro- 
nounce for  the  last,  what  becomes  of  Messrs. 
Sliaw  and  PownaU  I      We  can   see  no  escape 
for  the  judges   but   in    a  new    competition, 
based    upon   a  broad,   liberal,    and   catholic 
view  of  what  a  national  competition  ought  to 
be.     In  a  new  competition,  however,  three  or 
four  drawings  from  eact  competitor  should  be 


752 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


the  limit,   nor  need  the  scale  be  larger  than 
32ft.  tD  an  inch  if  the  fuurth  drawing  be   a 
detail  of  one   compartment  of  the  elevation. 
The  cost  to  the  profession  would  be  compara- 
tively   small,    and    the     satisfaction    to   the 
country  and  the  art-world    would  he   ines- 
timably    great.      Forty-four     premiums    of 
£200  each,   one  of  £300,  and   one   of  £500 
would  be  far  better  pay  than  the  twelve  pre- 
miums of  ;£800  each  have  been,  and  more  pro- 
portionate  to   the  labour  required.     A  great 
incentive  to  art,  if  there  be    such  a   thing, 
would   thus   be  given  ;  and   if  a  reasonably 
fair-  judgment  could  be  obtaijied,  there  would 
be  everything  to  hope,  and  notliing  to  excite 
fear,  distrust,   or  disappointment.      We  com- 
mend this   subject  to    the    consideration   of 
those  on  whose  decision  the  fate  of  this  great 
work  depends.     The  judges  of  designs  must  do 
their  work  sooner  or  later,      To  obtain  exten- 
sion of  site,  the  judges'  report  must  be  sent  up 
to  the  Treasury  for  approval.      And  here  we 
most   respectfully    say  their    lordships    may 
very  rightly  shut  up  the  present  competition, 
and  clear  away  the  wrong  by  wliich  hitherto 
England     and     her     architects    have    been 
threatened.      If,  however,  the  Lords  of  the 
Treasury  considered  the  leport  of  the  judges 
of  designs  so  far   as  to  approve  a  plan,  then 
the  approved  plan  will  have  to  be  submitted 
to  the  Commissioners  for  their  confirmation, 
and  even  then  we  would   ask  the  Commis- 
sioners to  pause   before   they  take   the  final 
steps,  and,  if  it  be  possible,  avert  the  danger 
of  disaft'ecting,  not  only  an   entire  profession, 
but  all  people  who  have  strong  art  sympathies, 
and  whose  art  faith  takes  a  wider  range  than 
that  included  by  any  twelve  architects  that  it 
may  be  possible  to  select.     Some  diflerence  of 
opinion,  we   believe,  exists  as  to  the  value  of 
the  various  decisions  and  reports  which  have 
been,  and  are  to  be,  made  in  this  matter.     As 
yet,  nothing  definite  has  Ijeen  settled,  and  no- 
thing can  be  settled  until  the  question  comes 
before  the  Lords  of  the  Treasury. 


November  1,  1867. 


give   a  so-called   approval.  1    The  29th  sec- 
tion  of  the  Buildins  Act  expressly    allows 


of  the   erection   of  dwelling-houses"  without 
yards,  where   such  houses   can  be  lighted  or 
ventilated  from   an   ojien  street  or  alley  ad- 
joining.     The  Metropolitan   Local  Manage- 
ment Act  gives  the  vestry  power  to  forlnd 
the     erection    of   houses    in    newly-formed 
roads  at  less  than  40ft.  from  those   on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  road,  but  nothing  is  said 
respecting  the  nearness  with  which  they  may 
approach  each  other  at  the  back.     Neither  of 
these    regulations    apply    to    the    proposed 
buildings,  and  it  appears  that  the  vestry  has 
nothing  to  do  but  to  give  an  official  consent, 
which  It  would  fain  withold,  and  look  quietly 
on  while  two  narrow  courts,  which  heretofore 
have  enjoyed  to  some  extent  the  blessing  of 
I'ght  and  air,  have  them  both  blocked  out  Ijy 
the   erection   of    new   buildings,    which   no't 
only  do  this,  but  will  besides  infallibly  prove 
sources  of  ill-health  to  their  own  inhabitants, 
and  perhaps  of  contagion  to  the  neighbour- 
hood.    This  is  no  isolated  case ;  other  London 
vestries   are  frequently  in  the  same  position. 
Endeavours  have  been  made,  and  with  partial 
success,   to   root  out   some  of  the  old   fever 
nests,  but  if  new  ones  are  thus  allowed  to  be 
created  they  wUl   not  be   of  much   use.     A 
further   step  is  needed  ;  and   the  authorities, 
who   have  charge  to  watch  over  the   public 
health,  should  not  only  be  enabled  to  prose- 
cute and  abolish  such  nuisances  after  they  are 
created,    but    to    prevent    new    ones    being 
brought  into  existence. 


NEW    FEVER    NESTS. 

PREVENTION  is  better  than  cure.     Ob- 
vious and  unquestionable  as  this  morsel 
of  ancient  wisdom  may  be,  it  appears,  after 
all,  our  sanitary  legislation,  that  the  building 
authorities   of  tlie  metropolis  are   still,  to  a 
very  great  extent,  prevented  from  reducing 
it  to  practice.    An  illustration  of  this  occurred 
last  week.       At  the  Bermondsey  vestry,  an 
application  was    made   for  the   vestry's    ap- 
proval of  a  plan  for  buUding  four  houses  in 
Berniondsey-buildings,      Bermondsey     Wew- 
road.^     The  site  was  formerly  occupied  by  a 
public-house,   with   a   skittle-grouud   in    the 
rear.^    On  each  side  is  a  narrow  court.     The 
public-house  having  been  taken   down  and 
rebuilt  upon  a  somewhat  advanced  frontage, 
it  is  proposed  to   occupy  the  narrow  strii)°of 
the    old    skittle-ground   with    foiu-    houses. 
Now,   Mr.    Elkington,  the   surveyor  to    the 
Bermondsey  vestry,  most   strongly  condemns 
the  proposal  on  the  score  of  its  imhealthiness. 
The  houses  are  meant  to  be  of  two  storeys, 
above  the  ground  floor,  with  rooms   of  the 
respective    heights     of   7ft.    Gin., .  7ft.,  and 
eft.  8in.     Occupying  only  the  narrow  strip 
aforesaid,  there  is  no  space  for  any  back-yard, 
and  the  water-butt,   with  the    water-closet' 
and  the  receptacle  for  dust  and  all  kinds  of 
refuse  are  to  be  placed  together  in  the  dank 
basement.      The  ill-effect  of  this   upon   the 
health   of   the   future  inhabitants    it  is   un- 
necessaiy  to   point   out.     Ec^ually  objection- 
able is  the  proposal  to  cover   the  open  space 
of  the  old  skittle-ground  to  its  utmost  extent. 
It  might  possibly,  like  most   London   skittle- 
grounds,  have  been   a  moral  nuisance,   but, 
situated  between   two   courts,  it  has  been  a 
physical  blessing,  allowing  the  free   circula- 
tion   of  light   and    air.    '  The  vestry  fully 
endorses  the  surveyor's  objection,  and  would 
fam  forbid  the  proposed  buildings,  but  finds 
that  it  has  no  power.     It  most  certainly  does 
not   approve,  but   can  yet  be  compelled  to 


THE  ARCHITECTURAL  ASSOCIATION 

SKETCH-BOOK.* 

By  W.  Bdeges. 

WE  are  evidently  becoming  more  com- 
munistic in  matters  of  art  than  we 
were  some  twenty  years  back.  Who  at  that 
period  would  have  thought  that  some  hundred 
architectural  students  would  have  agreed  to 
an  interchange  of  sketches,  those  sketches 
which  used  to  be  so  jealously  guarded,  and 
only  shown  occasionally  to  one  or  two  of  our 
more  favoured  friends.  The  preparation  for 
the  new  movement  was  due,  m  the  first  in- 
stance, to  the  numerous  architectural  publica- 
tions, and  to  the  discovery,  or,  rather,  the 
utilization,  of  photography  ;  but  the  actual 
interchange  of  sketches  began  with  the  very 
numerous  staff  of  Mr.  Scott,  who  have  issued 
their  work  under  the  title  of  the  "Spring 
Gardens  Sketch-Book."  The  idea  has  been 
taken  up  by  the  Architectural  Association,  or, 
rather,a  portion  of  it,  which  has  taken  the  title 
of  the  Architectural  Association  Sketch  Club. 
As  Mr.  Scott's  pupils  and  assistants  desire 
their  work  to  be  considered  strictly  as  a  pri- 
vate affair,  any  observations  upon  it  would 
simply  be  an  impertinence  upon  my  part,  and 
I  shall,  moreover,  be  spared  the  somewhat 
invidious  office  of  drawing  comparisons  be- 
tween the  two  publications. 

The  work  of  the  Association  is,  likewise,  to 
a  certain  extent,  a  private  affair— it  is  not 
sold  to  the  public.  As  such  it  is,  to  a  certain 
extent,  exempt  from  criticism;  and  the  follow- 
ing remarks  would,  therefore,  not  have  been 
written  had  not  express  permission  been  olj- 
tamed  from  the  authorities  of  the  Association. 
But,  before  proceeding  to  a  description  of 
the  sketches,  it  will  perhaps  be  as  well  to  say 
a  few  words  as  to  the  nature  of  the  revolu- 
tion that  photography  has  produced  in  the 
publication  of  works  of  architecture. 

Before  photography  was  invented,  or  even 
fidly  developed,  the  only  good  wav  of  repre- 
senting architecture  and  the  branches  of  the 
fine  arts  was  by  means— firstlj',  of  drawings  ; 
and,  secondly,  of  engravings,  lithographs, 
&c.  Now,  both  these,  la.,  the  drawings  and 
the  engra\nugs,  were  liable  to  be  more  or  less 
correct,  according  to  the  skill  of  their  respec- 
tive producers.     To  make  a  collection  of  really 


*  "  The  Architectural  Association  Sketoh-Book  " 
Entered  at  Stationert  Hall.    Nos-  12  3. 


ISCT. 


good  engravings,  was,  and,  indeed,  still  ig  a 
very  costly  undertaking,  quite  beyond  the 
means  of  the  ordinary  architectural  student 
whde  It  was  abnost  impossible  to  put  a  tme 
value  upon  the  printed  sketches  of  such  men 
as  Blore,  Mackenzie,  Cattermole,  &c.  The 
consequence  was  that  the  possessors  of  such 
sketches  were  naturally  rather  jealous  of 
either  lending  them  or  permitting  their  pub- 
lication. They  were  precious  objects,  aad 
consequently  treasured  as  such. 

Since  those  times  we  have  had  photography 
which  not  only  gives  us  the  general  effect  of 
the  building,  but  also  the  perspective  effect  of 
the  details  with  surpassing  accuracy.  Hence 
the  publication  of  perspective  views  has  to  a 
great  degree  declined,  for  what  fingers  can 
draw  or  engrave  like  the  sun.  It  is  true  that 
the  architectural  student  still  draws  his  per- 
spectives of  old  buildings,  but  he  does  so  for 
his  own  instruction  and  not  for  that  of  the  pub- 
lic. And  very  well  it  is  that  he  should  draw 
them  ;  for,  although  he  well  knows  how  impos- 
sibleitwould  be  for  him  to  compete  with  photo- 
graphy, as  regards  accuracy,  either  if  detailed 
or  of  perspective,  he  is  yet  aware  that  the 
mere  act  of  drawing  makes  him  regard  the  re- 
lation of  the  proportions,  and  ask  himself  why 
some  features  are  more  prominent  than  others, 
&c.,  and  such  like  questions.  In  fact,  he  has 
been  thinking  all  the  time  he  has  been  draw- 
ing, whereas  the  possession  of  all  the  photo- 
graphs ever  produced  could  do  him  no  pos- 
sible good,  imless  he  studied  them  carefully 
one  by  one.  And  here  it  may  be  observed 
that  studying  from  a  photograph  wiU  probably 
be  found  to  be  a  much  longer  aud  more  difii- 
cult  process  thau  la  generally  imagined  ;  for 
the  deep  shadows  so  frequently  occurring  in 
the  photograph  often  hide  portions  of  the"de- 
tails  which  are  necessary  to  a  proper  compre- 
hension of  the  entire  scheme,  and,  after  all, 
necessitate  an  inspection  of  the  actual  build- 
ing, if  we  want  to  understand  the  affair 
thoroughly. 

But,  although  the  art  of  drawing  a  building 
by  eye  tends  to  induce  a  habit  of  thinking,  it 
must  not  be  imagined  that  the  same  advantage 
would  result  from  the  use  of  the  camera  lucida 
— an  instrument  in  great  favour  with  those 
architects  who  test  their  work  by  the  number  of 
pieces  of  paper  they  have  covered.  Like  many 
other  inventions,  ancient  and  modern,  the 
camera  lucida  is  a  very  good  servant,  but  a 
very  bad  master.  If  the  operator  is  only  a 
draughtsman,  i.e.,  a  man  who  gets  his  living 
by  drawing  and  nothing  else,  and  whose  only 
olijectis  to  produce  as  many  drawings  as  pos- 
sible in  a  given  time,  he  will  find  both  the 
camera  obscura  and  the  camera  lucida  most 
useful  in  getting  the  outline,  and  consequently 
the  proportions  of  the  object.  It  is  true  that 
unless  he  is  very  expert'indeed  this  outline 
will  require  redrawing,  but  even  if  it  does  the 
proportions  are  all  marked  out,  and  the  help 
afforded  is  very  great. 

It  may,  however,  be  fairly  presumed  that 
the  object  of  the  architectural  student  is  not 
to  produce  as  many  drawings  as  possible,  but 
to  learn  his  art  as  thoroughly  as  his  oppor- 
tunities permit.  His  attention  will,  there- 
fore, be  directed  to  the  proportions,  the  de- 
tails, and  the  construction. 

These  he  learns  in  two  ways — one  of  which 
is  drawing  by  the  eye,  and  the  other  is 
drawing  by  measurement.  As  to  the  drawings 
produced  by  the  former  process,  they  should 
simply  be  regarded  in  the  light  of  memoranda 
to  himself ;  to  others  they  will  be  perfectly 
useless,  when  put  into  competition  with  good 
photographs.  The  measiu-ed  drawings,  on 
the  contrary,  show  what  no  photographs  can 
possibly  exhibit,  such  as  sections  of  mould- 
ings, mortices  of  timbers,  joints  of  masonry, 
and  other  things  which  the  student  will  have 
contmually  to  consult  until  he  is  tolerably 
perlect  in  his  profession— a  point  which  is 
rarely  attained  at  an  early  age  in  the  present 
day.  By  this  time  all  the  most  beautiful 
buildings  in  Europe  have  been  photographed 
to  a  decent  size,  and  can  be  obtained  at  a 
tolerably  moderate   price.      What    we   now 


I 


November  1,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


753 


eally  want  are   carefully  measured  drawings 

',.f  their  details,  and  it  is  such  details  that  we 

itiirally  expect  from  the  sketch-book  of  such 

liody    as     tlie    Architectural    Association. 

I  hellier  we  obtain  them  will  be  seen  further 

II  but  in  the  meauwJiile  let  us  consider  what 
ualities  a  drawing  of  details  should  possess. 

In  the  first  instance,  it  shoidd  be  on  a 
cod  large  scale,  iin.  of  stone  one  scale  ol 
/cod. 

Secondly.  The  mouldings  shoirld  be  drawn 
iJl  size  wherever  practicable;  where  not,  to  as 
irge  a  scale  iU  possible. 

Thirdly.  The  drawings  should  be  made 
.•ith  good  thick  lines,  with  the  hollows  of 
he  moiddings  either  blacked  in  or  hollowed 
0  show  that  they  really  are  hollows.  On  the 
ther  hand,  souie  of  the  unimportant  tillets 
nay  be  omitted  ;  I  moan  in  the  *in.  or  inch 
:ale  elevations.  They  can,  however,  gone- 
ally  be  indicated  in  the  profile  at  the  end  of 
he  lines. 

Fourthly.  The  details  of  the  construction 
hould  be  most  carefidly  marked.  In  fact,  it 
i  a  good  plan  to  draw  in  all  the  construction 
iefore  putting  in  the  mouldings  and  ornament. 
Fifthly.  A  little  perspective  of  parts  of  the 
onstructioii  will  be  found  of  the  utmost 
itility  both  in  explaining  the  drawing  to  a 
tranger  and  in  causing  the  student  to  think 
bout  the  construction,  and  ferret  out  its 
■eculiarities.  After  making  a  few  drawings 
f  tills  sort  he  will  begin  to  find  that  he 
eases  to  have  that  desire  he  had  formerly  to 
ketch  every  thing  that  came  in  his  way,  for 
e  vriU  find  that  the  construction  is  generally 
be  same,  however  much  the  ornaments  may 
iry. 

Under  this  system  he  will  probably  bring 
,ith  him,  after  a  month's  absence  from  home, 
ome  dozen  or  dozen  and  a-half  dirty  blotted 
ieces  of  paper;  but  the  contents  of  those 
lotted  pieces  of  paper  are  in  his  head.  Were 
hey  {i.e.,  the  papers)  torn  up  the  day  after 
is  return  he  woidd  be  but  little  less  rich. 
I  confess  I  should  greatly  like  to  see  some 
f  these  dirty  pieces  of  paper,  dirty  in  cou- 
■quence  of  being  drawn  in  dirty  roofs,  or  at 
:>;  feet  of  ladders.  In  the  Architectural  Ex- 
ibition  we  could  well  dispense  with  some  of 
lie  elegantly-coloured  perspectives,  with  fash- 
mable  ladies  and  children  in  the  foreground 
-not  put  in  by  the  architect — if  there  were 
By  want  of  room. 

But  to  return  to  the  sketch-book  of  the 
architectural  Association.  Up  to  the  present 
ime  four  numbers  have  appealed,  each  con- 
litting  six  sheets.  I  propose  going  through 
ach  of  these  sheets  separately,  designating 
tie  artist  either  by  name  or  initials,  as  he  may 
appen  to  sign  himself.  Although  some  ditfi- 
alty  arises  in  the  ease  of  the  initials,  by  the 
ery  ingenious  manner  in  which  the  letters 
re  combined,  so  that  it  is  often  very  ditficult, 
■'  not  impossible,  to  tell  which  of  them  re- 
resents  the  surname. 

Now,  one  of  the  very  first  questions  that 
"e  shall  have  to  ask  ourselves  in  looking  over 
liese  sketches,  will  be  the  principle  of  tlieir 
tility — i.e.,  why  were  they  drawn,  in  the  first 
Mtance;  why  were  they  published,  in  the 
econd;  and,  above  all,  were  they  worth  draw- 
ng  at  all.  Ihese  questions  come  upon  us 
uove  especially  with  reference  to  the  per- 
pective  views,  one  of  which  may  be  said  to 
legin  the  first  number  of  the  work.  It  repre- 
ents  the  south  aisk  of  St.  Mary  Overie, 
louthwark,  looking  east,  and,  considering  the 
lifficulties  presented  by  the  groining,  it  is  by 
10  means  a  bad  specimen  of  the  skill  of 
he  gentleman  signing  himself  H.  W.  L. 
a  an  arcliitectural  point  of  view  it  is  in- 
tructive,as  showing  the  inconveniences  ofput- 
uig  mouldings  taken  out  of  a  square  section 
ipon  a  roimd  abaci,  one  of  the  orders  of  the 
reat  nave  arches  overhanging  the  cap  in  a 
aost  unpleasant  manner.  The  French  archi- 
ects,  at  least,  in  this  matter,  were  more  logical, 
Da  employed  a  square  abacus  to  a  sqviare 
ectioned  moulding.  Unfortunately,  the  very 
dapidated  state  of  the  Church  of  St.  Mary 


Overie  demanded  a  thorough  restoration  at  a 
time  wlien  mucli  less  was  understood  about 
medioeval  art  than  at  the  present  time,  and 
although  it  is  only  fair  to  say  that  the  resto- 
ration was  exceedingly  well  done  for  the  time, 
it  would  be  rather  hazardous  work  to  draw 
too  many  conclusions  from  what  we  see  at 
present.  As  Sir.  II.  W.  L.  has  had  the  good 
taste  to  .study  near  at  home,  might  it  be  sug- 
gested that  a  carefully  measured  drawing  of 
the  triforium  and  clerestory  of  the  choir  of 
tlie  same  church  would  be  infinitely  more 
useful  to  his  fellow  students,  and  far  more  in- 
structive to  himself  than  show  drawings  like 
the  present.  The  second  sheet  is  contributed 
by  Charles  Henmau,  jun.  It  contains  mea- 
sured drawings  of  the  sedilia  and  piscina  at 
St.  Leonard,  Upper  Deal,  and  of  those  at  St. 
Martin'.s,  Great  Mongeham — both  Kentish 
examples,  and  evidently  the  work  of  the 
same  architect.  They  can  liardly  be  said  to 
be  particularly  creditalde  to  bim,  for  the  way 
in  which  the  two  differently  shaped  circles 
meet  on  the  cap  of  the  centre  column  is 
rather  to  be  avoided  than  copied.  The  same 
may  be  said  of  the  containing  string,  in  the 
Great  Mongelian  example,  which  runs  into 
the  labels  in  by  no  means  a  pleasant  manner. 
The  mouldings,  however,  are  very  good. 
When  we  look  at  the  drawings  we  regret  that 
5Ir.  Hennian  has  not  filled  in  the  hollow  of 
his  mouldings  (in  the  elevations)  with  Idack 
or  cross  hatching,  so  that  we  might  be  able  to 
tell  at  a  glance  where  the  said  hollows  occur. 
The  scale  is  to  half  an  inch — perhaps  the  Ijest 
for  stonework — and  the  details  one  quarter 
full  size.  The  desiderata  are  sections  of  the 
work,  and  a  detail  of  the  centre  cap  (foliated) 
in  the  second  example.  The  draughtsman 
has  had  the  courage  not  to  draw  the  depth  of 
the  upper  deal  arches,  but  simply  teils  us 
that  they  are  blocked  out.  The  question  is 
apt  to  arise,  whether  he  has  been  equally 
candid  about  the  stone  joints.  AVe  all  know 
that  ashlar  stonework  is  not  a  very  common 
commodity  in  Kent,  but  the  number  of  stone 
joints  distributed  over  both  the  drawings 
woidd  lead  us  to  the  idea  that  both  chancels 
were  lined  internally  with  this  material.  Witli 
this  exception  (in  regard  to  which  the  criti- 
cism may  be  quite  wrong),  Mr.  Henman  has 
produced  a  very  conscientious  and  useful 
piece  of  work.  The  third  sketch  is  literally 
a  sketch  by  R.  P.  S.,  of  the  antique  gate  at 
Perugier.  Elaborately  coloured,  with  a  beau- 
tiful blue  sky,  and  figures  in  the  national  cos- 
tiune  in  theforeground,it  would  make  an  excel- 
lent exhibition  picture  for  one  of  the  water-co- 
lour societies,  but  in  the  present  form  it  can  be 
but  of  little  nse  to  architectural  students, 
while  the  masonry  and  the  carving  of  the 
caps  would  be  shown  ten  times  better  in  a 
photograph.  The  fourth  page  contains  studies 
of  fonts  by  E.  T.  Three  ot  them,  viz.,  those 
from  New  Shorebam,  Willesden,  and  Worth 
are  Norman — that  from  Sherrington  is  Per- 
pendicular— while  it  is  very  difficult  to  give 
a  date  to  the  CM  Stantonbury  example,  the 
decoration  consisting  of  eccentric  incisions 
resembling  those  so  much  in  vogue  at  the 
present  day  with  some  architects,  who  at- 
tempt to  confound  ingenuity  with  art,  not 
but  that  they  are  quite  conscious  themselves 
that  it  is  not  art,  Init  it  is  far  less  trouble- 
some, and  as  the  arithmetic  books  of  the  last 
century  used  to  express  it,  "  within  the  reach 
of  the  meanest  capacity."  The  three  Nor- 
man fonts  are  all  of  the  same  type,  viz.,  a 
square  basin,  supported  on  five  shafts,  the 
centre  one  being  by  very  much  the  largest. 
Unfortunately,  E.  T.  has  omitted  to  either 
give  us  the  moiddings  of  the  base  or  to  tell 
us  that  they  are  too  decayed  to  be  taken,  as 
would  appear  to  be  the  case  if  we  may  trust 
the  sketches,  for  it  should  be  observed 
that  these  are  all  sketches,  only  a  few  figured 
decorations  being  given.  Some  of  the  orna- 
ment on  the  bottd  of  Worth  Church  font 
would  appear  to  be  a  later  addition  of  the 
thirteentli  century  ;  for,  although  we  know, 
from  tl. .  Oxford  MS.  of  Credmon,  that  the 


Anglo-Saxons  used  quatrefoils  as  ornaments, 
they  would  hardly  have  gone  the  length  of  a 
series  of  pointed  "three-foil  headed  arches.* 


THE  ARCHITECTUKAL   ASSOCIATION. 

rilHE  winter  session  of  tliis  association  was 
I  opened  ou  Friday  evening  at  the  institute, 
iu  Couduit-streot,  with  the  customary  forms  and 
festivities.  Architectural  designs,  figure  drawings, 
and  water-colour  paintings  covered  the  walla,  aud 
the  rich  and  varied  dresses  of  the  ladies  wlio 
honoured  the  occasion  with  their  presence,  gave  to 
the  crowded  rooms  a  brilliancy  which  in  itself 
w;is  not  an  uninstructive  study  iu  colour.  I'rizea 
were  distributed  for  designs,  figure  drawing,  aud 
for  ]ilans  for  dwelling-houses  at  a  specified  cost ; 
after  which  the  President  (Mr.  Phene  Spiers)  de- 
livered the  inaugural  address. 

Mr.  Spiers  first  remarked  on  the  increasing 
influence  of  the  Association,  and  the  large 
number  of  new  members  added  to  the  list.  In 
remarking  ou  the  various  classes,  he  noticed  the 
revival  of  an  old  class  under  a  new  name — the 
class  of  construction  and  practice,  which  he  said 
formed  an  admirable  complement  to  the  class  of 
design.  The  establishment  of  a  sketch-book  club, 
of  wliich  a  notice  appears  by  Mr.  Burges  in  another 
part  of  to-day's  impression,  in  which  the  litho- 
graphed sketches  are  contributed  by  the  various 
members.  Mr.  Spiers  then  went  on  to  make  some 
remarks  on  the  value  of  sketching  tours,  as  afford- 
ing great  advantages  for  the  study  of  architecture, 
and  deprecated,  to  a  certain  extent,  the  confining 
one's  attention  to  ancient  work,  to  the  exclusion  of 
all  modern  development.  Mr.  Spiers  also  advo- 
cated the  making  of  water-colour  drawings  as 
affording  the  only  means  of  attaining  to  a  just 
appreciation  of  the  value  of  harmony  and  con- 
trast, and,  as  a  proof  of  his  assertion,  remarked 
that  those  who,  for  the  last  fifteen  years,  had  had 
the  greatest  reputation  as  colorists,  such  as  Mr. 
Digby  Wyatt,  Owen  Jones,  Burges,  and  others 
during  the  student  portion  of  their  lives,  never 
lost  an  opportunity  of  making  water-colour  draw- 
ings, aud  the  drawings  of  the  late  Mr.  Welby 
Pugin  show  that  the  great  revivalist  of  Gothic  art 
regarded  colour  as  onS  of  the  most  essential  com- 
plements to  true  architecture.  He  then  men- 
tioned with  regret  that  no  voluntary  architectural 
examination  had  taken  place  this  year,  and  ven- 
tured to  suggest  that  the  pi-obable  cause  of  their 
failure  was  that  they  proposed  to  examine  students 
in  a  variety  of  subjects  in  which  there  was  an 
entire  absence  of  preparatory  instruction  of  any 
kind,  and  in  which  they  failed  to  point  out  any 
system  beyond  that  ot  reading  books,  by  which 
these  subjects  could  be  studied.  In  speaking  of 
the  Architeotural  Exhibition,  Mr.  Spiers  spoke 
highly  of  the  new  system  of  exhibiting  sketches 
and  drawings  of  ancient  monuments  iu  England 
and  abroad,  but  regretted  that  the  senior  members 
of  the  profession  were  so  poorly  represented.  He 
then  drew  a  comparison  between  the  building  of 
the  Great  Exhibition  held  in  Paris  this  year  and 
our  Exhibition  building  of  18G2,  remarking  that 
if  the  French  building  were  as  ugly  as  ours,  that 
as  they  had  attempted  nothing  more  than  the 
erection  of  a  simple  shed  to  cover  over  the  objects 
exhibited,  whilst  we  iu  1SU2  aimed  at  erecting  an 
architectural  feature  as  a  permanent  ornament  to 
the  metropolis,  they  may  be  said  to  have  enthely 
succeeded  in  the  object  they  aimed  at,  whilst  we  as 
egregiously  failed.  He  then  spoke  of  the  great 
beauty  of  the  French  drawings  exhibited,  and  the 
astonishment  of  the  French  at  the  marvellous 
power  exhibited  in  the  tinting  of  our  architectural 
perspectives.  In  sfieaking  of  new  buildings,  Mr. 
Spiers  spoke  of  the  Thames  Embankment  and  the 
Holborn  Valley  Improvements,  hoping  that  before 
long  the  completion  of  these  great  works,  or  por- 
tions of  them,  would  call  forth  the  architectural 
talent  of  the  country  to  embellish  them  and  sur- 
rounding thoroughfares  with  monuments  worthy 
of  the  great  po.sition  this  country  holds  in  wealth 
and  commerce.  A  few  words  on  the  Albert  Me- 
morial, the  New  Freemason's  Hall,  the  lions  at 
Trafalgar  stpiare,  the  Venetian-Gothic  building  of 
Mr.  Somers  Clarke,  and  the  blocks  of  warehouses 
in  Blackfriars,  winding  up  bis  remarks  with  the 
Grosvenor  mansions  in  Westminster.  Whilst  fully 
appreciating  the  noble  object  iu  view  of  stamping 
the  nineteenth  century  with  an  impress  of  the 
magnificence  of  its  private  buildings,  and  remark- 
ing   on    the    magnificence    displayed     in     these 


To  be  coiicludetf  next  week. 


754 


TidJi  i^UlLDlJNU  JNJjJW». 


JNOVEMBER    1,   1867. 


mansions,  the  adaptation  o£  all  the  latest  improve- 
ments for  convenience  and  comfort  by  careful 
study  of  the  requirements  of  the  neighbourhood, 
he  regretted  that  French  architecture  should  have 
been  so  closely  copied  in  the  want  of  pmjectioa  in 
the  cornices  and  mouldings,  without  having  that 
delicacy  of  contour  and  refiaement  of  ornament  to 
compensate  for  it,  for  which  oar  foreign  neighbours 
are  so  justly  celebrated,  and  which  the  employment 
of  French  sculptors  would  have  remedied.  He 
then  made  a  few  remarks  on  the  great  competi- 
tions that  had  taken  place  lately  for  the  National 
Gallery,  Kew  Law  Courts,  and  Manchester  Town 
Hall,  and  concluded  his  paper  with  a  review  of 
art  education  and  suggestions  for  its  further 
development  in  England,  which,  from  its  import- 
ance at  the  present  moment,  and  the  special 
study  Mr.  Spiers  has  been  able  to  make  of  it,  we 
give  in  extcnso. 

He  then  ofiered  the  following  observations  on 

ART   EDUCATION. 

I  have  from  time  to  time  during  the  course  of 
my  paper  made  comments  on  the  want  of  a 
theoretical  education  in  this  country.  This  ab- 
sence of  any  system  of  teaching  of  the  principles 
of  either  science  or  art  has  of  late  been  deplored 
continually  in  the  various  journals,  comparisons 
being  drawn  between  the  products  of  all  countries 
in  the  Exhibition  now  being  held  at  Paris,  and, 
generally,  not  in  favour  of  our  own.  It  would 
appear  that  notwithstanding  the  immense  advance 
we  bad  at  one  time  acquired  over  other  countries 
in  engineering  and  commerce,  the  workmen  of 
these  countries,  such  as  Germany  and  France, 
being  instructed  in  the  theory  of  their  me- 
chanical operations,  were  able  to  work  with  so 
much  greater  intelUgence,  that  not  only  had  they 
caught  us  up,  but  were  really  surpassing  us  in 
what  we  imagiaed  to  be  entirely  our  own  ground ; 
and  our  great  manufacturers,  apparently,  not 
content  with  the  schools  of  the  Science  and  Art 
Department,  have  lately  instituted  commissions  to 
make  serious  enquiry  into  the  systems  of  educa- 
tion abroad,  with  a  view  of  introducing  them  into 
England.  In  art,  we  have  always  been  allowed 
to  be  far  behindhand,  and  though  the  progress 
made  in  England  between  the  Exhibitions  of 
1851  and  1862  were  such  as  to  give  us  reason 
to  hope  that  in  a  few  years  we  should  have 
equalled  our  foreign  neighbours,  this  present 
Exhibition  shows  us  we  are  still  as  far  behind 
as  ever.  It  would  be  out  of  the  scope  of  my  ad- 
dress to  enter  generally  into  the  vast  systems  of 
education  in  France  and  Germany,  but  I  wish  to 
call  your  attention  this  evening  to  the  great  de- 
sirabihty  of  establishing  some  more  definite 
system  of  architectural  education.  So  long  as 
the  history  and  principles  of  art  and  architecture 
be  completely  ignored  in  our  schools  and  colleges 
as  one  of  the  most  intelligent  means  of  learning 
the  history  of  nations,  so  long  artists  and  ar- 
chitects must  con  atnore  instruct  themselves  in  the 
best  way  they  can,  without  expecting  to  receive 
from  the  public  that  assistance  or  approbation 
of  their  endeavours  which  is  always  necessary  to 
the  production  of  true  art.  At  the  present  day, 
the  only  class  which  can  be  said  to  take  any  in- 
terest in  architecture  are  archieologists,  and 
though,  I  must  allow,  that  they  have  worked 
much  good  among  us,  to  be  always  dependent  on 


and  as  much  allied  among  themselves  as  they  are 
separated  from  the  rest  of  the  community  by  taste 
and  education,  but  leading  each  the  life  of  a 
hermit,  and  not  only  cut  off  from  the  stimulus  of 
personal  intercourse,  but,  although  all  are  en- 
gaged in  the  solution  of  the  same  problem,  never 
comparing  results,  or  profiting  by  each  other's  ex- 
perience. 

Now,  our  Association  does  much  good  towards 
remedying  this  state  of  affairs,  and  there  is  not  one 
here  this  evening  who  will  not  bear  me  out,  and 
especially  the  members  of  the  class  of  design,  when 
I  speak  of  the  great  advantages  offered  for  the 
study  of  architecture  and  the  promotion  of  friendly 
feeling  amongst  one  another.  But  our  number, 
or,  rather,  the  number  of  those  who  attend  here, 
is  limited,  and  a  great  deal  has  yet  to  be  done. 
The  Association  has  from  the  first  exerted  itself  in 
favour  of  architectural  education,  and  from  time 
to  time  has  memorialized  the  Institute  to  that 
effect.  To  its  pressure  may  be  ascribed  the  forma- 
tion by  this  body  of  a  voluntary  examination,  and 
it  did  its  utmost  to  promote  the  proposed  school 
of  which  Mr.  Scott  threw  out  the  first  suggestions. 
The  voluntary  examination,  for  the  possible  rea- 
sons before  stated,  has  almost  fallen  to  the  ground, 
while  Mr.  Scott's  scheme  never  took  wing  at  all ; 
and  I  shall  hope  to  be  able  to  convince  you  this 
session  of  the  advisability  of  taking  further  steps 
in  this  matter.  You  will  all  agree  with  me,  I 
think,  in  allowing  that  the  position  of  the  Insti- 
tute is  such  that,  if  a  school  were  formed,  it 
ought  to  be  its  chief  promoter  and  director.  I 
fear,  however,  that  it  may  be  taken  out  of  their 
hands,  as  it  is  the  intention  of  the  directors  of 
South  Kensington  to  establish  there  a  school  of 
architecture,  the  principles  of  the  formation  of 
which  school  will  be  adapted  from  one  already  ex- 
isting in  Paris,  of  which  I  propose  in  a  few  words 
to  give  its  purpose  and  history. 

The  Ecole  des  Beaux  Arts,  in  Paris,  is,  as  you 
are  probably  aware,  a  government  institution,  open 
to  ail  students,  whatever  their  nation,  on  their  pass- 
ing an  examination.  The  chief  prizes  are,  or,  rather, 
were,  awarded  by  a  jury  consisting  of  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Institute  of  France,  a  society  similar  to 
our  Royal  Academy,  though  more  extended  in  its 
influence.  The  secondary  prizes  were  awarded  by 
various  professors  of  the  school.  Now,  as  many  of 
these  professors,  and  some  of  the  members  of  the 
Institute,  had  private  ateliers  or  studios  of  their 
own,  their  feelings  naturally  pi  ompted  them  to  be 
indulgent  to  their  own  pupils  when  awarding 
prizes,  and  a  considerable  abuse  therefore  had 
crept  into  the  school,  causing  at  times  great  dis- 
turbance. In  the  midst  of  this,  M.  VioUet  le  Due, 
the  eminent  Gothic  architect,  obtained  the  ear  of 
the  government,  and  in  consequence  a  decree  was 
published  in  November,  1863,  changing  the  con- 
stitution of  the  school  as  follows  : — 

First.  The  prizes  were  to  be  awarded  by  a  jury 
selected  from  t'ne  architects  in  Paris. 

Second.  Ateliers  or  studios  were  to  be  established 
in  the  school  under  the  care  of  the  government 
professors. 

Third.  Any  Frenchman  might  compete  for  the 
grand  prize  without  being  a  student  of  the  school  ; 
and 

Fourth.  A  new  staff  of  professors  was  appointed, 
amongst  whom  M.  VioUet  le  Due  himself  was 
named  professor  of  the  theory  of  fine  art  in  archi- 


them  would   be   fatal,  as   we   should  be  always  ;  tecture;  the  students  were  to  attend  regularly  all 


obliged  to  move  in  the  groove  of  precedent.  Out 
of  this  groove  we  must  force  ourselves  in  some 
way,  and  it  is  best  to  be  done  by  forming  schools 
where  students  can  work  in  co-operation  together, 
and  interchange  ideas,  &c.  In  support  of  what 
I  am  now  saying,  I  cannot  help  referring  to  an 
admirable  paper  contributed  to  the  American  In- 
stitute by  Professor  Ware,  who  is  now  travelling 
in  Europe,  forming  materials  for  the  formation  of 
a  school  in  America.  Professor  Ware  remarks 
that  "  whilst  every  other  branch  of  applied  science 
has  multiplied  schools  in  every  part  of  the 
country,  the  art  of  building,  upon  which  more 
money  is  spent  and  mis-spent  than  upon  any 
other,  is  handed  down  from  generation  to 
generation  by  personal  tradition  alone."  "  The 
system  of  articling  or  apprenticeship,"  Pro- 
fessor Ware  says,  "  in  America,  has  disappeared, 
as  being  unsuited  to  the  temper  of  the  time,  and 
no  other  sufficient  means  of  education  has  taken 
its  place."  In  the  meantime,  the  building  profes- 
sion is  suffering  from  the  isolation  of  its  members, 
who,  in  other  professions,  are  brought  together,  as 
lawyers  in  court,  physicians  in  hospitals,  &c.,  but 
architects  never  meet ;  and  the  profession  presents 
the  singular  spectacle  of  a  score  of  men  living 
and  working  within  a  stone's  throw  o£  each  other, 


his  lectures,  pass  examinations  in   the  same,  and 
frame  their  designs  in  accordance  therewith. 

Now  much  as  the  students  appreciated  the 
various  publications  of  M.  VioUet  le  Due  on  Gothic 
architecture,  the  pill  he  wanted  them  ^hitherto  of 
classic  tendency)  to  swallow  was  much  too  large 
to  be  taken  at  one  time  ;  consequently,  after  three 
ineffectual  attempts  to  make  himself  heard  in  the 
lecture  room,  he  retired  in  disgust,  and  the 
government  allowed  the  school  to  relapse  into 
nearly  its  former  state,  without,  however,  stultify- 
ing itself  ,by  withdrawing  the  decree.  Shortly 
after  this  circumstance,  M.  EmUe  Trelat,  professor 
of  the  school  of  arts  and  manufacture,  conceived 
the  idea  of  forming  a  school  of  architecture  based 
on  the  theories  of  construction,  and  construction 
alone.  He  pretended  that  art  had  nothing  to  do 
with  architecture,  that  all  the  problems  of  antiquity 
had  been  worked  out  by  reasoning  alone,  and  that 
the  necessary  conditions  for  stability  and  equili- 
brium had  been  all  that  the  Classic  or  Gothic  ar- 
chitect had  had  to  deal  with.  To  M.  Trelat,  M. 
VioUet  le  Due  goes  at  once  to  aid  him  in  forming 
a  rival  school  to  the  Ecole  de  Beaux  Arts,  but  un- 
fortunately their  principles  were  not  the  same. 
M.  VioUet  le  Due  has  the  greatest  belief  in  art  and 
archaeology ;  M.  Trelat  discountenances  both,    A 


compromise,  however,  seems  to  have  been  effected. 
-M.  Trelat  wouldadvooate  the  principles  of  art  and 
lecture  on  them,  if  M.  VioUet  le  Due  would 'give 
up  archaeology  and  the   study   of   ancient  monu- 
ments.     The  school,  then,  was   formed  two  years 
ago,  and  when  in  Paris  in  August  last  I  was   con- 
ducted through  the   establishment,  and  saw  the 
result  of   the   two   years'    labours,  as   far  as  ar- 
chitecture was  concerned,  the   compositions  were 
as  wild,  extravagant,  and  ugly   as   possible.     The 
system  of  studying  the  practical   details  of  archi- 
tecture,such  as  construction,  materials,  and  physics 
seemed  good.    I  was  there  informed  that  the  autho. 
rities  of  the  Department  of  Science  and  Art  had 
visited  the  schools,  made  earnest  enquiries  into  the 
whole  system,  and  bought  a  large  number  of  draw- 
ings, which  were  pointed  out  to  me,  with  the  inten. 
tion  of  forming  a  simUar  school  at  South  Kensing- 
ton, a  "  great  want,"  I  was  told,  "having  been  felt  in 
England,  of  some  regular  system  of  studying  archi- 
tecture."       Glad  as    we   should    be   to   see  any 
system  estabUshed  for  the  education  of  architects 
it  would  be,  I  think,  a  source  of  regret  to  all,  if 
the  Institute   should   allow  what   is   reaUy  their 
province  as  the   only  chartered   society   of  archi- 
tects, to  be  taken  out  of  their  hands  by  a  depart- 
ment which,  though  admirable  in  its  own  sphere, 
was  founded  for  an   entirely    different   purpose — 
namely,   the  artistic  education  of  artizans.    Now, 
many  will  remember  a  paper  read  before  the  As- 
sociation in  these  rooms,  three  years  ago,  by  Mr. 
George  Gilbert   Scott,   in  which,  after  remarking 
on  the  utter  inadequacy  of  the  present  system  of 
articling  to   supply  to   the   student  a  theoretical 
knowledge  of  architeoture  and  power  of  drawing, 
he  suggested  a   scheme  of  education,  and  recom- 
mended the  formation  of  a  committee  consisting 
of  delegates   from  various   architectural  societies 
to  make  inquiries  into  the  said  scheme,  and  report 
upon  it.     The   Association   nominated  four  dele- 
gates, but  as  we  have  never  had  any  communica- 
tion from  them,  I  may  assume,  as  £  beUeve  to  be 
the  case,  that  this  committee    never  met,  and  the 
whole  affair  was  allowed   to   faU  in    "  abeyance." 
Now,    this   scheme  of    Mr.   Scott's,  admirable  in  i 
many   ways,   and  containing  in   it  the  chief  ele- 1 
ments  of  a  school  which  I  hope  wiU  some  day  be  i 
estabUshed   in    England,  had  the  further   advaii'| 
tage   of     being    more    feasible    than    any   other | 
schemd  (and  there   have   been   many)    hitherto  ' 
brought  forward  ;  but  it  would  seem  that  a  link  ] 
of  the  chain  which  connects  its  promotion  with  j 
the  present  system   is   wanting.      We  are   rather' 
too   apt   to  sigh  for  fresh  changes  and  improve- 
ments, without  looking  around  us  to  examine  and 
find  out  what  reaUy  exists — if  instead  of  endea- 
vouring to   engraft  any  new  and  untried  scheme 
on  an  old  one  we  were   to  take  note  of  the  nume- 
rous   advantages     and     inducements    held    out  f 
already,  and    work  them   in   a   i  egular    defined  ' 
system  and  procede  of  study  to  begin  upon,  the 
dilficulty  experienced  would  be  less,  and  the  residt, 
I  feel  sure,  more  satisfactory.     With    your  per- 
mission I  will  just  enumerate  a  few  of  the  oppor-  ^ 
tunities  which  exist   for   the   acquirement  of  a  t 
proper  knowledge  of  the  theory  and   practice  of  i 
architecture,  and  show  how  Uttle  use  is  now  made  j 
of  them.     The   Royal  Institute  of  British  Archi- 1 
tects  offers  each  year  nine  prizes  or  medals  of  the  'I 
intrinsic  value  of  £170,  and  there  were  last  year  ' 
twelve  competitors  only  in  all  subjects :  they  hold 
also  a  voluntary  architectural  examination,  to  pas.5 
which  four  only  presented  themselves ;  they  have 
a  most  valuable  techn'cal   Ubrary,  but  with  the 
exception  of  the  librarian  and  one  or  two  others 
connected   with   its  establishment,   there  are  no 
readers.      The    Architectural    Association    offers 
seven  prizes  of  the  value  of  24  guineas,  and  there 
are  but  twelve  or   thirteen  competitors   this  year. 
The  meeting  and   classes  are  well  attended,  and 
good  use  made  of  the  library,  though  il^  is  smaU. 
The    Royal   Academy   offers  four   prizes   of   the 
value  of  £180,  for  which  there  were   five  compe- 
titors only  last   year.     They  have  amongst  others 
a  valuable    course    of    lectures    on   perspective, 
and  permission  to   study  in  the  antique  schooL 
In    addition    to    these    societies    we    have   the 
Architectural     Museum,    the     Society    of   Arts, 
the  classes,  and  the  library  at  South  Kensington ; 
the    lectures,    by   Professor    Hayter    Lewis,   on 
"Architecture    and  Construction,"  at  University 
College,"    and  on  "Construction,  Materials,  and 
Designs,"  by  Professor  Kerr,  at   King's  College ; 
also,  a  series  of  lectures  of   the  greatest  utility,  at 
the  two  above-named  coUeges,  in  surveying  and 
leveUing,  geometrical    drawing,    descriptive  geo- 
metry, physics,   geology,   chemistry,  &c.,  whicb, 
to  my  certain  knowledge,  are  not  attended  at  all 
by  architectural  students.     Here,  then,  is  a  long 


November  1,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


755 


t  of  prizes  and  medals  offered,  and  of  induce. 
;nt3  held  out  to  students,  of  wluoh,  for  want  of 
proper  system  of  education  to  practical  use,  are 
nos't  entirely  neglected,  for  the  average  number 
competitors  for  prizes  I  find  to  be  little  m  )re 
an  one  for  each  subject ;  many  of  the  lectures 
9  not  attended  at  all.  How  is  this  to  be  ac- 
untedfor?  I  can  scarcely  believe,  when  I  see 
many  around  me  to  night,  when  I  remember 
e  large  audiences  at  our  meetings  last  session, 
at  the  younger  members  of  the  profession  are 
athetic  and  care  not  for  distinction.  There 
ost  be  some  other  reason,  which  I  venture  to 
ink  is  this.  During  the  period  of  his  article.?, 
e  student  either  does  not  get  or  take  sufficient 
lerest  in  his  profession,  or  else  is  so  hard-worked 
ring  the  day  as  to  bo  little  inclined  to  continue 
1  studies  in  the  evening.  When  out  of  his 
icles,  he  is  inclined  to  fancy  himself  already  an 
shitect,  and,  instead  of  competing  for  these 
norary  prizes  and  medals,  as  a  further  means  of 
idy,  plunges  into  the  vortex  of  public  competi- 
ns,  in  which  he  is  tied  down  to  economy  and 
lOtical  conditions,  and  from  which  he  learns 
Je  but  of  the  partiality  of  the  members  of 
ra  council  committees  and  juries  for  their  own 
vate  friends.  Now,  whether  I  am  altogether 
ht  or  wrong  in  these  latter  surmises,  much  of 
i  would  be  remedied  if  the  Institute  would 
blisha  pamphlet  as  advice  to  students  and  their 
rents  and  guardians  on  the  course  to  be  pur- 
jd  in  architectural  education,  pointing  out,  for 
tance,  how  and  where  instruction  in  special 
5Jects  could  be  obtained,  what  medals  or  prizes 
!  students  should  compete  for,  and  when  and 
At  should  be  the  general  skeleton  of  study  to 
adopted.  Assuming,  for  instance,  that  five 
Its  b  the  least  time  (it  was  formerly  seven),  in 
ich  an  architect's  educa'ion  can  be  ctmpleted, 
1  first  year  might  be  spent  in  making  up  for 
it  deficiency  of  scientific  teaching,  so  much  to 
deplored  in  English  schools,  by  following  the 
arse  of  lectures  at  King's  and  University  Col- 
e  in  mathematics,  descriptive  geometry, 
yaics,  surveying,  and  other  subjects  before 
med,  drawing  from  the  cast  in  our  architectural 
iseum,  and,  when  established,  attending  a 
lool  of  elementary  design  in  architecture,  'fhe 
rt  three  years  might  be  spent  in  an  otfice,  doing 
lotical  work  four  days  out  of  the  six  ;  the  other 

0  days  to  be  devoted  to  the  prejiaration  of  com- 
titive  drawings  for  the  various  medals  and  prizes 
fore  enumerated  ;  the  fifth  year  to  be  spent  in 
ivelling  and  in  preparing  one's  self  for  the  volun- 
•y  examination   of   the   Institute,  which  might 

supposed  to  terminate  theoretically  the 
ihitectural  student's  education,  in  the  same 
.y  that  the  degree  of  M.R.C.S.  for  a 
yaician,  or  being  called  to  the  bar  for  a 
rrister,  completes  their  courses  of  study. 
)w,  such  a  programme  as  this,  which  I  leave  in 
ur  bands  as  a  suggestion  only,  is  one  which 
luld  be  perfectly  feasit'ie  in  the  present  day,  and 
mid  go  far  to  remedy  some  of  the  defects  which 
s  felt  by  one  and  all  in  the  present  system,  or, 
ther,  want  of  system,  of  a  course  of  architectural 
idy.  In  concluding  my  address,  let  me  call  the 
pecial  attention  of  the  members  to  the  syllabus 
t  forth  for  them  this  session,  and,  in  doing   so, 

remind  them  that  the  main  object  of  our  society 
iag  mutual  instruction,  they  are  bound  to  a 
rtain  extent  to  attend  our  meetings  as  frequently 
possible,  and,  by  taking  part  in  the  discussion, 

give  whatever  information  may  be  in  their 
>wer ;  and,  in  order  to  be  better  prepared,  it  is 
cumbent   on  them — let   me  especially  impress 

1  you  the  importance  of  this — to  read  up  and 
udy  beforehand  the  various  subjects  on  which 
ipers  are  read ;  thus  will  they  be  able  to  impart 
'Others  the  result  of  their  labours  in  return  for 
lat  afforded  them,  and  will  derive  far  greater 
inefits  themselves  by  their  previous  study ;  so 
i»t,  working  together  and  mutually  assisting 
ich  other  in  the  great  object  that  we  all  have  at 
sart,  remembering  that  the  monuments  we  are 
illed  upon  to  erect,  if  not  more  lasting  than  the 
worded  memory  in  history  of  our  great  heroes  or 
atesmen,  exert  afar  more  extended  influence  by 
>eir  magnitude,  utility,  and  constant  presence 
mongst  us ;  and  that  as  in  all  ages  the  architecture 
i  a  country  has  testified  more  than  aught  else  to 
3  greatness,  so  we  have  before  us  the  proud 
uty  of  raising  those  edifices  whi.-h  shall  in  gene- 

iitdons  to  come  bear  witness  to  England's  great- 
!  688  and  power,  and  be  able  to  attain  to  such  lasting 
ime  as  that  which  attaches  itself  to  the  memory 
f  that  great  architect.  Sir  Christopher  Wren,  in 
'hose  cliff  d'omvre,  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  the 
'aaaing  traveller  now   reads  on  his  tomb  these 


lasting  words — Lector,  si  monumentum  reijitiris, 
circumspice. 

At  the  close  of  the  meeting,  the  President  called 
on  Professor  Hayter  Lewis  to  offer  a  few  remarks. 

Professor  Lewis,  remarking  on  the  paper  just 
read,  was  able  to  offer  his  testimony  as  to  the 
difficulty  of  getting  men  to  compete  for  the  prizes 
offered  at  University  College,  and,  in  remarking  on 
the  figure  drawing  class,  said  he  had  been  putting 
himself  in  communication  with  the  College  autho- 
rities and  Mr.  Poynter  with  the  view  of  establish- 
ing a  figure  drawing  class  there ;  he  concluded  by 
proposing  a,  vote  of  thanks  to  the  President  for  his 
address. 

Professor  Kerr,  in  seconding  the  vote  of  thanks, 
remarked  on  a  mistake  generally  made  as  to  the 
age  of  the  Association,  which  in  reality  was  esta- 
blished in  1847,  on  the  ruins  of  an  old  society, 
which  had  before  existed,  but  which  had  been 
founded  for  an  entirely  diiferent  purpose  to  that 
for  which  the  Association  now  exists.  He  entirely 
agreed  with  the  President  as  to  the  cause  of  the 
failure  of  the  voluntary  examination,  and  further 
remarked  on  the  immense  value  of  the  Association 
and  the  important  service  it  had  rendered  since 
its  foundation. 

Mr.  Roger  Smith  made  some  comments  on  the 
drawing  at  the  Paris  Exhibition,  and  said  that  the 
Association  had  to  congratulate  itself  on  having  a 
President  this  year  who  h.ad,  so  to  speak,  risen 
from  the  ranks. 

The  vote  of  thanks  was  carried,  and  the  company 
proceeded  to  partake  of  the  entertainment  pro- 
vided, which  concluded  with  a  concert  of  instru- 
mental music. 


NEW    AKCHITECTURAL   SOCIETY. 

ON  Monday  last  a  meeting  of  architects  was 
held  in  the  Council  Hall,  Sheffield,  for  pro- 
moting the  formation  of  an  architectural  and 
arch^ological  society.  There  was  a  very  good 
attendance,  and  a  resolution  was  unanimously 
passed  that  the  society  be  formed  and  called 
"  The  Sheffield  Architectural  and  Archajological 
Society  ; "  to  consist  of  architects  and  gentlemen 
interested  in  the  objects  of  the  society.  A  further 
meeting  will  be  called  on  an  e.arly  day,  for  dis- 
cussing que.%tious  of  detail.  There  is  little  doubt 
but  that  the  society  wiU  not  only  be  successful, 
but  a  most  valuable  institution. 


DROilORE    CASTLE,  CO.  lilMEEtCK. 

WE  give  this  week  a  second  illustration  of 
Dromore  Castle,  now  being  built  for  the 
Earl  of  Limerick.  Our  view  shows  the  west  side. 
Over  the  entrance  gate  is  the  chapel  ;  the  lower 
building  connecting  the  main  structure  with  the 
south-west  angle  tower  is  the  great  hall,  which  is 
to  have  a  boarded  panel  vaulted  ceiling,  minstrel 
g.allery  and  dais.  The  lower  part  of  the  tower  con- 
tains servants'  rooms  opening  to  hall,  and  the  upper 
floors  are  for  the  chaplain's  residence.  Between 
the  gateway  and  the  north-west  a  ngle  are  arranged 
the  principal  staircase  vaulted  in  stone  lavatories. 
By  this  arrangement  scarcely  any  of  the  habitable 
appartments  look  west,  and  as  the  galleries  occupy 
the  north  side  the  rooms  are  completely  sheltered 
from  the  rough  winds  and  driving  rains.  The 
whole  of  the  walls  are  to  be  lined  with  brick,  sepa- 
rated from  the  stone  by  a  space  of  '2in.  The  archi- 
tects are  Messrs.  Godwin  and  Crisp,  of  London 
and  Bristol. 

♦ 

ARCH-EOLOQT. 

On  the  14th  ult.,  the  archicological  researches  in 
the  British  tumuli  on  the  Yorkshire  wolds  were 
resumed  on  the  Potter-Brompton  estates  of  Sir 
Charles  Legard.  The  openings  have  continued 
to  arouse  much  interest,  and  the  visits  of  the 
gentry  and  clergy,  with  their  ladies,  have  in- 
creased. Two  large  barrows  are  now  completed, 
the  openings  revealing  interesting  facts,  par- 
ticularly the  first,  in  which  a  perforated  stone  axe 
was  found  interred  with  the  burnt  bones  of  its 
owner.  This  is  is  a  discovery  quite  unique  in 
Yorkshire — and  quite  a  rarity  generally,  the  in- 
stances on  record  being  very  few.  In  the  second 
barrow,  the  body  was  also  burnt  and  buried  with 
its  flint  arrows  and  scrapers,  in  the  usual  man- 
ner. The  first  tumulus  was  60ft.  diameter, 
and  2tt.  altitude,  much  ploughed  down,  and 
formed  of  earth  and  chalk.  Near  the  outer 
margin,  on  the  east,  was  a  deposit  of  large  blocks 
of  flint,  and  a  similar  deposit  was  on  the  south. 
In  the  centre  was  a  circular  grave  6ft.  in  dia 


meter  and  tift.  deep.  This  was  covered  by  large 
blocks  of  flint,  and  many  more  were  arranged  on 
the  bottom.  In  the  soil  and  other  material  used 
in  fiUmg  in,  were  found  broken  human  bones,  two 
parts  of  urns,  and  a  flint  implement.  A  foot 
above  the  bottom  of  the  grave  was  the  deposit  of 
burnt  bones,  and  v.  ith  them  a  fine  stone  axe, 
burnt  with  the  body,  but  quite  peifect.  This 
was  5in.  long,  was  round  at  one  end  and  brought 
to  an  edge  at  the  other,  and  was  perforated  for 
the  handle.  The  edge  was  not  sharp,  as  if  an 
implement  for  hewing  wood,  but  rather  blunted, 
as  if  for  a  weapon  of  defence.  The  axo  was  laid 
just  S.W.  of  the  bones,  and  touching  them,  and 
the  burial  itself  was  made  rather  south  of  the 
centre.  Tho  occurrence  of  an  axe  with  a  burial 
is  the  first  of  the  kind  met  with  in  the  series  of 
Yorkshire  ojienings.  Tho  next  tumulus  was  of 
70ft.  diameter  and  1.^ ft.  high.  In  the  centre  was 
a  body,  burnt  on  the  spot,  the  bones  being  col- 
lected and  placed  in  an  oval  hollow,  2;'t.  by  l.^ft., 
and  Cin.  deep.  Upon  the  bones  was  an  urn  Sin. 
high,  having  a  projecting  rim,  but  of  plain  pot- 
tery. The  urn  was  on  its  side,  with  the  mouth 
to  the  south.  With  the  bones  was  buried  a  bone 
pin.  Quantities  of  large  blocks  of  charcoal  sur- 
rounded the  burial.  In  the  materials  of  the  houa 
were  a  "  thumb-liint,"  a  barbed  arrow  head,  two 
long  flint  scrapers,  and  various  other  flint-i.  The 
investigations  are  proceeding  in  a  tumulus  con- 
taining a  largo  number  of  unburnt  burials,  in 
which  some  discoveries  of  much  interest  have 
already  been  made. 

Senator  Fiorelli,  Superintendent  of  the  Sluseum 
of  Naples,  has  lately  published  a  very  interesting 
report  of  the  important  archaeological  discoveries 
made  in  Italy,  from  1846  to  1S66.  During  this 
period  25,864  difl'erent  objects  have  been  found  at 
Pompeii,  amongst  which  the  most  numerous  are 
9.831  ancient  coins,  chielly  of  bronze.  Articles  of 
female  jewellery,  surgical  instruments,  sun  dials, 
arms,  cymbals,  mirrors,  metal  lamps,  and  tools  of 
various  trades  have  also  been  found.  Twenty-seven 
human  skeletons  have  been  disinterred,  from 
some  of  which  plaster  casts  have  been  taken. 

A  Massive  Ancient  Roof. — For  some  time  past 
extensive  improvements  and  alterations  have  been 
proposed  to  be  made  in  the  High  Churches  of 
Stirling.  These  churches  are  of  very  ancient  date, 
and  traces  of  them  may  be  obtained  so  far  back  as 
prior  to  the  fourteenth  century.  Some  years  ago 
it  was  proposed  to  erect  a  new  transept  at  the 
entrance,  and  a  considerable  sum  of  money  was 
collected,  although  by  no  means  suflicient  to 
erect  the  transept  in  a  complete  and  satisfactory 
state.  Mr.  M'Lean,  acting  for  the  architects  of  the 
proposed  new  transept,  has  examined  the  unoccu- 
pied space  above  the  present  modern  plaster  ceiling 
of  the  West  Church,  and  finds  that  there  still 
exists  the  old  oak  roof  of  the  thirteenth  or  four- 
teenth century  in  all  its  completenes.s  and  harmony 
of  massive  oak  carpentry.  A  tracing  of  this  roof 
has  been  taken,  and  the  wonder  is  that  beauties 
which  are  now  brought  to  light  in  this  ancient 
church  should  ever  have  been  concealed  under  a 
mass  of  meaningless  plaster.  The  churches  are 
situated  at  the  head  of  the  town  of  Stirling,  con- 
tiguous to  the  ancient  ruins  of  Mar's  Work,  at  no 
great  distance  from  the  Castle.  Some  years  ago, 
in  the  course  of  excavations  made  at  Mar's  Work, 
undoubted  evidences  of  a  monastery  having  at  one 
time  existed  there  were  exposed,  probably  enough 
connected  with  the  churches.  The  interesting 
discovery  of  the  old  oak  roof  will  doubtless  engage 
the  attention  of  those  who  take  interest  in  these 
relics  of  the  past ;  and,  as  the  buildings  are  redo- 
lent of  regal  and  historical  associations,  an  effort 
will  probably  be  made  for  the  thorough  and  satis- 
factory restoration  of  all  parts  of  these  ancient 
edifices. 

♦ 

The  Corporation  of  London  have  now  under 
their  consitleration  a  scheme  for  erecting,  at  an  es- 
timated expense  of  £36,550,  a  number  of  addi- 
tional slaughter-houses  at  the  Metropolitan  Cattle 
Marketvrithall  the  necessary  conveniences.  Thene- 
cessity  of  such  an  arrangement  as  a  preventive 
measure  has  been  further  impressed  on  the  civic 
authorities  by  the  cattle  plague.  Of  all  the  slaughter- 
houses, both  ou  the  Conlinent  and  in  the  United 
Kingdom,  those  of  Edi:iburgh  are,  in  the  opinion 
of  the  City  architect,  the  most  perfect,  though,  of 
course,  they  are  on  a  much  smaller  scale  than  any- 
thing of  the  kind  required  in  London.  Plana 
have  been  prepared  for  the  erection,  at  present, 
of  twenty  two  abattoirs,  the  site  selected  on  the 
east  side  of  the  market  affording  sufficient  f  pace 
for  fifty. five,  with  all  the  necessary  appurtenances. 


756 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


November  1,  1867. 


STRENGTH    OF    MATERIAL.* 

THERE  is  not  a  pupil  in  an  engineering 
scliool,  an  apprentice  in  an  engineer's  or 
architect's  oiiice,  or  a  competent  clerk  of  works, 
who  wiU  not  recognize  in  the  scientific  volume 
newly  given  to  circulation  an  old  and  valued 
friend.  Omitting  all  consideration  of  the 
abstruser  portions  of  the  work,  relating  to  the 
conditions  affecting  elastic  bars  when  sub- 
jected to  the  action  ol  intermittent  loads,  it 
will  be  conceded  by  all  that,  so  far  as  the 
strength  of  timber  is  concerned,  there  is  no 
greater  authority  than  Barlow.  It  is  true  that 
Tredgold  must  not  be  passed  over  altogether 
in  silence,  and  both  Nicholson  and  Robinson 
are  names  familiar  to  those  who  have  studied 
this  subject  in  a  professional  light  ;  but  with- 
out, for  a  moment,  depreciating  the  value  of 
other  works,  it  must  be  admitted  that  the 
treatise  of  Professor  Barlow  has  been  the 
universal  favourite,  and  generally  recom- 
mended as  the  text-book  for  students  in 
engineering  and  architecture.  While  there  is 
no  question  that  timber  no  longer  plays  the 
prominent  role  it  once  tilled,  so  far  as  relates 
to  permanent  structures  and  buildings,  yet  it 
is  still  employed  as  abundantly  as  ever  in  all 
temporary  constructions.  Anyone  who  casts 
the  most  rapid  and  casual  glance  at  the  works 
in  progress  at  Blackfriars  Bridge,  at  those  of 
the  Thames  Embankment,  the  Metropolitan 
District  Railway,  or  even  the  drainage  and 
sewage  operations  in  London,  cannot  but  be 
cognizant  of  the  fact  that  timber  is,  in  one 
sense,  more  omnipotent  than  ever  in  construc- 
tion. Granting  that  its  employment  is  merely 
on  a  temporary  scale,  yet  it  must  not  be  for- 
gotten that  the  scale  of  our  present  temporary 
structures  far  surpas.'j  in  magnitude  and 
solidity  the  permanent  ones  of  a  former 
epoch.  It  is,  however,  stretching  the  point  too 
far  to  maintain  that  the  use  of  timber  is  re- 
stricted solely  to  purposes  of  a  secondary 
character,  when  we  have  abundance  of  exam- 
ples in  railway  stations,  roofs,  and  bridges 
that  the  contrary  prevails  to  a  great  extent  in 
our  o^vn  country.  In  concurrence  with  our 
views  on  this  section  of  the  volume,  the 
editor  has  very  judiciously  introduced  no  radi- 
cal alteration  in  that  portion  of  the  text ;  in 
fact,  it  would  have  been  scarcely  possible  to 
have  done  so,  since  no  new  facts  or  reliable 
data  for  calculating  the  strength  of  timber, 
whether  regarded  as  compressive,  tensUe,  or 
transverse,  have  been  elicited  since  the 
author's  time.  Consequent  upon  the  love  of 
variety  inherent  in  nature,  no  one  piece  of 
timber  is  endowed  with  exactly  the  same  de- 
gree of  strength  as  another,  although  they 
might  have  been  both  cut  from  the  same  tree. 
From  this  it  follows  that  a  rule  and  a  constant 
which  is  a  correct  criterion  for  one  specimen  of 
timber  is  not  so  for  a  second,  and  therefore  a 
large  margin  must  be  left  for  contingencies. 
This  margin  and  the  liability  to  fracture 
being  proportionally  greater  in  timber  than  in 
wrought  iron,  it  would  appear,  prima  facie, 
that  the  former  material  was  not  strictly 
adapted  for  purposes  requiring  a  close  and 
nice  adjustment  between  theory  and  practice. 
There  is  one  common  mistake  into  which 
all  compilers  of  new  editions  invariably  fall. 
They  totally  forget  that  the  edition  should  at 
least  bear  the  stamp  and  superscription  of  the 
current  year,  and  not  appear  to  have  been 
issued  half  a  century  ago.  In  the  present 
volume,  the  chapter  upon  the  transverse 
strength  of  cement  is  allowed  to  remain  alto- 
gether unbenefited  by  the  recent  valuable  ex- 
periments conducted  upon  that  important 
matter.      The  author  remarks  that  "  we  have 


•  "  A  TreatUa  on  the  Stren^h  of  Materials,  with  Rules 
for  Application  in  Architecture,  the  Cousti-uctiou  of  Sua- 
pension  Bridges,  Railways,  Etc.  ;  and  an  Appendix  on  the 
Power  of  Locomotive  Engines,  and  the  Effect  of  Inclined 
Planes  and  Gradionts."  By  Peter  Barlow,  P.R.S.,  Mem. 
Inst,  of  France ;  of  the  Imperial  and  Royal  Academies  of 
Petersbiirgh  and  Brussels;  of  the  American  Soc.  Arts; 
and  Hon.  Mem.  Inst.  C.E.  The  whole  arranged  and  edited 
by  William  Humber,  Assoc.  Inst.  C.E.  and  Mem.  Inst. 
M.E.  London;  Lockwood  and  Co.,  7,  Stationei^'  Hall- 
court.     1867. 


but  scanty  information  on  the  subject,"  and 
this  was  undoubtedly  the  case  many  years 
ago,  but  since  then,  not  only  have  numerous 
experiments  been  undertaken,  more  particu- 
larly during  the  works  of  the  metropolitan 
drainage,  but  several  very  excellent  papers 
have  been  read  before  the  different  professional 
and  scientific  societies  in  reference  to  the  sub- 
ject. Any  volume  treating  of  any  subject, 
and  published  in  1867,  which  does  not  bring 
dowTiits  informatiion  to  the  latest  date,  is  not, 
correctly  speaking,  a  new  edition,  but  simply 
the  old  work  rechaiiffe,  and  lacking  even  the 
sauce  which  is  able  to  impart  some  relish 
to  the  repast.  Whatever  2^1'estige  attaches  to 
the  name  of  Barlow  as  an  authority  with  re- 
spect to  timber,  the  same  is  indissolubly  con- 
nected with  that  of  Hodgkinson  regarding  the 
material  cast  iron.  It  was  that  gentleman 
who  first  investigated,  theoretically  and  prac- 
tically, and  scientifically  and  empirically,  the 
proper  form  and  dimensions  that  should  be 
given  to  cast-iron  girders.  He  was  the  first  to 
establish  the  now  universally-acknowledged 
proportion  between  the  upper  and  lower 
flanges  of  a  beam,  and  the  results  of  his  ex- 
periments amply  confirmed  the  mathematical 
accuracy  of  his  reasoning.  For  a  full  descrip- 
tion of  his  labours  our  readers  should  consult 
the  work  bearing  his  own  name,  although,  in 
the  present  volume,  a  large  portion  of  it  is  in- 
cluded. Passing  on  to  the  chapter  of  "Mal- 
leable Iron,"  the  reader  will  find  much 
valuable  though  somewhat  obsolete  informa- 
tion respecting  the  tensile  strain  of  that 
material,  until  he  arrives  at  the  experiments 
conducted  by  Mr.  Fairbairn,  which  are  en- 
titled to  every  reliance.  The  comparison  in- 
stituted between  an  iron  and  a  steel  girder  is 
especially  worthy  of  careful  perusal,  since  it 
tends  to  demonstrate  that  the  exaggerated 
anticipations  of  the  superiority  of  steel  over 
iron,  in  a  constructive  sense,  are  not  by  any 
means  well  founded.  The  test  for  all  simi- 
larly constructed  girders  is  the  value  of  the 
constant  derived  from  the  weight  which 
actually  breaks  them.  Taking  W  to  represent 
the  breaking  weight  in  tons,  L  the  span  in  the 
clear  (in  feet),  D  the  depth  (in  feet),  and  A 
the  number  of  square  inches,  or  the  total 
gross  sectional  area,  the  constant  being  repre- 

W  X  Tj 
sented  by  C,  we  have  C  =  -r-— —-.      The  re- 
■'      '  A  X  JL* 

suits  of  the  test  gave  for  steel,  C  =  28 '39,  and 
for  iron,  G  =  267,  so  that  the  relative 
strength  of  the  steel  and  iron  tubes  is  as  2S'39 
to  '367,  which  allows  but  a  very  small  advan- 
tage to  the  former  material.  In  addition 
to  obtaining  a  value  for  the  constant,  it  is  of 
importance  to  ascertain  the  actual  amount 
of  strain  that  the  beam  is  undergoing  at  the 
time  of  its  giving  way  under  the  load.  The 
part  usually  selected  for  this  calculation  is  the 
bottom  flange.  Put  S  for  the  strain  required, 
and  the  other  letters  as  before ;  then,  from  the 

W  X  L 

principle  of  the  lever,we  obtains  = j ^, 

and  in  the  instance  alluded  to  this  value  of  S 
was  22'01  tons,  a  tensile  strength  not  exceed- 
ing that  of  good  wrought  iron.  This  experi- 
ment cannot,  however,  be  considered  con- 
clusive with  respect  to  the  tensile  resistance 
of  steel,  as  it  is  probable  that  the  manufacture 
of  the  plates  was  not  so  good  and  sound  as  it 
ought  to  have  been.  Moreover,  in  the  same 
girder  the  deflection  was  found  to  be  greater 
than  that  of  an  iron  one,  evincing  a  relative 
want  of  rigidity  in  the  material.  Some  fur- 
ther experiments  upon  steel  plates  and  bars, 
and  built  up  girders,  are  indispensable  before 
engineers  can  adopt  the  material  with  that 
advantage  they  have  hitherto  been  in  th$  habit 
of  anticipating. 

An  isolated  experiment,  by  the  same 
authority,  with  reference  to  a  lattice  girder, 
gives  a  result  comparatively  disadvantageous 
to  that  system.  Independently  of  the  fact 
that  one  solitary  experiment  is  of  little  value, 
it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  Mr.  Fairbairn 
is  an  advocate  for  the  solid  web  girders,  and 
never  was  partial  to  the  open  web  principle. 


A  glance  at  the  bridges  erected,  and  in  pro- 
gress of  erection,  both  at  home  and  abroad  isj 
more  than  sufficient  to  demonstrate  that  the 
open  wel)  girder  has  nearly  superseded  its' 
older  and  more  cumbersome  rival.  We  take- 
exception  to  the  opinion  expressed  ia  the  texti 
of  substituting  side  plates  only  one-eighth  of| 
an  inch  in  thickness  for  the  lattice  bars, 
Plates  of  a  thickness  so  exceedingly  small! 
would  ref|uire  nearly  as  much  metal,  in  the: 
shape  of  T-iron  stitfeners,  as  would  suffice  for 
the  bars  themselves  of  a  lattice  girder.  By 
inserting  a  few  of  the  valuable  experiments, 
made  by  Mr.  David  Kircaldy  upon  the  strength: 
of  steel' and  malleable  iron  bars,  the  editor  has 
exonerated  himself,  so  far  as  this  subject  is 
concerned,  from  the  censure  we  passed  upon 
him  respecting  the  brief  chapter  upon  the 
strength  of  cements.  The  experiments  of  Mr. 
Kircaldy  are  the  most  recent  and  the  most 
complete  of  any  that  have  yet  appeared  ;  but 
for  the  reader  to  do  justice  to  them  he  must 
refer  to  the  work  itself.*  It  contains  not  only 
the  actual  results  of  the  breaking  strains,  but 
a  vast  amount  of  information  besides,  useful 
to  the  architect,  the  engineer,  and  the  metal- 
lurgist. The  subject  matter  proper  of  the 
volume  under  review  terminates  with  a  re- 
cord of  some  miscellaneous  experiments  con- 
nected with  railways,  undertaken  many  years 
ago  at  the  request  of  the  directors  of  the  Lou- 
don  and  Birmingham  Railway,  and  embodied 
in  the  different  reports  of  the  author  to  that 
Board.  Interesting  as  this  chapter  un- 
doubtedly is,  it  is  questionable  whether  there 
is  any  real  utility  in  inserting  it,  as  the  foim 
and  dimensions  of  rails  have  been  long  sinee 
agreed  iipon  by  all  practical  engineers.  It  ia^ 
also,  somewhat  incongruous  to  combine  in  the 
same  volume  experiments  upon  iron  andsted 
conducted  but  a  couple  of  years  ago,  and 
others  undertaken  between  thirty  and  forty. 
Either  the  old  are  more  to  be  relied  upon  than 
the  new,  or  the  more  recent  are  of  m 
value.  One  or  other  clearly  appear  super- 
fluous. The  appendix  commences  with 
theoretical  investigations  on  the  eft'ect  of  the 
deflection  of  rails,  inclined  planes,  and  gra- 
dients, and  this  is  a  subject  which  has  been 
too  much  neglected  by  railway  engineers, 
although  it  may  not  be  so  much  their  fault  af 
that  of  the  company  by  whom  they  are  en- 
gaged. Briefly,  the  question  of  good  and  b^, 
or  flat  and  steep  gradients,  is  one  of  expeilr 
diture  of  capital,  and  there  are  no  instances 
more  glaring  of  adherence  to  the  old  motto 
of  "penny  wise  and  pound  foolish"  to  be 
found,  than  in  the  manner  in  which  gradients 
are  laid  out.  We  could  adduce  instances  of 
competing  lines  where  the  gradients  of  the 
one  last  constructed  are  so  steep  that  the  same 
engine  power  can  only  haul  half  the  number 
of  waggons  that  can  be  taken  upon  the  metals 
of  its  rival.  A  flat  gradient  ensures  light 
working  and  small  expenditure  of  power, 
while  a  steep  one  is  a  constant  source  of 
expense  and  annoyance.  An  essay  upon  the 
effects  produced  by  causing  weights  to  travel 
over  elastic  bars  brings  the  book  to  a  close ; 
.and  the  name  of  the  author,  the  Rev.  Robert 
Willis,  the  .lacksonian  professor  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Cambridge,  is  a  guarantee  for  the 
value  of  its  contents.  Although  the  mathema- 
tical investigations  are  of  a  somewhat  intricate 
nativre — in  fact,  the  complete  theoretical 
analysis  of  the  subject  is  almost  beyond  the 
limits  of  scientific  attainment — yet  the  prac- 
tical results  deduced  are  well  deserving  atten- 
tion, as  they  bear  prominently  upon  the 
question  of  rolling  loads  upon  bridges.  The 
plates  are  both  numerous  and  weU  got  up, 
and  the  volume  contrasts  favourably  with  its 
predecessors. 

♦ 

Mr.  Holman  Hunt  has  almost  finished  a  picture 
of  considerable  size,  representing  "  Isabella  with 
the  Basil  Pot,"  from  Keats'  "  Eve  of  St.  Aghes." 

*  "Residtsof  an  Experimental  Inquiry  into  the  Ten- 
sile Strength  and  Other  Properties  of  Various  Kinds  ol 
Wrought  Iron  and  Steel."  By  David  Kircaldv.  Saoona 
Edition.    Glasgow.    1364. 


November  1,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


761 


CONJTKUCXIVE    AND    .ESTHETIC    DESIGN. 


CONSTRUCTIVE  AND  ESTHETIC 
DESIGN.— No.  VII. 

DOMING,  a  subject  on  which  treatises  may 
be  written,  so  little  has  it  been  dealt 
•ith,  is  a  branch  of  constructive  art  of  high 
ttterest,  and  most  prolific  of  suggestion  to 
lie  architect.  The  spherical  dome — the  most 
Effect  of  dome  shapes — is,  as  we  have  seen, 
ot  confined  to  circular  plans,  but  is  appli- 
able  as  a  covering  to  the  most  varied  bases 
-from  triangular  to  polygonal — whether 
hese  be  equilateral  or  not.  After  the  dis- 
iiemberment  of  the  Roman  Empire  tlie  dome 
eems  to  have  been  chiefly  developed  in  the 
^xti,  while  the  rectangular  vault  remained 
le  favourite  covering  of  the  western  nations. 
I  is  the  Roman  dome  and  vaidt  that  we  shall 
lere  consider.  The  theory  of  the  arch,  like 
ts  origin,  has  been  a  fruitful  theme  of  con- 
licting  opinions.  Unfortunately,  the  hypo- 
heaes  that  have  been  advanced  have  been 
bunded  upon  insuiiicient  experimental  data, 
md  the  purely  abstract  theories  of  mathema- 
icians.  The  combination  of  the  two  methods 
if  investigation — mathematical  theory  and 
■iperiment — has  been  neglected,  like  it  has 
n  many  other  branches  of  knowledge,  the 
;onsequeuce  being  that  theorists  and  practi- 
■a1  men  are  continually  at  variance,  and  con- 
Tete  science  falls  into  the  rear. 

It  seems  to  me  there  are  two  very  distinct 
londitions  in  practice  under  which  an  arch 
ihould  be  mechanically  considered,  but  which 
;heoiy  has  often  confounded — namely,  the 
irst,  when  an  arch  has  to  stand  of  its  own 
,'ravity,  as  in  vaults  supporting  nothing ; 
md,  secondly,  when  it  has  to  carry  a  weight. 
The  arch  of  equilibrium,  and  the  caternary 
jelong  to  the  fijst  condition,  any  extra  or 
meven  weight  displacing  the  parts.  Leib- 
litz,  Bernouilli,  and  Dr.  Hooke  solved  the  lat- 
er problem  ;  and  La  Hire,  Parent,  Coulomb, 
Vttwood,  with  varying  results,  laid  down  the 
•roportions  of  weights  of  the  balanced  arch 
jpon  the  principle  of  the  wedge.  An  arch  in 
'  equilibrio,"  or  that  sustained  by  the  mutual 
iction  of  its  parts — the  weights  and  thrusts  of 
ihe  component  arch  stones,  these  being  free  to 
slide  upon  each  other — can  be  of  little  prac- 
tical account,  when  we    suppose  a  varying 


load  over  it,  as  often  is  the  case ;  though,  when 
we  consider  the  effect  of  friction  or  cement 
between  the  voussoirs,  always  the  case,  the 
theory  may  still  bo  useful  in  determining  the 
curve  or  "line  of  pressure."  This  line  of  [ 
equilibrium,  being  of  so  delicate  a  nature 
when  regarded  without  friction,  the  parts 
merely  touching  in  single  points,  we  can  sup-  [ 
pose  it  contained  within  the  thickness  of  au  \ 
ordinary  arch — an  idea  practically  resorted  to  ' 
by  the  mediseval  masons  in  their  use  of  ribs, 
enabling  them,  moreover,  to  reduce  to  a  com- 
parative thinness  the  intervening  parts  or 
spandrels  of  their  vaults.  Dr.  Hutton,  in 
his  "  Principles  of  Bridges,"*  suggests  the 
plan  in  bridge  building  of  giving  the  whole 
masonry  over  the  arch  stones  the  radiating 
jointing  of  the  arches  themselves  up  to  the 
road  level — a  plan  imdoubtedly  good,  as 
ensuring  strength  and  apparent  safety,  and 
rendering  considerable  deviations  of  the 
balanced  curve  of  no  moment.  The  rib  ex- 
pedient has  of  late  been  often  employed  in 
our  stone  and  iron  bridges  with  good  effect. 

The  properties  of  the  equilibrated  polygon, 
so  ably  pointed  out  by  Dr.  Hutton  and  other 
later  mathematicians — involving  a  principle 
so  useful  in  the  equilibrium  of  timber  fram- 
ing— are  precisely  those  of  the  equilibrated 
arch  composed  of  wedges  or  voussoirs.  If  we 
investigate  a  polygonal  system  of  beams  or 
rods,  movable  at  the  joints,  held  in  a  state 
of  equilibrium  by  a  series  of  weights  applied 
to  the  angles  or  suspended  from  them,  we 
shall  find  that  the  condition  of  the  pressures 
is  such  that  they  can  severally  be  represented 
by  lines  drawn  parallel  and  proportional  to 
them,  meeting  each  other  conformably  to  a 
weU-known  principle  in  statics.  Thus,  lines 
drawn  parallel  to  the  direction  of  the  compo- 
nent bars  from  any  point  C,  terminated  by  a 
vertical  line  a  f,  will  be  respectively  propor- 
tional to  the  oblique  forces  in  the  directions 
of  the  bars— namely,  C  a  proportional  to  A  B, 
0  b  proportional  to  B  C,  &c.,  and  the  parts 
intercepted  by  these  parallels  on  the  vertical 
line  a  6,  6  D,  D  d,  &o.,  wiU.  be  proportional 
to  the  respective  weights  of  B  C  D,  &o.  It 
follows  that  any  angle,  say  B,  is  kept  in  posi- 

"  Tract  1,  section  3. 


tion  by  three  forces,  the  vertical  weight,  and 
the  two  abutting  pressures,  proportional  to 
the  three  parallel  lines  a  l>,  0  a,  1/  C,  respec- 
tively. Hence,  if  one  of  the  weights  and  the 
positions  of  the  sides  or  bars  be  given,  the 
other  weights  and  oblique  forces  may  be  de- 
termined by  making  the  given  weight  the 
diagonal  of  a  parallelogram,  its  sides  giving 
similar  sides  of  other  parallelograms. 

Again,  it  wdl  be  seen,  each  oblique  force 
resolves  itself  into  two  others — a  vertical 
force  and  a  horizontal  one,  the  latter,  or  C  c, 
being  the  same  for  all  the  other  sides  of 
polygon  ;  hence  it  follows  the  horizontal 
thrust  at  everv  angle  is  the  same  constant 
quantity,  and  becomes  a  measuring  unit  for 
estimating  the  other  pressures ;  the  vertical 
a  /  is  also  equal  to  the  sum  of  all  the 
weights.  It  is  obvious  that  the  lengths  of 
bars  do  not  alter  proportions  of  pressures, 
their  parallels  remaining  the  same.  Hence, 
the  general  rule,  as  given  by  Di'.  Hutton, 
that  "  the  oblique  thrusts  in  directions  of 
bars  are  to  one  another  directly  in  propor- 
tion as  the  recants  of  their  angles  of  eleva- 
tion above  the  horizontal  direction,  or  re- 
ciprocally proportional  to  the  co-sines  of  the 
same  elevations,  or  of  the  sines  of  the  vertical 
angles  made  by  their  vertical  line ;  that  the 
weight  on  each  angle  is  directly  proportional 
to  the  dift'erence  of  the  tangents  of  the  two 
lines  which  form  angle ;  that  horizontal 
thrust  at  every  angle  has  the  same  proportion 
to  the  uppermost  weight  as  radius  has  to 
tangent  of  elevation  of  uppermost  bar." 

Substituting  wedges  or  arch  stones  for  the 
bars,  the  theory  of  the  frictionless  arch  may 
be  deduced.  Let  A  B  C  D,  &c.,  be  arch 
stones  free  to  slide,  each  being  kept  in  equi- 
librium by  the  mutual  action  of  three  forces 
— its  own  weight  and  the  thrusts  of  two  adja- 
cent stones,  these  thrusts  being  perpendicular 
to  the  joints  or  sides  of  stone.  By  a  known 
theorem,  whenever  three  forces  balance  each 
other  they  have  severally  the  same  ratios  as 
the  sides  of  a  triangle  perpendicular  to  the 
directions  of  the  forces.  Then  the  radiating 
lines  meeting  in  point  o  form  several  such 
triangles  with  any  line  I  K  :  thus,  wedge  D  E 
is  balanced  by  three  forces  proportional  to  the 
three  sides  of  triangle  d  e  o,  the  side  d  e  being 


762 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


November  1,  1867* 


perpendicular'and  proportional  to  the  vertical 
weight  :  d  o  and  e  o  perpendicular  and  pro- 
portional to  the  fide  thrusts  at  joints  D  and  E, 
and  so  of  the  rest.  It  will  also  be  obvious 
that  the  horizontal  thrust  at  every  joint  is 
proportional  to  the  radius  e  o,  and  remains  the 
same  constant  quantity.  Hence  the  iollowing 
rule :  That  the  weight  of  any  part  of  a  semi- 
arch  is  always  proportional  to  the  tangent  of 
the  angle  of  inclination  of  the  lower  wedge  to 
the  vertical  line,  while  the  oblique  push  per- 
pendicular to  the  joints  is  proportional  to  the 
secant  of  same  angle.  In  this  case,  again,  the 
constant  horizontal  thrust  is  a  unit  by  which 
the  two  other  circumstances,  the  weight  and 
the  oblique  push,  may  be  found,  thus  : — 
A  X  i  ^  weight  of  semi-arch  ;  and  /t  x  s  ;= 
oblique  pressure,  where  h  =  horizontal  con- 
stant ;  t  =  tangent  of  side's  inclination  to  the 
vertical ;  and  s  =  secant  of  same  angle.  It  will 
be  seen  from  the  foregoing  that  the  semi-arch 
increases  in  weight  and  pressure  towards  its 
springing,  where  joints  approach  the  hori- 
zontal, and  the  tangent  and  secant  of  the 
angle  are  there  infinite.  From  any  assumed 
curve  of  intrados  (which  is  not  restricted) 
we  can  determine  the  curve  or  extrados. 
This  can  be  done  geometrically  by  setting  off 
on  centre  lines  of  voussoirs  from  intrados 
lengths  lieaj-ing  the  same  ratios  to  each 
other  as  the  weights  of  corresponding  vous- 
soirs, a  line  of  contrary  ilexure  being  the 
result.  As  the  triangles  formed  by  the  above 
method  have  all  the  same  altitude,  O  e,  they 
have  the  same  ratios  as  their  bases  intercepted 
on  horizontal  line,  these  being  proportional 
to  the  several  weights ;  and  as  these  triangles 
have  angles  respectively  equal  to  angles  of 
corresponding  sectors,  their  areas  are  propor- 
tional to  squares  of  their  corresponding  sides. 
It  is  only  necessary,  then,  to  lay  down  geo- 
metrically the  differences  of  the  S(|uares  of 
the  respective  sides.  Thu^,  for  the  arch  stone 
D  E  (supposing  0  e-  be  equal  to  O  E=  —  0  X"^) 
make  O  D  =  V^'cTl^ +  0^^  ;  for  stone  D  E : 
O  e  rf  :  :  O  E-  —  O  X-  :  0  e-.  A  simpler  me- 
thod of  determining  the  outer  ciu-ve  is  shown 
in  fig.  3,  where,  from  points  on  soffit  of  arch, 
perpendiculars,  all  equal  to  ab,  are  set  up, 
horizontal  and  radiating  lines  from  extremi- 
ties of  them  giving  the  extrados. 

The  catenary  may  be  most  usefully  em- 
ployed as  a  mechanical  method  of  finding  the 
tUfference  of  curvature  required  for  equili- 
brated arches  ;  but 
the  element  of  ce- 
ment or  friction, 
and  other  consider- 
ations, must  be 
considered  in  prac- 
tice. The  line  of 
pressure,  in  tlie 
case  of  voussoirs 
or  considerable 
segments  of  an 
arch  being  held 
together  by  ce- 
ment is  unquestionably  (when  arch  is  much 
loaded)  more  or  less  straight,  as  Br.  Robison 
thought,  and  we  can  suppose  a  polygon  of 
such  lines  within  the  thickness  of  an  arch, 
the  least  deviation  of  their  points  of  contact 
beyond  this  thickness  causing  the  several 
parts  to  turn  on  their  edges.  A  straight,  tri- 
angular arch.  Dr.  Robison  considered,  met 
this  best,  so  that  a  straight  line  might  be 
drawn  from  keystone  to  abutments,  slipping 
of  stones  being  impossible  ;  mere  crushing  of 
materials  woidd  then  be  the  only  destruction. 
Such  a  straight-sided  arch,  however,  would 
only  do  for  small  spans. 

I  think,  then,  that  though,  in  the  case  of 
the  equilibrated  arch,  the  line  of  pressure  is  a 
central  curve,  or  an  appreciable  one,  some- 
where between  the  extrados  and  intrados,  in 
practice,  when  the  cohesive  effect  of  cement  is 
considered,  we  may  ijractically  assume  this 
line  to  be  straight-sided  through  those  parts 
or  voussoirs  so  compacted,  failure  only  result- 
ing when  the  points  of  contact  or  angles  are 
not  kept  in  position  by  a  properly-distributed 


load,  or  when  their  equilibrium  has  been  de- 
ranged. In  a  few  words,  the  pressure  must  lie 
communicated  in  straight  lines  to  certain 
points  of  resistance,  a  sufficient  balance  of 
these  points  being  essential  to  stability.  In 
practice,  imequally-loaded  arches  are  common, 
and  such  a  condition  can  only  be  met  by  the 
cohesive  strength  of  the  cement,  and  the  com- 
pacted nature  of  the  superimposed  masonry. 
From  the  "  limiting  angle  of  resistance " 
(30  deg.  for  stone),  slipping  of  the  voussoirs  is 
practicaU}'  impossible,  and,  therefore,  it  is  only 
from  the  "  line  of  pressure  "  deviating  from 
the  substance  of  the  arch  proper  that  failure 
is  attributable.  Mr.  Atwood,  in  his  work  on 
the  "  Construction  and  Properties  of  Arches," 
has  ingeniously  suggested  the  practicability  of 
making  the  voussoirs  of  such  relative  weight, 
and  of  so  adjusting  them,  or  their  angles  of 
joints,  that  their  friction  may  compensate  for 
their  irregularity  of  weight.  The  catenarian 
curve  is  the  strongest  form  of  arch,  and  per- 
haps the  liest  for  domes  constructively  and 
aesthetically,  for  the  flattest  part  of  the  curve 
is  just  where  there  is  always  a  tendency  to 
rise,  i.e.,  at  the  haunches  ;  at  the  same  time  it 
obviates  that  depressed  appearance  a  spherical 
dome  always  has  when  viewed  from  below. 
Often,  indeed,  double  cupolas  are  formed,  the 
outer  one  being  of  a  pointed  or  prolate  form 
— to  correct  this  perspective  foreshorteninsr. 
It  may  be  noted  that  an  inverted  polygon 
would  require  the  same  relative  weights  sus- 
pended from  its  angles,  to  give  it  the  shape  of 
our  example,  as  that  required,  drawing  and 
tension  taking  the  place  of  compression  and 
thrust.  The  pointed  arch  unquestionably 
ranks  with  the  catenary  as  the  strongest  form 
for  crown  pressure;  the  flatter  varieties,  as  the 
elliptical  and  cycloidal,  all  requii'e  great  pres- 
sure at  abutment  and  flanks.  A  good  plan 
adopted  by  Labelye,  the  architect  of  old  West- 
minster-bridge, was  to  make  such  arches 
double,  the  under  one  being  of  a  quicker  curve 
than  the  upper,  both  being  bonded  together. 

The  vaults  and  domes  of  the  Roman  and 
medioeval  masons,  however  unacquainted  they 
may  have  been  with  the  equilibrium  theory, 
rarely  show  defective  practice.  From  the 
simple  pyramidal  pendant  (<(  fig.  4),  formed 
by  the  cross  vault  to  the  complex  polygonal 
or  inverted  conoid,  the  development  of  vault- 
ing is  as  suggestive  as  interesting,  though  it 
is  easy  to  see  mere  tour  de  force  rather  than 
an  sesthetic  result  was  arrived  at  in  the  in- 
tricate "fan"  vaulting  seen  at  Henry  VII.'s 
chapel,  in  which  mere  tracery  took  the  place 
of  the  constructive  and  angular  ribs.  The 
four  inverted  cones  (c)  left  an  awkward  flat 
centre  often  filled  with  ornament,  and  it  was 
only  when  a  four-centered  curve  was  adopted 
that  this  defect  was  avoided  by  carrying  the 
ribs  to  a  higher  domical  centre,  where  a 
central  pendant  was  omitted.  In  compart- 
ments where  the  lateral  arches  are  less  in  width 
than  the  longitudinal  vault,  inequality  of 
ridge  level  or  rib  curvature  is  the  result  ;  for, 
if  the  longest  ribs  meet  in  a  point,  the  other 
ribs  must  of  necessity  form  sharper  points, 
the  wall  ribs  or  "  fomrerets "  being  often 
acutely  pointed.  In  such  vaulting  the 
transverse  ridge  must  partake  of  a  curve  more 
or  less  convex,  a  curve  of  contrary  flexure 
being  often  hideous  in  effect. 

In  the  progress  of  vaulting,  surface  or  trans- 
verse ribs  were  exchanged  for  groin  or 
angular  ribs,  till  these  were  multiplied  iuto 
surface  tracery.  Perhaps  the  vaulting  of 
choir  (fig.  5)  in  Oxford  Cathedral  combines 
the  beauty  and  mechanical  ingenuity  of  the 
whole  art,  the  pendants  and  lateral  arches 
helping  to  counterbalance  the  thrust  of  main 
vault  in  the  manner  of  the  trefoil-shaped  arch 
noticed  in  our  last  paper. 

In  our  next,  we  hope  to  indicate  the  appli- 
cation of  the  arch  and  vault,  and  the  effect  it 
has  had  upon  design  generally. 


The  Superintending  Architect  of  the  Board  of 
Works  has  had  hia  salary  raised  from  £1,000 
to  £1,200  a  year. 


IJwHbing  Intel (i§eitte. 


CHURCHES    AND    CHAPELS. 

A  new  chapel  lias  been  erected  on  the   premises  I 
of  the  Bristol  Female    Penitentiary.      The  cost  is 
£•2,200,  aad  the  area  64ft.  by    26ft.  in   the  clear. 
The  style  is  fourteenth  century  Gothic  ;  and  it  is  I 
built   of  Pennant  stone  with  freestone   drea 
The  architects  were  Messrs.  Popes   and  Bindon,  11 

The  chief  stone  of  a  Congregational  chapel  for  i! 
Small  Heath  has  ijeeu  recently  laid  by  the  Mayor! 
of  Birmingham  (Mr.  Thomas  Avery),  The  chapel  I 
will  be  Gothic  in  style,  and  from  the  designs  of  1 
Mr.  W.  P.  Poulton,  architect,  Reading.  Blue  f 
brick,  with  stone  dressings,  will  form  the  material  I 
of  the  structure.  Mr.  Charles  Jones,  of  Belmont-  [ 
row,  Birmingham,  is  the  builder. 

It  is  intended  that  the  church  of  St.  Maty 
Somerset,  in  Thames-street,  which  has  been  closed 
for  some  time  past,  shall  be  sold  in  a  few  weeks. 
In  the  church  is  the  grave  of  Gilbert  Ironside, 
D.D.,  Warden  of  Wadham  College,  Oxford,  and 
who  was  Vice-Chancellor  of  that  university  when. 
James  II.  seized  upon  Magdalen  College,  and  sent 
his  commissioners  to  expel  the  fellows.  On  the 
accession  of  WilUan  III.,  he  was  created  Bishop  of 
Bristol,  whence  he  was  translated  to  the  see  of 
Hereford,  which  beheld  till  his  death  in  1701.  It 
is  stated  that  the  AVarden  and  Felfjws  of  Wadham 
have  expressed  to  the  rector  and  churchwardeua 
of  the  parish  of  St.  Mary  their  wish  that  his 
remains  may  be  handed  over  to  them  for  re-inter- 
ment in  the  chapel  of  the  college,  over  which  he 
presided  for  twenty-tive  years.  The  other  bodies 
in  the  church  will  be  removed  to  the  City  Cemetery 
at  Ilford,  with  due  decorum. 

A  new  Wesleyan  chapel  13  approaching  com- 
pletion at  Maiodee,  near  Bristol.  Under  present 
arrangement  it  will  seat  300,  but  galleries  are  to 
be  erected  at  some  future  time  if  required.  Mr, 
Samuel  Hancorn,  of  Newport,  is  the  architeoty 
and  the  contract  has  been  taken  by  Mr.  Webber, 
of  Maindee,  at  £l,2i7. 

St.  Phillip's  Church,  East  CoUingwood,  near 
Melbourne  (Australia),  has  lately  been  consecrated. 
The  cost  is  £2,414,  and  itat  present  will  seat  300, 
but  will  seat  double  that  number  when  iinished. 
It  is  in  the  Gothic  style,  and  Mr.  Lloyd  Taylor  is 
the  architect. 

The  foundation  stone  of  a  Roman  CathoUe 
church,  dedicated  to  St.  Ignatius,  has  been  laid  at 
Richmond  (Melbourne).  It  will  be  Gothic,  ivnd 
consist  of  a  chancel,  two  aisles,  and  lady  chapel. 
The  ground  measurement  is  140ft.  by  60ft.  The 
materials  employed  will  be  bluestone  with  f  reeston* 
dressings. 

The  church  of  St.  Sennen,  Land's  End,  has  been 
reopened,  having  been  restored  under  the  direction 
of  Mr.  J.  P.  S.  Aubyn,  the  work  being  executed  by 
Messrs.  Carah  and  Edwards  of  Crowan,  at  a  cost 
of  £800.  It  now  consists  of  a  nave  60ft.  long,  an 
aisle  50ft.  long,  and  a  transept  14ft.  long.  The 
church  will  seat  200. 

On  Saturday  last.  Lord  Hutham  laid  the  comer 
stone  of  a  new  church  at  Palsgrave,  near  Scar- 
borough. Mr.  G.  F.  Bodley,  of  London,  is  the  ar- 
chitect. The  church,  though  small,  will  be  of 
fine  proportions,  and  will  consist  of  nave,  chancel, 
and  south  aisle,  with  organ  chamber  and  vestry.- 
The  cost  will  be  about  £5,200. 

The  Bishop  of  Carlisle  has  laid  the  foundation' 
stone  of  a  new  church  at  Gamblesby,  Cumber- 
laud.  The  style  is  Early  Gothic ;  the  material 
used  is  new  red  sandstone.  The  architects  are 
Messrs.  Cory  and  Ferguson,  of  Carlisle. 

The  restoration  of  the  ancient  parish  church: 
of  Selmeston,  commenced  about  eighteen  months- 
ago,  has  just  been  completed,  from  the  designs  ot 
Mr.  Christian,  the  contractors  being  Messrs. 
Avis,  of  Hastings.  The  style  of  the  old  nhnrch 
has  been  faithfully  followed.  The  windows  ii: 
the  aisle  have  been  filled  with  stained  glass,  all 
of  them  being  memorial.  The  tower  has  been  re- 
built, and  the  chimes  have  been  arranged  on  a  new 
principle,  similar  to  that  in  use  at  Westminster. 
The  cost  of  the  restoration  has  been  .£2,500. 

The  Syndicate  of  the  University  of  Cambridge- 
have  lately  had  under  their  consideration  a  report- 
furnished  by  Mr.  Scott,  ou  the  condition  and  pro- 
posed restoration  of  Stourbridge  Chapel.  The  total- 
estimate  is  about  £800.  The  Syndicate,have  deter- 
mined to  adopt  the  report  if  sufficient  funds  are- 
oB'ered  them  for  the  purpose  by  Easter. 


r 


NOVEMBEE   1,    1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


763 


The  parish  church  of  'Weston  (Herts)  has  been 
stored.  The  tower  has  been  rebuilt,  but  the 
A  stone  was  again  used  heme;  of  a  very  hard  and 
irable  kifld  (Bamack  rag).  The  peal  of  bells  has 
en  re-hung,  and  one  of  the  number  re-cast.  The 
rks  have  been  carried  out  under  the  direction 
.Mr.  Robert  Hesketh,  of  London  ;  the  builder 
-  loyed  being  Mr.  James  Hayward.  The  cost 
_-lit!y  exceeds  £2,000. 

A  new  church,  named  Allan  Park  Church,  was 
ened  at  Stirling  on  the  20th  ult.  It  has  been 
L-ted  by  local  contractors,  from  the  designs  of 
-srs.  Pidder  and  Kinnear,  at  a  cost  of  about 
.'.00.  The  style  is  Early  Gothic,  and  acoorarao- 
i.  m  is  provided  for  700  persons.  A  peculiarity 
I  hat  part  of  the  foundation  rests  on  moss,  but 
,•  driving  in  piles  the  building  stands  on  a  base 
firm  as  the  hardest  rock. 
.V  new  Episcopal  church  is  to  be  built  at  Alloa, 

■  cost  of  which  is  generously  defrayed  by  the 
irl  of  Keelie,  on  condition  of  the  old  church 
■ing  placed  at  his  dL^po-sal.  Mr.  R.  Anderson,  of 
iinburgh,  is   the  architect  selected.     The   style 

pted  is  Early  Geometric  Pointed  Gothic.  The 
■ire  cost  will  be  over  £3,000,  and  the  church  will 
it  about  200,  exclusive  of  space  for  chairs. 

On  the  14th  inst.  the  memorial  stone  of  a 
;'»el  and  schools  (in  brick  and  stone)  at  Ilford, 
-ex,  for  the  congregation  of  the  United  Metho- 

■  Free  Church,  was  laid  by  George  Axton,  Esq., 
Sliepherd's-bush.     The  building  is  a  substan- 

brick  structure,  containing  chapel  on  ground 

r,  with  seating  for  nearly  SOO  adults,  and  schools 

isement.    The  works  are  being  executed  from 

designs   of    Mr.   A.   Manning,   architect,  by 

asrs.  Hill  and  Keddell,  of  Whitechapel-road. 

BUILDUiGS. 

A  commodious  new  home,  lately  erected  for  the 

lasgow  Magdalene  Institution,  at  Lochbum,  near 

'Tvhill,  North  Britain,  was  opened  on  Saturday 

It  is  three  storeys   high,    the  ground   floor 

;'j-  used  as  offices,  &c  ,  and  the  upper  floors   as 

::uitories.     At  each   end  of  the  building   is   a 

iiuis   staircase.       The   general   effect    of  the 

iliag  is  pleasing,  being  dependent  mainly   in 

grouping  and  outline,  the  small  amount  of  or- 

iinent  admissible  having  been  judiciously  applied. 

r.  Houeyman,  of  Glasgow,  was  the  architect ;  the 

iQtractors  were: — Masons' work,  Lyall  and  Leckie; 

iuer  work,  M'Craw  and   Kay ;   plumbers'   work, 

r.  W.  Reid  ;  plasterers'  work,  Mr.   A.   Campbell ; 

I  slater-V  work,  J.  Stewart  and  Sons.     The  clerk 

■.Ue  works  was  Mr.  W.  Kent. 

The  Bristol  Royal  Infirmary    has   been  lately 

lergoing   some     extensive  alterations  :  in   the 

nt  of  the  infirmary  the  works  are  limited  to  the 

-iag  of  the  roof  ;  the  height  of  the  upper  storey 

>  been  raised  from  8ft.  to  12ft.      A  clock  tower 

cted  is  semicircular,  and  of  neat  design.      The 

-t  of  this  portion  of  the  work  is   £3,200  ;   the 

itractor  is  Mr.  W.  Baker,  of  Canons  Marsh,  and 

•  architects  are  Messrs.  Pope  and  Bindon.      In 

e  rear  of  the   building  new  wards   are  being 

-  .-ted.     There  has  been  no  attempt  at  ornameu- 

uon  in  this   part.      Messrs.  Godwin  and   Crisp 

ere  the  architects.      The  general  contractor  was 

[r.  E.  J.  Hatherly,  of  Stoke's  Croft,  the   masons' 

•rk  being  done  by  Mr.  J.  P.  Stephens,  of   York- 

-•?et.      Mr.    Tuckey,    of   Milk-street,    did   the 

.  umbers'  work,  and  Mr.  Cowlin,  of  Milk-street,  the 

lastering  and  glazing. 

The  new  national  schools  at  Sneyd,  near  Burslem, 

re  opened  last  week.     The  plan  of  the   schools 

in  the  form  of  the  letter  L  reversed.      That  for 

iie  boys  is  60ft.  long  by  20ft.  wide,  and  for  the 

iris    50ft.    long    by    20ft.    wide.        There    are 

lass  rooms  attached  to  each.     The  building  is   of 

plain  Gothic  character,   and  is   constructed   of 

:  ick — red  prest  ones — blue  brick  for  bands,   &c., 

ing  used  for  the  exterior,  and  white  prest   ones 

r  the  interior  walls.     The  roofs  are  covered  with 

le  and  red  tiles  laid  ornamentally.     The  builders 

:•;  Messrs.   Bennet  and  Brindley,   of  Newcastle- 

treet,  Burslem.     Mr.  Dain,  of  Burslem,  was   the 

rchitect. 

The  extension  of  the  accommodation  for  the  in . 
me  inmates  of  the  CUfton  Workhouse  has  just 
een  completed  in  the  addition  of  two  wings,  one 
a  either  side  of  the  building.  One  of  the  wings 
'  for  the  male  and  the  other  for  the  female  patients. 
us  new  buildings  are  constructed  of  Pennant 
'ae,  with  Bath  stone  dressings.  Mr.  M.  King- 
•ne,  builder,  of  RedclifF-street,  was  the  contrac- 
J-  The  architects  were  Messrs.  Fosters  and 
Vood,  of  Park-street,  Bristol.  The  buildings 
ave  been  put  up  at  an  expense  of  about  £1,800. 


AVe  understand  it  is  in  contemplation  to  add  a 
new  wing  to  the  Oxford  University  Museum,  the 
requirements  of  the  various  professors  making 
the  enlargement  absolutely  necessary.  The  new 
structure  will,  we  hear,  be  devoted  to  experimental 
philosophy  under  Professor  Clifton,  formerly  of 
Manchester.  Great  improvements  have  been 
made  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  new   museum. 

The  Earl  of  Derbj'  laid  the  foundation  stone  on 
Wednesday  week,  of  the  New  Southern  Hospital, 
at  Liverpool.  The  estimated  cost  is  £35,0u0,  in- 
cluding land.  Of  this  sum,  £21,105  has  already 
been  raised.  The  frontage  will  be  300ft.  to  Hill- 
street,  and  the  depth  180ft.  There  will  be  a  cen- 
tral and  two  end  divisions.  The  central  division 
will  contain  the  administrative  department,  the 
operating  theatre,  the  chapel,  the  board-room  and 
olHces,  and  the  two  end  divisions  will  be  devoted 
towards  nurses'  rooms,  affording  accommodation 
for  200  beds. 

The  new  street  in  a  direct  line  with  High-street, 
Aldgate,  extending  in  a  south-easterly  direction 
towards  the  Commercial-road,  with  which  it  forms 
a  junction  at  the  corner  of  Backchurch-lane,  is 
rapidly  progressing  towards  completion,  a  large 
number  of  houses  in  the  Commercial-road,  Back- 
church-lane, Colchester-street,  Leman-street, 
Whitechapel,  High-street,  and  the  adjacent  courts 
and  lanes,  having  been  pulled  down  by  order  of 
the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Works.  Another  new 
route  between  the  Commercial-road  and  the  eastern 
entrances  to  the  London  Docks  is  about  to  be 
formed  by  the  widening  of  Backchurch-lane,  a 
portion  of  St.  George's-street  (late Ratcliff  highway), 
and  Gravel-lane,  St.  George's-in-the-East.| 


TO  COKRESPONDENTS. 

NOTICE. -The  "BUILDIXG  SEWS  "  i»  now  Pub- 
lUhed  at  the  NEW  OFFICES,  31,  TAVISTOCK  STREET, 
CO  VENT  GARDEN,  W.C. 


To  Our  Readebs.— Ws  »h.ill  foal  obliged  to  anjr  of  our 
roatiura  who  will  favour  us  with  brief  notea  of  work*  con- 
templated or  in  progress  in  the  provinces. 

Letters  rel.iting  to  advertisements  and  the  ordinary  busi- 
ness of  the  paper  should  be  addressed  to  the  EDITOR, 
31,  TAVISTOCK  STREET,  COVENT  GARDEN,  W.C. 

Advertisements  for  the  current  week  must  reach  th« 
othce before  5  o'clock  p.m.  on  Thuriiday. 

Notice.— The  BUILDING  NEWS  inserts  advortlss- 
meuts  for  '•  SITUATIONS  WANTED,"  &c.,  at  ONE 
SHILLING  tor  the  first  Twenty.four  Wonhi. 


WATER   SUPPLY    AND    SANITARY 
MATTERS. 

A  conference  of  the  officials  connected  with  the 
local  corporations  and  other  authorities  of  the 
potteiy  towns  was  held  last  week  at  Stoke,  for 
the  purpose  of  considering  the  questions  of  smoke 
consumption  and  the  general  sewerage  of  the  dis- 
trict. With  regard  to  the  smoke  nuisance  it  was 
unanimously  determined  to  put  in  force  the  smoke 
clauses  of  the  sanitary  act  of  1866.  The  sewage 
difficulty,  hoTever,  was  not  so  easily  disposed  of, 
the  only  result  arrived  at,  after  a  meeting  of  three 
hours,  being  a  resolution  of  the  committee  re- 
commending to  the  local  authorities  the  reconsider- 
ation of  their  respective  modes  of  dealing  with  the 
night  soil,  and  requesting  within  two  months  their 
opinions  on  the  desirability  of  substituting  the 
dry  for  the  water-closet  syetem. 

The  neighbourhood  of  Blyth,  Newcastle,  has 
outgrown  its  natural  resources.  It  is  now  hard 
up  for  want  of  a  proper  water  supply.  It  will 
scarcely  be  credited,  but  it  is  nevertheless  a  fact, 
that  in  Cowpen  Quay  and  Waterloo,  where  there 
are  about  5,000  inhabitants,  there  are  no  means 
of  obtaining  water  beyond  that  which  is  hawked 
about  the  streets  in  a  cart.  In  these  two  town- 
ships there  are  no  less  than  700  tenancies,  re- 
presenting property  of  the  value  of  £150,000,  and 
if  a  fire  were  to  occur,  would  most  hkely  be  en- 
tirely burnt  down  for  want  of  water  to  ex- 
tinguish it.  Most  of  the  well-to-do  people  have 
wisely  had  wells  sunk,  but  those  (comprising,  of 
course,  the  great  majority)  who  cannot  aSord 
such  a  luxury  are  dependent  on  the  water  car- 
riers, who,  in  their  turn,  are  at  the  mercy  of  the 
managers  of  the  reservoir  which  supplies  the 
town  of  Blyth  proper,  from  whom  they  purchase 
their  supplies.  The  matter  does  not  receive  the 
attention  it  deserves  at  the  hands  of  the  members 
of  the  Cowpen  Local  Board. 

On  Monday,  the  Local  Board  of  Health  for 
Rochester  accepted  the  tender  of  Mr.  J.  Cuker, 
jun.,  of  Tunbridge,  for  the  execution  of  the  new 
drainage  works  in  that  town.  The  amount  of  the 
tender  is  £2,814  Ss.  9d. 

A  correspondent  of  a  daily  paper  writes  from 
Crawley,  praising  the  dry  earth  system  of  sewage 
which  has  now  been  in  operation  in  that  village 
for  more  than  eight  months.  During  that  time 
not  the  slightest  difficulty  has  been  esperienced 
in  supplying  the  dried  earth  and  remo\Tng  the 
excreta.  Experiments  are  now  in  progress  for  the 
purpose  of  ascertaining  the  value  of  the  manure 
thus  obtained,  and  there  is  every  reason  to  be- 
lieve that  it  will  be  found  a  successful  rival  o£  all 
other  artificial  manures. 


Received.— W.  P.— E.  W.  P.— W.  P.— J.  P.  T.— 
E.  W.  O  — R  H.-J.  B.-A.  and  Co  — E.  L.  O  — E.  L.  P. 
-J.  II.  L.-L,  andN.— J.  E.— G.  U.G.— D.  J.  R— J.  R.  R. 
-T.  P.  and  Co.— E.  N.— W.  and  D.-J.  B.— B.  W.  D — 
J.  U.— 11.  11.,  with  copy  of  address.— A.  13.— E.  R.  R.— 
B.  B.,  with  manuscript.— C.  S.  N.— J.  C.  J.-C.  C. 

T.  C.  S.— Your  letter  would  only  call  forth  an  eijuilly 
irritating  reply. 

W.  11.  T.— Your  letter  is  so  badly  written  that,  aftttr 
exhausting  our  patience,  wo  dropped  it  into  the  wajit« 
basket. 

J .  U.\Y.— We  will  give  you  the  desired  information  soon. 

"W.  W. — Too  hite.  You  forget  tbat  we  begin  to  "  mako 
up"  the  paper  about  5  o'clock  on  Thursday  evenings. 

\ViLUA.ii  SUAW  (Alfreton).— The  manufacture  of  ladiea' 
bonnets  is  a  little  out  of  our  way. 

John  Rattray. — It  is  beyond  our  province  to  offer  an 
opinion  on  the  colour  of  Milton's  hair. 

W.  D. — Youl-  question  was  asked  under  "Mutual  Aid," 
on  page  750,  last  week. 

Mb.  Street  and  "  J.C  J."— We  have  received  a  very  long 
letter  from  *'J.  C.  J.  "in  answer  to  Mr.  Street's  last  commu- 
nication in  oui-  columns,  but  it  is  too  long,  too  personal, 
and  too  discursive  for  insertion.  Wo  cannot  allow  the 
BoiLDisG  News  to  be  made  a  vehicle  for  personal  disputa- 
tion. It  is  a  pity  that  art  critics  cannot  agree  a  littl* 
more  among  themselves  before  they  attempt  to  teach  thtt 
world. 

W.  H.  T.,  Davey  Jas.  Brooke.9,  a.vd  A  Rkti-obd  Towk 
Hall  Competitob  haveaddressed  us  letters  on  the  Retford 
Town  Hall  Competition  in  reference  to  Mr.  Sorby's  letter 
and  E  W.  Godwin's  reply.  The  letters  are  rather  too  per- 
sonal for  OUI-  columns.  Mr.  D.  J.  Brooks  says  that  we  gave 
an  inferior  illustration  of  the  accepted  design,  m  order  to 
make  it  ridiculous.  This  is  not  true,  and  we  should  scorn 
doing  such  a  thing.  Mr.  A.  H.  Haig,  the  artist,  did  his 
beat  for  both  illustrations,  aud  both  had  the  same  quality 
and  quantity  of  work  bestowed  on  them. 


Comsponkiice. 


The   National  Portrait   Gallery  will  be  closed 
from  November  2  to  November  25  inclusive. 


RETFORD  TOWN  HALL. 
To  the  Editor  of  the  BniLDraa  News. 

Sir, — Admirable  and  praiseworthy  as  the  effort 
on  your  part  undoubtedly  is,  to  let  the  archi- 
tectural world  see  what  sort  of  taste  prevails 
among  competition  committees,  by  ranging  the 
successful  aud  a  judiciously-selected  unsuccessful 
design  side  by  side  in  the  pages  of  your  paper,  yet, 
I  woidd  ask,  is  the  comparison  a  fair  one  ?  For 
instance,  if  you  were  about  to  build  a  house,  you 
could  not  possibly  tell  what  woidd  be  likely  to  stiit 
your  requirements  by  simply  being  shown  an  ex- 
terior view  of  what  the  architect  proposed.  But 
yet  you  ask  your  readers  to  decide  which  of  two  de- 
signs would  be  the  better  suited  to  the  requirements 
of  the  Retford  Committee,  giving  them  only  views 
of  their  respective  front  elevations  on  which  to 
base  an  opinion.  1  do  not  know  if  Mr.  Godwin's 
plan  be  inferior  to  that  of  Messrs.  Bellamy,  and  it 
is  precisely  because  I  do  not  know,  that  I  am  unable 
to  decide  whether  Mr.  Godwin  is  the  injured  iniii- 
vidual  the  present  comparison  would  leave  him ; 
far  it  is  monstrous  to  suppose  that,  because  the  ex- 
terior is  all  tliat  could  be  wished,  therefore  the  de- 
sign should  be  forthwith  selected,  irrespective  of 
defects  it  may  possess  on  plan  ;  for  committees, 
like  individuals,  are  more  likely  to  look  to  con- 
venience before  art,  preferring  the  useful  to  the 
ornamental  when  they  find  they  cannot  get  the 
two  combined.  Your  correspondent  "  W."  ex- 
presses a  hope  that  we  may  not  be  dragged  back 
to  the  Gei»rgian  age,  when  builders  were  employed 
to  do  the  work  of  architects.  I  think  the  best 
way  to  prevent  such  degeneration  will  be  for  the 
so-called  art  architects  to  give  a  little  more  atten- 
tion to  the  convenient  planning  of  buildings— not 
necessarily  the  work  of  a  surveyor— and  then  com- 
mittees, in  their  desire  to  get  a  convenient  build- 
ing, will  not  be  driven  to  accept  such  an  archi- 
tectural monstrosity  as  the  present  Retford  Town 
Hall— I  am,  &c.,  E.  W. 

[If  Messrs.  Godwin  and  Crisp,  and  Messrs.  Pear. 
son  and  Bellamv,  will  send  us  the  plans  for  their 
Retford  Town  Halls,  we  would  engrave  them  and 
put  them  side  by  side,  as  we  did  the  elevations. — 
Ed.  B.N.] 


764 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


November  1,  1867. 


AN  ARCHITECT'S  CLUB. 

Sir, — I  have  perused  the  several  remarks  on 
the  subject  of  an  architect's  club  which  have 
appeared  iu  your  columns  of  late,  but  the  subject 
seems  to  me  to  have  been  taken  up  principally  by 
students,  or  those  desirous  of  obtaining  purely 
elementary  information  and  instruction,  by  means 
of  a  good  architectural  library  and  reading-room. 
Of  course  an  architectural  club  ought  to  in- 
clude accommodation  for  men  of  an  entirt-ly 
thoughtful  and  reflective  turn  of  mind  ;  but  to  be 
a  club,  in  the  recognized  meaning  of  the  word  at 
present,  it  ehoiild  also  aflbrd  convenience  for 
those,  who,  having  already  acquired  a  fair  educa- 
tion in  art  subjects,  after  an  arduous  day's  work 
in  their  professional  duties,  may  wish  to  obtain  a 
Httle  relaxation,  and  have  an  opportunity  of 
making  the  acquaintance  of  those  who,  from 
holding  reciprocal  views,  are  the  best  able  to  con- 
verse together  on  a  mutual  footing.  I  feel  sure 
that  there  are  quite  a  sufficient  number  of  us 
(young  architects),  judging  from  the  crowded 
state  of  the  rooms  in  Conduit  street,  on  the  occa- 
sion of  the  opening  convtrsazio7ie  last  Friday,  to 
organize  and  su|.'porfc  an  architect's  club  in 
London,  if  it  were  commenced  with  a  moderate 
entrance  fee,  and  yearly  subscription  of  about 
£3  3s.  ;  and  I  see  no  reason  for  supposing  that 
the  interests  and  advantages  of  the  Association 
would  be  interfered  with  in  the  least,  but  be 
rather  strengthened,  by  having  its  members  the 
better  acquainted  with  one  another;  and  I  should 
like  to  see  the  Association,  through  its  talented 
and  energetic  president,  making  the  first  move  in 
the  matter.  1  must  add  my  most  sincere  wishes 
to  those  of  "Adelphi"  last  week,  that  the  In- 
stitute will  assist  in  this  work. — I  am,  &c  , 

London,  S.^y.,  October  31.  Adolescens. 


ZINC    ROOFING. 

Sir, — In  reply  to  a  letter  signed  by  "C.  H.,"  which  ap- 
peared in  your  impression  of  Friday,  the  25th  inst.,  per- 
mit me  to  state  that  I  am  willing  to  undertake  to  lay  a 
jjlain  zinc  roof,  in  Italian  formed  zinc,  No.  14  gauge,  at 
7d.  per  foot  superficial  nett  measurement,  and  using  ray 
patent  underlock  fastening,  by  the  use  of  which  fastening 
the  cost  of  the  boarding  beneath  the  zinc  is  dispensed  with. 
— I  am,  (fee,  Robert  Fox. 

•26,  Tomlin's-terrace,  Limehouse,  E.,  October  29. 


THE    STRATFORD     TOWN    HALL    COM- 
PETITION. 

Sir, — Will  you  allow  me  to  reply  to  several 
misstatements  respecting  the  above.  It  is  not 
true  that  the  Local  Board  have  awarded  the  first 
premium,  and  the  honour  of  the  work,  to  their 
own  surveyor.  The  design  "  Civis"  was  the 
joint  production  of  Mr,  Giles,  of  Craven-street, 
and  myself,  and  we  are  now  employed  as  joint 
architectii  to  carry  out  the  work.  It  is  not  true 
that  I  placed  my  name,  as  well  as  motto,  on  the 
design.  Each  competitor  was  suppUed  with  a 
lithographed  plan,  upon  which,  or  a  fac  simile 
thereof,  he  was  required  to  draw  his  block  plan  ; 
consequently,  my  hthographed  signature  appeared 
on  several  of  the  designs. 

It  is  not  true  that  the  authorship  of  "  Civis" 
was  known  to  the  lioard.  A  committee  of  the 
whole  Board  made  a  report  awarding  the  pre- 
miums. At  this  time  the  authorship  of  the  de- 
signs was  not  known,  but  during  the  week  which 
elapsed  between  the  final  meeting  of  the  com- 
mittee and  the  regular  meeting  of  the  Board,  the 
authorship  of  all  the  premiated  designs  became 
more  or  less  known.  As  to  the  merits  of  the 
decision,  I  am  quite  satisfied  that  had  the  su- 
perior excellence  of  any  other  design  forced  itself 
upon  the  attention  of  the  Board,  no  consideration 
would  have  prevented  its  adoption.  I  accepted 
office  only  three  months  previously,  with  the 
distinct  uuder;<tanding  that  I  (should  not  be  ex- 
cluded from  the  competition.  Had  I  not  been  a 
competitor,  I  should,  practically,  have  been  the 
referee  and  adviser  of  the  Board.  I  certainly 
prefer  being  attacked  as  one  of  the  successful 
competitors  than  as  referee,  iu  which  position, 
judging  from  recent  examples,  taste,  knowledge, 
and  honesty,  would  have  been  alike  assailed. — 1 
am,  lie,  Lewis  Angell. 


Sir, — Inreply  to  the  farther  letter  of  "  C.  H."  upon  this 
subject,  I  can  assure  him  that  if  lie  will  apply  to  me  I  will 
find  him  more  than  one  zinc  worker  who  will  execute  a  roof 
of  **  plain  character  "  at  the  price  I  name.  During  the  last 
six  years  the  average  price  of  zinc  may  be  very  fairly 
taken  at  £2l>,  the  price  I  assume.  I  have  seen  thousands 
of  squares  of  zinc  rooCd  laid  where  no  cutting  at  all  was 
required,  and  when  neither  chimney  stack?  nor  lantern 
lights  cropped  out  to  prevent  the  sheets  being  placed  as 
prepared  and  delivered  from  the  shop. 

As  to  gutters  and  flashings,  I  expressly  say  that  these 
must  be  measured  extra.  The  lowest  price  is  7d.  for  a 
plain  shed  roof  in  London,  and  "  C.  H."  will  allow  that 
the  only  possible  and  proper  way  in  naming  a  starting  price 
is  to  take  the  plainest  vvork  as  a  basis.  In  difficult  work, 
small-hipped  roofs,  octagonal  lantern  lights,  dormers, 
moulded  and  circular  work,  and  the  like,  such  a  price  is. 
of  course,  no  guide,  as  such  works  cannot  be  dealt  with  at 
any  general  rate.  If  men  have  to  be  sent  into  tli^  country 
it  is  also  very  well  understood  that  expenses  are  incurred 
which  must  be  allowed  for,  and  ■which,  if  the  work  is  small, 
add  a  large  proportionate  cost  to  the  labour.  I  must  pay 
that  I  do  not  think  it  needful  to  take  into  account  the 
risk  of  bad  debts,  which  is  a  separate  question  altogether, 
and  I  give  below  the  calculatiou  according  to  which  the 
price  is  fised.  (I  consider  "C.  H."  puts  his  labour  too  high, 
and  I  am  very  well  awai^e  that  it  is  often  done  for  even 
less  than  I  put  it  at) 

A  ton  of  No.  14  zinc  contains 1643  supl.  ft. 

Deduct  for  loss  in  laps,  caps,  &c.  (20  per 
cent.),  which  is  a  correct  and  suflicient  al- 
lowance in  a  plain  roof. 320  ,,       ,, 

Leaving  for  the  completed  roof  covering    1314  ,,       ,, 

The  cost  of  thia,  at  ~d.  per  foot,  13 £3S    0    6 

Deduct  cost  price  of  zinc   £2G    0    0 

Deduct  less  the  deduction  of  5  per  cent. 

allowed  for  certified  good  work,  and 

under    which    head    the    company's 

agents   have,    during  the  last  seven 

years,  paid  hondredfl  of  pounds  16    0 


Nett £24  14    0 

Turning  up  edges  and  forming  roll  caps 

at  shop,  at  Is.  per  square  0  13     2 

Labour  iu  laying,  done  on  the  roof,  at 

8s.  per  square 5    5    2 

Clips,  nails,  &c.,  at  29.  per  square  16    4 

Cartage  0    7 


32     6     2 


Leaving  a  profit  per  ton  of. £6    0    4 

Or  at  about  the  rate  of  £18  per  cent.  The  above  is  fur  good 
work,  done  in  the  mode  required  by  the  Vieille  Montague 
Company's  architects.  I  enclose  a  well-known  zincworker's 
card,  whD  puts  7d.  as  the  price  at  which  he  will  lay  No.  14 
— surface  measurement. 

TVn.  James  Edmkston. 
5,  Crown-coiuH;,  Old  Broad-street,  E.  C,  October  30. 


THE  CIRCLE  PRACTICALLY   "SQUARED." 

Sir, — In  the  accompanying  diagram,  which,  I  fear,  will 
hardly  admit  of  reduction,  let  AB,  a  radius  of  the  given 
circle,  be  bisected  in  C.  From  B,  with  radius  BC,  cross 
the  circumference  at  DD.  Join  these  points  to  A  and  to 
each  other  through  E.  From  A,  with  radius  AE,  cross  AD, 
AH,  at  FF.  Join  FF  through  C.  Bisect  BG  in  H.  Set 
oir  the  distance  EB  from  II  to  I  (the  only  point  we  use 


THE   STRATFORD    COMPETITION. 

Sir, — As  another  competitor,  I  fully  agree  with  the  letter 
signed  "A  Competitor"  iu  your  last  number.  1  believe 
this  so-called  competition  t<:)  be  such  a  glaring  instance 
of  injustice  alid  partiahty  that  it  ought  not  to  be  allowed 
to  pa.S3  over  without  some  steps  being  taken  to  bring  the 
West  Ham  Board  to  a  scuse  of  propriety,  and  I  have  no  doubt 
that  if  a  raeetiiig  of  the  competitors  was  held,  resolutions 
would  be  adopted  that  would  have  the  desired  efi'ect.  I 
would,  therefore,  propose  that  such  a  meeting  should  be 
called  together  at  some  central  place  by  advertisement, 
and  that  ;irraugemeut  be  made  to  obtain  legal  advice  as 
to  the  liability  of  the  board  to  compensate  those  whom 
they  buve  unjustly  deprived  of  their  time  and  labour.  I 
am  persuaded  that  competitions  will  always  be  open  to 
jobbery  until  a  legal  liability  is  established,  which,  I  am 
of  opinion,  may  be  done  in  the  present  instance.  Archi- 
tects can  hanUy  tixpect  to  be  treated  either  with  justice  or 
respect,  wlien  a  metaber  of  theii  own  i^rofession,  and  an 
F  K.I.B.A-,  acts  iis  an  eucourager,  if  not  a  prime  mover, 
in  fcucli  disgi'aceful  jobs  aa  the  Sti'atford  competition. — I 
am,  ire,  L.  A.  W. 

October  29. 


latter,  have  failed.  Nor  can  1  see  by  what  principle  he  ia 
led  to  the  choice  of  the  numbers  S6,  10,  and  4110.  for  hia 
next  approximation,  which  I  have  shown  to  be  a  false  oDe. 
The  next  approximate  numbers  above  H3:3&c>  are  33102* 
103993  ;  and  the  next  that  er  ion  the  same  side  aa  7-22  and 
113:355  are  33215:104343 

Mr.  Butler's  former  construction,  giving  the  7:22  ratio 
was  certainly  a  very  neat  way  of  cutting  ofi'  --  of  the  dia- 
meter, and  it  is  singular  that  both  this  fraction  and  the 
7^--  should  be  obtainable  so  readily  by  a  few  geometrical 
operations.  I  recommend  any  reader  who  would  not  for- 
get his  Euclid  to  work  out  the  demonstration  of  that  con-l 
struction^  as  well  as  of  mine  above  ;  and  also  that  assuming, 
the  GB  in  the  former  to  be  one-fourth  the  circumference,! 
the  other  lines  FB,  IB,  KB,  would  have  the  propertiem 
Mr.  Butler  describes. — I  am,  ttc,  E.  L.  G. 


Intcrtommuiucatioit. 


QUESTIONS, 

[62R,]— POLISH  FOR  OAK.— I  have  a  vagUe  idea  of 
a  good  polish  for  oak  being  made  from  resin  and  beeVwas. 
Can  any  of  your  readers  give  me  a  definite  receipt  for  such 
a  polish? — Inquirer.         

[629.]— ACID  TO  WASH  PAPER.—Could  any  of  your 
numerous  readers  inform  me  of  the  name  of  an  acid  that 
when  you  wa&h  it  over  paper  it  makes  it  transparent,  but 
soon  goes  back  to  its  original  in  transparency  ? — A  Designer 

[630.]— REMOVING  RUST.— Cau  anyone  inform  me 
there  are  any  mechanical  or  chemical  means  ofcleamng 
rust,  &,c.,  off  (already  erected)  iron  fencing,  preparatory 
for  painting?  Having  many  miles  to  clean  and  paint  I 
find  (present  means  employed)  manual  rubbing  with  wire 
carding  a  very  slow  and  expensive  process. — T.  0.  T. 

[631.]— TIE  BEAMS. —It  is  a  theory  amongst  architecta 
that  in  a  simple  king-post  roof  the  tie  beam  acts  only 
longitudinally;  if  so,  the  truss  ought  to  be  equally  strong 
whether  the  tie  beam  be  scarfed  in  the  centre  or  be  in  one 
piece.     Are  we  to  understand  that  this  is  a  fact,  alwayaj] 
supposing  that  the  scarfing  Is  perfectly  firm  in  the  direwl 
tiou  of  the  length  of  the  tie  ;  or,  if  not,  why  ?    And  vriU  ^i 
same  hold  good  in   a  q^ueen-post  roof,   where  there islf 
king?— A  Doubtful  One. 

[632.]— PRESSURE  ON  ROOFS.— The  profession  ikA 
the  habit  of  allowing  40lb.  per  foot  super  or  36  cwt.  i 
square  dead  weight,   for  wind,  snow,    ifec,   on  roofs  oH 
pitches,  this  allowance  being  adopted  on  the  authority  L 
Tredgold.     Can  anyone  tell  me  how  Tredgold  amved  M 
this?      The  vertical  pressure    caused   by  wind  alone_  (ffl J 
roofa  of  different  pitches  increases  very  fast,  as  the  pit^ 
increases,  and  I   want  to  know  how  he  came  to  adopt ! 
uniform  weight  for  all  pitches?— H,  W. 

[633.] -STRENGTH  OF  BEAMS.— I  have  very  oflffll 
seen  in  your  columns^  and  elsewhere  the  method  ofcalcu-T 
lating  the  strength  of  a  beam  when  supported  at  both  ^dtl 
and  loaded  in  the  middle,  or  at  some  intermediate  poin^l 
or  when  the  load  is  uniformly  distributed,  but  I  cannot  I 
call  to  mind  having  seen  anywhere  the  method  of  caloiyl 
lating  the  strength  of  such  a  beam  when  loaded  at  tWdl 
or  more  intermediate  points,  or  when  the  load  is  equally  fl 
distributed  over  one  portion  of  the  beam,  and  has  also  to  I 
support  another  load  acting  at  a  pomt  in  the  other  portioal 
of  the  beam.  As  a  knowledge  of  the  method  of  calculatioal 
adopted  under  these  conditions  would  be  very  useful,  youg 
would  greatly  oblige  if  you  would  insert  this  question.  — 

JUSTITIA. 


outside  the  circle).  From  A,  with  radius  AH,  describe 
JHJ.  From  I.  with  the  same  radius,  cross  this  arc  at  J  J. 
Draw  lines  from  A  through  JJ  to  KK,  and  lastly,  jom 
KK  through  L.  From  L  to  the  further  end  of  the  diameter 
(which  call  Z)  will  be  a  quarter  the  circumference,  with  an 
error  less  than  a  ten-millionth  of  itself.  Thus  the  circum- 
ference (or  any  aliquot  part  of  it)  is  practically  rectified, 
which  is  the  only  useful  part  of  tliis  problem. 

If  a  square  be  constructed,  whose  side  e»iuals  ZK,  it  wul 
equal  the  area  of  the  circle  within  a  five-millionth. 

Lastly,  to  circle  the  square  whose  side  is  ZB  (or  twice 
AB),  the  diameter  pei-pendiciUar  to  this  will  cut  otf  from 
KZ  the  required  radius,  within  a  ten-millionth. 

This  appeai-3  to  be  the  construction  most  readily  giving 
the  113:355  ratio,  to  which  I  have  been  kd  by  studying  Mr. 
Butlei's  last  diagram,  p.  147,  though  I  confess  my  efforts 
to  make  it  agree  with  hia  deacription,  or  to  understand  the 


[;534/l_FIREPROOF  MORTAR.— Can  you,  or  any  of 
your  readers,  tellfme  of  any  kind  of  mortar  or  cement  that 
will  stand  firo,  so  as  to  be  able  to  use  it  in  setting  fire- 
bricks in  stoves  or  grates.  The  mortar  I  have  hitherto 
used  soon  bums  away,  and  leaves  an  open  joint.— J.  McW. 

[635  ]-PIRACY  OF  DESIGNS.— I  shall  feel  much  iu 
debted  to  anyone  who  will  give  me  information  as  to  tile 
best  mode  of  proceeding  to  prevent  the  piracy  of  arcliitects" 
designs,  having  lately  had  some  houses  ereced  by  two 
different  contractors,  each  of  whom  is  now  erecting  housw 
iu  the  same  neighbourhood  exactly  similar  to  my  design, 
with  the  trifling  alterations,  in  one  case  of  omitting  some 
red  bricks  in  the  front,  and  in  the  other  of  raising  the  bay 
windows  another  storey.  This  appears  to  me  to  be  a  haul 
case,  and  I  cannot  see  why  I  should  not  have  the  same  pio- 
tectiou  as  an  artist  who  exhibits  a  picture.  Have  I  tlw 
power  to  charge  the  parlies  thus  employing  the  builders 
any  commission  for  using  the  de^gn?  If  not,  it  appear 
to  me  that  a  great  part  of  my  "  occupation  "  will  be  youe. 

— Othello.  

[636.]- QUERIES.  —  The  following  questions  concern 
modem  architects  of  aU  shades  of  opinion  : — 

What  shape  of  window  is  best  suited  to  the  preseut 
wants  ? 

Considering  the  climate  outside,  the  blinds,  cnrtaun. 
and  other  arrangements  inside,  it  is  generally  ;idnn't«u 
that  the  best  manner  of  glazing  for  modern  England  is  the 
sash  frame.  With  this,  what  shape  of  window  is  the  uu.»t 
practical  ?  ,       *    » 

If  the  upper  part  of  a  pointed  arched  window  has  to  tw 

filled  in  to  make  it  square  can  it  be  said  that  the  pomtt-a 

arch  is  the  most  practical?  ■  i. «     i 

If  the  upper  part  of  a  pointed  window  is  filled  with  flXOd 

glass,  do  yon  get  good  ventilation  at  the  top? 

If  the  upper  part  is  made  to  open,  cau  anyone  say  that 
a  pointed  framework  of  wood  is  pleasant  to  look  at,  or 
good  as  a  piece  of  wood  construction  ?  ,       ■* 

If  the  sash  frame  be  made  square  and  be  placed  qmto 
on  the  inside  of  the  wall,  dot^s  it  follow  the  outward  p'-iute.! 
form  of  window?  Is  it  convenient?  Is  it  not  a  ^®0' j"" 
ferior  kind  of  compromise  to  try  and  get  a  modem  maurtW 
of  glazing  vrith  an  obsolete  form  of  stonework? 

Is  there  any   shape  of  window  so  practical  for  modein 

domestic  wants  as  the  square  one  ?  ■    i   c 

Is  there  auv  manner  of  constructing  a  square  ^'"^'^.^^ 

in  stone,  so  truly  con&tmctive  aa  the  square  arch,  and  in 

brick  as  the  segmental  arch? 


November  1,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


765 


■vcr,':^^  has  bud  ila  particular  foiin  of  glazing.  Is  it, 
'n  povTiblo  to  put  a  sjish  frame  to  an  old  Elizabethan 
il'ioued  window  without  obvious  incongruity  ?—X.  Y.  Z. 

7  ]_MARINE  GLUE.— I  have  read  that  this  sub- 
1  e  is  so  strong  that  wood  joined  by  its  aid  will  break 
my  other  part  than  where  joined.  I  -want  it  for  joining 
mes  th.it  will  be  exposed  out  of  doors.  Can  anyone 
i;  me  his  experience. — C.  E. 

s.]— CAST-IRON  GIRDERS.— In  "Weale's  Price 
k"  tables  are  given  for  calculating  the  sizes  of  cast-iron 
■ders  to  sustain  given  weight.^.  Can  anyone  inform  me 
^w  the  multiple  of  depth  and  area  of  botK)m  flange  is 
tained,  and  also  the  meaning  of  the  following  letters 
'iced  at  the  top  of  the  coloumna  of  the  tjiHes?- viz., 
ttom  flange,  B.  66.  6.  Top  flange,  T.  tt.  t  Rib,  RR.  R. 
E.  E.  C.  __^^^_ 

:;.).]— ASSOCIATED  ARTS  INSTITUTE.— Can  anyone 
^omo  information  about  the  constitution  and  purposes 
this  society. — J.  T.  W. 

540.]— A  GOOD  FOUXDATION.— I  am  laying  the 
jodatiou  of  a  house  and  have  come  in  contact  with  a  very 
ft  piece  of  soil :  it  is  of  slaty  nature,  and  very  wet.  I  have 
oedowu  nearly  r»ft.  below  the  surface  and  still  it  is  uo 
mer.  I  would  consider  it  a  favour  if  a  correspondent 
uld  inform  me  what  would  be  the  best  plauofproce- 

re?— A  FOREUAN. 

Wl]— TURNPIKE  ROADS.— Considering  that  a  wrong 

aaion  has  been  cume  by  some   magistrates,    I   shall   feel 

Uged  for  the  upiuioi)  of  one  or  more  brother  surveyors. 

■  e  case  stands  thus — viz.,  a  turnpiko  road  is  35ft.    wide; 

egreatest  width  from  the  centre  of  the  metalling  of  the 

ad  to  thehedges  is  20ft.  ;  within  this  distance  a  house  has 

'I  erected  to  the  extent  of  14in.   I  g;ive  the  parties  notice 

iiiovu  tlie  projection,  and  .set  back  tlie  building  to   the 

'  if  live  fence  :  lie  objected  ;  the  encroachment  was  visited 

ilirce  magistrates  ;  they  gave  it  as  theii-  opinion  no  en- 

:-hmeut  had  taken  place,  becjiuse  it  was  necessai'y   for 

-npport  of  the  live   fence   to  have   the  bank  of  earth 

I.  d  up  in  front  of  the  quick  ;  and   to  this  extent  the 

iLlUiug  is  allowed  to  remain.     I  still  contend  the  hedge 

!ik  has  nothing  to  do  with  the  line  of  frontage  for  brick 

r,.ue  erectious  ;  if  the  whole   length  of  a  road  were  so 

;t  upt.  n.  and  on  both  sides  of  tlie  road,  it  would  be  re- 

d  to  32ft.  Sin.,  and  if  all  parties  did  not  encroach  to 

fi  line,  a  want  of  uniforaiity  in  tlxeline  of  roads  wou'd 

:;t.— Surveyor.     

;_'.] — 5I0DELLIXG  —Can  anyone  give  me  some  infor- 
:-in  on  modelling?  1.  In  taking  the  first  cast  from  the 
- .  with  what  is  the  clay  coated  to  prevent  its  union 
1  the  plaster?  2.  What  is  the  mould  thus  produced  to 
ited  with  for  constant  use?  3,  Wh.it  is  the  receipt 
making  those  elastic  (shellac?)  moulds?  4.  Are  these 
ili:;  insoluble  in  water;  and  will  they  withstand  the 
on  of  saturated  solutions  of  salts  ? — o.  in  piece  mould- 
how  are  the  lines  determined  and  kept  true  to  make 
\)ieoes  fit  together  properly  ? — EccE. 


surface  velocity  of  a  stream  having  an  irrogvilar  bed 
varies  at  diflerent  point.s  of  the  wi«Uh,  but  the  botwm 
velocity  at  any  particular  point  may  be  obtained  by  taking 
1-03  from  the  square  i-oot  of  the  surface  velocity  above  it, 
and  then  squaring  the  remainder.  Half  the  sura  of  the 
velocity  so  obtaiu«d  and  of  the  surface  velocity  will  be  the 
me;in  velocity.  The  mean  velocity  liaving  been  correctly 
determined  its  nmltiiilication  into  the  sectional  area  will 
give  the  flow.— T.  W.  H.,  October  19. 


REPLIES. 

:;i.]-PERSPECTIVE.— In  spite    of  the   assertion    of 

L.  G."  I  maintain  that  linear  and   aerial  perspective 

liietwo  subdivisions  of  the  subject,  in  precisely  the 

w  manner  that  the  theory  of  shadows   is  divided  into 

0  pai-ts,  the  one   having  reference  to   their  geometrical 

lineatious  and  the  other  to  the  depth  and  intensity  of 

?  shadows  themselves.      Your  correspondent  has   nut 

le  a  very  felicitous  illustration  in  the  tailoring  line,  for 

iDg  out  and  sewing  are  two  distinct  branches  of  the 

i..-,  the  former  requiring  a  first  rate  hand,    what  the 

■nch  tenu   an  urtibte,   whereas  the   latter  may  be  done 

tlie  sewing  machine.— L.  S. 

•lO-l-FLOW  OF  "WATER.- Seeing  that   "Querist's" 
-■tion    is    hut    imperfectly    answered,     I   beg  to  offer 
followiog,    which    I    trust    is    more     complete.      In 
first     place,     I    will     bUow    the    quantity    running 
tlie  stream    per  minute,    and    then    deduce    the    for- 
!.i.       Now,     in     47     seconds     the     water     will    have 
.  <^  J  lineal  feet,  and,  therefore,  this  95  multiplied  by  the 
ith  and  depth  of  the  stream  will  give  yon  the  number 
-;ibic  feet  which  passed  in  those  47  seconds — 
i.e.,  yoft.    X   4ft.  6in.   x    yin., 
or  95   X   4j  X   I 
2-565 
—     ~-^    cubic  feet. 

ain,  this  divided  by  47  =  the  quantity  per  second,  and 
'-u  multiplied  by  60  =  quantity  per  minute. 
15         2565 
i.e.y    47  of    ~y-  cubic  feet 

38475 
=        y .     cubic  feet  per  minute. 

Vow,  a-s  there  are  6-2321  gallons  in  a  cubic  fooT, 
38475 
•'■     "  94"    ^  6-2321  =  no.  of  gallona. 

_     1^        62321 
~       i/4     ^     400' 

^5912019 
=       37600"  gallons. 

32019 
=    2o50g-gpjj  or  2551  gallons  nearly. 

rherefore,  from  this  is  seen  that  the  formula  to  find  the 
raher  of  gallons  dischai-jred  per  minute  is  the  following:— 
i'tiply  the  width  and  deptli  by  the  distance  the  water 
-  I'm  (all  in  feet  or  parts)  to  get  the  number  of  cubic 
■f  of  water.  This  divided  by  the  number  of  seconds  and 
dtiphed  by  GO  (there  are  GO  seconds  in  a  minute)  cives 
?  lumiber  of  cubic  feet  which  passes  per  minute ;  which, 
multiplied  by  0  2321,  gives  the  number  of  gallons  dis- 
"ged  in  that,  time,  as  "Querist "' asks.  (If  he  require 
l.v  an  approximate  answer  6^  will  do  as  a  multiplier 
tead  of  6-2321}.— J.  McNamara.,  Stratford-on-Avon, 
cober  19. 


(i;i3.]_BLACK  BRICKS.— We  have  just  completed  the 
erection  of  a  mansion  whore  the  outside  brickwork  was 
bedded  in  black  mortar,  and  have  used  some  tons  of 
mineral  black  ;  this  mixe«l  with  the  mortar  not  only  gives 
it  the  desired  colour  bat  so  hardens  it  as  to  render  it  not 
inferior  to  cement.  The  cost  ia  about  £7  lOs.  per  ton 
in  Loudon. — II.  C.  and  S. 


[Ol4.]-MEASUREMENT  OF  WASTE.-Aa  "H.  S.  P." 
thinks  I  cm  scarcely  have  read  carefully  on  the  above  ques- 
tion, with  permission  I  will  quote  verbatim  the  i-emarks 
I  have  read,  those  lemaiks  being  under  the  heading  of 
"MoaAureiuent  of  Cai'ponters'  Work"  in  each  instance, 
eacli  author  having  previously  given  rules  for  the  allow- 
:ince  on  slating  and  tiling  hip  roofs: — lat.  ''Dobson's 
Practice  of  Meiisuring,"  p.  131,  "  Uips  and  valley  to  be 
taken  at  per  foot  run  for  cutting  and  waste."  2nd. 
"  Huret's  HandlK)ok,"  p.  173,  "  Take  ridge  hips  and  vailev 
pieces  by  the  fout  super,  allowing  for  caps,  and  state  if 
framed  or  otiierwiso.  Mei\aure  the  cuttings  and  waste  by 
the  foot  run."  3rd.  "Beaton's  Quantities  and  Measure- 
ments," p.  19,  "  Calcuhite  the  cuttings  and  waste  to  hips 
and  any  irregular  lines  by  lineal  measure;"  p.  20  of  the 
same,  *'  Take  the  entire  K-ngths  by  foot  riui  for  cutiuig  and 
waste."  4th.  "  BurnelTa  Builder's  Price  Book,  1S6(1,'' 
p.  2*1,  "'  .;V11  cuttings  and  w;i-ite  to  hips  are  to  be  allowed." 
I  simply  want  to  know  what  this  "cutting  and  waste" 
means,  and  what  allowauco  is  to  bo  made  for  it.  —  T.  H.  L. 


[G15.]-REDUC1XG  TIMBER  TO  THE  STANDARD. 
— From  the  figures  submitted  by  "Interested"  there  is 
clearly  a  mistake  in  the  £3  2s,  i7,Ui,,  which  is  given  as 
a  cash  amount,  whereas  it  should  be  given  as  3  staudai-d  2 
quarters  17  x^.irts  and  J.  This  is  xirobably  the  fault  of  the 
printer. 

In  making  ont  an  invoice  of  the  character  submitted, 
the  first  step  is  to  obtain  the  total  lineal  feet.     The  fol- 
lowing is  the  most  ordinary  method  adopted — A  : — 
A. 


14timo3  21  =     204 

10 

,     20  =     200 

10     , 

,      19  =     190 

S+     , 

,     18  =  1512 

20     , 

,     17  =     S40 

10     , 

,     13  =     130 

10 

,     12  =     120 

1+     , 

,      11  =     154 

14 

,     10  =     140 

14     . 

,       9  =     1215 

00 

320G  liu.  ft 

14 


21 


_  f  154 
~  \  140 
_  r  ICO 
"l  100 
_  f  90 
~  I  100 

=  i   "'2 
\  S40 

_  f  140 
-  \  200 
_   (     30 

=  { 
=  { 


KjO 
20 
100 
14 
140 
140 
126 


"00.]— This  cannot   always  be   arrived  at  in  the  sim- 

manner  proposed  by  "K.  L.  G.,"  unless  it  be  assumed 

It  the    section     of   the    stream     is     rectangiUar,    and 

^t  the   velocity  given    i^    the    mean     velocity.      The 


20U  320(5  lin.  ft. 

B  is  a  shorter  method,  the  use  of  the  cipher  enabling  you 
to  read  the  figurus  otf  at  sight  und  write  down  the  result. 
For  instance,  the  21  at  the  head  of  the  second  column  we 
shoiUd  call  11,  and  multiply  this  11  by  the  14.  Thus,  11 
foui's  are  44,  write  down  the  4  and  carry  four.  Next,  11 
ones  are  11  and  the  4  carried  gives  15  ;  WTite  down  the 
15,  which  gives  104.  ITiis  being  done  carry  forward  the 
14  and  add  a  cipher  which  changes  it  tol40.  The  result 
of  the  two  combined  will  coincide  with  the  example  given 
at  A.  The  whole  of  the  figures  may  be  worked  out  in  this 
form,  as  10  tens  are  100  and  lU  with  the  cipher  added,  9 
tens  are  90  and  10  with  the  cipher  added,  <fec.  When  the 
lengths  are  below  10ft.  the  cipher  cannot  be  used,  and  as, 
in  the  instance  given,  the  9  must  be  multiplied  by  the  14. 
A  shorter  method  still,  but  upon  the  same  principle,  is 
given  at  C.  Here  the  figui-es  with  the  ciphers  need  not 
be  carried  forward  efery  time,  the  cipher  being  added  to 
the  total  number  when  the  first  column  is  added  up. 
Thus,  200  and  the  cipher  carried  forwai'd  as  2000.  Where 
9it.    lengths  are  introduced   it  gives  C. 

a  little  trouble,  but  as  no  lengths  14  „  21  =  154 
under  9ft.  are  classed  with  deals  there  10  ,,  20  =  100 
is  only  tliis  particular  figure  to  deal  10  „  19  =  90 
with.  In  the  instance  at  C  the  9ft.  S4  ,,  18  =  672 
lengths  have  been  treated  as  10ft. 's.  ;  20  „  17  =  140 
this  gives  an  overmeasure  of  14ft.,  10  ,,  13  =  30 
which  deducted  from  the  2000  before  10  ,,  12  =  20 
setting  down,  or  from  the  sum  total  14  ,,  11  =  14 
as  above,  gives  the  same  result  as  A  14  ,,  lu  =  — 
and  B.  l-i      „       9   =     — 

These   details  may    seem  tedious.  

but  with  a  person  whose  whole  time  200  2000 

is  devoted  to  such  work  the  advan-  

tageofa  system  effecting  a  saving  of  3220 

50  per  cent,  in  time  is  obvious.     Such,  deduct        14 

again,  is  the  case  where  invoices  are  

checked  over,  one  clerk  working  out  3206 

the  system  laid  down  at  A  and  another  checking  them  over 
by  that  of  C,  wouhl  more  readily  discover  an  error  than 
if  one  system  was  adopted  in  both  cases. 

Having  obtiiiiied  the  lineal  feet  of  3  -f-  9  deal,  we  have 
only  to  deal  with  the  320<»  in  further  illustration.  It  must 
be  clearly  understood  that  every  class  of  deal,  batten, 
board,  scantling,  or  quartering  has  to  he  reduced  to  the 
3  -t-  11  before  it  can  be  cast  out  into  standai-ds.  In  the 
above  case  it  is  a  simple  matter,  the  3206ft.  of  9in.  deal 
requires  to  be  miUtipUed  by  9  and  divided  by  11  ;  but 
where  they  ai-e  2i  -f  7  your  first  business  is  to  multiply 
the  lineal  feet  by  5,  which  represents  five  half-inches  in 
thickne^is,  or  2ilin. ,  and  divide  by  6,  which  represents  six 
half-inches,  or'3in.  The  width,  when  once  reduced  to  3iu. 
in  thicknes-g,  is  an  easy  matter,  and  may  be  worked  ont 
in  a  similar  manner  to  the  case  in  point,  being  first  muiti- 
nlied  ijv  the  width  of  the  deal  or  batten,  and  then  divided 
by  11  :— 


3206        lineal  feet  of  3  +  9 
9 

11  )288.'i4 

2623  i  lineal  feet  of  3  +  11 
As  we  are  now  approaching  the  ditlieult  que--*tion  of  tU6 
Btandard,  a  fe^v  remarks  may  not  be  out  of  place.  A 
Petersburg  standanl  contains  720  running  fee t  of  3  +  11 
deal;  in  other  worvU.  00-12ft.  deals  oi  120-Oft.  deala. 
The  latter  form  ia  the  best  by  which  wo  can  follow  up  the 
question.  120-i>ft.  deals  h*  termed  the  long  hund»-ed  in 
the  trade,  lu  pipe  staves  it  is  the  general  pUraiio,  120  or 
a  long  hundred  of  Btavoa  being  one  standard.  This  being 
undoi-stood,  wo   have  next  to  divide    the  abuvo    2G23j-j 

of  3  -f  11  deal  by  i>  in  the  first  instance,  and  then  by  120. 
Every  120  contained  in  the  result  will  represL-nta  standard, 
every  90  three  quarters  of  a  standard,  and  so  on,  60  being 
two  quarters,  and  30  one  quarter. 

Examplo—  0)2623'-     lineal  feet  of  3  -h  11. 

120  )4:i7  i 

3  2  17J 
Or  3  standanls  2  quarters  17  parts  and  J.     In  pricing  out, 
tlie  foUowiii','  method  is  adopted.    The  price  being  fixed  at 
£7  78.  Od.  per  standard: — 

3  standards  at  £7  Ts.  Od £'^2    2    0 

2   quarters  at  £7  78.  6d 3  13     9 

As  30  paits  is  one  (piarter  of  a  atandaid  15 
parts  is  one-eighth. 

1  eighth  at  £7  78.  6 13    H 

We  have  now  to  deal  with  the  remaining  2 
parts  and  J.  As  every  part  represents  Oft.  of 
3  ■^-  11  we  have  13ft.  lineal,  when  the  J  is  added 
£7  7s.  Gd.  per  standard  is  nearly  equal  to  2^  per 
foot  in  the  3  -f  11,  wo  have  13ft.  of  3  -t-  11 
at  2i    2    34 

£20  17  4} 
The  last  item  is  h\.  too  much,  iiuismuch  as  one  standard 
of  3  +  11  deals  at  2Ad.  per  foot  would  produce  £7  10s. 
against  £7  7s.  6d.  I'thiiH  make  the  net  amount  IJd.  in 
excess  of  the  example  given  by  "Interested." — W.  S., 
Nottingham. 

[615.]—  0  Olin.   11  X  3  =  one  deal. 

120  deals  =  one  standard. 
Hence,  to  work  ont  the  given  iJioblem.  a.-5certain  the  total 
([uautitv  of  lineal  feet  of  y  X  3  scantling,  which  multiply 
by  9-llths  to  reduce  this  quantity  into  11  X  3  scantling; 
dividing  this  result  by  6  gives  the  number  of  deals,  again 
dividing  by  30  gives  the  number  of  quarter  standards  aud^ 
deals,  and  again  dividing  by  4  gives  the  number  of 
standanla,  quarters,  deals,  and  parts  of  a  deal.     Thus— 

14  times  21  =     294  | 

10     „     20  =     200 1 

10     „     19  =     1901 

84      „     18  =  1512 

20     „     17  =     310^  3206 

10     „     13  =     1301 

10     „     12  =     120 

34      „     11  =     154 1 

14      ,,     10  =     140 

14      „       y  =     12Gj 

3206  X  ^  =  2023  (the  number  of  feet  of  11  x  3)  -^  0  := 
437^  deals,  -^  ?,0  =  14  qu:irtei-s  njdeals,  -=-  4  =  3stand:mla 
2quartei-s  17j  deals  at  £7  7s.  Gd.  =  £26  17s.  3d.— Her- 
bert Peters,  Soho  llitl,  Haudsworth,  Birmingham. 


[61G.]-1LLUM1NATED  DRAWINGS— I  should  re- 
commend "Ignoramus"  to  procure  a  gilder's  cushion, 
knife  and  tip,  a  pot  of  illuminating  gold  size,  and  an  agate 
burnisher  (a  pointed  one  is  the  best  for  general  use),  to 
apply  the  size  in  two  coats  (for  flat  gilding)  to  the  surface 
required  to  be  gilded.  When  nearly  dry,  to  apply  the 
gold  leaf,  having  previously  turned  the  cushion  upside 
down  upon  an  open  leaf  of  his  book,  then  reversing  its 
position,  and  thereby  transferring  the  gold  leaf  to  the 
cushion,  on  which  he  can  cut  it  to  the  required  size  mth 
the  knife.  He  should  then  grease  slightly  the  edge  of  hia 
tip,  and  with  it  raise  the  leaf  from  the  cushion,  and  de- 
posit upon  the  surface  prepared,  gently  pressing  it  down 
with  a  pad  of  clean  cotton  wool.  When  dry  it  should  be 
burnished  by  rubbing  it  with  the  burnisher  in  one  direc- 
tion, increasing  the  pressure  as  the  gold  grows  bright.  Care 
should,  however,  be  taken  that  too  much  pressure  is  not 
used,  and  that  the  gold  is  quite  dry,  or  it  will  be  scratched 
or  torn  in  the  process  of  burnishing. — C.  S.  W. 


[616.]—"  Ignoramus"  will  find  shell  gold  suit  his  purpose 
best.  Shell  gold  is  the  gold  reduced  to  a  fine  powder, 
mixed  up  with  gum,  and  placed  in  a  clean  mussel  shell  for 
use.  It  is  used  the  same  way  as  water  colours,  that  is,  fiU 
your  brush  "with  clean  water,  and  mix  up  the  gold  in  the 
shell  to  the  strength  and  fj  nantity  you  require  ;  you  must 
be  careful  and  keep  your  brush  full  so  as  to  flow  freely  over 
the  part  you  are  gilding.  The  shells  are  to  be  bought  at 
any  artist's  colourman  at  Gd.,  Sd.,  and  Is.  per  sliell.  There 
are  other  ways  of  gilding  with  gold  leaf,  but  are  so  difficult 
I  would  not  advise  you  to  try  them  till  you  have  practifwd 
it  well.  Excelsior 


[;61«.]_QUALIFrCATI0N"S  FOR  A  SURVEYOR.— 
In  answer  to  "One  Interested,"  the  S  and  9  Vic,  c.  76,  s.  1, 
enacts,  that  every  person  enacting  the  calling  or  occupa- 
tion of  an  appraiser,  or  who  for  or  in  expectation  of  any 
gain,  fee,  or  reward,  shall  make  any  appraisement  or 
valuation  chargeable  with  any  stamp  duty,  shall  take  out 
a  licence.  46  Geo.  3,  cap.  43,  "That  every  pereon  who 
shall  value  or  appraise  any  estate  or  property,  real  or  per- 
sona!, or  any  interest  in  possession  or  reversion,  remainder, 
or  contingency  in  any  estate  of  property,  real  or  personal, 
or  any  goods,  merchandise  or  effects  of  whatever  kind  or 
description,  the  same  may  be,  fbr  or  in  expectation  of  any 
hire,  gain,  fee,  or  reward,  or  valuable  consideration,  itc, 
shall  be  deemed  an  appraiser,  &c.,  subject  to  the  appraise- 
ment licence  duty." 

An  appraiser  must  be  licensed  to  value  for  probate,  but 
the  valuation  need  not  be  stamped. 

b')  Geo.  3,  c.  184,  schetlule  pai-t  1,  imposes  an  ad  valorem 


766 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


November  1,  1867. 


stamp  duty  on  any  appraisement  or  valuation  of  anyestate 
oretfect3,  re;il  orperaunal,  horitable  or  movable,  or  of  any 
interest  therein,  or  of  tlie  animal  value  thereof,  or  of  any 
dilapidations,  or  of  any  rejjairs  wanted,  or  of  the  materiala 
and  labour  used  or  to  be  used  iu  any  buildings,  or  of  any 
artificer's  work  whatsoever.  And  every  appraiser  is  re- 
required  to  vmie  or  set  down  every  valuation  made  by  him. 
and  deliver  the  same  to  liis  employer,  under  a  penalty  of 

But  in  the  case  of  Atkinson  v.  Fell,  Judge  Bayley  held 
that  the  words  "valuation  or  appraisement  "  do  not  ex- 
tend to  such  as  are  made  merely  for  the  private  information 
of  the  parties,  but  to  such  only  as  are  intended  to  be  bind- 
ing between  them,  and  Judge  Holrovd  thought  that  it 
did  not  extend  to  valuations  made  merely  for  the  informa- 
tion of  the  individual,  but  such  only  from  which  a  right 
of  action  or  some  certain  benefit  may  accrue  to  the  party, 
were  contemplated  by  the  legislature.  In  another  case  the 
same  rule  wm  laid  down  and  extended  by  the  observation 
that  the  words  did  not  apply  to  valuations  which  were 
not  binding  upon  the  owners  of  the  property,  although  it 
might  afterwards  be  made  the  foundation  of  an  agreement. 

From  this  it  may  be  inferred  that  where  a  suneyor 
estimates  for  his  client  the  cost  of  repairmg  dilapidations 
he  need  have  no  licence,  nor  is  a  stamp  to  the  valuation 
necessary;  but  if  he  value  the  work  as  an  arbitrator  be- 
tween two  parties  and  his  valuation  is  binding  on  both. 
then  he  must  have  an  appraiser's  licence,  and  must  stamp 
his  award.  1  am  doubtful  whether  it  is  not  necessary  for 
an  architect,  who,  under  a  contract  between  owner  and 
builder,  settles  and  values  the  proper  charges  for  extra 
works,  to  hold  a  licence  and  stamp  the  document  or  ac- 
count containing  the  prices  of  the  work.  The  subject  is 
worthy  of  some  discussion. — A.  H. 


„  [6M.]— ILLUMINATIONS.— The  bast  way  of  increasing 
the  brilliancy  of  ordinary  water  colours  is  to  mix  them  up 
with  water  colour  mc.  guilph.  Powder  colours,  made  ex- 
pressly for  illuminating  (the  best  are  by  Rowney  and  Co  ) 
are,  however,  far  superior. — C.  S.  W, 

[624.]— None  other  than  properly  prepared  colours  will 
do  for  this  work.  Those  I  prefer  are  the  powder  colours, 
wluch  proiiuce  a  very  fine  bo<ly,  and  are  easy  of  manipula- 
tion. A  little  gum  must  be  mixed  with  them  to  prevent 
theni  rubbing  off  when  dry.  There  are  also  moist  colours, 
sold  m  small  gallipots,  prepared  for  use,  which  are  also  very 
good,  but  rather  more  expensive  than  the  above,  and  I  do 
notthmk  they  look  quite  so  rich.  Either  of  the  above  may 
be  obtained  from  any  artist  colourman.  Chinese  white 
should  not  be  mixed  with  the  colours,  excepting  when  a 
lighter  shade  is  required.  Jack. 

[624.]— Special  colours  are  made  for  illuminating  by 
Messrs.  Winsor  and  Newton,  of  Rathbone-place.  They  are 
placed  in  small  glass  gallipots,  which  enable  you  to  see  the 
colours,  and,  at  the  same  time,  protect  them  from  dust 
The  prices  are  from  Is.  to  5s.  the  gallipot,  and  they  are  as 
bright  and  brilliant  as  colours  can  be  made.  "  Isolated  " 
will  find  that  a  little  gum  water  will  brighten  his  colours, 
and  I  have  always  gained  sufficient  body  by  takin<'  out  the 
colour  very  thick.  I  have  geueraUy  used  moist  colours  in 
!"«>=■  Excelsior. 

[62ii.]-LETTERS  ON  PLANKS  AND  DEALS —A 
gentleman  qualified  to  write  on  this  subject  ia  writin- 
a  special  article  on  it  for  the  Building  News.  ° 


LEGAL  INTELLIGENCE. 

I.ypoRTANT  TO  STONEMASONS.— The  following 
action  was  tried  at  the  Hugely  County  Court,  on 
Tuesday,  the  22nd  ult.  John  Emery,  the  plaintifi; 
an  architect  and  stonemason,  sought  to  recover 
from  James  Mellard,  the  defendant,  £17  for  stone 
supplied  fur  a  new  budding  at  Rugeley.  The  de- 
fendant had  contracted  with  Henry  Cheshire  to 
erect  a  shop  for  £440,  and  Cheshire  gave  the 
plamtiff  an  order  for  the  stonework  which  was 
supphed  and  used  in  the  building.  Cheshire  got 
into  difficulties,  and  then  the  plaintiff  applied  to 
the  defendant  for  the  amount  of  value  of  the 
stone  supplied,  statmg  that  he  took  the  order 
from  Cheshire  as  the  agent  of  the  defendant. 
The  plaintiff  gave  evidence  in  support  of  his 
claim,  and  the  defendant  and  Cheshire  stated  that 
the  order  was  given  by  Cheshire,  who  has  since 
become  bankrupt,  on  his  own  account,  and  not  as 
the  defendant's  agent.  The  case  occupied  several 
hours,  and  resulted  in  favour  of  the  defendant.— 
Mr.  Wilson,  of  Lichtield,  appeared  f  or  plamtitt' • 
and  Mr.  Glover,  of  WalsaU,  for  the  defendant. 

Interference 


[6'27.]-GREENWICH  HOSPITAL. -The  river  front 
though  mostly  elected  by  Wren  for  William  and  Mary,  oh 
viously  all  follows  the  design  of  the  western  portion,  wliich 
had  been  begun  as  a  palace  for  Charles  II.,  by  Webb,  son- 
in-law  of  Inigo  Jones.  The  two  river  blocks  are  altogether 
morein  the  style  of  Jones  than  anything  of  Wren's.  He 
here  seems  to  have  carried  out  a  predecessor's  design  with 
a  scrupulosity  that  should  have  ensured  his  own  better 
treatment  than  it  received  from  the  atrocious  finishers  of 
Ills  two  southern  blocks. 

I  have  been  told  St.  John's,  Westminster,  altogether  one 
of  the  most  barbarous  designs  ever  built,  was  by  Wren's 
pupil  Hawkesmoor,  author  of  perhaps  the  very  best  Chuisic 
church  in  London,  St.  Mary  Woolnoth.— E.  L  G 


STAINED    GLASS. 


Two  stained  glass  windows  have  been  erected  in  St 
Peter's  Church,  Newcastle,  the  one  at  the  west  end  to  the 
memory  of  the  late  Rev.  Wm.  Dodd.  It  is  of  four  lights 
and  13  m  the  Decorated  style.  The  upper  portion  comprises 
the  Baptism  of  Our  Lord,  and  the  Baptism  of  the  Eunuch 
by  St.  Philip  ;  and  the  loner  portion  Our  Lord  calling  SS 
Peter,  James,  and  John  to  be  his  disciples,  and  Our  Lord's 
charge  to  St.  Peter.  The  artists  were  Messrs.  Heaton 
Butler,  and  Bayne,  of  London.  The  other  window  of  three 
lights  IS  in  the  same  style,  by  Mr.  W.  Wailes,  of  Newcastle 
and  is  erected  to  the  memory  of  Mrs.  Abbott 
represents  the  virtues  of  Tabitha  and  Dorcas 


The  subject 


STATUES,  MEMORIALS,  ETC. 

A  monument  has  been  erected  in  Highbury  Chapel 
Bristol ,  to  the  memory  of  the  late  Richard  Ash,  Esq' 
Messrs.  Hanson  and  Son,  architects,  prepared  the  design 
which  was  executed  by  Mr.  Boulton,  of  Cheltenham. 

Themarblestatueof  Andrew  Marvel,  executed  by  Mr. 
W.  D.  Keyworth,  and  presented  to  the  town  W  Mr 
Winship,  was  inaugurated  on  Monday,  at  Hull. 

A  marble  mural  tablet,  bearing  a  medallion  portrait  is 
to  be  erected  in  Greyfriars  Church,  to  the  memory  of  'the 
late  Archdeacon  Phelps.  .Should  the  funds  prove  suflioient 
a  memorial  porch  is  also  to  be  builtover  the  south  entrance 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  "WEEK. 

MON.  —  Society   of   Engineers.— Continuation  of  paper 
"On  Mechanical   Saws,"   by  Mr.  S.  W.  Wor»- 
sam,  jun.,  and  discussion,  7.30. 
Royal  Institution.— General  Monthly  Meeting 

Wed.— Geological  Society,  8. 

Pri.— Architectural  Association.—"  Archieological  Col- 
lections of  the  French  Eipositiou,"  bv  the  Eev 
C.  Boutell,  7.30. 


OF   Trades'   Unions   between 
Architects  and  Contractors.— A  case   of  con- 
siderable importance  to  architects    and   builders 
came  before  the  Manchester  city  police-court  last 
week.     Adam     Banning,     and     Thomas   Slater, 
joiners,  were  charged  with  obtaining  money  under- 
false   pretences    from    Messrs.    Pennington    and 
Bridgen,  architects.    Mr.  Leresche,  who  conducted 
the  case  for  the  prosecutors,  said  they  contracted 
some   time   ago  with   a   builder  in    Manchester 
named  James  M'Master,  for  the  erection   of  five 
villas   at   Fallowfield.      Subsequently,   they  con- 
tracted with  the  same  person  for  the  building  of 
eight  dwelling. houses    in  Chfton-avenue.      The 
former  account   was   settled  between  the  parties, 
but   with  regard  to   the   latter  a  dispute  arose! 
M'Master  claimed   £140;     but   the    prosecutors 
alleged  that   he  had  omitted  to  give  them  credit 
for  £80  which  they  had  paid  huu,  that  there  were 
other  sums  to  be  deducted,  and  that  the  balance 
owing  was  thus  less  than  £50.      This  sum  they 
offered  M'Master,  but  he  would  not  accept  it,  and 
he   ultimately  stated  that  he  would  settle  every- 
thing for  £100.        The   prosecutors    would    not 
accede,  and  M'Master,  after  saying  that  he  would 
find  meana  to  make  them  pay,  without  going  to 
law,  left   them.       On   the   subsequent  Tuesday, 
February    12,  the   defendants  waited   upon   the 
prosecutors,  and   stated  that  they   had  been  ap- 
pointed by  the  Operative  Joiners  and  Carpenters' 
Association,   to   settle    the    claim   of    M'Master. 
Mr.  Pennington   asked  in  what   way  the  society 
was  concerned.     They  repUed  that  M'Master  had 
complained  to  the  society.     Mr.  Pennington   told 
them  he   could  not  understand   how  a  trade  so- 
ciety  could  interfere  in  a   dispute   between    ar- 
chitects  and   their   contractor.      The  defendants 
rejoined,  "  It  has  a  very  important  effect  on  our 
society.      If  you  don't  pay  Mr.  M'Master,  he  can- 
not pay   his  men;  and  the  consequence    will  be 
that   the   whole  of  them  will  be  thrown  upon  the 
funds  of  the  society.     The   society  will  thus  be 
seriously  damaged,  and  we  consider  ourselves  com- 
petent to  take  it  up."      The  prosecutors,  in  view 
of  the  great  number  of  jobs  they  had  on  hand, 
came  to   the   conclusion  that  for  the  sake  of  £50 
It  was  not  worth  their  while  to  come  into  coUis- 
Bion  with  the   society,    and   they    paid    the  de- 
fendants    £100,    which    was    to    be   passed    to 
M'Master,   at  the   same  time  enquiring   what  se- 
curity they  had  that   M'Master  would   not  repu- 
diate  their   proceeding.       The    defendants    said 
Messrs.  Pennington  and  Bridgen  might  leave  that 
to  them ;  if  they  conformed  to  the  regulations  of 
the  society,  they  (the  defendants)  would  take  care 
M'Master  conformed  too,  and  if  M'Master  appKed 
to  them,  they  (the  prosecutor.s)  must  come  to  the 
Manchester    lodge    of     the   association    at     the 
'_'  Cheshire  Cheese,"  Bridge-street.     On  the  follow- 
ing day,  the  defendants  appUed  to  the  prosecutors 
for  their  expenses   as  a  deputation;  they  asked 
for  £1  each,  but  the   prosecutors  would  not  pay 
them  more  than  a  sovereign.     A   few  days  ago, 
M'Master  sent  in   a  claim  in  respect  of  a  matter 
which  the  defendants  had  professed  to  settle,  and 
on   the  prosecutors    euquu-ing  at  the  "  Cheshire 
Cheese,"   they  were  told  that  the  action  taken  by 
the  defendants  had  not  been  authorized,  and  that 
disputes  between  architects  and  contractors  were 
not  recogcized  by  the  society.     It  turned  out,  on 
enquiry,  that  at  the  time  of  this   transaction,  the 
defendants  were  in  the  employ  of  M'Master,   and 
the  case  was  one  which,  if  the  prosecution  could 
get  evidence  against  M'Master,  he  (Mr.  Leresche) 
should  be  glad  to  shape  in  a  different  way.     The 


cheque  which  the  prosecutors  handed  to  the  d 
fendants  was  payable  to  "  Mr.  M'Master  on  order 
and  on  the  back  of  it  there  was  the  endorsemai 
"James  M'Master."  Under  these  circumstance 
he  thought  he  might  be  able  to  make  out  a  prin~ 
facie  case  against  M'Master,  and  he  should  as 
the  court  to  allow  him  to  include  him  in  tl 
charge.  After  some  evidence  in  support  of  tl 
case  had  been  heard,  Mr.  Powler  said  it  might  b 
as  was  set  up,  that  the  prosecutors  owi 
M'Master  money ;  but  that  was  no  reason  why  tl 
defendants  and  he  should  conspire  to  recover  tlj 
sum  in  an  improper  manner.  He  should  di 
miss  the  present  summonses,  and  grant  summons 
for  conspiracy  against  the  defendants 
M'Master.  The  summonses  are  to  be  returnal^ 
on  November  7. 

Grinding  MoNEv.— (Mitchell  v.  Prince).— .4 
action  was  tried  before  Mr.  Commissioner  Ker| 
on  Saturday  last,  to  recover  Is.  8d.,  for  what 
familiarly  known  in  the  trade  as  grinding  monel 
It  was  contended  that  since  the  introduction 
the  system  of  payment  by  the  hour,  an  allowancL 
for  grinding  tools  would  be  equivalent  to  doubi| 
pay.     His  Honour  was  clearly  of  opinion  that 
a  matter  of  law,  plaintiff  could  not   recover  thl 
money.     It   had  been  proved  to   the  Court  tha| 
the  men  might  terminate  an  engagement  at  an 
period  of  the  day,  and  it  would  be  most  unreason 
able  to  allow   grinding  money  when  the  hirini 
was  an  hourly  one.      Plaintiff  must  be  nonsuitetl 


ieneral  It^ms. 


We   have  received  a  long  letter   from   Mesi 
M'Carthy    and  Goldie,    contradicting  the   stah 
ments   by   Messrs.    Pugin  and  Ashlin  which  ag 
peared  in  our  last  impression.     They  aflSrm  th 
Mr.   M'Carthy,  at  the  suggestion  of  the  Bishop  cl 
Cloyne,   sent  a  copy  of  the  amended  conditions  tl 
Mr.   Ashlin,   who,  after  the  lapse  of  several  dayil 
■wrote  back  to  him.  stating  that  he  and  Mr.  Pugif 
declined   to   accede   to  them,   and  that  they  ha] 
already   accepted   the  original  conditions.      Thai 
then,  and  not  till  then,  did  they  (Messrs.  M'Cartibl 
and  tioldie)   sign   the   amended  conditions,   an 
request  their  adoption  by  the  committee.      Th 
also   say   that   Messrs.   Pugin  and  Ashlin's  stati 
ment,  "  that   they   had  done  their  utmost  to  ae| 
cure  that  the  refusal  of  the   third   competitor 
sign  would  make  a  bad  impression  on  the  con 
mittee,"  is  entirely  fictitious,   and  that  they  havl 
no   acquaintance   with  any  member  of  the  coml 
mittse,  except  slightly   with  the  Bishop   and  DjI 
Rice,  who  entirely  concurred  in  their  views  wife 
regard  to  the  conditions.      We  have  not  space  foj 
the   whole    of  the    letter,  and  must  decline  to  iol 
sert  any  more  communications  on  the  subject. 

There  is  to  be  another  Working  Men's  Industri 
Exhibition  in  London  towards   the   end  of  nexl 
year.     It  will   be  neither  local  nor  national  onljl 
but  international,  and,  in   some  important  part" 
culars,  will  be  different  from  the  exhibitions  whid 
have  already  taken  place  in  so  many  of  the  manu 
facturing  and  population  centres  of  England.  Tin! 
bazaar  element,  it  is  intended,  shall  be  rigidly  exi 
eluded ;    skilled  work  and   inventions  are  to  bJ 
specially   distinguished,    in    preference   to    menl 
amateur   productions,  or  examples   of  misappliwi 
ingenuity ;  and  the  surplus,  if  any,  at  the  close  of 
the  exhibition  is  to  be  appropriated  to  the  promol 
tion  of  technical  education,  the  conductors  of  thil 
scheme    forming    a    permanent   council   to  takfi 
charge  of  the  subject.     The  plan  which  has  beei'j 
adopted  appears  to  be  a  practicable  one,  and  it  ii  I 
in  -vigorous,  responsible  hands. 

A  bell-ringer  sends  us  the  following  :  — Itoftei  j 
occurs  that  parson,  churchwardens,  and  ringers-j 
are  at  variance  with  each  other   about   obtaining  | 
admission  to  the  church  to  ring  a  peal  on  the  belU  1 
on  festivals  or  other  holidays.  This  being  a  church-  - 
building  age,  I  beg  to  throw  out  a  hint  to  those 
who  propose  building  a  tower  for  a  peal  of  bells. 
Pay  a  visit  to  a  church  designed  and  carried  out 
by    WiUiam    White,    Esq.,    of     Wimpole-street, 
London,  for  Dr.  Walker,  N.E.  of  St.  John's  Church, 
Notting-hill.     The  tower  has  an  external  staircase 
to  the  belfry  expressly  for  the  ringers,  and  most 
ingeniously  contrived. 

On  Saturday  evening  last  the  Associated  Arte' 
Institute  held  its  annual  soiree  at  9,  Conduit- 
street.  Mr.  Westmacott,  the  president,  delivered 
an  address.  From  the  president's  remarks  it  ap- 
pears that  the  society  is  in  a  flourishing  con- 
dition. 


I 


November  1,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


767 


The  officials  of  many  cities  in  the  United  King 
dom  may   study,  with   considerable  profit,    the 
example  of  the  Lord  Provost  of  Edinburgh.  That 
gentleman  is  a  thoroughgoing  champion  of  sani 
I  tary  reform.     In  a  speech  made  by  him  at  Edin- 
!  burgh  on  Tuesday  last,  in  which  he  strongly  con 
i  demned  the  present  condition  of  that  part  of  the 
Idty  known  as  the   Old   Town,   he   enumerated 
s  whole  batch  of  sanitary  improvements  he  de- 
sired to  see  carried  out,  the  last,  though  not  least, 
of  which  was  a  proposal  for  the  purchase,  by  the 
■a    I  Corporation,  of  the  gasworks,  and  transferring  the 
whole  concern  to  the  seaside,  between  Portobello 
»nd  Leith,  thus  securing  the  profits  for  public 
purposes,    and,   at   the   same  time,  banishing   a 
frightful  nuisance   from   the   city.     He  also  an- 
nounced his  intention  of  attempting  the  renova- 
tion of  the  interior  of  St.  Giles's  Cathedral,  in  the 
style  of  the  Cathedral  of  Glasgow,  and  a  meeting 
for  the  consideration   of  this  subject  is  to  take 
place  at  the  City  Chamber  to-day. 

The  Marylebone  Vestry  propose  to  widen  a 
thoroughfare  in  the  borough  called  Stingo-lane. 
This  Stingo-lane  leads  from  the  western  end  of 
Crawford-street  into  the  Marylebone  (late  New) 
road,  opposite  the  end  of  Lisson-grove.  By 
opening  up  this  lane  for  vehicular  purposes,  a 
continuous  line  of  thoroughfare  would  arise  from 
the  western  junction  of  Seymour-street  with  the 
Edgware-road,  the  line  running  in  a  northerly 
direction  up  Seymour.place,  through  Stingo-lane, 
up  Lisson-grove,  and  away  to  St.  Johu's-wood, 
Portland-town,  and  the  confluent  lines  on  the 
western  side  of  the  Regent's  Park. 

H.R.H.  the  Prince  of  Wales  has  notified  to  the 
Executive  Committee  of  the  National  Exhibition 
of  Works  of  Art,  to  be  held  at  Leeds  in  1S6S, 
that  he  will  contribute  to  the  picture  galleries  of 
the  Exhibition  the  following  important  works  : — 
5' The  Indian  Tent,"  by  Sir  Edwin  Landseer,  R.A.; 
An  Italian  Serenade,"  by  Rudolph  Lehmann ; 
The  Bivouac  in  Egypt,"  by  Carl  Werner ;  "  The 
Kght  for  the  Diamond,"  by  E.  Corbould ;  and 
"  The  Emperor  of  Russia  and  the  Prince  of  Wales 
Sleighing,"  by  N.  de  Swertchkow. 

A  correspondent  says  : — The  readiest  w.ay  to 
lemedy  the  solarizatiou  of  the  chancel,  or  any 
other  windows  that  may  be  directly  opposite  the 
tube  of  the  lens,  is  to  borrow  a  horsecloth  or 
a  canvas  cart  covering,  and  fix  it  outside  by  rear- 
ing a  couple  of  ladders  or  oak  poles  against  it,  the 
same  being  over  the  window.  With  this  there 
can  be  but  little  trouble,  as  the  articles  are  pro- 
curable either  from  some  farmer,  or  the  clergy- 
man close  to  most  churches. 

A  correspondent  writes  : — The  Tynemouth 
Public  Health  Committee,  at  a  meeting  some 
days  ago,  affirmed  the  principle  now  generally 
admitted  by  corporations,  not  to  relax  the  condi- 
tions on  which  their  borough  surveyor  took  office, 
viz.,  that  he  was  not  to  be  allowed  to  undertake 
private  practice,  at  least  within  the  limits  of  the 
borough.  In  this  decision  the  public  vrill  con- 
sider the  committee  acted  wisely,  as  it  is  neither 
advisable  nor  just  that  the  official  capacity  of 
borough  engineers  or  surveyors  should  be  used  as 
a  means  of  adding  to  their  private  emolument,  or 
that  they  should  have  to  advise  officially  on  their 
own  plans.. 

In  spite  of  the  Royal  Commission,  the  system 
of  rattening  appears  to  have  been  only  "  scotched," 
not  killed,  at  Sheffield.  The  practice  of  stealing 
wheel  bands  has  been  renewed  at  Messrs.  Ward 
V|  and  Hughes,  edge  tool  manufacturers.  The  bands 
T^  taken  are  those  of  a  woi  kman  in  arrears  with  his 
society.  The  members  of  the  society  have,  how- 
ever, acted  in  a  creditable  manner ;  a  meeting 
has  been  held,  and  it  was  at  once  decided  that  the 
bands  must  be  replaced,  the  secretary  being 
directed  to  purchase  new  ones. 

According  to  a  return  furnished  by  the  engineer 
of  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Works,  the  average 
daily  qu.antity  of  sewage  pumped  into  the  river 
Thames  at  the  Southern  Outfall  Works,  Crossness, 
is  .51,151,355  gallons  or  232,404  cubic  metres, 
equivalent  to  about  as  many  tons  by  weight. 

A  correspondent  sends  us  some  particulars  of 
the  new  short  line  of  railway  in  course  of  con- 
struction connecting  the  city  of  Bath  with  the 
Midland  Railway.  It  is  about  12  miles  in  length, 
and  the  works,  which  are  under  the  direction  of 
Mr.  Allport,  jiin.,  are  in  an  advanced  state.  The 
terminus  in  Bath  will  be  in  Seymour-street. 
The  line  proceeds  from  Bath  in  a  north-easterly 
direction  until  it  approaches  Keynsham,  when  it 
deviates  to  the  north,  aud  joins  the  Midland  Rail- 
way at  Mangotsfield.    The  line,  although  so  short, 


crosses  the  Avon  no  less  than  seven  times,  owing 
to  the  winding  course  of  that  river.  The  bridges 
are  principally  of  wrought  iron  construction — 
lattice  girders,  supported  in  the  centre  by  two 
rows  of  cast-iron  columns,  the  double  spanmeasiir- 
in  some  places  probably  150ft. 


S^mbe  B^tos. 


TENDERS. 

Beds. — For  prnposed  new  cemetery, 
fordshire.  Mr.  J.  LiuUis  and  Mr.  J. 
tecta.     Quantities  by  Mr.  J.  Glenn. 


Bigglcsw.ide,  Bed- 
Si.  Hooker,  archi- 


Chapels.    Lodge. 


£ 

Chapell 1,020 

Bates 964 

Bedhoiise 913 

Thomas  i:  Son'  856 

Roy    815 

■Howe 815 


£ 
342 
301 
298 
273 
256 
259 


W3 


£ 
173 
166 
172 
145 
139 
131 


£ 

250 
231 
223 
238 
220 
192 


£ 
1,785 
1.602 
1,606 
1,512 
1,460 
1,400 


*  Accepted,  subject  to  revision  of  lodge. 

CoLKEV  Hatch.  —For  erecting  a  new  school  at  Cromwell- 
road,  Colney  Hatch,  for  the  Rev.  Robert  Morris.  Messrs. 
E.  H'lbershbn,  Brock,  and  Webb,  architects  :—WoodhaU 
(accepted),  £531  lOs. 

Green'wicu. — For  the  erection  of  a  shop  and  premises. 
No.  11,  Chvu-ch-strcct,  for  Mr.  Mead.  Mr.  Lanchester,  .ir- 
chitect.  Hatfield,  £1,515  ;  Adams  and  Son,  £1,497  ;  Hammer 
£1,400  ;  Fox,  £1,37S  ;  Willis,  £1,287  ;  Walker,  £1,147. 

Haggebstox.— For  chiu-ch  of  St.  Chad.  Haggerston. 
Mr.  James  Brooks,  architect.  Hill  and  Sons,  £7.670; 
Fiper  and  Wheeler,  £7.1S:! ;  Perry  and  Co.,  £6,995  ;  Higgs, 
£6.7S0:  Longmire  and  Burge,  £6,757;  Foster,  £6,497; 
Hill  and  Keddell,  £i;,3S7  ;  Ennor,  £6,144  ;  Ashby  and  Sons, 
£6,140  ;  Henshaw  (accepted),  £5,9S0. 

H.1GGERST0X.— For  the  church  of  St.  Columba,  Hagger- 
ston. Mr.  James  Brooks,  architect.  Perry  and  Co., 
£9,065  ;  Longmire  and  Burge,  £8,S77 ;  Foster,  £S,"00  ; 
Higgs,  £8.375  ;  Ashbv  and  Sons.  £S,  140  ;  Ennor,  £8,130; 
Piper  and  Wheeler,  £7.990  ;  Henshaw  (.accepted),  £7,894. 

LoKDOX.  — For  the  erection  of  a  block  of  offices  in  Budge- 
row,  for  Mr.  John  Pollock.  Messrs.  H.  and  J.  D.  Matthews, 
architects  Colls  and  Son,  £6,500  ;  .\damson  and  Sons. 
£6.474  ;  Simms  and  Marten,  £6,460  ;  Patman  and  Fother- 
ingham.  £6.370  ;  Ramsey,  £6,345  :  Sewell  and  Sons,  £6,143  ; 
Moreland  and  Burton,  £5,S60  ;  Brass,  £5,S33 ;  King  and 
Sons,  £5,750  ;  Webb  and  Sons,  £5,487. 

London. — For  four  shops  and  dwelling  houses,  at  the 
corner  of  IBrydges-street,  and  White  Hart-coiut,  Covent 
Garden.  Jles-srs.  Wigg  and  Oliver,  architects.  Quantities 
supplied  by  Mr.  James  Schofield.  Simpson,  £3  l-.:5  ;  Long- 
mire and  Burge,  £3,113 ;  Gammon,  £3,071  ;  Lawrence  and 
Baugh,  £3,010  ;  Tiu-ner  and  Sons,  £2,968  ;  Ennor,  £2,706  ; 
Roberts,  £2,614. 

Old  Windsor.— For  the  church  of  St.  Stanislaus,  Beau- 
mont.    Mr.  Blount,  architect ; — 


NICHOLSON'S  WORKS.— Can  anyone  inform  me  wher» 
''  NichoUon's  Builder's  Director"  and  "  Student's  Guide  for 
Me.isuring  and  Estimating  Artificers'  Work  '  are  published, 
.•uid  the  price  of  each. — N.  S.  B. 

ST.\IN  FOR  WOODWORK.— Will  any  person  kindly 
inform  me  the  address  of  the  mannfr\cturer  of  Swinbum's 
stain  for  woodwork. — FBANrls. 

HARRISON'S  FOLLY.  —Can  anv  of  your  correspondents 
inform  me  where  I  c.in  obt,ain  an  engraving  of  the  Roman 
C.itholic  retreat  or  asylum  known  as  Harrison's  Folly, 
8ituat«d  in  London-road,  Clapton. — J.  D. 

SPECIFICATIONS.— Which  is  the  best  work  published 
on  specification  writing,  and  the  price  of  same.— W.  H. 

BLUE  WARWli'KSHlRE  STONE— Would  .vou  give 
rae  a  description  of  Klue  \V;irwicksliire  stone,  .ts  regards  its 
strength.  diira>>ility  aiid'cnlour  ;  or  can  you  inform  meof  any 
other  stone  that  forms  a  bettercontrasttothe  Mansfield  red 
sandstone. — W.  H. 

MODELLING. — Can  anyone  recommend  me  a  gixid  work 
on  mwlelling.— EcCE. 

REPLIES. 

"  Ifrnoramus,"  in  last  ■week's  "  Intorcommunication," 
will  find  some  useful  information  on  gilding  in  a  little  work 
on  illumination,  published  by  Ilenaou  and  Newton,  Rath- 
boue-place,  Ijondon. 

URF/S  DICTIONARY.— In  aoBwer  to  "J.  T.,"  I  have  a 
copy  of  "Dr.  Ure's  Dictionary  of  Arts"  to  dispose  uf,  new 
and  unftoiled,  for  £1  153.— J.  R.  Allen,  Dockyard,  Liver- 
pool, October  26. 

GOLD  PAINT.— The  cheapest  and  be3t  gold  paint  (for 
illuniinating)  is  Johnsons',  sold  by  Barnard  ;  it  is  cheaper 
than  Be-sHCiner's,  in  that  it  requires  no  varnishing,  but  is 
used  with  water  ;  and  better,  as  it  does  not  stain,  works 
more  freely,  and  washes  up  after  drying.  Its  price  is  Is.  (kl, 
aboi.~C."S.  W. 

GOLD  PAINT.— Shell  gold  is  by  far  the  best  for  gilding 
small  surfaces,  but  where  any  quantity  has  to  be  done  this 
will  bo  found  to  be  very  expensive.  Gold  or  bronze  powder, 
mixed  with  gum  water,  will  be  found  to  work  very  well.  A 
small  quantity  only  should  be  mixed  at  the  time,  and  laid 
on  with  a  brush  rather  thickly,  b'lt  very  smoothly,  TiVhero 
raised  gilding  is  required,  the  surface  to  be  gilded  must  first 
be  rai3ed  to  the  required  height  by  body  colour,  laid  on 
very  thickly,  allowed  to  dry,  and  then  gilded  ;  and  this 
raav  then  l>e  also  burnished  with  an  agate  or  dog's-tooth 
burnisher.  Where  very  large  gilded  surfaces  occur,  gold 
leaf  should  be  used  ;  but  this  can  very  rarely  be  ujsed  satis- 
factorily on  a  drawing. — Jack,  Rathbone  place. 

EARTH  CLOSET. — "  W.  "W."  may  receive  every  in- 
formation as  to  price,  &c.,  of  White  and  Co.,  '29,  Bedford- 
street,  Strand. — Francis. 

TURNING  LATHE.— To  Mr.  Roberts,  junr.— I  have  a 
turning  lathe,  and  should  have  no  objection  to  take  a  ma- 
hogany Iwokcase  in  the  way  of  exchange  for  it.-  "'" 
Alexander. 


-Wm. 


Contract 

No.   1. 

Contract 

No.    2. 

• 

S5 

11 

It 

IS 

f'i 

Wood   

£ 
11,050 
11,017 

10,935 

10,7';6 

9,252 

£ 
11,650 
11,626 

11,531 
11.296 
9,775 

£ 
5,869 
5,8S2 

5,809 
5,352 
4,965 

£ 

6,363 

Bird ..... 

Patman  &.  Fothering- 

6,375 
6,293 

5,755 

Myers  

6,38S 

Shorbditch. — For  Clergy-house,  St.  Michael's,  Shore- 
dit^h.  James  Brooks,  architect.  Ashby  and  Sons,  £2,660  ; 
Hill  and  Sons,  £2,535  ;  Hill  and  Keddell,  £2,370  ;  Henshaw, 
£2,343  ;  Foster  (accepted),  £2,342. 

Staffordshire. — For  repairs,  Wolstanton  vicarage, 
Staffordshire.  James  Brooks,  architect.  Barlow,  Stoke, 
£1,000;  Sutton,  Newcastle,  £963  lOs.  ;  Lowe,  Newcastle, 
£955  10s. 

Thornton  Heath  (Surrey). — For  the  erection  of  five 
dwelling  houses  for  Mr.  Richard  Davis.  Messrs.  Mills  and 
Co.,  architects  :—Hitflhcock,  £1,550  ;Robart.s,  £1.443  IDs.  ; 
Palmer  and  Turner,  £1,300  ;  Day,  £1,222  lOs.  ;  Blackmore 
and  Morley,  £1,175  ;  HoUoway,  £1,125  ;  Smith,  £1,030. 


BATH  STONE  OF  BEST  QUALITY. 

Rakdell  and  Sattnders,  Quarrymen  and  Stone  Mer 
chants,  Bath.  List  of  Prices  at  the  Quarries  and  Depots 
also  Cost  for  Transit  to  any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom 
furnished  on  application  to  Bath  Stone  Office,  Corsham 
Wilts.— {Ad  VT.J 


BANKRUPTS. 

TO  SURRENDER   IX  EASINGHAJLL-STREET. 

James  Frederick  Brown,,  Lloyds' -row.  St.  John's-street- 
road,  timber  merchant.  Nov,  20,  at  U— Thomas  Cutler, 
Winchester-street,  Pimlico,  builder,  November  20,  atl2  — 
William  H.  Pepper.  Dover,  builder,  Nov.  6,  at  12— William 
G.  Bates,  Queen-street,  Brompton,  carpenter,  November 
IS,  at  12— George  Breeze.  Erith,  bricklayer,  November  13, 
at  !— George  Hampton,  Brighton,  builder,  November  13, 
at  12— Daniel  Lampitt.  Jlidbum-street,  Somei-a  Town, 
painter,  November  13,  at  12 — Jonathan  Wild,  Croydon, 
painter,  November  IS,  at  11. 

TO  SURRENDER  IN  THE  COUTTTRT. 

J.  O.  Chambers,  Marske,  near  Redcar,  painter,  Novem- 
ber 7— A.  R.  Clarke,  Derby,  carpenter,  November  5 — George 
Ellen,  Faversham,  carpentei,  November  6 — John  Plank, 
Wolverhampton,  carpenter.  November  S— Griffith  Rees, 
Swansea,  builder,  November  G-G.  Stanton,  Birmingham, 
mechanical  engineer,  November  6 — William  Abbott,  Sal- 
ford,  brickmaker,  November  9 -Samuel  Gee,  Biuton-on- 
Trent,  joiner,  November  11— T.  M.  Hawke,  St.  Day,  Corn- 
wall, plumber,  November  9— John  Henry  Nayler,  Col- 
chester, builder,  November  9— W.  Palmer,  Middleton,  One- 
row,  Dnrham,  joiner,  November  11— J.  B.  Rees,  Swansea, 
builder,  November  8. 


^utud  ^i^* 


QUESTIONS. 

GASWORKS. — Could  you,  or  any  ol  your  readers,  in- 
form me  of  a  work  on  the  general  construction  of  gasworks, 
with  detailed  illustrations  and  particulars. — Constant 
Reader. 

LAND  DRAINAGE. — Will  some  one  inform  me  of  a  work 
on  land  drain^e,  with  particulars  as  to  the  minimum 
amoimtof  fall  recommended,  and  diameters  of  pipes  for 
given  areas,  i:c. — T.  C.  T. 

OUTLET  VALVES. — Will  some  one  inform  me  where  I 
can  obtain  outlet  gauges  or  valves  for  carrier  drains. — T. 
C.  T. 


LATEST  PRICES   OF  MATERIALS   USED 
IN  CONSTRUCTION, 

Timber,  dutv  1«  per  load,  drawback,  iB. 

Teak    load    £9    0£10  10, Archangel.  yeUow  ..  «1  10  £13    0 

Quebec,  re<l  pine  ... .     3    0      4  10  St.  PeU'reburg,  yeL..  10  10    11     0 

"    -  "  -'      4    0  Finland  8    0      9    0 

0    OiMcmel 0    0      0    0 

5  I'tiGothenbur^.  yellow       8  10    10  In 


yellow  pine..  2  16 

St.  John  N.B.  yellow  0    0 

Quebec  Oak.  white . .  5    5 

„       birch 8  10 

,.      elm   3  10 

0&nt2ic  oak 8  10 

„       fir 2    0 

Memelfir   3    0 

Riga 3    0 

Swedish 2    0 

MaaU.Quebecredpilio  6    0 

,,      yellow  piue.,  5    0 

Lathwood.Duitzic.bn  4  10 

„       St.Petvrsburg  6  10 
DeaU,prC..12ft.  byS 
by  9  in. ,  duty  2b  i>er 
lo.'ui,  drawback  2b. 

Quebec,  white  spruce  13    0 

8t.Johji,whit«Biiruce  13  10 
Yellow   pine,  per  re* 

duced  C. 

Cftoada,  iBt  qaaUty.  17 


4  10 
D    0 
8    0 
3    0 
8  10 
3 
3 
7 
6 


19    0 

16  10 


8    0      9    0 


2nd  do 11  10    12  10 


11 
10  10 


33 
1 


white 

Oefle,  yellow 9 

Soderham       9    0 

Christiaoiar    per   C, 

12  ft.  by  3  by  9  In. 

yellow 16 

Deck  Plank,  Dantzlc, 

per  40  ft.  Sin 0  15 

PcMicE  .SioxE  pr  ten    6    0      8 
Ott£,  Ac. 

Seal,  pale per  tun  40    0      0 

Sperm  body  110    0  112 

Cod 3fi    0      0 

Whale,  8th.  Sea,  pale  38  10    39 

Olive,  GalUpoU 70    0      0 

Cocoannt.  Cochin.ton  56    0    67 

Palm,  fine 41    0      0 

Lin»eed   37  15      0 

BapeM»ed,Eng.pale..  41    0      o 
CottonBced 84    0    40 


768 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


November  1,  1867.  ""^l 


Metals, 

Iroh : — 

Welsh  Bars  in  London     per  fen  6    7    6  6  10    0      3 

Nail  Kod       do  7  10     0  7  15    0\ 

HoopB do  8  111    0  9    IJ    (1  I    o. 

Sheets.  Sincle      do  f)  15    0  10    0    0  f  '  = 

Stiihrclphire  Bars       do  7  10    0  7  16    Oj 

Bars,  in  Wales     do  6  15    0  6    0    0      3 

Rails    do  6    5    n  0    »    0     P<*<  t 

Foundry  Pigs,  at  GlaBg.  No    1..       do  2  15    0  3562i 

awedjsh  Bars   do  10    5    0  10  10    0     net 

Steel  :— 

gwedieh  Keg,  hammered      per  ton  IT    00  15  10     0      2 

SwPdlsb  Faggot   do  10  10     0  12  10     0      2 

Coffee  :— 

Sheet  &  Sheathing,  4 Bolts   ....perton  84    0    0  0    0    UT 

Hitmmered  Bottoms       do  93    0    0  0     0    Pi 

Flat  Bottoms,  not  Hammered    ..       do  83    0    0  0    0    0 

Cake  aud  Tough  Ingot      do  74    0    0  75    0     0  >   3 

Beat  Selected    do  f  1     0    0  83    0 

Australian     do  84    0     0  69    0 

y  1.  Metal  ShBnthIng  &  Roda per  lb  0     0    7  0     0 

Tm:— 

Enttlish  Block       per  ton  ilC    0    0  0    0    C) 

do      Bar    do  Ji7    0     0  0     n    (^  ^  ?i 

do       Refined   do  99    0    0  0     0    o) 

Banc* do  94    0    0  115    0    i*\n.n 

Straits     do  89  10    0  90    0    (ij"'" 

Lkao;— 

Fig.  English      per  ton  21  15    0  0    0    O'j 

, .    Sj  aoish  Soft     do  19  15    0  19  10    0  (    „, 

Qot.  Patent     do  23    0    0  0    0    0  (     ■ 

Sheet   do  W  15    0  0    0    (•) 

White      do  3J    0    0  31  10    0      5 

Spexter  :— 

On  the  Spot   ....„....« per  ton  21     0     0         21     2    6  net 

Zisc  1— 

English  Sheet      per  ton         2f)  10    0      27    0    0      2 

Devaiix'B  V.  M.  Roofing  Zinc   do  2r.  10    0       0    0     0 

"  And  5  per  cent,  diecouiit  if  laid  upon  the  nsw  eyst^m. 

QcicKSilTEB     per  Ml  6  17    0        0    0    * 


TNDER  THE  PATRONAGE  OF  H.M.  THE  QUEEN. 

THE  LONDON  PARQUETRY  WORKS, 
— The  first  EsUiblishment  fomided  in  England  (in  1S42)  for  the 
exclusive  manuJacture  of  Solid  ami  Plated  PARQUET  FLOORS  aud 
BORDERS.  CEILINGS,  and  WALL  lJE(.'0riAT10Na  ;  and  Sole 
Patentees  of  the  only  syetem  adapted  to  the  Enylish  cliiiLate,  whereby 
the  evils  of  dry  rot.  shexnkaoe,  and  waexiku  (ao  common  to  work 
manufactured  in  foreign  climates),  are  effectdaixy  prevented.— For 
designs.estimat^a.  aud  list  of  nearly  300  floors,  &c..  apply  to  THE 
LONDON  PARQUETRY  WORKS.  Grove-lane.  Cjiiiherwell.  S.;  or  to 
their  Sole  Agents.  Messrs.  Gilluw  and  Co.,  176.  Oxf  ntl-etreet. 


GREY     STONE     LIME. 
PETEES   EEOTHEES, 

Merstliam   Grey   Etcre  lime  Works, 
NEAR  BED  HILL,  SURREY. 

Tlie  well-known  flarc-lnirnt  MEKSTHAM  GEEY  STONE  LIME 
free  from  blue,  core,  or  wjiEte.  delivered  in  TnickR  of  8.  9,  or  10  yards 
to  all  the  railway  stations.  For  the  Lowest  Cash  Prices  for  this,  the 
Best  and  Cheapest  Linje,  address 

PETEBS  BBOTBEES, 

MERSTHAM   GREY  STONE   LIME  WORKS, 

NEAR    liED    HILL,    SURREY. 


PAKIS  EXHIBITION,  1867. 
In  Class  65,  a  SILVER  MEDAL  has  been  awarded 
PEAKE'S 


TEKRO-METALIilC 
PIPES,    &o. 


TILES 


ROYAL  POLYTEUHNIC.-LURLEY,  or 
the  BRIDAL  of  BELMONT.  Mr.  .Tuhu  Millard  will  read 
Praed'B  charming  poem,  a  Ltgend  of  the  Bliinu,  dail^-  at  4  and  0, 
The  reading  will  he  illustrated  with  New  aud  Bt;iutifiil  Scenery,  by 
Mr.  John  O'Connor  ;  also  with  meat  striking  Ghost  and  Spectrescopic 
Effects  (J.  H.  Pepper  and  Henry  Diruks.  joint  inventors).  Professor 
Pepper's  Lectures  on  the  Paris  Exhibition,  introducing  Machine- 
made  Jewellery,  by  E.  Streeter,  of  Couduit-street,  B-md  street,  daily 
at  3  and  8.  The  wonderful  Leotard  at  a  quarter  to  4  and  a  iiuarter  to  9. 


BILIOUS  and  LIVER  COMPLAINTS, 
Indigestion,  Sick  He.idache,  Loss  of  Appetite,  Drowsiness. 
Giddiness,  Spasms,  and  all  Disorders  of  the  Stoiuach  and  Bowels,  are 
.juickly  removed  by  that  well-known  remedy.  FRAMPTON'S  PILL 
UF  HEALTH.  They  unite  the  recommendation  of  a  mild  operation 
with  the  most  successful  elleut  ;  aud  where  an  aperient  is  reituired 
nothing  can  be  better  adapted,  ' 

Sold  by  all  Medicine  Vendors,  at  Is.   IJd.  and  2b.   9d,  per  box  or 
obtained  through  any  Cheniiet, 


s 


TAIRCASE    and   JOINERY     WORKS, 
JOHN     WALDEN 

(Late  Shop  Foreman  to   Mr.  W.  SANDS,  retired), 
12,  MAIDEN  LANE,  COVENT  GARDEN. 

Esttmatea  on  application. 


C.  H.  DA  VIES  and  CO.'S 

GENUINE 

SOLID    PARQUET    FLOORS 

Are  Greatly  Superior  to  any  liitherto  Producea,  beiug 

of  Special   Coustnictioa,    IniproTed   Design, 

Thoroughly  Seasoned,  aud  ;it 

PRICES   LOWER   THAN   USUAL. 

Specimens  at  Architectural  Museum,  23,  Maddox-street,  W. 

AND  AT 

Show  Rooms,  Cambridge  Hall,  Newman-street,  London. 

T    I  S  B  IT  E  Y 

THE     WARDOUR 


STONE. 
CHILMARK 


and 


-L  TISBUKY  STONE  COMPANY   (Limited). 

TISBUEY    QUARRIES,     WILTSHIRE, 
tori  rices  of  Random  Block  of  best  qiiatity,  siiitjible  for  engine  and 
machinery  beds,  dock  or  sea  walls,  building  rubbles  and  i>ituhing,  aud 
lor  stone  to  dimensions,  or  worked  stone,  apply  to  the  Manaaer 
Mr.  T.  P.  LILLY,  GILLINGUAM,  DORSET. 
Loudon  Offices — (?,  Old  Jewry,  E.C. 
Prices  very  moderate. 
Also  stone  of  Sue  texture,  well  adapted  for  carving,  mouldings 
cornices,  sills,  ashlar,  and  building  purposes  generally. 

The  stone  has  been  used,  and  may  be  seen,  at  the  British  Assurance 
Ulbce,  KII.  Cheapside :  the  Srouthem  District  Post  office,  Westminster- 
road  :  the  Victoria  Club-house,  Wellington-street,  Strand  ;  CornhiU 
t  hambers ;  the  Town  Hall,  Bromley ;  the  London  and  Couuty  Bank 
at  Hastings  and  Banburj- ;  the  Koyal  Mausoleum  at  Progmore :  •■  alis- 
bnry  and  Chichesier  Cathedrals  i  and  Is  now  being  iised  in  the  resto- 
ration of  the  Chapter-house  of  Westminster  Abbey, 

A  Tariff  of  Prices  at  which  the  stone  can  be  deUveted  at  various 
stations  will  be  forwarded  on  application. 

FALCON    WHARF,    80,     BANKSIDE,     SOUTHWAEK,    B,E. 

and 

HONDURAS    WHARF,  CUBITT-TOWN,  POPLAR    K 

JOHN    NEWTON    &    Co., 

STOURBRIDGE.  NEWCASTLE,  S  WELSH 

li"IREBRlCK     AND     TILE     MERCHANTS, 

Wholesale  and  for  Exportation. 

Depot  for  Ramsay's  Newcastle  Firebricks,  Clay,  &c. 

Building  Materials  of  every  description. 

Ti       "^  ^'^'^^  *"*  Pattern  on  the  Shorteat  Notice  and  th«  meet 

re-isunabte  terms.     Sliipping  orders  executed  with  despatch. 

Please  addreas  in  full  to  80,  Bankside.  S.E. 


w. 


HAWKER, 


LIMK,  CEMENT,  &  PLASTER  MERCHANT, 

BELMONT      LIME      WHARF. 

YORK  ROAD  (on  the  Canal  Bridge),  KING'S  CROSS,  N., 

nearly  opposite  Entrance  to  Goods  Station,  Great  Northern  Railway 

CORRUGATED  ROOFING  TILES. 

BLUE  GROOVED  AND  PLAIM  STABLE  PAVIMO  BBICEe. 


"VTOTICE  is  hereby  most  respectfully  given 

S.y  that  the  LONDON  DEPOT  for  tins  WAKE  is  REMOVED  to 
No.  21  WHARF,  Macdesfleld-street  North,  City-road  Basin,  N,  ; 
Secondly,  that  the  trade  term,  "  Tkhro-Mctallic,"  is  the  exclusive 
right  of  the  Proprietor  ;  and,  thirdly,  that  the  "  Rkpouts  of  th£ 
Jdhies,"  page  681,  of  the  Great  E.vhibition.  note  the  grant  of  a  First- 
class  Medal,  and  r.ank  the  M.anufactories,  known  so  long  aa  "The 
Tileries,''  Tunatall,  Staffordshire,  as  the  first  of  the  kind  in  the  world. 


PEIZE  EKCAUSTIC  TIIES. 

T&  R.  BOOTE  are  awarded  by  the  Jurors 
•     cf  both  CK-Uis  10  and  S5  of  the  INTERNATIONAL  EXHIBI- 
TION a  Prize  Medal  for  their  Encau&tic  Tiles. 

For  Admiraele  Treatment  akd  Good  Design. 
For  New  Processes  of  Majsttfactttiie  of  Encaustic  Titjis. 
T.  &  R.  BOOTE  by  their  Pat«nt  Process  are  making  Encaustic  and 
PLAIN   FLOORING   TILES  of  the  hardest  texture  and  the    finest 
colours  (equal  to  enamel  tints)  which  can  be  inlaid  any  depth,  thereby 
ensuring  durability,  and  at  a  ntuch  cheaper  rate  than  hitherto  charged. 
FOR  CHURCHES.  ENTRANCE  HALLS.  &e.,  &c. 
White  Glaze  1  iles  both  for  in  and  outdoor  purposes,  which  will  re- 
sist the  severest  weather. 

Designs  and  Estimates  supplied  without  charge,  and  experienced 
pavers  sent  out  to  suit  purcliaaers. 

Address— T.  &  R.  BOOTE,  Wa  erloo  Potteries,  Burslem. 


Patent  and  British  plate  glass  I 
JAMEa  HETLEYandCO.  beg  to  inform  Architects  BQlldMf*ll 
Hud  the  Trade  generally,  that  their  new  Tariff  o(  Prices  for  thLl 
above  will  be  sent  on  application  ;  they  will  also,  on  receipt  o(  du  9 
ticulars,  furnish  estimates  for  any  description  of  Glaea  now  wi£».'B 
t'ctu red. —Patent  Plate.  SHEET.  Crown,  and  Ornamental  VtadMl 
Glass  Warehouse.  85,  Soho  Square.  London.  ™»wwil 


nm   AND   ORNAMENTAL  WINDOW   GLASS. 
'"'    BELL  having  made  an  exten.sive  addi-U 


w 


_  tion  to'his  Premises,  is  enabled  to  supply  every  descriptloOa 
of  Painted,  Stained,  Embossed,  and  Enamelled  Glass  (all  of  which  c&nn 
be  seen  in  Progress).  Also  he  ia  now  prepared  to  supply  BRITISH  and  a 
PATENT  PLATE.  CROWN.  SHEET,  COLOURED,  GROUND'T 
FLUTED.  CAST,  and  ROLLED  PLATE,  FOREIGN  GLASS,  Ac 
Designs  and  Estimates  on  appliciition  to 

W.  BELL.  GLASS  PAINTER.  43.  HIGH  STREET. 

CAMDEN  TOWN. 

GLASS,  SASHES,  &c.,  delivered  carriage  free. 


A  SUBSTITUTE  for  FAINT,  and  at  Hi 

Xi_  the  cost.— STEPHENS'  DYESor  STAINS  for  WOOD.- 
S  I'EPHENS  h.is  been  kindly  permitted  to  make  public  the  foIJoi 
extract  from  a  letter  addiessed  to  him  hy  the  F^ev.  R.  H.  CfllCH 
TER,  of  Chittlehampton.  near  South  Molton  :— 

"  The  effect  produced  by  the  Stiiining  Fluid  and  Varnish  haa  gin 

such  entire  satisfaction,  that  the  parishioners  have  requested  mje  1 

procure  five  times  the  quantity  now  paid  for,  in  order  to  finish fiii'F'l 
church."  'M 

H.  STEPHENS.  Chemist,  18,  St.  Martin'o-le-Grand,  E.C.,  lata 
Stamford-street,  S. 


PARQUET 
TO  AECUITECTS 

JACKSON 


FLOORING. 

a  AND  BUILDERS. 

AND      GRAHAM 

Are  the  sole  Agents  in  England  for  the  superior  PARQUET  FLOOR- 
INGS manufactured  by  ANTON  BEMBE,  of  MAYKNCE  aud 
COLOGNE,  fur  which  a  prize  medal  w;is  awarded  in  the  International 
Exhibition  of  1862.  Books  of  des  gns  sent  free  by  post.  No  charge 
for  taking  plans  and  giving  estimates. 

Nofl,  33.  31,  35.  37.  and  38.  OXfc'OED^  TREET,  LONDON,  W. 


M 


I     N     T     O     N         &         CO., 

Have  REMOVED  FROM  ALBION  PLACE,  BLACKFRI ARS 
TO  50,  CONDUIT-STREET,  REGENT-STREET, 

ENCAUSTIC  AND  OTHER  PAVEMENTS. 

EARTHENWARE  AND  PL.^IN  TILES. 

DESIGNS    AND    ESTIMATES    PREPARED. 

MANUFACTORY,  STOKE-UPON-TEENT. 


FIRST  CLASS  MEDALS  TO  MAW  *  Co..  EXHIBITION  OF 
1862;  DUBLIN  1865;  AND  OPORTO. 

TMPERISHABLE  TESSELATED  PAVE- 

JL  MENTS.  combining  a  highly  decorative  and  economical  substitute 
for  ordinary  floors,  and  their  ]ieri&hable  coveringa.  MAW  &  CO.'S 
Pattern-book,  the  wuik  of  the  tirst  designers  of  the  day.  forwarded, 
together  with  special  designs  and  eatimatea  for  every  kind  of  floor 
and  wall  tiling. 

Specimens  may  be  seen  alao  at  Maw  and  Co.'b  Manchester  Agents. 
T.  DALE  and  SON.  50  John  Daiton-street;  and  London  Agents.  W  B 
SIMPSON  and  bO^S,  466,  West  Strand. 

benthall  works,  BROSELEY. 


A  SPHALTE- 


-TRINIDAD  — SEYSSELL 

MINERAL  TAR. 
THOMAS    HARRISON    and  CO.   have  now  a   regular  supply   o' 
ROCHE  ASPHALTE  and  MASTIC   MINERAL  TAR  from   rriuice- 
and  can  undertake  to  execute  any  work  in  Asphatte  of  the  very  flues* 
Seyaaell  quahty,  .is  weU  as  Trinidad  and  British  Asphaltes, 

\    Agkicultcral  Work. 

TEMPERED  (  ^°^  every  purpose,  aitnation,   and   Kxtorj  to   eviey 

V     Cldlate. 

Rendered  to  uniform  consistency  by  Steam  Power. 

The  trade  supplied  on  advant.-igeous  terms ;  and  estimateB  given  for 

wori;s  (jf  anv  niagnitiule  ;  alsu  fi.>r 

LAYING  TAR  PAVEMENT. 

THOMAS  HAERISON  &  Co. 

ASPHALTE.     WHITING.     AND    PAINT    WORKS— 

Cambridge  Heath  Wh:u-f.  Ilnckney, 
Sunderland  Wharf,  Rotherhithe. 
City  Ortices,  4,  New  London -street,  E.O. 
(OppoBit*  the  Blackwall  Railway), 


^ th^ 

moat  reasonable  terms, 

PREPARED  (  ^T    e^ery    description  of    Bcildino,    Railway    and 


POLONCEAU  &  SEYSSEL  ASPHALTE. 


For  covering  Flat  Roofs,  Paving,  and  Flooring  of  every  description 
especially  in  phw^s  subject  to  damp  and  verniin. 

This  Asphalte  is  now  extensively  used  for  Paving  STABLES  (as 
shown  above),  the  absence  of  joints  preventing  the  generation  of 
ammonia. 

For  Estimates  and  Prices,  &c.,  apply  to 

JOHN    PILKINGTON, 

16.  FISH  STEEET  HILL,  LONDON,  E.G. 
Country  Builders  supplied  with  Asphalte  in  bulk  for  covering  Floor 
ings.  Earn  Floors,  &c..  with  instructions  to  Uy  it  down. 

GliASS. 

H.    JACKSON    supplies    BRITISH 

.  PLATE,  PATENT  PLATE,  ROLLED  PLATE.  CROWN 
SHEET,  HORTICULTURAL.  ORNAMENTAL.  COLOURED,  PHO- 
TOGRAPHIC,  and  every  description  of  GLASS,  of  the  best  manu- 
facture, at  the  lowest  terms. 

Libts  of  prices  and  estimates  forwarded  on  application  at  the 
Warehouse.  315,  Oxford  Street,  W. 

Soho  Plate  and  General  Glass  "Warehouse, 

X     SOHO      S  Q  U  A  K  E.     W. 

And  GEORGE  YARD.   CROWN  ftXRKET.  SOHO,   W.C. 

At  the  above  Extrusive  Establishment  the  following  deBcriptloni 

of  Olasa  can  be  prui.urcd  wholesale  : 

PLATE  GLASS,  Polish^rd,  Silvered,  Obscured,  and  Rongb, 
PATENT  PLATE  GLAyS  of  all  qualities  ..nd  aubstj^nce.-. 
COLOURED.  ORNAMENTAL,  and  STAINED  GLASS, 
«^™^'  6HEET.  and  HORTICULTURAL  GLASS. 
EABTLIY'i  ROLLED  ROUGH  PLATE,  49.,  *5. 


w. 


ENAMEL    VARNISHES,     of     Superior 
Quality,  that  dry  well,  look  weli,  and  wear  well,  from  Sa.  per 
gallon. 

S.amples  and  prices  sent  free  on  application  to  W,  NATLOU' 
Varni&h  Manufacturer.  4a.  Jamea-atreet.  Oxford -street,  London.  Aln 
Manufacturer  of  Oak  Stains. 

Light        4b.  per  gallon. 

Middle  Tint Be.  „ 

Dark  Oak 68.  „ 


I 


THE  INTERNATIONAL  PRIZE  MEDAL, 

Awarded  1862, 
also  the  dublin  medal,  1865. 

To    BUILDERS,     CARPENTERS,    and    BLINDMAKEES 

JAS.  AUSTIN  &  SON,  il 

Manufacturera  of    the  above  Articles.   pari.icnlarly  wleh  to  diroc 
the  attention  of  the  Trade  to  their 

IMPERIAL    PATENT    FLAX    SASH    LINES, 

Of  which  they  are  now  making  four  qualities,  and  they  strongly  Tecoia-K 
mend  that  in  all  cases  they  should  he  purchased  in  preference  to  ft«*] 
PATENT  LINES  made  from  Jute,  which  Article  has  neither  ^  1 
STRENGTH  nor  DURABILITY  of  FLAX,  consequently  cannot  ^T«  J 
so  much  satisfaction  to  the  Consumer.  They  also  invite  the  particalur  1 
attention  of  Upholsterers  and  Bhnd  Makers  to  their  Improved  Patent  ] 
Blind  Lines,  which  are  very  much  superior  to  anything  yet  offend  \ 
to  the  trade. 

They  can  be  obtained  of  all  Ropemakers,  Ironmongere,   Herd 
Factors,  and  Wholesale  Housea  in  Town  and  Country. 
ESTABLISHED  1774. 


n^ 


ARTS,   LADDERS,   BARROAVS,   &c.—  ' 

\J     GEORGE  ELL  and  CO..   Builders  of  Caris.    Vana,   Waggoni, 
Trucks,  Trolleya,  &c.,  Contractors'  and  Builders'  Plant. 

LADDERS,  BARROWS,  TRESTLES.    STEPS.  PORTABLE 

SCAFFOLDS,    PICK-HELVES,    HAMMER    HANDLES.    Ac. 

Wheels  made  by  Improved  Machinery  on  the  Fremisea, 

A  large  Variety  of  both  Light  and  Hea\T  Wheels  kept  in  Stock. 

Barrows.  Dobbin,  aud  other  Carts,  intended   for  Exportation.  aiO 

made  by  Machinery  so  as  to  be  interchangeable  in  their  parts. 

Dobbin  Carts.  £y  ;  Enck  Carts.  £14  10s. ;  Navie  harrows.  lOs.  6d. 

Scaffolding,    Ladders,  Barrows,  I'restles,  Step,  Ac.,  Lent  on  Bixt, . 

Price  Lista  on  application. 

GEORGE    ELL    &    CO., 

EUSTON  WORKS,  366  and  36,S,  EUSTON  KOAD,  LONDON,  N.W 
PRIZE  MEDAL,  1862. 

HAMILTON         &        CO., 
No.  10,  GREEK  STREET,    SOHO  SQUAEE,  LONDON,  W. 
Sole  Mannlacturers  of 
C.  A.  WATKIN'S  PATENT    WIRE  BOUND,  ROUND,  and  OVAL 

PAINTING  BRUSHES. 

Distemper  Brushes,  Sash  Toola.  Stippling  Brushee,  Gildera'  and 
Orainers'  Tools. 
Theaegooda  are  made  of  the  l^est  materials  and  workmnnahlp,  and 
have  obtained  a  high  reputation  among  the  chief  decorators  in  tbe 
kingdom.  Varnish  and  Colour  Manufacturers.  Oilmen.  Merchantai 
&c.,  are  supplied  on  the  lowest  terma.  Price  T.ifita  forwarded  on  »p 
plication.  ' 


/^OX   &  SON,  CHURCH  FURNITURE' 

V^  MAN  UFACTURERS. 

28  and  29.  SOUTHAMPTON-STREET,  STRAND 
PAINTED  and  STAINED  GLASS  WORKS— 13  :ii:d  -W,  Maideulana 
(adjoining  Southampton -street).  W.t 
WOOD  and  STONE  CARVING.  GOTHIC    METAL,  and   MONU- 
MENTAL WORKS. 
EELVEDERE-ROAD,    LAMBETH, 
CARVING. — A   great   reduction  efl"ected  by  roughing  out  the  Fork 
by  machinery,  and  finishing  only  hy  hund  labour. 
GOTHIC  JOINERS'  WORK  AND  FURNITURE. 
GOTHIC    METAL   WORK    of  every  de-scription,  both  in  SUver, 

Brass,  and  Iron. 
ESTIMATES   FURNISHED  to  the  Clergy.  Architects,  and  the 

Trade,  for  carrying  out  any  Design. 

THE  WHOLE  OF  THE  WORK   DONE  ON  THE  PREMISES. 

COX  &  SON'S  Illustrated  Cat;Uogue  forlSfiG,  with  several  liundrei 

New  Designs  of  Church  Furniture.   Painted  Gla«s.  DecoratioU,  Wld 

Monuments,  forwarded  for  six.  stamps. 

SHOW  ROOMS— 1:8  and  29,  Southampton-street,  Strand.  London. 

SCHOOL  FTJBNITTTB.E. 

BANKS'S   PATENT  SCHOOL   DESKS, 
convertible  into  a  comfortable  seat  or  table,   from    3?.  txrlt. 
Tliustrated  Catalogues  of  the  above,  and  all  other  kinds  of  school 
httiugs. 

SIDEBOTHAM,  BANKS,  &  CO., 

CHURCH  and  SCHOOL  FURNITURE  ilANUFACTUKERS, 

PARSONAGE  WORKS,    4,    ALBERT    STREET,   MAJs'CUESl'ER. 

Lo>T>os  Agent— Mr.   D.   0.   BOYD. 

Museum  of  Building  Applianofs.  23.  Waddock -street,  Hanovar 

Square,  where  Samplea  can  be  seen. 


LADBEES   AND    SCAFFOLDING, 

of  every  DESCRIPTION,  for  SALE,  or  HIRE,  at 

H.  MATTHEWS', 
325,  EUSTON-KOAD,  ST.  PANCRAS. 

CLOSET  PANS  AND  DRAIN  PIPES  AT 
POTTERY  PRICES, 
N.3,— Fowerful  aorow  Jaolu  for  HiJ,. 


November  8,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


769 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


lOSDON,  FBTDAT,  NOVEMBER  3,  1867. 


THE   DUDLEY   GALLERY. 

"  rr^HE  Committee  of  Management  of  the 
_|_  General  Exhibition  of  Water-Colour 
Dra\ving3,  wishing  to  employ  the  Dudley 
Gallery,  of  which  thsy  have  a  lease,  during 
that  part  of  the  year  not  devoted  to  the 
General  Exhibition,  have  determined  to  open 
the  gallery  in  the  months  of  November  and 
December."  These  words,  taken  from  the 
catalogue,  explain  clearly  the  reason,  or,  at 
least,  one  of  the  reasons,  for  a  winter  exhibi- 
tion at  the  Dudley  Gallery.  Whatever  the 
reason,  whether  purely  commercial   or  only 

f)artly  so,  we  cannot  but  be  grateful  for  this 
ast  addition  to  the  very  few  bright  spots 
which  help  lis  to  bear  patiently  the  outer 
gloom  of  our  northern  winter.  For  the 
Exhiljition,  which  was  opened  last  Saturday, 
mast  be  unquestionably  cheering  so  long  as  it 
contains  such  pictures  as  "  Love  in  Obli- 
vion" (No.  37),  by  Mr.  Simeon  Solomon  ;  and 
"Over  the  Common"  (62),  by  Mr.  H.  Wallis. 
If  there  were  nothing  else  in  the  Gallery  but 
these  two  pictures,  so  opposite  and  yet  so 
admirable  of  their  kind,  we  should  have  no 
hesitation  in  bidding  all  who  are  interested 
in  the  painter's  art  (and  that  ought  to  mean 
all  who  are  interested  in  architecture)  to 
visit,  the  Egyptian  H  ill,  not  &o  much  as  a 
pleasure  but  as  a  matter  of  duty.  Besides 
these  two  pictures,  however,  there  are  at 
least  eight  others,  which  deserve  some 
thoughtful  attention.  Thus,  from  Mr.  G.  F. 
Watts  we  have  a  life-size  figure,  subject 
"Sans  Merci"  (127),  a  small  figure  of 
"Daphne"  (226),  and  a  Portrait  of  Mr. 
Swinburne  (2C6).  Mr.  Armitage  sends  a 
subject  from  the  story  of  Bel  and  the 
Dragon  (128),  Mr.  Poynter  an  "  Adoration 
rj  Ra"  (65),  Mr.  H.  S.  Marks  "A  Tinker" 
Jl),  Mr.  S.  Solomon  a  subject  from  the 
liturgy  of  the  Roman  Church  (171),  and  Mr. 
G.  D.  Leslie  a  picture  called  "  Rose  Har- 
vest "  (196). 

We  shall  return  to  these  ten  good  pictures  ; 
meanwhile,  words  of  praise  are  due  to  other 
artists,  some  for  one  quality  some  for  another, 
whose  works  we  have  no  space  to  describe  or 
criticize  in  detail.  Thus,  for  grasping  the 
character  of  our  English  landscape,  our  cold 
sky,  and  melancholy  trees,  commend  us  to 
Mr.  G.  Mawlev,  for  his  "When  Leaves  Fall 
and  Cold  Winds  Come"  (177);  to  Mr. 
Sniallfield  for  his  "Midsummer  Mist "(181) ; 
to  Mr.  Field  Talfourd,  for  having  caught  the 
spirit  of  "  The  Thames,  near  Henley,"  with 
its  "  swans  of  goodly  hue  :"  each  swan  is  a 
picture  in  itself  (113);  to  Mr.  J.Taylor,  for  his 
laithfulness  in  "  A  Bve-lane,  North  Wales  " 
(15)  ;  to  Mr.  G.  L.  Hall,  for  his  "Still  Salt 
pool "  (78) ;  and  to  Mr.  Henry  Moore,  for  his 
marked  advance,  as  shown  in  the  "  Valley  of 
the  West  Ockment,  Dartmoor"  (34),  which 
would  be  a  remarkably  good  picture,  if  8in.  or 
9in.  were  cut  off  from  the  top,  or  the  sky 
rubbed  down  and  repainted  properly. 

In  figure  subjects  the  exhibition  is  not 
strong,  not  because  there  are  no  figures,  but 
because  the  figures,  in  most  cases,  might  walk 
away  and  leave  the  pictures  just  as  interest- 
ing. Thus,  in  Mr.  Armstrong's  "  Under  the 
Sunflowers"  (90),  who  carea  to  have  a 
beautifully  drawn  corner  of  an  old-fashioned 
garden  spoilt  by  the  skinniest  of  girls  in  the 
skinniest  of  costumes.  The  picture  is  not 
worthy  the  author  of  "The  Lesson,"  ex- 
Ihibited  in  the  Royal  Academy  this  year.  It 
lis  very  badly  placed  ;  the  tone  of  the  picture 
is  true  enough  for  the  dusk  of  an  English 
summer  day,  but  dusk  appears  almost  like 
dirt  placed  between  a  Cairo  scene  and 
"The  Sunshine  of  Life."  Mr.  J.  G. 
tfaiah's  painting  of  "The  Pilot's   Holiday" 


(276),  is  ruined  by  the  figures.  The 
rocks  in  the  background  show  what  Mr. 
Xaish  can  do,  and,  for  the  reputation  of  the 
artist.  Would  it  not  be  better  to  take  out  the 
figures  altogether.  The  title  would  tlien  lie 
more  aiijiropriate,  for  pilots  generally  take 
their  holidays  on  shore,  midst  the  genial  com- 
jiany  of  the  tap-room,  and  of  Moll,  Meg,  and 
Marian,  and  Margery.  Mr.  F.  B.  Barwell's 
"  Wafted  Away  "  "(24),  is  sentimental  enough, 
but  no  amount  of  sentiment  can  make  up  for 
the  lack  of  painting.  Not  that  I  hold  mere 
jiainting  to  be  above  idea,  for  that  is  just  as 
dangerous  as  to  say  that  to  the  architect  a 
knowledge  of  construction,  or  the  engineering 
element  of  his  profession,  is  of  more  import- 
ance than  all  idea  of  proportion,  fitness,  compo- 
sition, arrangement  of  sculpture,  or  any  other 
element  which  helps  to  turn  a  mere  con- 
glomeration of  stone  and  wood,  however  well 
put  together,  into  an  art  work.  Mr.  A.  B. 
Houghton  presents  us,  in  288,  with  another 
example  ot  the  hopeless  state  to  which  very 
many  artists  are  drifting.  "  A  Three-tailed 
Bashaw"  might  have  been  sketched  by  Leech 
for  the  pages  of  "  Punch,"  but  it  deserves  no 
higher  position  ;  with  the  exception  of  the  in- 
terest which  may  attach  to  it  as  exhibiting  the 
portraits  of  a  certain  family,  there  is  nothing 
whatever  in  the  picture  but  painting,  and  of 
that  not  too  much.  Mr.  Fitzgerald  (153), 
exhibits  as  usual  a  fairy  scene — "  The  Chase 
of  a  White  Mouse" — not  equal  to  some  of 
his  earlier  works  neither  in  fancy  nor  composi- 
tion, but  perhaps  better  painted.  Why  does 
Mr.  Henry  Garland  paint  a  naughty-looking 
child  in  a  cradle,  who  looks  afflicted  with 
wicked  dreams,  and  call  it  "Peace?"  Of 
course,  anyone  can  see  that  the  proper  title 
for  this  picture  would  have  been  "  The 
Counterpane,"  for  patchwork,  not  "  Peace," 
was  manifestly  the  thing  Mr.  Garland  set 
himself  to  do,  and  fairly  enough  he  has  done 
it,  but  this  is  a  kind  of  easel  painting  from 
which  art,  in  its  broadest  sense,  can  expect  no- 
tliing.  Jlr.  Fisk,  in  his  "  Vanity,  Vanity  " 
(176),  indulges  in  an  equally  loose  sort  of 
thing.  A  seventeenth  century  staircase  is 
painted  in  just  the  timeworn  condition  of  two 
centuries  old,  and  into  this  painting  is  im- 
ported a  Puritan  and  his  daughter  of  the 
period  when  the  staircase  was  new. 

Portraits  or  reminiscences  of  models  or 
friends  are  beginning  to  find  good  places  on 
our  exhibition  walls,  under  the  shelter  of 
some  name  which  poetry  or  history  has  made 
familiar.  Mr.  V.  Prinsep  sends  (182),  a 
head  in  profile,  which  he  calls  "  Esme- 
ralda ; "  and  Mr.  Calderon  (124),  has  an 
"Isabel."  Mr.  Perugini's  "  Italian  Woman  " 
(149),  must  not  be  forgotten.  It  has  good 
colour  and  good  drawing  in  parts,  but  it  is  a 
pity  that  it  should  not  have  received  just  suf- 
ficient attention  to  enable  one  to  distinguish 
between  the  textures  of  boards,  stones,  plaster, 
tub,  and  flesh,  which  might  have  all 
been  woven  in  the  same  loom  as  the  dress. 
Mr.  Rossiter's  "Roundhead"  (284),  is  far 
better  than  the  companion  picture  "  The 
Cavalier,"  marked  by  this  couplet : — ■ 

For  Church  and  King  he  burns  to  staiu  with  gore 
Hl3  doublet,  ataiced  with  nought  but  sack  before. 

Where  are  the  stains  ? 

But  to  return  to  the  ten  pictures  already 
marked  ofi'.  Mr.  Watts  shows,  in  "  Sans 
Merci,"  a  life-size  nude  figure  of  a  man  being 
dragged  through  briars  by  Cupid  ;  the  part 
which  the  God  of  Love  plays  in  the  composi- 
tion is  so  marvellously  out  of  tune  that  one 
cannot  help  thinking  the  picture  was  made  for 
the  studies,  or  rather  study,  and  not  the  study 
for  the  picture.  The  man's  thighs  and  legs 
look  rather  long  drawn-out,  a  special  weak- 
ness, or,  as  I  have  heard  some  people  call  it,  a 
special  beauty  in  all  Mr.  Watts'  figures.  Of 
course,  one  does  not  care  to  see  the  coarse 
muscular  drawing  of  Rubens  repeated  in  these 
days.  At  the  same  time,  one  has  also  no  de- 
sire to  see  the  opposite  exaggeration  indulged 
in  too  frequently.  In  "  Daphne,"  the  lower  j 
limbs  seem  also  out  of  proportion,  and  what 


would  otherwise  have  been  a  very  lovely  study 
is  marred  by  a  parchment  hue  on  the  flesh. 
We  should  like  to  believe  that  this  was  pur- 
posed to  express  the  transmitting  of  the  life- 
blood  into  laurel  sap,  but,  unfortunately,  the 
same  jiarchmcnt  hue  appears  in  the  portrait  of 
Mr.  Swinburne.  This  head  has  much  of 
noble  work  about  it.markfiHy  co  in  tlio  lirow, 
eyes,  and  month,  buC  man,  happily  or  un 
happily,  has  nose  and  chin,  and  they  have  to 
l>c  heard  as  witnesses  to  character,  so  that  por- 
trait painters  have  no  business  to  take  liberties 
with  them.  Mr.  Armitage  has  told  the  story 
of  Bel  and  the  Dragon  most  successfully ; 
the  upraised  hand  of  Cyrus  is  somewhat  in  the 
way,  and  the  background,  i.e.,  the  side  wall 
of  tlio  temple,  is  rather  queer  in  some  of  its 
detail,  but  then  he  gives  us  the  sad  stern  face 
of  the  prophet,  the  surprise — yet  conviction — 
of  the  king,  tlie  strange  touch  of  comedy  which 
underlies  the  mystery  of  Bel,  and,  last  of  all, 
the  noble  idea  on  which  the  picture  is  based — 
the  triumph  of  truth  over  lying,  wit  over 
cuimiug.  Mr.  Poynter,  in  his  "  Adoration  to 
Ra,"  gives  us  a  carefully-drawn  figure,  and  a 
still  more  carefully-drawn  leopard's  skin  ;  the 
rest  of  the  (licture  is  a  rcchaiiffe  of  the  archi- 
tectural portions  of  his  great  work  exhibited 
at  the  Academy  this  year.  As  an  illustration 
of  how  men  worship,  and  the  gods  they  adore, 
this  painting  may  be  interesting  ;  but  1  hope 
Mr.  Poynter  will  see  the  wisdom  of  not  re- 
peating his  Egyptian  details  too  often,  unless 
he  can  find  a  subject  where  the  poetical  or  the 
human — which  is  much  the  same  thing — 
plays  a  more  important  part  than  in  a  single 
adoration  to  Ra,  or  any  other  god.  To  drop 
from  gods  to  tinkers  is  harsh  work,  but  Mr. 
Marks  has  made  it  as  easy  as  possible  for  us  by 
washing  his  tinker  well — hands,  face,  clothes, 
boots,  not  a  smut  about  him  or  his  dog, 
or  the  snow  on  which  he  stands ;  and  yet, 
witli  all  these  uncharacteristic  omissions, 
we  have  a  tinker  and  some  of  the  poetry 
of  the  tinker's  life.  The  old  man  is  not  a 
model  surrounded  by  artist's  properties,  but  a 
hard-working  good-natured  old  fellow,  that 
has  a  kind  word  for  the  most  despised  of  curs, 
and  knows  what  it  is  to  earn  a  hard  day's  wage 
for  a  hard  day's  work.  It  is  a  pity  Mr. 
Marks  should  neglect  the  dirt  and  the  texture 
of  things,  for  though  we  may  not  want  Mu- 
rUlo's  dirty  little  boys  repeated,  there  is  a 
certain  nobility  and  poetry  to  be  found  in  the 
blackest  smuts  and  the  coarsest  frieze.  Mr. 
Simeon  Solomon's  "Chanting  the  Gospel," is 
characteristic  of  him,  but  scarcely  so,  I  should 
think,  of  any  ecclesiastics  in  the  whole  Christian 
church.  The  Jewisli  type  of  countenance  may 
be  the  noblest  of  ty]5es,  but  the  title  of  the 
picture  is  hardly  in  unison  with  features  so  un- 
mistakably Israelitish  as  those  of  the  priest 
and  attendants.  The  treatment  of  light  and 
shade  and  the  paintings  of  the  vestments,  are 
neither  better  nor  worse  than  other  works 
we  have  seen  from  the  same  hand.  In 
"  Love  in  Oblivion,"  the  artist  seems,  however, 
to  have  taken  a  leaf  out  of  Mr.  E.  Burne 
Jones's  book.  For  a  panel  in  an  article  of  furni- 
ture, or  for  a  medallion  in  stained  glass,  this 
throned  figure  would  be  a  very  admirable 
piece  of  coloured  decoration,  but  why  call 
it  "  Love  in  Oblivion  ]  "  It  is  true  that  red 
poppies  (sacred  to  Aphrodite)  and  other  field 
flowers  have  grown  up  round  the  I'eet  of 
"  Love,"  and  that  his  wings  have  got  chilled, 
and  are  stiffened  into  the  most  ugly  outline 
that  even  the  oblivion  of  death  could  have  forced 
them  to  assume,  but  then  the  face  is  neither 
that  of  a  full-grown  youth  nor  that  of  a  god. 
An  English  girl,  or,  rather,  two  English  girls, 
for  the  upper  part  of  the  face  does  not  seem  to 
belong  to  the  lower,  have  supplied  the  idea 
for  the  face  of  Eros,  and  the  golden  wings 
have  turned  to  dullish  red  ;  and  yet  with  all 
these  drawbacks  it  is  the  finest  piece  of  warm 
lively  colour  in  the  room,  and  taken  as  a 
paiutingof  a  throned  figure,  there  is  little  or  no 
fault  to  find.  Mr.  G.  D.  Leslie,  "  Rose  Harvest," 
like  the  "  Sick  Rose "  elsewhere,  is  ruined 
by  the  haze  of  yellowish  green  which 
pervades    the    canvas.      Unless  Mr.    Leslie 


770 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


November  8,  1867. 


emancipates  himself  from  the  slavery  of  tlxis 
yellow  green,  his  works,  after  a  few  years' 
toning  in  modern  dining  rooms  and  picture 
galleries,  will  be  most  melancholy  spectacles 
of  dull  sickly  colour.  But  for  this  and  the 
want  of  finish  in  the  heads,  and  texture  in  the 
dresses,  "  Rose  Harvest "  would  be  a  very  fair 
picture-  Eut,  here,  again,  the  question  natu- 
rally arises,  what  is  il  all  about  ?  Was  it 
worth  painting  ?  Mr.  H.  Wallis's  very  lovely 
work,  like  Mr.  Leslie's,  will  be  none  the 
better  for  keeping.  If  such  a  subject — a 
common  in  the  twilight  of  a  summer's 
evening — is  to  be  painted  at  all,  Mr.  Wallis 
has  done  it  ;  but  the  very  nature  of  the  sub- 
ject makes  the  truthfulness  of  the  picture  its 
own  death  warrant.  "  Across  the  Common  "  is 
unfortunately  placed  between  the  bright  lights 
and  colour  of  Mr.  Poynter's  work  on  one  side, 
and  the  suowinMr.  Mark's  subjecton  the  other. 
Under  the  circumstances,  it  takes  a  bright  day 
and  some  patience  to  discover  all  the  subtle 
changes  in  the  mosaic  of  deep  tones  which 
give  to  this  common  not  only  all  the  reality 
of  a  common,  but  raises,  so  to  speak,  the 
whole  spirit  of  the  place.  The  sky  line  of  the 
trees,  the  brooding  mist,  the  charming  stand- 
ing figure,  are  aU  apparent  even  to  the  passer- 
by ;  but  the  hollows  and  the  hillocks,  the  still 
pools,  the  combined  sense  of  openness  and  of 
loneliness — which  is  the  very  essence  of  a 
common — and  the  marvellous  modelling  of 
the  ground,  are  things  which  require  looking 
for,  and  which  wiU  be  found  if  sought. 

Altogether,  the  winter  exhibition  at  the 
Dudley  Gallery  deserves  to  be  a  success.  StUl, 
as  arcliitects,  we  have  to  hope  on,  for  out  of 
nearly  300  paintings  there  is  not  one  which 
would  lead  an  architect  to  say,  "  Here  is  a 
painter  to  help  me  by  decorating  and  en- 
nobUng  my  architecture." 


THE  ARCHITEGTUliAL  ASSOCIATION 
SKETCH-BOOK.* 

"QT.  RXDIGONDE,  Poitiers,  Sketch  of 
jj  Western  Tower  from  the  North,"  is  the 
title  of  the  fifth  sheet.  Considered  as  a  transfer 
lithograph  it  is  a  not  unpleasing  imitation 
of  tlva  late  Mr.  Cotman's  etchings ;  as  an 
architectural  drawing  for  the  instruction 
of  his  fellow-students,  Mr.  Tavenor  Perry, 
whose  name  appears  at  the  bottom,  would 
doubtless  confess  that  it  is  of  but  very  little 
vise.  This  gentleman,  who  is  so  well 
known  to  all  as  having  been  the  first  Pugin 
travelling  student,  must  have  quantities  of 
careful  drawings  with  wliich  to  instruct  us,  and 
it  is  on  this  account  that  we  are  apt  to  feel 
the  more  disappointed  in  the  present  instance. 
The  last  sheet  of  the  first  number  is  by 
Henry  Jarvis,  jun.,  and  represents  the  interior 
of  the  church  of  St.  Zeno,  Verona,  with  por- 
tions of  the  iirchivolt  of  entrance  to  crypt, 
south  side  of  choir,  and  sculpture  of  archivolt 
over  entrance  to  crypt,  north  side  of 
choir.  Respecting  the  iut«rior,  there  is 
very  little  to  be  s-aid  beyond  what  has  been 
observed  of  H.  W.  L.'s  interior  of  St.  Mary 
Overie,  excepting  that  this  is  far  less  carefully 
drawn.  This  want  of  care  is  also  very  appa- 
rent in  the  details  of  ornament  which  com- 
plete the  page.  Now,  the  interior  of  an 
Italian  church  would  be  a  very  difficult  sub- 
ject to  photograph.  So,  also,  would  be  the 
details,  unless  we  secured  the  assistance 
of  magnesium  wire,  as  Mr.  Parker  did, 
when  it  was  a  question  of  photographing  the 
paintings  in  the  Roman  catacombs.  Conse- 
quently, both  the  interior  view  and  the  details 
of  St.  Zeno  are  things  to  be  drawn  ;  but  then 
they  should  be  drawn  with  care,  and  if  time 
does  not  allow  all  to  be  studied,  it  is  far  better 
to  do  only  one  sulyect.  There  is  probably  no 
greater  mistake  than  to  imagine  that  the  more 
sketches  a  man  makes  the  more  he  must  learn. 
On  the  contrary,  the  inverse  ratio  is  nearer  the 
truth  ;  and  this  may  account  for  the  fact  that 

*  Concluded  from  page  753. 


many  students  go  to  Italy  and  elsewhere, 
that  they  work  hard,  but  that  the  good  eifects 
from  the  process  are  only  visible  in  the  very 
smallest  degree. 

The  second  part  opens  with  a  measured 
drawing  of  the  gatehouse  of  the  abbey  of 
Ardennes,  near  Caen,  by  Mr.  Henman.  The 
scale  is  described  as  one- eighth  of  an  inch  to  a 
foot,  and  details  three  feet  to  one  inch  (sic)  — 
probably  three  inches  to  the  foot,  or  a  quarter 
fuU  size.  This  is  a  very  carefully  measured 
drawing  of  a  very  good  example  of  what  we 
shorild  almost  call  Early  English  work.  It  shows 
how  the  mediajval  architects  used  whatever 
shaped  arches  they  found  most  convenient, 
the  principal  ones,  in  this  case,  being  circular. 
It  also  shows  that  they  did  not  always  consi- 
der it  necessai}'  to  put  the  column  and  vault 
exactly  in  a  line  with  the  buttress  that  takes 
the  thrust.  As  regards  the  drawing,  the  de- 
siderata are : — Firstly,  elevations  of  the  ribs  of 
the  groining.  Professor  Willis's  learned  paper 
on  vaulting,  in  the  first  volume  of  the  "  Trans- 
actions" of  the  Institute  of  British  Architects, 
shows  how  to  measure  these  ribs  when  a  scaf- 
fold is  not  attainable.  Their  exact  shape  is 
often  very  important,  as  the  diagonal  ribs, 
being  the  longest,  were  often  drawn  before  the 
others,  and,  consequently,  exercised  a  great 
influence  upon  their  shape.  Secondly,  the 
mouldings  appear  hardly  to  be  drawn  as  well 
as  they  might  be.  It  is  very  true  that  the 
sections  of  mouldings  drawn  with  the  free  hand, 
like  the  Early  English  mouldings,  are  very 
difficult  to  copy,  because  the  sections  cannot 
be  seen,  and  that  they  are  also  very  difficult 
to  measure.  Still,  with  great  care,  they  can 
be  measured,  and  there  is  always  the  ingenious 
instrument  invented  by  Professor  Willis,  by 
which  the  exact  shape  of  the  hollows  can  be 
ascertained  with  certainty.  But  when  once 
the  student  has  ascertained  the  exact  shape 
of  one  example,  either  by  the  aforesaid 
instrument  or  by  measurement,  or  by  rub- 
bing off  a  loose  voussoir,  he  will  soon  find 
future  examples  come  very  easy  to  him. 
Thirdly,  in  the  present  instance,  the  mullions 
ofthewindowsmightsurelyhave  been  inserted, 
and  a  note  made  to  that  purpose.  At  present, 
their  omission  quite  spoils  the  south  elevation. 
Fourthly,  in  the  north  or  principal  elevation, 
the  efi'ect  of  the  moulded  arches  is  quite  lost 
by  the  multiplicity  of  lines;  a  remedy  for 
this  would  be  a  careful  study  of  the  sketch- 
book of  Wilars  de  Honecort.  I  have  ventured 
to  say  so  much  of  Mr.  Henmau's  drawings  be- 
cause, as  far  as  we  have  gone,  they  are  de- 
cidedly the  most  painstaking  and  useful  in 
the  book. 

The  second  page  is  a  series  of  studies  of 
Pershore  Abbey,  by  G.  H.  Birch.  It  com- 
prises a  rough  sketch  of  the  interior^a  beauti- 
ful Early  EugUsh  composition — with  the 
eastern  arch  of  the  apse  jumping  up  in  a  very 
inartistic  manner — a  sketch  of  a  curious  Nor- 
man arcade  in  the  south  transept,  the  orna- 
ment very  elaborate,  and  not  improbably  done 
with  the  axe  ;  a  view  of  the  round-headed 
triforum  passage,  also,  in  the  south  transept  ; 
an  elaborate  Norman  cap,  from  the  same  place ; 
and  a  small  sketch  of  the  central  tower  ;  all  of 
which  one  feels  inclined  to  give  up  cheerfully 
for  a  measured  drawing  of  the  beautiful  Early 
English  clerestory  to  the  choir.  The  defect 
ol  this  page  is  the  amount  of  etching,  which 
gives  it  a  black  appearance.  Probal>ly,  no 
one  thing  has  done  so  much  harm  to  archi 
tecture  as  the  comparatively  modern  system 
of  etching.  It  may  do  very  well  to  deceive  a 
client,  Init,  unluckily,  it  deceives  the  architect 
himself,  making  his  drawings  look  better  than 
his  finished  work.  In  fact,  "  the  truth  is  not 
init."  The  third  sheet  is  a  very  clever  drawing 
of  the  Stalls  at  Xanten,  on  the  Rhine,  signed 
T.  H.  W.  This  is  apparently  measured, 
although  there  is  no  scale  or  intimation  of  the 
fact.  Unfortunatel)',  neither  the  construction 
nor  the  mouldings  are  given,  which  is  the  more 
to  be  regretted,  as  these  stalls  are  a  very  beauti- 
ful example  of  German  thirteenth  century 
work.    Perhaps  we  may  hope  that  the  mould- 


ings, &c.,  may  be  siqiplied  in  a  forthcoming 
number  of  the  work.  The  next  sheet  is  a 
perspective  view  of  the  courtyard  of  the 
Palazzo  del  Podesta,  at  Florence,  drawn  by 
R.  P.  S.  The  same  remarks  apply  to  this 
as  to  the  previous  drawings  by  the  same 
gentleman.  One  regrets  to  see  that  the  recent 
"  restoration"  has  entailed  the  loss  of  the  pic- 
turesque penthouse,  which  used  to  keep  the 
sun  otf  the  staircase. 

An  exterior  perspective  view  of  the  Broletto 
or  town  hall  of  Como  is  the  suliject  of  the  fifth 
page.  It  is  a  pity  that  Mr.  Charles  Aldridge, 
whose  name  is  affixed  to  it,  did  not  content 
himself  with  making  a  careful  elevation  of  one 
bay.  We  shouhl  then  have  learnt  something 
about  the  constructive  peculiarities,  such  as 
the  size  of  the  voussoirs  ;  or  we  should  have 
been  enabled  to  compare  the  proportion  of 
the  upper  and  lower  storeys  ;  but  to  do  this 
would  have  demanded  ladders,  and  would 
have  taken  time,  and  there  would  have  been 
but  little  to  show  for  it;  and  so  it  was  not  done, 
but  an  etched  perspective  is  substituted,  from 
which  we  learn  nothing  we  could  not  learn 
from  a  photograph. 

The  last  page  is  devoted  to  a  perspective 
view  of  the  cloisters  of  Westminster  Abbey, 
by  Mr.  Edward  J.  Tarver.  This  is  a  very  won- 
derful lithograph,  and  it  deserves  praise,  for  it 
gives  the  worn  and  crumbled  effect  of  the 
stone  in  a  most  striking  manner.  It  wiU  be 
remembered  that  the  wall  of  the  refectory, 
which  forms  one  side  of  this  part  of  the 
cloister,  is  the  work  of  Edward  the  Confessor. 
It  is  needless  to  say  that  it  is  very  rough  and 
rude.  The  cloister  itseKis  the  work  of  Abbot 
Littlington,  who  employed  for  the  mass  of 
the  work  the  Reigate  freestone,  which  has  de- 
cayed to  a  much  greater  extent  than  the  stone 
employed  by  St.  Edward.  Now,  this  decayed 
eft'eot  is  reproduced  exactly  in  Mr.  Tarver's 
drawing,  which  has  been  lithographed  by  Mr. 
Kell.  Whether  it  would  not  be  more  in 
place  atnong  a  series  of  sketches  by  Gustave 
Dore,  than  in  the  Association  Sketch-Book, 
is  another  question. 

Part  3,  page  1,  gives  us  two  sketches  by  E. 
Lee,  one  representing  the  Porte  de  Caillou, 
Rue  de  Palais,  Bordeaux  ;  the  other,  the  inside 
of  Rochester  Castle,  signed  W.  E.  They 
present  the  usual  style  of  sketching,  with  the 
(unhappily)  usual  amount  of  etching,  and 
teach  us  nothing. 

Page  2  is  also  a  sketch,  representing  part 
of  the  cloisters  of  Erfurt  Cathedral,  signed 
R.  P.  S.  The  foliage  and  other  details  would 
be  the  better  for  a  little  more  care,  while 
the  perspective  of  the  tracery  is  perhaps  sus- 
ceptible of  a  slight  improvement.  Archi- 
tecturally considered,  the  way  in  which  the 
mouldings  come  down  on  the  square  or  base 
of  the  angle  pillars  is  very  unusual,  and  would 
lead  us  to  suspect  a  rebuilding.  The  third 
page  presents  us  with  a  measured  drawing, 
by  W.  G.  Davie,  of  the  late  thirteenth  cen- 
tury tomb  in  St.  Erasmus'  Chapel,  West- 
minster Abbey.  It  is  generally  said  to  have 
contained  the  remains  of  the  children  of 
Humphrey  de  Bohun,  but  in  all  probability 
was  originally  in  St.  Edward's  Chapel,  and  was 
removed  thence  when  the  tomb  of  Richard  II. 
was  erected.  That  it  has  been  removed  is 
very  evident  from  its  being  placed  on  the 
seat  running  roimd  the  chapel  ;  and  from 
one  end  being  much  more  built  into  the 
wall  than  the  other.  It  has  at  one  time 
been  coloured  and  gilt,  like  most  stone  tombs 
of  the  period,  and  very  sharp  eyes  can  still 
detect  traces  of  the  shields  which  once  were 
painted  under  the  arcade. 

The  points  to  be  observed  in  these 
drawings  are : — 1.  That  the  elevation  is 
over  etched.  In  a  scale  drawing  we  cer- 
tainly do  not  require  cast  shadows.  2.  There 
is  no  occasion  to  hatch  the  sections ;  they 
simply  make  large  black  patches  on  the  page. 

3.  The  foliage  requires  more  careful  drawing. 

4.  The  hollows  should  have  been  etched  in  on 
the  quarter  full-size  details.  5.  Haying  got 
inch  scale  and  quarter  full-size  details,  it  is 


November  8,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


771 


iiartUy  worth  doing  the  rest  of  the  mould- 
ings to  half  fiill-size.  There  is  ample 
space  on  the  page  to  have  given  them 
full-size,  and  thus  have  dispensed  with 
:he  very  unnecessary  measurements.  Tlie 
fourth  page  contains  a  measured  drawing 
ii  the  western  doorway  of  the  south 
lisle  of  Genoa  Cathedral,  by  Mr.  Elias 
AJdridge,  This  is  a  careful  study ;  and 
besides  the  elevation  contains  perspec- 
tive views  of  the  caps  and  bases  ;  also,  part  ut 
the  marble  inlay.  The  latter  should  have 
been  shown  on  a  much  larger  scale  to  have 
been  of  any  use,  as  it  would  be  impossible  to 
learn  anything  concerning  the  shapes  of 
;he  various  figures  from  so  small  a  drawing, 
3uch  a  page  as  this  should  be  followed  up  l.iy 
it  least  two  more  showing  the  mouldings  and 
Jie  carving  to  a  much  larger  scale.  Also, 
■■here  should  be  an  elevation  of  the  back  of  the 
doorway,  together  with  a  section  ;  and  a  plan 
)n  a  good  large  scale.  Page  5  is  an  elevation 
)f  the  well-known  Ohasse  of  St.  Taurin,  at 
Evreux,  to  one-quarter  real  size,  by  ilr.  O. 
3.  Birch.  This  chasse  has  been  very  much 
•estored,  but  there  is  still  enough  left  of  the 
iriginal  to  give  an  excellent  idea  of  the  old 
workmanship,  and,  although  published  by  the 
ate  P6re   Jlartiu  in  the  "  Slelanges  Archaeo- 

X'  jues,"  it  will  still  bear  republication.  As  a 
equent  number  contains  the  details,  I 
hall  reserve  my  remarks  until  a  future  time. 
'age  6,  by  Mr.  L.  W.  Ridge,  contains  three 
I^orman  doorways,  viz.,  south  doorway, 
Peakirk,  Northamptonshire;  priest's  door- 
ray,  llainham,  Essex ;  and  lower  doorway, 
ylymping,  Sussex.  They  are  all  drawn  to 
lalf-inch  scale,  with  details  a  quarter  real 
ize  ;  the  moiddin^s  are  well  drawn ;  the  stone 
oints  look  truthful,  and  there  is  no  unneces- 
ary  hatching.  Altogether,  this  is  a  very 
;ood  page.  The  only  desiderata  would  be  a 
ew  perspective  sketches  of  the  Norman  orna- 
aent,  which  is  always  somewhat  difficult 
0  understand  from  simple  elevations.  This 
includes  the  third  part. 

At  a  future  time,   if  desired,  I   shall    be 

lappy  to  continue  my  remarks.     At  present, 

.  woidd,  with  all  due  reference,   hazard  the 

••  lallowing  suggestions  to  the   contributors  to 

he  "Association  Sketch-Book"  : — 

1.  To  draw  all  the  stonework  to  one  uni- 
orm  scale — say  one-eighth  of  an  inch,  for  ele- 
'ations ;  half  an  inch  for  details,  such  as  win- 
lows,  doors,  &c.  ;  and  quarter  real  size,  for 
nouldings,  where  the  space  will  not  allow  the 
•eal  size  to  be  given. 

2.  To  have  an  uniform  scale  for  woodwork, 
ay,  one  inch  scale,  the  details  in  this  case  to 
Jways  be  full  size. 

3.  To  give  little  perspectives  of  portions  of 
he  ornaments  and  of  parts  of  the  construc- 
ion. 

4.  To  give  as  many  measured  drawings  as 
lossible. 

5.  To  dispense  with  unnecessary  hatching. 

6.  To  give  a  prize  for  the  best  and  most 
iseful  drawing  in  the  "Sketch-Book"  for 
he  year.  By  best  I  mean  not  the  most  ar- 
istic  drawing,  but  that  which  shows  the 
ubject  in  the  clearest  manner. 

I  have  thus  endeavoured  to  point  out  what 
consider  to  be  the  best  course  to  be  pur- 
ued  with  regard  to  the  "  Sketch-Book " ; 
■nd  should  I  have  hurt  the  feelings  of 
By  of  the  contributors  by  my  observa- 
ions,  I  can  only  say  that  my  so  doing  has 
'Cen  perfectly  imintentionaL 

W.  Bdrges. 


^'^*- — Absence  abroad  prevented  my  having  the  ad- 
antage  of  seeing  ihe  former  part  of  my  paper  through 
uo  press.     The  foUowiug  are   the  principal   errata  :— /-or 

printed  sketches  of  such  men  .-is  Blore,"  rfjd  "Finished 
Kttclies."    For  "  J  inch  of  stone  one  scale  of  wood,"  rf./ii 

J  mch  for  stone  and  one  inch  scale  for  wood."  For  "  a 
iMd  abaci,"  read  "round  abaci."     F„r  "Mr.  Ilenmau 

'S  not  fitted  m  the  hollow  of  his  mouldings  "  reail  "  Sir 

rimanhaanot   filled  in  the  hoUows  of  his  mouldings." 

"'      "Pper  deal  arches,"  (-(od  "Upper  Dealarches."     For 

rerugier,  '  read  '■  Perugia."  For  "  only  a  few  figured 
eeorations  being  given,"  read  "only  a  few  figured  dimen- 
«M  being  given."    For  "Credmon,"  read  "Ceedmon." 


Mil.  STREET  V.  "J.  C.  J."* 

IT  is  not  altogether  unworthy  of  note  that, 
when  not  noticed  himself  in  amateur  criti- 
cism, Mr.  Streetcangiveadmiruble  advice  to  his 
professional  brethren  as  to  their  duty  of  cour- 
teous and  patient  reception  of  the  remarks  of 
those  who  do  not  belong  to  the  profession.  In 
his  lecture  upon  media'val  embroidery,  deli- 
vered at  Durham  in  18()3,  he  begins  by  ex- 
[irossing  his  feeling  of  the  duty  of  architects 
"  wherever  and  whenever  they  have  the 
opportunity,  to  show  their  respect  for  and 
sympathy  with  those  who  are  engaged  in  the 
same  pursuit  as  themselves."  "  I  am  satisfied," 
says  he,  '"that  the  art  of  arcliitecture  owes 
very  much,  if  not  all,  tlie  advance  whicli 
it  has  made  within  the  last  few  years  to  the 
intelligent  and  enthusiastic  interest  which 
amateurs  have  taken  in  it."  "  I  feel  it  more 
necessary  to  make  this  acknowledgment,  be- 
cause I  have  seen  with  pain  lately  one  of  those 
weak  attacks  upon  non-professional  critics 
and  students  ot  art  wliich  some  of  my 
brethren  now  and  then  make,  but  which  never 
deserve  more  than  very  slight  notice,  and 
neve/;  I  believe,  proceed  from  men  whose 
opinions  deserve  much  consideration."  But  I 
suppose  when  one  is  the  object  of  the  criticism 
one's  self  it  makes  a  great  dift'erence. 

Mr.  Street  accuses  me  of  muddle  of  brain 
in  my  expression  of  my  strong  dislike  to  un- 
plastered  walls,  but  really  the  muddle  is  all 
his  own.  I  said  that  anyone  who  left  rough 
walls  unplastereil,  &c.,  has  still  to  learn  the 
rudiments  of  civilized  art ;  and  I  am  told  that 
my  first  instructions  (as  a  logical  sequence)  to 
a  beginner  ought  to  be  "  Plaster  your  walls, 
because  if  you  do  so  you  wiU.  probably  de- 
sign your  windows,  doorways,  and  mouldings 
in  a  civilized  way."  Just  so  ;  build  walls 
which  you  intend  deliberately  and  plan  to 
plaster  and  paint,  and  you  will  find  that  your 
doors  and  \riudo\vs  do  not  crop  tip,  Kke  toad- 
stools ol  a  night — here,  there,  and  every- 
wliere — but  marshal  themselves  in  proper 
order  and  proper  subordination.  The  fact  is, 
however,  that  doors  and  windows  have  no 
necessary  connection  with  art  at  all  ;  and  the 
designing  of  mouldings  is  one  of  the  la.st 
things  learnt,  and  certainly  not  an  elementary- 
matter.  There  is  no  other  point  connected 
with  art,  only  excepting  the  power  of 
thoroughly  drawing  the  human  figure,  which 
requires  the  hand  of  the  master  so  much 
as  mouldings — nothing  which  more  taxes  all 
the  architect's  powers  ;  and  yet  here  they  are 
spoken  of  as  mere  elements— A-B-C  work. 
Well  may  we  be  alarmed  at  Mr.  Street's  de- 
claration "  that  he  only  wishes  to  mark,  by  a 
few  minor  alterations — such,  e.  g.,  as  the  sec- 
tions of  mouldings,  &c." — [and  this,  too,  in  a 
so-called  restoration  of  a  building  of  which 
there  are  absolutely  certain  indications  of 
what  the  fourteenth  century  architect  in- 
tended] "  that  this  new  nave  is  really  a  work 
of  the  nineteenth,  and  not  the  fourteenth, 
century."  Perhaps  the  most  impudent  asser- 
tion in  his  whole  letter  is  that  I  am  an  advo- 
cate for  xmcoloured  plaster.  Why,  I  have 
so  frequently  insisted  upon  the  absolute  ne- 
cessity of  providing  a  jiroper  and  not  too 
costly  wall  decoration,  and  shown  the  absolute 
certainty  of  the  repetitition  of  the  old  white 
and  colour  wash  abominations,  unless  our 
arcliitects  will  exert  themselves  in  this  direc- 
tion, that  I  am  fairly  sick  of  the  subject  !  Mr. 
Street  must  have  information  not  within  the 
reach  of  the  ordinary  archaeologist  if  he 
knows  of  the  fact  that  the  ancients  left  their 
walls  unplastered,  and  trusted  to  Providence 
that,  at  some  time  or  by  somebody,  they  would 
be  plastered  and  decorated  by  paintings  of 
real  value  and  interest.  As  far  as  my  own 
experience  goes,  they,  on  the  contrary,  in- 
variably plastered,  and  were  content  with 
such  decoration  as  they  could  alford.  And 
my  own  private  opinion  is  that  the  plain 
ornamentation  of  their  walls  (uninteresting  as 


*  "J.  C.  J. 'a"  letter  h;is  been  in  type  some  time.  We 
have  omitted  tlie  first  i)art  of  it  because  it  was  unneces- 
sarily personal. — Ed.  h.  N. 


it  no  doubt  may  be  to  ambitious  minds), 
especially  that  before  the  end  of  the  four- 
teenth century,  was  far  preferable  to  the  more 
ambitious  paintings  which  are  now  deside- 
rated, and  tor  which  we  are  to  wait.  There 
is  one  comfort,  however — that  if  Mr.  Street 
and  those  who  think  with  him  will  not,  or, 
more  probably,  cannot,  design  suitable  colour- 
ing for  wall  space,  such  as  monochrome  pic- 
lares  and  decorations,  there  are  others  who, 
being  real  artists,  are  able  and  willing  to 
do  so  for  them,  and  the  public  are  beginning 
to  find  it  out.  This  pretence  of  waiting  for 
the  good  time  coming  is  mere  nonsense.  Why, 
we  know  many  instances  where  the  Kentish 
rag  and  other  rough  walling  is  pointed 
with  coloured  cement,  and  where  walls 
anciently  plastered  and  painted  have,  in 
re.storatiun,  been  stripped  and  left  rough  ! 
And  of  course  the  rough  brickwork,  which 
is  arranged  in  dilferent  coloured  bricks,  could 
never  be  intended  to  be  covered,  though 
covered  it  certainly  will  be  as  soon  aa 
the  present  fashion  goes  out — the  sooner  the 
better. 

Before  proceeding  to  the  case  of  Bristol,  I 
must  say  a  word  or  two  more  upon  SS.  Philip's 
and  James's  Church,  Oxford.  I  certainly 
had  not  sufficiently  considered  the  ground 
plan.  I  was  told  to  notice  the  symbolism  of 
the  inclining  nave,  and,  I  suppose,  having 
had  that  notion  put  into  my  head,  the  con- 
structive reason  did  not  strike  me  at  first  sight. 
I  certainly  could  never  have  supposed  that 
anything  so  positively  inartistic  could  have 
been  designed  for  mere  constructional  reasons. 
The  real  English  is  that  this  ingenious  con- 
trivance is  about  as  fair  a  specimen  of  Mr. 
Street's  want  of  art  power  as  could  possibly 
be  found.  Mr.  Street  has  attempted  to  adapt 
the  usual  Oxford  form  of  sanctuary,  chancel, 
and  tower  of  early  date^usually  Norman,  as 
at  IlUey  and  Cassington — to  a  late  nave  of 
great  breadth,  with  narrow  aisles,  an  arrange- 
ment which  foimd  its  ultimate  development 
iu  the  Dominican  church  at  Ghent.  Meulier 
formosa  supenie  desinit  in  piscence.  But  how 
was  the  juncture  to  be  accomplished  ?  The 
tower  vault  must  have  an  abutment,  and  so 
this  very  ingenious  and  curious  distortion  was 
invented.  The  last  bay  of  the  nave  was  made 
to  incline  so  as  to  meet  and  support  the  corners 
of  the  tower.  The  external  ugliness  of  such 
an  arrangement  was  obliged  to  be  masked,  and 
so  the  bright  idea  of  adding  transepts  to  the 
simpler  Oxford  model  was  formed  But  this 
is  not  the  only  novelty  without  art  which  is 
displayed  in  this  church  ;  as  we  get  outside 
we  see  the  lower  part  of  the  church  of  English 
Gothic  of  the  thirteenth  century.  But,  in  the 
spire,  Mr.  Street  goes  out  of  his  way,  and  copies 
from  French  work,  probably  Coutances,  or  the 
later  and  less  satisfactory  examples  at  Calvados. 
But  the  French  architect's  plan  was  entirely 
different  to  Mr.  Street's.  The  whole  spirit  of 
the  old  work  is  essentially  pinnacular;  iu 
some  of  the  finest  instances  pinnacle  rising 
above  and  out  of  pinnacle,  all  having  reference 
to,  and  culminating  in,  the  central  spire,  so 
beautifully  combining  with  it  that  some  of 
the  spirelets  incline,  as  it  were,  to  the  parent 
stem,  so  as  to  cling  the  closer  to  it.  This 
tower  and  spire,  on  the  contrary,  is  not  pin- 
nacular at  all.  The  pinnacles,  however,  stick 
out  right  against  the  lines  of  the  spire,  and 
entirely  destroy  what  little  grace  it  might 
otherwise  have  possessed,  and,  at  the  same 
time,  forms  an  excellent  lodgment  for  snow 
and  water.  This  is,  in  fact,  only  another  in- 
stance of  Mr.  Street's  adaptation  of  ancient 
features,  without  his  having  the  art-feeling  to 
see  their  real  significance.  Something  in  the 
same  way  that  he  is  so  fond  of — false  fenestra- 
tion, one  storey  or  clerestory  having  no  sort 
of  relation  to  the  arcade  or  fenestration  above 
or  below ;  or  his  repeated  fiUing-in  where 
there  is  no  sort  of  necessity  for  it,  nor  any- 
thing gained  in  effect  or  utility.  These  things, 
of  course,  we  all  know,  occur  in  old  work — 
through  alteration  ol  plan  or  purpose,  or 
through  carelessness  and  rudeness  of  the 
builders — but    are     simply   absmd   in    new 


772 


THE  BUILDINQ  NEWS. 


November  8,  1867. 


cliurclies  or  such  edifices  as  the  National  Gal- 
lery or  the  Law  Courts. 

And  now  to  proceed  with  the  Bristol 
Cathedral  restoration.  I  am  found  I'aidt  with 
for  saying  that  the  destruction  of  part  of  tlie 
monastic  buildings  at  the  south-west  corner 
would  not  be  compensated  for  by  Jlr.  Street's 
steeples.  How  could  I  tell  without  seeing 
them  '?  My  answer  is,  that  I  agree  with  the 
"Saturday  Review"  that  no  western  towers, 
however  good  in  themselves,  would  be  other 
than  a  mistake.  "  The  addition  of  towers  \yiU 
not  thereby  give  his  front  any  cliaracter  which 
will  specially  distinguish  the  church  from 
Southwell  or  Beverley,  or  which  will  make  it 
more  like  Winchester,  Norwich,  or  Worcester. 
The  fact  is,  tliat  Bristol  Cathedral  is  too 
small — above  all,  that  its  nave  is  too  short  to 
admit  of  a  good  groupiug  of  western  towers. 
Western  towers,  if  kept  in  the  usual  subordi- 
nation to  the  central  lantern,  would  be  so 
small  as  to  be  insignificant  ;  predominant 
western  towers — no  English  tradition,  by  the 
way — would  altogether  crush  the  nave."  I 
would  add  to  this  that,  from  what  I  know  of 
Mr.  Street's  steeples,  as  at  Oxford,  and  more 
still  those  of  the  Lisle  memorial  competition 
design,  the  west  front  of  which,  from  the  de- 
scription we  have  of  what  is  proposed,  is  about 
tlie  thing  intended  for  Bristol,  I  should  be 
sorry  to  sacrifice  for  them  any  interesting 
ancient  feature.  On  this  point  I  cannot  help 
quoting  further  from  the  able  article  in  the 
"Saturday  Review"; — 

But  there  is  another  serious  objection  to  the 
design  for  towers  proposed  by  Mr.  Street.  At  Bris- 
tol,  as  evei'ywhere  else,  the  subortliaxte  buiUlings  of 
the  monastery  were  made  to  group  and  harmonize 
with  the  church.  The  silly  moiiern  notion  of 
isolated  minsters  was  unknown.  The  church  was 
the  predominant  building,  but  still  only  one  of  a 
whole  group  of  builcUngs.  At  Bristol,  the  remains 
of  the  conventual  buildings  are  rather  extensive. 
One  portion  in  particul.^r,  apparently  the  abbot's 
house  [This  is  evidently  a  mistake.  The  abbot's 
house  is  known  to  have  been  below,  more  towards 
the  river.]  joins  on,  in  the  usual  ingenious  way,  to 
the  south-west  corner^  and  has  a  private  way  into  the 
church.  The  house  contains  ancient  portions  of 
more  than  one  date  ;  among  others,  a  small  private 
ch.apel,  which,  if  put  in  proper  order,  would  form  a 
ver^  pleasing  adjunct  to  the  minster. 

If  Mr.  Street's  towers  are  ever  built,  "  the 
destruction  of  at  least  part  of  this  interesting 
house  must  follow.''  This  Mr.  Street  passes 
over  without  reply,  and  almost  tells  me  in  so 
many  words  that  I  was  telling  a  falsehood, 
for  the  sake  of  personally  injuring  him,  when 
I  merely  said  tliat,  "to  make  way  for  his 
tow'ers,  he  would  have  to  destroy  interesting 
old  work."  In  this  matter  I  can  only  more 
strongly  insist  upon  wliat  I  said  in  my  former 
communication.  If  ]\Ir.  Street  denies  that 
this  old  lobby  to  the  priors' — not  abbots' 
—lodgings  is  interesting  old  work,  he  ditt'ers, 
not  only  from  me,  but,  I  believe,  nearly  every 
antiquary  in  the  kiugdom.  But  it  is  not  only 
this  work  that  will  be  destroyed,  in  the 
Bouth-west  corner,  the  only  evidence  of  the 
extent  westward  of  Abbot  Knowles'  plan  of 
rebuilding  will  be  obliterated.  The  four- 
teenth century  remains,  with  their  Norman 
substructure,  will  be  remoi'ed,  these,  contain- 
ing as  they  do  the  responds  of  the  eastern  bay, 
the  key  to  what  ought  to  be  a  real  restora- 
tion of  the  building. 

It  wUl,  without  doubt,  be  highly  judicious 
in  Mr.  Street  to  destroy  all  such  opportunities 
of  odious  comparisons,  if  he  is  allowed  to  do 
so.  But  the  authorities  will  act  with  simple 
good  common  sense,  if  they  insist  upon  the 
restorations  following  the  ancient  precedent,  in  • 
stead  of  running  the  risk  of  having  a  new  nave 
that  will  match  with  the  old  choir,  some- 
what less  than  the  Dominican  nave  at  Oxford 
does  with  its  modest  English  tower  and 
sanctuary.  It  seems  odd  to  have  to  remind 
Mr.  Street  that  what  the  ancients  would  have 
demolished  can  be  no  excuse  for  us.  There 
was  not  in  the  middle  ages  any  such  thing  as 
archaeological  study.  They  had  no  reverence 
for  the  work  of  their  predecessors. 

If,  now,  Mr.  Street  has  time  between  his 
masterly  sketches,  every  line  of  which  tells 
upon  the  imagination,  and  his  correspondence, 


he  may  just  as  well  survey  his  works  of 
restoration  a  little  more  accurately.  In  this 
case,  he  might  have  found  out  when  Abbot 
Knowles'  lines  would  have  inpinged  on  ex- 
isting walls,  &o.  I  happen  to  have  before  me 
vol.  XX.  of  the  "  Arclutectural  Journal,"  in 
which  are  some  careful  plans,  by  Mr.  E.  W. 
Godwin,  probably  the  most  accurate  that  have 
ever  been  taken  of  this  building  and  its  pre- 
cincts, which  .show  how  curiously  inaccurate  in 
many  ways  is  Mr.  Street's  description  of  the 
cathedral.  Before  closing  this  I  must  protest 
strongly  against  the  Vandalism  and  folly  of  in- 
terfering with  the  north  side  of  the  cloister.  If 
Mr.  Street  is  unable  to  contrive  a  passage  be- 
tween it  and  the  south  wall,  though  it  could 
surely  be  managed  by  half  of  the  passage 
being  recessed  in  the  thickness  of  the  wall,  it 
would  be  far  better  to  leave  out  the  passage  al- 
together, and  leave  the  cloister  blank,  as  it 
now  stands,  than  to  allow  any  tampering  with 

it.  J.  C.  J. 

♦ 

MR.  T.   McLEAN'3   NEW   GALLERY. 

THE  third  annual  exhibition  of  water-colour 
drawings  was  last  week  opened  at  the  new 
gallery,  No.  7,  Haymarket.  The  character  of  the 
exhibition  may  be  gathered  from  the  following 
brief  extract  from  the  preface  of  the  catalogue  ; — 
"  The  object  of  this  exhibition  has  been  to  collect 
together  some  of  the  fiuest  works  of  best  water- 
colour  painters  of  the  present  day,  and  also  the 
productions  of  English  masters  of  eminence  of  an 
earlier  period,  and  to  include  the  careful  works  of 
many  young  artists  who  are,  no  doubt,  destined  to 
occupy  a  prominent  place  in  their  profession." 
The  list  includes  the  names  of  Turner,  D.  Cox,  De 
Wint,  Copley  Fielding,  Prout,  Ca'llow,  Cattermole, 
Duncan.  Liunell,  sen.,  L.  Haghe,  J.  D.  Harding, 
Carl  Haag,  T.  L.  Rowbotham,  T.  M.  Richardson,  G. 
Fripp,  J.  G.  Philp,  Birket  Foster,  E.  Richardson, 
Vicat  Cole,  S.  P.  Jackson,  W.  W.  Deane,  and  several 
others.  The  collection  is  remarkably  good  con- 
sidering its  size,  many  first-rate  examples  of  the 
various  artists  being  exhibited,  with  scarcely  a 
drawing  of  any  kind  which  is  absohitely  bad. 
Those  who  admire  the  old-fashioned  style  of  water- 
colour  drawing  will  find  choice  examples  from  the 
brushes  of  Turner,  De  Wint,  D.  Cox,  Copley  Field- 
ing, Prout,  and  Duncan.  Those  who  prefer  the 
modern  pre-Raphaelitish  stippled  style  will  be 
gratified  by  the  works  exhibited  by  Birket  Foster, 
Vicat  Cole,  E.  K.  Johnson,  and  many  others.  For 
ourselves,  we  must  say  at  the  outset  that  these 
works,  though  fetching  high  prices  and  enjoying 
the  brief  favour  of  fashion's  patronage,  are  neither 
works  of  art  nor  true  depictions  of  nature.  The 
modern  method  of  seeking  to  represent  every  leaf 
on  a  tree,  every  blade  of  grass  within  ken,  is  of 
necessity  wrong.  Were  it  possible  to  show  every 
leaf,  twig,  blade  of  grass  or  corn,  the  result  would 
even  then  be  unpleasing,  inasmuch  as  the  eye 
must  be  focussed  for  the  several  distances,  and 
nature  is  never  thus  seen.  If  we  look  at  the 
distance  the  eye  generalizes  the  foreground,  and 
vice  versci.  It  was  thus  that  Claude,  Poussin, 
Rubens,  Wilson,  Gainsborough,  and  Turner  saw 
nature,  and  thus  is  she  seen  by  every  one  who  has 
ever  held  a  broad  brush  in  a  bold  hand.  We  have 
ever  protested  against  the  influence  of  fashion  upon 
art.  The  picture  daubed  over  with  brown  varnish 
fifty  years  ago — to  give  tone,  forsooth  ! — is  well 
nigh  ruined  in  the  present  day  by  the  process  of 
removing  the  filthy  mixture.  The  water  colour 
drawings  of  the  end  of  the  last  century,  brown 
with  tobacco  juice,  liquorice  water,  and  various 
choice  mediums  of  the  like  nature,  are  now  almost 
valueless,  few  of  them  comparing  in  effect  with  the 
mezzotint  engraving  of  the  same  period,  and  yet 
fashion  introduced  the  brown  varnish  and  the 
tobacco  juice  just  as  fashion  now  changes  the  whole 
principle  of  water-colour  drawing  by  the  introduc- 
tion of  ojiaque  colour  in  excess,  gum,  megilp,  and, 
unless  we  are  shrewdly  mistaken,  oil  colours  lifted 
with  the  palette  knife.  The  whole  diti'erence 
between  the  process  of  oil  painting  and  water- 
colour  drawing  is  that  in  the  former  art  the 
colour  stands  on  canvas  which  it  cannot  satu- 
rate ;  in  water-colour  drawing,  on  the  con- 
trary, the  colour  sinks  into  the  paper,  and 
unevenneas  of  surface,  except  that  produced 
by  the  grain  of  the  paper,  is  inadmissible.  Having 
said  thus  much,  which  will  probably  furnish  a  key 
to  some  of  the  criticism  we  may  be  called  upon 
to  make,  the  pictures  themselves  demand  indi- 
vidual remark.  To  notice  all  is  impossible — 
there  are  186;  to  confine  remark  to  a  few 
of    the    very    best    is    unfair    where    so    much 


is  good.     Taking  the  order  of  the  catalogue,  Mr, 
T.  M.  Richardson's  "  Roman  Woman,"  No.  2,  is 
much  better  than  his   usual  conventional  pieces 
some  of  which  we  shall  notice  later.    No.  4,  "  The 
Little  Fisherman,"    by   W.  J.    Coleman,   is  not 
worthy    of  a   place    in    the   collection.     No.   6 
"View  near  Haslemere,"  by  Vicat  Cole,  iswooUy 
all  over ;  the  sky  is  as   ingenious  an  exhibition  of 
wasted  time  and  labour  as  can  easily  be  matched. 
It  will  doubtless   sell  for  a   high  price.     No.  7 
"The   Cornfield,"  by  W.   J.   Coleman,  is   photo- 
graphically correct.     No.   14,  "An  Italian  Lady," 
by  A.  Bouvier,  is  a  representation  of  the  Venetian 
type  of   Italian   female  beauty — that   is  to  say, 
"  very  fair,   but  yet   suspect   of  fame."     No.  17, 
"  The  Beach,  Milford  Haven,"  by  B.  Warren,  has 
a  sky  very  simdar  to   No.  6,  by  Vicat  Cole — that 
is    to  say,    woolly,   indefinite,  and   disagreeable. 
No.    19,  "A  Head,"  by  E.  Luudgren,  is  the  best 
that   he  exhibits— Nos.    88,    98,  119,  being  poai. 
tively  dirty   in  tone  and  indifi'erent  in  drawing. 
No.    2.3,    "  The    Common,"  J.  W.  Whittaker,  is 
very  natural  in  tone.     Captain  D.  Lowe  has  sent 
a   good   drawing   of  a   piece   of  Welsh    scenery, 
No.  26,  but  the  sky  is  done  in  the  indefinite  style 
at  pre.sent   in    such    favour.      No.  27,    "Sancho 
Panza,"  by  John  Gilbert,  ia  of  great  force,  good 
tone,  and  general  merit.     If  this  drawing  has  ita 
deserts,  it  will  one  day  prove  a  good  investment 
for  the  fortunate  purchaser.      John  Linuell,  sen., 
contributes     a    small    picture    representing    the 
"  Disobedient  Prophet."      As  a  work  of  art  it  ia 
worthless  :  as  a  specimen  of  Mr.lLiunell's  works,  it 
has  a  certain  value.      No.    32,  "  Tenby  Bay,"  S. 
P.   Jackson,    is  lifelike   and  technical.     Mr.  Jack- 
son knows  a  ship  when  he  sees  it,  and  can  distin- 
guish between  a  Welsh  collier  and  the   galley  of 
Ptolemy  Philopator.      No.  34,  "  The  Greeting  in 
the   Desert,"  by  Carl  Haag,  is  a  very  fine  draw- 
ing, and  the  same  may  be  said  of  all  that  he  con- 
tributes to   this   exhibition.      Here  we  have  the 
Sphinx  and  the  Pyramid  almost  invisible  through 
a  cloud  of  desert  sand,  from  which  a  traveller  on  a 
camel  salutes    in   passing  another   in    the   fore- 
ground.    About  Mr.   Haag's   pictures  it  must  bo 
said  that  they  have  character  and   trraisemhlance. 
No  one  can  doubt  but  that  he  has  dwelt  in  tents, 
has    seen    Almeh     dances,     ladies   in    kob    and 
shintyau,  starving   fellaheen,  rapacious  Bedouins, 
and  must  have  distributed  much  bucksheesh  first  ■. 
and  last.     Nos.   55,    139,  are   by  the  same  artist,  : 
No.   68,  "  The  Lock,"  by  B.    Foster,    is  good  in 
tone.     No.    69,  "  Falmouth,"  J.  G.   Phi.ip,  is  in 
the  old-fashioned  style,  and  forma  a  very  pleasing 
picture.      No.    77,  "An  Italian    Sketch,"    T.  L. 
Rowbotham,  is   in  his   usual   conventional  style. 
The  idea  of  the  conversion  for  chromo-lithographic 
purposes  is  never  out  of  this  artist's  head.      The 
sketch  represents  a  boat  drifting  on  to  some  rooks 
on  a  Mediterranean  coast.  The  distant  sea  is  blue, 
tolerably  true  Mediterranean  sapphire,  the  water 
in   the   foreground   is  green,    which    the    Medi- 
terranean   never   ia,    unless  when    the  sirocco  is 
blowing,  in  which  case   the  yellow   cloud  of  Bar- 
bary  sand   makes   the   whole  expanse   to  appear 
green.       "  A  Shadowless  Day,"  No.  78,  by  E.  K. 
Johnson,  represents  a  party  of  girls  about  to  com- 
mence croquet.      The  piece  is  pre-Raphaelite,  but 
cleverly  done.     No.  79,  "  Reverie,"  by  G.  Hicks, 
represents  a   lady   looking  literally   blue,  and  al- 
together like  a  plam.     No.  83,  "  Gipsey  Encamp- 
ments," by  E.  Duncan,  is  a  small  but  very  pretty 
picture.     It  is  sold.     No.  38,  "  Teaching  Dolly  to 
Dance,"   is  the  last  by  Mr.  Birket  Foster.     It  has 
sold  very  well.     No.  48,  "El Patio,"    the   interior 
court  of  a  Spanish  house,  by  W.  W.  Deane,  is  one 
of  his  very  best  works.     Low  in  tone,  delicate  in 
colour,  and  full   of   light   and   atmosphere,   this 
picture  cannot  fail  to  commend  itself  to  the  true 
lover  of  transparent    water-colour  drawing.     The 
price  asked  is,  in  our  opinion,  below  its  value.   No. 
49,    "  Deserted,"   by   E.    Duncan,   represents  an 
abandoned  ship.   It  is  a  pity  that  very  good  artists 
undertake    technical   subjects   without  technical 
knowledge.     The  only  object  in  the  picture  is  a 
vessel  labouring  on  a  greenish-brown  sea  under  a 
reddish-brown  sky.     Technically,  the  vessel  is  as 
much   Uke  Noah's  ark  as  a  modern  brig.    It  is 
usual  to  place  the  masts  of  a  ship  in  the  centre  of 
the  deck,  and  it  is  unusual  to  "  steeve  "  the  bow- 
sprit to  an  angle  of  45  deg.    No.  51,  "  The  Ferry, 
E.    Hargitt,  ia  plastered  with  body  colour.    No. 
56,  "Plaiting   Ivy,"   by   A.    Bouvier,  is   a  slight 
thing  in  the  modern  French  style.    It  is  thoroughly 
insipid.     No.  59,   "Full  Cry,"  by  F.   Taylor,  has 
been  sold  for  a  large  sum.     It  represents  a  sort  oE 
Di  Vernon  gaUopiug  into  a  lake,  doing  her  best, 
meanwhile,   to   ride  over   the   hounds.     No-  o'-> 
"  On  the  Wye,"  Birket   Foster,  might   be  m  oils 
for  aught  the  spectator  can  tell ;  it  is  floated  with 


November  8,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


773 


im  and  body  colour.  No.  63,  "  On  the  Thames," 
a  good  specimen  of  the  same  artist's  work. 
0.  S7,  "The  Bull  Ring,  Seville,"  W.  W.  Deane, 
slight,  being  little  more  than  a  sketch.  It  is 
U  of  light  and  tender  colour.  No.  92,  "  Esa,  on 
e  cornice  road  between  Nice  and  Mentone," 
II.  Richardson.  This,  like  all  by  the  same 
tist,  is  too  good  to  be  true,  and  almost  reminds 
e  observer  of  the  drop  scenes  of  theatres.  No. 
10,  "A  Calm  Day,"  by  Copley  Fielding,  is  in  his 
:st  style.  In  this  portion  of  the  gallery  are 
ouped  the  works  of  Fielding,  D.  Cox,  Prout, 
3  \Vint,  and  Turner.  These  men  were  always 
;ht,  and  out  of  slight  materials  could  make  a 
;ture.  L.  Haghe  exhibits  an  "  Interior  at  Ant- 
!rp,"  No.  1'29;  and  J,  D.  H.arJing  contributes 
"Landscape,"  No.  l:i(j.  Mr.  E.  Richardson's 
Durham,"  No.  13S,  appears  to  us  to  possess  all 
e  merits  of  the  peculiar  style  of  Mr.  T.  M, 
chardson,  while  avoiding  the  palpable  struggle 

■  effect  which  pervades  all  the  works  of  the 
ter.  No.  140,  "A  Hoar  Frost,"  by  G.  Fripp, 
well  worthy   of  notice.     No.  142,  "Off  Dover," 

J.  Callow,  is  a  good  specimen  of  his  style,  and 
).  156,  "Up  Channel,"  by  the  same  artist,  is 
ihnically  correct,  and  has  the  true  heave  and 
)tion.  No.  169,  "On  the  Somerset  Coast,"  by 
Q.  Philp,  is  another  charming  little  piece.  No. 
6,  "Pine  Forest,  Sunset,"  is  literally  ablaze  with 
ht  There  are  a  few  rough  sketches  by  E.  Lear 
Nos.  177,  "Venice;"  178,  "Malta;"  179, 
Uhens;"  172,  "Corfu,"  which  would  be  in- 
•esting  as  souvenirs  to  those  who  know  the 
alities. 

♦ 

THE  FUTURE  OF  LONDON 
ARCHITECTURE. 

F  the  architecture  of  London  be  not  improved, 
and  if  the  metropolis  does  not  become  the 
■st  splendid  city  in  the  world,  it  will  not  be  be- 
lae  there  is  a  lack  of  advisers.  A  few  weeks 
ce  we  noticed  an  article  in  the  "Quarterly 
view"  which  found  fault  with  almost  every- 
ly  and  everything,  and  offered  copious  advice 
the  building  of  the  New  Law  Courts  in  par- 
ular,  and  everything  in  general.  The  last 
mber  of  the  "Fortnightly  Review"  contains 
able  article  on  the  Future  Architecture  of 
ndon,  from  the  pen  of  Mr.  H.  Conybeare.  We 
HI  embrace  an  early  opportunity  of  offering 
ne  observations  on  this  article,  and  shall  con 
it  ourselves  at  present  by  taking  some  extracts 
m  it.  Mr.  Conybeare  is  an  advocate  for 
amio  surfaces — 

"  There  are,"  he  says,  "  two  methods  by  which  a 
•amic  surface  may  be  obtained  in  the  fagades  of 
adon  houses :  first,  by  facing  the  structure  with 
oured  bricks  so  disposed  as  to  accentuate  the 
ihitectural  and  constructive  lines  of  the  build- 
;  in  the  same  manner  that  coloured  brick  and 
ra-cotta  are  used  in  the  North  Italian  build- 
:8  of  the  fifteenth,  sixteenth,  and  seventeenth 
ituries,  the  only  difference  being  that  the  out> 
e  surface  of  the  bricks  would  be  rendered 
■t-repelling  by  being  glazed. 
'A  London  brick-merchant's  catalogue  usually 
ludes  some  thirty  different  varieties  of  bricks, 
ongst  which  are  to  be  found  at  least  three 
tioct  shades  of  red,  as  many  of  yellow,  several 
so-called  white  and  blue,  and  also  of  black 
cka;  and  any  of  these  might  be  had  glazed 
r  an  additional  cost  of  about  £2  per  thousand.' 
■  Bricks  faced  with  a  surface  of  glazed  white 
y  are  now  coming  into  very  general  use  for  the 
erior  of  office  courts  in  the  City,  where  re- 
:ted  light  is  required  for  the  illumination  of 
■josite  windows.  Bricks  of  this  description, 
snufactared   of  Poole  clay,   and   of  any  of  the 

■  sgoing  colours,  can  be  deUvered  in.  Loudon  for 

•  )ut  £6  lOs.  per  thousand,  and  each  thousand 
I  bricks  will  face  a  surface  of  ISJ  square  yards. 

'  The  second  method  by  which  a  soot-repelling 
'amic  surface   may  be   given   to   our   London 

•  ades  is  by  covering  them  with   porcelain   tUes, 

■  hitecturally  disposed   and  set  in   cement ;  and 
5  method  is   already  coming   into  very  general 

for  giving  a  light-reflecting  surface  to  the  in- 
'  jr  courts,  the  passages,  and  the  staircases,  of 
y  offices.  It  is,  moreover,  one  which  has  been 
l  for  centuries  past  in  the  East,  especially  in 
sia  and  Scinde,  on  the  grandest  scale,  with  the 
St  magnificent  architectural  effect." 
^fter  giving  several  illustrations  wherein  this 
,  Jde  of  decoration  has  been  successfully  adopted 
I  Persia  an,d  elsewhere,  Mr.  Conybeare  goes  on  to 

Some  purists  object  to  such  a  mode  of  deco- 
'on,  stigmatizing  it   as  'veneering,'  but  it  is 


really  nothing  of  the  sort.  The  essence  of  crimi- 
nality in  veneering  U,  that  it  is  an  attempt  at 
deception  ;  that  a  shaving  of  rosewood  is  glued 
over  a  deal  board  in  such  a  manner  as  to  suggest 
the  falsehood  that  the  whole  su'ostanco  is  rose- 
wood. Obviously  there  is  no  siojgeitio  fahi  of 
this  sort  in  a  tile-encrusted  fagade,  for  its  cera- 
mic surface  does  not  imply  that  the  structure  is 
all  porcelain.  It  pretends  to  be  nothing  more 
than  it  is,  a  surface  decoration.  Moreover,  in  the 
sunless  and  sooty  atmosphere  of  Loudon  such  a 
material  is  obviously  the  right  thing  in  the  right 
place,  and  therefore  its  adoption  is  in  accordance 
with  the  '  eternal  reason '  which,  as  Goethe  ha.s 
truly  sung,  is  the  first  and  all- pervading  principle 
of  all  real  art. 

"  Another  objection  made  is  structural — the 
liability  of  such  surface  decoration  to  peel  off  the 
building.  This  would  only  be  possible  if  the 
builder  scamped  the  work,  for  we  have  in  London 
the  cheapest  and  best  cement  in  the  world,  a 
material  which  the  highest  authorities  have  pro- 
nounced superior  in  strength  and  durability,  in 
the  atmosphere  of  London,  to  any  building  stone 
(except  granite)  that  we  employ.  In  breaking 
apart  experimentally  stones  cemented  together 
with  Portland  cement,  the  stone  frequently  yields 
to  fracture  before  the  cement.  In  obtaining  a 
ceramic  surface,  the  use  of  tiles  has  several 
advantages  over  that  of  porcelain-faced  bricks. 

"  First.  There  is  a  great  saving  in  carriage,  for 
either  tiles  or  bricks  must  be  produced  at  a  con- 
siderable distance  from  the  metropolis,  and  to 
cover  the  same  surface  the  weight  of  tiles  will 
only  be  from  one-sixth  to  one-eighth  the  weight 
of  the  bricks. 

"  Secondly.  The  tiles  admit  of  being  so  packed 
as  to  be  very  much  less  liable  than  the  bricks  to 
having  their  edges  chipped  in  carriage. 

"  Thirdly.  In  operating  with  tiles  you  are  much 
less  fettered  in  your  design  than  would  be  the 
case  in  working  with  bricks  of  uniform  and  de- 
terminate size. 

"  Fourthly.  An  additional  advantage  possessed 
by  tiles  over  glazed  brick  is  their  applicabUity  to 
buildings  of  hydraulic  concrete  or  "  b^ton  agglo- 
mere,"  a  material  which  all  who  are  cognizant  of 
its  increasing  use  in  Prance,  and  of  its  great 
superiority  in  strength,  durability,  and  economy, 
to  brick  and  mortar,  are  agreed,  will  before  long, 
as  I  shall  have  occasion  to  explain  at  the  close  of 
this  article,  very  generally  supersede  the  use  of 
the  latter  as  a  building  material. 

"  Fifthly.  Tile  decoration  is  readily  applicable 
to  any  extent  to  existing  buildings.  There  is  not 
a  row  of  smoke-darkened  brick  houses,  with 
rectangular  holes  for  windows,  that  might  not,  by 
encrusting  it  with  tiles,  be  transfigured  in  a  few 
weeks,  and  at  a  very  moderate  cost,  into  a  co- 
loured fagade  like  those  met  with  in  the  old 
houses  of  Pavia,  at  the  same  time  given  a  sur- 
face— 

Quod  noa  imber  edax,  non  Aquilo  impotena 
Poasit  diruere. 

"  In  point  of  fact,  such  a  wholesale  application 
of  tiles  is  going  on  at  present  in  the  courts  and 
interior  passages  and  staircases  of  a  great  number 
of  City  chambers  and  offices,  and  there  is  little 
doubt  that  it  will  very  shortly  supersede  all  other 
methods  of  finishing  the  surface  in  such  situa- 
tions. -As  the  object  in  these  cases  is  simply 
utilitarian,  to  save  light,  these  tiles  are  always 
white,  but  the  principle  of  their  application  is 
just  the  same." 

The  following  is  what  Mr.  Conybeare  thinks  of 
Romanesque  and  Gothic  ; — ■ 

"  I  do  not  advocate  the  exclusive  use  of  Italian 
architecture  in  our  streets,  though  it  has  some 
undeniable  advantas^es.  The  Burgundian  Roman- 
esque of  the  twelfth  century  (culminating  in  the 
cloister  of  the  Cathedral  of  Puy-eu-Velay,  the 
ne  plus  ultra  of  ornamented  construction),  is 
capable  of  a  far  grander  exterior  effect ;  but  to 
obtain  such  etiect  in  the  Romanesque,  a  much 
greater  depth  is  required  than  in  coloured  Italian 
architecture,  and  when  ground  is  of  such  enor- 
mous value  as  in  London,  this  is  a  very  important 
consideration.  Again,  although  the  twenty- five 
years  that  have  elapsed  since  the  revival  of  mediae- 
val architecture  have  established  its  unquestion- 
able supremacy  in  the  case  of  ecclesiastical  and 
collegiate  buildings,  I  do  not  know  a  single 
instance  of  its  successful  adaptation  to  the  indoor 
requirements  of  modem  domestic  architecture  at 
all  approaching  in  fitness  and  architectural  effect 
to  what  we  constantly  meet  with  in  modern 
Italian  interiors. 

"  I  mention  the  Romanesque  style  instead  of 
the  Gothic  aa  the  alternative  to  Italian  for  street 


architecture,  because  I  believe  the  use  of  the 
pointed  arch  in  such  fagades  to  be  altogether 
incongruous.  The  very  essence  of  Gothic  archi- 
tecture is  vertical  composition  ;  that  is,  the  stop- 
page of  all  the  horizontal  lines  by  vertical  ones, 
just  as  in  Greek  and  Roman  architecture  all  the 
vertical  lines  are  stopped  by  those  that  are  hori- 
zontal. In  street  architecture  the  leading  lines  of 
the  composition  must  be  horizontal,  being  those  of 
the  floors  of  the  building,  which  floors  are  hori- 
zontally disposed  one  above  another,  and  should 
be  indicated  externally  by  the  horizontal  lines  of 
the  cornices,  strings,  and  balconies  ;  and  thus,  if  the 
whole  design  is  not  a  sham,  the  composition  of  the 
fagade  must  be  horizontal,  and  consequently 
incompatible  wilh  the  very  essence  of  Gothic 
architecture.  No  amount  of  Gothic  detail  can 
make  such  a  front  genuine  Gothic.  The  voice  is 
Jacob's  voice,  though  the  hands  are  the  hands  of 
Esau. 

*  •  »  » 

"  Another  advantage  of  Romanesque  is  that  it 
is  the  only  style  that  has  a  future,  or  admits  of  a 
farther  development  than  it  has  yet.  attained. 
The  Classical  and  Pomted  styles  each  ran  their 
course  from  prime  to  decadence — in  fact,  "  played 
themselves  out "  completely;  but  the  Romanesque, 
in  Spain  and  in  Germany,  was  suddenly  and  com- 
pletely superseded  by  the  importation  of  French- 
Gothic  just  as  it  gave  promise  of  acquiring  the 
unities  of  a  perfect  style.  The  French-Gothic 
Cathedral  of  Cologne  was  commenced  while  the 
glorious  Romanesque  apse  of  St.  Cumbert's  was 
being  completed.  Nevertheless,  there  are  parts  in 
many  Romanesque  buildings  which  exceed  in 
architectural  effect  anything  on  a  similar  scale 
ever  attained  in  Pointed  architecture ;  for  example, 
the  exterior  of  the  eastern  apsides  of  Anderuach, 
Bonn,  and  Heislerbach ;  the  interior  of  the 
apsidal  termination  of  St.  Cumbert,  Heisterbach, 
and  Zinzig ;  in  each  of  these  the  semi-dome  is 
difl'ereut  in  type,  and  each  is  absolutely  perfect  in 
its  way.  By  doubling  each  such  semi-dome, 
and  giving  it  twelve  sides  instead  of  ten,  you  can 
obtain  a  domed  lantern  for  the  intersection  of  the 
n.ave  and  transef  t  of  a  cross  church  far  exceeding 
in  effect  anything  of  the  same  kind  ever  attained 
in  either  Classical  or  Pointed  architecture. " 


FAULTY  GIRDERS. 

DURING  ths  construction  of  the  New  Hop 
Exchange,  in  Southwark-street,  the  fore- 
man noticed  that  a  portion  of  the  building  was 
sinking  at  a  very  unusual  rate.  The  attention  of 
Mr.  Moore,  the  architect,  was  called  to  the  f  .ct ; 
and  the  sinking  part  ha\-ing  been  shored  up,  the 
supporting  girder  was  taken  out,  sent  to  Kir- 
kaldy's  testing  works,  tested,  and  found  faulty. 
Mr.  Moore  thereupon  very  properly  cancelled  his 
order  on  the  firm  who  had  supplied  it ;  and, 
ordering  the  rest  of  his  ironwork  from  another 
house,  took  care  to  use  none  of  it  tmtil  it  had  been 
thoroughly  tested.  A  little  less  careful  observa- 
tion on  the  part  of  the  foreman,  and  a  little  less 
caution  on  that  of  the  architect,  or,  if  the  girder 
had  stood  firm  until  a  subsequent  period,  when  a 
great  mass  of  the  building  had  been  completed, 
and  the  consequence  would  have  been  certainly  a 
large  destruction  of  property,  and  probably  a 
coroner's  inquest.  Upon  whom  would  then  have 
rested  the  responsibility  ?  Upon  the  builder, 
with  the  questionable  remedy  of  an  action  against 
the  iron  founder,  for  defective  work  in  the 
material  supplied.  Under  such  circumstances, 
the  only  method  of  attaining  protection  is  by 
rigorously  testing  every  girder  before  it,  is  fixed. 
Not  a  single  exception  should  be  made,  and  no 
ironwork  should  be  allowed  about  a  building 
until  a  guarantee  has  been  given  that  it  has  been 
successfully  tested.  The  introduction  of  iron,  as 
a  material  for  construction,  has  rendered  in- 
creased engineering  knowledge  necessary  to  archi- 
tects. Builders,  however,  should  by  no  means 
take  for  granted  the  correctness  of  architects'  in- 
structions, with  regard  to  girders.  Testing  must 
be  rigorously  appUed,  or  complete  safety  will 
never  be  obtained. 


We  believe  that  the  Indian  Government  has 
appointed  a  commission  to  examine  and  report  on 
the  various  historical  buildings  in  the  several  pro- 
vinces of  India,  some  of  which  boast  an  anti- 
quity of  three  thousand  years,  with  a  view  to 
their  conservation.  Photographs,  plans,  and  mea- 
surements, it  is  said,  are  to  be  systematically 
taken. 


774 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


November  8,  1867. 


METROPOLlTAt^    ABATTOIRS. 

THE  report  of  the  Jfarkets  Committee  to 
the  Court  of  Common  Council,  pre- 
sented October  3,  was  adopted  by  a  con- 
siderable majority  at  the  last  sitting  of  that 
body.  The  danger  of  dri^iig  cattle  through 
the  crowded  streets  of  London  would  of  it- 
self be  sufficient  reason  for  the  erection  of  the 
proposed  abattoirs.  It  is  computed  that 
500,000  foreign  animals  come  to  the  Metro- 
politan Cattle  Market  annually,  the  whole  of 
which  are  driven  through  the  streets.  In 
addition  to  the  question  of  danger  and  incon- 
venit^nce  arising  from  the  present  system,  the 
eventtial  dismarketing  of  Newgate  Market, 
with  its  existing  slaughter-houses,  had  to  be 
provided  for.  It  may  not  be  generally  known 
that  the  latter  market  is  the  cause  of  an 
enormous  annual  loss  to  the  Corporation — a 
lease  at  a  nominal  rent  having  been  granted 
many  hundred  years  ago.  This  lease  will 
expire  in  the  course  of  a  few  years,  to  the 
great  gain  of  the  City  of  London.  The  neces- 
sity of  metropolitan  slaughter-houses,  in  con- 
nection with  the  Cattle  Market,  being  uni- 
versally admitted,  the  City  architect,  Mr. 
Horace  Jones,  received  instructions  in  May 
last  to  prepare  plans  and  estimates,  and  was 
also  authorized  to  confer  with  the  engineer  to 
the  Great  Northern  Railway  relative  to  con- 
necting the  proposed  slaughter-houses  with  that 
railway.  In  pursuance  of  his  object  he  made  a 
careful  inspection  of  the  abattoirs  of  Leith. 
Edinburgh,  and  Liverpool,  and  made  a  special 
journey  to  Paris  to  inspect  the  abattoirs  which 
have  long  existed  there,  and  also  a  very  large 
new  one  not  yet  completed,  but  partially  in 
use.  Of  the  British  abattoirs,  he  gives  the 
palm  to  that  of  Edinburgh,  remarking  that 
the  Liverpool  structure  affords  an  example  of 
■what  should  be  avoided.  To  the  new  Parisian 
abattoirs,  though  designed  on  a  verv  similar 
plan  to  the  older  ones,  he  gives  the  pre- 
ference, stating  that  neither  care  nor  expense 
has  been  spared  to  render  them  perfect.  The 
report  contains  a  general  plan  of  London  and 
its  suburbs,  with  the  site  of  the  market  at 
Islington  clearly  marked,  showing  that  con- 
venient accommodation  could  be  made  with 
the  market  and  abattoirs,  and  with  the 
country  generally,  as  well  as  with  the  metro- 
polis itself.  It  also  contains  a  block  plan  of 
the  piece  of  ground  proposed  to  be  appro- 
priated for  the  abattoirs,  with  a  small  diagram 
showing  the  relative  position  of  this  ground 
and  the  market.  This  diagram  we  reproduce. 
It  will  be  seen  that  it  is  of  triangular  shape, 
slightly  sloping  to  the  south-east,  and  the 
Great  Northern  Railway,  on  which  it  abuts, 
where  a  wliarf  could  readily  be  formed  for  the 
loading  and  unloadingof  trucks, &c.  Theaccom- 
modation  consists  of  an  entrance  and  exit  at  the 
eastern  end,  with  offices  for  the  administration 
adjoining.  The  area  of  the  ground  is  about 
eight  acres,  of  which  it  is  at  present  proposed 
to  utilize  the  eastern  portion  only,  about  three 
acres.  The  accommodation,  besides  the  ad- 
ministrative department,  will  include  ten 
small  slaughter-houses,  with  their  addenda, 
ten  larger  ones,  and  two  out  of  five  special 
slaughter-houses,  with  so  much  of  the  tripery, 
boiling-house,  chimney-shaft,  and  other  offices^ 
as  may  be  necessary  for  the  proper  working  of 
the  establishment.  The  slaughter-houses°are 
divided  into  two  classes  as  regards  size  the 
larger  about  30ft.  by  22ft.,  and  17ft.  higli, 
with  a  cattle  pound  40ft.  by  22ft.,  covered  with 
a  light  shed  roof  Separated  from  these  a  shed 
budding,  22ft.  by  20ft.,  capable  of  being  con- 
verted into  stables,  cart-shed,  &c.  The  smaller 
slaughter-houses  to  be  25ft.  by  18ft.,  with 
cattle-pounds,  sheds.  &c.  Five  larger  slaughter- 
houses are  also  provided,  which  could  be 
used  as  public  slaughter-houses,  or  let  to  pri- 
vate individuals  requiring  very  extensive  pre- 
mises. There  are  large  melting-houses,  a 
tnpery,  a  boiling-house,  &c.  The  width  of 
the  roads  in  front  of  the  slaughter-houses  will 
be  60ft. ;  those  between  the  sheds  and  cattle- 
pounds  25ft.  The  site  lies  well  for  drainage. 
The  space  is  utilized  thus  :  all  round  the  ex- 


METROPOLITAN    ABATTOIES. 


terior  wall  of  the  triangle  are  situated  the 
stables  and  cart-sheds  ;  an  inner  ring,  if  the 
term  be  applicable  to  a  triangle,  contains  the 
cattle-pounds  and  slaughter-houses,  while  the 
centre  of  the  plot  is  occupied  by  the  melting- 
house,  boiling-house,  and  tripery.  The  esti- 
mate is  as  follows  : — Ten  small  slaughter- 
houses, £500  each — £5,000 ;  ten  larger, 
i7,000  ;  two  special,  ,£2,500  ;  entrance  offices, 
first  portion,  £2,000  ;  tripery,  boiling-house, 
&c.,  first  portion,  £8,500  ;  roads,  sewere,  &c., 
£5,500  ;  contingencies,  10  per  cent.,  £3,050  ; 
— total  £33,550.  The  return  from  this  sum, 
after  all  reasonable  deductions  are  made,  is 
calculated  at  £1,687,  from  which  it  will  be 
seen  that  5  per  cent,  may  be  reasonably  ex- 
pected upon  the  proposed  expenditure,  while, 
on  the  completion  of  the  entire  buildings,  a 
larger  percentage  may  be  confidently  reckoned 
on.  The  report  having  been  adopted,  we  may 
expect  that  the  works  will  be  proceeded  with 
immediately. 

♦ 

ST.    PAUL'S    CHURCH,    HOOTOJf, 
CHESHIRE. 

THE  church  of  St.  Paul,  Hooton,  Cheshire,  of 
which  we  give  exterior  and  interior  views 
this  week,  has  been  lately  erected  and  endowed  at 
the  sole  expense  of  Richard  Christopher  Naylor, 
Esq.,  of  Hooton-hall,  and  it  is  situated  just  within 
the  lodge  gates  of  the  Chester  entrance  to  Hooton- 
park,  midway  between  the  villages  of  Sutton  and 
Thornton.  The  form  is  that  of  a  cross  with  short 
transepts  and  a  semicircular  ambulatory  at  the 
east  end,  the  intersection  of  the  cross  being  sur- 
mounted by  a  stone  dome  and  pendentives  sup- 
porting a  lantern  which  is  open  inside  to  the 
church.  The  arcade  of  the  lantern  is  filled  in 
with  single  sheets  of  plate  glass,  giving  externally 
the  lightness  and  appearance  of  an  open  lantern. 
The  walla  throughout,  externally  and  internally, 
are  wholly  of  stone.  Externally  the  plain  por- 
tions are  of  the  red  sandstone,  hammer  dressed, 
from  Eastham  Ferry,  a  quarry  not  far  from  the 
church,  and  upon  Mr.  Naylor's  property.  The 
bands  and  dressings  are  of  the  white  sandstone 
from  Stourton,  near  Birkenhead.  Internally  the 
stone  is  reversed,  the  walls  and  plain  portions,  as 
well  as  the  carving,  being  of  the  white  sandstone, 
the  occasional  bands  and  the  alternate  voussoirs  of 
the  arches  being  of  the  red  sandstone.  The 
pillars  supporting  the  arches  of  the  nave  and 
cUancel  are  of  red  polished  Peterhead  granite. 
Tbe  roof,  which  is  of  very  solid  construction 
although  simple,  is  of  pitch  pine.  The  seating  of 
the  nave  and  aisles  also  is  of  pitch  pine,  selected 
with  great  care  for  its  beauty  of  grain,  and  forms 
a  very  excellent  example  of  seating  in  this  very 
beautiful  wood,  and  does  great  credit  to  the 
builders  of  the  church.  The  seating  and  stalls  in 
the  chancel,  as  well  as  the  open  arched  screens 
separating  the  ambulatory  from  the  chancel,  are 
of  oak.     The  capitals  and  corbels  of  the  nave  and 


chancel,  which  are  very  well  carved,  having  birds, 
&c.,  intermingled  with  the  foliage,  which  is  con- 
ventionalized from  nature,  were  executed  by  the 
late  Mr.  Edwin  Stirling,  of  Liverpool. 

On  the  south  side  of  the  chancel,  separated 
from  the  church  by  a  short  open  cloister,  having 
coupled  shafts  of  polished  red  granite,  is  the  bell 
turret,  which  also  forms  a  private  entrance  to 
the  hall.  The  spire  of  the  turret  is  surmounted 
by  a  statue  of  St.  Paul,  also  the  work  of  the  late 
Mr.  Edwin  Stirling.  Beneath  the  cloister  is  a 
family  vault  for  interment.  The  west  entrance 
has  an  open  porch  with  polished  red  granite  and 
Cornish  serpentine  shafts  and  carved  capitals.  The 
tympanum  over  the  doorway  is  filled  In  with 
elegant  foliage  and  the  words  *'  Enter  into  his 
gates  with  thanksgiving." 

The  pulpit  is  executed  in  Caen  stone  with  red 
sandstone  diapered  pedestal  and  angle  shafts  of 
Devonshire  marble,  having  carved  panels  on  the 
sides  containing  the  monogram  of  St.  Paul,  the 
Greek  monogram,  &c.,  and  was  the  work  of 
Mr.  T.  Phyfifers,  of  London.  The  font  is  of  ser- 
pentine marble,  and  is  the  one  which  was  exhibited 
by  the  Serpentine  Marble  Company  at  the  Inter- 
national Exhibition,  1851.  The  east  and  west 
windows,  the  latter  being  a  wheel  window,  are 
filled  with  stained  glass  by  Messrs.  Clayton  and 
Bell,  of  London.  The  pavement  of  the  nave, 
aisles,  chancel,  and  ambulatory  are  of  Minton'a 
tiles  laid  in  geometrical  patterns.  The  church 
contains  about  300  sittings.  The  total  cost  of  the 
church  was  about  £7,000.  The  architect  was  Mr. 
James  K.  Colling ;  and  the  buUders,  Messrs.  Holme 
and  Nicol,  of  Liverpool. 

A  new  parsonage  has  just  been  completed  near 
the  church,  which  has  been  erected  from  designs 
by  the  same  architect.  It  is  of  simple  and  unpre- 
tending appearance,  being  of  brick  with  bands  in 
the  blue  Staffordshire  brick  and  a  few  red  stone 
dressings.  The  total  cost,  including  stables,  was 
about  £1,600.  The  builder  was  Mr.  Petei 
Hodgkinson,  of  Sandbacb,  Cheshire. 


Nothing  has  yet  been  done  to  carry  out  the 
alterations  required  in  the  House  of  Commons  to 
afford  additional  accommodation  to  the  members 
and  to  reporters,  so,  during  the  short  session  at 
least,  things  will  remain  as  they  have  been  so  long. 
Mr.  Barry's  plan  has  been  published.  He  pro- 
poses to  curve  the  seats  at  either  end  of  the  cham- 
ber, and  to  raise  them  above  each  other  towards 
the  waU.  By  this  means  all  the  available  spaci 
will  be  utilized,  and  a  considerable  number  c: 
additional  seats  gained,  accommodation  beinf 
obtained  for  about  550  members.  As  to  th( 
Reporters'  Gallery,  the  only  proposition  at  presen 
entertained  is  that  the  old  gallery  above  th 
Speaker's  chair  should  be  given  up  exclusively  t 
the  reporters  .attached  to  the  daily  press  (of  whon 
there  are  about  80),  and  another  gallery  found  foi 
the  leader  writers  who  crowd  into  the  House  or 
the  occasion  of  any  important  debate,  and  obstruc 
the  regular  staff  of  reporters. 


The  Bujldinj  Hpyts  Nov'  6^1667 


D  R.Wairyliti 


Ptictec  bvWhiteaiinABii; 


Tlii*-illuii:rliuf  •  tjt-  l'M,_ftDnfnn;  C^FDlte.-M^jAMEs  k.colunc,  arch^ 


Tte  Building  News,  Hot*-  8*^1867 


IVintW  byWutettaa&BiLSS 


I^tmnr[•Df•lllP•<ll!^t!r(^Df•t^^W;_H^^ta 


November  8,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


770 


ELEMENTS   OF    ENGINEERING. 
Cantilevers. — I. 

WHENEVER  any  beam  or   girder,  fixed 
at   one   extremity,    or    suppoited    at 
l!  b«th,  or  at  various  points  throughout   its  en- 
tire length,  is  subjected   to   a   weight   placed 
I  upon  any  part  of  it  which  is  not  directly  over 
.  tie  support,  a  force   is  generated  tending   to 
||;  fiacture  it  transversely  to  its  length,    or,  in 
j  pl»in  language,  to  break  it  in  two.   The  strain 
[producing  this   effect  is  called  a  transverse 
I  strain,  and  is,  of  all   others,  that  with   which 
those  designing  engineering  and  architectural 
1  gtructures  have  most  to  do.   It  is  the  most  com- 
Iprehensive    of    all    strains,    insomuch   as   it 
gives  rise  to  all   or  most  of  the  others  con- 
temporaneously with   itself.     A  girder  that  is 
acted  upon  by  this  strain  experiences  in  con- 
aequence,   in  some  part   or  other,  strains   of 
compression,  tension,  shearing,  and,  frequently, 
of  torsion  also,  especially  if  the  position  of  the 
load  be  not  regulated  with  a  due  regard  to  that 
'a£  the  centre   of  gravity  of  the   structure,  or 
^"  the  mechanical  details  be   not   sufficieutly 
»ttended  to.   The  immediate  result  of  a  trans- 
Terse  strain  upon  a  body   is  observed  in  the 
deflection  which  takes  place,  and  which  is  pro- 
portional to  the  amount   of  the  strain.     Ad- 
hering   to    the    principle   we   have  adopted 
hitherto  in  these  articles   of  first  deducing   a 
general  formula,  and  then  demonstrating  its 
application  to  particular  examples,  instead   of 
assuming,  as  is  usually  done,  an  especial  case, 
and  leaving   the  student  to   discover,  in   the 
best  way  he  can,  the  solution  of  other  practi- 
cal examples  to  which  the  one  generally  se- 
lected bears  no  analogy  whatever,  we  now  pro- 
ceed to  the  determination  of  the  strains  upon 
horizontal  girders.      The  theory  of  all  hori- 
zontal girders,  as  distinguished  from  that   of 
the  arch  and  suspension  principle,  is  based  upon 
the  lever,  tlie  laws  of  which  they  rigidly  follow. 
Let  W  in  tig.  1  represent  a  weight  placed  at 
MBiy  point  of  an  iron  cantilever,  and  let  it   be 

f  Fio.  1.  Fig.  2. 


W 


-\ 


required  to  determine  the  strain  resulting  from 
the  weight  W  on  either  the  top  or  bottom 
flange  at  A  B.  Fig.  2  is  a  section  of  the  canti- 
lever, and  A  and  B  are  the  flanges  respectively, 
the  intermediate  part  C  being  usually  termed 
the  web.  From  what  has  been  stated  pre- 
Tiously,  it  is  unnecessary  to  remark  that  the 
weight  is  transferred  to  the  support,  where  a 
vertical  reaction  takes  place,  and  calling  this 
resistance  R,  we  have  R  =  W.  If  we  ima- 
gine the  weight  to  travel  or  flow  along  the 
cantilever,  until  it  is  met  and  resisted  by  the 
support,  we  must  also  imagine  the  reaction 
to  be  propagated  in  a  similar  manner,  but  in  a 
contrary  direction.  To  find  S,  expressing  the 
tensile  strain  in  the  top  flange  or  the  compres- 
sive at  the  bottom  at  A  B,  we  must  find  the 
moment  tending  to  break  the  beam  at  that 
point,  then  its  resistance,  and  equate  the  two 
for  the  value  required.  Putting  D  to  repre- 
sent the  depth  of  the  girder,  we  have,  upon 
the  principle  stated  above,  W  x  X  =  the 
force  tending  to  fracture  the  beam  at  A  B, 
and  S  X  D  =  the  resistance  at  the  same  point. 

Equating  we   find   S  =    ^  "  "     If  W  be 

situated  at  the  extremity  of  the  cantilever, 
calling  X'  the  distance  from  the  end  to   the 

pomt  A  B,  we  have  S  = ^-^,  making  L 

the  length  of  the  cantilever,  the  limits  of  the 
values  of  X',  are  X'  =  O  and  X'  =  L.    In  the 
former  case  we  have  8  =  0,  and  in  the  latter 
g      W  X  L.    ^ 
•^  —       g —    The  strains  upon  a  beam  fixed 

in  this  manner,  and  loaded  at  one  extremity, 
increase  from  zero  at  the  free  end  to  their 


maximum  value  at  t'.ie  support,  which  is  given 
by  the  equation  S  = tt — '■  As  a  practi- 
cal example,  let  us  take  a  wrought-iron  c  mti- 
lever,  loft,  long  with  a  weiglit  of  10  tons  at 
the  end.  What  is  the  ratio  uf  the  maximum 
strain  to  that  at  a  distance  of  lOI't.  from  the 
end,  where  the  weight  is  placed,  supposing  the 
uniform  depth  to  be  15in.  On  comparing  the 
two   formula:  it  will  be  seen  at  once  that  the 

.     .  L 

ratio  13  as  ^,,  or  as  3  :  2.      The  number 

of  square  inches  required  in  the  flanges  will 
be   easily  found  from  the  equation   N  =  -j-J 

where  C  may  be  taken  equal  to  5  tons,  and 
the  respective  areas  of  the  cantilever  at  the 
support,  and  at  Idft.  from  the  end  are  ob- 
^dously  in  the  same  proportion  as  the  strains. 
It  is  manifest  that  these  strains  increase 
regularly,  that  is,  by  multiples  of  any  given 
unit  of  distance,  from  the  free  to  the  fixed  ex- 
tremity or  support;  if  the  cantilever  be  10ft. 
long,  the  strain  at  the  latter  point  is  ten  times 
that  at  a  distance  of  1ft.  from  the  former. 
There  are,  therefore,  two  methods  of  propor- 
tioning the  strength  of  the  beam  to  the  varying 
character  of  the  strains,  and,  as  they  apply  to  all 
horizontal  girders,  we  shall  designate  them  as 
uniform  depth  versus  uniform  section, — that  is, 
we  may  either  keep  the  depth  constant  and 
vary  the  section,  or  keep  the  section  constant 
and  vary  the  depth.  As  both  forms  have  their 
own  advantages,  we  shall  consider  the  two  de- 
scriptions. Whenever  headway  is  desirable, 
the  cantilever,  with  a  varying  depth,  is  the 
more  suitable,  and,  also,  should,  in  our 
opinion,  be  always  employed  where  any  at- 
tempt is  made  at  designing  an  ornamental 
structure.  The  other  form  has  the  advantage, 
however,  of  simpler  workmanship,  and  could, 
probably,  be  turned  out  of  the  workshops  at 
a  slightly  lower  cost.  Maintaining  the  deptli 
constant,  as  in  fig.  1,  it  will  be  seen  that  A, 
the  area  of  the  flange  at  any  point,  varies 
simply  as  X'.  In  practice  it  would  be  impos- 
sible to  make  the  sectional  area  follow  the 
variations  of  the  strains  too  closely,  so  that 
there  must  be  some  loss  of  metal  in  a  canti- 
lever where  the  depth  is  constant.  The  ques- 
tion of  the  form  or  shape  given  to  cantilevers 
depends  also,  in  a  great  measure,  upon  the 
materials  of  which  they  are  constructed.  Neg- 
lecting the  case  of  timber  as  scarcely  suitable, 
upon  a  large  scale,  to  the  modern  requirements 
of  architecture  and  engineering,  we  may  con- 
sider the  choice  to  lie  between  cast  and 
wrought  iron,  and  may  assume  that,  where  the 
former  material  is  employed,  the  form  given  to 
the  cantilever  will  possess  a  uniform  section, 
so  far  as  mere  thickness  of  metal  is  concerned, 
but  have  a  varying  depth.  Before  treating 
in  detail  of  cantilevers  of  wrought  iron,  we 
shall  investigate  the  conditions  attending  those 
constructed  of  the  older,  though  less  reliable, 
material  under  certain  circumstances.  At  the 
same  time  we  are  far  from  agreeing  with  the 
general  opinion  entertained,  and  in  the  almost 
universal  condemnation  bestowed  upon  cast 
iron  since  the  introduction  of  its  more  elastic 
rival.  Anyone  who  regards  for  a  moment  the 
number  of  cast-iron  bridges  erected  over  our 
thoroughfares  by  the  earlier  railway  com- 
panies must  be  aware  that,  when  the  construc- 
tions are  skilfully  designed  and  properly  pro- 
portioned, there  is  not  the  slightest  fear  of 
their  failing.  The  truth  of  the  matter  is  that 
the  present  distrust  manifested  by  most  en- 
gineers and  architects  with  respect  to  cast  iron 
is  based  upon  the  failures  which  have  unde- 
niably attended  the  employment  of  that  ma- 
terial in  large  and  important  structures.  But 
with  the  amount  of  prejudice  and  unfairness 
usually  displayed  upon  such  occasions,  they 
seldom  inquire  whether  those  failures  were 
the  result  of  weakness  and  unsoundness  in 
the  material  itself,  or  rather  due  to  the  want 
of  skill  and  judgment  in  those  who  subjected 
it  to  the  strains  and  conditions  for  which  it 
waa  not  adapted.      Many  of  the  failures  were 


undoubtedly  due  to  one  and  sometimes  to 
both  causes.  Cast  iron,  by  the  early  railway 
engineers,  was,  most  unadvisedlv,  placed  in 
positions  and  submitted  to  strains  which,  by 
its  nature,  it  was  not  calculated  to  adequately 
withstand,  and  for  which  it  was  much  too 
weakly  proportioned,  owing  to  the  ignorance, 
in  those  times,  of  the  strains  acting  upon  large 
structures,  and  of  the  proper  amount  of  sec- 
tional area  to  be  given  to  them  at  the  different 
points.  Cantilevers  of  cast  iron  are  usually, 
for  the  sake  of  ajipearance,  constructed  with 
the  under  side  of  a  curvilinear  or  parabolic 
form,  as  represented  in  fig.  ;5.     It  is  evident 

Fi'i.  3.  Fio.  4. 


that  it  is  a  very  simple  affair  to  cast  a  beam  of 
that  shape,  supposing  the  thickness  of  the 
metal  to  be  constant.  Practically,  there  are 
many  objections  to  making  any  groat  difference 
in  the  thickness  of  the  same  piece  of  casting, 
owing  to  the  varying  rate  of  cooling,  and  the 
chance  of  a  sudden  brittleness  occurring  at 
any  particular  point. 

From  what  we  stated  with  respect  to  the 
employment  of  cast  iron,  it  must  not  be  pre- 
simied  that  we  advocate  its  use  indiscrimi- 
nately. On  the  contrary,  there  are  certain 
positions  in  which  it  would  be  most  injudi- 
cious to  employ  it,  especially  where  a  heavy 
rolling  load,  in  comparison  to  the  weight  of 
the  structure  itself,  was  to  be  provided  for. 
At  the  same  time,  it  is  equally  incorrect  to 
place  an  expensive  and  awkwardly-designed 
wrought-iron  beam  in  a  situation  wherein,  if 
upon  no  other  score  than  Lfiat  of  economy,  a 
plain,  cheap  cast-iron  girder  would  answer  the 
purpose  equally  well.  Similarly  to  all  beams 
supporting  a  load,  there  are  two  principal  con- 
ditions attending  the  loading  of  a  cantilever. 
The  load  is  generally  either  at  the  extremity 
(as  in  a  crane,  for  example),  or  uniformly  dis- 
tributed over  it,  as  when  it  supports  a  balcony 
or  gallery.  It  has  already  been  shown  that 
when  the  depth  of  a  cantilever  is  uniform, 
and  the  weight  placed  at  the  end,  the  expres- 

W  X  ^ 

sion  for  the  strain  at  any  point  is  S  ^  • , 

where  a'  is  the  distance  from  the  free  end  to 
the  point,  W  the  weight,  and  D  the  depth  of 
the  girder.     The  value  of  S,  therefore,  varies 

inversely  as  D,  or,  S  =  -^r  •      Consequently, 

if  we  vary  the  depth,  and  cause  it  to  increase 
in  proportion  to  the  strain,  which  attains  its 
maximum  at  the  point  of  support,  the  strains 
upon  the  flanges  will  be  uniform  throughout 
the  whole  length  of  the  cantilever.  Whether 
a  cast-iron  cantilever  be  subjected  to  a  uni- 
formly distributed  load,  or  one  place  at  its 
free  extremity,  it  is  usually,  in  both  instances, 
made  of  the  form  shown  in  fig.  3.  Strictly 
speaking,  this  form  is  suited,  as  will  be  ex- 
plained hereafter,  only  to  the  case  of  a  load 
uniformly  distributed,  and  not  to  that  which 
we  are  now  considering.  In  this  instance, 
where  the  weight  is  either  placed  upon  or  sus- 
pended from  one  end,  as  represented  in  fig.  4, 
the  proper  form  for  the  cantilever  to  ensure 
an  imiformity  of  strain  in  the  flanges  is  that 
in  which  the  depth  regularly  increases  from 
the  free  end  to  the  fixed  one.  Having,  there- 
fore, determined  the  greatest  strain,  by  the 

W  X  L 
equation  S  =  — r- —  ,  where  L  is  the  length 

of  the  cantilever,  and  D  the  neatest  depth, 
or  that  at  the  supported  end  of  the  beam,  all 
that  remains  is  to  draw  a  line  C  B  to  the  free 
extremity,   and  the   geometrical    outline   is 


780 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


November  8,  1867. 


obtaiufcd.  Theoretically  speaking,  the  strain 
upon  the  lower  or  incUned  flange  B  C,  in  fig.  4, 
•will  be  slightly  in  excess  of  that  upon  the 
upper  or  straight  one  AB,  but  in  practice  this 
ditl'erence  may  be  disregarded.  The  ratio  or 
difference  between  the  strains  is  in  proportion 
to  the  respective  horizontal  lengths  of  the 
flanges,  and  it  is  manifest  that  this  is  very 
slight.  In  proportioning  the  area  of  the 
flanges,  due  regard  must  be  had  to  the  dif- 
ferent strength  of  cast  iron  in  resisting  a  ten- 
sile and  compressive  strain,  which  is  about  six 
to  one.  In  our  next,  we  shall  investigate  the 
conditions  of  a  load  uniformly  distributed 
over  a  cantilever,  and  point  how  they  afl'ect 
the  strains  and  proportions  of  the  several 
parts. 

THE    BUILDERS'    BENEVOLENT 
INSTITUTION. 

THE  twentieth  anniversary  festival  in  aid  of  the 
funds  of  the  above  Institution  was  celebrated 
on  Thursday  evening,  31st  ult.,  at  Willis's  Rooms, 
King-street,  St.  James's.  W.  R.  Rogers,  Esq , 
president  of  the  Institution,  officiated  as  chair- 
man, and  about  200  gentlemen  were  present. 
After  the  loyal  toasts  were  drank,  the  chairman 
proposed  "  Prosperity  to  the  Builders'  Benevolent 
Institution."  He  said  that  most  of  those  present 
were  aware  that  the  Institution  had  been  esta- 
blished more  than  twenty  years,  for  the  purpose 
of  giving  relief  and  granting  pensions  to  unfor- 
tunate members  of  every  branch  of  the  building 
trade,  as  also  to  their  widows,  and  during  that 
period  a  vast  amount  of  good  had  been  done, 
owing  to  the  very  great  judgment  exercised  in  con- 
ducting and  managing  the  affairs  generally.  The 
desire  stUl  was  to  increase  the  Society's  sphere  of 
usefulness  by  increasing  the  number  of  pensioners. 
He  found  that  they  had  put  by  sums   of  money 

every   year  which   were   invested  in   the   pubUc  I  .    ,  ,     n-i  om 

funds,  and  he  had  no  doubt,  when  he  had  ad-  \  '"""^^'ited  to  £1,321 
dressed  them,  there  would  be  a  good  deal  more. 
He  found  that  they  had  in  stock  £13,000 ;  then 
there  was  the  interest  to  be  added  to  that  amount, 
and  also  the  new  donations  and  subscriptions, 
which,  without  going  into  details,  he  might  say 
that  they  would  be  considerably  over  £1,000. 
The  £13,000  mentioned  was  not  of  itself  entirely 
for  the  pension  fund,  for  out  of  that  sum  £2,900 
had  to  be  set  apart  for  a  special  fund  for  building 
purposes.  He  would  not,  however,  go  further 
into  that  question,  but  call  the  attention  of  the 
gentlemen  present  to  the  number  of  pensioners 
then  upon  their  books,  namely,  45,  and  he  would 
also  say  that  at  each  election  several  of  the  candi- 
dates who  were  unsuccessful  had  to  wait  for  a 
second,  third,  or  even  a  fourth  time.  And  then, 
again,   in   order    that  the   candidates   might   be 

eligible  to  the  rules,  they  must  be  6.5  years  of  age. 

That  was  not  what  the  builders  of  London  would 

be  content  with.   No  person,  according  to  the  rules 

of  the  Institution,  could  be  eligible  to  the  benefits 

until  they  reached  the  age  of  65,  and  then,  having 

been  elected,  their  enjoyment  of  the  pension  could 

only  last  for  a  few  years,  say,  as  he  understood  was 

about  the  average,  ten  years.     He  wished  to  alter 

this,  and  for  the  purpose  more  funds  were  required ; 

that   was  the   way   it   was  to  be  remedied.     He 

was    of    opinion  that   they    should    receive  the 

benefits  of  the  Institution  before  they  reached  so 

advanced  a  period  of  life.      He    would   make   GO 

instead  of  65.     He   was   very   glad  to   find  such 

sympathy    among   them.        The   question   then 

was,  how  it  could  be  done  ?     There  was  only  one 

way.  There  were  1,300  builders  in  the  metro- 
polis, besides  a  va.st  number  of  other  persons  con- 
nected with  the  different   branches  of  the  trade, 

from  many  of  whom  who  were   prosperous  and 

wealthy,  an  annual  subscription  had  not  been  ob- 
tained.     If  they  were  to  subscribe,  the   funds  of 

the   Builders'    Benevolent    Institution  would  be 

greatly   enhanced,   and  the  desired  aim  could  be 

attained.     When  he  (the  chairman)  became  their 

president,   his  first   effort  was   to   endeavour  to 

raise  the  funds  of  the  Institution.     He   could  see 

that    those    subscribers    who    gave  one   guinea, 

might  give  two,   or   even   three  guinea.^,  even  if 

they  made  a  slight  sacrifice,  for,  really,  it  was  no 

charity  to  give  away  that  which  they  did  not  want 

themselves.  If  they  had  any  doubt  as  to  whether 
it  should  be  two,  three,  or  five  guineas,  all  he 
could  say  would  be  "give  the  Institution  the 
benefit  of  the  doubt."  He  called  their  attention 
to  the  vicissitudes  by  which  their  trade  was  sur- 
rounded. Any  master  builder  might  be  taken  by 
misfortune,  through  no  fault  of  his  own,  and  be- 


come so  reduced  that  he  might  be  necessitated  to 
seek  reUef   from   that   Institution,   and  he  men 
tioned  that  for  the  purpose  of  showing  how  need- 
ful it    was    that  they  should  look  after  their  un- 
fortunate  brethren.      A  very  distinguished  archi- 
tect  upon  whom    he  (the    chairman)  had  called, 
gave  a  good   subscription,   but  he  was  surprised 
that  the   builders   were  not   able   to  help  them- 
selves.    He  (the  chairman),   since  he  had  become 
connected  with  them,  had  felt  a  great  interest  in 
the  Institution,  and   had  collected  a  considerable 
sum.       He   would    tell    them    what    that    sum 
amounted  to— it  was  £1,000.      He  had  done  that 
with  a  motive.       He   thought  the  building  trade 
should   have    ample    funds   to    relieve   their   dis- 
tressed  brethren.       He   wanted  to  increase    the 
number  of   pensioners,  and  he  wanted  to  increase 
the  amount  given.      At  present,  they  gave  £24 
to  the  men  and  £20  to  the  women  per  annum  ; 
but   how  much  more  satisfactory  it  would  be  if 
they   could   give  them   £30   and   £25.     He  was 
quite  content  to  believe   that  ample  funds  could 
be   obtained  for  such  purpose,  for  there  was  no 
want  of  sympathy.      The  want  was — more  funds, 
more   subscriptions,  to  make  the  declining  years 
of  their  unfortunate  brethren  happier ;  and  to  ob 
tain  such   result   he  suggested    that    each  well 
wisher  of  the  Institution   should   call  upon   his 
friends  and  obtain  their  subscriptions,  for  means 
they  required,    and  he  was  sui'e  that  if  sought  fur 
the  efforts  would  be  crowned  with   success.     He 
had  obtained  ten  subscriptions  of    £100  each,  and 
he  was  sure  that  if   applications  were  made,  that 
such  examples  as  those   he  had  just   mentioned 
would  be   followed.      They  would   give    a    sub 
scription,  they  would  give  something  in   propor- 
tion, so  that  their  own  Institution  should  be  first 
supported  before  going  to  another. 

Other  toaats  were  drank  and  spoken  to  by  Mr. 
Geo.  Plucknett,  Mr,  Thos.  Cozans,  Mr.  Ben 
Hannen,  the  late  President,  and  Mr.  A.  O.  Har 
ris,  honorary  secretary,  who  announced  that  the 
don.ations   and   subscriptions  up  to  that  evening 


ROYAL  INSTITUTE  OP  BRITISH 
ARCHITECTS. 


THE  first  ordinary  general  meeting   of   the  in- 
stitute was  held  on  Monday  evening  at  the 
society's  rooms.  Conduit-street.      The   chair  was 
taken  by  Mr.  C.  Barry,  in  the  absence  of  the   pre- 
sident,  who   was   suffering    from     indisposition 
Amongst  the  deaths  of  associates  which  had  taken 
place  during  the  past  year  was   that  of   Professor 
Faraday,   respecting  whom   a  short  memoir   was 
read  by  Mr.  Seddon,  one   of   the  honorary  secie- 
taries.  The  next  business  was  the  proposal  of  new 
members,  of  whom  three,   proposed  by   Professor 
Donaldson,  were  distinguished  architects  of  Vienna 
— namely,  the   Chevaliers   Ferstel   and  Schmidt, 
and  M.  Carl  Hasenaur.     The   mover   stated   that 
he  had  seen  the  drawings   of  those  gentlemen   at 
the  Paris  Exhibition,  and  had  been    struck   with 
their  science,  thorough  acquaintance  with  the  sub- 
ject, and  artistic  execution.    Especially  had  he  ad- 
mired the  design  of  M.  Carl  Hasenaur  for  the  res- 
toration of  the    cathedral  at  Florence.      Mr.  God- 
win seconded  the  motion,  and  the  gentlemen  above- 
named  were  elected  by  acclamation.     Mr.  Donald- 
son next  announced  an  intended  CNpansion  of   the 
library,  and  read  a  letter  from  Mr.  Beresf  ord  Hope, 
dated  Cannes,  in  which  that  gentleman  expressed  a 
hope  that  he  should  be  shortly  restored  to   health, 
and  offered  a  donation  to  the  library  of  £100.    Mr. 
Godwin  announced  that  Sir  John   Lawrence,   the 
Governor-General  of  India,  had   taken   steps    for 
the  preservation  of  the  architectural  remains  of  that 
country,  and  Mr.  Donaldson  expressed  a  hope  that 
some  one  would  take  a  similar  step  with  regard  to 
the  architectural  antiquities  of  England.     He  had 
recently  visited  the  castles  of  Conway,  Beaumaris, 
and  Harlech,  and  had  found  them  all  in  a  perfectly 
ruinous  condition.     Struck  with  the  circumstance, 
he,    Mr.   Donaldson,   had  corresponded  with  the 
Government,  and  had  been   informed   that   Con- 
way and  Beaumaris  were  in  private  hands,  but  that 
Harlech  was  still  Government  property,  and  should 
be  looked  after.       In  consequence  of  the  informa- 
tion he  had  thus  obtained  it  was  his  intention  to  get 
Mr.  B.  Hope  and  Mr.  Tite  to  move  in  the  House 
of   Commons  for  returns   respecting  those   three 
ancient  historical  castles,   so   as   that  the  public 
might  know  how  it  was   that  they  were   allowed 
to  fall  to  ruin.     Mr.  Godwin  then  read  a  memoir 
of  the  late  associate,  Mr.  Fowler,  which  had  been 
compiled  by  Professor  Donaldson,  and  shortly  after- 
wards the  proceedings  terminated. 


THE  CATHEDRAL  OF  'WORMS. 

ONLY  a  few  years  ago  the  beautiful  and  hia-  ' 
torical  Cathedral  of  Worms  threatened  to 
become  a  mass  of  mine.  But  as  the  falling  east 
end  of  Ely  was  onoe  screwed  and  pushed  back 
into  its  place  by  machinery  designed  by  a  village 
carpenter,  so  at  Worms  the  structure  has  been 
once  more  firmly  compacted  and  all  its  parts  re- 
united by  means  as  ingenious  as  they  are  cheap. 
Worms  has  thus  preserved  the  only  monument  of 
its  former  greatness.  As  a  city,  it  is  now  one  of 
the  most  insignificant  in  Germany ;  but  in  his- 
torical recollections  it  is  one  of  the  richest. 
Charlemagne  singled  it  out  as  his  chief  residence, 
and  under  him  it  became  the  most  important  of 
German  cities  and  the  centre  of  the  Empire. 
When  the  palace  was  burned  in  the  winter  of  796, 
Worms  lost  the  honour  of  being  the  Imperial  re- 
sidence,  and  the  new  palace  built  at  Frankfort 
was  in  a  manner  the  origin  of  that  city.  At  that 
time  the  Cathedral  of  Worms  was  merely  a 
wooden  building.  In  872  it  was  fired  and  com- 
pletely destroyed  by  hghtning.  In  996,  eighteen 
years  after  the  foundation  of  the  Cathedral  of 
Mentz,  Archbishop  Burkhard  began  to  rebuild 
that  of  Worms  In  stone.  The  unfinished  stnic 
ture  was  consecrated  and  dedicated  to  St.  Peter, 
in  the  presence  of  the  Emperor  Henry  II.,  in 
1016.  Bishop  Eppo  (1105)  continued  the  bvuld- 
ing,  which  was  completed  by  Bishop  Conrad  in 
1181,  when  it  was  again  consecrated  in  the  pre- 
sence  of  the  Emperor  Frederick  I.  The  main 
parts  of  the  existing  cathedral  belong  to  the 
twelfth  century,  except  the  vaulting  and  the 
western  choir,  which  belong  to  the  thirteenth, 
and  the  upper  part  of  one  of  the  towers,  which 
dates  from  1474. 

The  importance  of  Worms  culminated  in  the 
early  part  of  the  sixteenth  century.  In  1521,  the 
date  of  the  Diet  at  which  Luther  appeared,  it  con- 
tained 80,000  inhabitants,  100  strong  towers,  and 
10,000  men  capable  of  bearing  arms.  No  town 
suffered  more  severely  from  the  schism  and  war 
which  that  Diet  announced.  During  the  storm, 
the  Cathedral  of  Worms  had  sufi'ered  much,  but 
its  walls  were  still  erect.  After  the  peaceof 
1648  and  the  reconciliation  of  the  contending 
parties,  the  restoration  of  the  cathedral  was  one 
of  the  first  works  to  be  done.  But  a  new  evil 
swooped  down  on  the  land.  In  spite  of  the  truce 
concluded  at  Nimeguen  for  twenty  years,  the 
French  armies  entered  the  Palatinate,  and,  it  is 
said,  reduced  some  1,200  towns  and  villages  to 
ashes.  Worms  was  among  them.  The  Bishop, 
John  Charles  von  Frankenstein,  then  eighty  yeara 
old,  had  to  be  carried  out  of  his  burning  palace. 
The  citizens  had  been  assured  that  the  cathedral 
should  be  respected.  Thither,  therefore,  they  fled 
with  their  valuables,  but  only  to  afford  to  the 
enemy  a  more  compendious  opportunity  for 
plunder.  Everything  was  rifled  and  destroyed. 
The  very  tombs  were  broken  open,  the  monu- 
ments mutilated,  the  walls  of  the  cathedral  mined, 
and  a  train  laid  to  blow  it  up.  But  the  cata- 
strophe  was  averted  by  the  news  of  the  arrival  of 
German  troops.  In  the  desert  to  which  thfl 
Palatinate  had  been  reduced,  the  Cathedral  of 
Worms  was  one  of  the  few  monuments  still  un- 
changed ;  and  it  yet  remains  a  matchless  example 
of  pure  and  harmonious  Romanesque  architecture. 
After  the  peace  of  1697  the  inhabitants  of  Worma 
returned  to  rebuild  their  town,  and  to  restore 
then-  cathedral.  The  Bishops,  Francis  Lewis, 
afterwards  Elector  of  Mentz,  and  Charlaa 
Frederick,  put  it  into  a  complete  state  of  repair. 
But  the  French  Revolution  once  more  gave  it 
over  to  profane  purposes.  Afterwards  the  general 
impoverishment  of  the  country,  and  the  insigni- 
ficance into  which  Worms  had  fallen,  were  such 
that  it  was  difficult  to  collect  money  enough  to 
restore  it  to  Diviue  worship.  But  in  1860  a  plan 
was  devised  by  which,  with  incredibly  small  er- 
pense,  the  walls  were  riveted  and  bolted  with  iron 
ties,  and  completely  soUdified,  and  the  half 
ruinous  roofs  of  the  nave  and  eastern  apse  re- 
moved and  restored. 

Worms  Cathedral  is  a  structure  of  much  the 
same  character  as  that  of  Mentz.  Its  architecture 
is  commonly  called  Lombard,  for  the  Lombards 
in  the  sixth  century  first  introduced  into  Ger- 
many the  Romanesque  architecture,  which  had 
been  formed  upon  Roman  models  and  developed 
in  Lombardy.  Its  ground  plan  is  essentially  the 
same  as  that  of  Mentz.  Its  nave  is  divided  from 
its  aisles  by  piers  and  arches  of  the  same  solid 
kind,  though  its  aisles  are  proportionately  much 
lower  than  those  of  Mentz.  Both  churches  have 
their  east  and  west  choirs,  two  cupolas,  and  four 
towers.  Worms,  however,  is  smaller  than  Menta, 
and,  being  without  the  grand  central  tower,  pro- 


November  8,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


781 


duces  far  less  eflfect.  But  with  its  superior  pro- 
portions, with  the  rich  arcades  of  its  eastern 
facade,  its  western  choir,  its  two  cupolas,  and  its 
western  towers,  it  must  be  pronounced  to  be  the 
purer  and  completer  example  of  the  style.  Its 
east  end  is  pecuhar.  Instead  of  the  ordinary  apse, 
it  has  a  rectilinear  fajade  pierced  with  three  large 
round  headed  windows,  over  which  is  a  covered 
gallery  with  eight  columns,  standing  on  grotesque 
figures,  which  grin  over  the  architrave.  The 
pentagoual  western  choir  appears  deficient  in 
harmony,  owing  to  the  arbitrary  manner  in  which 
its  wheel-windows  are  disposed.  The  tone  of  the 
building  is  massive  and  simple.  But  the  capitals 
of  the  columns  in  the  arcades,  in  the  north  porch, 
and  especially  those  under  the  cornice  of  the  nave, 
are  executed  with  great  delicacy,  and  exemplify 
the  last  and  most  perfect  stage  in  the  development 
of  Romanesque  ornamentation.  Carvings  of  this 
kind  are  generally  executed  in  situ.  For  this 
reason  we  find  some  of  the  capitals  left  in  the 
state  of  rough  square  blocks,  while  those  which 
are  finished  were  executed  at  ditlerent  periods-— a 
fact  which  has  misled  many  critics,  who  have  for- 
gotten that  the  date  and  style  of  a  building  can 
only  be  determined  with  certainty  by  its  general 
structure,  and  not  by  an  accidental  ornament  or 
moulding.  The  two  western  towers  have  beautiful 
arcades  which  give  a  rich  effect  to  the  whole 
building.  In  Worms,  as  in  Mentz,  the  side  walls 
of  the  nave  were  broken  through  in  the  four  teenth 
century,  in  order  to  add  chapels.  Here,  however, 
there  are  only  three,  one  on  the  north  and  two  on 
the  so-ath  side.  These  chapels,  with  the  bap- 
tistery and  so  much  of  the  cloisters  as  the  French 
left  standing  in  1793,  are  Gothic.  The  south 
portal  is  a  grand  example  of  this  style,  and  in  its 
stone  pictures  the  chief  events  of  the  Old  and 
New  Testaments  are  represented.  Among  the 
figures  is  one  which  was  once  a  favourite  type, 
the  best  specimen  of  which  is  to  be  seen  at  Basel. 
It  represents  Sin,  in  the  form  of  a  smiling  woman 
decently  dressed  in  front,  but  behind  exposing 
her  naked  limbs  to  be  gnawed  by  serpents  and 
horrible  worms.  Over  the  entrance  is  Christ 
crowning  the  Virgin,  with  St.  Peter  and  St.  Burk- 
hard  on  either  side.  In  the  gable  of  the  portal 
the  triumph  of  Religion  is  typified  by  a  crowned 
woman  riding  on  a  beast  with  the  four  heads  of 
the  symbols  of  the  four  Evangelists.  This  por- 
tal, with  its  clumsy  and  plebeian  conceptions, 
seems  to  exhibit  the  commencement  of  the  de- 
terioration of  allegorical  symbolism. 

The  interior,  like  that  of  Mentz,  is  harmonious 
in  style ;  but  at  Worms  the  proportions  of  the 
various  linear  dimensions  are  finer.  We  know  of 
no  church  where  the  happy  mean  has  been  S9 
successfully  touched.  The  monuments  were  all 
destroyed  by  the  French  in  1688.  The  only  one 
now  in  the  cathedral  was  brought  later  from  a 
neighbouring  convent.  It  is  said  to  represent 
three  Frankish  princesses  martyred  by  the  Huns. 
It  is  of  the  thirteenth  century,  and  valuable  as  a 
work  of  art.  Since  the  happy  repair  of  the  walls 
in  1860,  the  restorers  have  proceeded  to  decorate 
the  interior.  Two  vaults,  that  of  the  eastern 
choir  and  that  of  the  south  transept,  have  already 
been  painted.  As  in  Mentz  the  effect  is  spoiled 
by  the  dark  blue  of  the  ground,  so  here  it  is 
equally  injured  by  the  light  grey,  while  the 
narrow  marginal  gold  stripes  look  very  poor  and 
modern.  An  unworthy  deception,  quite  contrary 
to  the  spirit  of  the  architecture,  though  it  may  be 
defended  by  the  examples  of  Cimabue  and  Giotto 
at  Assisi,  has  been  attempted,  by  painting  the 
plain  vaulting  ribs  so  as  to  look  as  if  they  were 
covered  with  ornaments  chiselled  iu  stone. 
Models  of  good  ornaments  of  every  stage  and  era 
of  art  are  to  be  found ;  and  judicious  selection  is 
better  than  originality  when  the  problem  is  to 
decorate  a  noble  and  historical  edifice  in  accord- 
ance   with    its  style    and    general    spirit. — The 

Chronicle. 

♦ 

CHEQUER- ALLEY. 

IT  would  be  difficult  to  find  a  more  uninviting 
neighbourhood,  even  in  London,  than  the 
labyrinth  of  courts  at  the  back  of  Buuhill  Fields. 
They  seem  to  combine  in  themselves  every  un- 
healthiness  and  inconvenience  which  bad  building 
and  bad  planning,  or,  rather,  the  absence  of  any 
plan,  can  secure.  They  are  dirty,  dark,  and 
gloomy.  Efery  provision  of  the  Building  Act 
seems  to  have  been  set  aside  in  their  construe 
tion  ;  and  worst  of  all,  every  bad  principle  which 
we  can  trace  in  the  wretched  tenements  which 
compose  them,  seems  reflected  in  the  squalid  in- 
habitants. They  look  haggard  and  anxious,  not 
exactly  sickly,  but  of  a  low  tone  of  constitution. 


VARIOUS  FORMS  OF  SAW  TEETH. 
2-  S 


tBiiiiiuii      ]»    I    mc 


6  -I 


r    7 'lima.      ~Zii mull       lllllll    I  IMM      I     '^UU         I     W~~giiiiHH     M» ISlB!!! 

9  10 


C^pil 


All  robustness  seems  to  have  left  them.  The 
police,  it  is  to  be  feared,  could  tell  a  sad  story  of 
the  lowness  of  the  moral  tone  of  these  byways.  A 
short  time  since,  two  wooden  cottages,  a  cow- 
shed, and  a  pig-stye,  occupying  together  the 
angle  where  Chequer-alley  and  Pump-alley — two 
of  the  principal  thoroughfares  in  this  quarter — 
cross  each  other,  were  bought,  with  the  land  OQ 
which  they  stood,  by  a  body  of  trustees.  Ou  this 
site  a  Wesleyau  chapel,  capable  of  seating  200 
persons,  has  just  been  erected.  In  connection 
with  this  chapel  are  school-i,  and  a  house  for  the 
porter.  The  cost  of  these  buildings  amounted  to 
£1,500.  Mr.  G.  Hoole,  of  Craven  street,  was  the 
architect.  Stock  brick  and  Bath  stone  were  the 
materials  employed.  The  design  is  of  the  plainest 
and  most  unpretentious  character ;  for  in  a 
thoroughfare  only  Oft,  in  width,  not  a  gi'eat  deal 
of  the  enclosing  structures  can  be  seen  at  a  time, 
and  architectural  effect  is  impossiole.  Pro- 
cautions  were  taken  to  insure  thorough  ventilation, 
and  at  the  same  time  to  exclude  external  noises, 
which  last  are  rather  prevalent  in  these  parts,  as 
may  be  supposed.  Both  schools  and  chapels  are 
opened,  and  the  trustees  have  the  satisfaction  of 
seeing  them  filled  with  the  inhabitants  of  the 
miserable  dens  which  surround  them.  The  E.irl 
of  Shaftesbury  laid  the  first  stone.  Mr.  Hobson, 
of  the  Adelphi,  was  the  builder. 


M 


VARIOUS  FORMS  OF  SAW  TEETH. 
R.   S.    W.   WORSSAM,    jun.,    King's-road, 


^ Chelsea,    gave,  a  few  nights  since,  an  in 

teresting  and  instructive  paper  on  mechanical 
saws.  After  glancing  at  the  history  of  the  saw, 
he  gave  the  following   iuformation  on   saw   teeth. 

The  subjoined  technical  terms,  said  he,  are  those 
generally  employed  by  the  saw  maker  in  spacing 
out  the  teeth,  and  are  required  to  be  known  to 
fully  appreciate  the  remarks  on  this  branch  of  the 
subject: — 1.  The  space  is  the  distance  from  tooth 
to  tooth,  measured  at  the  points.  When  this  in- 
terval is  exceedingly  small,  as  in  the  rip,  panel, 
tenon-saw,  &c  ,  the  saws  are  said  to  have  so  many 
points  to  the  inch.  2.  The  pitch  is  the  inelina- 
nation  of  the  face  of  the  tooth  up  which  the 
shaving  ascends,  and  not  the  interval  from  tooth 
to  tooth,  as  iu  wheels,  &c.  3.  The  set  of  the  saw 
signifies  that  the  teeth  are  slightly  bent  to  the 
right  and  left  alternately  through  the  agency  of  a 
saw  set,  or  are  upset  successively  by  the  hammer 
or  crotch-punch,  iu  order  that  they  may  cut  a 
groove  so  much  wider  than  the  blade  as  to  lessen 
its  friction  and  allow  it  to  work  freely  through  the 
kerf  made  by  itself.  Some  saws,  such  as  hack- 
saws for  metal,  and  those  for  ivory,  &c.,  are  usually 
made  taper  from  the  tooth  to  the  back  edge,  so  as 
to  clear  themselves  without  setting,  as  this  would 
be  a  very  tedious  process  with  saws  having  perhaps 
fifty  points  to  the  inch. 

The  rules  for  regulating  the  forms  of  saw- teeth 
must  necessarily  be  arbitrary,  as  much  depends 
upon  the  nature  and  quality  of  the  wood,  and  the 
direction  in  which  it  has  to  be  sawn.  In  cross- 
cutting,  the  object  is  to  sever  every  hbre  or  thread, 
and  as  the  material  in  this  direction  is  .almost  non- 
elastic  or  unyieMing,  teeth  of  an  acute  and  nearly 
lancet  shape  must  be  employed,  so  that,  acting 
like  a  series  of  knives  iu  rapid  motion,  they  cut 
the  threads  asunder  rapidly  and  sweetly,  the  saw- 
dust produced  having  a  fiue  granular  appearance. 


r—irrr-lmmir-i — nr]SlllriBr:l!ia  »T-J 

On  the  other  hand,  in  ripping  or  cutting  with  the 
grain,  the  desideratum  is  to  separate  the  texture, 
as  it  we- e;  and  as  iu  so  doing  the  teeth  do  not 
meet  with  so  much  resistance  and  re.-iilience 
from  the  filaments  as  in  cross  cutting,  they  may 
be  made  much  larger  and  coarser,  thereby  produc- 
ing small  shavings  or  chips,  rather  than  sawdust. 
The  nature  and  qua  ity  of  the  material  to  be  sawn 
has  considerable  bearing  ou  the  figuration  of  the 
teeth,  which,  following  the  general  law  of  cutting 
tools,  and  agreeably  to  common  usage,  have  to  be 
more  obtuse  or  acute  according  to  the  disposition 
of  the  substances  opposed  to  them.  Soft  and 
pliable  woods,  such  as  pine,  willow,  alder,  limes, 
&c.,  permit  the  service  of  large  teeth  with  acute 
points  and  considerable  pitch,  whereas  hard  woods, 
or  those  of  a  tougher  and  denser  consistency,^  aa 
oak,  mahogany,  rosewood,  &c.,  compel  the  adoption 
of  teeth  of  perpendicular  pitch  and  diminished 
space.  Certain  woods,  for  instance,  yellow  deal, 
pitch  pine,  larch,  &c.,  are  of  so  gummy  and  re- 
sinous a  character,  that  the  teeth  require  not  only 
more  set,  but  the  blades  themselves  have  to  be 
smeared  with  oleaginous  matter,  to  keep  them 
cool  and  decrease  the  friction  arising  from  the  ad- 
herence of  the  resiu  during  motion  Similar  re- 
sults are  experienced  in  working  soft  woods  ;  the 
teeth  become  choked  by  the  damp  conso.idated 
sawdust,  and  obstinately  refuse  to  perform  their 
duty  without  extra  force  and  persuasive  appU- 
cation.  j  c   -i 

The  diagrams  are  not  drawn  to  any  definite 
scale,  being  merely  to  illustrate  the  form,  and  not 
the  dimensions  of  the  teeth,  which  vary  consi- 
derably with  the  material  to  be  operated  upon, 
some  being  finer  and  others  coarser,  according  to 
circumstances.  The  faces,  backs,  or  to,  s  of  the 
teeth  are  expressed  in  angular  degrees,  measured 
from  the  line  running  through  the  p  jints  of  the 
teeth  or  cutting  edge  of  the  saw.  The  angle  c.f 
the  point  itself  is  found  by  subtracting  the  augle 
of  the  back  from  that  of  the  face  of  the  tooth,  or 
the  less  from  the  greater  of  the  first  two  numbers. 
The  varieties  of  teeth,  as  above  illustrated,  are 
employed  for  cross-cutting,  and  formed  so  as  to 
cut  in  both  directions,  the  angles  of  the  faces  and 
backs  being  analogous.  Figs.  1  and  2  represent  the 
iVt-teeth,  so  named  from  their  resemblance  to  that 
letter.  They  are  rarely  employed,  .as  the  work 
produced  is  not  commensurate  with  the  expense  of 
sharpening,  &o.  Fig.  3.— The  halt-moon  or 
crenate  teeth  are  adopted  in  South  America  for 
cross-cutting  green  timber  after  it  has  been  felled 
and  bear  some  resemblance  to  our  pruning  and 
grafting  saws.  Figs.  4  and  5.— This  saw  is  an 
importation  from  the  United  States,  where  it  ap- 
pears to  be  warmly  advocated,  notwithstandmg 
the  expense  of  keeping  it  in  order.  The  two 
knives  or  fleams  a  penetrate  the  wood,  and  are 
foUowed  by  the  hook  or  chisel  b,  which,  after  pro- 
ducing small  chips  or  shavings,  carries  them  along 
and  discharges  them  below  the  timber.  The  action 
bears  some  resemblance  to  a  carpenter's  dado- 
plane,  only  it  cuts  in  both  directions.  This  saw 
is  said  to  work  with  freedom  and  smoothness,  and 
is  superseding  the  old  kind  in  localities  where  it 
has  been  introduced.  The  cutting  chisels  a  are 
first  filed  up  square,  and  the  hooks  or  scraping 
tools  are  left  nearly  a  sixteenth  of  an  inch  shorter, 
that  too  much  stuff  may  not  be  cut  out  at  once. 
After  the  cutters  a' id  hooks  have  been  made  to 
the  proper  lengths,  the  former  are  filed  extremely 
beviling,  30  as  to  bring  them  to  an  edge  only  at 


782 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


November   8,  1867. 


the  extreme  point  of  the  tooth.  Figs.  6  and  7 
iUustrate  the  fleam  or  lancet-tooth.  Saws  of  this 
order  are  commonly  reciprocated  by  ateam  power, 
the  depth  of  the  teeth  and  the  intervals  betwixt 
them  absorbing  more  force  than  can  be  reasonably 
obtained  from  manual  labour.  The  faces  of  the 
teeth  are  filed  with  a  double-edge  mill-saw  file, 
which  leaves  small  triangular  pieces  in  the  spaces  ; 
these  are  usually  filed  out ;  some  people,  however, 
leave  them  in  (see  fig.  7),  as  no  advantage  accrues 
frem  their  absence.  Figs.  8  and  U  show  the 
ordinary  dog  tooth  for  hand  cross-cuts.  The  teeth 
of  the  first  diagram,  fig.  8,  from  presenting  equal 
angles  on  each  side  are  said  to  be  of  upright  or 
perpendicular  pitch.  By  reason  of  the  simple 
angular  teeth  being  filed  with  the  two  sides  of  an 
equilateral-triangular  file,  the  points  assume  the 
same  angle  as  the  spaces,  or  60  deg.  The  teeth  of 
fig.  9  are  inclined  about  15  deg.  from  the  last,  and 
are  called  slight-pitch ;  they  are  in  requisition  for 
small  cross  cuts ;  joiners  and  ivory  cutlers  use 
them ;  the  latter  stretch  the  blade  in  an  iron 
frame  to  give  it  rigidity  and  tenseness.  Fig.  10. — 
This  diagram  is  taken  from  "  Holly's  Art  of  Saw- 
Fiiing,"  and  typifies  a  class  of  saw  known  by  the 
euphonious  and  expressive  title  of  the  "too 
common  saw ;  "  the  teeth  are  ranged  in  charming 
irregularity,  and  appear  to  be  only  dependent  on 
the  vagaries  of  the  operator. 


CHURCH   KESTORATION. 

WE  have  just  received  a  pamphlet  published 
by  Messrs.  Pawson  and  Brailsford,  of 
Sheflield,  on  Church  Restoration.  The  pamphlet 
consists,  chiefly,  of  articles  and  letters  which 
have  appeared  in  the  BuiLDiNQ  News  and 
"  Times."  It  is  dedicated  to  "  Northern  Vandals  " 
in  general,  and  to  Mr.  Rollinson,  of  Chesterfield, 
Mr.  Dykes,  of  Hull,  Mr.  Shaw,  of  Rotherham, 
Mr.  Teale,  of  Doncaster,  and  Mr.  Perkin,  of  Leeds, 
in  particular.  The  pamphlet  treats  of  the  re- 
storations of  Bolton-on-Deane,  Conistiro',  Peni- 
stoue,  Darfleld,  Dartou,  Rotherham,  and  Beighton 
Churches.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  much 
mischief  has  been  done,  and  that  it  is  now  too 
late  to  repair  it.  This,  however,  is  not  altogether 
the  case  with  Beighton  Church,  near  Sheiiield,  to 
which  we  called  attention  a  fortnight  siuce.  The 
following  extract  from  the  pamphlet  shows  that 
what  "  Tombstone "  then  said  was  not  exag- 
gerated : — 

"  Tombstone's  "  account  of  the  doings  at  Beigh- 
ton is  not  one  half  severe  enough.  If  Beighton 
Church  is  allowed  to  be  pulled  down,  it  will  be  a 
lasting  disgi-ace  to  all  concerned.  A  prettier  pic- 
ture than  it  makes  as  one  walks  up  from  the 
station  cannot  be  imagined.  The  new  church  is 
to  stand  on  precisely  the  same  site  as  the  old  one 
now  does,  so  the  excuse  of  want  of  room  cannot 
be  pleaded  here.  The  plan  is  the  same  as  "  Tomb- 
stone" states,  except  that  he  has  omitted  to  give 
a  beautiful  little  chautry,  communicating  with 
the  north  aisle,  and  opening  by  an  arch  into  the 
chancel.  This  chapel  would  have  stood  till 
doomsday.  All  the  reason  that  could  be  got  at 
for  its  destruction  w;is  "  twas'nt  int'  plans."  A 
few  hundred  pounds  would  easily  convert  this 
church  into  one  of  the  best  in  these  parts.  The 
nave  is  very  fine,  being  extraordinarily  broad  for 
the  length  of  the  church.  Accurate  drawings 
have  been  made,  so  that,  although  great  part,  or 
even,  the  whole,  may  be  destroyed,  they  will  be 
able  to  be  brought  forward  in  proof  of  these  state- 
ments, if  required.  It  will  hardly  be  credited, 
but  it  is  no  less  true,  that  the  architect,  Mr.  Rol- 
linson, of  Chesteifield,  has  reseri'ed  to  himself  the 
beautiful  oak  roof  carvings  !  Without  any  doubt, 
a  more  thoroughly  shameful  piece  of  work  than 
this  "restoration"  was  never  heard  of. 

The  following  extract  from  "The  Church 
Builder  "  will  show  the  spirit  in  which  restorations 
ought  to  be  carried  out : — Any  well  qualified 
architect,  versed  in  the  mediaeval  styles,  would  at 
once  suggest  the  most  correct  way  of  treating  an 
old  building  according  to  its  pecuHarities,  and  it 
is  of  the  greatest  importance  for  the  preservation 
of  our  ancient  churches,  that  when  alterations  are 
contemplated,  immediate  recourse  should  be  had 
to  some  competent  authority  before  an  ill-advised 
scheme,  wanting,  perhaps,  iu  all  the  conditions 
essential  to  good  church  architecture,  gets  cir- 
culated, and  biasses  the  minds  of  those  possessing 
influence,  who  would  exert  their  interest  cor- 
rectly if  only  put  in  the  right  way.  The  first 
desire  in  altering  an  old  church  should  be  to  pre- 
serve all  features  of  antiquity  as  far  as  may  ba 
practicable  ;  they  are  so  many  links  in  the  chain  of 


architectural  history.  Beginning  with  the  wall 
surfaces,  it  will  generally  be  found  that  they  are 
covered  with  thick  coats  of  whitewash.  This 
should  not  be  hacked  oil'  carelessly,  but  removed 
cautiously.  Sometimes  traces  of  wall  decoration 
belonging  to  two  or  three  periods  may  be  dis- 
covered under  successive  coats  of  limewash.  Not 
unfrequently  pictorial  illustrations  of  scriptural 
subjects  or  legendary  history  are  discovered,  and 
often  very  beautifid  foUated  ornamentation  re" 
mains  upon  the  mouldings,  sunk  members  of  the 
window  jam b.s,  arches,  &c.  These  coloured  frag- 
ments are  of  great  value;  they  afford  excellent 
hints,  and  shoiUd  be  religiously  preserved.  It  is 
too  often  the  case  that  promoters  of  restoration, 
whether  clergymen  or  laymen,  are  more  bent  upon 
carrying  out  new  works  thau  preserving  old  ;  it 
cannot,  therefore,  be  too  strongly  insisted  upon, 
that  in  dealing  with  an  ancient  church  the  object 
should  be  not  simply  to  put  the  building  in  good 
repair,  but  to  preserve  and  perpetuate  an 
authentic  specimen  of  the  ancient  arts  of  our 
country.  Every  old  building  has  an  histoiical 
value,  and  it  should  be  remembered  that  its 
value  is  gone  when  its  authenticity  is  destroyed ; 
the  duty,  therefore,  of  all  these  having  charge  of 
ancient  buildings  should  be,  not  so  much  the 
renewal  of  what  remains  as  its  preservation,  and 
to  keep  uninjured  every  portion  of  medieval 
work  which  it  is  in  any  way  possible  to  save,  re- 
membering that  new  work  is  of  no  value,  except- 
ing so  far  as  it  serves  to  preserve  the  ancient  de- 
sign, and  that  no  interest  will  ever  be  attached  to 
it  unless  original  pasts  remain  to  attest  its 
authenticity. 

♦ 

ROAD  FOUNDATIONS  AND  SURFACES. 

THIS  question  has  certainly  not  received  the 
attention  that  it  ought,  and  we  willingly 
give  currency  to  any  useful  suggestion  likely  to 
promote  an  improvement  in  our  street  and  road 
foundations  and  surfaces.  Mr.  \V.  Bridges  Adams 
asks  are  we  jirepared  with  any  mechanical  struc- 
ture as  a  covering  adapted  for  permanence  ? 
We  have  had  wood,  and  stone,  and  iron,  and 
broken  stones,  and  asphalte,  and  asphalte  and 
stone,  and  big  stones,  and  small  stones,  but 
we  have  had  nothing  that,  imder  heavy  work, 
lasts  more  than  a  year  or  two.  The  reason  for 
this  is  that  they  have  no  foundations  worthy  the 
name  ;  the  surface  is  relied  on  both  for  strength 
and  wear.  Sometimes  concrete  is  applied  as  a 
foundation,  but  too  thin  to  resist,  and  therefore 
breaking,  as  each  stone  is  rammed  down  in  succes- 
sion, like  a  row  of  nails,  by  passing  wheels. 

Now  suppose  our  gi-eat  London  .lEdile,  Sir  John 
Thwaites,  should,  for  once,  take  it  into  his  ofiicial 
head  that  there  ought  to  be,  and  should  be,  laid 
down  a  sample  Loudon  road,  and  say,  sic  volo  sic 
jubeo,  there  is  an  admirable  site  at  hand,  and  under 
his  control,  in  the  Thames  Embankment,  as  yet 
gniltless  of  underground  tubes  save  the  brick 
tunnel. 

Sir  John  Thwaites  will  therefore  reason  thus  : — 
"A  good  road  must  consist  of  two  parts  ;  a  solid, 
firm,  but  still  an  elastic  foundation, — a  substruc- 
ture with  a  superstructure  on  it  for  the  purposes 
of  wear.  It  is  well  known  that  a  surface  of  broad 
flag-stones  is  much  less  liable  to  disturbance  than 
one  composed  of  small  stones,  and  the  great  size 
of  the  stones  was  the  reason  why  the  ancient 
Italian  roads  have  descended  to  us  undisturbed 
by  time,  though  worn  into  gullies  by  the  wheel 
tracks.  Upon  new  embankments  concrete  is  apt 
to  settle  and  break.  We  want,  therefore,  a  sub- 
stance that  will  not  settle  and  break.  This  is  to 
be  found  in  timber.  But  timber  is  apt  to  rot. 
But  timber  creosoted  is  not  apt  to  rot,  and 
is  very  durable.  A  creosoted  timber  floor,  then, 
is  the  thing  to  aim  at,  but  not  an  ordinary  floor 
of  boards  laid  down  on  joists." 

Sir  John  will  say,  with  sound,  common  Saxon 
sense,  "  Let  us  lay  down  the  rules  after  the 
fashion  of  Mrs.  Glasse": — 

"  Take  a  sufficient  number  of  the  common 
deals  of  commerce,  Din.  wide  and  Sin.  thick,  and 
saturate  them  thoroughly  with  creosote,  then 
level  the  surface  of  the  projected  road,  and  lay 
down  on  it  the  deals  side  by  side,  then  cross  these 
deals  with  others  at  a  right  angle,  till  a  double 
floor  is  formed,  which  will  not  require  any  fas- 
tenings but  the  curb  stones  to  keep  them  in  posi- 
tion ;  the  road  proper  is  thus  complete,  and  only 
needs  surfacing.  A  very  good  surface  could  be 
made  by  laying  down  kentledge,  or  ships'  cast- 
iron  ballast,  measuring  about  2ft.  in  length  by 
lin.  square  ;  if  objected  to  as  too  heavy  it  might 
be  cast  in  the  form  of  hollow  boxes,  or  hollow 


cubes  in  ridges  might  be  applied,  or  stone  cubes 
made  to  Bt  accurately  to  each  other  and  on  to 
the  planking,  every  side  being  square  and  smooth 
but  with  the  edges  arrised  for  horses'  foothold! 
I  n  this  mode  the  road  might  be  made  nearly  flat. 
If  rough  cubes  were  used  they  would  need  to  be 
grouted  with  hot  Ume  grout. 

"  Such  a   road  would   at  all   times  preserve  an 
even  surface,   and  blows   from  horses'  feet  and 
wheels  would  be  distributed   over  a   large   space 
through  an  elastic  medium,  which,  while  modify. 
ing  noise,  would  greatly   diminish  resistance  to 
traction,  and  prevent   breakage  of  the  surface  aa 
well  as  wear.     It  would  be  like  travelling  over  a 
large   sheet   of    ice.     The   road   might   be   mora 
costly  at   the   outset   than   other    roads,    but  it 
would   be  infinitely  more   durable,  and  upon  the 
whole  it  would   probably  be  cheaper  than    tha 
sham  structures  now  passing  under  the  name  o£j 
roads.     It  would,  moreover,  be  most  rapidly  laid! 
down   and   renewed,  and   be   perfectly  free  fron»j 
dust  and  nuisance,  and  very  easily  cleansed  on  tl 
surface ;  and  would  be  highly  appreciated  by  th« 
public  using  it.     On   the   whole,   therefore,  it  ill 
decidedly  a  proper  thing  for  the  Board  of  Worl 
to  set  so  good  an  example." 


^uilbiiig  liiteKigeitce. 


OHUROHES    AND     CHAPELS. 


m 


Earl  de  Grey  and  Ripon  presided  at  a   meeting, 
held  last  week  at  Huddersfield  for  the  purpose  of 
raising  the  sum  of  £5,000  to  complete  the  restora 
tiou  of  Ripon  Cathedral.     Nearly  £200  was   sub 
scribed  at  the  meeting. 

On  Wednesday,  the  30th  ult.,  the  memorial 
stone  of  a  new  Methodist  chapel  at  Sheffield  was 
laid  by  Sir  Francis  Lyoett.  The  building  is  in 
the  Early  English  style,  and  will  seat  about  1,000 
persons.  The  cost  will  be  about  £3,500.  The  ar- 
chitects are  Messrs.  Wilson  and  Crossland. 

Hard  wick  Church,  near  Wellingborough,  has  been 
restored  at  acost  of  about  £1,000  under  the  direc- 
tion of  sMessrs.  Slater  and  Carpenter.     The   stylo 
is  Early  Decorated,  the  old   church  having   been 
built  in  the  reign  of  Henry  III. 

The  church  of  St.  Nicholas,  Twywell  (North- 
ampton), was  reopened  last  week,  having  under- 
gone restoration  at  the  Cost  of  not  quite  £1,OUO. 
The  contractor  was  Mr.  Stephen  Brown,  of  Ketter- 
ing. The  bishop  commented  upon  the  fact  of 
neither  architect  nor  clerk  of  works  having  been 
employed  in  the  restoration,  a  thing  which  he  could 
not  generally  recommend,  although  iu  this  instance 
it  had  not  been  productive  of  any  harm. 

St.  Peter's  Cnurch,  Arnesby,  near  Lutterworth, 
has  been  reopened  after  a  thorough  restoration,  at 
a  cost  of  £1,450.  The  architects  employed  were 
Messrs.  Millican  and  Smith,  of  Leicester,  and  the 
contractor  Mr.  Loveday,  of  Kibworth.  The  church 
is  an  interesting  specimen  of  Gothic  architecture, 
varying  in  the  time  of  its  erection  from  the  Nor- 
man to  the  Perpendicular  period. 

The  foundation  stone  of  a  new  Congregational 
chapel  at  Chard,  Somerset,  was  laid  on  the  31st 
ult.  It  will  be  iu  the  Early  English  style,  built  of 
native  stone  and  flint,  with  Bradford  stona 
dressings.  Mr.  W.  J.  Stent,  of  Warminster,  is  the 
architect,  and  Mr.  Hawker,  of  Chard,  the  con- 
tractor. 

A  new  Free  Barony  Church,  lately  erected  at 
Glasgow,  was  opened  on  the  31st  ult.  The  church 
is  seated  for  1,000,  and  has  large  side  rooms  adjoin- 
ing capable  of  holding  an  additional  500  or  600. 
The  cost  has  been  about  £10,000,  inclusive  of  sites,  m  ■ 
The  architect  was  Mr.  Honeynian,  of  Glasgow.        ^: 

The  re-arrangements  of  Saint-Mary-le-Bow 
Church,  Cheapside,  are  now  completed,  and  have 
been  carried  out  by  Messrs.  Browne  and  Robinson, 
the  contractors,  from  the  designs  and  imder  the 
superintendence  of  Mr.  James  L.  Pedley,  archi- 
tect. The  alterations  have  been  of  a  most  ex- 
tensive kind. 

Saint  Peter's  Church,  Dublin,  was  opened  on 
last  Friday  with  great  ceremony.  It  has  been 
closed  during  the  alterations,  nearly  Ur'o  years. 
Two  transepts  and  an  eastern  end  have  been 
added  to  the  old  church,  which  like  many  others 
in  Ireland  still  existing,  was  a  pile  of  "carpenters 
Gothic."  Mr.  Carson,  of  Hare-oourt-street,  was 
the  architect,  and  Mr.  John  Brittle,  of  RathnjineB, 
the  contractor. 


November  8,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


783 


Tlie  chancel  of  St.  George's  Church,  t)rletoii, 
Herefordshire,  was  reopened  ou  the  24th  iilt., 
after  thorough  reatoration.  The  whole  church  is 
now  complete,  the  nave  having  been  restored  two 
years  ago. 

A  new  church  has  been  consecrated  at  Thorn- 
combe,  Dorset.  It  is  in  the  Perpendicular  style, 
the  windows  being  especially  characteristic  of  the 
period.  The  cost  is  about  i;4,000.  Mr.  J.  M. 
Alien,  of  Crewkerne,  waa  the  architect,  and  Mr. 
Davis,  of  Langport,  the  contractor. 

A  new  Welsh  Calvinistic  chapel,  recently  built 
at  Wrexham,  has  been  opened.  Messrs.  W.  and 
G.  Audsley  are  the  architects.  The  style  of  archi- 
tecture is  Romanesque,  and  the  material  employed 
is  brickwork,  with  moulded  stone  dressings  and 
more  important  parts.  The  cost  is  about  A'5,u00, 
and  the  chapel  will  seat  SOO. 

Springfield  Church,  Essex,  is  undergoing  re- 
storation. It  is  a  small  low  building,  of  nave 
and  choir,  with  red  brick  tower.  A  small  cir- 
cular-headed window,  supposed  to  be  Saxon,  haa 
been  brought  to  light  in  the  north  wall.  A 
triagonal  boarded  roof  has  been  disclosed 
hidden  by  the  old  ceiling.  Concealed  in  the  roof 
was  found  a  missal,  which  has  been  restored  at 
Cambridge,  and  is  now  in  the  possession  of  the 
rector. 

A  small  chape!  has  been  erected  in  the  cemetery 
presented  to  the  inhabitants  of  Beer,  Devon, 
by  the  Hon.  Mark  RoUe.  It  is  constructed  of 
blue  stone,  with  freestone  facings,  and  is  in 
imitation  of  the  Decorated  style.  Mr.  Kingdom, 
of  Budleigh,  Salterton,  was  the  architect.  The 
cost  of  the  chapel  and  cemetery,  in  addition  to  the 
value  of  the  land,  is  £1,200. 

A  Congregational  Church  in  Malmsbury, 
Wilts,  was  opened  on  Wednesday,  the  30th 
olt.  It  is  built  in  the  Early  English  style.  The 
irchitectis  Mr.  W.  J.  Stent,  of  AVarminster ;  and 
the  contractors  are  Messrs.  Light  and  Smith,  of 
Chippenham.  The  Bath  stone  dressings  are  of 
Box  groundstone. 

A  meeting  was  held  on  Friday  last  at  the  City 
!?hambers,  Edinburgh,  the  Lord  Provost  in  the 
:hair,  for  the  purpose  of  considering  the  propriety 
jf  renovating  the  interior  of  St.  Giles  Cathedral 
.Q  the  style  of  the  cathedral  at  Glasgow.  The 
Lord  Provost  in  his  opening  speech  gave  a  very  in- 
areating  resume  of  the  history  of  the  erection  and 
leeecration  of  the  building  and  the  pseudo  res- 
arations  of  1S23-30,  and  stated  that  Mr.  R. 
Slatheson,  of  the  Board  of  Works,  had  prepared 
lesigns  showing  the  choir  cleared  of  its  present 
Mmbersome  galleries  and  pews,  and  with  the  pro- 
Msed  new  arrangements.  Sir  George  Harvey 
nade  some  very  apropos  remarks  on  the  subject  of 
itained  glass.  A  church,  he  said,  was  not  a  build- 
ing merely  erected  for  the  exhibition  of  fine  win- 
dows— flue  windows  were  merely  what  beautiful 
Dmaments  on  a  lady's  breast  were :  they  heightened 
ber  beauty  a  little,  but  did  not  and  should  not  en- 
gross all  the  attention  of  the  beholders.  The  ar- 
:hitecture  of  a  church  was  the  principal  thing,  and 
Jnything  which  interfered  with  the  architecture 
was  objectionable.  He  strongly  deprecated  the 
idoption  of  the  description  of  stained  glass  in 
Glasgow  Cathedral,  and  condemned  the  colours 
employed  in  the  windows  there  as  flaring  and  mere- 
tricious. The  feeling  of  the  meeting  appeared 
to  be  entirely  with  the  Lord  Provost  in  his  pro- 
posed scheme,  and  he  was  requested  to  name  a 
committee  of  seven  persons,  with  an  acting  secre- 
tary, for  the  purpose  of  further  conaidering  the 
matter. 

ihe  foundation  stone  of  a  co-operative  store  at 
Silverdale  was  laid  last  week  by  Mr.  T.  Hughes, 
^P-  (Tom  Brown).  The  building  is  designed 
by  T.  Lewis,  architect,  Newcastle,  and  the  con- 
tractors are  Messrs.  W.  and  J.  Webb,  of  Silver- 
aale.    The  cost  is  £1,050. 

It  is  rumoured  that  a  new  theatre  is  to  be  built 
jn  Southwa.  k  on  a  vacant  plot  of  ground  facing 
the  police-court  at  Stone's  end. 

The  house.  No.  86,  Oxford- street,  one  of  the 
WBt  erected  some  few  years  past  having  any 
;mm  to  architectural  pretensions,  has  lately 
undergone  considerable  internal  alterations,  to 
■ender  the  premises  appUcable  for  the  purposes  of 
>  hrstrclass  "  Confiserie  Fran9aise,"  similar  to 
•nose  tasteful  establishments  of  the  Roe  de  la 
i-aix  and  the  Boulevard  des  ItaUeus.  The  front 
laa  been  decorated  in  the  Pompeian  style  ;  the 
rant  of  flat  surfaces  on  which  to  execute  the 
leuoately  designed    running  ornaments    of    the 


style  rendered  the  treatment  somewhat  difficult. 
We  have  here  the  pure  French  element  of  shop 
fittings  and  decorations.  The  tout  cnsemW.e  has  a 
pleasing  eU'oct ;  the  colouring  has  been  kept  to 
the  same  tone  as  the  furniture  and  fittings,  and 
is  relieved  by  the  judicious  introduction  of  con- 
trasting colours  used  in  small  quantities  in  their 
original  intensity.  The  works  were  carried  out 
by  Messrs.  Finch,  Hill,  and  Paraire,  who,  to  meet 
the  views  of  their  client,  desirous  of  preserving 
the  French  element,  had  part  of  the  furniture 
executed  in  France.  The  decorations  were 
executed  by  Mr.  Hommann,  who  is,  we  under- 
stand, carrying  out  the  decorative  work  at  the 
mausoleum,  erected  by  Her  Majesty  to  the  late 
Prince  Consort. 


TO  (CORRESPONDENTS. 
NOTICE. -Tho   "BUILDING  NEWS  "  U  now  Pub- 
lished .at  tho  NEW  OFFICES,  31,  TAVISTOCK  STREET, 
COVENT  GARDEN,  W.C. 


To  Our  Readers. — We  shall  feel  obliged  to  any  of  our 
re.adera  who  will  favour  \ia  with  brief  notea  of  works  con- 
U;mplated  or  iu  progresa  iu  the  proviuces. 

Letters  relating  to  ndvertiaements  and  the  onlinary  buai- 
nesa  of  the  aper  should  be  addressed  to  the  EDlTtJR, 
31,  TAVISTOCK  STllEliT,   COVENT  GARDEN,  W.C. 

Advertisements  for  the  current  week  must  reach  the 
office  before  5  o'clock  p.m.  on  Thursday. 

Notice.— The  BUILDING  NEWS  inserta  advertise- 
mouts  for  "  SITUATIONS  WANTED,"  Ac,  at  ONE 
SHILLING  for  tho  first  Twenty-four  Words. 


RECErvED.— J.  H.— E.  W.  P.— H.  H.— K  W.  G.— Rev. 
J.  U.  J.— D.  S.  and  O.— J.  H.  S.^D.  8.— T.  S.— J.  H.— 
8.  P.— J.  K.  C. -Dr.  C.  D.— W.  T.— G.  H,  G.— V.  K.— 
E.  B.— D.  J.  B  — H.  T.  M.— D.  R.— V.  K.— J,  J.  H.— 
V.  P.— J.  C.  J.— W.  J.  E  — V.  K.— J.  G.— C.  G.— T.  B.— 
E.  A.  S.— J.  H,— W.  B.— E.  W.  G.- W.  W.  B. 

A  SuBdCRiBKR  (Batlcy). — Consult  .-ulvertisements. 

E.  A.  H. — The  drawing  of  schcols  to  hand 

W.  H.  T.  (Uamsgate).— Rather  too  ritualistic  for  our 
pages. 

X  Y.  Z. — Your  letter  is  too  full  of  algebraic  formulas  to 
be  of  general  good. 

W.  T.  Thomas. — Condense  your  remarks  and  we  will 
publish  them. 

T-9quare,  writing  from  Lincoln,  says  that  the  architects 
of  Retford  Town  Hall  are  Bellamy  and  Hardy,  not  Bellamy 
and  Pearson.  We  took  the  names  as  they  appeared  in  the 
"  Illustrated  News." 

D.  S.,  with  drawings  for  farm  btlildings. 


Intnxonnmmtcation. 


QUESTIONS. 

[648.]— SMITH'S  rOKEU  PICTURES.— Can  any  of 
your  correapoudeuta  give  me  any  inforuxation  respecting 
the  works  of  art,  kuown  as  Smith's  "poker  pictures," 
when  the  artist  liTed,  and  how  ho  worked,  &c.  The  pic- 
tures, or  rather  the  only  one  I  have  seen,  is  burnt  in  upon 
wood  with  a  hot  iron.  The  subject  is  the  Centurion  send- 
ing for  Cornelius.  1  have  heard  that  one  of  these  poker 
pictiuea  is  in  the  possession  of  the  Queen,  and  that  they 
are  of  considerable  value,  being  rare.  Do  many  or  any 
others  e.sist? — Miles. 


[54-1.]— F0UXDATI0N3  FOR  A  TOWER.— I  am  about 
laying  tlie  foundation  of  a  tower.  Can  anyone  tell  me 
whether  I  should  have  the  scarcement  or  foundation 
courses  with  2^  otfsetta  to  every  course,  or  should  I  do  it 
2J  offsetts  to  every  two  courses?  Would  the  bond  not  be 
better  as  last  meutioned,  and  stronger  when  it  is  carried 
16ft.  below  level  of  floor  ? — Inquirer, 


r645.]-FREXCH  GOTHIC  ORNAMENT.— Where  in  or 
about  London  is  to  be  found  a  good  structure  ou  which  the 
carving  may  be  put  down  as  a  fair  sample  of  what  can  be 
produced  in  conventional  foliage?  Is  there  anything  to 
rival  the  work  upon  Mr.  Goldie's  church  uf  St.  Wilfred's, 
York,  Mr.  Godwin's  Townhall,  Congleton,  Mr.  Hayward's 
Museum,  Exeter,  or  the  new  offices.  Date-street,  Livei-pool  ? 
There  is  a  beautiful  fountain  at  the  corner  of  Great 
George -etreet,  Westminster,  and  no  doubt  a  deal  of  eicel- 
ient  work  somewhere,  but  the  "finding  out"  is  the  diffi- 
culty. Will  someone  enlighten  A  Provincial  Arcbitect's 
Clerk. 

[646.]— DILAPIDATIONS. -I  shall  be  reaUy  obliged 
for  answers  to  the  following  questions  : — Lessee  holds  by 
parole  agreement  for  three  years  certain,  there  being  no 
expressed  contract  that  the  tenant  should  keep  premises 
in  repair,  nor  expressed  exeniptiun  from  liability  to  repair. 
Therefore,  tenant  is  liable  under  the  "implied  covenants" 
of  the  law  only.  Such  being  the  case,  am  I  bound  (being 
employed  as  the  surveyor  for  tenant)  to  make  him  renew 
paint  either  externally  or  internally,  where  it  has  been 
fairly  used  but  haa  worn  off,  it  having  been  in  bad  con- 
dition at  the  time  of  demise?  Tlie  external  plastering 
has  completely  crumbled  away  from  the  walls  during  the 
term,  in  consequence  of  the  baiinesa  of  materials.  Can 
the  tenant  be  compelled  tore  plaster?  I  pretty  well  un- 
derstand the  law  of  dila.pidations,  but  find  it  very  difficult 
to  apply  it  practically  for  want  of  experience.  Perhaps 
some  surveyor  who  has  had  experience  and  who  knows  the 
law  will  kindly  give  mo  an  early  answer. — S.  T.,  Novem- 
ber 3.  

[647.]— SMALL  ANTS.— Having  arranged  to  travel 
abroad  for  twelve  months,  I  last  year  houaeU  my  furniture 


in  one  of  tho  great  deixwitories  in  thi;*  metroiKiUs,  and 
uiK>n  having  it  out  agjiin,  I  lind  that  the  draw'ers,  chef- 
foniera.  sideboards,  and  other  wtxnlen  articles,  are  inhabited 
with  thousands  u^wu  thousands  of  small  ants,  which  over- 
run tlie  place,  and  especially  certain  articles  of  fvK)d.  in 
s\ich  myriads,  that  it  is  almost  impossible  to  make  a  meal 
without  swallowing  some  dozens  uf  them.  Indeed,  I  may 
truly  say,  as  the  chee*c  e;iter  of  old  did, 

"Like  Samson,  1  my  thousands  slew, 
And  with  tho  solf-sHmo  weapon  too," 
If  any  of  your  readers  can  put  me  in  possession  of  an 
effectual  method  fur  dealing  tho  furniture,  cupboards, 
^c.  of  these  intnidors,  aud  so  uf  making  the  house  com- 
fortablo.  I  should  esteem  it  a  very  great  favour. — A  Con- 
stant SUDSCRIBER. 


[64S.]— MEASUREMENT  OF  MASONRY —Will  somo 
of  your  correspondent*!  clearly  dctine  to  ino  the  dillVienco 
between  splayed  work,  sunk  splayed  work,  and  sunk  antl 
Bpla>ed  work?— X.  Y.  Z. 


[640.]— ROAD  TRACK.  — Will  you,  or  any  reader  of  tho 
Bt'iLUiNt;  News,  kindly  inform  an  old  subscriber  what  is 
tlie  best  form  of  iron  road  track  or  gutter  fur  ordinary 
horse  carts  and  w;iggons  to  run  ujwn?  I  have  a  quantity 
to  lav  down,  and  am  anxious  to  have  the  best  system  Iu 
use.-^S.  S.,  Kendal. 

REPLIES. 

[566.]— CENTROLTNEAD.— If  *' E.  L.  G."  will  lay  a 
piece  of  tracing  paper  on  my  diagram,  page  fl76,  trace  tho 
stock  and  blade — producing  the  lino  of  the  latter  down- 
wards to  form  a  radial  line — and  will  then  pass  the  tracings 
over  the  points  PI,  P2  in  the  manner  of  a  centrolinead, 
he  will  find  that  the  blade  line  will  radiate  from  VP,  and 
not  from  the  centre  of  the  circle  passing  through  VP,  PI, 
P2  as  ho  states,  page  6!>4. 

At  page  658,  "  E.  L.  G.,"  after  referring  to  his  diagram, 
reply  3S4,  page  605,  states  that  a  centroliner-d  is  "  merely 
tho  two  straight  edges  EB  BD  of  the  board  there  repre- 
sented, with  the  addition  of  a  ruler  containing  the  lino  B6 
or  6B,  to  or  from  the  centre  of  curvature,  instead  of  this  ;— 
The  ruler  or  radial  lino  will  always  converge  to,  or  ra<iiate 
from,  that  iwint  in  the  circumference  of  the  circle  which 
it  touches  when  projected  from  tlie  angular  point  B, 
whether  equally  or  unequally  inclined  to  '*  the  two  straight 
edges." 


Let  VP  be  the  vanishing  point,  P.l  —  P.  2  the  pins.  Draw 
a  circle  passing  through  tliese  puints.  Draw  the  lino  P*l 
VP,  pruionging  it.  Draw  VP.  P2.  —  VP.  B  — BPl  — 
B.P2  —  proluDging  them.     Connect  Pi.  P2  — . 

Make  a  treeing  of  the  lines  representing  the  arms  and 
blade  of  the  centrolinead,  pass  it  over  the  points  .P.l  P2., 
and  the  blade  line  will  radiate  from  VP.  Apply  the  tracing 
of  the  arms  to  the  angle  A.  VP.  P2.,  and  they  will  be  fuund 
to  be  "set"  in  accordance  with  my  diagram,  page676.  Apply 
the  blade  and  arms  to  the  hues  indicated  in  "W.  Penstoue's" 
diagram,  page  729,  and  they  will  agree  with  these  also.  It  will 
thus  be  seen  that  the  ruler  or  blade  radiates  from  a  point  ou 
the  circumference  and  nut  from  the  centre  of  the  cii-cle  pass- 
ing through  VP.  Pi.  P2 — that  the  angles  formed  by  the  blade 
with  the  two  arms  may  be  unequal — that  the  angles  formed 
by  the  line  PI.  P2  with  tho  lines  VP.  PI  and  VP.  P2  may 
be  unequal ;  and,  further,  that  the  angles  VP.  and  B.  are 
together  always  equal  to  two  right  angles. 

By  reversing  tho  construction  of  the  diagram,  taking 
Pi.  B.  P2.  as  three  given  points,  striking  a  circle  through 
them,  the  counecting  lines  again  representing  the  arms. 
If  the  ruler  or  radial  lino  be  drawn  from  B  to  any  point 
on  the  circumference,  as  F,  and  the  tracing  be  made  aud 
applied  as  before,  the  radial  line  will  always  pass  through  F. 

The  diagram,  page  676,  may  he  worth  remembering,  as 
it  illustrates  one  of  the  Iciding  principles  of  the  centro- 
hnead ;  but  for  all  practical  piu-poses  that  by  "  W.  Pen- 
stone  "  is  superior.  It  is  the  method  given  by  Peter 
Nicholson,  which  the  querist  "  S.  T."  found  some  ditli- 
culty  in  understanding. — W.  J.  E. 


[611.]— ESTIMATING  CARPENTERS'  WORK  FROM 
HEWN  AND  CONVERTED  TIMBER.— The  most  sensible 
>eply  to  this  question  is  the  short  explanation  by  "A.  H." 
There  Lsno  doubt  many  of  the  architects  of  the  present  day 
are  ignorant  of  the  value  of  carpenters'  work  or  the  method 
of  computing  the  value  of  material  in  a  specified  quantity 
of  work,  but  no  man  having  the  experience  usually  pos- 
sessed by  a  "  surveyor  "  in  the  times  wnen  "  measure  and 
value  "  was  the  order  of  the  day,  could  be  proved  guilty 
of  such  a  charge.  Mr.  Stevenson  has  evidently  not  given 
the  matter  sufficient  attention,  or  he  would  have  shown 
a  more  satisfactory  explanation. 

We  will  take,  first,  his  statement  as  to  the  trouble  re- 
quired in  properly  estimating  the  value  of  scantlingH  per 
foot  cube  in  a  building  from  deals  and  timber.  Any  per- 
son of  moderate  experience  could  fix  an  average  standard 
of  proportion,  say  two  or  three  aeals  to  one  of  timber,  as 
the  principal  scantlings  in  the  building  happened  to  be  of 
large  or  email  dimensions;  if  small,  they  would  be  princi- 
pally from  deals,  or,  if  large,  from  timbar.  Until  this  ex- 
perience has  been  acquired  nothing  could  be  more  easy 
than  noting  in  the  dimension  book  whether  "out  of  deals" 
or  "  out  of  timber,"  aud  abstracting  the  aan»e  in  two  itema 
instead  of  one.    It  should  be  understood  that  the  valua* 


784 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


November  8,  1867. 


tion  of  builders'  work  is,  to  a  great  extent,  a  matter  of 
average.  There  is  the  average  of  material  from  careful 
observation  and  calculation  during  years  of  practice,  and 
the  average  of  labour,  not  from  the  test  of  one  man's 
labour,  but  from  iin  average  of  the  timeofa  number  of  men 
employed  on  similar  work  and  takeu  at  the  current  rate 
of  wages  in  the  district. 

Next  is  the  computation  of  the  value  of  timber,  in  which 
I  thiuk  Mr.  Stevenson  is  aa  much  at  fault  as  those  he  con- 
demns. 

We  must  first  look  to  the  "  specification."  Most  London 
architects  prescribe  that  "  the  scantlings  shall  be  cut 
square  and  be  of  the  full  dimensions  enumerated."  This, 
then,  would  call  for  the  following  estimate  :— - 

rFirst  cost  of  deah  per  standard  

Cartage    in   and   out    of   yard,    in- 

Scantlings        eluding  labourage   , 

from      J  Sawing  average    

Waste  in  saw  kerfs 

deals.         Waste  in  cutting  to  lengths  required 

in  work  

LProfit 


Equal  to  cubic  feet  at  (say)    

Labour  and  nails  per  cubic  foot,. 


B.   d. 

1  9 
0     6 

2  3 
f  First  cost  of  timber  per  load  of  50ft. 

Scantlings  I  gart^ge,  &:c 

^      Sawing  average   

from  hewn  I  Waste  by  saw  kerfs  and  slabbing 

timbers       Waste  iu  cutting  to  lengths  required 


in  work  . 
Profit  


Equal  to  per  cubic  foot  (say)  , 
Labour  and  nails   , 


8.  d. 
2  0 
0    6 


A  Practical  Man, 


[573.]— PERSPECTIVE.— In  spite  of  "L.  S."  knowing 
the  names  of  two  books,  I  maintain  that  from  no  other 
line  of  his  long  reply  (p.  729)  could  "S.  B.  F.,"  or  any 
inquirer,  get  ought  but  error  and  mystification,  or  from 
his  rejoinder  (p.  765)  anything  at  aU.  The  inquirer  at 
least  knew  the  meanings  of  his  own  words — the  ditference 
between  parallel  and  angular  perspective.  Of  course,  my 
illustration  from  tailoring  was  to  show  him  that  as  no  gar- 
ment can  be  made  without  both  cutting  and  sewing,  no 
picture  can  be  complete  without  both  linear  and  aerial 
perspective:  whereas,  if  tJiere  were  "two  descriptions  of 
perspective,"  as  "  L.  S."  called  them — and  as  parallel  and 
angular  perspective  are— no  object  could  be  represented 
in  both  "descriptions  of  perspective  "  at  once. — E.  L.  G. 


[600.]— FLOW  OF  WATE[l.-If  "  T.  W.  H."  would 
just  look  at  the  page  he  comments  on,  he  would  see  that 
it  was  not  "  E.  L.  G."  who  proposed  any  mode  of  answering 
this  question,  "simple"  or  otherwise.  As  the  querist 
spoke  of  the  stream's  depth  and  velocity  without  saying 
whether  he  meant  mean  or  maximum  depth,  mean  or 
surface  or  middle  velocity,  I  trusted  to  his  common  sense 
to  tell  him  the  mean  of  each  was  necessary,  and  care- 
fully avoided  a3.suming  anything  he  had  not  stated. — 
E,  L  G.  

[627.]— GREENWICH  HOSPITAL  AND  ST.  JOHN'S 
CHURCH,  WESTMINSTER. -Considering  the  various 
accessible  means  of  obtaining  information  on  subjects  such 
as  the  above,  it  is  surprising  that  one  answer  only  should 
have  been  given  to  the  question  of  "  T.  R.  F.  J.,"  and  that 
is  not  accurate.  The  architect  of  the  above  church  was 
Thomas  Archer,  according  to  the  "Dictionary  of  Archi- 
tecture of  the  Architectural  PuliUcation  Society,"  son  of 
Thomas  Archer,  M.P,  for  Warwick  ;  and  the  edifice,  begun 
in  l~'21,  consecrated  June  24,  172S,  is  said  to  have  cost 
upwards  of  £40,000.  It  was  originally  executed  with 
columns  to  support  the  ceiling,  but  at  the  reinstatement 
of  the  interior  of  the  church,  after  the  fire  in  1741,  the 
columns  were  removed.  Galleries  were  added  in  175S,  and 
increased  in  1S21  by  William  Inwood.  It  would  appear 
that  Archer  was  a  pupU  of  Sir  John  Vanburgh,  and  he 
has  been  subject  to  much  ridicule  from  the  8ever«  criti- 
cisms of  Walpole  and  Dallaway.  In  the  exceedingly  full 
notice  of  his  works  in  the  same  publication,  I  do  not  find 
any  mention  whatever  that  Hawksmoor  designed  or  had 
anything  to  do  with  St.  John's  Church,  but  as  regards 
Greenwich  Hospital  it  is  stated  that  he  (Hawksmoor)  was 
"  clerk  of  the  works  from  1698  and  deputy  surveyor  after 
1705  (when  he  was  succeeded  by  J.  James,  and  in  l73i;  by 
Isaac  Ware).  During  this  period  he  conducted  the  works 
for  completing  the  west  side  of  the  north-west  (or  Charles) 
block,  from  Jones's  design  ;  the  opposite  (or  Anne)  block, 
169S-172S;  the  south-west  (or  William)  block,  1698-1703; 
and  the  west  front  of  it  under  Sir  J.  Vanburgh,  1726  ;  the 
colonnades  on  both  sides  and  the  commencement  of  the 
south-east  (or  Mary)  block  from  1735.  This  block  was  not 
completed  till  1752." 

The  facts  as  to  the  architect  of  Greenwich  Hospital  are — 
J.  Webb,  a  pupil  of  Inigo  Jones,  was  architect  to  the 
eastern  portion  of  the  north-west  block,  from  a  design 
attributed  to  his  great  master.  The  remainder  of  the 
building  was  carried  forward  to  a  considerable  extent  by 
Sir  Christopher  Wren,  and  continued  by  Sir  John  Van- 
burgh. "Atlieniau"  Stuart  completed  the  interior  of 
the  chapeL— W.  W. 

[629.]— ACID  TO  WASH  PAPER.— If  "A  Designer" 
washes  his  paper  with  a  little  benzine  it  will  become  trans- 
parent, and  soon  after  assume  its  original  condition.  As 
benzine  dries  very  quickly,  it  should  be  applied  gradually, 
and  not  the  whole  surface  of  the  paper  covered  at  once. — 
L.  L.  

[629.] — No  acid  so  apphed  would  do  anything  to  paper 
but  destroy  it.  Benzole  or  benzine,  which  is  a  hydrocarbon 
exLracted  from  coal,  has  the  effect  described.  Being  dan- 
gerously inflammable,  it  must  be  used  with  care,  or  rather 
not  by  night  atalL— E.  L.  G. 


[631.]-TIE  BEAMS.— If  *' A  Doubtful  One  '  wUl  refer 
to  your  articles  on  Iron  Roofs  he  will  there  find  the  strains 
winch  come  upon  the  ties  investigated,  and  if  a  tie  beam 
of  timber  acta  aa  a  tie  only,  and  has  no  ceiling  or  floor  to 


carry,  the  strains  upon  it  will  be  similar  to  those  upon  the 
iron  ties  alluded  to,  and  the  consideration  of  these  will 
indicate  the  best  position  for  scarfing  a  tie  beam  -  namely, 
in  the  part  or  parts  where  the  horizontal  strain  is  least, 
and  this  will  generally  be  found  near  the  centre  of  the 
truss.  The  power  to  resist  the  strain  is  much  diminished 
in  tie  beams  scarfed  in  the  ordinary  manner,  though 
doubtless  abundant  strength  is  usually  left.  If  the  scarf 
can  be  made  as  strong  as  any  other  part  of  the  beam,  as 
supposed  by  your  correspondent,  its  position  is,  of  ourse, 
immaterial. — E.  S. 

[632.]— PRESSURE  ON  ROOFS.— "II.  W"  will  find 
the  downward  pressure  by  a  horizontal  wind  reaches  a 
maximum  when  the  pitch  is  54 J  deg.,  :uid  each  way  from 
this  pitch  it  diminishes  so  slowly  that  I  apprehend  the 
maximum  is  reckoned  by  Tredgold  in  all  cases,  without 
consideration  of  pitch. — E.  L.  G. 


formula 


:  p,  where  a  = 


p: 


"^ 


[038.]— CAST-IRON  GIRDERS.— The  tables  of  cast-iron 
girders  in  "  Weale's  Price  Book  "  seem  to  be  compiled  from 
"The    Engineers',     Archi- 
tects',      and     Contractors'  (r->— T ^ 

Pocket  Book,"  by  the  same 
publisher,  wherein  is  an 
explanatory  section  of  a 
girder  (as  marginal  sketch), 
showing  the  parts  indicated 
by  the  letters  at  the  heads 
of  the  several  columns  of 
dimensions.  The  tables  ap- 
pear to  be  computed  by  the 
ad 


I 


area  of  bottom  flange,  d  = 
depth  of  girder,  both  in 
inches;  I  =  length  in  feet, 
and  p  =  permanent  dis- 
tributed load  in  tons.  Then 
when  the  length  and  load 
are  given  Ip  =  ad,  and  this 
product  of  the  area  of  the 
bottom  flange  by  the  depth 
is  called  in  the  tables  the 
multiple  of  those  dimen- 
sions. When  the  length, 
depth,  and  area  of  bottom  flange  are  given  to  find  the  load, 
ad 
-r  =  p.     And  when  the  length,  load,  and  depth  are  given, 


--3 


)  find  the  bottom  flange    -r  =  a. — E.  S, 


[639.]— ASSOCIATED  ARTS  INSTITUTE.— This  insti- 
tute may  ba  called  au  amateur  ait  debating  society  and 
nothing  more.  Its  object  ia  "to  deliver  addresses  and  hold 
debates  on  questions  connected  with  the  fine  arts,  to  eiliibit 
sketches,  and  to  promote  social  intercourse  among  young 
artists,"  Its  meetings  ai-e  held  every  Saturday  evening,  at 
S-15,  at  11,  Conduit  street.  The  entrance  fee  is  5s.,  and 
the  annual  subscription  53.  Its  secretary  is  Mr.  F.  S.  Pot- 
ter, 12a,  Grove-place,  St.  John's  Wood.— J.  H.  S. 


WATER    SUPPLY    AND    SANITARY 
MATTERS. 

At  Sandown,  Isle  of  Wight,  the  sewage  is  conveyed  in 
pipes  clear  of  the  town  into  cess-pits,  where  it  is  filtered 
and  deodorized  by  a  chemical  process.  The  clear  portion 
finds  its  way  into  the  sea,  miles  away  from  the  M)wn,  and 
the  solid  residue  is  mixed  with  ashes  and  road  sweepings, 
and  forms  good  manure. 

The  South  Shields  corporation  is  at  last  alive  to  the 
neglected  state  of  East  Jairow,  The  sanitary  condition  of 
the  place  has  been  quite  disgraceful,  and  the  complaints 
of  the  inhabitonts  were  loud  indeed.  However,  the  order 
has  gone  forth  that  East  Jarrow  shall  be  drained  in  a  pro- 
per manner.  The  Town  Improvement  Committee  are  ad- 
vertising for  tenders  to  lay  down  a  complete  plan  ol 
sewerage,  so  that  the  present  complaints  of  pools  of  filth, 
&c.,  being  allowed  to  accumulate  in  the  back  streets,  will 
shortly  be  no  longer  called  for. 

In  spite  of  the  opinion  of  the  guardians,  based  on  the 
clearest  evidence,  that  the  generally  defective  drainage 
and  want  of  pure  water  are  the  causes  of  a  malignant 
fever  that  has  for  some  time  past  prevailed  in  the  district 
of  Glascote,  near  Tamworth,  and  has  attacked  no  less  than 
127  persons  out  of  a  population  of  4S5,  the  ratepayers,  by 
a  large  majority,  have  negatived  a  proposal  to  form  Glas- 
cote into  a  special  sewerage  district,  and  to  take  steps  for 
procuring  a  supply  of  pure  water.  The  matter  remains  in 
statu  quo  at  present.  It  is  not  likely,  however,  that  it  will 
lung  be  suffered  to  remain  so,  as  the  want  of  sanitary 
measures  is  daily  becoming  more  apparent  in  the  district. 

The  Home  Secretary  has  sanctioned 'the  borrowing  of 
£3,000,  on  the  security  of  the  general  district  rates,  by  the 
local  authorities  of  Rugeley,  for  the  construction  of  the 
sewerage  works.  Messrs.  Smith  and  Son,'of  Newcastle,  are 
the  contractors,  and  are  to  ba  bound  to  complete  the  works 
by  Midsummer  nest. 


WAGES  MOVEMENT. 

The  joiners  of  Accringtou  have  given  their  masters  notice 
that  they  will  require  au  advance  of  from  2s.  to  Ss.  per 
week,  to  commence  next  spring. 

Trade  is  becoming  very  dull  in  the  Potteries,  and  it  is 
probable  that  the  master  joiners  and  carpenters  will  find 
it  necessary  either  to  reduce  the  number  of  men  employed 
or  to  shorten  their  hours. 


STAINED    GLASS. 

The  fijst  light  of  a  memorial  window,  dedicated  "  To  the 
glory  of  the  Triune  God  and  in  memory  of  the  Holy  dead 
who  once  worshipped  in  St.  Andrew's  Church,"  has  been 
inserted  in  the  large  chancel  window  of  St.  Andrew's 
Church,  Smethui'st,  Birmingham.  Mr.  T,  W.  Camm,  is 
the  artist. 


A  stained  window  by  Messrs.  Hardman  has  been  erected 
in  Gloucester  Cathedral  to  the  memory  of  the  late  Mr. 
Francillen.  The  chief  part  is  divided  into  six  lights.  The 
subject  of  three  of  these  is  the  Saviour  rising  from  the 
tomb,  and  in  the  other  three  the  Angel  addressing  the 
three  saints  who  brought  spices  to  the  sepulchre. 


STATUES,  MEMORIALS,  ETC. 

Miss  Edmonia  Lewis,  a  coloured  girl,  sent  to  Rorae  two 
years  ago  by  anti-slavery  friends  in  Boston,  has  completed 
and  sent  to  America  a  marble  bust  of  Dr.  Dio  Lewis,  which 
is  on  exhibition  at  the  gallery  of  Messrs.  Childs  and  Jeneks, 
in  Boston. 


LEGAL    INTELLIGENCE. 

Compensation  for  Dischaeoe  without  Notice, 
— The  following  case  was  recently  tried  at  the 
police-court  at  Wolverhampton  : — James  Preston, 
a  journeyman  plasterer,  in  the  employ  of  James 
Roberts,  builder,  summoned  his  master  for  43.  as 
compensation  for  loss  of  time  for  being  discharged 
without  notice.  The  complainant  said  that  on 
Monday  week  last,  about  half-past  twelve,  his 
master  told  him  not  to  go  on  with  his  work  any 
longer  until  some  sand  came.  He  understood  that 
to  mean  that  his  master  had  no  more  work  for 
him  to  do,  and  he  therefore  obtained  employment 
elsewhere.  Roberts  now  said  that  the  usual 
dinner  hour  of  the  men  was  from  one  till  two 
o'clock ;  but  on  the  day  in  question,  as  he  did  not 
expect  any  sand  until  half-past  one,  he  told  the 
men,  including  the  complainant,  in  order  that 
time  might  not  be  lost,  to  go  to  their  dinners  at 
half -past  twelve,  and  come  back  to  work  at  half- 
past  one  o'clock.  He  did  not  mean  what  he  said 
to  Preston  to  be  understood  as  a  discharge.  Seve- 
ral of  his  men  proved  that  what  their  master  had 
said  was  correct,  and  that  they  commenced  work 
again  at  half-past  one  o'clock.  Complainant,  how- 
ever, denied  that  his  master  told  him  to  return. 
Defendant  was  ultimately  ordered  to  pay  the 
amount  claimed,  without  costs. 

Shameful  Neglect. — At  the  Worship-street 
police-court,  last  week,  Mr.  Samuel  Cooper  was 
summoned,  at  the  instance  of  the  vestry  of  Shore- 
ditch,  for  having  no  less  than  thirty  houses  in  a 
dirty  state,  the  rain  coming  through  the  roof,  the 
drains  defective,  the  closets  overflowing,  and  the 
whole  unfit  for  human  occupation.  The  dei 
fendant  had  had  several  notices  served  upon  him, 
of  which  he  had  taken  no  notice.  Several  cases 
of  fever  had  taken  place  in  these  houses.  The 
last  excuse  was  that  the  freeholder  was  on  the 
Continent,  and  a  delay  was  sought  until  his  re- 
turn. Mr.  Knox  very  properly  considered  that 
the  fact  of  the  freeholder  being  absent,  amusing 
himself  on  the  Continent,  was  no  reason  why 
poor  people  should  be  exposed  to  fever  any 
longer  in  such  loathsome  dens.  He  made  an  order 
that  the  houses  be  closed  forthwith,  and  repaired 
within  fourteen  days. 

SuEiNG  THE  Wrong  Man. — (Mooeeu.  Ellis.) — 
This  was  an  action  tried  before  the  County  Court 
at  Rochester,  last  week.  The  plaintiff,  in  May, 
1S66,  lent  a  quantity  of  scaffolding  to  a  man 
named  Jennings,  who  was  building  some  cottages 
for  the  defendant.  Subsequently,  the  scaffolding 
was  used  by  Ellis  on  some  work  at  Faversham, 
where  it  had  been  removed,  and  was  being  used 
by  defendant.  Moore  declared  that  Ellis  said 
he  would  pay  a  reasonable  price  for  the  hire  of 
the  scaffolding.  Defendant  put  in  an  agreement 
between  him  and  Jennings,  showing  that  the 
latter  was  to  have  hired  the  scaffolding.  The 
scaffolding  which  he  sent  to  Faversham  belonged 
to  him  and  not  to  Moore.  The  Judge  said  there 
appeared  to  be  no  privity  of  contract  between 
plaintiff  and  defendant.  Moore  had  evidently 
sued  the  wrong  man.     Judgment  for  defendant. 

Refusing  to  Pat  for  Pavinq  and  Flagging. — 
On  Saturday,  at  the  Middlesborough  Police  Court, 
Mr.  John  Calvert,  of  the  firm  of  Messrs.  Powton 
and  Calvert,  builders,  Middlesborough,  was  sum- 
moned by  the  corporation  for  refusing  to  pay 
£1  6s.  7d.,  his  proportion  for  the  paving  and 
flagging  of  Fleetham- street,  in  which  he  had  some 
property.  Various  technical  points  were  argued, 
and  the  case  occupied  several  hours.  The  magis- 
trates ordered  the  amount,  with  costs,  to  be  paid. 
Messrs.  Powton  and  Calvert  were  next  called  to 
answer  a  summons  for  refusing  to  pay  £4 19s.  lid., 
their  proportion  for  paving  and  flagging  in  Fleet- 
ham-street.     They  agreed  to  pay  the  amount. 

Westmihster  Abbet.— An  important  question 
respecting  the  safety  of  Westminster  Abbey  was 
raised  on  Tuesday  week  at  the  Westminster  Police 
Court.  Mr.  J.  Tolley,  the  district  surveyor,  sum- 
moned Mr.  Tyler,  of  Wood-street,  and  Mr.  H. 


f 


November  8,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


785 


§mal  Items. 


Poole,  of  Sutton-street,  for  neglecting  to  give  him 
two  days'  notice,  according  to  the  Act,  before 
commencing  certain  work  in  the  close  of  the 
Abbey.  The  circumstances  which  had  given  rise 
to  the  complaint  were  fears  that  the  safety  of  the 
venerable  pile  might  be  endangered  by  carrying  a 
pipe  within  four  inohesof  the  roof  of  the  Jerusalem 
Chamber,  and  with  laying  pipes  for  heating  the 
Abbey  at  a  less  distance  from  the  woodwork 
than  required  by  the  Metropolitan  Building  Act, 
but  the  facts  of  the  case  were  not  gone  into,  the 
whole  question  discussed  being  one  of  law  in- 
volving much  technicality.  Mr.  Richards,  who 
appeared  for  the  defendants,  cited  various 
authorities  to  prove  that  the  Abbey  wa3  exempt 
from  the  Act  in  virtue  of  its  being  a  building  in 
the  possession  of  the  Queen,  and  employed  in  her 
Majesty's  use  and  service,  and  said  the  Dean  and 
Chapter  had  so  large  and  efficient  a  stati'as  not  to 
need  interference  from  any  other  quarter.  Mr. 
Tolley  had  no  feeling  in  the  matter,  but  believed 
he  was  only  doing  his  duty.  He  met  Mr.  Richards' 
assertion  by  a  long  argument,  supported  by  a  num- 
ber of  authorities,  and  stated  that  on  the  two 
occa.sion3  when  the  Abbey  was  nearly  burnt  down 
it  was  through  plumbers  engaged  on  the  roof,  and 
he  was  anxious  to  prevent  the  possibility  of  injury 
to  the  time-honoured  structure.  Mr.  Arnold 
adjourned  the  matter  in  order  to  obtain  time  for 
consideration,  and  for  the  production  of  the  copy 
of  the  grant  to  the  Dean  and  Chapter  and  other 
papers  to  be  submitted. 

r 

I  A  correspondent  says  that  the  mortar  with 
I  which  the  houses  at  York-road,  Battersea,  were 
F  built,  and  which  recently  fell  down,  was  of  the 
most  shocking  description,  and  he  attributes  the 
fall  of  the  houses  solely  to  the  mortar.  Sur. 
veyors  in  future  will  have  something  to  do  if  they 
put  in  force  the  authority  with  which  the  new 
Building  Act  will  invest  them. 

A  meeting  of  the  Birmingham  Architectural 
Society  was  held  on  Thursday  last,  at  the  Town 
Hall  Chambers,  Mr.  J.  J.  Bateman,  President,  in 
the  chair,  when  the  session  was  opened  by  aa  ad- 
dress from  the  President.  Amongst  the  members 
present  were  Messrs.  J.  R.  Botham,  Thomas  Plevins, 
J.  A.  Chatwin,  F.  B.  Osborne  (hon.  secretary), 
Yeovil  Thomason,  Corser,  NichoUs,  A.  B.  Phip- 
Bon,  Veale,  Williams,  and  Allen  E.  Everitt.  It 
appears  that  this  society,  to  the  discredit  of 
Birmingham  architects,  is  not  in  a  very  flourishing 
condition,  as  we  find  the  President  stating  that 
ojly  four  meetings  were  held  during  last  year, 
and  at  these  no  papers  were  read.  He  thought  it 
was  much  better  to  disband  the  society  altogether. 
A  correspondent  says— An  experiment  in 
house  building  is  to  be  tried  in  Edinburgh 
shortly,  having  as  one  of  its  recommendations 
the  indestructibiUty  of  the  material  by  fire.  The 
proposal  has  been  made,  I  believe,  by  an  Ameri 
can  gentleman  who  takes  an  interest  in  the 
social  elevation  of  the  poor  of  large  cities,  and 
who  suggests  the  use  of  the  new  building  material 
as  a  solution  of  the  ilifficulty  of  building  houses 
which  can  be  let  at  low  rents.  The  material  is 
concrete,  and  it  has  many  recommendations.  It 
is  greatly  cheaper  thanbrick,  immeasurably  cheaper 
than  stone,  and  can  be  erected  with  a  minimum  of 
skilled  labour.  It  is  fireproof :  there  need  be 
hardly  any  wood  in  the  houses  built  with  if,  ex 
cept  the  doors,  windows,  and  rafters. 

For  once  the  traffic  of  London  will  not  be  so 
much  interrupted  as  usual  on  Ljrd  Mayor's  Day. 
It  is  at  last  decided  that  the  procession  is  to  be 
consideiably  shortened  and  the  old  coach  is  to  be 
left  at  home.  The  hour  of  starting  is  changed 
from  eleven  in  the  morning  to  2  p.m.  There  is 
a  rumour  that  the  carriage  is  to  be  sent  to  the 
South  Kensington  Musevim,  possibly  on  the 
recommendation  of  one  of  the  aldermen,  who  at  a 
recent  meeting  turned  art  critic,  and  discovered 
many  beauties  in  the  paintings  and  carvings  with 
which  the  unwieldy  machine  is  adorned. 

A  project  has  been  set  on  foot  for  building  an 
iron  bridge  across  the  Neva,  between  Old  Saint 
Petersburgh  and  the  Field  of  Mars.  This,  if  com- 
pleted, wiU  be  the  second  iron  bridge  across  that 
river. 

The  Czar  has  presented  the  splendid  gallery  of 
paintings  which  belonged  to  the  late  M.  PrauLsh- 
koff  to  the  Moscow  Museum.  The  collection  is  an 
almost  complete  illustration  of  Russian  art. 


A  correspondent  from  Nottingham  says  : — Blue 
Warwickshire  stone,  for  contrast  with  Red  Mans 
field,  looks  well ;  Forest  of  Ueau  is  better.  Nei- 
ther are  so  well  or  so  durable  for  building  or  for 
pavements  as  the  buff  coloured  stone  from  Mans- 
field Woodhouse.  In  Nottingham  we  have 
tried  many  stones  in  contrast  with  Red  Mans- 
field, but  none  harmonize  so  well  as  the  yellowish 
stones  from  its  own  neighbourhood,  and  they  last 
so  well  together.  The  Ancaster  stone  agrees  very 
well,  and  is  much  used,  from  the  ease  with  which 
it  is  worked,  and  the  stone  is  quarried  there 
much  better  than  it  used  to  be. 

On  Tuesday  last,  Archdeacon  Trollope  read 
before  the  Leeds  Philosophical  and  Literary  Insti- 
tute a  paper  on  the  Norman  Sculptures  of  Lincoln 
Cathedral.  He  ascriijetl  them  to  Remigius,  the 
first  Norman  Bishop,  and  gave  a  detailed  ac- 
count of  the  subjects  treated,  illustrated  by 
photographs  and  sketches. 

In  countries  where  timber  is  scarce,  as,  for  in- 
stance, on  the  immense  prairies  of  Illinois,  aud 
other  North  American  States,  straw,  a  novel  ma- 
terial for  construction,  is  largely  employed,  form- 
ing most  comfortable  "fixings"  for  the  shelter  of 
farm  stock  aud  implements.  Strong,  light,  and 
tight,  shutters  and  doors  are  made  of  straw 
woven  on  substantial  wooden  frames,  and  afford 
capital  protection  from  frost  and  cold,  the  inside 
being  generally  plastered  with  mud  to  prevent  the 
animals  from  literally  "  eating  themselves  out  of 
house  and  home." 

The  Americans  are  about  to  build  a  monster 
suspension  bridge  to  connect  New  York  and 
Brooklyn.  The  bridge  will  have  a  clear  span  of 
1,600ft.,  besides  the  approaches,  and  its  estimated 
cost  is  £1,500,000.  Mr.  J.  A.  Roebling  is  the  en 
gineer  engaged. 

A  Canadian  project  contemplates  the  construc- 
tion of  a  ship  canal,  which,  starting  from  Notta- 
wasaga  Bay,  on  Lake  Huron,  shall  pass  through 
Lake  Simcoe,  and  thence,  availing  itself  of  the 
natural  configuration  of  the  country,  effect  a 
direct  communication  with  Lake  Ontario.  Should 
the  project  be  adequately  supported,  there  can  be 
no  doubt  that  it  would  open  up  a  vast  territory, 
and  afford  extraordinary  facilities  for  conveying 
to  the  St.  Lawrence  and  the  seaboard  the  varied 
products  of  L^ke  Huron  and  of  all  the  north- 
western provinces  of  Canada. 

The  Egyptian  Government  is  going  to  have 
some  very  curious  postage  stamps  engraved.  They 
will  represent  the  Pyramids,  Cleopatra's  Needle, 
Pompey's  Column,  the  Sphinx,  &c. 

The  materials  of  the  old  chantry  at  Exeter  have 
been  sold  by  auction,  and  the  buUding  is  about  to 
be  demolished. 

Three  varieties  of  Trinidad  asphaltum  were 
shown  at  the  Paris  Exhibition.  The  Pitch  Lake 
of  Brea,  one  of  the  greatest  curiosities  of  Trinidad, 
covers  100  acres,  and  yields  inexhaustible  supplies 
of  asphalte,  which,  though  largely  sent  to  Europe 
and  America,  has  not  met  with  the  attention  it 
deserves.  Lacquer  pitch,  found  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  Pitch  Lake,  is  recommended  as  an  ingredient 
entering  into  the  composition  of  dark-coloured 
varnishes.  The  export  of  asphalte  from  Trinidad 
iu  1S65  was  17,700  tons,  principally  to  Belgium, 
France,  and  England.  One  company  in  the 
island  has  entered  into  a  contract  to  supply,  1,500 
tons  yearly  of  asphalte,  in  blocks  fit  for  paving,  at 
nine  dollars  the  ton,  delivered  on  board.  The 
same  company  has  engaged  to  furnish  a  house  at 
Antwerp  with  20,000  tons  at  50s.  per  ton  to 
extract  oil  from. 

The  works  of  art  at  the  National  Exhibition  at 
Leeds,  next  year,  will  be  distributed  as  follows  : 
1.  Three  galleries  of  oU  paintings  by  the  old 
masters,  and  a  collection  of  their  drawings  and 
sketches.  2.  Two  galleries  of  oil  paintings  of  the 
English  school  by  deceased  and  living  artists. 
3.  A  gallery  of  oil  paintings  by  modern  foreign 
artists.  4.  A  gallery  of  English  water-colour 
drawings.  5.  A  gallery  of  portraits  of  deceased 
Yorkshire  worthies.  6.  A  collection  of  miniatures. 
7.  A  gallery  of  engravings,  etchings,  &c,  8.  An 
Oriental  museum.  9.  A  museum  of  ornamental 
art,  from  the  earliest  British  period  to  the  close  of 
the  eighteenth  century,  including  furniture,  tapes- 
try, china,  glass,  metal  work,  &c.  10.  A  collection 
of  marble  sculpture. 

The  highest  number  of  the  houses  in  the  Broad- 
way, New  York,  as  we  learn  from  the  publication 
of  that  name  for  this  month,  is  1,516.  Archi- 
tecturally, the  street  does  not  rank  very  high. 
The  city  ball  in  the  park  is  a  sham,  inadequate, 


structure,  with  a  veneered  front  of  marble,  look- 
ing to  the  lower  part  of  the  city,  and  its  back, 
painted  or  whitewashed,  turned  towards  the  upper. 
Besides  this,  there  is  in  progress  of  construction  a 
court  house  of  marble,  which,  if  ever  finished, 
will  be  an  imposing  affair,  though  it  should  have 
presented  its  front,  instead  of  one  of  its  ends,  to 
the  great  street.  Many  of  the  shops  or  stores  are 
built  of  a  marble  as  pure  as  that  of  Carrar.i,  hewn 
from  the  ([uarriea  of  Westchater,  within  a  con- 
venient distance  of  the  city.  Ground  being  of 
such  value,  it  has  been  necessary  to  economize 
space ;  the  lots,  therefore,  are  very  narrow,  and 
the  buildings  are  exceedingly  deep  and  lofty. 
Many  of  them  start  two  or  three  storeys  below 
the  ground,  and  rise  five,  six,  and  eight  storeys 
above.  These  subterranean  compartments,  by 
careful  cou.struction,  the  skilful  use  of  cement, 
aud  the  ingenious  contrivance  of  the  sidewalks  of 
iron  and  glass  wliich  roof  them,  are  rendered  aa 
dry,light,and  habitableas  thestoreys  aboveground. 

The  number  of  fires  in  London  in  the  year  1S40 
was  681,  one  to  every  2,800  inhabitants,  one  to 
every  379  houses.  In  1850  the  number  of  fires 
hid  increased  to  868,  one  to  every  2,673  in- 
habitants, one  to  every  317  houses.  In  1850  the 
number  was  1,056,  one  to  every  2,613  in. 
habitants,  one  to  every  335  houses.  In  1865  the 
number  was  unprecedented — namely,  1,50'2,  one 
to  every  1,900  inhabitants,  one  to  every  250 
houses.  In  1866  the  number  of  fires  fell  to 
1,3JS.  Captain  Shaw  states  that  the  average 
sum  spent  upon  a  fire  in  London  has  for  many 
years  been  about  £18,  but  he  is  informed  that 
the  expenditure  in  America  is  far  greater — in 
Brooklyn,  £35 ;  in  Baltimore,  £90 ;  in  Boston, 
£157;  in  New  Orleans,  £172.  He  has  compiled 
a  table  showing  the  causes  of  the  29,069  fires 
which  occurred  in  London  in  the  33  years 
1833-1865.  Candles  caused  11  per  cent,  of  these 
fires,  curtains  nearly  10  per  cent.,  gas  nearly  8 
per  cent.,  flues  nearly  8  per  cent.,  sparks  from 
pipes  4  J  per  cent.,  ctuldren  playing  Ij  percent., 
lucifer  matches  Ih  per  cent.,  smoking  tobacco  IJ 
per  cent.,  stoves  1^  per  cent.,  spontaneous  ig- 
nition not  quite  1  per  cent.,  other  known  causes 
19^  per  cent.,  unknown  causes  33  percent. 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  WEEK. 

TuEs, — Institution  of  Civil  Eogineers. — Discussion  iipou 
Mr.  Bryne'a  paper,  "  Expenments  ou  the 
Removal  of  Orgauic  aud  Inorganic  Substances 
iu  Water,"  S. 

Sat. — Associated  Arts  Institute. — "The  luiluencea  of 
Art,"  by  Mr.  Adolph  Lauber,  S, 


jiikiits  for  liibcntidiis 


CONNECTED     WITH     THB     UUILDISQ     TE,A.DE. 


822.  J.  A.  LIMBERT.  Improvements  in  Machinery 
OR  Apparatus  for  Raising,  Lowering,  and  Moving 
He-wy  Bodies.     DAted  March  21,  lS(i7. 

Among  the  features  of  this  invention  are  the  following  : 
— For  a  simple  form  of  pulley  block  the  patentee  fixes  one 
or  more  pins  or  axes  to  a  apocket  wheel  at  a  suitablo 
distance  from  the  axis  of  the  pulley,  upon  which  axis  such 
spocket  wheel  revolves,aud  upon  such  piusoraxes  he  mounts 
two  toothed  pinions  connected  together,  the  pitch  circles 
of  wliich  are  of  different  diameters  ;  the  teeth  of  one  of 
these  pinions  take  into  the  teeth  of  (by  preference)  an  in- 
ternal stationary  wheel,  fixed  by  any  suitable  means  to 
the  frame  of  the  block,  so  that,  on  turiiing,  the  spO(iket 
wheel  with  its  pinions,  such  fixed  wheel  will  cause  the 
pinion  in  contact  with  it  to  revolve,  and  with  it  the  other 
pinion  connected  to  it ;  this  other  pinion  will  give  motion 
at  a  very  reduced  way  of  speed  (more  or  less  according  to 
the  difference  of  the  diameters  of  the  pitch  circles  of  the 
pinions)  to  an  iuterual  toothed  wheel  (by  preference  loose 
on  the  axis  of  the  pulley  bloi-k)  ;  the  exterior  of  this  wheel 
may  be  so  formed  with  chamljers  or  recesses  to  receive  the 
links  of  a  chain  to  give  motion  thereto  to  raise  or  lower 
heavy  bodies  that  may  bo  attached  to  it,  or  it  may  be 
formed  into  a  drum  around  which  a  rope  may  be  coiled  for 
similar  purpose;  or  a  dnim  may  be  attached  to  it  suit- 
able for  either  chain  or  rope,  In  constructing  punching 
*'  bears  "  accor<iing  to  this  invention,  he  employs  a  similar 
aiTangement  of  gearing  to  that  employed  in  the  pulley 
block  fii-st  described,  the  fixed  toothed  wheel  being  keyed 
or  otherwise  secured  t<i  the  body  of  the  punching  "  bear," 
whilst  the  other  toothed  wheel  is  keyed  to  the  stem  or 
shaft  of  the  punch,  such  punch  being  formed  wiih.  a  screw 
taking  into  a  female  thread  formed  iu  the  b(  dy  of  the 
ptinching  "bear."  A  handle  is  provided  to  give  motion  to 
the  gearing,  suitable  means  being  provided  for  disconnect- 
ing the  gearing  when  it  is  desired  to  raise  tlie  punch, 
quickly  after  it  has  performed  its  work,  the  handle  before 
referred  to  being  a*  the  same  time  cinuficted  by  any  suit- 
able means  directly  to  the  stem  or  shaft  of  the  punch. 
Eor  screw  presses  he  employs  similar  arrangements  of  gear- 
ing to  111- 130  i^reviouhly  desciibtd,  aii<l  provided  *'itl)  bevil- 
led  wheels  to  communicate  motion  from  the  Joose  toothed 
wheel  to  the  screwed  stem  of  the  plunger  in  a  Bimilar 


786 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


November  8,  1867. 


manner  to  that  describc^l  for  tlje  screw  jack,  or  that  of  tlie 
puuch  "  bear,"  the  loose  wheel  being  used  as  a  nut  foi  the 
purpose  of  raising  or  lowering  the  screw  stem,  Pateut 
compltied. 

831.  P.  DICKENSON.  Improvements  in  the  Con- 
struction OF  Fences,  Hurdles,  and  Gates.  Dated 
March  2-2,  1867. 

This  invention  has  for  its  essential  object  an  improved 
mode  of  securing  together  the  horizontal  and  vertical  bars 
of  fences,  hurdles,  and  grates,  and  consists  in  forming  two 
projecting  teeth  on  the  horizontal  bar  at  the  places  or 
intervals  where  the  vertical  bars  are  situated  when  the 
fence,  hurdle,  or  gate  is  put  together,  the  space  between 
the  teeth  being  equal  to  the  thjekness  of  the  vertical  bars. 
"When  in  their  places,  a  wedge  is  driven  in  between  the 
horizontal  bars  and  one  side  of  the  hole  in  the  staudaids 
through  which  the  horizontal  bars  pass,  and  by  this  means 
the  whole  is  tightly  and  rigii'Iy  held  together.  Futent 
abandoned, 

814.  R.  DUNCAN.  Improvements  in  Cranes. 
Dated  March  23,  1S67.  ^  .        ... 

This  invention  relates  to  cranes  of  the  kind  in  which  a 
vertical  swivelling  pillar,  mast,  or  upright  to  which  the 
jib  is  connected  by  a  joint  at  the  bottom,  and  by  a  chain 
or  rods  at  the  top  is  held  in  position  by  two  inclined  stays 
placedin  vertical  planes  at  right  or  other  angles  to  each 
other,  and  the  features  of  novelty  in  these  improved 
arrangements  are,  first,  the  making  one  of  the  etays  with 
an  opening  and  movable  connections,  so  that  the  jib  can 
be  swung  over  the  apace  between  the  stays,  which  spaco 
has  hitherto  been  unavailable  ;  and,  secondly,  and  alter- 
nately, the  fitting  of  thecrane  with  two  jibs,  one  to  work  on 
one  side  of  the  stays,  and  the  other  on  the  other  side. 
Patent  completed. 

657.  J.  TURNER.  AN  Improved  Composition  for. 
Coating  or  Covering  the  Surface  of  Iron,  "Wood, 
Brickwork,  and  other  Substances  or  Materials  to 
Prevent  Oxidation  and  Decomposition.  Dated  March 
8,  1867. 

The  following  are  the  ingi-edients,  matters,  or  substances 
the  inventor  proposes  to  employ  for  effecting  the  objects 
of  this  invention— namely,  resins,  gums,  copal,  ma.%tic, 
sandaracb,  shellac,  or  other  gums,  or  matters  possessing 
similar  properties  thereto.  He  takes  one  or  other  of  the 
above  ingredients,  and  having  first  dissolved  them  in  me- 
thylated or  other  suitable  spirit  or  solvent,  proceeds  to 
mix  therewith  any  metallic  oxide  or  metallic  or  mineral 
substances,  in  such  proportions  as  will  enable  the  compos  i 
tion  to  be  appUed  freely  by  a  brush  to  the  surfaces  to  be 
coated  or  covered  therewith.  It  is  simply  necessary  to 
scrape  or  otherwise  clean  the  surface  of  the  material  before 
coating  or  covering  the  surface  with  the  aforesaid  compo- 
sition.     Patent  iiban-foned. 

664.  S.  HAWTHORN.  Improvements  in  China  and 
Earthenware  Knobs  for  Locks  and  Latches.  Dated 
MarchS,  1S«7. 

This  invention  consists  in  making  the  roses  of  china  and 
earthenware  knobs  for  locks  and  latches  in  one  piece  with 
the  knob,  instead  of  making  the  rose  loose  and  separata 
from  the  knob  as  usual.      P>iteut  abandoned. 

6,S3  M.  CAVANAGH.  A  New  or  Improved  Sash-fas- 
tening.    Dated  March  11,  lSr>7. 

This  invention  consists  of  a  metallic  case  (fitting  a 
mortice  in  the  sash)  in  which  a  quadrant  headed  bolt, 
mounted  upon  a  centre  bearing,  is  caused  to  move  out- 
wards from  an  opening  in  the  surface  plate  through  the 
medium  of  a  link  follower  working  within  a  niche  in  the 
heel  of  the  same,  actuated  by  a  key,  employing  in  connec- 
tion therewith  a  locking  plate  on  the  opposite  sash  for 
receiving  the  bolt,  by  which  arrangement  ttie  said  sashes 
may  be  locked  or  unlocked  as  desired,  in  lieu  of  the  ordi- 
nary fastenings.     Patent  abandoued. 

722.  W.  E.  NEWTON.  Improvements  Applicable  to 
THE  Ventilation  of  Large  Buildings.  (A  communica- 
tion.)   Dated  March  13,  1S67. 

The  method  by  which  these  improvements  are  effected  is 
by  the  aid  of  sponges,  wool,  horsehair,  or  other  suitable 
porous  substances.  The  apparatus  may  be  couatnicted  in 
the  following  manner : -Within  a  box  or  framework  is 
placed  a  wire  cage,  the  interstices  of  which  are  sufficiently 
large  to  admit  of  the  free  passage  of  air.  This  cage  is 
filled  with  sponge,  wool,  or  otlier  suitable  substance, 
which  is  kept  saturated  by  means  of  water  or  ottu-r 
liquid  conveyed  to  the  cage  (aud  allowed  to  spread 
itself  over  the  sponge  or  other  substances)  by  means  of 
perforated  tubes.  On  the  opposite  side  of  the  c;ige  is  fi.Tei 
a  fan  for  the  purpose  of  exhausting  the  air  from  the  cage, 
and  thus  keeping  up  a  current  of  air.  This  fan  commimi- 
cates  with  the  cage  by  means  of  a  branch  pipe.  In  order 
to  prevent  the  sponges  from  settling  down  and  lying  flat, 
they  are  kept  in  their  places  by  means  of  coiled  steel 
springs.  The  liquid  to  saturate  the  sponge  is  supplied 
from  a  reservoir  or  cistern  placed  above  the  apparatus,  so 
that  when  a  cock  is  turned  on  the  water  or  <jther  licj^uid 
will  naturally  force  itself  through  the  sponge  or  other 
uitable  substance.     Patent  nii,it,,{<_,i.ed. 


%mk  Bftos. 


TENDERS. 

Bromley. — For  building  house,  shop,  and  dairy,  White- 
thorn-street, Bromley,  Middlesex,  for  Mr.  Sharpley.  Mr. 
Arthur  Harston, architect: — C.  Brown,  £837;  Hearle,  £715; 
J.  Allen,  £6tj4 ;  Golding  and  Son,  X600  ;  W.  Allen,  £655  ; 
Salt  (accepted),  £535  10s. 

Bristol. — For  the  erection  of  a  Fever  Hospital  in  con- 
nection with  the  Bristol  Union  Workhouse.  Mr.  Clark, 
architect :— Brown,  £5.998;  Foster,  £5,509  ;  Bennett  and 
Mitchell,  £5,507  43. ;  Hibberd  and  Long,  £5,500  ;  Wilkins 
and  Sons,  £o,4i0  ;  Hatherley,  £5,355;  Heal  and  Marah, 
£5,290  ;  Diment,  £5, '253  ;  Harding  and  Vowles,  £5,264  ; 
Banner,  £5,221;  Davis  and  Son,  £5,185;  Humphries, 
£5.112  lOs.  Cd.  ;  Thorn,  £5.104;  Kingston,  £4.960  ;  Eister- 
Wook  and  Son,  £4,9:i2  ;  Stevens,  £4,?00  ;  Yalland,  £4,800  ; 
Sommerville,  £4,760;  Storkey,  £4,400 ;  Saunders,  £3,865  6s. 
Tlie  dwciaiou  has  been  deferred  by  the  Board  of  Guardians. 
The  architect's  estimate  was  £2,500. 

Chislehurst.— For  the  erection  of  a  pair  of  villas  at 
Chislehurst,  for  Mr.  D.  Chatteil.  Mr,  Joseph  S.  Moye, 
architect  :—-Grov©r  (accepted),  £2,100, 


Chislehurst. — For  the  erection  of  a  villa  residence  at 
Chislehurst,  Kent,  for  Mr.  J.  Howard.  Mr.  Joseph  S 
Move,  architect :— Walton,  £1,.^42;  Payne  and  Balding, 
£1,250  ;  Stoner,  £1,235  ;  Grover  (accepted),  £1,026. 

Chatham. — For  the  drainage,  south  high-level  inter- 
cepting sewer.  Messrs.  Gotttj  and  Beeslev,  engineers  ; — 
Contract  No.  2— Stiff,  £5.940;  Smith  and  Co.,  £5,785; 
Crockett,  £5,400;  Girdler,  £4,314;  Naylor,  £4,07S;  Ball 
and  Co.,  £4,017;  Beard,  £3,900;  Potter,  £3.7-10  ;  Goodwin, 
£.3,733;  Bugbird,  £3,5SS ;  Moxon  and  Mutton,  £3,420; 
Clements,  £3,350 ;  Hubbard,  £3,215  ;  Coker,  jun.,  £2,814. 

Enfield  — For  converting  twelve  cottages  at  the  High- 
way, Enfield,  for  Mr.  B.  Mitchell.  All  bricks  supplied. 
Mr.  J.  Gushing,  surveyor :  — Patman,  £1,497  ;  Bajes, 
£1,428;  Saunders,   £1,275;  Biggs,   £1,255;  Field.    £1,190. 

Hythe. — For  the  schools  in  connection  with  the  New 
Congregational  Church  : — 

Cliurch.  Schools.  Total. 

Adcock  £2,185  14  £698  14  £2,884     8 

Unwin    2,156    7  709     9  2,S65  16 

Bowley  2,229    0  700    0  2.929     0 

Waddell 2,192  17  652     2  2,844  19 

Petts   1,977  14  668  14  2,646     8 

HazeU 1,^25     0  625     0  2,550     0 

Kingston. — For  completing  the  carcases  of  four  houses 
at  Kingaton-on  Thames,  for  Messrs,  Dowsett  andChattell. 
Mr.  Josephs.  Move,  architect:— Walton,  £l,557  ;  Stoner, 
£1,450;  Grover,  £1,446;  Rudkin  (accepted),  £1,200. 

Limehouse. — For  alterations  to  the  Vulcan  Tavern,  Sal- 
mon-lane, Limehouse,  for  Mr.  J.  9.  Easy.  Mr.  Arthur 
Harston,  architect  :—Heiser,  £1,331;  Hearle,  £1,257; 
Johnson,  £1,233;  Palmer  (accepted),  £1,215. 

LiMEHOtT.'iE. — For  alterations  and  reinstatements  after 
fire  at  Vulcan  Cottage,  Frederick-street,  Limehouse,  for 
air  Easy.  Mr.  Arthur  Harston,  architect :— Clemmans, 
£228;  Allen,  £204;  Heiser,  £199;  Hearle,  £165  ;  Bullock 
(accepted),  £145. 

London. — For  additions  to  the  Lichfield  Ale  Stores, 
Frederick- street,  Ham pstead -road.  Mr.  W.  F.  Potter, 
architect :— G.  Ashley  (accepted),  £230. 

London.— For  alterations  to  1«,  Great  Portland-street, 
for  Messrs.  Heggie  and  Co.  Mr.  W.  F.  Potter,  architect:— 
J.  H.  Tozer,  £187  lOs.  ;  Stephens  and  Watson,  £178;  W. 
R.  GUI,  £170;  R.  Perkins,  £156;  G.  Ashley  (accepted), 
£150. 

London.— For  new  shop  front,  No.  26,  Down-street, 
Piccadilly,  for  Mr.  S.  Benjamin.  Mr.  Joseph  S.  Moye, 
architect :— Walton,  £237;  Bywater,  £178;  Barnett  (ac- 
cepted), £170. 

London. — For  building  new  casual  wards  for  the  City 
of  London  Union.  Messrs,  Tress.  Purchas,  and  Willis, 
archit.ects.  Quantities  by  Mr.  G.  P.  Raggett :— Wood, 
£3,860  ;  Ramsey.  £3.840  ;  Holmes,  £3.651 ;  Garrud,  £3,500  ; 
Strangle,  £3,336;  Marter,  £3,207;  Egg,  £3,140;  I^cey, 
£3,110;  White,  £3.066;  Crook,  £3,010;  Langley,  £2.9"6  ; 
Turner,  £2.990;  Sheffield,  £2,989;  Hall,  £2,980;  Wilt 
and  Son,  £2,924;  Mote,  £2,913  ;  Perkins,  £2.890;  Cooper, 
£2,8?0  ;  Bland,  £2,8S9  ;  Wyatt  and  Son,  £2,849 ;  Henshaw 
(accepted),  £2,768. 

Southwark. — For  alterations  to  91,  Union-road,  New- 
ingt on- causeway,  for  Mr.  J.  J.  Conway.  Mr.  W.  F.  Pott«r, 
architect  ;—F.  Sage,  £163;  R.  Perkins,  £120;  F.  Honour, 
£115  ;  J.  H.  Tozer,  £112  lOs. ;  F.  Vincent,  £85  98.  ;  C. 
Houghton  (accepted),  £81  10a. 


BATH  STONE  OP  BEST  QUALITY. 

Randell  and  Saunder.s,  Quarrymen  and  Stone  Mer 
chants,  Bath.  List  of  Prices  at  the  Quarries  and  Deiwts 
also  Cost  for  Transit  to  any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom 
furnished  on  application  to  Bath  Stone  Office,  Corshara 
Wilts.— {Ad  VT.] 


BANKRUPTS. 

TO  SURRENDER  IN  BASINGHALL-STREET. 

Thomas  Huddlestone  Hodgson  and  David  Nicholas  Coul- 
Bon,  Chancery -line,  surveyors,  November  13,  at  2— William 
Littlefield,  Sussex-place,  South  Kensington,  paperhanger, 
November  13,  at  2— George  Mugridge,  Prince  of  Wales's- 
avenue,  Haverstock  Hill,  builder,  iSoveraber  18,  at  2— 
Charles  Barnes,  Blyth-lane,  Hammersmith,  builder,  No- 
vember 25,  at  12. 

TO  SURRENDER  IN  THE  COUNTRY. 

John  Danson,  Birkenhead,  painter,  November  12— John 
Edwards,  Eglwysilan,  Glamorgan,  mason,  November  12 — 
Edward  Jeukinson,  Skelton,  Yorkshire,  brick  manufac- 
turer. Nove'nber  12— John  B.  Piercey,  Brighton,  builder, 
November  18— Joseph  Russell,  Birmingham,  bricklayer, 
November  22— T.  Siminsou,  (Jreat  Grimsby,  builder,  No- 
vember 13— John  Twamley,  Yoxall,  Stafforddhire,  joiner, 
November  8 — W.  Woodruff,  Buxton,  painter,  November 
16 -Henry  Clay,  Wednesfield,  joiner,  November  25— L.  L. 
Grant,  Ventnor,  Isle  of  Wight,  plumber,  November  16— 
Matthew  Hodgson,  Wakefield,  carpenter,  November  19 — 
Thomas  Jones,  West  Derby,  near  Liveriwol,  marble  mason, 
November  IS— Andrew  Napier,  Warrington,  joiner,  Novem- 
ber 28— Robert  Ridge,  Godstone,  carpenter,  November  15 
—Charles  Vamdell,  Cocking,  Sussex,  carpenter,  November 
15. 

NOTICES  OF  SITTINGS   FOR  LAST  EXAMINATION. 

December  3,  A.  Brown.  Fugglestone,  St.  Peter.  builder- 
December  6.  J.  Hopkins,  Normau-road.  New  Wimbledon, 
carpenter— December  11,  J.  Stanford,  Tweed-street,  Bat- 
tei-sea,  architect— December  4,  H.  G.  Cope,  Bedfordbury, 
Chandos-street,  carpenter -December  4,  H.  M'Calla, 
Westbourne-place,  Eaton-square,  architect — November  22. 
G.  and  R.  Sugden,  Barnlev,  timber  merchants— November 
30,  W.  Cooper,  Kingstou"  St.  Michael,  Wiltshire,  stone- 
mason—December 9,  H.  Williams,  Oswestry,  builder- No- 
vember 21,  J.  Best,  jun.,  Seaforth,  Lancashire,  joiner- 
November  22,  J.  M.  Smith,  Blackpool,  Lancashire,  builder, 
—November  13,  E.  Roberta,  Llanfihangelytraothan, 
Merionethshire,  joiner— No vomber  21,  D.  Heard,  Garleaton, 
Suffolk,  carpenter. 


PARTNERSHIPS  DISSOLVED. 

Whitland  Abbey  Slate  Company— A.  Hodge  and  R.  G. 
Burslem,  Hoi-sham  Brickfield,  Upchurch,  Kent,  brick- 
makers— T.  Bedford,  H.  Parker,  and  W.  Burley,  Matsh, 
near  Huddersheld,  joiners. 

SCOTCH   SEQUESTRATION. 

Paterson  Brothers,  Leith,  engineers,  NoTember  6. 


LATEST  PRICES   OF   MATERIALS   USED 
IN  CONSTRUCTION. 


TiMBEB,  duty  la 

Teak    load    £9    0£10 

Quebec,  red  pine 8    0  4 

,,      yellow  pme..     2  15  4 

St.  John  N.B.  yeUow    0    0  0 

Quebec  Oak,  white . .    5    IS  5 

„       birch 3  10  4 

elm  3  10  6 

Oantzicoak 3  10  6 

„       fir 2    0  8 

Memel  fir   8    0  3 

Riga 3    0  8 

Swedish 2    0  2 

Maata.Quebecredpine   6    0  7 

yellowpine..     5    0  6 

Lathwood.Dantzic.fm  4  10  D 

.,       St.  Petersburg  6  10  7 
DealB.prC.,12ft.  byS 
by  9  in.,  dutySs  per 
load,  drawback  2b. 

Quebec,  white  spruce  13    0  19 

at.John,  whitesproce  18  10  16 
Yellow   pine,  per  re- 
duced C. 

Oaaad&,  1st  qo&llty.  17    0  18 

2nd  do II  10  13 


per  load,  drawbacki  Is. 
Archangel,  yellow  ..  £11 
St.  Peteraburg,  yel...  lU 

Finland 8 

Memel 0 

Gothenburg,  yellow       8 

,,       whit«    8 

Oefle,  yellow 9 

Soderham       9 

ChriBttinia,    per  C, 

12  ft.  by  3  by  9  In. 

yellow 16 

Deck  Plank,  Dantzic, 

per  40  ft.  3  in 0  : 

PumcE  Stone  pr  ton    6 
OiLB,  &c. 

Seal,  pale per  tun  4'> 

S^wmi  body   ..112 

Cod 38 

Whale.  8th.  Sea,  pale  39 

Olive.  Oallipoli 70 

Cocoanut,  Cochin,ton  56 

Palm,  tine 41 

Linseed    37 

Rapeseed,  Eng.pale,.  40 
Cottonfieed 34 


10  £18 
10    11 


It)    40 
0      0 


METAL8. 

Iron:— 
, . . . .  per  ton 
, . . .  do 

do 

....^       do 
do 


Welah  Bare  In  London 

NaUBod       

HoopB  .         

Sheets,  Single       

Stafordflhire  Bars       . 

Bars,  in  Wales     do 

Rails    do 

Foundry  Pigs,  at  Glasg.  No    1   ..       do 
Swediflh  Bars  do 

Steel: — 

S  wedlsh  Keg,  htunmered      per  ton 

Swedish  Faggot  do 

Copper  : — 
Sheet  A   Sheathing,  A Bolta    ....per  ton 

Hniumered  Bottoma       do 

Flat  Bnttoms,  n.it  Hammered    ..       do 

C-^ke  aud  Tough  Ingot      do 

Best  Selected     do 

Auetralian     do 

T  1.  Metal  Sheathing  *  Bods per  lb 

Tin:- 

BngUsh  Block      per  ton 

do      Bar   do 

do      Beflned  do 

Banca      .   ^.. .-,.,.       do 

Straits     do 


R     7  6 

7  10  0 

8  10  0 

9  15  0 
7  10  0 
6  15  0 
6  5  0 
2  15  0 

10     5  9 


10  0 
7  15 
6  0 
0  0 
3     5 

10  10 


0      I 

0  nelt 

6    a 

0  net 


15    0    0 
10  10    0 


15  10    0 
12  10    0 


«}artt 


Pig.  English     per  ton 

,,    Spanish  Soft     do 

hot.  Patent     do 

Sheet   do 

White     do 

Sfklter; — 
On  the  Spot  k. perton 

Zwc:- 


21  15 
19  16 


20  15 
30    0 


0  0  0  o-j 

0  19  10  0 (  , 

0  0  0  Of  ' 

0  0  0  0^ 


21    0    0       21    2    0  net 


2fl  10    0      27    0    0    a 


English  Sheet       per  ton 

Devaui'sV.  M.  Roofing  Zinc    do  -t>  lu    u        u    w 

*  And  6  per  cent,  discount  if  laid  upon  the  new  system. 
QcicKflu,VKR     per  btl  6  17    0       0    0    • 

BBOOLUB  VF    ADTmOETT 
French    perton       28    0     0        0    0    0 


TO    ABCHITECT3. 

/COMPETITION  and  ARCHITECTURAL 

\_^  DRAWING  o(  Every  Deeiription.  Coloured  in  the  first  style  by 
GEORGE  CHILDS.  Artist,  21.  Offord-road.  Caledonian  road,  lalicg- 
ton,  N.  PerBpectives  Outlined  by  competent  Draughtauien,  Pupils 
remiir^ 

TO  AECaiTECTS. 

COMPETITION  and  other  Architectural 
Drawings  OOLOURED  and  Perspective!!"  outlined  in  ths  best 
m.^nner,  — W.  BICHABDSUN,  '20.  Stratfordplrice,  Camden-squhW, 
N.W. 


TO  BUILDERS.— Some  eligible  SITES  to 
be  LET  in  and  neir  London,  and  lib»'ral  advancfS  m.ide.  None 
need  apply  who  cannot  give  most  sfvtlsfiict  iry  references, — Apply  to 
Meaars.  Elmslieand  Franey.  architects,  43,  Parliauient-Btrect.  S  W. 

TO  BUILDERS'  IRONMONGERS.  — 
For  SALE,  or  Sole  Licence,  B;irker'8  Pateut  for  spring 
ceiitresfor  Swing  doora;  the  best  yet  invented. — Ai>ply  ti  J.  B.  care 
of  Robertson,  Brooman,  and  Co..  Pateut  agents,  16(i.  Fleet  stredt. 

DOf\  AAA  READY  to  be  ADVANCED 

cW'VV  VUV  by  theTEMPERANCEPEUMANENTLAND 
and  BUILDING  SOCIETY,  on  Freehold  and  Leasehold  Property,  wr 
any  period  of  years  not  exceding  fifteen,  the  mortg.-ige  bt-ing  redeem- 
able by  equal  monthly  instalnienta.  Interest  (in  addition  to  a  small 
premium)  5  per  cent,  on  the  balance  each  year — Apply  to 

HKNRY  J.  PHILLIPS,  Secretary. 

Offices — 34,  Moorgate  street.  London,  E.C.  . 

Note.— More  than  half  a  million  pounds  sterling  have  been  »o- 
vanced  upon  house  property  alone. 


NOTICE  TO  BUILDERS. 


200  MARBLE  CHIMNEY  PIECES, 

OF  VARH»U-i  DESCEIl'TIOXS, 

Must  be  Sold  Immediately  at  Greatly 
Reduced  Prices, 

In  conseqiieiice  -^f  -i  I)eath.     On  Tiow  .^t 

B.  SPBAGG'S  MARBLE  WORKS, 

3&4,  FOKD  STREET,  OLD  FOKD,  LOKDON. 


November  15,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


787 


THE   BUILDING  NEWS. 


LONDON,  FBIDAT,  KOVEJTBER  15,  1S67. 


COMPETITION   DRAWINGS    FOK 
PARISH  CHURCH,  RYDE. 

RYDE,  \rith  its  sea-fronting  terraces, 
esplanade,  and  splendid  pier,  cannot 
boast  of  its  churches,  which  are  few  in  num- 
ber, and  belong  to  a  bygone  phase  of  modern 
ecclesiastical  art.  The  designs  just  sent  in 
for  the  new  parish  church,  the  invitation  for 
which  lately  appeared  in  the  Buildino  News, 
may  alfordthe  people  of  Ryde  an  opportunity 
of  somewhat  redeeming  this  want.  Tlie  in- 
structions issued  to  architects  were  liberally 
framed,  at  least  as  regards  cost  and  conditions, 
though  we  think  another  premium  besides  the 
one  olfercd  would  not  have  been  too  liberal  a 
bestowal  in  a  competition  numbering  56  com- 
petitors. For  a  church  to  accommodate  900 
adults  and  200  children  the  stipulated  sum  of 
£8,000  is  handsomely  sufficient,  but  we  fear 
the  few  really  adaptable  designs  are  in  ex- 
cess of  this  amount.  The  site  selected  is  a 
i;i>od  one,  of  commanding  elevation,  and 
jiossesses  two  capital  frontages,  and  we  hope 
the  selected  plan  will  be  one  worthy  of  it.  Ou 
the  whole,  the  designs  submitted  are  suffi- 
ciently important,  numerous,  and  varied  in 
style,  for  a  reviewer  to  descant  upon  the  pre- 
sent and  future  of  ecclesiastical  architecture, 
if  he  were  so  minded  ;  but  we  will  here  con- 
tent ourselves  with  the  less  dignified  task  of 
pointing  out  deficiencies  and  merits. 

The  requirements  of  a  town  parish  church  pre- 
sent a  problem  to  the  architect  often  strangely 
misinterpreted  or  overlooked.  The  picturesque 
type  of  edifice  of  unpretending  height,  unlevel 
caves,  inequality  of  gables,  timbered  porch, 
and  shingle  spire  is  quite  out  of  place  in  a 
town,  however  suitable  it  would  be  for  a  vil- 
lage, for  as  well  might  we  put  up  a  thatched 
cottage  in  a  street.  On  the  other  hand,  a 
dwarf  cathedral,  with  its  complement  of 
central  spire  and  western  towers,  is  equally 
inappropriate  for  a  parish.  In  the  designs 
under  review,  it  is  amusing  to  see  the  latitude 
allowed  in  this  respect,  some  giving  us  an 
English  cathedral  or  an  Italian  duomo,  others 
a  village  church  ;  for  we  find  both  these  ex- 
treme cases — all  the  ostentation  of  the  one,  and 
all  the  rusticity  or  affected  artlessness  of  the 
other.  It  would  be  impossible,  if  it  were  not  pro- 
fitlesSjto  notice  all  thedesigns  brought  together, 
and  for  that  reason  we  shall  simply  notice  those 
which,  either  from  merit  or  defect,  demand 
attention.  The  designs  divide  themselves 
broadly  into  two  classes  distinguished  either 
for  their  English  or  foreign  treatment  of  style. 
The  plans  exhibit  an  uniformity  of  type, 
being  generally  the  old  basilican  three-aisled 
arrangement,  sometimes  broken  up  by  a  tran- 
sept. A  few  only  show  the  simple  cross  plan 
without  aisles.  Indeed,  for  picturesque  in- 
terior and  grouping,  single-span  or  nave 
churches  cannot  compete  with  this  time- 
honouredand  symbolic  form;  and  whatever  ad- 
vantages the  Greek  cross  and  uninterrupted 
plans  of  rectangular  or  polygonal  form  may 
possess  for  modern  Anglican  worship,  this 
triple  arrangement  has  kept  its  own,  probably 
from  the  constructive  difficulty  of  wide 
spans,  as  weU  aa  the  force  of  ritualistic 
custom. 

"Art  "shows  a  well- drawn  design  in  the 
English  Decorated  style,  spoilt  by  a  preten- 
tious proclivity  to  crocket,  boss,  and  pinnacle. 
The  huge,  meaningless  pinnacles  at  east  end 
dwarf  the  chancel,  while  the  large  and  hideous 
gurgoyles,  like  winged  dogs,  tliat  jut  from 
angles  of  tower  show  a  depravity  of  taste 
hardly  conceivable  in  an  age  of  enlighten- 
inent.  The  plan  is  defective  in  having  seats 
behind  the  pulpit  and  reading  desk,  an  ar- 


rangement noticeable  in  other  plans,  but 
liighly  destructive  to  the  convenience  of  the 
clergyman  and  the  i)roper  appointment  of  a 
church.  Except  a  few  open  benches  for  the 
choir,  we  think  the  whole  space  eastwards  or 
behind  the  officiating  desks  should  be  left 
entirely  unobstructed  by  seats.  How  the 
clerestory  buttresses  arc  supported  in  this 
design  unless  corbelled  out  is  not  apparent  ; 
and  this  remark  will  apply  to  other  designs 
in  which  projecting  buttresses  croji  out  over 
aisle  roofs  apparently  without  foundation. 
"  Oberon  "  is  from  one  who,  contrary  to  com- 
mon sense,  reverses  the  fitness  of  materials, 
putting  his  red  brick  and  tile  in  exposed 
laliels  and  roof  cresting,  and  his  stone  and 
slate  in  walls  and  roof  surfaces.  "  Ps.  xcvi, 
8  v.,"  and  "  Vectis"  may  be  ranked  together 
as  variegated  brick  designs,  one  a  pretentious 
jumble  of  plan  and  features,  flat-pitched  roof, 
and  grotescjue  spire  ;  and  the  other  a  notched 
and  striped  attempt,  characterized  by  an 
overdone  cfi'ort  to  foliate  the  roof  trusses. 
"  Sabrina  "  is  a  long-drawn  and  preposterous 
design;  serrated  eaves,  wheel  windows,  and 
triplets,  diapered  slating,  and  over-heavy  bell 
gable,  give  this  design  the  merit  at  least  of 
eccentricity. 

Some  authors  betray  a  penchant  for  lofty 
naves,  but  even  for  town  churches  this  can  be 


carried  to   a  ridiculous  excess. 


A" 


I 


shows  such  a  proclivity.  The  plan  has  a  good 
arrangement  for  a  baptistery  ;  but  the  dis- 
engaged tower  connected  to  the  aisle  only  by 
a  porch  is  objectionable,  and  the  affected 
v.irletj-  of  wiudow  tracery  is  childish. 

"  Simplex  "  and  "  Trefoil  "  show  very  dis- 
similar ideas ;  the  first  is  unadapted,  and  has 
two  perspectives  thrown  away  upon  it ;  while 
"  Trefoil ''  has  merit  at  least  in  its  plan  and 
general  grouping.  Possessing  an  English 
stamp,  a  well-considered  plan,  and  dignified 
proportions,  it  has  some  of  those  qualities 
that  are  requisite  for  a  town  parish  church. 
A  sombrely  coloured  perspective,  conforming 
to  the  conditions,  accompany  tliis  design, 
though,  taking  the  proportions  on  the  geo- 
metrical elevations,  the  spire  is  drawn  con- 
siderably attenuated.  The  author  seems  to  have 
made  the  trefoil  the  keynote  of  his  design  ; 
the  trefoiled  roof  trusses,  however,  are  some- 
what too  heavy,  and  the  same  excess  is  sho\\"n 
in  absurdly  large  labels  over  interior  arches 
of  nave.  The  detail  generally,  and  the 
panelled  buttresses,  detract  from  the  merits  of 
an  otherwise  good  plan  and  design.  "  Fides  " 
has  several  defects.  A  grotesque  tower,  low 
windows,  and  weak  arches  between  aisles  and 
transept,  are  prominently  conspicuous ;  the 
roof  treatment,  showing  perforated  spandrels 
between  pointed  ribs  and  coUar,  is  good. 
"  Speed"  has  a  plan  too  long,  though  redeem- 
able in  showing  sounding  boards  or  partitions 
obliquely  placed  across  the  eastern  bays  or 
chancel  aisles,  one  being  used  for  organ 
chamber,  and  the  opposite  one  for  children  or 
choir.  Otherwise,  with  the  exception  of  a 
well-contrived  roof  with  means  of  ventilation 
along  its  centre,  the  design  has  too  many  of 
those  freakish  whimsicalities  that  constitute 
the  fashionable  style  of  the  day.  Cardboard 
tracery,  a  chancel  arch,  carried  on  slender 
shafts,  resting  on  corbels,  canopied  buttress 
tops,  and  general  weakness  in  construction, 
are  the  salient  peculiarities  of  the  style 
adopted.  Some  authors  indulge  in  the  flimsy 
and  worn-out  features  of  post-Gothic.  "Fiat 
Justitia,"  and  "Veritas  Vincit "  both  show 
that  the  spirit  of  Gothic  art  is  sadly  mis- 
understood. Pinnacles,  parapets,  and  crock- 
ets, are  redundant,  whenever  there  is  a  lack 
of  the  essential  qualities  of  art ;  and  some  of 
the  designs  exhibited  show  such  a  profusion 
of  puerile  ornament  and  ridiculous  excres- 
cences as  to  create  a  doubt  whether  art  as 
practised  by  some  is  anything  better  than  the 
practice  of  thoughtless  or  scrapbook  jumble. 
Some  have  a  spi'cialite  for  "  bits,"  and  hence 
we  have  windows  that  have  been  stuck  in 


their  places  at  random,  regardless  of  general 
composition,  and  roofs,  towers,  and  spires 
of  every  shape  and  clime. 

Nothing  can  be  more  hideous  than  the 
turned  bedpost  ties  and  king-posts  that  are 
now  generally  seen  in  roofs  of  buildings  of 
the  French  Gothic  stamp.  In  "  Esto  Perpe- 
tua  "  we  see  this  caprice,  for  it  can  be  called 
nothing  else,  prominently  developed  ;  and 
though  it  is  illustrated  by  a  vigorously  etched 
interior  view,  and  an  exterior  perspective  of 
faulty  drawing,  these  crudities  of  design  are 
too  clearly  brought  out,  as  also  the  same 
flimsy  ])late  tracery  ;  and  aisle  arches  thrust- 
ing last  piers  of  nave  evidence  little  study 
upon  constructive  features,  as  the  above- 
named  ties  and  king  would  readily  suggest. 
"  Incognito  "  shows  an  artistically  sketched 
design,  like  a  time-worn  church,  but  its  low 
gables  and  overdone  pinnacles  render  it,  we 
are  sorry  to  say,  ridiculously  "modern  "  in 
conception.  "  In  te  Domine  speravi  "  em- 
brace nearly  all  the  defects  of  Continental 
Gothic  ;  here  again  the  clerestory  buttresses 
are  unsupported.  "  Faith  "  has  a  better  plan, 
and  a  well-drawn  interior  view. 

Passing  over  some  rubbishy  ideas,  we  will 
at  once  draw  attention  to  a  few  plans  and 
exterior  designs  that  merit  the  notice  of  those 
interested  in  this  collection.  Drawings  bear- 
ing motto  of  a  red  Maltese  cross  show  a  good 
plan  of  nave,  aisles,  and  transept,  while  the 
design  generally  is  well  considered,  of  tole- 
rable EngUsh  Decorated  or  Middle  Pointed 
character,  and  improvalile. 

In  "  Soli  Deo  Gloria,"  we  have  before  us  a 
well-drawn  and  worked- out  design  of  an 
Early  Pointed  type,  and  of  dignified  propor- 
tions ;  but  we  consider  the  plan  defective. 
Here,  as  in  some  other  arrangements,  nearly 
one-third  of  the  seating  or  congregation  is 
behind  the  officiating  minister.  We  do  not 
see  why  the  pulpit  and  desk  could  not  have 
been  placed  one  bay  further  eastwards,  or,  if 
that  were  all,  the  central  tower,  too ;  as  it  is 
the  children  are  seated  at  sides  of  chancel,  a 
decided  mistake  in  arrangement.  With  this 
rather  essential  drawback  the  design  has 
merits  of  a  high  order.  The  windows  are 
simple  but  effective  lancets,  and  the  details 
are  boldly  conceived  and  well  drawn.  AVe 
think,  however,  the  squat  spire,  though  per- 
haps characteristic,  could  have  been  a  little 
loftier,  and  a  little  less  profusion  of  detail  at 
broach  would  have  been  better.  It  puts  one 
in  mind  of  one  at  Oxford.  Altogether,  we 
think  a  little  too  much  severity  of  treatment 
has  been  adopted,  and  the  over  long  rect- 
angular plan  and  unbroken  eaves  increase 
this  effect.  A  slight  projection  of  transepts 
would  have  been  a  great  gain,  and  have 
helped  to  resist  thrust  of  tower  arches  a  little 
more  satisfactorily,  for  there  is  a  weakness 
apparent  here.  "Benedicamas  Domino  "  has 
a  better  plan  than  the  above  ;  the  tower  is 
placed  over  chancel,  but  the  old  treatment 
evince  the  same  hand  as  the  last.  It  has  the 
same  lengthy  proportion  of  plan,  the  same 
squat  tower  and  spire,  and  the  east  end  view 
is  dwarfed  to  nothing  by  its  overpowering 
size  and  height.  There  is  a  quiet  dignity 
almost  refreshing  about  these  drawings  that 
contrast  with  the  sensational  mixtures  around. 
We  think  the  apsidal  termination  preferable 
to  the  square  east  end-;  and  we  noticed  the 
clerestory  buttresses  were  not  shown  in  the 
section,  but  appear  unsupported,  as  in  other 
instances.  The  etched  perspectives  of  in- 
terior evince  both  correctness  of  drawing  and 
detail,  but  we  question  the  effect  of  the  banded 
angle  shafts  in  tir.st  design.  Passing  "Dum 
Spiro  Spero "  with  the  remark  that  it  is  of 
Early  Decorated  character  slightly  continen- 
talized, is  shown  by  bold  etchings,  and  betrays 
a  few  defects,  such  as  a  poor  wooden  waggon 
vault  relieved  by  stencilling,  sham  triforia, 
and  wire-drawn  shafts  from  floor  to  ceiling, 
squat  gables,  and  a  few  good  features,  as 
broached  spire,  in  which  the  junction  is 
cleverly  managed  by  open  angle  pinnacles 
and  hipped  spire  light  gablets,— we  come  to  a 


788 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


November  15,  1867. 


design  having  a  consiclerable  amount  of  merit 
imder  the  motto  of  "  Proportion"  (on  equi- 
lateral triangle).  The  plan  has  nave,  aisles, 
and  slightly  pronounced  transept,  and  circular 
apse  fdled  with  lofty  lancets.  The  north- 
east bay  is  the  organ  chamber,  over  which  a 
lofty  tower  is  crowned  by  an  overdone  spire 
of  a  continental  stamp — a  feature  much  de- 
structive to  the  simplicity  of  the  design.  The 
proportions  of  plan  and  gable  ends  are  all  that 
can  be  desired,  and  the  connected  ranges  of 
lancet  lights,  and  circular  gable  windows,  are 
happily  proportioned  to  the  elevations  and 
well  combined.  A  ij^uiet  tastefully  toned 
interior  view  shows  richness  of  effect  ^^'ithout 
multiplicity,  well  designed  detail,  a  groined 
and  decorated  ceiling  of  carton  piierre,  between 
which  an  outer  cross-braced  roof  large  space 
is  obtained  for  ventilation.  The  design  shows 
interior  bands  of  coloured  brick  relieved  by 
marble.  An  Early  English  character  pervades 
the  design,  which  is  marked  by  a  dignified 
height  and  treatment.  "  Bid  Temples  worthier 
the  Faith  ascend,"  is  another  well  conceived 
design  of  an  Early  French  Gothic  treatment, 
and  has  a  good  plan  with  a  sort  of  triapsal 
termination.  There  wants,  however,  the 
quiet  dignity  of  the  last,  the  exterior  being 
overdone  with  gablets  and  wheel  windows. 
An  open  campanile  showing  bells  is  notice- 
able. "  Servum  Corda,"  by  the  same  hand,  is 
far  better.  Of  Early  Pointed  character,  it  is  a 
well  studied,  simple,  yet  suitable  design  for  a 
parish  church.  It  has  a  good  plan,  inibroken 
by  transepts,  witli  a  triapsal  end,  the  side  aisles 
terminating  semicircvdarly  ;  the  south-east  end 
is  devoted  to  a  circuhxr  l)aptister}' — a  posi- 
tion we  think  eminently  convenient,  though 
perhaps  not  strictly  symbolic.  The  tower  and 
spire  has  a  majestic  loftiness,  and  occupies  tlie 
north-west  angle.  The  apsidal  and  side,  as 
also  the  west  elevations,  possess  dignified 
elegance,  and  are  relieved  Ijy  circular  windows 
ancl  triplets.  The  organ  chamber  is  in  the 
tower. 

There  is  another  design,  with  the  motto 
"  Vorwiirts,"  in  which  the  autlior  has  worked 
out  a  good  plan,  relieved  by  short  transepts 
with  a  triapsal  east  end  in  the  Rhenish 
Romanesque  style,  for  whicli  he  appears  to 
have  a  leaning.  The  bapistery  occupies  a 
similar  position  to  the  plan  last  noticed,  and 
there  is  a  general  similarity  of  drawing  and 
feeling  to  that  which  cannot  be  mistaken. 
There  is  a  central  circular  lantern  at  intersec- 
tion, and  two  western  towers,  which  gives 
this  design  the  pleasing  grouping  seen  in  the 
Romanesque  churches  of  Germany.  Indeed, 
there  is  much  both  in  plan  and  treatment 
that  we  may  derive  from  this  style,  which 
seems  to  us  more  in  imison  with  secular 
wants ;  at  any  rate,  the  two  western  towers 
shown  in  the  exterior  perspective  are  cjuite 
beyond  the  requirements  of  the  present  case, 
and  the  brick  groining,  if  we  have  not  misin- 
terpreted the  section,  is  certainly  unjustifiable; 
however,  it  may  be  carrying  out  the  Roman- 
esque character.  The  sepia  views  are  effec- 
tively drawn.  We  doubt  very  much  if  this 
design  can  lie  carried  out  for  £8,000. 

A  few  other  good  drawings,  though  of 
inferior  merit  as  designs,  we  leave  unnoticed, 
though  we  may  refer  to  them  in  another 
article,  upon  the  subject  for  which  we  shall 
reserve  any  further  remarks.  The  plans  we 
have  just  indicated,  more  or  less,  possess  merits 
and  excellencies  of  design,  and  they  appear  to 
us  all  characterized  by  an  Englisli  feeling, 
rather  than  an  overstrained  effect,  or  by  tlie 
adoption  of  foreign  features  or  novelties.  In 
nearly  all  of  them  the  plans  seem  to  have 
been  carefully  studied  ;  the  pulpit  and  prayer 
desk  are  placed  entirely  beyond  the  mass  of 
the  congregation,  and  the  tower,  at  least  its 
ground  floor,  has  been  utilized  as  an  organ 
chamber,  or  otherwise.  We  trust  the  selec- 
tion will  be  influenced  by  no  other  motives 
than  that  of  the  strictest  regard  to  obtain  the 
combination  of  the  best  arrangement  and 
general  desigm,  not  overlooking  tlie  question 
of  cost,  we  fear  more  than  a  little  trans- 
gressed in  one  or  two  instances. 


METROPOLITAN  BUILDINGS  AND 
MANAGEMENT  BILL. 

THIS  bill,  which  was  introduced  last  ses- 
sion by  Mr.  Tite,  was  ordered  to  be 
printed  July  31.  It  is,  in  some  respects,  an 
improvement  on  the  old  Act,  but  is  still  in  a 
very  imperfect  state,  being  fraught  with 
sources  of  litigatioji  and  inconvenience  to  the 
public,  and  vexation  to  the  district  surveyors. 
The  general  opinion  of  district  surveyors  is 
that  there  is  no  need  of  the  sweeping  changes 
proposed  Ijy  the  Bill,  which  enters  into  mat- 
ters of  too  minute  detail,  and  which  embraces 
some  clauses  which  will  be  found  practically 
inoperative,  and  others  in  which  the  detailed 
regulations  are  practically  and  technically  olj- 
scure.  In  consequence  of  the  report  of  Cap- 
tain Shaw,  the  Superintendent  of  the  Fire 
Brigade,  important  alterations  have  been 
made  in  the  Bill,  but,  for  many  reasons,  fur- 
ther careful  consideration  is  required.  Suffi- 
cient distinction  is,  for  instance,  not  drawn 
between  materials  that  are  incnnbuxtible  and 
those  that  are  Jire-resisting,  nor  Ijetween  the 
construction  of  ordinary  dwelling-houses  and 
buildings  of  the  warehouse  class.  The  Board 
have  now  the  extinction  of  fires  in  their  own 
hands,  and  though  they  have,  in  this  Bill, 
done  much  to  make  the  risk  of  fires  less,  they 
have  done  it  in  a  manner  utterly  regardless  of 
the  damage  they  inflict  on  property  generally. 
It  appears  as  though  their  chief  aim  was  to 
benefit  themselves,  the  insurance  companies, 
and  a  few  of  tlie  monopolists  who  are  exempted 
from  the  action  of  the  Bill. 

Besides  objections  to  the  portion  of  the  Bill 
relating  to  fire-resisting  material  and  construc- 
tion, others,  equally  grave,  may  be  taken  to 
certain  clauses,  which  render  many  persons 
liable,  nolens  volens,  to  highly  penal  enact- 
ments. Inasmuch  as  builders— and  especially 
those  of  the  speculative  class — owners  of  pro- 
perty, warehousemen,  wharfingers,  and  aU 
persons  possessing  household  property  of  any 
description — even  occupiers — are  included,  it 
will  be  seen  that  there  is  no  class  who  are  not 
aft'ected  by  its  provisions.  It  should  also 
be  remembered  that  this  Bill  is  designed  as  a 
sort  of  master  act  for  all  the  larger  towns  of 
the  country,  although,  at  present,  many  of 
the  parishes  in  the  neighljourhood  of  the 
metropolis,  where  large  building  ojierations 
are  going  on,  are  not  included.  It  is  proposed 
to  divide  the  Act  into  eighteen  ]iarts,  com- 
mencing with  "  Preliminary"  and  ending  with 
"General  Provisions."  To  follow  this  Bill 
through  all  its  clauses  is  not  our  intention ; 
we  prefer  to  give  a  general  idea  of  it. 

Clause  I. — Part  1,  which  is  preliminary, 
merely  states  that  the  Act  shall  be  divided 
into  parts,  enumerating  them,  to  which  refer- 
ence will  hereafter  be  made.  Clause  5,  &c., 
defines  the  limits  to  which  the  operations 
of  the  Act  are  confined.  Clause  G  consists  of 
"  Terms,"  and  their  definitions,  and  here  the 
Act  begins  to  flounder  into  diihculties,  several 
important  terms  being  but  loosely  defined, 
while,  contrary  to  the  usual  practice  of  legal 
enactment,  it  legislates  for  "  intentions."  The 
term  "  owner"  is  held  to  mean  any  person 
occupying  for  a  longer  period  than  from  year 
to  year.  A  clause  sufficiently  obsouie  is 
added,  defining  what  is  called  "  fire-resisting 
material."  Ihis  concludes  the  important 
clauses  of  the  first  part.  In  the  second  divi- 
sion the  officers  are  dealt  with,  and  the  district 
surveyors  eft'ectively  disposed  of.  Their 
duties,  status,  remuneration,  and  tenure  of 
office,  being  now  in  the  hands  of  the  Board, 
what  the  powers  of  the  Board  are  may  not  be 
an  uninteresting  subject  for  inquiry.  Tlie 
Board  may  dismiss  or  suspend  any  district 
surveyor — the  Act  specifies  no  cause  whatever 
for  dismissal — other  than  those  appointed 
previous  to  the  constitution  of  the  Board, 
whose  dismissal  must  be  approved  by  one  of 
her  Majesty's  Principal  Secretaries  of  State. 
There  are  special  clauses  providing  for  the 
clerks  immediately  under  the  Board,  but  the 
favom-able  consideration  wliich  applies  to  the 


clerks,  servants,  messengers,  and  porters  is 
not  to  be  extended  to  the  district  surveyorB, 
who,  it  -n-ill  be  seen,  maybe  dismissed  at  -will, 
and  without  cause  shown. 

Part  III.  commences  with  a  statement  of 
"wdiat  is  comprised,  in  the  term  building." 
The  definition  is  so  loose  that  an  ordinary 
four-legged  table  comes  strictly  within  the 
term,  as  it  is  "  an  erection  defined  by  posts, 
and  has  a  roof  or  other  covering."  Passing 
over  a  dozen  clauses  that  wiU  be  hereafter 
noticed,  we  learn  by  clause  46  that  any  trade 
building  pulled  down  within  10ft.  of  the 
footings,  cannot  be  rebuilt  of  a  greater  height 
than  60ft.  where  the  road  is  less  than  40ft. 
wide ;  and  where  more  than  40ffc.  wide,  it 
cannot  be  more  than  6oft.  high,  without  per- 
mission of  the  Board.  Those  who  know  the 
dodgy  way  in  which  buildings  are  pulled 
down  and  rebuilt  simvdtaneously,  so  that  they 
cannot  be  condemned,  will  appreciate  the 
practical  advantage  of  this  clause. 

Part  IV. — This  part  is  divided  as  follows  i 
— Subdivision  1.  Buildings  not  public  or  of 
warehouse  class.  Subdivision  2.  Buildings  of 
warehouse  class.  Subdivision  3.  Cross  walls. 
Subdivision  4.  General  provisions  respecting 
thickness  of  walls.  Here  it  appears  that  the 
classes  of  factories  and  warehouses  are  not 
subdivided.  As  regards  the  thickness  of 
walls,  it  seems  to  have  been  adopted  solely 
with  the  view  of  their,  being  able  to  stand 
alone  after  a  fire  has  destroyed  the  cross- 
walls  and  timber  ties.  This  balancing  feat  is 
not  of  sufficient  importance  to  call  for  special 
legislation.  By  clause  77,  we  perceive  that 
although  our  improved  manufacture  produces 
excellent  hoUow  bricks  and  flat  tiles  of  au 
almost  unlimited  length,  liricks  are  never- 
theless restricted  to  9.iin.  in  length,  though  a 
better  bond  may  be  made  with  bricks  of 
larger  dimensions. 

Part  V. — Construction  in  General. — This 
part  contains  some  useful  enactments  for 
improving  the  general  security  and  healthiness 
of  houses,  although  the  extra  cost  involved, 
which  will  take  the  shape  of  extra  rent,  will 
force  our  imperfectly  housed  population  to 
crowd  even  closer  than  at  present.  No  doubt 
a  damping  course  of  slate  laid  in  cement  or 
asphalte  is  desiraljle,  and  a  foot  thickness  of 
concrete  over  the  entire  ground  surface  or  site 
of  every  dwelling-house  will  contribute  to 
the  health  of  the  inmates,  other  things  being 
equah  In  clause  81,  the  words  "solid 
ground"  may  admit  of  technical  objections, 
and  in  cases  where  the  ground  has  lately  been 
made  20ft.  or  30ft,  it  seems  doubtful  whether 
a  builder  may  not  be  required  to  carry  piles 
or  concrete  down  to  the  virgin  soil,  or  even  to 
the  hard.  No  provision  is  made  for  using 
burnt  ballast  for  mortar,  though,  to  the  con- 
sternation of  builders  who  have  been  in  the 
habit  of  using  garden  mould,  calling  it  road 
scrapings,  a  clause  is  inserted  requiring  them 
to  use  clean  sharp  sand  or  grit,  and  good  lime 
in  proper  quantities.  The  clause  referring  to 
openings  in  external  walls  and  walls  of  separa- 
tion, is  contradictory  and  unintelligible, 
while  clause  85  is  so  framed  as  to  jirevent 
the  erection  of  stables  in  buildings  of  one 
storey,  and  shops  in  buildings  of  two  storeys. 
Of  course  this  was  not  the  intention  of  the 
clause,  but  so  it  strictly  reads.  This  part  of 
the  Act  forbids  the  use  of  stone  for  corbels 
carrying  beams,  girders,  and  the  like,  sub- 
stituting vitrified  stone.  Templates  of  stone 
built  into,  and  flush  with,  the  walls  are  per- 
mitted. It  seems,  by  Captain  Shaw's  report, 
that  stone  tailed  into  walls,  either  in  the  form 
of  corbels  or  steps,  is  very  unreliable,  the 
action  of  cold  air  or  water  on  the  heated  stone 
causing  it,  in  almost  all  cases,  where  subjected 
to  great  heat,  to  break  oft'  close  to  the  wall. 
The  clause  96,  which  states  that  the  "  plane  of 
the  surface  of  the  roof  of  a  warehouse  shall 
not  incline  from  the  external  cr  party  walls 
upwards  at  a  greater  angle  than  47  dcg.  with 
the  horizon,"  is  unreasonable  ;  and  the  next 
clause,  that  "  in  a  building  wholly  or  in  part 
used  as  a  dwelling-house,  there  sh.iU  not  he 
more  than  one  storey   of  rooms  constructed 


November  15,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


789 


rhoUy  or  partly  iu  tlio  root',''  is  useless.  How 
aany  storeys  are  there  in  the  roofs  of  the  new 
luildings  now  erecting  on  the  Slarijuess  of 
Vestrainstei-'s  property !  How  many  in  the 
aansards  of  Paris  .'  This  is  a  case  of  excessive 
egislation.  Access  to  the  roof,  by  means  of 
.  dormer  or  other  sufficient  means,  is  very 
iroperly  insisted  on  ;  but  where  the  houses 
je  isolated,  or  have  drijipiuj,'  caves,  the  pro  ■ 
dsion  is  simply  useless,  and  in  the  latter  case 
annot  becomplied  with.  There  is  a  provision 
nade  that  yards  shall  not  contain  less  than 
.00  square  feet,  and  that  there  must  be  15ft. 
jetween  the  next  house  if  the  house  is  two 
itoreys  ;  20ft.,  if  the  house  is  three  storeys  ; 
ind  2ot't.,  if  more  than  three.  This  is  all 
fery  well  if  it  can  be  carried  out,  but  the  dif- 
iculty  of  making  yards  is  already  sulliciently 
preat.  As  the  Act  reads,  the  yard  might  be 
ift.  wide  only,  pro^-ided  it  contained  100 
iquare  feet.  This  part  of  the  Act  contains 
lome  good  provisions  against  fire,  amongst 
)thers  a  clause  that  "  no  woodwork  shall  be 
jlaced  within  2in.  from  the  face  of  the  stone 
)r  brickwork  of  a  flue."  Penalties  of  £20  are 
;o  follow  a  summary  conviction  for  all  offences 
igainst  the  fire  clauses-.  There  is  one  claitse, 
124,  which  certainly  demands  reWsion.  It 
•equires  that  "  no  part  of  the  woodwork  of  a 
ihop  front  shall  be  fixed  higher  than  ISft. 
ibove  the  level  of  the  nearest  public  way." 
This  is  an  arbitrary  enactment,  the  use  of 
A-hich  it  is  difficult  to  perceive. 

Part  VI. — Party  Structures. — The  altera- 
ions  lo  the  old  Act  here  contemplated  are  the 
naking  good  all  internal  finishing  and  deco- 
ctions of  an  adjoining  owner's  premises, 
where  a  party  wall  has  been  pulled  down, 
jecause  such  party  wall  was  not  thick  enough 
;br  the  uses  to  which  the  building  owner 
ivotild  put  it.  The  notice  by  building  owners 
relative  to  the  exercise  of  his  rights  to  a 
party  wall  is  reduced  from  three  months  to 
two.  The  building  owner  may  also  enter  on 
the  premises  of  the  adjoining  owner, 
'removing  furniture  or  doing  any  other  thing 
Dccessary,"  and  the  adjoining  owner  may  not 
let  or  hinder  him,  under  a  penalty  of  £10. 

Part  VII.  relates  to  buildings  exceeding 
216,000ft.  of  cubical  contents.  These  are 
factories,  warehouses,  &c.  Part  VIII.  treats 
3f  public  buildings.  Part  IX.  fire-resisting 
buildings.  Here  there  seems  an  excess  of 
thickness  in  the  arches  for  support  of  floors. 
The  brick  arches  now  in  use  for  heavy  ware- 
houses, 200cwt.  to  the  foot,  are  from  4!!in.  to 
Gin.  at  crowr,  which  is  all-sufficient.'  Part 
X.  embraces  special  buildings.  It  is  advis- 
able that  the  Board  should  have  discretionary 
power  in  the  case  of  workshops  where  the 
material  worked  up  is  not  combustible,  and 
such  workshops  should  not  necessarily  be 
themselves  fireproof.  Part  XL  relates  to  the 
supervision  of  buildings  by  the  district  sur- 
veyor. Part  XII.  embraces  clauses  referring 
to  storing  inflammable  materials.  This  part 
wants  great  revision.  The  articles  stored 
>hould  be  divided  into  those  that  are  explo- 
sive and  those  that  are  purely  inflammable. 
The  former  should  be  stored  in  light  iron 
buildings,  where  the  damage  will  be  trifling  ; 
the  latter  should  be  placed  in  buildings  made 
in  the  "  tank "  form,  so  that  the  burning 
liquids  may  be  contained  therein,  and  not  be 
allowed  to  run  elsewhere. 

Part  XIII.  refers  to  dangerous  and  noxious 
businesses.  It  is  desirable  to  prevent  the 
rebuilding  of  such  buildings  by  giving 
powers  to  the  Board  to  pay  for  compensation. 
Existing  gas  works  are  exempted.  Part  XIV. 
relates  to  dangerous  structures.  There  is 
much  room  for  improvement  in  the  present 
regulations.  Dangerous  structures  are  under 
the  supervision  of  the  police  commissioners, 
but,  as  a  rule,  no  policeman  will  interfere  or 
report  on  the  dangerous  condition  of  any 
portion  of  a  building  imless  such  condition 
jeopardizes  the  lives  of  persons  in  the  streets. 
A  dangerous  structure  in  a  passage  or  back 
yard  is  viewed  by  them  with  complacency 
which  would  be  amusing  if  it  did  not  contain 
a  tragic  element.     Part  XV.  has  to  do  with 


exemptions.  This  part  contains  a  list  of  the 
buildings  exempt  from  the  proWsions  of  this 
Act.  Atnongst  others,  we  notice  that  "  b\nld- 
ings  belonging  to  any  canal,  dock,  or  railway 
company,  distant  50ft.  fronr  tl-.e  ])ublic  sti-eet, 
and  50ft.  from  the  nearest  building."  Con- 
sidering that  some  of  the  docks  on  the 
south  side  of  the  river  contain  ware- 
houses entirely  constructed  of  wood,  tins 
exemption  is  to  be  regretted.  Part  XVI. 
relates  to  streets.  This  portion  of  the 
Act  is  unsatisfactory.  While  dealing  with 
public  streets  it  seems  to  be  overlooked 
that  there  are  in  the  metropolis  scores  of 
private  streets,  which,  although  full  of  dwel- 
ling house.s,  can  be  made  of  any  width. 
Already  in  various  districts  the  Boar<l  have 
permitted  bliml  alleys  to  be  made,  although 
the  Building  Act,  to  which  they  may  be  said 
to  owe  their  existence,  was  expressly  framed 
to  prevent  such  things. 

Part  XVII.  provides  for  sewers  and  drains. 
These  do  not  properly  belong  to  a  building 
act.  Part  XVIII.  refers  to  general  provi- 
sions. These  are  various,  and,  on  the  whole, 
good,  but  the  power  given  to  the  Board  of 
making  by-laws  carrying  all  the  force  of  the 
Act  is  most  objectionable.  It  must  be 
obvious  that  when  the  Act  is  once  obtained 
the  Board  may  make  what  by-laws  seem 
good  to  them  without  any  opposition,  or, 
indeed,  without  anyone  being  the  wiser.  A 
clause  stoutly  debated  and  rejected  by  the 
House  may  be  slipped  in  afterwards  in  the 
form  of  a  Ijy-law  from  which  there  is  no 
appeal.  The  proposal  to  refer  "  Diflerences  " 
to  the  district  surveyor  is  also  objectionable. 
He  is  not  the  proper  person  to  settle  such 
disputes.  His  interest  is,  of  course,  to  re- 
commend everything  the  least  defective  to 
be  pulled  down  and  rebuilt  in  the  best 
manner.  This  would  not  in  all  cases  be  fair, 
as  between  the  building  owner  and  the  ad- 
joining owner,  although  that  particular  dis- 
trict where  the  practice  prevailed  would  cer- 
tainly be  in  better  repair  than  any  other. 
These  are  the  prominent  features  of  the  Bill ; 
at  least,  as  much  of  them  as  space  will  permit 
us  to  give.  The  Bill  itself  we  propose  to 
examine  more  fully  on  another  occasion. 


PUGIN  V.  BARRY.* 

MR.  PUGIN'S  promised  pamphlet  is 
printed,  and,  in  a  few  days,  the  public 
will  be  able  to  judge  for  themselves  how  far  its 
authorwas  justified  in  starting  this  controversy. 
Mr.  Pugin  says,  page  2,  "  that  circumstances 
have  forced  "  him  into  his  "  present  position," 
the  "circumstances"  being,  as  he  puts  it — 1.  A 
remark  in  the  review  of  the  Law  Courts  in  the 
"  Westminster  Gazette."!  2.  A  review  of  this 
review  in  the  Bdildixg  News.j:  3.  A  cor- 
respondence in  the  "Standard."  And  4.  A 
question  put  by  a  writer  in  the  "  Pall  Mall 
Gazette."  ||  As  to  the  part  imputed  to  us,  we 
emphatically  repeat  what  we  said  in  our  im- 
pression of  June  14,  for  we  maintain  that 
neither  the  Houses  of  Parliament,  nor  the  late 
Sir  Charles  Barry,  nor  the  late  Mr.  Pugin,  nor 
"the  lamentable  galiles"  on  one  side,  nor  "the 
glorious  efi^orts  "  on  the  other,  have  anything 
whatever  to  do  with  the  designs  for  the  Law 
Courts.  And  that  when  the  reviewers  of  the 
latter  digressed  so  far  as  to  criticize  the  dead 
fathers  of  two  living  architects,  only  one  of 
whom  was  engaged  in  the  competition  imder 
review,  it  looks  as  if  his  object  was  that  which 
has  been  more  or  less  attained  by  the  publica- 
tion of  this  pamphlet.  AVe  shall  not,  how- 
ever, pause  to  discuss  with  Mr.  Pugin  the 
whys  or  the  wherefores.  We  shall  say  nothing 
of  the  manner  in  which  this  controversy  has 
been  conducted ;  and  we  shall  say  nothing  of 
Mr.  Pugin's  argument,  standing  as  yet  alone, 
to  which  Mr.  Barry  has  not  yet  replied.  That 
a  cause  is  often  weakened  by  undue  reticence 


*  "  WLo  was  the  Art  Architect  of  the  Houses  of  Parlia- 
ment ?  "    London  :  Longman  and  Co. 

t  March  2.  ;  June  14.  |  August  5. 


is  very  true.     That  it  is  weakened  Ijy  an  over- 
anxiety  to  speak  or  prove  too  much  is  equally 
true.     And  this  suggests  the  question — What 
is  the  cause  ?     It  is  simply  and  briefly   the 
cause  of  artists  versiis  surveyors   when   one 
architect  seeks  the  assistance  of  another   for 
any  special  work.     If  it  be  for  anything  more 
than  mere  drawing,  the  object  sought  must  be 
one  of  two  things — 1,  to  secure   some  special 
art  power  greater  than  his ;  or  2,  to  obtain  more 
knowledge  of  the  requirements  of  the  special 
case  in  arrangement,  construction,  &c.,  than 
he  possesses.     In  the  first  case,  the  art  part  of 
the  work  is  the  assistant  architect's,  however 
much  it  may  be  concealed  from  the  public,  and 
the  nominal  architect  has  to  subside  into  the 
plotter  or  surveyor.     In  the   second  case,  of 
course,    the    ])arts   are   simply  reversed,   the 
assistant   takes   tlie   plotting    and   surveyor's 
part   of  the  work,  and  the  architect   remains, 
what  he  should  ever  be,  the  artist.     Novv,  we 
see  no  harm  iu   either  of  these  arrangements, 
provided  only   the   whole  thing  be  fairly  and 
freely  recognized,  treated  as  consultaticjns,  paid 
for  as  such,  anil  nothing  concealed.     Help  and 
advice  in  this  way  would,  we  are  sure,  result  in 
a  much  truer  and  honester  practice  of  archi- 
tecture.    That  this  should  be  boldly  done  by 
practising  architects  ought  to  be   evident  to 
every  honest  practitioner  ;  but  we  go  further, 
and  say  that  it  shouhl   lie   also  the  practice 
between  architects  and  their  salaried  assistants, 
i.e.,  if  architects  purchase  from  their  assistants 
that  knowledge  which  they  jirofess  to  possess 
themselves.      When  Mr.    IJickens   drew   the 
portrait  of  Pecksuitf,  he  drew   no   uncommon 
architectural  character.    Everyone  who  knows 
much  of  English  architects  knows  that  there  is 
scarcely  acountry  town  in  the  kingdom  that  does 
not  possess  its  Pecksnilf.  Indeed,  so  wide-spread 
and  deep-rooted  is  this  principle  of  brain-con- 
veyance (brain-stealing  unwise  peoiUe  call  it) 
that,  as  many  successful  men  owe  their  suc- 
cess entirely  to  it,  it  will  be  a  hard  matter  to 
root  it  out.  Nevertheless,  it  is  just  one  of  those 
plants  we  hope  to  dig  out,  and  we  ask  help  in 
our   work  from  every  architect   in   esse,  and 
every  architect  in  posse,  who  is,  or  hopes  to 
be,  worthy  of  the  art  he  follows. 

In  the  case  now  immediately  before  us  the 
division  of  labour  seems  to  us  very  clear.  Sir 
Chaxles  Barry  laid  down  the  arrangement  of 
the  rooms,  passages,  halls,  and  staircases  of 
the  diti'erent  floors  of  the  Houses  of  Parlia- 
ment. No  one  disputes  this.  He  might  have 
even  planned  all  the  projections  and  all 
the  fenestration.  He  might  have  said  we 
will  have  a  tower  here  of  such  a 
height,  a  tower  there  of  another  height ;  a 
fleche  here  and  pavilions  there  ;  he  might 
even  have  sketched  out  a  diagram  design  of 
the  river  front.  But  to  have  done  more  was 
just  as  impossible  for  the  late  Sir  Charles 
Barry  in  1.S35  as  it  would  have  been  for  the 
late  Mr.  Pugin  to  have  made  such  a  design  as 
that  by  ]\Ir,  Barges  for  the  Law  Courts.  Mo- 
dern architecture  has  not  yet  given  us  any  evi- 
dence of  genius.  The  best  amongst  us  have 
been  simply  trying  back.  And  any  one  who  is 
not  blinded  by  partizanship  can  easily  see  that 
the  good  Gothic  architects  of  the  first  half  of 
the  nineteenth  century  were  always  the  men 
who  had  extensively  sketched,  measured,  and 
studied  the  works  of  the  middle  ages — men 
who  kept  a  large  book  of  patterns  always  by 
them,  or  stored  in  their  memory,  and  to  which 
recourse  was  had  whenever  a  "new"  thing 
was  wanted  :  the  most  faithful  copyist  (faith- 
ful in  detail,  construction,  method  of  working, 
&c.)  being  the  best  architect.  That  Augustus 
Welby  Pugin  evinced  more  knowledge  of 
English  CJothic  architecture  in  1835  than  any 
or  all  of  his  cotemporaries  is  a  fact  so  patent 
to  every  one  who  knows  anything  of  the  modern 
science  of  archaiology  that  it  woidd  be  un- 
necessary to  discuss  it  in  these  columns. 
What  Sir  C.  Barry  did  not  know  of  Gothic 
art  is  also  eiiually  patent  ;  and  had  the  Houses 
of  Parliament  depended  solely  on  their  nomi- 
nal architect  they  would  not  have  had  even 
the  few  admirers  they  have.  All  this,  we 
should  have  thought,  was  so  self-evident  as  to 


790 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


November  15,  1867. 


require  no  documentarj'  eTidonce  to  substan- 
tiate it.  But  modem  architects  are  eminentlj 
jealoiis  ;  the  successful  man  in  groove  No.  1  is 
jealous  of  his  successful  brother  in  groove  No. 
2,  and  so  on.  Sir  C.  Barry  was  just  as  suc- 
cessful an  architect  in  his  revival  of  Italian 
Renaissance  as  Pugin  was  in  his  revival  of  the 
Gothic  of  the  fifteenth  century.  Had  Pugin 
accepted  the  commission  to  design  an  Italian 
club-house,  and  sought  Barry's  assistance,  no 
amount  of  talk  would  have  persuaded  us  that 
Pugin  was  equal  to  the  occasion.  For,  be  it 
remembered,  that  those  were  the  early  days  of 
revival,  and  the  works  of  that  period  show 
clearly  enough  that  men  could  not  do  even  the 
most  mediocre  work  out  of  their  special  groove. 
The  documentary  evidence  which  the  pamph- 
let contains  supports  this  view,  although  it 
would  not  much  matter  if  it  did  not,  for  the 
principle  of  buying  and  selling  has  gone  to 
such  a  length  in  this  shoppy  country  of  ours 
tliat  not  only  are  a  man's  hands  and  brains 
marketable  commodities,  but  his  zeal,  his 
aspirations,  and  his  hopes  can  bemeasured,  and 
valued,  and  bought.  'The  fallacy  of  supposing 
that  everything  for  which  we  pay  money  is  in 
its  fulness  oiirs — that  the  design  for  our  house, 
the  pictures  on  it^  walls,  the  sculpture  over  its 
gateway,  are  all  ours,  to  do  what  we  like  with 
if  we  have  paid  for  them,  is  one  of  the  great- 
est and  cruellest  fallacies  of  a  money-making 
age.  We  should  not,  therefore,  have  been  sur- 
prised to  have  found  that  Pugin,  in  his  zeal 
for  his  favourite  style,  had  utterly  forgotten 
himseJf.  To  a  great  extent — to  the  extent  of 
making  such  a  controversy  as  that  now  before 
us  possible — he  most  certainly  did  himself  an 
injustice,  and  solely  for  the  sake  of  Gothic 
art.  Nor  does  Pugin  stand  alone.  We  could 
give  other  examples  if  there  were  any  need  to 
do  so.  The  culminating  point  of  this  in- 
justice was  in  signing  the  letter  dated  Sep- 
tember 3,  1845 — a  letter  manifestly  concocted. 
Had  Pugin  nothing  whatever  to  do  with  the 
original  or  any  designs  for  the  building,  we 
know  enough  of  his  blunt  honesty  to  feel  sure 
that  he  would  have  said  so  in  so  many  words. 
"  5Ir.  Barry's  o\vn  designs,"  as  Pugin  called 
them,  Mr.  Barry  had  paid  for,  and  they  were 
his  by  virtue  of  purchase.  This  Pugin  possi- 
bly felt,  for  other  architects  and  assistants 
have  so  felt,  and  have  had  to  try  hard  some- 
times to  persuade  themselves  of  the  existence 
of  such  a  thing  as  self-respect.  It  seems  to  us 
Mr.  E.  Pugin  has  rendered  the  profession  and 
the  public  a  service  in  publishing  portions  of 
his  father's  diary,  and  certain  letters,  first,  from 
Sir  C.  Barry  to  his  father,  thirty-nine  in  num- 
ber, four  ranging  from  September  23,  1836,  to 
AprU  17,  1837,  the  rest  from  September  3, 
18-14,  to  February  23,  1852  ;  second,  from  un- 
doubted personal  and  intimate  friends  of  his 
father.  'The  diary  extends  over  the  months 
of  April,  May,  June,  August,  September,  Oc- 
tober, November,  1835.  From  August,  1836, 
to  February,  1837,  there  are  two  entries  of 
a  subsec[uent  date.  From  this  diary  alone  the 
story  seems  tolerably  plain.  On  April  1, 
1835,  Pugin  sent  away  some  of  Graham's 
drawings  ;  on  the  15tli  he  left  Sarum  for  town, 
dined  wth  Barry  on  the  18th,  started  for 
Ramsgate  on  the  21st,  and  there,  after  a  little 
breathing  time,  "  began  ^Ir.  Barry's  draw- 
ings "  on  the  2Sth.  Ten  days  after  he  leaves 
Ramsgate  for  town,  and  on  May  10  met  Mr. 
Barry.  On  the  14th  left  for  Sarum,  and  the 
very  next  day  set  to  work  on  Barry's  drawings. 
His  time  for  the  rest  of  1835  seems  to  have 
been  divided  between  Loudon  and  Sarum.  He 
runs  up  to  town  June  9,  and  returns  on  the 
14th  ;  again  on  August  4,  returning  on  the 
16th.  ]\Ir.  Talbot  Bury  comes  to  Salisbury  : 
began  to  assist  on  September  11.  On  Octobers 
Bury  is  paid,  and  leaves.  October  11,  Pugin 
again  goes  to  town,  working  at  Barry's.  He 
returns  on  the  18th.  On  November  2  Barry 
goes  to  Sarum,  and  leaves  on  the  9th.  On  the 
19th  Pugin  visits  Barry,  and  works  in  town 
for  the  rest  of  the  month.  We  leave  it  to  our 
readers  to  fill  in  this  framework  as  they 
please,  and  we  refrain  from  making  any  erJti- 
mate  of  its  value.     With  the  statements  and 


counter-statements,  assertions  and  denials 
which  this  question  has  raised  we  have 
notliing  whatever  to  do.  But  we  should  cer- 
tainly like  to  see  the  correspondence  between 
Barry  and  Pugin  prior  to  September  23,  1836 
— that  is  to  say,  the  letters  which  passed 
between  these  two  architects  during  the  time 
the  competition  drawings  were  being  prepared, 
but  we  suppose  they  are  all  destroyed.  The 
question  has  been  raised  publicly,  and  the 
building  about  which  the  controversy  arose  is 
a  national  work.  Barry  and  Pugin — both 
public  men — are  both  l_.eyond  our  reach,  and 
cannot  be  affected  one  way  or  the  other. 
Liickily,  the  gift  of  architecture,  or  any  other 
art,  is  not  Jiereditary,  however  much  some 
people  would  wish  it  to  be  ;  the  sons  can- 
not suffer  in  public  estimation  except  by 
their  own  acts.  And  as  to  sentiment, 
we  do  not  believe  in  any  such  thing 
when  it  stands  in  the  way  of  truth. 
It  appears  that  the  76  letters,  about  which 
so  much  has  been  said,  are  not  in  exist- 
ence. It  would  have  saved]  trouble  and 
many  hard  words  if  this  fact  were  stated 
before.  The  letters,  assuming  that  Mr.  E. 
Pugin'a  statement  be  true,  are  probably 
destroyed.  If  so,  why  (  This  is  not  a  new 
controversy.  It  was  commenced  more  than 
twenty  years  since,  and  it  is  not  likely  that 
letters  which  contained  evidence  in  favour  of 
Barry  would  be  purposely  destroyed  by  any 
member  of  his  family.  The  letters,  on  tlie 
other  hand,  might  have  been  unintentionally 
destroyed,  or  they  may  be  in  existence  in 
some  unknowTi  corner.  It  is  quite  certain 
that  there  must  have  been  a  great  deal  of 
correspondence  between  Pugin  and  Barry,  and 
it  is  indeed  singular  that  so  little  of  it  has 
seen  the  light,  or  can  be  consulted.  We  should 
suppose  that  Mr.  Pugin,  judging  from  the 
length  of  his  pamphlet,  which  contains  up- 
wards of  130  pages,  does  not  intend  to  submit 
the  matter  to  any  number  of  men  who  may 
be  selected  as  arbitrators,  and  that  he  prefers 
to  leave  it  to  the  judgment  of  the  public. 
What  that  judgment  is  likely  to  be  we  cannot 
tell  until  we  see  what  the  Messrs.  Barry  may 
have  to  say  on  the  other  side. 


GLAZED  CERAMIC  SURFACES. 

IN  our  last  number  we  gave  our  readers  the 
benefit  of  Mr.  H.  Conybeare's  remarks  on  the 
vise  of  glazed  ceramic  surfaces.  That  gentleman 
has  entered  into  a  calculation  of  the  price  of  this 
material  if  extensively  used  in  London.  Mr. 
Conybeare  says  : — The  superior  economy  of  the 
glazed  ceramic  surface  can  be  demonstrated  by 
comparing  the  cost  per  square  yard  of  a  facing  of 
glazed  bricks  with  that  of  the  ordinary  facing  of 
London  houses  of  brick,  covered  with  painted 
stucco.  Glazed  bricks  can  be  dehvered  in  London 
at  £6  lOs.  per  1000 ;  and  one  of  the  principal 
manufacturers  informs  me  that  were  there  a  large 
demand,  they  might  be  supplied  very  much 
cheaper.  In  the  present  comparison,  however,  I 
will  adopt  the  price  of  £C  10s.  1000  bricks  at 
£6  lOs.  wiU  suffice  to  face  ISJ  square  yards ;  the 
cost  per  yard  will  be,  therefore  (neglecting  on 
both  sides  of  the  comparison  the  cost  of  laying 
the  facing  bricks),  73.  Id.  per  square  yard.  The 
cost  of  the  ordinary  facing  of  brick,  covered  with 
painted  stucco,  would  be  as  follows : — The  same 
number  of  facing  bricks  will  be  required  as  before, 
but  the  cost  will  be  only  £'2  IDs.  per  1000,  instead 
of  £6  lOs.  This  will  make  the  cost  of  the  facicg 
bricks  2s.  9d.  per  square  yard ;  to  this  has  to  be 
added  cement  stucco,  2s.  6d.  per  square  yard, 
making  a  total  of  53.  3d.  per  square  yard,  and  the 
painting.  The  rate  for  painting  "  from  a  ladder  " 
is  Is.  per  square  yard ;  but  as  it  has  to  be  renewed 
every  three  years,  it  may  be  taken  as  4d.  per 
square  yard  per  annum,  which  13  interest  at  5  per 
cent,  on  63.  Sd. ;  and  this  swells  the  actual  cost  of 
the  usual  facing  of  London  houses  to  just  lis. 
per  square  yard,  or  nearly  double  that  of  a  facing 
of  glazed  bricks,  which  has  been  shown  to  be 
78.  9d.  per  square  yard  only.  There  are  about  150 
square  yards  (deducting  openings)  in  the  front  of 
a  London  house,  of  the  class  usually  occupied  by 
professional  men  (a  house,  that  is,  of — say  2ijtt. 
width  to  the  street,  with  three  windows  in  front 
drawing-room,  and  two  floors  of  bedrooms  over.) 


In  giving  a  ceramic  surface  either  to  an  old 
house  or  a  new  one  built  of  concrete,  tiles  must 
lie  used  instead  of  glazed  bricks.  I  have  before 
me  the  catalogue  of  one  of  the  principal  manu- 
facturers of  wall  tiles,  in  which  the  prices  (with 
and  without  fixing)  are  stated  as  follows  : — 

White  glazed,  wall  tiles,  6in. '  square,  3rd 
quality,  33.  6d.  per  square  yard  at  the  works,  or 
73.  6d.  fixed  complete. 

6in.  square,  2nd  quality,  53.  3d.  per  square 
yard  at  the  works,  or  IO3.  3d.  fixed  complete. 

6in.  square,  1st  quality,  63.  9d.  per  square  yard 
at  the  works,  or  lis.  fixed  complete. 

6iu.  hexagons,  C3.  9d.  per  square  yard  at  the 
works,  or  lis.  6d.  fixed  complete. 

6in.  octagons,  and  blue  dot3,  83.  9d.  per  square 
yard  at  the  works,  or  13s.  Cd.  fixed  complete. 

Coloured  6in.  tiles  would  be  3d.  per  yard  more 
than  white  ones — i.  e.,  7s.  per  yard,  instead  of 
6s.  9d.,  the  fixing  being  the  same.  This  makes 
the  cost  of  fixing  with  porcelain  tiles  a  good 
deal  more  than  that  of  operating  with  glazed 
bricks ;  but  I  am  assured,  that  were  the  demand 
largely  increased,  the  cost  of  tile  surfacing  would 
be  very  materially  reduced. 


PUBLIC     MUSEUMS      AND     FREE 
LIBRARIES     ASSOCIATION. 

AN  association  has  been  formed  under  the 
auspices,  and  in  connection  with,  the 
Working  Men's  Club  and  Institute  Union,  for  the 
further  estabhshment  of  public  museums  and 
free  Ubraries,  and  to  give  the  masses  access  on  the 
week  day  evenings  to  the  National  Art  and  Science 
Collections.  This  latter  project  has  already  been 
emphatically  sanctioned  by  a  Select  Committee  of 
the  House  of  Commons  which  sat  in  1860.  If 
any  proof  were  wanted  of  the  utility  of  the 
measure,  and  the  extent  to  which  it  would  be  ap- 
preciated by  the  working  classes,  the  South 
Kensington  Museum  would  be  amply  sufficient. 
Every  week  it  is  thronged  by  thousands  of  in- 
terested visitors.  Who  can  doubt  that  a  similar 
result  would  be  speedily  obtained  at  the  great 
centre  of  art  and  natural  history,  the  British 
Museum  ?  There  is  in  reahty  only  one  ai-gument 
against  the  project  that  needs  combating  for  a 
moment,  only  one  danger  that  needs  guarding 
against^that  of  the  possibility  of  damage  to  these 
treasures  by  fire.  With  the  improved  lighting 
arrangements  at  our  command  at  the  present  day, 
and  our  appliances  for  detecting  and  extinguish" 
ing  fire,  this  can  cause  but  very  little  real  ap- 
prehension. That  the  establishment  of  locil 
museums  and  free  libraries  may  become  powerful 
aids  in  the  cause  of  technical  education,  is  proved 
by  the  fact  that  the  already  existing  institutions 
of  this  class,  few  as  they  are,  are  thronged  by 
working  men.  Working  Men's  Exhibitiona,  im- 
perfectly organized,  and  indifferently  arranged,  as 
many  of  them  have  been,  have  attracted,  some 
their  tens  of  thousands,  and  others  their  hundreds 
of  thousands  of  visitors.  It  is,  therefore,  certain 
that  the  attainment  of  the  objects  of  the  Asso- 
ciation would  be  fraught  with  advantage  to 
the  community.  We  therefore  recommend 
them  to  the  cordial  support  of  all  who  desire  the 
intellectual  improvement  and  social  elevation  of 
the  people. 

♦ 

TECHNICAL  EDUCATION. 

THE  very  important  subject  of  technical  educa- 
cation  of  workmen  seems  to  be  about  to  re- 
ceive attention  from  an  unlooked-for  source.  A 
committee  of  the  Working  Men's  Club  and  Insti- 
tute Union  held  a  meeting  at  their  offices,  150, 
Strand,  on  Tuesday  evening  last,  to  consider  the 
subject — Mr.  Herbert  in  the  chair.  Mr.  Lacham, 
the  printer  to  the  University  of  Oxford,  who  has 
devoted  considerable  attention  to  the  subject,  at- 
tended and  gave  some  valuable  suggestinns.  Mr. 
Howell  stated  that  in  his  trade  there  was,  as  far 
as  his  experience  went,  a  total  absence  of  any 
sound  practical  and  cheap  work  from  which  in- 
formation might  be  derived.  He  believed  joinera 
were  in  this  respect  better  off.  Mr.  Paterson,  a 
cabinet  maker,  and  one  of  the  assistant  secretaries, 
suggested  that  practical  men  in  the  various  trades 
should  be  invited  to  assist  in  the  compilation  of 
standard  manuals,  to  be  supplemented  at  inter- 
vals by  any  fresh  information  obtainable  on  the 
subject  to  be  gleaned  from  the  various  trade 
organs,  such  as  the  "Mechauic3'  Magazine,"  the 
BniLDiNO  News,  and  other  reliable  sources.  It 
w.a3  finally  suggested  by  the  chairman,  and  duly 
proposed  and  carried,  that  meetings   be  held  to 


November  15,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


791 


•eceire  the  opinions  o£  representatives  of  the  dif- 
>rent  trades  on  the  sufficiency  or  otherwise  of 
he  present  existing  literature  on  the  respective 
lubjects,  to  the  extent  to  which  any  new  manuals 
ire  likely  to  be  supported  by  the  tiades  they  re- 
jreeent,  and  to  gather  general  information  on  the 
lubject  The  first  meeting  is  to  be  held  on  De- 
amber  12,  at  S.15  p.m.,  to  receive  opinions  from 
he  representatives  of  the  cabinet  makers'  trade. 
Phis  certainly  seems  a  step  in  the  right  direction, 
,nd  the  Working  Men's  Institute  deserves  credit 
or  its  action  in  the  matter.  If  properly  conducted 
he  inquiry  seems  likely  to  materially  contribute 
0  the  important  object  of  enablintj  our  workmen 
ffectually  to  compete  with  those  of  other 
ouDtries. 


BRASS  PLATES. 

^  AYS  the  "  Pall  Mall  Gazette,"  the  foundations 
5  of  the  Herbert  Hospital  at  Woolwich  have 
ivoa  way,  and  for  some  months  past  the  opera- 
on  of  underpinning  that  enormous  building  has 
een  in  progress.  It  was  at  first  stated  that  the 
)3t  to  the  public  would  be  but  £1,500 ;  but  since 
je  job  has  been  commenced,  it  has  been  dis- 
jvered  that  it  is  a  much  worse  job  than  was  at 
ret  supposed.  What  the  ultimate  expense  will 
e  nobody  knows,  if,  indeed  it  be  not  found  neces- 
iiy  to  abandon  the  building  as  a  total  loss.  On 
[ay  '21,  lS-23,  the  Duke  of  Wellington— being  at 
le  time  Master-General  of  the  Ordnance— issued 
le  following  order  : — 

.\3  the  recaat  arrangements  and  re^'ulatious  of  the  Trea- 
iry  have  iiupasej  upou  this  ilopartraeut  tlie  eiocutiou  of 
i  buildings  and  repairs  of  buildings  under  the  Govoni- 
idDt  in  all  parts  of  the  empire,  the  M.iat^r-General  and 
aud  deaire  to  call  the  attention  of  the  otficors  of  Eu- 
ueers  to  the  increased  trust  reposed  iu  tlieir  skill  .ind 
isir  attention  to  their  duty.  The  M,ist«r-General  and 
card  .ire  desirous  of  bavins:  some  lasting  recoi-d  of  tliese 
Ulities  in   the  otlicers  of  Engineers,  and  they  are  pleased 

>  order  that  whenever  any  public  building  may  be  erected 
ader  the  direction  of  an  otBcer  of  Engineers,  a  br.iss  plate 
lay  be  aflixed  in  some  conspicuous  part  of  it,  stating  its 
imanaions,  the  amount  of  the  estimated  expense,  the 
DOODt  of  the  cost,  the  date  of  the  commencement  and 
lat  of  the  conclusion  of  the  work,  and  the  name  of  the 
1  >;r  who  has  executed  or  superintended  it.     The  same  to 

:  m&  in  case  of  any  repair  exceeding  the  sum  of  £1,000  ; 

i  m  case  any  repair  should  be  given  to  any  public  build- 
:.  the  erpense  of  which  does  not  exceed  £1,000,  a  parti- 
I  \t  description  of  it  and  statement  of  its  expen-e  are  to 

recorded  in  the  books  of  the  engineer's  office  at  the 
ace  at  which  that  repair  has  been  executed,  with  the 
ime   of  the  officer  who  executed  or  superintended   it, 

Older  that  the  Master-General  and  Bo^rd  may  at  all 
mas  in  future  know  who  .are  the  otEcers  who  have 
ecttted  the  public  works  carried  on  under  their  direc- 
*ti*-  Wellinotok. 

la  a  letter  to  General  Mann,  to  be  found  at  page 
(of  the  second  volume  of  the  series  of  the  Duke's 
Supplementary  Despatches  and  Papers,"  now  in 
lurse  of  publication,  his  grace  explains  that  this 
ineral  order  has  been  called  forth  "  in  conse- 
lence  of  the  number  of  public  works,  buildings, 
c,  now  useless  or  going  to  decay  on  account  of 
leir  having  been  constructed  with  bad  or  impro- 
ir  materials,  or  badly,  or  upon  insufficient  founda- 
ons,  or  in  a  manner  noc  calculated  to  ensure  the 
irposea  for  which  the  buildings  were  intended." 
e  observes  that,  in  case  of  having  to  find  fault 
ith  him,  a  private  individual  can  dismiss  his 
■chitect  or  builder,  but  that  the  public  cannot 
smiss  the  whole  corps  of  Engineers,  and  that,  as 
le  sense  of  responsibility  is  the  most  powerful 
otive  to  induce  men  to  do  th.ir  duty,  he  thinks 
necessary  to  adopt  the  plan  sketche'd  out  in  his 
-der  for  attaching  to  individual  officers  the  credit 

>  be  obtained,  or  the  blame  to  be  incurred,  for 
tf  good  or  bad  performance  of  public  works.     In 

•  Duke  of  AVellingtou's  opinion  an  olEcer  who 
^ht,  and,  probably,  would,  overlook  a  defective 
lan  or  defective  work  by  a  contractor,  or  by  work- 
len  employed  under  his  directions,  would  think 
rice  before  he  would  pass  over  such  defects  if  he 
lew  that  his  own  name  would  go  down  to  pos- 
rity  '-as  the  constructor  of  a  barrack,  for  in- 
ance,  ^  uninhabitable  because  the  mortar  with 
hich  it  is  constructed  was  made  of  sea  sand ;  of 
tower  costing  more  than  its  value  in  repairs  be- 
luseits  foundation  is  insufficient  or  injudiciously 
id ;  of  a  magazine  unfit  to  contain  powder  from 
>mp;  or  of  storehouses  tumbling  down  as  soon  as 
iiilt  for  want  of  sufficient  foundation." 


PROPOSED  TRADES  UJflOIfS'  ACT. 

CHEConference  of  Amalgamated  Trades  have 
distributed  a  number  of  copies  of  their 
raft  bills  for  legalizing  trade  unions,  and  with 
jeh  a_  circular  a,sking  the  favourable  consideration 
■  their  production.     Delegates  from  the  Societies 


of  Engineers,  Ironfounders,  Carpenters,  Brick- 
layers, and  Velhim  Binders,  compose  the  con- 
ference, and  they  claim  to  represent  about  G0,000 
operatives.  The  preamble  proposes  that  some 
existing  acts  shall  bo  partly  rapealod,  and  this 
enactment  substituted  in  their  place.  There 
seems  to  us  a  want  of  clearness  in  the  clause 
which  treats  of  trade  offences.  It  says  in  sub- 
stance that  a  penalty  of  imprisonment,  for  a  term 
not  exceeding  three  months,  shall  bo  incurred  by 
any  one  who,  by  "  act  or  threat  of  violence  to 
person  or  property,"  or  by  the  commission  of 
any  '•'  offence  punishable  by  statute,"  shall  force 
or  endeavour  to  force  any  person  to  depart  from 
or  refrain  from  accepting  employment,  to  sub- 
scribe to  a  club  or  fund,  to  pay  a  penalty  for 
breach  of  rules,  to  alter  his  mode  of  conducting 
business,  or  to  limit  the  number  of  his  appren- 
tices. N'ow,  surely,  the  authors  of  the  bill  do  not 
mean  that  every  act  of  violence  is  to  esciipe  with 
the  slight  pvmishmeut  of  three  months'  imprison- 
ment because  it  is  committed  in  furtherance  of 
trades  unions'  interests.  Murders,  such  as  those 
perpetrated  by  Broadhead  and  Grookes,  are  only 
aggravated  "  violences  to  person,"  and  "  offences 
punishable  by  statute."  Three  of  the  clauses 
provide  that  all  cases  of  trade  outrages  shall  only 
be  heard  before  a  judge  of  the  superior  courts, 
and  by  a  jury  selected  by  ballot  from  the  register 
of  Parliamentary  electors  for  the  borough  or 
county  in  which  the  trial  is  held.  The  reasons 
for  tliis,  as  staled  by  the  explanatory  circular, 
are — because  the  cases  are  often  of  considerable 
difficidty  and  importance  ;  and  the  impossibility, 
under  the  present  system,  of  obtaining  a  jury 
not  entirely  composed  of  the  middle  class.  We 
can  see  very  little  force  in  the  reason  for  the 
adoption  of  the  first  proposal.  We  do  not  think 
that  the  ends  of  justice  would  be  better  met  by 
sending  every  trumpery  case  of  assault  or  violence 
to  the  assizes,  solely  because  it  had  arisen  from 
a  trade  dispute,  and  therefore  hold  that  the  lower 
tribunals  may  be  safely  left  to  the  exercise  of 
their  discretion,  as  at  present.  With  regard  to 
the  juries,  while  we  see  no  objection  to  its  adop- 
tion, we  do  not  tliiuk  the  plan  will  materially 
alter'  many  verdicts  that  might  have  been  given 
under  the  present  system.  We  entertain  the 
opinion  that  Englishmen,  of  whatever  class,  as  a 
rule,  do  not  allow  their  prejudices  to  excuse  per- 
jury in  the  jury  box.  We  do  not  see  that  the  last 
clauses  are  wanted  at  all.  We  refer  to  those 
which  provide  for  the  punishment  of  any  officer 
who  shall  embezzle  the  property  of  a  society.  The 
punishment  provided,  viz.,  two  years'  imprison- 
ment, or,  for  heavy  offences,  a  period  of  from 
five  to  fourteen  years'  penal  servitude,  seem 
heavy  compared  with  the  very  light  one  for  what 
is  quite  as  heinous  an  offence.  Once  legalize 
trades  unions,  and  concede  to  them  the  right  to 
possess  property,  and  there  are  existing  statutes 
and  penalties  against  larceny  and  felony  quite 
sufficient  for  the  punishment  of  offende  rs. 


THE    JIANCHESTEB   TOWS  HALL 
COMPETITION. 

ON  Saturday  last,  at  a  meeting  of  the  Man- 
chester Town  Council,  the  town  clerk  read  a 
memorial  on  this  subject,  of  which  the  following 
is  a  copy. 

To  the  Worshipful  the  Mayor,  Aldermen,  and  Common 
Council  of  the  City  of  Manchester. 
We,  the  tlndereigned  President  and  Coxuicil  of  the  M.an- 
chester  Architectural  Asaociation,  venture  to  address  yotl. 
ui)ou  the  question  of  the  site  for  the  proposed  new  town 
hill.  In  doing  so  we  have  to  express  our  regret  at  having 
heard  th.tt  you  are  still  inclined  to  adhere  to  the  shape  and 
extent  of  land  as  indicated  on  the  plan  supplied  to  archi- 
tects, in  the  recent  sket<;h  competition,  by  the  city  surveyor. 
We  have  hitherto  hesitated  to  express  our  professional 
opinion  upon  this  question,  aa  we  trus1;ed  3  ou  mieht  perhaps 
be  induced  to  reconsider  the  proposed  sit«,  esl>ecially  after 
having  examined  the  sketch  plana  submitted  iu  competi- 
tion. We,  as  architects,  have  never  entertained  a  favourable 
opinion  of  the  shape  of  the  eite  as  decided  upon ;  but, 
after  a  cireful  examination  of  the  competition  plans,  we 
are  more  than  ever  convinced  of  the  untitne33  of  the  site 
for  the  purpose  of  a  town  hall  for  this  cit.v,  and  our  object 
in  thus  addressing  you  is  to  entreat  you  to  reconsider  your 
decision  while  there  is  yet  timfe.  We  feel  that  we  are  only 
echoing  the  opinion  of  the  majority  of  our  professional 
brethren  wiio  supplied  sketches  in  the  recent  competition, 
and  we  know  of  instances  where  men  of  talent  and  high  re- 
putation in  the  profession  have  thrown  up  the  competition 
on  account  of  tlie  inappropriate  nature  of  theaiteaa regards 
its  form.  With  ita  position  no  fault  ciu  be  foimd,  and  in 
many  respects  it  is  admirably  adapted  for  a  fine  architec- 
tural display ;  but  we  respectfully  ask  th.at  the  boundary 
lines  of  the  plot  may  be  altered  so  as  to  form  rightangles,  and 
thereby  render  the  site  more  available  for  the  production 
of  a  good  and  convenient  pl.an.  And  we  Teuttu»  to  sug- 
gest that  the  plan  proposed  by  Mr.  Councillor  King  is  well 
entitled  to  your  careful  consideration,  and  wonld  better  se- 
ciu-e  the  desired  end  than  any  plan  aa  yet  proposed.      We 


would,  however,  suggest  the  following  mi>di6cation  of  Mr. 
King's  plan,  viz.,  to  disiwuse  witli  the  idea  of  connecting 
^Vlbott-squaro  with  Oxford-street,  and  to  square  theaitti  aa 
(low  proposed  by  tracings  Iierowith  enclosed.  We  are  of 
opinion  that  this  ])hin  woiild  cost  less  thiin  Mr.  King's,  .and 
^vuuld  only  add  one  acute  angle  in  the  surrounding  property. 
In  thus  aiidressiiig  you  we  are  solely  actuated  by  a  desire 
io  see  a  building  wliich  shall  do  honour  to  yourhonouiablo 
Corporation  and  the  city  over  which  you  pre.side,  and  also 
that  we  m.iy  have  the  satisf  icticui  of  knowing  that  we  have 
rec(»rded  our  professional  opinion  ui)on  a  Uiatt^jr  which  can- 
not fail  to  Iw  of  groat  interest  to  this  importjoit  and  mor- 
oantile  lK>rough. — We  have  the  honom-to  remain,  moat  re- 
spectfully, 

Lawrence  Booin,  AR.IB  A.,  President. 

CUARLES  CL.VY.  M.  1).,  Vico-Preaidant. 

Isaac  BI.ACK^VEI.L,  M.A.A.  ) 

Joseph  Battye,  >  Council. 

Pcter  a.  Alley,  Jim.         ) 

Alfred  Darbvshire,   A.R.I.B.A.,    MA.A., 
Hon.  Sec,  No.  7,  St.  James's-squaro. 
October  22, 1S07. 

Alderman  Clarke  and  Alderman  Hey  wood  moved 
and  seconded  that  the  memorial  be  received,  which 
was  adopted. 

Mr.  King  expressed  his  gratification  at  the  me. 
morial.  He  could  assure  the  council  that  tho  As- 
sociation was  constituted  of  lialf  tho  architects  in 
Manchester.  He  w;is  quite  satisfied  with  the  pro- 
gress of  public  opinion  in  the  matter.  The  mayor 
appeared  to  be  very  anxious  that  the  Architectural 
Association  should  not  be  mistaken  for  the  Man- 
chester Society  of  Architects.  The  memoiial,  he 
said,  did  nok  come  from  that  society :  it  came  from 
an  entirely  different  body,  with  regard  to  the  re- 
spectability of  whom  he  had  not  a  word  of  dis 
paragement  to  say  ;  but  they  were  not  the  men 
who  did  the  .architectural  business  of  Manchester. 

Our  readers  will  see  by  reference  to  a  leading 
article  in  our  issue  of  October  11  that  we  advo- 
cated a  similar  view  to  that  expressed  in  the  me- 
morial. 


THE     NEW    ALEXANDRA    PALACE. 

THE  building  known  as  the  Alexandra  Palace, 
at  JIuswell-hill,  is  .at  length  approaching 
completion.  It  w.a3  commenced  in  1863,  by  a 
comp.any  formed  to  remove  thither  the  Exhibition 
building  at  South  Kensington,  which  Parliament 
declined  to  purchase,  but  they  becoming  finan- 
cially involved  in  difficulties,  a  second  company 
obtained  possession,  and  will,  doubtless,  iu  the 
course  of  three  or  four  months,  complete  both 
park  and  palace.  Tho  park  is  an  estate  of  some 
200  acres,  and  commands  a  fine  view  north,  east, 
and  south.  It  can  be  reached  from  London  by 
the  Great  Northern  Railw.ay  from  King's  Cross  ; 
this  is,  in  fact,  at  present  the  only  direct  route. 
The  Great  Eastern,  the  Midland,  and  the  North 
London  lines,  however,  all  .approach  it  within 
short  distances,  and  prol;ably  only  await  the 
inducements  of  customers  and  competition  to  en- 
circle it  with  as  complete  a  network  of  rail- 
way communication  as  surrounds  its  more  south- 
erly rival  the  Crystal  Palace.  The  length  of  the 
building  as  now  erected  is  about  800  yards.  It 
faces  the  south,  looking  over  Old  Hornsey  town. 
One  of  the  large  domes,  formerly  at  South  Ken- 
sington, forms  the  centre  of  the  building,  but  is 
now  partly  cased  with  masonry,  and  is  surmounted 
by  a  circular  balustrade.  The  ground  plan 
consists  of  a  na-.'e  extending  the  whole  length  of 
the  building,  crossed  by  three  transepts,  the  two 
end  ones  not  quite  300ft.  each  in  length,  and  that 
in  the  middle  not  quite  350ft.  Smaller  domes 
surmount  the  two  end  transepts.  A  quantity  of 
stained  glass  gives  the  building  a  somewhat  ec- 
clesiastical appearance.  Kich  frescoes  will  adorn 
the  walls,  cornices,  and  interiors  of  the  dome.s, 
the  iron  columns  which  support  the  building 
being  surmounted  by  Corinthian  capitals  coloured 
blue  and  red.  On  the  south  side  of  the  building 
a  race  course  forms  a  novel  and,  as  we  are  in- 
clined to  think,  a  very  objectionable  feature  of 
entertainment  in  a  "  People's  Palace."  Provision 
is  being  made  for  evening  entert.ainments  hy  a 
thorough  distribution  of  gas  pipes  over  the  build- 
ing, and  if  the  g.as  cannot  be  obtained  from  some 
local  establishment,  it  is  to  be  manufactured  on 
the  estate.  It  is  hoped  that  the  Princess  of 
W>ales  will  open  this  palace  which  bears  her  name 
early  in  the  ensuing  year. 


We  are  glad  to  see  that  a  special  effort  is  being 
made  to  increase  the  library  of  the  Institute  of 
Architects,  and  Mr.  Tite  has  contributed  £1U0  to- 
wards the  object.  It  must  be  admitted  that  the 
library  at  Conduit-street  is  scarcely  worthy  of  the 
position  and  importance  of  the  Institute,  and  it  ii 
hoped  that  the  President's  example  will  be  ex- 
tensively followed. 


792 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


November  15,  1867. 


ELEMENTS   OF    ENGINEERING. 
Cantilevers. — II. 

HAVING  discussed  in  the  pvevioua  article 
the  question  of  a  cantilever  loaded  at 
the  extremity,  or  at  any  one  particular  spot, 
and  subjected  to  the  action  of  a  single  weight 
collected  at  that  point,  we  liave  now  to  in- 
vestigate the  conditions  attending  the  effect  of 
a  load  uniformly  distributed  over  the  entire 
length  of  the  beam.      If  we  imagine  fig.  1  to 

Fig.  1. 


I 


represent  a  cantilever,  with  a  load  spread 
unifornoly  over  its  upper  surface  or  flange,  and 
that  it  is  required  to  determine  what  is  the 
amount  of  the  strain  upon  either  the  top  or 
bottom  flange  at  any  point  A  B,  the  simplest 
method  will  be  to  proceed  as  before,  and  find 
the  moment  of  the  breaking  force,  subse- 
qiiently  that  of  the  resistance,  and  equate  the 
two.  In  the  first  place,  it  is  quite  evident 
that  the  portion  of  the  total  weight  resting 
upon  the  girder,  between  the  line  A  B  ancl 
the  support  or  fixed  end  D,  produces  no  eft'ect 
whatever  towards  exerting  any  strain  at  the 
line  A  B  ;  and  all,  therefore,  that  we  have  to 
consider  is  the  weight  resting  upon  the  canti- 
lever betu-een  A  B  and  the  free  extremity,  or 
what  is  usually  termed  the  end.  Let  this  dis- 
tance equal  X.  Then,  if  we  supposed  the 
whole  weight  along  X  to  be  divided  into  so 
many  units,  tlie  moment  of  the  strain  of  each 
respectively  round  the  point  A  B,  would  equal 
their  weight,  multiplied  by  the  distance  of 
their  centre  of  gravity  from  that  point  ;  con- 
sequently, the  moment  of  the  strain,  produced 
by  their  sum  of  the  total  weight,  is  the  pro- 
duct of  that  weight  into  the  distance  of  its 
centre  of  gravity  from  the  line  A  B,  or  from 
whatever  point  at  which  the  strain  is  required. 
Calling  this  weight  W,  the  distance  of  its 
centre  of  gravity  from  the  line  A  B,  will  equal 

-— ,  and  putting  M   for  the  moment   of  the 

W'xX 


strain,     we     obtain     M  = 


The 


moment  of  resistance,  or  the  force  exerted  by 
the  cantilever,  using  the  same  notation  as  in 
our  previous  article,  is  S  x  (J,  so  that,  equat- 
ing these  two  quantities,  we  finally  have  for 
the  amount  of  the  strain  at  any  joint  A  B, 

S  =  .     This  is  the  general  equation 

for  the  strain  upon  the  top  or  bottom  flange 
of  a  cantilever  at  any  point,  when  it  is  sub- 
mitted to  the  action  of  a  load  uniformly  dis- 
tributed over  its  whole  length.  To  find  the 
greatest  strain,  which,  it  will  be  seen,  occurs 
at  the  support  or  fixed  end,  similarly  to 
the  case  of  a  single  load  at  one  extremity, 
which  we  have  already  examined  into,  we  put 
L  =  the  total  length  or  span  of  the  beam  ;  and 
making  X  =  L,  and  W  the  total  weight,  we 
obtain  the  equation  for  the  maximum  strain 
g  =  W  X  L 
2  X  <^" 
The  equation  obtained,  and  the  amount  of  the 
strain  in  the  former  instance,  where  the  canti- 
lever  was  only  loaded  at  the  extremity,  was 

W  X  L 

given  by  the  rule  S  ^ — ,and  we,there- 

d 

fore,  perceive  that  in  the  one  case,  with  the 
same  weight  in  both,  the  strain  is  only  half 
what  it  amounts  to  in  the  other.  In  other 
words,  it  is  a  law  in  mechanics  that  where  a 
cantilever  is  loaded  with  a  weight,  uniformly 
distributed  over  it,  the  maximum  strain  at  the 
support  is  only  half  that  produced  by  the 
same  weight  acting  at  its  free  extremity.  The 
same  relation,  it  may  be  remarked,  prevails  in 


horizontal  girders,  supported  at  both  extremi- 
ties, and  loaded  respectively  uniformly  over 
the  whole  span,  and  only  in  the  centre.  Let  us 
take  a  practical  example  before  proceeding 
further.  AVhat  number  of  square  inches 
should  there  be  in  the  top  flange  of  a  wrought- 
iron  cantilever  at  its  fixed  end,  having  a 
length  of  10ft.,  a  depth  of  1ft.,  and  loaded 
uniformly  with  a  weight  of  10  tons,  taking 
the  safe  strain  of  wrought  iron  per  square 
inch  at  five  tons.   If  N  represent  the  number  of 

g 
square  inches,  then  N  =  — ,  but   from  above 

W  X   L  ^ 

S  =  — TT-; — .      Substituting  for  the  letters 

10  X  10 


2  d 


their  assigned  values  we  obtain  N  =  ■  

°  2X5X1 

10  square  inches.  In  designing  cantilevers 
for  supporting  uniformly  distributed  loading, 
we  may  proceed  in  the  same  manner  as  before, 
and  adopt  one  of  the  two  courses  open  to  us 
m  the  case  of  where  the  load  is  applied  at  the 
free  extremity  ;  that  is,  we  may  either  keep 
the  depth  constant  and  vary  the  sections  of  the 
flanges,  to  correspond  with  the  increasing  strain 
towards  the  fixed  end,  or  keep  the  flanges  con- 
stant and  vary  the  depth  in  an  increasing  ratio 
towards  the  support.  Supposing,  for  the  pre- 
sent, that  we  choose  the  former  of  these  two 
methods,  there  is  a  difference  to  be  remarked 
in  the  manner  in  which  the  strains  increase 
towards  the  fixed  end.  Instead  of  augmenting 
in  a  regular  progression,  as  in  the  case  of  a 
cantilever  loaded  at  one  extremity,  they  in- 
crease in  the  ratio  of  the  squares  of  the  dis- 
tances of  any  given  points  from  the  free  end. 
The  following  simple  ride  will  therefore  be  of 
use  in  calculating  the  strains  upon  the  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  flanges  of  a  cantilever, 
having  once  ascertained  from  the  concise 
formula  we  have  given  the  maximum  or 
greatest  strain  at  the  support.  Let  us  take  the 
example  already  cited,  and  determine  what 
will  be  the  amount  of  strain  upon  the  beam 
at  every  foot  from  the  fixed  end.  Divide  the 
girder  into  ten  parts,  and  number  them  con- 
secutively from  0  to  10.  From  the  principle 
Fig.  2. 


1 

0    /      2     3r    *■    5     ff    " 

'    I 

i 

10 

already  laid  down  that  the  strains  vary  as  the 
squares  of  the  distances  from  the  free  end, 
supposing  the  strain  at  the  fixed  end  to  be 
equal  to  unity,  we  can  easily  deduce  a  series 
of  numbers,  which  will  represent  the  propor- 
tion existing  between  the  strains  at  the  dif- 
ferent points  required.  Commencing  with 
the  divisions  from  1  to  10,  these  numbers  are 
respectively— 0-81,  0-04,  049,  0-,36,  0'25,  O'lG, 
O-o;),  0-04,  0-01,  and  0-00.  Tlie  maximum 
strain  at  the  fixed  end  is  obtained   from  the 


AV 


X   L       ,  .  1 1    10  X  10 

.,  and  IS  equal  to 


formula  S  :  , ^ 

'2d.     •  2X1 

=  50  tons.  Multiplying  this  strain  by  the 
numbers  given  above,  we  readily  obtain  the 
strain  acting  at  every  foot  run  of  the  canti- 
lever ;  and  to  find  the  number  of  square 
inches  required  in  the  flanges  at  the  cor- 
responding points,  bearing  in  mind  that  the 
depth  or  the  value  of  d  is  constant  through- 
out, all  that  is  necessary  is  to  divide  the  strains 
so  found  by  five  for  the  top  fl.ange,  and  four  for 
the  bottom. 

Turning  our  attention  now  to  the  other 
form  of  design,  where  the  sectional  area  of  the 
flanges  is  maintained  uniform,  but  the  vary- 
ing strains  compensated  for,  and  duly  resisted 
by  a  varying  depth,  there  is  no  difficulty  in 
perceiving  that  if  the  depth  be  increased  from 
the  free  end  to  the  support,  in  accordance 
with  the  proportionate  numbers  already  found, 
the  correct  geometrical  outline  of  the  canti- 
lever will  be  arrived  at.  Fig.  3  represents  the 
outline  of  girder  so  designed,  which  will  con- 
sequently allow  of  a  uniformity  of  strain  in 
the  top  and  bottom  flanges,  omitting  all 
notice  of  the   difference  of  length  in  the  top 


and  bottom,  owing  to  the  cun-cd  shape 
bestowed  upon  the  lower.  Manifestly,  cases 
may  arise  very  different  from  the  two  general 
ones  we  have  investigated,  but  they  would  he 
rare,  under  any  ordinary  conditions  of  load- 
ing ;  moreover,  it  is  quite  impossible  to  give 


examples  and  rules  for  every  special  case  that 
might  be  brought  before  the  notice  of  the  pro- 
fessional man.  Only  general  rules  and  guid- 
ing principles  can  be  laid  down,  and  the  skiO 
of  the  designer  must  deal  with  each  particular 
example,  as  the  attendant  circumstances 
demand.  In  fact,  it  is  in  the  manner  in 
which  these  special  cases  are  dealt  with,  that 
displays  the  practical  ability  and  knowledge 
of  the  engineer  and  architect.  We  have  as 
yet  said  nothing  about  the  web  of  the  canti- 
lever, or  the  duty  it  has  to  perform,  for  in 
cast-iron  girders  the  exigencies  of  manu- 
facture and  the  margin  of  safety  generally 
demand  that  not  only  a  sufficiently  but  an 
excess  of  material  must  be  placed  in  the  web. 
It  is  in  reality  only  in  braced  or  trussed  canti- 
levers that  the  designing  of  the  web  recpiires 
close  calculation,  but  at  present  we  do  not 
intend  entering  upon  the  subject  of  open  web 
girders.  Their  general  appearance  is  shown 
in  fig.  4,  and  the  weights  are  usually  regarded 
Fia.  4. 


as  concentrated  upon  the  apices  of  the  tri- 
angles formed  by  the  intersection  of  the 
diagonal  bars  of  the  web  with  the  top  and 
bottom  flanges.  "Where  the  load  is  attached 
to  the  free  extremity  of  a  cantilever,  the 
amount  of  material  required  in  the  web,  when 
the  depth  is  constant,  varies  with  the  pro- 
duct of  the  weight  and  the  distance  or  length 
of  the  span,  and  the  same  conditions  hold  in 
the  case  of  a  cantilever  with  a  load  uniformly 
distributed.  Although  theoretically  the 
strains  diminish,  or,  so  to  speak,  dwindle  down 
to  nothing  at  the  free  extremity,  yet  it  would 
be  extremely  injudicious  to  reduce  the  sec- 
tional area,  either  of  the  flanges  or  the  weh, 
to  nothing  at  that  point.  It  would  be  impos- 
sible to  predict  that  a  small  strain,  perhaps  a 
heavy  sudden  one,  might  not  be  brought  by 
accident  upon  that  part  of  the  girder,  and  it 
would  be  bad  economy  to  imperil  the  whole 
structure  for  the  sake  of  eflecting  an  insignifi- 
cant saving  of  material. 


Mr.  Joseph  Grove,  honorary  secretary  of  the 
Palestine  Exploration  Fund,  in  a  letter,  says : — 
Lieutenant  Warren  has  established  by  actual 
demonstration  that  the  south  wall  of  the  sacred 
enclosure,  which  contained  the  Temple  at 
Jerusalem,  is  buried  for  more  than  half  its  depth 
beneath  an  accumulation  o£  rubbish — probably 
the  ruins  of  the  successive  buildings  which  once 
crowned  it,  and  that  if  bared  to  its  foundation 
the  wall  would  present  an  unbroken  face  of  solid 
masoniy  of  nearly  l,000£t.  long,  and  for  a  large 
portion  of  that  distance  more  than  150ft.  in 
height ;  in  other  words,  nearly  the  length  of  the 
Crystal  Palace,  and  the  height  of  the  transept. 
The  waU,  as  it  stands,  with  less  than  half  that 
height  emerging  from  the  ground,  has  always 
been  regarded  as  a  marvel.  What  must  it  have 
been  when  entirely  exposed  to  view  ?  No  wonder 
that  Prophets  and  Ps-altnists  should  haxe  re. 
joiced  in  the  "walls"  and  "bulwarks"  of  the 
Temple. 


i 


Ttie  Buiidin*  Kev/j,  NoV  iS^^'afiX 


. 

^        It        it         i 

-+i       + 

t 

o         i^L  Ll    ^' 

> 

5r^ 

T^:^^tEgrrJ 

=] 

1 

-'-- 

JJi 

SHOP    FRONTS    AT    PIMLICO. 

WALFORD&  DONKIN   ARCH^s 


oiRDtR    TO-  -Scarry     wall 


PLAN   AT   D  D. 


1 


STALL    PLATE 


lASE   or   COLUMN   AT   C. 


Hnxx 


GIRDER   TO  I-   ■   r- J  CARRY   CORNICE. 


a   Ablort.tllL 


H  Stone  dtL^ 


_  ,^,  , .7\V"n.teiii''^^S^*  . 


Uu '  ^  urtlu^raL 


^ 


November  15,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


797 


SHOP-FRONTS  AT  PIMLICO. 

SnOP-FRONTS,  as  a  rule,  receive  but  little 
consideration  from  architects,  and  that, 
we  suppose,  for  two  reasons — nameh',  they 
get  but  little  remuneration  for  their  labour, 
and  tradesmen,  in  this  matter,  are  very  difli- 
cult  to  please.  The  tradesman  has  an  absorb- 
ing ambition  for  glass.  He  seems  to  count 
his  si|uare3  as  a  farmer  would  acres — the 
greater  the  number  the  larger  the  harvest. 
Not  an  inch  must  be  lost;  columns  are  only 
obstructions  ;  arches  must  have  spandrels  ; 
and  sash-bars  cannot  be  tolerated.  One  of 
our  lithographic  sheets  this  week  illustrates  a 
shop  front  (with  details)  recently  erected  at 
Piinlico,  from  a  design  by  Jlessrs.  Walford 
and  Donkin.  Though  it  possesses  no  striking 
originality,  its  general  treatment  is  not  witli- 
out  character  and  merit.  Its  principal  fea- 
tures consist  of  a  stone  cornice  of  great  length, 
panelled  with  marble,  supported  at  either  end 
by  jiilasters  of  a  similar  character,  and  in  the 
middle,  at  intervals,  by  two  ornamental  iron 
columns.  The  whole  is  surmounted  by  an 
iron  railing.  The  style  is  Classic,  but  French 
in  feeling.  As  regards  construction,  the  diffi- 
culties generally  attending  a  stone  cornice  of 
long  bearing  has  been  met,  with  some  origi- 
nality, by  the  introduction  of  a  lattice  girder, 
as  shown  in  the  drawing.  The  columns  which 
support  the  ends  of  these  trusses  are  fluted, 
and,  although  light  and  prett}-,  are  open  to 
criticism  in  point  of  general  harmony.  The 
iron  railing  is  good,  so  also  is  the  sculpture, 
as  executed  by  Mr.  Earp.  The  establishment 
consists  of  the  adaptation  of  three  separate 
houses.  These,  with  the  exception  of  the 
party  walls,  have  been  cleared  throughout, 
the  front  and  back  walls  of  each  house  being 
carried  on  iron  box  girders.  On  the  first  floor 
are  the  work-rooms,  libraries,  and  sitting- 
rooms  for  the  assistants  belonging  to  the 
establishment ;  above  this  again  are  the  bed- 
rooms, the  dining-room  being  at  the  top,  and 
provided  with  a  lift.  Jfr.  Gorringe  is  the  pro- 
prietor of  the  establishment.  The  contractors 
were  Messrs.  Newman  and  Mann.  The  total 
outlay  was  £4,500. 


has,  consequently,  a  claim  on  our  great 
builders.  We  hope,  therefore,  the  council 
will  not  neglect  this  fruitful  part  of  the 
field  in  their  elt'orts  to  secure  the  addi- 
tional necessary  Xl.OOO.  The  same  nuiy  be 
said  of  our  large  art  manufacturing  firms. 
Certainly,  when  the  object  is  so  good,  the 
advantages  to  be  derived  so  certain,  and  the 
ability  to  aid  so  abundant,  this  appeal  of  the 
council  of  the  architectural  museum  will  not 
be  made  in  vain. 


THE  ARCHITECTURAL  MUSEUM. 

WE  have  more  than  once  called  attention 
to  this  museum.  That  there  is  an 
urgent  necessity  for  it  no  one  disputes,  and 
that  advantages  will  flow  from  it  when  it  is 
established  every  one  believes.  It  is  satis- 
factory to  feel  that  so  much  progress  has  been 
made.  It  was  expected  in  the  first  place  that 
i;2,000  would  have  been  sufficient.  That  sum 
hawng  been  nearly  raised,  tenders  were  in- 
vited, and  the  lowest  sent  in  is  £2,970. 
Another  £1,000  is,  therefore,  needed  to  com- 
plete the  work,  and  make  it  worthy  of  the 
architectural  profession.  Mr.  Joseph  Clarke, 
the  honorary  and,  we  say,  the  indefatigable 
secretary,  in  a  letter  to  us  says — "  Now,  pro- 
fessional gentlemen  have  so  heartily  responded 
to  our  appeals  for  aid  that  surely  our  archi- 
tects and  others  to  whom  our  museum  may 
prove  so  valuable,  will  come  forward  with 
more  contributions.  I  do  not  think  that  the 
aid  from  the  profession  and  the  art  trades  allied 
to  it  has  been  as  general  as  we  had  reason  to 
expect."  It  is  not  too  late  to  remedy  this 
defect.  II  gentlemen  like  Mr.  Ruskin  and  Mr. 
Charles  Buxton  will  subscribe  liberally,  it 
is  not  too  much  to  expect  that  men  engaged 
in  architectural  pursuits  will  show  their  ap 
preciation  of  the  museum,  and  help  to  esta 
Wish  it.  We  are  rather  surprised  to  see  the 
absence  of  the  names  of  our  great  building 
firms  from  the  list  of  subscribers.  They, 
more  than  any  other  body  of  men,  reap  ad- 
vantages from  the  improved  art  taste  of  the 
times.  These  improved  tastes  create  a  demand 
for  new  and  expensive  buildings,  and  it  is  well 
known  that  builders  and  contractors  are  not 
the  worst  paid  in  their  erection.  The  con- 
templated architectural  museum  will  mate- 
rially assist  the  art  revival  of  the  age,  and  it 


ELY  CATHEDRAL. 

ELY  Cathedral,  of  the  west  front  of  which 
we  this  week  give  an  illustration,  was 
commenced  (a.d.  1032-1094)  by  Simeon,  first 
Norman  abbot  of  the  great  Benedictine 
monastery,  at  that  time  adjacent,  and  which 
was  founded  about  970,  by  Athehvold,  Bishop 
of  Winchester,  on  the  site  of  the  convent  of 
St.  Etheldreda,  which  had  been  destroyed  by 
the  Northmen.  His  successor.  Abbot  Richard 
(1100-1107),  80  far  completed  the  building  as 
to  render  it  fit  to  receive  the  remains  of 
St.  Etheldreda,  to  whom,  with  St.  Peter,  it 
was  dedicated  ;  and  they  were  consequently 
removed  thither,  from  the  Saxon  church  of 
the  monastery.  Bishop  Riddell  (U74-1189), 
further  completed  the  work  to  its  western 
end,  together  with  part  of  the  tower.  The 
galilee  or  western  porch  was  built  by  Bishop 
Eustace  (1198-1215).  The  old  Norman  choir 
was  pulled  down  and  rebuilt  by  Hugh  de 
Norwold  (1229-1254).  Abbot  Simeon's 
central  tower  falling  in  1322,  it  was  replaced 
by  the  octagon,  commenced  in  the  same  year, 
and  finished  in  1328  ;  and  the  lantern  above 
it,  begun  in  1328,  was  completed  by  1342. 
The  Lady  Chapel  was  mainly  built  by  John  of 
Wisbech,  one  ot  the  monastic  brethren,  from 
1321  to  1329,  and  chantries  were  added  to  the 
eastern  ends  of  the  choir  aisles  by  Bishops 
Alcockand  West  (1486-1553). 

Possessing  in  itself  a  very  large  amount  of 
beauty,  it  is  peculiarly  interesting  to  the 
architectural  student,  from  the  fact  of  its 
containing  (as  will  be  seen  by  the  above  dates) 
examples  of  the  different  periods  of  Gothic 
architecture  from  Early  Norman  to  Late  Per- 
pendicular. And  these  examples  are  equal  in 
importance  and  beauty  to  any  in  existence 
elsewhere.  The  galilee  and  the  eastern  por- 
tion of  the  choir  are  among  the  very  best 
works  of  the  Early  English  period  ;  and  the 
octagon,  the  western  choir,  and  the  Lad)' 
Chapel,  are  perhaps  the  finest  examples  ot 
pure  Decorated  in  England.  The  dimen- 
sions of  the  buUding  are  as  follows  : — 

EXTEBIOB. 

Ft.  in. 

Total  length  from  east  to  west    535  0 

LeDffth  of  great  cross  or  transept,  north  to 

south 190  0 

Height  of  four  Btone  turrets  on  western 

tower      215  0 

Height  o{  lantern  over  the  dome 170  0 

Height   of  two    towers    of    south-western 

transept        120  0 

Height  of  eastern  front  to  top  of  tho  cross  112  0 
Interior. 

Total  length  east  to  west     617  0 

The  galileo  or  western  porch     40  0 

Tho  western  tower 48  0 

Thon.avo 203  0 

Tho  choir 122  6 

Retro. choh-       31  6 

Length  of  tninsept  from  north  to  south  ...  178  6 

Height  from  floor  to  centre  of  lantern     ...  142  0 

Height  of  tho  v.iulted  roof  of  tho  choir    ...       70  0 

Height  of  walls  of  the  nave 72  S 

The  work  of  restoration,  commenced  a  few 
years  back  by  the  late  Dean  Peacock,  and 
continued  since,  has  considerably  added  to 
the  beauty  of  the  cathedral,  e-xbibiting  in 
their  original  grandeur  the  details  lor  which 
it  was  always  famous,  and  adding  thereto  the 
richly  decorated  ceiling  of  the  nave,  and  the 
reredos  designed  by  Mr.  Gilbert  Scott. 

The  west  front,  given  in  our  illustration, 
represents  the  principal  features  of  the 
church.  "  It  was,"  says  Rickman,  "  when 
complete,  of  great  magnificence,  differing 
from  all  those  now  remaining ;  and,  though 


its  effect  is  greatly  injured  by  the  mutilation 
on  the  north  side,  is  still  imposing."  Bi.shop 
Riddell,  or  Ridel,  built  the  lower  portions  of 
the  tower  and  wings,  his  work  probably  ex- 
tending as  high  as  the  clerestory,  where  the 
transition  Norman  arches  are  replaced  by 
Karly  English.  The  upper  portion,  as  high 
as  the  first  battlements,  is  supposed  to  have 
been  added  by  his  successor.  Bishop  Long- 
champ.  A  spire  of  timber,  covered  with  lead, 
was  added  to  the  western  tower  about  the 
middle  of  tho  thirteenth  century,  but  after- 
wards removed.  The  upper  portion,  in  the 
Decorated  style,  was  then  added,  and  again 
surmounted  by  a  spire.  These  additions 
considerably  weakened  the  structure,  and 
probably  caused  the  fall  of  the  north-western 
tr.ansept,  or,  at  least,  were  the  cause  of  so  much 
injury  as  to  necessitate  its  removal. 

The  galilee  is  entered  by  a  main  arch, 
which  circumscribes  two  smaller  ones,  spring- 
ing from  a  central  group  of  shafts,  both 
foliated,  and  the  spaces  between  them  and 
the  large  arch  filled  with  tracery.  The  porch 
comprises  two  bays,  simply  vaulted,  the  wall 
of  each  divided  into  two  storeys  by  blind 
arcades.  All  the  shafts  were  originally  Pur- 
beck  marble,  the  ribs  of  the  vaulting  free- 
stone, but  the  vault  itself  is  "  clunch,"  a  soft 
white  stone,  not  much  known  out  of  the 
neighbourhood.  The  floor  consists  of  tiles, 
aiul  was  relaid  a  few  yiiars  back. 

The  interior  of  the  tower  has  been  restored 
since  1845,  and  considerably  improved  by  the 
removal  of  a  floor  above  the  lower  arches. 
The  beautiful  painted  roof,  designed  and 
executed  by  l\Ir.  H.  L.  S.  Le  Strange,  was  then 
inserted.  The  north-west  transept,  as  before 
stated,  fell  (the  date  is  uncertain),  and  re- 
mains in  a  ruined  condition.  The  south-west 
transept  has  been  restored.  The  walls  are 
lined  with  a  double  arcade.  A  modern  font 
of  Norman  character  has  been  placed  in  the 
transept. 

The  nave,  built  about  1174,  is  Norman,  and 
originally  comprised  thirteen  bays ;  one  of 
these  is  now  included  in  the  octagon.  These 
alternate  in  design,  as  at  Norwich.  The  roof 
until  lately  was  open,  but  a  painted  ceiling, 
designed  partly  by  Mr.  Le  Strange,  who  died 
in  18G2,  and  completed  by  Mr.  T.  Gambler 
Parry,  has  now  been  finished.  The  subjects, 
by  Mr.  Le  Strange,  commencing  at  tlie  west 
end,  are — The  Creation  of  Adam,  the  Fall, 
the  Sacrifice  ot  Noah,  Abr.aham  and  Isaac, 
Jacob's  Ladder,  Marriage  of  Boaz  and  Ruth. 
The  remaining  six,  by  !Mr.  Gambier  Parry, 
are — Jesse,  represented  asleep,  after  the 
ancient  manner;  David,  the  Annunciation, 
Christ's  Entry  into  Jerusalem,  the  Sepulchre, 
and  the  Majesty. 

The  octagon,  the  beautiful  peculiarity  of 
this  cathedral,  has  been  characterized  as  "  per- 
haps the  most  beautiful  and  original  design 
to  be  found  in  the  whole  range  of  Gothic 
architecture."  It  was  commenced  on  the  fall  of 
Abbot  Simeon's  tower  in  1321-2,  and  finished 
in  1342,  at  a  cost  of  a  sum  supposed  to  be 
about  e(|ual  to  £60,000  of  our  present  money. 
It  was  erected  rmder  the  care  of  the  Sacrist 
Alan,  of  Walsingham.  The  entire  roof  above 
the  piers  forms  the  only  Gothic  dome  in 
existence.  The  vaulted  roof  has  been  very 
effectively  coloured. 

The  choir  is  divided  from  the  octagon  by  a 
modern  oaken  screen,  with  brass  gates,  de- 
signed by  Mr.  Gilbert  Scott.  It  consists  of 
seven  bays,  the  four  easternmost  of  which  (as 
well  as  the  two  forming  the  retro-choir)  were 
erected  about  1229-54,  and  the  three  western, 
in  which  are  situate  the  stalls,  about  1345. 
The  difference  of  the  styles  of  these  two  por- 
tions is  strongly  marked.  The  eastern  divi- 
sion is  reached  by  an  ascent  of  two  steps.  It 
is  a  fine  example  of  pure  Early  English  work. 
The  piers  are  of  Purbeck  marble,  octangular, 
the  capitals  of  the  ringed  shafts  attached 
being  enriched  with  leafage  ,  and  knots  of 
fobage  between  the  bases  of  the  shafts.  Bosses 
of  foliage  adorn  the  intersections,  and  in  the 
spandrils  are  large  open  trefoUs.  Carrying 
the  vaulting  shafts  in  triple  groupa,  are  long 


■k. 


798 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


November  15,  1867. 


corbels  dl'  leafage,  extending  to  the  Ijosses  at 
the  intersections  rising  to  the  level  of  the 
clerestory,  where  they  terminate  in  capitals  of 
leatage,  from  the  top  of  which  spring  the  ribs 
of  the  vaulting.  The  triforium  extends  back- 
wards over  the  choir  aisles.  In  the  two  west- 
ern bays,  however,  it  has  been  removed 
altogether,  and  the  inner  arches  tran.sforraed 
into  windows.  This  was  probably  done  to 
give  additional  light  to  the  altar  and  to  the 
shrine  of  St.  Etheldreda,  which  stood  between 
these  two  bays.  In  tlie  tympanum  aljoye 
there  is  an  open  quatrefoil  ;  pointed  quatrefoils 
also  appear  in  the  spandrils.  The  clerestory 
windows  are  triplets,  set  flush  with  the  outer 
wall.  A  gallery  is  formed  by  an  inner  open 
arcade  which  rises  above  the  triforium.  The 
roof  is  simply  groined,  the  vaulting  ribs 
being  in  groups  of  seven.  The  arrangement 
of  the  three  western  ai'ches  harmonizes,  in 
point  of  elevation  of  their  parts,  with  the  four 
eastern.  The  lower  arches,  and  those  of  the 
triforium,  have  S(iuare  bosses  of  foliage  at- 
tached to  their  mouldings.  The  tracery  of 
the  triforium  and  of  the  clerestory  windows  is 
very  rich  and  graceful.  The  bosses  of  the 
lierne  vaulting  of  the  roof  have  been  gilt,  and 
the  ribs  coloured  red  and  green.  The  corbels 
of  the  vaulting  shafts  are  blue,  with  white  and 
gold-tipped  leafage.  All  the  clerestory  win- 
dows on  the  south  side,  and  one  on  the  north, 
have  been  tided  with  stained  glass  by  Wailes, 
representing  doctors  and  martyrs.  The  organ 
projects  from  the  triforium  of  the  tliird  bay 
on  the  north  side.  Its  hanging  case  is  of 
carved  oak,  partially  coloured  and  gilt.  This 
is  modern. 

The  altar  rises  five  steps  from  the  floor,  the 
inlaid  mosaic  and  encaustic  tiles  of  which  are 
very  fine.  The  altar-cloth  is  a  good  specimen 
of  modern  ecclesiastical  embroidery.  The 
reredos  consists  of  five  compartments,  imme- 
diately over  the  altar,  filled  with  alabaster 
sculptures  representing  Christ's  Entry  into  Je- 
rusalem, Washing  the  Disciples'  Feet,  the  Last 
Supper,  the  Agony  in  the  Garden,  and  Jesus 
Bearing  his  Cross.  Above  these  rises  a  mass 
of  rich  taViernacle  work,  crowded  with  figures 
of  angels  bearing  instruments  of  the  Passion, 
and  medallion  heads  in  relief.  Four  of  these, 
on  the  north,  represent  four  Jewish  prophets, 
and  those  on  the  south  four  saints.  Each 
compartment  terminates  in  a  gable  in  the  cen- 
tre, and  highest  of  which  is  the  Saviour,  with 
Moses  and'Elias  on  either  side.  Above  tliis  is 
a  medallion  of  the  Annunciation,  and  on  the 
highest  point  a  figure  of  Our  Lord  in  majesty. 
The  side  gables  are  surmounted  by  figures 
of  the  four  Evangelists,  and  spiral  pillars  be- 
tween them  by  figures  of  Justice,  Prudence, 
Fortitude,  Faith,  Hope,  and  Charity. 

The  retro-choir  behind  the  altar  is  part  of 
Bishop  Hugh's  work.  The  eastern  end  is 
filled  with  two  tiers  of  windows,  set  back 
within  an  arcade  supported  by  shafts.  The 
stained  glass  in  this  pirt  is  the  best  in  the 
cathedral.  The  Lady  Chapel  is  situate  at  the 
north-east  corner  of  the  north  transept,  and, 
since  the  Reformation,  has  been  used  as  a 
parish  church.  When  perfect  it  was  an 
elaborate  example  of  the  Decorated  period, 
but  it  was  terribly  mutilated  by  the  Puritans. 
The  various  monuments  are  well  worthy 
of  longer  notice  than  our  space  will  admit. 
The  principal  are  those  of  Bishop  William,  of 
Louth  (1-29S) ;  Bishop  Barnet  (1373),  (the  brass 
of  this  has  been  destroyed) ;  John  Tiptoff, 
Earl  of  Worcester,  who  was  a  Yoikist,  and 
was  Ijcheaded  in  147C,  after  Warwick's  great 
victory  ;  Bishops  Hotham,  Redman,  Patrick, 
and  Allen.  That  of  Bishop  Allen  was  erected 
since  1845,  and  is  a  slab  of  rich  Alexandrine 
mosaic.  It  cost  £1,000,  but  is  more  elaborate 
than  beautiful.  On  the  floor  of  the  north 
choir  aisle  is  a  brass  to  the  memory  of  the 
architect  Basevi,  who  was  kided  by  falling 
from  the  western  tower  in  1845. 

The    exterior   of    the    east    end    of    the 

Vathedral     is    a    fine    specimen     of    Early 

Silish.         On    either     side    of    the    three 

of    windows    rise     buttresses,     with 

and  canopies.       Tlie  west  i'ront,  the 


subject  of  onr  illustration,  may  be  well  left 
to  describe  itself. 

Our  illustration  is  engraved  from  a  photo- 
graph taken  by  Mason  and  Co.,  of  28,  New 
Bond-street. 


CORROSION    OF    MARBLE. 

A  SHORT  time  since  we  gave  an  extract  from 
"Notes  and  Queries"  on  this  subject. 
From  the  same  source  we  take  the  following  : 
— During  the  combustion  of  coal  or  coke,  suljAuric 
and  Bulphurous  acids  ascend  together  with  much 
aqueous  vapour,  and  condense  on  the  cold  polished 
surfaces  of  marble,  &c.,  but  most  on  those  which 
aretui-ned  downward  or  are  vertical,  because  these 
catch  the  vapours  most  readily  and  retain  them 
longest.  When  the  marble  has  carbonate  of  lime 
for  a  main  constituent,  this  is  decomposed  by  the 
more  powerful  acid  and  converted  into  sulphate 
of  lime,  which  encrusts  the  corroded  surface.  The 
corrosion  of  the  magnesiau  limestone  of  which  the 
Houses  of  ParUameut  are  built  is  mainly  due  to 
this  cause,  and  the  sorapiugs  of  the  stone  taste  of 
sulphate  of  magnesia,  or  "  Epsom  salts,"  resulting 
from  the  action  of  the  sulphuric  acid  or  the  car- 
bonate of  magnesia  in  the  stone.  Mr.  Spiller  has 
drawn  particular  attention  to  this  in  a  paper  read 
at  the  recent  meeting  of  the  British  Association 
at  Dundee.  He  states  that  a  ton  of  coal  evolves 
during  combustion  the  astonishing  quantity  of 
701b.  of  oil  of  vitriol,  so  that  we  need  not  be  sur- 
prised at  the  injury  to  stone  and  other  things 
eifected  by  the  sulphurous  vapours  of  smoky 
towns,  especially  where  there  are  extensive  vitriol 
works.  I  may  state,  however,  for  the  benefit  _  of 
the  latter,  that  I  know  of  a  large  town  in  which 
there  was  a  remarkable  immunity  from  infectious 
diseases  in  the  neighbourhood  ot  the  vitrfil  works, 
although  no  plants  would  grow  there.  Mr.  Spiller 
recommends  the  application  ot  a  solution  of  super- 
phosphate of  lime  to  porous  building  stone  likely 
to  be  corroded,  having  found  by  experiments  that 
it  hardens  and  protects  the  surface. 

The  fine  sandstone  which  is  the-  chief  buUding 
material  in  the  great  manufacturing  districts  of 
Yorkshire  is  never  corroded  by  the  smoke,  being  of 
a  sihceous  nature,  and  containing  no  linie  or  mag- 
nesia in  any  amount  to  render  it  susceptible  to  any 
injury. 

There  is  in  the  new  chapel  here  a  sumptuous 
and  stately  reredos  constructed  of  alabaster  and 
other  "  pleasant  stones,"  with  sculpture  in  Caen 
stone.  While  the  chapel  was  temporarily  heated 
by  brasiers,  the  pohshed  surfaces  of  marbles 
having  carbonate  of  lime  tor  their  basis  were  quite 
dimmed  by  the  Acherontic  fumes  that  ascended 
from  the  open  coke  fires,  and  the  gas  standards  of 
"  birnist  lattoun  "  were  so  blackened  that  they  had 
to  be  "purit'jit"  and  "poUst"  over  again.  The 
alabaster,  floor  spar,  lapis  lazuli,  &c.,  were  not 
affected  in  the  slightest  degree. 

The  poUsh  of  the  injured  stones  was  restored, 
and  in  some  measure  protected,  by  a  slight  ap- 
plication of  turpentine  and  wax,  if  I  remember 
rightly  ;  but  they  do  not  look  so  well  as  some 
which  have  been  added  since  the  building  has 
been  heated  by  hot  water  pipes.  Had  the  more 
primitive  method  of  warming  been  continued, 
one  of  the  finest  works  of  the  kind  ever  erected 
would  have  been  completely  spoiled. 

I  have  often  seen  coloured  marbles  in  monu- 
ments so  coiroded  as  to  look  like  common  stone, 
but  have  not  observed  the  preservation  of  up- 
turned surfaces  mentioned  by  "  J.  H.  B.,"  though  I 
think  I  can  easily  understand  it,  and  shall  look  for 
it  in  future.  J-  T.  F. 

The  College,  Hurstpierpoint. 


Carbonic  acid  would  not  affect  marble,  as  that 
is  already  a  carbonate  of  lime.  Coke  contains 
generally  a  considerable  quantity  of  sulphur,  which 
in  the  process  of.  combustion  becomes  converted 
into  sulphurous  acid,  which  has  an  immense  afliiiity 
for  water,  and  in  consequence  combines  freely 
with  any  damp  it  encounters.  Water  absorbs 
thirty-three  times  its  volume  ot  this  acid  at 
natural  temperatures.  All  aqueous  solutions  of 
sulphurous  acid  pass  into  sulphuric  acid  when 
exposed  to  the  air.  This  again  has  great  affinity 
tor  lime,  and  will  convert  any  carbonate  into  the 
sulphate  (gypsum),  which  is  to  a  certain  extent 
soluble  in  water.  A  very  curious  circumstance 
occurred  to  my  father  in  connection  with  this  sub- 
ject, but  I  miist  defer  an  account  of  it  till  next 
week.  It  is  probable  that  if  wood  charcoal  was 
employed  instead  of  coke  the  mischief  would  not 
I  be  BO  serious,  if  it  was  not  entirely  prevented. 
I  George  Vebe  Irvisg. 


IRON  PRESERVATIVES. 

rpIlE  Engineer  has  an  article  on  this  subject, 
|_  which  contains  some  valuable  infonnatioii 
on  the  structure  of  iron  and  the  composition  of 
paints.  As,  says  that  journal,  iron  is  enter- 
ing more  and  more  into  construction,  both  at 
home  and  abroad,  so  that  it  behoves  us  to  look 
well  to  it,  that  our  iron  buildings  are  not 
allowed  to  suffer  for  want  of  appropriate  means 
of  preservation.  It  is  also  important  that  we 
see  to  our  ironwork  being  properly  protected 
against  atmospheric  influences  before  erection, 
for  it  often  happens  that  the  seeds  of  decay  are 
sown  between  the  time  of  the  iron  leaving  the 
works  and  being  erected.  This  is,  perhaps,  a, 
point  which  is  of  no  great  moment  at  home,  but 
abroad  it  is  of  vast  consequence,  involving  the 
safety  of  the  whole  structure.  A  plan  which  has 
recently  been  adopted,  is  to  dip  the  ironwork  in 
hot  boiled  oil  before  it  leaves  the  factory,  and  the 
plan  works  well,  on  the  whole,  in  the  midland  dis- 
tricts at  home.  But  it  is  when  we  come  to  send 
iron  to  the  sea  coast  or  abroad — to  India,  for  in- 
stance— that  its  protection  from  oxidation  re- 
quires more  particular  attention.  Here  the  boiled 
oil  process  is  put  to  the  test,  and  it  is  within  our 
knowledge,  that  some  ironwork  lately  shipped  to 
India,  has  failed  in  this  respect.  The  oil  was 
insufficient  to  protect  the  iron  from  the  at- 
mospheric and  other  influences  incidental  to  a  sea 
voyage,  and  the  consequence  has  been  that  many 
tons  of  iron  ready  for  erection  were  found  to  be 
in  a  woeful  state  of  rust  on  reaching  their  des- 
tination. The  circumstance  of  the  failure  to 
which  we  have  referred,  naturally  leads  us  to  look 
for  a  remedy,  and  to  discover  one,  we  must  ex- 
amine into  the  characters  and  compositions  of  the 
material  to  be  protected,  and  of  the  substances  to 
be  applied  as  the  jjrotecting  media.  Taking,  in 
the  first  place,  iron  in  its  present  form,  or  native 
iron,  we  find  that  it  is  produced  by  the  decompo- 
sition of  a  portion  of  the  oxide  in  which  it  is  em- 
bedded— a  change  which  may  have  been  brought 
about  by  electro  chemical  agency.  Professor 
Phillips,  in  his  metallurgy,  tells  us,  that  _  the 
whole,  or  a  portion  of  the  iron,  formerly  existed 
in  the  form  of  iron  pyrites  (bi-sulphuret  of  iron), 
which,  becoming  oxidized,  not  only  produced  a 
certain  amount  of  the  soluble  sulphate  of  iron, 
but  also  generated  by  chemical  action  an  electric 
current  of  sufficient  power  to  precipitate  a  part 
of  the  iron  in  the  metallic  form.  From  this  we 
gather  the  affinity  of  the  ore  for  its  oxide,  and  ex- 
perience has  proved  that  iron  cannot  have  a 
better  protective  covering  than  a  composition 
having  its  own  oxide  as  a  base.  It  will,  of  course, 
be  understood  that  so  far  we  have  been  alluding 
only  to  the  natural  oxides  as  found  surroundmg 
the  ore. 

We  now  come  to  another  class  of  pamt3 
having  iron  for  their  bases,  and  these  are  tha 
red  hematite  paints.  Hematite  ore  is  of  two 
kinds— the  black  band  or  grey  hematite,  and 
the  red  hematite.  The  latter  only  is  used  ra 
the  manufacture  of  paint;  it  contains  a  little 
oxide'  of  iron,  although  in  an  impure  state, 
and  it  is  to  this  paint  we  would  direct  special 
attention;  it  also  contains  from  50  to  80  per 
cent,  of  pure  iron.  Now,  as  this  iron  will  not 
fuse  or  blend  unless  subjected  to  a  white  heat, 
it  is  impossible  to  expect  it  to  possess  any  pre. 
servative  properties.  A  material  that  will  not 
amalgamate  with  the  ironwork  it  is  to  cover  un- 
less it  is  subjected  to  such  a  heat  as  would  de- 
stroy  all  the  other  constituents  of  the  composi- 
tion in  which  it  is  conveyed  is  not  likely  to  prove 
very  efficacious  as  a  preservative.  The  duration 
of  such  paints  is  simply  to  be  measured  by  the 
duration  ot  the  material  used  to  give  them  adhe- 
sion  ;  in  other  words— those  of  an  analytical  che- 
mist who  reported  favourably  upon  one  of  these 
compounds—"  it  would  last  as  long  as  the  oil  la 
which  it  was  conveyed  would  last." 

There  is  another  point  in  connection  with  these 
paints  which  we  cannot  pass  by  without  notice- 
that  is  their  liabilitv  to  discolouration  when  used 
in  such  situations  as  may  bring  them  into  contact 
with  strong  gases.  On  examining  gasworks, 
railway  stations,  engine  sheds,  and  ths  like  builil- 
ings,  it  will  be  found  that  the  lead  paints  turn  » 
blackishbrown,  and  zinc  will  discolour  variously  from 
a  bluish  grey  to  a  greyish  black.  The  gasworks  at 
Cheltenham  afford  a  curious  example  of  these  re- 
sults. We  cannot  leave  unnoticed  the  extensive  adul- 
teration now  carried  on  in  the  manufacture  of  some 
iron  and  zinc  paint,  with  which  chalk  is  largely 
mixed.  For  white  lead,  chalk  and  barytes  are 
much   employed,    especially    the    latter    article, 


NOVEMBEK    1^,    1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


799 


n-bicli  carries  with  it  the  recoraraeudatiiin  of  a 
ypeciho  gravity  approaching  to  that  of  lead  itself. 
For  many  other  paints,  the  softer  Bath  stones 
^ound  down,  Venetian  red  and  earthy  ochres, 
enter  not  a  little  into  their  composition,  as  analy- 
sis will  prove.  The  deductions  to  be  drawn  from 
the  foregoing  remarks  are  that  the  lest  preserva- 
tive of  iron  is  its  natural  oxide,  and  this  is  exactly 
the  material  from  which  the  best  Torbay  iron 
_ixide  paints  are  manufactured.  These  paints, 
properly  prepared,  are  found  to  be  far  superior  to 
iny  others  for  adhesiveness  and  affinity,  while 
:heir  sufacing  properties  have  been  proved  to  be 
I]  the  ratio  of  more  than  3  to  1  as  against  ordinary 
laints.  An  examination  of  the  new  iron  screw 
lile  at  Herno  Bay,  and  the  pier  recently  ojicued  at 
feignmouth,  will  prove  the  resistance  oilered  to 
lea  water  by  their  close  affinity  for  the  iron  on 
vhich  they  are  laid.  The  Saltash  Bridge  has  also 
tist  been  repainted  with  these  paints.       AVith  re- 

ird  to  discolouration  from  the  action  of  gases, 
,0  may  refer  to  the  gasworks  at  Greenwich,  and 
he  loop  line  station  at  the  Waterloo  terminus, 
loth  of  which  have  been  coated  with  them.  The 
itter,  with  the  adjoining  woodwork,  has  been 
lainted  some  time.  The  roof  is  very  low  and  con- 
ined,  and  exposed  to  the  action  of  the  products 
f  combustion  from  the  locomotives,  j-et  the 
olour  of  the  paint  remains  unchanged.  So  satis- 
ed  are  the  Government  authorities  with  its 
eneral  qualities  that  they  have  directed  the  Mel- 
ille  Hospital  at  Chatham  to  be  coated  with 
he  same  material,  and  it  ia  also  being  largely  used 
1  Woolwich  Arsen  il. 

Owing  to  the  peculiar  nature  of  the  material 
rom  which  the  iron  oxide  paint  is  made,  it  might 
3  supposed  that  it  is  not  susceptible  of  a  very 
reat  variety  of  shades.  Nevertheless,  several 
ew  tints  have  recscntly  been  produced — amongst 
thera  some  very  rich  blues  aad  greens,  as  well  as 
)!ne  delicate  neutrals  in  greys  and  stone  colours, 
eyond  the  applicability  of  the  Torbay  paints  to 
matructive  iron,  wood,  and  stonework,  it  ia 
orthy  of  notice  that  they  are  found  to  answer 
■ell  on  the  exhaust  and  feed  pipes  of  steam 
igines,  or  in  places  where  they  are  subject  to  ex- 

me  variations  of  temperature.  A  composition 
.13  been  prepared  by  one  manufacturer  of  the 
orbay  iron  oxide  paints  which  is  based  on  the 
■on  oxides,  and  which  is  used  in  faucets  of  pipes, 
lanholes,  face-jointa,  &c.,  for  steam,  gas,  or  water, 
his  composition  is  said  to  give  better  results  than 
ave  been  obtained  by  the  oxides  of  lead,  which 
ave  hitherto  been  used  exclusively  in  these  cases. 


MECHANICAL  PROPERTIES  OF  STEEL.* 
By  Dr.  W.  Faiubairn. 

CHIS  was  a  p.aper  on  experimental  researches 
on  the  mechanical  properties  of  steel  in  its 
resent  improved  state  of  manufacture.  The  first 
irt  consisted  of  a  condensed  history  of  the  im- 
rovements  that  had  been  made  in  the  process  of 
le  manufacture  of  steel  and  iron,  and  it  then 
ent  on  to  say  that  for  several  years  past  attempts 
ad  been  made  to  substitute  steel  for  iron  on 
:couut  of  its  superior  tenacity  and  increased 
■  nirity  in  the  construction  of  boilers,  bridges,  &c. 
aie  dillicultiea,  however,  existed,  and  until  they 
re  removed,  it  would  not  be  safe  to  make  the 
iiisfer  from  iron  to  steel.  These  difficulties  con- 
ied  in  the  want  of  uniformity  in  the  mauufac- 
ire  in  cases  of  rolled  plates  and  other  articles, 
hich  required  perfect  resemblance  of  character, 
id  the  uncertainty  which  pervaded  its  produc- 
'U  requires  careful  attention.  Time  and  close 
•nervation  to  facta  in  connection  with  the  di0er- 
it  processes  would,  however,  surmount  these 
ifficulties,  and  would  enable  the  manufacturer  to 
reduce  steel  in  all  its  varieties  with  the  same 
Ttainty  as  he  formerly  attained  in  the  raanu- 
icture  of  iron.  The  author  then  proceeded  to 
ve  tables  and  formula;  showing  the  results  at 
hich  he  had  arrived  from  e.-cperiments  on  a  selec- 
on  which  he  had  made  of  the  dilTereut  specimens 
f  steel,  in  reference  to  which  he  had  endeavoured 
I  obtain  such  information  about  the  ores,  fuel, 
id  procoaa  of  manufacture  aa  the  partiea  supply- 
ig  the  specimens  were  disposed  to  furnish.  The 
illowiug  waa  the  substance  of  the  results  of  the 
tperiments  under  each  divLsion  : — 

Transverse  Strain. — The  deflections  within  the 
astic  limits  were  in  proportion  to  the  pressure, 
be  mean  value  of  the  dellection  corresponding  to 


*  Road  beforo  the  British  Association. 


unity  of  pressure  and  section,  may  be  taken  as 
the  measure  of  the  flexibility  of  the  difTorent  bara. 
In  general,  the  least  flexib'e  bars  give  the  highest 
values  of  E  and  C  ;  and  other  things  being  the 
same,  or  nearly  the  same,  the  most  flexible  bars 
give  the  highest  values  of  U,  the  work  of  deflec- 
tion corresponding  to  unity  of  section.  The  bars 
of  some  of  the  experiments,  with  more  than  an 
average  flexibility,  gave  very  high  values  for  C, 
the  working  unit  of  resistance  to  ti-ansverse  strain 
showing  their  great  value  when  applied  to  the 
springs  of  carriages  and  other  constructions  where 
flexibility  and  strength  should  be  combined. 
Such  bars  as  those  of  other  experiments,  with  less 
than  an  average  flexibility,  gave  at  least  an  average 
value  forC,  showing  their  applicability  to  all  con- 
structions where  rigiility  and  strength  are  required. 
And  so  on  to  other  cases.  In  order  to  determine 
the  relative  value  of  the  two  kinds  of  material 
undergoing  transverse  strain,  he  then  supposed  two 
bars  of  the  same  length,  one  steel  and  the  other 
iron,  having  the  same  strength,  to  bo  similar  in 
their  transverse  sections,  and  showed  that  the 
cost  of  the  iron  would  be  1 J  to  that  of  the  steel  ; 
and  that  in  the  case  of  railway  bars  and  svich  con- 
structions, besides  this  saving  in  the  coat  of 
material,  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  the 
steel  rail  would  laat  four  times  as  long  as  the  iron 
rail. 

Tensile  Straiyi. — Taking  the  mean  of  the  results 
of  the  experiments  on  thirty  of  the  best  speci- 
mens, we  find  the  mean  tenacity  per  square  inch 
:=477  tons.  Now,  if  we  take  25  t  ms  per  square 
inch  as  the  tenacity  of  the  best  English  hammered 
iron  in  bars,  it  follows  that  the  tenacity  of  these 
Bteel  bars  will  be  about  twice  (VJl  times)  that  of 
the  iron  bara. 

Economic  Use  of  the  Material  — For  bars  of 
equal  strength,  undergoing  tensile  strain,  the  iron 
bar  should  be  about  twice  the  section  of  the  steel 
bar.  Now  if  the  cost  of  steel  be  £12  per  ton, 
and  that  of  iron  £7,  then  the  cost  of  the  iron 
would  be  more  than  1  1-lOth  times  that  of  the 
steel;  in  this  case,  therefore,  the  steel  would  be  the 
more  economical  metal.  The  saving  per  ton  of 
material  would  be  1 '37,  or  £1  73.  45d.  The  work 
producing  rupture  in  the  difl'erent  specimens  is 
very  variable,  owing  probably  to  some  extent  to 
the  errors  arising  from  the  determination  of  such 
exceedingly  small  elongations.  This  irregularity 
would  have  been  avoided  if  the  specimens  had 
been  of  greater  length,  so  that  the  elongations 
might  have  been  ascertained  with  greater  accuracyJJ 
The  greatest  value  (6400)  of  this  work  of  elonga- 
tion was  given  in  experiment  14,  where  the 
breaking  strain  of  the  specimen  is  below  the  ave- 
rage,  bt-ing  only  about  40  tons  per  square  inch. 
The  specimen  which  had  the  greatest  tenacity, 
viz.,  about  60  tons  per  square  inch,  required 
only  670  unita  of  work  to  produce  rupture  ;  this 
arises  from  the  very  small  elongation,  viz.,  '01, 
which  the  bar  sustained  at  the  point  of  rupture. 

Compression — Thirty-two  of  the  bars  supported 
each  a  pressure  of  100 '7  tons  per  square  inch  of 
section,  without  undergoing  any  sensible  fracture, 
with  this  pressure.  The  mean  value  of  the  com- 
whilst  twenty-three  bars  were  more  or  less  fractured 
pression  per  unit  of  length,  taken  for  twenty-four 
of  the  best  specimens,  is  '372,  whilst  the  mean 
taken  for  the  remaining  specimen  is  '232,  giving 
a  general  mean  deflection  of  302.  The  work  ex- 
pended in  crushing  the  material  in  short  columns 
is  remarkably  large.  The  mean  value  of  U,  taken 
for  26  of  the  best  specimens,  is  41300,  whilst  the 
mean  taken  for  the  remaining  specimens  ia  25400, 
giving  a  general  mean  value  of  33400.  If  GOOO  bo 
taken  as  the  value  of  U  in  the  case  of  tensile  strain, 
then  the  work  expended  in  rupturing  the  mate- 
rial by  compression  will  be  5.}  times  the  work  ex 
pended  in  rupturing  the  material  by   extension. 

Tensile  and  Compressive  Resistances  Compared. — 
Taking  the  mean  tensile  resistance  to  rupture  at 
47'7tona  per  squ.are  inch,  it  follows  that  their 
resistance  to  compression  ia  more  than  double  — 
being  really  100"7  divided  by  47"7  :  that  ia,  2'1. 
Hen  'e  it  follows,  that  the  moat  economic  form  of 
a  steel  bar,  undergoing  transverae  strain,  would  be 
a  bar  with  doul>le  ilanclies,  having  the  area  of  the 
bottom  flanch  about  double  that  of  the  top  flanch. 
This  conclusion  ia  borne  out  by  the  results  of  ex- 
periments on  transverse  strain,  where  the  strain 
per  square  inch  of  the  material  at  the  elastic  limit 
is  equal  to  31  tons  nearly,  but  the  mean  breaking 
strain  per  square  inch  by  extension  ia  equal  to 
47'7  tons,  clearly  indicating  that  the  compre.saive 
resistance  in  the  former  case  was  considerably  in 
excess  of  the  tensile  resistance. 


POINTED   ARCHES. 

THE  principles  of  stability  of  a  "  pointed 
arch  "  may  be  readily  determined  from 
those  of  circular  arches.  In  the  pointed  arch 
we  have  removed  the  arc  which  constituted 
the  crown  of  the  circular  arch,  and  in  order  to 
the  equilibrium  of  this  new  system,  we  must 
have  a  force  or  forces  acting  in  the  same  direc- 
tion and  of  equal  amount  ns  the  forces  which 
were  exerted  <ipon  the  part  of  the  arch  supposed 
to  be  removed.  According  to  the  juinciple  of 
stability  of  semicircular  or  segmental  arches,  we 
have  a_  thrust  acting  through  the  arch  stones  or 
vonssoirs,  in  the  direction  of  a  tangent,  to  the 
curve  of  the  arch,  at  any  p.artieular  jioint,  and  if 
we  construct  a  right-angled  triangle,  having  for  its 
hypotenuse  the  tangent  ali'eady  referred  to,  we 
have  the  forces  acting  at  this  j.articular  point  re- 
presented, both  in  magnitude  and  direction,  by 
tlie  three  aides  of  the  triangle,  the  vertical  side  re- 
presenting the  load  ;  the  horizontal,  the  horizontal 
thrust ;  an<l  the  hypotenuse,  the  tangential  thrust 
exerted  by  the  load  from  the  crown  of  the  arch  \ip 
to_  the  point  under  consideration.  Now,  since 
this  is  also  true  for  a  corresponding  point  in  the 
other  h.alf  of  the  arch,  supposing  the  load  to  be 
uniformly  distributed,  it  ia  evident  that  if  we 
suppose  the  part  of  the  arch  above  these  points  to 
be  removed,  and  the  lower  parts  brought  together 
so  as  to  form  a  pointed  arch,  the  direction  at  the 
springing  at  the  abutments  remaining  unaltered, 
we  must  have  a  load  resting  upon  the  points  of  tlie 
arch  equal  to  double  of  the  load  acting  at  the  cor- 
responding points  in  the  half  arches  already 
spoken  of,  in  order  to  the  equilibrium  of  this  now 
structure  ;  in  other  words,  the  load  to  bo  placed 
upon  the  top  of  the  pointed  arch  will  be  repre- 
sented by  the  diagonal  of  the  parallelogram  con- 
structed upon  the  tangents  to  the  curves  where 
they  meet.     To  illustrate  this  : — Let  ABC   re- 


present a  semicircular  arch  with  a  load  equally 
diatributed.  Take  any  point,  D,  in  the  arc  A  B, 
and  draw  a  tangent  to  the  curve  at  that  point,  as 
also  at  E  in  the  arc  B  C.  The  vertical  sides  of 
the  right-angled  triangles  constructed  upon  these 
tangents  will  represent  the  load  between  D  and  E. 
Now,  let  the  arc  D  B  E  be  removed,  and  we  have 
the  pointed  arch  ADC;  and,  in  order  to  its  sta- 
bility, we  m\ist  have  a  load  upon  D  equal  to  twice 
the  load  acting  at  D  and  E  in  the  circular  arch,  i.e., 
equal  to  the  diagonal  B  F  of  the  parallelogram 
D  G  F  H,  B  G  and  D  H  being  tangents  to  the 
curves  at  the  point  D.  The  pointed  arch,  then, 
ia  stronger  than  the  circular  arch,  in  so  far  as  with 
less  material  it  is  able  to  carry  an  equal  load. 

W.  J.  M. 


^uifeiiig  InicKigeitcf. 


CHORCHES    AND     CHAPELS. 

The  parish  church,  Oldbury,  was  re-opened  on 
the  29th  inst.,  after  undergoing  important  altera- 
tions, at  the  cost  of  about  .CI, 000,  under  the 
supervision  of  Mr.  E.  Holmes,  architect,  Birming- 
ham. 

The  parish  church  of  Wrexham  was  lately  re- 
opened, having  been  restored.  During  the  process 
of  cleaning  the  numerous  coats  of  whitewash  from 
the  walls,  some  remains  of  mural  painting  were 
discovered,  the  coloui's  of  a  representation  of 
the  Last  Judgment  over  the  chancel  arch  being 
in  good  preservation.  An  intended  north  chancel 
aisle,  for  the  reception  of  the  organ,  yet  remains 
to  be  built,  owing  to  want  of  funds.  Mr.  Ferrey, 
F.S.A.,  of  London,  waa  the  architect,  and  the 
works  were  carried  out  by  Mr.  Yates,  of  ShiLlual. 

All  Saint's  Church,  Maldon,  has  been  restored.  A 
new  reredos  and  altar  screen  have  been  added.  The 
cost  was  about  £1,200,  and  the  church  %vill  now 
scat  1,000  persons.  Mr.  W.  Adam.s,  of  Newport, 
Monmouthshire,  was  the  architect,  and  Mr.  E. 
Saunders  the  contractor.  A  peculiarity  of  this 
church  is  its  tower,  which  is  triangular  at  the  base. 


800 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


November  15,  1867. 


A  uew  cUurch  has  been  erected  at  Madresfiekl, 
Worcestershire.  It  is  in  the  Decorated  style,  and 
contains  a  chancel,  nave,  tower,  and  spire,  the 
bnildiug  being  constructed  of  graystone,  with 
bands  of  red,  and  facings  of  freestone.  North  of 
the  chancel  are  vestry  and  organ  chamber.  There 
are  six  bells  and  a  set  of  chimes.  The  architect  is 
Mr.  Preedy,  and  the  builders  Messrs.  M'Cauu  and 
Everal,  of  Malv.rn. 

Cantref  Church,  Brecon,  was  reopened  last 
week  after  being  restored  at  a  coat  of  £700. 
Messrs.  C.  Buckeridge  and  Co.,  of  Oxford,  were 
the  architects,  and  Messrs.  WUliams  and  Sons,  of 
Brecon,  the  contractors. 

Earl's  Barton  Church,  one  of  the  few  remaining 
specimens  of  Saxon  architecture,  is  about  to  be 
restored. 

The  Ei-shop  of  Brechin  recently  laid  the  founda- 
tion stone  of  the  uew  church  of  St.  Salvador,  Clep- 
ington,  Dundee.  The  building  will  be  100ft.  in 
length,  but  the  chancel  fur  the  present  is  omitted 
Mr.  Biidley  is  the  architect. 

On  Tue.sday  last  the  foundation  stone  of  a  new 
Independent  chapel  was  laid  in  Approachroad, 
Victoria-park.  It  will  seat  about  3,000  persons, 
at  an  estimated  cost  of  £8,000.  Mr.  Poulton,  of 
Heading,  is  the  architect. 

On  Monday  the  Archbishop  of  York  conse- 
crated a  new  church  at  Neepsend,  Sheffield,  built 
by  the  Church  Extension  Society  of  that  town, 
at  a  cost  of  £4,500,  and  dedicated  to  St  Michael 
and  All  Angels.  It  will  afTord  accommodation  for 
about  1,000  people. 

A  new  Wesleyan  chapel  was  opened  at  Wcd- 
nesbury  on  Tuesday.  It  is  iu  the  Italian  style, 
and  will  hold  1,200  persons.  The  total  cost 
is  £3,000.  Messrs.  Loxton,  Brothers,  are  the 
architects,  and  Mes.srs.  Trow  and  Sons  the 
builders. 

The  memorial  stone  of  the  "  Calne  I'l-ee 
Church"  Calne,  Wilts,  was  laid  on  Tuesday 
the  iiOth  ult.,  by  R.  Henly,  Esq.  The  church  is 
to  be  in  the  Karly  English  style,  and  will  consist 
of  a  nave,  apsidal,  chancel,  north  aisle,  and 
transept,  with  a  tower  and  spire.  The  walls  are 
of  pitched  faced  native  stone  ;  the  inside  of  the 
■walls  will  be  faced  with  ashlar.  The  arcade  be- 
tween the  aisle  and  nave  will  be  of  Farleigh 
Down  stone,  and  the  external  dre-Hsings  of  B'>x 
groundstone ;  the  two  western  entrances  will 
have  red  Mansfield  stone  columns  ;  also,  the  large 
west  window  will  have  red  Mansfield  and 
Pennant  stone  shafts ;  the  roof  will  be  open 
timbered  ;  the  seats  will  be  open,  and  constructed 
of  picked  deal.  Mr.  W.  J.  Stent,  Warminster,  is 
the  architect ;  and  Messrs.  Light  and  Smith,  of 
Chippenham,  are  the  general  contractors. 

A  new  church  at  Babbicombe,  Devon,  dedicated 
to  All  Saints,  was  cons- crated  on  All  Si'Uts'  Day, 
by  the  Lonl  Bishop  of  Oxford.  Mr.  Butturlield  is 
the  architect.  For  the  efi'ect  whicli  he  has  pro 
duced  he  has  relied  not  so  much  on  extreme 
elaboration  of  woikmauship,  for  the  details  are, 
in  fact,  very  simple,  but  rather  upon  the  elegant 
proportions  of  the  various  parts,  and  on  the  warm 
and  general  effects  of  colour  produced  by  the 
skilful  adaptation  and  contrast  of  the  materials 
which  the  ground  immediately  around  tlie  church 
so  ahuudauily  supply.  The  shafts  of  the  columns 
are  polished  marble  and  of  a  very  rich  description, 
and  the  font  is  of  the  same  material,  alter  a 
design  by  the  architect,  which  has  been  carried 
out  by  Mr.  Bhickler,  of  St.  Mary's  Church.  It  is 
inlaid  with  marble  of  difl'crent  colours.  The 
whole  of  the  work  in  this  church  has  been  done 
by  Mr.  Eddies,  the  contractor,  under  the  super- 
intendence of  Mr.  Wheeler,  the  clerk  of  the  works. 
From  want  of  funds  it  has  been  found  impossible  to 
carry  out  the  whole  of  the  architect's  designs,  and 
therefore  the  chancel  and  the  tower  have  been 
left  for  a  future  day.  The  sum  expended  on  the 
church  has  been  about  £5,000.  The  architecture 
is  that  of  the  early  p.art  of  the  fourteenth  century. 
The  columns  on  either  side  of  the  n.ave  are  five  in 
number,  and  they  are  composed  partly  of  polished 
native  marble.  The  walls  are  built  of  hmestone 
and  red  sandstone,  with  Bath  stone  dressings. 
A  Bath  stone  band,  ornamented,  also  runs  along 
the  centre  of  the  walls  on  the  inside.  It  has  an 
open  ro.if  of  stained  deal,  varnished.  The  nave 
is  0-ift.  long  by  24ft.  wide  and  Soft,  in  height, 
while  the  north  and  south  aisles  are  OOft.  long 
and  Oft.  3in.  in  width.  The  tower  when  com- 
pleted will  contain  eight  bells,  but  is  at  present 
only  erected  about  4ijft.  high.  It  is  intended 
to  erect  it  Soft,  higher,  and,  to  complete  the  whole 
of  the  works  in  accordance  with  the  designs,  some- 
thing like  £4,000  or  £5,000  more  is  required. 


It  is  stated  that  the  new  Opera  House  building 
at  Paris  will  not  be  opiened  till  1869.  The  work 
men  are  now  surrounding  the  theatre  with  a  very 
heavy  brass  cornice.  In  the  niches  bright  brazen 
images  are  being  placed. 

The  guardians  of  the  poor  for  St.  Pancras,  with 
the  sanction  of  the  Poor  Fjaw  Board,  are  about  to 
purchase  four  and  a-half  acres  of  land  at  High- 
gate,  on  which  to  build  a  sick  poor  infirmary. 
From  £20,000  to  £25,000  is  to  be  expended  upon 
the  building,  and  a  limited  number  of  architects 
are  to  be  invited  to  send  in  plans,  under  the 
very  peculiar  condition  that  the  architect  is  not 
to  make  any  claim  on  the  guardians  if  he  cannot 
lind  a  respectable  builder  prepared  to  carry  out 
the  works  at  the  sum  he  estimates  them  to  cost. 

A  company  is  to  be  formed,  with  a  capital  of 
£7,500,  in  1,500  shares  of  £5  each,  for  the  erec- 
tion of  a  new  promenade  pier  at  Saltburn-by-the 
sea. 

A  limited  liability  company  has  recently  erected 
a  small  institute  building  at  Greenstreet,  near  Fa- 
versham.  It  comprises  a  lecture-hall  capable  of 
seating  400  persou.-f,  a  reading-room,  and  offices. 
Mr.  B.  Adkius,  of  Faversham,  was  the  architect. 
The  restoration  of  the  tropical  department  of 
the  Crystal  Palace,  which  was  burnt  down  last 
year,  is  proceeding  satisfactorily.  The  section 
which  terminates  at  the  end  of  the  Alharabra 
Court  is  now  nearly  covered  in.  Though  this  is 
but  a  small  portion  of  the  whole  department,  it 
will  afford  an  agreeable  promenade  for  those  who 
made  the  northern  end  of  the  palace  their  fa- 
vourite haunt  in  former  years.  It  is  a  remarkable 
fact  that,  thoush  the  fire  by  which  this  end  of  the 
building  was  destroyed  raged  in  and  on  both  sides 
of  the  Alhambra  Court,  its  magnificent  arabesque 
dome  was  not  afl'ected  in  the  slightest  degree. 
As  soon  as  the  skeleton  of  the  section  whirh  is 
now  being  erected  is  completed,  the  work  of  re- 
novating the  courts  within  it  will  be  commenced 
forthwith.  These  are  the  Alhambra,  the  Indian, 
the  Byzantine,  and  the  Naval  Courts. 

The  new  public  offices  at  Liverpool  are  atlength 
all  but  completed.  Commenced  about  six  years 
ago,  until  about  a  twelvemonth  back  the  pro- 
gress made  aft'orded  material  for  many  a  joke  on 
the  part  of  the  townspeople  and  others,  on  the 
proverbial  slowness  of  corporate  bodies  ;  but  since 
that  period  a  vigorous  effort  appears  to  have  been 
made,  and  the  building  is  now  all  but  ready  for 
occupation.  The  building  is  the  largest  in  Liver- 
pool, except  St.  George's  Hall.  It  covers  an  area 
of  4,800  square  feet,  having  a  depth  of  about 
196ft. ;  the  height  is  60ft.  to  the  upper  cornice, 
and  to  the  roof  of  the  pavilion  nearly  90ft.  From 
the  centre  a  tower  rises  20Uft.  high.  The  style 
is  Corinthianesque.  There  are  upwards  of  100 
rooms  in  tho  building.  The  cost,  exclusive  of 
site  and  furniture,  Ac,  is  about  £100,000.  The 
designs  were  furnished  by  tho  late  architect  to 
the  corporation,  Mr.  John  Weightman,  modified 
to  a  certain  extent,  and  carried  oui  by  the  present 
architect  Mr.  Robson.  The  builders  are  Messrs. 
Holme  and  Niool,  Messrs.  Haigh  and  Co.,  a  nd 
Messrs.  Parker  and  Son. 

TO  COREESPONDENT3. 
NOTICE. -The  "BUILDIKG  NEWS  "  is  now  Pub- 


C0rrcsponi)eitce. 

— * — 

MB.    STREET    v.    "J.    C.    J." 

To  the  Editor  of  the  BniLDma  News. 

Sill, — I  do  not  suppose  any  of  your  readers  will 
expect  me  to  honour  Mr.  Jackson  with  a  very 
lengthy  reply  to  his  last  epistle.  In  my  former 
letter  I  charged  him  with  pretending  to  criticize 
without  having  seen  the  designs  he  criticized  ;  and 
with  discoursing  on  old  buildings  without  first 
of  all  taking  the  pains  to  see  them.  Both  these 
charges  are  admitted,  and  Mr.  Jackson's  ideas  of 
amateur  criticism  are  now  patent  to  everyone. 
His  latest  discovery  (again  his  internal  conscious- 
ness !)  is,  that  I  am  going  to  build  at  Bristol  the 
west  front  which  I  designed  for  the  cathedral  at 
Lille  some  ten  or  twelve  years  ago,  and  which  at 
the  time,  if  I  recollect  aright,  did  not  cover  me 
with  very  great  disgrace.  The  truth  is,  that  any 
two  designs,  new,  utterly  and  entirely  diU'erent, 
could  not  be  conceived.  So  much  tor  Bristol  Cathe- 
dral, which  it  will  be  quite  time  to  discu.ss  again, 
with  a  person  of  Mr.  Jackson's  calibie,  when  he 
has  troubled  himself  to  learn  at  least  a  little  as  to 
the  facts  for  himself,  instead  of  inventing  them, 
or  trusting  to  hearsay. 

As  to  my  church  in  Oxford  he  certainly  gives 
me  my  revenge  by  the  hopeless  way  in  which  he 
contradicts  hinmelf.  At  page  771  of  the  BuiLMSO 
News,  he  says  that  it  has  "  a  steeple  copied  pro- 
bably "  (how  delightfully  vague  I)  "  from  Cou- 
tances,  or  the  later  and  less  satisfactory  examples 
at  (!)  Calvados;"  whilst  my  simple  nave  and 
aisles  are,  he  says,  copied  from  the  vast  aisleless 
Dominican  church  at  Ghent.  But  on  the  very 
next  page  I  discover,  to  my  surprise,  that  my  so- 
called  "  Dominican  "  nave  is  attached  to  "a  modest 
English  tower  .and  sanctuary !  '  After  reading 
such  absurd  matter  I  can  hardly  be  very  far 
wrong  in  saying  that  if  he  sees  any  resemblance 
to  the  spires  of  Coiitances,  or  to  any  in  the  depart- 
ment  of  Calvados,  in  my  Oxford  steeple,  or  any 
approaclj  to  the  scheme  of  the  Dominican  church 
at  Ghent  in  my  Oxford  nave,  the  only  possible 
explanation  is  that  he  has  never  been  in  either 
Normandy  or  at  Ghent,  and  is  quite  as  ignorant 
of  what  he  is  writing  about  in  this  case  as  he  waa 
when  he  wrote  about  Bristol  Cathedral.  Imagine 
anyone  calling  the  steeples  of  Caen,  Bayeaux,  and 
Lisieux  laie  and  unsatisfactory  !  It  is  too  absurd. 
Mr.  Jackson's  quot;vtion  from  what  I  said  at 
Durham  quite  expresses  my  views  about  boiia  ftd« 
amateurs.  He  might  as  well  have  added  my 
statement  that  I  sympathized  with  them,  because 
they  pursue  their  studies  "  from  pure  love  of  the 
subject,  and  not  from  mixed  motives  of  love  and 
interest."  And  I  have  my  doubts  whether  Mr. 
Jackson  could  be  included  in  this  category. — lam, 
&c.,  George  Edmond  Street. 

51,  Russell-square,  Nov.  12. 


• 


I 


lUhed  at  tho  NEW  OFFICES, 
COVENT  GARDEN,  W.C. 


31,  TAVISTOCK  STREET, 


To  OUK  READElts.— Wo  shall  feel  obliged  to  any  of  our 
readois  who  wUl  favour  us  with  brief  notes  of  works  con- 
toniolated  or  in  projiess  in  the  provinces. 

Letters  roUting  to  advertisements  and  the  onhiary  busi- 
ness of  the  Paper  shoidd  be  nildiessed  to  the  fcUllUK, 
31    tXvISTOCK  STREET,  COVEST  GARDEN,  WX 

Advertisemeuts  for  the  current  week  must  reach  the 
office  before  6  o'clock  p  m.  on  Thui-aday. 

NoTicE.-The  BUILDING  NEWS  mserta  advertise- 
ments for  "SITUATIONS  WANTED,'  &o.,  at  ONE 
SHILLING  for  the  first  Twenty-four  Words. 


Received.— T.  M'M.— C.  A 
—P.  J.  and  Co.— C.  H.  D.— r 
\  G.  H.  -  Dr.  C.  D.— B.  T. 
G.  E.  S.— H.  A.— J.  L.— T. 


T.-G.  A,  P.- W.  P.— J.  H. 
J.  and  Co.— E.  and  J.  M.— 
W.   S.-B.    H.— E.  W.  P.— 
B  O.— W.  A.— C.  J.  A.— J.  P. 
—J.  T.  D.— B.  W.  D— J    B.  R.— J.  W.,  jun.— J.  H.  (Tor- 
n  nay),  uext  week.  — A. B  A:  Co. 

R   C  —Avoid  the  lawyers  if  possible. 
"Another  Old  Bkick."— See  Mr.  Tali's  letter. 
J.  L.  (St.  D.ay).— Pat  yom-  question  in  fewer  words  and 
write  plainer.  . 

,L  s  —The  mistakes  arose  from  your  bad  wntmg. 
"  Goth."— Write  to  Lockwood  and  Co.,   7,  Stationers 
Hall-court.  .     ,.       .    *   ^  .  .,; 

W  T  J  (Plymouth).— Your  comraumcation  is  too  poli- 
ticiU  for  our  pages.  If  we  took  any  side  in  politics  it 
would  not  be  the  side  of  a  p.lrtv  who  appear  to  feed  « ith 
ecstttcy  on  theer  uml«  which  fall  from  the  table  of  theu 
opponents. 


CONCRETE  BUILDINGS. 

Sin  —A  letter  appeared  in  the  Bciediso  Ne' 
of  the  25th  ult.,  signed  "  An  Old  Brick."  As  the 
statements  and  calcul.ations  of  "  An  Old  Brick 
are  inaccurate,  will  you  kindly  allow  me  to  point 
this  out.  In  comparing  the  cost  of  a  pair  of  cc)t- 
tages  in  concrete  and  in  brickwork,  he  adds  the 
cost  of  the  apparatus  or  plant  required  to  build  in 
concrete,  but  adds  nothing  for  the  cost  of  plant 
required  to  build  in  brick.  He  charges  the  whole 
cost  of  apparatus  to  the  two  cottages,  as  if  the  ap. 
paratus  were  of  no  further  use  after  having  built 
the  two  cottages;  whereas,  in  fact,  the  same 
apparatus  would  build  a  thousand  pairs  of  cottages, 
if  required  ;  or,  if  not  required  to  buUd  cottages, 
may  be  kept  constantly  at  work  in  budding  any 
other  walls,  as  requii-ed.  I  believe  buUders  will 
find  that,  in  the  long  run,  the  plant  for  budding 
concrete  houses  is  not  more  expensive  than  the 
plant  required  to  build  brick  houses.  An  UW 
Biick's "  calculation  of  the  expense  of  ray  pa- 
tent apparatus  is  not  quite  correct.  It  is  not 
necessary  to  have  an  apparatus  to  carry  up  out- 
houses and  main  buildings  at  the  same  time,  aa  » 
portion  of  the  apparatus  would  build  .niihoUseB 
after  it  had  built  the  houses,  and,  according  to 
my  advertised  price,  the  apparatus  for  this  would 
cost  only  £72  ISs.  However,  I  will  take  the  cost, 
,is  "  An  Old  Brick  "  has  done,  for  an  apparatus  to 
build  the  whole  at  one  time  ;— Two  cottages, 
24ft.  frontege,  26ft.  depth,  thus— 


NOTEMBEE    15,    IS 67. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


801 


Front  and  baci,  2iiz.  each,  ou;  -.o         I'u  in. 
out         .         .         ....         •         .     a     0 

Two   ends  and  one  diviaon   24ft. 
6in.  each  in  clear  .         .         .         .     73     6 

Outbuilding  loft,  square,  back.         .     15     0 

Two  ends  and  one   division    14ft. 

3in.  each  in  clear  ....     4"2     9 

179  3 
which,  at  123.p€r  foot  run,  ?monnts  to  £107  lis.  I 
have  before  said  the  apparatus  would  buUd  a 
thousand  pairs  of  houses.  But  I  will  calculate  for 
only  half  that  number  ;  and  I  do  not  think  thit 
"An  Old  Brick"  would  undertake  tosupplvplantfor 
building  in  brickwork,  a  pair  at  a  time,  for  a  much 
less  sum  than  £107  lis.  We  then  find  that  the 
cost  of  apparatus  to  be  added  to  the  cost  of  the 
two  cottages  in  concrete  to  aomething  less  than 
49.  6i  But  concrete  can  afford  to  give  "  An  Old 
Brick"  very  long  odds,  and  I  will  calculate  as 
"  An  Old  Brick  "  has  done,  and  charge  nothing 
whatever  for  cost  of  plant  for  building  the 
cott3::es  in  brick.  We  find,  then,  the  cost  as 
folli^ws,  using  "An  Old  Brick's"  own  figures. 

In  brickwork — 

11  rods  at  13  guineas       .         .         £143. 

£     8.    d. 

62     10    0 

3    10    0 


4     6 


In  concrete — 
500  yards  super,  at  2s.  6d.    .     . 
Koyalty,  fotirteen  rooms  at  Ss. 
Proportionate    cost    of    appa- 
ratus. .        .         .         . 

I  f 00        4      6 

Giving  a  difference  in  favour  of  concrete  of 
£76  los  6d.,  or  more  than  half,  without  saying 
anything  of  saving  in  plastering  and  firing,  both 
of  which  costs  fully  double  in  brickwork.  In 
■>:jnci^3;on,  I  would  remark  that  "An  Old  Brick  " 
i  quite  as  wide  of  the  mark  when  he  says  that 
je  superiority  of  concrete  remains  to  be 
proT?.!.  It  has  already  teen  proved  incon- 
testibly  that  concrete  is  cheaper,  stronger, 
and  laore  durable;  is  damp  proof,  fire-proof,  and 
vsrmin-proof ;  and  if  "An  Old  Brick"  will  only 
give  it  a  trial,  he  will  find  it  proof  against  the 
strongest  prejudices  he  may  now  feel  against  it. 
— I  am,  fcc,  J.  Tili. 

Falstaff-yard,  Kent-street,  Southwark, 
November  13. 


^nitrfommuiiifiitioii. 


QVESTIOyS. 

—HERO'S  FOUNTAIX.—Cocid  any  reader  inform 

_  _  „    '■    :  t  ciake  a  Hero's  fooncam,  or  sijt  other,  whereby 

0-' i:  i   have   a  fjrce  of  wa:er  obtained' br  hjdiaoltc  or 

:ber  means  •  -a  a  small  scale — say  a  foantain  to  ocmtain 

rrti  quarts  of  water  ! — G.  W.  F. 


[fiS.]  -  FLOATING     BREAKWATERS,— Scm?    7:3-- 
dnce  there  waf  a  oomnusion  of  inqoity  to  inT^^- 
practicability  of  erecting  la  seTcial  pans  of  Ec. 
iog  br«akwat«is.     Can  aoy  one  tell  me  of  tbe  eT . 
aay  such  breakwater,  and,  if  so,  thd  principle  en  t^^j.::. 
it  is  boilt  ? — J.  S. 


REPLIES. 
[574.3— THE  "UityER."— X  ihoaW  adrise  "E.  W.' 
cot  to  I^^e  liii  moaey  by  enclosing  it  for  the  '^Limner.' 
In  Jane  la^^.  I  encloeed  27  stamps  foi  it,  but  in  pU£«  of 
the  arcde  itself  I  reMired  a  Teir  politenou  (lithographed) 
by  T«ciu-n  of  poet^  acknowltfldging  tb«amoasi.  and  adrinn; 
me  to  obtain  tbe  '*  stand  and  wiica"  to  complete  tbe  in- 
atniment,  and  for  this  I  eodoaed  aoothtr  ST  sKamp« ;  bat 
mun  -bs-  day  to  ihis  I  have  not  receiredanyof  the  articles, 
nor  wllXa^h  ani  Co  answer  my  letteri.— Jobs  KiSB^tASi', 
St.  ilajtin's-road,  Gaemsey. 


t633.)— CTREXGTH  OP  BEAMS.— Tbe  strain  «  absam 
:  T^ucxd  by  a  Icttd  vnitemlr  disoibated  orer  its  whole 
^h  :5  <^  oal  to  that  produced  bj-  balf  tbe  wctight  ap* 
,  .i«d  at  the 'centre;  and  tbe  itnin  pfodvoe^  b?-  a  load 
unifonolj  distnbQsed  otct  a  prnioci  ot  the  beaza  all  on 
tbe  same  »de  ofthe  centre  is  eqnal  to  tbat  ptodtkosd  bj 
tbe  same  vej^^t  ^>pUed  at  tbe  centre  cf  tbediskEitMited 
lond.  If  serenllowlBUspptied,  tbe  toaxn  win  equal  tbe 
aomof  tbessnitts  pvodaceaby  encfa  load  sepnrate^ ;  tinia 
may  be  Coand  tbe  strain  prodooed  bnr  any  oombination  at 
kculft  enbcr  discdbnted  or  applied  at  a  potni. 


[«51  }— WATER-TIGHT  VAULT.— Perhaps  you,  or  some 
:f  jonr  readers.  wUl  kindly  inform  me  in  a  fusTire  nomber 
f  TOOT  paper  which  is  the  bass  way  of  making  warer-tight 
V  Tanls  which  is  formed  in  a  lar^e  limestone  tomb,  the 
Tints  of  which  are  too  close  £ar  ForUand  cement,  being 
aly  ^tn.  open. — F.  X. 

[63i]— DEAFENTN'G  PARTmONS.— CouJd  you,  or 
vny  if  yoor  readers,  infbnn  me  what  is  the  best  plan  to 
-d:;:  :"'r  deafening  lath  aod  plaster  pasted  partitions? 
I  * :-  :  riposiuj  putting  narrow  strips  of  inodoroQS  or  dry 
~iir  : : .:  on  u>  the  3ide=  of  the  p-ietj  under  the  lath,  but  azn 
:  whether  it  would  have  tte  desire*!  easrct.  Ib  ^hU 
i:e;L  -i  of  deafening  ever  adi>pte«l,  aci  if  s.?.  ia  there  any 
ipeeial  kind  of  felt  or  clo%b  mana&ctnred  for  the  porpose  ? 
Vi«  cork  pariu^s  ever  used  for  deiafening? — Clerk  of 
Vqbks.  

(653 }— PRESSURE  OK  ROOFS.— Wm  "E.  I-  G." 
dadly  inform  me  where  he  can  find  a  dMnonstraticoi  of 
ihe  j:rL>bIem  that  the  downward  pre^Txre  by  a  horixunial 
»ind  reach^  a  maiimaia  when  the  pitch  u  MJ  deg.  ? — 
H.  W. 

Itet.}— SPECIFICATIONS.— WoTiId  yon  inform  me 
»hich  is  tht:  bffii  plan  of  preparing  a  spactfication  to  take 
*ch  traile  cep irately  throughoat  the  whole  baiidiBg.  or 
akc  e  .ch  fioor  sepAratelv  and  describe  the  trades  therevKi? 
-Ui-  

1655}— TO   RE^"DER  WOOD    UXnTFLAirMABLE.— 

Can  anyone  inform  me  of  any  known  liquid,  and  the  cost  of 
^e.  which  wiU  render  w'ood  (snch  as  flooring,  rviofing, 
St),  unindammable.  and  if,  on  its  ^pluation  to  timber, 
*wild  it  be  injorions  ? — X  T.  Z. 


fKd.}— STAIXIXG  GLASS.— Perhaps  yi.ia.  or  any  reader 

*^*^  ■' Intercommanication."   would  be  kind  encash  to 
•awrm  m?  how  I  ^^an  st^iin  glass  in  Tarioiu  colours.— Is- 

JUIE2E. 


[«1L}— ESmiATIXG  CARPENTIXr   "aORK  FBOU 
HEWN"  .^^'D  COXVERTEU  TlMl         -  --  last  im 

preasioriTOiirc^rT>i=poL,denc  "APr  .  .r^ertsthat 

then:plyV-^en  by  "  A,  H.,"  onpat-  '  stsensiMe 

en  tbis 'q:iesr.oa.  With  exery  respsc;  iv,  "A-  H-,"  wbo 
i'i  evideiitl'i'  mire  inclined  to  ask  tlian  to  famish  infonna- 
tiiin.  I  fcdl  to  disooTer  a  reply.  He  aaecrtethai  tbe  system 
of  cubing  ereiy  class  of  timber  is  to  obtain  "greater  uni- 
formity of  prBcode."  This  oone^Mnds  with  my  remark 
that  it  '*i3  adopted  Sar  the  sake  of  bcen^.^  bi  the  ob- 
serratioa  that  by  followingtbe  dangeroos  costoxn  of  cubing 
every  class  of  scantling  alike,  the  oast  of  labonr  is  more 
readily  asoerrained,  we  do  not  agree.  As  the  question  of 
quality  of  timber  is  foreign  to  the  subject  I  shall  pAs  it 
orer;  bat  to  the  asertion  iba;  few  deals  are  oxer  12ft. 
long,  I  most  respeinfuily  say  it  is  an  orer^ght  with 
•'  A.  H."  Deals  12fL  long  are  the  mle  in  tbe  Canadian 
ports,  bn.t  there  are  many  exeeptioos  trcsn.  the  low  ports, 
where  they  are  aliipped  erery  imaginable  laigtb  and  size. 
As  the^  goods  are  always  pine,  and  pine  is  rar^  naed  £ir 
ecantiingcr  timbering  poxpoaes,  tlus  ISft.  qnesfcuB  has 
little  or  nothing  to  do  with  the  casfiL  Tbe  principal  build- 
ing timbeis  are  tbe  spnice  deals  from  Canada,  tbe  red 
(or  jeUow)  deals  and  tbe  white  deals  fraai  iha  Baltic. 
Th^  deals  are  not  confined  to  any  stated  loigchs.  Whilst 
writing  this  I  have  a  spedficatjon  of  a  red  wood  cargo  &om 
Finland  lying  at  my  side.  The  3  x  11  deals  range  from 
Sft.  to  2ifL  in  length  :to  every  -47  23ft.  lengths  I  find  only 
4S  12ft5.  Again  the  3x9  deals  range  tram.  9  to  23fk  in 
length  ;  to  every  170  SSft.  I  find  24  13ft.  laigtfas.  This 
beine  the  case,  wbas  becomes  of  iha  AsasHoa.  made  by 
"A.~H-,"  and  what  can  be  said  of  the  knowledge  cf  '-A 
Practical  M.-in."  who  defsnds  it  ?  Why  dc^s  my  reviewer 
conclude  without  showing  in  what  niinner  I  nave  feiltii  to 
give  a  satisfactory  eiplanaticai?  He  may  be  correct  in  say- 
ing that  a  t>ersoQ  of  moderate  experience  cculd  ii  on  an 
average  standard  or  proportion  of  scantlings  obtainable 
from  deals  and  timbers  when  estimating  from  cabed  qoan- 
tities ;  bat  is  this  aoy  reason  why  every  boildQ-  eboold  be 
called  i^KHito  guess  at  the  value  of  the  most  important  item 
in  tbe  bil^  of  quantities?  I  do  not  know  wiiat '*  A  Practical 
Man"  may  tbink,  bat  a  senst^  man  will  most  ^soredly 
diacoorage  a  ^yst^n  foooded  npom  gnessvork,  and  advo- 
cate one  of  solid  oextainty.  As  he  rtfers  to  the  av^sage 
of  laboor,  I  shall  claim  a  lai^r  moiety  for  gfawtKng^  cat 
frtKU  timbers,  as  they  »rs  i^ors  unwieldly  and  ezpeodve 
to  get  into  place  than  tboee  obtained  frcan  ccQv^orted  tin^ 
ber.  This  step  would  swell  the  di5erence  a:  issue,  which 
my  reviewer  laboazs  in  sudi  a  myss^soos  manner  to  set 
at'noo^t. 

I  am  next  told  that  in  my  compatatifHi  of  timber  I  am 
as  much  in  fiuH  as  thcMe  I  osidcmn.  I  have  ounputed 
the  cc£t  of  deals  at  £&  per  stazMiard,  and  ^»  cost  of  hewn 
timber  at  Is.  id.  per  cube.  In  dmng  this  I  &il  to  dis- 
cover that  I  am^  concUmning  any  one.  If  I  zm.  to  be  told 
mv  computation  is  wrang,  I  can  dispose  of  this  remark  by 
saying  I  am  prepared  to  supply  aay  quantity  of  goods  at 
these  proportions^  Following  ap  t^  TetnarkSy  be  ea^^ 
'*  ilosi  London  architects  pceectibe  thai  '  tbe  scantlings 
shall  be  cut  square,  and  be  of  the  fall  dimen^ons  enume- 
lated.'"  This  is  the  vetr  gioandvozk  of  my  original 
remarks,  and  was  the  canse  of  me  charging  an  item  of 
l-12th  for  wasie  by  saws  in  scantlings  cat  from  hewn 
timbezs.  In  the  l^ank  list,  sabznltted  by  my  oj^pMient.  I 
find  an  item  of  cO):T^>p(UM]ing  ii^KOtance  charged  to  the 
account  of  scantling  cat  from  convened  cimb^.  There 
may  be  a  little  in  this  point  where  scantlings  are  cut  vieiy 
•smkv  ;  but  take  an  average  scantling,  can  a  practical  man 
note  one  insiance  where  an  andutect  has  objected  to  two 
oj^  X  3  scantlings  cut  &om  a  3  X  H  deaL  or  to  two 
4^  X  3  sn^itiings  cat  &om  a  3  x  I  deal ;  and.  in  likes 
manner,  to  two  S^  X  3  scantlings^  cat  from  a  S  x  7  deal  r 
I  think  if  be  cai  advance  an  instazice  it  wtKild-|>e  such  a 
rare  one  as  not  to  warrant  tbe  it^n  being  placed  in  any 
practical  oomputation  of  tb^r  value. 

If  my  friend  is  going  to  treat  tbe  paUlc  to  any  dear  and 
intelligent  solution  of  this  impartanl  q^aesti<Hi,  I  woold  ssk 
him  what  value  he  plaos  opoa  tbia  xteos  of  w&rte  in 
catting  to  l^igtbs  required  in  work?  He  viii  be  clever 
indeed  if  he  can  show  xhe  result  in  favour  of  hewn 
timber,  and  1;  strikes  me  he  most  do  so  to  bring  the  dif- 
ference of  tbe  ctet  of  the  two  classs  of  scantling?  to  only 
3d,  per  cube.  Scantlings  from  deals  can  be  parchistd  in 
lengths  of  every  fcot,  and  of  resuiar  sizes,  whereas  it  is  a 
som-iwfcat  rare  occumaice  to  obtain  hewn  timbers  the 
exact  length  requirwi  when  you  are  tied  to  a  given 
squarei  It  is  a  common  thing  to  cat  o^  two.  ihnee,  or  four 
feet,  or  to  take  off  a  slab  twiv-e  as  thici  as  yoa.  wi=h  to  d  > 
And  w^at  is  tbe  value  of  these  slab;  and  eods  ?  Thxt< 
who  are  acquainted  witb  a  builder's  yard  best  know  the 
importance  of  this  questiiHi.  I  make  bold  to  ma'ai!.:^in 
that  the  item  of  waste  in  catting  the  Matter  das  of  limber 
to  tbe  lengths  rei^uired  is  far  greasier  than  from  the 
former  class.  Itisver-.'  e-^.l-':.'.  :Lhat  the  more  I  write  the 
wider  do  I  make  t  i:  -  '  cost,  aitd  the  OKire  do  I 

crave  for  an  inteiligv  ..  by  "APiactical  Man.'" 

of  the  meazts  he  hi;  i  of  cimtracting  the  dif- 

ference ol  cost  to  ti-e  "  :: -r  sum,  of  3d.  per  cabe. — W. 
SifeVEXaoy,  Xottingham. 


t^'>-STO>-E  DESTROYING  INSECTS. -We  have 
***ro  a  gr?at  deal  frtim  time  to  time  about  timber-destroy- 
Pgmaecte.  I  want  to  be  informed  about  the  insects  whi<ii 
"Sttoy  stone,  and  particularly  in  «a  water.— C.  E. 


[62S.]-GILT  PICTURE  FRAMES.— For  restoring  gilt 
pictare  frames,  "H-  D.~  wocld  find  ordinary  goap  ar.d 
lukewarm  water,  applied  with  a  sponge,  vay  e5iectire, 
drring  them  afterwards  with  a  ^ik  haztdkendtSef  ox  a  soit 
io^— G.  S.  A. 


n. 


w 


23_ 


A^ 


<~-^s^-^  s 


is  loaded 
'  tbe  beam 
-  aelet;gtb 

i«  ■i.r.:^z.:  x  :'.  crkod  m 

is  applied  at    .  -t  $::ipp[]vt 

A.     Let  d  =   :  -    -•  e  urain  in 

the  oeaiie,  tben  3  =   sj~~i  *^  strain  at  Ibe  point 


at  Thicb  If  is    . 

randy  be  ta^ 
wise  if  tbey  l-r 
an  example^  £  ~ 
depth  is  1  £x' 
l^tgth  of  thr 
X  =  2ft,  kt 

tben    3  = 


mA)   X   J 


For 

loea 

wp^«uf*  U^  thus. 


U    X     1) 


i>        20 

=  5"  =  lOiou, 


=  Tons, 

::  stzaia  in  tbe  esDizB  of 
sdoptiad  SbeaeetUQ  «rf 

..-  a^oaxeincb,  aay  4^  = 


or  lat* ■ 

beam.  1 

fiange". ^  :  — 

10-4  .      ,_ 

-73    =  3*31  square  iDcbes,  or  if  a  cast-irca  ginfer   be 

adoptdd  tbe  aactioQ  of  bsttccn  flange  (s:rraining  the  irog 

a-  Ij  tons  per  square  in^)  win  be  ^    rr^   =  fl-SG  ajoare 

inches,  the  sec^on  of  t*7p  flarge  taken  as  o&e-ihird  (rfiba 
bc-twom  if  the  load  be  applied  on  topL  and  o^e-sixtb  if cbe  kad 

beapjiiiedoiitliebostomfiaiig^.  Ifi-e  -   - .-    --■sun 

faeadc^»«ed,  tbetocalaec^iijaal  ar=  per 

sqoazeincb  icv  oak,  is  aboat   ,_.  ,:»«- 


w«S^S)  =  Sf  in  cwt^   X  ^  ; 


■  SlL«S  X   ■ 


1S9 
f  beamffire  =    j^  =  IK    inti^^      if  ;j^ 

n,  ibe  ssrain  is  taJreri  a^  ahoat  5J  en.  per 

a^^iaie  iz::h.     Thas  tbe  sectional  area  =  S"  in  cwt.  x    — 

2f7 

~^a    —    19    incb^    aay 

other  oeam,  will  eqn^  "n?.a  in  ssr^mh  when  hP  is  tbe 
same  valce :  bare  i-^  =  £S7  x  12  =  ?:24.  azKi  if  d  be  taken 

2r24 
at  14  inches  thea  9  =  ^^i^   =    !->   incbes.      This  JaScer 

beam,  24  x   14  inches,  is  paeiaaUe  to  tbe  ooe  If  x  Id 

inches  in  shage. — F.  Hofsc 


[<^S.}— CAST-IBOX  GmDEB&— Tbe  moltqiie  oTd^A 
at^area  of  boWHnSange  ts  obtained  bj  tbe  multiplkaiioa 

of  tboee  quantxties.  In  Hxt  tal^i^  the  oalamn  B  is  tbe 
wid^  of  fiaoge^  s6  its  th^kness  ax  tbe  centre:,  fr  its  thick- 
ness at  tbe  edge.  In  the  same  way  the  eohimn  X  is  tbe 
width,  tf  ihe  thickness  at  centi^  r  tbe  thkkness  ax  the 
edge,  RR  is  the  thickset  as  tbe  b>xx«^m,  and  B  tbe  thick- 
ne^  at  topt.  In  the  bciti^k  I  hxve  this  is  eapUined  at  pase 
60,  acd  Sg.  23,  piase  4.— F.  H^rz. 


WAT£fi    SUPPLY    A2a) 
MATTEBS. 


SA^sTTiar 


Op^atiaas  have  l»si  comitwaoed  ai  Canterbafy  in  coo- 
necsioa  with  tbe  new  drainage  works.  A  laige  staff  of 
lahoarezs  are  eoiplc<y=d  in  sitalttag  excavations. 

The  New  York  papers  are  urging  that  tbe  sewage  ci"  xbai 
city  and  Bzooklyn,  whi^  now  raos  to  waste,  dall  be 
saved  and  aj^Iied  to  filling  up  tbe  marries  which  lie  on 
the  net^booring  Staves  of  Kev  Jezseyand  Long  laUnH 

A  conference  of  represaitaxives  of  tbe  sarroondisg  moni- 
dpal  bodies  az>d  otl^  Iccal  aatbnitiis  has  been  betd  in 
the  Manchester  Town  Hall,  under  tbe  presidecKy  of  tbe 
Mayor  of  Hancfaestei;  to  ooxsid^r  what  steps  sboold  be 
tjiken  when  tbe  Rrver-  BoUotioa  Commraaon  ats  in  tbxt 
dty.  The  Chairman  said,  in  bis  opmioa  nothing  eoold 
z:eet  tbe  reqaiiexneats  cX  tbe  CommisBioa  bat  tbe  fiKma- 
tion  of  large  sewer^  like  t2H3se  in  I^tDdoo,  lor  tbe  Cbavey- 
ance  of  tbe  sewage  frcon  tbe  towns  in  Uw  basins  of  tbe 
Mssenr  and  Irvell  direct  to  the  sea.  Any  actizon  taken  in 
U»e  matter  by  Manefaestio-  woold  be  artless  wicboot  tba 
OiM^ieratioa  of  tbe  towns  above  and  betow  it  ooi  tbe  IrweO, 
and  tbe  wc«ks  most,  tfaereCoce,  ettber  be  ondertaken  as 
tbe  naticoal  out  or  ^laxed  in  by  the  vboia  oonnczy.  A 
system  of  tzsicg  tbe  seva^  &«-iizintioD  porpoaes  bad  been 
^ig^ested,  bet  be  believed  is  to  oe  inadvisable,  and  he 
sbooH  support  tbe  -^xa.  which  entirely  rvanored  tbe  noi- 
sance.  The  town  ckfk  also  regazded  tbe  ixrigatioo  plan  as 
impracucahk.  and  aSrmed  tliat  it  hid  xk4  been  proved 
:h.\t  irrigation  with  pare  water  was  not  as  bene&oal  to 
linfi.  as  irT-:3aticn  w«b  sewage.  I;  woali  require  £5fti,C»X\ 
at  a  oc«  of  £10  per  bottse,  to  sabetitate  va««r-chisecs  tx 
she  present  system  in  tbe  5tX,000  booses  in  Mancbestv; 
Tbe  sewage  water  ckf  XaBtteater  and  Saltinl  wookt  asMimt 


802 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


November  15,  1867. 


to  fourteen  million  gallons  per  day,  .iiul  irlieio  ■uero  tbe 
local  authorities  to  dispose  of  so  great  a  quantity  ?  In  the 
Commissioners'  scale  of  1  acre  to  every  50  persons  a  sewage 
irrigation  of  7,500  acres  would  be  required  for  JIanchester 
alone.  It  appeared  to  Lira  that  that  was  an  absurdity. 
Great  regret  was  expres.^ed  that  the  town  clerk  should  hold 
Euch  opinions.  A  resolution  was  passed  stating  that  the 
meetiut;  was  of  opinion  that  all  local  authorities  shoiild 
combiue  in  giving  the  fullest  information  tn  the  Commis- 
sion (who  held  a  preliminary  meeting  on  the  12th  instant), 
and  urging  on  all  local  bodies  interested  to  be  prepared 
with  evidence  of  the  mode  in  which  sewage  is  at  present 
dealt  with  in  their  respective  localities,  to  say  to  what 
eitent  any  system  could  be  carried  out,  and  generally  to 
point  out  the  local  difficulties  of  dealing  with  the  question. 


WAGES   MOVEMENT, 

The  master  raasona  of  Liverpool  held  a  meeting  last  week 
to  consider  a  notice  received  from  tho  labourers  requesting 
an  increase  of  their  wages  in  six  months' time,  from  18s.  to 
22s  ,  and  in  some  caseB  24s.  per  week.  It  was  resolved  to 
inform  the  operatives  that  a  standard  rate  of  wages  would 
not  be  conceded. 

A  slackness  seems  to  be  spreading  in  the  Imilding  trade 
at  Edinburgli.  Already  there  is  a  talk  of  an  attempt  to  reduce 
the  wages,  but  whether  this  will  be  done  by  individiial 
or  united  action  is  not  yet  known.  Trade  at  Newcastle  is 
very  quiet.  Homo  of  the  masters  can  ecarcely  keep  going, 
and  unless  unlooke<bfor  orders  drop  in  shoit  time  will 
Boon  be  the  rule.  Many  of  them  are  paying  off  a  few  men 
every  week. 


STATUES,  MEMORIALS,  ETC. 

Mr.  Theed  is  engaged  on  a  bust  of  Mr.  Tite,  M.P.,  for 
the  London  Institution,  of  which  the  hon.  gentleman  was 
honorary  secretary  for  forty  years. 

A  statue  of  Adam  Smith,  the  author  of  "An  Inquiry 
into  the  Nature  and  Causes  of  the  Wealth  of  Nations,"  is 
to  lie  erected  in  the  city  of  Oxford,  for  the  purpose  of 
commemorating  his  connection  with  tlie  University.  The 
statue,  which  has  been  executed  by  an  Austrian  sculptor, 
has  cost  £700,  and  is  said  to  be  an  excellent  likeuesa. 


STAINED    GLASS. 

Two  stftlned  glass  windows  have  been  erected  In  Tavistock 
Church,  near  Exeter,  in  the  north  side  of  the  chancel. 
Each  window  has  two  lights.  The  subjects  are  the  four 
Evangelistfl,  with  the  emblem  of  each  for  a  base.  The 
figures  are  surmounted  by  canopies  of  the  Perpendicular 
ordwr.     Messra.  E.  and  V.  Beer,  of  Exeter,  are  the  artists. 


LEGAL  INTELLIGENCE. 

iNPnrNGEMENT  OP  Patknt. — (Blake  11.  Archer). 
— This  was  an  action  tried  before  Sir  W.  P.  Wood, 
at  the  Vice-Chancellor's  Court  on  Tuesday  last. 
An  injunction  was  applied  for  to  restrain  the  de- 
fendant from  infringing  a  patent  taken  out  in 
1858  for  an  improved  method  of  crushing  stone 
for  the  use  of  roads  and  other  purposes.  His 
Honour  found  in  favour  of  the  validity  of  the 
patent,  and  held  that  the  machine  used  by  the 
defendant  was  an  infringement  of  it. 

To'WN  Improvements. — Claim  against  the 
CouroRATioN  OF  LIVERPOOL.— On  Thursday  week, 
the  assessor  and  a  jury  assembled  at  St.  George's 
Hall  for  the  purpose  of  arbitrating  upon  a  claim 
made  against  the  corporation  by  Mr.  William 
Henry  Cruse,  builder,  of  Edge-lane,  for  land,  &c., 
in  Breck  field-road  North,  required  for  the 
improvement  of  that  thoroughfare.  The  claim 
comprised  various  items,  the  Hrst,  or  principal  one, 
being  for  2,332  yards  of  land,  with  certain  build- 
ings, consisting  of  sheds,  &c.,  £5,051  14s.  4d.;  cost 
of  excavating  foundations  of  houses  proposed  to 
be  erected  thereon,  £45 ;  and  compensation  for 
compulsory  sale,  losses  in  the  trade  and  business 
of  a  builder  through  the  suspension  of  building 
operations,  £950 — making  a  total  of  £6,046  14s.4d. 
The  land  was  estimated  at  about  £2  10s.  per 
square  yard.  There  was,  in  addition,  a  claim 
for  interest  on  £4,709,  at  5  per  cent,  per  .annum, 
for  having,  in  compliance  with  notice  of  the  Town 
Clerk,  dated  30th  January  last,  suspended  business 
operations.  After  the  case  for  the  claimant  had 
been  opened  by  Mr.  Gully,  a  consultation  took 
place,  and  it  was  eventually  agreed  that  the  claim- 
ant should  receive  the  sum  of  £900  for  the  land 
required  to  be  taken  by  the  corporation  in  the 
improvement  of  the  road. 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  WEEK. 

MoN. — Royal  Academy.  —  "Sculpture,"  by  Professor 
Westmacott,  S. 

TuES. — Institution  of  Civil  Engineers. — Renewed  Discus- 
sion upon  Mr.  Byrne's  paper,  "On  tlie  Re- 
moval of  Organic  and  Inorganic  Substances  in 
Water,"  S. 

Wed,— Society  of  Arts.— Openiog  Addreas,  by  Mr.  W. 
Hawea,  8. 


C»iir  (Dffire  Mk 


It  was  stated  lately  by  a  contemporary  that  a 
chimney  recently  erected  at  Bradford  was  the 
highest  in  England.  A  correspondent  writes  to  say 
that  a  chimney  erected  by  him  in  1857,  at  Messrs. 
Brookes'  fire-clay  works,  Huddersfield,  is  6ft. 
higher  from  the  ground  line  than  that  at  Brad- 
ford, and  in  other  respects  considerably  larger.  He 
believes  this  to  be  the  largest  and  highest  chim- 
ney in  England.  Its  total  height  from  the  ground 
line  is  102  yards. 

Professor  Westmacott  delivered  the  iirst  lecture 
for  the  season  at  the  Royal  Academy  on  Monday 
evening  last.  Mr.  G.  G.  Scott  will  deliver  three 
lectures  on  architecture  during  the  season.  The 
first  will  be  given  on  the  evening  of  January  23 
next. 

New-square,  Lincoln's  Inn,  is  to  be  restored  to 
its  normal  appearance.  Preparations  are  being 
made  for  the  removal  of  the  temporary  building 
erected  for  the  exhiliition  of  the  plans  for  the 
New  Law  Courts.  The  plans  will  be  taken  to  the 
old  Insolvent  Court. 

The  Marquis  of  Abercorn  has  offered,  through 
the  Royal  Agricultural  Society,  a  prize  of  £25  for 
best  design  and  specification  for  a  labourer's  cot- 
tage, the  cost  of  erection  being  limited  to  £70 
for  a  single  cottage,  or  £65  each  if  two  or  more. 

By  an  error,  the  sum  of  £10,  given  by  Mr. 
Tite,  M.P.,  was  omitted  in  last  week's  announce- 
ment of  donations  received  at  the  recent  dinner 
of  the  Builders'  Benevolent  Institution. 

The  paintings  which  cover  nearly  the  whole  of 
the  western  side  of  the  interior  of  the  Inner  Tem- 
ple Hall  have  been  cleaned  and  restored.  The  large 
full-length  portraits  of  William  III.,  Mary,  and 
Anne  have  also  been  restored,  and  were  each 
found  to  bear  the  signature  of  Sir  Godfrey 
KneUer. 

Mr.  C.  H.  Wilson,  of  Glasgow,  addresses  a  let- 
ter to  the  "  Glasgow  Herald,"  combating  the  de- 
preciatory views  entertained  by  Sir  George  Har- 
vey of  the  windows  in  Glasgow  Cathedral.  He 
recommends  that  the  Edinburgh  committee  for 
the  restoration  of  St.  Giles's  Cathedral  should 
invite  one  or  more  artists  to  experiment  on  the 
subject  before  coming  to  any  decision. 

An  improvement  has  just  been  effected  in  the 
lighting  of  Hyde  Park,  by  the  substitution  of  a 
new  kind  of  lamp  for  the  defective  ones  lately  in 
use.  The  old  gas  lamps  were  so  constructed  that 
the  rays,  instead  of  being  deflected  downwards 
were  allowed  to  ascend,  and  thus  a  great  quantity 
of  valuable  light  was  lost.  The  new  lamps  are 
so  contrived  that  the  light  wUl  be  shed  directly 
down  upon  the  pavement  beneath. 

Miss  Emma  Hardinge  who  lectured  some  time 
back  at  St.  James's  Hall,  on  America,  appeared 
rather  disadvantageously  at  Glasgow  on  Monday. 
The  advertisment  stated  that,  as  Miss  Hardinge's 
lectures  were  profes.sedly  inspirational,  the  subject 
was  to  be  chosen  for  her  by  a  committee  ap- 
pointed by  the  audience.  This  was  done, 
and  she  was  requested  to  "  Explain  mi- 
nutely, and  in  detail,  the  astronomical  facts 
and  principles,  and  the  mathematical  processes 
by  which  we  may  determine  approximately 
the  weight  of  the  sun."  This,  however,  she  de- 
clined to  do,  stating  that  she  had  never  yet  been 
influenced  on  mathematical  subjects.  At  her 
own  suggestion  the  theme  was  changed,  that 
of  "  The  Philosophy  of  Inspiration"  being 
substituted.  The  influences  that  regulate  this 
subject  were  more  propitious,  and  Miss  Har- 
dinge delivered  a  lofty  rhapsody  thereon. 

We  are  requested  to  insert  the  following; 
— In  the  last  number  of  the  Buildino  News 
there  is  a  report  of  a  meeting  of  the  Birmingham 
Architectural  Society,  in  which  it  is  stated  that 
the  President,  Mr.  I.  I.  Bateman,  recommended 
that  the  society  be  disbanded.  This  is  incorrect, 
and  if  not  explained  is  liable  to  injure  the  society. 
I  forward  you  enclosed  a  report  of  the  meeting 
taken  from  the  "  Birmingham  Daily  Post,"  in 
which  you  will  see  that  it  was  only  in  the  event 
of  the  members  not  taking  a  more  active  interest 
that  he  advised  such  a  course.  You  will  also  s  ee 
that  in  compliance  with  the  suggestions  contained 
in  Mr.  Bateman's  address  the  members  present  con- 
sented to  read  papers  during  the  ensuing  sessions, 
— I  am,  &c.,  Frank  Barlow  Osborn,  honorary  se- 
cretary. 


Dr.  F.  Crace  Calvert  will  deliver  a  course  of 
lectvires  on  chemistry  as  applied  to  the  arts,  at 
the  Society  of  Arts,  during  the  early  part  of  the 
coming  session. 

The  one  hundred  and  fourteenth  session  of  the 
Society  of  Arts  will  commence  on  the  evening  of 
Wednesday  next,  when  Mr.  W  illiam  Hawes,  chair- 
man of  the  council,  will  deliver  an  address, 

A  correspondent  sends  the  following: — The 
Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects  are  distin- 
guishing themselves  for  liberality,  for  advertizing 
for  a  librarian  at  the  extravagant  salary  of  £70  a 
year.  "Candidates"  must  be  able  to  produce 
testimonials  of  "  efficiency,"  and  therefore  must 
have  a  good  education.  I  beg  to  ask  the  generous 
council  of  the  institution  whether  they  are  much 
better  than  the  butchers  and  bakers  who  compose 
a  local  board  of  health,  and  who  oS'er  £100  a 
year  for  a  surveyor  to  fill  a  "  vacancy." 

The  Caen  stone  of  France  has  a  rival  in  the 
stratified  limestone  which  underlies  the  whole  of 
the  high  prairie  land  of  Kansas.  A  correspondent 
describes  it  as  white,  cream  coloured,  pink,  yellow, 
and  red,  lying  horizontally,  and  requiring  no  other 
quarrying  than  the  use  of  a  crowbar  to  lift  it  in 
blocks  from  its  bed.  So  easily  worked  is  it  that 
he  has  seen  it  hewn  into  shape  with  a  common 
wood  aie,  and  mortised  with  a  carpenter's  chisel  as 
easily  and  quickly  as  a  pine  beam ;  he  has  also  seen 
it  planed  with  a  jack  plane,  sawed  with  a  scroll 
saw  into  brackets  and  ornamental  door  and  win- 
dow caps,  and  cut  with  a  buzz  saw  into  blocks  for 
street  pavements  or  bricks  of  any  size.  The  ma- 
terial hardens  on  exposure  to  air,  and  becomes  as 
impenetrable  as  Tennessee  marble. 

The  iron  framework  of  the  exhibition  building, 
which  is  about  to  be  sold,  weighs  27,000,000ib. 
In  the  whole  there  are  6,000,000  rivets,  for  the 
placiug  of  which  15,000,000  holes  had  to  be 
punched. 

We  find  in  "  Silliman's  Journal  "  a  suggestion 
respecting  filters  which  may  be  of  interest  to  our 
chemical  readers.  Professor  MacDonald  collects 
and  washes  small  precipitates  in  filters  made  by 
plugging'the  stem  of  the  funnel  with  coarsely  broken 
glass  with  smaller  fragments  above,  and  a  layer 
of  finely  powdered  glass  or  sand  at  the  top.  Such 
a  filter  can,  of  course,  be  dried  at  any  temperature 
short  of  that  at  which  glass  softens.  A  filter  of  the 
kind  for  very  small  precipitates  can  be  advanta- 
geously made  with  a  pipette,  which  can  be  closed 
with  a  cork  before  weighing.  The  kind  of  glaaa 
used  in  these  filters  would  require  attention,  sinca 
many  kinds  are  more  or  less  soluble  in  water,  and 
a  loss  of  weight  would  be  caused  by  the  washing 
of  a  precipitate. 

It  is  said  that  a  tunnel  under  the  Thames  is  in 
a  fair  way  of  being  carried  out  unler  the  su- 
perintendence of  Mr.  Peter  Barton.  It  has  been 
agreed  to  by  the  War   Department  at  the  Tower. 

A  reward  of  £20  is  offered  for  J.  H.  St.  Aubyn 
Weston,  lately  in  the  employ  of  Messrs.  Ebles 
and  Sons,  builders,  of  Northwick-terrace,  Maida 
Hill,  who  absconded  last  week,  and  took  with 
him  £220  of  his  employers'  money. 

Up  to  the  present  time  the  inhabitants  _  of 
Portsmouth,  Portsea,  and  Landport,  a  population 
numbering  over  100,000,  have  been  in  much  want 
of  an  open  space  suitable  for  exercise  and  re- 
creation. Some  time  ago  the  civic  authorities  of 
Portsmouth  represented  these  facts  to  the  Go- 
vernment, and  applied  to  the  War  Department 
for  the  appropriation,  as  a  public  park,  of  a  por- 
tion of  the  glacis  before  the  old  lines  of  fortilica- 
tion,  situate  opposite  the  terminus  of  the  railway 
at  Landport.  It  is  meadow  land,  shaded  with 
large  and  beautiful  elm  trees,  and  contains  fifty 
acres.  With  the  consent  of  the  Treasury,  the 
desired  space  has  been  granted  to  the  corporation 
of  Portsmouth  as  a  public  park,  "  on  payment  of 
a  rent  consistent  with  the  precedents  in  similar 
cases." 

A  photographic  exhibition  is  now  open  at  9, 
Conduit  stieet.  Though  the  exhibition  does  not 
exhibit  so  many  specimens  as  we  have  seen  on 
similar  occasions,  it  possesses  several  photographs 
which  will  well  repay  a  visit.  We  were  par- 
ticularly struck  with  those  exhibited  by  Mr.  Adam 
Salomon.  In  fact,  we  may  say  they  are  the  best 
we  ever  saw.  The  "  Photographic  News  "  is  not 
correct  in  saying  that  they  are  untouched.  It  is 
evident  they  are,  but  the  touching  is  so  beauti- 
fully done,  that  it  is  difficult  to  see  any. 


November  15,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


803 


|!;itciits  for  liibnitioiis 

CONNECTED     WITH     TU  *.     BL'ILUIXO     TRADE. 


530.  E.  TITUIXG.  iMPRovEsiEXTS  is  Stoves  and 
FiRKfLACES.    Dated  5[arch  2.  18t>7. 

For  the  pm-pMes  of  thia  iavontiou  the  fuel  to  be  burnt 
ii  pUiCod  :a  :i  shell  or  grato,  circular  iu  section,  or  it  might 
be  uf  other  couvoiiioui  shape,  and  turning  on  centres  ut  its 
two  eudu  ;  an  opouing  is  mado  through  one  side  of  the 
circul;ir  shell  or  grate  at  which  fuel  is  introduced  into  it. 
When  fuel  is  iutroducod  into  the  sholl,  the  shell  is  turned 
ou  it*  axis  so  as  to  ciuse  the  fresh  fuel  to  be  covered  with 
the  heat^id  fuel  previou'^Iy  contained  in  the  shell,  and  any 
smoke  ;iiising  from  thi:  fre-th  fuel  will  be  eousumod  by  its 
iiiiviiii;  to  p;i!sd  through  the  heated  fuoL  Air  is  allowed 
t>  pVi*  to  tho  fuel  m  the  shell  through  jwrforatinna 
..r  openings  fornxcd  through  its  bottom,  as  well  as  from  tho 
fi\>nt  iipeuins.  and  tho  products  of  combustion  escape 
from  tho  shell  through  similar  perforations  or  oiwuings  at 
tlio  top.  and  \y\9A  away  by  the  chimney.  Tho  axes  of  tho 
rititiiig  shell  niay  bo  carried  by  a  movable  frame,  so  that 
1  miy  Iw  placed  in  any  ordinary  liroplaco.  or  they  may  bo 
L.  trtied  by  a  friimo  to  be  fixed  in  tho  fireplace.  Fatent 
iomplcied. 

03 i.    E.    K.  HEAPS  and   T.  P.  MOORWOOD.       IM- 

PBOVF.ilKNTS    IN     KiBE     HaNOES    FOR     DWELLISG-HOUSES. 

Dfticd  .March  7,  ISO". 

This  invention  consists,  first,  in  making  fire  grates  or 
h.t<->vos  such  as  aroused  in  sitting  or  other  rooms  so  thftt 
ilto  lKitU,uu  gratiug  can  bo  closed  or  opened  so  as  to  sluit 
:.ir  or  admit  the  supply  of  air  to  the  fire  thi-ough  the  stiid 
i  ttiom  grating.  This  tho  patentees  propose  to  effect  by 
placing  a  second  grating  (or  a  perfoi-ated  plate)  beneath 
the  ordinary  or  fixeil  grating,  such  grating  (orplato)  being 
loose  and  mounted  in  sticb.  a  nuinuer  that  it  can  be  drawn 
■  it  or  puslied  in,  or  otherwise  opened  or  closed  so  as  to 
.  l>,n  or  clOiiO  tho  spaces  in  tho  fixed  bottom  or  grating, 
and  thus  admit  or  »hut  o If  the  supply  of  air  through  the 
bottom  grato  or  gi'ating  to  the  fire.  Second,  the  iuvcution 
consists  in  placing  tirobrick,  sandstone,  or  firestone  upon 
or  iu  place  of  the  bottom  k  rating  of  fire  or  stove  grates  or 
ranges,  such  firebrick  being  made  either  solid  or  perforated, 
as  ma;'  be  required.     I'nUnt  completed. 

885.  R  MOUELAND,  Jun.  Improvemekts  in  the 
CossTnutrrioN  or  Floors  and  Rooms  fob  Bvildings. 
Dated  March  20,  1S07.  ^^     ^  „      . 

Among  the  features  of  this  invention  are  the  following  : 
The  patentee  constructs  fioors  in  the  following  manner  :— 
He  tikes  a  uvimi)er  of  wrought-irou  gii'ders.  either  bow  and 
string  lattice  girders,  or  bow  and  string  web  plate  girders 
ami  be  places  them  at  convenient  distances  apart,  and 
fixes  them  either  on  main  girders,  if  a  large  area  is  to  be 
covered  or  he  builds  them  into  the  walla  of  the  building 
when  tho  area  is  smaUer.  When  main  girders  are  used  be 
supporU  the  bow  and  string  girders  on  the  upper  or  lower 
ttaupe  of  the  main  cirders.  The  upper  flange  of  the  lx>w 
aiurst  ring  girdere  may  be  elliptical,  or  an  arc  of  a  circle  m 
outline;  the  latter  is  prefeiTed  ;  the  lower  flange  may 
■  tl.er  bo  straight  or  curved.  He  prefera  that  it  should  be 
•iaii,'bt.  The  top  and  bottom  flanges  of  the  lattice 
inlers  are  connected  together  with  vertical  and  diagonal 
'  T.tces  rivetted  at  the  connections.  Where  miun  girders 
.ro  employed  tho  ends  of  the  lattice  girders  may  be  fixed. 
■olted,  or  screwed  to  the  girders  which  support  them; 
.Tid  ill  some  cases  ho  uses  ad^iitional  tie  rods  to  stav  the 
•  inporting  girders.  lie  also  places  along  the  edges  of  the 
supporting  gii-ders  and  between  the  lattice  girdei-s,  bricks, 
angledrous,  or  other  material,  which  he  rivets  or  lays  on 
the  (lauge  of  the  supporting  girder  to  ensure  the  equal  and 
level  bearing  of  the  edge  of  the  corrugated  iron,  as  here- 
after described,  lio  prefer^  a  brick  of  an  angular  shape, 
slioning  the  projecting  edge  corbelwlse.  On  the  upper  or 
curved  smfaco  of  the  lattice  girders  ho  then  lays  sheets  of 
corrugated  iron,  or  other  material,  in  as  long  lengths  as 
po.^^ible.  and  form  them  into  a  continuous  sheet  by  allow- 
ing *lie  sheets  to  alternate,  or,  as  it  is  more  commonly 
ti-rmed,  to  break  joint,  and  by  bulting  or  riveting  the 
»]ges  of  the  sheets  together.  He  also  secures  the  ends 
of  the  corrugated  sheets  which  touch  the  wail  by  bent  dog 
belts  (_.r  cramps,  which  are  bolted  or  riveted  to  the  corru- 
gated iron  and  built  into  the  wall  between  the  supporting 
girders  The  cnire  of  contrary  flexure  of  the  corrugated 
iron  maybevarird  lx.th  in  shape,  size,  and  form,  so  that 
the  greatest  strength  iwssible  may  be  produced.  The 
corrugated  iron  plates  may  be  connected  to  the  lattice 
girders  with  rivets  or  bolts,  but  it  is  not  usually  required. 
He  places  the  flutes  of  the  corrugated  iron  at  nght  angles 
to  the  lattice  girders,  and  on  the  upper  surface  of  the 
corrugated  iron.  He  then  lays  concrete,  composed  either 
of  sliiugleor  brick  rubbish  mixed  with  lime  or  Portland 
or  other  cement,  or  brickwork  in  moi-tar  or  cement.  He 
oitlier  lays  tho  concrete  level  or  concentric  to  the  curve  of 
the  lattice  gilders  (the  former  is  preferred),  and  he  then 
la\8  tho  Iloor  with  joista  and  flooring  boards  in  the  ordi- 
niry  mr\nner.     Patent  completed. 

SS7  C  E  SOIIX.  IMPBOVEMEN'TS  IN  THB  CONSTRUC- 
TION     OF      PoSTd,     POLE.S,      AND      SIMILAR     SUPPORTS    FOR 

Telecrapuic,  Agricultural,  on  other  Purposes. 
(A  communication.)    Dated  March  26. 1S67. 

This  inventi'm  consists  in  employing  strips  or  bands  of 
sheet  iron  rolled  iuUi  cylindrical  or  tubular  form,  either 
Bpirally,  longitudinally,  or  otherwise,  so  as  to  admit  of 
being  held  togethyr  by  joints  verticaUy,  or  in  one  piece, 
and  f  jrmed  uf  any  requii'ed  thickness  and  length,  and 
subse-piently  coated  with  tar  or  other  preservative  mate 
rials— employing  in  like  manner  for  gardening,  decorative, 
or  other  purposes  papier-mache  or  pasteboard  in  combma 
tion  with  a^plialte  or  other  bituminous  materials,  in  lieu 
of  tlie  iron  x'i  above.     Fulent  abandoned. 

£91.  E.  W  SHIRT.  Improvements  in  the  Maxufac 
lURE  OF  Plane  Irons,  a>-d  other  Edge  Tools.  Dated 
Jlarch  27,  1S67. 

In  jierforming  this  invention  the  patentee  takes  a  piece 
of  pLtte  iron  of  any  convenient  length  and  width,  and 
which  iias  been  previously  rolled,  and  had  one  or  more 
])ieces  of  fcteel  welded  thereon  lengthwise  of  the  said  plate, 
that  is  to  say,  the  steel  may  be  either  welded  at  the  middle 
of  one  bide  of  the  iron,  or  along  each  end  of  one  side 
thereof.  Tho  patentee  does  not  lay  any  claim  to  the 
welding  of  iron  to  steel,  neither  does  it  form  any  part  of 
this  invention.  But  this  invention  consists  in  taking  a 
slab  or  plate  of  iron  and  steel  combined,  as  above  stated, 


and  rolling  the  same  into  single  or  double  bevilloil  plates, 
say  frum  S  to  '20in.  wide,  or  any  other  convenient  sizes. 
When  tho  steel  is  along  tho  middle  of  tho  iron  plattj,  he 
lo.ivos  ^uch  part  tho  thickest,  and  tapers  or  bevila  tho  iron 
towards  the  edges  thereof,  and  when  tho  steel  is  along  the 
edges  of  tho  iron  plato,  ho  forms  the  edges  tho  thickest, 
and  tapt-r.''  nr  bevils  tho  iron  towards  tho  centre  of  the 
s;dd  plate,  leaving  tho  centre  part  of  tho  plato  thinnest.  He 
then  proceeds  tu  cut  or  divide  the  plato  lengthwise  along  the 
centre  thereof,  and  cros.^vviso  by  any  suitiiblo  means  in 
known  and  common  use  for  that  purpose,  tho  width  being 
in  accordance  with  the  plane  iron  or  other  edge  tool  which 
it  is  retpiirod  to  produce,  and  it  is  this  mode  of  rolling  aud 
cutting  up  iron  and  steel  plates  that  Cjnstitutes  this  in- 
vention.    Patent  completed. 

SOS.  S.  W.  WORSSAM.  Improved  Machinery  for 
Cutting  Wood.     Dated  March  27,  1S67. 

This  invention  relates  iu  the  first  placo  to  improve- 
ments iu  huw  frames  for  cross  cutting  timber,  and  consi^^ts 
in  a  novel  mode  of  arranging,  mounting,  and  suspending 
the  recipi-ocating  saw  and  ita  appendages.  Tbo  saw  with 
its  bearing  blocks  or  slides  at  either  end  are  suspended  by 
cliains  which  pjiss  over  pulleys  placed  at  tho  upper  ends 
c)f  tho  hollow  standarils.  From  tho  opposite  ends  cf 
tbo  chains  are  suspended  couuterbalanco  weights  which 
are  enclosed  in  tho  hollow  standards  in  which  the  said 
weight*  rise  or  fall  ;is  tho  ^aw  is  depressed  or  elevated. 
These  two  pulleys  aro  mounted  on  the  same  shaft,  which 
exteiuh  across  the  machine,  so  that  thoy  are  obliged  to 
rotate  iu  unison,  and  being  of  i)recisely  tho  same  diameter 
tho  ^aw  is  idways  kept  in  the  proper  horizontal  position  for 
Winking.  By  tho  counterbalauco  weights  being  placed  in 
tho  hollow  standards,  the  machine  is  rendered  compact, 
convenient  to  manage,  aud  not  so  liable  to  accident  as 
when  the  weights  aro  outaide  the  standard.  A  reciproca- 
ting motion  is  coininuuic-ited  to  tho  cro.^8  cut  saw  by 
means  of  a  connecting  rod  actuatctl  by  the  crank  of  any 
suitable  motive  power  engine,  aud  in  order  to  produce  a 
thaw  cut,  tho  cutting  edge  of  the  saw  is  not  only  bellied 
or  curved,  but  tlie  horizontal  guides  are  placed  slightly  ou 
the  incline,  so  that  as  the  saw  reciprocates  a  kind  of  swing- 
ing motion  is  imparted  to  it.  The  next  improvement  re- 
lates ti)  a  novel  arrangement  or  coustruction  of  parts  for 
supporting  tho  timber  iu  a  "tryingup"  machine.  The  ob- 
ject i>f  this  improvement  is  to  support  the  timber  at  several 
points,  and  to  aftord  etficient  support  to  such  timber,  even 
when  tho  underside  is  uneven.  To  this  end  the  ouppurting 
table  is  provided  at  short  intervals  throughout  its  length 
with  several  transverse  rocking  supiwrts,  which,  when 
wedged  up  from  below,  will  fit  against  the  underside  of  the 
timber,  and  will  take  the  weight  of  tho  timber  at  several 
points,  whatever  may  bo  the  uneTenneaa  of  the  underside. 
Patent  abaudoued. 

S76.  W.  R.  LAKE.  Improvements  in  Screws.  (A 
communication.)     Dated  March  26,  1S67. 

This  invention  consists  iu  combining  with  tho  threads  of 
an  ordinary  wood  screw,  aud  as  an  aid  thereto  in  penetra- 
tion, a  i>rolongation  or  point  which  breaks  away  or  dis- 
i>lace-s  the  fibres  iu  the  path  of  tlio  shank.  Patent  aban- 
doned, 

941.  R.  CANHAM  and  F.  W.  KREUT.  Improvements 
IN  Means  or  Apparatus  Employed  in  the  Care  of 
Smoky  Chimneys,  and  in  Vbntilating  Buildings  and 
Other  Places.     Dated  Miuch  30,  1867. 

This  invention  has  for  its  object  improvements  in  means 
or  apparatus  employed  in  the  cure  of  smoky  cliimneys,  and 
in  ventilating  buildings  aud  other  places,  and  relat'^^, 
first,  to  improved  combinations  of  parts  forming  caps  or 
tops  for  chimneys,  and  for  ventilating  purposes,  and  formed 
of  any  suitable  material.  One  aiTaogement  consists  iu 
combining  a  core  or  pyramid  at  its  base  with  the  base  of 
an  inverted  truncated  cone  or  pyramid,  the  upper  cone  or 
pyramid  being  provided  with  suitable  apertui-es,  aud  a 
plate  or  small  inverted  cone  or  pyramid  iu  the  upper  part 
thereof  to  divide  the  upward  current  of  smoke  or  air,  and 
thereby  deflect  it  towards  the  said  apertures.  A  truncated 
cone  or  pyramid  is  employed  to  cover  the  apertures  in  the 
upper  cone  or  pyramid,  and  tho  lower  truncated  cone  or 
pyramid  is  suppoi-ted  at  a  suitable  distance  from  another 
iuverted  cone  connected  at  its  lower  end  to  the  chimney 
top  or  ventilating  shaft,  a  portion  of  such  chimney  top  or 
ventilating  shaft  passing  up  a  suitable  distance  into  the 
Interior  of  the  parts  before  described.  Another  arrauge- 
ment  of  chimney  or  ventilating  cap  consists  in  the  applica- 
tion of  suitable  guides  or  deflectors  to  such  caps  as  are 
formed  with  a  series  of  tubes,  truncated  cones,  or  pyramids, 
or  with  openings  in  the  sides  thereof,  such  guides  or  de- 
flectors being  fixed  at  a  suitable  distance  below  each  of  the 
cones,  pyramids,  tubes,  qr  apertures,  so  as  to  collect  the 
wind  aud  direct  it  into  the  mouths  of  the  cones,  p3Tamids, 
tubes,  or  openings.  Another  arrangement  of  chimney  or 
ventilating  ciip  consists  in  the  application  of  one  or  more 
tubular  guards  to  cover  suitable  apertures  formed  iu  the 
body  of  the  chimney  or  ventilating  cap,  such  apertures 
being  in  the  form  of  narrow  horizontal  slits  or  openings, 
a  plate  or  iuverted  cone,  or  other  suitably- shaped  deflector, 
being  fixed  within  the  cap  just  above  the  openings,  so  as 
to  deflect  the  smoke  thereto.  The  top  of  the  cap  may  be 
surmounted  by  a  cone  or  other  suitably-shaped  cover. 
Other  modifications  are  described  in  the  specification  of 
the  inveutiou. 


London.  — For  i-ehuildiog  No.  54,  Broad-strccr,  St. 
James's.  Mr.  B.  Taboror,  architect:— W.  Prince,  £1,039; 
J.  Keys.  £917 ;  O.  H.  aud  A.  Bywaters,  £61)7 ;  W.  G. 
Larke,  £S96;  D.  Bostol  (accepted),  £337. 

Penge  (Surrey). — For  tho  erection  of  a  pair  of  de- 
tached country  houses  iii  Croydon-road.  Mr.  U.  Vr'iber 
Webster,  arcliitoct :— Poxon  and  Smith,  £1,992. 


MUTUAL  AID. 


QUESTIONS. 

[1.]— What  book  is  tlie  best  authority  ou  taking  out 
quantities  ?—T.  R.  B. 

[■2.]— Where  can  I  obtain  a  book  called  tho  *'  Young  Me- 
chanic's Instructor"?— Constant  Reader. 

[3-1 — A  few  weeks  since  you  mentioned  that  mouldings 
could  bo  purcluLsed  through  a  Stockholm  agent.  Cau  auy 
subscriber  give  mo  his  address? — 0.  E. 

[4-1— Can  anyone  inform  mo  where  I  may  procuro  a 
cheap  book  ou  building,  &'c.,  generally  suitable  for  a 
young  cl«rk  of  worka,  and  price  ?~Screw-driveb. 

(5.  J — Can  an  assistant  to  an  arl^hitect,  on  being  asked 
what  businesB  ho  followed,  say  (justly)  ho  is  an  architect, 
or  must  ho  say  ho  in   an  archituct's  assistant? — Sckbw- 

DRIVER. 

[An  architect's  assistant,  of  course.] 

rC-]— Can  anyone  in?orm  me  who  is  tho  inventor  of  tho 
fl;i3hing  signal  lamp,  tested  some  months  since  by  tho 
Government?  The  flash  is  produced  by  blowing  petroleum 
vapour  into  tho  flame  of  a  spirit  lamp. — Morse. 

[7.] — I  want  iufomiation  to  enable  me  to  join  the  Royal 
Engineers.  Perhaps  some  ono  can  give  me  a  list  of  some 
of  the  reriuirements.— A  Young  Surveyor. 

[8.] — Will  anyone  inform  mo  where  I  could  obtain  the 
foreign  manufactured  joinery,  aud  ;ia  to  tho  quality  of 
material  aud  workmanshiii  ?  I  should  like  to  make  a  per- 
sonal inspection  nf  any  building  whero  it  has  been  uaed,  if 
in  or  near  Loudon. — D.  T.,  Nov.  6. 

[9.] -CLERK  OF  WORKS.— Could  any  ono  of  your 
readers  inform  mo  if  a  clerk  of  works  is  entitled  to  bo  paid 
over  and  alwve  his  salary  for  superintend-ng  workmen, 
ordering  materials,  ^c,  iu  the  finishing  of  a  contract  which 
a  contractor  has  thrown  up  ;  if  so,  what  would  be  a  fair 
remuneration  for  his  extra  labour? — A  Clerk  or  Works. 


Crak  Stlus. 


TENDERS. 

Beckesiiam.  — For  building  a  house.  Mr.  Jamea  L. 
Pedley  architect ;— Venner,  £2,365 ;  Howard,  £2,003  ; 
Broiyue  auJ  Robinson,  £1,987  ;  Breeze  and  Russell  (ac- 
cepted), £1,6SS. 

Brighton.— For  building  a  public-house  for  Jlessra. 
Vallance  Catt,  and  Co.  Mr.  Tupper,  architect ;— Patching 
and  Son,  £1,045;  Lockyer,  £1,035;  Cheesman  and  Co., 
£1  020  ;  Anscorabe  and  Newnham  (accepted),  £952. 

EiuTn  (Kent). — For  additions  and  alterations  to  the 
Ship  publichou.o,  for  Messrs.  Day.  Noakes,  and  Sous. 
Mr  G  Elkington,  architect  :—Blofleld,  £560;  Tarrant, 
£565  ;  Willis,  £540  ;  Falkner,  £530  ;  Eustace,  £493. 

LE\visn.\M. — For  pair  of  houses  at  llithcr-green,  Lewis- 
ham  for  Mr.  G.  Sladcr,  exclusive  of  papering  and  fencing. 
Mr. 'B.Tuks,  architect :— Storey,  £1,054;  Bennett,  £940; 
Wenborn,  £900  ;  Lovell,  £860. 


REPLIES. 


BIjUE    stone— "W.  II."  can  hayo  information  by 
writing  to  Wliittree  Quarries,  Chirbury,  Salop. 


BATH  STONE  OF  BEST  QUALITY. 

Randeli.  and  Saunders,  Quarrymen  and  Stone  Mer 
chants,  B;ith.  List  of  Prices  at  the  Quarries  and  Depots 
also  Cost  for  Transit  to  any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom 
furnished  on  application  to  Bath  Stone  Oflice,  Coiuham 
Wilts.— [Advt.J 


PKOPERTY  SALES. 

Nov.  5. 

At  THE  Mart. — By  Messrs.  Farebrother,  Clark,  and  Co. 
— Freehold  two  plots  of  building  laud,  fronting  the  Naw- 
road,  Hounslow— sold  for  £110  each. 

By  Tklessrs.  Debenham,  Tewson,  and  Farmer.— Leasehold 
premises.  No.  48,  Great  Portland  atieet,  Oxford-street,  lot 
at  £90  per  annum,  term  16  years  unexpired  at  £25  per 
annum — £480. 

Freehold  residence  known  as  Tudor  House,  situate  at 
the  corner  of  West  HiU-road,  Wandsworth,  let  on  lease  at 
£125  per  annum — £2,200. 

Freehold  residence.  No.  1.  Lansdowne-road,  Wimbledon, 
let  on  le.ase  at  £130  per  annum— £2,100. 

Freehold  residence,  No.  4,  Lansdowne-road,  'Wimbledon, 
let  on  lease  at  £100  per  annum — £1,450. 

Freehold  residence,  Lansdowne-road,  Wimbledon,  let  ou 
lease  at  £105  per  annum — £1,540. 

Freehold  residence.  No.  18,  Lausdowno-road,  Wimbledon, 
let  at  £94  per  annum — £1,300. 

Freehold  residence.  No.  19,  Lansdowne-road,  W^imbledon, 
let  on  lease  at  £90  per  annum — £1,280. 

Freehold  residence,  No.  20,  Lansdowne-road,  Wimbledon, 
let  on  le.aae  at  £112  per  annum— £1,680. 

Leasehold  residence.  No.  1,  Ridgway-place,  Wimbledon, 
let  on  lease  at  £71  per  annum,  term  99  years  from  1853  at 
£8  per  annum— £780.  ,  ,.      ^ 

Leasehold  residence.  No,  23,  Ridgway-place,  let  at 
£52  10s.  per  annum,  term  and  ground  rent  similar  to 
above — £760. 

Leasehold  residence.  No.  3,  Blessiogton  road,  Lee,  let 
onleaseat  £110  per  annum,  term  94i  years  from  1858,  at 
£4  per  annum — £1,400. 


BANKEUPTS. 


TO  aURRINDER  IS  BASISOHAIX-CTRMT. 

George  Dewdnov,  Rickmansworth,  cari>cnter,  November 
"7  at  11— J.  Weymouth.  Talbot.road,  Kensington  Park, 
mister  plasterer,  November  20,  at  11 -Edwin  Sayers, 
LowBi  Grove,  Wandsworth,  carpenter,  November  28,  at  2. 

'  TO  f5UBRENDER  IN  THE  COtJNTBT. 
Geor"K  Apploton,  Leeds,  joiner,  November  20— Thomas 
Atkinson,  Llandudno,  contractor,  November  20-- J. 
lirooker,  Tunhridge  Wells,  brickraaker,  November  25— 
Ilowcll  Evans,  Llantritsent.  Glamorg.anshire,  builder, 
November  20— WUIiam  Iklward  Golliford,  Barnstaple, 
November  22— Joseph  Gubbins,  Birmingham,  carpenter, 
KoT  22— Thomas  Love,  Blackpool,  Lancashure,  builder,  No- 


804 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


November  15,  1867. 


Tember  19 — Thomas  Morfey.  BrightoD,  builder,  November 
25~William  Skelsey,  "Wortley,  near  Leeds,  brickmaker, 
November  20 — William  Smith,  Everton,  aear  Liverpool, 
builder,  November  !  9— George  Stinchcftmb,  Us-k,  Mon- 
mouthshire, carpenter,  November  20— Frederick  Strong, 
Derby,  plumber,  November  21 — Joseph  Thompson.  Mid- 
dlesborougb,  joiner,  November  25 — EveravdVigia  Williams, 
Wai-e,  builder,  November  19— W.  Bradford,  Eastbourne, 
Busses,  carpenter,  November  25— W.  Privett,  Bishop's 
VTaltham,  carpenter,  November  23— John  Travei-se.HuIrae, 
Lancashire,  joiner,  November  23— T.  Williams,  Festiniog, 
Merionethshire,  engineer.  November  22. 

NOTICES  OF  SITTINGS  FOR  LAST  EXAMINATION. 

December  10,  J.  Jordan.  Median-road.  Lower  Clapton, 
builder— Dec.  5,  J.  Riile,  Kingstou-upou-Thames,  builder 
— Decembers,  R.  Walker,  New  Windsor,  builder— Decem- 
ber 5,  I.  !May,  sen.,  Upminster  Hill,  near  Romford,  car- 
penter—December  10.  J.  Curtis,  New  Wimbledon,  builder 
— December  10,  J.  Rider,  Comptun- street,  Goswell-road, 
Clerkenwell,  and  Cleasby -villas.  Tolliugton  Park,  timber 
bender— Decern  her  10,  J.  Archer,  Shiubland-road,  Dalstnu, 
builder— December  12,  W.  CoUon,  Putney-common.  Put- 
ney, timber  dealer — December  13,  F.  Spriugall,  East  Ham, 
builder— January  20,  W.  and  H.  Cooper,  Tamworth, 
plumbers — December  13,  G.  Stanton,  Birmingham,  me- 
chanical engineer — December  13,  R.  Wheatstone.  Fown- 
hope,  near  Hereford,  timber  dealer  -  December  10,  A.  R. 
Clarke,  Derby,  builder — December  4,  J.  Neill,  Chorlton- 
on-Medlock,  joiner — December  IS,  W.  Dolphin,  Brampton, 
near  Chesterfield,  mason — December  0,  J.  Robinson, 
Wetherby,  Yorkshire,  mason — December  IG,  J.  Plank, 
Wolverhampton,  carpentex- — November  22,  J.  Bankw, 
BLihop  Auckland,  shingler — November  21,  G.  W.  Jlyers, 
J:inow,  Durham,  journeyman  mason— December  4,  T.  M. 
Hawke,  Saint  Day,  Cornwall,  plumber. 


LATEST   PRICES    OF   MATERIALS   USED 
IN  CONSTRUCTION. 


Timber,  dutv  If 

Teak    load    £9    0£li 

Quebec,  red  pine 5    0 

„      yellow  pin*..     2  15 
St.  John  N.B.  yellow    0    0      < 
Quel>ec  Oak,  white  ..55      1 

„       birch 3  10      ■ 

„       elm   3  10      I 

Dantzic  oak S  10 


fir  . 


2     0       8    0 


Hemelfir  S 

Riffa SOB 

Swedish 2    0      2 

Ma*ts,Quebecredpine  6    0      7 

.,      yellow  pine..     5    0      6 

Lathwood,Dantzic,fm   4  10      6 

„       St.  Petersburg  6  10      7  1 
Dea]8.prC..12ft.  byS 
by  Pin,,  dutySsper 
load,  drawbacTi  2b. 
Quebec,  white  spruce  13    0    19 
St.John.whitesprnce  13  10    15  ] 
Yellow   pine,  per  re- 
duced C. 
Oauada,  1st  quality.  17    0    18  1 
2nd  do 11  10    12  ] 


,  16 


per  load,  drawback,  Ib. 
Archangel,  yellow  ..  £11 
St.  Petersburg,  yel. . .  10 

Fiul.ind 8 

Memel 0 

Gothenburg,  yellow       8 

white    8 

Qefle,  yellow 9 

Soderham       8 

Christiania,    per   0., 

12  ft.  by  3  by  9  in. 

yellow 

Deck  Plank,  Dantzlc, 

per  40  ft.  3  in 0 

Pdmick  SniKE  pr  ton    6 
Ou^.  &c. 

Seal,  pale per  tun  40 

Sperm  body   11^ 

Cod 3« 

Whale,  Sth.  Sea,  pale  39 

Obve,  Gallipoli 6f) 

Cocoanut.  Cochin.toD  56 

Palm,  fine '40 

Li  nseed    36 

Rapeseed,  Eng.pale..  39 
Cottou£eed 31 


10  £13    0 

10    11     0 


0     22 
15      1 


4'3  10 
0    0 


Metals. 

iBOM  : — 
Welah  Bars  In  London     . .  , ....  per  ton 

NailRod       do 

Hoopa  .       do 

Sheets,  Single       do 

Stafordshire  Bare       do 

Bars,  in  Walea     do 

Rails    do 

Foundry PigH.  at  Glasg.  No    1    ..       do 
Swedish  B^its   do 


7  10  0 

8  10  0 
B  15  0 

7  10  0 

5  15  0 

5  le  0 

2  15  0 

10     5  0 


10    0 
7  15 


o(   , 


0  DPit 
6  2f 
0    net 


Swedish  Keg,  bar 
Bwedifih  Faggot 


15    0    0        15  10     0       2 
10  10    0        12  10     0       2 


Copper  :— 
per  ton 


Sheet  &  Sheathing,  ft  Bolts 

Hammered  Bottoms       ao 

Flat  Bottoms,  not  Hammered  . .  do 

Cake  and  Tough  lugot      do 

Best  Selected    do 

Australian     do 

T  1.  Metal  Sheathing  *  Rods  ....  per  lb 


85    0 
71     0 


80 
6i 


Boflish  Block 
du       Bar    .... 
do      Befined  , 

Baiica      , 

Straits     


Tdt:- 
.  ..per  ton 
do 
do 
do 


S7 

0     0 

0     0 

m 

0    0 

0    0 

Hi 

0    0 

85     0 

do 


1} 


Lead:— 

Pig,  English     per  ton  2115  0 

,,    Spanish  Soft     do  19     5  0 

Shot,  Patent     do  22  lo  0 

Sheet    do  2<*  lU  0 

Whit«     » do  27    0  0       30    0    0 


i): 


On  the  Spot 


Spelter  :— 
per  ton 


21    0    0       21    2    6  net 


ZiKc  :- 


English  Sheet      per  ton        26  10    0      27    0    ( 

Dcvaui'sV.  M.  Roofing  Zinc    ....       do  26  10    0        0     0 

•  And  5  per  cent,  discount  if  laid  upon  the  new  system. 
QtucKsiLVKE     per  btl  6  17    0       0    0    e 

BEODLUS  op    AKnMONV 

French  per  ton      28    C    0       0    0    0 


Now  Ready, 

WHO  WAS  the  AKT  AKCHITECT  of 
the  HOUSES  of  PARLIAMENT?  A  statement  of  facta. 
Founded  on  the  letters  of  Sir  Charles  Barry  ani  the  diaries  of 
Augustus  Welby  Pugin.  Most  respectfully  dedicated  to  the  Right 
Honourable  aud  Honourable  the  Lords ;iijdCoiQUions  of  Great  Britiin 
and  Ireland.  By  E.  "VV'elby  Picin.  Price  Two  Shillings  (with 
frontispiece). 

London  :  Loscma>-3.  Green,  aud  Co. ,  Pateruostcr-row. 


GOTHIC  FORMS  APPLIED  TO  PUR- 
NITUEE.  METAL  WORK.  ic.  fur  INTERIot  PURPOSES 
by  ilr.  B.  J.  TiLctjir.  „i  London.  Tl,e  al..,v<:  wurk  hasespt'cial  refer- 
ence to  tbe  Manufactnicra  of  lurnituit.  Me'.-il  W  L-rkers.  juid  Becora- 
tuis,  aa  BUggcsTive  of  Wuik  iipplied  to  Bmldiiig.i  crt-ctcd  m  the  Gothic 
8tyl*8.  The  iketulieB  will  be  desitais  adaiitci'  to  the  modem  require- 
ueiitB  of  the  bbiaiy.  dining,  dr^iwiDg  and  bed  rooinB,  halla,  sc. ;  this 
includes  wood,  metal,  aud  decorative  work.  To  be  publibbed  in  six 
monthly  parta,  price  fis,  per  part.  conUining  five  plates  and  letter- 
press  ;  or  when  completed,  bound  up.  £1  l.-^s. 
PubUshed  by  g.  BinBtcK,  B^okecUcr,  3.  Perehoie-rcftd,  EdgbABlon, 
Birmiugham, 


"Will  l>e  publislied  in  December  neit,  cloth  lettered,  price  4s, 

ATCHLEY'S     NEW     BUILDERS'    PRICE    BOOK 

FOR  1868.  ^ 

Containing  a  complete  List  of  the  present  Prices  of  Builders'  Materials  and  Labour,  with  most  useful  and  importaiit" 
Tables  and  Memoiauda  for  preparing  Estimates.  &c.,  for  the  use  of 

ARCHITECTS,  ENGINEERS,  CONTRACTORS,  BUILDERS,  &c. 

These  calculations  have  been  carefully  made  by  the  aid  of  a  staff  of  practical  men  on  each  subject. 

To  IV  Inch  is  added 

"THE    UNION    OF    TRUE    CONSTRUCTION    WITH 

By  AN  ARCHITECT. 
Treating  of  the  following  subjects  ;   Brickwork,  Stonewort,  Woodwork  and  Furniture, 
tZinc,  Metalwork,  Plaster,  Glass,  Painting,  Staiuiug,  (tc. 

London  :    ATCDLEY  &  CO.,  ARCHITECTURAL  and  ENGINEERING  PUBLISHERS, 
106,  Great  Russell-street,  Bloomabury. 

BOOKSELLERS  SUPPLIED  WITH  SHOW-CAKDS  AND  PBOSPECTUS  UPON   APPLICATION  TO  ATCHLET  AND  CO. 


GOOD    TASTE." 

,  SlLttcs  aud  Tiles,  Leadworft, 


On  the  21st  instant  will  be  puhliahed 

THE     BRITISH     ALMANAC   for    IS 
Sewed  in  a  wrapper,  price  U. 


THE  COMPANION  TO  THE  ALMANAC. 

Sewed  in  a  wrapper,  price  23.  Cd. 

Contests— On  the  Periodical  Meteors  of  November,  and  other 
Epochs,  by  E  W.  Brayley,  F.R.S.  with  illustrations.  Roy.il  Coro- 
miasion  on  Railw.iys,  by  Arthur  Locker.  The  Eoonomicivl  Result  of 
Trades  Unions,  considered  in  their  Relation  to  the  Paris  Exhibition 
of  1867  and  tbe  Sta.t«  of  Capital  and  Labour  on  the  Continent,  by 
John  Plummer.  The  Exhibition  ol  Natiou.tl  Pwrtr.ilt3.  1867,  hy 
J.^mes  Thome.  The  Present  Position  aud  Prospects  of  the  British 
Iron  Trade  by  John  Jones,  secretary  o(  tbe  Cleveland  Ironmasters' 
Association.  Native  Textile  Industry  of  India,  by  George  Dodd 
Local  Changes  consequent  upon  the  Reform  Act,  Arcbitficture  and 
Public  Improvements,  1867.  by  James  |Thome.  With  the  other 
usual  articles  on  tbe  Legislation,  Statistics,  4c  ,  for  1867. 

The  British  Almanac  and  Companion,  together,  in  cloth  hoards,  let- 
tered, price  4s.  ..,-,- 

The  volume  for  1868  will  be  the  forty-first  ol  the  series,  which,  from 
the  commencement,  has  been  conducted  by  Mr.  Charles  Knight. 
London:  Khight  &  Co..  90,  Fleet-street;  and  sold  by  all  booksellers 
in  the  United  Kingdom. 


s 


TAIRCASE    and  JOINERY    WORKS, 
JOHN     WALDEN 

(Late  Shop  Foreman  to  Mr.  W.  BANDS,  tetlrea), 

12.  MAIDEN  LANE,  COVENT  GAKDEN. 

Efitimatea  on  appUcatioQ. 


0.  H.  DAVIES  and  CO.'S 

GENUINE 

SOLID    PARQUET    FLOORS 

Are  Greatly  Suiierior  to  auy  hitbei-to  Proiluct-d,  being 

of  Special  Construction,   Improved  Desigu, 

Thoroughly  Seasoned,  and  at 

PRICES   LOWER    THAN   TJSUAI,. 

Specimens  at  Aickitectural  Museiim,  23,  Maddox-sireet,  W. 

Aya  AT 

Show  Rooms,  Cambridge  Hall,  Newman-street,  London. 

Soho  Plate  and  General  Glass  Warehouse, 

C«,     SOHO     SQUARE.     W. 
Ami  GEORGE  YARD.   CROWN  STREET.  SOHO,   W.C. 
At  the  above  Extensive  Establishment  the  following  descriptions 
of  Ghiss  can  be  procured  wholesale  : — 

PLATE  GLASS,  PoUshed,  Silvered.  Obscured,  and  Rough. 
PATENT  PLATE  GLASS  of  all  qualities  and  Bubstincef . 
COLOURED.  ORNAMENTAL,  and  STAINED  GLASS. 
CROWN    SHEET,  .ind  HORTICULTURAL  GLASS. 
HARTLEY'S  ROLLED  ROUGH  PLATE,  lie,  tc. 


UNDER  THE  PATRONAGE  OF  H.M.  THE  QUEEN 

THE  LONDON  PARQUETRY  WORKS,  I 
—Tbe  first  Establishment  founded  in   England  (in  1.^2)  for  th»  1 
exclusive  manufacture  of   Solid  and  Plated  PAKQUET  FLOORS  «nd  I 
BOEDEES,    CEILINGS,    and    WALL    DECOUaTIONS  ;   and  Sols  f 
Patentees  of  the  only  system  adapted  to  the  EngliBh  cliiu.it«,  whereby 
the  evila  of  dby  hot.  sorinkage,  and  warfikg  (so  coiumon  to  work 
manufactured  in  foreign  climates),  are  eftecttaixy  pre  vested.— For 
designs. estimates,  and  list  of  nearly  3(K>  floors,  &c.,   apply  to  THB 
LOXDON  PAKQUETEY  WORKS.  Grove-Liue.  CmherweU,  S.;  or  to  ( 
their  Sole  Agenta.  Messrs.  Gillow  and  Co.,  176,  Oxfird-atreet, 


PLAIN    AND    ORNAMENTAL    WINDOW    GLASS. 

WBELL  having  made  an  extensive  addi- 
c  tion  to  his  Premises,  la  enabled  to  anpply  every  description 
of  Painted,  Stained,  Embossed,  and  Enamelled  GUss  (all  of  which  can 
be  Been  in  Prog^resa).  Also  he  is  now  prepared  to  supply  BEITISH  and 
PATENT  PLATE,  CROWN,  SHEET,  COLOURED.  GEOUND, 
FLUTED.  OAST,  and  ROLLED  PLATE,  FOREIGN  GLASS,  Ac. 
Designs  and  Estimates  oii  appliciition  to 

W.  BELL.  GLASS  PAINTER,   43.  HIGH  BTKEET, 

CAMDEN  TOWN. 

GLASS,  SASHES.  Ac.  delivered  carri^e  free. 


s 


TAINED    GLASS   WINDOAVS 

AND  CHURCH  DECORATIONS. 

HEATON,  BUTLER,  AND  BAYNE, 

GAREICK    STREET,    COVENT   GARDEN,    LONDON. 
Illustrated  Catalogue  38.  Gd.,  post  free. 


SCHOOL  FURNITUS.E. 

BANKS'S    PATENT  SCHOOL    DESKS, 
convertible  into  a  comfortable  swit  or  table,   from    Ss.  i>er  ft. 

Illustrated  Catalogues  of  the  above,  aud  all   other  kinds  of  school 
fittings. 

SIDEBOTHAM,  BANKS,  &  CO., 

CHURCH  and  SCHOOL  FURNITURE  MANUFACTURERS, 

PARSONAGE  WORKS,    4,    ALBERT    STREET     MANCHESTER 

LoTJOS  AoENT— Mr.    D.   O.   BOYD, 

MoBenm   f  Building  Appliances,  23.  Maddock-street,  Hanover 

Square,  where  S^implcs  aiu  be  seen. 


THE  INTERNATIONAL  PRIZE  MEDAL, 

Awarded  1862, 

ALSO  THE  DUBLIN  MEDAL,  1,555. 

To    BUILDERS.    CAKPENTEK3.    and    BLINDMAKEItS 

JAS.  AUSTIN  &  SON, 

Manufactnrera  of    tiic  above  Articles,    i>articuLirly  wiahtodireiL 
'  the  attention  o(  the  Tnule  to  tbeir 

IMPERIAL    PATENT    FLAX    SASH    LINES, 

Of  which  they  are  now  making  four  qualities,  and  they  strongly  recom- 
mend that  in  all  c^Lses  they  should  be  purchased  in  prefereiiceto  th- 
PATENT  LINES  made  fioni  Jnt«,  which  Article  has  neither  th.: 
STRENGTH  nor  DURABILITY  of  FLAX,  consequently  cannot  give 
ao  much  satisfaction  to  ihe  Cousmner.  They  also  invite  the  particular 
attention  of  Upholsterers  aud  Blind  Wakera  to  their  Improved  Patent 
Blind  Lines,  which  are  very  much  superior  to  anything  yet  otlcred 
to  the  tiade. 

They  can  beobhvinednf  all   U-M'cmakcrs,  Ironmongors,   Merchants. 
Factore,  aud  Wholesale  Houst-B  m  Town  and  CwttUtrj, 
RtiTAilLISHED  1/74, 


BY 

HER   MAJESTY'S 

ROYAL 

LETTERS  PATENT. 


T 


The  Gold  Medal  of  the  Paris  Ex-  1 
hibition,  1867.  has  been  awarded! 
tohis  Imperial  Majesty, the  Empe-I 
ror  of  the  French,  for  his  concrete  I 
houses  in  Paris,  built  by  the  Pateu-  f 
tee's  apparatus. 

ALL'S     PATENT      APPARATUS    orl 

MOULDING    MACHINE    for    CONSTRUCTING   WALLS,  f 
HOUSES  and  other  BUILDINGS.  ' 

"With  the  Patentee's  Apparatus.  Portland   Cement  Concreta  VftUil 
may  be  built  at  half  the  cost  of  brickwork   (in   some   cases  less  tbsnl 
half),  being  ten  times  as  strong,  impervious  to   wet,    nearly  smooth.  ■ 
remiiring  but  one  coat  of  plaster  ;    being   one   solid   mass   completely 
deadening  sound:  requiring  no  bond   timber  joists,    neither  lint«ls 
nor  arches  over  door,  window  and  other   openings.      For  Gardens  or 
Park  Close  Fences  cheaper  than  wood  fencing.  ^ 

A  Pamphlet  containing  full  information,  and  explaining  immoual 
rwivautage  of  Concrete  over  all  uther  wall  constructions,  will  befu-l 
w^trded  en  receipt  of  sli  stamps.     Address,  1 

J.  TALL,  FALSTAFF    YARD,    KENT-STREET,    SOUTHWABK. 
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November  22,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


S05 


THE   BUILDING  NEWS. 


LONDON,  FRIDAY,  XOVEUBER  ii,  1S67. 


THE  FUTURE  OF  LONDON 
ARCHITECTURE. 

MR.  HENRY    CONYBEARE  is  another 
of    those     examples    which     are    the 
natural  outcome  of  the  lack  of  unity  amonf,'st 
artists.      If    modem      architects    had     any 
practical  idea  of  what  art  brotherhood  meant ; 
if  men  were  contented  enough  and  humble 
enough  towork  witliin  given  bounds  ;  if  we  had 
one  real  association  of  architects,  instead  of  a 
score  or  two  of  sham  societies  ;  if  freedom  had 
not  degenerated    into    licence  ;  if  rule,  and 
law,  and  right  had  any  force  and  any  home  ; 
if  humbug   were   never  allowed   precedence, 
and  time-service  were  regarded  with  as  much 
displeasure  as   falls  to  the  lot   of  honest  un- 
varnished   criticism,   novelty    manufacturers 
would    be    miknown,  and    Mr.    Conybeare's 
article,   in  the   last    number    of  the  "  Fort- 
nightly   Review,"    would    never    have  been 
written.     In  all  ages  of  the  world  there  have 
been  men  more  or  less  given  to  visions  and 
prophecies.      AVhen     the    subject-matter    is 
religious,  we  call  the  men  by  names  which 
are    either  titles    of    respect  or  the  reverse. 
We  have  our  patriarchs  and  saints.     We  have 
also  our  fanatics  and  our  fortune-tellers,  and 
of  the  latter  there  are  various  kinds.      There 
is  the  respectable  original  lady,  who  tells  you 
whether  you  are  married  or  single,  the  naine 
of  your  love,  the  colour  of  her  eyes,  &c. ;  that 
you  are  going  a  journey,  that  some  one  is  very 
an.\ioU3  about  you,    and    that  "  some    one " 
will  have  a  family  and  be  happy,  but  not  for 
some   time    to    come.      Then    there    is  the 
spiritualist  shop,  where  you  feel  the  hand  of 
the  ever-to-be-lamented,  and  hear  heavenly 
accordions.     We  have,  too,  the  political  pre- 
dictor, who  tells  us  what  the  England  of  19(10 
will  be   if  such  an  uuconstitutional  measure 
be  allowed  to  pass  into  law.      Lastly,  we  have 
our  art  soothsayers,  who  count  Dan  Chaucer 
of   their   number,   for   having   predicted  the 
first    Crystal     Palace — Paxton's     Exhibition 
Building  of  1851.      To  this  class  Mr.  Cony- 
beare  belongs,  for  he   says,  "  I  am  confident 
that  the  time  will   come   when  concrete  and 
fireproof  construction  will  be  adopted  gene- 
rally,  and   ceramic   fajades  universally,  and 
when  all  our  long  and  dreary  ranges  of  smoke- 
stained  brick,  with  rectangular  holes  for  win- 
dows,   will    be    thus    transfigured  into    life 
and  beauty."      There  is   the  true   soothsayer 
flavour    about    this    assiirance    that    almost 
takes   one's   breath    away,    and  yet  caution 
enough  not  to  specify  e.xact  time.      Will  the 
editor  of  the  "  Fortnightly"  please  go  a  little 
further,  and  commission  his  art  fortune-teller 
to  cast  the  horoscope  of  this  new  ceramic  life 
that  is    to  do  such  wonders.     We  remember 
listening  some  years  ago  to  just  as   confident 
predictions  concerning  iron  and  glass,  whilst 
in  matters   of    detail    there    are    numerous 
Nicholases.      Moses  has  his  poet,  and  almost 
every  manufactured  article  has  its  "  old  man." 
One  tells  us  that   the  time  will  come  when 
every  moulding   will  be   done   in  terra  cott.a. 
Future  ages,  says  another,  will  recognize   in 
asphalte  the  only  material  suitable  for  pave- 
ment ;  and  Mr.  Edmeston,  if  he  is  given  to 
prophecy,  would  no  doubt  tell  us  that  zinc 
of  the  Vieille   Jilontagne  quality  will  even- 
tually supersede  all  other  kinds  of  roof  cover- 
ing.     In  saying  this  we  do  not  for  a  moment 
pretend  to  infer  that  Mr.   Conybeare's  article 
was  written  for  any  other  purpose  than  to  en- 
lighten the  pubUc  in  general  and  architects  in 
particular.     Let   us  now   see  how  he  does  it. 
Throughout  the  article  it  is  assumed  that  Lon- 
don in  the  future  must  possess  an  atmosphere 
as  thickly  charged  with  soot  and  impregnated 


with  acids  as  it  has  been  any  time  these  last 
fifty   years.      2.   That  all  architecture   is,  or 
should  be,  designed  with  reference  to  the  con- 
ditions of  winter  light — ^"  cloud-light  or  fog- 
light  ; "  and  that  the  other  half  of  the   year, 
from  AprU  to  September,  should   be   ignored 
altogether.       3.    That    architecture     should 
always  appear  dressed  in  new  clean  attire   of 
various  colours.     Having  said  this,  it   seems 
hardly  worth  while  to  go  on.     These  are  the 
premises  upon  which  seventeen  pages  of  argu- 
ment are  built  to  show  that,  mider  these  con- 
ditions,  the   best  thing  to  do  is  to  build  con- 
crete  walls,   tire-proof    floors,    fiat   lire-proof 
roofs,  and  to  cover  the  external  surface  of  the 
walls   with   glazed   tiles   of   various   colours, 
sliapes,  and  sizes,  arranged   in   divers  ways. 
This  being  decided,  JMr.  Conybeare  utters   his 
prophecy,  we  presume  subject  to  the  same  con- 
ditions.    AVe  need   hardly  point  out  to  any  of 
our  readers  that  these  conditions  are  unsound 
and  most  gratuitous  assumptions.     But  sup- 
pose we  admit  them  to  be  sound.     Mr.  Cony- 
beare starts  with  a  very  long  and  unnecessary 
quotation  from  an  article  liy  Mr.  H.  Merivale, 
which  appeared  in  the  "  Fortnightly  Review" 
for  May,  186G.    Mr.  !Merivale  conq>lained  that 
architects  were  apt  to  forget  "  the  condition  of 
atmosphere  through  which  "  their  works  were 
to  be  seen.     This   is  Mr.    Conybeare's   text. 
Seeing,  therefore,  that  this  atmosphere  is  not 
only  foggy,  but  loaded  with  soot  and  various 
acids,   the   ordinary  stones  supplied   by   the 
country  are  unfit  because  they  absorb  the  soot 
and  acids,  become  discoloured,  and  sooner  or 
later  decay.     To  simple-minded  observers  the 
inevitable  conditions  of  this  life  seem  to  be 
change  and  decay.     Fancy  a  changeless  fixed 
beauty  in   Nature  !     Having  found  that  the 
state  of  our  atmosphere  is  such  as  to  ruin  all 
architecture  built  of  absorbent  material,  our 
guide   proceeds  to  point  out  a  part   of    the 
world  where  a  method  of  building,  or,  rather, 
wall  veil  decoration,  has  been  employed  for 
centuries  "  on   the   grandest  scale,  and  with 
magnificent  efl'ect " — "  acres  of  facades  which 
connoisseurs  speak  of  in  terms  of  enthusiastic 
praise."  We  naturally  ask — are  the  conditions 
the  same  ;  is  the  atmosphere  cloudy  or  foggy, 
impregnated  with  soot  and  acids  too  numerous 
to  mention  i    By  no  means,  says  Mr.  Cony- 
beare ;  I  refer  to  the  East,  to  "Persia,  Scinde, 
and  India,"  where  the  buildings,  standing  "in  a 
cloudless  atmosphere,  and  under  the  glare  of  a 
tropical  sun,"  are  covered  externally  and  in- 
ternally with  glazed  tiles  in  mosaics  of  "  bril- 
liant colours."     Fancy  Fleet-street  in  a  mosaic 
of  brilliant  colours  !     Fancy  all  our  northern 
birds  changed  to  the  colour  of  tropical  birds  ! 
Here    is   one   of    Mr.   Conybeare's  ideas    of 
coloured  wall  veils.     "  Cornice  and   window- 
dressings  are  of  red  moulded  brick  and  terra 
cotta,    the    wall-surface   cream   colour ;    but 
between  each  pair  of  windows  there  is  a  panel 
of  deeper  tone,  relieved  by  white  and  choco- 
late, and  edged  with  green."    This  is  a  speci- 
men of  what  we  are  to  do  in  London,  taken 
from  a  terra  cotta  front  in  Pavia,  only  with  us 
it  is  to  be  all  glazed.     But  the  finest  joke  is  in 
the  last  foot-note.     "  One  great  advantage  of 
finishing  the  facades  of  our  rows  and  terraces 
in  this  manner  is,  that  it   would  prevent  the 
incongruities  they  continually  present  when  of 
painted  stucco,  owing  to  the  different  tastes  in 
colour  of  the   tenants   of  adjoining  houses." 
But   what   architect  ever   seriously    wanted 
"painted  stucco  ;"   and   whoever  thought  of 
measuring  the  art  of  the  present,  or  picturing 
the  art  of  the  future,  by   the   help  of  stucco, 
painted  or  not.     It  has  about  as  much  to  do 
with  the  future  of  London   architecture,  or 
any  other  architecture,  as  the  mud   cabins   of 
Ireland  have.     But  this  idea  of  glazed  tiles  of 
dill'erent  colours  preventing  "incongruities" is 
very  funny.     In  a  row  or  terrace  it  might  do 
so,  but  how  about  the  Strand,  or  Fleet-street, 
C!ornliill,  or  Cheapside  ?      Every   one   would 
vie   with   his  neighbour  to  outdo   him,  and 
make  his  own  shop   the  most  startling.     If, 
with  only  two  decorators  or  painters  employed  in 
one  building,  we  cannot  get  unity  or  harmony 


of  colour  or  form,  although  under  one  archi- 
tect, imagine  what  maddening  sights  our 
streets  would  be  when  every  building  had  its 
iudejiendent  architect,  and  one  house  brought 
its  glazed  vermilion  up  to  the  chrome  yellow 
of  its  neighbour  on  one  side,  and  the  bright 
blue  uf  its  neighbour  on  the  other  side,  to  say 
nothing  of  the  patterns  and  the  jumbles  of 
colour  on  each  house.  The  thing  is  eminently 
unpractical,  to  use  no  stronger  word  ;  for  in 
spite  of  all  the  predictions  of  people  who 
pretend  to  tell  the  fortune  of  Loiulon  archi- 
tecture, and  in  spite  of  all  the  writers  on  this 
subject,  we  are  perfectly  sure  that  glazed  poly- 
chromatic architecture  is  utterly  unsuited  to 
the  climate  of  England,  and  to  the  people  of 
England,  and  that  were  it  extensively  intro- 
duced as  a  "  fashion,"  it  would  be  one  of  the 
shortest  lived  of  art  fashions,  because  so  ca- 
pable of  vulgarization. 

AVe  have  still  another  word  to  say  to  Mr. 
Conybeare.  After  describing  three  Pavian 
facades,  he  says  he  is  not  exclusivelj'  in  favour 
of  Italian  architecture,  because  he  thinks  the 
Burgundian  Romanesque  of  the  twelfth 
century  "is  capable  of  a  far  grander  exterior 
elfect ;"  he  would  allow  "media;val  architec- 
ture "  an  "  unquestionable  supremacy  in  the 
case  of  ecclesiastical  and  collegiate  buildings," 
but  for  street  architecture  pointed  arch  styles 
must  give  way  to  round  arch  styles,  because 
"the  very  essence  of  Gothic  architecture  is 
vertical  composition,"  whilst  the  essence  of 
modern  building  consisting  in  floors  "the 
composition  of  the  fa9ade  must  be  horizontal, 
and  consequently  incompatible  with  the  very 
essence  of  Gothic  architecture."  This  argument 
seems  almost  too  much  for  its  author,  for  he 
winds  up  the  paragraph  with — "  no  amount  of 
Gothic  detail  can  make  such  a  front"  (viz.,  a 
house  vrith  '[floors  horizontally  disposed  one 
above  another,"  as  if  floors  were  of  old  vertically 
disposed),  "genuine  Gothic.  The  voice  is 
Jacob's  voice,  thoTigh  the  hands  are  the  hands 
of  Esau."  This  rhapsody  is  too  absurd  even 
for  amusement.  'That  any  man  should 
distinguish  between  modern  town  houses  and 
mediiuval  town  houses  by  saying  that  the 
essence  of  the  former  does,  should,  and  must 
consist  in  the  floors,  and  that  the  essence  of 
the  latter  is  "  the  stoppage  of  all  the  hori- 
zontal lines  by  vertical  ones,"  and  is  there- 
fore not  in  the  floors,  is  not  an  encou- 
raging sign.  One  more  extract,  and  we 
have  done.  "  In  interiors  all  will  admit  that 
to  place  a  pointed  window-case  beneath  the 
horizontal  cornice  of  a  flat-ceilinged  room  is 
productive  of  an  unendurable  discord ;  and 
why  \  Because  the  direction  of  the  arch  lines 
of  a  pointed  arch  implies  prolongation 
upwards,  and  are  thus  essentially  discordant 
with  the  horizontal  boundary  that  surmounts 
them."  So  that  St.  Stephen's  Chapel,  West- 
minster, was  "  an  unendurable  discord."  The 
thirteenth  and  fourteenth  century  street 
architecture  of  such  places  as  Cluny,  Cordes, 
Caylus,  S.  Yriex,  Caussade,  S.  Antonin, 
Amiens,  &c.,  are  "unendurable  discords," and, 
moreover,  are  not  Gothic  in  "essence,"  because 
there  is  nothing  vertical  about  them  except 
their  window  jambs.  So,  too,  most  of  the 
rooms  in  the  great  halls  of  Oudenarde, 
Lou  vain,  Ypres,  are  "  unendurable,"  and  we 
might  go  on  with  a  whole  column  of  examples 
of  better  architecture  than  anything  Mr.  Cony- 
beare or  his  Persian  or  Pavian  worthies  ever 
dreamt  of.  Jlr.  J.  H.  Parker  was  indeed 
right  when  he  said  that  to  the  Englishman 
every  pointed  vault  was  a  chapel ;  we  go 
further,  and  say  that  to  the  public,  and  even 
to  some  architects,  Gothic  architecture  means 
nothing  more  than  a  pointed  arch  and  a  pin- 
nacle. Perhaps  the  class  of  design  of  the 
Architectural  Association  may  be  prevailed 
on  to  teach  these  men,  by  help  of  our  next 
architectural  exhibition,  that  to  produce  good 
Gothic  domestic  art,  answering  every  condi- 
tion of  modern  life,  is  quite  ]5ossiljle  without 
the  use  of  the  pointed  arch,  or  of  any  vertical 
lines  beyond  those  absolutely  demanded  by 
construction. 


806 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


November  22,  1867. 


METROPOLITAN      BUILDINGS     AND 
MANAGEMENT  BILL. 

IT  may  be  remembered  that  with  the  view 
of  amending  the  Buihling  Act,  the  Board 
of  Works  invited  the  District  Surveyors' 
Association  to  submit  such  remarks  and  sug- 
gestions as  seemed  necessary.  The  Bill  does 
not  find  great  favour  with  tho.se  who  should 
be  the  best  judges.  They  say  plainly,  "they 
do  not  consider  that  there  exists  sufficient 
reason  for  such  sweeping  changes  as  are  pro- 
posed by  the  Bill,  or  that  they  are  demanded 
Ijy  the  public.  They  believe  that  it  would 
have  been  more  convenient  to  correct  the 
kuown  imperfections  of  the  present  Act, 
leaving  unaltered  all  the  parts  to  which  no 
objections  have  been  discovered."  They  like- 
wise think  the  Bill  too  minute  in  its  details. 
The  remarks  are  signed  for  the  members  of 
the  District  Surveyors'  Association  by  Mr.  H. 
Baker,  chairman,  and  C.  Fowler,  honorary 
secretary.  Some  idea  of  the  extent  of  their 
suggestions  may  be  formed  when  it  is  con- 
sidered that  the  Bill  is  divided  into  254 
clauses,  80  of  which  the  Association  desire 
to  enlarge,  modifj',  or  suppress.  As  might 
be  expected,  they  look  very  sharply  to  defini- 
tions, and  find  that  the  terms  "  party  wall," 
"  wall  of  separation,"  and  "  party  structure," 
are  not  clear  when  read  together.  In  the 
words  of  the  Bill,  the  term  "  "  party  wall " 
means  a  wall  used  or  intended  to  be  used  in 
any  part  of  its  height  as  a  separation  of  build- 
ings belonging  to  different  owners,  or  occupied 
or  intended  to  be  oocujiied  by  diiferent  per- 
sons, or  a  wall  standing  (to  a  greater  extent 
than  the  projection  of  the  footing  on  one  side) 
on  grounds  of  different  owners ;  and  every 
sucli  wall  shall  be  deemed  a  party  wall 
throughout  its  whole  height.  ^  The  term 
"wall  of  separation"  means  each  of  two  walls 
built  again.st  one  another,  which,  if  they  were 
not  built  against  one  another,  would  be  ex- 
ternal walls.  The  term  "  party  structure," 
includes  a  party  wall,  a  wall  of  separation,  a 
party  fence  wall,  a  party  arch,  and  a  partition, 
lloor,  or  other  structure  separating  buildings, 
storeys,  or  rooms  belonging  to  different 
owners,  or  approached  by  distinct  staircases  or 
separate  entrances  from  without.  The 
Association  suggest  an  improvement  in  the 
term  "  builder,"  which  will  prevent  the 
shifting  of  responsibility  at  present  practic- 
able. It  is  obvious  that  botli  buikler  and 
owner  should  be  liable.  The  clause  relating 
to  "  fire-resLsting  material "  admits  of  im- 
provement. The  term  "  includes  l.irickwork, 
constituted  of  bricks  well  burnt,  hard  and 
sound,  properly  bonded,  and  solidly  put  to- 
gether with  mortar,  compoimded  ot  sharp 
clean  sand  or  grit,  and  good  lime  in  proper 
proportions,  or  with  cement  ;  also,  oak  and 
teak  or  other  hard  timber  used  for  beams  or 
posts,  or  in  combination  with  wrought  iron, 
])rotected  by  pdastering  in  cement  or  other 
non-conducting  external  coating;  also,  elm 
used  for  upright  posts  or  .sheathing,  but  not 
for  beams ;  also,  slate,  tiles,  and  vitrified 
stoneware  used  for  coverings  or  corbels  ; 
also,  flagstones  itsed  for  floors  over  arches,  but 
not  exposed  and  self-supporting  ;  also, 
concrete,  properly  compoimded,  used  for 
filling  in  between  joists  ot  floors."  There 
appears  to  be  some  doubt  whether  this  de- 
finition excludes  all  other  materials  from  being 
considered  as  fire-resisting.  Having  disposed 
of  definitions,  the  Association  very  properly 
look  after  their  own  interests,  which  will  l>e 
seriously  compromised  if  certain  clauses  in 
the  second  part  of  the  Bill  are  not  modified. 
They  assert,  fairly  enough,  that  they  shoidd 
not  be  liable  to  dismissal  from  any  cause  but 
"incompetency  or  neglect  of  duty."  Clause  21 
is  particularly  objectionable;  it  reads — "The 
Board  may  from  time  to  time  appoint  a  com- 
petent person,  having  the  qualifications  of  a 
district  surveyor,  to  be  assistant  district  sur- 
veyor for  a  district."  The  surveyors  "  claim 
for  their  own  pirotection,  to  which  they  are 
justly  entitled,  that  the  first  paragraph  of  this 


clause  should  be  reinstated  as  it  stood  in  the 
original  draft  dated  November  21,  18(10.  They 
submit  that  the  unlimited  and  arbitrary  powers 
proposed  to  be  given  to  the  Board  by  this 
clause  and  Clause  11  (viz.,  that  a  district  sur- 
veyor may  be  wholly  or  partially  deprived  of 
Iris  office  and  emoluments  without  any  cause 
alleged  of  incompetency  or  neglect  of  duty, 
and  without  any  opportunity  of  appeal)  are 
inconsistent  •with  the  independent  fulfilment 
of  their  duties  as  public  officers."  Clause  19 
says  "  The  Board  may  at  any  time  cause  to  be 
paid  to  any  district  surveyor  instead  of  fees  a 
salary  of  such  amount  as  they  m.ay  think  fit," 
and  is  commented  on  as  "  oljjectionable  in  the 
interests  of  the  public."  It  is  certainly  pre- 
judicial to  the  position  and  interest  of  the  dis- 
trict surveyors.  There  would  often  be  a  great 
difticulty  in  adjusting  the  amount  of  salary  in 
proportion  to  the  income  previously  derived 
from  fees. 

The  Association  next  suggest  alterations  in 
many  of  the  clauses  under  the  head  "  con- 
struction in  general."  They  do  not  allow  that 
a  damping  course  of  slate  laid  in  cement  or 
asphalte,  or  other  material  impervious  to 
water,  is  in  all  cases  necessary,  nor  do  they 
consider  it  advisable,  in  the  case  of  small 
buildings,  that  "  the  ground  surface  or  site  of 
every  dweUing  house,  where  not  flagged  over, 
shall  be  covered  with  good  concrete  at  least 
one  foot  in  thickness."  The  Board  cannot 
mean  to  insist  on  the  profuse  use  of  so  costly 
a  material.  Clause  84,  "  openings  in  external 
walls,"  provides  that  "  in  any  wall  the  total 
area  of  the  openings  taken  together  shall  not 
exceed  one  half  of  the  whole  area  of  the 
vertical  face  or  elevation  of  the  wall,  except 
with  the  approval  of  the  Board."  The  sur- 
veyors have  discovered  that  this  clause  would 
render  illegal  the  usual  construction  of  stable 
buildings  with  coach-house  doors,  also  shop 
fronts  in  buildings  of  two  storeys  only.  Clause 
85  is  objectionable.  It  refers  to  the  support 
of  a  building  with  open  ground  storey — a  shop, 
for  example.  It  provides  that  suflicient  piers 
of  brickwork,  or  other  fire-resisting  material, 
shall  be  so  disposed  as  to  carry  the  super- 
structure, exclusive  of  any  iron  supports ;  and  in 
any  building  so  constructed  there  shall  he  such 
a  pier  or  piers  at  the  corner  or  angle  of  any 
street  on  which  the  building  abuts.  The 
surveyors  say  "these  brick  piers  will  cause 
more  evil  than  good ;  almost  all  the  failure  of 
new  houses  have  arisen  from  brick  piers. 
There  is  no  reliable  informationas  to  the  weight 
which  new  brickwork  in  mortar  will  support." 
This  is  perfectly  true.  We  have  no  reliable 
information  on  this  most  important  subject. 
The  Board  would  deserve  well  of  the  public  if 
they  would  cause  experiments  to  be  instituted 
embracing  the  strength  of  brickwork,  espe- 
cially when  new.  It  is  a  source  of  wonder, 
considering  the  absence  of  information,  that  a 
much  greater  number  of  accidents  does  not 
take  place  than  actually  occurs.  Clause  94 — 
"bressummers" — contradicts  Clause  85,  which 
requires  that  the  bressumraer  shall  be  inde- 
pendent of  iron  columns  for  support.  Clause  85 
will  not  work,  and  in  jiractice  will  be  disre- 
garded. In  the  opinion  of  the  surveyors  the 
provisions  of  Section  15  of  the  present  Act  are 
better.  Clause  99 — "rules  for  inhabited 
rooms,  ventilation,  light,  &c." — is  framed 
like  a  lodging-house  act,  and  is  a  matter 
of  police.  To  ascertain  whether  a  room 
shall  be  deemed  inhabited  Mithin  the  mean- 
ing of  this  section,  it  would  be  necessary  that 
the  district  surveyor  should  be  prepared  to 
pop  in  upon  the  owner  or  occupier  witli  a 
bull's-eye  lantern  at  unexpected  hours. 
Clause  103  goes  so  far  as  to  limit  the  dimen- 
sions of  finials  and  other  decoration.  "  No 
finial  nor  other  decoration  on  an  external  or 
party  wall  shall  be  built  higher  above  the 
roof  flat  or  gutter  adjoining  thereto,  mea- 
sured from  the  highest  point  in  the  line  of 
junction  with  the  roof,  flat,  or  gutter,  than  a 
height  equal  to  six  times  the  least  width  of 
the  finial  or  other  decoration  at  the  level  of 
the  said  highest  point."    In  the  case  of  a  vase 


as  an  ornament  this  clause  would  operate 
strangely.  Clause  121,  accesses  and  stairs  in 
certain  buildings,  leaves  the  public  in  doubt 
whether  stone  stairs  will  be  allowed.  Cap- 
tain Shaw  describes  stone  stairs  as  anythiog 
Ijut  fire-resisting  ;  and,  to  a  certain  extent 
actually  gives  the  preference  to  wood.  Dis- 
cretion should  be  allowed  the  district  sur- 
veyor. It  is  easy  to  conceive  circumstances 
under  which  a  stone  staircase  might  be  un- 
reliable, as,  for  instance,  in  a  building  con- 
taining highly  inflammable  material ;  but 
in  public  buildings,  where  the  corridors  are 
paved,  and  where  the  amount  of  inflam- 
mable material  is  small,  there  can  be  no  pos- 
sible objection  to  the  use  of  stone  stairs.  The 
portion  of  the  Bill  relating  to  party  structures 
appears  in  the  main  to  be  satisfactory,  as  the 
surveyors  ofl'er  few  suggestions,  and  those  of 
an  unimportant  character.  The  restrictions 
to  forming  openings  in  party  walls  will  fall 
heavily  on  the  proprietors  of  warehouses,  and 
are  of  questionable  advantage.  What  la 
gained  in  increased  security  against  fire  is 
lost  in  inconvenience  and  ground  space.  We 
all  know  that  it  is  jiossible  to  insure  too 
Iiighly,  and  where  the  question  is  merely  one 
which  involves  property  and  not  life  people 
will  be  unwilling  to  make  large  sacrifices  of 
ground  space  representing  an  annual  loss  of 
storage  room,  equal  perhaps  to  an  eighth  or 
even  quarter  of  the  entire  area.  We  cannot 
consider  this  clause,  nor  that  which  limits  the 
cubical  contents  of  a  building,  used  wholly  or 
in  part  for  purposes  of  trade,  to  216,000  cubic 
feet,  unless  it  is  divided  by  walls,  as  expe- 
dient. We  are  also  bound  to  say  that  we  see 
no  provision  for  dividing  trade  buildings 
horizontally  by  fireproof  floors.  This  is  an 
important  subject,  and  the  construction 
should  be  clearly  defined.  Clause  149,  rela- 
ting to  openings  in  party  walls,  is  obscure, 
and  whereas  very  important  points  are  in- 
volved, this  portion  of  the  Bill,  more,  per- 
haps, than  any  other,  requires  revision. 

In  connection  with  public  buildings  it  is 
suggested  that  no  building  should  be  used  or 
occupied  as   a  public  building  until  the   dis- 
trict surveyor  has   certified  that  it  has  been 
duly  constructed  in  accordance  with  the  rules 
of  the  Act,  under  a  penalty  of  ^30,     The 
floors  may  be  formed  of  lirick,  slate,  or  iron 
supported  by  sufficient  wrought-iron  girders. 
It  cannot  be  meant  that  brick,  slate,  and  iron 
are  the  only  materials  that  are  incombustible ; 
even  tiles  are  overlooked,  and  concrete  on  iron 
laths  are  not  noticed.     Clause  157  specifies 
that  "  the  roof  shaU  be  constructed  entirely  of 
iron,   with  slates   or  tiles  fastened  without 
wood  in  or  about  the  same."    It  is  well  that 
theatres  should  be  constructed  with  especial 
regard  to  danger  from  fire,  but  many  other 
public  buildings  do  not  require  such  precau- 
cautions.   Are  the  halls  of  the  City  companies, 
for  example,  and  churches?     Is  there  a  fire- 
proof church  in  London?  PartXIV.  of  the  Bill 
deals  with  dangerous  structures,  and  is  framed 
with    judgment.       Clause    225    enacts    that 
"every  new    street  shall,   except    with  the 
approval  of  the  Board,  have,  ai.least,  two  en- 
trances of  the  full  width  of  the  street,  and 
shall   be   open    from    the    ground   upward." 
This  clause  is  very  necessary,  and  we  hope 
the  Board  will  not  give  its  "  approval "  to  any 
subterfuge  doing  away  with  it  or  lessening 
its  force.     A  provision  is  made  that   exempt 
buildings  ceasing  to  be  exempt  shall  become 
subject  to  the  provisions  applicable  thereto,  as 
if  it  had  never  been  exempt.     The  BUI,  how- 
ever, does  not  state  in  what  way  the  change  of 
destination  of  the  building  can  be  ascertained. 
The    only  other    provision   of   the    BiU  to 
which    the  surveyors   object   is  that  which 
states.    Clause   230,   that    "a  cornice    of    a 
building    abutting    on    a    street    shall    not 
be     constructed     so     as    to     overhang    the 
pavement  to  a  greater  extent  than  half  the 
height  of  the  cornice,  and   the  corbelling  of 
the  brick   or  stonework  of  the  cornice  shall 
have  not  less  than  two  thorough  bond  stones 
in    the    height    thereof,    except    ^rith    the 


November  22,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


807 


ap]ii'oval  of    the   ]3oarcl."    Thejprovisions  of 
Clause 232, allowing  a  shop  front  to  project  be- 
yond  the  external   wall   of  the  building  to 
which  it  belongs  for  5in.  in  a  street  of  less 
width  than   30ft.,   and  for   lOin.  in  a  street 
more  than  30ft.  in  width,  are  exceedingly  ob- 
jectionable.    2iu. — the   traditional  excess — is 
enough.     The  rest  of  the  Bill  relates  to  by- 
laws,  expenses  of  owners,  ser\'ice  of  docu- 
ments, penalties  on   owners'   workmen,   &c., 
limitations  of  actions,   &c.     As  the  Associa- 
tion of  Surveyors    find    no   fault   with   this 
portion  of  the  Bill  it  may  be  concluded  that 
they  consider  it  unobjectionable  as    regards 
agreements  and  contracts  previously  entered 
into.  Past  compensations,  however,  are  not  in- 
"^erfered  with,  nor  are  the  powers  vested  in 
"he  Commissioners  of    t'ewers   of   the   City 
^{  London. 
Before  concluding,  we  give  one  instance  of 
lie  efi'ect  of  minute  legislation.      Ever  since 
lie  passing  of  the  Act  of  1855  the  Board  have 
Uowed  wooden  eaves  to  be  constructed,  pro- 
dded that  they  only  overhang  the  ground  of 
lie   owner    and    are   covered    with    lin.    of 
enient,  and  the  district  surveyor  was  in  the 
abit   of  allowing   it.      AVithin  the  last  two 
tears  the  Board  has  insisted  that  application 
tiould  be  made  to  them  for  permission.     As 
Jmost  every  house  in  the  newer  districts  has 
forecourt  and  these  projecting  wood  eaves, 
Ihe  a]iplications  are  very  numerous,  vexatious 
I  both  builder  and  surveyor,  besides  involv- 
Bg  to  the  former  a  fee  of  10s.  to  the  Board. 
These  are  the  leading  features  of  the  Bill. 
Te  learn  that  every  proceeding  of  the  Board 
ill  be  conducted  with  deliberation,  and  no 
pains  spared  to  render  it  worthy  of  its  object. 


COMPETITION  DESIGNS  FOE  PARISH 
CHURCH,  RYDE. 

SINCE  our  last  article  appeared,  we  hear 
the  committee  have  made  their  selection 
from  the  designs  sent  in  for  the  above  church. 
Fifty-tive  plans  presented  no  easy  task  for 
discrimination,  and  we  have  reason  to  believe 
— although  the  plan  placed  first  in  point  of 
merit  and  conditionally  accepted  is  not,  in  our 
opinion,  the  best — that  the  selection  has 
been  made  in  an  independent  and  impartial 
manner. 

The  designs  that  have  been  considered 
worthy  of  consideration  bear  the  lollowing 
mottoes: — 1,  "Palmam  Qui  Meruit  Ferat"; 
2,  "Trefoil";  3,  "Simplex";  4,  "Faith"; 
5,  "  Proportion."  From  our  previous  remarks 
our  readers  will  see  that  the  order  of  merit 
awarded  may  have  been  somewhat  dift'erent, 
but,  with  the  exception  of  the  first  and  the 
third  of  the  above  designs,  we  consider  the 
judgment  of  the  committee  a  wise  one.  Mr. 
Peachy,  of  Darlington,  is  the  author  of  the 
first  awarded,  and  although  that  gentleman's 
design  is  superior  to  many  noticed  in  our  first 
article,  we  did  not  consider  it  sufliciently 
meritorious  to  justify  us  in  ranking  it  among 
those  we  there  enumerated  as  entitled  to  the 
first  place.  Our  notes  upon  it  were  simply  to 
the  efi'ect  that  it  was  "  an  over-pinnacled, 
though  otherwise  good  design,"  and  we  cer- 
tainly think  its  author  could  have  done  better 
by  discarding  useless  and  expensive  features. 
As  a  whole,  the  plan  has  merit,  though  ad- 
mitting of  some  modifications,  and  among 
them  the  proportion  of  the  chancel — at  present 
quite  disproportionate  to  the  length  of  church, 
which  is  114ft.  to  the  entrance  of  chancel, 
the  latter  being  about  34ft.,  measuring  from 
the  eastern  wall  of  transept,  and  20ft.  wide, 
the  width  of  nave,  including  aisles,  is  60ft.  in 
clear,  and  the  height  to  apex  of  nave  roof,  of 
trefoiled  rib  construction,  60ft.  The  jJan  com- 
prises transepts,  a  south-west  angle  tower  and 
spire,  177ft.  in  height,  a  north  porch,  an  organ 
chamber  at  south-east  angle  or  bay,  the  oppo- 
site side  of  choir  having  a  vestry  and  adjacent 
porch  rather  clumsily  arranged.  The  mate- 
rials used  are  Biustead  stone  and  Bath  stone 
dressings  for  the  exterior,  and  Caen  for  the 
internal  work. 


The  style  adapted  is  the  English  Decorated, 
but  the  profuse  display  of  pinnacles  and 
pierced  parapets  give  a  quasi-Gothic  air  not 
up  to  our  present  standard.  The  corbelled 
angle  pinnacles  of  the  tower  are  conspi- 
spicuously  defective,  and  do  not  in  the  least 
fulfil  their  purpose,  cither  constructively  or 
artistically  ;  for,  if  such  accessories  are  em- 
jdoyed  in  that  iiosition  they  ought  to  aid  the 
junction  of  tower  and  spire  by  lessening  the 
sudden  change  and  leading  the  eye  gradually 
to  the  converging  outline  of  spire.  On  the 
north  side  of  chancel  the  arrangement  is  de- 
fective, and  a  confused  and  detached  eifect  is 
the  result.  It  we  remember  rightly,  a  steep 
truncated  roof  covers  a  protruding  porch  or 
vestry,  marring  the  east  end.  If  shorn  of  its 
pinnacles,  and  the  substitution  of  projecting 
eaves  for  parapets  made,  the  design  would  be 
a  tolerable  one  ;  but,  then,  in  the  face  of 
others,  such  a  modification  would  be  disallow- 
able. 

An  arrangement  of  plan  shownng  a  nave 
and  side  aisles,  with  a  sijuare  or  apsidal  east 
end,  an  externally  ilefinckl  transept,  an  organ 
chamber  occupying  a  chancel  bay,  and  a 
vestry  and  chihlren's  seats,  on  the  opposite 
side  of  choir,  constitute  a  very  suitable  plan, 
and  one  capable  of  a  pleasing  exterior ;  but 
when  we  get  protruding  porches  and  tran- 
septs, and  an  ill-defined  eastern  termination 
with  a  jumble  of  adjuncts  on  one  side,  the 
external  grouping  is  never  satisfactory,  and 
the  internal  functions  of  a  chirrch  are  con- 
siderably impaired.  We  may  somewhat 
illustrate  our  remark  by  referring  to  one 
church  at  Ryde,  which  a  local  paper  has  seen 
Ht  to  admire,  namely,  "  Holy  Trinity,"  in 
Dover-street,  and  in  which  the  long  transepts 
are  hideously  connected  to  the  gabled  aisle 
roofs.  Such  a  plan  is  not  suitable  for  a 
limited  area  as  that  proposed  for  the  new 
church  ;  and,  generally,  a  plan  without  tran- 
septs is  in'Hnitely  superior  to  one  in  which 
they  are  of  great  length,  sacrificing  both  in- 
ternal convenience  and  exterior  unity.  The 
plans  of  "Proportion,"  " Sursam Corda,"  and 
"  Vorwiirts,"  are  all  conspicuous  for  the  merit 
of  combined  effect,  the  transepts  projecting 
slightl}'  beyond  the  line  of  aisles  in  two  of 
them,  and  not  marked  at  all  in  the  other. 

"\\'e  promised  to  speak  of  a  few  drawdn^'S 
that  elicited  our  admiration,  though  inferior 
as  designs.  Among  the  most  striking  were 
some  drawings  under  the  motto  "DesigTied 
by  Vectis."  The  author  shows  two  designs, 
one  being  of  stone,  the  other  of  brick.  The 
first  is  of  impretending  character,  the  windows 
small  couplets  ;  the  second  is  noticeable  for  its 
stilted  arches,  which  have  a  harsh  effect.  The 
drawings,  however,  show  an  amount  of  detail 
and  elaboration,  cleverly  introduced  in  the 
margin  and  corners,  that  indicate  "a  lavish 
bestowal  of  labour — misspent  to  our  minds. 
"  I  Keep  Within"  shows  a  few  good  features, 
a  west  narthex,  a  provision  admitting  of 
more  artistic  treatment  than  a  small  porch,  a 
very  fairly  treated  east  end,  and  a  pleasing 
sjiire  springing  from  lofty  side  gablets  and 
intermediate  pinnacles.  The  roof  is  too  Hat, 
the  ceiling  being  boarded  and  ribbed  as  a 
tunnel  vaiUt ;  the  aisles  also  are  too  narrow. 
The  same  motto  has  a  second  design,  notice- 
able for  having  meaningless  flying  but- 
tresses at  west  end  angles  of  gable  ;  and 
the  design  has  a  Continental  Gothic  touch 
about  it.  "  Hope"  shows  the  old  fault 
of  seats  behind  or  eastwards  of  the  prayer 
desks,  but  the  general  plan  grouping  and 
geometrical  window  tracery  are  good.  "  P.  P.," 
of  a  foreign  character,  has  a  decently  arranged 
plan  but  a  better  roof.  One  design  we 
noticed  as  indicating  an  old  hand,  but  it  was 
irretreviably  spoilt  by  a  profuse  display  of 
pinnacles  and  canopies,  and  was  certainly 
behind  the  taste  of  the  day,  which  has  notably 
discarded  the  overdone  detail  of  a  late  Gothic. 
The  motto  was  "An  Bon  Droit."  We  cannot 
but  again  speak  in  terms  of  commendation  of 
"  Soli  deo  Gloria,"  "  Benedicamus  Domino," 
"  Sursam  Corda,"  and  "  Vorwiirts,"  the  first 
two  as  exJiibiting  a  considerable  amount  of 


careful  drawing  and  detail,  the  two  last  as 
well  studied  designs,  evincing  much  leeling  in 
two  ojiposite  styles,  but  chieily  con.spicuou3 
for  the  lavish  bestowal  of  artistic  labour  in 
their  production — in  the  last  case,  thrown 
away  for  a  parish  church.  Clever  and  feeling 
drawing,  however,  docs  not  compensate  for 
the  lack  of  constructive  design  and  good 
arrangement  of  plan — a  disregard  for  which 
is  evidenced  in  a  great  many  instances.  A 
well  digested  plan  and  design  can  be  suffi- 
ciently read  in  two  or  tliree  drawings,  and  it 
would  be  as  well  for  architects  to  be  reminded 
of  this,  both  for  their  own  time  and  pocket's 
sake,  for  we  have  irequently  seen  a  deal  of 
elaborate  detail  and  drawing  thrown  away 
upon  an  ill-considered  design  that  gave  the 
impression  of  being  the  chance  result  rather 
than  the  primal  suggestion  of  the  drawing 
bestowed  upon  it.  Jn  one  word,  design  and 
drawing  too  often  change  places. 

In  o\ir  last  notice  we  said  that  "  Simplex  " 
was  "unadapted,"  and  as  this  design  takes 
precedence  to  one  other — in  our  opinion,  bet- 
ter— plan,  we  w-ill  simply  add  that  its  de- 
merit is  moderately  exjiressed  in  its  motto. 
For  a  village  church  we  would  let  it  pass. 
The  designs  we  have  favouraVdy  noticed  admit 
of  modifications  in  regard  to  fittings  and  deco- 
rative details.  In  one  or  two  cases  the  allow- 
ance of  sjiace  between  the  seats  is  deficient, 
Iieing  only  2ft.  6in.  from  back  to  back  of 
framing,  but  as  such  details  are  easily  reme- 
diable, and  do  not  alfect  the  general  merit  of 
arrangement  and  design,  they  cannot  be  re- 
garded as  valid  objections.  We  make  tlus 
comment,  as  a  few  may  possess  excellencies  of 
a  special  and  minor  order  that  cannot  claim 
the  distinction  of  meritorious  designs.  In 
conclusion,  we  may  add  that  a  local  paper 
("Isle  of  Wight  Times")  has,  with  question- 
able judgment,  suggested  the  desirability 
of  selecting  local  talent,  but,  with  a  modest 
reservation,  gives  its  readers  to  imderstand 
that  it  was  writing  upon  the  "  spur  of  the 
moment,"  and  in  "ignorance  of  the  condi- 
tions"of  competition — a  counter-assertion  with 
which  we  cannot  reconcile  the  final  part  of 
the  concluding  sentence,  to  the  effect  that  in- 
justice shoidd  not  be  done  to  distant  com- 
petitors. 

We  understand  that  the  design  at  present 
bearing  the  "palm  of  victory"  is  provi- 
sionally accepted  :  that  it  can  be  carried  out 
for  the  sum  of  £8,000,  an  amount  that  we 
think  inadequate  to  cover  its  extravagant 
appendages. 

♦ 

FRENCH  AND  ENGLISH  SYSTEMS  OF 
ART  EDUCATION. 

THAT  the  Exhibition  of  1SG7  has  been 
fraught  with  many  powerful  teachings, 
must  be  a  fact  evident  to  all  w'ho  have  visited 
it,  especially  to  those  who  have  had  a 
practical  knowledge  of  the  fine  arts,  and  their 
application  to  our  manufactures.  Our  present 
position  is  far  too  critical  to  permit  any  feeling 
of  national  pride  to  bias  our  judgment,  and 
so  prevent  us  from  accepting  these  teachings 
in  all  their  true  and  real  force.  Indeed,  the 
agitation  concerning  "technical  instruction" 
plainly  indicates  that  the  mind  of  the  nation 
is  becoming  prepared  for  some  changes  in  our 
educational  systems.  The  conviction  seems 
to  be  pretty  general  that  we  are  not  so  surely 
getting  to  the  foremost  rank  as  it  was  hoped 
we  should  do,  or,  as  was  believed,  we  had  the 
power  to  do  ;  and,  in  drawing  a  comparison 
between  our  productions  and  those  of  the 
French,  especially  in  some  of  the  higher 
branches  of  art  workmanship,  it  is  but  too 
evident  that  there  is  a  lesser  degree  of  true 
art  power  and  feeling  posses  ;ed  by  British 
art  workmen.  If,  then,  we  have  now  to  make 
this  unpleasant  confession,  what  conclusion 
are  we  to  arrive  at  concerning  the  influence 
exerted  by  our  schools  of  art  throughout  the 
country  ?  Is  this  defect  to  be  attributed  to 
our  system  of  art  instruction,  or  does  the 
blame  rest  with  our  artizans  and  manufac- 
'  turers  for  not  availing  themselves  sufficiently 


808 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


November  22,  1867. 


ot  the  advantages  offered  them  ?  With  regard 
to  our  system  of  art  education  there  is  very 
much  to  be  said  in  its  favour,  for  undoubtedly 
it  has  already  achieved  a  great  work,  and  is 
still  preparing  the  way  for  greater  successes  in 
future  years  ;  but,  after  a  careful  study  of  the 
modes  of  instruction  adopted  in  the  French 
schools  of  art,  combined  with  a  consideration 
of  the  results,  as  shown  in  the  actual  produc- 
tions of  tlie  factory  and  workshop,  it  is  but 
reasonable  to  ask  ourselves  the  important 
question  as  to  whether  our  scheme  of  art  in- 
struction can  be  benefited  by  any  moditica- 
tion  .'  Our  method,  as  compared  with  the 
French,  is  in  some  respects  more  rational,  for 
we  commence  at  the  beginning,  and  lead  up 
to  the  higher  branches  of  study  by  a  more 
graduated  and  systematic  course  of  work.  It 
is  also  more  comprehensive,  for  it  embraces 
the  study  of  several  important  branches  of 
art  education,  which  are  not  at  all  prominent, 
and  in  some  cases  seem  entirely  omitted  in 
the  French  schools.  Nevertheless,  although 
we  have  the  vantage  ground  in  these  respects, 
there  is  yet  room  for  improvement  on  our 
part,  and  I  believe  some  valuable  suggestions 
may  be  derived  from  a  careful  survey  of  the 
French  modes  of  instruction  in  drawing  ;  not 
but  what  there  will  also  be  warnings  given  us 
from  the  same  source  as  to  errors  which  should 
be  avoided,  for  I  consider  the  practice  of 
setting  lithographic  examples  of  inferior 
modern  French  Renaissance  before  students 
to  copy,  a  great  mistake  in  the  French  system  ; 
and,  with  this  drawback,  it  is  siu'prising  that 
the  French  students  excel  so  ranch  as  they  do. 
We  escape  this  error,  and  our  e.xamples  in 
some  stages  of  instruction  are,  as  far  as  they 
go,  of  superior  character,  being  in  great 
measure  examples  from  good  Classic  and 
Renaissance  ornament.  AVe  are,  however, 
somewhat  ileficient  in  Gothic  examples,  not- 
withstanding these  are  days  of  Medieval 
revivalism,  when  such  examples  might  be  a 
potent  means  for  good. 

One  very  Ijroad  distinction  between  the 
two  systems  is  shown  by  the  material  used  l)y 
the  students  in  their  work.  The  French  give 
great  prominence  to  the  use  of  the  stump  and 
charcoal,  and  the  English  lay  great  stress  upon 
the  use  of  the  crayon  point.  The  former 
method  favoiu's  rapidity  of  work,  and  the 
latter  requires  a  much  greater  length  of  time 
for  its  execution.  Now,  the  French  look  upon 
their  practice  of  rapid  working  as  of  the 
highest  consequence,  and  in  great  measure 
attribute  their  success  to  it  ;  and  I  am  afraid 
that  imtil  this  method  of  getting  effects 
rapidly,  easily,  and  at  the  same  time  beauti- 
fully, is  introduced  into  this  country,  we  may 
hope  in  vain  to  gain  that  facility  of  drawing, 
and  seizing  hold  of  the  salient  points  of  effect, 
which  the  French  students  so  powerfully 
possess.  Our  almost  exclusive  practice  with 
the  crayon  "  point"  seems  to  cramp  a  student 
and  certainly  does  not  encourage  freedom  of 
work.  I  believe  it  is  a  mistake  to  look  for 
too  much  finish  in  our  student's  works,  from 
the  very  outset,  instead  of  encouraging  a 
bolder  and  more  general  study  of  light  and 
shade,  and  of  form,  and  bearing  in  mind  that 
the  requisite  power  to  produce  a  perfectly 
finished  work  can  only  come  with  long  con- 
tinued practice.  I  question  very  much,  indeed, 
whether  half-a-dozen  drawings,  executed  with 
such  laboured  precision,  give  so  much  true 
power  to  a  student,  as  a  score  of  works, 
executed  in  the  same  amount  of  time,  which 
are  coarser  in  execution,  but  still  true  to  form, 
and  the  proper  relations  of  light  and  shade. 
At  all  events,  the  French  evidently  believe 
in  and  practise  the  latter  method  of  working, 
and  witness  their  results.  Besides,  in  the 
latter  mode  of  working,  students  are  more 
likely  to  look  upon  their  studies  as  leading  to 
an  ultimate  purpose.  I  by  no  means  advocate 
careless  or  slovenly  work ;  neither  do  I  ad- 
vocate the  abolition  of  practice  with  the 
crayon  point.  What  we  want  is  to  have  both 
methods,  the  one  for  quick  and  broad  eft'ec- 
tive  drawing,  and  still  retain  the  point  where 
high  finish  is  required  in  small  studies.     One 


great  advantage  which  would  result  from  the 
use  of  the  stump  would  be  that  studies 
would  be  made  to  a  much  larger  scale,  and 
tlierefore,  with  the  increased  size,  the  stumps 
could  relatively  give  as  much  finished  pre- 
cision as  the  crayon  point  could  to  the  smaller 
sized  drawings.  And  we  have  yet  to  learn 
the  good  results  which  would  also  accrue  from 
a  systematic  practice  of  "time  sketching" 
and  "  drawing  from  memory."  With  regard 
to  the  former,  it  is  practised  but  occasionally, 
and  then  only  in  certain  stages  of  instruction  ; 
and  the  practice  of  the  latter,"!  believe,  is  of 
very  rare  occurrence  indeed.  In  every  stage 
of  a  student's  art-training  he  shoidd  be  taught 
to  exercise  liis  powers  in  these  two  kinds  of 
work,  and  thus  learn  to  draw  rapidly  and  at 
the  same  time  intelligently. 

The  study  of  geometry,  too,  requires  to  be 
more  fully  developed  than  it  is  at  present.  The 
simple  working  of  the  problems  is  not  suffi- 
cient in  itself — it  should  be  supplemented  by 
ample  demonstrations  showing  the  influence 
practical  geometry  has  upon  ornamental  de- 
sign, &c.,  as  a  basis  of  construction.  I  would 
also  suggest  the  establishment  in  every  school 
of  art  of  a  designing  club,  which  students 
engaged  in  our  manufactures,  and  also  others, 
should  be  expected  to  join,  and  periodically 
bring  for  the  master's  inspection  designs  for 
given  objects  which  had  been  worked  out 
entirely  at  home.  This  would  tend  to  give 
more  confidence  to  each  student,  and  would 
develope  greater  individuality  of  design.  As 
regards  the  teaching  of  mechanical  drawing, 
it  must  be  tauglit  \inder  different  circum- 
stances than  those  which  at  present  exist 
before  we  can  expect  to  produce  instrumental 
drawing  equal  in  merit  to  the  works  of  that 
class  submitted  by  French  schools,  and  ex- 
hibited in  the  Exhibition.  AU  who  have 
examined  these  drawings  must  have  noticed 
their  excellence.  Our  system  of  teaching  lays 
too  great  a  stress  upon  the  study  of  "  ortho- 
graphic projection."  Most  of  our  artizans, 
who  can  only  devote  some  two  or  three  even- 
ings in  the  week  to  their  studies,  do  not  like 
to  be  kept  at  this,  to  them,  apparently  unfruit- 
ful work.  After  several  months  of  study 
tliey  desire  to  do  something  of  a  practical 
nature,  and,  if  this  is  not  granted  to  them, 
the  chances  are  they  will  discontinue  their 
studies  altogether.  This  being  the  case,  we 
must,  to  a  certain  extent,  accommodate  our- 
selves to  circumstances,  and  I  believe  it  is 
possible  profitaljly  to  give  a  good  amount  of 
practical  instruction  at  an  early  stage  of  this 
class  of  study.  I  understand  that  in  some  of 
the  leading  French  schools  the  pupils  are 
from  the  first  taught  to  draw  from  models  of 
parts  of  machinery,  and  ultimately  from  com- 
plete machines.  It  is  possible  to  give  the 
demonstrations  in  "  projection  "  as  the  diffi- 
culties in  drawing  from  the  actual  machine 
call  for  their  reiiuirement.  The  great  diffi- 
culty we  have  to  contend  with  is  the  absence 
of  models  of  machinery  in  our  schools.  It 
would  be  of  great  service  if  the  Department 
were  to  form  a  collection  of  models  of  ma- 
chinery, in  whole  and  in  part,  and  furnish 
some  to  every  school  where  such  work  was 
rec[uired.  Arrangements  might  then  be  made 
by  which  schools  could  make  an  exchange  of 
models,  and  thus  the  entire  collection  might 
in  time  be  circulated  throughout  the  kingdom. 
Each  model  .should  also  be  accompanied  by 
any  particulars  or  formulee  which  would  be 
of  use  to  the  students. 

With  regard  to  the  system  of  medal  awards, 
the  British  art  schools  compete  one  with 
another,  which  is  more  satisfactory  than  the 
plan  adopted  in  France,  where,  in  the  majority 
of  cases,  each  school  competes  witliin  itself'. 
Our  universal  competition  tends  to  raise  the 
general  standard  of  art  students'  work  through- 
out the  country,  but  it  would  prove  very 
beneficial  if  some  changes  were  made  as  re- 
gards the  awards  for  "  designs  for  art  manu- 
factures." As  far  as  figure  studies,  and  draw- 
ings from  flowers  and  the  cast,  &c.,  are  con- 
cerned, it  is  easy  to  compare  together  the 
works  of  all  the  schools ;  but  when  we  come 


to  "applied  designs"  for  objects  so  widely  dif- 
ferent in  their  scope  and  technicalities — such 
as  metalwork,  pottery,  printed  fabrics,  car- 
pets, and  lace,  &c. — and  see  them  all  classed 
together,  we  cannot  but  feel  that  the  special 
importance  which  should  be  attached  to  each 
section  of  our  art  manufactures  is  considerably 
lessened.  Woidd  it  not  then  be  better  to 
create  a  distinct  set  of  medals,  &c.,  for  each 
section  of  applied  design.  By  this  means  a 
direct  impetus  would  be  given  to  the  design- 
ing for  each  branch  of  art  industry  in  our 
schools.  Ten  sets  of  medals  would  embrace 
all  subjects  under  the  general  headings  of — 
1 ,  metalwork  ;  2,  glass ;  3,  ceramic  ware ; 
4,  lace  ;  5,  printed  fabrics  ;  6,  woven  fabrics ; 
7,  carpets ;  8,  furniture  ;  9,  decoration  ;  and 
10,  miscellaneous, 

A  visitor  would  naturally  expect,  on  enter- 
ing a  school  of  art,  to  see  a  number  of  the 
students'  works  exhibited  on  the  walls,  but, 
generally  speaking,  this  will  not  be  the  case, 
for  when  drawings  have  been  kept  many 
months  in  London  for  examination,  the 
students  are  naturally  anxious  to  claim  them 
when  returned.  It  would  be  highly  advan- 
tageous to  have  a  perpetual  exhibition  of 
students'  works  in  each  school.  This  object 
might  be  attained  if  the  Department  were  to 
purchase  all  the  metal  drawings  executed  in 
each  year,  and  present  them  to  their  respective 
schools.  Not  only  would  this  create  in  each 
student  a  desire  to  excel  all  previous  efforts, 
but,  in  a  number  of  years,  the  collections 
would  be  most  valuable  as  a  history  of  the 
work  of  each  school. 

One  matter  which  requires  our  earnest 
consideration  is  the  nature  of  the  examples 
available  for  study  in  schools  of  art.  In  some 
sections  of  study  the  examples  employed  are 
not  so  numerous  nor  of  such  high  merit  as 
the  necessities  of  the  case  demand.  A  "reat 
want  is  felt  for  better  examples  of  plant  form, 
shaded  and  in  outline  ;  shaded  examples  of 
ornament ;  a  more  comprehensive  set  of  out- 
line examples  of  ornament,  &c.,  for  freehand 
practice  ;  and  also  some  good  studies  of  the 
human  figure,  from  the  antique  and  from  the 
life,  shaded  and  in  outline.  Doubtless  good 
examples  of  these  kinds  are  in  existence,  but 
a  provincial  art  master  has  not  the  oppor- 
timity  to  search  them  out,  so  it  is  very  desir- 
able that  lists  of  examples  suitable  for  the 
purpose  should  be  prepared  by  the  Depart- 
ment, that,  in  all  cases,  the  very  best  examples 
may  be  placed  before  a  student,  for  it  is 
evident  that  his  taste  must  be  materially 
influenced  by  the  character  of  the  examples 
from  which  he  works.  And  if  it  is  deemed 
inexpedient  to  send  any  of  the  paintings 
belonging  to  the  national  collections  to  art 
schools,  let  us  have  good  copies  made  from 
some  of  them,  and  have  them  circulated 
throughout  the  country  for  the  use  of  the 
more  advanced  students.  As  regards  photo- 
graphs from  drawings  by  Raffaelle,  Michael 
Angelo,  and  Holbein,  &c.,  the  Department 
has  already  conferred  a  great  boon  upon 
schools  of  art,  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  the 
good  work  commenced  will  be  carried  on  to 
completion,  thus  affording  a  most  potent 
means  for  refining  and  educating  the  tastes  of 
our  art  workmen.  It  is  also  of  great  import- 
ance that  a  complete  set  of  cheap  text  books 
on  the  various  subjects  of  study  should  be 
prepared  for  the  use  of  students,  and  also 
works  explaining  the  technical  processes  and 
characteristics  of  aU  br.anche3  of  art  manu- 
facture. 

One  other  matter,  too,  which  may  be 
deemed  worthy  of  consideration  is  the  advis- 
ableness  of  getting  a  number  of  sets  of  dia- 
grams prepared  under  the  supervision  of  the 
Department  of  Science  and  Art,  for  the  occa- 
sional use  of  the  masters  of  art  schools,  which 
would  enable  them  to  give  lectures  to  their 
students,  and  perhaps  to  the  public  generally, 
on  various  subjects  connected  with  art  educa- 
tion, as  the  history  of  art,  artistic  anatomy, 
structural  botany,  the  styles  of  arcliitecture, 
historic  ornament,  and  the  analysis  of  form, 
&c.      It  must  be   borne   in    mind  that  art 


November  22,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


809 


.lasters  have  not  sufficient  time  at  their  cora- 
iiand  to  prepare  such  elaborate  sets  of  dia- 
rams    themselves ;   consequently,   one  very 
inportant  channel  by  which,  instruction  may 
le  conveyed  is  closed.     The   extreme  import- 
nce  of  having  trade  and  art  museums  esta- 
ilished  in  aU  our  principal  seats  of  manufac- 
ure  has  already  been  largely  dwelt   upon   in 
he  public  press.      Their  formation  cannot  be 
00   earnestly  desired,   so    that   we  may  be 
nabled  to  give  our  artizans  opportunities  for 
mprovement,  such  as   those  already  enjoyed 
ly  their  continental  brethren.     We  "have  but 
0  look  at  some   of  the  great  manufacturing 
entres  abroad  to  arrive  at  a  fair  estimate  of 
he  value  of  such  institutions. 
Even  ^\'ith   our  present  opportunities  for 
Ivancement  it  is   surprizing  that  our  arti- 
ins  do  not  avail   themselves  of  them   more 
;lly   than  they   do.      There  are,  I  may  say, 
lillions  of  artizans  in  the  United   Kingdom 
3  whom  a  knowledge  of  drawing  would  prove 
f  some  service  in  their  various  callings.    Yet 
ow  many  do  we   see  attending  our  artizan 
lasses    in   art    schools  ?      The    Department 
eport  for  1S67  shows  that  during  last  year 
lie  total  number  of  bona  file  artizans  attend- 
ag  was  only  about  10,000.     In  London  alone, 
lith  its  great  population,   and  its  immense 
dvantages  of    all   kinds,   only  about  2,000 
rtizaus  attended  the  evening   classes  of  its 
[even  art  schools.     One  reason,   I   believe, 
.'hy  we  see  so  few  comparatively  giving  atten- 
ion  to  these  studies  is  that  art  knowledge  is 
ot  sufficiently  appreciated  by  the   workers, 
lOr  is  it  looked   for  as  a  necessary  qualifica- 
ion  by  the  employers.      The  great  majority 
f  the  employers    know   nothing   whatever 
bout    drawing,    although    there    are    some 
irms  which    afford    brilliant  exceptions  to 
his,    and    such    take    the    high  rank   they 
.eserve.      A  manufacturer,  to  be  truly  great 
11  his  calling,  should,  like  a  soldier,  commence 
is  education  in  the  ranks.     He  should  him- 
;lf  know  how  to  weave,  to  carve,  or  to  chase, 
nd,  above  all,  should  he  possess  in  a  high 
,Tee,  that  art  power  and   knowledge    upon 
aich  so  much  of  the  greatness  and   success 
f  his  work  should  depend.      Therefore,  more 
trongly  than  ever  do  we  see  the  necessitv  of 
ntroducing  the  correct  study  of  drawing  into 
ar  middle  class  schools '  and  our  colleges,  &c. 
lertainly  our  parochial  schools  are  now  teach- 
Qg  elementary   outline  drawing   on   correct 
■rinciples,  but  such  instruction  only  reaches 
he  present  rising  generation  of  artizans;  and 
he   sons   of  our  manufacturers   and   others 
ikely  to  have  the  future  management  and 
irection   of  our  manufactures,    are,   in   the 
i  aajority    of    instances,  left    to    the   tender 
nercies  of  the  false  art  system  so  prevalent 
Q    our   boarding    schools    and   commercial 
■cademies.     If  landscape  drawings  must  be 
anght  in  our  middle  class  schools,  let  it  rank 
ather  as  an  amusement  than  a  serious  study, 
^at,  by  all  means,  let  the  true  study  of  "  form  " 
'i  received  as  a  recognized  necessary  branch 
:  ;he  education  of  aU  classes.     And   let  the 
liabilities  for  original  designing  be  culti- 
ated  by  those  who  are  expecting  to  be  future 
'art  manufacturers,"  and  others  also,  although 
hey  may  never  contemplate  having  to  design 
s  a  profession.      I  know  there  are  difficulties 
a  the  way,  for  parents  would  much  rather  see, 
.t  the  end  of  the   quarter,  a  pair  of  npnde- 
cript  crudities  in  water-colour,  called  land- 
capes,  than  a  score  of  conscientious  exercises 
n  the  true  study  of  form.     And  how  are  we 
■?xpectto  raise  the  standard  of  art  manufac- 
:  res  in  this  country  if  we  do  not  cultivate 
he  tastes  of  those  who  are   to  be  the  pur- 
hasers?       Not  only  must    we  infuse  more 
aste  and  knowledge  into  the  "  supply,"  but 
Jso    into    the    "demand."     Once    raise   the 
,:haracterof  the  latter,  and,  as  a  natural  con- 
leqnence,  the   character  of  the  former  will 
jnake  a  corresponding  advance. 
I  _  Onr  manufacturers  will  do  well  to  note  the 
ignificant  fact  that  in  France  it  is  very  fre- 
luentJy  stipulated  in  the  indentures  of  an  ap- 
irentiee  that  he  should  attend  a  drawing  class 
laring  the  term  of   his  apprenticeship.    If 


Critisli  manufacturers  were  to  insist  upon  their 
apprentices,  &c.,  attending  art  and  science 
classes,  according  to  their  callings,  and  would 
also  let  their  day's  work  end  early  enough  for 
such  purpose,  the  results  would  soon  show 
how  great  would  be  the  advantiiges  gained, 
both  morally  and  materially,  by  giving  more 
time  and  opportunity  for  this  cultivation  and 
improvement  of  the  mind.  In  comparing  the 
state  of  ornamental  art  in  France  and 
England  at  the  ]>resent  period  it  luust  not  be 
forgotten  tliat  where  we  have  only  given  our 
attention  to  popular  art  education  for  some 
score  of  years,  the  French  have  had  schools 
for  art  instruction,  supported  by  the  State, 
for  more  than  a  century,  and  therefore  better 
results  must  be  expected  of  them.  We  must 
not,  however,  rest  contented  with  this  thought, 
and  simply  look  to  the  future,  but  we  must 
also  devote  our  best  energies  to  the  perfecting 
of  our  present  system.  And,  from  what  our 
art  workmen  have  already  achieved,  and  if 
their  minds  would  only  become  more  fully 
awakened  to  the  absolute  necessity  for  culti- 
vating their  art  powers  by  a  severe  and  un- 
flinching course  of  training,  there  is  every 
reason  to  believe  that  our  British  artificers 
would  soon  become  the  most  perfect  body  of 
the  kind  in  the  world. 


Nottingham. 


John  S.  Kawle. 


A' 


want  of  his  life  was  the  want  of  a  liberal  educa- 
tion, and  that  he  in  consequence  took  care  that 
his  son  should  liavo  the  best  education  to  be 
gotten  in  England.  We  see  the  result  of  this 
double  cdiication  in  Robert  Stephenson,  whose 
name  stands  proudly  forth  among  the  foremost  of 
British  engineers,  yet  not  more  prominently  than 
those  of  Watt,  Telford,  Brindley,  Rennie,  Chap- 
man, Priestley,  and  Smeaton,  self-made  men  ;  and 
of  Isambard  Kingdom  Brunei,  who  graduated  in 
the  famous  Thames  Tunnel,  who,  had  he  been 
consigned  to  the  charge  of  the  college  don,  would 
have  for  ever  lost  the  golden  opportunity  of  re- 
ceiving those  trumpet-tongued  lessons  with  which 
rebellious  nature  so  rudely  instructed  him  beneath 
the  river's  bed. 

In  contemplating  the  usage  in  other  profes- 
sions, for  the  sake  of  comparison,  the  engineer 
chief  would  do  well  to  take  a  lesson  from  the 
potentates  of  the  professions  of  law  and  surgery. 
The  former  constjuitly  promotes  and  patronizes 
the  debating  society  of  the  juniors,  and  often 
graces  their  meetings  by  his  presence.  Not  un- 
frequently  a  judge  may  be  found  in  the  chair  on 
the  occasion  of  a  stirring  debate.  As  for  the 
surgeon,  he  is  not  above  visiting  works  in  company 
with  the  rising  crowd  ot  students,  the  works  of 
disease  !  exhibited  on  the  hospital  bed.  It  is  an 
encouraging  and  cheering  prospect  that  of  some 
half-dozen  of  hosjjital  surgeons,  entering  the  bed- 
rooms of  a  morning,  each  with  a  tail  of  aides  and 
pupils,  visiting  each  case,  and  prescribing  for  it, 
while,  at  the  same  time,  he  explains  its  various 
aspects  and  treatment  to  his  followers  ;  in  short, 
to  this  profession  must  be  paid  the  tribute,  that  in 
none  other  are  the  magnates  so  ready  and  willing 
to  communicate  their  superior  knowledge  to 
juniors.  It  would  seem  a  part  of  the  ambition  of 
the  surgeon  and  physician  to  shine  as  expounders 
of  the  mysteries  of  their  craft,  both  at  the  bed  - 
side  and  in  the  hospital  theatre.  The  result  of 
such  a  system  is,  that  professional  experience  is 
perpetuated ;  it  becomes  for  ever  available  for 
the  benefit  of  the  human  race. 


EDUCATION  OF  ENGINEERS. 

T  a    recent    meeting  of   the  Civil  and  Me- 
chanical Engineers'  Society   at  the  Whit- 
tington   Club,   Arundel-street,   ilr.  B.  Haughton 
gave  an  address  on  "  Engineering  Progress."     He 
alluded  particularly  to  the  education  of  engineers, 
and  said  that  if  engineering  were  placed  on  a  level 
with  the  three  learned  professions,  that  is  to  say, 
that   if  the  Universities   and   certain  Colleges  of 
Engineers  were   empowered    to    grant     degrees 
qualifying  persons  to   act  as   civil  engineers,  the 
profession  would  thereby  be   relieved  of  a  large 
portion  of  the  incapacity  which  now  holds  on  by 
it.     The  public  would  be  more  certain  of  having 
their  works  economically   and  permanently  exe- 
cuted, and  in  short  that  it  would  become  a  better 
educated,  more  select,  and  honourable  profession. 
Whether  or  not  such  would  become  the  case,  I  am 
hardly  prepared  to  say.      I  am  informed  that  in 
France   such   degrees   are  granted  by  the   State 
Department   of    Ponts  et   Chaussees,  which  has 
produced   a  large  number  of  famous  engineers ; 
but  that  there  are  also  men  of  much  ability,  and 
who  thoroughly  enjoy  the  confidence   of  the  in- 
vesting   pubUc    in    that  country,   who  are   not 
possessed  of  any  kind  of  state  degree.      The  com- 
parison   of  the    profession  of    engineering   with 
other  professions  may  be  productive  of  some  ad- 
vantage in  discussing  the  subject  of  an  engineer- 
ing education ;  while   making  such,   it   must  be 
borne  in  mind  that  there  are  many  points  of  dif- 
ference, for  instance,  the   lawyer  and  the  clergy- 
man are   essentially  men  of  words — the   cloister 
and  the  lecture-room  are  fit  places  wherein   they 
may   obtain   titles  and  degrees  to  practise  their 
professions.     The  engineer  is,  on  the  other  hand, 
a  man   of  action,  and   of    deeds  rather  than  of 
words.     His   cloister    is    the    graving   dock,  the 
tunnel,   the    ship's   interior,  and   the  workshop. 
The  canopy  of  heaven  is  the  dome  of  his  lecture- 
room,  the  rugged   upturned   earth,  the  rockshelf, 
and  the   sea-bed  its  floor.      What  corporation  or 
university  is  competent   to  confer  degrees  of  pro- 
ficiency in  such  arenas  as  these  i      Here  hes  the 
difficulty;  the   well-educated    engineer    has    re- 
ceived two  educations,  the  one  in  the  cloister,  the 
other  abroad  and  on  works.      This  double  educa- 
tion cannot  be  acquired  at  an  university  ;  in  short, 
it  can  only  be  acquired  by  a  many-sided  man.     I 
must  say  that  I   am   for  an  university  education 
for  the  engineer ;  let  him  there  take  a  degree  of 
proficiency  in   the   theory    of  his  profession,  in 
drawing,  and  in  the  use  of  surveying  instruments; 
but  so  far  his  work  is  less  than  halt  done.     With- 
out doubt,  the  most  important  part  of  it  remains  : 
the  study  of  works  and  practice  thereon.     It  must 

be  confessed  it  remains  yet  to  be  discovered  how  Mr.  Ward,  R.A.,  has  just  finished  the  repairing 
the  precepts  of  the  cloister  are  to  be  given  with-  '  of  his  frescoes  in  the  Commons'  corridor,  after 
out  clashing  with  what  must  ever  be  the  mainstay  !  several  weeks  of  great  care  and  labour.  The  three 
of  his  knowledge,  the  precepts  of  nature  acquired  other  frescoes  which  he  has  had  a  commission  to 
on  works.  It  is  well  known  that  Telford  fre-  paint,  are  completed,  and  are  now  in  Mr.  Wai  d's 
quently  expressed  his  contempt  for  the  mere  studio.  They  will  not  be  placed  in  the  corridor 
cloister  engineer.  On  the  other  hand,  George  i  imtil  it  is  ascertained  whether  any  further  decay 
Stephenson  has  placed  it  on  record  that  the  great    has  taken  place  in  the  works  just  repaired. 


PURIFYING    WATER. 

THE  supply  of  pure  water  is  daily  becoming  a 
question  of    greater  importance.        While 
some   have  carefully   investigated   the   existence 
and  capabiUties   of   the   natural   reservoirs  with 
which  this  country  is  blessed,  and  have  concocted 
various  schemes  for  the  conveyance  of  the  water 
to    its    reqiured    destination,    others    have    en- 
deavoured to  purify  by  artificial  methods  the  foid 
water.     With  the  advertisements    of  the   many 
diS'erent  filters  staring  us  in  the  face,  it  becomes 
a  matter  of  no    small  importance   to   ascertain 
which   of   them   really  perform   their  advertised 
promises.     At  the   first  meeting   of  the   present 
session  of  the  Society  of  Civil   Engineers,  the  dis- 
cussion was  resumed  in  a  paper  read  in  May  last, 
on  this  subject,  by  Mr.  Edward  Byrne,   M.I.C.E. 
The  author  also  gave  an  account  of  some  further 
experiments  he  had  made  on  the  different   filter- 
ing materials,  namely,  magnetic  carbide,  silicated 
carbon,    and  animal  charcoal.        The    results  of 
these    experiments    comprised    the     conclusions 
arrived  at  in  his  paper,  and  were  that  the  first   of 
these  substances   was  exceedingly  feeble  as   re- 
garded the  removal  of  organic  and  inorganic  im- 
purities, and  that  it  did  not  possess  the  property  of 
softening  the  water,  except  to  a  very  small  extent. 
These  powers  were  possessed  in  a  greater  degree  by 
the  silicated  carbon  and  animal  charcoal,  but  the  sih- 
cated  carbon  quickly  lost  the  power  of  softening 
the   water,  rendering  it  positively  harder  than  be- 
fore  filtration.       Both  these  latter  were   found, 
after  a  short  time,  to  give  back  a  portion  of  the 
organic    impurity   they    at    first  removed.      Mr. 
Byrne  expressed  the  ojanion  that  while  filtration 
was  valuable  for  the   removal  of   matter  in  me- 
chanical  suspension  it  was  practically   useless  as 
a  means  of  removing  substances  in  solution.      He 
thought  there  was  great  danger  in  depending  too 
much  on  any  system  of  filtration,  and  exposed 
the  inconsistency  of  bringing  home  foul  water  to 
undergo  a  supposed  purification  instead  of  pro- 
curing naturally  pure  water. 


810 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


November  22,  1867. 


CONSTRUCTIVE  AND  ESTHETIC 
DESIGN— No.  VIII. 

BEARING  in  mind  the  theory  of  the 
balanced  arcli,  noticed  in  the  last  article, 
we  will  here  more  practically  apply  the  prin- 
ciple there  investigated,  before  remarking 
upon  the  artistic  value  and  adaptation  of  the 
arch  in  architectural  composition.  Assuming 
that  the  bars  of  an  equilibrated  polygon  are 
so  small  as  to  form  a 
continuous  and  regu- 
_^lar  curve  or  line  of 
*  pressiue,  as  really 
would  be  the  case 
with  the  arch  stones 
of  a  large  arch,  it  is 
clear,  supposing  A  B  to  be  such  a  curve 
and  C  the  vertical  pressure  or  weight,  that  the 
angle  E  C  D  is  the  angle  of  contact  between 
the  curve  and  the  tangent,  and  the  angles 
E  C  D  and  D  C  F  are  equal.  Now,  because 
the  sides  of  any  triangle  are  to  one  another  as 
the  sines  of  their  opposite  angles,  therefore,  as 
sin.  D  :  C  E  :  ;  sin.  ECD:ED;    or  ED  is 

sin.  EC  D      „  _        ,  ^,  .  ,  .  , 

as  — -. pT —  X  C  E ;  and  the  weight  on  angle 

C  is  as  sin.  E  C  D  x  sec.  D  C  F  X  sec. 
E  C  F,  or,  as  the  continual  product  of  the  sine 
of  that  angle  and  the  secants  of  the  sides  that 
form  it.  Therefore,  the  load  at  any  point  C 
in  the  equilibrated  curve  here  considered  is 
inversely  proportional  to  the  radius  curvature 
at  that  point,  and  directly  proportional  to  the 
square  of  the  secant  of  angle  made  by  the 
curve  or  tangent  and  the  horizontal  line. 
Thus,  as  angle  of  contact  E  C  D  is  small,  and 
proportional  to  its  sine,  and  is  the  measure  of 
curvature  at  any  point,  and  because  the 
curvature  there  is  reciprocally  proportional  to 
its  radius,  the  vertical  load  at  any  point  C  is  as 
sec.2  ECF 

radius 

Now,  in  the  case  of  an  arch  kept  in  equili- 
brium by  the  weight  of  a  superincumbent 
wall   or  the  materials 


over  it,  we  may  con- 
ceive a  vertical  load 
composed  of  a  number 
of  vertical  heavy  lines, 
acting  on  a  small  por- 
tion of  curve  a  h  c  e, 
and  proportional  to 
the  height  c  and  the  breadth  c  e.  Hence  we 
may  deduce  from  our  former  proposition 
the  rule  that  the  vertical  height  is  "  di- 
rectly proportional  to  the  cube  of  the 
secant  of  the  angle  which  the  tangent 
of  the  curve  at  that  point  makes  with 
the  horizontal  ;  also,  directly  proportional 
to  the  curvature  there,  or  inversely  pro- 
portional to  the  radius  of  curve  at  the  same 
point ;"  or,  height  at  point  C  of  curve  is  as 
sec.^  E  c  F 
— ' ,  or  as  sec'  E  c  F  x  curvature.*  It 

follows  that  from  a  given  curve  the  radius  and 
tangent  at  every  point  will  be  given,  and 
thence  the  proportions  of  the  verticals  ;  so 
that  by  assuming  the  middle  vertical  at  key- 
stone the  others  may  be  found. 

According  to  the  values  peculiar    to  the 
above  lines  or  those  oi  particular  curves,  the 


A  r 

external  curve  or  extrados  of  any  form  of 
arch  may  be  determined.  To  find  the  extra- 
dos of  a  circular  arch : — The  general  value  of 
p  „       B  D  X  B  F-i  ^  ^,,      -,  „, 

¥JP — ''  or  as  F  G^  :  B  F',   or 


•  For  mora  elaborate  demonstration  see  Dr.    Hutton 
On  Arches." 


C  F'  :  :  D  B  :  C  E.  This  gives  a  simple  geo- 
metrical means  of  determining.  Draw  g  G 
perpendicular  to  C  F,  and  ,17  h  perpendicular 
to  G  F  ;  then,  as  F  A  :  F  C  :  ;  F  G=  :  F  C. 
Hence  if  C  E  be  taken,  a  fourth  proportional 
to  F  h,  F  C,  B  D,  it  will  be  the  vertical 
required. 

It  appears  from  the  above  that  a  circular 
arch  cannot  be  balanced  by  a  horizontal  line 
of  wall,  and  therefore  is  not  suitable  for  a 
bridge  or  any  structure  requiring  such  a 
boundary  of  materials,  but  only  when  its 
upper  line  can  be  made  to  bend  a  little 
below  the  horizontal  each  way,  or  by  making 
C  E  =  D  G.  Dr.  Hutton  says,  that  an  arch 
of  about  108  degrees 
■^^  ■"    is  the  arc  of  a  cir- 

cle that  may  be  used 
with  greatest  success 
with  a  horizontal 
line  at  top,  the  tliick- 
ness  of  the  crown 
being  nearly  the  six- 
teenth part  of  the 
span.  A  flat  ellipse 
is  better  balanced  by 
a  straight  horizontal  back  or  wall  than  the 
circle,  and  this  last  better  than  the  sharp 
ellipse,  the  circle  being  a  medium  in  this 
respect  between  the  two.  The  cycloidal  curve 
is,  however,  the  best  form  of  arch,  the  extra- 
dos deviating  less  from  a  straight  line  than  in 
the  circular  and  elliptical  cases.  By  the  same 
application  of  the  same  theory  it  is  found 
that  the  extrados  of  the  parabolic  curve 
follows  the  same  curve  as  the  intrados  ;  and 
in  the  hyperbolic  arch  the  two  curves  con- 
tinually approach  each  other — i.  e.,  in  the 
vertical  distance  between  them.  Hence, 
however  fit  they  may  be  for  crown  pressure, 
the  parabola,  hyperbola,  and  catenary  are 
unfit  for  structures  requiring  a  tolerably 
straight  boundary  at  top,  the  addition  of  any 
weight  on  their  flanks  being  destructive  to 
their  stability. 

In  the  case  of  domes  or  cupolas  the  same 
theory  applies,  viz.,  the  height  or  vertical 
thickness  over  every  part  of  a  balanced  shell 
"  is  directly  as  the  cube  of  the  secant  of  the 
curve's  elevation  at  that  part,  and  inversely  as 
the  radius  of  curvature,  and  as  the  ^^idth  of 
dome  at  same  part."  A  perfectly-balanced 
dome  requires  its  curve  to  have  its  radius  at 
vertex  of  great  length,  or  the  curvature  there 
nothing.  Curves  of  the  parabolic  and 
catenarian  kind  are  most  adapted  for  cupolas. 
It  must  be  remembered  that  a  dome  has  a 
constructional  property  that  the  vault  has  not, 
namely,  its  incapability  of  falling  inwards. 
By  making  the  joints  radiate  everywhere  per- 
pendicular to  the  face,  the  inside  or  outside 
contour  in  the  vertical  section  can  be  made 
either  straight,  convex,  and  even  concave,  and 
thus  architecturally  the  dome  ofi'ers  a  wide 
scope  for  the  ingenuity  and  artistic  skill  of  the 
builder.  The  falling-in  of  a  dome,  supposing 
the  base  secured,  can  only  take  place  when  the 
weight  at  the  crown  is  greater  than  the  cohe- 
sive force  of  the  cement  or  ties  at  the  flanks, 
causing  the  latter  to  rise  or  spread — a  tendency 
counteracted  by  horizontally  hooping  the 
dome  at  the  base,  and  at  ditl'erent  heights,  a 
means  resorted  to  at  St.  Peter's  dome,  round 
which  six  circles  of  iron  are  placed.  A  spheri- 
cal dome  of  uniform  thickness  will  be  stable 
if  it  is  generated  by  a  segment  subtending  at 
the  centre  less  than  51  deg.  Fortunately, 
however,  the  peculiarity  of  the  cupola  is  such 
that  a  theoretically-balanced  one  of  equal 
thickness  really  gives  the  most  pleasing  shape, 
namely,  a  paraboUc  or  prolate  form,  parti- 
cularly when  it  is  truncated  at  crown  for  a 
lantern.  The  supporting  cone  at  St.  Paul's 
enabled  Wren  to  carry  his  lantern  without  the 
slightest  danger,  for  a  cone  prevented  from 
spreading  ^vill  sustain  any  weight ;  and  it 
would  have  been  wiser  if  Michael  Angelo  or 
his  successors  had  adopted  the  cylindrical  cone 
within  the  external  dome  of  St.  Peter's  to 
carry  the  lantern,  and  formed  an  inner  cupola 
for  effect. 


The  dome  of  the  Pantheon,  the  largest  of 
ancient  domes,  shows  a  near  approach  to  the 
theoretically-balanced  cupola.  We  find  a 
series  of  steps  round  its  external  base  gives 
it  a  slight  concavity  at  outer  springing  ;  and, 
further,  the  intrados  surface  is  brought  down 
considerably  below  these.  Its  ribbed  con- 
struction and  the  caissons,  or  simk  panels 
formed  between  the  ribs,  show  an  economical 
distribution  of  the  materials,  which  are  of 
bricks  and  rubl.ile,  the  ribs  and  bands  being  of 
these,  and  the  filling-in  of  tufa  and  pumice 
stone.  The  polygonal  apsidal  temple  of 
Minerva  I\Iedica  at  Rome  exhibits  another 
instance  of  the  same  principle  carried  to  a 
greater  perfection.  The  ribs  which  spring 
over  the  apsidal  junctions  are  constructed  of 
tiles,  and  the  interspaces  filled  in  ■with  lighter 
material  banded  together  at  certain  heights  by 
courses  of  tiles.  Mr.  Ferguson  speaks  of  thw 
building  as  being  infinitely  better  in  propor- 
tion to  the  Pantheon,  whose  internal  height  is 
deficient  and  depressive  in  effect.  The  Roman 
builders  thus  externally  showed  their  domes ; 
though  in  many  cases  spherical  internally, 
they  were  exteriorly  roofed  as  a  rectilinear 
pyramid  or  cone,  assuming  on  plan  the  external 
form  of  the  base,  which  was  often  octagonal, 
as  Diocletian's  temple  at  Spolatro.  The 
temple  of  Venus,  near  Naples,  is  another 
instance  of  dome-rib  construction,  having  a 
circular  interior  plan,  and  an  octagonal  ex- 
ternal form.  The  material  used  for  the  dome 
is  tufa,  and  its  form  is  still  further  relieved 
by  the  vaulting  cells,  the  ribs  springing  a 
little  below  the  window  heads.  As  Professor 
Willis  observes,  the  origin  of  all  the  com- 
ponent features  of  Middle  Age  vaulting  is 
traceable  to  these  Roman  examples,  and  much 
may  be  learnt  in  going  back  to  the  incipient 
steps  of  Roman,  Romanesque,  and  Early 
Byzantine  vaulting.  G.  H.  6. 


WAREHOUSE,   SOUTHWAEK-STREET. 

WE  this  week  give  an  illustration  o£  a  new 
warehouse,  recently  erected  in  Southwart- 
street,  for  Mr.  R.  J.  Bates,  of  Little  Knight  Rider- 
street,  Doctors'  Commons.  It  consists  o£  bage^- 
ment,  ground,  and  three  other  floors.  The 
material  used  is  chiefly  white  brick,  stone  being 
only  sparingly  introduced,  namely,  in  capitals  and 
bases  of  piers,  and  principal  doorway,  which  hafl 
double  columns  on  each  side,  and  stone  hea^I  or 
tympanum.  The  windows  are  well  recessed,  the 
arches  being  o£  moulded  brick,  and  double 
revealed.  The  front  of  the  building  is  divided 
into  eight  bays.  The  principal  entrance  is  in  the 
first,  and  the  one  furthest  from  Southwark-street 
is  recessed  back  for  greater  convenience,  and  has 
doors  on  the  several  floors  for  transmission  of 
goods.  This  bay  terminates  above  the  cornice 
with  a  square  tower,  and  has  a  pent  roof  project- 
ing over  the  derrick,  supported  by  framed 
brackets.  Mr.  Ernest  Bates,  of  Manchester  and, 
London,  is  the  architect,  and  the  cost  has  been 
about  £3,000. 

♦ 

BUILDERS'  BEXEVOLENT  SOCIETY. 

THERE  are  two  pensioners  to  be  elected  a 
the  next  meeting  of  this  Society,  to  be 
held  on  the  28th  inst.,  one  man  and  one  woman. 
There  are  four  men  candidates — namely,  G.  N. 
Lambert,  4,  Hereford-street,  Lisson-grove,  aged 
71,  plumber  and  painter.  This  is  his  second 
appUcation.  He  has  poUed  167  votes.  Richard 
Burdett,  43,  Exeter-street,  Lisson-grove,  aged 
70  ;  second  appUcation.  He  has  polled  81  votes. 
Stephen  Hambrook,  21,  Pembridge  VUlas,  Bays- 
water,  aged  65,  carpenter  and  builder;  and  G. 
M.  Michelmore,  74,  St.  Peter's-street,  Islington, 
aged  74. 

The  women  candidates  are  Maria  Unwin,  4, 
Eden-terrace,  Bridge-road,  Battersea,  widow, 
aged  66;  third  application.  She  has  received 
1,807  votes.  Hannah  Lawrence,  26,  Desbo- 
rough-terrace,  Harrow-road,  widow,  aged  70 
years ;  third  appUcation.  She  has  received  3,49J 
votes.  Elizabeth  Ware,  Bricklayers'  Ahnshouses, 
Ball's  Pond,  widow,  aged  67.  She  has  received 
1,417  votes.  And  Martha  A.  Martin,  4,  Great 
Pulteney-street,  Golden-square,  widow,  aged  67; 
second  appUcation.    She  has  received  237  votes. 


/ 


The  BuiJdiL^New^  Nov'"22"'l867 


EWimtnd^ff'litt 


Princed  byWiitemaii&BMS 


Tht  B-^ldmg  Kewr.So?'?2'*!867. 


f:Hnv;Mit   Hraw 


W<1PEH0VSE   SoVTHWflRK  ^^'      M\E.BffrES    ARCH^ 


nuabnafie.  jiJi 


h  :ni  ed  br'Afiitemaa  J--  B  ajs 


November  22,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


815 


TJIE   KEW   LAW   COURTS. 

A  GREAT  deal  has  been  said  in  the  daily 
papers  during    the   last    week    on  the 
New  Law   Courts,  from  which  we  can  gather 
no  rehable  hint  as  to  the  result   of  a  final 
decision.     We   may,   however,   infer  that  no 
such  decision  is  arrived  at.      A  long  letter  in 
the    "  Times,"    on    Monday,    signed    "  Lin- 
colneusis,"  goes   in   for    a    new  competition. 
This  correspondent  gives  very  strong  reasons 
why  the  designs  of  Messrs.  Barry  and  Street 
shoald  not  be  selected  for  the  new   building. 
Mr.  M.  Digby  Wyatt,  on  the  other  hand,  sees 
no  reason  why  these  two  architects  may  not 
be  selected   to  superintend  its  erection,  and 
he  points  to  the  fact  that  Mr.   Gilbert  Scott 
and  himself  acted  in  the  most  perfect  har- 
mony  and  good  understanding  in  the  erec- 
tion of  the  India  OtHce,  and   he  does  not  see 
why  a  prudent  division  of  labour  between  Mr. 
Street  and   Mr.    Barry   should  not   result  in 
equally   luirmonious  action.     The  most  im- 
portant  letter,   however,   is  from   the  pen  of 
Mr.  E.  W.  Field,  Secretary  to   the  Commis- 
sion.    That   gentleman  says  : — "  It  was  and 
still  is   left   entirely   to  the   Government  to 
appoint  any  architect  it  thought  fit  to  conduct 
and  design  the  work."     Further  on,  he  says  : 
— "  So  far  as  this  Commission  goes,  its  work 
is  now  suspended  tiU  the   Government  have 
,  named  the  architects  to  be  employed."    As 
[■we  said,  a  long  time  since,  "the  final  decision 
Ixested  with  the  Treasury."      Mr.  Field,  how- 
leve»,  does  not  think  there  is  any  necessity  for 
ra further  competition.     He  says  : — "  I  believe 
it  will  be  found  that  in  the  pl.ans,  and  in  the 
■written  remarks  which  have  been  made  on 
them  by  the  judges  and  otficers  of  the  law 
I,  and  by  the  profession,  and  in  the  conclusions 
1 1  of  the  Commission  and  its  committee  on  the 
l>' points  of  conflict   in   them,   there  now  exist 
ample  materials  from  which  an  able  architect 
could  prepare    ground  and   floor   plans  and 
sections  for  a  complete  final  plan,  and  that 
any  further  competition  could  not  materially 

i advance  that  part  of  the  work." 
A 


building  of  more  than  one 
lain    as    compared     with   the 


WORKS  IN  PALACE-YARD. 

iBrpHE  enclosing,  paving,  and  general  finish- 

If  J-     ing  of  Palace-yard,  including  the  arcade 

in  connection  with  the   new  railway,  is   now 

nearly  completed.     The  works  consist  of  an 

arcade  in  front  of  the  Speaker's  House,  lead- 

t-  ing  from  Star-court  to  a  passage  under  the 
bridge  to  the  railway  station,  and  also  of  an 
enclosure  formed  by  a  screen  of  ironwork 
stiffened  at  intervals  of  about  18ft.  by  stone 
piers  surmounted  by  lamps.  The  necessary 
paving  is  also  being  proceeded  ■^vith.  With- 
out questioning  the  necessity  for  the  arcade, 
and  this  is  open  to  doubt,  we  may  remark 
that  the  work  is  far  inferior  to  that  of  the 
rest  of  the  building.  The  proportions  are 
extremely  heavy,  more  fitted  for  a  crypt  than 
an  arcade,  and  the  parts,  though  near  the  eye, 
are  coarse.  While  the  rest  of  the  buQding, 
whatever  may  be  its  faults,  is  characterized 
by  an  air  of  lightness  and  extreme  delicacy 
of  detail,  the  arcade  and  piers  supporting  the 
screen  are  clumsy  and  in  no  recognized  style. 
It  would  be  absurd  to  call  them  Perpendi- 
cular, as  they  have  none  of  the  true  Perpen- 
dicular feeling ;  and  it  would  be  unjust  to 
any  style  but  the  most  debased  German 
Gothic  to  class  them  in  any  other  category. 
The  extreme  massiveness  of  the  arcade  as  ill 
accords  with  the  building  as  a  w'aterproof 
cloak  would  with  a  lace  shawl.  There  is, 
besides,  no  reason  for  the  introduction  of 
bands  of  red  Mansfield  stone  in  the  interior 
of  the  arcade,  still  less  for  using  three  co- 
lumns of  the  same  stone  at  the  junction  of 
the  arcade  with  the  bridge.  Tliis  junction  is 
the  worst  portion  of  the  work,  and  needed 
not  the  display  of  coloured  stone  to  attract 
attention.  The  cause  of  the  extreme  heavi- 
ness of  the  arcade  is  very  obvious  ;  it  is  a  re- 
petition of  the  buttresses  to  the  Star-court. 
These  buttresses  are  massive,  because  they 


belong  to  a  large 
storey,   and  \' 

Speakers   front.     The  circumstances   do  not 
ajiply  to  an  arcade  of  a  single  storey,  and  it  is 
dillicult  to  conceive  that  anyone  should  ima- 
gine that  any  amount  of  carving,  tabernacle- 
work,  and  introduction  of  statues   could   do 
anything  but   make   the   matter   worse.      It 
avails  nothing  to  say   that   the  groining   re- 
quires support ;  it  requires  nothing  so  exces- 
sive as  at  present  exists,  and  it  is  quite  with- 
in the  resources  of  science  to  counteract   the 
thrust   in  a  more   elegant  manner.    In  short, 
the  suViject  may  be  dismissed  with  the  remark 
that  if  such  massiveness  were  really  neces- 
sary  the    arcade    should    never   have    been 
erected.     The  very  spandrels  are  left  plain, 
and  no  attempt  whatever  has  been  made  to 
lighten  the   appearance  of  the  pinnacles.     It 
is  obvioiis  that  the  necessary  weight  should 
have  taken  the  form  of  a  tapering  pinnacle 
instead    of    a    square  mass  of    stone.       The 
carving  is  well   executed  and   worthy   of    a 
better  design.     With  regard  to  the  piers  sup- 
porting the  iron  screen,  too  much  can  scarcely 
be  said  in  condemnation.     They  are  simply 
not  in  the  Gothic  style,  I  nor  are  they  in  any 
other.      The  lamp  with  which   each  is   sui-- 
mounted  is   very   gorgeous,  consisting  of    a 
globe  of  glass  supported  by  much  gilt  metal 
of  good  form.     Having  been  obliged  to  con- 
demn  the   architecture,  it  is  a  relief  to  be 
able  to  speak  in  terms   of  the  highest  praise 
of  the  metal  work  of  the   screen.      It  con- 
sists  of  work   about   6ft.   high,  without   the 
tinials  and    spikes,  divided   into  three   bays 
vertically,   and  two   main  divisions   horizon- 
tally.    The    lower  part  is   filled   in   almost 
completely,    and  the  ■whole   is  in   the   best 
taste  and   highest  style   of  art.     Description 
is    impossible.        We     understand   th;it   Jlr. 
Hardmau,  of  Birmingham  and   London,  sup- 
plied the  metal  ■work.     The  process  of  gild- 
ing the  crowns,   roses,    &c.,  on  the  screen  is 
now  going    on  rapidly.       This    is,  in    our 
opinion,  a  great  mistake.       When  we  first 
noticed  the  screen  a  few  weeks  ago,  it  was 
black,  or  nearly  so,  and  the  efi'ect  ■was  much 
better.     Colouring  and  gUding  outdoor  metal 
work  is  always  a  dangerous  experiment,  and 
we  cannot  point  to  a  single  example  that  can 
be  considered  really  successful.     The  carriage 
entrance  is  incomplete,  and  the  paving  kerbs, 
&c.,  are  not  sufficiently  advanced  to   enable 
an   accurate  judgment   of  their  effect  to   be 
formed.     We   may,   however,    say   that    two 
carriage  entrances  would,  in  our  opinion,  be 
more   convenient.      This  if  necessary  could 
be  done  at  any  time. 


PROJECTED  ENLARGEMENT  OF  THE 
HOUSE  OF  COMMONS. 

THE  "  New  "  House  of  Commons,  as  it  is 
still  termed,  being  scarcely  out  of  its 
teens,  has,  after  repeated  altering  and  patch- 
ing, been  at  length,  by  general  consent,  con- 
demned as  altogether  unsuited  to  the  due 
accommodation  of  members  in  the  numbers 
in  which  they  are  now  accustomed  to  resort 
to  it  ;  and  the  question  is  already  immi- 
nent— hear  it,  ye  taxpayers  of  England  ! — 
whether  to  submit  it  to  a  complete  remodel- 
ling—a process  which  is  estimated  to  occupy 
two  or  three  years — or  to  abandon  it  alto- 
gether, and  l.niild  an  entirely  new  house  in 
the  open  space  now  known  as  the  "  Commons' 
Court."  A  select  committee  was  appointed 
towards  the  close  of  last  session  of  Parlia- 
ment to  consider  the  insufficient  and  incon- 
venient arrangements  of  the  House,  with  a 
■view  to  devising  means  to  render  it  more 
adapted  to  the  requirements  of  the  case, 
which,  after  sitting  half-a-dozen  times,  re- 
ported the  evidence  received  by  them,  with- 
out any  recommendation  based  upon  it 
further  than  that  a  committee  on  the  same 
subject  should  be  appointed  at  the  commence- 
ment of  next  session.  Only  three  witnesses 
were  invited  to  give  their  opinions  on  the 
architectural  part  of  the  case,  two  of  them, 


Mr.  Bazley  and  Mr.  Ifankey,  l>eing  menibors 
of  the  House,  and  of  the  committee,  and  the 
third,  Jlr.  Edward  M.  Barry,  the   son   of  the 
architect  of  the  building.     To  say  the  least 
of  it,  it  was  in   doubtful   taste,  if  not   ques- 
tionable wisdom,  to  call  ujion  one  single  pro- 
fessional man    to   enlighten    the   committee 
upon  a  question  involving  past  architectural 
failure,  and  its     remedy,  and  that  the  very 
laau  wlio  from  his  position  may  l)e  supjiosed 
to  entertain   strong  opinions  on  the  merits  of 
tlie  case  ;  and  the  olf-hand  manner  in  which  Mr. 
E.  M.  Barry  undertook  to  advise  in  tlie  matter, 
is  what  would  be  amusing  but  for  the  ainavoid- 
able  misgiving  that  a  further  waste  of  public 
money     may    come    out  of    it.      Reference 
liaving  been  made  to  various  amateur  propo- 
sitions of  Jlr.  Hankey,  Jlr.  Bazley,  and  others, 
Mr.  E.  M.  Barry  is  asked  : — "  Have  you  any 
suggestions   of  your    own  to    make  l "      To 
which  he  replied,   "  I  Iiave   not  at  present, 
because   I   rather  wish  for  instructions  as  to 
what  the  committee  consider  desirable."    The 
committee   forthwith   came   to    a  resolution 
that   Mr.  E.  M.  Barrv,  besides  making  draw- 
ings of  the  plans  of  the  two  volunteer  M.P.'s, 
"be  further  requested  to    prepare  any  plan 
his  good   sense   may  suggest."     This  was  on 
the  2ud  of  July,  and,  on  the  15th,  Mr.  E.  M. 
Barry  put  in  a  collection  of  fourteen  coloured 
drawings   illustrative   of  four  distinct  plans, 
and  which  are  all  published  in  the   commit- 
tee's report,  as  the  materials  from  which  the 
committee  of  next  session  are  to  choose  from. 
We  ■will   now  briefly  pass  in  review  the 
various  projects  thus  offered  to  the  option  of 
the   public   through    this    committee.      The 
original  instructions  for  the  planning   of  the 
New  House  of  Commons,  according  to  Mr.  E. 
'M.  Barry's  evidence,  "  provided  for  from  420 
to  4(J0  members  in  the  body  of  the  House, 
and  an   adequate  accommodation  for  the  re- 
mainder in  the  galleries."     The  actu.al  condi- 
tions of  the  House,  as  it  stands,  pro^vide  only 
for  428  members,  of  whom  l5U6are  in  the  body 
or  on  the  floor,  and  122  in  the  galleries.      On 
the  other  hand,  we  find  a  pretty  lil)eral  pro- 
vision for   strangers,  ■which,   including  peers, 
ladies,  and    reporters,   extends    to  seats  for 
263  persons.     Jlr.   E.    JI.    Barry    does  not 
know  how  it  happened  that  the  original  con- 
ditions in  this  important  respect  were  so  far  de- 
parted   from.     He    says : — "  I    have    always 
understood  it  was  by  direction  of  the  officials 
of  the  House,  but  I  have  no  means  of  saying 
for  certain,  for  I  can  find  no  data."     Another 
example,     out     of    many,    of    bureaucratic 
blundering  and  exemption  from  responsibility. 
To  cure  this  fundamental  defect  of  want  of 
space,  and  putting  aside  nice  calculations,  as 
to   allowing  21in.   or   19|in.   per   head,   the 
obvious  course  was  to  hit  upon  a  rearrange- 
ment of  seats  ■within  the  walls,  or  an  extension 
of  the  area,   either  on  the  ground-floor  itself, 
or   in  the   galleries.      Mr.   Bazley  and  Mr. 
Hankey   proposed  plans   for  rebuilding  the 
House  on  the  present  site  in  an  octagon  form, 
which  are  very  similar  in  the  main  features  ; 
that     of    the     former     accommodating    548 
members  and  260  strangers,  that  of  the  latter 
610  members   and  260  strangers.      We  agree 
with  Mr.    E.  M.   Barry  in   doubting  whether 
upon  acoustic  grounds  or  general  convenience 
this  form — a  square  ■svith  the  corners  cut  off — 
would  be  successful. 

Then,  again,  in  view,  still  of  retaining  the 
House  within  its  present  lateral  walls,  Mr. 
Bazley  put  forth  a  suggestion  for  increasing 
the  area  in  the  side  galleries,  by  knocking 
down  the  upper  part  of  the  walls  and  carrying 
the  gallery  seats  back  over  the  division  lob- 
bies. This  would  involve  so  perilous  an  ex- 
periment on  the  acoustic  qualities  of  the 
House,  at  present  very  decently  conditioned, 
that  we  cannot  hesitate  to  concur  with  Mr.  E. 
M.  Barry  in  condemning  it. 

But  Mr.  E.  M.  Barry  himself  proposes  a 
scheme  for  the  enlargement  of  the  House 
within  its  lateral  boundaries,  which  we  think 
open  to  even  graver  objections  than  that  of  Mr. 
IBazley.  This  plan  prov-ides  for  extending  the 
length  of  the  House  15ft.  by  removing  the 


816 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


November  22,  1867. 


north  wall  behind  the  Speaker's  chair,  the  lat- 
ter being  thrown  back  to  the  same  extent, 
where  it  would  be,  in  fact,  quite  removed 
from  the  body  of  the  House.  As  an  almost 
unavoidable  consequence  of  this  arrangement, 
the  seats  of  the  leaders  of  the  Ministerial  and 
Opposition  parties  woidd  have  to  be  removed 
from  the  time-honoured  "  Table,"  mace  and 
all,  and  they  would  now  be  placed  in  the  cen- 
tre of  the  House,  with  a  narrow  table  before 
eacli,  having  a  restricted  gangway  between. 
This  scheme,  which  would  only  afford  accom- 
modation for  58  additional  members  (4S6  in- 
stead of  428,  as  at  present),  we  think  is  utterly 
imacceptalile.  It  would  place  the  Speaker  in 
an  undignified  cold  .shade,  far  away  from  the 
orators  who  are  supposed  to  address  him  and 
"  catch  his  eye."  It  would  place  the  leaders 
of  both  sides  in  a  sort  of  cockpit,  far  apart 
from  the  ensigns  of  Parliamentary  sanction. 
It  would,  besides,  lead  to  a  disarrangement 
and  curtailment  of  the  already  sufficiently 
confined  offices  behind  the  Speaker's  chair, 
■which  would  have  to  be  substituted  "partly 
by  a  new  erection  i>i  the  Commons'  Court,  and 
partly  by  cutting  off  a  portion  of  one  of  the  re- 
freshment rooms."  But  theacousticproblem  in- 
volved in  such  an  alteration  would  be  the 
most  .serious  consideration,  and  as  Mr.  E.  M. 
Barry  has  given  us  no  proof  of  lieing  an 
authority  in  this  matter,  we  should  be  very 
loth  to  foUow  him  in  a  "  leap  in  the  dark  "  e.x- 
periment. 

Lastly  comes  the  modest  proposal  of  Sir. 
E.  M.  Barry  to  do  away  altogether  with  his 
father's  House,  and  to  erect  a  new  one  in 
its  stead  in  the  Commons'  Court,  which  that 
architect,  having  an  eye  to  sanitary  considera- 
tions, intended  for  lighting  and  ventilating 
purposes.  In  respect  of  ventilation  alone,  we 
doubt  the  ability  of  even  Dr.  Percy,  the  ad- 
ministrator of  air,  being  equal  to  the  task  of 
counteracting  the  obvious  danger  incurred. 
Nevertheless,  the  plan  of  Mr.  E.  M.  Barry,  as 
he  set  it  forth  after  only  twelve  days'  gesta- 
tion, must  be  considered  by  us.  The  pro- 
posed area  would  give  about  85ft.  square  for 
the  House,  and  Mr.  E.  M.  Barry  considers 
(adopting  a  hint  from  Mr.  Bazley  and  Mr. 
Hankey,  which  he  does  not  acknowledge) 
that  a  form  nearly  approaching  to  an  octagon 
would  be  the  most  advisable  one.  "The 
House  so  constructed  woidd  jirovide  for  458 
members  on  the  floor,  with  the  power  of  add- 
ing 100  in  the  galleries,  besides  260  seats  for 
strangers.  Supposing  this  remarkable  im- 
promptu suggestion  to  be  adopted,  the  present 
House  of  Commons,  as  we  have  stated,  would 
be  devoted  to  other  auxiliary  uses. 

But  connected  with  this  plan  is  a  scheme 
for  dealing  with  the  area  of  New  Palace 
Yard.  The  project  in  all  the  length  and 
breadth  of  its  historical  development  shall  be 
given  in  Jlr.  E.  M.  Barry  and  Sir  Charles 
Barry's  own  words.  Mr.  E.  M.  Barry  states  :^ 

As  i-egards  the  provision  of  privtite  rooms  for 
ministers  and  others,  and  a  suggestion  that  has  been 
made,  th.-it  rooms  should  be  provided  in  which 
members  might  meet  their  constituents,  keep  their 
papers,  &c.,  and  also  the  large  and  increasing  de- 
mands for  the  accommodation  of  the  reporters  of  tho 
press,  I  m.ay  perhaps  point  out  that  the  space  now 
occupied  by  private  residences  for  the  assistant  ser. 
jeant  and  other  officers  of  the  House  of  Commons, 
in  New  Pahace  Yard,  would  be  very  convenient  for 
the  purposes  named,  and  that  there  is  no  necessity 
for  all  tho  above  residences  to  be  so  close  to  the 
House.  If  these  houses  were  appropriated  to 
business  pm-poses  connected  with  the  House,  new 
private  residences  might  be  erected  in  New  Palace 
Yard,  towards  Bridge-street,  according  to  the 
original  design  of  my  father  for  the  completion  of 
tho  Palace.  The  levels  of  New  Palace  Yard  must 
always  cause  it,  in  its  present  state,  to  present  an 
unsatisfactory  appearance,  and  my  father's  strong 
views  as  regards  its  architectural  treatment  are 
stated  in  a  Pai-hamentary  Paper,  No.  3-33,  Session 
1855,  from  which  the  following  is  an  extract : — "  I 
propose  that  New  Palace  Yai-d  should  be  enclosed 
on  the  north  and  vfcst  sides,  and  thereby  form  part 
of  the  Now  Palace,  as  it  did  of  the  Old  Palace  at 
Westminster,  and  that  the  principal  entrance  for 
the  pubUo  should  be  .at  the  north-west  corner  of 
this  proposed  new  quadrangle  :  that  the  new  build, 
ing  forming  the  west  side  of  this  quadrangle  should 
be  continued  southward  until  it  joins  tho  existing 
building  of  St.  Stephen's  Porch,  thereby  forming  a 


fa(;,ade  to  St.  Margaret-street  and  Old  Palace  Y.ord, 
with  the  convenience  of  a  covered  footway  through 
out  the  whole  extent  of  it.  By  means  of  these 
additional  buildings,  the  iiTogular,  disjointed,  and 
incongruous  character  of  the  present  building  on 
the  land  side  would  be  removed,  and  a  degree  of 
unity  would  be  given  to  the  New  Palace  on  th.at 
side,  in  harmony  with  that  already  obtained  on  the 
river  side,  and  the  i:>rincipal  entrance  to  the  Palace 
would  then  be  a  marked  .and  important  feature  of 
the  building.  The  effect  of  these  additions,  also, 
would  be  to  appropriate  to  useful  pm-poses,  the 
waste  but  valuable  space  which  now  not  only  pro. 
duces  no  effect  in  itself,  but  injuriously  affects  the 
appear.anco  of  the  New  Palace." 

Sir  Charles  B  irry  extended  an  "  original  " 
contract  work  of  about  £800,000  to  one  of 
upwards  of  £2,000,000,  and  he  leaves  to  his 
sou  the  potentiality  of  adding  yet,  on  another 
job,  to  be  mildly  estimated  at  £500,000  more 
or  less,  which  his  "  good  sense  "  would  be 
wrong  not  to  take  advantage  of — if  he  is 
aft'orded  the  opportunity. 


fitenitiiit. 


"Memoir  of  Thomas  Bewick."     Written  by  Him- 
self.     Embellished    by    numerous  wood    en- 
gravings.    Longman. 
The  fame  of  Thomas  Bewick  as  an  engraver  on 
wood,   and   the   popularity   of   his  works,  are  eo 
firmly  established  that  it   would  be  alike  impos- 
sible for  praise  to    increase   them,  or    dispraise 
(were  that   possible)  to  lessen  them.     He  stands 
alone  as   the   great   reviver  of.  modern   wood  en- 
graving, and  his  works  are  matchless.      With  re- 
gard to  the  present  memoir,  which  is  in  the  form 
of   an  autobiography,  addressed  by  Bewick  to  his 
daughter,  the  only  objection  that  might  with  any 
reason  be  urged  against  it,  is  that  the  lengthy  re- 
flections on  the  education  of  children,  the  game 
laws,  the  social  evil,  politics,  religion,  philosophy, 
and  half-a  dozen  other  subjects  might  have  been 
omitted  with  advantage   to   the  work.     For  the 
most  part,  these  dissertations  are  hardly  of  sufficient 
importance  to  entitle  them  to  eo  barge  a   space  of 
the  book.     If  they  be  not  altogether  out  of  place 
in  it,  their  length  somewhat  encumbers  the  volume. 
The  plain  unv.imished  narrative  of  Bewick's  early 
eSbrts,  and  subseq\ient  career  in  his  profession,  is 
exceedingly  interesting.     It  partakes  of  much  of 
the   character    of    his    drawings,  being    full    of 
natur,al    feeling,     truth,      and     simple     beauty. 
Bewick's  was  a  quiet  even  life,  having  nothing  at 
all  exciting   or   adventurous    about  it.     He    was 
born  on  the   banks  of  the  Tyne,  at  Cherryburn, 
near  the  village  of  Eltringham,  in  the  year  1753, 
in  a  humble  condition  in   life.      After  receiving 
little  more  than  a  rudimentary  education,  he  was, 
at  the  age   of  fourteen,   bound  to  an  engraver  in 
Newcastle.      Here   he  served  the  usaal  term   of 
apprenticeship,  seven  years.     The  next  two  years, 
excepting   a  brief  pedestrian   tour   in    Scotland, 
Bewick  passed  at  home,  doing  work   for  different 
employers  in  Newcastle.      Intheendof   1776  he 
came  to  Loudon   in   search   of   work.     However, 
notwithstanding  the  great  kindness  which  he  con- 
fesses to  have  received  from  old  Iriends,  who  were 
all  anxious  to  see  him  settled  in  tbe  metropolis, 
and  many  otl'ers  of  work,  which  were  pressed  upon 
him,  Bewick  took   so  great  a  dislike  to  London 
that  nothing  would  induce   him  to  remain.      He 
accordingly  returned  to  Newcastle  in  the  follow- 
ing summer.     He  now  set  up  in  business  for  him- 
self, and  here   he   designed   and  executed  all  the 
great   works  with  which  his  name  is  associated. 
This  gentle  genius    closed  his    long    and  useful 
life   on    November    8,    18'28.     The  last  vignette 
ever  executed   by  Thomas  Bewick   is    given   at 
page    286  of    the  memoir.     There  is  a    strange 
appropriateness  in  the  subject.     It  is  a  view  of  his 
native   Cherryburn,  which  he  loved  so  well,  with 
Mickley  Bank  in  the  distance,  and  a  funeral  pro- 
cession descending  the  sloping  pasture  towards 
the  boat,  waiting  to  convey  it  across  the  Tyne  to 
the  last  resting  place  of  the  family  at  Ovingham. 
The  memoir  is  illustrated  with  a  large  number  of 
these  vignettes,  all  characterized  by  that  charming 
simplicity    of    subject    and    truest     feeling   fo. 
nature  which   belonged   to   his  pencil.      An   ap- 
pendix   contains    numerous   cuts,   designed    and 
executed  by  the  author  for   a   work   on    British 
fi.shes,  on  which  he   was  engaged  (in  conjunction 
with  his  son)  at  the  time  of  his  death.    These  cuts 
are  published  here  for  the  first  time.     "  It  may  be 
a  matter  of  interest  to   many  of  his  admirers," 
says  Bewick's  daughter,  "  to  learn  that  the  whole 


of  the  woodcuts  now  in  the  hands  of  the  family 
are  in  aa  good  preservation  as  when  they  left  the 
graver."  This  is  due,  we  are  further  informed, 
to  the  well-known  fact  that  an  immense  number 
of  impressions  may  be  taken  from  a  wood  block; 
and  to  the  system,  peculiar  to  Thomas  Bewick,  o£ 
lowering  all  the  more  delicate  parts.  Bewick's 
rnodns  operrmdi  is  explained  by  himself,  and  as  his 
remarks  may  furnish  some  useful  hints  to  engravers 
we  quote  them  here. 

"■The  first  difiiculty  I  felt,  as  I  proceeded,  was  in 
getting  tbe  cuts  I  had  executed  printed  so  as  to 
look  anything  like  my  drawings  on  the  blocks  of 
wood,  nor  corresponding  to  the  labour  I  bad 
bestowed  upon  the  cutting  of  the  designs  .  ,  , 
The  common  pelt  balls  then  in  use  so  daubed  the 
cut,  and  blurred  and  overlapped  its  edges,  that 
the  impression  looked  disgusting.  To  remedy 
this  defect  I  was  obliged  carefully  to  shave  down 
the  edges  round  about,  and  this  answered  the  end 
I  had  in  view.  The  next  difficulty  was  worse  to 
surmount,  and  required  a  long  time  to  get  over 
it,  and  that  was  to  lower  down  the  surface  on  all 
the  parts  I  wished  to  appear  pale,  so  as  to  give  the 
appearance  of  the  required  distance  ;  and  this  pro- 
cess will  always  continue  to  call  forth  and  to  exer- 
cise the  judgment  of  every  wood  engraver,  even 
after  he  knows  what  effect  his  careful  pressman 
may  be  enabled  to  produce  from  this  the  manner 
of  cutting.  .  .  .  The  delicate  lines  thus 
lowered  so  as  to  print  pale  or  distant  parts,  and 
thus  protected  by  the  stronger  lines  left  on  the 
surface,  a  woodcut,  with  care,  will  print  an  in- 
credible number.  (As  an  instance,  Bewick  men- 
tions a  delicate  cut,  a  view  of  Newcastle,  which 
he  executed  as  a  fac  for  a  newspaper,  and  which  it 
was  found  had  printed  above  900,000  impressions, 
and  continued  in  the  newspaper  for  several  years 
after.)  It  was  protected  by  a  strong  block  line  or 
border  surrounding  it,  within  which  the  surface 
was  lowered  previous  to  cutting  the  view.  This 
cut  is  still  kept,  and,  except  being  somewhat 
damaged  by  being  tossed  about  amongst  other 
castaway  cuts,  might,  by  being  a  little  repaired, 
yet  print  many  thousands.  This  is  mentioned 
with  a  view  to  show  the  great  length  of  time  that 
cuts  done  in  this  way  will  last  if  they  are  care- 
fully adjiisted  to  ihe  height  of  the  type,  and  kept 
out  of  the  hands  of  ignorant  rude  pressmen. 


"  Sussex   Archseological  Collections."     Published 
by  the  Sussex  Archsological  Society.      Lewis 
George  P.  Bacon.     1867. 
This,  the  nineteenth  volume  of  these   collections, 
is,  on  the   whole,   a  very  interesting   one.     It  is 
made    up  of   sixteen   papers,   most  of   them    il- 
lustrated,   with  the  usual  complement  of  notes 
and  queries  by  way  of   appendix.      The  longest 
paper  of  the  lot,  and  perhaps  the  most  important  in 
an  archasological  point  of  view,  is  the  introductory 
one,  by  the  Rev.  Edward  Turner,  M.A.,  who  gives 
an  extremely   interesting    account    of    Northeye 
and  Hydneye,  two   once   distinguished,  but  now 
totally  extinct,  maritime  Sussex  towns.     A  sketch 
of  the  ruins  of  Northeye  Chapel  forms  a  frontis- 
piece to  this  volume.     The  same   gentleman  con- 
tributes   papers    on   Otehall,    the    seat    of    the 
Shirleys,  of  Sussex,  and  at  one  time  the  country 
residence  of  the  famous  Selina,  Countess  of  Hun- 
tingdon,  who  (it   is  no  surprize  to  learn)  turned 
the  hall  of  the  mansion  into  a  chapel ;  and  on  the 
"  High  Roads  in  Sussex   in  the  Seventeenth   and 
Eighteenth     Centuries."       Dr.     Wake    Smart's 
"  Notes  on  Worked   Flints,   found  in  the  Neigh- 
bourhood   of     Hastings " ;     Mr.  Roger   Turner's 
account  of  the  "  Great  George  Inn,"  at  Petworth ; 
and  the  description  of  the  very  ancient  church  of 
Slindon,  by  Mr.  T.  G.  Jackson,   architect,  evince 
considerable   research,  and   possess   a   value  and 
interest  more  than   local.       Other  writers   give 
much  curious  information  on  the  various  subjects 
which  they  handle. 


"Index  to   Foreign   Scientific  Periodicals  in  the 

Patent  Office  Library."  Vol.  I.,  1867. 
We  .are  often  told  that  it  is  not  what  a  man  eats 
but  what  he  digests  that  benefits  him.  In  like 
manner  it  is  not  what  a  man  possesses,  but  what 
he  rightly  uses,  that  makes  him  rich.  Some  such 
feeling  as  this  seems  to  have  influenced  the  Com- 
missioners of  Patents  in  the  publication  of  their 
new  index,  the  reasons  for  the  appearance  o£ 
which  is  explained  in  their  preface  to  the  work. 
Duly  impressed  with  the  fact  that  a  knowledge  of 
the  improvements  diaUy  taking  place  in  arts, 
manufactures,  as  well  as  in  agricidture  and  com- 
merce throughout  the  world,  is  of  "vital  import- 
ance to  the  nation  at  Large,"  the  Commissionars 
also  felt  that  this  knowledge   is  difi"iised  through 


^  November  2'2,  1867, 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


817 


I  many  channels,  and  hidden  under  languages  so 
irious,  as  to  be  difficult  of  access  even  to  the 
ch  and  learred,  while  it  is  entirely  beyond  the 
ich  of  the  operative  classes,  to  whom  it  would 
-  of  the  greatest  benefit.  It  was  under  this  con- 
i.'tion  that  the  Commissioners  last  year  decided 
lat  a  translation  into  the  English  language  should 
e  made  of  the  table  of  contents  of  each  foreign 
,rk  in  the  free  Public  Library  of  the  Patent 
:fice.  The  wisdom  of  this  decision  is  at  once 
iiparent,  since  the  library  contains  all  the  most 
uportant  foreign  periodicals.  It  was  also  decided 
1  publish  the  "  Index  "  in  fortnightly  numbers, 
;  twopence.  The  first  number  was  issued  on 
une  1  last  year,  and  we  have  now  before  us  the 
rst  Volume  of  the  work.  In  the  indexing  a  three- 
•Id  arrangement  has  been  adopted.  1.  A  list  of 
le  articles,  with  the  authors'  names,  are  given 
nder  each  foreign  periodical,  with  the  number 
id  date  of  the  periodical.  "2.  There  is  an  index 
authors  at  the  head  of  their  various  subjects, 
ith  figures  of  reference  to  the  pages  of  Index 
1.  1.  And  3.  An  index  of  subjects  similarly 
lisified.  The  amount  of  labour  involved  in 
iis  elaborate  classification  must  have  been  very 
msiderable,  but  the  advantage  gained  by  scien- 
fio  men  will  be  still  greater.  To  them  the 
Index "  will  prove  a  permanent  and  valuable 
cord  of  the  foreign  scientific  labours  of  the  year, 
ich,  but  for  the  sensible  decision  of  the  Com- 
-*ioners  of  Patents,  and  the  assiduous  industry 
ilr.  Bennet  Woodcroft,  would  have  remained 
irecorded.  and,  consequently,  comparatively 
iprolitable,  if  not  completely  lost. 


English  Heraldry."  By  Chasles  Bouteli,, 
1{.A  ,  with  450  illustrations.  Cassell,  Petter, 
and  Galpin.     1867. 

;.  BouTF.LL  confesses  that  he  is  fond  of  hunting 

:  a  pedigree ;    his  readers  will  readily  believe 

He  writes   on  the   subject  of    heraldry  con 

lore.     Perhaps  he  attaches  too  much  importance 

the  "  gentle  science,"  when  he  says  that  a 
lowledge  of  it  ought  to  be  estimated  as  a  neces- 
ry  element  of  a  liberal  education.  We  do  not 
•  that  its  utility  is  so  great  as  all  that.  As  a 
-nee,  as  well  as  an  art,  heraldry  is  extremely  in- 
resting.  To  artists,  architects,  and  anti- 
larians  it  is  to  some  extent  necessary — more  es. 
<;ially  in  connection  with  Gothic  architecture — 
aich,  as  the  author  truly  remarks,  is  essentially 
raldic,  but  by  the  world  generally  it  is  regarded 

less  useful  than  ornamental.  Probably  one 
i8on  for  this  is  that  heraldry  has  degenerated  in 
ese  latter  days,  and  we  have  no  objection  to  see 
restored  to  "  its  becoming  rank,"  as  a  science, 
ough  it  may  be  doubted  if  it  will  ever  attain  its 
irly  popularity."  Mr.  Bouteli  thinks  other- 
-e,  and  certainly  his  opinion  is  entitled  to  re- 
ect.  He  has  done  much  to  render  English 
■raldry  attractive  and  popular.  The  present 
lok  will  further  contribute  to  that  end.  It  is  a 
orter  treatise,  and  more  elementary  in  its  aim 
d  character  than  his  well-known  history  of 
-aldry.  The  volume,  which  comprises  347 
^•es,  with  well-arranged  table  of  contents  and 
Jex,  and  is  illustrated  with  450  engravings  on 
>od,  by  Mr.  R.  R.  Utting,  and  most  tastefully 
t  up  by  the  publishers. 


The  Life  of  Thomas  Telford,  CivO  Engineer," 
By  Samcel  SsiiLES.  Xew  edition.  John  Murray. 
1367. 

313  work  calls  for  little  comment.  The  life  of 
e  great  engineer  and  most  scientific  road  maker 
his  day  is  here  reproduced  in  a  separate  and 
eaper  form,  from  the  author's  celebrated  work, 
Lives  of  the  Engineers."  The  Life  is  revised 
'.  enlarged,  and,  in  addition,  Mr.  Smiles  has 
en  us  an  introductory  history  of  the  early 
ads  and  modes  of  travelling  in  Great  Britain,  as 
io  a  biographical  sketch  of  that  wonderful  cha- 
cter,  Juhn  Metcalf,  of  Kuaresborough.  The 
ilume  is  in  every  respect  uniform  with  the  new 
litions  of  the  lives  of  the  Stephensons  and  other 
igiueers,  and  vnll  probably  become  as  popular, 
deserves  to  be.  The  introduction  is  par- 
:ul.arly  interesting,  and  the  engravings  are 
imerous  and  excellent. 


The  well-known  church  of  St.  Sepulchre,  by 
e  end  of  Newgate-street,  is  about  to  have  a  slice 
t  off  from  the  churchyard  for  the  new  street. 
le  authorities  have  accordingly  given  notice  to 
rsons  having  relatives  interred  there  to  remove 
em  if  so  inclined,  otherwise  the  parish  people 
11  do  so  themselves,  re-interring  the  exhumed 
mains  at  the  City  cemetery  at  Hford. 


THE  CATHEDRAL  OF  SPIRE.* 

THE  Cathedral  of  Spire  ia  the  latest  of  the 
three  most  ancient  Romanesque  buildings 
of  Western  Europe.  It  is  known  as  the  Kai- 
serdom,  the  Imperial  Cathedral,  and  it  is  the 
resting  place  of  eight  emperors.  It  is  situated 
in  a  large  open  space  at  the  eastern  end  of  the 
town,  on  a  hUl  of  moderate  height,  the  base  of 
which  was  in  old  times  washed  by  the  Rhine. 
Like  the  Churches  of  Mentz  and  Worms,  but 
much  larger  than  cither,  it  is  a  Romanesque 
basilica,  with  a  vaulted  nave  divided  by  piers 
from  two  aisles,  a  transept,  four  towers,  two 
cupolas,  a  semicircular  projecting  apse  at  the 
e.ast  end,  and  at  the  west  a  narthex,  looking 
externally  like  a  second  transept,  communicating 
by  three  great  doors  with  the  nave  and  aisles. 

The  town  of  Spire  was  particularly  favoured 
by  Conrad  II.,  whose  family  castle,  the  Limberg, 
was  beautifully  situated  in  the  neighbourhood. 
Chroniclers  call  him  the  rebuUder  of  the  city, 
(Icr  Speirer.  Wisldng  to  rival  the  magnificent 
buildings  which  Lombard  architects  had  erected 
ill  Mentz  and  Worms,  and  at  the  same  time  to 
fultil  a  vow  which  he  had  made,  he  laid  the 
foundation  stones  of  three  churches  on  one  day, 
the  l'2th  of  August,  1030.  One  was  the  Cathe- 
dral of  Spire ;  another  a  church  dedicated  to  St. 
John,  on  a  hill  N.W.  of  the  town,  which  had 
been  the  site  of  a  Roman  temple  to  Venus ; 
and  the  third,  a  minster  at  Limberg,  where  he 
had  given  his  house  to  be  a  Benedictine  monas- 
tery. The  Abbey  Church,  a  columnar  basilica 
with  a  flat  celling,  was  finished  in  eight  years ; 
St.  John's  Church  advanced  rapidly ;  but  the 
Cathedral  rose  slowly  on  its  deep  foundations. 
It  was  meant  to  be  the  grave  of  all  emperors 
who  should  die  on  this  side  the  Alps.  For  this 
reason  its  crypts  were  made  of  rare  beauty  and 
size.  Their  vaults  are  higher  than  the  highest 
parts  of  the  Undercroft  at  Canterbury.  Walls 
from  15ft.  to  ISft.  thick  surround  a  space 
divided  into  four  chambers  ;  three  of  these,  each 
44ft.  square,  lie  side  by  side  ;  the  other  lies  be- 
hind them,  is  somewhat  smaller,  and  fits  on  to 
the  choir  recess,  which  is  17ft.  deep.  The 
vaults  are  plain  and  without  ribs ;  the  columns 
have  Attic  bases  and  square  chamfered  capitals 
roughly  worked.  The  central  chamber  has  four 
great  and  eight  lesser  pillars,  with  projecting 
half  columns.  On  these  the  weight  of  the  great 
cupola  rests.  A  subdued  light  penetrates  through 
fifteen  windows.  The  imperial  tombs  are  in  the 
western  waU  of  the  crypt.  There  are  two  rows 
containing  twelve  compartments,  each  Sft. 
long  and  4ft.  deep,  separated  from  one  another  by 
a  wall  a  few  inches  thick.  The  entrance  was 
from  above,  in  the  "Royal  choir."  These  com- 
partments were  all  built  at  once,  not  one  by  one 
as  they  were  wanted.  The  building  had  hardly 
progressed  to  this  point  when  Conrad  died  at 
Utrecht  on  the  4th  of  June,  1039.  His  widow, 
and  his  son  Henry  III.,  took  the  body  to  Spire, 
where  it  was  buried  on  the  11th  of  July.  The 
new  emperor  was  at  first  very  zealous  for  the 
advance  of  the  building;  but  his  zeal  after- 
wards slackened.  He  was  dissatisfied  with  the 
sepulchral  compartments,  which  are  Indeed  of 
very  modest  pretensions.  He  built  the  two- 
storeyed  chapel  at  the  comer  of  the  transept, 
which  did  not  belong  to  the  original  design,  to 
which,  however,  it  is  cleverly  adapted.  Each  of 
the  two  chambers  is  40ft.  square ;  the  lower 
one,  dedicated  to  St.  Emmeran,  has  a  plain  vault 
in  eight  bays,  supported  by  fovir  detached  co- 
lumns with  antique  capitals.  The  tipper  chapel, 
called  St.  Catharine's  choir,  after  being  several 
years  In  a  ruinous  state,  was  restored  in  1S57. 
Henry  III.  died  in  1056 ;  but  the  building  was 
finished  by  Henry  IV.,  and  consecrated  in  1061 
by  Bishop  Einhard  II.,  in  honour  of  the  Holy 
Virgin  and  St.  Stephen. 

A  great  fire  which  destroyed  almost  the  whole 
town  in  1127,  and  reached  the  cathedral,  seems  to 
have  done  it  no  material  Injury.  It  was  equally 
fortunate  in  the  fire  of  1137.  The  year  1146  was 
eventful  in  its  history.  Conrad  IV.,  who  then 
resided  at  Spire,  convoked  a  congress  there  to 
prepare  for  a  campaign  in  Italy.  On  Christmas 
Eve,  Bernard,  Abbot  of  Clairvaux,  appeared 
there  as  envoy  of  Pope  Eugenius  III.  to  preach 
the  Crusade.  The  legend  says  that  in  a  great 
procession  on  this  occasion,  after  the  "  Salve 
Reglna"had  been  sung,  St.  Bernard  added  the 
words,  "  0  clemena,  0  pia,  O  dulcia  Virgo  Maria," 
which    have    ever   since   remained   part   of  the 


*  From  *'The  Chronicle." 


antiphon,  and  are  inscribed  in  large  letters 
upon  the  triumphal  arch  in  front  of  the  high 
altar.  Little  as  Conrad  was  prepossessed  in 
favour  of  a  crusade,  the  eloquence  of  Bernard 
during  high  mass  on  Innocents'  Day  excited 
him  to  such  enthusiasm  that  he  interrupted  the 
preacher  and  asked  for  the  cross.  Amidst 
the  acclamations  of  the  multitude  Bernard 
took  the  sacred  banner  from  the  altar  and 
gave  it  to  the  emperor.  Most  of  the  knights 
present  assumed  the  cross,  and  among  them 
the  Emperor's  nephew,  afterwards  renowned 
as  Barbarossa.  After  mass,  St.  Bernard  was 
nearly  crushed  by  the  admiring  crowds  who 
pressed  round  him,  and  the  Emperor  carried 
iiiiu  on  his  own  shoulders  out  of  the  church, 
lu  1159,  another  fire  destroyed  part  of  the 
upper  works,  and  many  persons  were  killed  by 
falling  fragments.  In  consequence  the  transept 
and  choir  were  altered  and  restored  ;  but  the 
new  works  were  In  perfect  keeping  with  the 
old.  The  damage  done  by  another  hre  in  12S9 
w.as  as  speedily  and  intelligently  repaired.  The 
most  considerable  fire  broke  out  in  1450,  during 
the  repairs  of  the  organ,  but  it  gave  occasion  to 
such  a  display  of  skill  and  taste  on  the  part  of 
Bishop  Reinhard  that  it  is  known  in  the  annals 
of  the  cathedral  as  "the  lucky  fire."  The 
Thirty  Years'  War  left  the  church  unscathed. 
But  in  the  war  of  the  succession  of  the  Duchess 
of  Orleans,  when  the  whole  Palatinate  was  laid 
waste  by  the  French,  it  was  treated  no  better 
than  the  Cathedral  of  Worms.  In  February, 
16S9,  the  citizens  were  compelled  by  the  invaders 
to  destroy  the  town  walls ;  and  the  Intendant, 
M.  de  la  Fond,  gave  the  inhabitants  six  days  to 
leave  the  city.  On  the  31st  of  May,  Spire  and 
Worms  were  set  fire  to  at  the  same  hour.  In 
each  case  there  was  a  promise  to  spare  the  cathe- 
dral— which  in  each  case  w.xs  pillaged  and  set  on 
fire.  On  the  2nd  of  June  nothing  was  left  of 
the  town  but  smoking  ruins,  or  of  the  cathedral 
but  dilapidated  walls.  The  French  plunderers, 
in  hopes  of  finding  treasure,  searched  the  tombs, 
and  broke  open  two  coffins — that  of  the  Em- 
peror Albrecht,  and  that  of  BeatrLx,  second  wife 
of  Frederick  Barbarossa.  Disappointed  in  their 
hopes  of  gold  or  jewels,  they  tossed  the  bones 
about  among  the  rubbish,  but  forbore  to  break 
into  any  more  coffins. 

The  cathedral  remained  In  ruins  till  the  peace  of 
Ryswick,  in  1697,  allowed  men  to  think  of  restor- 
ing it.  Up  to  that  time  no  one  was  permitted  to 
set  up  even  a  cabin  on  the  ruins  of  the  city. 
From  1700  to  1714,  during  the  war  of  the  Spanish 
succession,  the  unhappy  Palatinate  was  again  se- 
verely visited.  In  1752,  the  two  western  towers, 
and  the  cupola  between  them,  were  taken  down  to 
the  level  of  the  roof  of  the  nave.  They  were  con- 
sidered dangerous.  The  eastern  gable  of  the 
transept  was  removed,  and  the  piers  of  the  great 
cupola  strengthened  by  casing.  At  the  same  time 
the  flying  buttress  still  supporting  the  north-west 
tower  was  erected.  It  was  reserved  for  Count 
Augustus  von  Limburg-Styrum,  who  became 
Prince  Bishop  in  1770,  to  begin  the  active  restora- 
tion of  the  church.  As  in  Mentz,  the  work  was 
committed  to  the  architect  Neumann.  On  the 
whole  he  appreciated  the  style  of  the  building,  a 
style  of  which  the  preceding  century  had  exhibited 
little  Intelligence.  But  as  if  to  compensate  him- 
self for  his  self-restraint,  he  built  a  new  narthex 
in  the  absurdest  style.  With  its  great  pyramids, 
it  looked  like  a  temple  of  Isis  designed  by  a  scene 
painter  for  Mozart's  "  Zauberflote."  In  1794,  the 
French  once  more  pillaged  the  cathedral,  used  it 
as  a  magazine  for  stores,  and  put  it  up  for  sale  for 
8,000  francs.  It  was  to  be  demolished  all  except 
Neumann's  narthex,  which  was  to  remain  as  a  tri- 
umphal arch  in  honour  of  the  grande  nation.  Here, 
as  InMentZjthe  bishop,  Ludmg  Colmar,  interfered, 
and  it  was  to  his  Intercession  with  Napoleon  that 
both  cathedrals  owed  their  preservation.  The 
ancient  building,  however,  remained  in  a 
ruinous  state  for  several  years  more,  and  its  resto- 
ration was  not  begun  till  the  Palatinate  was  re- 
stored to  its  hereditary  sovereigns.  After  a  long 
interruption,  divine  service  was^celebrated  in  it  for 
the  first  time  on  the  19th  of  May,  1822.  Lud- 
wig  I.,  King  of  Bavaria,  the  great  patron  of  art, 
undertook  the  restoration.  After  a  competition, 
the  design  make  by  Herr  Hiibsch,  an  architect  of 
Carlsruhe,  was  chosen.  During  the  years  1S54 — 
1S5S  the  western  cupola  and  its  two  flanking 
towers  destroyed  in  1752  were  rebuilt,  and  Neu- 
mann's narthex  was  removed  and  a  better  one  sub- 
stituted. 

The  east  end  of  the  cathedral  is  the  most  in- 
teresting.     With  the  exception  of  a  few  altera- 


iL. 


818 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


November  22,  1867. 


tions  in  the  gallery  of  the  apse  dating  from  the 
beginning  of  the  thirteenth  century,  the  apse, 
the  two  square  towers'  with  their  stone  caps,  each 
248ft.  high,  and  the  octagonal  cupola,  belong  en- 
tirely to  the  Salic  period,  and  to  the  original 
structure.  The  projecting  walla  of  the  transept, 
erected  after  the  lire  in  1289,  have  large  and 
richly-moulded  round-headed  windows — those  in 
the  south  transept,  unique  for  richness  and 
beauty  of  cornices,  string  courses,  and  leafage. 
The  gable  ends  of  the  transepts  are,  unfortu- 
nately, missing  ;  and,  as  the  nave  with  its  twelve 
bays,  showing  twenty-four  windows  in  double 
rows,  one  over  the  other  on  each  side,  is  in  its 
lower  parts  bare  of  architectural  or  ornamental 
features,  the  side  views  of  the  cathedral  are  far 
below  those  of  Mentz  and  Worms.  It  is,  how- 
ever, relieved  by  the  arcades  ju.st  under  the  roof, 
which  are  superior  to  those  in  either  place.  In 
the  west  front  of  the  new  narthex  the  alternate 
courses  of  white  and  red  sandstone,  though  not 
without  precedent  in  Romanesque  buildings, 
stand  in  unpleasant  contrast  with  the  uniform 
red  wash  with  which  this  cathedral,  like  that  of 
Mentz,  is  covered,  to  destroy  the  incongruous 
effect  of  the  various  kinds  of  stone  used  in  it. 
The  great  wheel  window  over  the  main  doorway 
is  still  less  justifiable,  as  the  building  never  had 
any  round  windows,  except  a  few  eylet  holes, 
now  walled  up.  Such  holes  are  Early  Roman- 
esque features,  wliile  wheel  window^s  belong  to 
the  latest  period  of  the  style,  and  windows  with 
Buch  tracery  as  the  one  in  question,  are  peculiar 
to  the  yet  more  recent  times  of  the  transition. 
The  western  cupola  and  towers  are  faithful  repro- 
ductions of  the  old  ones.  The  restorations  of  the 
crypt  and  south  side  chapels  are  equally  good. 

Perhaps  no  existing  church  surpasses  the  Ca- 
thedral of  Spire  in  the  magnificence  of  its  pictorial 
decorations— the  ornamental  paintings  of  Schwarz- 
mann  and  the  frescoes  of  Schraudolph.  It  is, 
however,  a  pity  that  their  brilliancy  is  not  always 
in  perfect  harmony  with  the  serious  gravity  of 
the  architecture.  The  decorative  paintings  too 
often  are  false  to  the  style  of  the  building  ;  and 
the  pictures,  which  are  on  a  gold  ground,  some- 
times look  too  modern  and  realistic,  owing  to  the 
style  of  the  landscapes  and  architectural  views  in 
the  backgrounds.  The  abundance  of  the  pic- 
tures is,  perhaps,  rather  oppressive.  But  they 
are  all  beautifully  conceived  and  admirably 
executed  ;  and  it  would  be  difficult  to  point  out 
any  one  that  we  should  willingly  lose. 


ROMAN  EOADS  IN  SUSSEX. 

IN  the  new  volume  of  the  collections  of  the 
Sussex  Archceological  Society  we  have,  among 
other  papers,  a  most  interesting  accovmt  of  the  old 
high  roads  of  that  county,  by  the  Rev.  E.  Turner. 
In  this  paper  a  noteworthy  point  is  brought  out 
in  regard  to  the  Roman  mode  of  constructing 
roads.  The  Romans,  says  Mr.  Turner,  judging 
from  the  specimens  of  their  ways  left  us  in  Sus- 
sex, were  not  superficial  road-makers.  Where- 
ever,  indeed,  any  of  their  ways  still  exist,  they 
are,  for  the  most  part,  as  good  now  as  when  they 
were  first  constructed.  Warton,  the  I'oet  Lau- 
reate and  historian,  of  Kiddington,  in  Oxford- 
shire, of  which  he  was  incumbent,  availed  him- 
self of  a  visit  which  he  made  iu  1775  to  Llynfokl, 
near  Horsham,  through  which  this  postway 
passes  for  a  distance  of  about  two  miles,  to  ex- 
amine its  form  and  peculiar  mode  of  construction, 
the  result  of  which  he  has  given  in  his  history. 
He  states  that  he  saw  many  deep  fissures  made  in 
it  in  a  lane  in  this  parish,  and  that  he  found  the 
dorsum,  which  was  not  intended  for  heavy  car- 
riages, to  consist  of  sea  gravel  and  sea  pebbles, 
which  abound  on  the  Sussex  coast,  for  a  depth  of 
about  3ft.,  and  a  width  of  about  7  yards.  "  These 
minute  materials,"  he  observes,  "which  are  of 
heavy  carriage,  must  have  been  amassed  with  pro- 
digious labour."  Mr.  Martin,  however,  who  was 
intimately  acquainted  with  the  geographical  struc- 
ture of  western  Sussex,  and  published  much 
upon  it,  thinks  that  the  gravel  of  which  this 
Roman  road  was  constructed  was  not  brought 
from  the  seaside,  but  from  the  gravel  beds  which 
prevail  in  the  sandy  district  around  Pulborough, 
pits  of  which  are  still  worked  at  Coldwaltham  and 
Coates.  "  This  natural  bed  of  drift,"  he  adds, 
"is  rare  of  its  kind;  and  an  object  of  great 
curiosity  in  what  may  be  called  the  topogi'aphical 
geology  of  the  weald." 

Mr.   Turner  himself   states,  from  personal  ex- 
amination, that  when  the  old  Roman  road  from 


Aldrington  to  London  was  discovered,  and  in 
several  places  cut  through,  it  displayed  very  simi- 
lar results.  In  this,  as  in  many  other  mntters  of 
construction,  the  Romans  carried  their  wonderful 
genius  away  with  them.  Long  after  they  had  left 
us  we  continued  and  were  content  to  continue 
wallowing  in  the  mud  and  mire  physically  and 
mentally.  Indeed,  it  was  only  within  very  recent 
years — not  until  the  great  modern  road-maker 
JM'Adam  set  vigorously  to  work  to  apply  in 
a  modified  form  the  old  principle  of  the  shrewd 
Romans,  that  a  "  good  road  "  became  something 
like  a  common  luxury  throughout  the  country. 
Even  now,  however,  execrably  b.ad  roads,  which 
are  a  disgrace  to  their  custodians  and  the  age, 
abound  in  many  districts,  and  roads  all  but 
impassable  may  still  be  met  with.  In  respect  to 
its  ways  Sussex  formerly  was  proverbially  one  of 
the  dirtiest  counties  in  all  England.  Several 
amusing  stories  are  on  record.  For  instance,  it  is 
related  that  the  King  of  Spain,  in  a  visit  to  Pet- 
worth  House,  in  1703,  was  six  hours  in  travelling 
the  last  nine  miles,  and  so  bad  were  the  roads  in 
the  eastern  parts  of  the  county  that  it  was  cus- 
tomary for  country  squires  to  be  drawn  to  church 
on  Sunday  by  six,  and  sometimes  eight  oxen. 
"  Nor  was  it  done  in  frolick  or  humour,"  as  De 
Foe  tells  us,  "  btit  from  sheer  necessity,  the  way 
being  so  stiff  and  deep  that  no  horses  could  go  in 
it."  Knovvle  is  stated  to  have  been  given  by 
Queen  Elizabeth  to  the  Sackville  family,  "  on 
accoimt  of  the  foul  ways  in  Sussex,"  which  made 
access  toBuckhurst,  their  Sussex  residence,  nearly 
impracticable  in  winter.  And  so  late  as  the  year 
1818  (adds  Mr.  Turner),  Bishop  Buckner  thought 
it  necessary  to  advise  a  gentleman,  whom  he  had 
ordained  in  the  November  of  that  year  as  curate 
of  AValdron,  to  lose  no  time  in  going  there,  for  in 
the  course  of  a  very  short  time  he  would  find  it 
impossible  to  do  so.  Since  then,  however,  the 
good  folks  of  Sussex  have  mended  their  ways,  and 
a  bad  road  is  now  the  exception,  and  not  the  rule 
there  as  elsewhere. 

Of  the  various  interesting  archfcological  disco- 
veries which  have  been  made  in  Sussex  since  the 
pubhcation  of  the  last  volume  only  some  are  men- 
tioned iu  the  present  volume.  We  are  glad  to 
know  that  others  will  be  more  fully  detailed  in 
next  year's  collection.  These  discoveries  include 
the  remarkable  find  of  3,000  pennies  of  Edward 
the  Confessor  and  Harold  at  AVashington  (no- 
ticed in  thcBuiLDiNO  NEWsatthe  time),  and  the  re- 
cently disclosed  mural  paintings  in  Plumpton 
Church  ;  the  discovery  of  Anglo-Saxon  masonry 
in  the  church  of  Lurgashali,  now  rmdergoing  pre- 
servation, and  the  noteworthy  collection  of  thir- 
teenth century  pottery,  lately  brought  to  light  at 
Horsham  by  Mr.  Honywood.  Here  we  have  in 
store  a  treat  sufficiently  toothsome  to  make 
archKologists  in  general  look  forward  to  the  publi- 
cation of  the  twentieth  volume  of  this  important 
society's  collections  with  no  small  interest. 


THE    WROXETER    EXCAVATIONS. 

THE  excavations  of  the  ruins  of  the  ancient 
city  of  Uriconium,  near  Shrewsbury,  resumed 
about  three  months  ago,  has  again  been  interrupted 
by  the  exhaustion  of  the  funds  placed  at  the  dis- 
posal of  the  committee.  Dviring  the  progress  of  the 
work,  which  has  been  carried  on  under  the  personal 
superintendence  of  I>r.  Henry  Johnson,  the  efforts 
of  the  excavators  were  directed  towards  the  clear- 
ance of  the  ground  in  the  vicinity  of  the  room 
known  to  archocologists  as  "  the  enamellers'  work- 
shop," and  immediately  adjoining  it  a  similar 
apartment34ft.  long  by  32ft. wide,  has  been  brought 
to  light.  In  the  centre  is  the  base  of  a  square 
column  of  stone  and  mortar,  apparently  the  re- 
mains of  a  pillar  which  supported  the  roof,  and  in 
one  corner  arc  a  couple  of  forges.  The  room  open- 
ing out  into  Watling  street,  was  entered  by  large 
folding  doors,  the  sockets  for  which  still  remain  in 
the  walls.  The  floor,  which  has  been  neither 
Bagged  nor  paved,  is  laid  with  fine  red  sand,  and 
the  numerous  pieces  of  "slag,"  or  iron  fused  with 
some  vitrifying  substance,  which  lie  about  support 
the  theory  that  this,  like  the  adjoining  room,  was 
used  by  its  former  occupants  as  a  smith's  work- 
shop. Running  parallel  with  the  northern  boun- 
dary of  this  apartment  is  the  "  old  wall,"  a  massive 
fragment  of  masonry,  which,  standing  boldly  out 
from  the  level  ground,  has  for  ages  marked  the 
site  of  the  buried  city.  The  continuance  west- 
ward of  this  wall  the  excavators  have  laid  bare  to 
its  foundation  10ft.  below  the  surface  of  the  earth 
aud  have  revealed  the  fact  that  it  served  the  se- 
condary purpose  of  a  drain,  a  wide  hollow   .space 


being  left  in  the  masonry,  with  which  there  13 
every  reason  to  believe  the  drain  of  the  latrina 
and  those  of  all  other  adjacent  buildings  were 
connected.  The  old  wall,  which  archajologistj 
agree  in  regarding  as  the  outer  wall  of  the  ba.silica 
of  Uriconium,  is  a  splendid  specimen  of  Roman 
masonry,  being  as  even  and  finished  in  its  work- 
manship in  the  foundation  as  it  is  iu  the  upper 
portion.  A  large  number  of  miscellaneous  articles 
of  property  have  been  dug  up,  the  latrina  as  usual 
proAung  the  most  fruitful  mine.  Among  the  trea- 
sure trove  may  be  mentioned  coins  of  the  reigns 
of  Hadrian,  Trajan,  and  Constantino,  a  bronze 
fibula,  portion  of  a  sword  hilt,  also  of  bronze  and 
cast  in  the  representation  of  a  lion's  hea<l,  nu. 
merous  fragments  of  a  Samian  wine-bowl,  orna- 
mented with  curious  figures  in  relief,  hair  pins, 
fragments  of  pottery,  and  a  long  slender 
bone,  hollow  throughout,  smooth  at  the  extremi- 
tiee  and  carved  on  the  surface.  What  use  in  the 
domestic  economy  of  the  Romans  this  latter  ar- 
ticle served  has  greatly  puzzled  such  savants  as 
have  had  the  opportunity  of  examining  it,  but  the 
most  probable  conjecture  is  that  it  was  regarded 
as  a  charm.  The  prize  of  highest  value,  how-, 
ever,  was  a  small  red  cornelian  stone,  about  aii 
eighths  of  an  inch  in  length,  aud  oval  in  shape- 
In  the  centre,  deeply  engraved,  was  a  design  com- 
posed of  a  goblet,  on  each  side  of  which  a  bird,  of 
a  species  which,  if  faithfully  represented,  is  un- 
known to  modern  ornithology,  stood  perched  on  a 
round  stand.  From  the  bill  of  each  there  issued 
a  stream  of  liquid  which  flowed  into  the  goblet, 
This  treasure  was  placed  in  the  Wroxeter  Museum, 
at  Shrewsbury,  but  it  proved  too  much  for  soma- 
antiquarian  more  enthusiastic  than  honest,  and  to 
thegreat  grief  of  its  custodians  it  disappeared  within 
a  week  of  its  being  deposited  there.  Fortunately 
an  impression  in  wax  had  been  previously  taken, 
and  it  may  have  been  this  circumstance  that  sug- 
gested to  Dr.  Johnson  the  idea  that  the  stone  set 
iu  metal  had  been  worn  as  a  signet  ring. 


GLASGOW  ARCHITECTirRAL   SOCIETy. 

A  MEETING  of  the  members  of  the  Glasgow' 
Architectural  Society  was  held  last  week, 
in  the  "Society's  rooms,  Bath-street,  John  Honey- 
man,  jun.,  Esq.,  President,  in  the  chair.  The 
minutes  of  last  meeting  were  confirmed,  and  se- 
veral new  members  enrolled.  Mr.  Bromhead, 
architect,  laid  before  the  meeting  a  letter  he  had 
received  from  a  firm  in  town,  who  8up])ly  up- 
holstery, &c.,  for  houses,  in  which  they  say  "  being 
well  aware  how  frequently  a  recommendation 
from  yourself  has  decided  who  should  supply 
carpets  and  general  upholstery,  we  ask  the  favour 
of  your  allowing  us  to  send  samples  and  estimate 
for  any  house-furnishing  in  which  you  may  in- 
terest yourself.  We  make  an  allowance  in  your 
favour  of  5  per  cent,  on  the  gross  amount  of  all 
accounts  with  which  you  may  entrust  us." 
Several  of  the  architects  present  stated  that  they 
had  sometimes  received  similar  applications,  which 
they  had  always  treated  with  contempt.  On  the 
motion  of  Mr.  Bromhead,  seconded  by  Mr.  Alex- 
ander Thomson,  the  meeting  unanimously  agreed 
in  expressing  their  unqualified  condemnation  of 
the  proposals  contained  in  the  said  letter. 


la 


^11 


2V 


THE  INSTITUTION  OF  CIVIL  ENGINEEBS. 

AT  the  ordinary  general  meeting  on  Tuesday, 
the  19th  inst.,  Mr.  John  Fowler,  Presi- 
dent, iu  the  chair,  it  was  announced  that  the 
Council,  acting  under  the  provisions  of  Section  IV. 
of  the  Bye-Laws,  had  that  day  admitted  the  fol- 
lowing candidates  as  Students  of  the  Institu- 
tion:—  James  Abernethy,  jun.;  Francis  Heniy 
Ashhurst,  Edward  William  Baylis,  Edward  Bajal- 
gette,  Nathaniel  St.  Bernard  Beardmore,  Henry 
Percy  Boulnois,  Edwin  Lane  Campbell,  David  j. 
Alexander  Carr,  Frank  Cheesman,  John  Charles  f,"' 
Coode,  Charles  Edward  Cowper,  John  Harcombe 
Cox,  James  Murray  Dobson,  Edwin  Noel  Ed- 
dowes,  John  Breedon  Everard,  Charles  Richard 
Fenwick,  Charles  Flood,  Walter  Foster,  Thomas 
Robert  Gainsford,  John  Baron  Hyde  fJandy, 
Herbert  Thomas  Hare,  Owen  Jones,  William 
Hubert  ICiuch,  Charles  Henry  Grey  JenkinsoD, 
Charles  Le  Lievi'e,  Frederick  Gother  Maun, 
William  Joseph  Marshall,  Henry  Thomas  Mun- 
day,  John  Newman,  Phillip  Algernon  Herbeit 
Noyes,  William  Partridge,  George  James  Per- 
ram,  John  Kirby  Rodwell,  Robert  Baxter  Rose, 
William  Shield,  George  Shortrede,  Richard  Hom- 
bersley   Tomlins,    Douglas    D'Arcy  Wilberforo* 


d 


i 


November  29,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


819 


eitch,  William  Henry  Venables,  Richard  War- 
bvirtou,  Walter  Frank  Waterfall,  Thomas  Robert 
Watts,  Hubert  Fiederick  Eardley  Wilmot,  and 
Francis  Wentworth  Smijth  Windham. 


WATER   SUPPLY    AND    SA^^TARY 
MATTERS. 

The  severe  visitation  of  cholera  from  which 
the  inhabitants  of  Swansea  suffered  last  year 
caused  tlieni  to  set  about  a  vigoroiia  sanitary 
reform.  The  good  results  are  already  apparent. 
The  report  of  the  medical  officer  for  the  three 
months  ending  with  September  testifies  to  the 
present  satisfactory  state  of  the  health  of  the 
town.  The  deaths  registered  during  that  period 
ire  2'21  out  of  a  population  of  about  50,000, 
giving  an  annual  rate  for  the  quarter  of  inider 
18  per  1,000.  This,  comp.ared  with  the  death 
rate  of  the  entire  town  population  of  England 
ind  Wales— 2-2-4  per  1,000;  or,  with  that  of 
she  ten  large  English  towns,  2.3-S  per  1,000— 
Dlaces  Swansea  in  a  very  enviable  position  as 
jne  of  the  healthiest  towns  of  the  last  quarter. 

The  Pollution  of  Rivers  Commissioners  paid  a 
risit  last  week  to  Bolton  for  the  purpose  of 
inspecting  the  condition  of  the  Croal  and  its 
tributary  streams  the  Tong,  Bradshaw  Brook, 
Middle  Brook,  and  others,  comprising  in  all  a 
water  shed  extending  over  an  area  of  fifty  square 
niles.  Accompanied  by  some  of  the  corporation 
ihey  proceeded  to  inspect  the  Croal  at  some  of  its 
vorst  points.  Samples  of  the  water  were  taken 
it  ditlerent  place.'),  and  the  party  returned  to  the 
lorporation  oflices. 

M.vr.VLEDO^JE. —  Dr.  Whitmore,  in  his  last 
nonthly  report,  says,  during  the  past  month  an 
musual  quantity  of  fish,  in  a  semi-putrid  condi- 
:ion,  has  been  destroyed  by  the  Inspector  of 
JIuisances.  The  practice  which  prevails  of  hur- 
•iedly  selling  large  quantities  of  the  cheapest 
dnds  of  fish  at  what  are  termed  Dutch  auctions 
n  Billingsgate  market,  seems  to  preclude  the 
icssibility  of  its  quality  being  properly  inspected 
)y  the  market  authorities ;  and  hence  it  is  that 
n  all  the  poorer  and  densely  populated  districts 
'f  London,  immense  quantities  are  sold  alto- 
;ether  unfit  for  human  consumption.  I  believe 
.hat  a  large  amount  of  the  diarrhoea  which  has 
wevailed  in  this  parish  during  the  past  three 
Donths  has  been  produced  by  stale  or  unsound 
ish,  and  I  am  fortified  in  that  opinion  by  what 
laa  happened  within  my  own  personal  know- 
edge.  It  may  entail  some  additional  trouble 
ipon  the  authorities  of  the  Billingsgate  market 
^0  inspect  the  fish  sold  at  these  auctions,  but  a 
iroper  regard  for  the  health  of  the  public,  more 
■specially  of  the  poor,  renders  this  an  imperative 
luty. 

KoTTiNT.nAM. — The  sanitary  condition  of  Xot- 
.ingham  is  improving.  AYe  find  from  the  report 
)f  the  sanitary  committee,  just  sent  to  us,  that 
he  mortality  has  been  less  by  277  during  the 
rear  ending  October,  1S67,  than  it  was  during 
,he  preceding  year.  Infantile  diseases  have  re- 
:ently  materially  diminished  in  the  town.  No 
loubt  this  satisfactory  state  of  things  is  trace- 
ible  to  a  consideralde  extent  to  the  diligence  of 
he  sanitary  authorities  of  the  place.  Particular 
ittention  has  been  paid  to  the  removal  of  the 
jight  soil.  Some  time  since  we  called  particular 
ittention  to  the  mode  of  constructing  privies 
md  ashpits  in  this  town.  Experience  has  de- 
oioustrated  their  utility. 


^uilbhig  liitclligcitCL 


OHUltCHES    AND     CHAPELS. 

Last  week  the  foundation  stone  of  a  new  United 
Presbyterian  church  was  laid  at  Milnathorp, 
(f.B.  It  is  in  the  Gothic  style,  and  will  contain 
550  sittings.     The  estimated  cost  is  £'2,.300. 

The  heritors  of  Jedburgh  are  considering  the 
propriety  of  building  a  new  church.  The  present 
church  occupies  the  west  end  of  the  nave  of  the 
ibbey,  one  of  the  finest  ruins  of  the  country.  The 
Marquis  of  Lothian,  the  proprietor  of  the  ruins, 
jas  said  that  if  the  parish  will  assess  itself  for 
£3,000  or  £4,000  towards  the  erection  of  a  ne;^' 
;hurch  he  will  find  a  like  sum. 

The  foundation  stone  of  a  new  Wesleyan  Me- 
.hodist  chapel  was  laid  at  York,  on  Wednesday 
ast.  The  cost  of  the  building  will  be  about 
:2,000.    Mr.  Edward  Taylor  is  the  architect. 


The  church  of  St.  Mary-le-Bow,  Cheapside,  was 

opened  on  Sunday  last,  after  restoration.  The 
alterations  consist  of  the  remov.al  of  the  galleries, 
the  re-flooring  and  re-pewing  of  the  church,  the 
reconstruction  and  removal  of  the  organ  to  its 
proper  position  at  the  north-east  corner  of  the 
church,  and  the  cutting  down  the  addition  made 
in  1705  to  the  reredos.  The  cost  isabout  £1,SOO, 
and  the  church  will  now  accommodate  .about  400 
persons.  Mr.  G.  L.  Pedley  w.is  the  architect, 
and  Messrs.  Browne  and  Robinson  were  the  con- 
tractors. 

The  chief  slone  of  a  new  church  has  been  laid 
at  Lee,  liuckinghamshire.  The  plan  consists  of 
a  nave  4Uft.  Icmg  and  21. J  ft.  wide,  chancel  21ft. 
long  and  10ft.  wide,  with  vestry  and  south  porch. 
The  contract  for  the  first  portion  of  the  works 
amounts  to  .£1,0(55.  Mr.  Augustus  Frere  is  the 
architect,  and  Mr.  James  Honour,  of  Tring,  is  the 
builder. 

A  new  Presbyterian  ch\irch  was  opened  at 
Howden  (Newcastle)  on  Tuesday.  The  style  is 
Gothic,  brick  being  the  principal  material  used, 
with  stone  dressings.  The  dimensions  are,  length 
75ft.,  width  45ft.,  height  about  23ft.  The  cost  is 
rather  over  £1,200,  and  the  building  will  seat 
about  400.     Mr.  J.  Angus  is  the  contractor. 

The  parish  church  of  Whitnash,  near  Leaming- 
ton, is  being  restored  and  altered  under  the  super- 
intendence of  Mr.  Gilbert  Scott.  The  whole  of 
the  porch  has  been  completed  except  the  roof. 
The  building  Ls  to  bo  entirely  reseated.  Mr.  Bal- 
lard, of  Leamington,  is  the  contractor. 

The  meetings  of  the  Incorporated  Society  for 
Promoting  the  Enlai-gement,  Building,  and  Repair- 
ing of  Churches  and  Chapels  have  been  resumed, 
and  the  first  for  the  present  session  was  held  on 
Monday,  at  the  society's  house.  No.  7,  Whitehall, 
S.W.  Grants  of  money  amounting  to  £078  were 
made  in  aid  of  various  churches.  It  was  made  a 
matter  for  regret  at  this  meeting  that  the  finances 
had  not  been  augmented,  as  it  was  hoped  they 
would  have  been,  during  the  recess,  and  an 
earnest  hope  was  once  more  expressed  that  the 
forthcoming  year  of  the  society's  jubilee  would 
witness  a  great  increase  in  its  resources,  the 
claims,  on  account  of  the  increased  growth  of  the 
population  throughout  the  kingdom,  becoming 
every  month  more  urgent. 

BUILDINGS. 

With  a  view  to  obviating  the  expense  and 
lengthened  sea  voyage  incident  to  the  conveyance 
of  invalid  troops  from  India  to  England,  her 
Majesty's  Government  have  decided  to  build  an 
hospital  at  Suez,  in  the  vicinity  of  a  similar 
hospital  already  erected  there  by  the  French  Go- 
vernment. The  windows,  fire-places,  and  wood- 
work are  got  ready  in  England,  and  transported 
as  portable  ])ackages,  so  as  to  be  fitted  together  on 
arriving  at  Suez  with  the  least  possible  delay. 

The  Metropolitan  Board  of  Works  are  increasing 
and  rebuilding  the  Fire  Brigade  stations.  A  new 
station  is  to  be  erected  in  Southwark-street,  at 
the  corner  of  Gravel-lane,  and  another  at  Duffield- 
road.  Bow. 

The  Town  Council  of  Bristol  have  decided  to 
adopt  the  report  of  the  Improvement  Committee, 
recommending  the  adoption  of  schemes  of  street 
improvements  at  a  total  estimated  cost  of 
£1.30,000. 

The  fortifications  on  the  Steep  Holmes,  in  the 
Bristol  Channel,  are  in  an  advanced  state,  and 
operations  are  shortly  to  be  commenced  on  the 
Flat  Holmes.  The  sum  of  £4,000  has  been 
granted  for  the  construction  of  barracks  on  Brean 
Down.  The  officers'  quarters  in  this  commanding 
situation  have  just  been  finished,  and  when  the 
b.arracks  are  up  we  shall  have  a  most  complete 
battery  establishment  for  the  defence  of  the 
Channel. 

On  Tuesday  a  large  body  of  workmen  began  the 
construction  of  an  incline  commencing  on  the 
south  side  of  St  Peter's  Church,  Farringdon  road, 
which,  crossing  the  new  street  leading  to  the  new 
dead  meat  and  poultry  market,  will  terminate  on 
the  west  side  of  the  viaduct.  The  works  for  the 
construction  of  this  great  national  imdertaking 
are  in  rapid  progress,  and  the  workmen  are  en- 
gaged night  .and  day  by  relays,  who  work  at  night 
by  gashght.  The  piei-s  of  the  viaduct  across  Far- 
ringdon-street  will  be  faced  with  white  Purbeck 
stone,  and  this  section  will  be  ornamented  by  a 
light  iron  balustrade,  which  will  give  to  this  other- 
wise heavy  mass  of  brickwork  a  light  and  hand- 
some appearance  as  approached  from  Fleet-street 
or  Farringdon-road. 


SuDBURT. — The  foundation  stone  of  St.  Leo- 
nard's Hospital,  Suffolk,  w.as  laid  on  Friday  last,  No- 
vember 15,  by  Major  Parker,  JI.P.  The  building  is 
being  erected  on  an  eminence  at  the  entrance  to 
the  borough  of  Sudbury,  and  will  command  a  line 
view  down  the  valley  of  the  Stour.  It  will  aflord 
accommodation  for  twenty  patients.  The  neces- 
sity of  such  a  building  has  long  been  felt,  as  Sud- 
bury id  10  miles  distant  from  any  general  hospital. 
The  building  is  faced  with  red  bricks,  and  the 
whole  expenditure,  including  land,  is  not  exiiected 
to  exceed  £1,100,  three  fourths  of  which  has 
already  been  promised.  Mr.  Salter,  of  Sudbury 
and  London,  is  the  architect.  The  hospital  is 
named  after  a  local  charity,  from  which  an  annual 
income  of  between  £40  and  .£50  will  be  obtained. 


TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 

To  Our  RKADnii.*?. — Wo  sliall  feci  obliged  to  any  of  our 
re,idL'r3  who  will  favour  ua  with  brief  uotca  of  works  cou- 
tiiniplatcd  or  in  progress  iu  tho  provinces. 

Letters  rel.itiiig  to  advertisements  and  the  onliuiry  busi- 
ness of  the  Taper  sbonid  Ik)  addres^^ed  to  the  EDITOH, 
31,  TAVISTOCK  STliEKT,  COVK.NT  GARDEN,  W.O. 

Advertisements  for  the  ciu-rent  week  must  roach  tho 
office  befure  5  o'clock  pin.  on  Tlniruday. 

NoTii-E.— Tho  nUILDIKG  NKWS  inserts  advertise- 
ments for  "  SITUATIONS  WANTED,"  &c.,  at  ONB 
SHILLING  for  the  first  Twenty- foiu-  Words. 


Received.— L.  and  Co.— A.  C.  and  Co.— E.  W.  G.— 
J.  C.  J.— W.  and  B.— A.  C.  F.— E.  W.  P.— T.  II.  L.— 
T.  J.  S.— W.  S.— Dr.  .1.  W.  n.— C.  A.-J.  H.— M.  1!.— 
U.  T.  D.— T.  S.  JI.— B.  and  S.  M.— J.  and  E.  O.-R.  P.  S. 
— J.  II.  B  ,  send  postage  stamps. — J.  G. — R.  M.  B. — J.  L. 
— E.  A,  II.— R.  F.  E.-L.  and  S.— D.  H.  and  J.  N.— 
C.  .lud  W.  W.— F.  T.— E.  A.  H. 

.\8  "  Mutual  Aid  "  tlireatens  to  occupy  much  more  spaco 
than  we  intended,  we  shall  iu  future  eudeavour  to  answer 
many  of  tho  ([ucstious  iu  this  part  of  the  paper. 

.1.  A.  —  See  [4041  Intercommunication. 

"  Enquirer."— Write  to  the  Secretary  of  Royal  Irish 
Agricultural  Society,  Sackville-street,  Dublin. 

*■  ENyiREa.'*— Write  Secretary  to  the  Royal  Agricultur.al 
Society. 

"A  Surscriber"  is  informed  th.at  the  iu'ticles  referred 
to  were  unavoidably  omitted  at  the  date  mentioned. 


Corrcspankitce. 


TRINITY-SQUARE,  TOWERHILL. 

To  the  Editor  of  the  Buildinq  Nkws. 

Sir, — I  know  of  no  better  meiUum  than  your 
columns  for  directing  the  attention  of  the  proper 
authorities — whoever  they  may  be — to  the  dis- 
graceful and  dangerous  condition  of  the  roadways 
and  pavements  in  the  above-named  locality.  Some 
years  ago  a  thoroughfare  for  vehicular  traffic  was 
opened  between  Great  and  Little  Tower-hills  by 
means  of  a  passage  known  as  George-street,  and 
which  runs  in  a  line  nearly  parallel  with  the 
ancient  Pastern-row.  This  arrangement  might 
have  constituted  a  great  public  convenience  had  it 
been  properly  effected.  Unfortunately,  however, 
the  .approaches  both  to  Postern-row  and  George- 
street  were  .allowed  to  rem-iin,  as  they  had  been 
for  years  previously,  iu  a  state  totally  unfit  for  the 
transit  of  horses  .and  carriages,  and  full  of  holes 
and  pitfalls  caused  by  the  unequal  subsidence  of  the 
paving.  Consequences  which  must  have  been 
foreseen,  and  which  ought  to  have  been  prevented 
by  those  who  ordered  the  opening  up  of  the 
thoroughfare,  have  followed.  Accidents  of  a  more 
or  less  serious  character — and  which  will  probably 
culminate  one  day  iu  a  fatal  disaster — are  con- 
tinually occurring  at  these  points.*  Surely,  Sir, 
the  responsibility  for  this  highly  discreditable 
state  of  things  must  rest  somewhere  ?  Are  there 
DO  means  of  affixing  the  blame  on  the  guilty 
parties,  and  of  compelling  the  reparation  of  these 
most  unsafe  approaches  ?  I  write  principally  in 
the  int.;rests  of  the  public  ;  but  when  I  tell  you 
that  I  am  myself  suffering  severely  from  the 
effects  of  an  accident  resulting  entirely  from  this 
culpable  negligence  on  the  part  of  the  authorities 
to  whom  I  have  referred,  you  will  admit  that  I 
have  an  especial  ground  of  complaint  on  my  own 
account  against  them.  Returning,  not  very 
long  since,  in  a  Hansom  cab,  from  the  West- 
end,  I  was,  just  bcr'ore  reaching  George  street, 
thrown  f orwanl  with  great  violence  by  the  sudden 
fall  of  the  horse.  Jly  head  wiis  d.xshed  through 
the  glass  weather-guard  of  the  cab — which  was 
shaken  down  by  the  concussion— and  fearfully 
lacerated.     My  right  eye  escaped  being  cut  out  by 


«  It  is  not  long  since  that  tho  carriage  of  the  Prince  of 
Wales,  while  convoying  Uis  Royal  Highness  to  a  Trinity 
House  banquet,  was  damaged  by  being  jolted  over  the 
paviug  iu  Trinity-square. 


■l 


8:^0 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


November  22,  1867. 


little  less  than  a  miracle,  for  a  coruer  of  the 
broken  glass  entering  just  above  it,  inflicted  a  deep 
wound  of  nearly  an  inch  in  length.  A  scar  on  my 
forehead  betokens  the  force  of  the  blow  I  received, 
and  my  right  arm  is  still  painful  from  its  effects. 
The  surgeon  who  has  attended  me  is  of  opinion 
that  I  ah.all  not  gain  the  free  use  of  the  latter  for 
many  months  to  come.  So  far  as  the  injuries  to 
my  forehead  are  concerned,  the  marks  of  them 
will,  I  am  told,  "be  carried"  by  me  "to  my  grave." 

On  examining  subsequently  the  precise  spot 
where  the  casualty  took  place,  its  cause  was  appa- 
rent enough.  The  poor  horse  had  missed  its  foot- 
ing in  one  of  the  series  of  basin-like  hollows 
which  abound  in  the  locality. — I  am,  &c., 

Joseph  Newton. 

Koyal  Mint,  November  20. 


THE  PALACE  OP  WESTMINSTER. 

Sib, — In  your  review  of  my  pamphlet  in  last 
week's  Building  News,  I  was  somewhat  sur- 
prised to  Bnd  that  you  should  have  thought  it 
necessary  to  join  with  the  "  Times"  in  depreciat- 
ing the  building  to  which  the  book  refers.  Such 
views,  however  much  they  may  influence  public 
opinion,  cannot  alter  facts.  The  Palace  of 
Westminster,  as  I  have  before  remarked,  is  a 
building  sui  generis ;  and,  with  all  its  faults,  it  is, 
from  beginning  to  end,  an  original  conception. 
Its  parts,  even  to  the  minutest  details,  are  always 
portions  of  a  wliole.  Harmony  pervades  the  en- 
tire work.  All  that  is  there  bears  an  indelible 
mark  of  belonging  to  itself.  From  base  to  cornice 
everything  possesses,  to  the  fullest  extent,  an 
individuality  of  its  own.  Can  all  this  be  said  of 
anything  we  have  seen  lately  ?  Can  it  be  said  of 
of  Mr.  Burges's  gaudy  patchwork  drawings  for 
the  New  Law  Courts,  which  are,  after  all,  nothing 
but  a  well  illustrated  cyclopaedia  of  architectural 
falsehoods  and  deformities  in  construction,  and  to 
which  your  reviewer  refers  in  such  a  tone  of 
triumph  ?  No.  Since  the  designs  for  the  Houses 
of  Parliament  were  produced,  nothing  has  been 
done  to  equal,  or  even  come  near,  their  imperfect 
perfection.  We  have  had  clotted  reproductions 
by  the  bushel,  but  of  pure  design  in  any  style — 
none. 

Had  my  father's  original  proposal  of  raising  the 
building  to  the  level  of  Somerset  House  been 
carried  out,  the  Westminster  Palace  would  stand 
alone  the  most  admired — as  it  is  now  the  most 
ingenious — modern  work  in  Europe. ^I  am,  &c., 

Welbt  Pugin. 

The  Grange,  Ramsgate,  November  21. 


ARCHITECTURAL  EDUCATION. 

Sir, — At  the  meeting  of  the  Architectural  Asso- 
ciation, Mr.  R.  P.  Spiers  spoke  on  the  subject  of 
architectural  education.  He  says:  "The  first  year 
(of  pupilage)  might  be  spent  in  making  up  for  that 
deficiency  of  scientific  teaching  so  much  to  be 
deplored  in  our  schools  and  colleges  by  following 
the  courses  of  lectures  at  King's  and  University 
Colleges,  drawing  from  the  cast  at  the  Archi- 
tectural Museum,  and — when  established — attend- 
ing an  elementary  course  of  architectural  design. 
The  next  three  years  should  be  spent  in  office, 
learning  practical  work  four  days  out  of  the  six, 
the  other  two  days  being  devoted  to  the  getting 
out  of  competition  drawings  for  various  medals 
and  prizes.  The  fifth  year  might  be  spent  in 
travelling  and  in  prejiaration  for  the  voluntary 
examination  of  the  Institute,  which  might  be 
supposed  to  terminate  theoretically  the  archi- 
tectural student's  education.  Now,  such  a  pro- 
gramme as  this,  which  I  throw  out  as  a  suggestion 
only,  is  one  which  is  perfectly  feasible  in  the  pre- 
sent day."  All  this  would  be  hailed  with  rejoicing 
by  architectur.al  students,  and  would,  doubtless, 
be  the  means  of  raising  art  to  a  higher  position, 
but,  unfortunately  for  the  programme,  there  are 
t?vo  parties  to  the  question — architects  as  well  as 
pupils.  If  architects  would  scarcely  entertain  the 
idea  of  sending  away  their  pupils  for  the  first 
year,  much  less  would  they  do  so  the  fifth  year, 
when  the  pupil  would  be  of  real  value  and  ser- 
vice to  him.  Consequently,  before  this  part  of 
the  programme  can  be  made  practicable,  we  must 
have  colleges  and  museums  in  every  large  town. 

Before  architectural  education  can  become  of 
much  practical  value  it  must  be  universal.  Insti- 
tutes and  associations  must  step  beyond  the  nar- 
row ground  of  teaching  London  pupils  only;  there 
are  ten  times  as  many  pupils  in  the  provinces,  each 
one  of  whom  requires  as  much  teaching  in  matters 
of  art  as  Londoners,  since  they  have  not  so  many 
opportunities  for  self -instruction. 

In  connection  with  the  remarks  made  on  medals 


and  prizes  at  the  Royal  Institute  of  British  Ar- 
chitects, take  the  Soane  medallion  intended 
originally  for  the  encouragement  of  the 
younger  members  of  the  profession.  To  com- 
pete for  this,  at  least  nine  drawings  must  be  pre- 
pared. The  elevations  to  cover  the  space  required 
must  be,  say,  200ft.  and  120ft.  long.  Ten  months 
only  are  given  for  their  preparation,  and  that  to 
those  who  can  only  devote  their  time  to  them  after 
ofinoe  hours.  The  result  is  there  is  no  real  com- 
petition. Those  who  have  won  the  medallion  have 
not  done  so  in  the  face  of  the  whole  profession, 
for  the  very  terms  imposed  bar  out  the  majority. 
If  the  Institute  would  reduce  the  number  of 
drawings  to  three  or  four,  and  let  each  subject 
stand  on  the  paper  for  two  years  instead  of  one, 
there  would  then  not  be  such  lifeless  inactivity 
about  it. 

Thus  the  Institute  shows  the  amount  of  en 
couragement  to  be  expected  from  it,  and  also  by 
sending  out  a  commission  to  enquire  into  and  re- 
port on  architectural  education,  the  same  com- 
mission never  meeting  at  all.  Architectural  en- 
couragement is  quite  as  much  wanted  as  architec- 
tural education ;  it  matters  little  who  are  the 
patrons,  and  all  who  really  desire  the  welfare  of 
art  cannot  do  better  thau  lend  a  helping  hand. 
Schools  of  science  and  art  in  every  important 
town  are  waiting  for  assistance.  If  the 
"  F.R.B.I.A.  "  take  any  interest  in  architectural 
education,  let  them  show  it ;  meanwhile,  no  In- 
stitution or  association  need  bend  their  brows 
and  vomit  indignation  at  the  attempt  at  South 
Kensington,  while  they  themselves  do  nothing. — 
I  am,  &c.,  J.  H. 

WINDOW    GARDENS. 

Sir, — External  window  gardens  are  now  sn  common  in 
England  that  it  is  time  architects  incorporated  them  in 
their  designs  for  villas  and  cottages.  At  present  they  dis- 
figure rather  than  improve  the  appearance  of  houses.  If 
we  w.ander  through  Belgravia  or  any  modern  locality  we 
.shall  find  at  least  half  the  dwellings  with  windows  blocked 
up  by  rude  unsightly  temporary  boxes,  eiach  vieiug  with 
the  other  for  unsightliness  and  for  blocking  out  the  day- 
light. We  find  that  the  builder  has  gone  to  the  e.tpense 
of  glazing  the  windows  with  plate  glass,  about  a  fourth 
of  which  is  rendered  useless  by  the  tenant's  questionable 
adornments  to  them.  Provision  for  window  gardens  is, 
therefore,  a  want  that  should  be  provided  by  the  builder. 
The  want  has  been  partially  met  by  the  balcony,  or  pro- 
jecting shelf-like  sill,  but  the  same  rude  box  is  placed 
upon  them  to  hide  the  lower  part  of  the  glass  and  obstruct 
the  light. 

There  are  various  ways  in  which  the  window  garden 
may  be  architecturally  treate'l,  but  a  hint  m.ay  be  gleaned 
from  the  accompanying  sketch.      It  will  be  seen  that  the 

1 


ordinary  window  sill  ia  entirely  abanJiujed,  aud  a  box 
substituied  in  its  place,  running  under  the  woodwork  of 
the  window  till  it  meets  the  internal  plastering,  or  what 
joiners  call  the  window  liack.  Thereby  some  of  the  heat 
of  the  room  is  imparted  to  the  Howera,  and  when  the  tire- 
place  is  situated  near  the  window  the  heat  would  assist  to 
make  a  miniature  conservatory. — I  am,  &c., 

T.  J.  S. 

MR.  CONTBEARE  ON  LONDON  ARCHITECTURE. 
Sir, — In  reference  to  Mr.  Conybeare's  article,  I  beg  to 
suggest  certain  queries : — Is  a  polished  surface  very  plea- 
sant to  look  at  on  a  large  scale  ?  A  man's  eyes  are  jwlisbed, 
but  how  would  he  look  if  his  whole  body  were  the  same  ? 
Enamelled  surfaces  chip  and  become  ugly— they  are  also 
affected  by  London  soot  and  dust — they  do  become  cor- 
roded—how would  they  look  in  thirty  yeai-s  ?  After  all, 
does  anything  clean  more  easily  than  red  brick  or  good 
stone  ?  Ab  to  the  forms  of  domestic  windows,  there  are 
three  ways  of  dealing  ^vith  the  pointed  window — 1.  To 
place  the  sash  frame  on  the  inside  without  reference  to  the 
pointed  form  of  arch.  2.  To  have  the  top  of  the  pointed 
arch  filled  with  fixed  glass,  and  to  have  the  sash  com- 
mencing at  the  springing.  ?>.  To  fill  up  the  top  of  the  arch 
from  the  springiug  with  solid  material.  All  these  methods 
are  certairdy  nothing  but  compromises.  The  pointed  arch 
is  only  suited  to  church  windows  where  the  glass  is  fixed. 
The  most  practical  forms  of  domestic  windows  are  the 
square  and  segmental  arches,  according  as  you  build  iu 
itoae  or  brick. — I  am,  &c.,  A.  B.  C. 


Iiitertomnuiiucatiflit. 


QUESTIONS. 

[flJP.l-SAWFILING.— Would  you,  or  any  of  your  cor-  l 
respondents  oblige  me  with  the  name  of  the  publisher  of  B«y 
"Holly's  Art  of  Saw  Filing,"   mentioned  in   Mr.  S.  W,  ^■ 
Worssam'a  paper  on  mechanical  saws?— A  Carpenter, 

[660.]— DRY  ROT.— A  gentleman,  about  twelve  monthB 
since,  found  in  one  of  his  dwelling  houses  tlie  dry  rot  iu 
the  floors  and  skirtings  and  door-posts.  Upon  examina- 
tion it  was  found  that  not  any  air  was  passing  under  the 
floors  ;  immediately  air  openings  were  put  in  the  external 
walls  and  the  parts  affected  by  the  dry  rot  removed,  but 
alas  !  tlie  evil  has  again  made  its  appearance.  Can  any  of 
your  many  readers  suggest  an  effectual  remedy,  and  so 
oblige  a  suffering  neighbour? — T.  P. 


[661.]— WARMING  BY  STEAM.— Will  you.  or  any  of 
your  correspondents,  kindly  iuform  me  what  is  the  mode 
of  calculating  the  length  and  size  of  pipe,  or  surface  area 
required,  in  warming  by  steam  any  room,  the  external 
temperature  of  the  air,  aud  the  temperature  to  be  main- 
tained in  the  building,  with  all  dimensions  being  given; 
how  will  the  calcidation  be  affected  by  the  area  of  glass  ia 
the  windows  and  roof;  likewise  the  amount  of  aii  es- 
caping by  ventilation,  and  how  can  I  ascertain  this  amount? 
How  IS  the  size  of  boiler  calculated,  and  what  pressure  of 
steam  should  be  maintained  in  the  pipes  under  these  calcu- 
lations?-F.  Hope. 


[Oii2.]-CONCRETE  BUILDINGS.— I  shall  be  glad  to 
learn  from  Mr.  Tall,  or  any  other  of  your  correspondents, 
what  is  the  composition  and  pioportions  of  the  concrete 
used  in  building  walls,  what  thickness  is  required  in  a 
wall  as  compared  with  brickwork,  what  experiments  have 
been  made  to  test  its  strength  or  power  of  resistance  to 
crushing,  and  if  it  may  be  safely  used  in  constructing 
arches,  in  which  case,  would  the  concrete  be  set  iu  wedge 
pieces  forming  voussoirs,  or  the  arch  be  made  in  a  piece  ?— 
F.  Hope. 

[663.J-ARCHITECTS'  CHARGES.— What  time  should 
be  occupied  in  travelling  to  entitle  an  architect  to  charge 
for  the  time  so  spent  according  to  No.  9  of  the  Institute 
scale,  and  to  be  a  "considerable  or  inconvenient  distance 
from  his  office?"  What  distance  maybe  considered  an  easy 
distance?  Surely  the  time,  aud  not  the  distance,  is  what 
is  intended  ;  as  in  some  cases  you  can  go  100  miles  direct 
in  the  same  time  that  it  would  t-ake  you  to  get  20  across 
country. — J.  G. 


« 


[OCi.]— MR.  BREMNER'S  PONTOONS.— Can  any  one  ,      , .. 
give  me  a  correct  idea  of  the  late  Mr.  Bremner's  plan  oft     git 
putting  in  the  foundations  of  low-water  piers.     I  have  seen  Y 
the  plan  mentioned  as  Mr.  Bremner's  pontoons. — C.  E. 

[665.]  — COMPETITION    FOR    LABOURERS'    COT-^   l.^' 
TAGES.-^WiU  you  oblige  by  informing  me  where  particu- 
lars of  the  competition  for  labourers' cottages  for  the  prize 
offered  by  the  Marquis  of  Abercorn,   through   the  Royal 
Agricxiltural  Society,  are  to  be  obtained? — J.  B.   CoRBy,  _' 
Stamford.  Nov.  19.  ^ 

[Write  to  the  secretary  of  the  Royal  Irish  AgricultuK 
Society,  Sack ville- street,  Dublin.] 


w^ 


RBV,^ 

ural|i 


[666.]— ST.  GILES*  SCHOOL,  ENDELL-STREET.— A 
great  deal  has  been  said  and  written  lately  on  Mr.  Barry's 
schools  in  EndeLl  street,  as  a  favourable  speciman  of  nine-  . 
teenth  century  Gothic.  Cau  anyone  inform  me  where 
illustrations  of  the  same  may  be  obtained? — J.  Hicks, 
Torquay. 

[See  Number  502  of  the  Building  News.] 


REPLIES. 

[545.]  — FRENCH  GOTHIC  ORNAMENT.  —  Prencl 
thirteenth  century  "  conventional  foliage"  ia  so  infinitely 
easier  to  mimic  than  English  of  that  age,  that  of  course 
the  fashion  may  still  be  expected  to  set  strongly  against 
the  sole  thing  in  which  our  ancestors  ever  excelled  the 
continent.  But,  for  a  provincial  in  London  to  seek  out, 
for  second-hand  study,  the  present  imitations  of  that 
whose  inferiority  alone  makes  it  imitated,  would  really 
beat  all  other  arguments  for  Darwinism  or  "the  apa  ■ 
origin  of  man"  that  I  have  yet  seen.  "Conventional 
foliage"  is  that  one  sole  matter  wherein  our  fathers,  of 
the  grand  age,  even  equalled — and  in  this  they  not  only 
ii|uaUed  but  far  excelled — the  French  of  that  time,  or 
perhaps  of  any  time  ;  for  as  far  as  my  observation  extends, 
no  Frenci  foliage  of  the  thirteenth  century  approaches  ia 
nobleness  and  variety  that  of  the  fifteenth.  But  our  Eng- 
lish of  the  former  age  is  aboveeither  in  grace  and  sweetness, 
and  more  varied  than  the  contemporary  French.  Let 
"A  Provincial  Architect's  Clerk"  copy  nothing  of  this 
kind  in  London  outside  Westminster  Abbey  ;  and  as  for 
coming  on  purpose,  he  had  far  better,  if  equally  near,  visit 
Lincoln,  Salisbury,  or  Ely.  The  second,  indeed,  is  so  in- 
dependent of  cawing  in  the  main  body  of  the  cathedial 
that  the  gems  are  hai'dly  known.  They  are  chiefly  in  the 
chapter  house,  the  early  bi-shops'  tombs  (of  which  some 
are  reproduced  at  the  Crystal  Palace),  and  the  north  minor 
transept  (now  morning  chapel)  into  which  Wyatt  removed 
vestiges  of  the  stone  choir  screen  coeval  with  the  building. 
At  Ely  some  of  the  finest  work  is  external,  on  the  east  end. 
-E.  L.  G.  __^_^ 

[566.]— CENTROLINEAD.— "W.  J.  E."  is  right,  aa  his 
new  diagram,  p.  7S3,  makes  clear  ;  for  a.s  all  angles  in  the 
segment  \'P  Pi  P-  are  equal  (Euclid  III.  21)  the  point  B 
of  VP  B  P~  may  travel  round  it,  and  tlio  blade,  if  at  any 
time  directed  to  VP,  wiil  always  be  so.  My  mistake  arose 
in  a  way  that  may  not  be  uuinstructive.  I  bad  used  the 
instrument  most  and  latest  for  drawing  not  radiated  Hnea 
but  circular  arcs,  namely,  the  parallels  of  latitude  for  maps. 
Now,  all  such,  by  whatever  pai-t  of  the  blade  described,  are 
of  coxirse  concentric  with  the  circle  of  "  W.  J.  E.'s"  dia- 
gram, and  I  doubt  if  there  is  one  of  your  readers  who, 
after  «o  employing  it,  would  imagine  straight  lines  drawn. 
by  it  could  radiate  from  another  point  than  the  common 
centre  of  all  these  arcs.  It  is  certainly  a  most  cujious 
property  of  three  straight  edges  thus  fixed  together,  that, 
be  their  angles  what  they  may,  on  keeping  two  against 
two^pins,  the  third  will  ajwaya  radiate  firom  a  third  point. 


^ 


fc 


November  22,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


821 


Kioolson's  way  of  setting,  as  copied  by  "W.  Penstone,"  is, 
of  course,  the  right  way.  There  is  no  need  for  the  actual 
VP  to  be  marked,  nor  for  P'  P-  to  be  equitlistiiiit  from  the 
horizon,  as  '•W.  J.  E."  implied.  I  still  hold  the  common 
way  of  connecting  the  three  rulers  is  weak,  and  two  bars 
diBtant  from  from  the  junction  would  be  preferable,  and 
that  the  obtuse-backed  T-square,  figured  p.  605,  is,  for  its 
erpenbe,  a  handier  perspective  instrument. — E.  L.  G. 

;  [566.] — The  following  simple  method  of  setting  this  ia- 
'gtmment  I  find  sutficieut.  Keferring  to  "  W.  Penstone's  " 
diagram,  p.  7;i9,  draw  AC  at  right  angles  to  the  horizontAl 
■lino,  make  the  points  A  and  C  equidistant  from  the  horizon. 
1  Place  the  arms  of  the  centroliuead  against  the  poiula  A 
.and  C,  and  the  centre  of  the  ruling  bhide  along  the  hori- 
lontalline,  then  make  the  angle  formed  by  the  arms  of 
the  centroliuead  more  or  less  obtuse  until  the  ceutre  of  the 
roUng  blade  radiate  with  A  B  and  C  D;  after  which  re- 
iBOve  the  pins  along  the  line  A  C  half  the  breadth  of  the 
ruling  blade,  and  the  instniment  would  bo  found  to  work 
oonrectly.  Would  "E.  L.  G."  please  to  state  at  what  dis- 
tance the  point  B  ought  to  be  from  A  on  the  line  AB  of 
diagram,  p.  729,  so  as  to  work  liis  method  at  page  747. — 
J.  M.  M.  

[574.]— THE  "LIMNER."— In  referring  to  my  books  I 
find  the  "  Limner  "  in  question  was  ordered  on  the  '2Jth 
of  June  last,  and  was  duly  forwarded  to  Mr.  Kieman  1 
am  not  responsible  for  parcels  miscarrying,  which  some- 
times arises  through  defective  addresses  being  furnished 
bj  my  correspondents.  I  beg  to  refer  your  readers  to  a 
raply  by  *'  Excelsior."'  in  your  issue  of  Oct.  4,  speaking  in 
Tery  different  terms  of  the  **  Limner." — -George  Bell 
(late  of  the  firm  of  Nash  and  Co.),  21,  Queen  Margaret- 
grove,  MUdmay-park,  Loudon,  Not.  21. 


'h 


[611.]— ESTniATING  CARPENTERS'  WORK  FROM 
HEWN  AND  CONVERTED  TIMBER.— However  ignorant 
architects  may  be  of  the  fact-s  adduced  on  this  interesting 
subject  by  "Mr.  Stevenson,"  practical  builders  have  long 
been  aware  that  converted  timber  is  much  cheaper  for  use 
io  small  scantlings  than  that  cut  from  balks.  Any  person 
■lay  convince  himself  of  the  extent  to  which  bailders  have 

ailed  themselves  of  this  advantage  who  will  take  the 
'trouble  to  examine  a  row  of  houses,  built  on  speculation, 
and  in  which  cheapness  is,  alas  I  the  first  of  all  considera- 
tions, where  I  will  venture  to  say  he  will  find  at  least 
Ibur-fifths  of  the  c;irpenters' work  cut  from  planks,  deals, 
and  battens.  As  further  bearing  on  this  question  I  may 
observe  that  I  have  found  on  several  occasions  where  tim- 
bers have  been  specified  4  x  3,  3  x  2i.  li  x  3,  and  other 
similar  scantlings,  on  the  supposition  that  they  would  be 
eut  from  balks,  builders  have  been  willing  and  indeed 
anxious  to  insert  those  of  the  larger  sections  of  4i  x  3  x 
SJ  X  2i,  7  X  3,  &c.,  cut  from  deals  and  battens,  alleging 
that  the  saving  in  sawing,  waste,  labour  in  fixing,  and 
general  cleanness  of  the  work,  more  than  compensated 
them  for  the  loss  of  the  additional  quantity  of  cube  timber. 

On  the  question  of  mere  comparative  cost  there  can  be 
hardly  a  difference  of  opinion,  but  lowness  of  cost  does  not 
in  this  caae  necessarily  represent  cheapness,  unless  in  com- 
bination with  sufficiently  good  quality  :  and  joining  issue 
with  ''Mr.  Stevenson,"  I  tluuk  it  is  in  this  very  question 
of  qiuality  that  the  whole  gist  of  the  matter  lies.  If  con- 
Terted  timber  be  not  as  strong  as  hewn  timber  of  equal 
scantling  and  as  durable,  "Mr.  Stevenson's"  calculations 
aimply  tend  to  prove  that  a  bad  article  ought  to  be  found 
less  costly  than  a  better  one,  a  deduction  not  difficult  to 
arrive  at  without  any  elaborate  display  of  figures,  and  the 
justness  of  which  it  would  be  a  waste  of  time  to  attempt 
to  refute. 

It  is,  perhaps,  an  open  question  whether  really  good 
deals  do  not  afford  as  good  a  material  for  small  scantlings 
as  the  stronger  grown  hewn  timber.  Swedish  timber  is 
reputed  to  be  tougher  than  Riga  and  Memel,  and  there- 
fore at  least  equJilly  capable  of  resisting  cross  strain  ;  it 
is  straighter  in  the  grain  and  more  free  from  large  knots, 
both  great  desiderata  in  timbers  of  small  scantling,  and 
both  also  very  important  considerations  in  relation  to  the 
qnestion  of  waste.  The  main  objection  to  the  extensive 
use  of  deals  and  battens  would  perhajis  be  that  they  are 
generaUy  cut  from  immature  trees  and,  therefore,  would 
not  have  attained  the  maximum  of  strength  and  durability. 
Could  "  Mr.  Stevenson  "  afford  any  information  on  this 
question  of  comparative  strength,  &c.,  ofhemiand  con- 
Terted  timber?  And  could  he  also  inform  me  if  Prussia 
exports  much  timber,  the  growth  of  her  own  forests ;  and, 
if  so,  from  what  ports,  and  whether  it  is  classed  in  the 
market  with  Dantzic  timber  or  otherwise?— H.  W.  L. 


"  Mr.  S,"  also  claims  an  allowance  for  scantlings  from 
timber,  "  as.  they  are  more  unwicldly  and  esiwnsive  to  get 
into  place."  Gnuited.  if  they  are  large,  hut  that  does 
not  affect  the  price  of  the  material ;  it  cornea  under  the 
head  of  laUuir,  and  is  taken  accordingly.  And  to  those  who 
are  doubtful  of  their  exi>erience  in  taking  the  two  do 
scriptions  conjointly,  as  I  statod  in  my  former  note,  all 
they  have  to  do  is  to  make  two  columns,  viz.,  timber  and 
deals,  and  in  this  way  obtain  the  average  of  both.  If  the 
theory  laid  down  by  "Mr.  S."  be  admitted  as  correct,  it 
would  l«  absurd  toatt«mpta  valuation  of  carpenters'  work  ; 
and  without  professing  to  know  uioro  than  my  felhuv- 
workers  I  have  cndeavo\ured  to  show  those  jxiinta  requiring 
special  attention  in  any  calciUation  of  the  value  of  timber, 
as  notod  by  me  during  many  years  of  experience.  I  would 
recommend  young  builders  to  measure  the  quantity  of 
scanthug  obtained  from  timber  and  deals  for  several  build- 
ings, compare  the  produce  with  thu  cube  of  the  material 
in  the  rough,  then  take  account  of  the  lengths  as  they 
leave  the  yard,  antl  after  deducting  for  lengtlis  returned, 
compare  the  same  withtheir  measured  acc4nintof  the  build- 
ing. This  would  soon  give  them  a  knowledge  of  the 
average  amount  of  waste,  and  repay  them  for  their  trouble. 
— A  Pbacttical  Man. 


[611.]— In  my  assertion  referringto  the  reply  by  *'  A.  H.," 
I  did  not  profess  to  endorse  the  whole  of  his  statement. 
It  was  short,  and  1  took  it  generally.  Some  years  ago, 
■when  in  the  south  of  England,  I  found  that  deals  exceed- 
"ffi  ing  12ft.  or  14ft.  long  were  rarely  obtainable.  This  may 
yet  be  the  case  in  some  isolated  districts  for  aught  1  know, 
lut  that  is  not  the  point  in  question;  it  was  the  proper 
way  of  estimating  the  value  of  scantlings  from  planks  and 
logs,  I  gave  the  items  which  "Mr.  S."  admits  are  required, 
but  I  did  not  profess  to  prove  that  the  difference  in  value 
was  only  3d.  per  foot  cube,  having  shown,  if  not  all,  at 
least  the  most  important  items  to  be  noted  in  estmiating 
the  value  of  scantling,  I  leave  the  rest  for  each  party  to 
figure  out  according  to  his  own  particulai-  case.  My  figujes 
were  a  mere  nominal  amount  to  show  an  example,  and 
■without  any  "guesswork."  1  cannot  see  the  impossibihty 
of  taking  a  fair  average  price  for  the  timber  in  any  build- 
ing, according  to  the  prevailing  sizes.  "Mr.  S."  admits 
there  may  be  "something"  in  my  item  for  saw  kerfs  in 
cutting  small  scantUogs  out  of  deals,  and  yet  he  after- 
wards ridicules  the  idea,  and  goes  on  to  speak  of  scantlings 
where  only  one  cut  occurs.  Now,  I  never  attempted  to 
show  that  there  was  any  necessity  for  splitting  straws  in 
the  matter,  but  I  do  say  there  is  a  perceptible  waste  m 
small  scantlings,  which,  if  only  amounting  to  ^d.  per  foot 
cube,  should  be  noted  in  a  calculation,  or  the  consistent 
valuation "  Mr.  S."bo  wishesforcannot  be  obtained.  Then, 
aa  to  waste  in  cutting  to  length,  1  am  quite  as  well  aware 
as  "Mr.  S."  about  the  variety  of  lengths  in  the  markets, 
and  I  still  say  that  there  is  a  considerable  waste  on  an 
average  in  cutting  to  length  scantliDgs  from  deals.  Com- 
monly you  may  have  to  cut  off  rafters,  joists,  i:c.,  from 
4in.  to  Sin.  in  length  to  make  sizes  not  attainable,  and. 
even  if  they  were,  are  not  at  hand  when  wanted.  But  I 
have  not  professed  to  show  that  it  would  amount  to  as 
much  as  the  same  item  from  timbc;* ;  I  ;i;ow  it  a»  an  item 
to  betaken. 


[654.]— SPECIFICATIONS. —"L.  L."  wishes  to  know 
which  is  the  better  plan  of  preparing  a  specification,  taking 
each  trade  separately  throughout  the  building,  or  to  tjiko 
each  floor  separately  and  describe  each  trade  thereon. 
Allow  me  to  say  that  I  think  the  IJrst  plau  by  far  the 
better  of  the  two,  as  when  you  are  eng-aged  upon  a  ceitain 
trade  it  takes  far  less  time  and  trouble  to  complete  it,  and 
a  specification  so  written  is  much  shorter  and  easier  of 
reference.  Few  architects,  I  tliink,  now-a-days  adopt  the 
second  plan,  which  is  in  very  many  respects  clumsj.  I 
for  my  part  never  think  of  doing  so. — Geo.  Jas.  Lodgu. 

[656.]— STAINING  GLASS.— "Inquirer"  is  informed 
that  the  colours  of  glass  are  procured  by  metallic  oxides. 
Gold  gives  the  rich  red  seen  in  Bohemian  glass  ware,  and 
this  19  one  reason  of  ita  high  cost.  It  furnishes,  in  combi- 
nation with  tin,  the  finest  rose  and  purple.  Oxides  of  iron 
and  of  chrome  produce  red,  brown,  and  black  ;  the  latter 
is  also  obtained  from  manganese  and  cobalt.  Oxides  of 
uranium,  chrome,  antimony,  and  iron  yield  orange ;  chrome 
and  copper,  green ;  and  cobalt  and  zinc,  blue.— W.  G.  P. 


[fio7.]— STONE  DESTROYING  INSECTS.— The  insects 
"  C.  E."  alludes  to  are  known  amongst  naturalists  a.s 
annelids,  and  by  reading  over  any  work  upon  natural  his- 
tory very  interesting  facts  may  be  gleane  d.  They  are 
marine  animals,  and  are  numerous  on  our  shores.  The 
fact  that  soft  and  tiny  molluscs  can  make  their  way  into 
hard  limestone  piers  and  riddle  boulders  and  slabs  on  the 
sea  shore  is  very  remarkable.  The  boruig  qualities  of 
annelids  have  been  somewhat  overlooked,  but  they  are 
engrossing  special  notice  at  the  present  time  with  men 
of  science.  It  has  been  suggested  that  these  small  worms 
manage  to  perforate  the  hard  stones  by  means  of  the  car- 
bonic acid  excretions  from  their  bodies  in  conjunction 
with  the  mechanical  action  of  the  antenna;.  Mr.  E.  Riy 
Lankester  is  an  authority  upon  this  peculiar  subject. — 
W.  S.  

[65S.]~FLOATING  BREAKWATERS.— Many  experi- 
ments have  been  made  with  floating  breakwaters,  but  they 
have  all  so  far  failed.  Some  few  years  since  there  wa.s  a 
committee  of  inquiry  appointed  by  the  House  of  Commons, 
before  which  many  suggestions  were  made  and  most  in- 
teresting information  given,  but  the  Committee  did  not 
consider  itself  justified  in  recommending  that  the  pub- 
lic monev  should  be  expended  in  any  further  experiments. 
-J.  H.  t. 


STATUES,  MEMORIALS,  ETC. 

A  monumeut  of  the  late  Duke  of  Wellington,  which  is 
now  in  the  crj-pt  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  the  work  of  Sir. 
A.  Stevens,  is  nearly  finished,  and  will  shortly  be  ready 
for  pubUc  exhibition.  The  general  design  of  the  monu- 
ment has  been  taken  from  those  of  Queen  Elizabeth  and 
Slary  Queen  of  Scots,  which  fill  large  portions  of  the  aisles 
in  Henry  VII. 's  Chapel,  Westminster  Abbey. 


STAINED    GLASS. 

A  itained  glass  window  of  two  liglits  has  been  erected 
in  Stoke  Prior  Church,  Herefordshire,  by  Messrs.  Cla.vton 
and  Bell-  The  subjects  are  the  Raising  of  Lazarus  and  the 
Healing  of  Jairus'  Daughtor. 

The  design  for  the  memorial  window  in  Romsey  Abbey 
Church,  to  the  lato  Lord  Palmerston,  prepared  by  Messrs. 
Clayton  and  Bell,  comprises  three  principal  groups  in  each 
of  the  triplet  lights  of  the  large  west  window  of  the  nave. 
Those  in  the  central  light  are  the  "Sermon  on  the  Mount," 
*' The  Judgment  of  Solomon,"  and  "Liberating  the  Pri- 
soners; "  those  in  the  dexter  light,  "  The  Tribute  Money," 
'■  Daniel  as  a  Ruler,"  and  the  "  Pursuits  of  Peace  ;  "  and 
those  in  the  sinister,  "Feeding  Five  Thousand  Men," 
"Joseph  Distributing  Wheat,"  and  "War."  The  esti- 
mated cost  is  £1,200. 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  WEEK. 

MoN.— Royal  Geographical  Society.  —  Papers  to  be  read  : 
— 1.  Letter  from  Dr.  Kirk — Fresh  news 
regarding  Livingtone.  2.  "Journey  through 
Central  China,  from  Canton,"  by  Mr.  A.  V. 
Bickmore,  M.A.,  Cambridge,  U.S.  3.  "Siir- 
veys  in  Nicaragua,  by  Mr.  J.  Collinson,  C.E., 
S.30. 

TrES. — Institution  of  Civil  Engineers, — Continued  dis- 
cussion upon  Mr.  Byrne's  paper,  "  Experi- 
ments on  the  Removal  of  Organic  and 
Inorganic  Substances  in  Water,"  S. 


Common  nails,  heated  red  hot  and  dropped  into  water, 
will  clinch  and  answer  the  purpose  of  wrought  nails.  Rusty 
nails  may  be  drawn  from  wood  without  difficulty,  by  first 
giving  them  a  blow  hard  enough  to  start  them  a  httle. 


(Dm-  (L^ffitc  vMt. 


There  was  a  sale  by  auction  on  Tuesday  last  of 
ecclesiastical  vestments,  at  Debenham  and  Storr's, 
King-street,  Coventgarden,  which  appeared  to  ex- 
cite an  unusual  degree  of  interest.  The  vestments 
were  hung  round  the  room,  and  were  closely 
inspected  by  a  large  number  of  persons 
who  are  interested  in  ritual  development. 
There  were  chasubles,  copes,  tunicles,  dalmatics, 
and  almost  every  variety  of  dress  used  by  Roman 
Catholic  bishops  and  priests  in  the  administration 
of  the  highest  offices  of  the  church,  some  of  them 
of  the  most  magnificent  description,  beiriug  in 
many  cases,  representations  of  the  Saviour,  Saints, 
Apostles,  and  Martyrs. 

Seven  thousand  feet  of  inch  boards  clear  stuff 
out  of  one  tree  is  not  bad.  This  was  obtained 
according  to  an  American  paper,  from  one  lately 
cut  down  in  Ohio.  1 1  weighed  30  tons,  was  more 
than  12ft.  in  circumference,  and  was  supposed 
to  be  792  years  old. 

The  Trades  Unions  Commissioners  met  on 
Thursday  week  to  make  arrangements  for  resum- 
ing their  inquiry,  but  we  have  not  heard  what 
was  the  course  they  decided  upon.  It  is  generally 
understood  that  they  will  next  proceed  to  investi- 
gate union  atTairs  in  the  iron  trade. 

A  numerously  attended  meeting  of  the  Metro- 
poUtan  Board  of  Works  was  held  on  Wednesday, 
Sir  J.  Thwaites  in  the  chair,  to  consider  the 
course  to  be  taken  in  relation  to  the  transactions 
between  Mr.  Doulton,  member  for  Lambeth,  and 
Mr.  Furness,  the  contractor.  Mr.  Doulton  made 
a  lengthened  statement  touching  the  matters  in 
issue,  after  which  a  protracted  debate  arose  on 
the  question  whether  oNadence  should  be  taken, 
and  the  inquiry  prosecuted  by  a  committee  of  the 
whole  Board,  the  public  to  be  excluded,  or  in 
public,  as  the  inquiry  had  been  commenced.  A 
majority  declared  for  the  committee,  mainly  on 
the  plea  that  evidence  could  be  obtained  in  a 
committee  that  could  not  be  secured  by  a  public 
investigation.  One  reason  perhaps  that  the 
inquiry  is  to  be  private  is  that  other  members  of 
the  Board  may  be  mixed  up  with  the  affair. 

We  have  been  requested  to  make  room  for  the 
following : — Sir,  — I  beg  to  inform  you  that  Mr. 
Welby  Pugin's  pamphlet  respecting  the  Houses  of 
Parliament  is  delayed  through  Messrs.  Barry 
having  entered  a  protest  against  its  publication 
until  they  have  examined  the  original  documents. 
R.  F.  English,  Eamsgate,  November  19,  ISti?. 

Alluding  to  the  Pugin  and  Barry  controversy, 
the  "  Kent  Coast  Times  "  says : — "  A  strange 
phase  has  just  arisen,  for  the  Messrs.  Cooper, 
solicitors  to  the  executors  of  the  late  Sir  C.  Barry, 
have  written  to  Messrs.  Longman  and  Co.,  pro- 
hibiting  the  publication  of  the  pamphlet  until 
they  have  compared  the  same  with  the  original 
documents.  We  can  understand  the  Messrs. 
Barry  wishing  to  be  in  possession  of  all  the  facts 
of  the  case,  but  why  they  should  desire  to  restnain 
the  publication,  if  the  facts  are  incorrectly  given, 
is  beyond  our  comprehension,  for  should  such 
prove  to  be  the  case,  their  success  in  damning  Mr. 
Pugin's  claim  would  be  simply  proportioned  to 
the  number  of  copies  issued.  "  This  is  certainly 
an  extraordinary  proceeding,  but  no  doubt  its 
result  will  be  an  extra  demand  for  the  pamphlet. 

Mr.  B.  Haughton,  in  his  .address  before  the  So- 
ciety of  Civil  and  Mechanical  Engineers,  says ; — 
The  Institute  of  CivU  Engineers  is  now  on  its 
trial.  An  aspiring  and  aggressive  association  has 
started  up  which  would  fain  draw  some  of  the 
teeth  and  clip  the  mane  of  the  old  Uon  of  Great 
George-street.  It  has  lately  petitioned  the 
Queen  for  a  charter  of  incorporation,  which  ap- 
phcation  has  been  opposed  by  the  Institute  of 
Civd  Engineers,  on  the  ground  that  it  has  always 
been  the  recognized  representative  body  of  the 
profession ;  that  the  incorporation  of  an  associa- 
tion carrying  a  title  having  so  close  a  resem  Llance 
to  that  of  the  Institute,  the  two  corporations  will 
be  mixed  together  in  the  minds  of  the  public  and 
of  foreigners ;  and  that  the  influence  of  the 
parent  society  will  suffer  in  consequence.  We 
trust  that  in  this  struggle  the  old  Institute  will 
be  successful. 

The  contract  question  between  the  builders  and 
architects  of  Liverpool  is  making  satisfactory  pro- 
gress, and  as  the  best  feeUng  prevails  between  the 
parties  in  discussing  the  question  there  is  a  pro- 
spect of  a  speedy  and  honourable  settlement. 


822 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


November  22,  1867. 


The  marbles  of  Vermont  (U.S.)  have  become 
one  of  its  chief  sources  of  wealth.  The  quarries 
and  mills  near  Rutland  supply  a  large  per  cent. 
of  the  marble  of  domestic  production  which  is 
used  in  America  for  statuary,  monumental  and 
other  purposes  where  a  fine  grade  is  desired.  A 
capital  of  several  millions  of  dollars  is  employed 
in  the  busines.s,  and  a  large  proportion  of  those 
who  have  embarked  in  it  have  been  in  an  eminent 
degree  successful. 

Mr.  Barry,  of  Leamington,  read  a  paper  before 
the  Liverpool  Architectural  and  Archjoological  So- 
ciety, on  the  13th  inst. ;  the  subject  was  "  The 
Utilization  of  Town  Sewage."  He  argued  that  sew- 
age applied  in  its  uuconcentrated  Uquid  state  upon 
land  is  a  failure  both  physically  and  financially. 
The  land  after  a  time  will  only  produce  very 
coarse  rank  grass  of  little  value.  But  if  the 
sewage  is  converted,  either  by  filtration  or  evapora- 
tion, into  a  soUd  state,  and  then  applied  to  land, 
it  forms  a  good  manure. 

J.  H.  Weston,  who  absconded  from  Messrs.  Ebbs 
and  Sons,  Northwiok-terrace,  Maida  hill,  has  been 
apprehended.  His  flight  led  to  the  discovery  that 
he  has  been  obtaining  goods  by  forged  orders  in 
the  name  of  the  firm. 

It  is  a  common  notion  in  America  that  the 
grit  of  the  grindstone  has  some  wonderful  quality 
of  healing  which  does  not  obtain  with  the  sedi- 
ment of  ordinary  stones  on  which  iron  is  not  used, 
as  millstones.  There  is  reason  in  this  opinion,  as 
the  debris  of  the  grindstone  is  a  mixture  of  silica 
and  ferruginous  oxide.  The  healing  properties  of 
the  dehris  of  the  grindstone  lie  in  the  oxide  of 
iron,  which,  in  this  form,  in  some  diseases  is  worth 
many  medical  prescriptions. 

The  shells  employed  for  cameo  cutting  are  the 
cassis  rufa,  and  several  specimens  of  cyprea,  called 
cowries.  They  are  dense,  thick,  and  consist  of 
three  layers  of  differently-coloured  shell  material. 
In  the  casfsis  rufa,  each  layer  is  composed  of  many 
very  thin  plates,  or  larnin;e,  which  are  perpendi- 
cular to  the  plane  of  the  main  layer ;  each  lamina 
consists  of  a  series  of  elongated  prismatic  cells, 
adherent  by  their  long  sides  ;  the  lamin;e  of  the 
outer  and  inner  layers  are  parallel  to  the  lines  of 
growth,  while  those  of  the  middle  layer  are  at 
right  angles  to  them.  In  cowries  there  is  an  ad- 
ditional layer,  which  is  a  duplicature  of  the 
nacreous  layer,  formed  when  the  animal  has 
attained  its  full  growth. 


City.— For  alterations  and  additions  to  No.  71.  Milton- 
street,  City.    Mr.  BobertPamea,  architect;— 

J^'^"    ■■■■ £979 

Lamprell eno 

Niitt  .^ud  Co.  .""",. 
Sliumer .. 

MUlei- 

Wilcox  '.'.■ 

Ci-dbb  and  Vaughan 

King 

Sawyer  ... 
Brett 


es5 

C60 
CH 
054 
639 
C3S 
C30 
(520 


g";;« 6n 

H^'l 634 

T-  P«™  584 

i""^"^"' 578  10 

Perry 577    n 

Schofield  ."........■  570 

Capion "!!!!!!]!!!!!!  54s 

Greensword [\\ 547 

Martisa rj^Q 

S»'f'' ""zz;";;;;;;;;;  540 

yo".'  638 

Taylor  498 


Leasehold  two  residences,  Nos.  20  and  30,  Albert-sauaBL 
Clapham-road  producing  £125  per  annum,  terms  99  y^ 
Irom  lh46  at  £5  each  per  annum— £1,300. 

Freehuld  building  land,  situate  fronting  Wickham-lam 
le.ading  from  Woolwich  to  WeUing,  Bexley,  &c.  Lot  IsS 
for  £30  ;  lot  12,  £35  ;  lot  13,  £30  ;  lot  14.  £30  ■  lot  It 
^f  2I,  l-ys.  £30  ;  lot  17,  £30;  lol'lS,  £45  ;  Tot  28;  £M^ 

Freehold  bml.Jing  land,  situate  fronting  BLickthom  and 
Sherwood-streets,    Eromley,    Middlesex-lot  12  sold  iac 


London.- For  church  and  school  buildings  for  the  dis- 
trict 01  Ohristchurch,  Somers  Town.  St  Pancras.  Messrs 
Neivman  and  Billing,  architects.    Quantities  supplied  by 


Mr 


Riclcman  : 

Howard , 

Carter  and  Sons 

Perry 

Browne  and  Robinson  . 
Coleman 


Patrick  and  Sons ".'."..'.','."     12 


£13,890 
13,480 
13,317 
12,995  ' 
12,500 
'     525 


^Eteitts  for  liibciitwits 

CONNECTED     WITH     THE     BUILDIKO    TRADE. 


902.  A.  MACKENZIE  anb  S.  ROBINSON.  IjirnovE- 
MENT3  IN  Apparatus  to  be  Applied  to  Cisterns  for 
Preventing  Waste  of  Water.     Dated  March  27,  1867. 

In  applying  this  invention  to  water-closet  cisterns,  for 
example,  the  patentees  constnict  inside  the  cistern,  at  the 
lowest  part  thereof,  a  closed  chamber  of  sufficient  gauge  or 
capacity  to  contain  the  requisite  amount  of  water  for  one 
flushing  of  the  closet.  A  small  apertm-e  which  is  left  con- 
stantly open  is  made  iu  the  side  of  this  chamber  for  the 
purpose  of  iLUing  the  s.am6  from  the  surrounding  water  iu 
the  cistern.  At  the  bottom  of  the  gauge  chamber  there  is 
fitted  the  valve-seat  and  v.alve,  opening  either  into  the  old 
service  box,  or  into  a  supply  pipe  leading  direct  to  the  basin. 
This  valve  is  provided  with  a  tubular  spindle,  having  a 
piston  working  theiein,  such  piston  being  connected  to  a 
tioat  inside  the  closed  chamber  before  refcrrei.to,  and  on 
the  lower  part  of  the  piston  is  formed  a  valve-Kiji,  and  on 
the  upper  p,art  of  the  tubular  spindle  through  wliich  the 
piston  works  there  is  formed  a  valve-se.at,  so  that  when  the 
piston  is  raised  by  the  flo.at  to  a  given  height,  the  second 
passage  for  water  (namely,  the  pass,age  thi-ough  the  tubular 
spindle)  is  closed,  and  remains  closed  until,  by  the  opening 
of  the  principal  valve,  the  chamber  is  emptied.  This  piston 
is  further  coupled  by  a  ivii-e  to  the  usual  overhead  weighter 
lever,  which  is  connected  to  the  "puU"  or  handle  of  the 
closet.  The  object  of  the  entire  arrangement  is,  first,  to 
admit  the  full  complement  of  water  in  the  closed  chambed 
to  pass  down  through  the  principal  valve  when  opened  ;  and, 
second,  to  permit  of  a  certain  gauged  or  regulated  (luantity 
of  water,  sufficient  to  fill  the  pan  of  the  closet,  to  descend 
through  the  tubular  spindle  of  the  main  valvo  after  it  has 
been  closed.    Patent  ubandonml. 


Thompson 12,173 

ilove  Brothers n  925 

Myers  and  Sons    11030 

Wells  (accepted)  i..!!'.!!!!'.!!!!    11^350 

London.— For  works  at  34  and  35,  MonkweU-street,  for 
Messrs  H.  E.  .and  M.  Moses.    Mr.  N.  E.  S.  Josephs,  ar- 

Condor £^  ()|g 

Newmauii  and  JIauu   "".''.'.'.*.".'"".'.'    3*993 

Browne  and  Robinson !!'.!!!!!!!!!     s'flSl 

Da\'ia  King  and  Sons BJioQ 

London.— For  building  warehoase  and  stablea,  at  Rou- 
pell-atreet,  Lambeth,  for  Mr.  F.  Bowering.  Mr  James 
L.  Stewart,  architect : — 

Sawyer  £2.140  0  0 

Shurmnr  o  ^q  0  0 

bmithandSoQ 1,996  0  0 

Eustace ,',     x,'26S  0  0 

Ciibitt  Brothers  \  ggi  9  0 

^•^0^  ,; ...Z  l!875  0  0 

Quenuell   1^750  2  3.V 

Golding  and  Son 1  745  q  q 

Pierce  and  Booth    1696  0  0 

Jearce   I'^l-j-  0  0 

Pinner  (accepted)   1,500  0  0 

STRATFOKO-ON-AvoN.-For  the  erection  of  a  storehouse 
for  Messrs.  Flower  and  Sous.   Mr.  J.  Lattimer,  architect  ;— 

Marriott £3  q-^ 

Espley ......'.'...."..,.  2''27.ii 

Jeffry  and  Pritchard 2^960 

Clarke '"'^  2*930 

Clarke  and  Smallwood  "'.'.".*.'*  2' 900 

Horsman,  Price,  and   Co ,',  2's41 

Messrs.  Callaway 2  7S7 

Parker  and  Sons  ""  2*717 

Southorn .'.".'.".".".'."**.".'  2,695 

Claridge o  690 

Hilton ".'."'"'.  2',617 

Naden  and  Sons  (accepted) .- 2595 

Wantage  (Berks).— For  four  new  cottages.  Mr-  J  P 
Spencer,  Wantage,  architect : — 

5,^^t, £5(50    0 

J^^.'^'^ler 460  10 

g-'^if':^, 444  10 

Partridge 3^0  10 

Ai-chitect's  estimate ,'    440    0 


BATH  STONE  OF  BEST  QUALITY. 

Bandell  and  Sadnders,  Quarrymen  and  Stone  Mer 
chants,  Bath.  List  of  Prices  at  the  Quarries  and  Depots 
also  Cost  for  Transit  to  any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom 
furmshed  on  appHcation  to  Batli  Stone  Office,  Coi-sham 
Wilts. — [Advt.J 


%nk  Itdus. 


TENDERS. 
Essex.— For  enlarging  chancel  and  new  vestry  and  other 
works  at  Lyston  Church,  Essex.    Mr.  H.  Woodyer  archi- 
tect : — 

Greenwood  and  Sou  (.accepted) £1,01V 

DEVONrouT.— For  the  painters'  and  glaziers'  work  re- 
quired for  the  Royal  Female  Hospital,  for  Mr.  W.  Harvey 
contractor.  Quantities  suppUed  by  Jlr.  J.  Harvev  Plv- 
mouth,  architect :  -  J>  '•'J 

G.  U.  Goss,  Plymouth  (accepted), £132  10 


PBOPERTY  SAXES. 

Nov.  13. 
At  the  Mart.— By  Messrs.  Norton,  Trist,  ■ff.atney  .and 
Co.— Freehold  residence,  known  as  Gothic  Cottage  situate 
at  West  Green,  Tottenham,  with  stabUng,  coach-house 
cottage,  farm  buUdings,  pleasui-e  grounds,  and  meadow 
land,  the  whole  contaming  5a.  Or.  30p.— sold  for  £3,450 

Freehold  house,  shop,  and  buildings  situate  in  the 
Market-place,  Kingston,  let  at  £00per  anuum-f  2  050 

By  Messrs.  Edwin  Fox  and  Bousfleld.— Freehold  estates 
known  as  Row  Wood  Farm,  and  Phillips  Hill  Wood 
situate  in  the  p.arishes  of  Chalfont  St.  Giles,  and  St.  Peters' 
Bucks,  comprising  a  residence  with  buildings,  and  427 
acres  of  arable,  meadow,  .and  wood  land,  of  the  rental  value 
of  £650  per  .annum — £13,050. 

Leasehold  residence.  No.  3,  Eastboume-terr.ace.  Pad- 
dington,  let  on  lease  at  £90  per  annum,  term  SO  years 
from  1842,  at  £0  per  annum— £1,230. 

Leasehold  residence.  No.  23,  Priory-road,  Kilburn  let 
at  £80  per  annum,  90  years  from  1863,  at  £12  per  annum 
— £860. 

Leasehold  premises.  No.  44,  South  Mollon-street  Ox- 
ford-street, let  on  lease  at  £50  per  annum,  term  90  years 
from  ISliO,  at  £3  per  annum— £930. 

By  Messrs.  Fuller  and  Horsey. -Freehold  msinufacturin" 
premises,  situ.ate  in  W.allis-road,  Hackney  Wick— £5,000.  ° 
,  ,,  Nov.   15. 

At  THE  Mart.— By  Jlessrs.  Norton.  Trist,  Watney.  and 
Co. -—Lease,  &c.,  of  the  mercantile  ofBces  situate  No  1 
Railw.ay-place,  and  30.  Crutchedfriiu-s,  Mark-lane  City' 
term  lOi  years  from  ISGT,  at  £210  per  annum- £1  250 


BANKRUPTS. 

TO  StJRRENDER  IN  BASINGHALI.-3TREET. 

Charles  Barrett,  Titlow,  Lowestoft,  plumber,  Decembat 
4,  at  2— .lOfred  Ferdinand  Nind,  Bedford-street,  Hollowar 
pamter,  December  4,  at  1— James  Weiley  Reed,  nom38»l 
rise,  architect,  December  3,  at  12-Henry  Francis  Sim- 
mons, Prospect-place,  Cambridge-heath,  builder-Chatles 
Foiie  Bishop  Lower  Tooting,  carpenter,  December  2,  S 
1— -J.ames  Burb.age,  Cambridge,  builder,  December  2  ai 
^— ™'oO  Fames,  Kickmansivorth,  builder,  December  4,' 

TO  SnREENBEK  IN  THE  COUNTRY. 

George  Chadwick,  Leeds,  joiner,  December  5,  at  12— 
James  Gould,  Bath,  carpenter,  November  29,  .at  11— 
Thomas  Gould,  Bath,  mason,  November  2!i,  at  11— John 
Brovvn,  Forcett,  Yorkshire,  stonemason,  November  25- 
G.  Lde  and  W.  Pearsey,  Brighton.  buUders,  December  a-l 
James  Pahner  and  George  Hodgkinson,  Sutton  Worta. 
Aston  near  Birmingham,  and  Sutton  Coldheld,  edge  toS 
manufacturers,  November  27— WilUam  Roberts,  Port- 
madoc,  pamter,  Nov.  29— M.  Wake,  Middlesborough. 
stonem.ason  November  25— WiUiam  WiUiams,  Garston 
plumber,  November  28.  ' 

NOTICES  OP  SITTINGS  FOR  LAST  EXAMINATION. 

November  23,  R.  Ridge,  Godstone,  carpenter-December 
4,  G.  Rees,  Swansea,  builder-December  13,  J.  Edwards 
EglwysUan,  mason- December  13,  G.  Ellen,  Faversham 
carpenter— December  10,  J.  Newman,  Reading,  Ironmonga; 
-December  10,  W.  H.  Pepper,  Dover,  buUder-December 
Jo'  m  ^;i™«,y.„BrightUngse,a,  Essex,  builder— December 
18,  W.  H.  Malhs,  St  Thomas's-road  .and  Old  Kent-road, 
marble  mason-December  11,  E.  Saally,  Fitfs-rents,  Box- 
ton  Old  Town,  stonemason— December  16,  G.  P.  Presland, 
Biddevstreet,  Ciinning-town,  Barking-road,  builder— De- 
cember 12,  W.  Abbott,  Salford.  brickmaker-December 
20,  H  Butler,  Southwell,  Nottinghamshire.  plumber- 
December  9,  J.  Brough,  Carlisle,  builder— December  2,  J 
Twamley,  \oxill,  Staffordshire,  joiner. 

DECLARATIONS    OF   DIVIDEND. 

J.  Collier,  Liverpool,  joiner,  second  div.  of  lOd.— W  Bar 
hss,  Hereford,  plumber,  second  div.  of  Is.  5d. 

^  PARTNERSHIPS  DISSOLVED. 

Boston  and  Hancock.  Stoke-upon  Trent,  joiners— Gf 
Sheppard  and  T.  Haylock,  Bloomfield-terrace  and  Groe- 
venor-row,  Pimhco,  and  Battersea,  buildei-s-Hodgson 
•and  Osborn,  St.  Lawrence,  Isle  of  Thanet,  builders— S.  0. 
Kidley^  Great  George-street,  Westmmster,  and  S.  L.  Seok- 
ham,  Westminster-chambers,  Westminster,  contractors  for 
the  construction  of  the  Carnaraon  and  Llanberis  Railway- 
t.  W.  I  umer  and  T.  Pardon,  Linslade,  Buckinghamahii^ 
engmeera— Chynoweth  and  Pratt,  Aston-jiixta-BirminK- 
ham,  budders- Hodgkin  Brothers,  Sittingbourne.  bri* 
manufacturers— S.  .and  E.  Clegg,  Rochdale,  builders- 
FownaU  and  Young,  Gowei-street.  surveyors— Jam*  and 
Price,  Cardiff,  builders— Taylor,  King,  and  Co.,  Chapel- 
town,  1  orkshire,  mechanical  engineers— Jerram  and  Bos- 
well,  Great  Queen-street,  Westminster,  civil  engineers— 
H.  Taylor  and  J.  Richmond,  Cross-lane,  St.  Mary-at-HiU. 
City,  pamters— Liddiaid  and  Arkell,  Hastings,  iroar 
mongers.  o  >      -™- 

B.1NKKCPTCT   ANNULLED. 

D.aniel  Evans,  Liverpool,  estate  agent. 

SCOTCH  SEQUESTRATIONS. 

G.  Dewar,  Cathcart,  near  GLasgow,  mason,  November  15, 
.at  12— Wood  and  Lynch,  Perth,  railway  contractors.  No- 
vember 20,  at  12.  ' 


LATEST  PRICES   OE  MATERIALS   USED 
IN  CONSTRUCTION. 


Timber,  duty  la  per  load,  drawback,  la. 


Teak    load 

Quebec,  red  pine  .... 

S    0 

4  10 

yellow  pice.. 

2  16 

4    ( 

St.  John  N.B.  yeU-iw 

0    0 

0    0 

Quebec  O.ik.  white  . . 

S    5 

5  10 

„      birch 

3  10 

4  10 

1,      elm    

3  10 

5    0 

Dantzic  oak  

3  10 

6    0 

„      fir 

2  0 

3  0 
8    0 

8    0 
3  10 
3    8 

Mcnjel  fir  

Riga 

Swedish 

2    0 

2    6 

MaKta,Quebec  red  pine 

6    0 

7    0 

yeUowpine.. 

S    0 

6    0 

Lathwood.Dantzic.fm 

4  10 

5    0 

„      St.  Petersburg  6  10 

7  10 

Deals. pre. 12  ft.  by3 

by  9  in.,  duty 28  per 

load,  drawback  2s. 

Quebec,  white  spruce 

13    0 

19    0 

Bt.John.whitespruce  13  ly 

15  10 

\  ellow  pine,  per  re- 

duced C. 

Canada,  1st  quality. 

17    0 

IS  19 

2ud  do 

11  10 

laio 

Archangel,  yellow  ..  £11  10  £18    0 
3t.  Petersburg,  yel. ..  10  10    11    0 

Finland g    o      9    0 

Memel 0    0      0    0 

Gothenburg,  yellow      8  10    10  10 

.,      whit«    8    0     9    0 

Gefle,  yellow 9    o 

Soderham      9    0 

Christiania,    per   C, 

12  ft.  by  3  by  9  in. 

yellow 16    0 

Deck  Plank,  Dantzio, 

per -10  ft.  Sin,  0  15 

PirmcK  Stonb  pr  ton    6    0 
Oils,  &c. 

Seal,  pale per  tun  40    0 

Sperm  body  112    0 

Cod au   n 

^Vbale,  Sth.  Sea.  pale  39  10 

Olive,  Gallipoli 69    0  70 

Cocoanut,  Cochin.ton  56    0  56  10 

Palm,  fine 40  10  0    0 

Linseed    3f>    5  0    0 

Bapeseed,  Eng.pale..  3d    0  40    0 

Cottonseed 34  10 


11    0 
10  10 


sa 

2  4 

8  0 

40  10 

0  0 

0  0 

0  0 


40  10 


Metals, 

lEoir:— 

Welsh  Bars  In  London     per  ton  8    7 

Nail  Rod       do  7  10 

Hoops do  8  10 

Sheets,  Single      do  9  15 

StiifyrdBhire  Bars       do  7  10 

Biira,  iu  Wales     do  5  15 

P'^i'3    do  5  10 

Foundry  Pigs,  at  UlaBg.  No    1    ..      do  2  16 

tjwedieh  Buii  do  10    5 


6  10  0     I 

7  15  O"; 

9    "  0  t  fi 

0    0  Of  ^^ 

7  16  0  j 


S    6    8 

10  10    0 


Dflit 


November  29,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


8'i3 


h?HE   BUILDING  NEWS. 


LOh'DON,  FRIDAY,  SOVEMBER  20,  1S6J. 


KESERVOIRS    AND    EMBANKMEXTS. 

AGLAXCE  at   the   few,  but  unrivalled, 
examples  of  engineering  aud  architec- 
tural works   that   have   partially  escaped  the 
lavages  of  time,  and  still  retain  some  vestige 
of  their  ancient  origin  and  pristine  splendour, 
is  sufficient  to  convince  us  that  to  eacli  age 
belongs  its  special  phase  of  superiority.     To 
Bay  that  we  "  excel "  the  ancients  in  the  art  of 
■  construction  is  an  improjier  term  to  employ, 
;  since  no  comparison  can   be   fairly  instituted 
g'Where  tlie  data  are  not  identical ;  and  it  will 
i'te  found  that  wherever  the  premises  were  the 
f'Bame,   the  conclusion  is   altogether  in  their 
I'favour.     In  trulh,  we  have  retrograded  in  all 
£those  particular   branches  of  aisthetical  and 
Keonstruotive  art  of  which  the  principles  have 
rbeen   common   to   all   ages.     That   we   have 
'  attained  to  great  excellence  in  other  branches 
is  not  owing  to  the  exercise  of  any  extraordi- 
nary  skill   or  ability    which    many    fondly 
imagine  can  only  pertain  to  a  Christian  era, 
but  chietiy  to  the  advantages   which  have 
■  accrued  to  us  from   the  numerous  fortunate 
and  adventitious  discoveries  and  inventions 
'  taking  place  in  modern  times.  The  principles 
'   of  science  are  immutable,  but  their  discovery 
is  progressive,    and    their    elucidation    .ind 
_  practical  application  slow  and  inexhaustible. 
I  To  each   epoch   belongs   its   peculiar  train  of 
I.  progress  ;    each   age   produces  its   own  fruit, 
and   when   the   maximum  of  excellence   has 
been  attained  to,  in  any  particular  branch,  it 
is  certain  to  decay  and   be   eclipsed   by  some 
succeeding  rival  more  adapted  to  the  exigen- 
cies of  the  times. 

So  far  as  engineering  works  are  concerned 
it  will  be  readily  perceived  that  their  aid  was 
first  invoked  to  serve  the  necessities  of  man- 
kind, and  subseipiently  made  subservient  to 
their  interests,  comfort,  and  even  luxury.    In 
connection  with  our  subject  is  closely  allied 
that  of  procuring  and  preserving  a  supply  of 
water  for  districts  and  cities,  a  subject  which 
has  engaged  the  attention  of  all  those  "  having 
authority  in  the  land,"  from  the  earliest  ages. 
The   Romans   are  justly  renowned  for  the 
stupendous   works     and    massive    aqueducts 
they  erected   not   only  in   their  own  but  in 
neighbouring   countries,    and    numerous   re- 
markable  examples  of  the  details   of  water- 
works   are    to    be    encountered    in    various 
continental  localities.     It  is,  however,   more 
especially,  in  those   countries  where  nature 
supplies    the     all-important    fluid    with     a 
stingy  hand,  or  bestows  it  in  an  intermittent 
and   capricious   manner,   that   the  most  pro- 
minent specimens  of  embankments  and  reser- 
voirs are   to   be   met  with.     The  country  of 
Hindostan  has  been  ever  placed  in  this  cate- 
gory, and  it  is  therefore  no  wonder  that  for 
antiquity  and  magnitude  its  waterworks  sur- 
pass those  of  all  other  lands.     There  is  less  to 
be  surprised  at  in  this,  when  it  is  borne  in 
mind   that  its  native   princes  ruled  with  a 
despotism  only  congenial  to  oriental  customs, 
that  their  will  was   law,  and  that  it  was   a 
matter  to   them  of  little  or  no  moment   if 
every  stone  was  placed  in  position,  at  the  cost 
of  the  life  of  one  of  their  subjects.    There  are 
embankments  in  India   extending  for  a  dis- 
tance of  twelve  miles,  and  storage  reservoirs 
containing  an  area  of  upwards  of  thirty-five 
square  miles,   while  in  the  adjoining  island 
the  Cingalese  monarchs  have  displayed  their 
engineering  skill    in    the  construction  of  a 
bank  or  water  dam  having  the  astonishing 
length  of  fifteen  miles,  and  possessing  a  width 
at  the  base  of  100ft.  and  at  the  top  of  -iOft.* 


All  our  reservoirs  and  embankments  sink 
into  complete  insignificance  in  comparison 
with  this  gigantic  specimen.  If,  however, 
size  were  tlie  only  attribute  in  which  our 
works  of  thi-:  description  fail,  there  would  be 
little  to  comment  xipon,  as  the  physical 
features  of  the  district,  in  a  great  measure, 
determine  the  length,  breadth,  and  height  of 
the  dam.  In  a  country,  of  which  thecontigu- 
ration  is  abrupt  and  precipitous,  .abounding  in 
valleys,  gorges,  and  ravines,  interspersed  with 
mountain  streams  whose  waters  at  times  are 
all  but  stagnant,  and  at  others  roll  down  with 
the  irresistible  impetuosity  of  a  torrent,  the 
works  to  retain  a  large  supply  of  the  necessary 
tluid  must  be  on  a  scale  of  commensurate 
grandeur.  But  in  England,  where  the  laud 
is  more  gently  contoured,  ami  the  natural 
dithculties  to  be  surmounted  present  no  such 
arduous  an  appearance,  the  task  of  construc- 
tion appears  to  be  almost  insuperable.  With- 
out carrying  our  readers  so  far  back  as 
the  Brad'fieUl  catastrophe,  we  can  find  a 
notorious  example  in  the  yet  unfinished  win-ks 
for  supplying  with  pure  water  the  city  of 
Dublin.  It  is  but  a  short  time  ago  that 
a  serious  leak  was  discovered  in  the  dam  form- 
the   most  important  and  prominent  fea- 


any  particular  value  in  placing  it  in  the  middle 
of  the  dam,  as  represented  in  the  figure.  It 
might  be  placed  witli  equal,  if  not  with 
greater,  advantage  along  the  face  of  the  slope, 
as  its  object  is  to  pre^•ent  the  infiltration  of 
the  water,  which  could  be  elfected  by  puddling 
the  whole  slope  right  down  to  the  surface  of 
tlie  permanent  stratum.  It  should  be  kept  in 
view  that  the  puddle  wall  is  not  required 
to  promote  the  stability  of  the  dam.     Fig.  2 

ric.2. 


ture  of  the  whole  project.  Indeed,  so  prob- 
able has  the  ultimate  giving  way  of  the  bank 
appeared  to  a  jury  that  a  sum  of  £12,000  has 
beeu  awarded  to  a  gentleman  possessing 
property  in  the  vicinity,  as  contingent 
damages  for  the  injury  that  would  accrue  to 
him,  in  event  of  the  occurrence  taking  place. 
It  has  generally,  but  not  universally,  been 
assumed  that  a  puddle  wall  should  be  placed 
in  the  centre  of  the  embankment,  and  there 
is  no  question  that,  if  properly  constructed, 
it  forms  a  most  valuable  accessory  to  the  work. 
This    construction  is  represented  in  fig.   1, 

Fi  a. I. 


*  See  an  able  little  work,  "  On  the  Designing  and  Con- 
struction of  Storage  Reservoirs."  By  Arthcb  Jacob, 
B.A.,  late  Executive  Engineer  for  Irrigation.  H.M.'s  Bom- 
bay Service.  London  ;  E.  and  F.  N.  Spon,  Cliariug-cross. 
1867. 


where  P  is  the  puddle  wall,  A  B  the  natural 
surface   of  tlie  hard   ground  or  stratum  ;   the 
rest  of  the  diagram  is  self-explanatory.     The 
mistake  into  which  many  engineers  have  fallen 
is  that  of  relying  nearly  altogether  upon  the 
puddle  wall  "for  the  strength  of  the   dam,  so 
that  should  there  be  any  defect  in   this  part, 
which  evidence  has  shown  to  have   been   the 
case  in  the  example  we  have  quoted,  it  is  im- 
possible for  the  bank  to  be  water-tight.     Once 
the  puddle  wall  fails,  there  is  no  chance  of 
the  bank  remaining  staunch.   Mr.  Jacob,  in  the 
volume  alluded   to,  mentions  that  the  intro- 
duction of  a  puddle  wall  in   the  Indian  em- 
bankments is  of  very  rare  occurrence,  parti- 
cularly  in  those   of  an   older   date,  aud  we 
concur  with  him  that  where  good  material   is 
at  hand,'and  where  the  embankment  is  not  of  a 
very  great  height,   the   precaution  of  intro- 
ducing a  central  puddle  wall  is  by  no  means 
necessary.    In  reality,  the  whole  embankment, 
and  not   merely  the  central  part,  should   be 
water-tight,  and  this  is  what  is  actually  effected 
in  Hindostan.     The   continual   trampling  of 
the  people  on  the  earth,  as  they  tip  it  in  small 
quantities   from   baskets,  so   thoroughly  con- 
solidates and  intimately  amalgamates  it,  that 
the  whole  embankment  is  one  solid  mass  of 
puddle  wall,  totally  impervious  to  wet.     TVe 
are  perfectly  alive  in   this   country   to    the 
necessity    of    thoroughly   amalgamating   and 
mixing  "the  puddle,  the  consolidation  of  which 
is  its  chief  point.     For  this  reason,  in  speci- 
fication.s,  the  clauses  are  so  stringent  respecting 
the  thickness  of  the  layers  in  which  the  puddle 
is  laid  on.     As  a  rule,  in  spite  of  all  specifica- 
tions and  surveillance,  the   puddle   never   is 
properly  consolidated  in  dams  and   embank- 
ments.     To   return  to   the  position  of   the 
'  puddle  wall,  it  does  not  appear  that  there  is 


represents  this  latter  description  of  embank- 
ment with  the  puddle  along  the  face  of  the  slope. 
A   very   important   feature   in    connection 
with   the   construction  of  reservoir   embank- 
ments  is   the   introduction  of  the  necessary 
pipes  or  culverts  to  .serve  as  the  outlet  for  the 
supply  to  the  neighbouring  district.      This  is 
a  ([uestion  requiring  some  consideration,  more 
especially  as  it   was  alleged   that  the  putting 
a  naked  "pipe  through  the  emliaidcmeut  of  the 
Bradfield  reservoir  contributed  to  the    esta- 
blishment of  the  leak.     The  main  pipes  from 
the  Roundwood  reservoir,  intended  to  supply 
the  city  of  Dublin,  are  laid  iu  two  large  cul- 
verts built  under  the  embankment.     The  dif- 
ficulty  to   be   overcome   in   jiutting   either  a 
pipe  or  culvert  under  an    embankment  is  to 
connect  them  with  the  bank,  so  as  to  make  a 
water-tight    joint.      If  the  pipe   be  laid  in 
the  natural  ground,  and  the  earth  made  good 
above  it,  there  is  no  fear  of  leakage,  but  other- 
wise there  is  sure  to   be  "a  creep"  through 
the   embankment   along   the   outside    of  the 
pipe,  and  a  leak  wUl  be  thus  occasioned.     The 
same  results  or   creeping  of  the  water  would 
occur  along  the  top  of  a  culvert  as  of  a   pipe. 
The  evil  might  in  some  instances  be  obviated 
by  casting  projecting  flanges  upon   the  out- 
side of  the  pipes,  so  as  to  break  the  continuity 
of  the  joint,    and  in   a   similar   manner  the 
masonry  or  brickwork  of  a  culvert  might  be 
racked  back  so  as  to  bond  into  the  material  of 
the  bank.  These  precautions,  however,  cannot 
be  regarded  as  otherwise  than  of  a  mitigating, 
and  not  of  a   completely   effective  character. 
Considering  what  a  large  number  of  towns  in 
England,  including   the   metropolis,   have  to 
be  supplied  with  water  upon  a   scale  of  mag- 
nitude and  abundance  never  previously  con- 
templated, it  is  quite  time  that  some  measures 
should   be    taken    to    ensure    the    thorough 
security  and  hotuX  .fide    nature  of  the  work 
executed  in   connection   therewith.      An  Act 
has  already   been  passed  requiring   that   all 
reservoirs   and  embaukmeuts  should   be  con- 
structed, similarly  to  railways,  in  accordance 
with  the  regulations   of  the  Board  of  Trade, 
and  to  the  satisfaction  of  its  officers  ;  but  the 
fate  of  many   railway   viaducts  and  bridges 
have  proved  that  this  is  no  guarantee  for  the 
absolute  stability  of  the  works. 


WORKMEN'S   EXHIBITIONS. 

THE  project  of  a  Workmen's  International 
Exhibition,  to  which  brief  reference  was 
made  in  a  recent  number  of  the  BniLDixa 
News,  furnishes  an  occasion  that  may  with 
advantage  be  used  for  reviewing  the  nature, 
the  pretensions,  and  the  fruits  of  the  displays 
with  which  the  public  have  latterly  been 
familiarized.  The  primary  impulse  to  which 
we  owe  such  competitions  is  much  older  than 
those  persons  imagine  who  have  hitherto 
assumed  the  leadership  of  the  inovemejit.  The 
merit  of  originating  the  plan  of  the  first  has 
been  variously  claimed  for  Islington,  for 
Lambeth,  and  for  a  Somersetshire  village.  A 
juster  claim  is  made,  however,  for  the  "black 
coimtry."    There,   twenty  years  ago,  an  in- 


824 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


November  29,  1867. 


stitiition  that  was  burdened  with  debt  was 
released  from  the  incubus  by  the  financial 
success  attendant  upon  a-  collection  of  objects 
of  art,  industry,  and  handicraft,  which  the 
members  brought  together,  and  to  wliich  the 
public  were  admitted  for  a  period  of  several 
months.  It  is  doubtful  whether  any  attempt 
was  made  by  its  promoters  to  obtain 
credit  for  having  struck  out  a  new  path 
for  labour.  Tlie  most  likely  view  is,  that  a 
bazaar  was  all  that  was  contemplated  ;  the 
industrial  exhibition  was  purely  accidental, 
and  arose  from  the  fact  that  mechanics  and 
artizans  gave  for  the  purpose  such  gifts  as  were 
most  available,  viz.,  examples  of  their  own 
skill  in  labour  and  ingenuity  in  designing. 
Whether  this  was  or  was  not  the  case,  how- 
ever, it  is  practically  certain  that  the  success 
of  this  first  exhibition  was  not  limited  to  its 
immediate  pecuniary  object.  Among  the  visi- 
tors to  the  collection  were  several  men  of 
more  or  less  eminence  in  arts  and  manufac- 
tures, and  the  special  .skill  displayed  in  the 
productions  of  some  of  the  workmen  at- 
tracted such  notice  as  eventuated  in  per- 
manent advantage,  and  the  foundation  of 
great  prosperity  to  more  than  one  of  them. 
From  this  beginning,  we  are  told  on  very  ex- 
cellent authority,  there  sprang  the  movement 
that  gave  the  nation  the  first  great  collection 
at  Bingley  Hall,  and  afterwards  the  Inter- 
national Exhibition  of  1851  in  Hyde  Park. 
These  events  mark  the  commencement  of  Mr. 
Disraeli's  Albertine  era  ;  and  to  them  those 
smaller  and  humbler  efforts,  wherein  the  com- 
petitors have  been  of  the  wage-paid  class,  owe 
their  existence. 

The  theory  upon  which  the  projectors  of 
industrial  exhibitions  invariably  proceed  in- 
volves a  bold  assumption.  The  world's  fairs 
of  Loudon  and  Paris,  Dublin  and  New  York, 
have  developed  the  mere  shopkeeping  element 
in  its  highest  perfection,  but  have  failed  to 
exercise  any  marked  influence  upon  labour  ; 
industry,  unsustained  by  large  capital,  has 
been  excluded  i'rom  any  participation  in  the 
competition  ;  and  invention,  save  where  its 
value  had  been  already  commercially  recog- 
nized, could  be  exhibited  only  at  a  loss.  To 
give  to  labour  the  lionours  due  to  it,  to  skill 
its  proper  reward,  and  to  inventioi  a  fair 
field,  are  the  aims  set  forth  with  mucii  plausi- 
bility by  the  advocates  of  workmen's  exliibi- 
tions ;  and  it  becomes  our  duty,  now  that 
scarce  a  week  passes  without  an  exhibition 
opening  in  some  one  of  the  great  population 
centres  of  the  United  Kingdom,  to  en(iuire  to 
what  extent  these  aims  appear  to  have  been 
accomplished.  If  a  deeper,  more  thorough 
interest  be  taken  by  our  artizans  in  the  cha- 
racter of  their  work;  if  greater  care  be  exhi- 
bited to  give  the  finest  finish  of  which  it  is 
capable  to  each  object  produced  in  our  work- 
shops ;  if  new  applications  of  science  to  the 
purposes  of  daily  life,  and  increased  facilities 
for  acquiring  proficiency  in  art  be  shown  ;  if 
the  faculty  of  invention,  or  keen  insight  into 
the  defects  of  mechanical  appliances  now  in 
use  be  fostered  and  encouraged  by  industrial 
exhibitions,  then  assuredly  may  they  be  de- 
clared to  have  fulfilled  the  more  important 
ends  of  their  promoters.  It  were  a  pleasant 
pursuit,  no  doubt,  to  preach  such  aims  to  the 
people  wherever  they  can  be  assembled  for 
the  purpose  ;  but,  "hitherto,  preaching  and 
practice  on  the  subject  have  been  divorced. 
We  can  ascribe  no  new  colour,  no  additions  to 
trade  patterns,  no  original  scientific  process,  no 
imusual  development  of  industry,  to  any  one 
of  the  hundreds  of  exhibitions  that  have  been 
held  within  six  years  past.  Indeed,  the  regu- 
lations of  nearly  all  have  been  such  as  to  in- 
vite results  emphatically  the  reverse  of  those 
contemplated  by  the  'objects.  Distinctions 
have  not  been  duly  defined  between  mere 
amateur  and  skilled  work  ;  and  monstrosities 
of  misapplied  ingenuity,  objects  made  with- 
out the  employment  of  ordinary  tools,  pro- 
ductions that  may  be  aptly  described  as  the 
toys  and  playthings  of  children  of  a  larger 
growth,  have  been  singled  out  for  reward,  to  | 
the   detriment    of   useful   labour.       Several 


causes  have  contributed  to  this  condition  of 
things.  The  committees  of  industrial  exhibi- 
tions have  sought  practical  ends  bearing  upon 
the  interests  of  Labour  and  commerce,  but 
they  have  given  us  shows  and  collections  of 
curiosities.  The  aim  of  pleasing  the  people 
and  attracting  large  masses  of  sight-seers  has 
superseded  tlie  more  important  design  of 
improving  the  knowledge  and  skill  of  our 
craftsmen.  Rewards  of  merit  have  been  too 
liberallydispersed,  sothat  even  asilveror  a  gold 
medal  cannot  be  viewed  as  the  guerdon  of 
genuine  excellence.  Protection  has  not  been 
extended  to  inventions,  and  hence  the  law 
has  operated  to  keep  inventions  out  of  these 
exhibitions.  Lastly,  no  scheme  has  been 
devised  providing  for  the  reception  and  exami- 
n.ation  of  complex  objects,  requiring  the  com- 
bined skill  of  many  men.  Serious  as  these 
defects,  or  rather  vices;,  of  industrial  e.xhibi- 
bition  management  unquestionably  are,  they 
are  not  beyond  remedy.  The  confusion  of 
aims  would  not  exist  if  labour,  and  skill,  and 
artisticpower  were  largely  and  actively  pressed 
into  the  service  of  committees.  Good  taste 
and  discretion  would  dictate  the  limitation  of 
prize-lists.  Means  might  be  found  of  extend- 
ing, during  the  holding  of  an  exhibition,  and 
a  given  period  hereafter,  the  protection  of  the 
law  to  exhibited  inventions  fully  described  and 
registered  at  the  offices  of  the  Board  of  Trade 
and  the  Patent  Commissioners.  The  conci- 
liation of  employers  and  manufacturers,  so  as 
to  secure  their  practical  interest  in  tlie  move^ 
ment,  would  enable  skill  in  combination  to 
compete  as  well  as  individual  enterprise. 

It  wUl  be  seen  that  we  suggest  a  radical 
change  in  the  mode  of  organizing  and  conduct- 
ing industrial  exhibitions,  and  the  inference 
will  be  drawn  that  jwe  should  welcome  a 
change  of  promoters.  Successful  Christian 
evangelists  and  popular  Sunday-school  teachers 
are  generally  very  estimable  persons,  as 
pioneers  of  morality,  and,  we  may  say,  civiliza- 
tion in  the  degraded  quarters  of  our  lar"e 
cities  ;  their  servicesare  of  immense  advantage, 
not  to  religious  communities  only,  but  to 
society  at  large  ;  but  in  undertaking  the 
regeneration  of  labour,  and  the  promotion  of 
a  chivalric  regard  for  excellence  among  our 
artizans,  preachers  and  teachers  are  attempt- 
ing a  task  which  must  always  be  to  them  an 
impossible  one.  The  successful  conduct  of 
an  industrial  crusade  requires  that  those  who 
are  its  leaders  should  bring  to  their  work  a 
devotion  neither  subordinated  to  religious  or 
social  schemes  now  shared  in  by  them.  The 
foremost  men  of  a  trade  can  always  be  found 
with  ease  ;  the  principal  art  workmen  are 
seldom  unknown.  These  are  the  men  who 
should  be  consulted  in  the  earlier  stages  of 
any  industrial  exhibition  ;  and,  if  their 
counsels  were  listened  to,  a  national  or  an 
international  competition  might  Ijecome  the 
germ  of  an  institution  standing  towards 
industry  in  the  relation  which  a  university 
holds  towards  literature,  and  affording  a 
vast  impetus  to  the  important  but  hitherto 
neglected  study  of  technical  processes. 

The  foregoing  princijjles  must  govern  any 
industrial  exhibition  worthy  of  the  name. 
But  to  them  a  suggestion  might  be  added  in 
the  case  of  an  international  display  ;  we 
mean  the  determining  the  nationality  of  the 
objects  brought  together.  A  strong  suspicion 
prevails  among  the  artizans  employed  in 
several  of  our  chief  industries,  that  the  palm 
of  excellence  is  unfairly  awarded  to  the  trades- 
men of  continental  cities  for  work  that  is,  in 
fact,  produced  in  English  workshops,  and  pur- 
chased by  the  agents  of  foreign  firms.  The 
truth  or  untruth  of  this  impression  cannot  be 
established  by  competitions  into  which  em- 
ployers enter  in  their  own  exclusive  interests. 
On  this  point  an  efficiently  arranged  Work- 
men's International  Exhibition  may  be  capable 
of  effecting  great  good  to  British  industry.  In 
its  organization  it  must  bring  particulars 
which  have  been  hitherto  unknown  relative 
to  the  nature,  the  magnitude,  and  the  growth 
of  certain  leading  occupations;  and  this 
feature  should  serve  as  an  incentive  to  great 


caution  on  the  part  of  the  more  active  pro- 
moters of  such  a  scheme,  and  at  the  same 
time  bring  to  its  sup]3ort  the  intelligent 
sympathy  of  the  lords  of  trade  and  of  com- 
nierce. 


A^ 


ESTIMATING  CARPENTERS'  WORK 
FROM  HEWN  AND  CONVERTED 
TIMBER.* 

S  the  final  solution  of  this  question 
appears  to  turn  upon  the  relative 
qualities  of  timber  and  deals,  and  it  is  the 
wish  of  some  of  your  correspondents  that  I 
should  furnish  information  on  this  head,  I 
wiU  consent  to  do  so,  although  I  am  bound  to 
remark  that  my  previous  calculations  were 
based  upon  a  due  observance  of  these  points. 
I  did  not  include  the  best  quality  of  timber 
and  bring  to  bear  upon  its  cost  the  commonest 
(piality  of  deals.  I  treated  them  both  upon  their 
relative  value  in  point  of  quality.  In  refer- 
ence to  the  question  of  strength,  when  compar- 
ing the  two  classes  of  scantlings,  I  would  prefer 
timbering  executed  from  a  medium  quality  of 
deals  before  that  from  a  medium  quaUty  of 
timber.  The  published  schedules  of  the  com- 
parative strength  of  Baltic  timber  afford  no 
reliable  information,  as  they  are  not  based 
upon  observations  pursued  with  distinct 
qualities  of  timber  from  a  given  port,  nor  are 
they  compared  with  those  of  other  and  dis- 
tant ports.  I  might  further  observe  that  the 
question  of  strength  of  hewn  timber  has  never 
been  pursued  with  any  regard  to  converted 
timber,  and  as  this  is  new  ground  it  behoves 
everyone  to  tread  carefully  upon  it. 

As  with  other  subjects  which  have  never 
had  a  proper  share  of  notice  conferred  upon 
them,  it  is  natural  that  errors  should  have 
arisen.  We  find  some  architects  specifying 
that  their  scantlings  shall  be  obtained  from 
hewn  timber  ;  others,  that  their  timbers  shall 
be  Memel,  Dantzig,  or  Riga,  and  their  deals 
best  Petersburg.  Others  will  dispose  of  the 
subject  by  saying  that  "  the  whole  of  the 
timbers,  &c.,  shall  be  of  good  quality,  Baltic 
red  wood."  This  leaves  a  builder  free  to  use 
Russian,  Swedish,  or  Prussian  goods,  and  he 
has  a  field  to  select  his  goods  from  with  a  dif- 
ference of  nearly  50  per  cent,  on  the  first 
cost.  Trifling  as  these  c^uestions  may  seem, 
they  are  weighty  matters  in  the  hands  of  cheap 
builders,  and  often  explain  the  wide  difference 
shown  in  lists  of  tenders  received.  I  make 
bold  to  say  that  there  is  no  subject  of  greater 
importance  to  the  architect  and  builder  than 
the  qualities  of  timber,  and  there  is  none  that 
has  been  so  much  neglected.  Hewn  timber  is 
the  primitive  form  of  wood  when  our  supplies 
were  first  drawn  from  the  north  of  Europe. 
Next  followed  sawn  deals  of  a  rude  descrip- 
tion obtained  by  hand  labour  from  squared 
timber.  As  machinery  was  introduced,  we  ob- 
tained deals  from  timber  squared  by  ma- 
chinery ;  we  had  thus  sawn  sides  and  edges.  ■ 
The  old  description  of  hand-made  deals  are  J 
still  to  be  obtained  at  a  low  cost,  and  are  thS 
produce  of  districts  out  of  the  reach  of  modern 
im])rovements  and  British  enterprise.  Hewij 
timber  has  undergone  little  change  except  i 
deterioration  in  quality.  In  isolated  cases  they 
are  shipped  with  sawn  sides,  the  rule  being  ] 
that  they  are  prepared  with  the  axe. 

Before  proceeding  farther,  I  must  dispose  i 
the   ijuestion   of  quality   between  hewn  and 
converted  timber.     There  is  a  general  belie 
in  this  country  that  the  worst  timber  is  cut  u^ 
into  deals  and  the  best  shipped  in  the  form 
squared  balks.      This   is  a   positive   mistake 
and   we   should   be   nearer   the   truth  if  we 
reversed  this  order  of  belief,  and  said  the  best  '• 
wood  was  cut  up  into  deals,  and  the  worst  was 
shipped   as  hewn   timber.      To    demonstrate 
this  we  have  only  to   bear  in   mind  that  the 
most  northern  districts  of  Europe  produce  the  ! 
best,  most  valuable,  and  close-grown  timberJ 
and    the   southern  districts   of   Livonia  and.1 
Prussia  produce  the  coarsest,  commonest,  and] 

*  This  article    w.is    sent    for    "  Intercommuiucation'*| 
(611),  but  is  too  long  for  that  department. 


November  29,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


^ 


most  opeu  grown.  In  the  former  case,  the 
timber  is  all  shipped  in  a  converted  form, 
whereas  in  the  latter  they  are  in  the  hewn 
shape.  Sweden  produces  a  great  deal  of 
hewn  timber,  and  fi-om  the  fact  of  its  cleanness 
they  are  able  to  manutacture  deals  from  the 
same  ports.  It  does  not  rank  so  high  in  value 
as  ilemel  and  Dantzig  timber,  as  it  is  small  in 
size  and  always  taper  or  diminished  towards 
the  top  end.  Running  our  eyes  roimd  the 
south-eastern  shores  of  the  Baltic,  we  find 
Stettin,  an  important  seaport  on  the  Prussian 
coast,  to  be  the  most  southerly  port  from 
which  any  bulk  of  timber  is  obtained.  It  is 
always  in  the  form  of  liewn  timber  of  toler- 
able quantity,  parallel  in  its  length,  but  some- 
what small  in  size.  Dantzig  and  Pittau  tim- 
ber comes  nex.t  on  the  list,  and  although  of  a 
coarser  quality,  is  of  more  value  from  its 
superior  size- 
Following  the  Une  of  coast,  we  are  next  in- 
troduced to  Memel,  the  great  leading  port  for 
hewn  timber.  Here  we  tan  obtain  both 
size  and  quality,  and  a  good  hearted  class  of 
timber.  Deals  of  superior  thickness  and  size 
to  those  ordinarily  shipped  from  other  ports 
are  here  obtained ;  but  the  best  quality  of 
their  timber,  if  converted  into  deals,  w-ould 
possess  no  special  value,  as  it  is  quick  grown 
and  wide  in  its  annular  rings  (or  bait,  as  it  is 
vulgarly  called.)  From  this  fact  we  are  pre- 
pared for  large  knots  and  faults  in  the  com- 
moner class  of  timbers,  and  it  is  no  uncom- 
mon thing  to  see  knots,  both  dead  and  alive, 
in  the  top  ends  of  this  and  Dantzig  timber  as 
large  as  an  open  hand.  Deals  from  the  port 
of  5lemel  are  cut  from  the  smaller  trees  ;  they 
are  nearlj'  all  heart  deals,  and  sappy  on  the 
edges.  Of  late  years,  deals  of  the  ordinary 
size  shipped  from  Memel  have  been  shipped 
from  Gefle  and  Stookliolm,  in  Sweden,  and 
deal  manufacturing  in  Memel  is  nearly  dis- 
continued. The  port  of  Riga  comes  next  on 
the  list.  The  timber  from  this  port  is  of  good 
quality,  but  from  its  peculiar  shape,  being 
partly  round,  or  "saddle-backed,"  it  does  not 
possess  any  special  value.  Here  converted  tim- 
ber begins  to  form  a  conspicuous  feature,  espe- 
cially in  white  wood,  the  quality  of  which  ranks 
about  second  in  the  Baltic  ports.  As  we  proceed 
north  we  enter  the  Gulf  of  Finland.  Here  tim- 
ber has  considerably  improved  in  quality;  it  is 
cleaner,  closer  grown,  but  smaller  in  size;  it  is 
highly  suitable  for  converted  timber,  and  they 
are  the  first  ports  we  have  yet  arrived  at  where 
deals  for  wrought  purposes  are  obtained. 
Narva,  on  the  southern  side  of  the  gulf,  is  a  port 
of  considerable  importance  in  the  timber  trade. 
Hewn  timber  here,  as  in  the  other  ports  of  the 
gulf,  is  rarely  shipped.  Narva  deals  are  some- 
what coarse  and  mde  in  the  grain,  still  par- 
taking of  the  open  character  of  the  Memel 
and  Riga  timber  ;  but  if  we  cross  the  gulf  to 
the  northern  side,  a  distance  of  seventy  or 
eighty  miles,  the  wood  is  much  superior, 
being  clean  and  closer  grown.  This  difference 
in  the  distance  of  the  ports,  although  in- 
fluencing the  quality  of  the  timber  in  a  marked 
degree,  does  not  represent  the  geographical 
distribution  of  the  timber.  Deals  shipped 
from  Narva  on  the  southern  side  of  the 
gulf  are  obtained  from  timber  grown  hundreds 
of  miles  up  the  rivers.  In  looking  over  a  map  we 
might  say  it  is  obtained  from  the  forest  districts 
south  of  Lake  Peipus,  in  latitude  57  deg.  and 
longitude  29  deg.  east;  on  the  other  hand,  if  we 
take  the  ports  of  Fredericksham  and  Wyborg, 
on  the  northern  side  of  the  gulf,  we  have 
timber  obtained  from  the  mountainous  dis- 
tricts skirting  the  numerous  inland  lakes  of 
Finland,  and,  although  we  have  only  a  dis- 
tance of  seventy  or  eighty  niUes  between  the 
ports,  we  have  timber  grown  at  distances  of 
300  or  400  miles.  Petersburg  deals,  which 
are  shipped  from  the  timber  depot  or 
island  of  Cronstadt,  are  not  obtained 
from  the  district  of  Petersburg.  Peteisburg 
is  simply  the  outlet  or  mouth  of  Lake  Ladoga, 
which  drains  an  inland  forest  district  extend- 
ing upwards  of  300  miles  north  of  St.  Peters- 
burg. 
The  distance  of  the  tiorts  has  little  to  do 


with  the  qualities  of  the  timber.  Narva  is 
only  100  miles  from  St.  Petersburg.  This 
distance  of  itself  could  not  influence  tlie 
(quality  of  the  timber  in  any  material  degree, 
but  through  the  agency  of  lakes  and  rivers 
they  present  us  with  timber  goods  obtained 
from  forests  500  miles  apart,  or  from  the 
southern  and  noithern  forests  of  Russia.  The 
northern  forests  of  Russia  produce  a  kind, 
clear,  close-grown  quality  of  wood  ;  but  the 
forests  of  Finland,  although  producing  a  clear 
close-grown  quality  of  timber,  is  somewhat 
hard  and  slightly  shaked.  For  timbering  pur- 
poses it  is  far  superior  in  strength  to  scantlings 
cut  from  either  Slemel,  Dantzig,  or  Riga  tim- 
bers. As  the  timber  from  these  ports  is  clean 
and  large  enough  to  manufacture  into  deals, 
we  obtain  it  largely  in  this  form.  Hewn 
timber  is  occasionally  shipped  from  Wyborg 
and  Ganla  Carlby ;  but,  as  the  size  is  not 
superior  to  Memel,  the  fact  of  its  cleanness  and 
close-growm  texture  weighs  little  or  nothing 
against  the  extra  cost  of  freight  in  shipping  it 
to  this  country.  Here  they  can  make  deals 
superior  to  those  of  Memel ;  hence  the  fact 
that  these  ports  nearly  wholly  ship  timber  in 
a  converted  form  ;  whereas  Memel  wholly 
ships  the  hewn  class,  as  it  would  be  of  little 
or  no  value  in  the  converted  form  when  com- 
pared with  deals  from  the  Finland  ports. 

I  find  it  impossible  to  dispose  of  the  sub- 
ject wdthout  some  allusion  to  Swedish  deals 
and  timber.  Sweden  does  not  rank  high  as 
a  district  for  producing  large  timber ;  it  is 
invariably  kind  and  close  grown  ;  on  the  whole, 
it  is  more  sappy  than  the  Finlantl  and  Russian 
timbers,  and  is  wanting  in  depth  of  colour. 
The  whole  of  the  principal  ports  ship  timber 
in  the  converted  and  hewn  form.  The 
northern  ports  produce  the  best,  although 
not  the  largest  timber.  The  largest  and  most 
valuable  are  shipped  from  Suudswall,  Luten, 
Huddikswall,  and  Hernosand.  The  former 
description  is  worth  about  23.  Gd.  per  load 
more  than  the  other  shipments.  They  are 
obtained  of  great  lengths,  are  chopped  at  the 
ends  and  sides,  generally  having  a  little  wane 
on  the  comers,  especially  towards  the  top 
ends,  which  run  somewhat  smaller  than  the 
butt  ends.  They  are  whittr,  softer,  and 
closer  gro^Ti  than  Memel  and  Dantzig  timber. 
Dead  knots  are  not  so  numerous,  but  the  live 
knots  are  smaller  and  paler  in  colour.  This 
whiteness  of  the  logs  pervades  the  whole,  and 
when  opened  may  often  lie  taken  for  white 
timber.  The  sap  is  generaOy  white,  and  can 
only  be  detected  by  a  very  practised  eye. 
This  combined  with  its  cheapneis  is  bringing 
it  largely  into  use.  The  commonest  class  is 
imported  into  this  country  for  mining  pur- 
poses, and  this  bids  fair  to  supplant  the  better 
class  of  Swedish  timber,  as  it  is  seized  upon 
by  builders  who  want  long'scantlings,  or  those 
which  are  not  readily  obtained  from  converted 
timber.  As  the  sap  is  not  conspicious  this  can 
be  done  with  impunity,  and  enterprising 
builders  are  not  wanting  who  have  placed 
down  machinery  for  converting,  and  are 
largely  using  this  common  mining  timber.  A 
glance  at  the  wholesale  ex  ships'  prices  of  the 
various  kinds  of  timber  will  throw  the  best 
light  upon  the  subject.  Mining  timber,  Sin.  and 
Oin.  square,  8d.  per  cube;  small  Swedish 
timber,  lOin.  and  llin.  square,  9 id.  per  cube  ; 
ditto,  12in.  and  upwards,  lid.  per  cube  ;  best 
quality,  Swedish  ditto.  Is.  per  cube;  common 
Stettin,  per  cube,  lid.;  best  ditto.  Is.  Id.; 
common  Dantzig,  Is.  ;  test  Dantzig,  Is.  3d.  ; 
common  Memel,  Is.  2d. ;  best  Memel,  Is.  3d.  to 
Is.  5d.  This  statement  will  go  far  to  show 
there  are  great  and  weighty  reasons  why 
scantlings  obtained  from  hewn  timber  are 
not  superior  to  those  obtained  from  converted 
deals.  Battens  cut  from  small  trees,  against 
which  we  are  raising  such  an  outcry,  are  equal 
in  quality  to  scantlings  cut  from  these  small 
sappy  mining  timbers ;  but  scantlings  cut  from 
the  best  quality  of  redwood  obtained  from  the 
second  rate  ports  are  superior  to  those 
obtained  from  the  best  class  of  hewn  timber. 

I  wish  to  be  clearly  understood  on  this 
point.  I  do  not  maintain  that  it  is  superior  in 


beauty  or  figure  when  under  varnish,  but  I 
claim  a  superiority  in  point  of  strength, 
owing  to  its  close  grown  and  compact  nature. 
Swedisli  deals  are  now  forming  a  great 
element  in  our  timber  trade  ;  their  cheapness 
and  the  small  cost  of  freight  gives  them  a 
great  advantage  over  Finland  and  Russian 
goods.  The  best  qiiality  of  deals  are  shipped 
fromthe  ports  of  GelleandSoderham  ;generidly 
speaking,  llin.  deals  are  dillicult  to  obtain 
good  in  (piality,  owing  to  the  limited 
size  of  the  timber  ;  narrow  deals,  battens,  and 
boards  (are  the  principal  goods  they  produce. 
This  is  especially  the  case  in  the  southern 
parts  of  Sweden  and  Norway.  At  Christiana 
there  is  an  excellent  class  of  wood  goods,  which 
are  grown  on  warm  slopes  of  the  inland 
mountain  chains,  and  rafted  down  the  rivers 
in  the  summer  season.  They  are  all  narrow, 
varying  in  size  from  2^  x  ^  to  3  X  t*.  Chris- 
tiana wood  of  best  quality  rates  \cry  high  in 
the  market,  whereas  the  common  goods  from 
that  port  rates  the  lowest,  owing  to 
the  low  rate  of  freight;  and  tlie  open 
character  of  the  port.  Goods  from  the  various 
ports  in  Norway  possess  no  speciality,  and 
may  be  cla-ssed  with  those  of  Sweden.  Quali- 
ties are  ruled  by  price,  and  are  distinguished 
by  marks  and  brands,  a  subject  too  lengthy  to 
enter  upon  in  this  instance.  1  must  conclude 
by  hastily  comparing  the  first  cost  of  the  two 
descriptions  of  best  redwood  : — 

Best  ilemel  hewn  timber,  per  cube 
foot,  ex  ship Is.  4d. 

Best  Finland  redwood  sawn  deals, 
per  standard  of  720ft.,  £9,  equal  to 
per  cube     .         .         .        .         .Is.  2d. 

Or  nearly  15  per  cent. 
Nottingham.  'Wm.  Stevensow. 


GLAZED   ORNA:dENTATION    FOR 
BUILDINGS. 

RAMBLING  a  few  days  since  in  some  of 
the  back  alleys  leading  from  Comhill 
to  Lombard-street,  I  was  agreeably  surprised 
to  find  that  glazed  bricks  and  tiles  had  been 
freely  used  externally.  Not  for  mere  orna- 
ment, but  for  use,  that  use  being  the  reflec- 
tion of  light.  It  seemed  obvious  that  these 
glazed  walls  were  considered  rather  more  use- 
ful than  ornamental.  But  why  should  not  the 
two  be  combined  ?  Why  should  these  glazed 
or  enamelled  bricks  and  tiles  be  merely  em- 
ployed in  back  alleys  and  dark  dismal  lanes  ? 
Why  not  use  them  more  freely  in  front  streets, 
and  in  the  principal  facades  of  important 
buildings  ?  Why  keep  them  out  of  sight,  and 
exiled  to  miserable  cid-de-sMS  and  other  im- 
passes of  the  city  ?  I  am  fuUy  aware  that  the 
external  use  of  enccntstic  tiles  is  gradually 
progressing,  and  extending  to  our  shop  fronts  : 
more  especially  may  they  be  seen  let  into  the 
pilasters  and  other  recesses  of  showy  taverns 
and  ambitious  private  houses.  These,  how- 
evei-,  are  encaustic  coloured  tiles,  all  very 
admirable  in  their  way.  But  except  for  special 
cases  of  ornamentation  I  prefer  enamelled  or 
glazed  bricks  and  tiles.  They  are  more  useful 
than  the  former,  and,  on  the  whole,  quite  as 
cheap.  The  latter  reflect  light  freely,  the 
former  but  slightly,  and  enamelled  tiles  have 
the  further  inestimable  advantage  of  keeping 
themselves  clean,  lor  are  they  not  washed  by 
every  sho  wer  of  rain  ?  They  also  exclude 
damp,  and  from  their  composition  throw  off 
water  freely.  Everyone  knows  that  these 
kind  of  tiles  are  of  very  considerable  anti- 
quity, not  only  for  internal  but  for  external 
work.  They  'may  be  found  in  a  considerable 
number  of  old  English  houses,  where  they  are 
commonly  called  "  Dutch  tiles,"  and  were  ex- 
tensively used  for  the  decoration  of  chimney- 
pieces  and  fireplaces  by  our  venerable  grand- 
parents. These  were  little  pictorial  tiles, 
covered  with  designs  of  all  kinds,  from  land- 
scapes to  caricatures.  Dairies  and  boudoirs 
were  frequenth'  covered  with  them.  Their 
employment  seems  to  have  culminated  with 
the  reign  of  King  WiUiam  the  Third  of  "  im- 
mortal memory,"  and  they  stood  their  ground 


826 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


November  29,  1867. 


pretty  well  througli  the  reiijii  of  Queen  Anne 
and  the  iirst  George.  The  importation  of 
glazed  tiles  and  "delph"  ware  was  an  im- 
portant article  of  trade  in  those  days.  Kvery 
"lady  of  r|uality"  had  lier  tiles  and  delph 
collection.  In  one  of  the  back  streets  leading 
out  of  Endell-strect  to  Long-acre,  existed  a 
few  years  ago  a  tolerably  fme  specimen  of  this 
Dutch  tile  work.  It  was  a  large  domed  bath- 
room, encrusted  with  blue  and  white  tiles.  It 
was  called  "  Queen  Ann's  Batli,"  and  in  its 
pristine  state  must  have  been  a  very  fair 
specimen  of  this  kind  of  internal  ornament  i- 
tion.  It  was  curious  to  fiud  a  work  of  this 
kind  in  the  thick  of  old  Saint  Giles's.  I  am 
not  aware  whether  it  is  now  in  existence.  I 
drew  public  attention  to  it  at  the  time,  and  it 
was  engraved  in  the  "  Illustrated  Loudon 
News."  Perhaps  some  kind  antiquarian,  fond 
of  these  reminiscences  of  old  London,  may  be 
induced  to  inquire  into  its  fate. 

In  Portugal  and  Spain  the  internal  use  of 
enamelled  tiles  is  of  considerable  antiquity. 
They  may  be  found,  used  for  decorative  pur- 
poses, in  many  of  the  old  weather-beaten 
churches  and  convents  not  only  internally  but 
externally.  In  the  Peninsula  they  are  called 
"  Azulejos."  There  it  is  a  common  practice  to 
cover  the  lower  part  of  columns,  pillars,  and 
walls  with  these  "Azulejos."  In  some  in- 
stances each  small  tile  is  perfect  in  itself,  as 
far  as  the  design  or  pattern  is  concerned.  Thus 
very  often  a  recess  will  be  merely  covered  with 
tiles,  each  of  the  sauie  pattern — invariably  a 
white  tile  with  blue  designs  upon  it.  In 
other  cases,  the  whole  of  the  recess  or  part  so 
covered  with  tiles  will  consist  of  a  large  pic- 
ture or  design,  being  made  up  of  many  tiles, 
each  bearing  its  proper  part  of  the  general 
design  or  picture,  such — for  instance — as  a 
Descent  from  the  Cross,  a  Flight  into  Egypt, 
or  any  other  subject.  In  a  case  of  this  kind 
it  follows,  of  course,  that  after  the  white  tiles 
have  been  fixed  in  their  intended  place,  the 
design  in  blue  has  been  drawn  upon  them, 
then  glazed  and  burnt  in,  so  as  to  conqjlete 
the  perfect  picture.  Large  spaces  of  dead  wall 
are  often  covered  in  this  manner,  and  each 
picture  is  a  perfect  subject  in  itself.  They  are 
often  drawn  with  a  bold,  free  hand,  and  well 
coloured,  as  their  name  imports,  with  blue, 
this  being  the  favourite  colour.  These 
"Azulejos"  are  often  copies  of  well-known 
pictures  by  old  masters,  and  sometimes  are 
covered  with  designs  by  the  makers  them- 
selves. With  ordinary  care  they  seem  almost 
indestructible,  and  retain  all  their  pristine 
characteristics  to  the  last.  The  glaze  or  enamel 
seldom  peels  otF,  unless  subjected  to  abuse. 
They  wear  equally  well  out  of  doors,  as  may 
be  seen  in  many  of  the  old  churches  and 
monasteries  of  Portugal. 

Good  examples  of  thi^  mode  of  internal 
church  decoration  may  be  seen  at  the  Se  Velha, 
at  Coimbia,  in  the  church  Nostra  Senhora  da 
Piedade,  at  Thomar,  and  also  in  the  old  church 
S.  Joao  Baptista,  at  the  same  place,  where  they 
have  been  freely  used  in  the  olden  time,  and 
still  remain  ;  and  at  Faro  in  Algarve.  I  now 
come  to  another  and  more  important  part  of 
the  matter,  namely,  the  employment  of  glazed 
bricks  and  tiles  on  a  large  and  comprehensive 
scale  for  the  entire  external  facings  of  build- 
ings of  any  kind,  from  the  street  palace  to 
"the  cottage  ornee."  lu  Lisbon  these  glazed 
tiles  are  now  very  freely  and  commonly  used 
for  covering  the  entire  fronts  of  houses. 
Houses  so  covered  abound  in  many  of  the  new 
streets,  or  where  rebuilding  is  being  carried 
on.  There  these  tiles  form  an  integral  part 
of  the  building,  and  are  not  used  simply  for 
mere  ornament.  The  general  effect  is  pleasing 
to  the  eye,  and  their  absolute  cleanliness  is 
very  striking,  for  they  are  thoroughly  cleansed 
by  every  shower  that  falls  iipou  them.  There 
is  no  attempt  made  of  any  extravagant  orna- 
mentation— the  whole  design  is  very  simple 
and  easv  of  execution.  The  tiles  are  generally 
white,  with  blue  ornaments  ;  but  occasionally 
other  colours  may  be  met  with.  Tlie  process 
of  using  them  is  extremely  simple.  The 
whole  front  of  the  house  is  covered  with   the 


tiles  of  a  selected  imiform  pattern,  and  all  the 
prominent  lines,  such  as  stringcourses,  win- 
dow and  door  heads,  with  their  jambs,  are 
tilled  in  and  followed  round  by  tiles  of  a  dif- 
ferent pattern,  and  mostly  darker  in  colour 
than  the  tiles  used  for  the  mere  facing.  In 
many  cases,  the  window  heads  and  door  hinges 
have  special  patterns,  such  as  scrolls  and  flow- 
ing lines,  designed  expressly  for  each  particular 
case,  according  to  the  taste,  or  want  of  taste, 
of  the  owner  or  his  architect.  I  have  already 
said  that  the  effect  of  these  tile-covered  houses 
is  pleasing,  and  there  can  be  no  doubt  that 
where  a  moderate  additional  expense  is  no 
particular  object,  very  fine  eifects  can  be  pro- 
duced by  very  simple  means.  Terra  cotta 
ornaments,  such  as  cornices,  brackets,  balus- 
trades, and  other  architectural  details,  can  be 
designed,  glazed,  and  coloured  to  agree  with 
the  rest  of  the  glazed  part  of  the  building, 
and  thus  from  these  projecting  parts  get  a 
greater  and  more  striking  effect  of  light  and 
shade.  Setting  aside  all  considerations  of 
ornament,  the  useful  capabilities  of  tiles  so 
employed  may  be  safely  and  persistently  re- 
commended ;  their  cleanliness  is  self-evident. 
They  reflect  the  light  and  throw  off  the  water, 
so  that  little  or  no  absorption  takes  place,  as  is 
too  commonly  the  case  with  brick  and  stucco 
fronts,  now  so  miserably  common  in  our  Lon- 
don streets,  where  "compo"  or  "black  jack" 
still  asserts  his  supremacy.  The  example  of 
Lisbon  in  the  free  use  of  these  glazed  tiles 
may  be  safely  followed  ;  the  rainfall  there  is 
often  very  heavy — indeed,  for  days  together — 
yet  it  produces  little  or  no  efl'ect  on  the  tiles  ; 
they  resist  very  well  the  alternate  vicissitudes 
of  heat  and  heavy  showers,  to  say  nothing  of 
cold,  which,  however,  is  seldom  very  great  ; 
but  I  conceive  the  alternate  effect  of  heat  and 
heavy  rain  is  quite  as  prejudicial  as  frost  in 
our  own  more  variable  climate.  Glazed  bricks 
and  tiles  must  come  into  more  general  and 
extensive  use.  They  possess  admirable  quali- 
ties for  building  decorative  purposes;  they  are 
very  durable — indeed,  almost  indestructible — 
with  ordinary  care;  and,  finally,  they  are  not, 
nor  need  be,  very  expensive.  Why  should 
not  our  architects  employ  them  more  fre- 
quently in  the  internal  decoration  of  churches; 
there  is  no  need  to  keep  to  one  colour — the 
"  Azulejo  "  of  the  Portuguese.  Any  colour  at 
the  option  of  the  architect  may  be   employed. 

I  have  seen  excellent  and  striking  eifects 
produced  in  Italy  by  merely  building  the 
marble  in  alternate  lines  of  black  and  white, 
both  for  the  inside  and  outside  of  their 
churches.  How  much  greater  effect  might  be 
produced  by  the  warm  glistenings  and  lively 
light  of  glazed  tiles  arranged  in  masses  in 
architectural  sequence  !  What  noble  and  strik- 
ing contrasts  could  be  obtained  by  judicious 
use  of  a  material  so  pure  and  simple  as 
coloured  glaze  on  brick  and  tile !  Many 
sensible  architects  now  fully  expose  the  raw 
material  of  their  interior  construction  for  the 
purpose  of  getting  chromatic  effect — common 
3'ellow  bricks  in  contrast  with  red,  blue, 
black,  and  white ;  even  with  these  limited 
means  the  result  is  often  as  striking  as  it  is 
pleasing  to  the  eye.  But  how  much  grander 
would  be  the  effect  if  these  materials  had 
their  own  proper  colours  heightened  by  a 
bright  transparent  glaze  instead  of  the  rough 
dull  dead  appearance  of  crude  bricks,  in 
which  the  colours  are  rarely  brought  out 
clear  and  distinct. 

Red  Mansfield  stone  is  now  apparently  the 
rage  with  many  of  our  architects,  to  contrast 
with  the  white  stones  used  in  the  building. 
But  is  this  contrast  sufficiently  marked  and 
striking  /  I  think  not.  Look  at  the  red  Jlans- 
field  stone  employed  for  this  purpose  in  many 
of  our  recent  buildings — the  new  mansions  in 
Grosvenor-place,  the  Grosvenor  mansions 
themselves,  and  in  the  new  cloistral  colonnade 
of  the  clock  tower  at  Westminster.  The  con- 
trast sought  between  the  red  and  white  stone 
is  not  visible  ten  yards  from  the  works,  and 
very  few  passers  by  would  be  aware  that  any 
red  stone  had  been  used  at  all,  unless  very 
close,  and  their  attention  called  to  the  fact. 


In  conclusion,  it  need  scarcely  be  stated 
that  an  infinite  variety  of  architectural  moulds 
and  ornaments  can  be  made  of  terra  cotta,  and 
for  decorative  purposes  coloured  and  glazed 
to  suit  any  style  of  building,  more  especially 
where  bright  colour  and  warm  tints  are 
necessary  to  cheer  up  the  "dim  religious 
light "  of  too  many  of  our  modern  churches. 
Besides,  many  ornaments  so  designed  may  be 
brightly  and  indestructibly  gilt  for  special 
parts  of  the  more  striking  portion  of  the  in- 
tended decoration.  If  I  am  not  mistaken,  a 
gradual  and  progressive  demand  for  these 
glazed  bricks  and  tiles  is  now  springing  up, 
and  will  ultimately  lead  to  the  firm  establish- 
ment of  a  very  useful  and  extensive  develop- 
ment of  a  comparatively  new  branch  of  com- 
mercial art,  by  far  exceeding  that  of  encaustic 
tiles.  Joseph  Lockwood. 


THE  RESTORATION  OF   THE  CHOIR  OP 
CHICHESTER  CATHEDRAL. 

IN  giving  an  account  of  the  restorations  wloich 
have  since  1859  been  iu  progress,  it  will  be 
unnecessary  to  describd  the  Cathedral  itself  in  any 
detail,  or  perhaps  do  more  than  give  the  dates 
o£  the  erection  o£  the  several  portions  of  it  iu 
order  to  explain  the  context. 

Bishop  Stigand,  who  removed  the  see  from 
Selsay  to  Chichester  about  1070,  commenced  the 
building  of  the  Cathedral,  which  being  restored 
and  continued  after  a  fire  in  1114  by  his  successor, 
Bishop  Ralph,  was  consecrated  in  1148.  The  build- 
ing then  consisted  of  nave,  transepts,  apsidal 
choir,  with  a  lady  chapel,  and  two  other  chapels 
opening  out  of  the  apse  and  the  lower  parts  of 
two  western  towers.  A  second  fire,  which  occurred 
in  1187,  greatly  damaged  the  whole  fabric,  and 
Bishop  Jeffrid  II.  at  once  commenced  its  restora- 
tion. He  altered  the  arcades,  rebuilt  the  inner 
wall  of  the  clerestories,  and  groined  the  whole 
from  end  to  end.  He  also  raised  on  the  Norman 
arches  a  central  tower,  and  continued  up  the 
western  towers.  There  followed  these  works,  the 
pulling  down  of  the  Norman  apse,  and  the  build- 
ing of  the  presbytery,  with  other  alterations  on 
the  plan.  During  Bishop  Neville's  episcopate, 
1223 — 1244,  a  series  of  chapels  were  added  outside 
both  of  the  nave  aisles,  and,  finally,  towards  the 
end  of  the  fourteenth  century,  the  spire  was 
erected  on  the  earlier  central  tower.  After  this 
period  the  Cathedral  only  sustained  injury  after 
injury.  Windows  were  inserted  here  and  there 
utterly  regardless  of  the  earlier  architecture.  The 
north-western  tower  was  destroyed,  and  the 
whole  building  was  left  to  go  to  decay.  It  seems 
however,  that  Sir  C.  Wren  restored  the  spire,  and 
attached  to  it  a  curious  swinging  platlbrm  to 
counteract  the  pressure  of  the  gales  upon  it. 

In  the  year  1846,  the  restorations  of  the  fabric 
were  actively  commenced,  and  under  the  late  Mr. 
R.  C.  Carpenter,  the  architect  to  the  Dean  and 
Chapter,  various  extensive  restorations  were 
carried  out  in  the  structure,  amongst  which  were 
the  new  high  pitch  roofs  of  the  two  transepts. 
These  and  other  works  were  executed  under  the 
immediate  superintendence  of  the  cathedral  sur- 
veyor, Jlr.  J.  Butler.  But  nothing  was  at  this 
time  done  to  the  choir  or  to  the  tower. 

In  the  year  1859,  Mr.  Slater,  who  was  ap- 
pointed their  architect  by  the  Dean  and  Chapter, 
after  Mr.  R.  C.  Carpenter's  death  in  1855,  received 
instructions  from  them  to  report  upon  the  then 
existing  state  of  the  choir,  and  as  to  the  best 
mode  of  altering  the  arrangements  so  as  to  make 
the  nave  available  for  Divme  Service.  Mr. 
Slater's  report  was  submitted  to  the  Dean  and 
Chapter  in  March,  1859.  It  is  too  long  to  quote 
in  e^tenso,  but  a  few  extracts  may  be  given.  He 
writes  : — The  state  of  the  choir  is  most  unsatis- 
factory. The  stalls,  which  are  for  the  most  part 
of  Bishop  Langton's  time,  with  four  added  by 
Bishop  Sherborne,  temp.  Henry  VIII.,  occupy 
their  original  position  (under  the  central  tower). 
There  are  eighteen  stalls,  on  each  side  eight,  and 
returned  stalls  at  the  western  end  against  the 
Arundel  shrine.  The  bishop's  throne,  pulpit, 
staU  fronts,  and  seats  for  vicar's  choral  and 
choristers,  are  all  modern,  and  put  in  the  choir 
about  forty  years  since.  There  were  galleries 
over  the  choir  entrance  (and  for  the  stairs  to  this 
a  part  of  the  tower  pier  had  been  cut  away) ;  a 
gallery  over  St.  Richard's  shrine,  and  north  and 
south  galleries  eastwards  of  the  stalls,  reached  by 
wood  staircases  from  the  aisles ;  there  also  existed 
up  to  the  year  1820  a  gallery  across  the  east  end. 
The  choir  arches  were  blocked  up  with  wood  and 


^■Ltb 


November  29,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


827 


_the   stonework    ruthlessly    cut    away,    and    the 
larble   columns  removed,   and   the  carving  de- 
iroyed.     The  organ  stood  on  the  Arundel  shrine. 
The  plan  which    Mr.    Slater  recommended  has 
now  heeu  carried  out  as  far  as  funds  have  at  pre- 
aent  permitted,  though  much  has  still  to  be  done 
to  complete  it.     He  recommended  the  removal  of 
the    Arundel   shrine,   which  he  was  strongly  of 
opinion   was   not  in    its    original   position,   thus 
throwing  open  to   the  nave  the  wln)le  length  of 
the  choir.       He  advised  the  retention  of  the  ori- 
ginal  position   of   the  stalls,     where    erected  by 
Bisho])    Langton.      The    congregation,  instead  of 
sitting  as  they  had  been  accustomed  to  do  in  the 
choir,  were  now  to  use  the  nave,  thus  leaving  the 
choir  proper   so   entirely   free   of  seats   as  to  be 
available  for   ordinations  and  other  great  gather- 
ings of  the  clergy  of  the  diocese.     The  works  were 
commenced  in  the   year  1860,  under  Mr.  .Slater's 
superintendence.       The  whole  of  the  fittings  and 
galleries  were    removed,   and   the  Arundel  shrine 
was  taken  down.      The  works  were,  however,  sus- 
pended by  the  falling  of  the  tower  and  spire  in  IS61, 
iiut  immediate  steps  were  taken  to  rebuild  it  under 
J  tbe  superintendence  of  Mr.  G.  G.  Scott,  K.A.,  and 
Ixr.  W.  Slater;  it  was  completed  finally  in  1S6(J. 
,     The  tower  being  finished,  and  the  scaflblding  re- 
'inoved,   the  suspended  works  of   the  choir  were 
iiesumed  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  W.  Slater  and 
Sir.   R.   Herbert,    carpenter.      The  whole  of  the 
Malls,  with  the  exception  of  those  for  the  dean  and 
Sreceutoi-,  had  been  completed   before  the  fall  of 
Pie  spire,  as  was  also    the    marble    pavement  and 
the  altar,  from  Mr.  Slater's  designs  ;  they  had  been 
temporarily    packed     up     in    the     lady    chapel 
during  the  great  works  to  the  fabric.     They  are 
now  tixed  iu  their   places,  together  with  the  new 
throne,  the  dean  and  precentor's  stalls,  the  steps, 
screens,  &c.,   and  the  particulars  of  their  several 
designs  are  described  at  length  below. 

THE  CHOIR  RESTORATION. 
Mr.  Slater's  original  scheme  for  the  rearrange- 
ment of  the  choir  has  now  been  completed  in  most 
af  its  essentials,  though  the  reredos  and  organ 
case,  &c.,  are  yet  to  be  erected.  He  had  proposed 
at  first  to  retain  the  returned  stalls,  but  this  pro- 
posal was  abandoned,  and  the  dean  and  pre- 
oeutor's  stalls  now  face  respectively  north  and 
■outh.  The  ancient  canopied  stalls  of  bishop 
Langton  have  been  reerected,  as  before  noted,  in 
their  original  position  under  the  tower.  They  are 
thirty  six  in  number,  eighteen  on  either  side. 
Their  design  is  good,  and  they  are  very  interest- 
ing as  specimens  of  a  date  of  woodwork  of  which 
few  examples  are  now  left.  They  have  been 
thoroughly  restored,  and  as  have  also  the  chan- 
cellor's and  treasurer's  stalls  at  the  eastern  end  of 
each  block.  These  latter  have  bold  crocketted 
and  traceried  pediments  and  pinnacles,  and  differ 
altogether  in  their  design  from  the  rest  of  the 
stalls,  thus  giving  to  these  dignitaries  greater 
prominence  than  the  others,  excepting  the  dean 
and  precentor.  The  whole  of  these  ancient  stalls 
have  been  in  modern  times  painted  over  in 
chocolate  and  gold,  but  on  removing  it  traces  of 
ancient  colour  were  discovered,  and  on  the  chan- 
cellor's stall  this  ancient  colour  is  wonderfully 
well  preserved.  The  colours  used  were  vermilion, 
green,  blue,  and  gold,  and  both  on  these  and  on 
the  whole  of  the  canopied  stalls.  These  traces  of 
ancient  colour,  being  of  the  greatest  value,  have 
been  most  carefully  preserved. 

THE    PAVEMENT. 

The  levels  of  the  floor  and  the  position  of  the 
steps  have  been  entirely  changed,  to  suit  the  new 
arrangements.  The  original  Norman  Cathedral 
was  nearly  level  from  end  to  end,  the  altar  being 
probably  raised  on  a  distinct  flight  of  steps  iu  the 
centre  of  the  apse.  In  the  fifteenth  century 
this  arrangement  was  altered,  and  the  whole 
choir  level  raised,  there  being  then  an  ascent  of 
five  steps  at  the  entrance  through  the  Arundel 
shrine.  The  altar  is  now  ten  steps  above  the 
nave,  inclusive  of  the  footpace  on  which  it  stands. 
There  are  four  steps  at  the  entrauce  of  the  choir, 
two  at  the  eastern  end  of  the  stalls,  and  three  at 
the  altar  rails.  The  stalls  being  under  the  tower 
the  three  bays  of  the  choir  are  left  clear,  and  the 
whole  space  is  laid  with  a  marble  pavement,  and 
also  the  space  the  stall  floors  up  to  the  western 
steps.  The  richest  portion  of  the  floor  is  that  im- 
mediately in  front  ot  the  altar  between  it  and  the 
altar  rails.  It  is  entirely  of  mosaic  patterns, 
difficult  to  be  described  iu  writing,  but  the  general 
design  consists  of  a  square  equal  to  the  leugth  of 
the  footpace  ;  within  this  is  a  square  set  anglewise, 
enclosing  a  circle  in  which  is  a  cross,  the  span- 
drils  being   filled   in   with  smaller  circles.     The 


cross  and  the  borders  and  smaller  spandrila  .are 
filled  with  elaborate  mosaic,  in  geometrical  and 
other  patterns.  The  marbles  used  for  this  portion 
of  the  pavement  are  Hrocatella,  Kosso  Aloderuo, 
Verto  di  Prata,  Kosa,  Griotte,  S'enna,  Irish  green, 
and  red  Serpentine.  The  central  cross  has 
patterns  inlaid  with  Sienna  on  a  common  ground 
of  Verte  di  Prata.  The  spaces  on  each  side  of  the 
central  square,  and  of  the  altar,  are  laid  with 
squares  of  Breccia,  Irish  green  and  white  lias 
divided  by  mosaic  borders  of  Rosa,  Irish  green 
and  Sienna.  The  border  which  runs  roiuul  the 
whole  is  of  Kosa,  Irish  green  and  Sienna  iu  geo- 
metrical patterns.  The  large  space  between  the 
altir  rails  and  the  stalls  is  laid  with  Irish  green 
marble  and  white  lia.s,  in  simple  geometrical  pat- 
terns, with  mosaic  borders  of  Languedoc  red.  Si- 
enna, Irish  green,  and  Derbyshire  fossil  marbles,  and 
white  lias.  The  irregular  spaces  formed  by  the 
recess  of  the  arches  up  to  the  ])arclose  plinth  is 
laid  with  dark  Derbyshire  fossil  marble. 

The  pass.age  between  the  stalls  has  squares  set 
diagonally  of  Rosa,  IJahbicombe,  Irish  green,  and 
Derbyshire  fossil  marbles,  on  a  white  lias  ground. 
The  border  is  of  Irish  green  mosaic  iu  white  lias, 
with  angle  squares  of  green  Serpentine,  Girotte, 
au'l  Breccia  marbles,  with  bands  of  Devon  black. 
The  footpace  is  of  red  Devon  marble,  and  the 
steps  are  of  red  Devon,  Derbyshire  fossil,  and 
Belgian  black  marble.  The  choir  aisles  are  laid 
with  the  black  and  white  marble  squares  which 
formerly  conqiosed  the  choir  pavement. 

The  parclose  screens  are  of  wrought  iron,  in  de- 
licate scroll  patterns  copied  from  the  ancient  ex- 
amples existing  in  the  choir.  They  stand  in  the 
six  side  arches  on  moulded  plinths  of  polished 
Purbeck  marble.  The  central  screen  on  each  side 
has  a  pair  of  gates  opening  into  the  choir  aisle, 
which  at  this  point  is  two  steps  below  the  choir 
level.    They  have  been  executed  by  Mr.  Halstead. 

The  altar  is  of  oak,  and  the  top  is  formed  by 
a  solid  moulded  oak  slab,  with  the  five  crosses 
sunk  iu  it.  The  slab  rests  on  a  heavy  moulded 
cornice,  on  which  is  carved  "  0  Lamb  of  God, 
grant  us  thy  peace. "  The  columns  (six  in 
number)  supporting  the  cornice  are  very  massive 
in  proportion,  and  slightly  tapered  upwards,  and 
ornamented  with  carved  scale  patterns.  The 
capitals  represent  wheat  ears,  with  the  vine,  and 
the  passion  flower,  and  foliage  arranged  conven- 
tionally. On  the  moulded  oak  plinth  is  carved  an  in- 
scription to  the  memory  of  the  children  of  the  donor, 
Mr.I.  F.  France.  The  altar  cloth  has  been  worked, 
from  the  architect's  design,  by  the  sisterhood  at 
Clewer,  with  rich  conventional  scroll  patterns  in 
gold  on  a  ground  of  red  silk,  with  borders  of 
violet  silk.  The  central  compartment  of  the 
frontal  has  a  cross,  on  the  four  arms  of  which  are 
worked  the  Evangelistic  symbols,  and  in  the 
centre  the  Agnus  Dei  in  coloured  silks.  The 
cross  and  centre  are  ornamented  with  jewels  in 
settings  of  copper  gilded  and  enamelled,  exe- 
cuted by  Mr.  Barkentin,  of  Regent-street. 

The  new  stalls  are  the  entire  length  of  the  an- 
cient stalls,  and  divided  by  passages  into  three 
distinct  blocks;  an  additional  projecting  seat  and 
bookboard  is  provided  iu  front  of  the  central 
blocks  for  the  chorister  boys.  The  stalls  are 
entirely  of  oak.  It  has  not  been  attempted  to 
copy  iu  any  way  the  type  of  the  ancient  work 
of  the  canopies,  as,  by  doing  so,  the  value  of  the 
ancient  work  would  be  spoiled,  and  the  new  stalls 
would  not  be  satisfactory  in  themselves.  The 
maiu  point  in  their  design  is  the  carving  with 
which  every  end  and  the  long  fronts  towards  the 
central  passage  are  ornamented.  The  foliage  is 
arranged  in  circles  and  panels,  with  carved  styles 
between  them.  With  the  exception  of  some 
purely  conventional  foliage,  the  whole  of  the 
carving  is  strictly  and  faithfully  naturalesque, 
disposed  in  form  aud  growth  to  suit  the  spaces 
iu  which  it  is  contained.  The  carvings  represent 
every  plant,  flower,  and  herb  named  in  the  Bible. 
The  boys'  desks  are  open,  aud  supported  on  oak 
moulded  columns  with  ricldy  carved  capitals  and 
brackets.  The  upper  range  of  stalls  is  five  stejis 
from  the  choir  floor  level,  and  the  boys'  desks  two 
steps.  The  oak  curb  rests  on  a  plinth  of 
moulded  and  polished   Purbeck  marble  Ifl.  high. 

The  dean  and  precentor's  stalls  resemble  one 
another  in  their  design,  though  the  carving  in 
each  is  different.  They  have  bold  overhanging 
canopies  supported  on  four  columns,  two  engaged, 
and  two  standing,  but  sep.arately.  The  top  of 
the  canopy  is  square  in  plan,  and  has  a  cresting 
continued"  round  it,  inside  which  rises  a  lofty 
open  octagonal  spire,  pierced,  carved,  and 
crocketted,  with  gables  and  gablets  on  its  several 
faces,  and  surmounted  with  a  richly  carved 
finial ;  the   whole  height  of  these  stalls  is  about 


25ft.  from  the  floor.  The  panels  and  spaces  are 
carved  in  harmony  with  the  stalls,  .and  the  plants 
represented  are  as  follows  : — The  oak,  labvimam, 
sorrel,  ivy,  bul  rush  and  water  lily,  lilac  and  primrose, 
convolvulus,  honeysuckle  and  daisy,  watercress, 
geranium,  fern  anil  n.asturtium  ;  conventional  and 
naturalesipu^  foliage  are  introduced  into  the  book 
desks  of  the  two  stalls. 

The  last  work  which  has  been  undertaken,  and 
which  is  still  in  some  of  its  details  incomplete,  is 
the  bishop's  throne.  It  m.ay  briefly  be  descriljed 
;is  a  square  arched  gabled  and  groined  canopy, 
supported  on  coupled  columns  at  each  angle,  which 
rest  on  the  angles  of  the  seat  aud  bookboard. 
From  th"  canopy  rises  a  lofty  octagonal  spire, 
the  whole  being  about  30ft.  in  height,  and  de- 
signed iu  harmony  with  the  other  modern  stall- 
work.  The  front  of  the  book  desk  aud  ends  of 
the  scat  are  elaborately  carved  with  delicate  na- 
turalesque foliage.  The  central  panel  will  have  a 
sculptured  has  relief  inserted  in  it.  The  support- 
ing columns  of  the  canopy  have  richly  carved  capi- 
tals .and  bases.  The  four  arches  of  the  canopy  are 
moulded  and  cusped,  and  the  pediments  above 
them  are  also  carved  and  crocketted.  The  span- 
drils  enclosed  are  carved,  and  will  have  sculptured 
in  them  the  heads  of  the  twelve  Apostles  in  high 
relief,  and  at  each  angle  between  the  pediments 
is  a  column  supporting  a  figure  about  1ft.  Gin. 
high,  four  figures  iu  all.  These  are  the  four  first 
bishops  of  the  Chiistian  Church,  or  rather  the 
first  four  who  had  detinite  sees.  S.  Timothy, 
Bishop  of  Kphesua  ;  S.  Titus,  Bishop  of  Cyprus  ;  S. 
James,  Bishop  of  Jerusalem ;  aud  S.  Peter,  liishup 
of  Antioch.  On  the  spire  .above  these  figures  stand 
four  other  figures,  vi/„,  S.  Wilfred,  S.  Richard, 
S.  JefiVid,  and  Langton,  .all  bishops  of  Chichester. 
The  spire  itself  is  richly  carved,  pierced  nnd 
crocketted  with  carved  gablets  on  its  eight  sides, 
with  a  richly  carved  tinial  at  its  summit. 

The  brass  eagle  stands  on  a  marble  base  in  the 
centre  of  the  passage  between  the  stalls.  It  is 
executed  by  Mr.  T.  Potter,  .and  is  presented  to  the 
Cathedral  by  Mrs.  France,  .as  a  memorial  to  her 
hate  father. 

The  great  gas  standards  in  the  choir  have  been 
executed  by  Skidmore  and  Co.,  of  Coventry,  from 
the  .architect's  designs.  They  are  '20ft.  high,  with 
lights  in  three  circles  ;  they  are  massive  and  rich  in 
design,  executed  in  br.as3  and  wrought  iron  work  ; 
they  are  presented  by  Mr.  Wilmshurst. 

The  reredos  has  been  designed  by  Messrs. 
Skater  and  Carpenter,  and  is  now  being  cxecuied 
by  Mr.  Forsyth  ;  the  princip,al  feature  iu  it  is  the 
sculpture  of  the  Ascension,  the  figures  of  which  are 
life  size.     The  structure  is  of  various  rich  marbles. 

The  oigau  case  has  yet  to  be  de.signed,  but  the 
organ  itself  h.a3  been  altered  and  re-erected  over 
the  stalls  in  the  north  arch  of  the  tower,  Messrs. 
Hill  being  employed  for  the  work. 

The  whole  of  the  st.allwork  and  throne  has  been 
executed  by  Mr.  J.  Forsyth,  and  the  pavement  by 
Messrs.  Poole  and  Son.  The  stall  floors  plinths  to 
stalls    and  screens,   &c.,  have  been   done  by  Mr. 

Marshall. 

♦ 

PRIZE    DESIGN    FOR    LABOURERS' 
COTTAGES. 

THE  Marquis  of  Abercorn,  K.G.,  has  oflTered, 
through  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society  of 
Ireland,  a  prize  of  £25  for  the  best  design  and 
specification  for  a  labourer's  cott.age,  including 
yard,  and  with  the  requirements  of  the  Cottier 
Tenant  Act  (Ireland),  1856.  Plans  with  specifi- 
cations and  detailed  bill  of  particulars,  showing 
qu.antities  aud  estimated  price  of  each  item  for  a 
cottage,  to  cost,  when  completely  finished  (with 
oflices),  the  sum  of  £70  if  single,  or  £65  if  one  of 
two  or  more.  The  estimate  to  be  based  on  the 
average  cost  of  materials  aud  labour  iu  Ireland. 
The  drawings,  which  must  be  geometrical,  to  be 
made  on  a  scale  of  one-eighth  inch  to  one  foot. 
The  following  are  the  rules  for  competitors  : — 

1.  Tlie  decision  of  the  Coiiucil  is  to  bo  tiual  aud  con- 
clusive, .and  the  Society  will  not  bo  bound  to  give  the  prize 
in  case  of  inautRcieut  merit. 

2.  The  names  of  competitors  sliall  not  accompany  de- 
signs, but  a  sealed  note  shall  bo  att.ached  to  each,  cuutaiu- 
ing  the  name  and  address  of  the  competitor,  with  a  motto 
ou°the  cover  of  the  note,  corresponding  with  the  one  in- 
scribed on  the  design  and  Bpecificatiuu. 

3.  The  designs  aud  specifications  awarded  the  prize  shall 
become  the  property  of  the  Society,  aud  tho  uusuccesafill 
designs  will  be  returned  to  tlis  competitors,  if  called  for  at 
the  office,  42,  Upper  Sackville  street,  witliiu  one  mouth  of 
the  date  of  the  decision. 

4.  The  imperial  weights  and  measures  shall  be  used  in 
all  calculatious,  and  no  prize  shall  be  awarded  for  any 
dosi'-cn  which  has  alieady  appeared. 

The  designs  and  specifications  must  be  forwardei,  pre- 
paid, to  the  secretary,  J.  iladham  Thornhill,  42,  Sack- 
viUe-Btreet,  Dublin,  on  or  before  Tuesday,  the  28tU 
January,  1868, 


U^ 


828 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


November  29,  1867. 


PROPOSED    THAMES    SUBWAY. 
Fig.   2. 

men  \A/ATEP. 


Fig.  1. 


PROPOSED    THAMES    SUBWAY. 

A  QUESTION  immediately  demanding 
attention,  and  one  which  will  tax  all 
our  energies  to  answer  iu  a  satisfactory 
mmner,  is  how  are  we  to  relieve  the  streets 
of  London  from  the  pressure  of  the  increasing 
traffic.  An  act  has  been  lately  passed  for  its 
better  regulation,  but  the  temporary  relief 
thus  obtained  will  soon  be  absorbed  by  the 
increase  of  trade,  and  some  more  lasting 
remedy  must  be  devised.  The  most  effectual 
remedy  would  perhaps  be  to  widen  the  pre- 
sent streets,  and  to  construct  new  ones,  but 
this  is  prevented  by  the  value  of  the  space 
that  would  be  wanted  for  their  construction. 
The  only  other  feasible  plan  proposed  is  the  con- 
veyance of  passengers  either  above  or  below  the 
streets.  The  overhead  method  has  this  great 
objection — that  it  occupies  the  surface  to  a 
great  extent,  and  interferes  with  existing 
buildings.  Iu  the  subway  system  no  inter- 
ference occurs  except  at  the  stations.  We 
have  received  a  pamphlet,  by  Mr.  P.  W.  Barlow, 
strongly  advocating  a  subu-ay  omnibus  system. 
According  to  his  plan,  the  tunnels  are  single 
and  constructed  in  cast  iron,  and  in  such  a 
manner  that  no  interference  is  required  with 
the  surface  of  the  ground  except  at  the  shafts ; 
no  stations  are  to  be  erected,  passengers 
paying  in  the  carriages  as  they  do  now  in 
omnibuses  ;  thus  great  expenditure  is  avoided 
and  time  saved.  Locomotives  are  avoided  by 
reducing  the  power  required  to  an  ins'gnifi- 
cant  amount  by  making  all  stopping  places 
with  a  fall  or  dip  between  them  to  obtain 
velocity.  A  company  has  been  formed  for 
the  construction  of  an  omnibus  subway  on 
these  principles,  a  quarter  of  a  mile  in  length, 
under  the  Thames,  about  a  third  of  a  mile 
below  London  Bridge.  An  act  will  be  apjilied 
for  this  session,  but  arrangements  for  the  land 
required  are  already  nearly  complete.  The 
method  proposed  nearly  resembles  that 
adopted  by  Brunei  in  the  Thames  Tunnel, 
namely,  a  shield  fitting  the  shape  of  the 
tunnel  is  propelled  forward  by  screws,  so 
that  the  brickwork  exactly  fits  the  excavation. 
The  projected  tunnel,  however,  will  be  con- 
structed of  iron,  the  sliield  will  be  surrounded 
by  a  cylinder  overlapping  the  tunnel,  and 
sides  will  always  be  water-tight.  The  exca- 
vation required  will  be  comparatively  small, 
not  more  than  a  diameter  of  yft.,  and  thus  the 
shield  may  be  forced  through  the  clay  with 
very  great  power.  The  total  estimated  cost 
of  the  subway  is  £34,000,  the  items  being 
4,000  tons  of  iron  at  £1  per  ton,  and  J6,000 
the  cost  of  excavating  10,000  cubic  yards,  at 
12s.  per  yard,  this  being  double  the  usual 
rate.  Mr.  Barlow  thinks  that,  as  a  general 
rule,  £60,000  per  mile  for  single  lines  may  be 
estimated,  this  to  include  the  cost  for  the  land 
occupied  by  the  shafts.  The  omnibus  will 
be  constructed  of  steel,  and  will  weigh,  -with  a 
full  load  of  twelve  passengers,  two  tons,  and, 
according  to  Mr.  Barlow's  calculations,  the 
power  of  two  men  will  be  sufficient  to  propel 
the  carriage.  This  appears  at  first  rather 
incredible,  but  Mr.  Barlow  says  "  when  it  is 
considered  that  an  ordinary  omnibus  with  a 
full  load,  weighing  doulile  my  carriage  and 
load,  is  propelled  on  a  macadamized  road  on 
inclines  occasionally  of  1  in  20  by  two  horses, 
it  is  not  difficult  to  understand  that  a  per- 
fectly made  omnibus  of  steel  plates  on  steel 
rails  laid  with  gradients  especially  adapted 
to  start  the  carriage  into  velocity,  wiU  not 
require  a  greater  power  than  one  man." 

The  ascent  and  descent  of  the  shafts  is  not 
to  be  made  by  stairs,  but  by  hydraulic   lifts, 


and  thus,  in  tlie  general  application  of  the 
system,  the  stations  are  not  prevented^  from 
being  on  a  level,  as  these  lifts  will  without 
difficulty  ascend  nearly  100ft. 

We  give  an  illustration  of  the  Thames  sub- 
way. Fig.  1  represents  a  cross  section  of  the 
tunnel  with  that  of  an  omnibus  10  per  cent, 
above  the  ordinary  dimensions.  Fig.  2  shows 
a  longitudinal  section  of  the  subway  and  shafts. 


WEOTJGHT.IRON    ROOFS   FOR    WORK 
SHEDS,  COVERED  WATS,  &c. 

ONE  of  our  lithographic  sheets  represents 
some  examples  of  wrought- iron  roofs  for 
work  sheds,  covered  ways.  c&c.  The  coveriug  of 
these  roofs  may  be  of  the  following  materials,  to 
suit  price,  locality,  or  preference  of  the  company 
or  firm  who  require  them.  Galvanized  corru- 
gated iron  of  from  No.  16  to  20  gauge,  the  sheets 
to  run  from  purlin  to  purlin,  the  sizes  and 
weights    to    be    obtained    from    the    merchants 

are  : — 

■WeigM  per 

square, 

cwt.  qrg.  lb. 

No.  16  gauge,  Sfl.  by  !ft.  to  8ft.  by  3ft.  SOU 

„    18     '„      |6ft.  br  2t't.  to  3ft.  by  Sft.  2         16 

,,    20     „      6ft.  by  2tt.  to  Sft.  by  Sft.  13       6 


Square 
feet. 

pertou 

SCO 
1,000 
1,250 


Zinc  is  always  attain.able  from  the  Vieille  Mon- 
tague Company's  agents  in  sheets  : — 

Sft.  by  3ft.,  No.  14  ga\igo,  weighs  21oz.  ISdrs.  )       per 
7ft.  by  3ft.,         15       „  „      24oz.    Odra.  V    sqaaie 

7ft.  by  2ft.,         16       „  „      26oz.    Sdrs.  )      foot. 

It  may  be  rolled  of  any  lengths  under  12ft.,  but 
for  specially  rolled  sheets  about  a  month's  notice 
should  be  given,  and  for  lengths  over  10ft.  an 
additional  cost  of  about  £2  per  ton  is  charged  as 
extra  for  rolling. 

In  covering  a  roof,  it  should  be  so  arranged  as 
to  be  perfectly  water-tight  and  yet  free  for  expan- 
sion and  contraction,  as  laid  according  to  the 
methods  of  the  company's  architects.  The 
strength  allowed  in  large  roofs  for  wind  and  snow 
will  be  always  suiBcient  without  aJding  anything 
for  zinc  covering.  Each  sheet,  it  shou  d  be  ob- 
served, ought  to  be  stamped  with  lAimlier  of 
gauge  and  company's  name,  to  ensure  a  good 
quality  of  metal. 

All  of  the  ironwork  in  principal  or  any  por- 
tion should  be  submitted  to  such  tests  as  the 
engineer  may  think  fit  to  apply,  and  should  be  of 
the  best  quality  and  capable  of  sustaining  a  ten- 
sile strain  of  at  least  twenty  tons  per  inch  of  sec- 
tional area.  The  length  of  louvres  must  be  regu- 
lated according  to  the  ventilation  required,  but  iu 
covered  ways  may  be  dispensed  with  altogether. 

The  diagram  on  the  top  of  the  sheet,  showing  a 
span  of  15ft.,  is  arranged  to  receive  a  covering  of 
rough  plate  glass.  The  louvres  on  top  need  not 
run  all  along,  but  be  of  sufficient  length  to  venti- 
late the  building,  which  will  vary  to  suit  the 
work  carried  on  underneath.  In  case  of  being 
used    over  a  covered   way,   louvres  can   be  dis- 


pensed with,  as  both  ends  being  open  suflicieat 
ventilation  will  be  afforded. 

In  e.9timating  cost  of  ironwork  an  allowance  o£ 
about  5  per  cent,  should  be  made  for  waste. 


THE     LODGE— TAILORS'     BENEVOLENT- 
INSTITUTION,  HAVERSTOCK-HILL. 

ONE  of  our  lithographic  illustrations  this  week 
represents  the  lodge  of  the  Benevolent  In- 
stitution for  Journeyman  Tailors,  Haverstock-hill. 
It  is  part  of  a  series  of  works  carried  out  a  few 
years  ago  by  Mr.  C.  F.  Hayward,  architect.  The 
illustration  is  on  so  large  a  scale  that  it  seems 
hardly  to  require  any  further  description,  but  we 
may  remark  that  the  Institution  itself  is  the  re- 
sult of  a  strike  which  took  place  in  the  year  1836, 
when,  after  considerable  disagreementbetween  mas- 
ters and  men,  they  united  in  one  cordial  effort  to 
establish  an  asylum  for  the  aged  and  infirm  jour, 
neymen,  who  should  themselves  have  subscribed 
during  their  time  of  health  and  strength  to  the 
obj  ects  of  the  Institution.  A  better  way  of  conclud- 
ing a  strike  could  not  be  devised,  and  such  is  the 
great  success  of  the  working  of  the  Institution  that 
if  all  strikes  were  attended  with  the  same  results 
they  would  come  to  be  considered  even  by  tha 
masters  as  far  from  unmixed  evils.  We  do  not, 
however,  hear  of  any  such  conclusion  to  the  late 
disastrous  contest  between  labour  and  capital,  but 
perhaps  if  one  of  the  great  court  tailors,  like  Stultz, 
in  1837,  wouldsetthe  example,  another  institution, 
or  at  least  an  extension  of  the  present  one,  might 
be  estabUshed.  It  should  be  observed  that  no 
master  tailor  can  by  any  means  participate  in  the 
benefits  oifered,  but  the  candidates,  many 
of  whom  are  out  pensioners,  and  can  thus  support 
themselves  amongst  their  own  families,  must . 
have  been  bona  fide  journeymen  tailors.  The  ' 
chapel  attached  to  this  Insiitution  is  a  very  care- 
fully kept  little  building,  not  without  some 
pretence  to  good  architecture. 


MEDIEVAL   HERALDRY. 

IN  GoChic  architecture,  remarks  Mr.  Boutell, 
in  his  new  work  on  this  subject,  heraldry 
is  always  a  consistent,  beautiful,  and  most  effec- 
tive accessory.  Indeed,  so  thoroughly  is  the 
spirit  of  herddry  in  harmony  with  the  great 
architecture  which  grew  up  in  the  Middle  Ages, 
that  heraldry  must  be  considered  rather  as  an 
element  of  its  nature  than  as  an  allied  art.  Gothic 
architecture  is  essentially  heialdic;  and  hence,  as 
well  as  from  its  elastic  nature  and  its  equally  con- 
sistent and  happy  applicability  to  every  use  and  re- 
quirement, it  is  peculiarly  appropriate  as  our 
national  style.  From  the  earliest  years  of  its  ex- 
i.-,tence  as  a  definite  science,  heraldry  is  foimd  to 
I  e  most  intimately  associated  with  the  Gothic 
architecture  of  England  ;  and  happy  it  was  for 
the  early  heralds  that  iu  their  days  the  English 
Gothic  was  at  work  in  the  fvdl  strength  of  its 
first  maturity.  And  this  alliance  was  never  inter- 
rupted or  permitted  to  decline  from  its  original 
cordiality.  As  long  as  the  Gothic  flourished, 
heraldry  held  its  own  place  in  architecture.  And 
in  the  finest  works  that  exist  among  us,  relics  o£ 
the  grand  Gothic  ages  of  English  architecture, 
heraldry  is  ever  present  to  adorn  them  with  its 
graphic  records.  In  the  spandrels  of  arcades,  in 
panels,  upon  bosses  in  vaulting,  in  stained  glass, 
iu  encaustic  floor-tiles,  and  indeed  in  almost  every 
position  in  which  such  ornamentation  could  be 
admissible,  the  early  herald  is  found  to  have  been 
the  fellow-worker  with  the  early  Gothic  architect. 
Gothic  architecture  accordingly  has  preserved  for 
us  very  noble  collections  and  specimens  of  the 
most  valuable  illustrations  of  our  national 
heraldry.  Canterbury  and  York  Cathedr.'ds,  and 
the  Abbey  Churches  of  Westminster  and  St. 
Alban's,  with  the  Chapel  of  King's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, are  especiaUy  rich  in  heraldic  treasures; 
and  Westminster  Hall,  and  the  northern  castles  of 
Alnwick  and  Warkworth  may  be  specified  ae 
noble  examples  of  secular  architecture  which  re- 
tain their  heraldic  enrichments. 


The  Council  of  the  Society  of  Arts  will  hold  a 
conference  at  their  house,  in  January  next,  to  con- 
sider measures  to  be  adopted  for  promoting  indus- 
trial and  technical  education  among  the  different 
classes  of  the  community.  Representatives  are 
invited  from  the  chambers  of  commerce  and  agri- 
culture. 


The  BujMiii;^  Npvrs  No7'23"i8S7 

WROUGHT  IROlSTItOOFS  EORWOREl  SHEDS,  COVERED  WAYS  Su-.. 


H.AbV.oit,Lnii 


tt-iatwi  bT'AliueiiiaiiifcBASs. 


Thp  BmHiB*  \fyrs  Nov  ;?">56'' 


h  R.Warrv  ^'h 


It^TM  C7V.lllt5E:^^(5--3d-33 


Tljp  liP^r  JMnrs  •  Brnrniilruf  •  JnGtituf  inn -1  Hiinr^^^^^ 


W?   C  .  F.  HAYWARD,     ARCHT 


4 


November  29,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


833 


I 


Ut  %xi  ^tiiknt. 


TVOOD    CARVIXO. 

We  recently  noticed  an  able  and  interesting 
paper  on  the  preservation  of  wood  carvings, 
witli  special  reference  to  those  of  Grinling 
Gibbons,  many  of  whose  works  are  unfor- 
tunately in  a  state  of  great  decay.  The  paper 
Wivs  read  before  a  meeting  of  the  Institute   of 


BRACKET  COMPOSED  OF  BULKUSHES. 

Architects,  by  Mr.  W.  E.  Rogers,  whose  labours 
in  this  direction  are  well  known.  This  gentle- 
man's son,  Mr.  George  Alfred  Rogers,  artist  in 
wood  to  the  Queen,  ha?  just  published  a  small 
work  on  the  art  of  wood  carving.*  "With  the 
exception  of  illuminating,"  says  Mr.  Rogers  in 


I  F3a?M  I 

■    MCQ  Prt _, 


CAKES  ALMSBOX. 


intended  for  the  benetit  of  amateurs,  to  whom 
it  furnishes  a  variety  of  really  practical  hints 
in  the  art.  In  a  series  of  short  chapters,  Mr. 
Roger.s  gives  his  experience  on  the  necessary 
tools  and  materials,  on  thechoice  of  woods,  on  fi.\- 
iug  the  work,  on  carving  in  relief,  on  Iretwork 
and  perforated  carving,  on  bold  work,  on  stain- 
ing, oiling,  varnishing,  and  polishing,  and  on 
various  other  sulijecls  inconnectionwith  tlieart. 
A  supplementary  and  very  interesting  chapter 
is  devoted  to  the  "  Antiipiity  and  flistory  of 
\\'ood  C!arving.''  The  work  contains  twenty 
plates,  being  designs  for  panels,  ])ortrait,  and 
looking-glass  frames,  brackets,  and  such  like. 
These  are  e.vecuted  in  a  variety  of  styles,  and 
the  design  in  every  instance  is  extremely 
tasteful,  while  some  of  the  designs  are  exc|ui- 
site.  We  have  selected  two  blocks  from  the 
work  for  illustration.  They  are  among  the 
very  best  things  in  the  book.  The  one  is  a 
bracket  composed  of  bulrushes  ;  the  other  is 
an  alnisbox  for  a  church,  carved  in  oak,  wc 
lielieve,  by  a  young  lady,  a  pupil  of  Mr. 
Rogers.  This  ahnsbox,  we  understand,  has 
been  purchased  by  the  churchwardens  of  St. 
Michael's  Ohurch,  Cornhill. 


his  preface,  "  and,  perhaps,  a  few  sister  arts, 
wood  sculpture  or  carving  appears  tobe  the  most 
useful  and  entertaining  recreation  which  has 
for  some  years  been  admitted  into  fashionable 
circles."   "This  work,  accordingly,  is  specially 


•  "The  Art  of  Wood  Cawing 
Price  53. 


&c.     Virtue  and  Co. 


AX    ART   MASTERS   VIEW   OF   THE   PARIS 
EXHIBITION. 

That    a   love   of    art    and    appreciation  of 
everything    artistic  is   more   general  among 
our  neiglibours  across  the  Channel  than  among 
ourselves  is  an  undisputed  fact.    It  is  believed 
that  as  a   man's   conduct  is  considerably   in- 
Huenced  by  the  company  he  keeps,  so  artistic 
taste  is,  in  a  manner,  a  Parisian's  birthright, 
from  the  fact  that,  from  his  birth  onwards,  no 
matter  what  his  sphere  of  life  may  be,  all  that 
meets  his   eyes,   the  furniture   of  bis   bouse 
within,  the  architectural  features  of  his  house 
without,    the   streets,  the   shops,   the  public 
buildings,  the  parks,  the  glorious  unparalleled 
art   galleries,  imperceptibly  imbue   his   mind 
with  a  love  of  the   beautiful.     This  uncon- 
scious education  of  the  taste  bears  an   impor- 
tant share  in  producing  the  acknowledged  su- 
periority  of  the   French   art-workman   over 
those  of  this  country.     There  can  be  no  doubt 
that  the  influence  of  his  artistic  surroundings, 
coupled  with  a  clear  sky   and   a  pure   atmo- 
sphere, do  as  much  to  educate  the  taste  of  the 
Parisian  as  any  special  elforts  of  an  educational 
system.     Our  variable  climate,  and  atmosphere 
laden  with  the  impurities   produced   by   our 
manufacturing  industry,  effectually  depreciate 
anything  artistic  exposed  to   their   influence. 
Remove  the  Arc  de  Triomphe  from  its  present 
commanding  site,  and  place  it  at  Leeds  Bridge, 
instead  of  eliciting  admiration,   in   a  month's 
time  it  would  be  an  eyesore.     Could  Aladdin, 
with  a  rub  of  his  wonderful  lamp,   transport 
the  Palace  and  Gardens  of  the  Tuileries,  and 
make  room  for  them  in  the  midst  of  Jlanches- 
ter,  he  would  soon  feel  that  his   property  was 
fast  deteriorating  in  artistic  value,  and  would 
hasten  to   replace  them   before  their  beauty 
was  entirely  obscured.      It  is  not,  therefore, 
that  the   Frencli   art-workman   is  by  nature 
more  apt  to  receive  and  utilize  art  instruction 
than  the  British,   but   bis   opportunities   are 
greater,  and  his  examples  more  abundant.  At 
a     time   when  technical   education   is  being 
widely  advocated,  when  a  desire  to  educate  our 
workmen    by    a    more    comprehensive    and 
effectual  scheme  than  any  yet  attempted  is  ex- 
pressed by  able  men,  too  much  should  not  be 
expected  of  our  workmen,  since  they  lack  the 
great  influences  constantly  before  the  minds  of 
their  French  brethren.    It  is  well  known  that 
the   French  art-workman,  with  his   eye  and 
hand  trained  at  a  school  of  design,  and  his 
mind  stored  with  art  examples,  is  not  only  ex- 
pert in  the  mere  execution  of  his  work,  but 
possesses  a  true  knowledge  of  and  fine  feeling 
for  the  design  on  which  he  may  be  engaged, 
and  can,   if    retiuired,    originate  as  weU  as 
execute,  which  can  only  in  a  very  few  in- 
stances he  said  of  the  English  art-workman. 

A  visit  to  the  Paris  Exhibition  only  con- 
firms the  fact  of  our  general  inferiority  in  the 
matter  of  artistic  design,  and  an  examination 


into  the  course  of  study  which  produces  the 
designer  is  interesting,  as  affording  us  hints 
to  pursue  the  same  in  its  best  features.      The 
first  general  survey  of  the  exhibited  works  of 
the  students  of  French  schools  of  design  is  in 
no  way  striking,  and  it  is  only  after  carefully 
studying   the  specimens  hung  on   the  walls, 
and  looking  through  the  many  portfolios,  that 
we  can  properly  estimate  the  value  of  the  in- 
struction given  in  these  schools.       There  does 
not  appear   to   be  any  system  of  instructiJii 
common  to  all  the  schools,  but  it  rather  seems 
that   each     school     follows    an    independent 
course— the  system  thought  best  by  each  indi- 
\-idual  master.     The  drawings  and  models  ex- 
hibited by  the  students  of  the  schools  of  M.  E. 
Levasseur  and  M.   Lequieu,  fils,  are  the  best 
shown.     There  are  a  great   many   drawings 
shown  in  wliat  seems  to  be  a  favourite  study, 
viz.,  chalk  and  charcoal   drawings  of  heads, 
from  cojiy   and  from  life,   and  many   really 
effective  drawings  from  busts  and  the  antique. 
The  course   of    instruction   pursued    in    the 
English    art-schools    is    exemplified   by    the 
framed  drawings  exhibited  by  the  Department 
of  Science  ami  Art,  but  it  is  to  be  regretted 
that  these  examples  are  not,  like  those  of  the 
French  schools,  the  work  of  ordinary  honafiih 
students,  instead  of  that  of  masters  or  masters 
in  training.     Examples  of  most  of  the  stages, 
the   work   of  artizan  students,   might   easily 
have  been  obtained  from  the  provincial  schools 
to   illustrate   the   course   of  instruction,  and 
would  thus   have  aflbrded   better   and   truer 
grounds  for   a  comparison  with    the  foreign 
schools.       The     system    of    art    instruction 
planned   out   by  the  Department  of  Science 
and  Art,  and  followed  by  all  the  provincial 
schools  of  art,  is,  perhaps,  the  best  and  most 
comprehensive     in     the      world.       Ranging 
through  twenty-three  stages,  beginning  witli 
the  mere  elements  of  drawing,  and  progress- 
ing through  all  the  stages  of  drawing,  paint- 
ing, modelling,  and  technical  instruction,  this 
system  is  undoubtedly  the  most  excellent  and 
complete  ever  devised.     That  hitherto  it  has 
not  done  more  to  raise  the  general  taste  of  the 
country  may,  in  part,  be  due  to  the  fact  that 
sufhcient  latitude  in  the  use  of  examples  and 
working  material  has  not  been  allowed,  and 
thus    considerably   shorn   the   system   of  its 
merits,     liiis  has  been  felt,  and  the  central 
auihorities  have  lately  very  properly  relaxed 
somewhat  in  their  restrictions  as  to  the  exam- 
ples  to   be   used  in   the    schools,  but  there 
is   still  an  adherence    to    certain    laborious 
methods  of  producing  drawings,  which  might 
be  abandoned  with  the  very  best  results  fol- 
lowing to  the  students.      In  this  respect,  a  re- 
ference to  the  methods  adopted  in  the  French 
schools  might  be  of  advantage.     Whereas  in 
our  schools,  a  student  is  required  to  shade  a 
bust  or  piece  ot    ornament  strictly  and  en- 
tirely with  the  pointed  chalk,  producing  often 
excellent  drawings,  marvels  of  patience  and 
fine  manipulation,  but  at  the  expense  of  much 
valuable   time,   the  French   student   will  sit 
down,  and  with   charcoal   and  wash-leather, 
and  the  occasional  aid  of  the  pointed  chalk, 
produce  in  a  few  evenings  an  effective  draw- 
ing, in   no  way  inferior  in  truth  of  form  or 
delicacy   of    shade   to   the    more    elaborated 
point-work.     In  tliis  matter  the  South  Ken- 
sington authorities  would   do  much  towards 
the   advancement   of    artistic   power    among 
students  by  taking  a  hint  from  the  usages  of 
the   French   schools.     As   the  drawings  pro- 
duced in  all  the  .schools  of  art  in  the  kingdom 
are  annually  sent  to  London  for  examination, 
it   is    natural  that    such    works    should    be 
executed   in   these   schools   which   accord  in 
size,  character,  and  manner  of  execution  with 
the  requirements  of  the  Examiners,  and  there- 
fore, so  long  as  wash-leather  and  stump  are 
tabooed,   provincial   masters   hesitate   to   use 
them,   although  convinced  of  the   saving   of 
time   and  gaining  of   drawing   power  which 
their  adoption  would  secure. 

Another  prominent  feature  of  the  French 
system  is  the  great  attention  evidently  given 
to  the  subject  of  mechanical  drawing.  The 
works  shown  comprise  bold  outlines  of  ma- 


ii. 


834 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


November  29,  1867. 


chines  and  details  of  machinery,  and  tinted 
drawings  from  copy  and  model,  with  the 
shadows  carefully  projected.  For  this  study 
we  have  very  few  English  examples  to  iise 
preparatory  to  drawing  from  the  machine  or 
model,  the  best  being  the  set  of  plates  pub- 
lished hj  Blackie  and  Son.  But,  however 
excellent  they  are  as  exponents  of  the  first 
principles  of  mechanical  drawing,  yet  there 
is  a  desideratum  which  has  again  to  be  sup- 
plied by  the  French.  A  line  set  of  tinted 
examples  of  machines  and  details  of  ma- 
chinery, published  in  Paris  by  Mourocq, 
Freres,  are  found  to  be  highly  useful,  but  a 
similar  set  of  examples  of  English  machinery 
and  tools  is  much  wanted,  as  they  would  be  of 
pattern  and  design  more  i'amiliar,  and  there- 
fore more  usefurto  .students.  As  mechanical 
drawing  is  in  many  schools  of  art  the  most 
important  branch  required  by  artizan  students, 
it  is  unfortunate  that  the  Department  of 
Science  and  Art,  established  for  the  dissemina- 
tion of  art  knowledge  among  the  working 
classes,  should  not  encourage  this  branch  of 
their  system  in  an  equal  degree  with  the  more 
artistic  suVijects.  At  one  time  as  much  en- 
couragement was  given  to  the  study  of  me- 
chanical drawing  as  to  the  other  studies,  but 
lately  the  highest  rewards  have  been  with- 
drawn, and  it  is  only  an  exceptional  case  if 
a  student  gets  a  national  reward  for  it.  Seeing 
that  it  is  so  important  a  study  in  the  majority 
of  schools,  it  would  be  well  if  it  were  put  on 
the  same  level  with  other  studies,  and  if  stu- 
dents to  whom  no  other  branch  of  drawing  is 
of  any  practical  value  could  participate  in  the 
competition  for  national  medals  and  prizes. 

Looking  at  the  show  of  drawings  of  the 
French  schools  in  the  aggregate,  and  com- 
paring it  with  the  exhibition  of  selected 
works  of  all  the  English  schools  annually  held 
at  the  South  Kensington  Museum,  the  palm 
must  certainly  be  awarded  to  the  latter,  for 
the  variety  of  art  subjects  represented,  and 
the  evidences  of  a  matured  and  excellent 
system  of  instruction ;  but  for  true  art  power 
in  the  study  and  treatment  of  light  and  shade, 
the  French  excel  lis  in  no  mean  degree.  If, 
in  the  production  of  drawings,  what  is  lost 
in  time  be  gained  in  finish,  yet  if  with  the 
saving  of  time  there  be  an  accompanying 
gaining  of  knowledge  and  power,  every  meau.s 
should  he  adopted  to  attain  that  desirable 
result,  since  art  knowledge  and  art  power  are 
infinitely  more  valuable  than  mere  manipula- 
tive finish.  It  must  be  admitted  that  no  ar- 
bitrary restrictions  as  to  the  material  or  size 
ought  to  stand  in  the  way  if  they  restrict  or 
repress  in  any  way  the  attaining  of  true  ar- 
tistic taste  or  feeling.  With  a  few  alterations, 
suggested  by  the  examination  of  the  drawings 
of  the  French  students,  the  system  of  art 
education,  as  at  present  administered  by  the 
Science  and  Art  Department,  would  be  all 
but  perfect.  There  is  no  doubt  that  this 
system,  from  its  completeness  in  detail,  and 
its  national  character,  if  freed  from  some  of 
its  present  restraints,  is  emiiiently  calculated 
to  fulfil  the  great  work  of  its  establishment — 
viz.,  the  extension  of  a  knowledge  of  art  among 
the  people,  and  a  consequent  and  gradual  re- 
moval of  the  stigma  of  want  of  artistic  taste. 
Andrew  Stevenson. 
School  of  Alt,  Leeds. 


FRENCH   AND  ENGLISH  SYSTEMS  OF  ART   EDUCATION. 

Mr.  Eawle's  observations  in  last  week's  number 
of  the  Building  News  touch  some  important 
points  in  our  art  and  technical  crlucation.  AVe 
have  certainly  to  equal  the  French  by  the  same 
means,  i£  not  to  overcome  them  by  better.  One  great 
principle  Mr.  Rawle  has  not  sufficiently  enforced 
is  the  study  o£  nature,  while  he  has  dwelt  much 
on  models  and  drawings.  Nature  in  every  aspect, 
and  particularly  the  human  figure,  was  the  lesson 
held  forth  long  since  by  the  reformers  of  the 
schools  of  design,  and  one  never  yet  fully  attended 
to.  This  is  closely  connected  with  colovn-,  the 
study  of  which  is  not  embraced  in  the  valuable 
recommendations  of  Mr.  Rawle.  If  we  are  be- 
hindhand in  the  treatment  of  form,  we  are  still 
more  behind  in  the  treatment  o£  colour,  and  yet, 


perhaps,  this  may  become  our  strong  point,  for  in 
oil  and  water-colour  our  painters  yield  to  no 
modern  school.  There  is,  indeed,  no  inaptitude  of 
Englishmen,  either  for  form  or  colour,  and  for 
form  it  will  be  sufReient  to  refi-r  to  one  name  of 
European  reputation— that  of  Flaxman.  The 
power  of  dealing  with  form  and  colour,  and  the 
power  of  appreciating  them,  are  necessarily  con- 
nected with  the  cultivation  of  taste,  in  which  the 
English  public  are  so  lamentably  deficient.  There 
is  nothing  like  the  study  of  nature  for  bringing 
about  the  deau-ed  reform,  and  this  can  be  effected, 
for  there  is  a  genuine  love  of  beauty  in  England, 
whether  as  regards  still  or  animated  nature.  No 
where  is  beauty  so  highly  prized,  in  its  highest 
examples  in  women,  as  in  the  lower  animals,  as  in 
the  wide  landscape,  or  in  choice  flowers  which 
adorn  it ;  and  yet,  when  beauty  is  to  be  selected, 
not  from  nature,  but  in  its  artificial  presentation, 
we  are  behind  most  of  the  world.  This  is  a  fault 
evidently  not  innate,  but  the  result  ol  training, 
and  there  must  be  a  remedy,  and  that  remedy 
within  our  grasp. 

The  practical  suggestions  of  Mr.  Rawle  as  to  the 
instruments  of  study  are  most  pertinent.  By  all 
means  let  there  be  the  strictest  training  for  accurate 
delineation,  and  do  not  let  the  crayon  point  be 
abandoned.  But  there  is  a  stage  beyond.  So  far 
as  the  mere  copying  of  objects  and  drawings  is 
concerned,  so  far  as  the  creation  of  the  accom- 
plished copyist  is  concerned,  the  longer  the  close 
training  is  carried  on  the  better.  This,  however, 
is  not  the  career  proposed  for  all,  or  even  most,  of 
the  students  in  our  schools.  They  are  required  to 
compose  more  or  less,  and  it  is  in  its  application 
for  this  purpose  that  our  way  of  training  fails. 
We  keep  to  the  scheme  of  the  copyist  when  we 
require  more  freely  to  develope  the  powers.  The 
use  of  the  stump  and  point,  as  Mr.  Rawle  remarks, 
favours  rapidity  of  work,  that  is,  it  is  useful  for 
two  things,  the  readier  collection  of  examples, 
and  the  quicker  realization  of  conceptions.  The 
processes  are,  indeed,  educationally  distinct. 
" Time  sketching "  and  "drawing  from  memory  " 
are,  in  fact,  but  the  application  of  methods 
familiar  in  other  branches  of  education.  Thus,  in 
the  lower  process  of  dictation,  and  in  the  higher 
of  composition,  the  competition  against  time  is 
recognized  in  our  schools.  So,  too,  with  the  cul- 
tivation of  the  memory  in  the  schools  by  the 
acquisition  of  tasks,  and  by  repeating  them,  and 
in  music  by  playing  from  ear,  as  it  is  called.  It 
may  be  remarked  that  this  is  as  much  neglected 
in  the  teaching  of  music  as  in  the  teaching  of 
design,  and  the  result  is  similar.  The  pupil  can 
only  work  from  models,  and  without  models  can 
neither  amuse  nor  instruct  himself  nor  others. 

The  study  of  geometry  gives  a  great  power  to 
the  French,  and  has  been  neglected  here.  This 
has  been  long  known,  but  has  been  little  redeemed. 
I  would  go  a  step  further  than  Mr.  Rawle,  because 
I  would  particularly  advocate  the  study  of  the 
curves  in  their  due  development,  as  taught  by  the 
late  Mr.  Joseph  Jopliug,  the  architect.  Geometry, 
when  considered  as  limited  to  a  few  simple  forms, 
is  rather  an  impediment  and  restriction  to  the 
mind  of  the  student,  but  when  so  applied  as  to 
show  the  wonderful  fertility  o£  forms  it  contri- 
butes to  the  development  of  creative  power  in  art. 
Mr.  Rawle's  proposition  of  separate  sets  of  medals 
for  designs  for  art  manufactures  is  almost  a  dis- 
grace to  us,  for  it  is  so  simple  and  so  necessary 
that  it  ought  long  since  to  have  been  in  operation. 
Mr.  Rawle  dwells  on  the  want  of  better  examples 
of  plant  form,  shaded  and  in  outline,  shaded 
examples  of  ornament,  a  more  comprehensive 
set  of  outline  examples  of  ornament,  Ac,  for 
free  hand  drawing  ;  and  also  some  good  studies  of 
the  human  figure,  from  the  antique  and  from  the 
life,  shaded  and  in  outline.  Assuredly  I  cannot 
but  repeat  that  the  want  is  less  in  these  artificial 
and  mischievous  substitutes  than  in  the  want  of 
better  examples  of  plant  form  from  nature,  the 
study  of  ornament  from  plants,  and,  above  all 
things,  the  study  of  the  human  figure,  not  from 
the  antique,  not  from  drawings,  but  from  the 
living  being  of  our  own  day.  This  is  the  true 
aim  and  end  of  art  instruction,  and  until  wo  come 
to  that  we  do  little  or  nothing.  The  learner  will 
not  appreciate  the  antique  till  he  has  studied  the 
living  figure  as  it  is  available  to  him,  and  seen  how 
far  nature  is  available  in  extending  his  acquaint- 
ance with  form  beyond  the  few  set  examples  the 
antique  furnishes  us  with.  There  is  no  child  so 
young  in  our  nation.al  schools  that  cannot  be 
placed  to  draw  from  a  natural  object  as  easily  as 
from  a  drawing,  with  some  more  trouble  to  a 
master  at  fi  rst,  but  with  much  greater  satisfaction. 
Mr.  Eawle's  suggestion  of  purchasing  the 
student's  drawings  has  this  of  just  in  it  that  it 


will  make  the  schools  true  records  of  individual 
progress,  and  this  of  unjust  that  it  imduly  amerces 
the  public.  Surely,  the  student  has  received 
some  benefit  from  the  public,  and  it  is  a  small 
thing  for  him  to  follow  out  the  very  old  custom  in 
guilds,  and  one  observed  by  the  members  of 
academies,  of  presenting  a  masterpiece.  The 
public  is  eternally  taxed  for  trifles,  and  disgusted 
from  providing  for  important  objects. 

Hyde  Clarke. 


Mr.  Rawle  says,  in  his  excellent  article,  that  it 
is  inexpedient  to  send  any  of  the  paintings  belong, 
ingtoour  national  collections  to  art  schools.  Why 
cannot  chromo-lithography  be  used  in  the  place  of 
these  pictures.  There  are  a  great  many  of  them 
in  existence  from  which  the  Science  and  Art  De- 
partment might  choose  some  that  would  be  of  use, 
or  they  could,  by  giving  large  orders,  get  new 
ones  at  a  comparatively  low  price.  Adelphi. 

The  extraordinary  talent  of  the  Tyrolese  pea- 
sants for  wood  carving  is  well  known,  and  the  work 
produced  by  them  is,  in  some  cases,  of  surpassing 
excellence.  In  consequence,  however,  of  the  lack 
of  competent  instructors,  these  self-taught  artists 
only  attain,  as  a  rule,  to  a  certain  degree  of  pro- 
ficiency. The  director  of  the  Science  and  Art 
Museum,  at  Vienna,  proposes  to  supply  this  want 
by  the  formation  of  schools  furnished  with 
thoroughly  efficient  teachers,  and,  by  this  means, 
to  enable  their  productions  to  appear  satisfactorily, 
in  the  markets  of  Europe,  with  those  of  Holland 
and  Bavaria,  and  thus  open  a  new  source  of  gain  to 
the  country. 

Art  Workmanship  Prizes. — In  the  annual 
report  of  the  Society  of  Arts  just  pul  lished,  it  ia 
stated  that  the  Society  is  directing  its  attention  to 
the  encouragement  of  art  workmen  by  offering 
premiums  for  works  in  wood  carving,  modelling, 
repousse  and  hammered  work  in  metal,  cha-sing, 
ivory  carving,  painting  on  enamel  and  porcelain, 
marquetry,  glass  engraving,  &c.  For  the  present 
session  the  Society  offers  eighty-seven  prizes,  par- 
ticulars  of  which  may  be  had  on  application  to 
the  secretary.  The  Worshipful  Company  of 
Goldsmiths  and  the  Worshipful  Company  of 
Salters  ha*e  contributed  to  the  prize  fund.  The 
articles  sent  in  by  competitors  are  exhibited  in  the 
Society's  rooms,  for  the  inspection  of  members 
and  their  friends. 

Torquay. — The  Torquay  School  of  Science  and 
Art,  although  only  in  the  second  year  of  its  exist- 
ence, is  giving  hopes  of  gaining  a  fair  position,  and 
of  ultimately  being  very  successful  in  the  com- 
petitive examinations  in  connection  with  South 
Kensington.  The  second  annual  meeting  was 
held  last  week  at  the  school,  which  was  crowded 
with  a  gay  assembly,  including  Sir  T.  Lawrence 
Palk,  Bart.,  M.P.,  and  Lady  Palk,  A.  B.  Sheppard, 
Esq.,  past  president,  E.  Vivian,  Esq.,  president,  the 
Rev.  C.  E.  Strong,  M.A.,  honorary  secretary.  The 
secretary's  report  was  very  gratifying,  and  showed 
that  in  the  science  classes  (Mr.  Viccars,  master), 
35  had  gone  in  for  examination  in  animal  physio- 
logy, acoustics,  light,  and  heat,  of  whom  27  had 
passed  with  prizes,  and  6  with  Queen's  prizes.  In 
the  art  classes  (Mr.  T.  Holme,  master),  20  had 
passed  and  17  prizes  awarded,  and  that  some  of 
the  works  had  been  selected  for  national  competi- 
tion. Several  other  prizes  had  also  been  given  by 
friends.  Lady  Palk,  assisted  by  the  Rev.  C.  E. 
Strong,  presented  the  prizes  to  each  of  the  re- 
cipients, with  a  few  congratulatory  remarks.  Sir 
Lawrence  Palk  addressed  the  students  in  an  excel- 
lent speech  on  science  and  art  education,  and  com- 
plimented them  on  their  marked  improvement, 
and  was  delighted  at  the  success  of  the  institu- 
tion. The  proceediugs  terminated  with  the  pre- 
sentation, by  the  students,  of  a  very  handsome 
illuminated  and  inscribed  portfolio,  containing 
some  of  the  first  fruits  of  the  School  of  Art,  to 
A.  B.  Sheppard,  Esq.,  the  retiring  president,  for 
his  zeal  for  their  welfare,  which  was  received  and 
acknowledged  amidst  much  applause. 


MURRAY  1-.  GILE3— LANGHAM  HOTEL; 

THIS  was  an  action  in  the  Queen's  Bench, 
before  Mr.  Justice  Shee,  brought  by  the 
plaintiS',  Mr.  Murray,  of  Portman-street,  against 
Mr.  Giles,  of  Craven-street,  Strand,  for  the 
detention  of  certain  plans,  fifty-three  in  number, 
designed  for  the  construction  of  the  Laugham 
Hotel,  Portland-place.  It  appeared  in  evidence 
that  Mr.  Giles  was  the  successful  candidate  in  a 
competition  for  the  appointment  of  architect  to 
the  Langham  Hotel  Company,  and  was  appointed, 
accordingly,  in  October,  1SC2  ;  but  the  designs  of 


m 


November  29,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


835 


Mr.    .Murray    for   the    inttiri'<r   of    tlio    pruroscd 
builJing  being  much  HI-  ed,  at  a  subsequeut  meet- 
ing ot"  the  directors,  thi  y  arranged  for  the  two  to 
ict  aa  joint  architects.     The  agreement  appeai-s 
to   have   been  that  ilr.  Gi  e.^  should  receive  com- 
mission on   the  first   .t;75,000  expended   on   tlie 
building,   and  Jlr.  Murray  on  the  second  £75,00U, 
jud  the  commission  on  anything  over£150,00U 
was  to  be  divided  into  equal  shares.     The  building 
in  all  cost   £200,000.      After   the    completion  of 
[lie   building,   all    the  plans,  with  but  few  excep 
ii)B3,  were  returned  to  Mr.  Giles,  and  Mr.  Murray 
it  once  claimed  those  which  he  had  drawn  in  hi» 
jwu  ollice,    or  those  which  had  been  done  at  his 
lirection  or  his  expense,  out  of  his  oflice,  by  per- 
lons    in    his    employ.      This   request  Mr.   Giles 
leclined  to   accede   to,  but   offered  Mr.  Murray 
Mpies,  or  to  deliver  up  the  whole  of  the  plans  to 
;he   company,  or  to  refer  the  case  to  arbitration. 
These   offers   were   refused,   and  the   action  was 
i  wrought  to  recover  these  plans.     Mr.  Hanu.ay  and 
,  tfr.  Hume  Williams  were  counsel  for  the  plaintiff, 
I  ind  Mr.   George  Browne  for  the  defendant.     The 
li  lounsel  for  the  plaintiff  contended  that  Mr.  Giles 
I  ind   Mr.  Murray    were  merely  joint  architects : 
't  Thilst   the    counsel   for  the  defendant  said  the) 
t"-  vere  not  only  joint  architects  but  partners  in  the 
f.  rork.     This   was   the   question  which  the  judge 
■  eft  to   the  jury,    who,  after  being  locked  up  for 

•  ome  time,  found  for  the  plaintiff,  and  the  judge 
1  ordered  the  drawings,  admitted  by  the  defendant 
I  0  be  in  his  possession,  viz.,  fifteen  in  number, 
1  o  be   delivered  up  to   him,  and  certified  that  he 

*  ?as  entitled  to  costs. 


■ROYAL  SCOTTISH  SOCIETY  OF  ARTS. 

rHE  opening  meeting  of  this  Society  was  held 
at  Edinburgh   on   Monday  week.     An  able 
ntroductory  address  was  delivered  by  Mr.  George 
lobertson,  F.R.S.E.,  the  President,  who  took  for 
lis    subject    "  Recent    Marine,     Hydraulic,    and 
lanitary  Engineering  iu  Scotland."       The  follow 
Dg  is  the  most  interesting  portion  of  the  address  : 
—The  east    breakwater,    which   was    lately  com- 
u  leted  at  Granton,  has  a  t  ^tal  length   of  3,170ft. 
i  .''his  breakwater  shelters  53  acres  from  the  north- 
I  ast  wimi,   making  the  total  area  of  the  harbour 
'  30  acres.  A  timber  wharf  SOOf  t.  in  length  has  been 
i  rected  on  the  west  side  of  the  harbour,  iu  imme- 
.'  iate  connection  with  the  Caledonian  Railway,  and 
\  .tted   up   with    two  '-0-ton   cranes   for  shipping 
;  oal,  and  other  cranes   for  general   purposes,  all 
'  rorked  by  steam.     Since  the  year  1835  the  Duke 
f  Bucoleuch   has    expended    an   aggregate  little 
hort  of  half  a  milhon  on  this  munificeut  private 
ndertaking.     The  Xorth  British   Railway  Com- 
any  are  making  a  harbour  at  South  Queensferry, 
onsistiug  of  a  basin  forty  acres  in    extent,    con- 
ected  with  sixty  acres   of  ground  for  trade  por- 
oses.    There  are  to   be  two  piers,  one   for   the 
assenger  traffic     across   the    Queen's- ferry,  and 
he  c  ither  for  the  coal  and    goods  traffic.     These 
iers  are  about  400  yards  long,  and  they  are  laid 
ut  so    ag  to    allow  engines    and  trains  from    the 
Jueensferry  branch  to  approach  all  parts  of  them 
-the  object  being  to  enable  large  vessels  to  take 
1  a  cargo   of   coals   in    twenty-foiu'  hours.     The 
ew  Leith  dock  is   to  be  fitted  up  with   Sir  AVil- 
am  Armstrong's  hydraulic    machinery  for  opeu- 
ig  the  dock  gates  and  lifting  the  shuttles  of  the 
lling  culverts.     The   cranes  and  capstans  round 
tie  dock  will  also  be  worked  by  water  power.  The 
ressure  ot  the  water  is  obtained,  and  kept  up,  by 
leans  of  steam  power  applied  to  pumps,   which 
)rce  the  water,  at  a  pressure  of  as  much  as  7001b. 
er  square  inch,  through  the  pipes  which  convey 
.  to  the  point  of  application.      The  superiority  of 
lis  system  over  steam   power  applied  directly, 
es  in  the  concentration  of   the  steam  power  into 
ae  or  more  engines  erected   iu  places  out  of  the 
■ay  of  shipping  or  warehouses,  and  consequently 
ot  likely  to  expose  them  to  the  risk  of  fire,  and 
1  the  greater  care  with  which  it  is  managed.  The 
alue  and  economy  of  the  principle  consist  in  a 
irge  saving  of  manual  labour,  and  in  the  rapidity 
'ith  which  WDrk  can  be  executed.     The  .system  of 
ydrauiic  machinery   round   a  dock  has,  not  in- 
ptly,  been  compared  to  the   cirouLation   of  the 
lood,  in  which  the  steam-engine   represents  the 
eart,   the   throbbings  of    which   send   life   and 
lergy  through  the  arteries    to  the    most  distant 
stremity  of  the  body.     Most  of  the  docks  on  the 
hames,   Mersey,  Tyne,    Wear,  and   Humber  in 
I'lDgland,    as  well  as    the  AYelsh  docks  and  other 
laces,  have  this  hydraulic  machinery  ;  but  Leith 
ill  be  the  first  port  in  Scotland  to  make   use  of 
ater  power  as  a  system.     The  harbour  in  process 
:  constniction  at  Anstruther  is  meant  as  a  com- 


panion to  the  recently  formed  one  at  Duubnr  on 
the  opposite  shore,  both  being  intended  chiefly  aa 
places  of  refuge  for  the  boats  engaged  in  the  her- 
ling  fishing  about  the  entrance  to  the  Forth.  The 
eastern  pier,  which  has  to  resist  the  full  force  of 
the  sea,  is  to  be  about  l,"2o0ft.  in  length,  extending 
from  the  top  of  the  beach  into  a  dejjth  of  O.Ut.  at 
low  water.  It  is  being  constructed  on  a  qviay,  with 
a  protecting  parapet  17ft.  above  high  water.  The 
faces  of  the  walls  are  formed  of  freestone  ashlar 
set  on  edge.  The  construction  differs  from  that 
at  Wick  Harbour,  chielly  in  the  cliaracter  of  the 
building  above  low  w.itcr,  which  is  all  set  in 
Roman  cement.  This  permits  of  small  matei  ial 
being  used  for  backing,  as  the  whole  becomes  a 
monolithic  mass  in  a  few  hours  after  it  has  been 
built. 

* 

LA.BOURERS'    DWELLINGS. 

THE  Health  Committee  of  the  town  of  Liver- 
pool is  at  present  sitting  in  judgment  on 
some  seventy  or  eighty  plans  which  have  been 
sent  in  to  compete  for  the  f200  prize  offered  some 
time  ago  for  the  most  effective  scheme  of  cover- 
ing a  portion  of  laud  belonging  to  the  corpora- 
tion with  labourers'  dwellings.  The  pKaus  are 
now  on  view  at  the  exhibiJ,ion  room,  GUI  Post 
Office-place,  where  they  will  remain,  we  believe, 
for  two  or  three  weeks.  We  shall,  mo.it  probably, 
nc-it  week  give  our  readers  an  account  of  the 
exhibition  in  detail.  For  the  present,  we  content 
ourselves  with  the  following  particulars  which 
appear  in  the  "  Liverpool  Mercury."  The  number  of 
drawings  is  so  great  that  they  cover  a  broad  space 
of  wall  in  the  two  principal  rooms,  and  occupy 
several  large  screens  besides.  There  are  several 
hundreds  of  them,  and  it  has  been  estimated 
that  simply  to  copy  them  would  give  one  man 
occupation  for  something  like  six  years.  The 
competitors  "  hail  "  from  all  parts  of  the  kingdom. 
From  London  there  are  numerous  contributions  ; 
the  provincial  towns  have  sent  several ;  Ireland 
and  Scotland  are  also  represented  ;  and,  of  course, 
there  are  a  good  many  Liverpool  men  in  the  lists. 
It  was  at  the  option  of  the  competitors  to  give 
their  real  names  or  to  adopt  a  nom  dc  lyliime,  and 
many  have  preferred  the  latter  course.  Nearly 
all  the  plans  are  evidently  the  production  of  pro- 
fessional men,  but  two  or  three  bear  unmistak- 
able proof  of  being  the  work  of  novices.  Some 
of  the  elevations  are  very  beautifully  executeil, 
and  must  have  occupied  their  authors  consider- 
able time.  The  following  are  those  who  have 
subscribed  their  names  ; — Mr.  Howett,  architect, 
London ;  Mr.  T.  Reynolds,  architect ;  Mr.  W. 
Cole,  architect,  Birkenhead  ;  Mr.  J.  G.  Gladwin, 
Stoke-upon-Trent ;  Mr.  F.  A.  Sloman,  Great  Yar- 
mouth ;  Mr.  H.  S.  Thomas,  Great  George-street, 
Westminster:  Mr.  ll-jbert  Argile,  Deruy;  Mr. 
Isaac  Farrel,  Dublin  ;  Mr.  Owen  Williams,  Liver- 
pool ;  Mr.  G.  H.  Rollett,  Liverpool ;  Mr.  J.  S. 
Lambert,  London  ;  Mr.  Nelson,  London  ;  Mr.  G. 
Thompson,  Birmingham ;  Messrs.  Wadham  and 
Turner,  Barrow  iu-Furuess ;  Mr.  W.  G.  Wallis, 
London ;  Mr.  J.  G.  Hay,  Edinburgh ;  Mr.  W.  L. 
Mofiatt,  Edinburgh  ;  Mr.  John  Hall,  Leeds  ; 
Messrs.  Douglas  and  Stevenson,  Glasgow ;  Mr. 
John  Brown,  London ;  Messrs.  Habershon  and 
Pite,  London ;  Messrs.  Walford  and  Donkin, 
Westminster ;  Messrs.  Lang  and  Littler ;  Mr. 
Joseph  Boult,  Liverpool ;  Mr.  John  Glover,  Liver- 
pool ;  Mr.  G.  Ridley,  London  ;  Mr.  G.  Williams, 
Liverpool ;  Mr.  John  Reeve,  Liverpool ;  Messrs. 
Reade  and  Goodison,  Liverpool ;  Mr.  J.  G.  Crofts ; 
Messrs.  Williams  and  Decamp  ;  Mr.  G.  Northcroft, 
Liverpool ;  Mr.  W.  Sharp,  London ;  Mr.  W.  H. 
Servin,  Leamington;  Messrs.  W.  and  R.  Duck- 
worth, Liverpool ;  Messrs.  Longson  and  Ad.ams, 
Liverpool ;  Messrs.  Green  and  Parsco,  Liverpool ; 
Mr.  C.  Cauldwell,  Seacombe ;  Mr.  J.  ISirch,  Lon- 
don ;  Mr.  A.  Vacherot,  London  ;  Mr.  G.  Grayson, 
London  ;  and  Mr.  Thomas  Mercer,  Liverpool. 

A  primary  condition  in  the  competition  is  that 
all  plans  shall  be  in  accordance  with  the  .acts  and 
by-laws  which  regulate  the  erection  of  dwelling 
houses  in  Liverpool.  A  copy  of  the  acts  and  the 
by-laws  bearing  on  the  subject  was  sent  to  each 
intending  competitor,  and  yet,  singular  to  say, 
there  is  not  a  score  in  the  whole  collection  of  plans 
which  do  not  violate  the  legal  provisions  in  some 
respect  or  other.  In  some  cases  the  departure 
from  the  statutory  requirements  is  very  trifling — 
as,  for  instance,  where  the  party  walls  are  not 
thick  enough,  or  the  timbers  not  stout  enough — 
but  the  committee,  if  they  insist  upon  compUance 
with  the  strict  letter  of  the  law,  would  seem  to 
have  no  option  but  to  reject  these  plans.  The 
circumstance  is  the  more  to  be  regretted  because 
those  which  are  put  out  of  court  include  some  vei-y 


clever  designs.  One  of  two  inferences  seems  in- 
evitable from  the  large  number  who  h.ave  failed  to 
meet  the  exact  requirements  of  the  law — either 
that  fifty  or  sixty  of  the  competitors  h.ave  very 
carelessly  studied  what  they  had  to  do,  or  that  the 
building  regulations  of  this  town  are  very  compli- 
cated, and  exceedingly  difficu't  in  their ap|lication 
to  blocks  of  dwellings  which  come  within  the 
scope  of  a  poor  man's  means  If  the  former  in- 
ference is  the  correct  one,  the  authors  of  the 
ilK'g.al  designs  have  themselves  alone  to  blame  ;  if 
the  latter,  some  sympathy  is  due  to  them,  and  it 
will  be  the  business  of  the  health  committee  to 
simplify  regulations  wliii;h  cannot  be  imderstood, 
or  which  stand  in  the  way  of  the  poorer  popula- 
tion of  this  town  being  supplied  with  proper 
liabitations.  The  legal  rocks  on  which  the  com- 
petitors liave  struck  are  numerous.  Some,  adopt- 
ing the  court  construction,  h.ave  not  allowed  suf- 
ficient width  to  the  entrai.ces  ;  others  have  not 
given  the  required  open  space  from  block  to 
block ;  a  third  section  have  sunk  basement  storeys 
below  the  permitted  level ;  others  have  made  the 
rooms  too  small ;  and  one  gentleman,  Mr.  Joseph 
Boult,  has  roofed  over  the  whole  area  of  land,  so 
that  some  of  the  rooms  have  no  external  windows, 
which  is  in  defiance  of  the  Sanitary  Act.  Mr. 
Owen  Williams  is,  perhaps,  the  only  one  who  has 
erred,  not  from  ignorance,  but  from  design,  and 
he  avows,  in  a  letter  which  accompanies  his  draw- 
ings, "  I  have  sent  in  the  plans  attached  to  this  aa 
if  no  by-laws  were  ever  passed !  "  It  may  be  taken 
for  granted  that,  whoever  else  gets  the  £200 
prize,  Mr.  Owen  Williams  wid  not  do  so. 


YORKSHIRE    AECHITECTXJRAL 
SOCIETY. 

ON  Wednesday,  a  general  meeting  of  this  so- 
ciety was  held  in  the  Museum,  York.  It 
was  resolved  that  the  architectural  and  archaeo- 
logical society  about  to  be  formed  at  Sheffield  be 
received  into  union  as  a  branch  of  the  Y'orkshire 
Architectural  Society.  Some  new  members  of 
that  society  having  been  elected,  a  paper  was 
read  on  the  history  and  antiquities  of  All 
Saints'  Church,  North  street,  Y'ork,  by  the  Rev. 
C.  Kerry,  in  which  it  w.a9  stated  that  the 
authentic  history  of  the  cluirch  commenced  in 
10S9,  and  the  fabric  was  of  various  periods,  old 
English,  Decorated,  and  Perpendicular  styles. 
Some  remarks  were  also  made  respecting  the 
magnificent  windows  in  this  church.  The  Rev. 
Canon  Raine  next  read  a  paper  on  some  early 
monuments  at  Conisbro'.  He  expressed  the 
opinion  that  Conisbro'  Castle  was  of  Norman 
workmanship,  though  many  writers  had  assigned 
the  building  to  8ax(jn  times,  and  he  then  made 
some  remarks  more  particularly  with  respect  to 
a  very  early  sepulchral  memorial  within  the 
church.  This  memorial  had  served  as  the  lid 
of  a  stone  coffin,  and  upon  it  there  was  a 
curious  serie.s  of  sculptures,  the  sculpture  being 
strictly  Norman.  There  were  also  sepulchral 
memorials  belonging  chiefly  to  two  distinguished 
families,  the  Fitzwilliams  and  the  Bosvills.  The 
Rev.  G.  Rowe  (one  of  the  secretaries),  read  a 
paper  on  the  contents  of  the  Associated  Societies* 
annu.al  volume,  after  which  a  vote  of  thanks 
to  the  authors  of  the  papers  was  carried. 


CARVED    WOOD    FURNITURE. 

IN  the  department  of  furniture  in  the  late 
Paris  Exhibition  there  are  few  objects,  says 
the  '"Art  Journal,"  more  curious  than  the  chaii-a 
and  tables  of  solid  carved  wood,  iu  the  Austrian 
Court.  The  lightness  and  excellence  of  form  of 
this  furniture,  combined  with  its  great  solidity, 
have  brought  it  into  general  use,  and  the  sale  has 
attained  such  an  extent  that  notwithstanding 
their  vast  establishments  the  manufacturers  can 
scarcely  execute  their  orders.  About  seventeen 
years  back,  this  manufacture  was  set  up  in  Vienna 
on  a  very  limited  scale.  In  1856,  a  large  fabric 
was  established  at  Koritschan,  in  Moravia,  and,  in 
ISGl,  a  second  at  Bistritz,  in  the  same  province. 
The  enormous  quantity  of  wood  necessary  for  the 
production  of  these  two  fabrics  exhausted  the  sur- 
rounding forest  to  such  a  <legree,  that,  in  1865, 
Messrs.  Thoret  were  forced  to  establish  a  third  iu 
Hungary,  at  Great  Ugroez,  an  extremely  wooded 
country.  In  this  last  fabric,  the  wood  simply 
receives  its  bent  form,  and  is  sent  in  its  unworked 
state  to  the  workshops  of  Moravia,  where  the 
furniture  is  made.  Since  1862,  Messrs.  Thoret 
have  succeeded  in  bending  massive  wood  for  every 
kind  of  furniture,  and  in   giving  to  it  the  most 


836 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


November  29,  1867. 


difficult  as  well  as  the  most  graceful  curves.  From 
the  improvements  introduced,  the  consumption  of 
wood  has  greatly  increased.  Last  year  these 
fabrics  sent  out  200,000  pieces  of  furniture.  More 
than  700  chairs  are  made  daily  ;  more  than  1,500 
vrorkmen  are  employed  in  making  furniture,  and 
three  steam  engines  are  in  activity  day  and  night 
For  the  making  of  this  furniture  only  beech  of 
the  first  quality  can  be  used.  Every  knotted 
piece  breaks  in  the  bending.  This  manufacture, 
therefore,  can  only  be  carried  on  in  districts  like 
Moravia  and  Hungary,  where  abundance  of  good 
quality  of  wood  are  united  with  cheapness  of 
labour.  The  consumption  of  pure  beechwood 
amounts  annually  to  above  9,000  cubic  metres, 
because  above  one  half  of  the  beeclies  felled  are 
not  in  the  condition  of  soundness  and  freedom 
from  knots  neces&ary  for  the  manufacture.  It 
requires  40,000  acres  of  forest  to  supply  the 
required  amount  of  wood. 


WATER 


SUPPLY    AND 

MATTERS. 


SANITARY 


Some  interesting  experiments  are  being  made 
at  Clichy,  close  to  the  bridge  of  Asnideres,  on  the 
manure  waters  of  Paris.  A  field  of  600  acres  has 
been  set  apart  for  this  purpose  with  good  result, 
as  the  horticultural  show  in  the  Universal  Exhibi- 
tion  testified.     Two  steam    engines  Jaily  £rojpe]_i^  -_.  .  .  ,.i-rnnn j 

600  cuiiG  fflrtr-es  o-^he  liquid,  pumped  from  th^I^e  cost  of  the  building  will  be  about  £5,000, and 


main  sewer  of  the  city,  into  a  reservoir  placed  at 
the  far  end  of  the  field,  for  the  double  purpose  of 
watering  the  various  crops,  both  cereal  and  vege- 
table, which  thrive  there  with  astonishing  luxuri- 
ance, and  of  being  subjected  to  purification  by 
means  of  chemical  processes. 

The  guardians  of  the  township  of  Bolehill  and 
Glasoote,  near  Tamworth,  have  communicated  to 
the  Home  Uffice  the  resolution  of  the  ratepayers 
at  a  recent  meeting,  not  to  undertake  any  im- 
provements in  the  water  supply  and  sewerage  of 
the  district.  A  letter  has  since  been  received  by 
them  from  the  Home  Oflice,  stating  that  if  the 
vestry  continued  to  neglect  their  duty,  the  Secre- 
tary of  State  would  direct  an  inquiry  with  a  view 
to  a  peremptory  order  for  the  immediate  exe- 
cution of  such  works  as  he  should  deem  ne- 
cessary. Another  meeting  has  been  held,  and 
although  the  ratepayers  appeared  strongly  in- 
clined "to  adhere  to  their  original  resolution,  a  com- 
mittee of  inquiry  was  appointed,  who  are  to  report 
to  the  vestry  within  three  weeks. 

A  strikinginstance  of  defective  sanitary  operations 
has  forced  itself  on  the  notice  of  the  inhabitants  of 
Leith  within  the  last  few  days.  On  the  com- 
pletion of  the  Water  of  Leith  Sewerage  Works,  all 
the  sewerage  from  the  north-west  side  of  Edin- 
burgh, and  from  South  Leith,  was  diverted  into 
the  large  iron  conduit.  The  refuse  from  manu- 
factories further  up  the  river  was,  however,  not 
intercepted,  and  the  stream,  consequently,  still 
carries  down  much  organic  matter.  Refuse  of 
coal  tar  from  the  Bonnington  Chemical  Works 
has  found  its  way  through  the.  conduit  into  the 
common  sewers  of  the  town,  and  gas  thrown  off 
from  it  has  risen  through  numerous  ill-constructed 
drains  into  neighbouring  houses.  The  Commis- 
sioners of  Police  are,  we  believe,  taking  steps  to 
have  the  nuisance  stopped. 


Many  of  the  old  City  churches,  it  would  appear, 
are  in  a  most  dilapidated  and  dangerous  condi- 
tion. Mr.  W.  H.  Kemm,  who  has  been  engaged 
in  taking  down  the  oak  carvings,  timbers,  &c.,  of 
St.  Benet's  Church,  Gracechurch-street,  in  course 
of  removal  under  the  Bishop  of  London's  Union  of 
Benefices  Act,  states  that  he  has  been  forcibly 
struck  with  the  rottenness  of  the  joists  and 
rafters  in  the  floor  of  the  gallery,  which  was  only 
held  up  by  lath  and  plaster,  the  rafters  falling  to 
dust  on  being  touched.  He  says  it  is  fortunate 
that  the  congregations  had  not  been  large  of  late 
years,  for  he  feels  convinced  that  if  any  extra- 
ordinary weight  had  been  placed  on  the  galleries 
some  deplorable  calamity  must  have  occurred. 
The  tower  was  even  worse.  Some  of  the  lead  that 
covered  the  dome  had  fallen  in  many  places  several 
inches,  ai.d  on  its  removal  the  wood  on  which  it 
rested  crumbled  away.  The  men  had  to  exercise 
the  greatest  care  in  its  removal  to  prevent  its 
giving  way  altogether.  How  it  remained  up  so 
long  without  accident  seems  almost  miraculous. 
Jlr.  ICemms  adds  that  in  many  of  the  City  chi.rches 
much  lead  has  been  used,  and  that  it  has  never 
been  repaired  since  their  erection. 

A  new  Unitarian  church  is  being  built  at  Brad- 
ford. It  is  in  the  French  Gothic  style.  Upton 
stone  is  being  used  for  the  exterior,  and  the  roof 
will  be  covered  with  red  and  blue  slates.  The 
ht'i''ht    of  the    nave  is  50ft.,  and  the  width  40ft 


uilbiiig  littelligcitte. 


omjnonES  and   chapels. 

On  the  20th  inst.  the  foundation  stone  of  a 
new  Presbyterian  church  was  laid  at  Methven, 
N.B.  The  edifice  will  seat  about  300.  Mr. 
James  Honeyman,  of  Glasgow,  is  the  architect. 

The  parish  church  of  St.  Martin's,  Martinhoe 
(Devon),  has  been  reopened,  after  restoration  and 
enlargement,  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Teulon, 
of  London.  The  ancient  parts  have  been  restored, 
a  chancel  arch  has  been  built,  and  a  new  north 
aisle  added.  The  total  cost  ia  about  £600. 
Messrs.  Oliver  and  Sons,  of  Barnstaple,  were  the 
contractors. 

The  parish  church  of  Witney  was  reopened  on 
Tuesday  last,  having  imdergone  thorough  restoi  a- 
tion,  at  a  cost  of  about  i.  5,000.  Many  interesting 
details  have  been  brought  to  light  under  the 
judicious  care  of  the  architect,  Mr.  G.  E.  Street. 
The  style  is  thirteenth  century  Gothic.  The 
building  has  been  entirely  re-pewed,  and  will  now 
saat  1,000  persons. 


it  will  accommodate  about  500  persons.      Messrs. 
Andrews,  Son,  and  Pepper,  are  the  architects. 

On  Monday  last  the  Bishop  of  Ripon  conse- 
crated the  new  church  of  St.  John  the  Baptist, 
Newtown,  Leeds.  The  style  of  the  building  is 
Decorated  Gothic  of  the  thirteenth  centuiy.  There 
is  a  nave  and  apsidal  chancel,  with  north  and 
south  aisles,  and  a  small  tower  and  spii-e  at  the 
north-west  corner.  The  cost  is  about  £3,000, 
and  there  are  602  sittings.  Messrs.  Adams  and 
Kelly,  of  Leeds,  were  the  architects. 

On  Sunday  week  the  new  parish  church  at 
Carnwath  was  opened  for  public  worship.  The 
new  edifice  occupies  the  site  of  the  former  church, 
which  being  damaged  by  lightning,  and  having 
otherwise  got  into  a  dilapidated  and  unsatisfac- 
tory state,  was  ordered  to  be  taken  down.  The 
new  church,  which  accommodates  upwards  of 
1,000  hearers,  is  a  Gothic  building  in  the  Scotch 
Decorated  style  of  the  fifteenth  century.  The 
church  insideis  74ft.  long  and  41ft.  broad,  having  a 
gallery  on  three  of  the  sides,  the  pulpit  being 
placed  against  the  west  wall.  At  the  south-east 
angle  are  placed  the  tower  and  spire,  which  rise 
to  the  height  of  nearly  100ft.  The  design  is  by 
Mr.  David  Bryce,  U.S.A.,  architect,  Edinburgh. 

The  parish  church  of  Scraptoft  has  been  re- 
opened after  restoration.  The  edifice  consists  of 
a  chancel  and  nave  with  aisles  and  a  tower  at  the 
west  end.  The  restoration  has  included  the  whole 
of  the  roof,  with  new  chancel  window,  and  two 
new  west  windows,  new  north  doorway  and  north 
aisle  windows,  dry  arena  round  the  outside  where 
the  soil  had  accumulated,  and  a  general  cleaning 
and  pointing  of  the  stonework.  Mr.  W.  Jackson 
was  the  architect,  and  Mr.  John  Firn,  and  Messrs. 
Sharp  and  Son,  the  contractors  employed. 

The  foundation  stone  of  the  New  United 
Presbyterian  Church,  at  Milnathort,  Kinross,  was 
laid  on  the  13th  inst.  The  building,  which  is  to 
seat  700  persons,  will  be  in  the  Geometrical 
Gothic  style,  and  will  consist  of  a  single  nave 
with  tower  and  spire  120ft.  high.  There  will  be 
class  and  other  rooms  behind.  The  architect  is 
Mr.  W.  Ingram,  Glasgow. 

The  parish  church  of  East  Bergholt,  which  for 
the  last  several  years  has  been  undergoing  resto- 
ration, has  lately  been  reopened.  The  church  was 
built  in  the  sixteenth  century,  in  the  Perpendicular 
style.  The  paint  has  been  cleane'l  .i  the  co- 
lumns of  the  nave,  and  the  building  entirely 
reseated. 

The  parish  church  of  Shottisham  has  been  re- 
opened after  restoration.  An  additional  north 
aisle  has  been  bidlt,  a  new  open  roof  added  to 
the  nave,  and  the  whole  church  has  been  repaved. 
Mr.  HakewiU  was  the  architect,  and  Mr.  Luff,  of 
Ipswich,  the  contractor. 

A  new  Presbyterum  church  was  opened  on  Sun- 
day last  at  Auchingramont,  N.B.  The  design  is 
Classic,  and  accommodation  is  provided  for  900 
persons.  The  extreme  length  is  70ft.,  the  breadth 
51ft.  6in.,  and  the  height  32ft.  6in.  The  cost  is 
about  £4,000.  Mr.  J.  Qrahame  Peat,  of  Hamil- 
ton,  was  the  architect. 


Messrs.  Dove  Brothers,  the  contractors,  have 
commenced  rebuilding  Croydon  Church.  Mr. 
G.  G.  Scott  Ls  the  architect.  It  will  be  an  elegant 
building  when  finished.  Little  Castertou  free- 
stone will  be  used. 

The  Roman  Catholic  Church  of  St.  John  the 
Evangelist,  at  Bath,  the  body  of  which  was  built 
about  four  years  ago,  has  just  been  completed  by 
the  addition  of  a  tower  and  spire  more  than  200ft. 
high,  at  a  cost  of  £5,000.  Messrs.  C.  F.  Hansom 
and  Son  were  the  architects,  and  Mr.  J.  Blad- 
weil,  of  Eath,  the  contractor.  Since  the  church 
was  opened  there  have  been  inserted  in  the  side 
walls  the  fourteen  stations  of  the  Cross  sculp- 
tured in  Caen  stone,  by  Mr.  Bolton,  of  Chelten- 
ham. 

The  Bishop  of  Carlisle  has  consecrated  a  new 
church,  at  Hayton,  near  Aspatria,  dedicated  to 
St.  James.  The  cost  has  been  £1,300,  and  it  will 
seat  about  250.  It  is  built  of  red  freestone,  from 
the  designs  of  Mr.  Travers,  of  Manchester. 

The  new  Roman  Catholic  church  of  St. 
Mary,  at  Fleetwood,  on- Wy  re,  was  solemnly 
opejed  on  Sunday  last,  the  24th  inst.  The 
church  has  been  erected  from  the  de.'^igns 
of  Mr.  E.  Welby  Pugin.  The  plan  con- 
sists of  a  nave  terminating  in  an  apsidal 
chancel  and  side  aisles.  The  entire  length  ia  98ft., 
and  the  width  46ft.  within  the  walls.  The  whole 
length  is  divided  into  five  bays,  the  eastern  bay 
being  again  subdivided  by  intermediate  columns 
and  arches  forming  the  divisions  between  the 
chancel  and  side  chapels.  The  roof  of  the  chan- 
cel is  panelled  and  decorated.  Internally  the 
height  of  the  church  is  48ft.,  and  the  width  of 
the  nave  24ft.  Externally  the  church  is  built  of 
coursed  parpoints,  with  Longridge  stone  dres- 
sings. The  cost  of  the  whole,  we  are  informed, 
has  been  under  £4,000.  Mr.  Drummond,  of 
Fleetwood,  was  the  builder.  The  designs  provide 
for  a  tower  and  spire,  which  a  e  not  yet  built. 

BUILDINGS. 

The  memorial  stone  of  the  New  Independent 
Sunday  Schools,  at  Chelmsford,  has  been  laid. 
The  general  character  of  the  architecture  ig 
Romanesque.  The  cost,  including  site,  ia 
£2,300.  Mr.  C.  Pertwee  is  the  architect,  and 
Mr.  H.  Gozzett,  the  builder. 

The  national  schools  in  connection  with  St. 
John's  Church,  Bootle,  near  Liverpool,  were 
opened  last  week.  The  building  contains  accom- 
modation for  600  scholars.  They  are  so  arranged 
that  the  whole  can  be  at  any  time  thrown  into 
one  large  room  for  the  puipose  of  holding  public 
meetings.  The  architect  was  Mr.  J.  N.  Crofts, 
of  Bootle.  The  amount  of  the  contract  was 
£1,900,  and  it  was  carried  out  by  Messrs.  Jamea 
Burroughes  and  Son. 

A  new  theatre,  called  the  Prince  of  Wales's, 
was  opened  on  Friday  last,  at  Rochdale.  The 
building,  which  is  comparatively  plain,  is  of  bride 
with  stone  foundation.  The  length  is  120ft.  and 
the  width  60ft.,  and  it  will  hold  2,200  persona. 
Mr.  Salomons,  the  architect  of  the  Prince's 
Theatre,  at  Manchester,  furnished  the  designs. 
Messrs.  Warburton,  of  Rochdale,  were  the  con- 
tractors. 

The  new  State  house,  at  Sacramento,  Cali- 
fornia, will  be  a  very  imposing  structure.  It 
covers  nearly  60,000ft.  of  ground,  and  will  be 
226ft-  in  height.  The  handsomest  avenue  in  the 
city  leads  from  its  front  to  the  river,  and  is  the 
finest  street  on  the  Pacific  coast, 

A  new  concert-hall  is  about  to  be  opened  at 
Brighton.  It  is  200ft.  in  length,  46ft.  6in.  wide, 
and  51ft.  9in.  in  height.  It  will  be  approached 
by  four  entrances — two  in  West-street,  and  two 
in  Middle  street — Sft.  each  in  width.  Mr.  H.  R. 
Goulty  is  the  architect.  The  lighting  and  venti- 
lation of  the  building  is  from  the  roof,  and  the 
building,  as  far  as  possible,  is  fireproof. 

The  concrete  groyne  at  Brighton,  which  has 
been  so  long  constructing,  was  finished  last 
week.  The  top  of  it  forms  a  promen,ade,  gra- 
dually inclining  down  to  the  water.  The  total 
cost  h.as  been  £5,000,  or  something  more  than 
double  the  amount  of  the  original  amount  of 
the  contract. 

The  concert-hall  in  Coleshill-street,  Birming- 
ham, has  lately  been  re-decorated  by  Mr.  Holland, 
of  Warwick.  The  proscenium  is  surmounted  with 
the  royal  arms  between  arabesque  designs  con- 
taining heads  of  Shakspeare  and  Milton,  and  be- 
tween each  of  the  circular  windows  of  the  facia 
are  emblematic  figures  of  the  four  quarters  of  the 
globe. 


November  29,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


837 


A  new  Academy  of  Arts  is  about  to  be  erected 
at  Dresden.  Designs  have  been  received  in  com- 
petition, and  to  Messrs.  Vichweger  and  Perlitz,  of 
Leipzig,  the  first  prize  has  been  awarded. 

The  re-opening  of  the  Boatmen's  Institution, 
Vale-street,  Paddington,  took  place  last  week.  The 
old  building  being  in  a  very  dilapidated  condition, 
it  was  found  necessary  entirely  to  rebuild  the 
premises.  This  has  beeo  done  at  a  cost  of  £1,000, 
and  several  improvements  have  been  introduced 
into  the  new  building.  There  is  now  provided  a 
chapel,  on  the  first  floor,  4Sft.  by  '23ft.,  with  an 
open  roof  lighted  from  above.  On  the  ground 
floor  is  a  school-room,  31ft.  by  23ft.,  and  infants' 
class-room  16ft.  by  lift.  The  architect  is  Mr.  T. 
Heygate  Vernon,  of  12,  Denbigh-place,  Pimlico, 
and  the  builders  Messrs.  Scrivener  and  White,  of 
Fitzroy-road,  Eegent'spark. 

One  great  disadvantage  that  a  shopkeeper  oc 
cupying  premises  under  a  railway  arch  has  some- 
times to  contend  with  is  the  limited  extent  of 
frontage  available  for  the  display  of  his  goods  in 
comparison  with  the  internal  size  of  his  premises. 
Mr.  Sheppard,  the  provision  merchant,  whose 
warehouse  is  under  the  large  girder  bridge  span- 
ning the  entrance  to  the  London  Bridge  Station, 
has  lately  had  this  defect  remedied  for  him  by  Mr. 
M'Intyre  North,  of  the  Borough.  A  fa5ade  of 
wood  has  been  erected,  giving  a  much  bolder  ap- 
pearance. The  line  of  arch  in  the  old  front  forms 
the  centre  of  the  composition,  and  is  supported  on 
either  side  by  circular-headed  bays,  with  facias, 
cornices,  &c.,  to  enclose  cases.  The  arches  of  the 
bays  are  supported  by  carved  panels.  The  whole 
is  surmounted  by  the  miia  facia  and  cornice.  Mr. 
Ennor,  of  Commercial-road,  is  the  contractor. 


TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 

To  OCR  Readers. — We  shall  feel  obliged  to  any  of  our 
rentiers  who  will  favour  us  with  brief  notes  of  works  con- 
tempLated  or  in  progress  in  the  provinces. 

Letters  reUting  t-j  .■idvertisements  and  the  ordinary  busi- 
ness of  the  Paper  should  be  addressed  to  the  EDITOR, 
31,  TAVISTOCK  STKEEI,  COVEST  GARDEN,  W.C. 

Advertisements  for  the  current  week  must  reach  the 
office  before  5  o'clock  p.m.  on  Thursday. 

Notice.— The  BUILDING  NEWS  inserts  advertise- 
ments for  •'  SITUATIONS  WANTED,"  die,  at  ONB 
SHILLING  for  the  first  Twenty- four  Words. 


RECErvED.— A.  S.— O.  N.  S.-W.  H.  W.-J.  N.— W.  C. 
— W.  E  H.— E.  W.  P.— T.  G.  J.— S.  B  — J.  C.  J.— J.  N.  C. 
— E.  W.— G.  A.  R.— J.  S.  C— W.  H.  W.-G.  T.— J.  T.— 
A.  C.  F.— J.  F.  S.  -R.  G.— A.  B.  D.— B.  P.  and  B.— R.  S. 
— H  H.  B.—J.  B.— P.  J.  and  Co.— J.  D.  -  C.  N.  B.— G.  R. 
—J.  H.— J.  and  E.  G.— J.  P.  D— T.  9.— E.  A.  S.— W.  B. 
— R.  M.  B.— W.  H.  T.— S.  S.— W.  W.  (next  week).— 
J.  H.  T.  (too  late).— J.  J.  (write  more  legibly). 

A.  Z. — Thanks  for  the  suggestion. 

W.  H.  T, — Your  question  as  to  quantities  has  been  an- 
swered before. 

•■  Engineer.*' — The  information  on  prize  designs  for 
labourers'  cottages  in  IreLaud  is  given  elsewhere. 

W.  T.  H.  -  Writa  the  Secretary  of  the  BuUders'  Clerks 
Benevolent  Society,  14,  Bedford-row,  W.C. 

F.  J. — The  "Architectural  Association  Sketch-book'*  is 
oonHued  to  the  members  of  the  Association. 
,       L.  L. — Vfe  cannot  inform  you  where  to  get  evening  work. 
^  Why  nut  advertise  ? 

W.  T. — Your  question  on  "etching"  was  answered  in 

.tercommuniaition.  No.  329. 

J.  Thomas, — See  Building  News,  March  19,  1S65. 

W.  T.  M.  will  see  some  good  suggestions  on  modelling  in 
cardboard  under  "  The  Art  Student  "  in  an  early  number. 

"W.  L.  Bernard,  Bath, — Write  the  Assistant  Secretary  of 
the  Institute  of  Architects,  9,  Conduit-street. 

S.  Lewis.  — '•  The  Young  Mechanics'  Instructor,"  price 
28.  6d. ,  may  be  obtained  through  any  bookseller. 

W.  H.  G, — Paper  can  be  made  into  pulp  by  machinery 
made  for  the  purpose. 

"  A  CoiiPEriToR,"—  For  the  Liverpool  Labourers'  Dwell- 
ings Competition  look  in  another  column.  We  hope  to 
give  more  information  neit  week. 

"A  Carpenter." — Apply  at  the  Orthopaidic  Hospital, 
815,  Oxford-street. 

*■  Ap.chitectlral  Stcdknt,"  Manchester.  —  Several 
numbers  of  the  Bcilding  News  for  IStii  and  1S65  are  out 
of  print.  What  remain  can  be  ordered  through  your  book- 
seller at  the  published  price.  We  do  not  keep  the  bound 
volumes. 


Correspoiiiieiite. 


CONCRETE  BUILDINGS. 

To  tlie  Editor  of  the  Btjildisq  News. 

Sir,  —Having  been  very  much  interested  of  late 
in  the  accounts  I  have  heard  of  building  in  con- 
crete, I  went  the  other  day  to  visit  a  house  now 
in  course  of  erection  with  Mr.  Tali's  patent  appa- 
ratus, and  after  the  designs  of  Mr.  Blomfield,  at 
East  Sheen,  near  Richmond.  Upon  enquiry,  I 
foun  1  that  the  cost  of  Mr.  Tali's  apparatus  was 
f  1,000,  and  the  contract  price  for  building  was 
£2,000,  or  as  nearly  as  possible  G^d,  per  foot,  not 
including  the  cost  of  the  apparatus.  I  think  I  can 


safely  say  that  I  could  build  the  same  house  in 
brick  at  74d.,  or  at  the  most  Sd.  per  foot,  which 
would  amount  to  £2,500.  It  is  true  that  one  of 
the  men  informed  me  that  it  could  be  used  for 
one  hundred  and  fifty  houses,  and  at  the  end  sold 
for  one-third  its  prime  cost.  Now,  firstly,  I  have 
only  the  man's  bare  assertion  for  the  fact;  se 
coudly,  what  man,  except  a  speculative  builder. 
would  ever  dream  of  building  one  hundred  and 
fifty  houses, 

1  think  most  of  your  readers  will  agree  with  me, 
when  I  say  that  a  brick  house  is  inhnitely  supe- 
rior to  a  concrete  as  regards  beauty,  if  not  as  r^:- 
gards  comfort ;  a  house  covered  with  plaster  or  ce- 
ment is  always  at  the  best  a  gloomy-looking  object ; 
it  puts  one  in  mind  of  a  man  without  a  shirt  on  ; 
he  buttons  up  his  coat  close  over  him  to  hide  his 
defects  :  so  it  is  with  a  cemented  building. 

After  what  I  have  saiil,  perhaps  Mr.  Tall  or 
some  other  of  your  readers  experienced  in  concrete 
will  explain  to  me,  through  your  valuable  paper, 
where  the  advantage  lies,  for  1  confess  I  caunut  aec 
it ;  certainly  it  has  none  regarding  cost,  taking  the 
work  I  have  just  mentioned  as  an  example, — 1  am, 
&c.,  Enquirer. 

November  25. 

I  enclose  my  card  with  address. 

[Has"  Enquirer"  seen  Mr.  Tail's  letter  in  the 
BuILDI^•G  News  a  fortnight  ago  ? — Ed.  B.N.] 


MR.    STREET   v. 


'J.    C.    J.' 


Sib, — As  I  had  not  the  opportunity  of  looking  over  my 
last  letter  (in  which  many  misprints  occurred)  before  its 
publication,  I  do  not  know  whether  the  amusing  blunder 
about  Calvados  w.is  a  slip  of  my  pen  or  merely  a  mistake 
of  the  compositors.  Of  course,  the  sentence  should  havo 
been,  ' '  the  later  and  less  interesting  churches  in  Calvados. "' 
That  the  feature  I  mentioned  was  NormaD-French,  stuck 
on  to  au  English  tower — something  like  a  dog  kennel  at 
each  corner— no  one  can  doubt  who  knows  anything  of  the 
Normandy  chui"che3— there  are  several  later  examples 
from  the  department  of  Calvados  in  De  Caumon'a  "  Abece- 
daire," — unless,  indeed,  wo  are  to  take  the  old  adage 
"damnentiu"  qui  ante  nos  nostra  dixerunt,"  or,  as  Mr. 
Puff  puts  it,  '^  All  that  can  be  said  is  that  two  people 
happened  to  hit  on  the  same  thonsht,  and  Shakspeare 
made  use  of  it  first,  that  is  all." 

Sir.  Street's  art  of  misquotation  is  amusing.  In  his 
former  letter,  for  my  word  plastering  he  substituted  un- 
coloured  plaster.  In  his  present  letter  he  puts  "  steeple  " 
(which  includes  tower  and  spire)  for  my  *'  spire,"  and  tlien 
affects  to  discover  a  contradiction.  I  need  not  point  oat 
to  any  one  but  him  that  a  tower  may  be  of  an  Oxford 
type,  though  its  spire  may  have  a  feature  borrowed  from 
Jsormandy. — I  am,  &c.,  J.  C.  J. 

Novenber  IS. 

[We  cannot  iuseit  any  more  letters  on  these  subjects. — 
Ed.  B.  N.] 


ARCHITECTURAL   EDUCATION. 

Sib, — "J.  H.,"  in  his  letter  last  week,  says  that  the 
architects  would  stand  in  the  way  of  Mr.  R.  P.  Spiers' 
scheme  being  carried  out,  and  that  we  must  have  "  colleges 
and  museums  in  every  large  town"  before  it  "can  be  made 
practicable."  I  should  hail  the  establishment  of  such  col- 
leges and  museums,  but  I  do  not  see  why  Mr.  Spiers' 
scheme  cannot  be  at  once  carried  out  irrespective  of  the 
college  and  museum  qiiestion,  for  why  cannot  parents  send 
their  sons  up  to  London  for  a  year  before  they  enter  the 
office  to  attend  lectures  ai  King's  or  University  College  as 
proposed.  If  men  wish  their  sons  to  get  on  they  must  not 
grudge  such  little  expenses  at  first,  any  more  than  they 
would  grudge  sending  their  son  to  Cambridge  orOxfoid 
if  he  were  intended  for  the  church  or  the  bar.  Parents 
and  guardians  have  but  little  idea  of  the  amount  and 
variety  of  education  required  by  an  architect,  and  if  the 
Institute  would  publLsh  such  hints  as  Mr.  Spiers  proposed 
it  would  open  their  eyes  as  to  what  is  really  necessary. 
The  present  system — or  rather  want  of  system— of  educa- 
tion is  most  unsatisfactory,  and,  I  fear,  causes  untold  pain 
and  loss  «very  year,  in  that  it  sends  forth  into  the  world 
inefficient  men  to  battle  with  the  many  and  great  diffi- 
culties which  must  beset  the  path  of  an  architect.  I 
trust  that  all,  and  especially  students,  interested  in  the 
eduration  question  will  rally  round  the  standard  which  Mr. 
Spiers  has  raised,  and  that  this  question  will  not  be 
allowed  to  die  before  it  has  reached  maturity  and  brought 
forth  much  fruit.  We  have  endured  the  present  pupilage 
system  long  enough,  and  now  that  its  errors  have  been 
exposed  let  us  be  determined  that  we  will  only  be  silent 
when  we  have  a  thorough  reform.  ^I  am,  ifec, 

Adelphi. 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  WEEK. 

Sat. — Associated  Arts  Institute. — Exhibition  of  Sketches, 
subject,  "Forsaken." 

Mos. — Royal  Institution. — General  Monthly  Meeting,  2. 
Society  of  Eogineers. — Adjourned  discussion  on 
paper  read  on  ISth  instant,  on  "The  Con- 
nection Between  the  Shape  of  Heavy  Giuis 
and  their  Durability,"  by  Mr.  Arthur  Rigg, 
jnn.,  C.E.,  7.30. 

XuEri. — Institution  of  Civil  Engineers. — 1.  "  Description 
of  the  Victoria-bridge,  on  the  Line  of  the 
Victoria  Station  and  Pimlico  Railway,"  by 
Mr.  William  Wilson,  M.  Inst.  C.E.  2.'  ''On 
New  Railways  at  Battersea,  with  the  Widen- 
ing of  the  Victoria- bridge,  and  Approaches  to 
the  Victoria  Station,"  by  Sir.  Charles  DoagLaa 
Fox,  M.  Inst.  C.E.,  8. 

■Wed. — Geological  Society,  8. 

Sat. — Associated  Arts  Institute. — On  "  Design,"  by  Mr. 
G.  R.  Redgrave. 


^intertoiniminiralioii 


QUESTIONS. 

[607.}— REMOVAL  OF  PAINT.— In  the  number  for 
the  -Ith  of  hist  mouth,  under  the  head  of  Replies  (510), 
there  is  a  method  given  for  cleaning  old  paint  from  stone 
by  ubing  Anieriam  ]K>tasli,  and  the  price  quoted  for  the 
host  l>eing  ICte.  per  cwt.  I  beg  to  ask  where  it  is  to  be  pro- 
curo<l  at  iho  above  price.—  Uenuv  Uowes,  Foroniau  of  the 
Works,  Essex,  South  Weald,  Nov.  21. 


[COS.]— UNDERGROUND  TaNK.—I  have  a  large  tank 
under  groxmd,  in  the  middle  of  the  house,  lined  with  brick 
and  flour  covered  with  tiles  laid  in  cement,  but  the  hard 
water  from  the  land  forces  its  way  in  Can  anyone  oblige 
me  by  iufi)rming  me  of  iuiy  way  by  which  I  can  prevent 
the  water  getting  inY  The  tjmk  is  15ft.  x  12ft.  and  10ft. 
I  have  already  cemented  tho  sides,  but  the  water  forces  its 
way  through. — Task. 

[6Gtt.]— PITCH  OP  ROOFS.— Will  anyone  inform  me 
how  the  pitches  of  all  kinds  of  roofs  arodetermmed?  — J.  T. 

[r.:o.]— BICHR0MAfE"0FT0TASn.-I  should  like  to 
know  whether  bichromate  of  iioUish  is  better  adapted  for 
st-iiniiig  soft  or  hanl  woods,  and  whether  it  may  be  suc- 
cessfully used  for  staining  boxwood  ? — AiiATECR. 


[671.] -WOOD  CARVING.— WiU    some    reader  kmdlj 

inform  me  the  exact  number  and  description  of  tools  which 
are  deemed  absolutely  necessary  in  the  art  of  wood  carving 
— that  is  to  say,  the  ntimber  considered  necessary  for  an 
amateur  ?--B.  C.  

[672.] -PORTLAND  CEMENT.— Will  any  stibscriber 
bo  kind  enough  to  tell  me  tho  proportion  of  cLiy  to  limo 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  ordinary  Portland  cement,  the 
mode  adopted  of  mixing  the  clay  ^vith  tho  lime,  the  tem- 
perature under  wliich  it  is  burnt,  and  the  time  taken  in, 
burning?— T.  H.  L.  

[673.]— LIMNER. — What  is  the  Limner?— Todnosteb. 


[674.]— CARTON  PIERRE.— C.-in  anyone  iuform  me 
what  carton  pierre  is  composed  of? — W.  H.  G. 

[675.]— HUNGRY  PUPILS.-If  an  articled  pupil  is  sent 
by  his  master  out  surveying  at  a  greater  distance  from 
home  than  will  allow  him  to  return  to  meals,  can  he 
legally  ask  for  expenses? — X. 

'■:  [676.]— CHOICE  OF  WORDS.— I  should  be  much  obliged 
to  any  of  your  readers  who  could  inform  mo  where  I  can 
find  some  practical  and  reliable  information  regarding  the 
chqice  of  words  in  wood  carving. — F.  Ci-auk. 


REPLIES. 

[611.]— ESTIMATING  CARPENTERS'  WORK  FROM 
HEWN  AND  CONVERTED  TIMBER.— My  reply,  con- 
tamed  in  your  number  of  October  25  last,  to  the  query 
of  "  An  Estimator,"  asking  why  surveyors  cubed  all  tim- 
ber irrespective  of  its  scantling,  the  reason  for  such  a 
course,  and  imputing  ignorance  on  the  part  of  quantity 
surveyors  as  tUe  explanation,  appears  to  have  been  the 
cause  of  some  irritation  to  "Mr.  Stevenson,"  who  has  cor- 
responded with  you  on  this  matter.  I  did  not  think  at 
the  time  of  writing  my  reply  that  so  much  discussion  would 
havo  resulted  upon  the  question,  and  I  therefore  made  my 
communication  a  simple  answer  to  the  interrogations 
made.  I  trust,  therefore,  that  you  will  allow  me  to  go 
more  fully  into  the  matter,  and  as  my  business  is  princi- 
pally in  London,  it  must  be  understood  that  I  speak  only 
uf  London  custom.  Let  me,  then,  say  first  that  the  use 
of  deals  and  battens  is  in  many  cases  no  doubt  cheaper 
than  hewn  timber ;  as  to  how  much  the  one  is  cheaper  than 
the  other  I  leave  that  portion  of  the  subject  in  the  abler 
hands  of  "A  Practical  Man"  and  "Sir.  Stevenson." 
Another  important  portion  of  the  question,  so  far  as  the 
quantity  surveyor  and  builder  is  concerned,  is  that  the 
greater  portien  of  London  architects  prefer  the  use  of 
scantling  cut  out  of  timber  to  the  use  of  cut  or  whole 
deals  or  battens,  and  the  London  practice  is  that  un- 
less the  specification  specially  allows  or  directs  that 
certain  timbers  are  to  be  cut  out  of  deals  or  battens,  the 
whole  are  to  be  of  Memel,  Riga,  or  Dantzic  timbers,  as  the 
case  may  be  ;  therefore,  whilst  this  custom  remains,  how 
can  a  quantity  surveyor  give  the  quantity  of  one  class  of 
wood  whilst  the  specifications  of  the  architect  provides 
another.  Then,  with  resptct  to  the  lengths  of  deals  and 
battens,  <fcc.,  allow  me  to  substitute  for  my  previous  short 
statement  the  moi'e  ample  one,  that  of  the  9x3  deals  in 
the  London  market  suitable  for  constructional  purposes 
in  building,  quite  one-half  are  12ft.  in  length,  whilst  all 
the  other  various  lengths  are  included  in  the  other  half. 
If  oue  requires  t»  purchase  a  few  9x3  deals  i2ft.  long 
they  are  to  be  obtained  at  any  timber-yard  in  London,  but 
should  you  want  any  other  length  or  any  variation  in 
Bcantling  (except  11x4  planks)  you  may  spend  many 
days  in  looking  for  the  goods  you  desire.  This  being  the 
case,  it  is  often  really  cheaper  for  a  builder  to  use  timbers 
(siiy  for  joists  9  x  3  x  30ft.  — a  common  size  in  London) 
cut  out  of  hewn  timber,  th;in  to  go  all  over  London  to  get 
the  exact  length  of  deal  he  may  require.  In  ray  reply  of 
October  25, 1  requested  to  t  e  informed  the  opinions  of  some 
of  your  readers  as  to  whether  .scantlings  cut  from  hewn 
timber,  or  those  from  deals  and  battens,  were  the  best, 
strongest,  and  most  durable  forjoi.-^t*,  rafters,  (fcc.  I  am 
told  that  the  smaller  timber  from,  which  deals  and  battens 
are  cut  is  neither  so  strong  or  lasting  as  those  which  are 
cut  from  timber  of  larger  growth.  "  Mr.  Stevenson  " 
maintains  that  the  relative  suitableness  of  the  two  classes 
of  timber  has  nothing  to  do  with  the  question;  it  has  this 
to  do  with  it,  that  London  architects  believe  in  and  pro- 
vide scantlings  to  be  cut  out  of  hewn  timber,  and  as  long 
as  they  do  so  the  quantity  surveyor  can  only  estimate  for 
timber  of  that  description.  If  the  architects  are  wrong, 
and  possibly  they  may  be,  let  those  discuss  the  question 
who  are  capable  of  doing  so.  I  confess  that  1  am  not,  but 
I  should  like  to  hear  what  "Mr.  Stevenson"  and  others 
have  to  say  upon  this  interesting  subject.  Perhaps  they 
can  inform  your  readers  of  the  cause  of  the  smallness  of 
the  timbers  from  wliich  battens  are  cut ;  whether  it  is 
caused  by  the  immature  growth  of  tho  tree,  or  is  in  con- 
sequence of  the  tree  growing  in  dense  forests  where  it 


S38 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


KoVIMBER  29,   1867. 


quickly  runs  up  to  the  light  and  grows  iu  height,  where 
in  a  different  sit  nation  the  tree  would  developein  thickness. 
— A.  H..  Westminster. 

*»"  Mr.  Stevenson  has  sent  us  a  commnnicatiou  on  this 
subject,  but  it  is  so  long,  and  deals  witli  the  matter  in  so 
general  a  way,  that  we  have  preferred  giving  it  a3  a  sepa- 
rate article  in  another  page. — Ed.  B.N. 


[653.]— PRESSURE  ON  ROOFS.— The  following  in- 
vestigation wiU,  I  think,  clearly  show  that  tlie  vertical 
pressure  on  a  roof  by  a  horizontal  wind  reaches  a  maximum 
when  the  angle  which  the  rafter  makes  with  the  horizon 
is  equal  to  45  deg.     In  fig.  1  let  A  B   be  the  slope  of  the 


0/ 


f^/CJ. 


roof,  draw  C  B  parallel  to  the  hoiizon  meeting  ihe  roof 
at  B  ;  then  will  C  B  represent  the  direction  and  force  of 
the  wind.  To  ascertain  the  effect  of  this  force  upon  the 
roof,  we  must  resolve  it,  by  making  it  the  diagonal  of 
a  pa'-allelogram  of  forces,  into  its  two  components  C  E, 
E  B,  the  one  perpendicular,  the  other  parallel  to  the  plane 
of  the  roof ;  then  will  C  E  thow  the  pressure  upon  the  roof 
in  a  direction  perpendicular  to  its  surface  ;  the  other  com- 
ponent E  B  being  parallel  to  the  surface  exerts  no  pressure 
upon  it.  Make  E  D  perpendicular  to  A  B  and  equal  to 
C  E,  then  E  D  will  also  equal  the  direction  and  force  of 
the  pressure  last  found.  Resolve  this  pressure  into  two 
others  G  D,  EG,  the  one  horizontal  and  the  other  vertical; 
by  making  it  the  diagonal  of  a  parallelogram  whose  sides 
are  parallel  and  perpendicular  to  the  horizon,  as  in  the 
fig.,  then  will  E  G  represent  the  vertical  effect  of  the  wind 
upon  the  roof,  and  G  D  its  horizontal  effect..  Also,  if  C  B 
taken  from  a  scale  of  parts  be  made  equal  to  the  force  in 
pounds  exerted  by  the  wind  per  foot  super,  E  G  measured 
upon  the  same  scale  will  give  its  vertical  effect  upon  the 
roof  in  pounds  per  foot. 

Now,  to  ascertain  the  angle  or  pitch  upon  which  a  hori- 
zontal wind   would  have  the   greatest  vertical  effect,  iet 
A  B  in  fig,  2  represent  the  slope  of  the  roof,  and  draw  A  D 
parallel  to  the  horizon;  take   any  point  F   on  the  latter 
as  a  centre,  and  with  the  radius  F  A  describe  a  semicircle 
A  E   D  ;  join  D  E  and  produce  it  to  C,  making  C  E  equal 
to  E  D ;  draw  0  B  parallel  to  A  D,  from  E  let  fall  a  per- 
pendicular to  G,  and  through  F  draw  F  H  perpendicular 
to  A  D  ;  then  will  C  B.  as  before,  represent  the  direction 
and  force  of  the  %vind,  and  E  G  its  vertical  effect  upon  the 
roof,  which  is  required  to  be  a  maximum.     Now  aa  A  E  D 
is  a  semicircle,  whatever  the  positioa  of  the  apex  E  of  the 
triangle  A  E  D  wilhiu  it,  the  angle  at  E  will  always   be  a 
right  angle  ;    and  by  the  properties  of  opposite  triangles, 
C"E  being  always  made  equal  to  E  D,  C  B  will  always  re- 
main parallel  and  equal  to  A  D;  consequently,  whatever 
the  angle  which  A  B  makes  with  the  horizon,   C    B  will 
represent  the  force  of  the  wind,  E  D  its  effect  perpendicular 
to  the  plane  of  the  roof,  E  G  its  vertical  effect,  and  G  D 
its  horizont.il  effect.  If,  now,  we  conceive  A  B  to  turn  upon 
A  as  a  centre,   it  is  manifest  that  the  apex    E    of  the 
triangle  A  E  P  may  be  made  to  travel  through  every  part 
of  the  circumference  of  tlie  semicircle,  and  that  whatever 
its  position,  a  perpendicular  let  fall  from  E  to  A  D  will 
measure  the  vertical  effect  of  the  wind  upon  the  roof,  C  B 
remaining  constant.     It  is  evident  from  a  consideration  of 
the  fig.  that  when  the  roof  A  B  is  of  a  very  low  pitch,  or 
nearly  parallel  with  A  D,   the  vertical  pressure  E  G,    and 
the  horizontal  force  G  D,  will  also  be  very  small,  and  that 
when  A  B  coincides  witli  A  D,  a  horizontal  wind  will  have 
no  effect,  as  E  G  and   G  D  will  then  both  vanish.     It  is 
also  evident  that  the  point  E,  being  always  in  the  circum- 
ference, will,  as  the  roof  turning  upon  A  rises  to  a  greater 
pitch,  continually  increase  its  perpendicular  c^istance  from 
A  D  until  it  reaches  the  point  H,  after  which,  the  motion 
of  A  B  being  continued,  E  will  again  gradually  approach 
A  D  imtil  A  B   becomes  perpendicular  to  A  D,  when  it 
will  coincide  with  the  point  A,  and  the  vertical  effect  E  G 
of  the  wind  will  vanish  at  the  same  time.     It  has  just  been 
shown  that  E  will  attain  its  greatest  dist.ince  from  A  D 
when  it  coincides  with  H  ;  if,   therefore,  the  roof  A  B  be 
placed  at  such  an  angle  that  its  plane   will  pass  through 
A  and  H.  the  vertical  effect  of  the  wind  C  B  upon  it  will 
then  be  the  greatest  possible.     But   H    is  equally  distant 
from  A  and  D  ;  therefore,  when   E  coincides  with  H,  the 
angle   E   A  D  will  be  equal   to   the   angle   EDA;  and 
as  the  angle   at  E  is   a  right  angle,  E  A  D  and  EDA 
will  each  be  equal  to  half  a  right  angle  ;  consequently, 
when  the  pitch  or  angle  B  A  D  of  the  roof  is  equal  to  45 
deg. ,  the  vertical  effect  of  a  horizontal  wind  or  other  force 
reaches  a  maximum.     From  the  fig.    it  will  also  be  mani- 
fest that  G  D,   which  represents  the   horizontal  effect  of 
the  wind  C  B,  is  zero  when  the  roof  is  flat,  or  coincident 
with  A  D,  but  that  as  the  pitch  rises,  G  D  increases  until 
G  coincideswith  A  ;  the  roof  A  B  being  then  perpendicular 
to  A  D,  the  horizontal  effect  G  D  upon  it  becomes  a  maxi- 
mum, and  equal  to  the  horizontal  force   C  B  of  the  wind. 

— E.  SWANSEOROUGH. 


had  not  been  ascertained.  By  observing  the  animals  at 
work,  however,  in  glaas  tanks,  it  was  discovered  that  they 
used  the  sharp  teeth  with  which  the  anterior  ends  of  the 
shells  are  covered  as  boring  tools,  the  sheUs  being  ma^le  to 
take  a  kind  of  circular  rasping  motion,  while  at  the  same 
time,  the  animal's  foot  being  protruded  between  the  valve^, 
takes  a  firm  hold  upon  the  stone,  and  by  its  muscular  con 
traction  holds  these  curious  instruments  in  close  contact 
with  the  surface  operated  upon.  The  Pholas,  like  othei 
kindred  genera,  is  a  bi-valve ;  the  valves  or  shells  do  not 
fit  closely  together,  but  have  openings  at  both  ends  ;  that 
at  the  anterior  end  has  been  already  alluded  to,  the  other 
permits  the  passage  of  the  posterior  prolongation  of  the 
animal,  which  in  general  extends  far  beyond  the  shells 
to  the  entrance  of  the  burrow,  and  is  furnished  with  a 
wondei-fid  hydraulic  apparatus  comprising  two  tube^  or 
syphons,  down  one  of  which  the  water  is  drawn  to  the 
breathing  organs,  and  expelled  tlirough  the  otlier,  the  re- 
turn current  also  assisting  in  the  removal  of  tlie  material 
excavated  from  the  inner  end  of  the  tunnel.  Many  speci- 
mens of  the  valves  of  these  and  other  allied  animals  may 
be  seen  in  the  table  case,  No.  37,  in  the  Eastern  Zoological 
Gallery  of  the  British  Museum,  and  in  case  No.  7  of  the 
North  GaUery  other  specimens  are  contained.— E.  SwAS-i- 
BOROUGH. 

[662.]— CONCRETE  BUILDINGS.— In  reply  to  inquiry 
made  by  F.  Hope  in  your  last,  if  that  gentleman  will  give 
mo  his  address  I  will  supply  him  with  my  pamphlet,  which 
will,  I  think,  answer  bis  inquiries  As  to  building  arclies 
of  concrete,  if  they  are  built  with  wedge  pieces,  as  men- 
tioned by  F.  Hope,  much  unnecessary  skill  and  labour 
would  be  reqxured,  first,  in  making  moulds  and  casting, 
and  then  in  setting,  and  then  the  weakest  parts  would  be 
the  joints.  Jly  method  is  to  fix  a  close-fitting  centreing,  as 
usually  employed  foi  arches,  with  the  addition  of  pide- 
pieces  to  form  a  box,  and  then  put  in  the  concrete,  thus 
casting  the  arch  in  one  piece.— J.  Tall,  Falstaff-yar-d, 
Kent-street,  Southwark,  November  2. 


WAGES   MOVKMENT. 

Slackness  is  prevalent  at  Liverpool  and  Birkenhead. 
Very  few  contracts  have  been  offered  lately,  and  few  firms 
are  doing  more  than  keeping  on  a  limited  number  of  hands. 

Trade  in  Edinbui'gh  has  not  been  so  slack  since  last  win- 
ter, and  we  fear  matters  are  not  yet  at  their  worst.  Con- 
tract work  appears  likely  to  be  very  scarce  all  the  winter. 

The  masons  in  the  metropolis  have  held  a  meetintj  about 
the  nine  hours'  movement,  at  which  a  resolution  was 
passed  to  the  effect  "  That  a  reduction  in  the  hours  of 
labour  from  ten  to  nine  hours  during  the  winter  months 
would  be  a  great  advantage  to  the  trade,  and  we  here  ex- 
press our  satisfaction  that  S14  masons  are  now  working  the 
nine  hours,  and  that  we  hereby  r  commend  to  all  who  are 
working  ten  hours  to  use  their  endeavours  to  get  the  nine." 


STAINED    GLASS. 

Eight  stained  glass  windows  are  being  erected  in  the 
Ladye  Chapel  of  Hereford  Cathedral  in  memory  of  the  late 
Canon  Morgan. 

The  east  window  of  the  church  at  Barlestone,  Leicester- 
shire, has  been  filled  with  stained  glass  by  Mr.  Holland, 
of  Warwick.  The  subject  is  the  Collect  for  the  Seventh 
Sunday  after  Trinity,  emblematically  represented. 

The  window  at  the  west  end  of  the  nave  of  Kington 
parish  church,  Hereford,  has  been  filled  with  stained  gUss 
by  Clayton  and  Bell.  It  is  of  four  lights,  in  the  Early 
English  style.  It  contains  representations  of  the  four 
greater  prophets  and  the  four  Evangelists,  with  angels 
bearing  scroll  work. 

A  large  Early  English  five-light  window  will  shortly  be 
placed  in  the  church  at  Rhosymedre,  near  Ruabon.  The 
figuies  are  almost  life-size.  The  subject  is  the  Ascension, 
mosaic  work  above  and  below  forming  canopies  and  bases, 
Messrs.  Done  and  Davies,  of  Carlisle,  are  the  artists. 

Another  memorial  window  has  been  erected  in  St.  Peter's 
Church,  Newcastle.  It  is  of  three  lights.  The  upper  part 
represents  the  doctrine  of  the  Incarnation.  The  subjects 
are  the  Annunciation,  the  Nativity,  with  angels  adoring, 
and  the  Adoration  of  the  Magi.  In  the  lower  part  are  St, 
John  Leading  the  Virgin  from  Calvaiy,  Jesus  the  Good 
Shepherd,  and  Ruth  Refusing  to  Leave  Naomi.  The  win- 
dow is  by  Mr.  Baguley,  of  Newcastle. 

Four  windows  and  a  quatrefoil  in  the  west  gable  of 
Tintwistle  Church  have  been  filled  with  stained  glass. 
The  style  is  Early  English.  The  subjects,  the  Trans- 
figuration, the  Ascension.  Jesus  Teaching  Humility,  and 
Blessing  Little  Children ,  are  framed  by  canopies  and  borders, 
and  in  tiie  quatrefoil  is  the  Holy  Dove  descending.  Messrs. 
R.  B.  Edniundson  and  Son,  of  Mancheeter,  were  the 
artists. 


[657.]— STONE  DESTROYING  INSECTS.-Even  solid 
rock  is  destroyed  by  the  persevenng  efforts  of  the  Pholades 
and  Saxicavie.  The  Pholas  perforates  wood,  limestone, 
hard  and  soft  argiUaceous  shales,  clay,  and  sandstone. 
Though  the  Saxicavae  which  attack  the  limestone  blocks 
of  the  Plymouth  breakwater  do  not  penetrate  more  than 
half  a  foot  from  the  surface,  yet  their  holes  are  so  close  to 
each  other  as  to  make  it  easy  to  break  off  the  outer  por- 
tions, when  a  new  surface  is  laid  open  to  fresh  attacks. — 
W,  P,  

[657.] — The  animals  which  bore  the  holes  so  frequently 
found  in  rocks  and  detached  stones  upon  the  seashore  are 
neither  insects  nor  annelids  ;  they  are  for  the  most  part 
membera  of  the  sub  kingdom  Mollusca,  and  comprise 
Tarious  genera,  Pholas,  Martesia,  Gastrochiua,  &.C.,  each 
including  many  species.  Members  of  the  genua  Pholas, 
particularly  Pholas  dactylus,  are  very  plentiful  on  the 
south  coast  of  England,  These  bore  holes  in  hai'd  clay, 
chalk,  limestone,  and  even  soft  sandstone,  large  enough 
to  admit  a  finger,  in  a  manner  which,  till  a  few  years  ago. 


STATUES,  MEMORIALS,  ETC. 

A  bust  of  Mr.  Cobden,  in  pure  white  marble,  executed 
by  Mr.  Phillips,  has  been  placed  in  the  Town  Hall,  Halifax, 
It  is  the  gift  of  Colonel  Ackroyd,  M,  P. 

The  statue  of  Lady  Godiva,  lately  shown  at  the  Coventry 
Exhibition,  has  been  offered  by  the  artist,  Mr.  C.  JI.  Mar- 
shall, R.A.,  to  the  Corporation  of  London.  It  has  been 
accepted,  and  their  best  thanks  have  been  conveyed  to  him 
for  his  gift. 

The  series  of  thirty-three  statues  for  the  decoration  of  the 
chapel  of  St.  Andrew,  in  Gloucester  Cathedral,  is  now 
complete.  The  sculptor  is  Mr.  J.  lloddis,  of  Birmingham. 
The  chapel  is  being  restored  under  the  direction  of  Mr. 
Gilbert  Scott,  R.A.,  and  Mr,  Gambler  Parry. 

On  the  death  of  the  Deau  of  Hereford  ic  was  resolved  to 
erect  some  suitable  memorial  to  his  memory.  A  public  meet- 
ing took  place,  and  it  was  agreed  t  j  erect  a  handsome  gate- 
way openingiu  the  cathedral  close,  and  .Mr.  Scott  was  invited 
to  send  in  plans.  Ho  has  done  so,  but  his  estimate  is 
£1,800,  and  at  present  the  amount  subscribed  does  not 
reach  £1,000.  The  scheme  is,  therefore,  likely  to  remain 
for  some  time  in  abeyance. 


LEGAL   INTELLIGENCE. 

Conviction  Under  the  Smoke  Ncisance  Acr. — 
Penalty  of  £10. — Mr.  Charles  Rice,  ilock  manu- 
facturer, Friar-street,  Soutiiwark,  was  summoned 
on  Wednesday  before  Mr.  Partridge  for  not  having 
his  furnaces  so  constructed  as  to  consume  the 
smoke,  after  a  previous  conviction.  Mr.  William 
Sandison,  the  Government  engineer,  said  he  visited 
the  defendant's  premises  on  August  29,  when  he 
found  the  furnace  at  work,  and  the  worst  of  com- 
mon coal  being  used,  the  smoke  from  which  was 
dense  and  black,  and  must  have  been  a  great 
nuisance  to  the  neighbourhood.  There  was  no 
apparatus  to  consume  the  smoke,  and  up  to  the 
present  time  nothing  had  been  done  effectually. 
Mr.  Rice  informed  his  worship  that  he  had  used 
several  patents,  but  it  appeared  none  of  them 
seemed  to  satisfy  the  authorities.  Mr.  Partridge 
told  the  defendant  that  there  was  no  excuse  for 
him,  therefore  he  should  fine  him  £10,  it  being  the 
second  convictioa.  He  advised  him  to  comply 
with  the  Act  of  Parliament  at  once.  The  next 
time  it  would  be  £20. 

Interference  with  Ancient  Lights. — GuL- 
LicK  V-  Green. — In  the  long  vacation,  an  interim 
order  for  an  injunction  was  obtained  to  restrain 
the  defendant,  who  occupies  a  private  house, 
No.  li,  Cheyne-walk,  Chelsea,  from  continuing  to 
build  a  portico  then  in  course  of  erection,  and 
still  unfinished,  in  front  of  his  house,  abutting  on 
the  River  Thames,  under  these  circumstances  : — 
The  plaintiff's  house  is  No.  15,  on  the  west  of  the 
defendant's,  and  separated  by  a  wall,  originally  o£ 
12ft.  high,  running  from  the  houses  down  to  the 
road  on  the  bank  of  the  river.  The  bill  alleged 
that  the  waU  was  not  a  party  wall,  but  a  fence 
wall,  being  part  of  the  plaintiff's  premises  ;  and 
that  the  defendant,  having  lowered  it  some  2ft.  or 
3ft.,  the  plaint  ff  p  rmitted  him  to  do  so,  but 
nothing  passed  about  building.  On  July  25,  the 
defendant  commenced  the  building  of  the  portico, 
and  on  the  27th  the  plaintiff  sent  him  written 
notice  that  the  building  was  a  serious  damage  to 
him,  and  unless  it  was  removed  in  seven  days  he 
should  take  legal  proceedings.  The  defendant 
desisted  from  building,  but  on  August  24  re- 
commensed.  The  bill  was  filed  on  the  28th,  and 
the  interim  order  obtained,  and  matters  had  re- 
mained in  statu  quo  ever  since.  The  plaintiff 
now  moved  for  the  extension  of  the  injunction, 
on  the  ground  that  the  portico  would  seriously 
interfere  with  the  light  of  his  grouud-iloor 
windows,  which  were  ancient  lights.  The  de- 
fendant disputed  the  plaintiff^s  right  to  the  wall. 
It  appeared  by  the  evidence  that  the  wall  had 
formed  a  support  to  scuie  other  struciure,  which 
had  been  removed,  and  that  the  projection  of  the 
portico  was  3ft.  'fhe  Vice-Chancellor  said  that 
this  case  was  a  very  frivolous  one,  and  it  appeared 
to  him  that  the  plaintiff,  instead  of  suffering 
damage,  had  been  benefited  by  the  pulling  down 
of  the  wall,  to  which  he  did  not  object,  and  the 
portico  would  only  occupy  the  same  space  which 
the  rampart  formerly  filled.  He  had  not  suB- 
taiued  a  particle  of  inj  ury,  and  the  motion  must 
be  refused,  with  costs. 

Refusal  to  Pay  for  Pavisg  and  Sewerage. — 
Blackpool  Local  Board  v.  E.  Thornton. — An 
important  case  was  heard  last  week  before  the 
local  magistrates  bearing  on  the  question  of  the 
liability  of  property-owners  to  pay  for  paving  and 
other  improvements  of  public  roads  abutting  on 
their  premises.  Application  was  made  by  the 
Board  under  sec.  69  of  the  Public  Health  Act  of 
IS  18  for  an  order  to  recover  from  Mr.  Thornton 
the  sum  of  £16  Is.  4d.,  for  repaving,  sewering, 
&c.,  of  a  road  fronting  his  property  It  appeared 
that  due  notice  had  been  given,  requiring  him  to 
execute  the  work,  nnd  that  not  being  done  the 
Board  had  undertaken  the  repairs,  and  now  de- 
manded payment  under  the  powers  conferred  by 
the  Act  of  Parliament.  It  was  contended  for  Mr. 
Thornton  that  the  road  did  not  benefit  his  pro- 
perty, that  part  of  the  property  belonged  to  his 
wife,  and  that  he  could  not  have  executed  the 
required  improvements  without  trespassing  on  ad- 
joining property.  The  magistrates  decided  that 
Mr.  Thornton  must  pay  the  amount,  but  granted 
a  case  for  a  superior  court. 


The  willow  at  Kew  Gardens,  which  was  cut  from 
the  trees  surrounding  the  grave  of  the  first  Napo- 
leon at  St.  Helena,  has  been  demolished.  ^  The 
gardens  have  thus  lost  their  greatest  attraction  to 
our  French  visitors,  who  were  wont  to  stand 
silently  before  it  with  their  heads  bare  in  respect- 
ful homage  to  the  great  Emperor's  memory. 


November  29,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


839 


(Duf  (Office  IMt, 


We  understand  that  Mr.  German  Heed  has  taken 
the  St.  George's  Hall,  Langham-place,  in  order 
to  carry  out  his  design  of  establishing  in  the  me 
tropolis  a  comic  opera,  derived  both  from  native 
and  foreign  sources.  We  are  glad  the  task  has 
fallen  into  such  a'  le  hands,  for  the  e.\periencj  of 
the  public  taste  and  requirements  through  many 
years,  both  as  composer  and  performer,  will  enable 
him  to  select  materials  best  calculated  to  ensure 
success. 

Some  member  of  the  Institute  of  Archit-  cts  has 
raised  a  subscription  of  nearly  £yO  for  the  jiur 
pose  of  purchasing  a  drawing  of  the, section  of  St. 
Peter's,  at  Home,  made  by  the  late  Mr.  J.Goldicutt, 
very  elabor-^tely  coloured  and  picked  out  in  gold, 
»nd  for  which  the  Pope  presented  him  with  a  gold 
.■uedal.  The  purchase  has  been  efl'ected,  and  the 
drawing  presented  to  the  Institute  by  the  sub- 
scribers. 

In  response  to  advertisements  oft'ering  premiums 
of  £100  and  £200  for  the  best  plans  of  labourers' 
dwellings,  seventy  plans  have  been  sent  in  to  the 
Liverpool  Corporation,  and  it  has  been  arranged 
that  they  shall  be  exhibited  publicly  from  the  2Sth 
inst.  to  December  I'i,  in  the  exhibition  rooms, 
Post  OtUce-plaoe,  between  the  hours  of  three 
o'clock  and  nine  p.m  ,  so  as  to  afford  an  opportu- 
nity of  inspection  to  artizans. 

The  lake  c^f  Neusfeld,  in  Hungary,  on  the  con- 
fines of  Austria,  is  now  completely  drained  and 
dried,  and  the  land  so  obtained  is  about  to  be 
placed  uider  cultivation.  It  contains  eight  square 
miles  of  virgin  soil,  and  the  belief  is  that  it  will 
prove  extremely  fertile. 

Workmen  are  busily  engaged  in  erecting  an 
abutment  on  the  American  side  of  the  Niagara 
for  the  new  suspension  bridge  that  is  to  connect 
the  United  States  w;th  Canada.  It  will  require  a 
span  of  l,26Uft.,  the  width  will  be  10ft.,  and  the 
height  from  the  water,  100ft.  It  will  only  be  for 
foot  passengers,  and  will  be  constructed  of  the 
usual  wire  cables,  resting   upon  wooden  towers. 

The  Pacific  Railway  has  been  constructed  across 
the  American  continent  as  far  as  the  eastern  base 
of  the  llocky  Mountains.  The  contractors  will 
shortly  cease  operations  for  the  winter.  It  is  ex- 
pected that  the  whole  line  will  be  completed  by 
the  spring  of  1S70. 

The  Paris  Exhibition  has  turned  out  a  better 
"  spec  "  financially  than  most  persons  thought  it 
would.  The  French  papers  say  it  is  almost  cer- 
tain that  there  will  be  a  clear  gain  of  three  mil- 
lion of  francs,  which  sum  is  to  be  divided  equally 
between  the  State,  the  city  of  Paris,  and  the 
Guarantee  Society.  The  subscription  of  the  so- 
ciety was  twelve  millions,  and  the  profit  is  some- 
what over  eight  per  cent. 

The  Committee  of  CouncU  on  Education  have 
at  the  present  time  under  consideration  a  scheme 
for  the  formation  of  museums  of  patterns  used 
in  trade  and  manufactures,  designed  to  improve 
the  technical  knowledge  of  workmen  and  em- 
ployers, a  project  which  has  been  advocated  by 
Mr.  William  H.  Ablett.  Mr.  Ablett  has  also 
joined  tlie  council  of  Public  Museums  and  Free 
Libraries  Association,  whose  proposals  and  aims  he 
very  heartily  endorses  on  all  grounds  set  forth 
by  its  piomoters. 

A  curious  fact  is  published,  by  which  it  appears 
that  the  hospitals  of  Paris  have  contracted  for  the 
supply  of  1,031,000  litres  of  milk  for  the  coming 
year,  a  litre  being  equal  to  an  English  quart.  It 
has  been  calculated  that  this  enormous  quantity 
of  milk  would  suffice  to  turn  an  ordinary  mill 
during  forty-eight  hours,  and  would  fill  one  of  the 
largest  reservoirs  at   Mevilmcutant. 

We  notice  that  the  works  I'f  the  TLauieo  Em- 
bankment, in  the  section  extending  from  West- 
minster to  Charing-cross  railway  bridge,  are 
now  complete.  The  space  between  the  river  wall 
a-Klthe  old  high  water-mark  is  filled  in  and  levelled 
to  the  east  as  far  as  Waterloo. bridge.  The  works 
are  being  advanced  with  great  rapidity,  the  super, 
structure  in  both  sections  being  nearly  finished. 
Members  of  the  Society  of  Arts  ought  to  know 
that  neither  by  charter,  by  the  byelaws,  nor  by 
custom,  is  there  any  authority  for  their  placing 
the  letters  "F.  S.  A.  "  after  their  names.  These 
initials  belong  to  the  Fellows  of  the  Society  of 
Antiquarians,  and  considerable  confusion  has  oc- 
curred from  the  members  of  the  former  society 
adopting  the  title. 


The  restoration  of  M.adame  de  Sevigne's  ancient 
residence,  the  Hotel  Carnavalet,  which  has  been 
purchased  \<y  the  City  of  Paris  for  the  purpose  uf 
a  uumicipal  museum,  is  rapidly  progressing  to- 
wards completion.  It  will  not,  however,  be 
opened  to  the  public  for  two  years,  as  the  City 
has  not  as  yet  actjuired  sufficient  objects  of  his- 
toric value  to  form  a  collection  worthy  of  inspec- 
tion. 

At  the  ordinary  general  meeting  of  the  Institu- 
tion of  Civil  Engineers,  on  Tuesday,  the  19th 
inst.,  Mr.  C.  H.  Gregory,  Vice-president,  in  the 
chair,  it  was  announced  that  the  Council,  acting 
under  the  provisions  of  section  IV.  of  the  bye 
laws,  had  that  day  admitted  as  students  of  the 
Institution  ; — John  Simeon  Bergheim  ;  Edward 
Pearce  Brown  ;  Walter  Chapman  Burder ;  Charles 
Clowes ;  John  Thomas  Denniston  ;  The  Hon.  Alan 
de  Tatton  Kgerton  ;  Thomas  Charles  Ellis  ;  Tiis- 
tie  James  Ellis  ;  David  (Jravell  ;  John  William 
Drinkwater  Harrison;  Fr.ank  Livesey ;  Arthur 
Robert  Lungley  ;  Wilbam  George  Moore  ;  Arthur 
N'eame  ;  Thomas  Fanner  Parkes  ;  Howard  Deven- 
ish  Pearsall ;  The  Hon.  Philip  James  Stanhope ; 
Clarence  Edward  Trotter  ;  Arthur  Joseph  Waring  ; 
and  Charles  Stroud  Williams. 

The  following  alterations  in  the  names  of  pub- 
lic thoroughfares  have  been  ordered  to  be  made 
by  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Works  : — Belgrave- 
place,  Belgrave-terrace,  Victoria-road,  Bridge-row, 
and  Union-place,  Pimlico,  to  be  called  Bucking- 
ham-palace-road ;  the  names  Upper  Seymour- 
street  and  Seymoitr-street-west  to  be  abolished, 
and  the  whole  line  of  thoroughfare  from  Pjrt- 
man-square  to  Connaught-square  to  be  called  Sey- 
mour-street ;  Victoria-road,  HoUoway.  to  be  called 
Chalfont-road  ;  Alexandra-terrace,  Limehou.se,  to 
be  incorporated  with  Pigott-street ;  Providence- 
place  to  be  incorporated  with  Stepney-causeway  ; 
York-cottages,  Brompton,  to  be  incorporated  with 
Thurloe-place.  In  Bermondsey,  Taylor's-terrace 
to  be  incorporated  with  Roseberry-street,  and 
Ed  ward's- cottages  with  Linsey-street.  The  sub- 
sidiary names  of  villas,  cottages,  terraces,  places, 
&C-,  in  the  following  thoroughfares  to  be  abol. 
ished  ; — Woodfield-road,  Westbournia  ;  Lime- 
house- causeway  ;  Southampton-road,  Kentish- 
town  ;  Shore-road,  Hackney ;  Lucey-road,  Ber- 
mondsey ;  Stainsby-road,  Poplar ;  Brook-street, 
Ratcliff;  Brix ton-road,  Brixton;  so  much  of  the 
thoroughfare  known  as  St.  James's-road.north  and 
St.  James's-road,  Bermondsey,  as  lies  between  the 
South-Eastern  Railway  and  the  Bricklayers'  Arms 
Extension  Railway,  to  be  called  St.  James's-road, 
and  the  subsidiary  names  abolished.  The  houses, 
in  all  cases,  to  be  re-numbered. 

A  bill  has  been  prepared  and  introduced 
into  Parliament  by  Lord  R.  Montagu,  Lord  J. 
Manners,  Mr.  Ayrton,  and  Mr.  Butler,  to  provide 
for  the  acquisition  of  a  site  for  the  East  London 
Museum.  The  ground  in  question  forms  part  of 
a  charity  site,  situate  in  the  parish  of  St.  Matthew, 
Bethnal-green,  and  known  as  "  The  Green  "  and 
"The  Poor's  Land." 

India  rubber  is  recommended  for  mounting 
drawings.  It  is  said  to  be  the  best  thing  to 
mount  photographs  with,  as  it  never  cockles  the 
paper. 

Mr.  Flintoff  is  doing  a  useful  work  in  agitating 
the  gas  question.  In  his  lecture  at  Exeter  Hall, 
on  Monday  evening,  he  showed  that  the  consumer 
was  treated  unjustly.  Let  him  get  the  consumers 
at  his  back,  and  the  companies  must  give  way. 

The  managing  committee  of  the  London  Orphan 
Asylum  have  decided  on  their  selection  of  the 
competition  designs  for  the  new  asylum  at  Wat- 
ford. The  first  premium  is  awarded  to  Mr. 
Dawson,  the  second  to  Mr.  Robins,  and  the  third 
to  Mr.  Watson.  The  thanks  of  the  committee  are 
offered  to  all  the  competitors  for  their  endeavours 
to  meet  the  reipiirements  of  the  charity. 

A  Middlewich  farmer,  with  his  wife,  four 
children,  and  a  servant  girl,  were  all  burnt  to 
death  while  in  bed  on  Sunday  morning.  The 
farmhouse  was  one  of  those  oldf ishioned 
timbered  erections  which  are  so  common  in  many 
p.arts  of  Cheshire.  There  was  only  one  small  door 
of  ingress  and  egress,  and  that  was  situated  in  a 
very  inconvenient  part  of  the  building,  while  the 
windows  were  so  small  that  no  one  could  possibly 
jiass  through  any  of  them.  At  the  inquest  the 
jury  drew  attention  to  the  defective  and  dan- 
gerous construction  of  the  house.  As  many  more 
similarly  picturesque  but  unsafe  houses  exist  in 
this  part  of  the  country,  it  is  to  be  hoped  that 
the  hint  thrown  out  by  the  jury  will  not  be 
neglected. 


A  correspondent  writes  : — A  most  effectual 
remedy  against  horses  slipping  on  hilly  or  inclined 
streets  is  to  set  the  stones  at  an  incline  of  about 
70  deg.,  instead  of  vertically.  By  this  method, 
the  upper  angle  of  each  stone  is  raised  about  half 
an  inch  above  the  next  course,  and  thus  prevent- 
ing the  possibility  of  horses  slipjaug.  The  harder 
the  stone,  the  more  permanent  the  secarity 
against  accident  from  slipping. 

Jlessrs.  Nadcn  and  Sons,  of  Birmingham,  have 
obtained  by  competition  a  contract  for  tlie  erec- 
tion of  a  storehouse  at  Stratford-on-Avou,  for 
.Messrs.  Flower  and  Sons,  the  well-known  brewers. 
The  contract  is  for  i,'2,5!i5. 

Mr.  Crace  lately  delivered  a  lecture  on  "  Colour 
as  Applied  to  Decoration."  The  principal  illustra- 
tions were  given  by  means  of  the  chromotrope, 
an  in.strunient  with  a  disc  with  a  circular  centre 
and  outside  border.  The  centre  and  outside 
Ijortler  were  coloured  grey,  and  the  p;>rt  between 
was  divided  into  radial  spaces  covered  with  the 
colours  that  produce  grey.  The  disc  is  rapidly 
set  in  motion,  .and  the  whole  surface  then  presents 
no  other  tint  tlian  grey.  The  lecture  was  well 
attended,  and  a  vote  of  thanks  to  the  lecturer  was 
Carrie  1  very  cordially. 

On  Monday  last,  Mr.  Layard,  in  the  House  of 
Commons,  asked  the  Chancellor  of  the  Exche- 
quer if  he  intended  during  the  present  session 
to  introduce  any  measure  for  the  better  ad' 
ministration  of  the  British  Museum,  and  other 
institutions  in  the  United  Kingdom,  connected 
with  science  and  art.  Mr.  Disraeli  replied  that 
he  had  no  intention  of  proposing  any  bill  for 
the  "better  administration  of  the  Museum;" 
but  that  his  mind  is  at  present  occupied  with 
a  measure  for  some  separation  itf  the  collec- 
tions. The  British  Museum  is  full  even  to  its 
very  cellars,  so  that  something  must  speedily 
be  done,  either  by  enlarging  the  building,  or 
removing  some  of  the  objects,  to  prevent  the 
collection  becoming  useless.  We  trust  Mr. 
Layard  will  not  wait  too  long  for  the  Chancellor 
of  the  Exchequer  to  unfold  the  measure  "  with 
which  his  mind  is  occupied."  To  no  man, 
either  in  or  out  of  Parliament,  would  the  nation 
listen  on  this  subject  with  greater  interest,  or 
trust  to  with  more  implicit  confidence,  than  to 
Mr.  Layard,  who  has  done  so  much  to  enrich  the 
Museum  he  seeks  to  improve. 


hMs  for  liibciitioiis 


CONNECTED     WITH 


THa    BUILDIXa 


1000.  G.   E.  VAN  DERBURGII.     Ax  Improved  Arti- 
ficial Stone  for    Grindino,  Whetting,  or    Polishino 

PCRPOSES,    AND   A   PROCESS   FOR     PRODUCING     THE     SaMB. 

Dated  April  3,  1807. 

The  p.iteutee  claims,  first,  tho  combination  of  packets  of 
emery  or  other  gritty  cuttiug  materials  into  an  artificial 
stone  or  silbatance'  for  grinding,  polishing,  and  other 
piu-poses,  by  the  vitrifaction  or  partial  vitrifaction  of  any 
s\iit.%blo  vitrescent  flnx  previously  intermingled  with  said 
p.irticles,  all  substant  ally  in  the  manner  set  forth.  Second, 
the  combination  of  sand  or  particles  of  emery,  ground 
gl.ass.  or  .any  suitable  gritty  or  cutting  particle-i,  with  an 
alkaline  siUcate,  or  with  a  mixture  of  clay  with  borax,  or 
its  equivalent,  or  with  any  other  vitrescent  flux  for  the 
purpose  of  producing  .an  artificial  grinding  and  polishing 
stone  by  the  vitrifaction  of  said  flux  under  the  influence 
of  heat,  substantially  in  the  manner  set  forth.  Third, 
curing  .and  hardening  a  pl.astic  combination  of  gritty  par- 
ticles with  a  vitrescible  flnx,  by  first  subjecting  the  same 
to  a  moderate  heat  until  dry,  and  afterward.-*  to  the  action 
of  a  higher  temperature  until  a  partial  or  entire  vitrifac- 
tion of  the  flux  is  produced,  substantially  as  set  forth. 
Patent  completeJ. 
1000    W.    HODSON.     Improvements  in   Machinery 

FOR     THF.      MaNUFACTORE      OF       BkICK3_    AND      SIMILAR 

Moulded  Article.s.     Dated  .\pril  3,  1807. 

In  the  centre  of  an  upright  cylindrical  casing  a  vertical 
■axis  is  driven  in  any  convenient  manner.  Tho  clay  or 
brick  earth  is  placed  in  the  casing,  and  it  is  worked  down- 
wiirds  by  blades  upon  the  axis.  At  the  bottom  of  tho 
shaft  sweepers  are  fixed  near  the  lower  end  of  the  case 
from  the  .axis  for  some  distance  outwards :  tho  sweepers 
.are  «o  inclined  as  to  tend  to  lift  the  material  ;  their  outer 
ends  are  curved  backwards,  so  that  as  they  travel  round 
thev  preis  the  material  against  the  sides  of  the  caing. 
At  distances  apart  orifices  or  mouthpieces  are  formed  m 
the  casin"  and  the  sweepers  as  they  sweep  round  sfiueeze 
out  the  ciay  or  material  into  the  mouthpieces,  which 
mouthpieces  conduct  the  clay  into  a  lubricated  die,  and 
on  to  the  cuttiug  apparatus  and  rUer  Tho  mouthpieces 
are  lined  with  wood  and  covered  with  fustian  or  similar 
fabric  and  lubricated  with  water-  Cannon  moulds  can  be 
fixed  on  the  outside  with  sliding  doors  or  shutters  to  close 
the  mouthpieces,  and  such  doore  or  shutters  .also  carry 
cutting  wires,  so  that  a-i  the  door  is  closed,  any  clay  or 
inateri.al  protiudiug  from  tho  mouthpiece  is  cut  off.  In 
front  of  each  orifice  a  support  is  fixed  with  a  molUd  suit- 
-ible  for  forming  a  brick  or  other  article,  and  it  is  held 
firmly  up  to  the  mouthpiece  ;  then  the  sliding  door  is 
removed,  and  the  cl.iy  or  material  issues  and  ftlLs  th» 
mould.  When  the  mould  is  full  the  sliding  door  is  cloM^. 
.and  in  the  s.ame  act  the  moulded  article  is  cut  off '  "■'» 
stiU  contained  in  the  mould,  which  is  removed  ^na  re- 
placed by  an  empty  one.    talent  aiandoiieil. 


840 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


November  29,  1867. 


lOSCi.  H.  WILSON.  Improvements  in  Cocks  or 
Valves  for  Discharging  Water,  Oil,  and  OTaER 
Fluids  or  Gases.     Dated  April  6,  18(57. 

In  performinj?  this  inventiou  the  iuventor  forras  the 
key  or  spindle  of  the  cock  or  valve  with  a  .screw  of  quick 
traverse  upon  it  (say  double,  trelilo,  or  quadruple)  which 
works  in  a  corresponding  nut  fixed  in  the  liarrel  of  the 
cock  or  valve.  On  the  said  key  or  spindle  he  fisea  one  end 
of  a  helical  spring;  the  other  end  of  the  said  spring  is 
fixed  to  the  barrel  of  the  cock  or  valve,  and  tlie  pressure 
of  the  spring  is  so  arranged  as  to  keep  the  cock  or  valve 
constantly  shut ;  and,  in  order  to  open  the  cock  or  valve, 
sufficient  power  must  be  applied  to  overcome  the  resist- 
ance of  the  spring ;  as  long  as  such  power  is  applied,  the 
cock  or  valve  remains  open,  but  as  soon  as  such  power  is 
withdrawn  the  cock  or  valvo  is  instantly  closed  by  the 
spring.     Pdlent  abaiidontd. 

# 

— ♦ — 

TENDERS. 

Beckbniiam.— ForbuUdingahouae.  Mr.  James  L.  Fed- 
ley,  architect : — 

Venner £2,3C5 

Howard  2,093 

Browne  and  Robinson 1,987 

Breeze  and  Russell  (accepted)  l,r>8S 

Bishop  Stortford. — For  erecting  a  branch  bank  for  the 
London  and  County  Bank  at  Bi-shop  Stortford.  Messrs. 
Francis,  architects.     Quantities  by  Mr.  Josex^h  Robson  :  — 

T.  Gunn £4,845 

Perry  and  Son   4,829 

HUfaDd  Son 4,580 

Glasscock 4,550 

Hanley. — For  villa  residence  for  Mr.  Thomas  Woi-thing- 
tOD,  Havel ock-place,  Hanley.  Messrs.  Scrivener  and  Son, 
architects  : — 

Matthews   £1,177 

Callis  andJHudson 1,100 

Bowden  1,090 

Wooldridge 1,053 

Bay  ley  (accepted) 1,018 

Barlow 1,040 

Hertford.— For  new  workhouse.  Mr.  Feck,  archi- 
tect : — 

Chappel  £10,500     0 

Glasscock 8.500    0 

Moxon  and  Mutton 8,400     0 

EkinsandSon  S.TiTS     0 

Partinson   8,200     0 

Smith  S,]55     0 

Saxage 7,,se3     0 

Norris 7,847     (j 

Pen-y,  jun 7,777     0 

Huddleston    7,714     3 

Bland  7,685     0 

Hensham , 7,320    0 

SvDENH.\M.— For  a  house  at  Sydenham-hill,  Mr.  Geoigo 
Truefitt,  architect : — 

Stimpson  (accepted) £4,000 

Shelton.— For  wrought-iron  gatesjforSt.  Mark's  Church, 
Shelton.     Messrs.  Scrivener  and  Son,  architects: — 

Cottaraand  Hallum £4S 

Brawn  and  Co ',    45 

Peard  and  Jackson  (accepted) 42 

SouTHBORocGH  (Kent),  — For  buildiugsixcottages.  Mr. 
T.  K.  Green,  architect.     Quantities  supplied  :— 

Brett*    £2,-553     0 

Ifeya  2,453     0 

Kaye  2,333     0 

Coker 2,020     0 

Strange  and  Sons    1,094  10 

Nightingale ]\,     I'gsj     0 

Wright  1^935    0 

Simms  and  Martin 1,808    0 

Capron  l',74S     0 

Upchurch  andHanks 1,720     0 

May    ]  53Y  jy 

*  Applied  too  late  for  quantities.' 


BATH  STONE  OF  BEST  QUALITY. 

Randell  and  Saonders,  Quarrjonen  and  Stone  Slei 
chants,  Bath.  List  of  Prices  at  the  Quarric-s  and  Depots 
also  Cost  for  Transit  to  any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom 
furmsJied  ou  appUcatiou  to  Bath  Stono  Office,  Corsham 
Wilts.— [Advt.] 


December  11,  T.  Siminson,  Great  Grimsby,  builder — De- 
cember 11,  T.  Love,  Blackpool,  builder— December  11,  T. 
Atkinson,  Llandudno,  builder — December  16,  W.  Smith, 
Everton,  builder — December  19,  L.  L.  Grant,  Ventnor, 
plumber — December  11,  W.  WoodrulT,  Buxton,  painter  — 
December  11,  M.  Hodgson,  Wakefi.eld,  carpenter — Decem- 
ber 5,  W.  Skelsey,  Wortloy,  brickmaker — December  6,  G 
Appleton,  Leeds,  joiner— December'  13,  E.  Jenkinson, 
Skelton.  brickmaker — December  13,  R.  Whittington,  Salt- 
burn,  contractor — December  19,  J.  B,  Piercy,  Brighton, 
builder — December  9,  T.  Pickering,  Barnack,  stonemason 
— December  11,  S.  Gee,  Bui-tonon-Trent,  joiner — December 
IS,  J.  Burrow,  Plymouth,  marble  mason — January  13.  J. 
Weymouth,  Talbot-road,  Kensington  Park,  plasterer — De- 
cember G,  C.  Lucas,  Leckhampton,  stonemason — December 
12,  C.  Varndell,  Cocking,  carpenter. 

partnerships  dissolved. 
Segar  and  Fielding,  Burnley,  engineers — Henniug  and 
Esden,  Hammersmith,  builders— S pinks  and  Groves,  Leeds, 
plumbers. 

declaration  of  dividend. 
L.  Southern,  Manchester,  joiner,  div.  23.  7^. 

dividends. 
December  4,    J.    B.    Tonge,    Catletown,   StaflFordshire. 
joiner — December  4,  W.    Dixon,    Codicote,  carpenter — De- 
cember 2,  R.  Davies,   Neath,   engineer — December  9,   W. 
and  E.  Atkinson,  Dewsbury,  builders. 


UNDER  THE  PATRONAGE  OF  H.M.  THE  QTTEEN 

THE  LONDON  PARQUETRY  WORKS 
—The  ftr.st  Eatabliahraent  founded  in  England  (in  1842)  for  tha 
excluHivtf  nuiiiufju-tiiro  of  Solid  and  Pl.T,tc-d  P,\RQUET  FLOORS  and 
BORDERS.  CEILINGS,  and  WALL  DECORATIONS  ;  and  Solo 
Patentees  of  the  only  system  adapted  Uj  the  English  climate,  whereby 
the  evils  of  dry  R'jt,  bhbin'kacie,  and  waepino  (bo  couuaon  to  vorlc 
uj.^nufiittnred  in  foreign  climates),  are  effei.-iuau.t  pbevented,— For 
desi(,'ne,estiiiiates,  and  list  of  nearly  300  floors.  Ac,  apply  to  THE 
LONDON  PARQUETRY  WORKS,  Grove-Line.  C^mberwell,  S.;  or  to 
their  Sole  Agents,  Messrs.  GLUow  and  Co..  176,  Oxf^rd-atreet. 


LATEST   PRICES   OF  MATERIALS   USED 
IN  CONSTRUCTION. 

Timber,  duty  la  per  load,  drftwbacV.  la. 


Teak    load 

Quebec,  red  pine  .... 

,,  yellow  pine.. 
St.  John  N.B.  yellow 
Quebec  Oak,  white , . 

„       Mrch 

,,      elm   

Dautzic  oak 

„       ftr 

Meinel  Bx   

Rig!* 

Swedish 

Uasts.Quehec  red  piue 

.,  yellow  pine.. 
L&thwood.D.intzic.fm 

,,       St,  Petersburg 
Deals.  prC, 12ft.  by3 
by  9  in.,  dutySs  per 
load,  drawback  23, 
Quebec,  white  apruce 
St. John,  whittspmce 
Yellow   pine,  per  re- 
duced C. 

Canada.  Ist   qtmlity.  17    0    18  10 
Znd  do 11  10    12  10 


0    0      0     0 
5     6      5  10 


3  10 

2  0 
S    0 

3  0 


Archangel,  yellow  ..  £11 
St.  Peteraburg,  yel,..  10 

Finland 8 

Memel 0 

Gothenburg,  yellow       8 

white    8 

Oefle,  yellow 9 

>derhanL       fl 

Christiania,    per   C., 

12  ft.  by  3  by  9  in. 

yellow 16 

Deck  Pl.ink,  Dantzic, 

per  40  ft.  3  in 0 

Fdtbice  Stonh  pr  ton    6 

Oils.  Ac. 
Seal,  pale ....  per  tun  40 

Sjierm  body   112 

Cod  . 


10  £13     0 

10  11     0 

0  9     0 

0  0     ti 

10  10  If 

0  9     (I 

0  U     (' 

0  10  10 


Whale,  Sth.  Sea,  pale  33 

Ohve.  GaUipoU C8 

Cocoanut,  Cochin. ton  56     0    57    0 

Palm,  fine 40 

Linseed   34 

Rapeaeed,  Eng.pale..  3S 
Cottonseed S5 


0    0 


0  41 

15  35  0 

10  39  0 

0  41  0 


BANKRUPTS. 

TO  SURRENDER  IX  B,\SINGH ALL-STREET. 

Heury  Alvey.  TeddiDgton,  builder,  December  5  at  li— 
Edward  Branscombe.  Cirencester-street,  Harrow-road 
buiJder,  pecembt-r  9— James  Jowers,  Silcbester-road  West, 
^ottlng-hU,  builder,  December  IS— Edward  Bamptou 
Keynolds,  htanley-atreet,  Chelsea,  builder,  December  10 
at  11  D.  Brooks,  New-inu  yard,  Shoreditch,  builder' 
December  18,  at  12— George  Cockrell,  Melljourne-teirace 
ISottijjg-hill,  cari^enter,  December  12,  at  12-James  Drake 
Addmgtoii-street  York-road,  Lambeth,  contractor,  Decem- 
ber lb— Walter  Heiiry  Palmer,  Tysoe-street,  Clerkenwel!. 
builder,  November  18,  at  1-John  B..x  Shepherd,  Buckk-rs- 
bury,  surveyor,  December  IS,  at  1-Joseph  Watkiiis,  Bat- 
teisea,  biulder,  December  18,  at  1.  ■ 

TO  SUBRENDER  IN  THE  COUNTRY. 

o  ?'''7  5^;^''%^'^^'  ,'^^J^'*^  ^^'^'  '"'°^^-'  December 
%  ^,VirT.  ''/■,^^'''lv^*^^'^''^^*'^'"'  joiner.  December 

f;  m  ^ir^'^'^^'^^  ^^'Hv,  Norwich,  carpeuter,  December  9 
^^  Tr.^^VJ'^^'T^^  ^}''''^  ^^^^^'  '^"i^'*^'-.  December  9,  at 
ber"l3  at  10  '  "'  ^^^"^'^^^«'  stonema-son,  Dec^m- 

NOTICES  OF  SITTINGS   FOR  LAST  EXAMINATION 

December  13    G.  Rampton,  Brigbton,  builder-Decem- 
>erl/,J.   qowl.on,  Norwich.    eugineer-December  19   E 

DectTbm-lo  w"'f?;n  fiS/''^"^'""'  mechanical  eugineer- 
ton  m^  I'  ■  H*^^^^^'^'  Sussex-place,  South  Kensiug- 
tOD,  paperhanger-Jan.   10,  J.  Wild,  Croydon,   paiuteri 


Metals, 

Irok:— 

Welsh  Bars  in  London      per  ton  fl     7    G  6  10     0      8 

Nail  Rod        do  7  10    0  7  15    0\ 

Hoopa do  8  10    0  9    0    0  f    „, 

Sheets.  Single       ^        do  9  15    0  10    0    Of"* 

St-ifordshire  Bare       do  7  10    0  7  15    Oy' 

Bars,  in  Walea     do  5  15    0  8    0    0      3 

Rails     do  610    0  6    0    0      ne' 

Foundry  Piga.  at  Glaag.  No    1    ..       do  2  15    0  8    6    6      2A 

Swedifih  Bars  do  10    5    0  10  10    0    net 

Steel  :— 

Swedieh  Keg,  hammered      per  ton  15    0    0  15  10    0      2 

Swedish  Faggot   do  10  10     0  12  10     0      2 

Copper :— 

Slieot  &  Sheathing,  ABoltB   ....per  ton  'SO    0    0  82     0    OT 

Hammered  Bottoms       do  92    0     0  0    0    0  1 

Flat  Bottiims.  not  Hammered    ..       do  85    0    0  0    0    0) 

C;ike  and  Tough  Ingot      do  71     0    0  72     0     0  I    3 

Best  Selected     do  79     0    0  80    0    0 

Australian     do  83    0     0  8i     0     0 

y  1.  Metal  Sheathing  *  Bods  ....per  lb  0    0    7  0    0    OJ 

TrN.-— 

English  Block      per  ton  fl6    0    0  9B    0    0) 

•Jo       Bar    do  93    0     0  97    0    0  V   2^ 

do       Kefined   do  99    0     0  pa    0    O) 

Banca do  94    0     0  95     0    uj      ,, 

Straita     do  9(1    0    0  0    0    oj°''" 

Lead  : — 

Pig.  English     per  ton  21  10    0  n    0 

.,    Spanish  3oft     do  19    0    0  0     u    u  ,   -, 

Shot.  Patent     do  22  Iq    0  U     0    (i  f  ^ 

^•lef  <•   do  21)  10     0  n     0 

White      do  27    0    0  30    0     . 

Spelter  :— 

On  tliB  Spot   per  ton  21    0    0  21    2    6 

ZiKc  :— 

English  Sheet       per  ton  £6  10    0  27    0     0 

Devanx"a  V,  M,  Roofing  Zinc    ....       do  26  10    0  00 

•  And  6  per  cent,  diucount  11  laid  upon  the  new  system. 

QDICK.SILVER     perbU  6  17    0  0    0    fl 

Rkodlds  op  Antimosy 

P'r^^cli    perton  23    0    0  0    0    0 


C.  H.  DAVIES  and  CO.'S 

GEXUI.VE 

SOLID    PARQUET    FLOORS 

Ai-e  Greatly  Superior  to  auy  bitlierto  Produced,  being 

of  Special  Comstmction,   ImproTed  Design, 

Thoroughly  Seasoned,  and  at 

PRICES   LOWER    THAN   TJSTJAL. 

Specimens  at  Architectural  Museum,  23,  Maddox -street,  W. 

AND  AT 

Show  Rooms,  Cambridge  Hall,  Newman-street,  London. 


s 


TAIRCASE    and 
JOHN 


JOINERY     WORKS, 
W  A  L  D  E  N 


BY 

HER   MAJESTY'S  '^^  ^^^^  Medal  of  the  Paris  Ex- 

hibition, 1867,  has  becH  awarded 
ROYAL  tohis  Imperial  Majesty, the  Empe- 

LETTERS   PATENT  1°^  °^  *'^®  French,  for  hia  concrete 

i.tiit,K&  rAmjNl.  houses  in  Paris,  built  by  the  Paten- 

tee's apparatus. 

rpALL'S     PATENT      APPARATUS     or 

J^r^^fP^^P^^^    MACHINE    for    CONSTRUCTING   WALLS 
HOUSES  and  other  BUILDINGS.  '^^o. 

With  the  P.itentee's  Apparatus,  Portland  Cement  Concrete  Walla 
ra.iy  be  hmlt  at  half  the  cost  of  brickwork  {in  some  cases  lesa  than 
half),  being  ten  times  as  strong,  impervious  to  wet,  nearly  smooth, 
requiring  but  one  coat  of  plaster  ;  being  one  solid  mass  completely 
deadening  sound  ;  requiring  no  bond  timber  for  joists,  neither  lintels 
norarchesover  door,  window  and  other  openings.  For  Gardens  or 
Park  Close  Fences  cheaper  than  wood  fencing, 

A  Pamphlet  containing  fuU  information,  and  explaining  immenga 
advantage  of  Concrete  over  all  other  wall  constractlons,  will  be  for- 
warded on  receipt  of  six  stamps.    Address, 

J.  TALL,  FALSTAFF    YARD,    KENT-STREET,    SOUTHWARK. 

THE  INTERNATIONAL  PRIZE  MEDAL, 

Awarded  1862, 

ALSO  THE  DUBLIN  MEDAL,  1865. 

To     BUILDERS,     CARPENTERS,    and    BUNDMAKEES 

JAS.  AUSTIN  &  SON, 

Manufacturers  of    the  above   Articles,   particularly  wish  to  direct 
the  attention  of  the  Tr.ide  to  their 

IMPERIAL    PATENT    FLAX   SASH    LINES, 

Of  which  they  are  now  making  four  qualities,  and  they  strongly  recom. 
mend  th^tt  in  all  cases  they  should  he  purchased  in  preference  to  the 
PATENT  LINES  made  from  Jute,  which  Article  has  neither  the 
STRENGTH  nor  DURABILITY  of  FLAX,  consequently  cannot  glTa 
BO  much  satisfaction  to  the  Consxmier.  They  also  invite  the  particular 
attention  of  Upholsterers  and  Blind  Makers  to  their  Improved  Patent 
Blind  Lines,  which  are  very  much  superior  to  anything  yet  offered 
to  the  ti-ade. 

They  can  he  obtained  of  all  Eopemakers.  Ironmongere,  Merchants^ 
Factors,  and  Wholesale  Houses  in  Town  and  Country^ 
ESTABLISHED  1774. 


I 


BY 
MAJESTY'S 
LETTERS 


HER 
ROYAL 
PATENT. 


Austin's  New  (1867)  Imperial  Patent 
SUPERFINE     FLAX     SASH     LINES. 

.TAMES  AUSTIN  and  SON  in  introducing  the  above  NEW  and 
SUPERFINE  SASH  LINE  would  recomaiendit  by  its  superiority  in 
the  followiug  particulars,  viz. :  It  does  not  stretch  or  kink,  and  from 
its  peculiarity  of  manufacture  cannot  be  frayed  by  the  friction  of  tha 
sash-pulleys  and  weights. 

This  article  has  been  p.atented.  and  they  feel  assured  that  it  will 
only  require  to  be  known  to  ensure  its  immediate  adoption  by  the 
trade.  It  can  be  obtained  of  all  Ropemakers,  Ironmongers,  JUn 
chants.  Factors,  and  Wholesale  Houses  n  Town  or  Country. 

ESTABLISHED  1774. 
November  1. 1867. 


SCHOOL  FURNITURE, 

BANKS'S    PATENT  SCHOOL    DESKS, 
convertible  into  a  comtortAble  seat  or  t.ible,   from    Ss.  yer  ft. 
Illustrated  Catalogues  of  the  above,  and  all   other   kinds  of  school 
fittings, 

SIDEBOTHAM,  BANKS,  &  CO., 

CHURCH  and  SCHOOL  FURNITURE  M.VNUFACTURERS, 

PARSONAGE  WORKS.    4,    ALBERT    STREET,   MANCHESTER. 

London  Agent— Mr.   D,  O.   BOYD, 

Museum    f  Building  Appliances,  23,  Maddock-street,  Hanover 

Square,  where  Samples  can  be  seen. 


pAETS,    LADDERS,    BARROAVS,   &c.- 

V^*     GEORGE  ELL  and  CO..   Builders  uf  Carts.    Vans,   Waggoni 
Trucks,  Trolleys,  Ac.  Contractors'  and  Buikiers' Plaut- 

LADDERS.  BARROWS.  TRESTLES.    .-^TEPS,  PORTABLK 

SCAFFOLDS,    PICK-HELVES.    HAMMER    HANDLES,    Ac, 

Wheels  made  by  Improved  Machinery  on  the  PreniiseB. 

A  large  Variety  of  both  Light  and  Heavy  Wheels  kept  in  Stock, 

Barrows.  Dobbin,  and  other  Carts,  intended   for  ExporUtion    ue 

made  by  Machinery  so  as  to  be  interchruigenble  in  their  parts. 

Doljhin  Carts.  £!l ;  Brick  Carts,  £14  lOs.  ;  Navie  barrows.  lOa  6d. 

Scaffolding,    Ladders.  Barrows,  iTesties.  Step,  Ac,  Lent  on  Hire. 

Price  Lists  on  application. 

GEORGE     ELL    &    CO., 

KUSTON  W0KK3,  366  and  368.  EUSTON  KOAD,  LONDON,  N.W 


(Late  SLop  Foreman  to  Mr.  W.  SANDS,  retired), 

IS,  MAIDEN  LANE.  COVENT  GARDEN. 

Estimates  on  application. 


H 


PRIZE  MEDAL,  1862. 

A    M    I    L   T    O    N         &         CO., 

No,  10,  GREEK  STREET,    SOHO  SQUARE,  LONDON,  W. 
Sole  Manufacturers  of 
C.  A.  WATKIN'S  PATENT    WIRE  BOUND.  ROUND,  and  OVAL 

PAINTINO  BRUSHES. 

Distemper  Brushes,  Sash  Tools,  StippUng  Brushes,  Gliders'  and 
Grainers'  Tools, 
These  goods  are  made  of  the  best  materials  and  woikmani-hlp,  and 
have  obtauied  a  high  reputation  among  the  chief  decuratoi-s  in  the 
kingdom.  Vanyeh  and  Colour  Manufatrturers,  Oilima.  MerchjUQtt, 
Ac.  are  supplied  on  the  lowest  terms.  Price  Jiista  forwarded  on  ap- 
plication. 


nOUT  and  RHEUMATISM.— The  excru- 

\Za  ciatnig  paiu  of  Gout  or  Rheumatism  is  quickly  relieved  imd 
cmed  n  a  few  days  by  (hat  celebrated  medicine,  BLAIK'S  GUl'T  and 
RHEUMATIC  PILLS. 

Thi-y  reiiuixe  no  restraint  of  diet  or  conflcement  during  thelrnw, 
and  are  cerwin  to  prevent  the  disease  attacking  any  vital  part. 

Sold  by  all  Medicine  Vendors,  at  Is.  lid.  and  28,  9d.  per  box  or 
obtained  through  any  Chemist. 


December  6,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


811 


THE   BUILDING   NEWS. 


LONDON,  FRIDAY,  DECEMBER  6,  188T. 


THE  DESIGNS  FOR  THE    LAW 
COUKTS. 

OVER  and  over  again  we  have  felt  it  to  be 
our  duty  to  protest  against  the  conduct 
of  this  important  competition.  Whether  we 
reviewed  the  site,  or  thought  of  the  qualifica- 
tions which  raised  the  chosen  twelve  so  far 
above  all  other  architects  ;  whether  we  stu- 
died the  arrangements  of  the  plans,  or 
weighed  the  proportions  and  detail  of  the 
elevations ,  whether  we  turned  the  ear  to  the 
popular  voice,  or  listened  to  the  professional 
reports  ;  in  whichever  direction  we  looked 
everything  seemed  unsatisfactory.  The  con- 
duct of  the  judges  in  shirking  the  responsi- 
bility of  selecting  one  architect,  the  work 
they  were  appointed  to  do,  and  in  recom- 
mending two  architects,  which  they  were  not 
appointed  to  do,  is  perhaps  the  most  unsatis- 
factory feature  of  the  whole  business.  And 
the  gentle  rebuke  of  the  Treasury  in  sending 
back  the  recommendation  was  in  every  way 
admirable.  Our  readers  will  doubtless  have 
read,  in  one  or  other  of  the  Parliamentary 
reports,  that  on  last  Friday,  in  reply  to  a 
question  of  Mr.  Beresford  Hope's — 

llr.  W.  Hunt  said  the  Tre.isury  had  arrived  at  no 
determination  at  present.  The  Act  of  Parliament 
provides  that  the  plans  shall  be  determined  upon 
by  the  Treasury,  with  the  advice  and  concnrrenco 
of  the  commissioners.  Before  the  change  of 
Government  a  committee  of  judges  of  design  was 
appointed  jointly  by  the  Treasury  and  the  com- 
missioners, and  portly  before  the  House  adjourned 
for  the  recess  the  Treasury  received  a  communica- 
tion from  the  committee,  stating  that  they  had 
been  unable  to  decide  upon  any  one  design,  and  re- 
commending  that  two  gentlemen  might  be  ap- 
pointed to  prepare  a  final  plan.  The  Treasury, 
however,  referred  the  matter  back  to  the  commit- 
tee, and  only  yesterday  they  replied  that  they 
adhered  to  their  original  recommendation.  Under 
these  circumstances,  the  Treasury  propose  to  seek 
the  advice  of  the  commissioners,  and  as  soon  as 
any  course  is  determined  upon  he  would  be  ready  to 
give  any  information  on  the  subject. 

This  is  the  first  gleam  of  satisfaction  which 
the  public  has  been  able  to  get  out  of  the 
Law  Courts  competition,  and  we  .sincerely 
trust  the  Treasury  will  continue  to  act  with 
firmness,  and,  if  needs  be,  do  for  the  Com- 
missioners what  it  appears  they  are  unable  to 
do  by  themselves.  Judgment  in  the  full  sense 
of  the  word  is  what  we  want.  It  has  been 
said  that  the  Treasury  is  bound  to  approve  or 
confirm  the  appointment  of  one  or  other  of  the 
eleven  architects  who  have  taken  the  trouble 
to  prepare  plans  for  £800,  ylxn  the  contin- 
gent hope  which  accompanies  all  acts  of  com- 
petition. We  think  the  Treasury  is  bound  to 
nothing  of  the  kind.  It  is  not  a  condition 
that  any  one  of  the  competing  architects 
shall  positively  execute  the  work.  And 
wisely  so,  for  with  the  present  fashion  for 
limited  competitions  the  public  might  other- 
wise be  compelled  to  accept  the  maddest 
freaks  or  the  commonest  hotch-potch.  Sup- 
pose, for  instance,  that  either  from  illness  or 
indifference,  or  want  of  time,  the  best  half  of 
the  chosen  twelve  had  failed  at  the  last  to 
send  in  any  design,  is  it  for  one  moment  to 
be  thought  that  the  Commissioners  would  be 
bound  to  recommend  Mr.  A,  B,  C,  or  D,  and 
that  if  they  were  so  bound  the  Treasury  was 
bound  to  approve  and  so  saddle  the  public 
and  the  future  with  an  irredeemable  blunder  ! 
The  whole  case  is  precisely  one  which  admits 
of  an  entire  and  complete  revision — quite  as 
much  so  as  did  the  National  Gallery  competi- 
tion. Of  course  we  all  know  that  just  as  it 
happened  in  the  latter  case  there  would  be 
plenty  of  objections  raised  by  the  architects 
interested  and  their  closest  personal  friends 
if  the  authorities  were  to  recognize  what  we 
have  aU  along  maintained,  that  the  invidious 
selection   of  twelve  architects,   six  of   whom 


CONSTRTJCTITE    AND    iESTHETIC    DESIGN. 


were  mere  make-weight,  wa.s  an  act  of  in- 
justice to  the  whole  profession,  and  one  which 
was  certainly  not  calculated  to  attain  the 
desired  end.  Besides,  in  a  great  national 
work  of  such  wide-spread  importance,  it  is 
paramount  that  there  shoidd  be  no  suspicion  of 
any  influence  beyond  present  merit.  The  ar- 
chitect of  the  New  Law  Courts  should  be  that 
man  whose  design  as  a  whole  was  the  best  in  the 
judgment  of  those  qualified  to  judge.  We 
protest  against  any  other  principle  of  judg- 
ment. Tiie  superiority  of  one  design  over 
another  in  any  one  feature — e.  g.,  arrange- 
ment of  courts,  planning  of  staircases,  group- 
ing of  towers,  or  placing  of  sculpture  is  not 
the  question.  The  precise  arrangement  de- 
sirable may  not  be  shown — the  precise  pro- 
portions we  should  like  to  see  may  not  be 
given,  but  whatever  they  may  be  it  requires 
but  few  drawings  to  show  us,  first,  whether 
the  author  has  power  of  contrivance,  and, 
second,  whether  he  is  an  artist  large  enough 
to  grapple  ■o'ith  such  an  immense  work.  It 
is  useless  for  an  architect  to  say  that  he  has 
devoted  all  his  time  to  perfecting  his  arrange- 
ment of  passages,  halls,  &c.,  and  that  his 
art  suffers  in  consequence.  If  he  had  been 
an  artist  worthy  the  work,  it  would  have 
been  just  as  easy  for  him  to  have  drawn  fit 
and  good  proportion  as  to  have  drawn  attenu- 
ated or  stumpy  forms.  And  no  amount  of 
attention  devoted  to  planning  should  make 
an  architect  forget  the  situation  of  his  build- 
ing and  the  nature  of  its  present  and  pro- 
bable surroundings.  On  the  other  hand,  it  is 
equally  useless  for  the  architect  whose  force 
proclaims  itself  in  detail,  and  in  knowledge 
of  the  subsidiary  arts,  to  say  that  he  has 
devoted  all  his  time  to  appearances,  and  that 
if  he  liked  he  could  have  made  his  plan  per- 
fect in  its  arrangement.  If  the  plans  show 
long,  dark  passages,  narrow  internal  areas, 
useless  halls,  towers  so  shut  in  that  they 
would  never  be  seen  except  from  the  top  of 
St.  Paul's,  water-closets  with  no  external 
ventilation,  labyrinthine  corridors,  and  ex- 
cess of  stairs,  no  amount  of  art  would  make 
such  an  architect  a  fit  person  to  be  entrusted 
with  a  building  where  the  spirit  of  contri- 
vance is  so  much  needed.  It  is  high  time 
that  our  public  buildings  were  entrusted  to 
men  who  are  artistic  as  well  as  scientific. 


CONSTRUCTIVE  AND  .-ESTHETIC 
DESIGN.— No.  IX. 

THE  ribless  vaults  of  the  Romans,  from 
the  dome  of  the  Pantheon  to  the 
groined  vault  of  the  Temple  of  Peace,  display 
a  practical  acquaintance  with  the  theory  of 
the  arch,  and,  as  we  have  seen,  exhibit  all  the 
component  members  of  the  groined  and 
ribbed  structures  of  the  Middle  Ages.  The 
Romans  in  their  intersecting  vaults  generally 
made  their  crowns  level,  and  when  a  wide 
vault  was  intersected  by  others  of  smaller 
span,  the  latter  were  generally  stilted,  thus 
making  the  sections  of  both  semicircular,  but 
of  difterent  radii.  This  arrangement  resulted 
in  causing  the  groins  on  plan,  and,  when 
viewed  obliquely,  to  assume  winding,  irregular 
curves,  for,  according  to  this  plan,  the  sur- 
faces cannot  intersect  in  vertical  planes.  In 
the  Temple  of  Peace  (Basilica  of  Maxentius), 
the  lateral  vaults  are  of  nearly  equal  span  to 


the  longitudinal  one,*  each  compartment  on 
plan  being  an  exact  square  or  nearly  so,  and 
this  was  generally  the  case.  Our  own  Norman 
and  Early  Pointed  vaulting  up  to  the  thir- 
teenth century  follows  this  treatment  more  or 
less.  Often  the  main  vault  is  constructed 
double  the  span  of  the  cross-vaults,  the  groin 
or  diagonal  ribs   comprising  two  bays,  and 


Fic.2 


thLs  arrangement,  termed  after  Dr.  AVhewell 
"sexpartite,"  is  perhaps  the  most  pleasing.  The 
stilting  of  the  side  vaults  was  a  common  prac- 
tice in  the  Early  Pointed,  the  ridges  being 
generally  level,  and  the  groin-ribs  and  ridge- 
ribs  took  the  place  of  the  massive  cross- 
springers  common  in  the  Roman  and  Roman- 


esque vaults,  which  were  usually  quite 
destitute  of  the  constructional  and  really 
most  effective  ribbing,  a  fact  the  revivalists 
of  the  latter  style  would  do  well  to  consider 
in  their  modern  adaptations.  It  may  be  ob- 
served, in  speaking  of  groining,  that  the 
method  we  now  generally  adopt  in  profiling 


a  oTcin  by  ordinates  from  the  section  of  the 
main  vault  leads  us  naturally  to  design  this 
last  curve  first,  the  lateral  and  lesser  vaults 
being  found  from  it,  and  assuming  more  or 
less  elongated  or  eUiptical  forms.  It  was  the 
difficulty  experienced  in  keeping  the  vertices 
of  the  vaults  level,  and  at  the  same  time 
obviating  the  disagreeable  effects  produced  by 
stilting  the  reduced  span  cross- vaults,  making, 
as  we  have  seen,  the  groins  of  twisted  or 
double   curvature    or  plan,   that  led  to  the 


•  Or  aa  four  to  five. 


842 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


December  6,  1867. 


expedient  of  doming  the  cells  found  in  the 
vaultings  of  Germany  and  Italy.  In  these 
cases  the  groins  appear  to  have  been  found 
first,  or  at  least  not  left  to  ''  find  them- 
selves." The  diagonal  ribs  often  assume  cir- 
cular curves,  and  not  the  flat  or  elliptical 
profiles  of  vaults  whose  ridges  are  level,  a 
domical  rise  of  the  ridges  where  they  meet 
being  the  result.  (The  twisted  iorra  of  groin 
was  of  course  incapable  of  being  ribbed, 
and  hence  in  the  Roman  examples  we  find 
only  areh  bands). 

As  Professor  Willis  observes,  if  we  free  our- 
selves of  the  necessity  of  preserving  the  level 
vertices  of  the  intersecting  vaults,  and  pre- 
serving their  cylindrical  surfaces,  we  can 
vault  any  rectangle,  and  make  arches  and 
groins  of  any  curve,  as  may  be  seen  in  fig.  2,  of 
a  quadripartite  vault  showing  a  central 
domical  rise,  the  intervening  triangular  sur- 
faces between  groins  and  ridges  being  easily 
covered.  It  is  clear,  also,  that  the  ridge  lines 
of  both  main  and  cross-vaults  can  be  made 
either  curved  or  straight  A  B.  Both  the  ex- 
jjedient  of  stilting  employed  in  the  Roman 
quadripartite  vaulting,  and  the  domical 
method,  seen  on  the  Continent,  were  adopted 
in  the  pointed  arch  structures,  as  well  as  in 
the  round  arched,  though  the  distinction  is 
observed  in  the  latter  method,  being  chiefly 
confined  to  the  Italian  side  of  the  Alps.  The 
same  domical  variety  is  seen  in  the  sexpartite 
and  other  forms  of  vaulting  in  Italy,  where 
the  semicircular  and  pointed  arches  or  curves 
are  often  combined. 

Sometimes  the  lateral  vaulting  cells  have 
their  ridges  below  the  ridge  of  the  main 
vault,  and,  in  some  cases,  instead  of  being 
level,  are  oblique,  or  enter  the  main  vault  at  a 
lower  level.  An  instance  of  such  vaulting  or 
"  Welsh  arching "  is  seen  in  the  vault  over 
nave  of  Winchester  Cathedral,  and  though  it 
enables  the  architect  to  obtain  more  rib  sui-- 
face  over  the  groins,  it  is  a  plan  hardly  ad- 
missible constructively. 

From  what  has  been  said,  it  is  evident  two 
plans  present  themselves  :  either  to  design  the 
vaulting  surfaces  making  the  curvature  of  the 
diagonal  ribs  accommodate  itself  to  them,  or 
else  to  adjust  the  vaulting  surfaces  to  the 
curvature  of  the  ribs,  which  can  be  designed 
without  reference  to  the  former.  In  many 
cases  the  covering  or  filling-in  was  of  chalk 
or  thin  slabs  of  light  stone,*  made  to  fit  the 
ribs.  In  the  complex  ribbed  vaulting  of  the 
Middle  Ages  the  lattermethod  appears  to  have 
been  followed,  and  the  horizontal  sections 
of  the  pendentives  display  a  variety  of  forms, 
from  the  simple  rectangle  to  the  perfect  poly- 
gon or  semicircular  conoid  of  fan  groining. 
As  I  have  before  said,  the  ribs  constitute  tlie 
constructive  support,  as  they  do  the  decora- 
tive features  of  a  Gothic  vault,  the  latter  sim- 
ply resting  upon  them  as  a  surface  or  shell. 
The  idea  of  a  ribbed  construction,  though 
not  so  apparent  in,  is,  as  we  have  seen,  de- 
rivable from  the  Roman  constructions.  The 
prodigious  groined  vaults  over  the  Roman 
cisterns  and  baths — the  lateral  vaulting  of 
those  of  Diocletian,  for  example — indicate  a 
kind  of  sub-arches,  bands,  or  tile  ribs,  that 
were  eventually  developed  into  the  ramified 
decorative  ribbing  of  the  Gothic  vault,  which 
included  the  groin  ribs,  ridge  ribs,  and  surface 
ribs,  so  beautifully  displayed  in  our  own 
English  cathedrals,  £ind  in  the  intricate  "  stel- 
lar ''  vaults  of  Germany.  I  have  often  found 
it  difficult  to  know,  in  looking  at  some  of  the 
later  groined  vaults,  whether  the  rib^  on  the 
groins  are  really  groin  ribs  or  surface  ribs,  the 
illusion  is  sometimes  so  perfectly  sustained  by 
the  disposition  of  the  springing  rilis.  One 
peculiarity  of  the  Roman  dome  vault  was 
that  it  often  served  the  purpose  of  an  outer 
covering,  as  well  as  an  inner  ceiling,  the  roof- 
ing tiles  being  laid  directly  upon  it,  instead  of 
upon  an  independent  wooden  framework,  as 
adapted  by  the  medireval    architects.     The 

*  Earthenware  pots,  pnmice-stciiio,  aud  otlier  liglit  suli 
stances,  are  cnmmonly  and  Judicioualy  employed  for  the 
uJling-m  of  Taulting. 


circular  church  at  Nocera  dei  Pagani,  near 
Rome,  illustrated  by  Mr.  Fergusson,  displays 
a  prolate-formed  internal  vault,  covered  by  an 
external  wooden  roof,  which  that  author  con- 
siders the  first  instance  of  an  outer  wooden 
covering.  St.  Vitale,  Ravenna,  is  also  another 
well-known  example  of  a  spherical  dome  con- 
structed of  earthen  pots  and  protected  by 
a  wooden  covering.  The  pointed  vaults  of 
the  South  of  France  were  frequently  homo- 
geneous coverings,  and  the  pointed  arch  form 
fitted  such  a  construction  best.  Mr.  Fergus- 
son  observes  the  ditficulty  of  forming  inter- 
secting vaults  to  these  led  the  Roman  archi- 
tects to  make  their  vaults  simple  tunnel  ones. 

The  same  author  says  the  exigencies  of 
vaulting  led  to  the  abandonment  of  the  semi- 
circular arch  both  in  the  East  and  the  West. 
In  the  domical  vaults  of  the  Eastern  nations, 
the  requirements  of  the  peudentive  suggested 
the  use  of  the  pointed  arcli ;  the  upper  curves 
or  surfaces  of  the  round  form  dying  away  im- 
perceptibly gave  no  apparent  thickness  nor 
defined  form,  while,  by  adopting  the  pointed 
shape,  this  weakness  of  efi'ect  was  obviated  ; 
and  upon  the  square  ground  plan,  first  reduced 
to  an  octagon  and  then  to  a  polygon  of  six- 
teen sides,  the  Saracenic  architects  easily 
placed  a  circular  dome,  as  at  the  tomb  of 
Mahomet.  In  the  West,  the  pointed  arch 
suggested  itself  as  a  better  means  of  con- 
structing narrow  cross-vaults  by  enabling  the 
builder  to  throw  his  ridges  higher  up,  thus 
superseding  too  much  stilting.  Domical  con- 
struction attained  its  fullest  perfection  under 
the  Byzantine  architects.  It  was,  indeed, 
the  prominent  characteristic  of  the  Byzantine 
style  ;  and  the  noble  interior  of  the  Church  of 
Sta.  Sophia,  at  Constantinople,  exhibits, 
probably,  the  largest  and  most  artistic  appli- 
cation of  domical  vaulting.  Covering  a  space  of 
229ft.  by  243ft.,  the  greater  portion  of  which 
is  enclosed  under  its  expansive  domes,  this 
example  is  highly  suggestive.  The  central 
dome,  107ft.  in  diameter,  forms  a  considerable 
segment,  and  is  thus  infinitely  more  stable 
than  a  semi-sphere,  while  the  clustering  semi- 
domes  and  lateral  vaults  and  arcades  combine 
to  give  the  interior  a  noble  sequence  of  efi'ect 
hardly  exampled.  The  plan  is  most  scientifi- 
cally and  artistically  arranged,  and  shows  how 
well  and  effectively  a  large  area  can  be  domed. 
The  surrounding  and  galleried  aisles  help  to 
resist  the  thrust  of  the  domes  which  are  sup- 
ported on  eight  piers  only,  and  the  gradation 
of  parts  and  details  is  singularly  eft'ective. 
A  similar  arrangement  of  plan  is  found  in  the 
Church  of  St.  Vitale  and  other  Romanesque 
examples,  all  showing  how  clearly  their  arclii- 
tects  perceived  that  it  was  not  necessary  to 
enlarge  the  dome  to  cover  a  large  area,  thus 
increasing  constructive  difficulties,  but  simpiv 
to  form  an  outer  space  round  it,  the  roof  of 
which  aided  the  stabilit}'  as  it  added  to  the 
internal  varietj-.  The  forty  pierced  windows 
round  the  dome  of  Sta.  Sophia  have  a  telling 
effect,  tliough,  as  one  author  observes,  give  an 
apparent  weakness. 

Before  concluding  this  article,  it  may  be 
apropos  of  the  subject  to  add  that  the  stability 
of  the  pointed  arch  is  deducible  from  the 
theory  already  described.  From  the  property 
of  the  catenary,  which  is  really  the  arch  of 
equilibrium  inverted,  it  is  easily  seen  that  the 
prolate  or  pointed  forms  of  arch  are  best  for 
structures  in  which  the  weight  over  stones  of 
arch  is  evenly  distributed ;  and  that  the  pointed 
form  is  got  by  simply  adding  a  little  extra 
weight  to  the  apex  of  arch  or  lowest  point  of 
the  chain.  This  can  also  bo  proved  by  con- 
structing a  "parallelogram  of  forces"  about 
the  apex,  the  upper  tangents  or  sides  meeting 
in  a  point  and  requiring  a  weight  proportioned 
to  the  diagonal  A  B,  as  in  Fig.  3.  From  tliis 
it  is  evident  the  pointed  form  is  highly 
adapted  for  sustaining  triangular  masses  of 
wall — as  gables — besides  accommodating  itself 
soweUtothe  outline  of  such  erections.  The 
origin  of  the  pointed  arch  does  not  concern 
ua  now  ;  its  form  can  be  traced  in  Greece  and 
Asia  Minor,   and  even  in  the  pyramids   of 


Meroe,  eight  centuries  before  the  Christian 
era  ;  while  its  subsequent  introduction  was. 
according  to  good  authorities,*  made  by  the 
Saracens  a  few  years  after  the  Moslem  rule. 
Fig.  1,  at  commencement  of  article,  shows  an 
original  method  of  weighting  the  abutments 
and  flanks  of  a  flat  arch  by  longitudinal 
vaults,  a  plan  of  economising  material  clearly 
suitable  for  bridge  building. 


PURE    GAS    AND    FRESH    AIR. 

PRACTICAL  men  who  have  had  an 
opportunity  of  examining  it,  speak  in 
terms  of  praise  of  a  new  revolving  washer 
invented  by  Mr.  John  Reid,  engineer,  and 
manager  of  the  Edinburgh  and  Leith  Gas 
Company,  for  removing  impurities  from  gas 
and  air.  Jlr.  Reid  described  his  apparatus  in  a 
paper  read  before  the  Royal  Scottish  Society 
of  Arts.  The  leading  idea  of  this  improved 
washer  is  to  substitute  a  horizontal  instead  of 
a  vertical  passage  for  the  gas  while  being  sub- 
mitted to  the  action  of  the  shower  of  water, 
whereby  it  should  undergo  a  thorough  shower 
bath  from  a  copious  stream  of  water  jets,  fall- 
ing some  20in.  in  au  elongated  horizontal 
chamber,  instead  of  30ft.  in  height  ;  and  that 
this  should  be  effected  without  in  any  way 
presenting  obstruction  to  its  free  passage,  or 
thiowing  any  back  pressure  on  the  retorts. 

By  this  contrivance  it  is  proved  that  the 
gas  is  more  thoroughly  purified  for  illuminat- 
ing purposes  than  is  possible  by  the  usual 
structure  of  washer.  It  has  several  other  im- 
portantadvantages.  The  motive  power  requi- 
site to  lift  the  water  about  ISin.  or  2Uiii. 
in  IMr.  Reid's  apparatus  is  less  than  one- 
twelfth  of  that  required  to  Uft  the  water  30ft. 
in  the  old  form  of  washer.  The  usual  method 
of  pumping  is  expensive  in  engine  power, 
and  it  is  also  a  matter  of  well-known  experi- 
ence that  all  kinds  of  pumping  machinery, 
requiring,^  as  in  a  gas  work,  to  act  day  and 
night  without  interces.sion,  is  very  liable  to 
get  out  of  order,  and  unless  relays  of  apparatus 
are  kept  in  readiness  against  accident,  it  is 
obvious  that  no  stoppage  for  repairs  can  take 
place  without  allowing  the  gas  meantime  to 
pass  without  the  washing  process.  On  the 
other  hand,  J\Ir.  Reid's  machine,  while  it 
requires  a  much  smaller  amount  of  steam 
power,  as  has  been  stated,  can  be  kept  in  full 
operation  by  a  crank  handle  in  the  hands  of 
an  ordinary  labourer,  when  from  any  cause 
the  driving  power  of  the  engine  may  lie  sus- 
pended. The  washer,  we  are  told,  has  been  in 
constant  operation  in  the  gas  works  in  Leitli, 
day  and  night  for  nearly  two  years,  and  has 
never  required  to  be  stopped  for  repairs,  or  in 
any  way  gone  out  of  the  best  working  condi- 
tion. Mr.  Reid  also  claims  for  his  apparatus 
that  it  may  be  applied  for  the  removal  of  par- 
ticles of  dust  or  soot,  and  otherwise  for  the 
purification  of  common  air,  in  conjunction 
with  hot  air  stoves,  which  are  now  so  exten- 
sively used  for  heating  or  ventilating  large 
public  buildings,  and  also  in  washing  the  air 
admitted  into  hospitals.  "As  a  rule,"  he 
remarks,  "it  will  be  found  that  the  supplies  of 
air  for  heating  hospitals,  churches,  theatres, 
and  other  large  buildings,  are  drawn  in  from 
near  the  level  of  the  ground,  and  in  too  many 
cases  from  the  stagnant  atmosphere  of  some 
back  out-of-the-way  court,  where,  in  addition 
to  its  ill-conditioned  state,  it  not  unfrequently 
gets  further  polluted  by  gaseous  emanations 
from  cesspools  and  adjacent  sewer  gratings. 
But  although  care  be  taken  to  avoid  these 
palpable  errors  in  the  planning  of  ventilating 
apparatus,  it  is  quite  impossible  in  densely 
populated  towns  and  ill-ventilated  localities 
to  procure  pure  air  for  this  purpose.  Yet  it 
may  be  practicable,  with  a  washing  of  the 
kind  under  notice,  to  purify  it  before  lieing 
passed  into  a  large  building.  The  washing 
liquid  could  be  charged  with  disiniecting 
agents,  to  render  any  impiu-ity  at  least 
harmless."    If  this  invention  really  possesses 


Sir  G.  Wilkinson  and  Mr.  F.  Fergxisson. 


December  G,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


843 


all  the  merits  claimed  for  it,  it  ought  to 
become  a  jmblic  boon.  It  is  at  least  deserving,' 
the  attention  of  medical  men  an  1  sanitary 
reformers.  The  committee  appointed  to 
examine  the  invention — of  which  Dr.  Stevenson 
Macadam  was  convenor— declare  that  "  Mr. 
Keid's  apparatus  is  the  best  arrangement 
which  has  yet  been  suggested  for  tlie  purili- 
_cation  of  coal  gas  and  ordinary  air,"  and  so 
liighly  do  the  Scottish  Society  of  Arts  think  of 
St,  that  they  have  presented  the  inventor  with 
heir  silver  medal  and  plate,  value  five  guineas. 


'the  future  of  LONDON  ARCHI- 
TECTURE. 

To  the  Editor  of  the  BaiLDisG  News. 
Sir,— I  cannot  imagine  any  one  so  dull  or 
BO  blind  as  not  to  be  struck,  on  returning  to 
London  after  a  residence  abroad,  witli  "the 
soul  depressing  dinginess  and  meanness  of 
our  streets  as  compared  with  those  of  even  a 
third-rate  continental  town.  My  sole  object 
in  writing  on  the  subject  in  the  "  Fortnightly 
Review,"  was  to  direct  attention  to,  and  to 
invite  discussion  upon  the  best  means  of  re- 
medying these  defects,  the  existence  of  which 
I  believe  to  be  xmiversally  acknowledged,  and 
the  notices  that  have  appeared,  and  the  letters 
I  have  received  on  the  subject  of  my  article, 
have  satisfied  me  (however  much  some  of  the 
writers  may  dilfer  with  me  as  to  the  nature  of 
the  remedy  to  be  ap]:i!ied)  that  the  object  I 
had  in  view  has  been  fully  attained. 

In  that  article,  besides  recommending  the 
adoption  of  a  soot-repelling  surface  and  the 
accentuation  of  the  architectural  lines  of  the 
facade  by  colour  rather  than  by  light  and 
shadow,  I  ventured  to  dissent  from  the  pre- 
vailing fashion  of  using  the  pointed  arch  in 
horizontal  composition.  The  two  questions  so 
raised  are  entirely  distinct,  and  I  find,  as 
might  have  been  expected,  that  many-  who 
agree  with  me  regarding  the  first  are  of  a 
difl'erent  opinion  in  respect  to  the  second. 
Thus  the  "  Pall  Mall  Gazette  "  writes  on  the 
first  question  as  ioUows  : — In  the  last  number 
of  the  "Fortnightly  Review  "is  an  article  by 
Mr.  Conybeare  on  the  future  of  Loudon 
architecture,  strongly  advocating  the  use  of 
glazed  tiles  as  the  only  fitting  surface-covering 
for  buildings  destined  to  be  subjected  to  the 
influences  of  London  smoke.  It  is  not  many 
months  ago  that  we  advocated  the  same  views 
with  special  reference  to  the  materials  to  be 
employed  in  the  New  Law  Courts ;  and  it  may 
fairly  be  hoped  that  after  a  few  years  spent  in 
arguing  the  question,  the  vis  inertia  of  English 
architects  and  builders  may  so  far  be  over- 
come that  they  will  begin  to  exercise  their 
common  sense,  and  recognize  the  economy, 
the  Eesthetic  propriety,  and  the  practical  con- 
venience of  a  method  of  building  which  was 

i  practised  in  Persia  and  Scinde  with  extraor- 

'  dinary  success  at  the  very  time  that  Euro- 
pean Gothic  architectxire  had  attained  its  per- 

j  fection,  and  which  was  by  no  means  unknown 
to  the  mediaeval  Gothic  archil'ects  themselves. 

1  And  we  cannot  do  better  than  recommend  Mr. 
Conybeare's  paper  to  the  serious    attention 

I  both  of  the  professional  and  amateur  archi- 

I  tect,  both  for  its  intelligent  criticism  and  for 
the  fullness   of  its  details  in  matters  of  con- 

I  struction  and  cost." 

As  regards  the  second  question,  the  reviewer 

'remarks  as  follows  : — "  At  the  same  time,  Mr. 
Conybeare's  singular  misapprehension  as  to 
the  unfitness  of  Gothic  design  for  street  archi- 
tecture ought  not  to  pass  unnoticed.  He 
argues  against  it  on  the  ground  that  as  houses 
are  built  in  floors,  and  thus  must  require 
several  rows  of  windows  placed  horizontally, 
therefore  the  vertical  tendency  of  Gothic 
design,  resulting  from  the  use  of  the  pointed 
arch,  must  be  sacrificed  to  the  predominance 
of  the  horizontal. 

******* 

"  In  the  northern  cities  of  Italy  numerous 
specimens  of  a  similar  use  of  the  pointed  arch 
still  remain,   for  the  delight   of  the  critical 


traveller,    and    the   instruction   of  the  nine- 
teenth century  architect." 

All  who  are  tolerably  well  read  in  the 
literature  of  Pointed  architecture  must  be 
aware  that  however  mistaken  my  views  on 
this  point  may  be,  they  certainly  arc  not 
singular,  inasmuch  as  they  are  shared  Viy 
\\'illis,  Whewell,  and  Fergusson.  Are  there 
any  wlio  have  written  scientifically  on  Pointed 
architecture  whose  names  are  of  higher 
authority  than  these,  and  if  so,  who  are  they  ? 
Neither  am  I  singular  in  pointing  out  the 
utter  failure  of  stone  in  the  atmosphere  of 
London,  and  in  advocating  the  adoption  of  a 
glazed  ceramic  surface  instead.  For  example, 
on  referring  to  the  Bdildixo  New.s  of 
June  17,  18(i4,  I  find,  in  a  lecture  of  Mr. 
Burges',  the  following  opinions  on  lioth  these 
points : — "  It  is  impossible  to  conceive  any- 
thing more  melancholy  than  a  London  brick 
house  after  it  has  been  erected  DD  year.s,  and 
it  becomes  a  most  serious  thing  to  suggest 
with  what  material  our  modern  Lon<lon 
buildings  are  to  be  faced ;  so  corroding,  and 
so  black  is  the  smoke,  that  positively  nothing 
will  resist  it  but  polished  granite  or  glazed 
earthenware.  The  latter  would  oft'er  an 
iuLiuense  field  for  art,  in  the  shui)e  of  tiles  of 
good  colour,  or  of  painted  majolica."  In 
fact,  the  only  dissentient  opinion  hither- 
to expressed  regarding  my  advocacy  of  a 
coloured  and  glazed  ceramic  surface  has  been 
that  of  the  writer  of  the  article  in  the  Build- 
IN(-;  News  of  November  23. 

There  were  three  opinions  expressed  by  that 
writer  that  appear  too  extraordinary  to  be 
dismissed.  In  the  first  place,  he  ridicules  the 
assumption  that  Loudon  is  to  continue  as 
smoky  as  it  has  been  during  the  last  fifty 
years,  but  it  is  obvious  that  to  build  for  the 
future  on  any  other  assumption  would  be 
simply  irrational,  and  altogether  inaccordant 
with  the  "  irrefragable  logic  of  facts,"  for  the 
sootiness  of  London  is  due  to  the  concentra- 
tion of  a  large  population  of  coal-consumers 
in  a  limited  area,  and  this  population  is 
increasing  at  the  rate  of  53,0(11)  per  annum. 
^Moreover,  notwithstanding  the  infinite  num- 
ber of  nostrums  for  the  consumption  of  smoke 
that  have  been  promulgated  during  the  last 
thirty  years,  it  is  notorious  that  the  sootiness 
of  our  atmosphere  has  continued  to  increase 
with  the  increase  of  the  population. 

The  writer  is,  moreover,  so  enamoured  of 
dirt  and  decay  on  the  ground  that  both  are 
incidents  natural  to  matter,  that,  like  the 
little  boy  in  the  nursery  rhyme,  who  cried 
when  he  was  washed  because  he  did  not  wish 
to  be  clean,  the  writer  objects  to  my  advocacy 
of  a  surface  that  would  not  be  liable  to  disin- 
tegration by  the  acids  in  the  London  atmo- 
sphere, and  that  every  shower  would  wash 
clean,  on  the  ground  that  such  continuous 
freshness  is  non-natui'al,  j  ust  as  the  said  little 
boy  might  have  founded  his  olijection  to 
being  washed  on  the  ground  that  dirt  was  an 
incident  natural  to  man,  while  washing  was 
proved  to  be  non-natural  by  his  instinctive 
repugnance  to  the  process  !  And  he  forgets, 
in  founding  his  objections  (to  the  unchanging 
brightness  and  freshness  of  a  ceramic  surface) 
on  the  constant  changes  of  nature,  that  such 
changes  are  merelj'  recurrent  terms  in  "an 
undisturbed  vicissitude  " — that  winter  is  suc- 
ceeded.by  summer,  and  night  by  "the  beam 
that  evermore  makes  all  things  yiew."  Goethe, 
in  the  refrain  of  one  of  the  grandest  lyrics 
ever  addressed  to  "  the  Great  Architect  of  the 
Universe  "  (the  chorus  of  Archangels  in  the 
prologue  of  "  Faust "),  reads  Nature  very  dif- 
ferently :  "  Thy  world's  unwithered  coimten- 
ance  is  bright  as  on  Creation's  day." 

Your  reviewer  olijects  to  the  precedents 
I  cited  for  the  adoption  of  polychromatic 
architecture  in  London — that  because  coloured 
architecture  is  pleasant  to  the  eye  in  the 
transparent  air  and  brilliant  sunlight  of 
Ispahan,  it  must  necessarily  appear  the 
reverse  in  so  sunless  and  smoky  an  atmo- 
sphere as  that  of  London.  This  is  an  obvious 
non  sequitur,  for  if  colour  is  found  advan- 
tageous where  there  is  no  atmospheric  gloom 


to  coimteract,  a  fortiori  must  it  bo  a  desidera- 
tum in  an  atmosphere  that  stands  in  so  much 
need  of  lighting  up  as  ours.  In  the  au- 
tumnal tints  of  the  foliage  Nature  has  so 
ordered  it  "That  the  woods  wear  in  sunless 
days  a  sunlight  of  their  own." 

On  the  question  regarding  the  adaptation 
of  the  Pointed  style  to  the  requirements  of 
modern  domestic  architecture,  my  contention 
was  that  to  place  long  rows  of  ]iointed  win- 
dows tier  above  tier  was  not  in  accordance 
with  the  vertical  spirit  of  Pointed  architec- 
ture, and  in  refutation  of  this  position  your 
reviewer  adduces  the  fine  efi'ect  of  the  houses 
at  Cluny !  But  if  he  refers  to  the  fullest 
series  of  the  Cluny  houses  that  has  been  pub- 
lished (that  given  in  "  Architecture,  Civile 
ct  Domestique "),  he  will  find  that  there  is 
not  a  single  pointed  window  amongst  them 
all.  The  various  Cluny  fa^ailes  there  en- 
graved present,  altogether,  102  openings,  of 
which  only  three  are  pointed,  and  these  three 
occur  on  the  ground  floor,  in  openings  of  ex- 
ceptional width,  where  there  were  structural 
reasons  for  introducing  the  pointed  arcli  quite 
as  cogent  as  those  which  induced  the  Roman- 
esque architects  to  resort  to  it  in  vaulting  their 
churches.  I  may  therefore  say  to  my  critic, 
as  Sir  Anthony  Absolute  did  to  Mrs.  Mala- 
prop,  "  Really  you  are  a  truly  moderate 
arguiu',  for  almost  every  word  you  say  is  on 
my  side  of  the  question." 

I  now  come  to  the  question  of  how  far 
Pointed  architecture  is  compatible  with  the 
requirements  of  street  architecture  and  modem 
domestic  life.  Each  style  of  architecture  has 
its  peculiar  principles  of  composition,  its 
peculiar  "motif,"  and  its  strong  points  and 
weak  points.  In  some  styles,  for  example,  in 
Greek  architectui-e  and  its  derivatives,  the 
"  motif"  was  to  produce  amaximiim  of  external 
eft'ect  (for  the  altar  and  the  worshippers  were 
outside  the  Temple)  and  the  composition  was 
horizontal,  that  is,  all  the  vertical  lines  of  the 
design  were  stopped  against  the  preponderat- 
ing horizontal  lines  of  the  base  architrave  and 
cornice;  while,  in  the  Gothic,  the  "motif" 
was  to  produce  a  maximum  of  internal  efl'ect 
(the  altar  and  worshippers  being  within  the 
Temple),  and  the  very  essence  of  the  style  was 
vertical  composition.  Thus,  while  on  the  one 
hand,  every  style  has  its  peculiar  charac- 
teristics and  capabilities,  on  the  other,  each 
class  of  edifice  has  its  peculiar  requirements 
as  regards  the  conditions  it  ought  to  fulfil  and 
the  proper  expression  to  be  given  to  it ;  and 
in  the  face  of  these  diversities,  in  the  cha- 
racter and  capabilities  of  the  various  styles, 
and  in  the  requirements  of  the  variotis 
classes  of  btiildings,  it  is  surely  impos- 
sible that  any  single  and  particular 
style  should  be  better  adapted  than  each 
and  all  of  the  others  to  avert/  possible 
kind  of  huikling.  To  believe  that  such  can 
be  the  case  is  simply  sectarianism.  It  is  in- 
contestable that  the  origin  of  Gothic  archi- 
tecture was  not  secular  but  ecclesiastical,  and 
that  the  structural  type  on  which  tlie  style 
formed  itself  was  not  an  external  feature,  but 
an  internal  one,  such  type  being  the  vault  of 
the  interior  from  which  the  style  was  deve- 
loped till  it  culminated  in  the  thirteenth 
century  in  cathedral  interiors,  in  which  archi- 
tectural expression  is  carried  to  a  point  in- 
finitely higher  than  is  attainable  in  any  other 
style, — interiors  which  have  been  said  to  im- 
press one  with  the  idea  of  "  frozen  music,"  of 
a  "  petrified  religion,"  of  "  Sursuni  Corda 
done  into  stone."  But  the  conditions  to  be 
complied  with  in  secular  or  domestic  archi- 
tecture, and  still  more  in  street  exteriors, 
dift'er  so  enormously  from  those  which  are  so 
perfectly  fulfilled  "in  a  cathedral  interior  of 
the  thirteenth  century,  that  it  seems  scarcely 
in  the  nature  of  things  that  the  style  which  is 
so  far  the  most  appropriate  in  the  one  case, 
should  be  also  better  adapted  than  any  other 
to  requirements  of  so  entirely  opposite  a  cha- 
racter. 

There  is  in  the  Gotliic  of  the  best  ages  an 
inherent  expression  of  asceticism  and  self-re- 
pression, and  an  anti-realistic  tendency  which 


844 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


DtCEMBER  6,  1867. 


in  a  great  measure  unfits  it  for  domestic  and 
secular  purposes;  for  example,  how  utterly  dis- 
cordant a  drawing  of  Michael  Angelo's  would 
appear  in  the  glass  of  a  Gotliic  window,  or  a 
nude  Greek  statae,  of  even  so  unsensuous  a 
type  as  the  Venus  of  Milo,  in  a  Gothic  niche. 
Pugiu  attempts  to  account  for  this  discord- 
ance liy  the  hypothesis  that  "  Pagan  art,"  as 
he  calls  it,  "  wished  to  perpetuate  the  human 
feelings  and  the  Christian  Divine,"  but  the 
fact  remains,  that  realism  in  art  is  out  of  har- 
mony with  the  expression  of  Gothic  architec- 
ture of  the  best  age. 

In  the  thirteenth  century  Gothic,  secular  or 
domestic  architecture,  in  our  sense  of  these 
terms,  scarcely  existed,  and  the  only  types  ex- 
tensively practised  were  the  Castellated,  the 
Monastic,  and  the  Ecclesiastic,  and  thus  it 
happens  that  when  architects  attempt  to  de- 
sign a  large  secular  building  in  the  Gothic 
of  that  age  they  usually  drift  into  one  of 
these  three  channels.  For  example,  in  three 
of  the  ablest  designs  for  the  Law  Courts,  it 
was  commonly  said  that  Mr.  Burges's  be- 
longed to  the  Castellated  type  ;  Mr.  Street's 
to  the  Monastic ;  Mr.  Brandon's,  with  its 
double  apsed  cathedral,  doing  duty  as  a 
public  hall,  to  the  Ecclesiastic. 

About  a  century  has  elapsed  since  Horace 
Walpole  brought  Gothic  into  fashion,  and 
nearly  thirty  years  since  Pugin  published  his 
"  True  Principles  "  and  his  "  Apology  for  the 
Revival "  of  Christian  architecture,  yet,  after 
all  these  years,  is  there  a  single  example  to  be 
found  in  London — and,  if  so,  where  1 — of  its 
successful  adaptation  to  the  modern  indoor 
requirements  of  domestic  architecture  at  all 
approaching  in  fitness,  in  harmony,  and  in 
architectural  eft'ect  to  that  which  we  con- 
stantly meet  with  in  modern  Italian  interiors? 
Would  any  one  think  of  comparing  the  in- 
terior of  the  Speaker's  House  in  these  respects 
to  that  of  Bridgwater  House  or  of  the  Reform 
Club,  or  Travellers'  Club  ?  Yet  the  Speakersj 
House  is  one  of  the  best  and  most  carefully 
finished  portions  of  the  Houses  of  Parliament, 
of  which  Pugin  wrote  as  follows ; — "  It  is  the 
morning  star  of  the  great  revival  of  national 
architecture  and  art ;  it  is  a  complete  and 
practical  refutation  of  those  men  who  venture 
to  assert  that  Pointed  architecture  is  not  suit- 
able for  public  edifices,  for  the  plan  embodies 
every  possible  convenience  of  access,  light, 
and  the  distribution  of  the  various  halls  and 
chambers."  And  he  is  still  more  enthusiastic 
about  the  details,  which  he  characterizes  as 
"  most  consoling."  But  what  is  the  opinion 
of  the  present  generation  on  these  same 
Houses  of  Parliament  ?  Is  it  not  that  no 
building  has  ever  been  erected  in  Europe  the 
cost  of  which  was  so  preposterously  dispro- 
portioned,  both  as  to  its  architectural  eil'ect 
andtotheamount  of  accommodationit  aftorded. 

No  one  can  have  a  keener  appreciation  than 
myself  for  the  beauties  of  the  Ecclesiastical 
Pointed,  but  it  seems  to  me  that  there  are  rea- 
sons that  explain  why  Gothic  should  still  remain 
the  most  perfect  style  of  any  for  churches,  and 
should,  at  the  same  time,  be  wholly  unadapted 
to  the  requirements  of  modern  domestic  archi- 
tecture. Everyone  admits  that  the  interior 
of  a  thirteenth  century  cathedral  was  the  most 
perfect  embodiment  conceivable  of  the  aspir- 
ing and  "  desensuaUzing  "  tendencies  of  the 
Christian  faith  of  those  who  built  it,  and  that 
faith  being  the  same  in  the  nineteenth  century 
that  it  was  in  the  thirteenth,  what  suited  it 
best  then  suits  it  best  now.  But,  as  regards 
domestic  architecture,  the  case  is  Avidely  dif- 
ferent, for  our  nineteenth  century  life  has 
scarcely  more  resemblance  to  that  of  the 
thirteenth  century  than  it  has  to  that  of  the 
Hottentots.  It  has  been  tndy  said  that  dur- 
ing the  middle  ages  ''  Human  life  was  short 
and  brutish."  All  the  comforts  and  refine- 
ments, and  most  of  the  decencies  of  life,  were 
then  utterly  ignoi-ed,  and  the  manners  at 
table  of  a  bevy  of  knights  and  ladies  of  the 
thirteenth  century  were  such  as  would  sicken 
a  company  of  costermongers  in  the  nine- 
teenth. Cleanliness,  decency,  and  privacy 
were  in  those  days  utterly  ignored.     Repre- 


sentations, drawn  and  sculptured,  of  the  most 
outrageous  indecency  were  to  be  found  even 
in  their  churches.  I  remember  one  removed 
in  the  restoration  of  Llandatt  Cathedral  of  a 
character  too  \'ile  to  admit  of  description. 
Erasmus  feelingly  describes  the  horrors  of  the 
hall — this  common  eating  and  sitting  room. 
It  was  strewed  with  rushes,  which,  he  states, 
were  seldom  changed,  and,  as  they  formed  the 
litter  and  kennel  for  troops  of  cats  and  dogs, 
and  was  the  common  receptacle  for  all  the 
scraps  and  slops  of  the  table,  and  of  far  worse 
horrors,  these  rushes  soon  became  unutterably 
filthy  and  ofl'ensive.  The  manners  of  the 
guests  at  table  were  on  a  par  with  their 
swinish  surroundings.  The  gentlemen  eat 
with  their  heads  covered  on  account  of  the 
drafts.  Several  contemporary  directions  for 
behaviour  at  table,  of  the  fourteenth  and  fif- 
teenth centuries  are  extant.  In  England 
there  is  the  "  Book  of  Courtesy,"  of  the 
former  date,  and  in  France  various  metrical 
"  Continances  de  Table,"  of  a  date  a  century 
later.  Each  guest,  for  instance,  carried  about 
with  him  his  own  knife,  which  he  was  in- 
structed to  keep  clean,  but  there  were  no  plates 
or  forks,  and  the  guests  eat  with  their  fingers, 
on  communistic  principles,  for  we  are  told — 

If  the  dishe  be  pleaaante,  eyther  fleshe  or  lishe, 
Ten  haudea  at  once  swarme  in  the  diahe, 

and  with  these  same  hands  they  cleansed 
their  noses,  for  handkerchiefs  were  not  in- 
vented. For  the  performance  of  this  opera- 
tion, both  the  French  and  English  works  give 
precise  instructions.  You  are  specially  di- 
rected to  cleanse  your  hand  on  your  tippet 
afterwards.  I  have  dwelt  on  the  manners  and 
customs  of  our  ancestors  in  the  Middle  Ages, 
because  one  distinguished  Pan-Gothicist,  Mr. 
Pugin,  argues  that  we  should  build  our  houses 
in  the  same  style  as  our  forefathers  did,  be- 
cause the  conditions  of  our  own  modern  life 
are  similar  to  those  rmder  which  those  ancestors 
lived !  Had  success  been  possible  in  these 
protracted  attempts  to  harmonize  vertical  de- 
tail and  horizontal  composition,  architects  of 
such  undoubted  talent  could  not  have  failed 
to  attain  it,  and  I  think  that  on  referring  to 
first  principles,  the  causes  of  such  failure  will 
become  very  apparent,  and  that  the  impos- 
sibility of  success  may  be  almost  demon- 
strated. 

I  believe  it  will  be  admitted  that  Gothic 
art  culminated  in  the  thirteenth  century,  and 
in  the  Continental  street  architecture  of  that 
date  the  use  of  pointed  windows  was,  I  be- 
lieve, exceptional.  In  houses  at  Cluny,  of 
the  thirteenth,  and  even  of  the  fourteiiith, 
century,  all  the  windows  are  round-headed, 
and  in  several  other  instances  where  private 
buildings  are  attributed  to  the  twelfth  cen- 
tury, I  believe  them  (from  the  advanced 
cliaracter  of  their  mouldings)  to  belong  really 
to  the  thirteenth. 

There  is  an  obvious  geometrical  reason 
why  the  use  of  round-headed  windows  under 
an  horizontal  string  should  be  more  produc- 
tive of  "repose"  than  that  of  pointed  ones— 
for  the  two  circular  arcs  that  form  the  latter 
intersect  at  the  vortex  of  the  arch,  and  the 
prolongations  of  their  tangents  at  that  point 
cut  the  .string  above  at  an  angle  of  thirty 
degrees ;  but,  in  the  case  of  the  round- 
headed  arch,  there  is  ]ierfect  continuity  with- 
out any  intersection  or  abrupt  changes  of 
direction,  and  the  tangent  to  the  arch,"  at  its 
vortex  (where  it  approaches  the  string  above 
most  closely)  is  horizontal,  and  therefore 
parallel  to,  and  coincident  in  direction  with, 
the  string  above  it. 

^  My  line  of  argument  in  the  article  under 
discussion  was  that  the  requirements  of  street 
architecture  necessarily  involve  horizontal 
composition,  but  that  horizontal  composition 
is  irreconcilable  to  the  very  essence  of  the 
Gothic  or  vertical  style.  Therefore,  that  the 
requirements  of  street  architecture  are  irre- 
concilable to  the  essence  of  Gothic  architecture. 
I  understand  the  major  to  be  admitted  (at 
least,  it  has  not  yet  been  disputed),  and  the 
question    is,  therefore,    narrowed   to     this, 


"whether  or  no  vertical  composition  is  indis- 
pensable to  genuine  Gothic? " 

On  this  point  all  standard  authorities  are,  I 
believe,  agreed.  Rickman,  Willis,  Fergusson, 
Paley  (and,  indeed,  every  scientific  writer  on 
Gothic  architecture,  who  has  really  grasped 
the  subject),  have  insisted  on  vertical  compo- 
sition as  the  very  essence  of  the  style.  For 
example,  in  the  article  on  architectural  com- 
position, in  a  late  edition  (I  believe  the  last) 
of  the  "  Encyclopajdia  Britannica,"  the  writer 
divides  the  subject  into  "  Horizontal  Compo- 
sition," and  "  Vertical  or  Pointed  Composi-. 
tion."  In  the  latter,  he  lays  it  down  as  the 
first  principle  that  the  commanding  lines  of 
every  part  of  the  composition  shoidd  lead 
through  from  the  summit  to  the  base  imin- 
terrupted  by  crossing  lines,"  and  the  article 
proceeds  to  speak  of  Gothic  architecture  as 
"  the  vertical  style."  Paley,  in  his  "  Manual 
of  Gothic  Architecture,"  lays  it  down  that 
"  the  very  first  principle  of  Gothic  composi- 
tion is  the  decided  preponderance  of  vertical 
over  horizontal  lines  both  externally  and  in- 
ternally." 

I  could  multiply  such  extracts  to  any  ex- 
tent, but  I  will  conclude  with  three  quotations, 
from  WiUis,  Fergusson,  and  Whewell,  as  they 
refer  to  the  so-called  Gothic  of  Italy,  to  the 
beauties  of  which  my  attention  has  been 
called.  Willis  says  : — "  There  is,  in.  fact,  no 
genuine  Gothic  in  Italy.  *  *  *  That 
style  was  never  practised  there.  *  *  * 
Her  artists,  never  losing  sight  of  the  Classical 
structure,  hoped  to  succeed  in  giving  their  • 
proportions  and  beauties  to  buUclings  formed 
of  pointed  arches.  *  *  * "  And  he  goes 
on  to  say  that  the  result  "  of  this  continued 
struggle  between  the  two  principles" — of 
horizontalism  and  verticalism — "  was  a  style 
wanting  alike  the  lateral  extension  and  repose 
of  the  Grecian,  and  the  lofty  upward  ten- 
dency and  pjramidal  majesty  of  the  Gothic." 

Fergusson  says  of  the  Italians  : — "  They 
never  gray)ed  the  true  principles  of  Gothic 
art.  *  *  *  Their  buildings  were  de- 
prived externally  of  all  the  aspiring  vertical 
lines  so  characteristic  of  true  Gothic.  *  *  • 
They  recurred  to  the  horizontal  cornices  of 
Classical  times.  •  *  ♦  The  same  incon- 
gruities occur  in  every  part  and  in  every 
detail.  It  is  a  style  they  copied  without  un- 
derstanding, and  executed  without  feeling." 

And  the  late  Master  of  Trinity  writes  as 
follows  : — "  The  maxim  of  the  predominant 
sway  of  the  vertical  lines  of  the  structure  is 
of  a  more  wide  and  general  nature  than  those 
which  I  have  hitherto  noticed.  This  is,  in 
fact,  the  peculiar  and  characteristic  principle 
of  the  Gothic  style,  and,  whatever  may  be  the 
details  of  the  building,  if  this  principle  be  not 
unequivocally  and  throughout  enunciated, 
work  is  not  genuine  Gothic  architecture.  We 
may  see  in  many  parts  of  Europe,  and 
especially  in  Italy,  how  ineificient  pointed 
arches  alone,  and  any  other  of  the  mere 
formalities  of  the  style,  are  to  convey  its  true 
spirit  and  character  "when  this  supreme  princi- 
ple does  not  rightly  operate." 

H.    COSTBEARE. 


THE     LATE 


MR.    CHARLES 
F.R.LB.A. 


FOWLER, 


IN  the  month  of  September  last  passed  away 
Mr.  Charles  Fowler,  an  able  architect,  and 
a  good  man.  Professor  Donaldson  pays  an  affec- 
tionate tribute  to  the  memory  of  his  brother 
architect  and  old  colleague,  in  a  paper  read  before 
a  recent  meeting  of  the  Institute.  From  thia 
paper  we  derive  many  interesting  particulars  con- 
cerning the  life  and  labours  of  Mr.  Fowler.  We  learn 
that  he  was  born  in  May,  1792,  at  CuUumpton,  in 
Devon,  and  frequently  used  with  great  satisfaction 
til  allude  to  the  many  noted  artists  of  which  hia 
favourite  county  was  the  birthplace,  as  John 
Shute,  architect  and  painter,  and  author  of  the 
first  known  work  on  architecture  iu  England ; 
Reynolds,  Nollekeus,  NorthcDte,  Haydon,  Bast- 
lake,  Brockedon,  Prout,  and  William  Cooke,  mem- 
ber of  the  Water  Colour  Society.  Fowler  gained 
his  first  jirofessional  experience  in  the  office  aud 
works    of    Mr.   John    Powning,    architect  and 


December  G,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


845 


builder,  in  Exeter.  On  the  expiry  of  his  term 
of  apprenticeshin  he  entered  as  a  salaried  assistant 
the  office  of  Mr.  Laing,  the  architect  of  the  Custom 
House,  who  had  extensive  practice.  This  was  in 
the  year  1S14.  Vhile  here  Fowler  received  a 
medal  from  the  Socitty  of  Arts,  for  a  design  for 
a  new  General  Post  OiEce.  At  that  period  this 
was  the  only  encouragement  offered  to  the  student, 
besides  the  Koya!  Academy  gold  and  silver 
medals,  so  that  the  Society  of  Art's  medals  were 
objects  of  some  contention  among  the  young 
architects.  In  1S2"2,  architects  and  engineers  were 
invited  to  send  in  designs  for  a  new  London- 
bridge,  the  old  one  being  found  to  be  iusufHcicnt 
for  the  traffic,  unsound,  and  a  very  dangerous 
obstruction  to  the  watercourse  of  the  Thames. 
To  Jlr.  Fowler's  design,  among  fifty-two  competi- 
tors, was  awarded  the  lirst  premium.  He  pro- 
posed to  span  the  river  with  five  segmental 
arches,  in  graduating  widths  from  tho  Middlesex 
to  the  Surrey  side  of  the  Thames,  the  centre 
having  l-tSft.  span,  the  width  of  the  piers  being 
30ft.,  and  the  total  width  of  the  bridge  from  out 
to  out  50ft.  We  agree  with  Professor  Donaldson 
that  it  is  t<i  be  regretted  that  the  original  design 
for  this  bridge  cannot  be  found  among  Mr.  Fow- 
ler's papers ;  doubtless,  thinks  Professor  Donald- 
son, the  dr.awing  is  among  the  archives  of 
one  of  the  City  .authorities.  Two  other  drawings, 
however,  were  exhioited  at  the  meeting,  which,  it 
la  believed,  were  also  submitted  by  Mr.  Fowler  in 
the  competition.  The  lUtimate  decision  of  carry- 
ing out  Mr.  Fowler's  design,  Mr.  Don,aldson 
says,  was  referred  to  the  disinterested  examiua- 
tion  of  a  committee  of  the  House  of  Commons,  a 
I,  tribunal,  as  we  know,  quite  as  likely  to  be  biassed 
by  party  passions,  questions  of  interest,  or  the 
battle  of  styles,  as  not.  Here  it  met  the  usual 
fate :  a  fresh  competition  was  opened  to  a  select 
number,  from  which  the  premiated  author  of  tlie 
first  competition  was  carefully  excluded.  Mr. 
Fowler  was  gifted  with  a  practical  rather  than 
an  imaginative  turn  of  mind.  There  are  those 
who  are  endowed  with  such  au  abundant  richness 
of  imagery  as  to  be  able  to  pour  forth  a  flood  of 
original  ideas,  and  thus  delight  and  astonish  by 
the  wild  profusion  of  their  thoughts.  But  Mr. 
Fowler  always  hound  himself  within  the  strict 
limits  of  practicability  and  use.  Not  that  he  was 
without  a  certain  degree  of  fancy,  and  often  very 
happily  made  the  accidents  of  a  plot,  whether  in 
its  sh;ipe  or  levels,  contribute  essentially,  not  only 
to  the  immedate  purposes  of  a  building,  but  also 
to  the  playful  arrangement  of  his  distribution.  Of 
this  we  have  a  striking  illustration  iu  his  Hunger- 
ford  Market,  now  destroyed  to  make  way  for  the 
Charing  Cross  station.  It  is  published  iu  the 
"  Transactions  "  of  the  Institute,  part  1,  vol.  I., 
for  the  year  1836.  It  is  stated  that  Forster  was 
anxious  for  the  market  to  appear  in  his  "  Eau- 
zeituug  "  at  'Vienna,  and  as  soon  as  it  was  pub- 
lished the  Germans  hailed  it  with  great  applause. 
The  design  was  perhaps  even  more  highly  valued 
abroad  than  at  home.  When  Stiiles  and  Strack, 
the  famous  Berlin  architects,  visited  England  soon 
after,  their  first  desire  was  to  visit  Hungerford 
Market,  which  they  had  seen  in  the  "  AUgemeiu 
Bauzeitung,"  with  external  walls  only  a  German 
foot  thick  Q,^  brick)  carried  up  to  a  height 
of  several  storeys,  a  fact  which  they  could  not  he- 
lieve  until  they  saw  it.  This  reveals  one  of  the 
principles  of  Fowler's  mind  as  to  construction. 
"  Enough  for  security,  and  not  more  than  enough. 
Extravagance  is  waste."  This  is  an  honest  but 
somewhat  dangerous  maxim.  This  "  enough  "  is 
a  vexed  question,  and  experimentalists  vary  in 
opinion  as  to  what  extent  beyond  the  actual  stress 
or  pressure  it  is  safe  and  wise  to  have  the  actual 
strength.  Our  friend's  desire  to  avoid  excess 
might  perhaps  induce  him  occasionally  to  venture 
too  near  the  verge  of  mere  sufficiency.  Covent 
Garden  Market  was  designed  by  Mr.  Fowler  in 
182G.  He  was  also  the  architect  of  the  markets 
at  Gravesend,  Tavistock,  and  Exeter,  the  last 
being  the  result  of  a  competition  in  183-4.  In 
1827,  he  designed  and  constructed  the  conserva- 
tory at  Sion,  near  Brentford,  for  the  Duke  of 
Northuraherlaud.  The  church  of  Honiton,  in  the 
Lombard-Norman  style,  was  erected  from  his 
design  in  1835.  He  also  erected  the  chapel  at 
Kilbum,  St.  John's  Church,  Paddington,  and 
several  other  ecclesiastical  buildings.  Among  his 
other  works  may  be  mentioned  the  Devon  County 
Lunatic  Asylum,  built  on  the  radiating  prin- 
ciple, the  result  of  a  public  competition, 
the  Loudon  Fever  Hospital,  and  the  Wax 
Chandlers'  Hall,  in  Gresham-street.  Mr.  Fowler 
was  at  one  time  master  of  this  company,  and  this 
building  was  erected  in  IS 52,  and  was  one  of  his 


last  works.  Few  professional  men  have  exhibited 
so  great  an  amount  of  perseverance.  He  entered 
upyn  many  competitions,  both  open  and  select. 
He  carried  off  the  second  premium  for  the  bridge 
at  Littlehampton  ;  and  for  the  Nelson  Monument, 
Trafalgar-square,  iu  conjunction  with  his  friend, 
Mr.  Sievier,  the  sculptor.  In  concluding  hie 
memoir.  Professor  Donaldson  said  :— Mr.  Fowler 
was  one  of  the  foundeis  of  the  Institute,  and  so 
early  as  183G  was  my  colleague,  as  one  of  the 
joint  honoraiy  secretaries,  to  tho  duties  of  which 
he  devoted  much  attention,  keeping  in  due  order 
and  regular  method  the  accounts  and  ordinary 
business,  which  daily  increased,  thus  gre.atly  re- 
lieving me,  my  more  especial  division  being  the 
direction  of  the  literary  and  artistic  proceedings 
of  the  body.  He  continued  to  be  honorary  secre- 
tary for  many  years,  and  subsequently  was  elected 
vice-president.  He  was  a  man  of  singular  method 
Mid  high  honour,  and  of  great  transparen  y  of 
character.  He  had  great  fumness  and  decision  of 
character.  His  yea  was  yea,  and  his  nay  was  nay. 
His  active  mind  left  him  no  rest.  If  the  saying  of 
ihe  great  Roman  emperor  is  to  be  admired — 
n:dla  dies  sine  Unea — what  shall  we  say  of  our 
friend,  whose  maxim  was  nulla  horasine  lineal 


BRICK'WORK  AND  CONCRETE  BUILDING 
IN   PARIS. 

THE  "  Times  "  of  Tuesd,ay  last  contains  some 
suggestive  information  on  brickwork  and  con- 
crete buildings  iu  Paris,  contributed  by  an  "  Opera- 
tive Bricklayer."  The  contribution  purports  to  he 
a  report  on  Paris  and  the  Paris  Exhibition.  The 
writer  says : — la  looking  over  the  Exhibition  I  was 
delighted  to  see  so  many  works  of  art  from  dif- 
ferent nations,  but  my  attention  was  more  directed 
towards  work  in  my  own  line  of  business.  I  saw 
several  specimens  of  brickwork  iu  the  park  adjoin- 
ing the  Exhibition,  tuch  asa  few  cottages,  a  church, 
several  high  shafts  (chimneys),  and  other  pieces 
of  brickwork,  which  had  been  built  by  bricklayers 
of  different  nations,  and  on  looking  well  into  it  I 
found  it  was  inferior  to  brickwork  done  in  England 
by  us  English  bricklayers.  The  bricks  were  not 
laid  even  or  straight,  and  the  bond  was  not  kept 
true.  I  enquired  if  there  were  any  other  brick 
buildings  in  Paris  apart  from  the  Exhibition.  I 
found  there  was  not  any  built  entirely  with  bricks 

stone  and  marble  are  chiefly  used.  I  looked  over 
the  additions  now  being  built  to  the  Palace  of  the 
Emperor,  and  the  new  Opera  House,  and  several 
other  large  buildings  now  in  the  course  of  con- 
struction. I  found  there  were  pieces  of  brickwork 
inside  the  Opera  and  some  of  the  other  buildings 
— little  party  walls — where  there  was  not  sufficient 
thickness  for  stone,  which  are  to  be  plastered 
over  ;  the  bricks  are  laid  very  irregular.  My  at- 
tention was  directed  to  the  great  market  place, 
which  is  built  principally  of  glass  and  iron ;  there 
are  a  few  panels  of  brickwork  between  the  main 
supports  of  the  building,  the  walls  are  only  4|in. 
thick,  built  with  different  coloured  bricks,  marked 
out  in  diamonds.  There  being  no  other  brickwork 
just  there,  it  is  considered  by  the  French  tasty 
work,  but  it  is  nothing  comp  ired  with  brickwork 
in  England  ;  the  'oricks  are  laid  what  wo  term 
hatching  and  grining,  and  according  to  the  brick- 
work I  saw  in  Paris,  the  English  brickkayers  stand 
before  all  others  in  the  world  for  superiority  of 
workmanship. 

I  examined  the  bricks  they  use  in  Paris.  I 
found  they  were  about  the  same  size  as  the  stock 
bricks  used  in  London  and  about  the  same  in 
quality.  I  looked  over  the  pottery  ware  that  was 
exhibited,  and  I  s.aw  Mr.  Doultou  and  other 
English  potters  had  some  of  their  handicraft  there ; 
and,  to  my  mind,  the  tilters,  drain  pipes,  closet- 
pans,  syphons,  and  stone  bottles,  &c.,  of  English 
m.ake  surpassed  those  of  French  make.  The 
sanitary  arrangements  of  Paris  being  very  im- 
perfect, there  is  great  necessity  for  many  hundreds 
of  articles  similar  to  those  exhibited  by  Mr.  Doul- 
ton  and  others,  and  also  some  of  the  sanitary  ap- 
paratus patented  by  Mr.  George  Jennings  would 
tend  to  improve  and  purify  Paris. 

Some  time  before  I  went  to  Paris  I  saw  accounts 
in  the  newspapers  of  some  houses  being  builtof  con- 
crete for  the  Emperor,  and  of  course  I  being  in  the 
building  line,  when  I  arrived  in  Paris  1  felt  anxious 
to  see  them.  M.  Fouche — one  of  the  interpreters 
at  the  British  AVorkman's  HaU,  to  whom  I  am 
greatly  indebted  for  the  informition  I  received, 
he,  being  a  good  interpreter,  and  having  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  the  building  operations  in  Paris,  con- 
ducted me  to  the  concrete  buildings.  I  found 
they  were  being  erected  by  au  English  contractor, 


Mr.  Nowton,  C.E.,  Chancery-lane,  London.  I 
B.aw  the  foreman,  and  he  allowed  me  to  look  over 
them,  and  also  gave  me  some  information  respect- 
ing their  erection.  They  required  no  skilled 
workmen,  except  one  or  two  Ciirpenters  to  fix  tho 
boai'ds.  The  way  these  houses  are  built  is  very 
simple.  The  carpenters  lix  two  r«>ws  of  boards  the 
distance  apart  they  intend  the  thickness  of  the 
wall,  5ft.  or  Cft.  high  or  more ;  when  the  boards  are 
properly  fixed  tho  labourers  mix  the  gi-avel  and 
cement  together.  After  it  is  well  mixed  they 
faliovel  it  into  the  cavity  left  between  the  two  rows 
of  boards  until  it  is  full ;  after  the  concrete  gets 
liard,  which  takes  two  or  three  days,  the  boards 
are  removed  and  tho  concrete  left  standing,  which 
makes  a  very  good  wall.  The  boards  are  fixed 
again  .above  that  which  is  hard  until  they  get  the 
wall  the  height  they  recpiire  it.  At  the  same 
time  they  keep  it  perpendicular,  put  in  the  irons 
or  other  fixtures  for  party  walls,  doorways  and 
window  openings. 

Each  of  these  houses  is  constructed  to  accommo- 
date three  families,  each  family  to  have  three 
rooms  as  follows, — one  bedroom,  one  sitting  room, 
kitchen  and  cellar.  I  found  these  very  awkwardly 
constructed.  There  is  a  staircase  in  each  house, 
which  serves  for  each  family  to  get  in  and  out  of 
their  apartments.  The  first  room  from  the  stairs 
is  the  sitting  room,  then  the  bedroom  and  next 
the  kitchen.  Everything  for  the  kitchen  has  to 
be  carried  through  the  other  two  rooms,  which  is 
very  inconvenient.  Su]>posing  some  of  the  family 
are  ill,  all  the  traffic  is  through  the  bedroom.  The 
rooms  arc  about  tho  s.ame  size  .as  the  rooms  in  the 
cottages  in  and  .about  London.  The  foreman  told 
mo  the  estimated  cost  of  each  house  at  first  w.os 
6,000f.  (£240).  After  some  of  them  were  erected 
the  Emperor  came  to  view  them.  They  had  then  a 
very  rough  appearance.  He  asked  if  nothing  could 
bo  done  to  make  them  more  ornamental.  He  was 
told  they  could  be  plastered.  Now  the  men  are 
pkasteriug  a  thick  coat  of  plaster  of  Paris  (about 
IJin.  thick)  all  over  the  concrete  outside,  and 
drawing  it  out  in  regular  courses  to  imitate  stone 
work.  I  learnt  from  the  French  Council  that  they 
will  now  cost  10,000f.  (£400)  each  house,  which  is 
considerably  more  than  was  expected  at  first. 
The  Emperor  is  going  to  present  them  to  a  society 
of  working  men,  and  they  being  away  from  the 
centre  of  Paris  will  be  let  out  at  a  low  rental. 

I  also  saw  some  large  houses  being  built  of  con- 
crete, situate  in  the  Rue  De  Miromcnil,  No.  98. 
There  are  1 5  windows  to  each  storey  in  front,  and 
the  elevation  of  the  building  is  a  ground  floor  and 
four  storeys  above.  These  are  built  on  a  dill'erent 
system ;  the  concrete,is  mixed  and  put  into  amould. 
The  mould  is  like  a  box,  Sft.or  4ft.  long,  nnd  ISin. 
high,  and  the  width  the  thickness  they  intend  to 
build  the  wall ;  the  sides  of  the  mould  are  greased 
When  the  concrete  is  set,  which  takes  a  day  or  two, 
the  mould  is  lifted  up,  which  leaves  the  concrete 
in  a  square  block  like  a  block  of  stone.  After 
they  get  a  quantity  of  these  blocks  they  bed  them 
one  upon  the  other  the  same  as  stone,  and  so  they 
erect  the  building.  The  blocks  round  the  door- 
ways and  windows  are  ornamented  by  flowers  and 
other  devices  to  imitate  stone  carving,  which  is 
prepared  in  the  mould  the  same  as  the  square 
blocks,  so  that  it  may  be  all  solid  together.  This 
buUding  looked  heavy  and  dull  in  appearance, 
being  mixed  iu  between  some  stonebuiidings.  The 
French  bull  iers  do  not  approve  the  concrete 
system  o£  building. 


PURE  WATER  SUPPLY. 

THE  question  of  supplying  London  with  pure 
water  has  engaged  much  attention  of  late, 
and  amongst  others  who  have  proposed  to  solve 
the  problem  is  Mr.  W.  Austm,  C.E.  This  gentle- 
man's proposition  deserves  the  consideration  _ot 
the  Commission  appointed  la.st  year  to  in- 
quire into  the  subject.  Mr.  Austin  proposes  to 
form  fifty  artesian  wells  in  various  parts  of  Lon- 
don, on  the  principle  of  vertebraical  or  locked 
bonded  artificial  stone-masonry,  sunk  on  iron 
ring  curb  bases  of  varying  and  decreasing 
diameters  down  to  such  deptlis  .as  shall  be  con 
sidered  sufficient  to  form  reservoirs.  Below  the 
rings  of  masonry,  iron  stand-pipes,  or  rising 
main-])ii)e3  and  enca^^ing,  will  be  bored  and  sunk 
down  to  the  fovmtain-spriugs  or  sources  of  water. 
The  estimated  cost  of  constructing  these  fifty 
wells  is  one  million  sterling,  and  it  is  calculated 
that  each  well  will  raise  and  distribute  four 
milUon  gallons  of  v,-ater  per  d.ay  of  twenty-four 
hours.  The  theory  is  based  upon  the  assump- 
tion that  at  the  base  of  the  Loudon  Basin,  at  a 


846 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


Decembeb  6,  186f. 


ilepth  of  600  yards,  there  ia  an  unlimited  supply 
of  water;  and  also  that  its  self-elevation,  rising 
at  the  mouth  of  each  well  to  a  height  of  100ft., 
depends  upon  the  correctness  of  the  accepted 
form  of  the  basin,  which  is  described  in  geological 
maps  as  made  up  of  a  series  of  layers  under- 
lying each  other.  The  London  Basin  extends 
from  Sevenoaks,  in  Kent,  to  Leighton  Buzzard,  in 
Berkshire,  a  distance  of  seventy  miles,  at  which 
places  the  Green  Sand  crops  up  and  receives  the 
drainage  of  au  extensive  area. 


LLAXDAFF    MEMORIAL    CROSS. 

THE  accompanying  illustration  is  engraved 
from  photographs  of  a  memorial  cross  re- 
cently erected  in  the  burial  ground  of  Llandaff 
Cathedral,  from  the  designs  of  Mr.  H.  Conybeare, 
to  the  memory  of  his  father,  the  late  Dean.  There 
ia  a  spacious  vault  in  the  basement.  The  steps 
above  are  of  Dundry  stone  (the  material  of  which 
the  cathedral  is  chiefly  built).  The  shaft  and  all 
its  supports  is  of  white  Mansfield,  the  same  ma- 
terial as  that  employed  by  Mr.  Scott  in  the 
Martyr's  Memorial  at  Ox'ord,  and  it  is  believed 
almost  the  only  English  building  stone  the  dur- 
ability of  which  can  be  depended  on  for  delicate 
sculpture,  when  exposed  to  the  weather.  As 
will  be  seen  from  the  engraving,  the  capital  of  the 
cross  presents  two  groups  of  sculpture  ;  the  first, 
of  the  Crucifixion,  under  which  is  inscribed,  "  By 
Thy  Cross  and  Passion,  good  Lord  deliver  us." 
The  scutcheon  beneath  is  charged  with  the 
emblem  of  the  Passion,  a  pelican  feeding  her 
young  with  her  blood,  the  foliage  being  the  pas- 
sion flower  and  the  sacramental  emblems,  wheat 
ears,  grape  clusters,  and  vine  leaves.  On  the  oppo- 
site aide  is  a  group  representing  the  Resurrection, 
under  which  ia  the  sentence  from  the  Litany, 
"  By  Thy  glorious  Resurrection  and  Ascension, 
good  Lord  deliver  us,"  tlie  scutcheon  below  being 
charged  with  a  phcenix  rising  from  its  ashes.  The 
groups  are  so  arranged  as  to  admit  of  through 
openings  in  the  back  ground  of  each,  which 
greatly  lightens  the  effect  of  the  whole.  During 
the  Middle  Ages  every  burial  ground  had  its 
cross,  and  to  supply  the  deficiencies  of  our  modern 
churchyards  in  thia  respect  appears  quite  as 
fitting  an  object  in  a  memorial  to  the  dead  as 
the  placing  of  memorial  windows  in  the  church 
itself. 


THE    BUILDERS'    BENEVOLENT 
INSTITUTION. 

A  GENERAL  meeting  of  the  subscribers  to 
the  Builders'  Benevolent  Institution  was 
held  at  Willis's  Rooms,  King-street,  St.  James's, 
on  Thursday,  the  2Sth  ult.,  for  the  purpose  of 
electing  two  pensioners  on  the  funds — one  male 
and  one  female.  The  chair  was  taken  by  Mr. 
W.  R.  Rogers,  president  of  the  Institution.  The 
chairman,  m  opening  the  proceedings,  said  there 
were  eight  candidates,  and  he  was  sorry  to  say  that 
only  two  out  of  that  number  could  be  elected, 
owing  to  the  want  of  funds.  There  would,  how- 
ever, be  another  election  in  May  next,  when  those 
who  were  unsuccessful  on  that  occasion  would 
have  a  further  opportunity  of  obtaining  the  de- 
sired result.  The  poll  was  then  declared 
open,  and,  at  its  conclusion,  Mr.  T.  Stirling, 
who  acted  aa  scrutineer,  read  over  the  respec- 
tive numbers  allotted  to  each  candidate.  The 
following  were  then  announced  as  having 
been  elected :  • —  George  Newman  Lambert, 
plumber,  painter,  &c.,  of  4,  Hereford-street, 
Lisson-grove,  aged  71.  Debility,  rheumatism, 
and  an  injured  arm,  prevented  him  from  earning 
more  than  a  few  shillings  per  week.  Hannah 
Lawrence,  aged  70,  26,  Desborough-terrace,  Har- 
row-road. Feeble  and  necessitous,  and  supported 
by  her  daughter,  who  is  in  service. 


TRADE  UNIONS  AND  MACHINERY. 

IN  the  course  of  his  introductory  address,  as 
president  of  the  Royal  Scottish  Society  of 
Arts,  at  Edinburgh,  the  other  day,  Mr.  George 
Robertaon,  F.R.S.E.,  made  some  sensible  remarks 
on  the  efl'ect  of  trade  unions  on  the  prosperity  of 
the  country.  It  appears  to  Mr.  Robertson  that, 
interfering  so  much  with  individual  labour,  these 
unions  tend  to  undo  a  great  deal  of  what  the  in- 
troduction of  machinery  has  done  to  make  Eng- 
land great  and  prosperous.  Machinery  tends  to 
equalize  labour,  and  to  bring  it  to  the  standard^ 
but  it  is  to  the  highest  possible  standard.  Ma- 
chinery puts  the  child  on  the  lavel  with  the  adult. 


It  enables  any  one  of  sufficient  intelligence  to 
attend  a  machine  to  do  as  much  work,  and  as 
good  work,  as  the  most  skilful  man.  Machinery 
spreads  a  given  quantity  of  work  over  the  fewest 
possible  hands.  But  what  are  the  unions  doing  ? 
Their  object  is  to  bring  down  labour  to  the  lowest 
practicable  standard,  and  to  lower  the  work  of  the 
adult ;  to  prevent  a  man  of  industry  and  intelli- 
gence from  doing  more  than  a  fixed  low  average  of 
work ;  in  short,  to  spread  a  given  quantity  of 
work  over  the  greatest  number  of  hands.  Trade 
unions  are,  therefore,  antagonistic  to  machinery, 
and  the  introduction  of  the  latter,  instead  of  hand 
labour,  into  every  department  of  industry,  is  one 
of  the  means  of  counteracting  their  bad  effects. 
Mr.  Robertaon,  however,  did  not  consider  that 
atrikea  and  uniona  are  interfering  with  the  general 
progress  of  arts  and  manufactures,  or  the  civiliza- 
tion of  the  world  at  large.  On  the  contrary,  their 
tendency  is.  perhaps,  to  benefit  the  general  cause 
of  civilization,  by  improving  the  resources  of 
other  countries.  In  many  branches  of  manu- 
factures England,  hitherto,  has  had  a  monopoly, 
which  she  cannot  hope  to  retain  always.  But 
now  the  price  of  labour  in  this  country,  combined 
with  the  low  standard  of  work  allowed  by  the 
imions,  and  the  uncertainty  in  the  labour  market, 
which  prevents  manufacturers  entering  into  large 
contracts  with  safety,  must  break  down  some  of 
the  monopoly  we  have  enjoyed,  especially  in  the 
iron  trade.  It  is  no  secret  to  engineers  that  a 
great  deal  of  work  is  at  present  being  done  abroad, 
which  some  years  ago  would  have  been  done  in 
this  country.  It  is  for  the  working  men  of  Eng- 
land seriously  to  consider  whether  they  are  wise 
to  follow  a  course  of  action  which  may  drive 
away  trade  to  countries  fully  prepared,  by  low 
wages,  by  a  high  standard  of  technical  education, 
by  the  introduction  of  railways,  and  by  the  de- 
velopment of  mineral  wealth,  successfully  to 
compete  with  us  in  the  markets  of  the  world. 


WROUGHT-IRON    ROOF    FOR    STATION 
BUILDINGS,  GOODS  SHEDS,  ETC. 

BUILDINGS  of  this  description  are  often 
roofed  over  with  two  or  three  spans.  In 
such  cases  east-iron  columns  are  used  between  the 
outer  walla  or  buildings,  care  being  taken  the  cast- 
ings are  of  sufficient  strength,  free  from  honey- 
comb or  other  defects,  and  the  bases  well  bedded 
on  good  foundation  stones.  The  wrought  iron 
work  should  be  of  the  best  material,  and  all  bolt 
holes  drilled,  no  punching  of  holes  to  be  allowed, 
which  might  tend  to  burst  the  metal.  The 
louvre  blades  may  be  of  corrugated  iron  (as 
shown  in  our  Uthographic  illustration  this  week), 
or  Mu.  slates.  Tiie  roof,  with  the  exception  of 
those  parts  occupied  by  skylights  or  lantern,?,  to 
be  covered  with  best  Duchess  slating  (or  other 
quality  as  suits  the  case)  of  an  uniform  and 
approved  colour,  carefully  laid  with  Sin.  lap, 
and  each  slate  securely  fixed  to  the  Ij  inch  rough 
boarding  with  two  stout  copper  nails.  The  lan- 
terns are  glazed  with  rough  plate  glass  1|  inch 
thick,  and  each  sheet  to  be  well  bedded  in  putty 
on  the  sash  bars. 

Gutters  to  be  laid  vrith  61b.  lead  of  such 
width  as  may  be  considered  necessary,  and  the 
whole  of  the  ridge  to  be  covered  with  Olb. 
le.ad  also.  In  painting,  the  whole  of  the  woodwork 
should  be  properly  knotted,  primed,  and  stopped, 
and  then  receive  three  coats  of  plain  oil  colours. 
All  wrought  and  cast  iron  work  throughout  to  re- 
ceive four  coats  of  approved  paint,  the  first  coat  to 
be  after  inspection  of  the  materials  and  before 
they  leave  the  maker's  works,  and  three  other  coats 
at  such  times  as  may  be  directed. 


-*- 


COTTAGE   IMPEOVEMENT. 

THE  report  of  the  Central  Cottage  Improve- 
ment Society  was  read  at  the  annual  meet- 
ing which  was  held  the  other  day  under  the  presi- 
dency of  Mr.  R.  Dimsdale,  M.  P.  The  council,  we 
learn,  are  gratified  to  report  that  their  plans  for 
cheapness  and  amount  of  accommodation  continue 
to  hold  the  first  place,  and  that  a  large  number  of 
cottages  built  on  those  plans  are  being  erected  in 
various  parts  of  the  country.  The  success  of  the 
triple  ptan  (which  comprises  in  one  building 
three  unequally. sized  dwellings,  so  as  to  accom- 
modate families  of  different  magnitude),  the 
council  thinlis  deserving  of  remark,  as  it  bade  fair 
to  be  one  of  the  most  useful  of  the  society's 
efforts  in  this  direction.  One  of  the  first  duties 
devolving   upon   the   council  after  the  last  meet- 


ing, and  arising  out  of  what  was  said  at  that  time, 
was  to  take  measures  for  procuripg  a  first-rate 
single  cottage  with  three  bedroom^  to  be  erected 
at  a  cost  not  exceeding  100  guinea!.  The  result 
was  a  most  interesting  exhibition  of  plans.  No 
less  than  150  architects  competed,  and  many  ad- 
mirable designs  were  sent  in.  The  task  of  award- 
ing the  prizes  would  have  been  a  very  dilBcult 
one  had  not  the  council  adhered  closely  to  the 
conditions  laid  down  in  their  advertisement,  viz., 
chat  the  maximum  cost  should  not  exceed  100 
guineas.  The  first  plan  selected  was  found  to  be 
the  work  of  Jlr.  William  Haber.shon,  a  pupil  and 
nephew  of  the  honorary  architect,  but  as  the 
advertisement  had  stated  that  the  honorary  ar- 
chitect would  not  himself  compete,  that  gentle- 
man, in  order  to  prevent  the  possibility  of  any 
charge  of  unfairness  to  others,  or  of  favouritism, 
offered  a  third  prize  at  his  own  cost,  which  was 
then  awarded  to  this  particular  plan.  The  next 
two  in  the  scale  of  excellence,  according  to  the 
judgment  of  the  council,  were  those  of  Mr.  Smith 
and  Mr.  Gregory  Gill,  and  to  them  were  awarded 
the  first  and  second  prizes,  subject  to  the  condi- 
tion that  they  co\ild  be  erected  under  ordinary 
circumstances  for  the  sum  .specified,  viz.,  100 
guineas.  The  council,  however,  had  not  been 
able  to  bring  this  matlier  to  such  a  conclusion  as 
would  enable  them  to  issue  the  plans  of  Messrs. 
Smith  and  Gill  as  plans  approved  of  by  the  so- 
ciety, and  issued  with  its  invprima.tv.r,  for  the 
simple  reason  that,  so  far  as  at  present  ascer- 
tained, they  could  not  be  built  for  the  sum  speci- 
fied. The  council,  considering  the  great  demand 
there  is  for  a  single  cottage  plan,  proposes  to  issue 
one  as  soon  as  possible,  with  a  well  arranged  in- 
terior and  a  neat  elevation,  which  can  be  erected 
in  any  ordinary  locality  for  100  guineas.  Since 
the  last  meeting,  the  society  had  been  joined  by 
42  new  subscribers  ;  but  on  the  other  hand  it  had 
lost  9  by  death  or  resignation.  The  number  o£ 
subscribers  is  now  120.  During  the  last  year  and 
a-half  .314  sets  of  plans  have  been  issued,  includ. 
ins  those  sent  to  new  subscribers.  We  under- 
stand that  what  promises  to  be  an  interesting  re. 
port  upon  cottage  improvement,  as  illustrated  by 
the  Paris  Exhibition,  from  the  pen  of  Mr.  Thomas 
Kibble,  the  honorary  foreign  secretary  of  the 
society,  wijl  shortly  be  published.  The  report 
was  imanimously  adopted. 


AGRICULTURAL    LABOURERS' 
DWELLINGS. 

WE  gladly  draw  attention  to  an  announce- 
ment made  by  the  Royal  Agricultural 
Society  of  Ireland.  Tuis  Society,  which  has  for 
its  patroness  the  Queen,  and  its  vice-patron  the 
Lord  Lieutenant,  haa  published  a  list  of  eight 
prizes,  which  they  offer  for  competition  in  Ire- 
land. The  prizes  are  the  Leinster  Challenge  Cup, 
value  £140,  three  gold  medals,  two  silver  medals, 
the  Associate's  Gold  Medal,  value  £10,  and  a 
challenge  cup,  offered  by  Lord  Talbot  de  Mala- 
hide,  the  President  of  the  Society,  of  the  value  of 
£50.  These  prizes  are  severally  offered  for  the 
most  approved  and  economically  constructed 
labourers'  dwellings  in  1S66 — 67,  and  for  newly- 
erected  farmhouses  and  offices.  'The  conditions  of 
competition,  which  vary  with  the  value  of  the 
prize,  are  too  long  for  quotation;  tbey  will  be 
found  in  a  statement  recently  issued  by  the  So- 
ciety, and  which  may  be  had  on  application  to  the 
secretary,  42,  Upper  SackviUe-street,  Dublin.  We 
may,  however,  mention  that  competitors  must, 
previous  to  February  1  next,  send  into  the 
secretary  plans  of  their  cottages,  and  an  account 
of  the  expenditure  thereon.  In  awarding  the 
medal  for  the  building  and  improvement  of 
cottages,  the  judges  will  chiefly  take  into  con- 
sideration the  accommodation  with  relation  to  the 
expense,  the  aspect,  external  appearance,  height 
of  the  rooms,  warmth,  and  durability.  Blank 
forms  of  expenditure  may  be  had  from  the  secre- 
tary. ^ 

At  the  ordinary  meeting  of  the  Society  of  Engi- 
neers, held  on  Monday  evening,  W.  H.  Le  Feuvre, 
president,  in  the  chair,  the  discussion  was  con- 
tinued on  Mr.  Arthur  Riggs'  paper,  "  On  the  Con- 
nection between  the  Shape  of  Heavy  Guns  and 
their  Durabi  ity,"  read  on  November  IS.  The  fol- 
lowing candidates  for  election  were  balloted  for  and 
duly  elected.  As. members,  John  McConnochie, 
Robert  A.  Wright,  Thomas  Chapman,  and  Francis 
J.  Marshall.  As  foreign  members,  Messrs.  Ed- 
mund Le  Gallais,  and  John  W.  Hunt.  As  asso- 
ciates, Messrs.  Charles  W.  Blagden,  and  Richaid 
Mestayer,  jun. 


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ARCHITECTURAL     MODELLIXG. 

SOJIE  years  ago   it  was  the  custom  when  a 
liuiliUnr;  of  any  importance  was  designed 
to  have  the  effect  shown  by  a  model.  Latterly, 
ov^'ing  perhaps   to  the   development    of  per- 
spective drawing,  and  to  the  expensiveness  of 
models,  the  practice  has   been   discontinued, 
and  drawings  are   considered  quite  sufficient 
to  convey  an  idea  of  the  intended  structure. 
Perspectives   are    notoriously    '•'  cooked "  ;    a 
gable  is  brought  nut  liere,  and  a  pinnacle  set 
back  there,  till  the  pretty  pictures  one  sees  in 
architectural  exhibiliions  and  competitions  are 
often  anything  but  correct  representations  of 
the    intended  buildings.      Besides  this,  per- 
spectives at  best  can  only  give  the  elfect  from 
one  point  of  view.      With  models  the  case   is 
altogether  dilTerent  ;  they  give  a   representa- 
tion of  the  buihling  from  every  point  of  view. 
The  spectator  can  walk  round,  see  it  on  every 
side,   come  close,    and  look  into    the    little 
porches   and  recesses;  go  back   and   see   the 
general  appearance,   move  his   eye  along  and 
judge  of  the  elfect  of  the  altering  perspective  ; 
and,  if  it  will  help  him,  raise  himself  and  take 
a   bird's-eye   view  of  the  rouf     Then,  again, 
though  it   is  true  that  "cooking"  is  possible 
in  modelling,  as  in  most  other  things,  still   a 
delinquency  in  this    respect  is    much   more 
easily  detected  than  in  a  perspective.      How- 
ever, for  all  designing  purposes,  perspectives 
are,  to  use  a  popular   expression,  all  the  go, 
and  will  probably   remain  so  on  account  of 
■  their  comparative  cheapness.     Still  we  would 
I  recommend   the    architectural    student,  who 
wishes  to  obtain  a  thorough  understanding  of 
his  profession,   to  trj-  his  hand  at  modelling. 
Architectural   models    are   made    in    wood, 
plaster,  cork,  and  cardboard.     Wood  has  been 
perhaps  the  general  favourite  for  architects  in 
preparing  their   designs,  the    other  materials 
having    been    employed    more   for    finished 
models  of  existing  buildings.    Amongst  well- 
known  wooden    models    we    may    mention 
Wren's   original  design   for   St.    Paul's   Ca- 
thedral,   and    the    design  for    St.    Martin's, 
Charing    Cross,   by    Gibbs,    both    in    South 
Kensington    Museum,    and  both    exemplify 
what  maybe  generally  said  of  wooden  models, 
that   they  are  coarse    and     unfinished,    and 
appear  more  like   carpenter's  work  than  that 
of  an  artist.      There   are,  however,  many  ex- 
ceptions to  this  rule,  especially  in  models  for 
roofs   at  South  Kensington,   which   are  very 
numerous,  and  some  of  them  very  beautiful. 
Some  of  the  most  successful  models  that  have 
ever  been  made   are  undoubtedly  in  plaster. 
There  are    several  beautiful  models  in   this 
material  at  the  British  Museum  and  at  South 
Kensington. 

Cork  has  many  advantages  as  a  modelling 
material,  and  is  very  easily  worked,  bat  is 
much  more  suitable  for  models  of  old  build- 
ings and  ruins  than  for  new  buildings.  We 
should  not  recommend  it  to  the  student, 
though  with  it  he  would  probably  have  his 
model  made  in  a  few  days,  without  any  of 
that  accuracy  and  careful  attention  to  detail 
which  will  alone  improve  him.  Visitors  to 
the  International  E.xhibition  of  1862  will  pro- 
bably remember  a  series  of  models  of  the 
English  cathedrals  in  this  material ;  cork 
thumbs  and  fingers  answered  for  pinnacles 
and  spires,  and  mouldings  were  altogether  ig- 
nored. 

Cardboard  is,  perhaps,  the  best  material  for 
the  student  to  work  in.  It  requires  less  spe- 
cial training  than  the  others  ;  the  modeller 
naed  not  be  a  carpenter  or  a  plasterer — not  a 
workman  who  knows  how  to  employ  wine- 
bottle  corks  and  dinner  knives — to  make 
a  good  model  in  cardboard  ;  nor  does  he  re- 
quire a  special  work-room  and  large  assort- 
ment of  tools.  His  ordinary  stock  consists  of 
a  sharp  pen-knife,  with  long,  fine  point  ;  a 
piece  of  smooth,  close-grained  board,  to  cut 
on  ;  half-a-dozen  netting  needles,  of  various 


sizes  ;  half-a-dozen  cobblers'  punches,  also  of 
different  sizes  ;  and  a  piece  of  lead,  to  punch 
holes  on. 

Let  us  suppose  that  the  student  has  fixed 
upon  his  subject — and  this  is  a  matter  which 
requires  a  little  consideration.  Gothic  build- 
ings are  better  than  Classic  ;  they  will  not 
present  so  many  difiiculties,  and  will  please 
more  when  finished  ;  but  the  student  had  bet- 
ter not  attempt  too  much.  Don't  let  him  be- 
gin on  a  cathedral,  for  instance;  if  he  does, 
it  is  a  hundred  to  one  that  it  will  never 
be  finished.  The  maker  of  the  splendid 
model  of  Milan  Cathedral  in  the  Exhibition 
of  1862  was  twenty-one  years  in  completing 
his  task.     And,   above   all,  don't  attempt  to 


to  consider  how  he  can  best  represent  the 
windows,  canopies,  &c.,  by  means  of  difl'erent 
thicknesses  of  cardboard,  but  this  can  be  better 
explained  by  an  example  :— 

Let  fig.  1  be  a  drawing  of  a  window  and 
lialustrade  over,  and  fig.  5  a  section  of  the 
arch  mould.  This  window  has  to  be  repre- 
sented with  its  mouldings,  liy  ditferent  pieces 
of  cardboard,  gummed  one  behind  the  other, 
and  each  cut  in  a  dilferent  manner.  It  is  im- 
possible to  represent   exactly  the  curved  sec- 


ff 


SC 


model  Nature— no  moss,  ivy,  and  trees ; 
no  sanded  gravel  walks.  Nature  is  inimit- 
able, and  these  devices  will  only  mar  the 
artistic  effect  of  the  work.  The  next  thing 
we  would  warn  the  student  against  is  making 
his  work  half  a  model  and  half  a  drawing ;  it 
is  very  easy  to  draw  the  elevations  of  a  build- 
ing, with  all  the  mouldings,  canopies,  &c., 
neatly  pourtrayed  in  ink,  and  then  just  to  cut 
out  the  window  openings  ;  but  this  is  not 
modelling.  In  real  modelling,  the  mouldings, 
the  canopies,  and  detail  must  be  modelled  in 
relief,  drawing  being  only  introduced  when 
the  ett'ect  cannot  be  obtained  in  any  other 
way.  Some  modellers  colour  the  different 
parts  to  imitate  the  materials  of  which  the 
building  is  composed,  but  nothing  looks  better 
than  cardboard,  left  in  its  ivory  whiteness. 
A  small   country  church,   or    an    ancient 


oooooo 

ric.z. 


example  in  Early  Decorated,  for  instance, 
forms  a  capital  subject  to  begin  upon.  When 
the  student  has  made  his  selection  and  ob- 
tained accurate  measured  drawings  of  every 
part,  the  next  important  thing  to  fix  on  is  the 
scale  ;  and  here,  again,  if  he  is  too  ambitious, 
and  wishes  to  make  his  model  too  large,  he 
wUl  run  into  all  sorts  of  ditficulties,  and^  his 
work  will  be  coarse  and  unsatisfactory.  For  a 
small  church  he  will  find  that  from  12in.  to 
15in.  is  quite  enough  for  the  total  length. 
When  this  is  settled,  let  him  draw  out  (on 
paper  first),  each  side,  and  every  separate 
wall,  such  as  the  wall  of  a  porch  or  the  wall 
of  a  tower,  will  form  a  separate  side  to  the 
scale  of  his  model,  leaving  a  blank  for  all 
buttresses  and  projections  ;  then  he  wUl  have 


t^  IG.4-- 


Fic.Z. 


f\f\ 


tiou  shown  in  fig.  5  a,  which  must  be  reduced 
to  an  angular  form,  similar  to  that  shown  in 
fig.  .0  h,  like  a  pattern  for  worsted  work.  The 
balustrade  must  be  treated  in  the  same  way, 
as  shown  in  fig.  G  a  and  h.  The  student  may 
then  be  said  to  have  settled  the  way  in  which 
he  means  to  go  to  work.  Let  him  take  a  piece 
of  the  best  Bristol  board,  not  too  thick,  about 
three  thicknesses  of  ordinary  notepaper  is 
the  best  ;  he  will  next  mark  out  pieces 
the    size     of    the    side    he    is     modelling, 


I 


ric.  s. 


which  will  form  the  pieces  numbered  on 
fig.  .5  h.  No.  1  will  be  cut  out,  as  shown  on 
fig.  2.  The  windows  will  be  a  simple  arched 
opening,  and  the  balustrade  a  series 
of  circular  openings,  cut  with  a  splay, 
as  shorni  on  fig.  6  h.  The  position  of 
the  string  mouldings  and  the  label  mould 
must  be  indicatecf  in  light  pencil.  In 
No.  2  the  window  will  be  cut  out  in  a  similar 
manner,  but  a  trifle  smaller,  so  as  to  show 
just  within  the  other ;  the  balustrade  must 


a  series  of  quatrefoils  to 
the  circles  of  No.  1,  as  shown  for  the  tracery 
in  fir'.  4.  And  now  the  cobblers'  punches  will 
pro\^e  useful:  to  cut  out  small  riuatrefoils 
with  a  penknife  would  be  very  tedious,  and 
to  make  them  sharp  and  clean  almost  impos- 
sible ;  the  cobblers'  punches  meet  the  diffi- 
culty. Shoemakers  use  these  for  piercing 
holes  for  shoe  laces,  and  they  vary  in  size 
from  l-16th  to  3-16ths  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 
They  may  be  bought  at  an  ironmonger's,  and 


852 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


December  6,  1867. 


may  Ije  olitaiued  to  screw  into  a  straight 
handle,  instead  of  set  iu  pinchers  in  the  usual 
F-ic.o.  ■vvay.  Fig.  9  is  a  drawing  of  the 
handle  and  punch.  If,  however,  these 
cannot  be  obtained,  there  are  two  or 
three  other  liinds  that  will  answer 
equally  as  well  ;  all  that  is  wanted  is 
something  to  punch  holes  of  all  sizes 
neatly  in  the  card.  In  using  them, 
place  the  card  on  a  flat  piece  of  lead, 
and  the  punch  on  the  place  where 
you  want  the  liole  pierced,  then  give 
the  handle  a  sharp  blow  with  the 
hammer.  In  the  same  way  a  trefoil, 
a  quatrefoil,  or  any  other  cusped 
opening,  may  be  made  by  three  or 
^g      four  applications  of  the  punch,  as  is 

f^     shown   lu   tig.  10.      The   quatrefoils, 
^     therefore,  in  our   balustrade   will  be 
'i       made   by  four    holes   close    together 
"       so   as  to  show  behind    each  circular 
opening  in  No.  1. 

No.  3  will  form  the  solid  wall  behind  the 
balustrade,  and  the  window  will  be  cut  out 
the  same  as  before,  but  a  little   smaller  still. 


From  this  time  we  have  done  with  the  balus- 
trade. No.  4  will  form  the  first  part  of  the 
tracery,  the  skeleton  or  principal  lines  of 
which  must  be  cut  out  as  indicated  in  fig.  3. 
The  cusping  is  cut  out  in  No.  5,  which  com- 
jjletes  this  part  of  the  window  ;  if  the  heads 
of  the  lower  treibils  are  pointed,  as  shown  in 
our  example,  a  snip  witii  a  penknife  on  the 
punched  hole  answers  the  purpose. 

The  label  mould  will  be  cut  out  in  two 
thicknesses,  as  shown  in  figs.  7  and  8,  and 
long  strijjs  of  dift'erent  thicknesses  will  answer 
for  the  stringcourses,  and  we  shall  then  have 
prepared  all  our  materials  for  the  chief 
masonry  of  the  walls.  In  cutting  straight 
lines,  such  as  the  jambs  of  the  windows  and 
doors,  a  small  steel  ride  to  guide  the  knife  will 
prove  a  very  great  assistance. 

"We  shall  conclude  our  observations  on  this 
subject  in  our  next  number. 


THE  PARIS  EXHIBiriON  AND  SCHOOLS 
OF  AKT. 

In  that  colossal  arena  lately  erected  in  the  Champ 
de  Mars,  and  now  about  to  be  dismantled,  were 
collected  from  the  four  quarters  of  the  globe  every 
production,  whether  mental,  mechanical,  or  agri- 
cultaral,  which  could  tend  to  instruct  the  mind  of 
man,  or  to  economize  his  time  and  labour.  Thus 
were  to  be  seen  in  abundance  the  most  recent  in- 
ventions, the  latest  discoveries,  the  most  improved 
methods  of  utilizing  some  particular  mineral,  or 
Bome  particular  machine  whose  secret  properties 
or  force  were  either  ignored  or  misapplied  before. 
Amidst  this  display,  however,  of  the  world's 
greatest  wonders,  the  art  teacher  or  student  sought 
in  vain  for  methods  or  systems,  adopted  by  other 
countries,  whereby  the  novice  could  derive  in- 
struction in  the  rudiments  of  art,  and  be  led  step 
by  step  through  its  various  stages.  This  is  greatly 
to  be  regretted  ;  art  teachers  would  have  derived 
great  benefit  by  studying  and  observing  the  va- 
rious systems  employed  at  the  schools  of  art 
throughout  Europe.  As  France  .and  Belgium  were 
perhaps  the  only  two  countries  in  Europe  where 
art  had  been  to  a  great  extent  systematically 
taught,  and  where  it  had  always  occupied  a  place 
in  the  Code  of  Public  Instruction  before  our 
schools  of  art  were  even  contemplated,  it  became 
a  great  matter  of  surprise  to  those  connected  with 
the  department  that  such  a  void  or  hi.-itus  should 
ever  have  been  allowed  to  remain  unoccupied.  It 
is  frivolous  to  argue,  even  if  necessitj'  obliged, 
that  students'  work  would  pale  by  the  side  of  the 
great  masters  ;  no  more  we  think  than  the  raw 
material  lends  a  sickly  contrast  to  the  highly 
finished  fabric,  or  the  rude  block  of  wood  and 
rough-coated  rod  of  iron  to  the  smooth  andfaidt- 
lesa  ride.  Practically  considered,  the  mode  of 
progression  in  art,  if  we  may  so  terra  it,  might 
certainly  have  been  exhibited,  not  for  the  admira- 
tion of  the  idler,  but  for  the  serious  contemplation 
of  those  concerned  in  the  more  arduous  work  of 


teaching.  One  cannot  disguise  the  fact  in  exploring 
the  numerous  belts  of  the  Exhibition,  that  if  we 
keep  step  with  our  neighbours  in  surface  design 
we  are  certainly  far  belund  them  in  relief  decora- 
tion, both  in  figure  and  ornament.  Looking  at 
the  collection  exhibited  by  the  imperial  manufac- 
tory of  Sevres  and  Limoges,  do  we  not  see  that 
many  of  the  vases  and  amphoric  stand  unrivalled. 
Even  when  compared  to  the  recently  revived 
Venetian  ware  of  M.  Ginori,  we  must  confess, 
that  if  we  match  them  in  some  respects,  in  colour, 
yet  in  graceful  composition  of  style  they  are  in- 
finitely our  superiors.  This  excellence  is  not  con- 
fined to  ceramic  art ;  furniture,  bijouterie,  archi- 
tectural details  alike  sustain  this  conclusion. 
Perhaps  this  fact  has  greater  reference  to  our 
schools  of  art  than  at  first  sight  appears.  How 
few  of  our  students  attend  the  modelling  classes 
in  comparison  to  those  engaged  upon  surface  de 
sign.  The  medium  of  expression  to  the  learner 
may  not  be  so  agreeable,  the  appreciation  of  form 
also  in  the  abstract — certainly  form  in  relief — re- 
quires a  much  higher  taste,  study,  and  thought, 
and  lacks  the  attraction  and  embellishment  of 
colour.  This  year  our  national  competition  of 
drawings,  &c.,  at  South  Kensington,  betrays  as 
usual  the  same  fact,  so  much  so  that  the  exa- 
miners were  unable  to  award  the  gold  medal  for 
the  figure  modelled  from  the  antique.  Many 
difficulties  attend  our  modelling  classes,  especially 
those  in  smaller  towns,  difficulties  deserving  the 
consideration  of  the  authorities  at  the  Depart- 
ment ;  sometimes  these  are  in  the  procuring  of 
materials,  at  others  the  separate  space  and  accom- 
modation required,  and  in  all,  the  greater  restric- 
tions necessarily  placed  upon  works  submitted  for 
competition. 

May  it  not  be  asked,  cannot  these  be  lessened  if 
not  removed,  and  something  devised  to  stimulate 
to  exertion  and  to  draw  the  better  class  of  pupil 
into  this  work  ?  Why  should  our  modelling 
classes,  small  as  they  are,  be  mainly  composed  of 
plasterers  and  carvers,  who  practise  modelling 
principally  to  acquire  facility  in  their  daily  work, 
and  not  for  the  pmrpose  of  designing  ?  Whether, 
as  of  old  in  the  case  of  surface  design  (Stage  22  b 
and  e),  if  the  geometrical  or  block  shape  of  an 
article  were  furnished,  the  student  lieing  required 
to  enrich  it  in  a  given  style  or  period  ;  and  in  the 
more  elementary  work  (Stage  18  c),  a  flat  example 
supplied  each  year  to  all  the  schools  to  be  ren- 
dered in  relief — would  meet  in  any  way  the  end  in 
view  is  of  course  a  question.  At  all  events,  they 
would  be  very  inexpensive  experiments  to  adopt, 
and  many  of  the  valuable  objects  in  terra  cotta 
and  majolica  in  the  museum  would  readily  sug- 
gest fitting  examples  for  the  purpose.  And  where 
as  in  many  of  our  schools  a  large  collection  of 
antique  figures  is  out  of  the  question,  could  not 
photographs  of  these  subjects  be  lent  to  the 
schools,  to  be  employed  as  copies  for  the  round  or 
elief — every  school  throughout  the  kingdom  to 
be  firovided  with  the  same  examples  selected  by 
the  Department  for  competition  ?  This  plan 
would,  we  think,  test  the  imitative  power  of  each 
competitor,  and  bring  out  any  latent  talent  he 
might  possess.  Again,  in  very  many  of  our  schools 
of  art  a  life  class  for  the  study  i  f  the  nude  model,  if 
not  impossible,  is  certainly  impracticable.  Would 
not  photographs,  therefore,  from  good  living 
models  of  both  sexes  be  a  great  boon  to  many  of 
our  schools,  to  be  modelled  iu  the  round  or  relief  ? 
Obviously  one  great  advantage  would  be,  that 
monetary  positions,  positions  a  model  could  not 
maintain  for  any  time  might  be  secured ;  surely 
this  would  render  incalculable  service  to  designers, 
who  are  now  in  very  many  cases  quite  debarred 
from  studying  the  living  model.  May  not  the 
success  of  the  French  in  figure  decoration  be 
greatly  attributed  to  the  course  of  study  pursued 
at  the  schools  of  design.  The  life  class  at  the 
Ecole  Imperiale  de  Dessin  is  numerously  attended 
each  day  by  designers,  and  of  these  by  far  the 
larger  proportion  are  modellers.  A  visitor  to  these 
and  similar  schools  iu  France  can  hardly  faU  to  see 
that  modelling  is  studied  to  a  very  much  greater 
extent  there  than  in  England.  With  us  it  exists 
only  in  name,  but  with  them  it  is  a  leading  feature 
in  their  art  studies.  The  collection  of  life  studies 
exhibited  at  the  Ecole  Imperiale  et  Speciale  des 
Beaux  Arts,  painted  by  the  students  from  the 
nude  model — the  size  of  life  .and  half  length — 
show's  the  superiority  of  this  mode  of  study  over 
that  generally  practised  at  our  schools,  viz.,  the 
draped  model  or  portraiture,  rather  than  the  more 
legitimate  study  of  the  figure. 

The  stranger  in  entering  Paris  cannot  fail  to  be 
struck  with  the  regularity  of  the  streets,  its 
spacious  boulevards,  lined  with   rows   of  houses 


displaying  a  taste  and  style  of  architecture  not  to 
be  met  with  in  any  modern  capital  of  Europe.  Of 
course  we  are  alluding  to  the  new  rinartiers  of  the 
city,  and  the  old  ones  will  no  doubt  at  the  rapid 
strides  made  in  the  work  of  demolition,  be  soon 
rebuilt  with  a  similar  class  of  buildings.  From 
his  observation  he  must  arrive  at  the  conclusion 
that  the  study  of  architecture  appears  to  be  of 
general  interest  and  to  be  more  cultivated  than  it 
is  with  us.  Certainly  amongst  the  many  efforts 
made  for  the  advancement  of  .architecture  in  Paiis 
at  the  present  time,  the  establishment  of  the' 
Ecole  Centr<ale  d' Architecture  occupies  a  pro- 
minent position.  It  is  now  in  the  second  year  of 
its  formation.  The  course  of  study  embraces 
three  years  ;  the  pupils  are  placed  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  chefs  d' ateliers,  and  they  receive,  be- 
sides, instruction  from  professors  in  the  various 
branches  of  drawing.  The  first  year  of  his  en- 
trance to  the  school  the  pupil  attends  lectures 
'  e.aring  upon  the  sciences  connected  with  aichi- 
tecture  ;  these  have  a  wide  and  general  character. 
In  the  second  and  third  years  lectures  are  given 
on  theoretical  and  mathematical  subjects  closely 
connected  with  his  future  profession.  In  these 
two  years  subjects  are  also  given  out  monthly  to 
the  pupils  consisting  of  written  specifications  of 
buildings  to  be  erected  or  of  others  iu  which 
alterations,  improvements  or  additions  are  to  be 
made.  Each  student  is  expected  to  complete  the 
designs  on  his  paper  in  the  month.  This  is  a 
great  feature  in  the  course  of  study  pursued  at  the 
Ecole  d'Architecture,  which  from  all  accounts  ap- 
pears to  be  most  successful;  andfomt.he  wide 
range  of  subjects  selected  of  much  practicd  value 
to  the  student.  This  plan  of  monthly  testing  the 
powers  of  the  pupils  cannot  be  too  highly  com- 
mended. Thedirecteur,  M.  Trelat,  kindly  showed 
us  many  of  these  papers  comprising  subjects  such 
as  a  wing  to  be  added  to  a  mansion,  stables  to 
be  attached  to  a  chateau,  market-places,  and 
public  lavatories  fo'r  provincial  towns,  and  edifices 
of  different  character  suited  to  large  cities,  to  be 
erected  ;  in  each  case  the  requirements  are  stated 
in  writing  and  the  area  of  ground  given.  The 
student  becomes,  in  fact,  for  the  time  a  quasi 
architect,  whose  abilities  and  powers  for  beautify- 
ing a  mansion,  harmonizing  different  styles,  or 
economising  space  are  put  to  a  practical  test.  The 
elementary  work  at  the  schools  of  art  is  neces- 
sarily of  the  same  uniform  character ;  examples, 
all  being  supplied  by  the  Department,  erring  in 
this  stage  of  work  is  almost  impossible,  but  in 
special  work  might  not  a  hint  be  taken  from  the 
plan  adopted  by  the  Ecole  d'Architecture  ?  This 
applies  equally  to  the  former  suggestion,  viz., 
specified  requirements  to  be  made  by  the  Depart- 
ment ;  taste  would  directly  emanate  from  and  be 
directed  by  it.  ■  The  subjects  should  be  of  suffi- 
cient variety  to  suit  the  capacities  of  alb  By 
these  means  much  of  the  fruitless  toil  might 
be  avoided,  and  many  of  the  incongruous  and 
aimless  drawings  and  models  from  being  per- 
petrated. 

The  important  position  enamel  has  recently  tal;en 
in  the  decorative  arts,  will  not  be  overlooked  by 
the  visitor  at  the  Exhibition.  Colour  is  the  chief 
element  in  decoration,  and  colour  to  be  brilliant 
must  be  used  transparently ;  hence  its  great  beauty 
when  associated  with 'glass.  The  transparent  glaze 
upon  majolica  ware,  della-robbia,  and  porcelain,  is 
simply  a  coating  of  fused  glass.  This  art  of  using 
colours  in  combination  with  that  description  of 
glass  which  may  be  fixed  upon  metals  is  properly 
enamel.  Some  of  the  various  kinds  of  enamel  at 
the  Exhibition  which  deserve  special  notice  are 
exhibited  by  M.  Charles  Lepec,  M.  Popelin,  M. 
Barbedienue,  and  Elkington  and  Co.  for  England. 
There  are  few  things  in  this  genre  more  beautifid 
than  jewels,  and  one  of  the  objects  of  enameUiug 
is  to  produce  those  effects  of  colour  which  we 
value  so  much  in  jewellery ;  the  qualities  of  ena- 
mel, adapted  as  they  are  for  the  adornment  of 
plate,  furniture,  &c.,  surely  cannot  be  prized  too 
highly  by  our  English  designers,  who  at  present 
do  not  trust  themselves  sufficiently  to  it.  The 
qualities,  technical  requirements  and  processes  of 
enamelling  are  but  imperfectly  known  to  the  ma- 
jority of  art  students,  who  have  not  the  advantage- 
of  acquiring  these  from  personal  observation. 
Hints,  therefore,  issued  by  the  Department  in  this- 
respect,  we  presume  to  suggest,  would  be  of  great 
service  to  many. — R.  Campeeix  Puckett,  Headi 
Master,  School  of  Art,  Bath. 


WOOD  CAEVING— CHOICE  OP  'WOODSl 

Not    the    least    interesting  and    useful    portioiv 
of   Mr.    George    Alfred    Rogers'    new    work    on 


Decembf.r  G,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


853 


Wood  Carvinc;,  noticed  by  us  last  week,  is  the 
chapter  devoted  to  the  nature  of  woods.  We 
quote  the  following  observations,  which  will 
answer  the  inquiries  of  several  correspondents 
who  have  applied  to  us  on  the  subject : — It 
will  facilitate  the  progress  of  the  amateur  mate- 
rially if  wood  of  a  suitable  nature  be  used  to 
carry  out  his  intention.  With  regard  to  this  no 
laws  can  be  laid  down ;  a  few  instances,  however, 
of  woods  which  are  especially  applicable  may  be 
of  service.  Thus,  lime  wood  was  almost  exclu- 
sively used  by  Grinling  Gibbous  for  all  his  mag- 
nificent drops  and  festoons  of  fruit,  flowers,  and 
birds  at  Petworth,  Chatsworth,  Burghley,  Belton, 
Melbury,  Gatton,  and  the  numerous  other  noble 
seats  to  which  his  genius  has  imparted  such  a 
charm. 

Lime  tree  is  soft  and  pliable  to  the  tool,  and 
less  liable  to  split  and  splinter  than  almost  any 
other  wood,  which  qualities  render  it  of  great 
utility  to  ca.vers  for  carrying  out  designs  when 
lightness  and  boldness  are  equ.ally  required.  It 
takes  a  stain  well,  and  a  fair  polish,  or  it  may  be 
varnished  without  greatly  altering  the  colour  of 
the  wood,  but  giving  to  it  a  very  agreeable  box- 
wood appearance.  As  well  as  for  large  festoons, 
it  is  suitable  for  smaller  works,  such  as  book- 
stands, miniature  and  portrait  frames,  &c.* 
American  walnut  is  a  very  good  wood  for  ama- 
teurs, and  is  much  in  favour  with  them  from  its 
dark  colour.  It  has,  however,  a  more  open  grain 
than  lime,  and  therefore  requires  more  care  to 
avoid  accidents.  It  is  used  for  many  small  works 
where  much  projection  is  unnecessary,  as  book- 
racks,  letter-boxes,  watch-stands,  &c.  Sycamore, 
holly,  and  chestnut  are  amongst  the  lightest  of 
our  woods  :  the  first  is  greatly,  and,  in  fact,  prin- 
cipally used  for  bread  plates  and  potato  bowls 
aud  other  articles,  when  a  light  tint  is  a  considera- 
tion. 

When  the  amateur  has  gained  a  certain  pro- 
ficiency in  the  art,  harder  woods  may  be  worked 
without  a  great  amount  of  additional  exertion,  as 
so  much  depends  on  the  mode  of  propelling  the 
implements.  I  should  then  recommend  English 
oak,  Italian  and  English  walnut.  The  former, 
from  its  hard  and  enduring  nature,  should  as  a 
rule  be  chosen  for  executing  the  finials  or  pew 
heads,  alms-boxes,  church  and  Gothic  work  in 
general.  It  is  also  much  used  for  clock  and  hall 
brackets,  aud  for  other  pieces  of  solid  furniture, t 
Italian  walnut  is  a  rich  and  beautiful  wood  for  a 
variety  of  purposes,  such  as  cabinets,  panels, 
bookcases,  frames,  &c.  It  is  hard,  but  the  eflfect 
produced  by  its  use  amply  repays  the  extra 
labour  caused  by  the  close  texture  of  the  mate- 
rial. When  any  very  delicate  designs  have  to  be 
executed,  and  the  most  minute  finish  is  required, 
boxwood,  ebony,  or  any  other  equally  hard  and 
close-grained  woods  are  decidedly  the  best  to 
choose.  Pear-tree  is  a  pleasant  wood  for  work- 
ing, and  a  good  piece  resembles  lime  in  its  plia- 
bility. It  is  extensively  used  in  France  for  the 
same  piirposes  for  which  we  employ  lime.  Woods 
with  ornamental  grains,  as  bird's-eye  maple, 
satin-wood,  yew,  and  laburnum,  &c.,  are  not  the 
most  desirable  woods  for  carving  purposes :  the 
grain  and  colour  often  interfere  with  the  effect 
we  are  endeavouring  to  produce.  Thus  one  of 
the  eyes  of  the  maple  might  grace  the  nose  of 
a  Venus,  or  the  white  stains  of  yew  or  laburnum 
show  like  deep  gashes  across  her  otherwise  lovely 
face. 

To  procure  good  wood  for  our  purposes  the 
trees  should  be  felled  at  a  proper  time  and  age, 
and  the  wood  should  be  thoroughly  seasoned. 
The  proper  time  to  fell  oaks  and  most  other  trees 
is  when  they  fail  to  increase  in  size  more  than 
two  feet  per  annum.  If  cut  down  before  that 
period  of  their  existence  the  heart  will  not  be 
fully  developed,  and  will  not  be  as  hard  as  the 
other  part.  When  oaks  are  about  thirty  years 
old  their  gfowth  is  most  rapid.  Autumn  is  gene- 
rally considered  the  best  time  to  fell.  If  wood  be 
used  in  an  unseasoned  state  it  is  sure  to  warp  and 
twist ;  and  when  it  is  so  used  for  panels  fitted 
into  I'^ose  grooves,  it  shrinks  away  from  the  edge 
which  happens  to  be  the  most  slightly  held ;  but 
when   restrained  by  nails,  mortises,  or  other  un- 


yielding attachments,  which  do  not  allow  them 
the  power  of  contraction,  they  split  with  irre- 
sistible force,  and  the  material  and  the  workman- 
ship are  thus  brought  to  no  useful  service.  It  is, 
therefore,  very  necessary  that  the  natural  juices 
of  the  tree  be  got  rid  of  by  seasoning  it  before 
use.  After  a  tree  ha.s  been  lopped,  barked,  and 
roughly  squared,  it  is  left  some  time  exposed  to 
the  weather,  and  may  be  soaked  in  fresh  running 
water  with  advantage,  or  boiled  or  steamed.  Any 
of  these  proces.ses  tend  to  dilute  and  w.ash  out 
the  juices,  aud  the  water  readily  evaporates  from 
the  wood  .at  a  subsequent  period,  and  the  colour 
of  the  wood  will  be  much  improved  by  these 
means.  In  this  way  fir  timber,  on  its  arrival  at 
the  port  of  London,  is  formed  into  rafts  or  floats 
on  the  Thames,  and  allowed  to  remain  there  for 
some  time.  \yhen  taken  out  it  is  left  to  dry 
thoroughly  before  its  removal  to  the  sawpits. 
Thin  planks,  if  properly  exposed  to  the  air,  will 
be  seasoned  in  about  a  year,  but  the  thicker  the 
wood  the  longer  the  time  it  will  take.  Oak 
loses  nearly  two-fifths  of  its  weight  in  proper 
seasoning. 

TABLE  SHOWING  THE  VARIOUS  PROPEETIES 
OF  WOODS. 


Elasticity. 
Asli. 
Hazel. 
Hickorj. 
Lauce  wood. 
Sweet  Chestnut. 
Snako  wood. 
Yew. 

TOUOHNESS. 

Beech. 
Elm. 

Lignxun  Vitre. 
Oak. 
Waliiut. 

Evenness  of  Grain. 
Lime. 
Pear-tree. 
Pine. 

Handsome  Figure. 
Bird's-eye  Maple. 
Italian  Walnut. 
Yew, 
Oak. 

Mahogany, 
Laburnum. 


Tulip, 
Satiu  wood. 

DOHABILITY. 

Cedar. 

Oak. 

Poplar. 

Sweet  Chestnut. 

Y'ellow  deal. 

Colouring  Matteb. 
Red. 
Brazil, 
Cane  wood. 
Log  wood. 
Red  Sanders, 

ffreen. 
Green  Ebony. 

Yellow. 
Fustic. 
Zante, 

Scent, 
Camphor  wood. 
Cedar, 
Rosewood, 
Sandal  Wood, 
Satin  wood. 
Sassafras, 


*  Lime  wood  has  been  famous  for  purposes  of  sculpture 
from  very  ancient  times,  and  is  mentioned  with  praise  by 
more  than  one  classic  poet.  It  is  extensively  grown  in 
this  countrv,  though  practically  it  must  be  reckoned  a 
foreign  tree,  principally  growing  in  the  north  and  east  of 
Europe,  and  in  Lithuania,  where  there  are  enormous 
forests  of  it. 

t  The  wood  principally  used  in  the  decorative  carving  of 
our  fathedrals  during  the  Middle  Ages  was  the  true  British 
oak,  or  Qucrcus  rober. 


INSTITUTION    OP  CIVIL  ENGINEERS. 

AT  the  fourth  Ordiuary  General  Meeting,  Se.ssinn 
18(57-68,  held  on  Tuesday,  the  ijrd  inst.,  Mr.  John 
Fowler,  president,  in  the  chair,  the  first  ballot  for  the 
session  was  taken,  when  eighteen  members  and  twenty- 
three  a-ssooiateg  were  duly  elected,  including  as  members  :— 
John  .Ilallen  Ablwtt,  district  engineer,  G.I. P.  Railway, 
Munmar,  Bombay  Presidency;  Edmund  Cooper,  district 
engineer  under  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Works  ;  George 
Gordon,  resident  engineer  on  the  Madras  Irrigation  Com- 
pany's Works,  Bellary,  EI.;  Francis  Hawkes,  resident 
engineer,  G.I. P.  Railway,  Bombay;  Samuel  Waito  John- 
son, locomotive  superintendent,  G.E.  Railway,  Stratford  ; 
David  Logan,  lato  cliief  engineer.  Great  Southern  Railway 
of  India;  William  Low,  Wrexham;  John  Stevenson  Mac- 
intyre.  resident  engineer,  G.  E.  Railway,  Metropolitan  and 
Suburban  Extensions  ;  John  Mackiulay.  chief  engineer 
and  inspector  of  machinery  to  LI-M.  Dockyard,  Bombay, 
and  surveyor  to  the  port  of  Bombay  ;  Walter  McClelland, 
Bombay;  William  Menelaus,  chief  engineer  and  manager 
of  the  Dowlais  Iron  Works,  Glamorganshire;  John  Preston, 
district  engineer,  G.I.P.  Railway,  Bombay:  Thomas  David 
Roberts,  resident  engineer,  Brecon  and  Merthyr  Railway, 
Brecon;  Anthony  Sherwood,  district  engineer,  G.I.P. 
Railway,  Sholapore,  E.I.  ;  John  Frederick  Spencer,  chief 
engineer  to  the  North-Eastern  Slarine  Engineering  Com- 
pany, Sunderland  ;  William  Henry  ^Vheele^,  engineer  to 
the  borough  of  Boston,  and  to  the  Boston  Uarbour  Com- 
missioners; John  Sheldon  Wilkinson,  Slanchester  ;  and 
George  Hustwait  Wright, district  engineer,  G.I.P.  Railway, 
Jubbulpare,  E.I.  And  as  associates :— Frederick  Edward 
Archer,  Pubhc  Works  Department,  Calcutta;  Benjamin 
Baker,  Westminster;  Lieutenant  Gordon  Bigsby,  R.E., 
executive  engineer.  Department  of  Public  Works,  Bengal ; 
Herbert  Bland  Browning,  assistant  engineer,  ScLude  Rail- 
way, Umballah;  Thomas  LongColley,  Plymouth;  Charles 
Davies,  assistant  engineer,  G.I.P.  Railway,  Bombay;  Her- 
bert Louis  Augustus  Davis,  assistant  engineer,  G.I.P.  Rail- 
way, Hnoshungabad,  E.I.  ;  William  Henry  Delano,  Clieap- 
side ;  Thomas  Eastman,  resident  engineer,  Santiago  aud 
Valparaiso  Railway,  Chile  ;  John  Marshall  Easton,  district 
manager  for  the  construction  of  works,  JubbiUpore  Line, 
E.I.  Railway,  Allahabad  ;  John  Hyde  Edwards,  assistant 
engineer,  G.I.P.  Railway,  Bombay ;  Captain  Charles  Wilson 
Faber,  <lirector  G.N.  Railway  ;  Charles  Gandon,  resident 
engiiu'er  and  manager  of  the  Gas  Works,  Smyrna ;  John 
Howard,  Westminster ;  Thomas  Slanson  Rymer  Jones, 
assistant  engineer,  Madras  Railway;  James  Livesey,  West- 
minster ;  William  Luke,  assistant  engineer,  Delhi  Rail- 
way; Thomas  Edward  O'Brien,  assistant  engineer.  G  LP. 
Railway,  Nasaick.  Bombay  ;  Edward  Charles  Patterson, 
Westminster;  William  Sraallpeice,  Westminster;  William 
Tijou,  Great  George-street ;  Henry  Eltzo  Victor,  district 
engineer,  G.I.P.  Railway,  Nursingpoor,  E.I.  ;  and  James 
Birdsall  Walton,  Westminster. 

It  was  also  annoimced  that  the  Council,  acting  under  the 
provisions  of  Section  IV.  of  the  Bye-Laws,  had  that  day 
admitted  as  students  of  the  Institution  : — William  BeiTell, 
Jabez  Church,  jun.,  Edward  Crompton,  Frederick  Harry 
Mort,  Thomas  Reynolds,  William  Tweedie,  and  Antonio 
AugnstoVieria. 


SuHiiiirg  |ntclligciifc. 


OHURCnZS    AND    CHAPELS. 

The  churcli  at  Kewe,  near  Exeter,  has  been  re- 
opened after  re.storation.  Mr.  Ashwortb,  of  Exeter, 
waa  the  architect,  and  Jlessrs.  Stephen.s  ami  Son  the 
builders.  The  amount  of  tho  present  contract 
was  f  1,000,  but  a  good  deal  remains  yet  to  bo 
done. 

M.  Abelard  has  now  completed  a  series  of  New 
Testament  illustrative  carvings  in  the  canopies  of 
the  choir  stalls  at  Ely  Cathedral.  On  the  north 
side  some  four  or  five  more  panels  are  still  required 
to  complete  a  series  of  Old  Testament  subjects. 

The  n3w  Countess  of  Huntingdon  chapel  at 
Tunbridge  Wells  haa  been  opened.  The  style  ia 
Early  English,  and  the  l)»ildiiig  will  seat  about 
700  ;  Mr.  John  Wimble,  of  London,  is  the  architect. 

A  new  Congregational  chapel  has  been  opened 
at  BoUingtou.  The  style  is  Early  Decorated. 
The  length  is  65ft.  Gin.  and  the  width  Btift.,  and 
the  building  will  seat  460  persons.  The  cost  ia 
about  £2,800.  Mr.  Williamson,  of  Manchester,  was 
the  architect. 

The  improvements  and  alterations  that  for  some 
months  have  been  in  progress  at  the  church  of 
St.  John  the  Evangelist,  Edinburgh,  are  nearly 
completed  under  the  direction  o£  Messrs.  Peddie 
and  Kinuear,  architects. 

Tho  church  of  the  Holy  Trinity,  Darlington, 
wai?  reopened  last  week.  A  chancel  has  been  added 
at  a  cost  of  £1,400,  and  about  £400  more  is  to  bo 
spent  on  an  organ. 

The  parish  church  of  Upton,  Lincolnshire,  was 
reopened  on  the  21st  ult.  after  restoration.  The 
south  wall  and  the  chancel  arch  have  been  rebuilt, 
and  the  nave  re-roofed  and  renewed.  The 
cost  has  been  about  £1,000.  Mr.  Christian  was 
the  architect,  and  Mr.  Clipsham,  of  Norwell,  the 
contractor. 

During  the  heavy  gale  of  .Sunday  night  last  the 
whole  of  the  gable  of  St.  Edmund's  Church,  near 
Hunstanton,  was  blown  down,  leaving  only  about 
6ft.  of  wall  standing.  The  church,  which  has  been 
built  two  years  consists  only  of  a  chancel,  and  was 
intended  to  be  completed  when   funds  permitted. 

The  new  church  of  St.  James-the-Less,  at  Bristol, 
orthe  Penitentiary  chapel,  as  it  is  more  oft.  n  called, 
was  opened  on  Sunday.  The  building  will  accom- 
modate about  300  persons,  aud  has  been  erected 
from  the  designs  of  Messrs.  Pope  and  Bindon.  Mr. 
J.  P.  Stephens  was  the  contractor. 

On  Saturday  the  new  church  of  St.  Andrew's, 
West  Bromwich,  was  formally  opened.  The 
building  will  hold  400  per.son3,  and  is  in  the 
Domestic  Gothic  style.  Mr.  G.  Somers  Clarke  is 
the  architect. 

All  Saints'  district  parish  church.  Waterside, 
Derry,  was  consecrated  on  the  26th  ult.  by  the 
Lord  Bishop  of  Derry.  It  is  in  the  Early  English 
style,  and  has  been  erected  at  a  cost  of  about 
£8,000.  The  designs  were  by  Messrs.  Lanyon, 
Lynn,  and  Lanyon,  Belfast  and  Dublin.  The  con- 
tractor was  Mr.  A.  M'Elwee,  Derry. 

The  AVesleyan  Methodist  chapel  at  Wesley- 
place  was  reopened  on  the  29th  ult.  It  is  in  the 
Italian  style.  Messrs.  Gibson  and  Maude  were 
the  builders,  and  Mr.  D.  Whiteoak  superintended 
the  building,  under  the  direction  of  Messrs. 
Lockwood  and  Mawson,  architects,  Bradford. 

A  new  Congregational  chapel  was  opened  at 
Lewisham  on  the  24th  ult.  It  is  in  the  Gothic 
style,  second  period.  The  exterior  is  of  Kentish 
Rag,  with  dressings  of  Bath  stone.  The  length  is 
125ft,,  width  63£t.,  height  of  ceiling  46ft,,  of 
tower  and  spire  169ft.  The  building  accommo- 
dates 1,100. 

A  new  Presbyterian  church  at  Whitehouse, 
County  Antrim,  was  opened  on  the  24th  ult.  It 
is  in  the  Venetian-Gothic  style,  and  is  capable  of 
accommodating  600  persons.  The  designs  were 
by  Messrs.  Bell  and  Marsh,  of  High-street,  Bel- 
fast, and  Messrs.  Hill  and  Johnston  were  the  con- 
tractors.    The  cost  will  be  about  £1,700. 

The  new  Independent  chapel  at  Blandford, 
Dorset,  was  opened  on  Tuesday  last.  The  design 
is  Gothic,  containing  school  and  assembly  rooms, 
class  rooms,  aud  vestry  in  the  rear  of  the  chapel. 
It  ia  situated  nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  town. 
Mr.  Stent,  of  Warminster,  was  the  architect,  and 
Mr.  Walden,  of  Christchurch,  the  contractor. 


854 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


December  G,  1867. 


The  very  interestinf;  chiirch  of  St.  Chad,  Pat- 
tingham,  South  Stalibrdshire,  has  been  restored  \<j 
Mr.  Gilbert  Scntt.  The  plau  consists  of  a  re 
markably  beautiful  Fiist  Pointed  chancel,  with  a 
large  east  coujjet,  a  clerestoried  nave  of  two  bays, 
■with  a  Romanesque  arcade  to  the  north,  and  a 
Middle  Pointed  one  to  the  south  (the  whole  of 
unusual  proportionate  height),  and  a  western 
tower. 

At  the  Dedication  Festival  of  St.  Andrews, 
"Wells-street,  the  lowest  portion  of  the  new  reredoa 
designed  by  Mr.  Street  was  uncovered.  It  is  said 
to  be  of  great  beauty,  and  to  add  very  much  to 
the  appearance  of  the  church. 

The  architectural  movement,  says  the  "  Eccle- 
eiologist, "  is  rife  at  Cambridge.  The  noble 
tower  of  St.  John's  Chapel  has  reached  its 
pinnacles.  Mr.  Scott  is  busy  recasting  Peter- 
house  to  the  Gothic  aspect  of  which  the  mis- 
chievous activity  of  the  eighteenth  century  de- 
prived it.  Queen's  Hall  has  been  decorated  under 
Mr.  Bodley's  care  with  a  chimney-piece,  adorned 
with  Messrs.  Morris  and  Marshall's  glazed  tiles ; 
and  the  same  artists  have  put  in  an  eastern  win- 
dow at  the  new  church  of  All  Saints,  in  close 
imitation  of  the  figure  glass  of  the  latest  fifteenth 
century.  Caius  College  is  going  to  rel.uild  its 
first  court,  including  the  houses  at  the  corner  of 
Senate  House  Pa-ssage  and  Trinity  street,  from  Mr. 
Waterhouse's  designs,  in  Francis  the  First  Re- 
naissance, with  a  bold  skyline,  so  as  to  correspond 
with  the  Gate  of  Wisdom. 

Little  Oakley  Church,  K"orthant.5,  has  been 
thoroughly  though  mo.^t  conservatively  restored, 
at  the  expense  of  the  Duke  of  Buccleuch,  under 
Mr,  William  Slater  and  Mr.  R.  Herbert  Carpenter. 
It  follows  the  usual  type  of  the  small  local 
churches — a  nave  of  three  bays  (with  north  and 
south  aisles),  Early  Pointed  chancel,  a  late 
clerestory  being  added  to  the  nave,  and  windows 
of  a  late  date  inserted  here  and  there.  Very 
many  of  the  ancient  oak  seats  remain,  with 
curiously  carved  and  gi'otesque  poppy-heads. 
These  have  been  refixed  in  their  original  position.s, 
and  the  new  seats  follow  their  type.  In  the  chan- 
cel are  some  magnificent  and  valuable  monu- 
ments to  ancestors  of  the  Dukes  of  Buccleuch. 
The  contractors  were  Mr.  Brown,  of  Kettering, 
and  Mr.  Patrick,  of  Geddingtou,  and  the  clerk  of 
works  was  Mr.  W.  Thompson. 

The  chancel  of  Harkstead  Church,  Suffolk,  has 
been  reijpened,  after  having  been  nearly  rebuilt 
imder  Mr.  W.  Slater  and  Mr.  R.  Herbert  Carpen- 
ter, aa  a  memorial  to  the  late  rector,  at  the 
expense  of  the  Berners  family.  The  ancient 
Faster  Sepulchre,  and  two  piscinse,  were  the  only 
objects  of  any  interest  in  the  church.  The  chan- 
cel walls  have  been  refaced  with  chopped  sea- 
flints,  with  dressings  of  Ancaster  stone.  The 
local  cement  stone  (dredged  up  from  the  mouth  of 
the  Orwell)  had  been  used  for  a  facing,  and  the 
buttresses  have  been  rebuilt  entirely.  The  roof  is 
partly  of  oak  and  partly  of  deal ;  it  is  of  hammer- 
lieam  construction,  with  tracery  in  the  spandrils. 
There  was  never  any  chancel  arch,  so  the  western 
truss  now  forms  a  quasi-arch,  and  rests  on 
columns  of  Irish  green  marble.  A  rich  reredos  is 
to  be  erected,  of  alabaster  and  choice  marbles, 
and  the  walls  are  prepared  for  and  will  be 
decorated  with  fresco  paintings,  as  well  as  the 
roof.  The  contractor  was  Mr.  Cunnold,  of  Ips- 
wich. The  carving  is  by  Forsyth,  and  the  marble 
work  by  Messrs.  Sibthorpe,  of  Dubhn. 


Upwards  of  300  superior  dwellings  for  artizans 
have  been  erected  at  Bowling,  near  Bradford,  by 
Jlr.  H.  AV.  Ripley,  the  object  of  this  gentleman 
being  that  the  houses  should  be  purchased  by 
those  who  reside  in  them,  and  every  facility  is 
afforded  for  this  purpose.  They  are  fitted  with 
water-closets,  have  a  plentiful  supply  of  gas  and 
water,  and  each  house  has  a  private  yard  at  the 
back  and  small  garden  in  front,  while  the  streets 
are  wide,  well-drained,  and  will  be  complete'!  in  a 
substantial  manner.  No  great  architectural  dis- 
play has  been  attempted,  but  even  in  this  parti- 
cular the  houses  are  superior  in  style  to  the  gene- 
ral run  of  cottage  property.  Messrs.  Andrews, 
Son,  and  Pepper  are  the  architects,  who  have  also 
designed  a  capacious  school-room  for  the  rise  of 
the  residents.  The  school  building  is  in  the 
French-Gothic  style. 


TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 

To  Our  Readers. — We  sliall  feel  obliged  to  any  of  our 
readers  who  vrill  favour  us  with  brief  uotea  of  works  con- 
templated or  in  progress  in  the  provinces. 

Letters  relating  to  advertisements  and  the  ordinary  busi- 
ness of  the  Pa|ier  should  bo  addressed  to  the  EDITOR, 
31,  TAVISTOCK  STREET,  COVENT  GARDEN,  W.C. 

Advertisements  for  the  current  week  must  reach  the 
office  before  5  o'clock  p.m.  on  Thiu-sday. 

Notice.— The  BUILDING  NEWS  inserts  advertise- 
meuts  for  "  SITUATIONS  WANTED,"  &c.,  at  ONE 
SHILLING  for  the  first  Twenty-four  Words. 


BUILDINGS. 

On  Friday  last  the  foundation  stone  of  the 
Abbot  Memorial  Orphan  Asylum  was  laid  at  New- 
castle. Messrs.  Austin  and  Johnson  are  the  archi- 
tects. The  building  will  accommodate  60  children, 
and  will  present  externally  the  appearance  of  a 
mansiou  in  the  style  prevailing  in  the  earlier 
years  of  James  I.  The  materials  employed  will 
be  red  pressed  bricks  and  stone  dre-sings.  Mr. 
Walter  Scott  is  the  contractor  for  the  works. 

A  new  convalescent  hospital  is  about  to  be 
erected  at  Cookridge,  near  Leeds,  from  designs 
prepared  by  Messrs.  NesSeld  and  Shaw,  architects. 
The  ground  floor  of  the  building  will  be  of  red 
brick  neatly  walled  upon  a  bold  stone  plinth 
cornice  ;  the  first  or  chamber  storey  will  be  of  com- 
mon brick,  which  will  be  faced  with  ornamental 
tiles.  The  cost  of  the  building,  it  is  stated,  will 
be  about  £6,000,  and  the  works  are  expected  to  be 
shortly  proceeded  with. 

New  schools  have  been  opened  at  Salters'  Hall, 
Newport,  Salop.  Mr.  J.  F.  Cobb  was  the  builder 
and  the  architect  was  Mr.  Edmund 
A.E.I  B.A.,  of  Liverpool. 


Received.— T.  S.— H.  and  N.— R.  G.— J.  W  — J  A  H 
— R.  H.  C— J.  B.— J.  T.  F— V.  K.— W.  G.  W.-W.  W  — 
C.  G.  D.— .1.  F.  P.— A.  and  Co.— H.  W.— T.  P.— J.  B.— 
A.  M.-C.  P.— G.  S.  C.-E.  A.  T.— J.  H.— W.  and  W.— 
A.  D.— J.  D.  W.-G.  H.  G.— N.  .and  P.— B.  J.  T.^  P  — 
L.  A.— J.  and  R.  F.— C.  F.— W.  B.  T.  S.— H.  C.-C.  J.  I. 
and  B.  (Sheffield),  the  photograph  was  not  enclosed. — 
P.  B.  should  have  enclosed  stamps.  -R.  C.  P. 

L.  A. — The  engraving  of  the  proposed  Stratford  Town 
Hull,  with  plan,  will,  we  believe,  appear  this  day  fortnight. 

W.  R.  T.  (Swansea).— Send  the  drawings.     Perhaps  so. 

W.  T.  (Belfast). — Yoar  question  on  architects'  pupils  has 
been  answered  two  or  three  times. 

J.  B. — The  cheque  was  sent  on  November  21. 

W.  II.  T.— Too  long  and  too  full  of  algebraic  formulae  for 
practical  use. 

The  author  of  the  design  "Truth,"  sent  to  the  Ryde 
competition,  is  requested  to  communicate  with  W.  O. 
Lane,  honorary  secretary  to  the  committee,  West-street, 
Ryde. 

Tub  RESTonATiON  of  Chichester  Cathedral  Choir. 
— Sir, — In  your  notice,  the  arcbilects'  names  are  printed 
thus:  Mr.  W.  Slater  and  Mr.  R.  Herbert,  "carpenter." 
A  "  carpenter "  was  not  the  architect,  but  the  architect 
was  "Carpenter."— I  am,  &c.,  R.  Herbbbt  Carpekter, 
4,  Cavlton-chambers,  Regent-street,  November  29. 

Just  .IS  we  were  going  to  press  we  have  received  a  letter 
from  Mr.  Tall  in  answer  to  "Enquirer"  in  last  week's 
number.  "If  Enquirer,'  "  says  Mr.  Tall,  "  had  enquired 
of  the  proper  party,  he  would  have  learned  that  the  appa- 
ratus at  Eiist  Sheen,  so  far  from  costing  £1,000,  or  any- 
thing like  it,  would  have  paid  me  better  if  it  had  cost 
one-fifth  ol'  that  sum."  Mr.  Tall  is  going  to  deliver  a 
lecture  this  evening  before  the  Architectural  Association. 
We  shall  ijrobably  refer  to  his  apparatus  and  building  in 
concrete  in  a  future  number. 


and  modem  buildings,  of  their  various  styles 
colour,  and  mural  decoration ;  construction  • 
strengths  aud  qualities  of  materials,  and  how  they 
may  be  judged;  geometrical,  freehand,  perspective 
and  figure  drawing  ;  mathematics,  measuring  and 
taking  quantities,  and  surveying.  Were  such  an 
institution  in  existence,  what  noble  strides  our 
art  might  take,  and  how  many  old,  as  well  as 
young,  would  not  avail  themselves  of  its  advan- 
tages.— I  am,  &c.,  A.   LE  B. 


A    GEOMETRICAL    KEY    TO    THE 
PROBLEM  OF  THE  CIRCLE. 

Sir, — Within  a  given  circle  inscribe   the  three 
following  geometrical  figures,  a  hexagon,   square, 


€mxtspi\km. 

— • — 

AN   ARCHITECTURAL    COLLEGE. 
To  the  Editor  of  the  BniLDmo  News. 


and  an  equilateral  triangle,  A  A  being  one  side 
of  the  hexagon,  B  B  one  side  of  the  square,  C  C  one 
side  of  the  triangle,  and  D  D  the  diameter  of  the 
circle.  Supposing  the  circle  to  be  divided  into 
360  degrees,  the  following  proportions  will  be  evi- 
dent:—As  the  arc  A  A  (60°)  is  to  the  arc  B  B 
(90°),  so  is  the  arc  C  C  (120°)  to  the  arc  D  D  or  semi- 
circumference  of  the  circle  (180°) .  Again,  as  the 
length  of  the  chord  A  A,  a  side  of  the  hexagon,  is 
to  the  joint  lengths  of  the  chords  B  B  and  C  C  (re- 
spectively the  sides  of  square  and  triangle)  so  ia 
the  length  of  the  diameter  D  D  to  the  circum- 
ference of  the  circle.  By  multiplying  the  joint 
lengths  of  the  sides  of  square  and  triangle  B  B  and 
C  C  by  the  length  of  side  of  hexagon  A  A  the  su- 
perficial  area  of  the  circle  is  obtained.  In  addi. 
tion  to  the  foregoing  ratios  the  three  circles  shown 
in  diagram  are  also  in  proportion  to  each  other, 
the  circumscribing  circle  being  four  times  the  su- 
perficial area  of  the  circle  inscribed  within  the 
triangle  and  twice  the  area  of  the  circle  inscribed 
within  square,  the  proportions  being  as  figured  in 
diagrams  1,  2,  and  4.  Believing  that  the  foregoing 
geometrical  proportions  will  be  not  onlj'  interest- 
ing but  useful  to  some  of  your  readers,  the  ioser- 
tion  in  your  columns  will  oblige. — I  am,  &c., 
Geo.  Guillaume. 


T 
*.!* 


Kirby, 


Sir, — Much  discussion  has  lately  arisen  as  to 
the  necessity  of  systematical  technical  education, 
and  the  comparative  inferiority  which  is  likely  to 
ensue  in  the  workmanship  and  productions  of  our 
skilled  mechanics  in  consequence  of  the  want  of 
a  system  of  scientific  and  logical  technical  train- 
ing. I  am  afraid,  Sir,  that  however  much  we  may 
attempt  to  blink  the  question,  when  it  is  sted- 
fastly  and  impiirtially  looked  at,  t:  e  unpalatable 
truth  stares  us  nakedly  in  the  face,  that  for  clever- 
ness, finish,  aud  sound  workmanship,  we  are  being 
fast  outstripped  by  other  nations.  Some  of  our  most 
intelligent  mechanics  have  visited  the  Paris  Exhi- 
bition ;  it  would  be  interesting  to  have  their 
opinions  in  your  columns  as  to  the  quality,  appro- 
priateness, and  amount  of  excellence  possessed  by 
the  goods  exhibited  by  other  nations  at  that  won 
derful  show. 

Is  there  a  profession  in  England  requiring  more 
technical  knowledge  than  architecture,  and  is  there 
a  profession  or  business  in  which  less  of  such 
knowledge  is  taught  ?  Is  it  not  possible  to  esta- 
blish an  architectural  college,  where  the  art  of 
architecture  may  be  systematically  studied  under 
emiuent  professors  ?  where  we  can  have   separate 

departments  and  classes  devoted   to   architectural    ,- j,...   ,..,„„     .„.    .„o„.„.„,    ^,,^^^^,    .. 

history ;  the  principles  of  the  designs   of  ancient    slating,  tiling,  plastering,  &c.— on  which  the  cal- 


PRIZE    DESIGN   FOR    LABOURERS' 
COTTAGES. 

Sir, — I   have   seen    in    last    week's   BnTLDmo 
News  the  rules  issued  for  the  guidance  of  intend- 
ing competitors,   but  as   they  give   no  actual  in- 
formation,  perhaps   you  could  tell  me   whether 
these   rules   form  the   whole  of   the   particulars 
which    the    Council   of   the   Royal  Agricultural 
Society  intend  providing.     It   is  easy  to  imagine 
that  in  competitions  of  this  character,  where  the 
expenditure  is  limited   to   so   small  an   amount, 
greater  care  is  required  in  drawing  out  particulars 
and  giving  iuformation  than  in  those   of  a  larger 
one,  and  if  the  scanty  rules  given  in   last  week's 
paper  are  all  that  architects   are   to   be   provided 
with,  I  fear  this  will  fare  the   same   fate  as   the 
Society  of  Arts'  and   other  cottage  competitions, 
where  the  premium  has  been  awarded  to   designs 
which  could  not  be  executed  without  an  expendi- 
ture considerably  above  the  stipulated  amount. 
In  some  designs  piovision  will  be  made  for   w.iter 
supply,  while  in  others  this  will  be  disregarded ;  in 
such  case,  the  latter   is   likely  to   afford    a  better 
house   accommodation  than  the  former.     It  may 
be  thought  that   water  supply  must   of  necessity 
form  part  of  the  estimate,  but,  unless  information 
is  given,  architects  have  no  reliable   base  to  work 
upon,  and,  if  I  recollect  rightly,   in  the   Central 
Cottage    Improvement   Association    competition, 
which  took  place  some  eighteen  months  since,  the 
water   supply   formed  no  part   of    the   estimate. 
We  are  told  that  "  the  estimate  is  to  be  based  on 
the    average    cost    of   materials    and    labour    ia 
Ireland  : "  but  if,  instead  of  giving  such  a  general 
base,  the   Council  had  named  some  price   of  the 
principal   items — for  instance,   bricking,    timber, 


-i? 


-J 


December  G,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


855 


dilations  should  be  made,  every  competitor  would 
be  working  on  the  same  ground,  whereas  now  the 
prices  put  down  as  the  average  by  some  may  be  as 
much  aa  15  per  cent,  below  those  of  others,  the 
consequence  of  which  is  their  design  is  likely  to  be 
15  per  cent,  better,  and  yet,  in  both  cases,  the 
prices  may  be  the  same  as  those  upon  which  work 
is  done  in  different  parts  of  Ireland.  But  we  are 
told  to  base  the  estimate  on  the  average  price ; 
but  how  is  it  to  be  expected  that  architects  can 
incur  the  expense  and  trouble  of  ascertaining  the 
average  price  of  materials  and  labour  in  a  compe- 
tition where  the  remuneration — even  if  success- 
ful— ceases  at  the  receipt  of  the  premium.  I  hope, 
in  common,  I  think,  with  many  other  intending 
competitors,  that  the  Council  will  yet  provide  such 
detailed  particulars  as  to  enable  every  competitor 
to  work  in  a  fair  and  open  field,  and  so  that  a 
design  may  be  selected  which  can  actually  be 
executed  for  the  stipulated  amount. — I  am,  &c., 

S.  S.  S. 
•^*  We  cin  give  no  other  information,  but  will 
call  the  attention  of  the  Irish  Agricultural  Society 
to  the  subject. 

CHUKCH    OF    ST.    BARTHOLOMEW, 
SMITHFIELD. 

Sib, — I  learn  that  the  funds  for  the  restoration 
of  the  above  venerable  church  have  been  exhausted, 
and  that  the  Committee  is  asking  for  further  aid 
from  the  public,  in  their  praiseworthy  and  desirable 
work.  I  am  also  informed  that  the  restorations 
are  superintended  by  men  of  great  archaeological 
acquirements,  and,  therefore,  feel  very  diffident  in 
venturing  to  question  the  desirability  of  anything 
they  intend  to  do  in  the  matter.  I  cannot,  how- 
ever, resist  the  msh  I  have  to  state  my  very 
strong  objection  to  the  proposed  groined  roof  as 
shown  in  the  view  pulilished  in  1S63,  the  details 
of  which,  of  a  later  date,  seem  to  me  out  of  keep- 
ing with  the  simple  grandeur  of  the  existing  por- 
tions. I  should  be  glad  to  know  if  it  is  still  in- 
tended to  carry  out  this  design  for  the  roof,  and, 
if  80,  what  authority  there  is  for  supposing  that 
a  vault  was  originally  intended.  Many  years  have 
passed  since  I  saw  the  interior,  but  my  uupression 
ever  since  has  been  (and  the  views  lately  published 
have  strengthened  it)  that  a  flat  wooden  ceiling 
was  intended,  as  in  most  of  our  Xorman  churches. 
I  therefore  take  the  liberty  of  suggesting  to  the 
Committee  that,  as  there  seems  to  be  a  prospect 
of  the  work  standing  still  from  want  of  money, 
they  should  abandon  the  idea  of  a  vaulted  roof, 
and  content  themselves  with  such  a  ceiling  as 
would  have  probably  satisfied  the  original  builders 
of  the  church,  and,  which,  instead  vi — possibly- 
endangering  the  walls  by  its  weight  and  thrust, 
would  by  tying  them  together  add  considerably  to 
their  stability.  The  list  of  subscribers  would 
not,  I  think,  be  lessened  if  it  were  known  that 
the  preservation  and  strengthening  of  the  existing 
edifice  was  the  chief  object  of  the  restorers,  and 
not  the  addition  of  unnecessary  and  costly  features 
which,  however  good  in  themselves,  would,  I  fear, 
tend  rather  to  destroy  the  interest  and  admiration 
we  now  feel  for  the  old  work. — I  am,  &c., 
Birmingham.  J.  A.  C. 

CONCRETE  WALLS. 

Sib, — In  answer  to  a  letter  in  your  last  week's 
number,  from  a  gentleman  signing  himself  "  En- 
quirer," which  refers  to  a  house  bmlding  at  East 
Sheen,  I  beg  t  o  say  that  I  have  no  intention  of 
engaging  in  a  useless  controversy  on  the  merits  or 
demerits  of  concrete  as  a  material  for  walls, 
either  in  an  resthetic  or  a  constructive  point  of 
view.  I  suppose  every  architect  would  satisfy 
himself  by  careful  personal  examination — without 
much  reference  to  opinions  expressed  in  the  papers 
— before  employing  this  method  of  building.  I 
now  merely  write,  as  the  architect  of  the  house 
referred  to,  to  say  that  the  facts  and  figures  given 
by  "Enquirer"  are  altogether  incorrect.  If  he 
will  call  on  me,  which  I  think  he  shou  d  have 
done  in  the  first  instance,  to  ask  permk? 'on  before 
publishing  a  private  contract,  I  can  show  him  his 
errors. — I  am,  &c.,         Arthuk  W.  Blomfield. 

8,  Adelphi  terrace.  Strand,  December  5. 

MURRAY   V.    GILiS. 

Sir, — Permit  me  to  request  Tour  correction  of  &ome 
errors  in  your  report  npon  the  above  case. 

The  directors  did  not  arrange  for  myself  and  V.  Mnrray 
to  act  jointly.  I  received  my  appointment  uncon- 
ditionally from  the  board,  hut  the  friends  of  Mr.  Murray 
(who  was  one  of  the  unsuccessful  competitors)  induced  me 
to  make  an  arrangement  with  him  to  act  with  me,  more 
especially  in  the  construction  of  the  building,  as  I  decUned 
altogether  to  allow  any  interference  with  my  plans  or  the 
aschitectural  design  of  the  building.     I  made  this  arrange- 


ment with  Mr.  Murray   before  1  ?.aw  any  dinictor  of  the 
company,  and  slmrtly  after  my  apiiointment. 

My  ri-al  object  in  d\)fcuding  ,an  siction  for  pl.aus,  said  to  be 
valueless,  wa.^  to  prove  niy  authttrsbip  of  the  principal 
plans  and  internal  arrangement  of  tht-  biiililing.  in  addition 
to  the  arehiteetural  design  externatly  and  internally.  This 
1  did  prove,  and  the  veixiict  of  the  jury  only  gave  the  upper 
Ihx>rs  and  sections  to  the  plaintiff,  who  certainly  luail  the 
drawing  out,  hut  no  part  of  the  designing  of  the  work. — 
1  am,  ^c,  John  Giles. 


Sditcrtommuniratioii. 


QUESTIONS. 

[677.]— STRENGTH  OF  BEAMS.— I  thaU  feel  obliged 
to  any  of  yoxir  readers  or  correspou dents  who  can  give  me 
.1  simple  method  for  obtainingthe  strength  of  wrought-iron 
boam::^.  I  have  met  with  one  formula,  but  find  it  so  ab* 
Etniso  and  involving  Auch  miuut<:  and  leugthy  calculations 
that  I  am  desirous  of  obtaining  some  simpler  rule,  if  there 
be  any.— lONORAiiu.s. 


(678]  —  ST.  WILFRED'S  ROMAN  CATHOLIC 
CHURCH,  YORK. — Will  some  one  oblige  by  informing 
me  of  whom  tlie  set  of  photographs  of  the  doorway,  nave, 
capital,  ic,  of  this  church  c.in  be  obtained?  They  were 
published  in  tho  Building  News  for  December  22,  2865.-— 
Henry  Hems,  Exmouih- street,  Devon. 

[679.]— DECAY  OF  BRICKS.-I  should  feel  much 
obliged  to  any  one  who  could  inform  me  If  there  be  any, 
and.  if  bo,  the  best  means  for  preventing  decay  of  soft 
white  bricks  used  for  inside  lining  to  walls,  tho  bricks 
baring  been  exposed  to  froat? — W.  D.  J. 


(A  K  to  KI.  or  A  L  to  L  J)  m  1  t-t  V;? ;  or  when  A  K  i- 
one-third  of  A  D.  Tanyeuts  at  I  and  .T  would  then  meet 
A  D  pr'Hiuced,  at  oqiial  distances  from  K  and  L. 

What  Mr.  SwansboroiiRh  ba.s  proved  i«  simply  that  if 
you  have  a  flat-top])ed  r.Kif.  «f  au  invariable  height,  the 
slope  ofsid<.-3  that  will  bo  must  pressed  down  by  wind  is 
45  dog.  But  if,  lusteAd  of  tho  height,  the  amount  of 
sloping  surface  bo  our  fixed  oloment.  thou  this  maximuuj 
occur*  at  M|  deg,  (an  angle  cou^taiitly  meeting  \is  in 
questions  of  all  kinds,  from  tho  beeswax  building  to  astro- 
noiuv).  Lastly,  if  only  ih«  extent  of  hise  bo  fixeil,  it  is 
cisily  seen  that  no  elevation  will  bring  the  downward 
pressure  to  a  maximum,  for  the  higher  wo  go  the  nearer 
will  it  approach,  though  uovor  wiualling.  the  wind's  dirvct 
force,  on  as  much  vortical  surf.tco  as  the  base  contjiins 
horizontaL  This  is  what  Trcdgold  probably  reckoned.  I 
would  now  suggest  to  Mr.  Swanaborough  to  give  us  his 
solution  of  an  easier  question  than  either  of  these;  nnmely, 
what  is  the  pitch  of  roof  on  which  no  wind  can  produce 
more  downwanl  pnaaur©  on  one  wall  than  ou  tlie  other? — 
E.  L.G. 


[653.]— I  ara  much  obliged  to  Mr.  E.  Swaasbopotigh  for 
his  reply  to  my  question  as  to  Pressure  on  R<,K,»fs.  I  think, 
however,  he  has  not  got  a  correct  result,  because  he  assumes 
the  horizont  1  force  to  be  always  the  same,  i.'.,  equal  to 
A  D  in  his  diagram,  whereas  it  mauifo-tly  increases  with 
the  rise  of  the  roof  In  examining  his  solution  1  found 
out  why  I  had  failed  to  soh'o  tho  question  myself  when  I 
tried  it  before,  and  I  now  forw.ird  the  invo-'tigation,  the 
result  of  which  coincides  with  tho  reply  given  by 
"  E.  L  G."  in  the  Bcii-dino  Nkws  of  tho  9th  November- 
viz.,  that  the  vertical  pressure  per  foot  super  of  roof  caused 
bv  a  horizontal  wind  is  a  maximum,  where  the  pitch  is 
54J  deg. 

In  the  diagram  lot  A  B  be  the  rafter. 


[6S0.]— STONE  STAIRCASE.— It  is  proposed  to  erect 
a  stone  staircase,  in  which  I  am  practically  concerned.  Will 
any  of  your  readers  kindly  inform  me  what  ought  to  be 
tho  thickness  of  the  wall  supporting  tho  stairs,  and  how 
far  into  the  wall  the  steps  should  be  inserted  ?  The  stairs 
will  be,  when  fixed,  4ft.  wide,  treads  lOin.,  risers  6in.— A 
YocsG  Practitioner. 


[GSI.]— WOOD  BEAMS.— In  an  article  on  "Failure  in 
Construction,"  in  the  Boilding  News  of  June  7.  a  case 
is  given  of  the  breaking  of  a  wood  beam  of  Baltic  fir  of 
13iu.  X  13in.  scantling,  and  20ft.  clear  bearing,  \vith  a  load 
of  31,3251b.  distributed  over  it.  There  is,  also,  this  formula 
given- 
Feet  Lbs. 
L   X   W  20  X  31,325 


510  X  D2 


510  X  13^ 


=  lim. 


showing  that  if  the  beam  had  been  13in.  x  Tjin.  it  would 
have  been  suitable  for  the  load.  WiU  any  of  your  readers 
kindly  answer  the  following  queries : — 1.  Will  not  the 
weight  obtained  by  the  above  formula  be  the  breaking 
weight  of  a  beam  loaded  in  the  middle?  2.  If  this  be  the 
case,  is  not  half  of  the  breaking  weight  considered  as  a 
suitable  load  for  the  above  beam  to  bear? 

As  I  have  read  that  a  quarter  of  the  breaking  weight  is 
the  maximnm  strain  to  which  beams,  &c-,  may  be  safely 
subjected,  1  should  like  to  know  what  is  the  ratio  generally 
used  in  practice,  in  buildings  where  economy,  strength, 
and  diirab  lity  are  equally  considered.— Alpha. 


tiot  h  =■  horizontal  force  of  the  wind  per  foot  super. 
a  =  span  of  root 
e   =   LBAC. 
Then  the  total  horizontal  pressure  on  the  roof  =  h   x  BC 
—  h  X  ^H  X  tan.  6. 

Let  fib  be  taken  to  represent  A  x  ^  »  x  tan.  0,  and  resolve 
parallel  to  and  perpendicular  to  AB.  Then  "C  represents 
the  perpendicular  pressure  ou  the  rafter,  and  rb  the  pres- 
sure parallel  to  the  rafter,  which  produces  uo  effect. 

Resolving  ac  vertically   and   horizontally  ad  represents 
the  vertical  pressure  ou  the  whole  rafter  AB. 
Now  ad  =  ub  sin.  0  cos.  0  =  h  x  Js  x  siu,  6  cos.  9  tan.  0 
g 
=  h  X  —    X  sin.  2fl 

and  the  vertical  pressure  per  foot  of  A  B 


h  X 


X  sin.  *fl        h  X—   X  aan.  '5 


AB 


=  ft8in.-dco8.  0 


[682.]— FOREIGN  EMPLOYMENT  FOR  ARCHITECTS' 
ASSISTANTS. — Perhaps  some  of  your  re.iders  can  inform 
me,  through  your  "Intercommunication,"  if  an  English 
architects'  assistant  can  readily  obtaiu  employment  in  Paris 
or  in  any  continental  to\vn,  by  advertisingiu  the  professional 
journals,  and  if  the  salaries  given  there  are  after  the  same 
rate  as  in  England?— W.  H.  G. 


REPLIES. 

[653.]-PRESSURE  ON  ROOFS.— Mr.  Swansborough 
ha3  shown  very  well  that  a  given  current  of  wind  (one 
limited  in  dimensions  as  well  as  in  force)  will  produce 
most  downward  pressure  when  received  on  a  surface  in- 
clined 45  deg.  Now,  repeating  as  much  as  is  necessary  of 
his  fig.  2,  p.  S33.  with  the  same  letters,  he  has  supposed 
the  plane  A  E  hinged  at  A,  and  rising  as  a  flap,  and  finds 


that  any  current  or  stratum  of  wind  has  its  maximum 
do^Tiward  effect  when  E  comes  to  H,  Good  ;  now  divide 
the  mass  of  wind  into  layers,  say  au  inch  deep.  I  must 
remind  him  that  in  raising  the  flap,  he  uot  only  increases 
its  opposition  to  the  wind's  direction,  but  at  the  same 
time  intercepts  more  and  more  layers,  or  a  greater  depth 
of  wind.  This  fact,  which,  he  entirely  neglects,  he  will 
find  to  alter  the  angle  sought,  and  alter  still  more  the 
case  of  the  problem,  wluch,  I  fear,  is  not  reducible  to 
simple  geometrj'  ^vith  the  ease  he  thinks.  He  may  con- 
vince himself  that  the  downward  pressure  on  the  whole 
flap  continues  to  increase  in  raising  it  beyond  45  deg.,  if 
he  will  observe  that  while  >>cyoud  H  the  effect  of  a  single 
wind-layer  decreases,  as  he  has  shown,  in  the  ratio  that 
H  F,  IK,  Arc.  (tho  onlinates  of  the  semicircle)  decrease, 
yet  the  number  of  layers  intercepted  increases  as  J  L,  <S:c. 
(the  ordinates  of  the  quadrant  described  by  the  flap),  in- 
crease. Now  the  former,  aft-sr  passing  H,  decrease  at  first 
very  slowly  ;  while  the  ordinates  of  the  quadrant,  ju.'t 
above  its  middle,  are  still  increasing  pretty  fast.  He  will 
see  then,  that  for  some  degrees  above  the  45  deg.,  the  pro 
duct  of  pressure  from  one  layer  x  number  of  layers,  niu&t 
still  increase,  for  it  c;in  only  begin  to  wane  when  past  that 
incUnation,  A  I  J,  at  which  the  descent  of  I  just  balances 
the  ascent  of  J.  Now  it  is  found,  by  the  differential  cal- 
culus, that  the  inclination  to  produce  this  effect  must  be 
54  deg.  44  miu.  ;  or  it  occurs  when  the  base  is  to  the  height 


which  is  to  be  a  maximum. 
Ijifferentiating  we  get 

sin  '-^6  d  COS,  $  X  cos.  6  d  sin.  ^9  =  o. 
sin.  ^6  X  —  sin.  9  dO  x  cos,  9  2  sin.  9  cos.  $  d  9  =  o. 
—  sin  '6x2  cos.  -^  0  =  o 
—  sin.  20   X    2  —  2  sin.  ^  =■  o 
sin.  2tf  =   -66660 
sin.    9  =   -81650 
and    fl  =  54  deg.  44  min. 
Tlie  value  of  h  sin.  -0  cos.  9,  when  h  =  551b. — the  greato-t 
recorded  force  of  the  wind  in  England — and  9  =  54  dog. 
44min.,  is  2ri7Ib.  ;  ito*  value  when  0  =   26  deg.  34  min  , 
the  pitch  of  ordinary  slate  roofs,  is  9 "Sib. ;  so  that  in  the 
latter  case  Tredgold  allowed  for  301b.  of  snow   i>er  foot 
super  of  rafter,    which  is  equivalent  to  a  depth  of  3ft.  at 
least— H.  W. 


[656.]— STAINING  GLASS.— The  answer  given  to  this 
inquiry  in  p.  S:;i  could  hardly  be  uore  misleaJing.  "  In- 
quirer" evidently  has  a  vague  notion,  naturally  derived 
from  our  absurd  designation  of  coloured  windows  as 
*'staiued  glass,"  that  plain  glass  can  be  st£.ined  after  iis 
manufacture  with  various  tints.  Hereon  "  W.  G.  P.," 
apparently  rather  more  ignorant  of  the  matter,  copies 
&om  some  dictionary  the  names  of  all  the  metals  used  iu 
coloured  glii6.s  and  enamel,  with  which,  it  would  seem, 
either  of  these  artists  might  try  what  they  can  make  of 
some  plain  glass !  This  comes  of  the  weekly  application 
of  the  term  "stained"  to  church  windows,  whereas  wo 
might  just  as  well  call  a  building  of  varied  stones  and 
bricks,  a  "  stained  building,"  or  a  mosaic  a  "  stained  pavo- 
mrnt." 

"Inquirer"  should  be  informed  that  glass  can  only  be 
"stained,"  so  far  as  is  yet  known,  with  two  tints,  yellow 
and  orange.  It  can  be  painted  upon  with  euameb,  that 
(after  burning  in)  become  translucent  (not  transparent)  of 
any  tint ;  but  this  is  tho  art,  now  deservedly  exploded, 
by  which  our  gnmdfathers  produced  their  substitutes  for 
coloured  windows.  All  mediseval  coloured  windows,  and 
all  modern  ones  now  tolerated,  are  composed  of  glass  that 
has  never  been  white,  but  was  tinged  by  the  mixture  of 
metallic  oxides  iu  the  melting  pot ;  namely,  six  oxides  of 
these  five  metals,  oipper,  manganese,  antimony,  cobalt, 
and  silver.  Noothers  have  ever  been  purpo^^ely  iutrotiuccd 
into  window  glas.^  Copper,  in  its  two  istates  of  oxidation, 
gave  the  mediiev-ols  the  two  exactly  opposite  colours,  ruby 
and  emerald,  each  in  itH  utmost  perfection,  tut  all  modern 
reds  from  thia  metal  resemble  garnet,  and  are  inferior  to 
the  gold  ruby  of  drinking  vessels,  though  the  medieval 
ruby  fixjm  copper  far  excelled  it.  Neither  "gold,"  *' ura- 
nium," nor  *■  chrome"'  have  ever  been  used  iu  wiadow 
glass;  nor  "tin,"  nor  "zinc,"  which  give  no  colour,  but 
white  oj>acity ;  and  uo  "oxides  of  iron  and  of  chrome" 
give  either  "red,  brown,  and  I. lack,"  or  "orange,*"  except 
to  opaque  enamel.  In  transi>areucy  they  givy  pale  greens 
only,  very  inferior  to  copjhir.  In  nature,  indcL-d.  chrome 
tinges  both  the  ruby  and  emerald,  and  iron  tlie  sapphire, 
and  yellow  and  pink,  topaz  :  and  the  ancients  got  a  dull 
blue  from  it,  but  their  mode  is  lost,  the  sole  source  of  blue 
for  these  thousand  years  having  been  cobalt.  The  shadings 
on  coloured  windows  are  an  opaque  enamel  burnt  in,  which 
owes  its  redness,  seen  from  without,  to  iron. 


856 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


December  6,  1867. 


The  "staiuing"  of  glass  was  a  late  discovery  of  the 
middle  age,  practised  ever  since,  and  Beemiugly  withoiit 
a  parallel  in  chemical  physics.  The  sole  two  substances 
known  to  stain  it  are  pure  silver  and  an  alloy  of  the  same 
with  a  little  antimony.  The  metal  or  alloy  lias  to  be  in- 
corporated with  several  times  its  weight  of  clay  or  oclire 
(whose  colour  has  no  effect),  and  a  water  cream  of  this 
metallized  clay  spread  on  the  plain  glass,  dried,  burned  in 
a  furnace,  and  scraped  off  again.  The  stain  penetrates 
about  a  twentieth  of  an  inch,  and  without  affecting  in  the 
least  the  transparency  or  polish  of  aurface. — E.  L.  G. 

[6fiS.]— UNDERGROUND  TANK. —If  the  water  gets  in 
at  the  sides,  it  may  be  prevented  bv  driving  a  plank  ]>ile 
lin.  thick  and  llin  wide  successively  along  the  outside 
of  the  tank  wall  to  a  level  with  the  bottom  of  the  tank. 
The  pile  being  extracted  would  leave  a  space  of  lin.  round 


the  tank.  This  space  should  be  then  filled  up  with  liquid 
bitumen,  which  would  render  the  tank  waterproof  at  the 
bides.  The  bottom  may  be  made  proof  by  placing  two 
layers  of  brickwork  with  a  lin,  layer  of  bitumen  between 
them,  covered  with  cement,  as  per  sketch,  which  would 
prevent  the  water  forcing  up  the  bottom. — Veritas. 

[070.]— BICHROMATE  OP  rOTASH.-Ia  reply  to 
"Amateur"  I  beg  to  say  that  bichromate  of  potash  does 
not  answer  well  for  staining  soft  woods.  It  is  well  adapted 
for  oak  and  other  woods  of  the  same  nature,  but  will  not 
suit  boxwood.  This  latter  wood  requires  to  be  washed 
quickly  over  with  the  strongest  a(iuafortis  that  can  be 
had,  and  when  it  is  of  a  rich  colour,  rather  darker  th  an 
required,  it  should  be  plunged  into  a  basin  of  cold  water 
to  stop  the  action  and  operation,  which  should  not  take 
many  minutes  The  wood,  when  dry,  requires  to  be 
brushed  over  with  a  stiff  bru.sh. — J.  M. 


[671.]— WOOD  CARVING.— The  following  list  of  tools 
which  are  absolutely  necessary  in  the  ait  of  wood  carving, 
I  quote  for  the  benefit  of  your  correspondent  "B.  C": — ■ 
1,  half  inch  flat  tool ;  2.  quarter-inch  flat  tool ;  3.  an  eight 
flat  tool:  4,  half-inch  gouge;  5,  quarter-inch  gouge;  fi, 
backbenJ;  7,  a  parting  or  V-tool ;  S,  a  half-incli  former; 
9,  a  corner  former;  10,  a  quarter-inch  grounder;  11,  a 
pick;  12,  a  Maccaroni  tool;  13,  a  carver's  screw;  14,  a 
email  mallet.  Carving  tools  having  about  5in.  of  handle, 
and  4  or4iin.  of  steel  are  coQsidered  the  best  and  most 
convenient.  — G. 

[676.]— CHOICE  OP  WOODS.- F.  Clark  will  6nd  an 
answer  to  his  question  in  another  column. — See  "  Wood- 
carving— On  the  Choice  of  Woods." 


STAINED    GLASS. 

A  two-light  stained  glas^  window  has  been  erected  in 
Thornthwiiite  Church,  near  Harrogate.  The  subjecta  are 
The  Good  Samaritan  and  The  Alms  Deeds  of  Dorca■^. 
These  are  represented  in  panels  under  canopies  of  the  Early 
English  period.  Mr.  J.  W.  Knowles,  of  York,  is  the 
artist. 


STATUES.  MEMORIALS,  ETC. 

The  monument  at  Drumclog,  N.B.,  coiamemorative  of 
the  famoua  battle  fought  there,  having  become  very  dilapi- 
dated, the  erection  of  a  new  one  has  been  deteimine  i  upon. 
A  di-sign  submitted  by  Messrs.  Macdonald,  Field,  and  Co., 
of  Aberdeen,  has  been  selected  by  the  committee,  and  its 
eiecution  entrusted  to  Messrs.  Cruikshank  and  Son,  of 
Glasgow.  It  will  be  an  obelisk  on  a  pedestal,  consisting 
of  base,  dado  and  cornice.  The  details  are  treated  in  the 
pure  Grecian  style.  The  height  of  the  obelisk  is  15ft  Oiu,, 
and  that  of  the  monument,  from  the  base  to  the  apex,  23ft. 


WAGES   MOVEMENT. 

Trade  is  slack  at  Nottingham,  and  seems  likely  to  be  so 
all  the  winter.  Very  few  contracts  are  out,  and  those  only 
for  small  amounts. 

The  badness  of  trade  has  been  made  worse  at  Liverpool 
by  the  severe  frost  which  set  in  on  Sunday.  Great  distress 
is  already  prevalent  among  the  working  population. 

The  general  trade  iu  the  neighbourhood  of  Newcastle-on- 
Tyne  continues  flat,  and  numbers  of  workmen  are  out  of 
employment,  and  the  continuance  of  the  frust  for  any  long 
period  would  be  attended  with  very  great  distress  to  many, 
although  a  decided  change  for  the  hotter  seems  to  be  aa- 
tioipated  in  the  spring. 


COMPENSATION. 

A  apecwl  jury,  under  the  presidency  01  Mr.  Under-Sheriff 
Burchell,  in  tlie  case  of  "  Edwards  and  others  v.  the  Metro- 
politan Board  of  Worlis,"  assembled  at  thw  Sheriff's  Court 
to  assess  the  vahie  of  some  houses  and  stables  at  Good- 
man's-stile,  in  Wliitecliapel,  required  for  the  formation  of 
a  Dew  street.  The  proceedings  were  taken  under  the  Hol- 
born  and  Whltechapel  Improvement  Act,  under  which  the 
removal  of  Middle  row,  Holboru,  has  just  been  completed, 
and  which  is  the  best  metropolitan  improvement  effected 
for  a  long  time.  Mr.  Hawkins,  Q.C.,  Mr.  Kcane,  Q.C., 
and  Mr.  Finlay  appeared  for  the  claimants;  Mr.  Lloyd 
and  Mr.  Philbrick  were  lor  the  Board  of  Works.  The  jury 
went  to  view  the  property,  and  afterwards  a  verdict  by 
consent  was  taken  for  £10,000.  The  claim  was  about 
£15,000. 


LEGAL    INTELLIGENCE 

Breach  of  Bte-law.s  op  the  Local  Board 
Relating  to  Buildings. — Mr.  John  Jones  was 
charged  before  the  magistrates  of  Winchester  with 
a  breach  of  the  143rd  section  of  the  bye-laws  of 
the  Local  Board,  in  the  erection  of  a  building  at 
the  North  Walls,  of  which  no  defined  plans  or  sec- 
tion had  been  sent  in  for  approval  by  the 
Board.  The  clerk  to  the  Board  said 
the  bye-]awa  required  that  for  every  new 
building  there  was  required  a  seven  day's 
notice,  and  a  deposit  at  the  office  of  plans  and  sec- 
tions to  a  scale  of  not  less  than  lin.  to  8ft ,  with 
specifications  of  the  drainage  and  water  supply. 
This  had  been  done  in  the  case  of  some  tenements 
which  Mr  Jones  bad  erected  in  the  North  Walls, 
but  not  as  to  this  particular  building,  which 
was  a  carpenter's  shop  weather  boarded  and  slate 
roof,  the  construction  of  which  was  objected  to  by 
the  General  Purposes  Committee.  Mr.  Jones  con- 
tended that  though  he  had  deviated  in  some  degree 
from  the  plans  deposited  with  the  Board,  that  they 
had  been  in  effect  approved  of  by  the  certificate  he 
had  received  from  them  that  the  house  and  pre- 
mises (including  this  workshop)  had  been  properly 
finished  and  were  fit  for  occupation. — Mr.  Newman 
said  the  certificate  was  given  for  the  house  only, 
of  which  the  plan  had  been  deposited. — Mr.  Jones 
was  ordered  to  p  ly  a  sum  of  £2,  and  costs,  9s.,  and 
to  remove  the  tjuilding,  or  to  reconstruct  it  to  the 
satisfaction  of  the  Board. 


WATER    SUPPLY    AND    SANITARY 
MATTERS. 

On  Friday  the  Commissioners  appointed  to  In- 
quire into  the  Pollution  of  Rivers  held  a  preliminary 
meeting  at  Warrington.  They  were  met  by  the  de- 
puty mayor  of  Warrington,  the  town  clerk,  and  by 
many  members  of  the  town  council  and  other 
inhabitants.  In  the  course  of  the  conversation 
which  ensued,  it  was  pointed  out  that,  at  one  time, 
salmon  and  other  fish  abounded  in  the  Mersey, 
but,  that,  in  consequence  of  the  refuse  turned 
into  the  river  at  Manchester  and  the  higher 
district,  no  fish  could  now  live  in  it.  At  the  same 
time  it  was  admitted  that  the  manufacturers  of 
the  town  contributed  their  share  to  the  pollution 
of  the  river.  The  state  of  the  Sankey  brook  and 
other  tributaries  in  the  neighbourhood  was  also 
laid  before  the  Commissioners,  who  said  that  War- 
rington, from  its  position,  ought  to  afi'ord  the 
strongest  casein  support  of  the  compulsory  cleans- 
ing of  the  river. 

The  contractors  for  the  new  system  o£  drainage 
at  Gravesend  are  making  vigorous  efforts  to  com- 
plete the  works  by  next  spring.  The  reservoir  for 
the  reception  of  the  sewage  is  168ft.  long,  60ft. 
wide,  and  7ft.  deep,  and  into  it  will  be  conveyed 
the  whole  of  the  sewage  of  the  city.  The  liquid 
manure  will  escape  through  an  outfall  drain  into 
the  river  below  Fordwich,  and  the  residue  will  be 
utilized. 

A  meeting  of  local  owners  of  property  and  rent- 
collectors  has  been  held  at  Leeds,  for  the  purpose 
of  considering  the  steps  at  present  being  taken  by 
the  Corporation,  with  regard  to  privies  and  ash- 
pits under  the  new  Improvement  Act.  It  was 
stated  that  the  Corporation  was  beginning  to  carry 
out  the  water-closet  system,  and  resolutions  were 
passed  condemning  the  course  that  had  been 
taken,  and  strongly  recommending  the  dry  ash 
system  on  sanitary  grounds,  and  also  as  a  means 
of  securing  a  vast  amount  of  valuable  manure. 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  WEEK. 

MoN. — Society  of  Engineers. — Annual  General  Meeting 
for  Election  of  Oflicers  for  Ensuing  Tear,  7.30. 
Royal  Geographical  Society. — Paper  to  be  read  : 
"  Journey  through  Central  China,  &om  Can- 
ton," by  Mr.  A.  S.  Bickmore,  S.30. 

TuEs. — Institution  of  Civil  Engineers, — Discussion — 1. 
"  Description  of  the  Victoria-bridge,  ou  the 
Line  of  the  Victoria  Station  and  Pimlico  Rail- 
way," by  Mr.  W.  Wilson.  M.  Inst.  C.E. 
2.  "  On  New  Railways  at  Battersea,  with  the 
Widening  of  the  Victoria  bridge,  and  Ap- 
proaches to  the  Victoria  Station,"  by  Mr.  C.  D. 
Fox,  M.  Inst.  C.E.,  S. 

Wed."  Civil  and  Mechanical  Engineers  Society. — "  Pre- 
sen'ation  of  Timber,"  by  Mr.  R.  M   Bancrox,  S. 

Thur^. — British  Horological  Society. — *'0u  the  Practice 
of  Assaying  the  Precious  Metals,"  by  Mr.  G, 
H.  Makins,  S.30. 


Middle-row,  Holborn,  has  at  length  entirely  dis- 
appeared, and  on  Wednesday  carriage  traffic  passed 
over  the  new  road  which  haa  been  laid  down  where 
the  Row  formerly  stood. 


§m  (0it£  HMt. 


Mr.  Tall  will  deliver  a  lecture  this  evening  on 
concrete  buildings,  before  the  members  of  the 
Architectural  Association,  9,  Conduit-street.  As 
the  subject  has  attracted  a  good  deal  of  attention 
of  late,  no  doubt  the  meeting  will  be  an  interest- 
ing one. 

A  suggestion  has  been  made,  in  connection  with 
the  proposed  widening  of  North  College-street, 
Edinburgh,  to  convert  it  into  a  boulevard,  after  the 
Parisian  style,  by  planting  suitable  trees  along  each 
side  of  the  street.  Is  it  too  late  to  ask,  as  we  have 
asked  before,  if  something  of  the  kind  cannot  be 
done  in  London? 

An  important  resolution  was  adopted  by  the 
Commission  of  Sewers  at  their  sitting  on  Tuesday, 
being  a  report  of  the  Streets  Committee,  on  the 
motion  of  Mr.  Pedler,  to  substitute  asphalte  or  gas 
pitch  as  a  cement  for  the  usual  granite  pavement 
of  the  roadway,  as  an  experiment,  in  place  of  the 
ordinary  grouting.  By  this  plan,  which  will  pre- 
vent the  soft  bed  from  passing  up  between  the 
stone,  the  formation  of  mud  will  be  rendered 
impossible.  Manchester  has  been  adopting  this 
plan  with  gr^^at  success  for  the  last  twelve  years, 
and  it  is  hoped  that  the  Manchester  town  council 
will  lend  their  aid  in  giving  the  citizens  a  sample 
of  what  they  are  now  enjoying  in  clean  and  com- 
fortable streets  by  laying  down  a  specimen  in 
London  at  the  expense  of  the  Commission  of 
Sewers. 

The  fine  wood  carving  of  the  choir  of  Lincoln 
Cathedral  is  being  restored  by  Messrs.  Rattie  and 
Kett,  of  Cambridge.  The  south  side  is  already 
completed. 

Lord  Robert  Montague  the  other  day  in  formed 
a  deputation  from  the  Associated  Chamber  of 
Commerce,  which  waited  on  his  lordship  touching 
the  great  question  of  technical  education,  that  the 
Government  had  asked  for  reports  on  the  sub- 
ject from  their  secretaries  of  legation  and  that  a 
2:recis  of  those  documents  would  be  given  when 
they  were  ready  to  be  submitted  to  the  public. 
Mr.  Sam^elson,  who  had  volunteered  to  go  abroad 
and  judge  for  himself,  had  sent  in  a  very  volumi- 
nous letter,  containing  his  observations  and  views  ; 
and  Professor  Leone  Levi,  whose  services  had  been 
engaged  by  the  Government  in  the  matter,  had 
furnished  a  report  which  was  now  in  type.  This 
report,  we  presume,  will  be  published  almost  im- 
mediately. 

An  interesting  relic  of  old  Roman  Bath  has 
come  to  light  in  the  course  of  the  excavations  at 
the  "White  Hart,"  Bath.  The  workmen  dis- 
covered on  Saturday  what,  there  seems  every 
reason  to  believe,  is  the  platform  of  the  great  tem- 
ple dedicated  to  Minerva.  It  extends  under  Stall- 
street  and  the  east  end  of  the  site  to  be  occupied 
by  the  new  baths  belonging  to  the  Corporation. 

The  annual  amount  of  expenses  connected  with 
the  National  Gallery  is  i;i5,S94.  Of  this  the 
Director  receives  £1,000,  and  the  Secretary  and 
Keeper  £750.  The  cost  of  the  establishment 
is  £1,523.  Of  this,  £327  is  paid  to  Cmrators,  and 
£786  to  police.  £621  is  spent  at  South  Ken-^ing- 
ton,  £2,000  for  travelling  expenses,  &c.,  and 
£10,000  for  the  purchase  of  pictures. 

The  new  branch  line  along  the  Derwent  Valley, 
from  Newcastle  to  Consett,  was  opened  on  Mon- 
day. It  passes  through  a  closely-populated 
district,  and  most  of  the  inhabitants  are  occupied 
in  the  iron  trade.  The  principal  bridge  on  the 
line  is  the  Hamsterley  Viaduct,  which  crosses  the 
Port  Burn  at  an  elevation  of  120ft.  It  has  ten 
arches  of  60ft.  span  each,  and  is  constructed 
of  light-coloured  bricks,  with  freestone  parapets. 
The  contractors  for  the  whole  of  the  work  were 
Messrs.  Morkill  and  Prodham. 

A  terrible  cyclone  at  Calcutta,  which  lasted  eight 
hours,  has  destroyed  30,000  native  huts,  many 
hundred  native  boats,  and  more  than  a  thousand 
lives.  The  storm  exceeded  in  severity  that  of 
October,  186-1,  which  is  remembered  as  the  "  Great 
Cyclone." 

A  correspondent  calls  attention  to  the  neglected 
state  of  the  Chapel  Royal  of  Holyrood,  the 
edifice  in  which  Her  Majesty's  chaplains  for  Scot- 
land are  supposed  to  officiate.  It  is  little  to  the 
credit  of  the  nobility  and  gentry  of  Scotland  that 
the  tombs  of  their  illustrious  ancestors  should  so 
long  have  been  sufi'ered  to  remain  so  neglected. 
He  asks  what  has  become  of  Sir  William  Moles- 
worth's  Report  respecting  the  restoration  of  the 
chapel. 


December  C,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


857 


Mr.  J.  S.  Crawley  has  presented  to  the 'inha- 
bitants of  Luton,  43  acres  o£  moorland  on  the 
old  Bedford-road  for  the  formation  of  a  people's 
park. 

It  is  some  satisfaction  to  know  that  the  orna- 
mental water  in  Regent' spark  is  now  a  safe  place. 
A  calamity  such  as  occurred  here  last  winter 
cannot  possibly  happen  again.  The  immense 
drain  was  completed  last  week,  and  the  water  is 
now  gradually  being  let  off.  The  lakes  will  be 
filled  up  and  made  one  uniform  depth  with  earth 
and  rubbish  whi'-h  will  be  well  puddled  over  with 
clay,  and  then  concreted. 

A  scholarship  of  £50  a  year  for  three  years 
(being  the  first  yet  awarded)  iu  connection  with 
the  Royal  School  of  Naval  Architecture  .and 
Marine  Knginoering,  South  Kensington,  has  been 
gained  upon  examination  by  Mr.  J.  E.  Cearns, 
of  Chatham.  The  school  now  numbers  41  stu- 
dents, 24  of  whom  are  sent  by  the  Lords  of  the 
Admiralty. 

A  fine  specimen  of  the  Saxon  ring  worn  by 
the  higher  classes  during  the  Heptarchy,  was  dis- 
covered the  other  day  on  the  farm  of  Mr.  T. 
Hornby,  of  Cattleholmes,  near  Driffield.  It 
weighs  an  ounce  and  a  quarter,  and  contains  gold 
equal  to  five  sovereigns.  It  is  supposed  to  be  at 
least  1,200  years  old. 

A  vein  of  superior  gypsum  has  been  discovered 
near  Christians!, urg,  Virginia, 

Three  owners  of  house  property  in  Soraers  Town 
and  Lisson -grove  have  this  week  been  fined  at  the 
Maryleboue  Police  Court  for  having  their  premises 
in  a  state  "  unfit  for  human  habitation." 

The  Sewers  Commission,  at  their  last  meeting, 
agreed  to  a  report  from  the  Improvement  Com- 
mittee recommending  the  purchase  of  certain 
premises  Id  Fenchurch-street  and  Leadenhall- 
street  with  the  view  of  widening  those  thorough- 
fares. No  part  of  the  City  stands  in  greater  need 
of  improvement  iu  this  respect  than  the  places 
mentioned. 

Describing  a  visit  which  he  recently  made  to 
the  tomb  of  the  celebrated  divine  George  Whit- 
field in  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Newburyport, 
Massachusetts,  U.S.,  Mr.  Henry  Vincent  says  : — 
We  descended  into  a  cellar,  through  a  trap  door 
behind  the  pulpit,  and  removing  a  padlock  from 
an  upright  door,  we  entered  the  tomb  of  the  great 
preacher.  The  coffin  of  Whitfield  is  placed  across 
the  other  two,  and  the  upper  part  of  the  lid  opens 
upon  hinges.  We  opened  the  coffin  carefully,  and 
by  the  light  of  our  lamp  saw  all  that  was  mortal 
of  the  eloquent  divine,  who  had  crossed  the  At- 
lantic thirteen  times  to  preach  the  Gospel.  The 
bones  are  blackened,  as  though  they  were  charred 
by  fire.  The  skull  is  perfect.  Whitfield  died  in 
1770. 

The  constructive  powers  of  the  beaver  are 
well  known.  A  curious  and  most  interesting  dis- 
covery was  lately  made,  which  illustrates  the  in- 
genuity of  this  animal  in  a  very  remarkable 
manner.  A  paper  read  before  the  American 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science 
states,  that  on  the  southern  shore  of  Lake  Supe- 
rior, in  Marquetti  County,  Wisconsin,  have  been 
found  remains  of  long  canals  and  dams  con- 
structed by  the  beavers  for  the  purpose  of  trans- 
porting their  cuttings,  consisting  of  trunks  of 
trees  two  or  three  feet  long,  from  the  places 
where  the  trees  had  fallen  to  their  lodges.  Some 
of  these  canals  were  300,  400,  and  500ft.  long. 
They  were  generally  three  feet  wide,  with  an 
average  depth  of  three  feet.  In  order  to  main- 
tain a  continuous  depth  of  water,  they  made 
dams  at  certain  distances,  and  followed  the 
Chinese  plan — to  whom  the  lock  was  unknown — 
of  dravring  their  cargo  from  one  level  to  another. 

The  Court  of  Common  Council  has  agreed,  on 
the  recommendation  of  the  General  Purposes  Com- 
mittee to  expend  the  sum  of  £2,850  iu  decorating 
the  Egyptian  Hall  and  the  saloon  at  the  Mansion 
House. 

The  private  bills  to  be  applied  for  iu  the  en- 
suing session  of  Parliament  will  probably  not 
exceed  250  as  against  633  in  1S66,  and  317  last 
year.  Of  the  papers  deposited  54  related  to 
railway  and  canal  bills,  5  to  street  tramways,  and 
64  were  miscellaneous.  The  principal  schemes 
relating  to  London  are  a  viaduct  railway  from 
Islington  to  Finsbury ;  an  imdergrouud  railway 
from  Bow  to  the  City,  under  the  Mile-end  and 
Whitechapel-roads ;  a  subway  under  the  Thames, 
at  the  Tower,  to  be  approached  by  hydraulic  lifts, 


and  worked  by  omnibuses  propelled  by  men  :  a 
boulevard  at  the  West-end,  from  the  Houses  of 
Parliament  to  Belgravia ;  and  three  bills  for 
street  tramways,  including  a  revival,  for  the  third 
time,  of  what  certainly  still  seems  the  best  or 
least  objectionable  of  the  three,  the  promoters  of 
which  have  brought  two  competitors  upon  them 
to  contest  or  share  the  prize  for  which  they  have 
been  fighting. 

The  fifteenth  annual  report  of  the  Conservative 

Land  Society,  presented  at  the  meeting  of  the 
members  on  Tuesday  last,  at  the  Norfolk- street 
offices,  Viscount  Ranelagh  in  the  chair,  stated  that 
the  receipts  for  the  year  were  £116,983  Os.  lid  , 
and  the  grand  totals  £1,100,603  7s.  9d.,  the  total 
withdrawals  on  which  had  been  £306,749  Os.  2d., 
whilst  the  total  sale  of  land  amounted  to  £537,059 
li's.  6d.  The  £50  shares  issued  had  been  27,783  ; 
the  reserve  fund  had  been  carried  up  to  £15,089 
13a.  2d.  The  share,  deposit.  Land,  and  building 
advance  departments  had  been  all  increased  during 
the  year.  After  payment  of  the  outlay  on  the 
new  premises  the  directors  declared  a  dividend  of 
6  per  cent,  for  the  investors.  The  returns  of  the 
land  sales  showed  that  large  premiums  had  been 
paid  on  the  resale  of  the  plots.  A  large  estate, 
Bolingbroke  Park,  close  to  the  Clapham  Jimction 
and  Wandsworth  station?,  would  be  soon  allotted, 
as  also  the  final  portion  of  the  Brighton  estate. 
Viscount  Ranel.agh  stated  that  the  preliminary 
arrangements  for  the  formation  of  a  new  land 
company  (limited)  to  work  in  co-operation  with 
the  parent  society,  had  been  agreed  upon,  and  that 
the  prospectus  would  be  issued  shortly  after 
Christmas. 

c— — 

— ♦ — 

TENDERS. 

Dawush  (Devon).  -  For  erecting  three  houses  and  ehops, 
a  comer  shop,  refreshment  bar,  billiard  rooms,  ball  room, 
&c.,  for  Mr.  William  Hatcher.  Mr.  G.  Packham,  archi- 
tect : — 

Foaden    - £3,95G 

Davey  and  Sou 3,130 

Periam  (accepted) 2,991 

Gibraltar.  -  For  drainage  of  the  city  of  Gibraltar  and 
supply  of  water  for  flushing ;  — 

H.  J.  Saunders,  Southampton  £41.100 

Waring  Brothers,  Victoria-chambers..,     40,0'^0 

John  Plews,  London 37,080 

G.  E.  Petei-8,  London 3G.5S7 

Peter  Amigo,  Gibraltar 34,100 

Frederick  Fumiss,  Portaraouth 33.995 

Henry  D" Almonte,  Gibraltar 33,960 

Engineer's  estimate   33,600 

A.  Kyan  and  Co.,  Battersea  (accepted)    28,620 

[We  have  received  the  following  letter  with  this  tender : — 
Sir, — On  the  2Sth  October  last  tendei^  were  opened  in 
Gibraltar  for  drainage  and  water  aupply  for  flushing  the 
city  of  Gibraltar,  quantities  supplied  by  Mr.  Edward 
Roberta,  engineer  for  the  commissionera  of  that  city.  As 
I  have  not  seen  any  notice  of  the  same  in  your  publication, 
and,  as  in  one  instance  there  was  a  gieat  discrepancy  in 
amount,  I  think  perhaps  you  would  like  to  have  par- 
ticulars. I  went  out  to  Gibraltar  for  the  purpose  of  ten- 
dering, and  copy  the  above  from  the  official  list  of  tenders 
furnished  uie  by  the  engineer  before  returning.  I  have 
gone  carefully  through  the  quantities  since  my  return,  and 
carrying  them  out  at  very  low  English  prices  the  coat  would 
beat  least  £30,000.  Can  you  explain  how  ic  is  to  be  done  in 
Gibraltar  for  £2S,620,  where  materials  and  labour  are  very 
much  iu  excess  of  English  prices?— I  am,  &c.,  A  Ten- 
der eb.  ] 

Hanlev.  — For  timber  work  for  third  block  of  building 
at  Messrs.  Meakin's  new  manufactory.  Messre.  W.  and  C. 
Palmer,  Hanley,  architects:— 

Barlow    £S34 

Ogden 660 

Blackhurst 625 

Matthews  (accepted)  581 

HoRNSEv.— For  the  construction  of  a  brick  ga.'iholder 
tank  for  the  Hornsey  Gas  Company.  Mr.  Jabez  Church, 
engineer  :^ 

Kirk £4.S60 

Mansfield    4,570 

Ashlyand  Homer    4,490 

HiU  and  Keddell 4,260 

The  lowest  tender  was  accepted- 

HORN.SEY.— For  alterations,  Ac,  to  house,  Goodwin- 
street,  Seven  Sisters'-road,  N.  Mr.  J.  H.  Glenn,  archtect. 
Quantities  supplied: — 

Rov  ....  £479 

A.  E.  Harvey 464 

Knight    403 

Ennor 445 

Eaton  and  Chapman  440 

Hull.— For  leather  manufactory,  engme  chimney,  and 
foreman's  dwelling-house,  for  Messra.  Thomas  Holmes  and 
Sons,  Hull.  Mr.  W.  Botterill,  Hull,  architect.  Quanti- 
ties not  supplied : — 

B.  Habbershaw  £3,843  10 

G.  Jackson    3.S00    0 

C.  Hutchinson 3,470    0 

J.  Jackson    3.4;0    0 

R   Sergeant 3.463    0 

W.  Barritt 3,373     7 

W.  and  J.  Hall  (accepted)    3,370    0 


London. — For  pianoforte  manufactory,  Torrington- 
raews.  ToiTington -square,  W.  C.,  for  Messre.  Brinsme&d. 
Mr.  W.  F.  Poll«r,  architect : — 

Hookawav £2S4 

J.  H.  Tozor    267 

F.  Honour 259 

Manley  and  Rogers 24"* 

U.  Perkins  (accepted) 243 

London.— For  heating  new  North  London  Synagogue. 
Mr.  H.  H.  Collins,  architect: — 

May  and  Son  (accepted) JC140 

For  gasworks,  <fcc.     Mr.  H.  H.  Collins,  architect:— 
Dufries  and  Sons  (accepted) £136 

London. — For  altoratiuna,  A:c..  to  warohiuso,  Croes- 
streel,  Finsbury.    Mr.  H  J.  Hammon,  architect: — 

IVirnor £1,374 

Brass   1,208 

Macoy  SS3 

Heushaw S75 

I>.  King  and  Suns S')2 

Eaton  and  Chapman   721 

London. — For  whiting  manufactory,  stabling,  and  &»t- 
tage.  on  Surrey  Canal  Old  Keut-road,  for  Mr.  Cauu.  Mr. 
J.  Thomas,  architect : — 

Taylor £3,9S3 

Cowlaud 3  629 

Cannon    3,61*2 

Thompson  3,470 

Ring 3,390 

ColliaandSon  3,200 

Wills     2,987 

Maida-hili.. — For  alterations  and  add'tions  to  Gordon - 
Lodge,  Maidahill,  for  Mr.  A.  U.  Solomon.  Mr.  H.  H. 
Collins,  architect : 

David  Sale  (accepted) £1,000 

Pr.YMuuTH. — For  the  erection  of  now  cement  w  orks,  in- 
cluding engine-house  and  stack,    Sift.    high,    with  offices 
and  dwelling-hou.se,   at  Doadmans    Bay,    Plymouth,   for 
Messrs,  J.  and  T.    Uarvey.     Mr.  J.    Harvey,  architect : — 
Architect's  estimate  for   the  whole  of 

the  work £1,500 

For  the  cai-jiQuters  .and  joiner^'  work  of  the  factory  and 
engine  liouRe  only.     Quantities  supplied  by  Mr.  J.  Harvey, 

Mr.  W.  Harvey  (accepted) £430 

Pldmstead  (Kent). — For  building  a  pair  of  villas  at 
Cantwell-road,  near  Shooter'**  hill.  Plumstead.  Kent,  for 
Mr.  George  Kitley.  Messrs.  Wm.  Gosling  and  Son,  archi- 
tects, &c. ;  - 

Upchurch  and  Hanks jGl.OOO  15    6 

Brett 775    0    0 

Wise 740    0    0 

Wicks  710    0    0 

Lidbetter 700    0    0 

Thompsou  and  Richitrdson    C87    0    0 

TooTiNr,. — For  building  five  houses  at  Tooting,  forparish 
of  Christ  Cliurcn.  N'ewgate- street,  EC.  Mr.  H.  H.  Col- 
lins, architect.     Quantities  not  supplied: — 

Shaw   £2.585 

Kingand  Sons  2,460 

Scrivener  and  White   2,326 

John  Kain 2.300 

Pitcher 2,119 

Henshaw 2,075 

William  Ball  (accepted) 1,830 

David  Sale 1,500 

O 

BATH  STONE  OF  BEST  QUALITY. 

Randell  and  Saunders,  Quarrj-men  and  Stone  Mei- 
chants,  Bath.  List  of  Prices  at  the  Quarries  and  Depotf, 
also  Cost  for  Transit  to  any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
furnished  on  application  to  Bath  Stone  Office,  Corshaui, 
Wilts.— [Ad  VT.J 

♦ 

BANKRUPTS. 

TO   SCRRKSDER   IN   BASiyc.H.VLL-STRECT. 

W.  H.  Palmer,  Tysoe-street.  ClerkenwcU,  aurreyor— S. 
Robmson,  Richmond-street,  City-road,  marble  mason— 
R.  Atkin,  Birkbeck- street.  HoUoway,  builder— J.  Diinba-r, 
Lancister-road,  Lower  Norwood,  engineer— M.  J.  Hobbs, 
Kingston-on-Thames,  Surrey,  plumber— J.  Drake,  Adding- 
ton-street,  York-road,  Lambeth,  contractor  for  buildings — 
G.  O.  Lane,  Pall  Mall,  civil  eogineor- George  Green,  Green- 
wich, builder,  December  IS,  at  2— Charles  Robert  Teague, 
Old  Jewry,  surveyor,  December  17,  at  2. 

TO  SURRENDER  IN  THE  COUNTRY. 

I  Israel,  Neath,  GLimorganshire,  painter  and  glazier — J. 
Jackson,  Bradford,  Lancashire,  buUder— William  Cook, 
Gateshead,  builder,  December  14,  at  11— John  Fletcher, 
Hurst,  near  Ashton-under-Lyne,  engineer,  December  19, 
at  12. 

NOTICES  OF  SITTINGS  FOR  LAST  EXAMINATION. 

December  16,  S.  J.  and  J.  Dudbridge,  Stroud,  builders— 
January  14,  W.  E.  Galliford,  Barnstaple,  builder— Decem- 
ber IS,  J.  Russell.  Birmingham,  bricklayer— December  19, 
A.  N.apier,  Warrington,  joiner— January  17,  W.  Privett, 
Bishops  Waltham,  car^ienter. 

PARTNERSHIPS  DIS.SOLTED. 

R.  Brandon  and  H,  E.  Freshwater,  New-street,  Sprmg- 
gardeos,  architects— J.  S.  Fraser  and  A.  Booth,  St  Helens, 
Lancashire,  iron  merchants-John  Ingham  and  Jonas 
Ingham,  Leytonstono,  Essex,  buildera— J.  P.  Binns,  J. 
Chittertou,  and  S.  Smith.  Leeds,  engineers  and  machine 
tool  makers-fl.  and  J.  Sollory,  Nottingham,  plumbera- 
Robinson  and  Woodhouse,  JLisborough,  joiners. 

DECLARATIONS    OF   DIVIDENDS. 

J.  W.  Ward,  West  Hartlepool,  builder,  arst  lUv.  of  5Jd. 
— H.  Gray,  Leicester,  ircnmoDger,  div.  6». 

DryiDKNDS. 

January  S,  W.  Winch,  Daniel-street,  Bethnal-green-road, 
timber  merchant-December  IS,  H.  Bidders,  Teynham, 
brickjn.aker. 

SCOTCH  SLQUESTRaTIONS. 

W.  3forcland,  Edinburgh,  carttr  and  contractor,  Decem- 
ber 11,  at  2.S0— G.  Calder  and  D.  Simptcu,  Arbroath, 
Forfarshire,  iionmorgers.  December  5,  at  12— D.  Steytart 
and  Sons,  Dundee,  contractor,  December  9,  a  12. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


December  6,  1867. 


II     0 
10  10 


LATEST   PRICES    OF  MATERIALS   USED 
IN  COKSTRtrCTIOJf. 

Tdueef,  duty  Is  per  load,  drawback,  la. 

Teak    load    £9    0£]0  l 

Quebec,  red  piue 3    0  4  1 

,        yellow  pine..     2  35  4 

St.  John  N.B.  yeUow    0    0  0 

Q\iebec  Oak,  whita  ..55  51 

„       birch 3  10  4  1 

..      elm   3  10  5 

Dantzic  oak 3  10  6 

..       fir 2    0      3 

Meiijelfir   3    0      3  1 

Kiga 3    0      3 

Swedish 2    0      2 

Maata.Quebecredpine  6    0  7 

,,       yellowpine..     b    0      6 

Lftthwood.Dantzic.fm   4  10      fi 

„       St.  Petersburg  6  10  7  3 
Deals.  prC, 12ft.  byS 
by  Din.,  duty  23  per 
lo.id,  di-awback  2b. 

Quebec,  white  spruce  13    0  19 

St.John,  whiteeprnte  13  10  16  1 
Yellow   pine,  per  re- 
duced C. 
C&tiadH,  Ist  quality.  J7 


2»d  do H  10    12  10 


.\rch.iiigel.  yellow  . .  £11  10  £13 
St.  Petersburg,  yel...  10  10    11 

Fiuliind 8    0      9 

Memel 0    0      0 

Gothenburg,  yeUow       8  10    30  1 

,.       white    8    0      9 

Gefle.  yellow 9 

Soderh.^ra       9 

Christiania,    per   0., 

12  ft,  by  3  by  9  in. 

yelU.w 16 

Deck  l*lank.  Dantzio, 

per  40  ft.  3  in 0 

FuMicK  Sti»ne  pr  ton    6 

Oils,  &c. 
Seal,  pale. . .  .per  tun  40 

Sperm  body ..112 

Cod 36 

Whale,  Stb.  Sea,  pale  39 

Olive,  Gallipoli 68 

Cocoanut,  Cochin.ton  66 

Palm,  fine 41 

Linseed    34 

Bapeaeed,  Eng.pale..  3-1 
Cottonseed 34 


35    35    0 

0    38  10 
0    40    0 


Metals, 

Isos: — 

Welsh  Bare  in  London      i^t-r  ton 

Nail  Rod       do 

Hoops do 

Sheets,  Single      ^        do 

Stafordshire  Bars       do 

Bars,  in  Wales     do 

Kails    do 

Foundry  Piga,  at  Glasg.  No    1 


Swedish  Bars 


do 


6  7  6 

7  10  0 

8  10  0 

9  15  0 
7  10  0 

5  15  0 

6  10  0 
2  15 


6  10 

7  IB 


0   3 
0  1  «. 


10  6  0    10  10  0  net 


gwedieb  Keg,  hanunered 
Swedish  Faggot  


Copper  : — 
Sheet  A  Sheathing,  ft  Bolts   ....per  ton 

Hammered  Bottoms       do 

Flat  Bottoms,  not  Hammered   ..       do 

Cake  and  Tough  Ingot      do 

Beat  Selected     do 

Australian do 

T  1.  MeUl  Sheathing  A  Boda  ....  per  lb 

Tin  :— 

Enclish  Block per  ton 

do       Bar   do 

do       BeQned   do 

Fanca      do 

Straits     do 

Lead  : — 

Fig,  English     per  ton 

.,    Spanish  Soft     do 

Shot.  Patent      do 

Sheet   do 

Wliite     do 


15    0 
10  10 


15  10    0 
12  10    0 


72 

80 


0    0        96    0    0 
0    0        97    0    0 


94    0 

90    0 


22  ni 
2ii  lu 
27    0 


}. 

S}-" 


0     0     0^ 

so    0    0 


SPELTZ&  : — 

On  the  Spot  per  ton      21    0    0  21    2    6  net 

Zinc  : — 

English  Sheet      per  ton       26  10    0  27    0    0    2 

Devaux's  V.  M.  Roofing  Zinc    do  26  10     0  0    0 

•  And  6  per  cent,  disconnt  i*  laid  upon  the  new  system. 

Qdiccbiltss      perbtl  6  17     0  0    0    9 

Keouldb  op  Antimony 

French    per  ton       28    0     0  0    0    0 


GOTHIC  FOKMS  APPLIED  TO  FUR- 
NITURE,  METAL  WORK.  Ac.  for  INTKRIOIt  PURPOSES, 
by  Mr.  B.  J.  TALBEr.T.  ot  London.  The  abdve  ivork  h.isespeciiil  refer- 
ence to  the  Manuf.icturers  of  Furniture,  Stetal  Workers,  and  Decora- 
tors, as  Eupgfstive  of  Work  applied  to  Buildings  erected  in  the  Gothio 
Styles.  Tlie  fkctchca  will  bo  deaigna  adapted  to  the  modem  require- 
ments of  the  library,  dining,  drawing  and  bed  moras,  halls,  sc.  ;  this 
includes  wood,  metal,  and  decorative  work.  To  be  published  in  sis 
monthly  jiarts.  price  5s,  per  part,  contaiuing  five  plates  and  letter- 
press ;  or  when  completed,  bound  up,  £1  1.''b. 

Published  by  S.  BtBnECE,  Bookieller,  3,  Ferahore-road,  Edgbaston, 
Birmingham. 


NEW  EDITION  OF  TWISDEN'S  MECHANICS. 

Now  ready,  iu  crown  bvo.  price  lOs.  6d. 

ELEMENTARY  INTRODUCTION  to 
PRACTICAL  MECHANICS,  illustrated  by  numerous  Eiam- 
jiles.  Being  the  third  Edition  of  ■■Kleineuiary  Examples  in  Practical 
J^lechanics."  By  the  Eev.  Jons  F.  T\visden,  M.A..  Professor  of  M.i- 
thematics  in  the  Stafl'  College. 

London  :  Loncmaks,  Green,  and  Co.,  Fatemoster-row. 

THE     TIMBER     MERCHANT     and 
BUILD EE'3  COMPANION,   by  J,   EutclEV.  57,    Hopwood- 
&treet,  Hull.    Price,  One  SblUiQg. 


s 


TAIRCASE    and   JOINERY    WORKS, 
JOHN     WALDEN 

(Late  Shop  Foreman  to  Mr.  W.   SANDS,  retired), 

12,  MAIDEN  LANE,  COVENT  GARDEN. 

Estimates  on  application. 


GLASS. 

WH.  JACKSON  supplies  BRITISH 
•  PLATE,  PATENT  PLATE,  ROLLED  PLATE.  CROWN 
SHEET,  HuJiTICULXUKAL,  ORNAMENTAL.  COLOURED,  PHO 
TOGIIAPHIC,  and  evtry  deacription  of  GLASS,  of  the  best  manu- 
facture, at  the  lowest  temia. 

Lists    of    prices  and  estimates    forwarded  on    application   at  the 
Warehouse.  315,  Oxford  btrtut,  W. 


PLAIN   AND   ORNAMENTAL   WINDOW   8LASS. 

WBELL  liaving  made  an  extensive  addi- 
.  tieu  to  Lis  I'lLinibes,  is  cuabltd  to  supply  evtry  deBL-riptiim 
of  Painltd,  atAiueU,  Kojujasea.  awi  EuiiuicUed  ol;iss  (jiU  of  Vfhwh  mu 
„  A't".,',?  ''i"/;  n'y-  ^''"  ''"  ■'  """  P>ip«red  !<,  .upply  BKITISH  ..lid 
PATENT  PLATE,  CKOWN,  SHEET.  COLOURED  UKOUKU 
FLUTED,  CAST,  and  ROLLED  PLATE,  FOREIGN  GLASa.  Ac. 
Deaignfl  aud  Eetimates  on  apijlication  to 

W.  BELL,  GLASS  PAINTER,  43,  HIGH  BIREEI. 

CAMDEN  TOWN. 

GLASS,  SASBES,  4c.,  deUveped  c<UTi»g«  Itn. 


LITHOGRAPHY. 

ARCHITECTURAL,    MECHANICAL,    AND    ENGINEERING    DRAWINGS, 
MAPS,  PLANS,  &c.,  &c., 

COriED,  EMABGED,  EFruCED,  AXD  lITBOGBArHED  EXPEDITIOUSLY  AND  BEASONABLT  BT 

WHITEMAN   &   BASS,   236,  High  Holborn. 

LITHOGEArniC    ERIKTERS    TO    THE    "BUILDING    NEW^,"    " 'IBE  AETIZAN,"    AND    OTHER 
JOURNALS.— (SEE  ILLUSTRATION.) 

LITHOGRAPHY. 

ARCHITECTURAL,    MECHANICAL,    AND    ENGINEERING  DRAWINGS,  MAPS 

PLANS,  &c.,  &c.,  ' 

LITHOGEAPDED  IN  INK,  CHALK,  OE  COLOURS,  WITH  THE  GREATEST  DESPATCH,  BT 

G.  H.  BARTLETT,  5,  Great  Queen-street,  Westminster. 

Original    BrawiiigB   maiie   from    Inventors'   Models,   and  evtry   descnption  of  MacMiiery,  Implements,   etc.,  etc, 
SPECIMENS   SUBMITTED. — ESTIMATES  GIVEN. 


TURKEY    AND    INDIAN    CARPETS- 

IMPORTED  BY 

WATSON,  BONTOR,  &.  CO., 

CARPET  MANUFACTUEEES  TO  THE  ROYAL  FAMILY, 

85      AND      86,     OLD      EOND     STREET,     LONDON,     W. 

EXHIBITION  MEDALS  1851,  1862,  and  DUBLIN,  1865. 


Will  be  publLshed  in  December  next,  cloth  lettered,  price  49. 

ATCHLEY'S    NEW    BUILDEES'    PRICE    BOOK 

FOR  1S68. 

Containing  a  complete  List  of  the  present  Prices  of  Builders'  Materials  and  Labour,  with  most  useful  and  impoitaut 

Tables  and  ilemoraiula  for  preparing  Estimates,  <fec.,  for  the  use  of 

ARCHITECTS,  ENGINEERS,  CONTRACTORS,  BUILDEES,  &c. 

These  calculations  have  been  carefully  made  by  the  aid  of  a  Btaflf  of  practical  men  on  each  subject. 

To  Tvliich  is  added 

"THE    UNION    OF    TRUE    CONSTRUCTION    WITH    GOOD    TASTE." 

By  AN  ARCHITECT. 

Tre.ating  of  the  foUo^-ing  subjects  :  Brickwork,  Stonework,  Woodwork  .and  Furniture,  Slates  and  Tiles,  Leadwork, 

Zinc,  Metalwork,  Plaster,  Glass,  Painting,  Staining,  &c. 

London:   ATCHLEY  <t  CO.,  ARCHITECTURAL  and  ENGINEERING  PUBLISHERS, 
106,  Great  Rus.sell-street,  Bloomsburj-. 

BOOKSELLERS  SUPPLIED  WITH  SHOW-CARDS  AND  PROSPECTUS  UPON   APPLICATION  TO  ATCHLEY  AND  CO. 


UNDER  THE  PATRONAGE  OF  H.M.  THE  QUEEN. 

THE  LONDON  PARQUETRY  WORKS, 
— The  first  Est-vbliahment  founded  in  England  (in  1342)  for  the 
exclusive  manuf.%cture  of  Solid  and  Plated  PARQUET  FLOORS  and 
BORDERS,  CEILINGS,  and  WALL  DECORATIONS;  and  Sole 
Patentees  of  the  only  system  adapted  to  the  English  climate,  whereby 
the  evils  of  dky  but,  bSRiNKAGE,  and  wabpdjo  (ao  conunon  to  wnrk 
uiADufactured  in  foreign  climates),  are  effectuau.t  pbevented. — For 
designs, estimates,  and  list  of  nearly  301}  floors,  &c.,  apply  tii  THE 
LONDON  PARQUETRY  WORKS,  Grove-lane.  Cmherwoll.  S.;  or  to 
their  Sole  Agents,  Messrs.  Gillow  and  Co.,  176,  Oxfird- street. 


Soho  Plate  and  General  Glass  Warehouse, 

26,     SOHO     SQUARE,     W. 
And  GEORGE  YARD.   CROWN  STREET.  SOHO.   W.C. 
At  the  above   Extensive  Establishment  the  following  descriptions 
of  Glass  can  be  proiured  wholesiile  : — 

PLATE  GLASS.  Polished,  Silvered,  Obacorcd,  and  Rough. 
PATENT  PLATE  GLASS  of  all  qualities  and  substAnceP. 
COLOURED,  ORNAMENTAL,  and  STAINED  GLASS. 
CROWN.  SHEET,  and  HORTICULTURAL  GLASS. 
HARTLEY'S  ROLLED  ROUGH  PLATE.  Ac,  Ac 


s 


TAINED    GLASS    WINDOWS 

AND  CHURCH  DECORATIONS. 

HEATON,  BUTLER,  AND  BAYNE, 

GAKEICK    STREET^  COVENT   GARDEN,    LONDON. 
lUustratedjFivtalogiie  Ss.  6d.,  post  free. 


rARPAUJjIWS    on    HIRE,    23.    6d.    per 
week. 
SCAFFOLD  CORD  from  ;3s.  j.er  Cwt. 
PIGGOTl',    BROTHERS, 
No.  59,  BISHOPSGATE  WITHOUT,  LOXDON,  B. 


POLONCEAtJ  &  SETSSEl  ASPHALTE. 


ESTABUSBED 


For  covering  Flat  Roofs,  Paving,  and  Flooring  of  every  description 
especially  in  places  subject  to  damp  and  verm.in. 

Ihia  Asphalte  id  now  extensively  used  for  Paving  STABLES  (m 
Bhown  above),  the  absence  of  joiuta  preventing  the  generation  of 
aiiiiiionia. 

For  Estimates  and  Prices,  Ac,  apply  to 

JOHN    PILKINGTOW, 

15,  FISH  STREET  HJLL,  LONDON,  E.G. 
Country  Builders  supplied  with  Asphalte  in  bulk  for  covering  Floor 
ings.  Bam  Floors,  &c„  with  iustructiona  to  lay  it  down. 


A  KCHITECTURAL  ENRICHMENTS  in 

Xi-  PAPIER  MACHE.  CAKTON'  PIERRE,  .md  COMPOSITION. 
produced  in  the  beat  style;  aiid  estimates  furnished  on  receipt  of 
drawiuira.  EstiibUshed  80  years.  WILLIAM  SMART,  41.  Clifton- 
street,  Fiuaburj-,  Loudon,  E.C, 


BILIOUS  and  LIVER  COMPLAINTS, 
Indigestion,  bick  Heid.^ciie,  Loss  of  Appetite,  Drows.aesa. 
Giddiness.  Spjisms.  Jind  all  Disorders  of  the  Stoiuach  and  Bowels.  ;tre 
quickly  removed  by  that  well-known  remedy.  FKaMPTON'S  PILL 
UF  HliALTH.  Thi;y  uuito  the  recoinmendatiou  oi;*  mild  operation 
with  the  most  suciessful  ctlect  ;  and  where  an  aperient  ia  reyuired, 
nothing  can  be  belter  adapted. 

Sold  by  all  Medicine  Vendors,  at  Is.   lid.  and  2i.   9d.  per  box  or 
obtained  through  any  Chemist. 


BY 

HER  MAJESTY'S  "^^  ^^^  Medal  of  the  Paris  Ex- 

hibition,  1867.   has  bees    awarded 
ROYAL  to  his  Imperial  Majesty. the  Empe- 

TT-TTE-Tjo   T>*T<?x-r  ^"'  °^  ^^^  Frcnch,  for  his  concrete 

Lfcl  ItKS  PA1E^T.  houses  in  Paris,  built  by  the  Paten- 

tee's apparatus, 

T  ALL'S     PATENT      APPARATUS     or 
MOULDING    MACHINE     for    CONSTRUCTING   WALLS. 
HOUSES  and  other  BUILDINGS. 

With  the  Patentee's  Apparatus.  Portland  Cement  Concrete  Walla 
may  be  builtat  half  the  cost  of  brickwork  (in  some  cases  lees  thao 
half),  being  ten  tiroes  .is  Etromt,  impervious  to  wet,  nearly  smooth, 
requiring  but  one  coat  ,.f  plaster  ;  being  one  solid  mass  completely 
de;ideriii)i;  sound  ;  requiring  no  bond  timber  fur  joists,  neither  lintels 
nor  arche-s  over  door,  window  and  other  openings.  For  Gardens  or 
Park  Close  Fences  cheaper  th.iu  wood  fencing. 

A  Pamphlet  containing  fall  information,  and  exnlaining  immense 
advaatageofCoDcreteoverall  other  wall  cunstructions,  will  be  (or- 
wwrded  on  receipt  of  six  Btamps,    Address. 

J.  TALL.  FALSTAFP    YARD.    KENT-STREET.    SOUTHWAKK 


THE  INTERNATIONAL  PRIZE  MEDAL, 

Awarded  1862, 

ALSO  THE  DUBLIN  MEDAL,  1865 

To    BUILDERS,    CAKPENTERS,    and    BLINDMAKER3 

JAS.  AUSTIN  &  SON, 

Manufacturers  of    the  above   ,VrticIes,   particularly  wiBh  to  direct 
the  attention  of  t!.*-  Trade  to  their 

IMPERIAL    PATENT    FLAX   SASH    LINES, 

Of  which  they  are  now  making  four  qualities,  and  they  strongly  recom- 
mend th.T.t  in  all  cases  they  should  be  purchased  in  preferenceto  the 
PATENT  LINES  made  from  Jute,  wlii.h  Article  has  neither  tfae 
STRENGTH  nor  DURABILITY  of  FLAX,  cousequently  cannot  give 
so  much  s-atisfaction  to  the  Consumer,  They  alsoinvite  tbe  particular 
attention  of  Upholstcreis  aud  Blind  Makers  to  their  Im).io\pd  Patent 
Blind  Lines,  which  are  very  much  superior  to  anything  yet  offered 
to  the  trade. 

They  can  be  obtained  of  all  Ropemakers.  Ironmongers,  Merchant*' 
Factors,  and  Wholesale  Houses  in  Town  and  Countiyl 
ESTABLISHED  1774. 


BY 
MAJESTY'S 
LETTERS 


HER 

KOr.41, 
PATENT. 


Austin's  New  (186?)  imperial  Patent 
SUPEKFINE     FLAX     SASH     LINES. 

JAMtS  AUSTIN  and  SuN  in  iiilro>Uiciug  tbo  Hbove  VEW.  nud 
SUPKliFINE  SASH  LINE  would  rccomuitu'l  it  by  ita  superiority  ia 
the  following  particulars,  viz. :  It  does  not  stretch  or  kiult,  and  ftotn 
its  pecnliaiity  of  mauufacturc  cannot  bo  frayed  by  the  friction  ut  the 
SMsh-puUeys  and  weights. 

This  Ju-ticle  has  been  patented,  and  they  feel  a-wured  tiiat  it  will 

only  require  to  bu  knoft-n  t>  ensuto  its  immediutc  Jidoptioti  by  the 

trade.     It  can  bo  obfcunod  of  ;»ll  Ropemakers,    Ironm('ii^t!r&,    ilcr 

chants.  Factors,  and  WhoIes.ile  liuuiiu^       Town  or  Country. 

ESTABLtSHED  1774. 

Novejiber  1,1867. 


M' 


OULE'S  WARMING  APPARATUS.- 


_  The  Best  and  most  Econonucal  System  of  Warming  Churches, 
Schools,  Hothouses,  and  all  large  bull  linirs. — Aj  ply  to  J.  W.  Gii  dlt- 
stone,  C.E.,  81,  Duke-slreet,  Westminster,  S.Vi". 


December  13,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


859 


THE   BUILDING  NEWS. 


LONDON,  FBIDAT,  DECEMBER  13,  186T. 


THEATRE  BURNING  AND  THEATRE 
BUILDING. 

SINCE   Her  Majesty's  Theatre  was  burnt 
on  Friday  night    last,   much  has    been 
written  about  its  splendour,  its  size,  and  the 
immense  loss  the  public  have  sustained  in  its 
destruction.     We  might  also  write  in  a  similar 
strain,  and  descant   on  the  beauty  and   rank 
which  have  graced  its   boxes  and  stalls,  the 
genius  which  has   enraptured  generations  of 
listening     spectators,    and    the    unsurpassed 
acoustic   qualification     of    the    theatre    now 
numbered  "amid    the  wreck   of  things  that 
were."     But  we  prefer  to  offer  a  few  observa- 
tions on  theatre  building   and  theatre  burn- 
ing.    We   are   surprised   that  Her  Majesty's 
Theatre  was  not  burnt  long  ago,  for  it  appears 
almost  to  have  been  built  for  that  purpose  ; 
almost  every   part  of  its  interior  consisted  of 
wood,  every  particle  of  which  was  as  dry  as 
powder.     The   means  of  egress    and  ingress 
which  the   theatre  possessed  were  remarkably 
defective,  and  had  a  fire  broken  out  during  an 
ordinary  performance,  the  consequences,  in  all 
probability,  would  have  been  appalling.     We 
nave  scores  of   times  entered  the  theatre,  and 
almost    as    many    times   shuddered    at    the 
thought  of  fire  breaking  out  wlien  the  theatre 
was  full.     There  was  only  one  entrance  to  the 
gallery,   the   amphitheatre  stalls,  and  upper 
boxes,  and  that  was  narrow,  crooked,  and  cir- 
cuitous ;  and  had  a  panic  rush  at  any  time 
occurred,  it  would  have  been  impossible  for 
many  to  have  descended  the  staircase  without 
crushing,   injury,   and    death.      In    fact,    so 
thoroughly  have  we  been   impressed  with  the 
unsafe  condition  of  the  theatre  that  we  have 
always  preferred  to  be  as  near  the  door  as 
possible,  in   order  to  be  prepared  for  escape 
if   necessary.     Whilst,    therefore,   lamenting 
over  its   destruction,   we  feel  there   is   much 
cause  for  congratulation  that  its  fire  doom  was 
fixed  at  a  moment  when  it  was  empty.      The 
late  theatre   was  erected  in  1791,  from  the 
designs  of  Michael  Novosielski,  and  has  con- 
sequently existed  seventy-six   years,  a   very 
long  life  for  a  theatre.     Its  predecessor,  how- 
ever, on  the  same  site,  existed  for  eighty-four 
years,  but  that  was  before  gas  was  invented, 
and  long  before   even  architects  professed  to 
render  buildings    fireproof.     It    was  opened 
during  the  first  throes  of  the  French  revolu- 
tion.    It  was  altered  and  enlarged  in  1819  by 
Nash  and   Repton,  when   the  PaU   Mall  and 
Haymarket   fronts    were    built.      Excepting 
La  Scala,    at   Milan,  it  is  said  that  the   late 
theatre    was   the  largest    in    Europe.      The 
Italian  opera   was   introduced  in  London  in 
1708.     Since  that  time  it  has  been  a  growing 
institution,  and  young  ladies  look  forward  to 
the  opera  season  as  new-fledgel  members  of 
Parliament   look  forward    to   the  opening  of 
Parliament.     This  being  the   case,  we  may 
expect  that  a  new  opera  house,  built  more  in 
harmony  with  modern  wants  and  modes  of 
construction,  and  subjected  to  fewer  liabilities 
to  destruction  by  fire,  will  arise,  phoenix-like, 
from  the  still  smouldering  ashes  in  the  Hay- 
market.     An  opportunity  will,  therefore,  soon 
arise  to  tax  the  abilities  of  some   scientific 
architect.     The  question  naturally  arises,  how 
shall    it  be  constructed  so   as  to   afford  the 
maximum  of  safety,   combined  with  all  the 
capabilities    to   make   it   commercially    suc- 
cessful .'    Just  now  there  are  not  wanting  ad- 
visers  in    the   public   newspapers    who     are 
ready  to   give  no  end  of  suggestions   on  the 
best  manner  to  build   a  theatre.     Journalists, 
in  fact,  take  theatres  under  their  special  pro- 
tection, and  it  is  therefore  natural  that  when 
an  old  one  is  burnt  down,  or  when  a  new  one 
is  to  be  erected,  that  they  should  have  some- 
thing to  say  on  the  subject.      The  State,  also, 


has  much  to  say  about  the  matter ;  for  does 
not  the  Lord  Chamberlain  say  when  a  theatre 
shall  be  opened,  and  when  it  shall  be  closed  / 
lias  he  not  also  a  control  on  what  is  pre- 
sented on  the  boards  \  We  may,  therefore, 
as  a  matter  of  course,  expect  to  hear  much 
from  non-professional  pens  on  theatre  build- 
ing. 

The  first  thing  that  suggests  itself  on  this 
subject  is  the  manner  and  the  materials  of 
construction,  in  order  to  make  the  building 
as  much  as  possible  fire-proof.  To  do  this 
absolutely  is  obviously  impossible.  Almost 
everythingappertainingto  the  stage  ofa  theatre 
is  combustible.  The  platform  itself  must  be 
of  wood,  the  scenery,  the  "  properties,"  the 
dresses,  and  other  appurtenances,  must  consist 
principally  of  very  combustible  material, 
which  must  be  brought  into  close  contiguity 
with  gas  light.  It  has  been  suggested  that 
iron  drop  curtains  should  be  provided,  so 
that  if  a  fire  broke  out  on  the  stage  it  might 
be  shut  off  from  the  auditorium.  This,  it 
has  been  said,  would  give  the  audience  time  to 
disperse,  and  perhaps  be  the  means  of  saving 
one  part  of  the  building.  The  answer  to  this 
is  that  such  a  curtain  would  soon  get  red  hot 
and  so  become  a  means  of  mischief.  On  this 
point,  Mr.  Dion  Boucicault  recommends  a  pro- 
cess to  extinguish  fires  which  is  well  worth 
consideration.    He  says  : — 

Above  the  st.i!je,  and  co- extensive  with  it,  there 
is  a  gridiron  floor  from  which  hangs  the  pendant 
scenery.  Let  the  timbers  of  this  floor,  which 
is  open  work,  bo  laid  on  their  under  face,  with 
lines  of  small  iron  pipe,  forming  a  gridiron, 
pricked  at  every  inch  with  holes ;  let  this  system  be 
in  communication  with  the  water  main  constant 
service.  Let  one  lever  which  turns  on  the  water 
be  against  the  wall  of  the  stage  on  the  outside, 
another  corresponding  lever  contigxious,  but  on  the 
inside,  so  that  the  water  may  be  turned  on  by  a 
person  either  outside  or  inside  of  the  building. 
The  effect  of  this  operation  would  be  to  let  fail 
a  continuous  and  even  deluge,  more  effectual  in 
checking  a  fire  than  the  jet  from  a  hose,  because  it 
not  only  adiiresses  itself  to  the  seat  of  the  tire,  but 
to  adjacent  material.  A  similar  gridiron  process 
should  be  introduced  underneath  the  stage,  another 
on  the  rafters  over  the  auditorium,  and  a  fourth  in 
all  available  places  around  the  ceiling,  so  placed 
that  the  rain  from  such  would  fall  or  be  projected 
on  the  woodwook  of  the  boxes  and  stalls.  Each  of 
these  systems  should  have  a  separate  main,  so  th.at 
each  could  be  brought  into  operation  separately  ;  yet 
the  whole  might  be  under  the  operation  of  one  master 
main,  by  turning  on  which  the  whole  theatre,  from 
the  back  of  the  gallery  to  tho  rear  of  the  stage, 
could  be  deluged  in  a  moment.  It  is  of  great  im. 
portance  that  such  a  process  should  be  as  readily 
worked  from  the  outside  as  from  tho  inside  of  tho 
building.  I  believe  that  the  water  companies 
supply  what  they  term  sealed  mains  ;  that  is,  the 
constant  service  of  the  street  main  is  conducted 
into  the  building  and  the  lever  is  there  sealed  up  ; 
to  break  this  seal  is  to  confess  the  use  of  the  supply. 
Such  facilities  exist,  as  I  am  informed  ;  and  if  they 
don't,  and  the  companies  offer  any  impediment  to 
their  introduction,  an  Act  of  Parliament  might  he 
obtained  to  render  such  assistance  obhgatory. 

The  most  painful  feature  of  theatres  in 
London  and  other  large  towns  is  the  obvious 
and  lamentable  deficiency  of  egress.  Though 
this  point  has  been  enforced  again  and  again, 
still  it  has  not  sufficiently  impressed  itself  on 
the  minds  of  proprietors  and  architects,  and 
we  are  afraid  it  never  will  until  the  legisla- 
ture interferes,  and  make  it  penal  to  build  a 
theatre  that  cannot  empty  itself  in  three  or 
four  minutes.  If  we  saw  any  hope  of  touching 
the  consciences,  and,  through  their  consciences, 
the  actions  of  those  interested,  we  would  not 
call  for  more  stringent  enactments  on  this 
point.  But  we  have  almost  lost  all  hope  in 
the  matter.  So  intensely  selfish  are  we  all 
become  or  becoming,  that  we  will  not  study 
the  interests  of  others  in  promoting  what  are 
falsely  supposed  to  be  our  interests.  Perhaps 
thisphaseof  selfishness  has  taken  a  firmer  hold 
of  thebuilding  fraternity,  oralarge  portion  of  it, 
than  of  any  other  class  of  the  community. 
Look,  for  instance,  at  the  condition  of  the 
thousands  of  dwelling-houses  that  are  starting 
up  in  every  direction.  Almost  everyone  tries 
to  get  what  he  can,  with  scarcely  a  considera- 
tion for  the  convenience  or  the  health  of  his 
neighljours.     He  appears  altogether  oblivious 


of  the  fact  that  whenever  he  robs  his  neigh- 
bour he  robs  himself  more.  Judging  from  his 
acts,  this  truth,  or  any  portion  of  it,  has 
never  dawned  on  his  mind.  Hence  we  see 
theatres  and  other  places  of  public  resort 
built  with  miserably  defective  ventilation,  and 
with  iiiade(iuate  means  of  egress  in  case  of 
lire.  We  know  that  land  is  valuable,  and 
that  architects  are  compelled  to  save  every 
inch  in  order  to  get  the  maximum  of  sitting 
accommodation,  as  that  is  supposed  to  bo  the 
only  thing.that  pays.  People  not  only  want 
sitting  accommodation  and  convenience,  but  a 
sense  of  security,  which,  if  provided,  would 
also  pay.  The  thought  or  feeling  that  strikes 
everyone  on  going  in  or  coming  out  of  most 
theatres  is,  "  Oh  !  if  a  fire  should  break  out  1  " 
which  is  accompanied  by  a  cold  tremour.  Now, 
we  maintain  there  is  no  necessity  for  this. 
Valuable  as  space  is,  life  and  a  sense  of  secu- 
rity are  far  more  valuable  ;  and  if  theatre- 
builders  will  disregard  such  considerations 
they  ought  to  be  compelled  not  only  to  regard 
them  but  to  provide  for  them.  We  alluded 
just  now  to  the  narrow,  tortuous  staircase 
which  led  to  the  whole  of  the  ujjper  part 
of  Her  Majesty's  Theatre.  Take  another  fact. 
Would  anyone  imagine  that  the  folding  doors 
at  the  bottom  of  this  entrance  opened  inwards, 
and  not  outwards.  Had  a  rush  taken  place, 
with  great  pressure,  as  would  have  been  the 
case  if  fire  broke  out  when  the  theatre  was 
full,  the  doors  could  only  have  been  opened 
with  great  difficulty,  and  the  stream  of  people 
that  came  or  fell  downstairs  would  be  dammed 
up  at  the  bottom.  And  yet  these  doors  have 
been  in  this  condtion  year  after  year,  and  no 
one  considered  it  his  duty  to  interfere  and 
alter  them. 

Another  suggestion  we  venture  to  throw 
out  relates  to  the  undue  haste  in  which 
theatres  are  erected.  Almost  all  houses 
are  erected  too  rapidly,  and  theatres  in 
particular.  Look,  for  instance,  at  the  last 
theatre  built  in  London— the  Queen's,  in  Long 
Acre — illustrations  and  description  of  which 
appeared  in  our  pages  a  few  weeks  since. 
The  rapidity  with  which  it  was  transformed 
from  St.  Martin's  Hall  to  a  theatre  was  mar- 
vellous. As  a  rule,  things  cannot  be  done 
with  astonishing  haste  and  well  at  the  same 
time,  and  this  applies  particularly  to  theatre 
building.  No  doubt,  many  of  our  readers 
have  looked  with  satisfaction  at  the  decora- 
tions of  this  new  theatre  ;  at  all  events,  they 
have  been  much  praised  in  the  newspapers. 
Should,  however,  a  fire  break  out  at  the 
Queen's  it  would  burn,  young  as  it  is,  almost 
as  rapidly  as  Her  Majesty's.  The  decorations 
are  not  put  directly  on  the  walls,  as  the  ob- 
server may  imagine,  but  on  wood.  It  woxild 
have  been  necessary  to  plaster  the  walls,  and 
plaster  would  have  taken  time  to  dry  ;  hence 
the  application  of  wood,  and  the  result  is  that 
the  Queen's,  instead  of  being  incombustible, 
is  about  the  most  combustible  theatre  in 
London.  If  the  architect  were  asked,  why 
board  the  walls  ?  he,  no  doubt,  would  say  he 
was  pressed  for  time  ;  in  other  words,  he  was 
the  victim  of  this  insatiable  thirst  for  gain 
which  is  such  a  characteristic  quality  of  our 
too  highly  lauded  civilization.  "  Everyone 
for  himself,  and  the  devil  take  the  hindmost," 
is  the  practical  motto  of  the  age.  Let  us  hope 
that  this  undue  reckless  haste  vrill  be  con- 
spicuous by  its  absence  during  the  erection  of 
Her  Majesty's  Theatre  that  is  to  be. 


LONG  SPAN  RAILWAY  BRIDGES. 

SUBSEQUENT  events  have  incontestably 
proved  that  the  extreme  ideas  and  aiiti- 
cipations  entertained  at  the  first  introduction 
of  railways,  with  all  their  numerous  con- 
structive accessories,  have  completely  failed 
in  realization.  After  the  first  successful  run 
over  the  metals,  it  was  asserted,  and  the  asser- 
tion is  quite  correct,  that  a  speed  of  a  liundred 
miles  per  hour  might  be  safely  indulged  in, 
upon  a  good  straight  level  road.  It  was, 
therefore,  naturally  expected  that,  as  we  pos- 


\L 


860 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


December  13,  1867. 


sess,  upou  the  older  lines  at  least,  some  excel- 
lent portions  of  road,  the  speed  would  in- 
crease until  it  approached  nearer  to  the  limited 
maximum  tlian  it  has  done  or  ever  will  do. 
In  strong  contrast  to  these  brilliant  anticipa- 
tions and  sanguine  expectations  stand  the  bare 
facts.  Instead  of  increasing  the  speed  upon 
our  railroads,  the  reverse  has  been  the  case. 
When  the  Darlington  Company  oll'ered  their 
prize  of  £500  for  the  best  locomotive,  under 
certain  conditions  of  trial,  the  "Rocket," 
which  deservedly  bore  away  the  palm,  was 
run  at  a  speed  of  twenty-six  miles  per  hour. 
How  many  trains  run  at  the  present  day  at 
that  rate  1  With  the  exception  of  the  ''liniited 
mails,"  the  boat  express,  and  the  Scotch  fast 
train,  they  are  all  the  most  wretched  crawlers 
that  could  be  well  imagined.  To  travel  liy  a 
parliamentary  train  is  downright  misery,  and 
what  are  termed  ordinarily  "  fast  trains " 
rarely  equal  thirty  miles  per  hour.  It  must 
not  be  imagined  that  a  much  higher  speed 
than  what  is  attained  now  could  not  be 
reached  with  safety  upon  some  lines,  but,  in  a 
word,  it  would  not  pay  to  do  so.  Anyone  who 
travels  over  a  line  he  has  known  in  his  boy- 
hood cannot  fail  to  notice  how  the  stations 
along  its  route  have  multijiliedjUiore  especially 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  metropolis,  and  mani- 
festly to  run  a  number  of  fast  trains  not  stop- 
ping at  these  intermediate  halting  places, 
would  be  virtually  to  negative  the  object  of 
erecting  them.  Unquestionably  the  construc- 
tion of  the  line  itself,  with  respect  to  its  ruling 
curves  and  gradients,  exercises  an  important 
influence  upon  the  rate  of  travelling,  but  we 
shall  not  nowpause  to  considerthis  or  anyother 
well-established  impediment  to  the  acquisition 
of  a  high  velocity  upon  railroads. 

As  with  the  speed  of  locomotion ,  so  with 
the  span  of  bridges.     We  have  already  sliown 
that  the  first  locomotive  exceeded  in  speed  the 
majority  of  its  future  brethren,  and  it  can  be 
demonstrated  with  equal  facility  that  the  first 
railway  bridge,  worthy  of  th'^  name,   exceeds 
all  its  cotemporaries.     The   liritannia  Bridge 
over  the  Menai  Straits  still  remains  unrivalled 
for  length  of  span  or  clear  opening  between 
piers  by  any  existing  railway  structure.     We 
exclude  from  comparison  the  bridge  over  the 
Niagara  Falls,  as,  in  the  strict   sense  of  the 
term,  it  cannot  be  called  a  railway  bridge. 
A  structure  that  Iiarely  allows   the  carriages 
of  a  train  without  the  engine,  to  traverse  it  at 
the  absurdly  slow  rate  of  five  miles  per  hour, 
cannot  be  regarded  in  the  light  of  an  eftlcient 
railway  bridge,  or  placed  in  the  same  category 
with  that  which  permits  the  Irish  mail,  the 
second  fastest  train  in  the  kingdom,  to  pass 
through  it  at  a  velocity  of  nearly  forty  miles 
an  hour.     IMoreover,  to  clinch  the  matter,  no 
Government  inspector  would  pass  a  similar 
bridge  for  traflic  upon   an   English  line,  nor 
would  he  be  justified  in  so  doing.     The  two 
principal   spans  of  the  Britannia  Bridge  are 
each  460  feet  in  the  clear,  exceeding  by  about 
eleven   feet    the  largest  opening  of  the  chef 
d'ceiwre   of  Mr.    Brunei,   the    Royal   Albert 
Bridge    over    the  river    Tamar,  at    Saltash. 
Both  these  structures  maybe  justly  denomi- 
nated long  span  railway  bridges,  although  their 
design  and  construction  both  in  principle  and 
detailarewidelydiiferent.   The  Britannia  erec- 
tion is  upon  the  tubular  system,  which  charac- 
terizes   all   the   bridges  emanating   from   its 
great    designer,     Robert     Stephenson.       He 
carried   out   the   same  principle  Ijoth  in  the 
Victoria  Bridge,  in  Australia,  having  a  span  of 
200ft.,  and  in  that  of  the  same  name  over  the 
river  St.  Lawrence,  in  America.    The  greatest 
span  of  the  latter  is  330ft.  in  the  clear.    'Were 
the  Britannia  Bridge  to  be  built  at  the  present 
day,  two   very   important  alterations    would 
take   place.     The  principle  of  its  construction 
would    be    changed,   and  the   site  removed 
from  the  Britannia  to  the  Lough  Swilly  rock. 
The  greatest   span   required   at  that  locality 
would  be  very   much   less  than   4(i0ft.,   the 
opening  demanded  by  its  present  situation. 
With  this  advantage  in  its  favour,  the  most 
consideral.de  a  site  could  possess,  it  might  be 
reasonably  asked   wliy   it  was  not  selected  in 


the  first  instance  ?  To  fully  understand  the 
reason  of  its  rejection  by  ]\Ir.  Stephenson,  it 
must  be  borne  in  mind,  that  that  engineer  was 
strongly  opposed  to  anything  approaching  a 
sharp  curve,  and  never  in  his  wildest  enthu- 
siasm about  railways,  and  what  belonged  to 
them,  imagined  that  curves  similar  to  what 
are  now  of  every  day  occurrence,  could  ever 
have  been  introduced  into  our  railway  system. 
Mr.  Stephenson  considered  that  no  curve 
should  have  a  less  radius  than  one  mile, 
except  under  very  peculiarly  stringent  cir- 
cumstances. At  present,  curves  of  600ft. 
radius  are  frequently  laid  out  for  railway  pur- 
poses. To  have  adopted  the  site  of  the  Lough 
Swilly  rock  for  his  great  work,  would  have 
necessitated  the  introduction  of  a  .sharper 
curve  in  the  line  at  that  point  than  the  engi- 
neer regarded  as  desirable,  and  consequently 
the  Menai  Straits  were  bridged  via  the  Bri- 
tannia rock.  With  respect  to  the  tubular 
system,  it  has  long  since  exploded ;  but  the 
fact  that  cheaper  and  more  scientific  prin- 
ciples have  been  brought  to  bear  upon  the 
suliject  of  bridge  building,  does  not  iu  any 
manner  detract  from  the  boldness,  professional 
skill,  and  originality  of  the  designer.  Even 
granting  that  there  is  a  loss  of  material  in  its 
solid  sides,  massive  booms,  and  cellular  flanges, 
yet,  notwithstanding,  with  itslofty  proportions, 
rock-like  piers,  and  noble  span,  it  utterly 
dwarfs  structures  so  insiguiflcaat  as  the 
Charing  Cross  and  Blackfriars  railway  Ijridges. 
With  their  miserable  spans  of  150ft.  and  170ft., 
they  are  not  worthy  to  be  classed  in  the  same 
nomenclature.  To  draw  a  poetical  comparison, 
"  they  are  like  the  gold  filagree  work  of 
Zamara  beside  the  eternal  architecture  of 
Egypt." 

Passing  on  to  investigate  the  Royal  Albert 
Bridge,  which  is  also  undoubtedly  a  long  span 
bridge,  it  is  essentially  an  unique  design,  a  fit 
emblem  of  the  great  master  mind  which  de- 
signed it.  Next  to  the  Britannia  Bridge  in 
absolute  size  of  span,  the  true  criterion  of  all 
similar  structures,  it  has  the  advantage  of 
being  constructed  upon  an  improved  principle, 
and  consequently  upon  a  scale  of  greater 
economy.  In  reality  it  embodies  a  variety  of 
principles  in  the  design,  that  of  the  bow  and 
string  predominating,  although  it  is  by  no 
means  a  pure  type  of  that  system.  The  true 
value  of  a  great  depth  of  truss,  both  construc- 
tively and  economically,  is  particularly 
apparent  in  this  design,  and  it  is  estimated  to 
bear  a  favourable  comparison  in  cost  per  foot 
run  with  any  existing  example.  It  is  a 
national  misfortune  that  Mr.  Brunei  is  not 
alive  to  bring  his  engineering  abilities  to 
bear  tipon  the  gun  and  target  question.  His 
powerful  mind,  from  its  peculiar  constitution 
and  bias,  was  eminently  fitted  to  cope  with 
the  present  unsolved  problem.  Size  was  the 
distinguishing  characteristic  of  his  intellect, 
and  the  queston  of  monster  guns  and  impene- 
trable targets  woirld  have  proved  an  irresistible 
temptation  to  it.  That  we  have  not  the 
benefit  of  his  services  is  the  more  to  be  re- 
gretted as  the  attempts  of  some  of  our  leading 
engineers  at  target  making,  have  turned  out 
complete — not  to  term  them  ridiculous — 
failures. 

Tilanj'  and  various  systems  of  railway  bridges 
have  been  recently  put  forward  as  adapted  for 
long  spans,  but  upon  investigation  some  of 
them  do  not  by  any  means  bear  that  interpre- 
tation.* Among  these  the  arch  has  unques- 
tionably the  right  of  priority,  but  notwith- 
standing that  it  is  theoretically  well  suited  for 
spanning  large  openings,  yet  of  all  others  it  is 
the  least  likely  to  be  practically  employed.  It 
should  not  be  forgotten  that  this  was  the  form 
originally  selected  for  the  Menai  Bridge  ;  but 
the  power  of  red  tape  was  too  strong  for  the 
company  and  their  engmeer.  The  Admiralty 
imposed  restrictions,  which  rendered  the  adop- 


tion of  the  arch  form  a  matter  of  sheer  impos- 
sibility. We  dismiss  from  our  category  all 
girdersupon  thecantilever  principle  as  hitherto 
untried  in  practice,  for  although  however  well 
these  particular  forms  may  bear  theoretical 
iuvestigritions,  especially  with  reference  to  a 
uniformly  distributed  load,  their  real  practical 
merit,  if  they  have  any,  cannot  be  discovered 
until  they  are  subjected  to  the  trying  ordeal  of 
the  passage  of  an  express  train.  It  was  not 
until  the  suspension  principle,  which  we  also 
exclude  from  the  denomination  of  a  long  span 
bridge,  was  actually  submitted  to  the  passage  of 
a  train  that  its  practical  inapplicability  to  the 
exigencies  of  railway  traffic  was  rendered  appa- 
rent. M  r.  Stephenson,  who  was  calledin  to  design 
a  new  structure  in  lieu  of  a  suspension  bridge, 
and  we  believe  the  only  one  ever  tried  upon 
an  English  line,  mentions  that  the  platform 
rose  up  and  down  in  successive  waves  before 
the  advancing  train,  and  that  even  after  sup- 
ports had  been  placed  underneath,  in  the  shape 
of  piles,  the  vibrations  and  undulations  were 
sufficiently  strong  to  draw  them  out  of  the 
ground.  Of  all  tlie  patents  taken  out  for  gir- 
ders iipon  the  suspension  principle,  that  of  Or- 
dish,  is  the  only  one  likely  to  possess  the  requi- 
site degree  of  rigidity  and  lateral  stiffness  for 
locomotive  purposes  ;  but  we  should  be  un- 
willing to  vouch  even  for  it,  in  the  absence  of  a 
definite  practical  trial.  For  bridges  of  very 
long  span,  exceeding  live  or  six  hundred  feet, 
it  is  manifest  that  the  horizontal  type  of  girder, 
whether  the  principle  of  construction  be  that 
of  the  box,  plate,  tubular,  warren,  or  lattice, 
must  be  rejected.  Taking  the  minimum  ratio 
of  depth  to  span,  which,  at  the  same  time,  may 
be  remarked  is, iirima facie  contrary  to  economy, 
the  former  dimension  would  stiU  be  so  exces- 
sive as  to  involve  an  enormous  loss  of  material 
in  stiffening  the  web,  and  also  in  imparting 
lateral  rigidity  to  the  entire  structure.  The 
mere  brafting  or  stift'ening  of  one  girder  is  of 
comparatively  little  use.  To  ensure  perfection, 
the  whole  bridge  must  be  so  tied  together  as 
to  act  \\k.e  one  mass,  and  dimmish  as  much  as 
possible  all  occurrence  of  local  strain.  The 
remaining  type  to  be  alluded  to  is  the  bow  and 
string,  which  is  well  suited  for  long  spans,  and 
may  be  constructed  with  greater  economy  than 
the  straight  girder.  It  loses  this  merit,  how- 
over,  in  bridges  of  small  span,  since  the  advan- 
tages it  possesses  m  other  respects  do  not  then 
compensate  for  the  Increased  cost  of  workman- 
ship. We  are  inclined  to  regard  the  Rupert 
type  of  bridge,  and  which  is  not  mentioned  in 
the  little  volume  quoted,  as  a  better  form  for 
very  long  spans  than  any  other  similarly  un- 
tried system.  There  Is  not  the  slightest  doubt 
but  that  some  day  or  other  the  Dardanelles 
must  be  spanned  by  a  bridge,  and  it  is  equally 
certain  that  none  of  the  ordinary  types  of 
bridges  would  answer  the  purpose,  particularly 
when  it  is  kept  in  view  that  engineers  have 
not  now  that  almost  unlimited  command  of 
capital  which  confiding  directors  once  entrusted 
them  with. 


*  See  "Lung  Span  Railway  Bridgea,  comprising  Investi- 
gatious  of  tlie  Comparative  Theoretical  and  Practical  Ad- 
vantages of  the  Various  Adopted  or  Proposed  Type  Sy ...terns 
of  Construction,  with  numerous  FormulEB  and  Tables. "  By 
B.Baker.  Reprinted  from  "  Engineering."  Loudon:  E. 
and  F.  N.  Spon,  48,  Charing-cross.     ISOT. 


ARCniTECTURAL    COLOURING    IN 
FRANCE    AND   ENGLAND. 

IN  the  "  Ecclesiologist "  for  the  present  month, 
Mr.  Gambler  Parry  contributes  some  "  Notes 
and  lufereuccs  from  Recent  Architectural  Colour- 
ing in  French  Churches."  Now  that  the  subject 
of  art  education  is  engaging  so  much  attention 
among  us,  Mr.  Parry's  remarks  have  a  more  than 
special  interest. 

The  modern  reviv.al  of  medijeval  art  in  France 
(siys  Mr.  Parry)  has  been  effected  very  materially 
under  Government  auspices.  The  vast  works  of 
cathedral  restoration,  extending  over  the  whole 
country  at  the  same  time,  began  less  froin  indi- 
vidual enthusiasm  for  Gothic  art  or  revived  Church 
feeling,  as  with  us,  than  from  the  political  neces- 
sity of  creating  great  works  everywhere  in  the 
principal  centres  of  population,  to  keep  the  strong 
and  intelligent  class  of  labourers  quiet  by  work. 
The  Government  has  also  aided  the  movement  by 
assistance  in  the  pubhcation  of  great  literary 
works  on  medieval  art — such  as  the  "  Mono- 
graphie  de  Bourges,"  &o.  There  have  been  noblo 
exceptions  to  such  a  course,  as,  for  instance,  the 
restoration  of  the  Abbaye  des  Hommes  at  Caen, 


December  13,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


861 


which  is  being  effected  by  the  individual  care  and 
means  of  the  good  cure.  In  England  all  has  de- 
pended on  private  enthusiasm.  Our  works  have 
been  smaller,  but  vastly  more  numerous,  and 
generally  of  a  higher  quality  of  art.  In  works  of 
original  design  there  can  be  no  comparison.  There 
i  is  a  romance  about  the  feeling  for  Gothic  art  in 
England  among  all  classes,  whieli  finds  but  little 
place  in  France.  The  French  architects  have  pro 
duced  few  original  works  in  mediicval  styles  much 
above  mediocrity  :  they  find  but  a  modified  public 
sympathy.  I  have  just  returned  from  a  ramble 
among  the  cathedr,-»l  towns  of  North  France,  from 
Coutances  in  the  west  to  Rheims  in  the  east.  The 
feeling  for  colouring  the  interiors  of  Gothic  build- 
inga  began  about  the  same  time  in  France  and 
England.  There  is  uo  matter  of  expense  in  the 
completion  of  a  Gothic  buildini?  equal  to  the  cost 
of  ita  colouring — supposing,  at  least,  that  such 
work  be  properly  done,  viz.,  in  the  purest  design 
and  the  best  materials.  In  France  they  have 
escaped  m>ich  of  the  failure  too  common  in  Eng- 
land, from  our  works  having  been  in  many  cases 
the  product  of  individual  impulse — without  study 
— presuming  on  the  sufficiency  of  general  educa- 
tion and  taste,  where  indeed  nothing  but  long 
observation  and  steady  work  can  at  all  insure 
success.  _ 

The  French  work  of  colour  decoration,  which 
surpasses  anything  we  have  done,  is  that  of  the 
Sainte  Chapelle  at  Paris.  The  work  of  greatest 
perfection  in  England  is  perhaps  that  at  the 
chapter-house  at  Salisbury,  the  work  of  Mr.  0. 
Hudson,  perfect  so  far  as  it  has  been  carried.  The 
principal  works  of  colouring  in  French  cathedrals 
and  churches  is  found  in  their  eastern  chapels. 
At  Coutances  (to  begin  from  my  western  point) 
the  lady  chapel  has  been  elaborately  coloured. 
There  is  a  feminine  delicacy  of  general  efiect  about 
it  which  savours  of  a  reference  to  its  consecration 
to  the  honour  of  the  Blessed  Virgiu.  Fjr  in- 
stance, the  roof  is  painted,  with  its  spandrils 
picked  out  with  delicate  pink  patterns  of  scrollage 
and  crosslets,  on  a  warm  cream-coloured  ground  ; 
and  other  parts  of  the  building  treated  more  as  a 
decorator  would  treat  a  boudoir,  than  as  an  artist 
would  paint  architecture.  The  designs  of  ornament 
have  been  made  and  executed  with  the  utmost 
care.  The  feeling  throughout  is  rather  for  deli- 
cacy and  prettiness  than  for  genuine  mediaeval 
art.  There  are  some  interesting  remains  of  late 
thirteenth  century  painting  in  the  chapels  of  the 
south  side.  They  appear  to  have  been  much  over- 
painted  with  an  encausdo  material.  The  subjects 
are  the  Annunciation,  the  Virgin  and  Child,  with 
adoring  saints,  i!tc. 

At  Amiens  Cathedral  the  chapel  of  Notre  Dame 
at  the  east  end  has  been  entirely  painted  under 
the  direction  of  M.  Viollet  le  Due.  JIuch  of  it  is 
very  good.  The  drapery  design  around  the  b,ase- 
ment  is  very  happily  executed,  the  drawing  being 
deUcate  and  the  work  bold.  Much  the  same  m.ay 
be  said  of  the  groined  roof,  where  richly  painted 
ribs  and  bosses  are  relieved  on  a  light-coloured 
ground  powdered  with  red  stars.  The  one  subject 
of  regret  in  this  very  complete  work  is  that  the 
two  large  spaces  of  wall,  on  a  level  with  the  win- 
dows, are  covered  with  a  design  imitating  geo- 
metrical grisaille  glass,  with  its  leads,  and  bars, 
and  diapered  quarries.  It  cannot  be  defended  by 
comparison  with  the  markings  of  stones  univer- 
sally found  in  old  painted  roofs  coloured  in  the 
simplest  way.  Those  stone  markings  rather  re- 
present the  idea  of  construction  than  of  decora- 
tion. They  carry  the  eye  along  the  dhection  of 
force,  and  serve  to  connect  together  the  groups  of 
the  g.  oining  spandrils.  They  are  almost  univer- 
sally mere  red  lines  on  a  white  ground,  occasionally 
spotted  with  a  central  pattern.  There  is  nothing 
realistic  or  imitative  about  them  ;  whereas  the 
treatment  I  regret  in  that  chapel  at  Amiens  is  in 
fact  the  painting  of  sham  windows.  I  venture  to 
suggest  that  a  quiet  diaper  of  grey  blue  or  sage 
green,  in  contrast  to  the  red  drapery  below,  would 
have  been  preferable.  If  there  were  traces  of 
"sham  window  painting"  of  mediaeval  work,  it 
was  all  very  well  to  restore  them ;  I  only  criticize 
the  principle  involved.  The  altar-shrine  is  almost 
too  crudely  painted  all  over.  The  charming  little 
figttres  are  treated  precisely  as  they  are  found  on 
old  triptychs,  viz.,  with  gold  relief  and  patches  of 
strong  colours,  with  excellent  effect. 

At  Rouen  there  are  some  attempts  at  colouring 
in  some  churches,  but  not  worthy  of  remark.  The 
notable  work  there  is  at  the  church  of  Notre  Dame 
de  Bon  Secours.  The  whole  interior  is  a  blaze  of 
gorgeous  colour  and  gold.  There  is  no  rest  for 
the  eye.  The  buikliug  with  which  it  might  be 
best  compared  is  that  of  the  Sainte  ChapeUe,  at 


Paris.  They  are  both  coloured  profusely,  but  there 
is  gieat  difference  in  the  result.  At  the  latter  uo 
side  walls  exist  but  in  the  material  of  the  richest 
mosaic  glaas.  The  shafts  between  those  wall- 
windows  are  elaborated  on  the  evident  principle  of 
support  to  the  richness  of  the  glass.  The  coloured 
designs  on  those  shafts  and  niches  are  perfectly 
architectural,  and  purport  to  be  merely  reproduc- 
tions. The  entire  freshness  of  the  gold  and  colours 
produces  an  efiect  unavoidable  in  new  work — but 
the  unity  of  the  result  is  perfect ;  and  whether  it 
be  in  figure  drawing  in  the  mural  paintings,  or  in 
the  ornaments  of  the  stonework,  windows,  or  roof, 
all  throughout  is  good  and  thoroughly  mediicval. 
The  gorgeous  colouring  of  the  architecture  has  a 
perfect  relief  in  the  jewelry  and  sparkle  of  the 
windows.  In  the  church  of  Con  Secours,  on  the 
contrary,  we  have  no  such  perfect  unity  nor  such 
relief.  It  may  be  hard  to  say  a  word  in  dispraise 
of  a  work  executed  with  such  infinity  of  care  as 
that  of  the  Bon  Secours,  but,  in  fact,  neither  in 
the  architecture  nor  in  the  painting  is  there  the 
spirit  or  the  boldness  of  genuine  Gothic  work. 
The  figures  of  angels  on  the  spandrils  of  the  nave 
arches  are  modern  in  every  sense,  and  without  the 
smallest  reference  to  an  architectural  typo  of  art. 
The  whole  church  is  as  a  dose  of  overmuch  sack, 
where  one  looks  in  vain  for  some  bread  to  relieve 
the  taste. 

The  Sainte  Chapelle,  at  Paris,  is  a  mine  of 
genuine  mediicval  ornament.  Its  charui  consists 
of  an  infinitely  varied  interest  with  unbroken 
unity  of  general  effect.  It  may  stagger  a  modern 
whose  eyes  are  unaccustomed  to  such  work.  But 
for  consistency  in  art  and  for  its  own  durability's 
sake,  it  must  have  been  done  so,  if  at  all.  It 
will  tone  down  to  great  beauty  in  time.  Had  it 
been  done  for  the  flinching  seuse  of  modern  eyes, 
it  would  only  have  toned  down  hereafter  into 
mud.  There  is  much  of  figure  p.iinting  and 
ornamental  colour  in  other  churches  in  Paris. 
One  of  the  most  remarkable  is  the  great  modern 
Palladian  church  of  St.  Vincent  de  Paul,  com- 
pleted under  the  direction  of  the  late  M.  Hittorf. 
No  man  had  more  elaborately  studied  the  subject 
of  colour  in  architecture  than  he  had — but  exclu- 
sively on  the  classical  side  of  it. 

It  would  be  hard  to  estimate  too  highly  the 
late  M.  Flandrin's  services  to  Christian  art.  He 
was  one  of  the  few  French  painters  who  have 
attained  to  the  genuine  expression  of  religion, 
lu  the  church  of  St.  Vincent  de  Paul,  the  proces- 
sional groups  of  saints  and  martyrs  painted  by 
him  on  either  side  of  the  nave  are  very  dignified 
and  beautiful.  The  painting  is  very  broad  and 
simple.  The  composition  is  thoroughly  suited  to 
its  architectural  position  on  the  frieze.  M.  Flan- 
drin's predecessor,  M.  Pioot,  had  in  the  same 
church  (above  and  behind  the  altar),  executed 
much  work  on  the  same  ideal.  It  is  fine,  but  it 
does  not  attain  to  an  equal  refinement  of  religious 
sense  and  expression.  The  late  M.  Delarocha 
had  great  power  of  religious  sentiment  in  paint- 
ing ;  M.  Ary  Scheffer  also — but  their  works  are 
not  found  on  church  walls.  Other  important 
works  by  M.  Flandrin  are  on  the  walls  of  the 
church  of  St  Germain  des  Pros.  His  subjects 
there  are  treated  with  backgrounds,  put  in  with  as 
little  relief  as  possible.  There  are  few  things  so 
difficult  in  art  as  the  treatment  of  landscape  back- 
grounds in  architectural  paintings,  with  just 
sufficient  relief  to  satisfy  the  eye  as  to  what  they 
are  meant  for,  and  at  the  same  time  so  conven- 
tionally that  the  sense  of  mass  and  solidity  of  the 
wall  on  which  they  are  painted  may  be  still  re- 
tained. In  those  over  the  nave  arches 
of  S.  Germain  des  Prds,  the  painter  was 
evidently  feeUng  his  way  to  this  result.  They 
are  not  quite  what  they  might  be.  He  has  given 
as  little  atmospheric  perspective  as  he  dared — for 
instance,  there  is  no  gradation  of  the  blue  of  the 
skies.  He  has  given  each  subject  a  framework 
of  red  border  by  way  of  excusing  its  semi-picto- 
rial treatment.  Those  large  subjects  on  the  walla 
at  the  entrance  of  the  choir  are  very  fine  and 
full  of  religious  feeling.  The  decorative  colour- 
ing in  the  choir  is  to  be  regretted  as  sham 
mosaic.  Most  of  the  capitals  are  remarkable  and 
well  coloured.  The  piers  which  carry  the  nave 
arches,  and  on  which  the  whole  weight  of  walls 
and  roofs  rests,  are  painted  in  such  a  way  as  alto- 
gether to  destroy  the  idea  of  their  power.  It  is 
that  which  makes  their  present  appearance  so  un- 
satisfactory. 

At  St.  Denis  the  eastern  chapels  of  the  abbey 
chou*  are  painted  n^  ith  a  rich  diaper  of  colours,  in 
very  strong  contrast  to  the  cold  effect  in  the 
scraped  and  renovated  surface  of  the  rest  of  the 
interior.     The  style  of  ornament  is   that  of  the 


style  contemporaneous  with  the  building.  St. 
Denis  w.as  once  the  centre  of  a  great  school  of 
artists  collected  here,  and  trained  to  the  service  of 
religion  in  the  days  of  Abbot  Suger,  a.d.  1144. 
The  earliest  culture  of  European  art  was  fostered 
hero  by  him — but  now  we  look  around  in  vain  to 
find  a  trace  of  it.  Those  who  know  the  romance 
of  its  vicissitiulea  will  not  be  surprised.  Kvcry 
stone  of  the  interior  is  white  with  newness — and 
g'ass  and  colour,  mosaic  and  metal  work,  the 
hoary  tints  of  age,  its  heraldic  pavement,  ita 
altars,  its  sculpture,  are  gone.  '\Vo  stand,  as  it 
weie,  in  a  new  church,  the  site  and  very  atmo- 
sphere of  which  are  consecrated  by  the  most 
ancient  and  sacred  memories.  Its  new  era  has 
commenced  with  a  due  reverence  to  its  old  estate. 
The  glass  in  the  apsidal  chapels  by  Messrs.  H. 
and  A.  Gorente,  and  the  colouring  under  the  liand 
of  M.  Viollet  lo  Due  does  .all  in  its  honour  that 
the  modern  state  of  those  arts  in  France  will 
allow. 

The  impression  left  by  these  and  other  ex- 
amples with  which  I  have  not  thought  it  neces- 
sary to  trouble  you,  is  that  in  this  art  we  have 
not  much  to  learn  from  France.  An  art  in 
which  the  French  have  altogether  surpassed  us 
in  the  coloured  ornaments  of  objects  used  for 
church  purposes  is  that  of  enamel.  Their  eccle- 
siastical furniture  is  rarely  well  designed,  but  its 
enamelled  ornament  is  admirable.  Their  silver 
repousse  work  for  altar  fronts  is  another  art  not 
yet  adopted  in  England.  Their  designs  for  these 
are  mostly  taken  from  old  examples,  and  are 
good  and  eft'ective.  The  champleve  enamel  on 
these  and  on  reliquaries,  ostensoirs,  &c.,  is  in  the 
style  of  the  early  Limoges  work.  The  old 
colours  are  very  well  reproduced,  except  some- 
times in  the  crudeness  of  the  blues,  which  is  the 
fault  of  modern  chemistry,  and  easily  remedied. 


ARBITRATION    AND    CONCILIATION. 

IT  will  always  remain  an  interesting  fact  in  the 
history  of  labour,  that  the  first  place  in 
England  to  establish  a  "  Board  of  Arbitration 
and  Conciliation,  to  endeavour  to  obtain  the 
settlement  of  trade  disputes,"  was  Nottingham. 
Nottingham  formerly  was,  perhaps,  of  all  towns 
in  the  country,  the  most  ungovernable  and  de- 
graded. Her  artizans  "  inherited  a  legacy  of 
traditional  hatred  of  employers  from  their  fathers 
and  grandfathers,"  and  their  political  disaffection, 
as  well  as  their  trade  disputes,  were  of  the 
bitterest  kind,  and  led  to  the  most  serious  con- 
sequences, as  everybody  knows.  The  condition  of 
the  place  advanced  with  the  times,  but,  like  their 
neighbours,  the  workmen  of  Nottingham  con- 
trived to  indulge  in  the  questionable  privilege  of 
strikes,  and  certaio  classes  of  them,  as  we  know, 
continue  to  do  so  still.  There  is,  however,  one 
notable  exception,  and  that  is  the  hosiery  trade. 
The  last  great  strike  that  took  place  in  this  in- 
dustry in  Nottingham  w.is  in  ISGO,  and  the 
masters  and  men  both  suffered  so  severely  from 
it  that  a  number  of  them  determined  to  organize 
some  means  that  would  adjust  the  differences  be- 
tween them,  without  having  recourse  to  the 
"  barbarous  expedients  of  strikes  and  lock-outs." 
The  strike  w.as  settled  by  mutual  concession, 
"upon  the  express  condition  that  a  board  of 
arbitration  should  be  formed  to  prevent  such 
calamitous  disputes  in  future."  An  association 
was  accordingly  formed,  and  it  has  been  attended 
with  the  most  beneficial  results  both  to  em- 
ployers and  employed.  It  is  constituted  of 
eighteen  members — namely,  nine  masters  and 
nine  workmen,  the  latter  being  chosen  by  the 
members  of  the  trades'  unions,  and  the  former  by 
the  masters.  "With  mutual  courtesy,  the  work- 
men elected  a  manufacturer  as  president  of  the 
board,  and  the  masters  a  workman  as  vice-pre- 
sident. This  is  the  whole  machinery  of  this  novel 
association,  the  great  object  of  which  is  the  ad- 
justment of  all  questions  relating  to  wages  in  a 
frienrlly  and  amicable  spirit.  And  so  well  has  the 
Nottingham  pioneers  succeeded  in  thtir  object 
that  their  example  has  been  followed  by  the 
hosiery  trade  throughout  the  whole  county,  and 
in  Derbyshire  and  Leicestershire  as  well.  Mr. 
Mandella,  the  well-known  Nottingham  manu- 
facturer, is  the  president  of  the  board.  That 
gentleman  recently  gave  an  account  of  the  action 
of  his  aosoci.ation  to  the  working  men  of  Shef- 
field, and  in  inquiring  how  far  that  action  had 
benefited  employers  and  workmen,  Mr.  Mandella 
said : — Strikes  rarely  occur  in  times  of  depres- 
sion. It  is  when  trade  is  good  and  the  manu- 
factured article  is  in  brisk  demand  that   disputes 


86^ 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


December  13,  1867. 


respecting  wages  result  in  strikes,  so  that  the 
employer  loses  naoney  at  the  most  favourable 
time  for  making  it,  the  workman  loses  his  earn- 
ings at  the  time  when  he  should  be  gaining  a 
surplus,  and  the  customer  is  driven  elsewhere  for 
his  goods,  perhaps  never  to  return.  All  this,  you 
see,  is  avoided  imder  o>ir  system.  Another  ex- 
cellent feature  of  arbitratiou  is  the  certainty 
which  every  manufacturer  feels  that  the  rate  of 
wages  throughout  the  trade  is  unifirm  for  the 
same  description  of  work  ;  the  employer  who  had 
the  least  conscience  formerly  had  his  work  done 
at  the  lowest  price,  but  now,  when  the  workman 
is  unable  to  protect  himself  in  times  of  depres- 
sion, the  manufacturers  on  the  b^ard  step  in  to 
his  assistance  to  prevent  the  undue  depreciation 
of  his  wages.  I  think  it  desirable  that  I  should 
call  particular  attention  to  another  fact  conse- 
quent upon  the  introduction  of  this  system.  I  be- 
lieve that  whilst  the  trades*  unions  are  stronger 
than  before  in  numbers  and  unanimity  of  purpose, 
there  are  no  longer  any  salaried  officers  connected 
with  them ;  the  chairman  and  members  of  com- 
mittees perform  their  duties  gratis,  and  the  secre- 
taries work  at  their  trade,  only  being  paid  for  lost 
time.  There  is  another  point  to  which  I  would  draw 
attention — its  advantageous  results  to  the  work- 
man. Formerly,  workmen  suffered  fearful  priva- 
tions during  strikes  ;  these  are  at  an  end.  When 
at  work,  they  had  to  contribute  largely  to  their 
trades'  unions  to  obtain  the  fiinds  necessary  for 
striking ;  these  large  contributions  are  also  at  an 
end.  One  shilling  a-year  from  each  member  is 
now  found  to  be  sufficient  to  defray  all  the  ordinary 
expenses  of  the  trades'  unions.  Taking  these  two 
advantages  together,  here,  of  itself,  is  a  large  ad- 
vance of  wages,  without  one  farthing  of  it  coming 
out  of  the  pocket  of  the  employers.  But  there  is 
something  more.  The  hatchet  of  war  has  been 
buried,  and,  if  it  were  dug  up  again  to-morrow,  it 
would  be  found  to  be  rusted  and  blunt,  and  the 
arms  that  formerly  wielded  it  would  be  unac- 
customed and  unwilling  to  do  eo  again.  We  have 
learnt,  by  meeting  together  on  common  ground,  to 
respect  and  to  understand  each  other  ;  the  work- 
man is  better  acquainted  with  the  difBculties  of 
the  master ;  the  master  with  the  wants  and  the 
struggles  of  the  workman,  and  mutual  forbear- 
ance and  mutual  respect  have  grown  from  constant 
and  courteous  intercourse.  I  have  found,  among 
the  representatives  of  the  workmen,  leaders  of 
trades'  unions,  men  who  once  were  the  dread  and 
horror  of  the  manufacturers,  who  have  displayed 
as  much  wisdom,  tact,  moderation,  and  self-denial 
as  the  best  among  us  of  the  manufacturers  can 
show.  Surely,  it  is  no  small  result  that  this  orga- 
nization has,  within  a  period  of  seven  years,  done 
so  much  to  eradicate  the  accumulated  hatred  of 
nearly  two  centuries  ;  and  what,  may  I  ask,  have 
we  done  in  Nottingham  that  cannot  be  reproduced 
in  any  of  our  centres  of  manufacturing  industry  ? " 
On  Wednesday  next,  Mr.  Mandella  will  deliver 
his  lecture  in  St.  James's  Hall,  and  he  will  ask 
the  trade  unionists  of  London  the  same  question 
that  he  put  at  Sheffield.  W^e  urge  upon  all  who 
can  to  attend.  Mr.  Mandella  and  his  friends 
believe  that  they  have  succeeded  in  solving  one  of 
the  most  important  questions  of  the  age,  on  the 
saccessful  solution  of  which  the  social  happiness 
and  commercial  prosperity  of  England  in  the 
future  greatly  depend.  If  that  be  so,  they  surely 
deserve  the  support  and  sympathy  of  all  right- 
thinking  men,  and  the  thanks  of  the  whole  coiintry. 


METROPOLITAK  BOARD   OF   WORKS. 

THE  annual  report  of  the  proceedings  of  the 
Metropolitan  Board  of  Works  was  issued 
on  Saturday  last,  and  records  the  progress  of  a 
large  amount  of  work.  About  82  miles  of  sewers, 
in  addition  to  the  pumping  stations,  have  been 
constructed,  receiving  the  drainage  of  an  area  of 
117  square  miles  having  a  population  of  about 
3,000,000.  The  new  low-level  sewer  and  its 
branches  are  all  that  remain  to  be  constructed  to 
complete  the  main  intercepting  scheme.  The 
high-level  sewer  from  Hampstead  to  Old  Ford, 
Bow,  about  seven  miles  in  length,  at  a  cost  of 
£196,804;  the  middle  level  sewer  from  Kensal- 
green  to  Bow,  about  nine  and  a-half  miles  in 
length,  at  a  cost  of  £349,869  2s.  Hd.  The 
western  dramage,  comprising  Fulham,  Chelsea, 
Brompton,  Kensington,  Hammersmith,  and  Acton  ; 
the.se  were  constructed  at  a  cost  of  £93,207 
lis.  lOd. ;  the  outfall  sewer  at  a  cost  of  £649,760  ; 
and  the  outfall  reservoir  at  a  cost  of  about 
£172,800. 

On  the   south  side  of  the   Thames  the    high- 


level  main  sewer,  about  nine  and  three-quarter 
miles  in  length,  at  a  cost  of  £234,673. 
The  low-level  sewer  at  a  cost  of  £234,000. 
The  Bermondsey  branch  of  the  low-level  sewer, 
about  two  and  three-quarter  miles  in  length, 
at  a  cost  of  £97,515  3s.  2d.  The  Deptford 
pumping  station  at  a  cost  of  £137,455  17s.  5d. 
The  outfall  sewer,  at  a  cost  of  £310,648.  The 
Crossness  pumping  station  reservoir  has  been  con- 
structed at  a  cost  of  £325,000,  and  the  engines 
and  machinery  at  a  cost  of  £50,000,  and  gas- 
works for  the  purpose  of  lighting  the  station  with 
gas,  have  been  con.struoted  at  a  cost  of  £3,000. 
The  Greenwich  branch  line  of  sewer  has  been 
constructed  at  a  cost  of  about  £23,800. 

The  experiments  upon  210  acres  of  sand  and 
poor  land  for  utilizing  the  sewage  made  by  the 
company  to  whom  the  concession  was  granted, 
have  proved  highly  satisfactory.  The  principal 
crop  has  been  Italian  rye  grass.  The  wheat  crop 
was  specially  benefited  by  the  sewage.  Po- 
tatoes and  other  vegetables  were  tried  with 
promising  results. 

The  first  portion  of  the  northern  embankment 
works  from  Westminster  Bridge  to  Waterloo 
Bridge,  taken  by  Mr.  George  Furness,  are  rapidly 
progressing,  and  the  value  of  work  done  and  plant 
on  the  ground  at  the  date  of  the  report  amounted 
to  £378,634.  The  second  portion,  from  Water- 
loo Bridge  to  the  Temple  Gardens,  was  taken  by 
Mr.  Ritson,  and  the  work  done  and  plant  on  the 
ground  amounted  to  £213,247.  The  third 
portion,  from  the  Temple  Gardens  to  Blackfriars 
Bridge,  has  not  been  let,  in  consequence  of  im- 
pediments thrown  in  the  way  by  the  City  Gas. 
works  and  the  Metropolitan  District  Railway  Com- 
pany. The  claims  for  property  required  for  the 
northern  embankment  amounted  to  £327,107  lis., 
whilst  the  settlements  only  reached  £221,309  10s. 

The  embankment  on  the  south  side  of  the 
Thames  is  proposed  to  extend  from  Westminster 
Bridge  to  near  Vauxhall  Bridge,  the  works  con- 
sisting principally  of  a  granite-faced  river  wall 
about  4,300ft.  in  length,  the  formation  of  landing- 
stairs  near  W^estminster  Bridge,  and  of  a  roadway 
and  footways  along  the  embankment,  with  sub- 
way approaches  to  the  various  dock  and  other 
properties  severed  by  the  works,  and  the  con- 
struction of  a  short  length  of  sewer  for  the 
drainage  of  part  of  the  road.  The  contract  for 
the  works  is  let  to  Mr.  Webster  for  £309,000. 
The  claims  up  to  March  31  were  £323,619 
lis.  6d.,  whilst  the  settlements  amounted  to 
£195,969  7s. 

From  the  termination  of  the  northern  embank- 
ment at  Blackfriars  Bridge  will  run  the  new  street 
to  the  Mansion  House.  It  will  be  3,450ft.  long 
and  about  70ft.  wide.  There  will  be  a  subway 
for  gas  and  water  mains  imderneath  the  roadway, 
similar  to  that  beneath  the  embankment.  The 
claims  dealt  with  during  the  past  year  amounted 
to  £1,773,053  Ss.,  whilst  the  settlements  were 
£1,456,834  7s. 

Middle-row,  Holborn,  has  been  removed  at  an 
estimated  cost  of  £61,152. 

A  new  street  is  to  be  formed  leading  from  Back- 
church-lane  to  Leman-street,  Whitechapel,  at  a 
cost  of  £115,364. 

Park-lane  is  being  widened  by  setting  back  the 
boundary  fence,  at  a  cost  of  between  £3,000  and 
£4,000. 

The  works  at  Finsbury-park  are  progressing 
rapidly,  and  it  is  expected  that  they  will  be  com- 
pleted about  the  end  of  the  present  year.  The 
cost  of  this  park  has  been  for  120  acres  of  land, 
at  £472  per  acre,  £56,650,  in  addition  to  £219 
for  compensation  to  tenants. 

Sixty-two  acres  of  land  were  purchased  in  the 
parish  of  Rotherhithe  for  the  formation  of  South- 
wark-park,  at  a  cost  of  £911  per  acre.  Its  cost 
up  to  the  present  time  amounts  to  £55,160. 

The  fire-brigade  stations  in  the  metropolis 
amount  to  41.  There  are  2  floating  engines,  21 
land  steam  engines,  61  hand  power  engines,  and 
227  men  employed.  The  amount  raised  for  its 
maintenance  is  £53,081  Ss.  5d. 

The  report  adverts  at  some  length  to  the  exer- 
tions of  the  Board  iu  Parliament  to  obtain  for  the 
public  a  cheap  and  pure  supply  of  gas,  but  regrets 
that  up  to  the  present  time  they  have  proved  un- 
successful. It  calls  attention  to  the  improved 
condition  of  the  Thames,  the  formation  of  new 
broad  thoroughfares,  the  embankment  of  the 
river,  and  the  formation  of  parks  for  the  people 
and  mentions  that  means  are  urgently  required 
for  making  other  improvements  which  are  greatly 
needed,  and  suggests  that  it  should  be  raised  by  "a 
tax  levied  on  the  owners  of  property. 


CREOSOTED    TIMBER. 

SOME  valuable  experiments  have  been  lately 
made  in  the  qualities  of  creosoted  wood  by 
M.  Forestier,  Chief  E:igineer  of  the  French  Ponts 
et  Chaussees,  the  particulars  of  which  we  extract 
from  his  report  for  the  Paris  Exposition.  M. 
Forestier  states  that  M.  Crepin,  Belgian  Engineer 
of  Ponts  et  Chaussees,  has  proved  at  Ostend  that 
firewood,  after  immersion  for  a  certain  time,  pos- 
sesses a  coherence  of  fibres,  an  elasticity  and  a 
hardness  greatly  superior  to  that  which  is  pos- 
sessed  before  immersion.  M.  Forestier  has  made 
a  series  of  experiments  upon  different  specimens 
of  timber  immediately  upon  their  being  taken 
out  of  the  creosoting  cylinder  to  ascertain  their 
resistance  to  bending  and  breaking  compared  with 
that  possessed  by  them  in  their  natural  state. 
The  result  was  that  the  flexibility  and  resistance 
of  the  wood  to  crushing  weights  was  greatly  in- 
creased, and  M.  Forestier  asserts  that  the  wood 
was  also  completely  proof  against  the  Teredo 
navalis,  or  marine  worm.  To  ascertain  the  resist- 
ance to  bending  he  loaded,  in  the  middle  of  their 
length,  pieces  of  oak,  elm,  beech,  plane,  red  and 
white  Baltic  fir,  marine  pine,  Italian  poplar,  and 
white  Dutch  poplar,  to  the  number  of  twenty- 
one,  all  2.^  metres  (say  8ft.  3in  )  long,  between  the 
points  on  which  they  were  supported,  and  being 
five  centimetres  square  (say  2in.  by  2in.  square). 
After  increasing  the  weights  to  the  point  of  rup- 
ture for  several  specimens  of  each  kind  of  timber, 
we  verified  the  flexion  of  the  twenty-one  pieces 
experimented  on  under  the  increasing  loads  after 
they  had  been  creosoted.  and  we  ascertained  that 
their  flexibility  had  sensibly  increased. 

The  experiments  as  to  breaking  were  made  upon 
sixty-three  blocks  of  uncreosoted  wood  and  as 
many  of  creosoted  wood,  and  the  following  table 
shows  that  creosoting  wood  augments  its  resist- 
ance to  a  crushing  weight : — 


Species  of  Timber. 


Frencli  oak   

Elm 

Ash 

Red  Swedish  fir  . 
Ditto  Norway  .... 
Ditto  Dantzio  .... 
White  Norway  fir. 

Plane 

Carolina  poplar  . 


0)  —  -^ 


O 


■^  -  ~  '  S  I  So 
aj3.2'o  p2  " 
S  S  g  S     la 

S  !«       '- 


lb.       I 

17  13-16 

16  l-lb 

17 

•20 

23  3-10 

12  13-16 

25  I 

34  2-16 


lb. 

871 

856 

867 

609 

922 

G1.8 

S65 

786 

m 


But  out  of  the  fire  couples  of  blocks  of  Carolina  poplar 
tried,  the  crushing  weight  was  equal  in  three  couples. 


HALF-TIME    SYSTEM. 

THE  half-time  school  system,  now  in  course  of 
extension  in  the  manufacturing  districts  of 
England,  is  beginning  to  attract  attention  in 
France.  An  association  has  recently  been  formed 
there  under  the  presidency  of  M.  Dumas,  of  the 
Institute  for  the  Amelioation  of  the  Condition  of 
Apprentices  and  Young  Children  Engaged  in  Manu. 
factures.  Upwards  of  2,000  persons  have  already 
joined  the  Association  as  subscribing  members. 
At  the  recent  solemn  s-;ayi-e,  presided  ovei-  by  the 
Empress  in  the  Palais  d'Industrie,  a  report  was 
read  from  the  officers  of  the  Association — which 
her  Majesty  has  taken  under  her  especial  patronage 
• — -urging  for  the  adoption  of  the  half-time  system, 
the  principle  of  the  compulsory  attendance  of 
children  three  hours  a-day,  as  a  security  against 
over  bodily  work,  as  well  as  against  exclusion  from 
education,  and  proclaiming  the  award  of  a  medal 
to  Mr.  Edwin  Chadwick  as  the  originator  and  pro- 
moter of  the  system  in  England. 


SEWAGE   IN  THE    THAMES. 

A  PARLIAMENTARY  paper  has  been  pub- 
lished containing  some  correspondence  on 
the  above  subject  between  the  conservators  of  the 
Thames  and  the  Board  of  Works.  Large  shoals 
of  mud  are  stated  to  be  forming  near  Barking 
Creek  and  Crossness,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the 
main  drainage  outfall.  The  character  of  the  mud 
shows  clearly  enough  whence  it  comes.  Dr. 
Letheby,  who  analyzed  a  sample  of  it  in  the 
summer,  found  it  fffitid,  and  in  astate  of  active 
putrefactive  decomposition.  He  describes  it  as 
consisting  of  broken-up  sewage  matter,  with  the 


December  13,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


863 


I 


remains  of   myriads   of  animalcules,   and  a  large 
quantity  of   carbonate  of  lime  in  a  partly  crystal- 
line  state,   together  with  the   xisual  ferruginous 
clay  of  the    lower  water   of    the   Thames.       He 
found  the  very  large  proportion  of  14'-i0  to  15"5 
per  cent,  of  organic  matter  in  the  well-dried  mud ; 
and  he  states  that  "  by    undergoing  putrefactive 
decomposition   this   mud,    which  is  accumulating 
in  such    large    quantities    at  the     sewer  outfalls, 
may  be  a  cause  for  serious  alarm,  especially  as  it 
there  meets  with  sea  water,  the  sulphates  of  which 
may,  by  their  chemical  decomposition  I'y  the  pu- 
trefying   mud,    occasion    the    escape    of     much 
sulphuretted   hydrogen,  and   sei  up  that  remark- 
ably offensive  change   which   is  characteristic  of 
the  action   of   sewage   upon   sea  water. "       The 
greatest   accumulation  is  near  the  northern  out- 
fall, about   2,000ft.  above   the  point   of  delivery, 
showing   that  the  discharge  is  not  managed  so  as 
to  carry  all   the  sewage  down  the  stream.      The 
survey   made  in   June  showed  near  the  northern 
outfall  a  space  of  m. ire  than    40  acres,    and    near 
the   southern   outfall   about  120  acres  of  the  bed 
tof  the  river,  covered  by  a  dept)sit  varying  in  depth 
f  down   to    7ft,  ;  the   deposit   has    been    tmced  for 
f  above  a  mile,  and  might  be  followed  further  down 
i  the  river,    though  in    deore^osing   amount.      The 
:  conservators  have  been  in  correspondence  with  the 
,  Metropolitan  Board  of    Works,    whos^e    surveyor 
;  does   not   admit  that  the  accumulations  are  due 
I  to   their  works.     But   the   Board   did  not  much 
urge  this  point,  being  able  to  give,  in  their  letter 
of  November  11,   a   reply    which    in   substance 
famounts  to   this — that   Acts    of  Parliament    re- 
quire  them  to  cast  all  this  solid  sewage  into  the 
lower  part  of  the  river,  and  other  Acts  of  Parlia- 
ment make  it  the  duty  of   the   conservators    to 
take  it   out  again  if  it  is  too  much  for  ^Father 
Thames. 


[  CEMENT    AND    GRAVEL. 

IV/T^  ^'  '^^^^  ]'""•>  Northfleet,  draws  our 
Xii  attention  to  a  house,  which,  he  informs 
us,  he  has  erecte<l  for  a  gentleman  in  that 
neighbourhood,  and  which  has  been  built  of 
cement  and  gravel,  or,  in  other  words,  of  concrete. 
Our  correspondent's  concrete,  and  his  method  of 
construction,  however,  differ  somewhat  from  the 
ordinary  system  of  concrete  construction.  We 
have  not  seen  the  building  ourselves,  but  as  Mr. 
May  wishes  to  describe  his  method,  we  allow  him 
to  do  so  in  his  own  words.     He  says  : — 

I  made  my  blocks  1ft.  square  3Vin.  thick,  making  the 
walls  hollow.  I  have  one  block  for  inside  w.all  and  one 
block  for  outside  wall,  with  a  5in.  air  chjlse  between  the 
two  walls,  making  the  walls  as  1ft.  thick.  I  hiid  the 
blocks  as  header  and  stretcher,  well  bonded  across  from 
wall  to  wall  in  cement  and  sand ;  thus  3i-iu.  for  outside 
wall  and  S^in.  for  inside  wall,  and  the  '5iu.  air  chase 
between  the  two,  made  it  1ft.  thick.  I  b.ad  to  use  a  few 
bricks  for  the  6replaces.j.amb3,(fcc,, because  cement  and  gravel 
won't  agree  with  heat ;  and  I  have  at  the  ground  line  uf 
htiuse  two  large  air  gratings  at  front  of  house,  and  two 
gratings  at  back  of  house,  one  at  each  corner,  to  admit 
air  into  chase  between  the  walls,  and  this  chase  is  all 
roiuid  the  house.  The  i-after  and  ceiling  joist  plates  lie 
on  the  outside  3  jin.  block  or  wall  at  top,  and  the  air 
between  the  walls  plays  from  the  bottom  of  the  house  up 
through  into  the  roof.  The  windows  and  door  frames  are 
bu  It  in  between  the  walls,  and  the  air  in  the  chase  can 
play  all  round  the  frames.  For  arches  over  windows  and 
doors  I  cast  a  piece  on  purpose  to  fit  the  opening  in  one 
piece,  being  similar  to  a  stone  arch,  1ft.  deep,  3iin.  thick, 
fitting  them  into  the  shoracks.  I  simply  laid  down 
pieces  of  quartering  on  the  ground  to  cast  the  whole.  I 
had  two  labourers  to  make  the  blocks,  and  they  made 
nearly  400  in  one  day.  They  had  to  draw  water  from  a 
Well  50ft.  deep,  shift  their  quartering,  and  make  their 
stuff:  and  they  told  me  they  could  maKe  the  blocks  for 
23.  &d.  per  hundred.  Instead  of  plastering  over  the  blocks, 
as  I  have  done,  they  might  be  made  similar  to  a  lump 
or  any  size  by  facing  them  with  the  hand  float,  then  build 
them,  showing  correct  bond  as  stone  or  brickwork,  and 
it  would  then  show  what  it  really  was,  instead  of  plaster- 
ing over  to  hide  it.  The  cost  for  the  whole  of  the  labour, 
including  materials,  could  be  done  for  between  £5  and  £6 
per  rod  for  ordinary  work. 


PALAIS    DE    JUSTICE,    BRUGES. 

THE  history  of  a  country  is  nowhere  more 
plainly  written  in  its  architecture  than  it  is 
in  the  buildings  of  Belgium.  Bruges,  the  city  of 
bridges,  is  full  of  such  memorials.  The  hand  of 
the  Spaniard  was  at  one  time  heavy  upon  these 
"  low  countries,"  and  he  has  left  many  works  to 
remind  us  of  his  presence,  as,  for  instance,  in 
this  Palais  de  Justice,  with  its  grotesque  minaret 
pinnacles  ;  the  still  more  singul  ir  turret  of  the 
neighbouring  chapel  of  the  Holy  Blood  ;  and  in 
the  grand  "  Halle  "  tower,  which  dominates  over 
every  other  feature  of  the  view  for  miles  and 
miles  of  thLs  rich  flat  country — this  "kitchen- 
garden  of  Europe."     Bruges  has   not   been  quite 


improved  off  the  face  of  the  earth ;  but  the  people 
are  rich  and  enterprizing,  and  it  behoves  all  who 
have  a  love  for  the  picturesque  and  beautifol  to 
study  and  sketch  its  old  buildings  without  ceasing 
while  the  examples  still  remain.  Every  one  inte- 
rested in  art  and  arcluoology  ought  to  visit  this 
quaint  old  town. 

The  lithograph,  althongh  a  fair  copy  of  my 
.sketch,  h.as  missed  something  of  the  elegance  of 
the  pinn.acles.  The  copying,  too,  ought  to  be 
thinner,  and  not  drawn  with  a  straight  line,  as  it 
gives  the  building  too  new  an  effect. 

Fredk.  Rooeks. 
♦ 

BITUMEN    AS    PAVING. 

BITUMEN  was  much  in  use  for  building  pur- 
poses among  the  Assyrians  and  Egyptians, 
as  the  ruins  of  Babylon  and  Memphis  show.  It 
w.xs  not  adopted  by  the  Romans,  and  has  only  now 
returned  into  fashion  after  a  lapse  of  5,000  years. 
In  Paris  more  especially,  the  system  of  replacing 
stone  paving,  as  well  as  road  metal,  by  compressed 
bitumen  is  becoming  the  favourite  one.  It  w.as 
first  tried,  as  we  learn  from  "  Galignani,"  in  1854, 
in  the  Rue  B,agere,  in  order  to  deaden  the  noise  of 
carriages  in  the  immediate  neighbourhood  of  the 
Conservatoire  de  Musique.  Since  then,  it  has 
come  into  frequent  use,  and  is  now  being  laid 
down  in  the  Avenue  Victoria  and  around  the 
sipiare  of  the  Place  du  Chatelet.  It  was  feared 
that  the  smoothness  of  this  bitumen  coating 
would  cause  horses  to  slip  down  more  exsily  than 
on  paved  or  metalled  carriage-roads  ;  but  it  has  at 
length  been  proved  by  direct  observation  that 
accidents  of  the  kind  are  not  more  frequent  on  the 
former  than  on  the  latter.  The  bitumen  or 
asphaltum  at  present  in  use  for  flagging  and  for 
compression  is  a  pure  carbonate  of  lime,  naturally 
impregn.ated  with  from  7 to  10  percent.,  and  even 
more,  of  liquid  bitumen.  This  rock  is  regularly 
(luarried  at  Val  de  Travers,  Neufchatel,  at 
8eyssel  in  the  Ain,  and  at  various  other  places 
of  the  Jura  region.  At  a  temperature  of  100  deg. 
centigr.  this  rock  has  the  property  of  crumbling 
to  dust ;  and,  if  in  that  state  it  be  spread  over  a 
surface,  and  well  rammed  down  on  it,  the  particles 
on  cooling  will  coalesce  ag<ain,  and  return  to  the 
state  in  which  they  were  in  their  native  quarry. 
TMs  method  is  found  to  be  superior  to  the  old 
one  of  flagging  by  spreading  out  the  matter  in  a 
semi-liquid  state.  We  hear  that  the  Commis- 
sioners of  Sewers  in  the  metropolis  are  about  to 
try  the  system  of  cementing  the  paving  stones 
with  asphalte  in  place  of  the  ordinary  mortar,  a 
system  which  is  in  use  in  Manchester,  where  it  is 
said  to  answer  well.  The  asphalte  prevents  the 
mud  rising  up  from  the  lower  bed  between  the 
flags,  .and  thus  keeps  the  pavement  in  a  cleaner 
condition  than  is  possible  by  the  ordinary  method. 


COMPETITIONS  AND  THEIR  RESULTS. 

IN  his  "Memoir  of  the  late  Mr.  Charles  Fowler," 
read  before  the  Institute  of  Architects,  and 
alluded  to  by  us  last  week,  Professor  Donaldson 
made  the  following  pertinent  remarks,  generally, 
on  the  subject  of  competitions  and  their  result^. 
The  recent  decision  in  connection  with  the  New 
Law  Courts,  as  well  as  similar  decisions,  give  rise, 
in  Professor  Donaldson's  opinion,  to  very  grave 
considerations  on  the  subject.  He  trusts  that 
these  recent  results  will  "induce  the  profes-sion  as 
a  body  to  take  up  the  matter  dispassionately  and 
judicially,  and  to  decide  authoritatively  the  fol- 
lowing leading  principles,  among  others  : — 

"1.  Whether,  be  it  in  an  open  or  limited  compe- 
tition, when  a  6o)ia^tfe  honest  decision  has  been 
arrived  at  by  the  body  appointed  to  make  the 
selection,  it  is  competent  for  one  or  more  of  the 
competitors  or  others  to  endeavour  to  overthrow 
the  decision,  or  assist  those  who  seek  to  do  so. 

"2.  W  hether  any  member  or  members  of  the 
profession  are  justified  in  attempting  to  disparage 
the  design  or  professional  character  of  the  success- 
ful candidate,  in  order  to  deprive  him  of  the  fruits 
of  hLs  fair  success. 

"  3.  Whether  the  general  principles  of  a  com- 
petition be  not  rather  to  test  whose  design  appears 
best,  and  to  designate  the  m.an  most  capable  of 
carrying  out  the  intention  of  the  promoters  of 
the  competition,  rather  than  to  turn  upon  servile 
adhesion  to  the  regulations  prescribed,  or  absolute 
perfection  in  the  successful  design. 

"  4.  The  merit  may  be  relative  rather  than  posi. 
five,  but,  should  the  author  of  the  best  project  be 
employed  as  the  architect  of  the  work,  with 
liberty  to  modify, 'alter,  and  render  Tiis  conception 
such  as  to  meet  the  original  or  modified  views   of 


the  committee  or  body  delegated  to  carry  out  the 
building?" 

"  It  will  be  perceived,"  adds  Professor  Donald- 
son, "  that  in  these  propositions  thus  broadly  enun- 
ciated, 1  do  not  enter  upon  the  advisability  of 
instructions  more  or  less  miiuito,  precise  and  ab- 
solute, nor  the  extent  to  which  they  should  go. 
My  experience  leads  me  tu  .suspect  that,  amjde  and 
copious  as  they  m,ay  be,  it  i-hovdd  be  left  to  the 
discretion,  and  its  consequences,  of  the  designer 
to  adhere  more  or  less  thereto.  I  feel  convinced 
that  such  instructions  are  frequently  ill-conceived 
in  some  particulars,  and  absolutely  pernicious  to 
the  proposed  object,  and  haraesing  to  the  judg- 
ment of  the  arcliitect,  who,  if  left  to  his  own  more 
ex|nMienced  or  gifted  jiuigineut,  might  suggest 
possibly  happier  and  more  useful  combinations 
and  arrangements.  Thus  thrjughts  of  rare  value 
and  many  fertile  ideas  are  lost,  from  the  reason- 
able fear  of  want  of  success,  if  departing  from 
the  strict  letter  of  instruction.  And  perhaps  I 
may  carry  your  concurrence  with  me  iu  the 
opinion,  that  a  dual  decision,  as  on  a  late  occasion, 
is  unjust  to  the  competitors.  It  overthrotvs  the 
essence  of  all  competitions,  which  should  be  an 
absolute  selection,  and  may  leave  the  subject  open 
to  a  fresh  contest,  when  others  may  have  the  ad- 
vantage of  benefiting  by  the  conceptions  of  the 
designs  already  submitted," 


TURKISH   BATH,     BRIGHTON. 

THESE  baths  are  about  to  bo  erected  on  a  plot 
of  ground  in  West-street,  having  a  frontage 
of  50ft.  aud  a  depth  of  r21ft.  The  designs  have 
been  prepared  by  Messrs.  Ooulty  and  Gibbins, 
architects,  who  have,  by  the  desire  of  the  pro- 
moters, followed  the  gener.al  arrangements  and 
plan  of  the  bath  in  Jermyn-street,  Loudon,  with 
which  establishment  the  Brighton  bath  will  be 
connected  (although  financially  distinct).  In 
other  respects  the  design  is  altogether  different  to 
that  in  Jermyn-street,  al  hough  the  Turkish  or 
Moorish  style  of  architecture  is  adhered  to.  In 
one  particular  the  arrangements  differ  from  the 
one  in  Jermyn-street.  It  is  proposed  to  have  a 
double  tier  of  alcoves,  with  a  balcony  running 
round  the  cool  room,  instead  of  confining  the 
whole  to  the  ground  floor.  This  gives  a  greater 
height  to  the  room,  and  adds  to  its  beauty.  There 
are  separate  entrances  for  ladies  and  gentlemen, 
with  waiting  rooms,  cloak  rooms,  &o.  There  are 
also  private  baths  for  those  who  desire  them,  and 
separate  baths  for  special  medical  cases.  The 
cool  room  is  45ft.  by  43ft.  The  hot  room,  covered 
with  a  brick  dome,  contains  28,000  cubic  feet,  and 
will  be  heated  to  130  deg.  The  hot  chamber,  lead- 
ing from  this  room,  contains  4,000  cubic  feet,  and 
will  be  heated  to  180  deg.  The  hotter  chamber, 
also  communicating  with  the  hot  room,  contains 
4,000  cubic  feet,  and  will  be  heated  to  200  deg. 
The  elevation  in  Wcst-.street  is  in  the  Moorish 
style,  and  will  be  built  with  white,  red,  and  black 
bricks. 

♦ 

A    GREAT    DEFECT    OP    MODERN 
DWELLINGS. 

THE  " Popular  Science  Review  "  contains  some 
seasonable  remarks  on  the  subject  of  ven- 
tilation of  rooms,  from  the  pen  of  Dr.  Lawson. 
Let  us  consider,  says  the  writer,  the  condition  of 
one  of  our  sitting  rooms  in  winter.  The  fire 
burns  brightly,  and  as  a  consequence  several 
thousand  cubic  feet  of  air  are  hourly  drawn  up 
the  chimney.  Whence  comes  the  air  to  supply 
this  loss,  asks  Dr.  Lawson.  The  clinks  in  the 
d(jor  and  windows  are  constantly  admitting  a 
stream  of  cold  air,  and  this  ventilation  is  effected 
at  the  expense  of  draughts,  which  produce  chilled 
feet,  catarrhs,  and  so  forth.  This  is  the  condition 
of  the  room  when  the  gas  is  not  lit.  But  the 
moment  the  chandelier  comes  mto  operation 
(supposing  it  to  contain  five  ordinary  fish-tail 
burners)  the  state  of  things  is  changed,  and  iu 
the  course /of  half  an  hour  or  so  this  change 
becomes  distressingly  perceptible.  Why  ?  Be- 
cause twenty-five  additional  pairs  of  lungs  have 
begun  to  use  up  the  air,  each  burner  in  use  being 
equivalent  to  about  five  persons.  Dr.  Lawson  is 
right  in  considering  this  the  great  defect  of  our 
modern  dwellings.  He  supplies  the  remedy  by 
converting  the  gas  into  a  fire,  providing  it  with  a 
chimney  to  convey  out  the  products  of  combus- 
tion, and  compelhng  it  thus  to  ventilate  the  room 
as  thoroughly  as  the  fire  does.  Dr.  Lawson  re- 
commends 'for  this  purpose  the  use  of  "  the  Ven- 
tilating Globe  Light,"  which  he  says  is  the  most 
satisfactory  of  the  methods  suggested. 


864 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


December  13,  1867. 


fp 


WOOD   CARVING.* 

IN  commencing  the  study  of  any  new  art  or 
accomplishment,  it  is  often  of  advantage 
to  have  before  us  the  experience  of  more  than 
one  master,  and  although  we  noticed  some 
weeks  since  a  work  published  with  a  similar 
intention  as  the  above  by  a  professional  carver, 
u-e  nevertheless  welcome  this  volume,  which 
is  evidently  from  the  pen  and  pencil  of  a 
clever  amateur.  The  designs  given  are  some- 
what unequal  in  excellence,  and  from  amongst 
much  good  advice,  which  is  given  in  the 
instructive  letterpress,  we  feel  it  our  duty  to 
point  out  where  we  believe  tlie  author  is  in 
error.  "We  do  not,  for  instance,  agree  with 
the  use  of  glass  ]3aper  for  the  groundwork  of 
carving  before  all  the  carving  is  entirely 
finished,  as  the  edge  of  the  tools  would  be  in- 
jured when  they  came  in  contact  with  the  fine 
glass  which  always  remains.  Nor  do  we  like 
the  recommendation  to  use  gloves  ;  there  is  a 
sensitiveness  in  the  fingers  which  is  always 
needed  in  all  delicate  work,  whatever  its  na- 
ture, which  would  be  lost  by  their  use.  An 
evitent  typographical  error  occurs  on  page 
10,  which  may  mislead  the  inexperienced. 
"  Pretty  little  screws  "  should  read  "  pretty 
little  saws." 

More  explanation  is,  we  think,  here  and 
there  required  to  make  the  work  of  that 
utility  which  the  author  certainly  wished.  For 
instance,  no  mention  is  made  as  to  carving 
the  mouldings  under  the  fern  and  the  wheat 
in  the  miniature  frames  on  Plate  IV.  (which 
we  do  not  fancy  the  easiest  part  of  the  woik), 
or  of  the  thickness  of  wood  required  for  the 
elaborate  bracket  on  Plate  VIII.,  or  the  shape 
of  its  shelf  which  its  shading  does  not  indi- 
cate. 

Many  of  the  plates  are  very  commend- 
able, more  especially  those  of  Plate  I.,  which 
capitally  illustrate  the  general  process  of  all 
carving.  ^  Plate  VI.  is  a  very  pretty  geome- 
trical design,  and  one,  we  should  think,  will 
prove  of  great  use  to  amateurs.  The  black- 
berry branch  on  Plate  XIX.  is  also  very 
good,  and  would  be  a  nice  (though  rather 
difficult)  study.  That  on  Plate  XIL,  elegant 
as  it  is,  seems  to  us  more  fitted  for  painting 
than  for  carving.  There  are  many  other 
examples  of  merit,  but  we  cannot  reconcile 
that  portion  of  the  preface  which  states  that 
all  the  drawings  were  carefully  studied  from 
nature,  with  the  grapes  on  Plate  X.,  many  of 
which  are  growing  upwards,  and  less  with 
the  strawberry  leaves  on  Plate  XVIII.,  which 
are  utterly  unlike  what  they  are  sup]x>sed 
to  represent.  After  we  have  condemned  the 
ugly  conventional  patterns  on  Plates  VII. 
and  XVII.,  the  disagreeable  part  of  our  duty 
is  over,  and  we  may  recommend  the  work  to 
our  readers  (with  the  exceptions  we  have 
given)  as  one  which  will  prove  of  some  service 
to  those  who  do  carve,  and  is  calculated  to 
induce  those  who  have  not  yet  commenced  to 
try  their  hand  at  an  art  which  the  author  well 
describes  "as  always  increasing  ia  interest 
and  intellectual  capability,  as  it  learns  to 
express  individual  ideas ;  still  more,  that  it 
may  provide  to  some  fresh  material  for  admi- 
1  ation  and  love  of  Nature,  our  great  JModel, 
and  Art,  so  far  as  it  conscientiously  fulfils  its 
work  of  bringing  Nature  nearer  to  us  in  owe 
every  day  life." 

The  plant  Arum,  as  here  illustrated,  forms 
the  frontispiece  to  the  book,  and  has  been 
lent  to  us  by  the  publishers. 


Another  new  metropolitan  street  is  spoken  of 
from  the  Kew  Kent  road,  across  the  Dover-road, 
Kent-street,  through  St.  George's  New-town  iuto 
Tooley-street.  This,  aays  a  local  journal,  will 
break  up  a  colony  of  the  most  desperate  thie\'e3 
and  other  birds  of  prey  at  a  cost  of  nearly  £20,000, 
to  be  borne  by  the  parishes  of  St.  George-tbe- 
llartyr,  St.  Mary  Bermondsey,  and  St.  Mary,  New- 
ington. 


*  "Wood  Carving,"  original  designa,  by  A.  F.  B.    LoD^ 
mans.  Green,  and  Co. 


I 

I 


riie  Building  New5.D*c"  a"y;97 


PROPOSED     TURKISH     B AT H ,    B R I C H TO N  . 

(OR         THE 

BRIGHTON     TURKISU    BATH     COAli'ANY, 

L     I    M    I    T    E    D  . 

HORATIO  N.OOULTY,  ARCHT   BRIOHTON. 


INTERIOR  OF   CENTRAL  HOT   ROOM. 

Si'ale  of  Feet. 


INTERIOR      OF      COOL      ROOM 


40  SO 


ONE         PAIR         PLAN. 


r 


.NS      ENTRANCE 


WMTINC  READING 

AND 

DIRECTORS  ROOM 


JOENTLEMESI3     ■/=^-^:. 

I  ROOM  T::!:: 


o  i  II  I 


LADIES  WAITISC 
CLOAK  ROOM 


LADES         E^'R&NC 


t-^ 


GROUND  PLAN 


'y 


December  13,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


869 


Ut   %\\    ^\\\M. 


ART    EDUCATION. 

SINCE  the  close  of  the  Paris  Exhibition 
the  press  has  absolutely  teemed  with 
laments  of  our  inferiority  in  the  arts  of  design 
and  the  remedies  to  be  applied.  The  burden 
of  the  complaint  appears  to  be,  that  whereas 
in  1862  we  had  made  immense  progress, 
and  were  becoming  formidable  rivals  to  the 
French  ;  in  18(17  we  find  ourselves  very  much 
behindhand.  Tlie  question  then  arises,  how 
does  this  happen  t  The  answer  is  a  very  easy 
one — viz.,  the  want  of  proper  art  education  in 
all  classes.  Of  course,  allowances  must  be 
made  for  Englishmen  between  an  exhibition 
in  London  and  an  exhibition  at  Paris.  In 
the  former  case,  we  were  naturally  in  the  ma- 
jority. In  the  latter,  the  ditliculties  of  transit, 
and  the  expense  of  space,  naturally  pre- 
vented some  of  our  best  men  from  e.xhibiting 
at  all  ;  for  large  spaces  in  the  British  depart- 
ment were  occupied  by  newspapers,  advertise- 
m'jnts,  and  Soutli  Kensingt  on  work,  which 
could  have  been  far  more  worthily  employed. 
As  is  well  known,  the  British  sculptors  refused 
to  send  anything  at  all,  and  it  would  perhaps 
hive  been  as  well  had  the  architects  taken  the 
same  wise  resolution,  considering  the  scanda- 
lous incapacity  shown  in  the  arrangement  of 
the  drawings  and  photographs,  some  being 
actually  placed  on  the  floor,  others  omitted 
from  the  catalogue,  and  the  whole  mixed  up 
with  brass  and  iron  work.  It  is  evident, 
therefore,  in  comparing  the  two  exhibi- 
tions— viz.,  of  1862  and  1867,  that  great 
allowances  must  be  made.  In  the  one  case, 
"we  were  in  full  force,  and  with  every  advan- 
tage, whereas  in  the  other  we  were  a  small 
detachment  and  very  badly  commanded. 

Bat  the  real  evil  is  much  deeper.  In  all 
classos  and  conditions  we  want  more  art 
education,  and  until  we  get  it  we  shall  re- 
main inferior  to  those  of  our  neighbours  who 
have  directed  their  attention  that  way.  Of 
all  co'.intries,  the  United  Kingdom  is  the  one 
where  art  education  is  most  necessary,  and 
where,  to  a  certain  degree,  it  is  most  difficult 
to  attain.  In  other  lands,  with  more  favoured 
climates,  works  of  art  are  to  be  foimd  at  every 
turning  of  the  streets.  In  ours,  on  the  con- 
trary, our  weather  almost  forbids  their  exist- 
ence out  of  doors.  Even  our  architecture 
suffers  from  this  cause,  for  we  have  absolutely 
no  material,  except  granite  and  majolica, 
which  can  stand  against  the  smoke  and  ac'd- 
charged  atmosphere  of  our  great  cities,  so  that 
we  are  condemned  either  to  brick,  which,  at 
the  end  of  fifty  years  is  perfectly  hideous  ;  or 
to  stone,  which  is  very  little  better  as  regards 
preservation  of  colour,  while  it  is  far  more 
liable  to  decay  ;  or  to  cement,  which  requires 
continual  repainting,  and  therefore  in  the  end 
very  nearly  as  expensive  as  stone. 

As  to  the  polished  granite,  its  cost  must 
evidently  prohibit  its  general  employment, 
and  the  sheen  of  the  majolica  would  probably 
be  found  very  unpleasant  to  the  eye  where 
large  quantities  of  it  were  used.  But  this  is 
a  matter  of  experiment.  It  is  just  possible 
that  some  glaze  may  be  found  which  may  not 
be  so  dazzling  as  that  in  common  use,  and 
until  the  experiment  of  a  series  of  houses 
faced  with  majolica  has  been  tried,  and  has 
failed,  that  material  must  be  considered  as 
the  most  hopeful  for  us  in  our  present 
situation. 

AVe  are  not  much  better  off  in-doors.  Here 
our  only  decorations  are  engravings,  and  what 
our  ancestors  called  table  pictures.  As  to 
decoration  proper,  the  quantity  of  it  is  so  small 
as  hardly  to  deserve  notice,  and  we  may  go 
into  one  another's  rooms  without  finding  a 
single  object  that  we  care  to  examine.  Nor 
are  our  public  buildings  much  superior  ;  for 
questionable  stained  glass,  with  bad  drawing 
and  loud  colours,  is  almost  the  sole  decora- 
tion of  our  ecclesiastical  edifices  ;   and  in  the 


secular  ones,  for  the  most  part,  decoration    is 
conspicuous  by  its  absence. 

This  want  of  art  education,  as  before  ob- 
served, tells  upon  every  trade  and  every  pro- 
fession. Thus,  in  architecture,  for  the  want 
of  it,  the  client  is  apt  to  demand  quantity  in- 
stead of  (luality,  and  the  architect  (who  ought 
to  have  art  education  if  anyone  has  it)  seldom 
has  the  courage  to  tidl  his  client  the  truth.  He 
is  afraid  of  getting  the  name  of  being  an  ex- 
pensive man,  and  therefore  trusts  to  the  chap- 
ter of  accidents  to  lead  his  client  on  to  do 
what  he  thinks  is  right.  Of  course  we  all 
know  that  a  building  whose  decoration  is  an 
afterthought  can  never  be  the  same  success  as 
one  where  the  ornament  has  been  desigaed  at 
the  beginning.  But  sometimes  it  happens  that 
the  architect  is  nearly  as  deficient  in  art  edu- 
cation as  his  client.  This  state  of  things  is  most 
apparent  when  he  does  get  money  at  his  dis- 
posal, or  then  he  makes  the  most  amusing  use 
of  it,  as  sundry  of  the  new  Citj-  buildings  can 
testify.  In  fact,  no  conjunction  can  possibly 
be  worse  than  a  bad  architect  with  too  much 
njoney  to  spend. 

If  art  education  were  more  spread  people 
would  be  less  ambitious  and  less  desirous  of 
getting  everything  finished  at  once.  Thus 
it  is  better  to  have  one  good  litany  desk,  or 
one  good  altar  with  temporary  stalls,  to  doing 
the  whole  furniture  indifferently.  Our  mo- 
dern wooden  ecclesiastical  furniture  is  con- 
tinually spoilt  for  this  cause.  How  often  do 
we  see  thin  standards  and  stuck-on  tracery, 
and  how  seldom  do  we  meet  with  any  figures  ! 
In  lact,  the  diffi  mlty  of  getting  figures  carved 
in  wood  would  hardly  be  believed.  Up  to 
the  present  day  we  have  produced  no  set  of 
stalls  to  in  anyway  come  up  to  those  of  Ulm 
or  Amiens,  far  less  to  rival  them,  and  yet  we 
have  spent  immense  sums  on  church  work. 

There  are  a  great  many  painters  who  find  that 
the  exhibition  system  is  a  very  uncertain 
means  of  selling  their  pictures  and  getting  a 
living.  These  men  have  had  an  academy 
education,  and  can  draw  the  figure.  We  make 
a  great  deal  of  stained  glass,  with  very  indif- 
ferent drawing.  The  above-mentioned  artists 
would  often  be  only  to  3  glad  to  draw  for 
stained  glass,  but  it  is  very  difficult  to  get 
clients  to  go  beyond  the  regulation  price  of 
£2  per  square  foot,  whereas  at  least  £2  lOs. 
per  foot  is  required  if  the  services  of  a  com- 
petent artist  are  to  be  obtained. 

Again,  look  at  the  decoration  of  our  thea- 
tres. How  little  real  art  is  ever  found  !  An 
artist,  perhaps,  paints  the  proscenium,  if  there 
is  one,  and  all  the  rest  of  the  work  falls  upon 
the  decorator,  whose  great  care  is  to  employ  as 
few  figures  as  possible.  Consequently,  when 
the  spectator  has  seen  the  proscenium  he  has 
generally  seen  all  worth  looking  at. 

This  is  hardly  the  place  to  descant  upon  the 
absurdities  of  the  costumes  of  the  theatre. 
Books  of  costume  and  archaeology  are  within 
everybody's  reach,  and  yet  at  the  present  mo- 
ment there  is  a  most  successful  piece  acting  at 
one  of  our  largest  theatres  where  there  are  not 
above  two  or  three  costumes  of  the  period  in 
which  the  events  took  place.  The  armour  of 
the  soldiers  is  about  one  century  later  and  the 
buildings  about  t  wo  centuries,  while  the  costume 
of  the  ladies  belongs  to  no  period  at  all  One 
would  think  that  these  faults  would  have  been 
pointed  out  by  the  audience,  say,  on  the  first 
night,  but,  unfortunately,  theatrical  audiences 
have  given  up  the  inconvenient  practice  of 
hissing.  Probably  the  greater  portion  knew 
no  better,  and  thought  it  was  all  right ;  but 
surely,  it  will  be  said,  the  critics  of  the  daily 
press  were  loud  in  condemning  the  faults.  On 
the  contrary,  one  paper  talks  about  the  "magni- 
ficence of  the  scenery,  the  splendour  and  rich 
variety  of  the  costumes,  and  the  dazzling 
character  of  the  raise  en  scene ;"  and  another 
says  "  nothing  that  th?  actors,  painters,  and 
musicians'  arts  could,  in  combination,  effect  to 
delight  the  intellect  and  senses  of  the  audience 
was  left  unaccomplished."  Now,  here  is  a  dis- 
tinct case  of  want  of  art  knowledge  on  the 
part  of  the  manager,  the  costumiers  (their 
names  are  on  the  bill),  the  public,  and,  above 


all,  of  the  critics  of  the  daily  press.  It  was 
reserved  for  a  weekly  paper  to  make  the 
very  evident  observation  that  wlien  a  man  is 
executed  by  means  of  a  sword  a  block  is  rather 
in  the  way. 

Nor  is  the  want  of  art  knowledge  upon 
the  part  of  the  press  confined  to  theatrical 
matters.  If  we  except  exhibition  reviews 
palpably  dime  by  artists,  or  by  literary  men, 
such  as  Messrs.  Sala  and  Thornbui-y — who 
began  their  career  in  a  studio — how  much 
ignorance  do  we  find  whenever  the  ^^•riter  has 
to  s])eak  of  any  subject  relating  to  art,  and 
yet  it  is  hardly  fair  to  blame  him,  for  his 
opportunities  for  acquiring  such  knowledge 
have  been  very  few. 

It  wo\ild  be  quite  possible  to  go  through 
nearly  all  the  other  arts,  professions,  and 
trades,  and  to  show  how  grievously  we  suffer 
through  the  want  of  art  education.  One 
great  object  should  be  to  consider  the  means 
by  which  it  may  be  more  dift'used,  and  reach 
all  classes  of  society.  For  our  purpose 
society  may  be  divided  into  two  divisions, 
the  upper  and  lower,  each  of  which  would 
require  diff'erent  means  of  learning.  For  the 
upper  classes  there  might  be  an  art  college 
attached  to  each  of  our  universities,  with  a 
proper  staff  of  professors  and  lecturers  ;  it 
might  remain  a  question  with  the  he.ads  of 
the  university  as  to  whether  a  man  should  be 
allowed  to  take  his  degree  in  art  equally  with 
other  branches  of  learning.  The  instruction 
thus  afforded  would  often  bring  forth  most 
valuable  fruit,  considering  the  position  that 
such  students  might  be  expected  to  fill  after 
leaving  the  university.  Should  any  of  them 
wish  to  follow  up  any  of  the  various  branche-*, 
good  teachers  are  always  at  the  command  of 
those  who  have  the  money  to  pay  for  them. 

With  regard  to  the  other  division  of  society, 
in  which  I  would  include  those  who  do  not 
have  an  university  education,  it  is  evident 
that  the  South  Kensington  machinery  will 
be  found  the  best  to  administer  to  their 
wants,  but  then  the  system  must  imdergo 
very  great  modifications.  Each  provincial 
school  should  have  its  museum  of  works 
of  .art,  its  casts,  and  its  life  class.  Dyce's 
outlines  should  be  suppressed,  and  all 
the  copies  might,  perhaps,  be  burnt,  and 
the  pupil,  after  a  few  preparatory  lessons, 
put  on  to  the  figure  (not  the  life)  ;  this 
will  teach  him  the  value  of  lines  in  a 
much  more  subtle  manner  than  any  drawing 
of  ornament  will  do.  If  a  knowledge  of 
ornament  be  required,  as  it  often  will  be,  this 
branch  might  be  studied,  say,  two  nights  out 
of  six.  Again,  as  your  correspondent  Mr. 
Puckett  very  truly  suggests,  a  great  deal 
more  time  should  be  given  to  modelling.  If 
the  study  of  the  figure  were  made  the  great 
means  of  conveying  instruction,  doubtless 
schools  of  art  would  become  much  more 
numerous  and  much  more  popular  than  they 
are  at  present,  and  South  Kensington  no 
longer  be  imder  the  accusation  that  after  all 
these  years  of  trial  she  has  produced  only  a 
few  masters  for  her  provincial  schools — one 
artist,  Mr.  Godfrey  Sykes,  and  one  art 
archajologist,  Mr.  Kobinson. 

W.    BCRQES. 


ARCHITECTURAL  MODELLING.* 

THE  next  thing  is  the  fastening  of  these 
different  thicknesses  together,  for  which 
a  strong  and  quick-setting  cement  must  be 
used;  perhaps  the  best  is  gum  arable  melted 
in  a  gallipot  or  small  open-mouthed  bottle, 
and  allowed  to  dry  quite  hard  in  one  mass. 
Before  using,  pour  a  little  hot  water  over  it, 
allow  it  to  stand  a  moment  or  two,  then  throw 
the  water  away  ;  this  leaves  tlie  surface  damp, 
and  covered  with  a  little  very  thick  gum  just 
suited  for  the  purpose  ;  but  sometimes,  when 
spread  over  a  large  surface,  it  is  better  to 
use  it  thinner.  In  this  way  No.  2  must  be 
fastened  behind  No.  1,  and  No.  3  behind 
No.    2,   taking    care    to    keep    the    window 

*  Continued  from  page  852. 


870 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


December  13,  1867. 


opemngs  nicely  one  behind  the  other,  so  that 
each  shows  a  little.  When  two  thicknesses 
are  gummed  together,  they  should  be  im- 
mediately placed  in  a  press,  or  under  a  weight, 
for  five  or  ten  minutes.  Repeat  this  process 
till  all  the  thicknesses  are  fastened  together, 
taking  great  care  to  keep  the  work  perfectly 
clean  by  covering  it  -with  tissue  paper  when 
in  the  press,  and  not  to  let  any  gum  show, 
which  will  look  shiny  and  disagreeable  ; 
each  piece  should  be  kept  in  a  little  paper 
bag  till  the  whole  is  fmally  fastened  together. 
When  the  first  three  pieces  are  fastened, 
the  top  should  be  splayed  off,  as  shown  in 
fig.  6  6 ;  and  4  and  5  must  be  splayed  from 
the  back,  and  a  long  strip  fastened  along  the  top 
will  form  the  coping  of  the  balustrade.  The 
sill  of  the  window  may  be  splayed  in  the 
same  manner  before  the  first  part  of  the 
tracery  is  added,  and  if  the  window  shoidd  be 
chamfered  all  round,  two  or  three  pieces  may 
be  fastened  together,  and  splayed  at  one  cut. 

Sometimes  when  a  window  or  door  is  very 
deeply  recessed  a  great  many  thicknesses  of 
cardboard  will  be  required — amounting, 
perhaps,  to  twenty  or  thirtj*.  In  this  case  it 
is  not  always  wortli  while  to  use  up  so  many 
pieces  the  full  size  of  the  wall ;  a  small  ^crap 
piece  rather  larger  than  the  opening,  as  shown 
in  fig.  4,  will  suffice,  The  plumbers  and 
glaziers'  work  has  now  to  be  done  to  the 
windows,  and  the  sides,  with  the  exception  of 
buttresses,  will  be  complete.  Some  fine  black 
netting  fastened  behind  each  window  will 
form  the  lead  quarries;  .short  pieces  of  black 
thread  the  saddle  bars  ;  and  a  piece  of  thin 
glass  gummed  behind  the  whole,  the  glazing  : 
the  glass  must  also  be  secured  l)y  a  strip  of 
linen  at  the  top  and  bottom,  gummed  on  to 
the  cardboard.  Where  the  windows  are  of 
stained  glass,  the  netting  should  be  omitted, 
and  the  patt.;rn  of  the  glass  drawn  on  tracing 
paper,  and  oiled  and  gummed  behind  the 
glass.  Sometimes  small  pillars  are  to  be  met 
with  which  will  introduce  the  student  into 
a  fresh  set  of  difficulties,  namely,  columns, 
capitals,  and  bases.  In  Gothic  architecture 
large  columns  are  very  seldom  met  with  in 
the  exterior;  and  all  our  instructions  are 
being  given  on  the  supposition  that  the 
student  will  not  be  rash  enough  to  attempt  to 
model  an  interior  till  he  lias  had  considerable 
experience.  Still,  the  method  pursued  in 
large  and  small  columns  is  the  same.  For 
the  caps,  bases,  and  bands  be  very  careful  to 
save  all  the  small  round  pieces  of  card  which 
are  stamped  out  by  the  punches, 
keeping  them  in  separate  boxes 
and  labelled  Ko.  1,  2,  o,  &c.  ;  by 
these,  caps  and  bases  will  easily 
be  made  by  gumming  these  little 
rounds  together,  taking  them  up 
on  the  point  of  a  tine  needle,  like 
a  Chinese  would  use  his  chop 
sticks.  Thus  in  fig.  1 1  the  cap 
would  be  formed  by  Nos.  6,  5, 
and  4,  a  small  piece  of  column, 
and  No.  4  again.  The  band  by 
Nos.  4,  5,  4,  and  the  base  by 
Nos.  4,  5,  and  a  small  square  underneath. 

Take  a  piece   of  tissue   paper   about    the 
size  and  shape  of  that  shown  in  fig.  12  gummed 


ria.ll. 


# 


^ 


4(Q) 


F-IG.I2. 


along  the  shaded  edge,  then  place  a  netting 
needle,  the  size  being  settled  by  the  required 
diameter  of  the  column  at  the  point  shown, 
turn  the  point  of  the  paper  over  it  and  roll  it 
quickly  along  with  the  fingers,  then  draw 
out  the  needle;  the  gum  adheres  immediately, 
and  forms  a  little  white  pipe ;  dozens  of  these 
may  be  made  iu  a  minute ;  when  perfectly 
dry,  cut  them  into  the  required  lengths,  join 
the  capitals,  bands,  and  bases,  and  the  pillars 
are  made. 

A    new    difficulty    presents    itself    when 
coupled  or  triplets  of   pillars  are  met  with  ; 


the  three  columns  are  easily  placed 
side  by  side,  but  not  so  the  three 
caps,  which  must  evidently  be 
made  in  one  piece  in  stamping, 
which  the  circular  punch  would  do 
too  much.  To  obviate  this  diffi- 
culty, another  set  of  punches  must 
be  ground  down  so  as  to  cut  out 
a  semicircle  only ;  with  this  instru- 
ment a  quatrefoil  or  trefoil  figure  can  be  cut 
as  easily  as  a  quatrefoil  or  trefoil  with  the 
round  punch,  and  these  quatrefoU  or  trefoil 
figures  halved  will  form  the  different  members 
of  coupled  caps  and  bases. 

And  now  we  may  suppose  that  the  main 
walls  are  done,  but  the  model  is  by  no  means 
finished  ;  more  patience  and  ingenuity  will 
be  required  in  the  buttresses,  p)innacles,  spires, 
and  finishing  than  in  all  the  rest  taken  to- 
gether. We,  however,  will  lose  no  tbne,  but 
proceed  at  once  to  describe  these  several  parts 
in  detail,  only  observing  that,  whatever  model 
the  student  may  undertake,  he  is  almost  sure 
to  find  some  parts  in  which  his  ingenuity  must 
teach  him  his  own  method,  and  these  parts 
will  be  the  most  useful  to  him. 

In  the  buttresses,  wood  must  be  called  to 
the  assistance  of  the  cardboard.    Let  «,  fig.  14, 


/=-/c,/*. 


K 


lie  the  projection  of  a  buttres.s  to  be  modelled. 
Cut  a  piece  of  wood  the  exact  shape  of 
the  Inittress,  but  a  little  smaller,  to  allow 
for  the  thickness  of  the  cardboard.  Cut 
a  piece  of  cardboard  the  shape  of  6,  draw 
the  knife  sharply  down  the  lines  e  c,  e  e — 
without  cutting  through  the 
card — to  make  it  bend  easil)-, 
fasten  the  card  round  the  wood 
with  gum,  as  shown  at  c ;  an 
oblong  piece  neatly  joined 
will  form  the  upper  face,  some  smaller  pieces 
will  make  the  weatherings,  and  the  buttress 
will  be  complete,  all  but  the  pliutli,  which 
should  be  left  till  the  last  thing,  when  the 
model  is  set  up,  and  is  nearly  complete. 

Before  fastening  the  buttresses  on,  it  is  cer- 
tainly an  improvement  if  the  joints  of  the 
stones,  and  the  quoins,  &c.,  are  neatly  drawn 
on  in  Indian  ink  ;  the  buttresses  may  then  be 
added,  and  everything  will  be  ready  for  "  set- 
ting up."  Up  to  this  time  the  student  may 
have  been  chaffed  by  his  friends  on  the  small 
progress  he  has  made,  except  an  assemblage  of 
little  paper  bags,  the  contents  of  which  are 
pulled  out  one  by  one.  The  next  week,  how- 
ever, will  make  all  the  difference.  The  whole 
building  will  spring  up  as  from  the  touch  of 
Aladdin's  lamp. 

Get  now  a  strong  board  the  size  you  wish 
your  model  to  stand  on.  It  should  be  ma- 
hogany, and  at  least  an  inch  thick,  for  if  it 
warps  the  model  is  ruined.  Procure,  also, 
plenty  of  smooth  flat  pieces  of  wood  and  little 
cubes  for  blocking,  and  take  plenty  of  glue. 
Mark  out  on  the  board  the  exact  plan,  -ndth 
all  the  buttresses,  &c.  On  the  back  of  each 
side  fix  a  piece  of  flat  wood  reaching  from  the 
level  of  the  gutter  to  the  ground,  which,  of 
course,  is  represented  by  the  board ;  in  the 
clerestory  these  pieces  must  stdl  be  long 
enough  to  reach  the  board.  Then  fix  each 
side  in  its  place  with  plenty  of  glue  bloclcs  on 
the  inside,  and  carefully  set ;  plumb  with  the 
square  ;  where  the  angles  meet  they  should 
be  carefully  fitted  together  and  blocked  be- 
hind by  a  piece  of  wood.  The  student  will 
now  be  able  to  see  the  effect  of  his  work,  but 
don't  let  him  flatter  himself  that  it   is   yet 


finished  ;  still  there  are  the  roofs  and  the  pin- 
nacles. Let  him  be  very  careful,  too,  that 
this  part  of  the  work — "  the  setting-up  " — is 
properly  and  securely  done,  for  on  it  depends 
tlie  permanent  beauty  of  his  model  as  much 
as  the  permanent  beauty  of  a  budding  depends 
upon  good  materials  and  sound  construction. 

The  construction  of  the  roofs  is  very  simple: 
solid  triangular  bars  of  wood  should  be  made 
of  the  right  shape,  allowing,  as  before,  for  the 
thickness  of  the  cardboard.  In  a  lead  roof 
strips  should  be  fastened  to  the  sides  to  imi- 
tate the  lead  rolls  in  a  slated  or  tiled  roof — 
horizontal  bars  lapping  over  one  another,  with 
the  flashings  made  in  a  proper  manner,  will 
give  the  effect  ;  or  the  slates  are  sometimes 
simply  drawn  on,  but  this  last  method  is  de- 
cidedly "scamping."  There  will  be  no  difficulty 
in  fastening  the  roofs,  as  they  will  rest  on  the 
wood  backings  to  the  sides  mentioned  above, 
to  which  they  should  be  well  glued. 

It  is  almost  impossible  to  suggest  a  general 
way  of  finishing  any  turrets,  pinnacles,  or 
spires  that  may  be  required,  as  they  differ  so 
much  in  individual  examples  ;  and  when  the 
student  has  progressed  thus  iar  he  will  no 
doubt  find  a  way  to  overcome  any  difficulties 
he  may  meet  with.  Only  let  him  keep  his 
patience  to  the  last.  We  would  advise,  how- 
ever, that  in  every  case  these  adjuncts  should 
be  of  solid  wood  inside  ;  a  tower  and  spire 
should  in  its  interiors  be  solid  from  top  to 
bottom ;  everything  that  partakes  of  a  ginger- 
bready  character  in  modelling,  as  in  real 
building,  is  sure  to  lead  to  aU  sorts  of  diffi- 
culties, and  very  often  to  total  failure. 

Sometimes  it  is  considered  desirable  to 
show  the  "  night  effect,"  and  for  this  purpose 
holes  are  bored  in  the  board  below  the  model 
and  a  light  placed  in  a  box  concealed  under- 
neath, which  streams  up  and  tlirough  .the 
windows.  I  once  knew  an  ingenious  model- 
list  who  eilhanced  this  effect  by  a  peal  of 
chimes  in  the  box,  but  all  these  devices  lower 
the  model  from  a  work  of  art  to  a  child's 
plaything  ;  there  is  nothing  instructive  to  the 
artist  in  the  chimes  or  the  candle,  but 
there  is  in  the  carving  of  the  model 
if  it  is  really  well  done.  Any  one  who  wishes 
for  the  so-called  "night  effect"  can  buy  a 
plaster  cast  of  a  church  for  sixpence  from  an 
"  image  man,"  with  a  tallow  candle  inside, 
which  will  answer  his  purpose  equally  as  well 
as  the  costliest  model.  At  first  sight,  model- 
ling may  seem  a  great  waste  of  time,  but  when 
it  is  considered  that  almost  every  requisite 
mental  quality  which  an  architect  requires  is 
called  out  and  exercised  by  it,  it  is  not  perhaps 
too  much  to  say  that  a  more  improving  study 
could  not  be  recommended  to  a  young  archi- 
tect. 

♦ 

OBITUARY. 

WE  regret  to  have  to  record  the  death  of  Dr. 
Thomas  Clark,  late  Professor  of  Che 
mistry  in  the  University  of  Aberdeen.  Perhaps 
Dr.  Clark  was  best  known  by  his  chemical  dis- 
coveries iu  connection  with  water,  a  melancholy 
chapter  in  his  history.  About  the  year  1810,  saya 
the  "Scotsman,"  he  had  thought  of  a  method 
of  softening  the  liard  waters  of  chalk  districts  by 
the  application  of  a  fact  already  known— namely, 
that  lime  water,  poured  into  a  water  containing 
lime  in  solution  as  chalk,  threw  down  the  old 
hardening  matter  with  the  new,  and  softened  the 
water  on  the  whole.  He  investigated  the  action 
minutely,  and  with  a  view  to  render  precise  what 
was  known  only  iu  a  vague  manner,  he  set  to  work 
to  discover  means  of  accurately  and  easily  testing 
the  hardness  of  water.  The  previous  modes  of 
analyzing  water  were  operose  and  clumsy,  and  had 
no  very  direct  bearing  on  the  merits  or  demerits 
of  the  water  for  common  uses.  He  devised  a  most 
ingenious  test,  known  as  the  soap  test,  for  ascer- 
taining the  amount  of  hardening  matter  by  aa 
easy  process,  and  with  extraordinary  precisipn. 
This  method  is  now  in  universal  use  for  testing 
waters,  and  has  played  a  great  part  iu  the  choice 
of  waters  for  towns  for  more  than  twenty  years. 
By  its  help  he  reduced  to  an  exact  measure  hia 
proposal  for  softening  chalk  waters  by  lime.  Hia  : 
water  tests  were  employed  everywhere  and  made 
his  reputation,  but  did  him  no  pecuniary  service. 
Dr.  Clark  was  born  in  Ayr  in  1801. 


December  13,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


871 


MECHANICAL  SAWS. 


MECHANICAL  SAWS. 
A      SHOKT    time  since    we    gave   an   extract 
_J\_     from  Mr.  S.  W.  Worssam'a  paper  on  saws, 
as  read  before   the   Society  of    Engineers.     The 
saw3  as  then  iUustrated  are   employed   for  cross- 
cutting.     Some  of  those  above  illustrated  are  used 
for  ripping,  or  cutting  with  the  grain  ;  these  have 
very  little  in  common  with  those  of  cross  cutting 
saws,  as  the  action  of   the  former   may  be  assimi- 
lated to  a  succession  of  chisels  working  In  a  line, 
whereas   the   latter  approach   more   to   scraping 
tools ;  consequently,  the  facial  angles  of  the  teeth 
have  to  be  made  to  follow  out  these  varying  con- 
ditions, those   for  ripping   being  generally  more 
acute  and  set  forward   than  those  for  cross-cut- 
ting.    Fig.  11  is  known  as  the  ordinary  or  hand 
saw   tooth.      The   face   is   almost  perpendicular, 
and   the    back    inclines  at  an  angle  of    30  deg. 
from  the  edge  of  the  saw  or  line  of  work.     Most 
of  the  saws  used  by  cabinet  makers  and    joiners 
are  thus  toothed,   as  are   also  those  for  veneers. 
Fig.  12  exhibits  the  peg-tooth.     It  possesses  more 
hook   than  the   preceding,    the  point  having   an 
acuteness  of   42  deg.  instead  of   CO  deg.      It  is 
occasionally  used    for  circular  saws  and  pit-saws, 
and   is    serviceable   for  working   soft   stone,    &c. 
Fig.i.    13  to   16. — Sometimes   the   acute  angular 
notch  is  not   continued  to   an   internal  angle,  as 
in  figs.   13  to  16.     Such  teeth  are  designated  as 
mill-sawteeth,  by  virtue  of  their  adaptation  to  that 
description  of  saiv.     Their  angles  are  exceedingly 
variable,  having  perpendicular,  slight,  or  consider- 
able inclination,  as  necessity  dictates.     Figs.  17 
and  18. — These  figures  comprise  what  are  termed 
gullet-teeth.      The    expression    appears  to  have 
originated  from  the  fact  of  the  face  of  one  tooth 
being    continued  to    the  back   of   the    following, 
forming  a  large  hollow  or  gullet.      These  teeth 
also  frequently  piss  under  the  appellation  of  briar 
teeth,  though,  wherefore,  is  not  easy    to    decide. 
In  gullet-teeth,  the  angles  of  the  faces  depend,  in 
a  measure,  upon  the  nature  of   the  work  they  are 
called  ULon  to  perform ;  for  instance,  fig.  17,  being 
of  slight  pitch,  is  peculiarly  applicable  to  sawing 
medium    woods,    such    as     chestnut,    bay-wood, 
cherry,  &c.,  whilst  fig.  IS,  by  reason  of  its  approach 
to   perpendicularity,   is    more    suitable    to    hard 
woods,  such  as  hickory,  amboyna,  and  ebony.  The 
teeth  for  hard  wood  should   not  be  very  deep,  or 
have  excessive  pitch    or   hook,  as  it  is  called,  as 
they  will  tend  to    hang  or   draw  themselves  into 
the  wood  and  stick   fast  ;  but  the  angles  of  teeth 
for  soft  wood  may  be  more  or  less  acute,  in  pro- 
portion  to  its  degree   of    hardness   or   softness. 
Figs.  19  and  20  exemplify  a  moditication  of   the 
gullet-tooth,  called  parrot-bill,  but  which   is   not 
so  perfect   as   the  former,  producing  work  of  an 
inferior  description. 

Miscellaneous. — Fig.  21. — Itis  desirable  always 
to  have  different  blades  for  hard  and  soft  wood  ; 
but  in  cases  where  this  is  not  possible,  the  teeth 
are  made  of  moderate  depth  and  pitch,  as  seen  in 
the  diagram  ;  the  results  for  soft  woods  are  not 
quite  so  favourable  as  with  teeth  of  larger  dimen- 
sions, but  the  work  is  of  equal  quality.  Fig.  22. 
— Certain  woods  of  plain  figure,  such  as  lancewood 


and  ash,  are  troublesome  to  saw,  because  of  their 
disposition  to  rend  in  advance  of  the  teeth ;  to 
avoid  this  as  much  as  possible,  hog-mane  teeth  are 
employed,  the  tops  of  which,  being  filed  of 
triangular  shape,  appear  to  have  the  desired  effect 
by  preventing  their  deviation  from  the  correct 
course.  Figs.  23  and  24  are  specimens  of  gullet- 
teeth  for  mil  l-saws,sharpened  by  means  of  a  machine. 
Fig.  23  depicts  a  species  of  tootli  much  favoured  in 
France  and  Germany,  for  rectilinear  veneer  saws. 
Segmental  saws  are  scarcely  to  be  found  in  these 
countries.  Fig.  26  is  the  type  of  tooth  habitually 
used  by  the  Americans.  On  account  of  the  great 
thickness  of  the  blade,  the  teeth,  instead  of  being 
set  alternately,  as  in  England,  are  upset  respec- 
tively with  an  instrument  called  a  crotoh_  punch. 
In  America,  the  author  has  seen  saws  with  false 
teeth  inserted  into  the  blades  :  it  is  claimed  as  an 
advantage  that  superior  steel  can  bs  used  for  the 
teeth,  and,  when  worn  out,  they  are  easily  renewed. 
Fig.  27  shows  one  mode  of  .affixing  and  securing 
these  teeth.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  backs  are 
concave,  so  as  to  be  capable  of  adjustment  to  the 
convex  seat  prepared  for  them  ;  this  preserves 
them  in  place,  where  they  are  firmly  retained  by 
a  small  rivet,  half  and  half  in  the  tooth  and 
blade. 


WATER    SUPPLY    AND    SANITARY 

MATTERS. 
Great  complaints  continue  to  be  made  that  not- 
withstanding the  exertions  of  the  Manchester  and 
Salford  Sanitary  Association  to  improve  the  health 
of  that  town  its  hygienic  condition  is  still  un- 
satisfactory. The  dwellings,  the  water  supply, 
and  the  drainage  aU  appear  to  demand  effectual 
measures  of  reform. 

Sub-sulphate  of  alumina  has  been,  recom- 
mended by  M.  Bellamy  as  a  test,  both  quantita- 
tive and  qu.alitative,  for  organic  matter  in  solu- 
tion. A  precipitate  of  the  alumina,  combined 
with  earthy  bicarbonates,  and  organic  matters,  is 
thrown  down  after  a  few  hours,  and  may  be 
roughly  estimated  by  the  height  at  which  it 
stands  in  a  graduated  tube. 

On  Tuesday,  a  meeting  was  held  at  Newcastle, 
for  the  purpoa-!  of  considering  the  report  on  the 
public  health  for  1SG6,  and  to  decide  what  action 
should  be  taken  thereon.  The  unhealthy  condi- 
tion of  the  city,  its  numerous  unpaved  streets,  its 
cellars  and  underground  kitchens  standing  seven 
or  eight  inches  under  water  and  liquid  tllth,_  the 
want'of  proper  drainage,  and  the  nuisance  arising 
from  the  gasworks,  were  strongly  commented 
upon.  A  resolution  was  passed  requesting  that  a 
special  meeting  of  the  council  be  called  to  further 
consider  the  report  and  determine  what  steps 
shall  be  taken. 


The  Council  of  the  Social  Science  Association, 
at  a  meeting  held  last  week,  decided  to  accept  the 
invitation  of  the  Mayor  and  Town  Council  of 
Birmingham  to  hold  the  next  annual  congress  in 
that  town. 


guilbing  lutclliticutc. 


CHURCHES  AND  CHAPELS. 
The  pariah  church  of  Husband's  Bosworth, 
Northamptonshire,  was  reopened  lately,  after  re- 
8tor.ation,  at  a  cost  of  £2,500,  by  Messrs.  E.  F.  Law 
and  Sons,  architects,  of  Northampton.  Messrs. 
Law  and  Sons,  of  Lutterworth,  were  the  builders. 
The  church  of  the  Blessed  Virgin,  at  Dilwyn, 
Hereford,  was  reopened  last  week  after  restoration. 
The  style  of  the  building  is  late  thirteenth  century 
Gothic.  The  roofs  and  the  walls  have  been  stripped 
of  their  successive  coats  of  plaster,  and  the  build- 
ing repaired  .and  repewed.  The  cost  has  been 
.about  £1,800.  Mr.  G.  Cowley  Haddon,  of  Here- 
ford, was  the  architect. 

St.  Peter's  Church,  Little  O.akley,  Northampton, 
was  reopened  on  Advent  Sund.ay,  after  restoration.- 
The  style  of  the  chancel  is  Early  English,  that  of 
the  nave  and  aisles  fourteenth  century  Decor.ated. 
The  east  wall  of  the  chancel  has  been  rebuilt, 
the  tower  arch  unblocked,  and  the  church  repewed. 
Messrs.  Slater  and  Carpenter  were  the  architects. 
Mr.  Street,  we  hear,  has  in  halid  a  large  domestic 
chapel  at  the  seat  of  Lord  Lindsay,  at  Dunecht, 
near  Aberdet_-n. 

The  foundation  stone  of  a  new  Methodist 
chapel  was  laid  at  Middlesbro'  last  week.  It  is 
built  of  white  brick,  in  the  Early  Gothic  style. 
It  will  hold  330  persons,  and  will  cost  about  £800. 
Mr.  John  Hunter  is  the  architect. 

St.  HUda's  Roman  Catholic  Church,  AVhitby, 
has  been  opened.  The  style  is  Early  Pointed.  It 
consists  of  nave  and  aisles,  but  has  no  chancel,  on 
account  of  the  limited  space  .at  the  disposal  of  the 
architects.  The  length  is  101ft.,  width  Sift., 
height  to  ceiling  54ft.  The  architects  were 
Messrs.  Hadfield  and  Son,  of  Sheffield.  The  font 
and  altar  were  executed  by  Mr.  Earp,  of  London, 
from  the  designs  of  the  architects.  The  con- 
tractors were  :— Masonry,  J.  Scales ;  carpentry, 
J.  White  ;  and  plastering,  Blakely,  all  of  Whitby. 
A  new  Roman  Catholic  church  was  opened  at 
Castle  Douglas,  N.B.,  last  week.  It  is  built  of  the 
local  Trap  stone,  with  dressings  of  Dumfriesshire 
red  sandstone.  Mr.  George  Goldie,  of  London,  is 
the  architect,  and  Mr.  M'Cartney,of  Castle  Douglas, 
is  the  contractor.  The  encaustic  tiles  with 
which  the  church  is  paved  were  supplied  by 
Messrs.  Maw  and  Co.,  and  the  metal  work  by 
Messrs.  Hardman  and  Peard  and  Jackson. 

On  Wednesday,  the  church  of  St.  James,  at 
Selby,  was  consecrated  by  the  Archbishop  of 
York.  The  style  is  Early  Geometric  Gothic.  The 
length  is  122ft.,  the  width  JiOft.,  and  the  height  of 
tower  lC,">ft.  Messrs.  Newstead  and  Low,  of  Vork 
and  London,  were  the  architects.  The  church  is 
paved  with  encaustic  tiles,  supplied  by  Messrs. 
Maw  and  Co.  The  ornamental  ironwork  is  by 
Messrs.  Johnston  Brothers. 

The  parish  church  of  Cirencester  (one  of  the 
most  interesting  in  the  county  of  Gloucester), 
having  been  restored  at  great  cost  (upwards  of 
£10,000),  was  reopened  on  the  27th  ult.  by  the 
Bishop  of  Gloucester  and  Bristol. 

The  Memorial  Church  at  Constantinople,  in- 
tended as  a  memorial  to  our  countrymen  who  fell 
during  the  Crimean  war,  is  rapidly  approaching 
completion.  It  will  be  remembered  that  the  Sul- 
tan granted  the  site,  and  the  Queen  and  the 
Prince  Consort  were  among  the  contributors. 
Some  difficulties  arose  at  first,  which  delayed  the 
progress  of  the  work,  and  it  w.as  found  almost  im- 
possible to  get  a  contractor,  but  ultiin.ately 
Messrs.  Rogers  and  Booth,  of  Gosport,  took  the 
work  in  hand,  and  have  carried  out  the  designs  of 
Mr  G.  E.  Street.  It  is  noticeable  that  no  carved 
or  painted  figures  wUl  be  admitted  into  the  church. 
Wartnaby,  Leicestekshire.— The  church  here, 
which  did  look  a  very  poor  structure,  has  had  the 
greater  part  of  its  chancel  rebuilt ;  and  the  re- 
mainder of  the  edifice,  it  is  expected,  will  be  re- 
sto-ed  after  the  winter.  The  exterior  of  the  new 
part  is  simple,  but  the  crosses,  which  are  very 
nice  with  other  parts,  promise  something  good  to 
be  seen  within.  The  chief  feature  is  an  Early 
English  triplet  of  lancet  windows  at  the  ea.st,  the 
shafts,  mouldings,  rear  arch,  and  general  arrange- 
ment of  which  are  extremely  good,  and  show  a 
highly  cultivated  taste.  There  is  a  new  chancel 
arch  of  Early  Decorated  style,  the  period  for  which 
seems  to  have  been  suggested  by  a  small  origmal 
inserted  side  window  stUl  remaining.  The  work 
of  the  arch  is  suitably  mascuUne  and  harmonizes 


872 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


December  13,  1867. 


with  the  bold  character  of  the  nave.  The  date  of 
the  church  appears  to  be  about  1200.  It  has  a 
nave  with  one  aisle  on  the  south  side,  which  is 
little  more  than  G£t.  in  width  ;  the  original  door- 
way here  is  remaiuiug,  and  one  in  the  north 
wall  opposite  to  it,  also  a  window  of  Norman  de- 
sign and  very  rude,  at  the  west  end  of  the  aisle. 
There  is  a  tower  of  the  same  date  as  the  nave  ;  it 
has  an  open  belfry  with  two  bells,  and  is  covered 
with  a  double  g.i'o'.cd  roof  which  formerly  had 
crosses.  Toe  font  is  cylindrical  and  equally  old. 
The  antiquary  would  be  especially  interested  in 
visiting  this  modest  and  retired  sanctuary  by  ihe 
decorations  on  the  arches,  which  has  been  dis- 
covered by  removing  the  plaster,  and  which  seems 
ooev.al  with  the  building.  The  arcade  between 
nave  and  aisle  is  of  three  bays ;  the  arches  are 
semicircular,  supported  by  circular  piers,  with 
massive  moulded  bases  and  octagonal  capitals  with 
semi-Norman  carving.  The  stencilling  on  the 
arches  has  the  Norman  zig-zag  and  saw  patterns 
conspicuous  ;  also  quatrefoils,  &c.,  and  a  device  of 
stalks  with  leaves,  &c,,  something  like  the  watrr 
lily.  Ultimately  we  expect  to  see  this  church 
not  only  unique  and  interesting,  but  also  beauti- 
ful in  its  rural  situation.  The  manor  came  to 
the  Knights  Templars  not  very  long  after  the  erec- 
tion of  the  church,  and  afterwards  to  the  Hospi- 
tallers. With  the  exception  of  a  late  and  very 
poor  clerestory,  scarcely  any  ch.ange  (besides  the 
present)  has  occurred  in  the  church  from  the  first. 
It  has  now,  however,  a  benefactor,  who,  with  the 
architect  employed,  will  restore  it  in  a  manner 
worthy  of  the  interest  it  jiossesses. 

BUILDINGS. 

The  eulai'gement  of  the  hall  of  the  Royal  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  of  Edinburgli,  commenced 
about  two  years  back,  is  now  completed.  The  size 
has  been  more  than  doubled  by  its  extension 
backwards,  and  the  height  increased.  The  panels 
are  adorned  with  medallions  of  the  great  aucient 
and  modern  physicians,  and  female  emblematic 
figures.  Mr.  David  Bryce,  R.S.A.,  was  the  archi- 
tect, and  Messrs.  Beattie  the  contractors.  The 
figures  and  medallions  were  sculptured  by  Mr. 
George  Maccallum. 

On  Monday  evening  the  new  public  hall  re- 
cently erected  iu  Runcorn  was  formally  opened. 
It  is  of  red  brick,  iu  the  Gothic  style.  Mr.  Cul- 
shaw,  of  Liverpool,  was  the  architect ;  and  Mr. 
Thomas  White,  of  Runcorn,  the  contractor.  The 
large  hall  will  seat  800  persons. 

Messrs.  Casebourne  and  Lucas,  cement  manufac- 
turers, West  Hartlepool,  are  constructing  an  expe- 
rimental sea  wall  near  the  lighthouse  at  Seaton. 
The  wall  is  composed  of  cement  concrete  made  of 
the  shingle  from  the  beach  and  Portland  cement, 
mixed  in  proper  proportion,  and  cast  in  a  mould 
formed  by  pi  .uks  fixed  to  upright  posts  set  to  the 
desired  width.  The  experirnent,  as  far  as  it 
goes,  seems  likely  to  prove  highly  successful,  as 
the  portion  already  built  was  put  to  a  severe 
test  during  some  recent  gales  and  high  tides, 
when  the  whole  of  the  plauks,  &c.,  forming  the 
mouldings,  were  carried  away,  and  the  concrete 
wall,  left  exposed  to  the  full  force  of  the  sea, 
■withstood  the  storm,  although  the  cement  con- 
crete  had  only  been  set  about  forty-eight  hours. 

The  Sassoon  Hospital  at  Poona  (India)  has  been 
opened  by  Sir  Seymour  Fitzgerald.  It  is  in  the 
Gothic  style,  and  cost  3,10.000  rupees.  The  de- 
sign is  by  Colonel  Wilkin.s,  R.E ,  and  it  was 
erected  under  the  superintendence  of  Major 
Mellis,  Lieutenant  Cruickshank,  and  the  architect. 
It  afibrds  accommodation  for  141  patients,  allow- 
ing to  each  1,100  cubic  feet  of  space.  On  any 
emergency  60  more  patients  can  be  accommodated 
in  the  verandah. 

Twelve  large  barracks  have  been  erected  at 
Deololee,  near  Nassick  (India),  at  a  cost  of  eleven 
lacs  of  rupees,  and  a  hospital  is  now  building  to 
cost  about  three  lacs  more.  iMr.  J.  W.  Reeve  was 
the  contractor. 

A  new  Free  Church  school  has  been  erected  at 
Chowpatty  (India)  at  a  co.st  of  G  7,000  rupees. 
The  style  is  Gothic  adapted  to  local  circum- 
stances. The  materials  employed  are  Bassein 
rubble,  pointed  with  black  mortar,  with  Pore- 
bunder  stone  dressings.  Messrs.  Scott,  M'Clel- 
land  and  Co.  were  the  architect?,  and  Nursoo 
Dhurmajee  the  contractor. 

The  foundation  stone  of  the  new  national 
schools  at  Newbiggen,  near  Newcastle,  was  laid 
the  other  day.  The  style  is  a  mixture  of  Gothic 
and  Elizabethan.  Mr.  H.  Robson,  of  Duiham,  is 
the  architect  ;  Mr  Brand,  of  Shields,  is  the  con- 
tractor ;  and  Mr.  Robert  Craig  the  builder. 


TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 

To  OoR  RE.VDER3. — We  shall  feel  obligeil  to  any  of  our 
readers  who  will  favour  us  with  brief  notes  of  worka  con- 
templated or  in  progress  la  the  provinces. 

Lettei-3  relating  to  advei-tisements  and  the  ordinary  busi- 
ness of  the  Paiier  should  be  addressed  to  the  EDITOR, 
31,  TAVISTOCK  STREET,  COVENT  GARDEN,  W.C. 

Advertisements  for  the  current  week  must  reach  the 
office  before  5  o'clock  p.m.  on  Thursday. 

NorrcE.— The  BUILDING  NEWS  inserts  advertise- 
ments for  "  SITUATIONS  WANTED,"  &c.,  at  ONB 
SHILLING  for  the  fll-st  Twenty  four  Worils. 


Received.— W.  S.— T.  and  C— E.  W.  G.— D.  S.— 
A  J  M. — A.  G.  H.,  with  photographs  of  Hayling  draw- 
ings — T.  S.— J.  E.  R.— R-  L.  B.— M.  C-— J.  R.— W-  W.— 
J.  B.  T.— G.  H.  G.— (J.  L.— J.  S.  C— A.  D.— W.  R.  B.— 
W  A.  M.,  with  plans  for  Labourers'  cottages,  Liverpool. — 
W.  S.— E.  W.  G.— G.  and  G.— W.  A.  L.— H.S.— S-  F.— 
E.  D.— J.  L.— W.  B.— C.  and  F.  -  J.  H.— A.  S.  H.— W.  J.  P- 
— H-  and  C— W.  H.  T.— J.  B.  W.  J. -J.  T.  S.— T.  C,  with 
•'  Water  Supply  of  Towns."— T.  F.  M. 

AV.  WiLLo-t  (Stanmore). — The  office  of  the  Centr.il 
Cottage  Imp  rovemeut  Society  is  the  Whittin^on  Club, 
Arundel-street,  Strand,  London. 


CfiU'esponiiciice. 


HOW   HOUSES    ARE    BURNT. 
To  the  Editor  of  the  Building  News. 

Sir, — The  number  of  private  residences  de- 
stroyed by  fire  is  something  wonderful;  also 
the  last  sentence  in  the  reports — "  cause  un- 
known." It  is  not  a  little  singular,  however, 
that  these  fires  should  take  place  iu  many 
"speculative  buildings."  The  Metropolitan  Build- 
ing Act,  by  its  stringent  clause  respecting  the 
non-placing  of  wood  near  flues,  would  render,  one 
would  think,  fires  from  this  cause,  in  newly- 
erected  dwellings,  almost  impossible.  And,  in- 
deed, if  buildings  were  erected  in  accordance  with 
the  provisions  of  this  Act,  it  would  be  so.  The 
question  then  arises — are  houses  built  contrary  to 
the  Act  ?  The  answer  must  be  clearly,  yes.  Do 
the  district  surveyors  discharge  their  duty,  then, 
if  this  be  the  case  ?  Have  they  no  power  to  in- 
spect carcases  as  they  are  run  up,  and  object  if 
they  see  no  regard  paid  to  this  important  clause  ? 
Clearly  they  have  the  power,  but  they  cannot  in 
all  cases  exercise  it.  Two  cases  which  have  oc- 
curred within  the  last  fortnight  have  led  me  to 
think  that  proper  supervision  could  not  have  been 
maffe.  In  one,  the  greater  part  of  a  large  house 
was  destroyed,  together  with  valuable  furniture ; 
in  another,  the  discovery  was  made  before  the 
smouldering  timbers  had  burst  into  flame.  On  in- 
specting the  larger  house,  I  found  that  a  piece  of 
timber  was  built  into  the  wall  at  the  back  of  a 
fireplace,  runniug  clean  through  the  wall,  com- 
municating with  the  fireplace  on  one  side,  and 
with  a  range  of  bookcases  on  the  other.  It  was 
here  that  the  fire  broke  out.  All  was  right,  ap- 
parently, when  the  house  was  closed  at  night,  but 
by  two  o'clock  iu  the  morning  the  contents  of  the 
library  had  been  consumed,  and  the  adjoining 
rooms  wrapped  iu  flames.  Great  surprise  was  mani- 
fested, inasmuch  as  there  had  been  no  fire  iu  the 
library  for  some  days,  nor  in  the  rooms  above, 
beneath,  or  adjoining,  save  a  small  one  iu  the 
lobby,  at  the  back  of  the  inner  wall  of  the  library. 
When  examining  the  partiidly  gutted  library,  how- 
ever, it  was  seen  that  a  joist,  ttc,  had  communi- 
cated directly  with  the  adjoining  fireplace,  and 
that  iu  process  of  tima  it  had  been  gradually  con- 
sumed ;  the  heat  of  the  last  fire  kindling  the 
/'tinder  wood"  which  remained,  and  spreading 
to  the  timber  scantlings  of  the  floor  with  which  it 
was  in  contact,  set  the  library  iu  a  blaze. 

In  the  other  case,  the  house  had  not  been 
occupied  for  six  months,  when  the  mistress,  who 
had  occasion  to  go  to  an  upper  bedroom  before 
she  left  the  premises,  found  it  tiled  with 
smoke.  On  examination,  she  perceived  smoke 
coming  up  through  the  carpet,  and  by  the  skirting 
next  the  li  replace.  Pulling  up  the  carpet,  the 
flooring  was  found  to  be  discoloured,  and  the 
boards  hot.  An  alarm  was  raised,  and  some  men 
at  work  ou  the  new  building  opposite  were  soon 
on  the  spot.  To  tear  up  a  few  boards  was  the 
work  of  a  moment,  when  a  Large  extent  of  joist- 
ing  was  found  to  be  smouldering,  and  upon  contact 
with  the  air  burst  into  flame.  It  was  speedily 
extinguished,  aud  on  examination  it  was  found 
that  the  joists  ran  into  the  flues,  that  in  the 
kitchen  fine  soon  availing  itself  of  the  opportu 
nity  to  transmit  its  heat  to  more  distant  neigh- 
bours. Further  examinations  proved  that  other 
floors  were  the  same,  and  this  inspection  extend- 
ing itself  to  other  houses  adjoining,  which  were  in 
I  course   of   completion,  the  same  defect  was  dis- 


covered. It  need  not  be  said  that  the  ofifending 
timbers  were  removed,  the  floors  retrimmed,  and 
the  requirements  of  the  Act  satisfied.  The  houses 
were  purchased  in  carcase,  so  that  the  owner, 
who  was  finishiug  them,  was  not  responsible  for 
this. 

The  fully  carrying  out  the  Building  Act,  defec 
tive  as  it  may  be  in  other  respects,  would  mate- 
rially lessen  the  number  of  tires  in  the  metro- 
polis, and  render  the  buildings  more  substantial. 
It  is  clearly  the  duty  of  the  district  surveyor  to 
exercise  this  wise  supervisiou.  Then  comes  the 
question  as  to  his  ability.  Is  he  able  to  so  in- 
spect every  house  as  to  guard  against  danger  ?  No. 
In  some  districts,  give  the  siu'veyor  twenty  heads, 
forty  feet,  and  forty  hands,  he  could  not  do  it. 
With  miles  of  streets  constantly  making,  with 
thousands  of  houses  springing  up  like  mushrooms 
— and  like  mushrooms  some  of  them  must  some 
day  "  come  to  grief  " — a  house  to  house  inspection 
is  impossible.  Of  what  service,  then,  is  the  Act, 
without  provision  being  made  for  an  elhcient  staff 
of  assistants  under  the  surveyor  ?  It  remains  for 
the  framers  of  the  amended  Bill  so  to  contrive 
that,  having  the  right  to  certain  interference, 
they  should  secure  fresh  jiower  for  exercising  that 
right.  That  the  power  does  not  now  exist  is 
manifest,  and  the  Act  is,  in  consequence,  almost 
inoperative. — I  am,  &c.,  W.  W. 


BELL  RINGERS'  ACCESS. 

Sir, — Lest  your  correspondent  should  mislead 
where  he  intends  to  inform,  allow  me  to  state 
that  the  little  doorway  referred  to  in  the  ex- 
terior of  All  Saints'  Church,  Kensington  Park, 
Notting-hill,  freely  to  admit  ringers,  was  in 
reality  intended  for  a  very  diff'erent  purpose.  It 
was  in  order  to  give  free  access  to  the  church 
from  the  clergyman's  house,  which  was  intended 
to  extend  along  the  western  side  of  a  quadrangle 
north  of  the  tower,  and  at  the  same  time  to  keep 
control  over  the  ringers'  entrance. 

Moreover,  my  own  feelings  being  so  very 
strong  that  church  bell  ringing  is  intended  for  an 
expression  of  religious  joy,  rather  than  of  secular 
rejoicing,  ancl  that  it  is  an  unbecoming  use  of 
church  bells  to  ap[)ly  them  to  the  jjurpose  of 
prize  ringing,  or  other  secular  ends,  I  should  be 
sorry  to  see  the  regulation  of  the  ringing  taken 
out  of  the  hands  of  the  minister  in  whom  it  is 
most  properly  invested. 

I  can  suggest  a  remedy  for  this,  which,  I  be- 
lieve, has  been  in  use  in  other  ages — viz  ,  the 
erection  of  a  bell  tower  by  the  inhabitants  of  a 
town,  for  secular  purposes,  wherein  they  may 
ring  to  their  hearts'  content. — I  am,  &c., 

William  White. 

30a,  Wimpole-street,  London,  W.,  Dec.  9. 

PUBLIC   MEETINGS. 

Sin, — Can  you  kindly  inform  me  as  to  the 
tisual  practice  at  pubhc  meetings  with  regard  to 
amendments  on  motions  ?  I  have  sometimes 
observed  that  chairmen  of  meetings  are  almost  as 
much  in  the  dark  as  I  am  on  this  subject.  For 
instance,  a  motion  of  considerable  importance 
was  before  the  Architectural  Association  on  Fri- 
day evening  last,  aud  there  were  three  amend- 
ments to  it.  The  questions  which  arose  in  m^  \ 
mind  during  the  debate  were  : — 

1.  May  a  second  or  third  amendment  be  pro- 
posed until  the  first  has  been  disposed  of  ? 

2.  Supposing  th  it  they  m.ay,  which  of  the  three  , 
should  be  put  to  the  vote  first  ? 

3.  Supposing,  as  was  the  case  on    Friday,  that  j 
the  second  and  third  were   disposed  of  first,  can 
the  debate  on  amendment  No.  1  be  resumed  ? 

i.  Supposing   an    amendment    to   te    carried, 
should  the  original  motion  be  put  ? — I  am,  &c., 
December  7.  Igsokamcs. 


CONCRETE   BUILDINGS  IN  PARIS. 

Sir, — In   your   journal   of   the  Gth  inst.  is  an  ■ 
article   referring   to   the   report  of   an  operative  ' 
bricklayer  on   the   Paris   Exhibition,  lately  p\ib- 
lished   in  the  "  Times ;"  the  writer  of  the  report 
refers  to   the   houses   I   am   building  in  concrete 
for  the  Emperor  Napoleon,  and  as  there  are  one  [ 
or   two   iuaccuracies    in   the  report,  perhaps  you  j 
will  allow  me  to  correct  them.     Iu  the  first  place,  j 
the  writer   says  "  the  houses  will  cost  £400  each,  1 
which   is  cousiderably  more  than  was  expected."  I 
Now,  I  beg  to  say  that  I  agreed  with  the  Emperor  j 
to  build  the  houses  for  G,000f.,  or  £240  each,  and  j 
I   have    no   intention  of  overstepping  that  figure. 
I  believe,   however,  that  His  Majesty  paid  a  veiyj 
large  sum  for  the  land,  and  as  there  were  severall 
tons  of  earth  to  be  removed  before  we  could  com-l 


December  13,  1867. 


THE  BUILDINa  NEWS. 


873 


mence  building  operations,  this  occasioned  a  con- 
siderable expense.  'We  also  constructed  a  capa- 
cious sewer  6ft.  Oiu.  hiyii,  and  of  ample  breadth  ; 
and,  moreover,  formed  the  roads  and  side  walks. 
If  the  costs  of  all  these  items  be  added  together, 
I  dare  say  we  shall  find  that  the  total  charges 
incidental  to  the  whole  affair  will  amount  to 
nearly  £400  per  house.  It  is  not  correct,  however, 
to  say  that  the  bouses  themselves  cost  more  than 
£240.  The  wiiter,  in  describing  the  process  of 
building,  says  that  "  the  carpenters  fix  two  rows 
of  board  5ft.  or  Oft.  high,  or  more,"  &.C. ;  this  is 
not  correct,  inasmuch  as  the  boards,  as  bo  calls 
them  (but  which  are,  in  fact,  a  strong  wooden 
framing  faced  with  sheet  zinc),  are  only  1ft.  9in. 
high,  and  not  5ft.  or  Oft.  These  frames  are 
bolted  together  so  as  to  form  a  kind  of  mould, 
and  are  raised  every  day,  so  that  the  building 
rises  at  the  rate  of  1ft.  6in.  per  diom.  The 
arrangement  of  the  rooms  certainly  is  not  con- 
venient. This  has  been  pointed  out  to  His 
Majesty,  and  I  believe  ho  is  now  satisfied  that  it 
might  be  improved.  I  am  not,  however,  respon- 
sible for  the  arrangements  or  dimensions  of  the 
rooms.— I  am,  &c.,  ^V.  E.  Newton. 

6Gj  Chancery-lane,  December  10. 


[640.1— A  GOOD  FOUNDATION.— I  have  bad  Bomo 
experience  iu  getting  iu  fouudiitions,  aud  tlm  following 
is  tho  coui-80  I  would  .iilviso  **  Foreman  "  to  pursue  : — Lut 
him  fii-st  sink  thrtjo  feet  deeper,  and  ttieu  fill  in  the  hole 
with  concrete,  well  punned  and  rammed.  lie  has  met 
with  what  is  termed  "  a  soft  spot,"  aud  tho  plan  I  have 
suggested  ia  tho  only  really  safe  ouo  under  iho  circum 
fctauces.  Tho  concrete  must  ho  carried  well  up  to  tho  level 
of  the  footings,  aud  ought  to  ho  continued  nnderueath 
them  all,  or  otherwise  there  will  ho  a  chance  of  a  "  crack" 
oecnrring  in  the  walls  over  the  had  spot,  owing  to  the  fact 
that  one  portiou  of  the  house  will  ho  founded  upt>u  harder 
ground  than  tho  other.— Enci.nler. 


tho  iiroportionti  wo  ahaU  have  r  :  a; :  :  a;  :  O  V  =   ■-,  and 

»  :    ^  (,3_y._2)  -  ;—  :  O  S  =  — i ; — i —         Now  tho 

next  jioiut  for  us  to  prove  i3  what  tho  value  of  .r  ia  whou 
/  (r-i  —  x'i)    a2    .  .         . 

^  '  i«  II  iii!ivimiini_      As   r   IS   : 


t3 


__.  .   13  a  maximum. 


lixed  quau* 


[641.1— TUUXriKE  ROAI)^.— A  c:iso  precisely  similar 
to  that  stated  hy  *'  Surveyor"  is  under  my  notice  at  pro- 
Buut,  and  will  pvobahly  only  be  settled  by  an  appeal  to 
law.  Todelormino  what  ia  tho  real  "building  lino"  or 
lino  of  frontage  in  country  places  is  one  of  the  hugbeai-d 
of  a  loail  surveyor.  A  good  deal  depends  upon  tho  hyo- 
laws  of  tho  local  hoard  aud  tho  manner  in  which  they 
enforce  thoui.  Tho  argument  of  "Surveyor"  appears  to 
me  to  be  weak  in  two  points.  Tlio  first  is,  that  notwiih- 
standing  the  eni-roachment,  the  width  of  the  road  would 
atill  bo  :ii^ft.  Sin.  Tho  half  of  this  is  10ft.  -lin.,  and  the 
minimum  distunco  iiwisted  upon  by  law  is  only  15ft.,  mea- 
sured from  the  centre  of  tho  road.  Tho  second  i.s,  tliat  it 
is  not  pos.siblo  to  ensure  an  \iniformity  in  the  lino  of  house 
frontngo,  for  although  a  man  may  he  restrained  from 
putting  his  houae  forward  beyond  a  certain  distance,  he 
may  eet  it  hack  fiom  the  road  as  much  as  ho  likes,  pro- 
vided ho  obtains  the  usual  500  square  feet  of  area  at  tho 
back  and  sides.— Svuvevou  to  \  Loc.\L  Board. 


tity  wo  take  it  e<jual  to  1,  thou  wo  have  V  (l  —  ^2  )  '  a:2 
for  a  maximum,  it  follows  that  its  square  (1  —  a;2  )  «*  = 
•r*' —  x'i  is  also  a  maximum.  Now  tho  fluxion  of  a  quan- 
tity that  ia  %-ariahlo  when  it  is  at  ila  maxiuium,  is  utpial 
to  O  .  •.  wo  liavo  4  j3  X  —  6  x"  x  =  O  for  an  o^iuation,  di- 
viding all  along  by  x3  x  we  have  4  —  (i  x^*  =  O,  and 
0  x^  =  4  a;  =    VT   =  01  .-.  A  I  ~~ 


or  wo  can  have  A  0  =    V^y    o  I 
mHltiplying  thoso  quantities  by 


=    V  ^,  A  0  being  1, 
=   V^Tand  A  1  =  ),  by 

\^'i.    So  wo  havo  proved 
that  tho  angle  at  which  O  S  is  greatest,   and  consequently 
the  downward   force  is   greatest  wlien  tangent  O  I   is  = 
1,  radius  being  1,  which  corresponds  to  51^  (uonrly)  dog. 
For  higarithm  of        2  =  2  )3010300 


\'2 


•1505150 


,  radiu 


Log  tangent        10 '1505150  corrospouds  to  54 J. 
-  John  X'rost,  Hazolwood-cottagc,  Coventry. 


I 


lutfixonuniinidiaiT. 


QVESTWNS. 
[flS3.]— LABOUR  IN  IRELAND.— Could  anyone  inform 
me  what  is  tho  price  of  labour  in  Ireland,  viz.,  hricklayei-s, 
carpenters,  masons,  and  labourers,  per  day?  Also  whether 
bricks  and  timber  aro  about  the  same  price  as  in  Loudon. 
-A.  F.  G.  

[6S4.]— POLISH  ON  PERSPECTIVES.— Perhaps  some 
one  will  inform  me  how  I  may  obtain  the  etVect  ol  polished 
marbles,  granite,  glazed  tiles,  and  bi-icks,  iu  coloured 
dMwiugs  of  interior  perspeotiTfs,  .fee. — R. 

[T„r..l-WHAT  IS  CUSTDM.VRY?— Isit  customary  for 
an  wchitect,  under  whom  a  builder  is  executing  a  con- 
tract, to  require  patterns  of  all  joining  work  on  approval, 
before  any  such  work  is  fully  wrought  out,  aud  is  the 
builder  bound  to  supply  them  unless  they  are  specified, 
and  consequently  allowed  for  in  his  teuder  ? — Justitia. 


[644.]— FOUNDATIONS  FOR  A  TOWER.— Allow  me, 
through  your  columns,  to  inform  "  Inquirer  "that  although 
it  is  better  for  the  bottom  cour.-'o  of  footing?  to  bo  a  donblo 
one,  there  ia  no  advantage  gained  in  nuiking  tho  others 
more  than  a  siuglo  coui-se  iu  height.  Tho  chief  point  iu 
brick  footings  is  to  keep  tho  back  joists,  aa  far  as  they 


[GSO.]  — THICKNESS  OF  RETAINING  WALLS.— 
I  should  be  glad,  through  the  medium  of  your  valuable 
column,  to  learn  a  good  and  practical  rule  for  calculating 
tho  thickness  of  a  retaining  wall — of  this  shape— for  a 


I     I         I     I 


ri 


reservoir  or  railway  embankment,  supposing  tho  height  to 
be  12ft.,  and  the  soil  of  an  ordinary  earthy  nature. — Fore- 
man.   

[6S7.]— PRICES  OF  TIMBER.— I  wish  to  know  in  your 
ntixt  "  lutereomraunication,"  if  your  list  of  prices  for 
building  materials  aie  tho  London  or  Hull  list,  or  if  any 
ditference,  and  if  the  Is.  duty  per  load  is  to  add  to  the  list, 
and  what  you  mean  by  the  drawback  Is.  ;  also  how  is  it 
that  St.  John's  white  spruce  is  quoted  at  £13  lOs.  to 
£15  lOs.  and  St.  Fetersburgh  only  at  £10  IDs.  to  £11.— 
Ignoramcs. 

[The  price  of  timber  in  Hull  is  considerably  cheaper 
than  iu  London,  aud  the  list  we  give  is  London  prices. 
The  duty  is  usually  paid  hy  the  importer,  unless  a  builder 
pureha.^e3  a  cargo  out  aud  out.  With  regaid  to  the  dif- 
ference iu  prices  of  St.  John's  white  spruce  and  St.  Peters- 
burgu,  you  will  notice  that  the  St.  Petersburgh  deals  aro 
sold  iu  hundreds  of  tho  standard  measurement,  while  the 
dimenaiona  of  the  St.  John's  spruce  are  much  larger.] 


can  bo  kept,  from  thefoceofthe  work.    The  accompanying 
cut  will  show  the  arrangement  recommended.— S.  S. 

[G-VG.I- DILAPIDATIONS.— If  there  is  no  agreement 
either  way  rnspecting  repairs  the  tenant  is  bound  iu  law 
to  do  them,  and  keep  tho  premises  in  a  proper  state  of  re- 
pair. "  S.  T."  should  consult  an  excellent  work  by  a  bar- 
rister of  eminence,  "Every  Man  his  own  Lawyer,"  iu 
which  all  these  cases  are  especLally  entered  into,  pro- 
pounded, and  explained.— A  L.wvyer's  Clerk. 

[651.]— WATER-TIGHT  VAULT.— In  answer  to  "F.N.," 
I  would  bog  to  say  that  ^iu.  is  not  the  least  too  small  for 
a  close  joint  of  Portland  cement.  I  have  seen  S-lOiu.  "made 
in  good  mortar  with  careful  work.  He  can,  however, 
easily  render  the  vault  watertight  by  paying  it  over  with 
a  coatiug  of  tar  aud  sand,  or  of  mineral  asphalte. — L.  P.  D. 

[652.]— DEAFENING  PARTITIONS.— Both  cork  aud 
felt  have  been  used  for  the  purpose  alluded  to,  but  with 
very  indifierent  success.  The  best  safeguard  against 
noise  from  adjoining  rooms  is  thick  walls  and  ijartitions, 
but  in  their  absence  it  is  impossible  to  find  a  substitute. — 
T.  C.  

[653.]_pRESSURE  ON  ROOFS. -The  following  in- 
vestigation will  show  that  the  downward  pressui'e,  by  a 
horizontal  wind,  reaches  a  maximum  when  tho  pitch  of 
roof  is  54  j  deg.  (nearly).  H.  Swansborough,  iu  arriving 
at  his  conclusion  that  the  downward  pressui-e  is  greatest 
when  the  pitch  is  45  deg.,  has  fallen  into  the  en'or  of  sup- 
posing that  the  horizontal  force  of  the  wiud  is  a  fixed 
instead  of  a  variable  quantity.  It  will  he  apparent  to 
everyone  that  the  force  of  wind  will  vary  according  to  tlie 
angle  at  which  the  roof  slants  ;  when  the  roof  is  vertical 
the  pressure  is  at  its  maximum,  aud  when  horizontal  it  is 
notliing. 


[ii5:j.l  -  Thoro  is  a  rather  unfortunate  omission  in  tho 
article  "  Pressure  on  Roofs,"  at  p.  S3S.  After  "  wind,"  in 
the  thiid  lino,  tho  limiting  words,  "  when  tho  lieight  of  tho 
roof  remains  constant,"  niiould  havo  been  insorteii.  Tlio 
idea  of  this  simple  demoustratiou  for  the  jiarticular  case 
occurred  to  me  whilst  trying  to  tind  a  more  evident  solu- 
tion of  tho  problem  wherein  tho  length  of  tho  rafter  ia  the 
fixed  element  tliau  is  aH'ordcd  to  the  majority  of  readers 
by  the  formidable  looking  notation  of  tho  ditforential 
calculus,  but  being  obliged  for  tlio  time  to  abandon  tho 
iuvo.jtigation,  1  thought  the  partial  demonstration  of  sufti- 
cient  interest  to  forward  to  you.  Tho  omission  of  tho 
woi'ds  alwve  alluded  to,  fairly  enough  laid  tho  article  op«n 
to  the  strictures  of  "E.  L.  G."  and  Mr.  Hope,  tho  former 
of  whom  had  already  correctly  stated  tho  angle,  giving  a 
muximvuu  vertical  pressure  in  the  more  general  problem, 
though  without  giving  the  demonstration.  Tho  result  of 
lite  investigation  of  this  latter  csise  by  tho  differential 
calculus  is,  1  apprehend,  too  well  known  to  leave  tho 
matter  open  to  question  to  anyone  whoso  knowledge  of 
mathematics  enables  him  to  test  the  solution.  -  E.  Swans 

BOROUCn.  

[("3.]— THE  "LIMNER"  is  a  simple  coutrivanco,  base 
on  one  of  the  oldest  inventions  couuectbd  with  art.  It  is 
useful  for  making  correct  copies  of  engravings,  drawings, 
and  paintings  (small  or  large).  It  ia  also  of  great  utility 
iu  sketching  from  nature,  as  no  previous  knowleilgo  of  tho 
ordinary  rules  of  perspective  is  required. — Scirk  Facias. 

[Gsi.]— STRENGTH  OF  BEAMS.— Treiigold  gives  l-5th 
of  the  breaking  weight  as  tho  maximum  fixed  distributed 
load  on  abeam  fixed  at  both  end!}.  No  doubt  a  beam  will 
safely  bear  a  considerably  greater  load,  but  in  the  case  of 
a  bresummer  it  is  required  that  the  V)eam  shall  >>o  strong 
enough  without  detiectiug  sutficientlv  to  cause  fracLures 
in  the  brickwork  supported.— W.  L.  J. 


REPLIES. 


K- 


[634.]-FIREPROOF  MORTAR.— Vour  correspondent 
should  set  his  firebricks  with  fireclay,  either  Newcastle  or 
Stourbridge.  The  latter  is  stronger,  but  for  merely  setting 
the  bricks  in  grates  and  stoves,  the  former  will  answer  per- 
fectly well.  In  setting  gas  retorts,  the  clay  is  used  by 
itself;  but  where  brickwork  is  concerned,  it  may  be  mixed 
with  an  equal  proportion  of  very  fine  sand.  I  have  em- 
ployed it  in  this  manner  for  setting  the  brick  wall  of 
Siemen'a  gas  furnaces,  which  will  fuse  nearly  any  material. 
— Clerk  of  Works.  

[C35.]— PIRACY  OF  DESIGNS.- Having  had  a  good 
deal  to  do  with  builders  lately,  will  you  allow  mo  to  in- 
form '"Othello"  that  no  one  can  claim  any  particular 
design  of  a  building,  and  so  make  a  "copyright"  of  it. 
Anyone  is  perfectly  athberty  to  build  ahouseas  hepleases, 
and  may  copy  his  neighbour's,  if  he  thinks  fit.  So  soon 
as  the  house  is  buUt,  it  is  public  property,  inasmuch  as  the 
design  or  architecture  is  concerned,  and  very  justly  too. — 
H.  C  

[63T.]— MARINE  GLUE.— "C.  E."  will  find  the  fullow 
ing  recipe  answer  his  purpose: — Mix  together,  with  a 
slow  and  not  too  high  a  heat,  15  parts  of  shellac  powdered 
fine,  9  parts  of  coal  tar,  ;iud  about  three-quarters  of  a  part 
of  caoutchouc,  or  india-rubber.  In  a  short  time  this  mix- 
ture will  cool  down,  and  can  be  easily  obtained  in  thin 
cakes  like  glue.  It  must,  of  course,  be  heated  before  use. 
—Carpenter, 


Draw  the  horizontal  lino  K  D  representing  tho  plane 
the  roof  springs  from.  As  the  length  of  roof  is  a  fixed 
quantity,  draw  A  B.  representing  it  .any  angle  from  point 
A  ;  froni  B  draw  B  C  at  right  .angles  to  K  D,  meeting  K  D 
in  C.  Now  the  force  of  wind  is  as  B  C,  and  acts  .at  centre 
of  lino  A  B  in  point  O  ;  from  O  draw  O  I  pell)ondicuIar  to 
K  0,  meeting  K  D  in  I ;  then  0  I  is  half  B  C  ;  O  I  is  there- 
fore as  the  force  of  wind  ;  from  O  draw  the  line  O  H 
parallel  to  K  D,  making  O  H  equal  to  O  I.  Now  O  H  re- 
presents the  force  of  wind  acting  on  point  O,  from  II  draw 
H  V  parallel  to  A  B  till  it  meets  a  line  drami  from  O  at 
right  angles  to  A  B  in  V  ;  from  V  draw  V  R  parallel  to 
K  D  meeting  A  B  in  R,  then  O  V  represents  the  vertical 
pressure  on  roof ;  the  force  represented  by  O  R  acts  iu  the 
plane  of  the  roof,  and,  therefore,  does  not  effect  the  down- 
ward pressure.  Again,  to  resolve  O  V  into  a  vertical  and 
horizontal  force,  from  V  draw  V  N  perpendicular  to  K  D, 
meeting  H  O  in  X  ;  also  from  O  draw  O  S  perpendicular 
to  K  D,  meeting  V  R  in  S.  Now  the  force  O  V  is  resolved 
into  O  N  horizontal  and  O  S  vertical.  O  S  being  .as  the 
do^vnward  pressure,  therefore  the  downward  force  is  a 
maximum  when  O  S  is  a  maximum.  Now  to  find  the 
angle  B  A  D  at  which  this  occurs  is  our  next  question  ;  we 
know  that  the  triangles  A  O  I,  R  V  O,  and  O  V  S  are 
similar,  and  that  V  R  is  equal  to  O  I.  From  this  wo  have 
the  following  proportions :— A  O  :  O  I  :  :  V  R  :  O  V  and 
A  O  :  A  I  :  :  O  V  :  O  S.  Taking  r  =  A  O  .and  a:  =  O  I 
we  havo  A  1  =    ^^ri-t,-),  by  substituting  tho  yalues  in 


STAINED    GLASS. 

A  two- light  memorial  window  has  been  erected  in  St. 
Hilda's  Roman  Catholic  Church,  Whitby.  It  is  by  Wailes, 
of  Newcastle,  and  represents  the  Resmrection,  and  Our 
Lord  Blessing  Little  Children. 

Hereford  CATriEDR.\L. — Eight  stained  glass  windows 
have  just  been  placed  iu  the  Lad.vo  Chapel  of  this  oatho- 
dr.al,  in  memory  of  various  members  of  the  family  of  tho 
late'c.anon  Morgan.  Tho  windows  have  been  de.signed  in 
accordance  with  the  best  exi-sting  examples  of  the  13th 
century— the  date  of  this  chapel.  Tho  subjects  illustrate 
events' in  tho  Life  of  Christ,  and  the  windows  are  of  tho 
Mosaic  class,  e.ach  window  consisting  of  three  medallions, 
diyided  by  a  rich  pattern  or  boss,  the  whole  being  sur- 
rounded by  a  border,  and  .an  inscription  in  Old  English 
forms  the  base  of  each  light.  Mr.  Gibbs  is  tho  artist  of  tho 
new  -windows. 


STATUES,  MEMORIALS,  ETC. 

Busts  of  eight  of  the  gre.at  musical  masters  have  been 
placed  over  the  four  doorways  iu  tho  interior  of  New 
Colston's  Hall.  Bristol.  They  represent  Beethoven,  Han- 
del, H.aydn,  Jlozart,  Weber,  Spohr,  and  Mendelssohn,  Mr. 
R.  L.  Boulton,  of  Cheltenham,  is  tho  sculptor. 


LEGAL   INTELLIGENCE. 

CoNSriKAOT  IN  THE  BuiLDINO  TRADE.— J. 
M'JIaster,  Adam  Hauuing,  and  Thomas  Slater, 
joiners,  were  indicted  on  Monday,  at  the  South 
Lancashire  assizes,  for  obtaining  by  false  pre- 
tences £100  from  Messrs.  I'ennington  and 
Bridgen,  architects,  of  Manchester.  The  par- 
ticulars of  this  case  were  fully  reported  in  our 
issue  of  November  1.  The  prisoners  were  found 
guilty,  and  sentenced  to  nine  months'  imprison- 
ment. 

E.scROACiiiNf;  UPON  THE  Highway. — Ch.-irlea 
Stewart  appeared  in  answer  to  an  information 
issued  at  the  instance  at  the  Woolton  Local  Board, 
charging  him  with  having  erected  a  certain  build- 
ing iu  Woolton  (near  Liverpool),  which  en- 
croached in  one  place  an  inch,  and  in  another  four 
inches  on  the  highway,  thereby  rendering  him- 
self liable  to  a  penalty  not  exceeding  40s.,  and  an 
order  to  pull  down  the  hovises,  or  a  portion  of  them. 
Two  houses  were  built  by  the  defendant   a   short 


874 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


December  13,  1867. 


time  ago  in  Quarry-lane,  one  being  at  the  corner 
of  Cobdeii-itreet,  in  Wooltun.  It  was  stated  that 
during  the  erection  of  these  huildiuL'S  the 
surveyor  for  the  Woolton  Local  Board  directed 
Mr.  Stewart's  attention  to  the  frontage  of  the 
hduses,  which,  he  said,  encroached  upon  the  high 
way.  He,  however,  went  on  with  the  building, 
and  the  work  was  completed.  In  defence,  Mr. 
L.ayton  contended  that  the  houses  were  built  within 
a  wall  which  separated  a  field  from  the  high  road, 
and  which  had  been  pulled  down.  Mr.  Neilson 
said  the  evidence  in  regard  to  the  position  of  the 
houses  was  very  conflicting.  Supposing  there  was 
an  encroachment,  it  was  undoubtedly  a  very  slight 
one  indeed,  and  they  therefore  dismissed  the 
cnse. 

A  Joimer's  Claim  for  Wages. — Matthew 
IIiNDiiAN  V.  Henhy  Duckworth  — The  action 
was  instituted,  in  the  County  Court  at  Bolton,  to 
recover  the  sum  of  13s.  for  wages,  stated  to  be 
due  on  account  of  work  done. — Plaintiff'  said  he 
had  been  engaged  by  the  defendant  to  work  as 
journeyman  for  the  sinn  of  2S3.  per  week.  He 
had  been  working  at  some  windows,  and  when  he 
finished  them  on  Thursday  morning,  defendant 
began  to  question  him  about  the  time  it  had  taken 
him  to  do  the  job,  saying  he  had  been  a  great  deal 
too  long,  and  that  he  (defendant)  should  not  pay 
him  any  wages  that  week.  He  (plaintiff)  said  he 
should  try  to  recover  the  amount,  upon  which  de- 
fendant replied  that  he  would  not  pay  until  he 
was  made.  Defendant  said  he  engaged  plaintiff 
as  a  competent  journeyman,  and  he  was  under- 
stood to  be  able  to  do  certain  work  in  a  certain 
time.  He  had  not  fulfilled  that ;  he  had  not 
turned  sufficient  work  off,  and  he  (defendent) 
could  find  men  who  could  do  the  work  in  a  great 
deal  less  time. — As  a  witness  for  the  defendant 
Thomas  Jar-kson  was  called,  and  deposed  to  seeing 
a  portion  of  the  work  done.  He  (witness)  could 
have  made  the  windows  in  less  time,  but  admitted 
that  the  work  of  the  plnintiff  was  well  done. — 
James  Bradley,  joiner,  stated  that  the  windows  in 
question  could  be  made  in  nine  hours  each.  Cross- 
examined  liy  plaintiff:  The  engine  was  stopped 
three  days,  and  part  of  the  work  which  should 
have  been  done  with  the  aid  of  steam  power  had  to 
be  done  by  hand.  Plaintiff  was  at  first  supplied 
with  wrong  material,  and  part  of  the  work  had 
been  done  twice  on  that  account. — His  Honour,  in 
giving  a  verdict  for  the  amount  claimed,  said 
plaintiff  had  given  two  substantial  reasons  why  he 
had  been  longer  than  usual  at  the  job — Mr.  Duck 
worth  said  it  was  piece  of  laziness,  and  added  :  *'  I 
do  not  intend  to  pay  ;  you  will  have  to  distrain  on 
me  for  it." — Plaintiff'  applied  for  costs,  which 
were  allowed,  he  having  come  from  Heywood — 
twenty  miles  distant — where  he  was  then  employed. 


^ur  (Dice  Mk 


That  the  Japanese  are  a  wonderful  people  we 
have  had  many  interesting  proofs.  "We  were, 
however,  hardly  prepared  for  the  statement  which 
occurs  in  a  report  just  published  from  Mr.  S.  Lo- 
cock,  Secretary  of  Embassy  in  Japan,  to  the  effect 
that  in  the  city  of  Osaka  there  are  no  fewer  than 
forty  native  photographers  obtaining  their  lenses, 
plates,  and  chemicals  from  abroad,  and  all  find- 
ing full  occupation.  An  album  of  Japanese  pho- 
tographs would  be  interesting  to  Europeans. 

A  meeting  of  the  Leicestershire  Architectural 
and  Archajological  Society  was  held  in  the  Town 
Library,  Guildhall,  Leicester,  on  the  25th  ult.,  the 
Eev.J.  H.  nill,  in  the  chair.  Afterthe  transaction  of 
business  in  committee.  Captain  Whitby  exhibited 
two  drawings  of  the  porch  of  Thurlaston  Church, 
South  Devon.  The  peculiarity  shown  by  the 
drawings  is  that  the  porch  carries  a  buttress. 
Neither  tradition  nor  history  give  any  clue  either 
to  the  founder  of  this  curious  little  chvirch  or  the 
name  of  its  dedicatory  saint.  Along  the  south 
wall  externally  is  a  stone  seat  commanding  a  grand 
view  of  the  chancel.  At  the  same  meeting  Mr. 
AVeatherhead  exhibited  several  specimens  of  me- 
dieval pottery,  found  in  excavating  the  north- 
east corner  of  St.  Nicholas-street,  and  a  portion 
ofaflatdishof  Samiin  ware,  showing  a  small 
handle  on  the  rim,  lately  found  in  Sycamore-lane, 
Leicester. 

The  second  meeting  of  the  session  of  the  Man- 
chester Architectural  Association  was  held  on 
Tuesday  evening,  December  3,  when  the  Vice-pre- 
sident read  an  interesting  paper,  entitled  "  Notes 
on  Our  Old  Houses." 


The  opening  meeting  of  the  Manchester  Archi- 
tectural Association  w.as  held  last  week  at  the 
Cathedral  Hotel,  Manchester,  Mr.  L.  Booth,  the 
President,  occupying  the  chair.  The  seventh  an- 
nual report,  which  was  read,  showed  continuedim- 
provement  in  the  state  of  the  society.  The  in- 
troduction of  the  student  and  archaeological 
elements  had  especially  tended  to  increase  its  use- 
fulness. The  report  referred  to  the  memorial  pre- 
sented to  the  Corporation  respecting  the  site  for 
the  New  Town  Hall,  and  stated  that,  notwith- 
standing the  coarse  and  irrelevant  remarks  which 
were  made  by  the  Mayor  and  other  members 
of  the  Council,  it  was  hoped  it  would  be  produc- 
tive of  some  effect.  The  chairman,  in  his  address, 
expressed  himself  satisfied  with  the  competition, 
and  the  way  in  which  it  had  been  conducted,  but 
he  condemned  the  manner  in  which  the  memorial 
had  been  received,  and  as  the  best  contradiction 
to  the  Mayor's  assertion  that  the  members  of  the 
Association  were  not  the  architects  who  did  the 
business  of  Manchester,  he  reminded  the  meeting 
that  the  last  tijwn  hall  built  in  or  near  Manches- 
ter was  from  the  designs  of  Mr.  Darbyshire,  the 
secretary  to  the  Association. 

The  following  interesting  details  of  the  precise 
expense  of  the  Exhibition  building  have  been 
given  to  the  Imperial  Commission  by  M.  Krantz, 
head  engineer  of  the  Champs  de  Mars  Palace  : — ■ 
The  total  expense  of  construction  amounted  to 
ll,783,087f.  (£-166,525)  for  a  superficie  of  15-3,138 
square  metres,  which  puts  the  cost  at  76f.  76c. 
per  metre — that  is,  £3  per  square  yard.  From 
this  outlay  must  be  deducted  l,200,000f. 
(£48,000),  the  produce  of  the  sale  of  the  ma- 
terials, which  has  taken  place  since  the  closing  of 
the  Exhibition. 

We  have  received  the  following  in  answer  to 
Mr.  Giles's  letter  in  our  last:— In  Mr.  Giles's 
letter  to  you  last  week,  he  states  "  the  verdict  of 
the  jury  only  gave  the  upper  floors  and  sections  to 
the  plaintiff."  This  is  not  the  fact.  The  jury 
gave  a  verdict  for  the  plaintiff',  with  costs,  and  the 
judge  directed  the  defendant  to  give  up  all  the 
drawings  he  admitted  were  in  his  possession. 
Amongst  them  are  the  whole  of  the  plans,  except- 
ing the  basement  mezzanine,  lost. — I  am,  &c., 
James  Murray,  25,  Portman-street,  W. 

By  the  dii'ection  of  the  Duke  of  Cambridge, 
a  class  has  been  formed  at  the  Royal  Engineer 
establishment,  Chatham,  for  the  instruction  of  the 
non-commissioned  officers  in  .architecture  and 
architectural  drawing,  to  qualify  them  for  filling 
the  appointments  of  fijremen  of  works  at  the 
various  Government  offices. 

Workmen  are  now  employed  iu  the  Long  Gal- 
lery at  the  House  of  Commons,  where  the  com- 
mittee-rooms are  situate,  in  placing,  in  two  con- 
venient recesses,  two  marble  drinking  fountains. 
This,  doubtlcs.s,  will  be  a  great  boon  to  witnesses 
and  others,  especially  during  the  summer  months. 
The  water  supply  will  be  from  the  artesian  well 
situate  at  the  rear  of  the  National  Gallery. 

The  parish  church  of  Betwell,  in  North  Not- 
tinghamshire— one  of  the  smallest  and  prettiest 
Norman  churches  in  the  country — has  been  de- 
stroyed by  fire.  The  church  was  in  existence  be- 
fore the  year  1573,  and  w.is  restored  in  1864. 

A  new  Act  to  amend  the  Metropolitan  Streets 
Act  was  issued  on  Monday.  The  cab  question  is 
disposed  of  by  a  clause  stating  that  no  regulation 
is  to  be  made  in  respect  of  the  carriage  of  lamps 
by  hackney  carriages  except  with  the  approval  of 
the  Secretary  of  State. 

It  is  proposed  to  found  a  Professorship  of  En- 
gineering and  the  Mechanical  Sciences  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh  on  condition  of  Government 
providing  an  annual  sum  of  £200  a  year  to  the 
Professor,  who  would  receive  a  similar  sum  from 
endowment,  making  the  salary  £400,  besides  the 
class  fees.  A  third  donation  of  £5,000  having 
been  made  to  the  University  by  Sir  David  Baxter, 
of  Dundee,  has  enabled  the  senators  to  propose 
the  establishment  of  this  long  desired  addition  to 
the  University. 

In  reference  to  labourers'  cottages,  referred  to 
by  "  S.  S.  S  "  in  our  last  number,  a  correspondent 
says  : — I  think  that  all  that  is  required  in  the  de- 
sign for  a  labourer's  cottage  is  set  forth  in  the 
"conditions,"  and  the  Cotters'  Tenant  Act  (Ire- 
land). The  question  of  water  supply  is  not  to  be 
considered.  The  prices  of  masonry,  brick,  labour, 
&c.,  vary  in  the  different  localities.  The  gentle- 
men appointed  to  adjudicate  on  the  plana 
and  prices  will,  I  should  say,  be  in  a  po- 
sition to  come  to  a  proper  conclusion  on  that  sub- 
ject. 


The  discovery  of  a  substitute  for  rags  in  the 
manufacture  of  paper  is  reported  from  the  United 
States.  It  is  stated  that  the  okra  plant,  which 
grows  luxuriantly  in  the  States,  possesses  all  the 
requisites  for  making  every  description  of  paper, 
from  the  commonest  to  the  finest  bank-note, 
without  the  addition  of  any  other  material.  If 
this  turns  out  true  it  will  certainly  affect  the  price 
of  paper,  as  the  okra  can  be  grown  cheaply  and 
abundantly.  We  hear  that  arrangements  have 
been  made  for  commencing  the  manufacture 
of  okra  paper  this  season. 

The  National  Gallery  has  acquired  the  cele- 
brated picture  of  the  "  Raising  of  Lazarus,"  by 
Hayden,  which  was  for  many  years  to  be  seen  at 
the  Pantheon,  in  Oxford-street.  This  picture  has 
always  been  deemed  one  of  Hayden'a  most  suc- 
cessful efforts. 

If  the  world  is  not  to  be  ultimately  destroyed, 
it  will  not  be  for  want  of  suggestions  by  means  of 
which  such  a  result  may  be  obtained.  A  French 
philosopher  not  long  ago  assured  us  we  were  in 
imminent  danger  of  splitting  up  into  moons.  Since 
that  a  wise  Yankee  discovered  that  all  earthly  sub. 
stances  were  rapidly  turning  into  petroleum,  and 
that  one  of  these  days  we  should  burst  into  a  blaze 
that  would  illumine  the  universe.  The  latest 
idea  from  the  same  side  of  the  Atlantic  is  that 
"  if "  a  volcanic  eruption  were  to  happen  near  the 
sea,  and  "  if "  the  water  were  once  to  get  into  the 
earth's  central  fires,  an  amount  of  steam  would  be 
generated  which  would  by  its  explosion  send  us 
all  to  "  eternal  smash." 

The  anniversary  meeting  of  the  Royal  Society 
was  held  on  Saturday  week  at  Burlington  House. 
The  president  delivered  Lis  annual  address,  on  the 
progress  made  in  science  during  the  year,  and  the 
society  afterwards  proceeded  to  elect  a  president  and 
officers,  when  the  following  were  chosen  for  the 
year  ensuing  : — President,  Lieut.-General  Edward 
Sabine,  R.A.,  D.C.L.,LL.D.,  re-elected;  treasury", 
William  Allen  Miller,  M.D.,  LL.D.  ;  secretapsEs, 
William  Sharpey,  M.D.,  LL.D,,  and  George  Gabiiel 
Stokes,  M.A.,  D.C.L. ;  foreign  secretary.  Professor 
William  Hallows  Miller,  M.A.,  LL.D.  The  two 
oldest  fellows  of  the  Royal  Society  are  Lord 
Brougham  and  Sir  Henry  Ellis,  late  principal  li- 
brarian to  the  British  Museum.  The  former  was 
elected  in  1808,  and  the  latter  in  1810. 

The  great  demand,  for  bricks  has,  as  in  all  other 
trades,  called  into  existence  machinery  which 
supersedes  hand  labour  and  does  the  work  better. 
The  Notiingham  Patent  Brick  Comp.any  (limited). 
have  lately  commenced  on  a  large  scale  the  manu- 
facture of  m.achine  bricks.  One  machine  prepares 
sufficient  clay  for  20,000  bricks  per  day,  and 
another  turns  out  over  18,000  perfect  bricks  in  the 
same  time.  One  important  fact  in  connection 
with  these  bricks  is  that  they  are  made  without 
mixing  with  water,  thus  giving  a  hard,  compact 
body,  capable  of  bearing  great  weight,  and  less  ab- 
sorbent than  ordinary  Cricks. 

On  Wednesday  evening  last  the  prizes  were 
awarded  for  drawings  executed  during  the  year 
1866  by  the  students  of  St.  Martin's  School  of 
Art.  The  Rev.  R.  C.  Maul,  the  honorary  secre- 
tary, said  the  school  was  in  a  prosperous  condition. 
He  said  at  present  there  were  but  ten  gold  medals 
for  the  United  Kingdom,  and  Mr.  Herbert  John- 
son, one  of  their  pupils,  had  gained  one  of  them. 

On  January  23  and  24  next  a  conference  will  be 
held,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Society  of  Arts, 
"  to  consider  and  suggest  what  measures  may  be 
taken  to  promote  the  industrial  and  scientific 
education  of  the  various  classes  of  the  community." 
E,arl  Granville  and  Earl  Russell  have  accepted  in- 
vitations to  be  present. 

At  the  usual  meeting  of  the  Liverpool  Archi- 
tectural Society,  Mr.  Kilpin,  president,  iu  the 
chair,  a  paper  upon  "  Paris  :  its  Public  Build- 
ings and  Works  in  Progress,"  was  read  by  Mr. 
L.  Hornblower,  who  illustrated  his  description  by 
photographs. 

Mr.  J.  T.  Smith,  of  8,  Windsor-terrace,  the 
Grove,  Ealing,  has  written  in  reference  to  our 
article  in  last  week's  number  on  "  Cottage  Im- 
provement." He  says  the  first  prize  was 
unanimously  awarded  to  him,  and  that  Mr. 
Habershon's  design  was  chosen  for  the  second 
premium.  Why,  then,  does  the  Central  Cottage 
Improvement  Society  refuse  to  pay  Mr.  Smith 
the  premium,  and  wish  to  refer  the  matter  to 
arbitration,  which  Mr.  Smith  declines  ?  The 
truth  is,  we  believe,  that  Mr.  Smith's  design 
cannot  be  carried  out  for  the  sum  specified.  At 
all  events,  we  consider  that  he  prejudices  his  case 
by  refusing  arbitration. 


December  13,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


h7a 


Baron  Haussmaun,  who  is  generally  supposed  to 
exercise  more  power  in  Paris  than  even  his 
imperial  master  the  Emperor  himself,  is  now  popu- 
larly known,  it  appears,  as  Comte  du  Macadam. 
Would  not  Comte  du  Asphaltum  be  the  more  ap- 
propriate title  ? 

Mr.  Thomas  Groom,  tin-plate  worker,  Union- 
court,  Holborn,  took  out  a  summons  against  the 
Corporation  of  London  to  assess  the  damages  he 
had  sustained  by  being  compelled  to  remove  his 
premises  from  Union-court  to  Liquorpond-street, 
in  order  to  make  way  for  the  Holborn  Valley  Im- 
provement. The  claim  had  been  reduced  from 
£7,000  to  £1,800.  Alderman  Hale  fixed  the 
award  at  £S2'2,  lOs.,  with  £70  costs. 

In  the  excavations  at  the  West  Dock  Works, 
Hull,  the  navvies  have  come  upon  a  stratum  of 
dark  soil,  in  which  a  number  of  trees  in  horizi  utal 
positions  were  met  with.  They  are  oak,  and  in 
excellent  condition,  and  remarkably  hard.  Be- 
sides those  interesting  remains,  a  large  number  of 
acorns  and  hazel  nuts  were  found,  and  some  oy.ster 
and  mussel  shells.  The  discovery  is  the  more 
interesting  to  geologists,  seeing  that  the  trees 
were  found  at  a  depth  of  about  19ft.  below  the 
water-line  of  the  river. 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  WEEK. 

MoN.— Society  of  Engineers.— "On  tbe  Moat  Recent 
Improvemcnta  on  the  Injector,"  by  Mr.  J. 
Gresham,  7.30. 

TUE«.— Institution  of  Civil  Engineers.— The  Annual 
General  Meeting,  S. 


CONNECTED     WITH     TH  8     KUILDING     TRADE. 


1018.  H.  BUSS.  Improvements  in  the  Construction 
OF  Sea-Walls,  Quays,  Jettys,  Piers,  and  Roadways, 
&c.     Dated  April  5,  1S67. 

This  invention  con-iiats  in  fixing  firmly  to  the  floor  of  a 
river  or  sea  shore,  or  elsewhere,  of  two  parallel  rows  of 
iron  foot  rails.  The  precise  mode  of  fixing  must  depend 
^lpon  thenatnreof  the  shore.  The  sp;ice  enclosed  between 
such  foot  rails  is  to  be  of  the  full  width  of  the  required 
sea  wall.  Each  foot  rail  is  grooved  on  its  upper  edge. 
Into  this  groove  is  run  the  tongue  of  an  upright  iron 
stile,  which  is  also  grooved  at  both  its  edges.  luto  the 
groove  of  the  foot  rails  is  run  the  edge  of  an  iron  plate 
panel,  which  is  likewise  slid  into  the  groove  of  upright 
stile.  These  stiles  and  panels  are  kept  together  by  top 
longitudinal  rails,  which  are  also  grooved  to  receive  the 
tops  of  the  aforesiiid  panels  and  stiles.  The  stiles  are 
secured  both  to  foot  and  top  rails  by  bolts  or  otherwise. 
Transverse  and  oblique  rods  connect  together  and  secure 
the  panel  walls  in  position.  Tha^e  panel  walls  may  be 
either  vertical  to  the  fioor  and  parallel  to  each  other,  or 
inclined  at  any  desired  angle  to  each  other.  Panel  and 
stile  may  thus  be  quickly  added  in  succession  after  the  foot 
rails  are  fixed,  and  the  whole  secured  by  internal  appro- 
priate framing  for  any  desired  length  down  to  a  low  water 
mark.  Finally,  the  space  included  between  the  two 
panel  walls  will  be  filled  up  with  concrete.  The  filling 
up  with  concrete  will  keep  pace  with  the  advance  of  the 
iron  panel  walls,  provision  to  be  made  if  necessary  for 
temporarily  excluding  the  water  at  flood  tide  from  flowing 
in  at  the  open  end,  so  that  it  may  not  interfere  with  the 
solidification  of  the  concrete.     Putent  completed. 

990.  J.  PICKERING.  Improvements  in  an  Appa- 
R.4TUS  FOR  Raising  Weights  and  other  Appliances. 
Dated   April  3,  1S67. 

This  invention  embraces,  among  other  features,  arrang- 
ing and  constructing  an  improved  apparatus  for  reducing 
the  speed  of  motion  less  than  the  spe^'d  b-  v.},:oIi  it  is 
actuated,  such  apparatus  being  applicable  tu  aU  machines 
where  power  ia  reqaired.  The  patentee  makes  it  in  the 
following  manner  : — He  uses  a  common  chain  pulley  with 
sunken  chamber  in  the  periphery  to  receive  the  links  of 
an  endless  chain  ;  on  one  side  of  this  chain  pulley  he  fixes 
a  crank  pin  or  eccentric,  and  upon  this  crank  pin  or 
eccentric  he  fits  a  toothed  wheel  which  is  made  to  revolve 
loosely  upon  the  said  crank  pin  or  eccentric,  and 
is  made  to  revolve  with  the  chain  pulley  also,  tlius 
describing  the  sun  and  planet  motion.  This  planet 
toothed  wheel  is  surrounded  with  two  other  internal 
toothed  wheels,  which  are  each  half  the  breadth 
of  the  former  wheel.  These  two  orbit  wheels  he  makes 
with  one  or  more  teeth,  different  in  number,  but  each 
fitted  so  as  to  allow  the  inner  planet  wheel  to  work 
therein.  He  secures  one  of  these  orbit  wheels  to  the 
framework  of  the  apparatus  ;  the  other  nms  loose  upon 
the  axle,  and  this  axle  is  made  to  pass  through  the  frame. 
When  he  uses  this  improved  purchase  to  a  polley  block  he 
also  att,aches  a  second  chain  pidley  on  the  a.xle,  and  fi.^es 
it  U)  the  loose  orbit  wheel.  A  chain  is  placed  over  this 
second  chain  pulley,  which  will  be  used  to  raise  weights. 
The  power  is  obtained  by  the  motion  communicated  ti>  the 
first-named  chain  pulley  running  on  the  axle,  carrying 
round  with  it  the  toothed  planet  wheel,  which  gears  into 
the  aforesaid  orbit  wheels ;  the  difference  in  the  number 
of  teeth  in  the  orbit  wheels  gives  a  corresponding  reduced 
speed  to  the  second  chain  pulley.  For  a  hoist  he  uses  a 
drum  of  any  required  length  in  lieu  of  the  second  chain 
pulley.  This  drum  will  wind  on  the  chain  or  rope  in 
hoisting,  and  thus  he  makes  a  combination  of  hoisting 
block  and  winch.     Patent  completed. 

9S3.  J.  MAHLEK.  iMPRtivEMENTS  IN  Coverings  for 
Internal  Walus  and  SurFvVCES.     Dated  April  2,  1S67. 

The  patentee  cliiim 9  the  manufacture   of  wooden   hang- 
ings or  coverings  for  walls  and  other  surfaces  in  the  form 
of  long  lengths,   "  pieces,"  or  rolls,  ready  for  application  i 
in  the  manner  adopted  for  paper  hangings,  by  joining 


together  two  or  more  lengths  of  thin  wood  veneer  along  a 
broken  or  irreg\ilar  line,  and  strengthening  such  hangings 
by  a  backing  of  paper  or  woven  fabric,  as  described. 
Patent  completed. 

106J.  F.  WALLER.     An  Improved  Spring  for  Doors 

and  other  Purposes.     Datetl  April-O,  1S07. 

This  iraprovijd  spring  is  constructed  as  follows,  and  for 
doors  forms  what  is  ordinarily  termed  a  spring  centre  : — 
Hound  the  stud  or  pin  upon  which  the  ordinary  shoe  of 
the  door  turns,  and  which  is  carried  dnwn  into  the  spring 
l»ox,  the  patentee  fixes  a  block,  the  upper  face  of  which 
is  cam-shaped.  A  roller  on  one  end  of  a  lever  bears  upon 
the  c;im,  and  the  other  end  of  this  lover  is  pivote<l,  while 
:\  link  carried  from  about  its  middle  omuects  it  below  to 
a  spring  preferably  composed  of  a  number  of  superposed 
plates.     Patau  compUied. 

U5S.  U.  H.  FRITH.  Improvfjuents  in  Distributing 
AND  Measuring  Gas,  Steam,  Watek,  and  other 
Fli'ids.     Dat«d  April  liO,  1SIJ7. 

This  iiivontion  consiata  in  combining  the  supply  and 
distributing  pii>es  in  one,  the  same  pijw  whicii  julmits 
water  from  the  street  main  into  the  house  cistern  serving 
also  to  distribute  the  water  from  the  ci!*torn  to  the  liouso, 
urto  outbuildings,  as  reqviired.  We  ainnothoro  give  space 
to  the  details  of  the  invention.     Patent  completed. 

1147.    W.     KIRRAGE.        As    Improvement    in    the 

MANUFA(-riItE  OF  URICKS  AND  OTHER  MATERIALS  WITH- 
OUT THE  Aid  of  Artificial  Heat.  Datwd  April  20, 
1807. 

The  patentee  claims  the  manufacture  of  a  hard  inde- 
structible brick  or  other  material  by  the  use  of  sulphatL-s 
of  iron,  or  other  metallic  sulphates,  together  with  the  ad- 
mixture of  a  compound  of  silica,  as  described,  aud  in  the 
manner  stated  ;  also  the  use  of  aluminas  or  clays  as  set 
forth  in  first  part  of  the  specification.     Patent  completed. 


ink  llefos. 

♦ 

TENDERS. 

Bedale  (Yorkshire). — For  the  erection  of  new  brewery, 
offices,  Ac,  for  Me^rs.  Hy.  Plews  and  Co.,  Bedale,  York- 
shire. Messrs.  Davison  and  Scamell,  of  London,  engineers 
and  architects.  Quantities  for  buildings  by  Messrs.  Curtis 
and  Son,  of  London  : — 

A.  Neill,  Bradford  £5,025     0    0 

J.  Bullmer,  Darlington 5,021  10     0 

G.  Simpson.  York    5,014     0    0 

D.  Hmworlh,  Darlington 4, SSI     4     0 

T.  Tasker,  Leybum 4,757     2    9 

J.  Drake  and  Sous,   Normanton    4,540    0     0 
Robinson  and  Marshall,  Darling- 
ton      4,497  IS     5 

J.  Ketnewell,  Darlington 4,433     3     2 

J.  Jones,  L«ybum 3,995    0    0 

For  brewing  copper  : — 

John  Abbott  and  Co.,  Gateshead  £273 

Bennett  and  Son,  London 253 

Henry  Pontifex  and  Son.  London  252 

Dickson  and  Welsh,  Edinburgh 230 

Dalston. — For  building  a  colour  factory  for  Messrs. 
Reeves  and  Sons,  at  Dalston.  Mr.  E.  H.  Horne,  archi- 
tect : — 

High £2,797 

Turner 2,767 

Browne  and  Robinson 2,480 

Axford 2,735 

Scrivener  and  White   2,361 

Sewell  and  Son  (accepted). 2,343 

London. — For  alterations  and  additions  to  Gordon 
Lodge,  Maida-hill,  for  Mr.  A.  H.  Solomon.  Mr.  H.  H. 
Collins,  architect:  — 

Sale  (accepted) £1,000 

Luton. — For  new  Plait  Hall,  Luton.     Messrs.  Ordish 
and   Co.,    architects   and   engineers.      Quantities   by   Mr. 
Backshell,  17,  Great  George  street,  Westminster: — 
St.  Pancras  Ironwork  Company  £6,987     6     4 

Manley  and  Rogers 5,800     0     0 

Lacey  and  Flaxman 5,61S    0    0 

J.  R.  Brown  5,240     0     0 

W.  Heushaw 5,188     0    0 

W.  Boucher  and  Sou    5,128    0    0 

J.  Haywood    5,09S    0    0 

Smart  Brothers  (accepted) 4,840     0    0 

Much  Wooi.ton  (LANCAyHiRE). — For  the  main  sewerage 
works.  Mr.  Geo.  Wm.  Goodison,  C.E.,  engineer  to  the 
Board.  Quantities  supplied  by  Messrs.  Reade  and  Goodi- 
son ; — 

Byrnes  £16,970    0     0 

Elliott 16,937    7    1 

McGuire    15,970    5     9 

Lee 15,250     0     0 

Fogg  and  Co 14,16S     6    0 

Dixon  and  Sleight 13,575     1     0 

Hunking  12,317    2  10 

Fa wkes  and  Maude    12,489  14    9 

Anderson  and  Sous    12,110     0    0 

Standing  and  Little  11,918     6    4 

Dowell 10,836     0     0 

Thomas 10,241     8     2 

Makinson  (accepted) 9,625  IS    0 

Peckham  Rye. — For  the  erection  of  a  pair  of  villa  resi- 
dences for  Mr.  H.  Lanksford.  Messrs.  Berriman  and  Son, 
Wilson  road,  Camberwell.  architects  :  — 

Shapley  and  Webster  £3,028 

Wills 2,C97 

Fish 2,695 

Perkins   2,694 

Tarrant   2,658 

Sharpiugton  and  Cole 2,555 

Henshaw 2.540 

Thompson  2,537 

Janett 2.468 

Marsland  and  Son  2,380 

Westrope 2,357 

Cook  and  Son. 2,347 

W.  Dennis  (accepted) 3,300 


Richmond  (Surrey).- For  laying  new  channel,  curb, 
and  repairing  the  foot|>ath8  of,  and  approaches  t<i  Rich- 
mond Bridge,  SiU'rey,  for  the  Commiasiouera.  Mr.  J. 
Blore,  surveyor  :— 

Muiiro £1,050 

Bvirt 1,035 

Sims  (accepted) 995 

J.  Long   869 

SouTHWAitK.  —For  house  and  offices.  Eh^phant-bnildings, 
Newington,  for  .Mr.  E.  H.  R-ibbita.  Mr.  W.  Young.  arcUi- 
tect.    Quantities  by  Mr,  Nichols:— 

ColU  aud  Son    £2,370 

J.   H.  Tarrant  2,276 

W.  Hipg* 2,273 

Rider  and  Son  2,200 

W.  ThomiJHou 2,260 

S.  G.  Biixl 2,248 

Wantaoe  (Berks).— For  eight  new  almshontes  in  Mill- 
street,  for  the  governors  of  the  town  charities,  part  of  the 
oM  materials  being  re-used.  Mr.  J.  P.  Spencer,  Wan- 
tage, architect: — 

G.  and  J.  Kent £900 

(J.  Haines  8S9 

Wheeler  and  Gregory  (accepted) 824 

Partridge  aud  AldwortU    804 

Architect's  estimate    850 

Wrexham. — For  building  a  pair  of  villas  in  Grosvonor- 
mad,  Wrexham,  Deubighshiro,  North  Wales,  for  Mr.  Evan 
Powell,  ironmonger.  Messrs.  Hugh  Davies  aud  Sou,  ar- 
chitects : — 

Parker £2,450 

Owen   £2,250 

Rogers 1,848 

Townsend  1,816 

Bunn  1,735 

Samuel    1,698 

Roberta  (accepted)  1,000 


BATH  STONH  OP  BEST  QUALITY. 

Randell  and  Saunders,  Quarrjinen  and  Stone  Mei^ 
chants,  Bath.  List  of  Prices  at  the  Quarries  and  Deijota 
also  Cost  for  Transit  to  any  part  of  tlie  United  Kingdom  i 
furnished  on  application  to  Bath  Stone  Office,  Corsham' 
Wilts.— {-AJJVT.] 


PROPERTY  SALES. 

Dec  4. 

At  the  Mart.— By  Mr.  A.  Booth.— The  equity  of  re- 
demption of  five  houses  And  business  premises,  Nos.  1  to 
5,  Amelia  terrace.  Seven  Sisters-road,  Holloway,  annual 
value  £245,  term  99  years  from  ChriBtmaa,  1864,  at  £24 
per  annum— sold  for  £3,110. 

Freehold  plot  of  building  land  in  Albert-road,  Wood- 
ford—£140. 

By  Messrs.  Fuller  and  Horsev  — Freehold  residence,  No, 
35,  Surrey-street.  Strand— £1.020. 

By  Messrs.  Wiustanley  and  Horwood. — Leasehold  factory 
premises,  Nos.  3  and  4,  Bleeding  Hart-yard,  Charles-street, 
Hat  ton-garden,  term  14  years  unexpired,  at  £85  per  annum 
— £1S0. 

Leasehold  residence,  known  as  Rose  Cottage,  Sudbury, 
Middlesex,  annual  valve  £50,  term  12^  years  unexpired, 
at  £26  per  annum — £80. 

Dec.  5. 

At  the  Guildhall  Coffee-house.— By  Mr.  H.  E. 
Marsh- — Freehold  estate  at  Cainberwell  producing  £599  2.--. 
per  annum,  comprising  17  houses  aud  shops  in  Soutliamp- 
ton-street,  four  houses  one  with  shop,  beer-house,  two 
plots  of  land,  one  with  cottage  thereon  in  Wells-street,  and 
four  houses  in  Cottage  green— sold  in  28  lots,  at  prices 
ranging  from  £140  to  £680. 

Leasehold  improved  groimd  rent  of  £50  per  annum  (for 
20  years)  secured  on  huuses  in  Southampton  and  Wells- 
streets,  Camberwell — £460. 

Leasehold  two  houses  and  shops,  Nos.  121  and  123,  South- 
ampton-street, producing  £44  per  aunum,  term  20  years 
unexpirei',  at  £10  per  annum — £290. 

Leasehold  ground  rents  amounting  to  £27  12s.  6J.  (for 
19  years)  secured  on  houses  in  Douglas  street  -and  South- 
ampton street — £180. 

Ijeasehold  house,  beingNo.  135,  Wells-street,  Camberwelli 
let  at  £1S  per  annum,  a  leasehold  ground  rent  of  £4  per 
annum,  secured  on  a  piece  of  ground  in  Do  nghis -street,  and 
yard  and  shed  adjoining  the  above,  let  at  £6  per  annum, 
term  20  years  from  1S66,  at  £10  per  annum — £145. 

Leasehold  three  houses,  Noa.  121,  123,  and  12.'i,  Wells- 
street,  Camberwell,  producing  £33  per  annum,  term  20 
years  unexpired  at  £10  ]>er  annum — £300. 

Leasehold  ground  rents  amountingto  £46  Is.  per  annum, 
secured  on  houses  in  Dougla^-stre«t,  Camberwell,  term  20 
years  unexpired  at  £10  per  annum — £300. 

Leasehold  eight  houses,  Nos.    1  to  S,  George  place,  and 
the  Comical  Fellow,   ale  and  porter  store.   No,   9,   George- 
place,  Camberwell,  producing  £155   4s.   per  annum,  term   , 
16  years  unexpired  at  £30  per  annum — £740. 

Leasehold  ground  rent  of  £10  per  annum,  secured  on  a 
house  in  Park-street,  leasehold  house  known  Jis  Wells 
Cottage,  let  at  £32  per  annum,  and  two  freehold  houses 
in  Wells  street,  Camberwell,  producing  £44  per  annum, 
term  seven  years  unexpired,  at  £25  per  annum — £530. 

Freehold  five  houses,  with  leasehold  gardens,  situate  in 
Wells-street,  producing  £116  per  annum,  term  7  years 
unexpired,  .it  £:iO  per  annum — £S50. 

Freehold  ground  rents  amounting  to  £12  per  annum, 
secured  on  houses  in  Wells  street,  and  three  freehold 
houses,  with  leasehoM  gardens,  Nos.  12S,  134.  and  136, 
Weils-street,  term  7  years  unexpired,  at  £21  per  annum — 
£700. 

Leasehold  improved  rental  of  £60  per  aunum  (fnr  15 
year.^),  arising  from  No.  65,  Newington-causeway — t3S0. 

Absolute  reversion  to  2-6th  parts  of  £500  invested  in  a 
bond  of  the  Mersey  Docks  and  Uar  our  Board,  expectant 
on  the  death  of  a  gentleman,  aged  73  years  ;  also  a  i>olicy 
for  £1,000,  effected  with  the  lyondon  Assurance  Company 
on  the  life  of  a  gentleman  aged  29  years — £115. 

At  the  Mart. — By  Me-^rs.  Rushworth,  Jarvis,  and 
Abbott. — Freehold  propertv,  known  as  the  Windsor 
Theatre.  Thames  street,  Clewer,  Berks— £1,030. 

Freehold  business  premises,  situate  in  New  Park-street, 
Southwark,  let  on  lease  at  £100  i>er  annum— £3,300. 


876 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


December  13,  1867. 


Fi-eehold  public-house,  knoiTii  as  the  White  Bear,  situate 
adjoining  the  above ;  let  on  lease  at  £00  per  annum— 
£1,650. 

Freehold  house  with  cooperage,  adjoining  No.  IS,  New 
Park-street,  let  at  £30  per  anmim— £S50. 

Leasehold  factory  warehouse,  with  stabling  and  resi- 
dence, known  as  the  Atlas  "Works,  situate  in  Emerson - 
street,  Sonthwark,  producing  £130  per  annum  ;  term,  01 
years  from  1S42,  if  three  gentlemen,  aged  73.  74,  and  04 
years,  shall  so  long  live,  at  £30  per  annum ;  also  two 
policies  of  assurance  for  £300  each — £800. 

Leasehold  premises,  comprising  the  offices  of  the  gouth- 
wark  and  Vauih.all  Waterworks  Company,  situate  in 
Sumner-srreet,  Southwark  ;  let  on  lease  at  £50  per  annum  ; 
term  similar  to  above,  at  £30  per  annum  -£300. 

Leasehold  .seven  houses,  Nos.  1  to  7,  Now  Park-street, 
Southwark,  producing  £200  per  annum ;  term  71  years 
from  1827,  at  £35  per  annum— £1,360.  , 

Leasehold  si.x;  houses,   Nos.  8   to   13,    Now  Park-street 
producing  £151  per  annum,  term  71  years  from   1828,  at 
£18  per  annum — £1,130. 

Leasehold  business  premises,  No.  16  and  17,  New  Park- 
street,  let  at  £115  per  annum,  term  similar  to  above,  at 
£12  per  anuiun — £1,100. 

Leaseliold  residence.  No.  73,  Penton-place,  Walworth, 
let  at  £50  per  annum,  term  S6i  years  from  1799,  at  £6  per 
annum -£310. 

liy  Mr.  R.  Reid.— Freehold  premises,  No.  19.  Lincoln's- 
iun-fields,  animal  value  £000 — £4,230. 

By  Mr.  A.  SaviU. — Freehold  four  tenements,  with  cart- 
hjuso  and  stable,  situate  in  High-street,  Barkiug,  pro- 
ducing £GG  Os.  per  annum— £740. 

Freehold  three  cottages,  situate  at  Bam's-green,  Ilford, 
pr-iducing  £22  2s.  per  annum — £240. 

Freehold  residence,  situate  at  Golding's-hill,  Loughton, 
let  at  £12  per  annum— £230. 

Freehold  two  tenements  and  Oa.  2r.  25p.  of  laud,  situate 
at  Lambourae,  Essex,  annual  value  £42  -£000. 


BANKRUPTS. 

TO  STJRRENDEH  IN  BASINanAlL-STREBT. 
Joshua  Kidd,  Paul's  wharf.  Lower  Thames-street,  gas 
engineer- Henry  H.  Strick.  Stafford-street,  Lissou-grove 
carpenter  -  William  Drifflll,  jun.,  .Lewisham,  Kent, 
plumber— Rich.ardChatfield,  Croydon,  bricklayer,  Decem- 
ber 24,  at  II. 

TO  SURRENDER  IN  THE  COUNTRY. 

William  Orrin,  Colchester,  builder— Edward  Simpson 
and  Thom,as  Beck,  Leicester,  joiners— Luke  Vincent. 
Thomford,  Dorsetshire,  carpenter— Joseph  Martin,  Liver- 
pool, contractor— Henrj  Hiokson,  SheCBeld,  painter- 
Henry  Evans,  St.  Mary-at-Pembroke  Dock,  mason— Goliath 
Hitchcock,  Ilkeston,  Derbyshire,  stonemason— Richard  J. 
Bai-nes,  Denby,  Derbyshire,  mining  engineer— John  Bar- 
rett, jun.,  Luton,  carpenter,  December  24,  at  10 -James 
Fan-ar,  St.  Helen's,  builder,  December  23,  .at  11— Thomas 
Suddaby,  Hull,  bricklayer,  January  8,  at  12. 

NOTICES  OF  SITTINGS  FOR  LAST  EXAMINATION. 

January  23,  G.  Eames,  Ilickmansworth,  builder— Jan- 
uary 22,  G.  J.RoU.ason,  Birmingham,  gasfitter— January  5, 
H.  Evans,  Llantrissant,  Glamorganshire,  builder — De- 
cember 12,  H.  Clay,  Wednesfleld,  joiner— January  22,  J. 
H.  Naylor,  Colchester,  builder. 

PARTNERSHira  DISSOLVED. 

S.  Milnos,  W.  RadcUffe,  and  A.  Kershaw,  Halifax,  stoniS- 
masons— S.  Deacon  and  T.  Wood,  Heading,  engineers— 
Pinker.and  Stephens,  onginsers—R.  .and  T.  Barton,  Edith- 
road,  Peckh.am,  builders- Higgings  and  Clark,  contractors 
— Halket  and  Bates,  Gateshead,  nail  manufacturers. 

DIVIDENDS. 

January  15,  J.  F.  Matthews,  Reigate,  surveyor— Decem- 
ber 23,  J.  Burton,  Burton-on-Trent,  plumber— December 
23,  P.  Brown,  Barton-under-Needwood,  plumber. 

SCOTCH   SLQUES?TRATION. 

Petor  Sinclair,  Greenock,  painter,  December  17,  at  12. 

-♦ 

LATEST  PRICES   OF  MATERIALS   USED 
m  CONSTRUCTION. 

Tembkr,  duty  la  per  load,  drawback,  Is. 
Te.ik    ..........load    £9    OfiJO  lf»  Archaugel.  yeUow  ..  £11  10  £18    0 


Quebec,  red  pine . 

>■  yellow  pine.. 
8t.  John  N.B.  yellow 
Quebec  Oak,  white  . . 

t,       bircb 

elm    .... 


3 

2  15 
0  0 
5     5 

3  10 

3  10 


Oantzic  oak 3  io 


fir  . 


6    0 


0 
3  10 


Momel  fir  S    o 

Riga 3    0 

Swedish 2    0 

MMta.Quebecredpine  6    0 

M      yellowpine. .     6    0 

Lathwood,D.-intzic,fm   4  10 

„       St.  Petprsburg  6  10      7  10 
Deal8.prC.,12ft.byS 
by  8  in. ,  duty  2b  per 
load,  di-awback  28. 
Quebec,  white  apruce  13    0 
St.John,  wLitespnice  13  10    J5  10 
Yellow  pine,  per  re- 
duced C. 
Canada,  lat  qu&Uty.  17    0    IS  16 
2nd  do 11  10    12  !■> 


St.  Petersburg,  yel. . .  10  10 

Finlimd g    o 

Memel o    0 

Gothenburg,  yellow       8  10 

white    8     0 

Oefle,  yellow 9    o 

Soderhtim       9    o 

Cbrifltianift,    per   C, 

12  ft.  by  3  by  9  in. 

yellow ic    0 

Deck  Plank.  Dantzic, 

per  40  ft.  Sin 0  IS      1 

Pusuci  Stows  pr  ton     6    0      8 

Oils,  Ac. 
Se-i!.  pale....per  toD  41    0      0 

Sperm  body no    0  112 

Cod 3fi    0    37 

Whale,  Sth.  Sea,  pale  39  10      0 

Olive,  Gallipoli 67  10    C8 

Cocoauut,  Cochin.ton  EC    0    57 

Palm,  fine 41     0      0 

Linseed    3415    J5 

Rapeseed,  Eng.pale..  3-1    0    38 
Cottoneeed 34    0    40 


10  10 
9     0 

11  0 

10  10 


22 


Metals. 


iBON ; — 

Welsh  Ears  In  London     per  ton 

Nail  P.od       do 

Hoopa do 

Sheets,  Single       do 

atafordsMre  Bare       do 

Bars,  in  Wales     ""  do 

K'^ila    do 

Foundry  Pigs,  at  Glaeg.  No    1    . ,  do 

Swedish  Bars  do 

Steki,  : — 
....per  ten 
....      do 


Swedish  Keg,  hammered 
SwBdieh  F.-iggot   


Sheet  fi  Sheathing,  4 BolU  ..?.pertoQ 

Haiuiuered  Bottoms       do 

Flat  BottomH,  not  Haiomered'**       do 
Cake  and  Tough  lugot      ..  ,\n 

Best  Selected    ....f ; ^o 

Auitralian     ^^ 

Y  I.  Metal  Sheathing  &Koda".'.''per  lb 
ZiMo  : — 
•...per  ton 
do 


6  7 

7  10 

8  10 

9  15 
7  10 
5  15 
5  10 
2  15 


15    0 

10  10 


6  10 

7  15 


7  15 
6    0 


0      i 


3    5    6 

10  10     0 


15  10 
12  10 


0     0        82     0     (.-) 


EngllBh  Sheet      . . . 
DevBui'sV.  M.HooOngZiuc'' 


85  0 

71  0 

79  0 

83  0 


!«  10 
26  10 


>  And  5  per  cent,  ducount  U  laid  upon  the  new  Byetem 


Tik:— 

GngliahBlock      per  ton  95    0  0  96  0  0  > 

?»       Bar   do  93    0  0  97  0  111  !! 

do      Beflned  do  SO    0  0  99  0  0) 

J.""??      do  94    0  0  95  0  0>      ,. 

^'™l»     do  90    0  0  0  0  Cii°"' 

Lead: — 

Pig.Eueli.h     perton  21  10  0  0  0  01 

.,    SpnmahSoft     do  19     0  0  0  0  0  I    ,, 

.^bot  I'ateat      do  22  lo  0  0  0  0  f  ^* 

tl't°i    i"  20  10  0  0  0  (ij 

^^^^te      do  27     0  0  SO  0  0       6 

Bfeltbb  : — 

Ou  the  Spot  „ perton  SI    0  0  21    2  C  net 

QciciisiLTin     perbtl          6  17    0  0  0  0 

KBouLua  OF  Akttmohy 

Pr*^^eh   perton  28    0  0  0  0  0 


GOTHIC  FORMS  APPLIED  TO  FUR- 
KITURE,  METAL  WORK,  fie.  for  INTERloa  FUKP0SE3, 
tiy  Mr.  B.  J.  Talbekt,  of  London.  The  above  work  haaeipecial  refer- 
ence tu  the  Manufactnrers  of  Furniture,  Metal  Workers,  and  Decom- 
ti.ra.  aa  auggeative  of  Work  applied  to  Buildinga  erected  in  the  Gothio 
Stylea.  The  aketehea  will  be  deaigna  adjipted  to  the  modem  require- 
ujente  of  the  library,  dining,  drawing  and  bed  rooina.  haila,  ac. ;  thia 
iucludea  wood,  metal,  and  decorative  work.  To  be  publiahed  in  aix 
montlUy  parte,  price  5a.  per  part,  containing  Ave  pl*tea  and  letter- 
preaa  ;  or  when  completed,  bound  up.  £1  IPs. 
Pobliahad  by  S.  Bibbbck,  Bo-  .kseUer.  3.  Ferahore-rcad,  Edgbaaton, 
Birmingham. 


GOUT  and  RHEUMATISM.— The  excru- 
ci.iting  paiu  of  Gout  or  Rheumatism  is  quickly  relieved  and 
cured  n  a.  few  days  by  that  celebrated  medicine,  BLAIR'S  GOUT  and 
RHEUMATIC  PILLS. 

They  require  no  restraint  of  diet  or  couflnemeut  during  their  use, 
and  are  cerwin  to  prevent  the  disease  attacking  any  vital  part. 

Sold  by  all  Medicine  Veudors,  at  la.  l^d.  and  2s.  9d.   per  box    or 
obtained  through  any  Chemist. 


C.  H.  DA  VIES  and  CO.'S 

GENUINE 

SOLID    PARQUET    FLOORS 

Are  Greatly  Superior  to  any  bitherto  Produced,  being 

of  Special   Construction,    Iniproyed   Design, 

Thoroughly  Seasoned,  .and  at 

PRICES   LOWER    THAN   USXTAL. 

Specimens  at  Arcliitectxiral  Museum,  23,  Maddox-street,  W. 

AUD  AT 

Show  Rooms,  Cambridge  Hall,  Newman-street.  London. 


s 


TAIRCASE    and   JOINERY     WORKS, 
JOHN     WALDEN 

:L,ate  Shop  Foreman  to  Mr.  W.  SANDS,  retired), 

12,  MAIDEN  LANE,  COVENT  GAKDEN. 

Eatimatea  on  application. 


THE  IMPROVED  REGISTER 
Grave],  Sand,  Coal,  or  Lime  Screen. 

In  this  Screen  the  thin  lacing'wires.  so  liable  to  wear  out,  rtc  en- 
tirely dispensed  with.     It  is  mode  of  strong  wires  wrapped  round  the 
iron  cross-bars, 'so  tbat  the  meshes  cannot  be  displaced  nor  wear  loose. 
Size  in  wire    2ft.  4  in.  wide.     4ft.  2in.  deep.     Price  £1  10a.  Od. 
It  2ft.  5Ain.  wide.     4ft.  4in,  deep.        „        1  12    fi 

..  2ft.  7  in.  Bide.     4ft.  Sin.  deep.        „        1  15    0 

PENNEY  &  CO.,  Limited,  16,  Broadgate,  Lincoln. 

TO  ARCHITECTS,    BTTILDERS,    AND 
CONTRACTORS. 

MESSRS.  ELSDON,  SWAN,  and  DAY 
of  the  OLD  DORKING  GREY  STONE  FLARE  KILN 
LIME  WORKS.  Brockhaiii,  Surrey,  are  now  prepared  to  Sunnlv 
Dorking  Grey  Lime  of  the  Purtst  and  Best  Quality,  warranted  Flare 
burnt,  free  from  core  or  waste,  nt  the  Lowest  Fosaible  Price  delivered 
at  any  station  on  the  South- Kastem  iUilway,  ' 

Estimates  on  application  as  aboye. 


SHUTTER  BARS  SUPERSEDED. 


JENNINGS'S     SHOP     SHUTTER    SHOES 

^  Is.  5d.  rer  Set.  ' 

LEA'S    SELF.OILIN..J   IRON   COCKS, 

Made  in  BIB.  BALL.  STOP,  and  BUTT, 
hcrewed  for  Iron  Barrel,  and  Tinned  for  LeadPipe. 


Nails. 

IJin.  C'kisp porcwt.  It 


Floor  Erads  . 
Cut  Lath    ... 


Locks. 


Good  6in.  2  bolt  rim.  brass 

furniture perdoz,  15 

2  Bolt  Moitice  Locks    „      22 
Drawbacks,  from  22 

Sash  PuUica " 

Brass  ditto   


Brass  Shop  Wintlow  Fittings  of  every  Des:ription 

H.   T.  nSHER, 
No.    liO,    FLEET    STREET,     E.G. 
Price  Lists  per  post  on  application. 


MAJESTY'S 
LETTERS 


HEE 
EOTAL 
PATENT. 


Austin's  New  (1867)  Imperial  Patent 
^^{m,^^^^^^^     ^^^^    SASH     LINES. 

Sui'^KPINE  sash"."',,??''  io  introduciog  tho  „bovo   N'E«' „,„1 

s^iC-JisfaV.'  ^""sir'""  '■^■'-""  "■'  ''^"•^  "^  "■ 'Sciira'oi'tr 

X-     .    V     ,    ,o»-        ESTABLISHED  1774. 
^oTember  1,  J8$7. 


UNDEE  THE  PATRONAGE  OF  H.M.  THE  QUEEN. 

npHE  LONDON  PARQUETRY  WORKS, 

_L  —The  first  Eetabliahment  founded  in  England  (In  1842)  for  tha 
excluBivf  manufacture  of  Solid  and  Plated  PARQUET  FLOORS  and 
BORDEKS,  CEILINGS,  and  WALL  DECORATIONS;  and  &Se 
Pat«nteeB  of  the  only  systeui  adapted  to  the  English  climate,  whereby 
the  evilB  of  dky  bot,  sasssKAtiz,  ajid  warfikg  (ao  common  to  work 
minufatturcd  m  foreign  climatea).  are  EFrEcniAiJ,Y  paimaiTED  —For 
deaigms.cstinjates,  and  list  of  nearly  300  floors.  4c  ,  apnlv  to  THB 
LONDON  PARQUETRY  WORKS.  Grove-lane,  Camberirell,  S.:  orto 
their  Sole  Agents,  Messrs.  Gillow  and  Co.,  176,  Oxfird-atroet. 


PAKIS  EXHIBITION,  1867. 
In  Class  65,  a  SILVER  MEDAL  has  been  awarded 

PEAKE'S       TEREO-METALLIO       TILES 
PIPES,   &c. 

^VTOTICE  i.s  hereby  most  respectfully  given 

AA  that  the  LONDON  DEPOT  for  this  WARE  is  REMOVED  to 
No.  21  WHARF,  Macclesfield-street  North,  Citv-n.^iJ  basin,  N  • 
Secondly,  that  the  trade  term,  "  Tcp.ro-Meiallic,"  is  the  oiclusiTe 
right  of  the  Proprietor;  and.  thirdly,  that  tbe  "  Reportb  of  thb 
Jdries,  •  page  5S1,  of  tbe  Great  Eihibition,  note  the  grant  of  a  Fint- 
class  Medal,  and  rank  the  Majiufactoriea,  known  bo  long  aa  "Th« 
TileneB, '  Tunatall,  Staffordahire,  as  the  flrat  of  the  kind  in  the  world. 

WEIGHT'S  TAR  PAVEMENT. 

ESTABLISHED  1839. 

HE  BEST  &  CHEAPEST  PAVEMENT 

_I_  extant  for  ROADS  FOOTPATHS,  RAILWAY  PLATFORMS 
rLAYOKOUND.S,  and  YARDS.  Eifensively  need  by  the  War 
DEPARTMENT  and  BOARD  of  ADMIRALTY.  Bpeciniins  may  be 
ftoen  at  Woolwich,  at  the  Royal  Arsenal.  Barracks,  and  Cadet  College  • 
Quadrangle.  Souicraet  House ;  Fountain  Gardens ;  Kenaington 
Ga'-dena;  Platformi  of  the  Great  Northern  and  Great  Eaatem  Eail- 
W.-1).  ChnafB  Hospital  Schools;  Royal  Maaonic  Schoolt ;  Miidel 
Lodging  Houaes,  Columbia-square,  and  Green  Man's-lajie  laUnrton  • 
the  Rev.  C.  H.  Spurgeon's  Tabernacle,  Ac.  Ac.  * 

ASPHAXTE, 

For  Basements,  Floors.  Ac.     Arches  made  Wat«rproot 
Apply  to  W.  WEIGHT.  82.  Bucklerabury,  B.O. 


T 


A  SPHALTE— TRINIDAD— SEYSSELL 
—MINERAL  TAE, 
THOMAS  HARRISON  and  CO.  have  now  a  regular  sapply  of 
ROCHE  ASPHALTE  and  MA.STIC  MINERAL  TAR  from  rrance, 
and  caii  undertake  to  execute  any  work  in  Asphalt*  of  the  rery  flneat 
Seysaell  quality,  aa  well  as  Trinidad  and  British  Asphaltes.  on  the 
most  reasonable  terms, 
PREPARED   (  ^'^^    every    description   of    Eueldoto,    Eailwat    and 

\    AGRicFL-mtAL  Work. 

TEMPERED  (  ^'""  ^^^'T'  purpose,  situation,  and  Export  ro  bvkkt 

V    Climate. 

Bendered  to  uniform  coasietency  by  Steam  Power, 

Tbe  trade  supplied  on  advantageous  terms;  and  estimates  given    or 

works  of  any  magnitude ;  also  for 

LAYING  TAR  PAVEMENT. 

THOMAS  HARRISON  &  Co. 

ASPHALTE,     WHITING,     AND    PAINT    WOEKB— 
Cambridge  Heath  Wharf,  Hackney, 
Sunderland  Wharf,  Eotherhithe, 
City  Offices,  4.  New  Londou-street,  E.C, 
(Opposite  the  Elackwall  Railway). 

POLONCEAU  &  SEYSSEL  ASPHALTE, 


For  covering  Flat  Roofs,  Paving,  and  Flooring  o|  every  deacrlption 
especially  in  places  subject  to  damp  and  verniin. 

This  Aspb.-Jte  ia  now  extensively  used  for  Paving  STABLES  (as 
shown  above),  the  absence  ol  joints  preventing  the  generation  of 
ammonia. 

For  EatijuateB  and  Prices,  Ac.,  apply  to 

JOHN    PILKINQTON, 

15,  FISH  STREET  HILL,  LONDON,  E.O. 
Country  Builders  supplied  with  Asphalte  in  bulk  for  covering  Floor 
ings,  Bam  Floors,  Ac,  with  instructiona  to  lay  it  down. 


Soho  Plate  and  General  Glass  "Warehouse" 

26,     S  O  H  O     S  Q  U  A  R  E,     W. 
And  GEORGE  YARD,   CROWN  STREET,  SOHO,   W.C. 
At  the  above   Extensive  Eatabliehment  the  following  descriDtlons 
of  Glass  can  be  procured  wholesale  : — 

PLATE  GLASS,  Poli.ihed,  Silvered,  Obscured,  and  Roueb 
PATENT  PLATE  GLASS  of  aU  qualities  and  oubstancM   * 
COLOURED.  ORNAMENTAL,  and  STAINED  GLASS  * 
CROWN.  SHEET,  and  HORTICULTURAL  GLASS      ' 
HARTLEYS  ROLLED  ROUGH  PLATE,  Ac,  Ac. 

PLAIN   AND    ORNAMENTAL   WINDOW   6LASS. 

WBELL  having  made  an  esteusive  addi- 
a  tion  to  bis  Premises,  is  enabled  to  supply  every  description 
of  Painted,  Stained,  Elnibos^ed,  and  Enamelled  Glass  (all  of  which  can 
be  seen  in  Progress).  Alio  he  is  now  prepared  to  supply  BEITISH  and 
PATENT  PLATE.  CROWN,  SHEET.  COLOURED,  GROUND 
FLUTED.  CAST,  and  ROLLED  PLATE,  FOREIGN  GLASS  Ar! 
Designs  and  Estimates  on  applicatiou  to  ' 

W.  BELL,  GLASS  PAINTER.   43,  HIGH  STREET 
CAMDEN  TOWN. 
GLASS,  SASHES,  Ac,  delivered  carriage  free. 


I 


THE  INTERNATIONAL  PRIZE  MEDAL, 

Awarded  1862, 
also  thb  dublin  medal,  1865. 

To     BDILDEKS.    CAKPENTEKS.     aud    BLINDMAKKR3 

JAS.  AUSTIN  &  SON, 

Manufacturers  of    the  above  Articles,   particularly  wish  to  direct 
tbe  attention  of  tbe  Trade  to  their 

IMPERIAL    PATENT    I<'LAX    SASH    LINES, 

Of  which  they  are  now  making  four  qualities,  and  they  stronyly  recom- 
mend that  in  all  cises  they  should  bi  purchased  in  prttcrtnceto  the 
PATENT  LINES  m.ide  from  Jute,  which  Article  has  neither  tha 
STRENGTH  nor  DURABILITY  of  FLAX,  consequently  cannot  give 
so  much  Batisfaction  to  the  Consumer.  They  also  invite  the  particular 
attention  of  Uphobterersand  Biiud  Makers  to  their  Improved  Patent 
Blind  Lines,  which  are  very  much  superior  to  anything  yet  offered 
to  the  trade. 

They  can  be  obtained  of  all  Ropemakers,  Ironmongers,  Herobants^ 
Pactora,  »jid  Wholesale  Houses  in  Town  and  Conntryl 
ESTABLISHED  1774. 


SCHOOL  FURNITURE. 

BANKS'S    PATENT  SCHOOL    DESKS, 
convertible  Into  a  comfortible  6c;it  or  table,   from    Ss.  per  ft. 
Illustrated  Catalogues  of  the  above,  and  ali  otbei   kiiubs  of  school  , 

fittings. 

SIDEBOTHAM,  BANKS,  &  CO., 

CHURCH  and  SCHOOL  FURNITURE  MANUFACTURERS, 

PARSONAGE  WORKS,    4,    ALBERT    STREET     MANCHE3TBB.  ; 

London  Aobnt— Mr.  D.  0.  BOYD, 

Museum    f  Building  Applian'-ea.  23.  Maddock-sU eet,  Hanover 

Square,  where  Samples  can  be  seen. 


December  20,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


877 


THE   BUILDING  NEWS. 


LONDON,  FRIDAY,  DECEMBER  .iO,  1867. 


LEICESTER  AND  ITS  CLOCK    TOWER 
COMPETITION. 

THE  historical  associations  of  Leicester,  the 
treasures  of  mediroval  architecture  which 
the   town  still   possesses — in   spite   of    those 
three  merciless  thieves,  civil  war,  "impruve- 
nient,"     and     "  restoration " — and    the    still 
picturesque  character  of  many   of  its   streets, 
furnish   us  with   reasons   more   than  usually 
cogent  why  we  should  watch  with  anxiety  the 
progress  of  modern    art  within  this  ancient 
borough.     That  a  vast  mass   of  highly  inte- 
resting and  instructive  work  has   been   "  im- 
proved" away  within  the  last  few  years  no  one 
who  knows  Leicester  can  doubt.    Bow  l?ridge, 
over  which  Richard   rode   to   the  fatal   field 
where  the  doom  of  the  splendid  line   of  the 
Plantagenets  was  irrevocably  sealed,  has  been 
swept   away,  and  its  place   is  usurped   by   a 
paltry  cast-iron  structure  of  imitation  Gothic, 
with  trumpery  shields  emblazoned  with    bad 
heraldry.     The  bridge  leading  to  the  abbey  is, 
while  we  write,  suffering  a  similar  transforma- 
tion, and  the  cast-iron  parapet,  so  mean  and  yet 
so  pretentious,  with  its  traceried  panels  of  the 
proportions  of  stonework,  is  too  contemptible 
to  describe.     Here  and  there,  throughout   the 
old  parts  of  the  town,  charmingly  picturesque 
hoitses — sometimes  of  half-timljered  construc- 
tion, sometimes   of  bricks— are  passing   into 
the  catalogue  of  things  that  were,  and  ill-pro- 
portioned, ill-decorated   buildings,   savouring 
of  nothing  but  that  worst  of  all  pretensions — 
a    pretension   to   Early  French   Gothic — are 
rapidly  assisting  to  improve  out  of  existence 
the  homely  national  English  character  of  the 
place,  not  for  the  sake  of  importing  a  foreign 
style — which  some  may  think  from   its  scale 
more  adapted  to  the  wants  and  circumstances 
of   the  nineteenth  century — but   merely   for 
the  sake   of  committing,   in  fabric  of   bricks 
and  mortar,  that  which,  if  executed  in  textile 
fabric,  would  be  condemned  by  everyone  as  a 
"loud"    vulgarity.       The    best   of    the    old 
churches,  too,  .are  being  restored.    Jlr.  Raphael 
Brandon  and  Mr.  G.  G.  Scott   have  severally 
left  their  marks — no  small  ones,  by  the  way — 
on  the  churches   of  St.    Martin  and  St.  Mary, 
two  buildings  of  the  extremest  interest  to  the 
architect  as  well  as   to  the   antiipary.     Still 
the  Leicester  men  and  English  folk  generally 
have   much   left   to  be    thankful  for.      The 
Jewry  wall  is  carefully  propped  up,  and  ap- 
pears to   be   thoughtfully   looked   after ;  the 
smaller    churches    have,  for    the   most  part, 
escaped,  and  we  sincerely  hope   they  may  lie 
lucky  enough  to  continue  to  escape,  the  modern 
mania   for    restoration.      Of   the    old    brick 
boundary  wall  of  the  abbey,  erected  by  Abbot 
Penny  at  the  end   of  the  fifteenth   century,  a 
great  portion  yet  stands,  admirably  built,  with 
large  mortar  joints   and   chequered  work    of 
black  brick,  a  mass  of  glorious  colours.     The 
long  low  building  used  as  a  town  hall,  with  its 
open  timber  roof,  and  the  mayor's  parlour  ad- 
jacent, with  its  stained  glass,  amongst  which 
can  still   be  traced  fragments  of  circular  me- 
dallions illustrating  the  labours  of  the  months 
(September,  February,  and  June),  in  yellow 
stain  upon  white,  are  still,  happily,  unrestored 
and  unimproved.     A  sixteenth  century  clock, 
of  wood,  with  a  canopy  for   its  quarter  bells, 
and  two  armed   figures  to  strike  them,  yet  re- 
mains over  the  west  door  of  All  Saints  Church. 
Wigston's  Hospital   (c.  1512)  has  suffered  but 
little  from   anything  but  time.     The  outline 
of  the   Norman  hall  of   the   castle  and   one 
gable,  with  the  grand  old   windows   well-pre- 
served, remain ;  as  do  also  the  gateways  of  the 
inner  and  outer  baileys,  and  not  a  few  other 
fragments  of  mediaeval  architecture   in   other 
parts  of  the  to^vn. 
In  such  a  place  as  this  we  have  thus  hastily 


sketched  the  erection  of  any  building  must 
be  fraught  with  some  anxiety  to  the   archreo- 
logical  world,  and  with  scarcely   less  anxiety 
to  the  architectural  student.      When,  how- 
ever, the   liiulding   is   a   public   work  to   be 
erected   from   a  design    obtained   through   a 
public  competition,  the  c:ise  calls  for  the  most 
earnest  attention.     Although  we  do  not  pro- 
pose  to   question   the    policy   of    municipal 
government,  or  quote  the  long  list  of  thought- 
less or  obstinately  ignorant  deeds  for  which 
our  old   corporations   are   notorious,  yet  we 
cannot  refrain  from   reminding  the    corpora- 
tion of  Leicester,  and  through  them  all  other 
corporations,   that  they  hold   their   oflice   in 
trust  to  do  the  best   for   the   town,   and  that 
they  woidd  do  wisely  to  act  sometimes  with  a 
trifle  less  conlidence  in  their  own  judginent. 
It  is  too  much  to  expect  that  every  candidate 
for  nmnicipal  honours  should  be  an  antiquary, 
much  less  that  he  should   be   able   to   ajiprc- 
ciate  the  unambitious  and  simple  character  of 
English  medieval  architecture,  when  so  many 
architects  in   this   day   are   urging   him  u\  a 
different  direction;  but  we  might  expect  him 
to  listen  to  the  protests  repeatedly  issued  by 
learned   societies    anent   the    destruction    of 
ancient    buildings,    to    the    memorials    and 
opinions  of  such  bodies  as  the   Royal  Insti- 
tute of  British  Architects,  the  Royal  Society 
of  Antiquaries,  the   Archroological   Institute, 
&c.     It  cannot  be  that  he  thinks  the  common 
object  of  such  societies  to  be  a  mere  fancy— 
a  sort  of  pastime  for  gentlemen  who  have  got 
no  work  to  do  ]     The  names   of  some  of  the 
very  hardest  worked  of  our  working  men  are 
prominent  members  of    these   societies,   and 
are  sufficient  to  stifle  the  thought.     It  cannot 
proceed     from    what     old-fashioned     people 
would  call  "  the  pride  of  the  cobbler's  dog  \ " 
It  surely  cannot  be  that  the   town  coimcillor 
feels  in'wardly   ruffled  at  being   told  by   an 
outsider   something   about  the   value  of  his 
town  and  its  contents  that  he  did  not  know 
before,   and  there   being  no  way  to  preserve 
the   dignity   of  his  ignorance,   laughs    down 
the  very  id'ea  of  an  old  building  having  any 
value  beyond  its  rent  value,  and  repcds  alike 
all  prayers,  all  advice,   and   all   warning,    as 
insults  to  the  dignity  of  what  he  delights  to 
call    his    "  ancient    and     honourable    body." 
What,  then,  can  it  be  i    We  cannot  tell.    Per- 
haps  some   of    our   readers  may   be  able  to 
explain   how  it  is   that   art,  and    especially 
English  art,  ancient  and  modern,  meets  with 
little— we  may  add  withno— reverence,  or  even 
sympathy,  at  "the  liands  of  the  great  bulk  of 
Englishmen.     That  the  most  palpalde  coun- 
terfeits and  the  basest  imitations  of  art  should 
have  currency  is  remarkable.     And  although 
we  cannot  but   deplore   the   frightful  results 
which   obtain  thereby,  we   gather   a  sort   of 
hope  that  the  tradition  of  art  is  still  somehow 
with   us,   though  cherished    after  a    clumsy 
fashion,  and  put  away  in  some  bottom  drawer 
for  the   use   of  another  generation.     Were  it 
otherwise,  such  a  melancholy  spectacle  as  the 
exhibition  of  the  designs  for  the  clock  tower 
at  Leicester  would  have  been  impossible.     It 
appears  that  about  100  designs  were  sent  in 
for  this   work— a  work   which  at  the  most 
could  only  bring  its  architect  some  £50.     Out 
of   this    number  three    have   been    selected 
by  a  committee   appointed    for  the  purpose, 
and  these  now  await   the   final  judgment  of 
the  town  council.     They  are- 
Messrs.  Giles  and  Biven,  London. 
Messrs.  Millicau   and  Smith,  Lei- 


No.  14. 
No.    0. 
cester. 


Messrs.  Goddard    and    Son,    Lei- 

To  these  we  add,  after  examining  the  resi- 
due, six  others  : — 


No.  45.  Messrs.  Shenton  and  Baker. 


No.  28.  W.  F.  G.  Jackson,  M.A. 
No.  !). 
and  "  Well  Considered." 

Of  the  rest,  i.e.,  of  DO  per  cent.,  we  scarcely 
know   liow  to   write.     To  use  the  ordinary 
phr;ise,    and   say   they  are  beneath  notice,  is 
saying  very  little.      The   difficulty  is  to  de- 
cide whether   these   ninety   designs    are    all 
AoiMi  fide    works,   or   whether  some    of    our 
]iractising  architects,  who  are  fonil  of  jokes  and 
are  adverse  to  gratuitous  competitions,    have 
contributed   their  opinion   in    the    form    of 
satirical   drawings.     For   instance,   in   many 
designs  it  is  not  a  question  of  bad  proportion, 
or  bad  detail,  or  bad  colouring.    These  things 
we   expect    from   young   arcliitectfl  more   or 
less,  hut  from  no  architect's  pupil,   not  even 
his   youngest  ;  from  no  mechanic,   not  even 
the  hardest  handed  blacksmith  or  roughest  of 
quarrymen,  could    we  have  expected  such  a 
combination  of  wrongs.  There  are  perspectives 
which  could  not  be  rivalled  in  badness  if  one 
tried  for  a  week.      Not  only  is  every  possible 
error  committed,  but   things  are  done  which 
we  should    have  thought  beyond  the  reach  of 
human  obli(iuity.     If  they  are    intended  as 
jokes   or  satire,   we  feel   they   can   serve  but 
little  use  except  to  expose  the  profession  to 
the  ridicule  of  the  Leicester  people,  who  fail 
to   perceive  the  joke  or   the   satire.     If  they 
are  not  intended  for  this,  and  are  to  be  taken 
seriously    as   the  labours   of  serious   men  or 
boys,  we  can  only  say,  most  seriously  too,  God 
help   them.      Of  the  nine   designs   we  have 
above  noted,   there  is  not   one  worth  erecting 
anywhere,    least  of   all    in  a  town  of    such 
importance  and  of  such  grand  associations  as 
Leicester.     The  favourite  design  has  a  marked 
advantage   over  all  others.     Not    only  is  it 
coloured  better   than   its   rivals,  but   it  is  a 
really  good  water-colour  sketch,  and  we  should 
like  'to   know  the   artist  who  did  it.     Apart 
from  this  drawing,  we  have  nothing  to  say  in 
praise  of   Messrs.  Millicau  and  Smith.     They 
have  produced  a  design  for  a  tower  about  4(jft. 
high,  very  like  a  stout  chimney  shaft,  having 
an    extended    ground     floor    like    all    large 
chimnevs,  and  a  tO]i  which  certainly  looks  as 
if  it  had  a  funnel  within  it.      The  detail  con- 
sists of  overloaded  and   badly-selected  trim- 
mings of  cusps  and   panels,  and   i>inched-up 
work.     Four   statues  occupy  the  four  angles 
at  the  base  below,  which  are  very  weak,  toy- 
like angle   buttresses.      The  walls  above  the 
base  are  weak  looking,  because  of  their_  ex- 
treme thinness,  and  the  geometrical^  drawings 
do  not  show  in  any  part  the  work  of  a  master. 
Style,    Counterfeit    Perpendicular.      Messrs. 
Goddard  and  Son,  who  have  no  view,  show  a 
tower  (3()ft.  high,  with  statues  placed  as  last, 
only  smaller,  a  sprawling  church  door,  bad 
detail,  and  bad  drawing.      Style,  Counterfeit 
Decorated.     Messrs.  Giles   and  Biven  give  us 
an  octagonal  shaft,  just  roomy  enough  for  the 
clock-keeper  to  squeeze  up  statues  as  before, 
some  very  vulgar  iron  work  to  suspend  lamps 
at  the  angles,  a  prettily  coloured  drawing,  and 
some    dumpy    red    granite   colunms.     For  a 
clock  shaft,  62ft.   high,  this  is  a  very  fair   de- 
sign, barring  the  iron  work  and  the  dumpiness 
ol'colunms,  but  it  is  not  a  clock  tower.      And 
now  of  the  other  six.    If  Messrs.  Shenton  and 
Baker  had  paid  more  attention  to  detail  and 
sculpture,  and  how  to  design  it  to  suit  high 
positions,  they  would   have  produced  a  very- 
good  design,  as  well  as  a  good  drawing.     As  it 
is,  we  prefer  their  work  to  any  of  the  three 
selected,  and   cannot  think   by  what  strange 
fatality  they  were  rejected  by  the  committee, 
seeing,  too,  that  they  are  Leicester  men. 

Early  French— very  simple,  honest 
work  ;     a   little  faulty  in  the  philo- 
sophy of   its    construction,    and   un- 
suited  to  Leicester.      But  it  is  a  clock  tower, 
and  not  a  chimney-shaft  nor  a  pedestal. 

and  Mr.  Jackson  send  very  fair  designs, 

though  not  qiute  what  a  Leicester  clock 

tower  ought  to  be.     In  No.  9  we  have 

a  Classic    design,   as  is  also  an  alternative 

design  by  "  Well  Considered."    Both  of  these 

Classic  designs  exhibit  better  architecture,  and 


878 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


December  20,  1867. 


greater  knowledge  and  more  feeling  than  any 
of  the  Gothic  designs.  If  "  AVell  Considered'" 
would  not  mind  being  advised  we  would  warn 
him  to  eschew  the  violent  yellow  colour  which 
afflicts  his  otherwise  adniLrable  drawings. 

Finally,  we  would  warn  the  to\vn  council 
against  the  flattery  of  the  water-colour  artists. 
We  would  ask  them  not  to  be  too  confident  in 
their  own  judgment  or  their  local  judges  of 
art ;  and  we  would  suggest  that  when  next 
they  wish  to  erect  a  public  building  it  would 
serve  their  purpose  better  (presuming  that 
purpose  is  to  do  tlie  best  they  can)  to  give 
a  fee  of  £20  to  each  competitor,  and  select 
haK-a-dozen  architects  who  might  be  willing 
to  compete  from  amongst  those  whose  works 
show  not  merely  that  they  possess  the  know- 
ledge necessary  for  an  architect,  but  that  they 
also  have  a  reverence  for  the  past  that  would 
be  sure  to  prevent  them  from  acting  out 
of  harmony  with  those  ancient  works  which 
form,  per  se  and  by  association,  the  chief  value 
and  the  main  glory  of  such  a  town  as  Leices- 
ter. Of  course,  in  making  this  selection,  the 
local  architects  should  not  be  forgotten  on  any 
accoimt.  Pari  passu,  the  local  architect  is  the 
fittest  man.  It  may  be  douljted  whether  he 
keeps  equal  step  with  his  London  brethren,  or, 
indeed,  whether  it  would  be  possible  for  him. 
For,  in  these  days  of  railways  and  telegraphs, 
the  good  local  architect,  who  can  in  any  way 
cope  with  the  London  architect,  soon  changes 
the  country  for  the  town.  Until  municipal 
aft'airs  take  a  similar  direction  it  would  he 
better  for  the  authorities  in  country  towns  to 
remember  this. 


LIVEUPOOL   LABOURERS'  DWEL- 
LINGS  COMPETITION. 

rriHE  offer  by  the  Liverpool  Corporation  of 
J_  a  premium  of  ilaOU  for  the  best  plans 
for  laying  out  a  site  for  dwellings  for  the 
working  classes,  has  elicited  a  large  response 
as  to  quantity,  if  not  as  to  quality,  of  designs, 
more  than  eighty  being  exhibited,  of  various 
degrees  of  merit  and  demerit,  and  a  large 
number  of  them  possessing  so  strong  a  f,,inily 
likeness  as  to  plan  and  arrangement  that 
discrimination  would  be  difficult  but  for  the 
mottoes  and  the  various  styles  of  "getting 
up."  Tbe  mere  problem  of  laying  out  the 
site  with  suitable  and  convenient  buildings 
would  present  no  insuperable  difficulty  were 
it  not  complicated  by  the  financial  question 
of  outlay  and  return,  the  satisfactory  solution 
of  which  was,  we  apprehend,  one  of  the  main 
objects  in  offering  the  premium.  A  large 
proportion  of  the  competitors,  however,  have, 
like  Peter  Pindar's  celebrated  penitent, 
"  boiled  the  peas  ";  they  have  discovered  that 
figures  are  things  easily  cooked  (on  paper),  and 
the  diversity  of  creeds  in  this  matter  is  really 
amusing,  from  that  of  the  modest  gentleman 
who,  under  the  signature  "  Multum  in  Parvo," 
oft'ers  us  a  site  crowded  with  buildings  for 
the  smii  of  £8,343,  with  a  rental  of  £631,  up 
to  the  golden  promises  of  Mr.  G.  Grayson, 
who  sends  in  a  very  symmetrical  plan  with  a 
very  large  interior  court  and  lofty  elevations, 
at  a  cost  of  £28,000,  for  which  we  are 
promised  a  clear  return  of  10  per  cent.,  which 
the  author  thinks  is  "  by  no  means  a  bad 
speculation" — an  opinion  in  which  the  Cor- 
poration would,  no  doubt,  heartily  coincide, 
but,  mifortunately,  the  alchemist  lias  not 
given  the  details  of  this  wondrous  transmuta- 
tion of  bricks  and  mortar  into  "  gold  of 
Ophir."  The  methods  of  laying  out  the  site, 
which  is  an  oblong  parallelogram  of  about  2 
to  1,  may  be  broadly  grouped  under  four 
heads — the  longitudinal  court,  with  a  l>lock 
of  buildings  down  each  of  the  longer  sides ; 
the  oross-com-t  plan,  with  parallel  blncks  run- 
ning across  the  site,  and  divided  liy  courts  ; 
the  quadrangle  plan  ;  and  the  pavilion  plan. 
Of  these,  the  second  is  decidedly  the  best  for 
attaining  through  ventilation,  as  there  is  a 
wide  street  adjacent  to  each  of  the  longer  sides 
of  the  site,  while  the  ends  are  comparatively 
blocked  up  by  contiguous  buildings,  so  that  a 


longitudinal  court,  unless  so  broad  as  to  in- 
volve great  waste  of  land,  must  be  very  much 
shut  in.  Many  of  the  competitors,  liowever, 
have  been  carried  away  by  the  desire  after  a 
long  street  elevation,  for  it  is  possible,  by 
the  aid  of  strong  shadows  and  a  fierce  sky,  to 
make  even  model  cottages  look  sublime  in  a 
perspective  view.  In  No.  3,  "  Verite  sans 
Peur,"  the  absurdity  has  been  committed  of 
throwing  back  the  two  longitudinal  blocks 
15ft.  or  20ft.  from  the  main  streets  on  eacli 
side,  thus  reducing  the  central  ooiu't  to  a  mere 
alley,  which,  by  way  of  further  preventing 
ventilation,  is  covered  by  a  glass  roof,  the 
space  between  the  building  and  the  street  on 
each  side  being  absolutely  thrown  away. 
No.  4  (Mr.  C.  H.  Howell)  is  a  carefully 
prepared  and  well-considered  jdan — a  long 
quadrangle,  the  cross  block  at  each  end  being 
devoted  to  laundries,  washhouses,  and  baths ; 
the  external  walls  to  be  of  14in.  brick  up  to 
first  floor,  and  above  that  of  cement  in  two 
thicknesses,  with  a  2in.  space  between  ;  the 
partition  walls  of  rooms  to  be  of  4«in.  brick 
(contrary  to  the  Local  Building  Act),  with 
iron  door  frames  for  greater  stability.  There 
is  a  staircase  to  every  two  sets  of  dweUiugs, 
the  author  thinking,  with  Mr.  G.  E.  Grayson, 
that  external  communication  galleries  are  to 
be  eschewed,  as  shutting  out  light  from  the 
windows.  Ventilation  of  each  room  is  care- 
fully provided  for,  and  staircases  and  pas- 
sages [are  fireproof.  There  seems  rather  a 
deficiency  of  water-closets,  the  arrangement  of 
which  forms  one  of  the  chief  difficulties  in 
this  class  of  buildings,  and  most  of  them  are 
only  attainable  through  tlie  sculleries,  a  defect 
which  meetsusinseveral  of  what  are  otherwise 
the  best-arranged  plans.  The  external  aspect 
shows  nothing  special  beyond  a  laudable  en- 
deavour after  a  skyline  ;  the  building  would 
never  have  the  eft'ect  which  the  well-coloured 
perspective  gives  it.  The  figures  show  an  ex- 
penditure of  £20,750,  with  a  return  of  7i  per 
cent,  which  seems  nearer  the  mark  than  some 
other  calculations. 

"Economist"  (No.  16)  has  not  economized 
paper  and  stretchers,  and  makes  a  great  show 
with  two  designs,  differing  chiefly  in  elevation, 
and  arranged  in  three  longitudinal  blocks, 
which  reduces  the  intermediate  courts  to  a 
minimum,  the  light  being  fui-ther  obstructed 
by  galleries  of  communication  on  each  storey. 
The  centre  block  is  appropriated  to  lodgers, 
male  and  female,  a  large  day  room  being  pro- 
vided for  each  class,  and  laundries  and  wash- 
houses  under.  The  living  rooms  of  the  outer 
blocks  are  towards  the  narrow  courts,  and 
bedrooms  towards  the  street ;  the  elevations 
pretentious,  without  being  eti'ective  ;  and  the 
whole  thing  will  certainly  cost  half  as  much 
again  as  the  author's  estimate.  Mr.  Rollett 
(No.  2l>)  proposes  a  new  and  cheap  method 
of  construction,  consisting  of  brick  on  edge, 
liberally  grouted  with  cement,  to  be  appbed 
both  to  walls  and  floors  ;  but  he  gives  no  sec- 
tion of  the  construction  of  the  latter,  and 
even  the  financial  success  of  his  scheme 
would  not  atone  for  the  direfid  ugliness  of 
the  elevation.  As  a  contrast,  let  us  mention 
the  drawings  by  Messrs.  Haljershon  and  Pite, 
most  ett'ectively  got  up,  though  not  laboured, 
and  showing  an  elevation  really  pleasant  to 
look  at,  though  produced  by  the  most  simple 
means  ;  for,  as  the  authors  remark,  "  the 
materials  are  local  brick  and  stone,  the  effect 
being  acquired  by  proportion,  not  by  orna- 
mentation " — words  which  it  is  refreshing  to 
read,  showing,  as  they  do,  a  perception  of  the 
true  method  of  bringing  buildings  of  this 
kind  under  the  denommation  of  architecture. 
The  plan,  though  very  symmetrical  and  well 
considered,  covers  too  much  ground ;  the 
quadrangles  are  too  small,  the  entries  narrow, 
and  we  do  not  think  the  sculleries  common  to 
two  or  three  dwellings,  as  here  arranged  in 
blocks  between  tlie  courts,  would  work  well 
in  practice.  Messrs.  Lucy  and  Littler  send  a 
very  original  and  clever  plan,  arranged 
entirely  on  the  pavilion  system,  which,  how- 
ever, we  beg  to  say,  is  not  "  equally  appli- 
cable to  a  larger  or  smaller  plot  of  laud,"  inas- 


much as,  in  their  ownr  plan,  the  various  blocks 
approach  so  near  each  other  at  the  angles  as 
to  maT  the  eft'ectiveness  of  the  system ;  while 
the  assertion  that  an  arrangement  entailing 
so  much  external  walling  is  "  economical "  is 
still  bolder.  The  various  blocks,  however, 
are  very  compactly  and  carefully  planned, 
and  a  small  area  or  yard,  upon  wliich  the 
scullery  opens,  divides  eacli  water-closet  from 
the  house,  antl  gives  it  an  external  ventilation  ; 
while  the  open  squares  between  the  blocks  (to 
quote  from  the  very  well  written  report) 
"  would  prove  of  far  greater  value  to  the  in- 
habitants of  the  dwellings  than  if  the  same 
area  were  appropriated  as  walled-in  back 
yards,"  a  process  carried  to  excess  in  one  or 
two  of  the  plans  submitted,  which  are  a  com- 
plete congeries  of  back  walls.  The  authors' 
estimate  of  rental  (£696)  is,  as  they  say,  under 
the  mark  ;  but  their  estimate  of  the  cost, 
eleven  thousand  odd,  is  surely  much  more  so. 

Mr.  G.  E.  Grayson,  who  states  that  he  "  has 
strictly  conformed  to  the  requirements  of  the 
Building  Act,  but  that  this  has  been  done  in 
several  particulars  to  the  disadvantage  of  his 
plan,  both  in  a  sanitary  and  constructive 
sense,"  shows  three  alternative  plans,  A,  B, 
and  C,  with  very  plain  but  sensible  elevations 
of  brick,  relieved  by  black  stringcourses  ;  all 
the  drawings  very  neatly  got  up.  A  is  a  lon- 
gitudinal court  plan ;  C  a  cross-court  plan  ;  B 
is  partly  on  the  cross-court  and  parti}'  on  the 
pavilion  system.  B  is,  on  the  whole,  the  best 
plan,  and,  according  to  the  author's  figures, 
yields  the  best  percentage  (7,  as  against  65  and 
6|  from  the  other  two  plans).  There  is 
a  separate  staircase  to  each  two  sets  of  dwel- 
lings. In  design  C  the  end  courts  are  laid 
with  gravel  to  forma  drying  and  playground  ; 
but  there  is  no  laundry  accommodation,  and 
apparently  no  special  provision  for  ventilating ; 
and  the  water-closets  are  not  sufficiently  iso- 
lated, and  open  through  the  sculleries.  In 
plan  A  a  children's  playroom  and  washing  and 
drying  rooms  are  provided  in  the  top  storey  ; 
but  we  have  found  from  experience  in  a  simi- 
lar case  that  there  i^  a  reluctance  on  the  part 
of  the  tenants  to  take  the  trouble  of  trans- 
])orting  the  clothes  up  to  the  attic,  and  that  a 
washhouse  so  situated  generally  results  in 
the  washing  being  done  in  the  kitchen  or 
living  room.  Mr.  G.  Williams  (No.  46)  has 
done  better  in  placing  a  series  of  w.isliing  and 
drying  rooms  in  the  two  end  coiirts  on  ground 
floor  (this  being  also  a  cross-court  plan).  Mr. 
Reeve's  plan  (No.  47)  ought,  we  suppose,  to  be 
spoken  of  respectfully,  since  it  is  the  one 
recommended  by  the  Committee  for  the 
approval  of  the  town  council :  for  what 
reason  we  know  not,  unless  that  there  is 
no  novelty  in  it,  and  it  may,  therefore,  be  con- 
sidered "  safe."  There  is  a  centre  quadrangle 
with  court,  divided  on  each  side  by  a  cross 
street  from  the  two  end  blocks,  the  houses  in 
which  latter  have  each  a  separate  staircase 
taken  out  of  the  living  room  in  the  old- 
fashioned  manner.  There  is  no  special  pro- 
vision for  washing,  drying,  dust-shafts,  or 
ventilation ;  and  the  elevation  shows  the 
most  commonplace  treatment,  the  window- 
heads  being  all  formed  by  tliat  abominable 
constructive — or,  rather,  moii-constructive — 
expedient,  the  flat  arch,  which  crops  up  in  ' 
many  of  the  inferior  designs,  but  which  ought 
to  be  as  an  accursed  thing  to  any  man  calling 
lumself  an  architect.  The  calculations  show 
a  return  of  a  little  over  7  per  cent,  but  about 
one-fourth  should  be  added  to  the  estimated 
cost.  Certainly  the  decision  puzzles  us  ;  but 
in  the  multitude  of  counsellors  there  is  safety 
— for  the  coimsellors. 

Jlessrs.  Reade  and  Goodison  (No.  49)  have 
evidently  gone  in  to  win,  but  their  drawings 
are  chiefly  remarkable  for  their  large  size  and 
careful  finish.  The  liuildings  are  in  two  main 
longitudinal  blocks,  with  a  return  at  each  end 
devoted  to  ash  shafts  and  water-closets,  which, 
in  a  sanitary  point  of  view,  is  commendable, 
though  on  other  grounds  we  doubt  the  advis- 
ability of  this  arrangement  of  water-closets 
in  buildings  intended  for  what  must  be  called 
a  low  neighbourhood.     There  is  a  commimi- 


December  20,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


870 


cation    gallery     carried     right     round    the 
quadrangle,   but  a  great   deficiency  of  stair- 
cases, and  the  ground  iioor  water-closets  ]iro- 
ject  as  a  lean-to  from  each  dwelling,  with  the 
door  close  to  the  window  of  the  living-room. 
The  elevation  is  entirely  without  character  ; 
in  this,  how  different  from  the  design  No.  4S, 
(oddly   distinguished  by  a  postage  stamp  in 
the   corner),  charming  in  its  simple  and  pic- 
turesque treatment,   and   beaiitifuUy  drawn, 
but  unfortunately,  only  offering   a  return  of 
from   6  to   6^  per   cent.,  so  that  we  must  set 
it    down  as  a  failure.      The  position  of  the 
washhouses  in  the  centre  of  the  quadrangle 
does  nut  seem  desirable.     No.  53  shows  a  very 
effective  external  design,  but  far  too  elaborate 
and  expensive  for  the  purpose,andit  is  odd  that 
Mr.  Crofts,  who  is  a  Liverpool  man,  should 
not  have  known   the    neighbourhood   better 
than  to  suppose  that  a  rent  of  seven  shillings 
a  week  could  be  regularly  obtained  from  that 
class  of  property.     Even  with  his  high  rental, 
however,   he  can  only  promise   nearly  G  per 
cent.,    which    wQl    scarcely    tempt    anyone. 
Messrs.  Lougson  and  Adams  (No.  60)  place 
their  houses  in   a  collection  of  small  blocks 
with  yards  and  out-buildings,  leaving  no  open 
space  anywhere ;  the  diuxrings  are  well  got  up, 
and  there  is  a  clever  contrivance  for  utilizing 
the  iron  supports   of  the   external  galleries, 
■which  are  maile  hollow  and  used  as  ash  shafts 
and  soil  pipes,  an  iron  double  water-closet 
being  placed  along  the  edge  of  the  gallery  at 
intervals;  but     we     do    not   like    this    pro- 
minent  position  (opposite    the   front   of  the 
dwelling)  for  a  water-closet,  and  these  sort  of 
patent  contrivances  are  expensive  and  apt  to  get 
out   of    order.     Mr.  J.  Birch,  who  gained  the 
Society  of  Arts'  prize   for  a   design   of   this 
class,  sends  two  alternative  plans  A  and  B,  the 
first  in  longitudinal  blocks  with  washhouses 
and  baths  in  centre  court,  decidedly  too  expen- 
sive, and  not  very  well  arranged  ;  there  are 
no  sculleries  anywhere,  but  in  the  best  class 
of  rooms  a  sink  in  a  dark  corner  removed 
from  the   window.      B   consists   of  detached 
blocks  arranged  in  the  form  of  a  quadrangle, 
and  is  somewhat  cheaper  than  the  other,  but 
the  estimated  rental  of  £2,406  (more   than 
11  per  cent.)  is  too  good  to   be  true.     The 
elevation  is  pleasing  and  well  drawn,  but  not 
so   architectural  as   Messsrs.  Habershon  and 
Pite's.     We  may  notice,  in  closing,  the   plan 
by  Mr.  Newlands,  the  borough  engineer  (not 
submitted  in  competition),  which  shows  three 
sides  of  a  quadrangle,  the  fourth  side  open 
towards  Sylvester-street,  with  galleries  of  com- 
munication round,  and   staircases  well  and 
effectively  placed  in  the  re-entrant   angles. 
The  plan,  for  convenience  and  economy  of 
space,  is  equal  to  most  in  the  room,  and  the 
large  quadrangle,  entirely  open   at   one   side, 
and  with  an   ornamental  lamp  in  the  centre, 
is  a  capital  feature,    both  as  to  appearance 
and    healthfulness.      Special     pro^nsion     is 
also  made  for  due  ventilation  of  the  water- 
closets. 

We  have  noticed  what  appeared  to  us  the 
best  of  the  plans  exhibited :  some  of  the 
others  were  good,  but  presenting  no  novel  or 
noticeable  feature  ;  and  not  a  few,  we  are 
bound  to  say,  were  simply  rubbish.  One 
point  we  would  press  upon  those  who  under- 
take to  design  model  cottages — viz.,  that 
while  every  effort  should  be  made  to  render 
them,  as  far  as  possible,  pleasing  objects,  and 
not  mere  lumps  of  brickwork,  this  is  to  be 
done  by  the  treatment  and  disposition  of  the 
solid  materials,  of  which  the  building  is,  or 
ought  to  be,  composed,  not  by  sticking  on 
vulgar  and  tawdry  bargeboards  and  pinnacles; 
that  nothing  is  so  repulsive  as  a  building  of 
this  humble  class  aping  its  more  expensive 
neighbours,  or  hiding  its  plainness  under  a 
garniture  of  sham  pUaster  and  cornice ;  and 
that  the  simplest  byilding  may  take  rank  as 
architecture  if  it  dLsjUay  character  and  breadth 
of  treatment.  No.  4U,  "  Labour,"  in  addition 
to  one  or  two  others  we  have  named,  gives  an 
instance  of  this  truthful  style,  and  furnishes  a 
remarkable  contrast  to  such  pieces   of  gim- 


crack  as  that  by  Messrs.  'William  and  Wallis 
(26),  or  Messrs.  Green  and  Parslow  (62),  and 
others  we  could  name. 


THE  PHOTOGRAPHS  OF  THE  ARCHI- 
TECTURAL PHOTOGRAPHIC  AS- 
SOCIATION. 

THE    photographs    of    the    Architectural 
Photographic    Association    are    issued 
early  enough  this  year  for  the  collection  in 
its   neat   portfolio   to   be   regarded  as  one  of 
those   things   "  suitable  for  a  Christmas  pre- 
sent."    Again,   we   have   to  congratulate  the 
Association  on  their  lal)ours,  and  j)articularly 
Messrs.  Cundall  and  Fleming,  on  the  success 
which  has  attended  their  part  oi  the  work, 
beset  as  it  was  with  so  many  difficidties.     In 
some  respects  the  present  collection  is  better 
than  the  last.     We  have  not  now  to  complain 
of  too  many  views  of  the  same  subject ;  there 
is  nothing  quite  so  bad  as  last  year's  view  of 
St.    George  de   Bocherville,  and  we  are  not 
compelled   to   feast  entirely  upon    churches. 
At  the  same  time,  it  would  be  as  absurd  to 
say  that  this  year's  photographs  were  as  good 
and  as  interesting  as  last  yeai-'s  collection,  as 
it  would  be   to  assert  that  the  churches  at 
Boppard,  Munster-maifeld,  or  Treves,  were  as 
good  and  as  interesting  as  those  at  Chartres, 
Poitiers,  or  Ci\Tay.     To  the  architect  who  is 
hard  up  for  ideas,  the  less  important  examples 
of  the  architecture    of  the  Rhine  provinces 
will,   however,   be  more  useful  than  the  rich 
portals  of  Chartres  which  he  cannot  afford  to 
repeat,  or  the  storeyed  front  of  Civray,  which 
he   cannot   imderstand.      In    some    remarks 
wliich   I   offered  on  the  last  issue,*  I  took  it 
for  granted  that  the  work  of  this  Association 
was     jjrimarOy    for     the    help    of   the    art 
student,   not  for  the  gratification  of  the  art 
critic,  nor  the  archjeologist,  nor  the  amateur, 
and    that   until  cathedral    building  became 
the  order   of  the  day,  it  would  be  better  to 
select    subjects    somewhat    akin   to    present 
needs  instead   of  the  grand  portals  of  huge 
cathedrals.      If,  then,  any  disappointment  be 
felt  owing  to    the    simplicity    and    limited 
scale  of  the  subjects  in  tliis  year's  issue,  and 
blame   be   forthcoming,  it  should  fall  in  the 
right  direction,  and  not  altogether  upon  the 
committee.     That  there  will  be   disappoint- 
ment  I   have  no  doubt,  for  if  you  hepin  to 
feed  upon  the  rich    confections  which    are 
usually  rightly  placed  at  the  end  of  the  feast, 
you  will  not  take  kindly  to  the  simple  and 
easily  digestible  food  which  you     so    much 
more  require.     Had   the  Association  kept  its 
mince-pies  and  its  almond  covered  cakes  of 
1863  and  1866,  the   cutlets  and  bread  which 
they  now  offer  us  would  have  been  received 
with  larger  thanks,  and  without  any  sense  of 
disappointment.       Let    us    now     see    what 
these  cutlets  and  bread  are  like.      There  are 
altogether  twenty-two  photographs ;  of  these, 
eight     are      general     views     of     churches, 
eight  illustrate  parts  and  details  of  churches, 
four  are  views  of  domestic  buildings,  one  is  a 
view  of  a  ruin,  and  one  a  fountain,  &c.     The 
churches  illustrated   are   those   at .  Limburg, 
Treves,     Munster-maifeld,    Boppard,  Ander- 
nach,  and  Laach  Abbey.    The  domestic  build- 
ings are   Scliloss  Elz,   the   Porta  Nigra,    at 
Treves,  a  half-timbered  house  at  Rhense,  and 
one  at  Boppard ;  the  interior  of  the  apse  of 
the  ruined  abbey  church  of  Heisterbach,  and 
the  fountain  of  Sayn,  &c.      Do  you  ask  what 
"&c."  means  1    It  means  a  background  to  the 
fountain   composed   of  the  west  front  of  the 
ugliest  of  churches,redeemed  by  a  full-length 
portrait  of  Mr.  J.  P.  Seddon  artistically  posed 
upon  some  stone  steps,  and  apparently  in  the 
act  of  sketching.     I  propose  reviewing  these 
photographs  in  the  order  above  given  :— 

Limburg— On  the  Lahn.  This  cathedral  is 
illustrated  by  two  pliotographs— an  exterior 
view  of  the  "west  end,  No.  5,  taken  just  one 
point  to  the   north,  and  an  interior  looking 


•BniLDiKO  News,  Febraaiy  H,  1867, 


east  (No.  6),  taken  at  a  level  about  half  way 
between  floor  and  roof.  These  are  quite 
enougli  to  show  that  the  Cathedral  of  Limburg, 
as  a  piece  of  aicliitectural  composition,  is  far 
beyond  any  other  building  in  the  collection, 
anil  yet  it  is  only  illustrated  by  two  \'iews. 
As  I  "asked  last  year  respecting  Lisieux,  so  I 
ask  this  year  respecting  Limburg, — why  could 
not  the  photographers  have  been  content  to 
remain  at  Limburg  instead  of  spending  their 
time  on  such  dreary  work  as  the  subjects  from 
Boppard,  or  such  vapidities  as  those  from 
Treves,  shown  in  Nos.  11,  14,  and  15.  Here 
at  Limbiu-g  we  have  a  cathedral  which  in 
size  and  scheme  is  iu  every  way  suited  to  the 
wants  of  the  present  day.  It  measures  only 
about  180ft.  by  75ft.,  and  yet  it  possesses  all 
the  dignity  of  tlie  most  complete  minster. 
The  arrangement  of  the  transepts,  with  their 
large  angle  turrets  growing  out  of  a  solid 
basement,  is  full  of  breadth  and  vigour.  The 
plan  is  compact,  and  grandly  simple,  and  the 
style  of  architecture  (first  half  of  the  thirteenth 
century)  is  not  less  praiseworthy.  In  fact, 
this  is  just  one  of  those  examples  wliich  ought 
to  have  been  ])hotographed  from  every  avail- 
able stand-point — east,  west,  north  or  south. 
Nor  is  itmerelyin  proportion  and  composition 
that  the  cathedral  of  Limburg  excels.  The 
interior  views  show  us  must  admirable 
though  simjile  detail,  both  in  carved  and 
moulded  work,  and  the  idea  not  merely  of 
gradation,  but  of  growth  which  its  architect 
cherished,  and  which  unquestionably  every 
architect  must  cherish  if  he  would  have  his 
work  instinct  with  vitality. 

Treves. — The  Cathedral  and  the  Church  of 
Notre  Dame  attached  to  it  form,  with  the 
cloisters  and  buildings  adjacent  thereto,  one  of 
the  most  interesting  archaeological  studies  in 
Europe.  To  attempt  any  description  would 
take  up  far  too  much  space.  Anyone  can  see 
from  the  plans  and  the  short  notice  in  Mr. 
Fergusson's  "  Handbook  of  Architecture,"  that 
to  describe  such  a  group  of  buildings  would 
involve  a  retrospect  of  no  less — and  probably 
more — than  fifteen  centuries.  To  the  architect, 
as  distinct  from  the  archajologist,  we  doubt 
the  wisdom  of  publishing  three  general 
views  and  four  other  subjects  from  a  group  of 
buildings  which,  however  attractive  to  the 
antiquary,  can  scarcely  be  said  to  be  fit  models 
for  that  critical  study  which  sooner  or  later 
must  supersede  mere  antiquariauism.  I  have 
no  wish  to  disparage  the  value  of  associa- 
tions, whether  they  belong  to  the  time  of  Con- 
stantine  or  later,  but  no  amount  of  association 
can  excuse  the  publication  in  these  days,  by 
an  architectural  society,  of  subjects  the  like  of 
which — only  incomparably  finer — we  have  al- 
ready had  published  almost  ad  7iauscam. 
Take,  fiT  instance.  No.  9,  the  west  doorwoy 
of  the  Church  of  Notre  Dame.  Can  anything 
be  worse  than  the  composition  of  the  figures 
in  the  tympanum,  or  the  want  of  seals  and 
proper  gradation  in  the  five  rows  of  small 
figures  which  jag  the  curves  of  the  arch  ?  The 
east  doorway.  No.  11  ;  the  arches,  Nos.  14 
and  15 ;  and  the  cloisters,  sho^vn  in  No.  13, 
are  as  bad  as  any  modern  work  with  which  I 
am  acquainted.  We  must,  however,  be 
thankful  for  the  glimpse  we  get  of  the  late 
Romanesque  apse  in  No.  13  c  1190,  and 
the  view  of  the  apse  of  Notre  Dame  in 
No.  12  (c  1230).  The  interior  of  the  Ca- 
thedral, No.  10,  and  Nos.  11,  14,  and  15,  may 
be  of  value  to  subscribers,  but  1  confess  I  am 
unable  to  appreciate  them. 

Mttnster-riiaifeld. — This  church  is  shown  to 
a  large  scale,  and  the  view  is  taken  from  the 
south-east.  The  west  end  is  Romanesque,  the 
choir  Transitional,  and  the  body  of  the  church 
atrocious  Geometrical  Gotliic.  The  east  end 
of  the  choir,  which  is  polygonal,  is  the  chief 
feature  of  the  pliotograijh.  Each  side  of  the 
polygon  is  gabled,  and  the  roof  is  treated  upon 
the'ridge  and  furrow  principle,  like  the  turret 
roofs  of  the  Romane'^(iue  churches  at  Cologne. 
On  a  small  scale,  and  at  a  great  distance,  the 
furrow  or  sunk  portion  of  the  roof,  if  pro- 
perly managed,  has  not  a  bad  effect,  but  on  a 


880 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS 


December  20,  1867. 


large  scale,  as  in  the  example  before  us,  it 
looks  both  tricky  and  awkward.  The  church 
may  lie  curious,  but  there  is  nothing  to  learn 
from  it. 

Boppard. — This  photograph  shows  the  east 
end  with  its  polygonal  apse  and  flanking 
towers,  the  tops  of  which  latter  are,  unfortu- 
nately, out  of  the  plate.  Had  this  nut  been  the 
case,  we  might  have  had  a  picture  which  is 
always  wanted  when  there  is  no  architecture 
worth  looking  at. 

Andernach. — No.  22  shows  the  upper  part 
of  the  apse,  and  Nos,  3  and  4  the  carved 
capitals  of  the  south  doorway.  These  are 
eminently  useful  illustrations,  although  it  may 
be  questioned  whether  our  carvers  would  be 
any  the  better  for  po.9sessing  the  details.  To 
an  architect  they  are  suggestive,  but  their 
crudenesses  might  do  harm  to  the  carver,  and 
their  suggestiveness  might  have  been  obtained 
■with  a  less  expenditure  of  collodion.  The  apse 
is  not  only  one  of  the  best  of  the  Rhenish 
apses,  but  is  illustrated  by  one  of  the  best 
photographs  of  the  series,  the  detail  of  every- 
thing being  wonderfully  clear. 

Laach. — A  north-west  view  of  the  abbey 
church,  seen  over  the  roofs  of  the  atrium 
parvis  or  western  cloister,  is  given  in  No.  7, 
and  in  No.  16  we  have  the  entrance  to  the 
cloister.  This  Iniilding  was  erected  in  the 
first  half  oi  the  twelfth  century,  is  of  one 
Romanesque  style  throughout,  and  is  one  of 
the  most  complete  churches  in  Christendom. 
It  has  a  western  as  well  as  eastern  apse,  a 
square  tower  at  the  west  end,  western  tran- 
septs joining  it  to  two  flanking  circular  towers, 
a  nave  of  five  bays,  then  the  great  transept, 
and  over  the  crossing  an  octagonal  lantern,  and 
two  small  square  towers  in  the  angles  formed 
by  the  choir  and  transepts.  If  the  detail  of 
the  architecture  were  only  as  good  as  the  com- 
pleteness of  the  arrangement,  and  the  upper 
part  of  the  structure  as  thoroughly  thought 
out  as  the  ground  plan  and  some  of  the  carved 
work,  this  abbey  church  would  be  an  extra- 
ordinary gem. 

t>Moss  El:.— The  photograph  of  this 
baronial  residence  is  marked  No.  1.  As  a 
picture  it  stands  alone,  and  as  a  photograpli  I 
know  no  better  in  the  publicatiou.s  of  the 
Association.  I  presume  that  the  lovely  posi- 
tion and  the  piled-up  picturesquenesa  of 
Schloss  Elz  are  to  be  accepted  as  its  chief 
attractions,  although  it  is  not  witliout  its 
architectural  lessons.  Thus  the  way  one  of 
the  turrets  changes  in  plan  and  overhangs  in 
three  machicolated  courses,  is  worth  studying; 
as  is  also  the  management  of  the  chimney 
near  it  with  its  abuttmg  roof  and  buttresses. 

Porta  Nigra,  Trei-es.—  No.  8.  Interesting, 
no  doubt,  to  the  antiquary,  and  useful  to 
architects  practising  on  Dartmoor  or  at  the 
Land's  End. 

Bheiise.  — The  old  half-timbered  house 
shown  in  the  photograph  No.  19  is  not  more 
interesting  than  himdreds  in  Cheshire  and 
Herefordshire.  A  circular  staircase,  just 
visible  over  the  doorway,  and  an  angle  turret, 
are  the  only  facts  worth  any  record. 

Bop^anL— Another  specimen  of  the  same 
kind  of  construction  is  shown  in  No.  21.  But 
in  this  case  the  long  horizontal  Unes  of  the 
moulded  beams  and  the  simplicity  of  the 
framework  give  to  the  buiiding  a  certain 
amount  of  breadth,  if  not  dignity,  which  may 
prove  suggestive  to  the  lovers  of  square- 
headed  openings  and  sash  windows. 

The  Interior  of  the  Apse  of  the  liuined 
Abbey  Church  of  Meiderbach,  shown  in  No.  2, 
is  a  good  plain  example  of  the  use  ot  pointed 
and  semicircular  arches  in  the  same  composi- 
tion, and  of  what  may  be  done  by  good  pro- 
portion ,  unaided  by  clustered  shaft  "or  moulded 
architrave.  In  saying  this,  however,  I  am 
not  prepared  to  defend  all  the  proportions,  for 
some  of  the  minor  divisions  are  unquestion- 
ably too  lanky. 

The  Fountain  at  Say n,  No.  17,  is  certainly 
interesting  :  it  is  just  the  sort  of  eflective  in- 
expensive article  anyone  might  erect  in  his 
courtyard  or  garden.      The  full-length   por- 


trait in  the  background  is  even  more  interest- 
ing, but  the  other  half  of  the  photograph  is 
rubbish — not  merely  rulibisli,  not  merely  bad 
by  itself,  but  so  utterly  bad  that  it  covers 
fountain  and  "  full-length "  with  its  ghastly 
gloom,  and  induces  one  to  pass  the  photo- 
graph by  before  one  has  caught  sight  of  its 
two  great  attractions. 

Lastly,  if  any  of  my  readers  wish  to  make 
a  selection,  and  are  unable  to  see  the  entire 
set,  I  would  advise  them  to  make  their  selec- 
tion in  the  following  order,  so  that,  if  they 
onlv  wish  to  select  four,  the  numbers  would 
be  5,  6,  22,  and  1:  — 


No. 


5. 

6. 
22. 

1. 
21. 

2. 
17. 
13. 

12. 


10. 
18. 

7. 
If). 
20. 

8. 
19. 
1.5. 
11. 

14, 


Limburg  Cathedral,  west  front. 

Limburg  Cathedral,  interior. 

Andernach  Church,  apse  gallery. 

Schloss  Elz. 

Boppard,  old  timber  house. 

Heisterbach  Abbey. 

Sayu,  Fountain. 

Treves   Cathedral,   east   apse  and 

cloisters. 
Treves,   Church   of   Notre   Dame, 

east  apse. 
Treves,   Church   of   Notre  Dame, 

west  doorway. 
Treves  Cathedral,  interior. 
Munster-maifeld  Church. 
Laach  Abbey. 

Laach  Abbey,  west  entrance. 
Boppard,  Church. 
Treves,  Porta  Nigra. 
Rhense,  old  house. 
Treves  Cathedral,  detail. 
Treves,  Church   of    Notre   Dame, 

east  doorway. 
Treves  Cathedral,  detail. 

Edward  ^y.  Godwin. 


ELEMENTS  OF    ENGINEERING. 
I. — Contiguous  Beams. 

WHENEVER  the  breadth  of  the  inter- 
vening space  to  be  crossed  by  a 
bridge  is  so  large  as  not  to  be  capable  of  being 
accomplished  in  one  span,  it  becomes  neces- 
sary to  erect  a  certain  number  of  intermediate 
siqiports  or  piers,  so  as  to  subdivide  tlie  total 
distance  between  the  abutments  into  several 
smaller  spans.  We  are  not  at  present  con- 
cerned with  the  substructure.  It  is  the 
superstructure  which  claims  the  attention  of 
our  readers.  Manifestly  there  are  two  prin- 
cipal methods  of  eff'ecting  the  superimposition 
of  the  beams  or  girders  which  serve  to  carry 
the  load,  and  for  the  moment  let  us  confine 
our  attention  to  the  simplest  case  of  con- 
tinuity that  can  arise,  in  which  the  bridge 
consists  of  two  spans  only,  being  composed  of 
two  abutments,  and  one  intermediate  pier. 
In  fig.  1  this  arrangement  is  represented,  and 


A 

B 

r                  II                  1 

« 130  P-^-' 

-$ 

i 
1 

(. — 130  r-^—^ 

► 

Fra. 
the  girders  are  shown  placed  upon  the  sup- 
ports independently  of  one  another,  that  is, 
having  no  connection  or  junction  over  the 
intermediate  pier,  "which  is  supposed  to  divide 
the  total  distance  from  one  abutment  to  the 
other  into  two  equal  parts.  The  two  spans 
being  thus  equal,  the  beams  are  perfectly 
similar  in  every  respect,  and  are  each  of  them 
designed  and  constructed  in  precisely  the 
same  manner  as  if  only  one  were  employed 
for  a  bridge  of  half  the  total  span.  A  glance 
at  the  cut  will  jjoint  out  tliiit  the  action  of 
any  load,  whether  rolling  or  fixed,  static  or 
dynamical,  upon  the  beam  A  will  not  produce 
the  slightest  eft'ect  upon  the  beam  B.  Its 
action  will  be  altogether  confined  to  the 
girder,  it  is  bearing  upon  for  the  time,  and  when 
^  it  leaves  it,  the  beam  will  return  to  its  normal 


condition.  Consequently,  if  the  dimension  of 
each  span  in  fig.  1  be  130ft.,  the  girders  will 
be  designed  upon  the  assumption  that  indi- 
vidually they  cross  that  span,  and  that  span 
alone.  Dismissing  this  preliminary  alterna- 
tive, we   find  in  fig.  2  our  first  and  simplest 


I30F^  - 


-l30F'r—\% 


example  of  the  continuous  principle  as  applied 
to  beams.  Instead  of  the  whole  distance 
being  crossed  by  two  independent  girders 
separated  from  one  another  over  the  central 
pier,  the  two  spans  are  virtually  made  one,  so 
far  as  any  break  in  the  superstructure  is  con- 
cerned, by  uniting  the  two  beams  together  at 
their  junction  at  the  intermediate  support. 
That  such  an  arrangement  gives  greater 
strength  and  security  every  carpenter  is  well 
aware  of.  He  knows  perfectly  well  that  if  he 
can  put  a  central  support  under  a  long  joist 
he  may  diminish  the  depth  that  would  other- 
wise be  required,  were  it  necessary  to  make 
the  joist  stretch  the  entire  length  without  any 
such  support.  In  other  words,  it  takes  less 
material  to  compose  a  beam  or  girder,  for  the 
rule  holds  good  for  large  bridges  as  well  as 
for  small  timber  joists,  when  placed  as  in 
fig.  2.,  than  as  in  fig.  1.  This  is  one  of  the 
advantages  of  the  continuous  principle  which 
is  particularly  manifest,  when  the  load  is 
uniformly  distributed  and  fixed  :  less  so  when 
it  is  movable  and  irregular,  and  least  of  all 
when  the  latter  description  of  load  bears  a 
large  proportion  to  the  insistent  weight  of  the 
superstructure.  As  wiU  be  seen,  hereafter, 
the  manner  in  which  the  load  acts  is  some- 
times so  unfavourable  as  almost  to  nuUity 
the  compensating  benefit  obtained  by  the 
adoption  of  the  continuous  principle.  Where, 
however,  the  rolling  load  is  small  compared 
to  the  dead  weight  of  the  bridge  itself,  the 
continuous  system  loses  little  or  nothing  of 
its  practical  and  economical  value. 

Considering,  therefore,  the  continuous  beam 
in  fig.  2  to  be  supported  at  three  points — 
namely,  the  two  abutments  and  the  inter- 
mediate pier,  we  will  investigate  the  par- 
ticulars in  which  it  differs  from  a  single  inde- 
pendent girder,  similar  to  one  of  those  repre- 
sented in  fig.  1.  First,  with  respect  to  the 
natirre  and  position  of  the  greatest  strain,  re- 
sulting from  the  action  of  a  load  uniformly 
distributed  over  the  whole  length  of  the 
beam.      Fig.   3  shows   a   single  span  girder. 


deflecting  under  the  weight  of  a  load  as  above 
described,  and  the  position  of  greatest  deflec- 
tion, and  also  of  greatest  strain,  will  be  at  the 
centre  of  the  span.  Putting  S  for  the  value 
of  this  strain,  caUing  the  load  per  foot  xvm  W, 
and  making  L  =  the  span  of  the  girder,  we 
have  from  the  well-known  laws  of  mechanics, 

S  =  ^  ^   ^.      Comparing    this    with    the 

position  of  the  greatest  strain  in  a  continuous 
girder  of  two   spans,  a  very  wide  difference 
will  be  at  once  apparent.    Let  fig.  4  represent 
a  continuous  beam  under  the  influence  ot  a 
uniformly  distributed  load,  and  under  similar 
conditions  to   those  attending  upon  an  inde-  j 
pendent  single  girder.     In   the  first  place,  the  j 
deflection  will  assume  a  diti'erent  appearance  j 
to  that  occurring  in  fig.  2.      It  will  no  longer  j 
be  uniform  either  in  amount  or  direction,  but  j 
will   descend  down  to   a  certain  point,  andl 
then  rise  again.     The  points  A  B,  wdiere  the  ^ 
curve  ceases  to  be  convex  and  becomes  con- 


I 


j 


December  20,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


881 


cave,  are  usually  termed  the  points  of  con- 
trary flexure,  and  are  one  of  the  di.stmguishing 
characteristics  of  the  principle  of  continuity. 
To  determine  the  greatest  strain,  we  may 
commence    at    C,  takiui;  into   consideration 


of  one  another.  There  is  another  point  to  be 
noticed  with  respect  to  the  comparison  be- 
tween fig.  3  and  fig.  4,  and  that  is  the  differ- 
ence in  the  amount  of  their  respective  re- 
action over  the   aV)utment.      The  reaction  at 


only  one  opening  at  a  tiiue,  for  the  other  will    the   abutment   of  a  single  beanuis  equal  to 

-,  but  that  of  the  example  in  fig.  4  is 


undergo  similar  changes.  At  C  the  strain  is 
equal  to  ziro,  or  rather  it  commences  there, 
and  gradually  increases  towards  the  middle  of 
the  beam.  On  reaching  within  a  short  dis- 
tance of  the  centre  of  the  span,  it  commences 
to  decrease  until  it  arrives  at  the  point  of 
contrary  flexure,  where  it  again  equals  zero. 
After  passing  this  minimum  it  undergoes  a 
fresh  augmentation,  and  reaches  another 
maximum  over  the  intermediate  support  at  E. 
The  greatest  strain  takes  place,  not  in  the 
centre,  as  we  have  shown  to  be  the  case  with 
a  single  girder  of  one  span,  but  at  a  short  dis- 
tance from  it,  which  will  be  determined  here- 
after. Employing  the  same  notation  as  before, 
we  have  the  expression  for  the  maximum 
W  X  L= 


strain 


141U 


instead     of    the   above 


So  far  as  the  maximum  strain  in 


W 


only  equal  to 


3X  W  xL 


,  or  an  eighth  less 


than  that  in  fig.   3.     Over  the  intermediate 

support  of  the  continuous  beam  the  reaction 

,  ,     5  X    W   X  L 
IS  equal  to , 


or  this  last  mav  be 


easily  found  as  follows.  Let  the  reaction  at 
each  abutment  equal  R  ;  put  R'  for  that  over 
the  pier ;  then,  bearing  in  mind  that  the 
whole  load  upon  the  bridge  equals  2  x  W  X  L, 
we  have  R'  =  2x  Wx  L  —  2R.  Sub- 
stituting for  R  its  value  ,    we    obtain 


W  XL' 

8 
the  spans,  therefore,  is  regarded,  there  is 
economy  in  the  employment  of  the  continuous 
principle,  since  it  is  reduced  in  the  propor- 
tion of At  the  same  time  a  strain  is 

1-77 
evidently  produced  over  the  pier  E  by  the 
reaction  of  the  two  openings  upon  one 
another,  and  in  the  case  of  two  spans,  as 
shown  in  fig.  4,  it  is  equal  to  that  produced  at 
the  centre  of  an  independent  girder,  or  equal 

W  X  L' 
to In  all  instances  of  comparison, 

the  values  given  to  the  letters  in  the  equa- 
tions must  be  identical  for  both  descriptions 
of  beams,  or  the  results  will  not  be  a  fair 
criterion  of  their  respective  merits.  It  has 
been  found  that  the  position  of  the  maximiun 
strain  in  the  beam  in  fig.  4  occurs  not  at  the 
centre,   but  at  a  distance  from  C   equal  to 

This  distance,  it  must  be  kept  pro- 

8 
minently  in  view,  only  holds  for  a  load 
uniformly  distributed,  and  varies  within  cer- 
tain limits  with  the  position  of  the  load  upon 
the  bridge.  It  is,  therefore,  easy  to  under- 
stand how  a  large  rolling  load  may  affect  the 
economy  of  this  principle  of  construction  by 
shifting  the  points  of  maximum  strain,  and 
also  those  of  contrary  flexure  nearer  the 
centre  support. 

In  a  uniformly  distributed  load  the  points 
A  B  of  contrary  flexure  are  constant,  and  the 

distance  A  E  or  E  B  equal  — ,  and  their  ad- 
vantage consists  in  virtually  reducing  the 
span  of  the  bridge,  which  is  no  longer  equal 

3   X  L 

to  L  but  to .     Instead,   therefore,    of 

4  ' 

designing  the  beam  C  E  In  fig.  4  as  a  beam  of 
a  span  of  130ft.,  it  is  treated  as  one  of 
97'5ft.,  and  the  remaining  portion  of  the 
span  325ft.  in  length  is  considered  in  the 
light  of  a  cantilever.  Our  last  articles  upon 
"  Elements  of  Engineering,"  contained  full 
information  upon  the  subject  of  cantilevers, 
so  we  shall  not  recapitulate  their  particular 
features.  The  continuous  bridge  represented 
in  fig.  4  may  be  regarded  as  virtually  con- 
sisting of  two  Independent  girders  and  a 
couple  of  cantilevers,  which  are  not  to  be  con- 
sidered as  having  any  connection  with  one 
another,  but  are  to  be  proportioned  and  de- 
signed as  if  they  were  altogether  Independent 


R'  -=  2  W  L  — 


3  "W  L 


5    TV  L 


the 


4  4 

result  given  above.  It  is  at  the  points  A  and  B 
of  contrary  flexure  that  the  girder  and 
cantilever  portions  of  the  bridge  are  supposed 
to  unite,  aud  when  the  bridge  is  designed  for 
a  large  rolling  load,  care  must  be  taken  to 
place  these  points  so  that  they  are  adapted  to 
meet  the  maximum  variation  which  is  likely 
to  occur.  A  very  nice  adjustment  is  some- 
times necessary,  more  especially  when  the 
example  becomes  more  complicated,  and  the 
spans  are  unequal  in  length.  In  order  to 
effect  this  desirable  arrangement.  We  have 
hitherto  considered  the  simplest  case  of  the 
continuous  system  that  could  be  selected,  but 
In  our  next,  now  that  we  have  elucidated  the 
principles  governing  their  application,  we 
shall  proceed  to  the  more  difficult  and  Intricate 
examples  of  this  method  of  construction. 


RAMBLES    IN    THE    RHINE 
PROVINCES.* 

"  "\T0  attempt  has  been  made  to  render  the 

_L\|  present  work  deep  or  scientific."  We 
should  have  thought  that  this  announcement, 
which  occurs  in  the  preface,  was  quite  unne- 
cessary. We  opened  the  book  at  random  at 
three  places,  and  these  are  the  sentences  which 
saluted  us: — 

Page  3. — "It  was  certainly  fortimate  for 
the  reputation  of  the  patriarch  Job  that  he 
never  had  to  try  his  hand  at  photography  in 
the  streets  of  a  city,  or  I  fear  even  his  patience 
would  have  been  exhausted." 

Page  77. — "  Having  disposed  of  no  few 
convivial  cups,  the  rival  dignitaries  began  to 
ply  the  bottles  iu  other  fashion,  and  broke  a 
few  of  them  upon  each  others'  heads." 

Page  119. — "Returning  from  this  survey,  I 
peeped  over  the  churchyard  wall  and  looked 
down,  over  a  precipice  of  some  50ft.,  into  the 
courtyard  of  the  old  town  house,  which,  re- 
sonant with  garrulous  children,  pigs,  and 
cocks  and  hens,  &c.,  was  a  relief  to  the  soli- 
tude above." 

The  author's  impatience  is  recorded  in 
more  than  one  place,  and  the  prophet  Elisha, 
with  the  forty  naughty  children,  are  dragged 
in  like  the  patriarch  above-mentioned.  Indeed, 
ilr.  Seddon's  book  is  distinguished  by  the 
same  great  fault  which  is  found  In  Mr.  Street's 
works.  Of  what  possible  interest  can  it  be  to 
us  to  know  that  Mr.  Street  arrived  at  a  certain 
place  at  night,  or  that  Mr.  Seddon  looked  over 


•  "Rambles  In  the  Rbiiie  Province"."   By  J.  P.  Seddos. 
Loudou:  Murray. 


a  wall  and  saw  cocks  and  hens.     Nor  are  our 
author's  poetical  flights  of  such  a  (juality  as 
to   require  publication.     Here  is  a  specimen: 
— "  Not  many  scenes  have   impressed  them- 
selves upon  my  memory  more   strongly  than 
that  of  the  broad  and   straight  reach  of  the 
river,  which,  after  passing  through  tiie   gorge 
by  the  Lurlei,  breaks  upon  the  sight  at  Ober- 
wesel.     1  have  seen  it  in  the  mellowed   light 
of  sunset,  with  the  Pfalz  Uastle  on  the  island 
in  the  distance,  blazing  like  a    gem   set   in 
molten  gold,  and   have  been   fain,  at  such   a 
uiomeut,  to  shout,  '  The  Rhine  !  the  Rhiue  !  ' 
as  did  the  army  of  Blucher  when  they  first 
caught  sight  of  this   spot,  from  the  bank  im- 
mediately opposite,  on  their  triumphal  march 
lunneward."      Then   we   have   nearly   three- 
fourths  of  the  description  of  Schloss  Elz,  or 
four  pages  devoted  to  nothing  but  gossip,  inte- 
resting enough,  perhaps,  to  the  "party  of  five," 
but  not  wortli  the  paper  it  is  printed  on  as  far 
as  the  public  is  concerned.     'Ihere  can  be  no 
excuse  for  all  this  padding  when  the   author 
escapes   from   noticing  many  very  interesting 
things  under  the  shelter  of  "  limits  imposed  " 
upon    his    work,    aud    shortness    of    "  time 
allowed."    Of  course,  if  Mr.  Seddon's  object 
was  to  write  for  a  certain  class  of  school  girls, 
or     the    readers    of    M.    F.    Tupper,    Esq., 
he  has  well  fulfilled  it,  only  we  would  advise 
him  to   be  a   little  more   ctutious  with  his 
patriarchs  and  prophets  next  time.     No  doubt 
there  are  some  people  whose  chief  pleasure  in 
reading  is  to   form  a  sort  of  imaginary  in- 
timacy with  the'  author.     To  know  how  many 
eggs  he   had   \\-ith  his  breakfast,  how  many 
bottles  of  Moselle  he  drank  with  his  dinner, 
how  he  drank  it,  and  such  like,  is  not  what 
we  care  for  ;  but  then  it  brings  one  into  such 
close  commimion  with  the  author  1      It  is 
so  pleasant  and  so   very  agreeable   of    him 
to  tell  us  of  the  pretty  sunsets,  the  funny  beg- 
gars, the  nice  things  he  had  to  eat  aud  drink 
— in   fine,  to  let  us  into  the  secrets   of  his 
everyday  life,  to  say  nothing  of  the  retired 
lives  of  others  who  he  may  have  met,  and  who 
he  so  funnily  exposes  to  our  view.     This  may 
have  been  Mr.  Seddon's  ambition,   and  if  it 
was  we  have  no  cause  to  grumble,  nor  is  there 
any   reason  why    he    should  have  refrained 
from  making  his  book  a  picture-book  at  all 
hazards.        If,   however,   his    ambition   were 
somewhat  more   than  this,  if  he  cared  for 
an  audience  of  thinking  men,   if  he  cared  to 
help  the  architectural  student,  he  would  have 
done  well  to  have  kept  back  the  gossip  and 
much  of  the  history  m  his  book  for  the  pages 
of  "  Once  a  AVeek,"  where  also  not  a  few  of  the 
illustrations  might  have  appeared  with  better 
grace.     That  he  did  not  choose  to  do  this  we 
regret,  because  there  is  so   much  to  be  put 
down  on  the  opposite  side  of  our  balance-sheet. 
Hitherto  we  have  grumbled,  aud  we  might.  If 
so  inclined,  go  on  grumbling,  especially  when 
we  look  at  such  a  drawing  as  that  at  p.  04,  or 
think  of  the  number  of  Illustrations  confes- 
sedly borrowed  from  a  second-hand  source,  or 
of  those   which,   though   not  acknowledged, 
might  have  been  borrowed  for  all  the  credit 
they  are  to  the  author.     But  it  is  time  to  look 
on  the  bright  side  of  the  book.     We  give 
three  extracts,  which  show  that  however  much 
inclined  our  author  may  be  to  gossip,  his  eyes 
are,  after  all,  looking  in  the  right  direction. 
At  p.   36,  Mr.  Seddon,  referring  to  a  small 
cemetery   chapel  near  Bonn,   says  : — "  It  is 
difficult  to  see  at  first  wherein  lies  the  difl'er- 
ence  between  the  old  and  the  modern.     The 
simplest     doorway,     decorated     with    billet 
mouldings,  has  a  stamp  of  originality  about  it 
which,  if  it  fall  into  the  hands  of  the  restorer, 
seems  to  evaporate  without  apparent  reason. 
A  reason,    however,     exists,  for  it  will  be 
found   upon  examination   that    the    ancient 
builder      had     an     idea     on     the     subject 
of    billets,     and     hewed    them    out    with 
a     will    to     express      it,    and      could     not 
wait  to  see  whether  they  all  corresponded  in 
their   dimensions.      The  copyist  had  no  idea, 
but  thought  to  correct  all  irregularities,  set 
out  their  lengths  by  rule,  and  after  cutting 
them  as  a  task,  sand-papered  them  up  to  per- 


88ii 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


Dkcembkr  20.  1867. 


ILLUSTEATIONS    OP    "  RAMBLES    IN   THE    RHINE    PROVINCES." 


PART    OP    TBMPELHOF,    BOn'AKD. 

feotion,    and   the   consequence  is 
that    the  whole   thing  is  worth- 
less."   At  p.   54,   writing  of  the 
Church  at   Sinsig,    Mr.    Seddon 
says  : — "  The    interior    is    being 
profusely  decorated  in  colour  in 
a   harmonious  but  sombre   scale. 
The  effect  of  this  will,  no  doubt, 
be  good,  and  the  ornament  quite 
in  character  ;    but,  in  my  opinion, 
the  original  treatment  must  have 
been  much    brighter,    and    have 
reflected  more  light.     It  is  com- 
paratively  easy   to  produce  har- 
.  mony    by    the   use   of  deep   and 
subdued     colour,     but     such     a 
method    is   by  no    means    neces- 
sary.    Church  decorations  should 
be  bright  and  pure  as  well,  like 
the   paintings  of  Giotto   and  Fra 
Angelico."       At  p.  112,  we  read 
of    Limburg    Cathedral  : — "  The 
internal  proportions  are  charming, 
and   considering  the   very  mode- 
rate dimensions,  it  would  seem  to 
be    a    model,    not    beyond     the 
means  of  the  present  day  to  follow. 
Externally    its    pretensions     are 
greater,   and  its   grouping  almost 
unequalled,  for  though   such  a  cathedral  as 
that    of  Laon  was    designed  to  have  many 
and  far  grander  towers,  they  could  not  have 
}iad   the  same  due  subordination.     Here  are 
two   stately   western    towers,   like    those    at 
Andernach,  without  the  objectional    eastern 
pair  to   mimic   them  ;  but  instead,  there  is  a 
grand  quintuple  group  at  the  other  end,  near 
enougli   to  unite   well  with   the  former,  the 
octagon    tower    and   spire   in  the    centre   of 
which  brings  the  whole   into  one  fine  pyra- 
midal composition." 

These  are  thoroughly  sound  criticisms,  and 
the  reader  of  "  Rambles  in  the  Rhine  Pro- 
vince" will  meet  with  many  such;  his  only 
regret  concerning  them  will  be,  that  they 
were  not  always  illustrated  by  drawings  from 
"  J.  P.  S.,"  the  very  few  bits  of  detail  which 
reveal  these  initials  being  as  superior  to  the 
rest  as  the  billet  moulding  of  the  12th  century 
is  to  that  of  the  prescnt]day.  Of  the  fourteen 
photographs  which  the  book  contains,  Sinsig 
Church,  Limburg  Cathedral,  Schloss  Elz,  the 
doorway  from  Treves,   S.    Werners   Chapel, 


PORTIOK    FROM    APSE 


ANDERNACH. 


and  an  old  house  at  Bacharach,may  be  specially 
noted.  That  of  the  west  doorway  of  the 
Church  of  Our  Lady,  at  Treves,  exhibits  some 
most  admirable  sculpture,  but  we  would 
venture  to  suggest  to  Mr.  Seddon  tliat  the 
statue  in  the  jamb,  which  he  describes  as  the 
"  Virgin  holding  her  book,"  is  the  conven- 
tional personihcation  of  the  syn;igogue  holding 
the  tables  of  the  law  reversed,  or  upside 
down. 

As  samples  of  the  engravings  which  illus- 
trate the  book,  we  give  a  carved  capital  from 
Laach  Abbey,  a  portion  from  apse  at  Ander- 
nach, and  part  of  Tempelhof,  the  residence 
of  the  Knights  Templars  at  Boppard. 


At  the  Guildhall,  Westminster,  this  week,  a  jury 
awarded  the  sum  of  £1,800  as  compensation  in 
the  case  of  Milas  and  Co.  v.  the  Metropolitan 
District  Railway.  The  claimants  had  assessed 
the  damages  for  a  loss  of  business  from  removal 
in  consequence  of  improvements  at±'C,000  ;  on  the 
other  side  £900  had  been  offered. 


CARVED  CAPITAL  FROM  LAACH  ABBEr. 

PUBLIC   OFFICES  AND  VESTRY   HALL, 
STRATFORD. 

THE  subject  of  one  of  our  illustrations  this 
week  is  the  successful  design  in  the  recent 
competition  for  the  Public  Offices  and  Vestry 
Hall  at  Stratford,  E.,  for  the  West  Ham  Local 
Board  of  Health.  The  building  will  be  erected 
on  a  plot  of  ground  at  the  corner  of  the  Broadway 
aud  West  Hara-laue.  It  will  be  seen,  on  refer- 
i-nce  to  the  plan,  that  the  principal  front  and 
main  entrance  faces  the  Broadway,  and  includes 
I  grand  entrance  hall  and  stairs  to  the  assembly 
room ;  a  corridor  connects  the  grand  entrance 
with  the  various  local  board  aijd  parochial 
offices,  and  the  board  rooms,  all  of  which  are  upon 
the  ground  floor.  A  public  entrance  and  wait- 
ing hall,  with  stairs  to  the  assembly  room,  is  also 
provided  at  the  south  end  of  the  corridor  in  West 
Ham-lane.  The  assembly  room,  retiring  rooms, 
&c.,  are  situated  on  the  first  floor.  The  basement 
contains  strong  rooms,  stores,  and  accommoda- 
tion for  hall. keeper;  the  sleeping  rooms  are  in 
an  upper  storey.  The  tower,  which  rises  to  a 
height,  of  100ft.,  is  placed  at  the  north-west  angle 
of  the  building,  aud  contains  the  surveyor's 
private  office,  muniment  rooms,  and  other  accom- 
modation.  The  principal  front  will  be  faced 
with  Portland  stone,  the  elevation  facing  West 
Ham-lane  will  be  in  white  brick  with  stone  dress- 
ings. Over  thirty  designs  were  submitted  by 
various  architects,  that  selected  being  the  joint 
design  of  Mr.  Lewis  Angell,  of  Stratford,  and 
Mr.  John  Giles  (Giles  and  Biven),  of  2S,  Craven- 
street,  Charing  Cross,  who  are  appointed  joint 
architects  to  carry  out  the  work,  which  will  be 
commenced  forthwith.  We  are  requested  to  state 
that  the  prize  designs  were  coloured  by  Mr. 
Betholme,  of  Great  Coram-street. 

REFERENCE  TO  PLAN  OF  OFFICES. 

A — Portico. 

B— Principal  stairs  and  hall. 

C— Loc^I  board  clerk. 

D —    ,,        ,,       office. 

E — Surveyor. 

F— Collector. 

G— Vestry  clerk. 

H — Local  bo.-u'd  room. 

I — Vestry  clerk's  otlice. 

J — Siu"veyor'3  drawing  office, 

K — Public  waiting  haU. 

L — Vestry  board  room. 

M — Lavatories. 

N — Engine  house. 

O — Inspector's  office. 

P — Hall  keeper. 


I 


11,655    patents   and   registered    designs 
issued  in  America  during   the   year  ending   Sep- 
tember 30  last. 


I 


i 


rt.e  SiildiL^He. 


-f^  >z-^^>;^--.  :±^, 


Z  \'hn.:  :■ 


PUBLIC  OFFICES    &  VESTRY    HALL  .    STRATFORD. 

JOHN    GILES    8c    LEWIS    ANCELL,        JOINT      ARCHITECTS    . 


December  20,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


887 


INDUSTRIAL  ARTS— PARIS  EXHIBITION. 

The  following  is  a  condensed  report  on  the  indus- 
trial arts  of  the  Paris  Universal  Exhibition,  by 
W.  J.  Muckley,  Head  Master  of  the  Jlanchester 
School  of  Art.  It  is  addressed  to  the  Secretary  of 
the  Science  and  Art  Department,  South  Kensing- 
ton :— 

Sir, — In  accordance  with  a  communication  re- 
ceived from  the  Science  and  Art  Department,  in 
April  last,  I  have  now  the  satisfaction  to  lay 
before  you  my  report  on  ihat  part  of  the  Paris 
Universal  Exhibition  which  relates  chiefly  to 
those  manifold  forms  of  industry  to  which  fine 
art  has  been  applied.  No  doubt  much  disap- 
pointment will  bo  felt  by  many  who  visit  the 
French  Exhibition  as  regards  the  ellect  of  the 
building  itself,  after  the  interior  magnificence  of 
those  in  our  own  country  of  1S51  and  1S62, 
but  persons  whose  interest  and  pleasure  it  is  to 
sec  the  m.isses  of  matter  brought  together  under 
this  vast  shed,  with  a  desire  to  grasp  at  once,  so 
to  speak,  the  products  of  each  country  in  the 
readiest  form  of  classification,  should  forget  this 
architectural  deficiency,  to  a  certain  extent,  in 
realizing  the  facility  which  the  present  arrange- 
ment otters  for  such  examination.  The  primary 
object  of  this,  as  of  .all  other  exhibitions  of  the 
kind,  has  been  to  afford  .an  opportunity  of  testing 
the  progress  of  nations  in  their  application  of  art 
to  industry,  and  although  craftsmen  whose  pro- 
duct m.ay  be  widely  ditt'erent  to  those  connected 
with  art,  have  found  it  to  their  advantage  to  be 
represented  on  such  occasions,  still  the  former 
causes  have  stimulated  these  matters  of  such 
world-wide  importance  into  life,  the  effects  of 
which  hereafter  must  certainly  have  a  tangible 
and  perpetual  existence. 

Art  under  the  most  favourable  culture  is  of 
slow  growth,  and  as  it  advances  it  is  less  and  less 
marked  in  its  progress ;  this  fact  alone  will  ex- 
pl  lin  in  a  certain  degree  the  apparent  stationary 
condition  of  some  of  the  departments  of  English 
art  manufacture,  as  evinced  in  the  present  Exhi- 
bition, when  compared  with  the  English  Exhibi- 
tion of  1S62  ;  and  if  various  French  Exhibitions 
make  a  more  favourable  display  in  this  instance 
(which  they  certainly  do)  than  other  countries, 
both  as  to  quality  and  quantity,  and  although  we 
must  admit  that  art  is  generally  better  felt  and 
understood  in  France  than  in  England,  still  it 
must  not  be  supposed  that  the  present  occasion 
is  a  fair  representation  of  the  case.  The  circum- 
stances of  this  universal  gathering  being  at  the 
very  doors  of  the  French  Exhibition  is  sufficient 
to  warrant  a  large  preponderance  in  their  favour  ; 
and  although  this  f.ict  must  be  evident  to  all,  and 
which  should  be  kept  constantly  in  view  when 
balancing  one  nation's  productions  against  another, 
1  am  persuaded  it  is  too  frequently  lost  sight  of 
altogether.  In  the  examination  of  the  various 
phases  of  art  manufacture  of  French  production, 
one  finds  that  the  highest  knowledge  has  been 
obtained  in  many  instances,  and  that  sometimes 
the  best  painters  of  France  have  been  called  upon 
to  assist  in  the  work  of  furnishing  design  to  be 
afterwards  carried  out  by  the  able  artizan,  in 
various  applications  to  industry,  which,  of  course, 
tends  very  much  to  raise  the  standard  of  the  work, 
and  I  am  of  opinion  that  one  prevailing  feature  above 
all  others  evinces  itself  in  their  best  productions, 
which  is  the  manifestation  of  a  knowledge  aud 
power  in  reserve ;  being,  in  fact,  far  beyond  the 
immediate  requirements  of  the  work  on  which 
they  may  be  engaged,  indicating  that  the  whole 
matter  has  been  thoroughly  grasped  with  ease  in 
all  its  bearings.  As  to  the  fittest  aud  best  man- 
ner of  dealing  with  the  object  in  hand,  all  this 
being  the  result  of  good  education,  together  with 
the  infiuence  of  their  artistic  surroundings  in 
every  direction,  and  a  communicated  aptitude, 
inbred  from  many  generations.  This  condition 
of  things  contrasts  greatly  to  the  disadvantage  of 
many  of  the  English  ornamentists,  as  it  frequently 
happens  that  their  entire  resources  are  quickly 
exhausted  in  the  early  part  of  their  undertakings. 
The  best  materials  they  have  at  command  dis. 
cover  a  want  of  cultivation  and  research,  and  as 
.  they  proceed  still  greater  difficulties  present 
themselves,  the  fruits  of  their  labour  ending  in 
shallow  and  insipid  performances,  only  to  be  en- 
dured by  those  who  are  as  unlearned  in  art  as 
themselves.  This,  in  contradistinction  to  the  in- 
fluences on  the  French  designer,  arises  from  the 
want  of  a  better  education  and  better  surround- 
ings,  and  a  lack  of  that  inbred  aptitude  which, 


I  am  inclined  to  believe,  is  often  the  result  of  in- 
heritance from  a  long  period  of  time. 

As  I  have  already  intimated,  in  England  we  do 
not  generally  mulerstand  art,  and  we  are  too  much 
in  the  habit  of  looking  for  tliat  fruitage  which  is 
only  to  be  derived  from  the  growth  of  centuries. 
Elaborate  machinery  h.a8  been  set  in  motion  for 
supplying  art  education  to  the  million  ;  foreign 
countries  have  been  ransacked,  and  many  of  their 
choicest  art  treasures  have  been  transferred  to 
England  for  our  assistance,  and  art,  in  consequence, 
has  taken  a  firm  and  rapid  root  in  many  a  plcasaut 
form  amongst  us  ;  still,  it  is  quite  impossible  for  a 
satisfactory  and  permanent  resvdt  to  show  itself  at 
present,  as  that  knowledge  which  we  seek  ever 
was  accumulative,  and,  I  apprehend,  ever  will  be. 

The  interesting  departments  of  the  history  of 
labour — which,  by  the  w.ay,  does  not  appear  to  be 
a  term  significant  of  what  it  intends — .are  not  yet 
completed,  but  they  promise  to  be  of  a  very  in- 
structive character,  and  in  many  respects  clearly 
indicate  to  us  the  course  to  be  taken  in  the  fu- 
ture. 

It  is  not  only  to  our  benefit  to  examine  their 
historical  relations  in  the  order  of  time  and  coun- 
try, but  they  ati'ord  a  rare  opportunity  for  vis  to 
estimate  their  several  culminating  points  of  artistic 
excellence,  which  .are  often  so  fittingly  at  the  pre- 
sent day  the  subject  of  our  emulation.  Here 
France  has  had  the  opportunity  of  unfolding  her 
treasures,  and  to  speak  eloquently  on  the  subject 
of  her  ancient  lore  in  the  form  of  a  very  rich  dis- 
play of  her  art  wealth,  and  the  tale  is  told  in  many  a 
pleasant  form  how  art  and  manufacture  may  bo 
fittingly  united,  dictating  at  the  same  time  the 
only  laws  by  which  such  unions  may  be  unerringly 
consummated. 

Beginning  with  the  rudest  efibrts  in  the  form  of 
stone  weapons,  with  a  few  specimens  of  very  early 
pottery,  through  the  metal  period  down  to  the 
tenth,  eleventh,  and  twelfth  centuries,  when  we 
have  some  curious  examples  of  illuminated  manu- 
scripts, and  the  general  works  of  the  cloister 
abundantly  imfold  themselves. 

Still  further  down,  a  greater  variety  of  materials 
are  made  subservient  to  use  and  decoration  when 
wood  carving  and  woven  fabric  are  brought  more 
fully  into  use,  while  tapestries  and  stained  glass 
were  intimately  connected  with  the  interior  luxu- 
ries of  the  period,  with  some  very  choice  church 
ornaments,  rich  in  enamelling  and  precious  stones. 

Then  come  the  works  of  the  fifteenth  century, 
with  the  exquisite  enamels  of  Limoges  and  v.ari- 
ous  phases  of  pottery,  amongst  which  we  see  a 
large  quantity  of  the  beautiful  blue  and  white 
earthenware  of  Rouen  ;  works  in  wood,  carved 
and  inlaid,  are  abundant,  together  with  many  ex- 
amples of  njmusse  work  in  different  metals,  with 
other  objects  quite  worthy  of  study  by  the  orna- 
mentist  or  art  workman,  whatever  may  be  their 
speciality. 

After  this  satisfactory  array  of  excellencies,  the 
climax  of  much  that  is  unexceptionable,  comes 
another  era,  and  the  landmarks  here  displayed 
enable  us  to  measure  unmistakably  how  gradually 
and  surely,  yet  swiftly,  the  French  decadence  set 
in,  and  which  one  discovers  as  veritably  stamped 
on  the  whole  range  of  the  decorative  arts,  as 
though  a  blight  had  descended,  withering  the  best 
spirit  and  energy  of  the  past,  and  in  the  course  of 
its  decaying  power  sowing  in  the  place  thereof 
every  form  of  corruption  in  the  various  fields  of 
ornamental  art. 

The  revival  in  the  present  day  of  the  decorative 
arts  of  France  ought  not  to  be  found  a  diflicult 
undertaking,  having  as  it  has  such  ready  materials, 
vestiges  of  earlier  times  of  its  own  country,  to 
fall  back  upon,  to  which  we,  in  comparison,  can 
lay  but  little  claim  ;  and  I  have  no  doubt  that  it 
would  be  found  easier  to  regulate  the  growth  and 
culture  of  a  plant  whose  seeds  have  been  long 
sown,  aud  become  next  to  indigenous  to  the  coun- 
try, and  whose  roots  and  influences  have  found 
their  way  into  countless  and  incalculable  exist- 
ences, than  to  plant  to  a  great  extent  anew,  and 
foster  seeds  in  a  land  comparatively  foreign  to  it. 
If  my  views  are  correct,  it  would  appear  that 
nothing  more  was  needed  to  call  back  to  life  the 
amplitude  of  remains  around  the  French  people, 
and  to  stir  up  to  new  growth  those  latent  germs 
interwoven  with  their  being,  but  the  special  de- 
mands of  the  manufacturer,  and  a  jealous  desire 
to  keep  in  advance  of  other  nations. 

Next  in  importance  is  the  collection  shown  by 
England  ;  and,  although  not  so  complete  in  many 
respects  as  that  of  France,  it  is  of  much  interest. 
At  the  same  time,  it  should  not  be  understood  that 
this  is  a  fair  display  of  our  possessions,  illus- 
trative of  the  retrospective  industrial  arts  of  this 


country,  but  which  mistake,  it  is  to  be  feared,  haa 
been  m.ade  by  gome  of  our  French  neighbours. 

The  dithcidty  of  obt.aining  objects  to  be  trans- 
ferred to  this  exhi'  ition  ought  at  once  to  have 
been  realized,  and  notwithstanding  the  willingness 
of  individuals  to  lend,  so  long  at  the  contribu- 
tions were  kept  in  the  country,  the  risk,  however 
slight,  attending  their  transit  to  France,  must 
have  been  an  obstacle  in  the  way  of  pi-ocuring 
objects  to  give  to  our  department  of  the  retro- 
spective arta  that  consequence  which  perhaps 
otlierwise  it  might  have  had  ;  and  this  excuse 
which  wo  may  plead  for  ourselves,  will,  no  doubt, 
be  claimed  by  other  countries. 

A  few  words  on  the  pictures  exhibited  may  be 
sutiicient  in  the  present  report,  and  in  referring 
either  to  the  peculiar  merits  or  defect  of  any 
school  of  painting,  I  am  persuaded  that  it  ought 
to  be  done  with  more  caution  and  hesitation  than 
is  customary  the  case,  and  it  is  only  by  allowing 
the  sympathies  to  have  free  action,  aud  intimately 
throwing  the  motive  power  which  originates  their 
works,  together  with  a  longer  residence  in  the 
country  to  which  they  belong  than  is  often  con- 
venient, that  we  are  able  in  a  correct  degree  to 
estimate  the  true  stamlard  of  the  arts  of  that 
country,  and  the  oppo.site  of  this  in  many  in- 
stances explains  the  small  appreciation  we  have  of 
each  other's  productions. 

As  regards  the  painters  of  France,  they  may 
learn  much  as  to  the  imitation  of  nature  from  the 
pictures  of  the  English  school  if  they  will,  and 
the  EngUsh  painters  may  do  themselves  a  service 
by  the  study  of  the  work  of  the  French  painters 
in  those  deeper  and  more  subtle  resources  of  ,irt 
knowledge  which  they  feel  and  understand  gene- 
rally so  much  better  than  we  do. 

Many  of  the  subjects  selected  by  the  leading 
painters  of  France  for  their  pictures  are  of  an  ex- 
tremely simple  character,  and  with  the  knowledge 
they  possess  they  are  able  to  turn  very  doubtful 
materials  to  the  best  account,  as  may  be  seen  by 
the  works  of  Mellet,  Bretton,  Frere,  Madame 
Browne,  and  others,  which  are  frequently  imbued 
with  the  deepest  sentiment  and  pathos.  But  one 
of  the  distinguishing  features  of  the  French 
school  in  the  conduct  of  its  works,  as  indicated  by 
those  in  the  present  Exhibition,  in  my  opinion, 
consists  in  the  knowledge  displayed  in  the  sacrifice 
of  parts  to  the  whole,  with  the  habit  of  keeping 
nearly  the  entire  picture  in  deep  and  subdued 
tones,  and  although  often  carried  to  an  imwarrant- 
able  extent,  resulting  in  excessive  dinginess,  still 
it  is  much  more  to  be  desired  than  that  common- 
place rendering  of  materials,  that  unschooled  and 
tawdry  choice  of  colours  and  want  of  subordina- 
tion of  parts,  which  are  so  much  the  defects  of  our 
own  school  of  painting. 

The  characteristics  of  the  other  schools  of 
painting  which  have  foimd  a  place  in  this  exhibi- 
tion, may  not  be  considered  of  that  marked  im- 
portance as  distinguished  from  those  to  which  I 
have  referred  to  require  a  notice  here. 

Etching  on  copper  may  be  said  to  constitute  a 
school  in  Paris  .at  the  present  moment,  so  great  is 
the  enthusiasm  with  which  it  has  of  late  years 
been  taken  up,  both  by  the  Society  of  Etchers 
and  painters  generally,  and  the  success  that  has 
attended  their  labours  in  a  mercamile,  as  well  as 
an  artistic  direction,  has  probably  tended  to  the 
encouragement  of  the  pursuit. 

The  Exhibition  afi'ords  a  good  opportunity  for 
the  French  photographers  to  test  the  beauty  of 
their  productions  with  those  of  other  countries,  in 
which  examination  they  certainly  come  off  vic- 
torious ;  and  apart  from  the  favourable  conditions 
of  sunlight,  they  possess,  when  compared  with  the 
photographers  of  this  country,  they  most  assuredly 
are  better  in  manipulation  than  we  are.  With  a 
more  entire  command  of  the  chemicals  employed, 
the  value  of  which,  I  am  afraid,  we  do  not  yet  ap- 
preciate in  England  so  fully  as  we  might.  The 
rich  and  deeply-toned  examples  by  Solomons,  of 
Paris,  are  triumphs  of  the  art,  as  they  have  not 
only  great  strength  and  cleanness  in  the  shadows, 
but  the  details  are  developed  with  wonderful 
truth  to  nature.  In  this  respect  the  specimens 
entitled  "  Etude  au  Soleil,"  by  Berne  Bellicour, 
of  Paris,  stand  quite  distinct  in  the  whole  Exhi- 
bition. 

The  application  of  photography  in  enamel 
colours  to  metal  plaques  has  been  ably  undertaken 
by  Lefou  di  Camarsae,  and  it  is  almost  impossible 
to  eulogize  too  greatly  his  fortunate  attempts  to 
transfer  to  so  imperishable  a  material  such  truth- 
ful and  elegant  pictures  of  the  leading  men  of  the 
age.  Mention  should  not  be  overlooked  of  the 
recent  discovery  to  reproduce  drawings  by  the 
combined  aid   of   photography   and   lithography. 


888 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


December  20,  1867. 


copies  of  which  are  displayed  in  the  French  de- 
partment ;  and  the  collection  of  decorative  works 
by  Holbein,  from  Basle,  has  been  so  well  accom- 
plished by  this  process  that  it  is  felt  that  the  main 
art  schools  of  England  would  benefit  by  the  ac- 
quisition of  the  series. 

In  any  remarks  that  I  may  have  to  make  on 
the  Industrial  Department  of  the  Exhibition,  it 
may  be  considered  best  that  I  should  confine  them, 
for  the  most  part,  to  those  leading  features  of  art 
manufacture  which  require  a  special  form  of  or- 
namental application,  at  the  same  time  making 
such  suggestions  as  may  be  of  use  in  the  course 
of  our  own  practice,  either  in  schools  of  art,  or 
for  those  who  may  be  engaged  as  ornamental  de- 
signers or  decorators. 

It  has  always  been  my  conviction  that  the  chief 
element  in  the  designs  of  most  ornamental  arrange- 
ments for  various  manufactures  has  not  yet  had 
in  England  that  consideration  which  it  ought  of 
necessity  to  have  received,  namely,  the  drawing 
of  flowers  and  foliage  from  nature  ;  and  although 
other  branches  of  study  are  of  the  utmost  im- 
portance, and  quite  essential  to  ornamentists,  the 
circumstance  of  the  natural  element  forming,  as 
it  does,  so  large  a  portion  of  the  materials  em- 
ployed in  the  composition  of  decorative  design 
generally,  would  seem  to  need  nothing  more  than 
a  knowledge  of  that  fact  to  cause  them  at  once 
to  make  themselves  at  home  with  this  particular 
kingdom  of  nature,  in  order  that  they  might  pro- 
duce at  will,  from  their  repository  of  materials, 
fitting  devices  for  the  work  required. 

An  intimacy  with  the  various  styles  of  orna- 
mentation, together  with  the  power  to  call  up 
when  necessary  any  distinct  phase  of  them,  is 
only  one  part  of  the  work  of  the  decorative  artist 
as  with  a  use  of  this  knowledge  alone  his  produc- 
tion must  ever  be,  to  a  certain  extent,  a  rearrange- 
ment of  old  materials,  dead  and  cold  compared 
with  this  additional  reservoir  of  knowledge  of 
nature,  the  very  life,  as  it  were,  of  the  subject, 
the  want  of  which  explains  so  much  of  the  tame 
reproductions  of  the  styles  of  ornament  of  the 
15th  and  16th  century,  and  the  meagre  use  of 
worn-out  materials.  And  I  feel  sure  that  in 
whatever  branch  of  manufacture  the  artizan  may 
be  engaged,  the  course  of  study  to  which  I  have 
referred  is  the  most  important  of  them  all ;  and 
we  should  constantly  bear  in  mind  that  the  in- 
telligent and  satisfactory  conventional  treatment 
of  natural  forms  is  only  to  be  arrived  at  by  a 
close  acquaintance  with  the  growth  of  the  plant 
or  flower  itself,  and  it  would  not  be  found  difficult 
to  commit  to  memory  the  form  and  structure  of 
most  of  the  plants  of  this  country  best  fitted  for 
ornamental  design,  if  the  student  were  to  under- 
stand from  the  commencement  of  his  career  that 
his  thorough  success  as  a  designer  depended  on  it. 

The  artlzans  of  this  country  are,  as  a  rule,  un- 
favourably situated  as  to  the  time  they  have  at 
command  for  acquiring  that  extra  qualification 
which  their  particular  pursuit  may  demand,  and 
at  most  it  will  be  found  that  they  are  not  in  a 
position  to  give  more  than  an  average  of  six  hours 
a  week  for  that  purpose,  and,  as  their  progress  in 
consequence  must  be  very  slow,  and  to  many  suf- 
ficiently disheartening  to  cause  them  to  discontinue 
the  study  altogether,  I  am  of  opinion  that  after 
students  of  this  class  can  draw  ornament  tolerably 
well  they  might  be  taken  sooner  than  is  the  cus- 
tom to  draw  and  paint  foliage  and  flowers  from 
nature,  as  bearing  in  the  most  direct  manner  on 
their  occupations  as  ornamentists,  and  this 
method  of  study,  being  stimulated  by  the  masters, 
would  not  only  result  in  making  the  most  of  the 
little  time  pupils  may  have,  but  they  would  re- 
ceive that  encouragement  from  work  of  this  de- 
scription that  I  do  not  think  they  would  obtain  in 
any  other  way.  Of  course,  where  there  is  time 
to  grapple  with  the  other  departments  of  study 
necessary  to  their  complete  success,  it  should  al. 
ways  be  done,  as  it  is  quite  certain  that  an  ac- 
complished ornamentist  must  be  conversant 
with  the  whole  range  of  art,  but  I  am  persuaded 
that  those  persons  who  have  but  little  time  to  give 
to  study  ought  to  be  dealt  with  in  a  very  special 
manner,  and  that  they  would  turn  to  the  most 
profitable  account  that  information  which  they 
would  acquire  by  the  course  of  study  to  which  I 
have  alluded. 

The  best  French  decorators  have  always  bei-n 
fully  alive  to  the  value  of  this  special  department 
of  knowledge,  and  have  truly  estimated  it,  so 
much  so  that  for  centuries  they  have  not  only 
been  able  to  turn  it  to  direct  account  in  their  pur- 
suit, but,  as  a  means  of  relaxation,  they  have 
often  painted  beautiful  pictures  of  flowers  and 
still  life ;  and,  at  the  present  time,  the  most  able 


decorators  of  Paris  and  Lyons  produce  the  best 
drawings  with  which  I  am  acquainted,  as  also,  with 
one  exception,  the  most  perfect  flower  pictures  in 
the  world. 

In  support  of  my  views  in  this  respect  I  will 
begin  my  remarks  on  art  manufacture  by  reference 
to  the  excellent  display  of  printed  fabrics  sent 
from  Mulhouse,  where  nearly  the  whole  resources 
constituting  the  ornamentation  are  taken  from 
national  flowers  and  foliage,  and  although  the 
treatment  may  be  in  many  instances  in  too  direct 
an  imitation  of  nature,  still  the  distribution  and 
balance  of  parts  is  truly  ornamental,  and  there  is 
that  refinement  in  the  arrangement  of  the  designs 
that  nothing  but  the  closest  study  of  natural 
forms  could  give.  The  printed  goods  of  DoUfus, 
Meig  and  Co.  are  excellent,  as  showing  the  achieve- 
ments made  in  this  direction,  the  able  chemist 
and  the  skilled  designer  having  united  their 
eSbrts  to  produce  at  once  a  residt  so  entirely 
satisfactory  with  regard  to  scientific  and  artistic 
research.  Gros,  Roman  and  Co.  have  a  fine  dis- 
play of  printed  fabrics,  muslins,  cottons,  chintzes, 
shawls,  &e.,  all  showing  the  value  they  place  on 
fitting  designs  and  good  colours.  The  bareges  by 
Grolleau  and  Deville,  of  Paris,  and  those  by  Hooper, 
Carroll  and  Company,  are  very  elegant,  as  are 
also  those  by  Bulteon  Frere ;  and  the  tinted 
grounds,  with  a  distribution  of  flowers  from 
nature  on  them  of  their  natural  colours,  show 
much  artistic  discrimination. 

As  a  whole,  the  exhibits  from  Mulhouse  are 
entirely  satisfactory,  particularly  when  we  take 
into  account  that  the  peculiar  demands  of  the 
market  had  to  be  considered,  and  not  only  is  the 
purpose  of  the  exhibitors  abundantly  served  in 
the  advertisement  of  their  goods  and  placing  their 
claims  before  so  many  nations  at  once,  but  they 
cannot  faU  to  effect  a  salutary  influence  on  the 
pu  blic  taste  generally. 

It  is  much  to  be  regretted  that  England  does 
not  send  anything  of  consequence  in  the  branch  of 
industry,  and  it  may  be  questionable  as  to  how 
far  it  could  afford  to  keep  out  of  the  field  of  com- 
petition on  this  occasion.  Possibly  manufacturers 
may  not  be  affected  by  such  a  course  for  the  time 
beiug,  but  certain  it  is  that  this  policy  wiU  not 
serve  them  in  the  future,  which  fact  appears  to 
have  been  recognized  by  nearly  all  other  classes  of 
producers  ;  they  will  be  compelled  to  look  after 
their  interests  in  times  like  the  present,  and 
choose  (if  possible),  some  other  mode  of  showing 
their  products  to  the  world,  and  in  the  oppor- 
tunity of  a  display  such  as  this  one  in  Paris  now 
attbrds,  it  would  be  difficult  to  find  another  method 
where  they  could  lay  their  claims  for  patronage 
before  the  consumers  of  the  universe. 

In  short,  exhibitions  of  this  kind  are  tribunals 
by  which  the  arts  and  manufactures  of  the  four 
quarters  of  the  globe  are  to  be  judged,  and  if 
some  parts  of  them  are  not  present  to  state  their 
case,  from  some  unexplained  cause,  if  they  are 
not  found  in  court  at  the  time  of  the  eloquent 
pleadings  of  some  of  those  which  are,  the  ver- 
dict very  justly  will  be  given  against  them  as 
defaulters. 

The  brocaded  satins  intended  for  furniture 
covers,  curtains,  &c.,  from  Tours,  are  all  that  can 
be  desired  as  to  colour  and  material ;  but  the 
application  of  design,  in  almost  every  instance,  is 
very  defective,  the  p.attern  being  too  large  and 
commonplace  as  to  di.stribution  and  otherwise.  A 
few  examples  are  to  be  found,  good  in  all  respects, 
and  they  indicate  what  is  the  most  fitting  manner 
to  deal  with  this  elegant  material.  The  display  of 
silks  for  ladies'  dresses  by  Schuls  and  Berand,  and 
Coquet  and  Co.,  of  Lyons,  are  very  tasteful,  and 
amongst  the  best  are  those  ornamented  with  a 
small  pattern  on  a  black  ground  ;  also,  a  pleasing 
application  of  the  butterfly,  some  printed,  and 
some  brocaded,  and  others,  beautifully  executed, 
combining  the  two  processes.  The  shawl  and  lace 
department  of  Lyons  is  fairly  represented ;  never- 
theless, I  do  not  think  any  novelty  presents  itself. 
Frank  Alexander,  of  Paris,  has  a  good  selection  of 
satin  dresses  and  other  articles  of  apparel,  edged 
with  different  kinds  of  fur,  which  are  most  skil- 
fully chosen  as  to  colour,  the  effect  of  the  whole 
being  very  rich  and  satisfactory.  The  ribbons 
from  St.  Etieune  are  very  pretty,  and  the  printed 
as  well  as  the  embroidered  flowers,  with  which 
they  are  ornamented,  are  applied  with  the  utmost 
delicacy  and  sense  of  beauty.  The  selection  of 
brocaded  silks  and  satins  sent  by  Austria  is  of 
considerable  merit ;  and  those  exhibited  by  F.  H. 
Haas  and  Son  are  excellent  both  as  to  design  and 
colour.  The  exquisite  and  varied  tints  of  velvets 
sent  by  Lyons  are  a  wonderful  evidence  of  the 
skill   of  the  chemist,  combined   with   an  artistic 


appreciation  of  the  delicacy  of  colour.  The  moire 
antiques  exhibited  also  show  that  feeling  for 
colour  to  which  none  but  the  French  can  lay  claim. 

Jlanchester  is  chiefly  represented  by  plain  goods, 
aud  what  ornament  is  appUed,  either  by  printing 
or  otherwise,  is  very  inferior,  notwithstanding  the 
help  of  the  French  designer.  The  white  damask 
for  bed  furniture,  of  which  there  is  a  large  quan- 
tity, seems  to  have  had  no  consideration  as  to  im- 
provement in  design  ;  aud,  while  the  world  has 
been  busy  in  this  respect,  the  producers  of  this 
material  do  not  appear  to  have  recognized  the 
importance  of  making  one  step  in  advance.  Ttie 
great  prosperity  of  the  Manchester  trade  generally 
has  made  those,  in  whose  hands  it  is,  most  care- 
less with  reference  to  that  improvement  in  design 
which  has  taken  ptlace  in  otlier  kinds  of  manu- 
facture ;  but  the  evil  hour  must  come  unless  they 
are  careful  to  arrest  it ;  the  men  who  were  early 
in  the  Held  have  well  nigh  reaped  their  harvest, 
and  it  will  be  for  their  successors  to  look  to  those 
sources  of  profit  which  they  will  not  acquire  to 
much  advantage  unless  the  decorative  arts,  as 
applied  to  their  speciality,  are  better  cared  for 
than  they  are  at  present. 

In  the  French  lace  department  there  is  a  great 
advance,  and  the  designs,  when  applied  to  borders 
and  horizontal  arrangements,  show  that  the  best 
assistance  has  been  obtained,  and  the  conventional 
treatment  of  natural  forms  well  understood. 

The  designs  for  mantles,  in  black  and  white 
lace,  by  Dognin  and  Co.,  are  of  a  very  exquisite 
character. 

Two  curtains  of  Point  de  Venise,  shown  by 
Lefebure  and  Son,  of  Paris,  are  excellent,  both  as 
to  design  aud  execution ;  aud  the  repose  given 
to  the  charming  border  by  the  plainness  of  the 
adjacent  parts  ought  to  point  out  clearly  to  the 
lace-makers  the  value  of  this  quality,  the  absence 
of  which,  constituting,  as  it  does,  one  of  the  lead- 
ing defects  of  their  work.  The  embroidered  cur- 
tains exhibited  by  Sarare  do  not  show  the  least 
improvement  in  design,  as  they  appear  to  be  pro- 
duced ahogether  on  the  old  models,  and  the  appli- 
cation of  such  large  tigures  and  arabesques  are 
only  suited  for  the  decoration  of  panels. 

The  objects  in  lace  exhibited  from  England  are 
not,  as  a  whole,  satisfactory ;  and  the  large  display 
of  curtains  made  by  Nottingham  does  not  enhance 
the  reputation  of  that  town  in  this  respect,  the 
designs  being  meagre  in  the  extreme,  compared 
with  what  might  be  done  by  well-directed  artistic 
knowledge.  James  Hartshorne  sends  some  good 
examples  of  edgings  and  trimmings,  and  those 
sent  by  Barnett  and  Maltly  are  also  in  good  taste. 
A  very  good  selection  of  Honiton  lace  is  exhibited 
by  Hay  ward,  of  Oxford-street,  London  ;  but  the 
designs  are  not  very  well  chosen.  The  speciality 
of  French  Cashmere  shawls  is  well  represented, 
but  no  new  feature  in  any  respect  appears  suffi- 
ciently conspicuous  to  be  worthy  of  record. 

The  decorative  furniture  and  cabinetwork  of 
France  still  takes  the  precedence  of  all  other 
nations,  and  the  artists  employed  are  assuredly 
most  consummate  masters  of  those  styles  of  orna- 
ment used  in  the  best  period  of  the  Renai.-sance, 
and  here  again  we  may  benefit  by  the  course  pur- 
sued by  the  French  designer,  as  evinced  in  their 
best  works,  and  it  has  not  only  been  their  desire 
to  produce  objects  of  great  cost  merely  within 
the  reach  of  the  wealthy,  but  we  find  a  plenitude 
of  articles  of  elegant  form  intended  for  the  homely 
use  of  the  less  luxurious  classes.  In  the  training 
of  ornamentists  in  our  own  schools,  I  think  we  do 
not  attach  sufficient  importance  to  the  study  of 
the  materials  used  in  the  early  style  of  the  Re- 
naissance, as  in  my  opinion  it  is  not  sufficient  to 
draw  occasionally  objects  that  would,  furnish  this 
information,  but  students  ought  to  be  encouraged 
to  sketch  them  constantly  in  the  most  intelligent 
and  readiest  manner,  and  thus  storing  the  memory 
with  the  works  of  the  past,  understanding  tliem 
completely  even  to  the  most  minute  details,  which 
is  only  to  be  achieved  to  practical  advantage  by 
holding  converse  with  these  remains  in  the  manner 
to  which  I  refer.* 


A  valuable  series  of  drawings  of  Greek  and 
Roman  mosaics,  to  be  found  in  Spain,  France, 
Pompeii,  Prussia,  Switzerland,  Rome  and  Italy 
generally,  Constantiue,  Carthage,  and  also  in  vari- 
ous counties  of  England,  has  just  been  presented 
to  the  art  library  of  the  South  Kensington  Mus»um 
by  the  widow  of  Dr.  Woollaston. 


•  To  be  concluded  in  our  next  number. 


December  20,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


880 


GLASGOW. 

(from  our  correspondent.) 

IT  has  been  long  a  fashion  with  some  Scottish 
as  well  as  Euglish  writers  to  speak  generally 
of  the  Scottish  people  as  dirty,  drunken,  and  nig- 
gardly ;  and  Glasgow,  as  their  chief  swarmery,  has 
of  course  received  a  large  proportion  of  the  abuse. 
For  the  drunkenness,  Scotl.md  has  imposed  upon 
itself  a  law  that  closes  public  houses  at  eleven 
o'clock  on  "  week  nights,"  and  wholly  upon  Sun- 
day ;  the  charge  of  niggardliness  can  in  various 
ways  be  triumphantly  refuted  ;  and,  if  dirt  be 
still  asjumed  as  a  chanacteristie  of  Glasgow,  "the 
authorities "  assuredly  will  have  washed  their 
hands  of  it.  Scarcely  had  they  brought  an  inex- 
haustible supply  of  water  from  Loch  Ketturiu 
than  they  passed  a  bill  through  Parliament  to  root 
out  the  rookeries,  and  expose  to  the  light  of  day — 
a  light  much  more  seeing  than  is  the  bull's-eye  of 
Messrs.  Dogberry  and  Verges — the  perennial 
habitations  of  disease,  vice,  and  every  imcleanness. 
And  this  Bill,  as  an  Act,  has  progressed  little  farther 
than  assessing  the  citizens  sixpence  on  every  £1  of 
rental  last  year,  minus  twopence  this.  Then  down 
came  Mr.  Bateman,  from  JIanchester,  and  Mr. 
Bazalgette,  from  London,  to  look  into  our  sewage. 
Glasgow,  until  this  year  of  grace,  was  wont  to 
"  flourish  by  the  preaching  of  the  word,"  and, 
fortunately  for  its  prosperity,  "  cleanliness  is  next 
to  godliness." 

Another  thing  ag,ainst  Glasgow  is,  that  being  so 
utterly  engrossed  with  iron  pigs  and  Turkey  reds, 
it  has  neither  care  for  the  fine  arts,  nor  leisure 
for  their  study.  Glasgow  is  said  to  be  the  aristo- 
cracy of  wealth,  and  Edinburgh  of  intellect.  Be 
this  as  it  may,  Glasgow  has — and  with  no  assist- 
ance from  Government — done  perhaps  as  much  for 
the  furtherance  of  art  as  the  more  favoured  me- 
tropolis. On  the  death  of  Bailie  MacLellan,  the 
corporation  purchased  his  gallery  of  pictures  and 
the  building  he  erected  for  {inter  alia)  their  keep- 
ing and  exhibition,  at  a  cost,  I  believe,  of  some- 
where about  £40,000.  Within  these  few  years, 
nearly  a  hundred  windows  of  the  cathedral  have 
been  filled  with  stained  glass,  some  of  them  cost- 
ing close  upon  £2,000;  and  twelve  or  fifteen  years 
ago  fewer  than  a  dozen  of  architects,  and  one  or 
two  builders,  bought  a  building  and  filled  it  with 
treasures  of  art,  and,  after  giving  it  their  time, 
talents,  and  labour,  lost  so  much  money  by  the 
adventure  that  they  had  to  be  assisted  out  of 
their  difficulties  by  some  art-loving  friends.  The 
latest  form  that  our  interest  in  art  has  assumed  is 
a  proposal  that  was  sanctioned  the  other  day  by 
the  town  council  to  have  an  exhibition  of  portraits 
of  distinguished  men,  natives  of,  or  associated 
with,  Glasgow.  As  I  mentioned  in  a  former  com- 
munication, a  new  home  for  the  MacLellan  pictures 
has  been  fitting  up  above  the  Corporation  Gal- 
leries, from  designs  by  Messrs.  Wilson  and  Thom- 
son ;  and  it  is  purposed  that  when  this  is  opened 
in  February  there  will  be  simultaneously  opened 
with  it  the  portrait  exhibition  and  the  annual 
exhibition  of  the  West  of  Scotland  Academy. 
Shortly  since,  a  portrait  of  Thomas  Campbell,  the 
author  of  "  'The  Pleasures  of  Hope,"  was  pre- 
sented to  the  Corporation,  and  possibly  this  is  the 
parent  hint  of  the  portrait  exhibition.  In  any 
such  exhi'iition  the  line  must  be  drawn  some- 
where, and  it  must  be  conscientiously  remembered 
that  "the  rank  is  but  the  guinea  stamp,  the  man's 
the  go  .?d  for  a'  that."  Instead  of  the  uninterest- 
ing portrait  of  the  mere  "  man  made  of  money," 
I  expect  to  look  upon  the  counterfeit  presentment 
of  Hamilton,  the  architect ;  K  ugh  MacDonald,  the 
essayist ;  Macintosh,  the  chemist ;  Stow,  the 
founder  of  our  normal  schools ;  Alston,  the  edu- 
cator of  the  blind ;  Graham  Gilbert,  the  painter ; 
NeUson,  the  inventor  of  the  hot  blast,  and  such 
men  whose  works  live  after  them.  The  idea  of 
this  exhibition  is  an  excellent  one,  and  it  is  to  be 
hoped  that  it  will  be  fairly  carried  out. 

The  Glasgow  Architectural  Society  seems,  this 
session,  to  be  at  a  loss  for  subjects  for  its  syllabus. 
At  its  first  ordinary  meeting  it  could  find  nothing 
better  to  do  than  criticize  the  occasional  address 
by  the  president  at  the  opening  of  the  session  ; 
and  it  must  have  been  very  grateful  to  Mr.  Honey- 
man  to  preside  over  a  meeting  at  which  his  own 
prelection  was  the  subject  on  the  dissecting  table. 
Mr.  Honeyman's  address  was  in  two  divisions  ; 
the  first  dealt  with  the  present  position  of  archi- 
tecture, and  the  second  with  the  Glasgow  Im- 
provement Act.  It  is  only  the  first  division  that 
has  as  yet  been  criticized ;  the  second  is  to  be  dis- 
posed of  at  the  next  meeting  of  the  Society.  Mr. 
Honeyman  is  one  of  our  leading  Gothic  architects, 
but  his  faith  in  his  favourite  style  appears  to   be 


waverinir.  He  says,  "  I  had  hoped  for  better 
things  from  the  revival  of  Gothic  architecture 
than  we  have  yet  seen.  But  if  this  revival  is  to 
lead  to  nothing  better,  I  fear  there  may  be  too 
mach  truth  in  what  a  distinguished  predecessor  in 
this  chair  affirmed,  that  Gothic  was  but  a  fashion, 
the  rage  of  the  day,  doomed  soon  to  pass  on  to 
oblivion  or  contempt,  like  the  patches  and  peri 
wigs  of  the  past,  or  the  crinolines  and  chignons  of 
the  present."  The  criticism  on  the  secimd  head 
of  the  president's  discourse  will  have  considerable 
local  interest,  and  it  will  be  wortli  while  for  the 
newspapers  to  give  in  eil^TU'o  the  opinion  of  the 
representative  architectural  skill  and  experience. 

Justice  is  proverbially  Mind  :  in  Glasgow  she 
cannot  be  heard.  At  the  l.ast-held  meeting  of  the 
justices  it  was  complained,  imprimis,  that  the 
court  was  too  small ;  and,  secondly,  that  it  was 
badly  ventilated.  In  consequence  of  the  first, 
several  justices  left ;  and,  in  consequence  of  the 
second,  the  windows  were  opened,  when,  from  the 
noise  from  the  street,  not  a  single  syllable  could  be 
he.ard.  About  the  same  time,  complaints  were 
made  elsewhere  of  the  inadequacy  of  the  law 
courts.  As  Jaque3saysin"As  You  Like  It,"  "The 
why  is  plain  as  way  to  parish  church."  The 
growth  of  Glasgow  has  been  so  great  and  rapid 
that  the  housings  of  many  of  its  instituticms — 
standing  still — have  become'too  small  for  it.  A 
house  doesn't  grow  as  streets  do.  The  pteroceras 
can  gradually  add  to  his  shell ;  the  lobster  can 
increase  his  only  by  casting  it. 


CHANCEL   ARCH,    STEETLY    ABBEY. 

WE  give  as  one  of  our  illustrations  this 
week  an  elevation  of  the  chancel  arch  at 
Steetly  Abbey,  Derbyshire,  from  a  photograph. 
This  is  a  particularly  fine  piece  of  Norman  work, 
and  very  well  preserved.  It  will  be  noticed  that 
the  ornamentation  on  the  outer  moulding  is  very 
peculiar,  the  semicircle  with  berries  occurring 
twice  or  thrice  in  each  stone  according  to  its  size, 
quite  regardless  of  their  unequal  spacing  as  a 
whole.  The  other  engraving  on  the  same  sheet 
represents  a  portion  of  pier  in  nave,  from  Roche 
Abbey,  and  is  a  very  good  example  of  transition 
work,  and  though  now  very  much  exposed  to  the 
action  of  the  weather,  is  in  a  remarkably  fine  state 
of  preservation. 


NITRO-GLYCERINE    EXPLOSIONS. 

WE  are  getting  fearfuUy  familiar  with  an  ex- 
plosive agent  even  more  terribly  dangerous 
and  deadly  than  gunpowder  itself.  It  is  exactly 
twenty  years  since  M.  Sobrero,  a  pupil  of  M. 
Pelouze,  the  distinguished  chemist,  discovered 
that  glycerine  when  treated  with  nitric  acid — the 
proportions  being  one  part  of  the  former  and  three 
parts  of  the  latter — became  converted  into  a 
highly  explosive  substance.  This  new  liquid, 
designated  by  the  discoverer  nitroglycerine,  at- 
tracted very  little  attention  among  chemists  until 
M.  Nobel,  a  Swedish  engineer,  began  very  re- 
cently to  apply  it  with  great  success  to  blasting. 
He  found  by  experiment  that  the  new  substance 
possessed  a  very  marked  advantage  over  gun- 
powder— it  required  a  much  smaller  hole  or 
chamber  than  the  latter,  which  is  scarcely  one- 
tenth  the  strength  of  the  former.  In  fact,  it  re- 
duced the  costof  blastingsomething like  50 percent. 
The  mode  of  using  nitro-glycerine  in  mining  is  ex- 
tremely simple.  If  the  chamber  of  the  mine  pre- 
sents fissures,  it  is  first  lined  with  clay  to  make  it 
water-tight;  the  nitro-glycerine  is  then  poured 
in,  and  after  it  water,  which  being  the  lighter 
liquid,  remains  on  the  top.  A  slow  match,  with 
a  well-chirgHd  percussion  cap  at  one  end,  is  then 
introduced  into  the  nitro-glycerine.  The  mine  is 
sprung  by  lighting  the  match,  there  being  no 
need  of  tamping.  .A brut  two  years  ago,  M. 
Nobel  made  a  series  of  experiments  with  this 
fluid  in  some  of  the  mines  and  granite  quarries 
of  Cornwall,  when  its  explosive  qualities  were 
proved  to  be  enormous.  The  great  danger  of 
nitro-glycerine  lies  in  its  tendency  to  sponta- 
neous combustion,  from  which  several  very 
disastrous  accidents  have  arisen.  This  has  pre- 
vented its  becoming  of  general  use.  Nothing 
could  prove  so  emphatically  the  terribly  danger- 
ous nature  of  this  substance,  and  the  extreme 
care  which  is  necessary  in  its  management,  than 
the  sad  calamity  which  occurred  at  Newcastle  on 
Tuesday  last,  when  five  men  were  literally 
blown  to  atoms  through  an  explosion  of  nitro- 
glycerine. Curiously  enough,  in  the  same  day's 
papers  we   read   of  an  equally  shocking  disaster 


which  recently  happened  from  the  s,ime  cause, 
though  under  ditferent  circumstances,  in  the 
United  States.  At  a  place  called  Claremont,  on 
the  Newark  and  New  York  Railw.ay,  now  in 
course  of  construction,  were  a  number  of  shanties 
constructed  for  the  workmen,  as  well  as  a  black- 
smith's shop.  The  work  in  this  locality  consisted 
chiefly  in  blasting  rocks,  for  which  purpose  nitro- 
glycerine W.-13  used  as  a  substitute  for  gimpowder. 
One  evening,  a  workman  named  Thomas  Burns 
carried  a  bucket  of  this  explosive  material  into 
the  blacksmith's  shop  for  the  purpose  of  heating 
it.  Being  of  a  resinous,  gummy  quality,  it  is 
necessary  to  reduce  it  by  heat  to  a  liquid  state 
before  it  is  fit  for  use.  Burns,  it  is  stated, 
gr:isped  a  red.hot  iron,  and  with  a  view  of  ex- 
pediting the  process,  plunged  it  into  the  bucket, 
wlun  in  an  instant  the  unfortunate  man,  with  all 
the  inmates  of  the  building,  were  blown  away, 
and  of  the  house  not  a  fragment  remained.  Some 
of  the  men  around  the  shop  shared  the  same  fate, 
while  at  the  same  instant  u  shock  like  an  earth- 
quake shook  every  building  within  at  least  a  mile 
and  a-half  from  the  scene.  Every  house  adjacent 
to  the  fatal  spot  was  more  or  less  damaged, 
three  of  them  being  perfectly  shattered.  So 
completely  did  the  deadly  agent  do  its  work  that 
two  of  the  unfortunate  men  who  are  among  the 
dead  were  on  the  roof  of  a  house  at  some 
distance  putting  on  a  patent  tin  roof,  when  they 
were  carried  away  with  the  upper  portion  of  the 
building.  That  the  explosion  in  this  case  should 
have  taken  place  does  not  surprise  us,  but  when 
we  find  that  nitro-glycerine  is  capable  of  working 
such  havoc,  notwithstanding  the  most  careful 
handhng  by  practical  men,  it  is  our  duty  to  dis- 
trust to  the  utmost  a  substance  so  subtle  and  de- 
structive in  its  nature. 


THE  FUTURE   OF   DESIGN. 

AT  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Birmingham  Ar- 
chitectural Society,  a  paper  was  read  by 
Mr.  Yeoville  Thomason,  ou  the  "  Future  of  De- 
sign." The  writer  set  out  by  s.aying  that  it  was 
well  known  that  buildings  erected  since  the  Re- 
formation were  in  a  style  that  was  not  of  natural 
growth,  but  the  reproduction  of  a  bygone  age, 
and,  as  such,  had  been  designed  upon  principles 
totally  different  to  that  of  a  living  style.  Until 
recently,  the  style  in  vogue  was  based  upon  the 
various  schools  of  what  was  generally  termed  the 
Renaissance,  the  chief  feature  of  which  was  the 
employment  of  one  or  more  of  the  five  orders. 
The  introduction  of  Grecian  architecture,  by  the 
publications  of  Stewart  and  Revett,  rendered  copy- 
ing a  perfect  mania,  every  desire  being  to  produce 
designs  "  purely  classical."  This  desire  to  be 
classical  descended  to  the  commonest  shop  fronts  ; 
terraces  of  houses  were  afliicted  with  it  to  an 
enormous  extent,  the  orders  were  fairly  carica- 
tured until  absurdity  could  no  further  go.  All 
this  was,  unfortunately,  aided  by  the  introduction 
of  cement,  which,  at  the  time,  was  supposed  to 
last  for  ever,  but  a  generation  has  been  sufficient 
to  dispel  the  idusion.  The  works  of  the  elder 
Pugin,  Eritton,  Rickman,  and  others,  however, 
soon  led  to  an  examination  of  the  English  styles, 
and  a  change  was  gradually  made  from  copying 
Grecian  to  copying  Gothic  ;  from  Pagan  temples 
to  Gothic  churches  was  a  step  rendered  all  the 
easier  by  the  ancient  examples  being  close  at 
hand.  As  in  the  so-called  "  classical,"  the  slight- 
est deviation  in  the  contour  of  a  moulding  or  a 
departure  from  that  rule-of-thumb  method  of 
proportioning  a  column  called  modules  and 
minutes ;  so  it  became  in  the  Gothic  system,  any 
deviation  from  the  acknowledged  proportion  of  a 
buttress,  the  outlineof  a  capital,  or  the  contour  o£ 
a  moulding  was  at  once  condemned  ;  the  only 
redeeming  quality  in  this  later  period  of  copyism 
was  the  fact  of  a  sounder  principle  of  construction 
being  urged — a  quality  that  was  unfortunate  as 
regarded  very  many  works,  as  tending  to  pre- 
serve them,  mainly,  on  the  score  of  the  expense 
of  their  removal.  The  result  of  this  pernicious 
system  was  such,  that  there  was  scarcely  a  town 
in  the  United  Kingdom  without  one  or  more  of 
those  literal  forgeries.  The  profession  of  the 
present  day  appeared  to  be  divided  between  two 
styles— the  Gothic,  with  its  many  shades  .and  va- 
rieties, and  what  was  usually  termed  the  Italian ; 
and  the  conclusion  to  be  drawn  w.^s  that  ar- 
chitectural design,  considered  as  a  whole,  was  in 
a  state  of  transition,  being  at  the  termination,  and 
wearied  of  a  long  period  of  copyism  of  styles 
which  suited  only  other  ages  and  climes,  and  yet 
undecided  how  to  proceed,  by  reason  of  the  ab- 
sence  of  any   data  on   which  to  form  a  starting 


890 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


December  20.  1867. 


point.  In  the  many  works  recently  erected  in 
either  of  the  styles  uoW  practised,  an  observer 
could  not  fail  to  perceive  a  desire  for  progress  ; 
and  it  was  both  hopeful  and  encouraging  for  the 
future  prospects  of  architecture  to  see  the  con- 
tinued perseverance  in  a  course  of  free  thought 
and  action,  avoiding  eccentricity  on  the  one  hand, 
and  sensationalism  on  the  other.  If  the  work  ie 
Gothic,  as  in  a  church,  a  greater  freedom  of 
thought  would  be  perceived,  the  mind  of  the  de- 
signer being  disposed  to  be  clear  of  the  influence 
of  archaeology,  and  other  trammels  that  usually 
confined  and  cramped  ideas  ;  if  the  woik  was  in 
Btone,  it  was  designed  upon  those  principles  that 
were  applicable  to  stoue ;  if  of  biick,  it  was 
honestly  and  fairly  worked  out  upon  principles 
appUcable  to  brick,  and  no  longer  a  stone  build- 
ing woiked  in  brick.  And  ^o  on  with  iron  and 
other  materials  required.  The  decorative  por- 
tions were  designed  and  suited  to  the  require- 
ments of  the  work,  aud  nat  a  mere  reproduction 
of  the  past.  Again,  if  the  woik  were  one  devoted 
to  commercial  purposes  (aud  also  Gothic),  an  en- 
deavour was  made  to  blend  and  harmonize  with 
it  qualities  unknown  in  the  old  structures,  from 
which  the  style  was  derived.  On  the  other  hand, 
■works  in  the  Italian  style  had  been  executed 
without  reference  to  the  teachings  of  Palladio, 
Chambers,  and  other  previously-considered 
standard  authorities.  In  this  style  of  the  future 
(supposing  their  best  anticipations  to  be  realized), 
it  would  no  doubt  be  easy  to  trace  the  influence 
of  the  architecture  of  other  times  and  other  lands. 
Though  many  features  should  be  recognized  as 
derived  from  precedinLt  styles,  they  would  be  so 
adapted  and  incorporated  with  what  was  new, 
as  not  to  appear  in  any  <legree  discordant,  and 
would  themselves  receive  a  character  which 
should  show  that  they  belonged  to  the  present 
time  ;  a  style  also  that  would  progress  through 
ages,  and  elevate  the  position  of  the  architect  to 
a  higher  scale  than  he  had  hitherto  attained  ;  and 
if  future  archfCologists  were  to  contemplate  the 
ruins  of  palace,  church,  or  town  hall,  from  a  few 
fragments,  they  might  be  enabled  to  fix  the  date 
of  and  reproduce  the  structure,  as  was  done  by  a 
fragment  of  an  old  abbey  in  our  own  time. 


THE    LONDON   FIREMEN. 

THERE  are  few  institutions,  we  venture  to  say, 
to  which  the  metropolitan  public  owe  so 
much  as  to  the  Fire  Brigade.  The  services  they 
render  to  society  in  the  protection  of  life  and 
property,  private  as  well  as  public,  are  of  the  most 
precious  kiud.  Their  duty  is  not  only  arduous 
and  difficult  in  the  extreme,  but  almost  in  every 
instance  they  risk  their  lives  in  the  performance 
of  it.  No  one  will  say  that  on  the  whole  they 
do  not  perform  that  duty  well.  The  very 
calamitous  events  that  have  taken  place  during 
the  last  two  weeks  ab>indantly  show  the  abso- 
lute necessity  there  is  for  having  a  well  appointed 
fire  brigade  in  a  place  such  as  Loudon.  Until 
lately  it  musL  be  confessed  the  brigade  was 
neither  so  complete  nor  so  well  equipfed  as  the 
exigencies  of  the  case  demandeJ.  The  Act  of 
last  year,  however,  brought  about  a  great  im- 
provement, and  has  been  the  means  of  render- 
ing life  and  property  vastly  more  safe  than  they 
were  formerly.  By  this  Act — which  took  effect 
on  January  1,  1866 — the  London  Fire  Engine 
Establishment  was  transferred  to  the  Jletropolitan 
Board  of  Works,  which  immediately  set  itself 
to  introduce  a  thoroughly  organized  system  of 
protection  from  fire.  The  progress  made  by  the 
Board  in  their  arrangements — which  are  not  yet 
completed,  however — may  be  gathered  from  the 
annual  report  just  jiublished,  and  which  con- 
tains some  facts  not  uninteresting  at  the  pre- 
sent time.  The  number  of  stations  transferred 
to  the  Board  at  the  date  we  have  mentioned 
was  seventeen,  exclusive  of  two  stations  on  the 
Thames.  There  are  now  forty-one  land  stations 
in  the  metropolitan  area,  and  others  are  in  course 
of  erection.  The  power  at  the  disposal  of  the 
brigade  for  extinguishing  fires  has  been  largely 
increased  as  regards  engines.  They  have  two 
floating  and  twenty-one  land  steam  engines, 
with  sixty-one  hand-power  engines,  as  compared 
with  twenty-three  steam  engines  (two  of  these 
being  floating  engines),  and  twenty-seven  hand 
engines.  The  Board  is  at  present  constructing  a 
third  floating  steam  fire  engine  at  a  cost  of 
over  £6,000.  This  engine,  it  is  stated,  will  be 
superior  to  anything  of  its  kind  hitherto  con- 
structed, and  must  add  considerably  to  the  secu- 
rity   of  the  warehouses  and  other  valuable  pro- 


perty on  the  river  side.  During  the  same  period 
the  force  of  the  brigade  has  been  raised  from 
130  men  to  227  men.  These  are  ranked  as 
follows : — Four  foremen  of  districts,  29  engi- 
neers, 15  sub-engineers,  50  firemen  of  the  first 
class,  50  of  the  second  class,  and  79  of  the  third 
class.  This,  it  will  be  seen,  is  an  increase  of 
nearly  100  men  in  eighteen  months,  but  we 
understand  that  the  force  has  recently  been 
still  further  augmented  by  the  addition  of  a  large 
number — upwards  of  sixty  -of  the  fire  escape 
conductors,  employed  by  the  Royal  Society  for 
the  Protection  of  Life  and  Fire,  who,  it  appears, 
will  shortly  enter  the  service  of  the  Board,  iu 
consequence  of  the  latter  having  undertaken  the 
duty  hitherto  discharged  by  the  Society.  Be- 
tween July  1,  1S66,  aud  June  30,  of  the  present 
year,  the  brigade  have  attended  with  their 
engines  1,394  fires,  or  upwards  of  100  a  niDuth. 
This  is  exclusive  of  chimney  fires,  of  which 
there  were  during  the  same  period  1,673.  In 
as  many  as  1,219  of  these  cases  penalties  amount- 
ing to  £603  123.  6d.  were  imposed.  Efficient  as 
these  facts  and  figures  prove  the  brigade  to  be, 
they  complain  of  the  hindrance  to  their  opera- 
tions, and  the  conseqiient  loss  of  property  occa- 
sioned by  the  delay  which  frequently  occurs  in 
obtaining  a  proi>er  supply  of  water  at  tires. 


TRADE    SCHOOLS    IN    FRANCE    AND 
AUSTRIA. 

THE  following  description  of  one  of  the  trade 
schools  in  Paiis  occurs  in  one  of  a  series  of 
able  papers  on  the  subject  of  technical  education 
in  the  "  Birmingham  Daily  Post,"  from  the  pen  of 
Mr.  J.  C.  Woodward,  the  science  master  in  the 
Midland  Institute — an  institution  which  is  doing 
good  and  useful  work  in  scientific  teaching.  In 
Paris,  writes  Mr.  Woodword,  the  Estaiilishment  de 
St.  Nicholas  is  a  school  in  which  is  combined 
instruction  in  a  branch  of  trade  iu  conjunction 
with  the  ordinary  branches  of  education.  After 
receiving  a  commercial  education,  the  boys  can, 
at  the  request  of  their  parents,  be  placed  in  the 
workshops  of  the  school.  The  workshops  are 
under  the  direction  of  master  manufacturers,  where 
boys  can  learn  one  of  the  foUowiug  trades— metal 
chasing,  musical  instrument  manufacture,  bronze 
ornament  making,  optical  instrument  making, 
shawl  designing,  picture  frame  making,  jewelry, 
bookbind  ing,  wood  carving,  portmanteau  and  leather 
box  making,  .and  saddlery.  The  masters  are  selected 
by  the  council  of  the  school,  who  take  care  that  the 
person  appointed  is  not  only  a  good  manufacturer, 
but  that  his  character  is  good,  and  that  his  business 
is  sufficient  to  ensure  constant  work  to  the  boys. 
Nine  hours  a-day  are  spent  in  the  workshop,  and 
two  hours  a-day  during  the  apprenticeship  are  de- 
voted to  drawing  and  music.  The  apprenticeship 
lasts  four  years.  During  the  first  three  the  paren  s 
or  guardians  pay  thirty  francs  a  month,  which  in- 
cludes board  aud  lodging ;  while  for  the  last  year 
the  master  pays  in  consideration  of  the  benefit  he 
receives  from  the  apprentice's  labour.  The  number 
of  apprentices  in  the  school  is  about  100.  They 
receive  no  pay  whatever  during  the  apprenticeship 
but  are  able  at  its  corhpletion  to  obtain  wages' 
vai-yiug  from  three  to  five  francs  a  day.  The  ap- 
prenticeship is  completed  at  the  age  of  sixteen  or 
eighteen. 

According  to  the  "Chronicle,"  we  may  well 
derive  a  large  amount  of  instruction  on  the 
subject  of  technical  education  from  the  in- 
dustrial schools  at  Vienna.  They  are  intended  to 
provide  apprentices  with  instruction  suited  to 
their  special  calling.  In  all  of  them  there  are 
classes  for  drawing,  geometry,  physics,  &c. ;  but 
some  have  workshops  attached  to  them,  iu  which 
the  pupils  practise  their  profession,  working  under 
the  eyes  of  a  master.  In  the  Gewerbschule,  in  the 
Wieden  quarter,  the  pupils  are  instructed  in  the 
work  of  locksmiths,  furniture  makers,  and  turners. 
At  Gumpendorf  they  learn  weaving.  In  the 
school  of  St.  John  they  are  taught  masonry  and 
building ;  and  so  on  according  to  the  quarter  of 
the  town  in  which  they  are  situated ;  for  it  must 
be  remembered  that  these  schools  are  founded  by 
associations  or  districts  with  a  sjiecial  local  object. 
It  may  perhaps  be  asked  how  pupils  can  be  taught 
masonry  and  building  at  night  in  a  workshop. 
The  method  is  this  : — The  pupils  begin  by  making 
small  bricks  in  plaster,  and  with  these  miniature 
bricks  they  raise  buildings  which,  lUiputian  as 
they  are,  are  yet  large  enough  for  the  teacher  to 
show  the  princiijles  of  the  work,  and  for  the 
pupil  to  learn  to  apply  them.  With  these  bricks 
the   pupils  learn  to  construct  arches,  chimneys, 


and  other  important  ]>art3  of  a  building  not 
generally  entrusted  to  apprentices.  In  this 
school  the  locksmith's  business  is  also  taught^ 
and  carpenter's  work  is  practised  on  models.  The 
industrial  schools  in  which  weaving  is  taught 
have  jacquard  looms,  while  other  schools  have 
workshops  in  which  the  pupils  work  with  plane, 
file,  and  hammer  on  a  large  scale,  though  the 
work  is  more  often  confined  to  models  iu  wax, 
plaster  aud  clay. 


INCOMBUSTIBLE    WOOD. 

ACCORDING  to  M.  Schattentnann's  experi- 
ments, there  is  an  easy  and  cheap  way  of 
rendering  wood  incombustible  ;  it  consists  of  coat- 
ing it  with  chloride  of  lime.  It  is  true  this  will 
only  protect  the  surface,  but  it  will  prevent  the 
flames  from  spreading.  Chloride  of  lime,  or  more 
properly  chloride  of  calcium,  is  obtained  on  a  large 
scale  by  decomposing  bones  with  hydrochloric  acid 
which  dissolves  the  calcareous  part  without  attack- 
ing the  gelatine  they  contain.  This  neutral  and 
liquid  chloride  marks  14deg.  by  Baume's  aerometer 
and  contains  15  per  cent,  of  anhydrous  chloride. 
To  this  liquid  an  equal  weight  of  slaked  lime  should 
be  added,  and  it  may  then  be  applied  to  the  wood- 
work to  be  preserved.  The  operation  should  be 
repeated  twice  with  a  common  whitewashing 
brush.  The  cost  is  at  the  rate  of  about  live  franca 
per  one  hundred  square  metres,  tiie  liquid  costing 
one  franc  and  the  rest  being  the  men's  wages.  The 
Bouxwider  Mining  Company,  which  extracts  gela- 
tine from  bones,  can  afford  to  seU  liqui-l  chloride 
of  lime  at  two  francs  per  hundred  kilogrammes, 
not  including  the  price  of  the  cask.  Where  chlo- 
ride of  lime  cannot  be  had,  it  may  be  made  by 
treating  chalk  with  hydrochloric  acid.  To  test 
the  incombustibility  of  wood  prepared  in  this  way, 
take  a  few  bricks  and  enclose  a  square  with  them  ; 
fill  up  the  space  with  a  kilogramme  of  straw  ; 
place  three  wooden  laths  across,  coated  as  above, 
then  put  another  row  of  bricks  upon  the  first,  and 
place  the  three  uncoated  laths  across.  Having 
well  secured  them,  set  tire  to  the  straw,  when  the 
upper  or  uncoated  laths  wiU  catch  fire  and  be  im- 
mediately consumed  in  five  or  six  minutes,  while 
the  lower  ones,  protected  by  their  coating,  will 
only  glimmer  and  be  carbonized  where  the  flames 
touch  them,  but  will  everywhere  else  be  safe  from 
combustion.  Fir  should  be  selected  for  the  ex- 
periment. 


AECHyEOLOGY. 


The  Isle  of  May. — The  Scottish  papers  publish 
an  interesting  letter  from  Mr.  John  Stuart,  secre- 
tary of  the  Society  of  Scottish  Antiquaries, 
having  reference  to  a  deeply  curious  old  ecclesias- 
tical building  on  this  island.  St.  Adrian's  Chapel, 
says  Mr.- Stuart,  is  hastening  to  ruin.  It  is  now 
only  a  fragment  of  the  original  edifice  which  re- 
mains, but  it  serves  to  keep  alive  the  memory  of 
some  interesting  points  of  our  early  ecclesiastical 
history ;  and  it  seems  to  me  that  it  would  be  a 
reproach  to  us  to  abandon  it  to  decay  at  a  time 
when  so  much  is  doing  to  preserve  the  scattered 
materials  of  our  early  history.  The  Isle  of  May 
was  at  first  the  retreat  of  St.  Adrian,  about  the 
middle  of  the  ninth  century,  when  he,  with  St. 
Monan  aud  other  followers,  settled  on  the  east 
coast  of  Fife ;  and  here  the  saint  was  soon  after 
martyred  by  the  Norsemen.  Nearly  two  cen- 
turies after  this  time,  David  I.,  King  of  the  Scots, 
founded  a  monastery  on  the  island,  which  he, 
gifted  to  the  Abbey  of  Reading.  It  continued  iu 
possession  of  the  English  monastery  for  upwards 
of  a  century,  but  in  the  time  of  Alexander  III.  it 
was  purchased  from  the  monks  of  Reading  by  the 
Bishop  of  St.  Andrews,  and  annexed  to  the  Priory 
of  that  name.  The  Isle  of  May,  from  its  early 
associations,  was  regarded  as  holy,  and  was  much 
resorted  to  as  a  place  of  pilgrimage  in  the  middle 
ages.  In  the  time  of  James  IV.,  Andrew  Wood, 
of  Largo,  got  a  charter  of  certain  lands,  on  condi- 
tion that  he  should  be  ready  to  pilot  and  convey 
the  King  and  Queen  in  visiting  St.  Adrian's 
Ch:>.pel ;  and  from  the  breviary  of  Aberdeen  it 
appears  that  the  island  was  much  resorted  to  by 
ladies  wishful  to  have  a  family,  .and  that  they 
were  not  disappointed  in  their  hopes  on  paying  it 
a  visit.  The  same  authority  informs  us  that 
while  in  the  beginning  of  the  sixteenth  century 
the  monastery  had  become  ruinous,  there  remained 
a  church,  which  was  often  resorted  to  by  the  faith- 
ful, on  account  of  the  frequent  miracles  there 
wrought.  It  is  added  that  where  the  bodies 
of  the  saints  and  martyrs  repose  a  fragment  of 


December  20,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


891 


this  church  ia  still  standing  ;  but,  from  long  ex- 
posure to  the  weather  the  walls  are  in  a  state 
of  great  dilapidation. 

Pre-historic  Kemains  in  Gravel  Beds. — 
Some  months  ago  a  stone  hatchet  was  dis- 
covered some  Sft.  or  9ft.  deep  in  the  undisturbed 
oolitic  gravel  beds  at  Malton.  The  hatchet  was 
smooth,  and  quite  unlike  the  gravel  implement 
of  other  parts  of  England,  and  by  some  the  dis 
covery  has  been  regarded  as  doubtful,  the  idea 
being  that  the  hatchet  h.ad  fallen  in  from  tho  top. 
The  hatchet,  however,  is  incrusted  with  lime, 
which  would  not  have  resulted  from  the  surface 
soil.  Ou  Friday  last  another  discovery  was  made 
in  the  same  beds,  but  about  half  a  mile  from  the 
place  where  the  hatchet  was  found.  This  w;u.^ 
part  of  the  leg  bone  of  an  ox  (quite  fossilized), 
split  lengthwise  to  extract  the  marrow,  precisely 
as  in  the  cases  of  the  animal  bones  found  in 
tumuli.  This  was  4ft.  Cin.  from  the  surface,  and 
2ft.  below  the  clean  gravel,  which  showed  several 
unbroken  layers.  The  hatchet  and  bone  are  in 
possession  of  Captain  Copperthwaite,  of  Malton. 


^uilbing  |ntcl(i§fiice. 


NOTICES   OP  PUBLICATIONS. 

"The  Waterworks  of  India."  By  Zerah  Col- 
BDRN  and  Wm.  H.  Maw.  London :  E.  and  F.  N. 
Spon.  1S67. 
We  have  here  a  aeries  of  articles  descriptive  of 
the  dilJerent  waterworks  of  the  metropolis,  with 
an  account  of  some  of  the  proposed  schemes  for  a 
better  supply  of  water — Mr.  Bateman's,  Messrs. 
Hemans  and  Hassard's,  Mr.  Remmington's,  and 
otbers,  which  have  already  been  criticized  in  the 
Building  News.  Another  series  of  papers  gives 
an  account  of  the  water  supply  of  Aberdeen, 
Dublin,  Paris,  Bombay,  Philadelphia,  and  other 
great  cities.  The  whole  is  reprinted  from  "  Engi- 
neering." Twenty-one  plates  elucidate  the  text. 
The  descriptive  accounts  of  the  waterworks  in  the 
United  States,  and  elsewhere,  are  interesting 
enough,  but  we  tnnd  nothing  really  new  in  the 
volume  on  tlie  great  question  of  water  supply,  of 
which  it  pretends  to  treat. 


"The   British   Almanac    for    1S6S."      Knight 
and    Co.,    90,    Fleet-street.      We  welcome  with 
pleasure   Mr.  Knight's   volume    as    one    of    the 
mo^t   useful  of  the  many  publications  that  make 
their    appearance    at   this    season.       The    more 
important   portion   of  the  work  is  the  compauiou 
to   the   almanac,   which   coutaius,     among  other 
matter,  thoughtful  and  well  written  papers  on  the 
Roy.al  Commission  on  Railways  ;   the  Economical 
Results  of  Trades'  Unions  ;  the  Present  Position 
and   Prospects  of  the  British  Iron  Trade  ;   Native 
Textile  Industry  in  India ;  and  the  Exhibition  of 
National    Portraits,    1S67.     An   excellent  feature 
of  this  almanack  is  its  annual  resume  of  the  archi- 
tectural and   engineering  improvements  of    the 
year,  which  will  have  a  special  interest  to  members 
of    these    professions.      "  Guteh's    Literary   and 
Scientific  Register  and  Almanack  for   1S6S"   (\V. 
Stevens,   421,   Strand),  has  reached   its   twenty- 
seventh   year   of   publication.      We  know   of  no 
other  work   of  its  class  which   contains   the  like 
quantity  and  variety  of  handy  information  in  the 
same  neat  and   compact   form,  and  ac   the   same 
price.     It  is  a  perfect  Thesaurus  of  every.day  facts 
and   figures  for  everybody.     The   pres3nt  edition 
has  undergone  several  improvements.     We  have 
also  to  acknowledge  "  Dietrichsen   and   Hannay's 
Royal   Almanack,"  Edward  Cleaver,  63,  Oxford- 
street ;    "The   City   Diary  and   Almanack,"  117, 
Aldersgate-street.        Messrs.     Letts,     Sou,     and 
Co.,    have   sent    us    their  usual  annual    packet 
of  diaries — a    class    of   publications    for    which 
they     have    acquired    a    well-deserved    reputii- 
tion.       Of    the     six     diaries     before     us — each 
having  sjiecial   features   of   its   own — we   would 
particularly  recommend  those  marked  No.  12  and 
No.   IS,  as   being  admirable  in  arrangement  and 
get  up.     The   "Office   Calendar"    (No.    3)  is   an 
exceedingly  cheap  and  simple  convenience.     The 
"  London   Bradshaw "   (W.  J.  Adams,   59,  Fleet- 
street).     The  new  Bradshaw  confines  itself  to  the 
London  through  route,   and  does    not    embrace 
branch   lines.     The   work  differs  in  arran-L-uient 
from  the  famous   guide  of  the  same  nam>^,  inas- 
much  as    it   is   both   alphabetical   and    ta'.ular, 
which   is  certainly  an  advantage.     In  addition  to 
its   railway    information,    this    guide    gives    the 
.arrivals  and  departures  of  steamers  from  London 
and   Southampton,  cab  fares,  omnibus  routes,  &c. 
A  map  of   the   environs  of  the  metropolis  is  also 
given.     The   new  Bradshaw   will    be    published 
monthly  at  f  ourpence. 


onuRcnES  and   chapels. 

A  new  Evangelical  Union  Church  has  been 
opened  at  Leith.  The  cost  of  the  building  is 
(.'2,100,  and  it  seats  SOO  persons.  The  original 
design  was  by  Mr.  Herbert.<on,  of  Galashiels,  but 
\va.s  considerably  altered,  and  the  building  erected 
by  Mr.  Gaolen,  of  Leith. 

A  new  Methodist  chapel  was  opened  at  Buralem 
ou  Sunday  week.  It  is  in  the  Italian  style,  and 
will  seat  350  pereons,  at  a  cost  of  £900.  Messrs. 
R.  Scrivener  and  Son,  of  Hauley,  were  the  archi- 
tects, and  Mr.  J.  Bowden,  of  Buralem,  was  the 
contractor. 

Mr.  G.  Soraers  Clarke  is  not  the  architect  of  St. 
Andrew's,  West  Bromwich,  as  mcntioutd  by  us  a 
fortnight  since. 

The  fine  church  of  St.  Paul,  Clifton,  near  Bris- 
tol, was  totally  destroyed  by  fire  on  Sunday  night 
last.  The  fire  is  supposed  to  h.ave  been  caused  by 
the  overheating  of  the  flues  connected  with  the 
warming  apparatus. 

A  new  Methodist  chapel  was  opened  on  Sunday 
at  Newcastle.  The  dimensions  are  60ft.  by  30ft.  ; 
height  24ft.  It  accommodates  260  persons,  at 
a  cost  of  i'700.  Mr.  S.  Oswald,  of  Newcastle, 
was  the  architect. 

The  church  of  St.  Luke,  which  has  been  lately 
erected  in  the  new  district  of  So.  Luke,  Lyn- 
combe,  near  Bath,  from  the  designs  of  Messrs. 
Hickes  and  Isaac,  was  consecrated  on  Tuesday 
last  by  Bishop  Anderson.  The  church  will  seat 
384  persons,  1 23  of  the  sittings  being  free.  The 
amount  hitherto  subscribed  has  been  £1,500,  be- 
sides £1,000  for  the  endowment,  and  £250  is  still 
required  to  complete  the  spire,  which  it  is  intended 
to  carry  up  100ft. 

The  parish  church  of  Whissendine,  Rutland,  a 
strvicture  of  noble  proportions,  is  in  course  of  re- 
storation, the  architects  being  Messrs.  Godiiard 
and  Sons,  of  Leicester.  This  church,  which  is 
dedicated  to  St.  Andrew,  is  undoubtedly  the  finest 
in  the  county.  Considerable  funds  have  been 
collected,  and  it  is  earnestly  hoped  the  present 
energetic  vicar  will  receive  such  further  assistance 
as  will  enable  him  to  complete  the  work  now 
fully  commenced.  The  works  are  being  carried 
out  by  Mr.  John  J.  Fast,  of  Melton  Mowbray, 
by  whom  the  chancel  was  restored  some  years 
since. 

St.  Mary's  Roman  Catholic  Church,  Barnard 
Castle,  has  been  undergoing  e.vtensive  repairs  and 
alterations,  and  an  apse  has  been  added  to  the 
altar  end.  The  designs  were  prepared  by  Mr. 
Joseph  Hanson,  of  London,  and  carried  out  under 
the  direction  of  Mr.  B.  Hepworth,  of  Barnard 
Castle. 

BUILDINGS. 

Last  week  the  Bishop  of  London  consecrated  a 
new  permanent  stone  church  at  Fulham.  The  total 
cost  is  £7,000.  Some  additional  work  remains  to 
be  done,  such  as  tower  and  spire,  carving,  &c.  Mr. 
Darbishite  Is  the  architect,  and  Messrs.  Cubitt 
were  the  contractors. 

The  Alexandra  Working  Men's  Institute  build- 
ing was  opened  on  Monday.  It  consists  of  a  lec- 
ture hall  capable  of  holding  600  persons,  and  a 
number  of  small  rooms,  and  was  erected  at  a  cost 
of  £300.  Mr.  Pratt  furnished  the  designs  gratui- 
tously, and  Mr.  John  Hodgson  was  the  contractor. 
The  building  is  of  brick  with  ornamental  facings. 

The  f  ound.ation  stone  of  the  schools  in  connection 
with  Sc.  Mary's  Church,  Aston,  near  Birmingham, 
was  laid  on  Monday.  The  building  will  'oe  a  neat 
Gothic  structure  with  bell  tower  and  spire,  and 
will  cost  £1,500.  Mr.  Chatiom,  of  Birmingham, 
is  the  architect,  and  Mr.  W.  Partridge  the  builder. 

A  new  wing  has  been  added,  at  a  cost  of  about 
£7,000,  to  the  Wesleyan  Training  College,  Horse- 
ferry-road,  Lambeth.  It  comprises  a  lecture  hall,  a 
day  room,  class.rooms.  and  about  30  bedrooms.  The 
building  is  of  picked  stocks  with  plain  Gothic  Bath 
stone  windows.  Messrs.  Wilson  and  Wilcox  were 
the  architects,  and  Mr.  Hobsou,  of  the  Adelphi, 
was  the  builder. 

The  winter  garden  and  ball-room  just  com- 
pleted at  Werneth  Park,  Oldham,  for  John  I'latt, 
Esq.,  M.P.,  from  the  designs  of  Mr.  Peter  B. 
Alley,  architect,  Manchester,  were  thrown  open 
on  Tuesday  evening  last  to  a  large  gathering  of 
Mr.  Piatt's  friends,  including  the  Right  Hon.  W.  E. 
Gladstone,  M.P.,  W.  H.  Gladstone,  M.P.,  the 
I  mayor  of  Manchester,  Sir  Elkanah  Armitage,  &c. 


Buildings  on  the  suburbs  of  Bristol  have  l)een 
extending  very  rapidly  of  late.  In  fact,  quite  an 
impetus  has  been  given  to  business,  the  more 
favourable  when  contrasted  with  the  slackness 
prevalent  in  many  largo  towns.  Among  others,  a 
number  of  pretty  Gothic  cottages,  erected  by  Mr. 
White,  of  Hanham  Court,  deserve  mention.  They 
are  of  Pennant  stone,  with  Bath  dressings,  and 
have  been  built  by  Mr.  Charles  King,  of  Bitton. 


WATER 


SUPPLY    AND 
MATTERS. 


SANITARY 


Tho  new  main  drainage  works  have  been  com- 
menced at  Ventuor,  Isle  of  Wight.  Mr.  Frauo  is 
the  contractor. 

Mr.  W.  Russ,  in  conjunction  with  Messrs- 
Lucas  and  Wilkinson,  has  submitted  a  plan  to  the 
local  board  of  West  Ham,  Essex,  for  disposing  of 
the  sewage  now  pumped  into  tho  River  Lea,  by 
taking  it  to  a  height  of  100ft.,  at  llaiuault  Forest, 
the  main  sewage  costing  £4,500  per  mile.  An 
agriculturist  offers  to  give  £2  per  acre  on  600 
for  a  supply  of  6,000  tons  per  acre  per  annum, 
and  to  take  all  the  surplus  which  c.innot  be  sold 
on  the  way  to  market  gardeners,  (fee,  who  are  ex- 
pected to  take  the  sewage  to  the  value  of  £5,000 
per  annum.  These  returns  will  give  a  profit  of 
about  9  per  cent. 

The  Commissioners  for  the  Prevention  of  Pol- 
lution in  Rivers  paid  a  visit  last  week  to  Black- 
burn, and  inspected  plans  of  the  district  showing 
the  courses  of  the  Rivers  Blakewater  and  Uarwen. 
They  visited  the  sewage  works  at  Wen^ley  I'old, 
the  junction  of  the  Blakewater  with  the  Derwent, 
and  the  weir  above  Feniscowles  Uall,  and  inti- 
mated that  their  next  vLsit  to  take  evidence 
would  probably  be  in  February  or  March. 

For  a  length  of  time  past  the  watersupplied  to  the 
town  of  Halifax  has  been  of  an  impure  character, 
but  for  the  last  six  or  seven  days  past  it  has  been 
much  worse.  The  complaints  against  it  are  con- 
sequently numerous  and  severe.  It  is  s.aid  that 
the  fouling  of  the  water  arises  from  the  new 
waterworks  going  on. 

The  Rivers  Pollution  Commissioners  have  held 
a  preliminary  meeting,  to  consider  the  state  of  the 
Ribble,  at  the  Town  Hall,  Preston.  They  viewed 
the  river  both  at  Preston  and  at  the  outfall  of  the 
sewers  at  the  Marsh  End.  They  also  visited  the 
new  Cattle  Market,  and  the  Town  Hall,  with 
which  they  expressed  themselves  much  pleased. 


TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 

To  Odr  Readers. — We  shall  feel  obliged  to  any  of  our 
readers  who  will  favour  ua  with  brief  uutes  of  works  con- 
templated or  iu  pruji-ess  in  the  provinces. 

Letters  relating  to  advertisements  and  the  ordinary  busi- 
ness of  the  Paper  should  bo  .addressed  to  tlio  EDITOR, 
31,  TAVISTOCK  STREET,  COVEN'T  GARDEN,  W.C. 

Advei-tisements  for  the  current  week  must  reach  the 
office  before  5  o'clock  p.m.  on  Thursday. 

Notice.— The  BUILDING  NEWS  inserts  advertise 
ments  for  "  SITUATION'S  WANTED,'  Sic,  at  ONB 
SUILLING  tor  the  first  Twenty-four  Worda. 


Received.— L.  and  Son.— A.  I!.- W.  B.  A.— J.  C— 
T.  J.  S— G.  B.  J.— A.  P.— J.  O.— P.  and  S.— T.  PL- 
W.  J.  M.— W.  and  T.  F.— n.  H.  S.-J.  W.— J.  P.  P.— 
A.  M.  U.—.T.  P.-T.  C— E.  B-J.  T.  S. 

H.  H.— Declined.  We  cannot  make  the  BulLDlN'O  News 
a  vehicle  for  persimal  squabbles. 

J.  H.  T. — We  cannot  re.ad  your  writing. 

A.  G.  W.,  with  drawing  of  font. 

G.  B. — Engravers  have  had  copyrights  in  their  works 
from  1734,  sculptors  in  theirs  since  17liS,  and  painters  in 
theirs  only  since  1S6"2.  At  present  the  proprietois  of  British 
copyrights  are  admirably  protected  by  the  Laws  of  sevenil 
foreign  .states  against  the  infnngements  of  tlieir  righta 
there  ;  but  the  proprietors  of  foreign  copyrights  are  most 
inefficiently  protected  by  our  laws 


Cll^omspoiikiire. 


COTTAGE  IMPROVEMENT. 
To  the  Editor  of  the  Building  News. 
Sir, —  I  observed  an  article  tuider  the  above 
heading  in  your  issue  of  the  6th  inst.  As  the 
report  of  the  Central  Cottage  Improvement 
Society  is  incorrect,  I  beg  to  state  that  I  have 
erected  one  cottage  at  Wanste.ad,  after  Mr.  Smith's 
design,  for  £105,  and  am  willing  to  build  one  or 
any  number  of  them  within  two  miles  of  Snares- 
brook  Station  for  the  sum  above  stated,  provided 
the  ground  does  not  require  more  brickwork  in 
foundation  than  shown  on  section.  The  cottage 
already  built  took  in  foundation  nearly  a  rod   of 


892 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


December  20,  1867. 


brickwork  more  than  shown  on  section,  for  which 
I  could  get  no  extra.  Where  the  cottage  now 
stands  was  a  large  pond  not  two  years  since. — I 
am,  &c.,     -  Thomas  Hills,  Builder. 

George-lane,  Wanstead,  December  16. 


AECHITECTURAL     COLOURING     IN 
FRANCE     AND    ENGLAND. 

SiK, — With  reference  to  the  paper  on  the 
above  subject,  in  the  last  issue  o£  your  journal, 
will  you  permit  an  "  outsider,"  who  has  recently 
rambled  over  the  same  ground  as  the  writei-  of  the 
article,  to  s\ipplement  it  by  one  or  two  observa- 
tions of  his  own.  The  Cathedral  of  Uheims  is  in 
itself,  in  my  opinion,  a  most  notable  example 
of  the  failure  of  chromatic  decoration.  What 
would  not  have  been  the  eft'ect  produced  by  the 
play  of  colour  from  the  glorious  (though  sombre) 
clerestory  windows,  and  the  kaleidoscopic  upper 
rosace  at  the  western  end,  if  the  white  stonework 
of  the  roof  had  not  been  hidden  by  the  dark  blue 
wash  so  liberally  bestowed  upon  it ;  aud  why  is 
the  scant  depth  of  the  triforium  lessened  by  a 
background  of  the  ever  obtrusive  blue  ?  Who 
would  imagine  the  roof  to  be  but  30ft.  lower  than 
that  of  Beauvais  ?  Again,  the  profusely  gilded 
capitals  of  the  nave  arcade  quite  destroy  that  ver- 
ticality  which  is  so  essential  to  all  true  Gothic 
architecture. 

Take  a  glance  at  the  metropolitan  church  of 
our  neighbours.  Will  the  gorgeousue.ss  of  the 
choir  aisle  sculpture  compensate  for  the  lack  of 
that  quiet  antiquity,  that  "  petrified  religion,"  so 
all-pervadingthe  uncoloured  sculpture  of  Chartres  ? 
Even  the  latter  grand  old  pile,  in  its  present  dirty 
and  dilapidated  condition,  seems  to  be  afflicted 
with  a  plethora  of  dark  tints,  but  what  the  result 
may  be  when  the  walls  are  scraped,  according  to 
French  fixshion,  and  the  windows  cleaned  and  re- 
leaded,  it  is  perhips  difficult  to  say,  keeping  in 
view  the  brightness  imparted  to  the  old  glass  in 
the  northern  transeptal  rose  wiudow  at  Lincoln 
by  the  cleaning  process.  Is  there  not  an  infinity 
more  of  ''  frozen  music  "  in  the  old  uncoloured 
cathedral  of  Laou  than  in  all  the  chromatic 
splendour  of  the  Sainte  Chapelle,  excellent  though 
it  is. 

To  my  mind,  whenever  ai'chitecture  is  above 
mediocrity,  there  colour  should  be  entirely  sub- 
sidiary ;  where  otherwise,  there  the  decorator 
should  be  allowed  greater  latitude.  According 
to  my  idea,  an  illustration  of  the  latter  proposi- 
tion will  be  found  in  the  chancel  of  the  large 
church,  near  the  barracks  at  AbbevUle.  I  pass  by 
the  chapter  houses  of  York  aud  Salisbury  as 
brilliant  exceptions  to  this  rule.  My  impression 
is,  that  not  only  "in  this  art  have  we  not  much 
to  learn  from  France,"  but  that  we  have  posi- 
tively many  examples  and  warnings  of  what  to 
avoid. 

The  "  sham  window-painting  "  at  Amiens  can- 
not, surely,  be  defended  on  any  ground  whatever, 
even  if  there  were  traces  of  medi;cval  work.  By 
all  means  2'i'eserve  every  touch  of  antiquity,  even 
at  the  risk  of  incongruity,  but  t:>  imitate  the  bar- 
barisms of  the  middle  ages  is  a  very  different 
thing.  M  ight  we  not,  on  the  same  principle,  re  • 
tain  tallow  candles  in  our  churches  and  refuse  ihe 
aid  of  gas  ?  Should  we  not  still  build  organs 
upon  which  only  "muscular  Christians,"  with 
good  fists,  could  operate  ?  To  take  only  one  in- 
stance in  point — look  at  the  quaint  figures 
on  the  chancel  roof  of  St.  Mary's,  Beverley; 
can  anything  more  be  said  in  their  favour  than 
that  they  aie  curious  ?  And  should  this  be  a  suf- 
ficient recommendation  in  an  age  Uke  the  present  ? 
Again,  I  say,  jealously  preserve  even  the  curiosi- 
ties consecrated  by  time ;  but  the  creation  of 
spurious  antiquities  should  be  a  thing  of  the 
past. 

I  merely  take  the  case  of  St.  Mary's  as  one  in- 
stance out  of  many,  but  it  is  jieculiarly  apposite, 
for  while  care  is  taken  that  the  very  builders 
of  the  edifice  should  recognize  the  roof,  were  they 
to  revisit  their  work,  it  is  to  be  feared  they  would 
be  scared  away  by  the  big  stoves  and  gigantic 
chimney-piping  introduced  into  the  building, 
which  have  not  even  the  merit  of  necessity, 
seeing  that  beneath  the  Ladye  Chapel  a  most  ex- 
ceptional site  is  offered  for  a  hot  water  apparatus. 
Surely  the  spirit  of  conservatism  (if  reproduction 
be  entitled  to  that  term)  should  also  prevent  the 
introduction  of  unnecessary  and  unsightly  modern 
appUauces. 

To  return  to  our  first  subject,  I  think  that 
chromatic  architectural  decoration  forms  no  ex- 
ception to  the  rule  that  excess  is  dangerous  in  all 


things.  It  would  be  interesting  to  know  how  far 
these  views  are  shared  in  by  the  great  numbers  of 
lay  readers  of  the  Building  News,  because 
it  seems  to  me  that  the  profession  cannot  be 
wholly  uninfluenced  by  outside  opinion. — I  am, 
^'^■>  "Via  Media. 


PRIZE    DESIGN  FOR    LABOURERS' 
COTTAGES. 

Sir, — Permit  me  to  say,  with  reference  to  the 
remarks  in  your  current  number,  on  the  award  of 
prizes  by  Cottage  Improvement  Society,  that 
the  reason  I  was  unable  to  report  favourably  on 
Mr.  Smith's  design  was  twofold — 1 .  Where  the  posi- 
tion of  bed  was  indicated  in  third  bedroom  I  found 
a  large  bulkhead,  and  on  referring  to  the  plan  it 
appeared  sufficient  headway  could  not  be  ob- 
tained to  stairs  without  such  projection.  This 
prevented  the  use  of  the  room  for  the  purpose  in- 
tended, without  alteration  of  material  kind.  2. 
We  having  failed  to  procure  estimates  within 
nearly  25  per  cent,  of  the  sum  stated,  were 
bound  to  be  particular  for  the  sake  of  our  sub- 
scribers. I  asked  the  builder  to  call  on  me  and 
questioned  him  on  the  subject.  He  distinctly  de- 
cliued  building  any  single  cottage  from  these  plans 
for  less  than  £120,  and  that  in  hi?  own  locality 
Of  course,  I  was  bound  to  acoept  this  as  final, 
so  far. 

With  reference  to  my  nephew.  I  did  not  know 
he  was  a  competitor,  aud  when  the  envelope  was 
opened  I  at  once  put  aside  his  design,  which  had 
been  selected  as  best,  as  without  the  pale  of  the 
competition.  To  preserve  it  to  the  Society  I  my- 
self volunteered  a  third  or  extra  prize  of  three 
guineas. 

When  the  council  met  Mr.  Smith,  I  stated 
these  points,  and,  as  he  expressed  himself 
aggrieved,  I  offered  on  their  behalf  to  refer  the 
matter  to  the  arbitrament  of  any  well-known 
architect,  or  one  of  six,  to  be  chosen  by  himself. — 
I  am,  Sir,  &c.,  Wm.  G.   Habershon. 

National  Club,  Whitehall-gardens. 


LANOHAM    HOTEL. 


Sib, — Permit  me  for  the  last  time  to  refer  to  the  above 
subject  iu  .answer  to  Mr.  Murray's  letters  iu  the  BuiLDlNC 
News  and  "Builder."  The  statements  contained  in  them 
are  untrue  in  every  particular.  The  judge  himself  struck 
out  of  the  list  the  plans  I  proved  I  had  made.  Mr.  Murray 
(as  my  clerk  can  prove)  never  saw  them  until  they  were 
sent  fiom  my  office  to  his — complete,  with  the  e.Yception 
of  inking  in  and  colouring.  From  his  office  they  were  sent 
to  tlie  works,  and  tliis,  I  presume,  is  what  lie  means  by 
"furnishing"  tliem.  As  regard -i  the  other  part  of  his 
letter  I  can  only  quote  the  report  of  the  directors  to  the 
shareholders,  as  follows; — "The  directors,  having  taken 
the  l>est  professional  advice,  select&i  the  desigu  of  Mr. 
Giles."  Mr.  Miu-ray  evidently  forgets  the  names  of  the 
directors  when  he  says  ho  was  unknown  to  them.  I  will 
charitably  abstain  from  taxing  his  memory. — I  am,  Sir, 
&c  ,  J.  L.  Giles. 

28,  Craven-street,  Charing-cross. 

[This  correspondence,  if  continued,  must  be  transferred 
to  our  advertisement  columns.  ] 


CONCRETE    HOUSES. 


Sir, — In  your  last  issue,  Mr.  W.  May,  jun.,  of  North- 
fleet,  in  describing  his  method  of  building  concrete  houses, 
makes  statements  which  are  inaccurate  and  calculated  to 
mislead  the  public.  My  proofs  of  Mr.  May's  statements 
being  inconect,  are,  first.  I  was  informed  by  the  manager 
of  Messrs.  Heywood  .and  Hatcher  (the  gentlemen  for  whom 
the  house  w.os  built)  that  it  had  cost  more  than  it  would 
h.ave  done  iu  brickwork,  and  we  aU  know  that  brickwork 
cannot  be  done  for  £5  or  £6  per  rod.  but  costs  even  more 
tliau  double  that  amount.  Second,  I  analysed  aud  com- 
pared his  method  with  other  methods,  the  cost  of  which 
I  am  perfectly  well  acqu.ainted  mth.  Mr.  May  casts  his 
blocks  one  day  and  uses  them  the  next.  Now,  to  be  able 
to  do  this  the  proportion  of  cement  cannot  be  less  than 
one  in  two.  He  also  states  that  he  cases  400  blocks  per 
day.  To  do  this  he  must  have  400  moulds,  for  nothing  but 
worthless  cement  would  set  fast  enough  to  allow  of  casting 
two  blocks  in  the  same  mould  in  one  d.ay.  Bnt  leaving 
c.l.st  them  he  is  compelled  to  Lay  them  by  skilled  labour. 
Moreover,  he  acknowledges  to  using  bricks  for  fireplaces, 
jambs,  &c.  Now,  sir,  please  to  compare  this  system  with 
the  one  c  u'ried  out  with  my  patent  app.-iratus,  in  which 
no  skilled  labour  whatever  is  required.  The  proportion 
of  cement  is  only  one  in  eight,  and  I  require  to  use  no 
bricks  for  hreplaces;  I  merely  use  burnt  ball.ast  instead 
of  gravel,  and  this  will  st-and  the  heat  of  any  ordinary 
fireplace.  Yet  with  all  these  advantages  the  wall  built 
on  my  system  costs  about  £5  or  £l}  per  roil.  Therefore,  1 
feel  justified  in  asserting  that  Mr.  May's  statements  are 
inaccurate.  Also  hollow  w.alls  may  be  built  with  my 
system  much  easier  than  described  by  Mr.  May,  I  have 
only  to  insert  cores  or  prints  to  form  the  hollow  part,  and 
draw  them  upward  as  the  work  proceeds.  I  can  make  even 
9in.  .and  (Jin.  walls  hollow,  which,  I  think,  will  puzzle  any- 
one to  do  on  Mr.  May's  system.  I  will  only  8.ay,  in  con- 
clusion, that  if  Mr.  May  will  undeitAke  to  build  walls  at 
the  price  he  states,  I  wiU  guarantee  him  constant  employ- 
ment, for  I  am  daily  declining  offers  of  building. — I  am. 
Sir,  &c, ,  J.  Tall. 

Falstaff-yard,  Kent-street,  Southwark, 
London,  Dec.  IS. 


|iitfrt0minuiiicatioii. 


QUESTIONS. 

_  [6SS.]  -WATER-FLOW  PIPES.  -Will  any  correspondent 
inform  me  what  quantity  in  cubic  feet  per  minute  is  an 
18in.  pipe  capable  of  throwing  at  a  fall  or  gradient  of  9.ift. 
per  mile,  and  if  the  same  formulie  will  do  in  less  and 
more  gradients  for  bigger  aud  sm'allei  pipes?— Inquirkr. 


[689.]-PROFESSIOXAL  CHARGES.— In  the  report 
of  the  committee  of  the  Royal  Institute  of  iSritlsh  Archi- 
tects on  Professional  Practice,  presented  to  the  Council 
and  published  in  July  last,  it  is  stated  that  the  scale  of 
charges  of  the  Institute  "  ha.s  been  universally  adopted 
by  the  public  and  the  profession,  and  quoted*  as  an  au- 
thority in  the  courts  of  law."  I  shall  feel  greatly  obliged 
if  any  member  of  the  profession  can  give  me  one  or  more 
instances  of  the  recognition  of  this  document  by  the  courts 
as  stated. 

I  should  also  wish  to  be  informed  if  the  charge  of  one- 
half  per  cent,  for  obtaining  tenders,  altborized  iu  special 
cases  by  clause  13  of  the  Institute  scale,  was  ever  made 
pievious  to  its  publication  by  the  Institute  in  1862.  I 
should  suppose  it  must  hare  been  usual  long  previous, 
but  have  heard  it  questioned  on  the  ground  that  it  is  a 
new  thing  recently  imposed  by  the  profession  on  the  pub- 
lic—F.  W.  ^1'  I' 


[C90.]— GAUGING  WATER— WQl  any  reader  kindly 
inform  me,  through  the  medium  of  the  "intercom- 
munication," the  rule  for  calculating  the  discharge 
of  water  iu  gallons  per  hour  through  a  rectangular 
orifice  1ft.  6iu.  in  width,  the  water  measuring  Sjin, 
from  the  bottom  of  the  orifice  to  the  surface  of  the 
water?  The  discharge  is  through  an  orifice  in  a  dam 
erected  at  the  outfall  of  a  4ft.  x  2ft.  Sin.  sewer,  and  the 
velocity  of  the  water  being  77ft.  in  G  minutes.  1  have 
endeavoured  to  calculate  this  from  the  "  Bugineei-a'  Pocket 
Book,"  but  have  not  succeeded. — H.  G.  S. 


[691.] -CENTRAL  COTTAGE  IMPROVEMENT  SO- 
CIETY.— Having  seen  several  references  to  this  Society 
recently  in  the  Building  News,  I  should  be  glad  to  know 
the  objects  and  the  address  of  the  Society.— W.  W. 

[We  copy  tlie  following  from  a  report  of  the  Society  :— 
The  principal  desire  and  aim  of  the  Society  is  to  promote 
the  improvement  of  the  dwellings  of  the  working  classes, 
whether  agricultural  labourei-s  or  artizans,  either  by  im- 
proving those  already  in  existence,  or  by  inducing  pro- 
prleto's  to  erect  new  ones,  constiucted  with  greater  at teu- 
tion  to  the  health,  convenience,  and  comfort  of  the  inmates 
than  formerly.  The  latter  being  the  most  promising  and 
permanently  useful  part  of  the  design,  the  Society  has 
directed  itsvhief  etforts  to  the  construction  of  cottages. 
To  this  en  1  it  has  devised  and  publiihed  plans,  which 
being  erected  in  all  parts  of  England,  have  proved  the 
practicability  of  producing  greatly  improved  dwellings  at 
a  cost  upon  which  the  rent  will  return  a  fair  rate  of  in- 
terest. Iu  these  plans  special  attention  has  been  paid  ti» 
the  impoitance  of  providing  separate  sleeping  rooms  fnr 
the  parents  and  the  different  sexes  of  children;  and  to 
surround  their  homes  with  accommodations  which  allow 
of  the  observances  of  the  decencies  uud  proprieties  of  life. 

As  a  material  auxiliary  in  carrying  out  these  imporhiiii 
objects,  the  Society  is  forming  a  museum,  in  wluch  may 
be  found  at  one  vievv,  by  means  of  models,  plans,  book--*, 
or  papers,  a  collection  of  all  the  bj^st  designs  not  only  fur 
the  dwellings  themselves,  but  of  all  improvements  in 
heating,  lighting,  aud  ventilating  which  may  be  applicable 
to  them ;  aud  a  vast  amount  of  information  on  cogent 
subjects. 

The  chief  objects  of  the  Society  are  the  improvement  of 
subui  ban  dwellings  for  artizaus  ;  the  erection  of  cottages 
for  iabourera  — iu  the  agricultural  districts — on  such  plans 
and  apecificAtions  as  will  give  a  fair  leturu  on  the  outlay  ; 
the  construction  of  village  lodging  houses  and  the  best 
means  of  providing  accommodation  for  single  labourers  ; 
the  general  improvement  of  existing  dwellings  and  cot- 
tages, gardens,  tiic. 

The  Society  have  published  five  de3ig;n3  for  cottages  : — 
No.  1  has  a  kischen  and  second  room,  to  be  used  either  as 
a  sitting  or  extra  bedj-oom,  with  two  good  Ijedrooms  on 
second  floor.  No.  2  is  similar  to  No.  1,  but  slightly 
larger,  and  one  bedroom  upstair.s  has  a  movable  partition, 
for  the  better  sepai-ation  of  childi'en,  if  desired.  No.  3  is 
^imilar  to  No.  1,  with  the  addition  of  a  convenient  scid- 
lery  or  washhouse.  No.  4,  or  model  cottages,  as  erected 
near  the  luteruational  Exhibition,  1S62,  contain  superior 
accummodation  to  meet  the  requirements  of  the  artizau 
class,  while,  at  the  same  time,  a  very  moderate  rent  will 
give  a  fair  return  on  the  outlay  to  the  laudlord.  No  .'., 
triple  plan,  the  centre  cottage  has  one  bedroom,  the  left- 
hand  cottage  two  bedrooms,  right-hand  cottage  three  bed- 
rooms. 

No.  1  has  been  built  for  £162,  No.  2  £163,  No.  3  £175, 
No.  4  £2:20  per  pair,  and  No.  5  at  £225  the  block. 

Further  informatiou  may  be  obtained  from  the  secre- 
tary, Mr.  H.  Martin,  37,  Aruudel-street,  Strand,  W.C.] 


[6^2.]— CEMENT  FOR  STOPPING  CAEN  STONE.— 
Could  any  one  of  your  numerous  readers  inform  me  the  beat 
cement  used  for  stopping  defects  in  Caen  stoue.— C.\kve- 

WOItK 


[693.]— NITRO-GLYCERINE.— Will  any  of  your  readers 
kindly  inform  me  what  are  the  component  ]jarts  of  this 
highly-explosive  substance? — D.  S. 

[Our  correspondent  is  referred  to  another  page  foi  a 
short  account  of  nitroglycerine.] 


[69-1.]- ETCHING  VARNISH.— I  should  be  obliged  for 
a  few  words  of  direction  as  to  how  I  should  prepare  etcliing 
varnish.  I  have  searched  in  vain  for  a  work  on  the  sub- 
ject.— ALONDONEK. 

[G95.J—DEAD  DIPPING.— I  am  aware  that  the  agree- 
able pale  yellow  dead  surface  on  ornamental  brasswcrk  is 
the  result  of  a  process  called  dead  dippiug.  If  any  of  your 
readera  will  describe  the  process  it  will  be  a  favour  con- 
ferred upon— W.  E.  C. 


Decembee  20,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


S03 


REPLIES. 

[641.]— TURNPIKE  ROADS— From  the  reply  of  "  Sur- 
veyor to  a  Local  Board  "  to  my  quystiou  inyourjourn.il, 
November  1,  it  is  very  clear  he  is  not  a-xiuainted  with  tlu- 
duties  of  a  turnpike  surveyor,  and  apparently  not  that  of 
the  requirements  of  a  liighway  aui-veyor,  or  he  woulu  not 
put  forth  such  a  fojlish  argument  as  he  has  done  upon 
the  non-uniformity  of  the  line  of  building  on  a  free 
holder's  land;  the  letter  leferred  to  the  uniformity  of  line 
on  the  side  of  the  road  and  not  in  fields  and  gardens  over 
which  he  has  no  control.  What  can  be  more  objectionable, 
when  travelling  along  a  road,  than  a  building  projecting 
beyond  the  general  line  of  hedge  or  wall  line,  added  to 
which  the  closer  bnildiugs  are  brought  up  to  the  boundary 
line  of  a  road,  less  sun  and  wind  acts  ujKm  the  metalled 
part  of  the  road  t<^  dry  It  up,  and  as  .a  consw|uence  e.xtra 
expense  is  incurred  by  those  who  have  to  maintain  rwvds. 
The  surveyor  should  endeavour  to  have  all  bilildiugs  set 
back  a  distance  from  the  he<ige  or  wall  line. 

As  to  the  width  of  a  turnpike  road,  "  Highw.ay  Surveyor" 
seems  equally  ignorant  upon  the  Genenil  Turnpike  Uo,ad 
Acta.  3  Geo.  4,  cap.  126,  s.  US,  enacts  the  road  to  be  tlOft. 
wide  within  three  miles  of  a  nuivket  town,  and  ^0(t.  if 
beyond  that  distance.  The  extrii  width  not  metallcil  is 
required  for  obUiining  as  much  ;w  possible  sun  and  wind 
to  drj-  up  the  ro.ad.  1  will  atlmit  m.any  roads  are  not  of 
that  wi<ith  :  therefore,  it  becomes  tlie  duty  of  a  turnpike 
surveyor  to  be  vigilant  in  retaining  all  the  width  he  can. 
In  some  cases  the  "  uniformity  "  of  lino  on  the  road  side 
may  bo  improved  with  a<Ivantage.  The  Highway  Act 
wisely  provides  a  less  width  of  rcwul  liccause  there  is  less 
travelling  upon  such  ro.ads,  and  to  have  the  same  width 
.•u*  (irovideil  for  turnpike  roads  would  have  caused  a  wjusto 
of  laud  to  the  country.  1  think  *'  Stu-veyor  of  Highways  " 
will  see  that  he  h,as  been  weak  on  "all  points,"  and  not 
your  humble  servant— Surveyor. 


WAGES  MOVEMENT. 

Notice  has  been  received  by  the  Birmingham  master 
masons,  from  their  operatives,  of  a  required  incre.ase  of 
wages  of  one  farthing  per  hour.  The  jwesent  condition 
of  fade  is  such  that  there  is  little  probability  of  the  ad- 
vance being  conceded. 

Differences  have  arisen  between  the  qnarrymasters  of 
Leeds  and  their  workmen.  The  former  liave  reduced  the 
wages  4d.  per  day,  or  .about  VJ  per  cent.  This  the  men 
determined  to  oppose,  and  strikes  have  been  more  or  less 
general.  A  meeting  of  the  masters  w.as  held  last  week, 
when  it  was  resolved  to  maint,ain  the  reduction.  Manv 
of  the  men  have  since  resumed  work. 


STATUES,  MEMORIALS,  ETC. 

5Ir.  Thomas  Woolner  is  the  sculptor  selected  by  the 
coraraittee  of  subscribers  to  execute  the  statue  of  Lord 
P-almerston,  to  be  erected  near  the  Houses  of  Parliament. 
The  work,  we  believe,  will  consist  of  a  single  coloss.al 
figure,  Sft.  in  height.  The  site  fixed  upon  is  at  the  corner 
of  the  new  enclosure  in  Palace-yard,  immediately  opposite 
the  Peel  monuuent. 

A  monument  intended  to  be  placed  in  Dunfermline 
Abbey,  to  the  memory  of  the  late  General  Bruce,  has  been 
finished  by  Mr.  Foley.  It  is  an  altar  tomb.  Bas-reliefs 
on  the  panels  commemorate  the  principal  incidents  of 
his  journey  to  the  Holy  Land  with  the  Prince  of  Wales, 
and  his  effigy  is  defined  on  the  lid. 

The  monument  to  be  erected  by  the  tenantry  of  the 
Herbert  estate  is  to  be  in  the  form  of  a  Celtic  cross,  ilsft. 
in  height,  and  to  be  placed  on  the  summit  of  the  highest 
mountain  on  the  estate.  Besides  the  usual  ornamenta- 
tions, there  will  be  inserted  two  panels,  one  containing  a 
medallion  of  deceased,  and  the  other  svmbolical  fitnires. 
The  dedgr.  is  by  )lr.  William  Atkins,  South  JIall,  Cork, 
and  the  execution  of  the  work  has  been  entrusted  to  Jlr. 
P.  J.  Scannell,  of  same  city. 


LEGAL    INTELLIGENCE, 

Dangerous  Structurp:s. — Mr.  Baylis,  solicitor 
to  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Works,  appeared  on 
Monday,  at  the  Guildhall,  in  support  of  two  sum- 
monses taken  out  against  the  owners  and  occu- 
piers of  dangerous  structures,  situated  No.  13. 
Fetter-lane,  and  4^,  Widegate.street,  which  were 
in  such  a  condition  that  they  required  to  be 
either  shored  up  or  taken  down  to  the  first-floor. 
Evidence  was  given  as  to  the  condition  of  the 
premises.  After  which  the  parties  respectively 
promised  to  do  all  that  Mr.  Woodthorpe,  the  dis- 
trict survey,  required,  and  Mr.  Alderman  Cotton 
made  a  formal  order  in  each  case  for  the  necessary 
precautions  to  be  taken  for  the  public  safety. 

Curious  Claim  upon  a  Clergtjian.— A  case 
of  some  importance  to  the  clergy,  owners  of  pro- 
perty, and  parochial  authorities  in  London,  has 
just  been  heard  before  J[r.  Barker,  at  the  Clerken- 
■well  Police-court.  The  plaintifld,  the  vestry  of 
St.  Pancras,  summoned  a  clergyman  for  improve- 
ments made  about  his  church,  under  the  various 
metropolitan  improvement  acts,  for  a  sum  of 
nearly  £700,  and  the  claim  was  resisted,  although 
it  is  said  that  several  of  the  St.  Pancras  clergy 
who  have  been  applied  to  have  paid  the  sums  at 
which  they  have  been  assessed  without  resist- 
ance. Mr.  M.  Garvey,  who  appeared  for  the 
plaintiffs,  said :— The  "defendant  is  the  Eev. 
A.  R  G.  Thomas,  incumbent  of  St.  Paul's 
Church,  Camdeu-square,  and  the  claim  ma<'.- 
upon  him  was  for  £690  lis.  lOd.,  for  path^  and 
footways    made  round    his    church.       He   con- 


tended that  (is  the  incumbent  of  the  church 
he  was  the  owner  of  the  freehold,  because  induc- 
tion to  the  church  made  him  ipso  facto  the  free- 
liolder  of  the  church.  That  hatl  "been  provided 
by  direct  legislation.  Mr.  Thomas  was,  there. 
fore,  sued  as  a  corporation  sole,  representing  the 
whole  interests  of  the  church  for  the  time  being. 
Mr.  Sleigh,  for  the  defence,  contended  that,  for 
the  purposes  of  the  Act,  Mr.  Thomas  was  not 
the  "owner"  of  the  property.  The  owner  must 
be  the  person  who  receives  the  rack  rent.  Mr. 
Thomas  was  a  salaried  oflicer,  paid  £400  a  year 
by  the  trustees,  to  whom  the  pew  rents  were 
assigned.  The  magistrate  said  hi;  should  reserve 
his  opinion.  In  any  c.i.se,  the  matter  will,  it  is 
believed,  be  taken  to  the  Court  of  (Jueen's  Bench. 

Party  Walls.— At  the  M,arylebone  Police 
court,  on  Friday,  Mr.  Henry  Baker,  district  sur- 
veyor for  St.  Pancras,  preferred  a  complaint 
against  Mr.  George  Ashley,  builder,  38,  Elgin-ter- 
race, Maida-vale,  for  not  complying  with  the  .Me- 
tropolitan Building  Act,  through  neglecting  to 
erect  a  certain  party  wall  to  the  Lichfield  Ale 
Stores,  Frederick  street,  llampste.ad.road,  for  Jlr. 
Benjamin  Taylor.  Jlr.  W.  F.  Potter  st-ateil  in 
answer  to  the  summons  that  he  was  architect  to 
Mr.  T.aylor,  .and  that  a  party  wall  already  existed, 
against  which  it  was  proposed  to  construct  a  lean- 
to  roof,  but  inasmuch  as  there  were  certain 
windows  in  the  said  party  wall,  an  application 
had  been  m.ade  to  the  Metropohtan  Board  of 
Works  to  allow  the  erection  of  an  iron  roof,  so  as 
not  to  obstruct  the  existing  windows,  which  could 
not  be  done  away  with,  and  which  application 
had  been  granted.  Mr.  Baker  demurred  to  this 
arrangement,  as  that  did  not  get  over  the  dif- 
ficulty of  the  party  wall.  Mr.  Benjamin 
Taylor  was  prepared  to  state  on  oath  that  the  ap- 
plication to  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Works 
w.as  made  at  the  suggestion  of  Mr.  Baker  himself, 
and  who  said  this  would  get  over  the  difficulty,  if 
granted.  Mr.  D'Eyncourt,  the  magistrate,  said 
the  question  was  whether  the  Metropolitan  Board 
of  Works  had  the  power  to  grant  the  application. 
Mr.  Potter  contended,  under  the  56th  section  of 
the  Building  Act,  the  Board  had  the  power  to 
grant  applications  of  this  nature  in  exceptional 
cases,  and  this  was  an  exceptional  case,  Mr. 
D'Eyncourt  ultimately,  after  a  lengthened  con- 
troversy, dismissed  the  summons.  Mr.  Baker 
then  took  out  another  summons  against  the  same 
deleudant,  for  erecting  the  same  building  con- 
trary to  the  rules  of  the  Warehouse  Class,  Mr. 
Ashley  having  served  him  with  a  notice  that  the 
building  was  to  be  of  a  warehouse  class.  Mr. 
W.  F.  Potter  said  the  builder  had  certainly 
served  Mr.  Baker  with  a  wrong  notice ;  he  had  in- 
advertently signed  a  printed  form  in  Mr.  Baker's 
office,  which  he  did  not  know  the  nature  of,  and 
when  he  had  been  informed  of  it,  he  had  served 
Mr.  Baker  with  a  proper  notice,  describing  the 
building  as  of  a  dwelling  house  class.  The 
bidlding  h.ad  ale  vaults  in  the  cellars  beneath,  and 
the  ground-floor  and  upper  stoi  ey s  were  to  be  used 
as  offices.  If  it  were  ruled  that  these  ale  stores 
were  a  warehouse,  then  every  alehouse,  tavern, 
or  beershop  in  London  would  come  under  that 
category.     Mr.  D'Eyncourt  dismissed  the  case. 


Qwt  (DfEce  iLMt. 


Mr.  R.  Campbell  Puckett,  of  the  Bath  School  of 
Art,  who  matriculated  at  Bonn  University,  has 
just  taken  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy. 

The  well-known  empty  houses  at  the  corner  of 
Stamford  street  are  at  last  "To  Let."  Twenty 
years  have  elapsed  since  they  were  last   occupied. 

Mr.  J.  B.  Hebbert,  who  mainly  assisted  in  or- 
ganizing the  courts  of  arbitration,  presided  over 
by  Mr.  Thomas  Lloyd,  which  have  for  some  time 
settled  most  of  the  disputes  in  the  building  trade 
at  Birmingham,  was  presented,  on  Thursday  week, 
with  a  handsome  cabinet  desk  and  silver  inkstand, 
subscribed  for  by  masters  and  operatives,  in  ac- 
knowledgment of  his  valuable  services. 

Immense  beds  of  pure  white  alabaster  have 
lately  been  discovered  in  the  vicinity  of  the  great 
rock  s,alt  deposit  on  the  island  of  San  Domingo. 
Specimens  have  been  seen  by  some  New  York 
builders,  and  pronounced  of  superior  quality. 

It  is  understood  that  in  consequence  of  the  re- 
cent disclosures  relative  to  the  management  of 
ivorkhouses,  a  Koyal  Commission  will  shortly  be 
issued  to  enquire  generally  into  the  management 
of  workhouses  throughout  the  country. 


A  commencement  has  been  made  with  the  new 
Sefton  Park,  Liverpool,  and  as  many  as  a  thousand 
labourers  will  shortly  be  engaged  on  the  works. 

An  Act  is  to  be  applied  for  in  the  ensuing  ses- 
sion of  Parliament  for  [lowers  to  construct  a  canal 
from  the  river  Thames,  at  Wandsworth,  along  the 
valley  of  the  river  Wandle  to  Wimbledon.  The 
probable  cost  of  the  proposed  undertaking,  oa 
estimated  by  the  engineer,  Jlr.  Hamdton  Henry 
Fulton,  amounts  to  the  sum  of  £120,000.  The 
consumption  of  building  m.at-rials,  ciuls,  and 
other  articles  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Wands- 
worth, Wimbledon,  Tooting,  Jlcrton,  Jlitcham, 
Croydon,  Streatham,  &c.,  owing  to  the  erection  of 
so  many  new  houses,  is  very  extensive  ;  and, 
in  addition  to  the  traffic  to  the  Wandle  luaniitic- 
tories,  it  is  said  would  afford  a  very  large  traffic. 
The  proposed  undertaking  comprises  also  a  ro.ad- 
way,  tramway,  and  sewer. 

The  premiums  awarded  at  the  last  meeting  of 
the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers  for  some  of  tho 
communications  brought  forward  last  session  (and 
which  were  presented  after  the  reading  of  tho  Ru- 
port),  included  Telford  medals  and  Telford  pre- 
miums of  books  to  Jlessrs,  J.  T.  Chance,  M.A., 
and  E.  Byrne ;  a  Telford  medal  to  the  Astrono- 
mer Royal,  F.K.S. ;  a  Watt  medal  to  Colonel  Sir 
W.  Denison,  KCB.,  U.K.;  a  Watt  medal  .and 
a  Telford  premium  of  books  to  Jlr.  John  Bourne ; 
Telford  premiums  of  books  to  Captain  W.  H. 
Tyler  and  Jlessrs.  W.  H.  Preece  and  W.  A. 
Brooks ;  and  the  JIanby  premium  of  books  to  Jlr. 
C.  D.  Fox. 

The  annu.al  meeting  of  the  Stourbridge  School 
of  Art  w.as  held  on  Jlonday  last.  Tho  Hon.  C. 
L.  Lyttleton  presided.  The  report  stated  that 
there  was  again  a  satisfactory  increase  in  tho 
number  of  scholars,  and  that  this  had  been  the 
case  for  the  last  ten  years.  In  the  study  of 
colour  there  was  a  marked  improvement,  and  as 
the  effect  of  colour  was  being  more  considered 
in  works  in  glass,  it  was  hoped  that  to  the  supe- 
riority of  manufacture,  for  which  English  glass- 
makers  bad  alw.ays  been  famous,  would  be  added 
a  reputation  for  successful  colouring,  in  which, 
hitherto,  continental  glassmakers  had  excelled. 
The  proceecUiigs  terminated  with  a  distribution 
of  Government  and  other  prizes  to  the  success- 
ful students. 

The  members  of  the  Amalgamated  Carpenters 
and  Joiners'  Society,  at  a  meeting  in  Jlanchester 
on  Tuesday  evening  last,  almost  unanimously 
passed  a  resolution  in  favour  of  the  adoption  of 
arbitration  in  the  settlement  of  trade  disputes, 
and  of  a]>pointing  delegates  to  the  proposed 
court  of  arbitration.  A  most  important  meeting 
on  this  subject  was  held  in  St.  James's  H.all,  on 
Wednesday,  when  Mr.  Jlendella,  from  Notting- 
ham, gave  a  splendid  address  to  an  enthusiastic 
audience.  This,  in  all  probability,  will  become 
one  of  the  most  important  movements  of  modern 
times. 

At  the  annual  general  meeting  of  the  Institu- 
tion of  Civil  Engineers,  held  on  the  17th  iust , 
the  following  gentlemen  were  elected  to  fill  the 
several  offices  on  the  council  for  the  ensuing 
year  : — Charles  Hutton  Gregory,  President ; 
Joseph  Cubitt,  Thomas  Elliot  Harrison,  Thomas 
Hawksley,  and  Charles  Vignoles,  Vice-Presidents  ; 
James  Abernethy,  William  Henry  Barlow,  John 
Frederic  Bateman,  Joseph  William  Bazalgette, 
Nathaniel  Beardmore,  Frederick  Joseph  Bram- 
well,  James  Bruulees,  George  Willoughby  Hemans, 
John  Murray,  and  George  Robert  Stephenson, 
Jlembers  ;  and  John  Horatio  Lloyd,  and  Captain 
Henry  Whatley  Tyler,  Associates. 

At  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Buililers'  Benevolent 
Institution,  the  following  resolutions  were  passed  : 
— 1.  That  no  person  should  be  admitted  as  a 
candidate  for  the  benefits  of  the  institution  under 
sixty  years  of  age  (instead  of,  .as  before,  sixty-live), 
total  incapacity  only  being  excepted ;  and  that 
they  must  have  lived  within  the  metropolitan 
postal  district  for  five  years,  and  received  no 
parochial  aid  within  two  years  previous  to  the 
period  of  application  ;  widows  to  produce  proof  of 
eUgibiUty  under  the  rule.  2.  The  expunging  of 
two  sections  of  a  rule  which  called  upon  candi- 
dates to  provide  a  certain  number  of  subscribers, 
and,  in  the  event  of  the  subscriptions  being  dis- 
continued, the  pension  to  be  suspended.  3.  That 
on  the  death  of  a  male  pensioner,  leaving  a  widow 
"  eligi'ole  "  to  be  elected,  the  )>ension  allowed  to 
widows  may  be  continued  at  the  discretion  of  the 
directors  to  such  widows  until  the  third  subsequent 
election  of  pensioners,  instead  of  at  the  next 
election  as  heretofore. 


I 


894 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


Decembee  20,  1867. 


The  municipal  reform  association  in  Newcastle- 
on-Tjue  brings  heavy  charges  against  the  cor- 
porate authorities  in  that  town.  We  all  know,  says 
the  association  in  a  manifesto  just  issued,  how 
miserably  the  town  hall  was  managed.  Originally 
estimated  to  cost  £18,000,  that  building  was  only 
erected  in  the  end  for  nearly  treble  the  original 
estimate.  The  new  lunatic  asylum  was  to 
have  been  built,  in  the  first  instance,  for  the  sum 
of  £26,928,  but  the  Council  has  since  unfortu- 
nately discovered  that  it  cannot  be  finished  with- 
out an  additional  outlay  of  £30,000,  owing  to  the 
mismanagement  of  the  justices.  The  document 
also  contains  a  list  of  the  oiScers  of  the  new  as- 
.?ociation,  which  is  under  the  presidency  of  Mr. 
John  Bradburn. 

The  distribution  of  prizes  in  connection  with 
the  Reading  School  of  Art  took  place  last  week  at 
the  town  hall,  Reading.  The  president,  Higford 
Burr,  Esq.,  took  the  chair,  and  the  prizes  were 
distributed  by  G.  J.  Shaw  Lefevre,  Esq.,  M.P. 
A  number  of  oil  paintings,  colour  drawings,  and 
architectural  designs  were  exhibited  in  the  council 
chamber.  The  proficiency  of  the  pupils  is  very 
satisfactory,  but  it  is  stitedthat  the  Government 
minute  of  1865,  which  transfers  the  management 
from  the  art  masters  to  the  managers  of  schools, 
has  had  the  disastrous  effect  of  reducing  the  num- 
ber of  pupils  from  S38  to  about  150. 

Herr  Von  Dreyse,  the  inventor  of  thePrussian 
needle-gun,  died  at  Sommerda,  on  the  9th  inst.,  at 
the  ase  of  71. 

At  the  general  meeting  of  the  Royal  Scottish 
Academy,  held  on  the  13th  inst.,  Mr.  John 
M'Whirter  and  Mr.  G.  P.  Chalmers,  two  rising 
young  artists,  were  elected  associates. 

An  alarming  accident  occurred  in  Kelso  on 
Saturday  night  last.  An  iron  tank  or  reservoir, 
capable  of  holding  60,000  gallons,  and  from  which 
the  town  is  supplied,  is  raised  on  massive  stone 
walls  to  a  height  of  nearly  70ft.  From  some  un- 
known cause  the  side  of  the  tank  burst,  and  the 
water  escaping,  carried  all  before  it.  A  dwelling- 
house  close  by  was  completely  shattered.  The 
damage  done  is  very  considerable,  besides  the  in- 
convenience that  will  result  from  the  temporary 
want  of  water. 

Madame  Rude,  v.cc  Sophie  Freinyet,  has  just 
died  in  Paris,  at  the  age  of  70.  She  was  the 
widow  of  the  celebrated  sculptor,  and  was  her- 
self a  distinguished  artist.  She  was  a  pupil  of 
Devosges  of  Dijon,  and  afterwards  of  David. 

The  needle-gun  now  definitely  adopted  by  the 
Russian  War  Office  is  of  the  Prussian  pattern, 
but  the  needle  being  somewhat  shorter  and  thicker 
the  rapidity  of  the  firing  is  said  to  be  slightly  in- 
creased. If  Russian  accounts  are  trustworthy,  an 
ordinary  soldier  will  easily  accomplish  eight  dis- 
charges a  minute,  while  a  skilled  hand  is  stated 
to  have  no  difficulty  in  reaching  up  to  fourteen. 
There  are  not  many  new  rifles  being  made,  the 
old  ones  admitting  of  adaptation. 

The  formation  of  another  new  street  is  being  dis 
cussed.  It  is  to  strike  through  from  the  New 
Kent-road  across  the  Dover-road  into  Tooley- 
street.  The  estimated  cost  is  £20,000.  It  will,  if 
carried  out.  break  up  one  of  the  worst  nests  of 
crime  and  disease  in  the  metropolis. 

Dr.  Medlock,  of  Tavistock-square,  thinks  it  will 
interest  the  public  to  know  that  the  inflammable 
compound  known  as  Greek  fire  is  not  so  dangerous 
as  it  is  represented.  It  consists  of  phosphorus 
dissolved  in  a  very  volatile  liquid  known  to 
chemists  as  bisulphide  of  carbon.  When  thrown 
upon  any  combustible  material,  the  liquid  rapidly 
evaporates,  and  the  phosphorus,  being  left  in  a 
comminuted  condition,  bursts  into  flame,  evolving 
suffocating  vapours  of  phosphoric  acid.  Water 
will  only  temporarily  extinguish  the  flame,  which 
bursts  out  again  when  the  water  dries  up,  but  it 
is  important  that  the  Ere  brigade  and  the  public 
generally  should  know  that  the  so-called  Greek 
fire  may  be  immediately  and  permanently  extin- 
guished by  a  solution  of  common  washing  soda 

one  pound  to  a  gallon  of  water. 

Mr.  Joseph  Newton  has  written  us  another  let- 
ter on  the  b?d  state  of  the  paving  and  lighting  of 
Trinity-square,  Tower.hill.  He  comnmuicated 
with  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Works  on  the 
subject,  who  referred  him  to  the  "Whitechapel 
Di.-5tiict  Board  of  Works.  It  now  turns  out  that 
the  City  of  London  has  jurisdiction  over  the  mat- 
ter. Certainly  it  is  time  that  delinite  responsi- 
bility should  be  fixed  on  somebody,  and  the  bad 
condition  of  the  roads  rectified. 


At  a  meeting  of  the  Society  of  Engineers,  held 
on  Monday  last,  a  paper  was  read  by  Mr.  James 
Gresham  ''  On  the  most  Recent  Improvements  in 
the  Injector,"  after  which  a  discussion  on  the 
paper  took  place.  The  president  announced  the 
following  names  of  the  president,  vice-president, 
and  memliers  of  council  for  the  ensuing  year  : — 
Council,  1868. — President — Baldwin  Latham,  Esq. 
Vice-president— Fred.  Wm.  Bryant,  Esq.  Mem- 
bers of  Council — John  H.  Adams,  William  Adams, 
D.  K.  Clark,  James  Hendry,  Charles  Julian  Light, 
AVilliam  Macgeorge,  William  Naylor,  Vaughau 
Pendred,  Frederic  C.  Reynolds,  William  Wilson. 
As  honorary  secretary  and  treasurer — A.  Williams. 
As  auditor — P.  F.  Nursey. 


ijxuk  Itebs. 


TENDERa. 

Batlet(Yorkshire.)— For  erection  of  four  warehouses 

for  Messrs.  Brearley,  Hall,  and  Co.,  woollen  niauufacturera. 

Mr.  Michael  Sheard,  of  Batley,  architect.     Quantities  Bup- 

X»lied : — 

Masons.  <kc. 

William  Kitson,  Boothill £1,336  14    0 

Preston  and  Webster,  Batley  ...     1,320     0     0 
Smithson  and  Balnea,  Batley  ...     1,265     0    0 

Hepworth  and  Sons,  Batley 1,250     0     0 

Robinson  and  Hirst,  Batley 1,230    0     0 

James  Booth.  Batley  1,225    0     0 

Copley  and  Co.,  Batley  1,220    0    0 

John  Robinson,  Batley(accepted)     1,205     0    0 
Carpenters  and  joiners, 

Robert  Ibberson,  Batley   £800  10     0 

Petty  and  North,  Batley   899    0     0 

Sykes  and  Rodwell.  Cleckheaton...    S80    0    0 

John  Willans,  Birstal    800     0     0 

John  Shaw,  Batley 800    0    0 

Tboma-s  Fozard,  Batley 790     0    0 

Joseph  Fozard,  Batley   777     0    0 

John  Child,  Batley  (accepted) 568    0    0 

FJiimbers,  die, 

James  Brummitt,  Batley £150    0    0 

Thomas  Armitage,  Birstal 142  19     0 

John  H.  Senior,  Batley 124     0    0 

Matthew  Tobley,  Batley    115     7    4 

Plasterers. 

J.  W.  Hey,  Batley £114  10    0 

John  Broadhead,  Batley   110    0    0 

R.  Howroyd,  Dewsbriry  (accepted)    104    0    0 
Slaters. 

J.  T.  Rausthorn,  Dewsbury £45    0    0 

R.  Denton,  Mirfield 40  10    0 

J.  &,  J.  Hills,  Wakefield  (accepted)    3S  16    0 
Cardiff.— For  warehouse,  top  of  West  Bute  Dock,   Car- 
diff, for  Mr.  John  Driscoll,  merchant.     Mr.  J.  Hartland, 
architect.     Quantities  supplied  : — 

Webb,  Brothers    £1,290 

Cooper 1,141 

Jones,  Brothers 1,100 

Seager  (accepted) 1,071 

Lewisham.— For  public-house  for  Messrs.  Courage  and 
Co.     Mr.  Loe,  architect; — 

Wright £2,506 

Batts  and  Lucas  2,500 

Gammon 2[4S3 

Winder 2,439 

Walktr    2,437 

Kent 2,387 

Sawyer 2,353 

Charlton 2,345 

Shurmnur  2,295 

Stoner... 2,2SJ 

Nightingale   2,279 

Perry  2^240 

Willis  2,239 

Knight 2.1^*7 

Hendson 2,130 

Bland  2,120 

Eustace   2,003 

Steddy 2,070 

Crabb  and  Vaughan  (accepted) 2,060 

Harris 1,91^9 

London.— For  house  and  offices,  Elephant-buildinfrs, 
Newington,  for  Mr.  E.  H.  Rabbits.  Mr.  W.  Young,  archi- 
tect.    Quantities  by  Mr.  Nichols ; — 

Colls  and  Son    £2,370 

J.  H.  Tarrant    2,270 

W.  Higgs 2,273 

Rider  and  Son  2,200 

W.  Thompson    2  260 

S.  G.  Bird  2,243 

London.— For  biiilding  a  colour  factory,  for  Messrs. 
Reeves  and  Sons,  Daliton.    Mr.  E.  H.  Home,  architect  •— 

High    £2,797 

Turner 2,767 

Browne  and  Robinson 2,480 

-Axford 2,735 

Scrivener  and  White  2,361 

Seweil  and  Son  (accepted) 2,343 

West  Ham  (Essex).— For  rebuilding  the  Unicorn  Inn. 
Quantities  by  Mr.  F.  G.  Widdow  :  - 

N'jriis £1,453 

Potten 1.36S 

Perry  and  Co 1,347 

Eunor i|i93 

Rivett  (accepted) 1,183 


BATH  STONE  OF  BEST  QUALITY. 

Randell  and  Saunders,  Quarrymen  and  Stone  I\Iei- 
cliants,  Bath.  List  of  Prices  at  the  Quarries  and  DeiHjts; 
also  Cost  for  Ti'ansit  to  any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
furnished  on  application  to  Bath  Stone  Office,  Corsham, 
Wilts. — [Advt.1 


BANKRUPTS. 

TO   SURRENDER   IN  BASINGHALLrSTREirT. 

William  Blatch,  Loughton,  carpenter,  .January  15,  at  2 
— John  Smith,  Great  George-street,  Westminster,  con- 
tractor. January  1,  at  1— George  Veale  Colliver,  Suther- 
land street,  Pimlico,  builder,  January  20,  at  12 — Edward 
Hunt  Carter,  Norwich,  January  20,  at  12— John  Crabb, 
GraveMane,  Southwark,   stonemason,  January   20,  at  12. 

TO  SURRENDER  IN  THE  COUNTRY. 

Charles  Gilbert  Allen,  NewRomney,  plumber,  December 
20,  at  12 — Abraham  Callaid,  Honiton,  builder,  December 
30,  at  11— Robert  Coppen,  Grimstone,  carpenter.  December 
24,  at  11— William  Dalby,  Ativick-in-Holdemess,  joiner, 
December  2S,  at  11— James  Hart,  Exmouth,  contractor, 
December  23,  at  1 — James  Jennings,  Ventnor.  painter,  De- 
cember 28,  at  12- Lsaac  Jones,  near  Pisgah  Chapel,  Taly- 
waiu,  mason,  December  30,  at  11 — Henry  Jones,  Carmar- 
then, cabinet  maker,  December  18,  at  12— Charles  Trail, 
Shrewsbury,  civil  engineer,  December  30,  at  11 — Robert 
Burgess,  Rottingdean,  bricklayer,  January  2.  at  11 — WU- 
liaiu  Bulcock,  Everton,  mason,  December  30,  at  11— Law. 
rence  Robinson,  Darlington,  joiner,  December  30,  at  10— 
John  Walker,  York,  joiner,  January  3,  at  12— Joseph 
William  W^ood,  Wednesburv,  ironmonger,  December  30, 
at  12. 

NOTICES  OF  SITTINGa  FOR  LAST  EXAMINATION. 

January  23,  E.  Branscombe,  Cirencester-street,  Harrow 
road,  decorator— January  31,  A.  F.  Nind,  Bedford-street, 
HoUoway,  painter — Jauuary  9,  G.  Crone,  Cbe^er,  builder 
— January  15,  J.  Jackson,  Bradford,  Lancashire,  builder 
— January  15,  E.  V.  Williams,  Ware,  builder— January  31, 
T.  Bailey,  Heigham,  carpenter — January  13,  J.  Cotlins, 
High-street,  Southwaik,  builder— January  27,  I.  Israel, 
Neath,  painter. 

DIVIDENDS. 

January  9,  J.  J.  Bishop,  Port-;ea,  timber  merchant — De- 
cember 30,  W.  Lane.  Vauxhall  Bridge-road  and  Surbiton, 
stonemason — December  24,  J.  B.  Higmau,  East  Looe, 
plumber — December  23,  W.  Duckett,  Liverpool,  glazier. 

PARTNERSniPa  DISSOLVED. 

Gwynne  and  Co.,  Easex-streei-,  Strand,  engineers— Tresa- 
and  Co.,  Queen-street,  Cheapside,  architects. 

DECLARATIONS    OF"    DIVIDEND. 

J.  F.  Gilbert,  Manchester,  contractor,  div.  28.  lid. 


LATEST  PRICES   OP  UJ 
IN  CONSTRUC 

TiMBEK,  datT  1b  per  load,  c 
Teak load    £9    0£1H  lO.Archai 

LTERIAJ 
TION. 

Irstrbsck,  iB 
gel.  yeUow . 
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d 

b«rg,  yellow 
white   .... 

LS  trSED 

All   lO  £13     0 

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St.  John  N.E.  yellow    0    0 

Quebec  Oak,  white..     S     5 

„       birch 3  10 

4  10 

4  0 
0     0 

5  111 

4  lil 

6  0 

6  0 
3    0 
8  10 

5  6 
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19    0 

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.  10  10     11     0 
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Lathwood.Dantzic.fm  4  10 
„       St.  Petersburg  6  10 
Deals. prC,  12  ft.  by 3 
by  9  in.,  duty  2a  per 
load,  drawback  2b. 
Quebec,  white  spruce  13    0 
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1  .. 

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0    0 
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Water  Works  Fittings,  Sluice  Cocks,  Fire 

Cocks,  Meters,  Steam  Fittings,  Hot 

Water  Valves,  &c., 

OF  FIRST  CLASS  MATEP.7.1LS  AND  WORKMANSHIP. 

BECK  &  Co.  (Limited), 

GREAT  SUFFOLK  STREET 

SOUTHWARK,  S.B. 

IllQatrat«d  Catalo^ea  on  Application. 


December  27,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


895 


THE   BUILDING  NEWS. 


LOSDOK,  FRIDAT,  DECEMBEB  57,  186J. 


OBITUARY    FOR    THE   YEAR. 

IN  looking  over  the  grand  record  of  the 
departed  for  the  year  that  is  now  so  near 
a  dose,  we  have  been  impressed  with  the  fact 
that  the  losses  which  science  and  art  have 
sustained  have  been  unusually  heavy.  The 
losses  have  not  only  been  larj^e  numerically, 
but  individually  they  have  been  great.  As 
there  are  few  families  where  death  has  not 
left  a  vacant  chair  during  the  past  twelve 
months,  so  there  are  few  nations  that  have 
not  been  deprived  of  one  or  more  of  their 
representative  men.  In  our  own  country  the 
list  is  a  long  and  mournful  one,  and  includes 
a  number  of  great  names.  France,  also,  has 
lost  not  a  few  of  her  leading  ornaments  in 
science  and  art. 

The  principal  English  architects  who  have 
passed  away  during  the  year  were  Sir  Robert 
Smirke,   R.A.,  and  Mr.  Charles  Fowler — the 
one  dying  on  April  26,  the  other  on  Septem- 
ber 29.     Both  ranked  high  in  the  profession  ; 
their  personal  careers,  and  numerous  works, 
were   recently  recorded  in   these  pages,  and 
are   familiar    to   our  readers.      Among    the 
architects  of  lesser    note  were   Mr.  Thomas 
Cundy,  who  designed  Hewell  Park,  Totten- 
ham Park,  Grosvenor  House,  and  other  well- 
known  mansions.       He  had   long   acted   as 
architect  and  surveyor  to  the  extensive  estates 
of  the  Marq^uis  of  Westminster.     Mr.  Cundy 
was  bom  in  London  in  1790,  and  died  about 
the    middle    of    August.       Mr.    John    Bull 
Gardener,  F.R.I.B.A.,   died  on  January  7,  at 
the  age  of  81  ;   Mr.    W.  F.  Cross,  of  Exeter, 
in  February  ;   and  Mr.  H.  M.  Wood,  of  Not- 
tingham, in  the  beginning  of  October,  at  the 
age  of  82.     Mr.  Cross,  who  was  an  architect  of 
great  promise,  had  only  reached  his   thirtieth 
year.      He   designed    the   e.xtensive    asylum 
at   Wonford.      M.  Hittorff,  the  distinguished 
architect  of  Paris,  whose  death   took  place  on 
the  25th  of  March,  contributed  much   to  the 
embeliishmeut  of  the   French   capitah      He 
was  the  architect  of  the  Cirques  de  I'Empereur 
and  de  I'lmperatrice,   of  the  great   ohurch  of 
St.  Vincent  de  Paul,  and  the  decorator  of  the 
Place  de  la   Concorde,  the   Champs  Elysees, 
and   other  public   places.     M.    Hittorff    was 
royal  gold  medallist  of  the  R.I.B.A.     He  was 
a  native  of  Cologne.     In  June,  at  the   patri- 
archal age  of  85,  died  M.  Le  Bas,  member   of 
the  French   Institute,  senior  member   of  the 
Section  of  Architecture  ;  and,  in  August,  M. 
Paccard,  the  architect  of  the  palaces   of  Fon- 
tainebleu  and  llambieuUlet.     M.  Paccard  was 
54.     Many  noteworthy  deaths  have  occurred 
among   the  members   of    the   Institution    of 
Civil  Engineers.     In  the  decease   of  Michael 
Faraday   the  world   of   science  sustained   an 
irreparable  loss.     The  great  chemist  died  on 
August   25  at  the  age  of  73— his  name  will 
nev'er  die.      Lord   Rosse,  another    honorary 
member  of  the   institution,   and   universally 
knowTi  as  the  inventor  of  the  great  telescope 
which  bears  his   name,  departed   in  October. 
In  the   list  of   members  and   associates  we 
find  the   names  of  a  number  of  very  worthy 
men— Nichol    Baird,     John     Cass     Birkin- 
shaw,    William     Carpmael,    James    Combe, 
Alexander   Gibbs,  W.   G.  Ginty,  J.  Cramond 
Gunn,     Robert     Hawthorn,     Alfred     King, 
George     May,    Auguste    Perdonnet,    J.    C. 
Street,  Christopher  Cato,  Edward  Magdalen, 
Joseph  Delany,  F.  S.  Homfray,  Captain  Mark 
Huish,     E.    Loysel,    W.    Jopling    Nesham, 
Thomas  Richardson,  Ph.D.,  and  Lieut.-Colonel 
Short,  R.E. ;  also,  Edward  Humphreys— who 
began  life  as  a  shoemaker,  and  became  one  of 
the  most  successful  engineers  of  the  day.    He 
died  on  the  24th  of  May,  and  John  Bethell, 
who  in  183S,  introduced  the  process  of  pre- 
serving timber  with  oil    of   tar,   commonly 
called  creosote  oiL    On  the  22nd  of  January, 


Sir  William  Snow  Harris  died  at  74,  the  in- 
ventor of  the  only  safe  method  of  lightning 
conductors  ;  in  March,  William  Eaddlev,  C.E., 
for  twenty  years  the  Inspector  of  the  Royal 
.Society  for  the  Protection  of  Life  from  Fire, 
.it  the  age  of  Gl  ;  and  on  the  9th  of  the 
present  month,  Herr  Von  Dreyse,  the  inventor 
of  the  Prussian  needle-gun,  at  the  age  of  71. 

The  death  of  John  Philip,  R.A.,  the  finest 
colourist  of  his  time,  was  one  of  the  greatest 
losses  of  the  year.     This  eminent  artist  was 
suddenly  struck  down    by  paralysis   on  the 
27th  of  February.     He  was  born  in  Aberdeen 
in  1817,  and  few  men  have  risen  to  the  same 
distinction  from  so  humble  an  origin.     Octa- 
vius  Oakley,  member  of  the  Old  Water  Colour 
Society,  the  admirable  delineator  of  gypsies 
and  organ  boys,  died  from  the  same  cause  two 
days  afterwards,  aged  67.      About  this  date 
also  occurred  the  decease  of  the  great  French 
painter   Ingres  ;    Peter   Von   Cornelius,    the 
restorer  of  German  painting,  died  at  Berlin  on 
the   6th  of  March,  aged  80;  Dr.  E.  Ruggles, 
the  American  artist,  whose  cabinet  pictures, 
the  "  Ruggles'  gems,"  are  extensively  sought 
after  in  his  own  country,  on  the  10th  ;  and  G. 
F.  Phillips,  the  English  landscape  painter,  on 
the  30th  of  the  same  month,  aged  87.    Charles 
H.  Bennett,  the   most  humorous  and  original 
of  the  comic  or  eccentric  school  of  English 
wood  draughtsmen,  was  cut  otf  on  the  2nd  of 
April,  in  his  38th  year;  and  on  the  14th,  at 
the   still    earlier   aj^e   of   35,   died  Adelaide 
Ironside,  an  American  artist  of  consiilerable 
repute.    Another  young  Enjjlish  draughtsman 
of  acknowledged  power,  William   McConnell, 
departed  on  the  14th  of  May,  at  the  prema- 
ture age  of  30.     The  Scottish  School  of  Water 
Colourists  lost  their  leading  member  in  the 
demise  of  G.  M.  Greig,  on  the  3rd  of   May ; 
and  England  her  greatest  landscape  and  marine 
painter   since    Turner,   in   that   ot   Clarkson 
Stanfield,  R.A.,  on  the  18th  of  May.  Stanfield 
died  at  the  age  of  74,  and  some  interesting 
particulars,  not    generally  known,  of  liis  re- 
markable career,  will  be  found  in  the  Build- 
ing   News    of    June     7,     1867.       He    was 
closely  followed  by   Horatio  McCulloch,  the 
head  of  the  Scottish  School  of  landscape  pain- 
ters, "  the  faithful  and  lovin^'  interpreter  of 
those    scenes  and   aspects    oi^   nature    more 
peculiarly  characteristic  of  the  North,  and  to 
the  illustration  of  which  it  was  his  pride  ex- 
clusively to  devote  the  vigorous  and  busy  pencil 
that  only  dropped  from  his  hand  in  the  hour 
of  death."     He  was  born  in  Glasgow  in  1805, 
and  died  on  the  24th  of  June.     On  the  14th 
of  the  following  month  MoUinger,  the  Dutch 
landscape  painter,  died  aged  34.    In  the  Inter- 
national Exhibition  of   1862  his  works  were 
among  the  best  and  most   characteristic   of 
those  exhibited  by  the  modern  Dutch  school. 
This  gifted  youiig  artist   was   the   pupil    of 
Roelofs,  one  of  the  most  distinguished  land- 
scape  painters   in   Belgium.       This    present 
month,  on  the  18th,  died  at  Pari.s,  Madame 
Rude,  iu!c  Sophie  Fremyet,  aged  70.    She  was 
the  widow  of  the  celebrated  sculptor,  and  was 
herself  a  distinguished  artist — a  pupil  of  De- 
vosges,  and  of  Dijon,  and  of  David,    iladame 
Rude  was  a  constant  exhibitor  at  the  modem 
artists'  salon  of  Paris  for  forty  years.    In  1833 
she  was  awarded  a  medal  of  the  first  class  for 
the  "  Adieux  de  Charles  I.  et  ses  Enfants  "—a 
picture  now  in  the  Ministry  of  the  Interior. 
John    Hardman,     and     Michael     O'Connor, 
painters   on  glass,   died,  the  former   on  the 
29th  of  May,  the  latter  on  the  25th  of  June. 
In  sculpture,  we  note  M.  Jules  Klagman,  of 
France,  in  January ;    on  the  22nd  of  May, 
E.   H.  Baily,  R.A.,  the  English  sculptor,  at  a 
venerable  age.     This  distinguished   pupil  of 
Flaxman  was  bom  in  Bristol,  the  son  of  a  ship 
carver,   and  very  early  gave    indications  of 
ability  in  the  profession  in  which  he  after- 
wards  won  so  high  a  reputation.      He  was 
especially   renowned  for  his  beautiful    and 
graceful  delineation  of  the  female  figure.   His 
best  works,  perhaps,  are  "  Eve  Listening  to  the 
Voice,"  a  companion  to  his  "  Eve  at  the  Foun- 
tain,"  "The  Graces,"    and  "The    Sleeping 
Hymph."     He  executed  a  large  number  of 


statues  of  public  men,  including  the  statue  of 
Nelson  which  surmounts  the  column  in  Tra- 
falgar-square. Mr.  Bailv  was  clecte<l  an  A.H.A. 
in  1817,  and  an  R.A.  in  1821.  The  sudden 
death,  under  very  melancholy  circumstances, 
of  Alexander  Brodie  took  place  at  his  native 
town  of  Aberdeen  on  the  30th  of  May, 
in  his  37th  year.  He  was  vounger  brother  of 
William  Brodie,  R.S.A.  of  Edinburgh,  and 
a  man  of  undoubted  genius.  His  statue  of 
Her  Majesty  at  Aberdeen,  of  the  late  Duke  of 
Richmond  'at  Huntley,  "  The  Milherless 
Bairn,"  and  "  Highland  Mary,"  have  called 
forth  more  than  local  notice.  John  Mac- 
donald,  another  Scottish  sculptor,  was  carried 
ulf  by  the  cholera  epidemic  at  Rome  in  Au- 
gust. Though  less  known  tlian  his  brother 
Lawrence,  he  possessed  no  mean  ability,  and 
A  w&rmer  be&rt  death  ne'er  made  cold. 

Seurre,  the  French  sculptor,  died  in  October. 
He  executed  the  statue  of  Moliere  on  the 
fountain  in  Rue  Richelieu,  and  that  of  Na- 
poleon which  surmounts  the  famous  Colonne 
Vendome,  one  of  the  most  characteristic  mo- 
numents of  Paris.  John  Henry  Wyatt,  the  en- 
graver, died  on  the  1st  of  June,  aged  GS  ;  II.  T. 
Ryall,  on  the  14th  of  September,  aged  57  ;  and 
the  same  mouth,  William  Walker,  celebrated 
for  his  rendering  in  stipple  of  tlie  portraits  of 
Raeburn.  His  last  work,  which  he  thought 
his  greatest,  occupied  him  for  six  years — "  The 
Distinguished  Men  of  Science  of  Great  Britain 
living  in  the  year  1807-8."  Walker  was  a 
Scotchman,  born  in  1792, 

The  geological  and  botanical  sciences  were 
deprived  of  an  energetic  observer  in  the  un- 
timely death  of  Fred.  James  Foot,  of  the 
Geological  Survey  of  Ireland,  who  was  acci- 
dentally drowned  on  the  17th  of  January,  at 
the  age  of  37.  This  month  also,  John  D. 
Alton,  the  learned  Irish  antiquary  and  his- 
torian, breathed  his  last.  In  May— within  a 
week  of  each  other— died  Edward  Hawkins, 
for  many  years  Keeper  of  the  Department  of 
Antiquaries  in  the  British  Museum,  aged  88; 
Sir  Thomas  Phillips,  Chairman  of  the 
Society  of  Arts,  aged  65  ;  and  John  Parker,  the 
well-known  auti(iuary,  aged  87.  Dr.  Gerhanl, 
tUe  celebrated  Prussian  archa3ologi.st,  and  .M. 
ChampoUion-Figeac,  the  Nestor  of  French 
archaiologists,  likewise  in  May.  In  July  we 
note  Mr.  James,  F.S.A.,  of  Nether  Edge,  a 
notable  Yorkshire  antiquary,  author  of  a  his- 
tory of  Bradford,  and  the  article  '•  Yorkshire  " 
in  "the  "  Encvclopajdia  Britannica,"  besides 
other  useful  works.  In  August,  James  Rennic, 
author  of  the  well-known  work  "  Insect  Ar- 
chitecture," closed  a  busy  life  of  fourscore 
years  in  Australia;  and  on  the  15th  instant 
died  the  Due  de  Luynes,  the  eminent  French 

archceologist. 

« 

VISIT     TO     THE     TWICKENHAM 
ECONOMIC     MUSEUM. 

THIS  rather  unique  exhibition  bears  upon 
its  programme  the  title  of  "The 
Economic  Museum  ;  or  Museum  of  Domestic 
and  Sanitary  Economy,  Twickenham,  S.W." 
It  stands  in  the  private  grounds,  and  is 
the  private  property  of,  Mr.  Thorn  is  Twining, 
a  Vice  President  of  the  Society  of  Arts,  who 
has  devoted  the  leisure  of  many  years,  and 
much  thought  and  expenditure  of  money,  to 
its  formation.  It  is,  however,  freely  opened 
for  public  inspection  and  study,  without  any 
special  reipiest  for  admission,  on  Wednesday 
and  Saturday  afternoons,  and  at  all  other 
times  by  appointment,  and  it  has  a  well 
defined  public  olyect  in  view.  We  therefore 
take  train  at  the  Waterloo  Station  to  go  down 
and  see  for  ourselves.  Seated  therein,  we  in- 
duh'e  in  a  few  thoughts  about  museums  in 
creneral.  The  present  is  an  age  of  museums. 
The  British  iluseum,  though  considerably  en- 
larged, has  become  so  overstocked  that  a 
lar^e  portion  of  its  treasures  can  never  be 
seen,  and  it  must  soon  be  split  into  two  or 
more  museums.  The  South  Kensington,  a 
growth  of  the  present  day,  promises  very 
speedily  to  rival   the   older   establishment. 


896 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


December  27,  1867. 


We  have  museums  for  special  departments, 
all  more  or  less  freely  opened  to  the  public 
within  the  present  generation.  No  provincial 
town  of  any  pretentions  considers  that  it  can 
pass  through  life  comfortably  without  a 
museum  of  some  kind  or  other;  the  working 
men  are  beginning  to  chamour  ior  extended 
hours  of  opening,  and  the  bringing  of  museums 
to  their  very  doors  by  the  establishment  of 
branch  or  local  museums.  All  this  betokens 
progress.  A  properly  arranged  museum 
teaches  through  the  eye  most  agreeably  and 
effectually.  The  amount  of  iustruction  that 
may  be  gathered  in  such  a  place  is  to  be 
measured  only  by  the  receptive  faculties  of 
the  student.  But  most  of  the  existing  insti- 
tutions are  intended  to  illustrate  those  de- 
partments of  art,  science,  or  antiquities  which, 
though  highly  usetul,  bear  but  remotely'  upon 
the  every-day  familiar  wants  and  necessities 
of  the  mass  of  the  people,  The  museum  we 
are  about  to  describe  is  intended  to  occupy 
ground  thus  left  vacant,  and  to  impart,  in  a 
scientificand  agreeable  manner, thatknowledge 
of  common  thing.s  of  which  many  are  desti- 
tute !to  an  extent  they  are  scarcely  aware  of 

Here  we  are  at  T^yickenham.  Crossing 
the  railway  bridge,  a  walk  of  two  or  three 
minutes  brings  us  to  the  door  of  the  museum, 
one  of  the  most  unpretentious  buildings,  for 
such  a  purpose,  we  ever  saw.  Had  we  ex- 
pected any  striking  coup  il'ceil  we  shoiild  find 
ourselves  disappointed.  But*ve  are  informed 
that  as  one  main  object  of  Mr.  Twining  in 
forming  this  museum  has  been  to  show  how 
similar  collections  miglit  be  made  in  other 
localities  where  space  and  pecuniary  means 
are  both  limited,  it  was  felt  that  an  attempt  to 
make  a  striking  show  would  have  frustrated 
any  such  design.  Accordingly,  we  have  a 
building  of  the  plainest  material,  measuring 
about  80ft.  by  30ft.,  the  whole  of  which 
space  is  economized  to  the  greatest  extent 
possible,  being  divided  into  four  longitudinal 
passage  ways,  each  having  on  both  sides  table 
space  and  screens,  or  wall  space  running  to  a 
height  of  about  10ft.,  these  being  covered  by 
glass  ca^es,  drawings,  diagrams,  &c.  Certain 
articles  are  also  suspended  from  the  roof  by 
pulleys,  which  admit  of  their  being  lowered 
for  minute  examination.  Looking  down  this 
first  vista  of  SOl't,  we  have  before  us  Classes 
1,  2,  and  3,  and  we  proceed  to  their  in- 
spection. The  curator  kindly  attends  us, 
as  he  does  every  visitor,  ready  to  point  out 
anything  remarkable  which  might  otherwise 
escape  us,  or  to  afford  explanations  respecting 
the  arrangement  and  objects  of  the  various 
classes. 

The  first  class  is  that  of  Economic  Archi- 
tectvrre,  which  contains  a  series  of  designs  for 
improving  the  dwellings  of  the  poor  both  in 
town  and  country.  The  collection  of  draw- 
ings and  cardboard  models  is  more  complete 
than  we  have  anywhere  seen.  The  models 
are  very  impretending  in  appearance,  but 
highly  useful  for  improfessional  students  of 
this  all-important  subject.  Side  by  side,  for 
purposes  of  comparison,  we  see  the  plans  of 
Lord  Shaftesbury's  Labourers'  Friend  Society, 
of  the  Metropolitan  Association  of  Alderman 
Waterlow,  of  the  buildings  erected  by  Miss 
Burdett  Coutts,  by  the  trustees  of  the  noble 
gift  of  Mr.  Peabody,  and  many  others,  some 
of  them  with  full  details  for  study  of  archi- 
tects and  builders.  AVe  also  observe  designs 
which  have  gained  prizes  from  various 
sources  ;  and  looking  on  the  walla  at  the 
woodcuts  of  the  horriljle  dens  wherein  both 
the  moral  and  physical  life  of  our  poor 
brethren  is  made  wretched,  we  wonder  how 
long  the  time  will  be  in  coming  when  all  the 
thought  and  care  which  this  spot  witnesses 
to  have  been  bestowed  upon  the  subject  shall 
bear  practical  fruit,  when  the  dens  shall  dis- 
appear, and  every  poor  family  in  our  towns  and 
villages  be  able  to  live  in  places  worthy  to  be 
called  home.  Tliere  is  a  second  section'in  this 
Class  1,  iu  which  are  shown  models  of  build- 
ing details,  small  wooden  bricks  teaching  the 
meaning  of  various  technical  terms  relating  to 
the  bricklayer's  art.     Who    that  knows  not 


what  is  meant  by  brick-nogging  or  brick 
on  edge,  and  who  knows  not  the  cunning 
ways  in  which  bricks  are  laid  .so  as  to  form 
various  kinds  of  bond,  let  him  come  to  the 
Twiclienham  Economium,  and  he  can  learn 
in  five  minutes.  This  knowledge  few  people 
outside  the  trade  possess  ;  it  would  be  none  the 
worse  for  them  if  they  did,  and  would  prove 
of  great  use  when  they  might  have  to  decide 
on  purchasing,  building,  or  renting  a  brick- 
built  house.  We  glide  by  an  insensible 
transition  from  these  things  to  Class  2 — 
Building  Materials.  Here  is  an  instructive 
case  containing  carefully  classified  specimens 
of  the  principal  kinds  of  rocks  selected  for 
illustrating  what  may  be  called  the  natural 
history  of  the  department,  forming  a  fit  intro- 
duction to  the  commercial  series  of  stones  in 
common  use  contained  in  the  drawers  be- 
neath, accompanied  by  an  explanatory  list, 
giving  information  as  to  the  varying  qualities 
and  degrees  of  usefulness  of  the  dift'erent 
specimens.  That  there  are  "sermons  in 
stones"  is  an  old  saying,  and  its  truth  will 
be  re-atflrned  by  every  one  who  takes  the 
trouble  to  avail  himself  of  the  information 
upon  such  common  objects,  laid  freely  before 
him  in  this  place.  In  these  drawers,  silently 
Imt  forcibly  witnessing  to  the  danger  of  a  bad 
choice  of  building  stone,  are  preserved  the 
identical  specimens  which  were  prepared  to 
assist  the  committee  who  selected  the  stones 
for  building  our  Houses  of  Parliament.  They 
managed  to  make  a  bad  selection,  and  the 
result  has  been  that  almost  before  it  was  en- 
tirely finished,  several  portions  of  that  costly 
building  were  going  to  premature  decay. 

Passing  by  an  orderly  arrangement  of  all 
that  appertains  to  a  thorough  knowledge  of 
mortars  and  cements,  a  matter  of  the  greatest 
importance  as  regards  solidity  of  construction, 
we  come  to  a  series  of  shelves,  with  examples 
of  brick  earth  and  of  bricks.  "  Nothing 
commoner  than  a  brick,"  some  thoughtless 
visitor  might  exclaim  ;  "  I  have  seen  enough 
of  them  in  that  great  Babylon  of  bricks  I  left 
at  Waterloo  Station."  True,  they  form  a 
very  essential  part  of  your  home  ;  you  can- 
not live  in  comfort  without  them  ;  a  wall 
built  of  bad  bricks  will  not  only  crumljle 
away  (that  may  be  the  landlord's  aft'air),  but 
it  may  permit  the  damp  to  infest  your  house, 
and  affect  your  health  most  grievously  ;  and, 
common  as  they  are,  you,  who  are  not  of  a 
trade  which  uses  them,  what  do  you  know  of 
them  ? 

Should  you  have  thought,  now,  for  ex- 
ample, that  there  was  such  an  astonishing 
variety  as  you  see  here.  Burr  bricks,  shut!', 
place,  stock,  malm,  Stourbridge,  paving 
bricks,  and  many  other  names,  are  full  of 
meaning  and  importance,  as  indicating  the 
adaptability  of  a  particular  kind  for  a  par- 
ticular jmrpose.  Here  you  have  them  all 
before  you,  and  many  luore  of  all  materials, 
shapes,  and  sizes,  and  of  many  couutries,  and 
you  can  examine  and  study  tliem  at  your 
leisure,  either  just  enough  to  gain  a  general 
knowledge  of  the  subject,  or  more  profoundly, 
if  you  desire.  And  is  the  study  profitless  ? 
We  fancy  not.  We  rather  think  that  if  a 
general  knowledge  of  such  common  things  as 
the  materials  of  our  houses  and  the  method 
of  construction  existed  amongst  us,  and  were 
very  widely  diffused,  we  should  hear  the 
last  of  such  ramshackle  erections  such  as  we 
see  all  round  London,  built  to  delude  the 
members  of  building  societies  and  small 
capitalists  with  the  promise  of  a  home,  rent 
free,  for  tlie  rest  of  their  days,  but  which 
begin  to  crumble  away  before  tliey  are  well 
occupied.  There  may,  indeed,  be  no  rent  to 
pay,  but  the  cost  of  repairs,  added  to  the  in- 
terest of  the  purchase  money,  make  the  house 
as  dear  or  dearer  than  if  the  occupant  had 
hired  rather  than  bought  it.  Tiles,  slates, 
zinc  for  roofing,  corrugated  iron,  felt,  and  mis- 
cellaneous building  materials  come  next. 
Among  them  is  a  specimen  of  the  fibrous  slab 
for  making  which  a  company  was  formed 
some  years  ago,  and  which  was  to  effect  an 
entire  revolution  in    domestic    architecture. 


It  being  a  matter  of  some  importance  to  test 
the  reliability  of  these  pretensions,  Mr. 
Twining  gave  the  material  a  thorough  trial  ia 
the  construction  of  the  present  building.  For 
the  walls  and  flooring  he  considers  it  to  have 
answered  tolerably  well,  but  as  regards  the 
roof,  the  public  have  the  advantage  of  learn- 
iug,  at  his  expense,  that  it  was  an  utter 
failure,  long  ago  having  been  replaced  by 
slate. 

We  next  see  the  various  kinds  of  wood  used 
iu  building  and  for  furniture.  On  the  walls 
are  drawings  illustrating  the  botany  and  in- 
formation as  to  the  comparative  strength  and 
durability  of  various  kinds.  We  see  prac- 
tical examples  of  the  various  kinds  of  joiners' 
work,  and,  if  they  will  only  be  at  the  trouble 
of  visiting  here,  the  general  public  may  soon 
become  too  wise  to  be  at  the  mercy  of 
scamping  workmen  who  tack  and  glue  the 
work  together,  instead  of  making  good  and 
sufficient  joints.  Next  are  shown  the  various 
kinds  of  window  glass,  crown,  sheet,  and 
plate,  with  illustrations  of  the  processes  of 
glass-blowing  and  casting,  followed  by  a  va- 
riety of  pigments  used  ia  house-painting, 
witli  examples,  in  the  shape  of  small  surfaces, 
prepared  to  illustrate  the  processes  of  knot- 
ting, preparing,  flatting,  distempering,  and 
the  like.  To  complete  the  building  illustra- 
tions, we  have  next  some  paper-hangings  in 
the  various  stages  of  preparation,  with  a 
wooden  block,  and  showing  how  it  is  printed 
with  variegated  patterns. 

The  house  being  thus  planned,  built,  and 
decorated,  the  other  side  of  the  long  aisle  ia 
dedicated  to  Class  3— Fiirniture.  We  are 
first  shown,  by  means  of  specimens,  drawings, 
and  various  illustrations,  the  method  of  get- 
ting metals  in  the  crude  state  of  ore,  and  the 
processes  through  which  they  pass,  until  we 
get  them  in  the  shape  of  the  manufactured 
articles,  samples  of  which  in  various  kinds  of 
household  hardware  are  shown,  most  of  them, 
not  to  lose  Sight  of  the  utilitarian  object  of 
the  exhibition,  being  ticketed  with  prices. 
We  notice,  as  one  peculiarity  here,  a  few  ar- 
ticles of  curiosity,  such  as  a  pump  from  Japan, 
a  wooden  lock  with  a  wooden  key  used  by  the 
Arabs,  &c.,  exhibiting  much  ingenuity  of  con- 
trivance, but,  withal,  showing  by  contrast 
the  superiority  of  the  metals  in  use  amongst 
ourselves.  Next,  we  view  specimens  of  dif- 
ferent kinds  of  filters,  articles  which,  though 
they  only  remove  the  mechanical  impurities  of 
water  and  leave  the  more  deadly  chemical  cor- 
ruptions untouched,  are  yet  less  need  than  they 
should  be.  The  larger  articles  of  hardware, 
such  as  stoves,  ranges,  and  the  like,  being  ex- 
hibited separately,  we  come  next  to  some 
very  interesting  illustrations  of  the  manu- 
facture of  pottery  and  glass,  showing  the  pro- 
cesses through  which  they  pass,  from  the 
rude  mass  of  clay  to  the  polished  and  figured 
article  glittering  upon  our  tables ;  and,  as  a 
practical  summary  of  the  whole  department, 
we  have  examples  of  several  complete  sets  of 
various  kinds,  with  prices  annexed,  to  suit 
the  means  of  every  working  man,  from  the 
poor  labourer  to  the  clerk.  Our  house  is 
now  not  only  built  but  furnished.  By  the 
way,  we  are  inclined  to  ask,  where  are  the 
tables  and  chairs,  and  such  like,  but  we  re- 
frain, as  it  is  evident  that  they  would  want 
a  museum  all  to  themselves.  Not  so  the  ma- 
terials for  stuffing  them,  which,  on  account 
of  the  importance  of  learning  how  to  reject 
whatever  may  be  likely  to  breed  corruption 
or  unwholesomeness,  are  duly  exhibited.  We 
will  reserve  what  we  have  to  say  about  food, 
household  stores,  sanitary  matters,  home  edu- 
cation, books,  &c.,  as  exhibited  at  the  Museum, 
for  our  next  number. 


■1^ 


VENTILATION   OF  DWELLINGS.* 

IT  was  a  saying   of  old    Doctor    Stephen 
Hales  that  could  he  but  see  the  immo- 
derate use  of  spirituous  liquors  less  general, 

*  "  On  the  Ventilation  of  Dwelling  Houses,  and  the 
Utilization  of  Waste  Heat."  By  Frederick  Edwards, 
JuN.    Hardwicke,  Piccadilly.    1S07. 


December  27,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


897 


and  the  benefits  of  ventilation  more  generally 
known  and  experienced,  he  might  then  hope 
to   see   mankind  better   and  happier.      And 
"  the  perpetual  curate    of  Teddingtou,  and 
rector  of  Faringdon ''   was    not    far   wrong. 
The   worthy   doctor  gave  his  conviction    a 
practical   turn  by  not  only  writing  a  treatise 
on  ventilation,  but  by  contriving  a  ventilating 
bellows,  which,   though  a  very  humble  and 
somewhat  inconvenient  machine,  nevertheless 
did  good  service  in  our  hospitals  and  prisons 
a  hundred  years  ago.      Though  the  great  im- 
portance of  good  ventilation  is  better  appre- 
ciated, and  its  true  principle  more  clearly  un- 
derstood now   than   they  were  in  Dr.  Hales's 
day,  the  practical  application  of  the  principle, 
even  at  the  present  day,   is  neither  so  com- 
plete nor  so  successful  by  any  means  as  could 
be  desired,   or  as  the  public  health  demands. 
There  are  still  many  practical  difficulties  to  be 
overcome  in  the  satisfactory  solution  of  this 
great  social  problem.    Among  recent  writers 
on  this  subject,  no  one  has  done  more  to  give 
T13    clear  views   in  regard  to  it    than    Mr. 
Frederick    Edwards,  jun.,  the   author  of  an 
excellent  practical  work   on  oirr  "  Domestic 
Fireplaces,"  reviewed  in  the  Building  News. 
His  work  on  ventilation  is  even  a  more  im- 
portant treatise,  and  one  that  ought  to   com- 
mand great    attention.       Mr.  Edwards  goes 
into    the     whole    question     of     ventilation 
thoroughly,   reviewing  the  numerous  contri- 
vances  and  systems  that  have  hitherto  been 
adopted   for  ventilating  public  buildings,  and 
gives  the  result  of  his  own  experience  and  ob- 
servation in  a  series  of  valuable  suggestions. 
Dividing  hia  book  into  chapters,  the  author 
devotes  his  introductory  chapter  to  "  A  short 
account  of  those  who  have   introduced  ar- 
rangements for  ventilating  public  buildings, 
and  of  the  systems  adopted."    This  is  an  ex- 
tremely interesting   essay  on  the   history  of 
ventilation.       We  learn   all    about    the  air 
channels     introduced    by     Sir     Christopher 
Wren,   Dr.  Desagiilier's  blowing  wheel.  Dr. 
Hales's    ventilating    bellows,     Mr.     Samuel 
Sutton's   pipes,   and    the    Marquis   de    Cha- 
bannes's  "  Oaloriftre  Stove,"  which  was   so 
largely   in   use  half  a  century   ago,  and  was 
certainly  a  great  improvement  on  all  the  pre- 
vious contrivances.     Indeed,  the  Marquis,   as 
Mr.  Edwards   observes,  anticipated  much  re- 
garding ventilation  with  which  the  public  be- 
came familiar  at  a  later  date.     The  labours  of 
Count  Kumford,  Sir  Humphrey  Davy,  ilr. 
Tredgold,    Dr.   Neil   Arnott,    and    the   still 
more   important    services  rendered    by    Dr. 
Boswell    Keid,  are   also   described,    and  the 
merits   and  defects   of  their  systems  pointed 
out.     Public  attention  had  long  been  directed 
to  the  ventilation  of  public  buildings   before 
the   ventilation  of  our  dwelling  houses  was 
thought  of.     It  is   only  of  comparatively  re- 
cent years  that  the  necessity  for  improvement 
here  has  been  felt.     As  our  author  remarks, 
"  The  cholera  visitations  of  1S32,  184S,  and 
1854  in  particular,  acted   in  a  terrifying,  and 
therefore  useful,  part  in  exciting  the  attention 
of  thousands,  and  many  began,  happily,  to  be 
careful  about  breathing  pure  air  with  the  in- 
stinct of  self-preservation."    To  enumerate  the 
multitude  of  appliances  in  use  for  the  purposes 
of  ventilation,  and  more  particolarly  for  ad- 
mitting fresh  air  by  the  window,  would  occupy 
too  much  space.     Scores   of  these  have  been 
patented,  in  the  shape  of  air-bricks,  perforated 
glass   and  zinc,  wire  gauze,  &c.      The  more 
applicable  and  useful  of  this  kind  of  venti- 
lator are  illustrated   and  described  in   this 
work.      "  Irrespective  of  these  various  con- 
trivances, however,"  says  Mr.    Edwards,  "  it 
is  easy  for  any  one,  with  a  little  ingenuity,  to 
contrive,  with  the  aid  of  perforated  zinc  or 
glass,  wire  gauze,   air  gratings,   and  sliding 
valves,  any  arrangement   that  may  suit  his 
own  fancy,   and   if  he    can   be  trusted  not 
to  rush   off  to    a   patent   agent  to   get  him 
a    patent,     he    will     have    gratified    him- 
aelf  without  losing  his  money."    Again,  he 
remarks,  ''  For  the   escape   of   air  from   the 
room  the  chimney  is  nearly  always  available, 
and  it  would  be  more  frequently  so  than  it  is 


if  the   supply   of  fresh  air  from  the  doors, 
walls,  or  windows,  were  in  all  cases  sufficient. 
The  upward  current  in  a  chimney  is,  of  course, 
greatly  interfered  with   if    a   wreUed   atmo- 
sphere is  allowed  to  exist  below.  When  a  fire 
is  actually  burning,  the   chimney  answers  the 
purpose  of  ventilation  most  powerfully,  and 
occasionally  excessively,  so  that  a  contraction 
of  the  fireplace  becomes  indispensable  for  the 
purpose  of  warmth.     It  is  exactly  this   con- 
traction of  the  fireplace  which  makes  it  pos- 
sible to  utilize   the   chimney  draught   above. 
It  is  only  necessary  to  break  a  hole  into  the 
chimney  anywhere  below   the  ceiling  for   an 
additional  amount  of  air  tc^pass  away,  and 
that  without  occasioning  personal  inconveni- 
ence from   any  current."      To   the  objection 
often  urged  by  architects  and  others  to   the 
liability  of  sooty  particles  being  blown  into 
the  room,  and  to  the  flapping  noise   made  liy 
the  door  of  the  ventilator  in  gusty  weather,  it 
is  replied  that  if  soot   is  liable  to  be  blown 
down    through    the    ventilator,    it    appears 
probable  that  it  may  also  be  blown  down  into 
the  fireplace.     In  this  case,  it  is  the  construc- 
tion of  the  chimney,  and  not  the  ventilator, 
that  is  at  fault.     With  a  sufficient  pressure  of 
air  below,  and    a  simple  protection  above, 
down-draught,  whether  from  wind  or  other- 
wise, could  hardly  be  known.     And  the  same 
precaution,  says  the  author,  will  suffice  to  pre- 
vent the  flapping  noise  of  the  door.   As  -a  sub- 
stitute    for    a    window     ventilator    in    cold 
weather,  Mr.   Edwards  recommends   a  small 
ventilator  with  a  face  of  perforated  zinc,  and 
a  sliding  valve  at  back,  to  be  fixed  below  the 
cornice  over  a  doorway.     Another  important 
provision  relating  to  the  warming  of  an  apart- 
ment, considered  in  connection  with  ventila- 
tion, is  to  furnish  a  channel  for  giving  a  special 
supply  of  air  near  to  the  fire.     If  a  tube,  we 
are  told,  containing  a  sectional  area  of  twenty 
to  thirty  square  inches  for  a  small  or  moderate- 
sized  room,  were  fixed  between  the  joists,  with 
one  end  communicating  with  an  external  wall, 
and  the  other  end  placed  in  communication 
w-ith  the  apartment  at  the  hearthstone,  or   at 
the  bottom  of  the  grate,  a  supply  of  air  would 
enter  as  long  as  there  was  not  ample  conveni- 
ence for  air   at  other  points.     The  ett'ect   of 
this  arrangement  would  be  to  check  the  sen- 
sible movement  of  air  over  the  floor  to  the 
fireplace,  and,   consequently,   to   add  to  the 
comfort    of   the    room.     It    is    well  kno^TTl 
that    much    of    the    Iresh  air   which  enters 
near  the    fire    becomes    instantly     warmed, 
and    circulates    in   the   room.      In    summer 
this  warm  air  channel  is  unnecessary.      The 
atmosphere      of     a     water-closet     may     be 
greatly  purified  by  a  ventilator  fixed  near  to 
the  iloor  in  the  external  wall  with  perforated 
zinc,  or  an  open  grating  on  one  side,  and  a 
sliding    valve    on    the    other,   that    can    be 
readily   opened    and    closed,    together    with 
another  ventilator  of  perforated  glass  or  zinc, 
fixed   near  to   the   ceiling.     In  like  manner, 
cupboards  may  be  kept  well  ventilated  by  a 
slit   being   taken  ofl'  the  bottom  of  the  door 
of  a  quarter  of  an  inch,  and  a  few  holes  per- 
forated near  the  top.    On  the  subject  of  smoke 
in  private  dwellings,  what  appears  to  be  most 
practicable,  in  the  opinion  of  Mr.  Edwards,  is 
the  introduction  of  improved  systems  of  cook- 
in",  by  which  smokeless  fuel  can  be  used,  and  the 
use  of  those  grates  for  warming  which  furnish 
the    least    smoke.     If  it  be  the  fact,  as  we 
believe  it  is,  that   two-thirds  of  the  smoke 
produced  by   our    present    grates  could   be 
avoided,  a  smoky  chimney  ought  to  be  a  rare 
thing.     We  have  given,  we  believe,  the  lead- 
ing  suggestions   contained   in  Mr.  Edwards' 
book.     They   will    not  perhaps   meet   every 
case,  and  yet   they  contain  nearly  the  whole 
principle  of  ventilation.      If,   as  the   author 
concisely  puts  it,  "  arrangements  be  adopted 
for  admitting  air  imperceptibly  at  our  win- 
dows, and  warm  in  winter,  at  positions  near 
the  floor,  and  if  air  be  removed  by  ventilatin;j 
channels,   and   the   open  fire  place,  we  shall 
have  done  much  that  is  readily  within  our 
power  to   maintain  both  a  comfortable  and 
wholesome  atmosphere  in  dwelling  houses." 


We  may  again  refer  to  the  author's  remarks 
on  the  utilization  of  waste  heat.  For  the 
present,  we  content  ourselves  with  giving  his 
volume  our  hearty  commendation. 


ARTESIAN    WELLS. 

THE  subject  of  well-boring  having  Utoly  at- 
tracted some  attootion,  we  have  received  re- 
peated applications  to  devote  a  portion  of  our 
space  to  an  article  on  the  subject.  This  we  now 
purpose  doing,  giving  Grat  au  elementary  descrip- 
tion of  the  formation  and  constructitm  of  ar- 
tesian weUs,  and  then  cxamiuiiig  some  improve- 
ments that  have  of  late  years  t  cken  place  in  the 
machinery  for  boring.  Although  the  general  ap- 
plication of  the  principle  of  artesian  wells  is  only 
common  to  modem  times,  their  uses  were  known 
to  the  ancients.  They  have  undoubtedly  existed 
in  China  for  more  th,an  1,500  years.  They  have, 
too,  been  sunk  in  It.aly,  and  in  the  district  of 
Artois,  in  France,  from  whence  their  name, 
from  time  immemorial.  They  are  perpendicular 
borings  into  the  ground,  generally  of  a  few  inches 
in  diameter.  The  disposition  of  water  to  seek  its 
own  level  regulates  their  action,  and  a  large 
amount  of  caution  is  necessary  in  the  selection  of 
situations  favourable  to  their  success,  a  geological 
knowledge  of  the  surrounding  district  being  neces- 
sary to  the  avoidance  of  useless  operations. 

The  following  is  a  description  of  the  geological 
formation  of  a  district  favourable  for  boring.  Upon 
the  surface,  or  immediately  under  the  surface  of  a 
country,  see  illustration,  A  (a),  occurs  a  bed  of 
hard  earth  or  rock  impervious  to  water,  or  through 
which  water  will  hardly  pass.  Under  this  and 
above  another  stratum  similar  to  it  (c)  is  a  bed  of 
sandy  or  other  soft  rock  (t)  through  which  water 
easily  percolates.  Rain  water  falling  upon  eleva- 
tions of  the  adjacent  districts  [h]  is  absorbed  by 
portions  of  the  sandy  rouk  which  crop  out  of  or 
are  exposed  to  the  surface,  and  from  the  action  of 
gravity  passes  downwards  until  it  reaches  the 
lower  stratum  of  hard  rock.  Unable  to  rise  to 
its  own  level  through  the  upper  hard  stratum  it 
remains  there,  free  frum  evaporation.  Upon  a 
boring  being  made  (it)  down  to  the  stratum  by 
which  it  is  absorbed,  the  water  immediately  rises  to 
the  surface,  the  various  hindrances  to  its  passage 
through  the  rock,  notwithstanding  as  ihe  boring  is 
comparatively  small,  and  the  force  of  the  water 
beneath  of  course  veiy  considerable.  The  stratum 
of  sandy  rock  may,  iu  fact,  be  considered  as  an  im- 
mense bent  horizontal  pipe,  into  the  two  raised 
ends  of  which  water  is  poured,  upon  which,  a  hole 
being  bored  in  the  centre,  the  w.ater  springs  up 
endeavouring  to  reach  the  level  of  the  two  ends. 
Large  areas  of  stratified  rocks  seldom  occur  un- 
broken, but  are  generally  fractured  by  the  past  ac- 
tion of  different  disturbing  forces.  Successful 
borings  have,  however,  been  ma<le  under  these  cir- 
cumstances by  piercing  the  hole  between  the  fr,ac- 
ture  and  that  part  of  the  surface  where  the  soft 
rock  absorbs  the  water  (see  illustration  B). 

During  its  passage  through  various  strata  of 
rocks,  water  often  becomes  impregnated  with  de- 
leterious substances — some  so  much  so  as  to  render 
it  useless  for  employment  in  many  manufactures. 
When  in  sinking  an  artesian  well  it  is  found  that 
a  supply  of  bad  water  only  is  to  be  obtained  at  the 
first  water  line  reached,  it  is  usual  to  b<:rc  dee|)er 
with  the  view  of  obtaining  purer  water.  This 
being  accomplished,  the  boring  to  the  depth  of  the 
first  find  is  widened  sufficiently  to  admit  of  the  in- 
sertion of  a  cylinder  through  which  the  pure 
water  rises  immixed  with  the  impure.  Some- 
times, too,  although  only  an  insufficient  amount  of 
water  is  found  at  the  higher  stratum,  a  more  abun- 
dant supply  may  be  obtamed  by  boring  deeper. 

The  exiraordinary  depth  of  some  borings  has 
rendered  it  necessary  to  invent  special  machinery 
to  facilitate  the  working  of  the  excavations,  and 
while  the  principles  which  regulate  the  supply 
of  water  remain  unaltered,  the  modifications  of 
the  machinery  thus  introduced  have  effected  such 
considerable  changes  in  the  manner  of  wellboriag, 
as  the  art  is  now  practised,  that  it  behoves  engi- 
neers to  enquire  carefully  into  the  merits  of  the 
different  systems  from  time  to  time  pursued. 

A  valuable  paper  was  read  by  Mr.  G.  R.  Bur- 
uell  before  the  Institu'ion  of  Civil  Engineers 
about  three  years  ago,  from  which  much  relia'  le 
information  is  obtained  on  the  sulject.  The  first 
well  executed  of  great  depth,  and  which  directed 
public  attention  to  the  art,  was  one  for  the  city  of 
Paris,  by  M.  Mulct,  at  the  Abbattoir  of  Crenelle. 
Commenced  m  1S32,  after  more  than  eight  years 


898 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


December  27,  1867. 


of  iacessaut  labour,  the  water  rose  on  the  26th  of 
February,  1842,  from  the  depth  of  1,797ft.  6iu. 

The  Germau  engineers,  in  their  endeavours  to 
meet  with  the  brine  springs  found  in  the  Rhine 
provinces,  introduced  important  modifications  of 
the  tools  employed,  and  amongst  other  inventions 
M.  Euyenhausen  imparted  a  sliding  movement  to 
the  striking  part  of  the  tool  used  for  piercing  the 
rock,  and  thus  he  avoided  the  jarring  of  the  tools 
while  he  produced  a  uniform  action  on  the  bottom 
of  the  rock. 

In  1856,  M.  Kind  contracted  with  the  munici- 
pal council  of  Paris  to  complete  a  well  at  Passy, 
in  the  Paris  basin,  within  twelve  months,  and  to 
deliver  from  1,786,240  gallons  to  2,232,800  gal- 
lons of  water  per  day  for  300,000f.  (£12,000.)  On 
the  Slst  of  May,  1857,  after  the  works  had  been 
in  operation  nearly  the  time  stipulated  for  their 
completion,  and  the  depth  of  the  boring  had  at- 
tained 1,732ft.  from  the  surface,  the  excavation 
coUapjed  in  the  upper  strata  at  a  depth  of  about 
100ft.,  and  tilled  up  the  boring.  Time  and  indul- 
gence were  granted  to  M.  Kind,  and  a  new  arrange- 
ment was  entered  iuto.  The  upper  part  was 
finally  lined  with  masonry  to  a  depth  of  150ft., 
and  beyond  that  a  tuning  of  wood  and  iron 
was  continued  to  a  depth  of  1,804ft.,  and  at  the 
bottom  a  length  of  copper  pipe  pierced  with  holes, 
to  allow  of  the  entrance  of  the  water,  was  added. 
Success  at  length  rewarded  the  enterprise  in  Sep- 
tember, 1861,  at  a  depth  of  1,913ft.  lOin.  from  the 
ground,  the  ultimate  uniform  yield  of  water  being 
3,795,000  gallons  per  diem,  and  the  total  cost  of 
the  well  £40,000. 

There  are  three  systems  of  boring  generally 
practised,  viz.,  the  Chinese  or  M.  Fauvelle'a  system, 
M.  Kind's  system,  and  the  French  system,  which  is 
the  most  known. 

Fauvelle'a  system,  although  at  first  extensively 
patronized  by  M.  Arago  and  Dr.  Buckland,  is 
now  seldom  practised  on  the  Continent,  and  not 
at  all  in  Great  Britain.  Its  principles  were, 
first,  that  the  motion  given  to  the  tool  in  rota- 
tion was  simply  derived  from  the  resistance  that 
a  rope  would  oppose  to  an  effort  of  torsion  ;  and, 
therefore,  that  the  limits  of  application  were  only 
such  as  would  provide  that  the  tool  should  be 
oately  acted  upon;  and,  stcondly,  the  injection 
of  a  current  of  water  descending  through  a 
central  tube  to  wash  out  the  detritus  at  the 
bottom.  The  difficulties  attending  this  were 
enormous,  and  mainly  caused  the  abandonment 
of  the  system  in  all  operations  on  a  large 
scale. 

In  the  ordinary  system,  the  motion  of  the  tools 
ii  effected  by  the  use  of  solid  iron  rods,  the 
weight  of  which,  of  course,  increases  in  propor- 
tion to  the  depth  attained  ;  and  it  follows  from 
this  thiit  where  the  boring  is  very  deep,  either 
the  vibration  produced  in  the  long  rod,  or  the  tor- 
sion, causes  an  unequal  delivery  of  the  blows  at 
the  bottom.  To  obviate  this,  hollow  rods  have 
been  used  presenting  a  larger  sectional  area  than 
was  necessary  in  the  particular  case,  to  increase 
their  lateral  resistance  to  the  blows  producing 
vibration.  The  height  of  the  fall  of  the  trepan 
is  2ix,.,  but  the  disengagement  of  the  machinery 
is  effected  by  the  reaction  of  the  column  of 
water  that  the  trepan  works  in.  Many  well- 
borers  have  used  hollow  rods  filled  with  cork,  and 
some  have  tried  the  Euyenhausen  joint,  augers 
and  chisels  being  frequently  used  to  remove  the 
detritus. 

M.  Kind's  system  may  be  best  described  by 
noting  the  differences  between  it  and  the  ordi- 
nary system,  and  by  carefully  tracing  the  results 
of  its  employal  at  Passy,  to  which  we  have  already 
alluded.  The  essential  difference  consists  in  the 
use  of  a  trepan  of  considerable  diameter  falling 
through  a  certain  height,  and  in  the  use  of  oak 
rods,  for  the  suspension  of  the  trepan  working 
in  water,  and  thus  easily  counterbalanced. 

At  Passy,  the  weight  of  the  trepan  was  1,800 
kilogrammes  (about  1  ton  16  cwt.),  the  height 
through  which  it  fell  was  2ft.,  and  its  diameter 
was  3ft.  3  7-16thin.  The  oak  rods  were  about 
Sin.  on  the  side,  and  the  dimensions  of  the  cut- 
ting tool  were  3ft.  3  7-16in.  Great  strength  was 
given  to  the  head  of  the  striking  tool,  and  to  the 
part  of  the  machinery  employed  to  turn  the 
trepan,  there  being  a  danger  of  the  latter  break- 
ing off  under  the  influence  of  the  shock.  The 
details  of  the  trepan  are  shown  in  figs.  1,  8,  and  4. 
It  is  composed  of  two  principal  pieces,  the  frame 
and  the  arms,  all  of  wrought  iron,  except  the 
cutting  teath,  wliich  are  of  steel.  Fig.  3  repre- 
sents at  the  bottom  of  the  frame  a  series  of 
slightly  conical  holes  into  which  the  teeth  are  in. 
serted  and  wedged  tightly  up.  These  teeth  are 
placed  with  their  cutting  edges  on  the  longitu- 


dinal axis  of  the  frame  that  receives  them,  and 
at  the  extremity  of  the  latter  there  are  formed 
two  heads,  also  carrying  two  teeth  double  the 
width  of  the  others,  to  give  more  power  to  the 
part.  Above  the  lower  part  of  the  frame  of  the 
trepan  is  a  second  piece  composed  of  two 
parts  bolted  together,  to  support  the  lower  por- 
tion of  the  frame ;  this  part  also  carries  two 
teeth  at  its  extremities,  to  g\iide  the  tool  in 
its  descent,  and  to  work  off  any  asperities  left  by 
the  lower  portion  of  the  trepan.  Above  this  are 
two  pieces  of  WTought  iron,  independent  of  the 
blades  of  the  trepan,  arranged  in  the  form  of  a 
cross  with  the  ends  turned  up,  to  preserve  the 
machinery  vertical  in  its  movements  by  pressing 
against  the  sides'^of  the  boring  already  executed. 
Lastly,  the  stem  and  arms  are  terminated  by  a 
single  piece  of  wrought  iron  joined  to  the  frame 
with  a  sort  of  saddle  joint,  and  secured  by  means 
of  keys  and  wedges.  The  whole  is  jointed  to  the 
great  rods  that  communicate  the  motion  from  the 
surface  by  a  screw  coupling  formed  below  the 
part  of  the  tool  which  bears  the  joint  (fig.  2). 

M.  Kind  adopts  Euyenhausen's  sliding  joint, 
availing  himself  for  large  borings  of  sliding  guides 
made  in  two  pieces,  and  connected  with  pins 
with  a  sliding  joint,  which  at  Passy  was  thrown 
out  of  gear  by  the  reaction  of  a  column  of  water 
above  the  tool  unloosing  the  click  that  upheld 
the  lower  part  of  the  trepan  (figs.  13,  14,  15). 
These,  however,  were  matters  of  detail,  and  it  is 
probable  that  there  was  some  hitch  or  deficiency 
in  his  system  of  causing  the  column  of  water 
to  act  on  the  disc  by  which  the  click  was  set  in 
motion. 

The  rods  used  for  the  suspension  of  the  rod 
were  of  oak,  and  the  advantages,  as  stated  by  M. 
Kind,  derived  from  their  use  are  greater  rigidity 
and  strength,  and  exact  counterbalance  when 
working  in  water,  and,  on  account  of  its  elasticity, 
great  power  of  resistance  to  any  sudden  jar. 
Straight  grown  trees  of  the  required  diameter 
should  be  used  rather  than  cut  timber,  to  avoid 
warping.  The  lengths  used  by  M.  Kind  were 
about  50ft.,  and  connected  by  wrought-iron  joints 
(see  fig.  IS.)  In  the  works  at  Passy  there  was  a 
kind  of  frame  erected  over  the  centre  of  the 
boring  of  sufficient  height  to  allow  of  the  rods 
being  withdrawn  iu  two  lengths  at  a  time,  thus 
producing  a  considerable  economy  of  time  and 
labour. 

The  apparatus  employed  for  the  removal  of  the 
detritus  was,  like  all  others  in  use,  very  defective. 
It  consisted  of  a  spoon  (figs.  8  and  9),  with  a  cy- 
linder of  wrought  iron  suspended  from  the  rods 
by  a  frame,  and  fastened  to  it  a  little  below  the 
centre  of  gravity,  so  that  it  could  be  easily  upset 
when  loaded.  'This  cylinder  was  lowered  to  the 
level  of  the  last  working  of  the  trepan,  and  the 
materials  detached  were  forced  into  the  tool  by 
its  gradual  movement  in  a  vertical  direction. 
Mr.  Burnell  thinks  that  M.  Kind  deprived  him- 
self of  a  valuable  appliance  in  not  using  the  ball 
clack  (  "  la  soupape  ii  boulet")  employed  by  other 
borers  (fig.  10.)  Tools  used  by  MM.  Mulct, 
Dru,  Laurent,  and  others  are  adapted  for 
the  extraction  of  the  materials  in  wells  of  small 
diameter,  but  would  have  been  of  no  use  at 
Passy. 

The  head  of  the  "  assemblage  "  was  connected 
with  the  balance  beam  of  the  steam  engine  made 
of  two  pieces  of  wood,  the  upper  of  fir  and  the 
lower  of  beech,  by  a  Vancauson  chain,  with  a 
screw  coupling  (figs.  16  and  17).  The  whole  of 
the  machinery  was  worked  by  steam  admitted  to 
the  upper  part  of  the  cylinder,  which  pressed  it 
down,  and  thus  raised  the  tool  at  the  other  end 
of  the  beam  to  that  p.art  in  conneciion  with  the 
cylinder.  The  counterpoise  to  the  weight  of  the 
tool  was  also  placed  upon  the  cylinder  end  of 
the  beam,  which  prevented  the  piston  from 
striking  the  cylinder  cover  too  forcibly  when  it 
was  brought  back  to  its  original  position.  The 
balance  beam  is  continued  beyond  its  point  of 
connection  with  the  piston,  and  goes  to  meet 
the  blocks  placed  to  check  the  force  of  the  blow 
given  by  the  tool. 

The  beating  of  the  rock  was  usually  effected 
at  Passy  at  the  rate  of  about  fifteen  to  twenty 
strokes  per  minute.  The  average  number  of  men 
employed  was  fourteen,  and  the  trepan  was 
usually  worked  for  about  eight  hours,  and  the 
spoon  was  then  let  down  to  remove  the  detritus. 

The  total  time  employed  in  sinking  shafts  on 
this  system  in  the  north  of  France,  where  it  has 
been  applied  without  meeting  with  the  accidents 
encountered  at  Passy,  has  been  estimated  thus  : — ■ 
From  25  to  56  per  cent,  in  manoeuvring  the 
trepan,  from  11  to  144  V^^  cent,  in  raising  and 
lowering  the  tools,  from  19  to  21   per  cent,  in 


removing  the  detritus,   and  from   8  to   lOJ  per 
cent,  was  lost  owing  to  stoppages,  &c. 

M.  Dru  has  introduced  a  contrivance  for  the 
application  of  the  tool  "  ;i  chute  libre,"  or  free- 
falling  tool,  to  wells  of  large  diameters,  with  a 
view  to  prevent  the  trepan  from  being  thrown  out 
of  gear  in  the  manner  we  have  before  mentioned. 
He  made  his  trepan  in  ihe  manner  shown  in  fig. 
13 ;  the  tool  was  gradually  raised  until  it  came  into 
contact  with  the  fixed  part  of  the  upper  machines, 
when  it  was  thrown  out  of  gear.  The  bear- 
ings of  the  clutch  were  found  to  be  more  evenly 
worn,  BO  that  this  instrument  could  be  worked 
from  eight  to  fourteen  days  without  intermission. 
It  could  also  be  applied  where  water  is  scarce,  as 
there  is  no  necessity  for  a  column  of  water  with 
the  trepan. 

After  all,  these  improvements  are  little  more 
than  matters  of  detail,  and  the  merit  of  the  dis- 
covery of  the  principles  of  the  construction  of  the 
tools  is  still  due  to   Euyenhausen  and    M.    Kind. 

While  engaged  with  the  subject  of  well  boring, 
a  word  or  two  on  the  new  American  tube  weU, 
which  is  attracting  considerable  attention  from 
scientific  men,  may  not  be  deemed  inappropriate. 
It  consists  of  an  iron  tube,  the  lower  end  perforated 
with  holes,  and  shod  with  a  steel  point.  This  is 
driven  into  the  ground  by  means  of  repeated  blows 
given  by  a  hollow  monkey.  The  process  of  dri. 
ving  is  continued  until  it  is  found  that  a  water- 
bearing stratum  is  reached.  A  pump  is  then  at- 
tached, and  the  water  obtained.  This  invention 
was  extensively  used  by  the  I- ederal  army.  The 
English  Government  have  sent  a  number  of  the  tubes 
to  Abyssinia,  and  the  Emperor  of  the  French  has 
sunk  several  with  decided  success. 

Of  course,  no  very  great  depth  can  be  reached  ; 
it  is,  however,  stated  that  the  inventor  has  sunk 
one  at  Ithaca,  New  York,  120ft.  iu  depth.  Its 
great  advantages  are  cheapness,  purity  of  the 
water  obtained  (it  being  entirely  free  from  sur- 
face drainage),  and  the  rapidity  with  which  the 
operations  may  be  conducted. 


MAKK3  UPON  DEALS,  AND  QUALITIES 
OP   TI.\IBEB. 

MERC  HANT  or  trade  marks  are  of  very  ancient 
origin.     They  serve  to  denote   by  symbol, 
initial,   or   device   the  particular  class   of  goods 
manufactured  by  certain  persons.     In   unlettered 
times  they  were  acknowledged  necessities  in  every 
branch  of  trade  and  in  every  circle  of  society.  We 
have  proof  of  this  from  the  royal  arms  of  the  sove- 
reign to  the  humble  vendor  of  refreshments  at  the 
village  inn.     Each  iu  their  turn  fixed  upon  some 
device  or  pictorial  representation  as  their  badge  of 
rank  or  their  device  iu  trade  by  which  to  denote 
their  particular  goods.     We  may  trace  the  custom 
from  the  makers  of  porcelain  down  to  the  moulders 
of  rude  earthenware,  from  the  goldsmith  to   the 
worker  in  baser   metals,  from   the   rude  ages  of 
semi-barbarism  to  the   present  days  of   ease  and 
polished   relinement.     To  those   not  immediately 
connected    with    these    particular    devices    they 
appear  a  perplexing  my.^tery.    There  is  an  inherent 
pride   in   the  trade   mark.s  possessed  by   certain 
houses,  as  by  established  custom  they  represent  a 
species  of   capital.     Ou   the  one   baud,  they  are  a 
warranty  for  the  quality  of  the  article  ;  and,  on  the 
other,  we  are  reminded  of  their  value  to  the  owner 
by   the   familiar   notice — "  To   imitate  which   is 
forgery."     That  the   custom  of   branding  timber 
with   trade  marks   and  devices  is  borrowed   from 
other   trades   there   is   little  doubt,  but  that  one 
particular  colour  of  brand   or  one  superior  device 
should  be  used  over  the  whole  area  of  a  country, 
and  almost  a  continent,  is  not  so  easily  e.^plained. 
With  the  northern  nations  from  which  we  draw  our 
supplies  of  timber  a  crown  has   been  used   from 
time  immemorial  to  denote   a  superior  quality  of 
goods.     We  are  familiar  with  this  device  in   the 
timber    trade.     Crown    logs,  crown    beals,   crowu 
timber,  and  staves,  are  every-day  terms,  and  are 
even   used  where   particular  makers   mark  their 
goods  otherwise  than  with  a  crown.      In  the  Riga 
wainscot  oak   different  qualities   of    crowns  are 
used.    We  find  the  term  English  crown  ranking  as 
the   best    quality,   and  the   Dutch  crown  as  the 
seconds  ;  in  this  case  it   is   not  essential  that  the 
log  should   be   branded   with  a  crown.     With  a 
certain    shipper    we  should    have  a   brand  C  de- 
noting the  English  crown  — H  the  Dutch  crown, 
and  W  for  the  common  or  "  brack  "  quality.       In 
like    manner,    we   have     Riga    deals ;    the   first 
quality    is    termed    ''  crown,"    and    the  second 
quality   "  half   crown  ,"  when    crowns,    or  even 
brands   of  any  kinds  are  absent.     In  some  cases 
where    crowns  are  used   we   find    a  plurality  of 


December  27,  1867, 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


899 


them  denoting  the  best  quality  from  one  part  and 
the  common  from  another.  From  Russian  Fin. 
land  we  have  a  muke  of  best  Uleaburg  goods 
branded  with  three  crowns  and  the  letters  A  and  R 
in  a  circle.  This  is  an  exceptional  device  ;  the 
general  rule  is  that  letters  and  figures  or  devices, 
if  repeated  three  times,  imply  the  goods  to  be  of 
common  quality ;  in  the  above  case  we  have  the 
addition  of  the  letters  and  the  arrangement  of 
tie  crowns  in  a  circle  to  guide  us  from  con- 
founding them  with  the  ordinary  three  crowns  or 
common  goods  shipped  from  Gede.  From 
Bussia  and  Finland  we  are  only  familiar  with 
''  hard  brands  "  made  by  the  blow  of  a  hammer 
but  in  this  particular  make  of  Uleaburg  goods  we 
Lave  the  Swedish  custom  introduced  of  stencil- 
ling the  device  upon  the  deal  ends  with  red  paint. 
Generally  speaking,  these  deviations  from  the  ac- 
cepted custom  of  the  established  trade  are  the  result 
of  ignorance,  and  are  only  committed  by  new  makers, 
who  are  immediately  put  straight  on  these  points 
by  the  importers.  In  illustration  of  this  fact,  an 
instance  might  be  noticed  where  a  Wyborg 
(Viborg)  firm  stencilled  their  initials  R.  S.  upon 
one  of  their  shipmenta.  The  importer,  who  was 
vinprepared  for  any  brand  upon  these  goods,  natu- 
rally protested  against  this  innovation  upon  a 
settled  custom.  Where  goods  are  shipped  from  a 
port  that  has  long  adopted  the  custom  of  brand- 
ing, brands  are  naturally  looked  for,  but  when 
brands  are  attempted  to  be  used  on  goods  from  a 
port  not  accustomed  to  use  marks  or  devices,  the 
step  is  immediately  protested  against.  Thus,  we 
have  old  customs  preserved  over  extensive  dis- 
tricts, the  origin  of  which  is  lost  in  the  vista  of 
('.eparted  years. 

Russian  and  Finland  goods  are  principally  of 
first  and  second  qualities,  designated  by  the 
shippers  "prima"  and  "secunda."  They  were 
formerly  all  of  best  quality,  but  as  they  deterio- 
rated they  were  separated  into  two  qualities. 
During  the  last  few  years  a  commoner  quality — 
"thirds" — has  been  introduced,  but  their  sale  is 
not  easily  effected  against  the  common  goods  from 
the  nearer  ports  of  Sweden.  With  thirds  Peters- 
burgh  deals  we  are  familiar,  with  "  waney  "  edges 
and  battens  nearly  half  round  on  one  side.  The 
Finland  thirds  are  generally  square  edged,  but  are 
faulty  deals  thrown  out  from  the  other  qualities. 
Finland  can  boast  of  a  hard,  strong,  and  close- 
grown  quality  of  timber,  but  from  its  slow  growth 
it  is  apt  to  be  shaked,  loose  or  blackhearted.  This 
may  explain  the  reason  of  their  common  goods 
being  square-edged,  as  they  are  generally  cut  from 
the  centre  of  the  largest  timbers.  Hand-made 
deals  are  often  shipped  from  these  ports  as  com- 
mon goods.  The  fact  of  their  rude  manufacture 
places  them  in  this  scale  of  quality,  although  they 
may  be  cut  from  the  best  and  soundest  timbers. 
These  common  goods  are  rarely  branded  where 
brands  are  used  for  the  superior  qualities.  This  is 
also  the  case  where  shippers  are  in  the  habit 
of  exporting  best  and  seconds  goods  unbranded. 
This  custom,  although  it  may  appear  strange  upon 
the  surface,  creates  no  confusion,  as  the  best  are 
easily  detected  from  the  common  quality,  and  the 
seconds  are  marked  with  a  red  stroke  across  the 
ends.  In  other  cases  where  brands  are  used,  the 
same  impression  may  be  marked  on  each  class  of 
goods,  as  A  L,  a  red  mark  on  the  sides  I  or  II  de- 
noting the  qualities.  In  contradistinction  to  this 
custom  we  have  some  shippers  who  con.?ider  they 
make  thirty,  forty,  or  fifty  per  cent,  of  seconds 
goods  in  proportion  to  best,  and  will  sign  their 
shipping  contracts  accordinaly,  leaving  the  im- 
porter to  select  the  qualities  when  he  gets 
them  to  hand  j  in  this  case  we  have  our  mer- 
chants' devices  upon  the  sides  in  red  chalk, 
as 


□  un^QS^. 


Other  shippers  (aa  instance  "  Peter  Belaire," 
of  Petersburg,  who  brands  his  best  deals  P.  B., 
and  his  seconds  P.  B.  2)  will  set  at  rest  the  ques- 
tion of  quality.  These  brands  do  not,  in  all  cases, 
represent  the  initials  of  the  makers,  especially 
when  they  do  not  ship  the  goods  themselves. 
The  celebrated  Gromoff  Petersburg  deals  bear 
the  brand  of  C.  &  Co.,  from  the  fact  that 
they  are  shipped  by  the  firm  of  Clarke  and 
Co. 

From  the  ports  of  Archangel  and  Onega,  in  the 
White  Sea,  we  get  a  valuable  class  of  timber. 
Seconds  goods  are  rarely  shipped,  as  they  are  able 
to  supply  such  a  large  proportion  of  best  quality. 
Shippers'  brands,  as  W.  S.  C,  &c.,  are  used  as  in 


the  Baltic  ports,  but  we  have  this  peculiarity — 
they  may  come  to  hand  branded  ^vith  figures, 
thus  :  2,  3,  4,  and  even  5  and  6.  These  have  no 
bearing  upon  the  quality,  but  is  said  to  denote 
the  number  of  the  yard  in  which  the  goods  were 
stored  previous  to  shipping.  It  will  thus  be  seen 
that  brands  are  somewhat  perplexing  on  both 
Russian  (proper)  and  Finland  goods.  It  is  a  safe 
rule  where  red  letters  or  devices  are  absent,  and 
they  are  branded  with  the  blow  of  a  hammer, 
to  set  them  down  under  this  head ;  but  where 
they  are  common  goods,  and  bear  no  brand,  like 
many  of  the  Swedish  shipments,  they  may 
generally  be  detected  by  the  colour  of  the  sap, 
which  is  not  so  blue  as  in  the  Swedish  goods. 
With  Swedish  goods  we  are  introduced  to  wid«ly- 
difierent  customs,  and  the  principle  of  branding 
bears  but  distant  relationship.  Branding  with 
the  hammer  is  unknown.  Here  we  have  the  set- 
tled custom  of  stencilling  the  letters  upon  the 
ends  with  red  paint ;  and  we  have  a  leading 
dei)artment  in  the  manufacture  of  common  goods 
All  the  shippers  make  best  goods,  which,  with  few 
exceptions,  are  much  inferior  to  the  Russian  ship- 
ments, and  were  it  not  from  the  fact  of  the  low 
price  of  these  common  goods,  which  can  only  be 
purchased  by  taking  a  proportion  of  best  goods, 
we  should  see  very  few  best  quality  Swedish 
deals  in  our  markets. 

As  previously  observed  with  Russian  goods,  we 
are  familiar  with  first,  second,  and  third  quality 
goods ;  here  we  have  the  first  and  second  mixed 
together,  and  marked  with  the  same  brand.  These 
"  mixed  "  deals,  as  they  are  called  by  the  shippers, 
are  always  sold  by  the  English  merchants  as  best 
Swedish  goods :  were  it  not  so  the  best  and  seconds 
goods  would  have  to  be  selected ;  this  would  cause 
some  inconvenience,  as  they  would  both  carry  the 
same  brand.  For  purposes  of  trade,  they  are  all 
called  best.  It  naturally  follows  that  the  shippers' 
thirds  are  called  seconds,  and  so  on  with  the  fourth 
and  fifth  qualities,  which  are  called  thirds  and 
fourths.  The  term  "  mixed,"  so  common  with  the 
brokers  and  shippers,  is  never  heard  with  the 
merchant  and  the  consumer.  Bearing  this  custom 
in  mind,  we  will  wade  through  a  few  of  the  lead- 
ing brands,  with  the  terms  used  by  the  brokers, 
and  figured  on  the  foreign  specifications  attached 
to  them.  We  have  thus  : — Gefle  stocks — E  K  B, 
mixed ;  E  X  B,  thirds ;  E  X  S  B,  fourths. 
C  Crown,  B,  mixed ;  C  X  B,  thirds ;  C  X  X  B, 
fourths  ;  C  V  B,  fifths.  K  H  B,  mixed ;  H  A  B, 
thirds  ;  the  fourths  vmroarked  or  unbranded. 
S  K  B,  mixed  ;  DOM,  thirds ;  D  JI,  fourths. 
Sundswall  goods — M  X,  mixed  ;  N  X,  thirds ; 
0  X,  fourths.  Holmsund  goods  (Dixons) — D.  B. 
and  Co.,  mixed ;  D  D  D,  thirds ;  fourths  un 
branded.  Malmo  goods — F  H  K.  mixed  ;  K  X  T, 
thirds ;  fourths  unbranded.  Soderhamn,  from 
which  the  best  class  of  Swedish  goods  are  shipped, 
we  have  G.  G.  and  Co.,  mixed  ;  G  G  G,  thirds ; 
and  fourths  unbranded ;  B  S  S  C  (Bjornaborg 
Saw  Mill  Company),  mixed ;  B  C,  thirds ;  and 
fourths  unbranded.  Stockholm — (Franke's) — 
J.  Crown  F,  mixed  ;  J  E  F,  thirds ;  J  E  F  O, 
fourths.  As  these  quahties  are  transmuted  in  the 
hands  of  the  merchants,  we  should  recognize  them 
in  the  timber  yards,  as  E  K  B,  best ;  E  X  B, 
seconds ;  E  X  X  B,  thirds,  &c.,  &c.  As  fifths  goods 
are  rarely  shipped,  it  will  explain  the  reason  of 
fourths  goods  being  rarely  seen  in  the  timber  yards, 
and,  as  seen  by  the  above  instances,  that  fourths 
goods  are  very  often  unmarked,  we  have  the 
explanation  to  so  many  thirds  quality  Swedish 
goods  bearing  no  brands.  This  alteration  in  the 
qualities  causes  some  confusion,  as  so  many  of 
the  shipments  have  letters  or  devices  repeated 
three  times  for  the  thirds  quality.  We  have  two 
illustrations  in  the  brands  given  above,  viz.,  D  D  D 
and  G  G  G.  One  accustomed  to  brands  would 
naturally  infer  that  those  were  thirds  quality 
goods,  whereas  the  timber  merchant  will  inform 
you  they  are  seconds.  On  the  other  hand,  in- 
stances may  be  noted  where  the  alteration  of  the 
qualities  is  favourable  to  the  brands.  This  is  the 
case  with  several  of  the  Gottenburg  ship- 
ments. An  illustration  is  furnished  by  a 
Gefle  stock— K  A  B,  mixed  ;  N  A  S,  thirds ;  *  *  *, 
fourths,  which,  altered  by  the  merchants,  would 
stand  thus  : — K  A  B,  best ;  N  A  S,  seconds ;  *  *  *, 
thirds.  la  some  instances,  Gottenburg  and  other 
Swedish  deals  are  branded  on  the  sides  or  edges. 
This  implies  they  have  been  sawn  in  the  interior 
of  the  co\intry,  and  have  been  sent  down  to  the 
ports  for  shipment  with  chopped  ends.  Before 
being  shipped  the  ends  would  be  squared,  and  the 
brands,  it  applied  in  the  ordinary  way,  would  be 
destroyed.  Where  this  is  the  case  they  are  gene- 
rally small  insignificant  letters,  just  sufficient  for 


the  maker  to  be  able  to  recogni2e  bis  goods  in  the 
finished  state.  Generally  speaking,  the  principle 
of  branding  Swedish  goods  is  objectionable. 
Where  buyers  are  called  upon  to  judge  the  quali- 
ties from  inspecting  the  ends  of  the  deals,  their 
judgment  is  contorted  by  these  glaring  letters, 
and,  as  they  are  marked  on  both  ends,  there  is  no 
relief.  Where  Russian  goods  would  be  impressed 
with  a  crown  from  the  blow  of  a  hammer,  Swedish 
goods  might  bear  the  full  complement  of  letters, 
CROWN,  occupying  the  whole  section  of  the 
deal.  This  is  particularly  the  case  with  Norway 
goods,  and,  as  they  are  principally  3  by  7  and 
2J  by  7  in  section,  the  dilficuty  is  multiplied. 

Hewn  timbers  are  generally  branded  with  the 
hammer  at  the  ends.  With  Memel  shipments 
the  quahties  are  marked  in  the  centre  with  a 
•cribe,  thus  :  I —  II  for  beat  and  seconds  ;  in  like 
manner  they  will  bear  the  iuilals  of  the  shipper. 
Dantzic  timber  can  always  bo  detected  from 
Memel  by  having  a  multiplicity  of  marks  iu  the 
centre  of  the  timber,  thus :  (X|  1 1 1  P  D) ;  aa 
these  are  mostly  private  marks  they  are  difficult 
to  explain.  The  Custom  House  scribes  can  be 
readUy  understood,  as  X  X  I  1 1  for  23ft.,  &c.,  &c.» 


THE    SCIENCE    AND  ART    DEPART. 
MENT. 

WE  understand  that  Mr.  Buckmasler  is  at 
present  engaged  in  making  a  tour  in 
various  manufacturing  districts  in  England,  in 
order  to  explain  the  principles  upon  which  the 
Science  and  Art  Department  of  the  Privy  Council 
are  prejiared  to  give  aid  to  classes  for  the  im- 
provement of  artizans  in  technical  education. 
The  following  is  a  syllabus  of  the  subjects  in 
which  instruction  is  to  be  given.  1.  Mechanical 
and  Geometrical  Drawing — Introductory  Lessons 
— Drawing  and  shading  of  simple  figures,  to  give 
facility  and  accuracy  in  the  use  of  the  instru- 
ments. Plane — Use  of  the  straight  line  and 
circle  in  drawing  most  of  the  forms  given  to 
materials  used  in  the  arts  of  construction,  and  in 
"setting  out"  work  before  being  shaped  by  hand 
and  tool ;  also  setting  out  on  the  ground,  as  prac- 
tised by  builders  and  others,  a  few  of  the  curves 
more  freijueatly  used,  such  as  the  ellipse  (or  oval), 
the  curves  of  the  teeth  of  wheels,  cams,  screws, 
&c.  Solid — The  meaning  and  use  of  the  terms 
plans,  elevations,  and  sections,  with  their  applica- 
tion in  drawing,  machinery,  masonry,  shipbuild- 
ing, carpentry,  &c.  The  above  is  all  required  of 
candidates  for  3rd,  4th,  or  5th  class  certifi- 
cates.  Having  perfected  themselves  in  the 
above,  students  will  receive  instructions  in  that 
kind  of  drawing  required  in  their  particular 
trade.  Those  students  who  aspire  to  earn  a  medal, 
or  first  or  second  class  certificates,  will  be  in- 
structed in  the'higher  b  anches  of  solid  geometry;  for 
example,  the  drawing  of  the  curved  surface  of  the 
screw  propeller,  of  the  surface  of  a  ship,  &c. ;  the 
development  or  unfolding  of  curved  surfaces  (o£ 
great  practical  use  to  boiler  makers,  shipbuilders, 
coppersmiths,  and  others) ;  the  intersections  of 
curved  surfaces,  forming  groins,  vaults,  skew 
arches,  culverts,  &c.,  determining  the  exact  shape  of 
each  stone,  and  the  manner  of  cutting  it ;  isometric 
projection,  or  complete  representation  of  a  solid 
by  means  of  one  "  view "  only ;  and,  finally, 
perspective,  considered  not  as  an  art,  but  as 
a  science.  2. — Theoretical  and  Practical  Me- 
chanics : — Introductory — Arithmetric,  mensura- 
tion, weight  of  materials,  strength  of  materials, 
expansion  of  metals  by  heat,  expansion  of  metals 
by  strain.  Theoretical. — The  general  principle  of 
the  conservation  of  energy,  as  applied  to  the  com- 
position and  resolution  of  forces,  centre  of  gravity, 
the  mechanical  powers,  friction,  the  laws  of  motion, 
falling  bodies,  centrifugal  force,  pressure  of 
liquids,  &c.  Practical.— Wheelwork,  shafting, 
&c.,  as  applied  to  cranes,  lathes,  and  other 
machines;  block  and  tackle;  the  strains  on  roofs 
and  girders ;  the  stability  of  reLiining  walls  and 
arches;  the  expansion  of  steam,  and  the  steam 
engine ;  the  fly-wheel ;  loss  of  work  arising  from 
friction;  and  the  displacement  of  ships.  N.B. — 
The  practical  part  will  be  made  to  bear  as  much 
as  possible  on  the  different  trades  of  the  pupils 
who  come  forward  ;  and  at  the  same  time  will  be 
in  harmony  with  the  drawing  class.— Text  book 
for  junior  students,  Tate's  "Exercises  on  Me- 
chanics," price  2s.  For  students  desirous  of 
obtaining  a  first  class  certilicate,  the  text  book 
will  be  Professor  Kankine's  "  Applied  Mechanics." 


*  To  be  continued. 


yuo 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


December  27,  1867. 


PHOTOGRAPHS  OF  THE  REMAINS  OF 
THE  SEVEN  CHURCHES  OF  ASIA 
AND  THE  ADJACENT  SITES  OF 
INTEREST. 

"  "V^^  ^^^'  ^^'''  ^'^  have  to  suit  the  v.irious 
I  tastes  of  our  customers."  Such  is 
tlie  sort  of  answer  every  shopman  is  ready  to 
give  to  any  one  who  may  express  surprise  at 
the  diversity  of  ugliness,  and  the  meaning- 
lessuess  wliich  are  everywhere  visible  in  our 
modem  arts  and  manufactures.  That  the  art 
of  photography  is  no  exception  to  this  slavish 
subserviency  becomes  more  evident  every 
day.  What  we  caU  "  taste "  must  be  pan- 
dered to,  regardless  of  the  quality  of  it.  In 
all  the  multiform  ramifications  of  its  corrup- 
tion, as  well  as  in  its  strivings  after  better 
things,  there  are  always  plenty  of  "  respect- 
able" tradesmen  and  "clever  artists "  ready 
to  keep  it  going.  It  matters  little  what  the 
demand  may  be,  it  is  sure  to  be  supplied.  Art 
has,  in  fact,  given  up  its  government.  A 
teacher  and  a  ruler  no  longer,  it  has  become  a 
mere  tool  to  work  out  the  foolishness  of  the 
hour,  to  minister  to  a  vulgar  passion,  or 
please  some  weak  sentimentalism.  "  The 
fifty  original  photographs"  of  the  remains  of 
the  seven  churches  of  Asia,  now  on  view  at 
the  Arundel  Society's  rooms,  24,  Old  Bond- 
street,  wiU  no  doubt  meet  with  purchasers, 
not  because  the  photographs  are  good  in 
themselves,  for  this  they  are  not ;  not  be- 
cause the  scenery  is  beautiful  or  grand,  for  it 
is  neither  one  nor  the  other  ;  and  not  because 
the  luins  of  the  seven  cities  are  important 
contributions  to  the  archceology  of  the  East, 
for,  with  one  or  two  exceptions,  they  are 
nothing  but  confused  heaps  of  earth  and 
rubbish.  Tlie  only  reason  for  the  publica- 
cation  of  such  a  series  must  be  sought  iu 
Clapham  or  amongst  the  followers  of  Dr. 
Camming.  To  those  people  whose  highest 
pleasure  is  to  revel  in  the  Apocalyptic  Vision, 
whose  weakly  sentiment  and  feeble  imagina- 
tion dwell  upon  mystic  numbers,  seven- 
headed  beasts,  and  scarlet  dresses,  these 
photographs  will  afford,  of  course,  food  for  much 
talk,  and  serve  as  a  new  sensation.  To  every 
one  else  they  are  worthless.  Had  the  pho- 
tographs themselves  been  better,  one  or  two 
would  have  been  slightly  interesting  to  the 
archceologist :  thus,  the  view  of  Philadelphia, 
showing  arched  fragments  of  old  church  ;  the 
theatre  at  Hierapolis  (36),  and  the  view  of 
the  old  church  at  Pergamos  (47),  w-ere  fit 
subjects  for  the  photographer's  art.  As  repre- 
sented, liowever,  in  this  collection,  we  can 
make  but  little  of  them  even  with  the  help  of 
a  magnifying  glass.  Nos.  31  and  .32,  showing 
the  temple  of  Venus  Aphrodisias,  are  perhaps 
the  Ijest  photographs,  and  certainly  this  temple 
forms  the  most  interesting  ruin.  No.  4,  Tomb 
of  S.  Poly  carp,  shows  a  long  black  blot  near  the 
centre  of  the  subject  which  we  suppose  is 
intended  for  a  tree  ;  but  whatever  it  may  be 
called,  it  is  an  insult  to  the  art  of  photography 
to  exhibit  such  an  utter  and  inexcusable 
failure.  It  would  have  been  scarcely  worth 
while  to  have  said  thus  much  but  for  the 
way  in  wliich  this  series  of  photographs  have 
been  introduced  to  public  notice.  The  pro- 
.spectus  looks  full  of  promise.  The  price  is 
decidedly  high — sixteen  guineas  the  set ;  any 
sixteen  for  six  guineas,  and  single  copies  for 
half-a-guinea.  Then  the  series  is  announced 
as  "  complete,"  the  photographs  are  styled 
"  original,"  and  the  subjects,  we  are  told,  have 
been  "  never  taken  before."  Lastly,  Mr. 
Svoboda,  who  has  produced  the  work,  comes 
before  us  as  "  artist  of  the  R. A.  of  Venice," 
and  these  mystic  letters  alone,  whether  in 
reference  to  Venice  or  to  London,  are 
quite  enough  to  settle  the  doubts  of  most 
people. 

Altogether,  we  do  not  hesitate  to  say  that 
the  work,  viewed  either  as  a  specimen  of  pho- 
tography or  as  merely  illustrative  of  the  re- 
mains of  the  seven  churches,  is  decidedly  dis- 
appointing, and  whatever  Philadelphia  and 
Pergamos  may  possess  in  the  way  of  archse- 
ology  yet  remain  to  be  illustrated. 


PORTION   OF    FRONT,   NO.   40,   STRAND 

ONE  of  the  subjects  illustrated  by  us  this 
week  is  a  portion  of  the  front  of  No.  40, 
Strand,  recently  completed  from  the  designs  of 
Mr.  John  Barnett,  architect.  The  building  itself 
is  five  storeys  in  height,  and  has  some  considerable 
pretensions,  as  modern  street  architecture,  to  be 
favourably  noticed.  The  two  lower  storeys  form 
but  one  feature,  and  consist  of  five  arches  carried 
by  light  iron  columns.  The  principal  floor,  imme- 
diately above  these,  and  of  which  our  illustration 
forms  a  part,  has  one  large  central  opening,  and 
two  smaller  side  windows.  The  style  may  be 
termed  Renaissance,  with  a  mixture  of  Elizabethan 
feeling  in  the  details.  To  this  mixture  of  styles 
we  have  no  fault  to  find,  for  the  general  effect  is 
broad  and  bold,  but  the  fault,  if  fault  there  is, 
consists  in  a  too  perceptible  straining  after 
originality,  and  the  general  effect  is  somewhat 
sacrificed.  The  two  upper  floor  windows  are 
-•egmental  headed,  and  in  stone,  but  do  not  call 
for  particular  notice.  The  building,  as  a  whole, 
shows  traces  of  careful  study,  and  a  commendable 
desire  to  improve  our  street  architecture. 

HISTORY    OF   A    BRIDGE. 

"VyO  doubt  many  of  our  readers  have  looked 
J_l  with  admiration  at  the  Victoria  bridge, 
which  crosses  the  Thames  at  Battersea,  At  a  re- 
cent meeting  of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engi- 
neers, Mr.  W.  Wilson  read  a  paper  on  this  bridge. 
He  said  that  it  crossed  the  River  Thames  about 
150  yards  to  the  eastward  of  the  Chelsea  Suspen- 
sion Bridge,  at  a  point  where  the  width  of  the 
waterway  between  the  embankment  walls  was 
740ft.  It  consisted  of  four  segmental  wrought- 
iron  arches,  each  having  a  span  of  175ft.  at  the 
springing,  with  a  rise  of  17ft.  6iu.,  and  a  clear 
headway  of  22ft.  above  Trinity  high-water  level. 
At  the  northern  end  there  was  a  land  opening  of 
70ft.  span  crossing  the  Grosvenor-road,  and  on  the 
southern  shore  there  was  a  corresponding  opening 
of  63ft.  span,  crossing  the  wharves  of  the  Brighton 
Railway  Company. 

In  the  first  place,  the  gravel  was  dredged  out  of 
the  bed  of  the  river,  down  to  the  clay  substratum, 
for  a  breadth  of  100ft.,  and  extending  across  the 
entire  width  of  the  water.  Cofferdams,  constructed 
of  two  rows  of  whole  timbers,  waled  and  strutted 
in  the  usual  manner,  were  then  driven  4ft.  below 
the  level  of  the  intended  foundation.  When  the 
enclosed  area  was  cleared  of  water,  the  clay  was 
excavated  to  a  depth  of  40ft.  below  Trinity  high- 
water  level.  The  space  to  be  occupied  by  the 
foundations  was  next  surrounded  by  permanent 
sheet  piles  driven  to  a  depth  of  8ft.  below  the 
lowest  foundation  level.  Within  this  sheeting  a 
bed  of  cement  concrete,  4ft.  in  thickness,  was 
formed,  and  on  that  the  ma?oury  of  the  piers  was 
commenced,  the  concrete  being  afterwards  carried 
up  to  the  top  of  the  sheet  piles  round  the  entire 
circumference  of  the  piers.  From  the  footings  up 
to  the  level  of  4ft.  below  low-water,  the  piers  were 
built  entirely  of  brickwork  in  lias  mortar ;  thence 
to  high-water  level  they  were  faced  with  rock- 
faced  Portland  roach  stone,  with  one  through 
course  half  way  up.  The  core  or  backing  was 
composed  of  pavior  bricks,  set  in  lias  mortar,  and 
the  cutwaters,  caps,  springers,  and  other  masonry 
above  high  water  were  of  tool-dressed  Bramley 
Fall  stone.  The  width  of  the  piers  at  the  spring- 
ing line  was  12ft.  4in.,  and  from  the  extrados  of 
the  arch  to  the  level  of  the  cornice  the  width  was 
10ft. 

The  superstructure  of  each  of  the  four  principal 
openings  consisted  of  six  wrought-iron  arched 
gilders,  springing  from  cast-iron  bed  plates  fixed 
to  the  masonry.  Horizontal  girders,  resting  on 
the  piers  and  on  the  abutmtnts,  and  riveted  to 
the  arch  near  the  crown,  formed  the  longitudinal 
bearers  for  the  roadway.  The  spandrils,  or  inter- 
mediate spaces  between  the  arched  ribs  and  the 
horizontal  girders,  were  fiUed  in  with  a  wrought- 
irou  framework  radiating  from  the  arch  ;  and  be- 
tween the  horizontal  bearers  cross  girders,  for 
carrying  the  roadway,  were  fixed  at  distances 
averaging  about  3ft.  apart. 

A  detailed  description  was  then  given  of  the 
ironwork  of  one  of  the  principal  spans,  that  of  the 
others  being  precisely  similar ;  from  this  it  appeared 
that  all  the  si.x  ribs,  of  which  each  arch  was  com- 
posed, were  alike  in  construction,  but  varied  in 
sectional  area;  they  were  I-shaped,  the  top  and 
bottom  tables  and  the  central  web  being  com- 
posed  of  flat  plates,  connected  together  longitu- 
dinally by  angle  irons,  and  vertically  by  f-'ron 
stiffening  pieces.  The  two  middle  ribs,  which 
might  each  have    to  carry  half  the  load  on  one 


line  of  rails,  had  each  a  sectional  area  of  SOin. ;  the 
ribs  intermediate  between  these  and  the  outer 
ribs  had  each  a  sectional  area  of  71  2in.,  while  the 
sectional  area  of  each  of  the  face  ribs  was  534ia. 
The  horizontal  girders  were  continuous  over  the 
entire  length  of  the  four  principal  openings,  and 
in  the  centre  of  each  jjier  a  stiff'  expansion  joint 
was  provided,  for  the  purpose  of  equalizing  the 
strains  under  different  temperatures.  The  joints 
were  made  and  the  bolts  screwed  up  at  a  mean 
temperature  of  60  deg. ;  and  the  girders,  which 
rested  on  bed-plates  on  each  side  of  the  open 
joiut,  were  perfectly  free  to  expand  or  contract, 
the  continuity  of  strain  being  always  preserved  ty 
the  elasticity  of  circular  vulcanized  india-rubber 
washers,  two  such  washers  being  provided  to  each 
bolt.. 

A  segmental  cast-iron  shoe  was  bolted  to  the 
end  of  each  rib,  and  rested  in  a  corresponding 
concave  bearer,  working  loose  in  a  cast-iron  frame 
fixed  to  the  masonry,  and  provided  with  wrought- 
steel  keys  and  cotters,  for  adjusting  the  arched  rib 
in  position.  By  this  arrangement  the  whole  com- 
pressive strain  was  distributed  over  the  entire  sec- 
tional area  of  the  arch,  whatever  the  state  of  the 
temperature.  Each  pair  of  ribs  and  horizontal 
bearers  were  connected  together,  so  as  to  form,  as 
it  were,  the  two  into  one  box-girder.  In  addition, 
there  was  a  complete  system  of  vertical  and 
transverse  bracing  and  strutting  to  both  the 
girders  and  the  spandril  filling. 

The  total  cost  of  the  bridge,  including  the  land 
arches  and  abutments,  was  about  £84,000.  The 
superficial  area  of  the  roadway,  between  the 
parapets,  being  31,690ft.,  the  cost  per  square 
foot  was  £2  13s. ;  while  the  total  length  being 
930ft.,  the  cost  per  lineal  foot  was  £45  3s.  Only 
twelve  months  were  occupied  in  the  erection  of 
this  important  structure. 

The  works  were  designed  by  Mr.  Fowler  (Pre- 
sident Inst.  C  E  ),  and  were  carried  out  under  his 
supervision  by  the  author.  Mr.  John  KeUc,  M.P. 
(Assoc.  Inst.  C.E  ),  was  the  contractor,  and  the 
iron  work  was  sublet  to  Messrs.  Bray  and  Wad- 
dington  ;  the  wrought  iron  work  was  supplied  by 
the  Monkbridge  Iron  Company,  and  the  cross 
girders  and  angle  iron  by  the  Butterley  Com- 
pany. ^ 

.♦ 

WATER    PIPES. 

IT  is  well  known  that  water  pipes  burst  dur- 
ing frosty  weather  by  water  freezing  within 
them.  The  best  way,  therefore,  to  prevent  their 
bursting"  is  not  to  allow  water  to  remain  iu  them 
during  cold  weather.  There  are  various  means 
by  which  this  can  be  effected.  A  correspondent 
advises  householders  to  send  for  a  plumber  at 
once,  that  he  may  fix  a  valve  at  the  bottom  of  the 
cistern,  over  the  outlet  pipe,  with  a  small  wire 
cord  attached,  and  conveyed  through  a  tube  fixed 
in  the  cistern  to  the  most  convenient  place  below, 
so  that  the  water  becoming  frozen  the  action  of 
the  valve  is  not  impeded  ;  the  danger  then  is  at 
an  end.  For  three-quarters  of  the  year  the  valve 
will  not  be  required,  but  when  the  frost  sets  in, 
and  especially  at  night,  let  the  valve  drop,  and  the 
water  in  the  cistern  wiU  not  be  allowed  to  enter 
the  pipes.  The  lowest  tap  being  opened,  the 
pipes  will  soon  become  empty,  and,  therefore, 
quite  safe ;  water  may  at  any  time  be  obtained  by 
a  slight  pull  at  the  end  of  the  cord,  and  securing 
it  to  a  small  hook  fixed  in  the  wall.  A  few 
shillings  outlay  before  the  next  frost  will  insure  a 
house  from  damage  that  would  cost  many  pounds 
to  repair,  besides  the  inconvenience  caused  to  its 
inhabitants. 

Another  correspondent  says :  — My  method  is  to 
insert  a  common  stop-cock  in  the  pipe  which 
brings  the  water  down  to  our  rooms  and  kitchens, 
at  its  nearest  possible  point  to  its  outrun  from  the 
bottom  of  the  water  reservoir  above.  This  point 
will  be  commonly  found  at  the  top  of  the  wall  of 
an  upper  water-closet,  over  which  the  reservoir  is 
commonly  placed  ;  but  the  water-closet  supplies 
of  water  come  down  other  separate  and  distinct 
pipes  of  their  own,  which,  being  orUy  momentarily 
flushed  as  requhed,  do  not  remain  permanently 
charged  with  water,  and,  therefore,  do  not  require 
any  looking  after.  In  the  topmost  main  stem, 
then,  of  the  pipe — which,  like  an  inverted  tree, 
shooting  downwards  from  its  root  in  the  reser- 
voir above,  enters  the  house,  and,  iu  its  descent 
to  the  kitchens,  sends  out  its  branches  to  taps  in 
various  rooms  (in  some  of  which  the  mischief 
always  occm-s) — a  stop  cock  can  be  inserted  with 
little  trouble,  and  its  future  use  is  an  equally 
simple  matter,  causing  no  trouble  at  all  worth 
counting  against  the  mischief  which  it  will 
assuredly  prevent. 


The  Buildjti^  New.>,De'' '  E7'-*a€7 


H  Abtott.LiUi 


ftinied  t)?Wliitem«n*B*'-s 


The  BuiUUu^ 


!^uirrN3  t7'rfbilfar.An&  Bius 


0 


December  27,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


905 


Ut  M  .§^tll^ent. 


INDUSTRIAL  ARTS— PARIS  EXHIBI- 
TION.* 

The  cabiQet  in  oak,  exhibited  by  Fourdinors,  is  of 
a  very  superior  character  a3  to  artistic  merit,  part 
of  the  design  being  carved  in  delicate  low  relief, 
while  the  little  detached  figures  standing  on 
brackets  are  delightful  specimens  of  the  wood 
carver's  skill.  The  ornamental  foliage  employed 
would  bear  comparison  with  the  most  refined 
prototypes  of  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  cen- 
turies. Altogether,  this  is  of  its  kind  one  of  the 
most  perfect  objects — combining  art  with  manu- 
facture—that the  Exhibition  contains;  and,  if  it 
may  not  be  classed  with  examples  of  fine  art 
proper,  it  certainly  takes  the  highest  rank  in  the 
decorative  arts.  It  is  well  to  show  how  excellent 
art  may  be  in  connection  with  industry,  and  how 
far  the  artizau  is  able  to  carry  his  work  iu  the  pro- 
sent  day,  as  compared  with  the  past,  but  its 
costliness  must  always  prevent  it  being  of  fre- 
quent occurrence. 

The  ebony  cabinet,  by  H.  Lemoine,  decorated 
with  plaques  of  enamel,  ornamented  with  tinted 
figures  and  portraits  of  Michael  Angelo  and 
Ra[)hael,  on  a  deep  blue  ground.  Is  a  work  of 
much  beauty  and  repose.  O.  Nisson,  of  Paris, 
exhibits  an  oak  cabinet  with  panels  of  light 
coloured  sandstone,  on  which  is  ornamented 
foliage  prettily  carved  in  relief ;  and  although  the 
effect  is  agreeable,  the  fact  of  the  panels  being  of 
the  material  they  are  produces  an  unpleasant 
sensation,  and  leaves  a  feeling  of  regret  that  a 
more  appropriate  substance  has  not  been  em- 
ployed. The  object  may  serve  as  an  example  to 
indicate  how  far  artizans  sometimes  mistake  their 
way  in  the  choice  of  a  material  to  receive  their 
work. 

The  introduction  of  plaques  of  Wedgewood  ware 
intj  furniture  and  cabinetwork,  has  only  been 
done  with  success  iu  a  few  instances,  from  a  want 
of  a  better  distribution  of  that  material,  the 
medallions  telling  too  much  as  spots,  resulting  in 
that  lack  of  unity  which  could  have  been  obtained 
by  a  better  repetition  of  the  same  colours  through- 
out the  work. 

Belgium  is  not  well  represented,  and  does  not 
send  anything  of  consequence  in  industrial  art. 
In  good  cabinet  work  it  is  deficient,  and  the 
ceramic  arts,  glass,  pressed  leather  work,  paper 
hangings,  textile  fabrics,  inchuling  lace,  of  which 
there  is  a  large  assortment,  are  all  of  a  third  rate 
order. 

The  objects  sent  by  George  Gatti,  of  Rome,  in 
ebony,  inlaid  with  ivory,  are  quite  the  best  of 
their  kind,  and  a  small  cabinet  and  table  top 
wrought  in  these  substances,  the  latter  being 
varied  by  the  insertion  of  small  polished  stones, 
have  been  produced  with  more  taste  and  skill  than 
we  usually  find  in  applications  of  this  nature. 

Florence  and  Milan  also  send  furniture  in 
ebony,  and  ivory  inlay,  very  interesting,  but  with 
the  exception  of  a  large  cabinet,  having  well 
designed  ornamental  detail,  little  in  advance  of 
the  display  made  on  occasions  of  the  like  kind  ; 
in  short,  several  of  the  towns  of  Italy  appear  to 
be  working  only  in  imitation  of  what  that  country 
has  done  centuries  ago,  without  the  addition  of 
any  new  element  whatever. 

Signer  C.  Salvatorri  has  some  very  nicely 
carved  picture  and  looking-glass  frames,  as  also 
a  little  cabinet  in  oak,  in  imitation  of  the  work  of 
the  fifteenth  century,  as  near  tc  perfection  as  pos- 
sible, both  as  to  design  and  execution. 

The  furniture  of  Italy,  with  applications  of  in- 
laid stones  and  marble,  is  not  nearly  so  good  as 
the  same  speciality  exhibited  by  Russia. 

Denmark  exhibits  furniture  and  other  matters 
of  a  very  meritorious  character,  and  the  inlaid 
work  on  some  of  the  cabinets  and  tables  is  ex- 
quisite. 

Much  of  the  cabinet  work  of  Austria  is  very 
good,  and  the  carving  and  inlaid  work  is  often  well 
appUed. 

The  furniture  sent  by  Russia  is  somewhat 
peculiar,  and  that  portion  the  materials  of  which 
consist  of  ebony,  ormolu,  and  different  coloured 
stones  and  pastes  (the  last  in  wonderful  imita- 
tion of  natural  flowers  and  fruit,  is  very 
remarkable),  the  main  fault  in  the  metal  work 
being  too  hght  and  in  unbroken  lines,  as  also  em- 
ployed in  too  large  a  quantity.  A  round  table  in 
black  marble,  decorated  with  email  groups  of 
flowers,  tied  together  in  garlands,  with   blue  rib- 

•  Concluded  from  page  SSS.  j 


bons  of  lapis  lazuli,  is  beuitiful  in  colour.  I 
may  refer  in  this  place  to  the  magnificent  mosaic 
in  the  Russian  Court,  which  is,  indeed,  a  sur- 
prise, whether  we  regard  it  from  a  pictorial  i>oint 
of  view,  or  from  the  skill  employed  in  tho  manu- 
facture of  the  mosaics  of  which  the  jncture  is 
composed  ;  and  if  this  fine  work  is  in  reality  the 
legitimate  production  of  Ku.ssia  itself,  unassisted 
by  foreign  aid,  from  the  original  design  to  the 
manufacture  of  the  material  in  which  the  picture 
is  wrought,  we  may  not  only  reasonably  exj  ect 
some  great  achievements  in  this  direction,  but  we 
may  also  infer  that  there  is  in  this  country  tho 
elements  of  an  excellent  school  of  fine  art. 

The  numerous  objects  in  cabinet  work  and 
domestic  furniture,  exhibited  by  ditlereut  firms 
if  England,  are  very  direct  evidence  that  this 
class  of  art  manufacture  is  receiving  the  best  pos- 
sible consideration,  both  a-s  to  construction  and 
the  appropriate  application  of  the  decorative  arts  ; 
and  I  have  no  doubt  that  the  new  life  that  has 
been  infused  into  this  species  of  industrial  art, 
will  in  the  course  of  time  culminate  in  the  highest 
perfection. 

A  very  dignified  and  well  designed  cabinet  in 
ebony  is  exhibited  by  Gallow  and  Son,  of  London, 
inlaid  with  two  small  panels  or  plaques  in  imita- 
tion of  Limoges  enamels  ;  also,  another  in  light 
wood  and  inlays  of  different  colour,  very  in- 
geniously applied.  From  certain  peculiarities  in 
these  objects  I  had  suspected  that  foreign  help 
had  been  resorted  to,  but  I  was  gratified  to  find 
that  such  was  not  the  case  in  any  degree.  Re- 
dounding as  this  great  success  does  to  the 
honour  of  the  manufacturer,  notwithstanding 
that  his  interest  is  immediately  connected  there- 
with, and  proclaiming,  as  it  does,  so  loudly  for  the 
innate  aptitude  of  the  English  designer  and  art 
workman,  which  was  at  one  time  a  question  of 
<loubt,  in  some  quarters  all  this  marvellous  change 
in  ideas  since  1851  points  directly  and  unmistak- 
ably to  the  elaborate  machinery,  however  imper- 
fect it  may  have  been  in  some  respects,  that  has 
been  set  in  motion,  and  which  has  been  the  means 
of  producing  so  large  a  share  in  these  results. 

Furniture,  both  in  ebony  and  ebonized,  appears 
to  be  much  employed  at  the  present  time  as  a 
medium  by  which  the  combined  talent  of  the 
artist  and  artizan  may  be  embodied.  The  effect 
in  itself  is  sombre,  but  when  relieved  by  a  well- 
chosen  wall  paper,  picture  frames,  and  carpets,  to- 
gether with  appropriate  draperies,  a  richness  is 
obtained  that  could  not  possibly  be  gained  by  any 
other  means,  and  it  is  like  the  darkest  markings 
of  a  picture,  which  serve  not  only  to  break  up 
the  deep  shadows  and  monotony  which  might 
prevail,  but  from  the  value  it  gives  to  colour,  the 
general  effect  of  the  whole  is  greatly  enhanced. 

In  the  cabinet  of  the  material  above  mentioned, 
sent  by  George  TroUope  and  Son,  are  some  points 
of  much  interest ;  there  is  distributed  about  the 
work  a  number  of  medallions  of  painters  in  gris- 
saille,  and  tinted  slightly,  but  intelligently  painted 
in  oil  on  a  black  ground,  in  the  manner  of  the 
Limoges  enamels,  with  a  judicious  interspersing 
of  gold  lines  and  devices,  and  this  pleasing  adjunct, 
when  executed  by  a  ready  and  skilful  artist,  might 
often  perform  a  part  in  the  enrichment  of  the 
panels  of  furniture,  giving  it  a  life  and  purpose 
which  it  otherwise  would  not  possess. 

The  firm  of  Jackson  and  Graham  is  represented 
chiefly  by  a  cabinet  composed  of  ebony  and  ivory, 
and  compared  with  the  advance  lately  made  by 
other  manufactures  of  England,  it  is  felt  that  they 
do  not  maintain  their  position. 

Wright  and  Mansfield  have  a  large  cabinet  in 
satin  wood,  ornamented  with  medallions  in  Wedg- 
wood wares,  and  becomingly  inlaid  with  coloured 
marquetry.  This  is  an  elegant  piece  of  furniture  ; 
at  the  same  time  its  absence  of  great  costliness 
will  probably  ensure  a  frequent  demand  for  work 
of  this  description.  The  problem  of  supplying  ob- 
jects for  domestic  and  ordinary  use  in  tasteful 
simplicity  to  a  much  greater  extent  than  is  custo- 
mary has  yet  to  be  solved. 

The  best  examples  of  paper  hangings  are  ex- 
hibited by  the  English,  and  the  shortcomings  of 
the  French  in  this  class  of  decor.ative  art  is  diffi- 
cult to  explain  ;  many  of  the  designs  shown  by 
Wollams  and  Co.  are  excellent,  and  those  of  Dr. 
Dresser  are  especially  good. 

The  carpets  sent  by  the  English  are,  for  the 
most  pait,  in  good  taste,  and  the  conditions  neces- 
sary to  be  observed  are  at  length  understood  by 
the  best  manufacturers.  The  French,  as  well  as 
other  continental  nations,  do  not  bear  a  favourable 
comparison  with  those  of  our  own  country,  which 
no  doubt  arises  from  the  demand  for  carpets  being 
much  smaller  on  the  continent  than  in  England, 


Our  schools  of  art  have  done  more  in  respect  of 
flat  decoration  in  its  various  forms  of  aiiplication 
th.an  in  any  other  branch  of  industrial  art,  and  for 
which  it  is  ea.sy  to  account.  Surface  design  having 
been  ro.a<lily  understood  and  much  practised  in 
art  schools,  has  had  tho  opportunity  of  becoming 
constantly  utilized,  by  the  selections  made  from 
the  exhibitions  of  students'  works  after  the  annual 
examin,ation8. 

The  perfection  to  which  the  bronzists  of  Franco 
htu-o  now  carried  this  speciality,  ami  the  mtiguiC- 
ceuce  with  which  tliey  in  many  cases  have  invested 
their  work,  has  not  only  placed  them  on  the  very 
highest  pinnacle  of  the  industrial  arU,  but  they 
r.ank  among  themostexcellent  of  those  by  which  the 
formative  arts  generally  are  represented,  whether 
they  relate  to  works  wrought  either  in  iron,  wood, 
stone,  marbles,  zinc,  or  bronze.  The  variety  of 
the  metal  and  a  loys  employed,  the  peculiar  en- 
lichmcnt  i»f  the  surface,  all  tend  to  tho  conclusion 
that  every  resource  that  could  in  any  way  enhance 
the  beauty  of  their  work  has  had  careful  con- 
sideration, until  at  It  ngth  they  may  be  said  to  revel 
in  the  f.acilities  they  possess,  bringing  into  ex- 
istence objects  redundant  with  beauty  and  con- 
trivance, destined  for  the  dwellings  of  small  pre- 
tensions, as  well  as  for  the  mansions  of  the  wealthy 
and  the  p.alaces  of  kings. 

The  grand  display  made  by  Barbidieu,  all  things 
considered,  may  be  classed  as  the  first  in  the  Ex- 
hibition, and  the  tasteful  application  of  enamel- 
ling to  the  smaller  objects  is  much  to  be  com- 
mended, and  although  the  status  of  this  exhibit 
is  so  entirely  satisfactory,  there  are  others 
of  a  less  imposing  nature  which  Indicate  very 
great  knowledge  of  the  technicalities  of  the  art, 
and  the  fine  things  of  l)e  Ijafontaine  and  Miroy, 
Freres,  with  the  castings  in  zinc  by  Boy,  are  evi- 
dences of  the  skill  to  which  I  refer. 

It  is  most  interesting  to  examine  the  wonder- 
ful examples  of  iron  casting  brought  together, 
whether  we  regard  the  ponderous  things  wrought 
by  France,  or  the  delicate  producticjns  of  Prussia. 
At  the  same  time,  it  is  humiliating  to  acknow- 
ledge that  beyond  all  doubt  this  country  is 
found  deplorably  wanting,  and  that  while  our 
neighbours  have  been  working  we  have  mani- 
fested that  unconcern  which  will  tell  against  us 
in  a  very  damaging  manner  a  little  further  on. 

As  to  the  smaller  works  from  Prussia,  in  which 
so  much  artistic  excellence  is  developed,  it  is  not 
too  much  to  predict  that  the  time  will  very  soon 
arrive  when  the  examples  set  by  that  country, 
and  the  eloquent  discoveries  now  unfolded,  are 
destined  to  be  the  means  of  producing  a  new  era 
in  this  material,  not  only  iu  objects  of  ordinary 
use,  but  in  those  of  luxury  also,  the  approach  to 
which  could  only  be  made  in  oxidized  silver  at  a 
cost  beyond  the  means  of  all  but  the  wealthy. 

The  gold  and  silversmith  work  has  not  made 
much  advance,  if  any,  in  the  hands  of  the  French 
since  1S62.  There  is  assuredly  a  great  display  as 
to  quantity,  and  the  specimens  are  also  notice- 
able in  some  instances  for  size.  In  much  that  is 
shown  here,  the  greatest  amount  of  glitter  that 
could  be  attained  seems  to  have  been  the  motive 
regulating  their  work,  and  the  valuable  element 
of  repose  h.as  for  the  most  part  been  either  for- 
gotten or  repudiated  altogether.  Of  course,  the 
exquisite  objects  for  church  purposes  are  not  in- 
cluded in  these  remarks  where  the  introduction 
of  enamelling  and  precious  stones  has  been  so 
aptly  made,  and  the  delightful  exami)les  by 
Poussielque,  of  Paris,  and  those  of  Armaud  and 
Callait,  of  Lyons,  are  almost  beyond  praise. 

In  the  English  portion,  Elkington,  and  Hunt 
and  Roskell,  are  at  the  head,  and  the  specimens 
in  oxidized  silver  exhibited  by  the  former  are  of 
consummate  excellence,  and,  perhaps,  the  best  in 
the  whole  Exhibition,  the  full  resources  of  the 
metal  having  been  duly  appreciated  ;  and  as  to 
the  delicate  appUcation  of  repousse  work,  it  has 
been  carried  to  the  utmost  perfection.  Doubt- 
less, the  best  examples  exhibited  have  been  pro- 
duced by  foreigners,  or  under  foreign  super- 
vision ;  and  although  many  of  these  beautiful 
things  may  not  have  been  actually  designed  by 
M.  Vecht,  still  his  influence  is  indicated  in  a  most 
marked  manner,  and  certainly  will  be  felt  as  long 
as  the  manufactory  which  produced  them  is  in 
existence  ;  in  their  truly  ornamental  and  refined 
character,  as  exponents  of  what  m.ay  be  achieved 
in  this  material,  they  will  remain  as  the  accom- 
plished efforts  and  guides  in  this  speciality  for 
ever. 

The  application  of  enamelling  to  some  of  the 
beautiful  examples  exhibited  by  Messrs.  Elkington 
has  been  made  with  much  taste,  and  the  quiet  and 
discreet  treatment  is  greatly  superior  to  those  of 


906 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


December  27,  1867. 


any  other  nation  represented ;  not  only  is  the 
spirit  of  the  most  perfect  period  of  the  Renais- 
sance carried  out,  but  the  best  features  of  the 
decorative  arts  of  the  present  day  have  been  re- 
sorted to  with  complete  success. 

The  beautiful  art  of  enamelling  appears  now  to 
have  thoroughly  taken  root  in  France  again,  as 
may  be  seen  by  the  numerous  applications  to  so 
many  objects  of  manufacture  ;  and  the  rapidity 
with  which  it  has  been  developed  during  the  last 
few  years  is  truly  surprising,  more  especially 
when  we  consider  the  chemical  difficulties  neces- 
sary to  be  overcome,  and  not  only  has  that  phase 
of  it  been  revived,  for  which  the  country  was 
formerly  so  famous  a  few  centuries  ago,  but  the  pro- 
blem has  been  solved  to  a  great  extent  with  refer- 
ence to  the  early  enamelling  of  eastern  nations — 
so  mnch  so,  that  its  application  to  numerous  ob- 
jects appears  to  have  been  made  with  the  greatest 
ease,  and  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  the  era  is 
drawing  nigh  when  matters  of  this  nature,  beau- 
tiful and  true  in  everything  that  relates  to  ar- 
tistic excellence,  will  constitute  to  a  large  extent, 
and  at  a  small  cost,  the  ornamental  trinkets  of  our 
dwellings. 

M.  Lepec,  of  Paris,  stands  at  the  head  of 
the  discoveries  made  in  this  direction,  and  none 
but  those  who  understand  the  process  can  realize 
the  difficulties  in  the  thousands  of  experiments  and 
failures  that  that  gentleman  must  have  passed 
through  before  arriving  at  the  wonderful  achieve- 
ments here  displayed  in  the  translucent  enamels 
alone. 

Other  indipidiial.s  also  stand  prominently  for- 
ward here  r.s  fellow  workers  in  the  revival  of 
enamelling  on  metals,  and  the  production  of  Robel. 
lard,  in  imitation  of  those  of  the  notorious  Li- 
moges period,  are  excellent.  Also  specimens  by 
Le  Cost,  in  the  manner  of  those  of  the  Byzantine 
epoch,  the  spirit  of  which  has  been  well  translated, 
and  they  have  the  advantage  of  being  the  most 
inexpensive  in  the  Exhibition.  There  is  also  a 
choice  exhibit  of  objects  in  imitation  of  the* 
Limoges  enamels  by  Chailes  Dohn,  of  Paris, 
which  consists  mainly  of  figure  subjects. 

The  small  case  of  enamels  imitating  the  old 
examples  by  Rhudolphi,  is  very  successful,  as  also 
are  the  objects  of  repousse  work  in  silver  which  he 
exhibits. 

Emile  Phillippe,  of  Paris,  exhibits  some  small 
things  in  metal  work  nicely  designed,  some  in  re- 
pou£3<^  work,  and  others  engraved,  and  inlaid  with 
different  coloured  enamels.  The  tasteful  objects 
in  silver  and  blue  enamel,  intended  as  personal 
ornaments,  by  Marshall,  of  Edinburgh,  are  worthy 
of  great  praise,  being  not  only  a  new  feature  in 
this  department,  but  they  are  entirely  satisfactory 
as  to  their  ornamental  characters,  and  the  mod©  in 
which  the  devices  have  been  applied.  The  new 
life  relative  to  art,  which  has  manifested  itself  in 
innumerable  forms  in  so  many  countries  at  the 
present  time,  is  now  beginning  to  take  effect  in  the 
domestic  but  more  particulaily  the  ornamental 
glass  now  in  use.  It  has  certainly  been  amongst 
the  last  of  the  various  kiuds  of  manufacture  that 
have  been  tardy  in  receiving  new  ideas  and  break- 
ing through  the  trammels  of  the  past,  and  no 
doubt  the  difficulties  which  had  to  be  combated 
in  working  so  peculiar  a  mate.ial  as  glass  have 
been  amongst  the  principal  reasons  why  it 
has  to  a  certain  extent  remained  up  to  a  recent 
period  so  stationary. 

In  almost  every  other  kind  of  industry,  good  and 
instructive  examples  of  earlier  periods  could  be 
resorted  to  for  information,  but  to  fiud  objects 
worthy  of  emulation  in  glass  in  this  country  has 
been  difficult,  for  until  the  establishment  of  the 
Museum  in  connection  with  Science  and  Art  De- 
partment very  little  reference  could  be  made  to 
examples  furnishing  that  instruction  necessary  to 
the  improvement  of  the  forms  which  glass  is 
capable  of  receiving.  In  France  such  has  not 
been  the  case  to  the  same  extent,  but  notwith- 
standing this  fact  the  manufacturers  have  not 
benefited  by  the  treasures  of  their  museum  so 
much  as  might  have  been  expected. 

It  is  true  that  the  coloured  gl.ass  of  France  is 
quite  as  good  as  that  of  England,  and  perhaps  in 
some  cases  better,  but  this  country  stands  pre- 
eminent in  the  purity  and  crystalline  quality  of 
its  flint  glass.  It  is  indeed  very  remarkable  that 
such  should  be  the  fact,  as  the  French  manufac- 
turers must  be  well  acquainted  with  the  ingre- 
dients necessary  to  compound  a  pure  and  colour- 
less substance,  as  nearly  every  producer  in  Eng- 
land finds  no  difficulty  in  its  manufacture,  and  in 
the  presence  of  so  many  phases  of  advancement  in 
France,  and  in  the  midst  of  the  best  chemists  in 
the  world,  as  respects  the  manufacture  of  vitreous 


colours  for  porcelain  and  the  like,  their  want  of 
perception  in  the  present  instance  is  hardly  to  be 
explained. 

Flint  glass  is  capable  of  much  greater  refine 
ment  in  ornamentation  by  cutting  than  it  has  yet 
received,  and  when  it  is  considered  how  rude  are 
the  materials  used,  for  the  most  part,  in  the  pro- 
cess of  cutting  the  glass,  we  are  rather  disposed 
to  wonder  that  so  much  success  has  been  achieved, 
than  to  remark  on  its  shortcomings.  Like  many 
other  objects  of  merchandize,  a  large  and  ready 
supply  has  been  found  to  be  the  most  profitable 
for  the  manufacturers,  and  so  long  as  this  demand 
continues  to  be  made  irrespective  of  excellence, 
the  means  necessary  to  be  employed  to  produce 
objects  in  glass,  showing  all  the  resources  of 
which  so  beautiful  a  material  is  capable,  will  re- 
main in  abeyance.  We  do  occasionally  see  small 
specimens  wrought  by  the  means  to  which  I  refer, 
namely,  with  a  lathe  similar  to  that  used  by  the 
engraver  on  glass,  as  shown  by  one  object  only 
in  the  exhibit  of  Laboueye,  where  the  two 
methods,  that  of  the  cutter  and  engraver,  have 
been  combined,  but  even  this  example  bears 
little  relation  to  what  might  be  done,  if  taken  up 
as  a  matter  of  fine  art,  as  well  as  for  ordinary 
merchandize. 

Very  strange  and  extravagant  kinds  of  decora- 
tion for  glass  are  employed  for  the  sole  purpose  of 
producing  novelty  of  effect,  unlearned  to  the 
last  degree ,  and,  in  most  of  them,  the  primary 
considerations  which  ought  to  have  been  ob- 
served in  the  cutting  of  flint  glass,  the  enhance- 
ment of  its  brilliancy  by  an  intelligent  arrange- 
ment  of  facets,   has  been  completely  overlooked. 

As  I  have  already  said,  the  purity  of  the  British 
glass  stands  the  first  of  all  in  the  Exhibition, 
and  as  it  really  approaches  the  brilliancy  and 
colourless  quality  of  the  diamond,  it  cannot  be 
expected  to  go  further  in  this  respect,  and  while 
the  cut  portion  does  not  show  much  progress 
since  the  English  Exhibition  of  180 '.2,  the  forms 
are  becoming  more  simple,  and  appear  to  be  regu- 
lated by  increased  artistic  knowledge  and  manipu- 
lation. The  purposes  for  which  glass  are  em 
ployed  seem  to  be  on  the  increase  daily,  and  in 
the  anxiety  to  turn  the  material  to  the  best 
marketable  account  it  often  occurs  that  singular 
misapplications  of  it  are  made. 

Some  of  the  examples  exhibited  by  several 
of  this  manufacture  are  very  remarkable,  but 
more  especially  those  by  Messrs.  Phillips  and 
Co.,  of  London,  which  ire  the  most  unique  of 
their  kind  in  the  Exhibition,  nearly  all  the  re- 
sources of  the  art  workman  having  been  brought 
into  action,  and  with  much  success  has  he  tried 
to  realize  the  elegance  of  the  forms  of  the  Vene- 
tian period.  Of  course,  they  are  larger,  the  ordi- 
nary frontil  having  been  used,  to  the  entire  ex- 
clusion of  the  lamp,  which  was  so  much  in  prac- 
tice by  the  old  Venetian  glass  workers.  The  en- 
deavour has  been  to  get  whatever  beauty  could  be 
gained  from  the  material  itself  by  breaking  up 
the  surface  while  the  substance  was  in  a  state  of 
semi- fusion,  almo.>t  to  the  total  absence  of  cut- 
ting, and  the  chandelier  exhibited  is  of  wonderful 
workmanship  as  regards  these  qualities,  showing 
how  far  the  material  may  be  made  subservient 
to  use  and  beauty  in  the  hands  of  the  well-trained 
artizan. 

All  the  English  firms  exhibit  engravings  on 
glass,  much  of  which  is  very  tastefully  ap- 
plied, and,  in  some  instances,  very  elaborate  and 
ci-istly  examples  occur,  as  seen  by  the  specimen 
exhibited  by  Messrs.  Phillips  and  Co.  At  the 
same  time,  it  must  not  be  forgotten  that  this, 
as  well  as  all  the  other  examples  of  the  greatest 
excellence,  are  from  the  hands  of  foreigners,  and 
so  much  have  the  engravers  of  England  catered 
(perhaps  of  necessity)  to  the  cheap  and  most 
marketable  kind  of  engraving,  that  I  am  afraid 
the  art  is  on  the  decline  in  this  country.  Fifteen 
years  ago,  engravers  on  glass  were  not  easily 
found,  but  they  most  assuredly  possessed  greater 
skill  than  we  are  in  the  habit  of  seeing  in  the 
present  day,  which  is  explained  by  the  circum- 
stance of  the  demand  being  tenfold  greater  now 
than  it  was  then,  and  which  has  resulted  in  a 
larger  measure  of  apprentices  to  the  profession 
from  the  most  uncultivated  grades  of  society. 

M.  Bacc  irt,  of  Paris,  exhibits  quite  the  best 
glass  in  the  French  department,  both  flint  and 
coloured,  and  many  of  the  forms  for  various  pur- 
poses are  well  designed,  while  the  cutting  has 
been  applied  with  considerable  judgment. 

The  ingenuity  displayed  in  the  etched  portion, 
which  forms  so  large  a  part  of  this  exhibit,  is 
most  commendable,  suggesting,  as  it  does,  so 
wicje  and  legitimate  a  resource  for  the  ornamenta- 


tion of  glass,  and  the  simple  appjlication  of  the 
design  to  the  surface  by  printing  in  the  manner 
resorted  to  for  earthenware  will  so  much  facilitate 
the  process  as  to  bring  the  objects  within  the 
means  of  the  ordinary  consumer.  The  placing  of 
one  coat  or  layer  of  glass  upon  another,  thinly  and 
evenly — a  process  found  often  so  perplexing  to 
accomplish — has  been  done  with  perfect  success; 
but,  on  the  whole,  I  am  not  impressed  with  a  very 
marked  advance  in  the  French  display  of  glass 
since  1862. 

The  Bohemian  glass  exhibits  the  usual  features 
by  which  it  is  generally  characterized ;  most  of  the 
colours  and  tints  of  the  same  are  very  beautiful ; 
?nd  staining  from  deep  red  down  to  pale  lemon 
colour,  with  the  customary  treatment  as  to  coat- 
ing, are  in  abundance.  Very  many  of  the  objects 
are  cut  and  then  subjected  to  the  process  of 
enamelling,  gilding,  and  engraving,  a  species  of 
decoration  more  resorted  to  for  the  glass  of  this 
country  than  any  other. 

In  some  examples  the  beauty  of  the  forms  are 
enhanced  by  the  introduction  of  gilding,  but  in 
many  the  purity  of  the  glass  itself  has  been  lost 
by  an  ill-judged  covering  of  gold  and  enamel 
colour. 

Parts  of  Germany  send  some  tasteful  drinking 
glasses,  jugs,  and  ornaments  for  the  cabinet,  of 
common  green  glass,  in  the  manner  of  the  old 
Dutch  and  German  examples,  excellent  both  as  to 
form  and  colour,  and  it  is  very  interesting  to  see 
such  an  inexpensive  material  turned  to  so  satis- 
factory an  account.  The  restoration  is  perfect, 
save  that  in  some  instances  the  surface  is  too  much 
covered  with  enamel  colour. 

Some  of  the  specimens  of  Austrian  glass  are 
excellent,  and  the  union  of  flint  glass  with  metal 
work  in  the  construction  of  candelabra  and 
gaseliers  has  a  very  pleasant  effect. 

The  Italian  glass,  viewed  as  a  complete  restora- 
tion of  the  past  periods  of  that  manufacture,  may 
be  considered  the  most  excellent,  and  surely  the 
most  artistic,  exhibited,  and  really  constitutes  a 
distinct  speciality  in  the  working  of  glass:  the 
rapidity,  too,  with  which  it  has  been  developed, 
together  with  its  manifest  superiority,  distinguishes 
it  most  emphatically  as  being  amongst  the  greatest 
achievements  in  the  industrial  arts  of  the  time. 

In  the  specimens  sent  by  Dr.  Salviatti,  he  gives 
you  fac-similes  of  the  early  Venetian  period,  and 
all  the  secrets  of  the  glassmaker  of  that  time 
have  been  for  the  most  part  entirely  restored  to 
light  by  the  assiduity  of  that  gentleman  ;  the  old 
forms  have  been  so  clearly  imitated,  and  the 
peculiarities  so  skilfully  copied,  that  when  the 
objects  shall  have  been  exposed  to  the  action  of 
gases  or  acids,  or  the  accumulation  of  dust  and 
dirt,  or  buried  for  a  time  in  damp  earth,  and  the 
surface  blemished  with  scratches  and  smears 
usually  incidental  to  age,  it  will  be  great  affecta- 
tion on  the  prart  of  any  individual  to  pass  an  unre- 
strained opinion  on  them,  as  to  whether  they  are 
the  production  of  ancient  or  modern  times. 

The  manufacture  of  mosaics  in  imitation  of 
those  of  the  old  period  has  been  attended  with 
every  success.  The  easy  access  to  examples  which 
are  so  plentiful  in  Venice  has  very  likely  facilitated 
the  restoration.  The  appliances  of  Dr.  Salviatti 
are  very  efficient,  and  which  I  have  recently  had 
the  pleasure  of  examining  in  Venice;  and  although 
the  enquiry  at  first  was  a  matter  of  scientific  and 
artistic  research,  it  will  in  time  really  become  a 
source  of  great  proSt. 

In  the  Sevres  porcelain  and  enamel  department, 
a  brilliant  display  is  made,  as  was  anticipated,  and 
the  performances  are  so  closely  connected  with 
fine  art  proper,  that  one  almost  regards  them  with 
the  interest  that  would  attach  itself  to  a  gallery 
of  well-selected  pictures. 

In  all  the  preceding  exhibitions  of  works  from 
this  manufactory,  the  most  superior  productions 
were  brought  together,  and  the  merits  of  the  pre- 
sent collection  are  equally  distinguished,  combin- 
ing at  once  the  discoveries  of  the  chemist,  the 
assistance  of  some  of  the  best  painters  of  France, 
and  the  efforts  of  the  intelligent  and  cultivated 
artizan. 

In  the  manifold  application  of  decoration  to 
porcelain,  the  discoveries  as  to  the  peculiar  pro- 
cesses for  the  same,  and  the  fertility  of  resources, 
are  surprising,  and  the  perfect  ability,  regardless 
of  cost  and  labour,  with  which  this  has  been  accom- 
plished is  greatly  to  be  commended. 

In  every  branch  of  the  work,  the  ornamentist 
appears  to  have  been  quite  master  of  his  under- 
taking :  if  the  human  figure  is  attempted,  we  fiud 
it  executed  with  consummate  skill ;  if  flowers  or 
foliage  are  the  theme,  then  they  are  done  with 
that  ease  which   only   the  educated  ornamentist, 


December  27,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


907 


with  a  complete  knowledge  of  nature,  could 
accomplish,  whether  painted  in  colours  or  mono 
chrome,  or  raised  in  their  beautiful  white  enamel 
on  tinted  groundjs,  at  which  the  French  porcelain 
painters  are  such  adepts ;  and  their  perception  of 
colour,  in  these  matters,  is  so  perfect  that  the 
effect  has  been  calculated  with  the  utmost  cer- 
tainty. The  fine  decorated  character  of  the  vari 
ous  objects  in  blue  and  white  enamel  on  metiil, 
both  small  and  large,  in  imitation  of  those  of 
Limoges,  plainly  shows  how  thoroughly  the  diffi- 
culties of  the  material  have  been  overcome. 

Some  of  the'  exhibits  intended  as  imitations  of 
majolica  and  the  ceramic  arts  of  Italy  of  the  six- 
teenth century  are  excellent,  and  the  bodies  of 
which  they  are  composed,  as  well  as  the  colours 
and  glazes,  have  the  nearest  resemblance  to  the 
early  period. 

These  qualities,  apart  from  the  decoration  em- 
ployed, indicate  very  distinctly  how  far  the 
attempts  in  England  are  removed  from  what  might 
be  achieved  in  copying  this  species  of  art  manu- 
facture. One  of  the  choicest  collections  is  that 
by  T.  H.  Deck,  and,  although  frequently  not  in 
direct  imitation  of  the  old  majolica  ware,  having 
peculiarities  quite  its  own,  the  general  effect  of 
each  piece  as  a  whole  is  very  pleasing,  requiring 
much  artistic  skill  in  its  production.  Persian 
ware  has  been  very  cleverly  copied,  and  the 
likeness  it  bears  to  it  in  design,  &c.,  is  a  matter  of 
surprise,  the  thinness  of  the  glaze  being  the  main 
distinguishing  difference. 

L  Labasse,  of  Limoges,  exhibits  some  good 
cxiimples  of  white  earthenware  and  porcelain,  the 
whole  of  the  pieces  being  well  designed,  and  the 
bodies  are  of  the  utmost  purity. 

The  imitation  of  Palissy  ware,  by  Pul,  is  very 
good ;  and  that  by  Barbizet  is  in  near  resemblance 
to  the  specimens  of  the  old  period. 

Many  other  countries  of  the  Continent  have 
exhibited  numerous  objects  of  this  class,  but  per- 
haps not  of  that  character  to  warrant  a  notice  here. 
In  English  pottery,  the  show  made  by  Minton  and 
Company,  of  Stoke,  is  large ;  but  I  have  an  im- 
pression that  the  standard  of  the  works  is  not  so 
high  as  it  formerly  was  :  the  great  distinguishing 
difference  in  them,  compared  with  those  of  France, 
arises,  in  my  opinion,  from  the  imperfect  know 
ledge  displayed  by  the  ornamenti>t.  A  large 
amount  of  time  has  been  spent  on  many  of  the 
pieces  with  a  view  to  give  them  excellence ;  at  the 
same  time  the  want  of  intelligence  in  the  labour 
is  very  palpable,  and  true  artistic  knowledge  is 
painfully  lacking  in  numerous  instances. 

In  almost  every  case  the  drawing  of  the  human 
figure  is  very  inferior,  and  when  it  ajiproaches 
even  mediocrity,  it  seems  to  be  the  result  of 
timid  and  unlearned  cautiousness,  so  that,  on 
comparing  these  examples  with  those  of  France, 
on  which  I  have  just  remarked,  one  cannot  fail  to 
discover  at  once  a  marked  difference  in  all  that 
relates  to  artistic  education  and  knowledge. 

Sometimes  the  decoration  has  been  executed  on 
panels,  vases,  &c.,  in  imitation  of  the  facile 
method  of  the  well-disciplined  continental  artizan, 
and  the  ignorance  here  displayed  is  very  deplor- 
able, as  it  is  quite  evident  that  the  style  thus 
attempted  has  only  been  accomplished  by  con- 
siderable labour,  ending  of  course  in  affectation, 
elaborate  lameness,  and  emptiness. 

These  qualities,  for  which  the  firm  is  so  cele- 
brated, such  as  the  forms  of  the  object,  the 
colours,  and  glazes,  &c.,  are  still  conspicuous,  but 
not  in  advance  of  anything  exhibited  in  1862. 

The  collection  sent  by  Copeland,  of  Stoke,  ex- 
hibits most  of  the  defects  of  the  firm  just  noticed, 
without  80  many  excellencies  iz  its  favour.  A 
large  porcelain  vase,  decorated  with  flowers,  is 
well  painted,  but  the  application  requires  fitness 
as  ti)  the  size  of  the  ornamentation,  and  the 
arrangement,  which  fault  marks  so  many  of  the 
floral  treatments  on  ihe  objects  of  porcelain  of 
this  country.  As  to  the  Parian  ware,  &c.,  although 
the  sh  jw  is  somewhat  interesting,  we  are  always 
unpleasantly  impressed  when  looking  at  it,  as  this 
species  of  manufacture  appears  to  compete  with 
the  works  of  the  soulptior,  and  the  difficulties 
attending  its  production  operate  in  placing  it  with 
relation  to  fine  art  very  far  below  a  common  cast 
in  every  respect,  apart  from  the  material  of  which 
it  is  made. 

A  portion  of  the  exhibit  of  Wedgwood,  of 
Eturia,  is  very  unsatisfactory,  as  that  firm  appears 
to  have  been  making  attempts  at  imitating  a 
class  of  manufac  ure  that  it  by  no  means  under- 
stands, and  it  is  felt  to  be  regretted  all  the  more, 
aa  their  beautiful  speciahty  in  jasper  ware  main- 
tains its  usual  excellence. 

Some  very  perfect  bodies  in  earthenware  are 


exhibited  by  the  several  manufacturers  of  North 
StafTordshire,  and  the  experiments  that  have  been 
made  of  late  years  to  purify  the  ingredients  with 
which  they  are  made  has  terminated  so  success- 
fully th.at  it  is  often  with  difliculty  that  one  can 
distinguish  them  from  porcelain  ;  in  fact,  were 
the  material  not  determined  by  its  opacity  it 
would  hardly  be  di.-iCoverable  by  any  other  means. 

The  ilecoration  of  these  objects,  intended 
mainly  for  domestic  purposes,  is  becoming  better 
adapted,  quieter,  and  more  in  accordance  with  the 
rules  of  good  t;iste  ;  still  the  disj)lay  made  by  most 
of  the  exhibitors  in  respect  of  forms  and  orna- 
mentation, when  measured  by  the  highest  stan- 
dard, and  by  what  mii'ht  be,  and  no  tloubt,  what 
will  be  done  in  the  end,  causes  us  to  feel  that 
many  years  of  cultivation  and  research  will  have 
to  come  and  go  before  that  desired  era  shall  have 
arrived. 

Gothic  art,  as  it  is  understood  in  England,  is 
not  appreciated  to  a  great  extent  in  France,  and 
the  building  which  has  been  erected  for  the  better 
exhibition  of  works  of  this  character  is  nearly 
filled  with  very  inferior  exhibitions,  whether  in 
relation  to  objects  executed  either  m  metal,  stone, 
or  wood.  In  some  cases  the  exhibit  is  absurd  as 
to  the  want  of  real  knowledge  on  the  subject  of 
meditcval  art,  and  altogether  the  interior  more 
resembles  a  puppet  show  for  children  rather  than 
an  intention  to  display  taste  in  this  particular 
phase  of  industrial  art.  Exception  to  the  above 
remarks  may  be  made  in  the  screen  by  Rudolphi, 
which  appears  to  be  a  restoration  of  those  of  the 
early  period  of  productions  of  this  class. 

The  show  made  in  stained  glass  is  large ;  and, 
although  good  examples  are  exhibited  from  Eng- 
land, as  well  as  from  the  Continent,  nothing  is 
felt  to  supersede  the  efforts  made  on  former  occa- 
sions. 

I  ought  not  to  omit  reference  to  the  choice  ex- 
hibit of  objects  for  church  purposes  by  Helbron- 
vier,  of  Regent-street,  London,  the  designs  em- 
ployed, as  well  as  the  colour  of  the  materials  used, 
being  as  near  perfection  as  possible. 

I  may  now  just  refer  to  those  countries  whose 
art  products  exhibited  are  not  mentioned  in  the 
foregoing  notes  ;  and  chief  among  them  is  Austria, 
both  for  the  variety  and  excellence  of  its  manu- 
factures, and  this  is  all  the  more  surprising  when 
we  take  info  consideration  that  the  recent  troubles 
through  which  it  has  passed  must  have  been  a 
serious  impediment  to  the  preparation  of  objects 
representing  the  arts  of  peace. 

The  decorative  artist  appears  to  have  been 
largely  imbued  with  the  true  spirit  of  ornamenta- 
tion, which  is  evident  in  the  many  objects  brought 
together,  such  as  porcelain,  glass,  metal,  and 
leatherwork ;  also  in  enamelling  and  works  in 
mosaics,  with  numerous  other  artistic  applications. 
And  it  appears  probable  that  this  country  will  be 
amongst  the  first  in  the  restoration  of  the  indus- 
trial arts  of  the  present  era. 

In  the  India  department  we  have  the  usual 
effect  of  richness  in  the  variety  of  the  objects 
massed  together,  such  as  wood  carving  and  inlaid 
furniture,  coloured  marbles,  textile  fabrics,  en- 
graved crystal,  damascened  metals,  precious  stones, 
porcelain,  elaborately  worked  lace,  &c.,  most  of 
which  examples  are  of  great  beauty,  embodying 
the  unerring  instinct  of  the  people  who  have 
wrought  them  ;  and  although  there  may,  perhaps, 
be  nothing  here  more  than  we  could  have  antici- 
pated from  our  former  acquaintance  with  the 
ornamental  expression  of  that  country,  not  much 
novelty  resulting  from  the  capricious  change  of 
fashion,  still  it  is,  as  it  were,  everlastingly  pointin;:^, 
unchanged  to  the  only  right  path  that  may  be 
trodden  by  the  European  ornamentist. 

A  rich  display  is  made  of  objects  from  China 
and  Japan,  and  without  particularizing  any  of 
them,  it  may  be  truly  said  that  the  instinct  which 
these  nations  evince  for  colour  and  distribution 
of  pattern  over  a  given  surface  is  as  near  perfec- 
tion as  possible,  and  I  am  of  opinion  that  for  the 
cultivation  of  this  faculty  in  our  own  schools  of 
art  we  cannot  do  so  well  as  to  bring  the  English 
student  more  into  connection  with  examples  from 
these  countries ;  the  tender  and  subtle  feeling  as 
to  colours,  as  well  as  the  perception  of  the  full 
and  the  gorgeous,  are  not  to  be  found  in  an  equal 
degree  in  any  other  quarter  of  the  globe. 

It  is  feared  that  European  influence  will  have 
a  deteriorating  effect  on  the  natural  aptitude  of 
this  people,  for  we  cannot  suppose  that  the  inter- 
course which  is  becoming  greater  yearly  can  fail 
to  produce  a  change  ;  and,  however  desirable  that 
change  may  be  in  the  general  course  of  civiliza- 
tion, it  cannot  be  imagined  that  its  effects  will  be 
equally  salutary  in  those  qualities  which  relate 


to  the  expression  of  individuality  imparted  to  the 
decorative  arts.  The  show  made  by  Turkey  is  one 
of  considerable  interest,  marked  by  the  usual  im- 
mistakeable  nationality,  natural  percei>tion  in  the 
harmony  of  colour,  and  agreeable  distribution  of 
pattern  on  the  part  of  the  artist.  Some  of  the  in- 
laid work  exhibited  is  exceedingly  tasteful  in 
design. 

Tunis  and  Morocco  send  some  curious  examples 
of  textile  fabric  and  crockeryware,  the  application 
of  colour  having  a  tendency  to  gaudiness  ;  and 
the  arts  of  the  countries  appear  quite  stationary. 

It  would  bo  interesting,  and  perhaps  prolitable, 
to  inquire  .as  fully  as  possible  into  the  causes  that 
havi  kept  the  decorative  arts  of  certain  Eastern 
nations  in  siich  a  fixed  condition  during  so  many 
centuries,  with  that  peculiar  vitality  whicli  almost 
seems  incident^al  to  their  very  existence,  while  the 
history  of  the  arts  of  other  countrieii,  spreading 
over  a  much  shorter  time,  is  one  of  repeated  rise 
and  fall,  and  is  in  truth  a  record  of  the  divers 
forms  of  vicissitudes  through  which  they  have 
passed. 

Conventional  shapes  of  flowers  and  foliage  ap- 
pear to  have  been  the  constant  themo  above  all 
other  elements  in  their  works,  and  which  I  think 
partly  explains  the  reason  of  their  prosperity,  not 
only  as  to  those  steady  and  enduring  features  to 
which  I  havs  alluded,  but  in  the  happy  character 
of  the  devices  employed,  and  I  am  disposed  to 
attribute  one  of  the  chief  causes  of  the  decline  of 
the  ornamental  arts  in  other  parts  of  the  world  to 
a  discontinuance  in  the  resort  to  natural  types  for 
information. 

From  the  large  amount  of  success  that  has  at- 
tended the  efforts  made  by  the  English  Govern- 
ment in  the  cultivation  of  ornamental  art  in  Great 
Britain  during  tho  last  fourteen  years,  it  is 
evident  that  we  have  been  fortunate  in  the  adop- 
tion of,  at  least,  a  part  of  those  means  necessary 
tor  the  efficient  training  of  students ;  those  by 
which  they  have  been  able  to  collect  materials 
from  the  field  of  nature  as  elements  for  future 
use,  with  the  power  to  reproduce  them  at  com- 
mand, and  regulate  them  according  to  the  pre- 
scribed lules  with  which  they  have  been  asso- 
ciated, in  the  best  examples  of  the  most  perfect 
art  epochs  of  the  pait.  When  the  fruits  of  this 
labour  shall  have  been  fully  realized,  and  the 
public  at  large  shall  have  become  imbued  with  a 
desire  for  the  beautiful,  the  culmination  of 
another  era  will  have  arrived ;  but,  as  I  have 
already  s.aid,  it  must  not  be  forgotten  that  only  a 
portion  of  this  work  can  be  performed  during  our 
lifetime,  and  that,  in  fact,  the  greatest  part  of  it 
will  have  to  be  done  by  those  who  come  after  us, 
as,  notwithstanding  the  advantages  we  now 
possess  in  the  ample  vestiges  of  other  times, 
which  remain  to  us,  we  can  only  lay  the  founda- 
tion stone  on  which,  in  the  course  of  years,  our 
successors  may  build  the  superstructure. 

I  have  watched  with  the  greatest  interest  the 
current  of  events  relative  to  the  industrial  arts 
since  the  reorganization  of  the  schools  in  185'2, 
and  I  feel  I  cannot  omit  recording  my  conviction 
as  to  the  direct  bearing  of  the  present  system  of 
instruction  through  the  Science  and  Art  Depart- 
ment, not  only  on  the  ornamental  arts  of  this 
country  but  on  those  of  the  Continent  generally. 
Much  has  been,  and  no  doubt  will  yet  be  said 
on  the  means  by  which  the  stimulus  has  been 
given,  and  whatever  truth  there  may  be  in  the 
statements,  it  certainly  cannot  be  denied  that 
the  object  intended  has  been  for  the  most  part 
accomplished,  and  the  impetus  that  the  French 
schools  are  receiving  at  the  present  moment  is 
due  to  the  succi-ssful  growth  of  our  own,  and 
although  there  is  every  reason  for  satisfac- 
tion and  hope  for  the  future,  it  can  only  be  on 
the  conditions  that  the  work  of  cultivation  goes 
on  ;  new  activities  must  be  set  in  motion,  and 
help  will  be  needed  in  endless  directions,  and 
unless  we  feel  this  to  be  the  case  our  continental 
neighbours  will  so  far  outstrip  us  in  the  race, 
that  it  is  impossible  for  us  at  this  distance  to 
count  the  consequences. 

Most  of  the  masters  who  now  have  the  charge  of 
schools,  will  have  to  look  after  their  own  educa- 
tion in  the  higher  departments  of  art  knowledge, 
or  they  can  take  but  little  part  in  supplying  the 
demand  that  will  bo  made  upon  them,  as  their 
present  standard  will  be  found  quite  insufliciBnt  to 
keep  pace  with  the  progressive  requirements  of 
art. 

A  comparatively  new  feature  must  also  of  ne- 
cessity receive  consideration — namely,  the  en- 
couragement of  the  mediaeval  arts  in  every  form  of 
expression,  and  which  I  feel  convinced  will  ulti- 
mately triumph  over  our  past  exertions,  amongst 


% 


908 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


December  27,  1867. 


the  remains  of  classical  art.  Of  the  facta  th  at 
may  hereafter  be  chronicled  of  the  history  of  this 
country's  progress,  that  page  which  will  recount 
the  efforts  made  to  foster  its  industrial  arts  will 
not  be  the  least  interesting.  The  catalogue  of 
events  which  linked  the  beautiful  to  the  useful  and 
the  true,  those  pageants  of  a  century  like  the  one 
now  passing  before  us,  must  always  be  held  in 
grateful  remembrances  for  the  innocent  and  re- 
fined enjoyment  they  have  blended  with  our  ex- 
istence. Generations  to  come  will  hardly  be  able 
to  measure  the  worthy  energies  of  the  past,  but  a 
few  names  will  ever  stand  forth  represeut:itive  of 
the  agency  by  which  these  matters  were  brought 
into  life  and  kept  in  motion  ;  and  when  the  wheat 
shall  have  been  sifted  from  the  chaff,  when  error 
shall  have  been  forgotten  in  the  cause  of  common 
good,  and  the  balance  of  actions  with  intentions 
duly  struck,  then,  and  not  till  then,  will  their 
greatness  of  purpose  be  fully  recognized,  in  the 
value  of  the  labours  they  have  left  behind. 
W.  J,  MUCKLET, 
Head  Master  of  the  Manchester  School   of  Art. 

Erratum. — For  "the  branch"  read  "this  branch,"  in 
first  sentence  of  third  paiagraph on  second  page  in  our  last 
niunber. 


BECINT   IMPEOVEMENTS    IN    PARIS. 

THE  annual  report  issued  by  Baron  Haussmann, 
Prefect  of  the  Seine,  contains  some  interest- 
ing statistics  concerning  recent  improvements  in 
the  French  capital.  For  instance,  it  appears  that 
during  the  year  ending  September  30  last  2,325 
houses,  comprising  14,287  separate  apartments, 
were  pulled  down  in  the  twenty  arrondissements, 
while,  during  the  same  period,  3,809  houses,  con- 
sisting of  23,753  apartments,  were  erected  ;  the  in- 
crease was  consequently  1,484  houses,  affording 
accommodation  for  9,466  families.  The  greater 
portion  of  the  new  constructions  were  in  the  out- 
lying districts,  included  between  the  former  ex- 
terior boulevard  and  the  fortifications.  In  the 
more  central  quarters  the  aggregate  number  of 
constructions  and  demolitions  was  about  balanced, 
though  rather  unequally  distributed  over  the  dif- 
ferent arrondissemcnts.  One  singular  instance 
may  be  cited: — In  the  sixth  arrondissrmcnt  (huxem- 
bourg),  while  there  are  nine  more  houses  than  in 
1866,  there  are  106  less  apartments.  Thii  fact  forms 
the  ground  of  the  complaint  so  generally  made, 
that  in  quarters  hitherto  occupied  by  the  middle 
and  working  classes  the  small  apartments  within 
reach  of  the  more  modest  incomes  are  being  re- 
placed by  sumptuous  residences,  while  their  former 
inhabitants  are  driven  to  a  greater  distance  from 
the  centre.  The  9,460  apartments  constructed  in 
excess  of  those  which  have  disappeared,  as  stated 
above,  consist  of  3,471  rated  at  less  than  250f.  a 
year,  on  which  no  tax  is  paid  ;  4,857  at  from  250f. 
to  l,500f  ,  and  only  1,138  above  the  last-mentioned 
sum.  The  report,  moreover,  shows  that  in  the  en- 
tire depaitment  of  the  Seine,  which,  in  addition  to 
thetweuty  an-ondisseineTiis  of  Paris,  includes  those 
of  St.  Denis  and  Sceaux,  the  number  of  houses 
built  during  the  last  fifteen  years  has  been 
86,944,  and  of  those  demolished  21,041. 

A  new  system  of  paving  fooLpaths,  says  a  Paris 
correspondent,  has  been  tried  ou  the  Boulevard  de 
la  Chapello,  behind  the  Hospital  Lariboisiere, 
with  admirable  effect,  of  iron  frames  measuring 
3ft.  square,  into  which,  by  means  of  holes  bored 
in  the  frame,  are  encased  blocks  of  poplar,  form- 
ing a  capital  pavement,  the  wood  of  the  poplar 
having  been  selected  instead  of  oak.  The  latter, 
from  its  non  absorbing  qualities,  was  found  objec- 
tionable. The  sy.stem,  oiigiuated  in  America,  pre- 
sents a  pleasing  effect  to  the  eye,  and  appears  to 
succeed.  On  each  side  of  the  footpaths  are  small 
conduits,  by  which  rainwater  is  at  once  drained 
off  into  the  side  sewer. 


TECHNICAL    EDUCATION. 

THE  first  of  a  series  of  conferences  on  this  sub- 
ject, under  the  auspices  of  the  Working 
Men's  Club  and  Institute  Union,  took  place  at  the 
offices  of  the  Society  on  Thursday  week.  It  is 
proposed  to  enquire  into  the  state  of  the  existing 
literature  of,  and  to  receive  suggestions  from,  each 
trade  in  turn  with  a  view  to  the  compilation  of 
standard  trade  manuals.  A  paper  was  read  by 
Mr.  Paterson,  a  cabinet-maker,  and  one  of  the 
assistant-secretaries,  on  the  existing  technical 
literature  in  the  cabinetmakers'  trade.  As  far  as 
he  knew,  there  were  but  two  works  on  the  sub- 
ject in  England  worth  anything,  "  Blackie's 
Cabinet-maker's  Guide,"  and  "Morell's  Cabinet- 
maker," both  very  expensive  works.     The  French 


were  much  better  off,  and  also  derived  a  large 
amount  of  icstruction  from  the  presence  among 
them  of  German  workmen,  who,  according  to  the 
custom  of  their  country,  were  obliged  to  travel 
over  the  Continent  for  a  certain  time  to  gather 
information  before  settling  in  business.  The 
French  cabinet-makers  excelled  in  ornamentation 
and  elegance  ;  in  substantial  work  they  were  far 
behind  the  English.  Some  of  the  materials  and 
tools,  too,  which  they  used  were  never  seen  in  an 
English  cabinet-maker's  shop.  A  very  beautiful 
feature  of  the  art,  as  practised  in  examples  shown 
at  the  Paris  Exhibition,  and  one  which  he  should 
gladly  see  introduced  into  this  country,  was  the 
ornamentation  of  panels,  &c.,  by  electrotypers  of 
antique  medallions  and  other  works  of  art.  He 
then  proceeded  to  throw  out  a  few  hints  with  re- 
gard to  the  compilation  of  the  proposed  manuals. 
The  very  important  question  of  shrinkage  in  dif- 
ferent kinds  of  wood  should  be  fully  entered  into, 
and  the  laws  of  shrinkage  plainly  set  down.  Re- 
sults of  experiments  on  the  qualities  and  strength 
of  dilferent  woods  would,  too,  be  very  useful. 
Methods  of  construction  would  form  a  most  im- 
portant part ;  and  chapters  on  decoration,  colour, 
varnishes,  glues,  &c.,  might  be  added  with  great 
advantage.  The  chairman,  Mr.  Hodgson  Pratt, 
suggested  that  the  meeting  should  be  adjourned 
to  the  second  Thursday  in  January,  when  a  larger 
attendance  of  persons  directly  interested  should 
be  sought,  and  the  subject  further  proceeded  with. 


PHOTOGRAPHY    ON    PORCELAIN. 

ANEW  and  very  curious  method  of  transport- 
ing p)hotographs  on  ceramic  surfaces  has 
just  been  patented  by  M.  Grune,  of  Paris.  From 
an  account  of  this  process  which  appears  in  the 
French  papers,  we  gather  that  the  first  operation 
consists  in  obtaining  by  the  usual  methods  a  nega- 
tive on  glass  of  the  subjects  to  be  reproduced.  This 
done,  the  negative  is  coated  with  a  fusible  glass  by 
the  heat  of  a  common  cupelling  furnace,  and  the 
image  is  thus  rendered  unassailable  by  any  sub- 
stance which  glass  can  resist.  The  second  opera- 
tion consists  in  getting  positives  from  the  negative 
thus  prepared.  This  is  done  by  collodionizing 
the  image  side  in  a  dark  room  with  iodized  col- 
lodion, sensitizing  it  in  a  nitrate  of  silver  bath, 
then  putting  it  into  a  printing-frame  with  the 
uncoated  side  exposed  to  the  light,  while  the 
coated  side  is  protected  from  the  action  of  light 
by  a  black  surface  not  in  contact  with  it.  In  this 
state,  the  jirinting-frame  is  exposed  to  light  for 
two  or  three  minutes ;  then  taken  again  into  the 
dark  room,  where  the  collodionizing  plate  is  im- 
mersed in  a  revealing  bath  of  sulphate  of  iron  and 
sulphuric  acid,  then  well  washed  and  fixed  in 
hyposulphite  of  soda.  The  image  now  appears  in 
reduced  silver  ;  before  the  coUodionized  surface  is 
quite  dry,  a  sharp  point  of  needle  is  run  all  along 
the  borders,  the  plate  is  then  immersed  in  water 
containing  5  per  cent,  of  glycerine,  and  the  film 
of  collodion  will  soon  be  seen  floating  on  the 
liquid.  The  negative  is  then  washed,  wiped,  and 
dried,  and  put  by  until  again  required.  The  film, 
which  may  be  kept  indefinitely  in  the  glyceriuized 
water  without  spoiling,  is  taken  out  when  wanted, 
and  its  silver  surface  changed  to  gold  by  chloride 
of  gold,  or  to  the  appearance  of  steel  by  chloride 
of  platinum,  &c.,  after  which  it  is  dipped  into  a 
solution  of  metallic  salts,  which,  by  the  action  of 
fire,  will  yield  certain  colours  according  to  the 
operator's  wish.  The  film  is  now  carefully  laid  on 
the  porcelain  or  glass  to  be  adorned;  it  will  stick 
by  means  of  diluted  glycerine  and  a  soft  brush. 
It  is  then  coated  with  a  vitreous  flux,  and  becomes 
permanently  fised  in  the  furnace. 


NOTICES    OF    PUBLICATIONS. 

"Atchley's  New  Builders'  Price  Book  for  1868." 
London  :  Atchley  and  Co.,  106,  Great  Russell- 
street. 
This  book  contains  a  list  of  the  present  prices 
of  building  materials  and  labour,  and  of  the  build- 
ing trades.  It  is  full  of  valuable  information.  It 
is  edited  by  P.  Thompson.  There  is  a  very  good 
chapter,  which  may  be  regarded  as  a  supplement 
to  the  book,  entitled  "Pracsical  Remarks  on  the 
Union  of  True  Construction  with  Good  Taste," 
by  Mr.  Fred.  Rogers.  These  remarks  are  on 
lirickwork,  stonework,  woodwork,  slates  and  tiles, 
leadwork,  zinc,  ironwork,  plaster,  glass,  painting, 
and  staining.  As  a  sample  of  Mr.  Rogers'  remarks, 
listen  to  some  of  them  ou  stonework  : — 

First,  to  choose  your  stone.  The  best  weather 
stone  being  given  to  a  mason,  unless  he  beds  it 
so  as  to  lie  in  the  building  in  the  same  direction 


as  in  the  quarry,  the  frost  will  split  it,  and  the  rain 
and  the  wind  will  soon  destroy  it ;  and,  in  spite 
of  so  much  having  been  said  and  written  on  the 
subject,  either  from  carelessness  or  a  desire  to  save 
material,  they  are  frequently  wrongly  'oedded. 
Ignorance  I  can  hardly  admit  as  an  excuse,  as  I 
have  generally   found  that   most  masons  can,  if 

they  wish  it,  readily  detect  the  right  bed.  The 
rule  which  I  have  always  found  effectual  has  been 

this — In  oolitic  stones  the  shells,  even  when 
examined  by  the  naked  eye,  are  lying  in  the 
quarry  on  their  broadest  sides.  Sand  and  lime- 
stones give  their  beds  by  the  streaks  of  the  strata. 
In  returning  angles  in  masonry,  it  is  not  often 
that  you  see  mouldings  mitered  on  the  exterior 
angle,  but  on  the  interior  angle  this  is  frequently 
done,  and  with  most  disastrous  results,  because 
the  slightest  movement  in  the  wall  causes  a  dislo- 
cation of  the  most  neatly  fitted  mitre,  and,  at  the 
same  time,  the  bond  which  ought  to  exist  between 
the  two  walls  or  faces  is  destroyed.  All  returns 
ought  always  to  be  in  the  solid,  where  there  is 
any  moulding ;  and  in  plain  work,  such  as  ash- 
laring,  at  least  one  in  three  stones  ought  to  be  solid 
in  the  angle. 

Jointing  tracery  stones  ought  always  to  be  very 
carefully  considered, — the  joints  not  only  being 
radii  from  the  point  turning  each  circle,  but  each 
stone  ought  to  be  considered  as  an  arch  stone — 
perforated,  if  yovi  will,  but  a  series  of  arches  bo 
distributed  that  the  weight  is  equally  borne  by 
the  mullions  and  jambs.  Each  joint  may  be 
dowelled  ;  but  if  the  tracery  is  properly  jointed, 
they  will  require  dowelliug  no  more  than  any 
other  series  of  arches.  The  stones  of  the  mul- 
lions ought  always  to  be  very  strongly  dowelled 
together,  and  the  stones  ought  not  to  be  of  too 
great  a  height. 

In  carrying  stones  across  wide  openings,  where 
no  height  can  be  obtained  for  an  arch,  much 
trouble  and  expense  is  frequently  incurred  in  ob- 
taining them  of  great  scantling,  when  much 
smaller  pieces,  joggle-jointed,  would  have  served 
much  better.  I  remember  seeing  an  ojrening  thus 
treated  at  Fountains  Abbey,  16ft.  Sin.  wide,  and 
containing  no  less  than  twenty-one  stones,  and  aa 
perfect  to-day  as  when  it  was  first  built,  six 
hundred  years  ago. 

When  stone  cofiings  are  used  to  a  gable  of  steep 
pitch,  it  is  very  important  that  not  only  should 
the  foot  or  base  stone  of  the  gable  be  of  a  good 
size,  but  also  bond  stones  should  be  worked  into 
the  gable,  at  least  every  4ft.  apart.  The  neglect 
of  these  precautions  often  causes  the  whole  of  the 
coping  to  slip ;  the  foot  stone  being  insufficient  in 
size,  and  the  whole  weight  of  the  coping  being 
thrown  upon  it,  it  either  tips  up  or  breaks  across 
diagonally,  and  causes  a  never-ending  eyesore  ;  be- 
sides which,  the  coping  joints  being  loosened, 
the  walling  is  disturbed  ;  in  this  movement,  the 
cement  fillet  is  cracked,  and  the  water  gets  into 
either  the  centre  of  the  wall  or  the  exterior  of  the 
building. 

Great  care  should  be  taken  in  bedding  marble, 
granite,  or  other  shafts,  if  of  harder  material  than 
the  rest  of  the  piers  or  jambs  ;  the  one  being  com- 
pressible, and  also  built  of  many  joints,  and  the 
other  being  comparatively  incompressible,  and 
having  few  joints,  the  hard  shaft  will  be  liable  to 
take  more  than  its  fair  share  of  weight,  and  in  that 
case  may  split,  flush  in  the  beds,  or  thrust  out- 
wards. If  not  absolutely  necessary  for  the  con- 
struction, they  shoulil  not  be  fixed  until  the  rest 
of  the  work  has  taken  its  bearing,  and  should  also 
be  set  on  a  strip  of  lead. 

Very  few  of  our  marbles  keep  their  polish  after 
long  exposure  to  the  outside  air.  Devon  marljle 
certainly  does  not ;  and  it  remains  to  be  proved 
that  the  Derbyshire  serpentine  will  stand  for 
many  years.  Scotch  and  some  Irish  granites  only 
will  keep  their  polished  face  after  exposure  to  a 
few  of  our  winters  ;  and  I  do  not  know  that  the 
limit  of  their  durability  has  yet  been  found— cer- 
tainly, long  after  the  rest  of  the  building  has 
perished. 

When  polished  granite  has  been  used  in  con- 
junction  with  dressed  stouework,  I  cannot  think 
that  theell'ect  is  satisfactory,  and  am  afiaid  that 
the  blacker  and  more  sombre  the  stonework  be- 
comes (as  in  some  of  the  Pall  Mall  clubs),  the 
greater  will  the  effect  become  visible  of  a  sort  of 
skeleton  gradually  being  eaten  away,  the  tougher 
morsels  being  left  for  another  period,  when  old 
Time's  tooth  is  a  little  sharper. 

"The  Purification  and  Utilization  of  Sewage." 
By  Baldwin  Latham.  London  :  E.  and  F.  N. 
Spou. 

This  is  a  valuable  and  compact  contribution  to 


December  27,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


909 


the  sewaga  controversy.  ilr.  Latham  is  an 
authority  on  this  question,  and  he  writes  from 
practical  experience.  Ha%'iug  superiutenJed  the 
production  of  large  sew.ige  works  he  has  en- 
countered the  practical  dilKcultiss  with  which  an 
engineer  has  to  cope ;  he  is,  also,  in  a  position  to 
speak  on  the  valu6  of  sewage  matter.  The 
pamphlet  contains  a  plan  of  the  irrigation  fields  at 
South  Norwood,  and  a  plan  of  the  irrigation  fields 
at  Beddington. 

The  value  of  sewage  may  be  estimated  from 
the  following  authorities,  as  stated  by  Mr.  Latham  : 
—Professor  Way  estimates  the  value  of  the  sew- 
age of  liiigby  at  from  Id.  to  1  Jd.  per  ton  ;  but  he 
considers  the  constituents  of  London  sewage  are 
not  worth  lid.  per  ton.  Professor  Voelcker 
estimates  the  intrinsic  value  of  one  ton  of  sewage 
at  2J.,  but  that  this  theoretical  value  of  2d.  per 
ton  is  practically  greatly  reduced,  and  in  some  in- 
stances would  be  altogether  lost.  llr.  Lawes 
estimates  the  value  of  the  sewage  of  Rugby  at 
Hd.  per  ton.  Sir  C.  Fox  estimates  the  v.alue  of 
sewage  at  l-Jd.  per  ton.  W.  Hope,  Esq.,  estimates 
the  commercial  value  of  the  sewage  of  London  at 
Id.  per  ton  ;  he  also  computes  the  annual  value  at 
63.  per  head  of  the  popuKuion.  J.  J.  MecUi,  Esq., 
gave  it  in  evidence  before  the  Select  Committee  on 
the  Sewage  of  Towns  that  he  estimated  the 
annual  value  of  sewage  at  IGs.  per  head  of  the 
population,  upon  the  assumption  that  the  value  of 
the  sewage  was  equal  to  one-tenth  the  value  of 
the  food  consumed,  which  value  he  set  down  at 
from  £7  to  £3  per  head  of  the  population.  Mr. 
Ellis  estimates  that  the  value  of  a  ton  of  sewage 
is  2d.  as  compared  with  the  guano  at  £11  per  ton, 
on  the  principle  that  1,250  tons  of  sewage  con- 
tains .03  ranch  fertilizing  matter  as  a  ton  of  guano. 
Mr.  Morton,  in  his  interestiig  and  valuable  paper 
on  sewage  read  before  the  Society  of  Art.^,  cal- 
culated that  in  applying  sewage  in  the  meadows  of 
Edinburgh,  not  more  than  4d.  per  ton  is  realized. 
If  London  sewage  was  utilized  at  the  same  rate, 
it  would  give  an  annual  return  of  63.  3d.  per 
head  of  the  population. 

The  commissionera  appointed  to  inquire  into 
the  distribution  and  utilization  of  sewage  have 
calculated  that  at  Croydon,  after  deducting  £i 
per  acre  as  the  estimated  value  of  the  land,  that 
in  the  cultivation  of  rye  grass  |d.  to  Id.  is 
realized,  and  in  the  cultivation  of  meadow  grasses 
4d.  to  Jd.  per  ton  is  realized.  The  value  of  sewage 
has  generally  been  estimated  by  the  amount  of 
fertilizing  matter  present  in  it ;  and  this  value 
has  been  asserted  by  various  persons  to  lie  be- 
tween Id.  and  upwards  of  2d.  per  ton. 


SuKbing  |ntd[igcnfe. 


OHTJKCHES    AND     CHAPELS. 

On  the  18th  inst.  the  Bishop  of  Ripon  con- 
secrated a  new  church  at  Thornton  Watlass, 
Yorkshire.  The  style  is  E.arly  English  ol  the 
thirteenth  century.  The  materials  used  is  sand- 
stone, with  dressings  of  Ancaster  stone.  The 
length  is  91ft.,  breadth  33ft.,  and  height  33ft. 
Mr.  Q.  F.  Jones,  of  Vork,  was  the  architect. 

The  corner  stone  of  a  new  Presbyterian 
church  was  laid  on  Thursday  week  at  St. 
Helens,  Liverpool.  The  building  will  comprise 
nave  and  aisles,  and  will  seat  about  550  per- 
sjns,  at  a  cost  bl  £2,6S0.  Messrs.  Corson  and 
Aitken,  of  Manchester,  were  the  architects ;  and 
Mr.  O.  Harris,  of  St.  Helens,  was  tke  builder. 

A  new  church,  dedicated  to  St.  James,  is 
about  to  be  commenced  at  Eartonsham,  Here- 
ford. It  will  be  built  of  native  stone,  with  free- 
stone dressings,  and  will  seat  GOO  persons.  The 
designs  have  been  prepared  by  Mr.  T.  Nicholson, 
the  diocesan  architect. 

Upwards  of  £900  has  been  subscribed  towards 
a  fund  now  being  raised  for  the  restoration  of 
Longtown  parish  church,  and  for  introducing  an 
obituary  window  to  the  memory  of  the  late  Sir 
James  Graham. 

The  municipal  council  of  Paris  has  decreed  the 
restoration  of  the  ancient  tower  of  Jean  Sans 
Peur,  the  great  Duke  of  Burgundy.  The  tower, 
like  that  of  St.  Jacques,  Rue  de  Rivoli,  is  to  be 
surrounded  by  a  square.  This  decree  of  the 
council,  rejoices  Messieurs  lesAntiquaire,  is  much 
depressed  by  the  progress  of  King  Haussmann's 
improvements. 


The  parish  church  of  Oviug,  Bucks,  was  re- 
opened on  Friday,  the  13th,  after  extensive  re- 
storations under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Street.  The 
chancel  has  been  entirely  rebuilt,  but  with  every 
old  feature  reproduced,  at  the  cost  of  the  rector. 

The  second  meeting  of  the  Incorporated  Society 
for  Promoting  the  Enlargement,  Building,  and 
Repairing  of  Churches  and  Chapels  for  the  pre- 
sent session,  w;\3  held  on  Monday  hist  week  at 
the  society's  house.  No.  7,  Whitehall,  S.W., 
when  there  were  present  the  Right  Hon.  tlie 
Earl  of  Romney  (in  the  chair),  Rev.  Walter 
Field,  Messrs.  John  Boodle,  Jesse  Cowburn,  J. 
F.  France,  A.  J.  C.  Laurie,  aud  William  Riving- 
ton.  Rev.  George  Ainslie,  MA.,  Secretary,  and 
Kev.  C.  B.  Reid,  MA.,  Assistant  Secretary.  Gr.anta 
of  money,  amounting  to  £6S0,  were  made  in  aid  of 
the  fullowingobjects  :— Rebuilding  the  churches  of 
St.  Citheriue,  Gloucester;  Hailey-cum-Crawley, 
near  Witney;  Handforth,  near  Stoke-on-Trent; 
Jeffreystone,  near  Pembroke ;  Llanfagan,  near 
Carnarvon  ;  aud  Ryhope,  near  Sunderland.  En- 
larging or  otherwise  increasing  the  accommoda- 
tion in  the  churches  at  Berdeu,  near  Bishop 
Stortford  ;  Englefield  Green,  near  Egham  ;  May. 
Held,  near  Hurst  green ;  St.  Hilda's,  Middles- 
borough,  York;  Itifley,  near  Woking,  Surrey; 
South  Hayling,  ne.ar  Havant,  Hants  ;  and  Sutton- 
in-Ashfield,  ne.ar  Mansfield,  Notts.  The  grants 
formerly  made  towards  building  the  church  at 
Babbicombe,  ne.arTorqu,ay  ;  rebuilding  the  church 
at  Molygrove,  near  Cardigan,  and  towards  re- 
seating  and  restoring  the  churches  at  Gresford, 
near  Wrexham  ;  Chatham  St.  John,  and  Lydden, 
near  Dover,  were  under  very  urgent  circum- 
stances sever.ally  increased.  The  society  likewise 
accepted  the  trusts  of  money  as  a  repair  fund  for 
the  church  at  Baldhere,  Cornwall ;  St.  Luke's, 
Lyncombe,  Somerset,  and  an  additional  sum  for 
St.  Ann's,  Bucks  Mills,  Devon. 

BCILDINQS. 

The  newly.erected  Standard  Theatre,  Shore- 
ditch,  has  been  opened.  The  entire  length  of 
the  building  is  IB 7ft.  by  90ft.  wide.  The  ceil- 
ing is  a  low  pitched  dome  70ft.  in  diameter 
and  10ft.  in  depth,  and  the  audience  portion  p.ar- 
takes  of  the  well  known  horse-shoe  form,  whilst 
the  height  from  the  pit  floor  to  the  centre  of  the 
dome  is  84ft.  The  house  is  lighted  from  the  roof 
by  a  combination  cf  sunlight  aud  chandelier.  For 
the  purpose  of  egress,  during  a  panic,  a  wide 
flight  of  stone  steps  leads  from  each  tier  of  boxes 
and  from  the  gallery  into  the  street  direct,  with- 
out coming  down  the  ordinary  way  through  the 
interior  of  the  theatre.  There  are  four  tiers  of 
seats,  and  ninety-two  private  boxes.  The  ma- 
terials used  have  been  principally  bricks,  stone, 
and  iron,  wood  ha\-ing  been  practically  eschewed 
as  far  as  possible  in  what  may  be  termed  the  vital 
parts  of  the  building. 


I      W.  T.  B. — The  Hugoa  fas  eu^iue  will  answer  your  pur- 
poue.    A  lady  almost  can  use  it  iu  her  drawiug-room  to 

I  work  liersowiDgmachiuo. 

I      W.  H-  W. — Saws  aud  springs  aro  hardened  in  various 

,  compositions  of  oil,   suet,   wai,  inul   other  ingrediouts. 

1  Bt<»l  plates  are  hardonod  occasionally  by  aUouing  water  to 
fall  on  them  when  hot. 

A  You.\-(3  B&UNSER. — We  cannot  undertake  to  recom- 
mend the  best  work  on  any  subject. 


Corresponkiice. 


GEOMETRICAL   KEV   T(l  THE  PROBLEM  OP 

TUE    ClKCl.i:. 
To  THE  Editor  or  tub  "Bcildisq  News." 
Sin, — Plea.so  insert  the  following  observations  on  Mr. 
Guillaunie's  diagram   in  the   UuiuuiNO  Nkws  of  Decem- 
ber 0  :— First,  lot  the  diameter  of  a  circle  bo  7,  then  the 
chord  of  tiO  deg.  will  bo  Si. 

The  chord  of '.10  deg.  =  4  94(1747468,  tc. 
The  chord  of  120  deg.   =  0002177627,  4o. 


Thou  3  ; 


11  011925296 


Ciroumforenco    22  023860590 
Quotient    = 


3  14020437 
314159205  tnith. 


To  his  method  of  squaring  004G7 172  error. 
Tho  circle  is  very  erroneous  ;  see  the  lesult  of  the  various 
proportions  below,  also  of  the  two  diaj-rams  drawn.  No. 
1  is  derived  from  the  ditrurence  between  tho  radius  and 
the  chord  of  the  quadrant;  No.  2  from  the  sides  of  tho 
right  angled  triangle  formed  by  3,  4,  6.  These  need  no 
instruction. 
Diameter  and  ciicumferenco  of  a  circle. 

Difference  and  error. 
Truth        1  ;  3  14159205,  ic. 

7  :  22  =  3142S571-4,  io.       -00120449 
113  :  355  =    3-I41592'l2,  4c.       -00000027 
No.  1  =    314213502,  &C-       -OllO-,42!l7 
No.  2  =    3  14194109,40.        ■0OU3IS44 
Mr.  G.   =    314028437,  &c.         00407172 
d.i. 
No.  1    T,    circumference  21  -994949363,  io. 
No.  2    8,    circumference  25-13552872,  4c. 


WATER    SUPPLY    AND    SANITARY 
MATTERS. 

The  Conservators  of  the  Thames  report  that 
they  have  given  the  requisite  thirteen  months' 
notice  for  the  removal  of  all  sewers  above  Staines 
which  emptied  themselves  into  the  river  or  into 
any  tiibutary  stream  within  three  miles  of  the 
river,  and  at  a  later  period  in  the  current  year 
they  gave  like  notices  with  regard  to  drains 
below  that  town.  Tunbridge  Wells  is  now  under 
sequestration,  issued  against  it  by  Mr.  Julian 
Goldsmid,  M.P.,  who  comjihiins  that  the  Improve- 
ment Commissioners  of  the  town  had  polluted  a 
stream  running  through  his  estate  at  Somerhill. 


0  yt  clffCUMF'£/i£fllC^ 

N£.Z 


'^    'It  CIRCUMFERIZNCE 


Being  so  httlo  complicated,  by  observing  the  figures  they 
"111  be  easily  comprehended,  and  coming  to  near  truth 
they  ought  to  be  stereotyped-  No.  2  is  perhaps  the  neareit 
that  can  be  obtained  bya  single  operation,  though  113  ;3;6 
IS  much  nearer  truth,  yet  it  is  au  approximation  froni 
7:22;    thus  7^  =  113,  and  22^^  =  355.     The  next  step 


.approximating   towards  truth  would    be    113 
3 


'469V; 


TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 

To  OoR  RE.\DEn.s.— We  shall  feel  obliged  to  «ny  of  our 
readers  who  will  favour  us  with  brief  notes  of  works  con- 
templated or  in  progress  in  the  provinces. 

Letters  reliting  to  advertisements  and  the  ordin%ry  busi- 
ness of  the  rai)t-r  should  be  addressed  to  the  EDITOR 
21,  TAVISTOCK  STREET,  COVENT  GARDEN,  W  C      ' 

Advertisements  for  the  current  -week  must  reach  th« 
office  before  5  o'chn-k  p  m.  on  Thursday 

NoTK-E.— The  BUILDING  NEWS  inserts  advertise- 
ments for  "SITUATIONS  WANTED,"  4c,  at  ONE 
SHILLING  for  the  first  Twenty- four  Words 


Received.— W  J.  M— R.  G.  T— W.  H.  L.— A-  .1  B.— 
J.  R.-T.  J.  S  -B.  aud  C.-J.  H.-W.  H.  B.— W.  W  - 
J.  C-— J.  n  — W.  J.  M.— W.  R.— A.  J.  V. 

W.  G-  (Belfast).— Your  questious  on  Irish  granite  are  in- 
serted in  Interconununication. 

J-  A.  S.-  Three  storeys,  of  course- 

W.  D.  (Reading).- Your  question  was  an-s-.vered  about 
three  months  since.    Question  588,  Intercommunication. 


^^'"w^-X  '  "•'idi  would  give  a  quotient  true  to  12  dicimal 

places,  notwithstanding  "E.  L.  O  's  "  condomuing  censure 
on  my  :cheme  given  in  the  "Brn.niso  News,"  of  the 
2!th  of  September,  which,  if  Mr.  GuUlaume  chooses,  I  will 
show  how  to  work.— I  am,  Sir,  4c., 

„.         ^    ,  James  Butl^b. 

lower  Lodge,  123,  Sandjmount,  Strand,  Deo.  18. 

CONCRETE  UOU.SES. 
SiK,— In  reply  to  Mr.  Tail's  letter,  in  which  ho 
states  that  I  wish  to  niisleail  tho  public  respecting  my 
system  o(  concrete  building,  I  beg  to  say  that  I  will  under- 
take to  build  on  the  same  method,  as  I  s'.ated  in  my  letter 
of  December  13— whether  it  be  one  hoiuie,  or  one  hundred, 
or  any  other  kind  of  wall  construction,  for  ib  or  iC  per 
rod,  if  gravel  and  wat«r  be  handy  on  the  spot,  or  even 
less.  I  require  no  apparatus  to  oinstriict  my  walls  with 
whatever-  Compare  tho  cost  of  skilled  labour  to  aa 
apparatus,  aud  would  it  p.iy  to  purch.tKe  an  apparatus  to 
build  one  houve,  when  1  build  mine  without  one.  I  could 
build  feet  where  an  apparatus  would  onlv  turn  out  inehes, 
and  could  make  the  blocks  here  at  No'rthdeet,  and  send 
them  to  any  part  of  England,  if  gravel  was  not  obtainable. 
RcHijectiug  my  mould,  I  merely  lay  pieces  of  quarteringon 
a  level  piece  of  ground  to  make  my  blocks,  placing  pieces 
in  between  each  piece  of  quartering  to  the  size  the  blocks 
may  be  required,  and  by  this  simple  method  you  can  make 


910 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


December  27,  1867. 


auy  quantity  von  like,  or,  in  other  words,  cover  a  field, 
if  you  have  sufficieot  quartering  to  do  ao.  Mr.  Tall 
states  that  lie  can  make  holl  jw  walJi  much  easier  than  can 
be  done  by  my  system,  by  inserting  corea  or  prints,  which 
I  deny.  I  require  no  cores  for  my  work,  which  is  just  aa 
simple  in  principle  as  brick  on  edge  hollow  walls.  If  any 
of  your  readers  think  of  budding  on  my  principle,  I  shall 
be  happy  to  give  th  m  any  particulars  they  may  re- 
quire—I am,  Sir,  <tc.,  W.  May,  Jun. 

Northfleet. 

[We  ca  I  insert  no  more  correspondence  on  this  subject, 
except  03  adYertisements,  ] 


iur  iffice  Mk 


^wkxmwmmnim. 


QUESTIONS. 

[69(J.]— WAGES. — Will  you,  or  any  of  your  readers,  io- 
form  ma  what  difforonoe,  if  any,  in  the  price  of  building 
mal^erials  generally  and  wages  between  London  and  Dublin. 
— J.  Blakeley,  Guilsboro',  Dec.  13. 


[697.]— IRISH  GR.\NITE.— Isita  fiiot  that  the  large 
blocks  of  granite  from  iju.arriea  in  the  Co.  Down,  Ireland, 
used  at  the  Albert  Memorial,  London,  are  delivered  in 
London  as  Mull  granite  ?  Is  it  a  fact  that  from  the  peculiar 
nature  of  this  Irish  granite  h.aud  specimens  are  procured 
from  the  above,  and  learnedly  described  as  Mull  granite 
before  students' classes  in  Borne  of  your  colleges?— Horn- 


[693.I-ICEHOUSE3— I  should  feel  obliged  by  any 
brother  subscriber  giving  me  a  few  hints  how  to  build  an 
ice-house. — W.  W. 


,[639.]-HOT-AmENGINES.-C.m  any  of  your  readers 
give  me  any  information  as  to  hot  air  engines,  their  relative 
power  to  ste.am  engines.  Sic.,  and  name  and  address  of  the 
manufacturers?— 3.  R.  T. 


[700.1-ASPH.ALTE  PAVEMENT. -In  the  Blildl-io 
New.s  a  fortnight  .ago  there  appeared  a  short  article  on 
■.?'jT™  '^  Paving,"  and  describing  how  very  popular 
it  had  become  as  a  paving  and  road  material  in  Paris  I 
should  ba  glad  to  know  the  mode  adopted  in  laying  the 
asphalte  in  any  of  the  places  mentioned  in  your  article.— 
C.  B.  0. 

[701.1-DESTROYING  COLOUR  ON  PLANS.-Can 
any  one  inform  me  how  or  by  what  acid  I  can  destroy  burnt 
sienna  and  sepia,  or  auy  other  colours  on  drawing  paper. 
1  and  1  can  take  out  Prussian  blue  effectually  without  in- 
juring the  surface  in  the  slighte-it,  by  potash,  and  carmine 
by  a  solution  of  chloride  of  lime.  Purple  of  those  colours 
ma.v  be  destroyed  by  applying  nitrate  of  potash  and  after- 
wards a  solution  of  chloride  of  lime.  Immediately  on  the 
colours  being  destroyed  by  the  acid,  lomove  it  with  clean 
wat«r  and  blotting  paper.  The  acids  ought  to  be  kept  in 
glass  stoppered  bottles.— Give  and  Take 


REPLIES. 

[6M.1-ETCHIXG  VARNISH. -I  beg  to  inform  "A 
Londoner"  that  the  hard  varnish  used  by  Caljot,  and  com- 
monly called  the  Florence  varnish,  is  prepared  thus  '- 
Take  four  ounces  of  fat  oil.  very  clear,  and  made  of  good 
linseed  oil,  like  that  used  by  painters  ;  heat  it  in  a  clean 
pot  of  glazed  earthenware,  and  afterwards  put  to  it  four 
ounces  of  mastick  well  powdered,  and  stir  the  mixture 
briskly  tilt  the  whole  be  weU  melted.  Then  pass  the 
mass  through  a  piece  of  flue  linen  into  a  glass  bottle  with 
a  long  neck,  that  can  be  stopped  very  securely.  The  var- 
nish is  then  ready  for  use  — E.  E. 


[035.]- DE  AD  DIPPING.— This  process  may  be  described 
in  a  few  words.  The  brasswoik.  after  the  final  stamping 
with  Its  adhering  black  scale  from  the  annealin"  oven,  is 
placed  in  dilute  nitric  acid  and  left  in  it  until  the  scale 
may  be  eaiily  detached ;  it  is  then  taken  out  an,l  washed 
with  water.  Again  it  is  plunged  in  dilute  acid  somewliat 
stronger  than  before,  until  the  surface  is  covered  with 
minute  bubbles,  after  which  it  is  washed  in  a  solution  of 
argol  and  dried  in  hot  beech  or  boxwood  sawdust.  It  is 
well  rubbed  until  it  is  quite  dry,  and  then  burnished  and 
lacquered.—!.  M. 


LEGAL    INTELLIGENCE. 

Nonsuit  throogh  Non-production  of  a  Let- 
ter.— NuNN  V.  Tasker.— Before  the  Cou.vtt 
Court,  Bromlev.— The  plaintiff,  a  builder,  claimed 
£38  Os.  8d.  for  work  done  to  a  house  at  Page  Heath. 
£18  Ob.  8d.  had  been  paid  into  court,  thus  reduc- 
ing the  claim  to  £20.  The  plaintiff  stated  that 
he  sold  the  house,  to  which  the  work  had  been 
done,  to  the  defendant  for  £1,400,  and  that  the 
terms  of  the  contract,  and  also  a  reference  to  the 
work  to  be  done,  were  mentioned  in  a  letter  writ- 
ten by  the  defendant  to  the  plaintiff.  The  defend- 
ant contended  that  a  letter  having  passed  between 
the  parties  at  the  commencement  of  the  transac- 
tions, in  which  the  stipulations  as  to  the  state  in 
which  the  property  should  be  left  by  the  plaintiff 
were  fully  stated,  that  letter  should  be  produced. 
As  the  plaintiff  had  not  the  letter  with  him,  a 
nonsuit  was  entered,  and  Jlr.  Gibson  applied  for 
immediate  costs  from  the  money  that  had  been 
paid  into  court,  as  he  had  reason  to  believe  that 
the  plaintiff  was  on  the  eve  of  bankruptcy — a 
suggestion,  however,  which  the  plaintiff  most 
indi^antly  denied.  After  considerable  discussion, 
the  judge  declined  to  grant  the  application, 


The  monthly  meetings  of  the  Royal  Archaeo- 
logical Institute  of  Great  Brit.iin  and  Ireland 
ivill  be  held  at  their  rooms  in  Xew  Burlington- 
street,  on  the  following  Fridays  in  186S  : — Feb. 
ruary  7,  March  6,  April  3,  May  1,  June  5,  and 
July  3.  The  annual  general  meeting  will  be  held 
at  Lancaster,  but  the  day  is  not  yet  fixed. 

A  portion  of  the  objects  obtained  from  Paris, 
either  by  loan^or  by  purchase,  will  be  exhibited  at 
the  South  Kensington  Museum  during  the 
Christmas  holidays.  Among  the  loans  may  be 
.speciaed  the  extraordinary  crystals  lent  by  His 
Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  and  the  gold- 
smiths' work  of  the  fourth  century,  lent  by  the 
Roumanian  Government.  Among  the  purchases 
are  the  cabinet  by  Fourdinois,  which  was  the 
capo  d'opera  of  furniture;  the  beautiful  spinette 
made  at  Milan  in  1577,  and  Castellani's  collection 
of  peasant  jewelry. 

It  has  been  calculated  that  the  number  of 
matches  consumed  in  France  is  about  six  per 
head  per  day  ;  it  is  eight  in  England,  and  nine  in 
Belgium.  Taking  the  French  average  as  a  basis, 
the  number  of  matches  consumed  all  over  Europe 
in  a  day  is  about  2,000  millions,  representing  up- 
wards of  6001b.  of  wood.  The  kinds  of  wood 
chiefly  employed  in  manufacturing  them — viz., 
aspen  and  poplar,  are  sold  by  the  cubic  metre 
(35  cubic  feet);  allowing  for  waste,  this  quantity 
does  not  weigh  more  than  5001b.,  so  that  in  Europe 
alone  the  number  of  cubic  metres  of  wood  thus 
burned  amounts  to  400,000,  being  equivalent  to 
14  millions  of  cubic  feet  English  measure.  To 
this  quantity  should  be  added  that  of  the  stearine 
matches,  commonly  called  vestas,  the  consump- 
tion of  which  has  of  late  increased  very  consider- 
ably. The  weight  varies  between  3,200  and 
4,000  per  lb.  in  France.  The  quantity  of  phos- 
phorus used  in  the  manufacture  of  matches  is 
about  420,0001b.,  exclusive  of  chlorate  of  potash, 
sulphur,  minium,  sulphuret  of  antimony,  gum,  and 
glue.  There  are  in  Austria  manufactories  employ- 
ing 5,000  hands,  and  the  aggregate  value  of 
matches  produced  is  250,000,000f.  The  invention 
of  friction  matches  only  dates  from  1832,.  In 
1S34,  chlorate  of  pota'^h  was  partially  replaced  by 
minium  and  peroxide  of  manganese,  and  phos- 
phorus by  sulphuret  of  antimony.  In  1837, 
chlorate  of  potash  was  completely  abandoned  for 
bi-oxide  of  lead,  and  then  for  the  nitrate  of  that 
metal,  and  also  by  nitrate  of  potash.  In  France, 
chlorate  of  potash  continued  to  be  in  use  till  1847  ; 
at  present  it  is  only  used  for  vestas.  It  is  a  very 
dangerous  substance,  since  it  will  explode  by  mere 
friction  in  the  fuortar. 

The  prizes  and  certificates  awarded  to  students 
in  the  Southampton  School  of  Art  were  distri- 
buted in  tiie  hall  of  the  Hartley  lustitution,  on 
Thursday  week,  by  t!  e  Mayor  (Alderman  Steb- 
bing).  The  report  which  was  read  stated  that 
the  total  number  ol  scholars  under  instruction 
during  the  past  year  was  1,150.  The  number, 
however,  had  seriously  diminished  since  the  last 
report  ;  the  school  having  now  passed  into  the 
hands  of  the  Corporation,  it  was  hoped  things 
would  improve. 

Commenting  on  the  recent  cases  of  death  through 
actual  starvation  that  have  occurred  in  the  metro- 
polis, a  correspondent  thinks  that  many  hundreds 
of  poor  men  now  out  of  work  on  the  river  side 
might  be  employed  mixing  a  cheap  fuel  which 
might  be  burnt  in  lieu  of  coal,  and  be  the  means 
of  saving  life.  Half  river  mud  and  half  coal  dust, 
we  are  told,  makes  a  better  fuel  than  ordinary  coal, 
much  more  durable,  and  can  be  made  for  8s.  a  ton : 
Coal  dust  and  black  river  mud,  well  mixed  in  equal 
parts,  and  made  into  egg-shaped  balls  about  twice 
the  size  of  a  man's  fist,  and  built  up  in  a  fire  place 
with  the  pointed  ends  up  and  down  to  allow  the 
air  to  pass  through  the  mass.  The  writer 
made  some  the  year  before  last  at  a  coal  yard  by 
the  river  side,  and  burnt  it  in  the  open  air  within 
half  an  hour  of  its  being  mixed.  A  fuel  com- 
mittee for  various  districts  now  suffering  privation 
might  at  a  very  trifling  cost  supply  cheerful  fires, 
and  supposing  half  that  cost  to  be  borne  by  sub- 
scription, the  poor  might  obtain  five  tons  of  fuel 
where  they  now  get  one. 

According  to  the  last  mail  the  leading  topic  of 
interest  at  Natal  was  the  confirmation  of  the  dis- 
covery of  large  beds  of  excellent  coal  in  that 
colony.  The  Government  was  being  urged  to 
assiit  in  utilizing  the  dlscoTery, 


Jerusalem  is  soon  to  be  lighted  with  gas,  and 
a  railway  to  the  Holy  City  is  projected. 

It  appears  from  a  Par'iamentary  return  recently 
published  that  the  current  annual  expenses  con- 
nected with  the  National  Gallery  amount  to  an 
annual  sum  of  £15,894,  of  which  the  director 
receives  £1,000  and  the  keeper  and  secretary 
£750.  The  establishment  at  Trafalgar-square 
costs  £1,523,  of  which  £327  is  paid  to  the  cura- 
tors, and  £786 — or  more  than  double — to  police. 
A  sum  of  £621  is  spent  at  South  Kensington, 
£2  000  is  allowed  for  travelling  expenses,  agency 
business,  &c.,  and  £10,000  for  the  purchase  of 
pictures.  In  1865,  the  visitors  to  the  National 
Gallery  numbered  694,354  ;  to  South  Kensington, 
692^900  ;  and  to  the  National  Portrait  Gallery, 
16,642.  Last  year  the  numbers  were  respectively 
775,901;  756,075;  and  24,666. 

Great  changes,  says  the  "Journal  of  the 
Society  of  Arts,"  are  impending  over  the  South 
Kensington  Museum.  The  iron  portion  of  the 
building,  which  gave  to  the  structure  the  name  of 
"  The  Brompton  Boilers,"  is  about  to  be  removed, 
and  again  set  up  on  a  site,  already  designated,  at 
Bethnal-green,  there  to  form  an  auxiliary  Museum 
of  Science  and  Art  for  the  East  of  London. 
The  sum  of  £5,000  was  voted  last  session  by 
Parliament  "on  account"  of  a  total  estimate  of 
£20,000  to  defray  the  cost  of  this  auxiliary 
museum  for  East  London.  The  new  permanent 
buildings  at  Kensington,  on  account  of  which 
the  grant  of  £32,500  was  made  last  session,  con- 
tinue in  steady  progress.  The  decorations  of  the 
portions  already  erected  possess  novelties  as 
striking  as  the  courts  hitherto  opened  to  the 
public.  Various  artists  were  invited  to  give  their 
assistance  in  carrying  out  the  ornamentation  of 
the  lecture  theatre  and  the  buildings  connected 
therewith.  The  decorations  of  the  refreshment 
rooms,  commenced  by  the  late  Mr.  Godfrey 
Sykes,  have  been,  since  his  death,  entrusted  to  hLs 
pupils,  Messrs.  Gamble  and  Townroe,  to  whom 
are  also  delegated  the  ornamentation  of  the  cor- 
ridors and  the  lecture  theatre.  The  firm  of 
Morris,  Marshall,  and  Co.,  known  for  revivals  of 
ancient  processes,  and  for  efforts  to  bring  art  into 
novel  relations  to  domestic  uses,  has  been  occu- 
pied in  the  adorning  of  the  dining-room.  Mr. 
Poynter,  the  young  aitist,  who  became  conspi- 
cuous in  the  last  Royal  Academy  by  his  large  pic- 
ture, "  The  Israelites  in  Egypt,"  has  also  been 
engaged  upon  these  new  buildings.  Other  of  the 
mural  decorations  are  from  the  designs  of  Mr. 
Moody  ;  and  Mr.  W.  B.  Scott,  a  poet  as  well  as  an 
artist,  has  given  drawings  for  the  staircases  lead- 
ing  to  the  lecture  theatre. 

The  first  silver  medal  of  the  Royal  Academy  for 
architectural  drawing  has  been  awarded  to  Mr.  H. 
Sancton  Wood. 

The  town  of  Dundee  is  about  to  carry  out  a 
very  considerable  public  improvement.  The 
Council  will  shortly  apply  to  Parliament  for 
powers  to  enclose  a  portion  of  the  Solum  of  the 
Frith  of  Tay  by  the  construction  of  a  sea  wall, 
extending  westward  from  near  to  the  point  of  the 
Gray  Pier  to  Buckingham  Point  at  the  Magdalen 
Green.  A  public  esplanade,  and  also  a  street 
50ft.  wide,  will  be  formed  to  connect  these  points. 
In  consideration  of  the  land  they  are  to  receive, 
the  Caledonian  Railway  Company  are  to  contri- 
bute £13,000  to  the  expense  of  the  new  improve- 
ments ;  the  North  British  Railway  Compimy  will 
contribute  £13,000;  the  trustees  of  the  Dundee 
Harbour  are  to  contribute  £13,Q00,  in  considera- 
tion of  the  improvement  of  their  works ;  and  the 
balance  of  the  costs  is  to  be  paid  by  the  Town 
Council  from  tlie  public  funds. 

Mr.  G.  F.  Watts  has  been  elected  a  full 
member  of  the  Royal  Academy. 

The  sum  granted  by  Government  for  public 
works  and  buildings  in  1867-68,  amounted  to 
£942,535,  being  a  decrease  of  £30,552,  as  com- 
pared with  the  preceding  year.  The  laigest 
single  item  granted  was  £125,326  for  lioyal 
works  and  pleasure  gardens,  the  smallest  was 
£1,670  for  the  British  Embassy  Bouses  at  Paris 
and  Madrid, 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  WEEK. 

TCES.— Royal  Institution.— Professor  Tyndall  on  "Heat 
and  Cold  "  (Juvenile  Lectures),  3. 

THURS.—Royallnstitution.— Professor  Tyndall  on  "Heat 
and  Cold"  (Juvenile  Lectures),  3. 

Sat.— Royal  Institution  .-Professor  Tyndall  on  "Heat 
and  Cold"  (Juvenile  Lectures),  S. 


December  27,  1867. 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


ni 


patents  for  lubciilioiis 

CONNECTED     WITH     THB     ni'ILDINQ     TKADB. 


1107.  C.  CROCKFORD.  iMPnontMESTs  in  obtain- 
ing Useful  Pbodccts  from  Certain  Matf.rials  pro- 
duced IN  THE  Process  of  Galvanizing  ok  Coating 
Iron  with  Zinc.     Dated  April  13,  18(>7. 

The  first  part  of  this  invention  consists  in  a  method  of 
treating  the  material  known  as  "  Batli"  or  "fiiu  "  skira- 
minga  The  second  part  of  the  invention  consists  in  a 
method  of  refining  the  hard  si>elt«r  known  as  dross  spelter, 
collected  from  the  bottom  of  the  baths  of  zinc,  and  pro- 
duced in  the  process  of  grilvaiiiring  or  coating  iron  with 
tine.  We  c;u)uot  here  devi'te  space  to  the  details  of  tliis 
invention      I'utent  compUtri'. 

11S5.  J.  S>fALLEY  AND  a  BRIDGE.  Improve- 
ments IN  Apparatus  for  Mixino  Paint,  Pvttv,  and 
OTHER  LIKE  SLfRSTANCES.     Dated  April  23,  IS1I7. 

This  invention  consists  of  apparatus  P>r  mixing  or  in- 
corporating dr>'  and  liquid  and  other  substuices  into  a 
plastic  or  semifluid  state,  and  u  particnlariv  suitable  for 
preparing  jiaint,  putty,  and  other  articles  o'rdinarily  sold 
by  coloiirinen.  Within  a  vessel  or  container  'f  any  suit- 
able size  and  form,  and  made  of  metal  or  other  material, 
the  inventors  cause  two  seta  of  arms  or  vanes  to  rotate  in 
opposite  diruotinna.  The  manner  of  effecting:  the  rot-itjon 
of  the  said  arms  or  vanes  is  readily  acconiplished  by  bevel 
wheels.  One  set  of  the  vant-.-'  or  arras  i.s  tixtd  on  a  central 
spindle,  and  the  other  on  a  hollow  tulw  surrounding  the 
said  spindle.  On  the  said  spindle,  and  ulso  on  the  said 
tube,  there  is  a  bevel  wheel ;  one  driving  wheel  geared 
with  the  wheels  just  mentioned,  on  being  made  to  nHato, 
aausea  the  respective  seta  of  arms  or  vivues  to  revolve  in 
opposite  directions.    Patent  ahandcnetf. 

12-26.  "W.  COOKE  AND  T.  WRIGHTSOX.  Improve- 
ments IN  Hoists  Scitable  for  Raising  and  Loweiiixo 
Weicrts.     Dated  April  27,  1S67. 

The  patentees  claim  the  arranging  hoists  suitable  for 
raising  and  lowering  weights  with  a  trunk  containing  water 
or  liquid,  and  having  within  it  an  air  barrel  or  bell,  such 
ban-el  or  bell  having  the  liquid  displaced  from  it  or  udmtted 
into  in  it  to  cause  it  to  rise  or  fail,  and  being  connected 
by  ropes  or  chains  passing  around  pulK-ya  with  weigiiis  to 
be  raised  orlowt-reii.  They  also  claim  the.irranging  valves 
in  connection  with  the  air  barrel  or  bell,  so  that  "a^  poon 
as  the  said  barrel  or  bell  commences  to  move,  either  up  or 
down  in  the  trunk,  the  passage  of  air  into  or  from  it  is 
arrested  automatically,  so  as  to  render  it  impossible  for 
the  load  to  attain  a  dangei-ous  speed.  They  alsochiim  the 
contracting  the  water-way  between  the  trunk  and  the 
barrel  or  bell,  bo  as  to  check  the  rise  or  the  descent  of  the 
said  barrel  or  bell,  and  bring  it  quietly  to  rest.  They  also 
claim  the  applicjition  of  a  reservoir  of  air  under  pressure  to 
supply  air  to  the  barrel  or  bell  to  displace  tlie  liquid  there- 
ft-om.  They  al-*o  claim  the  combining  a  sheave  or  sheaves 
with  the  barrel  or  l>ell  in  such  manner  that  the  weight 
may  be  raLsed  or  lowered  a  distance  exceeding  that  passed 
over  by  the  barrel  or  bell,    tatent  completed 

121S.  W.  COCHRAX.  An  Iotroved  Level.  (Partly 
a  communication.)     Dated  April  '27,  1S67. 

This  improved  level  consi^ta  of  an  apparatus  in  which 
the  surface  line  of  a  liqviid  enclosed  witliin  a  hollow  disc  of 
glas.s,  or  partly  of  glass,  indicates  ui>on  a  graduated  circle 
or  scale  the  angle  of  inclination  of  any  surface  upon  which 
the  apparatus  is  placed.    Patent  abandonrd. 

1200.  D.  BIRKETT.  Improvements  in  the  Con- 
struction OP  Fireproof  Floors.     Dated  April  20,  1867. 

This  invention  consists  in  bedding  the  entire  depth  of 
the  joists  in  concrete  or  other  iucorabustible  material, 
without  filling  the  entire  space  between  the  joists,  by 
fastening  to  the  sides  and  between  the  joists  horseshoe  or 
other  shai^ed  tiles  of  fire  clay,  by  which  the  incombtistible 
material  in  which  the  joists  are  bedded  is  maintained  In 
its  position  against  the  sides  of  ttie  joists.  Iron  of  the  re- 
riuisite  form  may  be  used  for  the  fire  clay  tiles.  Patent 
abandoned. 

1270.  J.  BROWN,  Improvements  in  the  Construc- 
tion OF  Fireproof  and  other  Ceilings  and  Floors. 
Dated  May  I,  1367. 

This  invention  consists,  essentially,  in  filling  the  spaces 
between  the  joists  with  '"plaster  of  Paris,"  or  other 
similar  material  To  hold  the  cement  of  plaster  of  Paris 
the  jois  a  may  taper  wider  on  their  lower  sides  than  their 
npper  ;  or  fillets  may  be  fixed  on  i^a  sides  of  thejoiata. 
Patent  abandoned. 

131S.  T.  R.  CRAMPTON.  Improvements  in  Machi- 
nery  FOR    preparing     CLAT,    AND    FOR     MAKING     BrICKS, 

Tiles,  and  similar  Ajiticle?,     Dated  May  4,  1S67. 

The  patentee  claims  the  arranging  apparatus  to  prepare 
clay  for  moulding  into  bricks,  tiles,  and  other  similar 
articles,  by  cutting  the  untemi>ered  clay  into  their  slices 
by  means  of  cutting  wires  or  bla<les  moving  rapidiy  and 
continuously,  as  described.  He  also  claims  the  arranging 
apparatus  to  form  theimtemperedclay  rouglily  intoa&trcara 
and  to  slice  such  stream,  by  means  of  a  rapidly  revolving 
drum  with  cutting  wires  upon  it.  He  aLso  claims  the  arrang  - 
ment  of  machinery  described  fur  mouhliug  clay,  such  arrange 
ment  consisting  of  three  rollers  and  a  die  or  moulding  orifice, 
so  placed  that  the  clay  after  passing  between  the  upper 
and  the  central  roller  may  descend  on  to  the  lower  roller, 
and  be  carried  between  it  and  the  central  roller  to  the 
forming  die  or  orifice.  He  also  claims  the  so  arranging  the 
ma*.hiiiery  thnt.  by  a  cutting  wire  a  length  may  be  cut  o6 
from  the  stream  of  clay  issuing  from  the  forming  die  or 
orifice,  and  slid  alongatable  until  it  is  brought  oi>iHisite  to 
a  frame  of  cutting  wires  which  are  passed  thiough  the 
length  of  clay  while  it  remains  stationaiy,  the  single  wire 
and  the  frame  of  wires  being  connected  together  to  an  to 
move  aim  u  I  tan  eons  I  .  He  also  claims  the  cutting  bricks, 
tiles,  or  blocks  from  a  moving  stream  of  clay  by  means  of  a 
cutting  wire  or  wires  actuated  by  a  steam  cylinder,  the 
valves  of  which  are  governed  by  the  flow  of  the  clay- 
Pitteiit  comideted* 


^ak  Uctos. 


Mr 


J.  T. 


TENDERS. 
Brighton.— For  the  erection  of  the  Court  Honso. 

T.  C.  Sorby,  architect  :— 

Patching  and  Son £6.345 

Higgs   5,y78 

Nixon  and  Son 5,976 

Patman  and  Fotheringham  5,869 

Bull  and  Sons  5,956 

Lyim  and  Sona 5,955 

Ford  and  Sons  5,720 

Lathuy  Brothers  5,635 

Cheeamau  ond  Co 5,600 

Chappell  (accepted) 5,395 

Cheltenham. — For  female  training  college.    Mr, 

Darby,  architect  : — 

Broom  and  Son  (accepted). £4,474 

City,— For  rebuilding  back  premises,  24,  St.  Mary-aie. 

Mr.  H.  II.  Collins,  architect  :— 

Sanders £454 

Newinann  and  Manu 446 

A.  Cohen    375 

D.  Sale   330 

Ventnor. — For  main  sewerage.     Contract   No.    5  and 

No,  6.     Mr,  John  G.    Livosay,  CE-,  engineer.     Quantities 

supplied  by  Mr.  Augustas  F.  Uvesa}  : — 

Contract  No.  5.      Contract  No.  6. 

Philliiw    £533    9  0    £318     5  0 

Wain  Wright 510 

Jloses   &   Wallder    500 

Illoxon  485 

Frayne   (accepted)    47S 
Beavis  and  Son  ...     470 

Pbaroah   450 

Wausalu — For  the  erection  of  court  room, 

T.  C.  Sorby,  architect ; — 

Burkitt  £4,100 

Neale  and  Sons 3,.S4-t 

Bowley    3,830 

Highway  (accepted) 3,440 


0  0 

0  0 

0  0 

9  0 

0  0 

0  0 


390  0  0 

370  0  0 

295  0  9 

•294  10  9 

360  0  0 

300  0  0 
&c. 


Mr. 


BATH  STONE  OF  BEST  QUAXITT. 

Randell  and  Saunders,  Quarrymen  and  Stone  Mei- 
cbants,  Bath.  Li^t  of  Prices  at  the  Quarries  and  Depots; 
also  Cost  for  Transit  to  any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
furnished  on  appliciition  to  Bath  Stone  Office,  Corsham, 
Wilts.— (Advt.  I 


BANKRUPTS. 

TO   SURRENDER   IN   BAStNGHALL-STREET. 

William  Brooks,  Clarendon-road,  Notting-hill,  builder, 
January  13,  at  11 — Levi  Butler,  Uoscombe,  Christchurch, 
builder,  January  27,  at  11 — Edward  Clarke,  Judd  street, 
plumber,  January  16,  at  1  -  William  Hey,  Rockingham- 
street,  Newington-causeway,  architect,  January  7,  at  12 — 
James  Miller,  Cambridge,  plumber,  Jamiary  22,  at  12 — 
John  Sinclair  Mulley,  Southsea,  civil  engineer,  January 
7,  at  11 — Jobu  James  Lovegrove,  Isleworth,  decorator, 
January  1,  at  12— T.  Rigby,  Palmerston-road,  Wands- 
worth, blacksmith,  January  22,  at  2. 

TO  SURRENDER    IN  THE  COUNTRT. 

Thomas  Allcock,  Sandiacre,  brickmaker,  January  16,  at 
12— Michael  Oladwell.  Ronghara.  plumber,  January  S,  at 
11— William  Hutchinson,  8atfi,»rd,  engineer,  January  10, 
at  11 — Thomas  Mowbray,  Evertnn,  contractor,  January  6, 
at  11 — Richaid  Watts,  Penyghxldfa,  Montgomeryshire,  car- 
penter, January  7,  at  11— William  Williams,  Dowlais,  con- 
tractor, January  4.  at  2~Henry  Hanson,  Pentricb,  Derby- 
shire, stonem.ason,  December  26  George  Manby  Nichoh-', 
Leeds,  bricklayer,  January  9 — B.  Palmer,  Soutliwold, 
SuflFolk,  carpenter,  January  4  — William  Pilkington,  Black- 
bum,  painter,  January  2 — T-  Richards,  Old  Basford,  Not- 
tingham, bricklayer,  February  5— Charles  Edward  Smith, 
Liverpool,  sculptor,  January  S— Robert  Smith,  Blackburn, 
plumber,  January  2. 

NOTICES  or  SITTINGS   FOR  LAST  EXAMINATION. 

January  30,  G.  O.  Lane.  Pall  Mall,  civil  engineer- 
January  30,  F.  Hamilton,  Golden-lane,  engineer  -  January 
31,  G.  Green,  Greenwich,  builder — Jantiary  15,  W.  Cook, 
Gat^eshead,  builder — February  13,  L.  Vincent,  Thornford, 
carpenter — February  13,  H.  Evans,  Pembroke  Dock,  maeon 
February  6,  C.  J.  Braine,  Franklin-street,  Bromley, 
painter  -January  15,  E.  B.  Reynolds,  Stanley  street, 
Chelsea,  builder — January  17,  J.  W.  Reed,  Hornsey-rise, 
architect. 

PARTNERSHIPS  DI'iSOLVED. 

Clinton  and  Wightman,  Aldershot,  decorators — .\rabroEe 
and  Keetch,  Hornsey-road,  cirpenters — Rennie  and  Mar- 
shall, Rotherhithe,  engineers — Head,  Aahby,  and  Co., 
South  St^^^tckton,  ironfounders— Graliam  and  Atley,  Wils- 
den,  Yorkshire,  joiners— T.  Capon  and  D.  W.  Young, 
Canal-road.  Kingsland,  cement  manufacturers— J.  AY. 
Scott  and  T.  T.   Laverick,  Sunderland,  builders. 

DECLARATIONS    OE    DIVIDEND. 

T.  J.  Gilson,  Hounslow,  ironmonger,  firwt  div.  of  35.  6d, 
— J.  Credland,  Norwich,  glass  merchant,  first  div.  of 
28.  SJd. 


LATEST  PRICEg   OF   MATERIALS   USED 
m  CONSTRUCTION. 


Metals. 

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Welsh  Ban  In  London     ..  .....per  ton 

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Rim,  la  Walu     do 

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Bwedish  Bars   do 


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3  19 

0 

3    S 

9 

•14 

ID    i 

• 

10  10 

D 

D. 

SrcsL  :— 

H  *©•!  1  ah  Kbj ,  huumerod      \t«T  U>n 

dwedlsh  F»41(ol   <jo 

Corm:— 
HbMt  *  Sb«athln«,  A  Bolts  ....per  ton 

llammered  Bottoms       do 

KUt  Bottotti*.  not  Huumond   ..do  MOO 

i'»ke  Aiid  T'lufb  lofot      do  71     0    0 

a«l  SBl«*;l«d      do  7J,     Q     Q 

Auitraliau     do  8S     0     0 

If  1.  MetAlShMthlnfAKodt  ....per  lb  0    0    7 

ZOKOt— 

SngHati  ShMt       per  ton        £9  10 

Derauz'a  V.  M.  Rooaof  Zlns   ....       do  34  10 


15  10    0      2 
13  10    0      3 


MOO        8a    0    CI 


0    0  I 
0     0 

0   o{> 

0     0 
0     0 

0    vj 


*  And  t  per  eeoL  dlicoaot  If  laid  npoa  the  new  eyatom 


96    0    0        MO 

V3     0     0        67     0 
9i    t)    0        99    0 


Kngtleb  Block       per  ton 

do       Bar    do 

do       Bedaed   do 

RnDoa       .    . , ,       do 

Stralta     do 

Lead:— 

Pig.  KnitlUh     per  ton 

..    8i>atilah  Bott     do 

A]u>l,  Patent     do 

Sliret    do 

White      do 

Bpkltu  :— 

On  the  Bpot  iier  ton      11     0    0 

Qdioksilvu     perbtl  «  17    0 

RnuLin  OP  Antihont 
French   per  ton       28 


3'i   MO  0     0     fi^ 

27     0     0         SO     0     0 


0     0        0    0    0 


TtXBEB.  dutT  la 

Teak    1nM.t    £9    0£l(l 

Qup1)ec,  tM  pltio  ....     I    0  4 

,,       yellow  iilue..     3  IS  4 

lit.  John  N.B.  yaUijw    0    0  0 

i^uelwvOiik.  whlt«..     6     6  fi 

„       birch J  10  4 

„      elm   B  to  6 

DaDtzlco«.k  S  10  8 

..       Br SOS 

Memol  flr   S    0  S 

Btjta SOI 

Swtillah 2     0  % 

Maate.Quebecredpine  6    0  7 

.,       yellow  iJine..     8    0  8 

Latliwontl.Dftntzie.fm  4  10  5 

,.       St.  ["etemburg  «  10  7 
Deala.prC.iaft.  hy3 
by  9  in.,  duty  28  per 
lo.-ul.  driiwlifuk  2a. 

Quebec,  while  spruce  IS     0  19 

St.Jnhu,  whit*si)nice  13  10  15 
Yellow    jiine,  per  re- 
duced C 

Canada,   lat  qnaUty,  17    0  18 

3ud  do 11  10  13 


per  load,  drawback,  le. 
Archangel,  yellow  . .  41 1 
St.  I'eteraburg,  yel. ..  10 

Finland  8 

Monicl 0 

(lothcuhurg,  yellow       8 

,.      white    8 

'•erte,  yellow. 9 

SiKlerhaiu       9 

riinstiivnia,    per   C, 

12(t.  by  8  by  9  lu. 

yellow 16 

Deck  I'huik.  DanUlc, 

per  40  (t.  3  lu 0 

PuuiCK  Stunk  pr  ton    6 

Oiui,«c. 
Heal,  pate.... per  ton  40 

Sperm  body ..llo 

Cod   Sii 

Whale,  Stli.  Hea,  pale  SO 

Olive,  Gailipuli 67 

Cocoauut,  Cochm,toD  56 

Palin,  fine 40 

Linseed    34 

Rapese«d.  Bug. pale..  H 
Cottonseed 13 


10  £IS    0 

10  11     0 

0  9    0 

0  0    0 

10  10  10 

0  9    0 

0  11     0 

0  10  10 


10  41  0 
0  112  0 
0    36  10 


10  41     0 

16  35    0 

6  39  10 

0  39  10 


tJNDru  THE  PATRONAGE  OF  H.M.  THE  QUEEN, 

THE  LONDON  PARQUETRY  WORKS, 
— The  llrst  Kst^tblishinent  fonndtd  in  EnKlnml  (In  lS4i2)  f..r  the 
excIuBive  manufacture  of  Solid  .-vnd  PI.-it*Kj  PAKQUP:T  FLOORS  and 
BOKDERS,  CEILINGS,  and  WALL  DECoKATION.S  ;  and  Sole 
Pateut*eB  I'f  the  only  system  iwiiipt#d  to  the  En^'linb  cllm.ite,  whereV)y 
the  evils  o(  drv  iw»t,  ssRiNKA'iE.  and  WARprN<j  {so  com ui on  to  work 
niAUufiicturcd  in  fn^ei(J^l  climates),  are  EFFia-n'ALi.Y  I'Iikvektkd. — For 
designs, est imnti's.  and  lint  of  nearly  300  floora,  Ac.,  apply  to  THB 
LONDON  PARQUETRY  WORKS,  Grove-lane,  C-.mberwell,  B.;  or  to 
their  Sole  Agfuts,  Mes^ra.  Gillow  and  Co.,  176,  Oxfml-street. 


C.  H.  DAVIES  and  CO.'S 
SOLID    PARQUET    FLOORS 

Are  Greatlj  Superior  to  any  hitherto  Prmhiaxi,  being 

of  Special   Coustniction,    Improved   Design, 

Tliorouglily  Swisnned.  and  at 

PRICES   LOWER    THAN   USUAL. 

Specimens  at  Architectiiral  Musenm,  23.  Sla^ldox-street,  W. 

A!iD  AT 

Show  Rooms,  Cambridge  Uall,  Newman-etreet.  London. 


STAIRCASE    and   JOINERY     WORKS. 
JOHN      WALDEN 

(Late  Shop  Forenmn  to    Mr.  W.  SANDS,   retired), 

12.  MAII>EN  LANE.  COTENT  GARDEN. 

Estimatea  on  application. 


BY 

HER    MAJESTT-8  ,  ,Th»  "^''J  *''***'  ''',*^«  ^'■'^3^ 

hibltK'U,   l.tfi?.   Ijaa  hf*    awarded 

BOVAL  tohii  Imperial  Majfity  the  t,mi>e< 

LETTERS    PATENT.  houses  lu  ParU,  built  hy  the  P»U«- 

'  t^e'i  apparatiu. 

T  ALL'S  TATEXT  APPARATUS  or 
MOULDINO  MACHINE  for  CONSTKUCTISO  WALLS, 
HOUSES  and  other  BL  lLDINt;s. 

With  the  I'attnteo'i  Api'»irfttu«.  ptirlland  Crment  Conerete  WalU 
may  he  bnilt  at  half  the  ciict  ijf  ))rick«i>rk  (In  i«>i:ie  caiea  Uu  than 
half),  beirtK  ten  timcB  ns  Btr'inif.  ImperrtouH  to  wet,  nearly  amootli, 
rccititrliiK  but  one  coat  of  pl.'\kter  ;  l>einK  tmc  euhd  mau  ttiinpletely 
deadening  sound  ;  requiring  no  bond  tiuilfer  fur  jolitii.  neither  llntete 
nor  arches  over  door,  window  and  other  oix-uitigi.  For  tjardeni  or 
Park  Clone  Fence*  chejvper  than  wood  fencing. 

A  Pamphlet  containing  full  Information,  and  explaining  Immenie 
a<lvnutage  of  CoiJcreten\er  All  othrr  wall  coDstractloDi,  will  be  for- 
warded on  receipt  of  >ix  stamps.     A'ldrcu, 

J.  TALL,   FALSTAFF    YARD.    KENT-8TBEET.   SOUTHWARK 

GOUT  and  RHEUMATISM.— The  excru- 
ciating  pain  of  Gout  or  Rheumatism  l«  quickly  relieved  and 
curd  in  a  few  days  by  thj»t  celebrated  racdlcliie.  BLAIR'd  GOUT  and 
RIIKUMAVIC  PILLS. 

Tlioy  rp^n-iro  no  restraint  of  diet  or  ronflrement  during  thrirnae, 
and  am  L^ru  Ju  to  prevent  the  disease  attacking  any  vitjvl  pArl. 

Sold  by  all  Medicine  Vendon,  at  la.  l^d.  and  ^.  fd.  per  b  i  or 
rhtAlned  through  any  C'hemiel. 


VIII 


THE  BUILDING  NEWS. 


December  27,  1867. 


i 


J.   L.   BACON   AND   CO.'S 
IMPEOVED     HOT     WATER     APPARATUS, 

For  Warming  and  Ventilating  Private  Houses,  Churches,  Schools,  Hospitals,  Manufactories, 

Greenhouses,  Etc. 


The  Advantages  of  this 
Mode  of  "Warining  are 
the  following: — 


1.  The  facility  ^ith  which  this  Appa- 
ratus can  be  erected  iuoldbuil'liDgs.with- 
<  iiit  necessitating  alterations  in  the  struc- 
1  ure,  or  interfering  with  tlie  architectural 
;Lrrarigements,  the  small  .^ize  of  the  pipes 
(occupying  hardly  any  apace)  adapting  it 
to  any  locality.  In  new  houses,  there 
being  no  chimney  projection,  the  vridth 
( '{  each  room  is  increased  by  nearly  2  feet, 
\Tithout  extra  cost. 

2,  A  healthy  and  agreeable  summer- 
like temperature,  and  good  ventilation, 
without  draft,  can  be  maintained  equally 
throughout   an   entire  house;  or,    if  re- 

; --  quired,  the  heat  can  be  regulated  in  each 
^^  room  separately  by  stop-cocks  ;  sleeping- 
rooms  being  entirely  shut  off  in  this 
manner  during  the  night,  and  warmed 
in  the  morning  by  merely  turning  a 
handle. 


3.  Great  economy  in  fuel. 

4.  Saving  of  trouble  to  the  servants, 
only  one  fire  haricg  to  be  lighted,  which 
requires  very  little  attention ;  no  fuel 
being  consumed  in  the  rooms,  the  conse- 
quent dirt  and  dust  are  avoided,  and 
there  are  no  grates  to  be  cleaned. 

5.  Smoky  chimneys,  and  the  very 
great  inconvenience  and  dirt  caused  by 
sweeping  them  are  entirely  obviated. 


Houses  are  bo  various,  that  it  is  impossible  to  state  the  exact  cost  of  an  apparatus,  without  seeing  the  building  to  be  warmed  ;  but  th^  average  cost  of  heating  a  house  of  ten 
rooms  (erclusive  of  kitchen  offices)  on  this  plan,  having  a  cubical  content  of  20,000  feet,  would  be  about  £S0,  or  £4  per  1,000  cubic  feet  warmed.  This  price  includes  supplying  the 
cast-iron  trellis-work  to  cover  the  pipes,  and  the  arrangement  for  regulating  the  warmth  in  the  different  rooms ;  but  as  no  stoves,  mantelpieces,  or  chimney- breasts  are  required,  at 
least  half  of  this  amount  would  be  saved,  besides  much  space  being  gained  in  every  apartment.  For  churches,  the  cost  would  vary  from  10s.  to  25s.  per  1,000  cubic  feet  warmed, 
inclndjug  the  necessary  cast-iron  trellis-work.  For  factories,  about  £2  per  1,000  cubic  feet.  The  cost  of  the  fuel  required  to  warm  a  house  must  necessarily  depend  upon  the  thick- 
ness of  the  walls,  the  amount  of  the  glass  surface,  and  the  manner  in  which  it  is  built ;  but  we  have  found,  from  a  very  large  experience,  that  the  cost  of  heating  a  well-built 
house,  containing  about  i!0,000  cubic  feet,  is  £5  lOs,  for  the  entire  winter,  or  about  a  halfpenny  per  day  per  1,000  cubic  feet;  all  room^  and  passages  being  wanned  to  au  agreeable 
temperature. 

An  Apparatus,  illustrating  every  point  of  construction,  is  on  exhibition  at  our  Office,  in  the  Farringdon-road  (near  to  the  Metropolitan  Station),  where  the  public  are  respect- 
fully invited  to  call  and  examine  it,  and  a  private  house  entirely  heated  upon  this  plan,  without  open  fires,  can  be  shown  during  the  winter,  on  personal  application  at  the  Office, 
where  any  further  information  can  be  obtained.  Exact  estimates  will  be  given  for  any  plans  sent  to  our  Office,  or  on  application  being  made  for  a  personal  inspection,  and  we 
guarantee  the  successful  operation  of  every  apparatus  which  we  erect. 

FARRINGDON     ROAD,     HOLBORN,     LONDON,     E.G. 


i 


« 


124. 


S.E, 


WILLIAM    GEORGE   WARDLE, 

SPA     ROAD,     BERMONDSEY, 

Late  of  Palace  Koad,  Lambeth, 

In  retnrning  thorks  for  the  liberal  patroDnge  of  past  years,  begs  to  inform  hia  friends  and  the 
trade,  both  in  London  and  Conntry,  that  ne  hae  an  Extensive  Assortment  of  Seasoned 
Flooring,  Matched  Boarding-,  and  Mouldings,  fit  for  Immediate  Use,  as  well  as  Every 
Description  of  Timber,  Deal,  and  Mahogany,  eg  that  they  may  depend  upon  having 
their  orders  execnted  with  despatch. 

WRITTEX    COMMUNICATIONS    PROMrTLY    ATTENDED    TO. 


BATTENS,  from  £8  per  120. 
DEALS,  from  £15  per  120. 
FLOOBING,  from  9s.  per  Square. 
DKY  MAHOGANY,  6d. 
WAINSCOT,  9d. 
LATHS,  29s. 


AVr    GOODS     TER     DOCK    ORDER    AT     WH0LE3ALB     RATE,^. 


TEOEOUGHLY  SIASONED  FLOORING,  ]N  ANY  QUANTITY,  FROM  lis.  6d. 

FER  SQUARE. 

¥.     PENLINGTON, 

LINCOLN'S    INN    JOINERY    WORKS,    GATE    STREET,    W.C. 

SHOP  FKONXS,  SHOP  ana  OFFICE  FITTINGS,  LOOKS,  SASHES,  and  EVERY 
DESCKIPIION  OF  JOINEKS'  WOEK  ON  THE  SHOKTEST  NOTICE. 

SCAFFOLDING    AND    TACKLE    ON    HIRE    IN    TOWN.  ESTIMATES    FREE    OF    CHARGE. 


ENGERT  AND  EOLFE, 

LONDON    FELT    WORKS,' 
UPPER  BARCHESTER  STREET,  POPLAR  NEW  TOWN,  LONDON,  E., 

MANUFACTUKERS  OF 

Id.  (  ASPHALTED  HOOFING  FELT  \  Id. 

per  Square  Foot,  t  INODOROUS  BITUMEN  FELT  j  per  Square  Foot. 

HAIE  FELT  FOE  COVEEIKG  STEAM  BOILERS,  PIPES,  &c. 

Inches.       Inches. 

j  Brown  32  by  20,  2Jd.  per  Sheet. 

(Black    32by20,  2d.         ditto. 

FIBROUS  ASPHALTE, 

FOE  FOUNDATION  WALLS,  TO  PREVENT  DAMP  FEOM   RISING. 

.O 


ALFRED    CARTER    and    Co., 

OLD    BETHNAL    GREEN   ROAD,   N.  E. 

)Ecd  of  Eluabfth-Btreet,  Hackney-road.) 


TIMBER,   DEALS,   FLOORING,   &   MOULDIHGS 
JOSEPH   AND   ALFRED    EOSLING, 

SOTJTHWAKK  BRIDGE  "WHAKF,  EANKSIDE. 
Keep  a  large  and  well-seaEoned  stock  coDstantly  on  hand,  which  ficm 
the  facility  afforded  by  river-side  premises  as  compared  with  liilacd 
yards,  they  ais  suabled  to  Bell  at  the  very  lowsst  prices. 


GILT    ROOM    BORDERING 

i-in.  OG.  fa.  i  ei  H  0  fe«t ;  J  OG.  7b.  ;  1  in.  OG.  ]r».  fd. 
EVERY  DESCRIPTION  of  PICTURE  FRAMES  mid  MOULDIWGS 

kept  en  6t"t-k,  at  tlie  Loneit  Frites.     iiet-ilding  to  th«  Trad». 

At  GEORGE  REES'S,  57,  Drnry  Lane. 


CHARLES    STRUTTON, 

84,      COMMIECIAL-BOAD,      LaMBBTH. 
BiEGKS  LET  BY  THB  DAT  OE  YEAB. 


SHEATHING  FELTS, 

in  long  lengths  Ly  32  inclics  -wide 


THE  TANNED  LEATHER  COMPANY, 

AEMIT   WOKKS, 
GREENFIELD,    KEAR    MANCHESTER, 

TANNERS.  CUERIEKS.  and  MANUFACTTJEEES  OF 

IMPROVED 

Tanned  Leather  Driving  Strap3 
for  Machinery. 

PEIME  STEAP  AKD  SOLE  BUTTS. 

Price  Li&ta  seut  free  by  post, 
WAREHOUSE— 61,  MAHK-LAKE,  LONDON,  E.G. 

MR,  H,  FERRABEE,  A6ENT, 


t  ' 


I 


.    lOCf 


737707 

P         Buildiag  News  and  Engineering  Journal. 
Tech        V. 14(1367) 

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